cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unilateral hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the dog, pony and miniature swine.

The hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to unilateral hypoxia was analyzed in pentobarbital anesthetized dogs (n = 5), miniature swine (n = 5), and ponies (n = 5). The left and right lungs (LL, RL) were separately ventilated with the LL exposed to inspired oxygen concentrations (CIO2) of 100%, 12%, 8% or 4%, while the RL always received a CIO2 = 100%. Pulmonary blood flow distribution was measured using 15 microns radioactive microspheres. LL PAO2, and percent pulmonary blood flow diversion (%FD) were calculated at each CIO2. At CIO2 of 4% there were significant differences (P greater than or equal to 0.05) between the %FD responses of each species (mean +/- S.E.): the %FDswine (95.1 +/- 1.3) greater than %FDpony (76.0 +/- 4.6) greater than %FDdog (50.1 +/- 9.4). For all species, the %FD was inversely related to the level of regional hypoxia, but there were marked species differences in the magnitude and sensitivity of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction with the swine being the strongest responder, the pony intermediate, and the dog the weakest responder.
Calcium modulation of adrenocorticotropin levels in women--a clinical research center study

In vitro calcium modulation of anterior pituitary hormone secretion has been well described. In addition, several investigations performed in human subjects have documented modulation of the circulating levels of pituitary hormones by supraphysiological calcium concentrations. Recent data from our laboratory document the existence of an extracellular calcium-sensing receptor that is thought to mediate the effects of variations in extracellular calcium on the secretion of PTH and calcitonin. We have also demonstrated the presence of this receptor in pituitary-derived, ACTH-secreting AtT-20 cells as well as in the anterior pituitary of rats and mice. In the present study we investigated the effect on anterior pituitary hormone levels of variations in serum calcium within the physiological range. We serially measured serum levels of ionized calcium (Cai), ACTH, cortisol, TSH, and PRL during 90-min iv infusions (on separate days) of calcium, citrate, and dextrose in 10 healthy women with a mean age of 55 +/- 5 yr. During the calcium infusion, the serum Cai level increased significantly from 4.32 +/- 0.10 mg/dL at baseline to 4.86 +/- 0.08 mg/dL at completion (P = 0.002), and this change was accompanied by a significant increment in the serum ACTH level from 9.87 +/- 1.32 to 16.31 +/- 2.84 pg/mL (P = 0.0008). There was no change in the serum ACTH level during the citrate infusion despite significant decrements in serum Cai, nor were there changes in either Cai or ACTH during the dextrose infusion. Finally, changes in Cai did not alter TSH or PRL levels. In summary, our dynamic studies are the first to demonstrate an increase in baseline serum ACTH levels in response to physiological increments in Cai (i.e. increments within the normal range). This effect was specific for increments and not decrements in serum Cai and was selective for ACTH, as TSH and PRL levels did not change with any of the infusions.
Agricultural productivity growth and technology progress in developing countries: case study in China

The goal of this investigation was to analyze the impact of some variables of production(input) on agricultural productivity growth (output) in China over the period 1989-2002. To this aim, Cobb-Douglas function has been used. The methodology used in this study is correct and the resulting conclusion is that labor, capital and land significantly affect agricultural productivity growth. However, while capital influences agricultural productivity growth positively, labor and land have a negative effect on agricultural productivity growth. Keywords : agriculture, productivity growth, China, technology International Journal of Agricultural and Rural Development Vol. 5 2004: 101-109
SPECIFIC EXPRESSIVE LANGUAGE DELAY: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY

Specific expressive language delay (ELD) is a developmental disorder characterized by substantial delay in expressive language, with age-appropriate cognitive and receptive language skill. Opinions differ widely on the clinical significance of ELD and whether it warrants intervention. Although negative sequelae in school achievement and mental health are noted in language disordered populations, there are no prospective longitudinal studies of 2 to 3 year old ELD children. The present study followed the language growth of a carefully defined sample of ELD children over the period just after diagnosis. Standardized assessments of IQ and expressive and receptive language were completed at initial visit and again four months later. Results indicate that the early developmental course of ELD is highly variable; some children show moderate progress, some full recovery and some little change in expressive language skill. Comparison was made between degree of improvement in this sample and that of a group of ELD children in a home-based treatment program. The correlates that emerge from the study allow for better informed treatment decisions and highlight the relevance of longitudinal analysis of ELD.
Chronic diazepam administration and appetitive discrimination learning: acquisition versus steady-state performance in pigeons.

Chronic injections of 2 mg/kg diazepam disrupted both steady-state performance and new discrimination learning in pigeons. However, the time course of disruption differed for each of the two tasks, i.e., steady-state performance was briefly disrupted early, whereas acquisition showed a more persistent delayed disruption. The difference was interpreted as resulting from a dual effect of diazepam on behavior. The early performance disruption was thought to reflect a general nonspecific sedative action of the drug, while the delayed disruption of learning was interpreted as the result of diazepam[s selective interference with acquistion processes. Some support for rapid adjustment to the sedative effects of diazepam was found, but there was no evidence for the development of physiological tolerance to diazepam-induced acquisition deficits.
Conceptual crossroads: Methods and ethics in ethnographic evaluation

Methodological design and implementation are often entangled in a web of ethical considerations.
A high fill-factor high-SNR CMOS image sensor for IR camera applications

A high-fill factor/high-SNR CMOS readout integrated circuit (ROIC) array is designed for high dynamic range infrared imaging systems. The designed ROIC array uses a single reference photodiode that is routed to each unit cell in the array to subtract the dark current for high SNR and high fill factor. The achieved average SNR is 80 dB and the fill factor is 28% with a 25 x 25 μm 2 unit cell size. With this new unit cell and routing approach, the size of the unit cell is reduced by 300% compared to other high SNR circuits. The maximum power consumption per unit pixel is 500nW.
Refinement of Physics Based Approach Used in the Prediction of Impeller Rotordynamic Forces for Centrifugal Compressors

The accurate prediction of centrifugal compressor stability continues to be an important area of interest in the oil and gas industry. Ensuring stability is critical to the cost-effective installation and operation of these machines in remote environments where field stability problems are much more expensive to diagnose and correct. Current industry standards and tools for the prediction of impeller destabilizing forces are based on empirical methods that, to date, have served fairly well for systems with reasonable stability margins. However, as stability margins are decreased, use of a modeling method that is more physics based that can better represent the observed trends in machine behavior at low stability margins is needed. Furthermore, the development of mega-class Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) compressors and ultra-high pressure re-injection compressors provide further motivation to improve accuracy. In this paper, a new physics based expression for the prediction of impeller cross-coupling, previously introduced by Moore et al. [1] is further investigated by analyzing several classes and scale factors of impellers ranging from 2-D designs used in re-injection up to full 3-D impellers typically used in LNG. The new expression is based on both numerical simulation (CFD) and experimental test data from a known instability. Comparisons are made for overall stability prediction as well as sensitivity to system changes. Conclusions are made regarding the applicability and limits of this new approach.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Long term thromboresistance of heparinized surfaces

It has long been known that interaction of blood with artificial surfaces results in thrombogenic effects. With the increased use of prosthetic cardiovascular appliances, it is becoming more evident that surfaces which are thromboresistant are of utmost importance. A review is presented of the recent research on binding of heparin by ionic, covalent and thermal means, to different polymer surfaces, with the results of in vitro and in vivo tests. Additionally, a survey of theories on the role of heparin surfaces in thromboresistance is given.
Towards an Affective Brain-Computer Interface Monitoring Musical Engagement

A non-invasive way to monitor a music listener's level of engagement could give us a valuable tool for music classification, technology, and therapy. To investigate whether musical engagement can be monitored, we developed an experimental protocol using the mobile brain/body imaging (MoBI) paradigm in which participants make expressive rhythmic arm gestures to encourage and/or index musical engagement. Participants communicate the feeling pulse of music they are hearing via simple rhythmic U-shaped back-and-forth hand/arm 'conducting' gesture cycles that animate, in real time, the mirroring movement of a spot of light on a video display in front of them. Participants are asked to imagine that this display is also being viewed remotely by a deaf friend to whom they are attempting to communicate the feeling of the music they are hearing. In an Engaged condition, listeners are encouraged to fully engage themselves in this musical/emotional communication task. In a Not Engaged condition, a concurrent internal arithmetic distractor task is introduced to induce less fully engaged listening. Here, we report results of training a classifier using a frequency-based common spatial patterns (FBCSP) approach to correctly distinguish Engaged and Not Engaged conditions from concurrently recorded EEG data. Here the approach gave 67% classification accuracy across subjects (versus 50% chance), and 85% accuracy within subjects, cross-validated using a block wise paradigm.
Basilar Skull Fractures in Childhood With Cranial Nerve Involvement

Cranial nerve palsies developed in 23% of 73 children with basilar skull fractures. The majority occurred in patients 10 years of age or older. Our overall incidence was higher than that in a review in which basilar skull fractures were indiscriminately included with all head injuries. Our experience with meningitis was similar to that present in the literature and would seem to support avoidance of prophylactic antibiotics. Because there was no improvement in neurological deficits in patients treated with steroids (the only case of meningitis in our series was associated with steroids), we believe that their use is unwarranted. It is important to discuss the prognosis with the patient's family, because, although the majority (53.3%) of cases resolve completely, those with residual deficits can have significant morbidity.
Metronidazole containing quadruple therapy for infection with metronidazole resistant Helicobacter pylori: a prospective study

Background: Metronidazole remains a key component of H. pylori infection therapy. It has been suggested that despite resistance, metronidazole may be effective when given at high dose with bismuth, tetracycline, and a proton pump inhibitor (quadruple therapy). Aim: To prospectively evaluate metronidazole quadruple therapy for treatment of metronidazole resistant H. pylori infection in the United States. Methods: Patients infected with metronidazole resistant H. pylori were prospectively prescribed 14 days of quadruple therapy consisting of metronidazole 500 mg t.d.s., tetracycline 500 mg q.d.s., two bismuth subsalicylate tablets q.d.s., and omeprazole 20 mg o.d. Results: A total of 26 patients were entered into the study; 22 for their first treatment and four as re-treatment for failed therapy. Of the 26 patients, 24 were cured (cure rate 92%; 95% CI: 78–99%). Both treatment failures reported full compliance to 14 days of therapy. Side-effects were common and resulted in premature discontinuation of therapy in 31%. Premature discontinuation did not reduce the cure rate. Conclusion: Quadruple metronidazole combination therapy is effective despite the presence of metronidazole resistance and should be considered as either first line therapy or for failures of twice-a-day combination therapies.
Hypoxia in Plaque Macrophages A New Danger Signal for Interleukin-1β Activation?

The recruitment of inflammatory cells to the arterial wall and their critical role in increasing plaque size and complexity is now dogma in the field of atherosclerosis.1 Macrophages compose the majority of the inflammatory burden in plaques and incite many of the deleterious responses that exacerbate disease. Thus, the mechanisms by which macrophages are activated to secrete cytokines and other inflammatory mediators are of intense interest. The atherosclerotic milieu is replete with cellular stressors such as modified apolipoprotein B–containing lipoproteins (eg, oxidized low-density lipoprotein) and reactive oxygen species, which can act as triggers of the inflammatory response. These danger signals compose a repertoire of triggers of so-called sterile inflammation that characterizes atherosclerosis. Article, see p 875 The prototypical mediator of sterile inflammation is the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β.2 Because of its potent downstream effects, the production of mature, biologically active IL-1β is tightly regulated at 2 distinct steps.3 In the priming phase, activation of signaling pathways such as nuclear factor-κB by Toll-like receptors, other cytokines, or IL-1β itself, leads to the transcriptional induction of precursor IL-1β (pro–IL-1β). Generation of the mature form is then governed by activation of a complex of proteins known as the inflammasome. Although several distinct complexes with unique triggers have been described, the NLRP3 inflammasome composed of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family member (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), and pro–caspase-1 is the most relevant to metabolic diseases such as atherosclerosis. A variety of pathogen- or endogenously derived danger signals (known as pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns) can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to proteolytic activation of caspase-1 and consequent cleavage of pro–IL-1β to the mature form.3 The process of inflammasome activation and its contribution to atherogenesis has been the focus of significant recent investigation in the field. Cholesterol crystals, which were previously …
Correlation between preoperative computed tomography and operative findings in functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

This study investigated the correlation between diagnostic parameters and surgical findings in patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) for chronic sinusitis. The parameters that were reviewed included the radiologist's report on the computed tomographic (CT) scan, the surgeon's reading of the CT scan, the operative findings, and the histopathology report. A retrospective analysis was conducted of 84 patients with chronic maxillary and ethmoid disease who were treated by the senior author (M.F.P.) over a 5-year period. The average concurrent agreement between the radiologist's CT report and the surgeon's CT interpretation was 92.26% for unilateral ethmoid disease, 83.73% for unilateral maxillary disease, 79.50% for bilateral ethmoid disease, and 64.28% for bilateral maxillary disease. The operative findings compared more closely with the surgeon's CT interpretation. The results of this study underscore the importance of clinical correlation in the surgical management of chronic sinus disease.
A Quantitative Study of Head Start Children's Strengths, Families' Perspectives, and Teachers' Ratings in the Transition to Kindergarten.

This study examined the association between preschool children’s social-interpersonal skills and their transition to school in the beginning months of kindergarten. One hundred and thirty-three preschool children participated in this study. During the spring of the pre-kindergarten year, children’s social-interpersonal skills were assessed as well as rated by teachers. In the follow-up year, parents/guardians and teachers reported on children’s adjustment to kindergarten. The results of this study found no association between parents’/guardians’ and teachers’ reports of children’s adjustment and readiness in kindergarten. Children’s social-interpersonal skills were negatively associated with teachers’ reports of children’s kindergarten readiness difficulties. The findings of this study indicate that children’s early social skills, developed prior to entering kindergarten, are important for children’s readiness for school.
Galician geada: In defense of underspecification in Optimality Theory

In Galician geada a voiced velar fricative or approximant surfaces as a voiceless fricative in all contexts except post-nasally, e.g., pega [pexa] ⿿magpie⿿ (non-geada dialects [peɣa]) vs. longo [loſgo] ⿿long⿿. Although geada seems to be a rather basic phonological problem, existing analyses are complex. This paper shows that the analysis becomes quite straightforward once the connection of geada with voiced obstruent alternations is recognized. The proposed account obviates the need to resort to controversial mechanisms such as constraint conjunction and sheds light into the allophonic realizations of voiced obstruents. One crucial aspect of voiced obstruent allophones in Galician is their predictability and their underspecification for continuancy. Underspecification is argued to be compatible with Optimality Theory, as long as the underspecified input is not stipulated, but derived from the constraints and constraint ranking. In Galician the phonological system reveals the need for a three-way contrast in obstruents: [⿿continuant], [+continuant] and underspecified [continuant]. The findings about voiced obstruents have consequences for NC heterosyllabic clusters, showing that there is no voicing requirement at stake, rather a continuancy one, according to which voiced obstruents must be [⿿continuant] after nasals. Only voiced obstruents agree in continuancy with nasals, because only voiced obstruents are underspecified for continuancy. Constraint reranking accounts for dialectal variation.
Effect of combined traumatic impact and radial transection of medial meniscus on knee articular cartilage in a rabbit in vivo model.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that combined meniscectomy and traumatic impact accelerate early degeneration of articular cartilage in the knee versus meniscectomy alone. Methods A previously published in vivo rabbit cartilage impact model was used combined with radial transection of the medial meniscus posterior horn versus meniscal transection alone. Rabbits were killed 3 months after surgery. Quantitative histologic analysis of the articular cartilage proteoglycan depth and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) fraction was performed at the site of impact on the posterior femoral condyle (PFC) and at the distal femoral condyle (DFC) overlying the meniscectomy in the surgical knee and the contralateral control knee. Results The articular cartilage in the knees that underwent isolated meniscectomy did not differ significantly from the contralateral control knees for any measured value. The knees with a combined insult had a lower GAG fraction ( P = .03) at the PFC and a greater depth of proteoglycan loss at both the PFC ( P = .02) and the DFC ( P = .04) versus contralateral controls. Compared with meniscectomy alone, the combined-insult knees had a greater depth of proteoglycan loss at the DFC ( P = .005). Conclusions On the basis of early results using GAG fraction and proteoglycan depth, combined traumatic impact and meniscectomy are more damaging to articular cartilage than meniscectomy alone. Clinical Relevance A knee with a combination of meniscal injury and articular cartilage impact may be at particularly high risk for early joint degeneration.
Substance use disorders in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder.

Background Little is known about substance use disorders (SUDs) in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Although studies have examined SUD comorbidity in BDD, no previous studies have examined clinical correlates of SUD comorbidity.
The effect of Dual® on the flavor of riced baked potatoes

Samples of Katahdin potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) from untreated and Dual 8E-treated plots (4 lb. ai/A applied at the first hilling) were evaluated for flavor by a sensory panel of 21 members. No off-flavor was associated with the Dual-treated baked potatoes.
Time-optimal adiabatic-like expansion of Bose-Einstein condensates

In this paper we study the fast adiabatic-like expansion of a one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) confined in a harmonic potential, using the theory of time-optimal control. We find that under reasonable assumptions suggested by the experimental setup, the minimum-time expansion occurs when the frequency of the potential changes in a bang-bang form between the permitted values. We calculate the necessary expansion time and show that it scales logarithmically with large values of the expansion factor. This work is expected to find applications in areas where the efficient manipulations of BEC is of utmost importance. As an example we present the field of atom interferometry with BEC, where the wavelike properties of atoms are used to perform interference experiments that measure with unprecedented precision small shifts induced by phenomena like rotation, acceleration, and gravity gradients.
Hybrid strain-based three-node flat triangular laminated composite shell elements

Abstract For large-scale linear and non-linear analysis of laminated composite shell structures, simple, accurate and efficient finite elements are critical to successes. In this paper, several simple three-node, six degrees of freedom (dof) per node, hybrid strain-based laminated composite flat triangular shell finite elements are presented. The stiffness matrices of these elements are obtained explicitly by using symbolic computer algebra packages, MAPLE and MACSYMA, and therefore, no numerical inversion of matrices and numerical integration are necessary during the derivation. The elements are compatible with the first-order shear deformation theory. A comprehensive study was performed on multi-layer plate and shell structures. Representative examples are presented to show that the elements have excellent performance in terms of convergence rate, accuracy, rank sufficient, no shear locking and efficiency. Results obtained indicate that the proposed simple shell elements can give very accurate answers for length to thickness ratios, μ ⩾ 20.
The distribution of helium in oceanic basalt glasses

Abstract We have determined the concentrations and isotopic composition of helium in oceanic basaltic glass both by melting and by crushing in vacuo. A significant fraction of the helium is released by crushing, confirming that it resides within the vesicles. Comparison of volume percent vesicles to the fraction of helium contained in the vesicles gives qualitative agreement with experimental gas-melt partitioning studies. Measured concentrations are therefore, a function of original helium content, magmatic history, vesicle size and quantity, and grain size analyzed. Helium released by crushing is isotopically indistinguishable from that contained in the glass. Diffusion rates for helium in basaltic glass (in the temperature range 125–400°C) determined using the method of stepwise heating, yielded an activation energy of 19.9 ± 1 kcal/mole andlnD0 = −2.7 ± 0.6 (cgs units). Extrapolation of these results to ocean floor temperatures (0°C) gives a diffusivity of 1.0 ± 0.6 × 10−17 cm2/s, indicating that diffusion is an insignificant mechanism for helium loss from fresh basaltic glasses. The3He/4He ratios are remarkably constant (at 1.10 ± 0.03 × 10−5) for samples from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (FAMOUS area and 23°N), the Juan de Fuca Ridge, the Galapagos spreading center, the Mid-Cayman Rise, and the Central Indian Ocean Ridge. This result is interpreted in terms of similar geochemical histories within the source regions for these samples.
Rationale for submucous resection of hypertrophied inferior turbinates in rhinoplasty: an evolution.

To achieve success in rhinoplasty, the plastic surgeon takes advantage of numerous intraoperative techniques designed to manipulate nasal soft tissue and the osseo-cartilaginous framework. Although the postoperative result may meet preoperative aesthetic goals, an element of nasal airway obstruction can persist from failure to acknowledge the role of inferior turbinates. Surgically responsive inferior turbinate hypertrophy is frequently not addressed secondary to inadequate history taking, incomplete physical examination, and/or surgeon reluctance to handle these sensitive structures. The goal of this article is to discuss the anatomy and physiology of the inferior turbinates, to present the role for inferior turbinate surgery during rhinoplasty, and to delineate the evolution of the current technique of sub-mucosal resection of the inferior turbinates. Over the past 14 years, the senior author (R.J.R.) has performed inferior turbinates surgery on 648 patients as part of a rhinoplasty.
Methodology to Identify and Analyze Optimal Cable Configurations in the Design of Cable-Driven Serial Manipulators

The choice of cable placement and routing for a cable-driven serial manipulator has profound effects on the operational workspace of the mechanism. Poor choices in cable attachment can hamper or preclude the ability of the mechanism to perform a desired task, while a clever configuration might allow for an expanded workspace and kinematic redundancies, providing additional capability and flexibility.This paper outlines a methodology to identify and analyze optimal cable configurations for a serial manipulator which maximize operational workspace subject to mechanism design and configuration constraints. This process is first described in general terms for a generic 2-link robot and then applied to an illustrative example of a cable-driven robot leg. The methodology is used to determine the placement and routing of the cables to achieve the desired range of motion, as well as highlight the critical parameters within the cable configuration and identify possible areas of improvement in the overall robot design.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Locomotor effects of catecholaminergic drugs on herpes-infected mice.

Abstract Changes in spontaneous, amphetamine (AMP) and apomorphine (APO) induced locomotor activity were used to assess the effects of central nervous system (CNS) infection with herpes type 1 virus. A dual herpesvirus inoculation procedure was used in which the animals received an immunizing footpad inoculation followed at 2 weeks by an identical intracerebral challenge. Four weeks later the animals were tested with intraperitoneal injections of saline or d-l-amphetamine (0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg). When footpad herpes-virus was given via one or two injections, it had no effect on spontaneous or AMP induced activity. When food-pad-intracerebral herpes mice were tested 28–33 days post intracerebral inoculation, they demonstrated depressed AMP-induced but not spontaneous activity. AMP at a dosage of 5.0 mg/kg overcame the herpesvirus blockage of 0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg AMP induced activity. Intraperitoneal injection of APO in day 3 post-IC animals produced less suppression of activity in the virus group than in the controls. These results suggest that non-fatal CNS herpes infection produces hypoactivity, in contrast to the hyperactivity during acute fatal CNS herpes encephalitis (Lycke & Roos, 1975), and that the effect may be due to alterations in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity.
Surface behavior of amphiphilic heteroarm star-block copolymers with asymmetric architecture

We study the surface behavior of the asymmetric amphiphilic heteroarm poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/polystyrene (PS) star polymer on solid substrate. These star polymers differ in both architecture (four- and three-arm molecules, PEO-b-PS3 and PEO-b-PS2) and in the length of PS chains (molecular weight from about 10 000 up to 24 000). We observed that, for a given chemical composition with a predominant content of hydrophobic blocks, the compression behavior of the PS domain structure controls the surface behavior and the final morphology of the monolayers. New features of the surface behavior of star-block copolymers are high stretching of the PS arms from the interface and enhanced stability of the circular PS domain structure, even at high compression. We suggest that for asymmetric star-block copolymers both architecture and chemical composition heavily favor the formation of highly curved interfaces and, thus, more stable circular domain structure with stretched PS arms.
Predictors of High-Grade Histology in Patients With Progressive Low-Grade Gliomas: Is Histology Needed to Guide Therapy?

with the individual hippocampi in cranial contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRIs. Most frequent primary tumors were non-small cell lung cancer in male patients (52%) and breast cancer (25%) in female patients. For each MRI, the distance from the center (CoM) and the border (BoM) of each mass to the closest hippocampus was calculated and the distribution of metastases was fitted to a normalized brain map. Results: Of all metastases, 26% were located in the frontal lobe and the cerebellum, 20% in the parietal lobe, 13% in the temporal lobe, 9% in the occipital lobe and 6% in other brain structures. Only 0.4% of metastases (n Z 3; 2 SCLC, 1 adeno-NSCLC) found in 3 patients (3%) had their CoM inside the hippocampus. A total of 1.1% of all metastases (nZ 9; 5 adenoNSCLC, 3 SCLC, 1 NCC) with external CoM were infiltrating the hippocampus (in 9 patients, 9%). Ninety-one percent (n Z 777) of all analyzed metastases had a CoM with more than 1.5 cm distance from the hippocampus (69 patients, 69%). Eighty-four percent (n Z 718) of metastases showed more than 1.5 cm distance between the borders and the hippocampus, which was the case in 48 patients (48%). Conclusions: Assuming a radial growth of brain metastases the hippocampal region appears to be a rare site of metastases. If HS-PCI would have been applied, most patients would have been adequately treated. However, since roughly a third of patients showed lesions that settled within 1.5 cm from the hippocampus, a sharp dose gradient would have been most important. HS-TCI would have been an option for roughly half of all patients presenting with brain metastasis. Thus, HS-PCI and, if applicable, HS-TCI could be routinely offered as alternative treatment option to patients with or at risk for BM. Author Disclosure: S. Harth: None. L. Zheng: None. Y. Abo-Madyan: None. F. Wenz: None. F.A. Giordano: None.
Inhibition of cartilage breakdown by isothiazolones

Abstract Isothiazolones and isoselenazolones have been found to inhibit IL-1β induced breakdown of bovine nasal cartilage in an organ culture assay. The synthesis and preliminary SAR of these compounds are described. These compounds represent a novel, non-peptide lead series approach to the mediation of the chronic cartilage breakdown associated with arthritic disease.
Patient-Physician Agreement About Medical Diagnoses and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the Ambulatory General Medical Examination

Because patients failed to report more than half of their most important health problems identified by their physicians, practitioners might consider giving problem lists or summary letters to patients to improve and reinforce communication and management of health problems.
The accuracy of concepts learned from induction

Abstract Inductive learning methods identify a concept from a training sample consisting of positive and negative examples of a target concept. Several studies have shown how such methods could be used to determine rules for expert systems. The question addressed in this paper is: how accurate is the induced concept when used to classify the original domain or another close domain? We derive results that can be used to determine the accuracy of an induced concept. Two previously published applications of inductive learning are used to illustrate our results.
DNA synthesis in relation to polyploid mitoses in excised pea root segments cultured in vitro.

Abstract Diploid and polyploid mitoses were observed in pea root segments cultured on a medium containing auxins and kinetin for 72 to 74 hr. Initial diploid mitoses were observed as early as 24 hr after the beginning of culture; initial polyploid mitoses were observed only after about 60 hr. The presence of kinetin was not required for the first 24 hr in culture for the appearance of polyploid mitoses at 74 hr. However, kinetin must be present in the culture medium after 24 hr. Auxin was required during the first 24 hr of the culture and its continuous presence may be required for polyploid mitoses. The question whether DNA synthesis must occur preceding the initial diploid and polyploid mitoses in cultured segments was studied using 5-fluoro-deoxyruridine and tritiated thymidine. The results, while not definitive, support the hypothesis that DNA synthesis is required for most of the mitoses, both diploid and polyploid. The same methods were used to study the time of DNA synthesis. In those cells in which DNA synthesis took place it seemed to occur between about 24 and 10 hr before mitosis for both polyploid and diploid mitoses. The results on the timing of the hormone requirements and the time of DNA synthesis make it unlikely that auxin or kinetin acts in this system primarily by directly triggering DNA synthesis.
Adaptable IC manufacturing systems for the 21st century

Abstract The semiconductor industry is currently facing a number of challenges. The capital costs of IC factories and the cost of developing technology are increasing at a faster rate than the revenues. In addition, demand for ICs is fragmenting into lower volume and more differentiated markets. The current chip manufacturing approach is establishing megafactories for show mass production of commodity products. To remain competitive alternative design and manufacturing techniques will have to be developed with flexible factories for rapid production of multiple products in different technologies. At stanford University we have built a large interdisciplinary program aimed at exploring radically different semiconductor manufactoring opportunities. The approach is to build a highly flexible computer controlled manufacturing facility - the Programmable Factory and in parallel with this factory, a suite of simulation tools the Virtual Factory which emulate all functions of the real factory. Economic modeling suggests that such approach may offer more economical small or large scale production, higher flexibility to accommodate many products on several processes, and faster tumaround to hasten product innovation.
Binding between Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesins and human salivary, tracheobronchial and nasopharyngeal mucins

Endogenous aspiration of nasooropharyngeal secretions is a major source of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to lungs. To understand the mechanism of binding between P. aeruginosa and nasooropharyngeal secretions, we have utilized an overlay binding assay employing P. aeruginosa nonpilus protein adhesins (18 kDa and 15 kDa) and mucins from human saliva, tracheobronchial and nasopharyngeal secretions. Nasopharyngeal mucin bound to both the 18 kDa and 15 kDa adhesins. A high molecular weight salivary mucin and tracheobronchial mucin bound only to the 18 kDa adhesin. On the other hand, asialonasopharyngeal and asialotracheobronchial mucins did not bind to either of the adhesins. Binding of nasopharyngeal mucin to the 18 kDa and 15 kDa was not inhibitable by glycoproteins, bovine submaxillary mucins and sialic acid. Further, a low molecular weight salivary mucin which contains sialylated oligosaccharides also did not bind to either of the adhesins. Collectively, the results suggest that binding between P. aeruginosa and mucins may involve specific receptors and adhesins.
Position Error in Rating.

Using words of known selection values arranged in a counterbalanced order, it was shown that subjects' ratings of the "imagery value" of each word resulted in an error which favored the first position in the series when the stimuli were homogeneous. The error did not occur with words which were markedly heterogeneous. This finding supports previous research conducted with ranked data.
The effect of microstructure on the hot salt stress corrosion susceptibility of titanium alloys

It was the purpose of this study to identify what metallurgical processes could be applied to commercial structural titanium alloys to increase the hot salt stress corrosion (HSSC) threshold stress and therefore increase their range of application. Toward this purpose Ti-6A1 and Ti-6A1-4V were evaluated as a function of microstructural variables. Specifically, it was shown that both increasing amounts of cold work and increasing grain size decrease HSSC resistance of Ti-6A1. Also, for Ti-6A1-4V it was shown that preferred orientation can have a profound effect on the HSSC resistance. Crack initiation time, crack growth rate, and stress rupture life were evaluated in Ti-6A1-4V as a function of applied stress at 727 K. These results indicate that HSSC cracking can be described by a critical resolved shear stress criterion, and that increased high temperature creep resistance and decreased room temperature notch rupture strength combine to increase HSSC susceptibility and embrittlement.
Childhood family psychosocial environment and carotid intima media thickness: the CARDIA study.

Abstract Little is known about whether the childhood family psychosocial environment (characterized by cold, unaffectionate interactions, conflict, aggression, neglect and/or low nurturance) affects coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Objectives were to evaluate associations of childhood family psychosocial environment with carotid intima media thickness (IMT), a subclinical measure of atherosclerosis. The study population included 2659 CARDIA study participants, aged 37–52 years. Childhood family psychosocial environment was measured using a risky family questionnaire via self-report. Carotid IMT was calculated using the average of 20 measurements of mean common carotid, bulb and internal carotid IMT, assessed using high-resolution B-mode ultrasound images. Utilizing linear regression analyses adjusted for age, a 1-unit (range 0–21) increase in risky family score was associated with 0.0036 (95% CI: 0.0006,0.0066 mm) and 0.0020 (95% CI: 0.0002,0.0038) mm increase in mean IMT in white males and females, respectively. Formal mediation analyses and covariate adjustments suggested childhood socioeconomic position and smoking may be important mechanisms in white males and females, as well as education and depressive symptomatology in white males. No associations were found in black participants. Formal statistical tests for interaction between risky family score and sex, and between risky family score and race/ethnicity, demonstrated borderline evidence of interactions for both sex (p = 0.12) and race/ethnicity (p = 0.14) with risky family score for associations with mean IMT. In conclusion, childhood family psychosocial environment was positively associated with IMT in white participants, with little evidence of association in black participants. Mechanisms in white participants may include potential negative impacts of socioeconomic constraints on parenting quality, potentially influencing offspring's cardiovascular risk factors (e.g. smoking), socioeconomic position (e.g. education), and/or psychosocial functioning (e.g. depression), which may in turn lead to atherosclerotic processes. Borderline racial/ethnic differences in findings should be replicated, but add to literature exploring race/ethnicity-specific associations of parenting approaches with health outcomes.
INCREMENTAL NONLINEAR MODEL FOR PREDICTING PAVEMENT SERVICEABILITY

A recursive nonlinear model was developed for the prediction of pavement performance as a function of traffic characteristics, pavement structural properties, and environmental conditions. The model highlights some of the advantages of relaxing the linear restriction that is usually placed on the specification form of pavement performance models. First, a functional form that better represents the physical deterioration process can be used. Second, the estimated parameters are unbiased, owing to a proper specification and the use of sound statistical techniques. Finally, the standard error of the prediction is reduced by half that of the equivalent existing linear model. This improved accuracy has important economic implications in the context of pavement management. The model developed as part of this research enables the determination of an unbiased exponent of the so-called power law and of the equivalent loads for different axle configurations. The estimated exponent confirms the value of 4.2 traditionally used. However, it should be noted that this exponent is only to be used for determining damage in terms of serviceability. On the other hand, equivalent loads estimated for different axle configurations tend to differ from traditionally used values.
Effect of ozone on erythrocyte membrane adenosine triphosphatase.

Abstract Human erythrocyte membrane fragments were exposed to O 3 over varying lengths of time. Ozone was found to have a deleterious effect on the ouabainsensitive ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) in the membrane fragments. After 1 min of exposure to O 3 , which was generated at a rate of 4.0 μmol/min, ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity decreased to 26% of the control. Ouabain-insensitive ATPase was found to be unaffected by O 3 exposure under the test conditions. Additions of ascorbic acid or cysteine, prior to O 3 exposure, partially protected the enzyme from inactivation. However, the inactivating effect of O 3 could not be reversed by addition of either ascorbic acid or cysteine after exposure. Superoxide dismutase or catalase did not afford significant protection. The enzyme could not be protected by Ellman's reagent. The inactivating effect of O 3 on the ouabain-sensitive ATPase was also demonstrated in exposure of intact erythrocytes. No detectable change was observed in glycolytic activity in the hemolysate prepared from O 3 -treated erythrocytes, however. It was postulated that inactivation of the membrane ATPase by O 3 may be responsible for the destructive effect of O 3 on the red cell.
Late Pleistocene and Holocene climate and geomorphic histories as interpreted from a 23,000 14C yr B.P. paleosol and floodplain soils, southeastern West Virginia, USA

Field, micromorphological, pollen, whole soil (XRF), and stable isotope geochemical methods were used to evaluate the latest Pleistocene to Holocene climate record from a floodplain–terrace system in southeastern West Virginia. A late Pleistocene (22,940 ± 150 14C yr B.P.) silt paleosol with low-chroma colors formed from fluviolacustrine sediment deposited during the last glacial maximum (Wisconsinan) and records a cooler full-glacial paleoclimate. Fluvial gravel deposited between the latest Pleistocene and earliest Holocene (prior to 6360 ± 40 14C yr B.P.) was weathered in the middle Holocene under warmer, drier climate conditions, possibly correlated with the Hypsithermal and Altithermal Events of the eastern and southwestern United States, respectively. The glacial to interglacial climate shift is recorded by: (1) changes from a poorly drained landscape with fine-textured soil, characterized by high organic C and redoximorphic features related to Fe removal and concentration, to a well-drained, coarse-textured setting without gley and with significant argillic (Bt) horizon development; (2) changes from a high Zr and Ti silt-dominated parent material to locally derived, coarse fluvial gravels lower in Zr and Ti; (3) a shift from dominantly conifer and sedge pollen in the paleosol to a modern oak/hickory hardwood assemblage; and (4) a shift in δ13C values of soil organic matter from −28‰ to −24‰ PDB, suggesting an ecosystem shift from cooler, C3-dominated flora to one that was mixed C3 and C4, but still predominantly composed of C3 plants. A root-restrictive placic horizon developed between the late Pleistocene silt paleosol and the overlying fluvial gravel because of the high permeability contrast between the two textures of soil materials. This layer formed a barrier that effectively isolated the Pleistocene paleosol from later Holocene pedogenic processes.
Two nonisomorphic flows with the same very weak Bernoulli partition on a base

Abstract We build two flows with the same very weak Bernoulli partition on a base that are not isomorphic even after time scaling. Both flows are built under functions which take constant values on each of the atoms of the partiton. Moreover the values of each function are independent over the rationals.
Performance optimization for a class of Generalized Stochastic Petri nets

This paper considers the problem of optimizing the (long-term) performance of operations that are modeled by Generalized Stochastic Petri nets. The proposed methodology employs the representational power of the GSPN framework in order to articulate an explicit trade-off between the computational tractability of the formulated problem and the operational efficiency of the derived solutions. On the other hand, the solution of the considered formulations is based on recent results regarding the sensitivity analysis of Markov reward processes. A more expansive treatment of the presented results, together with a case study that highlights the relevance of the considered problem and the efficacy of the proposed methodology, can be found in a companion document that is accessible from the website of the second author.
"Milky" urine--a child with chyluria.

A 10-year-old boy with chyluria due to a congenital fistulous communication between the lymphatic system and the bladder is described. Chyluria can be parasitic or non-parasitic. Many causes of non-parasitic chyluria have been reported. Lymphography is the pre-operative imaging procedure of choice since it demonstrates the site, the calibre and the number of the fistulous communications. Lymphoscintigraphy shows very well the site of the fistula but is not as precise as lymphography. However, it has the advantage to be less invasive and is an excellent alternative in the non-surgical cases. The prognosis of non-parasitic chyluria is usually very good and the treatment is mostly conservative.
Sergei Diaghilev “The Russian”: Reflections on the Repertory of the Ballets Russes

Abstract The Ballets Russes never performed in Russia, and in the last twelve years of its twenty-one year existence (1909-1929) many Western European artists and composers worked for the company. Yet its essential identity remained as Russian as that of its founder, the quintessential “cosmopolitan” Sergei Diaghilev. An examination of its repertory makes that clear.