cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Nutritional Value of a Soy Protein Concentrate (STAPRO-3200) for Long-Term Protein Nutritional Maintenance in Young Men

Six healthy young male M.I.T. students participated in a metabolic study to assess the capacity of a soy protein concentrate (STAPRO-3200) to serve as the sole source of dietary protein for long-term maintenance of protein nutritional status. Following an initial 9-day period, during which the subjects received an egg-protein, formula diet supplying 1.5 g protein per kilogram per day, the soy protein was given at a level of 0.8 g protein (N X 6.25) per kilogram per day for 82 days. Throughout, nitrogen balances were measured, and at intervals of 3 to 4 weeks, blood chemistries were determined, and evaluations of physical performance were undertaken. In addition measurements were made of zinc absorption and balance and of iron absorption, with the aid of 70Zn and 58Fe. Mean nitrogen balances were slightly positive for all subjects and the protein source was judged to support adequately maintenance of protein nutritional status, confirmed by the absence of changes in relevant blood parameters and maintenance of performance in the exercise tests. Mean zinc absorption was 23% of intake and did not change during the 82-day soy period and crude zinc balances remained slightly positive throughout. Iron intake was solely from the soy concentrate, and each meal was supplemented with ascorbic acid. Iron absorption was highly variable between and within subjects, as determined by the stable isotope balance procedure. Associated with the withdrawal of blood for purposes of monitoring the subjects, serum ferritin declined indicating a reduction in iron stores. These blood changes were used to approximate iron absorption and it was estimated to be 16%. It is concluded that well-processed soy concentrate can serve as the sole source of nitrogen and essential amino acids for long-term maintenance in adult humans.
A Review of “Extreme Politics: Nationalism, Violence, and the End of Eastern Europe”: King, Charles, New York: Oxford University Press, 243 pp., $21.95, ISBN 978-0-19-537038-6, Publication Date: December 2009

In this book, Charles King, professor of international affairs and government at Georgetown University, examines the history and theory of nationalism, social violence, and large-scale social chang...
Hiyama cross-coupling reaction

Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of organosilicons with organic halides, triflates, etc. In the presence of an activating agent such as fluoride or hydroxide (transmetallation is reluctant to occur without the effect of an activating agent).
Symmetrization of conservation laws with entropy for high-temperature hypersonic computations

Results of Hughes, France, and Mallet are generalized to conservation law systems taking into account high-temperature effects. Symmetric forms of different equation sets are derived in terms of entropy variables. First, the case of a general divariant gas is studied; it can be specialized to the usual Navier-Stokes equations, as well as to situations where the gas is vibrationally excited, and undergoes equilibrium chemical reactions. The case of gas in thermochemical nonequilibrium is considered next. Transport phenomena, and in particular mass diffusion, are examined in the framework of symmetric advective-diffusive systems.
Case Report: Effect of Pregnancy on Idiopathic Juvenile Osteoporosis

Adolescence and pregnancy are periods with increased calcium requirement. Therefore, patients with underlying bone disease are at risk for further bone demineralization during these periods. In this article, the authors report on the treatment during pregnancy of an adolescent with idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis that resulted in a favorable outcome of maternal and fetal skeleton.
Systematic mapping of fragile X granules in the mouse brain reveals a potential role for presynaptic FMRP in sensorimotor functions.

Loss of Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) leads to Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common form of inherited intellectual disability and autism. Although the functions of FMRP and its homologues FXR1P and FXR2P are well studied in the somatodendritic domain, recent evidence suggests that this family of RNA binding proteins also plays a role in the axonal and presynaptic compartments. Fragile X granules (FXGs) are morphologically- and genetically-defined structures containing Fragile X proteins that are expressed axonally and presynaptically in a subset of circuits. To further understand the role of presynaptic Fragile X proteins in the brain we have systematically mapped the FXG distribution in the mouse central nervous system. This analysis revealed both the circuits and the neuronal types that express FXGs. FXGs are enriched in circuits that mediate sensory processing and motor planning - functions that are particularly perturbed in FXS patients. Analysis of FXG expression in the hippocampus suggests that CA3 pyramidal neurons utilize presynaptic Fragile X proteins to modulate recurrent but not feedforward processing. Neuron-specific FMRP mutants revealed a requirement for neuronal FMRP in the regulation of FXGs. Finally, conditional FMRP ablation demonstrated that FXGs are expressed in axons of thalamic relay nuclei that innervate cortex, but not in axons of thalamic reticular nuclei, striatal nuclei, or cortical neurons that innervate thalamus. Together, these findings support the proposal that dysregulation of axonal and presynaptic Fragile X proteins contribute to the neurological symptoms of FXS.
Depressed fathers' stereotyping of infants labeled “depressed”

Cette etude s'est attachee a explorer si oui ou non les peres deprimes et non-deprimes steretypaient leurs bebes etiquettes deprimes, et comment ils percevaient leurs propres bebes. Vingt-cinq peres (12 non-deprimes, 13 deprimes) de nourrissons de 4 mois ont evalue les attributs psychologiques, sociaux et physiques de leurs bebes sur l'Echelle de Stereotype Infantile (abrege ISS en anglais). Ils ont ensuite evalue des bebes filmes a la video, etiquettes normaux ou deprimes, sur le ISS. Les peres ont evalue les bebes deprimes (compares aux bebes normaux) a un niveau plus bas pour ce qui concernait la sociabilite, le comportement social et la competence cognitive. Les peres deprimes (compares aux peres non-deprimes) ont evalue les bebes deprimes a un niveau plus bas pour ce qui concernait le comportement social, la force, et la sociabilite Les peres deprimes ont evalue leurs propres bebes a un niveau plus bas pour ce qui concernait le comportement social, la force et la competence cognitive, et les ont estimes etre plus vulnerables. Les implications de la depression paternelle sur les effets de stereotypes et les risques possibles pour les bebes sont discutes.
Thermodynamics of formation of hexoseborate complexes

Abstract The equilibrium constants for complex formation between borate ion and the naturally-occurring hexoses were determined at four temperatures, and the corresponding thermodynamic functions were calculated. Irregularities are explained on the basis of the complex structures.
Histiocytosis X with Benign Intracranial Hypertension

SUMMARY A three-year-old child is reported who presented with raised intracranial pressure, skin rash and chronically discharging ears. Pneumoencephalography revealed a normal ventricular system, and subsequent histological study of the skin and temporal bone showed the classical changes of histiocytosis X. This diagnosis should be considered in any patient with raised intracranial pressure, discharging ears and radiological evidence of mastoid disease. When recognised early and treated promptly the outlook for complete recovery appears to be good. RESUME Histiocytose X avec hypertension intracrânienne benigne Les auteurs rapportent le cas d'un enfant de trois ans presentant une hypertension intra-crânienne, des rash cutanes et des oreilles coulantes chroniques. La pneumoencephalographie revela un systeme ventriculaire normal et une etude histologique ulterieure de la peau et des os temporaux montra les modifications classiques de l'histiocytose X. Ce diagnostic peut etre envisage chez tout sujet avec hypertension intracrânienne, oreilles coulantes et manifestations radiologiques de maladie de la mastoide. Lorsqu'elle est reconnue precocement et traitee rapidement, l'affection a de fortes chances de guerir completement. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Histiocytosis X mit gutartigem erhohtem intracraniellem Druck Es wird uber ein 3 Jahre altes Kind berichtet, das einen erhohten intracraniellen Druck bot (ICP), Hauterscheinungen und chronisch laufende Ohren. Das Pneumenzephalogramm ergab ein normales Ventrikelsystem, und eine nachfolgende histologische Untersuchung der Haut und des Temporalknochens zeigte die klassischen Veranderungen der Histiocytosis X. Diese Diagnose sollte bei jedem Patienten mit erhohtem ICP, laufenden Ohren und radiologischen Hinweisen auf eine Mastoiderkrankung mit in Betracht gezogen werden. Bei Fruherkennung und prompter Behandlung scheint die Aussicht auf vollige Heilung gut zu sein. RESUMEN Histiocitosis X con hipertension endocraneana benigna Se aporta el caso de un nino de tres anos de edad que presentaba hipertension endocraneana, rash cutaneao y supuracion cronica de oidos. Las neumos mostraron un sistema ventricular normal y el estudio histologico subsiguiente de la piel y huesos temporales mostro los cambios clasicos de la histiocitosis X. Este diagnostico debe ser tomado en consideration en cualquier paciente con hipertension endocraneana, supuracion de oidos y evidencia radiologica de una enfermedad mastoidea. Cuando se reconoce pronto y se trata enseguida, el pronostico de una recuperation completa parece bueno.
Indirect effects between shared prey: Predictions for

Suppression of a target prey by a predator can depend on its surrounding community, including the presence of nontarget, alternative prey. Basic theoretical models of two prey species that interact only via a shared predator predict that adding an alternative prey should increase predator numbers and ultimately lower target pest densities as compared to when the target pest is the only prey. While this is an alluring prediction, it does not explain the numerous responses empirically observed. To better understand and predict the indirect interactions produced by shared predation, we explore how additional prey species affect three broad ecological mechanisms, the predator's reproductive, movement, and functional responses. Specifically, we review current theoretical models of shared predation by focusing on these mechanisms, and make testable predictions about the effects of shared predation. We find that target predation is likely to be higher in the two prey system because of predator reproduction, especially when: predators are prey limited, alternative or total prey density is high, or alternative prey are available over time. Target predation may also be greater because of predator movement, but only under certain movement rules and spatial distributions. Predator foraging behavior is most likely to cause lower target predation in the two-prey system, when per capita predation is limited by something other than prey availability. It is clear from this review that no single theoretical generalization will accurately predict community-level effects for every system. However, we can provide testable hypotheses for future empirical and theoretical investigations of indirect interactions and help enhance their potential use in biological control.
Organic Mercury Compounds in Coastal Waters

ORGANIC mercury compounds have been demonstrated in biological material1–3 and the pioneering work of Jensen and Jernelov4–6 and Wood, Rosen and Kennedy7 has demonstrated that these organic mercury compounds can be synthesized by microorganisms in fresh water sediments. Their studies strongly suggest that organic compounds of mercury may be present in natural waters, although there is little experimental evidence for the existence of organic forms of Hg in either fresh or marine water. The role of mercury and its ultimate fate in fresh or marine environments will depend on its chemical and physical form. Thus, a meaningful assessment of the effects of toxic or latently toxic metals, such as mercury, on the biosphere requires identification and differentiation of the various chemical species of the metal in the environment. Here we present experimental data indicating the presence of organic forms of mercury in river water and in coastal sea-water, and we hope to encourage further study of the role of mercury in natural waters.
Barriers to Effective Screening for Domestic Violence by Registered Nurses in the Emergency Department

Triage nurses in the emergency department are in a unique position to screen for domestic violence. This study, using Orlando's theory with a focus on two of her five major concepts, identifies barriers that prevent effective screening for domestic violence. A quantitative survey was distributed to 101 registered nurses employed in a large emergency department. Results identified three major barriers and a relationship between age and inservice attendance on domestic violence. Education on abuse and resources should be essential in nursing school curricula. Policy development and review should be part of an annual, mandatory inservice for all emergency nurses.
Treatment of HIV‐related tuberculosis—unresolved issues

Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common opportunistic infections among persons with HIV infection. However, there are uncertainties about both TB and HIV treatment regimens among patients with advanced immunodeficiency. On the TB treatment side, there are lingering concerns about whether patients with advanced immunodeficiency should have a more intensive regimen for TB treatment (longer duration, more frequent [daily] dosing and/or post-treatment isoniazid). The use of antiretroviral therapy among patients with TB and AIDS dramatically decreases the risk of death and other opportunistic infections. However, use of antiretroviral therapy during TB treatment is complicated by the need to coordinate the activities of the TB control program and the HIV care clinic, overlapping side-effect profiles of anti-TB and antiretroviral drugs, drug–drug interactions between the rifamycins and many antiretroviral drugs, and the occurrence of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome events. The combination of rifampin-based TB treatment and efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy is clearly the best option for cotreatment of these two infections. However, there are a number of uncertainties about the optimal antiretroviral therapy if efavirenz cannot be used (because of intolerance, drug resistance, pregnancy or lack of an appropriate formulation in children). The competing risks of AIDS events and severe immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome events raise uncertainties about the optimal timing of antiretroviral therapy during TB treatment. Despite all of these complexities, the treatment of HIV-related TB can be remarkably successful. I review these unresolved questions in the treatment of HIV-related TB and suggest studies to help resolve them.
A possible specific chromosome change in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

Chromosome changes were ascertained in nine tumor samples from seven untreated patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. All tumors analyzed showed abnormal karyotypes. In one tumor, a single numerical abnormality (+7) was the sole detectable change. From 1 to 19 structurally abnormal chromosomes could be identified in the remaining 8 tumors. The same abnormality, an isochromosome of the short arm of chromosome #5, was found in five tumors from four patients. We have previously described the presence of this marker chromosome in three of nine cases of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. We therefore conclude that i(5p) constitutes the most consistent nonrandom chromosome abnormality in this malignancy. Other chromosomes most frequently involved in structural changes in the present series of tumors were chromosomes #1, #6, #11, and #13.
An Empirical Investigation of the Personal Responsibility Rating System

Summary Two studies were conducted (Ns # 48 and 36 men and women undergraduate and graduate students) to assess the stability of the Personal Responsibility (PR) rating system over time and under stress. A third study (N # 48 men and women graduate students) evaluated the validity of PR using an experienced clinical psychologist as a referent. It was found that (a) PR ratings were highly reliable (r # .86); (b) high PR people were more personally responsible after a stress situation than low PR people (p < .001); and (c) PR ratings had construct validity when compared with an experienced Ph.D. level psychologist's ratings of psychological effectiveness.
Free Hand Abroad, Divide and Rule at Home

Under unipolarity, the immediate costs and risks of war are more likely to seem manageable for a militarily dominant power like the U.S. This does not necessarily make the use of force cheap or wise, but it means that the costs and risks attendant on its use are comparatively indirect, long term, and thus highly subject to interpretation. Unipolarity, combined with the opportunity created by September 11, opened a space for interpretation that tempted a highly ideological foreign policy cohort to seize on international terrorism as an issue to transform the balance of power both in the international system and in American party politics. This cohort’s response to the terrorist attack was grounded in ideological sincerity but also in the routine practice of wedge issue politics, which had been honed on domestic issues during three decades of partisan ideological polarization and then extended into foreign policy.
Preferred packaging and storage location in relation to quality problems encountered by Northeast fresh potato consumers

Per capita consumption of potatoes has risen approximately 10 percent over the past decade. Fresh potato usage, however, has declined dramatically during this period while more potatoes have been consumed after being frozen, dehydrated, canned, or chipped. This shifting consumption pattern has had a great impact on those associated with fresh potato production and distribution. Those involved in the production, marketing and retailing of fresh potatoes must be aware of consumer preferences and the problems they encountered with the product that reaches the marketplace. This study was designed to: (1) examine the type of fresh potato packaging, purchased and preferred, (2) where fresh potatoes are stored in the home, and (3) how these factors relate to quality problems encountered by Northeast fresh potato consumers. In general, it was found that the predominant problems consumers experienced were related to the home storage location but not to the type of packaging. Sprouting, which was the major problem indicated, appeared to have the greatest incidence in potatoes stored in a garage and the least in those stored in the kitchen cabinet.
Extinction and Autoignition of n-Heptane in Counterflow Configuration

A study is performed to elucidate the mechanisms of extinction and autoignition of n-heptane in strained laminar flows under nonpremixed conditions. A previously developed detailed mechanism made UP of 2540 reversible elementary reactions among 557 species is the starting point for the study. The detailed mechanism was previously used to calculate ignition delay times in homogeneous reactors, and concentration histories of a number of species in plug-flow and jet-stirred reactors. An intermediate mechanism made up of 1282 reversible elementary reactions among 282 species and a short mechanism made up of 770 reversible elementary reactions among 160 species are assembled from this detailed mechanism. Ignition delay times in an isochoric homogeneous reactor calculated using the intermediate and the short mechanism are found to agree well with those calculated using the detailed mechanism. The intermediate and the short mechanism are used to calculate extinction and autoignition of n-heptane in strained laminar flows. Steady laminar flow of two counter flowing Streams toward a stagnation plane is considered. One stream made up of prevaporized n-heptane and nitrogen is injected from the fuel boundary and the other stream made up of air and nitrogen is injected from the oxidizer boundary. Critical conditions of extinction and autoignition given by the strain rate, temperature and concentrations of the reactants at the boundaries, are calculated. The results are found to agree well with experiments. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the influence of various elementary reactions on autoignition. At all values of the strain rate investigated here, high temperature chemical processes are found to control autoignition. In general, the influence of low temperature chemistry is found to increase with decreasing strain. A key finding of the present study is that strain has more influence on low temperature chemistry than the temperature of the reactants.
SPONTANEOUS RESOLUTION OF MASSIVE PERIRETINAL PROLIFERATION

A bullous retinal detachment with breaks in all quadrants developed in the right eye of a 72-year-old man four weeks after he had undergone cataract extraction. The retina was reattached successfully with a 360-degree scleral buckle. Four weeks later, the retina had redetached and developed fixed folds and broad equatorial membranes. These features and the hazy vitreous suggested massive periretinal proliferation. Fourteen days later, the patient's visual acuity suddenly improved and an examination disclosed that the retina had spontaneously reattached. Visual acuity was 6/12 (20/40) and has remained stable for 14 months
The Effect of the Pressure Pulse on Solution Temperature in Stopped-Flow Calorimetry

Abstract The pressure pulse effect, which exhibits itself by a step conductance rise on the response curves of thermistors in the stopped-flow microcalorimeter, is shown theoretically and experimentally to be due to the temperature rise of the solution caused by its adiabatic compression. Thermocouples respond similarly to thermistors in the range of 1 to 400 bars.
On the Influence of Surface Topography on the Electric Double Layer Structure and Differential Capacitance of Graphite/Ionic Liquid Interfaces

Molecular simulations reveal that the shape of differential capacitance (DC) versus the electrode potential can change qualitatively with the structure of the electrode surface. Whereas the atomically flat basal plane of graphite in contact with a room-temperature ionic liquid generates camel-shaped DC, the atomically corrugated prismatic face of graphite with the same electrolyte exhibits bell-shaped behavior and much larger DCs at low double-layer potentials. The observed bell-shaped and camel-shaped DC behavior was correlated with the structural changes occurring in the double layer as a function of applied potential. Therefore, the surface topography clearly influences DC behavior, suggesting that attention should be paid to the electrode surface topography characterization in the studies of DC to ensure reproducibility and unambiguous interpretation of experimental results. Furthermore, our results suggest that controlling the electrode roughness/structure could be a route to improving the energy den...
HIV-related sexual behaviors of college students.

Abstract A follow-up study explored the prevalence of behavioral risk factors for HIV infection in a population of college students. Two hundred forty-three single students ranging in age from 17 to 24 years who identified themselves as heterosexual completed questionnaires related to planned and unplanned sexual intercourse and such other factors as alcohol and nonprescription drug use that might increase the risk of HIV infection. Forty-seven percent of the men and 57% of the women stated that they had had sexual intercourse from 1 to 5 times primarily because they were intoxicated, a phenomenon that increased with age until only 19% of those over 21 had never had sex because of intoxication. Seventeen percent of the sexually active men and 21% of the women said that they had used condoms. Nineteen percent of the men and 33% of the women acknowledged consenting to sexual intercourse because they felt awkward in refusing. The dangerous interaction between alcohol use and high-risk sexual activities sugge...
Fluoroscopy-assisted stress testing of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint to assess the ulnar collateral ligament

Diagnostic stress testing of ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries of the thumb metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint is pivotal to determining treatment. Comparison to the uninjured extremity and fluoroscopy-assisted examination are readily available modalities in the assessment of these patients, with 5–10° differences impacting treatment. Comparative examination, however, assumes that both extremities are normally equal, which has never been verified experimentally. Comparison of clinical and fluoroscopic examination has also never been scrutinized. One hundred asymptomatic participants underwent both fluoroscopic and traditional stress examinations to determine maximum passive radial deviation at neutral MCP flexion. Absolute clinical vs. fluoroscopic differences demonstrated a significant difference of 5.6° (SD 5.1°). Absolute variability between left-to-right measurements was 4.5° (SD 4.1°) and increased significantly as baseline stress deviation increased (R = 0.43; p < 0.001). Left-to-right difference exhibited no correlation to age, gender, or BMI. The current investigation demonstrates right–left differences and differences between clinical and fluoroscopic testing of which practitioners should be aware when making treatment decisions for UCL injury of the thumb MCP joint.
Stimulation bound ingestive behavior: a view from the tail.

Abstract Applying a sustained but mild pressure to a rat's tail (tail-pinch) induces many of the same responses as does electrical stimulation of lateral hypothalamus (such as eating, gnawing, maternal and sexual behaviors) and in a higher percentage of cases. Some of the parallels include the stimulus bound character of the behavior, the propensity of tail-pinched animals to switch goals and response patterns, and a common response to manipulations such as gastric loading, diazepam injection, and flavor-associated poisoning. A major difference involves the failure of tail pinch to induce or facilitate water ingestion. Similarities and differences between effects of tail-pinch and electrical brain stimulation on ingestive behavior are assessed and the hypothesis is advanced that a common theme may be a preferential facilitation of nigro-striatal dopamine system function, promoting a heightened sensitivity and responsivity to most survival-oriented and/or prepotent environmental stimuli.
Underproduction of Interleukin-12 in Susceptible Mice during Progressive Leishmaniasis Is Due to Decreased CD40 Activity☆

Interleukin-12 promotes Th1 lymphocyte responses necessary for the cure of murine Leishmania major infection. We found that IL-12 p40 mRNA expression peaked at 4 weeks of infection in resistant C57BL/6 mice at levels threefold greater than in BALB/c mice. Peak IL-12 p40 expression in both strains was reduced threefold following treatment with neutralizing anti-CD40 ligand antibody and disease worsened in C57BL/6 mice. Direct activation of cultured lymph node cells by anti-CD40 MAb or soluble CD40 ligand failed to restore deficient IL-12 production by infected BALB/c mice unless recombinant IFN-beta was added to culture. Infected BALB/c lymph nodes also contained two- to threefold fewer low-density CD40+ accessory cells compared to that in C57BL/6 mice. We conclude that CD40-dependent responses are continually required for healing of leishmaniasis and that progressive disease is associated with decreased CD40-stimulated IL-12 synthesis as a consequence of either altered cytokine environment or inadequate accessory cell number.
PATTERNS OF FRUIT-SET: WHAT CONTROLS FRUIT-FLOWER RATIOS IN PLANTS?

Fruit-set values for 447 species of plants were examined for variations due to compatibility, breeding system, life form, latitude, type of fruit, and type of pollination. The results indicate significant differences between self-compatible and self-incompatible species in terms of 1) average fruit-set and 2) the effect of the independent variables. Breeding system, life form, and latitude were found to be the only significant independent variables for self-incompatible species, while fruit type and latitude were found to be significant for self-compatible plants. Although latitude was a significant variable for self-compatible and self-incompatible species, it was correlated with other variables and may actually have no direct effect on fruit-flower ratios in plants. Hypotheses explaining the effect of the significant independent variables on fruit-flower ratios were then examined and, when possible, predictions were tested. The results indicate that the selective-abortion and bet-hedging hypotheses may be important factors contributing to the low fruit-set in self-incompatible plants, while the male-function hypothesis may explain the lower fruit-flower ratios in hermaphrodites.
Theoretical Considerations about Stress in Corrections

This article examines current definitions of stress in the correctional environment and questions whether a specific and reliable definition has yet been developed. The effects of shifting definitions of stress on cause-effect reasoning of researchers are discussed. Recommendations are made for researchers to 1) develop further a conceptual model of stress before implementing treatment programs for employees, and 2) exercise caution when interpreting data collected from experimental designs that do not lend themselves to cause-effect conclusions.
Coulombic effects on the traceless Staudinger ligation in water

The traceless Staudinger ligation can be mediated by phosphinothiols under physiological conditions. Proximal positive charges are necessary to achieve that transformation, presumably because those charges discourage protonation of the key iminophosphorane intermediate. Here, a series of cationic phosphinothiols is used to probe Coulombic effects on the traceless Staudinger ligation in aqueous buffers. The reagent bis(m-N,N-dimethylaminomethylphenyl)phosphinomethanethiol (3) is found to be superior to others, both in its ability to mediate the traceless Staudinger ligation in water and in the efficiency of its synthesis.
Individual factors associated with professional development training outcomes of the head start REDI program

This study examined factors associated with process and content outcomes of the training provided in the context of Head Start REDI (Research based Developmentally-informed), a preschool curriculum designed to enhance the quality of interactions (social-emotional and language-literacy) between teachers and children. REDI professional development included 4 days of training and weekly coaching. Data for 22 intervention teaching pairs (N = 44) were used in the study. With the exception of years of education and emotional exhaustion, distal teacher factors (i.e., professional characteristics, personal resources and perceptions of the work environment) were unrelated to end-of-year implementation fidelity while openness to consultation showed a significant association. The findings emphasize the importance of teacher engagement in the training process for program effectiveness.
Cancellation of intensity noise caused by stimulated Brillouin scattering in an optical fiber transmission system

The primary source of broadband intensity noise on an SBS-degraded optical signal is found to be deterministic and depend on the imaginary part of the Brillouin loss spectrum. The noise is reduced by subsequent transmission through a Brillouin amplifier.
Virtual Machine Placement in Predictable Computing Clouds

Literature about cloud computing often makes the assumption that the resource demands of computing clouds (and the virtual machines that constitute them) are unpredictable in the short term. There are, however, specific use cases where resource demands can be anticipated. This paper discusses dissertation work-in-progress which shows that, in certain predictable environments, preemptive virtual machine migration can improve both computational resource utilization and the overall user experience. A novel algorithm which reacts to anticipated future resource demands based on past behavior of virtual machines is presented. Simulations are used to quantify performance improvements.
Role of the Transmembrane Sequence of Spleen Focus-Forming Virus gp55 in Erythroleukemogenesis

Abstract The membrane glycoprotein encoded by the env gene of either the polycythemia- or anemia-inducing spleen focus-forming virus (SFFVp or SFFVa, respectively) is responsible for the induction of erythroleukemia in mice. It has been shown that the SFFVp glycoprotein, gp55, interacts with the erythropoietin receptor (EPO-R) and promotes EPO-independent proliferation of an EPO-R-expressing hematopoietic cell line, Ba/F3 (Li et al., Nature 343:762, 1990). We show here that when residues within the transmembrane (TM) sequence of an SFFVp gp55 are altered based on the sequences of the anemia-inducing gp55s by a methionine-to-isoleucine (M-I) substitution, a di-leucine deletion (dLL), or both, the resulting mutants display an attenuated phenotype that resembles an SFFVa: they induce milder erythroproliferative disease without polycythemia in vivo and are unable to promote EPO-independent cell proliferation in vitro. The dLL mutation directly interferes with EPO-R binding by decreasing the affinity of gp55 for the receptor. On the other hand, the M-I mutation hampers the full mitogenic activation of EPO-R while having no effect on receptor binding and asserts a dominant negative effect over the wild-type SFFVp gp55. Two other sequence changes within the TM sequence did not affect the biological activities of the SFFVp gp55. These results indicate that the TM sequence of the SFFV env glycoprotein plays a prominent role in SFFV-induced erythroleukemogenesis through its influence on the mitogenic activation of EPO-R.
Electrochemical interconversion of Pt(II) and Pt(IV) tertiary phosphine complexes

Abstract The electrochemical oxidation of cis and trans- [PtCl2(PEt3)2] and the electrochemical reduction of cis-[PtCl4(PEt3)2] have been investigated using cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential electrolysis. In CH3CN solutions containing NBu4ClO4, oxidation of [PtCl2(PEt3)2] proceeds very slowly at a platinum electrode, producing small amounts of cis-[PtCl4(PEt3)2], presumably via chloride abstraction from Pt(II) by Pt(IV). In the presence of chloride ion, oxidation leads to in situ generation of chlorine, producing [PtCl4(PEt3)2] efficiently. Excessive oxidation leads to formation of byproducts, some of which have their origins in the oxidation of the PEt3 ligand itself. Electrochemical reduction of cis- [PtCl4(PEt3)2] at a Hg pool produces cis-[PtCl2(PEt3)2].
STRESS DEPENDENCE OF DISLOCATION VELOCITY IN SINGLE CRYSTAL NIOBIUM.

The stress dependence of dislocation velocity was measured by etching in niobium single crystals grown by an electron-beam floating-zone technique. The velocity-stress relation was determined with temperature, purity, and low neutron dose levels as variables. The data can be expressed by an equation of the form v = (τ∗τ0)m∗ in all cases. The exponent m∗ was found to increase slightly with decreasing temperature, increase strongly with greater impurity content, and to decrease with neutron irradiation up to 8.3 × 1017 n/cm2 (E > 1 MeV). Measurements of the strain-rate sensitivity and the stress relaxation indicated that these techniques were unsatisfactory in determining the exponent m∗ in the velocity equation. Correlations could be made between the data from etching and mechanical measurements in irradiated samples which suggest that the increase in the upper yield stress upon neutron irradiation is associated with a dynamic resistance to dislocation motion.
The effect of romantic and nonromantic films on perception of female friendly and seductive behavior

Two experiments investigating gender differences in perception of nonverbal seductive and friendly cues were conducted using standardized videotaped interactions. Results of the first experiment indicated no gender differences in perceptions, contradicting previous results obtained by Abbey (“Sex Differences in Attributions for Friendly Behavior: Do Males Misperceive Females' Friendliness?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1982, 42, 830–838), who used a nonstandardized interaction. Results of the second experiment indicated that exposure to romantic and nonromantic scenarios in the media may produce contrast effects primarily affecting male interpretation of female nonverbal cues.
Spatio-temporal change-point modeling

There is by now a substantial literature on spatio-temporal modeling. However, to date, there exists essentially no literature which addresses the issue of process change from a certain time. In fact, if we look at change points for purely time series data, the customary form is to propose a model involving a mean or level shift. We see little attempting to capture a change in association structure. Part of the concern is how to specify flexible ways to bridge the association across the time point and still ensure that a proper joint distribution has been defined for all of the data. Introducing a spatial component evidently adds further complication. We want to allow for a change-point reflecting change in both temporal and spatial association. In this paper we propose a constructive, flexible model formulation through additive specifications. We also demonstrate how computational concerns benefit from the availability of temporal order. Finally, we illustrate with several simulated datasets to examine the capability of the model to detect different types of structural changes.
Observation of possible elemental sulfur in the marine atmosphere and speculation on its origin

Abstract Samples obtained during research cruises in the North Atlantic and the North Pacific showed possible evidence of gas-phase elemental sulfur, S 8 . Though the sampling and analytical method are still untested for this sulfur species, these data represent the first suggestion that this sulfur species exists in the marine troposphere. Concentrations of S 8 were ∼ 1 ng m −3 or less, though these measurements may represent a lower limit of the true ambient concentration. Though there are only few data, concentrations of elemental sulfur appear to be elevated near coastal or continental margins in the North Atlantic. Possible sources of elemental sulfur include direct vaporization during the sulfur processing, automotive emissions, geothermal emissions, and heterogeneous oxidation of reduced sulfur in cloud droplets.
Memory in Plotinus

Scholars have known for some time that Plotinus' treatment of memory forms an important part of his philosophy; and while there are various points of view from which his doctrine can be approached, one seems singularly important. His analysis of memory boldly contrasts conscious and unconscious behaviour in human beings and so materially advances our knowledge of his concept of conscious experience.
Genetic variation and selection within glandless cotton germplasm

There is a renewed interest in research and use of glandless (free of gossypol) Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) that can produce edible seeds for human food and animal feed. However, there was a lack of information on yield potential of existing glandless germplasm since intermittent breeding activities for glandless cotton were stopped in the U.S. before 2000. The objectives of the present study were to test obsolete and exotic glandless germplasm for possible production and evaluate progress in direct pedigree selection within the existing glandless germplasm in eight field tests. In multiple tests, the glandless cotton Acala GLS yielded only 65–80 % lint of the glanded control Acala 1517-08 and 46–75 % lint of commercial transgenic cultivars. Most of obsolete glandless germplasm and their selections yielded <70 % of Acala 1517-08 and only three selections yielded 82–89 % of the control. Genetic variation in yield and fiber quality traits was seen from significant differences between selections within the same glandless germplasm, indicating the existence of residual genetic variation. Most importantly, three selections from exotic glandless germplasm out-yielded Acala 1517-08 by 4–9 %, one of which had desirable fiber quality traits. These promising glandless lines with comparable yields to commercial cotton make it possible to revitalize the glandless cotton industry. More field tests will be needed to evaluate their yield potential and adaptability in the U.S. Cotton Belt.
Merging Voices and Finding Harmony in Co-teaching: A Doctoral Student’s Experience of Co-teaching a Music Therapy Course with her Doctoral Advisor

文章讨论了作者作为博士生协助博士导师对 研究生音乐治疗课程的 教学 经历。在这一学期的教学期间，作者用日记随笔的方式记录下了自己的感受、想法、以 及遇到的挑战。她探索了双重关系、领导力、以及教师的自我认同等动力 。作者从成功与不足中吸取了经验，并在经历中探索了自己内心对协同教学的领悟。有关协同教学、领导力、师生关系模式的讨论是此文画龙点睛的一笔。协同教学的模式可以帮助跨学科的学习和整合性的学习在音乐治疗领域中建立。
Chasing the Latest Fad: Confronting Recent and Historical Innovations in Mental Illness

In recent years, there have been many innovative changes in the field of mental illness. The field has generated numerous creative ideas that help to expand our understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. Unfortunately, some ideas are best viewed as passing fads that display a characteristic sudden rise in popularity, only to disappear after a brief period of fame and acclaim. The present manuscript confronts several recent and historical fads in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. Instead of seeking novel approaches, mental health professionals are best guided by common sense and modest skepticism.
Guido van Rossum: The Early Years of Python

Guido van Rossum discusses the initial development of Python, which has increasingly become the programming language of choice for many scientific fields due to its extensibility and ease of use. The first Web extra at http://youtu.be/xLVxoz-mQFs is a video in which Guido van Rossum talks with Charles Severance about the birth of the general-purpose, high-level Python programming language. The second Web extra at http://youtu.be/SdH8fI1aNZA is a video in which Guido van Rossum presents a quick introduction of the Python language to students of Computer programming. The third Web extra at http://youtu.be/kFDyvsxX4sg is an audio recording of the Computing Conversations column in which author Charles Severance discusses his interview with Guido van Rossum about the birth of the general-purpose, high-level Python programming language.
Orientation in Peritectic Structures

PRELIMINARY results from an X-ray study of the peritectic reaction + liquid in the Cu-Zn system prove that the orientations assumed by the -phase are definitely related to the orientation of the -phase. Specimens suitable for accurate orientation studies (by means of back-reflection Laue patterns) were prepared by solidifying a pure -alloy (52 per cent copper) under a uniform temperature gradient, and seeding the crystallisation with a copper single crystal. The resulting specimens then consist (in order, from bottom to top) of (a) copper crystal seed, (b) primary crystallised -phase having the same orientation as the copper seed, (c) large -grains (2–5 mm.), the nuclei of which originated in the peritectic reaction +liquid; these -grains have a narrow rim of segregated -phase. This sequence of crystallisation is made possible, as was expected, by the diffusion of copper into the liquid -brass adjacent to the solid copper crystal.
Inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase induces embryonal carcinoma cell differentiation.

Abstract Murine embryonal carcinoma cells can be induced to differentiate in , vitro by various physical and chemical means. We report here that inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase activity with a specific enzyme-activated inhibitor, α-difluoromethylornithine, can induce differentiation in embryonal carcinoma cells. The differentiated phenotype can be distinguished from undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma cells by altered cellular morphology, biochemical and cell surface antigenic properties. These results suggest that alterations in the levels of cellular polyamines may play a role in embryonal carcinoma cell differentiation.
Simultaneous determination of refractive index and absorbance spectra of chemical samples using surface plasmon resonance

Abstract A technique for using surface plasmon resonance to characterize dispersive refractive-index and absorption profiles is reported. This is accomplished by simultaneously exciting surface plasmon resonance at multiple angles and multiple wavelengths and then analyzing the resulting resonance profiles. By calibrating with liquids of known refractive index profiles, the refractive index spectrium of solid or liquid samples can be measured. Preliminary experimental results demonstrate a refractive index sensitivity of 6 × 10 −4 between 580 and 700 nm for refractive indices from 1.3 to 1.5.
198 - Enzymatic-Potentiometric Determination of Urea in Human Serum

Abstract A convenient, accurate potentiometric method for determining serum urea concentrations is described. The method required no sample preparation other than filtration. Urea and urease reacted in homogeneous solution to give ammonia and CO 2 . Using a CO 2 electrode, a linear calibration plot of change in millivolt (ΔmV) for enzymatic decarboxylation against logarithmic urea concentration was established for prepared urea solutions. The serum urea concentration was accurately determined via the calibration plot by correcting for the evolution of background serum CO 2 .
Some effects of disconnecting the cerebral hemispheres

To start by looking back a little, recall that even a small brain lesion, if critically located in the left or language hemisphere, may selectively destroy a person's ability to read, while at the same time sparing speech and the ability to converse. The printed page continues to be seen, but the words have lost their meaning. This condition typically follows from focal damage to the angular gyrus in the left hemisphere. It also results from lesions interruptingt he neural input to this left angular gyrus from the visual or calcarine cortical areas (1, 2). It is natural to conclude in such cases that the left hemisphere is responsible for reading while the undamaged right hemisphere, in contrast, must be "wordblind" or incapable of seeing meaning in the printed word.
Polynucleotidyl transfer reactions in site‐specific DNA recombination

Site-specific DNA rearrangement reactions are widespread among organisms. They are used, for example, by vertebrates to boost immune response diversity, and in turn by parasitic organisms to evade the host immune system by surface antigen switching. Parasitic genetic elements ubiquitous to most organisms invade new host genomic sites by a variety of types of site-specific recombination. Polynucleotidyl transfer reactions are central to these DNA recombination reactions. The recombinase of each reaction system that ‘catalyses’ such chemical reactions at specific DNA sites are apparently designed to accomplish unique DNA geometrical specificity, or delicate control over the extent or direction of the reaction, with the sacrifice of protein turnover. Here we discuss our current understanding of several issues that relate to the polynucleotidyl transfer steps in several of the better studied site-specific recombination reactions.