cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Superior Mesenteric Artery In-stent Restenosis

A 71-year-old female with symptoms of intestinal angina with findings of celiac artery occlusion and severe stenosis of the superior mesenteric artery and occlusion of the inferior mesenteric artery underwent superior mesenteric artery stenting via left brachial approach in March 2013 with complete resolution of symptoms of intestinal angina. Patient developed recurrent symptoms due to in-stent restenosis and underwent balloon angioplasty of the superior mesenteric artery stent in September 2016. Patient has remained symptom-free with slight elevation of the peak systolic velocity of superior mesenteric artery stent when last seen in May 2019.
Feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of Holstein steers as affected by source of dietary protein and level of ruminally protected lysine and methionine.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of source of dietary CP and level of ruminally protected lysine and methionine (RPLM) on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of Holstein steers during a growing-finishing trial (266 d). A total of 168 Holstein steers (182.7 +/- 27.5 kg) were used in a completely randomized design experiment (eight treatments; three pens of seven steers/treatment). Steers were given ad libitum access to high-concentrate diets (13% CP) containing 71% whole shelled corn, 10% corn silage, 4% condensed distillers solubles, and 15% protein supplements (DM basis). Treatments were arranged as a 2 x 4 factorial. The main factors were two sources of dietary CP and four levels of RPLM. The sources of dietary CP were soybean meal (SBM) or SBM and urea (SBM-U). Urea-N replaced 50% of SBM-N in the SBM-U diet. The levels of RPLM were 0, 5, 10, and 15 g per steer daily. No interactions (P > .10) between source of dietary CP and level of RPLM were observed for feedlot performance or carcass characteristics. Feedlot performance showed an advantage (P .10) by the source of dietary CP. Steers fed diets containing SBM-U had 12% less (P .10) ADG or carcass characteristics. However, DMI and gain:feed showed cubic (P < .10) responses to increasing dietary level of RPLM. Supplementation of RPLM at the 10 g/d level improved gain:feed by 12% during the last 98 d of the trial, and this was a direct response to the cubic effects of RPLM on DMI. Results suggest a cost advantage for replacing 50% of SBM-N with that from urea in high-corn diets without negative effects on feedlot performance or carcass characteristics of growing-finishing Holstein steers with extended feeding periods (266 d). These types of diets seem to meet the amino acid requirements and are not limiting in lysine and methionine.
Terrorism Prosecutions in the Specialized “Court” of Saudi Arabia

In addition to invoking states of emergency as an excuse to restrict fundamental human rights, states also resort to “specialized courts” with truncated due process rights in order to evade their legal obligation to ensure the right to a fair trial. While specialized courts can serve a legitimate function, those with irregular procedures are increasingly being used against activists and other government critics. Such courts are often established based on the pretext that they are needed to safely try terrorism suspects; in practice, however, the failure to adhere to due process makes it more likely that they will wrongfully convict innocent persons on the basis of unreliable evidence, such as forced confessions. In so doing, specialized courts can exacerbate the risk of radicalization and undermine public support for states’ counterterror efforts. The Specialized Criminal Court of Saudi Arabia is an example of the use of irregular procedures to persecute government critics and in so doing, the court has diverted resources from serious terrorism cases to spurious cases.
Current Controversies in Inferior Vena Cava Filter Placement: AJR Expert Panel Narrative Review.

Despite inferior vena cava (IVC) filter practice spanning over 50 years, interventionalists face many controversies in proper utilization and management. This article reviews recent literature and offers opinions on filter practices. IVC filtration is most likely to benefit patients at high risk of iatrogenic pulmonary embolus during endovenous intervention. Filters should be used selectively in patients with acute trauma or undergoing bariatric surgery. Retrieval should be attempted for perforating filter and fractured filter fragments when imaging suggests feasibility and favorable risk-to-benefit ratio. Antibiotic prophylaxis should be considered when removing filters with confirmed gastrointestinal penetration. Anticoagulation solely because of filter presence is not recommended except in patients with active malignancy. Anticoagulation while filters remain in place may decrease long-term filter complications in these patients. Patients with a filter and symptomatic IVC occlusion should be offered filter removal and IVC reconstruction. Physicians implanting filters may maximize retrieval by maintaining physician-patient relationships and scheduling follow-up at time of placement. Annual follow-up allows continued evaluation for removal or replacement appropriateness. Advanced retrieval techniques increase retrieval rates but require caution. Select cases may require referral to experienced centers with additional retrieval resources. The views expressed should help guide clinical practice, future innovation, and research.
A program to drive innovation and entrepreneurship in academic cardiovascular center incorporating clinical team and patient codesign

Traditional training and funding mechanisms in academic health centers often do not support its faculty, staff, and trainees in evaluating and implementing innovative ideas, necessitating supplemental innovation programming. The University of Michigan (U-M) Frankel Cardiovascular Center partnered with U-M Fast Forward Medical Innovation (FMMI), a biomedical innovation and commercialization unit funded in part by the Clinical and Translational Science Award awarded to the Michigan Institute for Clinical & Health Research, to provide training and resources to advance ideas toward impacting patients. The program recruited faculty, trainees, staff, patients, and family members from multidisciplinary backgrounds. Engaging patients and family members expanded the ideas generated and furthered clinical relevance. Over two years, 11 project teams completed an 11-week, 16-session course on innovation and entrepreneurship concepts that incorporated workshops to progress ideas and develop a pitch for development funding. An increase in knowledge was reported in key innovation topics, such as customer discovery, assessing markets, and intellectual property. Participants reported an increase in project preparation, including obtaining stakeholder support, preparation of a development plan, readiness to apply for funding, and filing invention disclosures. This program can serve as a model for implementing training and funding mechanisms to advance innovative ideas.
Collective intellectual humility and arrogance

Philosophers and psychologists have devoted considerable attention to the study of intellectual humility and intellectual arrogance. To this point, theoretical and empirical studies of intellectual humility and arrogance have focused on these traits as possessed by individual reasoners. However, it is natural in some contexts to attribute intellectual humility or intellectual arrogance to collectives. This paper investigates the nature of collective intellectual humility and arrogance and, in particular, how these traits are related to the attitudes of individuals. I discuss three approaches to collective intellectual humility and arrogance. Rather than arguing that one of these approaches is applicable to all instances of collective intellectual humility and arrogance, I argue that there are at least two and perhaps three distinct forms of both collective intellectual humility and arrogance. Recognizing these distinct forms of collective intellectual humility and arrogance, I argue, is crucial to understanding how intellectual humility and arrogance are related to troubling phenomena like political polarization.
A Qualitative Exploration of Relational Ethical Challenges and Practices in Psychedelic Healing

As both 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)- and psilocybin-assisted psychedelic psychotherapy near U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval and gain acceptance as efficacious clinical...
Patterns of human disturbance and response by small mammals and birds in chaparral near urban development

We report on the extent of disturbance (including habitat alteration and road and trail proliferation) in chaparral near urban development and analyze the effects of disturbance on small mammal and resident bird species. Disturbance patterns were evaluated in a 6700 ha study area in southern California: effects on mammals and birds were investigated by analyzing relationships between vegetation structure and animal species richness and abundance. Disturbance was prevalent throughout the study area and included extensive human-altered habitat (from past human activities such as vegetation clearing, human-caused fires, refuse dumping, and vegetation trampling) and 157 km of roads and trails. A nonsignificant trend was found between human-altered habitat and proximity to development, but human-altered habitat was significantly associated with roadway proximity. Trails were also more frequent near urban development and roads. Small mammals responded strongly to disturbance-related vegetation changes, while birds showed little or no response. Mammals endemic to chaparral vegetation were less diverse and abundant in disturbed sites, whereas disturbance-associated species increased in abundance. Close proximity of urban development to natural areas resulted in alteration of natural habitat and proliferation of roads and trails. Variation in life history traits between birds and mammals may affect response to disturbance and influence persistence if disturbance continues. Conservation efforts must recognize the potential for habitat damage and associated declines in native animal species caused by disturbance near urbanization and implement strategies to reduce these threats.
Polynomial Algorithms for Linear Programming

This paper contrasts the recent polynomial algorithms for linear programming of Khachian and Karmarkar. We show that each requires the solution of a weighted least-squares subproblem at every iteration. By comparing these subproblems we obtain further insights into the two methods.
CCR1 and CC Chemokine Ligand 5 Interactions Exacerbate Innate Immune Responses during Sepsis

CCR1 has previously been shown to play important roles in leukocyte trafficking, pathogen clearance, and the type 1/type 2 cytokine balance, although very little is known about its role in the host response during sepsis. In a cecal ligation and puncture model of septic peritonitis, CCR1-deficient (CCR1 −/− ) mice were significantly protected from the lethal effects of sepsis when compared with wild-type (WT) controls. The peritoneal and systemic cytokine profile in CCR1 −/− mice was characterized by a robust, but short-lived and regulated antibacterial response. CCR1 expression was not required for leukocyte recruitment, suggesting critical differences extant in the activation of WT and CCR1 −/− resident or recruited peritoneal cells during sepsis. Peritoneal macrophages isolated from naive CCR1 −/− mice clearly demonstrated enhanced cytokine/chemokine generation and antibacterial responses compared with similarly treated WT macrophages. CCR1 and CCL5 interactions markedly altered the inflammatory response in vivo and in vitro. Administration of CCL5 increased sepsis-induced lethality in WT mice, whereas neutralization of CCL5 improved survival. CCL5 acted in a CCR1-dependent manner to augment production of IFN-γ and MIP-2 to damaging levels. These data illustrate that the interaction between CCR1 and CCL5 modulates the innate immune response during sepsis, and both represent potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
Visceral artery aneurysms.

Visceral artery aneurysms are an uncommon form of vascular disease, yet are important to the practicing vascular surgeon because of the potential for rupture or erosion into an adjacent viscus, resulting in life-threatening hemorrhage. Many visceral artery aneurysms still present with rupture, which often results in the death of the patient. An aggressive approach to the diagnosis and management of these aneurysms is warranted. The treatment of visceral artery aneurysms has significantly evolved over the past decade. Open surgical repair has been the standard method of treatment, usually by aneurysm resection or simple ligation. Open surgical repair is durable with excellent long-term results, but is accompanied by the morbidity and mortality of a major abdominal operation. Over the past decade, catheter-based treatments with coil embolization and placement of stent grafts have emerged as promising therapies to treat visceral artery aneurysms. These have provided safe and effective short-term results and should be preferentially used in selected patients at high surgical risk.
Stock Markets, Banks, and Economic Growth: Evidence from Latin American Countries

Utilizing panel data methods and applying Granger causality tests within a framework of a panel cointegration and error correction model, this paper investigates the relationship between financial development and economic growth for 14 Latin American countries from 1978 to 2011. The empirical results show that when banking sector development indicators are used as proxies for financial development, there is evidence of uni-directional causality from economic growth to banking sector development. On the other hand, when stock market development indicators are used as proxies for financial development, the empirical results show that there is a bi-directional causality between stock market development and economic growth.
Differentiating Gender Discrimination and Sexist Behavior: An Examination of Antecedents and Outcomes

The United States Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC) currently assesses gender discrimination and sexist behavior separately in its surveys of active duty and reserve service members. However, bas...
Scaling the Energy Proportionality Wall with KnightShift

Measuring energy proportionality accurately and understanding the reasons for disproportionality are critical first steps in designing future energy-efficient servers. This article presents two metrics-linear deviation and proportionality gap-that let system designers analyze and understand server energy consumption at various utilization levels. An analysis of published SPECpower results shows that energy proportionality improvements are not uniform across various server utilization levels. Even highly energy proportional servers suffer significantly at nonzero but low utilizations. To address the lack of energy proportionality at low utilization, the authors present KnightShift, a server-level heterogeneous server providing an active low-power mode. KnightShift is tightly coupled with a low-power compute node called Knight. Knight responds to low-utilization requests whereas the primary server responds only to high-utilization requests, enabling two energy-efficient operating regions. The authors evaluate KnightShift against a variety of real-world datacenter workloads using a combination of prototyping and simulation.
Reducing control overhead in dataflow architectures

In recent years, computer architects have proposed tiled architectures in response to several emerging problems in processor design, such as design complexity, wire delay, and fabrication reliability. One of these architectures, WaveScalar, uses a dynamic, tagged-token dataflow execution model to simplify the design of the processor tiles and their interconnection network and to achieve good parallel performance. However, using a dataflow execution model reawakens old problems, including the instruction overhead required for control flow. Previous work compiling the functional language Id to the Monsoon Dataflow System found this overhead to be 2–3× that of programs written in C and targeted to a MIPS R3000. In this paper, we present and analyze three compiler optimizations that significantly reduce control overhead with minimal additional hardware. We begin by describing how to translate imperative code into dataflow assembly and analyze the resulting control overhead. We report a similar 2–4× instruction overhead, which suggests that the execution model, rather than a specific source language or target architecture, is responsible. Then, we present the compiler optimizations, each of which is designed to eliminate a particular type of control overhead, and analyze the extent to which they were able to do so. Finally, we evaluate the effect using all optimizations together has on program performance. Together, the optimizations reduce control overhead by 80% on average, increasing application performance between 21–37%.
Towards Abstractive Speech Summarization: Exploring Unsupervised and Supervised Approaches for Spoken Utterance Compression

Most previous studies on speech summarization focus on the extractive approaches. Yet directly concatenating the extracted speech utterances may not form a good summary due to the presence of disfluencies and redundancy in the unplanned spontaneous speech. In this paper, we proposed to generate compressed speech summaries by coupling the sentence level compression and summarization approaches, as a viable step towards generating abstractive summaries. We compared two utterance compression approaches: an unsupervised approach based on the Integer Linear Programming (ILP) framework, and a supervised method using conditional random fileds (CRF) that formulates the utterance compression problem as a sequence labeling task. We evaluated the compression performance using both human and ASR transcripts from the ICSI meeting corpus, and performed both automatic and human evaluation. Our results show that we can achieve reasonable utterance compression performance, and that the CRF-based method generally performs better. By coupling the compression and summarization approaches, we generated compressed speech summaries that cover more important information within the given length limit, yielding 5% absolute performance gain on both human and ASR transcripts as evaluated by the ROUGE-1 F-scores.
Invasive orbital pseudotumor — CT demonstration of extension beyond orbit

Two cases of orbital pseudotumor are described with computed tomographic (CT) studies showing extension of the pseudotumor beyond the confines of the bony orbit. In one patient with orbital pseudotumor involving the medial rectus muscle, the pseudotumor extended through the medial wall of the orbit into the ethmoid sinus. A second patient had extension of orbital pseudotumor into the infraorbital fissure causing enlargement of the infraorbital fissure and foramen. Both lesions were confirmed by biopsy.
Direct dating of deformation: U-Pb age of syndeformational sphene growth in the Proterozoic Laramie Peak shear zone

In this paper, we show that deformation can be dated by combining mesoscopic and microscopic structural observations with an understanding of metamorphic mineral reactions and U-Pb ages of newly grown sphene (titanite). This approach can be used on a variety of rock types that have been deformed at a wide range of metamorphic conditions. In an example from the Proterozoic Laramie Peak shear zone of southeastern Wyoming, a single period of syntectonic sphene growth in sheared mafic dikes is documented both by a strong spatial relationship between deformation and metamorphism and by sphene microtextures. U-Pb analyses of sphene separates give overlapping concordant or nearly concordant ages with a weighted mean of the 207 Pb/ 206 Pb ages of 1763 ± 7 Ma. We interpret this direct age of deformation as evidence that the Laramie Peak shear zone records the cratonic response to the 1.78–1.74 Ga Cheyenne belt collisional event.
High‐Pressure Phase Transitions in Zirconia and Yttria‐Doped Zirconia

Raman spectroscopy has been utilized to characterize the phase transformations and transition pressures in pure and doped zirconia containing 3, 4, and 5 wt% Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/. The pressure-induced transformations were investigated to over 6 GPa (at room temperature) using a diamond anvil pressure cell. Pure zirconia single-crystal samples transformed to a ''new'' tetragonal phase (different from the one obtained at high temperatures at atmospheric pressure) at about 4 GPa. The pressure transformation, like the temperature transition, was reversible and exhibited an approximately 0.45-GPa hysteresis at room temperature. The 3 and 4 wt% Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ crystals underwent a monoclinic (P2/sub 1/b) to tetragonal (P4/sub 2/nmc) phase transition similar to that observed at high temperatures. This phase change was found to be irreversible on releasing the pressure. The 5 wt% Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ at atmospheric pressure consists of a tetragonal modification in a disordered cubic matrix; a gradual, but reversible, disordering transformation of the tetragonal precipitate takes place with pressure.
Inelastic-collision model of low-energy electron diffraction from solid surfaces

Abstract An inelastic-collision model of low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is proposed in which the electron-electron interactions in the solid limit the penetration of the incident elastic beam to a depth of 10 A or less for electrons between 15 and 150 eV incident energy. The inelastic-collision-induced damping of the elastic wave field inside the crystal plus the occurrence of multiple internal beams provide the ingredients for an elementary intuitive description of the occurrence of fractional-order peaks in LEED intensities. The damping also reduces substantially the magnitude of multiple scattering peaks in the LEED intensity. Both of these results are derived using a propagator formalism in which single electron propagators characteristic of an interacting electron fluid are utilized in the description of the electron-lattice interaction.
Effects of Aeroderivative Combustor Turbulence on Endwall Heat Transfer Distributions Acquired in a Linear Vane Cascade

Vane endwall heat transfer distributions are documented for a mock aeroderivative combustion system and for a low turbulence condition in a large-scale low speed linear cascade facility. Inlet turbulence levels range from below 0.7 percent for the low turbulence condition to 14 percent for the mock combustor system. Stanton number contours are presented at both turbulence conditions for Reynolds numbers based on true chord length and exit conditions ranging from 500,000 to 2,000,000. Low turbulence endwall heat transfer shows the influence of the complex three-dimensional flow field, while the effects of individual vortex systems are less evident for the high turbulence cases. Turbulent scale has been documented for the high turbulence case. Inlet boundary layers are relatively thin for the low turbulence case while inlet flow approximates a nonequilibrium or high turbulence channel flow for the mock combustor case. Inlet boundary layer parameters are presented across the inlet passage for the three Reynolds numbers and both the low turbulence and mock combustor inlet cases. Both midspan and 95 percent span pressure contours are included. This research provides a well-documented database taken across a range of Reynolds numbers and turbulence conditions for assessment of endwall heat transfer predictive capabilities.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Bureaucratic aspects of international health agencies.

In this paper the large international health agencies are viewed as bureaucracies, i.e. in Max Weber's sense as rational administrative organizations. The kinds of activities in which they engage, and the effectiveness of their programs, are interpreted as a function of their structural and dynamic characteristics, and of the professional assumptions held by administrators, planners and technical specialists. International health agency activities are placed in the context of the 'donor-recipient' model that characterizes post-World War II international developmental assistance programs. Some of the strengths and weaknesses of these organizations are noted, and linked to the organizations' structural, dynamic and professional characteristics.
Are good subjective organizers good paired-associate learners?

It has been demonstrated that Ss high in subjective organization in multitrial free recall are better paired-associate learners than Ss low on the subjective organization variable. The results of that study were interpreted as supporting the idea that the advantage in free recall of the good organizer is the ability to form associations between verbal items more rapidly than the poor organizer. The present study employs the partial correlation technique to explore the relationship between subjective organization, paired-associated learning, and free-recall acquisition. Our analysis indicates that the interpretation of the relationship between subjective organization and paired-associate learning previously offered is invalid and based on a confounding of effects.
Some psychological evidence on how people debug computer programs

Ten experienced programmers were each given the same 12 FORTRAN listings to debug. Each listing contained a non-syntactic error in one line. Median debug times (7 min), number of bugs not found (11% of the listings), and number of incorrect assertions about the location of the bug (less than one per listing) all replicated earlier results ( Gould & Drongowski, 1974 ). Although subjects were given the opportunity to use the interactive debugging facilities of an on-line computer, they rarely did so. Bugs in assignment statements were about three times as hard to detect as array or interaction bugs. Debugging was about three times as efficient on programs subjects had debugged previously (although with a different bug). A number of basic concepts relating to debugging are identified and a gross theory of debugging is described.
On quadrature formulae based on derivative collocation

Abstract The recent article “A new type of weighted quadrature rules and its relation to orthogonal polynomials” by Masied-Jamei [M. Masjed-Jamei, A new type of weighted quadrature rules and its relation to orthogonal polynomials, Appl. Math. Comput. 188 (2007) 154–165] introduces quadrature rules based on the evaluation of the derivative(s) of the integrand function rather the function itself. The approach appears useful when a number of derivatives, including the integrand, vanish at a point λ , leading to increased order of accuracy compared to standard Gaussian rules. It is also shown by Masjed-Jamei (2007) how the nodes and weights of the resulting quadrature formula relate to nodes and weights of standard Gaussian quadratures applied to a weight function w to be determined by solving a specific system of integral equations. We give here an explicit expression for w and provide strategies for the practical computation of the quadrature nodes and weights. Additional comments on the examples used by Masjed-Jamei (2007) as well as a generalization involving multiple λ ’s, are also included.
Signs of Respect: Neighborhood, Public, and Language in Barcelona

This article focuses on a protest banner campaign by a neighborhood association in an economically marginal neighborhood of Barcelona. Through the campaign, participants simultaneously coached neighborhood-level addressees (including immigrants) in respectable behavior and projected an image of neighborhood respectability to the media and City Hall. Linguistic behaviors were central to this process, including code choice, linguistic normativity, and intertextuality. This article makes three theoretical points. First, while the literature on publics stresses a historical shift between embodied publicness and disembodied publicness, this article shows that embodied publicness and disembodied publicness are inextricably interrelated. Second, it demonstrates that neighborhoods are key sites for the articulation of these two forms of publicness, through the regimentation and projection of personal respectability. Third, it reveals the importance of a careful ethnography of writing, which allows the disambiguation of differently scaled sets of addressees. [neighborhoods, publics, respectability, immigration, Catalan]
Dark vergence in human infants: implications for the development of binocular vision.

Abstract The resting position of binocular alignment in 1- to 4-month-olds, 6- to 18-month-olds, and adults was estimated by obtaining photographic measures of interpupillary distance in total darkness. The mean dark vergence position in the adult group corresponded to a distance of approximately 100 cm, similar to a previous estimate of 120 cm (Owens and Leibowitz 1976). The mean dark vergence position in the group of 1- to 4-month-olds was approximately 25 cm and in the group of 6- to 18-month-olds was approximately 50 cm. These near dark vergence positions in infants provide strong evidence that inaccuracies in binocular fixation during early infancy are not the result of a divergence bias. The developmental implications of dark vergence, accommodative vergence, and fusional vergence for the control of binocular alignment and distance perception during infancy are discussed.
Schistosoma mansoni: utilization of exogenous metabolites by eggs in vitro.

Abstract Schistosoma mansoni eggs were isolated from the livers of mice infected for 8 wk and were purified by a series of settling and sieving procedures. Aliquots of eggs were suspended in saline with added Eagle's minimal essential medium supplemented with NaHCO 3 , glutamine, penicillin, and streptomycin to which a variety of radioisotope labelled metabolites were added. The uptake and utilization of tritiated thymidine demonstrated a high rate of DNA synthesis, particularly in the more immature eggs studied. RNA synthesis as shown with tritiated uridine was also significant. Large amounts of 14 C-labelled isoleucine and arginine were incorporated into protein. Little glycolytic activity was demonstrated on prolonged incubation with 14 C-labelled glucose. A high rate of catabolism of amino acids to CO 2 was observed, as was a very high rate of acetate metabolism. Degradation of radiolabelled glutamate after incubation of eggs with 14 C acetate revealed labelling consistent with metabolism via the Krebs cycle. Thus, Schistosoma mansoni eggs utilize a wide variety of exogenous metabolites. They show active DNA and RNA metabolism, incorporation of amino acids into protein, and intermediary metabolism characterized by a low rate of glycolysis and an active Krebs cycle.
Relationship of goal setting, self-efficacy, and self-evaluation in dysphoric and socially anxious women

This study examined the relation between goal setting and self-efficacy and self-evaluation of interpersonal performance. Twelve dysphoric, 12 socially anxious, and 12 normal undergraduate women participated in videotaped interactions with normal female partners. Measures of goal setting and self-efficacy were obtained prior to the interactions and each member of the dyad evaluated her performance, as well as her partner's performance, immediately after the interaction. Objective observers also rated each partner's performance. The groups did not differ in personal goals or evaluations of their own performance. Observer ratings did not indicate differences in social competence among the three groups. When self-efficacy was considered, dysphoric and socially anxious subjects had larger discrepancies between their goals and efficacy ratings than normal subjects. Although dysphoric and socially anxious individuals did not set perfectionistic goals, they did set higher goals than they believed they could achieve.
Neuronal plasticity during sleep slow wave oscillations

Sleep is critical for regulation of synaptic efficacy, consolidation of memories and learning. It has been proposed that synaptic plasticity associated with sleep rhythms could contribute to consolidation of memories acquired during wakefulness. It was suggested that in the active state of sleep slow wave oscillation, the hippocampal formation activates latent memories stored in the neocortex (replay) and induce permanent changes in synaptic conductances. In this study, we present a thalamocortical network model of the slow-wave sleep activity characterized by repeatable (< 1 Hz) transitions between active (Up) and silent (Down) states of the network. The model consisted a layer of thalamic relay (TC) and reticular (RE) neurons in the thalamus as well as a model of cortical column with pyramidal neurons and inhibitory interneurons. All neurons were modeled based on the Hodgkin-Huxley kinetics. Spike-timing dependent synaptic plasticity was implemented to regulate synaptic efficacy. The slow oscillation was driven by intracortical dynamics; active states were initiated by the spontaneous miniature synaptic releases at different network sites [1] and propagated within the cortical network. The properties of slow oscillations depended on the intrinsic conductances, miniature synaptic releases, and the synaptic strength. In agreement with previous experimental studies, transition from the active to the silent state occurred more synchronously than the active state initiation. We found that the pattern of the active state propagation depended on the spatiotemporal pattern of activity on the previous cycle of slow oscillation and could be influenced by external input. Because of the refractoriness properties of the network, a probability of the next active state initiation was higher for the network site that initiated activity at the previous cycle. Furthermore, even weak external stimulation delivered to the network results in increase probability of up-state induction at the stimulation location. This suggests that spatially and temporally sparse hippocampal input could influence the spatiotemporal pattern of slow oscillation. Location of the initiation site and the pattern of active state propagation determined the relative timing of spiking in cortical neurons. When spike-time dependent synaptic plasticity (STDP) was implemented, there was a net decrease in synaptic strengths and, at the same time, an increase in the strength of specific synapses which were associated with the sequence replay. The change in synaptic weights between any two neurons was determined by the direction of active state propagation and by the distance between the neurons. Our study propose a mechanism of how interaction between cortically generated slow waves and sparse external input, possibly representing input from hippocampal formation, may lead to reorganization of synaptic strength during stage 3/4 sleep.
The discovery and development of compounds counteracting ethylene at the receptor level

The discovery and development of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) was not done as a single step but rather was found by studying various aspects of ethylene action and the ethylene receptors. It was first noted that 2, 5-norbornadiene seemed to counteract ethylene. Studies showed it was a competitive inhibitor of ethylene responses, and knowledge that ethylene antagonists like ethylene agonists bound to silver in the same order as they were active as inhibitors was obtained. Ring strain appeared to be a primary factor that led to trans-cyclooctene then to diazocyclopentadiene. This same concept allowed for the use of chemical concepts that lead to cyclopropenes. More recent work indicates additional factors can come into play in the development of ethylene antagonists at the receptor level and these are now being utilized to find additional and improved antagonists. 1-MCP is likely to remain a primary means of controlling ethylene responses for the immediate future.
Playing gateball: A game of the Japanese elderly

Abstract Gateball, which was developed after World War II, is a team sport explained as a combination of golf and croquet. It is now very popular, especially among elderly Japanese. To its followers, the appeal rests on it being a game of strategy which provides exercise for the mind as well as for the body. Analysis, based on three months of participant observation of a gateball group in the Osaka area, describes the game, the players, and the interaction that occurs daily. For this group, which plays four hours a day six days a week, as important as the physical and mental aspects of the game are the social aspects, especially the midmorning break. In a country with high life expectancy and relatively early retirement, gateball is a way for seniors to continue their lifelong pattern of group participation.
Structural and functional properties of the non-muscle tropomyosins.

The non-muscle tropomyosins (TMs), isolated from such tissues as platelets, brain and thyroid, are structurally very similar to the muscle TMs, being composed of two highly α-helical subunits wound around each other to form a rod-like molecule. The non-muscle TMs are shorter than the muscle TMs; sequence analysis demonstrates that each subunit of equine platelet TM consists of 247 amino acids, 37 fewer than for skeletal muscle TM. The major differences in sequence between platelet and skeletal muscle TM are found near the amino and carboxyl terminal ends of the proteins. Probably as the result of such alterations, the non-muscle TMs aggregate in a linear end-to-end manner much more weakly than do the muscle TMs. Since end-to-end interactions are responsible for the highly cooperative manner in which TM binds to actin, the non-muscle TMs have a lower affinity for actin filaments than do the muscle TMs. However, the attachment of other proteins to actin (e.g. the Tn-I subunit of skeletal muscle troponin or the S-1 subfragment of skeletal muscle myosin) can increase the affinity of actin filaments for non-muscle TM. The non-muscle TMs interact functionally with the Tn-I component of skeletal muscle troponin to inhibit the ATPase activity of muscle actomyosin and with whole troponin to regulate the muscle actomyosin ATPase in a Ca++-dependent manner, even though one of the binding sites for troponin on skeletal TM is missing in non-muscle TM. A novel actomyosin regulatory system can be produced using Tn-I, calmodulin and non-muscle TM; in this case inhibition is released when the non-muscle TM detaches from the actin filament in the presence of Ca++. Although it has not yet been demonstrated that the non-muscle TMs participate in a Ca++-dependent contractile regulatory systemin vivo it does appear that they are associated with actin filamentsin vivo.
The action spectrum for generation of the primary intermediate revealed by ultrafast absorption spectroscopy studies of pheomelanin.

The observation that fair-skinned individuals are more susceptible to skin cancers is commonly explained by invoking an enhanced photoreactivity of the red melanin, pheomelanin compared with the black melanin, eumelanin. For the wavelength range from 500 to 1000 nm, pump-probe spectroscopic measurements reveal the photoexcitation of pheomelanin by UVA light that generates an immediate ( 10 000 fractions of pheomelanin, indicating that the reactive chromophore has a low MW but is present and its photophysics is similar in the aggregated pigment. The shape of the action spectrum differs from the absorption spectrum of bulk melanin and mass-selected fractions but resembles reported absorption spectrum of benzothiazines, oxidation products of 5-S-cysteinyl-dopa, which are formed along the biosynthetic pathway of pheomelanin.
Fourier Representation Methods for Electronic Structures of Linear Polymers

The Fourier representation method described in the previous paper of this series is used to make electronic structure calculations for a linear chain of equally spaced hydrogen atoms. The electronic wavefunction is assumed to be a determinant of doubly-occupied crystal orbitals of modulated-plane-wave type, built from one 1s Slater-type orbital of screening parameter ζ centered on each atom. The energy is calculated from the electrostatic zero-order Hamiltonian with exact evaluation of all Coulomb and exchange contributions, and is optimized with respect to the lattice spacing and ζ value. Good agreement with work by others is noted, indicating a near-equivalence of modulated-plane-wave and tight-binding wavefunctions for this half-filled-valence-band system. The linear chain is calculated to be far more stable than cubic three-dimensional hydrogen crystals. This fact sheds light on the unusually large calculated nearest-neighbor distances in the cubic crystals, and is related to a suggestion that under certain conditions the most stable structure for solid atomic hydrogen may be of lower symmetry than cubic.
The use of intraventricular thrombolytics in intraventricular hemorrhage

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is associated with a high mortality and morbidity. Patients with this disorder may now be offered the possibility of treatment. This treatment comes in the form of intraventricular thrombolytics. At present a large randomized trial is testing the efficacy of intraventricular rt-PA in IVH in the setting of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) . Preliminary data suggests that it may be successful in patients with IVH in this setting. This trial is the accumulation of animal and human trials completed over the last 20 years.
An abbreviated Reynolds stress turbulence model for airfoil flows

An abbreviated Reynolds stress turbulence model is presented for solving turbulent flow over airfoils. The model consists of two partial differential equations, one for the Reynolds shear stress and the other for the turbulent kinetic energy. The normal stresses and the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy are computed from algebraic relationships having the correct asymptotic near wall behavior. This allows the model to be integrated all the way to the wall without the use of wall functions. Results for a flat plate at zero angle of attack, a NACA 0012 airfoil and a RAE 2822 airfoil are presented.
On effective axiomatizations of Hoare logics

For a wide class of programming languages P and expressive interpretations I, we show that there exist sound and relatively complete Hoare-like logics for both partial correctness and termination assertions. In fact, under mild assumptions on P and I, we show that the assertions true for P in I are uniformly decidable in the theory of I (Th(I)) iff the halting problem for P is decidable for finite interpretations. Moreover termination assertions are uniformly r.e. in Th(I) even if the halting problem for P is not decidable for finite interpretations. Since total correctness assertions coincide with termination assertions for deterministic programming languages, this last result unexpectedly suggests that the class of languages with good axiom systems for total correctness may be wider than for partial correctness.
Absorption-assisted mode transformation in butterfly compound eyes

The ommatidium of the butterfly's afocal apposition eye exhibits angular performance that can only be achieved by transforming the diffraction pattern of its corneal lens into the fundamental mode of its rhabdom waveguide. A graded index model of the ommatidium has been proposed and verified but the efforts to extract the transformation's underlying physics from it have been hindered by its extreme complexity. Here we numerically investigate the ommatidium model and reveal that the current model, involving only the graded index distribution, is insufficient for the transformation. We further find that adding spatially varying absorption to the existing model dramatically improves its transformation performance, producing near-perfect mode matching with overlap integral exceeding 0.96. Such a combined action of spatially varying index and absorption for microscale mode transformation is new to researchers in optics and biology and will benefit both disciplines.
Comparison of alternatives for the representation of data items values in an information system

This paper presents an analytic comparison of various techniques available for the representation of data within an information system. In selecting among alternatives, our design objective is to minimize the average space required by a data record. This will, in turn, minimize the average amount of data transported between secondary storage and main memory by the users of the information system and will tend to minimize the running time of the average retrieval program (Benner, 1967; Kennedy, 1973; and Severance, 1972).
The use of an untrained index response in a conditioned suppression paradigm

The need for extended training and motivational manipulations when using an instrumental index response in a conditioned suppression paradigm is often problematic. An index response requiring no prior training and no manipulation of motivational states is described. An experiment which exemplifies the use of this index response in a conditioned suppression paradigm is reported.
NIK is involved in nucleosomal regulation by enhancing histone H3 phosphorylation by IKKα

The exact physiological role of NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) in the NF-κB activation pathway has not been defined, although it is an upstream kinase of IKKα. Recent studies have indicated that IKKα is a nucleosomal modifier of NF-κB signaling. We hypothesized that NIK generates a proximal signal that contributes to IKKα modification of nucleosomal structure through phosphorylation of histone H3 and enhancement of target gene expression. By using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, our data show that endogenous IKKα is recruited to the promoter site of several NF-κB-dependent genes in macrophages. Our data show that immunoreactive NIK is rapidly recruited to nuclear compartment in macrophages in response to treatment with endotoxin where it augments phosphorylation of histone H3 by inducing phosphorylation and kinase activity of IKKα. A small interfering RNA knockdown of NIK markedly reduces phosphorylation of histone H3 in endotoxin treated macrophages. These data, together, demonstrate a novel role for NIK as a histone H3 modifier, through an accessory pathway from NIK to IKKα, that could play an important role in the endotoxin response through modification of nucleosomal structure.
Mechanical characterization of hollow ceramic nanolattices

In the analysis of complex, hierarchical structural meta-materials, it is critical to understand the mechanical behavior at each level of hierarchy in order to understand the bulk material response. We report the fabrication and mechanical deformation of hierarchical hollow tube lattice structures with features ranging from 10 nm to 100 μm, hereby referred to as nanolattices. Titanium nitride (TiN) nanolattices were fabricated using a combination of two-photon lithography, direct laser writing, and atomic layer deposition. The structure was composed of a series of tessellated regular octahedra attached at their vertices. In situ uniaxial compression experiments performed in combination with finite element analysis on individual unit cells revealed that the TiN was able to withstand tensile stresses of 1.75 GPa under monotonic loading and of up to 1.7 GPa under cyclic loading without failure. During the compression of the unit cell, the beams bifurcated via lateral-torsional buckling, which gave rise to a hyperelastic behavior in the load–displacement data. During the compression of the full nanolattice, the structure collapsed catastrophically at a high strength and modulus that agreed well with classical cellular solid scaling laws given the low relative density of 1.36 %. We discuss the compressive behavior and mechanical analysis of the unit cell of these hollow TiN nanolattices in the context of finite element analysis in combination with classical buckling laws, and the behavior of the full structure in the context of classical scaling laws of cellular solids coupled with enhanced nanoscale material properties.