cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical Cleaning of Coal — The Oxydesulfurization Process

One of the major uses of coal is to burn it directly in power plants; our objective is to burn coal in an environmentally acceptable manner. This requires the removal of sulfur so that EPA standards for the omission of sulfur oxides in power plants are met. This paper briefly reviews the present state of the art for the chemical removal of sulfur from coal via an oxidation process. A brief summary of the existing sulfur removal processes and their economics along with the chemistry and kinetics of inorganic and organic sulfur removal from coal and the reactor design considerations are outlined.
Single versus multiple primary melanomas: old questions and new answers.

BACKGROUND: In patients with multiple primary melanomas (MPM), mean tumor thickness tends to decrease from the first melanoma to the second melanoma, and prognosis may be improved compared with the prognosis for patients who have a single primary melanoma (SPM). In this study, the authors compared the clinicopathologic features of patients with MPM and SPM to better characterize the differences between these 2 groups and to determine whether or not there is an inherent difference in tumor aggression. METHODS: In total, 788 patients with melanoma who were enrolled prospectively in the Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group database from 2002 to 2008 were studied. Patients with SPM and with MPM were compared with regard to clinical and primary melanoma characteristics. RESULTS: Of 788 patients with melanoma, 61 patients (7.7%) had 2 or more primary melanomas. The incidence of developing a second primary melanoma 1 year and 5 years after initial melanoma diagnosis was 4.1% and 8.7%, respectively, and most of the risk accumulated within the first year. The incidence of MPM was greater in patients aged ≥60 years than in those aged ≤60 years. The absence or presence of mitosis and other tumor characteristics did not differ significantly between patients with SPM and patients with MPM (P = .61). CONCLUSIONS: No difference was observed in the presence or absence of mitoses, a marker of tumor proliferation, in SPM and MPM. Because it has been demonstrated that the presence of mitosis is a powerful prognostic marker, the current findings suggested that the tumors behave similarly in patients with SPM and patients with MPM. The authors concluded that differences in tumor thickness and prognosis between SPM and MPM more likely are caused by factors other than tumor biology, such as increased surveillance. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
SPASM a student built robot

The authors describe recent developments on SPASM (Student Programmable Arm for Synchronous Movements), the student built robot at the Speed Scientific School of the University of Louisville. Movement of the robot is provided by five stepper motors one each for the X, Y, and Z axes, one for rotation of the vertical member, and one for the opening and closing the gripper. A Motorola 6800 provides the logic for controlling the system. Descriptions are given of such further refinements as the serial interface, the load cell interface, the improved gripper, the ability to control the motors through an off-the-shelf controller, and the addition of vision capability to the system. >
Antiviral Agents, RNA Viruses (Other than HIV), and Orthopoxviruses

Since our last review on antiviral agents for RNA viruses other than HIV, significant advances have occurred in the field of antiviral chemotherapy. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved two new drugs (Relenza and Tamiflu) for the treatment of influenza for both adults and children. Pegylated interferon has improved the efficacy of interferon, particularly in combination with ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infections. A monoclonal antibody, Synagis, has been approved for the prevention of serious lower respiratory tract infections in high-risk pediatric patients. A new drug application (NDA) has also been submitted to the FDA for the treatment of infections caused by rhinoviruses and enteroviruses. This chapter will update the discovery, preclinical evaluation, and clinical data supporting the development of antiviral agents for RNA viruses other than HIV. In addition, as a component of biodefense-related activities, this chapter will review the historical and current development of antiviral agents for orthopoxviruses. Keywords: hepatitis C; smallpox; antiviral agents; influenza; paramyxoviruses; picornaviruses
Characterization of KMPR ® 1025 as a masking layer for deep reactive ion etching of fused silica

In this paper we report our results from the process development and characterization of KMPR®1025 as a complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process compatible masking layer for the deep reactive ion etching (RIE) of fused silica. The processing conditions and the etch resistivity of KMPR®1025 as a function of different parameters like pressure, gaseous composition, gas flow rate and hard-bake conditions are examined in details in this study.
OH masers in the circumstellar shell of the GIa supergiant AFGL 2343

High resolution observations of the 1612 and 1667 MHz OH masers in AFGL 2343, a GIa star which is likely a proto-planetary nebula, are presented. Comparison between the OH observations, and recently published SiO and CO observations, as well as modelling of the infrared spectral distribution, suggest that the OH and SiO emission regions may be interior to the cold dust and CO emission regions; a conclusion that may be reached is that the OH and SiO are indicators of a more recent, less massive mass loss epsiode than that which produced the CO and cold dust outflow.
Solution of the bound trinucleon including the effects of the isobar Δ(1236)

We would like to report a preliminary solution of the bound trinucleon system in which the effects of virtual isobars A(1236) are taken into account in an approximate but realistic manner. We use the equations developed by us and reported in an earlier communication to this Conference [i]. In order to represent the two-body interaction we use the One-Boson-Exchange model of Holinde and Machleidt, hereafter referred to as HM [2]. The particular potential that we use is that referred to by HM as HMI + A and though realistic insofar as it fits the NN phase shifts it fairly substantially underbinds the deuteron at 2.2089 MeV. In addition, only the n-contribution to the N÷÷A(1236) transition is included though it is now well known that the 0-contribution is very important [3]. We hope to remedy this and other drawbacks (adumbrated below) in future calculations. Holinde and Machleidt [2] have reported a number of other interactions in which the meson-baryon vertex function is represented by an eikonal form factor derived from an approximate representation of the vertex contributions and crossed ladder diagrams of soft neutral vector mesons [4]. We do not consider such interactions in view of the serious difficulty involved in continuing their explicit energy dependence below the 2M threshold [5].
Life stress and regional enteritis.

Summary Four patients with proven regional enteritis were studied. In each the onset of the illness and each exacerbation coincided with periods of stressful life situations. The patients reacted to the stressful situations with an attitude characterized by feelings of "getting it over with" or "getting rid of it."
BRCA-Associated Pancreatic Cancer: The Evolving Management

Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers. While BRCA-associated pancreatic cancers are uncommon, the distinctive phenotype of this malignancy may offer unique therapeutic targets. At the 2013 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium, a review of the characteristics and outcomes of one large case series (Abstract #278), however, did not reveal a benefit to first-line platinum chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer. In another study (Abstract #147), substantial responses were observed in both patients with BRCA2-associated pancreatic cancer treated with the poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor ABT-888 (veliparib). We will review these abstracts and our current knowledge of the treatment for patients with BRCA-associated pancreatic cancer. In this group of patients, these new results continue to shape our understanding of this disease. Image: Tufts University School of Medicine . Boston, MA, USA.
MDA5 Is Critical to Host Defense during Infection with Murine Coronavirus.

UNLABELLED Infection with the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) activates the pattern recognition receptors melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) to induce transcription of type I interferon. Type I interferon is crucial for control of viral replication and spread in the natural host, but the specific contributions of MDA5 signaling to this pathway as well as to pathogenesis and subsequent immune responses are largely unknown. In this study, we use MHV infection of the liver as a model to demonstrate that MDA5 signaling is critically important for controlling MHV-induced pathology and regulation of the immune response. Mice deficient in MDA5 expression (MDA5(-/-) mice) experienced more severe disease following MHV infection, with reduced survival, increased spread of virus to additional sites of infection, and more extensive liver damage than did wild-type mice. Although type I interferon transcription decreased in MDA5(-/-) mice, the interferon-stimulated gene response remained intact. Cytokine production by innate and adaptive immune cells was largely intact in MDA5(-/-) mice, but perforin induction by natural killer cells and levels of interferon gamma, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in serum were elevated. These data suggest that MDA5 signaling reduces the severity of MHV-induced disease, at least in part by reducing the intensity of the proinflammatory cytokine response. IMPORTANCE Multicellular organisms employ a wide range of sensors to detect viruses and other pathogens. One such sensor, MDA5, detects viral RNA and triggers induction of type I interferons, chemical messengers that induce inflammation and help regulate the immune responses. In this study, we sought to determine the role of MDA5 during infection with mouse hepatitis virus, a murine coronavirus used to model viral hepatitis as well as other human diseases. We found that mice lacking the MDA5 sensor were more susceptible to infection than were mice with MDA5 and experienced decreased survival. Viral replication in the liver was similar in mice with and without MDA5, but liver damage was increased in MDA5(-/-) mice, suggesting that the immune response is causing the damage. Production of several proinflammatory cytokines was elevated in MDA5(-/-) mice, suggesting that MDA5 may be responsible for keeping pathological inflammatory responses in check.
Geotechnical Issues in the Creation of Underground Reservoirs for Massive Energy Storage

The primary objective of this paper is to present and discuss geotechnical issues and challenges for the design and stability of massive energy storage caverns in hard rock formations. In general, the challenges which confront the construction of massive underground caverns are a combination of the geological, hydrological, geochemical, geothermal, and geotechnical. The identification and remediation of the geotechnical challenges will be qualitatively discussed here and this discussion will be anchored with a particular practical example.
Adjuvant chemoradiation versus surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater.

Background and purpose To examine the role of adjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) in patients with resected ampullary adenocarcinoma.
Neurogenic plasma leakage in mouse airways

This study sought to determine whether neurogenic inflammation occurs in the airways by examining the effects of capsaicin or substance P on microvascular plasma leakage in the trachea and lungs of male pathogen-free C57BL/6 mice. Single bolus intravenous injections of capsaicin (0.5 and 1 μmol kg−1, i.v.) or substance P (1, 10 and 37 nmol kg−1, i.v.) failed to induce significant leakage in the trachea, assessed as extravasation of Evans blue dye, but did induce leakage in the urinary bladder and skin. Pretreatment with captopril (2.5 mg kg−1, i.v.), a selective inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), either alone or in combination with phosphoramidon (2.5 mg kg−1, i.v.), a selective inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase (NEP), increased baseline leakage of Evans blue in the absence of any exogenous inflammatory mediator. The increase was reversed by the bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist Hoe 140 (0.1 mg kg−1, i.v.). After pretreatment with phosphoramidon and captopril, capsaicin increased the Evans blue leakage above the baseline in the trachea, but not in the lung. This increase was reversed by the tachykinin (NK1) receptor antagonist SR 140333 (0.7 mg kg−1, i.v.), but not by the NK2 receptor antagonist SR 48968 (1 mg kg−1, i.v.). Experiments using Monastral blue pigment as a tracer localized the leakage to postcapillary venules in the trachea and intrapulmonary bronchi, although the labelled vessels were less numerous in mice than in comparably treated rats. Blood vessels of the pulmonary circulation were not labelled. We conclude that neurogenic inflammation can occur in airways of pathogen-free mice, but only after the inhibition of enzymes that normally degrade inflammatory peptides. Neurogenic inflammation does not involve the pulmonary microvasculature. British Journal of Pharmacology (1999) 126, 522–528; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702323
Electronic Structure of the Single Vacancy in Silicon

A technique based on the use of Wannier functions is employed to investigate the electronic structure of the isolated neutral vacancy in silicon. The change in crystal potential produced by the defect is represented as the negative of an atomic pseudopotential. Scattering phase shifts are calculated for states within the valence band. These phase shifts are used to estimate one major contribution to the formation energy of the vacancy; the change in the total one-electron energy, which can be expressed as an integral of the phase shifts over the occupied states. This quantity is computed and found to be equal to 23 eV.
Distribution of metals for particulate matter transported in source area rainfall-runoff.

In urban drainage, metals partition between dissolved ( fd ) and particulate ( fp ) phases. Metals also distribute across particulate matter (PM) gradations. In this study, granulometric metal distributions were examined for similar urban paved source areas in Baton Rouge, La.; Cincinnati; New Orleans; Little Rock, Ark.; and N. Little Rock, Ark. Metal distributions were examined for PM fractions from 4,750 μm , as suspended ( 75 μm bed load) fractions. For all areas, analysis of PM indicated that metal mass and concentration ( mole/ m2 ) were distributed across the gradation. A cumulative gamma distribution constitutive model related metal mass and PM size. The study focused on Baton Rouge, La. where event-based and composited PM metal distributions were statistically similar. For influent and settled runoff, fp dominated Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb partitioning. Influent Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb exceeded discharge criteria for receiving water ben...
Review of lead article: Toward a systems theory of distance education

(1999). Review of lead article: Toward a systems theory of distance education. American Journal of Distance Education: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 24-31.
Air Brakes for Freight Trains: Technological Innovation in the American Railroad Industry, 1869–1900

The Westinghouse air brake, a significant technical innovation in the railroad industry of the late nineteenth century, was applied to freight trains much more gradually than it was to passenger trains. In this article, Mr. Usselman explains why this was the case. Many factors, including the public movement for railroad safety, the organization of railroad brakemen, the rise of effective regulatory mechanisms at the federal level, and technical problems with the device, influenced the diffusion of the air brake and differentiated the freight and passenger cases. New administrative procedures for moving freight trains through the extensive national railroad system, which involved the interchange of equipment among many companies, presented obstacles to innovation that did not exist in the passenger branch of the industry. Individual companies seeking to adopt the air brake for freight service found that these procedures limited the independence they had traditionally enjoyed when assessing new technology. Most railroads equipped their freight trains with air brakes only after they developed new methods of coordinating industrywide action on matters of technological change.
Colloidal glass transition in unentangled polymer nanocomposite melts

The linear and non-linear rheology of a high volume fraction particle filled unentangled polymer melt is measured. The particles in the polymer melt behave like hard spheres as the particle volume fraction is raised. At high volume fractions, the suspension develops a plateau elastic modulus. Over the frequency range of the elastic modulus plateau, the viscous modulus develops a minimum and a maximum. The frequencies of the two local extrema initially have critical power law scaling, suggesting the approach of a singular glass transition. At higher volume fractions in excess of the glass transition, the viscous modulus continues to show a well defined minimum and a well defined maximum. The non-linear moduli show a single perturbative yield point beyond which the suspension softens. The yielding behavior of the nanocomposite is shown to be sensitive to the strain frequency and the proximity of the strain frequency to the maximum frequency for the linear viscous modulus from linear rheology which characterizes thermal relaxation of glassy particle clusters in the zero strain limit. The linear and non-linear measurements are compared against a recently developed mechanical theory for colloidal glasses.
Transplantation of subventricular zone neural precursors induces an endogenous precursor cell response in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease

Realistically, future stem cell therapies for neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease (PD) will most probably entail combination treatment strategies, involving both the stimulation of endogenous cells and transplantation. Therefore, this study investigates these two modes of neural precursor cell (NPC) therapy in concert in order to determine their interrelationships in a rat PD model. Human placental alkaline phosphatase (hPAP)-labeled NPCs were transplanted unilaterally into host rats which were subsequently infused ipsilaterally with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). The reaction of host NPCs to the transplantation and 6-OHDA was tracked by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling. Two weeks after transplantation, in animals transplanted with NPCs we found evidence of elevated host subventricular zone NPC proliferation, neurogenesis, and migration to the graft site. In these animals, we also observed a significant preservation of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and substantia nigra TH cell number. We have seen no evidence that neuroprotection is a product of dopamine neuron replacement by NPC-derived cells. Rather, the NPCs expressed glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), sonic hedgehog (Shh), and stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha (SDF1alpha), providing a molecular basis for the observed neuroprotection and endogenous NPC response to transplantation. In summary, our data suggests plausible synergy between exogenous and endogenous NPC actions, and that NPC implantation before the 6-OHDA insult can create a host microenvironment conducive to stimulation of endogenous NPCs and protection of mature nigral neurons.
Impact of journal articles and grand rounds on practice: CT scanning in appendicitis.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a report in a high-impact journal published in January 1998 changed practice patterns and to further explore the impact of a review of the subject in a department of surgery grand rounds (January 2000). Charts from all patients undergoing appendectomy at our institution during three time periods (January to December 1997, January to December 1999, and January to June 2000) were reviewed. Rates of CT scanning, negative appendectomy, and perforated/ gangrenous appendicitis were compared for the three periods to determine the impact of the journal article and the subject review during grand rounds on practice patterns and outcomes. Charts from 230 (88%) of 262 patients who underwent appendectomy during the time periods were available for review. Age, percentage of male patients, temperature on admission, and white blood cell count did not differ among the groups. The rate of CT scanning increased significantly from 1997 to 1999 and again in 2000 (6.7%, 43%, and 70%, respectively; P < 0.001), whereas the proportion of perforated/gangrenous appendicitis decreased significantly from 33% in 1997 and 31% in 1999 to 13% in 2000 (P = 0.012). The use of CT scanning in appendicitis increased both after publication of a report in a high-impact journal and after review during grand rounds. A rate of CT scanning above 45 % appeared to affect outcomes as well.
Edge function analysis of glacier mechanics problems

The edge function method is considered for the analysis of plane strain problems in glacier mechanics. The essence of the approach is the approximation of the solution by a linear combination of analytical solutions (based on the complex variable formulation of anisotropic elasticity) of the field equations. The unknowns in the linear combination are obtained from a system of equations which follows from the approximation of the boundary conditions by a boundary Galerkin energy method. A range of representative glacier geometries are examined and the presence of areas of tension on the surface is evident. The introduction of small crevasses in the form of widely spaced notches does not seem to have a significant effect in the reduction of that tension, away from the notches. A comparison with a finite element approach indicates that an accurate solution is obtained from the edge function method with fewer degrees of freedom and reduced setup effort. The method is well suited to capturing the singularity at the tip of the crevasse but is limited to wide crevasses and the examination of realistic narrow crevasses would be handled more optimally by a combination of the edge function method with its local accuracy and a conventional method with more robust general geometry capabilities.
Optical design of a near-infrared birefringent filter system and measurement of birefringence index of calcite

In this paper, we present an optical design of a near- infrared (at FeI 15648.5A) birefringent filter system which is used to obtain the chromatic images of the sun and measure the solar magnetic field at the Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO). This system consists of a prefilter,a liquid crystal analyzer, a wavelength-tunable birefringent filter and a Fabry-Perot Etalon. This system is expected to achieve a clean narrow pass band (1/8A). It can also be tuned across the spectral line to obtain line profiles of two0dimensional fields of view. During the design of the tunable near-IR birefringent filter and the test of its components, we found the value of birefringence index μ(ne-no) of calcite at spectral range near 15648.5A is very different from the value in literature. Because the birefringence index is important for the design of birefringent optical components, the birefringence index of calcite and its thermal coefficient are measured. Some test results of the four pairs of calcite plate used in the birefringent filter are presented.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Design and evaluation of a multistage object-detection approach

Accurate detection of unique objects with minimal false alarm rates is an important requirement for most reconnaissance tasks. This paper presents a methodology for developing an object detection system which examines the spectral, spatial and topographic features in a step-wise manner. The algorithms developed are tested using high resolution thermal infrared images. Multiresolution analysis to improve the performance this approach is also discussed. Results of these experiments show a definite promise for the approach.
Distance Learning in Higher Education

The Western Governors University (WGU) and the California Virtual University (CVU) are revealing examples of the complex issues involved in implementing distance learning on the public policy level. Although technology is certainly important, it has masked the fact that the WGU and CVU initiatives mark the rise of learner-centered higher education and the increased role of business in the academy. In comparing and contrasting WGU and CVU, it is clear that the WGU is a more radical proposition because of competency-based credit and the connection with private industry. Two important issues driving public policy are raised in these two efforts: First, are the California and Western Governors Association initiatives the product of the commercialization of education or the result of a reform of higher education that may lead to an increased learner-centered orientation? Second, what is the appropriate role of private industry in higher education?
Intellectual Potential and Heredity

When infant developmental quotients are compared with children's intelligence quotients, it appears that most subnormality is manifested only at the later age. This phenomenon has been cited as evidence that environment chiefly determines intelligence, but the argument is circular. A helpful approach to the nature-nurture problem is afforded by the geneticists' concept of reaction norms or "reaction repertoires."
A Discordant Sib-Pair Linkage Analysis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Background:Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness among older adults in the United States and throughout the developed world. Etiological research implicates both genetic and environmental components. Our prior genome scan in 511 affected sib-pairs and other relative pairs identified significant or suggestive linkage signals on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, and 22. Purpose:To search for genetic loci for AMD using the extremely discordant sib-pair (EDSP) method of linkage analysis, which until now has never been applied to the study of AMD. Methods: The EDSP method is a more powerful approach than standard methods which rely on relative pairs selected at random or pairs concordant for the phenotype. The EDSP approach has also been characterized as the only design that is uniformly powerful in nearly all genetic situations. Thus, substantial reductions in sample size can be achieved. Study population:The study sample for analysis included 110 ...
The mediators of experiential purchases: Determining the impact of psychological needs satisfaction and social comparison

Once basic needs are satisfied, the relation between income and subjective well-being is small, and materialism leads to diminished well-being. This study attempts to determine: (1) whether experiential purchases, as opposed to materialistic purchases, are likely to increase well-being and (2) whether these increases are likely to be due to increased satisfaction of psychological needs and/or decreased social comparison. Participants indicated that experiential purchases represented money better spent, brought more happiness to themselves, and brought more happiness to others. Path models demonstrated that experiential purchases had an indirect effect on one's well-being through two independent paths: (1) increased relatedness, which then led to increased vitality, and (2) decreased social comparison. Discussion focuses on why vitality and social comparison affect well-being.
Use of the internet for teaching in nuclear medicine

The Internet provides several new capabilities for education in nuclear medicine, including learning at a distance, facilitation of collaboration, increased availability of training resources, and ability to develop interactive teaching materials. Dedicated case-authoring software aided development of digital teaching files at the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology and the Joint Program in Nuclear Medicine. Accesses to these two teaching files from sites around the world have grown rapidly. Improvements in the speed of the Internet will allow inclusion of more images at higher resolution and more extensive use of cine. Development of server-based software will allow simulation of the actual image-reading environment. A better understanding of how to use this new media will spur continued expansion in use of the Internet for nuclear medical education.
Structured programming and FORTRAN

Although structured programming techniques were introduced to the data processing world in 1968, widespread acceptance of these techniques in applications programming has been very slow. This paper discusses the state-of-the-art of structured programming with respect to two avenues of though: 1) E. W. Dijkstra and the purist view of structured programming; and 2) the view presented by Baker and Mills concerning the chief programmer team concept. These as applied to a FORTRAN environment are examined. In addition, selected extensions to standard FORTRAN are explored.
Molecular Cloning of the Human Proto-oncogene Wnt-5A and Mapping of the Gene (WNT5A) to Chromosome 3p14-p21

The highly conserved Wnt genes belong to a widely distributed family of presumptive signaling molecules that have been implicated not only in the regulation of normal pattern formation during embryogenesis and differentiation of cell lineages, but also in oncogenic events. All of the known vertebrate Wnt genes encode for 38- to 43-kDa cysteine-rich putative glycoproteins, which have features typical of secreted growth factors: a hydrophobic signal sequence, a conserved asparagine-linked oligosaccharide consensus sequence, and 22 conserved cysteine residues whose relative spacing is maintained. In this study, we report the cloning and sequencing of several overlapping cDNAs encoding approximately 4.1 kb of the human homologue of Wnt-5A. The mature protein contained 343 residues (M(r) approximately 38,000 excluding any post-translational modifications) with a > 93% homology to the reported sequences of other Wnt-5A proteins (> 99% homologous to mouse Wnt-5A). This protein maintained certain features--a hydrophobic signal sequence, the Wnt-1 family "signature sequence" (CKCHGvSGSC), and a number of other conserved amino acid residues: 24 cysteine residues, 4 asparagine-linked oligosaccharide consensus sequences, and a tyrosine sulfation site--that have been found in all other Wnt-5A proteins. Reverse transcriptase PCR analysis of RNA from a variety of human embryonic, neonatal, and adult cells and/or tissues showed that human Wnt-5A expression was detected only in neonatal heart and lung. It may be relevant, however, that the 3'-untranslated region contained numerous AT-rich motifs that could be involved in the rapid degradation of mRNA. Finally, using a combination of Southern blotting, PCR amplification, and in situ hybridization, the human Wnt-5A (WNT5A) gene was mapped to chromosome 3p14-p21.
The Ends of Innocence: Conception and Seduction among the Daribi of Karimui and the Barok of New Ireland

Daribi sociality is elicited by a nasty truth about their world: women are sufficient unto themselves in a way men cannot be. Conception ideology precipitates the guilty knowledge that men's stake in society, as the second-best sex, is to redeem their deficient condition. Less strenuously motivating, Barok conception ideology comprises conventional images whose glosses are up for grabs so that knowledge or innocence are less matters of morals than of competence.
The influence of ammonium and calcium ions on gluconeogenesis in isolated rat hepatocytes and their response to glucagon and epinephrine

Abstract The use of n-butylmalonate as an inhibitor of malate transport from mitochondria and of aminooxyacetate as an inhibitor of glutamate-aspartate transaminase indicated that rat liver hepatocytes employ the aspartate shuttle for gluconeogenesis from lactate which supplies reducing equivalents to the cytosolic NAD system. In contrast, malate is transported from mitochondria to cytosol for gluconeogenesis from pyruvate. This conclusion is corroborated by the finding that the addition of ammonium ions enhances gluconeogenesis from lactate but inhibits glucose formation from pyruvate. In hepatocytes, glucagon and epinephrine have relatively little effect on glucose synthesis from lactate. Ammonium ions permit both of these hormones to exert their usual stimulation of gluconeogenesis from lactate. Calcium ions (1.3 m m ) enhance gluconeogenesis from lactate and from lactatepyruvate mixtures (10:1). The stimulatory effects of Ca2+ and NH4+ are additive and, when lactate is the substrate, the rates of gluconeogenesis achieved are so high as to preclude further stimulation by glucagon.
Melanotic visceral fibrosis associated with larval infections of Posthodiplostomum minimum and Proteocephalus sp. in bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, in central Iowa, U.S.A.

. Severe melanotic liver and visceral fibroses in bluegill associated with infections of plerocercoids of Proteocephalus sp. and metacercariae of the digenean Posthodiplostomum minimum, were studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. Fibrosis was most evident in bluegill carrying heavy worm burdens. Tubular and multilocular melanotic and non-melanotic cysts were formed of concentric layers of non-cellular eosinophilic connective tissue surrounding central spaces containing basophilic material. Moribund and deteriorating plerocercoids and metacercariae were surrounded by, and sometimes invested with, fibrous tissue. Living plerocercoids in the liver were surrounded by necrotic and compressed hepatocyte zones. Fibro-blasts, epithelioid cells and eosinophilic granulocytes were common in compressed cell zones. Intrahepatic fibrotic cysts were surrounded by granulomatous zones. Parenchyma in fibrotic livers showed increased numbers of macrophages, melano-macrophage centres and engorged blood vessels with thickened walls. Histochemical tests for lipofuscin and haemosiderin were strongly positive in melanotic liver tissue. Ultrastructural changes in hepatocytes adjacent to fibrotic cysts and epithelioid zones included intranuclear lipid and glycogen inclusions, chromatin alterations and mitochrondrial degeneration. Bile canaliculi, sinusoids and perisinusoidal spaces showed reduced micro villarsurfacesand a decrease in luminar diameter. Degenerating hepatocytes contained phagolysosomes and myelin bodies.
Joint effect of feedback and goal setting on performance: a field study of residential energy conservation

The facilitating motivational effect of feedback on performance has been attributed by some to difficult goals set in response to feedback. In this article, the effect was attributed to the presence of both a difficult goal and feedback about performance in relation to that goal. Eighty families were asked to set a goal to reduce their residential electricity consumption for several weeks during the summer, half of them by 20% (a difficult goal) and half by 2% (an easy goal). Within each of these groups, half of the families were given feedback three times a week about their consumption. Twenty more families served as a control. As predicted, the 20%-feedback group conserved the most (13.0% - 15.1%) and was the only one that consumed significantly less electricity than the control. It was concluded that improved performance was a result of the joint effect of feedback and goal setting. The implications of this research for a national residential conservation strategy are discussed. 20 references, 2 tables.
Determination of dansyl amino acids using tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) chemiluminescence for post-column reaction detection in high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract Dansyl amino acids are determined using a tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) [Ru(bpy)32+] chemiluminescence (CL) post-column reaction. The derivatized amino acids are separated on a reversed-phase column (Zorbax ODS) using a mobile phase containing 15% acetonitrile in 25 mM trifluoroacetate at pH 7.5. The eluted dansyl amino acids are combined at a mixing tee with 2.0 mM Ru(bpy)32+ CL reagent. The combined solution passes through a flow cell, which has a dual platinum electrode at a potential of 1250 mV. On the surface of the electrode Ru(bpy)32+ is oxidized to Ru(bpy)33+ which reacts with dansyl amino acids to emit light. CL intensities vary only slightly with CL reagent or with mobile phase flow-rates. CL intensities increase significantly with an increase in pH over the pH 6–8 region. A slight increase in CL intensity is obtained with increasing acetonitrile in the mobile phase. The working curve for dansyl-derivatized glutamate covers three orders of magnitude with a detection limit of 0.1 μM (2 pmol injected).
A $$q$$q-Queens Problem. II. The square board

We apply to the $$n\times n$$n×n chessboard the counting theory from Part I for nonattacking placements of chess pieces with unbounded straight-line moves, such as the queen. Part I showed that the number of ways to place $$q$$q identical nonattacking pieces is given by a quasipolynomial function of $$n$$n of degree $$2q$$2q, whose coefficients are (essentially) polynomials in $$q$$q that depend cyclically on $$n$$n. Here, we study the periods of the quasipolynomial and its coefficients, which are bounded by functions, not well understood, of the piece's move directions, and we develop exact formulas for the very highest coefficients. The coefficients of the three highest powers of $$n$$n do not vary with $$n$$n. On the other hand, we present simple pieces for which the fourth coefficient varies periodically. We develop detailed properties of counting quasipolynomials that will be applied in sequels to partial queens, whose moves are subsets of those of the queen, and the nightrider, whose moves are extended knight's moves. We conclude with the first, though strange, formula for the classical $$n$$n-Queens Problem and with several conjectures and open problems.
Heat Transfer in a High-Temperature Packed Bed Thermal Energy Storage System—Roles of Radiation and Intraparticle Conduction

A model is developed and experimentally verified to study the heat transfer in a high-temperature packed bed thermal energy storage system utilizing zirconium oxide pellets. The packed bed receives flue gas at elevated temperatures varying with time during the storage process and utilizes air for the recovery process. Both convection and radiation are included in the model of the total heat transfer between the gas and the pellets. It is found that thermal radiation and intraparticle conduction do not play a major role in the overall heat transfer in the packed bed under the specified operating conditions. An uncertainty analysis is performed to investigate the propagation of the uncertainties in the variables to the overall uncertainty in the model predictions and the experimental results.
Detection of seasonal H3N2 influenza A virus by type-specific TaqMan minor groove binder probe assay

Despite the emergence of the pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus in 2009, seasonal H3N2 viruses continue to co-circulate in the population and may even predominate in the coming influenza season. We describe a specific minor groove binder TaqMan assay for H3N2 viruses with a detection limit of 16.5 standard DNA copies.
Modulating H2 sorption in metal-organic frameworks via ordered functional groups.

Herein, we present the use of presynthetic and postsynthetic modification (PSM) approaches to regulate the structural organization of functional groups in the pores of isoreticular metal–organic frameworks (IRMOFs). It has been found that the structural ordering of aryl groups within the IRMOF pores results in hysteretic H2 sorption, while the same aryl groups introduced in a disordered manner displays reversible H2 sorption that is more typical of the IRMOF family.
Excitation of Nitrogen by Protons of a Few kev Energy

To aid in interpreting auroral spectra, we have investigated the excitation of nitrogen by protons of a few kev energy. The dependence of the intensity of the various spectral features on the proton current and gas pressure gives evidence about the excitation mechanisms. The conclusions are that the first negative and Meinel systems of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{+}$ are excited through charge exchange, that the first positive system of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ is excited, not by proton impact, but by the impact of fast neutral atoms, that allowed N i lines are excited by a single process involving dissociation and excitation, and that the Balmer lines result from charge capture directly into an excited state. As compared with excitation by electron impact, vibration is enhanced in the upper level of the first positive system, but rotational temperatures derived from the first negative system of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ agree with the gas temperature.
Modular invariance and stochastic quantization.

In Polyakov path integrals and covariant closed-string field theory, integration over Teichmueller parameters must be restricted by hand to a single modular region. This problem has an analog in Yang-Mills gauge theory---namely, the Gribov problem, which can be resolved by the method of stochastic gauge fixing. This method is here employed to quantize a simple modular-invariant system: the Polyakov point particle. In the limit of a large gauge-fixing force, it is shown that suitable choices for the functional form of the gauge-fixing force can lead to a restriction of Teichmueller integration to a single modular region. Modifications which arise when applying stochastic quantization to a system in which the volume of the orbits of the gauge group depends on a dynamical variable, such as a Teichmueller parameter, are pointed out, and the extension to Polyakov strings and covariant closed-string field theory is discussed.
Reflection Mode Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Light Valve

This paper describes the procedure for fabrication of a reflection-mode polymer-dispersed liquid crystal light valve (PDLCLV) consisting of a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal film, a diamondlike carbon film, a dielectric mirror, a Bi12SiO20 photoconductive crystal plate, and transparent electrode films. The many advantages of the PDLCLV include the lack of need for polarizers, high optical transmittance, high-speed response and ease of fabrication. The performance of the device as evaluated experimentally is as follows: optical transmittance 72%; extinction ratio 178/1; limiting resolution 34 lp/mm; and rise/decay times 14/15 ms. These values are suitable for the image converter of an optically addressed projection display. It has also been found that the resolution increases as the frequency of the AC voltage driving the PDLCLV decreases.
Mls DETERMINANTS RECOGNIZED BY T CELLS

The relationship among different minor lymphocyte stimulatory locus (Mls) determinants, Mlsa, Mlsb, Mlsc and Mlsd, remains unclear. Because of the high degree of cross-reactivity between Mlsa and Mlsd determinants, the weak stimulatory capacity of Mlsc, and the generally non-stimulatory nature of Mlsb, some investigators have recently suggested that Mls is composed of only a single expressed allele originally defined as the a and d alleles. In order to clarify the nature of Mls determinants, T cell clones positively selected for reactivity to the three stimulatory Mls determinants, Mlsa, Mlsc and Mlsd, were generated and their specificities defined by extensive genetic studies. The response pattern of these Mls-specific clones as well as the results of primary mixed lymphocyte responses indicated that: (i) Mlsa and Mlsc determinants recognized by T cells are distinct, demonstrating that polymorphism does exist within the Mls system; and (ii) Mlsd is not an independent Mls type since Mlsd determinants are composed of Mlsa and Mlsc determinants and anti-Mlsd T cell responses are, in fact, the sum of anti-Mlsa and anti-Mlsc responses.
Coupled energy and multicomponent mass transfer in dispersions and suspensions with residence time and size distributions

An analytical solution for the transport equation is presented for the case of coupled energy and multicomponent mass transfer in an ensemble of spherical drops, bubbles or solid particles. The solution is used to evaluate the total interfacial transfer rates in a population with particle size and residence time distributions. Using matrix notation and appropriate transformations, the partial differential equations are solved for each phase by using an integral operator whose kernel is the residence time distribution for the flow system. The method of attack is illustrated by solving the transport equations for fine dispersions or suspensions with high hold-up values and presence of adventitious surface active agents.
Influence of hydroxyl contents on photocatalytic activities of polymorphic titania nanoparticles

Abstract Polymorphic titania nanoparticles, prepared by a Water-based Ambient Condition Sol (WACS) process, were post-treated by a Solvent-based Ambient Condition Sol (SACS) process in sec -butanol. All samples were characterized for phase composition, surface area, lattice hydroxyl contamination, and particle morphology by X-ray diffraction, N 2 physisorption, FT-IR, solid state Magic Angle Spinning (MAS) 1 H NMR and scanning electron microscopy. The results were compared to a commercial titania, Degussa P25. Evaluation of methyl orange degradation under UV irradiation results showed that the lower lattice hydroxyl content in SACS titania nanoparticles enhances photocatalytic activity. As-prepared titania and post-treated SACS samples, which have similar surface areas and crystallinity, were compared in order to prove that the superior photocatalytic activity came from a reduction in lattice hydroxyl content.