cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of stepping-stone islands

Abstract Equilibrium island biogeography is used to assess the importance of stepping stone islands in the colonization of more distant islands. The effect of a single stepping-stone island is relatively small, as it chiefly serves to increase the colonization rate of species that should be successful colonists in any case. A chain of stepping stones boosts colonization more than a single, centrally located stepping stone of the same total area.
Prevalence and impact of correlative science in breast cancer phase II trials

Correlative science (CS) can potentially augment clinical trial results by identifying biomarkers of response and resistance to a novel intervention. We evaluated recently published breast cancer phase II trials (BP2T) to determine prevalence, characteristics, and outcomes of CS. Through Pubmed, we identified BP2T of systemic therapy published between June 2005 and June 2010. A study-specific abstraction tool recorded trial characteristics, CS endpoints, source of tissue, adequacy of samples, biopsy safety, and CS outcomes. BP2T authors were contacted to verify abstraction results. Results were abstracted from 298 eligible trials enrolling 18,782 patients, of which 81 (27.2 %) involved CS. Of these, 57 (70.4 %) included tissue with 16 (28 %) using optional research biopsies and 17 (30 %) requiring mandatory research biopsies. No trial addressed biopsy safety issues. Trials were more likely to include CS if they were: industry versus non-industry sponsored (33.7 % vs. 17.1 %, p = 0.0017), neoadjuvant versus metastatic setting (47 % vs. 21.2 %, p = 0.0001), or U.S. versus non-U.S. trials (37 % vs. 21 %, p = 0.005). A minority of phase II breast cancer trials include CS representing a missed opportunity to learn more from clinical research. When CS is included, consistent reporting of endpoints, feasibility, outcomes, and safety is needed.
Tumour cell invasion: an emerging role for basal epithelial cell extrusion

Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, but it is unclear how cancer cells escape their primary sites in epithelia and disseminate to other sites in the body. One emerging possibility is that transformed epithelial cells could invade the underlying tissue by a process called cell extrusion, which epithelia use to remove cells without disrupting their barrier function. Typically, during normal cell turnover, live cells extrude apically from the epithelium into the lumen and later die by anoikis; however, several oncogenic mutations shift cell extrusion basally, towards the tissue that the epithelium encases. Tumour cells with high levels of survival and motility signals could use basal extrusion to escape from the tissue and migrate to other sites within the body.
Immunosensors for quantifying cyclooxygenase 2 pain biomarkers.

Abstract Background Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is a key enzyme in pain biomarkers, inflammation and cancer cell proliferation. Thus biosensors that can quantify pain mediators based on biochemical mechanism are imperative. Methods Biomolecular recognition and affinity of antigenic COX-2 with the antibody were investigated using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and ultra-sensitive portable capillary (UPAC) fluorescence sensors. Polyclonal goat anti-COX-2 (human) antibodies were covalently immobilized on gold SPR surface and direct recognition for the COX-2 antigen assessed. The UPAC sensor utilized an indirect sandwich design involving covalently attached goat anti-COX-2 as the capture antibody and rabbit anti-COX-2 (human) antibody as the secondary antibody. Results UPAC fluorescence signals were directly proportional to COX-2 at a linear range of 7.46 × 10− 4–7.46 × 101 ng/ml with detection limit of 1.02 × 10− 4 ng/ml. With SPR a linear range was 3.64 × 10− 4–3.64 × 102 ng/ml was recorded and a detection limit of 1.35 × 10− 4 ng/ml. Validation was achieved in simulated blood samples with percent recoveries of 81.39% and 87.23% for SPR and UPAC respectively. Conclusion The developed sensors have the potential to provide objective characterization of pain biomarkers for clinical diagnoses.
Role of the blastocoele microenvironment in early mouse embryo differentiation

During preimplantation development, the mouse embryo differentiates into an outer layer of cells, the trophectoderm, and an inner group, the inner cell mass. Tarkowski and Wroblewska1 proposed that this differentiation depends on the position of blastomeres in the morula, with outside cells giving rise to trophectoderm and inside cells producing the inner cell mass. This epigenetic hypothesis has been confirmed by other studies in which blastomere position was altered at the 4-cell or 8-cell stage, thus demonstrating the totipotency of the blastomeres at these stages2–4. It was recently found that the inner cell mass of the early blastocyst is also totipotent and can form trophectoderm when isolated by immunosurgery5–8. Because inner cells apparently become committed during the time that they are exposed to the distinct microenvironment of the blastocyst9–11, we postulated that diffusible components or other factors in the blastocoele may have a role in the commitment of cells in the inner cell mass. We report here results, obtained by injecting donor cells into host blastocysts, showing that totipotent cells exposed only to blastocoele fluid differentiate into morphologically normal blastocysts, whereas those in contact with the blastocyst's inner surface do not.
Team identification: a determining factor of performance

Purpose – This study seeks to explore why some teams realize performance gains and others do not. Team identification is proposed as an explanatory mechanism of performance.Design/methodology/approach – Data from two longitudinal studies with 42 teams (270 individuals) are examined using regression analysis. Study 1 relies on student teams, while Study 2 is based on two field samples of actual working teams. In both studies, team identification was captured prior to the objective performance measures.Findings – This study empirically provides evidence that team identification is linked to team performance across three settings.Research limitations/implications – Although the sample size is relatively small within each study, the implications are that team process variables such as identification matter when gauging performance across all three settings.Practical implications – It is critical that team‐oriented processes, such as identification, are promoted if managers hope to see performance gains within...
Prediction of retention times in temperature-programmed multichromatography

Abstract The calculation of retention times for temperature-programmed serially linked capillary gas chromatography columns is demonstrated. Equations are derived for the verification of operatign conditions via two internal standards and for the precise calculation of the mid-point pressure required to obtain a given relative retentivity. The predicted retention times for 23 volatile organic compounds ar compared to experimental results.
Recursive FMP for distributed inference in Gaussian graphical models

For inference in Gaussian graphical models with cycles, loopy belief propagation (LBP) performs well for some graphs, but often diverges or has slow convergence. When LBP does converge, the variance estimates are incorrect in general. The feedback message passing (FMP) algorithm has been proposed to enhance the convergence and accuracy of inference. In FMP, standard LBP is run twice on the subgraph excluding the pseudo-FVS (a set of nodes that breaks most crucial cycles) while nodes in the pseudo-FVS use a different protocol. In this paper, we propose recursive FMP, a purely distributed extension of FMP, where all nodes use the same message-passing protocol. An inference problem on the entire graph is recursively reduced to those on smaller subgraphs in a distributed manner. One advantage of this recursive approach compared with FMP is that there is only one active feedback node at a time, so centralized communication among feedback nodes can be turned into message broadcasting from the single feedback node. We characterize this algorithm using walk-sum analysis and provide theoretical results for convergence and accuracy. We also demonstrate the performance using both simulated models on grids and large-scale sea surface height anomaly data.
Excretion of α-chaconine-3H, a steroidal glycoalkaloid from solanum tuberosum L. and its metabolites in hamsters

Excretion of α-chaconine-( 3 H) and its metabolites was investigated after oral and intraperitoneal administration in hamsters. The separation of the glycoalkaloid and its metabolites in feces and urine was accomplished by thin layer chromatography and strip counting technique. An increase in the concentration of excreted α-chaconine and its metabolites in feces and urine was observed with time. In urine over 50% of the eliminated radioactivity during the initial 24 hr was due to unaltered α-chaconine and solanidine, and the fraction of the total dose administered which was excreted represented approximately
The Title and Three Core Values from the First Three Lines of The Declaration of Independence.

Teaching the Declaration of Independence can be a challenge. This article presents a lesson plan based on an explication of the title and the first three lines of the Declaration intended to make the American founding era relevant to today's college students. Assuming civic education is a major goal of teaching American Government, assuming founding documents are important to that goal, and assuming classical political philosophy is relevant to that goal, I present here 17 topics related to American Government derived from a line-by-line reading of the beginning of the Declaration: the American Revolution and classical political philosophy, Socrates, framing, the politics of holidays, consensus, state v. society, separation of church and state, standard of violence, unity, foreign policy, self-evident truths, equality, natural right, life, liberty, happiness, and self-government. Evidence reveals that this lesson plan challenges students to read the text closely and connects the founding era to current po...
Energy-efficient penetration and perforation of targets in the hypervelocity regime

Abstract In general, the performance of a KE penetrator against most targets increases with velocity regardless of the particular penetrator-target interaction mode. It is possible to show that there exists an optimum velocity which maximizes the performance of an impacting penetrator for a given expenditure of kinetic energy. Simple graphical methods are described that determine the optimum velocity from general performance-velocity plots. These graphical methods may also be applied to experimental data alone. In addition, simple analytic models which describe the velocity dependent penetration/perforation performance of KE penetrators are examined and extended. These models may be used to explicitly assess the influence of parameters such as target strength and density and penetrator mass, strength and density. For some of the models in this analysis, the explicit relations between the optimum striking velocity for a specific kinetic energy value and the penetrator-target parameters are described.
Distance-dependent capture probability of male Mediterranean fruit flies in trimedlure-baited traps in Hawaii

Abstract Many countries operate regional trapping programs for the detection of exotic tephritid fruit flies, which because of their polyphagous habits pose a serious threat to fruit and vegetable crops. Detection of the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), relies primarily on trimedlure (TML), a synthetic male-specific lure, yet few studies have measured the relationship between distance from TML-baited traps and the probability of male capture, and consequently the detection sensitivity of medfly trapping programs is largely unknown. The present study measured distance-dependent capture probabilities for male C. capitata in TML-baited traps using mark–release–recapture procedures. Releases were performed at distances of 25, 50, 100, and 200 m at 4 sites in Hawaii, and the resulting capture rates were used to estimate the minimum detectable population size (detection probability > 99.9%) for a trapping density of 5 TML traps per 2.59 km2 (= 1 mi2, the density used in California, USA). Capture rates were similar for 3 of the sites (6.5%, 3.8%, 1.1%, and 0.1% for the 4 distances, respectively) and yielded an estimated minimum detectable population of ≈ 2300 males, a value similar to that obtained in a comparable study conducted in California. For unknown reasons, capture rates were significantly lower at the remaining site (1.8%, 0.6%, 0.1%, 0.04%) and the estimated minimum detectable population was correspondingly much larger (≈ 10,000 males). Implications of these results for medfly detection programs are discussed.
Developing and Testing the Anti-Drinking and Driving PSA

Drinking and driving is a serious and prevalent problem in the college-aged population, necessitating attempts to better understand and potentially lessen this health threat. This article reports on 2 studies that designed and tested a public service announcement (PSA) aimed at curbing drinking and driving in a college-student population. Study 1 consisted of focus group research conducted in an attempt to highlight pertinent features of effective and ineffective anti-drinking and driving PSAs. Study 2 incorporated these findings with current persuasion theory to design a persuasive anti-drinking and driving message, which was then tested against a preexisting PSA.
Assessment of bone marrow plasma cell infiltrates in multiple myeloma: the added value of CD138 immunohistochemistry

Assessment of bone marrow involvement by malignant plasma cells is an important element in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with multiple myeloma and other plasma cell dyscrasias. Microscope-based differential counts of bone marrow aspirates are used as the primary method to evaluate bone marrow plasma cell percentages. However, multiple myeloma is often a focal process, a fact that impacts the accuracy and reliability of the results of bone marrow plasma cell percentages obtained by differential counts of bone marrow aspirate smears. Moreover, the interobserver and intraobserver reproducibility of counting bone marrow plasma cells microscopically has not been adequately tested. CD138 allows excellent assessment of plasma cell numbers and distribution in bone marrow biopsies. We compared estimates of plasma cell percentages in bone marrow aspirates and in hematoxylin-eosin- and CD138-stained bone marrow biopsy sections (CD138 sections) in 79 bone marrows from patients with multiple myeloma. There was a notable discrepancy in bone marrow plasma cell percentages using the different methods of observation. In particular, there was a relatively poor concordance of plasma cell percentage estimation between aspirate smears and CD138 sections. Estimates of plasma cell percentage using CD138 sections demonstrated the highest interobserver concordance. This observation was supported by computer-assisted image analysis. In addition, CD138 expression highlighted patterns of plasma cell infiltration indicative of neoplasia even in the absence of plasmacytosis. We conclude that examination of CD138 sections should be considered for routine use in the estimation of plasma cell load in the bone marrow.
Prediction of Peru quakes rejected

In its first evaluation of an earthquake forecast, the U.S. National Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council denounced the prediction by two geophysicists that a series of major quakes will occur in Peru this summer. Brian Brady of the U.S. Bureau of Mines made the prediction on the basis of a model of rock fracture. William Spence of the U.S. Geological Survey worked with Brady on the investigation of the tectonics near Peru. Despite the council's ruling, Brady maintains his prediction. Meeting at the request of the Peruvian government, the council evaluated the predictions that seismic activity (magnitude 4.5 or greater) off Peru's coast will increase by mid-May. This increased activity will signal the start of a sequence of three earthquakes: a magnitude 7.5–8.0 event on or about June 28, a magnitude 9.2 event on or about August 10, and a magnitude 9.9 event on or about September 16. Brady and Spence used the Kanamoori scale, which is equivalent to the Richter scale below 8.0 but is more accurate above magnitude 8 because it accounts for low-frequency tremors. The Peruvian government made the request to the U.S. council in response to public apprehension on learning of the forecast.
Visibility sorting and compositing without splitting for image layer decompositions

We present an efficient algorithm for visibility sorting a set of moving geometric objects into a sequence of image layers which are composited to produce the final image. Instead of splitting the geometry as in previous visibility approaches, we detect mutual occluders and resolve them using an appropriate image compositing expression or merge them into a single layer. Such an algorithm has many applications in computer graphics; we demonstrate two: rendering acceleration using image interpolation and visibility-correct depth of field using image blurring. We propose a new, incremental method for identifying mutually occluding sets of objects and computing a visibility sort among these sets. Occlusion queries are accelerated by testing on convex bounding hulls; less conservative tests are also discussed. Kd-trees formed by combinations of directions in object or image space provide an initial cull on potential occluders, and incremental collision detection algorithms are adapted to resolve pairwise occlusions, when necessary. Mutual occluders are further analyzed to generate an image compositing expression; in the case of nonbinary occlusion cycles, an expression can always be generated without merging the objects into a single layer. Results demonstrate that the algorithm is practical for real-time animation of scenes involving hundreds of objects each comprising hundreds or thousands of polygons. CR Categories: I.3.3 [Computer Graphics]: Picture/Image Generation Display algorithms. Additional
Letter by Movahed Regarding Article, “Randomized Study of the Crush Technique Versus Provisional Side-Branch Stenting in True Coronary Bifurcations: The CACTUS (Coronary Bifurcations: Application of the Crushing Technique Using Sirolimus-Eluting Stents) Study”

To the Editor: I read with interest the article by Colombo et al1 in regards to Coronary Bifurcations: Application of the Crushing Technique Using Sirolimus-Eluting Stents (CACTUS) Study. This is an interesting study comparing crush with provisional stenting technique in the treatment of true bifurcation lesions. True bifurcation means that both branches at the bifurcation site have significant disease regardless of proximal …
Periodic step-bunching on a miscut Pt(111) surface

Abstract The temperature dependence of the equilibrium surface morphology of a stepped Pt(111) surface, miscut by 1.8° towards [112], has been studied by X-ray scattering techniques between 300 and 1900 K. Below Tc = 1389 K, the surface is found to be uniformly stepped and unreconstructed. Above Tc, the surface transforms into a periodic array of wide terraces and narrow terraces. Unlike macroscopic facets, the wide terraces are mesoscopic in extent, ranging from 230 A at 1389 K to 94 A at 1900 K. Reflectivity measurements suggest that multiple-height steps are not prevalent. The wave vector characterizing the array (δ) follows a power law versus reduced temperature [t = (T - T c ) T c ] : δ = δ 0 t \ gb with \ gb = 0.66 ± 0.05 .
Oxydative Derivatisierung von 1,3,2-Dioxaphosphorinanen unter Verwendung von Tetrachlormethan als Oxydans

2-Alkoxy- und 2-Dialkylamido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane reagieren mit CCl4 bei An- und Abwesenheit protischer Nucleophile unter Ringoffnung zu acyclischen Phosphorsaureesterderivaten. 2-Anilido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan wird dagegen unter Erhalt des heterocyclischen Ringsystems in 2-Amido-2-phenylimido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane (6) uberfuhrt. Letztere werden auch bei der Umsetzung von 2-Dialkylamido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane mit CCl4 und Anilin erhalten. Aus 2-Hydrido-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan (7) sind mit Hilfe der Atherton-Todd-Reaktion 2-Amido-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane (8) und in Kombination mit der Staudinger-Reaktion N-(2-Oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanyl)phosphazene (10) darstellbar. Oxidative Derivatization of 1,3,2-Dioxaphosphorinanes Using Carbon Tetrachloride as Oxidant 2-Alkoxy- and 2-dialkylamido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes react with CCl4 in presence or absence of protic nucleophiles under ring opening forming acyclic derivatives of phosphates. 2-Anilido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, however, forms 2-amido-2-phenylimido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes (6) retaining the heterocyclic ring system. The latter are also obtained in the reaction of 2-dialkylamido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes with CCl4 and aniline. 2-Amino-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes (8) are prepared from 2-hydrido-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane (7) by means of the Atherton-Todd reaction. In combination with the Staudinger reaction the latter yields N(2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanyl)phosphazenes (10).
Hyperthermia induces c-fos expression in the preoptic area

To identify thermosensitive areas of brain, we exposed rats to warm or cool environments and used the expression of the protein Fos as a marker of neuronal activity. In hyperthermic, heat-exposed rats, the median preoptic nucleus, and the medial and lateral preoptic areas had significantly more Fos immunoreactive neurons than control or cold-exposed animals. These observations add to the physiologic evidence that neurons of the preoptic area participate in thermoregulation and provide a means to identify the neurotransmitter systems involved.
Theory of thermo-microstretch elastic solids

Abstract Equations of motions, constitutive equations, and boundary conditions are derived for a class of micromorphic elastic solids whose microelements can undergo expansions and contractions or stretch. These solids can have translatory and rotatory motions with spin intertia and therefore can support surface and body tractions and couples, just like micropolar elastic solids. In addition, material points of these solids can stretch and contract independently of their translations and rotatins. This is a continuum model for Bravais lattice with basis. It can also model composite materials reinforced with chopped fibers, porous solids filled with gas or inviscid fluids. Thermodynamical and non-negative strain energy restrictions are studied. Field equations are given and the uniqueness theorem is proved. The theory is illustrated with the solution of one-dimensional waves and compared with lattice dynamical results.
Worst-case examples for the spacefilling curve heuristic for the Euclidean traveling salesman problem

Bartholdi and Platzman [3] proposed the spacefilling curve heuristic for the Euclidan Traveling Salesman Problem and proved that their heuristic returns a tour within an O(lg n)factor of optimal length. They conjectured that the worst-case ratio is in fact O(1). In this note a counterexample is exhinited showing the O(lg n) upper bound is tight.
Heat flux parameterization for sparse and dense grasslands with the analytical land-atmosphere radiometer model (alarm)

The dependence of radiometric surface temperature (\(\theta\)s) on view angle and the unclear definition of the aerodynamic temperature, which is the temperature that gives the correct sensible heat flux estimate at a specified roughness length, bring about a challenge in estimating sensible heat flux from \(\theta\)s. An analytical-land-atmosphere-radiometer model (ALARM) has been developed to convert \(\theta\)s taken at any zenith view angle to a clearly defined equivalent isothermal surface temperature, \(\theta\)i, at a defined scalar roughness length. ALARM is an analytical model based on K-theory that links the foliage temperature profile to the radiometric surface temperature and the temperature ‘felt’ by the turbulent lower atmosphere. ALARM has previously been applied with slightly different values of its parameters to several grassland sites of varying canopy density. Our objective in this study was to apply ALARM to these and to one additional dataset with a single parameterization. When compared to the reference (measured) values of sensible heat flux H, ALARM estimates of H had root mean square errors of about 35 W m-2. These results were comparable to those from two other simple canopy models also tested with these datasets.
A finite-element method for the plastic buckling analysis of plates

Finite element technique extended for plastic buckling of flat plates, using Stowell theory
Rhetorical image‐making: A case study of the Thomas Paine‐William Smith propaganda debates

Critics have long puzzled over the unexampled popular success of Thomas Paine's Common Sense and the corresponding failure of its most important reply, William Smith's Cato letters. In an attempt to account for this disparity, the author 1) explores how the interplay among goals, personal circumstances, means of argument, and style influenced the persuasive strategies of William Smith and Thomas Paine, and 2) describes the character‐revealing images the rhetoric of Common Sense and the Cato letters probably projected of their authors.
COMMENT ON: SADDLE-POINT IONIZATION AND THE RUNGE-LENZ INVARIANT

Arguments made recently by Howard [Phys. Rev. A {bold 51}, 3934 (1995)] as to (i) the consequences of the nonexistence of an effective potential in the problem of a hydrogen atom in a circularly polarized microwave field, and (ii) the claimed advantages of his stability analysis as compared to methods based on harmonic expansion at an equilibrium point are examined. {copyright} {ital 1996} {ital The American Physical Society}
Personalized Diabetes Management: Moving from Algorithmic to Individualized Therapy

Management of individuals with type 2 diabetes involves complex decision-making to attain good glycemic control. A personalized approach to the care of these individuals provides a unique management plan for each patient. This article reviews some of the important variables that require consideration for management of individuals with type 2 diabetes. We also provide a scoring scale to help clinicians make appropriate decisions regarding A1C targets while caring for these patients.
Discrete-expansions for linear interpolation functions

Computational models of particle dynamics often exchange solution data with discretized continuum-fields using interpolation functions. These particle methods require a series expansion of the interpolation function for two purposes: numerical analysis used to establish the model's consistency and accuracy, and logical-coordinate evaluation used to locate particles within a grid. This report presents discrete-expansions for two linear interpolation functions commonly used within triangular and tetrahedral cell geometries. Application of the linear discrete-expansions for numerical analysis and localization within particle methods is outlined and discussed.
Is incidental renal arteriography justified in a population of patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease

Renal artery stenosis is a consequence of generalized atherosclerosis and many specialists perform routine selective renal angiography to detect and treat renal artery stenosis. The incidence of clinically important renal artery stenosis is not well defined in patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. The purpose of this study was to better delineate the incidence of and the risk factors associated with renal artery stenosis, renovascular hypertension, and ischemic nephropathy incidentally discovered during angiography for symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Two hundred consecutive patients undergoing angiographic evaluation of symptomatic lower extremity peripheral arterial disease were studied retrospectively. Angiograms were reviewed for the presence of renal artery stenosis (defined as >or= 25% diameter reduction in either renal artery) and findings were then correlated to the clinical diagnosis of renovascular hypertension (> 50% renal artery stenosis and >or= 3-drug resistive hypertension) and ischemic nephropathy (defined as > 50% bilateral renal artery stenosis, 3-drug hypertension, and creatinine >or= 1.5). Angiographic findings were also correlated with risk factors to determine if a relationship correlated to the presence of and degree of renal artery stenosis. Data were analyzed using the Student's t test, Chi-square model, and multiple logistic regression analysis. The overall incidence of any degree of renal artery stenosis in this study population was 26% (52 patients). Only 24 (12%) patients had an incidental finding of >or= 50% stenosis in either renal artery. Six (3%) of these patients were found to have associated renovascular hypertension. Additionally, 9 (4.5%) patients had coexistent renal insufficiency and significant renal artery stenosis; five with end-stage renal disease on chronic hemodialysis. Only one patient with end-stage renal disease had poorly controlled 3-drug hypertension. Thus definitive ischemic nephropathy was present in only one (0.5%) patient. Statistically significant risk factors associated with the presence of renal artery stenosis include hypertension (P < .001), coronary disease (P = .024), female gender (P = .010), diabetes (P = .039), aorto-iliac disease (P = .031), multiple levels of peripheral arterial disease (P < .001), and age over 60 ( P < .001). While the incidence of renal artery stenosis in patients being evaluated for symptomatic peripheral arterial disease is similar to that reported in the cardiology literature, the incidence of renovascular hypertension and ischemic nephropathy is exceedingly low (3% and 0.5%, respectively)-findings similar to data reported in the general hypertensive population. These data suggest that incidental selective renal angiography is not justified in patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease.
The effect of posture on the cardiac cycle, postero-anterior cardiac diameters, and apparent stroke volume as studied by the electrokymograph

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to record observations on the effect of positional changes on the duration of the various physiological phases of the cardiac cycle, as well as to record changes in posteroanterior diameters of the heart caused by the assumption of the erect posture. The mechanics of postural adaptation are discussed, and some of the possible mechanisms responsible for the variations in the duration of the various phases of the cardiac cycle are considered.
Sources of interface magnetization and interface anisotropy in Fe/Cu multilayers as revealed by thermal behavior

Abstract Sources on interface magnetization and anisotropy in Fe/Cu multilayers have been investigated via thermal behavior using DC magnetization and ferromagnetic resonance techniques. The samples were prepared by DC sputtering resulting in equal thickness elemental layers ranging in modulation wavelength from 1 to 30 nm. The interface anisotropy remains nearly constant at 0.32 erg/cm 2 through the temperature range 4–300 K, which is in stark contrast to large thermal effects observed in Ni-based systems, but is consistent with weak thermal variations of the crystal field in bulk Fe. Both the interface and volume Fe magnetizations follow Bloch T 3/2 behavior, but whereas the volume Fe coefficient matches the bulk value of 3.5×10 −6 K −3/2 , the interface coefficient is 17 times greater. This indicates an interface Fe–Fe exchange which is much weaker than would be expected at a free Fe surface.
Pregnancy After Perinatal Loss: Parental Reactions and Nursing Interventions

This article summarizes the recent literature on pregnancy after perinatal loss and suggests nursing practice strategies that can be used to assist parents experiencing such a pregnancy. It discusses problems with current theories, models of grief and mourning, and some common myths and applies Peretz's model of types of loss to a pregnancy loss. It describes, too, factors that influence parental response to grief and attachment and nursing interventions that may be appropriate when providing care during a pregnancy that follows perinatal loss.
A consolidated technique for enhancing desert dust storms with MODIS

[1] A new satellite-based multispectral passive radiometer technique for daytime enhancement of airborne dust over water and land has been developed. The algorithm, which combines color information from multiple visible channels with near and far infrared measurements, provides an improved ability to distinguish areas of dust from water/ice clouds and bright desert backgrounds in enhanced false-color imagery. While generally applicable to any sensor possessing the requisite spectral information, the method is demonstrated here using high spatial and spectral resolution digital data from the Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments carried aboard Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra and Aqua polar orbiter platforms.
Application of the wave theory of room acoustics to the design of auditoriums

The announcement of the symposium in honor of Herman Feshbach refers to his many contributions to nuclear physics. It says nothing of his contributions to other areas of physics, including room acoustics. In order to put the latter work in perspective, some historical background is in order. Logically, perhaps, one should start with a discussion of the work of Joseph Henry and Lord Rayleigh. It is illuminating, however, to consider their contributions, and others, in the context of an often asked question: “Why could the early Greeks and Romans design theaters in which 10,000 people could hear, yet today many halls seating only a small fraction of this number are constructed in which listening conditions are unsatisfactory?” An explanation as to why these theaters work as well as they do can be found in papers by Sommerfeld and in modern communication theory.
Cervical facet capsular ligament yield defines the threshold for injury and persistent joint-mediated neck pain

The cervical facet joint has been identified as a source of neck pain, and its capsular ligament is a likely candidate for injury during whiplash. Many studies have shown that the mechanical properties of ligaments can be altered by subfailure injury. However, the subfailure mechanical response of the facet capsular ligament has not been well defined, particularly in the context of physiology and pain. Therefore, the goal of this study was to quantify the structural mechanics of the cervical facet capsule and define the threshold for altered structural responses in this ligament during distraction. Tensile failure tests were preformed using isolated C6/C7 rat facet capsular ligaments (n=8); gross ligament failure, the occurrence of minor ruptures and ligament yield were measured. Gross failure occurred at 2.45+/-0.60 N and 0.92+/-0.17 mm. However, the yield point occurred at 1.68+/-0.56 N and 0.57+/-0.08 mm, which was significantly less than gross failure (p<0.001 for both measurements). Maximum principal strain in the capsule at yield was 80+/-24%. Energy to yield was 14.3+/-3.4% of the total energy for a complete tear of the ligament. Ligament yield point occurred at a distraction magnitude in which pain symptoms begin to appear in vivo in the rat. These mechanical findings provide insight into the relationship between gross structural failure and painful loading for the facet capsular ligament, which has not been previously defined for such neck injuries. Findings also present a framework for more in-depth methods to define the threshold for persistent pain and could enable extrapolation to the human response.
Lower-latitude mammals as year-round residents in Eocene Arctic forests

The Arctic is undergoing rapid warming, but the impact on the biosphere, in particular on large terrestrial mammals, is not clear. Among the best deep time laboratories to assess biotic impacts of Arctic climate change, early Eocene (ca. 53 Ma ago) fossil assemblages on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut (~79°N), preserve evidence of forests inhabited by alligators, tortoises, and a diverse mammalian fauna most similar to coeval lower-latitude faunas in western North America. By analyzing carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of mammalian tooth enamel, we show that large herbivores were year-round inhabitants in the Arctic, a probable prerequisite to dispersal across northern high-latitude land bridges. If present-day warming continues, year-round occupation of the Arctic by lower-latitude plants and animals is predicted.
Reconfigurable Control Design for the X-40A with In-Flight Simulation Results

In order to increase survivability and maximize performance, autonomous vehicles require the development of algorithms that fulflll the role of an adaptive human pilot in response to failures, damage, or uncertain vehicle dynamics. Hence, the guidance and control algorithms implemented on autonomous vehicles must be able to react and compensate, whenever possible, for failures so that their impact can be minimized. In this work, an adaptive reconflgurable inner-loop controller is developed for a modifled version of the X-40A Space Maneuvering Vehicle. The purpose of this inner-loop control system is to accurately track body-frame angular velocity vector commands, while automatically reacting to and compensating for failures, damage, or uncertain vehicle dynamics. The combination of an inner-loop reconflgurable control law with an adaptive guidance loop and trajectory reshaping algorithm forms an integrated adaptive guidance and control algorithm. In-∞ight simulation results of the reconflgurable controller, guidance adaptation logic, and trajectory reshaping algorithm are shown for a simulated X-40A. The General Dynamics Total In-Flight Simulator research aircraft was used to generate the results. The ∞ight test results shown here focus on reconflgurable control by investigating the inner-loop behavior for two difierent failure modes.
‘An island of socialism in a capitalist country’: Postsocialist Russian science and the culture of the state

Abstract Through a comparison of privatization programs in two physics institutes, this article explores the ways in which scientists in the Siberian science city of Akademgorodok adapted to the low levels of state funding available to them in the 1990s. Scientists transformed structures that were available under socialism into hybrid state-private ventures. Rather than ‘freeing’ Russian science from its former dependence on the state, however, these changes have reconfigured, and in some cases even strengthened, the relationship between state power and the production of knowledge. Seeing ‘the state’ as it is constituted in Russian scientists' discourse challenges Western models of the autonomy of science.
Uneven Solidification during Wide-thick Slab Continuous Casting Process and its Influence on Soft Reduction Zone

A two-dimensional heat transfer model was developed to analyze the uneven solidification, particularly the shape of solidification end in wide-thick slab continuous casting process. In order to ensure the accuracy of simulation, material properties of peritectic steel were calculated by weighted averaging of phase fractions, and the boundary conditions were obtained by realistic water flux distribution on the slab transverse surface. The model was verified by nail shooting results at different locations of strand, and the absolute value of relative error was found to be no more than 2.12%. According to the simulation results, the liquid core around 1/8 location of slab width increased after the water flux was decreased around the slab corner to reduce transverse corner cracks. The soft reduction (SR) zone was optimized to reduce macro-segregation both at the slab center and 1/8th location. The plant results showed that the inner quality of wide-thick slab was significantly improved in the whole transverse section with the optimized SR zone parameters.
FACTORIZABLE DUAL MODEL OF PIONS.

Abstract A new dual-resonance model of mesons is constructed through the use of creation and annihilation operators having simple anticommutation properties as well as harmonic-oscillator type operators of the conventional model. This model has the following virtues not shared by the conventional one: (i) The leading trajectory (ϱ−f0) does not make a particle when it passes through zero. (ii) A π-trajectory lies one-half unit below the ϱ-trajectory. (iii) Trajectories with abnormal-parity couplings to pions, such as ω−A2 and η′, also occur. (iv) The gp, ϱ, f0, ω, A2 and η′ are all forced to have the proper G-parity and isospin. (v) The amplitudes for ππ→ππ and ππ→πω are precisely the ones that have been suggested previously. (vi) The model contains neither embarrassing unobserved low-mass states nor an excessive number of high-mass states. (vii) All the physical states that we have checked have positive norms. To be fair, we should also list some shortcomings of our model: (a) Trajectories with normal-parity couplings occur one-half unit too high. Thus, for example, α ϱ (0) = 1 and α π (0) = 1 2 , so that the π is a tachyon and the ϱ massless. On the other hand, the abnormal-parity trajectories are nicely located. For example, α ω (0) = 1 2 and α η′ (0) = −1 . (b) A straightforward generalization to SU(3) is unsatisfactory because of the non-degeneracy of the ϱ and ω. These features of the model clearly indicate that it is not accurately describing the real world. Perhaps its most important property is that it contains a gauge algebra larger than the Virasoro algebra of the conventional model. We believe that an understanding of this algebra may prove to be very important in the construction of more realistic models.
Late Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Patients With Pulmonary Atresia and Intact Ventricular Septum: A Case-Matched Study

Background Pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) is a common therapy for chronic pulmonary regurgitation. However, the use of this strategy is mostly based on the studies performed on patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and not in patients with pulmonary atresia/intact ventricular septum (PA/IVS). The aim of this study is to evaluate our experience with PVR in patients with PA/IVS and compare them with a matched cohort of TOF patients. Methods Between 1995 and 2009, 13 patients with PA/IVS underwent a late PVR. Matched TOF control subjects were identified for 12 of these patients. Before and after PVR echocardiographic, magnetic resonance imaging, exercise test, Holter, and electrocardiographic data were compared between groups. Results There was no mortality in either group. The PVR improved pulmonary regurgitant fraction and right ventricular volumes in all patients. Patients with PA/IVS had more significant tricuspid regurgitation (TR [at least moderate]) by echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging before PVR (n = 11 [85%] versus n=1 [8%]; p = 0.003) and had more tricuspid valve repairs than TOF patients (n = 9 [69%] versus n=1 [8%]; p = 0.004). Repair was undertaken by a combination of techniques. Although TR was improved early postoperatively, only 2 of 9 patients (22%) were free from significant TR at most recent follow-up (median 2.5 years; range, 0.1 to 10.9). No patient underwent reoperation at latest follow-up. Conclusions Patients with PA/IVS can undergo a late PVR with excellent results. Significant TR and repair are more commonly observed among patients with PA/IVS compared with TOF patients. Although tricuspid valve repair improves regurgitation early, TR tends to recur, suggesting the need for further refinement of current surgical techniques.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae a-Factor Mutants Reveal Residues Critical for Processing, Activity, and Export

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating pheromone a-factor provides a paradigm for understanding the biogenesis of prenylated fungal pheromones. The biogenesis of a-factor involves multiple steps: (i) C-terminal CAAX modification (where C is cysteine, A is aliphatic, and X is any residue) which includes prenylation, proteolysis, and carboxymethylation (by Ram1p/Ram2p, Ste24p or Rce1p, and Ste14p, respectively); (ii) N-terminal processing, involving two sequential proteolytic cleavages (by Ste24p and Axl1p); and (iii) nonclassical export (by Ste6p). Once exported, mature a-factor interacts with the Ste3p receptor on MATα cells to stimulate mating. The a-factor biogenesis machinery is well defined, as is the CAAX motif that directs C-terminal modification; however, very little is known about the sequence determinants within a-factor required for N-terminal processing, activity, and export. Here we generated a large collection of a-factor mutants and identified residues critical for the N-terminal processing steps mediated by Ste24p and Axl1p. We also identified mutants that fail to support mating but do not affect biogenesis or export, suggesting a defective interaction with the Ste3p receptor. Mutants significantly impaired in export were also found, providing evidence that the Ste6p transporter recognizes sequence determinants as well as CAAX modifications. We also performed a phenotypic analysis of the entire set of isogenic a-factor biogenesis machinery mutants, which revealed information about the dependency of biogenesis steps upon one another, and demonstrated that export by Ste6p requires the completion of all processing events. Overall, this comprehensive analysis will provide a useful framework for the study of other fungal pheromones, as well as prenylated metazoan proteins involved in development and aging.
Increased Serum and Urinary Calcitonin Levels in Patients with Pulmonary Disease

Serum and urinary calcitonin levels were measured in patients with acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the lung. Using both carboxyl terminal and midportion antisera, the incidence of increased immunoreactive values of this hormone was 68 percent for patients with emphysema, 59 percent for tuberculosis, and 89 percent for acute bacterial pneumonitis. In order to determine the source of the high levels of calcitonin, immunoperoxidase stains were made of sections of human lung; the hormone was found within the bronchial Kultschitzky cell (K cell). This suggests a specific endocrine role for the K cell, and may explain not only the high calcitonin levels in patients with inflammatory lung disease, but also the high levels associated with both carcinoid tumor and small cell carcinoma, which may originate from K cells. It is apparent that moderately high levels of calcitonin in a patient with pulmonary disease cannot always be assumed to be associated with tumor.
Resonant coherent excitation of fast heavy ions in crystals

Abstract Hydrogen-like ions of B, C, N, O and F and helium-like ions of N, O and F have been shown to exhibit resonant coherent excitation from their n =1 to their n =2 states, caused by periodic electric potential oscillations which occur as the ion moves through axial or planar channels of a thin crystal of Au. The resonance velocities of the ions exhibit shifts and splittings which are the result of the crystal fields acting upon the one-, or two-electron ions. Comparisons with theory show fairly good agreement except for certain weak resonance components which do not appear or appear at unexpected values of the resonance velocity.
Sense of Humor and Creativity

Scores on a multidimensional scale of humor and a nonverbal indicator of creative ability for 86 adults indicate a significant positive association of creativity and a sense of humor. Adults who were classified as low on creativity scored significantly lower on the humor scale than adults classified as high on creativity. This result is congruent with previous research indicating a relationship between the two constructs.