cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soft Law and the Global Financial System: The Perils of Global Finance

Although financial crises have never been pleasant for people who have to live through them, they now seem to be more common and devastating than at any time in living memory. Large-scale financial crises sparked by loose lending and asset bubbles have occurred on average nearly once every three years since the 1990s – and in countries as diverse as Mexico, Thailand, and, of course most recently, the United States. Moreover, their impact has grown as ever more financial institutions from all over the world have become more central and indispensible to international capital markets. These developments have helped ensure that when financial crises occur, the global economy shrinks, companies go out of business, and countless jobs are lost, often in different countries and continents. Perhaps, then, it is not surprising that people are now more interested than ever before in the issue of international financial market regulation. Whether it be on the pages of the New York Times , the Frankfurter Allgemeine , or Le Monde , scarcely a week has gone by since 2007 without a front page story on the machinations of the “G-20,” “IOSCO,” the “Basel Committee,” or other seemingly arcane international institutions that are crafting key regulatory policies for the world's financial markets.
Reducing nontarget recaptures of an endangered predator using conditioned aversion and reward removal

Summary 1. Live-trapping is a fundamental tool in the study of wildlife species and populations. Capture of nontarget species is an inherent side-effect of trapping animals that is inefficient and potentially detrimental to individuals and populations. Reducing recapture of nontarget species will increase the efficiency of long-term studies and projects, and minimize unwanted impacts. 2. During the initial stages of a 3-year feral cat Felis catus control programme on San Clemente Island, California, USA, we experienced high recapture rates of nontarget endangered San Clemente Island foxes Urocyon littoralis clementae, impacting project efficiency and potentially foxes. 3. We investigated whether we could modify our baiting strategy to reduce fox recaptures using behavioural modification techniques, while simultaneously maintaining the ability to capture feral cats. We tested two strategies, aversive conditioning and reward removal, to reduce fox recapture rates. 4. Using lithium chloride (LC) as an aversive agent, we reduced fox recapture rates more than 10 times compared with rates using control bait. Using the reward removal technique, we reduced fox recapture rates almost 20 times compared with control baits. Neither behavioural modification technique deterred cats from entering traps, and our results suggest that by reducing fox recaptures, we improved our ability to capture cats. 5. Synthesis and applications. These novel baiting strategies have wide applicability in wildlife research and management. The efficiency of long-term monitoring or control programmes may be enhanced by discouraging recapture of ‘trap happy’ animals. Potential impacts to threatened species confined in traps could be minimized by reducing recaptures. Sampling of rare species in biodiversity studies could be improved by reducing recapture of competitively superior or numerically dominant species.
Breaking the Mold: Building a New Engineering Branch Library Focused on Electronic Delivery of Information

SUMMARY Fiedler Engineering Library at Kansas State University opened in October 2000. A generous donation enabled the design of a new branch library focusing on electronic delivery of scholarly information to in-house and remote patrons. Selected print reference and serial resources are housed in the library, but most research information is accessed via 24 computer workstations. The positive synergistic results of a new physical library providing electronic information yield a win-win situation in which library personnel have greater opportunity for direct contact with students, faculty, and other patrons. An electronic information literacy component is being built into the engineering curriculum through cooperative efforts with engineering faculty.
Assistive Technology for Individuals with Disabilities: A Review and Synthesis of the Literature

Despite the emphasis on technology and the rapid proliferation of assistive technology devices, little is known about the specific uses of assistive technology with persons who vary in disability t...
Nerve growth factor regulates gene expression by several distinct mechanisms.

Abstract To help elucidate the mechanisms by which nerve growth factor (NGF) regulates gene expression, we have identified and studied four genes (a-2, d-2, d-4, and d-5) that are positively regulated by NGF in PC12 cells, including one (d-2) which has previously been identified as a putative transcription factor (NGF I-A). Three of these genes, including d-2, were induced very rapidly at the transcriptional level, but the relative time courses of transcription and mRNA accumulation of each of these three genes were distinct. The fourth gene (d-4) displayed no apparent increase in transcription that corresponded to the increase in its mRNA, suggesting that NGF may regulate its expression at a posttranscriptional level. Thus, NGF positively regulates gene expression by more than one mechanism. These genes could also be distinguished on the basis of their response to cyclic AMP. The expression of d-2 and a-2 was increased by cholera toxin and further augmented by NGF; however, cholera toxin not only failed to increase the levels of d-5 and d-4 mRNA but also actually inhibited the NGF-dependent increase. The expression of each of these genes, including d-2 (NGF I-A), was also increased by fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor (EGF), phorbol myristate acetate, and in some cases insulin, showing that the regulation of these genes is not unique to NGF. Because each of these genes was expressed in response to phorbol myristate acetate and EGF, their expression may be necessary but is certainly not sufficient for neurite formation. The protein kinase inhibitor K-252a prevented the NGF-associated, but not the acidic FGF-associated, induction of d-2 and d-5 gene expression, suggesting that these two growth factors may regulate gene expression via different cellular pathways. The study of the regulation of the expression of these and other NGF-inducible genes should valuable new information concerning how NGF and other growth factors cause neural differentiation.
Structural Analysis of Nucleolar Precursors of Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid POLYPURINE SEQUENCES IN NUCLEOLAR 28 S RIBONUCLEIC ACID OF NOVIKOFF HEPATOMA ASCITES CELLS

Complete pancreatic RNase digestion was carried out on twice purified nucleolar 28 S RNA of Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells which were highly labeled in vitro with 32P-orthophosphate. The resultant oligonucleotides of the digests were separated into well defined peaks by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 at pH 7.6. Peak 8 containing octanucleotides and Peak 7 containing heptanucleotides were rechromatographed on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 at pH 3.3. By this procedure, octanucleotides and heptanucleotides were resolved into seven and eight major peaks, respectively. The hexanucleotides were separated into 12 spots by two-dimensional paper electrophoresis. On the basis of an estimated chain length of 4500 nucleotides for nucleolar 28 S, the calculated numbers of isopliths were in close agreement with the numbers of components isolated at acid pH. Sequence studies were carried out on the octa-, hepta-, and hexanucleotides by means of nucleotide analysis, complete digestion with T1 RNase and partial digestion with spleen phosphodiesterase. The polypurine sequences in nucleolar 28 S RNA defined thus far are the octanucleotides: G-A-A-A-A-G-A-Cp, G-A-A-G-A-A-G-Cp, G-A-G-G-A-A-G-Cp, and G-A-A-A-G-A-G-Up; the heptanucleotides A-A-G-A-A-G-Cp and G-G-G-G-G-G-Up; and the hexanucleotides G-G-G-G-G-Up, A-A-A-A-G-Cp and A-A-G-A-A-Cp. The octanucleotide G-A-G-G-A-A-G-Cp appears three times in the molecule. Interestingly, none of the sequences found are identical with those reported to be present in bacterial or viral RNA.
Rural Perceptions of Crime

This article examines the commonly accepted assumption that opinions of crime and disorder in rural areas are similar. This is contrasted with the theory that views are based on the environment in ...
Brainstem acoustic areas in the marine catfish, Arius felis.

The marine catfish Arius felis produces low frequency sounds for communication and obstacle detection. It was hypothesized that the utriculus of the inner ear might play an important role in these behaviors. In the current study, brainstem acoustic areas were studied to reveal possible neuroanatomical specializations in utricular processing areas. The first-order octaval nuclei in Arius were identical in number, anatomical characteristics, and organization of saccular, lagenar, and utricular inputs to previous reports of these features in Ictalurus, a closely related species of catfish that does not exhibit the specialized acoustic behaviors present in Arius. Similarly, injections of neural tracer in the acoustic midbrain (nucleus centralis) of Arius revealed afferent and retrograde pathways almost identical to those previously reported in Ictalurus. It is suggested that areas within the primary and higher-order octaval nuclei that utilize utricular input in acoustic processing are likely identical in Arius and Ictalurus. Two sets of higher-order connections in Arius differ from those in Ictalurus. First, Arius apparently lacks the direct input from the anterior octaval nucleus to nucleus centralis reported in Ictalurus. Second, in Arius nucleus centralis projects bilaterally to a strip of neurons positioned ventral to the ventral boundary of the torus semicircularis. This projection is apparently absent in Ictalurus and in the related species Carassius (goldfish), but has been previously reported in Porichthyes, a sound-producing species belonging to a different teleost taxon.
XX/XY chimerism encountered during prenatal diagnosis

46,XX/46,XY chimerism has previously been reported in patients with abnormal sexual development, and rarely in otherwise normal individuals. We report the first postnatally documented prenatal diagnosis of whole-body 46,XX/46,XY chimerism in humans, discovered by maternal age amniocentesis. The normal male phenotype in this child creates a dilemma in prenatal counselling, since genotypic male/female chimerism cannot be assumed to imply an abnormal sexual phenotype.
Sensor fusion performance gain for buried mine/UXO detection using GPR, EMI, and MAG sensors

In this presentation, we compare the gain in performance offered by combing the result of a ground-penetrating radar, an electromagnetic induction metal detector, and a magnetometer (MAG) against the performance offered by any one of these sensors alone on the problem of buried mine and unexploded ordnance detection. Using the community-wide DARPA background clutter data set, we characterize the single-channel performance of each of these detectors, describing the preprocessing and detection processing used for each. We then combine the sensor results, using a variety of binary decision-level Boolean methods. A performance gain was observed as a two-to-threefold reduction in the false alarm rate, operating at an 80 percent probability of detection, for 'majority voting', which was the best of the combining methods.
The relation of hydrogen ions to the growth rate of the Avena coleoptile

1. The growth of theAvena coleoptile in buffer solutions of different pH has been investigated. The formation of curvatures in acid solutions by plants having the epidermis removed from one side has been confirmed. 2. Acid solutions increase the growth rate by increasing the cell wall plasticity. Increase of cell wall plasticity is known to result from the action of growth substance. 3. The increase of growth rate in acid buffers is inhibited by HCN concentrations of the same order as those which inhibit the increase of growth rate due to growth substance. 4. There is no increase in cell-acidity under the influence of growth substance. 5. There is growth substance present in the plant even after the hormone producing tip is removed. 6. The increase of growth rate with decrease ofinternal pH follows closely the increase of non-dissociated acid with decrease of pH in a solution of the weak acid, growth substance. 7. From the foregoing it is concluded that the increase of growth rate in acid buffers is due to the conversion of growth substance already in the plant from an inactive salt form to an active non-dissociated form.
Expression of H-Y antigen in the sex-change fishCoris julis

In the sex reversal from females to secondary males, inCoris julis, the H-Y antigen seems to be one sex change factor. The gonadal cells of primary and secondary males are H-Y antigen positive, the gonadal cells of females H-Y antigen negative.
Commentaire à la note de Richard Oslisly, Bernard Peyrot, Salah Abdessadok et Lee White: Le site de Lopé 2: un indicateur de transition écosystémique ca 10 000 BP dans la moyenne vallée de l'Ogooué (Gabon)

A partir de datations de charbons de bois et de mesures du δ13C de matieres organiques de sol (MOS), Oslisly et al. (1996) concluent a la permanence des savanes de la Lope depuis 9000 BP. Ils admettent qu'elles sont les heritieres directes des vegetations pleistocenes. Cette conclusion, qui va a l'encontre de l'ensemble des resultats recents obtenus en Afrique centrale, est malheureusement invalidee par un biais methodologique.
Unlocking the mysteries of TDP-43

The neuropathology of dementia may not be in the consciousness of clinicians while evaluating patients with dementia. However, all clinicians should be aware of the importance of neuropathology to dementia diagnosis. For decades, β-amyloid deposited in senile plaques and tau in neurofibrillary tangles has dominated the dementia world, α-synuclein Lewy bodies being their sidekick. We now have a new member of the inner circle.
Handling the Stress of Looking for a Job in Law School: The Relationship between Intrinsic Motivation, Internal Attributions, Relations with Others, and Happiness

A study was conducted to examine how law students cope with the stress of looking for a job. We argue that effective coping is exhibited by the capacity to keep stress in one domain of life from spreading to and contaminating other, unrelated areas of life. Certain situations may be undeniably stressful; however, individuals who can maintain positive feelings about their life as a whole despite this stress may cope well. We hypothesized that three social psychological variables might be associated with this phenomenon: motivation (intrinsic versus extrinsic), attributions (internal versus external), and relations with others. The results indicated that students with intrinsic motives for being a lawyer were happier with their lives in general than were students with extrinsic motives. Likewise, students who attributed the ability to find a job to internal attributes were happier than were those who did not. Relations with others did not relate to happiness. Implications of these findings for career counse...
Structural and Decision-Making Models: A Political Example

In this paper decision and structural models are distinguished on conceptual and empirical grounds. At one level of analysis the two models discharge different functions and apply to distinct logical universes. At another level, the two models apply to similar kinds of “reality.” Political data from a village in India provides an example of the application of these models at both levels of analysis. Finally, propositions are formulated that clarify the employment of these models for other kinds of data.
NUTRITION OF THE NEWBORN: THE TOLERANCE OF NEWBORN INFANTS TO FULL PARENTERAL, NUTRITION

During the last year, full parenteral nutrition has in our intensive care unit been given for shorter periods to 20 children. Out of these, 12 hare been newborn. Their tolerance to the program given has been studied during the simultaneous infusion of 18 amino acids, glucose, fat, minerals, electrolytes and vitamins. The detailed composition of the i.v. alimentation program will be presented. The tolerance has been studied by ion-exchange chromatography of plasma amino acids, triglycerides, FFA, ketone bodies, insulin of plasma, puruvate, lactate and glucose of blood, as well as routine water, electrolyte and acidbase balance. Serious intolerance to anino acids, glucose and fat was seen in 3/12 newborn infants, in 2 cases with homocystine appearing in plasma, corrected by vitamin B6 administration. Sepsis complicated the treatment in 3 of the newborn children. The indications and centra-indications will be commented. The need for qualified supervision of parenteral nutrition to newborn infants will be stressed, in view of our limited knowledge of requirements in this age-group, as well as in liver-kidnew-heart disease, respiratory insufficiency, trauma, infection and undernutrition, all conditions prevailing among the newborn infants requiring parenteral nutrition.
Childhood Religious Conservatism and Adult Attainment among Black and White Women

The resurgence of conservative religious groups over the past several decades raises interesting questions about its effects on women's life chances. Conservative religious institutions promote a traditional understanding of gender within families. Women's beliefs about appropriate family roles, in turn, influence their preparation for market work and the timing and extent of their labor force participation. Using retrospective data from the National Survey of Households and Families, this paper examines the effect of childhood religious affiliation on American women's acquisition and use of marketable skills, focusing on women's educational investments, family formation behavior, labor force participation and wage attainment. Results show that childhood religious conservatism is associated with diminished human capital acquisition and earlier family formation for White women with more muted results for Black women.
Complement-dependent acute immunologic lung injury in an experimental model resembling Goodpasture's syndrome.

Abstract Rabbit antiserum to rat lung injected into normal rats elicits acute pulmonary lesions characterized by alveolar and perivascular hemorrhage and edema resembling the acute lung injury in patients with Goodpasture's Syndrome. Within 1 hr after injection of anti-lung antibodies, rat serum complement activity decreases significantly. Fluorescent anti-rabbit IgG and fluorescent anti-rat C3 stain alveolar septa and glomeruli in a linear membrane-like pattern suggesting localization of IgG on either basement membranes or endothelial cells of alveolar capillaries and on basement membranes of glomerular capillaries. Anti-lung antibodies are not pathogenic when given to rats decomplemented with a purified cobra venom factor. This finding supports the hypothesis that immunologic lung injury requires localization of anti-lung antibodies followed by activation and fixation of complement at the site of impending injury. The acute lung lesions elicited by sublethal doses of anti-lung serum are transient, disappearing within 24 hr. Four days after injection, lung-localizing heterologous IgG, but not host C3, is demonstrable immunohistochemically in target organs. This is an experimental counterpart of some of the reported immunohistochemical studies of lung tissue specimens from patients with Goodpasture's Syndrome, wherein the tissue localization of C3 was not observed, suggesting that C3 may be involved only at certain stages of the disease.
Ca2+-Atpase inhibitor, cyclopiazonic acid, releases Ca2+ from intracellular stores in rbl-2h3 mast cells and activates a Ca2+ influx pathway that is permeable to sodium and manganese

Cyclopiazonic acid has been reported to inhibit the Ca(2+)-ATPase of intracellular calcium stores in some nonexcitable cell types, such as myeloid cells and lymphocytes. The present study examines the effects of cyclopiazonic acid on rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells, a mucosal mast cell line. Addition of cyclopiazonic acid to fura-2-loaded RBL cells evoked a biphasic increase in free ionized intracellular calcium. Release of stored calcium accounted for the first phase of this response. The second phase was determined to be calcium entering through an influx pathway activated by cyclopiazonic acid. The influx pathway was selective for calcium, but was somewhat permeable to manganese. However, in a Ca(2+)-free solution containing EGTA, sodium ions permeated freely. This influx pathway appears to be identical to that which is activated by antigen, the physiological stimulus to the cells. Cyclopiazonic acid also induced secretion when combined with the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate, which activates protein kinase C.
Process evaluation of a clinical preventive nutrition intervention.

Abstract Background . We report process data on the feasibility of delivering a clinical preventive nutrition intervention that was effective in increasing participants' consumption of fruits and vegetables. We also examine relationships between process variables and study outcomes. Methods . We randomly assigned six practice sites in a managed care organization to a dietary intervention or control condition. We invited adults 18 years of age or older scheduled for routine health visits within the subsequent 2 months to participate. Of the 566 patients we contacted from the intervention sites, 230 (41%) enrolled. From the control sites, we contacted 617, and 274 (44%) enrolled. Intervention participants received a tailored letter providing feedback on their consumption of target foods together with recommendations for improvement, stage-matched nutrition education booklets, a diet-health endorsement from their primary care providers (PCPs), and two motivational counseling telephone calls. Of enrollees, 195 (85%) in the intervention group and 252 (92%) in the control group returned the final survey 3 months later. Results . Seventy-one percent of both participants and PCPs reported that the PCPs had discussed the relationship between diet and health at their visit. Fifty-seven percent of participants and 62% of PCPs reported that they discussed the complete diet-health endorsement, which included: (1) acknowledgment of the relationship between diet and health and (2) tailored study recommendations. The inclusion of both parts of the diet-health endorsement, but not the length of time spent, appeared to correlate with healthful outcomes. Conclusions . These process data suggest that the brief PCP diet-health endorsement contributed to the intervention effect on fruits and vegetables.
Visicalc™ and Visiplot™ software routines and the analysis of data routinely encountered in steroid biochemistry

The use of VisiCalc and VisiPlot software routines for performing calculations and graphing of data commonly encountered in steroid biochemistry is described. These software routines have utility and are relatively easy to use, requiring little or no programming experience. Use of these routines is demonstrated in terms of data processing associated with chromatography of receptor preparations and equilibrium binding analyses. The execution of these software routines is rapid and can result in a considerable savings of time and personnel. These and other generically similar software routines should have the greatest utility in laboratories where the experimental design is subject to on-going change.
De novo hepatocellular carcinoma in a liver allograft associated with recurrent hepatitis B

Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma is well described following liver transplantation. However, de novo hepatocellular carcinoma in the allograft is rare. We describe the clinical and pathological features of a case of de novo hepatocellular carcinoma arising in a cirrhotic allograft 9 years following transplantation for chronic hepatitis B.
Participation of Adrenocortical Hyperactivity in the Suppressive Effect of Systemic Actinomycin D on Uterine Stimulation by Oestrogen

Participation of Adrenocortical Hyperactivity in the Suppressive Effect of Systemic Actinomycin D on Uterine Stimulation by Oestrogen
Ganglioglioma: a correlative clinicopathological and radiological study of ten surgically treated cases with follow-up.

Gangliogliomas are rare benign tumors of the central nervous system containing neoplastic ganglion and low grade glial cells. In studying 10 surgically treated cases, we evaluated the clinical, pathological, radiological, and immunocytochemical features, with follow-up. Ranging from 18 to 58 years i
Gas Transport in the Tire Aging Test and Intracarcass Pressure Issues

Abstract Development of the laboratory-based accelerated service life testing—“tire aging test”—encountered difficulties due to the complexity of multidisciplinary processes in the tire materials and structures while trying to induce thermooxidative degradation similar to that taking place in the “worst case” in-service. Preliminary experience with the oven aging at elevated temperatures showed that in some light truck tires damaging conditions occur in the form of sidewall blisters/detachments and casing separations due to inflation gas built up in interior tire layers during oven aging, even prior the roadwheel endurance testing (DOT HS 810 799, Research Report to Congress on Tire Aging), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Washington, D.C., 2007, http://www.cbsatlanta.com/download/2010/0512/23529107.pdf). Analysis and comprehensive modeling techniques are developed for gas diffusion and oxidation in the tire structure, with focus on the intracarcass pressure (ICP) build-up predictio...
Indelible impressions of an authentic coach

The article is about a coaching/mentoring style that was developed by an entrepreneur LaFay Davenport. Ms Davenport’s coaching strategy derived from the name of her business – Simply Raw Hair Designs. The name itself implies authenticity, wholesomeness. Ms Davenport has coached, mentored and led staff for over a quarter of a century using a coaching model called “sRAW” by the author. The appeal of this model is its simplicity and universal application. Many apprentices trained under her leadership have become successful entrepreneurs themselves. Repeat business of long‐time clients benchmarks her sustained success.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide release and L-citrulline production from isolated ganglia of the myenteric plexus: evidence for regulation of vasoactive intestinal peptide release by nitric oxide.

Abstract Vasoactive intestinal peptide release and l -[ 3 H]citrulline production were examined in ganglia isolated from the myenteric plexus of guinea-pig intestine. The nicotinic agonist, 1,1-dimethy l -4-phenylpiperizinium stimulated vasoactive intestinal peptide release and l -[ 3 H]citrulline production; the latter was considered an index of nitric oxide production. Both vasoactive intestinal peptide release and l -[ 3 H]citrulline production were abolished by tetrodotoxin, hexamethonium, and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N G -nitro- l -arginine. Inhibition of vasoactive intestinal peptide release by N G -nitro- l -arginine was reversed by l -arginine but not by d -arginine. Exogenous nitric oxide stimulated vasoactive intestinal peptide release whereas exogenous vasoactive intestinal peptide had no effect on l -[ 3 H]citrulline production. The pattern of stimulation by nitric oxide and inhibition by N G -nitro- l -arginine implied that vasoactive intestinal peptide release is facilitated by and may be dependent on nitric oxide production. Consistent with this notion, vasoactive intestinal peptide release in response to either 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperizinium or nitric oxide was abolished by KT 5823, an inhibitor of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase activity and by LY83583, an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase activity. The study provides the first direct evidence of nitric oxide production from enteric ganglia.
Glycogen synthase in prenatal rat liver.

Abstract Glycogen synthase first appears in significant levels in fetal rat liver on day 18 of gestation (22 day term), but in a mostly inactive, phospho- form. This was reflected in a decreased affinity for its allosteric activator (increased AO.5 for glucose-6-phosphate), and with limited glycogen synthesis and accumulation. Peak glycogen synthesis occurs on day 21 of gestation, and glycogen synthase is in a more dephospho-form with decreased AO.5 for G6P and increased −G6P +G6P activity ratio. The data suggest that a significant change in phosphorylation state of synthase occurs in late gestation to facilitate the large increase in glycogen synthesis and accumulation.
Ex-offender employment programs and recidivism: A meta-analysis

One consequence of the tremendous growth in the number of persons under supervision of the criminal justice system, whether incarcerated, on parole, or on probation, is the effect of this criminal history on finding and keeping a job. Ex-offenders, especially those recently released from prison, face substantial barriers to many types of legal employment; nonetheless, stable employment is one of the best predictors of post-release success. Thus, policy-makers concerned about high recidivism rates face an obvious need to improve the employment prospects of ex-offenders. Over the last 25 years, many programs that were designed to increase employment (and, by so doing, reduce recidivism) among ex-offenders have been implemented and evaluated. [Wilson, D. B., Gallagher, C. A., Coggeshall, M. B. & MacKenzie, D. L. (1999). Corrections Management Quarterly 3(4), 8–18; Wilson, D. B., Gallagher, C. A. & MacKenzie, D. L. (2000). Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 37(4), 347–368] conducted a quantitative synthesis and meta-analysis of 33 evaluations of educational, vocational, and work programs for persons in correctional facilities. To date, however, the evaluation literature on employment programs for those with a criminal record who are not in custody has not been systematically reviewed. This paper presents the results of a quantitative meta-analysis of eight random assignment studies of such programs, using the Campbell Collaboration methodology. The results indicate that this group of community employment programs for ex-offenders did not reduce recidivism; however, the experimental design research on this question is small and does not include some of the promising community employment programs that have emerged in the last decade.
The Use of Best Practice Alerts with the Development of an Antimicrobial Stewardship Navigator to Promote Antibiotic De-escalation in the Electronic Medical Record

Objective.Develop a clinical decision support tool comprised of an electronic medical record alert and antimicrobial stewardship navigator to facilitate antimicrobial stewardship.Design.We analyzed alerts targeting antimicrobial de-escalation to assess the effectiveness of the navigator as a stewardship tool. The alert provides antimicrobial recommendations, then directs providers to the navigator, which includes order management, relevant patient information, evidence-based clinical information, and bidirectional communication capability.Setting.Academic, tertiary care medical center with an electronic medical record.Intervention.Alerts containing stewardship recommendations and immediate access to the navigator were created.Results.Antibiotic use and response data were collected 1 day before stewardship recommendation via the best practice alert (BPA) tool and 1 day after the BPA tool response. A total of 1,285 stewardship BPAs were created. Two hundred and forty-four (18.9%) of the BPAs were created and acted upon within 72 hours for the purpose of de-escalation: 169 (69%) were accepted, 30 (12%) were accepted with modification, and 45 (18%) were rejected. Statistically significant decreases in total antibiotic use as well as in use of broad-spectrum (anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and anti-pseudomonal) agents occurred when accepted recommendations were compared with rejected recommendations.Conclusions.We describe the successful development of a clinical decision support tool to perform prospective audit and feedback comprised of an alert and navigator system featuring evidence-based recommendations and clinical and educational information. We demonstrate that this tool improves antibiotic use through our example of de-escalation.Clinical Trials Identifier.This project was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01573195).
A limited mass transfer model for the effects of water vapor on hydrogen permeation in stainless steels

La decroissance de la vitesse de permeation en presence de vapeur d'eau semble liee a la formation d'une couche d'oxyde et/ou a l'adsorption de l'eau ou de l'oxygene a la surface. Modelisation des effets de condition de surface en utilisant un coefficient de transfert de masse limite. Presentation de calcul pour l'acier AISI302
Female Overweight and Obesity in Adolescence: Developmental Trends and Ethnic Differences in Prevalence, Incidence, and Remission

Despite substantial increases in the prevalence of adolescent overweight and obesity documented in recent decades, few studies have prospectively tracked their development during the entire adolescent period. The aims of this study were to characterize developmental trends in prevalence, incidence, and remission of overweight and obesity using annual data collected from ages 12 to 19 for 496 adolescent females. Ethnic differences between African American (n = 37), Latina (n = 96), and European American (n = 348) adolescents were also compared. The prevalence of overweight decreased slightly across adolescence and remission rates exceeded incidence (onset). Obesity was more chronic, with increasing incidence accompanied by decreasing remission rates. Middle through late adolescence was the period of greatest risk for the transition from overweight to obesity. African American and Latina females had higher overweight and obesity prevalence than European American females throughout adolescence. Differences in prevalence were driven by higher onset rates for African American and Latina females, whereas remission rates were comparable across ethnic groups. Results suggest that adolescence is not a high-risk period for onset of obesity for European American adolescent females, but is for African American and Latina adolescent females.
Presentations of acute myocardial infarction in men and women

To assess the influence of gender on the likelihood of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) among emergency department (ED) patients with symptoms suggestive of acute cardiac ischemia, and to determine whether any specific presenting signs or symptoms are associated more strongly with AMI in women than in men. Analysis of cohort data from a prospective clinical trial. Emergency departments of 10 hospitals of varying sizes and types in the United States. Patients 30 years of age or older (n = 10,525) who presented to the ED with chest pain or other symptoms suggestive of acute cardiac ischemia. The prevalence of AMI was determined for men and women, and a multivariable logistic regression model predicting AMI was developed to adjust for patients' demographic and clinical characteristics. AMI was almost twice as common in men as in women (10% vs 6%). Controlling for demographics, presenting signs and symptoms, electrocardiogram features, and hospital, male gender was a significant predictor of AMI (odds ratio [OR] 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4, 2.0). The gender effect was eliminated, however, among patients with ST-segment elevations on electrocardiogram (OR 1.1; 95% CI 0.7, 1.7) and among patients with signs of congestive heart failure (CHF) (OR 1.1; 95% CI 0.8, 1.5). Signs of CHF were associated with AMI among women (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.4, 2.6) but not men (OR 1.0; 95% CI 0.8, 1.3). Among patients who presented to EDs with chest pain or other symptoms suggestive of acute cardiac ischemia, AMI was more likely in men than in women. Among women with ST-segment elevation or signs of CHF, however, AMI likelihood was similar to that in men with these characteristics.
Designing survivable resilient networks: A stochastic hybrid genetic algorithm approach

As high-speed networks have proliferated across the globe, their topologies have become sparser due to the increased reliability of components and cost considerations. Reliability has been a traditional goal within network design optimization. An alternative design consideration, network resilience, has not been studied or incorporated into network designs nearly as much. The authors propose a methodology for the difficult estimation of traffic efficiency (TE), a measure of network resilience, and a hybrid genetic algorithm to design networks using this measure.
Purification and Characterization of Chick Embryo Interferon.

SummaryChick embryo interferon was purified from allantoic fluid of embryonated eggs infected with influenza A virus. Purification consisted essentially of acid precipitation to remove virus and extraneous protein, concentration and purification by precipitation with Zn++, column chromatography on CM-cellulose, and zone ionophoresis on pevikon. The interferon was purified 4500 times with respect to initial protein and one unit of interferon activity was 0.0042 μg protein in the chick embryo cell-EEE virus assay system used. Interferon was found to be a slightly basic protein of low molecular weight and free of nucleic acid as well as constituents giving absorption in the visible spectrum. A trace amount of carbohydrate was found. Detailed findings in the analyses are presented. The striking difference in properties of interferon from those described heretofore by other workers appears to lie in previous failure of purification. Both crude and purified chick interferon were active in suppressing Rous sarco...
Ligand binding distributions in nucleic acids.

We illustrate a new method for the determination of the complete binding polynomial for nucleic acids based on experimental titration data with respect to ligand concentration. From the binding polynomial, one can then calculate the distribution function for the number of ligands bound at any ligand concentration. The method is based on the use of a finite set of moments of the binding distribution function, which are obtained from the titration curve. Using the maximum-entropy method, the moments are then used to construct good approximations to the binding distribution function. Given the distribution functions at different ligand concentrations, one can calculate all of the coefficients in the binding polynomial no matter how many binding sites a molecule has. Knowledge of the complete binding polynomial in turn yields the thermodynamics of binding. This method gives all of the information that can be obtained from binding isotherms without the assumption of any specific molecular model for the nature of the binding. Examples are given for the binding of Mn2+ and Mg2+ to t-RNA and for the binding of Mg2+ and I6 to poly-C using literature data. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers 58: 477–490, 2001
Anomalies of the Superior Vena Cava and Pulmonary Drainage

Two patients with unusual anomalies of the pulmonary veins-caval systems are reported. One with atresia of the superior vena cava had partial drainage of a deformed right lung into a persistent left superior cava-coronary sinus system. The atrial septum was intact. The other had an atrial septal defect, partial anomalous pulmonary drainage of the left lung via a rudimentary left superior cava to right superior cava.
Continuous view of dc-balanced images on a ferroelectric liquid-crystal spatial light modulator

A scheme is presented that permits a continuous view of an image displayed on a dc-balanced ferroelectric liquid-crystal-on-silicon spatial light modulator. I develop the theory and present experimental results, using a 256 x 256 ferroelectric liquid-crystal-on-silicon spatial light modulator. It is shown that both halves of the dc-balanced cycle can be made to produce identical outputs even when the illumination is polychromatic and the spatial light modulator liquid-crystal layer thickness is not an ideal half-wave plate and for an arbitrary liquid-crystal switching angle.
Distributed multichannel speech enhancement based on perceptually-motivated Bayesian estimators of the spectral amplitude

In this study, the authors propose multichannel weighted Euclidean (WE) and weighted cosh (WCOSH) cost function estimators for speech enhancement in the distributed microphone scenario. The goal of the work is to illustrate the advantages of utilising additional microphones and modified cost functions for improving signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and segmental SNR (SSNR) along with log-likelihood ratio (LLR) and perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ) objective metrics over the corresponding single-channel baseline estimators. As with their single-channel counterparts, the perceptually-motivated multichannel WE and WCOSH estimators are functions of a weighting law parameter, which influences attention of the noisy spectral amplitude through a spectral gain function, emphasises spectral peak (formant) information, and accounts for auditory masking effects. Based on the simulation results, the multichannel WE and WCOSH cost function estimators produced gains in SSNR improvement, LLR output and PESQ output over the single-channel baseline results and unweighted cost functions with the best improvements occurring with negative values of the weighting law parameter across all input SNR levels and noise types.
Ordering reactions in Ni-Al-Mo-Ta and Ni-Al-Mo-W superalloys

The ordered structures formed in two experimental nickel base superalloys have been determined using selected area electron diffraction. Upon quenching from 1300 °C, the alloys contained ordered γ′ precipitates (L12 structure) and the matrix exhibited diffuse intensity at {1 1/2 0} positions, indicating the presence of short range order. The high refractory metal content of the alloys caused the D1a, DO22, and Pt2Mo prototype structures to form in the matrix following aging at 600, 700, and 800 °C. The detailed structural effects of the Ta and W quaternary additions are similar to those observed in Ni3(Mo, Al), Ni3(Mo,Ta), and Ni3(Mo, W) ternary alloys. The decomposition products observed in the quaternary alloys studied can be explained by considering the partitioning of solutes between the γ′ and the matrix.
The Integrability of Certain Functions and Related Summability Methods

(1959). The Integrability of Certain Functions and Related Summability Methods. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 66, No. 5, pp. 361-775.
Sex, masculinity—feminity, and intelligence

Abstract Masculine and feminine subgroups of males and females were selected from samples of high school and college students on the basis of composite scores from several M—F scales. They were compared on intelligence as measured by a verbal test, Terman's Concept Mastery Test, and a nonverbal test, D-48. Results did not support previous findings of sex differences in intelligence but showed that masculine subgroups of both sexes scored higher of the nonverbal test.
Low- and High-LET Radiation Drives Clonal Expansion of Lung Progenitor Cells In Vivo

Abundant populations of epithelial progenitor cells maintain the epithelium along the proximal-to-distal axis of the airway. Exposure of lung tissue to ionizing radiation leads to tissue remodeling and potential cancer initiation or progression. However, little is known about the effects of ionizing radiation on airway epithelial progenitor cells. We hypothesized that ionizing radiation exposure will alter the behavior of airway epithelial progenitor cells in a radiation dose- and quality-dependent manner. To address this hypothesis, we cultured primary airway epithelial cells isolated from mice exposed to various doses of 320 kVp X ray or 600 MeV/nucleon 56Fe ions in a 3D epithelial-fibroblast co-culture system. Colony-forming efficiency of the airway epithelial progenitor cells was assessed at culture day 14. In vivo clonogenic and proliferative potentials of airway epithelial progenitor cells were measured after exposure to ionizing radiation by lineage tracing and IdU incorporation. Exposure to both X...
Guiding conformation space search with an all-atom energy potential.

The most significant impediment for protein structure prediction is the inadequacy of conformation space search. Conformation space is too large and the energy landscape too rugged for existing search methods to consistently find near-optimal minima. To alleviate this problem, we present model-based search, a novel conformation space search method. Model-based search uses highly accurate information obtained during search to build an approximate, partial model of the energy landscape. Model-based search aggregates information in the model as it progresses, and in turn uses this information to guide exploration towards regions most likely to contain a near-optimal minimum. We validate our method by predicting the structure of 32 proteins, ranging in length from 49 to 213 amino acids. Our results demonstrate that model-based search is more effective at finding low-energy conformations in high-dimensional conformation spaces than existing search methods. The reduction in energy translates into structure predictions of increased accuracy.
Latent inhibition: effects of frequency of nonreinforced preexposure of the CS.

It has been found that nonreinforeed preexposure to the to-be-conditioned stimulus results in a decrement in performance during the acquisition phase of a classical defensive leg response conditioning procedure. The present study shows that: (a) this decrement is a function of the frequency of preexposure, (b) the size of the decrement remains constant over 4 days of acquisition training, and (c) the decrement as a function of preexposure is not significant during extinction. In a previous experiment Lubow and Moore (1959) demonstrated a phenomenon which they labeled latent inhibition. This term describes the decrement in conditioning performance 'which results from the nonreinforeed preexposure of the to-be-conditioned stimulus. The purpose of the following study was to extend the earlier findings. In that study, experimental and control observations were made from the same &. That is, S was preexposed for 10 trials to either a flashing light or a moving rotor; following this, S was conditioned on alternate trials to the light and to the rotor. Reinforced acquisition training was started immediately after the preexposure trials, and continued until a predetermined criterion of 10 CRs was reached in that session. In the present study we were interested in the effect of frequency of nonreinforeed preexposure of the to-be-conditioned stimulus on acquisition and extinction performance; and in the duration of latent inhibition, both within an acquisition session and between sessions. Finally, we were interested in demonstrating the latent inhibition phenomenon within the context of a different experimental design in which different Ss were used for different groups.
Reply to the Comment by Mauder on “How Well Can We Measure the Vertical Wind Speed? Implications for Fluxes of Energy and Mass”

In Kochendorfer et al. (Boundary-Layer Meteorol 145:383–398, 2012, hereafter K2012) the vertical wind speed \((w)\) measured by a non-orthogonal three-dimensional sonic anemometer was shown to be underestimated by \(\approx \)12 %. Turbulent statistics and eddy-covariance fluxes estimated using \(w\) were also affected by this underestimate in \(w\). Methodologies used in K2012 are clarified here in response to Mauder’s comment. In addition, further analysis of the K2012 study is presented to help address questions raised in the comment. Specific responses are accompanied with examples of time series, calculated correlation coefficients, and additional explanation of the K2012 methods and assumptions. The discussion and analysis included in the comment and in this response do not affect the validity of the methods or conclusions presented in K2012.