cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
War beyond Words: Languages of Remembrance from the Great War to the Present

What we know of war is always mediated knowledge and feeling. We need lenses to filter out some of its blinding, terrifying light. These lenses are not fixed; they change over time, and Jay Winter's panoramic history of war and memory offers an unprecedented study of transformations in our imaginings of war, from 1914 to the present. He reveals the ways in which different creative arts have framed our meditations on war, from painting and sculpture to photography, film and poetry, and ultimately to silence, as a language of memory in its own right. He shows how these highly mediated images of war, in turn, circulate through language to constitute our 'cultural memory' of war. This is a major contribution to our understanding of the diverse ways in which men and women have wrestled with the intractable task of conveying what twentieth-century wars meant to them and mean to us.
Growth Regulators and Pruning Alter Growth and Axillary Shoot Development of Dianthus

Abstract Annual carnation, Dianthus caryophyllus L., and garden pink, Dianthus chinensis L., were treated with foliar sprays of Bonzi (paclobutrazol), Cycocel (chlormequat chloride), or Pro-Shear (BA), and/or pruned to suppress shoot elongation or promote axillary shoot development. Bonzi (paclobutrazol) at 100 or 200 ppm was effective in suppressing shoot elongation of annual carnation over a 14-week period and garden pink over an 8-week period without increasing days to flower of either species. The combination of pruning and Bonzi (paclobutrazol) inhibited shoot elongation of both species compared to pruning alone. Flowering of both species was delayed 11 to 14 days compared to the control when pruning was combined with Bonzi (paclobutrazol). Cycocel (chlormequat chloride) suppressed shoot elongation of annual carnation but was not as effective as Bonzi (paclobutrazol); shoot elongation of garden pink was only suppressed for 2 weeks after Cycocel (chlormequat chloride) application. Application of ProSh...
Green vessel scheduling in liner shipping: Modeling carbon dioxide emission costs in sea and at ports of call

Abstract Considering a substantial increase in volumes of the international seaborne trade and drastic climate changes due to carbon dioxide emissions, liner shipping companies have to improve planning of their vessel schedules and improve energy efficiency. This paper presents a novel mixed integer non-linear mathematical model for the green vessel scheduling problem, which directly accounts for the carbon dioxide emission costs in sea and at ports of call. The original non-linear model is linearized and then solved using CPLEX. A set of numerical experiments are conducted for a real-life liner shipping route to reveal managerial insights that can be of importance to liner shipping companies. Results indicate that the proposed mathematical model can serve as an efficient planning tool for liner shipping companies and may assist with evaluation of various carbon dioxide taxation schemes. Increasing carbon dioxide tax may substantially change the design of vessel schedules, incur additional route service costs, and improve the environmental sustainability. However, the effects from increasing carbon dioxide tax on the marine container terminal operations are found to be very limited.
Social media and the digital health arena

ABSTRACT With the development of the internet, the ability to cascade information at scale and pace has transformed knowledge transfer. Social media, both as an ethos and as the individual platforms that facilitate the development of communities of practice, has created new possibilities in medical education, policy and research. This article explores the role of social media in a new digital world through the lens of its applicability, connectivity and scalability.
Thinking About Think Tanks: Politics by Techno-Scientific Means

The creation of think tanks has in part been motivated by the desire for an apolitical politics, a politics of facts and standards rather than a politics of interests and public ignorance, and opposed to political machines. This chapter brings out some of the features of this kind of politics in the USA through the historical example of the Massachusetts Bureau of Labor Statistics, which illustrates the place of the construction of a factual world by think tanks as part of policy processes. The history of this bureau also shows how think tanks become surrogates for party intellectuals—a non-category in the USA. Think tanks then proliferated elsewhere as surrogates for politics by normal means.
Not Just a Dependent Variable: New Developments on the Study of Citizenship Behavior

In today’s organizational environment, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is crucial to successful organizational functioning. OCB is strongly related to job performance, organizational rewa...
Growth Rate and Carbonate Production in Halimeda opuntia: Marquesas Keys, Florida

The importance of the calcareous green alga Halimeda as a major sediment producer was first cited by Finckh (1904) and his colleagues, who reported on the core and dredged material recovered during the historic deep borings at Funafuti Atoll. Although these remarkable plants have been recognized for over three quarters of a century as significant contributors to the geologic record, their growth rate has, until very recently, remained virtually unknown. Ironically, Finckh (1904) was also the first to attempt field observations on growth in this species. His singular and entirely accidental success was an unknown species of Halimeda that in 6 weeks grew up through a hole in a submerged board to form a hemispherical clump 3 inches (7.6 cm) in diameter. Dry weight of the calcareous matter thus produced was 14.38 g. No detailed studies on growth in this species were attempted until Colinvaux et al. (1965) maintained numerous green algae, including six species of Caribbean Halimeda, in laboratory aquaria for 19 months. This work was followed by that of Merton (1971), who conducted a 10-month ecological study of H. macroloba on Guam. A similar investigation was carried out by Bach (1979), who estimated standing crop, growth, and production of calcareous algae (which included three species of Halimeda) over a period of 12 months in a south Florida lagoon. A third, and to the author’s knowledge, most recent study is that of Wefer (1980), who used the Alizarin Red-S staining technique to calculate growth of H. incrassata and two other calcareous algal species at various intervals over a period of 27 days in Harrington Sound, Bermuda. In addition to the above publications, the treatise on Halimeda by Hillis-Colinvaux (1980) includes growth and environmental data on this species previously unpublished.
Physical–Chemical Processes for Nitrogen Removal

Physical–chemical processes for nitrogen removal provide an alternative to biological nitrogen-removal processes. Advantages of physical–chemical processes include quantitative nitrogen removal, robust treatment with respect to wastewater type and reactor configuration, and multiple options for nitrogen recovery. Physical–chemical processes for nitrogen removal have been used for remediation of polluted groundwater, domestic wastewater, landfill leachate, animal-waste lagoons, and human urine. This chapter focuses on the most widely studied physical–chemical processes for nitrogen removal: ammonium removal by ion exchange using selective zeolites and nitrate removal by ion exchange using selective resins. This chapter discusses the ion exchange materials, kinetics, equilibria, process performance, regeneration, and recommendations for further study.
Cardiovascular responses to acetylcholine: effects of pentobarbital and autonomic blocking agents.

The effect of acetylcholine chloride (ACh) on heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) was studied in four dogs, awake and under anesthesia by means of pentobarbital sodium. In the awake dog, ACh caused a triphasic change in HR—a rise, fall and secondary rise. The BP showed an initial gradual fall followed by a secondary precipitous fall coinciding with the fall in HR, and then return to base line. Anesthesia accentuated the precipitous fall in HR due to ACh, and narrowed the pulse pressure during the initial fall in BP due to ACh. The effects of atropine sulphate, propranolol and d-tubacurarine on the above were studied, indicating the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in mediating the HR and BP reactions to ACh in the awake state and under pentobarbital sodium anesthesia.
ARQUITECTOS ITALIANOS EN ESPAÑA, RELACIONES Y CONTEXTO

The architectural production of Italian architects in Spain has been a constant along History due to political, social and, above all, cultural factors. This architectural heritage, not very often studied as a whole and frequently ignored in many aspects, is a main part of Spanish architectural patrimony. The article pretends to offer a panoramic view of the work done by Italian architects in Spain from the 19th century until nowadays, as well as to pay attention to the relations between them and the different historical contexts.
The History of Simulation in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Simulation has become a part of modern day training in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. Medical and nursing schools utilize simulation in many forms including teaching anatomy, development of clinical and communication skills, practice and repetition of those skills, and evaluation for competency. Residency training utilizes simulation to further instruct the development of technical skills, communication skills, and team training. Finally, practicing providers in the field utilize simulation for maintaining skills, learning new techniques, and continual development of team training. While the use of simulation training evokes images of complex high-fidelity models and virtual reality (VR) trainers, the history of simulation dates back many centuries (Owen H, Simul Healthc 7(2):102–116, 2012) and has been a tool used in medical education for much longer than the past 40 years. This chapter will review the history of simulation in obstetrics and gynecology, including the evolution of simulators, importance to medical education, and potential use for future applications.
ONLINE ACCESS TO RESEARCH PAPERS – CHANGES OVER TIME

INTRODUCTION The successful implementation of Evidence Based Practice (EBP) depends significantly on practitioners’ access to relevant research articles. It has been argued that the time consuming nature of EBP is a major detriment to its acceptance and widespread use,1 and the logistical difficulties, like having to retrieve research publications of interest from the local university library, are likely to exacerbate this issue. In recognizing the associated adverse effects that this problem could present for knowledge generation and dissemination, the idea to make all research findings publicly available online led to the conception of the world wide web in the early 1990s.2 However, many scientific journals that are slow to abandon their subscription-based business models hide their online content behind paywalls, charging article fees that are usually in the range between $20 and $40. Acknowledging the barriers to EBP that these fees can impose, we have previously compared different strategies for prosthetists and orthotists to maximize their free online access to relevant research literature. The respective data collection in the Spring of 2017 resulted in the finding that approximately 40% of search results in Google Scholar linked to freely available full papers, whereas the remaining 60% links offered only the abstract, but not the full paper, free-of-charge.3 In light of the ever progressing efforts to improve public availability of research, such as the open-access publishing movement or the respective requirements mandated by research funding agencies, we hypothesized that the ratio of freely available online articles is increasing over time, and we repeated our data collection one year after the initial study. Abstract PDF Link: https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/cpoj/article/view/32010/24429 How to cite: Burke J, Fiedler G. ONLINE ACCESS TO RESEARCH PAPERS – CHANGES OVER TIME. CANADIAN PROSTHETICS & ORTHOTICS JOURNAL, VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2, 2018, ABSTRACT, POSTER PRESENTATION AT THE AOPA’S 101ST NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, SEPT. 26-29, VANCOUVER, CANADA, 2018. Abstracts were Peer-reviewed by the American Orthotic Prosthetic Association (AOPA) 101st National Assembly Scientific Committee. http://www.aopanet.org/
Within-individual effects of strain on crime/drug use and conditioning effects of criminal coping propensity: Random-effects models

Abstract Purpose We examine whether general strain theory (GST) explains within-individual changes in crime and illicit drug use over time. We also test whether an index of criminal coping propensity and markers for the propensity condition the effects of strain on crime and illicit drug use, considering the non-linearity of conditioning effects. Methods We estimated random-effects models using 11-wave panel data from the Pathways to Desistance study of juvenile offenders. Results We found within-individual changes in violent victimization were positively associated with those in self-reported offending, official arrest, and marijuana use, while holding constant time-invariant and time-varying covariates. We also found the criminal coping propensity index increased the strain effects on all three dependent variables in a non-linear fashion, whereas evidence of the conditioning effects of three markers (gang involvement, being male, and the early onset of problem behaviors) was limited. Conclusions This study provides empirical support for GST to be a theory amenable to within- as well as between-individual differences in crime and drug use. It also shows that GST-proposed conditioning effects are likely to be non-linear and have a better chance to be detected if conditioning factors are examined in combination rather than in isolation from one another.
Comparing Experimental Phase Behavior of Ion-Doped Block Copolymers with Theoretical Predictions Based on Selective Ion Solvation

The effects of salt-doping on the morphological behavior of block copolymers are well established but remain poorly understood, partially because of the challenge of resolving electrostatics in a h...
Erwerbsverläufe im Altersübergang

Anschliesend an die Analysen der Erwerbsverlaufe vom 15. bis zum 54. Lebensjahr in Kapitel 3 werden in diesem Kapitel die Erwerbsverlaufe im Altersubergang vom 55. bis zum 64. Lebensjahr naher betrachtet. Im ersten Teil dieses Kapitels wird auf der Basis von Daten des SOEP die aktuelle Entwicklung der Erwerbsbeteiligung Alterer in einer Kohortenbetrachtung analysiert. Wie in Kapitel 2.1.3.3 beschrieben, eignet sich das SOEP aufgrund der monatsgenauen Daten zu unterschiedlichen Geburtskohorten in hohem Mase, um die Entwicklung der Altersubergangsphase im Zeitverlauf darzustellen. Dabei wird insbesondere die Entwicklung der Zeiten in Beschaftigung (Kapitel 4.1.1) und Arbeitslosigkeit (Kapitel 4.1.2) naher betrachtet. Kapitel 4.1.3 widmet sich daruber hinaus den Unterschieden der Erwerbsbeteiligung im Altersubergang in verschiedenen Beschaftigtengruppen. In Kapitel 4.1.4 wird zudem ein Blick auf die Altersubergangsphase von Paaren geworfen.
Enzymatic enhancing of triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion by breaking oxygen quenching for background-free biological sensing.

Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion nanoparticles have attracted considerable interest due to their promises in organic chemistry, solar energy harvesting and several biological applications. However, triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion in aqueous solutions is challenging due to sensitivity to oxygen, hindering its biological applications under ambient atmosphere. Herein, we report a simple enzymatic strategy to overcome oxygen-induced triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion quenching. This strategy stems from a glucose oxidase catalyzed glucose oxidation reaction, which enables rapid oxygen depletion to turn on upconversion in the aqueous solution. Furthermore, self-standing upconversion biological sensors of such nanoparticles are developed to detect glucose and measure the activity of enzymes related to glucose metabolism in a highly specific, sensitive and background-free manner. This study not only overcomes the key roadblock for applications of triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion nanoparticles in aqueous solutions, it also establishes the proof-of-concept to develop triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion nanoparticles as background free self-standing biological sensors. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) nanoparticles (NPs) are a promising material for diverse applications, but TTA-UC is sensitive to oxygen, which hinders its biological utility. Here, the authors report an enzymatic method to deplete oxygen and amplify the upconversion of TTA-UCNP in aqueous solution, and develop background-free glucose and glucose metabolism enzyme sensors.
Isotopes and Procedural Imaging

In today’s evermore advancing healthcare system, surgical interventions trend towards minimally invasive and highly precise procedures. Many of these procedures are assisted by intraoperative imaging tools, which have been rapidly developing and are one of the factors facilitating this advancement. The use of imaging agents in the operating room makes the mapping of vessels and lymph nodes possible, and with it the detection of malignant or otherwise diseased lesions of interest in real time. Radioactive isotopes took the leading role early on as a readout for intraoperative probes, while other imaging modalities such as optical imaging have recently emerged. In this chapter, we will discuss the evolution of radioactive isotopes in intraoperative imaging, its current clinical applications, as well as their potential future in detail.
ASSESSMENT OF COMBINED HEAT AND POWER SYSTEM"PREMIUM POWER" APPLICATIONS IN CALIFORNIA

The effectiveness of combined heat and power (CHP) systems for power interruption intolerant, premium power, facilities is the focus of this study. Through three real-world case studies and economic cost minimization modeling, the economic and environmental performance of premium power CHP is analyzed. The results of the analysis for a brewery, data center, and hospital lead to some interesting conclusions about CHP limited to the specific CHP technologies installed at those sites. Firstly, facilities with high heating loads prove to be the most appropriate for CHP installations from a purely economic standpoint. Secondly, waste heat driven thermal cooling systems are only economically attractive if the technology for these chillers can increase above the current best system efficiency. Thirdly, if the reliability of CHP systems proves to be as high as diesel generators they could replace these generators at little or no additional cost if the thermal to electric (relative) load of those facilities was already high enough to economically justify a CHP system. Lastly, in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, the modeled CHP systems provide some degree of decreased emissions, estimated at approximately 10percent for the hospital, the application with the highest relative thermal load in this case
Purification and functional characterization of glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

The formation of delta-aminolevulinic acid, the first committed precursor of chlorophyll biosynthesis, occurs in the chloroplast of plants and algae by the C5-pathway, a three-step, tRNA-dependent transformation of glutamate. Previously, we reported the purification and characterization of the first two enzymes of this pathway, glutamyl-tRNA synthetase and Glu-tRNA reductase from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chen, M.-W., Jahn, D., Schon, A., O'Neill, G. P., and Soll, D. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 4054-4057 and Chen, M.-W., Jahn, D., O'Neill, G. P., and Soll, D. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 4058-4063). Here we present the purification of the third enzyme of the pathway, the glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase from C. reinhardtii. The enzyme was purified from the membrane fraction of a whole cell extract employing four different chromatographic separations. The apparent molecular mass of the protein was approximately 43,000 Da as analyzed by denaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, by nondenaturing rate zonal sedimentation on glycerol gradients, and by gel filtration. By these criteria, the enzyme in its active form is a monomer of 43,000 Da. In the presence of pyridoxal 5‘-phosphate, purified glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase converts synthetic glutamate 1-semialdehyde to delta-aminolevulinic acid. The enzyme is inhibited by gabaculine and aminooxyacetate, both typical inhibitors of aminotransferases. The purified glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase successfully reconstitutes the whole C5-pathway in vitro from glutamate in the presence of purified glutamyl-tRNA synthetase, glutamyl-tRNA reductase, Mg2+, ATP, NADPH, tRNA, and pyridoxal 5‘-phosphate.
A comparative study of multiple approaches to soil hydraulic parameter scaling applied at the hillslope scale

[1] Soil hydraulic parameters were upscaled from a 30 m resolution to a 1 km resolution using four different aggregation schemes across the Little Washita watershed in Oklahoma. A topography-based aggregation scheme, a simple homogenization method, a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)-based stochastic technique, and a Bayesian neural network (BNN) approach to the upscaling problem were analyzed in this study. The equivalence of the upscaled parameters was tested by simulating water flow for the watershed pixels in HYDRUS-3-D, and comparing the resultant soil moisture states with data from the electronically scanned thin array radiometer (ESTAR) airborne sensor during the SGP97 hydrology experiment. The watershed was divided into pixels of 1 km resolution and the effective soil hydraulic parameters obtained for each pixel. The domains were then simulated using the physics-based HYDRUS-3-D platform. Simulated soil moisture states were compared across scales, and the coarse scale values compared against the ESTAR soil moisture data products during the SGP97 hydrology experiment period. Results show considerable correlations between simulated and observed soil moisture states across time, topographic variations, location, elevation, and land cover for techniques that incorporate topographic information in their routines. Results show that the inclusion of topography in the hydraulic parameter scaling algorithm accounts for much of the variability. The topography-based scaling algorithm, followed by the BNN technique, were able to capture much of the variation in soil hydraulic parameters required to generate equivalent soil moisture states in a coarsened domain. The homogenization and MCMC methods, which did not account for topographic variations, performed poorly in providing effective soil hydraulic parameters at the coarse scale.
[Comment on “A forum for the teaching of geophysics”] Publishing ideas on geophysics teaching

It was interesting to read in Eos (May 5) that some AGU members are looking for a place to publish their ideas on the teaching of geophysics. The suggestion about the possibility of publishing a special supplement to Reviews of Geophysics is an interesting one; I would like to suggest another possibility. The Journal of Geological Education, published by the National Association of Geology Teachers, is an internationally circulated publication dedicated to improving education in the geosciences. It is now in its forty-second year of publication and publishes five issues and 400–500 pages of material each year. Articles about education in geophysics are regularly published in JGE, and more would certainly be welcome.
Copper Deficiency Shifts Energy Substrate Utilization from Carbohydrate to Fat and Reduces Fat Mass in Rats

The influence of copper deficiency on energy metabolism and body composition was examined in rats. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to two dietary treatments: copper-adequate (102.2 mumol/kg) and copper-deficient (9.0 mumol/kg). After 4 wk of treatment, rats were individually housed in metabolic cages within indirect calorimetry units for measurements of respiratory quotient to determine substrate utilization. Body composition was measured by total body electrical conductivity. Net energetic efficiency and fasting heat production were determined from regression analysis of metabolizable energy intake and energy retention (metabolizable energy intake-heat production). Rats were given free access to their respective diets for almost the entire study but were restricted to 70% of normal energy intake for 2 d to provide a range of energy intake required for the regression analysis. Energetic evaluations were determined for 12 d at normal intake and 2 d at a modest restriction (30%). Copper deficiency reduced the respiratory quotient values (0.85 to 0.80), carbohydrate utilization (7.9 to 5.2 g/d), energy retention [8.4 to -66.9 kJ/kg0.75.d)] and energy efficiency (97.8 to 87.7%). However, daily metabolizable energy intake and absolute fasting heat production were not altered. Reductions in final body weights (289 to 263 g), absolute fat mass (65.7 to 51.5 g) and proportion of body fat (22.7 to 19.6 g/100 g) were observed in copper-deficient rats compared with controls when all indirect calorimetry measurements were completed after 7 wk of treatment. Thus, copper deficiency increased utilization of fat as substrate for energy and reduced body fat mass in rats.
Rise–fall ambiguities and their removal from frequency-domain nonlinear-optical techniques

Most frequency-domain nonlinear-optical techniques measure only the magnitude of the Fourier transform of a temporal response and, hence, do not uniquely determine the response. We show that, for the commonly used response, h(t) = A exp(−t/τf) + B exp(−t/τs), where A ≡ α/τf and B ≡ (1 − α)/τs, the spectral line shape can always be fitted by two different values of α. A measurement of the optical Kerr transient of carbon disulfide illustrates this ambiguity. We also demonstrate a single-scan method that is free from such ambiguities. It involves adding coherent background with a nonzero quadrature-phase component, obtained simply by proper choice of probe wavelength.
Analysis of spikes in occultation curves: A critique of Brinkmann's method

Abstract Brinkmann's method of deriving the composition of a planetary atmosphere from the timing of occultation curve spikes is discussed in detail. Contrary to the statement made in Brinkmann's paper, it is shown that not only must the spikes be timed, but the intensity of the background occultation curve must be determined at the points at which the spikes occur. The fact that the method does depend on intensity measurements introduces significant uncertainties in practice, so that the method is not as powerful as previously supposed.
Applying visual attention theory to transportation safety research and design: Evaluation of alternative automobile rear lighting systems

This field experiment takes a novel approach in applying methodologies and theories of visual search to the subject of conspicuity in automobile rear lighting. Traditional rear lighting research has not used the visual search paradigm in experimental design. It is our claim that the visual search design uniquely uncovers visual attention processes operating when drivers search the visual field that current designs fail to capture. This experiment is a validation and extension of previous simulator research on this same topic and demonstrates that detection of red automobile brake lamps will be improved if tail lamps are another color (in this test, amber) rather than the currently mandated red. Results indicate that when drivers miss brake lamp onset in low ambient light, RT and error are reduced in detecting the presence and absence of red brake lamps with multiple lead vehicles when tail lamps are not red compared to current rear lighting which mandates red tail lamps. This performance improvement is attributed to efficient visual processing that automatically segregates tail (amber) and brake (red) lamp colors into distractors and targets respectively.
Degradation of mechanical properties of advanced composites exposed to aircraft environment

The degradation of the mechanical properties of Imperial Chemical Industries APC-2 «Victrex» Gr/PEEK laminates was measured after exposure to water, brine, ethylene glycol, hydraulic fluid, jet fuel, and paint stripper
Massively parallel implementation of the splitting equilibration algorithm

In this paper, we describe a massively parallel implementation of the Splitting Equilibration Algorithm using CM FORTRAN on the Thinking Machines CM-2 system. Numerical results using upwards of 32 768 (32 K) processors on the CM-2 system, the Connection Machine, are presented for both input/output and social accounting matrix estimation problems and compared with those obtained for the same problems on the IBM 3090. Our experiences with the relative ease/difficulty of the implementations on these fine-grain and coarse-grain parallel architectures are also presented and discussed.
Evaluation of spermatogenesis and sperm quality in the rat following acute inhalation exposure to methyl bromide

Methyl chloride (MeCl) and methyl bromide (MeBr) have similar target organ specificities in the male F-344 rat, and MeCl is a known reproductive toxicant in that species. Recently, both acute and subchronic inhalation exposures to MeBr were found to produce varying degrees of testicular alteration (S.L. Eustis, S.B. Haber, R.T. Drew, and R.S.H. Yang, 1986, Toxicologist, 6, 54; N. Kato, S. Morinobu, and S. Ishizu, 1986, Ind. Health, 24, 87-103; M.E. Hurtt, K.T. Morgan, and P.K. Working, 1987, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 9, 352-365). The present study examined the reproductive effects of MeBr in the male F-344 rat. Adult males (11-13 weeks) were exposed by inhalation to 0 or 200 ppm MeBr 6 hr/day for 5 days (first day of exposure = Day 1). Ten animals from each group were anesthetized with pentobarbital and terminated on Days 1, 3, 5, and 8. Additionally, five males from each group were killed on Days 6, 10, 17, 24, 38, 52, and 73. Plasma testosterone concentration was reduced during and immediately following exposure (Days 1, 3, 5, and 6), but returned to control levels by Day 8. Nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH) content of the liver and testis was reduced during exposure but returned to control levels by Day 8 (3 days postexposure). No other reproductive indices, including testis weight, daily sperm production, cauda epididymal sperm count, sperm morphology, percentage motile sperm, linear sperm velocity, and epididymal and testicular histology, were affected by MeBr exposure at any time point examined. Thus, although MeBr causes a transient decrease in plasma testosterone and testicular NPSH concentrations during acute exposure, it has no lasting effect on sperm quality or spermatogenesis in the F-344 rat.
An Evaluation of the Cross-Cultural Validity of Holland's Theory: Career Choices by Workers in India

Abstract The current study evaluated the cross-cultural validity of Holland's (1985) theory through internal and external analyses based on the responses of 172 natives of India who completed the Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI) and measures of job and occupational satisfaction. Internal consistency estimates for Holland dimensions, intercorrelations among participants' vocational interest scales, and the results of a randomization test (Tracey, 1997) all provide evidence for the internal structure of the VPI with Indians. However, the VPI did not exhibit high external validity. Further, multiple regression results indicated that congruence, consistency, and differentiation did not predict job or occupational satisfaction, suggesting cross-cultural boundaries on Holland's theory itself. Finally, we assessed and found limited conceptual and linguistic equivalence of measurement of the VPI in India. The assumptions of Holland's theory in light of the current findings are discussed.
Evaluation of microfabricated deformable mirror systems

This paper presents recent result for aberration correction and beam steering experiments using polysilicon surface micromachined piston micromirror arrays. Microfabricated deformable mirrors offer a substantial cost reduction for adaptive optic systems. In addition to the reduced mirror cost, microfabricated mirrors typically require low control voltages, thus eliminating high voltage amplifiers. The greatly reduced cost per channel of adaptive optic systems employing microfabricated deformable mirrors promise high order aberration correction at low cost. Arrays of piston micromirrors with 128 active elements were tested. Mirror elements are on a 203 micrometers 12 by 12 square grid. The overall array size is 2.4 mm square. The arrays were fabricated in the commercially available DARPA supported MUMPs surface micromachining foundry process. The cost per mirror array in this prototyping process is less than 200 dollars. Experimental results are presented for a hybrid correcting element comprised of a lenslet array and piston micromirror array, and for a piston micromirror array only. Also presented is a novel digital deflection micromirror which requires no digital to analog converters, further reducing the cost of adaptive optics system.
Self- and peer perceptions and attributional biases of aggressive and nonaggressive boys in dyadic interactions

Comparaison des perceptions de soi et de l'autre et des attributions causales de responsabilite chez 38 garcons agressifs et non agressifs confrontes a une discussion conflictuelle
Characterization of bionanocomposite scaffolds comprised of amine-functionalized gold nanoparticles and silicon carbide nanowires crosslinked to an acellular porcine tendon

As one of the most common proteins found in the human body, collagen is regarded as biocompatible and has many properties making it ideal for soft-tissue repair applications. However, collagen matrices fabricated from purified forms of collagen are notoriously weak and easily degraded by the body. The extracellular matrix of many tissues including human dermis, porcine dermis, and porcine small intestine submucosa are often utilized instead, and several of these scaffolds are crosslinked. Crosslinking has been shown to improve the mechanical properties of collagenous tissues and increase their resistance to degradation. In this study we investigated two novel "bionanocomposite" materials in which either gold nanoparticles or silicon carbide nanowires were crosslinked to a porcine tendon. Scanning electron micrographs confirmed that the nanomaterials were successfully crosslinked to the tissues. A collagenase assay, tensile testing, flow cytometry, and bioreactor studies were also performed to further characterize the properties of these novel materials. The results of these studies indicated that crosslinking porcine diaphragm tissues with nanomaterials resulted in scaffolds with improved resistance to enzymatic degradation and appropriate biocompatibility characteristics, thus warranting further study of these materials for soft tissue repair and tissue engineering applications.
On the determination of isozyme levels in preparations containing cytoplasmic and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase.

Abstract A spectrophotometric assay has been developed for the determination of the content of each isozyme of aspartate transaminase ( l -aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1) in physiological fluids or tissue extracts. The methods relies on the ability of adipate, at low pH and ionic strength to inhibit the cytoplasmic isozyme but not the one from mitochondria. Two assays are necessary, one at pH 8.0 which measures the content of both isozymes and another at low pH which measures primarily the amount of mitochondrial isozyme. Results obtained by this simple procedure match those in which each isozyme is inhibited by its antibody. The validity of the results obtained by the new method was tested at different ratios of cytoplasmic:mitochondrial isozyme and with tissue extracts. Since the amounts of each isozyme determined by radial immunodiffusion match those values gathered by following enzymatic activity, it is concluded that the quantity of each isozyme obtained from its respective catalytic activity must represent the total protein content of each isozyme in a given sample.
Proton Affinities of Eight Matrices Used for Matrix‐assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization

Protonated molecules of analytes in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) are frequently the most intense ions observed, especially when the concentration of alkali metal cations is low. Examination of the laser desorption mass spectra of MALDI matrices usually shows the presence of both molecular radical ions M+• and [M + H]+ ions. With some matrices, the intensity of the [M + H]+ ion is greater than that of the molecular radical ion, e.g. with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. A logical source for the ions of protonated analyte in MALDI is proton donation from the [M + H]+ ions of the matrix, but donation could also occur from the radical molecular ions. A knowledge of the proton affinities of the common MALDI matrices might be helpful in understanding why some matrices are ‘hotter’ than others and lead to more post-source as well as prompt decay. The ground-state proton affinity of eight common MALDI matrices were determined. For each matrix, the [M + H]+ ion was generated by methane chemical ionization, trapped and isolated in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer, allowed to cool for 5 s and reacted with reference compounds of known proton affinities. In some cases, the matrix proton affinities are low enough that proton transfer can occur from the ground state [M + H]+ ion to MALDI analytes; in other cases, the matrix proton affinities are so high that some other mechanism for proton transfer is required. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High-sensitivity cryogenic temperature sensors using pressurized fiber Bragg gratings

Cryogenic temperature sensing was studied using a pressurized fiber Bragg grating (PFBG). The PFBG was obtained by simply applying a small diametric load to a regular fiber Bragg grating (FBG), which was coated with polyimide of a thickness of 11 micrometers. The Bragg wavelength of the PFBG was measured at temperatures from 295 to 4.2 K. A pressure-induced transition occurred at 200 K during the cooling cycle. As a result the temperature sensitivity of the PFBG was found to be nonlinear but reach 24 pm/K below 200 K, more than three times the regular FBG. For the temperature change from 80 K to 10 K, the PFBG has a total Bragg wavelength shift of about 470 pm, 10 times more than the regular FBG. From room temperature to liquid helium temperature the PFBG gives a total wavelength shift of 3.78 nm, compared to the FBG of 1.51 nm. The effect of the coating thickness on the temperature sensitivity of the gratings is also discussed.
Maps of the interval, polynomial time, and polynomial space

We use sequences of expansive maps of the interval to construct non-autonomous systems which appear to display "hyper-exponential loss of information" (defined below). A rigorous proof of this loss of information would prove that the class P of languages accepted in polynomial time is properly contained in the class PTAPE of languages accepted in polynomial space. Thus either P = NP or NP = PTAPE, where NP is the class of languages accepted by non-deterministic machines in polynomial time.
Constraint handing and stability properties of model-predictive control

Effects of hard constraints in the stability of model-predictive control (MPC) are reviewed. Assuming a fixed active set, the optimal solution can be expressed in a general state-feedback closed form, which corresponds to a piecewise linear controller for the linear model case. Changes in the original unconstrained solution by the active constraints and other effects related to the loss of degrees of freedom are depicted in this analysis. In addition to modifications in the unconstrained feedback gain, we show that the presence of active output constraints can introduce extra feedback terms in the predictive controller. This can lead to instability of the constrained closed-loop system with certain active sets, independent of the choice of tuning parameters. To cope with these problems and extent the constraint handling capabilities of MPC, we introduce the consideration of soft constraints. We compare the use of the l 2 -(quadratic), l 1 -(exact), and l∞-norm penalty formulations. The analysis reveals a strong similarity between the control laws, which allows a direct extrapolation of the unconstrained tuning guidelines to the constrained case. In particular, the exact penalty treatment has identical stability characteristics to the correspondent unconstrained case and therefore seems well suited for general soft constraint handling, even with nonlinear models. These extensions are included in the previously developed Newton control framework, allowing the use of the approach within a consistent framework for both linear and nonlinear process models, increasing the scope of applications of the method. Process examples illustrate the capabilities of the proposed approaches
Combination therapy of stroke in rats with a nitric oxide donor and human bone marrow stromal cells enhances angiogenesis and neurogenesis

We tested the hypothesis that intravenous infusion of human marrow stromal cells (hMSC) with a nitric oxide donor, (Z)-1-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl) aminio] diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (DETA/NONOate), enhances angiogenesis, neurogenesis and neurological functional recovery after stroke in rats compared to individual therapy. Experimental groups consist of rats subjected to 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and at 24 h after MCAo intravenous injection of (n=10/group): Group 1: phosphate buffered saline (PBS 1 ml) for control. Group 2: NONOate alone (0.4 mg/kg). Group 3: hMSCs (1 x 10(6)) alone. Group 4: hMSCs (1 x 10(6)) with NONOate (0.4 mg/kg). Functional tests and immunohistochemical staining were performed. Marginal functional recovery after treatment of stroke was found with 1 x 10(6) hMSCs alone (p=0.06) and no benefit was detected with NONOate alone (0.4 mg/kg, p=0.64). However, NONOate+hMSCs in combination significantly induced functional recovery (p<0.05). Treatment using hMSC in combination with NONOate significantly increased vessel perimeter and endothelial cell proliferation compared with hMSC or NONOate alone treatment (p<0.05). Cell proliferation and neurogenesis were assessed with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling and immunostaining for cell type-specific markers. Combination treatment promoted increased, BrdU positive cell number in the subventricular zone (SVZ), migrating neuronal doublecortin immunoreactive cells and VEGF and bFGF expression in the ischemic boundary area compared to individual treatment. The functional therapeutic enhancement of combination treatment may be attributed to increased plasticity induced by the combination of a nitric oxide donor and hMSC therapy. These data suggest that pharmacological and cellular therapy may provide an additive therapeutic benefit after stroke.
Online generalized predicitive control combined with a fast transversal filter

The concept of generalized predictive control (GPC) design is extended by combining it with the recursive least squares (RLS) system identification algorithm. In this paper, GPC is combined with the classical RLS system identification algorithm, and with the fast transversal filter (FTF), a modified version of the classical RLS algorithm. The classical RLS algorithm is a straightforward approach for identifying a model from input and output data, and one of the advantages of the classical RLS algorithm is that a model is obtained without time-consuming processes like matrix inversion. The FTF is also an RLS algorithm, but it exploits the shifting property of serialized data and thereby results in a substantial reduction in computational complexity. The advantages of both combined algorithms are no prior system model is required, since the process of system identification is performed recursively from real-time system input and output data, and the controller is updated adaptively in the presence of a changing operating environment.
An improved shocking surface for pigeons and rats

A resistive shocking surface and an appropriate power supply are described. The efficacy of the system is illustrated with some data on the activity of pigeons and rats as a function of the voltage applied.
Role of streaming plasma instabilities in parallel shock wave structures

Abstract A parallel shock structure is modeled as regions of interpenetrating streams of cold unshocked ions and hot shocked ions. Our linear dispersion theory predicts that unstable whistlers can stand at the leading edge of weak and intermediate strength shocks.
Amylo-1, 6-glucosidase in human fibroblasts: Studies in Type III glycogen storage disease

Abstract Using the assay system which measures the incorporation of U-C 14 glucose into new branch points in the glycogen molecule, it has been possible to show the presence of amylo-1,6-glucosidase in human fibroblasts derived from skin biopsies and in cultivated amniotic fluid cells. The marked decrease of this enzyme in cultured fibroblasts from a child with Type III glycogen storage disease indicate the usefulness of this technique not only in establishing the diagnosis among patients, but opens up the possibility of prenatal detection of debrancher enzyme deficiency.
Computer estimation of the Atmospheric gas-phase reaction rate of organic compounds with hydroxyl radicals and ozone

Abstract The Atmospheric Oxidation Program (AOP) is a computer program that estimates the rate constant for the atmospheric, gas-phase reaction between photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (OH) and organic chemicals. It also estimates the rate constant for the gas-phase reaction between ozone and olefinic/acetylenic compounds. AOP, which uses estimation methods developed by Atkinson and co-workers, estimates more accurate rate constants than the PCFAP (Fate of Atmospheric Pollutants) program that was part of the U.S. EPA's Graphical Exposure Modeling System (GEMS). Due to its superior predictive ability, the EPA is currently using AOP to evaluate the atmospheric fate of compounds defined under Sections 4, 5 and 6 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA).
Examining trait mindfulness, emotion dysregulation, and quality of life in multiple sclerosis

Objective Dispositional mindfulness exhibits a positive association with quality of life (QoL). One potential mechanism for this association is enhanced emotion regulation abilities. Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience a range of physical, cognitive, and affective impairments, thus reducing overall QoL. The current cross-sectional study examines the relation between trait mindfulness and QoL, mediated by emotion dysregulation in individuals with MS. Method Ninety-five participants with self-reported MS completed an online survey that incorporated self-report measures of trait mindfulness, emotion dysregulation, and QoL. Although clinically significant depression was exclusionary, we observed a wide range of depressive symptoms in our sample. These scores were thus entered as a moderator in the mediation analysis. Results Dispositional mindfulness correlated positively with QoL, with lower emotion dysregulation partially mediating the correlation. Depression scores moderated the observed mediation, such that the effect was stronger in those with higher symptoms of depression. Conclusions Trait mindfulness is positively associated with QoL in individuals with MS. Reduced emotion dysregulation may be a critical pathway linking mindfulness and QoL in MS, especially in those with higher symptoms of depression.