cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activity-dependent decrease in NMDA receptor responses during development of the visual cortex

Plasticity of the developing visual system has been regarded as the best model for changes of neuronal connections under the influence of the environment. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are crucial for experience-dependent synaptic modifications that occur in the developing visual cortex. NMDA-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in layer IV neurons of the visual cortex lasted longer in young rats than in adult rats, and the duration of the EPSCs became progressively shorter, in parallel with the developmental reduction in synaptic plasticity. This decrease in NMDA receptor-mediated EPSC duration is delayed when the animals are reared in the dark, a condition that prolongs developmental plasticity, and is prevented by treatment with tetrodotoxin, a procedure that inhibits neural activity. Application of L-glutamate to outside-out patches excised from layer IV neurons of young, but not of adult, rats activated prolonged bursts of NMDA channel openings. A modification of the NMDA receptor gating properties may therefore account for the age-dependent decline of visual cortical plasticity.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Decision to Breastfeed Among Adolescent Mothers

Objective. To identify racial/ethnic differences in prevalence and the factors that influence decisions to breastfeed among adolescent mothers. Methods. A total of 696 Mexican-American, African-American, and Caucasian adolescent mothers ≤18 years of age were interviewed on the postpartum ward of university hospital within 48 hours of delivery. Self-reported factors associated with the decision to breastfeed were assessed. Results. The decision to breastfeed was reported by 55% of Mexican-American, 45% of Caucasian, and 15% of African-American adolescent mothers. With the exception of perceived benefits of breastfeeding and exposure to educational materials, most factors associated with breastfeeding differed by race/ethnicity. Among Mexican-Americans, important factors included having relied on feeding advice (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 7.6); the feeding preference of a partner (AOR = 7.0) or mother (AOR = 6.6); and feeding decisions made in early pregnancy (AOR = 4.7). Among African-Americans, important factors included living with a partner (AOR = 10.6); having a mother who breastfed (AOR = 5.9); the feeding preference of a partner (AOR = 5.6) or health care provider (AOR = 4.7); and low family support (AOR = 3.4). Among Caucasians, health care providers9 feeding preference (AOR = 6.1); having two or more breastfeeding role models (AOR = 4.1); not being enrolled in Women, Infants, and Children9s Supplemental Nutrition Program (AOR = 3.0); having relied on infant-feeding advice (AOR = 3.0); and prenatal alcohol use (AOR = 2.6) were associated with the decision to breastfeed. Conclusions. Prevalence and influences to breastfeed differ by patient race/ethnicity. We speculate that targeting the adolescent mother and members of her support system, educating them before and during pregnancy, and stressing benefits of this method while eliminating misinformation, especially among African-Americans, may be important intervention strategies to promote breastfeeding.
Investigation of the heterogeneity of rhesus monkey alpha1-antitrypsin

Abstract 1. 1. Rhesus monkey alphal-antitrypsin ( n = 144 ) was examined for heterogeneity by acid starch gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing in agarose and agarose gel electrophoresis. 2. 2. In contrast to other studies, no heterogeneity of Rhesus monkey alpha1-antitrypsin could be documented using specific antisera. 3. 3. Rhesus monkey alpha1-antitrypsin contained a reactive thiol. 4. 4. The p Is of the major isoforms of Rhesus monkey alpha1-antitrypsin were 4.63, 4.69, 4.84 and 4.86 at 4°C. 5. 5. No deficiency state of Rhesus monkey alpha1-antitrypsin was detected. 6. 6. The six protease inhibitors in Rhesus monkey sera cross-reacted with antisera to the six human protease inhibitors.
Stimulated Surface-Plasma-Wave Scattering and Growth of a Periodic Structure in Laser-Photodeposited Metal Films

Ripple morphologies of submicrometer spatial period are observed on metal films grown by UV laser photolysis of adsorbed organometallic molecules. This structure develops from surface roughness by coupling of the incident UV field to a surface-plasma wave. The intensity variation due to interference between the incident laser field and the surface-plasma wave modulates the film growth rate which in turn enhances the scattering of the incident field into the surface-plasma wave; an exponentially growing instability results.
Collaborative Infusion: An Emerging Approach to Teacher Preparation for Inclusive Education

Abstract Preparing teachers for inclusive classrooms is one of the most important challenges facing teacher education today. Collaborative infusion approaches have been used by some programs as an alternative to or augmentation of single course approaches to the delivery of content related to students with disabilities. This paper presents findings of a national survey of 252 teacher preparation programs, including follow-up interviews with chairpersons of programs that used collaborative infusion approaches. Results indicated that approximately 25% of programs surveyed used collaborative infusion in some form, with the majority of these programs using it to supplement other approaches, such as a separate class. Interviews with those using collaborative infusion indicated that the majority of these persons found this approach beneficial to both students and participating faculty. However, some disadvantages, such as time-intensiveness and lack of congruence with university structures, also were noted.
Visualization and Cognition of Large-Scale Software Structure Using the k-Core Analysis

The structure of large-scale software systems are complex, and difficult to understand for developers. Traditional method can hardly describe the structural complexity in modern software. In this paper we use the complex networks theory to study software structure, in particular, we visualize software graph and use the k-core to study it based on a recursive pruning of the least connected vertices. Different types of software are analyzed and some new noticeable properties are found: such as similar coreness, the vital highest core, high-core connecting tendency, evolution stability, and these features suggest that software is organized in a defined hierarchy of increasing centrality from outside to inside, and some structure properties such as hierarchical, central can be better understood via the method of k-core analysis.
Direct Probing of Quantum Dots through Linear and Nonlinear Nano‐Optics

Advances in nanoscopic probing techniques have led to the development of direct spatial and spectroscopic mapping methodologies which have revealed a wealth of information about single quantum dots. These techniques, combined with the favorable properties of naturally formed quantum dots, have allowed us to treat a single exciton confined to a quantum dot as a single solid state quantum absorber in analogy to atomic and molecular systems. Direct measurements on these systems, including absorption and coherent nonlinear spectroscopy, have revealed dipole moments and dynamic time scales of the individual excitations. Combined with microscopy, these probes have revealed global properties of the quantum dot system.
The role of estrogen in the maintenance of primate pregnancy

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the role of estrogen in pregnancy maintenance in baboons by suppressing estrogen synthesis through administration of a highly specific nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor, CGS 20267. Study Design: CGS 20267 was administered subcutaneously at maximal dosages of 2.0 mg/d to pregnant baboons (n = 24) daily beginning on either day 30 (n = 8), day 60 (n = 8), or day 100 (n = 8) of gestation (normal length of gestation is 184 days) until animals miscarried or were delivered abdominally on days 160 through 168 of gestation. CGS 20267 and estradiol (n = 9), each at maximal dosages of 2 mg/d, were administered at the same intervals of gestation. Twenty baboons served as untreated control animals. Serum estradiol and progesterone levels were determined by radioimmunoassay from serum samples obtained at 1- to 3-day intervals from a maternal peripheral vein. Results: Within 1 to 3 days of the initiation of CGS 20267 administration, maternal serum estradiol concentration decreased to and remained at a level that was substantially lower (mean ± SE, 0.096 ± 0.003 ng/mL) than in the untreated control animals throughout gestation (0.35-4.0 ng/mL; P Conclusion: Estrogen, acting directly, indirectly, or both through a factor or factors other than the level of progesterone, plays a critically important physiologic role in the maintenance of primate pregnancy. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:432-8.)
Concerns regarding an evaluation of MTFC-A for adolescents in English care

We are writing to highlight concerns regarding conclusions offered by Green et al in their evaluation of Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for Adolescents (MTFC-A) relative to usual care for at-risk youth in English foster care.[1][1] We commend the authors for undertaking an independent review
Pediatricians and physical activity counseling: how does residency prepare them for this task?

Purpose: Physical activity (PA) health benefits are clear, yet few children in the United States achieve recommended PA levels. Pediatricians provide PA counseling, but it is not known how residencies prepare trainees for this task. The objective was to determine current training methods for PA counseling in pediatric residency programs. Summary: Web-based questionnaire exploring curricular content, barriers to curriculum development, and attitudes/beliefs about the pediatrician's role regarding PA counseling was sent to 192 U.S. pediatric residency directors. There were 115 of 192 (60%) programs that responded. Curricula focused on knowledge-based topics with limited training in counseling skills. Respondents felt PA counseling was important, but few felt they could influence PA. Perceived barriers to curriculum development included lack of space in the curriculum, few trained faculty, and insufficient educational materials. Conclusions: Curricula that include a skills-based component in addition to know...
Neuroprotective Strategies for Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy

Our world is shrinking due to computerized linkages and the mobility of society. Information is shared rapidly around the world. Issues surrounding newborn and infant nursing are global. In efforts to acknowledge the international community, each Newborn and Infant Nursing Review issue will feature a column that highlights care-related issues from a featured country or region of the world. This article focuses on the United States. Newborn and infant health issues are global ones. To review issues occurring in different areas of the world, a different area of the globe will be featured that addresses the Newborn and Infant Nursing Review's theme-oriented topic. This month the United States will be featured. Our guest author is Ms Leslie Parker PhD, NNP-BC, Clinical Assistant Professor, College of Nursing at the University of Florida and a Regional Network Contact for the Council of International Neonatal Nurses for the United States. This month's article focuses on the hypoxic ischemic encephalophathy.
An electron microscopic study of the modification by monosodium glutamate of the retinas of normal and “rodless” mice

Sodium-L-glutamate was administered to post-natal Swiss albino and agouti C3H/HeJ “rodless” mice. In both cases there was at two months a marked reduction in myelinated axons of the optic nerve from about 25,000 to less than 225 axons but Swiss mice had more ganglion cell somas than axons. Glutamate-treated eyes seemed smaller and the lenses were 65% of the weight of control lenses. The inner nuclear layer of Swiss-glutamate retinas was reduced from 5–7 nuclei deep to 1–2. In treated Swiss mice the receptor concentration appears unchanged and electron microscopy revealed that both spheroidal and pedicular receptor terminals were contacted by presumed neurites of second order neurons. There was a small, relative increase in terminals of bipolar neurons in the markedly reduced inner plexiform layer. Relative to these findings a description is given of normal synaptic arrangements. In glutamate-treated “rodless” mice at two months the retina contained two rows of nuclei. Imbricated processes of glial cells of Muller faced the pigment epithelium and the retina contained scattered ganglion cells, bipolar cells, and other neurons less readily characterized. At two months most glutamate-treated mice, rod containing or “rodless,” had a direct pupillary response and a detectable but obviously weaker consensual response. Preliminary examinations of animals one year after glutamate treatment showed receptor deterioration in albino animals and further retinal deterioration in both groups. The two surviving C3H-glutamate animals possessed milky cataractous lenses, however full but sluggish direct iris constrictions could be elicited.
Tales from the ‘global’ economy: Cross-national production networks and the reorganization of the European economy

Abstract This essay considers the reorganization of the European economy in light of the fundamental new phenomena emerging in the international market economy: cross-national production networks in economically heterogeneous regions. Cross-national production networks have emerged as part of a reconstitution of competition and production best characterized as ‘Intelism’, visible especially in the cutting-edge electronics sector. The East Asian regional case is used here to illustrate how cross-national production networks operate in practice. Cross-national production arrangements may become decisive elements in the Eastern transition to a market economy, the reintegration of Europe and the evolution of Europe's regional position in the ‘global’ economy. Underpinning the discussion is the assertion that core attributes of the new ‘global’ economy may be found in national foundations, regional architecture and an ‘Intelist’ production influence.
Atomic structure calculations using MCHF and BSR

Abstract Theoretical results of high accuracy can be obtained using B-spline R-matrix methods implemented in BSR codes. These require a description of targets and perturbers that include correlation. They can be computed efficiently using the multi-configuration Hartree–Fock (MCHF) program. This write-up describes the computational procedure for determining a variety of atomic properties by combining these two codes. Special attention is given to the calculation of transition probabilities for Rydberg series and to photoionization cross-sections.
Seeing Through Technology

In examining representations of cities, disease, and human biology, this paper reflects on what technologies reveal of the conditions to which they’re turned.
Generating orbital angular momentum modes in a fiber with a central square and a ring profile

We propose a novel fiber converting input circular polarized light to orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes. We show the generation of up to 8 OAM modes with 30-dB extinction ratio and mode purity of >96.4% using &#60;10-mm-long fiber.
Study on the Cloud Point Extraction of Copper(II) from an Aqueous Sulfate Medium with N,N′-Bis(salicylideneaminoethyl)amine Polydentate Schiff Base into a Nonionic Surfactant Phase

A novel polydentate Schiff base extractant, N,N′-bis(salicylideneaminoethyl)amine (H2L), was successfully used in a cloud point extraction of copper(II) from aqueous sulfate solutions. The extraction process is based on the formation of a hydrophobic complex of copper(II)−H2L, which is subsequently extracted into the nonionic surfactant p-octylpolyethyleneglycolphenylether (Triton X-100) rich phase at a temperature above the cloud point temperature (CPT). The phase diagrams of the binary system, water−surfactant (Triton X-100), and the ternary systems, water−surfactant−salt (Na2SO4), were determined. The effects of the main experimental parameters such as pH, extractant concentration, and nonionic surfactant concentration on the extraction behavior of copper(II) with N,N′-bis(salicylideneaminoethyl)amine were studied. The percentage extraction was found to be significantly dependent on the aqueous solution pH. The extraction of copper(II) was observed in the pH range of (3 to 11). The stoichiometry of the...
A difference in polarizability between normal and sickle cell oxyhemoglobin as revealed by resonance Raman spectroscopy

This report describes differences in the polarization of the resonance Raman lines at 1317, 1142 and 1012 cm−1 with respect to an exciting wavelength (5730 A), which is within the long wavelength absorption region, for human normal hemoglobin AA versus sickle cell hemoglobin AS. The evidence indicates that the NCa band region differs in the two hemoglobins. These differences may be related to the differences in dipole moment between normal and sickle cell hemoglobin originally reported by Pauling.1 The usefulness of the resonance Raman technique in providing additional microscopic information in a study of abnormal hemoglobins is discussed.
The Philosophy of Death in Coptic Epitaphs

MUCH has been written about the Coptic Church, and justly so. The Copts, during the first few centuries of the Christian era, represented one of the truly normative Christian groups in the world, clinging strongly to the earliest doctrines of Christianity. Their theology, then, is of the utmost interest to the study of the early church. However, the presentday literature concerning Coptic theology has been directed more toward the late medieval
CHILD WELFARE: A PRACTICE PERSPECTIVE. Crosson-Tower, C. (2007). Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. 458 pp., $88.00 hb. ISBN-0-13-119446-1

This book is designed to help the potential provider of services to children and their families understand the maze of services provided under the child welfare system. The title emphasizes the pra...
Molecular diversity of L-type Ca2+ channel transcripts in human fibroblasts.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding the human fibroblast Ca2+ channel of L type (HFCC) has been determined. It is highly homologous to L-type channels previously cloned from rabbit lung and heart as well as from rat brain. At least four sites of molecular diversity were identified in the nucleotide sequence of HFCC. Three of these include regions encoding the transmembrane segments IIS6, IIIS2, and IVS3, which are known to be important for channel gating properties. The positions of these sites correlate with RNA splice sites, indicating that the molecular diversity of the transcripts is a result of alternative splicing. The fourth diversity region is located at the C-terminal region and comprises insertions and deletions. It is suggested that these variations may give rise to multiple subforms of HFCC with altered electrophysiological properties.
EFFECT OF MALEIC HYDRAZIDE ON NORMAL AND ATYPICAL GROWTH OF RUMEX ACETOSA

THE GENERAL AIM of the work reported here was to study the effect of maleic hydrazide (MH) on both the normal and pathological growth of sorrel (Rumex acetosa L.). The specific objectives of this study were to investigate: (1) effects of MH on in vitro cultured pathological tissue, (2) effects of MH on seed germination and early growth, and (3) general effects of MH on mature Rumex plants. Since the discovery that MH has an effect on plant growth (Schoene and Hoffman, 1949), many workers have studied the effects of this compound on normal growth, but no studies have been made on its effect on pathological growth. In general, most reports agree that MH differs from most growth-controlling chemicals in that it causes only inhibition of growth with no formative effects (Naylor and Davis, 1950; Nickell, 1952; Wittwer et al., 1950; Zukel, 1950a,b). It has been reported, however, that MH causes formative effects on sugar beet and cotton seedlings following its application in a spray (Crafts et al., 1950; Erickson and Price, 1950). The possibility of its use as a general herbistat seems excellent. However, there is considerable doubt of its value as a selective herbicide. The mechanism of its action is unknown, but experiments aimed at solving this problem are in progress. Publications to date which might have a bearing on this subiject suggest: it acts in opposition to the natural hormones in plants (Leopold and Klein, 1951); it affects the dehydrogenase enzymes (Isenberg et al., 1951) ; it is antimitotic in its action rather than affecting cell elongation (Deysson and Rollen, 1951; Greulach, 1951; Greulach and Atchison, 1950; see also Darlington and McLeish, 1951); it affects carbohydrate metabolism, causing an accumulation of carbohydrates and the appearance of anthocyanins (Currier et al., 1951; Greulach, 1950; Moore, 1950; Naylor, 1951; Navlor and Davis. 1950; Zukel, 1950a); and it inhibits respiration of root tips (Naylor and Davis. 1951). These suggestions as to the mechanism of action of MH are still quite tentative and subject to revision as more data are secured. In the work reported here the studv of the effect of MH on the growth of virus tumor tissue in vitro has been stressed because: (a) tissue culture techniques afford extremely rigid control of experimental conditions; (b) it is possible to study the effect on one type of tissue without having to con-
MEF2D Drives Photoreceptor Development through a Genome-wide Competition for Tissue-Specific Enhancers

Organismal development requires the precise coordination of genetic programs to regulate cell fate and function. MEF2 transcription factors (TFs) play essential roles in this process but how these broadly expressed factors contribute to the generation of specific cell types during development is poorly understood. Here we show that despite being expressed in virtually all mammalian tissues, in the retina MEF2D binds to retina-specific enhancers and controls photoreceptor cell development. MEF2D achieves specificity by cooperating with a retina-specific factor CRX, which recruits MEF2D away from canonical MEF2 binding sites and redirects it to retina-specific enhancers that lack the consensus MEF2-binding sequence. Once bound to retina-specific enhancers, MEF2D and CRX co-activate the expression of photoreceptor-specific genes that are critical for retinal function. These findings demonstrate that broadly expressed TFs acquire specific functions through competitive recruitment to enhancers by tissue-specific TFs and through selective activation of these enhancers to regulate tissue-specific genes.
Analysis of misalignment-induced deformation in three-dimensional semiconductor chip stacks

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to numerically assess the misalignment-induced deformation and its implications, in the through-silicon via (TSV), silicon chip, solder micro-bump, and bonding layer. Design/methodology/approach – The 3D finite element model features a TSV/micro-bump bonding structure connecting two adjacent silicon (Si) chips, with and without an underfill layer between. A case that the entire solder layer has transformed into an intermetallic layer is also considered. Findings – The existence of an underfill layer enhances the overall resistance to shear deformation, although with a higher buildup of local stresses. High shear and tensile stresses can develop in the intermetallic and nearby regions of copper and Si if the solder alloy is replaced by an intermetallic layer. The carrier mobility change in Si may be extensively affected by the mechanical action, even in regions far away from the TSV. Originality/value – This work parametrically explores the trend of stress and deforma...
Citizenship, Character, and Leadership: Guidance from the Words of Theodore Roosevelt

AbstractMost people would agree that a good leader of the 21st century must first be a person of character and integrity. Too often, however, many do not follow through on the need of a leader to be a good citizen or realize that he or she practices in a profession that is ethically bound to promote the health, safety, and welfare of the public. One of the greatest speeches ever given on this subject, in the eyes of the author, is one delivered by Theodore Roosevelt at the Sorbonne in 1910 titled “Citizenship in a Republic.” This paper takes the words Roosevelt spoke in the early twentieth century and shows how they apply in the early 21st century. The civil engineer can learn from them.
Mortality in the pediatric patient with tracheotomy.

Background. The mortality rate of children with tracheotomies is estimated to be between 11% and 40%, although the incidence of tracheotomy-related deaths is only between 0% and 3.4%. The purpose of this report was to analyze the mortality rate in children with tracheotomies. Methods. A review of the medical records of children at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics who underwent tracheotomy over a 15-year period ending in 1989 was performed. Data were analyzed in 5-year time blocks (Block 1, 1975 to 1979; Block 2, 1980 to 1984; and Block 3, 1985 to 1989). Results. Fifty-two patients died with tracheotomy tubes in place. In 4 patients, the cause of death was tracheotomy related. Three of these patients were under 5 years of age and died secondary to tracheotomy tube displacement or obstruction; one patient, an 18-year-old, developed a fatal tracheotomy-related vascular hemorrhage. The average age of patients who died with tracheotomies decreased significantly from Block 1 to Block 3; in Block 3, mean age at the time of tracheotomy was significantly lower in patients who died than in patients who survived. A comorbidity score (CS) based on the number of airway diagnoses showed that higher CSs were associated with a poorer prognosis. Conclusions. Mortality does not seem to be strongly related to the presence of the tracheotomy tube. Overall, two diagnostic groups were found to be independently associated with a poorer prognosis, ie, mechanical ventilation and pulmonary disease. Tracheotomies performed to provide airway access during other surgical procedures were associated with a better prognosis. © 1995 Jons Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Types of nonaudit fees and financial reporting quality

Ashbaugh, LaFond, and Mayhew (ALM 2003), using data from proxy statements filed in 2001, fail to find that nonaudit fees are associated with biased financial reporting. The SEC (2002, 2003) has asserted that combining all types of nonaudit service fees in a single category would confuse financial statement users, and that audit‐related services represent “services that accountants, in effect, must perform for their audit clients” (SEC 2002, 2003). In this paper, we replicate and extend ALM (2003) by using the more finely partitioned data that is required to be disclosed by SEC registrants after FRR No. 68 (SEC 2003). We find some weak evidence that biased financial reporting (in the form of abnormal accruals) is less likely when the tax and other nonaudit fee ratios are high; we do not find an association between high nonaudit fee ratios and meeting or just beating earnings benchmarks. Overall, we fail to find a systematic association between nonaudit service fees and biased financial reporting; thus, our...
Modeling Management Scenarios and the Effects of an Introduced Apex Predator on a Coastal Riverine Fish Community

Abstract The flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris, a carnivorous fish species native to most of the central interior basin of North America, has been introduced into at least 13 U.S. states and 1 Canadian province. Concurrent declines in abundance of native fishes have been reported in aquatic systems where flathead catfish have been introduced. To evaluate the potential impact of this invasive species on the native fish community we developed an ecosystem simulation model (including flathead catfish) based on empirical data collected from a North Carolina coastal river. The model results suggest that flathead catfish suppress native fish community biomass by 5–50% through both predatory and competitive interactions. However, our model suggests these reductions could be mitigated through sustained exploitation of flathead catfish by recreational or commercial fishers at rates equivalent to those for native flathead catfish populations (annual exploitation = 6–25%). These findings demonstrate the potential...
Zonal gravity harmonics from long satellite arcs by a seminumeric method

A zonal geopotential is presented to degree 21 from evaluation of mean elements for 21 satellites, including two of low (less than 20 deg) inclination. Each satellite is represented by an arc of at least one apsidal rotation. The lengths range from 50 to 660 days. Differential correction of the initial elements in all of the arcs, together with radiation pressure and atmospheric drag coefficients, is accomplished simultaneously with the correction for the zonal harmonics. The satellite orbits and their variations are generated by numerical integration of the Lagrange equations for mean elements. Disturbances due to precession and nutation, atmospheric drag, radiation pressure, and lunisolar gravity are added at 1- to 8-day intervals in the integrated orbits.
Bernard Baruch: Symbol and Myth in Industrial Mobilization

Professor Cuff casts a critically dissenting eye at one of American history's most cherished myths: Bernard Baruch's role in United States' mobilization during World War I.
InAs self-assembled quantum dot lasers grown on [100] InP

Quantum dot lasers containing five stacked layers of InAs quantum dots (QDs) embedded in quaternary InGaAsP are grown on [100] InP substrates. The QD ensemble has a density of 1.5 /spl times/ 10/sup 10/ cm/sup -2/ and emits light at /spl sim/1.6 /spl mu/m at 77 K. Lasing wavelength and threshold current density can be shifted by changing the cavity length of the laser diode and the latter reaches a value as low as 49 A/cm/sup 2/ at 77 K for a gate size of 2000 /spl mu/m /spl times/ 150 /spl mu/m. Temperature dependence of the threshold current is observed implying the presence of thermionic emission increasing with temperature.
Applying the deployment focused treatment development model to school-based yoga for elementary school students: steps one and two

There is growing interest in yoga to enhance positive youth development, but many challenges to overcome before introducing yoga to schools. Weisz et al. [Weisz, J. R., Jensen, A. L., McLeod, B. D. (2004). Development and dissemination of child and adolescent therapies: milestones, methods, and a new deployment-focussed model. In E. D., Hibbs & P. S. Jensen (Ed.), Psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent disorders: Empirically-based approaches (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association] describe the multi-phased deployment focused treatment development model (DFM) as a means of overcoming barriers to implementing evidence-based interventions. Consistent with the first phase of the DFM, which involves manual development with input from stakeholders, we describe teachers' reactions to implementation of school-wide yoga in an urban elementary school. In keeping with the second phase of DFM, we conducted a pilot efficacy study of a yoga curriculum. We got mixed results on academic p...
Comparison of heart rate variability measurements in infants

The relationship between heart rate variability (HRV) parameters is unclear and the optimum parameters to use for clinical application are not known. To address this problem, adult data are only available for a few of the numerous HRV parameters, and few data are available for infants. The purpose of this paper is to study the correlation of common HRV measurements for infants. Eight-hour polysomnogram recordings for 110 infants from the CHIME study are used to calculate HRV parameters for non-overlapping, successive 5 minute segments in the same sleep slates. For each pair of HRV parameters in each sleep state, Pearson's correlation coefficient is computed for each individual and the bootstrap method is applied to calculate correlation for all infants. Results show high correlations between parameters where expected within and across domains. Some differences are noted compared to adult data.
Development and therapeutic indications of orally-active non-peptide vasopressin receptor antagonists

Vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) are cyclic nonapeptides whose actions are mediated by the stimulation of specific G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) currently classified into V1-vascular (V1R), V2-renal (V2R) and V3-pituitary (V3R) AVP receptors and OT receptors (OTR). The signal transduction pathways coupled to the different subtypes of AVP/OT receptors are reviewed. The recent cloning of the different members of the AVP/OT family of receptors now allows the extensive characterisation of the molecular determinants involved in agonist and antagonist binding, as well as signal transduction coupling. Potential therapeutic uses of AVP receptor antagonists include: the blockade of V1-vascular AVP receptors in arterial hypertension, congestive heart failure (CHF) and peripheral vascular diseases; the blockade of V2-renal AVP receptors in the syndrome of inappropriate vasopressin secretion, CHF, liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome and any state of excessive retention of free water and subsequent hyponatrae...
Tactics for Building Images of Audience in Organizational Contexts: An Ethnographic Study of Technical Communicators.

Discourse theories frequently emphasize the importance of understanding audience but seldom delve into how writers form conceptions of their audiences, especially in organizations. This study examines computer documentation writers' tactics for conceiving of their audiences. Based on two ethnographic case studies and insights from activity theory, the author describes and evaluates technical communicators' tactics for understanding audiences, constrained and supported by their organizations. She discusses the advantages and limitations of each tactic, looking at how each tactic might answer questions about audience. This research should be useful to technical communication educators as they expand students' options for audience research in nonacademic settings. In addition, the findings of this study can enhance theories about the ways writers create images of their audiences.
Spontaneous and Piezoelectric Polarization Effects on the Frequency Response of Wurtzite Aluminium Gallium Nitride / Silicon Carbide Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors

We present theoretical calculations for the effect of spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization on the base resistance and frequency response of wurtzite Aluminium Gallium Nitride / Silicon Carbide Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors. Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors ( HBTs ) built using wide band gap semiconductors with AlGaN emitter and SiC base/collector hold the promise of high-power and high-frequency operation due to lower impact ionization coefficients and higher breakdown voltages. Further, Silicon Carbide has an indirect bang gap, and a large lifetime of minority carriers compared to most other compound semiconductors, which tend to have direct band gaps. This reduces the base recombination factor when the base is made from SiC, and helps to achieve higher overall current gain. Spontaneous and piezoelectric polarizations of the order of 1013 electrons per cm2 exist in wurtzite wide band-gap semiconductors. This has a non-trivial effect on band profile, charge transport and overall device characteristics since the polarization-induced charges are of the same order of magnitude as the total dopant charge content of critical device layers, and can significantly affect the amount of mobile charge depletion or accumulation in these layers. We calculate the effect of this polarization for both very thin pseudomorphic emitters and for relaxed emitter structures. We present calculations for the cases of Si-face and C-face SiC, since the signs of polarization-induced charges are different for the two cases. The intrinsic base resistance near emitter flat-band conditions is changed by a factor of 10 depending on the alloy composition of the emitter and the polarity of growth. The maximum frequency of oscillation under emitter flat-band conditions can also be modulated by the polarization-induced charges by up to 60%. Our calculations show that the technologically less prevalent C-face SiC can give a higher advantage for frequency response, especially when the emitter thickness is larger than the critical thickness.
THE EVOLUTION OF MANUS SHAPE IN SAUROPOD DINOSAURS: IMPLICATIONS FOR FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY, FORELIMB ORIENTATION, AND PHYLOGENY

ABSTRACT Sauropods have a unique digitigrade and semi-tubular manus whose shape has been used as a synapomorphy that unites most sauropod taxa. The vertical orientation and semi-tubular arrangement of the metacarpale suggest the sauropod manus improved the mechanical ability of the forelimb to support great weight. However, the evolutionary mechanism responsible for modifying the relatively flat metacarpus of basal saurischians into a semi-tubular arrangement has remained uninvestigated. Furthermore, trackway evidence shows that manus pronation was more developed in sauropods than other saurischians. However, because the radius and ulna do not cross completely in sauropods, reconciling manus print orientation with forelimb osteology has been difficult. Restudy of North American neosauropod appendicular osteology and anatomy suggests that the unique manus shape of sauropods is linked temporally with reversion to a quadrupedal posture and the necessity of manus pronation. Articulation and manipulation of ne...
Uncovering Evidence of Conditional Party Government: Reassessing Majority Party Influence in Congress and State Legislatures

temporary American legislatures. Our use of a new analytic technique, a grid-search program for characterizing the uncovered set, enables us to begin with a better model of legislative proceedings that abandons the simple one-dimensional spatial models in favor of the more realistic two-dimensional version. Our conclusions are based on the analysis of real-world data rather than on arguments about the relative merits of different theoretic assumptions. Our analysis confirms that when legislators' preferences are polarized, outcomes will generally be closer to the majority party's wishes, even if the majority-party leadership does nothing to influence the legislative process. This conclusion notwithstanding, our analysis also shows that at the margin of the majority party's natural advantage, agenda setting by the majority party remains a viable and efficacious strategy. In the debate over party organizations in the American Congress, one side (e.g., Aldrich and Rohde 1998, 2001) argues that the majority party can influence the outcome of legislative proceedings through agenda control or the ability to determine which proposals are considered. The other side (e.g., Krehbiel 1999, 2000) argues that agenda control conveys no power and that the majority party's apparent influence
Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney rank test-based filter for removing streak noise in transmitted DPCM images

An algorithm is described for filtering streak noise in corrupted DPCM (differential pulse code modulated) images. In this scheme, the corrupted line is detected using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney nonparametric test. This test mechanism requires no PCM-update multiplexing. The corrupted line is then filtered using a likelihood ratio test and data from the previous line. Typical experimental results are provided. >
Bearing the Costs of Our Eldercare Policies

For many caregivers, rendering aid to frail parents, grandparents, siblings, and spouses comes at a high price: compromised physical and mental health, disturbed relationships with spouse and children, truncated opportunities for social life, and, for caregivers who are employed, declining job performance. Using the 1982 National Long Term Care Survey's "Survey of Informal Caregivers," this study investigates how the sociodemographic characteristics of caregivers, care requirements, the availability of backup caregivers, and conditions of employment affect the likelihood that caregivers will suffer work constraints. Estimations of both the probability of work constraints and hours of work reveal that proxies for work conditions figure prominently, as do care requirements. In the model of constrained work, ill health, financial burdens, and primary responsibility for care are significant determinants; the estimation of hours of work revealed that low income and competing care demands wielded major influenc...
Resonance Raman spectra of Cu-porphin-d4(meso) and Ni-porphin, and the infrared spectrum of Cu-porphin-d4

The resonance Raman spectra are presented for Ni-porphin and Cu-porphin-d4(meso) as dilute solutions in CS2 and C2Cl4 using an Ar+ laser and a tunable Rhodamine 6G dye laser. The Raman features are assigned to the different vibrational species on the basis of their depolarization data. The assignment of 14 features in the spectrum of Cu-porphin-d4 and 13 features in the spectrum of Cu-porphin and Ni-porphin is discussed by comparing the spectra of the three molecules. Also the infrared spectrum of Cu-porphin-d4 as a solid dispersed in CsI matrix is reported for the 200–2000 cm−1 region.
Piccole zone di simmetria : scrittori del Novecento

If it intends to enhance awareness and to stimulate intellectual and cultural maturity, literature cannot ignore – and when it survives over time does not ignore – the great conquests of philosophical thought and the fundamental stages marked by the progress of scientific knowledge. A scientific result and a poetic result both represent an internally-ordered fragment of reality which moves and stirs us by the intrinsic beauty of the image that it evokes and its significance at the level of meaning. Both scientific and literary languages, each in its own way, tend to the decodification and representation of the external world. Imagination, intuition and rationality come together in creativity, in the construction of scientific models and of literary styles.La letteratura non puo ignorare, e non ignora quando sopravvive nel tempo, le grandi conquiste del pensiero filosofico e le tappe fondamentali segnate dal progresso della conoscenza scientifica, se intende muoversi in una direzione di stimolo verso una maggiore consapevolezza e maturita intellettuale e culturale. Un risultato scientifico e un risultato poetico rappresentano un frammento di realta ordinata al suo interno che ci commuove e ci entusiasma per la bellezza intrinseca dell'immagine che ci suggeriscono, per il suo valore sul piano dei significati. Entrambi i linguaggi, scientifico e letterario, tendono, ciascuno a suo modo, alla decodificazione del mondo esterno e a rappresentarlo. Fantasia intuizione razionalita insieme concorrono alla creativita, alla costruzione di modelli scientifici e di stili letterari. Rassegna stampa: Il Segnalibro, n. 175
Justice Failure: Efficiency and Equality in Business Ethics

This paper offers the concept of “justice failure,” as a counterpart to the familiar idea of market failure, in order to better understand managers’ ethical obligations. This paper takes the “market failures approach” (MFA) to business ethics as its point of departure. The success of the MFA, I argue, lies in its close proximity with economic theory, particularly in the idea that, within a larger scheme of social cooperation, markets ought to pursue efficiency and leave the pursuit of equality to the welfare state. As a result, the core ethical responsibility of business actors is to avoid profiting off of market failure. After reviewing this approach I challenge its emphasis on efficiency. I argue that just as we note the suboptimal efficiency of actual markets (market failure), we should also take seriously the suboptimal equality of actual welfare states (what I call “justice failure”). Taking this idea seriously results in a whole other set of ethical responsibilities for businesses to take into account; in addition to market imperfections and regulatory lacunae, managers should also avoid profiting from, and exacerbating, structural inequalities and injustices. I offer an outline of the kinds of injustices and inequalities that would have bearing on business ethics, and the kinds of ethical responsibilities that this approach suggests that business actors should take into account.
Preference reversals and effects of D-amphetamine on delay discounting in rats

Impulsive choice is correlated with behavioral problems such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse. Effects of stimulant drug administration on impulsive choice are not consistent and may depend on baseline differences in impulsive choice. A within-session delay-discounting procedure in which choice was between one food pellet delivered immediately (impulsive choice) and three food pellets delivered after increasing delays (self-controlled choice) was used to determine effects of adding and subtracting delays common to both reinforcers on impulsive choice in male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=8). Delay discounting was observed and impulsive choice was quantified using area under the curve (AUC). Adding delays common to both reinforcers decreased impulsive choice and subtracting delays common to both reinforcers increased impulsive choice. Before administration of D-amphetamine (0.03-1.80 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), subjects were rank ordered into a low-AUC or a high-AUC group. Select doses of D-amphetamine decreased impulsive choice for subjects in the low-AUC group but not for subjects in the high-AUC group. These results indicate that impulsive choice can be altered by changing the delay common to both reinforcers and suggest that effects of D-amphetamine may depend, in part, on baseline differences in impulsive choice.
Archaeology and the Study of Assimilation: Some Suggestions and A Case Study

Archaeologists should broaden their study of assimilation to include processes other than acculturation, merely one aspect of the assimilation process and not the most significant. In particular, s...
Computational Prediction of Residues Involved in Fidelity Checking for DNA Synthesis in DNA Polymerase I

Recent single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer studies of DNA polymerase I have led to the proposal of a postinsertion fidelity-checking site. This site is hypothesized to ensure proper base pairing of the newly inserted nucleotide. To help test this hypothesis, we have used energy decomposition, electrostatic free energy response, and noncovalent interaction analysis analyses to identify residues involved in this putative checking site. We have used structures of DNA polymerase I from two different organisms, the Klenow fragment from Escherichia coli and the Bacillus fragment from Bacillus stearothermophilus. Our results point to several residues that show altered interactions for three mispairs compared to the correctly paired DNA dimer. Furthermore, many of these residues are conserved among A family polymerases. The identified residues provide potential targets for mutagenesis studies for investigation of the fidelity-checking site hypothesis.
Emulation-Based Calibration for Parameters in Parameterized Phonon Spectrum of ZrHx in TRIGA Reactor Simulations

We investigate the calibration of the uncertainties of thermal scattering of ZrHx in the fuel material in TRIGA reactor simulations. Thermal scattering cross sections of ZrHx are heavily affected b...
IMAGES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. Resolution of Lumbar Disk Herniation without Surgery.

A 29-year-old woman presented to the spine clinic with pain in her right leg, accompanied by paresthesia. MRI of the lumbar spine revealed a lumbar disk herniation resulting in substantial spinal stenosis and nerve-root compression.