cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of mRNA translation in renal physiology and disease

Translation, a process of generating a peptide from the codons present in messenger RNA, can be a site of independent regulation of protein synthesis; it has not been well studied in the kidney. Translation occurs in three stages (initiation, elongation, and termination), each with its own set of regulatory factors. Mechanisms controlling translation include small inhibitory RNAs such as microRNAs, binding proteins, and signaling reactions. Role of translation in renal injury in diabetes, endoplasmic reticulum stress, acute kidney injury, and, in physiological adaptation to loss of nephrons is reviewed here. Contribution of mRNA translation to physiology and disease is not well understood. Because it is involved in such diverse areas as development and cancer, it should prove a fertile field for investigation in renal science.
An Experimental Study of Well Control Procedures for Deepwater Drilling Operations

A research facility has been designed and constructed to model the well-control flow geometry present on a floating drilling vessel operating in 3,000 ft (914 m) of water. The main feature of this facility is a highly instrumented 6,000-ft (1829-m) well equipped with a packer and tripleparallel flow tube at 3,000 ft (914 m) to model a subsea blowout preventer (BOP) stack with connecting subsea choke and kill lines. Several types of experiments were conducted in which gas kicks were simulated by the injection of nitrogen into the bottom of the well. Alternative procedures studied and evaluated included techniques to compensate for chokeline frictional pressure loss during pump startup and techniques for handling rapid gas-zone elongation when the kick reaches the seafloor. It was found that the demands placed on a choke operator during well-control operations in deep water were not as severe as anticipated from computer simulator studies and could be managed with existing equipment by an experienced choke operator.
Interconnection Of Fiber Optics Local Area Networks

The purpose of this paper is two-fold: (a) To review the need for and the requirements of FOLAN interconnects; and (b) To present Tree-Net, a novel, multilevel, interconnected FOLAN architecture. We first review the basic FOLAN architectures and their requirements. Then, we discuss the problem of FOLAN interconnection and review some interconnect alternatives. Finally, we introduce Tree-Net, as an example of interconnect scheme, and evaluate its performance characteristics.
Temperature-independent magnetic relaxation in rare-earth layers.

We report a study of temperature-independent magnetic relaxation in multilayers based on anisotropic rare earths R(Tb,Dy,${\mathrm{Dy}}_{50}$${\mathrm{Co}}_{50}$,Nd) of the form R/Mo. We find a temperature-independent magnetic relaxation below a certain temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{0}$ which depends on the measuring field and rare earth for all of the anisotropic rare-earth systems studied including those with nonferromagnetic order. Elemental Tb layers show the largest value of ${\mathit{T}}_{0}$ being 29 K and exhibit a sharp crossover at ${\mathit{T}}_{0}$. We consider a mesoscopic quantum tunneling (MQT) interpretation of this crossover. While there is a general trend for ${\mathit{T}}_{0}$ to increase with increasing anisotropy strength, quantitative comparison with a simple MQT model indicates there is significant disagreement between experiment and theory for the Tb system. We also find no significant change in ${\mathit{T}}_{0}$ when the Dy system is alloyed with Co. We consider other explanations of the temperature-independent magnetic relaxation and point out that a model in which interactions between domains walls are included may explain these results. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
A review of tobacco use treatments in U.S. ethnic minority populations

Background. Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of disease and death in the United States. Among racial and ethnic minorities, disparities in tobacco use, knowledge of health risks and treatment resources, and access to and utilization of treatment contribute to a disproportionate disease burden from tobacco use. Furthermore, racial and ethnic minorities have been underrepresented within tobacco treatment studies. Purpose/Objective. This paper provides a review of published studies examining tobacco treatment interventions among ethnic and minority populations in the United States. Study Design/Methods. Literature searches were used to identify smoking cessation interventions involving racial/ethnic minority populations. Identified studies were published between 1985 and 2009 involving African-American, Latino, Native American, and Asian or Pacific Islander smokers. Studies included in the review (1) targeted one or more ethnic minority group or had at least 10% of study participants from ethnic minority groups and (2) reported abstinence outcomes. Results. Sixty-four studies were included in this review. Of studies meeting inclusion criteria, 28 included a primary focus on African-Americans, 10 focused on Latinos, 4 focused on Native Americans, and 3 focused on Asian-American smokers. An additional 19 studies reported samples including participants from more than one minority group. Sample inclusion criteria, intervention content and duration, follow-up, abstinence assessment, and limitations of these studies were reviewed. Conclusions. Individuals from racial and ethnic minority populations are interested in stopping smoking and willing to participate in treatment research. Variations in the content of treatment intervention and study design produced a range of abstinence outcomes across studies. Additional research is needed for all groups, including African-American smokers, and special attention is warranted for Latino, Native American, and Asian groups given the paucity of published studies. Although there were limited evaluations of pharmacotherapy, the existing data support use of pharmacotherapy in addition to counseling for enhancing abstinence outcomes. Further attention to level of individual smoking, variability in smoking patterns, and use of other tobacco products is needed, given known variation within and between racial and ethnic groups. Overall, findings are consistent with recommendations from the 2008 Clinical Practice Guidelines calling for increased research devoted to evaluating and enhancing tobacco use treatment interventions among racial and ethnic minority populations.
Measurement Models for Quantitative Ultrasonics

This lecture emphasizes the importance of measurement models. Two examples are discussed both from a theoretical and an experimental point of view. These are backscattering of body waves from a surface-breaking crack and reflection and transmission of surface waves by a surface-breaking crack. Measurement models also play a useful role in the training of neural networks, as discussed by the example of backscattering from a surface-breaking crack.
Scientific Habits of Mind in Virtual Worlds

In today’s increasingly “flat” world of globalization (Friedman 2005), the need for a scientifically literate citizenry has grown more urgent. Yet, by some measures, we have done a poor job at fostering scientific habits of mind in schools. Recent research on informal games-based learning indicates that such technologies and the communities they evoke may be one viable alternative—not as a substitute for teachers and classrooms, but as an alternative to textbooks and science labs. This paper presents empirical evidence about the potential of games for fostering scientific habits of mind. In particular, we examine the scientific habits of mind and dispositions that characterize online discussion forums of the massively multiplayer online game World of Warcraft. Eighty-six percent of the forum discussions were posts engaged in “social knowledge construction” rather than social banter. Over half of the posts evidenced systems based reasoning, one in ten evidenced model-based reasoning, and 65% displayed an evaluative epistemology in which knowledge is treated as an open-ended process of evaluation and argument.
Mechanistic analysis of chemical permeation enhancers for oral drug delivery

Traditionally, the oral route cannot be employed for the delivery of macromolecular drugs such as proteins and peptides due, in large part, to limited transport across the epithelial membrane. This particular challenge can potentially be addressed through the use of chemical permeation enhancers, which affect transcellular and/or paracellular transport routes. Although certain permeation enhancers have been proposed for use in oral delivery, potential for application is often unclear when the route of enhancer action is unknown. A combination of theory and experiments was developed for determining mechanism of enhancer action. The effect of 51 enhancers on Caco-2 cells was studied using TEER, MTT, and LDH assays. The mechanistic details of intestinal permeability enhancement were uncovered for a broad set of enhancers in vitro. Understanding gained from enhancer mechanisms enabled the deduction of structure–function relationships for hydrophilic and hydrophobic permeation enhancers as well as the identification of a transcellular enhancer, 0.01% (w/v) palmityldimethyl ammonio propane sulfonate, which enabled the non-cytotoxic intracellular delivery of a model drug. The results presented here emphasize the importance of understanding enhancer mechanism and uncover a zwitterionic surfactant capable of safely and effectively achieving intraepithelial drug delivery in vitro.
Sex cycle modulates cancer growth

Hypothesis. Among premenopausal women, both post-resection metastatic potential and tumor growth rate are influenced by the menstrual cycle. There is strong support for the former in large retrospective studies of surgical resection timing within the menstrual cycle and the following experiments were conducted to critically evaluate the latter. Methods. We studied a transplantable breast cancer of C3HeB/FeJ mice (3 studies), and a transplantable methylcholantherene A induced sarcoma of CD2F1 mice (2 studies). We concurrently measured local cancer size and estrous cycle stage up to twice and at least once each day. There is a natural individual variability in the average length of normal estrus (3-1/2 to 7 days) cycle in mice. We assessed the effect of the cycle stage and cycle duration on tumor size. Results. We found identical estrous cycle stage coordination of cancer size, and identical effects of cycling frequency across all studies in each of these two tumors, both of which express both estrogen receptor alpha and progesterone receptor. Little or no change in cancer size occurs during proestrus (preovulatory phase) and estrus (periovulatory phase); tumor size increases several fold during diestrus (post-ovulatory phase); and the tumor shrinks partially as the next proestrus phase is approached. Across both mouse strains and tumor types, mice whose average cycle length is briefer (faster cyclers), have slower average tumor growth rate than those with longer cycles (slower cyclers) who have faster tumor growth rates. Conclusion. The virtually identical modulation of tumor size and cancer growth rate, in each of two very different transplantable cancers (one, classically sex-hormone-dependent, and the other, never previously recognized as hormone dependent) growing in two unrelated inbred mouse strains, indicates that the fertility cycle related host factors affect cancer size and growth rate. These experimental findings suggest that cancer cell proliferation of both breast and non-breast cancers in premenopausal women may be meaningfully coordinated by the menstrual cycle. If this proves to be the case, then any therapeutic strategy targeting proliferating cancer cells should be most effective against cancer of cycling women when given during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycles.
Experimentally induced neuromuscular changes during and after nasal airway obstruction

Neuromuscular changes were studied by electromyography in rhesus monkeys which adapted to nasal obstruction for 2 years and then in the succeeding year recovered to nasal respiration. Obstructing the nasal passage with silicone plugs induced specific behavioral responses which remained for the duration of nasal obstruction and were lost within 8 days after removal of the plugs. Animals demonstrated individual variations, but more than 80% consistently maintained a lower mandibular posture for the entire 2-year period. Rhythmic mandibular, tongue, and upper lip movements were evident in fewer than 60% of the animals. Certain craniofacial and tongue muscles (the genioglossus, dorsal tongue fibers, digastric, geniohyoid, dilator naris, and vertically oriented fibers of the superior orbicularis oris, that is, lip-elevator fibers) were recruited rhythmically and remained rhythmically active throughout the entire 2-year period of nasal obstruction. This rhythmic activity ceased within 1 week after removal of the nose plugs. A tonic or consistent discharge was also induced in the genioglossus, dorsal tongue fibers, the geniohyoid, superior orbicularis oris, and lip-elevator fibers over the entire 2 years of nasal obstruction. Not all muscles lost their tonic discharge after removal of the nasal plugs. The genioglossus, geniohyoid, inferior orbicularis oris, and lip-elevator fibers discharged tonically during the recovery period. These data suggest that nasal obstruction can induce neuromuscular changes which extend beyond the period of obstruction and remain after the original stimulus for neuromuscular change has been removed.
Impact of Micro/Nanoscale Heat Transfer in Silicon Substrates on Thermal Interface Resistance Characterization

We consider different sources of potential systematic errors in the thermal interface resistance measurements. Sub-continuum heat conduction and spatial non-equilibrium between electrons and phonons in a metal may lead to overestimation of the thermal interface resistance. The use of an erroneous substrate thermal conductivity can also cause significant systematic errors in steady- and quasi-steady state measurements of the thermal interface resistance. Our results highlight an urgent need for new systematic experimental studies to confirm the magnitude of intrinsic thermal interface resistance.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Peptide substrate recognition by the epidermal growth factor receptor.

Abstract The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, like other protein tyrosine kinases, shows a preference for substrates having acidic residues in the vicinity of the tyrosyl residue that undergoes phosphorylation. We have developed a peptide substrate for the EGF receptor, termed tyrsub, which is based upon the highly acidic amino terminal sequence of human erythrocyte Band 3. Tyrsub possesses the lowest apparent Km(Km(app) = 32 μM) for phosphorylation by the EGF receptor of any peptide substrate reported to date. Using tyrsub, as well as analogs containing either Ser (sersub) or Phe (phesub) in place of Tyr, we investigated the relative importance of characteristics of the hydroxyaminoacyl residue in substrate recognition. Sersub was unable either to act as a substrate or serve as an effective inhibitor of tyrsub phosphorylation by the EGF receptor. Phesub was also unable to inhibit EGF-stimicrolable tyrsub phosphorylation, suggesting that the phenolic hydroxyl of the tyrosyl residue, rather than the aromatic ring, predominates in substrate recognition. These results indicate that for peptide substrates, at least, binding consists of two steps, recognition, in which the tyrosyl side chain plays the central role, and docking, in which residues surrounding the tyrosyl residue contribute to stabilizing binding interactions.
Losses of manurial nitrogen in free-stall barns

Abstract The objectives of this study were to measure nitrogen losses from dairy manure in free-stall dairy barns which were scraped once a day and to compare these results with a previously published model predicting nitrogen losses in the barn. From two farms floor samples were collected once a week from manure just scraped from each alley. The results of this sampling programme indicated that nitrogen losses were minimal when the average daily air temperature in the barn was below 5°C. Between 5°C and 25°C the losses increased with temperature, reaching 40% to 60% of the total nitrogen in the manure. The measured losses were similar to the model's predictions below 10°C but were greater than the predicted values at higher temperatures. Since the model considered only urea and ammonia nitrogen as available for loss, it is apparent from the farm data that under warm conditions significant quantities of non-urea organic nitrogen in both the urine and faeces are ammonified within 24 h.
Leaching of lead from computer printed wire boards and cathode ray tubes by municipal solid waste landfill leachates.

The proper management of discarded electronic devices (E-waste) is an important issue for solid waste professionals because of the magnitude of the waste stream and because these devices often contain a variety of toxic metals (e.g., lead). While recycling of E-waste is developing, much of this waste stream is disposed in landfills. Leaching tests are frequently used to characterize the potential of a solid waste to leach when disposed in a landfill. In the United States, the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) is used to determine whether a solid waste is a hazardous waste by the toxicity characteristic. The TCLP is designed to simulate worse-case leaching in a landfill environment where the waste is co-disposed with municipal solid waste (MSW). While the TCLP is a required analysis from a regulatory perspective, the leachate concentrations measured may not accurately reflect the concentrations observed under typical landfill conditions. Another method that can be performed to assess the degree a pollutant might leach from a waste in a landfill is to use actual landfill leachate as the leaching solution. In this study, two lead-containing components found in electronic devices (printed wire boards from computers and cathode ray tubes from computers and televisions) were leached using the TCLP and leachates from 11 Florida landfills. California's Waste Extraction Test (WET) and the Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure were also performed. The results indicated that the extractions using MSW landfill leachates resulted in lower lead concentrations than those by the TCLP. The pH of the leaching solution and the ability of the organic acids in the TCLP and WET to complex with the lead are factors that regulate the amount of lead leached.
Parallel evolution of multiple sex-chromosome systems in the phyllostomatid bats. Carollia and Choeroniscus.

Se describen los cariotipos deCarollia perspicillata, C. brevicauda, yC. castanea de Costa Rica y del Peru, y deChoeroniscus godmani de Costa Rica. La sistema de multiple cromosomas sexuales de machosXY1Y2/hembrasXX reportado por investigadores anteriores se encontraba en todos individuos con la excepcion deC. castanea del Peru yChoeroniscus godmani de Costa Rica. Estas poblaciones se consideran de haberse mantenido la sistema primitiva de cromosomas sexualesXX/XY.
Supporting narrative flow in presentation software

Commercial presentation software focuses on authoring, rather than on supporting the presentation process itself. Typical slide navigation tools are disruptive to the presentational flow and could disclose slides early. We present a navigation tool for slide presentations based on design principles such as "never hide the current slide." We kept the tool simple and easy to use to decrease the presenter's stress during a presentation.
Indoxyl derivatives: potential psychotropic metabolites.

Abstract Effects of indole, indican, 1-methylindole, 1-methylindican, indoxylo-acetate, adrenochrome, adrenolutin, adrenochrome methyl ether, and 5,66-dihydroxy-1-methylindole were examined on activity of rats doing a variable-interval, positive-reinforcement task (bar pressing for food reward). All of the 3-hydroxylated indoles with the exception of indican were active. When the 3-hydroxyl group was blocked or removed, as in adrenochrome methyl ether or 5, 6-dihydroxyl1-methylindole, activity was lost completely. 1-Methylindole was also active, but a study of its metabolism showed it to be converted to 1-methylindican, which is probably the active agent. A side observation was that ethanol exhibited a synergistic effect to indoxylo-acetate.
Metaphors in the Rhetoric of Pandemic Flu: Electronic Media Coverage of H1N1 and Swine Flu:

Drawing on pandemic flu metaphor research and building on previous metaphor theory, this article uses rhetorical analysis to examine and move toward understanding the metaphors surrounding H1N1 and swine flu. To understand these metaphors, I created two Google Alerts for the terms “H1N1” and “swine flu” and collected data using these Google Alerts from November 10, 2009 to December 10, 2009. I then examined the headlines and content found in the news articles, blogs, and websites from the Google Alerts, and grouped the metaphors used in these headlines and content thematically. These themes work toward providing a rhetoric of pandemic flu, a rhetoric that might assist health care recipients in being more aware of how metaphors used in electronic media create meaning for health concerns.
Mitochondrial dysfunction in a neural cell model of spinal muscular atrophy

Mutations of the survival motor neuron (SMN) gene in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) lead to anterior horn cell death. The cause is unknown, but motor neurons depend substantially on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) for normal function. Therefore, mitochondrial parameters were analyzed in an SMA cell culture model using small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection that decreased Smn expression in NSC-34 cells to disease levels. Smn siRNA knock-down resulted in 35% and 66% reduced Smn protein levels 48 and 72 hr posttransfection, respectively. ATP levels were reduced by 14% and 26% at 48 and 72 hr posttransfection, respectively, suggesting decreased ATP production or increased energy demand in neural cells. Smn knock-down resulted in increased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased free radical production. Changes in activity of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), a key OxPhos component, were observed at 72 hr with a 26% increase in oxygen consumption. This suggests a compensatory activation of the aerobic pathway, resulting in increased mitochondrial membrane potentials, a condition known to lead to the observed increase in free radical production. Further testing suggested that changes in ATP at 24 hr precede observable indices of cell injury at 48 hr. We propose that energy paucity and increased mitochondrial free radical production lead to accumulated cell damage and eventual cell death in Smn-depleted neural cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction may therefore be important in SMA pathology and may represent a new therapeutic target.
Relationships among ventral striatal dopamine release, cortisol secretion, and subjective responses to amphetamine.

There is evidence that stress and glucocorticoids alter drug self-administration and mesolimbic dopamine (DA) activity in preclinical models. The primary purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that glucocorticoids are associated with psychostimulant reinforcement and DA release in humans. In total, 16 healthy adults, ages 18–27 years, underwent two consecutive 90-min PET studies with high specific activity [11C]raclopride. The first scan was preceded by intravenous saline, and the second by intravenous amphetamine (AMPH 0.3 mg/kg). DA release was defined as the percent change in raclopride binding between the placebo and AMPH scans. Measures of subjective drug effects, plasma cortisol, and growth hormone (GH) were obtained. Findings showed that cortisol levels were positively associated with AMPH-induced DA release in the left ventral striatum (LVS) and the dorsal putamen. Subjects with higher cortisol responses to AMPH also reported more positive subjective drug effects than subjects with lower cortisol responses; no association was observed between cortisol levels and negative drug effects. Higher ratings of positive drug effects were also associated with greater DA release in the LVS, dorsal putamen, and dorsal caudate. A general lack of relationship was observed between GH responses to AMPH and DA release or subjective drug responses. Our findings provide evidence of interrelationships between glucocorticoid levels, subjective responses to IV AMPH, and brain DA release in humans. The results are consistent with those of preclinical studies, suggesting that individual differences in HPA axis function may influence vulnerability to alcohol and drug dependence in humans.
Autoimmune Ovarian Inflammation Triggered by Proinflammatory (Th1) T Cells Is Compatible with Normal Ovarian Function in Mice

The detection of noninfectious ovarian inflammation (oophoritis) and serum ovarian autoantibodies in a patient with premature ovarian failure is indicative of an autoimmune etiology. The mechanisms of autoimmune ovarian injury leading to loss of function are currently unknown. In this study we investigated the impact of oophoritis on ovarian function based on two murine autoimmune ovarian disease (AOD) models. AOD can be induced by thymectomy at Day 3 after birth (d3tx). D3tx mice develop ovarian inflammation and atrophy with loss of oocytes. In these mice, ovarian atrophy and not oophoritis correlated with abnormal estrous cyclicity. The second AOD model is induced by active immunization of adult mice with a murine ZP3 peptide (pZP3) in adjuvant. After active immunization, the zona pellucida antibody titer, not oophoritis, correlated with reduced fertility. To investigate the effect of oophoritis in the absence of antibody response or ovarian atrophy, pZP3-specific T cells were passively transferred into naive syngeneic mice. This recruited cytokine-producing cells into the ovaries so that elevated cytokine production and its effect on ovarian function could be examined. Recipients of pZP3-specific T cells developed severe granulomatous oophoritis, and the diseased ovaries had elevated ovarian mRNA levels of interferon-gamma, interleukin-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Despite these changes, fertility rates and gonadotropin-induced follicular development remained essentially normal. Therefore, normal ovarian function is compatible with severe ovarian inflammation mediated by autoreactive T cells.
Facile benzylation of aromatics in ionic liquid solvents promoted by TfOH, Sc(OTf)3, and Yb(OTf)3·xH2O; New life for a classic transformation

Benzylation of aromatics with PhCH2Cl and PhCH2OH is conveniently performed in [BMIM][OTf] or [BMIM][PF6] ionic liquids (ILs), by using TfOH, Sc(OTf)3 and Yb(OTf)3·xH2O as catalysts. With PhCH2Cl, high conversions were achieved by using 20% Sc(OTf)3 or Yb(OTf)3 hydrate under mild conditions (65–80 °C). Triflic acid is superior to Yb(OTf)3 as promoter for benzylation with PhCH2OH in the IL solvent, since in most cases little or no dibenzyl ether (DBE) was formed as side product. The scope of arene benzylation with benzyl alcohol in the TfOH-catalyzed and Yb(OTf)3-catalyzed reactions was examined in [BMIM][PF6] solvent. Whereas conversions are typically quantitative at 65–70 °C, minor amounts of DBE were produced, along with the corresponding ArCH2Ph (with minor amounts of dibenzylated derivatives being detected in benzylation of mesitylene and biphenyl). Substrate selectivity (KT/KB) and regioselectivity (isomer distribution) measured for benzylation in IL solvents employing TfOH or Yb(OTf)3 as catalyst are similar to those reported previously in molecular solvents employing Nafion-H, AlCl3, TiCl4 or “clayzic”. The observed high yields and chemoselectivities (absence of DBE), coupled to easy isolation of the benzylated products and recycling/reuse of the IL, provide a new life for this classical transformation.
Semantic Differential Stability as a Function of Meaning Domain

A comparison of ratings of five intensional and of five extensional concepts by both separate and combined batteries of fifteen intensional and fifteen extensional semantic differential scales showed significant patterns of differences. The results indicate that the troublesome scale/concept interaction which in past studies has lowered the internal validity of many investigations can be reduced by the simple expedient of controlling for homogeneity of domain of scales and concepts employed. Some evidence also was found indicating the existence of a group of scales which apply equally well to both types of concepts.
Relation of DASH- and Mediterranean-like dietary patterns to cognitive decline in older persons.

Objectives: We examined whether accordance to the DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension) and Mediterranean diets is associated with slower cognitive decline in a prospective Chicago cohort study of older persons, the Memory and Aging Project. Methods: The sample comprised 826 Memory and Aging Project participants (aged 81.5 ± 7.1 years) who completed a 144-item food frequency questionnaire at baseline and 2 or more cognitive assessments over 4.1 years. Dietary scores were computed for accordance to the DASH diet (0–10) and the Mediterranean diet (MedDietScore) (0–55). For both, higher scores reflect greater accordance. Both patterns share at least 3 common food components. Cognitive function was assessed annually with 19 cognitive tests from which global cognitive scores and summary measures are computed. Results: The mean global cognitive score at baseline was 0.12 (range, −3.23 to 1.60) with an overall mean annual change in score of −0.08 standardized units. Only 13 participants had possible dementia. The mean DASH score was 4.1 (range, 1.0–8.5) and the MedDietScore was 31.3 (range, 18–46). In mixed models adjusted for covariates, a 1-unit difference in DASH score was associated with a slower rate of global cognitive decline by 0.007 standardized units (standard error of estimate = 0.003, p = 0.03). Similarly, a 1-unit-higher MedDietScore was associated with a slower rate of global cognitive decline by 0.002 standardized units (standard error of estimate = 0.001, p = 0.01). Conclusions: These findings support the hypothesis that both the DASH and Mediterranean diet patterns are associated with slower rates of cognitive decline in the same cohort of older persons.
Phase behavior of polyisoprene-poly(butylene oxide) and poly(ethylene-alt-propylene)-poly(butylene oxide) block copolymers

We prepared two sets of model polyisoprene-poly(butylene oxide) (PI-b-PBO) and poly(ethylene-alt-propylene)-PBO (PEP-b-PBO) diblock copolymers (molecular weights: 20000 ∼ 60000 g/mol and polydispersity indices <1.1) through anionic polymerization and catalytic hydrogenation. The phase behavior was investigated by rheology and small angle X-ray scattering. A relatively high-molecular-weight (60000 g/mol) PI-b-PBO is still disordered at room temperature. Four ordered morphologies, i.e., lamellae (LAM), hexagonally packed cylinders (HEX), gyroid and hexagonally perforated layers (HPL), were found in the PEP-b-PBO copolymers at PBO volume fractions of 0.49–0.62. Notably, a highly ordered HPL structure was observed in a PEP-b-PBO sample without being subjected to any shear alignment. Very long periods of annealing experiments (up to 16 months) were performed at room temperature to study the complex phase transitions among gyroid, HPL and HEX/LAM in a PEP-b-PBO copolymer.
Point of view in personal memories

Abstract A structural aspect of personal memories was examined in four studies. In some memories, one has the perspective of an observer, seeing oneself “from the outside.” In other memories, one sees the scene from one's own perspective; the field of view in such memories corresponds to that of the original situation. The existence of “observer” and “field” memories was confirmed in Study 1, using a recall questionnaire. In Study 2, the similarity structure of a specified set of eight to-be-recalled situations was established: the significant dimensions were “emotionality” and “self-awareness.” Study 3 related these dimensions to the observer-field distinction; situations involving a high degree of emotion and selfawareness were most likely to be recalled with an observer perspective. Recall set was varied in Study 4: a focus on feelings (as opposed to objective circumstances) produced relatively more field memories. Studies 3 and 4 also showed that events reported as more recent tend to be recalled in the field mode. Thus a qualitative characteristic of personal memories—the perspective from which they are experienced—is apparently related to characteristics of the original event, to the individual's purpose in recalling that event, and to the reported recall interval.
Analysis Versus Production: Adolescent Cognitive and Attitudinal Responses to Antismoking Interventions

This study examined cognitive and attitudinal responses of adolescents to two inoculation-based media-literacy intervention approaches designed to reinforce adolescents' attitudes against smoking. Participants were junior high students (sixth, seventh, and eighth grade) from schools in the northeast. Two kinds of experimental workshops and a control group were used in a repeated measure nonequivalent group experimental design. The two intervention workshops developed included analysis (where participants discussed and analyzed cigarette and antismoking ads) and production (where participants discussed, analyzed, and then created their own antismoking ads). Results showed an overall support for the production workshop in eliciting more attention and positive workshop perceptions than the analysis workshop. The production workshop was also successful in reducing positive attitudes toward smoking over time. Implications and directions for future research are discussed including implications for theories of message processing.
Human impacts, plant invasion, and imperiled plant species in California.

Invasive species are one of the fastest growing conservation problems. These species homogenize the world's flora and fauna, threaten rare and endemic species, and impose large economic costs. Here, we examine the distribution of 834 of the more than 1000 exotic plant taxa that have become established in California, USA. Total species richness increases with net primary productivity; however, the exotic flora is richest in low-lying coastal sites that harbor large numbers of imperiled species, while native diversity is highest in areas with high mean elevation. Weedy and invasive exotics are more tightly linked to the distribution of imperiled species than the overall pool of exotic species. Structural equation modeling suggests that while human activities, such as urbanization and agriculture, facilitate the initial invasion by exotic plants, exotics spread ahead of the front of human development into areas with high numbers of threatened native plants. The range sizes of exotic taxa are an order of magnitude smaller than for comparable native taxa. The current small range size of exotic species implies that California has a significant ''invasion debt'' that will be paid as exotic plants expand their range and spread throughout the state.
Conceptual and methodological suggestions for improving cross-national measures of civil society: Commentary on Heinrich

Volkhart Finn Heinrich has provided an important contribution to the comparative study of civil society, both by writing his conceptually lucid article and by developing the very promising Civil So...
Toward a theory of disintegration in communication networks

This article explores the nature of organizational dissolution by utilizing the terminology and logic of graph theory. More specifically, the role of communication in network decay is studied. It is argued that as an organization dissolves, it is marked by an increasing number of cliques and factions leading to network stratification. Both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the communication relation are found to influence network disintegration.
Trifluoromethylation of alkenyl bromides and iodides (including 5-iodouracils) with (CF3)2Hg and Cu ( trifluoromethylcopper )

Bromo- and iodoalkenes undergo trifluoromethylation efficiently in DMA with “CF3Cu” generated from (CF3)2Hg and Cu. Variable stereochemical inversion is observed with substrates having a gem-carbonyl group. Substrates having gem-hydrogen, -alkyl, or -alkenyl groups give products with stereochemical retention.
Development and Application of RFLPs in Polyploids

Mapping and application of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in polyploids has lagged behind diploids due to complications from (i) a large number of segregating genotypes, (ii) comigration of fragments, (iii) poorly characterized genome constitution and/or chromosome pairing behavior, and (iv) complicated genotype characterization due to multiple fragments (.)
Subpixel Target Detection And Tracking

Six different algorithms (Single Differencing, Double Differencing, Linear Interpolated Differencing, Parabolic Interpolated Differencing, Spatial Differencing and Spatial Filtering) are investigated to judge their ability to track subpixel targets in moving background and additive noise. This investigation used a set of computer generated imagery for the targets, background and the additive noise. Based on this extensive simulation study, guidelines are provided about the selection of the algorithms.
Transport theory of relativistic heavy-ion collisions with chiral symmetry

A transport theory with chiral symmetry is developed from the quark level to describe the chiral dynamics in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. The strong interaction is treated effectively by the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model. A set of generalized Boltzmann equations of constitutent quarks and mesons is derived by using the closed time-path Green's function technique and a loop expansion approach. Chiral symmetry, energy spectrum and dissipation, and density distributions of constitutent quarks and mesons can then be studied self-consistently in the nonequilibrium dynamical processes. In particular, the discussion for exploring chiral symmetry breaking and its restoration and for studying dynamics of meson production (as collective qq\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} excitations) in heavy-ion collisions is presented.
Determining the Conformer Populations of (R)-(+)-3-Methylcyclopentanone Using Vibrational Absorption, Vibrational Circular Dichroism, and Specific Rotation

Experimental mid-infrared absorption and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectra of (R)-(+)-3-methylcyclopentanone were measured in CCl4 solution. Theoretical absorption and VCD spectra were obtained with B3LYP functional and large basis sets, namely aug-cc-pVDZ, 6-311++G(2d,2p), and aug-cc-pVTZ. From the temperature dependent absorption spectra, ΔH° for equatorial ↔ axial equilibrium was determined to be 4.84 kJ/mol, and the ratio of percent populations of equatorial-methyl:axial-methyl conformers, to be 87:13. The populations of equatorial-methyl and axial-methyl conformers were also determined using the experimental and predicted vibrational intensities. However, the errors associated with the populations determined from infrared absorption and VCD band intensities are fairly large. Optical rotation of (+)-3-methylcyclopentanone at 589 nm was measured as a function of concentration in CCl4, CH3OH, and CH3CN solvents, and intrinsic rotation was extracted therefrom. Theoretical specific rotations we...
Off the Record: The Technology and Culture of Sound Recording in America

"The most fascinating aspect of Off the Record involves tracing the complex paths by which devices that are now commonplace originally came into being, gained markets, and slowly evolved. Each chapter is filled with brave hopes, false starts, mistaken social assumptions, and solutions that were almost, but not quite, right. Morton does a fine job of demonstrating multiple contingencies in the by-no-means-certain evolution of now-familiar technologies." --Jeffery L. Meikle, American Studies, University of Texas at Austin David Morton examines the process of invention, innovation, and diffusion of communications technology, using the history of sound recording as the focus. Recording culture in America emerged, Morton writes, not through the dictates of the technology alone but in complex ways that were contingent upon the actions of users. Readers will learn, for example, that the equipment to create the telephone answering machine has been around for a century, but that the ownership and use of these items was a hotly contested issue in the telephone industry at the turn of the twentieth-century. As a result, its commercial development was stifled for decades. Morton illustrates his broad-based approach to sound technology with five case studies: the phonograph record, recording in the radio business, the dictation machine, the telephone answering machine, and home taping. Each of these case studies dispels the popular notion that recording is all about music, and they tell a much more complete story of sound recording technology and history. David Morton is research historian for the IEEE History Center at Rutgers University.
Pedagogical Content Knowledge for World History Teachers: What is It? How Might Prospective Teachers Develop It?

This article takes up the question of world history teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge by reporting on two separate but related projects. In the first, we briefly discuss an empirical investigation one of the authors conducted into the ways that pre- and in-service world history teachers think about, organize, and make meaning of separate and discrete world historical events, first for themselves and then for their students. It demonstrates the value of world history teachers making multiple connections among world historical events from the biggest to the smallest ones to construct dynamic and coherent pictures of the past for themselves and their students. In the second project, we discuss our innovative history lab, a course designed to help undergraduates enrolled in a world history course “see” the pedagogical moves their world history instructors make. We designed this pedagogical history lab to foster future teachers’ understandings of the content knowledge needed to teach world history while ...
The dynamo of the diurnal tide and its effect on the thermospheric circulation

A theoretical multiconstituent model (including O, N2, and O2) which describes the interactions between neutral winds, dynamo electric fields, and ion drifts is used to interpret observations that revealed a dominance of the fundamental diurnal tide in the upper thermosphere and at equatorial latitudes, and its effect on the thermospheric circulation. The model is shown to reproduce reasonably well the magnitudes of the neutral winds, ion drift velocities, and the ratio between the two. A solution for the neutral winds in which the dynamo electric field is forced to zero shows that the dynamo-induced ion drift is very important in accelerating the neutral atmosphere at higher altitudes. The dynamo interaction primarily affects the curl component of the field; its effect on the temperature and density perturbations is small.
The Risks of Race in Addressing Health Disparities

There are undeniable differences among population groups in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and social burden of serious diseases. However, some ways of representing the problem of health disparities may have unintended and unfortunate consequences. In particular, how we think about “race” and “ethnicity” carries grave risks.
Verwey transition in magnetite: Finite-temperature mean-field solution of the Cullen-Callen model.

Verwey transition in magnetite is studied by solving the Cullen-Callen spinless one-band model at finite temperature, extending the work of Cullen and Callen from the T=0 to T\ensuremath{\ne}0 regime. A complete phase diagram of the model in the (U/t,T) plane is presented here, which exhibits three phases\char22{}a disordered phase and two ordered phases, one multiply ordered and one singly ordered. It is also explicitly shown that the transitions from the disordered phase to the ordered phases are of the first-order type, and they are entropy driven. I also find that for the transition temperature near the experimental value of 120 K, the transition is from the disordered state to the multiply ordered state, and not to the singly ordered state.
Glandular schwannoma in a 17-month-old child.

Glandular schwannoma is an infrequent tumor, especially in the pediatric age group. We report a case in which the tumor developed in the retroperitoneum of a 17-month-old girl without stigmata of Von Recklinghausen's disease (VRD). She presented a local recurrence and bone and pulmonary metastases at 11, 23, and 30 months, respectively, after tumor resection. The pathologic findings in the original tumor did not permit us to predict its potential to metastasize. The ultrastructural characteristics of both glandular and schwannian elements are described. The rarity of this neoplasia in children and the absence of histological parameters of agressiveness are emphasized.
Effects of harmane (1-methyl-β-carboline) on neurons in the nucleus accumbens of the rat

Harmane, a β-carboline alkaloid reported to exert locomotor and psychoactive effects, is found in certain plants and also has been shown to exist in the mammalian brain as an endogenous substance. In this study, the effects of locally perfused harmane were examined on spontaneous neuronal activity in the nucleus accumbens of urethane-anesthetized rats. Extracellular single-unit recording, coupled with push-pull perfusion, enabled the discrimination of specific, dose-related effects of harmane across a wide concentration range. At lower concentration (10−9–10−11 M), excitation prevailed, while at higher concentrations (10−8–10−6 M) depression was most pronounced. These findings suggest a neuromodulatory role for harmane in the forebrain reward system.
A New and Simplified Process for Preparing N-[4-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-naphthalenylidene]methanamine and a Telescoped Process for the Synthesis of (1S-cis)-4-(3,4-Dichlorophenol)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-N-methyl-1-naphthalenamine Mandelate: Key Intermediates in the Synthesis of Sertraline Hydrochloride

N-[4-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-naphthalenylidene]methanamine, sertraline imine (3), is an intermediate for the synthesis of Zoloft, sertraline hydrochloride (1). A cleaner, simpler, and more efficient alternative to the Schiff base-mediated formation of sertraline imine has been developed and is presented in this paper. The condensation reaction between 4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-naphthalone, sertraline tetralone (2), and monomethylamine was carried out in ethanol, without the need for classical dehydrating agent, such as TiCl4, or more novel approaches, such as molecular sieves, both of which produce hazardous byproducts and solid wastes. The low solubility of the imine 3 in this type of solvent is exploited, such that the reaction equilibrium favorably enhances the imine formation. Furthermore, an improved and highly selective catalytic reduction of 3 with Pd/CaCO3 catalyst in ethanol as the reaction solvent, followed by the resolution of the racemic cis isomer (6) with d-(−)-...
Duality in compactified string theory.

We reformulate compactified strings in order to manifest its duality under the transformation {ital R}{r arrow}{alpha}{prime}/{ital R}. New degrees of freedom {ital y}{sup {ital i}} 's are introduced. The duality for the nonperturbative effects of orbifolds is also proved using the new formalism.