cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sulfate leaching from recovered construction and demolition debris fines

Abstract Recovered soil fines are a product of the mechanical processing of construction and demolition (C&D) debris for recycling. C&D debris fines have been proposed as a substitute for soil in a number of applications. Questions have been raised regarding the potential environmental impact of sulfate leaching from particles of gypsum drywall in the soil fines. Sulfate has a secondary drinking water standard of 250 mg/l and may convert to hydrogen sulfide during some reuse scenarios. Soil fines were collected from 13 C&D debris recycling facilities in south Florida. A leaching study on the C&D debris fines was performed to examine sulfate leachate concentrations resulting from both batch and column leaching experiments. The sulfate concentrations resulting from the batch leaching tests ranged from 890 to 1600 mg/l. The results of the column leaching tests also resulted in high sulfate concentrations. The source of sulfate in the debris fines was the dissolution of gypsum wallboard. The results from a multiple batch test indicated that the mass of the gypsum content in C&D debris fines ranged from 1.5% to 9.1%. The amount of gypsum that would be applied via soil fines during a typical reuse scenario is greater than normal agricultural operations where gypsum is applied. When considering the beneficial reuse of C&D debris fines, site-specific hydrogeology and appropriate state and local regulations for allowable sulfate concentrations in groundwater should be considered.
Quantifying the health impacts of future changes in temperature in California

Abstract Background Several epidemiological studies demonstrate associations between high summer temperatures and increased mortality. However, the quantitative implications of projected future increases in temperature have not been well characterized. Objective This study quantifies the effects of projected future temperatures on both mortality and morbidity in California, including the potential effects of mitigation. Data and methods We first estimated the association between temperature and mortality for populations close to weather stations throughout the state. These dose–response estimates for mortality were then combined with local measures of current and projected changes in population, and projected changes in temperature, using a baseline of average temperatures from 1961 to 1990, for the years 2025 and 2050. The latter were based on two greenhouse gas emissions scenarios (A2 and B1) developed for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In addition, we assessed the impacts of future adaptation through use of air conditioners. Several sensitivity analyses were conducted to determine the likely range of estimates. Results These analyses indicate that for the high emissions scenario, the central estimate of annual premature mortality ranges from 2100 to 4300 for the year 2025 and from 6700 to 11,300 for 2050. The highest estimates are from the models that use age-specific dose–response functions, while the low estimates are from the models that adjust for ozone. Estimates using the low emissions scenario are roughly half of these estimates. Mitigation based on our estimates of the effects of 10% and 20% increase in air conditioner use would generate reductions of 16% and 33% in the years 2025 and 2050, respectively. Conclusion Our estimates suggest significant public health impacts associated with future projected increases in temperature.
High-precision figure correction of x-ray telescope optics using ion implantation

Achieving both high resolution and large collection area in the next generation of x-ray telescopes requires highly accurate shaping of thin mirrors, which is not achievable with current technology. Ion implantation offers a promising method of modifying the shape of mirrors by imparting internal stresses in a substrate, which are a function of the ion species and dose. This technique has the potential for highly deterministic substrate shape correction using a rapid, low cost process. Wafers of silicon and glass (D-263 and BK-7) have been implanted with Si+ ions at 150 keV, and the changes in shape have been measured using a Shack-Hartmann metrology system. We show that a uniform dose over the surface repeatably changes the spherical curvature of the substrates, and we show correction of spherical curvature in wafers. Modeling based on experiments with spherical curvature correction shows that ion implantation could be used to eliminate higher-order shape errors, such as astigmatism and coma, by using a spatially-varying implant dose. We will report on progress in modelling and experimental tests to eliminate higher-order shape errors. In addition, the results of experiments to determine the thermal and temporal stability of implanted substrates will be reported.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF STREAM FISHES IN RELATION TO BARRIERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR MONITORING STREAM RECOVERY AFTER BARRIER REMOVAL

Dams are ubiquitous in coastal regions and have altered stream habitats and the distribution and abundance of stream fishes in those habitats by disrupting hydrology, temperature regime and habitat connectivity. Dam removal is a common restoration tool, but often the response of the fish assemblage is not monitored rigorously. Sedgeunkedunk Stream, a small tributary to the Penobscot River (Maine, USA), has been the focus of a restoration effort that includes the removal of two low-head dams. In this study, we quantified fish assemblage metrics along a longitudinal gradient in Sedgeunkedunk Stream and also in a nearby reference stream. By establishing pre-removal baseline conditions and associated variability and the conditions and variability immediately following removal, we can characterize future changes in the system associated with dam removal. Over 2 years prior to dam removal, species richness and abundance in Sedgeunkedunk Stream were highest downstream of the lowest dam, lowest immediately upstream of that dam and intermediate farther upstream; patterns were similar in the reference stream. Although seasonal and annual variation in metrics within each site was substantial, the overall upstream-to-downstream pattern along the stream gradient was remarkably consistent prior to dam removal. Immediately after dam removal, we saw significant decreases in richness and abundance downstream of the former dam site and a corresponding increase in fish abundance upstream of the former dam site. No such changes occurred in reference sites. Our results show that by quantifying baseline conditions in a small stream before restoration, the effects of stream restoration efforts on fish assemblages can be monitored successfully. These data set the stage for the long-term assessment of Sedgeunkedunk Stream and provide a simple methodology for assessment in other restoration projects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A design approach for a 6.7-mW 5-GHz CMOS frequency synthesizer using dynamic prescaler

A design approach of 5-GHz CMOS phase locked loop (PLL) based frequency synthesizer is presented in this paper. The power consumption of the synthesizer is minimized using dynamic logic in the frequency divider block consuming 1.89-mW. The operating range of the synthesizer is 4.90 to 5.15-GHz with a total power consumption of 6.7-mW from a single 1.8-V power supply. The synthesizer uses static CMOS inverters in designing the oscillator and buffers. The VCO works from 4.5 to 5.4-GHz with a phase noise of -81.12 dBc/Hz at 600 KHz offset frequency from the carrier for maximum oscillation frequency. The PLL is designed and extracted in TSMC 0.18-mum technology for high frequency reference clock generation in clock distribution networks. In this design, an optimization approach is constructed to maximize the speed and minimize the power and area
Effect of the pair-structure factor of a particulate medium on scalar wave scattering in the first Born approximation

Using scattering matrices and the angular spectrum representation of waves, we develop the analytical theory of scattering of random scalar waves from random collections of particles, valid under the first Born approximation. We demonstrate that in the calculation of far-field statistics, such as the spectral density and the spectral degree of coherence, the knowledge of the pair-structure factor of the collection is crucial. We illustrate our analytical approach by considering a numerical example involving scattering of two partially correlated plane waves from a random distribution of spheres.
Comprehending APA Style through Manuscript Analysis

In this article we report the findings of a study (N = 18) that investigated the effectiveness of a teaching activity designed to enhance students' understanding of the American Psychological Association (APA) manual and style (APA, 1994). Students read a poorly written paper and located as many style errors as possible. Students reported positive perceptions of the activity and results indicated students' knowledge of style improved significantly from preactivity to postactivity quizzes. Furthermore, performance on the activity was significantly related to the application of APA style in an empirical report.
Consequences of sea surface temperature variability on the validation and applications of satellite measurements

Sea surface temperature (SST) measurements from both spaceborne and in situ sensors are analyzed to determine likely temperature differences that can arise between two measurements separated in space and time. This has implications both for satellite data validation, where an in situ measurement is compared with a remotely sensed one, and for the use of SST measurements in numerical upper ocean models, where an SST value is ascribed to or compared with one from a nearby grid point at the closest time step. It is shown that spatial separations of about 10 km and time intervals of about 2 hours can introduce rms differences of 0.2 K into the error budget of a satellite validation data set, this being an upper limit for the meaningful validation of current infrared radiometers. The length and time scales at which the autocorrelation functions decay to 0.5 is used as a criterion for the meaningful use of SST data with ocean models, and these are found to be about 10–20 km and about 6 hours. This time constraint is not very severe, but the spatial constraint poses a significant sampling problem. On these length scales there appears to be no spatial anisotropy with respect to the dominant surface current flow direction.
An analytic potential model for symmetric and asymmetric DG MOSFETs

This paper presents an analytic potential model for long-channel symmetric and asymmetric double-gate (DG) MOSFETs. The model is derived rigorously from the exact solution to Poisson's and current continuity equation without the charge-sheet approximation. By preserving the proper physics, volume inversion in the subthreshold region is well accounted for in the model. The resulting analytic expressions of the drain-current, terminal charges, and capacitances for long-channel DG MOSFETs are continuous in all operation regions, i.e., linear, saturation, and subthreshold, making it suitable for compact modeling. As no fitting parameters are invoked throughout the derivation, the model is physical and predictive. All parameter formulas are validated by two-dimensional numerical simulations with excellent agreement. The model has been implemented in Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis version 3 (SPICE3), and the feasibility is demonstrated by the transient analysis of sample CMOS circuits.
Renal pelvic stones: choosing shock wave lithotripsy or percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Introduction of minimally invasive techniques has revolutionized the surgical management of renal calculi. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy are now both well-established procedures. Each modality has advantages and disadvantages, and the application of each should be based on well-defined factors. These variables include stone factors such as number, size, and composition; factors related to the stone's environment, including the stone's location, spatial anatomy of the renal collecting system, presence of hydronephrosis, and other anatomic variables, such as the presence of calyceal diverticula and renal anomalies; and clinical or patient factors like morbid obesity, the presence of a solitary kidney, and renal insufficiency. The morbidity of each procedure in relation to its efficacy should be taken in to account. This article will review current knowledge and suggest an algorithm for the rational management of renal calculi with shock wave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
Sexual orientation and health: comparisons in the women's health initiative sample.

Context Little is known about older lesbian and bisexual women. Existing research rarely compares characteristics of these women with comparable heterosexual women. Objective To compare heterosexual and nonheterosexual women 50 to 79 years on specific demographic characteristics, psychosocial risk factors, screening practices, and other health-related behaviors associated with increased risk for developing particular diseases or disease outcomes. Design Analysis of data from 93,311 participants in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study of health in postmenopausal women, comparing characteristics of 5 groups: heterosexuals, bisexuals, lifetime lesbians, adult lesbians, and those who never had sex as an adult. Setting Subjects were recruited at 40 WHI study centers nationwide representing a range of geographic and ethnic diversity. Participants Postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years who met WHI eligibility criteria, signed an informed consent to participate in the WHI clinical trial(s) or observational study, and responded to the baseline questions on sexual orientation. Main outcome measures Demographic characteristics, psychosocial risk factors, recency of screening tests, and other health-related behaviors as assessed on the WHI baseline questionnaire. Results Although of higher socioeconomic status than the heterosexuals, the lesbian and bisexual women more often used alcohol and cigarettes, exhibited other risk factors for reproductive cancers and cardiovascular disease, and scored lower on measures of mental health and social support. Notable is the 35% of lesbians and 81% of bisexual women who have been pregnant. Women reporting that they never had sex as an adult had lower rates of Papanicolaou screening and hormone replacement therapy use than other groups. Conclusions This sample of older lesbian and bisexual women from WHI shows many of the same health behaviors, demographic, and psychosocial risk factors reported in the literature for their younger counterparts, despite their higher socioeconomic status and access to health care. The lower rates of recommended screening services and higher prevalence of obesity, smoking, alcohol use, and lower intake of fruit and vegetables among these women compared with heterosexual women indicate unmet needs that require effective interactions between care providers and nonheterosexual women.
Transfer learning from minimal target data by mapping across relational domains

A central goal of transfer learning is to enable learning when training data from the domain of interest is limited. Yet, work on transfer across relational domains has so far focused on the case where there is a significant amount of target data. This paper bridges this gap by studying transfer when the amount of target data is minimal and consists of information about just a handful of entities. In the extreme case, only a single entity is known. We present the SR2LR algorithm that finds an effective mapping of predicates from a source model to the target domain in this setting and thus renders pre-existing knowledge useful to the target task. We demonstrate SR2LR's effectiveness in three benchmark relational domains on social interactions and study its behavior as information about an increasing number of entities becomes available.
Multiple Interactions of a DNA-Binding Protein IN VIVO. III. Phage T4 Gene-32 Mutations Differentially Affect Insertion-Type Recombination and Membrane Properties

We have investigated the in vivo roles of T4 gene- 32 protein in recombination. We have studied the effects of gene- 32 mutations under conditions that allow normal DNA replication and are permissive for progeny production. Under these conditions, certain gene- 32 mutations specifically reduce insertion-type (short-interval) recombination but none affect crossover-type (long-interval) recombination (see Figure 5). Heterozygote frequencies in all gene-32 mutants are similar to or higher than in a gene-32+ background and are not correlated with recombination deficiencies. "Recombination-deficient" alleles are dominant or codominant over the "recombination-proficient" gene-32 mutation tsL171. This explains apparent discrepancies between a gene-32 map deduced from two-factor crosses and the map derived from three-factor crosses. We have also found that the "recombination proficient" mutation tsL171 and its homoalleles suppress the characteristic plaque morphology of rII mutants. Under restrictive conditions, tsL171 is partially suppressed by rII mutations, which allow the use of host ligase in recombination. Our present and previous results are discussed in terms of current recombination models. We conclude that gene-32 protein functions in recombination by forming a complex with DNA, with recombination enzymes and with membrane components. Since gene-32 protein interacts with many components of this recombination complex, gene-32 mutations may differentially affect various recombination steps.
Search for the decay K0L → π0e+e−

Abstract Results are presented of a recent search by AGS Experiment 845 for the CP violating decay K 0 L → π 0 e + e − . The 90% C.L. limit B ( K 0 L → π 0 e + e − ) −9 was obtained. The background to the π 0 e + e − search, K 0 L → e + e − γ with an internal bremsstrahlung is discussed.
Real-time distributed scheduling algorithm for supporting QoS over WDM networks

Most existing or proposed WDM networks employ circuit switching, typically with one session having exclusive use of one entire wavelength. Consequently they are not suitable for data applications involving bursty traffic patterns. The MIT AON Consortium has developed an all-optical LAN/MAN testbed which provides time-slotted WDM service and employs fast-tunable transceivers in each optical terminal. In this paper, we explore extensions of this service to achieve fine-grained statistical multiplexing with different virtual circuits time-sharing the wavelengths in a fair manner. In particular, we develop a real-time distributed protocol for best-effort traffic over this time-slotted WDM service with near-optical fairness and throughput characteristics. As an additional design feature, our protocol supports the allocation of guaranteed bandwidths to selected connections. This feature acts as a first step towards supporting integrated services and quality-of-service guarantees over WDM networks. To achieve high throughput, our approach is based on scheduling transmissions, as opposed to collision- based schemes. Our distributed protocol involves one MAN scheduler and several LAN schedulers (one per LAN) in a master-slave arrangement. Because of propagation delays and limits on control channel capacities, all schedulers are designed to work with partial, delayed traffic information. Our distributed protocol is of the `greedy' type to ensure fast execution in real-time in response to dynamic traffic changes. It employs a hybrid form of rate and credit control for resource allocation. We have performed extensive simulations, which show that our protocol allocates resources (transmitters, receivers, wavelengths) fairly with high throughput, and supports bandwidth guarantees.
Freeway traffic oscillations: Microscopic analysis of formations and propagations using Wavelet Transform

Abstract In this paper we identify the origins of stop-and-go (or slow-and-go) driving and measure microscopic features of their propagations by analyzing vehicle trajectories via Wavelet Transform. Based on 53 oscillation cases analyzed, we find that oscillations can be originated by either lane-changing maneuvers (LCMs) or car-following behavior (CF). LCMs were predominantly responsible for oscillation formations in the absence of considerable horizontal or vertical curves, whereas oscillations formed spontaneously near roadside work on an uphill segment. Regardless of the trigger, the features of oscillation propagations were similar in terms of propagation speed, oscillation duration, and amplitude. All observed cases initially exhibited a precursor phase, in which slow-and-go motions were localized. Some of them eventually transitioned into a well-developed phase, in which oscillations propagated upstream in queue. LCMs were primarily responsible for the transition, although some transitions occurred without LCMs. Our findings also suggest that an oscillation has a regressive effect on car-following behavior: a deceleration wave of an oscillation affects a timid driver (characterized by larger response time and/or minimum spacing) to become less timid and an aggressive driver less aggressive, although this change may be short-lived. An extended framework of Newell's CF model is able to describe the regressive effects with two additional parameters with reasonable accuracy, as verified using vehicle trajectory data.
Sentence production in students with dyslexia.

Background: While spoken language deficits have been identified in children with developmental dyslexia, microanalysis of sentence production proficiency in these children is a largely unexplored area.Aims: The current study examines proficiency of syntactic production in children and young adults with dyslexia and typically developing age‐matched controls on a constrained sentence production task targeting two advanced argument structures, theme–experiencer verbs and irregular past participles.Methods & Procedures: Participants aged between 8 and 22 years produced sentences that included three stimulus words, a proper name, an inanimate noun and a verb from one of three categories: control verbs (agent–patient verbs with regular morphology); theme–experiencer verbs, which require an inanimate subject in active sentences (e.g. The book bored Sarah); and irregular past participles, which require awareness of the syntactic requirements associated with the ‐en past participle ending, i.e. that this verb form...
Some Aspects of Tagalog Family Structure

T HIS is a study of the Tagalogs, a specific linguistic group in the Philippine Islands; the provinces of Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan and Bataan, which surround the chartered city of Manila, are the Tagalog provinces. Other linguistic groups speak dialects such as Cebuano, Pampango, Pangasinan, Ilocano, and Visayan, and distinguish themselves from the Tagalogs. In reality, the cultures and social organizations of these groups are very similar to the Tagalogs, and the Tagalogs are the dominant group. The Tagalog family, however, bears no relation to the family structure of the "pagan" groups to the north, often referred to under the blanket term, Igorots (Kroeber 1923:372), or to the Moslem groups to the south on the islands of Jolo and Mindanao, who are commonly referred to as "Moros." The pagan and Moslem groups constitute about eight percent of the population of the Philippine Islands; the total population was just over twenty-one million in 1953 according to the estimate of the Bureau of the Census and Statistics.
HIGHER-ORDER PREDATORS AND THE REGULATION OF INSECT HERBIVORE POPULATIONS

▪ Abstract Empirical research has not supported the prediction that populations of terrestrial herbivorous arthropods are regulated solely by their natural enemies. Instead, both natural enemies (top-down effects) and resources (bottom-up effects) may play important regulatory roles. This review evaluates the hypothesis that higher-order predators may constrain the top-down control of herbivore populations. Natural enemies of herbivorous arthropods generally are not top predators within terrestrial food webs. Insect pathogens and entomopathogenic nematodes inhabiting the soil may be attacked by diverse micro- and mesofauna. Predatory and parasitic insects are attacked by their own suite of predators, parasitoids, and pathogens. The view of natural enemy ecology that has emerged from laboratory studies, where natural enemies are often isolated from all elements of the biotic community except for their hosts or prey, may be an unreliable guide to field dynamics. Experimental work suggests that interactions ...
Nuclear Factor—κB and Its Role in Sepsis-Associated Organ Failure

Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB is involved in regulating the transcription of many of the immunomodulatory mediators involved in the development of sepsis-induced organ failure. Kinase pathways involving p38 and Akt and initiated by engagement of Toll-like receptors modulate transcriptional activity of NF-kappaB, but apparently through different mechanisms. Increased activation of NF-kappaB occurs with sepsis, and greater levels of nuclear accumulation of NF-kappaB are associated with higher rates of mortality and worse clinical outcome. The percentage of apoptotic neutrophils is reduced in sepsis, and inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB restores neutrophil apoptosis to baseline levels. In models of sepsis, suppression of NF-kappaB activation decreases acute inflammatory processes and organ dysfunction. Because NF-kappaB occupies a central role in signaling pathways important in sepsis, modulation of NF-kappaB activity may be an appropriate therapeutic target in patients with sepsis.
A Theory of Information-Flow Labels

The security literature offers a multitude of calculi, languages, and systems for information-flow control, each with some set of labels encoding security policies that can be attached to data and computations. The exact form of these labels varies widely, with different systems offering many different combinations of features addressing issues such as confidentiality, integrity, and policy ownership. This variation makes it difficult to compare the expressive power of different information-flow frameworks. To enable such comparisons, we introduce label algebras, an abstract interface for information-flow labels equipped with a notion of authority, and study several notions of embedding between them. The simplest is a straightforward notion of injection between label algebras, but this lacks a clear computational motivation and rejects some reasonable encodings between label models. We obtain a more refined account by defining a space of encodings parameterized by an interpretation of labels and authorities, thus giving a semantic flavor to the definition of encoding. We study the theory of semantic encodings and consider two specific instances, one based on the possible observations of boolean values and one based on the behavior of programs in a small lambda-calculus parameterized over an arbitrary label algebra. We use this framework to define and compare a number of concrete label algebras, including realizations of the familiar taint, endorsement, readers, and distrust models, as well as label algebras based on several existing programming languages and operating systems.
Reduced rank matrix multistage wiener filter with applications in MMSE joint multiuser detection for DS-CDMA

A generalized statistical signal processing framework developed in [2] is utilized for interference suppression for Joint Multiuser Detection (MUD). Previous work on the efficient correlations subtractive architecture form of the reduced rank multistage Wiener filter (CSA-MWF) is extended by considering the multiple signal constraint case. The reduced rank algorithm is not based on an eigen-decomposition, which requires the signal subspace rank to be greater than or equal to the number of signals present in the system. The solution meets or exceeds full rank MMSE at a significantly reduced rank. System performance is characterized for a highly loaded synchronous DS-CDMA system in the presence of multi path. The bit error rate (BER) performance of the Joint CSA-MWF (JCSA-MWF) is compared to MMSE and RAKE receivers.
Gene–Environment Correlations in the Stress–Depression Relationship:

A critical feature of the social stress model is the apparent relationship between stress and depression. Although many studies have demonstrated a connection between the two, the relationship may be contaminated by genes affecting both stress and depression. Using a sample of identical and fraternal twins, this study explores genetic influences on depression and assorted sources of stress while explicitly estimating, and thereby controlling for, gene-environment correlations. I consider both stress and depression in a fine-grained fashion. For the former, the study explores assorted sources of stress, including health and disability, family, unemployment, discrimination, and perceived neighborhood safety, as gene-environment correlations may be stronger for some forms of stress than others. For the latter, the study explores both depressive symptoms and major depressive disorders, as each may entail a different epidemiological process, especially with respect to genes. The results reveal that most, but not all, measures of stress have moderate heritabilities, suggesting that genes influence exposure to the environment in a broad fashion. Yet, despite this, the relationship between stress and depression is generally robust to gene-environment correlations. There are some notable exceptions. For example, allowing for gene-environment correlations, marital conflict is generally unrelated to depression. Moreover, gene- environment correlations are generally stronger for major depression than for depressive symptoms, encouraging further elaboration of the distinction between the onset of depression and its recurrence, especially in the context of genes. These exceptions do not put limits on environmental influence, but do suggest that genes operate in a complex life-course fashion.
Price and control elasticities of demand for savings

Assumptions about individual demand for savings underlie workhorse models of macroeconomics, intertemporal choice, and intra-household bargaining, and policy interventions. In a randomized experiment, a Philippine bank tested sensitivity to interest rates and account ownership requirements in 10,000 door-to-door solicitations for a commitment savings account. The price elasticity is not significantly different than zero for both the full sample and subgroups of plausibly marginal savers, and it has an upper bound that implies an elasticity of intertemporal substitution below the 0.7 emphasized by Attanasio and Weber (2010). Nor do we find sensitivity to ownership requirements in the full sample or sub-groups.
Podcasting, Welcome to Night Vale, and the Revival of Radio Drama

This article takes the surrealist fictionalized talk radio-style podcast Welcome to Night Vale (2012–Present; WNV) as a case study of the revival of the mid-twentieth century radio drama form. With affordable digital production tools and the inexpensive distribution of podcasts over the internet, WNV is helping to foster a new wave of creative audio production. Yet, much of this newfound creativity is arriving through a remediation of older radio forms, techniques, and styles. Putting this “new media” in historical and cultural perspective, the author argues, emphasizes the many continuities present during moments of media change, troubling simplistic notions of media disruption.
Growth Models and Teacher Evaluation: What Teachers Need to Know and Do

AbstractIncluding growth models based on student test scores in teacher evaluations effectively holds teachers individually accountable for students improving their test scores. While an attractive policy for state administrators and advocates of education reform, value-added measures have been fraught with problems, and their use in teacher evaluation is questionable at best. Teachers need to understand the arguments against using growth measures in evaluation and to articulate a compelling, research-based alternative for the support and growth of teachers.
The Use of Microparticle Injection to Introduce Genes into Animal Cells In Vitro and In Vivo

The ability to introduce DNA into cells has been a sine-gua-non for the developments in molecular biology. One of the most unusual and unexpected technological breakthroughs in this arena is biolistic transformation. This technique goes under several names, including microparticle injection, gene gun, particle bombardment, etc. The basic idea, as originally conceived of by Sanford and coworkers (1), is disarmingly simple. DNA or other biological material is coated onto heavy metal microprojectiles and the microprojectiles are shot into the target cells, carrying the DNA in with them.
The Ecological Distribution of Community Advantage and Disadvantage: Power Structures, Political Economy, Communities, and Green-State Crime and Justice

Certain forms of criminology such as social disorganization theory examine how community characteristics influence crime. That approach, however glosses over the fact that the distribution of community advantages and disadvantages (CAD) has structural origins, and that the distribution of CAD is also an indicator of the kinds of social, economic and ecological injustice communities face. Building on observations recently made by Moloney and Chambliss concerning the integration of state and green criminological research, this article explores the structural origins of CAD, how taking a political economic view of CAD relates to the distribution of crime and injustice in communities, and how a CAD approach promotes the integration of state crime, radical criminological and green criminological research.
Reading John Locke in Cyberspace: Natural Rights and “The Commons” in a Digital Age

(2004). Reading John Locke in Cyberspace: Natural Rights and “The Commons” in a Digital Age. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 34-54.
Bollworm or budworm? squashblot immunoassay distinguishes eggs of Helicoverpa zea and Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Management of pyrethroid resistance in the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), requires some means to distinguish it from the cotton bollworm, Helieoverpa zea Boddie, preferably at the egg stage. The subtle morphological differences that have been described are not useful for field identification. Eggs squashed on nitrocellulose membranes can be unambiguously distinguished by a rapid assay that uses a monoclonal antibody to H. zea egg homogenate. Use of the assay to identify eggs in the field would provide the data needed to make a decision on whether or not to spray pyrethroids. Adoption of a resistance management strategy employing the assay in this fashion would delay the development of pyrethroid resistance in H. vircseclls, reduce wasteful spraying of pyrethroids and concomitant environmental pollution, save money otherwise lost by spraying the wrong insecticide, and enhance biological control by conserving natural enemies.
A Case of Endofibrosis Presenting with Embolic Symptoms in a 43-Year-Old Cyclist.

Background Endofibrosis is a rare clinical entity that usually manifests as claudication in cyclists and other endurance athletes. We report a case of a 43-year-old cyclist presenting with pain and cyanosis of his toes due to an embolism to his left anterior tibial artery. The source of the embolus was found to be an ulcerated, endofibrotic plaque in his left common femoral artery. Methods We performed an extensive literature search using the PubMed database and identified 60 results on endofibrosis. Eight articles described thrombosis relating to endofibrosis. None of the articles described an embolic phenomenon relating to endofibrosis. The following search terms were used: endofibrosis, embolic, emboli, embolism, “distal occlusion,” cyanosis, thrombosis, and thrombus. Results The patient is a 43-year-old male cyclist who presented with pain and cyanosis of his second and third toes on his left foot for 1 week. The affected toes had a dark-purple discoloration involving the tissue overlying the distal phalanges. Computed tomography angiography showed an abrupt occlusion of the left anterior tibial artery in the mid-calf with a non-calcified plaque in the left common femoral artery. There were no other signs of arterial disease. He underwent left common femoral endofibrosectomy with patch angioplasty that revealed an ulcerated endofibrotic plaque with mural thrombus. Conclusions This case demonstrates an unusual presentation of a rare clinical entity. While there have been previous reports of thrombosis associated with endofibrosis, to our knowledge this is the first reported case of endofibrosis presenting with embolic symptoms.
The African American Women’s Summit: A Student Affairs Professional Development Program

The African American Women’s Summit (AAWS) is a professional development program in the United States created by and for African American women in student affairs. This article reviews the evolution and structure of the AAWS. A discussion, grounded in Black feminist thought, is included relative to the impact of the AAWS on African American women student affairs professionals.
Kernel machine regression in neuroimaging genetics

This chapter reviews the mathematical basis and recent development of kernel machine regression, a machine learning technique that is particularly powerful in studying nonlinear relations in multidimensional data. We start with an intuitive explanation of kernel methods from the perspective of linear regression analysis and provide an illustrative synthetic example. We then formally introduce the kernel machine regression framework, establish its connection to mixed effects models in statistics, derive model fitting and statistical inference procedures, and highlight some recent theoretical extensions. Applications of kernel machine regression to biomedical research are selectively reviewed, with a focus on genetic association studies and imaging genetics, to demonstrate its generality, flexibility and computational efficiency in handling high-dimensional data and detecting complex associations. We close the chapter with a discussion of future directions. A rigorous mathematical treatment of the kernel methods and some technical aspects of the material presented in this chapter are provided in the appendix.
Integrated Care: A Potential Solution to Behavioral Health Disparities Among Latinos

Latinos constitute the largest minority group in the United States making up approximately 16 % of the total US population (U.S. Census Bureau, Hispanic or Latino by type: 2010. http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table). The contemporary issues that this group experiences include issues related to cultural self-identification, acculturation level, immigration status, discrimination, English-language proficiency, and poverty. These issues are largely responsible for the barriers that Latinos encounter in accessing behavioral healthcare. Integrated care is a mechanism of delivering care that attempts to make service delivery more efficient, effective, and client-centered. The basic idea is to collocate and coordinate behavioral health care in a medical setting, particularly primary care. This allows “one stop” care where both the physical health needs and behavioral health needs can be identified and treated. Integrated care is well positioned to solve many of the issues that Latinos face with regard to behavioral health care. While the field is shifting rapidly towards an integrated care model, discussions on cultural factors and how they interplay with integrated care are largely lacking. This book attempts to fill this gap and provides practical and easy to use solutions to the issues that the behavioral health care specialist is likely to encounter when working with Latinos in a primary care setting. The health disparities among Latinos are vast and this text provides culturally relevant recommendations that could ultimately lead to a reduction in these disparities.
The Role of Natural Gas in the Clean Power Plan

This article overviews the role that natural gas has played over time in the United States. It identifies and surveys five key historical roles that natural gas has served: (1) as an early competitor for lighting, (2) as a nuisance byproduct in oil production, (3) as a heating and appliance fuel, especially as pipeline technology improved, (4) as a catalyst for legal change during the energy crises, and (5) as an increasingly important fuel for electricity production. The article then examines the likely role of natural gas as way to address climate change in the United States, using the ideas of a "bridge" fuel, a "dead end," and the Clean Power Plan as lenses. Commonalities and differences in models estimating natural gas use under the Clean Power Plan are identified and summarized.
Quality assessment of used-products under uncertain age and usage conditions

Quality of a used-product is often highly uncertain, impacts pricing decisions, and is influenced by many factors like age and usage. However, analysis of usage and its uncertain nature is not well understood. In this paper, joint effects of age and usage on quality of used/end-of-life products are analysed. To conduct this research, Product State Transformation Diagram is proposed and used to analyse quality of used-products under uncertain age and usage conditions. Subsequently, governing multivariate stochastic partial differential equation is derived and paired with operational conditions to develop Quality Degradation Model (QDM). Then, QDM is numerically analysed and compared with common age-based model. Results indicate that age-based models overestimate quality. Using one-factor-at-time approach, sensitivity of QDM to its parameters and inputs is analysed. In a real-life case study, QDM is applied to evaluate prices of used-cars. To validate QDM and to generate insights towards its accuracy, a poo...
Surface Fluorination of Reactive Battery Anode Materials for Enhanced Stability.

Significant increases in the energy density of batteries must be achieved by exploring new materials and cell configurations. Lithium metal and lithiated silicon are two promising high-capacity anode materials. Unfortunately, both of these anodes require a reliable passivating layer to survive the serious environmental corrosion during handling and cycling. Here we developed a surface fluorination process to form a homogeneous and dense LiF coating on reactive anode materials, with in situ generated fluorine gas, by using a fluoropolymer, CYTOP, as the precursor. The process is effectively a “reaction in the beaker”, avoiding direct handling of highly toxic fluorine gas. For lithium metal, this LiF coating serves as a chemically stable and mechanically strong interphase, which minimizes the corrosion reaction with carbonate electrolytes and suppresses dendrite formation, enabling dendrite-free and stable cycling over 300 cycles with current densities up to 5 mA/cm2. Lithiated silicon can serve as either a...
Views from the field: creating a place for authentic citizen participation in budgeting

Citizen participation in budgeting is often achieved by compliance with legal statutes on public hearing requirements. These pragmatic and legalistically-based approaches to citizen participation are examined, and the potential for creating participation that realizes more than meeting legal requirements is discussed. The author suggests that recommendations from recent work on citizen participation and governance can be used as standards for evaluating and improving citizen participation in budgeting, and applies these suggestions to a case example in city government finance.
Small molecule antagonists for CXCR1 and CXCR2 inhibit human colon cancer metastasis by decreasing angiogenesis and enhancing apoptosis

5632 Our previous reports suggest the important role of the CXCR1 and CXCR2 ligands, interleukin-8 and growth regulated oncogene (gro)-α in colon cancer growth and metastasis. The objective of this study was to determine whether inhibition of CXCR1 and CXCR2 activity by using a small molecule antagonist(s) inhibits colon cancer growth and metastasis. KM12L4, a highly metastatic colon carcinoma cell line was implanted intrasplenically into nude mice and SCH527123 (which blocks both CXCR1 and CXCR2) or SCH479833 (which preferentially blocks CXCR2) were given orally at 0, 25, 50 or 100 MPK twice daily for three weeks. Primary splenic tumors and liver metastases were examined in treated and control groups. SCH57213 and SCH479833 were well tolerated with no toxicity. We did not observe significant differences in the primary spleen tumor weight. We observed significant inhibition of liver metastases in CXCR antagonist treated groups as compared to the control group; however, the effect was not dose-dependent. The levels of neovascularization in SCH57213 and SCH479833 treated groups were lower in primary tumors and liver metastases. The number of apoptotic tumor cells in SCH57213, SCH479833 and control treated splenic tumors were similar. However, we observed significantly higher levels of apoptotic tumor cells in liver metastases from SCH57213 and SCH479833 treated groups as compared to control. We did not observe any significant differences between SCH57213 and SCH479833 treated groups. Together, these studies demonstrate the important role of CXCR1 and CXCR2 in colon cancer growth and metastasis. In addition, inhibition of CXCR1 and CXCR2 using a small molecule antagonist provides a novel therapeutic strategy for metastatic colon cancer.
Detection of Light Dark Matter With Optical Phonons in Polar Materials

We show that polar materials are excellent targets for direct detection of sub-GeV dark matter due to the presence of gapped optical phonons as well as acoustic phonons with high sound speed. We take the example of Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), which has the properties needed for experimental realization, and where many results can be estimated analytically. We find GaAs has excellent reach to dark photon absorption, can completely cover the freeze-in benchmark for scattering via an ultralight dark photon, and is competitive with other proposals to detect sub-MeV dark matter scattering off nuclei.