cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Appendicitis in HIV‐infected patients during the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy

Background Limited studies have suggested increased incidence rates and unusual clinical presentations of appendicitis among HIV-infected patients during the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era. Data in the HAART era are sparse, and no study has evaluated potential HIV-related risk factors for the development of appendicitis. Methods We retrospectively studied 449 HIV-infected patients receiving care at a US Naval hospital involving 4750 person-years (PY) of follow-up. We also evaluated the rates of appendicitis among HIV-negative persons at our medical facility. We compared demographics, HIV-specific data, and HAART use in HIV-infected patients with and without appendicitis. Results Sixteen (3.6%) of 449 patients developed appendicitis after HIV seroconversion. The incidence rate was 337 cases/100 000 PY, more than fourfold higher than among HIV-negative persons. Eighty-eight per cent of cases among HIV-infected patients had an elevated white blood count at presentation, 39% were complicated, and 64% required hospitalization. HIV-infected patients with appendicitis compared with those who did not develop appendicitis were less likely to be receiving HAART (25 vs. 71%, P<0.001), had higher viral loads (3.5 vs. 1.7 log10 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL, P=0.005), and were younger (median age of 30 vs. 41 years, P<0.002). In the multivariate model, receipt of HAART remained protective [odds ratio (OR) 0.21, P=0.012] for appendicitis, while younger age was positively associated (OR 1.08, P=0.048) with appendicitis. Conclusion Acute appendicitis occurs at higher incidence rates among HIV-infected patients compared with the general population. Our study demonstrates that the lack of HAART may be a risk factor for appendicitis among HIV-infected patients; further studies are needed.
Classemes and Other Classifier-Based Features for Efficient Object Categorization

This paper describes compact image descriptors enabling accurate object categorization with linear classification models, which offer the advantage of being efficient to both train and test. The shared property of our descriptors is the use of classifiers to produce the features of each image. Intuitively, these classifiers evaluate the presence of a set of basis classes inside the image. We first propose to train the basis classifiers as recognizers of a hand-selected set of object classes. We then demonstrate that better accuracy can be achieved by learning the basis classes as “abstract categories” collectively optimized as features for linear classification. Finally, we describe several strategies to aggregate the outputs of basis classifiers evaluated on multiple subwindows of the image in order to handle cases when the photo contains multiple objects and large amounts of clutter. We test our descriptors on challenging benchmarks of object categorization and detection, using a simple linear SVM as classifier. Our results are on par with those achieved by the best systems in these fields but are produced at orders of magnitude lower computational costs and using an image representation that is general and not specifically tuned for a predefined set of test classes.
When the air hits your brain: cerebral autoregulation of brain oxygenation during aerobic exercise allows transient hyperoxygenation: case report.

OBJECTIVE Cerebral autoregulation maintains a relatively stable cerebral blood flow over a range of perfusion pressures. During exercise, regional cerebral blood flow may be elevated in particular areas of the brain. This case report presents the impact of aerobic exercise on intracranially measured pressure and brain tissue oxygenation in an adult human. CLINCIAL PRESENTATION A 30-year-old man with idiopathic intracranial hypertension treated with cerebrospinal fluid diversion was monitored with a Licox intracranial brain oxygen and pressure monitor (Integra NeuroSciences Corporation, Plainsboro, New Jersey) for refractory nonpostural headaches exacerbated after exercise. He performed trials of running and bicycling to provoke his headaches. The patient's mean intracranial pressure remained stable during exercise despite elevated cerebral perfusion pressures. Regional cerebral oxygen tension levels were strictly regulated to a level of approximately 39 mm Hg during steady state aerobic exercise, with transient increases up to 90 mm Hg at the onset and termination of activity. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that cerebral autoregulation appears to maintain constant cerebral oxygen tension during exercise. Further, we note transient cerebral hyperoxygenation at the onset of exercise as autoregulation "turns on" and at the termination of exercise. We present a quantitative interpretation of the post-exercise hyperoxygenation phase based on Fick's principle. We are the first to demonstrate cortical hyperoxygenation in a human breathing natural air without oxygen supplementation.
T c for homogeneous dilute Bose gases: A second-order result

The transition temperature for a dilute, homogeneous, three-dimensional Bose gas has the expansion ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}{=T}_{0}{{1+c}_{1}{\mathrm{an}}^{1/3}+[{c}_{2}^{\ensuremath{'}}\mathrm{ln}{(an}^{1/3}{)+c}_{2}^{\ensuremath{''}}]{a}^{2}{n}^{2/3}{+O(a}^{3}n)},$ where a is the scattering length, n the number density, and ${T}_{0}$ the ideal gas result. The first-order coefficient ${c}_{1}$ depends on nonperturbative physics. In this paper, we show that the coefficient ${c}_{2}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ may be computed perturbatively. We also show that the remaining second-order coefficient ${c}_{2}^{\ensuremath{''}}$ depends on non-perturbative physics but may be related, by a perturbative calculation, to quantities that have previously been measured using lattice simulations of three-dimensional $O(2)$ scalar field theory. Making use of those simulation results, we find ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}\ensuremath{\simeq}{T}_{0}{1+(1.32\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02){\mathrm{an}}^{1/3}+[19.7518\mathrm{ln}{(an}^{1/3})+(75.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4)]{a}^{2}{n}^{2/3}{+O(a}^{3}n)}.$
Discussing stuttering with parents: A preliminary study of the experiences of adolescents who stutter

A qualitative approach was used to explore the experiences of adolescents who stutter (AWS) related to discussing aspects of their stuttering with their parents. Thematic analysis from semi-structured interviews revealed three major themes and seven minor themes. Major themes consisted of (1) discussions with parents; (2) decisions about speech therapy; and (3) types of parental assistance. Minor themes included (1) preference to talk with mothers; (2) speech techniques and general information; (3) parents’ idea to begin speech therapy; (4) participants’ idea to begin speech therapy; (5) reminders to use techniques and providing advice; (6) practicing speech techniques together; and (7) good listening skills and not interrupting. Findings from the data suggest that these participants discussed their speech therapy and stuttering differently with mothers and fathers with topics of discussion centered on speech skills, general information about stuttering, and what activities were done in the speech therapy...
Is There a Citation Bias in the Judgment and Decision Literature

Abstract Christensen-Szalanski and Beach (1984) reported that studies showing "poor" decision making performance are cited more frequently than studies showing "good" performance and concluded that a citation bias exists in the judgment and decision making literature. The present analysis was conducted to examine the empirical and conceptual basis of this disparity. A taxonomy of judgment and decision making studies was constructed to facilitate a more differentiated comparison than the dichotomous classifications used in the Christensen-Szalanski and Beach analysis. The 84 articles used by Christensen-Szalanski and Beach were classified into this new performance outcome taxonomy; sample size, level of realism in the research context, journal type, and journal impact were also examined. The results show that the empirical basis for the citation-bias hypothesis has yet to be demonstrated conclusively because the citation disparity observed by Christensen-Szalanski and Bean is weak in magnitude and is possibly unreliable. Furthermore, the two sets of articles tend to be published in different types of journals and tend to report qualitatively different kinds of evidence, raising the possibility that any observed citation-rate disparity could stem from these differences rather than from a citation bias. Finally, some of the assumptions underlying the citation-bias hypothesis are challenged and alternative hypotheses regarding the citation-rate disparity are discussed.
Morphological study of fatigue‐induced damage in isotactic polypropylene

This article reports initial results of an investigation whose aim is to characterize fatigue damage induced in semicrystalline polymers subjected to uniaxial high cycle fatigue. Herein we report results obtained from fatiguing tensile bars of high molecular weight compression-molded alpha-phase iPP. Samples were fatigued for up to one million cycles at a frequency of 2 Hz. During fatigue, in situ measurements of dynamic mechanical response and energy densities were recorded. Postmortem morphological studies were also conducted using SEM of etched surfaces and TOM. The results show that damage formation occurs in a regularly spaced array of crazes. This damage, its evolution, and energetics are discussed as they relate to the overall fatigue life of the material. A methodology to isolate the energy consumption for the formation of a single craze is given. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 2751–2760, 1998
On the Boundary Between the Cryptozoic and the Phanerozoic

(1987). ON THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN THE CRYPTOZOIC AND THE PHANEROZOIC. International Geology Review: Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 251-257.
Physical activity: an essential component of lifestyle modification in NAFLD

NAFLD encompasses a spectrum of liver diseases pertaining to fat accumulation in the liver in the absence of significant alcohol consumption. NASH is the most clinically relevant subset of NAFLD, and patients with NASH have an increased risk of progression to cirrhosis or developing liver cancer. No pharmacotherapy is currently approved for NAFLD, and lifestyle modification via diet and exercise is most commonly recommended. The optimal physical activity regimen in terms of both effectiveness and compliance remains to be determined and is the focus of this Review.
Effects of theophylline on pharyngeal dilator and diaphragm muscle contractile properties.

Theophylline alleviates central and obstructive apneas of prematurity, and may improve adult obstructive sleep apnea. One mechanism of action appears to be a stimulatory effect on the motor output to
Fluorous synthesis with fewer fluorines (light fluorous synthesis): Separation of tagged from untagged products by solid-phase extraction with fluorous reverse-phase silica gel

Fluorous synthesis involves tagging an organic substrate with a fluorinated tag for the purposes of separation. To date, techniques of fluorous synthesis have relied on liquid−liquid extractions. This paper applies a simple solid−liquid extraction procedure over fluorous reverse-phase silica gel (silica with a fluorocarbon bonded phase) for use in fluorous synthesis. Four amino acids were tagged on nitrogen with the C9F19CO− group, and the resulting acids were coupled in a parallel experiment with an excess of four amines. The resulting 16 crude fluorous amide products were separated from all the coupling reagents and excess amine by two-stage filtration through fluorous silica. In 15 of the 16 cases, the products were isolated in good to excellent yield and purity. All of the products are soluble in organic solvents and none is expected to have any significant solubility in fluorous solvents, so the experiment dramatically illustrates the advantages of the solid−liquid extraction over the liquid−liquid e...
Male sexual development in the monkey. II. Cross-sectional analysis of pulsatile hypothalamic-pituitary secretion in castrated males.

Pulsatile secretion of serum gonadotropins was studied in 16 castrated monkeys from 4 weeks of age through adult life. Animals were castrated at various ages from birth through adult life. Although some studies of the gonadotropinsecretory patterns were longitudinal in nature, most comparisons were cross-sectional. On the basis of our observations, we have arbitrarily grouped the animals into 4 developmental ages: postnatal (<7 months), prepubertal or juvenile (7–27 months), pubertal (28–59 months), and adult (≥60 months). In carrying out these studies, blood was withdrawn at 15-min intervals over 24 h without anesthesia using a mobile vest and tether assembly to support an indwelling catheter. GnRH challenge tests were done on 1 or more occasions on all animals. Plasma samples were analyzed for concentrations of FSH and LH by established RIAs and an in vitro bioassay for LH.During the frequent sampling period (24 h for all except postnatal animals), the amplitude of gonadotropin pulses was greatest in ad...
A Review and Analysis of Measures for the Identification of Elder Abuse

This study examined seven elder abuse identification measures developed by various agencies and researchers. Each index was separated into its constituent items and the items examined to determine the type of abuse which they measured. "Risk Indicators" - family or situational factors which are likely to put an elder at high risk of abuse - appeared most frequently in the measures. Symptoms of actual abuse in the measures were most often related to Physical Abuse or Neglect. Psychological Abuse and Neglect, Material Abuse, and Violation of Personal Rights were underrepresented. A qualitative inspection of the items revealed an overdependence upon victim reports, the necessity of an intensive knowledge of each case, a tendency to rely upon the judgment of the observer rather than collecting personal data, and an implicit criticism toward aged persons and their caretakers. Recommendations are made for improving methods of identifying elderly victims of abuse.
A Call for Integral Approaches in the Professional Identity of Rehabilitation Counseling Three Specialty Areas, One Profession

There are multiple indicators that suggest there is a shift in the foundational principles and practices in rehabilitation counseling that have created professional identity concerns. These concern...
Tight inverse semigroups that are not bisimple

A semigroup is tight if each of its congruences is uniquely determined by eachof the congruence classes. Bisimple inverse semigroups are tight, and tightsemigroups are either simple or congruence-free with zero. Although congruence-freesemigroups are tight, they are not necessarily bisimple. We constructtight inverse semigroups and tight inverse monoids that are neither bisimplenor congruence-free.
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES RELATED TO BREAD FRESHNESS

Correlation of taste panel evaluations of bread freshness with parameters derived from standard rheological tests was explored. Results sup port the possibility that a rheological test could be standardized to be a valid predictor of bread freshness.
Complex combination solution for radiation–conduction transport with periodic boundary conditions

Abstract A solution method for radiation–conduction transport is developed using complex combination. This method offers an alternative to the direct temporal integration of the transient radiation–conduction equation for problems with periodic boundary conditions, where the sustained solution is of interest. A solution is formulated as an expansion series of temperature fields having frequencies that are multiples of those imposed by the boundary conditions. This series is shown to converge rapidly for most problems, making it a very efficient technique.
INSTRUCTORS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY IN M.A. AND PH.D. CLINICAL PROGRAMS

The present study investigated the characteristics and orientations of the instructors of the initial psychotherapy course of the 44 members and affiliates of the Council of Applied Master's Programs in Psychology. Also examined were the focus of instruction in the course and the teachers' style of instruction. Responses for 26 completed surveys (58%) were compared with responses from instructors of initial psychotherapy courses in 69 of the 170 APA accredited doctoral programs. Five general theoretical orientations were represented by the M.A. instructors with 28% self-identifying as humanistic, 24% as dynamic, 20% as cognitive behavioral, 16% as interpersonal, and 12% as behavioral. No significant differences were found on demographic characteristics, theoretical orientation, focus of instruction, or method of instruction between instructors in M.A. and those in Ph.D. programs.
Ionic exchange and statistical thermodynamics I. Equilibria in simple exchange systems

Abstract 1. 1. The conditions for ionic exchange equilibria are derived by an application of classical thermodynamics. Only thermodynamically defined terms are used. 2. 2. The appropriate ionic concentration terms are derived by a modification of a statistical theory of localized monolayers due to Fowler and Guggenheim. 3. 3. The theory is first applied to a uni-univalent exchange. The resultant equation is of the simple mass action type. 4. 4. Unsymmetrical exchanges are treated by combining a method first presented by Guggenheim with an analysis of the problem of mutual ionic interaction in a monolayer of mixed valence types. Equilibrium exchange equations of a mass action type are developed. 5. 5. Vanselow's well known equation is an approximate form of the equations derived in this paper.
Interactions of protein side chains with RNA defined with REDOR solid state NMR

Formation of the complex between human immunodeficiency virus type-1 Tat protein and the transactivation response region (TAR) RNA is vital for transcriptional elongation, yet the structure of the Tat-TAR complex remains to be established. The NMR structures of free TAR, and TAR bound to Tat-derived peptides have been obtained by solution NMR, but only a small number of intermolecular NOEs could be identified unambiguously, preventing the determination of a complete structure. Here we show that a combination of multiple solid state NMR REDOR experiments can be used to obtain multiple distance constraints from 15N to 13C spins within the backbone and side chain guanidinium groups of arginine in a Tat-derived peptide, using 19F spins incorporated into the base of U23 in TAR and 31P spins in the P22 and P23 phosphate groups. Distances between the side chain of Arg52 and the base and phosphodiester backbone near U23 measured by REDOR NMR are comparable to distances observed in solution NMR–derived structural models, indicating that interactions of TAR RNA with key amino acid side chains in Tat are the same in the amorphous solid state as in solution. This method is generally applicable to other protein-RNA complexes where crystallization or solution NMR has failed to provide high resolution structural information.
2'(3')-O-(N-methylanthraniloyl)-substituted GTP analogs: a novel class of potent competitive adenylyl cyclase inhibitors.

Abstract 2′(3′)-O-(N-Methylanthraniloyl)-(MANT)-substituted nucleotides are fluorescent and widely used for the kinetic analysis of enzymes and signaling proteins. We studied the effects of MANT-guanosine 5′-[γ-thio]triphosphate (MANT-GTPγS) and MANT-guanosine 5′-[β,γ-imido]triphosphate (MANT-GppNHp) on Gαs- and Gαi-protein-mediated signaling. MANT-GTPγS/MANT-GppNHp had lower affinities for Gαs and Gαi than GTPγS/GppNHp as assessed by inhibition of GTP hydrolysis of receptor-Gα fusion proteins. MANT-GTPγS was much less effective than GTPγS at disrupting the ternary complex between the formyl peptide receptor and Gαi2. MANT-GTPγS/MANT-GppNHp non-competitively inhibited GTPγS/GppNHp-, AlF -, β2-adrenoceptor plus GTP-, cholera toxin plus GTP-, and forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase (AC) in Gαs-expressing Sf9 insect cell membranes and S49 wild-type lymphoma cell membranes. AC inhibition by MANT-GTPγS/MANT-GppNHp was not due to Gαs inhibition because it was also observed in Gαs-deficient S49cyc − lymphoma cell membranes. Mn2+blocked AC inhibition by GTPγS/GppNHp in S49cyc − membranes but enhanced the potency of MANT-GTPγS/MANT-GppNHp at inhibiting AC by ∼4–8-fold. MANT-GTPγS and MANT-GppNHp competitively inhibited forskolin/Mn2+-stimulated AC in S49cyc − membranes with K ivalues of 53 and 160 nm, respectively. TheK i value for MANT-GppNHp at insect cell AC was 155 nm. Collectively, MANT-GTPγS/MANT-GppNHp bind to Gαs- and Gαi-proteins with low affinity and are ineffective at activating Gα. Instead, MANT-GTPγS/MANT-GppNHp constitute a novel class of potent competitive AC inhibitors.
Hematoporphyrin derivative photoradiation therapy in managing nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome. A preliminary report.

• Hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) is a photodynamically active dye that is preferentially retained by malignant tissues and initiates a cytotoxic reaction when exposed to red light. Normal tissues adjacent to a tumor retain HpD to a lesser degree and are thus spared damage from the light-induced reaction. We describe the treatment of 40 basal-cell carcinomas in three patients with nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome. All treated lesions showed disappearance of clinically apparent tumor within four to six weeks, and there was no damage to surrounding skin. Thirty-three lesions (82.5%) showed complete response on biopsy findings, while seven showed residual tumor cells. The recurrence rate was 10.8%, with the follow-up ranging from 12 to 14 months. Tumor response was related to the total light dose delivered and the size and location of the tumor.
Prolonged methylphenidate treatment alters the behavioral diurnal activity pattern of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats

Abstract Methylphenidate (MPD) is becoming a drug of abuse among adult professionals and students, alike. Yet, few studies have investigated its long-term effects on the adult population. We hypothesized that prolonged administration of MPD leads to changes in the diurnal horizontal activity (HA) pattern, an effect persisting beyond acute drug effects. Four groups of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 32) were divided into a saline/control, 0.6, 2.5, or 10.0 mg/kg MPD group. Each group was treated with saline on experimental day 1, followed by six consecutive days of designated treatment (days 2–7), then, after three consecutive days of washout (days 8–10), each group was re-challenged with its respective treatment (day 11). Activity was monitored continuously throughout the 11 experimental days. There was a dose-dependent increase in HA in the first hour post-injection. The 0.6 mg/kg MPD group exhibited changes in diurnal activity pattern only during the wash-out period. The 2.5 mg/kg MPD group exhibited the most profound changes in HA after 6 days of continuous injection, washout, and MPD re-challenge (p
Functional Cloning of the Proto-oncogene Brain Factor-1 (BF-1) As a Smad-binding Antagonist of Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling

Using the plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) promoter to drive the expression of a reporter gene (mouseCD2), we devised a system to clone negative regulators of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway. We infected a TGF-β-responsive cell line (MvLu1) with a retroviral cDNA library, selecting by fluorescence-activated cell sorter single cells displaying low PAI promoter activity in response to TGF-β. Using this strategy we cloned the proto-oncogene brain factor-1 (BF-1). BF-1 represses the PAI promoter in part by associating with both unphosphorylated Smad3 (in the cytoplasm) and phosphorylated Smad3 (in the nucleus), thus preventing its binding to DNA. BF-1 also associates with Smad1, -2, and -4; the Smad MH2 domain binds to BF-1, and the C-terminal segment of BF-1 is uniquely and solely required for binding to Smads. Further, BF-1 represses another TGF-β-induced promoter (p15), it up-regulates a TGF-β-repressed promoter (Cyclin A), and it reverses the growth arrest caused by TGF-β. Our results suggest that BF-1 is a general inhibitor of TGF-β signaling and as such may play a key role during brain development.
NLRP1 Joins the Dark Side

NLRP1 has long remained an elusive member of the NOD-like-receptor family of innate immune sensors. In this issue of Immunity, Masters et al. (2012) describe its role in immune responses to stress and infection.
Expression of fos-related antigen-2 in rat hippocampus after middle cerebral arterial occlusion

AP-1 transcription factors have been shown to be induced in the brain after ischemic injury. However, their roles in neuronal survival or death have yet to be defined. Here, we report the discovery of elevated nuclear levels of fos-related antigen-2 (FRA-2) in the nuclei of hippocampal neurons seven days after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Expression of FRA-2 and AP-1 DNA binding activity is elevated in hippocampi ipsilateral as well as contralateral to MCAO. Using Fluoro-Jade staining as a marker of neurodegeneration, FRA-2 was not found to be expressed in degenerating neurons. Thus, FRA-2 is expressed in neurons that survive ischemic insult suggesting a role for this transcription factor in neuronal adaptation to the post-injury state.
Efficient capture of unique sequences from eukaryotic genomes.

Cot-based cloning and sequencing (CBCS), a synthesis of Cot analysis, DNA cloning and high-throughput sequencing, promises to accelerate the study of eukaryotic genomes. In particular, CBCS will (1) permit efficient gene discovery in species with substantial quantities of repetitive DNA, (2) allow the sequence complexity (i.e. all the unique sequence information) of large genomes to be elucidated at a fraction of the cost of shotgun sequencing, and (3) enhance genome sequencing efforts by facilitating capture of low-copy sequences not secured by EST sequencing. CBCS should accelerate comparative genomics research, especially in large genomes such as those of many crops.
Phospholipase Activity in Human Tumors: Localization by Cytochemical Staining*

Phospholipase activity was localized for the first time by cytochemical staining at the plasma membrane of malginant cells in gastric adenocarcinomas by electron microscopy. This activity was not found in benign cells of the same tumor, e.g., in components of the connective tissue underlying the glandular epithelium, or in cells beyond the margin of the same tumor. Neither benign nor maligant cells of colorectal tumors, nor those in malignant melanoma, had any phospholipase activity that could be demonstrated by the method.
The effect of stimulus contrast and interocular correlation on disparity vergence.

In previous reports, we developed a metric for describing the signal strength of a dynamic random-dot stereogram (DRDS) stimulus at binocular (cyclopean) levels of the buman visual system, which tahes both contrast and interocular correlation into account. In this study we tested the generaiity of that metric in relation to the control of horizootal vergence eye movements. Signal strength was assessed by measuring the extent to which a DRDS stimuhts could elicit invohmtary vergence respomes from a subject who was attempting to fixate steadily. Results for both step and shmsoidal disparity modulation paradigms showed that vergence velocity increased when either interocuiar correlation (IOC) or contrast was increased. Furthermore, IOC and contrast were found to contriite to signal strength for vergence in the same proportion as was found psychophysically. In general, the resuits indicate that the signals that drive this passive form of vergence are derived according to the same binocular combination rules as the signals that give rise to the perception of surfaces in DRDS sthnuii.
Use of Fluorescence-activated Vesicle Sorting for Isolation of Naked2-associated, Basolaterally Targeted Exocytic Vesicles for Proteomics Analysis

By interacting with the cytoplasmic tail of a Golgi-processed form of transforming growth factor-α (TGFα), Naked2 coats TGFα-containing exocytic vesicles and directs them to the basolateral corner of polarized epithelial cells where the vesicles dock and fuse in a Naked2 myristoylation-dependent manner. These TGFα-containing Naked2-associated vesicles are not directed to the subapical Sec6/8 exocyst complex as has been reported for other basolateral cargo, and thus they appear to represent a distinct set of basolaterally targeted vesicles. To identify constituents of these vesicles, we exploited our finding that myristoylation-deficient Naked2 G2A vesicles are unable to fuse at the plasma membrane. Isolation of a population of myristoylation-deficient, green fluorescent protein-tagged G2A Naked2-associated vesicles was achieved by biochemical enrichment followed by flow cytometric fluorescence-activated vesicle sorting. The protein content of these plasma membrane de-enriched, flow-sorted fluorescent G2A Naked2 vesicles was determined by LC/LC-MS/MS analysis. Three independent isolations were performed, and 389 proteins were found in all three sets of G2A Naked2 vesicles. Rab10 and myosin IIA were identified as core machinery, and Na+/K+-ATPase α1 was identified as an additional cargo within these vesicles. As an initial validation step, we confirmed their presence and that of three additional proteins tested (annexin A1, annexin A2, and IQGAP1) in wild-type Naked2 vesicles. To our knowledge, this is the first large scale protein characterization of a population of basolaterally targeted exocytic vesicles and supports the use of fluorescence-activated vesicle sorting as a useful tool for isolation of cellular organelles for comprehensive proteomics analysis.
The CD95 Type I/Type II model

CD95 (APO-1/Fas) has become the prototype of a death domain containing receptor and is the best studied member of the death receptors that activate the extrinsic apoptosis pathway. This pathway is initiated by recruitment and activation of caspase-8, an initiator caspase, in the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) followed by direct cleavage of downstream effector caspases. In contrast, the intrinsic apoptosis pathway starts from within the cell either by direct activation of caspases or through intracellular changes such as DNA damage resulting in the release of a number of pro-apoptotic factors from the intermembrane space of mitochondria. The release of these factors results in the activation of another initiator caspase, caspase-9, and ultimately in the activation of effector caspases in a protein complex called the apoptosome. In recent years, it has become apparent that there is cross talk between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway. In the death receptor pathway of apoptosis induction, the best characterized connection between the two pathways is the Bcl-2 family member Bid which translocates to mitochondria after cleavage by caspase-8 causing pro-apoptotic changes. Cells that die through CD95 without help from mitochondria are called Type I cells, whereas cells in which CD95-mediated death relies mostly on the intrinsic pathway are called Type II. This review focuses on recent developments in the delineation of the biochemistry and the physiological function of the two CD95 pathways.
MODEL SELECTION IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS RESEARCH USING PARTIAL LEAST SQUARES BASED STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING

Partial Least Squares (PLS) based Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) has become increasingly popular in Management Information Systems (MIS) research to model complex relationships and to make valid inferences from the restricted sample to the larger population. Given the larger goal of creating generalizable theories in MIS research, we argue that the lack of model selection criteria in PLS that penalize model complexity might be causing researchers to select unnecessarily complex but highly fitting models that may not generalize to other samples. We introduce several Information Theoretic (IT) model selection criteria in the PLS context that penalize model complexity but reward high fit, and therefore guide researchers to select a parsimonious and generalizable model. In this Monte Carlo study, we compare their performance to the currently existing PLS indices, in selecting the best model among a set of competing models under various conditions of sample size, effect size and data distribution.
Software engineering for safety: a roadmap

gineering for safety and proposes some directions for needed work that appears to be achievable in the near
Detection of Norwalk virus and hepatitis A virus in shellfish tissues with the PCR.

A method for the detection of Norwalk virus and hepatitis A virus from shellfish tissues by PCR was developed. Virus was added to the stomach and hepatopancreatic tissues of oysters or hard-shell clams, and viral nucleic acids were purified by a modification of a previously described method (R.L. Atmar, T.G. Metcalf, F.H. Neill, and M.K. Estes, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:631-635, 1993). The new method had the following advantages compared with the previously described method: (i) more rapid sample processing; (ii) increased test sensitivity; (iii) decreased sample-associated interference with reverse transcription-PCR; and (iv) use of chloroform-butanol in place of the chlorofluorocarbon trichlorotrifluoroethane. In addition, internal standards for both Norwalk virus and hepatitis A virus were made which demonstrated when inhibitors to reverse transcription-PCR were present and allowed quantitation of the viral nucleic acids present in samples. This assay can be used to investigate shellfish-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks and to study factors involved in virus persistence in shellfish.
Predicting Self-Esteem and Intentions to Seek Counseling The Internalized Stigma Model

This investigation introduced the Internalized Stigma Model to test the mechanisms by which the stigma of mental illness and of seeking psychological help affect self-esteem and intentions to seek counseling. We hypothesized that both stigmas would predict decreased self-esteem, but only stigma of seeking psychological help would predict decreased intentions to seek counseling. Furthermore, we predicted that these links follow a process wherein people’s perceptions of societal stigma are fully mediated by internalization of that stigma. Public stigmas predict their respective self-stigmas, which subsequently predict self-esteem and intentions. Using structural equation modeling, we tested the hypothesized relationships in a sample of undergraduates (N = 448). Results supported the hypotheses. Self-stigma mediated the relationship between public stigma and both outcomes; both self-stigma of mental illness and self-stigma of seeking psychological help predicted decreased self-esteem, but only self-stigma of...
Everything You Want to Know About Pointer-Based Checking

Lack of memory safety in C/C++ has resulted in numerous security vulnerabilities and serious bugs in large software systems. This paper highlights the challenges in enforcing memory safety for C/C++ programs and progress made as part of the SoftBoundCETS project. We have been exploring memory safety enforcement at various levels - in hardware, in the compiler, and as a hardware-compiler hybrid - in this project. Our research has identified that maintaining metadata with pointers in a disjoint metadata space and performing bounds and use-after-free checking can provide comprehensive memory safety. We describe the rationale behind the design decisions and its ramifications on various dimensions, our experience with the various variants that we explored in this project, and the lessons learned in the process. We also describe and analyze the forthcoming Intel Memory Protection Extensions (MPX) that provides hardware acceleration for disjoint metadata and pointer checking in mainstream hardware, which is expected to be available later this year.
Believers and Their Disbelief

. Several recent Roman Catholics who were known for their devotion have left accounts of their troubled faith. I consider three of these: St. Therese of Lisieux, Mother Teresa of Calcutta, and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. Then I tell of the troubled atheism of Jean-Paul Sartre. Finally, I use texts of Sartre and Teilhard to understand the unsettled nature of belief.
Modulation of Jovian electrons at 1 AU during solar cycles 22-23

We report here, on the observation of Jovian electrons during the time period 1992 to 2002, using instruments on board SAMPEX and IMP8 at 1 AU. The Jovian electron flux diminished greatly from early 1996 to the end of 1997 and recovered subsequently and was observed till the end of 2001. The decrease in the Jovian flux was seen in three distinct instruments lasting for about two Jovian synodic periods. Such a dramatic and persistent decrease has not been observed before. The observed decrease could be due to changes at the source or variations in interplanetary conditions affecting transport of these particles. The latter may be solar cycle dependent as in the heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays. Long-term measurements from IMP8 suggest that solar cycle related propagation effects may not be responsible for the observed decrease. We suggest that either a change in the Jovian source strength or a softening of the Jovian electron energy spectrum produced the observed attenuation.
Molecular Evolution of the Drosophila Retinome: Exceptional Gene Gain in the Higher Diptera

Using genomic information from mosquito, red flour beetle, honeybee, mouse, and sea anemone, we have studied the molecular evolution of 91 Drosophila genes involved in eye primordium determination, retinal differentiation, and phototransduction. Our results show that the majority of these gene sequences predate the diversification of endopterygote insects. However, all three functional groups contain a conspicuous fraction of evolutionarily younger genes, which originated by tandem duplication in the lineage leading to Drosophila, whereas gene duplications are rare in other insect lineages. We conclude that the retention of duplicated genes spiked during the early diversification of the higher Diptera possibly due to an extended period of exceptional population size reduction. Genetic data suggest that gene duplication played an important role in the evolution of visual performance in the fast flying higher Diptera by spatial or intracellular subfunctionalization. Developmental gene duplications, by contrast, predominantly retained overlapping expression patterns and preserved partial to complete redundancy consistent with a role in boosting developmental robustness.
Combined cytomorphologic and immunophenotypic approach to evaluation of effusions for lymphomatous involvement

Combining cytomorphology and immunophenotypic data in evaluation of effusions for lymphomatous involvement is reliable, non-invasive, and expeditious. In this study, 30 effusion specimens from 30 patients with clinically suspected or previously diagnosed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were evaluated cytomorphologically and by flow cytometric immunophenotyping with a large panel of monoclonal antibodies. Of 11 patients with a previous diagnosis of NHL, 50% had cytomorphologic and immunophenotypic evidence of lymphomatous involvement of effusion specimens; therefore, flow cytometric immunophenotyping is recommended in these cases since there may be substantial therapeutic impact. In addition, 69% of the effusions positive for lymphomatous involvement represented newly diagnosed NHL; in 36% of these cases, tissue biopsy was not necessary since they were either high-grade (lymphoblastic or small, non-cleaved cell type) or of the small lymphocytic lymphoma cell type.
Formal syntheses of (+/-)-pinnaic acid and (+/-)-halichlorine.

Concise formal syntheses of marine alkaloids (±)-pinnaic acid (1) and (±)-halichlorine (2) have been accomplished from a common intermediate. The syntheses illustrate the utility of selective olefin cross metathesis methodologies for the elaboration of advanced synthetic intermediates in complex molecule synthesis.
A journey with chronic pain: Self-directed learning as survival

Over the past 20 years in the USA, increased insurance control of healthcare decisions, litigation and regulations, have contributed to a dramatic shift in the doctor-patient relationship and respective responsibilities. This paper presents an autoethnographic study of the self-directed learning (SDL) strategies and patterns used by an individual navigating the complexities of not only chronic pain, but also healthcare decision making over ten years. The study and discussion examine the experience within the lens of SDL (Self Directed Learning) and demonstrate its power to transform passive patient behavior to proactive responsibility. This study specifically reveals SDL strategies used in a chronic pain healthcare journey including, self-planned learning, inquiry methods, self-education, self-instruction, self-teaching, and self-study. My travels through urgent and confounding situations were propelled by healthcare processes that failed. The paradigm of self-directed learning holds promise for mainstream recognition in personal healthcare.
Spermac stain analysis of human sperm acrosomes

Abstract Objective: To study the association between low percentages of intact sperm acrosomes and fertilization failures in conventional IVF procedures. Design: A retrospective study. Setting: Clinical and academic research environment. Patient(s): Patients undergoing treatment of infertility. Intervention(s): Sperm cells were fixed and stained using the Spermac stain. Main Outcome Measure(s): Percentages of intact acrosomes and fertilization. Result(s): There was a significant association between specimens with Conclusion(s): Sperm with low percentages of intact acrosomes were associated with failed fertilization. The Spermac stain was useful for assessing acrosomes and identifying possible male factor infertility problems. The results suggested that a minimum percentage of sperm with intact acrosomes are needed for fertilization to occur in vitro.
Introduction to the special issue on stress and substance use.

(2000). Introduction to the Special Issue on Stress and Substance Use. Substance Use & Misuse: Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 635-641.
Effects of microbial activity on the delta 18 O of dissolved inorganic phosphate and textural features of synthetic apatites

Laboratory growth experiments were conducted to investigate the oxygen isotope effects associated with bacterial metabolism of phosphatic compounds commonly available in nature. The observed oxygen isotope fractionations suggest complex patterns of exchange between dissolved inorganic phosphate (P i ) and water, and significant circulation of P i between intracellular and extracellular locations with extensive recycling of the dissolved P i pool, even at high concentrations of dissolved P i . Results of these experiments also support current models for bacterial utilization of phosphate. These results have important implications for the use of delta 18 O values of dissolved P i to trace sources of P, and bear on integrity of original oxygen isotope compositions of biogenic and sedimentary apatite minerals that have been subjected to processes of recrystallization and diagenesis. SEM images of laboratory synthesized apatite minerals show that similar textural features may be produced by microbially mediated and abiotic reactions, and that spheroidal structures may be produced by processes of dissolution as well as precipitation. The interpretation of certain mineral structures as microbial in origin solely on the basis of morphological and textural features may be misleading.
A New Lagrangian and a New Lagrange Equation of Motion for Fractionally Damped Systems

A Brief Note is a short paper that presents a specific solution of technical interest in mechanics but which does not necessarily contain new general methods or results. A Brief Note should not exceed 1500 words or equivalent ~a typical one-column figure or table is equivalent to 250 words; a one line equation to 30 words!. Brief Notes will be subject to the usual review procedures prior to publication. After approval such Notes will be published as soon as possible. The Notes should be submitted to the Editor of the JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS. Discussions on the Brief Notes should be addressed to the Editorial Department, ASME International, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990, or to the Editor of the JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS. Discussions on Brief Notes appearing in this issue will be accepted until two months after publication. Readers who need more time to prepare a Discussion should request an extension of the deadline from the Editorial Department.
Minimization of torque ripple in SRM drives

The torque pulsations in switched reluctance motors (SRMs) are relatively higher compared to sinusoidal machines due to the doubly salient structure of the motor. The magnetization pattern of the individual phases together with the T-i-/spl theta/ characteristics of the motor dictate the amount of torque ripple during operation. Both machine design and electronic control approaches have been used to minimize the torque ripple in SRMs. This paper presents an extensive review of the origin of torque ripple and the approaches adopted over the past decade to minimize the torque ripple. A hybrid torque-ripple-minimizing controller that incorporates the attractive features of some of the techniques developed in the past decade is presented along with simulation and experimental results.
Impact of the Flipped Classroom on Student Performance and Retention: A Parallel Controlled Study in General Chemistry

Despite much recent interest in the flipped classroom, quantitative studies are slowly emerging, particularly in the sciences. We report a year-long parallel controlled study of the flipped classroom in a second-term general chemistry course. The flipped course was piloted in the off-semester course in Fall 2014, and the availability of the flipped section in Spring 2015 was broadly advertised prior to registration. Students self-selected into the control and flipped sections, which were taught in parallel by the same instructor; initial populations were 206 in the control section, 117 in the flipped. As a pretest, we used the ACS first-term general chemistry exam (form 2005), given as the final exam across all sections of the first-term course. Analysis of pretest scores, student percentile rankings in the first-term course, and population demographics indicated very similar populations in the two sections. The course designs required comparable student effort, and five common exams were administered, in...