cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A GPU-based approximate SVD algorithm

Approximation of matrices using the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) plays a central role in many science and engineering applications. However, the computation cost of an exact SVD is prohibitively high for very large matrices. In this paper, we describe a GPU-based approximate SVD algorithm for large matrices. Our method is based on the QUIC-SVD introduced by [6], which exploits a tree-based structure to efficiently discover a subset of rows that spans the matrix space. We describe how to map QUIC-SVD onto the GPU, and improve its speed and stability using a blocked Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization method. Using a simple matrix partitioning scheme, we have extended our algorithm to out-of-core computation, suitable for very large matrices that exceed the main memory size. Results show that our GPU algorithm achieves 6˜7 times speedup over an optimized CPU version of QUIC-SVD, which itself is orders of magnitude faster than exact SVD methods.
Inhibition of Klebsiella β-Lactamases (SHV-1 and KPC-2) by Avibactam: A Structural Study.

β-Lactamase inhibition is an important clinical strategy in overcoming β-lactamase-mediated resistance to β-lactam antibiotics in Gram negative bacteria. A new β-lactamase inhibitor, avibactam, is entering the clinical arena and promising to be a major step forward in our antibiotic armamentarium. Avibactam has remarkable broad-spectrum activity in being able to inhibit classes A, C, and some class D β-lactamases. We present here structural investigations into class A β-lactamase inhibition by avibactam as we report the crystal structures of SHV-1, the chromosomal penicillinase of Klebsiella pneumoniae, and KPC-2, an acquired carbapenemase found in the same pathogen, complexed with avibactam. The 1.80 A KPC-2 and 1.42 A resolution SHV-1 β-lactamase avibactam complex structures reveal avibactam covalently bonded to the catalytic S70 residue. Analysis of the interactions and chair-shaped conformation of avibactam bound to the active sites of KPC-2 and SHV-1 provides structural insights into recently laboratory-generated amino acid substitutions that result in resistance to avibactam in KPC-2 and SHV-1. Furthermore, we observed several important differences in the interactions with amino acid residues, in particular that avibactam forms hydrogen bonds to S130 in KPC-2 but not in SHV-1, that can possibly explain some of the different kinetic constants of inhibition. Our observations provide a possible reason for the ability of KPC-2 β-lactamase to slowly desulfate avibactam with a potential role for the stereochemistry around the N1 atom of avibactam and/or the presence of an active site water molecule that could aid in avibactam desulfation, an unexpected consequence of novel inhibition chemistry.
Associations between health status and the probability of approaching a novel object or stationary human in preweaned group-housed dairy calves

Neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) are the 2 most prevalent diseases affecting the welfare and productivity of preweaned dairy calves in the United States. Early detection of these diseases improves both the probability of recovery and animal welfare. Group housing of preweaned calves is increasing in popularity and disease detection in a socially competitive environment can be challenging. One method of detecting disease is through the observation of key behaviors that occur during illness. Novel object and stationary human approach tests can be used to measure exploratory behavior, which is decreased during the expression of sickness behavior. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine associations between 4 categories of health status and the probability of calves approaching a novel object or stationary human, and (2) to determine the associations between rectal temperature and the probability of calves approaching. Holstein heifer calves (n = 75) in group housing were tested weekly for the first 6 wk of life for their willingness to approach a novel object (OBJ) or stationary human (SH). After the approach tests, calves were evaluated by research staff using a standardized health-scoring system. Treatment records were obtained from the farm to determine detection of BRD, NCD, and umbilical infections. Associations between probability of approach and BRD status were analyzed using a linear mixed model with a logit-transform (PROC GLIMMIX), controlling for calf as a random effect. All models controlled for week, pen, pen order, and test order. Calves with clinical signs of BRD on test day were 0.5 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.3-0.9] and 0.5 (95% CI = 0.3-0.9) times as likely to approach the OBJ and SH compared with healthy calves, respectively. Calves with a fever (rectal temperature ≥ 39.4°C) were 0.4 (95% CI = 0.2-0.8) and 0.4 (95% CI = 0.1-0.7) times as likely to approach the OBJ and SH compared with calves without fever, respectively. Calves that were recovering from NCD on test day, but were not showing clinical signs of NCD, were 0.4 (95% CI = 0.2-0.9) times as likely to approach SH, compared with healthy calves. These results suggest that approach tests may be useful for the identification of calves with clinical signs of BRD and calves with a fever in group housing.
Fathers' thoughts on breastfeeding and implications for a theory-based intervention.

ABSTRACT Objective To explore male partner's perceptions of breastfeeding to inform the development of interventions to increase their support of breastfeeding. Design Qualitative grounded theory. Setting Participants were recruited and interviewed in two Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) clinics located Honolulu, Hawai‘i. Participants Fourteen male partners of low‐income pregnant women or new mothers. Methods Male partner attitudes, knowledge, and feelings were collected through private interviews. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and data were analyzed using grounded theory methods. Results All men appreciated breastfeeding's health benefits, acknowledged that it was natural, and were empathetic to the efforts of their partners. The men also discussed not being involved in the breastfeeding decision, believing formula feeding was more convenient than breastfeeding, feeling left out of the infant‐feeding process, and being uncomfortable with breastfeeding in public. Conclusions Findings suggest that an intervention to increase male partner support of breastfeeding should include multiple components to enhance knowledge, to empower men to be more engaged in the breastfeeding decision, to provide specific tips on how men can be involved in breastfeeding, and to increase comfort with breastfeeding in public. A multicomponent framework such as the social cognitive theory could be useful in guiding the development of such an intervention.
Newspaper Structuring of Crime Views: Images of Homicide In Cali, Colombia

The research reported in this paper was supported in part by the Andrew Mellon Foundation, the American Philosophical Society, and Tulane University's Center for Latin American Studies. The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance of Gloria Lessan, Cecilia Camacho H., and Fany Ackerman at various stages of this investigation. Though there is considerable consensus that newspapers distort the crime picture, there is little agreement that the papers structure public ideas about crime. In an effort to investigate that possibility free of the complications created by intervening variables, the present research investigates the influence of Cali, Colombia's major newspaper's presentation of homicide news upon Cali citizens' ideas about that type of crime. Media-related intervening variables are controlled because Cali has no local television stations and because crime news, focusing on homicide, is reported in the same quantity, fashion, and location in the daily newspaper. A sample of Cali residents was ...
Hospital based emergency department visits attributed to dental caries in the United States in 2006.

Objective There is a paucity of published studies presenting nationally representative estimates on hospital-based emergency department visits primarily attributed to dental caries. The objective of this study is to provide estimates of hospital-based emergency department visits attributed to dental caries in the United States. Methods The Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, a component of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, was used for this study. All emergency department visits attributable to dental caries were identified using ICD-9-CM diagnoses codes and selected for analysis. Outcomes including hospital charges and length of stay in hospital were examined. Simple descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Results This study found that in 2006, a total of 330,757 visits to hospital-based emergency departments occurred in the United States. The total charges were $110 million. Approximately 45% of all visits by adults occurred among the uninsured. Medicaid was the most common payer for all visits by children, accounting for nearly 53% of all visits. About 38% of visits occurred among those residing in low-income areas. Hospitalization was required for 158 visits. Conclusions This study provides nationwide estimates of hospital-based emergency department visits attributed to dental caries in the United States. The uninsured constituted the greatest proportion of emergency department visits among adults, whereas Medicaid was the major payer for children visiting the emergency departments.
Planform effects upon the bistable response of cross-ply composite shells

This research aims at investigating the bistable characteristics of unsymmetric cross-ply laminates resulting from thermally induced stresses while curing. The bistable characteristics are examined with a focus on the change in geometry for a subset of configurations, namely, rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular. To this end, these geometries are systematically investigated leading to a set of non-dimensional parameters establishing the values required for bistable behavior. A new apparatus is designed to measure the magnitude of the force required for snap-through and snap-back. The influence of friction at the supports of the tested panels is minimized by utilizing air cushion for frictionless motion. Predictions from a nonlinear finite element based methodology using the ABAQUS™ code are validated through comparisons with test data.
Why the United States preterm birth rate is declining.

The preterm birth rate in the United States declined to 11.4% in 2013, the lowest level since 1997. Although the United States has one of the highest preterm birth rates in the developed world, we are improving this outcome and therefore improving the lives of thousands of infants. Demographic changes that may be responsible include a reduced teenage birth rate and fewer higher-order multiple births. Additionally, a public policy shift to prevent nonmedically indicated births at
Elective penicillin skin testing and amoxicillin challenge: Effect on outpatient antibiotic use, cost, and clinical outcomes

Abstract Background: Elective penicillin skin testing in advance of acute antibiotic need and amoxicillin challenge in patients with negative skin test responses have not been evaluated. Methods: I reviewed 236 patients previously entered in a study of new penicillin reagents who received at least 1 prescription drug over a 2-year period. Antibiotic use, outpatient visit rate, and adverse reactions to antibiotics during the year before and after skin testing were evaluated. Results: Forty (17%) of the 236 subjects had positive responses. Antibiotic courses dispensed to the 236 subjects fell 28% from 779 the year before testing to 558 the year after testing. The total cost for antibiotics dispensed fell 32% from $17,211.88 to $11,648.27, with a 5.5% reduction in the average cost per antibiotic. Outpatient visit rate did not change but shifted from primary to specialty departments in subjects with both positive and negative skin test responses. In 93 subjects with negative skin test responses, a total of 188 therapeutic courses of penicillin during the year after testing resulted in 3 (3.2%) unrechallenged mild adverse reactions. Optional amoxicillin challenge in 146 of the subjects with negative skin test responses resulted in complaints of an adverse reaction in 6 of these subjects. Four of these received a penicillin analogue in the next year without reaction. Conclusions: Elective penicillin skin testing done by an allergist was associated with unexpected declines in the number and cost of antibiotics used the year after testing but only modestly lowered the average cost per antibiotic. Adverse reactions to penicillins in subjects with negative skin test responses were infrequent, and amoxicillin challenge did not affect outcomes. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:281-5.)
Review of research on residential mobility during pregnancy: consequences for assessment of prenatal environmental exposures

Review of research on residential mobility during pregnancy: consequences for assessment of prenatal environmental exposures
A MATHEMATICAL THEOREM TO RELATE SEASONAL DRY MATTER TO HARVEST INTERVAL FOR THE EXPANDED GROWTH MODEL

The expanded growth model has proven very useful for describing accumulation of dry matter by forage grasses with time. This includes both annuals such as corn (Zea mays) and perennials such as bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), and tall fescue (F. arundinacea Schreb.). Analysis of field data for perennials has shown that normalized dry matter distribution follows the probability function and that seasonal dry matter yield follows a linear-exponential function of harvest interval. The mathematical basis for these facts has not been clear. This article presents a mathematical theorem which gives a more rigorous foundation for both of these observations, and clearly demonstrates the dependence of the model on both calendar time and harvest interval. * Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-07341.
Water Sorption of Gliadin

Crude wheat gliadin from acetic acid solution showed lower water sorption by pulse and frontal Inverse Gas Chromatography methods as compared to a static method but the pulse data for a highly purified Ponca wheat gliadin from ethanol agreed with static data for crude gliadin. Use of ethanol for dissolving gliadins for IGC column preparation gave sorption equivalent to the static method whereas acetic acid-treated gliadin showed lower water uptake. Acetic acid may compete with water for hydrogen bonding sites on the protein or change the secondary structure to make some hydrophilic sites unavailable. The static method resulted in loss by diffusion of the sorbed acetic acid.
Sources of dispersion in consumer inflation forecasts

Cross-section dispersion of expected inflation is often explained by differences in information sets across agents, but there is little empirical evidence attesting to that. This paper uses unique survey data from Bulgaria to show that consumers' perceptions of past movements and expectations of future movements in the general price level are influenced by their direct observations of the price dynamics of particular products.
Antimicrobial Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States, 1979–1987

The increasing number of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates identified as relatively or fully resistant to penicillin or fully resistant to other antimicrobials in the United States supports the need to monitor for this resistance. Thus, 5459 S. pneumoniae isolates submitted to the Centers for Disease Control in 1979-1987 by 35 hospitals in a hospital-based pneumococcal surveillance system were evaluated. The MIC to penicillin or ampicillin was greater than or equal to 0.1 micrograms/ml for 274 (5%) isolates; 1 had an MIC of 4.0 micrograms/ml to penicillin. Seventeen (0.3%) were resistant to erythromycin (MIC, greater than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml), 157 (2.9%) were resistant to tetracycline (MIC, greater than or equal to 16 micrograms/ml), and 34 (0.6%) were resistant to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (MIC, greater than or equal to 76 and 4 micrograms/ml). Isolates relatively resistant to penicillin represented 1.8% of isolates in 1979, 8% in 1982, and 3.6% in 1987. Sixty-five multiply resistant isolates were identified. Pneumococci from the southwestern United States (region 4) were more likely to be relatively resistant to penicillin. Using logistic regression analysis, serotypes 14 and 19A, isolates from region 4, and isolates from middle ear fluid were associated with penicillin resistance (P less than or equal to .008, chi 2. These data confirm that antimicrobial resistance among pneumococcal isolates remained at low levels in the United States through 1987.
SYMPTOMS OF HYPOGLYCEMIA, THRESHOLDS FOR THEIR OCCURRENCE, AND HYPOGLYCEMIA UNAWARENESS

Ultimately traceable to neural glucose deprivation, symptoms of hypoglycemia include neurogenic (autonomic) and neuroglycopenic symptoms. Neurogenic symptoms (tremulousness, palpitations, anxiety, sweating, hunger, paresthesias) are the results of the perception of physiologic changes caused by the autonomic nervous system's response to hypoglycemia. Neuroglycopenic symptoms (confusion, sensation of warmth, weakness or fatigue, severe cognitive failure, seizure, coma) are the results of brain glucose deprivation itself. Glycemic thresholds for symptoms of hypoglycemia shift to lower plasma glucose concentrations following recent episodes of hypoglycemia, leading to the syndrome of hypoglycemia unawareness--loss of the warning symptoms of developing hypoglycemia. Thus, patients with recurrent hypoglycemia (e.g., those with tightly controlled diabetes or with an insulinoma) often tolerate abnormally low plasma glucose concentrations without symptoms.
Correlation of experiments with a two-section-model theory of the saturation drain conductance of MOS transistors

Abstract A two-dimensional theory of the MOST in the saturation range of the drain I–V characteristics is worked out in detail and compared with experimental results of drain conductance in a number of devices with a wide range of geometrical and material parameters, showing considerable improvement over the one dimensional theory of Reddi and Sah. In the present two-dimensional theory, the device structure is divided into two sections: the source and the drain sections. Shockley's gradual approximation is assumed in the source section while the two dimensional potential distribution in the oxide and semiconductor of the drain section is obtained in the depletion approximation. The model is thus limited to low current density levels where the depletion approximation in the drain section is valid, an approximation which is well known in bipolar junction transistor theory. Detailed comparisons between theory and experiments give quite satisfactory results. Normalized design curves for the drain G-V characteristics including the saturation range are presented.
WE-D-BRE-06: Quantification of Dose-Response for High Grade Esophagtis Patients Using a Novel Voxel-To-Voxel Method

Purpose: Radiation induces an inflammatory response in the esophagus, discernible on CT studies. This work objectively quantifies the voxel esophageal radiation-response for patients with acute esophagitis. This knowledge is an important first-step towards predicting the effect of complex dose distributions on patient esophagitis symptoms. Methods: A previously validated voxel-based methodology of quantifying radiation esophagitis severity was used to identify the voxel dose-response for 18 NSCLC patients with severe esophagitis (CTCAE grading criteria, grade2 or higher). The response is quantified as percent voxel volume change for a given dose. During treatment (6–8 weeks), patients had weekly 4DCT studies and esophagitis scoring. Planning CT esophageal contours were deformed to each weekly CT using a demons DIR algorithm. An algorithm using the Jacobian Map from the DIR of the planning CT to all weekly CTs was used to quantify voxel-volume change, along with corresponding delivered voxel dose, to the planning voxel. Dose for each voxel for each time-point was calculated on each previous weekly CT image, and accumulated using DIR. Thus, for each voxel, the volume-change and delivered dose was calculated for each time-point. The data was binned according to when the volume-change first increased by a threshold volume (10%–100%, in 10% increments), and the average delivered dose calculated for each bin. Results: The average dose resulting in a voxel volume increase of 10–100% was 21.6 to 45.9Gy, respectively. The mean population dose to give a 50% volume increase was 36.3±4.4Gy, (range:29.8 to 43.5Gy). The average week of 50% response was 4.1 (range:4.9 to 2.8 weeks). All 18 patients showed similar dose to first response curves, showing a common trend in the initial inflammatoryresponse. Conclusion: We extracted the dose-response curve of the esophagus on a voxel-to-voxel level. This may be useful for estimating the esophagus response (and patient symptoms) to complicated dose distributions.
Recovery of Fertility by Mediterranean Flour Moths Transferred from Continuous Light to Light:Dark

Male Mediterranean flour moths, Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller), placed in continuous light (LL) from the early pupal stage on were partially sterile as adults. When old adult moths were transferred to alternating light and dark (LD), fertility was not recovered, but fertility was recovered when fairly young males were similarly transferred. Multiple matings of males indicated that recovery was correlated with sperm in the testes at the LL to LD transfer becoming available for ejaculation. Few morphological abnormalities were found in the sperm of LL males, but there was less activity than in the sperm of LD males. At 1 week after eclosion, the testes of LL males contained more eupyrene sperm bundles than did the testes of LD males, but the LL males had somewhat fewer bundles overall in their reproductive tracts. Disruption of the circadian rhythm regulating movement of sperm from the testes was suggested as the most probable cause of the sterility of LL males.
Paraelectric pairs in lithium doped KBr

Abstract The low lying paraelectric modes observed in Li doped KBr have been identified with Li pairs by a systematic far infrared study of isotopic mixtures of the Li dopant. We conclude that isolated Li+ ions do not tunnel in KBr but Li+ ion pairs do.
A Discourse Analysis Approach to Summary Writing

One aspect of Western academic writing which appears to cause difficulty for many foreign students is the need to report and evaluate what others within a discipline have written, without using the author’s exact words. This difficulty may derive in part from a lack of skill in recognizing hierarchical structure in reading, but the fact that even skilled readers do poorly on summary writing tasks suggests that other factors must be considered as well. In order to determine what those factors might be, we collected a group of summaries written by advanced ESL students in response to a variety of articles they read as part of their coursework for an Academic Entry English Program at the English Language Institute of the University of Michigan. Preliminary work on one set of these summaries has involved comparing the primary text (the article that the students read) with the secondary texts created by the student writers, using a system of text analysis proposed by Kintsch and van Dijk (1978). Comparison thus far has revealed three basic strategies used by students in organizing their summaries: 1) following the sequential development of the primary text, 2) including the superordinate points of the primary text but in a different order, and 3) focusing on one point in the primary text. Comparing primary and secondary texts also revealed problems in interpretation and paraphrase, specifically in determining the strength of a claim made by the primary author. Typically, the deletion or addition of modals, changes in verb tense, and the use of adverbs were found to alter not only the tone but also the intent of certain passages. In addition to doing a comparative analysis of texts, we have examined the possibility that conflicts in underlying cultural assumptions contribute to problems which students have with summary writing. Discussions with the students have revealed that at least some of their problems stem from the nature of the task itself, including the assumption that it is possible to separate “words” from “meaning’’—that is, that one can paraphrase someone else’s words. This research is intended to add to a growing body of knowledge about specific needs of foreign students in American universities and to provide a basis for developing instructional materials in this area.
A Conformational Switch in the CRIB-PDZ Module of Par-6.

Summary Here, we report a novel mechanism of PDZ (PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1) domain regulation that distorts a conserved element of PDZ ligand recognition. The polarity regulator Par-6 assembles a conserved multiprotein complex and is directly modulated by the Rho GTPase Cdc42. Cdc42 binds the adjacent Cdc42/Rac interactive binding (CRIB) and PDZ domains of Par-6, increasing C-terminal ligand binding affinity by 10-fold. By solving structures of the isolated PDZ domain and a disulfide-stabilized CRIB-PDZ, we detected a conformational switch that controls affinity by altering the configuration of the conserved "GLGF" loop. As a result, lysine 165 is displaced from the PDZ core by an adjacent hydrophobic residue, disrupting coordination of the PDZ ligand-binding cleft. Stabilization of the CRIB:PDZ interface restores K165 to its canonical location in the binding pocket. We conclude that a unique "dipeptide switch" in the Par-6 PDZ transmits a signal for allosteric activation to the ligand-binding pocket.
The leukocytic organ of the megascolecid earthworm, Amynthas diffringens (annelida, oligochaeta).

Leukocytic organs of Amynthas diffringens are aggregations of leukocytes contained within a smooth muscle and stromal cell framework suspended in the coelom. Elongate processes of stromal cells subdivide each organ into numerous cell-filled compartments and are perforated by 130-nm pores that may permit the exchange of humoral substances between compartments, or between the organ and the surrounding coelomic fluid. We divide leukocytes within the organs into four morphotypes. Phagocytic leukocytes have many lysosomelike vesicles and may possess phagosomes. Mature types I, II, and III granulocytic leukocytes share certain features but are readily distinguished by cell shape and by the size, shape, and electron density of the cytoplasmic inclusions. Immature as well as mature phagocytes and granulocytes occur within these organs, suggesting that they are sites of leukocyte maturation and storage. Concentrations of leukocytes within the organs result in extensive cell to cell contact, especially within islets and tightly packed cords. Phagocytosis of cell debris occurs throughout the organs. Immature stages of the four morphotypes are difficult to distinguish even at high magnification, raising the possibility that they may originate from a common precursor. Our inability to observe mitoses or to detect lymphocytelike stem cells suggests that immature leukocytes migrate to the organs via coelomic fluid from as yet unidentified primary sites of production.
Effects of Supervisor-Subordinate Power Distance Orientation Fit on Subordinates' Attitudes

Based on former research on person-supervisor fit and power distance orientation, we examine the congruence effect of subordinates and managers power distance orientations on subordinates interactional fairness perceptions, which in turn influence subordinates’ attitudes toward themselves and their managers. Results of cross-level polynomial regression on 281 subordinates nested in 98 managers’ management showed that the misfit between subordinates and managers power distance orientations led to subordinates’ lower interactional fairness perceptions, lower trust in managers and lower intent for future interaction with managers; whereas relatively higher fit between power distance orientations led to higher subordinates’ self-perceived status. The underlying mechanisms were discussed.
Integrative goals for instructional design

Finding considerable agreement in their previous writings regarding the singular types of learning outcomes, the authors affirm a need to identify learning goals that require an integration of multiple objectives. The occurrence of multiple objectives is frequently encountered when instruction must reach beyond the individual topic or single lesson to the module, section, or course. It is proposed that such integration of objectives be conceived in terms of the pursuit of a comprehensive purpose in which the learner is engaged, called anenterprise. Given such an integrative goal of performance resulting from instruction, the various single objectives are viewed as being integrated as constituents of anenterprise schema. Three varieties of enterprise and their associated enterprise schemas are described, designated by their goals asdenoting, manifesting, anddiscovering. It is suggested that instructional design procedures include provisions for the learning of enterprise schemas when the integration of multiple objectives is required. Such schemas are also seen as playing a facilitating role in transfer of training.
Impairment in major depression: implications for diagnosis.

A significant change in the criteria for major depressive disorder in the DSM-IV over the earlier editions was the introduction of a criterion of "clinically significant distress and impairment" (criterion C). However, it is not clear that cases of depression which meet this criterion are distinct from cases that do not meet the criterion on characteristics beyond mere severity of illness. This report used data from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) to compare the psychiatric and sociodemographic characteristics of cases of DSM-III-R major depression with varying levels of self-rated impairment. The results of the analyses revealed no difference between respondents with different levels of impairment on gender, age of onset, parental history of depression and suicide, duration of illness, and symptom profiles. With regard to the social and psychiatric indicators of severity of illness, on the other hand, there was a gradient for worse outcome among more severely impaired respondents. It is concluded that the less impaired respondents with DSM-III-R major depression cannot be distinguished from the more impaired on illness characteristics that are not related to the severity of illness. Therefore, cases of DSM-III-R major depression with various levels of impairment most probably represent cases of the same illness that vary only in severity.
Flocculent and nonflocculent settling

(1993). Flocculent and nonflocculent settling. Journal of Environmental Science and Health . Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 143-164.
Local Authority and the SS State: The Conflict over Population Policy in Danzig-West Prussia, 1939–1945

The notion that Hitler's Third Reich was a monolithic and efficient dictatorship has by now been safely buried, although it may persist in the popular imagination. This essay is intended as a contribution to the newer phase of the historical postmortem on National Socialism, the attempt to trace the precise mechanism of decision-making and internal policy-diversion in the Third Reich. Distortion of policy, as the result of disagreements among leaders or of bureaucratic sabotage, is a feature common to all modern political systems. In the grim context of the Third Reich, all attempts to distort or divert policy which tended to ameliorate inhuman aspects of Hitler's rule have been dignified by the term “resistance.” This study will show that successful local resistance was possible, even to the SS, perhaps the most powerful political force in the wartime Reich. The inquiry has its juridical aspects, since admission of the existence of successful resistance to policies and organizations declared by international and German courts to have been criminal, resistance even by those who accepted the basic premises of the regime, implies a varied distribution of criminal guilt. This distribution will not be attempted here, but the judicial analogy should not be forgotten. The historian is relieved of the responsibility of passing sentence, but, like the judge, he is concerned with more than the determination of individual actions. An understanding of the political system of Hitler's state requires as well an investigation of motivation.
Climate change statement highlights human influence

A new AGU position statement on human impacts on climate states that “human activities are increasingly altering the Earth's climate.” Natural influences alone do not explain the increase in global near-surface temperatures in the latter half of the 20th century, the statement explains. Announced at a 16 December press conference in Washington, D.C., the statement notes that human impacts include atmospheric greenhouse gases, as well as air pollution, airborne particles, and land alteration.
Competitive and agile software engineering education

We present lessons learned from two software engineering courses, centered on creating socially relevant software, with students working in competitive teams to make the best version of the planned software. Our successful model for a capstone course allows students to experience a realistic, team-based setting for creating software for a client. Successful techniques included: weekly, multilevel agile communications, performance rubrics, frequent milestones, and most importantly, students competing in teams against one another to make the best version of the target software. The competition to build socially relevant software is very motivating for students. Also, it has resulted in high quality software and deep learning outcomes for students.
Nursing Home Special Care Units: Distribution by Type, State, and Facility Characteristics

We used the 1991-92 Medicare and Medicaid Automated Certification Survey (MMACS) to document the distribution of nursing home special care units by type, state, and facility characteristics. Of the 16,105 facilities in our sample, 9.5% have at least one of eight types of specialty care units. Overall, special care beds as a percentage of total beds vary from 0.0% in South Carolina to 11.43% in Idaho. More non-profit facilities have special care units than for-profits (12.0% vs 8.5%), and more chain-affiliated facilities than independent facilities. Issues of access, efficacy, and cost are considered.
A Benchmark Comparison of Mouse and Touch Interface Techniques for an Intelligent Workstation Windowing Environment

This study presents evidence that a prototype touch interface technology emulating basic interaction techniques of a mouse pointing device is comparable in overall usability to a conventional mouse...
Concentrative accumulation (active transport) of 2-deoxy-D-glucose in primate fibroblasts.

Incorporation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose into cultured rhesus diploid cells includes transport and subsequent phosphorylation with resultant accumulation of both free and phosphorylated sugar. Accumulation of the free sugar proceeds to a maximal limit of 4–5 mM which is determined by intrinsic cell factors and is independent of medium 2-deoxy-D-glucose up to 5 mM concentration. Concentrative accumulation (active transport) pf the free sugar is readily demonstrable on maintaining medium concentrations of 2-deoxy-D-glucose at less than the maximal accumulation potential of the cells (i.e. <4–5 mM). Cellular concentrations of the free sugar in excess of 30-times medium concentrations are demonstrable on incubation of the cells in the presence of <0.05 mM 2-deoxy-D-glucose. In contrast, accumulation of 2-deoxy-D-glycose is not demonstrable in the human erythrocyte.
Accuracy of epicyclic description of dust grain orbits about Saturn

[1] We investigate the metamorphosis of charged dust grain orbits in a planetary magnetosphere, the so-called gravito-electrodynamic problem. Our primary aim is to determine practical limits to the validity of an epicyclic model. We assume an axisymmetric planet with a centered dipole magnetic field aligned with the planetary spin axis, a good approximation for Saturn and a fair approximation for Jupiter. Nonideal forces, such as planetary oblateness, solar radiation pressure, plasma drag, and the effects of time-dependent charging are neglected. A standard epicyclic expansion is used to calculate the mean motion and the aspect ratio of the epicyclic ellipse. For gravitationally dominated grains the mean motion is accurately given by the standard expression, but for magnetically dominated grains it can differ significantly even for small excursions from the equilibrium orbit. In some cases this finite gyroradius effect can even cause the mean motion to change direction. Previous studies are extended by examining a wide range of charge-to-mass ratios, for positively and negatively charged grains in prograde or retrograde equatorial orbits about Saturn, inside and outside of the synchronous radius. The results show that the epicyclic model is reasonably accurate for the majority of physically interesting orbits about Saturn. For grains suffering large radial excursions, however, major topological changes were often seen which defy an epicyclic description.
The role of the epithelial attachment in tooth resorption of primary teeth.

Abstract 1. 1. The role of the epithelial attachment in primary tooth resorption was studied in human and monkey jaws of different ages during the mixed dentitional period using various differential stains. 2. 2. In the process of tooth resorption the epithelial attachment proliferates apically, destroying the attachment fibers either by a lytic or pressure effect, causing degeneration and detachment of the principal fibers. The fibers below the epithelium remain attached to the viable cementum. 3. 3. An inflammatory process accompanies the migrating epithelium, always being limited to the subepithelial area, and above the apical tip of the proliferating epithelium. 4. 4. This process continues until the epithelium has reached the resorbing area of tooth structure aiding in the final exfoliation of the tooth.
Burns in pregnancy.

A study conducted by the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Burn Center of 42 burned pregnant patients indicates that the mortality of both the fetus and mother is dependent upon the percent body burn of the mother. Aggressive surgical therapy, including debridement with eschar excision and skin grafting, increases maternal survival. Chances of successful pregnancy were greatest when the mother was in her first or third trimester at the time of injury; however, no differences were noted in maternal or fetal mortality at different gestational months.
In vivo spin-trapping of radicals formed during halothane metabolism.

Abstract The results described in this paper demonstrate the formation of a free radical during the metabolism of halothane by rat liver microsomes. The radicals were stabilized by spin-trapping and assayed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. A halothane-dependent free radical was also formed in the liver of intact animals exposed to halothane by inhalation in vivo .
Neoarchean carbonate–associated sulfate records positive Δ33S anomalies

Mass-independent fractionation of sulfur isotopes (reported as Δ^(33S) recorded in Archean sedimentary rocks helps to constrain the composition of Earth’s early atmosphere and the timing of the rise of oxygen ~2.4 billion years ago. Although current hypotheses predict uniformly negative Δ^(33)S for Archean seawater sulfate, this remains untested through the vast majority of Archean time.We applied x-ray absorption spectroscopy to investigate the low sulfate content of particularly well-preserved Neoarchean carbonates and mass spectrometry to measure their Δ^(33)S signatures. We report unexpected, large, widespread positive Δ^(33)S values from stratigraphic sections capturing over 70 million years and diverse depositional environments. Combined with the pyrite record, these results show that sulfate does not carry the expected negative Δ^(33)S from sulfur mass-independent fractionation in the Neoarchean atmosphere.
Stellar populations of cluster E and S0 galaxies

Spectral line indices for a sample of 290 nearby E and S0 galaxies are used to investigate the stellar populations of these galaxies. Relations are established between the line indices (Mg2, , Hbeta) and the velocity dispersions, the masses of the galaxies, the M/L ratios and the cluster environment. The difference between the slope of the Mg2-sigma relation and the slope of the -sigma relation indicates that the abundance ratio [Mg/Fe] increases with the velocity dispersion. The index is stronger correlated with the projected cluster surface density, than with the galaxy mass or the velocity dispersion. Also the Mg2 index depends on the cluster environment. The dependence on the environment implies that [Mg/Fe] decreases with increasing density. The M/L ratios are strongly correlated with the Mg2 and Hbeta, while is only weakly correlated with the M/L ratio. Based on current stellar population models it is not yet possible to derive unique physical parameters (mean age, mean abundances, mean IMF, and fraction of dark matter) from the observables (line indices, velocity dispersion, mass, M/L ratio).
TWENTY FIRST CENTURY TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM SOLUTIONS : A NEW TYPE OF SMALL, RELATIVELY TALL AND NARROW ACTIVE TILTING COMMUTER VEHICLE

SUMMARY There are many problems that face transportation systems as the twenty-first century approaches, and many solutions will be required. Mass transportation systems are one large area of research that will provide some solutions. This paper presents another possible solution at the other end of the spectrum, small relatively tall and narrow tilting commuter vehicles for individual transportation. A historical overview of the various types of tilting vehicles built or proposed over the last forty years is shown and the results of these studies are discussed. If one considers a relatively tall and narrow vehicle, (under 1.0 meters or 40“ wide), to maintain high speed performance in cornering it becomes necessary to bank the vehicle into a corner to prevent overturning. The design of a modem active tilting suspension and control law for a small narrow, one-half width, commuter vehicles is presented. Analysis of the static and dynamic tipping limits illustrates which vehicles are considered tall and narr...
Designing Chaotic Models

Abstract After enumerating the properties of a simple model that has been used to simulate the behavior of a scalar atmospheric quantity at one level and one latitude, this paper describes the process of designing one modification to produce smoother variations from one longitude to the next and another to produce small-scale activity superposed on smooth large-scale waves. Use of the new models is illustrated by applying them to the problem of the growth of errors in weather prediction and, not surprisingly, they indicate that only limited improvement in prediction can be attained by improving the analysis but not the operational model, or vice versa. Additional applications and modifications are suggested.
Glacial erosion and relief production in the Eastern Sierra Nevada, California

Abstract The proposal that climate change can drive the uplift of mountain summits hinges on the requirement that glacial erosion significantly enhances the relief of a previously fluvially sculpted mountain range. We have tested this hypothesis through a systematic investigation of neighbouring glaciated and nonglaciated drainage basins on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, CA. We present a simple, objective method for investigating the relief structure of a drainage basin, which shows noticeable differences in the spatial distribution of relief between nonglaciated and glaciated basins. Glaciated basins on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada have only ∼80 m greater mean geophysical relief than nonglaciated basins. This “extra” relief, though, is attributable principally to the larger size of the glaciated basins, as geophysical relief generally increases with basin size. The glaciers on this side of the range were only responsible for relief production if they substantially increased headward erosion rates into low relief topography, such as an elevated plateau, and thus enlarged previously fluvial basins. We carried out a preliminary morphometric analysis to elucidate the importance of this effect and found that the glaciers of the eastern Sierra Nevada may have eroded headward at considerably faster rates than rivers, but only when they were not obstructed from doing so by either competing larger glaciers in adjacent valleys or transfluent ice at the head of the basin. Our results also suggest that, in temperate regions, alpine glaciers are capable of eroding downward at faster rates than rivers above the equilibrium line altitude (ELA). Although we can rule out significant peak uplift in response to local relief production, in the special case of the Sierra Nevada the concentration of mass removal above the ELA could have contributed to flexural uplift at the edge of a tilting block.
Link Selection for Point-to-Point 60GHz Networks

60GHz is well-suited for device-to-device communication and for general in-home applications due to its huge available bandwidth. However, links at this frequency are easily degraded by environmental conditions. Indeed, the poor multipath makes it necessary to maintain good LoS (Line of Sight) paths between communicating pairs of nodes. In this paper we analyze the problem of link breakage and degradation in point-to-point 60GHz networks. We propose using repeaters to provide alternate paths between communicating nodes when the direct path degrades. The decision on which path to use is driven by the goal of maximizing data rate per connection as well as overall throughput in the network. Using extensive simulations we show that by carefully using repeaters, we can maintain Gbps rates for each pair of communicating nodes in indoor spaces. We develop an efficient distributed algorithm for allocating repeaters to links as needed and explicitly deal with the problem of interference caused by the repeaters themselves. Finally, we study the scalability of the solution with increasing numbers of communicating pairs and show that Gbps rates can be maintained even when there are as many as eight communicating pairs in a small 10mx10m room.
The evolution of diet breadth: Monophagy and polyphagy in swallowtail butterflies

Much of the world's biodiversity has resulted from specialization of insect populations onto different plant species, partially through evolution of preference in ovipositing females. Here I report an experimental analysis of how an oviposition preference hierarchy has evolved during the evolutionary diversification of an insect group to produce taxa ranging from monophagous to polyphagous. Tests on the Papilio machaon group of swallowtail butterflies show that the preference hierarchy for plant species is evolutionarily dynamic within this species complex, yet constrained among most populations within species, creating a geographic mosaic of populations differing to various degrees in patterns of host preference. The results indicate that different diet breadths can evolve within a group of closely-related species through a combination of conservatism in preference hierarchy among some populations, occasional but rare rearrangements in preference among others, correlations in preference for some plant species, and availability of similarly ranked hosts.