cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PTSD: The Medications

At some point, all of the types of psychotropic medication have been used to treat PTSD. Evidence, however, supports the use of only two very different categories of medication in treating PTSD – SSRI/SNRI antidepressants (selegiline, paroxetine, and venlafaxine) and antihypertensives affecting the catecholamine system (prazosin and propranolol). Other agents having proven effectiveness in treating common comorbid diagnoses (e.g., insomnia and depression) are often useful in treating PTSD. But there is very little evidence indicating any effectiveness for many of the drugs and medications used historically, and are still being used, to treat patients with PTSD. Some of these agents have significant side effects (e.g., benzodiazepines can exacerbate the response to trauma, suppress natural capacities to cope with stress, and induce disinhibition). Many induce significant daytime sleepiness after use (e.g., antipsychotics, sedatives, sedating antidepressants, and anticonvulsants). Some such as the opiates and sedatives are toxic in overdose, especially when combined with ethanol. Others (e.g., cannabis and psychedelics) have received only minimal study due to their illegal status. In treating PTSD, the results obtained even in the most successful medication trials are far less impressive than those attained using non-drug psychological therapies as PE, IRT, and EMDR. The addition of one of these psychological therapies to the treatment regimens of PTSD patients treated only with medication is strongly recommended.
Dietary SFAs and ω-6 Fatty Acids Alter Incorporation of ω-3 Fatty Acids into Milk Fat of Lactating CD-1 Mice and Tissues of Offspring.

Background Methods to increase the amount of omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs in milk are desirable for neonatal health. The n-3 PUFA, α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3), can be elongated to EPA (20:5n-3) and DHA (22:6n-3). n-6 PUFAs suppress tissue n-3 PUFA incorporation, but the effect of SFAs is not clear. Objectives In this study, we compared the effects of SFAs and n-6 PUFAs on n-3 PUFA incorporation into milk and tissues of lactating mice and tissues of their offspring. Methods Female CD-1 mice were bred at 8 wk of age. All experimental diets included 3% flaxseed oil and were begun on day 8 of lactation: low-fat diet (LFD); high-SFA diet (SAT), with an additional 12% saturated oil; or high-linoleic-acid diet (HLA), with 12% high-linoleic-acid oil (% kcal, carbohydrates:fat:protein: LFD, 49:24:27; both SAT and HLA, 35:46:19; n = 5/treatment). After 5 d, pup stomach milk clot FA profiles, tissue FA profiles in dams and pups, and mammary and hepatic expression of lipid metabolism genes in dams were analyzed. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with treatment diet as a fixed effect. Results Dams in all groups had similar total milk fat concentrations, but both SAT and HLA decreased the concentration of n-3 PUFAs (SAT: -23%; HLA: -31%) compared with LFD, and HLA increased milk n-6 FAs by 347% compared with SAT. SAT pups had n-3 PUFA tissue concentrations similar to LFD, but HLA pups had lower n-3 PUFAs than SAT pups in multiple tissues (liver, -32%; kidney, -29%; heart, -28%; muscle, -18%). Mammary expression of lipid metabolism genes was mostly unchanged, but hepatic expression of elongases and desaturases was decreased with SAT compared with LFD [elongation of very-long-chain fatty acid (Elov)5, -42%; Elov6, -64%; fatty acid desaturase (Fads)1, -33%; Fads2, -44%]. Conclusions HLA decreased n-3 PUFA concentrations across multiple pup tissues compared with SAT. This suggests that high dietary n-6 PUFAs suppress n-3 PUFA incorporation in neonates.
Mitigating iron-induced catalytic wear in monocrystalline diamond tools using two-dimensional (2D) materials

Abstract Diamond tools are known to wear rapidly during the machining of ferrous materials because of the catalytic effect of iron on diamond graphitization. This work aims to perform a relative comparison of the wear mitigation efficacy of candidate two-dimensional (2D) materials, viz., graphene oxide (GO), hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and tungsten disulfide (WS2), when used as cutting fluid additives during diamond turning of steel. The 2D material suspensions (0.15 wt.%) are first characterized for their hydrodynamic diameter distributions. Multi-pass turning studies are then conducted using monocrystalline diamond tools. Tool wear, cutting forces and surface roughness are used as the comparison metrics. Overall, graphene oxide has the highest reduction in tool wear (60 %) over the baseline case. It is followed by hexagonal boron nitride, tungsten disulfide and molybdenum disulfide that offered 52 %, 45 % and 38 % wear reduction, respectively, over the baseline case. Overall, hBN provides the best combination of low tool wear, low cutting forces and low surface roughness. The tool wear mitigation efficacy of the materials can be explained in terms of their specific chemical/physical interactions at the iron-diamond interface. X-ray Photo Spectroscopy (XPS) measurements reveal a clear correlation between the tool wear trends and strength of the graphitic carbon/carbide signals obtained on the machined surfaces. XPS measurements in the B1s and S2p regions shed light on the chemical reactions responsible for the performance of hBN, WS2 and MoS2. The unique surface chemistries of the resulting surfaces offer the potential of a rich exploration landscape for downstream applications.
When States Invests at Home: The Development Role of Sovereign Wealth Funds in Public Finance

This article is a focused analysis of the economic rationale and institutional evolution of the role of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) in promoting national economic development, transformation, and national competitiveness. The analysis is prompted by recent empirical evidence of a shift in the sovereign wealth paradigm from one based primarily on surpluses and reserves and focused on savings or stabilization functions to one focused on development and strategic transformation. The article presents a case for the state as an active agent in economic development based on failures in allocative efficiency of markets. It extends the analysis to also evaluate the impact of governmental or institutional barriers, particularly those that may inhibit flows of foreign capital to augment the state’s resources available for development. Thus informed, the article then identifies and features of SWF organization and governance, including those in practice, designed to overcome government failures in development finance transmitted through the public investment process.
The effect of acute exercise for reducing cognitive alterations associated with individuals high in anxiety.

Abstract Single bouts of exercise have been observed to exhibit therapeutic benefits for reducing affective responses associated with anxiety. However, anxiety has also been found to relate to less efficient cognitive processing as well as a greater reliance on action monitoring processes. Given the extant body of evidence demonstrating that single bouts of exercise result in cognitive enhancements; the present investigation sought to determine the extent to which exercise might be effective at reducing these anxiety-related impairments in cognition. Using a randomized within-subjects crossover design in a sample of high-anxious and low-anxious college-aged adults, measures of inhibition, attention, and action monitoring were assessed before and after 20-min of either aerobic exercise or a cognitively engaging control condition during two separate, counterbalanced sessions. Findings from this investigation revealed that both high anxious and low anxious individuals exhibited enhancements in behavioral indices of performance on an inhibitory control task with faster and more accurate responses following 20 min of moderate intensity aerobic exercise. Additionally, both high anxious and low anxious individuals demonstrated exercise induced enhancements in the allocation of attentional resources (as indexed by P3 amplitude) as well as action monitoring (as indexed by ERN amplitude). Accordingly, these findings provide evidence consistent with broad-base claims regarding the benefits of exercise, suggesting that both high and low anxious individuals appear to incur cognitive benefits.
Space-Time Tradeoffs for Answering Boolean Conjunctive Queries.

In this paper, we investigate space-time tradeoffs for answering boolean conjunctive queries. The goal is to create a data structure in an initial preprocessing phase and use it for answering (multiple) queries. Previous work has developed data structures that trade off space usage for answering time and has proved conditional space lower bounds for queries of practical interest such as the path and triangle query. However, most of these results cater to only those queries, lack a comprehensive framework, and are not generalizable. The isolated treatment of these queries also fails to utilize the connections with extensive research on related problems within the database community. The key insight in this work is to exploit the formalism of relational algebra by casting the problems as answering join queries over a relational database. Using the notion of boolean {\em adorned queries} and {\em access patterns}, we propose a unified framework that captures several widely studied algorithmic problems. Our main contribution is three-fold. First, we present an algorithm that recovers existing space-time tradeoffs for several problems. The algorithm is based on an application of the {\em join size bound} to capture the space usage of our data structure. We combine our data structure with {\em query decomposition} techniques to further improve the tradeoffs and show that it is readily extensible to queries with negation. Second, we falsify two conjectures proposed in the existing literature that relates to the space-time lower bound for path queries and triangle detection by proposing an unexpectedly better algorithm. This result opens a new avenue for improving several algorithmic results that have so far been assumed to be (conditionally) optimal. Finally, we prove new conditional space-time lower bounds for star and path queries.
Modified Structure-Aware Collaborative Representation for Hyperspectral Image Classification

Collaborative representation (CR) is an efficient method for hyperspectral image classification. There exists structure-aware CR with Tikhonov regularization (SaCRT) that utilizes the class label information of training samples into estimation of representation coefficients to provide better performance. It can be further enhanced by considering spatial features because neighboring pixels around the central pixel tend to belong to the same class with high probability. In this paper, a modified SaCRT is proposed for hyperspectral image classification. Its performance is analyzed on different types of spatial features (i.e., spatial averaging features), global feature (i.e., Gabor feature), shape features (i.e., derivative of extended morphological profile (DMP) features), and edge preserving feature. In addition, a majority voting-based ensemble technique is used to enhance the performance by combining different features. The experimental results illustrate that the proposed approach can yield better performance in comparison to state-of-the-art classifiers.
Attributing Blame in Tragedy: Understanding Attitudes About the Causes of Three Mass Shootings

Individuals develop causal stories about the world around them that explain events, behaviors, and conditions. These stories may attribute causes to controllable components, such as individual choice, or uncontrollable components, such as systematic forces in the environment. Here we employ motivated reasoning and attribution theory to understand causal attributions the 2007 Virginia Tech shootings, the 2009 Fort Hood shootings, and the 2011 Tucson, Arizona shootings. We argue that causal attributions stem from individual reasoning that is primarily motivated by existing dispositions and accuracy motives. Both motivations are present for attributions about these mass shootings and we seek to understand their significance and whether dispositional motives condition accuracy drives. We are able to test several hypotheses using individual level survey data from several national surveys to explain attributions about the shootings. Our findings suggest a substantial partisan divide on the causes of the tragedies and considerable differences between the least and most educated respondents. However, our analyses also reveal that while education has virtually no influence on the attributions made by Republicans, it heightens the differences among Democrats. We discuss these findings for the public’s understanding of these tragedies and more broadly for attribution research.
αIIbβ3: structure and function

During the past decade, advanced techniques in structural biology have provided atomic level information on the platelet integrin αIIbβ3 activation mechanism that results in it adopting a high-affinity ligand-binding conformation(s). This review focuses on advances in imaging intact αIIbβ3 in a lipid bilayer in the absence of detergent and new structural insights into the changes in the ligand-binding pocket with receptor activation and ligand binding. It concludes with descriptions of novel therapeutic αIIbβ3 antagonists being developed based on an advanced knowledge of the receptor's structure.
A Novel Neuron-Enriched Homolog of the Erythrocyte Membrane Cytoskeletal Protein 4.1

We report the molecular cloning and characterization of 4.1N, a novel neuronal homolog of the erythrocyte membrane cytoskeletal protein 4.1 (4.1R). The 879 amino acid protein shares 70, 36, and 46% identity with 4.1R in the defined membrane-binding, spectrin-actin–binding, and C-terminal domains, respectively. 4.1N is expressed in almost all central and peripheral neurons of the body and is detected in embryonic neurons at the earliest stage of postmitotic differentiation. Like 4.1R, 4.1N has multiple splice forms as evidenced by PCR and Western analysis. Whereas the predominant 4.1N isoform identified in brain is ∼135 kDa, a smaller 100 kDa isoform is enriched in peripheral tissues. Immunohistochemical studies using a polyclonal 4.1N antibody revealed several patterns of neuronal staining, with localizations in the neuronal cell body, dendrites, and axons. In certain neuronal locations, including the granule cell layers of the cerebellum and dentate gyrus, a distinct punctate-staining pattern was observed consistent with a synaptic localization. In primary hippocampal cultures, mouse 4.1N is enriched at the discrete sites of synaptic contact, colocalizing with the postsynaptic density protein of 95 kDa (a postsynaptic marker) and glutamate receptor type 1 (an excitatory postsynaptic marker). By analogy with the roles of 4.1R in red blood cells, 4.1N may function to confer stability and plasticity to the neuronal membrane via interactions with multiple binding partners, including the spectrin-actin–based cytoskeleton, integral membrane channels and receptors, and membrane-associated guanylate kinases.
Protecting orbital-angular-momentum photons from decoherence in a turbulent atmosphere

One of the most important properties of orbital angular momentum (OAM) of photons is that the Hilbert space required to describe a general quantum state is infinite dimensional. In principle, this could allow for encoding arbitrarily large amounts of quantum information per photon, but in practice, this potential is limited by decoherence and errors. To determine whether photons with OAM are suitable for quantum communication, we numerically simulated their passage through a turbulent atmosphere and the resulting errors. We also proposed an encoding scheme to protect the photons from these errors, and characterized its effectiveness by the channel fidelity.
Statistical modeling of clinical intake decisions

Modeled the intake decisions of four clinicians and a group of clinicians at a community mental health center by principal components-discriminant function analysis. The models of two clinicians and the group-based models withstood replication by the jackknife technique of discriminant analysis. Results showed that clinicians' written notes can be used to predict their decisions. We learned, for example, that the cues that are most important in arriving at intake decisions were therapy history, interview site, level of functioning, diagnosis, and behavioral disturbance.
Comparison of testing approaches for Clostridium difficile infection at a large community hospital

Multiple diagnostic approaches are available for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI); current guidelines support two-step testing (2ST) as the preferred approach. We retrospectively evaluated the impact of switching from toxin enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to 2ST, and then to polymerase chain reaction (PCR), on CDI rates, test utilization and CDI treatment at a 900-bed tertiary care community teaching hospital. All inpatients tested for CDI between December 2008 and February 2011 were included. A positive toxin EIA or PCR was diagnostic of CDI; 2ST was performed using glutamate dehydrogenase EIA, followed by PCR if positive. Repeat tests within 8 weeks on the same patient were considered part of the same testing episode. Data were collected electronically and studied in aggregate from 9725 unique inpatients tested for CDI, representing 20 836 individual tests. PCR detected 41% more patients with CDI than toxin EIA (p <0.0001), and 15% more than 2ST (p 0.02), corresponding to higher hospital-onset and community-onset CDI rates. The number of CDI tests performed per patient decreased by 48% with PCR (p <0.0001) compared with toxin EIA. For patients with CDI, time to the first positive test result was shortest with PCR. For patients without CDI, a negative PCR, but not 2ST, was associated with 22% fewer CDI treatment days, compared with toxin EIA (p <0.0001). Compared with both toxin EIA and 2ST, PCR detected more CDI patients faster and with less frequent testing, and negative PCR results were associated with less empirical CDI treatment.
Deformation and remanence in magnetite

Abstract The effects of elastic and plastic deformation and fracturing on the remanent magnetic properties of ten magnetite samples were studied. The samples were cylinders about 6 mm in diameter and 1 cm long which were cored normal to (111) faces of natural single crystals and deformed at room temperature under hydrostatic pressure of 5–7 kbar plus additional uniaxial loads. Thermoremanence produced in a 10 Oe external field was only partly destroyed by hydrostatic compression, elastic strain and fracturing, but was almost completely destroyed by small plastic strain. Alternating field demagnetization shows that the coercivity spectrum of 10 Oe TRM produced before and after plastic strain is not significantly different. The high stresses required to produce plastic deformation make it unlikely that upper crustal non-metamorphic rocks have been demagnetized by deformation.
Primary Selection for Uniform Display Response

Traditional methodologies for primary selection usually consider the optimization of parameters that characterize the global performance of the display system, such as the luminance of the white point, gamut volume, and power consumption. We propose a methodology for primary design that optimizes a figure of merit designed to favor gamuts for which maximum luminance at each chromaticity is uniformly related to the corresponding maximum luminance over the set of optimal colors. We contrast the results obtained with the proposed methodology with those obtained by an alternative strategy based on the optimization of gamut volume, and analyze differences in performance between these approaches for both three and four primary systems. Results indicate that the global vs local design choices result in significantly different primary designs.
Novel compounds for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: patent highlight.

Summary: This application claims a series of indoles as molecules that inhibit tau phosphorylation. This approach to neurodegenerative disease is of interest because of the hypothesized role for tau in neuronal cell death. Tau is an intracellular protein that stabilizes microtubules and helps regulate their function, for example in cell division. Test compounds were studied for their ability to inhibit tau phosphorylation or inhibit α-synuclein in animals and in cell culture.
Compliant Knee Exoskeleton Design: Parallel Coupled Compliant Plate (PCCP) Mechanism and Pennate Elastic Band (PEB) Spring

Recent research in exoskeletons has examined ways for improving flexibility, wearability as well as reducing weight of overall system. Compliant mechanisms offer a class of articulated multi-body systems that allow relatively stiff but lightweight solution for exoskeleton/brace.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Hereditary onchyo-osteo-dysplasia (HOOD syndrome): Report of two cases

HOOD syndrome is relatively uncommon. Two cases are presented, and the radiographic findings are discussed. Because of the diversification in clinical and symptomatic manifestations, radiologic findings are often the major criteria in establishing the diagnosis.
Producing systematic reviews of interventions in speech–language pathology: A framework for sustainability

Systematic reviews in the health and social sciences are increasingly recognized as a valuable scientific tool to support decision making by clinicians, managers, administrators, and policy makers. Numerous organizations have arisen to fulfill growing demand for high-integrity systematic reviews with practical applications, each with a unique model for their review production process. This paper presents the results of a purposive sample of current production models in use by organizations engaged in the production of systematic reviews to support evidence-based practice. This paper also evaluates elements of review production such as major review steps, evidence standards, resource use, and cost. The results provide a potential framework for organizing resources to conduct systematic reviews. Applying this framework, producers can identify key areas of systematic-review production with the best fit between individual production models and their organization's mission and policy environment.
Inkjet-printed RFIDs for wireless sensing and anti-counterfeiting

Remote Frequency identification (RFID) enables both the realization of very low-cost integration platforms with multifunctional capabilities and the implementation of low-power wireless communications. Common photo paper is investigated in this paper as the first “green” ultra-low-cost organic substrate, on which the RFID tag circuitry and antenna are inkjet-printed with conductive silver nano-particle ink. Fully integrated, RFID-enabled modules on paper are demonstrated for a wide range of wireless sensing and anti-counterfeiting applications. These paper-based devices could potentially set the foundation for the truly convergent wireless sensor ad-hoc networks of the future.
Involvement of protein kinase C in the regulation of adrenocorticotropin release from rat anterior pituitary cells.

The involvement of protein kinase C in normal corticotroph function was studied by analysis of the effects of the phorbol ester derivative phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and the synthetic diacylglycerol dioctanoylglycerol (DOG) on basal and stimulated ACTH release in cultured rat anterior pituitary cells. Incubation of rat pituitary cells with increasing concentrations of PMA or DOG caused dose-related increases in ACTH release up to 13.4 ± 2.1- and 10.1 ± 0.9-fold, respectively, similar to that caused by CRF (9.8 ± 1.6-fold). Also, stimulation of endogenous diglyceride formation by phospholipase C (100 mU/ml) stimulated ACTH release by 2.5 ± 0.1-fold. In cells incubated with maximum stimulatory concentrations of CRF (10 nM) or 8-bromo-cAMP (8-Br-cAMP; 5 HIM), addition of either 100 μM DOG or 100 nM PMA caused significantly higher ACTH responses than those obtained with CRF, 8-BrcAMP, DOG, or PMA alone. 8-Br-cAMP (5 DIM) and 10 nM CRF significantly increased the effect of 100 nM PMA by 1.4 ± 0.2- a...
Increased risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension in young recipients of donated oocytes.

Objective To assess the rates of select obstetric outcomes in oocyte donation (OD) recipients aged Design Retrospective anonymous questionnaire study. Setting University-based IVF center. Patient(s) Live-birth outcome was experienced by 199 OD recipients and 488 IVF patients Intervention(s) The OD or IVF cycles. Main Outcome Measure(s) Response rate, pregnancy outcome, and complications. Result(s) Response rate was 60%. The OD recipients had significantly higher rates of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) than their IVF counterparts. The OD Conclusion(s) The OD recipients are at higher risk for untoward obstetric outcomes than their IVF counterparts. Young OD recipients reported the highest rate of PIH, warranting further investigation into an association between early loss of ovarian function and PIH.
Effectiveness of hepatitis C treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin in urban minority patients

Randomized controlled trials of hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy with pegylated interferon and ribavirin have demonstrated sustained viral response rates (SVRs) of 54%-63% (efficacy). Treatment results in clinical practice (effectiveness) may not be equivalent. The goal of this study was to assess the effectiveness of HCV treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin in a treatment-naive, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative, United States urban population with many ethnic minority patients. We evaluated 2,370 outpatients for HCV therapy from 2001 to 2006 in the Faculty Practice of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine or the attending-supervised Montefiore Medical Center Liver Clinic. Care was supervised by one experienced physician under conditions of everyday clinical practice, and appropriate ancillary resources were made available to all patients. Two hundred fifty-five patients were treated with a mean age of 50 years (60% male, 40% female; 58% Hispanic, 20% African American, 9% Caucasian, 13% other; 68% genotype 1, the remainder genotypes 2 or 3). Patients had at least one liver biopsy. Intention-to-treat analysis (ITT) showed SVR in 14% of genotype 1 patients and 37% in genotype 2/3 patients (P < 0.001). SVR was significantly higher in faculty practice (27%) than in clinic patients (15%) by intention-to-treat (P = 0.01) but not per-protocol analysis (46% faculty practice, 34% clinic). 3.3% of 1,656 treatment-naive, HIV antibody–negative individuals ultimately achieved SVR. Current hepatitis C therapies may sometimes be unavailable to, inappropriate for, and ineffective in United States urban patients. Treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin was less effective in this population than is implied by multinational phase III controlled trials. New strategies are needed to care for such patients. (HEPATOLOGY 2010.)
Electrochemical Coding for Multiplexed Immunoassays of Proteins

An electrochemical immunoassay protocol for the simultaneous measurements of proteins, based on the use of different inorganic nanocrystal tracers is described. The multiprotein electrical detection capability is coupled to the amplification feature of electrochemical stripping transduction (to yield fmol detection limits) and with an efficient magnetic separation (to minimize nonspecific adsorption effects). The multianalyte electrical sandwich immunoassay involves a dual binding event, based on antibodies linked to the nanocrystal tags and magnetic beads. Carbamate linkage is used for conjugating the hydroxyl-terminated nanocrystals with the secondary antibodies. Each biorecognition event yields a distinct voltammetric peak, whose position and size reflects the identity and level, respectively, of the corresponding antigen. The concept is demonstrated for a simultaneous immunoassay of beta(2)-microglobulin, IgG, bovine serum albumin, and C-reactive protein in connection with ZnS, CdS, PbS, and CuS colloidal crystals, respectively. These nanocrystal labels exhibit similar sensitivity. Such electrochemical coding could be readily multiplexed and scaled up in multiwell microtiter plates to allow simultaneous parallel detection of numerous proteins or samples and is expected to open new opportunities for protein diagnostics and biosecurity.
HMG-CoA enzyme inhibitors for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy.

To the Editor, We read with great interest the recent meta-analysis by Barbieri et al. [1] which showed that among patients undergoing coronary angiography/percutaneous intervention the use of short-term statins reduces the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). In light of increasing numbers of high-risk patients undergoing coronary interventions, the current results along with the findings of recent randomized studies have important implications. In particular, given the absence of other established pharamacological protective options, these results appear to suggest that unless otherwise contraindicated, statin therapy should be considered as a potentially viable intervention to prevent CIN in the ‘‘at-risk’’ population undergoing coronary angiography/interventions. Nevertheless, close inspection of the studies analyzed by the authors revealed some methodological issues that are worth mentioning and clarifying. Adopting the same search methodology as Barbieri et al., we have localized a relevant study by Quintavalle et al. [2] which has not been included in the meta-analysis. Additionally, the authors mention that they used the for fixed effect model analysis. We would like to point out here that the DerSimonian–Laird method is used for random-effects model analysis. In the absence of heterogeneity, pooled estimates of odd risks (ORs) with their 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the Mantel–Haenszel method. A DerSimonian–Laird randomeffects model for ORs estimation of all outcomes was used in the presence of heterogeneity. Moreover, the authors used a heterogeneity test cutoff P value of \0.1. Usually, statistically significant heterogeneity is defined as an X P value less than 0.05 or an I statistic greater than 75 %. We also noticed that the authors suggested there is no evidence of publication bias based on funnel plot methods. We would suggest that the small study effect, including publication bias, should be tested using the Egger’s test. If publication bias is found, the nonparametric trim and fill method of Duvall and Tweedie should be performed to add studies that appeared to be missing. Also, the Cochrane’s risk of bias tool [3] rather than the Jadad score should have been utilized in order to assess the individual risk of bias of each study. The subgroup analysis of studies into lowand highdose statin groups may not be the most appropriate way of approaching this topic. We believe that all studies used high-doses of statins. Finally, analysis of other available outcomes such as all-cause mortality and rates hemodialysis/hemofiltration would have been very helpful. Taking all the above into account provide a corrected estimation of the pooled odds ratio (Fig. 1). We believe that these remarks will contribute to further, more accurate elaboration and substantiation of the original results presented by Barbieri et al. [1].
Coil impedance variation due to induced current at the edge of a conductive plate

The time-harmonic induced current in a conductive plate has been calculated for an excitation by a normal coil near the plate edge. Using series expansions in elementary functions, the quasi-static solution for the plate is matched to the solution for the region outside the plate to ensure continuity of the tangential magnetic field and the normal magnetic flux density at the air–conductor interface. The continuity of the field is achieved by mode matching in a truncated domain. Predictions of the coil impedance as a function of position derived from this theory have been compared with experiment showing good agreement.
Tracking the civil rights and women's movements in the United States

Abstract Membership in civil rights and women's liberation organizations in the United States was tracked over a period of 22 years. Men's social and fraternal organizations were also tracked as a comparison group. Systematic fluctuations in membership suggest that this criterion would be useful for identifying the developmental stages of a movement. In addition, peaks in membership were correlated with historical events. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
International geophysics: Geophysical interests of IUGS

The International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) was born in 1961, an offspring of the International Geological Congress (IGC) founded in 1878. IUGS was immediately accepted into the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) and promptly became a working partner in a number of inter-union and ICSU activities. It thereby achieved one of the goals that proponents of forming a union had hoped for: a plainly visible international organization through which scientists in many disciplines could communicate and collaborate with geological scientists. IGC had formed many international commissions and committees in the years between 1878 and 1960, but these were left pretty much to their own devices in financing and conducting their work. They were expected to justify their existence by the results they could present for the approval of the Congress, generally at four-year intervals, but there was no permanent channel through which they could be reached. It was difficult for many non-geologists to discover the IGC group with which they shared a common interest. The IGC commissions in existence in 1960 were all transferred to IUGS by 1968, except for two which became international associations affiliated with IUGS; the Union has also established some commissions and committees of its own since 1961. Those of importance to geophysicists are given below.
Threshold Performance of Suboptimum PPM Receivers

The threshold performance of a pulse position modulation (PPM) telemetry system which uses a slicer for a detector, suboptimum technique, is investigated, and curves for predicting the occurrence of threshold are developed.
Radar backscatter from the ocean - Dependence on surface friction velocity

From the mid 1960s to the present, the normalized radar cross-section (NRCS) of the ocean has been measured using airborne radars operating over a frequency range of 0.4 to 14 GHz. Analyses of these data have shown that the NRCS was proportional to the ocean surface wind speed raised to some power, but the values of the exponent remained in dispute. This paper extends previous work and uses these NRCS measurements to demonstrate that to the first order, the NRCS is a function of only the friction velocity at the ocean's surface. Further analyses characterize the dependence of the NRCS on radar variables such as frequency, incidence angle, polarization, etc. Finally, recommendations are made for using Ku-band radars at large incidence angles for remote sensing of the wind friction velocity vector.
Exact penalty functions in nonlinear programming

In this paper some new theoretic results on piecewise differentiable exact penalty functions are presented. Sufficient conditions are given for the existence of exact penalty functions for inequality constrained problems more general than concave and several classes of such functions are presented.
Myeloid or Lymphoid Promiscuity as a Critical Step in Hematopoietic Lineage Commitment

We demonstrate here that "promiscuous" expression of myeloid or lymphoid genes precedes lineage commitment in hematopoiesis. Prospectively purified single common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) coexpress myelo-erythroid but not lymphoid genes, whereas single common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) coexpress T and B lymphoid but not myeloid genes. Genes unrelated to the adopted lineage are downregulated in bipotent and monopotent descendants of CMPs and CLPs. Promiscuous gene expression does not alter the biological potential of multipotent progenitors: CMPs with an activated endogenous M lysozyme locus yield normal proportions of myelo-erythroid colonies, and CLPs expressing the pre-T cell receptor alpha gene differentiate into normal numbers of B cells. Thus, the accessibility for multiple myeloid or lymphoid programs promiscuously may allow flexibility in fate commitments at these multipotent stages.
Approximate individual ion values of β (or B) in extended Debye-Hückel theory for uni-univalent aqueous solutions at 298.15 K☆

Abstract Individual values for β (or B ) in extended Debye-Huckel theory have been estimated assuming additivity of individual ion values. Although known not to be rigorous, the results appear sufficiently accurate to be useful and to warrant further investigation. The individual β values can be partially correlated with the standard entropies of the aqueous ions.
Prostate Stromal Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential: Case Report With 5-Year Follow-up

Prostate stromal tumor of uncertain malignant potential is a term used to describe a specialized proliferation of stromal cells within the prostate. Most of these tumors tend to be benign, but some can present with local invasion or progress to prostatic stromal sarcoma with distant metastasis. We report a case of a 62-year-old male patient who presented to us with a diagnosis of stromal tumor of uncertain malignant potential. We have followed up the patient for 5 years with imaging, prostate-specific antigen checks, and annual prostate biopsies.
Simultaneous chromizing and aluminizing using chromium oxide and aluminum: (II) on austenitic stainless steel

Abstract The codeposition of Cr and Al on 304 stainless steel has been investigated, using the conversion reaction of Cr 2 O 3 to halide. An increase in ratio of Cr 2 O 3 to Al in the pack composition tends to form a chromide coating, which is very poor in high temperature oxidation resistance. A codeposited coating layer, which shows high oxidation resistance, is mainly characterized by three zones: an outer layer of iron aluminide, a nickel-rich iron aluminide, and an interdiffusion zone consisting of alpha ferrite and nickel aluminide precipitates. Oxidation resistance increased as the thickness of the outer iron aluminide layer increased. This means that the aluminum in the outer layer, rather than that in nickel aluminide precipitates or alpha ferrite, acts as a strong aluminum source forming a protective Al 2 O 3 scale at the coating surface. Using a pack mixture containing 10 wt.% Cr 2 O 3 and 10 wt.% Al, a coating, which shows excellent oxidation resistance at 1100°C, was obtained after codeposition of aluminum and chromium on 304 stainless steel at 1050°C for about 6–8 h.
Cost-Efficient Environmentally-Friendly Control of Micro-Grids Using Intelligent Decision-Making for Storage Energy Management

A smart decision-making framework based on genetic algorithms (GA) and fuzzy logic is proposed for control and energy management of micro-grids. Objectives are to meet the demand profile, minimize electricity consumption cost, and to modify air pollution under a dynamic electricity pricing policy. The energy demand in the micro-grid network is provided by distributed renewable energy generation (coupling solar and wind), battery storage and balancing power from the electric utility. The fuzzy intelligent approach allows the calculation of the energy exchange rate of the micro-grid storage unit as a function of time. Such exchange rate (or decision-making capability) is based on (1) the electrical energy price per kilowatt-hour (kWh), (2) local demand (load), (3) electricity generation rate of renewable resources (supply), and (4) air pollution measure, all of which are sampled at predefined rates. Then, a cost function is defined as the net dollar amount corresponding to electricity flow between micro-gri...
Bank holding company dividend policy, regulatory guidance and the Great Recession

Dividend policy has long reflected a ‘puzzle’ to academic research. Are dividends irrelevant or do dividends signal future performance and/or regulatory restrictions? We evaluate the dividend policy of systemically important US bank holding companies before, during and after the Great Recession and Panic of 2008. The majority of companies sharply reduced dividends to conserve liquidity and retain capital during the crisis. Those companies that quickly and forcefully slashed dividend payout ratios are better regarded by the market than those who repeatedly reduced dividend payments by small increments. The market does not distinguish between the companies that suspend dividends relative to those that in substance suspend dividends by paying one cent per share per quarter to retain recognition within trustee ‘hold lists’ of acceptable investments. Based on price/book valuation subsequent to the crisis, the market best rewarded those companies with the highest payout ratio and the highest dividend paid relative to that provided before the crisis. Banks failing regulatory stress tests were unable to pay sizable dividends and suffered in terms of valuation. Although dividends are important, return on equity and price/earnings multiples are more important drivers of value because they provide the basis for dividends payments.
A President in the Family: Thomas Jefferson, Sally Hemings, and Thomas Woodson

Introduction The Fate of Sally Hemings Monticello James T. Callender, With the Hammer of Truth Tom is Banished Freedom Secured The Rights of All The Color Line Harvesting Strands of the Past The Third Heart: The Brilliance of Dr. Fawn Brodie Minnie S. Woodson Strikes Genealogical Gold Search for Truth? Stop and Look Both Ways Calling All Cousins Conclusion Appendixes Index
The Role of the Rural School Counselor: Counselor, Counselor-in-Training, and Principal Perceptions.

The American School Counselor Association developed a comprehensive set of school counseling guidelines to enhance the school counselor's role within schools in the United States. This study looks at counselors' and principals' perceptions of the school counselor's role in a Midwestern, regional rural educational environment. Results suggest that the perceptions of school counselors, counselors-in-training, and principals are, for the most part, similar. Differences occur in relation to addressing student (i.e., special education program versus student guidance) and administrative (i.e., clerical, secretarial, disciplinary duties) needs given limited personnel and economic resources. Limitations are discussed and suggestions for future research and advocacy are presented.
Field-dependent response of the heavy Fermi-liquid ground state in YbNi2B2C

Abstract We measured the specific heat of YbNi 2 B 2 C in applied fields up to 18 T. As the magnetic field is increased, the peak in the specific heat associated with the Kondo anomaly moved to higher temperatures. This behavior is consistent with theoretical predictions, and a semi-quantitative description of this continuous evolution of the specific heat is presented. Previously, the magnetoresistance of this system was measured, and a comparison is made between field-dependent response of the thermodynamic and transport properties of YbNi 2 B 2 C.
Standards and Insulation Characteristics of Oil-Insulated Transformers

THE STRENGTH of the insulation in transformers to resist various types of voltage stress is very important. The service and life of the transformer is partially dependent on the insulation strength, and in recognition of this fact standards for insulation strength long have been established. In the course of time improvements have taken place in design, new applications have been created, and more has been learned about the nature of stresses which arise in service. Service conditions, too, probably will change in the future, which will require changes in insulation requirements. Therefore it is natural that gradual changes in the standards, and additions to them, have taken place, with the result that sometimes they are not entirely consistent. It is desired in this paper to point out some inconsistencies and propose certain changes in the standards which might be given consideration.
Growth of InP by infinite solution LPE

Epitaxial layers of InP were grown by the infinite solution technique. The layers were characterized by Hall-effect measurements, SIMS, photoluminescence measurements, and Auger spectroscopy. Si and S were identified as major background donors. Si predominates at growth temperatures above about 700°C. The concentration was reduced by adding trace amounts of water vapor to the hydrogen ambient and by reducing the growth temperature. Silicon's predominance is consistent with the thermodynamic constraints of Weiner's model describing Si contamination controlled by the quartz-hydrogen reaction. However, the fast response of the solution to variations in the partial pressure of water vapor indicates the importance of a complementary reaction involving the direct conversion of Si in the solution to SiO2. A study of the electrical, optical, and chemical properties of the material strongly suggests the amphoteric nature of Si in InP.
Effects of dietary potassium and race on urinary excretion of kallikrein and aldosterone in man.

Urinary excretion of kallikrein by 16 normal and 8 hypertensive subjects was studied at three levels of dietary potassium: 85 meq/day for 5 days, 185 meq/day for 7 days, and 25 meq/day for 10 days. Excretion of kallikrein varied directly with potassium intake and paralleled excretion of aldosterone in both normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Mean levels of excretion of kallikrein at 85, 185, and 25 meq intake of potassium were 10.8, 19.1, and 5.8 esterase U/day (EU/day), respectively, for the normotensive subjects and 8.8, 13.9, and 6.1 EU/day for the hypertensive subjects. Mean levels of excretion of kallikrein were significantly higher in white than in black subjects among normals and hypertensives [13.0 vs. 5.9 EU/day for normals (P < 0.05) and 13.7 vs. 4.0 EU/day for hypertensives (P < 0.05) on the 85 meq/day diet]. The parallel changes in excretion of kallikrein and aldosterone support the hypothesis that changes in effective levels of aldosterone induce changes in the excretion of kallikrein. Be...
Report on the 1989 American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Fellow Scholarship.

In 1989, the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, Inc., sponsored a scholarship for a member to return to training to do a fellowship in foot and ankle surgery. The following is the account of Arthur Manoli, II, M.D., who served 3 months with Sigvard T. Hansen, Jr., M.D., at the Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, and 9 months with Marion C. Harper, M.D., at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.