cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absolute lymphocyte count is a novel prognostic indicator in ALL and AML: implications for risk stratification and future studies.

BACKGROUND. Leukemia is the leading cause of disease-related death in children, despite significant improvement in survival and modern risk stratification. The prognostic significance of absolute lymphocyte counts (ALC) was evaluated in young patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). METHODS. In all, 171 consecutive de novo cases of AML and ALL, age ≤21 years, were analyzed. Age, initial white blood cell count, cytogenetics, and bone marrow response were compared with lymphocyte, neutrophil, and platelet counts at weekly intervals during induction chemotherapy. RESULTS. ALC is a significant independent predictor of relapse and survival. For example, in patients with AML an ALC on Day 28 of induction (ALC-28) 350 cells/μL carries an excellent prognosis, with a 5-year overall survival (OS) of 85% (HR 0.2, P = .012). Similarly in ALL, an ALC-15 350 cells/μL predicts excellent outcome, with a 6-year OS of 87% (HR 0.2, P = .018). Importantly, ALC remains a strong predictor in multivariate analysis with known prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS. ALC is a simple, statistically powerful measurement for patients with de novo AML and ALL. The results, when combined with previous studies, demonstrate that ALC is a powerful new prognostic factor for a range of malignancies. These findings suggest a need for further exploration of postchemotherapy immune status and immune-modulating cancer therapies. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Social remittances reconsidered

In this article we revisit the concept of social remittances. First, we show how people's experiences before migrating strongly influence what they do in the countries where they settle; this, in turn, affects what they remit back to their homelands. Second, just as scholars differentiate between individual and collective economic remittances, we also distinguish between individual and collective social remittances. While individuals communicate ideas and practices to each other in their roles as friends, family members or neighbours, they also communicate in their capacity as organisational actors, which has implications for organisational management and capacity-building. Finally, we argue that social remittances can scale up from local-level impacts to affect regional and national change and scale out to affect other domains of practice.
Regulation of Human Lung Fibroblast Collagen Production by Recombinant Interleukin-1, Tumor Necrosis Factor, and Interferon-γa

Several cytokines have been shown to modulate the synthesis of matrix molecules, but few reports have defined how the cytokines interact with one another in mediating these regulatory effects. To define the cytokine network regulating collagen production, we have studied the effects of interferon-gamma, interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor on collagen synthesis by cultured human lung fibroblasts. Confluent cells were treated with cytokines for 24 h in the absence of serum or in media containing 1% serum. In the absence of serum, IL-1 and TNF each dose-dependently stimulated types I and III collagen production, with a maximal 2-4-fold increase in collagen accumulation being observed. Cells treated with IL-1 and TNF in combination showed less stimulation than with either cytokine alone. IFN-gamma also diminished the stimulatory effects of both IL-1 and TNF. In contrast, in 1% serum IL-1 and TNF individually had relatively minor effects, while IFN-gamma inhibited collagen production. However, the combination of IL-1 and TNF inhibited collagen production. Generally, these effects were achieved through control of mRNA levels. These studies demonstrate the existence of a cytokine network regulating fibroblast collagen production and suggest that cytokine effects in vivo may vary depending upon the constellation of factors present in the tissue.
A neural system for boosting locomotion

A newly discovered population of glutamatergic brainstem neurons that can be activated by muscarinic agonists augments transmission from the mesencephalic locomotor region to reticulospinal neurons in the locomotor pathway.
The effect of fluctuations on the helium-ionizing background

Interpretation of He II Lyα absorption spectra after the epoch of He II reionization requires knowledge of the He II ionizing background. While past work has modelled the evolution of the average background, the standard cosmological radiative transfer technique assumes a uniform radiation field despite the discrete nature of the (rare) bright quasars that dominate the background. We implement a cosmological radiative transfer model that includes the most recent constraints on the ionizing spectra and luminosity function of quasars and the distribution of intergalactic medium absorbers. We also estimate, for the first time, the effects of fluctuations on the evolving continuum opacity in two ways: by incorporating the complete distribution of ionizing background amplitudes into the standard approach, and by explicitly treating the quasars as discrete - but isolated - sources. Our model results in a He II ionization rate that evolves steeplywith redshift, increasing by a factor of~2 from z~3.0 to z~2.5. This causes rapid evolution in the mean He II Lyα optical depth - as recently observed - without appealing to the reionization of He II. The observed behaviour could instead result from rapid evolution in the mean-free path of ionizing photons as the helium in higher HI column density absorbers becomes fully ionized. © 2013 The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society.
The dosimetric effect of intrafraction prostate motion on step-and-shoot intensity-modulated radiation therapy plans: magnitude, correlation with motion parameters, and comparison with helical tomotherapy plans.

Purpose To determine the daily and cumulative dosimetric effects of intrafraction prostate motion on step-and-shoot (SNS) intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans, to evaluate the correlation of dosimetric effect with motion-based metrics, and to compare on a fraction-by-fraction basis the dosimetric effect induced in SNS and helical tomotherapy plans. Methods and Materials Intrafraction prostate motion data from 486 fractions and 15 patients were available. A motion-encoded dose calculation technique was used to determine the variation of the clinical target volume (CTV) D 95% values with respect to the static plan for SNS plans. The motion data were analyzed separately, and the correlation coefficients between various motion-based metrics and the dosimetric effect were determined. The dosimetric impact was compared with that incurred during another IMRT technique to assess correlation across different delivery techniques. Results The mean (±1 standard deviation [SD]) change in D 95% in the CTV over all 486 fractions was 0.2 ± 0.5%. After the delivery of five and 12 fractions, the mean (±1 SD) changes over the 15 patients in CTV D 95% were 0.0 ± 0.2% and 0.1 ± 0.2%, respectively. The correlation coefficients between the CTV D 95% changes and the evaluated motion metrics were, in general, poor and ranged from r = −0.2 to r = −0.39. Dosimetric effects introduced by identical motion in SNS and helical tomotherapy IMRT techniques were poorly correlated with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.32 for the CTV. Conclusions The dosimetric impact of intrafraction prostate motion on the CTV is, in general, small. In only 4% of all fractions did the dosimetric consequence exceed 1% in the CTV. As expected, the cumulative effect was further reduced with fractionation. The poor correlations between the calculated motion parameters and the subsequent dosimetric effect implies that motion-based thresholds are of limited value in predicting the dosimetric impact of intrafraction motion. The dosimetric effects between the two evaluated delivery techniques were poorly correlated.
Conformity, peer pressure, and adolescent receptivity to treatment for substance abuse: a research note

To explore the possibility that peer influences not only contribute to adolescent substance abuse but shape feelings about being in treatment for substance abuse, forty adolescent inpatients were surveyed. Misconduct, including substance abuse, was predicted best by perceived peer pressure toward misconduct, low opinions of the value of treatment by disposition to conform to antisocial peers, and sense of stigma associated with being treated by perceived peer pressure toward conformity. Concerns over peer acceptance may be one basis for resistance to substance abuse treatment.
The elastic scattering of fast neutrons by deuterons

Abstract The differential cross section for the elastic scattering of neutrons by deuterons was measured at neutron energies of 5.64, 7.01 and 9.04 MeV. The 2 H(d, n) 3 He reaction was used as the source of neutrons; the scattering sample was a deuterated benzene scintillator coupled to a photomultiplier tube. Both the time of flight of the scattered neutron and the recoil energy deposited in the scatterer scintillator were measured by using fast coincidence techniques and a two-parameter computer analyser. The data were normalized to the n-p scattering cross section. The relative efficiency of the detector was determined by detecting the neutrons scattered from protons in a normal scintillator.
Gombrowicz’s Kronos: The Pornography of Aging

An attempt is made to sketch a strategy for reading Kronos (2013), Witold Gombrowicz’s (1904–1969) recently published intimate journal, which he kept in the years 1952–1969. It treats Kronos as belonging to Gombrowicz’s corpus, not merely as a literary sensation or an indiscretion, but as an important artistic and philosophical exhibit, which throws further light on Gombrowicz’s preoccupation with the expression of the body and the existentialist concept of person as presence, one of his Nietzschean strategies for countering metaphysics and its ideal transcendence. The key concepts that bring together the artistic, the autobiographical/somatic, and the philosophical are pain and aging. This reading, in demonstration of the artistic unity of Gombrowicz’s corpus, situates Kronos in the context of the novel Pornografia (1960) and the Diary (1953–1969), which share the major themes of aging and pain.
Temperature effects on emissions of an active thermally controlled spark ignition single-cylinder engine

The primary goal of this research was to advance the single-cylinder engine transient test system. This system is comprised of several subsystem that address the physical dynamics of a multi-cylinder engine in the effort to replicate them on a single-cylinder engine. The subsystems are a thermally controlled water jacket, transient hydrostatic dynamometer system, engine management system and intake air simulator used to replicate multi-cylinder rotational dynamics and intake gas dynamics. The central focus of this effort is to provide an initial evaluation of the heat transfer system that is intended to replicate the cylinder to cylinder heat transfer dynamics in a multi-cylinder engine. The heat transfer in each of the seven zones circumferentially around the liner are individually controlled to replicate the variation in temperature and subsequent heat transfer, thereby replicating the thermal dynamics of one cylinder in the multi-cylinder engine as a whole. The evaluation provided insight to design improvements to the hardware and control. As part of this study nitrogen oxide exhaust emissions were measured. The heat transfer system was evaluated in its ability to influence these emission through direct control of the cylinder wall temperatures. The outcome of this research can be used to advance the single-cylinder engine transient test system. This will thereby cultivate the overarching goal to minimize the overall development time of production engines by making it possible to conduct a wider range of tests on single-cylinder engines with a high confidence that results accurately reflect those of multi-cylinder engine testing.
Democracy and Individuality

For many contemporary liberals, Anglo-American democracy seems unimpeachably the best political form. In contrast, adherence to democratic values seems an area in which most Marxian regimes, and perhaps Marx himself, are strikingly deficient. Further, Marxian theory insists on the existence of oppressive ruling classes in all capitalist societies and on the need for class struggle and violent revolution to achieve a more cooperative regime – theses which liberal social theories tend to dismiss peremptorily. From the perspective of modern liberal democratic theory, Marxian arguments seem prima facie outlandish and even morally objectionable.
A Review Of Electromagnetic Missiles

Theoretical results are reviewed pertaining to the behavior of transient electromagnetic fields in the limit of great distances from their sources. In 1985 it was shown that pulses of finite total radiated energy could propagate to a distant receiver, delivering energy that decreases much more slowly than the usual r-2. Such pulses have been referred to as electromagnetic (EM) missiles. The types first discovered propagate along a straight line with a monotonically (though slowly) decreasing time-integrated flux. Other types are now known. One type can be made to rise and fall with increasing distance; another is the curved EM missile. Early efforts to classify EM missiles are reviewed. References to recent papers reporting on the experimental studies of EM missiles at Harvard are given.
Laparoscopic management of acute small-bowel obstruction

Background: A retrospective review is given of the authors’ experience with a consecutive series of acute small-bowel obstruction unresponsive to medical management. Methods: There were 33 exploratory laparoscopies. The etiology was accurately diagnosed in 100% of the cases. Twenty-five (76%) were secondary to postoperative adhesions, of which 18 (72%) were successfully treated by laparoscopic lysis of adhesions. Minilaparotomy was needed to treat iatrogenic perforation (two), gangrenous bowel (one), and Meckel’s diverticulectomy (one). Formal laparotomy was utilized for small-bowel resection (two), malignant adhesions (two), and intolerance of pneumoperitoneum (one). Four cases of incarcerated hernias were treated by conventional herniorrhaphy. Results: Overall, 67% of our cases were spared formal laparotomy. Conclusion: We conclude that laparoscopy is an excellent diagnostic modality in acute small-bowel obstruction, the majority of which can be simultaneously managed laparoscopically. Laparotomy should be reserved for malignant adhesions, surgical misadventure, or when the pathology dictates.
Validation of a 3-D enhancement of the Universal Soil Loss Equation for prediction of soil erosion and sediment deposition

Abstract A study was conducted on three U.S. military training areas to validate the Unit Stream Power Erosion and Deposition (USPED) model, a 3-dimensional enhancement to the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). The USPED model differs from other USLE-based models in the manner in which it handles the influence of topography on the erosion process. As a result, the USPED model predicts both erosion and deposition, while most other USLE-based models are limited to predictions of erosion only. Erosion and deposition from a small watershed at Fort Hood, Texas, USA was quantified using 137Cs, a radioactive isotope found in soils around the world as a result of fallout from post-World War II nuclear testing. We compared 137Cs-derived erosion/deposition measurements with estimates derived from the USPED model and two applications of the USLE. Soil erosion and sediment deposition estimates generated by the USPED model were more accurate and less biased than results of the USLE applications. Both applications of the USLE consistently and significantly overestimated soil erosion; the USPED model did not. The USPED model was subsequently applied to Camp Guernsey, Wyoming, USA and Fort McCoy, Wisconsin, USA. Model estimates of soil erosion and sediment deposition were compared with field estimates of the same parameters. Based on 3 levels of soil erosion and 3 levels of sediment deposition, the model results agreed with field estimates 76 and 89% of the time at the two locations, respectively.
SURFACE TENSION AND SELECTED MICELLAR SOLUTION THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SOME N,N-BIS-(2-HYDR0XYETHYL) AMIDES

ABSTRACT Several surface tension and micellar solution thermodynamic properties of some N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) amides have been determined and compared with those of other nonionic surfactants. The ADEA's, which have never before been investigated, were found to have properties quite similar to those of other nonionics. The values obtained agree well with those of other nonionic surfactants of similar hydrophobe chain length. The effect of temperature on these properties is much less for the ADEA's than for ethyoxylated surfactants. The effect of hydrophobe branching was examined and found to be of minor consequence compared to the influence of total chain length. Among isomers of the same total chain length, the maximum surface activity (as measured by the extent of adsorption at the air-solution interface) is obtained not with a normal- or mid-chain branched compound but with the 2-Cn isomer. The ADEA's are unusual in their pattern of effectiveness of surface tension reduction. For most surfactant eff...
Conformational freedom of the chromophore in fluorescent proteins

GFP is extensively used in molecular imaging applications. Its fluorescence is due to a autocatalytically formed chromophore located in the center of the protein. Yellow and blue fluorescent mutants of GFP have been created. The protein matrix that surrounds the chromophore influences both the intensity and the wavelength of the fluorescence. We have used conformational searching methods and molecular dynamics simulations to examine the t and f dihedral space available to a freely rotating and pyramidalizing chromophore. The calculations have shown that there seems to be a relationship between the quantum yield of the fluorescent protein and the dihedral t and f space available to the chromophore. The bright YFP has less rotational space available to a freely rotating chromophore than does wild-type GFP or BFP, which has the most rotational freedom.
A SUMMARY OF THE OBSERVATIONS AND FACTS CONCERNING THE PHENOMENON OF REBOILING

The recent observations and generally accepted facts concerning the phenomenon of reboiling of enamels on sheet metals are listed concisely. Six photomicrographs are presented to show the outstanding characteristics of the enamels obtained by some of the treatments described in the paper. With no attempt at a final explanation, a series of the most obvious deductions to be drawn from the observations of the first portion of the paper is made. In conclusion, some of the various theories that have been expressed to explain reboiling are mentioned and discussed.
Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Trials: Old and New Challenges

The demonstration that several agents with presumed differing mechanisms of action each provide partial effectiveness in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) has significantly changed the approach to MS clinical trial research. A number of recently published trials have provided support to these pivotal reports that the short-term course of MS may be favorably influenced by one of a number of treatments. More phase III trials with these and other agents will be completed shortly. Several promising agents have recently been found to be either of no benefit or too toxic for widespread use, whereas several unconfirmed "positive" trials have contributed to a sense of guarded optimism. Important revisions to conventional MS trial methodology are evolving. Additional revisions are needed, however, to expedite the identification of agents that are likely to merit further study and to remove useless or toxic agents from the growing list of potential candidate treatments. These research trends and suggestions for future methodological revisions in the approach to this aspect of MS clinical research are reviewed here.
GROWTH OF PHELLINUS (PORIA) WEIRII ON DIFFERENT VITAMINS AND CARBON AND NITROGEN SOURCES

Mycelial growth of Phellinus weirii (Murr.) Gilb., a root pathogen of conifers in the Pacific Northwest, was studied in defined liquid media with different carbon and nitrogen sources and vitamins. The fungus grew significantly more on glucose, xylose, maltose, or fructose than on other carbon sources. Starch did not support growth. Maximum growth occurred in 4 weeks on all carbon sources except dextrin and sucrose, with which maximum growth occurred in 3 weeks. Of the nitrogen sources, peptone supported the best growth of the fungus; glutamic acid, serine, aspartic acid, alanine, leucine, ammonium sulphate, and urea supported significantly better growth than tyrosine, arginine, methionine, threonine, and glycine. Potassium nitrate, phenylalanine, sodium nitrate, lysine, proline, and cysteine inhibited growth. Thiamine hydrochloride was not absolutely required for growth of P. weirii, but better growth was obtained with its addition. The fungus showed no significant responses to a range of other vitamins. PHELLINUS WEIRII (Murr.) Gilb. [Poria weirii (Murr.) Murr.] is recognized as a widespread and highly destructive pathogen on conifer roots and is responsible for the extensive killing of immature Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] in the Pacific northwestern United States. Although the disease has been studied by several investigators (Buckland, Molnar, and Wallis, 1954; Mounce, Bier, and Nobles, 1940; Childs and Nelson, 1971; Wallis and Reynolds, 1962, 1965) little has been reported on its nutritional requirements. Therefore, we initiated studies on its carbon, nitrogen, and vitamin requirements in chemically defined media; such information is essential for interpreting the complex interactions between P. weirii, its substrate, and antagonists in relation to biological control of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS-The experiments were conducted with 250-ml erlenmeyer flasks containing 50 ml of Trione's (1964) synthetic medium, modified by substitution with compounds to be tested. Culture T-124 of P. weirii, used for these studies, had been isolated from an infected Douglas fir near Quilcene, Washington, more than 5 years earlier. It has been maintained as a stock culture on malt agar. For the experiment with carbon sources, the sucrose of the original medium formulation was
Barbara Grier and the World She Built

Mentored in the art of lesbian literary detection by Jeannette Howard Foster, Barbara Grier became part of a vibrant print-based network of lesbians through her involvement with The Ladder. Building on that foundation, she developed Naiad Press into a successful lesbian business, one that opened doors for lesbian writers and preserved lesbian classics for new generations of readers. Shaped by her class and the times in which she came of age, Grier understood the power of print to change women's lives. Some challenged her commitment to lesbian feminism, but few questioned her dedication to building Naiad into a press that heightened lesbian visibility, fostered self-understanding, and contributed to the creation of community.
What Are Academic Libraries Doing with Spanish Language Subject Headings

A Web survey on the use of Spanish language subject headings in local catalogs indicated that, while few academic libraries assign such headings locally, many retain and display them in the catalog when provided through copy cataloging records. It is recommended that libraries retain and display these headings.
The Instantaneous Transverse Changes in the Maxilla Due to Different Points of Force Application

The effects of different sites of an expansile force on the maxillae of three monkeys were studied. A lateral force of five pounds was delivered directly to four locations on each maxilla. Aluminum rods, rigidly attached to the teeth of each buccal segment, were photographed before and after each force application. The data indicated that the pattern of lateral maxillary displacement is related to the position of the lateral force in relation to the center of resistance of each maxilla.
Tunic abnormalities of the urochordate Halocynthia pyriformis.

Abstract This paper reports lesions of the tunicate Halocynthia pyriformis, which either grossly resembled supernumerary siphons or appeared as elongate protrusions on the surface of the tunic. The lesions were present on freshly collected animals; they did not develop during maintenance in the laboratory. The siphon-like structures were doughnut-shaped thickenings of noncellular tunic material around a vertical core of necrotic debris; the elongate protrusions were also tubular thickenings of tunic material surrounding a necrotic core. Both types of lesions were extensively infiltrated with blood cells and possibly exfoliated epidermal cells proximal to the necrotic cores, suggestive of an inflammatory response. Bacteria were seen within the debris of the elongate protrusions. These lesions were interpreted as injury and repair responses of the tunic rather than developmental anomalies or neoplasia. Their etiology could not be precisely determined. The bacteria associated with the intracystic debris of the elongate lesions could have been causative or only secondary invaders. Possibly the postulated injury resulted from a chance abrasion, puncture, contact with toxic material, or from a parasite. An intimate association of numerous hydrozoids around the base of the animal and a few on the upper portion of the tunic suggested a plausible explanation of at least some of these lesions. Occasionally, one observed the hydrorhiza of a hydrozoan embedded in the tunic itself; living hydranths were seen extending from these structures. The tunic was thickened in the region of the hydrorhiza, and histological examination of these thickenings showed details quite similar to those reported above. There was a core of necrotic debris and considerable cellular infiltration of the tunic. Probably these lesions represent the result of a primitive cellular immune response of the tunicate against the hydrozoans, or against secondary bacterial infections associated with the presence of the hydrozoans in the tunic.
The Political Manipulation of Group Composition: Engineering the Decision Context

Group decisions are not made solely by evaluating the merits of the contending positions. Instead, actors may engage in manipulation to increase the fortunes of their policy preference. Actors may manipulate information, group procedures, or group composition. Using a model of group socialization, this paper argues that a manipulator may seek to alter the group composition as to access and/or status. In doing so, the manipulator seeks to create a more favorable decision environment. This political perspective maintains that the dynamic nature of group composition provides an opportunity for a manipulator to engineer the decision context, potentially affecting the group's decisional output. Strategies and tactics of composition manipulation are presented and then utilized to analyze the American decision process during the Iranian revolution.
Wavelength and pulselength dependence of laser conditioning and bulk damage in doubler-cut KH 2 PO 4

An experimental technique has been utilized to measure the variation of bulk damage scatter with damaging fluence in plates of KH 2 PO 4 (KDP) crystals. Bulk damage in unconditioned and laser-conditioned doubler-cut KDP crystals has been studied using 527 nm (2ω) light at pulselengths of 0.3 - 10 ns. It is found that there is less scatter due to damage at fixed fluence for longer pulselengths. In particular, there is ∼4X increase in fluence for equivalent scatter for damage at 2co, 10 ns as compared to 0.30 ns in unconditioned KDP. The results for the unconditioned and conditioned KDP show that for all the pulselengths the scatter due to the bulk damage is a strong function of the damaging fluence (Φ ∼5 ). It is determined that the 2co fluence pulselength-scaling for equivalent bulk damage scatter in unconditioned KDP varies as τ 0.30±0.11 and in 3ω, 3ns ramp-conditioned KDP varies as τ 0.27±0.14 . The effectiveness of 2ω and 3ω laser conditioning at pulselengths in the range of 0.30-23 ns for damage induced 2(0, 3 ns is analyzed in terms of scatter. For the protocols tested (i.e. peak conditioning irradiance, etc.), the 3ω, 300 ps conditioning to a peak fluence of 3 J/cm 2 had the best performance under 2ω, 3 ns testing. The general trend in the performance of the conditioning protocols was shorter wavelength and shorter pulselength appear to produce better conditioning for testing at 2(0, 3 ns.
Foundation and Practice of Neurofeedback for the Treatment of Epilepsy

This review provides an updated overview of the neurophysiological rationale, basic and clinical research literature, and current methods of practice pertaining to clinical neurofeedback. It is based on documented findings, rational theory, and the research and clinical experience of the authors. While considering general issues of physiology, learning principles, and methodology, it focuses on the treatment of epilepsy with sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) training, arguably the best established clinical application of EEG operant conditioning. The basic research literature provides ample data to support a very detailed model of the neural generation of SMR, as well as the most likely candidate mechanism underlying its efficacy in clinical treatment. Further, while more controlled clinical trials would be desirable, a respectable literature supports the clinical utility of this alternative treatment for epilepsy. However, the skilled practice of clinical neurofeedback requires a solid understanding of the neurophysiology underlying EEG oscillation, operant learning principles and mechanisms, as well as an in-depth appreciation of the ins and outs of the various hardware/software equipment options open to the practitioner. It is suggested that the best clinical practice includes the systematic mapping of quantitative multi-electrode EEG measures against a normative database before and after treatment to guide the choice of treatment strategy and document progress towards EEG normalization. We conclude that the research literature reviewed in this article justifies the assertion that neurofeedback treatment of epilepsy/seizure disorders constitutes a well-founded and viable alternative to anticonvulsant pharmacotherapy.
Agile sustainable communities: On-site renewable energy generation

Abstract Smart and sustainable campuses demand three components. First, there is the need to have a Strategic Master Plan (SMP) for all infrastructures that include energy, transportation, water, waste and telecommunications along with the traditional dimensions of research, curricula, outreach and assessments. Secondarily, there is the array of issues pertaining to the sitting of buildings and overall facility master planning which must be addressed from the perspective of “green” energy, efficient orientation and be designed for multiple-use by the academic and local community. Thirdly, the development of sustainable buildings in one area that is compact and walkable campuses thus enable a range of transportation choices leads to reduced energy consumption. Historically, college campuses were often like towns and villages in that they are self-sustaining for family, business and recreational activities. Any sustainable smart campus is a vibrant, “experiential” applied educational model that should catalyze creative learning. More significantly, today, campuses and communities must be secure in terms of not only their own energy use and needs, but also for the resource demands of their power. Otherwise, the community(s) will never be secure economically or politically. Recognizing global warming and climate change, in the spring of 2001, the Board of Trustee (BOT) for the Los Angeles Community College District (LACCD) took the critical initial policy steps to turn these sustainable developments into goals. For example, the LACCD decided to have new “green” buildings to replace or renovate existing ones. The building program led to sustainable communities that included recycling, product reuse from waste as well as smart growth in terms of reduced energy use, efficiency and the use of telecommunication and wireless systems. The paper focuses primarily on the energy programs for the LACCD campuses. The paper considers the overall energy situation in California and the Southern California region, primarily Los Angeles. Then the paper looks at the state and regional energy contexts which lay the ground work and rationale why LACCD and other communities must act on their own to counteract climate change and global warming. Finally, the paper discusses how a community becomes sustainable, and hence “energy independent”. By doing so, any community can generate its own energy through the production or acquisition of its energy from renewable sources such as solar, wind or biomass among other local resources. Even more significant consequences come in terms of carbon control, lower impact on the environment and reduced global warming.
Isolation and partial chemical characterization of the three major yolk polypeptides from Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract The three major yolk polypeptides of Drosophila melanogaster have been isolated from yolk spheres of early embryos. Their molecular weights, as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis, are 44,000, 45,000, and 46,000. A number of approaches have been used to show that each of these yolk polypeptides are different. They have different isoelectric points, they have different digestion products upon peptide mapping by limited proteolysis, and they show three different antigen-antibody systems when each polypeptide is reacted with an antisera made to a mixture of all three. Both the digestion with chymotrypsin and the immunoelectrophoresis studies indicate similarities between two of the polypeptides while the third appears unique. This is the first example of multiple yolk polypeptides of similar molecular weight.
Genetic algorithms for the two-stage bicriteria flowshop problem

Abstract This paper considers the two-stage bicriteria flow shop scheduling problem with the objective of minimizing the total flow time subject to obtaining the optimal makespan. In view of the NP-hard nature of the problem, two Genetic Algorithms (GA) based approaches are proposed to solve the problem. The effectiveness of the proposed GA based approaches is demonstrated by comparing their performance with the only known heuristic for the problem. The computational experiments show that the proposed GA based approaches are effective in solving the problem and recommend that the proposed GA based approaches are useful for solving the multi-machine, multi-criteria scheduling problems.
Rationale for immunotherapy in multiple sclerosis

The presumed but unspecified immune-mediated basis for the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) has led to therapeutic attempts to modify the immune system in general and in selective ways in patients with MS. In general, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant, and immunomodulatory therapies have been considered. More specifically, these treatments have involved the use of glucocorticoids; immunosuppressant drugs and physical agents such as irradiation; modifications of the immune environment with therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin; and more recently, alteration of events sunounding antigen presentation and stages of the immune response of cellular proliferation, recruitment, and infiltration of the central nervous system
PHOTOINDUCED OXIDATION OF MICROPEROXIDASE-8 : GENERATION OF FERRYL AND CATION-RADICAL PORPHYRINS

The electron-transfer reactivity of microperoxidase-8 (MP8), the heme octapeptide derived from enzymatic cleavage of cytochrome c, has been studied by nanosecond flash photolysis methods. Ferric MP8 is rapidly oxidized by photogenerated Ru(bpy)33+ in acidic solutions to a ferric cation-radical porphyrin (k ∼ 5.6 × 109 M-1 s-1); the oxidation product in alkaline solutions is ferryl MP8 (k ∼ 2.2 × 109 M-1 s-1). Numerical simulations of the kinetics for the direct oxidation of ferric to ferryl MP8 predict a marked pH effect on the rate of reaction in alkaline solutions; however, only a very weak pH dependence is observed in the range 7−8.5, indicating that the ferryl species is generated by intramolecular electron transfer within a ferric cation-radical porphyrin. Transient spectra taken between pH 6 and 8.5 show increasing ferryl absorption as the pH is increased, demonstrating a pH-dependent equilibrium between the two oxidized forms of MP8.
Cultural impacts to tribes from climate change influences on forests.

Climate change related impacts, such as increased frequency and intensity of wildfires, higher temperatures, extreme changes to ecosystem processes, forest conversion and habitat degradation are threatening tribal access to valued resources. Climate change is and will affect the quantity and quality of resources tribes depend upon to perpetuate their cultures and livelihoods. Climate impacts on forests are expected to directly affect culturally important fungi, plant and animal species, in turn affecting tribal sovereignty, culture, and economy. This article examines the climate impacts on forests and the resulting effects on tribal cultures and resources. To understand potential adaptive strategies to climate change, the article also explores traditional ecological knowledge and historical tribal adaptive approaches in resource management, and contemporary examples of research and tribal practices related to forestry, invasive species, traditional use of fire and tribal-federal coordination on resource management projects. The article concludes by summarizing tribal adaptive strategies to climate change and considerations for strengthening the federal-tribal relationship to address climate change impacts to forests and tribal valued resources.
Age and experience influence different verbal and nonverbal measures of children's scripts for the zoo

Abstract Age and experience are usually confounded in developmental research. In the present study, age and experience were quantified more precisely to determine whether each of them, controlling the other, was significant in estimating various measures of children's scripts for the zoo. Children (3- to 12-year-olds) were interviewed about the zoo before and after a group of them went to the zoo. Experience was the best predictor of the number of propositions children stated about the zoo. Whereas experience predicted tense use before, age predicted tense use after the zoo trip. The complexity of children's scripts (i.e., number of optionals and conditionals) depended on both age and experience. Children's photographs of the zoo served as a nonverbal assessment, and the percentage of animal photographs was predicted by age. The results suggested that script development is not complete by 7 years of age. Age and experience predict different measures of script knowledge.
Skald: Minstrel Reconstructed

Scott Turner's Minstrel is considered a landmark story-generation system, cited as an important system in our field's history for the quality of its output. Other influential systems such as Meehan's Tale-Spin have inspired modern successors, but although a few systems have followed Minstrel's case-based approach, none of them use its “imaginative recall” technique. This paper details Skald, a publicly-released rational reconstruction of Minstrel that enables exploration of Turner's work and discovery of new implications for future research. A key finding is a brittleness only hinted at in Turner's publications: the story library, story templates, and the recall system must be tailored to one another for Turner's original system to function. We show that this can be ameliorated through a number of techniques, however, from adding differential costs to transformations to removing the least-successful author-level actions. Another key finding is that Turner's original “boredom” system limited leverage of the story library. An alternative and its results are presented here. What emerges from this work is a different picture of the original Minstrel than that currently present in the literature, as well as a new system, Skald, that sets the stage for future research to explore Turner's ideas for story generation.
Optical power extinction tomography

Optical Power Extinction Tomography is a computed imaging modality that doesn't require field phase measurement. Measurements of power extinguished from an optical field are related to the structure of the object by a Fourier transform.
Role of mitochondria in the sex-directed flocculation of a fission yeast

Abstract Cultures of Schizosaccharomyces pombe NCYC 132, a homothallic haplont, were grown anaerobically to stationary phase and then aerated. Cells flocculated within 1 hr of aeration. Competence for flocculation induction decayed as the cultures were allowed to age in stationary phase. Heat-killed cells were not inducible, but flocculated if induced before they were killed. However, massive ultraviolet irradiation, which resulted in the inability of the cells to form colonies when plated, did not stop induction. Added at the time of aeration, cyanide, azide, and dinitrophenol inhibited induction. So did membrane-specific drugs, such as nystatin and polymyxin, as well as inhibitors of protein synthesis such as cycloheximide, puromycin, and neomycin. Chloramphenicol, at saturating concentration, had no effect on flocculation induction when added at the time of aeration. But added to aerobically growing cells long before the last generation, chloramphenicol completely inhibited floc formation. The results indicate that induction of competence to form flocs requires mitochondrial function and cytoplasmic protein synthesis.
Thermal satellite imagery applied to a littoral macrobenthos investigation in the Gulf of Maine

Abstract The application of satellite imagery to oceanographic problems has grown in recent years. Its use in biological oceanography, however, has been largely limited to studies of primary productivity. The ability of thermal satellite imagery to identify coastal oceanic fronts suggests that there may be an application to macrobenthos investigations. This communication describes how thermal satellite imagery was applied to the study of sand-beach community distribution in the Gulf of Maine.
Harlow Gale and the Origins of the Psychology of Advertising

Harlow Gale taught psychology at the University of Minnesota from 1895 to 1903 and supervised one of the first laboratories in experimental psychology in the United States. The Gale archival files ...
Cleavage of the SnSn Multiple Bond in a Distannyne by Cyclooctatetraene: Formation of the π‐Bound Inverse Sandwich Complex [(Ar′Sn)2(μ2‐η2:η3‐cot)]

The syntheses of stable heavier group 14 element alkyne analogues have attracted considerable attention in the last decade. Reactivity studies on these molecules have afforded insights into the nature of the E E triple bonds (E= group 14 element), and have supported the existence of a multiplicity of resonance forms, including those with singlet diradical character. Recently we have shown that the distannyne [Ar’SnSnAr’] (1) (Ar’=C6H3-2,6-(C6H3-2,6iPr2)2) undergoes reversible complexation with two molecules of either ethylene or norbornadiene [Eq. (1)], processes that are considered symmetry-forbidden for alkynes but are enabled by the higher reactivity caused by the strained geometry in the heavier analogues.
EFFECTS OF CRYSTALLINE ESTRIN IMPLANTS ON THE TIBIA OF YOUNG HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED FEMALE RATS

AREPORT HAS RECENTLY been made by this laboratory describing the effect of implants of crystalline estrin on the tibia and costo-chondral junction of young normal female rats (I). After three weeks of estrinization, histological examination of the tibia revealed thick trabeculae that filled the upper fifth of the diaphyseal marrow cavity. Due to our interest in the endocrine factors influencing skeletal growth, which had previously been centered on the role of the hypophyseal growth hormone in young normal and hypophysectomised rats (2, 3, 4), we were much interested in the r6le of the hypophysis in the reaction described above. Therefore, a parallel experi-ment was performed on hypophysectomised rats. Twenty female rats were hypophysectomised at the ages of 54 to 58 days, 10 to be treated with estrin and 10 to serve as controls. Treatment, beginning on the day of operation, consisted of subcutaneous implantation of pellets of a-estradiol dipropionate1 (10 mg.), 1 pellet weekly for 3 weeks.
RELEVANCE-BASED INCREMENTAL BELIEF UPDATING IN BAYESIAN NETWORKS

Relevance reasoning in Bayesian networks can be used to improve efficiency of belief updating algorithms by identifying and pruning those parts of a network that are irrelevant for computation. Relevance reasoning is based on the graphical property of d-separation and other simple and efficient techniques, the computational complexity of which is usually negligible when compared to the complexity of belief updating in general. This paper describes a belief updating technique based on relevance reasoning that is applicable in practical systems in which observations and model revisions are interleaved with belief updating. Our technique invalidates the posterior beliefs of those nodes that depend probabilistically on the new evidence or the revised part of the model and focuses the subsequent belief updating on the invalidated beliefs rather than on all beliefs. Very often observations and model updating invalidate only a small fraction of the beliefs and our scheme can then lead to sub stantial savings in computation. We report results of empirical tests for incremental belief updating when the evidence gathering is interleaved with reasoning. These tests demonstrate the practical significance of our approach.
Experts, Novices, and the St. Petersburg paradox: Is one solution enough?

Although the controversy over the comt solution to the St. Petersburg paradox continues in the decision making Literature, few of the solutions have been emniricallv evaluated. Via the develooment of alternative versions of the St ~eiersburg~ame, we were able to empi;ically test some of thesesolutions. Experts and novices behaved in aceordana with Trekman's exmalion heuristic when bidding for the right to play the various versions of the st: Petersburggamc. When subjsu wen asked their preferences among the game versions, novices continued to behave in aceordana with the cxdon heuristic but a oluralitv of exwm seemed to fonow another strategy. 7% preference reversal and h implkntiod and wssible causes arc thorounhlv discussed. An alternative theow which mimicks the ;xpMation heuristic is cokidered, and generalizations of theixpcnation heuristic ad the St. Petemburn Paradox for r-oided 'coinr' (where z is any integer grco(er than or equal to 2) arc-presented. It appears that no one solution yet nch enough for the St. Pehrsburg paradox.