cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The behavior of extreme cold air outbreaks under greenhouse warming

Climate model output is used to analyze the behavior of extreme cold-air outbreaks (CAOs) under recent and future climatic conditions. The study uses daily output from seven GCMs run under late-twentieth century and projected twenty-first century radiative conditions (SRES A1B greenhouse gas emission scenario). We define a CAO as an occurrence of two or more consecutive days during which the local mean daily surface air temperature is at least two standard deviations below the local wintertime mean temperature. In agreement with observations, the models generally simulate modern CAOs most frequently over western North America and Europe and least commonly over the Arctic. These favored regions for CAOs are located downstream from preferred locations of atmospheric blocking. Future projections indicate that CAOs—defined with respect to late-twentieth century climatic conditions—will decline in frequency by 50 to 100% in most of the Northern Hemisphere during the twenty-first century. Certain regions, however, show relatively small changes and others actually experience more CAOs in the future, due to atmospheric circulation changes and internal variability that counter the thermodynamic tendency from greenhouse forcing. These areas generally experience greater near-surface wind flow from the north or the continent during the twenty-first century and/or are especially prone to atmospheric blocking events. Simulated reductions in CAOs are smallest in western North America, the North Atlantic, and in southern regions of Europe and Asia. The Eurasian pattern is driven by a strong tendency for the models to produce sea-level pressure (SLP) increases in the vicinity of the Mediterranean Sea (intermodel mean of 3 hPa), causing greater advection of continental air from northern and central Asia, while the muted change over western North America is due to enhanced ridging along the west coast and the increased frequency of blocking events. The North Atlantic response is consistent with a slowdown of the thermohaline circulation, which either damps the warming regionally or results in a cooler mean climate in the vicinity of Greenland. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
A critique of offshore liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal policy

Abstract The Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 amended the Deepwater Port Act of 1974 to permit the construction of offshore liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals. Terminals with environmentally destructive open-loop regasification systems were quickly approved in the Gulf of Mexico. This study analyzed the political methods of the George W. Bush administration to determine how it developed offshore LNG. Findings showed that the Bush administration worked closely with the energy industry to promote national energy security and limited the role of certain federal and state agencies through a centralized policy process.
Inciting events associated with lumbar disc herniation

Abstract Background context No prior study has investigated the frequency of patient-identified inciting events in lumbar disc herniation (LDH) or their clinical significance. Purpose To examine the clinical frequency of patient-identified inciting events in LDH, and to identify associations between the presence of inciting events and the severity of the clinical presentation. Study design/setting Cross-sectional analysis of data from a cohort study with prospective recruitment, with retrospective data collection on inciting events. The setting was a hospital-based specialty spine clinic. Patient sample One hundred fifty-four adults with lumbosacral radicular pain and LDH confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Outcome measures Self-report measures of disability measured by the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), the visual analog scale (VAS) for leg pain, and the VAS for back pain. Methods Dependent variables included the presence of a patient-identified inciting event, which were categorized as spontaneous onset, nonlifting physical activity, heavy lifting (>35 lbs), light lifting ( Results Sixty-two percent of LDH did not have a specific patient-identified event associated with onset of symptoms. Nonlifting activities were the most common inciting event, comprising 26% of all LDH. Heavy lifting (6.5%), light lifting (2%), nonexertional occurrences (2%), and physical trauma (1.3%) accounted for relatively small proportions of all LDH. Patient-identified inciting events were not significantly associated with a more severe clinical presentation in crude analyses. Spontaneous LDH was significantly associated with higher baseline ODI scores in multivariate analysis, although the magnitude of this effect was small. There were no significant associations (p≤.05) between the presence of a lifting-associated event and the outcomes of ODI, VAS leg pain, or VAS back pain. Conclusions The majority of LDH occurred without specific inciting events. A history of an inciting event was not significantly associated with a more severe clinical presentation. There was no significant association between the occurrence of a lifting-related event and the severity of the clinical presentation. This information may be useful in the counseling of patients recovering from acute LDH.
Supergene oxidation of bonanza Au-Ag veins at the Sleeper Deposit, Nevada, USA: implications for hydrogeochemical exploration in the Great Basin

Abstract Supergene gold of high fineness, chlorargyrite (AgCl), and alunite occur in veinlets and vugs in the upper 30 m of bonanza Au-Ag veins at the Sleeper deposit, Humboldt County, Nevada. Gold and silver were leached from the primary electrum under acidic conditions caused by iron-sulfide oxidation. In addition, post-ore hydrothermal alteration associated with hot-spring systems along high angle Basin and Range faults may have caused similar Au-Ag leaching on a local scale. Gold and silver were solubilized primarily as chloride complexes AuCl2− and and AgCl2−, respectively. Downward migration of chloride-rich waters containing these species into a more reducing environment resulted in reduction of the AuCl2− complex and gold precipitation, whereas dilution most likely precipitated the associated chlorargyrite. This study and descriptions of other Great Basin shallow Au-Ag deposits suggests that chlorargyrite is a common oxidation product. Hence, the solubility of chlorargyrite probably controls silver contents of shallow groundwaters near oxidized deposits. Shallow groundwater within the arid basins of the region is commonly saline due to evapotranspiration and dissolution of evaporite minerals, creating high chloride concentrations, which increase the solubility of silver as chloride complexes. Chemical modeling using the computer program SOLMINEQ.88 indicates silver contents in the low ppm range are possible in typical saline shallow groundwaters of the Great Basin if: (1) groundwaters have equilibrated with chlorargyrite, and (2) specific adsorption of Ag-chloride species on silicate and Fe-oxyhydroxide surfaces is negligible. Therefore, hydrogeochemical surveys, emphasizing silver content of shallow groundwaters, may be useful in exploring for shallow Au-Ag deposits buried by alluvium along the margins of basins.
Reusing Random Walks in Monte Carlo Methods for Linear Systems

Abstract In this paper, we present an approach of reusing random walks in Monte Carlo methods for linear systems. The fundamental idea is, during the Monte Carlo sampling process, the random walks generated to estimate one unknown element can also be effectively reused to estimate the other unknowns in the solution vector. As a result, when the random walks are reused, a single random walk can contribute samples for estimations of multiple unknowns in the solution simultaneously while ensuring that the samples for the same unknown element are statistically independent. Consequently, the total number of random walk transition steps needed for estimating the overall solution vector is reduced, which improves the performance of the Monte Carlo algorithm. We apply this approach to the Monte Carlo algorithm in two linear algebra applications, including solving a system of linear equations and approximating the inversion of a matrix. Our computational results show that compared to the conventional implementations of Monte Carlo algorithms for linear systems without random walk reusing, our approach can significantly improve the performance of Monte Carlo sampling process by reducing the overall number of transition steps in random walks to obtain the entire solution within desired precision.
A New Process to Processor Assignment Criterion for Reducing Rollbacks in Optimistic Simulation

A new criterion for assigning logical processes to processors during optimistic parallel discrete event simulation runs is presented. Instead of assigning closely coupled logical processes to the same processor, the logical processes experiencing rollback caused by a common source (another logical process) are assigned to the same processor. This approach significantly reduces the number of rollbacks. An algorithm to generate the assignments based on this new criterion is also presented.
InP-based short-wave infrared and midwave infrared photodiodes using a novel type-II strain-compensated quantum well absorption region

We report on InP-based p-type/intrinsic/n-type (PIN) photodiodes with a novel strain-compensated type-II InGaAs/GaAsSb quantum well active region. The device has optical response out to 3.0 μm, specific detectivity (D*) of 7.73×10(9) cm Hz(0.5)/W at 290 K for 2.7 μm. These preliminary results show that this novel strain-compensated approach leads to similar performance when compared to a conventional strain-compensated approach.
A DNA Methylation Sensitive Nanopore Engineered from the phi29 Portal Protein GP10

Here we report the electrophysiology of an engineered nanopore mediated by the capsid portal protein GP10 and several mutants in a freestanding lipid bilayer. The measured conductance is on par with some of the largest biological nanopores, like those of the mechanosensitive channels and porins found in many prokaryotes. Conductance appears to be restricted by both the variable region and the c-terminal crown, areas known to interact with the viral DNA but unresolved in the crystal structure. We have used the c-terminal interaction as a basis for distinguishing dsDNA methylation state by engineering a methylated DNA binding domain onto the crown of GP10. The engineered pore has the ability to electrically distinguish methylated and hydroxymethylated DNA from the unmodified form. We envision this sensor as a future tool for detecting the alterations in DNA methylation state commonly associated with carcinogenesis.
The Sovereignless State and Locke's Language of Obligation

Modern liberal states are founded on individual rights and popular sovereignty. These doctrines are conceptually and historically intertwined but are in theoretical and practical tension. Locke's political theory is a source for proponents of both doctrines, and the same tension that runs through modern liberal thought and practice can be found in his theory. Rather than define the state in terms of a single sovereign authority, Locke constructs a sovereignless commonwealth with several coexisting claimants to supreme authority. He rejects sovereignty as what unifies the state, and he wants to replace the discourse of sovereignty theory with a language of obligation that will help bind together the sovereignless state. This language permits its adherents to articulate the reasonable basis and limits of political power. An understanding of Locke's sovereignless state helps us better comprehend the tensions embodied in discourses about individual natural rights, popular sovereignty, and governmental authority heard in the liberal state.
CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells mediate acquired transplant tolerance.

The Holy Grail of clinical organ transplantation is the safe induction of allograft tolerance. Transplant tolerance has been successfully induced in animal models. Since T cells play a pivotal role in graft rejection, modulating T cell function has been the primary focus of studies aimed at inducing transplant tolerance. Rodent models of transplant tolerance induction include central deletion and peripheral mechanisms involving activation-induced cell death (AICD), anergy, immune deviation, and production of regulatory T cells. These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive. Although clonal deletion and anergy limit self-reactive T cells in the thymus, these mechanisms alone are not sufficient for controlling self-reactive T cells in the periphery. There is now evidence that the adult animal harbors two functionally distinct populations of CD4+ T cells; one mediates autoimmune disease and the other dominantly inhibits it. The latter cells express CD4, CD25 and CTLA-4. These thymus-derived T cells have recently been shown to mediate the induction and maintenance of transplant tolerance. These CD4+CD25+ T cells are similar in origin, phenotype, and function to those that maintain natural self-tolerance and T cell homeostasis in the periphery. Against this background, is it possible that alloantigen specific regulatory T cells might be generated and expanded ex vivo before organ transplantation and then infused to induce long-term tolerance, perhaps without the need for chronic immunosuppression?
Open Pore Polymer Structures: A Review

Abstract Foams are colloidal systems containing a gas as the dispersed phase. The continuous phase may be liquid or solid. Foams possess a very large interfacial area. Conventional foams consist of a porous structure having more or less regular unit cells, either open or closed, which are usually formed by generating a gas in a polymerizing resin matrix.
Bypass Surgery For Lower Extremity Limb Salvage: Vein Bypass

Bypass surgery for limb salvage in cases of chronic limb ischemia is a well-established treatment modality. Use of an autogenous vein provides the best conduit for infrainguinal arterial bypass procedures, particularly for bypass to the infrapopliteal arteries. In this article, we discuss infrainguinal vein bypass surgery including indications, perioperative care, and long-term follow up. We also discuss the outcomes of the procedure with regard to patient survival and limb salvage. The autogenous vein continues to be the best available conduit with the highest patency rate and the best treatment option. Compared to all other revascularization options for infrainguinal disease, the vein bypass has the best limb salvage and long-term survival in patients appropriately selected for the procedure.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE FEEDING APPARATUS AND MYONEMAL SYSTEM OF THE HETEROTROPHIC DINOFLAGELLATE PROTOPERIDINIUM SPINULOSUM1

The feeding veil or pallium of the thecate heterotrophic dinoflagellate Protoperidinium spinulosum Schiller is a highly vesiculate membranous sac containing several arched, sometimes bifurcated microtubular ribbons. It originates from an internal microtubular basket, passes through a sphincter-like osmiophilic ring located inside the posterior flagellar pore, and emerges from the cell at that pore. The osmiophilic ring is part of an interconnected myonemal system (composed of two striated collars and several striated connectives) that is anchored to the pore plate and to two inward protrusions composed of minute sulcal plates. A related species, Protoperidinium punctulatum (Paulsen) Balech, also possesses a microtubular basket/osmiophilic ring complex. Elongate electron-dense bodies within the basket resemble digestive secretory granules found in other protists. Granular, electron-lucent microbodies clustered at the anterior end of the basket may also have a role in prey digestion. Dense membranous whorls observed within a P. spinulosum cell presented as it was preparing to initiate feeding indicate a condensed storage site for pallium membranes. A narrow microtubule-strengthened pseudopodal appendage found in two non-feeding cells constitutes the tow filament that serves as the initial linkage between the dinoflagellate and its food. The structures that constitute the pallium and pallium precursors, described here for the first time, are unlike those of other known protists, although some similarities with the dinoflagellate peduncle are evident. The existence of this unique system of organelles may have important ramifications in the search for evolutionary relationships among protists.
Equilibration and release from deep sites in a Gaussian distribution

Photocurrents j(t) in molecularly doped polymers (MDPs) have been extensively modeled as hopping transport through a Gaussian distribution of states, g((epsilon) , (sigma) ), whose width (sigma) on the order of 1000 K is taken from experiment. We analyze j(t) and the mobility, (mu) (E,T), in terms of the deepest sites encountered in crossing a film of thickness L. Many steps per net release from deep sites rationalize how M approximately equals 1 - 10 trapping events in MDPs control transits of over 106 steps, as inferred from j(t) fits. Field-dependent energies and multi- step releases from deep sites lead to ln(mu) (E,T) proportional to (root)E at lower E than in direct Monte Carlo simulations. The microscopic picture of backsliding and equilibration with rare deep sites follows directly from the thermodynamics of g((epsilon) , (sigma) ), holds for a activated hopping rates, and has interesting contrasts to dispersive transport.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Temperature-dependent far-infrared absorption of a metal-insulator composite

The temperature dependence of the far-infrared absorption coefficient for an unoxidized silver-particle--Teflon composite is reported. Large enhancement of the absorption coefficient over the prediction of the simple Maxwell-Garnett theory is observed and explained by the Curtin-Ashcroft theory for a highly metallic cluster [Phys. Rev. B 31, 3287 (1985)]. After modifying the relaxation time of the electrons in the model, we can also explain the temperature dependence.
Calcium and norepinephrine levels of rat salivary glands after terbutaline, dobutamine or isoproterenol

Abstract Present data show that a dose-related increase in calcium concentration [Ca] of submandibular glands of rat occurred after 6 days of twice daily administration of 25. 50 or 75 mg/kg b. wt. doses of the β1-adrenergic agonist, dobutamine, or the β2-adrenergic agonist, terbutaline. The β1-adrenergic receptor was responsible for mediation of these changes with both agonists since the effects of either agonist were prevented when a 10 mg/kg dose of the β1-antagonist, atenolol, was injected 20 min prior to the agonist, and the increase induced by either agonist was not prevented when the β1-adrenergic antagonist, butoxamine, was given prior to each agonist. Dobutamine caused more marked increases in [Ca] than did terbutaline. The parotid gland, however, showed a decrease with both agonists, and that caused by dobutamine was greater than that caused by terbutaline. Neither antagonist had any effect on the agonist-induced changes in the parotid gland. Reasons for the differences in response of the two glands are suggested. It does not appear, however, that, as suggested previously, the increase in the [Ca] of the submandibular gland is dependent on depletion of glandular levels of norepinephrine (NE). Of the agonists, only dobutamine caused a decrease in glandular concentration of NE, as well as total NE of the gland. With isoproterenol (ISO), NE concentration of parotid and submandibular was reduced, but with terbutaline only that of parotid was reduced. Changes in total glandular NE were not found in either gland with either ISO or terbutaline. Thus, the decrease in concentration was a consequence of the increased mass of gland. With cyclocytidine (CC), both NE concentration and total NE were reduced, even though gland size increased. With reserpine (RES), NE concentration as well as total NE were markedly reduced (87–90%), and no change in gland size occurred. It is suggested, on the basis of present data, that prolonged activation of β1-adrenoceptors is the cause of the calcium accumulation, and that reduction in NE is not the cause of the calcium increase, but may only be a coincident event. Even with sympathectomy (here induced by reserpine), activation of β-receptors over a long period of time is suggested as the cause of the calcium change, not the depletion of NE. The present data also provide the first evidence that CC causes NE depletion.
Gauge covariant formulation of symmetric-space fields

Abstract For fields taking value in the symmetric space G/H, we give a general G gauge covariant formulation, and explicit vertical and horizontal decomposition of the Cartan-Mauerer relation in arbitrary gauges. From such explicit construction we show that a “zero”-gauge can be chosen for all symmetric-space fields so that the Cartan-Maurer conditions are automatically satisfied and the equations of motion become the only equations for the fields N ( x ), with N 2 ( x ) = 1, Tr N ( x ) given. explicit symmetric-space formulations for the principal chiral fields, and for the self-dual Yang-Mills fields are given. Our formulation can easily be adapted to the corresponding supersymmetric fields.
Extraction of device noise sources from measured data using circuit simulator software

A procedure is presented for extracting the properties of device noise sources from experimental data. The extraction procedure can be implemented using commercially available circuit simulators. An example concerning a low-noise pseudomorphic high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) shows that the two noise sources extracted from experimental data are largely uncorrelated provided that parasitic elements are de-embedded from the measurement and that the sources are extracted in H-parameter format. >
Infrared-microwave two-photon spectroscopy of the ν2 band of 14NH3☆

Abstract Transitions in the ν2 band of 14NH3 were recorded by means of an infrared laser microwave two-photon spectrometer. The spectrometer, which uses a minicomputer to step the microwave frequency and record the spectrum, is described. With sample cells outside the laser cavity good lineshapes are obtained, so that the accuracy of frequency measurement was limited by the resettability of the CO2 or N2O lasers employed, ∼0.0002 cm−1. The present data are compared to previously obtained results based on CO2 or N2O laser frequencies and to recently reported calculations. Rotational constants derived for the hypothetical inversion-free ground and v2 = 1 states are reported.
Lattice distortion effects on electrical switching in epitaxial thin film NdNiO3

Crystalline thin films of NdNiO3 have been epitaxially grown on the (100) face of single-crystal LaAlO3 substrates. These films exhibit the characteristic reversible change in electrical conductivity with temperature previously observed in bulk polycrystalline material. The temperature of the electrical transition in the epitaxial thin films was lower than reported for the bulk polycrystalline ceramics. This effect is attributed to lattice strains associated with the film processing and interfacial lattice matching constraints.
Immunocytochemical studies of neurofilament antigens in the neurofibrillary pathology induced by aluminum

Intrathecal administration of aluminum salts induces accumulation of neurofilaments in axons and perikarya of motor neurons and is associated with impaired axonal transport of neurofilament proteins. Because phosphorylation of the 200-kilodalton (kd) neurofilament protein, thought to be a major component of the sidearms, seems to be important in interactions of neurofilaments with other cytoskeletal elements, we have postulated that aluminum may produce neurofibrillary pathology by altering patterns of neurofilament phosphorylation. To test this hypothesis, antibodies against phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated neurofilament epitopes were used for immunocytochemical analysis of spinal cord sections from aluminum-injected rabbits. In control animals, phosphorylated 200-kd neurofilament proteins were not demonstrable in perikarya of motor neurons. In experimental rabbits, perikarya and proximal axons of affected motor neurons showed striking accumulations of immunoreactivity of one phosphorylated epitope. The presence of phosphorylated 200-kd neurofilament proteins in these regions may have important consequences for the organization of the cytoskeleton and for the transport of neurofilaments. A similar, but not identical, pattern of accumulation of phosphorylated neurofilament immunoreactivity has recently been observed in neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease.
CONCEPTUALIZATION OF MULTI- DESTINATION PLEASURE TRIPS

Abstract A four-cell typology of pleasure trips is developed based on number of destinations visited and the trip purpose or benefits sought. Five distinctive spatial patterns evolving from this typology are identified that may be adopted by pleasure travelers: single destination, en route, base camp, regional tour, and trip chaining. Four of these involve visiting multiple destinations. Multi-destination visits are a rational behavior pattern and reasons that account for this behavior are discussed. It is suggested that the concept of cumulative attraction offers a conceptual underpinning for explaining such trips. Benefits accruing from a better understanding of multi-destination trip behavior are discussed.
Applications of a tight-binding total-energy method for transition and noble metals: Elastic constants, vacancies, and surfaces of monatomic metals

A recent tight-binding scheme provides a method for extending the results of first-principles calculations to regimes involving ${10}^{2}$-${10}^{3}$ atoms in a unit cell. The method uses an analytic set of two-center, nonorthogonal tight-binding parameters, on-site terms that change with the local environment, and no pair potential. The free parameters in this method are chosen to simultaneously fit band structures and total energies from a set of first-principles calculations for monatomic fcc and bcc crystals. To check the accuracy of this method we evaluate structural energy differences, elastic constants, vacancy formation energies, and surface energies, comparing to first-principles calculations and experiment. In most cases there is good agreement between this theory and experiment. We present a detailed account of the method, a complete set of tight-binding parameters, and results for 29 of the alkaline-earth, transition, and noble metals. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Clinicians’ Perceptions of the Usefulness of a Communication Facilitator in the Intensive Care Unit

Background Despite its documented importance, communication between clinicians and patients’ families in the intensive care unit often fails to meet families’ needs, and interventions to improve communication are needed. Use of a communication facilitator—an additional staff member—to improve communication between clinicians and patients’ families is the focus of an ongoing randomized trial. The clinical team’s acceptance of the communication facilitator as an integral part of the team is important.
Dynamics of correlated genetic systems. II. Simulation studies of chromosomal segments under selection.

Abstract The dynamics of chromosomal segments under selection are investigated by comparing experimental data to simulations of simple models of selection. The simulations assume 93 loci distributed evenly along an entire chromosome. The two issues addressed in this paper concern rates of decay of linkage disequilibria for chromosomes under selection and rates of gene frequency change after perturbation of gametic frequencies to states near the edge of the gametic frequency simplex. The findings are: (1) If reasonable values of inbreeding depression are assumed, linkage disequilibria decays to zero but at a rate nearly twice that expected from neutral theory. Experimental results also show accelerated decay rates. The acceleration of decay seems to be a simple consequence of the increased heterozygosity produced by selection. It is, therefore, argued that massive linkage disequilibria, of the kind found by Franklin and Lewontin (1970) in their simulations, are unlikely to characterize the genetic structure of natural populations of random mating organisms. (2) It is possible to distinguish between two time-honored models of multilocus selection, known as the symmetric overdominant and classical models, on the basis of gene frequency change near the edge of the gametic frequency simplex assuming linkage disequilibria is intense. (3) Examination of experimental data from perturbation experiments shows that neither of these elementary models adequately account for observed rates of gene frequency change, although the symmetric overdominant model does provide the better fit. Instead the experimental data suggest a markedly nonuniform distribution of selective effects along the chromosome. The data also suggest that these selective effects combine in markedly nonadditive ways in determining joint fitness.
Hydrocarbon and Carbon Nanostructures Produced by Sonochemical Reactions of Organic Solvents on Hydrogen-Passivated Silicon Nanowires under Ambient Conditions

A simple sonochemical solution method using silicon nanowires (SiNWs) as templates has been developed to synthesize a wide variety of carbon nanostructures under ambient conditions (room temperature and atmosphere pressure). In addition to the conventional carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nano-onions (CNOs), with interlayer spacings of 3.4 A, a new class of hydrocarbon nanostructures, characterized as hydrocarbon nanotubes (HCNTs) and nano-onions (HCNOs), which exhibit variable interlayer spacings greater than 3.4 A, has been discovered. A wide variety of morphologies of these hydrocarbon nanostructures were observed, including, but not limited to, tubes (both solid and hollow tubes); onions (both solid and hollow onions); tubular networks; open, closed, or connected loops or other networks; and twisted tubes or loops. Strong evidence for the templating effect of the SiNWs, including the molding and the demolding (extrusion) processes, were provided by direct transmission electron microscopic observations. The...
FGFs in endochondral skeletal development

The mammalian skeleton forms and grows through two developmental pathways: membranous ossification, which gives rise to calvarial bones and the distal clavicle, and endochondral ossification, which is responsible for the bones of the limbs, girdles, vertebrae, face, base of the skull and the medial clavicle. The regulation of both pathways is extremely complex, and the rules that govern it are still emerging. However, it has become clear that fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their cognate receptors (FGFRs) play essential roles. This review focuses on the roles of FGFs and FGFRs in endochondral skeletal development, with special attention given to concepts that have emerged in the past few years.
Orbital collapse and the photoionization of the inner 4d shells for Xe-like ions

Photoionization of the inner $4d$ shells for Xe, ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{2+}$, and ${\mathrm{La}}^{3+}$ are studied with the use of the relativistic random-phase approximation. Total cross sections, partial cross-section branching ratios, and angular-distribution asymmetry parameters are calculated, and their systematic trends along the isoelectronic sequence are studied. Important dynamic effects of electron correlations are obtained from an eigenchannel analysis involving the eigenquantum defects, the eigendipole amplitudes, and the transformation $U$ matrices. We find that there are shape resonances in the effective potential for $f$ electrons, and that the collapse of the $4f$ orbital along the isoelectronic sequence is closely related to changes in $f$ orbitals in passing through these resonances.
Comorbidity of select anxiety and affective disorders with alcohol dependence in southwest California Indians.

Background: Native Americans, overall, have the highest prevalence of alcohol dependence of any US ethnic group. In several large national surveys, alcohol dependence has been significantly associated with higher rates of anxiety and affective disorders (comorbidity). However, the frequencies of these disorders and their comorbidity with alcohol dependence in Native American populations are relatively unknown. Methods: Demographic information and DSM-III-R diagnoses were obtained by using the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism developed for the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism from 483 Southwest California Indian adults residing on contiguous reservations. The Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism allowed differentiation of each anxiety and affective disorder into one of three types: independent of substance use, concurrent with alcohol use, and concurrent with drug use. Results: Sixty-six percent of the men and 53% of the women sampled had a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol dependence. Fourteen percent of the sample had a lifetime independent anxiety disorder, and 14% of the sample had a lifetime independent affective disorder. Alcohol- and/or drug-concurrent major depression occurred in 8%, and other alcohol- and/or drug-concurrent anxiety and affective disorders each occurred in less than 1.1% of the sample. No significant comorbidity was found between alcohol dependence and independent agoraphobia, social phobia, or major depressive disorder. Conclusions: In this Southwest California Indian sample, rates of anxiety and affective disorders were substantially similar to those reported in the National Comorbidity Survey; however, comorbidity of independent disorders with alcohol dependence was not as pervasive as in the National Comorbidity Survey. Rates of concurrent anxiety and affective disorders were low. These data support the hypothesis that despite high rates of alcohol dependence, Southwest California Indians do not have higher rates of anxiety and affective disorders or comorbidity of these disorders with alcohol dependence than those reported in large surveys of non–American Indian populations.
Race differences in estimates of sudden coronary heart disease mortality, 1980-1988: the impact of ill-defined death.

Abstract Coronary heart disease (CHD) deaths occurring outside of hospitals or in emergency rooms (OH/ER) have been used to estimate sudden CHD mortality. This study quantifies the potential impact of natural deaths coded to an unspecified cause on race differences in sudden CHD estimates, during 1980–1988. Death certificate data for OH/ER deaths in 40 U.S. states were used to create annual age-adjusted rates for sudden CHD and sudden CHD rates revised to include deaths with an unspecified cause (ICD9, 780–799). Revising the mortality rates to include unspecified deaths results in greater racial disparities for estimates of sudden CHD. In 1980, black-white rate differences went from 89 to 128 and 103 to 121 (per 100,000) for men and women, respectively, with revision. Among blacks, revised sudden CHD mortality declined approximately 22%, during 1980–1988, compared to 19% for unrevised sudden CHD; with no observed effect of revision on percent declines among whites. Previous studies may have underestimated declines in racial disparities of sudden CHD, due to improved quality of OH/ER death certification among blacks. Improved access to routine and emergency medical care, through increased affordability and greater availability, may be important to address higher OH/ER CHD among blacks.
Multiple entity farms: a growing and challenging phenomenon

Purpose – Understanding complex farming organizations is important in the USA given the rapid consolidation of the agricultural production sector. Multiple entity farms arise from a desire to enhance the ability to transfer the farm from one generation to the next, a desire to affect tax liability, and a desire to affect legal liability. To determine the extent of the multiple entity phenomena and the complications that multiple entities can cause in data collection, the purpose of this article is to address the importance of multiple entities in Kansas.Design/methodology/approach – An overview of reasons leading to additional organizational complexity are discussed. Two case farms are presented to understand the depth of the complexity and how that complexity has implications for data collection.Findings – The number of multiple entity farms is expected to continue to increase. Obtaining data through the Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) will become more difficult as production agriculture i...
The Dynamic Nature of Hydridosilsesquioxane Clusters on Gold Surfaces

The chemisorption of the hydridosilsesquioxane clusters H8Si8O12 and H10Si10O15 onto a freshly evaporated gold surface has been observed by X-ray photoemission and reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopies. On the basis of these analytical techniques and supporting nonlocal density functional calculations, a single Si−Au bond at a cluster vertex is created through a surprising gold-mediated Si−H bond activation. The chemisorbed clusters are stable in a vacuum and when exposed to oxygen or water. Coverage-dependent peak frequency and infrared intensity shifts, characteristic of a chemically dynamic interface, are detected as a function of cluster overpressure. An equilibrium between the clusters and the gold surface is proposed, evidenced by a fairly constant rate of adsorption to gold for several coverage regimes.
Synthesis of highly conductive polyaniline nanofibers

Abstract Polyaniline nanofiber product synthesized by using both potassium biiodate, KH(IO 3 ) 2 , and sodium hypochlorite oxidant shows high electrical conductivity of greater than 100 S cm − 1 . The nanofiber product also shows not only a long nano-size fibril structure with average diameter of ~ 50 nm and length of ~ 4 μm but also high crystallinity. It was observed that the nanofibers synthesized using the two oxidants give both high electrical conductivity and high crystallinity compared to polyaniline synthesized using commonly known ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) oxidant. We also found that dimensional and morphological uniformity of PANI nanofibers were greatly improved when the two oxidants were used. The long length and high crystallinity will probably be the contributing factors to have high conductivity. Order of the oxidant addition for the synthesis has no effect on quality of the product. Characterization study was made via UV/Vis absorption spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as conductivity measurement.
Compaction and folding in model proteins

Protein folding is modeled as diffusion on a free-energy landscape, allowing use of the diffusion equation to study the impact of energetic parameters on the folding dynamics. The free-energy landscape is characterized by two different order parameters, one representing the degree of compactness, the other a measure of the progress towards the folded state. For marginally stable proteins, fastest folding is achieved when the nonspecific interactions favoring compaction are strong, resulting in a high folding temperature. Such proteins fold by rapid collapse followed by slower accumulation of correct contacts.
Remote sensing of three‐dimensional inhomogeneous cirrus clouds using satellite and mm‐wave cloud radar data

[1] We have innovated a remote sensing methodology involving the retrieval of three-dimensional ice water content and ice crystal mean size of cirrus clouds based on a unification of satellite and ground-based cloud profiling radar observations. This methodology has been applied to AVHRR/NOAA satellite data and mm-wave cloud radar data obtained from the DOE's ARM program in northern Oklahoma. The three-dimensional cloud parameter fields thus constructed are assessed with ice crystal size distributions independently derived from measurements by optical probes on board the University of North Dakota Citation. The retrieved three-dimensional ice water contents and mean effective ice crystal sizes involving an impressive cirrus cloud occurring on April 18, 1997, are shown to be comparable to those derived from the analysis of collocated and coincident in situ aircraft measurements.
The behavioral neurochemistry of motivation: methodological and conceptual issues in studies of the dynamic activity of nucleus accumbens dopamine

Considerable experimental and clinical evidence links forebrain dopamine (DA) systems to the performance of motor activities and to motivational processes. Much of the support for this conclusion was obtained from studies utilizing lesions or drugs to manipulate aspects of central dopaminergic function. Although such experiments yield important information concerning the behavioral consequences of interference with DA systems in brain, they do not demonstrate any relation between the dynamic activity of DA neurons and the level or type of motor function exhibited by the organism. This review discusses the emerging field of behavioral neurochemistry, and provides an overview of recent studies investigating the relation between nucleus accumbens DA release and behavior. Particular emphasis is placed upon current research involving microdialysis, voltammetry and electrophysiology. These different methods are viewed as complementary techniques for investigating the activity of DA systems in behaving animals. Evidence indicates that DA activity is most reliably activated by stimuli that trigger instrumental behavior and during the preparatory or instrumental phase of motivated behavior. The effects of consummatory reactions to positive reinforcers are somewhat equivocal; with food consumption, dialysis studies have yielded inconsistent results, while some voltammetric and electrophysiological studies have shown that DA activity in accumbens or ventral tegmental area actually decreases during consumption of food reinforcement. Moreover, the responsiveness of accumbens DA activity during behavioral stimulation is not unique to appetitive conditions, as several studies have shown that aversive or stressful conditions also stimulate accumbens DA release or metabolism. It is reasonable to suggest at this time that accumbens DA neurons are activated by a variety of different motivational conditions, but that the consequence of that activation is to modulate the behavioral reactivity of the organism. This type of function is seen as representing an area of overlap between motor and motivational processes.
The concentration and collision frequency of microsomal particles and supernatant RNA in rabbit reticulocytes.

Abstract An attempt has been made to evaluate the collision frequency between the microsomal particles and the supernatant ribonucleic acid (S-RNA) molecules in rabbit reticulocytes. This has been done in order to examine the theory that S-RNA carries the activated amino acids to the microsomal particles in hemoglobin synthesis. The concentration of particles and S-RNA in the cell was found to be 3 × 10 −5 and 6 × 10 −5 M , respectively. The collision frequency has been calculated from Smoluchowski's equation. The results indicate that if more than 0.01% of the collisions result in amino acid transfer, then the collision frequency is sufficient to support the rate of peptidebond synthesis which is actually observed.
Ambiguity in the Analects: Philosophical and Practical Dimensions

Parmi les ambiguites du texte des «Analectes» de Confucius, l'A. mesure les variations de la specificite et du caractere flou du langage, qui semblent dependre des buts pedagogiques de la doctrine ou d'autres strategies rhetoriques telles que l'ambiguite prescriptive, l'ambiguite concise ou l'ambiguite textuelle.
Analysis of foods for iodine by epithermal neutron activation analysis

Epithermal-neutron activation analysis (ENAA) was applied to the analysis of foods for iodine. The procedure involves irradiation of wet foods in a boron nitride, vessel, followed by direct counting of the 442.9 keV gamma ray of128I without any processing of the sample. Three research reactors were evaluated for use in determining iodine by ENAA. The University of Virginia reactor at Charlottesville was chosen for this study because the reactor facilities minimized thermal heating of the boron nitride vessel, enabling irradiation of larger, more representative analytical portions. Iodine concentrations ranging from <0.003 to 0.74 μg/g are reported for 17 different food matrices.
What You Don't Know Can't Help You: An Exploratory Study of Background Knowledge and Second Language Listening Comprehension

A number of recent studies in L1 listening comprehension have shown that background knowledge plays a crucial role in the comprehension process. The purpose of the present article is threefold: (a) to review the literature on background knowledge, (b) to present the findings of pertinent L1 and L2 research, and (c) to report the results of a preliminary study of L2 listening comprehension and background knowledge.
Production and characterization of a turkey sperm mitochondrial monoclonal antibody and its usefulness for assessment of sperm integrity

A monoclonal antibody (4C7/2E4) that binds to an antigen located on the midpiece of turkey spermatozoa has been produced and characterized. The antibody was also reactive to antigens on the midpiece of chicken, Japanese quail, and bobwhite quail spermatozoa but was unreactive to spermatozoa from guinea fowl, human, horse, boar, and bull. Immunogold transmission electron microscopy of turkey spermatozoa showed that the antibody was associated with the outer mitochondrial membrane. Titratable antibody binding was observed for extracts of turkey spermatozoa and isolated mitochondria. The antibody did not recognize proteins separated by SDS-PAGE, but on Western blots of proteins separated by native gradient-PAGE, the antibody recognized a broad band greater than 660 kDa. No effects on fertilizing capacity, embryonic mortality, or hatchability of eggs were observed when the antibody was added to turkey semen prior to insemination. When semen stored for 0, 3, 6, 24, and 48 h was immunolabeled with 4C7/2E4, the percentage of spermatozoa with unlabeled midpieces was significantly increased by 6 h of storage. The number of free mitochondria and damaged midpieces also significantly increased with storage.
Protein Design: A Hierarchic Approach

The de novo design of peptides and proteins has recently emerged as an approach for investigating protein structure and function. Designed, helical peptides provide model systems for dissecting and quantifying the multiple interactions that stabilize secondary structure formation. De novo design is also useful for exploring the features that specify the stoichiometry and stability of alpha-helical coiled coils and for defining the requirements for folding into structures that resemble native, functional proteins. The design process often occurs in a series of discrete steps. Such steps reflect the hierarchy of forces required for stabilizing tertiary structures, beginning with hydrophobic forces and adding more specific interactions as required to achieve a unique, functional protein.
THE DIURANAL DISTRIBUTION OF LARGE HAIL OVER THE UNITED STATES

The diurnal course of large hail varies over the United States. The time of maximum of large hail changes from near 1500 hours on the east coast to between 1800 and 1900 hours on the Great Plains. The north-to-south differences are smaller except near the Gulf Coast, where secondary maxima occur. In some areas the time of maximum of large hail differs from the maxima times of tornadoes, heavy rain, and thunderstorms.