cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting radiation-induced carbon contamination of EUV optics

Predictions are made for the radiation-induced carbon contamination threat to ruthenium-coated extreme ultraviolet (EUV) optics for a range of incident EUV intensities, exposure pressures and types of hydrocarbon. A calculational philosophy is developed that acknowledges the ruthenium capping layer may have adsorbed oxygen on it and that the carbon contamination film is partially hydrogenated. The calculations incorporate the Nitta Multisite Adsorption framework, which accounts for the configurational adsorption difficulty encountered by the adsorption of large molecules on surfaces. Contributions from “out-of-band” radiation are included, both in the direct photon-induced dissociation of hydrocarbon molecules and in the out-of-band production of secondary electrons. For the hydrocarbon molecules, n-tetradecane, n-dodecane, n-decane, and benzene, for a range of EUV powers and hydrocarbon pressures, predictions are made for carbon thicknesses, the overall carbon deposition rates, and the relative amounts of contamination produced by primary photon excitation, secondary electrons, and out-of-band radiation. The comparison is made to relevant prior experiments. The model, with no adjustable parameters, provides a good account of prior experiments on n-tetradecane, n-decane, and benzene over the pressure ranges examined by the experiments (∼1 × 10−10 to ∼1 × 10−7 Torr) and over the EUV intensity range 0.001–100 mW/mm2. The level of agreement is within a factor of ∼4 or better, which is consistent with expectations based on the experimental uncertainties. Comparison with prior data for n-decane indicates that the carbon deposit produced by the EUV-induced dissociation of hydrocarbons is substantially hydrogenated. Out-of-band radiation accounts for ∼9%–12% of the overall optic contamination. Secondary electrons account for ∼2% of the overall optic contamination. The results show that the dominant mechanistic cause of the EUV carbon contamination is primary photon absorption by the adsorbed hydrocarbon molecule. The removal of carbon or hydrogen by electron stimulated desorption due to secondary electrons or photon stimulated desorption by primary EUV absorption can be safely ignored as negligible compared to the EUV-induced carbon deposition rate. The results allow comparison with past experiments, provide a framework for conducting future experiments, and predict contamination threats relevant for practical EUV lithography tool operation. The calculations also clarify the underlying physical phenomena at work in the EUV carbon contamination problem.
Services for Consumers Who Are Deafblind: Vocational Rehabilitation Agency Service Models Utilized and Their Effectiveness:

Introduction:Little is known about how state-federal vocational rehabilitation agencies provide services to consumers who are deafblind. The purpose of this study was to investigate these service m...
APPENDIX 3K Silanizing Glassware

Glassware is silanized (siliconized) to prevent adsorption of solute to glass surfaces or to increase its hydrophobicity. This is particularly important with low concentrations of particularly “sticky“ solutes such as single-stranded nucleic acids or proteins. This appendix provides a protocol for treating glassware.
Comparison of LEAP-UCD-2017 CPT Results

A cone penetrometer was specifically designed for the LEAP project to provide an assessment of centrifuge model densities independent from mass and volume measurements. This paper presents the design of the CPT and analyses of the results. Due to uncertainty in the specifications about how to define zero depth of penetration, about 20% of the CPT profiles were corrected to produce more accurate results. The procedure for depth correction is explained. After these corrections, penetration resistances at the representative depths of 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 m (prototype depth) are correlated to the reported specimen dry densities by linear regression. Using the inverse form of the linear regression equations, the density of each specimen could be estimated from the penetration resistance. Kutter et al. (LEAP-UCD-2017 comparison of centrifuge test results. In Model Tests and Numerical Simulations of Liquefaction and Lateral Spreading: LEAP-UCD-2017, 2019b) found that the density determined from penetration resistance was a more reliable predictor of liquefaction behavior than the reported density itself. Finally, the centrifuge tests at different LEAP facilities modeled the same prototype in different containers using different length scale factors (1/20 to 1/44); thus the ratio of layer thickness to cone diameter was different in each experiment. It appears that the penetration resistances are noticeably affected by container width and, to a lesser extent, resistance is affected by the length scale factor.
Biorepositories and their foundation

Abstract The management of biological resources in support of microbial forensics initiatives presents many challenges that go beyond simply storing materials at low temperatures and providing them to ultimate end users. These include assuring quality and standardization, good data management, developing mechanisms for equitable access using well-developed acquisition and distribution methodologies, and assuring compliance with safety, security, and other international regulations. This chapter provides guidance on how these challenges can be met. An effective biological resource dedicated to supporting the microbial forensics community would benefit from the current knowledge and experience available in existing, well-established Biological Resource Centers.
Rural-urban differences in cannabis detected in fatally injured drivers in the United States

Abstract While there is a vast literature on rural and urban differences in substance use, little is known in terms of cannabis positive drug tests among fatally injured drivers. In the present study, we examined rural-urban differences in cannabis detected in fatally-injured drivers. Data were drawn from the 2015–2017 Fatality Analysis Reporting System. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to examine rural-urban differences in the percentage of cannabis detected in fatally-injured drivers. Analyses were stratified by rural-urban classification and sex. A positive cannabis test in fatally-injured drivers was more prevalent in urban locations. Compared to fatally-injured drivers in rural locations, urban drivers had higher odds of a positive test for cannabinoids (aOR: 1.21, 95% CI 1.14–1.28). Non-Hispanic Black drivers had higher odds of testing positive for cannabinoids (aOR: 1.43, 95% CI 1.31–1.55). Those aged at least 25 years had lower odds of a positive test for cannabinoids. Drivers involved in a weekend nighttime crash (aOR: 1.14, 95% CI 1.03–1.26) and weekday nighttime (aOR: 1.15, 95% CI 1.05–1.26) had higher odds of testing positive for cannabinoids compared to drivers involved in a weekend daytime crash. Results showed significant rural-urban differences in the prevalence of cannabis detected in fatally-injured drivers.
Personalized Meal Planning for Diabetic Patients Using a Multi-Criteria Decision- Making Approach

Following a healthy diet is essential for people with diabetes. For this purpose, there have been many digital tools and mobile apps developed for diabetes meal planning. Most of them focus on controlling the blood sugar level of users. However, they undervalued the social, cultural, and religious significance of food to people. There are numerous factors that affect a person’s meal planning including taste, nutrition, budget, preference, habit, and health constraints. People can struggle to decide what to eat. They may easily be overwhelmed by different food options and various constraints. In this paper, we propose a personalized meal planning strategy to support diabetes management. We develop a novel hybrid Multi- Criteria Decision-Making scheme for meal planning. Our goal is to effectively plan affordable and culturally appropriate meals to get all the nutrition needed for diabetic patients while still being mindful of calories and carbs.
Intermetallic Reactivity: Ca3Cu7.8Al26.2 and the Role of Electronegativity in the Stabilization of Modular Structures.

The structural chemistry of intermetallic phases is generally viewed in terms of what crystal structure will be most stable for a given combination of metallic atoms. Yet, individual atoms do not a...
ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in a Patient Having Dextrocardia with Situs Inversus.

Abstract Background Dextrocardia with situs inversus is a rare genetic condition in which the heart and internal organs are positioned on the opposite side of the body. Diagnosing and treating acute myocardial infarction correctly in a patient with dextrocardia is a difficult task. Case Report We present the case of an acute anterior wall ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in a patient with dextrocardia with situs inversus diagnosed after a lead reversal electrocardiogram (ECG). The patient then successfully underwent percutaneous coronary intervention and subsequent multivessel coronary artery bypass grafting. We discuss the original diagnosis and decision-making, clinical features, ECG characteristics, and disposition of the patient, as well as a review of the relevant literature. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Emergency physicians must identify and recognize the typical ECG of dextrocardia, especially when presenting with pathology, as its identification can lead to proper diagnosis and treatment.
Effect of subchronic exposure to fluoride on mRNA expression of estrogen receptor in female mice

Objective To study the subchronic toxicity of sodium fluoride on mRNA expression of estrogen receptor(ER) in female mice.Methods Forty female mice were randomly divided into 4 groups according to body mass,10 in each group,and exposed to sodium fluoride solution(0,1,5,25 mg/L) through drinking water in control,low-dose,medium-dose and high-dose groups for 12 weeks.The expression levels of ERα,ER3 mRNA in ovarian tissues were determined by RT-PCR method.Results The relative expression levels of ERα,ERβ mRNA in control,low-,medium-and high-dose groups were 0.7028 + 0.0474,0.7195 ± 0.0552,0.6479 ± 0.0590,0.5684 ± 0.0513 and 0.8418 ± 0.0131,0.7729 ± 0.0974,0.7610 ± 0.0984,0.8026 ± 0.0234,respectively.The difference between high-dose and control groups of the expression level of ERα was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The subchronic toxicity of fluoride can decrease the expression of estrogen receptor in ovarian tissue,which may have a certain effect on reproductive development of female mice. Key words: Sodium fluoride; Mice; Estrogen receptor
Organoids as Complex In Vitro Models for Studying Radiation-Induced Cell Recruitment

Patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) typically receive chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy. Although this treatment improves prognosis for most patients, some patients continue to experience recurrence within 5 years. Preclinical studies have shown that immune cell infiltration at the irradiated site may play a significant role in tumor cell recruitment; however, little is known about the mechanisms that govern this process. This lack of knowledge highlights the need to evaluate radiation-induced cell infiltration with models that have controllable variables and maintain biological integrity. Mammary organoids are multicellular three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models, and they have been used to examine many aspects of mammary development and tumorigenesis. Organoids are also emerging as a powerful tool to investigate normal tissue radiation damage. In this review, we evaluate recent advances in mammary organoid technology, consider the advantages of using organoids to study radiation response, and discuss future directions for the applications of this technique.
Nonstationary Modeling With Sparsity for Spatial Data via the Basis Graphical Lasso

Many modern spatial models express the stochastic variation component as a basis expansion with random coefficients. Low rank models, approximate spectral decompositions, multiresolution representa...
Academic libraries and research in flux global conversations in times of COVID-19

In March 2020, Alameda County, where the University of California (UC)-Berkeley is located, issued a shelter in place order as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The UC-Berkeley Library was one of the first libraries in the United States to deal effectively with the new normal that was mandated by local, state, and federal public health officials, shifting to the virtual provision of its services such as instruction, research consultation, and accelerated e-resource acquisition. Library administration encouraged staff to think creatively, to not only provide our services to faculty, users, and students, but also to bridge the physical gap through virtual media to foster collaboration among the community of international librarians.
Cell Biology of Canonical Wnt Signaling.

Wnt signaling has multiple functions beyond the transcriptional effects of β-catenin stabilization. We review recent investigations that uncover new cell physiological effects through the regulatio...
Tracking cell migration by cellular force footprint recorded with a mechano-optical biosensor.

Abstract Conventional cell migration assays require time-lapse imaging of live cells to trace cell migration paths, consequently demanding cumbersome hardware setup and suffering from low data throughput. In this work, we developed an assay named Tracking Cells by Footprint (TCF) based on a mechano-optical biosensor that irreversibly becomes fluorescent when sensing local cell adhesive force. Cell migration paths are visualized and recorded as fluorescent footprints on glass or elastic substrates coated with such biosensor. From the footprints, cell migration ranges, speeds and persistence are analyzed and quantified without the need of time-lapse imaging. The feasibility of TCF assays was demonstrated with three types of cells with different migratory capabilities. TCF was then applied to evaluating cell motility affected by biochemical or biomechanical cues. The results show that fibroblast motility is reduced by blebbistatin and vinblastine but promoted by bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor), and the motility correlates with the substrate rigidity. TCF is also compatible with 96-well plates which, combined with static imaging and large-area scanning, provides high data throughput with minimal additional effort.
Azithromycin reduces inflammation-amplified hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats.

Background Systemic inflammation amplifies neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. Azithromycin (AZ), an antibiotic with anti-inflammatory properties, improves sensorimotor function and reduces tissue damage after neonatal rat HI brain injury. The objective of this study was to determine if AZ is neuroprotective in two neonatal rat models of inflammation-amplified HI brain injury. Design/methods Seven-day-old (P7) rats received injections of toll-like receptor agonists lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 (PAM) prior to right carotid ligation followed by 50 min (LPS + HI) or 60 min (PAM + HI) in 8% oxygen. Outcomes included contralateral forelimb function (forepaw placing; grip strength), survival, %Intact right hemisphere (brain damage), and a composite score incorporating these measures. We compared postnatal day 35 outcomes in controls and groups treated with three or five AZ doses. Then, we compared P21 outcomes when the first (of five) AZ doses were administered 1, 2, or 4 h after HI. Results In both LPS + HI and PAM + HI models, AZ improved sensorimotor function, survival, brain tissue preservation, and composite scores. Benefits increased with five- vs. three-dose AZ and declined with longer initiation delay. Conclusions Perinatal systemic infection is a common comorbidity of neonatal asphyxia brain injury and contributes to adverse outcomes. These data support further evaluation of AZ as a candidate treatment for neonatal neuroprotection. Impact AZ treatment decreases sensorimotor impairment and severity of brain injury, and improves survival, after inflammation-amplified HI brain injury, and this can be achieved even with a 2 h delay in initiation. This neuroprotective benefit is seen in models of inflammation priming by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive infections. This extends our previous findings that AZ treatment is neuroprotective after HI brain injury in neonatal rats.
Effect of Dietary Calcium on Colon Carcinogenesis Induced by a Single Injection of 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine in Rats

The purpose of this study was to determine if high levels of dietary calcium could inhibit the induction of colon tumors in rats injected with a single dose of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Rats were given a single subcutaneous injection of DMH (200 mg/kg body weight) 2 wk before they were fed purified diets containing 5% fat and four different levels of calcium (as calcium gluconate). After 8 mo, the following incidences of colon tumors (total) were seen: 0.2% Ca, 56%; 0.5% Ca [National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (NAS/NRC) recommended level], 75%; 1.0% Ca, 61%; 2.0% Ca, 41%. Thus, rats fed calcium at levels above or below the NAS/NRC recommendation had lower tumor incidences. The total tumor incidence and the incidence of adenocarcinomas (with or without invasion) were not significantly affected by calcium, but the incidences of benign adenomatous polyps and of distal colon tumors were significantly affected. Autoradiographic examination of [3H]thymidine-treated rats revealed that the level of calcium did not significantly alter the cell kinetic indices in the distal colon. In the proximal colon, however, the 0.2% Ca group had a significantly larger proliferative zone, with significantly more labeled cells present at the bottom of the colon crypt. Mineral analysis of tibias and serum samples revealed that rats fed higher levels of calcium had lower bone Fe and serum Mg contents, but no significant trends were seen for Ca, P, Zn or Cu. Therefore, increasing or decreasing the calcium content above or below the NAS/NRC recommendation (supplemented to low fat diets) during the promotional phase of colon carcinogenesis altered the tumor incidence, but the effect was confined to the distal colon and to benign adenomatous polyps.
Standards and High Stakes Testing

Abstract In the generation that immediately followed World War II, California was widely regarded as both model and magnet for the nation-in its economic opportunities, social outlook, and high quality public services and institutions. With a nearly free and universally accessible system of higher education, a well supported public school system, and a wide array of social services, and human rights guarantees that had no parallel in any other state.
VARIABLE-TEMPERATURE PRESSURE BROADENING OF H2S BY O2 AND N2

Abstract The first temperature dependent measurements of the pressure broadening of H 2 S by N 2 and O 2 are reported. Temperatures range from 100 to 600 K, and the broadening parameters obey a power-law temperature dependence over the whole range. Room temperature broadening parameters are compared with experimental results from infrared studies. The temperature dependence of H 2 S broadening is compared with results of similar studies involving other molecules.
ANALYSIS OF SENSITIVITY AND UNCERTAINTY IN AN INDIVIDUAL-BASED MODEL OF A THREATENED WILDLIFE SPECIES

Sensitivity analysis—determination of how prediction vari- ables affect response variables—of individual-based models (IBMs) are few but important to the interpretation of model output. We present sensitiv- ity analysis of a spatially explicit IBM (HexSim) of a threatened species, the Northern Spotted Owl (NSO; Strix occidentalis caurina) in Washington, USA. We explored sensitivity to HexSim variables representing habitat qual- ity, movement, dispersal, and model architecture; previous NSO studies have well established sensitivity of model output to vital rate variation. We de- veloped "normative" (expected) model settings from field studies, and then varied the values of 1 input parameter at a time by ±10% and ±50% of their normative values to determine influence on response variables of pop- ulation size and trend. We determined time to population equilibration and dynamics of populations above and below carrying capacity. Recovery time from small population size to carrying capacity greatly exceeded decay time from an overpopulated condition, suggesting lag time required to repopu- late newly available habitat. Response variables were most sensitive to input parameters of habitat quality which are well-studied for this species and con- trollable by management. HexSim thus seems useful for evaluating potential NSO population responses to landscape patterns for which good empirical information is available.
Single‐particle reconstruction with EMAN

Single-particle reconstruction is a technique for determining the three-dimensional structure of large sets of identical nanoscale objects, typically proteins or macromolecular assemblies, using electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM). This technique has now demonstrated resolutions of 3–5 A for a number of targets and can routinely achieve subnanometre resolution. EMAN is a scientific image-processing software suite first developed to make single-particle reconstructions more reproducible and less labour-intensive. While it has since expanded to include many algorithms for other types of image processing, providing robust single-particle reconstructions with minimal effort remains one of its primary focuses. It includes a complete workflow infrastructure for this and other tasks in cryo-EM image analysis and structural biology. Keywords: EMAN; single-particle reconstruction; electron cryomicroscopy
Endocrinologic Sequelae of Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric and medical condition once described as the “relentless pursuit of thinness.” Eighty-five percent of patients with AN present between the ages of 13 and 20 years during a critical period for growth, pubertal development, and maximal bone accretion that culminates in peak bone mass. The disorder can result in a compromise in each of these important endocrinologic events, with lifelong sequelae. Recent trends demonstrate an earlier age of onset of AN, and it is recognized that onset at a younger age is associated with poorer growth and bone health outcomes. Patients with AN also have a characteristic clinical picture of endocrine dysfunction, including amenorrhea, abnormal temperature regulation, elevated growth hormone (GH) levels, hypercortisolemia, and abnormal eating suggestive of hypothalamic or pituitary dysfunction. Therefore, endocrine function has been studied extensively in these patients. The multiple endocrine abnormalities appear to represent an adaptation to the starvation state.
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM workshop on Computer security architecture

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the First ACM Computer Security Architectures Workshop, held in association with the 14th ACM Computer and Communications Security Conference, November 2nd in Fairfax, Virginia (USA). The call for papers attracted 30 submissions from Asia, Australia, Canada, Europe, South America, and the United States--with authors from 14 different countries. The program committee accepted 9 papers that cover a variety of topics, including side channel attacks, cryptography and authorization systems, authentication, novel authorization systems. We are especially pleased to have a keynote speech by Professor Daniel J. Bernstein on Some Thoughts on Security After 10 Years of qmail 1.0. Qmail is in use at some two million sites, and its architecture is both novel and very efficient; for over 10 years now Professor Bernstein has offered a reward--as yet uncollected--for anyone who can find a security hole in qmail. We also are planning on having a panel on Distributed Authentication, the details of which are not available at press time. We hope that these proceedings will serve as a valuable reference for security researchers and developers. The workshop was created because the design and evaluation of Security Architectures is of fundamental importance to security. And yet, as far as we know, this workshop is unique in its focus on Security Architectures. We hope that this workshop will help to crystallize work in Security Architectures.
Participatory Workplace Wellness Programs: Reward, Penalty, and Regulatory Conflict

Policy Points: Workplace wellness programs that provide incentives for completing a health risk assessment are a form of participatory programs. There are legal and ethical concerns when employers assess penalties for not completing a health risk assessment, raising questions about the voluntariness of such a program. The Departments of Treasury, Labor, and Health and Human Services’ 2013 regulations for participatory programs and employers’ current practices conflict with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's prevailing interpretation of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Context In keeping with the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Congress revised the law related to workplace wellness programs. In June 2013, the Departments of Treasury, Labor, and Health and Human Services passed the final regulations, updating their 2006 regulatory framework. Participatory programs that reward the completion of a health risk assessment are now the most common type of wellness program in the United States. However, legal and ethical concerns emerge when employers utilize incentives that raise questions about the voluntariness of such programs. At issue is that under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, employers cannot require health-related inquiries and exams. Methods To analyze the current interpretation of the ADA, I conducted research on both LexisNexis and federal agency websites. The resulting article evaluates the differences in the language of Congress's enabling legislation and the federal departments’ regulations and how they may conflict with the ADA. It also reviews the federal government's authority to address both the legal conflict and ethical concerns related to nonvoluntary participatory programs. Findings Employers’ practices and the federal departments’ regulations conflict with the current interpretation of the ADA by permitting employers to penalize employees who do not complete a health risk assessment. The departments’ regulations may be interpreted as conflicting with Congress's legislation, which mentions penalties only for health-contingent wellness programs. Furthermore, the regulatory protections for employees applicable to health-contingent wellness programs do not apply to participatory programs. Conclusions Either Congress or the federal agencies should address the conflict among employers’ practices, the wellness regulations, and the ADA and also consider additional protections for employees. Employers can avoid ethical and legal complications by offering voluntary programs with positive incentives.
The Woolen-Goods Industry of the Habsburg Monarchy in the Eighteenth Century

In the eighteenth century, industry, though still a minor factor in the total economy of the Habsburg monarchyâ€”over 80 per cent of the people lived on the landâ€”was the object of special attention from statesmen and theorists. To them industry connoted progress and showed great promise of being the handmaiden to the evolving power of the modern state. The great teacher in this respect was Colbert, and since the late seventeenth century the rulers of the Habsburg monarchy, as those of other states, had at least paid lip service to his ideas. The static nature of society, however, all too often prevented them from putting Colbert's mercantilist principles into practice.
Effect of stenosis inlet geometry on shear rates of blood flow in the upstream region.

Abstract Abnormal shear rates of blood flow have been implicated in the processes of thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and restenosis after angioplasty. However, no study has quantitated the effect of stenosis inlet geometry on the shear rates in the region upstream to the stenosis. To quantitate this effect, we measured the velocity profiles of blood flow at Reynolds numbers 175 and 350 upstream to different axisymmetric model stenoses in an excised canine aorta. Two 40% and two 75% stenoses were tested, one each with a 45-degree inlet angulation and one each with a 90-degree angulation. For the velocity measurements we used a specially developed external single-channel Doppler ultrasound system capable of resolving blood flow velocity at 91 μm radial intervals across the aorta. We found that increasing the severity of stenosis narrowing and angulation resulted in a significant decrease in shear rate at the endothelial surface (40%45-degree stenosis: 189 ± 46 sec −1 vs 75%90-degree stenosis: 49 ± 12 sec −1 at Reynolds number 350; p −1 vs 295 ± 8 sec −1 , respectively; p
Executive stock option compensation: The corporate reporting decision

New regulations instituted in 1992 by the SEC require that estimates of the values of executive stock option grants now be included in proxy statement reports on senior executive compensation. We examine the character of firms' reporting choices under the new rules, from a large sample of the first round of proxy statements issued. We find that the majority of firms have elected a reporting approach that provides little additional information to investors, and appear at least in part to have done so because the alternative approach would have caused them to report above-average stock option compensation amounts for their executives.
The relativistic balanced global energy system model

Abstract This paper presents an open perspective of a comprehensive energy model which is centered around the utilization of fossil fuel resources, new alternative energy channels, and nuclear power (fission and fusion). The mathematical — physical model will identify the rate of consumption of fossil energy extracted from coal, oil and natural gas the rate of introduction and accelerated pace of utilization of nuclear power and also the actual movement of renewable energy resources within the main stream of providing bulk amount of fuel for the generation of effective economic power.
DIAGNOSIS OF URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION IN DOGS USING DUPLEX DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY

The ability of duplex Doppler ultrasonography to assist with the diagnosis of urinary tract obstruction was investigated in a study of 5 dogs with surgically induced, unilateral ureteral obstruction. The resistive index (RI) of obstructed kidneys was compared to that of controls and to the contralateral unobstructed kidneys. The RI was also evaluated following relief of obstruction. On the basis of an RI measurement ≥0.70 indicating obstruction, a sensitivity of 73% and a specificity of 77% was determined for the diagnosis of obstruction with Doppler ultrasonography. Although mean RI was elevated in obstructed kidneys compared to controls, it was concluded that a high false-negative rate (27%) limits the clinical usefulness of Doppler ultrasonography for the detection of urinary obstruction in dogs. The RI difference between obstructed and nonobstructed kidneys was also evaluated within individual animals, but the magnitude of difference between kidneys did not significantly improve the detection rate for obstruction.
A sense of place for patients: Living and dying

In references to an individual, agency refers to the capacity of the individual for meaningful action. Protecting and nurturing patient agency is a central feature of nursing work. The moral ideals and aim of nursing practice reflect a commitment to the patient that includes the patient as central to the determination of what happens to her or him. Whereas we most commonly think of the capacity to make these determinations as autonomy, I use the term agency because autonomy is a complicated and contested issue within philosophy and ethics. In an earlier issue, I suggested that an understanding of place is important to ethics. This is so because different places or institutions do different kinds of work, have different values, endow ethical concepts with different meanings, are structured by different visions, and are controlled and influenced by different kinds of knowledge and power. All these factors work together to determine a person's agency within a given place or environment. For example, home care providers cannot act in patients' homes in the same way they can act in a hospital, and providers cannot act in a school the way they act in a hospital. At the same time, patients' power to act is constrained in the hospital in ways that it is not in their homes. In the following narrative of an experienced home care nurse, I examine the ethical concern that can result from a commitment to patient agency by home care providers.
Theoretical treatment of fluorescence detection by a dual-fiber-optic sensor with consideration of sampling variability and package effects associated with particles

The characteristics of a dual-fiber-optic sensor for measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence in aquatic environments were evaluated with a theoretical model. Consideration was given to sampling variability and package effects associated with particles (e.g., phytoplankton cells). A numerical simulation was developed to approximate the optical geometry of the dual fiber-optic sensor that permitted a visual representation of the fluorescence distribution within the sensor sampling volume. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to evaluate sampling variability associated with the number and distribution of particles within the sampling volume. Relatively high coefficients of variation were associated with low particle concentrations, although with sufficient signal averaging the coefficient of variation was reduced to less than 20%. The influence of package effects and intracellular absorption of fluorescence was evaluated with a simplified form of the model that treated fluorescence as a linear function of particle density and assumed uniform particle composition, constant fluorescence cross-sectional yield, and sufficient averaging of the fluorescence signal. The model predicted decreasing fluorescence per unit of chlorophyll with increasing values of the product of particle diameter and intraparticle chlorophyll concentration. Experimental trends in size dependence of chlorophyll–fluorescence relationships were compared with predictions of the model.
Gradient field microscopy of unstained specimens

We present a phase derivative microscopy technique referred to as gradient field microscopy (GFM), which provides the first-order derivatives of the phase associated with an optical field passing through a transparent specimen. GFM utilizes spatial light modulation at the Fourier plane of a bright field microscope to optically obtain the derivatives of the phase and increase the contrast of the final image. The controllable spatial modulation pattern allows us to obtain both one component of the field gradient (derivative along one direction) and the gradient intensity, which offers some advantages over the regular differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy. Most importantly, unlike DIC, GFM does not use polarizing optics and, thus, it is applicable to birefringent samples. We demonstrate these features of GFM with studies of static and dynamic biological cells (HeLa cells and red blood cells). We show that GFM is capable of qualitatively providing information about cell membrane fluctuations. Specifically, we captured the disappearance of the bending mode of fluctuations in osmotically swollen red blood cells.
The relationship of power‐gaining communication strategies to career success

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which communication support (both inside and outside the workplace) contribute to career success. A survey was administered to a random probability sample (N = 418) of the full‐time employed population in a major metropolitan area. Results supported a hierarchical model which accounted for 72.20% of the variance in career success. In conjunction with facilitative home support, career success can be enhanced when the employee utilizes both formal and informal relationships, receives abundant job feedback and important organizational information, and has multi‐channel access to important sources of information.
Beach Processes, Berrien County, Michigan

Abstract The level of Lake Michigan rose both markedly and rapidly in the decade 1964-1974. Theoretically, a significant rise in lake level should be accompanied and followed by an important increase in beach erosion; much or most of the sand eroded should be carried offshore, rather than in the littoral drift system. Computer simulation, measures of erosion rates on air photos, depletion of an artificial sand stock-pile, beach pad histories and other studies indicate that the theoretical effects have also been the actual results. The theoretical projection is confirmed. The importance of transverse transport (more or less at right angles to littoral transport) in the study area points up the fact that presentlyknown types of coastal defense works, largely designed with littoral drift in mind, may not be effective on segments of coast where water levels are rising, or have recently risen significantly. Although littoral drift in the study area has been limited, it has operated clearly in the form of “beach pads”, discrete masses of sand which move at measurable rates. Beach pads were derived from an artificial stockpile of sand, but in this case not from erosion of the natural dunes. Each beach pad, with its associated bar, furnishes a diagonal path along which sand is transported from the beach into deeper water, under oblique wave attack. The amount of sand moved offshore in this way is not measured by considering the migration rate of the pads.
Law of the Sea threatens research

Details of regulations evolving within the UN convention suggest that the freedom of marine research will be compromised.
Defining the Roles of Collagen and Collagen‐Like Proteins Within the Proteome

Abstract The collagen family is a diverse group of proteins distinguished by a native triple‐helical structure. The collagen triple‐helix is important for the integrity and workings of multiple connective tissues, including skin, bone, cartilage, tendon, and dentin. Most collagens assist in anchoring cells to the extracellular matrix and some function in cellular regulation. Multiple hereditary connective tissue diseases have been linked to collagen mutations. These mutations most often disrupt collagen folding. The very nature of the collagen family, one that is extensive, ubiquitous, abundant, well characterized, and responsible for various disease states, makes it a model protein family for intense proteomic studies. Proteomic analyses for triple‐helical proteins may involve several different multidimensional approaches, such as two‐dimensional liquid chromatography (2DLC), coupled liquid chromatography/capillary electrophoresis, and multidimensional protein identification technique (MudPIT) that coupl...
Crystal forms of hillocks and voids formed by electromigration on ultrapure gold and silver wires

Hillocks and voids (vacancy crystals) which were formed by electromigration on ultrapure gold and silver wires, showed only the combined crystal forms {111} and {100}. These planes are identical with the equilibrium planes GI, calculated by Stranski and Kaishew for nonpolar substances under the assumption of only nearest neighbor interaction. Hillock and void nucleation occurred on crystal imperfections (heterogeneous nucleation). Hillocks and vacancy crystals (voids) on gold showed twin formation obeying the spinel law.
Monocyte accumulation in mouse atherogenesis is progressive and proportional to extent of disease

Monocytes participate importantly in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, but their spatial and temporal recruitment from circulation remains uncertain. This study tests the hypothesis that monocyte accumulation in atheroma correlates with the extent of disease by using a sensitive and simple quantitative assay that allows tracking of highly enriched populations of blood monocytes. A two-step isolation method yielded viable and functionally intact highly enriched peripheral blood monocyte populations (>90%). Recipient mice received syngeneic monocytes labeled in two ways: by transgenically expressing EGFP or with a radioactive tracer [111In]oxine. After 5 days, more labeled cells accumulated in the aorta, principally the aortic root and ascending aorta, of 10-wk-old ApoE−/− compared with 10-wk-old C57BL/6 mice (223 ± 3 vs. 87 ± 22 cells per aorta). Considerably more monocytes accumulated in 20-wk-old ApoE−/− mice on either chow (314 ± 41 cells) or high-cholesterol diet (395 ± 53 cells). Fifty-week-old ApoE−/− mice accumulated even more monocytes in the aortic root, ascending aorta, and thoracic aorta after both chow (503 ± 67 cells) or high-cholesterol diet (648 ± 81 cells). Labeled monocyte content in the aorta consistently correlated with lesion surface area. These data indicate that monocytes accumulate continuously during atheroma formation, accumulation increases in proportion to lesion size, and recruitment is augmented with hypercholesterolemia. These results provide insights into mechanisms of atherogenesis and have implications for the duration of therapies directed at leukocyte recruitment.
Optimizing the probe geometry of elastic scattering spectroscopy for the diagnosis of prostate cancer

Probe geometry has a major effect on the spectral information obtained by elastic light scattering spectroscopy (ESS). It could, therefore, enhance the sensitivity to detecting changes in scattering to the detriment of absorption properties or inversely. We have experimentally tested three probe designs in an ex-vivo preliminary study to determine the potential of using ESS to serve as a method for optically-guided biopsy in diagnosing prostate cancer.
Observations of a Drainage Flow Event on a High-Altitude Simple Slope.

Abstract Observations of a drainage flow event on a high-altitude simple slope were made for a few hours during a five-day field study that was otherwise characterized by high and gusty winds blowing across the face of the slope believed due to the presence of a nocturnal jet. A simple slope in the Jemez Mountains of north-central New Mexico was instrumented with meteorological surface stations and 10 m masts. Data collected during the drainage flow event indicate a depth ranging from greater than 10 m at the bottom of the slope to near zero at the top. At the bottom of the slope, the wind speed varied from 2.5 m s−1 at 1.5 m above ground to 0.5 m s−1 at a height of 10 m.
Attribute based lattice rescoring in spontaneous speech recognition

In this paper we extend attribute-based lattice rescoring to spontaneous speech recognition. This technique is based on two key features: (i) an attribute-based frontend, which consists of a bank of speech attribute detectors followed up by an evidence merger that generates confidence scores (e.g., sub-word posterior probabilities), and (ii) a rescoring module that integrates information generated by the frontend into an existing ASR engine through lattice rescoring. The speech attributes used in this work are phonetic features, such as frication and palatalization. Experimental results on the Switchboard part of the NIST 2000 Hub5 data set demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms LVCSR systems based on Gaussian mixture model/ hidden Markov model (GMM/HMM) that does not use attribute related information. Furthermore, a small yet promising improvement is also observed when rescoring word-lattices generated by a state-of-the-art ASR system using deep neural networks. Different frontend configuration are investigated and tested.
Physiology and Quality Responses of Fresh-cut Broccoli Florets Pretreated with Ethanol Vapor

The exposure of intact broccoli to 6 mL/kg ethanol for 5 h was effective in inhibiting the senescence of fresh-cut broccoli florets. During the 8 d of storage at 10 °C, the weight loss, protein, and chlorophyll degradation of the treated broccoli florets were significantly retarded. The ethanol content of the ethanol-treated broccoli rose sharply and then descended rapidly to a level close to that of the control broccoli stored at 10 °C after 8 d. The acetaldehyde level of the treated broccoli was higher than that of the control broccoli over the whole storage period. The alcohol dehydrogenase activity of the treated broccoli was significantly higher than that of the control after 6 d. There had been higher activities of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in ethanol-treated broccoli. Our study showed that the fresh-cut broccoli treated with ethanol maintained better quality during the storage. Ethanol vapor would be commercially a good candidate for extending the shelf-life of fresh-cut broccoli florets and reducing the loss in postharvest.
Hyperbolic conservation laws with a moving source

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the wave behavior of hyperbolic conservation laws with a moving source. When the speed of the source is close to one of the characteristic speeds of the system, nonlinear resonance occurs and instability may result. We will study solutions with a single transonic shock wave for a general system ut + f(u)x = g(x, u). Suppose that the ith characteristic speed is close to zero. We propose the following stability criteria: Here li and ri are the ith normalized left and right eigenvectors of , respectively. Through the local analysis on the evolution of the speed and strength of the transonic shock wave, the above criterion can be justified. It turns out that the speed of the transonic shock wave is monotone increasing (decreasing) most of the time in the unstable (stable) case. This is shown by introducing a global functional on nonlinear wave interactions, based on the Glimm scheme. In particular, together with the local analysis, we can study the shock speed globally. Such a global approach is absent in the previous works. Using this strategy, we prove the existence of solutions and verify the asymptotic stability (or instability). © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Women in forestry: A study of Kenya's Green Belt Movement and Nepal's Community Forestry Program

Abstract This literature review evaluates two programs that attempt to involve women in community-based forestry projects: the Green Belt Movement led by Wangari Maathai in Kenya, and Nepal's government-sponsored Community Forestry Program. To evaluate the extent to which each program is a successful community-based conservation venture, the recommendations developed at the Airlie House Community Based Conservation Workshop in 1993 are used. These recommendations stipulate that factors such as culture, participation, resource ownership, and skills and knowledge transfer must be taken into account for a community-based conservation venture to be successful. To evaluate the extent to which each program is successful in securing the active involvement of women, the study evaluates how well they overcome a set of four factors that commonly limit women's involvement in forestry projects, developed by Molnar in 1997; this list includes limited access to productive resources, limited decision-making roles, limit...