cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal and spatial variability in the flow and dispersal of suspended-sediment on a fringing reef flat, Molokai, Hawaii

Abstract A multi-year study was conducted on a shallow fringing reef flat on Molokai, Hawaii to determine the temporal and spatial dispersal patterns of terrigenous suspended sediment. During this study, trade-wind conditions existed for the majority of the year on the reef flat. The trade-wind conditions produced strong currents and resuspended moderate amounts of sediment on the reef flat on a daily basis during the year of study, resulting in an overwhelming contribution to the total sediment flux. The magnitude and direction of the trade winds relative to the orientation of the coastline, the shallow-relief and broad morphology, and tidal elevation, provided the primary control of the physical processes that resuspended and transported sediment on the reef flat over the period of record. Spatial data indicate that much of the terrigenous sediment resuspended on the reef flat is transported predominantly alongshore and is confined to the inner- to mid-reef flat. Evidence for the limited across-shore mixing and transport is provided by the dominantly alongshore wind-driven currents during trade-wind conditions and the well-defined across-shore gradient in percentage calcium carbonate of the suspended sediment. Regions of slightly offshore suspended-sediment transport along the reef flat can be attributed to the circulation pattern set up by the interaction between the trade winds, coastal morphology, and anthropogenic coastal structures (i.e., fish ponds and wharf). The regions in which sediment were seen to move offshore provide the strongest link between the sediment dynamics on reef flat and fore reef, and qualitatively appears to be correlated with low coral coverage on the fore reef.
Early events in guinea pig reticulocyte iron uptake.

Hemolysates, prepared from guinea pig reticulocytes incubated with 59Fe-labelled serum, can be resolved into five peaks utilizing molecular sieve chromatography: ferritin, transferrin, hemoglobin, an Mr 17 000 fraction, and a low molecular weight fraction. The hemoglobin peak also contains a nonhemoglobin component (III–X), demonstrated by heme extraction and by isoelectric focusing. Transferrin, the III–X component and the low molecular weight fraction are the first to accumulate radioactive iron during the reticulocyte incubation. The 59Fe in each of these also chases. Therefore, a role for these components as precursors to iron incorporation into heme is suggested.
Very low gene duplication rate in the yeast genome

The gene duplication rate in the yeast genome is estimated without assuming the molecular clock model to be ∼0.01 to 0.06 per gene per billion years; this rate is two orders of magnitude lower than a previous estimate based on the molecular clock model. This difference is explained by extensive concerted evolution via gene conversion between duplicated genes, which violates the assumption of the molecular clock in the analyses of duplicated genes. The average length of the period of concerted evolution and the gene conversion rate are estimated to be ∼25 million years and ∼28 times the mutation rate, respectively.
NCAM140 Interacts with the Focal Adhesion Kinase p125fak and the SRC-related Tyrosine Kinase p59fyn

Axonal growth cones respond to adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix components by rapid morphological changes and growth rate modification. Neurite outgrowth mediated by the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) requires the src family tyrosine kinase p59fyn in nerve growth cones, but the molecular basis for this interaction has not been defined. The NCAM140 isoform, which is found in migrating growth cones, selectively co-immunoprecipitated with p59fyn from nonionic detergent (Brij 96) extracts of early postnatal mouse cerebellum and transfected rat B35 neuroblastoma and COS-7 cells. p59fyn did not associate significantly with the NCAM180 isoform, which is found at sites of stable neural cell contacts, or with the glycophosphatidylinositol-linked NCAM120 isoform. pp60c-src, a tyrosine kinase that promotes neurite growth on the neuronal cell adhesion molecule L1, did not interact with any NCAM isoform. Whereas p59fyn was constitutively associated with NCAM140, the focal adhesion kinase p125fak, a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase known to mediate integrin-dependent signaling, became recruited to the NCAM140-p59fyn complex when cells were reacted with antibodies against the extracellular region of NCAM. Treatment of cells with a soluble NCAM fusion protein or with NCAM antibodies caused a rapid and transient increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of p125fak and p59fyn. These results suggest that NCAM140 binding interactions at the cell surface induce the assembly of a molecular complex of NCAM140, p125fak, and p59fyn and activate the catalytic function of these tyrosine kinases, initiating a signaling cascade that may modulate growth cone migration.
A note on the inelastic contributions to the elastic scattering of high-energy electrons from helium

An estimate is made of the contribution of non-radiative inelastic processes to the elastic scattering of high-energy electrons from4He. It is shown that at the presently available energies and scattering angles the dominant process is electrodisintegration, and that this and other effects may be expected to give a correction to the differential elastic scattering cross-section of several percent, the maximum values occurring at high-energies and backward scattering angles.
Leathers and Rolexs: The Symbolism and Values of the Motorcycle Club

The article describes the spectrum of motorcycling groups before focusing on the symbolism and values of modern outlaws or one percenters. Factors unique to the edgework of motorcycling are linked to the appearance and demeanor of bikers and their most extreme expression of American society's shadow side among one percenters. The persona of the largest one percent clubs are outlined using the aphorisms and symbols of the subculture. The values reflected in these symbols are linked to those of the larger society as is the evolution of the subculture. Also discussed are the nature of interclub alliances and rivalries.
Xanthohumol inhibits the neuroendocrine transcription factor achaete-scute complex-like 1, suppresses proliferation, and induces phosphorylated ERK1/2 in medullary thyroid cancer.

Abstract Background Achaete-scute complex-like 1 (ASCL1) is a transcription factor important in the malignant development of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). Activation of Raf-1 signaling is associated with ASCL1 suppression and growth inhibition. Xanthohumol, a natural compound, has recently been shown to have anticancer properties. We thus hypothesized that xanthohumol would suppress growth by activating Raf-1 signaling, thus altering the malignant phenotype of MTC. Methods Human MTC cells were treated with xanthohumol (0–30 μmol/L) for up to 6 days. Proliferation was measured by a methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay. Western blot analysis was performed for ASCL1 and markers of Raf-1 pathway activation. Results Treatment of MTC cells with xanthohumol resulted in a dose dependent inhibition of growth. Additionally, induction of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and a reduction of ASCL1 protein was noted. Conclusions Xanthohumol is a potent Raf-1 activator in MTC cells. This compound suppresses MTC growth, alters the malignant phenotype, and warrants further preclinical study.
Public education and cancer control

Objectives To provide an overview of public education efforts in tobacco, obesity, environmental health, and cancer screening. Data Sources Cochrane, AHRQ, the CDC’s Guide to Community Preventive Services , and other reviews. Conclusion Major changes in rates of smoking and cancer screening attest to the effectiveness of public education efforts. Diet and physical activity have more resistant behaviors. Communication technologies offer possibilities for connecting people with the education they need. Implications for Nursing Practice Nurses can play important roles in public education by helping to overcome people’s misperceptions and biases related to cancer. There also may be an important role for nurses as information brokers.
Optimizing the design and impact behavior of a polymeric enclosure

Abstract This paper focuses on the application of finite element analysis to design an electronic enclosure with improved impact resistance properties. With the growing push towards miniaturization there is a constant decrease in the wall thickness of the enclosure applications. This necessitates use of ribs to enhance the impact resistance. This study aims at investigating optimal design of ribs for improving impact resistance. The ‘DSGZ’ phenomenological constitutive model, which uniformly describes the entire range of stress–strain constitutive relationship of polymers under any monotonic loading mode is used to predict the plastic failure energies. Several simulation runs were performed based on the design parameters using a 2 3 factorial design of experiments. The results from these simulations were used to analyze and study the various design parameters and its influence on the impact energy. It was found that when designing enclosures with ribs with an objective to maximize the impact failure energy, stress should be laid on optimizing the ratio of wall thickness to rib height within permissible limits while center-to-center spacing between the ribs and rib thickness do not have a significant effect.
The Ransom of Captives: Evolution of a Tradition

The admonition to ransom captives has a long paraenetic and social tradition that is documented in a variety of genres in early Christian literature. It is a tradition which, like many of its companion pieces in paraenetic literature, springs from roots in the Hebrew Scriptures which were consciously adopted by Christians as an important base upon which to build their own theology. The development of this particular tradition in early Christianity is an interesting example and test case of how a theological and moral conviction was not limited to verbal expression but was effectively translated into practice and creatively adapted to changing situations.
Simultaneous modular algorithm for steady-state flowsheet simulation and design

Abstract The sequential modular algorithm has been used widely for steady-state simulation and design. Consequently, a considerable body of computer programs tailored for such applications exists today. Most of the current research in steady-state calculations, however, is oriented towards simultaneous solution of the entire set of system equations. An unfortunate consequence of this approach is that the software developed for sequential modular calculations can not be employed. The simultaneous modular algorithm offers many of the advantages of an equation-solving procedure while using the existing sequential modular software. This work presents theoretical analysis and experimental results of various implementations of the simultaneous modular algorithm. The split fraction model of a unit behavior ( y = ax ) is shown to have worse convergence properties than Wegstein's algorithm in a sequential modular procedure. Indeed. it is quite a fortuitous set of circumstances when such a model exhibits stable convergence behavior. The difference split fraction model ( dy = adx ) is shown to be equivalent to Wegstein's algorithm for a flowsheet with a single recycle loop. On systems with multiple recycle loops, the model exhibits better convergence than Wegstein's algorithm. The simultaneous modular algorithm can also be implemented as a sparse quasi-Newton procedure to solve systems of non-linear equations. Such implementation allows simultaneous solution of design specifications and flowsheet balances. An initial estimate of the stream variables is obtained by one or more sequential passes through a flowsheet. The system Jacobian matrix is approximated by the difference split fraction unit models. Subsequent Jocobian matrices are obtained by a sparse update procedure. Covergergence properties of various implementations are demonstrated by examples.
Fourier analysis using spectral observers

New techniques for Fourier spectral analysis are reported, for which ongoing spectral estimates are generated in real time. The algorithms are recursive, expressable in state variable form, and involve real number computations. The ability of these spectral observers to perform one-step-per-sample updating is demonstrated with numerical examples.
The Microwave Spark

Electrical breakdown of air was studied at 3 microwave frequencies: wave-lengths of 1.25 cm, 3 cm, and 10 cm. Breakdown field strength was determined as a function of pressure, gap height, intensity of initial ionization, width of a single microwave pulse which sufficed for breakdown, and the pulse repetition frequency.It is found that the field strength for breakdown is strongly dependent upon the width of the microwave pulse, the intensity of initial ionization, and, of course, upon gap height and pressure of enclosed gas. A lesser dependence is found on the repetition rate of the pulses. The validity of Paschen's law at these high frequencies is investigated, and a semitheoretical formulation of breakdown is obtained based on electron ionization competing with the process of electron attachment to neutral molecules (relatively immobile in the gas). Prediction is made from this theory as to certain expected results. For experimental conditions these were not realizable at the time the experiments were performed but they may now be realized in certain laboratories.
Structure of Excited-State Transitions of Individual Semiconductor Nanocrystals Probed by Photoluminescence Excitation Spectroscopy

We perform for the first time photoluminescence excitation (PLE) studies of individual nanocrystals (NCs) that reveal the structure of excited-state transitions not obscured by ensemble averaging. Single-NC PLE spectra strongly deviate from a traditional idealized picture of sharp, quasiatomic resonances. We detect only a few relatively narrow transitions (3-4 meV) at the band edge, while at higher spectral energies, we observe a broad structureless feature separated from the band-edge peaks by a >50 meV "minigap." These observations can be rationalized by analyzing hole intraband relaxation behavior.
Enhancement of auditory sensory gating and stimulus-bound gamma band (40 Hz) oscillations in heavy tobacco smokers

The effects of smoking tobacco on sensory gating, P50 and stimulus-bound gamma band oscillations (GBO; 32-48 Hz) in auditory evoked potentials were examined in a paired-tone paradigm (50 tone pip pairs; 70 dB, 1000 Hz). Thirteen cigarette (20+/day) smokers were tested after abstaining overnight and after smoking; 13 age-matched never-smokers were tested twice. Smokers exhibited chronic (rather than acute) effects in the frontal region: (1) larger P50 and GBO responses; (2) greater P50 and GBO sensory gating suppression. GBO analyses showed earlier sensory gating in smokers. These chronic effects of greater cortical activation and sensory gating may reflect persistent dopaminergic activation due to the inhibition of monoamine oxidase observed in smokers.
Selected Physical Properties of Peanuts

Selected physical properties of peanuts, which are effective in case of mobility or immobility were examined. For this aim, firstly, the geometrical shape of peanuts was defined and the specific mass and friction coefficient, which are quantitative measures of the inertia and frictional resistance that determine the ability of movement, were obtained. A geometrical shape consisting of a cylinder and two hemispheres at the ends has found quantitative appropriateness of at most 91% and at least 34% for the varieties in Turkish Standards. A variation of 0.37–0.58 g cm−3 for the solid density and that of 0.21–0.28 g cm−3 for the bulk density of hulled peanut have been found. The solid densities of kernel and shell have been determined in the range of 0.88–0.93 g cm−3 and 0.27–0.30 g cm−3, respectively. Their average bulk densities have been observed within 0.54–0.59 g cm−3 and 0.066–0.077 g cm−3 intervals, respectively. The angle of repose and internal friction angle measured by two methods have been in close...
Long-Term Behavior of the Tritides Formed by Nickel-Based Intermetallic Compounds

Some properties of the tritide phases formed by the intermetallic compounds Mg2Ni, ZrNi, and LaNi5 have been studied. Whereas ZrNiT3 will retain its stoichiometry indefinitely when sufficient gaseous tritium is available, the stoichiometries of Mg2NiT4 and LaNi5T6.9 decrease with time. Although all three intermetallic tritides can retain large quantities of the helium-3 tritium decay daughter product in the solid phase, irreversible release of helium begins after several hundred days for ZrNiTx and Mg2NiTx. However, LaNi5Tx retains all of the helium generated in the solid for at least 2400 days. NMR measurements for ZrNiTx and Mg2NiTx imply that helium is retained in microscopic bubbles as previously observed in several binary metal tritides.
Effects of Cationic Residues and Base Sequence in Nucleic Acid Binding of Histone-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are found in numerous living organisms, are active against a wide range of bacteria and other pathogens. While many AMPs inhibit bacterial growth through membrane disruption, certain AMPs, including buforin II and DesHDAP1, are hypothesized to kill bacteria by binding to intracellular nucleic acids after translocating across the bacterial cell membrane. To understand this lesser known mechanism, the nucleic acid-peptide binding interactions of these systems were investigated using both experimental and computational methods. The nucleic acid-peptide binding for buforin II and DesHDAP1 were measured experimentally using a fluorescence intercalator displacement (FID) assay. In these experiments, having an increased composition of basic residues that are arginine versus lysine were shown to promote binding for variants of both buforin II and DesHDAP1. When binding was tested using nucleic acid sequences, neither buforin II nor DesHDAP1 significantly favored particular DNA or RNA sequences. To provide structural explanations for these results, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and electrostatics calculations were used. Through these computational analyses, particular arginine residues within each peptide were found to interact more favorably with nucleic acids. Results from MD simulations also showed that nucleic acid-peptide binding was mostly due to interactions between the peptide and phosphate backbone of nucleic acids. Since these phosphate groups are identical for any DNA or RNA sequence, the prevalence of those interactions explained the lack of sequence specificity observed experimentally. These insights regarding nucleic acid binding of buforin II and DesHDAP1, paired with a deeper understanding of the peptides’ structures and membrane interactions, are necessary to develop AMPs for novel pharmaceutical applications.
Upper Ball Joint Force Variations due to Riser Tensioner and Vessel Motions—Part II: Analysis and Computer Simulation

Part 2 of a study of upper ball joint force variations due to riser tensioner and vessel motions. An analysis of the variation of forces acting on the upper ball joint of a riser string due to the drill ship motion and riser tensioner dynamic has been conducted. The analysis includes the effect of breakaway torque on the tensioner sheaves while assuming vessel and upper ball joint motion to be independent. General equation for the tensioner cable forces and for the forces exerted on the riser upper ball joint by the ship joint-tensioner system derived in Part I are solved. The variation in the tensioner cable forces is compared to data generated in field operation
Gait and clinical outcomes in patients with severe knee osteoarthritis: A multivariate approach

was used to assess the subject’s hip function and its associated problems. A functional calibration (flexion/abduction movements) was done and each subject then performed 5 repetitions of gait (approx. 25 left/right gait cycles). Movement was registered with a custom-developedportablemotionsensor system,whereeachsensor consisted of a tri-axial accelerometer and gyroscope. Sensors were placed on pelvis and each thigh and shank. Further calculations were done in MATLAB (v7.12 R2011a, Mathworks). Cosine rotationmatriceswereextractedby functional sensor-tosegmentcalibration and sensor fusion [1], and hip and knee angles were obtained as Euler angles. Results: Preliminary results indicated larger range in hip rotation and smaller range of knee flexion during gait in HIP group than in the CTRL group (Fig. 1). HOOS profile (Fig. 2) indicated that hip function during sports (SP) and the general quality of life (QOL) were lower in the HIP group. Discussion and conclusions: Motion patterns during gait seemed to be negatively affected in subjectswith hip implant, even after the rehabilitation program was completed and even though the HOOS profiles indicated a relative good hip function.
Flow separation in the vicinity of a moving boundary

THE effect of boundary motion on the laminar, incompressible flow in the entry region of a two-dimensional channel is considered in this study. The formation of a separated region during the upstream motion of a section of the lower boundary is of particular interest. The size of the separated region depends on the Reynolds number and the velocity of the moving boundary. The solution is obtained numerically by considering the continuity and the Navier-Stokes equations using the vorticity-stream function formulation. A computational scheme, which consists of the alternating-direction implicit method for the vorticity equation and the successive over-relaxation method for the stream function equation, is used to solve the finite difference equations. Contents Specifying solutions for flow problems comprising moving boundaries has potential importance in aerospace applications such as oscillating airfoils, impellers, helicopter rotors, and compressor blades. The primary objective of this work is to numerically simulate the steady, laminar, incompressible, confined flow in the presence of boundary motion.1 As a preliminary configuration, the problem is modeled as viscous flow past a moving boundary section placed within the entry region of a two-dimensional channel, with uniform velocity at the inlet and Poiseuille flow at the downstream end. Interest is focused on the development of a separated region in the vicinity of a lower boundary section permitted to move with a constant velocity in its own plane in the direction opposite to the inlet velocity. Laminar separation and reattachement occur in regimes of low Reynolds number flow around airfoils. Also, separated regions can be generated by the flow near the sharp leading edge of a thin airfoil. Unpredictable rapid growth of such separated regions can cause stall. Viscous, incompressible flows are governed by the NavierStokes equations. For two-dimensional flows, it is often desirable to introduce the vorticity and the stream function as dependent variables. The x- and j>-component Navier-Stokes equations yield the z-component vorticity equation: a2*
Oil and gas in offshore tracts: estimates before and after drilling.

Estimates of volumes of recoverable hydrocarbons underlying offshore tracts are made by the U.S. Geological Survey prior to the sale of leases and after drilling on those leases. Comparisons of these estimates show a moderate positive correlation and no evidence for relative bias, although the precision of the predictions is quite limnited.
Reactions of coals and coal liquids with a liquid superacid

Abstract A series of chemical bonds which are strong enough to make coals and coal liquids unreactive during thermal liquefaction processes are reactive under the conditions of strong acid catalyzed reactions. We studied reactions of coals and coal liquids with small aromatic molecules in the presence of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and identified some of these chemical bonds. Examples of such bonds are C ar C aliph and C ar C aliph C ar . We identified the presence of significant amounts of monoaromatic phenols (mainly methyl and ethyl substituted) bound to the rest of coal or coal liquid aromatic structures with methylene bridges. The importance of the relative concentration of reactant:acid is discussed based on data with model compounds.
Special treatment issues in lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition).

Background This chapter of the guidelines addresses patients who have particular forms of non-small cell lung cancer that require special considerations. This includes patients with Pancoast tumors, T4N0,1M0 tumors, satellite nodules in the same lobe, synchronous and metachronous multiple primary lung cancers (MPLCs), solitary brain and adrenal metastases, and chest wall involvement. Methods The nature of these special clinical cases is such that in most cases, metaanalyses or large prospective studies of patients are not available. For ensuring that these guidelines were supported by the most current data available, publications that were appropriate to the topics covered in this chapter were obtained by performance of a literature search of the MEDLINE computerized database. When possible, we also referenced other consensus opinion statements. Recommendations were developed by the writing committee, graded by a standardized method (see "Methodology for Lung Cancer Evidence Review and Guideline Development" chapter), and reviewed by all members of the lung cancer panel before approval by the Thoracic Oncology NetWork, Health and Science Policy Committee, and the Board of Regents of the American College of Chest Physicians. Results In patients with a Pancoast tumor, a multimodality approach seems to be optimal, involving chemoradiotherapy and surgical resection, provided appropriate staging has been conducted. Patients with central T4 tumors that do not have mediastinal node involvement are uncommon. Such patients, however, seem to benefit from resection as part of the treatment as opposed to chemoradiotherapy alone when carefully staged and selected. Patients with a satellite lesion in the same lobe as the primary tumor have a good prognosis and require no modification of the approach to evaluation and treatment than what would be dictated by the primary tumor alone. However, it is difficult to know how best to treat patients with a focus of the same type of cancer in a different lobe. Although MPLCs do occur, the survival results after resection for either a synchronous presentation or a metachronous presentation with an interval of Conclusions Carefully selected patients may benefit from an aggressive surgical approach.
Toward Optimizing Enzo, an AMR Cosmology Application

Enzo is a parallel hybrid SAMR / N-body code designed to simulate cosmological structure formation. This paper describes our approach to gathering and visualizing performance information from Enzo, which will be used to direct our subsequent modeling and optimization effort. Understanding the performance of AMR applications on distributed memory architectures is challenging, owing in part to the dynamic multilevel data structures and variety of communication patterns involved. To facilitate the task of measuring, modeling, and optimizing Enzo’s performance, we are developing the Enzo Performance Monitoring System (EPMS). We review some existing performance tools, describe the EPMS, and show some preliminary performance data obtained using the EPMS.
Effect of Upper Sideband Impedance on a Lower Sideband Up-Converter

An analysis is given of a lower sideband up-converter which includes a finite circuit reactance X/sub 33/ at the upper sideband frequency, in addition to the circuit impedances at the input signal and output lower sideband frequencies. The expressions developed for the gain, gain sensitivity to pump power variation, and noise figure show the extent to which gain and gain sensitivity decrease, and noise figure increases when X/sub 33/ is finite, as compared to the case when X/sub 33/ is infinite. For a simple circuit configuration the gain-bandwidth product changes markedly when X/sub 33/ is small at the center frequency. In addition, when second-harmonic pump power is allowed to flow through the varactor diode, the performance of the lower sideband up-converter can be improved.
Clinical Patterns and Biological Correlates of Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Cancer Therapy

Standard oncological therapies, such as chemotherapy and cranial radiotherapy, frequently result in a spectrum of neurocognitive deficits that includes impaired learning, memory, attention, and speed of information processing. In addition to classical mechanisms of neurotoxicity associated with chemo- and radiotherapy, such as radiation necrosis and leukoencephalopathy, damage to dynamic progenitor cell populations in the brain is emerging as an important etiologic factor. Radiation- and chemotherapy-induced damage to progenitor populations responsible for maintenance of white matter integrity and adult hippocampal neurogenesis is now believed to play a major role in the neurocognitive impairment many cancer survivors experience.
A genetic comparison of two species of clam shrimp in the genus Eulimnadia: An electrophoretic approach

Herein we report the first genetic comparison among species in the genus Eulimnadia. Multilocus genotypic patterns (using six allozyme loci) were compared for a total of 2277 clam shrimp from nine populations from Arizona and New Mexico. Seven of these populations were morphologically typed as Eulimnadia texana Packard and two were typed as Eulimnadia diversa Mattox. All populations were hermaphrodite-biased, and highly inbred (inbreeding coefficients ranging from 0.33 to 0.98). Genetic distances showed the two species to be within the range described for other arthropods. One of the two E. diversa populations appeared to be a hybrid between E. texana and E. diversa, showing electrophoretic patterns similar to both species, although morphologically, they were typed as E. diversa. A phenogram (generated using coancestry distances and a neighbor joining algorithm) placed this hybrid population half-way between these two species, and a breakdown of individuals within this hybrid population (based on allozyme scores) indicated individuals very similar to the second E. diversa population, and two groups of apparent hybrid individuals. Therefore, the distinction between these two species is questionable due to their apparent hybridization in this area of Arizona. Genetic population structuring was noted among the seven E. texana pools. Estimated migration rates were less than one migrant per generation. Even in the geographically close pools in New Mexico, which were separated by only hundreds of meters, significant sub-structuring was noted, and estimates of migration rate were less than two migrants per generation.
Adding code generation to develop a simulation platform

Efficient and accurate control technologies require extensive simulation capabilities to validate the control software and demonstrate the impact on the business and equipment. To create a platform for rapid development and simulation of complex dynamic models, the authors and their colleagues have designed an object-oriented architecture. A portion of the architecture framework is constructed using code generation based on XML component definitions. This paper describes the key aspects of the architecture of the control simulator platform and its code generation capabilities. The simulation platform consists of defining a collection of components represented by differential equations, the capability to select, configure and interconnect components, and the ability to solve the coupled set of equations. The code generation is custom-built, however, the generated code results in more consistency and improved reliability by eliminating error prone steps and allowing the simulation engineer to focus on component mathematical description. As the number of components that are generated increases, the investment in a custom-built code generation is quickly realized by significantly reducing the amount of time required to create or update the code template for each component. The paper also discusses the importance of handling updates as well as the initial creation of code files. The techniques leveraged within this project have been learned through the use of other code generation tools, including GUI development tools. In particular, care has been taken to minimize the accidental loss of manually introduced code and handle version updates of the code generator. Our team is using this framework to develop simulation tests for power plant optimizations and have plans to add custom code generation to other areas of the platform.
Nearest Neighbor Retrieval Using Distance-Based Hashing

A method is proposed for indexing spaces with arbitrary distance measures, so as to achieve efficient approximate nearest neighbor retrieval. Hashing methods, such as locality sensitive hashing (LSH), have been successfully applied for similarity indexing in vector spaces and string spaces under the Hamming distance. The key novelty of the hashing technique proposed here is that it can be applied to spaces with arbitrary distance measures, including non-metric distance measures. First, we describe a domain-independent method for constructing a family of binary hash functions. Then, we use these functions to construct multiple multibit hash tables. We show that the LSH formalism is not applicable for analyzing the behavior of these tables as index structures. We present a novel formulation, that uses statistical observations from sample data to analyze retrieval accuracy and efficiency for the proposed indexing method. Experiments on several real-world data sets demonstrate that our method produces good trade-offs between accuracy and efficiency, and significantly outperforms VP-trees, which are a well-known method for distance-based indexing.
Mining PMU data for real-time insights into grid power flow properties

Summary form only given. A synchronous power grid in steady state operation is a power flow solution engine: its inputs are the demanded and injected powers at load and generation buses, its outputs the sinusoidal (quasi-) steady state behavior of voltages at all buses in the network. With wide-spread deployment of phasor measurement units, grid operators are able to monitor the time varying, windowed Fourier component of these voltages about the 50 or 60 Hz fundamental. In traditional power flow studies, these voltage phasors would be estimated by solving the power flow equations, given power demands and injections. The premise of this work is that phasor measurements will allow real-time, “model free” monitoring of the properties of the power flow. On an fast time scale, load variation includes a broad-bandwidth stochastic component that excites the system over a wide range of input directions. In this framework, a widowed array of output vectors (i.e., the phasor measurements) carries information regarding the conditioning of the powerflow. The work here develops a “model free” computation of the largest singular value of a PMU measurement array, and shows it closely tracks the largest singular value of the power flow Jacobian inverse, as computed with full system model information.
Crack-shape effects for indentation fracture toughness measurements

Various methods to measure fracture toughness using indentation precracks were compared using soda-lime glass as a test material. In situ measurements of crack size as a function of applied stress allow both the toughness K[sub c] and the residual-stress factor [chi] to be independently determined. Analysis of the data showed that stress intensity factors based on classical half-penny crack shapes overestimate toughness values and produce an apparent R-curve effect. This is due to a constraint on crack shape imposed by primary lateral cracks in soda-lime glass. Models based on elliptical cracks were developed to account for the crack-shape effects.
GB-Lidar System

During the last three years Sandia Laboratory has been developing a mobile laser (lidar) system for use in detecting artificial clouds composed of ablative materials from re-entry vehicles. This talk presents a discussion of the lidar system developed at Sandia Laboratory and the data obtained from evaluation studies in which the laser energy was reflected from stationary, slow velocity, and low-and high-density targets. These targets were atmospheric clouds, terrain, and retroreflectors. A preliminary comparison of the measure of long range atmospheric transmission to the clear Standard Atmospheric attenuation is also provided.© (1967) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Angular structure and motions of interstellar masers

A brief historical account is given of the discovery of OH emission and the experiments that led to the identification of the radiation mechanism as maser amplification. An outline is presented of the progress by the MIT, CfA and Jodrell Bank groups in mapping the prototypical maser, W3(OH). The measurements of the structure and proper motions of masers are described and their limitations explained. Studies of the structure of extragalactic water vapor masers are summarized.
Food Allergy Treatment for Hyperkinesis

Eleven children were treated with a food extract after titration food allergy testing. They remained improved for one to three months while ingesting the foods to which they were sensitive. Five of eight patients completed a double-blind evaluation of the food extract and successfully differentiated the latter solution from two placebo solutions. Two of three children who failed to identify correctly the food extract relapsed when food therapy was discontinued and responded favorably when this therapy was again reinstituted.
Severe adverse events from the treatment of advanced melanoma: a systematic review of severe side effects associated with ipilimumab, vemurafenib, interferon alfa-2b, dacarbazine and interleukin-2

Background: Current immunomodulatory agents for stage III and IV melanoma exert different mechanisms of action that manifest in distinct adverse events. Objective: This systematic review aims to synthesize safety data from clinical trials on ipilimumab, vemurafenib, interferon (IFN) alfa-2b, dacarbazine and interleukin (IL)-2 to elucidate the severe adverse events associated with each melanoma therapy. Methods: Through a systematic search using MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register between January 1, 2010 and June 1, 2012, we identified 32 clinical trials with 5802 subjects that met the inclusion criteria. Results:Ipilimumab was associated with immune-mediated diarrhea and colitis, with an incidence rate of 0.0017 cases per 100 person-years. Patients receiving vemurafenib developed keratoacanthomas and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma at an incidence rate of 0.0025 cases per 100 person-years. Treatment with IFN alfa-2b precipitated depression at an incidence rate of 0.0002 cases per 100 perso...
A time delay model for load balancing with processor resource constraints

A deterministic dynamic nonlinear time-delay system is developed to model load balancing in a cluster of computer nodes used for parallel computations. This model refines a model previously proposed by the authors to account for the fact that the load balancing operation involves processor time which cannot be used to process tasks. Consequently, there is a trade-off between using processor time/network bandwidth and the advantage of distributing the load evenly between the nodes to reduce overall processing time. The new model is shown to be self consistent in that the queue lengths cannot become negative and the total number of tasks in all the queues Is conserved (i.e., load balancing can neither create nor lose tasks). It is shown that the proposed model is (Lyapunov) stable for any input, but not necessarily asymptotically stable. Experimental results are presented and compared with the predicted results from the analytical model. In particular, simulations of the models are compared with an experimental implementation of the load balancing algorithm on a parallel computer network.
Semistability of switched linear systems

This paper develops semistability and uniform semistability analysis results for switched linear systems. Semistability is the property whereby the solutions of a dynamical system converge to Lyapunov stable equilibrium points determined by the system initial conditions. Since solutions to switched systems are a function of the system initial conditions as well as the switching signals, uniformity here refers to the convergence rate of the multiple solutions as the switching signal evolves over a given switching set. The main results of the paper involve sufficient conditions for semistability and uniform semistability using multiple Lyapunov functions and sufficient regularity assumptions on the class of switching signals considered.
Overcoming a fear of design [engineering education]

Design is a threatening word to many students because they have never been taught how to do it. Faculty act as though design is a creative function automatically present in any college student. Experience shows this to often be not the case. This paper describes evolving methods for teaching the design process in the setting of a "senior design" project in electrical engineering technology.
Reader Saturation Effects in Transition Parameter Measurements

In this study the effects of both symmetric and asymmetric reader saturation are examined using time-domain analysis to measure transition parameters.
Dense nanocrystalline yttrium iron garnet films formed at room temperature by aerosol deposition

Abstract We have employed aerosol deposition to form polycrystalline yttrium iron garnet (YIG) films on sapphire at room temperature that are 90–96% dense. We characterize the structural and dynamic magnetic properties of the dense films using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and ferromagnetic resonance techniques. We find that the as-deposited films are pure single-phase YIG formed of compact polycrystallites ∼20 nm in size. The ferromagnetic resonance mode occurs at 2829 G with a linewidth of 308 G. We perform a series of successive anneals up to 1000 °C on a film to explore heat treatment on the ferromagnetic resonance linewidth. We find the narrowest linewidth of 98 G occurs after a 750 °C anneal.
Mortality and Cancer Rates in Nonrespondents to a Prospective Study of Older Women: 5-Year Follow-up

The authors followed respondents and nonrespondents to a mailed questionnaire sent to a random sample of Iowa women aged 55-69 years in 1986 (total sample 98029; 43% response) to characterize 5-year mortality rates for myocardial infarction and all causes and attack rates for breast endometrial colon lung and all-site cancers. Compared with respondents nonrespondents had higher myocardial infarction...and all-cause mortality....They also had substantially higher attack rates for lung cancer...and slightly higher attack rates for all-site cancer....The associations of reported body mass index (weight/height) with the study endpoints were generally similar among respondents and the total eligible sample except for a more pronounced U-shaped total mortality association for the nonrespondents. (EXCERPT)
Explaining Education: Response to Mark Holmes

A notable decline in quality or equality is a stimulus for new theory as well as for renewed criticism in education. Decline excites a latent tendency for spontaneous explanation in a way that success does not. When things go wrong, we look for reasons to explain why, hardly pausing to question our faith that there must be an explanation for what troubles the mind. Like the temptation to tell a lie, the temptation to explain what we do not fully understand must be carefully considered. Both lying and explaining can be used for many purposes, including the prominent one of resolving the mental tension caused by ambiguity and contradiction. Too often we spring to easy resolutions without considering whether there might be some truth in the contradiction as it stands. Antinomy, a contradiction between two principles or inferences, makes us fidgety, even somewhat panicky, because we cannot find a more general principle to "govern" the conflict without friction. But, as William James1 argues, it is possible when confronted with facts or principles that are mutually contradictory, to accept them separately. The inability, or the refusal to do this in favor of "explaining away" the antinomy as merely apparent but not real, accounts for many weak positions taken in educational theory and in other areas of social thought as well. I do not wish to argue that explanation can be dispensed with any more than I would argue that lying is always wrong. Each is a response to uncertainty when certainty is either sought or shunned, and each has its appropriate place in the conduct of human affairs. My point, rather, is that there is reason to be wary of the temptation to explain, and of the assumptions that lie behind such temptation--such as the assumption that everything has an explanation that can (eventually) be known. Many of us interested in education tend to assume that schools either fall below or exceed our expectations for some good reasons. Although we know these reasons are complex, we believe that if we try hard enough, we will be able to understand them and form them into satisfactory explana-
Towards Better Understanding of Transfer in Cognitive Models of Practice.

Achieving transfer – the ability to apply acquired skills in contexts different from those contexts the skills were mastered in – is, arguably, the sine qua non of education. Capturing transfer of knowledge has been addressed by several user modeling and educational data mining approaches (e.g., AFM, PFA, CFA). While similar, these approaches use different underlying structures to model transfer: Q-matrices and T-matrices. In this work, we compare of a more traditional Q-matrix-based method and the relatively new and more complex T-matrix based method. Comparisons suggest that the T-matrix, although demonstrating only marginally better fits, offers a more interpretable and consistent picture of learning transfer.
The Effect of Human Serum Albumin and Hematocrit on the Cake Collapse Temperature of Lyophilized Red Blood Cells

Freeze-drying, or lyophilization, has shown great promise in addressing many of the logistical challenges of storing and preserving red blood cells (RBCs). A crucial part of any RBC lyophilization protocol is the primary drying temperature, which affects the sample drying rate and the dried cake's ability to form a stable glassy solid. Primary drying is most efficient just below the temperature at which the porous structure of the cake begins to collapse, known as the cake collapse temperature. In this short report, we utilize freeze-drying microscopy to examine the effects of human serum albumin (HSA) and hematocrit on the cake collapse temperature. Increasing the hematocrit from 0% to 20% significantly raised the cake collapse temperature from - 37.8°C to -34.8°C. Addition of 5% HSA to a 20% hematocrit RBC suspension further increased the cake collapse temperature to -20.4°C. These data provide a basis for future study of the relationship between cake collapse and overall cell survival, with the object of building a clinically-viable RBC lyophilization protocol.