cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fault diagnosis schemes for secure lightweight cryptographic block cipher RECTANGLE benchmarked on FPGA

The security and reliability of cryptosystems are endangered with natural occurring and malicious injected faults by leakage of the information. Efficient trade off among minimum performance and implementation metrics and high level of security for cryptosystems in constrained applications has led to proposed error detection schemes for lightweight block ciphers. These ciphers provide low-cost confidentiality in terms of low hardware complexity and fast implementation. In this paper, we propose fault diagnosis schemes for an efficient lightweight block cipher, RECTANGLE, to ensure high level of security with low hardware overhead incorporated for error detection. This cipher offers efficient performance in both hardware and software implementation using bit-slice techniques. To the best of authors' knowledge, no prior error detection scheme has been presented in literature for RECTANGLE to date. The proposed error detection schemes that are provided for the S-box layer, Player, and for the round structures with 80-bit or 128-bit key sizes, are benchmarked on field-programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware platform to assess their suitability. The error coverage of these schemes is close to 100% (assessed with fault injection simulation) and the induced overheads are low, increasing the reliability of the hardware architectures of RECTANGLE.
Influence of Age at Diagnosis On Utility of Prognostic Testing in Patients with CLL.

Abstract 2342 Poster Board II-319 PURPOSE: Numerous clinical and biologic parameters are able to predict time to first treatment (TFT) and overall survival (OS) for patients with CLL. The utility of prognostic testing in CLL patients may vary based on age at diagnosis given the higher mortality from other causes among older individuals. The goals of the present study were to i) evaluate differences in natural history of CLL patients based on age at diagnosis, ii) compare survival to age-matched individuals in the general population, and iii) determine the age-stratified utility of prognostic testing. METHODS: All 2487 CLL/SLL patients diagnosed between January 1995 and June 2008 and cared for in the Mayo Clinic Division of Hematology were categorized by age at diagnosis ( RESULTS: When grouped by age, 593 patients were age No statistically significant differences were observed in CD38 status, IGHV mutation status, ZAP-70 status or the frequency of common cytogenetic abnormalities on FISH based on age at diagnosis category. Consistent with prior reports, all of these parameters were powerful predictors of TFT and OS for the overall cohort on univariate analysis (all p CONCLUSIONS: Survival of CLL patients is shorter than that of the age-matched general population for individuals age Disclosures: Shanafelt: Cephalon: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding; Polyphenon Pharma : Research Funding; Hospira: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; Bayer Health Care Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding. Kay: Biogenc-Idec, Celgene, Genentech, genmab: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Genentech, Celgene, Hospira, Polyphenon Pharma, Sanofi-Aventis: Research Funding. Zent: Genentech, Bayer, Genzyme, Novartis: Research Funding.
Predicting habitat suitability for the wart-biter bush cricket ( Decticus verrucivorus ) in Europe

The wart-biter bush cricket is a relatively abundant species in mainland Europe, but has been declining at the northern edge of its range. With the predicted changes to the global climate that are expected to occur over the next century, it is probable that many species will shift their ranges polewards and to higher altitudes to track suitable climates. In this paper, a species distribution model was used to explore the effects of potential climate change scenarios on the distribution of the wart-biter bush cricket. The model predicts that suitable habitat will shift towards the north and to higher altitudes under a moderate climate change scenario, and that under severe climate change, the cricket will be left with very little suitable habitat in Europe. This highlights the threat of climate change to the species, but also the importance of maintaining the current habitat in the northern and high altitude areas of its range, as these areas may become important strongholds for the species in the future.
A Further Digression into Number Theory: Theorems of Roth and Khinchin

This chapter is our second digression into number theory. We saw in §1.8 that Jensen’s Formula (or the First Main Theorem) can be viewed as an analogue of the Artin-Whaples product formula in number theory. In the present chapter, we discuss a celebrated number theory theorem known as Roth’s Theorem, and we explain how this is analogous to a weak form of the Second Main Theorem. In fact, it was the formal similarity between Nevanlinna’s Second Main Theorem and Roth’s Theorem that led C. F. Osgood (see [Osg 1981] and [Osg 1985]) to the discovery of an analogy between Nevanlinna theory and Diophantine approximations. As we said previously, such an analogy was later, but independently, explored in greater depth by P. Vojta. In this chapter we will discuss, without proof, some of the key points in Vojta’s monograph [Vojt 1987], and we include Vojta’s so called “dictionary” relating Nevanlinna theory and number theory. This section is intended for the analytically inclined and is only intended to provide the most basic insight into the beautiful analogy between Nevanlinna theory and Diophantine approximation theory. By omitting proofs, we have tried to make this section less demanding on the reader than [Vojt 19871. However, a true appreciation for Vojta’s analogy cannot be obtained without also studying the proofs of the number theoretic analogues in their full generality. Any reader that is seriously interested in the connection between Nevanlinna theory and Diophantine approximation is highly encouraged to carefully read Vojta’s monograph [Vojt 1987].
Knowledge before Gettier

ABSTRACTAccording to a historical claim oft-repeated by contemporary epistemologists, the ‘traditional’ conception of knowledge prevailed in Western philosophy prior to the publication in 1963 of Edmund’s Gettier’s famous three-page article ‘Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?’. On this conception, knowledge consists of justified true belief. In this article, I critically consider evidence for and against this historical claim, and conclude with a puzzle concerning its widespread acceptance.
Learning Network Dynamics from Tumblr®: A Search for Influential Users

This work offers an original analysis of a unique data set gathered from the blogging website Tumblr by developing and applying a new data driven method for investigating network dynamics. To our knowledge, this is the first effort to analyze the spread of information on Tumblr on a such a large scale, and our method generally applies to networks where nodes have time-evolving states. We start by testing our method on simulated data, then we follow over 50,000 blogs on Tumblr over a year of activity to determine not only which blogs are influential, but more importantly, how these blogs spread their content.
Repositioning the Sm-binding site in S. cerevisiae telomerase RNA reveals RNP organizational flexibility and Sm-directed 3′-end formation

Telomerase RNA contains a template for synthesizing telomeric DNA by reverse transcription and has been proposed to act as a flexible scaffold for holoenzyme protein subunits in the RNP. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the telomerase subunits Est1 and Ku bind to the telomerase RNA, TLC1, and it has been shown that these proteins still function when their binding sites are repositioned within the RNA. TLC1 is also bound by the Sm 7 protein complex, which is required for stabilization of the predominant, non-polyadenylated (poly(A)−) TLC1 isoform. Here, we first show that Sm 7 can perform this function even when its binding site is repositioned via circular permutation to several different positions within TLC1, further supporting the conclusion that the telomerase holoenzyme is organizationally flexible. Next, we tested the hypothesis that the location of the Sm 7 -binding site relative to the 3′ end is contrastingly important. When we moved the Sm site to locations 5′ of its native position, we observed that this stabilized shorter forms of poly(A)− TLC1 in a manner precisely corresponding to how far upstream the Sm site was moved. This provides strong evidence that the location of Sm 7 binding to TLC1 controls where the mature poly(A)− 3′ end is formed. In summary, our results show that Sm 7 and the 3′ end of yeast telomerase RNA comprise an organizationally flexible module within the telomerase RNP and provide insights into the mechanistic role of Sm 7 in telomerase RNA biogenesis.
Abstract 5942: Collagen proly-hydroxylase regulates breast cancer progression and chemoresistance

Collagen prolyl hydroxylation (P4H), an enzyme hydroxylating proline residues in -X-Pro-Gly- sequences, is a potential therapeutic target for the disorders associated with increased collagen deposition. Upregulation of collagen prolyl-4-hydroxylase in cancer cells is required for breast cancer promotion. P4HA1 mRNA levels were significantly upregulated in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) compared to other cancer subtypes. Increased mRNA levels of P4HA1 correlated with poor clinical outcome in breast cancer patients. Silencing P4HA1 expression or treatment with the P4HA inhibitor significantly inhibited cell proliferation and suppressed aggressive phenotypes of breast cancer cells in 3D culture, accompanied by reduced deposition of collagen. We found that activation of the P4HA1 in TNBC cells enhanced cancer cell stemness. We also found that knockdown of P4HA1 inhibited mammary tumor growth and metastasis to lungs in xenograft models. Inhibition of P4HA1 activity with the P4H inhibitor sensitized TNBC to the docetaxel treatment in the patient-derived organoid (PDO) and xenograft models. Therefore, these results suggest the crucial role of P4HA1 in breast cancer progression and that targeting collagen P4H is a promising strategy to inhibit tumor progression and to sensitize TNBC to chemotherapy. Citation Format: Gaofeng Xiong, Ren Xu. Collagen proly-hydroxylase regulates breast cancer progression and chemoresistance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5942. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5942
Mechanical Modeling of Particles with Active Core-Shell Structures for Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes

Active particles with a core–shell structure exhibit superior physical, electrochemical, and mechanical properties over their single-component counterparts in lithium-ion battery electrodes. Modeling plays an important role in providing insights into the design and utilization of this structure. However, previous models typically assume a shell without electrochemical activity. Inaccurate interfacial conditions have been used to bridge the core and the shell in several studies. This work develops a physically rigorous model to describe the diffusion and stress inside the core–shell structure based on a generalized chemical potential. Including both chemical and mechanical effects, the generalized chemical potential governs the diffusion in both the shell and the core. The stress is calculated using the lithium concentration profile. Our simulations reveal a lithium concentration jump forming at the core–shell interface, which is only possible to capture by modeling the shell as electrochemically active. I...
LC3s hire membrane breakers to attack viral shelters.

The MAP1LC3/LC3 (microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3) conjugation system is a key functional module in macroautophagy (henceforth autophagy) for efficient formation of autophagosomes and...
Distinct metabolic programs induced by TGF-β1 and BMP2 in human articular chondrocytes with osteoarthritis

Abstract Objectives Cellular energy metabolism is important for the function of all tissues, including cartilage. Recent studies indicate that superficial and deep subpopulations of articular chondrocytes (ACs) have distinct metabolic profiles. At the cellular and molecular level, osteoarthritis (OA) is characterised by alteration from a healthy homoeostatic state towards a catabolic state. Several molecular pathways, including transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling, have been identified as critical players in the pathogenesis and progression of OA. However, the manner in which these factors influence cellular energy metabolism in ACs is not well understood. This study investigates the effect of TGF-β or BMP signalling on energy metabolism in human articular chondrocytes (hACs). Methods ACs were isolated from residual macroscopically full thickness and intact cartilage from the femoral condyle of human samples obtained from patients with OA. ACs were treated with Vehicle (control), TGF-β1 or BMP2 for 48–72 hours. Metabolic assays were performed to determine glucose consumption, lactate production and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, whereas the mitochondrial stress test was performed to determine oxygen consumption rate. Protein was isolated to assess translational activity and was evaluated using Western blot. Results We showed that TGF-β1, known to maintain chondrocyte homoeostasis, stimulated glycolysis by upregulating key glycolytic factors, such as glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) and hexokinase II, while reducing oxidative phosphorylation in hACs. In contrast, BMP2 enhanced mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation and had a minimal effect on key glycolytic regulators. Conclusions Our data revealed distinct metabolic programs induced by TGF-β1 and BMP2 in hACs, suggesting that the regulation of cellular metabolism may represent a new mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of OA. The translational potential of this article The findings define the regulation of energy metabolism as a potential novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of OA.
Robustness Analysis of Networked Systems

Many software systems are naturally modeled as networks of interacting elements such as computing nodes, input devices, and output devices. In this paper, we present a notion of robustness for a networked system when the underlying network is prone to errors. We model such a system $\mathcal{N}$ as a set of processes that communicate with each other over a set of internal channels, and interact with the outside world through a fixed set of input and output channels. We focus on network errors that arise from channel perturbations, and assume that we are given a worst-case bound i¾? on the number of errors that can occur in the internal channels of $\mathcal{N}$. We say that the system $\mathcal{N}$ is i¾?, e-robust if the deviation of the output of the perturbed system from the output of the unperturbed system is bounded by e. We study a specific instance of this problem when each process is a Mealy machine, and the distance metric used to quantify the deviation from the desired output is either the L1-norm or the Levenshtein distance also known as the edit distance. For the former, we present a decision procedure for i¾?, e-robustness that is polynomial in the size of the network. For the latter, we present a decision procedure that is polynomial in the size of the network and exponential in the error bound on the output channel. Our solution draws upon techniques from automata theory, essentially reducing the problem of checking i¾?,e-robustness to the problem of checking emptiness for a certain class of reversal-bounded counter automata.
Rainfall timing: variation, characteristics, coherence, and interrelationships in Nigeria

This study sought to improve general understanding on rainfall timing in Nigeria. Observed monthly rainfall data for 38 meteorological stations, spanning 30 years was utilized, and the dates of onset and cessation of rainfall were estimated using Walter’s method. The interrelationships among the variables and the dependency of the amount of rainfall were calculated using Pearson’s moment correlation coefficient and multiple regression, respectively. The variance of the Standardized Anomaly Index (SAI) was used as a measure of spatial coherence. The study revealed divergent characteristics between the onset and the cessation of rainfall; progressing in opposite direction, with a very high latitudinal variation in each. Rainfall onset has a relatively high interannual variability, with an average CV of 21%, compared to 3.9% for cessation. Onset also has a larger spatial range of 137 days, compared to 82 days for cessation. Additionally, rainfall cessation was found to be more spatially coherent than the onset, but both revealed a weak spatial coherence. The relative spatial incoherence and high interannual variability of onset contrive to make it much less predictable than cessation. Interestingly, rainfall amount shows greater association with, and dependency on, onset, cessation, and rainy season length in stations of the extreme north, than in southern stations.
Do Freezeouts Affect the Performance of the Controlling Shareholder? An Empirical Analysis

Some works suggest that acquirers experience performance declines as a result of mergers and acquisitions. This work investigates whether this also occurs in the context of freezeout transactions, particularly by examining industry-adjusted changes in the ROA and Tobin’s Q of the controlling shareholder after the execution of the deal. The results indicate that although the controlling shareholder does not experience statistically significant drops in ROA, Tobin’s Q generally falls. As further discussed in the text, this result has implications for the regulation of freezeout transactions, especially in terms of standards of judicial review.
History Below the Waterline: Enslaved Salvage Divers Harvesting Seaports’ Hinter-Seas in the Early Modern Atlantic

This article considers how enslaved salvage divers cooperated and conspired with slaveholders and white employers to salvage shipwrecks and often smuggle recovered goods into homeports, permitting them to exchange their expertise for semi-independent lives of privileged exploitation. Knowing harsh treatment could preclude diving, white salvagers cultivated reciprocal relationships with divers, promoting arduousness by avoiding coercive discipline while nurturing a sense of mutual obligation arising from collective responsibilities and material rewards. Enslaved salvagers were, in several important ways, treated like free, wage-earning men. They were well fed, receiving daily allowances of fresh meat. Most resided in seaports, were hired out, and received equal shares of recovered goods, allowing many to purchase their freedom and that of family members. Divers produced spectacular amounts of wealth for their mother countries, owners, and colonial governments, especially in the maritime colonies of Bermuda, the Bahamas, and Cayman Islands. Their expertise was not confined to maritime colonies. Even as plantation slavery was taking root during the mid-seventeenth century, salvage divers provided an important source of income for planter-merchants.
Total scattering and diffraction studies of lead-free piezoelectric (1-x)Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3-x(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 deconvolute intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to electromechanical strain

Abstract The piezoelectric material (1-x)Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3-x(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 (BZT-xBCT) has emerged as a leading lead-free candidate to replace Pb(Zr1-xTix)O3 (PZT) for certain applications. However, the structural response of BZT-xBCT to an electric field is not well understood, particularly how the local structure responds to varying electric fields. In this study, in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and total scattering measurements were performed on BZT-xBCT from x = 0.45 to 0.60. The lattice distortions were quantified from the unit cell parameters for the compositions in the orthorhombic (O) region (x = 0.45 to 0.50) and tetragonal (T) region (x = 0.51 to 0.60). It was found that the lattice distortion is minimized in compositions that exhibit the largest effective piezoelectric effect, particularly at the x = 0.45 composition (between the rhombohedral (R) and O regions) and at the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) composition x = 0.50 (between O and T regions). The degree of domain wall motion was quantified, and the results indicate that as the MPB is approached, the degree of domain wall motion increases dramatically. The increase in domain wall motion also coincides with the minimization of the lattice distortion. The pair distribution functions (PDFs) were calculated from the Fourier transform of the total scattering data. Analysis of the PDF peak shifts with electric field shows nonlinear lattice strains across all compositions, which indicates a deviation from classical piezoelectric behavior. We conclude that the strong piezoelectric properties in the BZT-xBCT system are attributed to an increased degree of domain wall reorientation that is facilitated by a decreased lattice distortion.
DNS Diagnostics through the Eye of the Beholder

An understanding of Domain Name System (DNS) health through diagostic and quantitative measurement techniques can help inform deployment practices to maintain the robustness required for such a critical system. Carefully designed DNS queries and their responses (or associated network errors) form the basic data with which DNS health is assessed. However, because of the great network path diversity between DNS clients and servers, query-response visibility from diverse vantage points is necessary for greater fidelity of quantitative and diagnostic measurement. In this paper we discuss the challenges associated with measuring a large, distributed network system such as the DNS, propose a DNS looking glass solution for increased measurement fidelity, and describe its implementation. The looking glass mechanisms we propose offer a lightweight, flexible, and easily-deployable platform to aid in DNS measurement and diagnostics.
Elucidation of the electrochemical behavior of phenothiazine-based polyaromatic amines

Abstract Polyarlylamines with discrete redox active groups in the polymer backbone represent a promising class of cathode materials for electrical energy storage applications. In this area, our group recently reported a set of phenothiazine-based polymers that exhibit both high capacities and power densities. In order to rationally improve the properties of these electrode materials, a fundamental understanding of their electrochemical properties is indispensable. Herein, we probe the electrochemical behavior of our phenothiazine-based systems by synthesizing small molecule analogs using C–N cross-coupling. Additionally, electropolymerization of a class of these small molecule phenothiazines yields thin films that were then characterized with an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. Analysis of these materials provides insights into the number of electrons accessed from each repeat unit in our polymer backbone during electrochemical cycling, as well as counter ion transport dynamics.
Anisotropic magnetoresistance and nontrivial spin Hall magnetoresistance in Pt / α − F e 2 O 3 bilayers

Magnetic proximity effect has only been conclusively observed in ferromagnet-based systems. We report the observation of anomalous Hall effect and angular-dependent anisotropic magnetoresistance in Pt on antiferromagnetic $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{F}{\mathrm{e}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}(0001)$ epitaxial films at 10 K, which provide evidence for the magnetic proximity effect. The N\'eel order of $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{F}{\mathrm{e}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and the induced magnetization in Pt show a unique angular-dependent magnetoresistance compared with all other ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic systems. A macrospin response model is established and can explain the antiferromagnetic spin configuration and all main magnetoresistance features in the $\mathrm{Pt}/\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{F}{\mathrm{e}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ bilayers.
Effect of Particle Length and Sodium Hydroxide Treatment of Wheat Straw on Site and Extent of Digestion by Lambs

Summary Two lamb trials were conducted to determine the effects of particle length (PL; 2.5 vs 10 cm) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment (0 vs 4%) of wheat straw on dry matter (DM) intake and site and extent of DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestion. Lambs in the first trial were fed ad libitum once daily. Lambs in the second trail were fed four times/d at 6-h intervals and were sacrificed after 7 d of fecal collection to determine site of digestion. For both trials, NaOH increased (P .10), lambs fed 2.5-cm, NaOH-treated straw appeared to have a greater percentage of total NDF digestion occurring postruminally than lambs fed untreated straw, suggesting an increased flow of potentially digestible fiber to the hindgut. This is supported by a shorter ruminal retention time of digesta in lambs fed the 2.5-cm, NaOHtreated straw. Ruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations were greater for NaOH-treated straw diets, which reflect the site of digestion results. Results of the present study suggest
Diet and lifestyle considerations for patients with prostate cancer.

Abstract Purpose: To review the literature and provide recommendations on diet and lifestyle considerations in patients with prostate cancer using evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with additional considerations based on observational evidence. Materials and methods: We initiated our search on ClinicalTrials.gov combining the term “prostate cancer” with a variety of diet and lifestyle factors. We then supplemented our summary of publications from registered trials by including other publications available on Pubmed. Results: There is a well-established benefit of exercise for improving functional outcomes and pelvic floor muscle training for improving treatment-related adverse effects. Multimodality interventions that integrate several factors (e.g., low-saturated fat, plant-based, whole-food diets with exercise, and stress reduction) appear to have the most clinically significant benefit for patients with prostate cancer. Ongoing multimodality interventions are including the efficacy of implementation strategies as observed outcomes. Limited RCT evidence suggests a clinically significant benefit for guided imagery/progressive muscle relaxation, Pilates, and lycopene-rich diets and a modest benefit for green tea, qigong, massage, and avoidance of nonprescribed vitamin and mineral supplements. Observational and single arm trial evidence indicates a need for further exploration of acupuncture, coffee, cruciferous vegetables, fish, Larrea tridentata, mushrooms, and vegetable-derived fats and avoidance of eggs, dairy, poultry with skin, processed red meat, and saturated fat. Published trials suggest no benefit from hypnosis, milk thistle, pomegranate, soy, or omega-3 fatty acid supplementation. Conclusions: Our search demonstrated that most diet and lifestyle factors identified from observational studies have limited data from RCTs. Few items have shown early evidence of benefit. The best recommendation for patients with prostate cancer is to form a habit of wellness through healthy eating, aerobic and resistance exercise, and psychological well-being. Future trial development should consider how interventions can be implemented into real world practice.
Trenchless Construction Technologies for Oil and Gas Pipelines: State-of-the-Art Review

AbstractWith the accelerated construction and aging of underground oil and gas pipelines, trenchless technology (TT) has developed rapidly in recent years. This paper briefly introduces the trenchl...
Acquisition of Spanish verbal morphology by child bilinguals: Overregularization by heritage speakers and second language learners

The current study analyzes Spanish present tense morphology with a focus on overregularization. It examines written production from two groups of English/Spanish bilingual children in a dual immersion setting, Spanish heritage language (SHL) speakers (n = 21) and Spanish second language (SL2) learners (n = 41), comparing them to age-matched (nine to ten years old) Spanish majority language children (n = 15). Spanish majority children show full mastery of present tense regular, stem-changing and irregular morphology. SHL children seem to have acquired mastery of regular inflectional morphology, but not of stem-changing morphology. SL2 children are significantly less accurate than both majority Spanish and SHL children in terms of both regular and irregular morphology. Evidence of overregularization, but not of irregularization, is provided for both SHL and SL2 children. The analysis of overregularization errors supports a variational approach (Yang, 2016) to acquisition, storage and access of morphology.
Evaluating the impact of long-term exposure to fine particulate matter on mortality among the elderly

Many studies link long-term fine particle (PM2.5) exposure to mortality, even at levels below current U.S. air quality standards (12 micrograms per cubic meter). These findings have been disputed with claims that the use of traditional statistical approaches does not guarantee causality. Leveraging 16 years of data-68.5 million Medicare enrollees-we provide strong evidence of the causal link between long-term PM2.5 exposure and mortality under a set of causal inference assumptions. Using five distinct approaches, we found that a decrease in PM2.5 (by 10 micrograms per cubic meter) leads to a statistically significant 6 to 7% decrease in mortality risk. Based on these models, lowering the air quality standard to 10 micrograms per cubic meter would save 143,257 lives (95% confidence interval, 115,581 to 170,645) in one decade. Our study provides the most comprehensive evidence to date of the link between long-term PM2.5 exposure and mortality, even at levels below current standards.
A drug-vs-food "choice" self-administration procedure in rats to investigate pharmacological and environmental mechanisms of substance use disorders.

Abstract Background Preclinical drug self-administration procedures are commonly used to investigate expression, mechanisms, and treatment of substance use disorders. New method The aims were to back-translate an intravenous drug-vs-food choice procedure primarily utilized in monkeys to male and female rats and to develop a surgical method for sustained intravenous catheter patency suitable for long-term drug-choice studies. Results The surgical protocol resulted in a median intravenous jugular catheter patency in male and female rats of 126 days (range: 25–365 days). Drug-vs-food choice was established with opioids (fentanyl and heroin), psychostimulants (cocaine, methamphetamine, and amphetamine), and an opioid/psychostimulant mixture (fentanyl + methamphetamine). The average time from catheter implantation to stable choice behavior across all drugs was 27 sessions (range: 16–44 sessions). Choice behavior stabilized more quickly for cocaine and fentanyl than for other drugs. Manipulations of both environmental variables (e.g., response requirement or food reinforcer magnitude) and pharmacological variables (e.g., extended access drug self-administration or continuous buprenorphine treatment via osmotic pump) significantly shifted opioid-vs-food choice consistent with previous monkey studies. Comparison with existing methods Duration of intravenous catheter patency in rats was suitable for long-term, within-subject drug choice studies. Effects of environmental and pharmacological manipulations in rats confirmed and extended previous results from monkeys. Conclusions The concordance of behavioral results between rats and monkeys using the present drug-vs-food choice procedure supports its utility to improve our basic understanding of the expression and mechanisms of substance use disorders towards to development of more effective therapeutics.
Image based thermal sensing for glyphosate resistant weed identification in greenhouse conditions

Abstract In mid-western states, studies have estimated that herbicide-resistant weed management has increased weed control costs by $20–$40 per acre. From 2019 to 2020, greenhouse research was conducted to investigate the canopy temperature response of waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis), kochia (Kochia scoparia), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), horseweed (Conyza canadensis), and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), after glyphosate application to identify glyphosate resistance. In these experiments, thermal images were captured of randomized glyphosate-resistant and -susceptible collections of each weed species. The weed canopies' temperature values were extracted from the thermal images and submitted to statistical testing. Various classifiers were established to discriminate between resistant and susceptible biotypes. Results showed glyphosate-resistant horseweed was the only biotype under greenhouse conditions reliably classified with the resistance trait, 89% accuracy, using cooler temperature signatures than its susceptible counterpart as the discrimination characteristic. The unstable performance from thermal imagery further suggested canopy temperature data was not a reliable predictor of glyphosate resistance. Investigation of additional multispectral sensing technologies or analysis models should be evaluated for more reliable identification of glyphosate-resistant weed species.
Sea-level-rise-induced flooding drives arsenic release from coastal sediments

Abstract Sea-level rise (SLR) has a vital influence on coastal hydrogeological systems, biogeochemical processes, and the fate of coastal contaminants. However, the effects of SLR-induced perturbations on the mobilization of coastal pollutants are not fully understood. In this study, the impact of SLR-induced flooding on the concentration and speciation of arsenic and selected hazardous chemicals is investigated using exceedingly contaminated sediments (5–6% As) collected from an urban coastal site in Wilmington, DE, USA. The release of contaminants from sediments was monitored before, during, and after flooding with different intensities (bottom shear stresses) through laboratory-based erosion chamber experiments. Significantly increased release of As (up to 150%) and NO3 (up to 50%) from sediments at shear stress levels typically measured in estuaries were found. The release of toxic chemicals from contaminated coastal sediments is thus not restricted to extreme flooding events but can occur throughout the year. The results also suggest that the dissolved concentrations of pollutants continue to be considerably high even after the flooding. SLR-induced flooding can hence increase the release of contaminants not only during erosion events but over longer timescales. The release mechanism proposed here contributes to improving the risk assessment of coastal water pollution as climate change and SLR continue to occur.
Solutions Journalism: News at the Intersection of Hope, Leadership, and Expertise

In Solutions Journalism: News at the Intersection of Hope, Leadership, and Expertise, Bill Dodd, a lecturer and researcher at the University of Tasmania’s media school in the southernmost province ...
A New Family of Lead-Free Aluminum-Base Engine Bearing Alloys

One of the most successful aluminum-base engine bearing alloys in recent years has been a variation on the SAE 788 alloy that contains 8% tin; 3% silicon and 1.5 to 2% lead. This paper presents two new lead-free aluminum materials derived from this alloy, recently released for general use. These materials are AISn 10Si3 and AlSn6Si4. They have performance characteristics designed for specific applications, the former for lighter loads and higher sliding speeds such as bushings and main bearings, and the latter for higher loaded applications such as rod bearings. Material description and performance data is presented. This paper also presents two additional lead-free alloy developments soon to be released, one alloy designed for even higher loading conditions and one alloy designed for unfavorable geometric conditions such as misalignment.
The Hubble Space Telescope Medium Deep Survey Cluster Sample: Methodology and Data

We present a new, objectively selected, sample of galaxy overdensities detected in the Hubble Space Telescope Medium Deep Survey (MDS). These clusters/groups were found using an automated procedure that involved searching for statistically significant galaxy overdensities. The contrast of the clusters against the field galaxy population is increased when morphological data are used to search around bulge-dominated galaxies. In total, we present 92 overdensities above a probability threshold of 99.5%. We show, via extensive Monte Carlo simulations, that at least 60% of these overdensities are likely to be real clusters and groups and not random line-of-sight superpositions of galaxies. For each overdensity in the MDS cluster sample, we provide a richness and the average of the bulge-to-total ratio of galaxies within each system. This MDS cluster sample potentially contains some of the most distant clusters/groups ever detected, with about 25% of the overdensities having estimated redshifts z > ~0.9. We have made this sample publicly available to facilitate spectroscopic confirmation of these clusters and help more detailed studies of cluster and galaxy evolution. We also report the serendipitous discovery of a new cluster close on the sky to the rich optical cluster Cl l0016+16 at z = 0.546. This new overdensity, HST 001831+16208, may be coincident with both an X-ray source and a radio source. HST 001831+16208 is the third cluster/group discovered near to Cl 0016+16 and appears to strengthen the claims of Connolly et al. of superclustering at high redshift.
Supravalvular aortic stenosis. Unusual observations in three patients.

Abstract Three patients with supravalvular aortic stenosis and previously unreported features are presented. These included the occurrence of this syndrome in twins, a large ventricular septal defect and, in the oldest reported case, the complications of associated endarteritis and calcification of the mitral valve annulus. These cases are discussed in the light of our present knowledge of this syndrome, and it is suggested that this syndrome represents a very complex genotype abnormality.
Resolving the Tolentino Question: Why Courts Should Suppress Police Observations and Other 'Identity-Related' Evidence Flowing from Illegal Traffic Stops

Some courts hold that a person’s identity evidence obtained through a Fourth Amendment violation, such as in an illegal traffic stop, is not suppressible. But the Court has never made such a broad exception. The Court has only said that a defendant cannot avoid a court’s jurisdiction by claiming their identity was illegally obtained. Specifically, the Court has repeatedly held that intangible evidence is suppressible when obtained by way of an illegal search or seizure. Accordingly, this Comment argues that a person’s “identity-related” evidence, including police officer observations, should be suppressed when obtained by way of a Fourth Amendment violation.
Collaborative Design with NetDraw

The paper describes NetDraw, a Java-based object oriented drawing program that employs a server-client architecture to provide a shared drawing environment for collaborative design. NetDraw goes beyond conventional shared whiteboard applications in its support for concurrency control, groups and constraints, and ephemeral gesture objects. Small and simple enough that users can learn it quickly, NetDraw is designed to run on small platforms such as handheld computers. We describe NetDraw’s features and an early evaluation of its use.
Mutagenesis and Metallic DNA

Positions of protons in DNA hydrogen bonds are fundamental for the fidelity of the replication process. Because the hydrogen bond is partially covalent the electronic structure of DNA plays an important role in the replication process. Current studies of electron transfer in DNA have shown that simple pictures based on independent electron physics are not sufficient to account for the experimental data. In this paper we propose a model for electron-proton interaction in DNA and its relationship to mutagenesis. We argue that mutations will be more frequent in DNA sequences where electron delocalization occurs. To test our theory we calculate the heat capacity of DNA at low temperatures and compare with the available experimental data in hydrated DNA. We find that our model is in good agreement with the data. We also propose new measurements of infrared absorption which would further test our ideas.
Nanostructures and Nanotechnology

Focusing on the fundamental principles of nanoscience and nanotechnology, this carefully developed textbook will equip students with a deep understanding of the nanoscale. Each new topic is introduced with a concise summary of the relevant physical principles, emphasising universal commonalities between seemingly disparate areas, and encouraging students to develop an intuitive understanding of this diverse area of studyAccessible introductions to condensed matter physics and materials systems provide students from a broad range of scientific disciplines with all the necessary backgroundTheoretical concepts are linked to real-world applications, allowing students to connect theory and practiceChapters are packed with problems to help students develop and retain their understanding, as well as engaging colour illustrations, and are accompanied by suggestions for additional reading.Containing enough material for a one- or two-semester course, this is an excellent resource for senior undergraduate and graduate students with backgrounds in physics, chemistry, materials science and electrical engineering.
Photodetachment spectra of Cl−(H2O)n clusters. Predictions and comparisons

Abstract Using molecular dynamics computer simulations we calculated the photodetachment spectra of Cl − (H 2 O) n ( n = 2, 3, /3. 15) clusters. The dependence of the spectra on the variations in the temperature of the clusters and the potential parameters used to describe the interaction of the post-ejected ion with the water was investigated. We also studied the dependence of the spectra on the type of the potential used in the simulations: pair-wise versus many-body. The calculated data are compared to the experimental data for n ⩽ 7 and to the predicted data for 8 ⩽ n ⩽ 15 since the experimental data are not available for clusters in this size range.
An Open-Label Trial of Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor Therapy for Moderate Symptomatic Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare idiopathic autoimmune lung disease in adults characterized by the accumulation of lipoproteinaceous material within the alveoli of the lung. The natural history of this disease is poorly defined. Current therapy of bilateral whole-lung lavage (WLL) under general anesthesia is invasive and has its limitations. Data suggest that relative granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) deficiency may be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. There have been several case series that have described clinical improvement with exogenous GM-CSF therapy in a subset of patients with PAP. We describe the results of a prospective, open-label clinical trial of daily subcutaneous GM-CSF therapy in a group of adult patients with idiopathic PAP. In this series of 25 patients, the largest reported to date, administration of GM-CSF improved oxygenation as assessed by a 10 mm Hg decrease in alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, as well as improvement in other clinical and quality of life parameters in 12 of 25 patients (48%) with moderate symptomatic disease who completed the trial. In addition, the serum anti-GM-CSF antibody titer correlated with lung disease activity and was a predictor for responsiveness to therapy. These data indicate that subcutaneous GM-CSF therapy is a promising alternative to WLL for symptomatic patients with PAP.
The diffusion of heavy interstitial solute atoms in body-centered cubic metals

Abstract This paper discusses recent observations of the diffusivity of nitrogen, carbon and oxygen in a series of body-centered cubic metals in which positive deviations from Arrhenius behavior have been seen in some cases at high temperatures. Several models involving both single-stage and two-stage diffusion mechanisms are presented and discussed in terms of the individual systems and current high temperature measurements of the elastic properties o of the solvent metals.
Erosion/corrosion monitoring with dry-contact ultrasonic Lamb-wave transducers

We propose a novel technique that utilizes point source excitation and detection of Lamb waves through dry, elastic contacts to monitor thickness changes of plate-like structures. A pair of pin transducers are used to excite and detect the A0 mode Lamb wave in a test plate or a pipe wall and the wave velocity is obtained by time of flight measurement. Any change in plate thickness can be detected by the change in the Lamb wave velocity due to the dispersive nature of the A0 mode. We demonstrate the power of this approach in ultrasonic pipe erosion/corrosion monitoring and its potential application in aircraft skin defect imaging. We present results of thickness measurements of a test plate with 1 percent accuracy, and erosion/corrosion monitoring in a section of pipe that was removed from service, as well as imaging of defects in an aluminum thin plate.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Data-flow analysis of program fragments

Traditional interprocedural data-flow analysis is performed on whole programs; however, such whole-program analysis is not feasible for large or incomplete programs. We propose fragment data-flow analysis as an alternative approach which computes data-flow information for a specific program fragment. The analysis is parameterized by the additional information available about the rest of the program. We describe two frameworks for interprocedural flow-sensitive fragment analysis, the relationship between fragment analysis and whole-program analysis, and the requirements ensuring fragment analysis safety and feasibility. We propose an application of fragment analysis as a second analysis phase after an inexpensive flow-insensitive whole-program analysis, in order to obtain better information for important program fragments. We also describe the design of two fragment analyses derived from an already existing whole-program flow- and context-sensitive pointer alias analysis for C programs and present empirical evaluation of their cost and precision. Our experiments show evidence of dramatically better precision obtainable at a practical cost.