cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Galvano-thermomagnetic effects in degenerate semiconductors and semimetals with nonparabolic band shapes: II. General theory

Abstract A general theory of transport phenomena for a band with constant energy surfaces of spherical symmetry has been developed. This formulation is valid for an arbitrary dependence of the electron energy on the magnitude of the wave vector, arbitrary magnetic field below the quantum region and a relaxation time which is a power function of ϵ(k). The appropriate expression relating the effective mass to ϵ( k ) is derived. It is also pointed out that the generalized force acting on a mobile charge carrier in the absence of a magnetic field is the gradient of the band edge. The phenomenological transport equations were derived on the basis of the above model. The coefficients are written in terms of types of transport integrals which can be evaluated numerically once the ϵ( k ) relationship and several parameters are specified. Equations are derived for six galvano-thermomagnetic effects, in terms of which the remaining 554 effects for the rectangular parallelepiped geometry can be found. The theory is also applied to the Corbino disc geometry and the zero magnetic field case.
Cerebral dominance in monkeys

Abstract Visual discrimination of several types of stimuli were trained to each hemisphere of split-brain monkeys. Stimuli that differed only in orientation and that were spatially redundant were learned in fewer trials by the left hemisphere than by the right. Other stimuli, such as bilaterally symmetrical patterns, up-down mirror images, or photographs of monkeys' faces were learned, on the average, equally easily by either hemisphere. These preliminary results suggest that monkeys may exhibit some degree of cerebral dominance.
Effects of systematic bolus viscosity and volume changes on hyoid movement kinematics.

Using ultrasonography with head and transducer stabilization, this study examined the effects of maximally controlled, systematic changes in bolus viscosity (thin juice-like, 7 cP; nectar-like, 243–260 cP; honey-like, 724–759 cP; spoon-thick, 2760–2819 cP) and volume (5, 10, 20, 30 cc) on hyoid kinematics in 31 healthy subjects (16 male, 15 female) in three age groups (20–39, 40–59, 60–79 years). Frame-by-frame hyoid displacements were tracked from digitized images of 612 swallows. Measures of movement durations, maximal amplitudes, total distances, and peak velocities were subjected to repeated measures multivariate analyses of variance with viscosity, volume, age, and gender as factors. Results showed that (1) spoon-thick swallows had the greatest preswallow gesture and total movement durations; (2) larger-volume swallows had significantly greater maximal amplitudes, forward peak velocity, and total vertical distance; (3) older subjects had longer start-to-max duration (though shorter preswallow gesture and total movement durations), greater maximal vertical amplitude, longer total vertical distance, and greater backward peak velocity than younger subjects; (4) males had greater values for all kinematic parameters except preswallow gesture, hyoid-at-max, and max-to-end durations. The results illustrate the importance of examining the interrelations among kinematic variables to better understand task accommodation and motor control strategies. The evidence also supports the concept of suprahyoid–infrahyoid functional adaptation and compensation in the healthy elderly.
Seismic loads predicted by spatial variability models

Abstract Seismic loads that result from different expressions describing the spatial variability of the seismic ground motions at the supports of lifelines are evaluated and compared in this study. The analysis considers two spatial variability models, that are commonly used in lifeline earthquake engineering, namely the ones developed by Harichandran and Vanmarcke (J. Eng. Mech., 112 (1986)) and by Luco and Wong (Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 14 (1986)). It is shown that the models produce significantly different seismic loads for the analysis of buried and above-ground lifelines.
Hormone-Dependent Transcriptional Activation by Thyroid Hormone Receptors: Functional Homology with Steroid Hormone Receptors

Thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), play critical roles in growth and homeostasis, influencing the production of many key regulatory proteins (Samuels et al. 1988). The actions of thyroid hormones, like the steroid hormones, are mediated through intracellular receptor proteins (Oppenheimer 1983; Samuels 1983). Complementary DNAs encoding homologues of the oncogene v-erbA have been isolated and were found to bind thyroid hormones with affinities characteristic of the native thyroid hormone receptor (Weinberger et al. 1986; Sap et al. 1986). The deduced primary amino acid sequences of these thyroid hormone binding proteins showed conservation with the steroid hormone receptors, members of a superfamily of ligand-binding transcription factors (Evans 1988).
A Randomized Trial of Two Weight-Based Doses of Insulin Glargine and Glulisine in Hospitalized Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes and Renal Insufficiency

OBJECTIVE Renal insufficiency may increase the risk of hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients with diabetes who are treated with insulin. We randomized inpatients with type 2 diabetes and chronic renal failure to treatment with two different dose levels of insulin glargine and glulisine and studied control of hyperglycemia and the frequency of hypoglycemia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial to compare the efficacy of once-daily glargine and three-times daily glulisine at 0.5 vs. 0.25 units/kg/day. A total of 107 subjects had type 2 diabetes for >1 year, had a glomerular filtration rate 180 mg/dL. Doses were adjusted based on four-times daily BG measurements for 6 days. RESULTS Mean BG on the first day was 196 ± 71 mg/dL in the group receiving 0.5 units/kg (0.5 group) and 197 ± 55 mg/dL in the group receiving 0.25 units/kg (0.25 group; P = 0.94). On days 2 to 6, mean BG was 174 ± 52 mg/dL in the 0.5 group and 174 ± 46 mg/dL in the 0.25 group ( P = 0.96). There were no significant differences between groups in the percentage of BG values within the target range of 100 to 180 mg/dL on any of the 6 study days. In the 0.5 group, 30% experienced hypoglycemia (BG P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS Reduction of initial glargine/glulisine insulin weight-based dosing in hospitalized patients with diabetes and renal insufficiency reduced the frequency of hypoglycemia by 50% without compromising the control of hyperglycemia.
Synonymous Collocation Extraction Using Translation Information

Automatically acquiring synonymous collocation pairs such as and from corpora is a challenging task. For this task, we can, in general, have a large monolingual corpus and/or a very limited bilingual corpus. Methods that use monolingual corpora alone or use bilingual corpora alone are apparently inadequate because of low precision or low coverage. In this paper, we propose a method that uses both these resources to get an optimal compromise of precision and coverage. This method first gets candidates of synonymous collocation pairs based on a monolingual corpus and a word thesaurus, and then selects the appropriate pairs from the candidates using their translations in a second language. The translations of the candidates are obtained with a statistical translation model which is trained with a small bilingual corpus and a large monolingual corpus. The translation information is proved as effective to select synonymous collocation pairs. Experimental results indicate that the average precision and recall of our approach are 74% and 64% respectively, which outperform those methods that only use monolingual corpora and those that only use bilingual corpora.
Strategy to manage the treatment of severe psoriasis: considerations of efficacy, safety and cost

Psoriasis is a common, unpredictable, chronic immune-mediated disease characterised by skin lesions and frequently associated with arthritis. Although rarely fatal, psoriasis has a tremendous impact on a patients’ quality of life. Traditional therapies for severe psoriasis include phototherapy, methotrexate, oral retinoids and cyclosporin. New biological agents add to the treatment options for psoriasis; however, they raise the already considerable cost of managing the disease. In considering efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness, ultraviolet Type B (UVB) phototherapy appears to be the best first-line agent for the control of psoriasis. Methotrexate, psoralen plus UVA, alefacept, etanercept and infliximab are appropriate second-line agents, the choice of which requires considerable patient input and physician judgement. Developing rational, effective and acceptable strategies to manage psoriasis treatments would encourage cost-effective psoriasis management.
Comparison of Extracellular Cellulase Activities of Clostridium thermocellum LQRI and Trichoderma reesei QM9414.

The crude extracellular cellulase of Clostridium thermocellum LQRI (virgin strain) was very active and solubilized microcrystalline cellulose at one-half the rate observed for the extracellular cellulase of Trichoderma reesei QM9414 (mutant strain). C. thermocellum cellulase activity differed considerably from that of T. reesei as follows: higher endoglucanase/exoglucanase activity ratio; absence of extracellular cellobiase or beta-xylosidase activity; long-chain oligosaccharides instead of short-chain oligosaccharides as initial (15-min) hydrolytic products on microcrystalline cellulose; mainly cellobiose or xylobiose as long-term (24-h) hydrolysis products of Avicel and MN300 or xylan; and high activity and stability at 60 to 70 degrees C. Under optimized reaction conditions, the kinetic properties (V(max), 0.4 mumol/min per mg of protein; energy of activation, 33 kJ; temperature coefficient, 1.8) of C. thermocellum cellulose-solubilizing activity were comparable to those reported for T. reesei, except that the dyed Avicel concentration at half-maximal velocity was twofold higher (182 muM). The cellulose-solubilizing activity of the two crude cellulases differed considerably in response to various enzyme inhibitors. Most notably, Ag and Hg effectively inhibited C. thermocellum but not T. reesei cellulase at 10 mM. Both enzymes were inhibited by Cu (>20 mM), Zn (>1.0 mM), and ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)- N,N-tetraacetic acid (>10 mM). T. reesei but not C. thermocellum cellulose-solubilizing activity was 20% inhibited by glucose (73 mM) and cellobiose (29 mM). Both cellulases preferentially cleaved the internal glycosidic bonds of cellooligosaccharides. The overall rates of cellooligosaccharide degradation were higher for T. reesei than for C. thermocellum cellulase, except that the rates of conversion of cellohexaose to cellotriose were equivalent.
An improved horridge procedure for studying leg-position learning in cockroaches

The Horridge method for studying leg-position learning in insects was modified using an electronic device that eliminates stimulation of the trained leg and differences in positioning the experimental insect with respect to the yoked control. The device allows any conditioning stimulus to be applied to any part of the body contingent on either lifting or lowering a leg, and interfaces with a personal computer to store and analyze data on the percentage of stimulation during each minute, avoidance of stimulation by maintaining a leg position, and escape from stimulation by changing leg position. The device was used to train cockroaches with intact central nervous systems to keep a mesothoracic leg lifted to avoid shock to the prothorax. The performance of the experimental cockroaches was only marginally better than that of yoked controls during training and testing. The effect of leg-lift learning was much more apparent during reversal, however, when the experimental cockroaches kept their legs' lifted and therefore received many more shocks than did the formerly yoked controls.
Coronary angioplasty of branch vessels associated with an extreme angle take-off

Stenoses in branch vessels which originate at an acute angle to the main vessel represent a technically challenging anatomy for the performance of balloon angioplasty [PTCA]. We report a novel technique utilizing a distally placed perfusion balloon that facilitated guidewire placement and subsequent balloon angioplasty of a branch vessel stenosis. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A performance comparison of two architectures for fast transaction processing

Investigates the issues involved in using multiprocessors for transaction processing. The authors use a simulation model to study the behavior of two different architectures, namely shared everything and shared nothing. In shared everything, any processor can access any disk and all memory is shared. In shared nothing, neither disks nor memory is shared. They study the effects of data contention and resource contention in both of these architectures. They quantify the effects of intraquery parallelism on both architectures under different operating conditions. >
Young Adults’ Risk Perceptions of Various Tobacco Products Relative to Cigarettes: Results From the National Young Adult Health Survey

Objectives Tobacco product risk perceptions may influence whether individuals use those products instead of or in addition to regular cigarettes. This study aimed to explore risk perceptions of various tobacco products relative to traditional cigarettes with young adults, a group with higher rates of tobacco use. Method We examined risk perception responses among a nationally representative sample of young adults (age 18-34 years; n = 2,871, including tobacco and non-tobacco users) from the 2011 National Young Adult Health Survey. Results Most (57.8%) respondents believed that e-cigarettes were less risky than cigarettes. Respondents were more likely to rate combustible products hookah (24.5%) and cigars (13.9%) as being less risky compared to noncombustible snus (10%) and other smokeless tobacco (SLT) products (7.1%) relative to cigarettes. Few (2.5%) rated menthol cigarettes as less risky. For e-cigarettes, hookah, and SLT, less risky beliefs were significantly higher among ever or current versus never product users. Between 22% and 33% of all respondents believed that SLT, snus, menthol cigarettes, and cigars were more risky than cigarettes, but differences in this belief between current and nonusers of these products were small and insignificant. Younger young adults were more likely to rate e-cigarettes and hookah as being "less risky" and rate cigars and SLT as being "more risky" than older young adults. Conclusion The public's views of comparative tobacco risk perceptions vary widely by tobacco product type and age-group. While "less risky" perceptions may be associated with product use, perceptions that products are "more risky" than cigarettes may not necessarily dissuade people from their use.
Olfactory Cocainization Is Not an Effective Long-Term Treatment for Phantosmia

Phantosmia, the perception of an odor when there are no odorants in the environment, can be a very debilitating symptom. In the 1960s, Zilstorff reported olfactory distortions could be treated by the topical application of a cocaine solution to the olfactory epithelium. In evaluating this treatment, we observed no long-term benefit using cocaine on 6 patients with phantosmia. Based on our observations, the patient's olfactory ability was not a determining factor in the initiation or quality of their phantosmia. Following topical cocainization, we observed a remarkable delay of hours to days in the return of olfactory ability, and when cocaine was applied to only 1 nostril, there was a decreased olfactory ability on the noncocainized side. These results may suggest the possibility that phantosmia is related to a central processing problem.
Estimates of Intraclass Correlation for Variables Related to Behavioral HIV/STD Prevention in a Predominantly African American and Hispanic Sample of Young Women:

Studies designed to evaluate HIV and STD prevention interventions often involve random assignment of groups such as neighborhoods or communities to study conditions (e.g., to intervention or control). Investigators who design group-randomized trials (GRTs) must take the expected intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) into account in sample size estimation to have adequate power; however, few published ICC estimates exist for outcome variables related to HIV and STD prevention. The Prevention Options for Women Equal Rights (POWER) study was a GRT designed to evaluate a campaign to increase awareness and use of condoms among young African American and Hispanic women. The authors used precampaign and postcampaign data from the POWER study to estimate ICCs (unadjusted and adjusted for covariates) for a variety of sexual behavior and other variables. To illustrate the impact of ICCs on power, the authors present sample-size calculations and demonstrate how ICCs of differing magnitude will affect estimates of required sample size.
Partial Ovarian Ablation Concurrent With Egg Formation

Abstract ALTHOUGH many cases of abnormal eggs have been reported, the writers are not familiar with an abnormality similar to the one reported here. Hutt (1939) reports an intrafollicular ovum laid by a White Leghorn pullet, and cites a description by Laboulbene (1859) of an egg that contained both a normal yolk and an unruptured follicle. Hutt observed no albuminous covering, shell membranes, or shell on the unruptured follicle, but there was a stalk attached to it. On June 12, 1939, a New Hampshire pullet, 7123, a battery maintained bird, laid the egg shown in Figure 1. The egg was observed by the attendant shortly after it was laid. During the interval from June 12 to August 20 this pullet produced 28 eggs which was a similar rate of production to that before the abnormal egg was laid. The phenomenon apparently had no effect on the health of the pullet. The . . .
Efficient lighting programs in Europe: Cost effectiveness, consumer response, and market dynamics

Abstract Since 1987 more than 50 utility-sponsored programs in 11 European countries have offered financial incentives to promote energy-efficient compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs). Roughly 7.4 million households were eligible for the programs and together they acquired about 2.5 million CFLs. Data from 40 of the programs show that the average societal cost of conserved energy is 2.1 cents/kWh, including 0.3 cents/kWh for program administration and marketing, far less than the cost of building and operating new electric power plants. The highest penetration rates and the most cost-effective programs result when utility companies pay a high proportion (or all) of the cost of the efficient lamps. Data on lamp choice, placement, and utilization are presented along with a characterization of participants and non-participants. Survey results show that lamp prices can be a more important influence on consumers' choice of efficient lamps than the price of electricity. Non-economic factors such as environmental protection are as important as economic factors in determining participation. Market barriers, such as product shortages, are discussed along with appropriate remedies. Finally, differences between the European and the U.S. experiences are outlined.
Predominant Bcl-XL knockdown disables antiapoptotic mechanisms: tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-based triple chemotherapy overcomes chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro.

Pancreatic cancer is lethal because of its invasiveness, rapid progression, and profound resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying this, we have examined the expression and potency of three major death receptors: tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R), TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor (TRAIL-R), and Fas in mediating cytotoxicity in four invasive pancreatic cancer cell lines. We have analyzed the expression of major antiapoptotic factors, cell cycle regulators and death receptor decoys (DcR) in comparison with normal pancreas tissues and five other human malignant tumor cell lines. We have found that different pancreatic cancer cell lines coexpress high-level TRAIL-R, Fas, and TNF-R1 but are strongly resistant to apoptosis triggered by the death receptors. DcR2 and DcR3 overexpression may partly contribute to the resistance of pancreatic cancer cells to TRAIL-R– and Fas-mediated cytotoxicity. Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 are predominantly overexpressed in pancreatic cancer cell lines, respectively. Bcl-XL is also predominantly overexpressed in prostate, colorectal, and intestinal cancer cells. The knockdown of the predominant Bcl-XL overexpression significantly reduces the viability of pancreatic cancer cells to TNFα- and TRAIL-mediated apoptosis by sublethal-dose single and combined antitumor drugs, including geldanamycin, PS-341, Trichostatin A, and doxorubicine. Geldanamyin and PS-341 synergistically block NFκB activation, suppress Akt/PKB pathway, and down-regulate Bcl-XL, Bcl-2, cIAP-1, and cyclin D1 expression. This combined regimen dramatically enhances TRAIL cytotoxic effects and breaks through chemoresistance. Bcl-XL plays a vital role in pancreatic cancer chemoresistance. Geldanamycin, PS-341, and TRAIL triple combination may be a novel therapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer.
Cardiac MR elastography of the mouse: Initial results.

PURPOSE Many cardiovascular diseases are associated with abnormal function of myocardial contractility or dilatability, which is related to elasticity changes of the myocardium over the cardiac cycle. The mouse is a common animal model in studies of the progression of various cardiomyopathies. We introduce a novel noninvasive approach using microscopic scale MR elastography (MRE) to measure the myocardium stiffness change during the cardiac cycle on a mouse model. METHODS A harmonic mechanical wave of 400 Hz was introduced into the mouse body. An electrocardiograph-gated and respiratory-gated fractional encoding cine-MRE pulse sequence was applied to encode the resulting oscillatory motion on a short-axis slice of the heart. Five healthy mice (age range, 3-13.5 mo) were examined. The weighted summation effective stiffness of the left ventricle wall during the cardiac cycle was estimated. RESULTS The ratio of stiffness at end diastole and end systole was 0.5-0.67. Additionally, variation in shear wave amplitude in the left ventricle wall throughout the cardiac cycle was measured and found to correlate with estimates of stiffness variation. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the feasibility of implementing cardiac MRE on a mouse model. Magn Reson Med 76:1879-1886, 2016. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Synthesizing Daily Discharge from Rainfall Records

A graphical method of synthesizing hydrographs of daily mean stream-flow from precipitation records is described. The method described requires four distinct operations: (1) Determination of the mean depth of daily precipitation over the drainage basin, (2) determination of the precipitation excess, (3) determination of the time distribution of each increment of storm runoff, and (4) determination of the amount of base flow that should be added to the direct runoff to give to total flow. The method has produced good results, where it has been tested, in forecasting flood hydrographs from precipitation.
Development of a Simulation Environment to Support Aircraft Health Management Education

A simulation environment is developed at West Virginia University (WVU) to support current efforts for the integration into the curriculum of engineering aspects related to aircraft health management. The objective is to provide undergraduate and graduate aerospace engineering students with advanced knowledge and skills in the area of modeling, detection, evaluation, monitoring, and accommodation of abnormal aerospace systems operation within an experiential and active learning environment. A set of dedicated simulation tools is presented, which integrates PC-based simulation with the WVU 6-degrees-of-freedom motion-based flight simulator. Several types of failure of various aircraft sub-systems (actuators, sensors, structure, engine) as well as adverse atmospheric conditions and abnormal human pilot conditions are modeled and implemented. Parameter identification algorithms, failure detection schemes, and fault tolerant control laws are implemented for demonstration and analysis purposes. The use of the simulation environment is illustrated through a classroom simulation experiment designed to put into evidence the dynamic signature of aerodynamic control surfaces failures.
Sustainable Strategy Utilizing Biomass: Visible-Light-Mediated Synthesis of γ-Valerolactone

A novel sustainable approach to valued γ-valerolactone was investigated. This approach exploits the visible-light-mediated conversion of biomass-derived levulinic acid by using a bimetallic catalyst on a graphitic carbon nitride, AgPd@g-C3N4.
A peer group intervention on HIV-risk behavior among men who have sex with men in Hefei: A prospective cohort study

Objective To explore effect of the "Initiator-Leading and Respondent-Driven" group intervention on HIV-risk behavior among MSM.Methods The cohort study based on MSM peer group was conducted through respondent driven sampling in Hefei.Totally,127 eligible MSM were recruited to participate in intervention study by the initiators leading and their peers referring.Firstly,initiators and volunteers were trained.Secondly,4-sessions peer group intervention was carried out by initiators and volunteers among their peer groups within two months.Lastly,all participants were asked to complete self-administrated questionnaire both at pre-and post-intervention.Results Of 127 participants,106 were followed up at 3 month after intervention and the rate of follow up was 83.5%.The score of HIV/STDs related knowledge of participants increased from 14.93±2.419 to 17.60±1.343 after 2-month intervention.The rates of condom use during last three sexual episodes with male primary sexual partners,male casual sexual partners and male sexual partners increased from 60.1%,48.4% and 51.3% at baseline to 70.3%,54.2% and 66.7% at follow up respectively,while the rate of unprotected anal sex during last sex episode with male primary sexual partners and male casual sexual partners decreased from 34.9% and 42.5% at baseline to 17.0% and 26.4% at follow up respectively.Conclusion The "Initiator-Leading and Respondent-driven" group intervention could decrease the unprotected anal sex among MSM.
Observation of immunological effect and safety of hepatitis B vaccine in general population

Objective To evaluate the immunological effect and safety of hepatitis B vaccine in general population. Methods Totally 3178 adult aged 16 to 49 years were selected to administer 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine( 10 μg). The first blood samples were taken while the first hepatitis B vaccine was given,the second blood samples were taken 1 month after the completion of the series vaccination. All the blood samples were detected for hepatitis B virus( HBV) surface antigen( HbsAg),antibody to hepatitis B virus surface antigen( anti-HBs) and antibody to hepatitis B virus core antigen( anti-HBc) by using chemiluminescence assay. Results For the people who were anti-HBs negative before vaccination,the positive conversion rate was 97. 68%, the age specific differences were statistical significant( χ2= 17. 28,P = 0. 001). The geometric mean concentration( GMC) of anti-HBs was 1123. 31 mIU / ml. For the people who were anti-HBs positive,the GMC of anti-HBs were 63. 32 mIU / ml and 9415. 59 mIU / ml before and after vaccination,the difference was statistical significant( t = 71. 141,P = 0. 00). Conclusion The short term effect of hepatitis B vaccine immunization is good in general population,but the long term effect needs further observation.
Suppressing Background Radiation Using Poisson Principal Component Analysis.

Performance of nuclear threat detection systems based on gamma-ray spectrometry often strongly depends on the ability to identify the part of measured signal that can be attributed to background radiation. We have successfully applied a method based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to obtain a compact null-space model of background spectra using PCA projection residuals to derive a source detection score. We have shown the method's utility in a threat detection system using mobile spectrometers in urban scenes (Tandon et al 2012). While it is commonly assumed that measured photon counts follow a Poisson process, standard PCA makes a Gaussian assumption about the data distribution, which may be a poor approximation when photon counts are low. This paper studies whether and in what conditions PCA with a Poisson-based loss function (Poisson PCA) can outperform standard Gaussian PCA in modeling background radiation to enable more sensitive and specific nuclear threat detection.
Backward conditioning in Pavlovian type studies. Reevaluation and present status.

Authors of almost all learning texts have indicated that unconditional/ stimulus-conditional stimulus (UCS-CS) trials (backward conditioning) utilized in classical conditioning experiments will not result in establishing a conditional response (CR) (excitation). Recently, it has been proposed that backward conditioning can take place although whether UCS-CS trials result in excitation or inhibition has been left unspecified. It is proposed that the diversity of findings can be attributed to inadequate methodology and the use of a classical-instrumental transfer paradigm. When only traditional Pavlovian conditioning studies are examined, the experimental findings suggest that UCS-CS trials will result in inhibition.
Condensation of ammonia and high-temperature-glide ammonia/water zeotropic mixtures in minichannels – Part I: Measurements

Abstract In this two-part study, a comprehensive investigation of the condensation of pure and zeotropic mixtures of ammonia and ammonia/water is conducted and improved models for condensation are developed. In Part I, condensation heat transfer experiments were conducted on ammonia and ammonia/water mixtures. Data for pure ammonia were obtained for varying tube diameters (0.98 0.96). For zeotropic mixtures, the apparent heat transfer coefficient showed a different trend from the pure ammonia heat transfer coefficient, with strong degradation observed in quality ranges with large temperature glides. At low quality ranges (i.e., low temperature glides and smaller mixture effects), the pure ammonia heat transfer coefficient and zeotropic mixture apparent heat transfer coefficient were in good agreement. In Part II of this study, a new model for predicting condensation heat transfer for pure ammonia in mini- and microchannels is introduced.
Laurence’s Analytical Paradigm

The framework that is suggested by Laurence is discussed. His analysis of the bulk of the case law presented must be prefaced by an explanation of his paradigm.
Using carbon fiber composites for reinforcing pervious concrete

Abstract Pervious concrete (PC) pavement applications are growing in popularity due to the environmental and stormwater management benefits that PC can offer. However, relatively low mechanical properties and durability of PC, comparing to conventional Portland cement concrete (PCC), limit its use for vehicular applications. In this study, different size fractions of cured carbon fiber composite material (CCFCM) pieces were incorporated into a PC mixture (rPC) in three volume fractions. The goal was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of rPC in comparison to the corresponding properties of plain PC (control). Seven mixture designs were prepared in order to investigate the effect of CCFCM volume fractions as well as CCFCM particle sizes. The test results indicated that CCFCM addition enhanced the workability of the PC mixtures. rPC mixtures presented higher average infiltration rates when compared to the control mixture. Improvements in mechanical properties were seen on 28-day compressive strength (4–11%), 7-day tensile strength (11–46%) and in modulus of elasticity (6–45%). In terms of resistance to mass loss in Cantabro and surface abrasion, rPC mixtures presented various behaviors, with one mixture containing the highest volume fraction and a combined size fraction, outperforming the control in both tests. Overall, the results of this study indicate that incorporation of CCFCM is promising in improving physical and mechanical properties of PC.
Changes in abdominal fat following antiretroviral therapy initiation in HIV-infected individuals correlate with waist circumference and self-reported changes

BACKGROUND We examined whether waist circumference (WC) and self-reported abdominal size changes can estimate visceral adipose tissue (VAT) changes for those initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS Prospectively collected data from ACTG A5257 and its metabolic substudy, A5260s, were used for this analysis. ART-naive HIV-infected participants were randomized to one of three contemporary ART regimens. Changes in abdominal CT-measured VAT and total adipose tissue (TAT) and DXA-measured trunk fat were tested for association with WC changes (by Pearson correlation) and categories of self-reported abdominal size changes (by ANOVA) between entry and week 96. Linear models compared WC and self-reported changes. RESULTS The study population (n=328) was predominantly male (90%) and White non-Hispanic (44%) with a baseline median age of 36 years and body mass index of 25 kg/m2. At week 96, median WC change was +2.8 cm. Of those reporting at week 96, 53% indicated 'no change/lost', 39% 'gained some/somewhat larger' and 8% 'gained a lot/much larger' as their self-reported changes. Trunk fat, VAT and TAT changes differed across self-reported groups (ANOVA P<0.0001 for all), and the group ordering was as expected. WC changes were strongly correlated with CT and DXA changes (trunk fat: ρ=0.72, p<0.0001; VAT: ρ=0.52, p<0.0001; TAT: ρ=0.62, p<0.0001). While WC changes explained a greater proportion of VAT, TAT and trunk fat variation, self-reported changes remained a significant predictor after controlling for WC (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS WC and self-reported abdominal changes each correlated directly with imaging-derived abdominal fat measures, and can be used as reliable, affordable tools for central adiposity assessment.
Treatment Services in the Juvenile Justice System: Examining the Use and Funding of Services by Youth on Probation

Youth enter the juvenile justice system with a variety of service needs, particularly for mental health problems. Research has examined the extent to which youth have mental health disorders, primarily among detained youth, and factors associated with treatment referrals, but little research has examined youth on probation and the actual use of services. Using data obtained from the Maricopa County Juvenile Probation Department from July 2012 through August 2014 (N = 3,779), the current study examines (1) the factors associated with receiving treatment services while on probation and (2) the factors associated with receiving treatment services through different funding streams. Findings reveal that only about 25% of the sample of youth on probation received treatment services, suggesting the underservicing of youth. Consistent with prior research, there were also racial and ethnic disparities concerning treatment use, with Blacks and Latinos less likely to receive services. Additionally, certain character...
Correlated silicon and titanium isotopic compositions of presolar SiC grains from the Murchison CM2 chondrite

Abstract We report correlated Si, and Ti isotopic compositions and elemental concentrations of 238 presolar SiC grains from the Murchison CM2 meteorite. Combined with measurements of the C and N isotopic compositions of these 238 grains, 220 were determined to be of type mainstream, 10 type AB, 4 type Y and 4 type Z. SiC grains of diameter ≳2.5 µm, to ensure enough material to attempt Ti measurements, were randomly chosen without any other prejudice. The Ti isotopic compositions of the majority of the grains are characterized by enrichments in 46Ti, 47Ti, 49Ti, and 50Ti relative to 48Ti, and show linear isotopic correlations indicative of galactic chemical evolution and neutron capture of the grains parent stars. The variability in the observed Ti signal as a function of depth in most of the grains indicates the presence of distinct subgrains, likely TiC that have been previously observed in TEM studies. Vandium-51 concentrations correlate with those of Ti, indicating V substitutes for Ti in the TiC matrix in many of the grains. No isotopic anomalies in 52Cr/53Cr ratios were observed, and Cr concentrations did not correlate with those of either Ti or V.
Internet Intermediaries and Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights: The New Subjects of Media Freedom

How the principles of freedom of expression, developed over the centuries, can be preserved and passed on, and how the activities of these powerful intermediaries can be aligned with the legal doctrines of fundamental rights are massive issues for the legal regulation and thus for the practice of the ECtHR in the case law related to Article 10 of the Convention – and seem certain to remain so in the coming decades. Although the ECtHR has dealt with relatively few cases on the above subject matter to date, reviewing these will be illuminating, as they seem to outline (albeit inconsistently) a theoretical base that is adapting the traditional questions of freedom of expression to the new media landscape, and on which the ECtHR can rely when delivering judgments in future cases. As such, the ECtHR can in turn influence the regulation of the European public sphere as a whole through its decisions.
The Effect of an Inpatient Smoking Cessation Treatment Program on Hospital Readmissions and Length of Stay.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to estimate the impact of an inpatient tobacco cessation treatment program on 30-day readmission rates and length of stay (LOS). METHODS Participants were 28,994 patients admitted to the hospital between July 2012 and July 2014. Smokers were identified through the electronic medical records system and were offered cessation treatment. Program effects were estimated by using a difference-in-differences approach, comparing all smokers to all nonsmokers before versus after introduction of the program. Readmission rates were modeled by using probit regression; LOS was modeled by using truncated negative binomial regression. Models controlled for age, sex, race, payer, hospital department, severity of illness, and intensive care unit days. RESULTS The hospital-initiated smoking cessation intervention had no significant effect on 30-day readmission rates or LOS. Other control variables had the expected signs and were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The evaluation of an inpatient tobacco dependence treatment did not find significant short-term changes in healthcare utilization in the first 30 days after initial hospitalization.
The effect of different exercise modalities on the heart rate recovery response

Summary Background Heart rate recovery (HRR) is inversely associated with poor health outcomes and co-morbidities, and methods to enhance HRR can occur following aerobic and resistance training activities. It is unknown the role that these exercise modalities have on one another using a national sample. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the association of meeting one, both or neither of the guidelines for muscle strengthening activities (MSA) and moderate to vigorous physical activities (MVPA) guidelines on HRR. Methods Data from the 2003–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used (n = 564; 20–49 yrs). Participants completed a submaximal treadmill test and HRR was determined as the difference from maximal heart rate achieved and heart rate during the first minute (HRR1) and second minute (HRR2) into recovery. Results There was no association for meeting one guideline at HRR1 (P = 0.135), but those that met both guidelines had an enhanced HRR1 (P = 0.046). In addition, meeting one (P Conclusion Therefore, we suggest that by adopting both MSA and MVPA guidelines, one may have favorable health outcomes given the previously established inverse relationship between HRR and all-cause mortality.
Current Readings on Surgery for the Neonate With Hypoplastic Aortic Arch

Aortic arch hypoplasia is commonly present in neonates born with ductal-dependent coarctation of the aorta. The ideal surgical repair of neonates with proximal arch hypoplasia continues to be debated. Controversy exists about the fate of the hypoplastic proximal aortic arch following surgical repair and whether that will eventually grow to normal size upon relief of the distal obstruction or will persist as a residual lesion that can affect the long-term outlook of those patients. There is new evidence that residual proximal arch hypoplasia and the shape of the reconstructed arch both have an important impact on vascular remodeling and on the subsequent development of hypertension. Those concerns about late outcomes despite what was originally deemed a successful repair in infancy, coupled with improved cardiopulmonary bypass and cerebral perfusion techniques that allow surgeons to address proximal arch hypoplasia with low morbidity, have rekindled the debate on how to address proximal arch hypoplasia, with the aim to offer a neonatal surgery that would last for a lifetime and provide both optimal early recovery and late freedom from hypertension and related complications.
Studies of nonoxynol-9. I. The effect on the vaginas of rabbits and rats.

A standard rabbit vaginal irritation test was used to evaluate the morphologic reaction to an aqueous solution of a nonionic spermicidal detergent, nonoxynol-9 (N-9). Various amounts of N-9, between 2.5mg and 50mg, were incorporated into cylindrical collagen sponges which were retained in the vagina for 10days. Changes in the continuity of the epithelial lining, edema of the submucosal layer, and the inflammatory cell infiltrate of this layer were proportional to the amount of N-9 tested. An increase in a semiquantitative score for the inflammatory changes in the vagina was noted for increasing amounts of N-9. In young adult female rats treated vaginally with 5mg/100 gm body weight/day of aqueous N-9 for 5 to 20days, the number of cells (DNA) was significantly increased on day 5. The collagen content in the vaginal wall (hydroxyproline) was significantly increased after 15 and 20 daily injections of the detergent. We conclude that both morphologic and chemical changes in the vagina are compatible with the inflammatory reaction induced by the detergent tested.
A Bayesian procedure for estimating the causal effects of nursing home bed-hold policy

Nursing home bed-hold policies provide continuity of care for Medicaid beneficiaries by paying nursing homes to reserve beds so residents can return to their facility of occupancy following an acute hospitalization. In 2001, Michigan implemented bed-hold policies in nursing homes. We investigated the impact of these policies on mortality and hospitalizations using 1999-2004 quarterly data from nursing homes in Michigan and nursing homes in 11 states that did not implement such policies. Synthetic Control has been used to estimate the effects of policies by accounting for changes over time unrelated to the intervention. Synthetic Control is intended for scalar continuous outcome at each period, and assumes a single treated unit and multiple control units. We propose a Bayesian procedure to overcome these limitations. It imputes the outcomes of nursing homes in Michigan if they were not exposed to the policy by matching to non-exposed nursing homes that are associated with the exposed ones in the pre-policy period. Because sampling from a Bayesian model is computationally challenging, we describe an approximation procedure that can be implemented using existing software. Our approach can be applied to other studies that examine the impact of policies.
Sociospatial Practices of Hispanic Youth Navigating Their Labor Market Opportunities.

Hispanic youth are entering the U.S. labor market in increasing numbers. Their experiences and outcomes can teach us about the degree to which Hispanic migrants and their children are successfully ...
Democratic accountability in the neoliberal era: The politics of teaching and teacher education in mathematics classrooms:

The effects of neoliberal policies have increased inequalities globally and nationally, diminishing democratic accountability. They have also tainted the goals, motivations, methods, and standards ...
Society of Behavioral Medicine position statement: Society of Behavioral Medicine supports oral cancer early detection by all healthcare providers

In response to the increasing incidence of certain oral and oropharyngeal cancers, the Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) calls on healthcare providers and legislators to expand awareness of oral and oropharyngeal cancer risk factors, increase early detection, and support policies that increase utilization of dental services. SBM supports the American Dental Association's 2017 guideline for evaluating potentially malignant oral cavity disorders and makes the following recommendations to healthcare providers and legislators. We encourage healthcare providers and healthcare systems to treat oral exams as a routine part of patient examination; communicate to patients about oral/oropharyngeal cancers and risk factors; encourage HPV vaccination for appropriate patients based on recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices; support avoidance of tobacco use and reduction of alcohol consumption; and follow the current recommendations for evaluating potentially malignant oral cavity lesions. Because greater evidence is needed to inform practice guidelines in the primary care setting, we call for more research in collaborative health and dental services. We encourage legislators to support policies that expand Medicaid to cover adult dental services, increase Medicaid reimbursement for dental services, and require dental care under any modification of, or replacement of, the Affordable Care Act.
From Adversaries to Allies: Relief Workers' Attitudes Toward the US Military

Although soldiers and relief workers traditionally have engaged in conflicting missions—killing versus saving lives—recent peacekeeping operations have required the two groups to work together on humanitarian efforts. Interviews with aid workers in Bosnia and in Haiti reveal that this traditionally antimilitary population has come to support military interventions in their regions. They have developed a cooperative relationship with the military despite lingering doubts and persistent cultural differences. This recent shift in attitudes demonstrates that the concept of task cohesion, developed from studies of small-group dynamics, can be applied at the organizational level. Organizations that share a common goal and that depend on one another to reach that goal can develop a cooperative relationship and yet retain distinct organizational memberships and cultures.
Aminopyridine, 4- (4-AP)

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by David Roane, volume 1, pp 96–97, © 2005, Elsevier Inc.
Distributed voltage control for distribution feeder with photovoltaic systems

The voltage fluctuations in an active distribution system is a challenging problem which requires an effective solution to empower the expansion of photovoltaics (PV). In this study, distributed voltage control which leverages the smart inverter technology, is proposed as a solution. In distributed voltage control, the reactive power reference for the PV plants are generated using the weighted voltage deviation of selected nodes. The control method is illustrated on a modified IEEE 34 test feeder integrated with two PV plants. The voltage profile of the IEEE 34 feeder with particle swarm optimization based tuned weights and equal weights are compared. Typical results show that the mean squared error for the proposed tuning method is lower with optimized distributed voltage control.