cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploitation of commercial remote sensing images: reality ignored?

The remote sensing market is on the verge of being awash in commercial high-resolution images. Market estimates are based on the growing numbers of planned commercial remote sensing electro-optical, radar, and hyperspectral satellites and aircraft. EarthWatch, Space Imaging, SPOT, and RDL among others are all working towards launch and service of one to five meter panchromatic or radar-imaging satellites. Additionally, new advances in digital air surveillance and reconnaissance systems, both manned and unmanned, are also expected to expand the geospatial customer base. Regardless of platform, image type, or location, each system promises images with some combination of increased resolution, greater spectral coverage, reduced turn-around time (request-to- delivery), and/or reduced image cost. For the most part, however, market estimates for these new sources focus on the raw digital images (from collection to the ground station) while ignoring the requirements for a processing and exploitation infrastructure comprised of exploitation tools, exploitation training, library systems, and image management systems. From this it would appear the commercial imaging community has failed to learn the hard lessons of national government experience choosing instead to ignore reality and replicate the bias of collection over processing and exploitation. While this trend may be not impact the small quantity users that exist today it will certainly adversely affect the mid- to large-sized users of the future.
Production of KPC-2 alone does not always result in β-lactam MICs representing resistance in gram-negative pathogens.

In 2010, the CLSI lowered the susceptibility breakpoints for many cephalosporins and the carbapenems to streamline the screening of potential carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Despite this effort, cases of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae that demonstrate susceptibility to the
Time-Frequency Based Sensor Fusion in the Assessment and Monitoring of Machine Performance Degradation

Machines degrade as a result of aging and wear, which decreases their performance reliability and increases the potential for faults and failures. In contemporary manufacturing it becomes increasingly important to predict and prevent machine failures, rather than allowing the machine to fail and then fixing the failure. In this paper, methods of time-frequency signal analysis will be used to capture information from multiple machine sensors. This information could be used to assess machine performance degradation and subsequently take appropriate action. Signals emanating from three different sensors were collected when a sharp and a worn tool have been mounted on a CNC lathe machine. Several combinations of sensors and signal features have been tried in order to demonstrate the ability to use the information from multiple sensors and increase sensitivity to tool wear.© 2002 ASME
The collective excitation of 103Pd following (heavy ion, xn) reactions

Abstract The energy level structure of 103 Pd was studied using the reactions 100 Ru(α, nγ) 103 Pd and 94 Zr( 12 C, 3nγ) 103 Pd. The experiments included the measurement of γ-ray yield as a function of incident projectile energy, γ-γ coincidence measurements, γ-ray angular distributions, and γ-ray linear polarization measurements. Two ΔI = 2 bands built on the 7 2 + and 11 1 − intrinsic states were observed. The ( 12 C, 3n) reaction was found to be much more effective than the (α, n) reaction in exciting these bands. A decay scheme is presented showing energies up to 6049 keV and spins up to 35 2 . Additional information relating to the coupling between the odd particle and the core is presented. A cascade of six γ-rays in 103 Rh was observed following the reaction 94 Zr( 12 C, p2nγ) 103 Rh.
Constructal theory of design in engineering and nature

This is a brief introduction to an engineering theory on the origin and generation of geometric form in all flow systems: the animate, the in animate and the engineered. The theory is named constructal, and is based on the thought that it is natural for cur rents to construct for them selves in time paths of greater flow access. It is shown that this process of flow path optimization can be reasoned on the basis of principle: the maximization of global performance subject to finite-size constraints. One example is the generation of tree-shaped flow pat terns, as paths of least resistance between one point (source, sink) and an infinity of points (area, volume), as in the circulatory, respiratory and nervous systems. Another is the generation of regular spacing's in heat generating volumes, such as swarms of honey - bees. The optimized tree-flow geometries ac count for allometric laws, e. g., the relation ship between the total tube contact area and the body size, the proportionality between metabolic rate and body size raised to the power 3/4, the proportionality between breathing and heart beating times and body size raised to the power 1/4, and the proportionality between the cruising speed of flying bodies (in sects, birds, air planes) and body mass raised to the power 1/6. The optimized flow structures constitute robust designs, and robustness improves as the complexity of the system increases. Flow architectures that are more efficient look more natural.
Intraoperative decision making in medialization laryngoplasty

One of the major advantages of laryngeal framework surgery is that it affords the surgeon an opportunity to obtain feedback during the procedure so that appropriate modifications can be made intraoperatively to achieve an optimal result. In order to maximize the opportunity for intraoperative adjustments, it is necessary to perform these procedures under local anesthesia. This way, the patient can phonate while the surgeon monitors the response perceptually and observes the alterations in surface anatomical configuration by flexible fiberoptic endoscopy. Medialization thyroplasty is the most predictable of the framework procedures and allows the surgeon to create measured contour alterations of the vocal fold. Routine decisions must be made regarding exposure, placement of incisions, and shim designs. The decision to employ adjunctive procedures or alternative materials is often made during surgery. Above all, the surgeon must be prepared to alter the planned procedure when faced with surgical complications and inadvertent tissue injuries that threaten the patient's well being and the surgical result.
What is so special about Arg 55 in the catalysis of cyclophilin A? Insights from hybrid QM/MM simulations

Potential of mean force (PMF) simulations with a hybrid QM/MM potential function were used to analyze the catalytic mechanism of human cyclophilin A (CypA). PMF calculations were performed for proline isomerization of peptides in solution, the wild-type CypA, and several CypA mutants. With an approximate density functional theory, the self-consistent-charge density functional tight binding (SCC-DFTB) as the QM level, and CHARMM 22 force field as MM, satisfactory energetics compared to available experiments were obtained. Calculations for the Arg55Ala and zero-charge-Arg55 mutants clearly indicated that Arg 55 significantly stabilizes the isomerization transition state through electrostatic interactions. However, the decrease in the average distance (thus the increase in interaction) between Arg 55 and the substrate amide N in going from the stable states to the transition state is mainly due to the pyramidalization of the amide N rather than motions associated with Arg 55. Although the nanosecond simulati...
Warning: Launch off Shift Tests for Delay Faults May Contribute to Test Escapes

Two methods to apply tests to detect delay faults in standard scan designs are used. One is called launch off capture and the other is called launch off shift. Launch off shift test method has the advantage that it provides higher fault coverage at reduced test generation time and test pattern counts. However a concern expressed often in the literature is the potential over testing or yield loss caused by the fact that launch off shift operates the circuit under test in non-functional manner. In this paper we present data, for the first time, which points to another potential problem with launch off shift tests. The data presented for ISCAS-89 benchmark circuits shows that a considerable numbers of functionally detectable transition delay faults are not detected by the normally used launch off shift tests that use a single fault activation cycle. Functionally detectable faults that escape tests could cause circuit malfunction in normal operation. Thus launch off shift tests when used in manufacturing test may result in test escapes. We also present data that shows that if launch off shift tests with multiple fault activation cycles are used essentially all functionally detectable faults can be detected.
Estimation of the day-specific probabilities of conception: current state of the knowledge and the relevance for epidemiological research

Conception, as defined by the fertilisation of an ovum by a sperm, marks the beginning of human development. Currently, a biomarker of conception is not available; as conception occurs shortly after ovulation, the latter can be used as a proxy for the time of conception. In the absence of serial ultrasound examinations, ovulation cannot be readily visualised leaving researchers to rely on proxy measures of ovulation that are subject to error. The most commonly used proxy measures include: charting basal body temperature, monitoring cervical mucus, and measuring urinary metabolites of oestradiol and luteinising hormone. Establishing the timing of the ovulation and the fertile window has practical utility in that it will assist couples in appropriately timing intercourse to achieve or avoid pregnancy. Identifying the likely day of conception is clinically relevant because it has the potential to facilitate more accurate pregnancy dating, thereby reducing the iatrogenic risks associated with uncertain gestation. Using data from prospective studies of couples attempting to conceive, several researchers have developed models for estimating the day-specific probabilities of conception. Elucidating these will allow researchers to more accurately estimate the day of conception, thus spawning research initiatives that will expand our current limited knowledge about the effect of exposures at critical periconceptional windows. While basal body temperature charting and cervical mucus monitoring have been used with success in field-based studies for many years, recent advances in science and technology have made it possible for women to get instant feedback regarding their daily fertility status by monitoring urinary metabolites of reproductive hormones in the privacy of their own homes. Not only are innovations such as luteinising hormone test kits and digital fertility monitors likely to increase study compliance and participation rates, they provide valuable prospective data that can be used in epidemiological research. Although we have made great strides in estimating the timing and length of the fertile window, more work is needed to elucidate the day-specific probabilities of conception using proxy measures of ovulation that are inherently subject to error. Modelling approaches that incorporate the use of multiple markers of ovulation offer great promise to fill these important data gaps.
Falling between the Cracks Control and Communication Challenges of a Temporary Workforce

Temporary workers are part of the quickly expanding and maturing contingent labor industry. Through observations of industry practice and worker self-reports, this study illustrates some of the con...
Breakup of turbulent liquid jets in still gases

An investigation of the breakup lengths of. turbulentliquid jets in still -gases is described. Different ~breakup modes were visualized and mean and fluctuating breakup lengths were measured for round turbulent free jets of water and ethanol in still air at standard temperature and pressure. Jet exit conditions were limited to non-cavitating flows with long length/diameter ratio constant area injector passages and jet exit Reynolds numbers of 6,000140,000, Two turb.ulent liquid column breakup modes were observed: a turbulent primary breakup ,, mode observed at small Weber numbers and a bag/shear breakup mode observed at large Weber numbers. The turbulent primary breakup-mode was successfully associated with existing theories of this process as the condition where drop sizes resulting from turbulent primary breakup are comparable to the diameter of the liquid column itself. ,The bag/shear breakup mode was observed when liquid turbulence caused large deformations of the liquid column, placing portions of the column in cross flow; this caused bag or shear breakup of the liquid column as a whole which was successfully associated with existing theories of bag and shear breakup of nonturbulent round liquid jets in cross flowing gases.
In situ studies of electrode reactions: The mechanism of lithium intercalation in TiS2

Abstract The mechanism of lithium intercalation into TiS2 is poorly understood even though the system LixTiS2 (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1) has been extensively studied. This mechanism is critical in the functioning of Li TiS 2 nonaqueous batteries. In this report we describe several techniques which are used to study this mechanism. These methods consist of ex situ and in situ optical and X-ray techniques which yield information regarding the mechanism of lithium intercalation and factors which effect this process during the operation of Li TiS 2 batteries.
Monitoring large-scale cryosphere/atmosphere interactions

Abstract Routine large-scale monitoring of the cryosphere is performed almost exclusively through satellite observations. Monthly and seasonal estimates of Arctic and Antarctic sea-ice area derived from the weekly Navy/NOAA satellite-based operational analyses are used to monitor large scale climate fluctuations. Weekly and monthly estimates of Northern Hemisphere snow cover area are produced in real-time by NOAA/NESDIS. This paper describes some of the principal modes of sea-ice variability and summarizes some recent investigations which suggest cryosphere-atmosphere-ocean interactions. Interannual variability of sea-ice area is discussed in terms of large-scale atmospheric fluctuations, including possible relationships to the extremes in the phase of the Southern Oscillation (SO). Snow cover and sea-ice operational estimates are currently produced through subjective analysis of satellite imagery. This paper outlines some of the requirements for objective analyses of the cryosphere based on the physical constraints imposed by the cryosphere-atmosphere-ocean climate system.
Cytochemical staining procedures selective for sarcotubular systems of muscle: modifications and applications.

The diaminobenzidine (DAB)-ferrocyanide cytochemical procedure for staining of myocardial sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), first described by Waugh and his co-workers, has been subjected to further experimentation and modification. We have found, on the basis of studies utilizing inhibitory substances and conditions, that the staining reaction in the SR apparently is not attributable to endogenous peroxidase activity within the lumina of the SR tubules and saccules (nor, for that matter, to the activity of any species of enzyme). Perfusion of the vascular system with DAB-H2O2-Tris solution is unnecessary. In fact, exposure of tissues to DAB itself is superfluous, since mere postfixation in osmium—ferrocyanide solution serves to produce SR staining in muscle cells that have been fixed in an aldehyde solution containing calcium (or other divalent or trivalent cations), but lacking phosphate. This technique is applicable to both cardiac and skeletal muscle cells of mammals and lower vertebrates; it has been applied with success to mammalian vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle as well. Some degree of filling (or staining) of the system of extracellular spaces [ECS, including, in mammalian myocardium, the T-axial tubular system (TAx)] often occurs, which appears to be the result of colloid formation by the osmium ferrocyanide. SR staining in skeletal muscle usually is inseparable from T-system filling, although filling of T tubules may occur in the absence of SR staining. Choice of concentration or type of aldehyde(s) in the fixative solution does not appreciably alter the staining; however, exposure of tissues to aldehyde fixative which either does not contain calcium or contains phosphate brings about filling of the ECS-TAx without SR staining, thereby mimicking in effect the results obtained by more complicated tracer techniques.
Comparison of ICC and CCC for assessing agreement for data without and with replications

The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) has been traditionally used for assessing reliability between multiple observers for data with or without replications. Definitions of different versions of ICCs depend on the assumptions of specific ANOVA models. The parameter estimator for the ICC is usually based on the method of moments with the underlying assumed ANOVA model. This estimator is consistent only if the ANOVA model assumptions hold. Often these ANOVA assumptions are not met in practice and researchers may compute these estimates without verifying the assumptions. ICC is biased if the ANOVA assumptions are not met. We compute the expected value of the ICC estimator under a very general model to get a sense of the population parameter that the ICC estimator provides. We compare this expected value to another popular agreement index, concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), which is defined without ANOVA assumptions. The main findings are reported for data without replication and with replications for three types of ICCs defined by one-way ANOVA model, two-way ANOVA model without interaction and two-way ANOVA model with interaction. A blood pressure example is used for illustration. If the ICC is the choice of agreement index, we recommend to use ICC"3 over other ICCs as its estimate is similar to the estimate of CCC regardless whether the ANOVA assumptions are met or not.
A gas chromatographic method for sodium fluoroacetate (compound 1080) in biological materials.

The method described is relatively simple and requires no unusual equipment. For samples such as animal stomachs, the method is considerably more sensitive, more specific, and less time-consuming than previously described methods. A typical sample requires about 8 hours, compared with 3–4 days for the most commonly used older method (A.O.A.C., 1965∶399–402). The method should be considered semiquantitative, as recoveries vary somewhat with the type of sample. With minor modifications, it could be adapted to analyzing other sample types such as water, soils, vegetation, etc.
Financial crisis and the market efficiency in the Chinese equity markets

We examine the behavior of the Chinese equity markets to determine whether the equity markets are efficient or not. A previously unexplored database provides the source for observing market behavior of the two principal equity markets in China. These markets have unique characteristics different from those in the more established markets in the United States, the United Kingdom and Japan, among others. In particular, we study the role of the financial crises. Our observations suggest that differences in statistical measures occurred before and after the financial crises. In addition, conclusions are drawn about the market efficiency of the Chinese equity markets that are based on well-known analytical methods. On the basis of the analysis, we observe that the equity markets of both exchanges were not efficient before the financial crisis and became efficient to some extent in terms of the weak-form efficiency markets hypothesis during the financial crisis. Finally, note that some changes in the Chinese fi...
Getting along with others: The relationship between agreeableness and customer satisfaction in the foodservice industry

ABSTRACT In the foodservice industry, customer service is a key performance indicator. This performance indicator comprises two components: a core aspect (food quality) and a relationship aspect (personality of the server). This paper explores the role of personality and its influence on the relationship aspect of customer service. In particular, the authors examine the significance of the agreeableness personality trait on customer satisfaction and word-of-mouth promotion. The findings suggest that developing a method to measure the agreeableness personality trait could assist foodservice managers in selecting candidates that have a greater likelihood of delivering quality customer service.
Father identification, achievement, and occupational behavior of rural youth: One year follow-up

Abstract Males from rural economically deprived school districts, who had previously been surveyed as high school seniors, again 1 year after graduation, and again 5 years after graduation, were surveyed a fourth and final time 10 years after high school graduation concerning their occupational status and aspirations, their marital status, their spouses' educational and occupational achievements, the importance of life roles, and their occupational and personal satisfactions. In the original study the participants had been divided into two groups, low-identification males (LIM) and high-identification males (HIM) based on independent evaluators' judgments of the adequacy of their fathers as identification models. Each group's responses to the survey were compared. The results indicate that there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups on the variables of optimism about the future, spouses' occupational achievements, role importance, occupational satisfaction, and personal satisfaction. There were statistically significant differences on the variables of occupational status, occupational aspirations, educational achievements, educational plans, marital status, and spouses' educational achievements. The results are discussed in the context of the three previous surveys. Over the 10-year period the occupational and educational achievements and aspirations have been significantly higher for the HIM group than for the LIM group. Equally consistent is the finding that over the 10-year period there has been no differences between the two groups in satisfaction with status.
Versatility of the mouse reversal/set-shifting test: Effects of topiramate and sex

The ability to learn a rule to guide behavior is crucial for cognition and executive function. However, in a constantly changing environment, flexibility in terms of learning and changing rules is paramount. Research suggests there may be common underlying causes for the similar rule learning impairments observed in many psychiatric disorders. One of these common anatomical manifestations involves deficits to the GABAergic system, particularly in the frontal cerebral cortical regions. Many common anti-epileptic drugs and mood stabilizers activate the GABA system with the reported adverse side effects of cognitive dysfunction. The mouse reversal/set-shifting test was used to evaluate effects in mice given topiramate, which is reported to impair attention in humans. Here we report that in mice topiramate prevents formation of the attentional set, but does not alter reversal learning. Differences in the GABA system are also found in many neuropsychiatric disorders that are more common in males, including schizophrenia and autism. Initial findings with the reversal/set-shifting task excluded female subjects. In this study, female mice tested on the standard reversal/set-shifting task showed similar reversal learning, but were not able to form the attentional set. The behavioral paradigm was modified and when presented with sufficient discrimination tasks, female mice performed the same as male mice, requiring the same number of trials to reach criterion and form the attentional set. The notable difference was that female mice had an extended latency to complete the trials for all discriminations. In summary, the reversal/set-shifting test can be used to screen for cognitive effects of potential therapeutic compounds in both male and female mice.
The amnesia of transient global amnesia

abstract A patient was tested during and following an episode of transient global amnesia. During the episode, the patient displayed a profound anterograde amnesia which spared short-term memory. There was also a retrograde amnesia which was transient and which involved recent material but not memory for events and persons that became famous between 1930 and 1975. The results are discussed in the context of current memory models and some speculative interpretations of the amnesia are offered.
Bridge insertion reactions of the 2,3-C2B4H7− ion with aluminum, gallium, and transition metal reagents

Abstract The reaction of lithium or sodium salts of the 2,3-C 2 B 4 H 7 − anion with organometallic reagents of aluminum, gallium, rhodium, gold and mercury effects insertion of the metal atom into a bridging position on the base of the pyramidal carborane cage, with the metal apparently linked to the cage by a BMB three-center, two-electron bond. μ-Dimethylaluminum-2,3- nido -dicarbahexaborane(8) is extremely unstable in solution or in the liquid phase with respect to decomposition to 2,3-C 2 B 4 H 8 , but in the gas phase forms CH 3 AlC 2 B 4 H 6 . The gallium-bridged analog is thermally stable but reacts readily with HCl to generate C 2 B 4 H 8 and (CH 3 ) 2 GaCl; however, under no conditions studied did this material rearrange to the previously characterized closo -gallacarborane, 1-CH 3 -1,2,3-GaC 2 B 4 H 6 . The compounds μ-[(C 6 H 5 ) 3 P] 3 RhC 2 B 4 H 7 and μ-[(C 6 H 5 ) 3 P]AuC 2 B 4 H 7 were prepared and characterized as moderately air-sensitive crystalline solids, and a partially characterized, unstable material believed to be μ-C 6 H 5 HgC 2 B 4 H 7 was obtained.
Rapid stress analysis of geometrically complex domains using implicit meshing

In an economically competitive industrial setting, it is advantageous to generate accurate engineering analysis results as rapidly as possible in order to minimize the design cycle time. For many structural problems, the goal of the computational analysis is to obtain the stress field. The standard tool for obtaining the stress field is the finite-element method. The task of obtaining the stress field using finite-element analysis is complicated by the fact that many industrial problems are geometrically complex and thus require a significant number of man hours to generate a finite-element mesh appropriate for stress analysis. This mesh generation task can be greatly simplified by using the method of implicit meshing. In conventional finite-element analysis, the given domain is explicitly meshed. In the implicit meshing method, the geometrically complex domain is embedded into a geometrically simpler domain. The finite-element method is then applied to the embedding domain. The original domain inherits its discretization from that of the embedding domain. Herein, the implicit meshing method is applied to the stress analysis of linear elasto-static problems. It is shown that with the appropriate choice of finite element and integration technique, the implicit meshing method can provide accurate stress fields with only moderate mesh refinement.
Local minima for indefinite quadratic knapsack problems

We consider the complexity of finding a local minimum for the nonconvex Quadratic Knapsack Problem. Global minimization for this example of quadratic programming is NP-hard. More and Vavasis have investigated the complexity of local minimization for the strictly concave case of QKP; here we extend their algorithm to the general indefinite case. Our main result is an algorithm that computes a local minimum in O(n(logn)2) steps. Our approach involves eliminating all but one of the convex variables through parametrization, yielding a nondifferentiable problem. We use a technique from computational geometry to address the nondifferentiable problem.
Schottky barrier degradation of the W/GaAs system after high-temperature annealing

W/GaAs diodes annealed at temperatures ranging from 100 to 900 °C were investigated with current voltage (I‐V) and capacitance voltage (C‐V) techniques, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Improvements in the diode characteristics were observed after annealing at temperatures below 600 °C. Noticeable degradation in the rectifying behavior of the diodes occurred after annealing at temperatures >600 °C. Correlations between the electrical degradation and the interdiffusion of W and GaAs at the interface were found. Our results strongly suggest that the in‐diffusion of W leads to the formation of a diffused, highly resistive region near the W/GaAs interface. The high resistance of this region is believed to be caused by the compensation of the substrate dopants by tungsten acceptors. Annealing the diodes at temperatures >850 °C resulted in reactions between W and GaAs. The W‐GaAs reaction leads to islands of W2As3 at the W/GaAs interface, resulting in physical breakdown of the W/GaAs diode.
An obstacle to building a time machine

Gott has shown that a spacetime with two infinite parallel cosmic strings passing each other with sufficient velocity contains closed timelike curves. We discuss an attempt to build such a time machine. Using the energy-momentum conservation laws in the equivalent (2+1)-dimensional theory, we explicitly construct the spacetime representing the decay of one gravitating particle into two. We find that there is never enough mass in an open universe to build the time machine from the products of decays of stationary particles. More generally, the Gott time machine cannot exist in any open (2+1)-dimensional universe for which the total momentum is timelike.
Cloning of a Phosphatidic Acid-preferring Phospholipase A1 from Bovine Testis

Abstract We report the molecular cloning and expression of a phosphatidic acid-preferring phospholipase A1 from bovine testis. The open reading frame encoded an 875-amino acid protein with a calculated molecular mass of 97,576 daltons and a pI of 5.61. The sequence included a region similar to a lipase consensus sequence containing the putative active site serine and also included a potential, coiled-coil-forming region. Expression of the open reading frame in COS1 cells resulted in a 20–44-fold increase in phosphatidic acid phospholipase A1 activity over that of control cells. Mutation of the putative active site serine (amino acid 540) demonstrated that it was essential for this increase in enzyme activity. Northern blot analysis revealed at least five different messages with the highest overall message levels in mature testis, but detectable message in all tissues examined. Two possible alternately spliced regions in the open reading frame also were identified. Finally, a search of the data base identified six related proteins: a potential counterpart of the phospholipase A1 inCaenorhabditis elegans, two putative lipases in yeast, and three proteins separately encoded by the Drosophila retinal degeneration B gene and its mouse and human homologues.
In vitro proliferation of rabbit bone marrow-derived and thymus-derived lymphocytes in response to vaccinia virus.

Abstract Peripheral blood leukocytes from rabbits immunized with vaccinia virus were incubated in vitro with vaccinia antigen, and resultant lymphocyte proliferation was measured by incorporation of tritiated thymidine into acid-insoluble material. Significant lymphocyte stimulation was observed at a time when antiviral antibody was being synthesized in vivo . The extent of proliferation by bone marrow-derived lymphocytes after culture with viral antigen was determined by simultaneous detection of complement receptor lymphocytes (CRLs have been shown to be B cells) and uptake of tritiated thymidine in these CRLs by radioautography. The results indicate that both bone marrow-derived and thymus-derived lymphocytes participate in the in vitro proliferative response of rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes to vaccinia antigen.
WWW Library Directory ‐ Framed Edition

Briefly describes the WWW Library Directory ‐ Framed Edition, a Web directory that can link up to Web pages of all types of libraries throughout the world. Illustrates how links are arranged and listed, and gives brief guidelines for libraries who want to use the facility to advertise their services.
646 FETAL AND NEONATAL CORRELATES OF SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

In the Hgb S homozygote, sickle hemoglobin is present at 12-16 weeks of gestation and accounts for 10-20% of the Hb at birth. In the neonate with sickle cell anemia, about 10% of circulating RBC can be induced to sickle and isolated instances of neonatal morbidity and mortality have been ascribed to sickling. 34 infants with SS disease were diagnosed by cord blood Hb electrophoresis, performed on all black infants at our hospitals. At Yale, stillbirths are also studied. The number of patients exceeded that predicted by gene frequency, making it unlikely that any cases were missed. Neonatal physical measurements and clinical courses were reviewed retrospectively. 32/34 infants were AGA with respect to birthweight, length and head circumference. 5/34 infants had gestational ages 8 at 5 min. 7/34 developed clinical jaundice. In 2 cases, ABO EBF was proven; 4 others were premature. Phototherapy was used in 4 cases. No regular transfusions or exchange transfusions were performed. No infants developed sepsis. Hospital stay was prolonged only in the prematures. None of these patients had significant morbidity which could be ascribed to sickling, and there were no neonatal deaths. Therefore, these data do not indicate very important consequences of SS disease during gestation or in the neonatal period.
CCD photometry of Andromeda IV - Dwarf irregular galaxy or M31 open cluster?

CCD photometry of Andromeda IV was obtained during discretionary time in August of 1989 at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope on Mauna Kea and the data were reduced at CFHT during the summer of 1991. And IV has been catalogued both as a dwarf galaxy and as an open star cluster in M31. The color-magnitude diagrams presented indicate that this object has a young population of stars with a narrow age range, consistent with the characteristics of an open star cluster or stellar association. A radial velocity measurement taken from the literature and analyzed with respect to the rotation curve of M31 indicates this object resides in the disk of the Andromeda Galaxy, strengthening the conclusion that it is indeed a very large open star cluster or a densely populated stellar association rather than a dwarf irregular galaxy.
Noble gases and nitrogen released from lunar soils by acid etching

A stepwise acid-etching technique similar to the closed system stepwise etching (CSSE) method developed at ETH Zurich was used to examine the solar wind reservoirs of lunar soil grains. Samples were treated with weak acids (H2O, H2SO3) to facilitate the release of the most shallowly implanted gases. Noble gas abundances and isotopic compositions, including Kr and Xe in some cases, and a few nitrogen data were obtained for mineral or grain-size separates of three lunar soils (plagioclase from 60051, pyroxene from 75081, and <25 ym bulk 79035). The 60051 plagioclase grains, considered to be a possibly unique resource for determining the modern-day solar wind composition, show unusually low contents of solar wind He, Ne, and particularly Ar, but do not otherwise possess any characteristics clearly attributable to a modem-day solar wind exposure. Initial water and acid treatments of the grains, however, release an apparently pure SEP component. The 75081 pyroxene and the size separate of bulk 79035 both yield Kr and Xe compositions in initial etch steps that are characteristic of undiffused solar wind, significantly increasing the database for measurements of solar wind Kr and Xe where possible laboratory thermal diffusion and fractionation effects are not a concern. Pyroxene in particular appears to be a suitable alternative to ilmenite for the purpose of making measurements of this kind. Nitrogen release by acid etching is not at present quantitative, and while it appears possible to obtain reasonable isotopic ratios for solar wind N, we are unable to use the technique to determine solar nitrogen to noble gas ratios. Light noble gases in all three soil separates, other than the aforementioned behavior of 60051, appear to behave in accord with expectations based on acid-etching analyses performed by the Zuirich group.
Advances in coupling of kinetics and molecular scale tools to shed light on soil biogeochemical processes

Biogeochemical processes in soils such as sorption, precipitation, and redox play critical roles in the cycling and fate of nutrients, metal(loid)s and organic chemicals in soil and water environments. Advanced analytical tools enable soil scientists to track these processes in real-time and at the molecular scale. This review focuses on recent research that has employed state-of-the-art molecular scale spectroscopy, coupled with kinetics, to elucidate the mechanisms of nutrient and metal(loid) reactivity and speciation in soils. By coupling kinetics with advanced molecular and nano-scale tools major advances have been made in elucidating important soil chemical processes including sorption, precipitation, dissolution, and redox of metal(loids) and nutrients. Such advances will aid in better predicting the fate and mobility of nutrients and contaminants in soils and water and enhance environmental and agricultural sustainability.
Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review.

Amphetamine and substituted amphetamines, including methamphetamine, methylphenidate (Ritalin), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy), and the herbs khat and ephedra, encompass the only widely administered class of drugs that predominantly release neurotransmitter, in this case principally catecholamines, by a non-exocytic mechanism. These drugs play important medicinal and social roles in many cultures, exert profound effects on mental function and behavior, and can produce neurodegeneration and addiction. Numerous questions remain regarding the unusual molecular mechanisms by which these compounds induce catecholamine release. We review current issues on the two apparent primary mechanisms — the redistribution of catecholamines from synaptic vesicles to the cytosol, and induction of reverse transport of transmitter through plasma membrane uptake carriers — and on additional drug effects that affect extracellular catecholamine levels, including uptake inhibition, effects on exocytosis, neurotransmitter synthesis, and metabolism. # 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
3-D airborne ultrasound synthetic aperture imaging based on capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers.

Abstract In this paper, we present an airborne 3-D volumetric imaging system based on capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs). For this purpose we fabricated 89-kHz CMUTs where each CMUT is made of a circular single-crystal silicon plate with a radius of 1 mm and a thickness of 20 μm, which is actuated by electrostatic force through a 20-μm vacuum gap. The measured transmit sensitivity at 300-V DC bias is 14.6 Pa/V and 24.2 Pa/V, when excited by a 30-cycle burst and a continuous wave, respectively. The measured receive sensitivity at 300-V DC bias is 16.6 mV/Pa (−35.6 dB re 1 V/Pa) for a 30-cycle burst. A 26 × 26 2-D array was implemented by mechanical scanning a co-located transmitter and receiver using the classic synthetic aperture (CSA) method. The measurement of a 1.6 λ -size target at a distance of 500 mm presented a lateral resolution of 3.17° and also showed good agreement with the theoretical point spread function. The 3-D imaging of two plates at a distance of 350 mm and 400 mm was constructed to exhibit the capability of the imaging system. This study experimentally demonstrates that a 2-D CMUT array can be used for practical 3-D imaging applications in air, such as a human–machine interface.
Transient and periodic solution to the time-inhomogeneous quasi-birth death process

We derive the transient distribution and periodic family of asymptotic distributions and the transient and periodic moments for the quasi-birth-and-death processes with time-varying periodic rates. The distributions and moments are given in terms of integral equations involving the related random-walk process. The method is a straight-forward application of generating functions.
Large scale isolation of intact rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells

Abstract The rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 mast cell line is widely used for studies of the structure and function of the high affinity IgE receptor (Fc e RI). Here we report on a simple method to isolate large numbers of intact RBL-2H3 cells from tumors produced by injection of the cells into newborn rats. Collagenase treatment of rat tumors yields approximately 3.5×10 8 viable cells/animal. Aggregating Fc e RI on these cells induced tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins including the protein tyrosine kinase Syk. This procedure should prove useful for the isolation and characterization of cellular molecules important for mast cell and basophil function.
Hot Corrosion of Sintered α‐Sic at 1000°C

The hot corrosion of sintered alpha-SiC by thin films of Na2SO4 and Na2CO3 was studied at 1000 C in controlled gas atmospheres. Under all conditions, corrosion led to 10 to 20 times the amount of SiO2 formed in pure oxidation after a 48-h exposure. In addition, small amounts of sodium silicate formed. Melts of Na2SO4/SO3 caused uniform pitting of the SiC substrate; Na2CO3/CO2 melts caused localized pitting and grain-boundary attack. In all cases, the protective SiO2 layer dissolved to form silicate, leading to corrosion. In the sulfate case, free carbon in the SiC promotes this process. In all cases the presence of liquid films is responsible for rapid transport rates and the subsequent rapid reaction.
Comparative skull osteology of Karsenia koreana (Amphibia, Caudata, Plethodontidae).

The recent discovery of a plethodontid sal- amander, Karsenia koreana, in Korea challenged our understanding of the biogeographic history of the family Plethodontidae, by far the largest family of salamanders, which otherwise is distributed in the New World with a few European species. Molecular studies suggest that Karsenia forms a clade with Hydromantes (sensu lato), which includes among its species the only other Old World plethodontids. We studied the skull of K. koreana and compared it with that of other plethodontid genera, especially members of the subfamily Plethodontinae, which it resembles most closely in general anatomy. The anatomy of its skull corresponds to the most generalized and apparently ancestral condition for plethodontids. No clearly autapomorphic states were detected, and no syn- apomorphies can be found that would link it to other genera. The Karsenia skull is cylindrical and well ossi- fied, giving an impression of strength. In contrast, the skull of Hydromantes is highly derived; the skull is flat- tened and the bones are weakly ossified and articulated. Hydromantes and Karsenia share no unique anatomical features; differences between them are especially evi- dent in the hyobranchial skeleton, which is generalized in Karsenia but highly modified in Hydromantes, which is well known for its highly projectile tongue. Plethodon and Plethodon-like species, including Karsenia and to a lesser degree Ensatina, represent the more generalized and apparently ancestral plethodontid morphology. Spe- cialized morphologies have evolved along only a few morphological axes within the Plethodontidae, resulting in a pattern of rampant homoplasy. Our analysis of the anatomy of the new Asiatic lineage illuminates some potential mechanisms underlying adaptive morphologi- cal evolution within the Plethodontidae. J. Morphol. 271:533-558, 2010. 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The potential of Na+/Ca2+ exchange blockers in the treatment of cardiac disease

The Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX), a surface membrane antiporter, is the primary pathway for Ca(2+) efflux from the cardiac cell and a determinant of both the electrical and contractile state of the heart. Enhanced expression of NCX has recently been recognised as one of the molecular mechanisms that contributes to reduced Ca(2+) release, impaired contractility and an increased risk of arrhythmias during the development of cardiac hypertrophy and failure. The NCX has also been implicated in the mechanism of arrhythmias and cellular injury associated with ischaemia and reperfusion. Hence, NCX blockade represents a potential therapeutic strategy for treating cardiac disease, however, its reversibility and electrogenic properties must be taken into consideration when predicting the outcome. NCX inhibition has been demonstrated to be protective against ischaemic injury and to have a positive inotropic and antiarrhythmic effect in failing heart cells. However, progress has been impaired by the absence of clinically useful agents. Two drugs, KB-R7943 and SEA-0400, have been developed as NCX blockers but both lack specificity. Selective peptide inhibitors have been well characterised but are active only when delivered to the intracellular space. Gene therapy strategies may circumvent the latter problem in the future. This review discusses the effects of NCX blockade, supporting its potential as a new cardiovascular therapeutic strategy.
Passive exposure to electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use increases desire for combustible and e-cigarettes in young adult smokers

Background Passive exposure to combustible cigarette use has been shown to act as a cue to increase smoking urge. Given the resemblance of e-cigarettes and other electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) to combustible cigarettes, we examined whether these devices could also act as a cue to increase smoking desire and urges in those passively exposed. Methods Young adult daily smokers (age 18–35 years; N=60) completed subjective ratings before and after exposure to a study confederate drinking bottled water (control cue) and then smoking either a combustible or e-cigarette (active cue). Smoking desire and urge ratings were measured with visual analogue scale items for desire for a regular and an e-cigarette and the Brief Questionnaire of Smoking Urges. Results Passive exposure to both the e-cigarette and combustible cigarette cue significantly increased observers’ ratings of desire and urge to smoke a regular cigarette (all ps Conclusions The results provide the first evidence in a controlled setting that electronic cigarette exposure may evoke smoking urges in young adult daily smokers. With replication, these findings may have relevance for ENDS regulation and policy.
Television use, stereotypes of African Americans and opinions on affirmative action: An affective model of policy reasoning

This paper proposes and tests an affective model of policy reasoning with television use as a first stage variable in a heuristic causal chain. We predict that TV use leads to affect which then leads to opinions on related issues. We test the power of the model to explain how citizens make up their minds regarding government policies on affirmative action, with stereotypes of African Americans as the second stage, affective variable. Data from White college students indicate that there was good fit (non‐significant chi‐squares) for the model. The paths explaining the most variance were those from perceived negative TV attributes to stereotypes, and stereotypes to opinions. Perceptions of negative TV portrayals predicted negative stereotypes, which predicted opposition to affirmative action policies. Implications for media use and heuristic reasoning models are discussed.