cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reevaluation of the relationship between amniotic fluid volume and perinatal outcome.

Objective Ultrasound estimation of amniotic fluid volume (AFI) is a critical component of antenatal surveillance. Alterations in AFI have classically been considered an indication of fetal compromise, but recent studies have called this into question. The present study was undertaken to reevaluate the relationship between AFI and perinatal outcome. Study design The perinatal data base of the authors' institution was queried for all patients in a 6-year period who had AFI evaluated. Two groups, 1 high-risk and 1 low-risk, were evaluated to determine the relationship between AFI and gestational age. An additional high-risk group that had AFI determined within 48 hours of delivery was also used to correlate AFI with intrapartum and perinatal outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed using linear regression analysis to evaluate the correlation between AFI and gestational age or birth weight. Additional correlations were done using analysis of variance, chi-square, Fisher exact test, or Student t test. Interaction between variables was analyses using logistic regression analysis. Results Fourteen thousand seven hundred forty-seven AFI determinations in 4337 high-risk patients, and 1153 AFI determinations in 1153 low-risk patients were evaluated. There were no clinically significant correlations between AFI and gestational age. In the second high-risk group of 454 patients there was a significant correlation between polyhydramnios and large-for-gestational age infants, congenital anomalies, and an increase in cesarean section for delivery. There was an increased risk of nonreassuring fetal heart rate patterns during labor for the oligohydramnios patient, but only in preterm patients. There was no strong relationship between AFI and neonatal complications or length of stay in the neonatal intensive care unit. Logistic regression confirmed that AFI was not significantly correlated with perinatal outcome. Conclusion The present study suggests that AFI is a weaker predictor of perinatal outcome than has been classically suggested. Although the AFI identification of polyhydramnios was helpful in identifying LGA fetuses and fetuses at risk for congenital abnormalities, oligohydramnios was a rather weak predictor of poor perinatal outcome.
It Can Be Done!: A Model Youth Sports Program

(1984). It Can Be Done!: A Model Youth Sports Program. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 55, No. 7, pp. 55-58.
Body and organ weights of rats exposed to carbon monoxide at high altitude.

Although chronic exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) or high altitude produces pronounced cardiovascular changes in humans as well as animals, there is little information on the effects elicited by these stressors combined. Theoretical considerations, as well as data from acute studies, suggest that CO inhaled at high altitude may be more detrimental than CO inhaled at low altitude. The purpose of these studies was to construct a system in which CO and altitude could be controlled precisely, and to investigate the effects of continuous exposure to CO and high altitude on body weights and hematocrit ratios, as well as heart, spleen, adrenals, kidneys, and pituitary weights. Male, laboratory rats were exposed for 6 wk in steel barometric chambers to (1) 100 ppm CO, (2) 15,000 ft simulated high altitude (SHA), and (3) CO at SHA. Altitude was simulated by a system of gate valves and a vacuum pump, and measured by an altimeter. CO, from high‐pressure cylinders, was introduced into the air supplying each chamber t...
Trauma-related predictors of deontic reasoning: a pilot study in a community sample of children.

Abstract Objective Deontic reasoning (i.e., reasoning about duties and obligations) is essential to navigating interpersonal relationships. Though previous research demonstrates links between deontic reasoning abilities and trauma-related factors (i.e., dissociation, exposure to multiple victimizations) in adults, studies have yet to examine deontic reasoning abilities in children exposed to trauma. Given that social and safety rules (exemplars of deontic reasoning rules) may appear arbitrary for children in the face of trauma exposure, particularly interpersonal violence perpetrated by adults (i.e., caregivers, close relatives), we predicted that the ability to detect violations of these rules would vary as a function of trauma exposure type (no, non-interpersonal, and interpersonal). Additionally, given previous research linking dissociation and deontic reasoning in adults, we predicted that higher levels of dissociation would be associated with more errors in deontic problems. Methods Children exposed to interpersonal violence (e.g., sexual abuse by an adult family member, witnessing domestic violence, or physical abuse in the home) were compared to children exposed to non-interpersonal trauma (e.g., motor vehicle accident, natural disaster) or no trauma on their ability to detect violations of deontic and descriptive rules in a Wason Selection Task and assessed for their level of dissociative symptoms. Results Dissociation (but not trauma exposure type) predicted errors in deontic (but not descriptive) reasoning problems after controlling for estimated IQ, socio-economic status, and children's ages. Conclusions The current study provides preliminary evidence that deontic reasoning is associated with dissociation in children. This pilot study points to the need for future research on trauma-related predictors of deontic reasoning. Practice implications Deontic rules are essential to navigating interpersonal relationships; errors detecting violations of deontic rules have been associated with multiple victimizations in adulthood. Future research on violence exposure, dissociation, and deontic reasoning in children may have important implications for intervention and prevention around interpersonal functioning and later interpersonal risk.
Metallothionein Gene Therapy for Chemical-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Mice

Liver fibrogenesis resulting from a diversity of pathological changes involves a disturbance in mineral, in particular zinc, homeostasis. The present study was undertaken to determine whether gene therapy with metallothionein (MT), a small protein critically involved in the regulation of zinc homeostasis, can improve the recovery of liver fibrosis in a mouse model. Wild-type (WT) mice treated with carbon tetrachloride in corn oil twice a week at 1 ml/kg for 4 weeks developed a reversible liver fibrosis upon removal of the chemical, correlating with a high level of hepatic MT; but those treated for 8 weeks developed an irreversible liver fibrosis along with low levels of hepatic MT. The same carbon tetrachloride treatment for 4 weeks resulted in an irreversible liver fibrosis in MT-knockout (MT-KO) mice. Adenoviral delivery of the human MT-II gene (approved symbol MT2A) through intravenous injection reversed the fibrosis along with increased hepatocyte regeneration within 3 days in both WT and MT-KO mice with irreversible fibrosis. The MT elevation was associated with increased activities of collagenases in the liver. This study indicates that MT makes a critical contribution to the reversal of chemical-induced hepatic fibrosis and has therapeutic potential for patients with certain liver fibrosis.
Performance analysis of IES journals using internet and text processing robots

The quality of journals is primarily related to the number of citation of published papers. Various measures of evaluating the quality of journals are being discussed and compared here. Unfortunately the citation analysis is almost impossible using manual examination of references. This must be done by developing special computer tools for extracting data from various locations. Also, if only journal citations are of the interest then this information is already preprocessed on different web sites such as GoogleScholar, PublishOrPerish, or WebOfKnowlege. However, if for example someone wants to analyze performance of editors, associate editors, and reviewers, then the problem is much more complicated. These would require development of specialized computer tools for automatic data processing. The presented paper is a description of such approach
Selection of Copula to Generate Input Joint CDF for RBDO

For RBDO problems with correlated input variables, it is necessary to obtain the input joint distribution (CDF, cumulative distribution function). Then Rosenblatt transformation is used to transform the correlated input variables into the independent standard normal variables for the purpose of inverse reliability analysis. However, in practical industry RBDO problems, often only the marginal CDFs and paired samples are available from limited experimental data. In this paper, a copula, which is a link between a joint CDF and marginal CDFs, is proposed to generate an input joint CDF from these marginal CDFs and paired samples. To identify the right copula from limited data, Bayesian method is proposed to use in this paper. Using Bayesian method, the number of samples required to properly identify the right copula is investigated for different types of copulas and for different correlation coefficients. A real industry problem is used to show how a copula can be identified from the limited experimental data.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Static strength and equation of state of rhenium at ultra-high pressures

YIELDINGof materials is not understood well enough for detailed, quantitative predictions of strength to be possible, except by using semi-empirical models1,2. Studies of material strength at high pressures are therefore of fundamental as well as practical interest for determining the relationship between strength and other physical properties3–6. To this end, we have measured the shear stress τ supported by rhenium at pressures of up to 120 GPa, far higher than the pressures used in previous studies. Rhenium is of particular interest because it has the highest known bulk and shear moduli among metallic elements7–9. By using two independent methods of determining shear stress at room temperature, we find that rhenium is one of the strongest polycrystalline materials investigated so far, with shear stresses at high pressures reaching τ/μ≈0.004(±0.02) relative to the shear modulus μ. These values of τ/μ are nevertheless compatible with current theoretical expectations, indicating that the high strength of rhenium is not anomalous1,2,6.
Changes in sensory and motor systems during centrally elicited attack.

While emotion can be a subjective experience and emotions are revealed to some extent by facial expressions and changes of respiration, heart rate and other autonomic states, behavior itself is a primary indicator of emotions. The present work deals with a form of emotional behavior, specifically attack, which is one component of fighting. Since the work of Cannon, it has been acknowledged that sympathetically and hormonally mediated changes occur that prepare the organism for fight and flight. It is the thesis of this article that sensory and motor systems are similarly readied to act in specific ways under the influence of electrical stimulation of the brain that induces attack behavior. Specifically electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus that elicits attack influences the visual system. This is shown by the difference between the frequency of lunges directed towards a mouse when it is presented to the eye ipsilateral and to that contralateral to the side of the hypothalamus stimulated. The contralateral eye mediates more lunges. The visual system is also gated by hypothalamic stimulation. A bite ensues in some instances after section of the trigeminal nerve, but not in others. After the successful cats are blindfolded they no longer bite. The tactile system around the mouth and lips is also influenced by hypothalamic stimulation. A more extensive region around the mouth and lip on the contralateral side than on the ipsilateral side responds to touch by eliciting head turning and jaw opening. The motor system for jaw closure and for striking are similarly influenced by hypothalamic stimulation. Reflexes become functional under the influence of stimulation. In the case of attack behavior, the organism's sensory and motor systems are primed to bring about patterned reflexes, which constitute at least in part the overt behavior when suitable stimuli are present in the environment.
MATING FREQUENCY AND VIABILITY OF STORED SPERM IN THE TANNER CRAB CHIONOECETES BAIRDI (DECAPODA, MAJIDAE)

ABSTRACT In captivity the percentage of multiparous Chionoecetes bairdi that mated prior to extrusion of their annual egg clutch was 62-100% and varied with sex ratio. In test groups where one male was held with eight or fewer females, over 90% of the females mated before egg extrusion but the percentage declined when more females were present. Ten was the maximum number of females mated by a single male during one breeding season. Viable egg clutches were produced by 97 and 71% of females using sperm stored in their spermathecae for one and two years, respectively. The remaining ripe females, held isolated from males, either produced egg clutches composed totally of nondividing eggs or never extruded eggs. Some nonovigerous females that had been isolated from males for two years were allowed to mate and subsequently produced viable eggs. Autopsy revealed that these females had both old and fresh sperm in their spermathecae, suggesting that the older sperm were not viable. Females forced to use stored sperm to fertilize three successive annual egg clutches produced only nonviable eggs in the third year.
Which clip? A prospective comparative study of retention rates of endoscopic clips on normal mucosa and ulcers in a porcine model.

Background/Aim: There are currently no data on the relative retention rates of the Instinct clip, Resolution clip, and QuickClip2Long. Also, it is unknown whether retention rate differs when clips are applied to ulcerated rather than normal mucosa. The aim of this study is to compare the retention rates of three commonly used endoscopic clips. Materials and Methods: Six pigs underwent upper endoscopy with placement of one of each of the three types of clips on normal mucosa in the gastric body. Three mucosal resections were also performed to create ulcers. Each ulcer was closed with placement of one of the three different clips. Repeat endoscopy was performed weekly for up to 4 weeks. Results: Only the Instinct and Resolution clips remained attached for the duration of the study (4 weeks). At each time point, a greater proportion of Instinct clips were retained on normal mucosa, followed by Resolution clips. QuickClip2Long had the lowest retention rate on normal mucosa. Similar retention rates of Instinct clips and Resolution clips were seen on simulated ulcers, although both were superior to QuickClip2Long. However, the difference did not reach statistical significance. All QuickClip2Long clips were dislodged at 4 weeks in both the groups. Conclusions: The Resolution and Instinct clips have comparable retention rates and both appeared to be better than the QuickClip2Long on normal mucosa-simulated ulcers; however this did not reach statistical significance. Both the Resolution clip and the Instinct clip may be preferred in clinical situations when long-term clip attachment is required, including marking of tumors for radiotherapy and anchoring feeding tubes or stents. Either of the currently available clips may be suitable for closure of iatrogenic mucosal defects without features of chronicity.
Effect of chronic treatment with an estrogen-progestogen combination on beta adrenergic-induced thirst.

Abstract Rats chronically administered various doses of the estrogenic agent, ethinyl estradiol, combined with the progestogen, norethynodrel, showed an estrogen-related, dose-dependent decrease in water intake in response to acute SC administration of the beta adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol (200 μg/kg of body wt). Conversely, rats receiving a constant dose of ethinyl estradiol (16 μg/kg/day) combined with norethynodrel (233 μg/kg/day) for 7 weeks drank significantly less water in response to graded doses of isoproterenol (10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/kg) than controls. The slope, but not the intercept, of the regression line relating water intake to dose of isoproterenol administered was reduced significantly in the steroid-treated group. Furthermore, water intake of the treated group in response to acute administration of either epinephrine (1 mg/kg) or serotonin (1 mg/kg) was significantly less than control. These data suggest that chronic treatment with ethinyl estradiol, combined with norethynodrel, reduced beta-adrenergic responsiveness. In addition, rats treated with the same combination of ethinyl estradiol and norethynodrel showed a reduced drinking response to an osmotic thirst stimulus, i.e., IP load of 1 M NaCl solution at 1% of body wt. The fact that the response to both types of thirst stimuli was attenuated in rats receiving an estrogen combined with a progestogen suggests the possibility that treatment may have affected thirst mechanisms at the level of the central nervous system.
Glu-69 of the D2 protein in photosystem II is a potential ligand to Mn involved in photosynthetic oxygen evolution

To probe the involvement of amino acid residues of the D2 protein in the water-splitting process in photosystem II, site-directed mutagenesis was applied to identify D2 residues that might contribute to binding the Mn cluster involved in oxygen evolution. Mutation of Glu-69 to Gln or Val in D2 of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was found to lead to a loss of photoautotrophic growth. However, in cells of the Gln mutant (E69Q) a significant Hill reaction rate could be observed upon the start of illumination, but the oxygen evolution rate declined with a half-time of approximately 1 min. Addition of 1 mM Mn2+ stabilized oxygen evolution in E69Q thylakoids. Other divalent cations were ineffective in specific stabilization. When the water-splitting system was bypassed, the rate of electron transport remained stable during illumination, indicating that the inactivation of oxygen evolution is localized in the water-splitting complex. We interpret these observations to indicate that Glu-69 is a Mn ligand and that the loss of oxygen evolution in the E69Q mutant upon turnover of PS II is initiated by changes in the Mn cluster, possibly leading to Mn release from the water-splitting complex. The addition of exogenous Mn to E69Q thylakoids may help to keep the Mn cluster active for a longer time, perhaps by providing Mn to rebind in the cluster after release of one Mn and before the Mn cluster had disintegrated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Regional AI-Fe mafic magmas associated with anorthosite-bearing terranes

PROTEROZOIC anorthosite massifs are nearly monomineralic accumulations of plagioclase feldspar, which must result from unusual conditions of crystallization and emplacement1,2. Their chemistry is compatible with derivation from a high-alumina-basalt parent of mantle origin1, and mafic magmas rich in aluminium and iron have long been suspected of having an important connection to anorthosites and their parent magmas1–4. Regional examples of mafic magmas clearly compatible with an anorthosite lineage have not been generally recognized3, in part because of the paucity of candidates within the anorthosite massifs themselves. Samples of such magmas should also be sought in the country rocks surrounding the massifs. Here we report the widespread occurrence of Al–Fe mafic magmas in the anorthosite-bearing Adirondack Highlands of New York state. They are chemically distinct from typical high-AI basalt, Fe basalt and most common magma types. Identification of similar Al–Fe basaltic magmas in other areas suggests that such magmas are characteristic of anorthosite-bearing terranes.
Murine model of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on squamous cell carcinoma: potential implications for dysphagia therapy.

Electrical stimulation has been widely applied in medicine to combat microorganisms,1 enhance wound healing,2 and treat tumors,3 as well as promote strengthening and motor control of skeletal muscles.4,5 Common rehabilitation practice is to place electrodes on the skin to stimulate nerves supplying muscle groups of interest to increase strength.6,7 Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been used for decades on a wide array of muscle groups, but it was investigated for dysphagia rehabilitation in neurologically impaired patients in the late 1990s,8,9 and in 2002, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cleared a device for the treatment of dysphagia. Several meta-analyses have since evaluated the effect of NMES on swallowing rehabilitation and revealed a small but significant summary effect size.10,11 More recently, investigation of NMES has focused on its effects as an adjunct to traditional swallowing therapy in patients receiving treatment for locally advanced head and neck cancer.12 However, the FDA applies a general warning to all NMES devices to avoid stimulating over areas of malignancy.13,14 The concern is that applying electrical stimulation to the anterior neck may stimulate tumor growth if there is residual disease or recurrence following treatment. It is common practice to wait at least several months after radiation and/or surgical treatment before initiating NMES to minimize or resolve dysphagia. A drawback to delaying therapy is that by the time NMES has commenced, the patient typically has chronic dysphagia,15 making the condition more difficult to manage. If NMES in the setting of active malignancy proves not to enhance tumorigenic activity, then perhaps its benefit for dysphagia therapy can be enhanced by starting therapy earlier in the rehabilitation period. To our knowledge, there has never been an animal or human study investigating the effects of skin surface electrical stimulation (as in NMES) on an underlying malignancy, located deep to the skin surface but aligned with the location of electrical stimulation. Based on our review of the literature pertaining to electrodes inserted directly into tumors and resulting in tumor destruction,3, 16–21 we hypothesized that NMES will not increase underlying tumor burden.
Across the Years on Mount Oread and Around the Kaw and Wakarusa River Valleys

Abstract The Kaw and Wakarusa rivers have carved their wide valleys around Mt. Oread during hundreds of thousands of years. The last great geologic event to impact the area was the Kansan glacier six hundred thousand years ago, leaving behind glacial till and rich alluvial soil. A few generations after the territorial settlements in these valleys have brought about a complete transformation of this landscape. The 1867 photographs of Civil War photographer Alexander Gardner show how the valley had changed after just the first decade of this settlement. Although grassfires were stopped around the town of Lawrence and the surrounding rural farms, the native trees already had been harvested completely for fuel and shelter. The arrival of the railroad allowed these and all other needed commodities to be transported from the East and the New England settlers planted imported varieties of grasses, trees, and crops throughout the hills and valleys. Recent photographs based upon Gardner's views show these changes ...
Role of neuropeptide-sensitive L-type Ca2+ channels in histamine release in gastric enterochromaffin-like cells

Peptides release histamine from enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells because of elevation of intracellular Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]i) by either receptor-operated or voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (V...
Percutaneous Pancreatography for Treatment of Complicated Pancreatic Duct Strictures

Background: Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography was developed over 30 years ago for the diagnosis of biliary disorders. It has become an accepted interventional technique for
Observations of soil moisture using a passive and active low-frequency microwave airborne sensor during SGP99

Data were acquired by the Passive and Active L- and S-band airborne sensor (PALS) during the 1999 Southern Great Plains (SGP99) experiment in Oklahoma to study remote sensing of soil moisture in vegetated terrain using low-frequency microwave radiometer and radar measurements. The PALS instrument measures radiometric brightness temperature and radar backscatter at L- and S-band frequencies with multiple polarizations and approximately equal spatial resolutions. The data acquired during SGP99 provide information on the sensitivities of multichannel low-frequency passive and active measurements to soil moisture for vegetation conditions including bare, pasture, and crop surface cover with field-averaged vegetation water contents mainly in the 0-2.5 kg m/sup -2/ range. Precipitation occurring during the experiment provided an opportunity to observe wetting and drying surface conditions. Good correlations with soil moisture were observed in the radiometric channels. The 1.41-GHz horizontal-polarization channel showed the greatest sensitivity to soil moisture over the range of vegetation observed. For the fields sampled, a radiometric soil moisture retrieval accuracy of 2.3% volumetric was obtained. The radar channels showed significant correlation with soil moisture for some individual fields, with greatest sensitivity at 1.26-GHz vertical copolarized channel. However, variability in vegetation cover degraded the radar correlations for the combined field data. Images generated from data collected on a sequence of flight lines over the watershed region showed similar patterns of soil moisture change in the radiometer and radar responses. This indicates that under vegetated conditions for which soil moisture estimates may not be feasible using current radar algorithms, the radar measurements nevertheless show a response to soil moisture change, and they can provide useful information on the spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture. An illustration of the change detection approach is given.
The Impact of Footwear and Walking Distance on Gait Stability in Diabetic Patients with Peripheral Neuropathy

Methods: Twelve patients with DPN and eight controls walked at their habitual speed over short (7 m) and long (20 m) distances under two conditions: barefoot and regular shoes. A validated system of body-worn sensors was used to extract spatiotemporal gait parameters. Neuropathy severity was quantified using vibratory perception threshold measured at the great toe. Results: Gait deterioration in the DPN group was observed during all of the walking trials. However, the difference between patients with DPN and participants in the control group achieved statistical significance only during long walking distance trials. Shod and barefoot double support times were longer in the DPN group during long walking distances (.20%, P ¼ .03). Gait unsteadiness, defined as coefficient of variation of gait velocity, was also significantly higher in the DPN group when barefoot walking over long distances (83%, P ¼ .008). Furthermore, there was a high correlation between neuropathy severity and gait unsteadiness best demonstrated during the barefoot walking/long walking distance condition (r ¼ 0.77, P , .001). The addition of footwear improved gait steadiness in the DPN group by 46% (P ¼ .02). All differences were independent of age, sex, and body mass index (P . .05). Conclusions: This study suggests that gait alteration in patients with DPN is most pronounced while walking barefoot over longer distances and that footwear may improve gait steadiness in patients with DPN. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 103(3): 165-173, 2013)
Time to first cigarette predicts cessation outcomes in adolescent smokers

INTRODUCTION This study examined the relationship between the time to the first cigarette (TTFC) of the morning with quit status among adolescent smokers at the completion of a school-based smoking cessation program. Among those who did not quit, the relationship of TTFC with changes in cigarettes/day (CPD) was also examined. METHODS A total of 1,167 adolescent smokers (1,024 nonquitters and 143 quitters) from 4 states participating in efficacy and effectiveness studies of the Not-On-Tobacco (N-O-T) cessation program were assessed prior to entry into the program and again 3 months later at the end of treatment. Linear and logistic regression analyses determined the influence of treatment condition, age, gender, motivation to quit, confidence in quitting ability, baseline CPD, and TTFC on quit status and end-of-treatment CPD. RESULTS Adolescents with a TTFC of >30min of waking were twice as likely to quit at end of treatment. Additionally, among those who did not quit at end of treatment (n = 700 for TTFC ≤30min and n = 324 for TTFC for >30min), those with a TTFC within 30min of waking smoked a greater number of CPD. The relationships of TTFC with both of these outcomes remained when controlling for all other predictor variables. CONCLUSIONS Identifying adolescent smokers who smoke their first cigarette of the day within the first 30min of waking prior to a quit attempt may help to classify those individuals as having a greater risk for cessation failure. Thus, TTFC may be a behavioral indicator of nicotine dependence in adolescents.
Solid-State Impact-Ionization Multiplier With P-N Junction Injection Node

The Solid-state Impact-ionization Multiplier (SIM) was designed to amplify signals from arbitrary current sources through impact ionization. A primary application is amplification of signals produced by photodiodes. Photodiodes made from any semiconductor can be wired directly to the SIM's injection node. In previous versions of the SIM, this injection node was a Schottky contact to silicon. This paper describes a SIM design that injects electrons into the SIM's depletion region through a p-n junction. The injection node is analyzed including how the node's floating voltage changes versus input current. Devices were made using epitaxial silicon and modeled using commercial software. The measured gain characteristics match closely to simulated results and are influenced by high electric fields near the SIM's depletion region edges. Measured frequency response was dominated by charging effects related to the floating node, leading to a response that scales with the inverse of the input current.
Student Guide: Making Waves by Visualizing Fourier Transformation

Using a simple graphical presentation we can visualize the integrand of the forward and inverse Fourier transforms as a topographic surface. This presentation aids in understanding frequency domain and real-space relationships, such as the important, but often poorly understood, contributiaon of the frequency domain phase spectrum to the real-space shape. The Fourier transform integrand visualization method presented here can also help develop insights into complex wave behavior, such as the relationship between traveling and standing waves and the evolution of dispersing wavetrains. Fourier analysis is often introduced with a figure showing how to approximate a function by adding together sinusoids (Figure 1A). I extend this presentation through the introduction of Fourier transform integrand visualization (FTIV) and use this technique to illustrate the relationship between traveling and standing waves, the Fourier shift theorem, and how the phase affects the real-space shape of a dispersing wave. Figure 1(A) shows a real space, in this case a time-domain function, a boxcar symmetric about t = 0, and the first few terms of its Fourier series \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \[\ u(t)=\frac{c\_{0}}{2}+\begin{array}{c}{\infty}\\{{\sum}}\\n=1\end{array}[c\_{n}\mathrm{cos}({\omega}\_{n}t+{\phi}\_{n})],{\omega}\_{n}=n{\omega}\_{1},a_{n}{\ }\mathrm{real}.\] \end{document}(1) The weights, c ( ωn ), and phase shifts, ( ϕn ), represent u in the frequency domain. The cos ( ωnt ) terms are known as basis functions and have variables from both domains, i.e. , time and frequency, in their argument. The set of basis functions must meet two important conditions. First, mutual orthogonality, which means you cannot make any of them by summing the others. Second, “completeness,” which means any arbitrary function, with some conditions to ensure convergence, can be represented using only this set of functions. The Fourier series is also periodic, with period T = 2 π/ω 1. The Fourier series can be generalized to the inverse Fourier transform \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \[\ u(t)={{\int}}_{-{\infty}}^{{\infty}}c({\omega})\mathrm{cos}({\omega}t+{\phi}({\omega}))d{\omega}\] \end{document}(2) where the amplitude, c ( ω ), and phase, ϕ ( ω ), spectra come from the …
Classroom Goal Structure, Student Motivation, and Academic Achievement

Over the past 25 years, achievement goal theory has emerged as one of the most prominent theories of achievement motivation. This chapter uses an achievement goal framework to examine the influence of classroom and school environments on students' academic motivation and achievement. Considerable evidence suggests that elementary and secondary students show the most positive motivation and learning patterns when their school settings emphasize mastery, understanding, and improving skills and knowledge. Whereas school environments that are focused on demonstrating high ability and competing for grades can increase the academic performance of some students, research suggests that many young people experience diminished motivation under these conditions. The implications of achievement goal theory for examining the impact of school reform are discussed.
ROLE OF ALPHA-TOXIN IN LESION FORMATION BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ON SUTURES SUBCUTANEOUSLY IMPLANTED IN MICE

Taubler, James H. (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia), Frank A. Kapral, and Stuart Mudd. Role of alpha-toxin in lesion formation by Staphylococcus aureus on sutures subcutaneously implanted in mice. J. Bacteriol. 86:51–57. 1963.—Evidence was obtained that alpha-hemolysin is essential for the development of purulent lesions by several strains of Staphylococcus aureus adsorbed onto sutures subcutaneously implanted in mice. This evidence consisted of findings that active immunization with staphylococcal toxoid afforded significant protection to subcutaneous challenge with this organism and that alpha-hemolysin-negative mutants, derived from strains 18Z and P78, were almost devoid of the ability to produce lesions by this route of infection. However, other unknown factors also appear to be essential for lesion formation since passive immunization of mice with antialpha-toxin, obtained from rabbits immunized with purified toxin, failed to afford protection. A dose-response curve for this type of infection is also presented. Images
Excited-state dynamics and temporally resolved nonresonant nonlinear-optical processes in polydiacetylenes

Degenerate four-wave mixing experiments (along with saturated absorption experiments) were carried out in and below the excitonic-state resonance in polydiacetylenes. A self-consistent analysis of the data was obtained with a two (electronic) level molecularlike model. The excitonic-state lifetime was determined to be 1.8 psec, and an initial excited-state process with a 100-fsec time constant was resolved. The time constant of the nonresonant third-order nonlinear-optical susceptibility was determined to be less than the resolution of the four-wave mixing experiment, -300 fsec, which was limited by the optical pulse duration.
Effects of Valence and Extremity of eWOM on Attitude toward the Brand and Website

Abstract Two studies were conducted to examine the influence of valence and extremity of consumer product reviews on attitude toward the brand and attitude toward the website. Each experiment was a one factor (valence/extremity: extremely negative, moderately negative, extremely positive) between-subjects design with a control group. Results in both studies showed that although extremely positive reviews increased attitude toward the brand, even a moderate amount of negativity negated this effect. Moreover, extremely negative reviews had a stronger influence on attitude toward the brand than either moderately negative reviews or extremely positive product reviews, thus supporting both negativity and extremity effect. Findings also show that varying degrees of brand review valence and extremity influenced attitude toward the website depending on website type (i.e., retailer vs. brand).
Coherent Control of Nanoscale Ballistic Currents in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide ReS2

Transition metal dichalcogenides are predicted to outperform traditional semiconductors in ballistic devices with nanoscale channel lengths. So far, experimental studies on charge transport in transition metal dichalcogenides are limited to the diffusive regime. Here we show, using ReS2 as an example, all-optical injection, detection, and coherent control of ballistic currents. By utilizing quantum interference between one-photon and two-photon interband transition pathways, ballistic currents are injected in ReS2 thin film samples by a pair of femtosecond laser pulses. We find that the current decays on an ultrafast time scale, resulting in an electron transport of only a fraction of one nanometer. Following the relaxation of the initially injected momentum, backward motion of the electrons for about 1 ps is observed, driven by the Coulomb force from the oppositely moved holes. We also show that the injected current can be controlled by the phase of the laser pulses. These results demonstrate a new platf...
A Polymer Microdisk Photonic Sensor Integrated Onto Silicon

Optical sensors are attractive for integrated chip-scale sensor systems. In this letter, integrated microdisk sensors have been fabricated and characterized for five different D-glucose concentrations in deionized water. The microdisk sensor reported is in an orthogonal configuration, reducing the sensor size toward chip-scale sensor applications. The measured wavelength shift in the resonant peak of the microdisk sensors has a linear response as a function of D-glucose concentration. The estimated sensitivity (defined by Deltalambdaresonant/wt%D-glucose) of the fabricated microdisk sensor for the D-glucose solution was 0.12[nm/wt%] based on the slope of the linear regression line from the measured results
Hospital Volume, Complications, and Cost of Cancer Surgery in the Elderly

Purpose Hospital surgical volume has been shown to correlate with short-term outcomes after cancer surgery, but the relationship between volume and cost of care is unclear. We sought to characterize variation in payments for cancer surgery and assess the relationship between hospital volume and payments. Methods Using 2000 to 2007 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare data, we assessed risk-adjusted 30-day episode Medicare payments for elderly patients undergoing one of six procedures for resection of cancer. Payments for the index hospitalization, readmissions, physician services, emergency room visits, and postdischarge ancillary care were analyzed, as were data on 30-day mortality and complications. Results The analysis included 31,191 colectomies, 2,670 cystectomies, 1,514 pancreatectomies, 2,607 proctectomies, 12,228 prostatectomies, and 10,151 pulmonary lobectomies. There was substantial variation in cost; differences between the first and third terciles of cost varied from 27% for cy...
Fabrication of high aspect ratio metal nanotips by nanosecond pulse laser melting

The authors have developed an approach to fabricate sharp and high aspect ratio metal tips using nanosecond pulse laser melting. A quartz wafer covered with a thin chromium (Cr) film was placed on top of a second wafer with a sub-micrometer gap between them and the Cr film facing the second wafer. Then an excimer laser pulse (308 nm wavelength, 20 ns pulse duration) was shone from the back of the quartz wafer and melted the Cr film momentarily (several hundred nanoseconds). It is found that the molten Cr films can self-form discrete metal pillars connecting the two wafers. After separating the two wafers, nanotips were formed at the broken pillar necks. The sharpest tip achieved has an apex diameter 10 nm and height 180 nm. The self-formation of Cr pillars between the two wafers was attributed to the attractive electrostatic force caused by the work function difference of two wafers that were in close proximity. This technique could be extended to other metals, and a periodic uniform tip array could be obtained by pre-patterning the metal into identical isolated mesas and precisely controlling the gap between the two wafers.
Solidary and Functional Costs: Explaining the Presidential Appointment Contradiction

How is it possible for presidents to secure real influence from political appointees if these individuals spend so little time on the job before leaving government service? Many empirical studies have noted that once appointees have learned how to do their job and have come to trust the civil servants in their agencies, they are ready to leave these posts. Yet this suggests a dysfunctional bureaucratic structure that apparently does not exist, for many studies also tell us that these same political appointees exert real influence. In this article we address the problem of explaining executive effectiveness and executive turnover with a new empirical approach focusing on surveyed levels of stress and a theoretical focus on solidary and functional preferences. Whereas past research showed that these factors are related to agents and compliance, we show they are also related to the behavior of political principals.
Age dependent lipid and protein changes in individual bovine lenses.

Successive fiber fractions isolated from individual bovine lenses were fractionated to examine changes in lens proteins and membrane lipids as a function of age. In calf lens of about 1.2 gm wet weight, cholesterol (C) is maintained at a level of 3.3 ug/mg dry weight in the outer cortical 30% of the lens. In the inner cortex, a C content of 2.4 ug/mg was found that decreased somewhat to 2.1 ug/mg in the inner nuclear 20% of the lens. The almost linear decrease in phospholipid (p) content from 11.6 in the cortex to 1.7 ug/mg in the nucleus resulted in a cortex to nucleus increase in C/P ratio from 0.5 to about 2.0 (mol/mol). Compared to calf lenses, a low C level of 2.4 ug/mg was observed in the outer cortex of cow lenses (approximately 3.0 gm wet weight). No significant difference in C level was found between the calf and cow lenses either in the inner cortical or nuclear regions. The P level was reduced to 6 and 1.2 ug/mg in the outer cortex and nucleus of the cow lens, respectively. The low nuclear P co...
A Model for the Interpretation of CARS Experimental Profiles

A simple formalism is presented for interpreting the influence of experimental design parameters on CARS profiles. An explanation for the observed CARS signal is given in terms of idealized limiting cases for both narrow band and broadband applications, with the role of the detector slit function emphasized in interpreting experimental results. Expressions are derived that reduce the calculation of the CARS signal to a single numerical integration for Gaussian laser profiles and both Gaussian and triangular slit functions. These expressions explicitly contain the experimental design parameters. For flexibility, the form of the susceptibility is unspecified except for a single frequency dependence.
Information and Communication Technologies for Development: The Bottom of the Pyramid Model in Practice

The currently influential model for information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D) is based on increasing the well-being of the poor through market-based solutions, and by using low-cost but advanced technologies. Using ethnographic methods, we chart out the contradictions that could arise when such a development-through-entrepreneurship model is implemented. We examine the Akshaya project, a franchise of computer-service kiosks in Kerala, India, which strives simultaneously for social development through access to computers and financial viability through cost recovery and entrepreneurship. We show that tensions within the state and among entrepreneurs and perceptions of public versus private among consumers make it challenging to meet the twin goals of commercial profitability and social development.
The effect of dibutyryl camp (dBcAMP) on morphological differentiation, growth and invasion in vitro of a hamster brain-tumor cell line: a comparative study of dBcAMP effects in 2- and 3-dimensional cultures.

The use of agents that stimulate cancer cells to differentiate is proposed as a potential approach to the treatment of malignancy. To evaluate the effects of a differentiation inducer on morphology, growth and invasion in vitro of brain-tumor cells, a diffusely invasive hamster glial cell line (CxT3C15) was treated with Imm dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dBcAMP). The efficacy of dBcAMP was tested in monolayer cultures, 3-dimensional static cultures (i.e., spheroids) and confrontation cultures with an embryonic chick heart. CxT3C15 cells exhibited increased numbers of long cellular processes (morphological differentiation) following treatment of monolayer cultures with Imm dBcAMP. One mm dBcAMP also altered the macroscopic and ultrastructural morphology of CxT3C15 grown as spheroids. These alterations were: (i) a fast transition of rough to smooth morphology macroscopically, and (ii) fading of the cell borders concomitant with the disappearance of cell-membrane excrescences, as seen by scanning electron microscopy. Exponential growth of CxT3C15 in monolayers was not changed following treatment with ImM dBcAMP. Treatment of CxT3C15 spheroids with the same dose of dBcAMP caused a reduction of relative volume increase (30-40%). Invasion of CxT3C15 in an embryonic chick heart in vitro was not altered after addition (prior to or at the time of co-culture) of Imm dBcAMP to the co-cultures. These results indicate that invasion of CxT3C15 is not necessarily linked to morphological differentiation or moderated by reduced proliferation.
Incidence of heterotopic ossification in direct anterior vs posterior approach to total hip arthroplasty: a retrospective radiographic review

To investigate the prevalence of heterotopic ossification following direct anterior approach total hip arthroplasty compared to posterior approach, performed by a single surgeon at one institution All primary THAs performed by the senior author (JEL) over a 70-month period were reviewed, including 235 DAA and 120 posterior THAs. Brooker’s system was used to grade HO at a minimum of six months follow-up. Patients undergoing DAA were less likely to develop clinically significant HO compared to posterior THA (p = 0.04). The overall incidence of HO following DAA THA was 24.3 % (3 % grade 3 and 0 % grade 4), and following posterior THA was 27.5 % (4.2 % grade 3 and 3.3 % grade 4). Lower rates of clinically significant (Brooker grade 3 and 4) HO were observed in DAA THA than in posterior approach THA. This data may be instructive when approaching THA candidates with conditions that predispose them to HO.
Communication Within Hospice Interdisciplinary Teams A Narrative Review

Hospice care is coordinated through an interdisciplinary team (IDT), which assures that a holistic care plan based on the patient's wishes is implemented. The extent to which an IDT provides quality care may be associated with how effectively they communicate within the team as well as with patients, caregivers, and families. This review seeks to characterize communication strategies among hospice IDT members and to determine how such strategies impact patient care. Although the existing literature sheds some light on communication within hospice IDTs, further research is needed. Inquiry into the communicative process of IDTs in settings other than team meetings, such as during patient visits or informal settings, would provide a more comprehensive representation of how communication influences IDT dynamics and overall team functioning.