cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum Mechanics of Momentum Space

In Schrodinger’s work on quantum mechanics he starts from the Hamiltonian function of the mechanical system under investigation and makes from it an operator by the process of replacing each momentum, p σ , by the differentiation operator \( \frac{h}{{2\pi i}}\frac{\partial }{{\partial {q_{\sigma }}}} \). A wave function ψ(q1…qn) is then introduced which is required to satisfy the equation $$ H\left( {\frac{h}{{2\pi i}}\frac{\partial }{{\partial q}},q} \right)\psi = W\psi $$ (1) where W is a constant. That is, the energy operator, operating on ψ must give simply a constant into the same function. Only such ψ’s as are finite and continuous throughout the range of the q’s are allowed. It is then found that such ψ’s exist only when W has certain characteristic values depending on the form of the operator H. These values of W are then taken as the allowed values of the energy. The interpretation given by Schrodinger for his function ψ however is not tenable and must be given up in favor of one due to Born that the quantity ψ(W,q) is related to the probability of finding the system in a little volume element of the coordinate space, dq, when it is known that the system is in the energy state W. This probability is in fact taken equal to $$ \psi (W,q)\bar{\psi }(W,q)dq $$ (1) where ψ is the conjugate complex function to ψ. This method of finding energy levels and this interpretation of ψ are at the heart of many of the successes of the new quantum mechanics.
Structural relaxation and order in ion-implanted Si and Ge

Raman scattering measurements are reported as a function of annealing temperature on heavily damaged, ion-implanted Ge and Si. Changes in the opticlike, TO Raman bandwidth of amorphous Ge are found to correlate with the estimated heat of structural relaxation obtained from the data of Donovan et al. This result is consistent with a bond-strain model, demonstrating that structural relaxation is primarily associated with short-range bond-angle ordering. The results also allow an estimate of the temperature dependence of the width of the bond-angle distribution to be obtained with annealing. The Raman spectra of ion-implanted Si indicate greater order in the amorphous state than similarly prepared amorphous Ge. Estimates of the corresponding heat of structural relaxation of amorphous Si suggest that this should be observable.
Robustness of collaborative recommendation based on association rule mining

Standard memory-based collaborative filtering algorithms, such as k-nearest neighbor, are quite vulnerable to profile injection attacks. Previous work has shown that some model-based techniques are more robust than k-nn. Model abstraction can inhibit certain aspects of an attack, providing an algorithmic approach to minimizing attack effectiveness. In this paper, we examine the robustness of a recommendation algorithm based on the data mining technique of association rule mining. Our results show that the Apriori algorithm offers large improvement in stability and robustness compared to k-nearest neighbor and other model-based techniques we have studied. Furthermore, our results show that Apriori can achieve comparable recommendation accuracy to k-nn.
A numerical procedure for the porous media equation

INTRODUCTION In this paper we contmue a study, mltlated m [ 11, of numencal procedures for the porous media problem, u,(u2L ~(0, x) = U,,(X), u,,(x) 2 0, t > 0, x E R (P) It 1s well known ([2]-[6]) that (P) has a umque solution u which, for each t, is supported m a fimte interval [c_(f), t+(t)] Inside the support u 1s a classical solution of (P), but across tf, U, 1s generally dlscontmuous In fact, one has
Optimization of the Main Inductor in a LCL Filter for Three Phase Active Rectifier

This paper evaluates the optimal design of the main inductor for LCL filter in a three phase active front end (AFE) rectifier. The objective is to evaluate the optimal inductance of the main inductance and its cost under various switching frequency, air flow speed, and inductance. The paper presents a detailed step by step optimization procedure to optimize main inductor with lamination materials. Then, the optimized designs under various conditions are compared and evaluated. In the end, one optimal sample is built up and tested to prove the effectiveness of the design concept.
Direct identification of lysine-33 as the principal cationic center of the ω-amino acid binding site of the recombinant kringle 2 domain of tissue-type plasminogen activator

Abstract We have generated site-specific mutants of the kringle 2 domain of tissue-type plasminogen activator ([K2 tPA ]) in order to identify directly the cationic center of the protein that is responsible for its interaction with the carboxyl group of important ω-amino acid effector molecules, such as ϵ-amino caproic acid (EACA). Molecular modeling of [K2 tPA ], docked with EACA, based on crystal structures of the kringle 2 region of prothrombin and the kringle 4 domain of human plasminogen, clearly shows that Lys33 is the only positively charged amino acid in [K2 tPA ] that is sufficiently proximal to the carboxyl group of the ligand to stabilize this interaction. In order to examine directly the importance of this particular amino acid residue in this interaction, we have constructed, expressed, and purified three recombinant (r) mutants of [K2 tPA ], viz., Lys33Thr, Lys33Leu, and Lys33Arg, and found that only the last variant retained significant ability to interact with EACA and several of its structural analogues at neutral pH. In addition, another mutated r-[K2 tPA ], i.e., Lys33His, interacts very weakly with ω-amino acids at neutral pH and much more strongly at lower pH values where His33 would be expected to undergo protonation. This demonstrates that any positively charged amino acid at position 33 satisfies the requirement for mediation of significant bindings to this class of molecules. Since, in other kringles, positively charged residues at amino acid sequence positions homologous to Lys68, Arg70, and Arg71 of [K2 tPA ] have been found to participate in kringle interactions with EACA-like compounds, we have also examined the binding of EACA, and some of its analogues, to three additional r-[K2 tPA ] variants, i.e., Lys68Ala, Arg70Ala, and Arg71Ala. In each case, binding of these ω-amino acids to the variant kringles was observed, with only the Lys68Ala variant showing a slightly diminished capacity for this interaction. These investigations provide clear and direct evidence that Lys33 is the principal cationic site in wildtype r-[K2 tPA ] that directly interacts with the carboxyl group of ω-amino acid effector molecules.
Studies of a non-cytotoxic migration inhibitory factor from human leucocytes.

LYMPHOCYTES from humans and animals with a high degree of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity and cultured in the presence of specific antigen elaborate several soluble, biologically active substances. One of these substances, migration inhibitory factor (MIF), will inhibit the normal migration of guinea-pig macrophages from capillary tubes mounted in culture media1–4. It has been reported that normal non-sensitized guinea-pig lymphocytes when cultured in the presence of non-specific lymphocyte stimulators, such as phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and antilymphocyte serum (ALS), elaborate MIF5,6. The purpose of this study was to investigate the elaboration of MIF by human peripheral leucocytes when cultured in the presence of a non-specific stimulator, PHA.
Silver lampreys (Ichthyomyzon unicuspis) lack a gonadotropin-releasing hormone- and FMRFamide-immunoreactive terminal nerve

The terminal nerve is a ganglionated cranial nerve with peripheral processes that enter the nasal cavity and centrally directed processes that enter the forebrain. Members of all classes of gnathostomes have been found to possess a terminal nerve, some components of which demonstrate immunoreactivity to the peptides Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). To explore the possibility that lampreys possess a terminal nerve, we examined the distribution of these peptides in the silver lamprey, Ichthyomyzon unicuspis, by using antisera to FMRFamide and to four forms of GnRH. We found cells with FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the preoptic area and the isthmal gray region of the mesencephalon, and found labeled fibers throughout the preoptic-infundibular region. Occasional labeled fibers were scattered through many regions of the brain, including the optic nerve and olfactory bulb; however, unlike species that possess a terminal nerve, lampreys have no immunoreactive cells or fibers in the olfactory nerve or nasal epithelia. In addition, we observed GnRH-immunoreactive cell bodies in the preoptic area of all animals and in the ventral hypothalamus of one individual. Most of the labeled fibers extended ventrally to the hypothalamus, with other fibers extending throughout the striatum and hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal region. A few fibers in other regions, including the optic nerve, were also labeled; we detected no immunoreactivity in the olfactory bulb, olfactory nerve, or nasal epithelia. The use of different GnRH antisera resulted in remarkably similar patterns of labeling of both cells and fibers. In summary, we did not observe either GnRH or FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the olfactory regions that represent the typical path of terminal nerve fibers, nor were we able to locate a terminal nerve ganglion. We conclude that lampreys may lack a terminal nerve, and that the previously described fiber bundle extending from the nasal sac to the ventral forebrain may constitute an extra-bulbar olfactory pathway. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Association of primate T-cell lymphotropic virus infection of pig-tailed macaques with high mortality.

Natural infection of humans with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and of old world nonhuman primates with the simian counterpart, STLV-I, is associated with development of neoplastic disease in a small percentage of individuals after long latent periods. HTLV-I is also the etiologic agent of a more rapidly progressive neurologic disease, HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Macaques have been used experimentally in studies to evaluate HTLV-I candidate vaccines for efficacy, but no evidence of disease was observed. Here we report experimental infection of pig-tailed macaques with STLV-I(sm) and HTLV-I(ACH), both of which were associated with a disease syndrome characterized by rapid onset, hypothermia, lethargy, and death within hours to days. Other pathologic sequelae included diarrhea, rash, bladder dysfunction, weight loss, and, in one animal, arthropathy. Both retroviruses were detected in the central nervous systems of some animals, either by culture or by direct antigen capture for p19 Gag in cerebrospinal fluid. Although virus was recovered throughout infection from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), all infected macaques maintained low antiviral antibody titers and stable proviral burdens, which generally ranged between 10 and 100 copies per 10(6) PBMC. However, of 13 macaques infected with HTLV-I(ACH) or STLV-I(sm), seven animals (54%) died between 35 weeks and 412 years after infection. This unexpected high mortality within a relatively short time suggests that infection of pig-tailed macaques might be a useful model for studying immune responses to and pathologic events resulting from HTLV-I infection.
Sentiment Flow for Video Interestingness Prediction

Computational analysis and prediction of digital media interestingness is a challenging task, largely driven by subjective nature of interestingness. Several attempts were made to construct a reliable measure and obtain a better understanding of interestingness based on various psychological study results. However, most current works focus on interestingness prediction for images. While the video affective analysis has been studied for quite some time, there are few works that explictly try to predict interestingness of videos. In this work, we extend a recent pilot study on the video interestingness prediction by using a mid-level representation of sentiment (emotion) sequence. We evaluate our proposed framework on three datasets including the datasets proposed by the pilot study and show that the result effectively verifies a promising utility of the approach.
Multigrid computations with the immersed boundary technique for multiphase flows

Multiphase flow computations involve coupled momentum, mass and energy transfer between moving and irregularly shaped boundaries, large property jumps between materials, and computational stiffness. In this study, we focus on the immersed boundary technique, which is a combined Eulerian‐Lagrangian method, to investigate the performance improvement using the multigrid technique in the context of the projection method. The main emphasis is on the interplay between the multigrid computation and the effect of the density and viscosity ratios between phases. Two problems, namely, a rising bubble in a liquid medium and impact dynamics between a liquid drop and a solid surface are adopted. As the density ratio increases, the single grid computation becomes substantially more time‐consuming; with the present problems, an increase of factor 10 in density ratio results in approximately a three‐fold increase in CPU time. Overall, the multigrid technique speeds up the computation and furthermore, the impact of the density ratio on the CPU time required is substantially reduced. On the other hand, the impact of the viscosity ratio does not play a major role on the convergence rates.
Estimating rates of substitution for protecting values at risk for initial attack planning and budgeting

Abstract With changes in land management planning and a new federal fire policy, increased emphasis has been placed on protecting a broader set of resource values such as those associated with sensitive species habitat or cultural resources. Fire managers have long needed a system for assessing values at risk across the landscape that can be implemented in accordance with the budgeting and appropriation process and that can be updated annually or every several years. A viable system has to be operational at a reasonable cost and it must support strategic planning and budgeting. Currently available valuation methods, in their entirety, can be costly and time consuming making them problematic for these purposes. Consequently, managers have become accustomed to assessing values at risk without the direct support of structured economic analysis. This paper discusses an approach (Marginal Attribute Rate of Substitution) to assessing values at risk for initial attack planning and budgeting. MARS is an attribute based method for estimating rates of substitution among fire protection attributes in a spatial context. It consists of and builds upon specific elements from well known and peer-reviewed valuation methods for resource valuation. As such, MARS relies upon stated preference, expert opinion, the hedonic price equation and other familiar procedures. The paper concludes with an empirical example of the application of MARS to a forested area in California. As the first construction of this approach it has the potential for further modification and refinement for those that may find it of interest.
Infected Hydrocele in a Neonate

Acute scrotal swelling is unusual in neonates and it is rarely secondary to an infectious process. Only 3 cases of an infected hydrocele or pyocele have been previously described in the neonatal period.l-3 We report on a 3-day-old newborn who presented with acute scrotal swelling that proved to be an infected hydrocele on surgical exploration. CASE REPORT A 3-day-old neonate presented to the emergency room with acute onset of right scrotal swelling. The patient was born at term by normal spontaneous vaginal delivery. He was discharged home on day 1 after birth following a normal physical examination by an attending pediatrician and pediatric resident. On day 3 of life the mother noticed swelling of the right testicle and irritability when it was touched. On physical examination the newborn was afebrile. The right testicle was swollen and indurated with skin erythema and tenderness to palpation. The remainder of the examination was unremarkable. Laboratory evaluations included normal complete blood count and urinalysis. Color Doppler ultrasound revealed a right paratesticular mass and high flow within the right testicle (part A of figure). Hydrocele fluid with debris was present around the right testicle, suggesting the possibility of an infectious process. Exploration was performed via a scrotal incision. A markedly thickened tunica vaginalis was identified containing approximately 3 cc of purulent material. The testicle and epididymis appeared healthy with mild erythema. A portion of the thickened tunica vaginalis was excised, and the wound
Hydrodeoxygenation of acetic acid in a microreactor

Abstract Acetic acid was used as a model compound for pyrolysis oil in a hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) study. HDO of acetic acid was performed in a packed bed microreactor. The catalyst was reduced sulfided NiMo/Al2O3. The effects of state of aggregation of acetic acid, temperature, hydrogen partial pressure, liquid flow rate, reactor diameter, and residence time on conversion, yield, space-time consumption, and space-time yield were investigated. External and internal mass transfer and heat transfer resistances were also examined in the microreactor. Temperature was a major factor in HDO of acetic acid. Many consider hydrodeoxygenation as an unattractive process due to high pressure requirements (1050–3000 psig). In this work, attempt has been made to show that HDO of acetic acid can be conducted at atmospheric pressure with a significant conversion achieved. More acetic acid was converted during HDO as temperature was increased at constant pressure of 300 psig. Conversion was much higher for vapor phase acetic acid at atmospheric pressure than liquid phase acetic acid. HDO of gas phase acetic acid in a blank reactor compared to a catalytic HDO showed that thermal decomposition of acetic acid did not occur appreciably. Partial pressure of hydrogen above 240 psig had no effect on the conversion of liquid phase acetic acid. Conversion of vapor phase acetic acid increased as the partial pressure of hydrogen increased from 3 psig to 15 psig. Residence time was 0.06 s for a maximum conversion of liquid phase acetic acid, whereas it was 0.03 s for a maximum conversion of vapor phase acetic acid. The conversion of acetic acid for both liquid and vapor phases decreases significantly as the flow rate of acetic acid increases. As reactor diameter increases beyond 0.8 mm, the conversion reduces significantly. Mass transfer resistance was negligible at the superficial velocity of 2.54 m/s and at an average catalyst particle size of 113 μm. Radial temperature difference in the microreactor was less than 5%.
Female Adjustment to Incarceration as Influenced by Sexual Assault History

The number of female prisoners is increasing, and many of these women report a history of sexual assault. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of sexual assault on adjustment to incarceration. Females with a history of childhood and adult sexual assault were expected to show greater initial reaction and slower adjustment to incarceration than women with no history of sexual assault or a history of adult assault exclusively. Female minimum-security inmates (N = 92) at a state prison participated in interviews and completed questionnaires on initial incarceration and 2 weeks later. Results indicated that type of sexual assault history influences adjustment to prison for female inmates initially and after 2 weeks of incarceration.
Unique Collaboration between a Private College of Pharmacy and a Private Academic Health System

Advanced experiential education represents the culmination of a pharmacy student’s training, where students can apply the knowledge they have learned in the classroom to real patients. Unfortunately, opportunities for students to provide the direct patient care recommended by pharmacy organizations and accrediting bodies are lacking. Additionally, academic health systems that can provide these experiences for students are experiencing hardships that have stalled the expansion of postgraduate training programs and services. Formal cooperation between unaffiliated colleges of pharmacies and academic health systems has the potential to increase the number of experiential students completing rotations in an academic environment, expand postgraduate education training programs, enhance the development of resident educators, increase research and scholarly opportunities, and expand clinical pharmacy services. This article describes the formation of a unique joint initiative between a private academic health system without a college of pharmacy and a private college of pharmacy without a hospital. The successful cultivation of the relationship has resulted in professional growth at both institutions and can be implemented at other sites around the country to synergize the efforts of academic health systems and colleges of pharmacy.
Spatially varying crack tip stress fields and low energy dislocation substructures

A correlation between the low energy dislocation substructures formed around the crack tip and the stress field variation is obtained. It has been shown that for small yielding, the dislocation substructure follows the surfaces along which the stress levels remain constant. On the other hand, when the region ahead of the crack tip undergoes large scale yielding, the modification of the spatial variation of the crack tip stress field through the work hardening by plastic deformation becomes important. The low energy configuration of cell structure observed in the plastic zone is predicted to follow the surfaces where the shear stress or the rotational stress component remains constant. These results follow from the variation of cell size, i.e., its inverse relationship to the component of stress.
Phosphorylase activity in rat uterus after catecholamine administration

Abstract The effects of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and isoproterenol on uterine phosphorylase were studied in intact, anesthetized rats. All three agents were found to increase uterine phosphorylase a activity when administered in large doses by intraperitoneal injection. Total phosphorylase activity was unaffected. The time course for the effects of epinephrine on uterine phosphorylase activity and glycogen content was also studied. Peak phosphorylase activation occurred within 5 min after injection, and the effect had disappeared within 1 hr. Increase in phosphorylase a activity was accompanied by a decrease in uterine glycogen levels, which were still depressed at a time when phosphorylase a activity had returned to normal. Epinephrine was shown to stimulate phosphorylase a activity in the uteri of ovariectomized and estrogen-primed rats as well as in normal intact animals. Ovariectomized animals treated with estradiol had higher resting phosphorylase a activity than had normal untreated animals. The relative ability of several adrenergic blocking agents to prevent catecholamineinduced increases in uterine phosphorylase a activity was investigated, It was suggested that the catecholamines produced their effects on the uterus both directly, via β-adrenergic stimulation, and indirectly, via ischemia and resultant tissue anoxia induced by activation of a -adrenergic receptors in the uterine vasculature. The ability of epinephrine to activate uterine phosphorylase when administered by intravenous infusion was also demonstrated.
The stabilities of some transition metal 1-hydroxycyclopentanecarboxylic acid complexes☆

Abstract The formation constants of the first two species formed by some dipositive transition metal cations with the 1-hydroxycyclopentanecarboxylate (HCPC) ligand have been determined. K 1 and K 2 , the first and second successive stability constants for the systems investigated, are respectively: Cu, 630 ± 6, 60 ± 3; Ni, 66 ± 2, 20 ± 3; Co, 37 ± 1, 10 ± 2·7; Zn, 77 ± 2, 20 ± 3; Cd, 28 ± 1, 8·5 ± 3·9. Measurement was by a potentiometric method at 25°C, and a constant ionic medium (μ = 0·1) was maintained by the addition of the supporting electrolyte, sodium perchlorate. The proper acid dissociation constants ( K a ) ranging from 1·13 to 1·09 × 10 −4 were interpolated from a plot of K a against the anion concentration [A − ]. A discussion of the use of a variable acid dissociation parameter is included. Dehydration studies on the solid species were also undertaken to establish the hydrate numbers.
Male common loons, Gavia immer, communicate body mass and condition through dominant frequencies of territorial yodels

We investigated whether male-specific territorial ‘yodels’ communicate information about individual size and condition in the common loon. Individuals in better condition and of larger body mass, but not larger structural body size, produced lower-frequency yodels, and changes in dominant frequencies of yodels between years reflected changes in male body mass and condition. An acoustic playback experiment indicated that potential receivers vocalized sooner and more often in response to low-frequency yodels, a possible indication that dominant frequencies of the yodel may communicate condition-dependent fighting abilities. Physiological constraints associated with mass and/or condition may preserve honest signalling by preventing small individuals from producing low-frequency yodels.
Effects of Temperature on the Growth of Golden Shiners in Aquaria

Abstract Control of fish size is critical to baitfish production and marketing, and temperature is a major factor affecting fish growth. Temperature-dependent growth models were developed for juvenile golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas. Two 10-week trials with two juvenile sizes (0.5 and 1.0 g) were conducted in a flow-through aquarium system to determine the growth response to temperature. Four temperature treatments (15, 20, 25, and 30°C) were randomly assigned to twenty 110-L glass aquaria; 20 fish were stocked into each aquarium. Each aquarium received a constant inflow of water at a rate of approximately 200 mL/min, equivalent to a total water exchange every 9 h. Fish were hand fed twice daily to apparent satiation with a commercial minnow feed (32% crude protein) that had been crumbled and sieved (particle size < 0.85 mm). Fish in each aquarium were batch weighed and counted every 2 weeks to document growth and survival. Average survival across treatments ranged from 93% to 96% for 0.5-g fish an...
HABITAT DIFFERENCES OF THREE LIATRIS SPECIES AND THEIR HYBRID DERIVATIVES IN AN INTERBREEDING POPULATION

'The genus Liatris (Compositae) affords a favorable vehicle for an analysis of ecological and spatial isolation and their relationship to hybridization. Three biotically sympatric species, L. aspera, L. cylindracea, and L. spicata, were found within a northeastern Illinois sand--prairie. Distribution of the three Liatris species was clearly related to a series of elevation, soil moisture, organic matter, exchangeable cation, and available phosphorus gradients. Liatris aspera occupied the upper slopes and ridge tops which were high in potassium and phosphorus content but low in moisture, organic matter, calcium, and magnesium levels. Liatris spicata occurred on the lower slopes and depressions with high soil moisture, organic matter, calcium, and magnesium levels but low- potassium and phosphorus content. The third species, L. cylindracea, was restricted to the intermediate mid slopes. These distributional belts' intergraded and created broad zones of overlap with opportunities for hybridization. The extent of hybridization was related to the spatial association of species and the availability of, intermediate habitats. Hybrids had relatively narrow habitat preferences, and as such;- few of the available spectrum of habitats along the elevational gradients were suitable for their establishment.
Analysis of racial differences in incidence, survival, and mortality for malignant tumors of the uterine corpus

BACKGROUND In the United States, incidence rates for malignant tumors of the uterine corpus are lower among blacks than among whites, whereas mortality rates are higher among blacks. Reasons for the higher level of mortality among blacks have been debated. METHODS Using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program, the authors compared incidence rates by histopathologic type for malignant tumors of the uterine corpus (including uterus, not otherwise specified) during the period 1992–1998 among white Hispanic, black, and white non-Hispanic patients. The authors also compared cumulative relative survival rates for blacks and whites by histopathologic type and by other factors, and they calculated estimated type-specific mortality rates. RESULTS Overall incidence (per 100,000 woman-years) of corpus malignancy was significantly lower among white Hispanics (14.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 13.39–14.72) and blacks (15.31; 95% CI, 14.61–16.04) compared with white non-Hispanics (23.43; 95% CI, 23.06–23.81). Compared with white non-Hispanics, blacks had significantly higher incidence rates of serous/clear cell carcinoma (rate ratio, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.61–2.12), carcinosarcoma (rate ratio, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.99–2.72), and sarcoma (rate ratio, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.31–1.86). Survival was worse for blacks than for whites in every histopathologic category and in ‘usual’ types of endometrial adenocarcinoma, stratified by stage, grade, and age. Rare aggressive tumor types accounted for 53% of mortality among blacks, compared with 36% among whites. CONCLUSIONS Less favorable outcomes for usual types of endometrial adenocarcinoma and for rare aggressive tumors contribute equally to the relatively high mortality due to corpus cancer among black women. Cancer 2003;98:176–86. Published 2003 by the American Cancer Society.* DOI 10.1002/cncr.11484
Racial differences in informal labeling effects

Labeling theorists have long argued that the application of negative labels can promote rather than deter delinquent behavior. Yet, it has also been suggested that the effects of negative labeling ...
STATISTICAL MECHANICS OF THE COMBINATORIAL SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS OF FOLDING MACROMOLECULES

Combinatorial chemistry techniques provide a promising route to the design of macromolecules that acquire predetermined folded conformations. A library of sequences based on a pool of different monomer types can be synthesized, where the sequences are partially designed so as to be consistent with a particular target conformation. The library is screened for folding molecules. The number of sequences grows rapidly with the length of the polymer, however, and both the experimental and computational tabulation of sequences become infeasible. For polymers and libraries of arbitrary size, we present a self-consistent, mean-field theory that can be used to estimate the number of sequences as a function of the energy in a target structure. The theory also yields the probabilities that each position in the sequence is occupied by a particular monomer type. The theory is tested using a simple lattice model of proteins, and excellent agreement between the theory and the results of exact enumerations are observed. ...
In vivo proton spectroscopy without solvent suppression

In 1H MR spectroscopy of the human brain, it is common practice to suppress the solvent signal prior to acquisition. This reduces the large dynamic range which is otherwise required of the MR receiver and digitizer in order to detect the dilute metabolite resonances in the presence of the much larger water signal. However, complete solvent suppression is not always obtainable, particularly over large volumes and in superficial regions containing large susceptibility gradients. In this work, it demonstrated that modern commercial MR scanners possess the dynamic range necessary to adequately resolve the 1H metabolites in unsuppressed spectra. Moreover, a postacquisition method is presented which can completely remove the intact water signal and accurately quantitate the metabolite peaks. Preserving the water signal in in vivo spectroscopy has several useful benefits, such as providing a high signal-to-noise ratio internal concentration, frequency, and line shape reference. Comparison is made between suppressed and unsuppressed spectra from both a phantom and the human brain acquired at 4 T. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 13: 260–275, 2001
Infection after endoscopic ultrasound-guided aspiration of mediastinal cysts

Foregut duplication cysts are rare congenital anomalies of enteric origin that arise during early embryonic development. They are usually incidentally found on routine imaging studies. The diagnosis can usually be made by computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) appearance. On CT, cyst attenuation values usually measure 0+/-20 Hounsfield units (HU). Higher HU is possible with hemorrhage, proteinaceous material or septations. At EUS, characteristic location and anechoic as well as hypoechoic but not necessarily anechoic appearance may be suggestive of a foregut duplication cyst. EUS-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) has been thought to provide a safe, minimally invasive approach to establish the diagnosis. The purpose of this report is to highlight the potential for infectious risk of EUS-FNA for these cysts, and to suggest CT and EUS features that can suggest this diagnosis without FNA. Three patients who underwent EUS-FNA for diagnosis of incidental mediastinal lesions developed cyst infection despite accepted techniques including prophylactic antibiotics. Combined CT and EUS appearance may be sufficient in making this diagnosis without FNA. IV antibiotics may not be completely protective against infectious complications of FNA of mediastinal duplication cysts.
Evaluator Credibility as a Function of Report Style: Do Jargon and Data Make a Difference?

Communication theory suggests that the effectiveness of a communication is related to who says what, how, and to whom. This study, using a communication theory paradigm, examined the impact of diff...
Theory of a Microwave Spectroscope

The measurement of the absorption of centimeter radiation in water vapor described by Becker and Autler (preceding paper) is based on the assumption that the thermocouple readings are proportional to the $Q$ of the cavity and its contents. The conditions for this are investigated theoretically. An expression for the $Q$ of a hole in the wall of the cavity is derived for use in the measurements of $Q'\mathrm{s}$ on an absolute basis.
Quantifying the temperature dependence of glycine-betaine RNA duplex destabilization.

Glycine–betaine (GB) stabilizes folded protein structure because of its unfavorable thermodynamic interactions with amide oxygen and aliphatic carbon surface area exposed during protein unfolding. However, GB can attenuate nucleic acid secondary structure stability, although its mechanism of destabilization is not currently understood. Here we quantify GB interactions with the surface area exposed during thermal denaturation of nine RNA dodecamer duplexes with guanine–cytosine (GC) contents of 17–100%. Hyperchromicity values indicate increasing GB molality attenuates stacking. GB destabilizes higher-GC-content RNA duplexes to a greater extent than it does low-GC-content duplexes due to greater accumulation at the surface area exposed during unfolding. The accumulation is very sensitive to temperature and displays characteristic entropy–enthalpy compensation. Since the entropic contribution to the m-value (used to quantify GB interaction with the RNA solvent-accessible surface area exposed during denaturat...
Logic programming with infinite sets

Using the ideas from current investigations in Knowledge Representation we study the use of a class of logic programs for reasoning about infinite sets. Our programs reason about the codes for various infinite sets. Depending on the form of atoms allowed in the bodies of clauses we obtain a variety of completeness results for various classes of arithmetic sets of integers.
International paternalism and humanitarian governance

This article argues that paternalism is an organizing principle of the international humanitarian order. The international community is increasingly organized to preserve, protect, and promote human life, reflecting an ethics of care and impulse to intervene for the greater good. This mixture of care and control is captured by the concept of paternalism, which Gerald Dworkin famously defined as ‘the interference with a person’s liberty of action justified by reasons referring exclusively to the welfare, good, happiness, needs, interests or values of the person being coerced’. Paternalism is either present or dormant in many (if not nearly all) interventions that are designed for the betterment of people and the good of humanity. This article has four goals: 1) to reassess and examine the analytical power of this much maligned and misunderstood concept; 2) to consider the dimensions upon which paternalism varies in order to develop the concept’s value for empirical analysis; 3) to speculate how and why paternalism’s form has moved from ‘strong’ to ‘weak’ over the last hundred years; and, 4) to consider whether, why, and when paternalism might be legitimate.
Catch and the mechanism of action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on molluscan muscle: A speculation

Abstract It is speculated that catch in molluscan muscle depends on sustained high levels of free intracellular calcium ion, that 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin) in proportion to its concentration, increases the binding of intracellular calcium to a “relaxing” system, and that reduction of intracellular free calcium explains the apparent paradox that catch is relaxed while membrane excitability is increased. The speculations are based upon experiments detailing the relationship between 5-HT concentration and its action on catch and membrane excitability. An analogy is made between these results and the relationship between calcium concentration and action on contractility and membrane excitability in a striated muscle.
Designs to account for trust in social network-based sybil defenses

Social network-based Sybil defenses exploit the trust exhibited in social graphs to detect Sybil nodes that disrupt an algorithmic property (i.e., the fast mixing) in these graphs. The performance of these defenses depends on the quality of the algorithmic property and assuming a strong trust model in the underlying graph. While it is natural to think of trust value associated with the social graphs, Sybil defenses have used the social graphs without this consideration. In this paper we study paramagnetic designs to tune the performance of Sybil defenses by accounting for trust in social graphs and modeling the trust as modified random walks. Our designs are motivated by the observed relationship between the algorithmic property required for the defenses to perform well and a hypothesized trust value in the underlying graphs.
CXCR4 induction in hematopoietic progenitor cells from Fanca(-/-), -c(-/-), and -d2(-/-) mice.

Objective Bone marrow failure is a near-universal occurrence in patients with Fanconi anemia (FA) and is thought to result from exhaustion of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) pool. Retrovirus-mediated expression of the deficient protein corrects this phenotype and makes FA a candidate disease for HSC-directed gene therapy. However, inherent repopulation deficits and stem cell attrition during conventional transduction culture prevent therapeutic chimerism. Materials and Methods We previously reported rapid transduction protocols to limit stem cell losses after ex vivo culture. Here we describe a complementary strategy intended to improve repopulation through upregulation of chemokine receptor (CXCR) 4, a principal factor in hematopoietic homing. Results Using murine models with transgenic disruption of Fanca , - c , and - d2 , we found that c-kit + and sca-1 + progenitor cells express levels of CXCR4 comparable with those of wild-type littermates. Lineage-depleted progenitor populations rapidly upregulated CXCR4 transcript and protein in response to cytokine stimulation or hypoxia, regardless of genotype. Hypoxia conditioning of lineage-depleted Fancc −/− progenitors also reduced oxidative stress, improved in vitro migration and led to improved chimerism in myeloablated recipients after transplantation. Conclusion These studies provide evidence that CXCR4 regulation in progenitor cells from transgenic mice representing multiple FA genotypes is intact and that modulation of homing offers a potential strategy to offset the FA HSC repopulation deficiency.
The Work of the New Economy: Consumers, Brands and Value Creation

My goal in this article is to apprehend claims about person–product relationships now circulating in the world of business. I take up approaches that presuppose the embeddedness of economic action in shifting networks or assemblages of people and things (human and nonhuman actors), and that call attention to the agency distributed within such networks. I discuss the work of Michel Callon and his colleagues and specifically their notion of “the economy of qualities” (Callon et al. 2002). I pose two sets of related questions. First, can we translate marketing claims that relationships between consumers and corporate brands define a locus of value creation into the terms of Marx's theory of value? And how might this translation revise not only the marketing claim, but also Marx's understanding of surplus value creation? Second, can we translate the claim that value creation hinges on a dynamic relationship between corporations and consumers into terms of a theory of participatory democracy? That is, what sort of political potential might inhere in this relationship? In particular, how might this relationship endow consumers with agency not only in value creation but also in “making things public” (Bruno Latour 2005b)? I address these questions of commodity networks and consumer agency with a set of visual props drawn from my research into the sociotechnical lives of an iconic type of global commodity: Coca-Cola brand soft drinks.
The Bishop's Dilemma: Gustave Mutel and the Catholic Church in Korea, 1890–1910

Bishop Gustave Mutel (1854–1933) has been criticized for condemning An Chunggŭn (1879– 1910) for assassinating Itō Hirobumi (1841–1909). This rejection of An’s actions has led not only to scholarly criticism, but to a struggle within the Catholic Church between conservative and progressive Catholics over how authority is exercised. This debate, connected to power and framed by nationalism, at times overlooks Bishop Mutel’s own worldview. Therefore, in this study, based primarily on Mutel’s own writings, I will explore the question of why Mutel acted in the way he did from the religious perspective he held, and by doing so, I will reveal the difficult situation he and the Catholic Church faced in the waning days of the Chosŏn dynasty. I will do this by looking first at his background and religious views, then by examining his relationship with the Chosŏn and Japanese colonial states, and end by analyzing his reaction to An’s assassination of Itō. I will argue that as a missionary who focused on spiritual salvation, Mutel sought tolerance for the Catholic Church and a strong government that could protect the lives and property of Catholics, leading him to grudgingly accept the Japanese colonial state and to condemn the assassination.
Solution structure and acetyl-lysine binding activity of the GCN5 bromodomain

The solution structure of the bromodomain from the human transcriptional coactivator GCN5 has been determined using NMR methods. The structure has a left-handed four-helix bundle topology, with two short additional helices in a long connecting loop. A hydrophobic groove and deep hydrophobic cavity are formed by loops at one end of the molecule. NMR binding experiments show that the cavity forms a specific binding pocket for the acetamide moiety. Peptides containing an N(epsilon)-acetylated lysine residue bind in this pocket with modest affinity (K(D) approximately 0.9 mM); no comparable binding occurs with unacetylated peptides. The GCN5 bromodomain binds the small ligands N(omega)-acetylhistamine and N-methylacetamide, confirming specificity for the alkyl acetamide moiety and showing that the primary element of recognition is simply the sterically unhindered terminal acetamide moiety of an acetylated lysine residue. Additional experiments show that binding is enhanced if the acetyl-lysine residue occurs within the context of a basic peptide and is inhibited by the presence of nearby acidic residues and by the carboxyl group of the free acetyl-lysine amino acid. The binding of the GCN5 bromodomain to acetylated peptides appears to have little additional sequence dependence, although weak interactions with other regions of the peptide are implicated by the binding data. Discrimination between ligands of positive and negative charge is attributed to the presence of several acidic residues located on the loops that form the sides of the binding pocket. Unlike the residues forming the acetamide binding cavity, these acidic side-chains are not conserved in other bromodomain sequences, suggesting that bromodomains might display differences in substrate selectivity and specificity as well as differences in function in vivo.
Measurements on NASA Langley Durable Combustor Rig by TDLAT: Preliminary Results

Detailed knowledge of the internal structure of high-enthalpy flows can provide valuable insight to the performance of scramjet combustors. Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) is often employed to measure temperature and species concentration. However, TDLAS is a path-integrated line-of-sight (LOS) measurement, and thus does not produce spatially resolved distributions. Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Tomography (TDLAT) is a non-intrusive measurement technique for determining two-dimensional spatially resolved distributions of temperature and species concentration in high enthalpy flows. TDLAT combines TDLAS with tomographic image reconstruction. Several separate line-of-sight TDLAS measurements are analyzed in order to produce highly resolved temperature and species concentration distributions. Measurements have been collected at the University of Virginia's Supersonic Combustion Facility (UVaSCF) as well as at the NASA Langley Direct-Connect Supersonic Combustion Test Facility (DCSCTF). Measurements collected at the DCSCTF required significant modifications to system hardware and software designs due to its larger measurement area and shorter test duration. Initial LOS measurements from the NASA Langley DCSCTF operating at an equivalence ratio of 0.5 are presented. Results show the capability of TDLAT to adapt to several experimental setups and test parameters.
Reforming Health Professions Education Will Require Culture Change And Closer Ties Between Classroom And Practice

The size, composition, distribution, and skills of the health care workforce will determine the success of health care reform in the United States. Whatever the size of the workforce that will be r...
Optical absorption of lithium metal vapor at high temperatures

Abstract Experimental results are reported for a unique spectroscopic device called the Plasma Spectroscopy Cell. Optical absorption of lithium metal vapor was observed at high density and temperature. Absorption spectra are analyzed using theoretical calculations of absorption cross sections for lithium–helium interactions, and singlet and triplet state transitions of diatomic lithium in the visible spectral range. This is believed to be the most complex example yet calculated in which absolute bound–bound, bound–free, free–bound, and free–free contributions for all possible optically allowed transitions are all included, in quite respectable agreement with experiment.