cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences in Contextual Predictors of Urban, Early Adolescents' Subjective Well-Being

Gender differences in predicting subjective well-being (SWB) were examined in 168 urban adolescents. School satisfaction predicted life satisfaction for boys; for girls, family satisfaction predicted life satisfaction and neighborhood satisfaction predicted negative affect. Self-esteem predicted positive affect for both genders, but friends satisfaction and ethnic identity failed to predict SWB. Se examinaron las diferencias de genero al predecir el bienestar subjetivo (SWB, por sus siglas en ingles) de 168 adolescentes urbanos. La satisfaccion escolar predijo la satisfaccion vital en los chicos; en las chicas, la satisfaccion familiar predijo la satisfaccion vital, y la satisfaccion en el vecindario predijo los sentimientos negativos. La autoestima predijo sentimientos positivos en ambos generos, pero la satisfaccion con los amigos y la identidad etnica no fueron predictores del SWB.
SIMULTANEOUS TESTS FOR EQUALITY OF LATENT ROOTS AGAINST CERTAIN ALTERNATIVES-II.

Abstract : The authors proposed a procedure for testing for the equality of latent roots of a matrix, when the associated random matrix has certain distribution, against the alternative that at least two of the roots are unequal. The random matrices considered are (1) Wishart matrix; (2) (S sub 1)(S sub 2)superscript -1; (3) matrix connected with MANOVA; and, (4) matrix associated with canonical correlations; here S sub 1 and S sub 2 are independently distributed central Wishart matrices. (Author)
Photorefractive two-beam coupling with applied radio-frequency fields: theory and experiment

An expression for the gain in photorefractive two-wave mixing when radio-frequency (rf) electric fields are applied to the material has been derived and compared with experiments in GaAs:Cr. A fit to the data yields a consistent value for the carrier diffusion length of 0.3 μm. The rf field method can be used to enhance the two-wave mixing gain and to measure the diffusion length in other photorefractive materials.
Teaching Sustainable Engineering Throughout the Mechanical Engineering Curriculum

The natural world has long been impacted by technological society; however, in recent years environmental impacts and constraints are increasingly on the global, rather than local or regional, scale. Moreover, the interconnectivity of biological systems with energy and material flows is increasingly evident. Today, it is well understood that climate change, energy constraints and biological degradation are largely a consequence of technological production and energy use. In this context, one would expect engineering education to have evolved to prepare engineers to be capable of addressing these issues. Rather, excluding the resurgence in design education, we see a curriculum that remains largely unchanged. In this context, we propose an integrated mechanical engineering curriculum that emphasizes sustainable engineering and whole-system design. The curriculum provides mechanical engineering students with a deeper understanding of the broader impact of the products and processes they design, the tools to assess that impact, and the system level thinking to design technologies for a sustainable future.© 2008 ASME
Processing gamma-based TiAl sheet materials by cyclic cold roll bonding and annealing of elemental titanium and aluminum foils

Abstract Previous work by the authors investigated cold roll bonding followed by annealing as a simplistic method for processing Ti/TiAl 3 multi-layered composites from elemental titanium and aluminum foils. In this study, the Ti/TiAl 3 multi-layered composites were subjected to further processing at higher temperatures and increased cyclic cold rolling to promote the formation of gamma-based titanium aluminide (γ-TiAl). The resulting γ-TiAl phase was characterized using light microscopy equipped with digital image analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Vickers microhardness testing. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the diffusion reaction were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and enthalpy ( H ), entropy ( S ), and capacity ( C ) thermodynamic calculations. The physical, chemical, mechanical, and microstructure changes that accompanied the phase transformation to γ-TiAl was discussed.
Annexin 2 expression is reduced in human osteosarcoma metastases

Osteosarcoma is an aggressive primary bone cancer affecting primarily children and young adults. The development of valuable diagnostic indicators and therapeutic agents will be enhanced by the identification and characterization of genes that contribute to its aggressive behavior. We used representational difference analysis to isolate genes differentially expressed between primary human osteosarcoma tumors and subsequent metastatic lung lesions to identify genes potentially involved in metastatic potential. Several genes were differentially expressed between the two tumor populations, including annexin2. The levels of annexin2 mRNA and protein inversely correlated with metastatic potential in a subset of human osteosarcoma tumor specimens, as well as in a human osteosarcoma cell line selected for increased metastatic potential. Annexin2 has been described in several cellular localizations with various functional implications, many of which may be relevant to metastatic potential. Therefore, the subcellular localization of endogenous annexin2 protein was evaluated biochemically by subcellular fractionation and immunologically by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence in osteoblastic cells. Annexin2 was localized to the cytoplasm and intracellular aspect of the plasma membrane, excluded from the nucleus and undetectable on the cell surface or in the conditioned medium. Overexpression of annexin2 in osteosarcoma cells did not alter several in vitro phenotypes often used to assess metastatic potential including motility, adhesion, and proliferation. However, our previous data have implicated annexin2 in the mineralization process of osteoblastic cells in vitro. Consistent with an increase in differentiation-induced mineralization, there was diminished tumorigenicity and experimental metastatic potential of osteosarcoma cells overexpressing annexin2. These data suggest that annexin2 may downregulate osteosarcoma aggressiveness by inducing a more differentiated state in osteoblastic cells.
β-Alanine inhibition in neurospora and its reversal by carbamyl compounds

Abstract β-Alanine has been found to inhibit the growth of Neurospora crassa, and this inhibition is reversed by carbamyl compounds. The wild strain and several arginineless mutants were inhibited 50 % by 0.005 M β-alanine. Pyrimidineless mutants displayed unusual behavior toward β-alanine. The pyr 3 strains, under certain growth conditions, were not affected by β-alanine. In contrast, the remaining pyr mutants were twice as sensitive to the inhibitor as was the wild strain. It is shown that the condition of insensitivity to β-alanine for the pyr 3 strains is the condition of arginine sensitivity. It is suggested that these results implicate carbamyl group metabolism as the site of β-alanine inhibition.
Strategies for Sustaining Self Used by Family Caregivers for Older Adults With Dementia

The negative health consequences of caring for an older adult family member with dementia are well documented. However, not all family caregivers experience these negative health consequences. The purposes of this study were to describe strategies family caregivers use to help them continue to provide care for an older family member with dementia despite challenges and describe these family caregivers’ resilience and psychological distress. A mixed methods design was used with a narrative approach dominant and standardized scales for resilience and psychological distress used to enhance the description of the sample. Data were collected through telephone interviews with 18 family caregivers residing in an urban area. The findings indicate that family caregivers used four strategies to sustain the self: drawing on past life experiences, nourishing the self, relying on spirituality, and seeking information about dementia. Understanding strategies used by family caregivers to sustain themselves is essential ...
THE RESPONSE OF CULTURED MAMMALIAN CELLS TO DIPHTHERIA TOXIN : II. THE RESISTANT CELL: ENHANCEMENT OF TOXIN ACTION BY POLY-L-ORNITHINE

We have investigated the response of the resistant mouse L cell to diphtheria toxin. Intact cells and cell-free systems were studied. It was determined that the cell-free system is as sensitive to toxin as those from sensitive reticulocyte, HeLa, and KB cells previously studied. Poly-L-ornithine, reported to stimulate macromolecular uptake, enhanced toxin activity under conditions which also stimulated acid phosphatase activity. Resistance, in the L cell, appears to be linked to the cell membrane and the process of macromolecular uptake, and not to any intrinsic property of either the polyribosomes or associated protein synthesizing factors. Because of the unique way in which diphtheria toxin inhibits protein synthesis, the ability of poly-L-ornthine to enhance this action provides convincing evidence that poly-L-ornithine stimulates a true absorption of macromolecules and not just increased surface adsorption.
The Spectrum of Teaching Styles: A Perspective for Research on Teaching Physical Education

Abstract The Spectrum has evolved over the past 25 years and has been implemented, in varying degrees, around the world. Has research continued to support Spectrum theory? Has the Spectrum significantly advanced physical education pedagogy? These are the questions which guide this discussion.
Discrimination among injury processes reflected in acute radiation mortality.

SummarySeveral modes of injury that contribute to acute radiation lethality may be distinguished in two complementary ways: (1) by pathological examination and (2) by analysis of the kinetics of death after single exposures of varying degrees of protraction. The analytical approach is discussed, and statistical procedures are applied to 30-day mortality in 3–4 day chicks after 60Co γ-irradiation for exposure times varying from 3 to 1440 min. Kinetic analysis suggests that two irreversible (time-independent) processes lead to different kinds of injury. Time-dependent effects are taken to reflect reversible injury mechanisms. Three different processes of this kind are distinguished, each characterized by an accumulation of injury during exposure at a rate proportional to dose-rate and a constant (linear) reversal, or reduction, of the radiation effects.
Purkinje cell activity modified by neocortical afterdischarges.

Abstract Microelectrode studies on the cat cerebellum with histogram analysis of the data show that Purkinje cell activities can be altered in the following ways by penicillin induced focal discharges in the cerebral sensorimotor areas. Cerebral interictal activities induce Purkinje cell discharges which resemble those seen in evoked responses, while ictal activities induce widespread increases in Purkinje cell discharges which are related to the duration and intensity of the episode. With the onset of repetitive cerebral discharges faster than 5/sec, Purkinje cell bursts become more and more independent of the cerebral waves. Evidence is presented to show that these asynchronous bursts may be due to intrinsic cerebellar circuits and not due to deficiences in the projection system. Similarities and differences between afterdischarges of the paleocortical and neocortical structures on Purkinje cell activities are discussed.
Release Strategies and Cultural Modifications for Biological Control of Twospotted Spider Mite by Neosieulus fallacis (Acari: Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae) on Hops

Biological control of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, on hops, Humulus lupulus L., with the predator Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) was explored to understand the factors important in successful T. urticae management. The timing of introductions of N. fallacis , the height of release on the plant, overwinter survival, and cultural factors were investigated to determine the optimal use patterns for this predator. Release height seemed to be unimportant, but release timing was influential when there were unusually low or high T. urticae densities. N. fallacis overwinters in hop fields, but early spring cultural practices inhibit survival to summer. Three cultural practices, all for reduction of foliar growth, were found to be detrimental to biological control. Predators released into 0.25-ha plots in commercial fields maintained T. urticae to commercially acceptable levels throughout the season. A provisional management protocol is described for biological control of T. urticae with N. fallacis .
YO SOY NEGRO: BLACKNESS IN PERU

Tanya Maria Golash-Boza, YO SOY NEGRO: BLACKNESS IN PERU, Gainesville, University of Florida Press, 2011 (New World Diasporas series), vi + 236 pp., $75 (cloth) The question of race throughout Lati...
Type 1 Gaucher disease: null and hypomorphic novel chitotriosidase mutations—implications for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring

Human plasma chitotriosidase (Chito) is a useful diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker for Type 1 Gaucher disease (GD). However, approximately 40% of Caucasians are heterozygous or homozygous for a common null mutation, c.1049_1072dup24 (dup24) in the chitotriosidase gene (chitinase 1, CHIT1), that complicates interpretation for heterozygotes and precludes use for null homozygotes. 320 Type 1 GD patients were screened for CHIT1 genotype and plasma Chito enzyme levels; 37% were heterozygous and 4% were homozygous for the CHIT1 dup24 allele. Four patients who had no or very low plasma Chito activities had wild-type (wt)/dup24 or wt/wt CHIT1 genotypes, suggesting the presence of other mutations. Sequencing their CHIT1 genes revealed three novel mutations: p.E74K (E74K), p.G102S (G102S), and a complex exon 10 lesion (c.[1060G>A; 1155G>A; 1156+5_1156+8delGTAA], p.[G354R; L385L; missplicing], designated "complex E/I-10"). The G102S mutation was common in Type 1 GD patients and controls ( approximately 30% of alleles). In contrast, the E74K mutation was rare, present only in three Type 1 GD patients ( approximately 1% of alleles), all of Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) descent, but it was not found in normal controls. The complex E/I-10 mutation occurred in two Caribbean Hispanic/African Type 1 GD patients and was present in 0 to 6% of alleles among normal controls from different populations. In vitro expression demonstrated that the E74K and G102S alleles had approximately 51% and approximately 23% of wild-type Chito catalytic efficiency, respectively. Expression of the G354R allele alone or with the L385L silent substitution did not produce detectable Chito activity or protein. RNA studies indicated that the complex E/I-10 allele also caused missplicing. Recognition of these mutations, particularly G102S, will facilitate the use and interpretation of plasma Chito activities for disease diagnosis, estimating disease severity, and monitoring therapeutic efficacy in GD.
THE QUALITY FOCUS AT HEWLETT‐PACKARD

A strategy focused on quality is the best way companies can respond to competition. And surprisingly, an emphasis on quality is one of the most effective ways to control costs.
Uncertainties for recursive estimators in nonlinear state-space models, with applications to epidemiology

Consider a nonlinear dynamic system where one wishes to estimate a state vector using noisy measurements. Many algorithms have been proposed to address this problem, among them the extended Kalman filter (and its variants) and constant-gain stochastic approximation. To quantify the efficacy of these algorithms, it is necessary to describe the distribution of the state estimation error. Typically, performance has been measured by the estimation error covariance alone, which does not provide enough information to probabilistically quantify the estimation accuracy. By casting the estimation error in an autoregressive-type form, this paper addresses the broader question of the distribution of the error for a general class of recursive algorithms. We illustrate the distributional results in an epidemiological problem of disease monitoring.
Response of a murine solid tumor to in vivo combined chemotherapy and irradiation.

The EMTG murine solid tumor was employed to examine the combined effect of gamma irradiation and chemotherapy. A dose of cyclophosphamide, actinomycin D, BCNU, and bleomycin A2, selected to yield a 10% survival fraction when given singly, was administered 2 hours before single graded doses of whole-body irradiation and the results compared to a radiation-only dose-response curve. Bleomycin A2 and BCNU modified the shoulder region of the curve. Actinomycin D was less than additive in the hypoxic region of the curve, while cyclophosphamide was simply additive throughout the curve, suggesting that it killed both well-oxygenated and poorly-oxygenated tumor cells in similar proportions.
Characterization of fatty acids from root and shoot lipids ofCapsicum species.

Lipids were extracted from the roots and shoots of four species of theCapsicum (pepper) genus and separated into three fractions: triglycerides; free fatty acids, mono- and diglycerides; and phospholipids. The component fatty acids were determined by subjecting the methyl esters to gasliquid chromatography. The predominate fatty acids obtained were palmitic (16∶0) and linoleic (18∶2), with lesser amounts of linolenic (18∶3), stearic (18∶1), and oleic (18∶0). Differences existed in the neutral lipid fractions which might be of value from taxonomic interests; however, the phospholipids from each of the species and plant parts did not differ so greatly. A comparison of the amount of unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipid fractions indicates that differences exist which might be of value in determining the relative sensitivity of the several species to chilling temperatures.
A Hands-On Classroom Simulation to Demonstrate Concepts in Enzyme Kinetics.

A classroom exercise is described to introduce enzyme kinetics in an undergraduate biochemistry or chemistry course. The exercise is a simulation in which a student acts as an enzyme that “catalyzes” the unscrewing of a nut from a bolt. With other students assisting, the student enzyme carries out reactions with bolt−nut substrates under different conditions to illustrate limiting substrate, excess substrate, and inhibition. The class participates in collecting data and calculating reaction rates. Students use the results to construct a mathematical kinetic model for the simulated reaction. The constructed model parallels the Michaelis−Menten model for enzyme-catalyzed reactions that is presented in most biochemistry courses and textbooks. By using the simple everyday objects of nuts and bolts, this simulation enables students to directly visualize how reaction rates are measured and how they can be connected to mathematical models. In this way, fundamental concepts of enzyme kinetics can be developed before introducing more complex reactions catalyzed by molecular enzymes.
The Role of Liking in Perceptions of the Moral Responsibility to Help: A Cultural Perspective

Abstract Three studies examined the impact of liking on perceived responsibilities to help a hypothetical needy other in different types of special relationships. Liking was manipulated between-subjects in the first study involving Indian and American adults ( n = 240) and manipulated within-subjects in the second study involving only American adults ( n = 80). A third study ( n = 40) employed a between-subjects manipulation of liking to examine Indian adults' judgments about low need situations. Americans less frequently judged that there was a responsibility to help siblings or colleagues in cases involving low as contrasted with high liking. Liking had no impact on Indians' perceptions of the moral responsibility to help in any of the cases under consideration or on Americans' perceptions of the moral responsibility of parents. The results highlight the impact of both culture and relationship factors on the role accorded to liking in interpersonal morality and the existence of contrasting culturally based perceptions of social relations.
A modified walking rhythm employed during righting behavior in the cockroachGromphadorhina portentosa

Electromyograms were recorded from leg muscles of the cockroachGromphadorhina during walking and righting under free-ranging and tethered conditions. Two muscles which are essentially synergistic during walking become antagonistic during righting (Fig. 3, 4). This explains in part the difference in the direction of the leg stroke in the two behaviors (Fig. 2). Other properties of the muscle activity are very similar during the two rhythms: the same motoneurons appear to be active (Fig. 5, 6); cycle frequencies are the same; the burst length of one motoneuron studied varies with burst frequency in a generally similar manner in both behaviors (Fig. 7); inter-leg coordination is the same (Fig. 9); and transganglionic coupling characteristic of walking can occur while a leg on one side is engaged in walking, and its contralateral homologue is engaged in righting (Fig. 10). Although other properties of the leg rhythms are different in walking and righting, these differences appear to result from dissimilarities in sensory feedback. It is concluded that although the two leg rhythms are superficially quite different, the underlying central neuronal rhythms are very similar, and possibly result from activity in the same central oscillatory cell or circuit.
Impairment and recovery of hand use after unilateral section of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord in squirrel monkeys

Damage to the ascending forelimb afferents in the dorsal columns (DCs) of the cervical spinal cord in monkeys impairs forelimb use, particularly hand dexterity. Although considerable recovery has been reported, interpretation of the results is complicated by the reproducibility of the lesion and behavioral assessment. Here, we examined the effects of a unilateral DC lesion at the C4-C6 spinal cord level in four adult squirrel monkeys. Behavioral performance was assessed on a reach-to-grasp task over 5-13 weeks after lesion. Retrograde tracers were injected into the skin of the fingertips to determine the distribution of axon terminals in the cuneate nucleus and estimate the effectiveness of lesion at the conclusion of each case. The size and level of DC lesion was reflected in the proportion of spared afferents, which ranged from 1 to 25% across monkeys. The experiments produced two major findings. First, the extent of deafferentation in the DC is directly related to the degree of reaching and grasping impairments, and to the reactivation profile and somatotopic reorganization in contralateral primary somatosensory cortex. Second, considerable behavioral recovery and cortical reorganization occurred even in the monkey with only 1% of axons spared in the DC. Our findings suggest that cutaneous inputs from the hand and forelimb are critical to the integrity of functions such as reaching and grasping. In addition, axon branches from peripheral afferents that terminate on neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord are likely central to the functional recovery.
Sequences at the 3' ends of yeast viral dsRNAs: Proposed transcriptase and replicase initiation sites

Abstract ScV is a double-stranded RNA virus of yeast consisting of two separately encapsidated dsRNAs (L and M). ScV-1 and ScV-2 are two dsRNA viruses present in two different yeast killer strains, K1 and K2. Our 3' end sequence analysis shows that the two sets of viral dsRNAs from ScV-1 and ScV-2 are very similar. Consensus sequences for transcriptase and replicase initiation are proposed. A stem and loop structure with a 3' terminal AUGC sequence, like that of several plant virus plus strand RNAs, is present at the putative replicase initiation site of one of the yeast viral RNA plus strands.
Clinical utility of urine pregnancy assays to determine medical abortion outcome is limited.

Abstract Background Determining medical abortion outcome commonly includes a costly evaluation such as ultrasonography or serial serum hCG testing. Urine pregnancy testing may represent a less costly alternative. Methods This prospective diagnostic test evaluation study was part of a multisite randomized trial of 1080 women undergoing medical abortion up to 63 days' gestation who returned 1 and 2 weeks after receiving mifepristone. Low-sensitivity (LS) and high-sensitivity (HS) urine pregnancy tests were performed at each visit, and the results were compared to ultrasonography. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios of each urine test were determined. Results In the first week following abortion, 14.8% of the LS tests and 7.9% of the HS tests correctly predicted outcome. None of the LS tests and only 0.2% of the HS tests were falsely negative; however, 85.2% of the LS tests and 91.8% of the HS tests were falsely positive. In the second week following abortion, 39.1% of the LS tests and 33.8% of the HS tests correctly predicted the medical abortion outcome. Only 0.2% of the LS tests and 0.3% of the HS were falsely negative; however, 60.8% of the LS tests and 65.8% of the HS tests were falsely positive. Conclusions Both LS and HS urine pregnancy assays reliably assess clinical outcomes of medical abortions in cases of negative test results. However, the clinical utility of urine assay testing is limited because of the high rate of false-positive results.
Interpersonal problem solving in preschool children: A comparison of assessment procedures using two-dimensional versus three-dimensional stimuli

Abstract Two procedures for assessing the social problem-solving strategies of young children were compared: a traditional measure using pictorial stimuli and an alternative measure in which problems were presented using three-dimensional props. Subjects were 48 preschool children ages 3, 4 and 5. Using a counterbalanced, repeated measures design, the two tasks were presented to the children on consecutive days. Children also received the PPVT, and teacher ratings of behavioral adjustment were completed. Children gave more responses and suggested a greater variety of problem-solving strategies when tested with props than when tested with pictures. Response differences to the two testing procedures were greatest for children who were rated by their teachers as impulsive. Results are discussed in terms of the representational competence of the preschool child. Implications of the findings for intervention strategies also are discussed.
Neutron-source characterization for fusion-materials studies

Abstract Neutron flux and energy spectrum measurements are conducted for all major fusion materials irradiation facilities, including fission reactors and accelerators. Dosimetry characterization experiments and integral cross section measurements have been performed. Multiple activation and helium production measurements are performed routinely to provide materials experimenters with neutron exposure parameters including fluence, spectrum, displacements, gas production, and transmutation with typical accuracies of 10–15%. Such data are crucial to the fusion materials program in order to correlate materials property changes between irradiations and facilities and to confidently predict the performance of materials in fusion reactors.
A comparison of two methods for joint time-scale and TDOA estimation for geolocation of electromagnetic transmitters

For wide-band transmission, geolocation modeling using the wide-band cross-ambiguity function (WBCAF) is preferable to conventional CAF modeling, which assumes that the transmitted signal is essentially a sinusoid. We compare the accuracy of two super-resolution techniques for joint estimation of the time-scale (TS) and TDOA parameters in the WBCAF geolocation model. Assuming a complex-valued signal representation, both techniques exploit the fact that the maximum value of the magnitude of the WBCAF is attained when the WBCAF is real-valued. The first technique enhances a known joint estimation method based on sinc interpolation and 2-D Newton root-finding by (1) extending the original algorithm to handle complex-valued signals, and (2) reformulating the original algorithm to estimate the difference in radial velocities of the receivers (DV) rather than time scale, which avoids machine precision problems encountered with the original method. The second technique makes a rough estimate of TDOA on the sampling lattice by peak-picking the real part of the cross-correlation function of the received signals. Then, by interpolating the phase of the WBCAF, it obtains a root of the phase in the vicinity of this correlation peak, which provides a highly accurate TDOA estimate. TDOA estimates found in this way are differentiated in time to obtain DV estimates. We evaluate both super-resolution techniques applied to simulated received electromagnetic signals which are linear combinations of complex sinusoids having randomly generated amplitudes, phases, TS, and TDOA. Over a wide SNR range, TDOA estimates found with the enhanced sinc/Newton technique are at least an order of magnitude more accurate than those found with conventional CAF, and the phase interpolated TDOA estimates are 3-4 times more accurate than those found with the enhanced sinc/Newton technique. In the 0-10 dB SNR range, TS estimates found with the enhanced sinc/Newton technique are a little more accurate than those found with phase interpolation. Moreover, the TS estimate errors observed with both super-resolution techniques are too small for a CAF-type grid search to realize in comparable time.
Perceptions of Schizophrenics vs Normals Using Parental Figures and Subject's Size

Body-height perception of parental figures was related to Lidz' theory that schizophrenics' family relationships are “skewed.” The possible relationship of 20 schizophrenic males' self-perceptions and perceptions of a maternal figure were compared with those of 20 normal males. For the first time, perception of a paternal figure was also studied. Data supported Lidz' theory. These schizophrenics underestimated their own body-height more than normals and underestimated the size of a paternal figure more than normals, though the difference for the latter estimation was not statistically significant. These schizophrenics also overestimated the height of a maternal figure more than normals. Finally, simultaneous presentation of a maternal figure and S's own figure influenced the schizophrenic Ss to underestimate their own body-height more than normals.
Statistical properties of single-mode and two-mode ring lasers

Abstract Recent theoretical and experimental investigations of the statistical properties of single-mode and two-mode ring lasers are described. A theory of the frequency dependence of laser light fluctuations in a single-mode laser and the photoelectric experiments testing the predictions of this theory are discussed. For the case of two-mode ring lasers, a theoretical discussion of the steady-state and transient properties, such as photon statistics, first-passage-time distributions, correlations and phase locking, is given. Theoretical predictions are compared with the results of photoelectric measurements carried out on two-mode gas and dye ring lasers. A summary and the principal conclusions of this article are presented, and suggestions for further investigations are made.
FEATURE ENHANCEMENT USING SPARSE REFERENCE AND ESTIMATED SOFT-MASK EXEMPLAR-PAIRS FOR NOISY SPEECH RECOGNITION

A feature enhancement technique for noise-robust speech recognition is proposed. Existing sparse exemplar-based feature enhancement methods use clean speech and pure noise Mel-spectral exemplars, or clean and noisy speech log-Mel-spectral exemplar-pairs, in their dictionaries. In contrast, the proposed technique constructs its dictionaries using reference soft-mask (SM ref ) and estimated soft-mask (SM est ) exemplar-pairs derived from the training data. The sparse linear combination of SM est dictionary exemplars that best represents the test utterance's SM est is obtained by solving an L1-minimization problem. This sparse linear combination is applied to the SM ref exemplar dictionary to generate an enhanced soft-mask for denoising the utterance's Mel-spectra before MFCC extraction. On the Aurora-2 noisy speech recognition task, the proposed algorithm outperforms other sparse Mel-spectral exemplar-based feature enhancement schemes when mismatch exists between the dictionary exemplars and the test set. A preliminary experiment on Aurora-4 shows similar trends.
The wider context, costs, and benefits of work engagement

In this commentary, I address the wider context of work engagement research including the conflicting interests of employees on the one hand and managers and shareholders on the other, exchange relationships in the workplace, and the economic instrumentality of work in people's lives. As such, I suggest that high work engagement might not necessarily be a win–win situation for all involved and encourage work engagement researchers to take into account extrinsic work outcomes. I also question Bakker, Albrecht, and Leiter's (2011 this issue) suggestion that engaged employees may be more likely to alter their jobs in ways that lead to optimal performance. Additionally, I suggest that the costs of high work engagement for employees deserve far greater attention than they have received to date and question to what extent high engagement is always such a positive experience for employees. Lastly, I suggest that a potential benefit of high engagement is that more of people's essential humanity is involved in the...
Sperm from a variety of mammalian species express β1,4-galactosyltransferase on their surface

In mice, initial gamete recognition is mediated by the binding of sperm surface beta1,4-galactosyltransferase (GalTase) to a glycoprotein of the zona pellucida, ZP3. When sperm bind to the zona pellucida, ZP3 induces the acrosome reaction by aggregating GalTase. The acrosome reaction releases acrosomal enzymes allowing sperm to pass through the zona pellucida, bind to the egg membrane, and activate development. In addition to GalTase, there is evidence that other sperm proteins may also bind ZP3. Although fertilization in the mouse is morphologically similar to fertilization in most other mammalian species, the degree of parallelism at the molecular level is not well defined. Less information is available about the molecular details of fertilization in other species. The aim of this work was to determine whether sperm from other mammalian species express GalTase on their surface. We performed GalTase enzyme assays on sperm from six species, and all six expressed GalTase on their surface. The amounts of GalTase varied between species. Guinea pig, mouse, and rat sperm had higher levels of GalTase than bovine, porcine, and rabbit sperm. GalTase was localized by immunofluorescence on live and fixed sperm to the anterior portion of the sperm head in all species examined. This is the expected location for a receptor that binds the zona pellucida. Biotinylation of sperm surface proteins confirmed that GalTase detected by immunofluorescence and enzyme assay was expressed on the sperm surface. These results demonstrate that various mammalian species express GalTase on their surface and that it is found in the proper location to bind to the zona pellucida.
Geological sequestration of carbon dioxide in the Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone: Regional storage capacity, site characterization, and large-scale injection feasibility, Michigan Basin

The Mount Simon Sandstone (Cambrian) is recognized as an important deep saline reservoir with potential to serve as a target for geological sequestration in the Midwest, United States. The Mount Simon Sandstone in Michigan consists primarily of sandy clastics and grades upward into the more argillaceous Eau Claire Formation, which serves as a regional confining zone. The Mount Simon Sandstone lies at depths from about 914 m (3000 ft) to more than 4572 m (15,000 ft) in the Michigan Basin and ranges in thickness from more than 396 m (1300 ft) to near zero adjacent to basement highs. The Mount Simon Sandstone has variable reservoir quality characteristics dependent on sedimentary facies variations and depth-related diagenesis. On the basis of well-log-derived net porosity from wells in the Michigan Basin, estimates of total geological sequestration capacity were determined to be in excess of 29 billion metric tons (Gt). Most of this capacity is located in the southwestern part of the state. Numerical simulations of carbon dioxide (CO2) injection were conducted using the subsurface transport over multiple phases-water-CO2-salt (STOMP-WCS) simulator code to assess the potential for geologic sequestration into the Mount Simon saline reservoir in the area of Holland, Ottawa County, Michigan. At this locality, the reservoir is more than 260 m (850 ft) thick and has a minimum of 30 m (100 ft) of net porosity. The simulation used a CO2 injection period of 20 yr at a rate of 600,000 metric tons (t)/yr, followed by an equilibration period of 280 yr, for a total of 300 yr. After 20 yr, the total amount of CO2 injected is 12 million metric tons (Mt); after 300 yr, 9.8 Mt is modeled to remain as a free-phase (nonentrapped) supercritical CO2, 0.7 Mt is capillary-entrapped (residual) supercritical CO2, and 1.5 Mt dissolved into the brine. The injected CO2 spread to an area with a radius of 1.8 km (1.12 mi) after 20 yr of injection at a single well and to an area with a radius of 3.8 km (2.36 mi) after 300 yr. The low-permeability Eau Claire retards the upward migration of CO2. Pressures during injection at the bottom of the cap rock (1540.5-m [5054-ft] depth) are well below the fracture pressure limit of 27.9 MPa (4046.6 psi), assuming a fracture pressure gradient of 0.018 MPa/m (0.8 psi/ft) caused by the high permeability of the Mount Simon Sandstone.
Very-Long-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency in Mice

Fatty acid oxidation (FAO) defects are inborn errors of metabolism clinically associated with cardiomyopathy and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). FAO disorders often present in infancy with myocardial dysfunction and arrhythmias after exposure to stresses such as fasting, exercise, or intercurrent viral illness. It is uncertain whether the heart, in the absence of stress, is normal. We generated very-long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (VLCAD)-deficient mice by homologous recombination to define the onset and molecular mechanism of myocardial disease. We found that VLCAD-deficient hearts have microvesicular lipid accumulation, marked mitochondrial proliferation, and demonstrated facilitated induction of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, without antecedent stress. The expression of acyl-CoA synthase (ACS1), adipophilin, activator protein 2, cytochrome c, and the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 were increased immediately after birth, preceding overt histological lipidosis, whereas ACS1 expression was markedly downregulated in the adult heart. We conclude that mice with VLCAD deficiency have altered expression of a variety of genes in the fatty acid metabolic pathway from birth, reflecting metabolic feedback circuits, with progression to ultrastructural and physiological correlates of the associated human disease in the absence of stress.
"Perfect" displays and "perfect" image compression in space and time

Several topics connecting basic vision research to image compression and image quality are discussed: (1) A battery of about 7 specially chosen simple stimuli should be used to tease apart the multiplicity of factors affecting image quality. (2) A 'perfect' static display must be capable of presenting about 135 bits/min2. This value is based on the need for 3 pixels/min and 15 bits/pixel. (3) Image compression allows the reduction from 135 to about 20 bits/min2 for perfect image quality. 20 bit/min2 is the information capacity of human vision. (4) A presumed weakness of the JPEG standard is that it does not allow for Weber's Law nonuniform quantization. We argue that this is an advantage rather than a weakness. (5) It is suggested that all compression studies should report two numbers separately: the amount of compression achieved from quantization and the amount from redundancy coding. (6) The DCT, wavelet and viewprint representations are compared. (7) Problems with extending perceptual losslessness to moving stimuli are discussed. Our approach of working with a 'perfect' image on a 'perfect' display with 'perfect' compression is not directly relevant to the present situation with severely limited channel capacity. Rather than studying perceptually lossless compression we must carry out research to determine what types of lossy transformations are least disturbing to the human observer. Transmission of 'perfect', lossless images will not be practical for many years.
Tumor endothelial cells.

The vascular endothelium is a dynamic cellular “organ” that controls passage of nutrients into tissues, maintains the flow of blood, and regulates the trafficking of leukocytes. In tumors, factors such as hypoxia and chronic growth factor stimulation result in endothelial dysfunction. For example, tumor blood vessels have irregular diameters; they are fragile, leaky, and blood flow is abnormal. There is now good evidence that these abnormalities in the tumor endothelium contribute to tumor growth and metastasis. Thus, determining the biological basis underlying these abnormalities is critical for understanding the pathophysiology of tumor progression and facilitating the design and delivery of effective antiangiogenic therapies.
Use and Timeliness of Radiation Therapy After Breast-Conserving Surgery in Low-Income Women With Early-Stage Breast Cancer

Purpose: To characterize overall receipt and timeliness of radiation therapy (RT) following breast-conserving surgery among Medicaid-insured patients. Method: State cancer registry data linked with Medicaid claims from 2003 to 2009 were analyzed. Multivariate logistic and Cox proportional hazards regressions were employed. Results: Overall, 81% of patients received guideline-recommended RT. Significant variation in timing of RT initiation was documented. Having fewer comorbitidies and receiving chemotherapy were correlated with higher odds of RT initiation within 1 year. Conclusion: Although RT use in Medicaid-insured women appears to have improved since earlier studies, documented delays in RT are troublesome and warrant further investigation.
Model-based assessment of glenohumeral stability during functional neuromuscular stimulation

The potential effects of functional neuromuscular stimulation of several shoulder muscles on the stability of the glenohumeral joint were evaluated in simulation. The results indicate that such stability should be considered when devising neuroprostheses for restoring shoulder function in individuals with cervical spinal cord injuries.
The temporal specification technique for operating systems mechanisms

A technique is presented for specifying properties of concurrent programs at different levels of detail. The author models the concurrent execution of several programs by interleaved execution sequences of system states. These states can contain additional global information about programs being suspended, or about current processor allocation. Then the author uses linear, propositional temporal logic for characterizing the properties of such sequences. This enables him to specify the safety and liveness properties of concurrent programming constructs such as semaphores and communication commands of CSP. He applies the technique for specifying the functions implemented by the lowest layers of an operating system, such as processor sharing and input/output, and the low-level mechanisms used for implementing these functions, such as interrupts. >
USE OF GUIDED WAVES FOR DETECTION OF INTERIOR FLAWS IN LAYERED MATERIALS

The increasing use of composite materials in structurally critical applications necessitates the use of accurate and fast nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques. Ultrasonic NDE of continuous fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite materials faces several challenges, including the inspection of highly attenuative thick composites. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop a NDE system that can quickly examine layered composite materials through their entire thickness, yet with greater sensitivity than existing methods.
Monitoring biofilm detachment under dynamic changes in shear stress using laser-based particle size analysis and mass fractionation.

Biofilm detachment under a dynamic change in shear stress was monitored using Focused Beam Reflectance Measurements (FBRM, LASENTEC ® ) and mass fractionation. An annular reactor was used to grow biofilm with glucose as substrate. Changing the rotational speed on the inner cylinder of the annular reactor from 150 RPM to 420 RPM induced a step increase in shear stress. It was observed that the rate of detachment increased rapidly after increasing shear stress and then returned to the previous level. Erosion was the dominant process of detachment under steady state operation, whereas sloughing was dominant following the sudden increase in shear stress. After reaching steady state detachment under high shear conditions, the rotational speed was decreased for a 12-hour period. During this brief period of lower shear, the biofilm adjusted to this new condition. When the shear stress was increased again, another sharp increase in effluent solids concentration was observed. A decrease in density indicates that the biofilm became more vulnerable to shear stress after being subjected to this short period of low shear.
Water Resource Preservation Personal Values and Public Support

This study assesses the relationship of personal values to support for water resource preservation in a sample of residents of the state of Washington. The Rokeach value inventory is employed to me...
The Research on Permission Management of the Open-source Sakai Platform

The Sakai Community develops and distributes the open-source Sakai CLE, an enterprise-ready collaboration and courseware management platform that provides users with a suite of learning, portfolio, library and project tools. As an open source course management system, because of his open-source, as well as a powerful teaching function, sakai has received the great success at the global level, and its applications has also been in full carried out in domestic. In the sakai platform, the core is its permission management module, so if we want to have a comprehensive understanding of the operation and do some second developments about the sakai, let it apply in the teaching, we need to do some in-depth research about the permission management of the sakai. First of all, this article briefly introduced sakai and sakai application status at home and abroad, and it analyzed the sakai permission management from the types of user accounts and roles respectively, then it further studied the relationship among the sites, roles, users, and permissions, and lastly it given practical examples, and described how to write the permission in the development process.