cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The economic analysis of public law

Law and economics in the United States and Europe focuses on private law. With the exception of work on antitrust and corporate finance, public law has been largely ignored. Yet economics is central to the understanding of social problems, such as environmental protection and occupational health and safety. Lawyer-economists need to study the relationship between government structure and policy outcomes. Economists must consider goals, such as democratic accountability and participation, which do not fit an efficiency framework.
Computer-Based De Novo Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Boronic Acid-Based Artificial Receptors for Selective Recognition of Dopamine

Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter that plays important roles in various physiological and pathological processes, such as Parkinson's disease. Chemosensors for dopamine have a number of potential applications. On the basis both of the strong and reversible complexation between the boronic acid moiety and a diol functional group and computational chemistry studies, we have designed a series of four compounds for selective three-point recognition of dopamine, which include boronic acid-diol complexation, aromatic-hydrophobic interactions, and ionic interactions between a carboxylate and a protonated amino group. These compounds were synthesized in seven or eight linear steps and showed dopamine selectivity of up to tenfold over epinephrine. NMR spectroscopy experiments were conducted to probe the structures of the receptor-dopamine complexes. These receptors are the first to show such significant selectivity for dopamine over epinephrine in aqueous solution under near physiological conditions.
Restoration of spinal bone in osteoporotic men by treatment with human parathyroid hormone (1–34) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

Daily subcutaneous injection of a synthetic human parathyroid hormone fragment, combined with daily ingestion of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D, significantly increased trabecular bone density in the spine (p less than .01), and improved intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption and total body retention of dietary calcium and phosphorus in middle-aged men with idiopathic osteoporosis. The increases in spinal bone mineral were marked and progressive during a year of treatment. These results indicate that increasing intestinal absorption of dietary calcium while simultaneously stimulating new bone formation with small doses of parathyroid hormone can restore spinal bone in osteoporotic men.
Early adolescents' proportional reasoning on ‘rate’ problems

The study deals with qualitative features of proportional reasoning on dimensional intensive variables by eleven and thirteen year-old students. These features include types of comparison and types of strategies employed. Four proportional problems, varying in numerical and referential content were administered to 116 eleven year-olds and 137 thirteen year-olds. No significant age effect was found. The relative frequencies with which the type of comparison and various strategies were used was greatly affected by context, numerical content of the problem, and the immediately preceeding task. No type of comparison appeared to be more ‘natural’ than another, as suggested in previous research.
Teaching to the Test: How No Child Left Behind Impacts Language Policy, Curriculum, and Instruction for English Language Learners

Abstract In the wake of the federal No Child Left Behind legislation, standardized tests have become increasingly high-stakes. Yet English language learners (ELLs) typically score far below native English speakers, creating pressure to “teach to the test.” This article shares findings from an intensive year long study in 10 New York City high schools, detailing how high-stakes tests become defacto language policy in schools. Most schools and individual educators have increased the amount of English instruction ELLs receive; however, some have instead increased native language instruction as a test preparation strategy. Curriculum and instruction focuses on test content and strategies, and English as a second language classes have become more like English language arts classes for native English speakers. In bilingual classes, tests are found to promote monolingual instruction with test translations guiding decisions about language allocation.
A Copper Vapour Laser with the Discharge Confined by Long Metal Tubes

Results are given of a computer program which calculates the lengths of metal tubes which can sustain axial discharges along them under various conditions of pressure and temperature for pulsed dis...
Differentiation and detection of microorganisms using fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) was used to differentiate and identify microorganisms on a food (apple) surface. Microorganisms considered include bacteria (Lactobacillus casei, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and fungi (Aspergillus niger and Fusarium verticilliodes). Discriminant analysis was used to differentiate apples contaminated with the different microorganisms from uncontaminated apple. Mahalanobis distances were calculated to quantify the differences. The higher the value of the Mahalanobis distance metric between different microorganisms, the greater is their difference. Additionally, pathogenic (O157:H7) E. coli was successfully differentiated from non-pathogenic strains. Results demonstrate that FTIR-PAS spectroscopy has the potential to become a non-destructive analysis tool in food safety related research.
Software/courseware exchange for UCSD pascal

As a result of rapidly increasing interest in the UCSD PASCAL Software System, the Institute for Information Systems will establish an exchange service for software developed by users of the system. In addition to handling contributed programs, the exchange will function as a marketplace wherein authors of applications software packages, or computer based course materials, may sell their products to customers in return for royalty payments. The exchange will recover its operating costs through customer payments of small distribution charges, and will operate as a non profit public service.
The effects of Zn2+ on the uptake of Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ by bone powder and anorganic bone

Abstract 1. 1. The presence of 2.5 mmoles/1 of stable Zn2+ increases the uptake of 85Sr2+ and 133Ba2+ by bone powder and by anorganic bone from solutions that contain these radioisotopes in tracer quantities, whereas the presence of stable Ca2+ or Ba2+ decreases uptake. The presence of stable Ca2+ or Ba2+ does not appreciably affect the uptake of tracer quantities of 65Zn2+. 2. 2. The results support the hypothesis that Zn2+ distorts the surface of the crystals of bone mineral and thus facilities the replacement of Ca2+ by larger alkaline earth ions. The effect is found when tracer amounts of the alkaline earth ions are used but not when the concentrations of these ions are of the order of 2.5 mmoles/l.
COORDINATION ALTERNATIVES IN A MANUFACTURER/DEALER INVENTORY SYSTEM UNDER STOCHASTIC DEMAND

This paper introduces a stochastic model of a distribution system where the stocking location is owned by a dealer (or retailer) and the product is supplied by a manufacturer. Inventory is managed by the dealer, and the manufacturer is responsible for delivery of the product through both regular replenishment and expedite shipment modes. The dealer and the manufacturer share the goal of providing a high level of customer service. Demand, moreover, is a function of the service level offered to the market by the dealer. We develop optimal stock control policies for the cases where each decision maker in turn is dominant and acts unilaterally while being constrained by the supply/demand linkages of the system. We also develop an optimum policy for the case where both levels are managed under centralized control (i.e., both levels cooperate). Results indicate that the expected profit for a dominant dealer (or dominant manufacturer) is higher under decentralized control than the optimal solution for either under centralized control. However, the centralized solution is a global-optimal solution and therefore will guarantee longterm stability. Differences between the various solutions are analyzed explicitly to estimate the cost of coordination.
Evaluating top-k queries over web-accessible databases

A query to a web search engine usually consists of a list of keywords, to which the search engine responds with the best or "top" k pages for the query. This top-k query model is prevalent over multimedia collections in general, but also over plain relational data for certain applications. For example, consider a relation with information on available restaurants, including their location, price range for one diner, and overall food rating. A user who queries such a relation might simply specify the user's location and target price range, and expect in return the best 10 restaurants in terms of some combination of proximity to the user, closeness of match to the target price range, and overall food rating. Processing top-k queries efficiently is challenging for a number of reasons. One critical such reason is that, in many web applications, the relation attributes might not be available other than through external web-accessible form interfaces, which we will have to query repeatedly for a potentially large set of candidate objects. In this article, we study how to process top-k queries efficiently in this setting, where the attributes for which users specify target values might be handled by external, autonomous sources with a variety of access interfaces. We present a sequential algorithm for processing such queries, but observe that any sequential top-k query processing strategy is bound to require unnecessarily long query processing times, since web accesses exhibit high and variable latency. Fortunately, web sources can be probed in parallel, and each source can typically process concurrent requests, although sources may impose some restrictions on the type and number of probes that they are willing to accept. We adapt our sequential query processing technique and introduce an efficient algorithm that maximizes source-access parallelism to minimize query response time, while satisfying source-access constraints. We evaluate our techniques experimentally using both synthetic and real web-accessible data and show that parallel algorithms can be significantly more efficient than their sequential counterparts.
High-Throughput Multiplexed T-Cell–Receptor Excision Circle Quantitative PCR Assay with Internal Controls for Detection of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency in Population-Based Newborn Screening

BACKGROUND: Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting a specific marker of functional T cells, the T-cell–receptor excision circle (TREC), detects the absence of functional T cells and has a demonstrated clinical validity for detecting severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) in infants. There is need for a qPCR TREC assay with an internal control to monitor DNA quality and the relative cellular content of the particular dried blood spot punch sampled in each reaction. The utility of the qPCR TREC assay would also be far improved if more tests could be performed on the same newborn screening sample. METHODS: We approached the multiplexing of qPCR for TREC by attenuating the reaction for the reference gene, with focus on maintaining tight quality assurance for reproducible slopes and for prevention of sample-to-sample cross contamination. Statewide newborn screening for SCID using the multiplexed assay was implemented, and quality-assurance data were recorded. RESULTS: The multiplex qPCR TREC assay showed nearly 100% amplification efficiency for each of the TREC and reference sequences, clinical validity for multiple forms of SCID, and an analytic limit of detection consistent with prevention of contamination. The eluate and residual ghost from a 3.2-mm dried blood spot could be used as source material for multiplexed immunoassays and multiplexed DNA tests (Multiplex Plus), with no disruption to the multiplex TREC qPCR. CONCLUSIONS: Population-based SCID newborn screening programs should consider multiplexing for quality assurance purposes. Potential benefits of using Multiplex Plus include the ability to perform multianalyte profiling.
Application of the theory of micromixing to groundwater reactive transport models

[1] This study extends and applies the theory of micromixing, first introduced in the chemical reaction engineering literature, to the topic of reactive transport in porous media. For all but the simplest linear kinetic and sorption models the fate and transport of a reactive solute depends on the residence times and the details of small-scale mixing. The latter phenomenon, also called micromixing, is important because it brings into close proximity chemical species that react, and it controls the local concentrations in a flowing system. Solutes with reaction rates or sorption isotherms that depend on species concentration will therefore be affected by micromixing. Two models for micromixing are introduced, the minimum and maximum mixedness models, that provide bounds on the extent of reaction or retardation behavior within the constraints imposed by the residence time distribution (RTD) of a conservative solute in the same flow system. These mixing models prescribe the latest or earliest permissible mixing of parcels of fluid of different residence times, which in turn bounds the degree of reaction of a reactive solute for nonlinear rate laws or sorption isotherms. Simulation results using the bounding models show that micromixing effects are most important for nonlinear reaction curves, solute pulses of short duration, and systems with broad RTD curves. Use of these models is a straightforward and practical way to investigate the importance of a phenomenon for which data are seldom available and whose impact on groundwater reactive transport models has heretofore not been studied in a systematic, bounding manner.
The New Software Exporting Nations: Success Factors

Many nations are attempting to craft successful software exporting industries to emulate the remarkable success of India in this area.. What are these success factors? We introduce the “Oval model” that incorporates eight factors that lead software industries to export success. The eight factors are: 1) Government vision and policies, including funding and tax benefits. 2) Human capital, including national orientation and traditions, quantity, composition, language skills, and managerial skills. 3) Wages. 4) Quality of life, since talented professionals tend to concentrate in desirable locations. 5) Linkages, which emerge between individuals, between work groups, between firms, and between nations due to geographic, cultural, linguistic, or ethnic connections. 6) Technological infrastructure. 7) Capital, which can come from domestic and foreign sources. 8) Industry characteristics, including: clustering effects, the number of firms, their size, the associations which organize the industry’s firms, the industry’s degree of common vision and branding, and the standards that the firms aspire to.
Intracellular generation of single-stranded DNA for chromosomal triplex formation and induced recombination

Synthetic triple helix-forming oligodeoxyribonucleotides (TFOs) have been used to alter gene expression and to induce targeted genome modification in cells and animals. However, the efficacy of such oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) depends on efficient intracellular delivery. A novel vector system was tested for the production of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to serve as a TFO in mouse cells. Mouse cells carrying a substrate that can report triplex-stimulated intrachromosomal recombination were transfected with a series of ssDNA vectors, and induced recombination was assayed. Transfection with a vector set designed to generate a 34 nt G-rich ssDNA capable of triplex formation at a 30 bp polypurine target site within the reporter substrate yielded recombinants at a frequency of 196 x 10(-6), versus a background frequency of 45 x 10(-6) in mock transfected cells. No induction was seen when a vector set lacking the TFO sequence insert was tested or when the component vectors were transfected individually. Vectors engineered to express a C-rich 34 nt sequence (not expected to form triplex under physiological conditions) had no effect over background. Primer extension analyses on lysates from transfected cells confirmed the production of the intended ssDNAs. These results suggest that ssDNA molecules of a defined sequence can be generated intracellularly using a novel vector system and that such molecules are active in mediating triplex-dependent chromosomal events. The ability to produce active TFOs within cells may provide a new foundation for triplex-based gene targeting strategies.
Secured and Seamless Handoff in Wireless Fourth Generation Systems

Satisfying quality of service (QoS) and security requirements is one of the main goals of the wireless fourth generation (4G) systems, which will integrate a multitude of different heterogeneous networks including cellular networks second generation, third generation, wireless local area networks, Bluetooth, etc. In this paper, first we introduce a novel wireless fourth generation architecture which improves cellular network capacity by reducing interference level. Second, we propose a novel approach to secure and provide seamless handoff. The proposed protocol employs mutual authentication between a mobile node and a visited access network (VAN) that is performed first by invoking the mobile node home access network (HAN) then locally without contacting the HAN.
Video versus traditional informed consent for neonatal circumcision.

Aim: To determine if videotapes about newborn circumcision would be superior to traditional physician ‘informed consent’ discussion for maternal knowledge, satisfaction and perception of provider bias. Design/methods: A convenience sample of mothers interested in or undecided about circumcision was randomized to watch a video on: (i) circumcision risks/benefits (‘Video-Plus’ n = 168); or (ii) unrelated material followed by traditional physician risk/benefit discussion (‘Standard-MD’ n = 136). Questionnaires were administered during hospitalization and subsequent telephone interviews. Statistical differences were analysed by chi-square and Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: Most mothers (82%) decided about circumcision prenatally. Fewer mothers perceived bias from the video vs. physicians [1.1% vs. 6.8%, p = 0.04]. Composite knowledge (correct of 10 answers) [ (SD) 6.5 (2.1) vs. 6.4 (2.1), p = 0.78] or satisfaction [5-point Likert scale, 3.98 (1.50) vs. 3.75 (1.58), p = 0.16] did not differ by group, although more highly educated mothers preferred the video [satisfaction 4.08 (1.01) vs. 2.63 (0.99), p = 0.04]. Significant knowledge gaps existed in both groups. Conclusion: In this setting, no difference in maternal knowledge was found between ‘Video-Plus’ and traditional informed consent although more highly educated mothers preferred the video. Better ways to achieve understanding of risks and benefits for this elective procedure should be sought.
Ideological Consistency as a Collective Phenomenon

Researchers ordinarily consider ideological consistency to be a characteristic of individuals; groups are considered to be ideological only if they are composed of ideologically oriented individuals. We show how a group as a whole can be characterized as exhibiting an ideological basis for its preferences even though many, or even most, of its members have preferences that are inconsistent with the supposed unidimensional ideological continuum. As an illustration, we show that the United States electorate of 1980 had collective preferences among the candidates Kennedy, Carter, Ford, and Reagan as if these preferences reflected an underlying left-right dimension among these candidates, despite the fact that a high proportion of individual voters had preferences among these candidates that did not fit the left-right dimension. In general, we show reasons why collectivities are likely to be more ideologically consistent than are the individuals composing them.
Biology and Immature Stages Of Snail-Killing Flies Belonging To the Genus Tetanocera (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). IV. Life Histories Of Predators Of Land Snails and Slugs

Abstract The biology and immature stages of snail-killing flies (Diptera: Sciomzyidae) that are predators on land snails and slugs are presented, including the geographic distribution, habitat occurrence, life cycle, and larval feeding habits of three species of Tetanocera Dumeril preying on slugs (Tetanocera clara Loew, Tetanocera plebeja Loew, and Tetanocera valida Loew), and one species attacking land snails (Tetanocera phyllophora Melander).
Key competencies in sustainability: a reference framework for academic program development

The emerging academic field focused on sustainability has been engaged in a rich and converging debate to define what key competencies are considered critical for graduating students to possess. For more than a decade, sustainability courses have been developed and taught in higher education, yet comprehensive academic programs in sustainability, on the undergraduate and graduate level, have emerged only over the last few years. Considering this recent institutional momentum, the time is seemingly right to synthesize the discussion about key competencies in sustainability in order to support these relatively young academic programs in shaping their profiles and achieving their ambitious missions. This article presents the results of a broad literature review. The review identifies the relevant literature on key competencies in sustainability; synthesizes the substantive contributions in a coherent framework of sustainability research and problem-solving competence; and addresses critical gaps in the conceptualization of key competencies in sustainability. Insights from this study lay the groundwork for institutional advancements in designing and revising academic programs; teaching and learning evaluations; as well as hiring and training faculty and staff.
The Eleganzia Group

Eleganzia Group management faces tough decisions heading into the summer of 2010. With tourism on the decline due to the global economic recession, General Manager Giannuzzi must decide how to set prices at the Forte Village Resort, the Group's most well-known property. His management team is further divided on whether the pricing model at the resort should change to being all-inclusive (as opposed to one where guests are charged for each additional activity or dining option on a pay-as-you-go basis), and whether to convert a large number of the 4-star rooms into 5-star suites. Recently acquired properties, such as the Castel Monastero in Tuscany and the Maddalena Hotel & Yacht Club in north Sardinia, pose a branding challenge. Can all the properties, including the Forte Village, be successfully brought under one umbrella brand, namely, Eleganzia? Moreover, what should the character of each these new properties be?Learning Objective:Pricing and Branding strategy in a luxury consumption setting; balancing short term revenue with long term brand goals.
Ashes2Art Now and Tomorrow: Delphi, Alexandria and the Red Sea

Ashes2Art is a collaborative undergraduate research initiative focused on the application of digital tools to cultural heritage projects. The program started in 2005 at Coastal Carolina University, and from 2007 to 2009, Coastal Carolina University worked with students and faculty at Arkansas State University to study and build various digital resources pertaining to Delphi, Greece. In January 2011 the Ashes2Art project at Coastal Carolina University begins collaboration with the Center for Maritime Archaeology and Underwater Cultural Heritage at Alexandria University, Egypt. We will work with excavation directors on Lake Mareotis (near Alexandria) and at various sites along the Red Sea.
L-Arginine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced lung chemokine production

Chemokines stimulate the influx of leukocytes into tissues. Their production is regulated by nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), an inducible transcription factor under the control of inhibitory factor κB-α...
Regulation of the Promoter Binding Activity of a Bacterial Sigma Factor Explored Using Segmental Isotopic Labeling and NMR Spectroscopy

DNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RNAP) play a central role in transcription and therefore are a major regulatory target for gene expression. The regulation of prokaryotic transcription involves several protein-protein interactions between the different subunits of the RNAP complex as well as between several transcription factors. Understanding how these regulatory mechanisms work is crucial in order to open new strategies for targeting gene expression in pathogenic bacteria. Prokaryotic core RNAPs contain β, β′, and two a subunits, and are fully active in RNA polymerization. However, they are incapable of promoter recognition and specific initiation. Specific initiation of transcription depends on the binding of σ factors to the core RNAP to form the RNAP holoenzyme. The most abundant σ factor in E. coli is σ70. Sequence comparisons among different σ70-like factors has shown that they are comprised of four highly homologous regions [1]. Regions 2 and 4.2 have been shown to interact with the -10 and -35 box of the promoter region, respectively. Nonetheless, in the absence of the core RNAP, the σ70-like factors are unable to recognize the promoter sequence [2]. Region 1.1 has been shown to inhibit the ability by σ70-like factors to recognize the promoter DNA region [2]. Here, we have used segmental isotopic labeling techniques [3] to selectively label region 4.2 of σA (a homologous σ-factor from T. maritima) with 15N, 2H and 13C. This novel methodology has been used used in combination with NMR chemical shift perturbation studies [4] to study the interaction between these two regions.
Save the Tweets: Library Acquisition of Online Materials

As the Internet becomes an increasingly pervasive communications technology in society, public discussions and other born-digital documents of social and political importance frequently exist solely on various websites. To fulfill their missions of preserving public knowledge, libraries seek to acquire and make accessible web documents to scholars, students, and other library patrons. However, section 108 of the Copyright Act, which previously provided sufficient protection from liability for libraries' acquisition and reproduction activities, does not adequately map onto the technological realities of acquiring digital documents over the Internet. As a result, libraries must accept the risk of copyright infringement liability or forgo preserving historically important online documents. This Note proposes a set of amendments that would update section 108 to extend libraries' current limited protections from copyright liability to the acquisition, preservation, and making available of online documents.
Recent Advances in Gene Therapy of GI and Liver Diseases

Gene therapy toward the digestive organs has made substantial progress. The strategies applied include ex vivo and in vivo delivery. The ex vivo pathway does not require a tissue-specific vector while the in vivo pathway is advantageous for tissues not obtainable or hard to culture. The specific vectors of gene delivery for the liver and gastrointestinal tract include (1) viral vectors: retrovirus, adenovirus, and adeno-associated virus are the three most common currently used. (2) liposomes: when cationic substances are incorporated, DNA can be coated on the surface and carried into cells. (3) receptor-mediated gene therapy: natural and physiological and tissue-specific ligands were incorporated and modified to carry foreign DNA into the cells. They are tissue-specific and relatively nontoxic. The innovations focus on the prolongation of gene expression and a more efficient gene delivery.
Racial differences in the association between nonmedical prescription opioid use, abuse/dependence, and major depression.

ABSTRACTBackground: African Americans (AAs) have lower rates of depressive disorders and are less likely to receive opioid analgesics for chronic pain than whites. Given the evidence that prescription opioid use is associated with depression, we hypothesized that the opioid abuse/dependence and depression comorbidity would be less common among AAs compared with whites. Methods: A cross-sectional secondary analysis of the public use files for the 2012 (n = 55,268) and 2013 (n = 55,160) National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) was used to obtain past-year, DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) criteria diagnoses of nonmedical prescription opioid use (NMPOU), abuse/dependence, and major depressive episode (MDE). Covariates included anxiety disorder, alcohol and illicit drug abuse/dependence, smoking, age, gender, education, marital status, health insurance, county urbanicity, and income. Logistic regression models estimating the association between opioid use an...
Lipid Raft-Mediated Membrane Tethering and Delivery of Hydrophobic Cargos from Liquid Crystal-Based Nanocarriers.

A main goal of bionanotechnology and nanoparticle (NP)-mediated drug delivery (NMDD) continues to be the development of novel biomaterials that can controllably modulate the activity of the NP-associated therapeutic cargo. One of the desired subcellular locations for targeted delivery in NMDD is the plasma membrane. However, the controlled delivery of hydrophobic cargos to the membrane bilayer poses significant challenges including cargo precipitation and lack of specificity. Here, we employ a liquid crystal NP (LCNP)-based delivery system for the controlled partitioning of a model dye cargo from within the NP core into the plasma membrane bilayer. During synthesis of the NPs, the water-insoluble model dye cargo, 3,3′-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate (DiO), was efficiently incorporated into the hydrophobic LCNP core as confirmed by multiple spectroscopic analyses. Conjugation of a PEGylated cholesterol derivative to the NP surface (DiO-LCNP-PEG-Chol) facilitated the localization of the dye-loaded NP...
Studies on immunization against plague. IX. The effect of cortisone on mouse resistance to attenuated strains of Pasteurella pestis.

Interest in the development of effective vaccines against plague has led to the isolation and study of Pasteurella pestis strains of lowered virulence and to fairly extensive use of living, so-called "avirulent" strains in vaccines for human populations.'-5 Other than their inability to produce progressive fatal infection in a susceptible host, these attenuated strains do not uniformly possess characteristics that distinguish them from fully virulent strains. Some of these strains, including ones extensively used as living vaccines, can actually multiply appreciably in mice and guinea pigs, although this multiplication is controlled before it assumes seri-
Fluid Dynamics and Surface Pressure Fluctuations of Dense Rough Surface Turbulent Boundary Layers

Comprehensive measurements were m ade in two -dimensional zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers over various geometries of dense rough surfaces in order to help develop a predictive tool for the effects of roughness . The comprehensive laser Doppler velocimeter was used to direct ly measure three components of velocity. Surface pressure fluctuations were measured using a pair of surface mounted microphones: a two microphone subtraction scheme was used to eliminate coherent noise and isolate the contributions due to the turbulent p ortion of the signals. Measurements were made on three sandpaper roughness fetches and a fetch of uniformly distributed hemispheres at speeds of 20 and 27 m/s . Optical surface profilometry was used to characterize the geometry of the sandgrain surfaces . These thorough data sets were related to some proposed geometric parameters, but more data are needed. Nomenclature f A = projected frontal area w A = wetted frontal area � = boundary layer th ickness, where u = 0.99 e U + �U = roughness velocity defect; shift in the log portion of the law of the wall due to roughness � = ratio of (projected frontal area to flow)/(planform surface area) k = characteristic roughness height max k = maximum roughness height g k = mean geometric roughness height
An Examination of AICPA Disciplinary Actions: 1980–2014

SUMMARY: This study examines trends in the disciplinary sanctions imposed by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) over the 35-year period 1980–2014. It reveals that the sizable increase in the number of sanctions that followed the 1988 revision to the Institute's Code of Professional Conduct has mostly stabilized. However, there is still growth in the number of sanctions being imposed for substandard professional service. The sanctions imposed for substandard professional service have also become more stringent. In combination these actions confer assurance that continuing members of the Institute provide superior professional service. A 2003 bylaw change that imposes automatic sanctions for members disciplined by approved bodies has resulted in a substantial decrease in the number of investigations undertaken by the AICPA. However, there is a high incidence of noncooperation with the remaining investigations, the reasons for which are not established by the current study.
Determination of T-2 and HT-2 Toxins in Cereals by HPLC-MS with Immunoaffinity Column

A method was developed for the determination of T-2 toxin(T-2) and HT-2 toxin(HT-2) in cereals by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS).Samplewas extracted with acetonitrile-water(80∶20,by volume),cleaned up by an immunoaffinity column(Bond ElutMycotoxin),and then analyzed by HPLC-MS.Both linear ranges of T-2 and HT-2 were 0.005-0.5 mg/L with correlation coefficients more than 0.999 0.The average recoveries at the spiked levels of 0.01,0.05,0.10 and 0.20 mg/kg ranged from 76% to 90%for rice sample,and the relative standard deviations were between 2.8% and 7.6%.The detection limits(S/N=3) were 0.001 mg/kg for T-2 and 0.002 mg/kg for HT-2.
Brief Report: Prevalence of Self-injurious Behaviors among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder—A Population-Based Study

Self-injurious behaviors (SIB) have been reported in more than 30 % of children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in clinic-based studies. This study estimated the prevalence of SIB in a large population-based sample of children with ASD in the United States. A total of 8065 children who met the surveillance case definition for ASD in the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network during the 2000, 2006, and 2008 surveillance years were included. The presence of SIB was reported from available health and/or educational records by an expert clinician in ADDM Network. SIB prevalence averaged 27.7 % across all sites and surveillance years, with some variation between sites. Clinicians should inquire about SIB during assessments of children with ASD.
GonioSense: a wearable-based range of motion sensing and measurement system for body joints: poster

This paper introduces GonioSense -- a wearable based system that can track and measure both active and passive joint motions. GonioSense leverages embedded inertial sensors to provide reliable and consistent measurement results. A key challenge for our system is how to efficiently detect body movement and accurately calculate range of joint motion. We built a preliminary version that can collect and analyze sensor data in real time on the Android platform. To test the system, we recruited five healthy volunteers and measured six kinds of joint motions. The same tools used by physical therapists, measurements gathered from a goniometer and an inclinometer is what we used as the ground truth data for calibrations and evaluation of our algorithm. In the initial version, GonioSense estimation errors are within ± 5% for more than 80% cases. By utilizing wearable technology, the benefits for both doctors and patients could bring forth an immense step forward in physical therapy treatment.
Plasticity of Metals - Mathematical Theory and Structural Applications

A brief analysis is given of the phi losophy and practice of engineering design. The importance bf plasticity in most elastic design is emphasized and the use of elementary plastic analysis is illu...
Experimental study of the effects of free stream turbulence on characteristics and flame structure of bluff-body stabilized conical lean premixed flames

Abstract This article describes an experimental investigation of the effect of different levels of free stream turbulence intensity on the structure of an unconfined, lean propane–air flame stabilized on an axisymmetric bluff body. Simultaneous imaging of hydroxyl (OH) and formaldehyde (CH2O) by planar laser induced fluorescence and particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to study the interaction between the flame and the flow field. CH2O fluorescence and the pixel-by-pixel multiplication of OH and CH2O fluorescence signals were utilized to mark preheat and heat release regions respectively. At low turbulence intensity, flame front featured weak corrugations and mostly symmetric flame structures with continuous heat release regions. Pronounced formation of cusps and unburnt mixture fingers were observed as the turbulence intensity was increased from 4% to 14% without discontinuities in the heat release front. The local flame structure was observed to be strongly modified for the high turbulence intensities with the occurrence of flamelet merging, localized extinctions along the shear layer and flame fragmentations. The general shape of the flame was observed to intermittently switch from a symmetric (varicose) to asymmetric (sinuous) mode. Several flame properties were determined to characterize the effects of turbulence–flame interaction which includes the average preheat and reaction zone thicknesses, strain rates and curvature along the flame front, flame brush thickness, flame surface density, flame area ratio and turbulent flame speed. With increasing turbulence levels, the preheat zone was observed to become thicker while reaction zone thickness reduced. The curvature and strain rates pdfs broadened with increasing levels of turbulence intensity. The flame brush thickness showed an initial increase with increasing turbulence levels but saturated beyond 24% turbulence intensity. Measurements showed a reduction in flame surface density with increasing levels of turbulence intensity. The turbulent flame area ratio increased with turbulence intensity but at a reduced rate at higher turbulence intensities.
Mechanisms of translocation of proteins across membranes.

The movement of proteins from their site of synthesis in the cytosol to their final destination is fundamental for organelle and membrane biogenesis, secretion, and cellular organization. During the past 20 years, many advances have been made in our understanding of protein topogenesis—the process by which a protein achieves its topological distribution within a cell and, for an integral membrane protein, how it achieves its particular transmembrane topography (Blobel, 1980).
RNA Transcription and Ribosomal Protein Assembly in Drosophila melanogaster

Definition of the structure of primary transcription units of RNA and their corresponding translation units is crucial to an understanding of the organization and regulation of the eukaryotic genome. During the last decade, great progress was made in determination of the structure of transcription units in prokaryotes. However, the organization of transcription in eukaryotes appears to be more complex than that in prokaryotes. The rapid progress made in the analysis of the structure of the operon in bacteria depended on combined genetic and biochemical analyses. In eukaryotes, however, the most convenient systems for genetic studies (e.g., Drosophila) are often not readily amenable to conventional biochemical techniques. For this reason, the majority of the scientific effort has been directed toward other eukaryotic systems. This chapter is devoted mainly to a discussion of some aspects of transcription and translation in D. melanogaster and their relationship to the organization of the Drosophila genome. Particular emphasis is placed on certain molecular and electron microscopic properties of RNA transcription and maturation. The more general aspects of these topics will only be briefly covered here, as these have been dealt with either in other chapters of this handbook series or irr recent reviews.
Consent and contracts

Consent – in one form or another – is at the core of the modern understanding of contract law. This Chapter shows how the nature of consent involved in contractual transactions is distinctively different from the consent involved in other sorts of events and transactions. The text also focuses issues of consent are in tension with another important aspect of contracts and contracting: that contracts – and their predictable enforceability – are central to modern commercial life. The Chapter begins by offering some general reflections on the nature of consent. It then considers the connection between consent and various doctrinal defenses to the enforcement of contracts. A subsequent section describes the way in which modern contracting practice generally falls far short of consent in its fullest sense. Finally, the text reflects on the practical effects “defective” consent may have for the enforcement of agreements, as well as the moral implications of defective consent for individuals’ obligations to keep contracts.
Only One In Twenty Justice-Referred Adults In Specialty Treatment For Opioid Use Receive Methadone Or Buprenorphine

People in the US criminal justice system experience high rates of opioid use disorder, overdose, and other adverse outcomes. Expanding treatment is a key strategy for addressing the opioid epidemic, but little is known about whether the criminal justice system refers people to the highest standard of treatment: the use of the opioid agonist therapies methadone or buprenorphine. We used 2014 data from the national Treatment Episode Data Set to examine the use of agonist treatment among justice-involved people referred to specialty treatment for opioid use disorder. Only 4.6 percent of justice-referred clients received agonist treatment, compared to 40.9 percent of those referred by other sources. Of all criminal justice sources, courts and diversionary programs were least likely to refer people to agonist treatment. Our findings suggest that an opportunity is being missed to promote effective, evidence-based care for justice-involved people who seek treatment for opioid use disorder.
Diagnosis and management of peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum: A systematic review.

Background Peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum (PPG) is an uncommon subtype of pyoderma gangrenosum. PPG is a challenging condition to diagnose and treat; no evidence-based guidelines exist. Objective We sought to identify important clinical features of PPG and effective treatments available for its management. Methods A systematic literature review of PPG was performed using PubMed, Medline, and Embase databases. Results We describe 335 patients with PPG from 79 studies. Clinical features include a painful, rapidly progressing ulcer with undermined, violaceous borders with a history of ostomy leakage and local skin irritation or trauma. Systemic steroids are first-line therapy; infliximab and adalimumab provide concomitant control of active inflammatory bowel disease. Combination local and systemic therapy was commonly used. Wound dressings, vehicle selection, and appropriate ostomy devices to minimize leakage, irritation, and pressure-induced ischemia can improve healing. Distinct from classic ulcerative pyoderma gangrenosum, surgical approaches, such as stoma closure and resection of active inflammatory bowel disease, have an effective role in PPG management. Limitations PPG is a rare disease lacking randomized trials or diagnostic guidelines. Treatment duration and follow-up time among studies are variable. Conclusions Key clinical characteristics of PPG are highlighted. Several treatments, including a more prominent role for surgical intervention, may be effective for PPG treatment.
Resilient Protection System Through Centralized Substation Protection

Power systems are experiencing drastic changes with the introduction of renewables and customer owned resources. These changes introduce new challenges in protection, control, and operation of power systems. In protection, it is necessary to develop new methods that are immune to the new characteristics and they avoid relay misoperations. In particular, any protection system is vulnerable to hidden failures. This paper introduces a new dynamic state estimation-based centralized protection scheme (DSEBCPS) at a substation level. The system supplements dynamic state estimation-based protection for individual zones known as “setting-less relays” to secure their operation against hidden failures. The DSEBCPS communicates with the setting-less relays via the station bus and obtains essential information from each protection zone, such as phasor quantities and breakers/disconnects status. This information is processed by the DSEBCPS to estimate substation topology and states. Specifically, the DSEBCPS performs dynamic state estimation in the quasi dynamic domain once per cycle to detect any abnormality within the substation. Upon detecting abnormalities, the DSEBCPS performs hypothesis testing to identify the source of the abnormality, that is, a fault or a hidden failure. Upon detecting a hidden failure, the DSEBCPS identifies the compromised data, replaces this data with estimated values by using the substation estimated states and model. The corrected data are used by the setting-less relays, enabling self-healing characteristics. The proposed capability to detect hidden failures and correct the effects of these failures in real time makes the setting-less relays secure against misoperations and bridges a critical gap in protection systems. This capability is demonstrated through numerical experiments that include several scenarios of hidden failures. The integration of the proposed scheme with the individual protection zone relays form a resilient protection and control system, which is self-immunized against hidden failures.
Evaluating street view exposure measures of visible green space for health research.

Urban green space, or natural environments, are associated with multiple physical and mental health outcomes. Several proposed pathways of action for these benefits (e.g., stress reduction and attention restoration) require visual perception of green space; however, existing green space exposure measures commonly used in epidemiological studies do not capture street-scale exposures. We downloaded 254 Google Street View (GSV) panorama images from Portland, Oregon and calculated percent of green in each image, called Green View Index (GVI). For these locations we also calculated satellite-based normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), % tree cover, % green space, % street tree buffering, distance to parks, and several neighborhood socio-economic variables. Correlations between the GVI and other green space measures were low (−0.02 to 0.50), suggesting GSV-based measures captured unique information about green space exposures. We further developed a GVI:NDVI ratio, which was associated with the amount of vertical green space in an image. The GVI and GVI:NDVI ratio were weakly related to neighborhood socioeconomic status and are therefore less susceptible to confounding in health studies compared to other green space measures. GSV measures captured unique characteristics of the green space environment and offer a new approach to examine green space and health associations in epidemiological research.