cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taxation and Big Brother: information, personalisation and privacy in 21st century tax policy

Taxation and Big Brother: Information, Personalization, and Privacy in 21st Century Tax Policy Joel Slemrod University of Michigan October 3, 2005 Revised January 10, 2006 This lecture was given at the Annual Lecture to the Institute of Fiscal Studies, London, on September 26. I am grateful to Katherine Blauvelt for research assistance and extended conversations that clarified my thinking on a number of issues.
Identification and characterization of a natural polymorphism in FT-A2 associated with increased number of grains per spike in wheat

We discovered a natural FT-A2 allele that increases grain number per spike in both pasta and bread wheat with limited effect on heading time. Increases in wheat grain yield are necessary to meet future global food demands. A previous study showed that loss-of-function mutations in FLOWERING LOCUS T2 (FT2) increase spikelet number per spike (SNS), an important grain yield component. However, these mutations were also associated with reduced fertility, offsetting the beneficial effect of the increases in SNS on grain number. Here, we report a natural mutation resulting in an aspartic acid to alanine change at position 10 (D10A) associated with significant increases in SNS and no negative effects on fertility. Using a high-density genetic map, we delimited the SNS candidate region to a 5.2-Mb region on chromosome 3AS including 28 genes. Among them, only FT-A2 showed a non-synonymous polymorphism (D10A) present in two different populations segregating for the SNS QTL on chromosome arm 3AS. These results, together with the known effect of the ft-A2 mutations on SNS, suggest that variation in FT-A2 is the most likely cause of the observed differences in SNS. We validated the positive effects of the A10 allele on SNS, grain number, and grain yield per spike in near-isogenic tetraploid wheat lines and in an hexaploid winter wheat population. The A10 allele is present at very low frequency in durum wheat and at much higher frequency in hexaploid wheat, particularly in winter and fall-planted spring varieties. These results suggest that the FT-A2 A10 allele may be particularly useful for improving grain yield in durum wheat and fall-planted common wheat varieties.
Russian Industry Needs Higher Demand for Its Products and Stronger Rouble

The IET Industrial Confidence Indicator, an indicator calculated by the Gaidar Institute, hit a 6-month low in Q3 2018, refl ecting distribution-related problems facing the Russian industry and its attempts to arrest them amid protracting stagnation and rouble devaluation.
Path integration for light transport in volumes

Simulating the transport of light in volumes such as clouds or objects with subsurface scattering is computationally expensive. We describe an approximation to such transport using path integration. Unlike the more commonly used diffusion approximation, the path integration approach does not explicitly rely on the assumption that the material within the volume is dense. Instead, it assumes the phase function of the volume material is strongly forward scattering and uniform throughout the medium, an assumption that is often the case in nature. We show that this approach is useful for simulating subsurface scattering and scattering in clouds.
Radar Use in Rainfall Measurements

Meteorologists, hydrologists, and other environmental scientists use microwave radar (radio detection and ranging) techniques to observe remotely the location, type, and intensity of atmospheric precipitation. Doppler radar units provide an additional measurement of storm movement and wind rotational strength. Hence, microwave radar units are used for remotely sensing precipitation and winds. Radar operates by emitting electromagnetic radiation into the air at various scan heights and then detecting the part of that radiation that is reflected back by hydrometeors (e.g., backscattered) to the radar device and considered reflectivity. Hydrometeors refer to liquid and frozen precipitation, but backscattering can also occur from large flocks of birds, insects, and other large airborne particles. Based on the density, size, and shape of the hydrometeors (e.g., spherical liquid vs. angular frozen crystals) and the polarization of the radar beam, the algorithms processing the radar signal can determine precipitation type and intensity. Keywords: Doppler; hourly rainfall product; microwave radar; spatial estimates; storm track; wind shear; rain intensity; satellites
Modal reduction in single crystal sapphire optical fiber

A new type of single crystal sapphire optical fiber (SCSF) design is proposed to reduce the number of guided modes via a highly dispersive cladding with a periodic array of high and low index regions in the azimuthal direction. The structure retains a “core” region of pure single crystal (SC) sapphire in the center of the fiber and a “cladding” region of alternating layers of air and SC sapphire in the azimuthal direction that is uniform in the radial direction. The modal characteristics and confinement losses of the fundamental mode were analyzed via the finite element method by varying the effective core diameter and the dimensions of the “windmill” shaped cladding. The simulation results showed that the number of guided modes were significantly reduced in the “windmill” fiber design, as the radial dimension of the air and SC sapphire cladding regions increase with corresponding decrease in the azimuthal dimension. It is anticipated that the “windmill” SCSF will readily improve the performance of current fiber optic sensors in the harsh environment and potentially enable those that were limited by the extremely large modal volume of unclad SCSF.
Ion pairing effects in the zwitterionic ring opening polymerization of δ-valerolactone

The ring-opening polymerization (ZROP) of δ-valerolactone (VL) by N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) in the absence of alcohol initiators generates cyclic poly(valerolactones). A zwitterionic mechanism has been proposed where the propagating alkoxide anion undergoes ion-pairing with the acyl-imidazolium polymer chain end. To evaluate the consequences of zwitterionic ion-pairing, the influence of added LiCl to the NHC-mediated ZROP of δ-valerolactone (VL) in THF was investigated. In THF in the absence of LiCl, the molecular weights of the resultant p(VL) are higher than that predicted from the initial ratio of [VL]0/[NHC]0 and the molecular weight distributions are bimodal and broad (Mw/Mn = 1.35). In the presence of 1.0 M LiCl, the molecular weights of the p(VL) match that predicted from [VL]0/[NHC]0 and the molecular weight distributions are monomodal and narrow (Mw/Mn = 1.08–1.26). The presence of LiCl also influences both the rate of polymerization and the topology of the resultant poly(valerolactones). In the absence of LiCl, cyclic poly(valerolactones) are isolated upon aqueous methanol work-up, but at high LiCl concentrations, only linear chains are produced. These results imply that zwitterionic ion-pairs can be readily broken up by added LiCl.
Hypersexuality in college students: The role of psychopathy

Abstract Psychopathy is a maladaptive personality style that is marked by hypersexual activity that may put the individual or others at risk for unintended consequences such as pregnancy, STDs, pain, and emotional distress. The current study examined associations between psychopathic personality traits and normative sexual risk taking behaviors. In a sample of undergraduate students ( n = 393), we examined psychopathy, with an emphasis on the two facets of Fearless-Dominance and Impulsive-Antisociality, and various aspects of hypersexuality (e.g., sexual sensation seeking, compulsivity, excitation, and disinhibition), including risky sexual behavior. Both psychopathy facets, particularly Impulsive-Antisociality, were distinctly associated with all forms of hypersexuality. An interaction effect for the two psychopathy facets was found for predicting risky sexual behavior, indicating that scoring high on both facets was a stronger predictor of hypersexuality than scoring high on either facet in isolation. The psychopathy effects were present even when controlling for general sensation seeking, impulsivity, and antisociality.
Performing Loss, Elegy, and Transcendental Friendship

Like friendships among other transcendentalists, that between Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau was complicated by loss and grief. Three highly charged moments (1842–49) in their relationship shed new light on Thoreau's capacity for intimacy, his alternative theory of transcendental friendship, and his emergence as a major American writer.
Common data security network (CDSN)

We present the idea of using a separate network that processes and enforces security in a data network. We briefly discuss various components of such a network, called common data security network (CDSN). We use the example of the IEEE 802.11i to determine one of the link level metrics of the proposed network, the fractional overhead for IEEE 802.1X and temporal key integrity protocol (TKIP).
Active electrophysiological properties of spinal motoneurons in aged cats following axotomy

The present study was designed to examine the effects of the aging process on the response of motoneurons to axotomy. Accordingly, in aged cats using intracellular recording techniques, the electrophysiological properties of axotomized lumbar spinal cord motoneurons were compared with those of control (nonaxotomized) motoneurons. In motoneurons that were subjected to axotomy, there was a reduction in axonal conduction velocity compared to that exhibited by control motoneurons. In addition, there were a number of changes in the configuration of the action potential following axotomy. The amplitude of the spike and the overshoot increased as did the slope of the soma-dendritic spike, whereas the delay between the initial segment and the soma-dendritic spikes decreased. The duration of the action potential's afterhyperpolarization increased; its amplitude remained unaffected although the calculated afterhyperpolarization current decreased. Following the spike, most of the axotomized motoneurons exhibited hyperpolarization undershoots and delayed depolarizations. Axotomized motoneurons exhibited a small decrease in the membrane potential and a reduction in the rheobasic current compared to control cells. The changes in the frequency distribution of axonal conduction velocity, afterhyperpolarization duration, afterhyperpolarization current and rheobase measurements suggest that aged motoneurons dedifferentiated following axotomy. These results indicate that axotomy, in aged motoneurons, results in the disruption of a variety of electrophysiological parameters and that the specific patterns of the responses that occur in axotomized motoneurons of adult cats also emerge in axotomized motoneurons of aged animals.
Spatially Homogeneous Solutions to the Einstein-Maxwell Equations

Two spatially homogeneous line elements, representing two inequivalent solutions to the Einstein-Maxwell equations, are known at present. The relationship between the two line elements is pointed out and discussed briefly here.
Highly Size-Controlled, Low-Size-Dispersity Nickel Nanoparticles from Poly(propylene imine) Dendrimer−Ni(II) Complexes

Reported here is the highly controlled synthesis and subsequent characterization of low-size-dispersity (±8−21%) crystalline Ni(0) nanoparticles derived from a dendrimer-ligand-based method employing amine-terminated poly(propylene imine) dendrimers, DAB-Amn. Crystalline Ni(0) nanoparticles devoid of any nickel boride are obtained by anaerobic borohydride reduction in methanol of DAB-Amn−Ni(II)x, as determined by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) measurements. Nickel nanoparticles with highly tunable diameters ranging from l.9 to 2.7 nm are readily obtained by methanolic borohydride reduction of Ni(II) coordinated to the primary amines of five different generations of DAB-Amn (n = 4, 8, 16, 32, 64). Control over the diameter of the Ni nanoparticles is readily achievable and inversely related to dendrimer generation and the NH2:Ni(II) ratio, n/x. These outcomes bode well for future...
Development of the Breast-Feeding Attrition Prediction Tool

The psychometric properties of the revised Breast-Feeding Attrition Prediction Tool, based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, were examined in this study. The sample consisted of 201 postpartum women who planned to breast-feed at least 8 weeks. Four scales identified by factor analysis measured the three TPB constructs. All scales showed moderate internal consistency (alphas .79 to .85). Two scales distinguished between women with and without prior breast-feeding experience (p < .05). Three scales were significantly related to breast-feeding attrition at 8 weeks. Women who weaned prematurely received less breast-feeding support from their social and professional network, believed breast-feeding was difficult, and saw more advantages to formula feeding than to breast-feeding. A discriminant analysis of the scales correctly identified 73% of the women who weaned prematurely.
Bayesian parameter estimation in a mixed-order model of BOD decay

Abstract We describe a generalized version of the BOD decay model in which the reaction is allowed to assume an order other than one. This is accomplished by making the exponent on BOD concentration a free parameter to be determined by the data. This “mixed-order” model may be a more appropriate representation of the aggregation of underlying processes that contribute to overall oxygen consumption in organic wastes and therefore has the potential to result in improved model fit. In order to directly compare the relative plausibility of alternative choices for a reaction order, we adopt a Bayesian approach to parameter estimation. This approach uses Bayes’ theorem to develop a joint probability distribution for all parameter values conditional on the observed data. From this joint distribution, we employ a numerical integration method to derive marginal parameter distributions that can be used to directly compare the relative plausibility of competing parameter values. For the data sets we examine, reaction orders other than one are generally much better supported by the data, and the often-proposed second-order model does not appear to be an adequate alternative. For practical use, the mixed-order model formulation results in a better fit to observations and yields more realistic predictions of ultimate BOD than the first-order expression. In addition, the probabilistic nature of the Bayesian model we describe facilitates explicit consideration of uncertainty in subsequent water quality management and decision-making.
In vitro fertilization is associated with an increased risk of hypospadias.

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if there is an increased incidence of hypospadias in male offspring conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF).Materials and Methods: A retrospective institutional chart review from 1988 to 1992 and data from the Maryland Birth Defects Registry were statistically analyzed to assess the risk of hypospadias with IVF.Results: The data for the 5-year period indicated a 5-fold increased risk of hypospadias after IVF, with an incidence of approximately 1.5% in the IVF group and 0.3% in the control group. The only recognized difference between the groups was maternal progesterone administration in the IVF group but the cause of the increased risk of hypospadias was unknown. The distribution of hypospadias severity was similar in both groups.Conclusions: Male newborns conceived by IVF have a 5-fold increased risk of hypospadias, which may be related to maternal progesterone administration, or other maternal or fetal endocrine abnormalities that may or may...
3D Thermal Resistance Network Method for the Design of Highly Integrated Packages

There is a continual market pull in the electronics industry for smaller products with more capabilities, creating a growing need for 3D stacked electronics. This work presents a generic, easy to use approach, to estimate the thermal performance in a generic NxMxP stack using 3D heterogeneous integrated packaging (3D HIP) approach as a baseline. 3D HIP is a microfabrication packaging technology that helps facilitate chip stacking. While this work is demonstrated utilizing the 3D HIP geometry, the technique is easily adapted to most packaging approaches, both 3D and planar. A low order model has been developed with a combination numerical-analytical approach and a 3D resistor network to estimate the chip temperatures. The resistor network solves quickly in MATLAB, enabling fast, iterative thermal analyses and design through the parametric studies of the chip dimensions, number of chips, chip layout, material types, cooling solutions, etc. The model has been validated against full 3D numerical models in COMSOL for a number of conditions including variation of chip dimensions, substrate thickness, number of chips, and material types. The temperature difference between the resistor network model and the COMSOL model was always within 5%. This method can be utilized to identify potential cooling approaches based on the power dissipation per chip and the packaging approach and also to determine the maximum temperatures of each chip. The code achieves significant time saving as compared to full FEA models while providing similar results.© 2013 ASME
An Energy-Based Axial Isothermal-Mechanical Lifing Procedure

An energy-based fatigue lifing procedure for the determination of fatigue life and critical life of in-service structures subjected to axial isothermal-mechanical fatigue (IMF) has been developed. The foundation of this procedure is the energy-based axial room-temperature fatigue model, which states: the total strain energy density accumulated during both a monotonic fracture event and a fatigue process is the same material property. The energy-based axial IMF lifing framework is composed of the following entities: (1) the development of an axial IMF testing capability; (2) the creation of a testing procedure capable of assessing the strain energy accrued during both a monotonic fracture process and a fatigue process at various elevated temperatures; and (3), the incorporation of the effect of temperature into the axial fatigue lifing model. Both an axial IMF capability and a detailed testing procedure were created. The axial IMF capability was employed in conjunction with the monotonic fracture curve testing procedure to produce eight fracture curves at three operating temperatures. The strain energy densities for these fracture curves were compared, leading to the assumption of constant monotonic fracture energy at operating temperatures below the creep activation temperature.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A Simple, Sensitive, and Specific Assay for the Heat-Stable Enterotoxin of Escherichia coli

A simple assay for the heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) of Escherichia coli was developed on the basis of ST activation of guanylate cyclase in membranes from the intestinal mucosa of mice. ST activated guanylate cyclase in mucosal membranes in a linear fashion over a 50-fold range of toxin concentrations with Mg++-guanosine 5'-triphosphate as substrate. Activation of guanylate cyclase was detectable at concentrations of ST that were five- to 10-fold lower than those resulting in increases in the ratio of gut weight to carcass weight of mice. This assay was used to quantify ST in crude and purified samples from culture filtrates of wild-type strains and recombinant strains of E coli containing the gene for ST. Activation of guanylate cyclase was specific for ST; purified cholera toxin and E coli heat-labile enterotoxin did not activate guanylate cyclase. Thus, this assay for ST is sensitive, specific, and will facilitate rapid analysis of samples for quantification of ST.
Absence of mutations in codon 61 of the Ha-ras oncogene in epithelial cells transformed in vitro by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene

Epithelial cells of the respiratory tract of rats were transformed in vitro by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) which has been reported to cause A→T transversion mutations of the second position of Ha-ras in codon 61 in several biological models. In this study Ha-ras exon 2 was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and then sequenced directly. In 10 transformed cell lines, of which 5 are known to be tumorigenic, no mutations in codon 61 were found. The results suggest that Ha-ras codon 61 mutations are not associated with cell transformation initiated with DMBA in this particular cell transformation system. These data imply that other genes (oncogenes) are responsible for transformation of these cells. The results are discussed in relation to observations in various transformation systems in vivo and in vitro.
The micro-mechanisms of tempered martensite embrittlement in 4340-type steels

A study of the micro-mechanisms of tempered martensite embrittlement was made on a series of 4340-type steels in which the contents of manganese, silicon, and trace impurities, especially phosphorus and sulfur, were varied. One plain-carbon steel was also examined. The study employed Charpy impact tests and four-point slow-bend tests coupled with an elastic-plastic stress analysis, as well as scanning electron fractography, Auger electron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy of extraction replicas, and magnetic measurements of the transformation of retained austenite. The results indicate that in these steels the TME phenomenon is an intergranular embrittlement problem caused by carbide precipitation on prior austenite grain boundaries which are already weakened by segregated phosphorus and sulfur. The transformation of intragranular retained austenite is concluded not to be of primary significance in the TME in these steels, although it may contribute to the magnitude of the TME toughness trough.
Effects of increased occupational participation by women on androgynous and nonandrogynous individuals' ratings of occupational attractiveness

An experiment was conducted to test the idea that androgynous individuals would not devalue high-prestige occupations sustaining an increase in the proportion of women practitioners. Male and female college students identified as androgynous or nonandrogynous were led to believe that three high- or three low-status occupations would show an increased proportion of female practitioners or would be stabilized in terms of the proportion of women practitioners. As predicted, nonandrogynous individuals devalued high-prestige occupations expected to show an increase in women practitioners. In contrast, androgynous individuals rated the high-prestige occupations more attractive if they were expected to show an increase in the proportion of women than if they were not. Neither of these effects generalized to occupations of moderate prestige. Finally, there was some indication that the devaluation effect does not generalize to high-status occupations that fall outside the intellectual domain.
Morphological and functional disturbances in pulmonary vascular endothelium following exposure of sheep to an “Avirulent” strain of Pasteurella haemolytica

Sheep were vaccinated with a live attenuated strain of Pasteurella haemolytica and killed 3 days later. Segments of main intrapulmonic artery and vein were removed for biophysical and scanning electron microscopic studies. In the pulmonary artery, vaccination with Pasteurella haemolytica caused an increase in the number of endothelial cell surface blebs and, in some cases, those blebs appeared to be splitting open, suggesting cell damage or irritation. There was a surprising lack of platelet adherence to the lesions, suggesting that an antiplatelet factor is released by the damaged endothelium. The endothelial-dependent relaxant response to bradykinin was enhanced following vaccination. In the pulmonary vein, ultrastructural lesions similar to those in the artery were present in vaccinated animals. Bradykinin caused a contraction, an effect that was reduced following vaccination with Pasteurella haemolytica. These experiments demonstrate that a live, vaccine-derived strain of Pasteurella haemolytica causes both morphological and functional changes in the pulmonary vascular endothelium.
The 2-A postdoc.

During a long discussion of our favorite enzyme mechanisms, Gene Sander advised me that the easiest way to obtain a true picture of the transitory steps of a reaction would be to “hire a 2-A postdoc.” In the mid-'70s, when this whimsical conversation took place, molecular and structural biology was just beginning to exert an effect on mechanistic enzymology. Whereas the advances of the past 25 years have been impressive in terms of our understanding of hundreds of additional enzymes and pathways, there remains a need to provide details of chemical conversions within enzyme active sites. In most cases, we have excellent structural information that provides a static picture of how a single substrate or a single product may bind to the catalytic surface, but still lack definition of the sequence of events that takes place between those extremes. Further understanding of the processes taking place during catalysis is required to design ever more specific inhibitors to block the action of key enzymes from pathogenic organisms. In this issue of PNAS, Mobashery and colleagues (1) have taken us closer to the center of the final reaction in the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, by providing a new high-resolution (1.2 A) structure of an analog of the two-substrate reaction.
Random Access Games: Selfish Nodes with Incomplete Information

We analyze the behavior of selfish sensor nodes when they have uncertainties and incomplete information about one another. We consider a network of such selfish nodes contending for the access of a common wireless communication channel. In this scenario, sensor platforms have only subjective belief distributions about the pay-off functions of their opponents. We characterize the set of all pure strategy Nash equilibria under incomplete information for such selfish sensors. A monotonicity property for the Nash equilibrium strategies is identified. That is, there exists a critical cut-off threshold c* such that if the cost of the collision is smaller than c*, sensors transmit. Otherwise, backing-off becomes more beneficial for them. For the uniformly and exponentially distributed beliefs, we also pinpoint the location of this critical cut-off threshold.
Effect of Psychopathy, Abuse, and Ethnicity on Juvenile Probation Officers’ Decision-Making and Supervision Strategies

Probation officers exercise substantial discretion in their daily work with troubled and troubling juvenile offenders. In this experiment, we examine the effect of psychopathic features, child abuse, and ethnicity on 204 officers' expectancies of, recommendations for, and approach to supervising, juvenile offenders. The results indicate that officers (a) have decision-making and supervision approaches that are affected by a youth's psychopathic traits and history of child abuse-but not ethnicity; (b) view both abused youth and psychopathic youth as highly challenging cases on a path toward adult criminality; and (c) have greater hope and sympathy for abused youth than psychopathic youth. For abused youth, officers are likely to recommend psychological services and "go the extra mile" by providing greater support, referrals, and networking than is typical for their caseload. For psychopathic youth, officers expect poor treatment outcomes and are" extra strict," enforcing rules that typically are not enforced for others on their caseload.
Evaluation of the comonomer distribution in ethylene copolymers using DSC fractionation

Abstract The microstructures of ethylene random copolymers are evaluated using DSC fractionation by the degree of crystallinity. This method is based on the same principle of separation as temperature-rising elution fractionation (TREF) which uses a crystallization/dissolution procedure; however it does not physically separate the fractions. The resulting copolymers are sorted by crystallite sizes; the crystallite size and lamellae thickness are directly related to the ethylene block length. Copolymers including E/VA, E/nBA, E/nBA/CO, E/nBA/VA, E/MAA, E/AA and LLDPE have been analyzed by DSC fractionation to elucidate structural differences. We see that (a) specimens with high comonomer content are less crystalline; the ethylene segments are shorter, (b) the comonomer type makes a difference in fractionation if H-bonding is involved, (c) the narrow comonomer distribution, i.e. narrow ethylene-segment-length distribution, has fewer DSC fractions; the broad distribution has more fractions, (d) fractionation by crystallinity is affected if the molecular weight/viscosity is very high, (e) branch content reduces the crystallinity and shortens the ethylene blocks, and (f) there is no direct relation to molecular weight distribution or comonomer content.
Persistent Agonist-Induced Vasoconstriction Is Not Required for Angiotensin II to Mediate Inward Remodeling of Isolated Arterioles with Myogenic Tone

Norepinephrine (NE, 10–5.5 M) exposure for 4 h induces tone augmentation and vasodilation impairment after its removal. These changes are believed to represent early stages of inward remode
Melanoma surveillance in the United States.

Disclaimer: The American Academy of Dermatology is not responsible for statements made by the author(s). Statement or opinions expressed in this activity reflect the views of the author(s) and do not reflect the official policy of the American Academy of Dermatology. The information provided in this CME activity is for continuing education purposes only and is not meant to substitute for independent medical judgment of a health provider relative to the diagnostic, management and treatment options of a specific patient’s medical condition.
Analysis of creep data on copper at very low stresses

Abstract Examination of the low-stress creep data for copper shows that there is a critical grain size above which the creep rates are faster than those predicted from the classic Nabarro-Herring model. It is suggested that the fast creep rates arise from the operation of Harper-Dorn creep. Using the concept of deformation mapping, it is shown that the trend of the low-stress creep data for copper is compatible with treatment of the Harper-Dorn and Nabarro-Herring processes as independent mechanisms.
The liberal arts and the working classes

Whatever one might say for or against Marx, the idea that social class has had a bearing upon knowledge throughout history deserves attention in our time. The idea is all the more important because Marx saw relationships between classes in terms of domination and exploitation. For Marx, knowledge was both a tool of power and a reflection of it. It is useful to look at the ways in which higher education today both reflects and reproduces class relationships.
The vanishing viscosity limit for a dyadic model

Abstract A dyadic shell model for the Navier–Stokes equations is studied in the context of turbulence. The model is an infinite nonlinearly coupled system of ODEs. It is proved that the unique fixed point is a global attractor, which converges to the global attractor of the inviscid system as viscosity goes to zero. This implies that the average dissipation rate for the viscous system converges to the anomalous dissipation rate for the inviscid system (which is positive) as viscosity goes to zero. This phenomenon is called the dissipation anomaly predicted by Kolmogorov’s theory for the actual Navier–Stokes equations.
A simplified method for determination of lipide-C14 in liver.

Summary1. A rapid method for determination of lipide-C14 in experiments in which liver slices are incubated with C14-labeled compounds is described. 2. Data on the reliability of the procedure, and a comparison of values obtained by this simplified procedure with those obtained by the previous laborious methods are presented.
Coronary perfusion pressure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Abstract Coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) generated during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a key component for successful resuscitation. Defined as the pressure gradient between the aorta and the right atrium during the ‘diastolic’ or decompression portion of chest compression-decompression, this gradient has been correlated with both myocardial blood flow generated with CPR and ultimately with resuscitation outcome. Several unique features of cardiac arrest physiology, specifically the loss of vascular auto-regulation, make this pressure gradient even more important and the principal determinant of myocardial blood flow during CPR. Additionally, the loss of the ability to selectively vasoconstrict and vasodilate before and after an intra-coronary lesion results in increased significance of any coronary obstruction (even lesions less than 50%) with profound compromising effects on distal flow. Although CPP has been measured in patients undergoing CPR it remains difficult to acquire, secondary to the time needed to insert the pressure-measuring catheters. Alternative non-invasive measures of coronary perfusion are needed. Expired end-tidal carbon dioxide has been one suggested possibility.
Monetary-Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth

Introduction, 36 — I. Growth requirements, 36. — II. Growth tendencies, 39. — III. Relation between growth requirements and growth tendencies, 45. — IV. Monetary-fiscal policy and the growth rate, 47. — V. Some further complications and qualifications, 51. — VI. Concluding comments, 55.
Using matrix effects as a probe for the study of the charge-transfer mechanism in inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry

Abstract A novel method is presented for using matrix effects as a probe for the charge-transfer reaction between analyte atoms and argon ions in inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The method is based on the fact that the matrix effect caused by Ca or Ba depends on whether the studied analyte spectral line is from an ion or a neutral atom. Because the charge transfer reaction directly links atomic and high-energy ionic levels of the analyte, ionic spectral lines excited by charge transfer behave more like neutral-atom emission. As a result, quasi-resonant ionic emission lines exhibit a unique matrix effect character and can be easily identified. A commercial simultaneous full UV–Vis wavelength-coverage ICP spectrometer was used to study the responses of a large pool of spectral lines from a total of 22 elements in the presence of Na, Ca and Ba matrices. Candidate elements with charge-transfer character were thereby identified. The results match closely with those reported in the literature. The technique was further used to study charge-transfer reactions exhibited by the fourth-row metals from Sr to Sb. With the exception of Cd, Sr and Mo, all the other studied fourth-row metals showed positive evidence of excitation and ionization by charge-transfer from argon ion. While Sr showed negative results, the charge transfer-character of Cd and Mo could not be confirmed. It was also found that charge transfer can originate from other low-lying atomic analyte levels, in addition to the atomic ground state, and that charge-transfer reactions can occur at an appreciable rate even with a negative energy defect (i.e. negative ΔE) up to −1.6 eV.
Semiclassical wave packets in the angle representation and their role in molecular dynamics

Molecular wave packets generated by Gaussian optical pulses are discussed in the present paper. The systems treated either have pulses which are narrow relative to the width of the spectral absorption band or have molecules whose absorption band can be approximated by a Gaussian. One convenient approximate description is given, it is shown, by a semiclassical angle variable representation, which we used earlier in the treatment of inelastic molecular collisions. The results offer a relatively simple description of the motion of the packet, including its periods of oscillation, the time spent in various regions, and its extension in space at various times. The results are applied elsewhere to experimental data and to quantum mechanical calculations. The wave packet description is multidimensional.
Probability-of-Use for Depth, Velocity, and Substrate by Subyearling Coho Salmon and Steelhead in Lake Ontario Tributary Streams

Abstract Probability-of-use information for depth, velocity, and substrate by subyearling coho salmon (Ohcorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead (Salmo gairdneri) in three New York tributaries of Lake Ontario was obtained during June and October in 1980. In June, coho salmon occurred predominantly in areas with mean velocities of 0.30-0.70 ft/second and at depths of 2.00-2.40 ft, whereas steelhead occupied habitats with mean velocities of 0.40-0.80 ft/second and depths of 0.30-0.50 ft. In October, subyearling coho salmon were found in areas with mean velocities of 0.00-0.30 ft/second and at depths of 1.50-2.80 ft while steelhead occurred at depths of 0.60-1.20 ft where mean velocities were 0.10-0.80 ft/second. Subyearling coho salmon occurred over gravel-cobble substrates during both seasons, whereas steelhead were found in areas with substrate material of larger sizes in the autumn. Observed seasonal differences in the habitat and flow preferences of both species were completely masked when the data were poole...
The in vitro synthesis and secretion of α-ecdysone by the ring glands of the fly,Sarcophaga bullata

The in vitro secretory product of larval Sarcophage bullata ring glands has been identified as 2beta, 3beta, 14alpha, 22R, 25-pentahydroxy-5beta-cholest-7-en-6-one (alpha-ecdysone). Mid to late 3rd instar larval ecdysones were isolated and identified as 2beta, 3beta, 14alpha, 20R, 22R, 25-hexahydroxy-5beta-cholest-7-en-6-one (beta-ecdysone) and alpha-ecdysone at a ratio of 27:1. The low level of alpha-ecdysone in vivo, relative to its exclusive in vitro synthesis and secretion by the ring glands, is a function of the very active C20 hydroxylation mechanism in tissues peripheral to the ring gland. The role of alpha-ecdysone as a prohormone in dipteran metamorphosis is discussed.
DTR: A Defect-Tolerant Routing Algorithm

A new channel routing algorithm called DTR (Defect-Tolerant Routing) is investigated. This algorithm minimizes the total area and simultaneously maximizes the performance by reducing the critical area which can potentially be the source of logical faults caused by the bridging effects of spot defects. Experimental results show DTR produces less critical area than Yoshimura & Kuh's algorithm [1].
Evaluation of 600 V cascode GaN HEMT in device characterization and all-GaN-based LLC resonant converter

In recent years, Si power MOSFET is approaching its performance limits, and Gallium Nitride (GaN) HEMT is getting mature. This paper evaluates the 600 V cascode GaN HEMT performance, and compares it with the state-of-the-art Si CoolMOS in LLC resonant converter. First, the static characterization of 600 V cascode GaN HEMT is described in different temperatures. The switching performance is tested by a double pulse tester to provide the turn-off loss reference to the design of LLC resonant converter. Second, a 400 V-12 V/300 W/1 MHz all-GaN-based converter with the 600 V cascode GaN HEMT is compared with a Si-based converter with the 600 V Si CoolMOS. The device output capacitance is a key factor in the design and loss analysis of LLC resonant converter. The design results show that the total GaN device loss of the all-GaN-based converter can be improved by 42% compared with the total Si device loss. Finally, both 400 V-12 V/300 W/1 MHz Si-based and GaN-based LLC resonant converter prototypes are tested and compared with waveforms and efficiency curves.
From nanostructures to porous silicon: sensors and photocatalytic reactors

A rapid, reversible, and sensitive porous silicon (PS) gas sensor, based upon a uniquely formed highly efficient electrical contact to a nanopore covered microporous array, is modified to introduce selectivity and for the purpose of a novel heterogeneous photocatalytic reactor. Utilizing photoluminescence induced electroless metallization as a means of obtaining a highly efficient electrical contact we demonstrate the detection of HC1, NH3, CO and NO at the ppm level. The response of this device, which operates with limited sensitivity at a bias voltage of 1–10 mV, is rapid and reversible. The form of metallization used to establish a low resistance, 20 Ω, contact also provides the basis for more efficient electroluminescent devices. After an electroless gold treatment, the impedance response of the device to ammonia increases by 2.5 times, while the CO and NO responses are unchanged. With an electroless tin coating, the room temperature responses to NH3, NO, and CO are all amplified. With an FFT analysis, a gas response can now be acquired and filtered on a drifting baseline, further increasing sensitivity. These sensor suites are now being extended to develop microreactors in which nanoscale quantum dot (QD) photocatalysts will be placed within the pores of PS and excited using PS electroluminescence or photoluminescence to excite visible light absorbing QDs. Visible light absorbing titania-based QDs have been developed. Using a nanoscale exclusive synthesis route, we directly treat TiO2 nanocolloids and, in seconds, at room temperature, we produce nitrogen doped, stable, and environmentally benign TiO2–xNx photocatalysts whose optical response, now not limited to the ultraviolet, can be tuned across the entire visible region. This synthesis, which can be simultaneously accompanied by metal atom seeding, can be accomplished through the direct nitration of anatase TiO2 nanostructures with alkyl ammonium salts. Tunability throughout the visible depends on the degree of TiO2 nanoparticle agglomeration and the influence of metal seeding. No organics are incorporated into the final TiO2–xNx products. These visible light absorbing photocatalysts readily photodegrade methylene blue and gaseous ethylene. They can be transformed from liquids to gels and placed on the surfaces of sensor and microreactor based configurations 1) to produce an improved photocatalytically induced solar based sensor response, and 2) with a goal to facilitate catalytically induced disinfection of airborne pathogens. In contrast to a nitridation process which is facile at the nanoscale, we find little or no direct nitridation of micrometer sized anatase or rutile TiO2 powders at room temperature. Thus, we demonstrate an example of how a traversal to the nanoscale can vastly improve the efficiency for producing important submicron particles. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pancreas transplantation with portal venous drainage with an emphasis on technical aspects.

Advances in surgical techniques and clinical immunosuppression have led to improving results in vascularized pancreas transplantation. Most pancreas transplants are performed with enteric exocrine drainage and systemic venous delivery of insulin (systemic-enteric technique) although bladder drainage (systemic-bladder technique) remains a viable option. To improve the physiology of pancreas transplantation, an innovative technique of portal venous delivery of insulin and enteric drainage of the exocrine secretions (portal-enteric technique) was developed and refined over the past 27 yr. However, the potential of portal-enteric pancreas transplantation has never been fully realized as it is currently performed in only 18% of simultaneous pancreas-kidney/sequential pancreas after kidney and 10% of pancreas-alone transplants with enteric drainage. A number of studies have demonstrated no major or consistent differences in outcomes for bladder-drained or enteric-drained pancreas transplants with either portal or systemic venous drainage although some studies suggest purported metabolic and immunologic advantages associated with portal venous delivery of insulin. The purpose of this study is to review the existing literature on portal-enteric pancreas transplantation with an emphasis on surgical aspects and technical modifications/nuances that have been introduced with time and experience.
Path Dependence of the Potential-Current Density State for Cathodically Polarized Steel in Seawater

Abstract Recent emphasis in marine cathodic protection studies has focused on the slope parameter approach to polarization data representation according to the relationship: where ϕc and ic are cat...
Preparation and characterization of ceramic thin film thermocouples

Indium tin oxide (ITO), alumina doped zinc oxide (ZnO) and NiCrCoAlY/alumina nanocomposites were systematically investigated as thermoelements. These ceramic thermoelements were initially tested relative to a platinum reference electrode and the resulting thermoelectric properties were evaluated. Bi-ceramic junctions comprised of the most stable and responsive ceramic thermoelements, i.e. those thermoelements with the largest and most stable Seebeck coefficients relative to platinum, were fabricated and tested. A bi-ceramic junction based on nitrogen-doped ITO:oxygen-doped ITO exhibited excellent high temperature stability and reproducibility, however, this thermocouple pair had a relatively low Seebeck coefficient (6 μV/°C). Alumina doped ZnO:ITO thermocouples generated a very large electromotive force at low temperatures but lacked high temperature stability. When nitrogen-doped ITO was combined with a NiCoCrAlY/alumina nanocomposite, a very large and stable Seebeck coefficient (375 μV/°C) was realized. Ceramic thermocouples based on several candidate materials were demonstrated at temperatures up to 1200 °C and the potential of using these materials in other thermoelectric devices including those for energy harvesting is discussed.
Comparison of active beam steering elements and analysis of platform vibrations for various long-range FSO links

An important consideration when deploying free-space optical (FSO) communication links over ultra long distances is the ability to actively steer the laser beam. FSO links are currently being researched as an attractive option for deep-space communication links or as a link to provide broadband communications to aircraft in-flight. In order to establish ultra long FSO links or to actively track FSO links between moving platforms, an active tracking system based on hybrid technology is essential. These hybrid systems are usually a combination of a mechanical gimbal and some array of active optical components. The presence of active optical components in a beam steering device is necessary to provide a high bandwidth while offsetting vibrations present on the mounting platform. This study compares three active beam steering elements that can be used in FSO transmitters and receivers. Performance characteristics of MEMS-based micro mirror arrays, acousto-optic modulators and steerable mirrors are analyzed and compared. A comparison of aperture size, range of motion, resolution and scanning speed is performed. Simulations in order to show the effects of vibration on various different length FSO links are run. A simulation in order to verify the ability of a fast steering mirror to offset vibration effects in a ground-to-UAV link is performed.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Coupling mRNA processing with transcription in time and space

The cellular transcription, mRNA processing and export machineries seem to have co-evolved to allow spatiotemporal coupling of these processes. Here, the author reviews recent insights into the relative amount of co-transcriptional and post-transcriptional processing, the relationship between mRNA elongation and processing, and the regulating role of the carboxy-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II.