cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discriminating four temperate lakes using phytoplankton absorption spectra

Photosynthetic algal particles are integral to the ecology and optical quality of lake water. Their absorption properties (photopigments, often >20 per species) are modified in response to drivers that affect the intensity and spectral distribution of incident solar energy, including the plankton itself, water, and chromophoric dissolved and suspended particulate matter. The present study was based on the hypothesis that this complex interaction imparts a distinguishing optical signature in lakes. A multivariate discriminant model was applied to in situ phytoplankton spectra from four temperate lakes of different trophy to test this hypothesis. The analysis identified a small set of wavelengths with significant discriminatory power that permitted near-perfect lake classification solely on the basis of the aggregate spectral features in the absorption coefficient of phytoplankton. Furthermore, weighting the sample spectra by the corresponding standard deviation increased model robustness considerably, as shown in both unsupervised and supervised classification. Also presented are additional multivariate techniques that allow for the visualization of the data structure to help explain contributing factors. The results support the possibility of utilizing the optical properties of the phytoplankton to monitor ecological change in lakes.
X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STUDY OF PHOSPHORANES. EFFECTS ON EQUATORIAL O–P–O BOND ANGLES OF INCLUSION OF PHOSPHORUS IN A 1,3,2-DIOXAPHOSPHORINANE RING

Abstract The crystal structures of phosphoranes 8 and 10 have been determined. Phosphorane 8 crystallizes in a monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 10.664 (1) A, b = 12.782 (2) A, c = 18.121 (1) A, β = 91.67 (1)°, and Z = 4. Phosphorane 10 crystallizes in a monoclinic space group P21/n with Z = 4, a = 7.014 (1) A, b = 34.019 (7) A, c = 9.022 (3) A, and β = 111.24 (2)°. Phosphoranes 8 and 10, with phosphorus included in a bicyclic ring system, feature a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal (TBP) local geometry about phosphorus. Determined were apical bond angles: O–P–O, 162.5 (1)° (8) and 163.3 (1)° (10) and equatorial bond angles: O–P–O. 107.7 (1)° (8) and 112.7 (1)° (10). These results suggest that compression of the equatorial O–P–O bond angle in the six-membered ring of 8 and related phosphoranes to allow pucker of the ring to assume a chair conformation may occur more easily than when phosphorus is not also part of the bicyclic ring system of 8 and 10.
Tomographic images of land mines by the elliptic systems method using GPR: efficient solution of the forward problem

The ultimate goal of the authors is apply inverse problem methods to image land mines using a electromagnetic GPR signal. Specifically, the intention is to use the recently developed Elliptic Systems Method, which has been successfully applied by these authors to the problem of laser imaging of biological tissues. As the first step, however, one should develop a fast and accurate numerical method for the solution of the forward problem to simulate the data for the inverse problem. The main difficulty of the latter consists of the requirement of solving a Helmholtz- like equation for high frequencies which is very time consuming using standard direct solution techniques. A novel accurate and rapid numerical procedure for the solution of this equation is described in this paper.
THE SEPARATION OF GREEN TEA CATECHINS BY MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY

A micellar electrokinetic chromatographic (MEKC) separation system was developed for the efficient separation of biologically and clinically important green tea catechins. Six structurally isomeric tea catechins, e.g., (−)epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), (−)epicatechin gallate (ECG), (−)gallocatechin gallate (GCG), (−)epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)epicatechin (EC), and (+)catechin (C), were effectively separated using a tetraborate/sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/β-cyclodextrin micellar buffer system. The effects of several critical separation parameters (micelle charge type, surfactant type, organic solvent buffer modifier, micelle concentration, buffer pH, and cyclodextrin buffer modifier) were evaluated for enhanced isomer separation and resolution. The pH was shown to be a strong factor influencing the separation of the isomers, but baseline resolution of all six structural isomers was only effected when a micellar buffer system contained β-cyclodextrin buffer modifier. The proficiency of the developed method was tested by determining the analytical levels (mg/g) of crude catechins in aqueous extractions of three varieties of green tea (Camellia sinesis). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 10: 671–679, 1998
Time series forecasting via noisy channel reversal

Developing a precise understanding of the dynamic behavior of time series is crucial for the success of forecasting techniques. We introduce a novel communication-theoretic framework for modeling and forecasting time series. In particular, the observed time series is modeled as the output of a noisy communication system with the input as the future values of time series. We use a data-driven probabilistic approach to estimate the unknown parameters of the system which in turn is used for forecasting. We also develop an extension of the proposed framework together with a filtering algorithm to account for the noise and heterogeneity in the quality of time series. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.
Child Health in Peru: Importance of Regional Variation and Community Effects on Children's Height and Weight

In developing countries, height and weight are good indicators of children's health and nutritional status. Maternal education has been accepted as one of the most important influences on child health. Using the 2000 Demographic and Health Survey of Peru, however, I find that the effect of maternal education varies as a function of region. In the most prosperous urban region, maternal education is less important for child health than in poor rural areas, and a higher level of education has a greater effect in rural areas. Multilevel analysis shows that a significant part of the observed correlation between maternal education and child health is moderated by regional differences and community characteristics. The finding suggests that Peruvian public policy should emphasize resource redistribution as well as women's education, and that investment in maternal education should be considered within regional contexts to enhance child health in rural areas.
Local and models for nonlinear dynamic analysis of multi-story shear buildings subject to earthquake loading.

Abstract This paper proposes a global hysteretic model and establishes analytical relationship between the parameters of local and global hysteretic models for seismic analysis of multi-story shear type buildings. In both models, the analysis involves hysteretic constitutive laws commonly used in earthquake engineering to represent restoring forces and nonlinear dynamic analysis to estimate the seismic response of structural systems. However, when the global model is used, the dimension of dynamic structural analysis becomes much smaller, and hence, the computational effort can be reduced significantly. From the proposed relationship between these models, the local hysteretic behavior and damage can be recovered from analysis based on global models. Several numerical examples based on nondegrading and degrading hysteresis of both single- and multi-degree-of-freedom shear beam systems are presented to illustrate and validate the proposed methodology. The results suggest that the global model can provide accurate estimates of seismic response and damage characteristics of structural systems.
Semiperiodic variations in CO2 abundance on Venus

Tests of the uniqueness of periodicity in the strength of the P branch (P2-P38) of the 8689 A CO2 band on Venus are described. It was found that the observed 4-day periodicity was not unique. The periodicity indicated an increasing asymmetry between the northern and southern hemispheres with approach to inferior conjunction or with increasing phase angle. When the slit positions of the various scans were referred to the planet or atmospheric equator rather than to the intensity equator, at inferior conjunction, the slit positions having a factor of two greater CO2 abundance or line strength were over the polar latitudes of the atmosphere. Similarly, the lower-abundance slit positions were over the equatorial latitudes of the atmosphere. It is thus concluded that the level of line formation must be lower over polar latitudes than over equatorial regions.
The child with a limp: a symptom and not a diagnosis

The limping child frequently poses a diagnostic challenge and clinical assessment may not be easy. Epidemiological studies are sparse; in one study1 children with an acute limp accounted for <2% of all paediatric emergency department (ED) attendances although the frequency may well be different in the primary care setting. Trauma is the commonest cause of limping and many cases of atraumatic limp will resolve spontaneously. However, limp is not a diagnosis and it is important to assess limping children carefully as rarer, but serious, causes can be associated with significant morbidity, and even mortality, if there is a delay in diagnosis. Children warranting urgent investigation are the very young (<3 years of age), the ill and febrile, the non-weight bearing and those with painful restricted hip movements. Teaching on the limping child correctly focuses on the hip, where significant pathology often occurs. However, limp may be due to extra-articular causes or joint problems other than those affecting the hip; these can be easily missed without careful assessment. In most cases, acute limping describes an antalgic (painful) gait, that is, minimising weight bearing on a sore limb, with a shortened stance phase and increased swing phase of the gait cycle. Acute refers to duration of 1–2 days in contrast to a chronic limp (>6 weeks) and subacute (2 days and up to 6 weeks). Subtle limping may be accentuated by asking the child to run: listening for an asymmetric cadence can be helpful. Limping is also used to describe other abnormal gait patterns, often due to a spectrum of causes that are not acute in origin (eg, cerebral palsy) and not covered in detail in this article. The age of the child is helpful in establishing a differential diagnosis (table 1)2 ,3 which will be aided by careful initial assessment, judicious use …
The Unbearable Fatigue of Compassion: Notes from a Substance Abuse Counselor Who Dreams of Working at Starbuck’s

Current research has determined that a larger percent of social workers and other counselors are affected by PTSD types of symptoms when working with traumatized clients than the general population. While much of this research addresses workers in specific trauma areas like sexual assault centers or child welfare agencies, little specific thought has been given towards the special stress that working with Substance Abuse Disorders (SA) and trauma may present. This paper takes a brief look at the issues of vicarious trauma and compassion fatigue with SA practice and describes future investigation pathways toward this goal.
Perineal Dermatitis in the Elderly: A Critical Review of the Literature

The review of literature revealed a significant lack of research on the pathogenesis of perineal dermatitis in the elderly. The majority of what is known about this condition stems from the pediatric population. The differences between TEWL and skin surface pH levels in pediatric and geriatric skin raises questions about the further generalizability of the pediatric studies. There appears to be some controversy in the literature regarding whether baseline TEWL is increased or decreased in cutaneous aging. The literature did reveal some data indicating that skin surface pH increases with age; however, no data on the perineum was found. No studies examining the role of TEWL and skin surface pH and its association in the development of perineal dermatitis in the elderly were found. Additionally, no studies were found that examine the nursing variables identified in the literature search. The paucity of scientific data on this serious and costly condition warrants additional research in this area.
Effect of semantic inconsistency on sentence grammaticality judgements for children with and without language-learning disabilities:

The effect of semantic inconsistency on performance of an auditory sentence grammaticality judgement task was investigated with 69 school-age children with and without language-learning disabilitie...
Coarse Dynamics for Coarse Modeling: An Example From Population Biology

Networks have become a popular way to concisely represent complex nonlinear systems where the interactions and parameters are imprecisely known. One challenge is how best to describe the associated dynamics, which can exhibit complicated behavior sensitive to small changes in parameters. A recently developed computational approach that we refer to as a database for dynamics provides a robust and mathematically rigorous description of global dynamics over large ranges of parameter space. To demonstrate the potential of this approach we consider two classical age-structured population models that share the same network diagram and have a similar nonlinear overcompensatory term, but nevertheless yield different patterns of qualitative behavior as a function of parameters. Using a generalization of these models we relate the different structure of the dynamics that are observed in the context of biologically relevant questions such as stable oscillations in populations, bistability, and permanence.
Distribution of surfactant, lung compliance, and aeration of preterm rabbit lungs after surfactant therapy and conventional and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation.

ABSTRACT: Previous studies in preterm lambs have shown that exogenous surfactant is more uniformly distributed if given at birth before ventilation or if followed by high-frequency ventilation (HFV) after establishing conventional ventilation (CV). We hypothesized that the preterm rabbit pup would respond similarly and that improved respiratory system compliance (Crs) would accompany improved surfactant distribution. We randomized pups (27 d gestation) into three groups: control, surfactant at birth, and surfactant after 15 min of CV (rescue). We administered dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-[3H]choline-labe!ed natural surfactant by tracheostomy to each of the treated groups. The two treatment groups were treated for 15 min with either HFV or CV and subsequently with CV. We measured Crs at 15, 25, 35, and 45 min after surfactant. Lungs from pups treated with CV or HFV (n = 89) for 15 min, with and without 30 min of subsequent CV, were cut into 32 pieces that were counted for distribution of label or were sectioned for quantitative morphometry (n = 36). Pups receiving surfactant after 15 min of CV had higher Crs 15 min after surfactant than either pups treated with surfactant at birth or controls (p < 0.001). The Crs of pups 15 min after rescue surfactant followed by HFV was lower than that of pups treated with CV (p < 0.05) but was higher than that of either control or pups treated at birth groups (p < 0.05). Crs at 35 and 45 min after surfactant were the same in all treatment groups. Application of HFV appeared to delay the delivery of surfactant to the distal airspaces. Differences in Crs paralleled differences in the uniformity of distribution of radiolabel. Distribution was more uniform in pups treated with CV than HFV after rescue (p < 0.001) and after an additional 30 min of CV in both CV and HFV rescue groups. Aeration as judged by morphometry was similar in all treatment groups. These observations differ from previous reports and may be explained by differences in species, methods of HFV, or the use of natural surfactant containing surfactant-associated protein A versus lipid-extracted surfactant formulations containing solely lipophilic proteins.
Total ssynthesis of (±) thiolactomycin

Abstract We have completed the first total synthesis of (±)-thiolactomycin by a five-step procedure in 10% overall yield starting from ketoester 6. The key step involves addition of dianion 3 to 3-ethoxy-2-methyl-2-propenal. The resulting aldehyde 11 was then converted into (±)-thiolactomycin.
In Vivo Effects of Estrogen on Ovine Pituitaries: Prolactim and Growth Hormone Biosynthesis and Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Translation*

PRL and GH biosynthesis was monitored in sheep in response to steroid treatment. Ovariectomized ewes were treated for 10 days with one of the following: oil vehicle, progesterone, estradiol cyclopropionate, or progesterone and estradiol in combination. The incorporation of radioactive leucine into PRL and GH was measured by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and immunoprecipitation. PRL production increased from 26% of total protein synthesis to 39% in estrogen-treated animals (an increase to 150% of control values), while GH synthesis was maintained at 5% of the total protein. Progesterone alone had no significant effect on either peptide and did not interfere with the estrogen-induced increase in PRL synthesis. To examine effects at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level, RNA was isolated from pituitaries and translated in the wheat germ system with radioactive leucine. Both immunoprecipitated PRL and GH cell-free products were larger than their respective standards on sodium dodecyl ...
Quantum Decoherence in a Pragmatist View: Dispelling Feynman’s Mystery

The quantum theory of decoherence plays an important role in a pragmatist interpretation of quantum theory. It governs the descriptive content of claims about values of physical magnitudes and offers advice on when to use quantum probabilities as a guide to their truth. The content of a claim is to be understood in terms of its role in inferences. This promises a better treatment of meaning than that offered by Bohr. Quantum theory models physical systems with no mention of measurement: it is decoherence, not measurement, that licenses application of Born’s probability rule. So quantum theory also offers advice on its own application. I show how this works in a simple model of decoherence, and then in applications to both laboratory experiments and natural systems. Applications to quantum field theory and the measurement problem will be discussed elsewhere.
How We Manage Portability and Configuration with the C Preprocessor

An in-depth investigation of C preprocessor usage for portability and configuration management is presented. Three heavily-ported and widely used C++ libraries are examined. A core set of header files responsible for configuration management is identified in each system. Then macro usage is extracted and analyzed both manually and with the help of program analysis tools. The configuration structure of each library is discussed in details and commonalities between the systems, including conventions and patterns are discussed. A common configuration architecture for managing portability concerns is derived and presented.
Vibrational frequencies and structural determination of dimethylketene

Abstract The vibrational frequencies and corresponding normal mode assignments of dimethylketene are examined theoretically using the Gaussian98 set of quantum chemistry codes. All normal modes were successfully assigned to one of nine types of motion predicted by a group theoretical analysis (C–H stretch, C–C stretch, C C O symmetric stretch, C C O asymmetric stretch, C C O bend, C–C–C bend, H–C–H bend, CH 3 twist, and CH 3 wag) utilizing the C 2v symmetry of the molecule.
Economism and the Commercialization of Health Care

Those concerned over the excessive commercialization of health care, to the detriment of both professional and patient-centered values, commonly propose remedies that assume that meaningful change can occur largely within the health care sector. I argue instead that a major shift in the public culture and political discourse of the U.S. will be required if the commercialization of health care is to be adequately addressed. The notion that health and health care are commodities to be bought and sold in the market is encouraged by the ideology that is preferably called economism, though also today labeled neoliberalism, market fundamentalism, market triumphalism, and other terms. This ideology has been successful in pushing aside alternative accounts and policies over the past four decades, so that economism-inspired policies seem both commonsensical and inevitable. This dominance of the public political discourse hides two important facts about economism - it is a quasi-religious ideology that pretends to be a reflection of economic science; and it is shot through with internal contradictions that ultimately render it self-defeating as a guide to policy. Advocates for reduced commercialism in health care must directly address economism and attempt to educate the public and policymakers about its flaws.
PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 7 and 9 Are Partially Redundant Genes Essential for the Temperature Responsiveness of the Arabidopsis Circadian Clock

Environmental time cues, such as photocycles (light/dark) and thermocycles (warm/cold), synchronize (entrain) endogenous biological clocks to local time. Although much is known about entrainment of the Arabidopsis thaliana clock to photocycles, the determinants of thermoperception and entrainment to thermocycles are not known. The Arabidopsis PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR (PRR) genes, including the clock component TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1/PRR1, are related to bacterial, fungal, and plant response regulators but lack the conserved Asp that is normally phosphorylated by an upstream sensory kinase. Here, we show that two PRR family members, PRR7 and PRR9, are partially redundant; single prr7-3 or prr9-1 mutants exhibit modest period lengthening, but the prr7-3 prr9-1 double mutant shows dramatic and more than additive period lengthening in the light and becomes arrhythmic in constant darkness. The prr7-3 prr9-1 mutant fails both to maintain an oscillation after entrainment to thermocycles and to reset its clock in response to cold pulses and thus represents an important mutant strongly affected in temperature entrainment in higher plants. We conclude that PRR7 and PRR9 are critical components of a temperature-sensitive circadian system. PRR7 and PRR9 could function in temperature and light input pathways or they could represent elements of an oscillator necessary for the clock to respond to temperature signals.
Atomic force microscopy of freeze-fracture replicas of rat atrial tissue.

Summary Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has provided three-dimensional (3-D) surface images of many biological specimens at molecular resolution. In the absence of spectroscopic capability for AFM, it is often difficult to distinguish individual components if the specimen contains a population of mixed structures such as in a cellular membrane. In an effort to understand the AFM images better, a correlative study between AFM and the well-established technique of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed. Freeze-fractured replicas of adult rat atrial tissue were examined by both TEM and AFM. The same replicas were analysed and the same details were identified, which allowed a critical comparison of surface topography by both techniques. AFM images of large-scale subcellular structures (nuclei, mitochondria, granules) correlated well with TEM images. AFM images of smaller features and surface textures appeared somewhat different from the TEM images. This presumably reflects the difference in the surface sensitivity of AFM versus TEM, as well as the nature of images in AFM (3-D surface contour) and TEM (2-D projection). AFM images also provided new information about the replica itself. Unlike TEM, it was possible to examine both sides of the replica with AFM; the resolution on one side was significantly greater compared with the other side. It was also possible to obtain quantitative height information which is not readily available with TEM.
Control of a Salmonella virulence locus by an ATP-sensing leader messenger RNA

The facultative intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica resides within a membrane-bound compartment inside macrophages. This compartment must be acidified for Salmonella to survive within macrophages, possibly because acidic pH promotes expression of Salmonella virulence proteins. We reasoned that Salmonella might sense its surroundings have turned acidic not only upon protonation of the extracytoplasmic domain of a protein sensor but also by an increase in cytosolic ATP levels, because conditions that enhance the proton gradient across the bacterial inner membrane stimulate ATP synthesis. Here we report that an increase in cytosolic ATP promotes transcription of the coding region for the virulence gene mgtC, which is the most highly induced horizontally acquired gene when Salmonella is inside macrophages. This transcript is induced both upon media acidification and by physiological conditions that increase ATP levels independently of acidification. ATP is sensed by the coupling/uncoupling of transcription of the unusually long mgtC leader messenger RNA and translation of a short open reading frame located in this region. A mutation in the mgtC leader messenger RNA that eliminates the response to ATP hinders mgtC expression inside macrophages and attenuates Salmonella virulence in mice. Our results define a singular example of an ATP-sensing leader messenger RNA. Moreover, they indicate that pathogens can interpret extracellular cues by the impact they have on cellular metabolites.
Late Holocene Great Basin Prehistory

Late Holocene Great Basin prehistory is a spatial and temporal mosaic of lifeways related to changing physical and social environments. Evidence shows changes in technology, subsistence, foraging tactics, and population density, though the causes of these changes are still under investigation. Current research has emphasized the role of wetlands and, related to this, the so-called Numic expansion, whose timing and nature are still poorly understood. Behavioral ecology applied to a macroregional scale probably offers the most useful approach to solving this and other issues, given the exigencies of hunter-gatherer archaeology in a desert environment.
Temperature Measurement of Foods Using Chemical Shift Magnetic Resonance Imaging as Compared with T1-weighted Temperature Mapping

A method based on change in proton precession frequency with temperature was compared with temperature measurement by T1-weighted imaging. Temperature maps of a gel, and of cooked and raw red potatoes were developed during heating from 20 to 60°C. To measure change in proton precession frequency, a steady state free precession sequence allowed 2-dimensional acquisitions in 8 sec with spatial resolution of 0.88 mm 2 . Temperature resolution with chemical shift imaging, ranged from 0.3 to 3°C, decreasing with increasing temperature due to a decrease in signal to noise ratio. The difference by this method and thermocouples was < 5°C. T1-weighted spin-echo images showed artifacts due to an inhomogeneous T1 distribution within the potatoes, indicating chemical shift was more reliable for inhomogeneous foods.
Specific protein targets of 13-oxooctadecadienoic acid (13-OXO) and export of the 13-OXO–glutathione conjugate in HT-29 cells

Abstract The linoleic acid metabolite, 13-oxooctadecadienoic acid (13-OXO), is reactive with cellular thiols. In the present report, incubations of HT-29 or CaCo-2 homogenates with 13-OXO and GSH indicate that HT-29 cell homogenates produce a 13-OXO–GSH conjugate. The conjugate formed was likely of enzymatic origin as chiral-phase HPLC showed the major product consisted of only one of two possible diastereomers. The glutathione transferase activity (GST), using chlorodinitrobenzene, was found to be 126 nmol/mg/min in HT-29 cells and 21 nmol/mg/min in CaCo-2 cells. These levels of activity are consistent with the relative ability of the two cell lines to conjugate GSH to 13-OXO. Incubation of intact HT-29 cells with either 13-OXO, or the metabolic precursor 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE), showed detectable 13-OXO–GSH conjugate in the media, but none in the cells. The stereochemistry of the extracellular conjugate suggested an enzymatic origin. In additional experiments, the labeling of cellular protein by 13-HODE was much more specific than the labeling of protein by 13-OXO suggesting that in situ generation of 13-OXO from 13-HODE confers selectivity on the reactions between cellular thiols and 13-OXO. These results demonstrate that in HT-29 cells, 13-HODE is converted to 13-OXO which then either reacts with cellular protein or is conjugated to GSH by GST. The 13-OXO–GSH conjugate is then exported from the cell.
Comparison of the electrophilic and free-radical addition of halogens with hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene and 1,3-butadiene

Abstract Ionic and photochemical reaction of chlorine (Cl2), bromine (Br2) and iodine monochloride (ICl) to hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene (1) and 1,3-butadiene (2) were carried out under conditions that would provide product distributions under controlled ionic or free-radical conditions. Product distributions for ionic reaction of Cl2 and Br2 with 1 are similar and suggest a weakly-bridged halonium ion species. Theoretical calculations support weakly-bridged chloronium and bromonium ions for both dienes 1 and 2. There are more of the 1,4-dihalo-2-butene products from ionic halogenation of 1 than 2 which correlates with the greater charge density on carbon-4 of halonium ions from 1. Ionic and free-radical reactions of ICl with 1 give 8 and 2% of 3-chloro-4-iodohexafluoro-1-butene and 4-chloro-3-iodohexafluoro-1-butene, respectively. The minor cis-1,4-dihalo-2-butene products from 1 and 2 are reported when formed.
Bubble guidance of tubular growth in reaction-precipitation systems.

Numerous types of reaction–precipitation systems involve the growth of tubular structures similar to those formed in “silica gardens”. As a model case for this phenomenon, we investigate the rapid growth of hollow tubes in the reaction between sodium silicate and cupric sulfate. The latter solution is injected hydrodynamically at constant flow rates of 1–20 mL h−1 into a large reservoir of waterglass. In this study, the growth is templated and guided by single, buoyant gas bubbles. The resulting tubes can be several decimetres long and have constant radii in the range of 100–600 μm. Systematic measurements show that bubble size governs the tube radius. According to this radius, the system selects its growth velocity following volume conservation of the injected solution. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy reveals intricate ring patterns on the tube walls. We also show evidence for the existence of a minimal and a maximal tube radius. Finally, we report an intriguing collapse of tubes created at high silicate concentrations, which yields twisted ribbon-like structures. Critical radii and tube collapse are discussed in terms of simple competing forces.
Managing Nutrition Problems in Transplant Patients

Patients who undergo organ transplantation receive immunosuppressive drugs in the posttrans-plant period. All of these drugs influence host metabolic response or alter nutrient intake. One of the most prominent aspects of the posttransplant period is the occurrence of hyperlipidemia, which may require dietary or pharmacologic control. Dietary recommendations for this patient population include limiting carbohydrate intake, restricting caloric intake to maintain ideal body weight, and maintaining a low cholesterol/saturated fat diet.
Variational reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) grid method for quantum mechanical bound-state problems

Abstract An efficient grid-based method is presented for numerically solving the bound-state Schrodinger equation. The method is based on utilizing the reproducing kernel Hilbert space technique to accurately interpolate between grid points for wavefunctions. A reproducing kernel of simple form for solving bound-state problems is introduced in terms of an appropriate Green's function, in conjunction with a simple and effective procedure for sampling unevenly spaced grid points. Numerical tests made on two model potentials demonstrate that the method can offer accurate results.
Position‐Relative Consequentialism, Agent‐Centered Options, and Supererogation*

According to commonsense morality, we often have an agent-centered option, an option either to safeguard our own personal interests or to sacrifice those interests for the sake of the impersonal good. In such cases, sacrificing one’s interests is supererogatory; although it is what one has most moral reason to do, it is not what one is morally required to do. These commonsense intuitions seem incompatible with maximizing act consequentialism (hereafter, consequentialism), the view according to which agents are always morally required to bring about the best available state of affairs. Nevertheless, I will argue that a certain form of consequentialism (namely, position-relative consequentialism) can accommodate both agent-centered options and supererogatory acts. This conclusion is surprising in itself, but even more surprising is how I arrive at it. I argue that anyone generally concerned to accommodate our pretheoretical moral intuitions will have to give a certain account of agent-centered options and supererogatory acts and that this account is the very one that allows for the consequentialist to accommodate both. So my article should be of interest not just to those concerned
An Art Historian Encounters a Hybrid Global History at Home: Alfredo Ramos Martinez’s Designs for Sacred Spaces

‭Southern California’s hidden treasures include two church interiors containing elements designed by Alfredo Ramos Martinez (1871–1946). This Mexican-born artist trained in France, returned to take an activist role in Mexican revolutionary culture, and migrated to the United States in 1929. For sixteen years, his talents were in demand among members of the Hollywood elite. In 1934, he produced the fresco murals at the Santa Barbara Cemetery Chapel, a jewel of Spanish Revival architecture. His images crossed over traditional boundaries between the sacred and the profane. He created odes to human rights and suffering humanity, depicting Christ and his mother as indigenous peasants with dark-skinned New World ethnicity. A decade later in 1946, Ramos sketched designs for his final projects at St. John the Evangelist Church in Los Angeles: a series of stained glass windows representing fourteen multiethnic saints as well as incomplete oil painted Stations of the Cross that recall his earlier pictures of suffering humanity. The architectural setting—a modernist church with stripped-down forms and materials of concrete, steel, and neon—announces a radically transformed post-war industrial culture. The contrast of these two aesthetics, the Spanish Revival and the modernist, demonstrates an evolution in liturgical forms as Californians came to grips with global migrations and an evolving modernist identity.‬
Structural vulnerability and access to medical care among migrant street-based male sex workers in Germany

This article discusses health concerns of migrant street-based male sex workers (SMSW) in Germany, a population that remains underexplored by health and social scientists. It is based on five months of ethnographic research in 2011/2012, including 46 semi-structured interviews with physicians, social workers, health department staff, and SMSW from Romania and Bulgaria. This is supplemented with annual reports by organizations providing assistance to this population in eight cities. The article contributes, first, an analysis of the increase in migrant SMSW as a response to economic opportunities (freedom of movement across European Union borders) and constraints (transitional measures restricting access to the labor market). It seeks to move beyond the myopic association between sex work and HIV to contextualize health risks as resultant of macro-level processes associated with migration. Second, the article contributes a summary of primary health concerns for this population. Especially troubling is their lack of access to regular medical services, reflecting a socio-legal position that often resembles that of unauthorized migrants rather than European Union citizens.
Analysis of binding surfaces: A methodology appropriate for the investigation of complex receptor mechanisms and multiple neurotransmitter receptors

In this study we describe a novel experimental design: analysis of three-dimensional binding surfaces. Evidence is presented that a binding surface provides greater information content than does a single binding isotherm. This approach to the design and analysis of ligand binding studies should facilitate quantitative studies of the opiate receptor.
The differences among travel agency users in the importance ratings of agency service features.

A sample of travel agency users from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, were surveyed to assess their attitudes about 29 agency service features. Factor analysis of the features resulted in the identification of seven dimensions of agency usage: information search, interactive agent quality, physical aspects of the agency, buyer value, technical skill, and two groups of specialized services. Comparisons based on specific user characteristics revealed leisure travelers considered information search to be more important than business travelers did, and women rated information search, physical aspects of the agency (location and convenience), and buyer value to be more important than men did.
Environmental Reflectance Degradation Of Central Receiver Test Facility (CRTF) Heliostats

A laboratory bidirectional reflectometer and a field. portable reilectometer have been used to determine' the effects, of environmental exposure and consequent dust buildup on the reflectance of mirrors located. in the heliostat field of the Central Receiver Test, Facility (CRTF). Surprisingly low rates of reflectance degradation have been observed in 64 weeks of sample mirror exposure and in two and one-half years of CF heliostat exposure, © (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Protein solution structure determination using distances from two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect experiments: effect of approximations on the accuracy of derived structures.

Abstract Solution structures for many proteins have been determined to date utilizing interproton distance constraints estimated from two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect (2D NOE) spectra. Although the simple isolated spin pair approximation (ISPA) generally used can result in systematic errors in distances, the large number of constraints enables protein structure to be defined with reasonably high resolution. Effects of these systematic errors on the resulting protein structure are examined. Iterative relaxation matrix calculations, which account for dipolar interactions between all protons in a molecule, can accurately determine internuclear distances with little or no a priori knowledge of the molecular structure. The value of this additional complexity is also addressed. To assess these distance determination methods, hypothetical "experimental" data, including random noise and peak overlap, are calculated for an arbitrary "true" protein structure. Three methods of obtaining distance constraints from 2D NOE peak intensities are examined: one entails a conservative use of ISPA, one assumes the ISPA to be fairly accurate, and one utilizes an iterative relaxation matrix method called MARDIGRAS (matrix analysis of relaxation for discerning the geometry of an aqueous structure), developed in this laboratory. A distance geometry algorithm was used to generate a family of structures for each distance set. The quality of the average structure from each family was good. The root-mean-square deviation of that average structure from the true structure was improved about 2-5% using the more restrictive rather than the more conservative ISPA approach. Use of MARDIGRAS in a conservative fashion--i.e., with a poor initial model--resulted in improvement in the root-mean-square deviation by 8-15%. With a better initial model, MARDIGRAS obtained even more accurate distances. MARDIGRAS also permits analysis of 2D NOE data at longer mixing times, yielding additional distances. Use of more restrictive ISPA distances did, however, result in a few systematically incorrect structural features in local regions of the protein, producing distortions of 2-3 A. Comparison between experimental data and spectra calculated for the structures correlates with root-mean-square deviation, offering a method of structure evaluation. An R factor for evaluating fit between experimental and calculated 2D NOE intensities is proposed.
Inclusion body myositis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A case series

Sporadic inclusion body myositis (IBM) is distinguished from other inflammatory myopathies based on clinical and histopathologic features, including slowly progressive weakness in middle or later age, with a predilection for finger flexors, wrist flexors, and quadriceps muscles. We report 4 patients with IBM and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Only one such patient has been reported previously.1
Ammoniated Cane Molasses and Similar Products in the Rations of Dairy Calves

Summary Ammoniated cane molasses, ammoniated inverted cane molasses and ammoniated condensed distillers' molasses solubles were fed to growing Holstein bull calves. The nitrogen from ammonia was fed as a replacement for the nitrogen of soybean oil meal and oats. It does not appear that nitrogen from ammonia can be used under the conditions studied in calves until they are nearly 12 wk. of age. In calves 12 to 16 wk. of age, gains of approximately 2.0lb. per day were obtained with rations containing these products. Similarly, it was found that the nitrogen of ammoniated products was as digestible as that of the nitrogen of soybean oil meal and oats in calves at 15 to 16 wk. of age. It appears that ammonia nitrogen may serve as a valuable source Of nitrogen for mature dairy cattle.
A review of ethics for competitive intelligence activities

An examination of the professional literature reveals a wide a variety of competitive intelligence (CI) practices, including those which might be considered unethical. Some CI reference books label unconsented-to surveillance as a questionable activity. But others argue CI professionals should be able to engage in certain forms of misrepresentation in order to gain information about a competitor, as long as the misrepresentation does not harm others by forcing them to participate in activities that violate their ethical duty. Because of competing viewpoints, it is imperative that the profession develop its own sense of ethics. Moreover, CI professionals can find guidance in corporate codes of conduct—and make significant contributions to the ongoing development of corporate codes. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Manufacturing 2: shop scheduling using Tabu search and simulation

An important goal in scheduling products through a manufacturing facility is to assure that the work is completed as close as possible to its due date. Work that is late creates downstream delays, while early completion can be detrimental if storage space is limited. This paper reports initial results in developing a scheduling procedure for an automated steel plate fabrication facility. The approach uses Tabu search combined with simulation to schedule product through a set of machines. Performance of the procedure is evaluated by comparison to the optimal solution for small problem instances, and to a good heuristic for larger problems. Results show that the Tabu search method works well for the problem. Combining Tabu search with simulation allows the incorporation of more realistic constraints on system operation.
Failure to achieve clinical improvement despite graft patency in patients undergoing infrainguinal lower extremity bypass for critical limb ischemia.

Objective Studies of infrainguinal lower extremity bypass for critical limb ischemia (CLI) have traditionally emphasized outcomes of patency, limb salvage, and death. Because functional outcomes are equally important, our objectives were to describe the proportion of CLI patients who did not achieve symptomatic improvement 1 year after bypass, despite having patent grafts, and identify preoperative factors associated with this outcome. Methods The prospectively collected Vascular Study Group of Northern New England database was used to identify all patients with elective infrainguinal lower extremity bypass for CLI (2003 to 2007) for whom long-term follow-up data were available. The primary composite study end point was clinical failure at 1 year after bypass, defined as amputation or persistent or worsened ischemic symptoms (rest pain or tissue loss), despite a patent graft. Variables identified on univariate screening (inclusion threshold, P Results Long-term follow-up data were available for 1012 patients who underwent infrainguinal bypasses for CLI, of which 788 (78%) remained patent at 1 year. Of these, 79 (10%) met criteria for the composite end point of clinical failure: 21 (2.7%) for major amputations and 58 (7.4%) for persistent rest pain or tissue loss. In multivariable analysis, significant predictors of clinical failure included dialysis dependence (odds ratio [OR], 3.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.84-7.62; P Conclusions After infrainguinal lower extremity bypass for CLI, 10% of patients with a patent graft did not achieve clinical improvement at 1 year. Preoperative identification of this specific patient subgroup remains challenging. To improve surgical decision making and the overall care of CLI patients, further emphasis needs to be placed on functional outcomes in addition to traditional surgical end points.
Dynamic localization of a particle in an electric field viewed in momentum space: connection with Bloch oscillations

Abstract A recent investigation has shown that the motion of a charged particle on a discrete lattice under the action of a time-dependent electric field can exhibit a peculiar phenomenon involving the dynamic localization of the particle whenever the magnitude and frequency of the applied field are in certain ratios to each other. The connection of this phenomenon to the familiar effect of Bloch oscillations is studied by exploring the phenomenon in momentum space.