cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seismic reprocessing and interpretation of a fractured-basement play: Texas Panhandle

AbstractThe Panhandle-Hugoton field, of Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas, is a giant oil field and is the largest conventional gas field in North America. Most hydrocarbon production in this field comes from the Wichita Uplift area, where the basement is the most shallow. Although the field has been extensively produced, many local hydrocarbon accumulations have not been fully exploited. Recent drilling activity in the survey indicates that some wells produce directly from basement fractures, suggesting a new play type for the area. Because the target is shallow, the seismic data are heavily contaminated by coherent noise, such as ground roll and head waves, creating challenges for seismic processing. To improve the seismic interpretation, we carefully reprocessed the field gathers resulting in improved correlation within the sedimentary and the basement sections. Correlating well control to seismic attribute volumes indicates that a fractured basement gives rise to lower P-wave impedance and strong amplitude ...
Molecular origin of aging of pure Se glass: Growth of inter-chain structural correlations, network compaction, and partial ordering.

Glass transition width W of pure Se narrows from 7.1(3) °C to 1.5(2) °C and the non-reversing enthalpy of relaxation (ΔHnr) at Tg increases from 0.23(5) cal/g to 0.90(5) cal/g upon room temperature aging for 4 months in the dark as examined in modulated differential scanning colorimetry (MDSC) at low scan rates. In Raman scattering, such aging leads the A1 mode of Sen-chains (near 250 cm-1) to narrow by 26% and its scattering strength to decrease as the strength of modes of correlated chains (near 235 cm-1) and of Se8 rings (near 264 cm-1) systematically grows. These calorimetric and Raman scattering results are consistent with the "molecular" chains of Sen, predominant in the fresh glass, reconstructing with each other to compact and partially order the network. Consequences of the aging induced reconstruction of the long super-flexible and uncorrelated Sen-chains are also manifested upon alloying up to 4 mol. % of Ge as revealed by a qualitative narrowing (by 25%) of the Raman vibrational mode of the corner-sharing GeSe4 tetrahedra and a blue-shift of the said mode by nearly 1 cm-1 in 194 cm-1. But, at higher Ge content (x> 6%), as the length of Sen chain-segments across Ge cross-links decreases qualitatively (⟨n⟩ 10% to acquire values observed earlier as alloying concentration approaches 20% and networks become spontaneously rigid.
Fascist Violence and the ‘Ethnic Reconstruction’ of Cyrenaica (Libya), 1922–1934

This chapter examines Fascist Italy’s war against the Senussi anticolonial resistance fighters of Cyrenaica (Libya) between 1923 and 1934. It demonstrates how Italian colonial authorities’ use of military, economic, cultural, and social or ethnic violence functioned not simply to defeat the Bedouins’ resistance and take possession of their land, but also to destroy and refashion anew the people of Cyrenaica. Throughout the ‘re-conquest’ of Cyrenaica, Italian colonial officials acknowledged over and over that their policies might lead to the destruction of the entire civilian population. By the time the regime established concentration camps for civilians, colonial authorities began talking about the ‘ethnic reconstruction of Cyrenaica’, revealing an important motive behind Fascist colonial policy: creating submissive colonial subjects through atrocity.
Communicating Competently in Graduate School: A Conditional Process Analysis Using Self-Regulation

Communication skills are necessary to succeed in graduate school. Building from the theory of self-regulation, this study investigated the effects of communication competence on one aspect of graduate students’ success (i.e., learning). Moderated mediation was hypothesized to exist within the communication competence–learning relationship. Graduate students (N = 184) from across the United States completed a self-report questionnaire and the results of a conditional process analysis revealed the effect of communication competence on learning was mediated by graduate students’ question-asking; yet, this indirect relationship was moderated by self-efficacy with highly efficacious students being more likely to derive the intended academic benefits.
A trajectory for developing conceptual understanding of logarithmic relationships

Abstract While there has been a recent expansion of research related to the development of conceptual understanding of exponential relationships in individual students, the teaching and learning of logarithms continues to be understudied. In this report, I documented the mathematical progress of a classroom community as they developed an exponential number line to explore logarithmic relationships. In particular, the students in the community grappled with the ideas of coordinating arithmetic and geometric growth, made sense of fractional exponents, and interpreted logarithms statements (i.e. equations with logarithms in them) in terms of story problem and then related those interpretations to an exponential number line. The focus on logarithms was fruitful as this analysis resulted in new perspectives on how to address the conceptual difficulties students face when exploring exponential and logarithmic relationships.
Ambient temperature and layout impact on self-heating characterization in FinFET devices

Self-Heating effects are going to be of increasing significance in future nodes. Understanding self-heating measurement results and its accuracy is of vital importance. In this paper we show for the first time through measurement that the ambient temperature can affect self-heating measurement by up to 70%. Through a series of measurements at different temperatures and dissipated power, we show that the Si fin has a more dominant effect in heat transport and its varying thermal conductivity should be taken into account.
ALBI-RT: A novel radiation therapy specific hepatotoxicity prediction model for hepatocellular carcinoma patients.

444Background: The albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) grade system was optimized to predict survival in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients; however, its applicability to patients treated with radiation therapy (RT) is unclear. We propose a novel analysis of the ALBI equation, designated ALBI-RT, to assess hepatotoxicity risk after RT. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 48 consecutive HCC patients treated with RT (2013-2016). Raw ALBI values and Child-Pugh (CP) scores were calculated. Any patient deaths were examined for radiation induced liver disease (RILD). Raw ALBI was assessed as a continuous variable to perform ROC analyses to identify cutoffs for overall survival (OS) and RILD-specific survival (RILD-SS). Univariate predictors of OS and RILD-SS were evaluated using Cox regression to determine hazard ratios (HR). Results: Patient cohort was comprised of 60% CP-A and 39% CP-B/C. Median follow-up and OS was 13 and 10 months, respectively. There were 18 deaths with 6 ascribed to RILD. We identified a raw A...
Metal matrix composites - Their time to shine?

Basic types of metal matrix composite (MMC) systems (namely, the particulates-, the whisker/flakes-, and the continuous-fiber-reinforced) are discussed together with the advantages and the disadvantages of each system. Special consideration is given to the new MMC systems under development that meet the needs of aerospace applications and to the properties of stiffness and thermal expansion of these systems. As a family of structural materials, MMCs have great potential for missile airframe applications.
SOME FUNDAMENTAL THEORY OF VOLTERRA INTEGRAL EQUATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents some recent results of several authors on existence, uniqueness, continuity, continuability, and the properties of the solution of Volterra integral equations and of integrodifferential equations. The chapter presents equations in real or complex finite dimensional space. It also presents some results for linear integrodifferential equations in a Banach space. The chapter presents a theorem that states that on a dense set of smooth initial conditions, an equation has a unique solution. Such a dense set of smooth initial conditions exists under very weak hypotheses.
Love Language Scale in Retail Service Environment: An Exploratory Study

In this study, Chapman's five love languages are adapted to create a scale in the retail service context. According to Chapman (1992), most humans use one (or two) of the five love languages, namely words of affirmation, acts of service, receiving gifts, quality time, and physical touch, to communicate and receive love, which ultimately helps to maintain relationships. The theory of relational maintenance (Dindia & Canary, 1993), which states that certain maintenance behaviors (e.g. love languages) are used to sustain desired relational features, also supports Chapman's claims. The study was designed to develop a reliable and valid self-report measurement of the love-language scale in the retail service environment to measure the retailer-customer relationship.
AAV8 Gene Therapy for Crigler-Najjar Syndrome in Macaques Elicited Transgene T Cell Responses That Are Resident to the Liver.

Systemic delivery of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors has been evaluated for the treatment of several liver diseases, including homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, and hemophilia. Here, we evaluated this approach for the treatment of Crigler-Najjar syndrome. We administered wild-type rhesus macaques with 1.0 × 1013 or 2.5 × 1013 genome copies/kg of an AAV serotype 8 vector expressing a codon-optimized version of human uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) from a liver-specific promoter. We extensively studied vector biodistribution, transgene expression, and immune responses following vector administration. All rhesus macaques survived until their scheduled necropsy at day 56 and showed no clinical abnormalities during the course of the study. Macaques administered with either vector dose developed a T cell response to the AAV capsid and/or transgene. We mapped the immunodominant epitope in the human UGT1A1 sequence, and we found no correlation between peripheral and tissue-resident lymphocyte responses. Upon further investigation, we characterized CD107a+, granzyme B+, CD4+, and CD8+ transgene-specific cellular responses that were restricted to tissue-resident T cells. This study highlights the importance of studying immune responses at the vector transduction site and the limited usefulness of blood as a surrogate to evaluate tissue-restricted T cell responses.
A Periodicity Theorem for Functional Equations

Consider the linear system $${\rm{\dot u}}\left( {\rm{t}} \right) = {\rm{L}}\left( {{\rm{u}}_{\rm{t}} } \right)$$ (28.1) .
EU listing of the UK.

Your report on the UK being approved as a listed third country ( VR , 13 April 2019, vol 184, p 460) failed to mention that the UK has had to …
A Broadband Printed Conical Bowtie Dipole Antenna with an Integrated Balun

A novel design for a broadband printed dipole antenna element is presented. The broad bandwidth is achieved by introducing a conical bowtie dipole geometry and optimization of the feeding network, which is implemented as a microstrip integrated balun. The proposed printed dipole antenna achieves an impedance bandwidth of 820 MHz with good radiation characteristics. The antenna is designed for 2.45 GHz and finds application in a variety of wireless energy harvesting and power transfer systems and has potential for dual-polarized operation.
Adolescents' Appraisal of Responses to Problem Situations and Their Relation to Aggression and Nonviolent Behavior.

Objective This study investigated adolescents' appraisals of responses to problematic situations and their relations to behavioral intentions for aggressive and nonviolent behavior. A key question was whether ratings of effective and ineffective nonviolent responses and aggressive responses reflect distinct constructs or opposite ends of a single dimension. Method A sample of 183 students at three middle schools in an urban public school system serving a mostly African American population completed measures of aggression, and rated responses to hypothetical situations on five dimensions: behavioral intention, effectiveness, descriptive norms, and anticipated reactions from friends and parents. Responses included nonviolent responses and aggressive responses to problematic situations identified in previous qualitative studies. Nonviolent responses were categorized as effective or ineffective based on ratings by a community sample of youth and adults. Results Confirmatory factor analyses supported separate factors representing ratings of effective responses and aggressive responses for each domain. Regression analyses indicated that ratings of aggressive responses were more strongly related to aggressive intentions, and ratings of effective responses were more strongly related to intentions to use effective responses. Adolescents who varied in their level of aggression differed in their ratings of aggressive and nonviolent responses. Those reporting higher levels of aggression showed less differentiation between effective and ineffective nonviolent responses compared with those reporting lower levels. Conclusions These findings underscore the need for further efforts to identify factors that promote effective nonviolent behavior versus those that support aggression. They have important implications for the development of violence prevention programs.
Parallel Bayesian Belief Network in Building Energy Conservation

It is important to control processes efficiently in commercial buildings for Energy conservation. The key element for saving energy is to obtain accurate information about the occupancy, and if there is no one in the building then services such as Heating, Ventilation, and Air-conditioning (HVAC), lighting, etc. can be turned off. Also, it is very critical that the building services respond in real-time, as it may affect the functionality of employees/equipment in the building. This paper presents a fast occupancy detection technique using parallel Bayesian Belief Network. This technique can be used as a fast, reliable, and automated occupancy detection technique in commercial buildings.
Design Technique on Reduction of Power Cross Regulation and Coupling in Data Center Microprocessor Power Design

An analytical dual power rail simulation methodology is essential for evaluating cross regulation issues in core power designs with low-cost and multilayer printed circuit boards (PCB). With conventional validation approach, the cross regulation is a combinative result of complex power delivery networks (PDNs) and the performances of voltage regulators. Meanwhile, the measurements are usually not informative and inefficient to distinguish the root cause and help designers come up with an improvement plan. Fortunately, the analytic approach makes it possible to find the layout issues that could lead to serious cross regulations. With the analytic approach, the cross regulation problem can be simplified and modeled with distributed power delivery networks. The analytical predictions on cross regulation from power delivery impedance are more intuitive from the distributed power delivery networks. In this paper, this approach is further extended to compare two different layout schemes. Engineering implications on reducing the cross regulation in a multi-layer PCB will be discussed through a series of simulation examples.
Organoborane Strategy for Polymers Bearing Lactone, Ester, and Alcohol Functionality

Vinyl alcohol–methacrylatecopolymers have intriguing functionally rich structures but are synthetically inaccessible from vinyl acetate, the traditional precursor to polyvinyl alcohol. We report a ...
Connectivism, Chaos and Chaoids

The rapid development of Web 2.0 technologies has created excitement and opportunity alongside fear and confusion. It seems no part of society, culture, economy and human life generally has been untouched as a new sense of chaos emerges. Across all sectors change has been experienced with a mixture of terror and exhilaration as disruption offers opportunity while often creating more oppressive structures than before. Alongside technological development has been the proliferation of a neoliberal takeover of the ways we live, work and educate; A social condition that Mark Fisher (2010) calls capitalist realism. The impact of this growing sense of chaos on education seems significant if uncertain, generating transformative rhetoric if often ambiguous around what has been transformed. This paper looks at adult education as a space being fought over by increasingly corporate institutions and sees one thread of resistance, connectivism – a ‘new learning theory for the digital age’ - introducing chaos theory as a means of resistance. The paper goes on to argue that connectivism offers practical reflections without clear purpose. We need the philosophical purpose of Deleuze and Guattari’s approach to chaoids and chaos to go from identifying patterns to creating new forms of creating order. The paper includes a discussion on where we are now; what the significance of these two approaches to chaos are; provides exemplars of chaoids that respond to the challenge and provide alternative models of education.
Cluster-Adjusted DEA Efficiency in the presence of Heterogeneity: An Application to Banking Sector

This paper improves on the issues of extreme data points and heterogeneity found in the linear programming data envelopment analysis (DEA) by presenting a cluster-adjusted DEA model (DEA with cluster approach). This analysis, based on efficiency, determines the number of clusters via Gap statistic and Elbow methods. We use the December quarterly panel data consisting of 122 U.S agricultural banks across 37 states from 2000 to 2017 to estimate the cluster-adjusted DEA model. Empirical results show differences in the estimated DEA efficiency measures with and without a clustering approach. Furthermore, using non-parametric tests, the results of Ansari-Bradley, Kruskal Wallis, and Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests suggest that the cluster-adjusted DEA model provides statistically better efficiency measures in comparison to the DEA model without a clustering approach.
E-155 Higher prevalence of intraplaque hemorrhage in left carotid arteries than right

Background Ischemic stroke is more often diagnosed in the left hemisphere than the right. One prior study has found that there may be an asymmetrical prevalence of atherosclerosis with a higher prevalence of carotid artery disease on the left than the right. Methods We sought to study the prevalence of carotid artery atherosclerosis and intraplaque hemorrhage in the right versus left carotid artery in a large population of patients. Results Neck MRAs of 643 total patients were reviewed. Overall, there were similar degrees and distribution of degrees of stenosis. There was a higher prevalence of intraplaque hemorrhage in the left versus right carotid for all patients (P=0.02) and for symptomatic patients (P=0.002). This was not true for asymptomatic patients. There were no differences in the prevalence of plaque ulcer between right and left carotid arteries. Conclusions In confirming a prior report, we found that left carotids are more likely to present with intraplaque hemorrhage as compared to right carotids. This was particularly true for patients with symptomatic manifestations including stroke, transient ischemic attack, amaurosis fugax and retinal artery occlusion. The reason underlying the increased prevalence of intraplaque hemorrhage in the left carotid artery remains enigmatic. Disclosures A. Larson: None. J. Benson: None. G. Lanzino: None. W. Brinjikji: None.
Capsular thinning on magnetic resonance arthrography is associated with intra-operative hip joint laxity in women.

Hip microinstability is a recognized cause of hip pain in young patients. Intra-operative evaluation is used to confirm the diagnosis, but limited data exist associating magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) findings with hip microinstability. To determine if a difference exists in the thickness of the anterior joint capsule and/or the width of the anterior joint recess on MRA in hip arthroscopy patients with and without an intra-operative diagnosis of hip laxity. Sixty-two hip arthroscopy patients were included in the study. Two musculoskeletal radiologists blinded to surgical results reviewed the MRAs for two previously described findings: (i) anterior joint capsule thinning; (ii) widening of the anterior joint recess distal to the zona orbicularis. Operative reports were reviewed for the diagnosis of joint laxity. In all patients with and without intra-operative laxity, there were no significant differences with either MRA measurement. However, twenty-six of 27 patients with intra-operative laxity were women compared with 11 of 35 patients without laxity (P < 0.001). In subgroup analysis of women, the intra-operative laxity group had a higher rate of capsular thinning compared with the non-laxity group (85% versus 45%; P = 0.01). A 82% of women with capsular thinning also had intra-operative laxity, compared with 40% without capsular thinning (P = 0.01). There were no differences regarding the width of the anterior joint recess. In this study, there was an association between capsular thinning and intra-operative laxity in female patients. Measuring anterior capsule thickness on a pre-operative MRA may be useful for the diagnosis of hip microinstability.
Perioperative Procalcitonin in Predicting Infection in Children Undergoing Surgical Procedures

Abstract Background Procalcitonin (PCT) is a biomarker of bacterial infections with more sensitivity and specificity than commonly used inflammatory markers. PCT can be particularly helpful in the postsurgical population where the surgery itself often leads to noninfectious inflammation. We aimed to examine the utility of perioperative profiles of PCT in predicting infection in two pediatric surgical populations. Methods We conducted a prospective observational study of perioperative PCT in children undergoing cardiac or neurosurgery. Consenting patients with no preoperative infection or immune deficiency were enrolled. We measured plasma PCT levels within 24 h preprocedure and 24-48 h postprocedure. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected from the medical records including clinical suspicion and confirmed infections. Perioperative PCT changes and their associations with these data are reported. Results We enrolled 26 neuro and 15 cardiac surgery patients. There was postoperative clinical suspicion of infection in 3 neuro and 5 cardiac patients, and 1 neuro and 2 cardiac patients had subsequently confirmed infections. Cardiac patients had higher overall perioperative PCT increase than neuro cohort (P = 0.006). Neuro patient with infection had higher perioperative change in PCT (0.5 to 1.4 ng/mL) than noninfected neurosurgery patients. Cardiac patients with confirmed infections had higher postoperative levels which exceeded the previously described infection threshold of 2 ng/mL. Conclusions PCT is a useful early biomarker of postoperative infection in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac and neurosurgery. Patients who underwent cardiac surgery have significantly higher perioperative PCT rise than patients who underwent neurosurgery, and all patients with subsequently confirmed infections had at least 2-fold perioperative PCT increase.
Loss of Pediatric Beds Relative to Pediatric Population: The Hidden National Inequity Risk for Kids

Purpose: Nationally, there has been a loss of pediatric inpatient beds (-4.3%), and large swings in ward (-7.2%) and pediatric (non-neonatal) intensive care (PICU; +15.8%) beds over the most recently available ten-year period 2002-2011. These shifts have important implications for access, safety and costs yet studies on this topic are limited. Our goal was to identify variation in pediatric inpatient beds (change in absolute numbers and per 100,000 children) across states and …
Exacerbation of immune thrombocytopenia following COVID-19 vaccination.

There is concern that COVID-19 vaccination may adversely affect immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) patients. Fifty-two consecutive chronic ITP patients were prospectively followed after COVID-19 vaccination. Fifteen percent had no worsening of clinical symptoms but no post-vaccination platelet count; 73% had no new symptoms and no significant platelet count decline. However, 12% had a median platelet count drop of 96% within 2-5 days post vaccination with new bleeding symptoms; after rescue therapy with corticosteroids +/- intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), platelets recovered to >30 × 109 /l a median three days later. ITP exacerbation occurred independently of remission status, concurrent ITP treatment, or vaccine type. Safety of a second vaccine dose needs careful assessment.
The inverse scattering transform for multidimensional (2+1) problems

Page 1 In t roduc t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 1.1 F ind a m e t h o d for genera t ing par t icu la r solut ions of t h e given equa t ion . . . . . . 140 1.2 F ind a ' m e t h o d for solving general initial value p rob lems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 2 Direct l inear izat ion in 1 + 1 and 2 + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 3 Review of t he ma i n eigenvalue p rob lems re la ted to t he inverse sca t t e r ing t r a n s f o r m in 1 + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 4 R e m a r k s on R i e m a n n H i l b e r t b o u n d a r y value problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 4.1 Classical R i e m a n n H i i b e r t p roblems for HSlder func t ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 4.1.1 Scalar homogeneous R i e m a n n H i l b e r t p roblem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 4.1.2 Vector homogeneous R i e m a n n H i l b e r t p rob lems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 4.1.3 A note on the h is tory of R i e m a n n H i l b e r t p rob lems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 4.2 Some resul ts of Kre in and Gohberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 4.2.1 Scalar fac tor iza t ion prob lem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 4.2.2 A vector R i e m a n n H i l b e r t p rob lem wi th all i ts indices posit ive . . . . . . . . 152 4.2.3 A ma t r i x fac tor iza t ion t heo rem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 4.2.4 A the o rem abou t indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 4.3 R i e m a n n H i l b e r t p roblems appear ing in inverse sca t t e r ing t r a n s f o r m s . . . . . . . 154
Semi-decidable Synthesis for Triangular Hybrid Systems

The algorithmic design of least restrictive controllers for hybrid systems that satisfy reachability specifications has received much attention recently. Despite the importance of algorithmic approaches to controller design for hybrid systems, results that guarantee termination of the algorithms have been limited. In this paper, we extend recent decidability results on controller synthesis for classes of linear hybrid systems to semi-decision procedures for triangular hybrid systems which can be used to model nonholonomic systems after a transformation. Our results are then applied to verification of a conflict resolution maneuver from air traffic control.
Steady and Oscillatory Subsonic and Supersonic Aerodynamics around Complex Configurations

A general formulation for steady and oscillatory, subsonic and supersonic, potential linearized aerodynamic flows around complex configurations is presented. A linear integral equation relating the unknown potential on the surface of the body to the known downwash is used. The formulation is applied to the analysis of flowfields around wings and wing-body combinations. The surface is divided into small quadrilateral elements which are approximated with hyperboloidal surfaces. The potential is assumed to be constant within each element. This yields a set of linear algebraic equations. The coefficients are evaluated analytically. Numerical results for steady and oscillatory, subsonic and supersonic flows indicate that the method, is not only more general and flexible than other available methods, but is also fast, accurate, and in excellent agreement with existing results.
Analyzing the Impact of a Virtual Machine on a Host Machine

As virtualization becomes more prevalent in the enterprise and in personal computing, there is a great need to understand the technology as well as its ramifications for recovering digital evidence. This paper focuses on trace evidence related to the installation and execution of virtual machines (VMs) on a host machine. It provides useful information regarding the types and locations of files installed by VM applications, the processes created by running VMs and the structure and identity of VMs, ancillary files and associated artifacts.
For Richer or Poorer: Assessing the Criticisms Directed at the Multilateral Development Banks

This article enumerates and evaluates key criticisms that are directed at the multilateral development banks ("MDBs") - that is, the World Bank and the four regional development banks. Some of the criticisms are substantive in character, claiming that the MDBs impose inappropriate policies and projects on countries and contribute to environmental degradation and human rights violations; some criticisms are procedural and institutional in character, denouncing the lack of transparency, access, consistency, and competence of the MDBs; and some criticisms are constitutional in character, arguing that these institutions perceive their roles either too narrowly or too broadly, or that they suffer from basic structural flaws because they provide entirely the wrong kinds of assistance and are controlled by the wrong countries. Much of this cacophony of criticism stems from the fact that the MDBs have gradually taken on attributes of global regulatory bodies with vastly greater influence now than in earlier years. While this evolution has prompted some calls for dismantling the MDBs, the author dismisses this approach and asserts instead that legal steps should be taken to direct the evolution of MDBs into a "fourth generation" of such institutions. Specifically, the author recommends that the MDBs' governing bodies make certain fundamental changes, both by adopting new policies and by amending their charters, in order to address those criticisms that are persuasive and important. The author suggests (i) requiring the institutions to give ever more attention to environmental and social concerns by adopting a broader view of "economic development" and by linking MDB membership to the acceptance of key treaty provisions relating to environmental protection and human rights; (ii) taking further steps to permit and facilitate public participation in MDB decision-making; (iii) adopting mechanisms to offset the asymmetry that results from the MDB's weighted voting systems and from their use of loan conditionalities; (iv) acting to ensure that the MDB staffs are adequate in their size, their competence, and their access to outside resources to carry out the responsibilities given to them; and (v) providing for external judicial review of MDB operational decisions and charter interpretation through a new tribunal for MDBs. The article urges that the United States play a lead role in bringing about these changes, recognizing thereby the merits of using multilateral solutions to meet global economic challenges.
Sororin is tethered to Cohesin SA2.

To produce euploid progeny with equal chromosome complements and identical genomes, cells must achieve accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis. Many cellular processes contribute to this fidelity of genome transmission, including the fundamental principle that the identical sister chromatids, produced via DNA replication, must remain physically connected until just before their segregation in anaphase. There are 2 overarching mechanisms that account for the cohesion that is maintained between the sisters.1 Firstly, the nascent DNA molecules emerge from the replicative machinery as physically entwined, or catenated, entities. These cannot be resolved from each other without coupled DNA breakage and re-ligation, known as strand passage reactions, that are completed by Type II topoisomerases in preparation for chromatid segregation. The second cohesive mechanism is broadly defined as protein-mediated cohesion, and involves the activity of numerous proteins, including a protein complex named Cohesin whose ability to tether sister DNA molecules has been the subject of intense study. In this issue of Cell Cycle, Zhang and Pati2 describe a key role for the C-terminus of Sororin, a Cohesin regulatory sub-unit required for maintenance of cohesion in human cells.3,4 This discovery promises to stimulate a new understanding of how Cohesin is regulated by Sororin.
ON THE ORIGIN OF THE CULTIVATED CHENOPODS (CHENOPODIUM)

On the basis of morphology Chenopodium quinoa of the Andes and C. nuttalliae of Mexico appear to be very closely related species. Artificial hybrids have been secured between the two. It is suggested that both species may have been derived from the same original wild type. A weedy quinoa, C. quinoa var. melanospermum, is known from South America, but as yet a weed race closely related to C. nutalliae has not been reported from Mexico.
Amide III Mode φ, ψ Dependence in Peptides: A Vibrational Frequency Map†

A vibrational frequency map of the amide III mode of the alanine dipeptide has been obtained at the B3LYP/6-31+G* level. It shows that, contrary to an earlier speculation by Lord, the frequency of this mode is a function of φ and ψ rather than ψ alone. We note that an analysis of the Hα bend mode, which independently depends on φ and ψ, together with amide III may permit determination of these two torsion angles. Preliminary results on the alanine tripeptide indicate that such studies will be needed to establish the exact relationships in polypeptide chains.
Low variance phase relationships in a prehnite-pumpellyite facies terrain

Abstract Two distinct prehnite-pumpellyite facies zones can be recognized in the lower basalt member of the Crescent Formation. One zone is defined by the assemblage: prehnite-pumpellyite-calcite-chlorite-epidote-quartz. The other zone is characterized by certain five phase assemblages and the reaction: prehnite+chlorite (+H2O)=pumpellyite+quartz. The two specified assemblages represent reaction relationships which can be used to define stable assemblages in an Fe-free multisystem. However, the high iron content of the natural phases requires modification of the equilibrium conditions defined in the Fe-free system. Two possible models for developing the natural assemblages are derived from the theoretical multisystem. The results demonstrate that low variance phase relationships can be developed and recognized in low grade metamorphic environments.
Prothrombotic risk factors in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy.

Background: The purpose of the present paper was to investigate the prevalence of prothrombotic risk factors associated with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP). Methods: Twenty-three hemiplegic CP patients were tested for inherited and acquired prothrombotic risk factors, except methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTFR) polymorphism. Results: A total of 56.5% of patients had at least one coagulation abnormality and 13% of them had two. Four patients (8.7%) had infection and congenital heart disease, who also had additional coagulopathy risk factors. Obstetric problems were detected in 56.5%. Coagulopathy risk factors were factor V Leiden mutation (21.7%), protein C deficiency (21.7%), elevated lipoprotein-a (13%), G20210A mutation of prothrombin (8.7%), and protein S deficiency (4.3%). Conclusion: Children with hemiplegic CP need to be evaluated for coagulopathic abnormalities.
Male/female weight of internal organs: examination across multiple populations.

For internal organ weights in the 50th percentile, the male/female weight relationship was examined by use of autopsy data in eight populations. Values were closely coupled (P < 0.001), so that male organ weight could be expressed as a linear function of the corresponding female organ. A variant, in a reported population from India, was noted. The concept of "allometric mass exponent" was also applied to relating male/female organ weights, with close agreement. To examine if findings correlated with height and weight of the whole body, male height was expressed as a function of the female value in each population. There was close agreement. Correlation was also noted when male body weight was given as a function of female body weight.
Bounding Distributions for Stochastic Logic Networks

A stochastic logic network is defined as a connected set of logic and time delay elements. Each of the latter elements has an associated probability distribution describing the nature of that element's delay. When used, for example, in project planning and scheduling, combinations of logic and time delay elements in such networks may represent conditions for the starting of project activities which are themselves represented by time delay elements. It is at present not known how to calculate the probability distributions for the events in such a network. This paper shows how to obtain upper and lower bounds for these probability distributions. The method is not a simulation technique; rather, it is a straightforward computational scheme derived from elementary probability theory. An example is given where the method is applied to a stochastic project scheduling network in which alternative ways exist for carrying out one of the jobs in the network.
A Post-Parsimonious Proposition

This article is at once a critique, a challenge, and a risk, first in the form of instructive parody, moving on to engage more seriously with the critique of “parsimonious” social science embedded within it, and finally suggesting ways to embrace and advance a legacy of new political science. Employing satire, the article begins by outlining the various methods within the field of mainstream political science currently being used to tackle the (impossible) empirical project of exploring an “ideal world.” Next, although protocol cautions emerging political scientists to tread lightly with critiques of entrenched methods, established scholarship, and renowned journals, it argues that substantive analyses of this less than “ideal world” are still urgently interwoven with provocative interrogation of this less than ideal discipline. Beyond critique however, the goal of this commentary is both to affirm the risk-taking trajectory of “new” political science that has beckoned many into the field and to insist up...
Tubulovesicular processes emerge from trans-Golgi cisternae, extend along microtubules, and interlink adjacent trans-golgi elements into a reticulum.

Abstract Morphological dynamics and membrane transport within the living Golgi apparatus of astrocytes labeled with NBD-ceramide were imaged using both electronically enhanced fluorescence video and laser confocal microscopy. In time-lapse recordings, continuous tubulovesicular processes are observed to emerge from trans -Golgi elements and extend along microtubules at average rates of 0.4 μm/s. In addition, discrete fluorescent particles are observed to emerge from the trans -Golgi and subsequently migrate along microtubules at comparable velocities. Frequently, tubulovesicular processes form stable connections that interlink adjacent trans -Golgi elements into an extensive reticulum. Laser photobleaching-recovery experiments reveal that tubulovesicular processes can provide direct pathways for the diffusion of membrane lipids between joined trans -Golgi elements. These results suggest that microtubule-based transport and membrane fusion can operate to interconnect certain cisternal membranes of adjacent Golgi elements within the cell.
Frustrated magnets and quantum paramagnetic phases at finite temperature

We develop a general framework, which combines exact diagonalization in small clusters with a density matrix variational principle, to study frustrated magnets at finite temperature. This thermodynamic hierarchical mean-field technique is used to determine the phase diagram and magnetization process of the three-dimensional spin-$1/2$ ${J}_{1}$-${J}_{2}$ antiferromagnet on a stacked square lattice. Its nonmagnetic phase exhibits a thermal crossover from a quantum to a classical paramagnet at a temperature $T={T}_{0}$ which can be extracted from thermodynamic measurements. At low temperature an applied magnetic field stabilizes, through order by disorder, a variety of phases with nontrivial spin textures, and a magnetization plateau at half-saturation which continuously disappears at $T\ensuremath{\sim}{T}_{0}$. Our results are relevant for frustrated vanadium oxides.
Comparison of the toxicity of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl with that of its two major metabolites.

Pneumotoxicity and lethality resulting from administration of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) and its 2 major metabolites in rats were compared. Following i.p. injection, MMT was found to have an LD50 value of 12.1 mg/kg. Neither of the metabolites appeared to have significant acute toxicity even when doses as high as 250 mg/kg were given. This impressive difference in toxicity may be due in part to changes in solubility of the metabolites, allowing for (1) decreased distribution into the central nervous system, coupled with (2) a more rapid excretion rate. This suggests that the oxidative metabolism of MMT that results in the formation of these metabolites is an important detoxifying pathway.
Some rigidity results for non-commutative Bernoulli shifts☆

Abstract We introduce the outer conjugacy invariants S ( σ ) , S s ( σ ) for cocycle actions σ of discrete groups G on type II 1 factors N, as the set of real numbers t > 0 for which the amplification σ t of σ can be perturbed to an action, respectively, to a weakly mixing action. We calculate explicitly S ( σ ) , S s ( σ ) and the fundamental group of σ , F ( σ ) , in the case G has infinite normal subgroups with the relative property (T) (e.g., when G itself has the property (T) of Kazhdan) and σ is an action of G on the hyperfinite II 1 factor by Connes–Stormer Bernoulli shifts of weights { t i } i . Thus, S s ( σ ) and F ( σ ) coincide with the multiplicative subgroup S of R + * generated by the ratios { t i / t j } i , j , while S ( σ ) = Z + * if S = { 1 } (i.e. when all weights are equal), and S ( σ ) = R + * otherwise. In fact, we calculate all the “1-cohomology picture” of σ t , t > 0 , and classify the actions ( σ , G ) in terms of their weights { t i } i . In particular, we show that any 1-cocycle for ( σ , G ) vanishes, modulo scalars, and that two such actions are cocycle conjugate iff they are conjugate. Also, any cocycle action obtained by reducing a Bernoulli action of a group G as above on N = ⊗ ¯ g ∈ G ( M n × n ( C ) , tr ) g to the algebra pNp, for p a projection in N, p ≠ 0 , 1 , cannot be perturbed to a genuine action.
Non-equilibrium physics and evolution—adaptation, extinction, and ecology: a Key Issues review

Evolutionary dynamics in nature constitute an immensely complex non-equilibrium process. We review the application of physical models of evolution, by focusing on adaptation, extinction, and ecology. In each case, we examine key concepts by working through examples. Adaptation is discussed in the context of bacterial evolution, with a view toward the relationship between growth rates, mutation rates, selection strength, and environmental changes. Extinction dynamics for an isolated population are reviewed, with emphasis on the relation between timescales of extinction, population size, and temporally correlated noise. Ecological models are discussed by focusing on the effect of spatial interspecies interactions on diversity. Connections between physical processes--such as diffusion, turbulence, and localization--and evolutionary phenomena are highlighted.
Lower-hybrid collapse, caviton turbulence, and charged particle energization in the topside auroral ionosphere and magnetosphere

In 1981, Chang and Coppi [Geophys. Res. Lett. 8, 1253 (1981)] suggested that lower‐hybrid turbulence could be the prime candidate for the acceleration of ions and generation of ‘‘ion conics’’ in the high‐latitude ionosphere and magnetosphere. Subsequently, Retterer, Chang, and Jasperse [J. Geophys. Res. 91, 1609 (1986)] demonstrated that nonlinear wave interactions near the lower‐hybrid frequency through modulational instability, such as the collapse of waves into soliton (caviton) turbulence could play a key role in the energization of both the ambient ions and electrons. Recent sounding rocket observations in the source region of the topside auroral ionosphere seem to confirm the details of such predictions [Kintner et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2448 (1992); Arnoldy et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 413 (1992)]. In this paper, the scenario of this interesting micro/meso scale, nonlinear wave–wave and wave–particle interaction plasma process in the auroral ionosphere/magnetosphere is briefly reviewed.
Age Differences in the Effects of Experimenter-Instructed Versus Self-Generated Strategy Use

Background/Study Context: Interactive imagery is superior to rote repetition as an encoding strategy for paired associate (PA) recall. Younger and older individuals often rate these strategies as equally effective before they gain experience using each strategy. The present study investigated how experimenter-supervised and participant-chosen strategy experience affected younger and older adults’ knowledge about the effectiveness of these two strategies. Methods: Ninety-nine younger (M = 19.0 years, SD = 1.4) and 90 older adults (M = 70.4 years, SD = 5.2) participated in the experiment. In learning a first PA list participants were either instructed to use imagery or repetition to study specific items (supervised) or could choose their own strategies (unsupervised). All participants were unsupervised on a second PA list to evaluate whether strategy experience affected strategy knowledge, strategy use, and PA recall. Results: Both instruction groups learned about the superiority of imagery use through task...
Practice and List Effects on the Synthetic Sentence Identification Test in Young and Elderly Listeners

A high prevalence of central auditory processing disorders (CAPD) has been reported in the elderly based on scores for the Synthetic Sentence Identification Test (SSI). This study examined practice...
Fabrication of Near-Infrared Photonic Crystals Using Highly-Monodispersed Submicrometer SiO2 Spheres

Silica (SiO2) spheres with diameters of 400−850 nm were prepared by hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in the presence of water and ammonia in an alcoholic medium. By grafting −SO3- groups on silica surfaces using the silane coupling agent, 2-(4-chlorosulfonylphenyl) ethyltrimethoxysilane, surface charges of the SiO2 spheres were greatly enhanced. These highly charged, monodisperse SiO2 particles readily self-assemble into robust, three-dimensionally ordered crystalline colloidal array (CCA) photonic crystals in water suspension. By evaporating water in the CCA, high quality films of close-packed SiO2 particle−air arrays form with thickness of 25−125 μm. These SiO2 CCAs and close-packed SiO2 particle−air arrays diffract light in the near-infrared (NIR) spectral region according to Bragg's law. By altering the particle number density in the CCA dispersions, the diffraction wavelength can be continuously tuned from ∼800 to ∼1800 nm. Additionally, the diffraction prevented light from transmitting ...