cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Women and mediation in Indonesia

This volume is the product of an international workshop on Women and Mediation, organized in Leiden in 1988 by the Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (KITLV) and the Werkgroep Indonesische Vrouwenstudies (WIVS), a Dutch interdisciplinary study group on Indonesian women. The book contains a selection of fourteen contributions-sociological, anthropological, and historical-ranging geographically 'from Sabang to Merauke' from the Toba Batak (North Sumatra) to the Dani (Irian Jaya). Loosely centred around the concept of mediation, many of the articles include new data derived from archival research and fieldwork.
The interdependent security problem in the defense industrial base: An agent-based model on a social network

Abstract This paper extends the Kunreuther and Heal game-theoretic model of the interdependent security problem by applying the model to an empirically based network environment. The scale-free network is derived from the contract-based organization of the defense industry. Theft of knowledge in this industry could have an impact on both economic and national security. However, imperfect information in the IT security market and the interdependent nature of the investment decision create the potential for underinvestment or overinvestment. An agent-based modeling technique demonstrates that social network topology may influence policy measures designed to induce tipping and cascading in cyber security investments.
Isolation of an enzyme from soil that degrades the organophosphorus insecticide, crotoxyphos.

An enzyme which catalyzed the hydrolysis of crotoxyphos ((E)-1-phenylethyl 3-[(dimethoxyphosphinyl)oxy]-2-butenoate) was isolated from nonsterile and radiation-sterilized Chehalis clay loam with 1.5M Tris (2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol) and partially purified with lead acetate treatment. Two soil-g equivalents of lead acetate purified enzyme in pH 8 buffer hydrolyzed 0.13 μmol of substrate to dimethyl phosphate and α-methylbenzyl 3-hydroxycrotonate in 16 hr at 37°C. The enzyme exhibited maximal activity around pH 8.0 and was irreversibly inactivated below pH 5.0 or above pH 10.0. The Km value for crotoxyphos was calculated to be 4.63×10−3 M. The enzyme was stable at 60°C for 10 min, retained activity indefinitely at −10°C, and was completely inactivated within a week at room temperature. When applied to autoclaved Chehalis clay loam, purified enzyme lost 75% of its activity after one week and the remainder within two weeks.
Anthracycline-induced histamine release from rat mast cells

Comparisons were made of the ability of doxorubicin, daunorubicin, rubidazone and aclacinomycin A to release histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells. Preliminaryin vitro experiments indicated that doxorubicin (10−6 to 2.5×10−4M), in contrast to compound 48/80 and the calcium inophore A23187, did not produce significant release under any condition tested when purified or unpurified rat mast cells were used. Inin vivo experiments, released histamine was measured in the cell-free supernatant of peritoneal fluid of rats after intraperitoneal injection of the agents. The time course of doxorubicin-induced histamine release from the peritoneum was rapid, with maximal release occurring within 4 to 6 min. Dose-response curves of the 4 agents over the range 10−5 to 3.3×10−3M revealed that all caused histamine release, with 10−3M concentrations of each causing maximal release of comparable magnitude to that produced by 9.5×10−6M A23187. Treated mast cells recovered from the peritoneal cavity showed degranulation and vacuolization when examined by electron microscopy. Increased vascular permeability by the Evans-blue test was also noted with all 4 agents, and zones were of comparable size after injection of the highest concentration of each agent.
Sp3 Represses Gene Expression via the Titration of Promoter-specific Transcription Factors

We have determined previously that Sp3 encodes three distinct gene products as follows: a full-length protein (Sp3) that is an activator of transcription and two isoforms (M1 and M2) derived via internal translational initiation that function as transcriptional repressors. To identify amino acids and functions required for transcriptional repression, we employed PCR-directed mutagenesis to create a panel of mutated M2 proteins. Biochemical and functional analyses of these mutated proteins indicate that functions encoded by the M2 carboxyl terminus, such as DNA binding activity and the capacity to form multimeric complexes, are not required or sufficient for transcriptional repression. Instead, a 93-amino acid portion of the trans-activation domain was shown to be the minimal portion of M2 required to block Sp-dependent gene expression. Transcriptional analysis of three Sp-dependent promoters showed that mutations sustained by many M2 proteins result in promoter-specific effects. Regions of M2 required for physical interactions with five TATA box-associated factors (TAFIIs) were mapped, and mutations that disrupt the interaction of M2 with two of these proteins, TAFII70 and TAFII40, were identified. We conclude that Sp3- mediated transcriptional repression is due, at least in part, to competition for promoter-specific transcription factors.
The effect of balance training on ankle proprioception in patients with functional ankle instability.

Meeting Abstract From 4th Congress of the International Foot and Ankle Biomechanics (i-FAB) Community Busan, Korea. 8-11 April 2014
FTIR product study of the reaction of C2H5O2+HO2 in air at 295 K

Abstract Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to identify and quantify ethylhydroperoxide as the dominant product of the gas phase reaction of ethylperoxy radicals with hydroperoxide radicals. From our measurements we are able to establish that over the pressure range 20–700 Torr, at 295 K, within our experimental errors, 100% of the reaction of C2H5O2 with HO2 proceeds via the reaction C2H5O2+HO2→C2H5OOH+O2. Results are discussed with respect to the previous kinetic and mechanistic studies of peroxy radicals and computer models of atmospheric chemistry.
Effect of B and Cr on elastic strength and crystal structure of Ni3Al alloys under high pressure

Abstract Samples of Ni 3 Al, Ni 3 Al:B and Ni–Al–Cr super alloys were prepared by directional solidification method and their effect of alloying with ternary elements on the mechanical properties was investigated. In-situ X-ray diffraction studies were carried out on undoped Ni 3 Al, Ni 3 Al:B with boron 500 ppm and Ni–Al–Cr with 7.5 at.% of chromium super alloys at high pressure using diamond anvil cell. The results indicate that micro-alloying with B forms γ′-phase (L1 2 structure), similar to the pure Ni 3 Al, while Ni–Al–Cr alloy consists of γ′ precipitates in a matrix of γ-phase (Ni-FCC structure). The crystal structure of all three alloys was stable up to 20 GPa. Micro alloying with boron increases bulk modulus of Ni 3 Al by 8% whereas alloying with chromium has the opposite effect decreasing the modulus by 11% when compared to undoped alloy. Further, the elastic modulus and hardness of Ni 3 Al, Ni 3 Al:B and Ni–Al–Cr alloys were determined using the nano-indentation technique, in combination with compressibility data which enabled the estimation of shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio of these alloys.
Schauder decompositions and the Fremlin projective tensor product of Banach lattices

Abstract In this paper, we first introduce a lattice decomposition and finite-dimensional lattice decomposition (FDLD) for Banach lattices. Then we show that for a Banach lattice with FDLD, the following are equivalent: (i) it has the Radon–Nikodym property; (ii) it is a KB-space; (iii) it is a Levi space; and (iv) it is a σ-Levi space. We then give a sequential representation of the Fremlin projective tensor product of an atomic Banach lattice with a Banach lattice. Using this sequential representation, we show that if one of the Banach lattices X and Y is atomic, then the Fremlin projective tensor product X ⊗ ˆ F Y has the Radon–Nikodym property (or, respectively, is a KB-space) if and only if both X and Y have the Radon–Nikodym property (or, respectively, are KB-spaces).
Radar Performance on Targets with Range Acceleration

Range acceleration introduces a coupling between range, Doppler, and range acceleration, with potentially severe consequences on radar performance. The following analysis of the effect shows that it is serious only when the radar uses a constant-carrier pulse or a waveform with small time-bandwidth product.
Surgery for Severe Mitral Regurgitation and Left Ventricular Failure: What Do We Really Know?

In ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy, functional mitral regurgitation (MR) results from geometric abnormalities of the ventricle, which result in dysfunction of a morphologically normal mitral valve. Enlargement of the left ventricle causes geometric MR through annular dilation, increase in the interpapillary muscle distance, amplified leaflet tethering (elongation and stretch on the chordae tendinae), and decreased closing forces because of muscle weakness and asynchrony of papillary muscle contractile timing. The final common pathway of MR is a failure of coaptation of the morphologically normal leaflets and resultant central MR. These abnormalities can be favorably influenced by antiremodeling pharmacologic therapy and in selected cases by cardiac resynchronization therapy. Surgical repair of functional geometric MR with an undersized complete rigid annuloplasty ring can abolish MR and is associated with improved functional status and left ventricular remodeling. It is unclear if surgery is associated with improved survival in this setting. There is a pressing need for well-conducted prospective randomized clinical trials to quantify the benefits of surgical repair of functional geometric MR.
Ni doping on Cu surfaces: Reduced copper resistivity

The resistivity of 9.3-nm-thick epitaxial and polycrystalline Cu is reduced by 11%–13% when coated with 0.75 nm Ni. Sequential in situ and ex situ transport measurements show that this is due to electron surface scattering which exhibits a specularity p = 0.7 for the Cu-vacuum interface that transitions to completely diffuse (p = 0) when exposed to air. In contrast, Ni-coated surfaces exhibit partial specularity with p = 0.3 in vacuum and p = 0.15 in air, as Cu2O formation is suppressed, leading to a smaller surface potential perturbation and a lower density of localized surface states, yielding less diffuse electron scattering.
Homomorphic linear predictive coding: a new estimation algorithm for all-pole speech modelling

The authors present a new estimation algorithm for an all-pole model, named as homomorphic linear predictive coding (HLPC) which models the vocal tract transfer function as an all-pole filter, but performs the estimation of the filter coefficients in the cepstrum domain by a minimum mean squared error method. By limiting the summation interval of squared errors in the cepstrum domain to the low time portion that is not affected by pitch components, the estimation results obtained by HLPC are unbiased and independent of the exciting signal type. Experiments on spectrum estimation and formant estimation under several conditions have been carried out for comparison. It is shown that for pitch-asynchronous analysis, HLPC has a higher accuracy than LPC in spectrum estimation as well as formant frequency and bandwidth estimation, especially for speech signals with high pitch frequencies.
Towards a mobile and wearable system for predicting panic attacks

In this paper, we present first steps towards a mobile and wearable system intended to help people who experience regular and spontaneous panic attacks due to panic disorder. The goal of the system is to predict oncoming panic attacks and to deliver in-the-moment interventions on a smartphone device. Interventions are intended to reduce symptom severity by enabling a user to respond to approaching panic episodes. An initial feasibility study is described where a small real-world data set was collected. Personalized prediction models were trained which take, as input, physiological data and output a binary classification of either pre-panic or non-panic. We demonstrate proof-of-concept of episode prediction on this small dataset.
Advances in the characterization of the polarity of DOM under ambient water quality conditions using the polarity rapid assessment method

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a mixture of compounds that are found ubiquitously in natural waters. The characterization of DOM is important in order to understand its effect on environmental processes and during treatment systems. Of all the properties usually measured with relation to DOM, the polarity is of critical importance since it will directly influence different processes. Recently, a new method has been developed for the characterization of DOM under ambient conditions, called the Polar Rapid Assessment Method (PRAM). The PRAM allows characterization and temporal and spatial comparisons under environmentally relevant conditions of pH and ionic strength. This study first modifies the PRAM method to 3 probes for high sample throughput by using a subset of the SPE sorbents to interpret DOM polarity by DOC and UV detection. Then the modified PRAM is compared to the XAD resin polarity method and finds a similarity in hydrophobic assessment but different results for the hydrophilic DOM. This study then evaluates the use of PRAM as a tool to evaluate water treatment processes and the character of size fractions of DOM. The PRAM is shown to be a very useful tool to evaluate and thus optimize treatment efficiency and removal of DOM.
α(2A)-adrenergic receptors filter parabrachial inputs to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.

α2-adrenergic receptors (AR) within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) reduce stress–reward interactions in rodent models. In addition to their roles as autoreceptors, BNST α2A-ARs suppress glutamatergic transmission. One prominent glutamatergic input to the BNST originates from the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) and consists of asymmetric axosomatic synapses containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vGluT2. Here we provide immunoelectron microscopic data showing that many asymmetric axosomatic synapses in the BNST contain α2A-ARs. Further, we examined optically evoked glutamate release ex vivo in BNST from mice with virally delivered channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) expression in PBN. In BNST from these animals, ChR2 partially colocalized with CGRP, and activation generated EPSCs in dorsal anterolateral BNST neurons that elicited two cell-type-specific outcomes: (1) feedforward inhibition or (2) an EPSP that elicited firing. We found that the α2A-AR agonist guanfacine selectively inhibited this PBN input to the BNST, preferentially reducing the excitatory response in ex vivo mouse brain slices. To begin to assess the overall impact of α2A-AR control of this PBN input on BNST excitatory transmission, we used a Thy1-COP4 mouse line with little postsynaptic ChR2 expression nor colocalization of ChR2 with CGRP in the BNST. In slices from these mice, we found that guanfacine enhanced, rather than suppressed, optogenetically initiated excitatory drive in BNST. Thus, our study reveals distinct actions of PBN afferents within the BNST and suggests that α2A-AR agonists may filter excitatory transmission in the BNST by inhibiting a component of the PBN input while enhancing the actions of other inputs.
An axiomatization of the lattice of higher relative commutants of a subfactor

We consider certain conditions for abstract lattices of commuting squares, that we prove are necessary and sufficient for them to arise as lattices of higher relative commutants of a subfactor. We call such lattices standard and use this axiomatization to prove that their sublattices are standard too. We consider a method for producing sublatties and deduce from this and [Po5]| some criteria for bipartite graphs to be graphs of subfactors.
Social skill and social support among young mothers

This study tests the direct and indirect contributions of molecular social skills, global social skill, residence, age, race, and participation in a steady relationship to the social support of young mothers (N = 109). The average age of respondents was 16.8 years, and 67% were non-White. Participants completed role-play measures of skill in conflict resolution and written measures of social support. A correlational analysis supports the hypothesis that molecular social skills increase overall social skill and that these, together, contribute significantly to better social support.
Triosephosphate isomerase from selected chlorophyta

Abstract The triosephosphate isomerase systems from two algal species, Ankistrodesmus Braunii and Scenedesmus acuminatus , have been isolated and partially purified by a series of solvent and salt fractionations. The enzymes from A. Braunii and S. acuminatus were electrophoretically homogeneous with uncorrected mobilities of −1·2 × 10 −5 cm 2 V −1 sec −1 and −1·01 × 10 −5 cm 2 V −1 sec −1 respectively. For both systems the pH optimum was sharp at pH 7·7 in 2·5 × 10 −5 M Tris-HCl buffer. Kinetic analysis of the isomerase reactions gave Michaelis constants ( K m ) of 4·34 × 10 −4 M and 9·7 × 10 −4 M GAP respectively for the enzymes from A. Braunii and S. acuminatus . The algal isomerase systems were inhibited by sulfate, phosphate, and to a lesser degree, chloride ions.
Unusual fatty acids in the lipids of steer and human meibomian gland excreta.

An unusual group of high molecular weight ω-hydroxy fatty acids have been identified in the lipids of the meibomian glands of steer and humans. These acids comprise about 10% of all the acids of the steer lipid, are primarily monoenoic, and constitute three homologous series with members ranging from C30 to C36. They could be important in helping to spread other meibomian gland lipids over the tear film.
Unprecedented Acceleration of Zirconium(IV)-Assisted Peptide Hydrolysis at Neutral pH

4,13-Diaza-18-crown-6 substantially increases the rate of zirconium(IV) hydrolysis of unactivated peptide amide bonds under near-physiological conditions of temperature and pH. In the presence of this azacrown ether, ZrCl(4) efficiently hydrolyses both neutral and negatively charged peptides (pH 7.0-7.3, 37-60 degrees C).
POSITIVELY MOTIVATING AUDITORS AND MANAGERS

Concepts and practical applications are used to explore motivation from the perspectives of auditors, managers and psychologists. The premise is that improved communication positively affects auditor and manager performance. Several theories of motivation are examined, including behaviour types, as explored through the Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). Putting theory into practice, ways are looked at in which audit supervisors can enhance audit staff motivation by more actively involving them in audit planning and report writing. From the manager's perspective, how to use the audit process more effectively to encourage managers to make organisational improvements is addressed.
Influence of fetal position on neonatal androgen-induced sterility and sexual behavior in female rats

Abstract Two aspects of reproductive function were examined in relation to female fetus' contiguity to intrauterine male littermates. Following injection of 3.5 μg testosterone propionate (TP) on Day 3, females that had been positioned in utero between two males became sterile earlier in life than those located in utero between two females. Anogenital distances on Days 1 and 3 prior to neonatal treatment with TP were greater in females located in utero between two males than in females residing between two females in utero, suggesting that females developing between two males may have been exposed prenatally to a masculinizing substance, presumably an androgen. No reliable contribution of litter composition was apparent with respect to differentiation of female sexual behavior. Results indicate that littermate hormonal influence is present or effective and can be detected in a neonatally androgenized preparation.
Isolation and characterization of various complexes of the minichromosome maintenance proteins of Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

Minichromosome maintenance (Mcm) proteins 2–7 are highly conserved in eukaryotes and play an essential role in DNA replication. Here, we describe the reconstitution of the various complexes of the Mcm proteins of Schizosaccharomyces pombeusing the baculovirus expression system. The simultaneous expression of all six of the Mcm proteins, as well as different combinations of these proteins, yielded several stable complexes that included the heterohexamer of Mcm2/3/4/5/6/7, the Mcm2/4/6/7 heterotetramer, the dimer of the Mcm4/6/7 heterotrimer, and the Mcm3/5 heterodimer. The purification and characterization of the biochemical properties of these complexes showed that only the dimeric complex of the Mcm4/6/7 heterotrimer possessed single stranded DNA-dependent ATPase, ATP-dependent single stranded DNA binding, and 3′ to 5′ DNA helicase activities. Consistent with these results, the interaction of either Mcm2 or Mcm3/5 with the Mcm4/6/7 complex resulted in the disassembly of the dimeric complex of Mcm4/6/7 and the loss of DNA helicase activity. These results suggest that the Mcm4/6/7 complex is a catalytic core of the Mcm complex and that Mcm2 and Mcm3/5 may be involved in the regulation of the activity of this complex.
1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases TGF β1 binding to human osteoblasts

1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3) increases the binding of transforming growth factor β1(TGF β1) via TGF β receptors to the surface of human osteoblasts. The increase in TGF β receptors induced by 1α,25(OH)2D3 is dependent on increases in TGF β secretion induced by 1α,25(OH)2D3, since antibodies directed against TGF β block the increase in TGF β1 binding. The increase in TGF β type I and II receptors on cell surfaces following 1α,25(OH)2D3 treatment is associated with increases in receptor mRNA concentrations. Increases in receptor mRNA concentrations following 1α,25(OH)2D3 treatment are not due to changes in receptor gene transcription. The role of TGF β receptors, in mediating the growth responses to 1α,25(OH)2D3 is demonstrated by showing that osteoblasts which express dominant negative, kinase-deficient TGF β type II receptors, fail to respond to the growth-inhibitory effects of 1α,25(OH)2D3. An increase in TGF β receptor expression is important in mediating 1α,25(OH)2D3-associated changes in the growth rate of osteoblasts.
Cognitive Processing Speed in Older Adults: Relationship with White Matter Integrity

Cognitive processing slows with age. We sought to determine the importance of white matter integrity, assessed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), at influencing cognitive processing speed among normal older adults, assessed using a novel battery of computerized, non-verbal, choice reaction time tasks. We studied 131 cognitively normal adults aged 55–87 using a cross-sectional design. Each participant underwent our test battery, as well as MRI with DTI. We carried out cross-subject comparisons using tract-based spatial statistics. As expected, reaction time slowed significantly with age. In diffuse areas of frontal and parietal white matter, especially the anterior corpus callosum, fractional anisotropy values correlated negatively with reaction time. The genu and body of the corpus callosum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus were among the areas most involved. This relationship was not explained by gray or white matter atrophy or by white matter lesion volume. In a statistical mediation analysis, loss of white matter integrity mediated the relationship between age and cognitive processing speed.
Improving the IBM Alignment Models Using Variational Bayes

Bayesian approaches have been shown to reduce the amount of overfitting that occurs when running the EM algorithm, by placing prior probabilities on the model parameters. We apply one such Bayesian technique, variational Bayes, to the IBM models of word alignment for statistical machine translation. We show that using variational Bayes improves the performance of the widely used GIZA++ software, as well as improving the overall performance of the Moses machine translation system in terms of BLEU score.
On the accuracy of CartoMerge for guiding posterior left atrial ablation in man.

BACKGROUND Recent reports suggest that the CartoMerge system is useful for guiding human posterior left atrial (PLA) endocardial ablation. OBJECTIVE To assess the accuracy of the CartoMerge system during PLA ablation. METHODS Sixteen patients undergoing PLA catheter ablation were studied. In each patient, registration of preoperative computed tomographic (CT) and intraoperative electroanatomic left atrial images was performed to create CartoMerge images. Encircling of right and left pulmonary venous vestibules with ablation points was then performed guided solely by intracardiac echocardiography, with point locations saved on a CartoMerge image to which the operator was blinded. The accuracy of the CartoMerge image was then assessed by measuring the distance from the location of each ablation point on the image to its actual anatomic location. In five patients, accuracy of registration of each of three left atrial CT images (just prior to mitral valve opening, at end-diastasis, at end-atrial contraction) with the electroanatomic image was compared. In two patients, accuracy of registration using left atrial image data alone was compared with that which used both left atrial and thoracic aorta image data. RESULTS In each patient, inaccuracy of the CartoMerge image was apparent, the magnitude of which was similar for right- and left-vestibule ablation points. Accuracy was significantly improved when the end-atrial contraction CT image was used for registration. The inclusion of thoracic aorta image data did not improve accuracy. CONCLUSIONS The CartoMerge system is inaccurate. Inaccuracy may be reduced by using CT and electroanatomic images obtained at the same point in the atrial mechanical cycle.
Regulating Big Business: Antitrust in Great Britain and America, 1880–1990

Introduction 1. The response to big business: the formative era, 1880-1914 2. The divergence of economic thought 3. The political response 4. The courts respond to big business 5. The impact of World War I, 1914-1921 6. Tentative convergence, 1921-1948 7. A British antimonopoly policy emerges, 1940-1948 8. Uneven convergence since World War II Conclusion.
Use of clergy services among individuals seeking treatment for alcohol use problems.

This study examined the prevalence and characteristics of adults with an alcohol use-related problem who receive clergy services. Data come from the National Epidemiologic Sur­ vey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Among persons who sought any servicesfor alcohol-related problems (n = 1,910), 14.7% reported using clergy services. In a multivariable logis­ tic regression model, factors associated with increased likeli­ hood of service use included being Black, aged 35-54 years, a lifetime history of alcohol dependence. major depressive disorder, and personality disorder. Clergy may benefit from training to identify alcohol use problems and serve an im­ portant role in making treatment referrals. (Am J Addict 2010; 19:345-351)
Polarized secretion of androgen-binding protein and transferrin by Sertoli cells grown in a bicameral culture system.

Sertoli cells in vivo are believed to secrete androgen-binding protein (ABP) as well as other proteins in a polarized manner, primarily into the adluminal (apical) compartment of the seminiferous tubules. It is now possible to examine polarized secretion by Sertoli cells in vitro by growing them in dual environment (bicameral) culture chambers such that there is a separation of the apical and basal compartments of the cells. Sertoli cells obtained from 17-day-old rats were grown in these chambers on Millipore filters coated with a reconstituted basement membrane matrix. Within 3 days a confluent epithelial sheet of Sertoli cells (30–40 μm in height) is established, and these cells are joined along their baso-lateral plasma membranes by typical Sertoli-Sertoli tight junctions. We have previously shown that this epithelial sheet of Sertoli cells establishes an electrical resistance, as well as a permeability barrier to small molecules, between the basal and apical compartments of the culture chamber. In the...
CD8 and CD20 Lymphocytes Cooperate To Control Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Chimeric Virus Infections in Rhesus Monkeys: Modulation by Major Histocompatibility Complex Genotype

We have previously described two isogenic molecularly cloned simian immunodeficiency virus/human immunodeficiency virus chimeric viruses (SHIVs) that differ from one another by 9 amino acids and direct distinct clinical outcomes in inoculated rhesus monkeys. SHIV(DH12R-Clone 7), like other highly pathogenic CXCR4-tropic SHIVs, induces rapid and complete depletions of CD4+ T lymphocytes and immunodeficiency in infected animals. In contrast, macaques inoculated with SHIV(DH12R-Clone 8) experience only partial and transient losses of CD4+ T cells, show prompt control of their viremia, and remain healthy for periods of time extending for up to 4 years. The contributions of CD8+ and CD20+ lymphocytes in suppressing the replication of the attenuated SHIV(DH12R-Clone 8) and maintaining a prolonged asymptomatic clinical course was assessed by treating animals with monoclonal antibodies that deplete each lymphocyte subset at the time of virus inoculation. The absence of either CD8+ or CD20+ cells during the SHIV(DH12R-Clone 8) acute infection resulted in the rapid, complete, and irreversible loss of CD4+ T cells; sustained high levels of postpeak plasma viremia; and symptomatic disease in Mamu-A*01-negative Indian rhesus monkeys. In Mamu-A*01-positive animals, however, the aggressive, highly pathogenic phenotype was observed only in macaques depleted of CD8+ cells; SHIV(DH12R-Clone 8) was effectively controlled in Mamu-A*01-positive monkeys in the absence of B lymphocytes. Taken together, these results indicate that both CD8+ and CD20+ B cells contribute to the control of primate lentiviral infection in Mamu-A*01-negative macaques. Furthermore, the major histocompatibility complex genotype of an infected animal, as exemplified by the Mamu-A*01 allele in this study, has the additional capacity to shift the balance of the composite immune response.
Evidence of genetic variation for α‐N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosaminidase in black and white populations: A new polymorphism

Serum and/or plasma samples from 360 Whites and 126 Blacks were assayed for activity of the lysosomal hydrolase alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase (NAG). The samples from the Blacks had an increased mean (0.50 nm/ml/min) and standard deviation (0.30 nm/ml/min) compared to those from the Whites (0.29 nm/ml/min and 0.10 nm/ml/min, respectively). After loge transformation and admixture analysis, it was possible to demonstrate the presence of 3 distributions of NAG activity in Blacks and at least 2 in Whites. Segregation analysis of the NAG activity of 29 White half-sib twin families indicated that a genetic model for the inheritance of NAG activity provided a better fit (P less than 0.01) with the data than the "environmental" model. Thus, the study suggests the presence of a genetic polymorphism for NAG activity in Black and White populations. The presence of alleles for high and low NAG activity in the normal population could lead to incorrect interpretation of serum carrier tests for Sanfilippo syndrome, type B.
The Use of Ultimatums in Psychiatric Care

One way in which psychiatrists deal with the problem of a patient who does not follow treatment recommendations is to issue an ultimatum, refusing treatment unless the patient abides by the doctor's treatment plan. The author examines a series of cases to outline seven general principles that can help the psychiatrist decide whether to use an ultimatum and to help make its use a thoughtful clinical intervention rather than an expression of exasperation. The guidelines address practical considerations, such as the complicating fact that ultimatums limit the psychiatrist's future responses to the patient, and ethical issues, such as the possible intrusion of the psychiatrist's self-interest or institutional pressures into treatment ultimatums.
Biochemical (Prostate Specific Antigen) Recurrence Probability Following Radical Prostatectomy for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer

ABSTRACTPurpose: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical followup for a large series of men with clinically localized prostate cancer who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy to identify clinical and/or pathological indicators of biochemical (prostate specific antigen [PSA]) recurrence. We then used those indicators to develop multivariate models for determination of recurrence probability following radical retropubic prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: From 1982 to 1999, 2,091 consecutive men underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate (clinical stage T1c or T2 disease with Gleason score 5 or greater). Actuarial analysis was performed comparing freedom from biochemical recurrence after radical retropubic prostatectomy (PSA 0.2 ng./ml. or greater.) using the Kaplan-Meier method. Event time distributions for the time to recurrence were compared using the log rank statistic or the Cox proportional hazards regression mo...
Mortality affects adaptive allocation to growth and reproduction: field evidence from a guild of body snatchers

The probability of being killed by external factors (extrinsic mortality) should influence how individuals allocate limited resources to the competing processes of growth and reproduction. Increased extrinsic mortality should select for decreased allocation to growth and for increased reproductive effort. This study presents perhaps the first clear cross-species test of this hypothesis, capitalizing on the unique properties offered by a diverse guild of parasitic castrators (body snatchers). I quantify growth, reproductive effort, and expected extrinsic mortality for several species that, despite being different species, use the same species' phenotype for growth and survival. These are eight trematode parasitic castrators—the individuals of which infect and take over the bodies of the same host species—and their uninfected host, the California horn snail. As predicted, across species, growth decreased with increased extrinsic mortality, while reproductive effort increased with increased extrinsic mortality. The trematode parasitic castrator species (operating stolen host bodies) that were more likely to be killed by dominant species allocated less to growth and relatively more to current reproduction than did species with greater life expectancies. Both genders of uninfected snails fit into the patterns observed for the parasitic castrator species, allocating as much to growth and to current reproduction as expected given their probability of reproductive death (castration by trematode parasites). Additionally, species differences appeared to represent species-specific adaptations, not general plastic responses to local mortality risk. Broadly, this research illustrates that parasitic castrator guilds can allow unique comparative tests discerning the forces promoting adaptive evolution. The specific findings of this study support the hypothesis that extrinsic mortality influences species differences in growth and reproduction.
SCARF: a color vision system that tracks roads and intersections

SCARF, a color vision system that recognizes difficult roads and intersections, is presented. It has been integrated into several navigation systems that drive a robot vehicle, the Navlab, on a variety of roads in many different weather conditions. SCARF recognizes roads that have degraded surfaces and edges with no lane markings in difficult shadow conditions. It also recognizes intersections with or without predictions from the navigation system. This is the first system that detects intersections in images without a priori knowledge of the intersection shape and location. SCARF uses Bayesian classification to determine a road-surface likelihood for each pixel in a reduced color image. It then evaluates a number of road and intersection candidates by matching an ideal road-surface likelihood image with the results from the Bayesian classification. The best matching candidate is passed to a path-planning system that navigates the robot vehicle on the road or intersection. The SCARF system is described in detail, results on a variety of images are presented, and Navlab test runs using SCARF are discussed. >
The Office Environment Model: A Conceptual Analysis of the Sick Building Syndrome*

Abstract This paper examines the phenomenon sick building syndrome and related concepts, and proposes a theoretical model, the Office Environment Model, to explain the relationship between office environment and health. The sick building syndrome should be thought of as a figurative concept of everyday language, rather than as a single disease entity. This is because the phenomenon consists of several types of relations between different environmental determinants and health. Based on Popper's framework of three worlds, the model divides the office environment ontologically into physical and social, and the health outcomes into physiological and psychological. The outcome is further categorized into two dimensions: anatomic site (eyes, respiratory tract, skin, and central nervous system), and hypothesized underlying mechanism (mechanical irritation and inflammation, immunological reaction, toxicity, infection, and environmental psychological stress). The model stipulates the following types of causal relations. The physical environment causes physical and psychological effects via physiological and/or psychological processes. The social environment causes physical and psychological effects via psychological processes. The physical and social environment may have synergistic effects, and constitutional factors such as gender and atopy are additional determinants of the outcomes, as well as possible modifiers of the relations between environment and health. To understand the health effects of the office environment, it is necessary to focus separately on different determinant-outcome relations, bearing in mind that the different determinants affect human health concurrently and sometimes the effects may be synergistic.
Preliminary results in sliding autonomy for assembly by coordinated teams

We are developing a coordinated team of robots to assemble structures, a task that cannot be performed by any single robot. Even simple operations in this domain require complex interaction between multiple robots and the number of contingencies that must be addressed if the team is to act completely autonomously is prohibitively large. This scenario forces incorporation of a human operator. Ideally we would like a seamless interface between the robots and the operator such that the operator can interact with the system by helping it be more efficient or get out of a stuck condition or performing a task that the robots are not capable of themselves. We use an architecture that implements "sliding autonomy" to accomplish these goals. The system of robots can be fully autonomous as long as all is well. The system is capable of accepting input from the operator at any time, especially when it is unable to recover from a failure. We motivate this scenario with results from an extended series of experiments we have conducted with three robots that work together to dock both ends of a suspended beam. We show the difference in performance between a completely teleoperated system, a fully autonomous system, and one in which sliding autonomy has been incorporated.
WILLMORE SURFACES AND COMPUTERS

This paper surveys compact Willmore surfaces. 1. Willmore surfaces. Let 1 : M2 -+ R3 , M2 compact, be a smooth immer­ sion with principle curvatures kl' k2, mean curvature H = (k1 + k2)/2 and Gauss curvature K = kl k2 • Then the Willmore integral is
EFFECTS OF TIMBER HARVEST ON FOREST LEPIDOPTERA: COMMUNITY, GUILD, AND SPECIES RESPONSES

Two pressing questions for forestry and conservation biology are whether periodic logging in forest ecosystems significantly changes biodiversity and whether the changes can be mitigated through appropriate harvest methods. Such questions of timber resource management, however, are rarely applied to nonpest insect species, particularly in temperate forest systems. We studied the effects of timber harvest on species richness, abundance, and community composition of forest Lepidoptera (moths). Moths were sampled in 16 forest stands occurring in two watersheds (managed and wilderness) in southeastern Ohio during summer 2000. Stands were chosen from one of four management categories: clear-cut, selectively logged, unlogged, and wilderness. Specifically, we tested the following predictions: (1) shifts in moth community composition would be affected by postharvest changes in stand structure and floristic composition, (2) variation in species richness would be determined by the magnitude of the logging disturbance, and (3) unlogged stands within managed landscapes would contain different species assemblages compared to wilderness stands. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed significant compositional differ- ences among moth communities sampled from forest stands differing in harvest regime. Variation among moth communities was mainly attributable to postharvest changes in stand floristic composition rather than stand structure. Postdisturbance shifts in moth community composition were related to the magnitude of displacement of a given forest stand to earlier successional stages. We also found that both species richness of the overall moth community and several feeding guilds were significantly lower in clear-cut stands, but species richness did not differ between selectively logged and unlogged stands. Thus, selective logging appears to be a better strategy for timber harvest when concern is for maintaining species richness of Lepidoptera within stands. Finally, although no differences were detected in overall species richness or abundance of moths sampled from stands in managed or wil- derness watersheds, the CCA suggested that the surrounding landscape influenced the var- iation in community composition within and among forest stands. Therefore, we suggest that the long-term maintenance of lepidopteran species diversity and community compo- sition within temperate deciduous forests managed for timber may ultimately depend on successful regeneration of harvested stands to precut floristic composition as well as the preservation of larger areas of unlogged forests.
Materiality and Textuality in Digital Rights Management

Abstract The 1998 enactment of the anticircumvention provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act in the United States amended the Copyright Act to prohibit disabling or circumventing technical protection of copyrighted works. Consequently, over the last decade, the development of copyright law has been inextricably intertwined with the development of “digital rights management” (DRM) systems, intended to protect digital content, and the laws that were intended to safeguard DRM systems. In this paper, I review the interconnection of copyright and DRM, arguing that DRM constitutes a conscious attempt to re-impose upon digital works the material exclusion that has been lost through digitization. Pre-determined material affordances are re-inscribed on digital content through discursive DRM technology. DRM imposes pre-determination of use and access on creative works, which is reinforced by anticircumvention laws. Pre-determination, however, imposes unexpected constraints on the use of creative works, limiting the prospects for creative interaction with secured texts.
The numerical evaluation of a challenging integral

Standard numerical analysis tools, combined with elementary calculus, are deployed to evaluate a densely and wildly oscillatory integral that had been proposed as a computational problem in the SIAM 100-Digit Challenge. Numerical results are presented to accuracies up to 64 decimal digits.
Associations Between Mixed-Gender Friendships, Gender Reference Group Identity and Substance Use in College Students

We investigated the associations between same-gender friendship, gender reference group identity, and substance use in college students (54 % male, M age = 19.23, SD = 1.23) from the northeastern United States using an online survey. Male students reported greater weekly marijuana, but not alcohol use than female students. Regression analyses revealed that having a greater proportion of same-gender friendships was associated with greater weekly alcohol use for male students and lesser weekly alcohol and marijuana use for female students. Gender reference group identity was negatively associated with weekly marijuana use for male and female students. For female students, gender reference group identity mediated the association between proportion of same-gender friendships and weekly marijuana use. Our study highlights the importance of considering the social context (e.g., the gender of friends) and individual variables relating to gender (e.g. gender reference group identity) in substance use research. Our findings fit within social constructionist models of social development that suggest participation in gendered contexts (e.g., same-gender or other-gender-peer contexts) over time cue gender-typed behaviors such as using marijuana.
Homogeneity in powers of subspaces of the real line

Working in ZFC, we prove that for every zero-dimensional subspace S of the real line, the Tychonoff power W S is homogeneous (w denotes the nonnegative integers). It then follows as a corollary that 'S is homogeneous whenever S is a separable zero-dimensional metrizable space. The question of homogeneity in powers of this type was first raised by Ben Fitzpatrick, and was subsequently popularized by Gary Gruenhage and Hao-xuan Zhou.
A thermally responsive, rigid, and reversible adhesive

Abstract In this paper we present the development of a unique self-adhesive material that, unlike conventional adhesives, maintains a high degree of rigidity at the “adhesive” state while possessing the ability to easily de-bond upon heating. Consequently, the material is both a rigid and a reversible adhesive. The material is an initially miscible blend of poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A/diaminodiphenylsulfone (DGEBA/DDS) epoxy, processed to a unique morphology via polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS). The fully cured material features a biphasic, “bricks-and-mortar” morphology in which epoxy forms highly interconnected spheres (“bricks”) that interpenetrate with a continuous PCL matrix (“mortar”). When heated to melt the PCL phase (60 °C 200 °C) while PCL liquefies to become a melt adhesive. Moreover, the PCL liquid undergoes microscopic dilational flow to wet the sample surfaces due to its high volumetric expansion in excess to epoxy bricks expansion, a phenomenon we term “differential expansive bleeding” (DEB). Remarkably, the samples remain rigid at this state and their surfaces become covered by a thin layer of PCL now able to wet, and subsequently bond through cooling, to a variety of substrates. We observe high bonding strengths, which we attribute to a combination of good wetting and subsequent formation of a thin layer of crystalline PCL with high cohesive strength upon cooling. This adhesive layer can be melted again by heating (T > Tm) to easily de-bond and subsequent rebonding capacity was demonstrated, indicating repeated availability of PCL melt adhesive to the surface by the DEB mechanism.