cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Brief Look at Intra-budget Coefficients by Quintiles of Consumption Expenditure

To this point, all analyses in the study have been with reference to mean levels of expenditures. In this chapter, we undertake a brief examination of intra-budget coefficients that have been estimated from households that are grouped according to quintile of total expenditure. For essentially the same reasons that we expect price and income elasticities to vary with levels of income and expenditure, we should expect the same of intra-budget coefficients, especially in the extremes of the expenditure distribution. However, at this point, we have no experience as to what these variations might be. It is also of interest to see whether the quarter-to-quarter stability in intra-budget coefficients that has been observed to this point is true for quintiles as well. Since quintiles greatly multiply the number of parameters to be estimated, analysis is restricted to just a single year, namely, to the four quarterly BLS surveys for 2006. Intra-budget coefficients, based upon expression (2.1), have been estimated for each quintile for these quarters.
Reappraising faces: effects on accountability appraisals, self-reported valence, and pupil diameter

Many of our emotions arise in social contexts, as we interact with and learn about others. What is not yet clear, however, is how such emotions unfold when we either react to others or attempt to r...
Free-Riders in the Nonprofit Industrial Complex: The Problem of Flexitarianism

Social movements have traditionally viewed free-riders as a problem for effective mobilization, but under the influence of the nonprofit industrial complex, it is possible that movements actively facilitate their presence. Free-riders become an economic resource to professionalized movements seeking to increase wealth and visibility in the crowded social movement space by discouraging meaningful attitude or behavior change from their audiences and concentrating power among movement elites. Actively cultivated free-riding is exemplified by the professionalized Nonhuman Animal rights movement which promotes flexitarianism over ethical veganism despite its goal of nonhuman liberation. Major social-psychological theories of persuasion in addition to 44 studies on vegan and vegetarian motivation are examined to illustrate how free-rider flexitarianism is at odds with stated goals, thereby suggesting an alternative utility in flexitarianism as a means of facilitating a disengaged public.
Metal-On-Metal Hip Arthroplasty – Development and Demise

A review of the development of the metal on metal bearing couple for hip replacment, issues with the current metal on metal designs, a closer look at the immunological response to metal wear debris and current guidance on monitoring. Discussion regarding outcomes for revision surgery.
GHz-Bandwidth Optical Isolation Through Acoustic Pumping of a Nanophotonic Circuit

We experimentally demonstrate GHz bandwidth non-reciprocal light transmission using acoustic pumping of a nanophotonic circuit. Non-reciprocity is achieved through an indirect interband optical transition as a result of photoelastic perturbation caused by an acoustic wave.
The Effect of Using Inquiry and Multiple Representations on Introductory Geology Students' Conceptual Model Development of Coastal Eutrophication

Collegiate introductory Earth science courses are frequently terminal science courses for non-science majors. As a result these courses, such as the introductory physical geology course in this research study, are the final opportunity Earth science instructors have to support and develop student learning in the sciences. The use of inquiry-based learning (IBL) and multiple representations (e.g., physical models and information technology) has been a call for reform in science education and may be a means to reach students in introductory courses. This research tested the pedagogical coupling of IBL and multiple representations to support introductory students' conceptual model development of the complex and dynamic Earth process, eutrophication, through the evaluation of student drawings and written reports. In this research, participants from nine laboratory sections were randomly placed into experimental (IBL and multiple representations style labs) and control (workbook style labs) groups. Statistical...
A systematic evaluation of the error detection abilities of a new diode transmission detector

Transmission detectors meant to measure every beam delivered on a linear accelerator are now becoming available for monitoring the quality of the dose distribution delivered to the patient daily. The purpose of this work is to present results from a systematic evaluation of the error detection capabilities of one such detector, the Delta4 Discover. Existing patient treatment plans were modified through in-house-developed software to mimic various delivery errors that have been observed in the past. Errors included shifts in multileaf collimator leaf positions, changing the beam energy from what was planned, and a simulation of what would happen if the secondary collimator jaws did not track with the leaves as they moved. The study was done for simple 3D plans, static gantry intensity modulated radiation therapy plans as well as dynamic arc and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans. Baseline plans were delivered with both the Discover device and the Delta4 Phantom+ to establish baseline gamma pass rates. Modified plans were then delivered using the Discover only and the predicted change in gamma pass rate, as well as the detected leaf positions were evaluated. Leaf deviations as small as 0.5 mm for a static three-dimensional field were detected, with this detection limit growing to 1 mm with more complex delivery modalities such as VMAT. The gamma pass rates dropped noticeably once the intentional leaf error introduced was greater than the distance-to-agreement criterion. The unit also demonstrated the desired drop in gamma pass rates of at least 20% when jaw tracking was intentionally disabled and when an incorrect energy was used for the delivery. With its ability to find errors intentionally introduced into delivered plans, the Discover shows promise of being a valuable, independent error detection tool that should serve to detect delivery errors that can occur during radiotherapy treatment.
Laser-based microadditive manufacturing technologies

Abstract Direct-write processes have evolved into viable techniques for printing functional materials over diverse types of surfaces for the digital fabrication of microelectronic devices. These simple, relatively fast, low-cost, and environment-friendly alternatives to traditional photolithographic processes have the potential to completely change the way microelectronics are presently fabricated. Direct-write by definition refers to any technique or process capable of depositing, dispensing, or processing different types of materials over arbitrary surfaces following a preset pattern or layout. Numerous direct-write techniques have been developed and among them those that rely on the interaction of a laser pulse with a material offer the greatest versatility for microfabrication of 2D and 3D structures. The use of lasers for direct-write—known as laser direct-write or LDW—enables precise control of the processing steps—which vary from subtractive to additive—over a wide range of scales using an almost limitless materials palette. Furthermore, since the source of energy is decoupled from the material to be processed, LDW can be applied to any type of material without considerations such as contamination or clogging of the dispensing head as with other direct-write techniques. To highlight the flexibility of LDW-based techniques, this chapter discusses a laser-printing technique capable of laser transferring functional materials named LIFT (for laser-induced forward transfer). LIFT is the perfect example of a laser-based microadditive manufacturing process with extremely broad applications.
The Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Marijuana on Early Childhood Development: A Systematic Literature Review

To assess the effect of prenatal marijuana exposure (PME) on the newborn, infant and early childhood development through review of current literature. A systematic literature review was conducted in the electronic database from 1996 to 2017 for the effects of PME and their fetal and early childhood outcomes. 7% of pregnant women self-reported using marijuana in the last year, while 16% of them reported near-daily use. Marijuana use has been reported to: a) interfere with normal placentation leading to miscarriage, preeclampsia and preterm labor through imbalance in Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CBR1) stimulation; b) could lead to reduction of fetal growth and head circumference due to increased plasticity and resistance of uterine artery; c) be associated with impaired memory function, decreased verbal scores, increased aggression and hyperactivity, impaired abstract and visual reasoning; and d) could alter sleep patterns. Finally, there is no consensus regarding the effects of marijuana through breastfeeding exposure and no postpartum withdrawal effects in the newborn were reported. Research on the effects of PME on offspring has been limited by several confounding factors including self-reporting bias, concomitant use of other illicit drugs and psychosocial factors. Overall, PME may lead to negative consequences on the developing offspring. Public health messages to health care providers and pregnant women regarding the harmfulness of PME should become a high priority. Further research is needed to reinforce the existing data and examine additional potential negative effects on the developing child.
Copper oxide nanoparticle dissolution at alkaline pH is controlled by dissolved organic matter: influence of soil-derived organic matter, wheat, bacteria, and nanoparticle coating

Dissolution of CuO nanoparticles, releasing Cu ions, is a primary mechanism of Cu interaction in the rooting zone of plants. CuO dissolution is sometimes incorrectly considered negligible at high pH, since complexation of Cu with dissolved organic matter may enhance nanoparticle dissolution. Therefore data on the effects of plant-microbial-soil interactions on nanoparticle dissolution, particularly in alkaline soils, are needed. Dissolution of CuO nanoparticles (100 mg kg−1 Cu) was studied in sand supplemented with factorial combinations of wheat growth, a root-colonizing bacterium, and saturated paste extracts (SPEs) from three alkaline, calcareous soils. In control sand systems with 3.34 mM Ca(NO3)2 solution, dissolved Cu was low (266 μg L−1 Cu). Addition of dissolved organic matter via wheat root metabolites and/or soil SPEs increased dissolved Cu to 795–6250 μg L−1 Cu. Dissolution was correlated with dissolved organic carbon (R = 0.916, p 3 kDa, presumably fulvic acid from the SPEs, complexed Cu driving solubility; the addition of plant exudates further increased solubility 1.5–3.5×. The root-colonizing bacterium decreased dissolved Cu in sand pore waters from planted systems due to metabolism of root exudates. Batch solubility studies (10 mg L−1 Cu) with the soil SPEs and defined solutions containing bicarbonate or fulvic acid confirmed elevated CuO nanoparticle solubility at >7.5 pH. Nanoparticle dissolution was suppressed in batch experiments compared to sand, via nanoparticle organic matter coating or homoconjugation of dissolved organic matter. Alterations of CuO nanoparticles by soil organic matter, plant exudates, and bacteria will affect dissolution and bioavailability of the CuO nanoparticles in alkaline soils.
Review of Bridging Communities Through Socially Engaged Art

When I started this review of the anthology Bridging Communities Through Socially Engaged Art, I was initially consumed with thoughts related to my current position in higher education. I wanted to...
“The Road Not Taken": Successful Use of CardioMEMS to Optimize a Patient in Stage D Heart Failure

Introduction Pulmonary artery (PA) pressure monitoring via the CardioMEMS HF System is currently indicated for those with New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III heart failure. However, the use of CardioMEMS in those with NYHA Class IV heart failure is less understood. Case Report 44-year old African American male with history of NYHA Class IIIb-IV, Stage D heart failure with reduced ejection fraction secondary to left ventricular noncompaction with recurrent severe mitral regurgitation (MR) despite successful transcatheter mitral-leaflet approximation with the MitraClip device, persistent atrial fibrillation status-post atrioventricular node ablation and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) upgrade presented with frequent hospitalizations for acute decompensated heart failure (HF). He continued to have severe biventricular failure with left ventricular systolic function of 20% and left ventricular internal diameter in diastole of 8.1 cm. Despite medical optimization, MitraClip placement and CRT device implantation, the patient continued to have recurrent HF exacerbations with a total of six hospital admissions, two of which required prolonged intensive care unit stay for cardiogenic shock. He was not considered a candidate for left ventricular assist device due to chronic right sided heart failure. With history of active marijuana use, evaluation for cardiac transplantation was not an immediate option at our center and was deferred. The decision was made to place a CardioMEMS device to aid with assessment of volume status and to help prevent further hospitalizations. After placement of his CardioMEMs device, the patient had pulmonary artery diastolic pressure (PADP) readings ranging from 23-31 mmHg. Six months post implant, with frequent adjustments to his medical regimen, the patient has had no further emergency room visits or hospitalizations. His PADP improved to the range of 18-20 mmHg and he is currently undergoing evaluation for heart transplantation. Summary There is adequate data available that suggest CardioMEMS device reduces hospitalizations in those with NYHA Class III heart failure. Our case suggests that CardioMEMS may be safe and appropriate to aid in management of patients with more severe NYHA Class IIIb/IV heart failure. Future studies are necessary to determine the safety and utility of using CardioMEMS in this population.
A review of lignin hydrogen peroxide oxidation chemistry with emphasis on aromatic aldehydes and acids

This review discusses the main factors that govern the oxidation processes of lignins into aromatic aldehydes and acids using hydrogen peroxide. Aromatic aldehydes and acids are produced in the oxidative degradation of lignin whereas mono and dicarboxylic acids are the main products. The stability of hydrogen peroxide under the reaction conditions is an important factor that needs to be addressed for selectively improving the yield of aromatic aldehydes. Hydrogen peroxide in the presence of heavy metal ions readily decomposes, leading to minor degradation of lignin. This degradation results in quinones which are highly reactive towards peroxide. Under these reaction conditions, the pH of the reaction medium defines the reaction mechanism and the product distribution. Under acidic conditions, hydrogen peroxide reacts electrophilically with electron rich aromatic and olefinic structures at comparatively higher temperatures. In contrast, under alkaline conditions it reacts nucleophilically with electron deficient carbonyl and conjugated carbonyl structures in lignin. The reaction pattern in the oxidation of lignin usually involves cleavage of the aromatic ring, the aliphatic side chain or other linkages which will be discussed in this review.
Tipping the Scales in Favor of Charitable Bequests: A Critique

This paper considers the public policy favoring testamentary bequests to charity and offers a critique of that policy.Public policy favors testamentary bequests to charity. At least, that is the claim of numerous courts and legislative bodies. The policy favoring charitable bequests may tip the scales in deciding the proper interpretation of a will or the merits of an undue influence, incapacity, or tortuous interference with inheritance claim. Paradoxically, courts and legislative bodies rarely discuss the source of this public policy. Nor do they inquire into the wisdom of the policy. They should.
Filling Gaps and Setting Boundaries: Examining Utilization of Health and Social services at JeffHOPE Student Run Clinics.

The objective of this study was to describe the frequency that healthcare and social support services offered by JeffHOPE, a student run clinic for people experiencing homelessness in Philadelphia,...
Convergence, stability analysis, and solvers for approximating sublinear positone and semipositone boundary value problems using finite difference methods

Abstract Positone and semipositone boundary value problems are semilinear elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs) that arise in reaction diffusion models in mathematical biology and the theory of nonlinear heat generation. Under certain conditions, the problems may have multiple positive solutions or even nonexistence of a positive solution. We develop analytic techniques for proving admissibility, stability, and convergence results for simple finite difference approximations of positive solutions to sublinear problems. We also develop guaranteed solvers that can detect nonuniqueness for positone problems and nonexistence for semipositone problems. The admissibility and stability results are based on adapting the method of sub- and supersolutions typically used to analyze the underlying PDEs. The new convergence analysis technique directly shows that all pointwise limits of finite difference approximations are solutions to the boundary value problem eliminating the possibility of false algebraic solutions plaguing the convergence of the methods. Most known approximation methods for positone and semipositone boundary value problems rely upon shooting techniques; hence, they are restricted to one-dimensional problems and/or radial solutions. The results in this paper will serve as a foundation for approximating positone and semipositone boundary value problems in higher dimensions and on more general domains using simple approximation methods. Numerical tests for known applied problems with multiple positive solutions are provided. The tests focus on approximating certain positive solutions as well as generating discrete bifurcation curves that support the known existence and uniqueness results for the PDE problem.
Corruption: An Impediment to Delivering Pathology and Laboratory Services in Resource-Limited Settings.

OBJECTIVES Corruption is a widely acknowledged problem in the health sector of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Yet, little is known about the types of corruption that affect the delivery of pathology and laboratory medicine (PALM) services. This review is a first step at examining corruption risks in PALM. METHODS We performed a critical review of medical literature focused on health sector corruption in LMICs. To provide context, we categorized cases of laboratory-related fraud and abuse in the United States. RESULTS Forms of corruption in LMICs that may affect the provision of PALM services include informal payments, absenteeism, theft and diversion, kickbacks, self-referral, and fraudulent billing. CONCLUSIONS Corruption represents a functional reality in many LMICs and hinders the delivery of services and distribution of resources to which individuals and entities are legally entitled. Further study is needed to estimate the extent of corruption in PALM and develop appropriate anticorruption strategies.
Structural studies of (prop-2-en-1-yl)bis[(pyridin-2-yl)methylidene]amine hetero-scorpionate copper complexes.

The structures of five compounds consisting of (prop-2-en-1-yl)bis­[(pyridin-2-yl)methyl­idene]amine complexed with copper in both the CuI and CuII oxidation states are presented, namely chlorido­{(prop-2-en-1-yl)bis­[(pyridin-2-yl)methyl­idene]amine-κ3N,N′,N′′}copper(I) 0.18-hydrate, [CuCl(C15H17N3)]·0.18H2O, (1), catena-poly[[copper(I)-μ2-(prop-2-en-1-yl)bis­[(pyridin-2-yl)methylidene]amine-κ5N,N′,N′′:C2,C3] perchlorate aceto­nitrile monosolvate], {[Cu(C15H17N3)]ClO4·CH3CN}n, (2), di­chlorido­{(prop-2-en-1-yl)bis­[(pyridin-2-yl)methyl­idene]amine-κ3N,N′,N′′}copper(II) di­chloro­methane monosolvate, [CuCl2(C15H17N3)]·CH2Cl2, (3), chlorido­{(prop-2-en-1-yl)bis­[(pyridin-2-yl)methyl­idene]amine-κ3N,N′,N′′}copper(II) perchlorate, [CuCl(C15H17N3)]ClO4, (4), and di-μ-chlorido-bis­({(prop-2-en-1-yl)bis­[(pyridin-2-yl)methyl­idene]amine-κ3N,N′,N′′}copper(II)) bis­(tetra­phenyl­borate), [Cu2Cl2(C15H17N3)2][(C6H5)4B]2, (5). Sys­tematic variation of the anion from a coordinating chloride to a noncoordinating perchlorate for two CuI complexes results in either a discrete mol­ecular species, as in (1), or a one-dimensional chain structure, as in (2). In complex (1), there are two crystallographically independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. Complex (2) consists of the CuI atom coordinated by the amine and pyridyl N atoms of one ligand and by the vinyl moiety of another unit related by the crystallographic screw axis, yielding a one-dimensional chain parallel to the crystallographic b axis. Three complexes with CuII show that varying the anion composition from two chlorides, to a chloride and a perchlorate to a chloride and a tetra­phenylborate results in discrete mol­ecular species, as in (3) and (4), or a bridged bis-μ-chlorido complex, as in (5). Complex (3) shows two strongly bound Cl atoms, while complex (4) has one strongly bound Cl atom and a weaker coordination by one perchlorate O atom. The large noncoordinating tetra­phenyl­borate anion in complex (5) results in the core-bridged Cu2Cl2 moiety.
Estimating bivariate errors-in-variables models with instrumental variables

The bivariate errors-in-variables model is considered with a new choice of instrumental variables. A new estimate of the regression coefficient, based on these instrumental variables, has attractive properties over the ordinary least square estimator and Wald's estimator. Monte Carlo simulation studies indicate that the proposed estimator is better than its competitors over a range of plausible parameter values, where "better" is defined in terms of mean square error and Pitman's nearness criterion. Finally, we use actual data from an assessment equity study to show that our proposed method produces estimators that, appear superior to those produced by the ordinary least square estimator and Wald's estimator
Who Receives a Mortgage Modification? Race and Income Differentials in Loan Workouts

Loan modifications offer one strategy to prevent mortgage foreclosures by lowering interest rates, extending loan terms and/or reducing principal balance owed. Yet modifications are largely at the discretion of loan servicers and not as systematically transparent as loan application approvals and denials. Who is offered a modification and what form of modification they receive could result in disparate impacts for low-income and minority communities. This paper uses data on 105,769 non-agency securitized subprime loans made in 2005 to examine the incidence of defaults and modifications among loans managed by one large trustee of securitized loans covering 94 loan servicers in California, Oregon and Washington. Data from Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data is used to assess borrower characteristics. The results suggest although loan modifications remain a rarely used option among the servicers in these data, there is no evidence that minority borrowers are less likely to receive a modification or less aggressive modification. These borrowers are more likely to be delinquent, but controlling for delinquencies we find no evidence of disparate impact. We also find that preliminary performance of loans post-modification is positive, particularly for minority borrowers. Generally modifications involve modest interest rate reductions and increasing loan balances.
Coming Soon to a Library Near You

Conservation efforts will be aided by a tool that facilitates surveys of the condition of paper in libraries, archives, and museums.
Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations and Epilepsy, Part 2: Predictors of Seizure Outcomes Following Radiosurgery

Objective Seizure outcomes after arteriovenous malformation (AVM) management with radiosurgery are incompletely understood. In this case-control study, we aim to determine the incidences and define the predictors of seizure improvement and de novo seizures in patients with AVM with and without seizures at presentation, respectively. Methods We evaluated our institutional AVM radiosurgery database to determine the factors that were associated with favorable seizure outcome (seizure improvement or lack of de novo seizures). In patients with seizures at presentation, seizure improvement was defined as decreased seizure frequency or complete seizure remission. In patients without seizures at presentation, de novo seizures were defined as new-onset seizures after radiosurgery. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of favorable seizure outcome. Results In 229 patients with seizures at presentation, the rates of seizure improvement and seizure remission were 57% and 20%, respectively. Prior AVM hemorrhage ( P = 0.015), longer follow-up ( P P = 0.048) were independent predictors of seizure improvement in the multivariate analysis. In 778 patients without seizures at presentation, the overall rate of de novo seizures was 1.7%. Prior AVM hemorrhage ( P = 0.001) and higher Spetzler-Martin grade ( P = 0.018) were independent predictors of the absence of de novo seizures in the multivariate analysis. AVM obliteration was not significantly associated with seizure outcomes after radiosurgery. Conclusions Radiosurgery provides reasonable rates of seizure improvement for patients with AVM who present with seizures. For patients with AVM without seizures at presentation, the risk of de novo seizures after radiosurgery is very low, obviating the need for prophylactic antiepileptic drug therapy. Further investigation of epilepsy in patients with AVM undergoing stereotactic radiosurgery should be considered with validated outcome measures and prospective study design.
Combating Ableism in Schools

Ableism is a form of prejudice that is common in schools and society but is often unrecognized or overlooked in analyzing why students with disabilities have difficulties being included. In this article, the author provides suggestions for recognizing and acting against ableism in schools. The author offers suggestions in terms of ability awareness, disability content in curricula and school activities, teacher in-service, disability literature, the use of role models, and hiring teachers with disabilities.
Subunit 3 of the COP9 signalosome is poised to facilitate communication between the extracellular matrix and the nucleus through the muscle-specific beta1D integrin

Yeast two-hybrid analysis (Fields and Song, 1989, Nature, 340:245-246) was used to screen a human heart library to isolate proteins interacting with the adult muscle-specific beta1D integrin but not with beta1A integrin. In addition to previously identified interactions (RACK 1(Liliental and Chang, 1998, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273:2379-2383) and alpha-actinin (Otey et al., 1990, Journal of Cell Biology, 111:721-729), the authors isolated several novel candidates. These include subunit 3 (CSN3/Sgn3) of the COP9 signalosome complex, cyclins D1, D2, and D3, RanBPM, and a recently identified protein COG8/DOR1. These protein interactions were specific for beta1D integrin, as no binding to beta1A integrin cytoplasmic domain was measurable by two-hybrid analysis. This paper presents the initial characterization of the interaction of CSN3 with beta1D integrin, the localization of CSN3 and the other COP9 signalosome subunits in embryonic and adult cardiac myocytes and their response to muscle cell differentiation.
Delayed-type skin hypersensitivity and in vitro lymphocyte immunostimulation responses of swine following inoculation with Mycobacterium avium cell walls and a mycobacterial immunopotentiating glycolipid.

Abstract Miniature swine ( n = 5 per group) were inoculated intradermally with mineral oil-in-water emulsions containing either 150 μg of mycobacterial immunopotentiating glyco-lipid P3 (EP3), 150 μg of lyophilized Mycobacterium avium (serotype 8) cell walls (E-MaCW), or 150 μg P3 and 150 μg M. avium cell walls (EP3-MaCW). Swine vaccinated with E-MaCW and EP3-MaCW developed antigen-sensitive lymphocytes detectable with delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin tests and lymphocyte transformation assay. Swine injected with EP3 were not sensitized. In general EP3-MaCW evoked a more pronounced in vivo DTH tuberculin skin test and in vitro lymphocyte transformation responses than E-MaCW. Time-course studies indicated a more persistent response in swine injected with EP3-MaCW than in those given E-MaCW. Commercial type Yorkshire swine ( n = 5) inoculated intradermally with EP3-MaCW developed cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses to avian tuberculin detectable in vivo with delayed-type skin hypersensitivity and in vitro with lymphocyte immunostimulation responses.
Abandonment adoption and reproductive disruption: Transitions in child circulation in Mexico City 1880 - 1910.

To explore meanings attached to children in Mexican society this article examines two changing aspects of child circulation a widespread reproductive disruption to the families of Mexico Citys working poor. In the late 1890s a rapid rise in admissions to the public foundling home was matched by a striking increase in retrievals. At the other end of the social spectrum growing preference for adopting infants and young children indicates that adoption was becoming an acceptable means of forming families among the middle and upper classes. Changes in welfare policy encouraged both trends. This convergence of family practice and public policy illuminates transitions in concepts of infancy and early childhood informed by a consolidating ethic of protected childhood. These dynamics prefigured the emergence of child protection legislation in the 1910s and the expansion of welfare services in the 1920s and 1930s. (authors)
Influence of Hypoxia on Glucose Transport across the Human Placenta

EXPERIMENTAL models for foetal hypoxia have predominantly employed acute asphyxiation1,2, although in the human it is likely that when impairment of foetal oxygenation does occur it is often chronic and incomplete3. It has been shown4 that by giving mothers 10 per cent oxygen to breathe (for short periods of time) it is possible to halve foetal oxygen tension without harming the foetus. This experimental technique was used to study glucose and acid-base status in mother and foetus during hypoxia.
The effect of indicator layer thickness on the interpretation of hemolytic plaque results.

Abstract Mathematical theories of hemolytic plaque growth have all previously assumed that the assay is performed in layers of infinite thickness or in layers sufficiently thin that diffusion perpendicular to the layer can be neglected. Here we discuss the results of a general theory valid for any layer thickness and show under what conditions the approximate results for two-dimensional or infinitely thick layers apply. In commonly used procedures the thickness h can vary more than six hundred fold, i.e. 1 × 10 −3 cm ⩽ h ⩽ 6.5 × 10 −1 cm. We show that such variation in h will cause significantly different kinetics of plaque growth and change the sensitivity of the plaque assay. We establish that for typical direct plaque experiments of one hour duration the two-dimensional limit will be valid when h ⩽ 3 × 10 −3 cm, whereas the infinite thickness results will be valid when h ⩽ 3 × 10 −1 cm. For intermediate thicknesses the interpretation of plaque results is considerably more difficult and this range of layer thickness should be avoided if one is interested in doing more than simply counting plaque forming cells. For the limiting cases of very thin and very thick layers we compare the expected time development of a plaque, we compute the number of antibodies needed to produce a detectable plaque, and establish the range of times for which the plaque growth follows the limiting mathematical solutions. At very short times all layers appear thick while at long times all layers appear thin.
Phylogenetic evidence that aphids, rather than plants, determine gall morphology

Many diverse taxa have evolved independently the habit of living in plant galls. For all but some viral galls, it is unknown whether plants produce galls as a specialized plant reaction to certain types of herbivory, or whether herbivores direct gall development. Here I present a phylogenetic analysis of gall-forming cerataphidine aphids which demonstrates that gall morphology is extremely conservative with respect to aphid phylogeny, but variable with respect to plant taxonomy. In addition, the phylogeny reveals at least three host plant switches where the aphids produce galls most similar to the galls of their closest relatives, rather than galls similar to the galls of aphids already present on the host plant. These results suggest that aphids determine the details of gall morphology essentially extending their phenotype to include plant material. Based on this and other evidence, I suggest that the aphids and other galling insects manipulate latent plant developmental programmes to produce modified atavistic plant morphologies rather than create new forms de novo .
Person perception as a function of occupation and sex

The purpose of this study was to assess perception of stimulus persons in sex-appropriate, sex-inappropriate, and neutral occupations, using the sexual dimension of the occupations, the sex of the person-in-occupation, and the sex of the perceiver as independent variables. Male and female Ss rated two stimulus persons (one female and one male) in each of 12 selected occupations (4 masculine, 4 feminine, and 4 neutral occupations) on 20 bipolar rating scales. The scales represented the following factors: Leadership, Interpersonal Adjustment and Likability, Professional and Intellectual Competence, Personal Adjustment, Social Sensitivity, Activity, Happiness in Home Life, Physical Attractiveness, and Liberalism and Individualism. Results indicated that sexual dimension of the occupation and the sex-appropriateness/inappropriateness of the occupation have strong effects on person perception.
Financing smallholder production: A comparison of individual and group credit schemes in Zimbabwe

A DLM Working Paper on comparisons of credit schemes for smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe.
The cultural apparatus: C. Wright Mitts’ unfinished work

Mills wrote to his Oxford publisher in 1955. “One book grows out of another; the trouble is not only is there no end to it, but after the second is pressing upon you before you can finish the first, for planning is more fun than working.” 78 Indeed, this mode of working was common to all of Mills’ projects. He worked fast and furiously and always juggled a number of different ideas in various stages of formation. This certainly was the case with The Cultural Apparatus. In a 1955 letter to his publisher Mills enthusiastically said of the book “I'm into it.” He predicted, optimistically, that unlike his other books, this book would be easy, a natural for him that “writing it will not involve the anguish that White Collar and Elites have provided.” By 1959, however, Mills had to admit that this optimism was premature. In “The Personal Note to the Reader” he confessed that “I've never had so much trouble writing a book as I have with this one, and I’ve never taken so much pain with the writing of it as I’ve taken to heart the criticism of being repetitious, verbose and prone to jargon.” 79 Mills never completed the project. By the late 1950's he became preoccupied with the political issues of “war and peace” and American foreign policy in Cuba, the latter in particular. His health was poor as a result of a heart attack he suffered in December of 1959 on the eve of a televised debate with an American advisor in Latin America, A.A. Berle. He became embroiled in what he understood as necessary public work from within the media and he remained adamant about the personal significance of The Cultural Apparatus in 1959.
Oral History: Playing by the Rules.

Last year the American Historical Association (AHA) issued seven guidelines on the use of interviews in scholarly research. They were long overdue. Oral history is booming, yet there seem to be no common rules. Most historians are without the slightest training and still conduct their interviews by instinct. Some tape their subjects; others do not. Some donate these tapes to a public archive; others keep them in a file drawer at home. The AHA and the Oral History Association have good reason to be concerned. The present methods for collecting, sharing, and verifying oral documents are inadequate, to say the least. Historians do not treat these materials in the same way or with the same care as they treat other kinds of evidence. I am referring here not to historians associated with oral history programs or projects, but rather to individuals like myself. I suspect that my experiences in this field are not unique. I began doing interviews in the 1970s because I had no choice. While researching a biography of Sen. Joseph McCarthy, I could find little information about his early life. Most books about him and there were dozens described his childhood in very bleak terms. The accounts were brief, covering two or three pages; they used the same examples and anecdotes, often word for word. Almost all of them assumed that a thug like McCarthy could not have been a normal child.' In 1977 I traveled to Wisconsin to interview the people who had known him best -his neighbors, classmates, and friends. My stated goal was to find the "real" McCarthy, but I surely hoped to humanize him as well. I followed the path of his early life -his birthplace on a farm outside Appleton, the small towns where he went to school and worked, the county seats where he practiced law and presided as circuit judge. In all of these places, I found people who claimed to remember him well. I had no training in oral history, no guidelines to follow. I simply "interviewed" the senator's contemporaries wherever I could find them in their houses, in coffee
Propagation-Doppler Effects in Space Communications

A generalized form of the Doppler equation is derived by field theory. The equation permits consideration of the effect of propagation phenomena on the Doppler shift under space flight conditions. As an example of an application, the effect of a medium which is nonhomogeneous in the flight direction is investigated. A deviation of the longitudinal and a transverse Doppler shift are the consequences. The magnitudes of both effects, which have to be taken into account in tracking, navigation, and Doppler evaluations, are considered.
15.3: Analytical Solutions for the Wide-View LCDs with Uniaxial-Film Compensation

Based on the Poincare sphere representation, for the first time, we have derived the analytical solutions for the uniaxial-film-compensated wide-view LCDs. Through the analyses of phase retardation of uniaxial-film, origin of dark-state light leakage, and spherical trigonometry, we are able to track the polarization state changes on the Poincare sphere for any oblique incident light. These analysis procedures can be applied to optimize the viewing angle of uniaxial-film-compensated in-plane switching and multi-domain vertical alignment LCDs.
Explicit formulae for element values of a lossless low-pass ladder network and their use in the design of a broadband matching network

Abstract This paper presents explicit formulae for the element values of a lossless low-pass ladder terminated in a resistor, or in cascade with a Darlington type-C section terminated in a resistor in terms of the coefficients of its input impedance function. These formulae replace the continued fraction expansion, and are most useful in the design of a broadband matching equalizer having a Butterworth or Chebyshev response, thereby greatly simplifying the existing formulae in the literature.
Locke on rhetoric and rational man

(1970). Locke on rhetoric and rational man. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 378-387.
Cardiac myocyte model parameter sensitivity analysis and model transformation using a genetic algorithm

Cardiac arrhythmia is the disruption of the normal electrical rhythm of the heart and is a leading cause of mortality around the world. To study arrhythmogenesis, mathematical models of cardiac myocytes and tissues have been effectively employed to investigate cardiac electrodynamics. However, among individual myocytes, there is phenotypic variability that is dependent on factors such as source location in the heart, genetic variation, and even different experimental protocols. Thus, established cardiac myocyte models constrained by experimental data are often untuned to new phenomena under investigation. In this study, we show direct links to parameter changes and differing electrical phenotypes. First, we present results exploring model sensitivity to physiological parameters underpinning electrical activity. Second, we outline a genetic algorithm based approach for tuning model parameters to fit cardiac myocyte behavior. Third, we use a genetic algorithm to transform one model type to another, relating simulation to experimental data. This model transformation demonstrates the potential of genetic algorithms to extend the utility of cardiac myocyte models by comparing different functional regions in the heart.
OPTRAGEN: A MATLAB Toolbox for Optimal Trajectory Generation

OPTRAGEN is a MATLAB toolbox for numerically solving optimal control problems. OPTRAGEN translates optimal control problems to nonlinear programming problems. The transcription of optimal control problem (OCP) to nonlinear programming (NLP) problem is done by parameterizing trajectories as splines. The output of the transcription is a cost function and a constraint function that can be interfaced with any commercially available nonlinear programming solver. OPTRAGEN can be considered to be a parser that translates optimal control problems to nonlinear programming problems, and is not dependent on any nonlinear programming solver
Pharmacotherapy of dysthymia: a review.

The clinical significance of chronic mild depression (dysthymia) is well recognized, but has not been the focus of extensive research. In particular, basic research on the phenomenology and treatment of these conditions is limited. Clinical lore suggests that psychotherapy, rather than pharmacothera
Fatty acid unsaturation, mobilization, and regulation in the response of plants to stress

Stress acclimating plants respond to abiotic and biotic stress by remodeling membrane fluidity and by releasing α-linolenic (18:3) from membrane lipids. The modification of membrane fluidity is mediated by changes in unsaturated fatty acid levels, a function provided in part by the regulated activity of fatty acid desaturases. Adjustment of membrane fluidity maintains an environment suitable for the function of critical integral proteins during stress. α-Linolenic acid, released from membrane lipid by regulated lipase activity, is the precursor molecule for phyto-oxylipin biosynthesis. The modulation of chloroplast oleic acid (18:1) levels is central to the normal expression of defense responses to pathogens in Arabidopsis. Oleic (18:1) and linolenic (18:2) acid levels, in part, regulate development, seed colonization, and mycotoxin production by Aspergillus spp.
Critical interlayer thickness for transient liquid phase bonding in the Cu–Sn system

Abstract The study focuses on the critical interlayer thickness for averting pore formation during transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding in the Cu–Sn system. Such pores are a consequence of the growth and subsequent contact of Cu6Sn5 intermetallic grains on the two surfaces to be bonded, prior to the formation of the transient liquid phase. A criterion for the critical interlayer thickness is developed, based on the heights of the largest intermetallic grains. Experiments are performed to ascertain the growth kinetics and the morphology of the intermetallic as a function of heating rate. On this basis, TLP bonding experiments are designed and implemented to demonstrate the transition from pore-containing to pore-free bonds as the interlayer thickness exceeds the predicted critical value. The benefits of high heating rates on both the critical interlayer thickness and the bonding time needed to achieve a targeted terminal microstructure are illustrated.
Learning to Be Simple: My Odyssey with Games

During 35 years of professional gaming, the author has worked to simplify the methods he uses to convey basic points about growth in a finite world. He describes four games that span his career and...
The psychological impact of 18 years in a board and care home

This is a description of the author's perceptions of living in a group home for 18 years before it was discovered that he was not retarded. This complements an earlier article (Turner, 1980) that described the life changes of the author from a professional perspective.
Use of microwave irradiation for rapid transesterification of lipids and accelerated synthesis of fatty acyl pyrrolidides for analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: study of fatty acid profiles of olive oil, evening primrose oil, fish oils and phospholipids from mango pulp

Abstract Transesterification of lipids using 14% boron trifluoride in methanol is widely used in lipid biochemistry to study fatty acid profiles of various lipids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Synthesis of fatty acyl pyrrolidides from fatty acid methyl esters is also important in GC/MS analysis for unambiguous positional assignment of double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids. Under conventional heating (boiling water bath), transesterification step requires 10 min for phospholipids and 40 min for triglycerides. However under low power (60 W) microwave irradiation, transesterification of phospholipids and triglycerides can be achieved in 50 s and 60 s, respectively. The products (fatty acid methyl esters) formed under microwave irradiation were identical to the products formed under conventional reaction conditions as evidenced by similar mass spectral fragmentation patterns and gas chromatographic retention times. Similar acceleration of reaction rate was also observed during the synthesis of fatty acyl pyrrolidides from fatty acid methyl esters using pyrrolidine and glacial acetic acid under microwave irradiation. This reaction which requires 1 h of heating at 100°C in an oil bath by the conventional method is completed with slightly better yields in 12 min under microwave irradiation. Therefore, microwave acceleration of these widely used derivatization procedures, which are essential pre-steps for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, is most appropriate for the rapid analysis of labile samples such as free unsaturated fatty acids or unsaturated fatty acid containing phospholipids and triglycerides.
Slow Extraction at the SSC

Resonant slow extraction at the SSC will permit fixed-target operation. Stochastic extraction appears to be a promising technique for achieving spill times of the order of 1000 s. However, systematic sextupole error fields in the SSC dipoles must be reduced a factor of twenty from the design values; otherwise the extraction process will be perturbed or suppressed. In addition, good regulation of the SSC power supplies is essential for smooth extraction over the spill period. 10 refs., 1 fig.