cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COOLING EFFECTS ON PROCESSED CHEESE FUNCTIONALITY

Textural and functional properties of processed cheese are affected by a final production step – cooling. Rheological data demonstrate a firmer cheese at slower cooling rates. To simulate industrial production, five-pound cheese loaves were cooled in an environment at 5C under free and forced convection. Slice-ability was estimated by cutting loaves at different locations using a wire-cutting device, and melt-ability was determined by the Schreiber method. Cooling rates, estimated from a heat transfer model, did not show a large difference within the five-pound loaf, and no obvious trends in slice-ability and melt-ability were observed. Comparing forced with free convection, a smaller force was required to slice the cheese, and a higher melt score was experienced for the forced convection scenario. Cheese manufacturers can benefit from this research by manipulating cooling schedules to achieve desired textural attributes of processed cheese.
A new true triaxial cell for testing mechanical properties of rock, and its use to determine rock strength and deformability of Westerly granite

Abstract A new true triaxial cell has been designed, fabricated, calibrated, and successfully tested. Its main feature is very high loading capability in all three orthogonal directions, enabling the testing to failure of hard crystalline rocks subjected to large least and intermediate principal stresses. All three principal stresses applied to rectangular prismatic specimens, 19×19×38 mm in size, are servo controlled. The cell was used to conduct an extensive series of tests in Westerly granite. A new true triaxial strength criterion for the rock was obtained that takes into account the effect of the intermediate principal stress. This turns out to be so significant that it raises serious questions about the suitability of criteria such as those named after Mohr, Coulomb, Griffith, and others. Measurements of strain in all three principal directions revealed that the onset of dilatancy relative to the major principal stress at failure rises substantially as the intermediate principal stress increases. The true triaxial tests also demonstrate that for the same least horizontal stress the main fracture dip angle in Westerly granite increases as a function of the intermediate principal stress, suggesting a strengthening effect. Limited thin section and SEM study shows that microcrack propagation, crack localization, and main fracture characteristics are basically similar to those observed in common triaxial tests.
Coulomb excitation Mössbauer effect of the 43.8-keV state of 161Dy

Abstract The Mossbauer effect of the 43.8-keV transition in 161 Dy has been observed following Coulomb excitation with 3.3-MeV α particles at liquid nitrogen and helium temperatures.
Altered frontal cortical dopaminergic transmission in monkeys after subchronic phencyclidine exposure: involvement in frontostriatal cognitive deficits

Long-term exposure to the psychotomimetic drug phencyclidine produces prefrontal cortical cognitive and dopaminergic dysfunction in rats and monkeys, effects possibly relevant to the frontal cortical impairments of schizophrenia. In the present study, the effects of subchronic phencyclidine administration (0.3 mg/kg twice-daily for 14 days) on monoamine systems in the monkey brain were examined and related to cognitive performance on an object retrieval/detour task, which has been linked with frontostriatal function. Long-term (14 days) administration of phencyclidine resulted in a marked and persistent reduction in dopamine utilization in the frontal cortex. Moreover, the degree of cognitive impairment in phencyclidine-treated monkeys correlated significantly with the magnitude of dopaminergic inhibition within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and prelimbic cortex. No specific correlation was measured for dopamine utilization in other cortical regions or for indices of serotonin transmission in any brain region. These data show that repeated exposure to phencyclidine reduces prefrontal cortical dopamine transmission, and this inhibition of dopaminergic function is associated with performance impairments on a task sensitive to frontostriatal cognitive dysfunction. Thus, the cognitive deficits of phencyclidine-treated monkeys, as in schizophrenia, appear to be mediated, in part, by reduced dopaminergic function in specific subregions of the frontal cortex.
Fluid-liquid equilibria of supercritical carbon dioxide + methyl oleate + oleic acid

Abstract Experimental phase equilibria for the ternary system consisting of supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) + methyl oleate + oleic acid were measured at 313.15 and 333.15 K and pressures up to 35 MPa. The equilibrium data were correlated using the Peng-Robinson equation-of-state with the Panagiotopoulos and Reid mixing rules. The solubilities and distribution coefficients of methyl oleate and oleic acid in SCCO2 were studied at different extraction conditions and mole fraction ratios of methyl oleate to oleic acid.
Wnt signaling and dorso-ventral axis specification in vertebrates

The dorso-ventral axis is specified in vertebrates through the formation of a dorsal signaling center known as the Spemann organizer. This process depends on signal transduction by beta-catenin that can be regulated by secreted Wnt proteins. Recent discoveries of new players in this signaling pathway have narrowed down the search for the initial cues for axis specification in vertebrate embryos.
IMAGING SPECTROSCOPY OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL EXCITONS IN A NARROW GAAS/ALGAAS QUANTUM WELL

We report the observation of a sharp absorption line in the photoluminescence excitation spectra of individual naturally occurring quantum dots in a narrow (2.8 nm) $\mathrm{GaAs}/\mathrm{Al}{}_{0.3}\mathrm{Ga}{}_{0.7}\mathrm{As}$ quantum well that is remarkably constant throughout the sample. We propose that it is identified as the delocalized two-dimensional exciton. This assignment is confirmed by photoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation diffusion experiments.
Phase-shift calculation of ionized impurity scattering in semiconductors

Partial-wave phase shifts for the scattering of electrons and holes of arbitrary degeneracy by a screened Coulomb potential have been calculated assuming isotropic, parabolic energy bands. For free particles in the effective-mass approximation, all such interactions can be characterized by two parameters. At each point in this two-dimensional space, two final results have been obtained from which the transport integrals can be evaluated. One is a sum of the phase shifts which must be employed in satisfying the Friedel sum rule, while the other corresponds to the total momentum-transfer cross section due to all partial waves. For a parametric space which includes nearly all experimental conditions of interest, these results are presented in approximate analytic form. Over a broad range of electron and hole concentrations and temperatures in Ge, Si, and GaAs, comparison is made between ionized-impurity mobilities calculated from the phase shifts and those obtained in the Born approximation.
Beta-Phosphinoethylboranes as Ambiphilic Ligands in Nickel-Methyl Complexes

The ambiphilic {beta}-phosphinoethylboranes Ph{sub 2}PCH{sub 2}CH{sub 2}BR{sub 2} (BR{sub 2} = BCy{sub 2} (1a), BBN (1b)), which feature a ethano spacer CH{sub 2}CH{sub 2} between the Lewis acidic boryl and Lewis basic phosphino groups, were synthesized in nearly quantitative yields via the hydroboration of vinyldiphenylphosphine. Compounds 1a and 1b were fully characterized by elemental analysis, and by NMR and IR spectroscopy. X-ray crystallographic studies of compound 1b revealed infinite helical chains of the molecules connected through P{hor_ellipsis}B donor-acceptor interactions. The ability of these ambiphilic ligands to concurrently act as donors and acceptors was highlighted by their reactions with (dmpe)NiMe{sub 2}. Zwitterionic complexes (dmpe)NiMe(Ph{sub 2}PCH{sub 2}CH{sub 2}BCy{sub 2}Me) (2a) and (dmpe)NiMe(Ph{sub 2}PCH{sub 2}CH{sub 2}[BBN]Me) (2b) were generated via the abstraction of one of the methyl groups, forming a borate, and intramolecular coordination of the phosphine moiety to the resulting cationic metal center. Compound 2b was characterized by X-ray crystallography. Furthermore, B(C{sub 6}F{sub 5}){sub 3} abstracts the methyl group of a coordinated borate ligand to generate a free, 3-coordinate borane center in [(dmpe)NiMe(1a)]{sup +}[MeB(C{sub 6}F{sub 5}){sub 3}]{sup -} (3).
Sport fan identification in obituaries

To assess whether sport involvement, particularly as a fan, is central enough to one's self-concept to be mentioned in obituary content, it was hypothesized that a greater proportion of men's obituaries than women's would mention the deceased individual's sport fan identification. Obituaries were randomly selected from 19 newspapers and coded for specific affiliations (e.g., military) and involvement in leisure activities (e.g., sport participation). Consistent with the hypothesis, a chi-squared analysis indicated the men's obituaries (15.2%) were significantly more likely than the women's (5.2%) to mention sport fan identification. A higher proportion of the men's obituaries (24.4%) mentioned sport participation than the women's obituaries (7.4%).
The influence of carboxylic acid content on bitumen viscosity

Abstract Bitumens from six diverse tar sand deposits were obtained by toluene extraction. The viscosities of each of the bitumens were determined in the temperature range 60 to 90 °C and were found to be Newtonian in character. All bitumen samples were fractionated using a modified SARA (saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes) type analysis. The separated fractions were examined by transmission and specular reflectance FT-i.r. spectrsocopy (SR-FT-i.r.). The FT-i.r. analysis indicated that carboxylic acid present in the bitumen accumulated in the polar fractions, particularly in the resin fraction. The carboxylic acid concentration was estimated from its characteristic FT-i.r. absorbance band by the band-fit method. The carboxylic acid in the resin fractions was also estimated by a potentiometric titration method using a mixed solvent. Although it was clearly indicated from the infrared analysis of the bitumen fractions that bitumens with higher viscosity generally contained larger amounts of carboxylic acid, a simple quantitative relationship between these two variables to the exclusion of others in a complex material such as bitumen was found to be difficult. The viscous nature of the bitumen is principally attributed to the internally suspended asphaltene particles. The fractional compositions of the various bitumens clearly indicated that the viscosity of a given bitumen cannot always be correlated with its asphaltene content alone. However, the introduction of another variable, namely the carboxylic acid content of the bitumen, together with asphaltene content can better account for the property of viscosity. The Athabasca sample was the least viscous of all the bitumens under study, although it contained an intermediate amount of asphaltenes. FT-i.r. analysis indicated that the Athabasca resin fraction contained only a small amount of acid and was explained to be inadequate to optimally engage the asphaltenes in suspension through hydrogen bonding. In addition, it was shown that the major oxygen functional group in Athabasca bitumen is an ester which was believed to be not as efficient as an acid in the hydrogen bond formation. The presence of esters in the Athabasca resin fraction was confirmed by the hydrolysis of the resin fraction and analysis of the hydrolysis products by SR-FT-i.r. The influence of carboxylic acid and asphaltene contents on bitumen viscosity is discussed with reference to the structural model developed by Nellensteyn.
Characterization of the spectrum of insecticidal activity of a double-stranded RNA with targeted activity against Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte)

The sequence specificity of the endogenous RNA interference pathway allows targeted suppression of genes essential for insect survival and enables the development of durable and efficacious insecticidal products having a low likelihood to adversely impact non-target organisms. The spectrum of insecticidal activity of a 240 nucleotide (nt) dsRNA targeting the Snf7 ortholog in Western Corn Rootworm (WCR; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) was characterized by selecting and testing insects based upon their phylogenetic relatedness to WCR. Insect species, representing 10 families and 4 Orders, were evaluated in subchronic or chronic diet bioassays that measured potential lethal and sublethal effects. When a specific species could not be tested in diet bioassays, the ortholog to the WCR Snf7 gene (DvSnf7) was cloned and corresponding dsRNAs were tested against WCR and Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata); model systems known to be sensitive to ingested dsRNA. Bioassay results demonstrate that the spectrum of activity for DvSnf7 is narrow and activity is only evident in a subset of beetles within the Galerucinae subfamily of Chrysomelidae (>90 % identity with WCR Snf7 240 nt). This approach allowed for evaluating the relationship between minimum shared nt sequence length and activity. A shared sequence length of ≥21 nt was required for efficacy against WCR (containing 221 potential 21-nt matches) and all active orthologs contained at least three 21 nt matches. These results also suggest that WCR resistance to DvSnf7 dsRNA due to single nucleotide polymorphisms in the target sequence of 240 nt is highly unlikely.
The core of the motor domain determines the direction of myosin movement.

Myosins constitute a superfamily of at least 18 known classes of molecular motors that move along actin filaments1,2,3. Myosins move towards the plus end of F-actin filaments; however, it was shown recently that a certain class of myosin, class VI myosin, moves towards the opposite end of F-actin, that is, in the minus direction4. As there is a large, unique insertion in the myosin VI head domain between the motor domain and the light-chain-binding domain (the lever arm), it was thought that this insertion alters the angle of the lever-arm switch movement, thereby changing the direction of motility4. Here we determine the direction of motility of chimaeric myosins that comprise the motor domain and the lever-arm domain (containing an insert) from myosins that have movement in the opposite direction. The results show that the motor core domain, but neither the large insert nor the converter domain, determines the direction of myosin motility.
Pharmacokinetics of lamivudine administered alone and with trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole

Objective To determine the effect of multiple dosing of combined sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of lamivudine. Methods Fourteen subjects with human immunodeficiency virus who had CD4+ cells ≥200/mm3 received two single doses of 300 mg lamivudine, separated by 7 to 14 days, in a randomized two-way crossover study. Treatment consisted of lamivudine alone versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (160/800 mg) daily on days 1 through 4 followed by lamivudine plus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on day 5. Blood and urine were collected over 24 to 32 hours to determine lamivudine, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, and N-4-acetylsulfamethoxazole concentrations. Results Coadministration of a single dose of lamivudine and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole after daily dosing for 5 days altered the pharmacokinetics of lamivudine. A 43% increase in area under the concentration-time curve (AUC∞) and a 35% decrease in renal clearance (CLR) were observed when lamivudine was coadministered with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with lamivudine alone. The geometric least-squares mean (95% confidence intervals) for the parameters of lamivudine alone and when given concurrently with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were as follows: AUC∞, 10,124 (9,432–10,866) and 14,448 (13,461–15,508) ng · hr/ml, respectively; CLR, 16.6 (14.1–19.4) and 10.8 (9.5–12.6) L/hr, respectively. Coadministration did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim or sulfamethoxazole. Conclusions Coadministration of lamivudine with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resulted in an increased AUC∞ and a decreased CLR of lamivudine. However, given the favorable safety profile of lamivudine, it is unlikely that this interaction will result in a significant increase in concentration-related toxicity at the doses studied. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1996) 59, 550–558; doi:
Dosimetric characteristics of a new linear accelerator under gated operation

Respiratory gated radiotherapy may allow reduction of the treatment margins, thus sparing healthy tissue and/or allowing dose escalation to the tumor. However, current commissioning and quality assurance of linear accelerators do not include evaluation of gated delivery. The purpose of this study is to test gated photon delivery of a Siemens ONCOR Avant-Garde linear accelerator. Dosimetric characteristics for gated and nongated delivery of 6-MV and 15-MV photons were compared for the range of doses, dose rates, and for several gating regimes. Dose profiles were also compared using Kodak EDR2 and X-Omat V films for 6-MV and 15-MV photons for several dose rates and gating regimes. Results showed that deviation is less than or equal to 0.6% for all dose levels evaluated with the exception of the lowest dose delivered at 25 MU at an unrealistically high gating frequency of 0.5 Hz. At 400 MU, dose profile deviations along the central axes in in-plane and cross-plane directions within 80% of the field size are below 0.7%. No unequivocally detectable dose profile deviation was observed for 50 MU. Based on the comparison with widely accepted standards for conventional delivery, our results indicate that this LINAC is well suited for gated delivery of nondynamic fields.
The case for evolvable software

As programmers, we like to think of software as the product of our intelligent design, carefully crafted to meet well-specified goals. In reality, software evolves inadvertently through the actions of many individual programmers, often leading to unanticipated consequences. Large complex software systems are subject to constraints similar to those faced by evolving biological systems, and we have much to gain by viewing software through the lens of evolutionary biology. The talk will highlight recent research that applies the mechanisms of evolution quite directly to the problem of repairing software bugs.
NMR Structural Analysis of α-Bungarotoxin and Its Complex with the Principal α-Neurotoxin-binding Sequence on the α7 Subunit of a Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor

We report a new, higher resolution NMR structure of α-bungarotoxin that defines the structure-determining disulfide core and β-sheet regions. We further report the NMR structure of the stoichiometric complex formed between α-bungarotoxin and a recombinantly expressed 19-mer peptide (178IPGKRTESFYECCKEPYPD196) derived from the α7 subunit of the chick neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. A comparison of these two structures reveals binding-induced stabilization of the flexible tip of finger II in α-bungarotoxin. The conformational rearrangements in the toxin create an extensive binding surface involving both sides of the α7 19-mer hairpin-like structure. At the contact zone, Ala7, Ser9, and Ile11 in finger I and Arg36, Lys38, Val39, and Val40 in finger II of α-bungarotoxin interface with Phe186, Tyr187, Glu188, and Tyr194 in the α7 19-mer underscoring the importance of receptor aromatic residues as critical neurotoxin-binding determinants. Superimposing the structure of the complex onto that of the acetylcholine-binding protein (1I9B), a soluble homologue of the extracellular domain of the α7 receptor, places α-bungarotoxin at the peripheral surface of the inter-subunit interface occluding the agonist-binding site. The disulfide-rich core of α-bungarotoxin is suggested to be tilted in the direction of the membrane surface with finger II extending into the proposed ligand-binding cavity.
An automated bacterial colony counting and classification system

Bacterial colony enumeration is an essential tool for many widely used biomedical assays. However, bacterial colony enumerating is a low throughput, time consuming and labor intensive process since there may exist hundreds or thousands of colonies on a Petri dish, and the counting process is usually manually performed by well-trained technicians. In this paper, we introduce a fully automatic yet cost-effective bacterial colony counter which can not only count but also classify colonies. Our proposed method can recognize chromatic and achromatic images and thus can deal with both color and clear medium. In addition, the proposed method is software-centered and can accept general digital camera images as its input. The counting process includes detecting dish/plate regions, identifying colonies, separating aggregated colonies, and reporting colony counts. In order to differentiate colonies of different species, the proposed counter adopts one-class Support Vector Machine (SVM) with Radial Basis Function (RBF) as the classifier. Our proposed counter demonstrates a promising performance in terms of both precision and recall, and is robust and efficient in terms of labor-and time-savings.
The GRE and the GMAT: a comparison of their correlations to GGPA

This study was established to investigate if there are any differences in the predictive relationships between the scores of the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) and graduate grade point average, and the scores of the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) and graduate grade point average. Sixty subjects were randomly sampled from the graduate body of a southern, medium-size college. The results showed that the GRE had a stronger correlation to graduate grade point average than the GMAT.
Managing the “Commons” on Cadillac Mountain: A Stated Choice Analysis of Acadia National Park Visitors' Preferences

Stated choice analysis was used to assess visitors' preferences for alternative combinations of public access, resource protection, visitor regulation, and site hardening to manage the Cadillac Mountain summit. Results provide insight into visitor preferences concerning the management of national park icon sites like the summit of Cadillac Mountain. These areas have received limited research attention. Results suggest that visitors consider resource protection to be a priority and are willing to accept regulation of visitors' behavior onsite reinforced with the use of moderately to highly intensive management structures, but generally don't support limiting the freedom to visit.
Computing optimal strategies to commit to in extensive-form games

Computing optimal strategies to commit to in general normal-form or Bayesian games is a topic that has recently been gaining attention, in part due to the application of such algorithms in various security and law enforcement scenarios. In this paper, we extend this line of work to the more general case of commitment in extensive-form games. We show that in some cases, the optimal strategy can be computed in polynomial time; in others, computing it is NP-hard.
PARASITIC INTERACTIONS AND VEGETATIVE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CHOREOAEMA THURETII (CORALLINALES, RHODOPHYTA)1

The monotypic coralline red alga, Choreonema thuretii (Bornet) Schmitz (Choreonematoideae), grows endophytically within three geniculate genera of the Corallinoideae. Although the thallus of Choreonema is reduced, lacks differentiated plastids, and is endophytic except for its conceptacles, its status as a parasite has been questioned because cellular connections to the host had not been ob served. Transmission electron microscopy, however, disclosed a previously undescribed type of parasitic interaction in which Choreonema interacts with its host through specialized cells known as lenticular cells. These small, lens-shaped cells are produced from the single file of host-penetrating vegetative cells. Pit plug morphology between vegetative and lenticular cells is polarized. Plug caps facing the vegetative cell have normal coralline morphology, while those facing the lenticular cell are composed of three layers. Regions of lenticular cells near host cells protrude toward the host cell; upon encountering the host cell wall, the prolrusion produces numerous finger-like fimbriate processes that make cellular connections with the host cell. Lenticular cells may extend several protrusions toward a host cell or penetrate more than one host cell; two or more lenticular cells may also penetrate the same host cell. The lack of secondary pit connections, cell fusions, and passage of parasitic nuclei suggest that this parasitic relationship may be evolutionarily older than previously reported cases of parasitism in red algae.
Latitude‐effect in electrical resistance of a column of atmosphere

The electrical resistance of a vertical column-of atmosphere of unit cross-section is a convenient concept for use when considering some aspects of atmospheric electricity. For example, the Earth and the high atmosphere may be regarded, for some purposes, as two conductors of negligible resistance which constitute a spherical condenser, the outer element of which has a potential V relative to the inner element. Then if r is the columnar resistance of the atmosphere, the current-density (i) across this condenser at a given place is V/r. At a place situated on a high plateau r is doubtless generally less and i consequently is greater than at sea-level. Also if r is dependent upon latitude, then i should vary with latitude. Furthermore, since at the surface the current is also equal to the produce of the potential-gradient (E) and the conductivity (∧), it follows that V/r = ∧E, provided, as seems quite likely at a given time and place, i is approximately constant throughout the length of the column. Thus if V and ∧ are constant while r varies, say with respect to latitude, then E will vary inversely as r. This is an analogue of what appears to be an actual set of circumstances in the atmosphere over the oceans. The evidence of those circumstances shall be considered later.
Results of a residential indoor PM2.5 sampling program before and after a woodstove changeout.

UNLABELLED During 2005-2007, a woodstove changeout program was conducted in a Rocky Mountain valley community in an effort to reduce ambient levels of PM(2.5). In addition to changes in ambient PM(2.5), an opportunity was provided to evaluate the changes in indoor air quality when old stoves were replaced with US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-certified woodstoves. PM(2.5) samples were measured in 16 homes prior to and following the changeout. For each sampling event, PM(2.5) mass was continuously measured throughout the 24-h sampling periods, and organic/elemental carbon (OC/EC) and associated chemical markers of woodsmoke were measured from quartz filters. Results showed that average PM(2.5) concentrations and maximum PM(2.5) concentrations were reduced by 71% and 76%, respectively (as measured by TSI DustTraks). Levoglucosan was reduced by 45% following the introduction of the new woodstove. However, the concentrations of resin acids, natural chemicals found in the bark of wood, were increased following the introduction of the new woodstove. There were no discernible trends in methoxphenol levels, likely due to the semi-volatile nature of the species that were measured. Although there is some uncertainty in this study regarding the amount of ambient PM infiltration to the indoor environment, these findings demonstrated a large impact on indoor air quality following this intervention. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Emissions from residential woodstoves are an important air quality issue (both indoors and ambient) in many regions throughout the US and the world. More specifically, woodstoves have been identified as a major source of PM(2.5) in valley locations throughout the Northern Rocky Mountains, where biomass combustion is the predominant source of home heating. In this study, we present results that demonstrate the dramatic reduction in PM(2.5) concentrations (as measured by TSI, Inc. DustTrak PM(2.5) air samplers) inside homes following the replacement of old, polluting woodstove with new EPA-certified woodstoves.
TEMPERATURE RISE-TIMES IN PNEUMATIC TIRES

Abstract An idealized model is proposed for heating of a pneumatic tire. A solution is obtained for the temperature rise of such a model. Using known thermal properties of rubber and known heat transfer coefficients, the time to reach thermal equilibrium is estimated.
Elements of Reciprocity and Social Value Orientation

This study assessed the impact of social value orientation on the ability of a reciprocal choice strategy to induce high rates of cooperative behavior in a prisoner’s dilemma. Prosocials, competitors, and individualists played against reciprocal strategies for which delay of reciprocation of both cooperation and noncooperation were orthogonally manipulated. As predicted, individualists cooperated most frequently against Tit-for-tat, competitors when retaliation for noncooperation was delayed, and prosocials when their cooperative choice was immediately reciprocated. In addition, it was found that prosocials began “behavioral assimilation” as early as the second of four five-trial blocks and that changes in competitors’ rate of cooperation over time were determined by immediacy of reciprocating cooperation.
Effects of benzo[a]pyrene adduct stereochemistry on downstream DNA replication in vitro: evidence for different adduct conformations within the active site of DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment).

The presence of bulky adducts in DNA is known to interfere with DNA replication not only at the site of the lesion but also at positions up to 5 nucleotides past the adduct location. Kinetic studies of primer extension by exonuclease-deficient E. coli DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) (KF) when (+)-trans- or (+)-cis-B[a]P-N2-dG adducts were positioned in the double-stranded region of the primer-templates showed that both stereoisomers significantly block downstream replication. However the (+)-cis adduct, which causes a stronger inhibition of the nucleotides insertion across from and immediately past the lesion, affected the downstream replication to a much smaller extent than did the (+)-trans adduct, especially when the B[a]P-modified dG was properly paired with a dC. The effects of mismatches across from the adduct and the sequence context surrounding the adduct were also dependent on the stereochemistry of the B[a]P adduct. Thus, the identity of the nucleotide across from the adduct that provided the...
The Role of Theory in L2 Teacher Education

The TESOL Quarterlyinvites commentary on current trends or practices in the TESOL profession. It also welcomes responses to rebuttals to any articles or remarks published here in The Forum or elsewhere in the Quarterly.
On the Correlation of CO and PAH Emissions from the Combustion of Pulverized Coal and Waste Tires

Results are presented on the correlation of the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from the combustion of pulverized bituminous coal and tire-derived fuel. The particle size cuts of coal and tire crumb were 63−75 and 180−212 μm, respectively. Combustion experiments were conducted in laboratory-scale facilities under controlled conditions. The relation between CO and PAH species in the combustion effluent was investigated at drop-tube furnace gas temperatures, in the range of 1000−1300 °C, and several fuel mass loadings in the furnace, expressed in terms of bulk equivalence ratios in the range of 0.7−2.4. Up to 60 two−seven ring PAH compounds were detected by capillary gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC−MS) techniques. Results showed that both CO and PAH emission yields increased with increasing bulk equivalence ratio (in the aforementioned range) at a fixed gas temperature. The CO and especially the PAH yields from tire-derived fuel were much higher than th...
The effects of quantity and location of video playback errors on the average end-user’s experience

The end-user experience of a given platform or product with respect to video playback is an increasingly important aspect for engineers and product planners to understand. However, testing real world situations in an objective and repeatable fashion is complex. In an initial study, the video Gross Error Detector (GED) which is a tool that provides a quick and cost-efficient way to evaluate video playback, was mapped to end-user's perception of video smoothness. Video errors such as dropped, repeated or out of sequence frames were evaluated in varying quantities to understand the impact on the average en-user's perception of playback. A second study, discussed here, was done to understand the differences in the quantity and location of these playback errors. These end-user perception studies provide useful data so the video GED can be used to monitor errors in video for quality control, benchmark video processing and algorithms, and can be rooted into the video processing system to optimize algorithms and limit settings.
Molecular structure of the solvated proton in isolated salts. Short, strong, low barrier (SSLB) H-bonds.

Large, inert, weakly basic carborane anions of the icosahedral type CHB(11)R(5)X(6)(-) (R = H, Me; X = Cl, Br) allow ready isolation and structural characterization of discrete salts of the solvated proton, [H(solvent)(x)][CHB(11)R(5)X(6)], (solvent = common O-atom donor). These oxonium ion Bronsted acids are convenient reagents for the tuned delivery of protons to organic solvents with a specified number of donor solvent molecules and with acidities leveled to those of the chosen donor solvent. They have greater thermal stability than the popular [H(OEt(2))(2)][BAr(F)] acids based on fluorinated tetraphenylborate counterions because carborane anions can sustain much higher levels of acidity. When organic O-atom donors such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, benzophenone, and nitrobenzene are involved, the coordination number of the proton (x) in [H(solvent)(x)()](+) is two. A mixed species involving the [H(H(2)O)(diethyl ether)](+) ion has also been isolated. These solid-state structures provide expectations for the predominant molecular structures of solvated protons in solution and take into account that water is an inevitable impurity in organic solvents. The O.O distances are all short, lying within the range from 2.35 to 2.48 A. They are consistent with strong, linear O.H.O hydrogen bonding. Density functional theory calculations indicate that all H(solvent)(2)(+) cations have low barriers to movement of the proton within an interval along the O.H.O trajectory, i.e., they are examples of so-called SSLB H-bonds (short, strong, low-barrier). Unusually broadened IR bands, diagnostic of SSLB H-bonds, are observed in these H(solvent)(2)(+) cations.
Hepatic lymph flow and protein concentration during intravenous saline infusion and intestinal fluid absorption.

A simple procedure for the collection of the postnodal and prenodal hepatic lymph in the rats under pentobarbital anesthesia is described. Lymph flow (JL) from the main hepatic lymph duct ( postnodal ), protein concentration in both the lymph (CL) and plasma (CP), and the CL/CP ratio were 0.22 +/- 0.1 ml/kg of body weight . hr (0.66 +/- 0.3 ml/100 g wet liver wt . hr), 4.3 +/- 0.5 and 6.2 +/- 0.3 g%, and 0.69 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- SE), respectively. There was no significant difference in CL between prenodal and postnodal lymph in the fasted or unfasted rats. During intestinal fluid absorption with an increase in intestinal JL, postnodal hepatic JL or CL did not change. During intravenous saline infusion with lowering of plasma oncotic pressure, there was a small increase in prenodal JL (by approximately 160%) with some decrease (by 16%) in CL/CP ratio but a much larger increase in postnodal JL (by approximately 700%) with a significant decrease (by 55%) in CL/CP ratio. The results demonstrate that both flow and protein concentration of the postnodal lymph differ greatly from that of the prenodal lymph due to modification during transit through the lymph node. The small increase of the prenodal JL with negligible change in CL/CP ratio during saline infusion suggests that oncotic pressure grandient plays a minor or insignificant role in the transsinusoidal fluid transport in the liver.
Endoscopic retrograde hemorrhoidal sclerotherapy using 23.4% saline: a preliminary report

Historically, injection sclerotherapy has had a prominent role in the treatment of symptomatic hemorrhoids. Concern over sclerosant-related morbidity and dissatisfaction with anoscopic injection techniques has limited the application of this modality in the United States. This study reports an initial evaluation of 23.4% saline, used as a nonallergenic sclerosant, in the flexible endoscopic treatment of symptomatic internal hemorrhoids. Initial results in 19 patients with symptomatic grade I, II, or III hemorrhoids suggest that the technique is very effective in relieving bleeding, and frequently alleviates prolapse as well. The technique has proven to be well tolerated and associated with high patient satisfaction and low complication rates, with no serious complications noted. This modality is eminently suited for single session examination and therapy of the patient undergoing endoscopic evaluation for lower gastrointestinal bleeding whose findings are limited to hemorrhoidal disease.
Folate Status in Women of Childbearing Age Residing in Southern California after Folic Acid Fortification

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate folate status in healthy, nonpregnant women (18 to 45 years) following folic acid (FA) fortification of the food supply.Design: This was a cross-sectional study design in which a fasting blood sample was obtained from socio-economically advantaged (n=85) and disadvantaged (n=50) women residing in Southern California who had not consumed supplemental FA within the past 12 months. Serum folate (SF), red cell folate (RCF) and plasma homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations were measured and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genotype (C677T) was determined.Results: SF and RCF concentrations (mean±SD) for socio-economically advantaged (54±18, 1387±329 nmol/L, respectively) and disadvantaged women (41±18, 1172±342 nmol/L, respectively) greatly exceeded the levels deemed acceptable for SF (≥13.6 nmol/L) and RCF (≥362 nmol/L). Moreover, 95% of socio-economically advantaged women and 78% of disadvantaged women achieved RCF concentrations ≥906 nmol/L, whi...
A Low-Cost Fiducial Reference Phantom for Computed Tomography

To detect the growth in lesions, it is necessary to ensure that the apparent changes in size are above the noise floor of the system. By introducing a fiducial reference, it may be possible to detect smaller changes in lesion size more reliably. We suspend three precision spheres with a precision structure built from pieces from a popular children’s building toy. We measure the distances between the centroids of the structures three ways; namely, with a high-precision mechanical method, micro computerized tomography, and medical computerized tomography. The three methods are in agreement, and also agree with the design values for the structure. It is also possible to pick a threshold so that the three spheres have their nominal volumes in the medical computerized tomography images. The use of volumetric measures allows the determination of lengths to much less than the voxel size using materials which have x-ray properties within the range of the human body. A suitable structure may be built with a very small parts cost.
Preparing Tomorrow’s School Leaders with a Standards-Based, Prescriptive Curriculum

The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 holds public schools in the United States accountable for increased student achievement and adequate yearly progress (AYP). Schools that do not make AYP for three consecutive years are subject to stringent sanctions. Principals, teachers, and students are under tremendous pressure to demonstrate increased achievement each year. State Boards of Education are insisting that school leaders have knowledge about curriculum and instruction in addition to the managerial skills that were the hallmarks of educational administration programs in years past. Colleges that prepare prospective principals are redesigning their instructional leadership programs to ensure that they are prescriptive, standards-based, and curriculum-focused to meet NCLB’s rigorous requirements.
Naloxone decreases food intake in obese humans.

Food intake decreased with a 15 mg naloxone infusion in obese humans but not in lean controls or obese subjects given 2 mg. Glucose and insulin levels did not differ from control during naloxone infusion alone or with meal stimulation. Endogenous opiates may contribute to obesity in humans but probably not through changes in insulin secretion.
Mitochondrial metabolic adaptation in right ventricular hypertrophy and failure

Right ventricular failure (RVF) is the leading cause of death in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Some patients with pulmonary hypertension are adaptive remodelers and develop RV hypertrophy (RVH) but retain RV function; others are maladaptive remodelers and rapidly develop RVF. The cause of RVF is unclear and understudied and most PAH therapies focus on regressing pulmonary vascular disease. Studies in animal models and human RVH suggest that there is reduced glucose oxidation and increased glycolysis in both adaptive and maladaptive RVH. The metabolic shift from oxidative mitochondrial metabolism to the less energy efficient glycolytic metabolism may reflect myocardial ischemia. We hypothesize that in maladaptive RVH a vicious cycle of RV ischemia and transcription factor activation causes a shift from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism thereby ultimately promoting RVF. Interrupting this cycle, by reducing ischemia or enhancing glucose oxidation, might be therapeutic. Dichloroacetate, a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitor, has beneficial effects on RV function and metabolism in experimental RVH, notably improving glucose oxidation and enhancing RV function. This suggests the mitochondrial dysfunction in RVH may be amenable to therapy. In this mini review, we describe the role of impaired mitochondrial metabolism in RVH, using rats with adaptive (pulmonary artery banding) or maladaptive (monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension) RVH as models of human disease. We will discuss the possible mechanisms, relevant transcriptional factors, and the potential of mitochondrial metabolic therapeutics in RVH and RVF.
Low-noise microwave synthesis up to 80 GHz with line-by-line processing of an optical frequency comb

10 GHz optical pulses are generated by line-by-line phase compensation on an optical frequency comb. Residual pulse timing jitter ≤ 10 fs and high power signals at harmonics up to 80 GHz are measured.
The plant glycosyltransferase clone collection for functional genomics

The glycosyltransferases (GTs) are an important and functionally diverse family of enzymes involved in glycan and glycoside biosynthesis. Plants have evolved large families of GTs which undertake the array of glycosylation reactions that occur during plant development and growth. Based on the Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZy) database, the genome of the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana codes for over 450 GTs, while the rice genome (Oryza sativa) contains over 600 members. Collectively, GTs from these reference plants can be classified into over 40 distinct GT families. Although these enzymes are involved in many important plant specific processes such as cell-wall and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, few have been functionally characterized. We have sought to develop a plant GTs clone resource that will enable functional genomic approaches to be undertaken by the plant research community. In total, 403 (88%) of CAZy defined Arabidopsis GTs have been cloned, while 96 (15%) of the GTs coded by rice have been cloned. The collection resulted in the update of a number of Arabidopsis GT gene models. The clones represent full-length coding sequences without termination codons and are Gateway® compatible. To demonstrate the utility of this JBEI GT Collection, a set of efficient particle bombardment plasmids (pBullet) was also constructed with markers for the endomembrane. The utility of the pBullet collection was demonstrated by localizing all members of the Arabidopsis GT14 family to the Golgi apparatus or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Updates to these resources are available at the JBEI GT Collection website http://www.addgene.org/.
After Atheism: Religion and Ethnicity in Russia and Central Asia.

After Atheism: Religion and Ethnicity in Russia and Central Asia. David C. Lewis. Richmond, UK: Curzon Press, 2000.320 pp.
Cochannel interference reduction in dynamic-TDD fixed wireless applications, using time slot allocation algorithms

In this paper, we consider a fixed wireless cellular network that uses dynamic time division duplex (D-TDD). We analyze the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) outage performance of a D-TDD fixed cellular system, and propose a scheme to improve the outage probability performance. First, outage probability is evaluated using an analytical model, when omnidirectional antennas are deployed at a base-station site and a subscriber site. Our model is verified, using Monte Carlo simulations. According to our investigation, the outage performance of the D-TDD system is severely limited by a strong interference from the cochannel cell on the downlink, while the reference cell is in the uplink cycle. To improve the outage performance during uplink receptions, we introduce two time-slot allocation methods, combined with sector antennas: max min{SIR} and max{SIR}. Max min{SIR} is an exhaustive search algorithm for assigning subscribers to a few extra uplink time slots, so as to maximize the minimum SIR expectation value over the extra uplink time-slots region. It is used as a performance benchmark in our analysis. Meanwhile, the max{SIR} is a simpler and efficient algorithm for improving the outage performance. It is established that the performance difference between the two algorithms is not noticeable. Especially, the difference is negligible, when the dynamic range of the traffic pattern between uplink and downlink is small. Also, the outage performance of a system that employs the max{SIR} algorithm combined with sectored antennas is compared to that of a system employing adaptive-array antennas. The proposed system shows promise, and offers a compromise between system complexity and network guaranteed availability.
Multiplicity of antibodies in myositis sera

Serologic studies on 114 patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis revealed that 89% had either a precipitating antibody to antigens in calf thymus extract or a positive immunofluorescent reaction on HEp-2 cells, a human tissue culture line. Previously, the greatest proportion of polymyositis sera demonstrating positive serologic results (i.e., the proportion of patients' sera forming precipitates with calf thymus extract) was reported to be 60%. Use of the HEp-2 cell as immunofluorescent substrate enabled the detection of antibody in 89 (78%) of the sera, providing the additional probe which demonstrated specific antibody. Nuclear, cytoplasmic, and nucleolar staining are the most common patterns of immunofluorescence. The immunofluorescent patterns and individual precipitin reactions are related to each other and to the clinical syndromes in which they appear.