cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An observational based analysis of ozone trends and production for urban areas in North Carolina

Abstract An observational based analysis of ozone production for Raleigh and Charlotte, North Carolina, was performed for the years 1981–1990. A trend analysis was carried out for the 10 yr period for Raleigh. The third quartile average for Raleigh indicated a slight upward trend of about 0.5 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) per year in ozone concentration, but this may not be statistically significant. During the period studied, Raleigh was designated as out of compliance for ozone, with a classification of moderate for non-attainment areas in 1989. There were three exceedences of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 0.12 parts per million by volume (ppmv) each in 1980, 1983, and 1987; and 13 exceedences in 1988. Based on a regression analysis, it was identified that the variability in ozone concentration in the Raleigh area is best correlated with maximum temperature and solar radiation, and also weakly correlated with daily average wind speed and wind direction. But, the local meteorological parameters could only explain 35–53% of the total variance. A delta ozone analysis was performed to obtain an estimate of the contribution to the production of ozone made by the metropolitan areas of Raleigh and Charlotte, North Carolina. During the summer of 1989, the city of Raleigh provided an average of about 25 ppbv of additional ozone to air advecting over the city. The amount of ozone produced by the metropolitan area of Charlotte for 1984–1991 averaged about 10–15 ppbv with a slight upward trend in ozone production (1.34±0.78 ppbv per year). These values are compared to a published value of 30–40 ppbv of ozone for Atlanta, Georgia, during 1979–1987.
The revitalization of Havana's Chinatown: Invoking Chinese Cuban history

For thirty years, from the Cuban Revolution of 1959 until the breakup of the Soviet Union, the Chinese community in Cuba was in decline. Despite their dwindling numbers, the story of the Chinese in Cuba is one that has recently resurfaced through a restoration project in Havana's Chinatown, renewed ties between Cuba and the PRC, and an engagement with the popular imagination. After a discussion of the historical context for Chinese migration to Cuba and the ways in which the mid-20th-century Chinese and Cuban revolutions altered Havana's Chinatown, this study interrogates the formation of a Chinese Cuban identity and the contradictions in the current revitalization efforts. Tensions are inherent within a project claiming to promote the interests of the Chinese community and an “authentic” Chinese culture, yet spearheaded by “mixed” descendants and driven by tourism. Despite these points of potential friction, state promotion of the Chinese in Cuba has provided openings in which Chinese Cubans and their descendants can make claims on identity, culture, and politics.
Effects of Ultraviolet Background and Local Stellar Radiation on the H_I Column Density Distribution

We study the impact of ultraviolet background (UVB) radiation field and the local stellar radiation on the H_I column density distribution f(N_HI) of damped Ly-alpha systems (DLAs) and sub-DLAs at z=3 using cosmological smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations. We find that, in the previous simulations with an optically thin approximation, the UVB was sinking into the H_I cloud too deeply, and therefore we underestimated the f(N_HI) at 19 6 x 10^{-3} cm^{-3}, then we reproduce the observed f(N_HI) at z=3 very well. We also investigate the effect of local stellar radiation by post-processing our simulation with a radiative transfer code, and find that the local stellar radiation does not change the f(N_HI) very much. Our results show that the shape of f(N_HI) is determined primarily by the UVB with a much weaker effect by the local stellar radiation and that the optically thin approximation often used in cosmological simulation is inadequate to properly treat the ionization structure of neutral gas in and out of DLAs. Our result also indicates that the DLA gas is closely related to the transition region from optically-thick neutral gas to optically-thin ionized gas within dark matter halos.
Multiple interfaces and incomplete acquisition

Abstract In recent years, explanations and predictions of developmental delays or inability to reach native-like attainment in specific areas of grammatical knowledge have been linked to the architecture of the language faculty. A recurrent claim is that linguistic properties at interfaces are inherently more “complex” than linguistic properties internal to a specific domain (syntax, phonology, semantics) due to the integration of different levels of linguistic knowledge/analysis. Even within interfaces, not all interfaces are created equal; some have been claimed to be even more complex, vulnerable, or more problematic than others. Slabakova (2008) claims that properties at the syntax–semantics interface are largely unproblematic in adult L2 acquisition, but functional morphology (the morphology–syntax interface), by contrast, is the bottleneck of acquisition. Drawing on the distinction between internal and external interfaces, Tsimpli and Sorace (2006) and Sorace and Serratrice (2009) have also argued that the syntax–semantics interface (an internal interface) is eventually acquired at the near-native level, while, the syntax–discourse interface (an external interface) presents prolonged difficulty in both L2 acquisition and L1 attrition. In this article I question these recent claims about vulnerability of specific interfaces based on empirical evidence from recent studies on incomplete acquisition in L2 and heritage language acquisition. I discuss examples of grammatical properties involving multiple interfaces and show how the concept of internal and external interfaces is problematic.
Psychophysics: a journey from the laboratory to the clinic.

Abstract Pfaffmann, famous for pioneering work in taste neurophysiology, was a great supporter of psychophysics. He wrote: “Indeed it can be said that without behavioral study, hand in hand with physiological and anatomical methods, one gets only a partial insight: telling where, and to some degree how, but not for what!” [The Psychologists, 1974; Chem Senses Flavour 1 (1974) 61]. The psychophysical studies he initially encouraged concerned mechanism (e.g. taste quality coding), but later methodological advances permitted valid comparisons of taste sensations across groups. Quantification of genetic as well as pathological variation permits the demonstration of links between oral sensory variation, food preferences, diet and health.
Postural Control, Gait, and Dopamine Functions in Parkinsonian Movement Disorders

Balance impairments and falls, which are common in patients who have parkinsonian movement disorders, are a serious threat to the health of these individuals. However, the underlying mechanisms cannot be fully explained by presynaptic dopaminergic denervation, because balance impairment is at least responsive to L-dopa therapy. This article reviews the latest clinically relevant literature relating postural control, gait, and dopamine in patients who have parkinsonian movement disorders.
Surface diffusion in microporous media

The surface diffusion of He, Ne, H2, Ar, O2, N2 and CO2 through Vycor microporous glass was analyzed theoretically and experimentally in the low pressure range as a function of temperature. A statistical-mechanical treatment was carried out in terms of partition functions to derive a general equation of surface flow. It was possible to separate the surface diffusion from the total flow using a simplified working equation. The conventional method which assumes that there is no adsorbed flow for helium should be discarded, because the fraction of surface diffusion for helium ranges from 0.133 to 0.247. It is also illustrated how to predict the permeability of a new gas for the same porous medium. La diffusion de surface des gaz He, Ne, H2, Ar, O2, N2 et CO2 au travers d'un verre microporeux de type Vycor a ete analysee theoriquement et experimentalement en function de la temperature pour de faibles pressions. On a derive une equation generale d'ecoulement de surface a l'aide d'une methpde statistique-mecanique. On a aussi separe la diffusion de surface de l'ecoulement total a l'aide d'une relation simplifiee. On a determine que la fraction de diffusion de surface pour l'helium varie de 0.133 a 0.247, ce qui nous porte a dire que la methode conventionnelle utilisee pour l'helium est fausse. On montre comment il est possible de predire la permeabilite d'un nouveau gaz pour le měme milieu poreux.
Overcoming Misinterpretation and Irrationality: Doing Ethics at the Intersection of Social Justice, Liberation, and Civil/Human Rights.

Historian of religions Charles Long uses the term “American cultural language” to identify discursive challenges to democracy and social justice in the Unites States. The American cultural language...
Propagation Velocity of Lateral Interaction in the Human Visual System

Propagation velocity relation with time delay in human visual system, using various sets of line stimuli having different spatial distance
METABOLISM OF XYLOGLUCAN GENERATES XYLOSE-DEFICIENT OLIGOSACCHARIDE SUBUNITS OF THIS POLYSACCHARIDE IN ETIOLATED PEAS

Abstract Oligosaccharide subunits of xyloglucan were isolated from the stems and roots of etiolated pea plants and structurally characterized. The two most abundant subunits of pea xyloglucan are the well-known nonasaccharide, XXFG, and heptasaccharide, XXXG. In addition, significant amounts of oligosaccharides that have not previously been reported to be subunits of pea xyloglucan were detected, including a decasaccharide, XLFG, two octasaccharides, XLXG and XXLG, a pentasaccharide, XXG, and a trisaccharide, XG. Several novel oligosaccharide subunits, including the octasaccharide, GXFG, and the hexasaccharide, GXXG, were also found. Xyloglucan oligosaccharides generated by treatment of intact pea stem cell walls were compared to oligosaccharides generated by endoglucanase treatment of xyloglucan polysaccharides obtained by subsequent alkali extraction of the same cell walls. The results suggest that the xyloglucan in etiolated pea stems is distributed between at least two domains, one of which is distinguished by its enzyme accessibility. We further hypothesize that the chemical modification of a xyloglucan during cell-wall maturation depends on its physical environment (i.e., the domain in which it resides). For example, only the endoglucanase-released material, representing the enzyme-accessible xyloglucan domain, contains significant amounts of the two unusual oligosaccharide subunits, GXXG and GXFG, both of which have a nonreducing terminal glucosyl residue. This structure may be generated during cell-wall maturation by the sequential action of an endolytic enzyme (such as xyloglucan endotransglycosylase or endoglucanase) and an α-xylosidase.
Loss of Cell Polarity Drives Tumor Growth and Invasion through JNK Activation in Drosophila

Summary Apparent defects in cell polarity are often seen in human cancer [1, 2]. However, the underlying mechanisms of how cell polarity disruption contributes to tumor progression are unknown. Here, using a Drosophila genetic model for Ras-induced tumor progression, we show a molecular link between loss of cell polarity and tumor malignancy. Mutation of different apicobasal polarity genes activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling and downregulates the E-cadherin/β-catenin adhesion complex, both of which are necessary and sufficient to cause oncogenic Ras V12 -induced benign tumors in the developing eye to exhibit metastatic behavior. Furthermore, activated JNK and Ras signaling cooperate in promoting tumor growth cell autonomously, as JNK signaling switches its proapoptotic role to a progrowth effect in the presence of oncogenic Ras. Our finding that such context-dependent alterations promote both tumor growth and metastatic behavior suggests that metastasis-promoting mutations may be selected for based primarily on their growth-promoting capabilities. Similar oncogenic cooperation mediated through these evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways could contribute to human cancer progression.
The Implications of Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem on Approaches to Optimal Engineering Design

Many modem approaches to engineering design seek to optimize design in order to maximize the value of the system to its customers. These approaches rely on the formulation of a system utility function as a measure of system worth. It is shown here that, under certain circumstances, however, such a measure cannot exist. It is then indicated that these circumstances comprise the rule rather than the exception. Finally it is shown that pursuing the objective of design optimization as defined by the customers via contemporary approaches can lead the designer to highly inappropriate and undesirable designs. As a consequence of this, it becomes apparent that the methods of Total Quality Management (TQM) and Quality Function Deployment (QFD) can lead to highly erroneous results.
Toxicokinetics of Fenvalerate in Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)

An in vivo rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) preparation was used to evaluate the gill uptake and toxicokinetics of [3H]fenvalerate ([R,S]-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl [R,S]-2-[4-chloro-phenyl]-3-methylbutyrate), a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. Fish were exposed to technical-grade fenvalerate (0.28 or 23 ng/L) or an emulsifiable-concentrate formulation (16 ng/L) for 36 to 48 h. No significant effects of emulsifiers or fenvalerate concentration on uptake were observed. The overall mean gill uptake efficiency was determined to be 28.6 + 4.4%. Following 8- to 48-h depuration periods, carcass and bile contained 80 to 90% and 10 to 20% of the gill-absorbed doses, respectively. Urine, feces and blood each contained less than 2% of the dose. Significant excretion and blood transport of fenvalerate equivalents were completed within 8 to 12 h after termination of exposure. Specific tissues from trout exposed to 0.28 ng/L fenvalerate were analyzed for fenvalerate equivalents. After a 48-h depuration period, bile contained the highest concentration of fenvalerate equivalents (7,000 pg/g), followed by fat (200 pg/g). Remaining tissues contained 15 to 45 pg/g. Analysis of biliary metabolites indicated that the glucuronide of 4′-HO-fenvalerate was the only significant degradation product. Results from the present study suggest that efficient gill uptake does not explain the extreme sensitivity of fish to fenvalerate. Rather, a low rate of biotransformation and excretion may play a significant role in the susceptibility of rainbow trout to the synthetic pyrethroid insecticides.
Health-related quality of well-being in chronically hospitalized patients with schizophrenia Comparison with matched outpatients

Quantifying the functional consequences of illness in terms of quality of life can enhance our understanding of both mental and physical disorders. However, little is known about the quality of life among older inpatients vs. outpatients with schizophrenia. We present the results of health-related quality of life assessments in 54 middle-aged and elderly long-term inpatients with schizophrenia and a demographically matched outpatient sample. Assessments were performed using the Quality of Well-Being (QWB) scale, along with standard measures of psychopathology and global cognitive impairment. Compared with outpatients, the inpatients had a significantly lower health-related quality of life, as measured by the QWB. In the inpatient and outpatient groups, higher levels of positive symptoms were associated with lower health-related quality of life. Health-related quality of life remained fairly stable among the inpatients who remained hospitalized over 6 months. In both inpatients and outpatients, baseline cognitive status and psychopathology predicted QWB scores at the 6-month follow-up. These findings further support the use of the QWB in severely mentally ill populations; implications for improving health-related quality of life among older patients with schizophrenia are discussed.
Properties of Bursicon: An Insect Protein Hormone That Controls Cuticular Tanning

On gel filtration the retention volume of bursicon indicates a molecular weight of about 40,000. On disc electrophoresis bursicon migrates toward the anode and appears at an R F (relative to the marker dye) of 0.3 to 0.4. The properties of fractions with bursicon activity in blood, brain, and ganglion of a fly ( Sarcophaga bullata ), and in blood, ganglion, and corpora cardiaca of a roach ( Periplaneta americana ) are similar, but not identical. Bursicon in the blood is more heat labile, and the activity in brain and corpora cardiaca shows two peaks in electrophoresis, instead of one as in the other fractions.
Modification of the grain boundary microstructure of the austenitic PCA stainless steel to improve helium embrittlement resistance

Abstract Grain boundary MC precipitation was produced by a modified thermal-mechanical pretreatment in 25% cold-worked (CW) austenitic prime candidate alloy (PCA) stainless steel prior to HFIR irradiation. Postirradiation tensile results and fracture analysis showed that the modified material (B3) resisted helium embrittlement better than either solution annealed (SA) or 25% CW PCA irradiated at 500 to 600°C to ∼ 21 dpa and 1370 appm He. PCA SA and 25% CW were not embrittled at 300 to 400°C. Grain boundary MC survives in PCA-B3 during HFIR irradiation at 500°C but dissolves at 600°C; it does not form in either SA or 25% CW PCA during similar irradiation. The grain boundary MC appears to play an important role in the helium embrittlement resistance of PCA-B3.
Enhanced stochasticity of domain wall motion in magnetic racetracks due to dynamic pinning

Understanding the details of domain wall (DW) motion along magnetic racetracks has drawn considerable interest in the past few years for their applications in non-volatile memory devices. The propagation of the DW is dictated by the interplay between its driving force, either field or current, and the complex energy landscape of the racetrack. In this study, we use spin-valve nanowires to study field-driven DW motion in real time. By varying the strength of the driving magnetic field, the propagation mode of the DW can be changed from a simple translational mode to a more complex precessional mode. Interestingly, the DW motion becomes much more stochastic at the onset of this propagation mode. We show that this unexpected result is a consequence of an unsustainable gain in Zeeman energy of the DW, as it is driven faster by the magnetic field. As a result, the DW periodically releases energy and thereby becomes more susceptible to pinning by local imperfections in the racetrack.
Crime and Incivilities in Libraries: Situational Crime Prevention Strategies for Thwarting Biblio-Bandits and Problem Patrons

In the past few decades, libraries have ceased to be places of quiet reading, study and reflection. Today they face many of the same issues and problems as do other social institutions. Crime and other incivilities have found their way into the library. Theft of library materials, vandalism, assaults, inappropriate use of library computers, use of the library as refuges by the homeless, street people, and the mentally ill, and other problems of crime and incivilities, call for development of strategies to deal with these issues. This paper examines the application of Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) techniques to ameliorate these conditions. The authors conclude that crimes such as theft, vandalism and assault, as well as problems with disruptive patrons can be substantially reduced by the implementation of SCP strategies and techniques in association with a well-conceived security plan and staff training. Program evaluation to determine the effectiveness of SCP interventions in libraries is recommended.
Multi-Fractal Signal Simulation of Local Instantaneous Pressure in a Bubbling Gas-Fluidized Bed—Part 1: Signal Simulation

The purpose of this paper, in two parts, is to (1) determine the fractal characteristics of time-series pressure data from gas-fluidized bed, (2) evaluate the possibility of using the Weierstrass-Mandelbrot (WM) function to simulate the fractal and dynamic characteristics of such pressure data, (3) refine the method of signal simulation introduced by Humphrey et al. (1992) for turbulence data, and (4) to investigate the nonlinear, fractal, and physical phenomena of pressure in a fluidized bed as a function of angular position around a cylinder, location in the bed, and the fluidization ratio. Part 1, (1) provides evidence that pressure signals from a bubbling fluidized bed are fractal, and delineates the range of scales over which these signals are fractal, (2) demonstrates that simulated signals have statistical measures essentially identical to experimental signals, and (3) relates parameters of the WM function to the physics of pressure fluctuations in fluidized beds. In addition, a refinement to the method of simulation employed by Humphrey et al. (1992) is proposed that employs the method presented by Higuchi (1988) to identify the fractal dimension and upper scaling frequency. Also, a direct means of specifying the amplitude of the fractal component of the signal results from using the peak-to-peak pressure of the experimental signal.
Radiation patterns of radial waveguides with TM mode excitation

An analysis is presented of the radiation pattern produced by the open-ended radial waveguide with TM mode excitation. Radiation patterns have been computed for TEM, TM_{10} , and TM_{20} mode excitation and comparison is made with measured results.
Professor Anita Hill versus Judge Clarence Thomas: the view of students at a Southern university

In the televised United States Senate Judiciary Committee hearing on Judge Clarence Thomas as a nominee to the U.S. Supreme Court, law professor Anita Hill claimed that she had suffered sexual harassment from Judge Thomas 10 years earlier. Right after the hearing, students in two undergraduate classes at a Southern university were asked who they believed the most, Professor Hill or Judge Thomas. Although about 25% of the population of the United States reported believing Professor Hill, her support in these two classes was almost nonexistent. Only one student in each class believed Professor Hill. The results are consistent with the expectation that Southern university students, both male and female, would be less likely than the national average to believe her sexual harassment charges. However, the strength of the findings was surprising.
Nuclear resonance effects in Coulomb excitation

Abstract The changes in the Coulomb excitation process due to nuclear interactions in the incident and exit channels are calculated. It is shown that resonances in the elastic scattering channel interfere coherently with the Coulomb excitation process and thus lead to anomalies in the cross section for Coulomb excitation. The predictions of the present work are compared with the results of Temmer and Heydenburg for the reaction Na 23 (p, p′γ).
Detection of Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies under Actual Clinical Testing Conditions

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) are a useful diagnostic tool for Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). To maximize diagnostic utility, current guidelines recommend dual testing by standard indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and target antigen-specific assays. Most published data come from specialized research laboratories, not reflecting the performance of assays under routine clinical conditions. Therefore, we compared the performance of standard IIF, PR3-, and MPO-ANCA-specific direct ELISA, and a PR3-ANCA-specific capture ELISA used alone and in combination under routine clinical conditions. Consecutive serum samples (615) submitted for routine ANCA testing over a 10-month period were assayed. Diagnoses were WG/MPA (n = 86), other autoimmune disease (n = 118), and various others (n = 411). The combination of PR3-ANCA and MPO-ANCA ELISA had the highest sensitivity (72.1%), and C-ANCA determination using IIF, the highest specificity (99.6%). While maintaining maximal diagnostic accuracy, significant labor savings are achieved by screening for WG/MPA by ELISA followed by confirmatory IIF.
The movable point problem and its resolution in object type graphs

Internal dependencies among object components characterize the behaviors of objects and differentiate objects from records. Fundamental typing/subtyping shortcomings and loopholes still persist in current object type systems due to the overlooking of such interdependencies. In this paper, we first identify a new movable point problem that exists in conventional object type systems. Then, as a new approach to the typing of object-oriented languages, we propose object type graphs (OTG) where object component interdependencies are integrated into object types. Object subtyping is subsequently defined by reasoning on the relevant type graphs. Finally, we show how the movable point problem can be easily resolved under OTG.
Spontaneous ovarian contractions in Fundulus heteroclitus

Spontaneous contractions of Fundulus heteroclitus ovaries were observed and quantified using 2 methods. Contractions were measured as increases in intraovarian pressure in ovaries retained in the fish and as tension changes in ovaries removed from the fish, suspended in a smooth muscle bath, and connected to a force transducer. Spontaneous contractions were observed in approximately one-half the ovaries tested, using both methods. The occurrence of spontaneous contractions was dependent on the reproductive stage of the fish, with more sexually mature fish exhibiting a greater incidence of spontaneous activity. The rate of contraction increased linearly with temperature over the range 20–35°C. Although the physiological significance of ovarian contractions in F. heteroclitus is unclear, possible functions include the facilitation of ovulation, egg release during spawning, and the movement of eggs or fluid within the ovary. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PHARMACOKINETICS OF THIOPENTONE: EFFECTS OF ENFLURANE AND NITROUS OXIDE ANAESTHESIA AND SURGERY

SUMMARY Plasma concentrations of thiopentone following the injection of 3.5 mg kg −1 i.v. were studied in six patients who received enflurane and nitrous oxide anaesthesia and six volunteers. We identified a three-compartment open model system containing both a "shallow" and a "deep" peripheral compartment in all the patients and half of the controls, and a two-compartment open model for the remaining volunteers. The distribution of thiopentone to the tissues was very rapid, the α and β distribution half-lives averaging 2.5 min and 46.4 min respectively for the patient group and 2.8 min and 48.7 min for the control group. The wide distribution of the drug was indicated by the apparent volume of distribution, the means of which varied between 2 and 1.5 times body weight. The mean elimination half-life was 5.1 h for the patients and 5.7 h for the volunteers. The return of the drug to the central compartment from the deep peripheral compartment was the rate-controlling factor in its elimination. Neither enflurane and nitrous oxide anaesthesia nor the stress of surgery affected the distribution or clearance of the drug from plasma.
Quantitative micro determination of alcohols as esters of pyruvic acid 2,6-dinitrophenylhydrazone.

Abstract A colorimetric procedure is described for the quantitative determination of monohydric alcohols at the micromole level. The method is based on the acylation of the hydroxyl group with pyruvic acid chloride 2,6-dinitrophenylhydrazone in the presence of triethylenediamine and subsequent isolation of the derivative on alumina. The reaction is complete at room temperature upon addition of the base to the dried solution of the alcohol and acid chloride. Tertiary alcohols are quantitatively acylated as readily as primary and secondary alcohols. The procedure is applicable in both a small volume (1.8 ml) and a relatively large volume (25 ml) of benzene. Fatty acids inhibit the reaction.
Prediction of secondary-electron energy spectra

Abstract Calculations of the energy spectrum of secondary electrons ejected from atoms and molecules in collisions with fast, charged particles are discussed. A model based on measured optical oscillator strengths and total ionization cross sections is presented. Results obtained with this model are compared with experimental data on ionization of helium by proton and electron impact.
The IAU Meteor Shower Nomenclature Rules

The International Astronomical Union at its 2006 General Assembly in Prague has adopted a set of rules for meteor shower nomenclature, a working list with designated names (with IAU numbers and three-letter codes), and established a Task Group for Meteor Shower Nomenclature in Commission 22 (Meteors and Interplanetary Dust) to help define which meteor showers exist from well defined groups of meteoroids from a single parent body.
Synthesis of Polyribonucleotide Chains from the 3′-Hydroxyl Terminus of Oligodeoxynucleotides by Escherichia coliPrimase

Abstract Escherichia coli primase synthesizes RNA primers on DNA templates for the initiation of DNA replication. The sole known activity of primase is to catalyze synthesis of short RNA chains de novo. We now report a novel activity of primase, namely that it can synthesize RNA from the 3′-hydroxyl terminus of a pre-existing oligodeoxynucleotide. The oligonucleotide-primed synthesis of RNA by primase occurs in both of the G4oric-specific priming system and the dnaB protein associated general priming system. This priming reaction of primase is verified by a number of biochemical methods, including inhibition by modified 3′-phosphate of oligonucleotides and deoxyribonuclease I and ribonuclease H cleavages. We also show that the primed RNA is an effective primer for the synthesis of DNA chain by E. coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. The significance of this finding to primases generating multimeric length RNA is discussed.
Urologic complications in over 1000 kidney transplants performed at the Saint Barnabas healthcare system.

Abstract We report the complication rate based on one urologist’s experience over a 9-year period including over 1000 ureteral reimplants performed at the time of kidney transplantation. Among 1083 ureteral reimplant operations, there was a 4.3% urologic complication rate, including a 2.7% ureteral stricture rate and a less than 1% rate each of urine leak ureteropelvic junction obstruction, vesicoureteral reflux and clot obstruction. The factors that lead to a low urologic complication rate are believed to be the use of short ureteral segment using the Lich (compared to the Politano-Leadbetter) technique and the routine use of indwelling stents. In addition, a consistency in results was attributed to one transplant urologist performing all ureteral reimplants and managing all urologic complications.
Evolving Systems: Disturbance Accommodating Adaptive Key Component Control

Abstract This paper presents an introduction to Evolving Systems, which are autonomously controlled subsystems which self-assemble into a new Evolved System with a higher purpose. Evolving Systems of aerospace structures often require additional control when assembling to maintain stability during the entire evolution process. This is the concept of Adaptive Key Component Control which operates through one specific component to maintain stability during the evolution. In addition this control must overcome persistent disturbances that occur while the evolution is in progress. We present theoretical results for the successful operation of Adaptive Key Component control in the presence of such disturbances and an illustrative example.
Inhibition of endogenous nitric oxide reduces basal mesenteric vascular tone but does not alter intraduodenal hydrochloric acid-induced intestinal hyperemia in rats.

There are conflicting reports on the role of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of basal intestinal blood flow. The effect of inhibition of NO on intraduodenal hydrochloric acid (HCl) induced intestinal hyperemia remains to be confirmed. We investigated the effect of inhibition of endogenous NO on basal intestinal blood flow, HCl-induced intestinal hyperemia, and duodenal villous injury. Superior mesenteric artery blood flow in rats was measured by pulsed Doppler flowmetry and duodenal villous injury evaluated by histology. Intravenous NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), orl-arginine ord-arginine followed byl-NAME, was given to show inhibition, reversal of inhibition of endogenous NO synthase, and stereospecificity, respectively. An intraduodenal 2 ml/kg bolus or perfusion for 30 min of 0.1 N HCl was given 15 min afterl-NAME or vehicle. Mean arterial blood pressure was increased byl-NAME, which also significantly reduced intestinal blood flow under basal condition and after intraduodenal HCl. Basal mesenteric blood flow was not altered byl- ord-arginine. Thel-NAME-induced increase in blood pressure and decrease in basal blood flow was attenuated byl- but notd-arginine. The villous damage and the magnitude of the peak hyperemia was unchanged byl-NAME,l- ord-arginine. Inhibition of endogenous NO byl-NAME is suggested by the significant rise in blood pressure. The rise in blood pressure and reduction in blood flow are attenuated byl- but notd-arginine, indicating stereospecificity. Inhibition of endogenous NO reduces basal mesenteric vascular tone but does not alter intraduodenal HCl-induced intestinal hyperemia. The increase in blood flow after intraduodenal HCl predicts the absence of exacerbation of HCl-induced duodenal villous damage.
Steep-subthreshold-slope devices on SOI

The use of an SOI substrate together with a small-band-gap source material is advantageous for optimizing TFET manufacturability and performance.
Electroosmotic flow control of fluids on a capillary electrophoresis microdevice using an applied external voltage

Independent control of electroosmosis is important for separation science techniques such as capillary zone electrophoresis and for the movement of fluids on microdevices. A capillary electrophoresis microdevice is demonstrated which provides more efficient control of electroosmosis with an applied external voltage field. The device is fabricated in a glass substrate where a 5.0 cm separation channel (30 μm wide) is paralleled with two embedded electrodes positioned 50 μm away in the substrate. With this structure, greatly reduced applied external potentials (≤120 V compared to tens of kilovolts) still effectively altered electroosmosis. The efficiency for the control of electroosmosis by the applied external field is improved by approximately 40 times over published values.
V centers in KBr

Abstract One of the major products of radiation damage in the range 120 K T D 3 center. Many effects previously associated with the V 4 center are more properly due to the D 3 center in conjunction with a center peaking at 280 nm. All results observed are consistent with the model of the D 3 center proposed by Itoh and Ikeya[7], an X 3 −2 trihalide molecule ion oriented in a 〈100〉 direction.
Flexible Multibody Dynamics Formulation by Hamilton’s Equations

Numerical solution of the dynamics equations of a flexible multibody system as represented by Hamilton’s canonical equations requires that its generalized velocities q be solved from the generalized momenta p. The relation between them is p = J(q)q, where J is the system mass matrix and q is the generalized coordinates. This paper presents the dynamics equations for a generic flexible multibody system as represented by p and gives emphasis to a systematic way of constructing the matrix J for solving q. The mass matrix is shown to be separable into four submatrices Jrr , Jrf , Jfr and Jff relating the joint momenta and flexible body mementa to the joint coordinate rates and the flexible body deformation coordinate rates. Explicit formulas are given for these submatrices. The equations of motion presented here lend insight to the structure of the flexible multibody dynamics equations. They are also a versatile alternative to the acceleration-based dynamics equations for modeling mechanical systems.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Cell biology: High-tech yeast ageing.

A method commonly employed to study replicative ageing in yeast is laborious and slow. The use of miniaturized culture chambers opens the door for automated molecular analyses of individual cells during ageing.
Ultrafast Energy Transfer in Oligofluorene-Aluminum Bis(8-hydroxyquinoline)acetylacetone Coordination Polymers

Understanding the excited-state dynamics in conjugated systems can lead to their better utilization in optical sensors, organic photovoltaics (OPVs), and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). We present the synthesis of self-assembled coordination polymers comprising two types of fluorescent moieties: discrete fluorene oligomers of a well-defined length (n = 1−9) connected via aluminum(III) bis(8-quinolinolate)acetylacetone joints. Due to their well-defined structure, these materials allowed for a detailed study of energy migration processes within the materials. Thus, femtosecond transient spectroscopy was used to study the ultrafast energy transfer from the oligofluorene to the quinolinolate moieties, which was found to proceed at a rate of 1011 s−1. The experimental results were found to be in agreement with the behavior predicted according to the Beljonne’s improved Forster model of energy transfer. In addition, the solid-state and semiconductor properties of these coordination polymers allowed for t...
Proline and glycinebetaine accumulation by Spartina alterniflora Loisel. in response to NaCl and nitrogen in a controlled environment

The interaction of salinity and nitrogen availability on the growth and accumulation of proline and glycinebetaine by Spartina alterniflora Loisel. grown in hydroponic solution in controlled environements was investigated. Growth of shoots was reduced by increasing salinity and enhanced at higher nitrogen levels. Proline was accumulated when a threshold salinity was reached. At higher nitrogen levels, the threshold salinity to induce proline accumulation was lowered and the amount of proline accumulated was enhanced. Glycinebetaine content was higher in plants grown at higher nitrogen levels, but was less affected by salinity and nitrogen levels than proline. Glycinebetaine contents were approximately 10 times higher than proline contents. When plants that were non-stressed for 1 month were exposed to salinity stress, proline and glycinebetaine increased immediately and reached a plateau in 1–2 days. After the removal of salinity stress, proline disappeared rapidly but glycinebetaine content remained unchanged. Unlike NaCl, neither proline nor glycinebetaine had a significant effect on the in vitro activity of malate dehydrogenase activity from leaves.
Interplay between FOXO, TOR, and Akt

FOXO transcription factors have emerged as rheostats that coordinate the activities of Akt and targets of rapamycin complexes (TORCs). This review summarizes the regulatory circuits mediated by the activation of FOXO, which in turn modulate Akt and TORCs activities. The biological significance of these regulatory circuits is discussed in this article. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: P13K-AKT-FoxO axis in cancer and aging.
Transportability from Multiple Environments with Limited Experiments: Completeness Results

This paper addresses the problem of mz-transportability, that is, transferring causal knowledge collected in several heterogeneous domains to a target domain in which only passive observations and limited experimental data can be collected. The paper first establishes a necessary and sufficient condition for deciding the feasibility of mz-transportability, i.e., whether causal effects in the target domain are estimable from the information available. It further proves that a previously established algorithm for computing transport formula is in fact complete, that is, failure of the algorithm implies non-existence of a transport formula. Finally, the paper shows that the do-calculus is complete for the mz-transportability class.
Changes in template activity of protein and globin mRNA during Chironomus development

A wheat-germ cell-free protein synthesizing system was established that efficiently translates fourth instar mRNA from Chironomus thummi. The translation products were analyzed by double immunoprecipitation with specific antibodies against Chironomus hemoglobins. The predominant translation products were shown to be globins, comprising about 50% of total protein synthesized. Two globins, globins 2 and 3, which are specific for the fourth instar in vivo, constitute most of the globin produced. The wheatgerm system translates also efficiently total cytoplasmic RNA, purified from animals at successive developmental stages. The kinetics of protein synthesis during development indicate that Chironomus mRNA template activity is low during larval molting and at metamorphosis. RNA from intermolt larvae generally demonstrates high template activity. In the fourth instar two distinct peaks of activity are resolved, one associated with newly molted fourth instars and a second one associated with the prepupal stage. These RNAs direct the synthesis mostly of non-globin proteins. Immunoprecipitation of the translation products shows that globin synthesis is high in intermolt larvae decreasing to very low, or background levels in larvae molting or metamorphosing to pupae. Globins 2 and 3 are synthesized exclusively by newly synthesized globin transcripts in the fourth instar stage. The results show stage-specific translational activity of globin mRNAs during Chironomus development and suggest hormonal control of globin production.
Behavioral Responses of Bats to Operating Wind Turbines

Wind power is one of the fastest growing sectors of the energy industry. Recent studies have reported large numbers of migratory tree-roosting bats being killed at utility-scale wind power facilities, especially in the eastern United States. We used thermal infrared (TIR) cameras to assess the flight behavior of bats at wind turbines because this technology makes it possible to observe the nocturnal behavior of bats and birds independently of supplemental light sources. We conducted this study at the Mountaineer Wind Energy Center in Tucker County, West Virginia, USA, where hundreds of migratory tree bats have been found injured or dead beneath wind turbines. We recorded nightly 9-hour sessions of TIR video of operating turbines from which we assessed altitude, direction, and types of flight maneuvers of bats, birds, and insects. We observed bats actively foraging near operating turbines, rather than simply passing through turbine sites. Our results indicate that bats 1) approached both rotating and nonrotating blades, 2) followed or were trapped in blade-tip vortices, 3) investigated the various parts of the turbine with repeated fly-bys, and 4) were struck directly by rotating blades. Blade rotational speed was a significant negative predictor of collisions with turbine blades, suggesting that bats may be at higher risk of fatality on nights with low wind speeds.
An optical hypercube local area network

We present an optical hypercube local area network which employs both free-space optics as well as optical fiber interconnections. Each node of the hypercube consists of an optical routing switch (ORS) to which users connect through an optical interface unit (OIU), providing a hierarchical structure. Self electrooptic effect devices (SEEDs) and two-dimensional spatial light modulators (SLMs) are used do perform high speed packet switching in the optical domain, providing an all-optical path between source and destination nodes. Electrooptic conversions occur only at the source and destination, eliminating the electronic bottleneck at the intermediate nodes. The network requires no wavelength division multiplexing and can be implemented using currently available optical technology to achieve high-speed switching and routing with low power requirements. >
Radar backscatter from a wind roughened water surface in the Bragg regime

Measurements of the normalized radar cross section (/spl sigma//sup o/) made by the YSCAT ultra-wideband scatterometer during an extended deployment at Lake Ontario are analyzed and compared with anemometer wind measurements to study the sensitivity of /spl sigma//sup o/ to the wind speed as a function of the Bragg wavelength. Wind speeds from 4.5 m/s to 12 m/s are studied at frequencies of 2 to 14 GHz and incidence angles within the Bragg regime, 30/spl deg/ to 50/spl deg/. Adopting a power law model to describe the relationship between /spl sigma//sup o/ and wind speed, the wind speed exponents and upwind/downwind (u/d) ratios of /spl sigma//sup o/ are presented as a function of the ocean Bragg wavelength. Analysis of the wind speed dependence of the normalized measurement variance suggests that Bragg scattering does not explain the observed scattering characteristics.
Recruitment and plasticity in diaphragm, intercostal, and abdominal muscles in unanesthetized rats

Although rats are a frequent model for studies of plasticity in respiratory motor control, the relative capacity of rat accessory respiratory muscles to express plasticity is not well known, partic...
Global constitutionalism and the arguments over free trade

In one of the most dramatic public demonstrations since the end of the Vietnam War, more than 40,000 citizens filled the streets of Seattle, Washington in the closing weeks of the twentieth century to protest against the World Trade Organization and corporate globalization. Why? By analyzing arguments for and against contemporary free trade policies in light of the history of the idea of free trade, the history of the institutions in charge of globalization management, and a recent attempt at creating a global constitution for finance (the Multilateral Agreement on Investment), this essay seeks to clarify the challenges and dilemmas faced in the “constitutionalization”; of our increasingly interconnected global community.
Denosumab: A Novel Agent For Osteoporosis

Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and safety of denosumab, a biologic antiresorptive agent for treatment of osteoporosis and other bone-related disorders. Data Sources: Primary literature and review articles were obtained via a MEDLINE search (1966-July 2008), using the following key terms: denosumab, AMG 162, and RANKL. Additional articles were identified from the bibliographies of reviewed literature. Study Selection and Data Extraction: English-language articles identified from the data sources were reviewed. All pertinent preclinical and clinical information was included. Randomized controlled trials were evaluated to assess the efficacy of denosumab in osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and breast cancer-related bone metastases. Data Synthesis: Denosumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that neutralizes receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB-ligand, thereby decreasing osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. This agent has been compared with placebo and intravenous bisphosphonates in randomized, double-blind controlled trials. In studies involving patients with osteoporosis, RA, or breast cancer-related bone metastases, denosumab significantly improved bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover when compared with placebo. Adverse events were minimal among patients receiving denosumab, although long-term safety data are not available. Conclusions: Denosumab is a novel therapeutic agent that improved BMD and bone turnover markers in clinical studies, suggesting that it may be promising for the treatment of a variety of bone remodeling disorders.
Assessment of Medication Regimen Complexity Over Time Following Heart Transplantation

s S313 Conclusion: The risk of thrombosis after anticoagulation reversal in our cohort of CF-LVAD patients was acceptably low.