cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aircraft routing under the risk of detection

The deterministic problem for finding an aircraft's optimal risk trajectory in a threat environment has been formulated. The threat is associated with the risk of aircraft detection by radars or similar sensors. The model considers an aircraft's trajectory in three-dimensional (3-D) space and represents the aircraft by a symmetrical ellipsoid with the axis of symmetry directing the trajectory. Analytical and discrete optimization approaches for routing an aircraft with variable radar cross-section (RCS) subject to a constraint on the trajectory length have been developed. Through techniques of Calculus of Variations, the analytical approach reduces the original risk optimization problem to a vectorial nonlinear differential equation. In the case of a single detecting installation, a solution to this equation is expressed by a quadrature. A network optimization approach reduces the original problem to the Constrained Shortest Path Problem (CSPP) for a 3-D network. The CSPP has been solved for various ellipsoid shapes and different length constraints in cases with several radars. The impact of ellipsoid shape on the geometry of an optimal trajectory as well as the impact of variable RCS on the performance of a network optimization algorithm have been analyzed and illustrated by several numerical examples. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006
Analysis of membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins in prostate cancer.

Abstract Objectives Membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins (mCRPs) are ubiquitously expressed throughout the cells of the hematopoietic system and protect host cells from complement-mediated lysis. The expression and functionality of mCRPs have been demonstrated in several types of cancers; however, no clear correlation has been appreciated between tumor stage and mCRP expression. Methods We investigated the expression pattern of CD46, CD55, CD59, and CD97 (a receptor for CD55) in prostate cancer by tissue microarray analysis using high-density tissue microarrays spotted with tissue cores from biopsy and autopsy specimens. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm the tissue microarray data by quantifying mRNA expression in clinically identified tissue specimens. Results CD55 and CD97 demonstrated increased expression in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, localized prostate cancer, and metastatic prostate cancer specimens compared with normal tissue specimens. No appreciable difference was seen in CD46 or CD59 expression. These data were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction of mRNA expression levels in grossly identified specimens. Conclusions These data suggest that mCRPs are differentially expressed in prostate cancer, with CD55 the predominant mCRP upregulated in malignant prostate epithelial cells. Additionally, CD97 expression correlated with the malignant phenotype and may contribute to the tumorigenic and metastatic potential of prostate cancer.
Design of a Universal Inductive Charger for Multiple Electric Vehicle Models

Inductive power transfer technology has become a popular solution for battery charging of electric vehicles (EVs). However, problems such as varied magnetic coupling caused by coil misalignment still limit its practical applications, by safety and stability issues. Meanwhile, the growing market of EVs asks for a universal charger for various models. This paper presents the design process of a universal inductive charger (UIC) for EVs. The proposed UIC is capable of adaptively providing a constant or controllable charging voltage to various EVs, with a wide range of varied magnetic coupling between the transmitting and receiving coils. With a series-connected LC circuit, zero-voltage switching of the primary dc–ac inverter is universally realized in every charging cycle. A simple yet effective control method based on the frequency variation is used to automatically select the optimal frequency in different coupling conditions and adjust the frequency during the charging process. The design of the charging interface is also optimized with higher efficiency and power-transfer capability. Simulations and prototypes validate that the proposed UIC is accurate, robust, and applicable.
Chemoprevention strategies: The relevance of premalignant and malignant lesions of the upper aerodigestive tract

Patients with premalignant and malignant lesions of the upper aerodigestive tract have historically been the focus of chemoprevention trials within the United States. Experience with this population has formed the basis for trials involving other environmentally induced cancers such as lung and bladder. Given that head and neck cancer patients are at risk for second primary malignancies, prevention strategies can be directed towards decreasing mortality from these metachronous neoplasias. Validity of these strategies, including risk determination, intermediate endpoints, and preventive efficacy of single and combination agents, can be determined. Current limitations in chemoprevention trials involving these patients relate to the sporadic nature of the disease. In fact, the prevalence of oral premalignancy within the United States has not been clearly defined. Individual physician experience with this disease process is limited. Organizational efforts should therefore be directed towards facilitating clinical trials involving dentists, oral surgeons, head and neck surgeons, and other primary health care providers in the community. Risk factors which identify clinically defined normal or premalignant tissue at risk for malignant progression need to be better defined.
THE EFFECTS OF CORPORATE RESTRUCTURING ON AGGREGATE INDUSTRY SPECIALIZATION

It has been widely argued that the purpose of corporate restructuring during the 1980s was to produce a population of more industry-specialized, competitive firms in response to intensifying global competition. A number of studies show that corporate restructuring resulted in increased corporate focus during the 1980s. However, no study has yet examined whether corporate restructuring resulted in increased specialization at the industry level during the 1980s. This study examines this issue. First, we examine whether or not aggregate industry specialization increased during the 1980s. That is, we ask: did the average firm in any given U.S. industry become more or less specialized to that industry during the 1980s? Second, we examine whether corporate restructuring was a significant determinant of change in aggregate industry specialization during the 1980s. Using a sample of 686 four-digit SIC industries and 64 two-digit industry groups, this study finds that aggregate industry specialization declined very slightly at both the four-digit and two-digit level between 1981 and 1989. This study also finds that sell-offs of establishments through corporate control transactions or interfirm asset sales had no significant effect on aggregate industry specialization.
A reductionist approach to the analysis of learning in brain---computer interfaces

The complexity and scale of brain---computer interface (BCI) studies limit our ability to investigate how humans learn to use BCI systems. It also limits our capacity to develop adaptive algorithms needed to assist users with their control. Adaptive algorithm development is forced offline and typically uses static data sets. But this is a poor substitute for the online, dynamic environment where algorithms are ultimately deployed and interact with an adapting user. This work evaluates a paradigm that simulates the control problem faced by human subjects when controlling a BCI, but which avoids the many complications associated with full-scale BCI studies. Biological learners can be studied in a reductionist way as they solve BCI-like control problems, and machine learning algorithms can be developed and tested in closed loop with the subjects before being translated to full BCIs. The method is to map 19 joint angles of the hand (representing neural signals) to the position of a 2D cursor which must be piloted to displayed targets (a typical BCI task). An investigation is presented on how closely the joint angle method emulates BCI systems; a novel learning algorithm is evaluated, and a performance difference between genders is discussed.
Endocardial and intimal lesions (jet impact) as possible sites of origin of murmurs.

This series of papers constituted the second Symposium on Cardiovascular Sound conducted in association with the Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association. The symposium took place on Friday, October 25, 1957, at the Hotel Sherman in Chicago. The chairman of the morning sessions was Dr. Hans H. Hecht of Salt Lake City; Dr. J. Willis Hurst of Atlanta was chairman for the afternoon sessions. The first symposium was published in Circulation 16: 270, and 414, 1957. This publication was made possible by a grant-in-aid front the National Heart Institute, U.S. Public Health Service, and by contributions from Mr. Arthur L. Humphries, The Rena and Walter Burke Foundation, Lakeside Laboratories, Burroughs-Welcome Company, and the Wyeth Laboratories.
Re-innervation of submucosal arterioles by myenteric neurones following extrinsic denervation.

Abstract We used a combination of selective lesions, immunohistochemistry and video monitoring of arteriolar diameter to determine the source of the changes in vasodilator innervation to guinea pig ileal submucosal arterioles which occur following removal of their extrinsic sympathetic and sensory nerve fibre input. A non-cholinergic neurogenic vasodilation appeared in arterioles in which extrinsic denervation was performed 50–90 days previously. The non-cholinergic innervation did not result from regrowth of extrinsic fibres because the neurogenic response was not altered by combining long-term denervation with capsaicin treatment or re-denervation 7 days prior to examination. However, non-cholinergic neurogenic vasodilations were not observed in arterioles which had been subjected to long-term denervation combined with a myectomy 7 days prior to examination. Immunohistochemical co-localization of SP and CGRP in these vessels confirmed previous findings that a prominent SP perivascular nerve plexus appeared after long-term denervation. Perivascular SP-containing fibres that appeared after long-term denervation were unaffected by capsaicin or re-denervation but were absent from preparations in which long-term denervation and myectomy were performed. These results demonstrate that myenteric neurones are the source of the non-cholinergic innervation which appears after extrinsic denervation and support our previous conclusion that SP is the neurotransmitter responsible for this non-cholinergic vasodilation in submucosal arterioles of the small intestine.
A Second Look at the Cost of Mandatory Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B Virus Testing for Healthcare Workers Performing Invasive Procedures

Recently in this journal, Dr. Julie Gerberding analyzed the financial cost to a hospital of testing healthcare workers for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) and restricting the employment of healthcare workers infected with these viruses.’ Dr. Gerberding calculated that a 350-bed university-affiliated public teaching hospital in San Francisco, California, would incur an annual cost of $433,875 to test healthcare workers performing invasive procedures and a cost of $402,125 to replace and retrain HIV-infected healthcare workers. On the basis of these estimates, she concluded that “the total cost of implementing [such] a testing program...for all healthcare workers is staggering” and that other methods of reducing the risk of HIV transmission from healthcare workers to patients should be considered more carefully.
The Jolly Hangman, the Jailed Journalist, and the Decline of Singapore’s Death Penalty

British journalist Alan Shadrake was convicted of contempt of court in 2010 for writing a book about capital punishment in Singapore. This article uses that book and other sources to analyze four aspects of Singapore’s death penalty. It begins with a profile of Darshan Singh, the hangman who executed 1,000 persons over the past half-century. The article then shows that Singapore’s system of mandatory capital punishment does not produce consistency in death penalty decision-making. Next the article argues that the prosecution of Shadrake increased criticism of capital punishment in Singapore by propelling his book to bestseller status. This is followed by an explanation of why the number of persons executed in Singapore has declined in recent years, from an average of 66 per year in the mid-1990s to an average of 5 per year since 2004. The key proximate cause of this decline appears to be prosecutors, who can use their discretion to charge defendants for possessing amounts of heroin, cannabis, cocaine, and methamphetamine that are just under the thresholds for a mandatory death sentence. Capital punishment in Singapore is not really mandatory, and it cannot escape the problems of bias and arbitrariness that have long plagued discretionary death penalty systems in the United States, Japan, and other nations.
Growth of Tilapia nilotica in ponds with differing histories of organic fertilization.

Abstract A series of six 0.04 ha ponds that had received varying rates of organic fertilization during 1976 and 1977 were each stocked with 200 Tilapia nilotica for a 3.5 month period during the 1978 growing season. Slotted feeding floors were placed over five of the six ponds and two growing-finishing hogs were placed on each feeding floor. The sixth pond received neither manure nor supplemental feed. Growth of T. nilotica was most rapid in ponds that had a history of relatively high manuring rates. Condition factors paralleled fish growth. Survival was 75% or more in each of the ponds with no apparent correlation between percent survival and history of manuring. Water quality was similar and acceptable for tilapia in each of the six ponds. The data indicated that a stocking rate of 50 hogs/ha can result in high fish yields; and that the history of a pond's experimental use influences subsequent experimental results.
Coherent Stark Levels in Beam-Foil-Excited Fast Rydberg Atoms

Hydrogen atoms are excited into high Rydberg states following fast proton impact on a thin carbon foil. The effects of various electromagnetic fields on these atoms are observed by measuring the integral ionization yield in an additional constant electric field. These experiments reveal oscillations in that yield, regularly spaced as a function of electric field. A model is outlined that quantitatively describes the observed field dependence. This new phenomenon indicates selective excitation of the Stark substates.
Heat treatment induced bacterial changes in irrigation water and their implications for plant disease management

A new heat treatment for recycled irrigation water using 48 °C for 24 h to inactivate Phytophthora and bacterial plant pathogens is estimated to reduce fuel cost and environmental footprint by more than 50 % compared to current protocol (95 °C for 30 s). The objective of this study was to determine the impact of this new heat treatment temperature regime on bacterial community structure in water and its practical implications. Bacterial communities in irrigation water were analyzed before and after heat treatment using both culture-dependent and -independent strategies based on the 16S ribosomal DNA. A significant shift was observed in the bacterial community after heat treatment. Most importantly, bacteria with biological control potential—Bacillus and Paenibacillus, and Pseudomonas species became more abundant at both 48 and 42 °C. These findings imply that the new heat treatment procedure not only controls existing plant pathogens but also may make the heat-treated irrigation water a more antagonistic environment against plant pathogens, promoting sustainable disease management.
Phenotypic diversity and expression of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons during postnatal development in lumbar spinal cord of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67–green fluorescent protein mice

The synthesis enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65 or GAD67) identifies neurons as GABAergic. Recent studies have characterized the physiological properties of spinal cord GABAergic interneurons using lines of GAD67-green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice. A more complete characterization of their phenotype is required to better understand the role of this population of inhibitory neurons in spinal cord function. Here, we characterize the distribution of lumbar spinal cord GAD67-GFP neurons at postnatal days (P) 0, 7, and 14, and adult based on their co-expression with GABA and determine the molecular phenotype of GAD67-GFP neurons at P14 based on the expression of various neuropeptides, calcium binding proteins, and other markers. At all ages >67% of GFP(+) neurons were also GABA(+). With increasing age; (i) GFP(+) and GABA(+) cell numbers declined, (ii) ventral horn GFP(+) and GABA(+) neurons vanished, and (iii) somatic labeling was reduced while terminal labeling increased. At P14, vasoactive intestinal peptide and bombesin were expressed in approximately 63% and approximately 35% of GFP(+) cells, respectively. Somatostatin was found in a small number of neurons, whereas calcitonin gene-related peptide never co-localized with GFP. Moderate co-expression was found for all the Ca(2+) binding proteins examined. Notably, most laminae I-II parvalbumin(+) neurons were also GFP(+). Neurogranin, a protein kinase C substrate, was found in approximately 1/2 of GFP(+) cells. Lastly, while only 7% of GFP(+) cells contain nitric oxide synthase (NOS), these cells represent a large fraction of all NOS(+) cells. We conclude that GAD67-GFP neurons represent the majority of spinal GABAergic neurons and that mouse dorsal horn GAD67-GFP(+) neurons comprise a phenotypically diverse population.
The pH-dependent binding of goat IgG1 and IgG2 to protein A-Sepharose

Abstract Hjelm et al. (1972) introduced protein A-Sepharose to separate protein A-reactive from nonreactive immunoglubulins. In the conventional use of this procedure, all bound immunoglobulins are eluted in a single step with 1 M acetic acid. We used instead a pH gradient to elute column-bound goat immunoglobulins and resolved two major IgG components; one eluting with a peak at pH 6.7 and the other at pH 5.8. We investigated the relationship between these components and the known IgG subclasses which, in the goat, are separable by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Protein A-Sepharose chromatography of DEAE fractions indicates that the second DEAE peak, in which IgG1 is known to predominate, corresponds to the IgG eluting at pH 6.7 and that the first DEAE peak, in which IgG2 predominates, corresponds to the IgG eluting at pH 5.8. Commercial anti-bovine IgG1 reacted strongly upon double immunodiffusion with the pH 6.7 IgG and only slightly with the pH 5.8 IgG; anti-bovine IgG2, however, failed to react with either sub-population of goat IgG.
Electroluminescence in ruthenium(II) complexes.

We have investigated the electrochemical, spectroscopic, and electroluminescent properties of a family of diimine complexes of Ru featuring various aliphatic side chains as well as a more extended π-conjugated system. The performance of solid-state electroluminescent devices fabricated from these complexes using indium tin oxide (ITO) and gold contacts appears to be dominated by ionic space charge effects. Their electroluminescence efficiency was limited by the photoluminescence efficiency of the Ru films and not by charge injection from the contacts. The incorporation of di-tert-butyl side chains on the dipyridyl ligand was found to be the most beneficial substitution in terms of reducing self-quenching of luminescence.
Protallagma Runtuni Kennedy, 1939, a Synonym of Oxyallagma Dissidens (Selys), 1876: Notes on Oxyagrion and Related Genera

In 1939 the writer described Protallagma runtuni , a Coenagriid dragonfly from the high Parana of Ecuador at elevations of 4,550 to 6,250 ft. Because of similar high elevation, similar stature, hairiness, color pattern, penis and male abdominal appendages, with only slight differences in venation it was associated with Protallagma titicacae (Calvert), 1909, from the similar high plains about Lake Titicacae, Peru. A thorough enough check in the scattered literature of Andean forms was not made. In a recent review of several species of Oxyagrion in the writer's collection in an attempt to identify described forms it was discovered that Protallagma runtuni Kennedy was described by de Selys, 1S76, as Oxyagrion dissidens from Quito. De Selys placed this aberrant species by itself in âGroup 1â of his genus Oxyagrion. The writer himself (1920) had erected the genus Oxyallagma for dissidens as based on material in the Williamson collection which had been sent by Campos of Guayaquil, Ecuador, with the exact locality not indicated. The description of Oxyallagma gen. nov. (1920) reads, âCharacters as in Enallagma, except red a dominant color, no postocular spots, and penis without lateral lobes.â Runtuni is thus a synonym of Oxyallagma dissidens (Selys).
Simplifying the management of stress incontinence

Controversy exists as to how many of the newer diagnostic procedures should be used to evaluate stress incontinence. Urethral closure pressure, uroflowmetry, barium paste, and chain cystograms may be unphysiologic and studies that are not required preoperatively for every patient. Two hundred fifty-three cases in this study were evaluated by history, stress test, and urinalysis alone, if no urgency component was present. The patients with urgency and stress incontinence were studied by routine cystoscopy. These patients all had stress incontinence that was socially unacceptable. The stress test was very simple and done without foreign bodies in the urethra, without sudden bladder distention, and without irritation of bladder mucosa. The patient simply came into the office with a full bladder and a desire to void, and the stress test was done with the patient in the standing position, with one doctor and one nurse in attendance. The results of treatment with this workup are presented with follow-up.
THEORY OF NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE DETECTED BY NUCLEAR RADIATIONS.

A comprehensive theoretical description is given for the effects of magnetic resonance on the angular distribution of radiation emitted from oriented nuclear states. The formulation is made in a general way. It may be applied to an ensemble of nuclei oriented by any method: For example, nuclear reactions, angular correlations, and low-temperature nuclear orientation may be treated. In fact the theory can also be applied to optical-double-resonance experiments. Statistical tensors are defined to describe nuclear crientation in the "resonant" state. Interactions of the oriented ensemble with extranuclear fields are then considered, and the effect of a radio-frequency (rf) field on the angular distribution of radiation is given. Two formulations are given for the "pure magnetic" case, for which numerical calculations were done. One employs an angular correlation formalism, following the evolution of the density matrix in the laboratory frame $S$, while the other is more closely related to conventional NMR. In the latter approach the transformation into the frame ${S}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$, wherein the statistical tensors are time-invariant, is described in terms of a "generalized torque equation" governing the motion of a unit vector along the symmetry axis in ${S}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$. Both formulations are exact. Time-dependent distribution functions are worked out in detail, with both fixed and random-phase angles between the rf field and the initial symmetry direction. Fast oscillations due to the constant magnetic field are modulated by slow oscillations due to the rf field. Time-integral curves were calculated. These show great sensitivity to the rank of the relevant statistical tensor, to geometry, and to the phase of the rf field. Multipole structure is predicted for certain geometries, with the resonance line showing a number of maxima equal to the rank of the statistical tensor. Under certain conditions two types of asymmetry are observable. A "transient" asymmetry appears for low-rf-field values: This asymmetry is sensitive to the sign of the nuclear moment, but it disappears in high-rf fields. Odd-rank statistical tensors can also give response functions with "persistent" asymmetry that remains at high-rf fields. This is a parity effect and is not sensitive to the sign of the nuclear moment. Effects of relaxation are also discussed briefly.
Human Rehearsal Processes and the Frontal Lobes: PET Evidence

Our research is focused on working memory. This is a storage system that holds a limited amount of information for a brief time, with that information rapidly accessible and changeable from moment to moment. Such a system is essential for dealing with problems that require one to record features of a constantly changing environment, and to keep these features "on line" as they are used to guide behavior. Extensive research supports two basic claims about the neural implementation of working memory in both human and nonhuman primates: ( 1 ) Working memory is implemented in the brain by heightened neural activity in particular regions, which notably include prefrontal and parietal cortex;'.' and ( 2 ) different kinds of working memories correspond to different kinds of information. This is indicated by findings in nonhuman primates that neurons in different regions of the prefrontal cortex are active when monkeys have to store spatial information versus object information,' and by the PET findings with humans that different networks of cortical regions are active depending on whether people have to remember spatial, object, or verbal i n f ~ r m a t i o n . ~ In this paper, we emphasize human data, and try to go beyond the above two generalizations by decomposing each working memory into two basic constituents. We advance the following hypotheses:
Anisotropic Brownian diffusion near a nanostructured surface.

Abstract The Brownian diffusion of sub-micrometer-sized particles (diameter 0.52 μm) in the vicinity of a nanostructured surface was experimentally characterized. The surface consisted of a repeating pattern of rectangular grooves with depth 35 nm and pitch 400 nm. It was found that the one-dimensional particle diffusivity parallel to the nanogrooves was significantly higher than the diffusivity perpendicular to the grooves ( 1.518 ± 0.274 (S.E.) μm2/s compared to 0.704 ± 0.090 μm 2 / s ). No such anisotropy in the one-dimensional Brownian diffusivity was found for particles near a flat surface.
Interpretation of the irregularly fluctuating microbial counts in commercial dairy products

Abstract Microbial records of commercial raw milk (total counts) and two ice creams (standard plate counts, coliforms and yeasts) were de-rounded. Their autocorrelation function showed that the counts were independent and had no discernible trend or periodicity. The first half of each record was used to estimate the frequencies of high counts in the second half, assuming that the counts have a lognormal, log-Laplace or non-parametric distribution. The estimated frequencies were all on the same order of magnitude of those actually observed and in some cases in close agreement. None of the three distributions was found to be consistently superior to the others, most probably because the available records for the analysis were too short. In general, the lognormal and log-Laplace distributions yielded closer estimates than the non-parametric distribution because they allow for high counts at levels not previously recorded. The results strengthen the view that at least, in principle, the irregular fluctuating pattern of the microbial records of dairy products can be translated into a set of probabilities of future high counts, and that these can serve as a risk or quality measure.
Current standards of care for chemotherapy of optimally cytoreduced advanced epithelial ovarian cancer

There has been limited change in evidence-based primary chemotherapeutic management of optimal residual advanced ovarian cancer for more than a decade. The backbone of therapy remains a platinum agent (generally carboplatin) and a taxane (generally paclitaxel). Phase 3 randomized trial data provide support for the use of weekly paclitaxel in this setting (compared to the traditional every 3-week schedule) and the addition of bevacizumab as a component of primary management. Recently available data provide increasingly solid support for a role of regional platinum administration in at least a subset of patients with optimal residual advanced ovarian cancer and an important retrospective analysis has suggested a novel biomarker that may predict for the utility (or lack thereof) of this method of drug delivery.
Altered Cell Adhesion and Cell Viability in a p38α Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Deficient Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Line

p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase α (p38α) is a broadly expressed protein kinase that regulates growth and development. Most studies of p38α have been in somatic cells. Little is known about its function in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Using a ES cell line isolated from p38α knockout mouse embryos (p38α –/– ES cells), we investigated roles of p38α in the regulation of ES cell activities. p38α –/– ES cells displayed several altered features different from wild-type cells. The major findings are that p38α –/– ES cells have significantly increased cell adhesion to several extracelluar matrix proteins, correlating with elevated phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin. p38α –/– ES cells also showed increased cell viability, correlating with increased expression of survivin and activation of AKT (protein kinase B), two molecules that are known to improve cell viability. p38α –/– ES cells reach confluence faster than wild-type cells in routine cell culture. However, this is not due to a high...
Hydrography of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the North Atlantic

The distribution and optical absorption characteristics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) were systematically investigated along three meridional transects in the North Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea conducted as part of the 2003 US CLIVAR/CO2 Repeat Hydrography survey. Hydrographic transects covered in aggregate a latitudinal range of 51 to 621 north along longitudes 201W (line A16N, Leg 1), 521W (A20), and 661W (A22). Absorption spectra of filtered seawater samples were collected and analyzed for depths ranging from the surface to ! 6000m, sampling all the ocean water masses in the western basin of the subtropical North Atlantic and several stations on the North and South American continental slopes. The lowest surface abundances of CDOM (o 0.1m " 1 absorption coefficient at 325nm) were found in the central subtropical gyres while the highest surface abundances (! 0.7m " 1 ) were found along the continental shelves and within the subpolar gyre, confirming recent satellite-based assessments of surface CDOM distribution. Within the ocean interior, CDOM abundances were relatively high (0.1‐0.2m " 1 absorption coefficient at 325nm) except in the subtropical mode water, where a local minimum exists due to the subduction of low CDOM surface waters during mode water formation. In the subthermocline water masses of the western basin, changes in CDOM abundance are not correlated with increasing ventilation age as assessed using chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) concentrations and the atmospheric CFC history. But dissolved organic carbon (DOC) mass-specific absorption coefficients of CDOM increase with increasing ventilation age in the deep sea, indicating that CDOM is a refractory component of the DOC pool. The overall CDOM distribution in the North Atlantic reflects the rapid advection and mixing processes of the basin and demonstrates that remineralization in the ocean interior is not a significant sink for CDOM. This supports the potential of CDOM as a tracer of ocean circulation processes for subducted water masses. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
INTRACELLULAR EVENTS DURING THE ACTIVATION OF CORTICAL EPILEPTIFORM DISCHARGES.

Abstract 1. 1. The problem of reflex epilepsy has been investigated experimentally. Cortical epileptogenic foci were produced by topical application of penicillin in 33 cats (acute preparations). The characteristic electrographic manifestations within such foci were studied (by means of surface electrode and intracellular micro-pipettes) with specific reference to the effects elicited by various types and parameters of electrical stimulation. 2. 2. “Triggering” of epileptiform paroxysms and the modifications of this phenomenon observed in different conditions and with certain stimulation parameters have been described and analyzed at the cellular level. 3. 3. The findings suggest that the periodically recurring, paroxysmal depolarization shifts (PDS) which characterize the behavior of “epileptic” neurons are of a graded nature. Presence and duration of the hyperpolarizing shifts which commonly follow each PDS may determine, but do not seem to be the exclusive factor for the upper limit of stimulation frequency at which “triggering” is possible. 4. 4. The latency with which the PDSs are triggered is highly variable and can be modified by various factors. It might be excessively long and, in any case, it was always longer than that for isolated “normal” spikes activated by the same stimulus. Such latency could often be shown to correspond to the time required for a decrease of the membrane polarization to critical levels. It is suggested that this delay results from a progressive recruitment of a certain number of elements which would then act as a pacemaker for the entire epileptic neuronal population.
Arthroscopic Capsular Plication in the Treatment of Shoulder Pain in Competitive Swimmers

Shoulder pain is a common and difficult problem in competitive swimmers due to cumulative loads from repetitive overhead motion. Capsular laxity has been implicated as a potential etiology for shou...
The resonance strategy

Abstract Especially in mathematics and in logic, lemmas (basic truths) play a key role for proving theorems. In ring theory, for example, a useful lemma asserts that, for all elements x , the product in either order of 0 and x is 0; in two-valued sentential (or propositional) calculus, a useful lemma asserts that, for all x , x implies x . Even in algorithm writing and in circuit design, lemmas play a key role: minus ( minus ( x )) = x in the former and NOT(AND( x , y )) = OR(NOT( x ),NOT( y )) in the latter. Whether the object is to prove a theorem, write an algorithm, or design a circuit, and whether the assignment is given to a person or (preferably) to an automated reasoning program, the judicious use of lemmas often spells the difference between success and failure. In this article, we focus on what might be thought of as a generalization of the concept of lemma, namely, the concept of resonator , and on a strategy, the resonance strategy , that keys on resonators. For example, where in Boolean groups—those in which the square of every x is the identity element e —the lemmas yzyz = e and yyzz = e are such that neither generalizes the other, the resonator (formula schema) ∗ ∗ ∗∗ = e , by using each occurrence of “star” to assert the presence of some variable, generalizes and captures (in a manner that is discussed in this article) both lemmas. Note that the cited resonator, if viewed as a lemma with star replaced by some chosen variable, captures neither cited lemma as an instance. Lemmas of a theory are provably “true” in the theory and, therefore, can be used to complete an assignment. In contrast, resonators, which capture collections of equations or collections of formulas that may or may not include truths, are used by the resonance strategy to direct the search for the information needed for assignment completion. In addition to discussing how one finds useful resonators, we detail various successes, in some of which the resonance strategy played a key role in obtaining a far better proof and in some of which the resonance strategy proved indispensable. The successes are taken from group theory, Robbins algebra, and various logic calculi.
Detection and structural characterization of amino polyaromatic hydrocarbon-deoxynucleoside adducts using fast atom bombardment and tandem mass spectrometry

Fast atom bombardment (FAB) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) are shown to be useful methods for the detection and structural characterization of nanogram amounts of amino polyaromatic hydrocarbon-nucleoside DNA adducts. The positive ion spectra of four aromatic amine guanosine adducts were studied in detail. The FAB spectra of these adducts exhibit an [MH]+ ion and a more abundant aglycon fragment ion, [AH2]+, which results from the loss of the deoxyribose sugar. The sensitivity of the adducts to FAB was enhanced by preparing trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivatives. High-quality full-scan spectra could be obtained on less than 70 ng of the derivatized adducts without signal averaging. With a B/E-linked scan of the [MH]+ ion for the TMS2 species, these same adducts could be detected by examination of their metastable ion spectra at levels as low as 4-5 ng (S/N greater than 10). Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the [MH]+ ion yields the aglycon fragment and an ion, S1, which results from cleavage through the sugar. The CID spectrum of the aglycon [AH2]+ ion is much more useful, providing structural information relating to the base, the polyaromatic hydrocarbon, and, possibly, the site of covalent attachment. Differentiation of isomeric aminophenanthrene-guanine adducts was demonstrated on the basis of the CID spectra of their respective [AH2]+ ions. The use of TMS derivatives also improves the sensitivity of these methods.
Operant behavior of rats exposed to lead before or after weaning

Abstract Rats were exposed to lead (Pb) before or after weaning. For preweaning exposures, nursing dams received 0.2% Pb acetate(1090 ppm Pb) in drinking water. Offspring treated after weaning consumed the same concentration. Tapwater served as the control fluid. Pre-post treatments were distributed among four experimental groups of 10 rats each: tap water-tap water, Pb-tap water, tap water-Pb, Pb-Pb. Operant behavior training began on Postnatal Day 58. Animals performed on a multiple reinforcement schedule of food presentation consisting of fixed-interval, fixedratio, and time out components. Statistical analyses of experimental sessions 4 to 11 (Postnatal Days 72 to 79) revealed that postweaning exposure significantly lengthened the median interval (interresponse time) between consecutive responses on both the interval and ratio schedules. Preweaning exposure alone tended to produce a shortening of the median interresponse time. Other performance indices and subsequent variations of ratio size showed similar but not significantly different relationships among the treatment groups. No significant histopathology was detected. Brain and blood Pb concentrations were consistent with the treatment protocol.
Control of cytoplasmic actin gel–sol transformation by gelsolin, a calcium-dependent regulatory protein

The peripheral cytoplasm of macrophages is involved in the control of locomotion, secretion and endocytosis, events common to many eukaryotic cells. During these activities, the cortical cytoplasm, which contains numerous actin filaments1,2, appears to undergo reversible gel–sol transformations3: cycles of gelation and solation are demonstrable in suitably prepared macrophage extracts, and the gels contain tangled actin filaments4. These changes in consistency of cytoplasmic actin may regulate motile events in the macrophage periphery. Calcium in micromolar concentrations prevents gelation of crude macrophage cytoplasmic extracts4, providing a possible link to abundant indirect evidence implicating calcium in the regulation of locomotion, secretion and endocytosis5. Similar calcium-sensitive gelation phenomena occur in crude cell extracts from diverse cell types and may have a relevance for control of cell movements in general6–11. Actin gelation results from the cross-linking of actin filaments (F-actin) by other proteins. In macrophages, a high molecular weight actin-binding protein (ABP) is the principal actin cross-linking protein12. Cross-linking of actin by these purified actin-binding proteins, however, is insensitive to changes in the calcium concentration4,12, so that another factor must mediate the expression of a calcium effect. We have now isolated such a calcium-dependent regulatory protein from macrophages and call it gelsolin.
An in vivo model for investigating bilateral synaptic plasticity across CA3/CA1 synapses in guinea pig dorsal hippocampus

A method is described for concurrent investigation of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the left and right CA1 synapses in dorsal hippocampi in guinea pig in vivo. Briefly, animals are anesthetized with urethane, and small access holes are made in the skull through which electrodes are lowered to stimulate the left CA3 and record from both CA1 regions. Using this animal model, we have found that LTP is produced in both CA1 regions, following conditioning stimulation to the left CA3. However, in some animals LTP occurred in the left CA1 without concomitant synaptic potentiation in the contralateral CA1. We also observed that in some experiments synaptic potentiation in the contralateral CA1, when present, decayed to baseline levels even though LTP persisted in the ipsilateral CA1. To conclude, our data on bilateral LTP demonstrates findings that are best addressed in vivo.
Adaptive ML neural network based receiver for Q/sup 2/PSK modulated data-transmission systems

The maximum-likelihood (ML) receiver structure is derived for the detection of digital data symbols transmitted using a four-dimensional signalling scheme in the presence of intersymbol interference and additive white Gaussian noise. The transmitter employs quadrature-quadrature phase-shift keying (Q/sup 2/PSK) which is a relatively new spectrally efficient modulation scheme and can be considered as two minimum-shift-keying type signalling schemes in parallel. The implementation of this receiver is discussed and an artificial neural network capable of computing the maximum-likelihood estimate of the transmitted sequence is described. Mapping of the derived objective function onto the artificial neural network structure is carried out and a neural network based receiver is presented. Preliminary simulation results are also presented showing promising error rates for several intersymbol interference durations with and without fading. >
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PREDATION RISK AND ANTIPREDATOR RESPONSES IN LARVAL ANURANS

Organisms that produce alternative, nondiscrete phenotypes in response to environmental conditions are expected to alter their phenotypes in relation to the degree of environmental change. This idea has been applied to the evolution of antipredator responses by prey, in which it has been hypothesized that prey should respond more strongly to predators that pose greater mortality risk. In a companion paper, I quantified predator-induced behavioral and morphological responses in six species of larval anurans across five different predator environments and found that these responses were prey- and predator-specific. In the present study, I addressed whether the responses were related to the level of predation risk posed by each of the predators. Within each prey species, I found that different predators posed different levels of predation risk; within each predator species, different prey species experienced different levels of risk. The differences in predation risk could be understood mechanistically after I quantified differences among predators in their ability to capture, handle, and consume prey and differences among prey in behavior and morphology. Using multivariate analyses, I found that predation risk had no significant effect on how a given prey responds to predators, although there were significant univariate behavioral effects; higher predation risk was related to greater decreases in activity and greater spatial avoidance. I also examined the relationship between risk and response across the six prey species within a predator treatment and found that higher predation risk across species leads to greater decreases in activity in the presence of Umbra and greater increases in tail depth in the presence of Anax. Thus, while previous studies have found relationships between predation risk and prey response when focusing on relatively few species, few predators, and a single trait, this more powerful test using 30 predator–prey combinations and nine traits suggests that the relationship is not well supported. This finding arises from the fact that larval anurans, as well as many other taxa, exhibit predator- and prey-specific behavioral and morphological changes in response to predator- and prey-specific risk.
The Perils of a Public Intellectual

In 1939 George W. Hartmann was Chairman of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI) and a prominent activist-scholar. By the end of World War II, his teaching career and psychological health lay in ruin, and he never reestablished his influence as a psychopolitical expert. This article traces the rise and fall of Hartmann's career and its unique mixture of Gestalt psychology, socialism, and anti-Communism. Unpublished correspondence, family papers, and files from the FBI and other intelligence agencies are used to recreate Hartmann's political personae—including Socialist electoral candidate, chairman of Peace Now, and leader of the War Resisters League. His life as a public intellectual is used to reflect upon the nature of psychological expertise at midcentury.
Micro-optimization of floating-point operations

This paper describes micro-optimization, a technique for reducing the operation count and time required to perform floating-point calculations. Micro-optimization involves breaking floating-point operations into their constituent micro-operations and optimizing the resulting code. Exposing micro-operations to the compiler creates many opportunities for optimization. Redundant normalization operations can be eliminated or combined. Also, scheduling micro-operations separately allows dependent operations to be partially overlapped. A prototype expression compiler has been written to evaluate a number of micro-optimizations. On a set of benchmark expressions operation count is reduced by 33% and execution time is reduced by 40%.
Age at First Birth, Health, and Mortality

The biodevelopmental view sees the readiness and soundness of the organism at the time of first birth as its prime link to health and survival years and decades later. It suggests an optimum age at first birth shortly after puberty. The biosocial view emphasizes social correlates and consequences of age at first birth that may influence health and survival many years later. It suggests that better health and survival come from delaying motherhood as long as possible, perhaps indefinitely. Analyses consistently find patterns more in keeping with the biosocial view in a U.S. national sample of women ages 25 through 95. The fitted curves show high levels of current health problems among women who first gave birth in or shortly after puberty. Problems drop steadily the longer that first birth was delayed, up to about age 34, then rise increasingly steeply, particularly after about age 40. For women currently of the same age, the ratio of health problems expected given first birth under age 18 versus around age 34 equals that from currently being 14 years older. Health problems rise steeply with length of having delayed beyond age 40. Mortality hazard also declines with having delayed first birth well beyond the end of puberty. The ratio of mortality hazard between mothers with teenage versus late first births equals that from a 10-year difference in current age. Comparison to nonmothers of similar age and race/ethnicity shows that the correlation of motherhood with health problems and mortality hazard switches from detrimental to beneficial with delay beyond about age 22.