cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calibration of Surface Plasmon Resonance Refractometers Using Locally Weighted Parametric Regression

A locally weighted parametric regression (LWPR) method has been developed and applied to the calibration of wavelength-modulated surface plasmon resonance (SPR) refractometers. This calibration method combines locally weighted regression (LWR) and nonlinear principal components regression (NPCR). It is shown that LWPR provides a calibration model that is more robust to random errors than traditional minima hunt calibration methods applied to SPR sensors. It is further shown that LWPR permits accurate and reliable calibration with low-resolution (32 nm) SPR data when the traditional methods fail.
Ultrafast Vibrational Stark-Effect Spectroscopy: Exploring Charge-Transfer Reactions by Directly Monitoring the Solvation Shell Response

We present the first implementation of transient vibrational Stark-effect spectroscopy as an ultrafast probe of solvation dynamics. The method is applied to the phototriggered intramolecular charge-transfer reaction of Betaine-30, where the vibrational Stark shifts of the nearby solvent molecules—arising from the change in the electrostatic environment—are measured using a three-pulse photon echo probe. This new experiment provides a direct subpicosecond measure of the chromophore’s excited-state dynamics and back electron transfer as viewed from the solvent’s perspective. We develop a simple ab initio model that offers semiquantitative prediction of the experimental Stark shifts.
SNAP an interpretive real-time computer language for biology.

The paper describes a computer language particularly adapted to the needs of the biologist. Although powerful, the language may be learned quickly and is usable after less than one hour's instruction.
Novel Subunit-Specific Tonic GABA Currents and Differential Effects of Ethanol in the Central Amygdala of CRF Receptor-1 Reporter Mice

The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is an important integrative site for the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse, such as ethanol. Activation of corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 (CRF1) receptors in the CeA plays a critical role in the development of ethanol dependence, but these neurons remain uncharacterized. Using CRF1:GFP reporter mice and a combined electrophysiological/immunohistochemical approach, we found that CRF1 neurons exhibit an α1 GABA A receptor subunit-mediated tonic conductance that is driven by action potential-dependent GABA release. In contrast, unlabeled CeA neurons displayed a δ subunit-mediated tonic conductance that is enhanced by ethanol. Ethanol increased the firing discharge of CRF1 neurons and decreased the firing discharge of unlabeled CeA neurons. Retrograde tracing studies indicate that CeA CRF1 neurons project into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Together, these data demonstrate subunit-specific tonic signaling and provide mechanistic insight into the specific effects of ethanol on CeA microcircuitry.
Brief guide to information resources supporting the Human Genome Project

The following topics are discussed: Human Genome Project information, including the Human Genome News; lists of genome databases worldwide; lists of genome centers worldwide; lists of molecular biology-oriented WWW servers; example of WWW servers that provide links with multiple databases; molecular biology software collections; short descriptions of example molecular biology databases (abstracted from the respective sources); EMBL nucleotide sequence database; dbEST; SWISS-PROT protein sequence database; Protein Data Bank; Genome Data Base; online Mendelian inheritance in man; Flybase; ACEDB-based genome databases. >
A Comparison of the Antibody and T Cell Response Elicited by Internal Image and Noninternal Image Anti-idiotypes

Abstract We have previously reported that several monoclonal anti-idiotypes were generated against a syngeneic monoclonal antibody designated H3F5 (idiotype) which recognizes the protective "a"-determinant on hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). In the present study, we compared the humoral and cellular response to HBsAg by immunizing Balb/C mice with four of these anti-Ids. We observed that two internal image and one noninternal image anti-Ids can act as surrogates for HBsAg. Following immunization with these anti-Ids, high levels of anti-HBs antibodies were elicited. Three of the anti-Ids could also prime T cell for an HBsAg-specific proliferative response, the two internal image anti-Ids elicited much stronger T cell responses to HBsAg than the noninternal image anti-Id. One noninternal image anti-Id did not generate any anti-HBs antibody response and could not elicit an HBsAg-specific T cell proliferative response. All four anti-Ids could elicit immunoglobulin which was H3F5-idiotype positive. This study further supports the concept that some monoclonal anti-Ids can mimic at both the B and T cell level the properties of a nominal antigenic epitope.
Reports of child maltreatment from mandated and non-mandated reporters

Abstract This study presents data from a sample of 1150 reports of child maltreatment to Child Protective Services received from both mandated and non-mandated reporters. Differences and similarities between these sources, in the kinds of maltreatment reported, are examined, as well as variations in the maltreatment found in the investigations of their reports by Child Protective Services workers. Similarities and differences are revealed based on reporter status, but these do not attributable to the mandated status of the reporter. The implications drawn from these data challenge some of the assumptions extant about the current issues and proposed solutions surrounding the reporting of child maltreatment in the United States. Particularly challenged is the policy of adjusting reporting demand to meet the supply of resources available to respond to them.
Cross-subsidization and cost misallocation by regulated monopolists

While cross-subsidization is understood theoretically as involving the sustainability of a cost allocation scheme, it is invoked in regulatory policy contexts, such as the divestiture of ATT we conclude with observations on strategic behavior and regulatory policy.
On the interaction of sound with an annular aperture in a mean flow duct

Abstract An analysis is made of long wavelength sound interacting with a thin, rigid disc placed axisymmetrically across a circular cylindrical duct in the presence of a low Mach number mean flow. Vorticity produced at the edge of the disc causes an overall loss of acoustic energy, the effect of which is increased by the flow. Calculations are performed to derive a new analytical representation of the Rayleigh conductivity of the annular aperture between the disc and the duct wall, and a quasi-steady approximation is used to determine the unsteady drag on the disc. The results are used to estimate the corrected form of the conductivity in the presence of flow. This permits the Cummings–Fant ‘reduced complexity’ equation to be applied to study the absorption of acoustic energy at the disc [A. Cummings, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal 22 (1984) 786–792; G. Fant, Acoustic Theory of Speech Production , The Hague, Mouton, 1960].
Chlorotetracycline-associated fluorescence changes during calcium uptake and release by rat brain synaptosomes.

– The fluorescent divalent metal chelate-probe, chlorotetracycline (CTC), was used as a dynamic monitor of calcium association with rat brain snynaptosomes. The determined fluorescence excitation and emission maxima, 412 nm and 522 nm respectively, were used to monitor membrane-calcium interactions as a function of various parameters. Positive correlations were observed between increased or decreased fluorescence quantum yield and the uptake of both CTC and 45Ca by synpatosomes. The divalent metal ionophore A23187 enhanced fluorescence as well as probe and 45Ca uptake. Whereas, the polar chelator, EGTA, markedly reduced fluorescence, and the synaptosomal bound CTC and 45Ca. The CTC fluorescence changes also demonstrated the saturable manner in which 45Ca bound synaptosomes. At concentrations greater than 100μg/ml, CTC bound to the synaptosomes in a manner which quenched fluorescence at 522 nm. Also, CTC, at concentrations above 15 μg/ml, enhanced the uptake of 45Ca. At CTC concentrations between 10 and 15 μg/ml the quenching and iono-phoretic properties of the probe were minimized without affecting the capability of using the probe to visualize calcium interactions with synaptosomal membranes. Also, at a low CTC concentration (12.5 μg/ml) the inhibition of calcium uptake by increasing monovalent ion concentrations was clearly demonstrated.
Identifying the aggregate productivity effects of entry and size restrictions: an empirical analysis of license reform in India

Distortions in the allocation of resources between heterogeneous producers have the potential to generate large reductions in aggregate productivity, a point that has been stressed by recent studies. There is, however, little direct empirical evidence from actual policy experiments on the magnitude of these effects. This paper proposes a simple methodology that empirically identifies the separate effects of entry and size restrictions on aggregate productivity, and uses it to analyse the impact of a policy reform in India. (JEL L11, L24, O14, O47)
Electronic properties of the donor states under two-dimensional-conductor and quantum-wire configurations in heavily and orderly doped (GaAs)-(AlAs).

Ces etats donneurs Si sont arranges pour simuler un conducteur bidimensionnel et une structure de fil quantique unidimensionnel. Ces etats peuvent former des canaux de conduction a une et deux dimensions meme dans ces superreseaux a structure lamellaire tres mince
The fate of transitional urology patients referred to a tertiary transitional care center.

Objective To determine the changes in management of children with neurogenic bladder (NGB) or genitourinary congenital anomalies as they moved to our transitional care clinic at the Center for Restorative Pelvic Medicine, a multidisciplinary center led by an adult urologic team dedicated to the long-term care of these patients. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed charts of patients with NGB or genitourinary congenital abnormalities referred between 2010 and 2013. Analysis included patient characteristics, causes of NGB, bladder management, recurrent urinary tract infection, stones, renal function, upper tract studies, video urodynamics, and change in management. Results Twenty-four patients with an average age of 22.0 ± 2.7 years were included in analysis. Management was altered in 70.8% of patients (n = 17). Surgical management was instituted in 58.3% (n = 14 of 24) of patients and included bladder augmentation or urinary diversion (n = 7), intravesical botulinum toxin A injections (n = 5), cystolitholapaxy, or cystolithotomy (n = 2). Conservative management was changed in 12.5% (n = 3) of patients and included initiating anticholinergic medication (n = 2) or self-catheterization (n = 1). Follow-up was 8.9 ± 12.1 months. Conclusion There is an immense need for transitional care of patients with NGB or genitourinary congenital abnormalities as they grow into adulthood. Nearly 71% of our patients had a change in their bladder management with 38% undergoing a major surgery. This study emphasizes the necessity for a dedicated adult urologic team in conjunction with a comprehensive team to care for these complex patients because their urologic care and needs may vary significantly from their childhood.
Chemosystematic study of Thuja plicata: Multivariate analysis of leaf oil terpene composition

Abstract Leaf oil terpene compositions from 55 western red cedar populations were analysed by discriminant and numerical analyses. The overall low intra- and interpopulational variability was confirmed, but small differences between coastal and interior populations were detected by canonical discriminant functions. There were also some minor differences between the populations from Vancouver Island and those near the Juan de Fuca Strait. No consistent correlations between northern and southern locations, elevation, or atypical morphology (branching), and terpene composition were found. Several outlier populations were indicated, but these were randomly distributed. It was concluded that discriminant analysis provided more detailed information than other treatments.
The Role of Content Knowledge in Conceptions of Teaching Effectiveness in Physical Education

Physical education teachers and the programs that prepare them find themselves in the early part of the 21st century in a public policy environment that differs significantly from that of the 20th century. This policy environment is grounded in an ideology that postulates that schools and teachers, rather than social forces, should be held responsible for academic outcomes, and in turn, economic success. For the first time, physical education teachers are being held accountable for student learning in the same way as their classroom peers. Improving the effectiveness of teachers is seen as the primary mechanism for improving student learning. In discussing how teaching effectiveness has evolved, I describe a relationship among the process–product paradigm, the ecological paradigm, and a neo-ecological paradigm called the instructional core. The latter paradigm extends our understanding of teaching effectiveness in new ways by describing the dynamic and interdependent relationship among teacher, student, a...
“Nunca Te Toman En Cuenta [They Never Take You Into Account]” The Challenges of Inclusion and Strategies for Success of Chicana Attorneys

The practice of law is an occupation that has historically been dominated by white men. In recent decades, however, a small but growing number of Chicanas have entered this field. Their entry raises a number of questions regarding their occupational incorporation and mobility. This article analyzes the findings from qualitative interviews with 15 Chicana attorneys. These women identify organizational practices embedded in law firms that reinforce racism, sexism, classism, and homophobia. These structural and interactional dynamics often limit opportunities for professional advancement of Chicana attorneys who “cross the border” into this white, male-dominated occupation. This research also illuminates innovative tactics employed by Chicanas to achieve their own definitions of professional “success.” My analysis reveals key mechanisms in workplace structure and interaction that reinforce racially gendered “borders” created by co-workers and supervisors who “nunca toman en cuenta (never take into account)” ...
Isolation of newly synthesised myosin filaments from skeletal muscle homogenates and myofibrils.

Isolation of newly synthesised myosin filaments from skeletal muscle homogenates and myofibrils
Decay Rates for a Two-Dimensional Viscous Ocean of Finite Depth

Abstract In 1888, A. M. Basset (“A Treatise on Hydrodynamics,” Deighton, Bell and Co., Cambridge, 1888) gave a formal argument to show that slow modes of decay do not exist for the free surface and velocity field of a linearized, two dimensional, viscous, finite-depth ocean with small viscosity. His dispersion relation for waves of the formeikx+ωtwas ω≈O(k2). His argument did not apply to very small wavelengths (largek) which are important to consider since nonlinear effects can cause small wavelengths to focus and form singularities. In Lamb's book on hydrodynamics, there is a formal argument which shows that slow modes of decay exist for small wavelengths on the free surface of a linearized, two dimensional, viscous ocean of infinite depth if surface tension is neglected. There, Lamb showed that ω≈O(1/k). The lack of boundary conditions on a fixed bottom makes the analysis somewhat easier than for the finite depth case. Lamb's analysis, as well as Basset's, relies on physical intuition rather than careful mathematical analysis—the smallness of certain quantities is assumed before the dispersion relation is derived. More importantly, both Basset and Lamb rely on a particular decomposition (we will be specific below) of the stream function which becomes degenerate in the small wavelength limit. They obtain dispersion relations by setting to zero a determinant, but the zeros of that determinant do not all correspond to physically nontrivial pressures or velocities. Some zeros merely reflect the degeneracy of the decomposition they used. The purpose of this article is to warn others of this pitfall, while pointing out a simple direct method of calculation which avoids it. Our approach applies equally well to the cases of finite or infinite depth, with or without surface tension. In addition, our method yields a complete asymptotic expansion for the dispersion relation for small wavelengths. In order to obtain a complete expansion from other methods, one would have to decide at which point in the expansion small terms that were dropped would need to be reinserted, etc.
Inhaled treprostinil and pulmonary arterial hypertension

Multiple conditions result in development of pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is the subclassification of pulmonary hypertension, in which known or unknown underlying conditions lead to similar intrinsic alterations in the pulmonary vasculature. PAH is a progressive condition characterized by restricted blood flow through the pulmonary circulation leading to poor survival in the absence of effective therapy. Over the last two decades, new therapeutic agents have substantially improved the course and prognosis for PAH patients. Three available classes of drugs, ie, prostacyclins, endothelin receptor antagonists, and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors provide multiple options for treatment of PAH. Endothelin receptor antagonists and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors are administered orally, whereas prostacyclin therapies are delivered by continuous intravenous or subcutaneous infusion, or as aerosols by nebulization. Because of the risks and inconveniences associated with administration, prostacyclins are typically reserved for patients with more advanced disease or progression despite oral therapy. Inhaled administration may be a safer and easier route for prostacyclin administration. Treprostinil is a prostacyclin analog that has been demonstrated to be effective when administered by continuous subcutaneous or intravenous infusion, and more recently by nebulization.
Beyond Desire: Pascal implementations of direct-executing simulation languages

Abstract Two new simulation languages, DESIRE P and DESCTOP, combine interpretation of the experiment protocol with fast compilation of the model differential equations and thus execute directly on a typed RUN command. Simulations run at about FORTRAN 77 speed. While earlier languages of this type (MICRODARE and DESIRE V3) were implemented in assembly language, both new systems are written in PASCAL except for FORTRAN integration routines and a small machine-language interface, so that the code was readily ported from the PDP-11 to the VAX. DESIRE P incorporates a new one-pass compiler and some precompiler syntax checking. DESCTOP is a general-purpose workstation language with complex arithmetic, matrix transformations, fast Fourier transforms, true procedures, and structured programming with automatic prettyprinting. Like DESIRE V3, both new languages permit convenient screen editing and contain operating-system commands and command procedures as a language subset. On the VAX, both languages support simulation with 100 or more state variables and Tektronix color graphics. An IBM PC/XT/AT version also exists.
Implications of new petrographic analysis for the Olmec “mother culture” model

Petrographic analysis of Formative Mexican ceramics by J. B. Stoltman et al. (see the companion piece in this issue of PNAS) refutes a recent model of Olmec “one-way” trade. In this paper, we address the model's more fundamental problems of sampling bias, anthropological implausibility, and logical non sequiturs. No bridging argument exists to link motifs on pottery to the social, political, and religious institutions of the Olmec. In addition, the model of unreciprocated exchange is implausible, given everything that the anthropological and ethnohistoric records tell us about non-Western societies of that general sociopolitical level.
First amendment challenges to hate crime legislation: Where's the speech?

(1992). First amendment challenges to hate crime legislation: Where's the speech? Criminal Justice Ethics: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 6-20.
Implementing Service Learning in the Principles of Marketing Course

Service learning—a pedagogical technique combining academic learning with community service—offers many benefits to students, faculty, educational institutions, and the community. Relative to socia...
Eutrophication by decoupling of the marine biogeochemical cycles of C, N, and P: A mechanism for the Late Devonian mass extinction

The Late Devonian mass extinction was unusually protracted and ecologically selective, with preferential diversity losses among reefbuilding organisms and tropical, shallow-water faunas in general. We have investigated the link between the extinction’s unique characteristics and changes in biogeochemical cycling through analyses of the δ 13 C and C:N:P atomic ratios of organic matter buried across the Kellwasser Horizons in western New York State. Each horizon is characterized by (1) a long-term, + 4‰–5‰ excursion in δ 13 C, ~3‰ of which occurs within the horizon, and (2) a dramatic increase in the burial ratios of C:N:P, from values of ~100:15:1 to an average of ~5000:170:1. On the basis of these results, we propose that (1) increased efficiency of biolimiting nutrient recycling, resulting from cyclic water column stratification and mixing, promoted eutrophication during Kellwasser deposition in New York, and (2) the isotope excursions represent the composite effect of long-term, global organic C burial, and local changes in photosynthetic C isotope fractionation related to nutrient availability. This eutrophication model forges a mechanistic link between proposed Late Devonian climatic cooling and the selective demise of taxa likely to have been narrowly adapted to oligotrophic conditions.
Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Insecticides on Two Parasitoids AttackingBemisia argentifolii(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)☆☆☆

Abstract The long-term goal of this report is the documentation of the sublethal effects of pesticides to parasitic Hymenoptera. The objective of this laboratory study was to determine if parasitoids can be conserved or augmented against Bemisia argentifolii in crops where insecticides are also applied for other pests. Lethal and sublethal effects were measured for six insecticides applied in the laboratory to host larvae containing two different developmental stages each of Eretmocerus mundus Mercet from Spain and a common local species Eretmocerus tejanus Rose and Zolnerowich. Survival varied according to insecticide and developmental stage. When applied 5 days after parasitoid oviposition, thiodicarb allowed the highest rates of adult emergence by E. tejanus (65.9%) and E. mundus (35.8%). Endosulfan was the next least-toxic material, followed by the organophosphates azinphos-methyl and methyl parathion, and the insect growth regulator buprofezin. The pyrethroid bifenthrin was most toxic to both parasitoids in both developmental stages. When applied just before the expected emergence of adults, survival ranged from 47.2 to 92.2% with buprofezin, thiodicarb, and endosulfan. Some significant differences among treatments in longevity of emerged adults were detected, but females of both parasitoid species that survived the least-toxic materials were able to mate and reproduce. These findings demonstrate that there exists a wide range of responses by Bemisia parasitoids across a variety of chemicals, and that sublethal effects on the subsequent longevity and reproductive ability among survivors of the least-toxic chemicals were not severe. This study demonstrates the value of assessing sublethal effects of pesticides by showing that adult parasitoids that survive pesticides applied to immature stages within their host do not necessarily suffer latent detrimental effects on important biological parameters.
Characterization of the carbamino adducts of insulin.

Carbon-13 (13C) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is performed to characterize the formation of carbamino adducts between insulin and (13C) carbon dioxide over a range of pH values in the presence of a physiological concentration (23 mM) of sodium bicarbonate. The peaks from two of the carbamino adducts resonate at higher frequencies than the signal from bicarbonate, at 164.6 and 165.3 ppm, and are attributed to the adducts with the terminal amino groups of phenylalanine B1 and glycine A1. The intensities of these signals vary with the pH, with unique patterns. Over 6% of each terminal amino group exists as the carbamino adduct at the optimum pH values of 7.8 and 8.3. A unique third adduct resonates at 159.3 ppm, and is attributed to lysine B29. This adduct is present on 2% of the insulin molecules at pH 8.2, but has minimal intensity at pH 7.4. No signals from adducts are detected below pH 6.2, where the amino groups exist predominantly in the protonated form. Creation of the adducts is rapid and they are stable for over 4 wk at 37 degrees C. The narrow bandwidth of the resonance of the adduct (4.0–4.5 Hz) relative to the irreversible cyanate adduct is consistent with molecular forms of the carbamino adduct smaller than the 2-Zn-hexamer which is the preponderate form of clinically utilized U-100 insulin (i.e., 100 U/ml).
Chemical induction of cellular antioxidants affords marked protection against oxidative injury in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Extensive evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species are critically involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Consistent with this concept, administration of exogenous antioxidants has been shown to be protective against oxidative cardiovascular injury. However, whether induction of endogenous antioxidants by chemical inducers in vasculature also affords protection against oxidative vascular cell injury has not been extensively investigated. In this study, using rat aortic smooth muscle A10 cells as an in vitro system, we have studied the induction of cellular antioxidants by the unique chemoprotector, 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione [corrected] (D3T) and the protective effects of the D3T-induced cellular antioxidants against oxidative cell injury. Incubation of A10 cells with micromolar concentrations of D3T for 24 h resulted in a significant induction of a battery of cellular antioxidants in a concentration-dependent manner. These included reduced glutathione (GSH), GSH peroxidase, GSSG reductase, GSH S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. To further examine the protective effects of the induced endogenous antioxidants against oxidative cell injury, A10 cells were pretreated with D3T and then exposed to either xanthine oxidase (XO)/xanthine, 4-hydroxynonenal, or cadmium. We observed that D3T pretreatment of A10 cells led to significant protection against the cytotoxicity induced by XO/xanthine, 4-hydroxynonenal or cadmium, as determined by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium reduction assay. Taken together, this study demonstrates for the first time that a number of endogenous antioxidants in vascular smooth muscle cells can be induced by exposure to D3T, and that this chemical induction of cellular antioxidants is accompanied by markedly increased resistance to oxidative vascular cell injury.
Synthesis and characterization of a conducting polyfunctional polydiacetylene

Abstract The dimer of 1,11-dodecadiyne was synthesized by controlling the kinetics of the Glaser coupling reaction. Preliminary characterization was accomplished using gel permeation chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry. Microscopic single crystals of the dimer, obtained from a hexane solution, were used for diacetylene polymerization by Co 60 γ -irradiation. The corresponding phase transition from dimer to polymerized dimer was studied by electron diffraction. The existence of an intermediate structure over a range of conversion was apparent from these studies. Macroscopic polymerized single crystals were obtained by γ -ray polymerization X-ray structure analysis was accomplished using these crystals. The unit cell was monoclinic, space group P2/ n . Nine hundred and twenty six observed data points were used for the refinement. The final residual was 0.08. The refined structure was found to be composed of parallel sheets containing alternating trans polyacetylene and polydiacetylene chains. Conductivity (10 −2 ω −1 cm −1 at room temperature) was measured as a function of temperature and the resulting activation energy was compared to the band gap calculated by assuming π electron overlap between polyacetylene and polydiacetylene chains.
Methane fluxes in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem in relation to acid precipitation

Abstract Methane fluxes were measured periodically in 1990 and 1991 in upland forest and peatland soils of a northern hardwood forest in the Adirondack region of New York State. A portion of the study area received lime (10 Mg CaCO3 ha-1) in October 1989 to mitigate several decades of chronic acid precipitation (H+ deposition in 1981 = 653 eq ha−1 yr−1). Consumption of atmospheric methane by forest soils averaged −0.60 mg CH4 m−2 d−1 and showed no difference between treatments (unlimed versus limed soils). Eliminating root growth and removing leaf litter from the soil seemed to decrease rates of methane consumption. Related responses of soil nitrogen transformations to the lime indicated lower nitrification rates and higher net nitrogen mineralization rates compared to unlimed soils, yet rates of methane consumption were unaffected by these changes in soil nitrogen transformations. Methane efflux from the peatland soils into the atmosphere averaged 12.1 mg CH4 m−2 d−1, with no significant difference in rates between treatments. Laboratory measurements revealed that liming resulted in less consumption of atmospheric methane (measured with atmospheres amended with methane) and potentially more methane production. Overall, methane efflux from these peatland soils is much lower than that for more northern counterparts that currently experience cooler climate but less acid precipitation. This suggests that several decades of acid precipitation may play a role in limiting methane emissions from northern peatlands.
A Correction to the Paper “Integration by Parts and Quasi-Invariance for Heat Kernel Measures on Loop Groups”

Abstract It is asserted in Definition 4.2 in [1] that the random operators U ( t ) defined there are unitary. As was pointed out to the author by Shizan Fang, it is clear that U ( t ) is an isometry but it is not obvious that U ( t ) is surjective. The purpose of this note is to fill this gap.
Generating nonorthogonal bases for signal representation

The representation of functions in a basis function expansionz(t)= ∑k=1/∞=,ak> xk(t) is straightforward when the basis functionsxk(t) are orthogonal. There has been very little work up to this time in determining how to use nonorthogonal bases in signal representation. On the other hand, applications in data compression and signal synthesis often require using specific tailor-made bases. Presented here is a method for constructing very general nonorthogonal bases.
Font rendering on a GPU-based raster image processor

Historically, in the 35 years of digital printing research, raster image processing has always lagged behind marking engine technology, i.e., we have never been able to deliver rendered digital pages as fast as digital print engines can consume them. This trend has resulted in products based on throttled digital printers or expensive raster image processors (RIP) with hardware acceleration. The current trend in computer software architecture is to leverage graphic processing units (GPU) for computing tasks whenever appropriate. We discuss the issues for rendering fonts on such an architecture and present an implementation.
Stress and health dysfunctions: The importance of health education

Stress, especially of a chronic nature, poses problems for the health of people in contemporary societies. In consequence, there is an increasing need for emphasis on health education as a means of controlling and reducing stress in everyday life. To accomplish this, the importance of predisposing and mediating factors must be considered and a number of stress intervention programs are possible. Amongst these are various means to modify life style and knowledge of various social and environmental factors can contribute to this. As complete avoidance from stress is not possible, the public and particularly the high at-risk segment of the population, should have the means to obtain education concerning stress and health dysfunctions.
The influence of dietary amino acids on the blood amino acids of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.)☆

Abstract Amino acids were fed to the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), and a semi-quantitative analysis of the free amino compounds of the blood of the roach was made by paper chromatography. The results indicate that certain dietary amino acids may influence the quality and concentration of amino acids in the blood. α-Amino-butyric acid, hydroxyproline, phenylalanine, and taurine normally absent in the blood may be detected in it if given in the diet. dl -Homocystine is apparently not absorbed through the gut. dl -Methionine can give rise in the blood to α-amino-butyric acid and can increase the blood content in lysine and histidine. The metabolism of d -glutamic acid is different from that of l -glutamic acid. Feeding experiments involving l -cystine, β-alanine, and dl -serine suggest that the metabolism of these three compounds is interrelated. When l -glutamic acid, l -glutamine, α-ketoglutaric acid, dl -alanine, dl -aspartic acid, and l -asparagine were fed respectively, the results from the blood analyses suggested the existence in the roach of a deamination and transamination scheme similar to that demonstrated in mammals.
Activation of Insect Cholinesterase by n-Butanol, Autolysis, and Surfactants

Several workers have observed the enhancement of insect cholinesterase (ChE) activity by (1) water-miscible organic solvents, (2) autolysis, and (3) surfactants (e.g., sodium taurocholate and Triton X-100) (Metcalf and March 1950, Colhoun 1961, Dauterman et al. 1962, Shatoury 1963, Edwards and Gomez 1966, Lewis 1967, Krysan and Chadwick 1970, Krysan and Kruckeberg 1970). These same agents can solubilize insect ChE (Edwards and Gomez 1966, Krysan and Chadwick 1970, Krysan and Kruckeberg 1970). It has been concluded that all 3 of these treatments increase ChE activity by the same mechanism (Edwards and Gomez 1966, Lewis 1967) and further that activation is related to solubilization (Edwards and Gomez 1966). We record here Ch1E observations of the house fly, Musca domestica L.; the mayfly Hexagenia bilineata (Say); and the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., which show that the several phenomena cannot be explained by a single mechanism. Enzyme extraction conditions and ChE activity-measurement methods have been described (Krysan and Chadwick 1962, 1970). During autolysis, a drop of toluene was added to retard bacterial action. Each datum is the mean of 3 independent measurements.
The Kinetic Energy of the Ions Emitted by Hot Bodies

IN a paper communicated to the American Physical Society at the New York meeting on February 29, the writer, in collaboration with Dr. F. C. Brown, showed that the part of the translational kinetic energy of the negative ions emitted by hot platinum, which depends on their component of velocity normal to the emitting surface, has the same mean value as the corresponding quantity for a molecule of gas at the temperature of the metal, and further, that that component of the velocity is distributed among the different ions according to Maxwell's law of distribution of velocity among the molecules of a gas. Since then Dr. Brown has succeeded in showing that the same laws hold for the positive ions emitted by hot platinum.
Two-dimensional oxides constructed from octamolybdate clusters and Mn+/tetrapyridylpyrazine subunits (M = Co, Ni: n = 2; M = Cu: n = 1)

Abstract The hydrothermal reactions of MoO3, tetra-2-pyridylpyrazine (tpyprz) and M(CH3CO2)2 · 2H2O (M = Co, Ni) yielded the two-dimensional oxides [M2(tpyprz)(H2O)2Mo8O26] · xH2O [M = Co, x = 1.8 (1); M = Ni, x = 0.6 (2)]. However, the reaction of (NH4)6Mo7O24 · 4H2O, tpyprz and Cu(CH3CO2)2 · H2O produced [{Cu2(tpyprz)}2Mo8O26] · 2H2O (3 · 2H2O). The isomorphous structures of 1 and 2 are constructed from α - Mo 8 O 26 4 - clusters linked through {M2(tpyprz)(H2O)2}4+ subunits into two-dimensional networks. While the structure of 3 is also two-dimensional, the molybdate building block is present as the δ-isomer and the secondary-metal/ligand component consists of a one-dimensional { Cu 2 ( tpyprz ) } n 2 n + chain. The structure of 3 is compared to that of the previously reported three-dimensional material [{Cu2(tpyprz)}2Mo8O26] · 7H2O which contains ζ - Mo 8 O 26 4 - clusters and structurally distinct { Cu 2 ( tpyprz ) } n 2 n + chains.
How often do animals lie about their intentions? An experimental test.

Abstract: During conflicts, animals may perform displays that convey information about their future antagonistic behavior. Although theory once predicted that such signals of “intent” would be utterly susceptible to dishonesty, empirical studies have established that animals sometimes do signal their intentions. It remains unclear, however, what level of honesty exists within such signals. Here I report interactive‐model experiments designed to expose instances of falsified intent and to reveal how frequently signalers within an invertebrate population lie about their impending hostile actions. Hermit crabs (Pagurus bernhardus) were given the opportunity to aggressively threaten an approaching model, and their subsequent behavior was then examined after the model fled from them or probed them to the point of imminent collision. Discrepancies between an individual’s advertised intention and what it actually did next were infrequent. If the model fled, nearly all crabs remained in place, regardless of wheth...
Organocatalytic photoreduction of Zn(II) to zinc metal

The photoreduction of Zn(II) to Zn metal catalyzed by 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives is reported. Structure–activity relationships, ideal reaction conditions, and the reaction kinetics are described and a mechanism involving an in situ formed quinolate complex is portrayed.
Siderophore activity among members of the Legionella genus.

Members of the Legionella genus are ubiquitous aquatic bacteria and the etiologic agents of Legionnaires’ disease, a potentially fatal form of pneumonia. Using the chrome azurol S (CAS) assay, we previously determined that Legionella pneumophila secretes a siderophore (legiobactin) when it is grown in a low-iron, chemically defined medium (CDM). In the present study, we examined 29 other species of Legionella for their ability to produce CAS-reactive material when grown in deferrated CDM. Although some of the species did not grow in CDM, the majority replicated and secreted CAS reactivity, suggesting that siderophores are conserved among the legionellae.
Universal Zero-Delay Joint Source–Channel Coding

We consider zero-delay joint source-channel coding of individual source sequences for a general known channel. Given an arbitrary finite set of schemes with finite-memory (not necessarily time-invariant) decoders, a scheme is devised that does essentially as well as the best in the set on all individual source sequences. Using this scheme, we construct a universal zero-delay joint source-channel coding scheme that is guaranteed to achieve, asymptotically, the performance of the best zero-delay encoding-decoding scheme with a finite-state encoder and a Markov decoder, on all individual sequences. For the case where the channel is a discrete memoryless channel (DMC), we construct an implementable zero-delay joint source-channel coding scheme that is based on the "follow the perturbed leader" scheme of Gyoumlrgy for lossy source coding of individual sequences. Our scheme is guaranteed to attain asymptotically the performance of the best in the set of all encoding-decoding schemes with a "symbol-by-symbol" decoder (and arbitrary encoder), on all individual sequences
Translating genomics into the clinic: moving to the post-Mendelian world

The challenge of genome medicine is not to make a significant move into the clinic over the next five years. The floodgates of genomic research have been opened, and the hopes are that the rising tide will spill over into medical practice in the form of diagnostic tests, risk assessment tools and therapeutics. The ability to perform genome-wide analyses using several different approaches has already provided tantalizing new clues to disease causation and therapeutic targets. Companies have sprung up to use these new technologies to provide information to individuals about predicted health and disease, and about behavioral traits. As exciting as these prospects are, it is far too soon to promise clinically useful information from genomic analyses. We have far to go to assure basic levels of analytical validity or clinical validity of the diagnostic or predictive tools on offer, and to determine their clinical utility in the medical context.
Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation and One-Year Change in Mammographic Density in the Women's Health Initiative Calcium and Vitamin D Trial

Background: Calcium and vitamin D may be inversely related to breast cancer risk, in part by affecting mammographic density. However, results from previous, mostly cross-sectional studies have been mixed, and there have been few randomized clinical trials of the effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on change in mammographic density. Methods: We assessed the effect of one year of supplementation on mammographic density in 330 postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative hormone therapy (HT) and calcium and vitamin D (CaD) trials. Women were randomized to receive 1,000 mg/d of elemental calcium carbonate plus 400 IU/d of vitamin D3 or placebo. Results: After approximately one year, mammographic density decreased 2% in the CaD supplementation group and increased 1% in the placebo group (ratio of means = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.81–1.17). Results suggested potential interaction by HT use ( P = 0.08). Among women randomized to HT placebo, the ratio of mean density comparing CaD supplementation and placebo groups was 0.82 (95% CI = 0.61–1.11) vs. 1.16 (95% CI = 0.92–1.45) in women randomized to active HT. In sensitivity analyses limited to women taking ≥80% of study supplements, ratios were 0.67 (95% CI = 0.41–1.07) in women not assigned to HT and 1.07 (95% CI = 0.79–1.47) women assigned to HT. Conclusions: We observed no overall effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on mammographic density after one year. Impact: Potential interaction between these nutrients and estrogen as related to mammographic density warrants further study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(3); 462–73. ©2012 AACR .
Dynamic RPC for extensibility

The authors propose an enhancement to the remote procedure call (RPC) called the dynamic RPC (DRPC), to facilitate dynamic client-server relationships, extensibility, and protocol transparency. A prototype DRPC has been implemented as a component of a distributed computing infrastructure, the communications manager for the DARPA initiative in concurrent engineering program. DRPC currently supports two popular commercial implementations of RPC-Sun ONC/RPC and Apollo NCS/RPC. A preliminary comparative performance analysis is presented. >
The Urban Geography of Welfare Reform: Spatial Patterns of Caseload Dynamics in Detroit

Objective. To assess how the characteristics of welfare recipients have varied geographically in the Detroit metropolitan area since the passage of welfare reform in 1996 and how spatial proximity to job opportunities is related to work rates among welfare recipients. Methods. Using administrative data on welfare receipt in the Detroit metropolitan area and data from two employer surveys in Detroit, I examine changes in the welfare caseload between 1992 and 2000 and estimate logit models of the probability that welfare recipients report work earnings in 1998. Results. Although the number of adult welfare recipients in the Detroit metropolitan area declined by over 75 percent between 1992 and 2000, nearly 25,000 households-most residing in the central city-continue to receive welfare. Rates of work among welfare recipients are positively related to the accessibility of employment opportunities. Conclusions. My results indicate that support services and programs in the coming years will have to fit a caseload that is changing both qualitatively and geographically. Further, consistent with the most current spatial mismatch research, my findings show that greater access to job opportunities leads to greater rates of reported work earnings among welfare recipients.
Health outcomes of two telephone interventions for patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis

Objective. The effects of treatment counseling or symptom monitoring telephone intervention strategies on the health outcomes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or osteoarthritis (OA), compared with usual care, were assessed. Methods. A 3-group, randomized, controlled 9-month trial was conducted incorporating 405 patients with RA or OA and using the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS2) as the outcome measure. Results. Analyses of covariance showed that the AIMS2 total health status of the treatment counseling group (effect size = 33, P < 0.01), but not the symptom monitoring group (effect size = 0.21, P = 0.10), was significantly improved, compared with usual care, for both RA and OA patients. The specific types of benefits differed significantly between RA and OA patients. The mean number of medical visits by OA patients in the treatment counseling group was also significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Conclusion. Telephone contact using the treatment counseling strategy produced significant, but different, health status benefits for RA and OA patients. The symptom monitoring strategy produced modest benefits.
On the Positives of Peripheral Corporate Social Responsibility

Although we support the primary embedded–peripheral categorization proposed by the focal article authors, (Aguinis & Glavas, 2013), in this commentary, we explore the implications of privileging embedded over peripheral corporate social responsibility (CSR) and identify benefits of the latter that we believe have been overlooked or underplayed. The benefits of peripheral CSR that we outline below can, in fact, contribute substantially to overall CSR efforts over and above those of embedded CSR.
Climatological Characteristics of Summertime Extreme Rainstorms in Minnesota

Abstract Each year flash floods cause considerable property damage and loss of life, yet the heavy precipitation events responsible for flash floods remain extremely difficult to forecast, especially during summer. This paper presents synoptic analog models for use in the short-range prediction of summertime extreme rainstorms in Minnesota. To develop these analog models, forty-three heavy rain events that occurred from 1974–78 first were classified into four similar categories on the basis of the spatial properties of their rainfall distributions. Next, composite fields of surface and upper-air parameters were prepared for each of the four categories, and features on the composite maps that contributed most to the occurrence of heavy rainfall were incorporated into synoptic analog models. The analog models reveal that the typical circulation patterns for the four rainfall types vary significantly and that the spatial characteristics of extreme rainstorms are determined by the synoptic-scale circulation r...