cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of surface step on molecular propane adsorption

Abstract We have studied the effects of surface step on molecular propane adsorption using molecular-dynamics simulations and a model stepped surface, Pt(6 5 5). Incidences along the step edge (smooth azimuth) and perpendicular to the step edge with upstairs momentum (upstairs azimuth) and downstairs momentum (downstairs azimuth) are considered. In general, the surface step enhances the initial trapping probability of propane except for the downstairs incidences. The most efficient zone in facilitating adsorption is near the bottom of the surface step on the lower terrace where incident molecules experience stronger attraction and an “additional-layer” effect when crossing the step. The least efficient zone is the top of the surface step on the upper terrace due to an opposite “missing-layer” effect. Surface step also creates steric effects such that more incident molecules along the upstairs azimuth but significantly less molecules along the downstairs azimuth impact the step-bottom zone. The latter steric effect, a shadowing effect, undermines the high trapping efficiency of the step-bottom zone to cause the downstairs incidences to have the lowest trapping probabilities. While the shadowing effect can be enhanced by larger incident angles and lower incident energies, the other steric effect on the upstairs incidences is relatively insensitive to the incident energy. Overall, the influence of surface step on molecular adsorption diminishes at low incident energies and large incident angles because longer contact times and less normal momenta result in high trapping probability across the entire stepped surface.
Remote device management of WiMAX devices in multi-mode multi-access environment

The consumer demand for high bandwidth network services is on the rise. The service providers are planning to fulfill this demand with deployment of next generation broadband networks offering a large variety of new and complex devices. To manage the multitude of complex devices remotely becomes an increasingly challenging task for service providers, requiring well-designed standardized device management frameworks. Remote device management standardization efforts are well underway in various standards bodies to address this issue. These standards allow service providers / enterprise to remotely and cost-effectively support policy-based auto-configuration, software download, monitoring, diagnosing, and event fault detection & recovery. This paper will provide the current standards landscape of two widely deployed device management standards, and describe how these differing standards were leveraged for WiMAX to address the management of a wide array of devices. In addition, this paper will present insights about future trends in remote device management, outline a proposed approach for 3GPP LTE device management, as well as discuss Motorola's converged device management solution.
Rapid feature-selection benefits from feature redundancy

References: {1} Saenz, M., Buracas, G. T., & Boynton, G. M. (2002). Global effects of feature-based attention in human visual cortex. Nature neuroscience, 5(7), 631-632. {2} Wolfe, J. M., Cave, K. R., & Franzel, S. L. (1989). Guided search: an alternative to the feature integration model for visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human perception and performance, 15(3), 419. {3} Huang, L., & Pashler, H. (2007). A Boolean map theory of visual attention. Psychological review, 114(3), 599. {4} Treisman, A. M., & Gelade, G. (1980). A feature-integration theory of attention. Cognitive psychology, 12(1), 97-136. {5} Ware, C. (2012). Information visualization: perception for design. Elsevier. {6} Krummenacher, J., Muller, H. J., & Heller, D. (2001). Visual search for dimensionally redundant pop-out targets: Evidence for parallel-coactive processing of dimensions. Perception & Psychophysics, 63(5), 901-917. {7} Tufte, E. R., & Graves-Morris, P. R. (1983). The visual display of quantitative information (Vol. 2). Cheshire, CT: Graphics press. {8} Palmer, S. E., & Beck, D. M. (2007). The repetition discrimination task: An objective method for studying perceptual grouping. Perception & Psychophysics, 69(1), 68-78.
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN MANGANESE(IV)-HEMATOPORPHYRIN IX AND WATER.

Abstract Mn(IV)-hematoporphyrin IX, prepared from Mn(III)-hematoporphyrin IX by addition of 1 equiv. of strong oxidant in alkaline solution, reverts to Mn(III)-hematoprophyrin IX in the absence of added reducing agents and at a rate which is strongly pH dependent. A study of the kinetics reveled a first-order dependence upon the concentration of Mn(IV)-hematoporphyrin IX at pH 13 and higher-order dependence at values of pH below 12. ΔHǂ = 20 kcal/mole and ΔSǂ = −25 e.u. were determined at pH 13. Evidence for the formation of a percaboxylic acid was provided by infrared spectra. Free O2 or H2O2 were not found under the conditions of the reactions. A scheme is presented which is consistent with the obervations.
A simulation study of the maximum entropy moment matrix

Abstract Whereas the sample moment matrix may not yield an estimate of the inverse of the population moment matrix because of singularity, the maximum entropy (ME) moment matrix is always positive definite. An experiment indicates superiority of the ME moment matrix over the sample moment matrix even when the latter is not singular.
The Performance of Methanol and Water Heat Pipes for Electronics Cooling Applications in Spacecraft Instrumentation

Increases in the power density of electronics and the corresponding decreases in packaging space have driven the development and enhancement of numerous electronics cooling strategies. The design of cooling systems for electronics are particularly challenging in spacecraft environments where there exists the additional requirements of minimal mass and volume, high reliability, reduced complexity and number of moving parts, and ability to operate in a reduced or gravity-free environment. One cooling technique that has proven to satisfy these demanding and integrated requirements for spacecraft electronics cooling applications, involves the use of heat pipes. The heat pipe is a passive heat transport device that requires no moving parts, is highly compact and reliable, and is an efficient mover of thermal energy in reduced gravity environments. Despite all of these positive features, heat pipes do have limitations and functional characteristics that designers must be keenly aware of when incorporating them into the development of electronic cooling systems. These include, in part, limits on the heat transport capacity and operational temperature, as well as performance variations between seemingly identical heat pipes due to contamination or manufacturing flaws. This paper discusses thermal analyses and performance testing of commercial copper heat pipes that utilize a sintered copper wick with either methanol or water as the working fluid. First, the electronic cooling application, thermal operating requirements, and commercial heat pipe designs are introduced. Next, the models and analyses used to predict the heat transport limits for the heat pipes are discussed. Following this, the experimental apparatus and procedures used to characterize the thermal performance of the heat pipes are presented. Finally, with the aid of empirical data, assessments of the thermal performance of each heat pipe, the range of performance variation between heat pipes, as well as the applicability and accuracy of the analytical performance models are provided.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Reactions of [Re(CO)3]+ with Histidylhistidine and Modified Histidines (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 25/2010)

The cover picture shows the crystal structures of two complexes that were prepared from aqueous reactions of histidine-based ligands with Re(CO)3(H2O)3+ and serve as models of 99mTc(CO)3+/His-tag protein complexes. The complexes, similar to those found in certain enzymes, show unexpected peptide carboxamido-N donor bonds that underscore the stability of the labeled His-tag proteins as discussed in the Short Communication by R. S. Herrick, C. J. Ziegler et al. on p. 3905 ff. Artwork: Christopher J. Ziegler.
Passive transfer of immunity to Mycobacterium avium in susceptible and resistant strains of mice

Naturally susceptible mice (C57BL/6) infected with M. avium (strain Weybridge) developed a population of splenic T cells which, on transfer to syngeneic recipient mice, conferred significant protection against a subsequent challenge inoculum of M. avium. Similar T cells from naturally resistant mice (A/J) did not protect syngeneic recipient mice. Growth of M. avium in donor mice only occurred in the C57BL/6 strain. Replication of M. avium in donor mice was necessary for the development of protective T cells. High numbers of killed mycobacterium did not induce immune T cells. In addition, A/J mice inoculated with increasing numbers of viable M. avium (which still did not replicate) failed to develop protective T lymphocytes. Further studies indicated that no protective T cells were present in the M. avium-infected A/J mouse, although evidence for non-specific immunity in these mice was obtained. In addition, BCG (which grows progressively in A/J mice) stimulated a population of splenic T cells which protected recipient mice from subsequent infection with M. tuberculosis.
SURVEY OF ACADEMIC WRITING TASKS REQUIRED OF GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE FOREIGN STUDENTS

A survey of the academic writing skills needed by beginning undergraduate and graduate students was conducted. Faculty, in 190 academic departments at thirty-four U.S. and Canadian universities with high foreign student enrollments completed the questionnaire. At the graduate level, six academic disciplines with relatively high numbers of nonnative students were surveyed: business management (MBA), civil engineering, electrical engineering, psychology, chemistry, and computer science. Undergraduate English departments were chosen to document the skills needed by undergraduate students. The major findings are summarized below. Although writing skill was rated as important to success in graduate training, it was consistently rated as even more important to success after graduation. Even disciplines with relatively light writing requirements (e.g., electrical engineering) reported that some writing is required of first-year students. The writing skills perceived as most important varied across departments. Faculty members reported that, in their evaluations of student writing, they rely more on discourse-level characteristics than on word- or sentence-level characteristics. Discourse-level writing skills of natives and nonnatives were perceived as fairly similar, but significant differences between natives and nonnatives were reported for sentence- and word-level skills and for overall writing. Among the ten writing sample topic types provided, preferred topic types differed across departments. Although some important common elements among the different departments were reported, the survey data distinctly indicate that different disciplines do not uniformly agree on the writing task demands and on a single preferred mode of discourse for evaluating entering undergraduate and graduate students.
Torsional Vibration Problems and Analyses of Cement Industry Drives

Torsional vibrations in various types of drives utilized by the cement industry can have a large economic impact due to lost production when consequential component failures result in unscheduled shutdowns. Each type of drive will have a different set of torsional vibration problems that can develop under certain conditions. A general understanding of the fundamental nature and cause of various types of torsional problems provides the basis for defining and conducting design assurance analyses. Such analyses can greatly reduce the risk of developing problems. A discussion aimed at such an understanding, along with examples of problem experiences and analyses carried out on industry drives, is given.
APL2OS: design considerations for a nested array file system

APL2OS is an External Function for the APL2 system, designed to enable APL2 applications to access operating system files (and information about these files) in a straightforward and efficient way, using the power of APL2 syntax to maximum advantage. The design goals and approaches for APL2OS are discussed, in the context of a summary of its features.
Negative Life Events and Avoidant Coping are Associated with Poorer Long-Term Outcome in Older Adults Treated for Generalized Anxiety Disorder:

The objective of this investigation was to explore predictors of long-term outcome following treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in older adults. A small sample of older adults (N = 27)...
Supernovae and positron annihilation radiation

Radioactive nuclei, especially those created in SN explosion, have long been suggested to be important contributors of galactic positrons. In this paper we describe the findings of three independent OSSE/SMM/TGRS studies of positron annihilation radiation, demonstrating that the three studies are largely in agreement as to the distribution of galactic annihilation radiation. We then assess the predicted yields and distributions of SN-synthesized radionuclei, determining that they are marginally compatible with the findings of the annihilation radiation studies.
Detrital Amino Acids and the Growth of Sarotherodon mossambicus — a Reply to DABROWSKI

It depends on the trophic position of a species whether its growth is limited by the quantity or quality of diet: predators are frequently limited by the quantity of diet, primary consumers frequently by the quality of diet. The protein deficiency is of decisive importance for the growth of primary consumers. The digestible protein/digestible energy ratio is most important: 4 mg/kJ are sufficient for maintenance, 20… 30 mg/kJ are necessary for maximum growth. These values can be confirmed by feeding tests with Carassius auratus. According to measurements by different methods, the organic nitrogen is present in the detritus in the form of amino acids as bonded to organis matter. Thus, Sarotherodon mossambicus assimilates 25.6 mg amino acids/kJ from detritus, whereas only 25% of these amino acids can be identified as protein. Due to the utilization of this source of diet, detrivorous fish occupy a special position in the chain of diet, thus gaining a great importance for the aquatic culture.
A parallel computational model for sensitivity analysis in optimization for robustness

We present an efficient method for computing, in a parallel distributed environment, gradients of functionals depending on the solution sensitivities of dynamical systems described by ordinary differential equations. This work was motivated by the need to compute cost function gradients for dynamically constrained optimization for robustness, i.e. the problem of finding the model parameters of a given dynamical system that lead to minimum solution sensitivity. The proposed approach for this particular second-order sensi-tivity problem falls into the class of the so-called 'adjoint-over-forward' methods and is based on solving the continuous forward sensitivity equations (for evaluating the cost functional) and their continuous adjoint systems (for evaluation of the gradient of the cost functional). Efficiency is ensured by: (i) a suitable distribution over processors of the individual sensitivity systems, both forward and adjoint so that inter-process communication is minimized; and (ii) use of an iterative solver combined with a block-diagonal preconditioner for the solution of the linear systems arising in the implicit integration of the resulting ordinary differential equations (ODE) systems. The proposed algorithm was implemented as an extension of the cvodes solver in sundials [P. Brown, K. Grant, A. Hindmarsh, S. Lee, R.S.D. Shumaker, and C. Woodward. SUNDIALS: SUite of Nonlinear and DIfferential/ALgebraic equation Solvers, ACM Trans. Math. Software, 31(3) (2005), pp. 363-396], but it can be used in conjunction with any sensitivity-enabled ODE integrator that provides adjoint sensitivity capabilities and (if based on implicit integration methods) support for iterative linear algebra.
The Influence of Psychological Safety and Confidence in Knowledge on Employee Knowledge Sharing

This research empirically examines the influence of psychological safety on knowledge sharing among coworkers in manufacturing and service operations contexts. Reconciling conflicting findings in the literature, we demonstrate that whereas psychological safety is an important antecedent of knowledge sharing, the relationship between psychological safety and knowledge sharing is moderated by the level of confidence that employees have in what they know. The greater this confidence, the lesser is the importance of psychological safety in facilitating knowledge sharing. Linking this result to social network theory, we find that psychological safety increases with the frequency of communication among coworkers and that the confidence of employees in their knowledge is related to the codifiability of the knowledge involved. We further investigate direct and indirect antecedents of psychological safety. This research offers insights into actions that managers can take to enhance psychological safety and, consequently, motivate their employees to share knowledge.
A PRAGMATIC CRITIQUE OF PLURALISM IN TEXT INTERPRETATION

: I take a pragmatic approach to what interpreters do when they interpret and argue that critical pluralists have focused almost exclusively on one aspect of interpretation: the fact that it is an event taking place in a historical and cultural milieu that influences the many ways interpreters approach a given text. However, there is also in interpretation a pragmatic aspect: the fact that it is an act performed by individuals who, through the utterance of their statements, implicitly make claims, for example, regarding the truth of their interpretation. In the first part I explain what critical pluralists overlook and the consequences of such oversight. In the second part I indicate how the validity of interpretation can be assessed.
Virtual Shuffling for Efficient Data Movement in MapReduce

MapReduce is a popular parallel processing framework for large-scale data analytics. To keep up with the increasing volume of datasets, it requires efficient I/O capability from the underlying computer systems to process and analyze data in two phases (mapping and reducing). Between these phases, MapReduce requires a shuffling phase to globally exchange the intermediate data generated by the mapping phase. We reveal that data shuffling, by physically moving segments of intermediate data across disks, causes significant I/O contention and compounds the I/O problem. In this paper, we propose a novel virtual shuffling strategy to enable efficient data movement and reduce I/O for MapReduce shuffling, thereby reducing power consumption and conserving energy. Virtual shuffling is realized through a combination of three techniques including a three-level segment table, near-demand merging, and dynamic and balanced merging subtrees. Our experimental results show that virtual shuffling significantly speeds up data movement in MapReduce and achieves faster job execution. Particularly, its reduction in disk I/O accesses results in as much as 12% savings in power consumption for MapReduce programs.
CORRELATES OF SATISFACTION WITH GRADUATE SCHOOL APPLICANTS' PERFORMANCE ON THE GRE WRITING MEASURE

The focus of the study was the new GRE writing measure and the proposed GRE scoring guide. The objective was to determine the degree to which the features of student essays upon which scores will be based are the same features that graduate educators use at their institutions to evaluate students' writing. A sample of essays, which had been previously reviewed and judged by graduate deans and faculty, were rescored several times by trained readers. Each rescoring was based on a specific trait in the GRE scoring guide – development of ideas, sentence structure, and so on. The influence of each feature on the judgments made by faculty/deans and on the scores assigned by trained readers was compared. No evidence was uncovered to suggest any differences between graduate deans/faculty and GRE essay readers with respect to the bases on which they judge essay quality.
Complementary lemmas in the theory of binary relations

This paper presents a metatheorem with the following property: Given a proven axiom-free lemma, which interrelates some of the elementary properties of a binary relation, the metatheorem mechanically transforms this lemma into its uniquely corresponding complementary lemma. Therefore, the metatheorem nearly doubles our knowledge about the elementary properties of binary relations, for application to statistical decision theory. At present we do not know whether there exists a nontrivial axiom-free lemma that is its own complementary lemma.
Quality of Life for Students with Disabilities in Transition from School to Adulthood

This paper examines quality-of-life concerns that pertain to secondary level students with disabilities who participate in high school programs in the United States. More specifically, we examine issues and programs that pertain to the “transition period” during which students leave school and begin to assume adult roles in their communities. The paper begins with an overview of major programs that have addressed this area over the past 25 years. We then present some contrasting definitions of quality of life, in order to provide a theoretical context for examining issues and concerns, ending with our recommendations for a taxonomy that can be used for operationally defining quality of life. Research findings from this perspective are presented next, followed by a discussion of ways in which quality-of-life information can be used to influence program and policy and policy decisions at both personal and institutional levels of discourse. We cite and describe several examples of such usage from our own experiences. The paper closes with some recommendations concerning what we must do in the future to improve quality of life for this population.
Group Rotation in Solid Ammonium and Calcium Nitrates

THE phenomenon of molecular rotation in the solid state first recognised by L. Pauling1 is, in accord with his prediction, proving of wide occurrence. In many compounds the excitation of rotation about various axes is accompanied by gradual changes in such properties as heat capacity, specific volume, and crystal structure. It is probable, however, that certain polymorphic transitions, such as, for example, the one in hydrogen chloride at 93.36° K, are also accompanied by changes in the rotation of the molecules. The three gradual transitions in solid hydrogen bromide2 were interpreted by Pauling (loc. cit.) as accompanying stepwise excitation of rotation of an HBr molecule about three axes. On account of the low scattering power of hydrogen, it would be difficult to verify these interpretations by determinations of crystal structures. We have, however, found changes of the above types in ammonium nitrate.
Probability density functions of power-in-bucket and power-in-fiber for an infrared laser beam propagating in the maritime environment

Irradiance fluctuations of an infrared laser beam from a shore-to-ship data link ranging from 5.1 to 17.8 km are compared to lognormal (LN), gamma-gamma (GG) with aperture averaging, and gamma-Laguerre (GL) distributions. From our data analysis, the LN and GG probability density function (PDF) models were generally in good agreement in near-weak to moderate fluctuations. This was also true in moderate to strong fluctuations when the spatial coherence radius was smaller than the detector aperture size, with the exception of the 2.54 cm power-in-bucket (PIB) where the LN PDF model fit best. For moderate to strong fluctuations, the GG PDF model tended to outperform the LN PDF model when the spatial coherence radius was greater than the detector aperture size. Additionally, the GL PDF model had the best or next to best overall fit in all cases with the exception of the 2.54 cm PIB where the scintillation index was highest. The GL PDF model also appears to be robust for off-of-beam center laser beam applications.
Novel Bioactivities of Curcuma longa Constituents

Bioassay-directed fractionation of ethyl acetate extract from Curcuma longa Linn. rhizomes yielded three curcuminoids, which displayed topoisomerase I and II enzyme inhibition activity. Curcumin III (3) was the most active curcuminoid, inhibiting topoisomerase at 25 micrograms mL-1. Curcumin I (1) and curcumin II (2) inhibited the topoisomerases at 50 micrograms mL-1. Fractionation of the volatile oil from the rhizomes afforded ar-turmerone (4), which displayed mosquitocidal activity with an LD100 of 50 micrograms mL-1 on Aedes aegyptii larvae. Bioassay-directed fractionation of hexane extract from the turmeric leaves yielded labda-8(17),12-diene-15,16 dial (5) with antifungal activity against Candida albicans at 1 micrograms mL-1 and inhibited the growth of Candida kruseii and Candida parapsilosis at 25 micrograms mL-1. In addition, 5 displayed 100% mosquitocidal activity on A. aegyptii larvae at 10 micrograms mL-1.
Government regulation and innovation in local telephone services

Abstract This paper studies the effects of government regulation of local telephone services in the United States on the introduction of new telecommunication technologies and services. The traditional regulatory philosophy emphasizes the sensitivity of costs to distance because of the necessity for physical wire paths between communicating parties, and also uses the natural monopoly argument as a reason to deny entrance to competitors. Emerging telecommunication technologies involve costs that are time sensitive rather than distance sensitive, and economies of scale are no longer a determining factor in industry structure. A model contrasting the effects of optimal versus current regulatory policy on innovation in local telecommunications is presented. A forward-looking regulatory philosophy encouraging investments in innovative activities is preferable to a philosophy which emphasizes the treatment of past investments.
Source Apportionment and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Risk Considerations, and Management Implications for Urban Stormwater Pond Sediments in Minnesota, USA

High concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are accumulating in many urban stormwater ponds in Minnesota, resulting in either expensive disposal of the excavated sediment or deferred maintenance by economically challenged municipalities. Fifteen stormwater ponds in the Minneapolis—St. Paul, MN, metropolitan area were studied to determine sources of PAHs to bed sediments through the application of several environmental forensic techniques, including a contaminant mass balance receptor model. The model results were quite robust and indicated that coal tar-based sealant (CT-sealant) particulate washoff and dust sources were the most important sources of PAHs (67.1 %), followed by vehicle-related sources (29.5 %), and pine wood combustion particles (3.4 %). The distribution of 34 parent and alkylated PAHs was also evaluated regarding ancillary measurements of black carbon, total organic carbon, and particle size classes. None of these parameters were significantly different based on major land-use classifications (i.e., residential, commercial, and industrial) for pond watersheds. PAH contamination in three stormwater ponds was high enough to present a risk to benthic invertebrates, whereas nine ponds exceeded human health risk-based benchmarks that would prompt more expensive disposal of dredged sediment. The State of Minnesota has been addressing the broader issue of PAH-contaminated stormwater ponds by encouraging local municipalities to ban CT-sealants (29 in all) and to promote pollution prevention alternatives to businesses and homeowners, such as switching to asphalt-based sealants. A statewide CT-sealant ban was recently enacted. Other local and regional jurisdictions may benefit from using Minnesota’s approach where CT-sealants are still used.
Measuring muon momenta with the CCFR neutrino detector

Abstract We report on muon spectrometry at the CCFR neutrino detector. The muon spectrometer and momentum-fitting analysis code are described, and results presented from the calibration of the spectrometer with test beams of momentum-analyzed muons.
High level of persistence of pediatric bipolar-I disorder from childhood onto adolescent years: A four year prospective longitudinal follow-up study

Abstract Objective To examine the longitudinal course of pediatric bipolar (BP)-I disorder in youth transitioning from childhood into adolescence. Methods We conducted a four year prospective follow-up study of 78 youth with BP-I disorder 6–17 years old at ascertainment followed up into adolescent years (13.4 ± 3.9 years). All subjects were comprehensively assessed with structured diagnostic interviews, neuropsychological testing, psychosocial, educational and treatment history assessments. BP disorder was considered persistent if subjects met full criteria for DSM-IV BP-I disorder at follow-up. Results Of 78 BP-I participating youth subjects, 57 (73.1%), continued to meet full diagnostic criteria for BP-I Disorder. Of those with a non-persistent course, only 6.4% ( n = 5) were euthymic (i.e., syndromatic and symptomatic remission) at the 4-year follow-up and were not receiving pharmacotherapy for the disorder. The other non-persistent cases either continued to have subthreshold BP-I disorder ( n = 5, 6.4%), met full ( n = 3, 3.8%) or subthreshold ( n = 1, 1.3%) criteria for major depression, or were euthymic but were treated for the disorder ( n = 7, 9.0%). Full persistence was associated with higher rates of major depression and disruptive behavior disorders at the follow-up assessment and higher use of stimulant medicines at the baseline assessment. Non-Peristent BP-I was also characterized by high levels of dysfunction and morbidity. Conclusions This four year follow-up shows that the majority of BP-I disorder youth continue to experience persistent disorder into their mid and late adolescent years and its persistence is associated with high levels of morbidity and disability. Persistence of subsyndromal forms of bipolar disorder was also associated with dysfunction and morbidity.
Assessing Equity Beyond Knowledge- and Skills-based Outcomes: A Comparative Ethnography of Two Fourth-grade Reform-based Science Classrooms

When evaluating equity, researchers often look at the “achievement gap.” Privileging knowledge and skills as primary outcomes of science education misses other, more subtle, but critical, outcomes indexing inequitable science education. In this comparative ethnography, we examined what it meant to “be scientific” in two fourth-grade classes taught by teachers similarly committed to reform-based science (RBS) practices in the service of equity. In both classrooms, students developed similar levels of scientific understanding and expressed positive attitudes about learning science. However, in one classroom, a group of African American and Latina girls expressed outright disaffiliation with promoted meanings of “smart science person” (“They are the science people. We aren't like them”), despite the fact that most of them knew the science equally well or, in one case, better than, their classmates. To make sense of these findings, we examine the normative practice of “sharing scientific ideas” in each classroom, a comparison that provided a robust account of the differently accessible meanings of scientific knowledge, scientific investigation, and scientific person in each setting. The findings illustrate that research with equity aims demands attention to culture (everyday classroom practices that promote particular meanings of “science”) and normative identities (culturally produced meanings of “science person” and the accessibility of those meanings). The study: (1) encourages researchers to question taken-for-granted assumptions and complexities of RBS and (2) demonstrates to practitioners that enacting what might look like RBS and producing students who know and can do science are but pieces of what it takes to achieve equitable science education.
Enhancement of optical activity of chiral sculptured thin films by suitable infiltration of void regions

Abstract Using a local homogenization approach which treats a chiral sculptured thin film (STF) as a two-phase composite material, we show here that the infiltration of the void regions with a material of higher refractive index results in the enhancement of the optical activity. If chiral STFs of a high-index infiltrant cannot be directly fabricated for some practical reason, then the scheme described here may provide an alternate route.
Blockade of epinephrine priming of the cerebral auditory evoked response by cortical cholinergic deafferentation.

Abstract The present study tested hypotheses derived from a neurobehavioral model of anxiety that posits an important role of the basal forebrain cholinergic system in the cortical processing of anxiety-associated stimuli and contexts. We hypothesized that visceral afferent activity induced by systemic administration of epinephrine would enhance the processing of auditory stimuli as evidenced by the cerebral auditory evoked response. We further predicted that selective lesions of the basal forebrain cortical cholinergic projection system would disrupt this processing, and would further block the effects of epinephrine. Results confirmed these hypotheses. Epinephrine was found to enhance the amplitude of the P70 component of the auditory evoked response in rats. Selective lesions of the basal forebrain corticopetal cholinergic projection, by intrabasalis infusions of 192 IgG saporin, delayed and reduced the amplitude of the P70 component, and blocked the potentiating effects of epinephrine on the auditory evoked response. The present results are consistent with the view that visceral afferent input may modulate cortical processing of sensory signals via the basal forebrain cholinergic system. These considerations emphasize the potential importance of ascending, bottom-up modulation of processing by telencephalic circuits that may impact on a wide range of behavioral functions.
Diffusion and first order reaction in a general multilayered membrane

Abstract The most general linear case of a M -layered membrane through which N species are diffusing and reacting is considered. It is shown that a transmission matrix may be calculated for the three basic elements of the membrane: the reactive layer, the reactive interface and the inert layer. An active transport model and one for chemiosmosis are considered as applications.
Measuring Academic Language Proficiency in School-Age English Language Proficiency Assessments under New College and Career Readiness Standards in the United States.

The current focus across the U.S. on student college and career readiness standards makes clear that both instruction and assessment of academic English will continue to be important for school-age English learner (EL) students. This article presents an overview and summary of key literature on academic language (usually academic English); considers how language demands are represented in the Common Core State Standards adopted by most states; briefly compares how academic English is represented in four sets of current English language proficiency/development standards; and considers some factors and challenges in operationalizing academic English for next-generation English language proficiency assessments. The overview and summary information should be useful to educators and developers of standards, curricula, and assessments who want a deeper understanding of academic language and its significance in EL instruction and assessment.
The smoothing of income numbers: Some empirical evidence on systematic differences among management-controlled and owner-controlled firms

Abstract An examination of the effects of the separation of ownership and control on income smoothing is conducted under the hypothesis that management-controlled firms are more likely to be engaged in smoothing as a manifestation of managerial discretion and budgetary slack. Both “Accounting” and “Real” smoothing are tested by observing the behavior of discretionary expenses vis-a-vis the behavior of income numbers. The results confirm that a majority of firms behave as if they were income smoothers. A particularly strong majority is included among management-controlled firms with high barrier to entry.
Programming Languages&#8212;The First 25 Years

The programming language field is certainly one of the most important subfields of computer science. It is rich in concepts, theories, and practical developments. The present paper attempts to trace the 25 year development of programming languages by means of a sequence of 30 milestones (languages and concepts) listed in more or less historical order. The first 13 milestones (M1–M13) are largely concerned with specific programming languages of the 1950's and 1960's such as Fortran, Algol 60, Cobol, Lisp, and Snobol 4. The next ten milestones (M14–M23) relate to concepts and theories in the programming language field such as formal language theory, language definition, program verification, semantics and abstraction. The remaining milestones (M24–M30) relate to the software engineering methodology of the 1970's and include a discussion of structured programming and the life cycle concept. This discussion of programming language development is far from complete and there are both practical developments such as special purpose languages and theoretical topics such as the lambda calculus which are not adequately covered. However, it is hoped that the discussion covers the principal concepts and languages in a reasonably nontrivial way and that it captures the sense of excitement and the enormous variety of activity that was characteristic of the programming language field during its first 25 years.
Non-Lambertian Reflective Back Scattering and Its Impact on Device Performance of Ultrathin GaAs Single-Junction Solar Cells

This paper studies non-Lambertian scattering and its impacts on the optical properties and device performance of the ultrathin GaAs single-junction solar cell with a reflective back scattering layer. The Phong distribution is used to quantify the scattering effectiveness of the textured back surface, as well as its impacts on device absorptance, emittance, photon extraction and recycling factor, short-circuit current density $(J_{{\rm sc}})$ , external quantum efficiency (EQE), and power conversion efficiency. Both a general GaAs cell design and the ultrathin cell design are carefully investigated. A Phong exponent m of ∼12 is determined by fitting both simulated $J_{{\rm sc}}$ and EQE to their experimental values, with a more accurate averaged reflectivity of the textured Al0.52In 0.48P/Au interface taken into account. Additionally, the measured open-circuit voltage ( $V_{{\rm oc}}$ ) is lower than the best achievable value due to the nonradiative recombination in the device, and a limited lifetime of ∼130 ns is determined by fitting the simulated and measured $V_{{\rm oc}}$ ; a specific series resistivity of 1.2 Ω·cm2 is determined to account for the 77.8% fill factor.
The difficult doctor? Characteristics of physicians who report frustration with patients: an analysis of survey data

Literature on difficult doctor-patient relationships has focused on the "difficult patient." Our objective was to determine physician and practice characteristics associated with greater physician-reported frustration with patients. We conducted a secondary analysis of the Physicians Worklife Survey, which surveyed a random national sample of physicians. Participants were 1391 family medicine, general internal medicine, and medicine subspecialty physicians. The survey assessed physician and practice characteristics, including stress, depression and anxiety symptoms, practice setting, work hours, case-mix, and control over administrative and clinical practice. Physicians estimated the percentage of their patients who were "generally frustrating to deal with." We categorized physicians by quartile of reported frustrating patients and compared characteristics of physicians in the top quartile to those in the other three quartiles. We used logistic regression to model physician characteristics associated with greater frustration. In unadjusted analyses, physicians who reported high frustration with patients were younger (p 55 per week, higher stress, practice in a medicine subspeciality, and greater number of patients with psychosocial problems or substance abuse. Personal and practice characteristics of physicians who report high frustration with patients differ from those of other physicians. Understanding factors contributing to physician frustration with patients may allow us to improve the quality of patient-physician relationships.
Maximum likelihood tracking algorithms for MIMO-OFDM

Tracking algorithms for carrier and sampling clock frequency offset are proposed for pilot assisted MIMO-OFDM in frequency selective channels. The methods are based on maximum likelihood estimation theory applied to observations of received pilot subcarriers at the output of the FFTs of the receiver. Simulation results show that larger MIMO configurations benefit from lower estimator variances, providing increased synchronization accuracy at low SNRs, or allowing for a reduction of the number of pilot subcarriers.
Efficient new ribozyme mimics: direct mapping of molecular design principles from small molecules to macromolecular, biomimetic catalysts

Dramatic improvements in ribozyme mimics have been achieved by employing the principles of small molecule catalysis to the design of macromolecular, biomimetic reagents. Ribozyme mimics derived from the ligand 2,9-dimethylphenanthroline (neocuproine) show at least 30-fold improvements in efficiency at sequence-specific RNA cleavage when compared with analogous o-phenanthroline- and terpyridine-derived reagents. The suppression of hydroxide-bridged dimers and the greater activation of coordinated water by Cu(II) neocuproine (compared with the o-phananthroline and terpyridine complexes) better allow Cu(II) to reach its catalytic potential as a biomimetic RNA cleavage agent. This work demonstrates the direct mapping of molecular design principles from small-molecule cleavage to macromolecular cleavage events, generating enhanced biomimetic, sequence-specific RNA cleavage agents.
Orthotopic xenografts of RCC retain histological, immunophenotypic and genetic features of tumours in patients†

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an aggressive malignancy with limited responsiveness to existing treatments. In vivo models of human cancer, including RCC, are critical for developing more effective therapies. Unfortunately, current RCC models do not accurately represent relevant properties of the human disease. The goal of this study was to develop clinically relevant animal models of RCC for preclinical investigations. We transplanted intact human tumour tissue fragments orthotopically in immunodeficient mice. The xenografts were validated by comparing the morphological, phenotypic and genetic characteristics of the kidney tumour tissues before and after implantation. Twenty kidney tumours were transplanted into mice. Successful tumour growth was detected in 19 cases (95%). The histopathological and immunophenotypic features of the xenografts and those of the original tumours largely overlapped in all cases. Evaluation of genetic alterations in a subset of 10 cases demonstrated that the grafts largely retained the genetic features of the pre-implantation RCC tissues. Indeed, primary tumours and corresponding grafts displayed identical VHL mutations. Moreover, an identical pattern of DNA copy amplification or loss was observed in 6/10 cases (60%). In summary, orthotopic engrafting of RCC tissue fragments can be successfully used to generate animal models that closely resemble RCC in patients. These models will be invaluable for in vivo preclinical drug testing and for deeper understanding of kidney carcinogenesis. The raw data of the SNP array analysis has been submitted to the GEO database (Accession No. GSE29062). Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal structure of human GGA1 GAT domain complexed with the GAT-binding domain of Rabaptin5.

GGA proteins coordinate the intracellular trafficking of clathrin-coated vesicles through their interaction with several other proteins. The GAT domain of GGA proteins interacts with ARF, ubiquitin, and Rabaptin5. The GGA–Rabaptin5 interaction is believed to function in the fusion of trans-Golgi-derived vesicles to endosomes. We determined the crystal structure of a human GGA1 GAT domain fragment in complex with the Rabaptin5 GAT-binding domain. In this structure, the Rabaptin5 domain is a 90-residue-long helix. At the N-terminal end, it forms a parallel coiled-coil homodimer, which binds one GAT domain of GGA1. In the C-terminal region, it further assembles into a four-helix bundle tetramer. The Rabaptin5-binding motif of the GGA1 GAT domain consists of a three-helix bundle. Thus, the binding between Rabaptin5 and GGA1 GAT domain is based on a helix bundle–helix bundle interaction. The current structural observation is consistent with previously reported mutagenesis data, and its biological relevance is further confirmed by new mutagenesis studies and affinity analysis. The four-helix bundle structure of Rabaptin5 suggests a functional role in tethering organelles.
Deployment of digital vehicle/highway technology for safety enhancement

Although currently seatbelts and airbags are world widely used, there are still more than 40,000 people killed annually in traffic accidents. Referred to David Breed's "Road to Zero Fatalities" (RtZF/spl reg/) concept, this paper mainly discusses how to develop and deploy a safety warning system using high precision digital road maps and a combination of various vehicle status sensory techniques, without or with a minimum requirement of additional road infrastructures. This system will help to avoid accidents and enhance safety by warning drivers of possible hazardous situations in advance.
Repeatability of the timed 25-foot walk test for individuals with multiple sclerosis

Objective:The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a practice effect present in the timed 25-foot walk in ambulatory individuals with multiple sclerosis.Design:Thirty six people (30 women and 6 men) diagnosed with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis participated in two testing sessions, one week apart. Each participant performed two sequential trials of the timed 25-foot walk test per session and the walk performance was measured with a laser timing system.Results:We observed improvements in walking speed between the two trials of session one (trial one: 6.42 (0.09) vs. trail two: 5.97 (0.08) seconds, p 0.05). We also observed a significant improvement in walking speed when averages of the two trials were compared across sessions (session 1: 6.19 (0.09) vs. session 2: 5.67 (0.07) seconds, p < 0.01).Conclusions:Based on our results, familiarization of the timed 25-fo...