cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Objective comparison of 4 nonlongitudinal ultrasound modalities regarding efficiency and chatter

Purpose To compare efficiency and chatter of Infiniti Ozil with and without Intelligent Phacoemulsification (IP) and the Signature Ellips with and without FX. Setting John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Design Experimental study. Methods Brunescent 2.0 mm human lens cubes were created by an instrument devised for this study. Cubes were tested (10 per test) for time of particle removal (efficiency) and for the number of times the lens particle bounced off the tip (chatter) at 300 mm Hg and 550 mm Hg, 50% and 100% power, and 50% and 100% amplitudes (amplitude for Ozil only). Results Of the ultrasound settings, efficiency varied from a mean of 3.3 seconds ± 1.4 (SD) to 50.4 ± 11.7 seconds and chatter from 0.0 to 52.0 ± 16.7 bounces per run. The Ozil-IP was generally more efficient than the Ozil and the Ellips FX more efficient than the Ellips. At optimized values, the Ozil-IP and Ellips-FX were similar. In general, efficiency and chatter were better at 550 mm Hg and at 50% power. The amplitude effect was complex. Efficiency closely correlated with chatter (Pearson r2 = .31, P Conclusions Objective comparison of phacoemulsification efficiency and chatter found that optimized Ozil-IP and Ellips-FX were similar in both parameters and in general, both performed better than preceding technology. The study parameters can significantly affect efficiency and chatter, which strongly correlate with each other. Financial Disclosure Dr. Olson has been a consultant to Abbott Medical Optics, Inc., Becton, Dickinson and Co., and Allergan, Inc., and has received grant support from Abbott Medical Optics, Inc., and Allergan, Inc. No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
A carcinogenic bioassay of certain roofing materials

The carcinogenic potentials of certain present day roofing materials and dust produced during the removal of an old coal tar pitch roof were evaluated using a mouse skin bioassay. Traditional coal tar pitch and dust from removal of an old roof were significantly more carcinogenic than coal derived roofing bitumen, but all were strongly carcinogenic. The benzo(a)pyrene concentration of these materials ranged from 0.064 to 0.08%, but each was significantly more carcinogenic than 0.1% benzo(a)pyrene alone. No tumors were produced by the application of petroleum derived roofing asphalt.
Screening potential related transplant donors for renal disease.

Abstract The families of two hundred potential renal-transplant recipients were studied for evidence of renal disease. Eighteen of the two hundred families had other members with familial renal disease (polycystic, medullary cystic, hereditary nephritis, Fabry's disease). Thirty of the one hundred and eighty-two remaining families had had at least one member die of renal disease or require a renal transplant, haemodialysis, or nephrectomy. Thus, a total of 22% of the families of patients with renal failure had a history of renal failure in other members. 209 potential related donors were studied. 10.5% of the women and 5% of the men had persistent bacteriuria; 12 had hypertension and 47 had abnormal intravenous pyelograms, 41 of these had associated urinary abnormalities. 82 of 193 arteriograms were abnormal, and 17 of the abnormal arteriograms revealed other renal abnormalities. Medical contraindications ultimately excluded 40 relatives from donation. It is suggested that apparently healthy symptom-free relatives of patients with terminal renal failure will have an extremely high frequency of underlying renal disease. Such persons might comprise a suitable population for intensive screening for asymptomatic renal disease within the population. This group might also be a suitable study group for evaluating techniques for prevention of progressive renal disease.
Activation of interferon-regulated, dsRNA-dependent enzymes by human immunodeficiency virus-1 leader RNA.

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) leader RNA, which contains double-stranded regions due to inverted repeats, was shown to activate the dsRNA-dependent enzymes associated with the interferon system. HIV-1 leader RNA produced in vitro using SP6 RNA polymerase was characterized using probes for antisense and sense-strand RNA. The RNA preparation was free from significant levels of antisense RNA. HIV-1 leader RNA was shown to activate dsRNA-dependent protein kinase in a cell-free system from interferon-treated HeLa cells. Affinity resins, consisting of HIV-1 leader RNA covalently attached to cellulose, immobilized and activated dsRNA-dependent protein kinase and 2-5A-synthetase. HIV-1 leader RNA, therefore, may be a contributing factor in the mechanism by which interferon inhibits HIV replication.
Missing Links: Evolutionary Concepts and Transitions through Time

Missing Links: Evolutionary Concepts and Transitions through Time. Robert A. Martin. Jones and Bartlett, Sudbury, Massachusetts. 303 + xvi p. Reading this compact, well written, and informative little book, I found myself frequently checking the title. Is the main subject here really evolutionary transitions? It seems instead to be a broad and very good introduction to paleontological evidence and inference in general, with a strong emphasis on modern evolutionary biology that includes insights from speciation, population biology, genetics, and even evo-devo. Of course, Martin focuses heavily on some of the “big changes” in vertebrate history, such as the origins of mammals, birds, tetrapods, whales, horses, and hominids, and provides some great first-hand explanation of his specialty, arvicoline rodents. But any general reader might pick it up as a good place to start learning about paleontology as a science—including some of the important questions and examples involved in the problem of the evolution of major adaptations. To begin with, let's consider the targeted audience for this book. Jones and Bartlett have been developing a nice little list of what we might call “anti-textbooks”: books for the general reader and the classroom that are briefer, hipper, and better written than many of the mass-produced, committee-designed tomes that students are forced to buy and lug around in their knapsacks. Martin's book fits the former category. His audience is the students who don't already know a lot about paleontology and biology, but are interested. Some might even have a background that leaves them suspicious of or even hostile to evolutionary concepts. Many of those students, if they are open-minded, however, should be won over by his engaging prose and frank explanations. With a few reservations, noted below, this book would be excellent for freshman courses and seminars and to recommend to people who just …
Endoscope-assisted surgery for acoustic neuromas (vestibular schwannomas): early experience using the rigid Hopkins telescope.

OBJECTIVE: Endoscopes have been increasingly used during neurosurgical procedures. Previously, they have been shown to offer better visualization than the microscope in selected situations and frequently have allowed less invasive surgery. This study was undertaken to determine whether endoscopy is safe and effective during suboccipital surgery for vestibular schwannomas. METHODS: Ten patients with vestibular schwannomas underwent suboccipital transmeatal craniotomies for tumor excision. Endoscopy with a rigid glass lens endoscope (Hopkins telescope) was used during tumor removal to examine posterior fossa neurovascular structures and after tumor excision to inspect the internal auditory canal. RESULTS: Complete tumor excision was achieved in nine patients. Endoscopy allowed improved identification of tumor and adjacent neurovascular relationships in all cases without the need for significant retraction of the cerebellum or brain stem. In addition, residual tumor at the fundus of the internal auditory canal (n = 2) and exposed petrous air cells (n = 3) not seen with the microscope were identified endoscopically. Operative time was not significantly increased by incorporating the endoscope. CONCLUSION: Posterior fossa endoscopy can be performed safely during surgery for tumor removal. Endoscope-assisted surgery for vestibular schwannomas may offer some advantages over standard microsurgery in selected cases. The advantages may include improved visualization, more complete tumor removal, and a lowered risk of cerebrospinal fluid leakage.
Learning situational knowledge through observation of expert performance in a simulation-based environment

Most knowledge acquisition techniques are best suited for gathering knowledge in a static domain; they are incapable of handling dynamically changing information as is frequently encountered in a real time simulation. This research describes a general methodology for learning implicit situational knowledge by observing the expert while reacting to a real time simulation. The paper outlines an efficient methodology to gather, represent, and learn expert knowledge by examining the expert's simulated surroundings while simultaneously monitoring the expert's actions for a given situation. It utilizes recent advances in the areas of neural networks and artificial intelligence to establish a suitable knowledge representation schema that incorporates both numeric and symbolic forms of knowledge. The method demonstrates the ability to train on basic skills and to generalize learned actions to handle more complex situations not previously encountered.
Educational and occupational achievements of brothers and sisters in adoptive and biologically related families.

The study of brothers and sisters from adoptive and biologically related families permits unique analyses of the determinants of young adults' educational and occupational achievements. Brothers and sisters come from the same homes, neighborhoods, and usually schools. Many differences among families are controlled by the study of siblings. In addition, adoptive families influence their children only through the environment they provide, whereas biologically related parents transmit their intellectual and personal characteristics to their offspring genetically as well. Thus, the comparison of models of adult achievements for children from adoptive and biologically related families can inform us about the true effects of family environments, apart from genetic transmission (Scarr and Weinberg, 1978, 1980). In this follow-up study of 450 biologically related and adopted young adults (ages 22 to 30 years), we report on the family resemblances in educational and occupational achievements. Parents' reports were obtained on 97% of the original sample (N=443), and 77% of the young adults participated in the follow-up study themselves; complete educational and occupational data were available on 303 young adults. Results show that biological sons are more influenced by their family backgrounds than daughters, regardless of genetic relatedness. A second finding is that young women's achievements are not as predictable from their own earlier achievements as are those of their brothers. A third finding is that parents invest in their sons' educational futures, regardless of sons' abilities and achievements, in ways they do not invest in their daughters' postsecondary educations. Sibling correlations and natural mother-adopted child correlations suggest that test scores, high school performance, postsecondary education, and even later occupational status can be influenced by genetic variability in personal characteristics that affect such achievements.
Primary production in the Gulf of Mexico coastal waters using “remotely-sensed” trophic category approach

Abstract Attempts to derive ocean-color based estimates of pigment and primary production in coastal waters have been complicated by the contributions of signals from non-pigment materials to the water leaving radiance. An ocean-color model to estimate primary production was evaluated for coastal waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico. The model utilizes C sat , (mg m −3 ) (a variable that accounts for the pigment sensed by the satellite sensor), photosynthetically available radiation (PAR, J m −2 day −1 ) and a parameter.ψ * m2 (g Chl) −1 , the water column chlorophyll specific cross-section for photosynthesis. C sat and PAR were treated as variables whileψ * was a site-specific parameter in the model. The model uses the approach outlined in Morel and Berthon (1989) Limnology and Oceanography , 34 , 1545–1562, but with site-specific statistical relationships to estimate the integrated pigment in the water column from C sat and site-specific trophic categories (oligotrophic to eutrophic) based on pigment concentration in the water column. The statistical relationships perform extremely well within the ranges of C sat and integral chlorophyll normally encountered in the coastal waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico.ψ * varies between 0.054 and 0.063 m 2 (g Chl) −1 and are comparable to values observed in other regions. The ability of the model to predict production usingψ * within each of the trophic categories was demonstrated. The overall performance of the model has been encouraging for two reasons: (a) the possibility of estimating production from future ocean-color sensors, and (b) the fact that the model performs well in a dynamic coastal area.
Non-competitive imports and gains from trade

The paper argues for the explicit inclusion in international trade models of goods which cannot be produced in the importing country. Non-competitive goods require a product-requisite factor which is not universally available. International trade in these goods generates much greater per-unit gains from trade than trade in ordinary goods which can be produced in both (all) countries. Omission of these goods from models of international trade leads to the possibility of a gross underestimation of the difference between autarkic and with-trade income levels. The omission of these goods also neglects some dimensions of policy which are important in the real world, such as sanctions.
Using Today's Headlines for Teaching Gerontology.

It is a challenge to attract undergraduate students into the gerontology field. Many do not believe the aging field is exciting and at the cutting edge. Students, however, can be convinced of the timeliness, relevance, and excitement of the field by, literally, bringing up today's headlines in class. The author collected over 250 articles during the first nine months of 2007 and incorporated the content into his Health and Aging course. Gerontology faculty members who make the connection between current news events and course material, as well as incorporate that connection into their recruitment efforts, will discover an opportunity to promote their discipline.
Electron microscopic mapping of deletions on a streptococcal plasmid carrying extraordinarily long inverted repeats

Abstract Deletions Δ101, Δ102, and Δ103 which occurred within the extraordinarily long inverted repeats of the self-ligated large EcoRI fragment of the Streptococcal MLS (macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B)-resistance plasmid pSM19035 led to the formation of plasmids pDB101, pDB102, and pDB103. Their molecular lengths were determined by contour length measurements to be 17.8, 17.4, and 13.9 kb, respectively. Electron microscopic examination of self-annealed molecules revealed stem-loop structures with inverted repeats comprising 41 to 91% of the mass of plasmids. Two unique sequences (US1 and US2) separated the inverted repeats in the case of pDB101 and pDB103, while in pDB102 the repeats were joined at one end and separated at the other by a unique sequence (US2). The size of the unique sequence US2 was identical for all three plasmids, and the location of the resistance determinant was determined by electron microscopic examination of self-annealed molecules of the recombinant plasmid pDB201. Mapping of the deletion termini, accomplished by combining electron microscopic and HindIII restriction data, suggested that deletions may occur at preferential sites.
Catalyst/cocatalyst nuclearity effects in single-site olefin polymerization. Significantly enhanced 1-octene and isobutene comonomer enchainment in ethylene polymerizations mediated by binuclear catalysts and cocatalysts.

This Communication describes the implementation of a new binuclear homometallic organotitanium “constrained geometry catalyst” (CGC), (μ-CH2CH2-3,3‘){ (η5-indenyl )[1-Me2Si (tBuN)](TiMe2)}2[EBICGC(TiMe2)2; Ti2], together with the bifunctional activators (Ph3C+)2[1,4-(C6F5)3BC6F4B(C6F5)3]2- (B2) and new bisborane 1,4-(C6F5)2BC6F4B(C6F5)2 (BN2) in ethylene + α-olefin copolymerization processes. Specifically examined are the comonomers 1-octene and poorly responsive isobutene. Large increases in comonomer enchainment efficiency into the polyethylene microstructure are observed versus the corresponding mononuclear catalyst [1-Me2Si(3-ethylindenyl)(tBuN)]TiMe2 (Ti1) + Ph3C+B(C6F5)4- (B1) or B(C6F5)3 (BN) under identical polymerization conditions. In ethylene + 1-octene copolymerization, 11 times more 1-octene incorporation is observed for Ti2 + B2 vs Ti1 + B1. In ethylene + isobutene copolymerization, 5 times more isobutene incorporation is observed for Ti2 + BN2 vs Ti1 + BN.
Teachers' and At‐Risk Students' Stimulated Recall of Instruction

Abstract Using the stimulated recall of instruction methodology, we interviewed teachers and students at risk for referral to special education about their perceptions, judgments, and decision making during the course of instruction. The results of the teacher interviews suggest that teachers respond to complex collections of student cues in their decision making about students. Teachers described themselves as more frequently monitoring the at‐risk students, although their attempts to modify instruction consisted primarily of attempts to motivate these students. The at‐risk students indicated awareness that they are experiencing difficulty in class, had somewhat less understanding of how teachers attempt to help them, and responded with anger and frustration to their learning problems.
Failure-prone production systems with uncertain demand

We consider a failure-prone manufacturing system with bursty demand arrivals. We prove that the hedging-point policy is optimal for this problem and provide analytical expressions to compute the hedging point. This allows us to compare our exact results to simpler approximations. We also show that our result leads to the solution for the constant demand rate problem, under an appropriate scaling of the demand process. We also provide a necessary and sufficient condition under which the just-in-time (JIT) policy is optimal for the case of linear, absolute value instantaneous cost.
Energy-aware and link-adaptive routing metrics for ultra wideband sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks are energy constrained since sensors operate with limited battery capacity. Thus, energy consumption is one of the most critical issues in the design of routing protocols. In addition, the link quality needs to be taken into account in the route decision for a wireless multihop network in order to efficiently exploit the inherent spatial diversity. In this paper we consider energy-aware and link adaptive routing strategies for a UWB (ultra wide band) sensor networks. We utilize the rating capabilities offered by UWB and employ adaptive modulation to take advantage of favorable link conditions. Different routing metrics are proposed based on the availability of sensor node's location, link quality and next hop battery capacity information. These routing metrics integrate the measure of next hop remaining battery capacity with the throughput performance measures, maximum forward progress (MFP) or maximum information progress (MIP). The effectiveness of these metrics is evaluated in different simulation scenarios in terms of network throughput and lifetime for both random and grid sensor network topologies.
Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and metabolism of flumequine in channel catfish / Ictalurus punctatus

Abstract The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the fluoroquinolone drug flumequine (FLU) were examined after intravascular (1 mg/kg) or oral (5 mg/kg) dosing in channel catfish. Parent FLU concentrations in plasma declined slowly after intravascular dosing, with a half-life of 25 h. After oral dosing, FLU concentrations in plasma were highest (3.1 μg/ml) at 14 h after dosing; absorption and elimination half-lives were 4.9 and 22 h, respectively. The oral bioavailability of FLU was 44%, based on normalized plasma data. Plasma protein binding of parent FLU was extensive, but saturable (88%–55% bound at 0.125–8.0 μg/ml). After oral dosing with 14C-labeled FLU, radioactive residues were evenly distributed among the major tissues analyzed, with peak concentrations occurring at 12–24 h. Residue concentrations were highest in liver (6.2 μg/g) and lowest in muscle (1.8 μg/g) at 24 h. Only parent FLU was found in muscle and was eliminated with a half-life of 26 h. FLU and its metabolites were recovered in urine and bile. Residues in bile consisted almost entirely of a taurine conjugate of FLU. In urine, the taurine conjugate and hydroxy-FLU metabolites were found, in addition to the parent compound.
Cartilage contact pressure elevations in dysplastic hips: a chronic overload model.

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a condition in which bone growth irregularities subject articular cartilage to higher mechanical stresses, increase susceptibility to subluxation, and elevate the risk of early osteoarthritis. Study objectives were to calculate three-dimensional cartilage contact stresses and to examine increases of accumulated pressure exposure over a gait cycle that may initiate the osteoarthritic process in the human hip, in the absence of trauma or surgical intervention. Patient-specific, non-linear, contact finite element models, constructed from computed tomography arthrograms using a custom-built meshing program, were subjected to normal gait cycle loads. Peak contact pressures for dysplastic and asymptomatic hips ranged from 3.56 – 9.88 MPa. Spatially discriminatory cumulative contact pressures ranged from 2.45 – 6.62 MPa per gait cycle. Chronic over-pressure doses, for 2 million cycles per year over 20 years, ranged from 0.463 – 5.85 MPa-years using a 2-MPa damage threshold. There were significant differences between the normal control and the asymptomatic hips, and a trend towards significance between the asymptomatic and symptomatic hips of patients afflicted with developmental dysplasia of the hip. The magnitudes of peak cumulative contact pressure differed between apposed articular surfaces. Bone irregularities caused localized pressure elevations and an upward trend between chronic over-pressure exposure and increasing Severin classification.
Genetic aspects and risk factors in alcoholism and alcoholic liver disease.

Abstract There is a great deal of evidence for genetic predisposition to alcoholism; considerably less is known regarding predisposition to alcoholic liver disease. The specific genes involved in either disorder are not well understood, although the enzymes of alcohol metabolism appear to play some role. It will be interesting to determine whether genetic factors that alter the expression of these enzymes, in addition to altering the kinetics of the enzymes, could modify responses to drinking. Work in the next few years will include determination of which responses to alcohol are indeed genetically influenced in twin studies, testing additional candidate genes for alcohol-related traits in populations and families, as well as the application of genomic mapping methodologies to alcoholic pedigrees. The latter strategy will be integrated into the larger number of studies that will grow from the Human Genome Project. Animal studies with selectively bred lines of rodents that differ in voluntary alcohol consumption will lead the way to define the neuronal and behavioral substrates responsible for differences in alcohol-drinking behavior. The use of the quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping approach in F2 intercross between two inbred strains of rodents with opposite alcohol-response characteristics and in recombinant inbred strains derived from F2 intercross already has and will continue to help identify chromosomal locations of genes relevant to voluntary alcohol consumption. 42 Perhaps in the future selective breeding of rodents and QTL mapping strategies can also be used to determine the biology and genetics of alcohol-induced liver injury.
A new approach to sea-of-gates global routing

The authors integrate the concepts and techniques of two existing complementary approaches, namely, the rerouting approach and the top-down hierarchical approach based on linear assignment. This combines and enhances the advantages of the two approaches and results in a fast and high-quality router which can handle large sea-of-gates designs. In addition, it solves the problems of routing interdependence and routing resource estimation which heretofore have not been well addressed yet. The method has been implemented and successfully tested on three real gate-arrays chips: Primary 1, Primary 2, and a channelless industrial example with 100 K gates. >
On reduced matrix inversion for operator splitting methods

The element-splitting heat-conduction algorithm of Hughes et al. (1983) is modified using the dual-basis approach of Flanagan and Belytschko (1981). The size of the system to be solved is reduced, and the formulation of a stiffness matrix is avoided. The 2D application is demonstrated, and the feasibility of a 3D implementation is indicated.
Contextualised urinary biomarker analysis facilitates diagnosis of paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea.

Abstract Background Intrinsic variance of the urine proteome limits the discriminative power of proteomic analysis and complicates potential biomarker detection in the context of paediatric sleep disorders. Methods and results Using a rigorous workflow for proteomic analysis of urine, we demonstrate that gender and diurnal effects constitute two important sources of variability in healthy children. In the context of disease, complex pathophysiological perturbations magnify these proteomic differences and therefore require contextualised biomarker analysis. Indeed, by performing biomarker discovery in a gender- and diurnal-dependent manner, we identified ∼30-fold more candidate biomarkers of paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), a highly prevalent condition in children characterised by repetitive episodes of intermittent hypoxia and hypercapnia, and sleep fragmentation in the context of recurrent upper airway obstructive events during sleep. Remarkably, biomarkers were highly specific for gender and sampling time as poor overlap (∼3%) was observed in the proteins identified in boys and girls across morning and bedtime samples. Conclusions As no clinical basis to explain gender-specific effects in OSA or healthy children is apparent, we propose that implementation of contextualised biomarker strategies will be applicable to a broad range of human diseases, and may be specifically applicable to paediatric OSA.
Ontogenetic change in novel functions: waterfall climbing in adult Hawaiian gobiid fishes

Juveniles from three species of Hawaiian gobiid fishes climb waterfalls as part of an amphidromous life cycle, allowing them to re-penetrate adult upstream habitats after being swept out to the ocean upon hatching. The importance of climbing for juvenile stream gobies is well established, but adult fish in upstream island habitats also face potential downstream displacement by periodic disturbances. Thus, retention of climbing ability could be advantageous for adult stream gobies. Climbing performance might be expected to decline among adults, however, due to the tendency for mass-specific muscular power production to decrease with body size, and a lack of positively allometric growth among structures like the pelvic sucker that support body weight against gravity. To evaluate changes in waterfall-climbing ability with body size in Hawaiian stream gobies, we compared climbing performance and kinematics between adults and juveniles from three species: Awaous guamensis, Sicyopterus stimpsoni and Lentipes concolor. For species in which juveniles climbed using ‘powerbursts’ of axial undulation, adult performance and kinematics showed marked changes: adult A. guamensis failed to climb, and adult L. concolor used multiple pectoral fin adductions to crutch up surfaces at slow speeds, rather than rapid powerbursts. Adult S. stimpsoni, like juveniles, still used oral and pelvic suckers to ‘inch’ up surfaces and climbed at speeds comparable to those of juveniles. However, unlike juveniles, adult S. stimpsoni also add pectoral fin crutching to every climbing cycle. Thus, although powerburst species appear to be particularly susceptible to size-related declines in waterfall-climbing performance, the addition of compensatory mechanisms prevents the loss of this novel function in some species.
Temperature and Load Ratio Effects on Crack-Growth Behavior of Austenitic Superalloys

The role of temperature and load ratio (R) on the crack propagation rate (da/dN) of Alloys 276 and 617 under cyclic loading was investigated. The results indicate that the rate of cracking was gradually enhanced with increasing temperature when the R value was kept constant. However, the temperature effect was more pronounced at 100―150°C. Both alloys exhibited maximum da/dN values at a load range of 4.5 kN that corresponds to an R value of 0.1. The number of cycles to failure for Alloy 276 was relatively higher compared with that of Alloy 617, indicating its slower crack-growth rate. Fractographic evaluation of the broken specimen surface revealed combined fatigue and ductile failures.
A Semantics- and Data-Driven SOA for Biomedical Multimedia Systems

Due to the problems of heterogeneous data and platforms, abundant functional and QoS requirements, high data size, and tangling correlation between data/contents and software functionalities, developing large-scale biomedical multimedia database systems is a challenging task. This paper presents a semantics- and data-driven service-oriented architecture (SOA) to take the interoperability and scalability advantages of conventional SOA and solve the aforementioned problems. By establishing data ontology with respect to data properties, contents, QoS, and biomedical regulations and expanding service ontology to describe more functional and QoS specifications supported by services, appropriate services for processing biomedical multimedia data may be discovered, performed, tuned up or replaced as needed. Additionally, six transmission services are introduced to support dynamic adaptation under specific requirements.
Morphological observations on the gills of dendrobranchiate shrimps

Gill morphology, traditionally, has played an important role in attempts to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the Crustacea Decapoda. We examined the gills of dendrobranchiate shrimps (Crustacea, Decapoda, Dendrobranchiata) to test the assumption that all members of the clade have gills that are ‘‘dendrobranchiate’’ (highly branching) in form, from whence the taxon name Dendrobranchiata comes. Currently, the Dendrobranchiata consists of two superfamilies and seven families. Specimens from two genera in each of the known families were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Members of the family Luciferidae, all of which lack gills as adults, were not examined. Only one genus was examined for the Penaeidae (because they have been the subject of numerous previous studies) and Sicyoniidae (a monogeneric family). All gills examined have secondary branches that are further subdivided, conforming to existing and rather broad definitions of dendrobranchiate gills. Families with ‘‘typical’’ dendrobranchiate gills, which consist of curved secondary branches that in turn bear branched (dendritic) tubular tertiary elements on their distal surfaces, include the Penaeidae, Aristeidae, and Solenoceridae. In other families, secondary and tertiary gill elements are sometimes quite flattened, and the tertiary elements are not dendritic, giving the gill a distinctly non-dendrobranchiate appearance. Flattened biserial secondary branches and their flattened tertiary elements are particularly obvious in gills of the monogeneric family Sicyoniidae (Sicyonia). Within the family Sergestidae, gills of the genus Sergestes are unusual in having secondary branches that arise from the main gill axis in an alternating pattern; these gills also have distinctly oval tertiary elements that are not further subdivided and are directed basally rather than distally. Another sergestid genus, Petalidium, displays gills that differ from those of Sergestes ;i nPetalidium the secondary branches also come off the main gill axis in an alternating pattern, but these branches are more widely spaced and have relatively larger and broader tertiary elements when compared with gills of Sergestes. The family Benthesicyemidae also contains species with different gill types; Gennadas is shown to have flattened, plate-like tertiary elements, whereas Benthesicyemus has more typical dendrobranchiate gills. The significance of this variation in gill morphology within families and within the Dendrobranchiata as a whole is unclear at this point; rearrangements of the currently accepted phylogeny and resulting classification based solely on gill morphology are not recommended at this time. r 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Color Analysis of Dental Modifying Porcelains

Sintered samples of modifying porcelains of various colors and manufacturers were analyzed using reflectance spectrophotometry. Color designations are reported according to practices of the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (International Commission for Illumination), and color names were assigned based on a method developed through a joint effort of the Inter-Society Color Council and the United States National Bureau of Standards (ISCC-NBS). Within samples labeled by the same color, differences among manufacturers were found in the color designations and names. These differences were noted in part by plots of the chromaticity coordinates of the samples. The ISCC-NBS method of designating colors is proposed as a uniform and descriptive color-naming method for modifier porcelain. Consistent color naming is a step in improving communication over the use of modifying porcelains.
Privacy Please: A Privacy Curriculum Taxonomy (PCT) For The Era Of Personal Intelligence

This paper extends forward thinking by information ethics and business education scholars to introduce a Privacy Curriculum Taxonomy (PCT) that repurposes business curricula around the emerging personal information privacy paradigm. The seminal challenge confronting business education leaders is to respond to the ontological paradigm shift from a physical society driven by material and monetary processes, towards a digital society driven by information supply and the growing demand for information privacy. The PCT is advanced as an initial framework for engaging business curriculum planners in the considerations required to repurpose existing disciplines around digital society information and privacy processes. After a current literature review, the PCT is developed using a foundational set of information assurance principles. The PCT is business discipline specific, to catalyze incubation and further development within and across functional areas.
UPTAKE SPECIFICITY FOR ORGANIC SUBSTRATES BY THE MARINE DIATOM MELOSIRA NUMMULOIDES1

SUMMARY Melosira nummuloides, clone Mel-3, shows a very high specificity with regard to its ability to take up organic substrates. Amino acids supplied in the medium at 1 X 10-4 M are taken up at initial rates of the same order of magnitude as that of photoassirnilation of COj. However, sugars, sugar alcohols, or organic acids supplied at the same concentration are not taken up. The mechanism for uptake of amino acids appears to require energy, since tlie uptake of the amino acid analog α-aminoisobutyric acid is strongly inhibited by 2 f-dinitrophenul. The uptake mechanism does not appear to be inducible. The ability of M. numinuloides to utilize amino acids as a nitrogen source is quite restricted. Arginine, ghttamine, asparagine, proline, and glutamic acid were good nitrogen sources. Seventeen other amino acids, including α-aminoisobutyric acid, were unsatisfactory for growth, although they were rapidly taken up from the medium.
Do programs designed to train working memory, other executive functions, and attention benefit children with ADHD? A meta-analytic review of cognitive, academic, and behavioral outcomes.

article i nfo Children with ADHD are characterized frequently as possessing underdeveloped executive functions and sustained attentional abilities, and recent commercial claims suggest that computer-based cognitive training can remediate these impairments and provide significant and lasting improvement in their attention, impulse control, social functioning, academic performance, and complex reasoning skills. The present review critically evaluates these claims through meta-analysis of 25 studies of facilitative intervention training (i.e., cognitive training) for children with ADHD. Random effects models corrected for publication bias and sampling error revealed that studies training short-term memory alone resulted in moderate magnitude improvements in short-term memory (d = 0.63), whereas training attention did not significantly improve attention and training mixed executive functions did not significantly improve the targeted executive functions (both nonsignificant: 95% confidence intervals include 0.0). Far transfer effects of cognitive training on academic functioning, blinded ratings of behavior (both nonsignificant), and cognitive tests (d = 0.14) were nonsignificant or negligible. Unblinded raters (d = 0.48) reported significantly larger benefits relative to blinded raters and objective tests (both p b .05), indicating the likelihood of Hawthorne effects. Critical examination of training targets revealed incongruence with empirical evidence regarding the specific executive functions that are (a) most impaired in ADHD, and (b) functionally related to the behavioral and academic outcomes these training programs are intended to ameliorate. Collectively, meta-analytic results indicate that claims regarding the academic, behavioral, and cognitive benefits associated with extant cognitive training programs are unsupported in ADHD. The methodological limitations of the current evidence base, however, leave open the possibility that cognitive training techniques designed to improve empirically documented executive function deficits may benefit children with ADHD.
Focused detection via multiresolution analysis

In many applications, there are strong discrepancies between the signal models assumed in the design phase and the actual signals encountered in the field. These discrepancies penalize significantly the performance of the matched filter that is fine tuned to the preassumed conditions. We propose a geometric framework that designs, via wavelet multiresolution-based techniques, a receiver whose performance is to a large degree insensitive to these mismatches. We say that the receiver is a focused detector. The approach defines a signal set S that identifies the class of diverse conditions that are expected to arise. We illustrate the method in the context of multipath problems. The matched filter, which is a simple receiver, assumes that S is a singleton. When this is not the case, the matched filter experiences strong degradation. On the other hand, the optimal receiver for the signal set S is practically infeasible since it requires a multidimensional nonlinear optimization. The paper designs the focused receiver as a good compromise between these two extremes. We replace the signal set S by a linear subspace G-the representation subspace-that minimizes a measure of similarity with S. We choose G to be a multiresolution subspace. This choice resolves to satisfaction several issues. The subspace design is reduced to the design of a single shiftable scaling function, the similarity between S and G can be computed explicitly, and the focused receiver that computes the energy of the orthogonal projection on G is implemented by a bank of correlators matched to scaled/delayed versions of the reshaped scaling function followed by an energy detector. We assume that the transmitted signal is a sample of a random process. The signal set S becomes an ensemble of linear spaces. We introduce the modified deflection as the appropriate similarity measure. The paper details our algorithm, describes how to compute the modified deflection, and illustrates the performance results that can be obtained.
Using a multispectral autonomous unmanned aerial remote sensing platform (AggieAir) for riparian and wetlands applications

An autonomous, unmanned, aerial, remote sensing platform called AggieAir™ has been developed at Utah State University (USU) to produce multispectral aerial imagery. Its independence of a runway, low cost, and rapid turn-around time for imagery make it an efficient platform for applications in riparian areas and in wetlands management. Using third-party software, the imagery from AggieAir can be stitched together into mosaics, georeferenced, and used to classify vegetation and map riparian systems, substrates and fish habitat for hydraulic modeling, river morphology and restoration monitoring. Likewise, the multispectral mosaics can be used to monitor changes in meso-scale aquatic habitat features and invasive/native plant species, as well as delineate different types of wetlands for wetlands management. This paper introduces AggieAir and highlights some of the projects in riparian and wetlands applications in which it has been involved. AggieAir has also been involved with agricultural and biofuel applications.
Procrastinating voltage scheduling with discrete frequency sets

This paper presents an efficient method to find the optimal intra-task voltage/frequency scheduling for single tasks in practical real-time systems using statistical workload information. Our method is analytic in nature and proved to be optimal. Simulation results verify our theoretical analysis and show significant energy savings over previous methods. In addition, in contrast to the previous techniques in which all available frequencies are used in a schedule, we find that, by carefully selecting a subset of a small number of frequencies, one can still design a reasonably good schedule while avoiding unnecessary transition overheads.
The Hodgkin–Huxley Equations

All living cells have an electrical voltage, or potential difference, between their inside and outside. Since the cell’s membrane is what separates the inside from the outside, this potential difference is referred to as the membrane potential. In mathematical terms, the membrane potential V M is defined as $${V }_{\mathrm{M}} = {V }_{\mathrm{in}} - {V }_{\mathrm{out}},$$ where V in is the potential on the inside of the cell and V out is the potential on the outside. This will change during an action potential, for example.
The Molecular Composition and Function of Desmosomes

Desmosomes are intercellular adhesive junctions that are particularly prominent in tissues experiencing mechanical stress, such as the heart and epidermis. Whereas the related adherens junction links actin to calcium-dependent adhesion molecules known as classical cadherins, desmosomes link intermediate filaments (IF) to the related subfamily of desmosomal cadherins. By tethering these stress-bearing cytoskeletal filaments to the plasma membrane, desmosomes serve as integrators of the IF cytoskeleton throughout a tissue. Recent evidence suggests that IF attachment in turn strengthens desmosomal adhesion. This collaborative arrangement results in formation of a supracellular network, which is critical for imparting mechanical integrity to tissues. Diseases and animal models targeting desmosomal components highlight the importance of desmosomes in development and tissue integrity, while the downregulation of individual protein components in cancer metastasis and wound healing suggests their importance in cell homeostasis. This chapter will provide an update on desmosome composition, function, and regulation, and will also discuss recent work which raises the possibility that desmosome proteins do more than play a structural role in tissues where they reside.
Worldwide Apportionment of Interest Revisited

This article discusses the legislative and other developments on the worldwide interest apportionment approach for computing foreign-source income. It includes a summary of the principal pieces of relevant legislation on the subject, a comparison of their provisions, and describes a few of the legal and other issues raised by the most recent legislation. The article concludes by stating that it is time to correct the problems associated with the current water's edge system of interest apportionment and giving taxpayers the option of using a worldwide interest apportionment approach for computing foreign-source income accomplishes this objective.
Dopamine neurons share common response function for reward prediction error

Dopamine neurons are thought to signal reward prediction error, or the difference between actual and predicted reward. How dopamine neurons jointly encode this information, however, remains unclear. One possibility is that different neurons specialize in different aspects of prediction error; another is that each neuron calculates prediction error in the same way. We recorded from optogenetically identified dopamine neurons in the lateral ventral tegmental area (VTA) while mice performed classical conditioning tasks. Our tasks allowed us to determine the full prediction error functions of dopamine neurons and compare them to each other. We found marked homogeneity among individual dopamine neurons: their responses to both unexpected and expected rewards followed the same function, just scaled up or down. As a result, we were able to describe both individual and population responses using just two parameters. Such uniformity ensures robust information coding, allowing each dopamine neuron to contribute fully to the prediction error signal.
Response Time in the Transport of Critically Ill Pediatric Patients to a Tertiary Critical Care Unit

Despite an institution’s willingness to accept the care of patient transfers, there are various barriers that delay the process of patient transfer and timely arrival to a critical care unit. The consequences of these barriers include less than optimal care of critically ill patients in facilities not staffed or prepared for one to one care. Examples include busy emergency rooms with one physician overseeing multiple patients, and in-patient wards in community hospitals. Our aim is to decrease the time period from patient acceptance to patient arrival to the Pediatric Critical …