cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Saturation and Subcooled Boiling of HFE-7100 on Pinned Surfaces at Different Orientations

Experiments are conducted to investigate nucleate boiling of HFE-7100 liquid on 10 x 10 mm copper surfaces with corner pins that are 3 × 3 mm in cross section and 2-, 3-, and 5-mm tall. Heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux are compared for 0 (saturation), 10,20, and 30 K subcooling at orientations from θ = 0 to 180 deg. Thermal power removed in nucleate boiling at all orientations increases, partially due to the increase in surface area for boiling and the increased mixing by departing bubbles from the plane portion of the surface and sides of the pins. Increasing subcooling and pin height increases the thermal power removed and the temperature of the base surface. With 30 K subcooling, thermal power removed at critical heat flux from the copper surface with 5 mm pins at θ = 0 deg is in excess of 93 W, decreasing to 86 W at θ = 180 deg. The corresponding base temperature is ∼91 and 95° C, compared with the saturation temperature in the experiments of ∼54°C. Critical heat flux increases linearly with increased liquid subcooling, and the developed correlation, which accounts for the effects of liquid subcooling and surface orientation and area in contact with the boiling liquid, is within +10% of data.
Rapid Prototyping Capabilities for Conducting Research of Sun-Earth System

This paper describes the requirements, design and implementation progress of an e-Science environment to enable rapid evaluation of potential uses of NASA research products and technologies to improve future operational systems for societal benefits. This project is intended to be a low-cost effort focused on integrating existing open source, public domain, and/or community developed software components and tools. Critical for success is a carefully designed implementation plan allowing for incremental enhancement of the scale and functionality of the system while maintaining an operational the system and hardening its implementation. This has been achieved by rigorously following the principles of separation of concerns, loose coupling, and service oriented architectures employing Portlet (GridSphere), Service Bus (ServiceMix), and Grid (Globus) technologies, as well as introducing a new layer on top of the THREDDS data server. At the current phase, the system provide data access through a data explorer allowing the user to view the metadata and provenance of the datasets, invoke data transformations such as subsampling, reprojections, format translations, and de-clouding of selected data sets or collections, as well as generate simulated data sets approximating data feed from future NASA missions.
The surface plasmon dispersion relation for an electron gas

Abstract The dispersion and damping of surface plasmons in a semi-infinite free electron gas has been examined using a specular reflection model for electrons at the bounding surface. It is found that this dispersion relation agrees well with the predictions of the hydro-dynamical model for small wave numbers. The damping rate, which is predicted to be zero on the hydrodynamical model, is found to be ≲ 1 % of the plasmon frequency over a substantial range of wave numbers.
Stem cell factor and its receptor, c-kit, are important for hepatocyte proliferation in wild-type and tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 knockout mice after 70% hepatectomy.

Background Stem cell factor (SCF) has well-known proliferative effects on hematopoietic cells. SCF also has effects on differentiation and proliferation in other cell types. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α have proliferative effects in the liver. Recent studies in our laboratory have linked SCF's hepatoproliferative actions to those of IL-6, demonstrating that IL-6–induced hepatocyte proliferation depends, at least in part, on SCF. We now hypothesize that TNF-α's hepatoproliferative effects are also dependent on SCF. Methods and Results In vitro studies using primary mouse hepatocytes show that SCF is induced by TNF-α; anti-SCF antibody treatment in this system inhibits TNF-α–induced hepatocyte proliferation, suggesting that TNF-α–induced hepatocyte proliferation is also SCF dependent. Additional in vivo experiments were performed in which wild type and/or TNF-α receptor-1 knockout mice (TNFR1−/−) were subjected to 70% hepatectomy or sham laparotomy. TNFR1−/− mice are known to have delayed hepatic regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Initial experiments demonstrated that the SCF receptor, c-kit, is upregulated after partial hepatectomy in wild-type mice, further emphasizing the importance of this system in the restoration of hepatic mass. SCF administration to TNFR1−/− mice in the context of partial hepatectomy restores hepatocyte proliferation to normal. Further, SCF administration to TNFR1−/− mice before hepatectomy increases phosphotyrosine signal transducer and activator (p-stat-3) levels, suggesting that SCF-induced increases in hepatocyte proliferation may also be stat-3 mediated. Conclusions These data suggest that TNF-α–induced hepatocyte proliferation depends, at least in part, on SCF and that SCF and its receptor, c-kit, are important for the liver's regenerative processes.
Biophysical Regulation of 2D Kinetics of Platelet Membrane Receptor GPIB-Alpha and its Ligand VWF

During the hemostasis and thrombosis process, it has long been recognized that early stage platelet adhesion is primarily mediated by VWF/GPIbα adhesive bond. On the other hand, there is growing evidence that platelet rolling and tethering might be influenced by physical factors that affect binding kinetics of VWF/GPIbα. By monitoring the decrease/resumption in thermal fluctuation of a biomembrane force probe(BFP), we visualized the VWF-GPIbα bond repeating formation and dissociation in real time. Here, we investigated further the effect of varying the physical factors, specifically, receptor-ligand separation distance, BFP spring constant and diffusivity on the kinetics of the GPIbα interaction with the VWF. We found that increasing the gap distance between VWF and GPIbα gradually lowered the on-rate and leveled up the off-rate, but completely abolished the binding at about 80nm that exceeds the total length of the receptor and ligand axis. Moreover, increasing the BFP spring constant or decreasing the diffusivity reduced on-rate but have nothing to do with off-rate. To justify our methods, we measured the kinetics of two VWF A1 mutants, R687E(gain-of-function) and G561S(loss-of-function). Compared with wildtype A1, the former showed both >10-fold higher on-rate and lower off-rate, while the later showed lower on-rate but similar off-rate. These results match well with hypothesis that biophysical regulation of on-rate is governed by transport mechanism(Fokker-Planck type diffusion-reaction equation), while off-rate is by force. The significance of this study is to shed light to quantification of biophysical regulations that allow platelet to sense and response to local changes in their hemodynamic environment.
The role of protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine in mediating cardiac stress responses

The modification of serine and threonine residues of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins by O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) has emerged as a highly dynamic post-translational modification that plays a critical role in regulating numerous biological processes. Much of our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the role of O-GlcNAc on cellular function has been in the context of its adverse effects in mediating a range of chronic disease processes, including diabetes, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. However, at the cellular level it has been shown that O-GlcNAc levels are increased in response to stress; augmentation of this response improved cell survival while attenuation decreased cell viability. Thus, it has become apparent that strategies that augment O-GlcNAc levels are pro-survival, whereas those that reduce O-GlcNAc levels decrease cell survival. There is a long history demonstrating the effectiveness of acute glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) treatment and to a lesser extent glutamine in protecting against a range of stresses, including myocardial ischemia. A common feature of these approaches for metabolic cardioprotection is that they both have the potential to stimulate O-GlcNAc synthesis. Consequently, here we examine the links between metabolic cardioprotection with the ischemic cardioprotection associated with acute increases in O-GlcNAc levels. Some of the protective mechanisms associated with activation of O-GlcNAcylation appear to be transcriptionally mediated; however, there is also strong evidence to suggest that transcriptionally independent mechanisms also play a critical role. In this context we discuss the potential link between O-GlcNAcylation and cardiomyocyte calcium homeostasis including the role of non-voltage gated, capacitative calcium entry as a potential mechanism contributing to this protection.
Molecular computing: In situ computation of cell identity

Cascade reactions can be used to carry out logic operations on the surface of cells and identify the presence of particular collections of cell surface markers.
SU-EE-A1-04: Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm for IMRT Optimization: Development and Clinical Comparisons

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) for IMRT plan generation.Methods: A MOEA was developed that generates a set of IMRT plans that approximates the clinical Pareto front in a time comparable to current commercial inverse planning systems. The stochastic nature of the algorithm permits the use of any objective function regardless of convexity. Selected plans generated by the MOEA were compared with those generated clinically using a commercial planning system (Pinnacle 8.0, Philips Electronics, N.V.). Cases of head & neck cancer and prostate cancer were planned for IMRT on both systems. MOEA plans were evaluated by comparing their performance in meeting and exceeding objectives used in generating plans using conventional methods. Characteristics of the MOEA‐generated solutions were compared using a range of commonly used objective functions. Results: Results are classified into three groups: (1) establishing the ability of the MOEA to approximate the clinical Pareto front and optimizing speed, (2) evaluating objective functions, and(3) comparing MOEA plans with current clinical IMRT methods. The effect of modifications and different objective functions on the algorithm were judged by assessing the fraction of plans generated with one algorithm that Pareto dominated those of another. Results of Aim (3) showed that plans selected from the MOEA performed better than the commercial algorithm. Conclusion:IMRT planning is inherently multiobjective and treatment planning decisions should be made using multiobjective systems. We describe an evolutionary algorithm that provides a set of plans that consistently contain multiple plans superior to those achieved using a conventional optimization algorithm and meets clinical requirements for speed and performance. Using mean dose objective for OARs and range objective for targets demonstrated better performance than using EUD. This work was supported by NIH RO1 CA112505.
Flow and compaction of spray-dried powders of anhydrous butteroil and high melting milkfat encapsulated in disaccharides

Anhydrous butteroil or a high-melting milkfat fraction prepared from it were encapsulated in lactose, maltose or sucrose matrices by spray drying to compare functional characteristics. Both types of milkfat were retained efficiently (>90%) within the encapsulants at 40% fat level. Retention declined as fat concentration increased from 40 to 60%, regardless of melting temperature of the milkfat. Encapsulant or type of milkfat did not alter bulk properties. Powders withstood compaction pressures <60% with minimal capsule rupture. Powder functionality may be modified by varying disaccharide choice and milkfat melting properties.
Distributed multi-robot coalitions through ASyMTRe-D

This paper presents a distributed reasoning system, called ASyMTRe-D, which enables a team of robots to form coalitions to accomplish a multi-robot task through tightly-coupled sensor sharing. The theoretical foundation of the negotiation protocol is ASyMTRe, an approach we developed previously to synthesize task solutions according to the task requirements and the team composition. The goal of the ASyMTRe approach is to increase the task solution capabilities of heterogeneous multi-robot teams by changing the fundamental abstraction from the typical "task" abstraction to a "schema" abstraction and automatically reconfigure the schemas to address the task at hand. The decision-making in this prior work was fully centralized; the current paper presents a distributed version of this approach based on the contract net protocol, which can achieve higher levels of robustness than the centralized version. The purpose here is not to improve the original protocol, but to apply it to our problem so that the autonomous task solution capabilities of robots can be achieved in a distributed manner. Simulation results are provided to validate the protocol with performance analysis. Finally, we compare ASyMTRe-D with the centralized ASyMTRe. Our future objective is to enable the human designer to specify the desired balance between solution quality and robustness, enabling the reasoning approach to invoke the appropriate level of information-sharing among robots to reach the specified solution characteristics.
Artificial anterior chamber for the growing of membranes on lens implants

Intraocular lens implants made of glass and plastic were placed into the lumen of short pieces of clear plastic tubing. These were incompletely closed at both ends with nylon sutures, filled with Healon, and used experimentally as artificial anterior chambers for implantation into the peritoneal space of mice. After 7 days macrophages had been attracted into the chambers, become sessile on the implants, and formed a continuous membrane on their surface. The concept of artificial anterior chambers in experimental and future clinical applications is discussed.
Correlation structure analysis for distributed video compression over wireless video sensor networks

From the information-theoretic perspective, as stated by the Wyner-Ziv theorem, the distributed source encoder doesn't need any knowledge about its side information in achieving the R-D performance limit. However, from the system design and performance analysis perspective, correlation modeling plays an important role in analysis, control, and optimization of the R-D behavior of the Wyner-Ziv video coding In this work, we observe that videos captured from a wireless video sensor network (WVSN) are uniquely correlated under the multi-view geometry. We propose to utilize this computer vision principal, as well as other existing information, which is already available or can be easily obtained from the encoder, to estimate the source correlation structure. The source correlation determines the R-D behavior of the Wyner-Ziv encoder, and provide useful information for rate control and performance optimization of the Wyner-Ziv encoder.
A New Obesity/Hypertrichosis Syndrome Associated with Characteristic Facies, Joint Hyperextensibility, and Mental Retardation. 346

A New Obesity/Hypertrichosis Syndrome Associated with Characteristic Facies, Joint Hyperextensibility, and Mental Retardation. 346
Fatty liver of growing rats fed excess lysine and its prevention by adenine or allopurinol.

Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed ad libitum 15% casein diets with and without 5.0% lysine-HCl, 0.25% adenine sulfate or 0.1% allopurinol for 2 weeks. Addition of lysine alone depressed 2-week growth from 94 to 65 g, increased average daily urinary orotic acid excretion from 0.39 to 1.77 mg and increased the percentage of total liver lipids from 3.6 to 11.2. Adenine or allopurinol did not change growth but markedly enhanced lysine-induced orotic aciduria and completely prevented lysine-induced fatty livers. Reports by others show that adenine and allopurinol also prevent fatty livers of rats fed arginine-free diets or excess orotic acid. The authors conclude that lysine-induced orotic aciduria results from arginine deficiency caused by antagonism of arginine function by lysine, and that lysine-induced fatty liver probably results from a lesion identifical to that produced by feeding excess orotic acid.
IMPACTS OF DESIGN AND MATERIAL QUALITY ON PAVEMENT RUTTING PROGRESSION

Infrastructure deterioration is influenced by a multitude of factors including design and construction quality. This paper focuses on quantifying the impacts of such initial condition variables on life-cycle performance. Although in previous research an analysis framework for investigating such impacts was developed, quantitative results were inconclusive due to data and model limitations. In this study a rutting progression model that explicitly captures design and material quality variables is used whereby the effects of these variables on rut depth evolution over time are analyzed in quantitative terms. The results are in turn used to motivate future research in understanding significant temporal tradeoffs in infrastructure provision.
Failed Rocket Payload Included Research Experiments

About an hour and a half before the launch of the Orbital Sciences Corporation's Antares rocket and Cygnus cargo spacecraft at 6:22 p.m. on 28 October, Jeff Goldstein arrived at his vantage point on Arbuckle Neck Road in Assawoman, Va. It was just 1.5 miles from launchpad 0A at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility. Goldstein, director of the National Center for Earth and Space Science Education (NCESSE) had come with about 35 elementary school through college students, as well as some parents, teachers, and school administrators, to watch the liftoff that would deliver the students' microgravity experiments to the International Space Station (ISS).
Sadness, identity, and plastic in over-shopping: The interplay of materialism, poor credit management, and emotional buying motives in predicting compulsive buying

Abstract A comprehensive study is currently lacking to explain why material values strongly influence compulsive buying. The goal of the current study is to test if money management, buying motivations for improving mood and identity, and self-transformation expectations mediate the link from material values to compulsive buying. In one sample (N = 1077) we find, as expected, that materialism correlates positively with compulsive buying and that a lack of money management mediates the path from materialism to compulsive buying. In a second sample (N = 650) we find that, specifically, it is the poor credit management of materialists that most strongly mediates this relation. Further, emotional buying motives (i.e., shopping in order to improve one’s mood) and transformation expectations also mediate the relationship between materialism and compulsive buying. Thus, the tendency of materialists to (a) not manage their credit, (b) believe that their purchases will transform their lives, and (c) make purchases for emotional reasons completely explains their greater frequency of compulsive buying.
Studies on the ribothymidine content of specific rat and human tRNAs: a postulated role for 5-methyl cytosine in the regulation of ribothymidine biosynthesis.

Abstract Total mammalian tRNAs contain on the average less than one mole of ribothymidine per mole of tRNA. Mammalian tRNAs can be grouped into at least four classes, depending upon their ribothymidine content at position 23 from the 3′ terminus. Class A contains tRNA in which a nucleoside other than uridine replaces ribothymidine (tRNA i Met ); Class B contains tRNA in which one mole of a modified uridine (rT, ψ, or 2′-O-methylribothymidine) is found per mole of tRNA (tRNA Ser , tRNA Trp , and tRNA Lys , respectively). Class C contains tRNA in which there is a partial conversion of uridine to ribothymidine (tRNA Phe , tRNA 1 Gly , tRNA 2 Gly ); Class D contains tRNA which totally lacks ribothymidine (tRNA Val ). Only those tRNAs in Class C are acceptable substrates for E. coli uridine methylase, under the conditions used in these studies. These observations cannot be adequately explained solely on the basis of the presence or absence of a specific “universal” nucleoside other than U or rT at position 23 from the 3′ terminus. However, correlations can be made between the ribothymidine and 5-methylcytosine content of eucaryotic tRNA. We postulate that the presence of one or more 5-methylcytosines in and adjacent to loop III (minor loop) in individual tRNAs act to regulate the amount of ribothymidine formed by uridine methylase. Several experiments are proposed as tests for this hypothesis.
Compact B-trees

A B-tree is compact if it is minimal in number of nodes, hence has optimal space utilization, among equally capacious B-trees of the same order. The space utilization of compact B-trees is analyzed and is compared with that of noncompact B-trees and of (node)-visit-optimal B-trees, which minimize the expected number of nodes visited per key access. Compact B-trees can be as much as a factor of 2.5 more space-efficient than visit-optimal B-trees; and the node-visit cost of a compact tree is never more than 1 + the node-visit cost of an optimal tree. Finally, an in-place compactification algorithm is presented which operates in linear time in the size of the file.
Enhancement of Fluorescence Induced by Microstructure Resonances of a Dielectric Fiber

Resonance-induced enhancement of fluorescence from a thin dye layer coated on a 9.8-\ensuremath{\mu}m-diam glass fiber has been observed. Enhancement occurs when the wavelengths of incident radiation and/or inelastic emission are resonant with natural modes of oscillation of a circular dielectric cylinder. These dielectric resonances are comparable to surface plasmon resonances in metallic microstructures, which are partially responsible for the surface-enhanced Raman effect.
Development of tools for the genetic manipulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

To facilitate study of the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, several genetic tools were developed. These tools include a series of cassettes carrying (a) the minimal sequence for the origin of transfer (oriT) of RP4 plasmid for introducing plasmid into P. aeruginosa via conjugation, (b) a minimal sequence for P. aeruginosa replicon (stabilizing fragment or SF) for maintenance of plasmids in P. aeruginosa, and (c) the transcriptionally non-polar tetracycline resistance gene (TcR) for insertional mutagenesis. Additional genetic constructs include (d) two conjugative and suicide lacZ reporter fusion plasmids for studying gene expression at the transcriptional or translational level, (e) a gentamicin resistant promoter-probing mini-Tn5 lacZ, and (f) a tightly regulated T7 promoter/repressor system to control gene expression in P. aeruginosa.
A retrospective observational study of current treatment for generalized convulsive status epilepticus

Abstract Objectives This study aimed at determining the current state of practice of treatment for acute generalized convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE) and responsiveness to therapy. Methods This observational study was performed by retrospectively identifying patients with GCSE presenting to an emergency room setting. The primary outcome was seizure cessation following medication administration. Secondary outcomes were rates of intubation and mortality. Results One hundred seventy-seven episodes of GCSE were identified. All patients, except 1, received a benzodiazepine for first-line treatment. Only 11% of these patients, all children, were treated with at least 0.1 mg/kg of lorazepam or an equivalent dose of an alternative benzodiazepine. A first-line treatment was effective in 56% of the patients, a second-line treatment in an additional 28%, and a third-line treatment in 12%. Phenytoin was the most prescribed second-line treatment (41%) but statistically significantly least effective (22% versus 86% seizure cessation, p Conclusions Results emphasize that, in clinical practice, approximately half of GCSE patients respond to first-line therapy and, among nonresponders, approximately two-thirds respond to second-line and approximately three-quarters respond to third-line therapies. The variations in treatment selection reflect that there are no randomized controlled trials to guide treatment beyond use of benzodiazepines for first-line treatment. The observation that phenytoin is statistically substantially worse than other second-line treatments raises the possibility that the most commonly selected second-line treatment is the least effective and provides equipoise for a large randomized controlled trial of second-line therapies.
Quantitative analysis of residual solvents in food packaging printed films by capillary gas chromatography with multiple headspace extraction

Abstract A procedure for stepwise gas extraction at equal time intervals has been developed, which is called “multiple headspace extraction” (MHE), because it uses the same equipment as for a standard headspace analysis. The method is suitable as a calibration method for the headspace analysis of volatile trace compounds in solid samples which otherwise cannot be analysed quantitatively. A BASIC program has been used to perform the necessary calculations for quantitative determinations. The application of the MHE procedure is demonstrated on the example of the analysis of residual solvents in printed films which are used as food packaging material, and for the determination of vinyl chloride monomer in a PVC resin. Particularly for the solveny analysis a good glass capillary column is required to separate the complex mixtures which are used for printing the films.
Emergency department blood transfusion: the first two units are free.

Abstract Introduction Studies on blood product transfusions after trauma recommend targeting specific ratios to reduce mortality. Although crystalloid volumes as little as 1.5 L predict increased mortality after trauma, little data is available regarding the threshold of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion volume that predicts increased mortality. Materials and methods Data from a level I trauma center between January 2000 and December 2008 were reviewed. Trauma patients who received at least 100 mL RBC in the emergency department (ED) were included. Each unit of RBC was defined as 300 mL. Demographics, RBC transfusion volume, and mortality were analyzed in the nonelderly ( Results A total of 560 patients received ≥100 mL RBC in the ED. Overall mortality was 24.3%, with 22.5% (104 deaths) in the nonelderly and 32.7% (32 deaths) in the elderly. Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that RBC transfusion of ≥900 mL was associated with increased mortality in both the nonelderly (adjusted odds ratio 2.06, P = 0.008) and elderly (adjusted odds ratio 5.08, P = 0.006). Conclusions Although transfusion of greater than 2 units in the ED was an independent predictor of mortality, transfusion of 2 units or less was not. Interestingly, unlike crystalloid volume, stepwise increases in blood volume were not associated with stepwise increases in mortality. The underlying etiology for mortality discrepancies, such as transfusion ratios, hypothermia, or immunosuppression, needs to be better delineated.
Interface Bonding Between Hot-Mix Asphalt and Various Portland Cement Concrete Surfaces: Assessment of Accelerated Pavement Testing and Measurement of Interface Strain

Interface bonding between hot-mix asphalt (HMA) overlays and portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements is one of the most significant factors affecting overlay service life. In this study, accelerated pavement testing was performed to quantify the effects of tack coat type, tack coat application rate, and PCC surface texture on the interface bonding and overlay performance. This study builds on and validates previously completed laboratory tests where an HMA overlay was placed on top of existing PCC pavement composed of various surface textures including smooth, transverse tining, and milling. Asphalt emulsion SS-1hP and cutback asphalt RC-70 were applied at three residual application rates, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.09 gal/yd2; asphalt binder PG 64-22 was applied at 0.04 gal/yd2. In total, 25 test sections were constructed and loaded with the accelerated transportation loading assembly at the centerline. The tensile strains at the bottom of HMA, to quantify potential interface slippage, were measured for selectiv...
Moving Welfare Participants to Work: Women, Transportation, and Welfare Reform:

This article draws on data for Los Angeles to argue that effective transportation programs for welfare recipients must consider both the distinctive characteristics and patterns of employed women a...
Educating mothers: the wisconsin bureau of maternal and child health

Abstract Health-care providers, social reformers, educators, and politicians were joined in a concerted effort to improve maternal and child health in the USA in the inter-war period. Identifying the critical role of mothers in this endeavor, their campaigns were designed to educate women in ‘modern,’ appropriate childcare practices predicated on middle-class standards for urban families with the financial and medical resources to carry out such health-care prescriptions. Mothers who could not afford a private physician were urged to visit clinics emerging in American cities. Few historians have examined in any great depth the day-to-day issues faced by mothers or the role of public health nurses in these extensive campaigns. Most particularly, the experiences of rural mothers are only now receiving much attention. This article analyzes the work of public health nurses employed by the Department of Maternal and Child Health in the state of Wisconsin, who endeavored to bring modern science and medicine to ...
Psychosocial Influences on College Adjustment in Division I Student-Athletes: The Role of Athletic Identity

Traditionally, graduation rates have been employed as a primary measure of college success for student-athletes. However, other sport related factors influencing college success and adjustment have...
Small-angle Compton scattering used to determine the depth of a radioactive source in material and to estimate gamma-ray attenuation

Abstract Small-angle Compton scattering produces a familiar discontinuity in the background continuum at each gamma-ray peak in a spectrum. This discontinuity was previously considered a degradation of the spectrum that needed to be removed in order to determine the net peak count rate. This discontinuity actually contains valuable information about the amount of material between the gamma ray source and the detector. This information is useful in determining the amount of attenuation that the gamma rays undergo. Furthermore, the magnitude of the discontinuity is described by simple mathematical formulas. The use of small-angle Compton scattering was discovered while analyzing the amount of highly enriched uranium (HEU) absorbed in a concrete floor. An experiment using an HEU source and concrete tiles is presented demonstrating the agreement with theoretical predictions.
Comparative simulations of the 1.5-A LCLS at SLAC using the nonwiggler-averaged code MEDUSA

The nonlinear simulation of x ray free-electron lasers is dealt with using the non-wiggler-averaged MEDUSA simulation code and realistic wiggler model built up from the contributions of permanent magnets in a Halbach configuration in conjunction with a model for a FODO lattice for enhanced focusing. The specific parameters of interest are relevant to the linac coherent light source design at SLAC and deals with a 15 GeV/5 kA electron beam, and a wiggler with a 3.0 cm period and an on-axis amplitude of approximately 12.7 kG which results in x ray emission at wavelengths in the vicinity of 1.3 angstrom.
Combined ligation and sclerotherapy versus ligation alone for secondary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding: a meta-analysis

Combined ligation and sclerotherapy versus ligation alone for secondary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding: a meta-analysis
Dichotic listening after cerebral hemispherectomy: Methodological and theoretical observations

We examined two commonly used dichotic listening tests for measuring the degree of hemispheric specialization for language in individuals who had undergone cerebral hemispherectomy: the consonant-vowel (CV) nonsense syllables and the fused words (FW) tests, using the common laterality indices f and lambda. Hemispherectomy on either side resulted in a massive contralateral ear advantage, demonstrating nearly complete ipsilateral suppression of the left ear in the right hemispherectomy group but slightly less complete suppression of the right ear in the left hemispherectomy group. The results are consistent with the anatomical model of the ear advantage [Kimura, D. (1961). Most syllables or words are reported for the ear contralateral to the remaining hemisphere, while few or none are reported for the ear ipsilateral to the remaining hemisphere. In the presence of competing inputs to the two ears, the stronger contralateral ear-hemisphere connection dominates/suppresses the weaker ipsilateral ear-hemisphere connection. The lambda index was similar in the two tests but the index f was higher in the CV than the FW test. Both indices of the CV test were sensitive to side of resection, higher in the right hemispherectomy than in the left hemispherectomy groups.
Axiomatizing schemes and their behaviors

The syntax and the semantics of flowchart algorithms may be conveniently separated. The syntax of a flowchart algorithm is the underlying flowchart scheme. The semantics is given by an interpretation of each symbol appear ing on the nodes of the scheme. One aspect of this theory is the determination of when two schemes have the same “behavior” under all interpretations. When “behavior” is interpreted in the strongest sense as “performing the same stepwise computations,” the collection of equivalence classes of schemes was shown by Elgot [E-MC] to have the structure of an “iterative theory.” The strong behavior of a scheme is precisely captured by the (labeled, locally ordered, locally finite) tree obtained by “unfolding” the scheme in the familiar way. (When the “behavior” of a scheme F is considered to be the partial input-output function computed by F in each interpretation, certain quotients of the trees are the appropriate interpretations.) The collection of labeled schemes and trees is equipped with the same structure, which is preserved by the map which takes a scheme F to its strong behavior [F]. This structure is simple to describe: starting from the atomic and “base” schemes, using just three operations (composition, tupling, and iteration), any scheme may be constructed. The operation of iteration (or “looping”) on schemes and trees was not defined in all cases in the setup of [E-MC]; for example, consider the scheme 1 -+ 1 consisting of only an exit (and the tree which forms its strong behavior). Thus the schemes and trees form a partial algebra. It was to remedy this situation on the semantic algebras of trees and other iterative theories that the notion of an “iteration” theory was introduced (in [BEW]). Iteration theories are (total) algebras with the same operations as iterative theories. The collection of trees which are strong behaviors of schemes may be given the structure of an iteration theory by completing the iteration operation in an almost arbitrary way. The collection of iteration theories is the class of all mode ls of the set of equations valid in all iteration theories of trees. (See [BEW] for details.)
An Apparatus for Automatic Recording of Reflection Spectra

A system permitting the automatic recording of ultraviolet and visible reflection spectra has been constructed, In which a function generating potentiometer, operating in synchronism with the wavelength drive of a conventional spectral reflectance apparatus, attenuates the phototube output to compensate for the spectral distribution of the light source, the wavelength dependence of the monochromator transmission, and the spectral sensitivity of the phototube. The potentiometer is tapped at points corresponding to about 100A intervals from 2200A to 7000A, and the resistances between taps are adjusted to give a constant recorder deflection when MgO is used as a sample. Once the potentiometer has been adjusted in this way, a direct record of spectral reflectance of an “unknown” sample is obtainable in a few minutes.
Geometrical effects on recoil spectra in proportional counters

Abstract When determining neutron flux densities with a CH 4 -filled proportional counter, the boundaries of the counter distort the resulting proton recoil spectrum. Recoil spectra were calculated using the Monte Carlo method (1) for neutrons of parallel incidence along the counter axis (2) for neutrons emerging from a point source. Under typical experimental conditions, the second approach results in a measured neutron flux density which is 1.5% lower than the common approximation of using parallel incidence.
Requirements for the Development of Bacillus Anthracis Spore Reference Materials Used to Test Detection Systems

Bacillus anthracis spores have been used as biological weapons and the possibility of their further use requires surveillance systems that can accurately and reliably detect their presence in the environment. These systems must collect samples from a variety of matrices, process the samples, and detect the spores. The processing of the sample may include removal of inhibitors, concentration of the target, and extraction of the target in a form suitable for detection. Suitable reference materials will allow the testing of each of these steps to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the detection systems. The development of uniform and well-characterized reference materials will allow the comparison of different devices and technologies as well as assure the continued performance of detection systems. This paper discusses the special requirements of reference materials for Bacillus anthracis spores that could be used for testing detection systems. The detection of Bacillus anthracis spores is based on recognition of specific characteristics (markers) on either the spore surface or in the nucleic acids (DNA). We have reviewed the specific markers and their relevance to characterization of reference materials. We have also included the approach for the characterization of candidate reference materials that we are developing at the NIST laboratories. Additional applications of spore reference materials would include testing sporicidal treatments, techniques for sampling the environment, and remediation of spore-contaminated environments.
Temperature Response of a Heated Cylinder Subject to Side Cooling: Asymptotic and Numerical Solutions

The temperature response of a cylinder, subject to heat input at one end and heat loss from its side by radiation and natural convection, is studied analytically and numerically. A singular perturbation expansion gives the limiting case of large heat flux. The governing equations for arbitrary heat flux are solved numerically. The results of this investigation are useful for application to the microelectronic interconnection process using the ball bonding technique.
Contact Network Structure Explains the Changing Epidemiology of Pertussis

The epidemiology of whooping cough (pertussis) remains enigmatic. A leading cause of infant mortality globally, its resurgence in several developed nations--despite the availability and use of vaccines for many decades--has caused alarm. We combined data from a singular natural experiment and a detailed contact network study to show that age-specific contact patterns alone can explain shifts in prevalence and age-stratified incidence in the vaccine era. The practical implications of our results are notable: Ignoring age-structured contacts is likely to result in misinterpretation of epidemiological data and potentially costly policy missteps.
Racial inequality and college attendance: The mediating role of parental investments ☆

Abstract Research on racial disparities in academics has focused largely on outcomes, such as retention rates, grades earned, and social adjustment to college. Much less analytic attention has centered on the origins of these racial disparities and, specifically, the mechanisms that may be playing a role. In this article, we argue that persistent gaps in college attendance warrant attention given their implications for broader patterns of racial stratification and its reproduction across generations. Using longitudinal data, we analyze disparities in family background and potentially influential investments parents make (or are constrained from making) early and late in the high school experience, and then how the patterns uncovered shape the likelihood of college attendance. Findings confirm expectations. Specifically, racial inequalities in class background shape disparities in cultural, monetary, and parental interactional investments, with strong consequences for high school attainment/achievement. Background inequalities, and their implications for early and later family investments and achievement/attainment, explain the entire black-white gap in the likelihood of college attendance. We conclude by discussing our argument and findings relative to educational research, race/class stratification theory, and existing perspectives on racial inequality and from where it emanates.
Resisting mothers, making gender: teenage girls in the United States and the articulation of femininity

Much of the feminist literature on teenage girls in the west has tended to polarize around the issues of girls' gendered agency and victimization. In contrast, this article explores the ambiguous relationship between gender resistance and compliance. I argue that while girls clearly articulate their own agency, they do so through a reliance on gendered and heterosexual norms, identities, and categories. The article draws on examples from my research with girls in South Carolina, USA, in particular girls' narratives about their mothers. I suggest that girls situate their gendered practices and evaluate femininity in part via evaluations of their mothers' gender, sexual and nurturing practices. Mothers often stand in as representatives of normative and traditional femininity for the girls; yet girls do not realize that they reproduce, rather than resist, aspects of femininity, even as they criticize generational differences and their mothers' versions of feminine and gendered behaviors.
Steroid-hormone-binding proteins in normal and neoplastic mammary tissues from C3H mice fed diethylstilbestrol.

Mammary tumors develop earlier and in greater numbers in C3H mice fed diets containing up to 1000 ppb diethylstilbestrol or 5000 ppb estradiol‐17s. We have analyzed the steroid‐hormone‐binding proteins in cytosols of normal target tissues and in neoplastic mammary tissues of control and estrogen‐fed mice to determine whether the capacity for hormone response was altered by dietary estrogens. Using estradiol‐17β as a ligand, estrogen‐binding proteins were measured with K d = 10 −11 −10 −10 M and sedimentation constants of 8 and 4 S. The binding capacity (per mg cytosol protein) of uterus exceeded that of normal mammary gland 10–20‐fold, while mammary tumors only contained half the binding capacity of virgin mammary gland. Binding proteins for the glucocorticoid, triamcinolone acetonide, exhibited a sedimentation constant of 7–8 S and K d = 10 −9 −10 −8 M. The glucocorticoid binding capacity of mammary tumors exceeded that of virgin mammary gland. Binding proteins for progestins were measured using the synt...
Scaling Aerooptic Aberrations Produced by High-Subsonic-Mach Shear Layers

An index-of-refraction model has been shown to produce a reasonable estimate of the aerooptical aberrations measured in a weakly compressible shear layer. This numerical model is a valuable tool both for its insight into the cause of the aberrations and as a source of the parametric data needed to explore and evaluate scaling laws. Scaling relations are developed that describe how the expected aerooptical distortion due to propagation through a free shear layer changes with altitude, that is, static pressure, and/or static temperature. Scaling laws for two cases are developed. In the e rst case, the Mach numbers of the shear layer’ s constituent e ows are held constant. For the second case, the shear layer’ s constituent e ow velocities are instead held constant. The parametric data are also used to evaluate a scaling law suggested by the literature.
Long-term survival of patients with giant cell arteritis in the American College of Rheumatology giant cell arteritis classification criteria cohort.

Objective To characterize survivorship among patients with giant cell arteritis in a well-defined, multicenter cohort. Patients and methods Follow-up was obtained for 205 (95.8%) of the 214 patients enrolled in the 1990 American College of Rheumatology vasculitis classification study. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated comparing mortality data from this group of patients with giant cell arteritis versus the general population. results: There were 49 deaths (33 women and 16 men) among the 205 patients available for follow-up. Survivorship was virtually identical to that of the general population (SMR = 1.034 ± 0.121), and was similar for women (SMR = 1.022 ± 0.149) and men (SMR = 1.078 ± 0.206) (SMR = 1 indicates that expected and observed survival are identical). conclusion: The life expectancy of patients with giant cell arteritis is the same as that of the general population.
Preserved learning and retention of pattern-analyzing skill in amnesia: dissociation of knowing how and knowing that

Amnesic patients acquired a mirror-reading skill at a rate equivalent to that of matched control subjects and retained it for at least 3 months. The results indicate that the class of preserved learning skills in amnesia is broader than previously reported. Amnesia seems to spare information that is based on rules or procedures, as contrasted with information that is data-based or declarative--"knowing how rather than "knowing that." The results support the hypothesis that such a distinction is honored by the nervous system.
Determining online retrieval system display size

This paper outlines a problem in commercial online retrieval systems, provides a review of the relevant literature, and presents a solution for a special case of the problem. Previous investigators have considered how to best determine, for a ranked list of records retrieved from an online retrieval system, whether or not the user should continue to display the output. This paper examines the problem of how effective display size can be estimated as a means of assisting the users of commercial online retrieval systems. Although no experimental results are as yet available, the approach presented here will provide a guide to and prolegomenon for systematic study of the problem, as well as a method for providing the estimated number of relevant records remaining in a retrieved set ranked by a retrieval status value.
Infant feeding as a social marketing issue: A review

Despite universally recognized benefits to both mother and child, there is a worldwide decline in the incidence and duration of breastfeeding. This paper examines the choice of infant feeding method as a social marketing and consumer behavior issue by considering infant feeding (1) in the context of exchange, (2) as the first complex consumption decision that is made for a child, (3) in a socio-cultural context, (4) as a policy issue affecting the health care system, the workplace, and the law, and (5) as a methodological challenge to marketing and consumer behavior researchers.