cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new prompt heavy-ion-induced fission mode

Fission instabilities induced by mechanical and thermal stresses on intermediate nuclear systems in heavy-ion reactions are poorly understood but should reveal independent evidence for the nuclear equation of state (EoS), notably the tensile strength of finite nuclei. Experimental evidence is presented in support of a new mode of prompt fission of the composite nucleus formed in central 78Kr+40Ca collisions at only a few MeV per nucleon above the interaction barrier. The new process recalls the ‘L-window for fusion’ phenomenon, which was predicted by the early reaction theory and reappears in modern DFT model calculations.
The cutting-grinding technique for histologic preparation of undecalcified bone and bone-anchored implants: Improvements in instrumentation and procedures

Abstract An improved technique for histologic sectioning of hard tissues is described. Thin sections (5 to 15 μm) of undecalcified tissues such as bones with ceramic and metallic implants as well as teeth with enamel and fillings can be produced. Implant-tissue and hard tissue-soft tissue interfaces are well preserved. Because of the development of equipment and materials designed specifically for this technique, consistently good results are obtained. Most stains used in the paraffin technique may also be used in these sections.
Effect of Humans on Belief Propagation in Large Heterogeneous Teams

Members of large, heterogeneous teams often need to interact with different kinds of teammates to accomplish their tasks, teammates with dramatically different capabilities to their own. While the role of humans in teams has progressively decreased with the deployment of increasingly intelligent systems, they still have a major role to play. In this chapter, we focus on the role of humans in large, heterogeneous teams that are faced with situations, where there is a large volume of incoming, conflicting data about some important fact. We use an abstract model of both humans and agents to investigate the dynamics and emergent behaviors of large teams trying to decide whether some fact is true. In particular, we focus on the role of humans in handling noisy information and their role in convergence of beliefs in large heterogeneous teams. Our simulation results show that systems involving humans exhibit an enabler-impeder effect, where if humans are present in low percentages, they aid in propagating information; however when the percentage of humans increase beyond a certain threshold, they seem to impede the information propagation.
Nonequilibrium persistent currents in charge-density-wave systems

The inductive exchange of carriers between closed Fermi surface sections subject to Landau quantization and open Fermi surface sections subject to charge-density-wave (or spin-density-wave) formation is shown to give rise to nonequilibrium variations in orbital magnetism and therefore persistent currents. This mechanism may explain recent experimental persistent currentlike phenomena in certain organic conductors in high magnetic fields.
PubMed: bridging the information gap

On-line literature searches of bibliographic databases such as PubMed ([www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi][1]) are now integral to the lives of clinicians. A huge amount of knowledge can be gleaned from even a basic PubMed search, while the use of advanced functions can add speed and focus. The
PLATEAUS NOT SUMMITS: REFORMING PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA

SUMMARY Successful public sector reform is rare in Africa. Over 12 years, Ethiopia transformed its public financial management (PFM) to international standards and now has the third best system in Africa that is managing the largest aid flows to the continent. This article presents a framework for understanding PFM reform based on the Ethiopian experience. Reforms succeed when they are aligned with the four drivers of public sector reform: context, ownership, purpose, and strategy. PFM is a core function of the state and its sovereignty, and it is not an appropriate arena for foreign aid intervention—governments must fully own it, which was a key to the success of Ethiopia's reform. The purpose of PFM reform should be building stable and sustainable “plateaus” of PFM that are appropriate to the local context, and they should not be about risky and irrelevant “summits” of international best practice. Plateaus, not summits, are needed in Africa. Finally, a strategy of reform has four tasks: recognize, improve, change, and sustain. Ethiopia succeeded because it implemented a recognize–improve–sustain strategy to support the government policy of rapid decentralization. All too often, much of the PFM reform in Africa is about the change task and climbing financial summits. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of an on-board imaging system for extremely rapid radiation therapy.

Purpose: Next-generation extremely rapid radiation therapy systems could mitigate the need for motion management, improve patient comfort during the treatment, and increase patient throughput for cost effectiveness. Such systems require an on-board imaging system that is competitively priced, fast, and of sufficiently high quality to allow good registration between the image taken on the day of treatment and the image taken the day of treatment planning. In this study, three different detectors for a custom on-board CT system were investigated to select the best design for integration with an extremely rapid radiation therapy system. Methods: Three different CT detectors are proposed: low-resolution (all 4 × 4 mm pixels), medium-resolution (a combination of 4 × 4 mm pixels and 2 × 2 mm pixels), and high-resolution (all 1 × 1 mm pixels). An in-house program was used to generate projection images of a numerical anthropomorphic phantom and to reconstruct the projections into CT datasets, henceforth called “realistic” images. Scatter was calculated using a separate Monte Carlo simulation, and the model included an antiscatter grid and bowtie filter. Diagnostic-quality images of the phantom were generated to represent the patient scan at the time of treatment planning. Commercial deformable registration software was used to register the diagnostic-quality scan to images produced by the various on-board detector configurations. The deformation fields were compared against a “gold standard” deformation field generated by registering initial and deformed images of the numerical phantoms that were used to make the diagnostic and treatment-day images. Registrations of on-board imaging system data were judged by the amount their deformation fields differed from the corresponding gold standard deformation fields—the smaller the difference, the better the system. To evaluate the registrations, the pointwise distance between gold standard and realistic registration deformation fields was computed. Results: By most global metrics (e.g., mean, median, and maximum pointwise distance), the high-resolution detector had the best performance but the medium-resolution detector was comparable. For all medium- and high-resolution detector registrations, mean error between the realistic and gold standard deformation fields was less than 4 mm. By pointwise metrics (e.g., tracking a small lesion), the high- and medium-resolution detectors performed similarly. For these detectors, the smallest error between the realistic and gold standard registrations was 0.6 mm and the largest error was 3.6 mm. Conclusions: The medium-resolution CT detector was selected as the best for an extremely rapid radiation therapy system. In essentially all test cases, data from this detector produced a significantly better registration than data from the low-resolution detector and a comparable registration to data from the high-resolution detector. The medium-resolution detector provides an appropriate compromise between registration accuracy and system cost.
Cloud K-SVD: A Collaborative Dictionary Learning Algorithm for Big, Distributed Data

This paper studies the problem of data-adaptive representations for big, distributed data. It is assumed that a number of geographically-distributed, interconnected sites have massive local data and they are interested in collaboratively learning a low-dimensional geometric structure underlying these data. In contrast with previous works on subspace-based data representations, this paper focuses on the geometric structure of a union of subspaces (UoS). In this regard, it proposes a distributed algorithm—termed cloud K-SVD—for collaborative learning of a UoS structure underlying distributed data of interest. The goal of cloud K-SVD is to learn a common overcomplete dictionary at each individual site such that every sample in the distributed data can be represented through a small number of atoms of the learned dictionary. Cloud K-SVD accomplishes this goal without requiring exchange of individual samples between sites. This makes it suitable for applications where sharing of raw data is discouraged due to either privacy concerns or large volumes of data. This paper also provides an analysis of cloud K-SVD that gives insights into its properties as well as deviations of the dictionaries learned at individual sites from a centralized solution in terms of different measures of local/global data and topology of interconnections. Finally, the paper numerically illustrates the efficacy of cloud K-SVD on real and synthetic distributed data.
Diagnosis and Management of Iron-induced Heart Disease in Cooley's Anemia

Patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia are chronically transfused and, if not assiduously chelated, are at risk for cardiac dysfunction. Available data suggest that even in optimally chelated patients, cardiac pathology is abnormal secondary to iron deposition, fibrosis, hypertrophy, and the structural effects of chronic anemia. Evidence of myopericarditis may also be found. Cardiac performance is usually only subtly affected, primarily with diastolic abnormalities not routinely detected on echocardiograms or nuclear scan. In poorly chelated patients, severe heart failure occurs and is easily predictable but invariably fatal, despite treatment with diuretics, vasodilators, inotropes, and antiarrhythmics. Based on successful prevention of heart failure with ACE inhibitors in other forms of cardiomyopathy, we suggest multicenter trials to explore methods to stabilize cardiac function in patients at risk for iron-induced heart disease. Long-term adverse effects of iron deposition, diastolic dysfunction, and abnormal hormone regulation need to be quantitated in patients reaching their third and fourth decades when the potential for ischemic cardiac disease could compound cardiac dysfunction.
Computers Take Flight: A History of NASA's Pioneering Digital Fly-By-Wire Project

An overview of the NASA F-8 Fly-by Wire project is presented. The project made two significant contributions to the new technology: (1) a solid design base of techniques that work and those that do not, and (2) credible evidence of good flying qualities and the ability of such a system to tolerate real faults and to continue operation without degradation. In 1972 the F-8C aircraft used in the program became he first digital fly-by-wire aircraft to operate without a mechanical backup system.
The challenge of measurement science [President's Perspectives]

It seems to me that many people do not appreciate the challenge and necessity for measurement and instrumentation. Certainly the general public does not know what is important in completing and sustaining measurements or why it is important to do so. Even scientists and engineers seem to be hazy as to issues surrounding measurement and instrumentation. A recent white paper by Derek MacLachlan opens with this comment, "Accurate measurements are central to virtually every scientific and engineering discipline, but all too often measurement science gets little attention in the undergraduate curriculum [at least this is true in the United States]. Even those who received a thorough grounding in measurement fundamentals as undergraduates . . . [have] forgotten some of the details." ("Getting Back to the Basics of Electrical Measurements," by Derek MacLachlan, Staff Applications Engineer, Keithley Instruments, Inc.).
The effects of sodium metaperiodate on T and B lymphocytes.

Abstract The differential mitogenic response of T and B lymphocytes to sodium metaperiodate has been investigated. It was found that periodate treatment leads to lymphocyte stimulation in spleen cells from Balb/c mice but not in spleen cells from the congenitally athymic nu/nu mice. In addition, treatment of Balb/c spleen cells with anti-θ serum plus complement lowers the mitogenic response to periodate and to concanavalin A without affecting the response to lipopolysaccharide. These results suggest a requirement for the presence of T lymphocytes in the initiation of a response to periodate. Spleen cells from nude mice also react with periodate, and their ability to respond to B cell mitogens is impaired after treatment with the chemical reagent.
Recognizing Constraints to Local Economic Development.

Drawing on Kaufman's distinction between development in the community and development of the community, this paper discusses the contraints on local economic development associated with increased concentration of capital. The likelihood of successfully employing "import substitution" and other localization strategies without confronting issues of non-local control of the investment process is also examined. Two options for responding to capital constraints are discussed: (1) attempts to restore the conditions for non-local private capital accumulation in the community, and (2) attempts to create alternative local investment institutions. It is suggested that the strategy of development in the community subordinates the needs of the community to non-local interests, while the strategy of development of the community carries more potential for improving the quality of life for community residents.
Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in young infants.

Intravenous fluconazole is used in the treatment of fungal infections in infants. Little is known, however, about the pharmacokinetics of fluconazole after oral administration in premature infants. Oral fluconazole was administered at a dose of 6 mg/kg. The peak serum concentration (Cmax), area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC), and apparent clearance ranged from 6.0-13.5 micrograms/ml, 340-636 micrograms.h/ml, and 0.16-0.29 ml/min/kg, respectively. The Cmax and AUC were comparable after oral and intravenous doses of fluconazole. Oral fluconazole was well absorbed and tolerated. The use of oral fluconazole may offer an important alternative to the intravenous therapy; it may improve patient convenience, reduce the need for venous access and decrease complications and the cost of health care.
An iterative finite difference method for solving the quantum hydrodynamic equations of motion

Abstract A new stable computational method is presented for the direct numerical solution of the quantum hydrodynamic equations of motion associated with the de Broglie–Bohm formulation of quantum mechanics. The methodology is based on an iterative solution of the coupled non-linear hydrodynamic equations using a finite difference approximation for evaluating the numerical derivatives. The method is 2nd-order accurate in both space and time and exhibits exponential convergence with respect to the iteration count. The method is applied to a one-dimensional Gaussian wave packet: freely moving and scattering from an Eckart barrier. Excellent agreement is obtained between the numerical and analytic solutions for the free Gaussian wave packet. Accurate transmission probabilities are computed for the Eckart scattering problem which are in excellent agreement with two other computational methods. This method represents the first successful implementation of a stable finite difference approach for directly solving the quantum hydrodynamic equations of motion.
Strain partitioning and factorization in a quartz arenite

Abstract Most rocks deform by multiple grain-scale deformation mechanisms. In order to assess completely the contributions of each mechanism, the strain associated with that mechanism must be known and compared to the finite strain. This study describes the partitioning of strain between three mechanisms, pressure solution, dislocation creep, and microfracturing, in a quartz arenite deformed at low temperatures. Pressure solution, which occurred primarily during compaction, dominates the finite strain with an average of 24% shortening normal to bedding. Dislocation creep, which occurred during layer-parallel shortening, accounts for about 2% shortening parallel to bedding dip. Microfractures, which occur in three orthogonal sets, resulted in 2–4% extension normal to bedding, parallel to bedding strike, and parallel to bedding dip. The validity of the mechanism strains was tested using strain factorization. Models were constructed using the mechanism strains in an order determined by their relative ages. Because porous, well-sorted quartz arenites, such as the one studied, are likely to undergo some mechanical compaction in the early stages of diagenesis, variable amounts of mechanical compaction were included in factorization models. Models using the measured deformation mechanism strains with an initial 5–10% mechanical compaction yield finite strains in close agreement with the measured finite strains. This suggests that the mechanisms identified, the strain associated with each mechanism, and the deformation sequence are plausible.
Radiology malpractice in the emergency room setting

Emergency patients present particular liability risks unique to the setting in which they are admitted for care. This article examines the areas of liability for radiologists working in emergency medicine. First, a background of medical malpractice law is set forth to assure an understanding of liability exposure for physicians generally. The article then discusses added risk factors that present in emergency medicine radiology. Court findings from actual legal cases involving emergency radiology are reviewed. Finally, some risk management recommendations are included to assist radiologists working in the area of emergency medicine better to manage the liability risks inherent in their practice.
Community-Based Financial Literacy Education in a Cultural Context A Study of Teacher Beliefs and Pedagogical Practice

This article presents the findings related to teaching beliefs and pedagogical practices of a study that examined how financial literacy educators educate adults from underserved population groups ...
Comparative Gel Filtration and Density Gradient Centrifugation Studies on Heterologous Pituitary Luteinizing Hormones1

Purified preparations of luteinizing hormone isolated from human, bovine, porcine and equine pituitary glands, and from human urine, have been compared to ovine LH with respect to their chromatographic behavior on columns of Sephadex G-100, and in a sucrose density gradient system. The studies indicates a close similarity in the molecular weight of all the LH's studied, with the exception of the equine LH. Estimates by the gel filtration method of Whitaker indicate that the heterologous LH's behave as though they had a molecular weight of 45,000, while sucrose density gradient studies suggest a molecular weight in the range of 25,000-33,000. (Endocrinology 77: 78,1965)
Application of the projector Monte Carlo method to the transfer matrix of the classical XY model

Abstract An application of the projector Monte Carlo method to the transfer-matrix eigenvalue problem is described, for the classical planar spin model. The free energy of the system is computed by the growth estimate. Importance sampling is implemented, using a mean-field approximation of the eigenfunction as a trial wave function. The mixed expectation values of spin correlations are measured by their averages in the Monte Carlo ensemble.
The hematological response to hypoxia in growing guinea pigs is blunted during concomitant cold stress

Abstract 1. 1. Weanling male guinea pigs were exposed for up to 16 weeks to the combined stresses of cold (6 C) and hypoxia (ambient P o 2 = 85 Torr). Hematological data for these animals and a group of adults maintained in the same environment for 4 weeks were compared to similar data for age and weight-matched controls raised at 22°C and P o 2 = 133 Torr. 2. 2. During the initial 6 weeks of cold & hypoxia, hematocrit and [Hb] were elevated by 10–13°, above controls; these increases were accompanied by nonsignificant changes in #RBC's/mm 3 , so that mild macrocytosis was evident. 3. 3. From week 6 onward, the hematological profile changed more dramatically, so that by week 16. the Hct, [Hb], and #RBC's were 31, 35 and 22% greater than controls respectively. 4. 4. Throughout the 16 weeks, polychromasia was slight and nucleated red cells were rare in the peripheral smears. 5. 5. These data for the weanling guinea pigs as well as those for the adult group indicate that particularly during the initial stages of exposure, concomitant cold stress appeared to blunt the erythropoietic response when compared to that reported earlier for a similar group of animals raised under a similar level of hypoxia but at 22°C.
Cytotoxicity potential of surfactant mixtures evaluated by primary cultures of rabbit corneal epithelial cells.

Abstract The use of in vitro Cytotoxicity assays as potential alternatives in assessing ocular irritation of surfactant mixtures was evaluated in a primary culture system of rabbit corneal epithelial cells. Two groups of surfactant mixtures, each with the same surfactant components in varying proportions, were studied. Cytotoxicity was determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme leakage and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) dye reduction in the cell culture system. There was a good correlation between the Cytotoxicity in vitro and the reported Draize eye irritation data within each group of the surfactant mixtures studied.
Vibronic Structure and Coupling in the Electronic Spectra of the Hexacarbonyl Tantalate(I−) Ion

Emission, excitation, and vibrational spectra of [Ph4P][Ta(CO)6] are reported. The emission spectrum is assigned to a ligand field transition and contains a well-resolved vibrational progression in...
Gold Mining: Is It Worth Its Weight?

Gold (Au) accounts for only 0.004 g/ton of the earth's crust and is the most desired element. With an average annual world production of approximately 2,500 tons, the current methods of Au mining in developing countries cause major environmental issues. These issues vary from deforestation to cyanide and mercury (Hg) contamination. This article presents several cases of environmental catastrophes caused by Au mining in different regions of the world (Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and South America). It discusses the currently available processes for the large-scale extraction of metallic Au grains and supports the need for an alternative sustainable process.
On univalence and P-matrices

Abstract Suppose F is a differentiable mapping from a rectangle R⊂En into En. Gale and Nikaido proved that if the Jacobian of F is a P-matrix in R, then F is univalent in R. Their paper has served as the basis of numerous results on univalence. Recently H. Scarf conjectured a significant extension: that the Jacobian of F need not be a P-matrix everywhere in the rectangle R, but merely on its boundary. This paper proves Scarf's conjecture, and to do so utilizes a conceptually different method of proof than that of Gale and Nikaido. The proof is presented in such a way as to demonstrate a suggestion of Scarf that orientation arguments may provide an alternative proof of the Gale-Nikaido theorem.
Drug-drug interactions involving lysosomes: mechanisms and potential clinical implications

Introduction: Many commercially available, weakly basic drugs have been shown to be lysosomotropic, meaning they are subject to extensive sequestration in lysosomes through an ion trapping-type mechanism. The extent of lysosomal trapping of a drug is an important therapeutic consideration because it can influence both activity and pharmacokinetic disposition. The administration of certain drugs can alter lysosomes such that their accumulation capacity for co-administered and/or secondarily administered drugs is altered. Areas covered: In this review the authors explore what is known regarding the mechanistic basis for drug-drug interactions involving lysosomes. Specifically, the authors address the influence of drugs on lysosomal pH, volume and lipid processing. Expert opinion: Many drugs are known to extensively accumulate in lysosomes and significantly alter their structure and function; however, the therapeutic and toxicological implications of this remain controversial. The authors propose that drug-d...
Young adolescents' patterns of involvement with siblings and friends

We identified different patterns in young adolescents’ experiences with their siblings and their friends and investigated the connections between these relationship patterns and both young adolescents’ psychosocial functioning and the characteristics of their family and neighbourhood contexts. Participants were 141 families, including mothers, fathers, young adolescents (M = 11.4 years), and their younger siblings (M = 8.3 years). Cluster analysis revealed three groups of young adolescents: (1) high intimacy and involvement with sibling, high intimacy with friend but low involvement with friends (‘Differentiated’); (2) high intimacy and involvement with friend but not sibling (‘Incongruent’); and (3) low involvement and intimacy with both sibling and friend (‘Congruent’). The Congruent pattern was associated with young adolescents’ personal characteristics and their parent-adolescent relationship experiences. In contrast, the Incongruent and Differentiated profiles were linked to contextual factors (i.e., family and neighbourhood resources). Findings suggest that individual differences exist in the associations between young adolescents’ relationships with siblings and friends.
Breakdown of stimulus control by d-amphetamine

Six albino rats served as Ss in a series of experiments designed to determine the effects of d-amphetamine sulfate on behavior regulated by internal- and external-stimulus control. A two-bar switching schedule (with and without SD) was utilized so that both perseveration and premature switching could be analyzed. All Ss, in all experiments, demonstrated increased variability under all drug contingencies. Both internal- and external-stimulus control broke down after the administration of the drug and was marked by general perseveration on the first bar. Transition behavior regulated by internal cues resulted in premature switching.
CHANGES DURING THE LAST HALF CENTURY IN UNIVERSITY LIFE

(1959). Changes During the Last Half Century in University Life. Religious Education: Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 92-94.
A genetic algorithm-based method for optimizing the performance of a computer-aided diagnosis scheme for detection of clustered microcalcifications in mammograms.

Computer-aided diagnosis(CAD) schemes have the potential of substantially increasing diagnostic accuracy in mammography by providing the advantages of having a second reader. Our laboratory has developed a CAD scheme for detecting clustered microcalcifications in digital mammograms that is being tested clinically at the University of Chicago Hospitals. Our CAD scheme contains a large number of parameters such as filter weights, threshold levels, and region of interest (ROI) sizes. The choice of these parameter values determines the overall performance of the system and thus must be carefully set. Unfortunately, when the number of parameters becomes large, it is very difficult to obtain the optimal performance, especially when the values of the parameters are correlated with each other. In this study, we address the problem of identifying the optimal overall performance by developing an automated method for the determination of the parameter values that maximize the performance of a mammographicCAD scheme. Our method utilizes a genetic algorithm to search through the possible parameter values, and provides the set of parameters that minimize a cost function which measures the performance of the scheme. Using a database of 89 digitized mammograms, our method demonstrated that the sensitivity of our CAD scheme can be increased from 80% to 87% at a false positive rate of 1.0 per image. We estimate the average performance of our CAD scheme on unknown cases by performing jackknife tests; this was previously not feasible when the parameters of the CAD scheme were determined in a nonautomated manner.
An anomalous mannich reaction of a trimethylsilyl enol ether

Abstract Mannich reaction between dimethyl (methylene) ammonium chloride and a silyl enol ether gives a regiochemical result opposite to that obtained from the derived lithium enolate and the same salt.
Restoration of Photographs by Neutron Activation

Badly faded or stained photographs or radiographs, negative or positive, can be restored by use of neutron activation and autoradiography, provided that at least a trace of image silver is present and that the picture is relatively free of halogens and other silver.
Conformational stability of CH3CH2P(Z)F2(Z=O,S) from temperature dependent FT-IR spectra of rare gas solutions and ro structural parameters

Abstract Variable temperature (from −55 to −150°C) studies of the infrared spectra (3500–400 cm−1) of ethylphosphonic difluoride, CH3CH2P(O)F2 and ethylphosphonothioic difluoride, CH3CH2P(S)F2 dissolved in liquid xenon or krypton have been recorded. From these data, the enthalpy differences have been determined to be 76±9 cm−1(0.91±0.11 kJ/mol), for CH3CH2P(O)F2 with the trans conformer the more stable rotamer and 53±7 cm−1(0.63±0.08 kJ/mol) for CH3CH2P(S)F2 but with the gauche conformer the more stable form. Complete vibrational assignments are presented for both molecules, which are consistent with the predicted frequencies obtained from the ab initio MP2/6-31G(d) calculations. The optimized geometries, conformational stabilities, harmonic force fields, infrared intensities, Raman activities, and depolarization ratios have been obtained from RHF/6-31G(d) and/or MP2/6-31G(d) ab initio calculations. These quantities are compared to the corresponding experimental quantities when appropriate as well as with some corresponding results for some similar molecules. The ro adjusted structural parameters have been obtained for both molecules from a combination of the microwave rotational constants and ab initio predicted parameters. The corresponding ro structural parameters have been obtained for some similar molecules for comparison.
Performance of Helicopter Pilots During Inadvertent Flight Into Instrument Meteorological Conditions

Inadvertent flight into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) is a major cause of general aviation accidents. However, performance of helicopter pilots during inadvertent IMC encounters has not been investigated. We developed objective methods to quantify helicopter pilot effort and performance and applied these to simulated flight into IMC. Results showed strong effects of visibility and weaker effects of altitude and airspeed. The analyses revealed important information regarding the relationships among visibility, altitude, airspeed, aircraft performance, and pilot effort. Short training sessions produced significant performance improvements. The methods developed for quantifying pilot effort and performance can be applied to myriad investigations of pilot performance.
Effect of biotin and niacin on lipid content of livers in the laying hen.

Abstract Single Comb White Leghorn layers maintained in cages were fed a corn-soy diet with a simplified vitamin premix for a 12-week experimental period to determine the effect on liver lipid accumulation. Lipid content was only 29.6% of the liver dry matter and, therefore, was in the normal range and less than that seen in hens with fatty liver syndrome. Adding niacin (44 mg./kg.) or biotin (110 μg./kg.) either alone or in combination failed to significantly alter liver weight or liver lipid content. Liver lipid content of hens fed another diet with a more complex vitamin premix also was not significantly different from that of hens fed the diet with the simplified vitamin premix. None of the diets significantly affected egg production, egg weight, feed consumption or body weight changes observed over the 12-week period.
Physical Activity, Exercise, and Sedentary Behavior in College Students

The authors examined the relationship between physical activity, exercise, and sedentary behaviors in 493 college students who were enrolled in 10 conditioning activity classes and had completed questionnaires at the beginning of the course. They analyzed sedentary activities and indicators of participation in exercise and physical activity by demographic variables. Surveyed men reported greater participation in physical activity and exercise than did women, and they also spent more time watching television/videos and using the computer. Older students were more likely to report more computer use, whereas younger students scored higher on several physical activity indicators. Of the sedentary behaviors, only computer use for men and television watching for women were negatively correlated with exercise and physical activity. In addition to accessibility and reinforcing properties of sedentary activities, the gender-related relationships between sedentary and active behaviors should be considered in designing interventions to promote exercise in this population.
Mechanism-Specific Therapy of Ventricular Tachycardia

Arrhythmia Mechanisms and Therapy. An understanding of the mechanisms responsible for experimental and clinical arrhythmias has led to the development of mechanism-specific therapies for ventricular tachycardia. These include: (1) beta blockade for catecholamine-sensitive ventricular tachycardia; (2) verapamil for ventricular tachycardia possibly due to triggered activity; (3) pacing, isoproterenol and magnesium tberapy for torsade de pointes possibly due to early afterdepolarizations; (4) catheter ablation of the right bundle for bundle branch reentry tachycardia; and (5) catheter ablation of the zone of slow conduction for ventricular tachycardia due to reentry. Hopefully, further progress will be made in removing some of tbe empiricism from antiarrhythmic therapy.
Hybrid analytical technique for evaluating the sensitivity of the nonlinear vibrational response of beams

Abstract A three-step hybrid analytical technique is presented for evaluating the nonlinear vibrational response as well as the first-order sensitivity coefficients of thin-walled beams (derivatives of the nonlinear frequency with respect to material and geometric parameters of the beam). The first step involves the generation of various-order perturbation functions, and their derivatives with respect to the material and geometric parameters of the beam, using the Linstedt-Poincare perturbation technique. The second step consists of using the perturbation functions as coordinate (or approximation) functions and then computing the amplitudes of these functions and the nonlinear frequency via a direct variational procedure. The third step consists of using the perturbation functions, and their derivatives, as coordinate functions and computing the sensitivity coefficients of the nonlinear frequency via a second application of the direct variational procedure. The analytical formulation is based on a form of the geometrically nonlinear beam theory with the effects of in-plane inertia, rotatory inertia, transverse shear deformation, and cross-sectional warping included. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated by means of a numerical example of thin-walled beam with a doubly symmetric I-section.
A longitudinal study of personality and major depression in a population-based sample of male twins.

Background The relationship between personality and psychiatric illness is complex. It is not clear whether one directly causes the other. Method In a population-based sample of male twins (n=3030), we attempted to predict major depression (MD) from neuroticism (N) and extraversion (E) and vice versa, to evaluate the causal, scar, state, and prodromal hypotheses. In a longitudinal, structural equation twin model, we decomposed the covariation between N and MD into (a) genetic and environmental factors that are common to both traits, as well as specific to each one and (b) direct causal effects of N at time 1 on subsequent MD, as well as between MD and subsequent N. Results E was negatively correlated with lifetime and one-year prevalence of MD. N predicted the new onset of MD, and was predicted by both current and past MD. It did not predict the time to onset of MD. All of the covariation between N and MD was due to additive genetic and individual-specific environmental factors shared by both traits and a direct causal path between MD and N assessed later. No genetic factors were unique to either trait. Conclusions In men, N may be a vulnerability factor for MD but does not cause it directly. However, MD may have a direct causal effect on N. The genetic overlap between N and MD in men may be greater than in women.
Flow Through Rough Microchannels: A Lubrication Perspective

This paper provides concise specifications where idealized Poiseuille flow is applicable in representing one-dimensional flow through wide, thin, rough microchannels subjected to prescribed pressures at the channel ends. Starting with the general (compressible) form of the Navier-Stokes equations, new expressions which discuss the effect of body forces on flow through thin channels are first presented, leading to upper and lower bounds on channel reference velocity where idealized Poiseuille flow dominates. These results are combined with previously published studies related to the predicability of flow through stochastically rough surfaces. An arbitrarily chosen microchannel model based loosely on a previously published experimental test setup is used as a sample application.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Analysis of genetically engineered oncolytic herpes simplex viruses in human prostate cancer organotypic cultures

Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses type 1 (oHSVs) such as G47Δ and G207 are genetically engineered for selective replication competence in cancer cells. Several factors can influence the overall effectiveness of oHSV tropism, including HSV-1 receptor expression, extracellular matrix milieu and cellular permissiveness. We have taken advantage of human prostate organ cultures derived from radical prostatectomies to investigate oHSV tropism. In this study, we show that both G47Δ and G207 specifically replicate in epithelial cells of the prostatic glands but not in the surrounding stroma. In contrast, both the epithelial and stromal cell compartments were readily infected by wild-type HSV-1. Analysis of oHSV replication in prostate surgical specimens 3 days post infection showed that G47Δ generated ~30-fold more viral progeny than did G207. This correlated with the enhanced expression of G47Δ-derived glycoprotein gB protein levels as compared with G207. In benign prostate tissues, G207 and G47Δ titers were notably reduced, whereas strain F titers were maintained at similar levels compared with prostate cancer specimens. Overall, our results show that these oncolytic herpes vectors show both target specificity and replication competence in human prostate cancer specimens and point to the utility of using human prostate organ cultures in assessing oHSV tropism and cellular specificity.
Puritan Church Architecture and Worship in a Dutch Context

English Puritans have only a small reputation for aesthetic contributions to architecture. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, they worshiped God without making a show of buildings or beautiful ceremonies; consequently, there are few grand Puritan architectural monuments. Nonseparating Puritans, blending into the larger church, put their emphasis on the pure preaching and practice of biblical religion, not on outward appearances. And the Separatists, the strictest of the Puritans, gathered in disguised house-churches. Because of this artistic silence it is easy to downplay the importance of architectural concerns in the early history of Puritanism. Whenever historians mention “Puritan” architecture or “nonconformist” architecture, they are likely to describe it as simple, plain, functional, humble, austere, and practical. While true as far as it goes, this description is not the whole story. An examination of Puritan discussions about architecture in early seventeenth-century Netherlands reveals the interplay of theological and practical factors in creating the “proper” church architecture.
Neuroscience: a painful factor.

Peripheral nerve injury activates cells in the spinal cord called microglia. But how do such cells cause the ensuing chronic pain? It seems that they release a small protein that disrupts normal inhibition of pain signalling.
On the Nature of “Speed” and its Relation to Other Variables

Resume SUR LA NATURE DE LA “VITESSE” ET SA RELATION A D'AUTRES VARIABLES On nous donne ici une analyse comparative de onze etudes assez recentes et beaucoup cites sur la relation entre la vitesse de l'execution et une autre variable a laquelle on donne divers noms, tels que “altitude,” “pourvoir,” etc., et sur la relation, les unes aux autres, des vitesses de l'execution sur une variete de tǎches. L'auteur cherche a determiner la cause du conflict entre l'evidence et l'opinion a l'egard de ces relations en analysant (1) les instruments employes, (2) les processus experimentaux, et (3) les partis pris qui ont influe sur l'evidence. L'auteur ne trouve aucune base pour une loi generalisee sur la nature de la relation entre la vitesse et l'altitude et la relation entre les vitesses, mais croit cependant que cet ensemble de donnees indique certains tendances. (1) La tendance d'un individu a montrer le měme rang relatif en vitesse deprendra du degre auquel les deux tǎches font employer les měmes mecanismes psyc...
Epitaxial Electrodeposition of Fe3O4 Thin Films on the Low-Index Planes of Gold

Half-metallic ferrimagnetic materials such as Fe3O4 are of interest for use in spintronic devices. These devices exploit both the spin and charge of an electron in spin-dependent charge transport. Epitaxial thin films of Fe3O4 have been grown on the three low-index planes of gold by electrodeposition. On Au(110), a [110] Fe3O4 orientation that is aligned with the underlying Au(110) substrate is observed. Thin films on Au(100) grow with three different orientations: [100], [111], and [511]. On Au(111), both [111] and [511] orientations of Fe3O4 are observed. The [511] orientations are the result of twinning on {111} planes. A polarization value of approximately −40% at the Fermi level was measured by spin-polarized photoemission at room temperature for a thin film on Au(111).
Malaria and oral health

Half of the world population resides in malaria-prone areas, and the disease is responsible for more than a million deaths annually. This is apart from the economic impact of the disease through resources expended towards treatment and prevention and the loss of manpower. In addition to the overt clinical signs and symptoms, the association of malaria with other diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV infection has been described. However few studies have attempted to investigate its relationship to oral diseases. This review provides an overview of the relevance of malaria to the mouth and adjacent structures. The need for further research is also emphasized.
Perspectives of recent trainees on career choices in neonatology.

A major goal for neonatology training programs is to produce neonatologists who will pursue careers that combine clinical and research responsibilities. However, there appears to be a continuing decline in the number of trainees who choose academic, as opposed to private sector, jobs. The reason for this decline is perhaps best addressed by the people making career choices now, the recent trainees. Although many factors influence any individual's career choice, information from recent fellows indicates that several major factors play a strong role: finances; time demands; adequacy of research training; and academic institutions' attitudes toward recent trainees. Whereas the first two factors have been addressed by prior studies, the latter two factors have been less explored. The responses of a few recent trainees to an informal survey will be used to guide a discussion that focuses on the factors of research training and academic status. Ways to improve the success of training programs in producing academic neonatologists will be suggested, including the proposal of a research training curriculum, changes in the structure of post-fellowship academic status and increased encouragement of collaborative research efforts. A future survey of a broad group of recent trainees about their career choices and about proposals for training changes, such as those considered here, is needed to evaluate programs aimed at increasing the number of neonatologists engaged in research.
Selective V1a agonism reduces vascular leakage and cardiopulmonary dysfunction in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sepsis

This randomized, controlled experimental trial was performed to compare the effects of the selective V1a-receptor agonist (Phe2Orn8) vasotocin (POV) and the mixed V1a/V2-receptor agonist (Arg8) vasopressin (AVP) on vascular leakage and cardiopulmonary dysfunction associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pneumonia-induced septic shock using an established ovine model.
Insights from the Liraglutide Clinical Development Program—the Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes (LEAD) Studies

AbstractStandard therapies for type 2 diabetes often fail to maintain glycemic control over the long term, in part because they do not target the underlying cause. Current treatments may also be associated with weight gain, hypoglycemia, and other adverse effects, and can be difficult to use. Disease progression is accompanied by a progressive decline in β-cell function, which begins early in the disease course, and an impaired incretin response. The recently developed glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists overcome some of the limitations of conventional treatments. This article summarizes the key results of the new GLP-1 receptor agonist (liraglutide) phase 3 Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes (LEAD) studies. This series of 6 randomized controlled studies involved > 4400 patients with type 2 diabetes who were unable to maintain glycemic control with diet and exercise alone or with oral treatment, ˜2700 of whom received liraglutide. The studies demonstrated the efficacy and safety of li...
Public Anthropology and the Paradoxes of Participation: Participatory Action Research and Critical Ethnography in Provincial Russia

This article contributes to discussions of a public anthropology by bringing participatory action research (PAR) into dialogue with anthropology. PAR appears uniquely compatible with the goals of critical ethnography. Deeply concerned with global/structural inequality, it is also attentive to the power relations inherent within the research encounter; its point of departure is the kind of collaboration that the new (critical) ethnography proposes. However, despite these obvious affinities, few anthropologists have engaged PAR. At a time when more and more anthropologists are advocating forms of collaborative research practice, I argue that these two approaches to research can offer each other a great deal and that juxtaposing them is productive. Tracing the stages of her own fieldwork in post-Soviet Russia, the author argues that PAR offers the ethnographer a stance, or a framework to affect public anthropological engagement in the field. Further, it offers a means by which we can bring critical anthropol...