cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monitoring Open Water and Sea Ice in the Bering Strait by Radar

Observations made at the Bering Strait show the utility of employing radar systems providing both moving-target-identification (MTI) and short-time-constant video signals for monitoring sea-surface areas containing open water and sea ice. MTI video signals tend to emphasize returns from areas of open water and loose pack ice. Short-time-constant or differentiated video signals tend to emphasize returns from boundaries between water and ice and record echoes from stationary as well as moving targets. Large polynyas (areas of open water) south of projecting points and islands in the Bering Strait area in May are vividly displayed by the combination of MTI and short-time-constant signals. The use of the two types of signals constitutes a simple form of processing in the Doppler frequency domain. The results indicate that the use of MTI systems, or more sophisticated pulse-Doppler systems, could be advantageous for monitoring restricted areas of water in which ice may occur and present a limitation or hazard to navigation by boats and ships.
Predicting Severity of Road Traffic Congestion Using Semantic Web Technologies

Predictive reasoning, or the problem of estimating future observations given some historical information, is an important inference task for obtaining insight on cities and supporting efficient urban planning. This paper, focusing on transportation, presents how severity of road traffic congestion can be predicted using semantic Web technologies. In particular we present a system which integrates numerous sensors (exposing heterogenous, exogenous and raw data streams such as weather information, road works, city events or incidents) to improve accuracy and consistency of traffic congestion prediction. Our prototype of semantics-aware prediction, being used and experimented currently by traffic controllers in Dublin City Ireland, works efficiently with real, live and heterogeneous stream data. The experiments have shown accurate and consistent prediction of road traffic conditions, main benefits of the semantic encoding.
Enactment and Dissociation: A Retrospective Journey Applying Relational Theory

Relational theory was not yet an endorsed psychoanalytic model 30 years ago. This composite case identifies a process of struggling with a classical theory education that collided with the then young analyst’s immediate clinical experience. Ambivalence about the best therapeutic course contributed to delays and enactments, and ultimately to effective interventions. This article describes the clinical growth process of the analyst progressing toward integrating aspects of what now would be mainstream relational technique. This shift was necessary to bring into open clinical discourse the dissociated self-state experiences and enactments that were paralyzing patient and analyst. The here-and-now interpersonal exchange, including identifying transference and countertransference, allows conflicts and developmental gaps to be clarified; their significance then worked to accelerate self-cohesion and self-esteem. Selective self-disclosure, authentic engagement, and self-recognition in dialogue, which would now b...
Capacity scavenging in wireless networks: A comparative study

Dynamic Spectrum Access can enable secondary network users to access unused spectrum, or whitespace, which is found between the transmissions of primary users in a wireless network. The main design objectives for secondary user access strategy are to be able to “scavenge” spatio-temporally fragmented whitespace opportunities while limiting the amount of interference caused to the primary users. In this paper, we propose a novel secondary user access strategy which is based on measurement and modeling of the whitespace as perceived by the secondary network users. A secondary user continually monitors its surrounding whitespace, models it, and then attempts to access the available spectrum holes so that the effective secondary throughput is maximized while the resulting interference to the primary users is limited to a pre-defined bound. We first develop analytical expressions for the secondary throughput and primary interference, and then perform ns2 based simulation experiments to validate the effectiveness of the proposed access strategy, and evaluate its performance against two other access schemes from the cognitive network literature.
Relationships between gray matter, body mass index, and waist circumference in healthy adults

Obesity and overweight are often defined by the body mass index (BMI), which associates with metabolic and cardiovascular disease, and possibly with dementia as well as variations in brain volume. However, body fat distribution and abdominal obesity (as measured by waist circumference) is more strongly correlated with cardiovascular and metabolic risk than is BMI. While prior studies have revealed negative associations between gray matter tissue volumes and BMI, the relationship with respect to waist circumference remains largely unexplored. We therefore investigated the effects of both BMI and waist circumference on local gray matter volumes in a group of 115 healthy subjects screened to exclude physical or mental disorders that might affect the central nervous system. Results revealed significant negative correlations for both BMI and waist circumference where regional gray matter effects were largest within the hypothalamus and further encompassed prefrontal, anterior temporal and inferior parietal cortices, and the cerebellum. However, associations were more widespread and pronounced for waist circumference than BMI. Follow-up analyses showed that these relationships differed significantly across gender. While associations were similar for both BMI and waist circumference for males, females showed more extensive correlations for waist circumference. Our observations suggest that waist circumference is a more sensitive indicator than BMI, particularly in females, for potentially determining the adverse effects of obesity and overweight on the brain and associated risks to health.
Changing Racial and Poverty Segregation in Large US Metropolitan Areas, 1970–2009:

As African Americans are poorer than non-African Americans, increasing racial integration might lead to increasing poverty integration. Alternatively, if racial segregation pushed higher- and lower-income African Americans to reside together, increasing racial integration may lead higher-income African Americans to sort into higher-income non-African American neighborhoods, decreasing poverty integration. Using consistently bounded census tract data for thirty-six large metropolitan areas (MAs) from 1970 to 2009, a fixed effect model measures the relationship of a census tract’s end of the decade proportions of the metropolitan population by race and poverty status group between 1980 and 2009 to the proportions of each race and poverty group resident in a census tract at the start of the decade. The article finds that racial integration occurs mostly within own poverty groups and poverty integration occurs mostly within own racial groups, making these integration processes largely independent. Poverty and...
Recurrent pancreatitis caused by displacement of the major duodenal papilla.

3 55-year-old man was referred for endoscopy after his third bout of acute pancreatitis during a 6-month period. Imaging studies including abominal computerized tomography and magnetic resonance cholangiopanreatography had been normal with the exception of mild dilatation of the iliary and pancreatic ducts. Laboratory studies had shown mildly increased iver-associated enzyme levels. On endoscopy, a periampullary tumor with entral ulceration was seen (Figure A). The tumor was clearly displacing the ajor duodenal papilla to one side, causing external compression of the ancreatic and biliary sphincters (Figure B). Biopsy of the tumor was consisent with carcinoid tumor (Figures C and D). Carcinoids are neuroendocrine tumors that are located most commonly in he gastrointestinal and bronchopulmonary systems.1 Within the gastrointesinal tract, most carcinoids arise in the ileum. Duodenal carcinoids in general nd periampullary ones in particular are rare.2,3 Obstruction to the free flow of ancreatic juice by ampullary, periampullary, or intraductal pathology can ause acute and acute recurrent pancreatitis. Recurrent pancreatitis was caused y displacement of the major duodenal papilla by the carcinoid tumor in this ase. In this patient removal of the tumor led to normalization of the liverssociated enzyme levels. The patient has had close to 2 years of follow-up valuation with no further episodes of pancreatitis.
An aerosol lidar model program used for the Center for Lidar and Atmospheric Sciences Students lidar system

A portable, eyesafe, 3-D scanning aerosol lidar system designed and operated by the Hampton University Center for Lidar and Atmospheric Sciences Students (CLASS) is introduced. A mathematical lidar model program wrote using MathCAD software being developed and used by the student lidar team in CLASS is presented.
Degenerative Spondylolisthesis: Diagnosis and Treatment.

Degenerative spondylolisthesis is most often seen at the L4-5 level. The most com- mon complaint is back pain, but the advent of leg symptoms, such as claudication and restless legs syndrome, is often the reason for seeking specialized medical attention. Conservative treatment usually suffices; extended bed rest is of little value. The 15% of patients who are surgical candidates are those with clinical signs and symptoms of cauda equina abnormality, progressive muscular weakness, or progressive incapacitating radicular pain or claudication. The author advocates pedicle-to-pedicle decompression with preservation of the articular facets as the essential operation. The indications for fusion have been debated, but recent prospective studies show improved outcomes after fusion. The risk of significant morbidity associated with laminectomy and fusion increases as a function of age and magnitude of operation; therefore, careful patient selection for surgical inter- vention is vital. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 1994;2:9-15
Sport Nutritionist: A New Sport Education Role.

Considering the challenges associated with adolescent obesity and the need for innovative and meaningful physical education curricula, the authors of this article decided to create a new sport education role to help students learn about the fundamental nutritional concepts and practices that contribute to a healthy and active lifestyle. The new role, termed sport nutritionist, provides students with an opportunity to demonstrate responsibility and leadership skills by assisting the physical educator with creating and organizing nutritional materials and lesson concepts. The appeal of this role is that nutrition content can be interlinked with sport performance and physical fitness within the context of the sport education season being taught. This article provides a step-by-step approach to introducing the sport nutritionist role within a sport education unit. Nutrition topics, references and web links for reviewing material are provided.
From Generic to Branded: A Model of Spillover in Paid Search Advertising

Abstract In Internet paid search advertising, marketers pay for search engines to serve text advertisements in response to keyword searches that are generic (e.g., “hotels”) or branded (e.g., “Hilton Hotels”). Although standalone metrics usually show that generic keywords have higher apparent costs to the advertiser than branded keywords, generic search may create a spillover effect on subsequent branded search. Building on the Nerlove–Arrow advertising framework, the authors propose a dynamic linear model to capture the potential spillover from generic to branded paid search. In the model, generic search advertisements serve to expose users to information about the brand's ability to meet their needs, raising awareness that the brand is relevant to the search. In turn, this can induce additional future search activity for keywords that include the brand name. Using a Bayesian estimation approach, the authors apply the model to data from a paid search campaign for a major lodging chain. The results show t...
Tumor specific liposomes improve detection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in vivo using optoacoustic tomography

Pancreatic cancer often goes undiagnosed until late stage disease due in part to suboptimal early detection. Our goal was to develop a Syndecan-1 tagged liposome containing fluorescent dye as an improved contrast agent for detection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in vivo using multispectral optoacoustic tomography. The diagnostic capabilities and specificity to pancreatic adenocarcinoma of Syndecan-1 targeted liposomes were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Immunocytochemistry showed that liposomes preferentially bound to and released their contents into cells expressing high levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor. We determined that the contents of the liposome were released into the cell as noted by the change in propidium iodide fluorescence from green to red based upon nucleic acid binding. In an orthotopic mouse model, the liposomes preferentially targeted the pancreatic tumor with little off-target binding in the liver and spleen. Peak accumulation of the liposomes in the tumor occurred at 8 h post-injection. Multispectral optoacoustic tomographic imaging was able to provide high-resolution 3D images of the tumor and liposome location. Ex vivo analysis showed that non-targeted liposomes accumulated in the liver, suggesting that specificity of the liposomes for pancreatic adenocarcinoma was due to the presence of the Syndecan-1 ligand. This study demonstrated that Syndecan-1 liposomes were able to release cargo into IGF1-R expressing tumor cells. The Syndecan-1 liposomes demonstrated tumor specificity in orthotopic pancreatic cancer as observed using multispectral optoacoustic tomography with reduced kidney and liver uptake. By targeting the liposome with Syndecan-1, this nanovehicle has potential as a targeted theranostic nanoparticle for both drug and contrast agent delivery to pancreatic tumors.
A systematic analysis of factors which may impact upon tomographic perfusion imaging measurements: implications for the use of Tc-99m sestamibi in acute myocardial infarction.

Background: The use of acute Tc-99m sestamibi imaging has provided a valuable methodology to assess myocardium at risk and collateral blood flow. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of physical, physiologic, and reconstruction factors on the extent and severity of Tc-99m sestamibi images in a porcine model of coronary occlusion and reperfusion. Methods and results: Eleven pigs underwent 40 min of coronary occlusion using a balloon catheter followed by reperfusion. Radiolabeled microspheres were injected during occlusion for blood flow determination and 20–30 mCi of Tc-99m sestamibi was injected intravenously for cardiac imaging. Each animal underwent four modes of gamma camera imaging: a cardiac and respiratory gated SPECT study, an ungated SPECT study, a post-mortem SPECT study and an ex-situ study where the heart was sliced into five short axis slices and directly imaged. All animals had extensive wall motion abnormalities at the time of imaging. Myocardial risk area by ex-situ imaging was 32 ± 9% LV and did not significantly change with the addition of a chest cavity and tomographic reconstruction (post-mortem and gated imaging) or cardiac and respiratory motion (ungated imaging). Defect severity was significantly underestimated with the addition of a chest cavity and tomographic reconstruction but was unaltered by cardiac and respiratory motion. Conclusions: The assessment of risk area acutely by SPECT Tc-99m sestamibi imaging is unaffected by cardiac motion obviating the necessity for gated imaging. Estimated defect severity (which has been used as a measure of collateral flow) is significantly reduced by the chest wall and tomographic acquisition and reconstruction suggesting a role for scatter and attenuation algorithms for this measure.
Exploring parameter space in detailed single neuron models: simulations of the mitral and granule cells of the olfactory bulb

1. Detailed compartmental computer simulations of single mitral and granule cells of the vertebrate olfactory bulb were constructed using previously published geometric data. Electrophysiological p...
Modification of renal lesions produced by 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin).

The pathologic changes produced experimentally by 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) are limited almost entirely to the kidney. These lesions are characterized by renal cortical necrosis, degeneration of the tubular epithelium, tubular dilatation, reparative fibrosis, and the presence of casts within the tubules. The glomeruli are usually not involved. No thrombi or primary vascular changes have been observed. The lesions are regarded by some as a consequence of renal arterial spasm. Others believe this to be caused by venous spasm, with stagnation, hyperemia, and functional ischemia. Serotonin characteristically stimulates smooth muscle in vitro, but it is relatively weaker in vivo. Therefore, studies of the effects of agents that hasten or inhibit the release of serotonin have been performed in order to elucidate the physiologic function of the latter. The present study was initiated to determine if the pathologic changes induced by serotonin could be prevented or enhanced by the concomitant administration of various chemicals. We used an in vivo system (the living rat) and our measure of activity was the degree and incidence of the resultant renal lesions.
Note on the Mathematical Formalization of A Measure of Division of Labor

T he division of labor is one of the most important concepts in sociology and is almost as old as sociology itself. Durkheim and Weber, fathers of modern sociological theory, considered it to be one of the major features of modern society and of bureaucracy, and before them Adam Smith wrote of its significance for industrial systems. It continues to be considered one of the major determinants of societal complexity and the degree and type of societal coordination and integration. Rarely, however, is the conception given an explicit, unambiguous definition. An exception to this is the formulation first presented by Jack P. Gibbs and associates (Gibbs and Martin, 1962; Labovitz and Gibbs, 1964; Gibbs and Browning, 1966), which has been shown to be related to several aspects of social structure (Gibbs and Martin, 1962; Labovitz and Gibbs, 1964; Gibbs and Browning, 1966; Rushing, 1967, 1968; Pondy, 1969). The purpose of this paper is to give this formulation even greater clarity by expressing it in mathematical form. Labovitz and Gibbs (1964 :5) define division of labor as "the amount of differences among individuals with regard to their sustenance activities." Given the large number of specific forms of sustenance activity, the determination of all such differences is probably impossible as an operational matter. However, a large proportion of sustenance activities are organized in roles, i.e., occupations. Consequently, the amount of occupational differences among individuals is a component of division of labor. Note that this conception refers to occupationally determined individual differences, not differences between occupations themselves. For example, two organizations with two occupations each may differ considerably in the number of occupational differences among individuals. Ten individuals may be equally represented in two occupations in one organization, while in another, eight individuals may be in one occupation with two individuals in the other. In the first pattern, each individual in the first occupation differs from each individual in the other, making for a total of 25 occupationally relevant individual differences, whereas in the second pattern there would be 16 such differences. This conception, therefore, refers to the way individuals are distributed in the occupational structure; in the second pattern, individuals are highly concentrated, whereas in the first they are perfectly dispersed. (It will become clear below, however, that differences in dispersion systematically reflect the number of individual differences only when the number of categories and individuals is constant.) The measure thus concerns the property of an N-category distribution, the frequencies in the different categories being: XI, X2. . . , Xn. By definition, from Gibbs et al.
Hepatic inactivation of testicular androgen in the white Leghorn cockerel.

SummaryThese data show that: (1) the testis hormone is partially removed from the circulation by the liver of the chick, and that (2) the comb gives a sensitive indication of the extent of hepatic inactivation of androgens. This may justify speculation that some androgenic activity may be retained by the products of hepatic metabolism.
The effects of language on English language learners’ music preferences:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of songs in different languages on English language learners’ (ELLs) music preferences. The participants (N=62) were Chinese graduate students from a state university in the Midwestern United States. The survey contained nine excerpts from popular songs in three languages: Chinese (the most familiar language), English (second most familiar language), and German (unfamiliar language). The song examples had fast tempos and were sung by male singers. The participants rated their preferences on a Likert-type scale, identified whether they wanted to own the music or not, and indicated which of the musical characteristics — melody, rhythm, voices, lyrics, and others — they liked the most. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to analyze for music preferences. Results indicate that: (1) participants preferred the songs in English significantly more than those in German; (2) no significant preference was found between songs in English and Chinese, a...
The other side of ranking schemes: generating weights for specified outcomes

This paper treats the problem of how to determine weights in a ranking, which will cause a selected entity to attain the highest possible position. We establish that there are two types of entities in a ranking scheme: those which can be ranked as number one and those which cannot. These two types of entities can be identified using the “ranking hull” of the data; a polyhedral set that envelops the data. Only entities with data points on the boundary of this hull can attain the number one position. There are no weights that will make an entity whose data point is in the interior of the hull to ever attain the number one position. We deal with these two types of entities separately. In the first case, we propose an approach for finding a set of weights that, under special conditions, will result in a selected entity achieving the top of the ranking without ties and without ignoring any of the attributes. For the second category of entities, we devise a procedure to guarantee that these entities will attain their highest possible position in the ranking. The first case will require using interior point methods to solve a linear program (LP). The second case involves a binary mixed integer formulation. These two mathematical programs were tested on data from a well-known university ranking.
Yearnings for Guácharo Cave: affect, absence, and science in Venezuelan speleology:

As a member of Venezuela’s first national society of cave exploration and science (speleology), Ramon Alberto Hernandez (1926–2009) participated in the exploration and survey of Venezuela’s famous Guacharo Cave in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Despite his key contributions to the knowledge of this cave and many others in the country, his contributions have received little attention. With an ethnographic account of his last visit to Guacharo Cave in 2008 as focus, this article offers a glimpse into Venezuela’s geographies of science at an important historical moment in the relation among individuals, the nation, science, and modernity. It does so from Hernandez’s vantage point, as he yearns to reach a particular point inside of the cavern, a point where his life and the lives of other cave explorers who overshadowed his speleological contributions, the cavern, and my own history become entangled. Building on scholarship that emphasizes absence and hope as important aspects of experience, I focus on this ...
THE STUDY EVOLUTION OF CASING WEAR

Serious casing wear greatly reduces the collapsing strength and corrosion life.In order to lighten the losses by wear,it is essential to research casing wear deeply.By referring a great lot of literatures,this article synthetically discusses the effects of casing wear on collapsing strength and corrosion life,analyses the mechanism of casing wear the methods to forecast and control casing wear,and so on.Meanwhile,new ideas for researching casing wear mechanism and new methods to relieve casing wear are proposed.
18 AMAUROSIS FUGAX CAUSED BY THROMBOPHILIA-HYPOFIBRINOLYSIS IN CASES WITHOUT CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS: THERAPY WITH COUMADIN-LOVENOX OR FOLIC ACID-B6-B12 PREVENTS SUBSEQUENT TRANSIENT MONOCULAR PARTIAL BLINDNESS.

In 8 men and 9 women (age 60 ± 14, all white) without ipsilateral atherosclerotic carotid plaque and with no other known causes of amaurosis fugax (AF), whose AF was associated with thrombophilia-hypofibrinolysis, we hypothesized that case-specific thromboprophylaxis (Coumadin-Lovenox, folic acid [5 mg]-B 6 [100 mg]-B 12 [2,000 μg], aspirin, cessation of exogenous estrogens, glucophage [2.5 g]) would prevent subsequent episodes of transient monocular partial or total blindness. All 17 cases had $ 1 thrombophilic-hypofibrinolytic disorder thought to be etiologic for AF. Seven cases had MTHFR C677T homozygosity or C677T-A1298C compound heterozygosity, 5 4G4G PAI-1 homozygosity, 4 high factor VIII, 4 lupus anticoagulant, 4 the platelet glycoprotein PL A1/A2 mutation, 2 low free protein S, 2 high plasminogen activator inhibitor activity (PAI-Fx), 1 V Leiden heterozygosity, 1 prothrombin gene (PTG) heterozygosity, and 1 protein C deficiency. In 4 cases on Coumadin for 16,16, 21, and 98 months (1 PTG heterozygote, 1 protein C deficient [41%], 1 free protein S deficient [53%] with high factor VIII [157%], and 1 with high factor VIII [207%]), AF resolved, usually within 1 month of starting Coumadin, and the patients remained asymptomatic provided that the INR remained 2.5 or higher. In 1 case with low free protein S (28%), treated for 8 months of pregnancy and 1 month postpartum on Lovenox 80 mg/day, AF disappeared within 1 week, and she remained asymptomatic. In 3 cases with MTHFR C677T homozygosity treated with folic acid-B 6 -B 12 for 10, 15, and 29 months, AF resolved, usually within 1 month of starting therapy, and has not recurred. AF stopped within 1 month in 2 cases (1 high factor VIII 157%, 1 PAI-1 4G4G, PL A1/A2) when exogenous estrogens-SERMS were discontinued and has not recurred. The frequency of AF events was reduced in 2 cases on aspirin alone (1 PL A1/A2, I high VIII 157%) and AF events have remained less frequent over 5 and 11 months on aspirin. In 1 case with hypofibrinolysis (4G4G PAI-1 polymorphism, high PAI Fx, 31.7 IU/mL) treated with Glucophage (2.55 g/day), symptoms resolved within 1 month and have not recurred in 9 months on Glucophage. When AF occurs in the absence of carotid artery atherosclerosis or other known causes of AF, thrombophilia and/or hypofibrinolysis are nearly universal, reversible pathoetiologies.
The Great Idea of Knut Wicksell

In the spring of 1889, just before he married in Paris, Knut Wickseil was strolling along a street in Berlin when his eyes caught a book on economics by the renowned Austrian economist Eugen von Bohm-Bawerk. The Positive Theory of Capital1 influenced Wicksell profoundly. From this inspiration in 1889 came a wellspring of originality that eventually inspired both Richard Musgrave and James Buchanan. Wicksell commented in a letter to a friend:2 I procured a copy and was soon lost in the book. I understood most of it rather imperfectly, as can be seen from my notes in the margin….Nonetheless the book came to me as a revelation. I had already tried on my own, with little success, to penetrate the phenomenon of interest and the general problem of economic distribution, when complicated by the existence of capital (as well as labor and natural resources)….It was as though I now saw with my own eyes the roof being put on a scientific construction, which no economist since the days of Ricardo had managed to raise above its lower floors.
Intraoperative Monitoring : Recent Advances in Motor Evoked Potentials

Advances in electrophysiological monitoring have improved the ability of surgeons to make decisions and minimize the risks of complications during surgery and interventional procedures when the central nervous system (CNS) is at risk. Individual techniques have become important for identifying or mapping the location and pathway of critical neural structures. These techniques are also used to monitor the progress of procedures to augment surgical and physiologic management so as to reduce the risk of CNS injury. Advances in motor evoked potentials have facilitated mapping and monitoring of the motor tracts in newer, more complex procedures.
Teaching Visual Attention in Functional Contexts: Acquisition and Generalization of Complex Visual Motor Skills:

A three-year-old girl with multiple severe disabilities including aphakia was taught to visually attend to stimulus items in a training program that emphasized functional, age-appropriate visual mo...
Getting Likes, Going Viral, and the Intersections Between Popularity Metrics and Digital Composition

Abstract This article explores how the virality made possible by shareable content and its popularity metrics – Shares, Views, Likes, ♥’s, Tweets, etc. – influences the composition, circulation, and assessment of digital texts. As popularity metrics are increasingly linked to sharable texts, the lines between content designed to inform, inspire, and educate, and the content designed to illicit clicks, earn likes, and proliferate are blurred. Calling attention to the presence of popularity metrics, the frames of contagious content, and their respective impacts can help students (and scholars) better understand how such compositions cross between academic, personal, and professional networks. The article begins in the classroom, moves into a more theoretical analysis of the spread of educational content via platforms like Ted.com, and concludes with a discussion of a “writing viral video” assignment that I use to help undergraduate students examine the affordances and constraints of sharing their multimodal compositions and the possibility of going viral.
Investigation of thin/well-tunable liquid/gas diffusion layers exhibiting superior multifunctional performance in low-temperature electrolytic water splitting

Liquid/gas diffusion layers (LGDLs), which are located between the catalyst layer (CL) and bipolar plate (BP), play an important role in enhancing the performance of water splitting in proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells (PEMECs). They are expected to transport electrons, heat, and reactants/products simultaneously with minimum voltage, current, thermal, interfacial, and fluidic losses. In this study, the thin titanium-based LGDLs with straight-through pores and well-defined pore morphologies are comprehensively investigated for the first time. The novel LGDL with a 400 μm pore size and 0.7 porosity achieved a best-ever performance of 1.66 V at 2 A cm−2 and 80 °C, as compared to the published literature. The thin/well-tunable titanium based LGDLs remarkably reduce ohmic and activation losses, and it was found that porosity has a more significant impact on performance than pore size. In addition, an appropriate equivalent electrical circuit model has been established to quantify the effects of pore morphologies. The rapid electrochemical reaction phenomena at the center of the PEMEC are observed by coupling with high-speed and micro-scale visualization systems. The observed reactions contribute reasonable and pioneering data that elucidate the effects of porosity and pore size on the PEMEC performance. This study can be a new guide for future research and development towards high-efficiency and low-cost hydrogen energy.
The Perioperative Use of Albumin

Human serum albumin (HSA) is the predominant product of hepatic protein synthesis and one of the more abundant plasma proteins. HSA is a monomeric multidomain macromolecule, representing the main determinant of plasma oncotic pressure and the main modulator of fluid distribution between body compartments. HSA displays an essential role in maintaining the integrity of the vascular barrier. HSA is the most important antioxidant capacity of human plasma, in addition to its ability to protect the body from the harmful effects of heavy metals such as iron and copper and reduce their ability to produce reactive oxygen radicals. HSA is the main depot for nitric oxide (NO) transport in the blood. HSA represents the main carrier for fatty acids, affects pharmacokinetics of many drugs, and provides the metabolic modification of some drugs and displays pseudo-enzymatic properties. HSA has been widely used successfully for more than 50 years in many settings of perioperative medicine including hypovolemia, shock, burns, surgical blood loss, sepsis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Recently, the use of HSA has shown a promising neuroprotective effect in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. The most recent evidence-based functions and uses of HSA in the perioperative period are reviewed in this chapter.
Comparing Pictures and Videos for Teaching Action Labels to Children With Communication Delays

Children with communication delays often display difficulties labeling stimuli in their environment, particularly related to actions. Research supports direct instruction with video and picture sti...
Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) algorithms for wetland observations

It is important to closely monitor the state of the world's wetlands, as climate change and human encroachment in a rapid global urbanization trend threaten to cause large-scale wetland collapse. Because wetlands are often difficult to observe in situ, remote sensing is the only viable way to map wetland extent globally. However, current remote sensing methods suffer limitations in capturing wetland extent, and more importantly, wetland dynamics at appropriate spatial and temporal scales. GNSS-Reflectometry could help fill the current observation gap, as experimental data show that ground-reflected GNSS signals are very sensitive to changes in inundated areas. Furthermore, because this technique only requires a custom developed receiver and antenna system, a constellation of such instruments can potentially be launched at relatively low cost, providing global observations at sub-daily intervals. One challenge remains, however, which is quantitatively formulating the geophysical product of reflections over the land surface in various states of inundation. Here, we use a novel reflection dataset, derived from the SMAP radar receiver, to elucidate the sensitivity of reflections to small land surface features and their seasonal variations. Additionally, we quantify the dynamic range of reflections over both open and closed wetlands, and suggest an algorithm for wetland type classification.
Levetiracetam, Oxcarbazepine and Topiramate Clearance Changes During Pregnancy (P1.029)

Objective: To characterize the magnitude and time-course of pregnancy-related clearance changes for different anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs): levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, topiramate, phenytoin and valproate. A secondary aim was to determine if a decreased AED serum concentration was associated with increased seizure frequency. Background: A challenge of managing epilepsy during pregnancy is the pronounced pharmacokinetic alterations, including increased volume of distribution, elevated renal clearance, and induction of hepatic metabolism. Consequences impact not only the mother, but also the fetus. Design/Methods: Women with epilepsy were enrolled preconception or early in pregnancy and prospectively followed throughout pregnancy and the first postpartum year with daily diaries of AED doses, adherence, and seizures. Study visits with AED concentration measurements occurred every 1–3 months. AED clearances in each trimester were compared to non-pregnant baseline using a mixed linear regression model, with adjustments for age, race, and hours post-dose. In women on monotherapy, two sample t-test was used to compare the ratio-to-target concentrations (RTC) between women with seizure worsening each trimester and those without. Results: AED clearances were calculated for levetiracetam (n=18 pregnancies), oxcarbazepine (n=4), topiramate (n=10), valproate (n=5), and phenytoin (n=7). Mean maximal clearances were reached for: 1) levetiracetam in first trimester (2.15-fold baseline clearance) (p = 0.0001); 2) oxcarbazepine in second trimester (1.63-fold) (p = 0.0001) and 3) topiramate in second trimester (1.39-fold) (p = 0.025). In 15 women on AED monotherapy, increased seizure frequency in the first, second and all trimesters was associated with a lower RTC (p Conclusions: AED clearance significantly changes by the first trimester for levetiracetam and by the second trimester for oxcarbazepine and topiramate. Lower RTC was associated with seizure worsening. Early therapeutic drug monitoring and dose adjustment may be helpful to avoid increased seizure frequency. Future studies should include examination of different and larger cohorts of patients to look for replication of these findings. Study Supported by: NIH Specialized Center of Research (P50 MH 68036) (ZNS, DJN, JR, PBP), NCRR M01-RR00039, NINDS and NICHD (U01 NS038455) (ZNS, PBP), the American Brain Foundation, American Epilepsy Society and the Epilepsy Foundation as the Susan Spencer Clinical Research Training Fellowship (PEV), and the Karger Fund (SP). Disclosure: Dr. Voinescu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Park has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Stowe has nothing to disclose. Dr. Newport has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ritchie has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pennell has nothing to disclose.
Differentiation and Morphogenesis of Extraocular Muscles

Extraocular muscles arise within paraxial mesoderm beside the mid- and hindbrain. Local signals elicit the activation of both muscle tissue-specific and location-specific genes. Some of these genetic signatures are similar to those found in developing trunk and limb muscles, but many are unique to subsets of eye muscles. From these sites of origin, each muscle primordium moves toward, then partially around, the optic cup to its definitive location. In so doing, the muscle sheds neighboring mesodermal cells and becomes surrounded by periocular neural crest cells, which will form all connective tissues necessary to attach the muscle to the sclera or orbit. These translocations require interactions between myogenic primordial and periocular neural crest cells.
Non-Cartesian MR Angiography

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has several compelling features, including volumetric data acquisition and the availability of several contrast mechanisms. These can be used for imaging with and without exogenous contrast agents and to obtain anatomical as well as functional information, for example in the form of perfusion or velocity measurements. However, such MRA acquisitions require longer imaging times, which challenge scan completion without artifacts from physiological or involuntary patient motion, particularly for dynamic acquisitions, such as bolus chasing, real-time imaging, or cardiac-gated acquisitions.
Frege’s Principle

In his Grundgesetze der Arithmetik,1 Frege does indeed prove the “simplest laws of Numbers”, the axioms of arithmetic being among these laws. However, as is well known, Frege does not do so “by logical means alone”, since his proofs appeal to an axiom which is not only not a logical truth but a logical falsehood. The axiom in question is Frege’s Axiom V, which governs terms of the form “ $$\mathop \varepsilon \limits^, $$ .Φ(e)”, terms which purport to refer to what Frege calls ‘value-ranges’. For present purposes, Axiom V may be written:2 $$\mathop \varepsilon \limits^, .F\varepsilon = \mathop \varepsilon \limits^, .G\varepsilon \equiv \forall \left( {Fx \equiv Gx} \right).$$ The formal theory of Grundgesetze, like any (full)3 second-order theory containing this sentence, is thus inconsistent, since Russell’s Paradox is derivable from Axiom V in (full) second-order logic.
Advances in prostate cancer imaging

Many exciting advances in medical imaging have been made in recent years that will alter the way we diagnose, stage, and treat patients with prostate cancer. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is emerging as the main modality for prostate cancer imaging. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound and shear wave elastography may be strong alternatives in patients who cannot undergo MRI. Prostate-specific membrane antigen-directed positron emission tomography/computed tomography has proven to be valuable in the primary staging of high-risk disease and for detecting disease in patients with biochemical recurrence. As more studies continue to emerge, it is becoming clear that the standard algorithm for diagnosing and staging prostate cancer will undergo significant changes in the near future.
Nucleus reuniens of the midline thalamus of a rat is specifically damaged after early postnatal alcohol exposure

Individuals diagnosed with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders often show behavioral impairments in executive functioning. Mechanistic studies have implicated coordination between the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus (through thalamic nucleus reuniens) as essential for such executive functions. This study is the first to report the long-term neuroanatomical alterations to the ventral midline thalamus after alcohol exposure on postnatal days 4-9 (a rodent model of binge drinking during the third-trimester of human pregnancy). Alcohol added to a milk formula was administered to female Long-Evans rat pups on postnatal days 4-9 (5.25 g/kg/day of ethanol, intragastric intubation). Control animals were intubated without the administration of liquid. In adulthood, brains were immunohistochemically labeled for a neuronal marker (NeuN) conjugated with Cy3 fluorophore and stained with Hoechst33342 to visualize nuclei. Total non-neuronal cell number (NeuN/Hoechst) and neuron number (NeuN/Hoechst), and total volume were estimated using unbiased stereology in two neighboring midline thalamic nuclei: reuniens and rhomboid. Estimates were analyzed using linear mixed modeling to account for animal and litter as clustering variables. A 21% reduction in the total neuron number (resulting in altered neuron-to-non-neuron ratio) and an 18% reduction in total volume were found exclusively in thalamic nucleus reuniens in rats exposed to ethanol. Non-neuronal cell number was not changed in reuniens. No ethanol-induced changes on any measures were observed in rhomboid nucleus. These specific neuroanatomical alterations provide a necessary foundation for further examination of circuit-level alterations that occur in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.
Research publication trends regarding the extraintestinal manifestations of celiac disease

Abstract Introduction Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by gluten that has a poor diagnosis rate and a range of extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs), which vary in prevalence. Increasing the rate of diagnosis of, and possibly developing therapies for, CD relies on our understanding of these EIMs. We therefore tracked trends in research on EIMs of CD from 1960 to 2015, the latest complete year at the time the data were collected. Methods We selected groups of search terms relating to distinct categories of EIMs of CD, and queried MEDLINE for the number of articles published in each year from 1960 to 2015 that mentioned both CD and any of the terms in each group. Data were normalized to the total number of publications in each year that mentioned either CD or any of those terms. For comparison, we also analyzed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) for research trends. The resulting time series data were plotted as a five-point moving average and analyzed graphically. Results Over the analysis time window, the overall normalized publication volume for EIMs was approximately constant for CD, but markedly increased for IBD. Bone manifestations of CD and IBD had simultaneous, comparable peaks in the decade from 2000 to 2010 and decreased since; however, CD had an earlier peak of twice the magnitude in the 1970s. Publication volume regarding central nervous system manifestations varied greatly with multiple peaks for CD, while a peak in IBD occurred in the year 1974, and the trend for IBD has been increasing since the early 1980s. Publication on ataxia has remained low in IBD with marginally increased interest in the past three decades, compared with a rapid increase in publication in the late 1990s for CD. Publication in peripheral nervous system manifestations exhibited bimodal peaks for CD (ca. 1970 and 2008) and a positive trend for IBD. Discussion The results indicate that there is fluctuating research interest in EIMs of both CD and IBD, with more interest in EIMs of IBD as compared to CD. Publication of both bone and peripheral nervous system manifestations of CD is decreasing, and publication of central nervous system manifestations of CD has fluctuated over time. These patterns suggest that there may be decelerated progress in our understanding of these aspects of CD, and a shift in interest to other EIMs. Notably, the decreased research interest in neurological manifestations is concerning, with respect to the development of therapies for CD-associated neuropathy and gluten ataxia. Redirecting efforts and redistributing resources in CD research according to these results may enhance the development of therapies for these CD related EIMs, and also improve diagnostic methods.
Habitat amount, quality, and fragmentation associated with prevalence of the tick-borne pathogen Ehrlichia chaffeensis and occupancy dynamics of its vector, Amblyomma americanum

Tick-borne diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent world-wide. This is likely due in part to land-cover change, particularly forest fragmentation, but this evidence is largely limited to Lyme disease. It is unknown whether this is generalizable to other, emergent tick-borne pathogens. Motivated by hypotheses regarding landscape context and vertebrate hosts, we asked how landscape context, namely habitat amount, quality, and fragmentation, is related to the distribution of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, a tick-borne pathogen of increasing concern, and the interannual occupancy dynamics of its vector, the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum). We collected nymphal ticks from 130 plots in southeastern Virginia, U.S., for 5 years and tested for E. chaffeensis via targeted PCR. We derived metrics of landscape context from Landsat data and related these to pathogen prevalence and tick turnover using hierarchical Bayesian models. Landscape context was associated with both pathogen prevalence and tick turnover. Pathogen prevalence was negatively associated with total forest landcover, coniferous forest landcover, and forest edge density. Tick turnover was positively associated with coniferous landcover and with an interaction between total forest landcover and edge. This interaction was such that turnover was predicted to be lowest in small contiguous forests, and highest in small fragmented forests. Landscape context affects E. chaffeensis prevalence and occupancy dynamics of its tick host, though these processes appear decoupled. We hypothesize that pathogen prevalence may be more driven by reservoir host movement and social behavior and tick dynamics are more driven by host population density.