cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Talkin’ in the company of my sistas: The counterlanguages and deliberate silences of Black female students in teacher education

Abstract In this article, the author draws on critical race theory to examine Black female preservice teachers’ perspectives on their racial identity in relation to how they are positioned inside and outside the context of a traditional teacher education program in the United States. The author shares findings generated from a year-long ethnographic and sociolinguistic study of the discursive practices of Black female preservice teachers, all nonstandard language and dialect speakers, across three settings, including the university classroom, the K-12 practicum teaching classroom, and a social setting. Critical race theories and conversational analysis proved useful for revealing the deliberate decisions that these preservice teachers made about social and personal engagement and how these choices positioned themselves and each other as insiders within and beyond the dominant context of teacher education.
Fission product transmutation effects on high-level radioactive waste forms

The properties of potential nuclear waste forms have been under investigation for more than a decade to ensure their safe handling, packaging, transport, storage, and disposal. Two kinds of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) have received most attention: (1) that which could be produced from reprocessed commercial reactor fuel, and (2) the slightly less radioactive waste from military activities. Both kinds would be converted to solid, nondispersible forms such as glass or crystalline ceramics for disposal. After disposal, self-radiation damage, primarily radiation-induced atomic displacements, can change the properties of these waste forms and possibly increase the chances that radioactivity could be released to the environment. β decay of the fission products causes some displacements but α decay, and the associated recoil nuclei, of the actinide elements produces several orders of magnitude more displacements. Most recent studies on radiation effects have therefore concentrated on α decay1–3. A potentially more important aspect of β decay is the associated transmutation of fission products which usually results in changes of both valence and ionic size, both of which may not be readily accommodated by HLW solids. 137Cs and 90Sr are the two main sources of transmutations, but they have not been studied because of their ∼30-yr half lives. The problem has now been circumvented by preparing simulated waste forms and other solids containing 134Cs, which has only a 2-yr half life. This study will not be completed for at least another year, but we report here that results obtained after 2 yr of decay are encouraging in that negligible changes have been observed in the properties of all the materials studied.
Tools and decision aids for training development in the U.S. Army

In this article we present a review of some of the automation efforts currently being conducted by the U.S. Army. First, we provide a description of current training development procedures used in the Army, the problems of training development in the Army, and a discussion of how we propose to solve these training development problems. We then describe our research approach and methodology, the prototype tools and decision aids developed under this effort, how our efforts on the design and development of the Automated Systems Approach to Training system (ASAT) have led to a functional description for an operational ASAT system, and finally, a discussion of the research issues addressed as part of this effort.
Outcomes of Esophagectomy According to Surgeon's Training: General vs. Thoracic

Introduction Esophagectomy is performed by general and thoracic surgeons with the type of operation often dictated by the surgeons’ training. The objective was to investigate outcomes of esophagectomy to determine if they varied according to surgeon’s training.
Underreporting in Political Science Survey Experiments: Comparing Questionnaires to Published Results

The accuracy of published findings is compromised when researchers fail to report and adjust for multiple testing. Preregistration of studies and the requirement of preanalysis plans for publication are two proposed solutions to combat this problem. Some have raised concerns that such changes in research practice may hinder inductive learning. However, without knowing the extent of underreporting, it is difficult to assess the costs and benefits of institutional reforms. This paper examines published survey experiments conducted as part of the Time-sharing Experiments in the Social Sciences program, where the questionnaires are made publicly available, allowing us to compare planned design features against what is reported in published research. We find that: (1) 30% of papers report fewer experimental conditions in the published paper than in the questionnaire; (2) roughly 60% of papers report fewer outcome variables than what are listed in the questionnaire; and (3) about 80% of papers fail to report all experimental conditions and outcomes. These findings suggest that published statistical tests understate the probability of type I errors.
Hindu Values and Indian Social Problems

(1967). Hindu Values and Indian Social Problems. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 329-339.
Cellulase activity in developing apple fruits

Abstract Changes in cellulase, polygalacturonase and total protein were measured during the growth and ripening of three apple cultivars (Malus sylvestris Mill ‘Stark Lodi’, ‘Paulared’ and ‘Golden Delicious’) with the view of establishing the role of these cell wall-degrading enzymes in fruit development. In agreement with earlier work, no endo-polygalacturonase activity was evident at any stage of apple development. Cellulase was present in young expanding fruit and decreased in activity as the fruit reached full size and ripened. Separation of cellulase on MonoQ columns indicated the presence of three isoforms, two of which had molecular weights of 67 kDa. Electrophoresis of proteins from developing fruit indicated that proteins with molecular weights of 24, 26 and 67 kDa increased during ripening. Unlike other climacteric fruit, ripening in apples was not associated with an increase in extractable cellulase or polygalacturonase. The sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis studies suggest that a 67 kDa protein increased during ripening. The decrease in enzyme activity may be due to the inability of available extraction techniques to release this enzyme from apple cell walls.
WE-A-201B-05: Dosimetric Characterization of a Dedicated Breast Computed Tomography Clinical Prototype System

Purpose: To determine the radiation dosimetry characteristics of a dedicated breast computed tomography (BCT) clinical prototype system. Method and Materials: The relevant parameters of the BCT system were replicated in a Monte Carlo simulation program based on the Geant4 toolkit. To model the system's x‐ray spectrum, empirical measurements of exposure under varying conditions and of the first half‐value layer were performed. To validate the Monte Carlo program, the exposures at the five insert positions of a standard head CT phantom while undergoing both a scout image and a full BCT scan were estimated, and the results compared to empirically measured values. The average glandular dose (AGD) was characterized for simulated homogeneous semi‐ellipsoidal breasts of varying sizes and glandular fractions. In all cases, the AGD was normalized to the exposure measured with a CTionization chamber in air located at the isocenter. Results: The modeled x‐ray spectrum was able to predict the empirically measured x‐ray exposures after varying thicknesses of aluminum to within 9.4%, while the exposure distribution at the inserts of the standard head CT phantom were estimated to within 11.5%. The normalized AGD to the homogeneous breasts varied from 2.51 mGy/R to 5.21 mGy/R, depending on breast size and glandular fraction. For an average breast, for which the system automatically sets the tube current at 100 mA, the AGD would be 7.55 mGy. Conclusion: The glandular dose from this BCT system was characterized for a range of breast sizes and compositions, and was found to result in similar values compared to typical multi‐view diagnostic mammographic examinations but higher values than a standard two‐view screening mammography examination. Further studies including the variation between mean glandular dose to homogeneous breasts and actual glandular dose to breasts with real tissue distribution are ongoing.
Chemical and thermodynamic constraints on the hydrothermal transport and deposition of tin: I. Calculation of the solubility of cassiterite at high pressures and temperatures

Abstract Estimation of equation of state parameters for Sn++ and calculation of the thermodynamic properties of other aqueous species and dissociation constants for various stannous and stannic complexes as a function of temperature permit prediction of the high temperature solution chemistry of tin and calculation of the solubility of cassiterite in hydrothermal solutions. The results of these calculations indicate that in the absence of appreciable chloride and fluoride concentrations, Sn(OH)20 and Sn(OH)40 are the predominant tin species in H2O up to 350°C at ~2 $ pH $ 7.5. The calculations also indicate that chloride complexes of Sn++ predominate by several orders of magnitude over their fluoride and hydroxide counterparts in 1–3 molal (m) NaCl solutions, except in the presence of geologically unrealistic concentrations of fluoride or a pH greater than ~3.5 at 250°C or ~5.0 at 350°C. At higher pH values, most of the tin in solution is present as hydroxide complexes, even at concentrations of NaCl as high as 3 m. Calculated values of the solubility of cassiterite at high temperatures compare favorably with experimental data reported in the literature. Depending on the fugacity of oxygen and solution composition, the solubility of cassiterite in hydrothermal solutions may exceed 100 ppm under geologically realistic conditions.
Poisson Brackets and the Feynman Problem

A derivation of a pair of Maxwell equations which is based on the concept of a Poisson structure on a manifold is given. The idea is geometric in character, and is extended to a generalized algebra. The special case of the dynamics for a particle in a Yang-Mills field is obtained as a consequence of the generalized case.
Efficacy of Singular and Stacked brown midrib 6 and 12 in the Modification of Lignocellulose and Grain Chemistry

In sorghum, brown midrib (bmr) 6 and 12 impair the last two steps of monolignol synthesis. bmr genes were introduced into grain sorghum to improve the digestibility of lignocellulosic tissues for grazing or bioenergy uses following grain harvest. Near-isogenic grain sorghum hybrids (AWheatland x RTx430) were developed containing bmr6, bmr12, and the bmr6 bmr12 double mutant (stacked), and their impacts were assessed in a two-year field study. The bmr genes did not significantly impact grain or lignocellulosic tissue yield. Lignocellulosic tissue from bmr6, bmr12, and stacked hybrids had reduced lignin content and increased in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) compared to those of the wild type (WT). The lignin content of the stacked lignocellulosic tissue was further reduced compared to that of bmr6 or bmr12. Surprisingly, bmr12 modestly increased carbohydrates in lignocellulosic tissue, and bmr6 increased fiber and lignin content in grain. These data indicate that bmr6 and bmr12 have broader effects on plant composition than merely lignin content, which has promising implications for both livestock utilization and bioenergy conversion.
Programmable logic machine (A programmable cell array)

The PLM is a single mask, programmable cell array with complete interconnect. It is 100% wireable and 100% testable with built-in LSSD, it achieves subnanosecond cell delay and 400-gate complexity with less than 1 W of power, and it is fabricated through a low-density process resulting in low cost and a four-day turnaround. This paper describes why the PLM was developed, its operational characteristics, and how it differs from conventional gate arrays.
Adrenal adenomas: characteristic postgadolinium capillary blush on dynamic MR imaging.

We sought to evaluate dynamic post–gadolinium contrast enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging characteristics of adrenal adenomas with comparison to those of malignant adrenal tumors. MR images, including in- and out-of-phase spoiled gradient echo (SGE) and dynamic gadolinium enhancement, of 35 adrenal adenomas in 34 patients, and 12 malignant adrenal tumors in 12 patients, were reviewed retrospectively. MR images were assessed for the presence of a capillary blush on immediate postgadolinium SGE images, and for rapid washout of contrast on 45-second postgadolinium SGE images. Thirty-five adrenal adenomas (mean size, 3.1 cm) and 12 malignant adrenal tumors (mean size, 7.4 cm) were assessed. Of 35 adrenal adenomas, 25 (71%) showed a homogeneous capillary blush on immediate postgadolinium images. Thirty-three (94%) adrenal adenomas demonstrated rapid washout on 45-second postgadolinium images (P < 0.001). Of 35 adrenal adenomas, 30 (86%) showed diminished signal intensity (SI) on out-of-phase images. Of 12 malignant adrenal tumors, none showed a homogeneous capillary blush on immediate postgadolinium images. Six (50%) malignant tumors showed negligible enhancement, four (33%) showed irregular patchy enhancement, and two (17%) showed peripheral enhancement (P < 0.001). On 45-second postgadolinium images, 11 (92%) of 12 malignant adrenal tumors showed irregular enhancement. In the majority of adrenal adenomas, an initial homogeneous capillary blush and rapid washout are demonstrated on gadolinium-enhanced dynamic MR imaging. Our preliminary results suggest that this may provide useful complementary information to the appearance of adrenal masses on in- and out-of-phase images. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:242–248. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A New Aspect of the Vertical Incidence Doppler Radar Spectrum of Ice Particle Fallspeeds

Abstract Unlike raindrops, ice particles of the same mass can have different fallspeeds, due to variations in the particle shape and bulk density. (This is an extension of the popular axiom that no two snowflakes are alike.) This is an additional source of variance for vertical incidence Doppler (VID) spectra taken in snow that has been neglected in previous studies which assume a one-to-one fallspeed-mass relationship. The total VID spectral variance due to the dispersion of ice particle fallspeeds can be broken down into two components, i.e., that due to the mean fallspeed-mass relationship and that due to fluctuations about the mean. Existing data on ice particle fallspeeds are not adequate for a thorough evaluation, but do indicate that these two sources of fallspeed variance can be of the same order. These results suggest that the task of deducing snow-size spectra from VID measurements is more difficult than has been recognized.
High rate of preterm birth in pregnancies complicated by rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective To describe the outcomes of pregnancies complicated by rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to estimate potential associations between disease characteristics and pregnancy outcomes. Study Design We reviewed all pregnancies complicated by RA delivered at our institution from June 2001 through June 2009. Fisher exact tests were used to calculate odds ratios. Univariable regression was performed using STATA 10.1 (StataCorp, College Station, TX). A p value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Forty-six pregnancies in 40 women were reviewed. Sixty percent of pregnancies had evidence of disease flare and 28% delivered prior to 37 weeks. We did not identify associations between preterm birth and active disease at conception or during pregnancy. In univariate analysis, discontinuation of medication because of pregnancy was associated with a significantly earlier gestational age at delivery (362/7 versus 383/7 weeks, p = 0.022). Conclusion Women with RA may be at higher risk for preterm delivery.
Current treatment modalities of oral problems of patients with Sjögren's syndrome: caries prevention.

Prevention of dental caries in patients with hyposalivation due to Sjogren's syndrome requires increasing host resistance and decreasing cariogenic organisms and their substrate. Although plaque control by scrupulous oral hygiene is important, particularly from a periodontal perspective, and restriction of dietary sucrose intake can limit caries, the most successful therapeutic and preventive measure has been the topical application of fluoride to the tooth surface, by the dentist, dental hygienist, dental auxiliary, and the patient. Studies on schoolchildren with normal salivary function who used fluoride dentifrices have shown that efficacy in caries prevention depends on (1) the concentration of fluoride used, (2) the frequency with which it is applied, and, to a certain extent, (3) the specific fluoride compound used. Controlled clinical studies are lacking, however, on patients with hyposalivation due to Sjogren's syndrome, and only limited data are available from patients with radiation-induced hypo...
Binding of Immunoglobulin G to Phospholipid Vesicles by Sonication

Purified goat immunoglobulin G (IgG) does not bind to sonicated phospholipid vesicles. However, when IgG is sonicated together with phospholipids, 4 to 40% of the IgG can be bound to the vesicles, depending on the experimental conditions. The extent of binding depends on the period and power of sonication, the IgG to lipid ratio, and the lipid composition. Anionic phospholipids such as phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylserine, but not cholesterol, enhance binding about 50% over that obtained with the neutral phosphatidylcholine. Binding of IgG causes extensive aggregation of vesicles, as shown by electron microscopy, and aggregates can be separated from unbound IgG by molecular-sieve chromatography on Sepharose 4B or by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The IgG-vesicle aggregates remain stable in either phosphate-buffered saline or 50% fetal calf serum up to 20 h at 37/sup 0/C, although substantial lipid degradation in 50% fetal calf serum was observed. The use of goat IgG containing antibody to a purified protein antigen allowed quantitation of antibody activity of these preparations. Immune IgG sonicated alone shows 100% of the original antigen binding capacity while vesicle-bound IgG retains 30 to 50%. Antigen binding capacity of bound IgG is not increased when vesicles are lysed by 1.5% NP-40, suggestingmore » all of the bound IgG is exposed on the outer surfaces of the vesicles. IgG's of human, mouse, and rabbit, as well as the purified goat F(ab')/sub 2/ fragments, also bind with vesicles by cosonication.« less
The family therapist as a change agent: Using principles and strategies of organization development in family therapy

Abstract Families are compared to work organizations from a systems perspective, establishing parallels in needs for change and growth. The theoretical underpinnings of Organization Development (O.D.) are reviewed and discussed in light of their use in conceptualizing family therapy. From this systems viewpoint, the consultant role, systems diagnosis and a variety of O.D. interventions are proposed to the family therapist.
Intercellular junction development in maturing rat seminiferous tubules

Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules in immature rats (1–20 days) contain gap and tight junctions in different stages of development as identified in freeze-fracture replicas. Typical gap junctions and gap junction formation were observed between Sertoli cells. Tight junctions were observed to assume a variety of configurations including linear, macular, and extensive occluding complexes. Tight junction formation was also observed. A decrease in the frequency of gap junctions and a corresponding increase in the number of tight junctions was quantitatively shown.
BOUNDARY ELEMENT-FINITE ELEMENT COUPLED EIGENANALYSIS OF FLUID-STRUCTURE SYSTEMS

The eigenanalysis of acoustical cavities with flexible structure boundaries, such as a fluid-filled container or an automobile cabin enclosure, is considered. An algebraic eigenvalue problem formulation for the fluid–structure problem is presented by combining the acoustic fluid boundary element eigenvalue analysis method and the structural finite elements. For many practical eigenproblems, use of finite elements to discretize the fluid domain leads to large stiffness and mass matrices. Since the acoustic boundary element discretization requires putting nodes only on the wetted surface of the structure, the size of the eigenproblem is reduced considerably, thus reducing the eigenvalue extraction effort. Futhermore, unlike in ordinary cases, the finite element discretization of pressure–displacement based fluid–structure problem gives rise to unsymmetric matrices. Therefore, the fact that the boundary element formulation produces unsymmetric matrices does not introduce additional difficulties here compared to the finite element case in the choice of an eigenvalue extraction procedure. Examples are included to demonstrate the fluid–structure eigenanalysis using boundary elements for the fluid domain and finite elements for the structure.
Metabolic Effects of Pargyline in the Dog

SummaryPargyline (50 mg/kg) was administered to dogs with and without reserpine pretreatment in order to determine to what extent the sympathetic action observed at the onset of MAO inhibition is reflected in metabolic parameters. In normal dogs, both blood pressure and heart rate increased gradually during and after pargyline infusion, Vo2 and plasma FFA and glycerol increased significantly after pargyline infusion and remained elevated throughout the experiment. None of these changes were observed in reserpine-pretreated dogs after pargyline administration. The importance of this sympathetic response, mainly reflected in elevation of Vo2, glycerol, and FFA, in the therapeutic use of MAOI remains to be assessed.
The neutral theory is dead. Long live the neutral theory

The neutral theory of molecular evolution has been instrumental in organizing our thinking about the nature of evolutionary forces shaping variation at the DNA level. More importantly, it has provided empiricists with a strong set of testable predictions and hence, a useful null hypothesis against which to test for the presence of selection. Evidence indicates that the neutral theory cannot explain key features of protein evolution nor patterns of biased codon usage in certain species. Whereas we now have a reasonable model of selection acting on synonymous changes in Drosophila, protein evolution remains poorly understood. Despite limitations in the applicability of the neutral theory, it is likely to remain an integral part of the quest to understand molecular evolution.
The Measurement of High Potentials and a Description of a New Type of Resistance

Two methods of measuring potentials of the order of 100,000 volts are given which make use of ordinary laboratory instruments. The two methods are compared experimentally and good agreement is obtained to within 1 per cent at least. A new type of resistance with an “effective zero temperature coefficient” is described and its use for the measurement of high potentials is discussed. The methods are of particular value when the power source is a small one.
Evaluating PEM fuel cell system models

Abstract Many proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell models have been reported in publications and some are available commercially. This paper helps users match their modeling needs with specific fuel cell models. The paper has three parts. First, it describes the model selection criteria for choosing a fuel cell model. Second, it applies these criteria to select state-of-the-art fuel cell models available in the literature and commercially. The advantages and disadvantages of commercial models are discussed. Third, the paper illustrates the process of choosing a fuel cell model with an example: the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s (NREL’s) evaluation of two detailed stand-alone fuel cell system models. One is from Virginia Tech University, and the other is from Sweden’s Royal Institute of Technology. Both models have been integrated into NREL’s vehicle simulation model ADVISOR™ 2003 (Advanced Vehicle Simulator).
Comparability of infant abdominal skin and axillary temperatures

Abstract Abdominal skin and axillary temperatures were monitored continuously over a 24-hour period in 12 healthy term gestation infants, 5 to 9 weeks’ postnatal age. Skin probes were adhered with insulated reflective water-soluble gel covers. Within-subject analysis demonstrated individual differences in the gradient between and relationship between measurement sites. Within subject, the largest mean ± SD gradient was 0.4 ± 0.5°C. Correlation between sites ranged from r = 0.15 to 0.93. Limits of agreement (mean difference ± 2 SD), calculated from a random pair of data points selected from each subject was −0.7447 to 0.9113°C. Findings from this limited sample suggest that continuous measures of abdominal skin and axillary temperatures may not be adequately comparable. Further research incorporating high-risk infants is merited.
Where Have All the Academies Gone

Dignified brick and cobblestone former academies, restored as boutiques, museums, and houses, lend a romantic touch to many small towns and villages of the northern states. Seeming relics of a quaint educational past, these actually are monuments to a ubiquitous institution of nineteenth-century northern American communities, one that has slipped to the margins of public memory and inspired few histories. Historians most comfortably write about the antecedents and evolution of existing institutions. Those not leaving trails to the present pose evidentiary and conceptual problems. Just finding a word to label an institution that crosses modern categories of primary, secondary, and higher education is difficult.
Processing global information in briefly presented pictures

The effect on object recognition of the processing of the global information in contextually coherent scenes was investigated in two experiments. In Experiment 1 subjects saw 100 ms presentations of line drawings containing objects that were either usual or unusual given the picture context. Following each exposure they were required to select from among four objects the one that had been contained in the scene. The consistency of the three distractor alternatives with the meaning of the picture was varied. Recognition accuracy was poor for unusual objects and when the distractors were consistent with the picture meaning and did not substantially differ from the performance of subjects who selected response alternatives after being provided with a theme of the picture, without actually viewing the pictures. This supports the conclusion that subjects were responding on the basis of the global information but not the local object information in the pictures. When the exposure duration was increased to 2 s (Experiment 2), processing of local information was apparent for both usual and unusual objects but effects of the global information were still evident.
Which empathy? Limitations in the mirrored “understanding” of emotion

The recent discovery of so-called “mirror-neurons” in monkeys and a corresponding mirroring “system” in humans has provoked wide endorsement of the claim that humans understand a variety of observed actions, somatic sensations, and emotions via a kind of direct representation of those actions, sensations, and emotions. Philosophical efforts to assess the import of such “mirrored understanding” have typically focused on how that understanding might be brought to bear on theories of mindreading (how we represent other creatures as having mental states), and usually in cases of action. By contrast, this paper assesses mirrored understanding in cases of emotion and its import for theories of empathy and especially empathy in ethical contexts. In particular, this paper argues that the mirrored understanding claim is ambiguous and ultimately misleading when applied to emotion, partly because mirroring proponents fail to appreciate the way in which empathy might serve a distinct normative function in our judgments of what other people feel. The paper thus concludes with a call to revise the mirrored understanding claim, whether in neuroscience, psychology, or philosophy.
Inheritance of Septoria tritici blotch resistance in winter wheat

Septoria tritici blotch (STB), a fungal foliar disease of wheat (Triticam aestivum L.) caused by Septoria tritici Rob. ex Desm., is a major constraint to wheat production worldwide. Understanding the inheritance of resistance in known resistant genotypes would potentially lead to more efficient deployment of host plant resistance. In our study, inheritance of seedling STB resistance was evaluated by an eight-parent full diallel set of crosses. Parents, F., and reciprocal F 1 were planted in a greenhouse on three different dates, Within each planting date, three to five seeds of each entry were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Plants at the second-leaf stage were inoculated with a bulk of six S. tritici isolates, Significant general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), and reciprocal effects were observed in the analysis of variance. The ratio of GCA sum of squares relative to SCA sum of squares suggested that GCA was mote important than SCA. Additive gene effects played a major role in host response to STB, while nonadditive gene effects were also detected. General combining ability effects of individual genotypes were in a close agreement with parental performance. KS94U338', a genotype with putative resistance derived from Aegilops tauschii Coss., had the lowest STB score and the highest general combining ability. Our results suggested that KS94U338, which possesses resistance thought to be distinct from other known sonrces, should prove useful in breeding efforts to improve STB resislance in wheat.
Very low field susceptibility of the boundary layers of 3He on grafoil

Abstract The low-field NMR spectra of 3He boundary layers on graphite show collective modes for T
Isotope effect on the nonradiative relaxation of acetone-18O☆

Abstract Phosphorescence lifetimes have been measured for acetone and acetone- 18 O in EPA glass and in the crystalline state both at 77°K. The lifetime of acetone- 18 O was found to be about 10% longer than that of normal acetone. These results are discussed in terms of theories of electronic relaxation.
Correlation of biologic data with physico-chemical properties among the vinca alkaloids and their congeners.

Abstract Displacement of [ 3 H]vinblastine binding to tubulin by other Vinca alkaloid derivatives has been demonstrated to be a competitive process, allowing for determination of the association constant of each drug. Correlation of LD 50 data and anti- P -388 activity was found with log P and log K a , according to the equations: log LD 50 = 0.129 ( log P) 2 − 0.522 log P − 0.479 log K a + 4.652 log P − 388 = 0.222 ( log P) 2 − 1.059 log P − 0.520 log K a + 5.366 . Vincristine and desacetylvinblastine were the two most active agents in this series. That the latter drug had significant biologic activity was of considerable interest, since it is known to be a human metabolite.
Gleanings of a chemiosmotic eye.

In 1961, an inventive Englishman, named Peter Mitchell, proposed a radically novel hypothesis to explain how energy is conserved during respiration and photosynthesis, and applied to the generation of ATP and other kinds of functional work. The chemiosmotic hypothesis sparked an intense controversy that lasted for 15 years. Today, Mitchell's conception of proton currents and their role in phosphorylation and active transport is generally accepted, and has ramified into many corners of cellular physiology. His most profound contribution may have been to introduce spatial direction into biochemistry, and thereby transform our perception of the relationship between molecules and cells.
Acclimation of barley to changes in light intensity: chlorophyll organization.

Barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Boone) were grown at 20°C with a 16h/8h light/dark cycle of either high (H) intensity (550 μmole m-2 s-1) or low (L) intensity (55 μmole m-2 s-1) white light. Plants were transferred from high to low (H → L) or low to high (L → H) light intensity at various times from 4 to 8 d after leaf emergence from the soil. Primary leaves were harvested at the beginning of the photoperiod and a 3 cm apical segment removed for analysis. H control plants had greater chlorophyll (Chl) per leaf area and higher Chl a/b ratios than L controls. Analysis of Chl-protein complexes revealed that H and L plants had the same percentage of total Chl (62–65%) associated with Photosystem II (PS II), but that the organization of Chl within PS II was different. H plants contained lower levels of light-harvesting complex (LHC-II) and higher levels of the PS II complex CPa compared with L plants. Leaf Chl content and Chl organization within PS II were sensitive to changes in light intensity. In H → L plants, leaf Chl content decreased, Chl a/b ratio decreased, and a redistribution of Chl from CPa to LHC-II occurred during acclimation to low light. Acclimation of L → H plants to high light involved an increase in leaf Chl content, an increase in Chl a/b ratio, and a decrease in LHC-II. In contrast, the level of photosystem I related Chl-protein complexes (CP1 + CP1a) was similar in all light treatments. The light acclimation process occurred slowly over a period of 6 to 8 d in H → L and L → H plants.
A Polynomial Time Algorithm for the Hausdorff Dimension of Continued Fraction Cantor Sets

For any finite setAof positive integers, letEA :={α∈(0, 1):αis irrational, and every partial quotient in the (infinite) simple continued fraction expansion ofαis an element ofA}. For setsAwith fewer than two elements,EAis uninteresting. For |A|⩾2,EAis a kind of Cantor fractal dust, with a Hausdorff dimension (dim EA) between 0 and 1. This work presents an algorithm which, given a finite setAof between 2 andNpositive integers 2N, determines dim EAto within ±2−NusingO(N7) elementary bit operations. There is also a convenient implementation of the algorithm in Mathematica® code, together with a small table and some conjectures.
Pulsatile and delayed release of lysozyme from ointment-like poly(ortho esters)

Abstract Poly(ortho esters) have been prepared by the reaction between 1,2,6-hexanetriol and various alkyl ortho esters. Because such polymers have very flexible chains, they are viscous, ointment-like materials at room temperature. Because therapeutic agents can be incorporated into such materials by a simple mixing procedure at room temperature and without the use of solvents, they are of particular interest for the controlled release of proteins. When lysozyme, used as a model protein, was incorporated into the ointment, release occurred only after an induction period that varied from less than one day to more than 30 days. The length of the delay time was found to depend on polymer molecular weight and the nature of the alkyl substituent of the polymer. No loss of activity of the enzyme, as measured by rate of lysis of Micrococcus lysodeikticus, was noted. Thus, this system has potential usefulness for the pulsatile release of proteins.
Anxiety sensitivity, injury sensitivity, and individual differences in fearfulness.

Abstract This investigation evaluated the relationship between anxiety sensitivity (the fear of anxiety) and other fears. The results are based on new analyses of previously published data for a sample of 147 college students. In the first study, a factor analysis of pooled items from the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) and the Fear Survey Schedule-II (FSS-II) found that the ASI formed its own distinct factor. In the second study, a “Dissimilar Fear Survey” (DFS) was constructed, and the technique of multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationships among the DFS and the variables of general anxiety level, anxiety sensitivity, and injury sensitivity (the fear of injury). When general anxiety level was held constant, anxiety sensitivity explained a significant amount of DFS variance that was not explained by injury sensitivity, and injury sensitivity explained a significant amount of variance not explained by anxiety sensitivity. The results provided evidence for distinguishing between anxiety sensitivity and other fears. The results also suggested a concept of fear sensitivity under which it might be impossible to construct a fear survey schedule with a low degree of internal reliability.
Coherent photoassociation of a Bose-Einstein condensate

We propose a phenomenological Hamiltonian for the analysis of photoassociation of a Bose-Einstein condensate. We find that, by adiabatically sweeping the frequency of the driving laser, a condensate of atoms may be converted rapidly to a condensate of molecules.
A Multi-scale Analysis of Influenza A Virus Fitness Trade-offs due to Temperature-dependent Virus Persistence

Successful replication within an infected host and successful transmission between hosts are key to the continued spread of most pathogens. Competing selection pressures exerted at these different scales can lead to evolutionary trade-offs between the determinants of fitness within and between hosts. Here, we examine such a trade-off in the context of influenza A viruses and the differential pressures exerted by temperature-dependent virus persistence. For a panel of avian influenza A virus strains, we find evidence for a trade-off between the persistence at high versus low temperatures. Combining a within-host model of influenza infection dynamics with a between-host transmission model, we study how such a trade-off affects virus fitness on the host population level. We show that conclusions regarding overall fitness are affected by the type of link assumed between the within- and between-host levels and the main route of transmission (direct or environmental). The relative importance of virulence and immune response mediated virus clearance are also found to influence the fitness impacts of virus persistence at low versus high temperatures. Based on our results, we predict that if transmission occurs mainly directly and scales linearly with virus load, and virulence or immune responses are negligible, the evolutionary pressure for influenza viruses to evolve toward good persistence at high within-host temperatures dominates. For all other scenarios, influenza viruses with good environmental persistence at low temperatures seem to be favored.
Genetics of energetics: transcriptional responses in cardiac metabolism.

Recent evidence suggests that energy substrate metabolism forms the link between gene expression and contractile function of the heart. This hypothesis draws on three seemingly unconnected observations, made in 1941 by three different investigators. The first gave rise to the concept of the dynamic nature of body constituents, the second to the concept of one gene for one enzyme, and the third to the concept of energy conservation in the phosphate bond of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the “∼P.” The heart employs different mechanisms to adapt to acute and to sustained changes in energy demand. While acute changes in energy demand are met by the coordinated activation or inactivation of enzymes, chronic changes in energy demand are met by adjustments in the rate of “metabolic” gene expression which are often isoform specific. Transcriptional analysis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) defines changes in energy substrate metabolism in response to an altered physiologic environment at the transcriptional level. The paradigm of cardiac hypertrophy and atrophy has revealed a surprisingly uniform and rapid response in cardiac gene expression including the reactivation of fetal metabolic genes. The physiologic consequences are revealed in a shift in substrate utilization from fatty acids to glucose. Clinical consequences include a change in metabolic gene expression of the failing human heart, including the downregulation of glucose transporters and the enzymes of fatty acid metabolism. Although it is possible to study regulation of metabolism at the level of gene expression, the complexities of the interactions between metabolic intermediates and transcription factors may be difficult to elucidate by simple reductionist approaches. A model of feedback/feedforward between genes and proteins is needed to explain the principle of reestablishing homeostatic control of metabolism as cellular and external environments change. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8719Hh, 8716Sr
Narcissistic personality disorder and self-esteem: An examination of differential relations with self-report and laboratory-based aggression

Abstract A controversy exists regarding the strength and replicability of relations between self-related constructs of self-esteem and narcissism in relation to aggression. Methodological issues have been posited to be responsible for these inconsistent results including an over-reliance on self-report measures and the use of dissimilar measures of aggression. In the current study, we examined the relations among Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), self-esteem and aggression in two samples. Both self-report and interview ratings of NPD were correlated with both laboratory-based and self-reported aggression. Alternatively, self-esteem manifested primarily nonsignificant relations with aggression, except when controlling for the variance shared with NPD. The current results add to the extant literature suggesting that narcissism may be the more powerful correlate of aggressive behavior.
The role of angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle cell growth

One of the major consequences of hypertension is an increase in the thickness of the arterial medial smooth muscle cell layer. This has been shown in both large and medium size resistance vessels caused by smooth muscle cell hypertrophy. Both in vivo and in vitro data suggest that the vasoconstrictor peptide angiotensin II (Ang II) may play an important role in the development of the smooth muscle hypertrophy. We have demonstrated that Ang II, when added to quiessence cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells, results in the rapid induction of the early growth response genes c-fos, c-myc, and c-jun
Role of Phospholipid Scramblase 3 in the Regulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Induced Apoptosis†

In tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced apoptosis, tBid is targeted to mitochondria and causes cytochrome c release. We investigated the regulation of tBid-induced cytochrome c release and apoptosis by phospholipid scramblase 3 (PLS3). Overexpression of PLS3 enhanced, whereas downregulation of PLS3 delayed, TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis and targeting of tBid to mitochondria. On the basis of the theory that tBid targets mitochondrial cardiolipin, we hypothesize that PLS3 enhances translocation of cardiolipin to the mitochondrial surface to facilitate tBid targeting. NAO, a cardiolipin binding dye, was first used to quantify the distribution of cardiolipin. Overexpression of PLS3 increases, whereas downregulation of PLS3 decreases, the percentage of cardiolipin on the mitochondrial surface. Determination of the tBid binding capacity on the mitochondrial surface by FITC-labeled tBid(G94E) also confirmed that tBid binding capacity increased upon PLS3 overexpression and decreased with downregulation of PLS3. PLS3 activity, determined by a lipid flip-flop assay, was activated by calcium and tBid but inhibited by Bcl-2. Mutation of the calcium binding motif abolishes the lipid flip-flop activity of PLS3. PLS3 and tBid may form a bidirectional positive feedback loop that is antagonized by Bcl-2. Overexpression of PLS3 does not affect mitochondrial potential but does interfere with mitochondrial respiration and production of reactive oxygen species. These studies thus establish PLS3 as an important downstream effector of Bcl-2 and tBid in apoptosis.
A novel preparation method for zeolite encaged Co clusters

A method has been devised to prepare reduced Co clusters in zeolite Y. Sodium acetate is impregnated after exchanging Co2+ ions into the zeolite. During calcination the acetate is partially or completely oxidized to sodium oxide. This not only stabilizes Co2+ ions in supercages, impeding their migration to smaller cages, but it also neutralizes the protons that are formed during the reduction of the Co2+ ions with H2. As a result, the temperature of effective reduction is lowered by up to 350 °C, depending on the calcination program. In unmodified zeolites, Co reduction requires a temperature above 750 °C, which inevitably induces partial destruction of the zeolite lattice; this novel method permits complete reduction of Co without damaging the zeolite lattice. It is predicted that this novel method should be applicable to other zeolite encaged metals of low reducibility such as Ni.
Differential herbivory on disk and ray flowers of gynomonoecious asters and goldenrods (Asteraceae)

The selective advantage of gynomonoecy, the sexual system wherein plants produce a mixture of female and bisexual flowers, is poorly understood. One hypothesis for the evolution of this system is that the absence of androecia from female flowers reduces herbivore damage to the gynoecia of these flowers. Here, we examined patterns of herbivore damage in 53 collections representing 25 species of asters and goldenrods from Massachusetts, USA. In these taxa flowers are crowded into compact capitula, with bisexual flowers occupying the centre and female flowers situated on the periphery. Damage to gynoecia of bisexual flowers was significantly greater than damage to gynoecia of female flowers overall, and in about half of the individual populations. We also compared damage to central and peripheral flowers in the heads of 16 collections of other Asteraceae that produce only bisexual flowers to see whether the location of flowers rather than their sex might determine the patterns of herbivory. In only one of these 16 collections did we find a significant difference in herbivory between flower positions. We conclude that herbivore damage is influenced by flower type in asters and goldenrods, a pattern consistent with a role for herbivory in the evolution and maintenance of gynomonoecy. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101, 544–552.
Inverse probability weighting and doubly robust methods in correcting the effects of non-response in the reimbursed medication and self-reported turnout estimates in the ATH survey

To assess the nonresponse rates in a questionnaire survey with respect to administrative register data, and to correct the bias statistically. The Finnish Regional Health and Well-being Study (ATH) in 2010 was based on a national sample and several regional samples. Missing data analysis was based on socio-demographic register data covering the whole sample. Inverse probability weighting (IPW) and doubly robust (DR) methods were estimated using the logistic regression model, which was selected using the Bayesian information criteria. The crude, weighted and true self-reported turnout in the 2008 municipal election and prevalences of entitlements to specially reimbursed medication, and the crude and weighted body mass index (BMI) means were compared. The IPW method appeared to remove a relatively large proportion of the bias compared to the crude prevalence estimates of the turnout and the entitlements to specially reimbursed medication. Several demographic factors were shown to be associated with missing data, but few interactions were found. Our results suggest that the IPW method can improve the accuracy of results of a population survey, and the model selection provides insight into the structure of missing data. However, health-related missing data mechanisms are beyond the scope of statistical methods, which mainly rely on socio-demographic information to correct the results.