cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous dopamine signals support distinct features of motivated actions: implications for learning and addiction

Despite decades of research, investigations into effective neural and pharmacological therapies for many drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, have produced no FDA-approved approaches. This difficulty derives from the complexity of substance use disorders, which encompass a variety of behavioral, psychological, and neural circuit-based changes that occur as a result of repeated experience with the drug. Dopamine signaling has been demonstrated to play a key role in several aspects of drug abuse-from mediating its reinforcing properties and drug-seeking to triggering relapse-while also mediating a number of important aspects of normal (nondrug related) motivated behaviors and actions. Real-time recording methods such as in vivo voltammetry, electrophysiology, and calcium imaging demonstrate that the signaling properties of dopamine for motivationally relevant stimuli are highly dynamic and spatiotemporally circumscribed within afferent target regions. In this review, we identify the origins and functional consequences of heterogeneous dopamine release in the limbic system, and how these properties are persistently altered in the drug-experienced brain. We propose that these spatiotemporally parallel dopaminergic signals are simultaneously available to the animal, but that these circuits are impaired following prolonged drug experience by disrupting the location and content of dopamine signals in afferent target regions. These findings are discussed in the context of relapse and pathways to discovering new treatments for addiction disorders.
Efficiency of Environmental and Sustainability Management in Bulgarian Agriculture

The issue of assessment of efficiency of environmental and sustainability management in agriculture is among the most topical in the last few decades. In Bulgaria there are no comprehensive studies on efficiency of environmental and sustainability management in agriculture in general and in farms of different types. This article applies a holistic framework for assessing efficiency of environmental and sustainability management in Bulgarian agriculture. Initially the multi principle, multi criteria and multi indicator framework for assessing environmental and sustainability management in agriculture is outlined. After that environmental sustainability of Bulgarian agriculture at national and farms levels is evaluated. Finally, factors for improving environmental and sustainability management in agricultural farms in the country are identified. Our assessment at national and farm level have found out that there are significant discrepancies in efficiency levels based on aggregate national data and assessment (perception) of farm managers. Therefore, in management practices all kind of data have to be used in order to be able to take efficient decision at different managerial levels. Having in mind the importance of holistic assessments of efficiency of environmental and sustainability management in agriculture, and the enormous benefits for the farm management and agrarian policies, such studies are to be expended and their precision and representation increased.
Sistema de gestión basado en la medición de la temperatura y humedad con cálculo de pronóstico de la durabilidad de los materiales en el Sub-sótano de las casas en la región sur de los EE.UU.

En el presente trabajo se expone un sistema de gestion basado en la medicion de la temperatura y humedad, con calculo de pronostico de la durabilidad de los materiales en el sub-sotano de las casas en la region sur de los EE.UU. El cual, fue desarrollado con el fin de controlar la temperatura y humedad en los sub-sotanos, previniendo la creacion de hongos que afectan al ser humano, ademas de disminuir el gasto energetico, producto del consumo de los equipos que son utilizados como solucion a dicho problema.Este sistema es capaz de realizar la gestion de los datos de temperatura y humedad, obtenidos de una medicion por medio de sensores, para monitorear los niveles que posee el sotano en un momento determinado. Segun los datos obtenidos, se realiza la activacion o desactivacion de los equipos que son empleados para ayudar en el proceso de nivelacion de la temperatura y humedad, utilizando un dispositivo de control con el fin de mantener los niveles normales del ambiente, y asi evitar la incubacion de hongos y el consumo excesivo de energia electrica en las casas de la zona sur de los Estados Unidos.Los procedimientos metodologicos seguidos, estan basados en el Prototipado Evolutivo que consiste en la construccion de una serie de versiones sucesivas de un producto. En este modelo se construye una version parcial del sistema, para luego obtener retroalimentacion en base a las pruebas y mejoras del producto, repitiendo este proceso indefinidamente hasta obtener una version que cumpla con todos los requerimientos.Para el desarrollo de este sistema se utilizo el lenguaje Java, aplicando Frameworks como: Hibernate, Spring, Quartz; tambien patrones de diseno como: DAO, Singleton, Factory; que permitieron obtener una aplicacion modular, flexible y escalable que realiza el monitoreo y control de los valores de temperatura y humedad en el sub-sotano de las casas.
Identification of the Selective Sites for Electrochemical Reduction of CO to C2+ Products on Copper Nanoparticles by Combining Reactive Force Fields, Density Functional Theory, and Machine Learning

Recent experiments have shown that CO reduction on oxide derived Cu nanoparticles (NP) are highly selective toward C2+ products. However, understanding of the active sites on such NPs is limited, because the NPs have ∼200 000 atoms with more than 10 000 surface sites, far too many for direct quantum mechanical calculations and experimental identifications. We show here how to overcome the computational limitation by combining multiple levels of theoretical computations with machine learning. This approach allows us to map the machine learned CO adsorption energies on the surface of the copper nanoparticle to construct the active site visualization (ASV). Furthermore, we identify the structural criteria for optimizing selective reduction by predicting the reaction energies of the potential determining step, ΔEOCCOH, for the C2+ product. Based on this structural criterion, we design a new periodic copper structure for CO reduction with a theoretical faradaic efficiency of 97%.
CONTACT SURFACE AREA: A NOVEL SIGNAL FOR HEART RATE ESTIMATION IN SMARTPHONE VIDEOS

We consider the problem of smartphone video-based heart rate estimation, which typically relies on measuring the green color intensity of the user’s skin. We describe a novel signal in fingertip videos used for smartphone-based heart rate estimation: fingertip contact surface area. We propose a model relating contact surface area to pressure, and validate it on a dataset of 786 videos from 62 participants by demonstrating a statistical correlation between contact surface area and green color intensity. We estimate heart rate on our dataset with two algorithms, a baseline using the green signal only and a novel algorithm based on both color and area. We demonstrate lower rates of substantial errors (> 10 beats per minute) using the novel algorithm (4.1%), compared both to the baseline algorithm (6.4%) and to published results using commercial color-based applications (≥ 6%).
The Role of Language and Literacy in K-5 Science and Social Studies Standards:

The purpose of this study was to understand messages about the role of language and literacy in the Next Generation Science Standards and the C3 Framework for Social Studies standards documents. We...
Pre- and in-service teachers’ perceived value of an experimental real analysis course for teachers

ABSTRACTProspective secondary mathematics teachers are usually required to complete several university advanced mathematics courses before being certified to teach secondary mathematics. However, t...
Prostate Biopsy after Definitive Treatment by Interstitial 125Iodine Implant or External Beam Radiation Therapy

AbstractThe response to definitive radiation therapy of localized carcinoma of the prostate by 125iodine implantation or external beam radiotherapy was monitored by examining specimens from biopsies performed after treatment. We analyzed 126 biopsy specimens obtained 18 months or more after treatment: 71 were obtained from 109 patients treated by 125iodine and 55 from 197 patients treated by external beam radiotherapy. Thereafter, the disease status of these patients was examined at minimum 3-year intervals.No significant statistical difference was found between the negative specimen rates of the 2 treatment modalities: 46 of 71 (65 per cent) after 125iodine implantation and 39 of 55 (71 per cent) after external beam radiotherapy were negative.To analyze the predictive value of biopsy results 103 patients whose prostatic examination results were normal at biopsy or who showed regression of tumor size and tumor induration after radiation were evaluated. The biopsy results from all patients were combined fo...
Alveolar Airspace Size in Healthy and Diseased Infant Lungs Measured via Hyperpolarized 3He Gas Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

BACKGROUND Alveolar development and lung parenchymal simplification are not well characterized in vivo in neonatal patients with respiratory morbidities, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Hyperpolarized (HP) gas diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a sensitive, safe, nonionizing, and noninvasive biomarker for measuring airspace size in vivo but has not yet been implemented in young infants. OBJECTIVE This work quantified alveolar airspace size via HP gas diffusion MRI in healthy and diseased explanted infant lung specimens, with comparison to histological morphometry. METHODS Lung specimens from 8 infants were obtained: 7 healthy left upper lobes (0-16 months, post-autopsy) and 1 left lung with filamin-A mutation, closely representing BPD lung disease (11 months, post-transplantation). Specimens were imaged using HP 3He diffusion MRI to generate apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) as biomarkers of alveolar airspace size, with comparison to mean linear intercept (Lm) via quantitative histology. RESULTS Mean ADC and Lm were significantly increased throughout the diseased specimen (ADC = 0.26 ± 0.06 cm2/s, Lm = 587 ± 212 µm) compared with healthy specimens (ADC = 0.14 ± 0.03 cm2/s, Lm = 133 ± 37 µm; p < 1 × 10-7); increased values reflect enlarged airspaces. Mean ADCs in healthy specimens were significantly correlated to Lm (r = 0.69, p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS HP gas diffusion MRI is sensitive to healthy and diseased regional alveolar airspace size in infant lungs, with good comparison to quantitative histology in ex vivo specimens. This work demonstrates the translational potential of gas MRI techniques for in vivo assessment of normal and abnormal alveolar development in neonates with pulmonary disease.
A Voice without a Veto: Consensus-building through Inclusion of Stakeholders

This thesis studies whether including a broad group of stakeholders in policy advisory commissions helps build consensus. It may seem that including interested parties with conflicting preferences would increase conflict, but advisory commissions reach unanimity with a surprisingly high frequency. I propose two reasons why diversity can increase agreement. First, ideologically diverse parties from a variety of backgrounds can produce a greater variety of policy-relevant knowledge, increasing the valence of a proposal. Second, in a diverse commission, a proposal without broad appeal will lead some commission members to issue dissenting opinions, which reduce the government's willingness to follow the majority recommendation. I show in a formal model that both of these factors help increase consensus by incentivizing commission members to coordinate on a policy recommendation that all actors weakly prefer to the government's outside option. To test the model's predictions, I use a novel, hand-collected data set of 2,705 Swedish commissions of inquiry that completed their inquiries between 1990 and 2018. Swedish governments appoint commissions for all significant legislative initiatives, so the data minimize selection bias. As the theory predicts, I find that increasing stakeholder representation in broadly representative commissions increases consensus. The last chapter of this thesis studies the preconditions that make it possible for this institution to flourish. These may explain variation in the appointment of broadly representative commissions under different governments.
Effects of Chinese Development Aid on International Human Rights: Analysis of UN Votes (2001-2013)

This paper analyzes United Nations voting records of countries that have received substantial aid from China as a part of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Chinese investments have raised concerns, especially in the United States and European Union, because of their size but also because of their lack of political conditionality. Unlike Western aid, which is usually accompanied with demands for democratization, transparency and the rule of law, Chinese investments make no such demands on the host governments. Given China’s lack of respect for human rights, at least in the eyes of the West, there are also concerns that development aid from the BRI might be detrimental for human rights in recipient countries. This study analyzes the voting record of human rights resolutions in the UN from 2001-2013 for states that have received substantial BRI loans. The data shows that recipient countries are likely to align their UN votes with China, but not necessarily to the detriment of human rights. Close analysis of the resolutions passed by BRI partner countries show that most of their votes affirm human rights, which does not support the expectation that Chinese aid has a negative impact on the existing global human rights regime.
Development of a novel mandibular distraction osteogenesis simulator using Computer Aided Design and 3D printing.

Abstract Introduction Micrognathia, a component of Robin Sequence, can cause glossoptosis, failure of palatal fusion, and critical obstruction of the airway. Mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) is at times offered to anteriorly translate the mandible and tongue, relieving airway obstruction. MDO is an intricate reconstructive procedure that may be ideal for teaching using a high-fidelity educational simulator, allowing early hands-on experience in a zero-risk environment. Objectives To design a novel, low-cost, high-fidelity neonatal MDO simulator that can be used for trainee education and refinement of surgical technique. Methods A novel MDO simulator was developed using additive manufacturing techniques. Three experts in MDO surgery completed a 20-item survey, rating the simulator's physical attributes, the realism of experience, the simulator's value, its relevance to practice and the surgeon's ability to perform tasks on a 4-point Likert scale. Results Computer Aided Design (CAD) and 3D printing allowed for the production of a realistic surgical simulator that emulates important aspects of MDO surgery. This preliminary evaluation indicated adequate means across the five domains relevant to the simulator's fidelity and usability (M = 3.33 to 3.75) out of a maximum of 4 points. Lowest rated items were consistent with expert comments allowing future refinement on subsequent iterations. Consumable material costs per model were $9.39 USD. Conclusions The MDO model demonstrated adequate fidelity and holds promise as a skill-development tool for surgeons in training. Further studies are planned to determine its utility as a training and assessment tool.
State-Created Environmental Dangers and Substantive Due Process

This Article focuses on the litigation arising out of contaminated drinking water in Flint, Michigan, lead paint in public housing in New York City, and harms to young people from the impacts of climate change. At the heart of each case is a claim that state officials violated the plaintiffs’ substantive due process rights by creating or enhancing an environmental danger and then deliberately failing to mitigate the risk to the plaintiffs. Although the plaintiffs characterize their claims in similar fashion, the three cases are not likely to enjoy the same success as they move through the courts. The scholarly commentary thus far does not offer satisfying answers to why plaintiffs might state a claim against officials for contaminated drinking water but not for an unstable climate. Although these cases involve novel applications of substantive due process doctrine, scholars have yet to examine exactly if and how they depart from other substantive due process cases. To fill this gap in the literature, this Article seeks to situate these cases in existing doctrine. In doing so, it exposes doctrinal confusion regarding which standards and tests apply to state-created danger claims. In addition, to provide courts with necessary guidance, the Article proposes a framework for state-created danger claims, limited by established common law principles and grounded in the important distinction between challenges to official misconduct and challenges to governmental law or policy.
"Floating Cervical Spine Injuries": Craniocervical Dissociation with Associated, Noncontiguous, Unstable Cervical or Cervicothoracic Spine Fracture.

ABSTRACT Background Advances in prehospital life support of patients who have sustained high-energy trauma have resulted in an increase in the number of patients with craniocervical dissociations (CCDs) surviving. With better imaging and more severely injured patients surviving, we are now seeing other associated injuries. CCDs in association with unstable, noncontiguous, subaxial spine injuries have not been described. The objective of this study was to (1) describe this injury pattern and its characteristics, including the mechanism of injury, injury levels, and neurological deficits, and (2) understand prognosis and outcome. Methods After institutional review board approval, a retrospective study of patients who sustained CCD in association with an unstable, circumferential, subaxial, or cervicothroacic spine injury (C3–T2) between January 1, 2003, and August 31, 2018, was done. Review of imaging was performed to identify spine injury localization and type. Demographic data, mechanism of injury, neurological status, type of treatment, and patient outcomes were obtained from the electronic medical records. Results One hundred seventeen patients with CCD were identified, of which 105 had full spine radiographs. Thirteen (8 male and 5 female) had an associated, noncontiguous, unstable cervical, or cervicothoracic injury. Mean age was 45.4 ± 19 years. No exam could be obtained in 6; in the other 7, 1 was American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) E, 1 ASIA D, and 5 ASIA A. Operative management of both injuries was planned for all 13 patients; however, 2 died before surgery. At discharge, there were 9 survivors with mean follow up of 2 years; 4 patients were independent (3 ASIA D, 1 ASIA E), and 5 were dependent (1 ASIA C, 4 ASIA A). Conclusions Approximately 12% of patients with CCD have a floating cervical spine injury. Floating cervical spine injuries have an unfavorable prognosis with 69% surviving to hospital discharge but only 31% functioning independently (ASIA D or E). Level of Evidence 4. Clinical Relevance Floating cervical spine injuries need to be recognized to optimize prognosis, yet even in the best of circumstances, prognosis is guarded.
Powerline noise elimination in biomedical signals via blind source separation and wavelet analysis

The distortion of biomedical signals by powerline noise from recording biomedical devices has the potential to reduce the quality and convolute the interpretations of the data. Usually, powerline noise in biomedical recordings are extinguished via band-stop filters. However, due to the instability of biomedical signals, the distribution of signals filtered out may not be centered at 50/60 Hz. As a result, self-correction methods are needed to optimize the performance of these filters. Since powerline noise is additive in nature, it is intuitive to model powerline noise in a raw recording and subtract it from the raw data in order to obtain a relatively clean signal. This paper proposes a method that utilizes this approach by decomposing the recorded signal and extracting powerline noise via blind source separation and wavelet analysis. The performance of this algorithm was compared with that of a 4th order band-stop Butterworth filter, empirical mode decomposition, independent component analysis and, a combination of empirical mode decomposition with independent component analysis. The proposed method was able to expel sinusoidal signals within powerline noise frequency range with higher fidelity in comparison with the mentioned techniques, especially at low signal-to-noise ratio.
Rate effects in the failure strength of extraterrestrial materials

—Most simulations of asteroid impacts use the properties of terrestrial analogs to approximate the behavior of the asteroid material because there is currently a lack of data for the mechanical properties of the investigate the mechanical response of a stony meteorite that is believed to be of asteroidal origin. We investigate the mechanical response of a stony meteorite that is believed to be of asteroidal origin. We have measured, at strain rates ranging from 10–3-10–3 S–1, the uniaxial (unconfined) compressive strength of specimens cut from an L5 ordinary chondrite, MacAlpine Hills 88118 (MAC88118). Quasistatic compression experiments were conducted using a servo-hydraulic load frame while dynamic compression experiments were conducted using a modified Kolsky bar. Images of the specimen were also recorded during the experiments were conducted using a modified Kolsky bar. Images of the specimen were also recorded during the experiments for visualization of the failure process. A large increase (3-4X) in compressive strength is observed when the strain rate is increased from 10–3-10–3 S–1.
Musculoskeletal Cell Mechanics

Musculoskeletal tissues—bone, cartilage, ligament, and tendon—have important biomechanical functions in the body. They support, transmit, and redistribute the loads generated by movement. As a result, the cells in these tissues have adapted to rigorous mechanical environments. Furthermore, the forces experienced by musculoskeletal cells can modulate cell function, which results in improved tissue performance, repair and regeneration, or degeneration and injury. To better understand how mechanical forces can affect the physiology of these cells, it is important to first grasp the mechanical properties of the cells. A variety of methods have been developed and implemented to improve the current understanding of the mechanical behavior of individual cells. This article will cover the fundamentals of cell mechanics as they relate to musculoskeletal tissues, focusing on the underlying structural components of the cell, modern methods used to measure cell properties, and important scientific findings. Keywords: biomechanics; cell mechanics; mechanobiology; musculoskeletal; orthopedic
FINE STRUCTURE AND MICROSTRUCTURE

Under light winds or heavy rainfall, upper ocean turbulence is strongly suppressed by stratification and large vertical gradients of any properties can develop in the upper few meters of the ocean. We consider the penetrative solar radiation and the impacts of the distribution of radiant heating on the near-surface layer dynamics. Stable stratification in the near-surface ocean due to diurnal warming or rainfall can reduce the turbulence friction, which results in the intensification of near-surface currents. Unstable stratification leads to convective overturning, which increases turbulent friction locally. In addition, discrete convective elements—analogs of thermals in the atmosphere—penetrate into the stably stratified layer below and initiate nonlocal transport. Experimental studies at the equator have produced striking examples of local and nonlocal effects on the dynamics of the diurnal mixed layer and thermocline. A discussion of new approaches to modeling the diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature (SST) using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) capabilities is included. Fine thermohaline structure of the near-surface layer of the ocean in polar seas influences the sea ice coverage, which has important climate consequences.
Perspectives for vascular genomics

Diseases of the vascular system result from a complex mixture of genetic and environmental factors. Data sets, technologies and strategies emanating from the human genome programme have been applied to the analysis of both rare single-gene and common multigenic vascular disorders. Genomic approaches including inter- and intraspecies sequence comparisons, genotyping with dense marker sets spanning the genome, large-scale mutagenesis screens of model organisms, and genome-wide expression profiling have all begun to contribute to the identification of new genes and mechanisms that are central to cardiovascular disease processes.
Money Talks: Putting the Bite in Participatory Rights Through International Financial Assistance

Democratic elections are one of the foundational elements of a stable, healthy, and vibrant modern state. Current treaty law guarantees four basic participatory rights: periodic and regular elections, universal suffrage, secret ballots, and non-discrimination. Those rights are bolstered further through United Nations election monitoring and state practice. This Note argues that more must be done to guarantee true participatory rights in emerging and lesser developed nations. In particular, it proposes attaching conditions to World Bank funding that require adherence to the rights guaranteed under global and regional treaty law and the customary practice of states and international actors. In order to accomplish this goal, compliance with those conditions should be measured through United Nations monitoring reports.
Motor neuron target selectivity and survival after prolonged axotomy.

Purpose: After a cut peripheral nerve is repaired, motor neurons usually regenerate across the lesion site, however they often enter an inappropriate Schwann cell tube and may be directed to an inappropriate target organ such as skin, resulting in continued loss of function. In fact, only about 10% of adults who receive a peripheral nerve repair display full functional recovery. The reasons for this are many and complex, however one aspect is whether the motor neuron has undergone a prolonged period of axotomy prior to nerve repair. Previous studies have suggested a deleterious effect of prolonged axotomy. Methods: We examined the influence of prolonged axotomy on target selectivity using a cross-reinnervation model of rat obturator motor neurons regrowing into the distal femoral nerve, with its normal bifurcating pathways to muscle and skin. Results: Surprisingly, we found that a prolonged period of axotomy resulted in an increase in motor neuron regeneration accuracy. In addition, we found that regeneration accuracy could be increased even further by a simple surgical manipulation of the distal terminal nerve pathway to skin. Conclusions: These results suggest that under certain conditions prolonged axotomy may not be detrimental to the final accuracy of motor neuron regeneration and highlight that a simple manipulation of terminal nerve pathways may be one approach to increase such regeneration accuracy.
A literature review of cardiovascular disease management programs in managed care populations.

OBJECTIVES: (1) To review the literature on cardiovascular disease management programs in managed care populations, (2) compare the rigor of the studies and their findings by disease state, and (3) posit directions for future research. SUMMARY: A total of 20 studies conducted in managed care populations were reviewed: 5 in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), 9 in hypertensive patients, and 6 in hyperlipidemia and/or coronary artery disease (hyperlipidemia- CAD) patients. Management of CHF involved multifaceted programs that included the participation of multiple health care professionals, patient and physician education, promotion of intensive drug therapy and lifestyle modifications, and close patient monitoring. The most common CHF management strategies were case management and physician education, with an emphasis on close patient monitoring. Hypertension and hyperlipidemia-CAD intervention programs focused on chronic outpatient management and regular follow-up, with an emphasis on self manag...
The control of water loss in desert tenebrionid beetles.

1. Total water loss in tenebrionid beetles was composed of transpiratory losses from the cuticle and spiracles, water associated with defaecation, and water from the release of defensive quinone droplets or oral fluids. 2. Freshly killed specimens of E. armata, C. muricata and C. verrucosa had higher transpiration rates over long and short exposures than did living animals of the same species. These results may reflect the cessation of active water retention by cuticular and spiracular regulation in dead animals. 3. Cuticular transpiration, although low in absolute rate, was a greater source of water loss than respiratory transpiration in E. armata, C. muricata and C. verrucosa at temperatures from 25 to 42.5 °C and at 0% R.H., suggesting that spiracular control of water loss was of considerable importance in maintaining water balance. 4. A marked increase in respiratory transpiration over previous low rates was observed at 40 °C for E. armata and at 42.5 °C for C. muricata and C. verrucosa , and indicated a temperature-induced breakdown in spiracular water regulation due to increased respiratory activities. In contrast, cuticular transpiration maintained a linear rate of increase over the temperature range investigated. 5. A direct relationship existed between oxygen consumption and estimated respiratory transpiration for E. armata from 25 to 40 °C and at 0% R.H. 6. Evidence for the presence of discontinous respiration and unidirectional tracheal air flow in E. armata was presented. 7. Cuticular transition temperatures were measured for E. armata (40 °C), C. muricata (47.5 °C), and C. verrucosa (50 °C) with results showing that the autumn species ( E. armata ) possessed a lower cuticular breakdown point than either of the two summer species. 8. Much of the success of tenebrionid beetles in desert habitats is due to the development of highly impermeable cuticles and well regulated spiracular control mechanisms for reducing the loss of body water.
A RHIZOPHYDIUM AND ITS HYPERPARASITE ON POLYSIPHONIA

A B S T R A C T Rhizophydium discinctum Petersen and its hyperparasite are reported from Polysiphonia nigrescens in North Carolina. The planonts of R. discinctum, undescribed previously, are posteriorly uniflagellate. Olpidiopsis paradoxus (Petersen) Johnson is proposed as a new combination for the holocarpic, endobiotic fungus parasitizing the Rhizophydium. Early infection stages are evidenced by the accumulation of oil deposits in the host cytoplasm. Resting spores are unknown. OCCURRENCES OF parasitic fungi in marine algae are well known and documented, but instances of hyperparasitism among marine Phycomycetes are indeed few. Petersen's was the first report (1905) of hyperparasitism in marine fungi-a Pleotrachelus in Rhizophydium discinctum on Spongomorpha vernalis and Acrosiphonia incurva. Later (1936), Sparrow described Pleolpidium (Rozella) marinum as a hyperparasite of Chytridium polysiphoniae Cohn on Polysiphonia fibrillosa. In May, 1961, two species of Polysiphonia trom the Shark Shoal jetty, Beaufort, N.C., were collected and placed in shallow, aerated, illuminated aquaria receiving a constant flow of sea water. The living specimens were subsequently examined for colonial attached diatoms. One species, Polysiphonia nigrescens (Dillw.) Grev., was heavily infested by a eucarpic monocentric fungus, and the second alga, P. denudata (Dillw.) Kutz., bore a few sporangia of the same organism. This fungus was identified tentatively as a Rhizophydium. It was invaded by a holocarpic, biflagellate fungus; hence both organisms
Increased blood–brain barrier permeability in LP-BM5 infected mice is mediated by neuroexcitatory mechanisms

Abstract Serum protein levels in LP-BM5 infected mouse brains were investigated to gain insight into the contribution of blood–brain barrier (BBB) patency to the pathogenesis of retroviral encephalopathy. Evans blue uptake by the forebrain and cerebellum was significantly increased between 8–12 weeks post inoculation. Immunohistochemistry revealed foci of albumin, transferrin, α 2 -macroglobulin and IgG transudation around blood vessels particularly in the cerebral cortex and cerebellar vermis. These leaks were often associated with astrocytosis and apoptotic cells. Unlike the other serum proteins, IgG immunoreactivity extended from the circumventricular organs and disseminated throughout the brain parenchyma, accumulating on the plasma membranes of hippocampal and cortical neurons. Consistent with the chronic elevation of free glutamate levels in LP-BM5 infected mice, the increase in Evans blue uptake into the forebrain was completely reversed following dizocilpine administration. Thus, the chronic increase in free glutamate levels in LP-BM5 infected mouse brain contributes to BBB disruption. Furthermore, the CNS accumulation of serum proteins, particularly IgG, observed in these mice may increase osmotic load, impair neuronal function, and cause white matter pallor. Administration of NMDA receptor antagonists may prove useful in managing BBB permeability in those neuropathologies, such as HIV-associated dementia/cognitive/motor complex, having a glutamatergic component.
THE CHICK COMB RESPONSE TO ANDROGENS

THIS STUDY was undertaken to determine the quantitative response of the chick's comb to androgens. It was reported by Rusicka (1) and confirmed by Burrows,Byerly, and Evans (2)that chicks grow combs when injected with androgens. Quantitative response was subsequently claimed by Frank and Klempner in 1937 (3), who applied various androgens in oil to the base of the comb by inunction. Theydid not present a curve of response in their original report. Dorfman and Greulich (4), who injected known amounts of androgen, presented response curves. We have repeated these experiments, and the two methods will be discussed separately. While Frank and Klempner present no typical curve of response, they do give some measures of comb growth for various doses of androsterone applied to the chick's comb. We have plotted these values, with the maxima and minima given for the given doses, in figure 1. It will be seen that the variation in response is so large that a quantitative interpretation is impossible.
Spin and Nuclear Moments of 245-Day Zn 65 ; Redetermination of the hfs of Zn 67 and τ ( P 1 3 ) of Zinc

The hfs of the $(4s4p)^{3}P_{1}$ state of 245-day ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{65}$ and of ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{67}$ has been determined by the optical double-resonance technique. The nuclear spin $I$, and the hfs splittings are: ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{65}$: $I=\frac{5}{2}$, $\ensuremath{\nu}(\frac{7}{2}\ensuremath{-}\frac{5}{2})=1875.475(6)$ Mc/sec, $\ensuremath{\nu}(\frac{5}{2}\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{2})=1334.123(6)$ Mc/sec; ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{67}$: $\ensuremath{\nu}(\frac{7}{2}\ensuremath{-}\frac{5}{2})=2111.300(3)$ Mc/sec, $\ensuremath{\nu}(\frac{5}{2}\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{2})=1551.565(4)$ Mc/sec. The hfs coupling constants, corrected to second order for interaction with the $^{3}P_{2}$ and $^{3}P_{0}$ states, are: ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{65}$: $A(65)=+535.163(2)$ Mc/sec, $B(65)=+2.870(5)$ Mc/sec; ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{67}$: $A(67)=+609.086(2)$ Mc/sec, $B(67)=\ensuremath{-}18.782(8)$ Mc/sec. If quadrupole shielding effects are neglected, the corresponding moments of ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{65}$ are: $\ensuremath{\mu}(65)=+0.7692(2)$ ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{N}}$ and $Q(65)=\ensuremath{-}0.024(2)\mathrm{b}$. The value given for $\ensuremath{\mu}(65)$ includes an estimated correction of 0.09(8)% for the hfs anomaly. The ratio of the ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{65}$ and ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{67}$ quadrupole moments is $\frac{Q(65)}{Q(67)}=\ensuremath{-}0.1528(3)$; this result is independent of the shielding corrections. The ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{65}$ spin and magnetic moment are consistent with a ${(2{p}_{\frac{3}{2}})}^{4}{(1{f}_{\frac{5}{2}})}^{3}$ neutron assignment with some configuration mixing. The small quadrupole moment is compatible with the zero moment expected for a half-filled $f$ shell. In the course of this work, the lifetime of the $(4s4p)^{3}P_{1}$ state of zinc was redetermined and found to be $\ensuremath{\tau}(^{3}P_{1})=20(2)$ \ensuremath{\mu}sec. This result includes a large correction for the effects of wall collisions. The theory of wall broadening of optical double-resonance lines is developed.
Dislocation nucleation and defect structure during surface indentation

We model indentation of a metal surface by combining an atomistic metal with a hard-sphere indenter. This work provides atomistic imaging of dislocation nucleation during displacement controlled indentation on a passivated surface. Dislocations and defects are located and imaged by local deviations from centrosymmetry. For a Au(111) surface, nucleation of partial dislocation loops occurs below the surface inside the indenter contact area. We compare and contrast these observations with empirical criteria for dislocation nucleation and corresponding continuum elasticity solutions.
EMOTIONS AND CARE‐SEEKING DURING ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: A MODEL FOR INTERVENTION

In this paper, a theoretical and applied understanding is brought to the study of acute myocardial infarction [AMI] care‐seeking behavior. The time between the onset of an AMI and the initiation of definitive medical care is presently the single most important factor impeding reduced mortality and improved morbidity from thrombolytic therapy. It is suggested that the acknowledged, yet relatively neglected, area of emotional response is a key element in understanding why individuals may delay seeking definitive health care services following the onset of AMI symptoms. Emotionally significant dimensions of the care‐seeking process and a model for intervention to reduce morbidity and mortality are presented.
An automated method to find the proper modulation phase in continuous wave EPR spectroscopy

Abstract Modulation of the do magnetic field is universally employed in the acquisition of continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance spectra, which includes linear and saturation transfer (ST) EPR spectra. Modem two-channel lock-in analyzers produce two components which are at angles θ and θ + 90° with respect to the modulation reference. Experimentally it is often desired to choose θ such that the quadrature signal is “minimized,” so that the in-phase signal exhibits the maximum signal-to-noise ratio. This is called phase nulling. In this paper we provide a quantitative definition to the concept of a “minimized quadrature signal,” using a least-squares criterion, and derive a formula which enables computation of θ which is then used to generate proper in-phase and quadrature signals. Furthermore, an expression is derived for the error in θ which is of particular interest when acquiring STEPR spectra. The formulas are noniterative and can be easily programmed to rapidly and automatically phase null signals after acquisition.
African Cultural Diversity in the Media

With the disenchantment with independence in Africa, economic failure, the crimes of the elites from the independence years, the paralysis of symbolism, and finally the states' loss of dynamism, the 1990s ushered in a so-called phase of democratization. This was about rethinking citizenship and the relationship to politics. This democratization was a response to the notion of diversity. This paper claims that the answer to this diversity issue fell far short of expectations and proceeds different examples taken from social, cultural and political life, including the struggle for recognition and the appearance of terrorist violence in sub-Saharan Africa. Multiparty systems designed to respond to the diversity question produced only many versions of the same by ignoring that true diversity is the encroachment on the same of the strange, the different and the unexpected.
Stimulation of dopamine D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens inhibits inflammatory pain

Abstract Previous studies suggest that dopamine in the nucleus accumbens links noxious or mesolimbic stimulation with the feedback inhibition of nociception. To test the hypothesis that pharmacological agonism at dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens elicits antinociception, we bilaterally microinjected dopamine D1- and D2-receptor subtype selective drugs, and then evaluated behavioral responses to noxious intraplantar formalin. While the D1-selective agonist SKF 38393 was without effect at a dose of 0.5 nmol/side, the D2-selective agonist quinpirole dose-dependently (0.05–5.0 nmol/side, bilateral) inhibited the persistent phase of formalin-induced nociception. This was blocked by pre-administration of a selective D2-dopaminergic antagonist raclopride (0.3 nmol/side, bilateral). Quinpirole did not produce overt behavioral effects and did not change rotarod latency. Our results indicate that quinpirole acts at dopamine D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens to inhibit persistent nociception at doses that circumvent confounding non-specific motor deficits, namely, sedation and motor coordination.
Enhancement of carcinogenesis by prostaglandins

INCREASED amounts of prostaglandins, especially prostaglandin (PG) E2 (PGE2), have been detected in human cancer tissue as well as in cultured mouse fibrosarcoma cells1. Elevated prostaglandin synthetase activity has also been found in microsomal fractions of transformed cells from methylcholanthrene-treated mice2. In investigations of the role of PGE2 and PGF2a on skin tumours induced by 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) in mice, I report here evidence that these prostaglandins can act as cocarcinogens.
CYTOLOGIC EVIDENCE FOR POSITIOH EFFECT IN BURKITT'S LYMPHOMA

Background: Tumor cells differ from normal cells not by having new genes, but by showing inappropriate gene expression. Chromosome rearrangements in other organisms often alter gene expression by “position effect.” Findings: Burkitt's lymphoma cells have a consistent translocation from chromosome 8 to 14 (McCaw et al., Int. J. Cancer, in press). Densitometric analysis disclosed neither a gain or loss of genetic material. We then applied R- and Q- banding techniques and found that in Burkitt's the segment of 8 translocated to 14 stained paradoxically. For example, with acridine orange, the ends of 8 and 14 are red, indicative of denatured single-stranded DNA. However, in Burkitt's the segment of 8 translocated onto the 14 stains green, signifying native double-stranded DNA. Implications: This is the first cytologic evidence for “position effect” in human cells. It provides a mechanism for inappropriate gene action in tumor cells.
Canopy height effects on vaseygrass and bermudagrass spread in limpograss pastures.

Potential grass weeds in limpograss [Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf & Hubb.] pastures include vaseygrass (Paspalum urvillei Steud) and common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pets.]. Grazing management is critical to controlling spread of these grasses and maintaining productive limpograss swards, but competition dynamics among these species have not been evaluated under grazing. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of grazed canopy height (20, 40, and 60 cm) of continuously stocked limpograss pastures on changes in frequency of occurrence and ground cover of limpograss, vaseygrass, and common bermudagrass and plant density of vaseygrass. Experimental units were 0.5-ha pastures replicated four times in a completely randomized design. During the 2 yr of grazing, vaseygrass density decreased in all pastures, changing most for the 20-cm canopy height and least for the 60-cm canopy height (4.4 vs. 0.4 plants m -2 ). Changes in vaseygrass cover followed the same trend as density. In contrast, bermudagrass cover increased by seven percentage units if pastures were grazed to a 20-cm height, but the increase was less for 40- and 60-cm swards. These data show that continuous stocking of limpograss pastures decreased vaseygrass plant density, especially when canopy height was low; however, common bermudagrass invasion was favored by grazing to 20 cm, potentially compromising limpograss persistence. It is concluded that grazing continuously stocked limpograss pastures to approximately 40 cm is effective in decreasing existing populations of vaseygrass while minimizing invasion by common bermudagrass.
Need for Cognition and Thought-Induced Attitude Polarization: Examining Possible Demand Characteristics

Two sets of research demonstrate that individual differences in need for cognition moderate the effect of thought on attitude polarization. However, one set indicates that a low need for cognition is associated with greater thought-induced attitude polarization, whereas the other set indicates that a high need for cognition is associated with greater thought-induced attitude polarization. In the present study we provide evidence that the former, but not the latter, pattern of results may be due to demand characteristics.
Electrical conductivity of PFPA functionalized graphene

Abstract Chemical modification of graphene by covalently functionalizing its surface potentially allows a wider flexibility in engineering electronic structure, in particular the local density of states of the carbon atoms bound to the modifier that can result in opening of the band gap. Such binding can involve covalent hydrogenation of graphene to modify hybridization of carbon atoms from sp2 to sp3 geometry [1] , [2] , [3] . Methods have also been developed to functionalize graphene covalently with molecular species [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] . Among these, perfluorophenylazide (PFPA) functionalization of graphene is well-developed using a nitrene intermediate. Films of this molecule also act as adhesion layers that allow production of long ribbons of exfoliated graphene [7] , [8] , [9] . We have developed a theory to predict electrical properties of PFPA functionalized graphene and compared it to experimental results. Conductivity of these PFPA functionalized ribbons of exfoliated graphene show good agreement with our theory.
A note on fully-modified estimation of seemingly unrelated regressions models with integrated regressors

Abstract We show how to apply the fully-modified estimation method in the integrated seemingly unrelated regressions model. Three different fully-modified estimators are studied and their asymptotic distributions are found.
IgG Subclass Deficiencies: Identifying and Treating Patients at Risk

. IgG subclass deficiencies can increase the risk of pulmonary infections or other severe recurrent infections. Various groups of patients were studied in an attempt to learn more about (1) measuring the IgG subclass levels (particularly IgG4 levels) of possible high-risk patients; (2) identifying those patients who are at risk of developing recurrent infections, and (3) treating these patients once they have been identified. Individual cases are presented, and associations of isolated subclass deficiencies are examined with respect to infection. Replacement therapy with plasma or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) to increase titers of deficient or absent subclasses is suggested.