cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leukemia, Radiation, and Hyperthyroidism

Saenger et al. (Letters, 19 Mar.) argue that hyperthyroidism per se is responsible for the statistically significant increase in leukemia death rate which they observed in a combined group of 18,379 radioiodine-treated (RAI) and 10,731 surgery-treated (SUR) hyperthyroid patients (1 ). For the years 1946 to 1964 this increase amounted to 1.5 times the expected death rate calculated on the basis of the experience of the U.S. general population. I have examined the origins of this increase by comparing observed numbers of leukemia deaths in each patient group with the corresponding expected numbers calculated on the basis of U.S. age-, sex-, year-specific leukemia death rates (2). The results show that the excessive leukemia death rate is largely confined (i) to patients who were over 50 years of age at the time of treatment; (ii) to patients with the acute rather than the chronic form of the disease; and (iii) to the RAI rather than the SUR group. Moreover, in RAI patients there is a statistically significant excess of acute leukemia deaths (2) occurring between ages 50 and 79 (namely, 9 observed versus 3.6 expected; P = .01); whereas, in SUR patients, although there is an excess of such deaths between ages 50 and 79 (4 observed versus 2.5 expected), the excess is not statistically significant (3).
Transapical Arterial Cannulation for Salvage Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Hemodynamic instability during transcatheter aortic valve replacement procedures may require transient cardiopulmonary bypass for support. In patients with severe atherosclerosis, peripheral cannulation may not be possible. This method of direct left ventricle cannulation during transapical TAVR is a facile means to provide arterial inflow.
Rosoxacin distribution in kidney and prostate: experimental studies in dogs.

Concentrations of rosoxacin, a new quinolone derivative, in the renal hilar lymph, renal interstitial fluid, prostatic interstitial fluid, and prostatic secretion were investigated in dogs during constant intravenous infusion. The lymph was obtained by direct cannulation of the lymphatics and the interstitial fluid from small plastic tissue chambers implanted six weeks before the experiments. Renal clearance of rosoxacin was compared to the glomerular filtration rate, as measured by 125I-iothalamate clearance, and showed a net reabsorption of rosoxacin. The renal lymph and interstitial fluid concentrations in both kidney and prostate were found to be lower than the simultaneous plasma concentrations, corresponding well with earlier findings for several other antimicrobial agents. However the concentrations in lymph and interstitial fluids were higher than the minimum inhibitory concentrations for most enterobacteriaceae normally encountered in urinary tract infections.
Northern peatland carbon stocks and dynamics: a review

Abstract. Peatlands contain a large belowground carbon (C) stock in the biosphere, and their dynamics have important implications for the global carbon cycle. However, there are still large uncertainties in C stock estimates and poor understanding of C dynamics across timescales. Here I review different approaches and associated uncertainties of C stock estimates in the literature, and on the basis of the literature review my best estimate of C stocks and uncertainty is 500 ± 100 (approximate range) gigatons of C (Gt C) in northern peatlands. The greatest source of uncertainty for all the approaches is the lack or insufficient representation of data, including depth, bulk density and carbon accumulation data, especially from the world's large peatlands. Several ways to improve estimates of peat carbon stocks are also discussed in this paper, including the estimates of C stocks by regions and further utilizations of widely available basal peat ages. Changes in peatland carbon stocks over time, estimated using Sphagnum (peat moss) spore data and down-core peat accumulation records, show different patterns during the Holocene, and I argue that spore-based approach underestimates the abundance of peatlands in their early histories. Considering long-term peat decomposition using peat accumulation data allows estimates of net carbon sequestration rates by peatlands, or net (ecosystem) carbon balance (NECB), which indicates more than half of peat carbon (> 270 Gt C) was sequestrated before 7000 yr ago during the Holocene. Contemporary carbon flux studies at 5 peatland sites show much larger NECB during the last decade (32 ± 7.8 (S.E.) g C m−2 yr–1) than during the last 7000 yr (∼ 11 g C m−2 yr–1), as modeled from peat records across northern peatlands. This discrepancy highlights the urgent need for carbon accumulation data and process understanding, especially at decadal and centennial timescales, that would bridge current knowledge gaps and facilitate comparisons of NECB across all timescales.
Dynamic test sequence compaction for sequential circuits

This work addresses two important issues in dynamic test sequence compaction for sequential circuits: (1) extension of partially specified test sequence to detect other faults, and (2) reduction in the number of secondary faults that have to be considered while extending partially specified test sequence. We present a sliding anchor frame technique to specify unspecified signal in a test sequence. Key features of the sliding anchor frame technique are: (1) test generator deterministically assigns logic values to unspecified signals rather then randomly specified signals as 0 or 1, and (2) every vector in the partially specified test sequence is considered as an anchor vector during the extension of the sequence. This effectively shows observation of fault effects at any vector in the sequence, which is essential for obtaining test sets of high quality. Experimental results on several sequential circuits show that the sliding anchor frame technique results in significant reductions in test set size end test application cycles.
Trading Security for Seats: Strategic Considerations in the Redistricting Process

In this paper, we examine redistricting in the 1982 House elections, paying particular attention to the strategic elements of redistricting. We argue that past reliance on aggregate approaches has hindered district-level studies of strategic processes and effects. To overcome this problem, we propose a method that uses individual districts as the unit of analysis. After showing how our district-level approach works, we apply it to the 1982 House elections and demonstrate its relevance for the strategic dimensions of redistricting. Leaders appeared to trade security for seats in their redistricting decisions; these tradeoffs have important consequences for future elections.
Biological characteristics of an immunoregulatory activity secreted by an autoreactive CD4+ T cell clone that suppresses autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice

We previously reported the generation and characterization of a panel of CD4+ autoreactive T cell clones that suppress development of autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. We showed that the protective capacity of the T cell clones correlates with secretion of an activity that potently inhibits allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (allo-MLR). In this report, we describe the biological characteristics of the allo-MLR inhibitory activity (MLR-IA, short for mixed lymphocyte reaction inhibitory activity) secreted by the protective T cell clone, NOD-5. MLR-IA has little effect on initiation of proliferation in an allo-MLR, but it potently inhibits the maintenance and amplification of the proliferative response. MLR-IA is also capable of inhibiting concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated splenic responder T cell proliferation. MLR-IA is reversible in vitro and is not restricted by MHC class I or II proteins. MLR-IA does not affect IL-2 receptor expression of responding T cells and has no effect on IL-2-dependent proliferation of CTLL-20 T cells. Partially purified MLR-IA inhibits IL-2 production in a primary allo-MLR, and decreases IFN-y production during secondary allo-MLR and Con A activation, whereas it enhances IL-4 production in both primary and secondary Con A activation. MLR-IA is not neutralized by combination of antibodies specific for transforming growth factor-p, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-a/fJ or IFN-y, suggestive of a novel activity. MLR-IA is ammonium sulfate precipitable, sensitive to protease digestion and is destroyed by boiling, indicating that a protein moiety is part of its active structure. Our work suggests that a potentially novel immunoregulatory activity, capable of inhibiting T lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-y production, and stimulating IL-4 production, may regulate development of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice.
Trace analysis of neutral organic species using thin-layer electrochemistry

Abstract A variety of neutral organic molecules were loaded from aqueous solutions into the macroreticular resins XAD-2 and XAD-4. These compounds were analyzed at trace levels in a thin-layer electrochemical cell using differential pulse voltammetry. The technique allows one to choose the optimum solvent system for detectability and to analyze a variety of neutral organic species. Detection limits of 10 −8 to 10 −9 M are routinely achievable. Sensitivity is limited by the oxygen reduction wave, electrochemical reproducibility, the finite volume of the thin-layer cell, and K D .
Learning models for developing visualization in engineering graphics

Major engineering graphics curriculum revision projects funded by NSF and ACM-SIGGRAPH arrived at similar recommendations: to develop visualization as the major educational goal of engineering graphics curricula for the 1990s and beyond. The author examines the exact meaning of visualization, how it relates to engineering graphics, and how it can be implemented into classroom learning experiences. He provides definitions and discusses relevant research and learning models that can form a foundation for curricular revision. >
Immunomodulation by Corynebacterium Parvum

Corynebacteriumparvum which has recently been reclassified as a Propionibacterium (1) was initially noted for its ability to stimulate the reticuloendothelial system (RES) as manifested by increased clearance of particulate material from the circulation and increased spleen and liver weights (2–5). Since then, the ability of this organism to modify various immune functions has been extensively studied.
Ecthyma Gangrenosum: A Rare Cutaneous Manifestation Caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in a Leukemic Patient

Ecthyma gangrenosum (EG) is a well-recognized cutaneous infection that most commonly affects immunocompromised patients. It typically occurs on the extremities, or in gluteal and perineal regions. Although Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most well-known pathogen causing EG, other organisms have been reported to cause EG. Herein we report a rare case of ecthyma gangrenosum presenting as aggressive necrotic skin lesions in perioral and infraorbital areas in a 47-year-old patient with acute myelocytic leukemia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. It was caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, which is an aerobic, gram-negative pathogen that has been associated only rarely with cutaneous disease. Blood culture and tissue culture were positive for S. maltophilia. Histological examination revealed numerous tiny bacilli in the dermis and perivascular area. Early recognition of skin lesions caused by S. maltophilia is important to decrease associated mortality in immunosuppressed patients.
Phosphorylation of HIV-1 Tat by CDK2 in HIV-1 transcription

Transcription of HIV-1 genes is activated by HIV-1 Tat protein, which induces phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) C-terminal domain (CTD) by CDK9/cyclin T1. Earlier we showed that CDK2/cyclin E phosphorylates HIV-1 Tat in vitro. We also showed that CDK2 induces HIV-1 transcription in vitro and that inhibition of CDK2 expression by RNA interference inhibits HIV-1 transcription and viral replication in cultured cells. In the present study, we analyzed whether Tat is phosphorylated in cultured cells by CDK2 and whether Tat phosphorylation has a regulatory effect on HIV-1 transcription. We analyzed HIV-1 Tat phosphorylation by CDK2 in vitro and identified Ser16 and Ser46 residues of Tat as potential phosphorylation sites. Tat was phosphorylated in HeLa cells infected with Tat-expressing adenovirus and metabolically labeled with 32P. CDK2-specific siRNA reduced the amount and the activity of cellular CDK2 and significantly decreased phosphorylation of Tat. Tat co-migrated with CDK2 on glycerol gradient and co-immunoprecipitated with CDK2 from the cellular extracts. Tat was phosphorylated on serine residues in vivo, and mutations of Ser16 and Ser46 residues of Tat reduced Tat phosphorylation in vivo. Mutation of Ser16 and Ser46 residues of Tat reduced HIV-1 transcription in transiently transfected cells. The mutations of Tat also inhibited HIV-1 viral replication and Tat phosphorylation in the context of the integrated HIV-1 provirus. Analysis of physiological importance of the S16QP(K/R)19 and S46YGR49 sequences of Tat showed that Ser16 and Ser46 and R49 residues are highly conserved whereas mutation of the (K/R)19 residue correlated with non-progression of HIV-1 disease. Our results indicate for the first time that Tat is phosphorylated in vivo; Tat phosphorylation is likely to be mediated by CDK2; and phosphorylation of Tat is important for HIV-1 transcription.
Meat quality during processing

Abstract The study of growth and development of any food animal such as poultry needs to consider the effects of the muscle changes on the use of the muscle as meat. If a treatment could increase muscle growth but the increased meat was of poor quality, then the increase in production would be of little value. Muscle is of particular concern because not only is it the tissue of greatest value for food, but it also is an excitable tissue and responsive to its environment. Many of these responses can be quite deleterious to meat quality. The basis for the response of muscle to its environment is in postmortem metabolism and the simultaneous development of rigor mortis. Although the animal may die in a matter of minutes following the neck cut, its muscle cells continue to metabolize and respond for hours after respiratory cessation and brain death. During these hours, the muscle has energy that fuels the responses to the environment, most commonly in terms of color and texture. Heat, transportation, and handling all contribute to the preslaughter stress that can alter color, texture, and related protein functionality. Stunning is another preslaughter factor that has a large effect on postmortem metabolism and meat quality. After death, chilling can toughen meat while it adds juiciness, and aging prevents the meat from toughening in response to deboning. Electrical stimulation is a recent beneficial innovation that reduces the need for aging by accelerating postmortem energy depletion and reducing the muscle's ability to toughen during deboning. This paper reviews the responsiveness of the muscle and gives examples of how these responses can hurt or help meat quality.
The FM shift in 1945

The move of FM broadcasting from the 40‐50 mc band to the 88‐108 mc band in 1945 had a number of effects; among them were giving television another low‐band channel, rendering approximately a half million FM receivers obsolete, and setting the stage for some of the most penetrating probes of FCC decision making.
Oral health in the United States: the post-fluoride generation.

▪ Abstract Tremendous strides have been made in reducing the incidence of tooth decay, periodontal diseases, and associated loss of teeth in adults and children since the inception of community water fluoridation programs. Yet the disadvantaged and poor have not fully shared in the benefits. Other challenges to oral health remain. Oral cancer and related smoking and smokeless tobacco use remain major public health problems. Access to preventive and therapeutic dental care is far from universal. Public health programs similar in commitment to the approach of community water fluoridation programs initiated in the 1950s and 1960s are needed to address neglected oral health needs of underserved and high-risk populations in the United States.
The Evaluation of Teaching in Choral Rehearsals

Seven rehearsal excerpts demonstrating research-identified teaching skills were presented to university music majors (N = 89) for ratings and comments. The excerpts focused on the conductor/teacher...
Abstract C53: Dose‐finding designs for combination therapies involving molecularly targeted agents

Purpose: Novel therapies are challenging current drug development standards. Agents with specific biologic targets, unknown dose‐efficacy curves, limited toxicity profiles, and in combination therapy require novel statistical designs. We compared the operating characteristics of three model based designs incorporating both toxicity and a measure of efficacy to identify the optimal dose region for combination therapies. Methods: Three designs were considered: continuation ratio model with a trinary outcome, bivariate logistic model treating toxicity and efficacy as independent outcomes, and bivariate probit model allowing for dependent toxicity and efficacy outcomes. All designs utilized a model‐based methodology to adaptively determine dose escalation/de‐escalation, based on the data observed to date in the trial. The model parameters were estimated using Markov chain Monte Carlo approach in a Bayesian framework. The target threshold for toxicity was set at 33%; the minimum and maximum sample sizes were set at 30 and 45, respectively, for the simulated trials; and the cohort size was 3 with at least nine patients needed to be treated at the proposed combination dose level. The performance of the designs was evaluated in simulation studies under six clinically relevant scenarios. Results: As expected, the ability to correctly identify an optimal dose region was sensitive to the changes in the toxicity and/or efficacy across the dose level combinations. Considering 50% as a benchmark for the recommendation rate for the optimal dose or region (dose levels within 10% of the maximum efficacious dose level), at least one of the three models performed well in recommending the optimal dose region except when the dose‐efficacy surface was non‐monotone or the dose‐toxicity surface was close to the target rate of 33%. All three models worked well in not recommending any dose combination when the starting dose level combination was too toxic. The median sample size across all scenarios ranged from 27–33. Conclusions: Despite favorable operating characteristics, the implementation of these new designs in practice is challenging for a variety of reasons. Adoption of novel designs require a multi‐pronged approach that provides a) clinically obvious advantages, b) practical design framework with a transparent decision making process, c) timely access to both toxicity and preliminary efficacy data, and d) portable user‐friendly software, or very attentive statisticians. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):C53.
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy in an Adolescent

The clinical course of an adolescent with reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the foot is presented. The potential problems of establishing objective diagnostic criteria for reflex sympathetic dystrophy are related to the dynamic nature of the disorder. Serial radiographic studies, radionuclide scans, and quantitative densitometric measurements may be useful in combination; isolated cold stress testing and laser Doppler fluxmetry are useful in assessing thermoregulation and vasomotor instability. A regimen of amitriptyline and phenytoin plus physical therapy with stress loading was useful in this patient, but in many patients the course is progressive, leading to chronic pain and debilitation.
Diagnostic Value of Routine Isoamylase Assay of Hyperamylasemic Serum

The purpose of this study was to determine if routine isoamylase assay would provide valuable diagnostic information in patients with hyperamylasemia. Isoamylase distribution was determined in sera of 37 consecutive hyperamylasemic patients. The attending physicians (without knowledge of the isoamylase level) had considered acute pancreatitis to be "probable" in 19, "possible" in 4, and "unlikely" in 14 of these 37 patients. Three of the patients considered probably to have pancreatitis and 3 thought possibly to have pancreatitis had normal serum pancreatic isoamylase levels. Knowledge of the normal pancreatic isoamylase level in these 6 patients probably would have changed the clinical diagnosis to some condition other than pancreatitis. Of the 14 hyperamylasemic patients thought "unlikely" to have pancreatitis, 7 had an elevation of just pancreatic isoamylase and 3 additional patients had elevation of both pancreatic and salivary isoamyIases. It seems likely that knowledge of these elevated pancreatic isoamylase levels would have changed the clinical diagnosis to "probable" pancreatitis for many of these patients. We conclude that routine isoamylase assay provides diagnostic information that might change the clinical diagnosis in 20%–40% of hyperamylasemic patients.
Production of highly-sinterable rare-earth oxide powders by controlled humidity dewatering of precursors☆

Abstract The sintering behavior of rare-earth oxide powders produced from reverse strike hydroxide, oxalate and carbonate precursors was studied. The influences of controlled humidity dewatering of precursors on powder morphology and sintering behavior were extensively studied, and were compared with those produced by oven drying or dewatering by using organic washes (ATA method). Significant differences in behavior were observed for hydroxide- and carbonate-derived powders dewatered in different ways; oxalate-derived powders showed little behavioral dependence on dewatering method. In general, controlled humidity dewatering proved effective in leading to highly-sinterable powders from any of the three precursors investigated, ATA treatment was effective for hydroxide and oxalate precursors, and oven drying generally led to good sinterability only for oxalate-derived powders. Compaction behavior and surface area of the powders were also determined and attempts were made to correlate these characteristics with sintering behavior.
Lactase deficiency in Orientals.

Summary In our study all 11 healthy Orientals were shown to have isolated small bowel lactase deficiency. Ten Orientals had symptoms after ingesting 50 g of lactose but tolerated modest amounts of milk.
Commentary: "Countertransference" on trial--witness or defendant?

Sattar, et al. have made a contribution to our profession generally in the manner of our use of terminology by noting that some phenomena observed in psychotherapy are similar to those in the work of the forensic psychiatrist, such as in the psychiatric evaluation, preparation of testimony, and provision of testimony. In doing so, the authors clarify the definition of the work of the forensic psychiatrist, as well as that of the psychotherapist. They clearly demonstrate the usefulness of these ideas (especially “countertransference”) but raise questions about whether the term “countertransference” is appropriate to describe the work of the forensic psychiatrist. They are right to do so, and in doing so, raise a challenge to the field of psychotherapy as well as forensic psychiatry about how we use words. The concept of countertransference bears witness to some of the complexity of the forensic psychiatrists’ work and at the same time may misrepresent the tasks of the forensic psychiatrists.
Materials Science and Engineering at Boise State University: Responding to an Industrial Need

The College of Engineering at Boise State University (BSU) is a new program in only its fifth year of existence. Bachelor's degrees in Civil Engineering (CE), Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) and Mechanical Engineering (ME) are offered with M.S. Degrees in each discipline added this year. The industrial advisory board for the College of Engineering at BSU strongly recommended enhancement of the Materials Science and Engineering (MS&E) offerings at BSU. In response to local industry's desire for an increased level of coursework and research in MS&E, BSU has created a minor in MS&E at both the undergraduate and graduate level. The MS&E program is designed to meet the following objectives: provide for local industry's need for engineers with a MS&E competency, add depth of understanding of MS&E for undergraduate and graduate students in ECE, ME and CE, prepare undergraduate students for graduate school in MS&E, improve the professional skills of the students especially in the areas of materials processing and materials selection, provide applied coursework for Chemistry, Physics, and Geophysics students, and offer coursework in a format that is convenient for students currently working in local industry.
High-average-power free-electron lasers: a new laser source for materials processing

Material processing with lasers has grown greatly in the previous decade, with annual sales in excess of $1 B (US). In general, the processing consists of material removal steps such as drilling, cutting, as well as joining. Here lasers that are either cw or pulsed with pulsewidths in the microsecond(s) time regime have done well. Some applications, such as the surface processing of polymers to improve look and feel, or treating metals to improve corrosion resistance, require the economical production of laser powers of the tens of kilowatts, and therefore are not yet commercial processes. The development of FELs based on superconducting RF (SRF) linac technology provides a scaleable path to laser outputs above 50 kW, rendering these applications economically viable, since the cost/photon drops as the output power increases. Such FELs will provide quasi-cw (PRFs in the tens of MHz), of ultrafast (pulsewidth approximately 1 ps) output with very high beam quality. The first example of such an FEL is the IR Demo FEL at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab), which produces nearly 2 kW of high average power on a routine basis. Housed in a multilaboratory user facility, we as well as members of our user community have started materials process studies in the areas mentioned earlier. I will present some of the first results of these studies. I will also briefly discuss the status of our DOD-funded project to upgrade the FEL to 10 kW in the mid IR.
Independent and interactive effects of real-time risk factors on later temptations and lapses among smokers trying to quit

Purpose The current study sought to expand our understanding of relapse mechanisms by identifying the independent and interactive effects of real-time risk factors on temptations and the ability to resist temptations in smokers during a quit attempt.
The Transport of Dust and SOX in East Asia during the PEM-B Experiment

The subject of long range transport (LRT) of pollutants is in the early stages of study in Asia (Merrill et al., 1985; Kotamarthi and Carmichael, 1990; Arndt et al., 1996). The results from the PEM West A & B experiments have shown the widespread impact that long range transport of materials from the continental regions of east Asia has on the chemical composition of the troposphere over the western Pacific (Hoell et al., 1996). The projected growth in emissions for the region suggests that the long range transport of pollutants in east Asia will grow in importance over the next several decades.
Controllers as filters: Noise-driven swing-up control based on Maxwell's demon

In this paper we show in simulation that if the controller and the filter are combined into a single computational unit operating like a “Maxwell's demon”, controller-filtered noise can successfully control a system of interest. Using this method, we perform Monte Carlo tests for the swing-up control of the cart pendulum, acrobot and pendubot systems. Results show that filtered noise can indeed act as a swing-up controller, leading these systems to configurations where a locally stabilizing controller can complete the stabilization process. Potential applications of this work include the development of reliable, never-failing human-machine interfaces for rehabilitation, training and skill evaluation.
AJP-Cell Theme: Cellular Responses to Hypoxia.

oxygen is critical for survival of metazoan cells, tissues, and organisms. Hypoxia (reduced oxygen availability) has major effects on cellular and systemic physiology. Over the next several months, a series of invited review articles will highlight mechanisms by which hypoxia is sensed and adaptive
Time-Accurate Simulation of Shock Propagation and Reflection in an Axi-Symmetric Shock Tube

An axi-symmetric shock-tube model has been developed to simulate shock propagation and reflection in both inviscid and viscous nonreactive flows. Simulations were performed for the full shock-tube geometry of the high-pressure shock tube facility at Texas A&M University. The CFD code FLUENT was employed to simulate the shock propagation and reflection processes in the shock tube, and the flow properties behind the reflected shock wave were obtained by solving the axi-symmetric, unsteady Euler and Navier-Stokes equations. Computations were carried out based on the finite volume approach and the AUSM+ flux differencing scheme. Adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) algorithm was applied to the time-dependent flow fields to accurately capture and resolve the shock and contact discontinuities as well as the very fine scales associated with the viscous effects. The bifurcation phenomenon resulting from the interaction of the reflected shock wave and the boundary layer has been accurately simulated. Conjugate heat transfer modeling was made possible in conjunction with the viscous model which enhanced the credibility of the results. The robustness of the numerical model and the accuracy of the simulations were assessed through validations with the analytical ideal theory and experimental measurements. The model is shown to be capable of accurately simulating the shock and expansion wave propagations and reflections as well as the flow non-uniformities behind the reflected shock wave associated with the viscous non-ideal effects.
The clinical investigation on intrathoracic instillation of CCE chemotherapy combined PMY and AT-1258 in 51 patients with lung cancer accompaning hydrothorax

Objective To evaluate the effect of CCE chemotherapy combined PYM and AT 1258 intrathoracic instillation on lung cancer accompanied hydrothorax.Methods The chemotherapy remedy was CTX 500～600mg/m 2 iv d1,CBP 400mg iv d1 and Vp 16 100mg iv d1～5.The therapeutic course was repeated at 4 weekly intervals.After drawing water,PYM 16mg and AT 1258 40～60mg and dexamethsome 10mg were injected into thoracic cavity,which was repeated at 7～10 days intervals.Results The effective rate in patients with lung cancer and hydrothorax was 54.9% and 80.4%,respectively.The effective rate for mild、moderate and severe hydrothorax were 100%(12/12),82.1%(23/28)and 54.5%(6/11)(P0.025).The side effects were arrest of bone marrow,digestive tract reaction and alopecia.The survival time was 3～30 months,the median survival time was 12 months.Conclusions CCE chemotherapy combined PYM and AT 1258 intrathoracic instillation in the treatment of lung cancer accompanied with hydrothorax is simple,effective,therefore it should be recommended. [
Study on Species Diversity of Plants and Interspecific Relationships of Dominant Species of Gupo Mountains

Based on the data of the sample plots,study was conducted on species diversity of plants by using species richness,Simpson index,Shannon-wiener index and Pielou index in Gupo Mountains of Guangxi province,and also on interspecific relationship between dominant species of plants by using X2-test for the 2×2 contingency table,Pearson correlation analysis and Spearman's rank correlation analysis.The results were as follows:(1)the four diversity indexes showed the same trend and the order of different levels of species diversity is:shrub layer herb layer tree layer.(2)the study on the relevance of the dominant species by stratification found that the dominant species mainly have no significant correlation,shrub layer has the most kinds of species which have significant and highly significant correlation,the following is herb layer,and tree layer is the least.This shows that the development of dominant species on the main layer of the vegetation performance for the mutual competition was changed by the big-to-small trend.The climax community is either single-gifted community or more-gifted community.Obviously,the vegetation of Gupo Mountains is far from the perfect state.The above study can be of some reference value and significance to management and rational development of forest resources and evaluation of park resources and development.
The Impact of 9/11 on Debt Markets

As international equity markets have become more integrated during the past several decades, so have capital markets for corporate loans and bonds. This has been due in large part to increased globalization of multinationals, commercial and investment banks. Mergers in both segments have increased the scope of business for these entities. As borrowers and intermediaries expand across national and continental boundaries, their need and source of capital expands. It is these trends that resulted in global syndication for corporate loans and increased use of international bond capital markets. It is not unusual to find a loan syndication package with participants representing all major financing centers (New York, London, Tokyo, Hong Kong, and Singapore). Bond issues can have similar scope of participation. As these markets are more integrated, we find that shocks to one segment are more likely transmitted to other markets.
Reduced respiratory neural activity elicits a long-lasting decrease in the CO2 threshold for apnea in anesthetized rats

Two critical parameters that influence breathing stability are the levels of arterial pCO2 at which breathing ceases and subsequently resumes - termed the apneic and recruitment thresholds (AT and RT, respectively). Reduced respiratory neural activity elicits a chemoreflex-independent, long-lasting increase in phrenic burst amplitude, a form of plasticity known as inactivity-induced phrenic motor facilitation (iPMF). The physiological significance of iPMF is unknown. To determine if iPMF and neural apnea have long-lasting physiological effects on breathing, we tested the hypothesis that patterns of neural apnea that induce iPMF also elicit changes in the AT and RT. Phrenic nerve activity and end-tidal CO2 were recorded in urethane-anesthetized, ventilated rats to quantify phrenic nerve burst amplitude and the AT and RT before and after three patterns of neural apnea that differed in their duration and ability to elicit iPMF: brief intermittent neural apneas, a single brief "massed" neural apnea, or a prolonged neural apnea. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found that patterns of neural apnea that elicited iPMF also resulted in changes in the AT and RT. Specifically, intermittent neural apneas progressively decreased the AT with each subsequent neural apnea, which persisted for at least 60min. Similarly, a prolonged neural apnea elicited a long-lasting decrease in the AT. In both cases, the magnitude of the AT decrease was proportional to iPMF. In contrast, the RT was transiently decreased following prolonged neural apnea, and was not proportional to iPMF. No changes in the AT or RT were observed following a single brief neural apnea. Our results indicate that the AT and RT are differentially altered by neural apnea and suggest that specific patterns of neural apnea that elicit plasticity may stabilize breathing via a decrease in the AT.
Newcomer Socialization research: The Importance and Application of Multilevel Theory and Communication

Although multiple conceptualizations and measures of newcomer socialization have been offered, most approaches to measuring socialization efforts (a) confound distinctions between multilevel influences and (b) overlook critical communicative aspects (i.e., who-says-what-to-whom-and-how). Advocating for a shift in theory and measurement, this paper reviews three popular approaches in the socialization corpus (i.e., contextual, content, and memorable messages) and then critiques their inattention to the multilevel and communicative nature of socialization processes. This paper concludes with recommendations for future research on the dynamics of newcomer socialization, especially as they occur across multiple levels of analysis.
Efficient universal recovery in broadcast networks

Consider a connected broadcast network of N nodes that all wish to recover k desired packets. Each node begins with a subset of the desired packets and broadcasts messages to its neighbors. In a previous paper we established necessary and sufficient conditions on the number of transmissions from each node required for universal recovery (in which each node recovers all k packets). However, these conditions are numerous and cumbersome. The present paper gives a series of relatively simple conditions for universal recovery that apply when the number of packets is large and the distribution of packets among the nodes is well behaved. Our first result, which applies to any fixed network topology, uses only simple cuts in the network to characterize a set of transmission strategies such that for any ∈ > 0 these strategies require at most k∈ transmissions above the minimum required for universal recovery. For certain topologies including nonsingular d-regular d-connected networks, we explicitly construct transmission strategies that achieve universal recovery while using at most N transmissions above the minimum even when the total number of required transmissions is very large. These explicit constructions essentially resolve the problem completely for many canonical networks (e.g. cliques, rings, grids on tori, etc.).
Post-cure shape errors of ultra-thin symmetric CFRP laminates: Effect of ply-level imperfections

This paper discusses the effect of misalignments in ply orientation, uniform variations in ply thickness, and through-thickness thermal gradients on the post-cure shape errors for symmetric cross-ply laminates constructed from ultra-thin composite materials. Photogrammetry-based surface measurements are performed for laminates cured at elevated temperatures. Significant out-of-plane shape errors are observed, with amplitudes ∼75 times the laminate thickness. The magnitude of each imperfection is also characterized experimentally on coupon-level samples. A non-linear finite element model is developed and demonstrates that these imperfections result in cylindrical and twisting modes of deformation. Results are compared to Classical Lamination Theory predictions which are shown to be inadequate in predicting shape errors that require changes in Gaussian curvature. Through these studies, it is determined that thickness variations between the top and bottom plies have the most pronounced effect on shape errors.
The Principal Eosinophil Peroxidase Oxidant, HOSCN, Potently Induces Endothelial Cell Tissue Factor Activity through Transcriptional Activation Dependent upon NF-kB and ERK1/2: Potential Mechanism for a Prothrombotic and Proinflammatory Endothelial Phenotype in the Hypereosinophilic Syndrome.

Abstract We have shown that SCN- is the principal substrate for EPO in vivo and its product, HOSCN, a weak sulfhydryl-reactive oxidant, is a uniquely potent (i.e. 10–1000-fold more than any other) phagocyte oxidant inducer of tissue factor (TF) activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). We here characterize the intracellular signaling pathways and transcription factors activated by HUVEC in response to this unusual oxidant. We exposed monolayers to increasing concentrations of various phagocyte-derived oxidants or 10 ng/ml LPS in M199 medium with 10% FCS and assayed TF in scraped, freeze-thawed extracts by one-stage clotting assay. We find that 50–150 μM HOSCN induces TF activity up to 100-fold at 4–6 hours, levels similar to those stimulated by LPS. In contrast, similar concentrations of HOBr, H2O2, and HOCl induced at most a 3-fold activation of Stat4, CDP, GRE, CBF, and Ets-1/PEA3, a pattern similar to but readily distinguishable from that of LPS. We conclude HOSCN strongly induces TF activity in endothelial cells through transcriptional activation dependent upon ERK 1/2 and NF-kB. Given the widespread genomic distribution of binding sites for these transcription factors and the types of genes they regulate, we hypothesize HOSCN generated by adherent and infiltrating eosinophils may provoke the development of a prothrombotic and proinflammatory endothelial/endocardial phenotype that promotes the pronounced thrombotic diathesis characteristic of the Hypereosinophilic Syndrome.
Calculating the absorption of HF radio waves in the ionosphere

It has long been known that the ionospheric absorption of HF radio waves is dependent on the electron density in the ionosphere. This paper examines two aspects of the absorption calculation that have not been as thoroughly investigated. First, the correct method to calculate ionospheric absorption is explored; while the Sen Wyller ray trace formulation is generally cited as the best approximation in the D and E regions of the ionosphere, the Appleton-Hartree formulation is more consistent with the theory in the F region of the ionosphere. It is shown that either ray trace formulation can be used to calculate ionospheric absorption if the correct collision frequencies are utilized. Another frequently overlooked aspect of the attenuation calculation are the variations in the electron-neutral and electron-ion collision frequencies as a function of local time, season, latitude, and solar cycle. These variations result in differences on the order of 30% in the total ionospheric attenuation and should be included in absorption calculations.
Tube Feeding: Techniques and Procedure

Enteral nutrition is the preferred means of nutrient delivery for patients with an intact and functional GI tract. Enteral access can be achieved by various techniques. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is now the technique of choice for long-term enteral feeding and benefits most patients. Each technique involves placement of a gastrostomy tube at a point where the stomach and abdominal wall are in closest contact. PEG is a bedside procedure without general anesthesia. Feeding can begin within 24 h of placement. Major complications (peritonitis, bleeding, perforation, and pulmonary aspiration) occur infrequently. PEG feeding does not improve function, nutrition, or quality of life in patients with dementia. Selection of patients for PEG requires a multidisciplinary team approach.
Olfaction written in bone: cribriform plate size parallels olfactory receptor gene repertoires in Mammalia

The evolution of mammalian olfaction is manifested in a remarkable diversity of gene repertoires, neuroanatomy and skull morphology across living species. Olfactory receptor genes (ORGs), which initiate the conversion of odorant molecules into odour perceptions and help an animal resolve the olfactory world, range in number from a mere handful to several thousand genes across species. Within the snout, each of these ORGs is exclusively expressed by a discrete population of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), suggesting that newly evolved ORGs may be coupled with new OSN populations in the nasal epithelium. Because OSN axon bundles leave high-fidelity perforations (foramina) in the bone as they traverse the cribriform plate (CP) to reach the brain, we predicted that taxa with larger ORG repertoires would have proportionately expanded footprints in the CP foramina. Previous work found a correlation between ORG number and absolute CP size that disappeared after accounting for body size. Using updated, digital measurement data from high-resolution CT scans and re-examining the relationship between CP and body size, we report a striking linear correlation between relative CP area and number of functional ORGs across species from all mammalian superorders. This correlation suggests strong developmental links in the olfactory pathway between genes, neurons and skull morphology. Furthermore, because ORG number is linked to olfactory discriminatory function, this correlation supports relative CP size as a viable metric for inferring olfactory capacity across modern and extinct species. By quantifying CP area from a fossil sabertooth cat (Smilodon fatalis), we predicted a likely ORG repertoire for this extinct felid.
Self-sculpting of a dissolvable body due to gravitational convection

© 2018 American Physical Society. Natural sculpting processes such as erosion or dissolution often yield universal shapes that bear no imprint or memory of the initial conditions. Here we conduct laboratory experiments aimed at assessing the shape dynamics and role of memory for the simple case of a dissolvable boundary immersed in a fluid. Though no external flow is imposed, dissolution and consequent density differences lead to gravitational convective flows that in turn strongly affect local dissolving rates and shape changes, and we identify two distinct behaviors. A flat boundary dissolving from its lower surface tends to retain its overall shape (an example of near perfect memory) while bearing small-scale pits that reflect complex near-body flows. A boundary dissolving from its upper surface tends to erase its initial shape and form an upward spike structure that sharpens indefinitely. We propose an explanation for these different outcomes based on observations of the coupled shape dynamics, concentration fields, and flows.
Waldenström macroglobulinemia treatment algorithm 2018

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is often an indolent disorder, and many patients are candidates for observation with careful monitoring. For symptomatic patients, one must distinguish between those patients whose symptoms are related to immunologic manifestations associated with the IgM monoclonal protein and those that have symptoms related to progressive marrow and nodal infiltration with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. In Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, the driver for therapy in the majority of patients is progressive anemia, secondary to bone marrow replacement by lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Recent introduction of MYD88 mutational analysis has been very useful for diagnostic purposes but is unclear what effect it might have on the prognosis or response rate to therapy. An algorithm is provided on the management of asymptomatic individuals and the sequence used for chemotherapeutic intervention of symptomatic patients.
Navigating mathematics and language tensions in language immersion classrooms

Abstract Based on analyses of videos from language immersion classrooms in Colombia and the US, we examine how teachers manage the tension between how much attention to give to mathematics and to language. Consistent with previous research that regards mathematics and language as inseparable, findings suggest that teaching episodes fall along a continuum from mathematically intense to linguistically intense, with some balanced episodes in the middle of the continuum. Balanced episodes exhibited semiotic juxtaposition where multiple semiotic resources were used simultaneously. We discuss implications that the intentional use of semiotic juxtaposition may have for language immersion mathematics learners.
The Intrinsic Goodness of Pain, Anguish, and the Loss of Pleasure

Critique de la theorie de l'action rationnelle et de l'action irrationnelle developpee par B. Gert dans son dernier ouvrage intitule «Moralite: nature et justification» (1998). A travers l'exemple de la mort, de la souffrance, du handicap, de la perte de la liberte et du plaisir, l'A. rejette la conception de la croyance consciente et de la croyance rationnelle qui fonde la position de Gert.