cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
X-ray scattering studies of charge-density waves in tantalum disulfide.

The temperature dependence of the wave vectors and intensities of the charge-density-wave satellites in 1T-${\mathrm{TaS}}_{2}$ have been investigated in detail in the noncommensurate (NC) and incommensurate (IC) phases with the use of x-ray precession photography and counter measurements. In the IC phase (T\ensuremath{\ge}80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C) the intensities of first-order satellites are found to vary smoothly, and have led to the establishment of a ``phason temperature factor.'' In the NC phase, temperature-dependent domain structures have been found which prevent quantitative studies as a function of temperature. Second- and higher-order satellites are found to be, at room temperature, several orders of magnitude more intense than the values predicted by the simple sinusoidal model. It is suggested that in the NC phase several harmonics are present, which, however, disappear in the IC phase. It is found that in this phase the sinusoidal model is well applicable.
Microfabricated Ultrarapid Desalting Device for Nanoelectrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Salt removal is a prerequisite for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis of biological samples. Rapid desalting and a low volume connection to an electrospray tip are required for time-resolved measurements. We have developed a microfabricated desalting device that meets both requirements, thus providing the foundational technology piece for transient ESI-MS measurements of complex biological liquid specimens. In the microfabricated device, the sample flows in a channel separated from a higher flow rate, salt-free counter solution by a monolithically integrated nanoporous alumina membrane, which can support pressure differences between the flow channels of over 600 kPa. Salt is removed by exploiting the large difference in diffusivities between salts and the typical ESI-MS target bioanalytes, e.g., peptides and proteins. We demonstrate the capability to remove 95% of salt from a sample solution in ∼1 s while retaining sufficiently high concentration of a relatively low molecular weight protein, cytochrome-c, for ESI-MS detection.
Energy minimization for checkpointing-based approach to guaranteeing real-time systems reliability

In this paper, we study the energy minimization problem for a frame-based real time system with guaranteed reliability using the checkpointing technique. We formally prove that executing a real time task set with a uniform frequency, or neighboring frequencies if the desired frequency is not available, not only optimizes its energy consumption but also achieves maximal reliability. Based on the theoretic conclusion, we further develop a Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling (DVFS) and checkpoint allocation strategy for a task set to guarantee both reliability and deadline constraints but with minimal energy consumption. The proposed strategy has very small frequency switching overhead as no more than one frequency change is needed for the entire task set execution and thus is particularly effective for processors with large frequency switching overhead. We further empirically compare our approach with recent work published in the literature. The experimental results show that the proposed approach can reduce as much as 15% energy consumption.
Adverse events in a cohort of HIV infected pregnant and non-pregnant women treated with nevirapine versus non-nevirapine antiretroviral medication

Background Predictors of adverse events (AE) associated with nevirapine use are needed to better understand reports of severe rash or liver enzyme elevation (LEE) in HIV+ women. Methodology AE rates following ART initiation were retrospectively assessed in a multi-site cohort of 612 women. Predictors of onset of rash or LEE were determined using univariate and multivariate analyses. Principal Findings Of 612 subjects, 152 (24.8%) initiated NVP-based regimens with 86 (56.6%) pregnant; 460 (75.2%) initiated non-NVP regimens with 67 (14.6%) pregnant. LEE No significant difference was found between regimens in the development of new grade ≥2 LEE (p = 0.885). Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated an increased likelihood of LEE with HCV co-infection (OR 2.502, 95% CI: 1.04 to 6, p = 0.040); pregnancy, NVP-based regimen, and baseline CD4 >250 cells/mm3 were not associated with this toxicity. Rash NVP initiation was associated with rash after controlling for CD4 and pregnancy (OR 2.78; 95%CI: 1.14–6.76), as was baseline CD4 >250 cells/mm3 when controlling for pregnancy and type of regimen (OR 2.68; 95% CI: 1.19–6.02 p = 0.017). Conclusions CD4 at initiation of therapy was a predictor of rash but not LEE with NVP use in HIV+ women. Pregnancy was not an independent risk factor for the development of AEs assessed. The findings from this study have significant implications for women of child-bearing age initiating NVP-based ART particularly in resource limited settings. This study sheds more confidence on the lack of LEE risk and the need to monitor rash with the use of this medication.
s - p Hybridization and Electron Shell Structures in Aluminum Clusters: A Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study

Using photoelectron spectroscopy of size-selected ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ $(x\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1--162)$ clusters, we studied the electronic structure evolution of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}$ and observed that the Al $3s$- and $3p$-derived bands evolve and broaden with cluster size and begin to overlap at ${\mathrm{Al}}_{9}$. Direct spectroscopic signatures were obtained for electron shell structures with spherical shell closings at ${\mathrm{Al}}_{11}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\mathrm{Al}}_{13}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\mathrm{Al}}_{19}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\mathrm{Al}}_{23}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\mathrm{Al}}_{35}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\mathrm{Al}}_{37}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\mathrm{Al}}_{46}$, ${\mathrm{Al}}_{52}$, ${\mathrm{Al}}_{55}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\mathrm{Al}}_{56}$, ${\mathrm{Al}}_{66}$, and ${\mathrm{Al}}_{73}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. The electron shell effect diminishes above ${\mathrm{Al}}_{75}$ and new spectral features appearing in ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ $(xg100)$ suggest a possible geometrical packing effect in large clusters.
Acute Burn Injury

Almost 2 million people in the United States suffer from burns annually. A small percentage of these injuries are fatal, but all require some degree of medical attention. Burn injury is associated with anatomic, physiologic, endocrinologic, and immunologic alterations. These problems need to be identified and treated properly to prevent or minimize the extent of the damage. In recent years, advances in burn treatment have reduced morbidity and mortality and improved the quality of life for burn survivors. These advances have been made in the treatment of the acute injury, the quality of the initial resuscitation, the effectiveness of infection control, and the surgical decision making for improved short- and long-term outcomes.
Pharmacokinetic modeling of the lung burden from repeated inhalation of nickel aerosols

Abstract The saturable nature of the clearance of soluble nickel compounds from the lung was studied by repeated exposures of rats to respirable submicron-size nickel aerosols. Using Michaelis-Menten type kinetics for removal of nickel lung burdens and a constant rate of deposition, the lung nickel burdens were simulated by computer. The computer simulation was used to design a repeated exposure regimen to test further the hypothesis of saturable clearance. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed for 2 h/day to nickel chloride aerosols at either 90 or 400 μg Ni/m 3 for up to 14 days. During the 22 h between exposures and up to 3 days post-exposure rats were kept in clean air. The particle size of the aerosol ranged from 0.7 to 0.9 μm mass median aerodynamic diameter with a geometric standard deviation of 1.2-1.4. A steady-state nickel lung burden was observed at 90 μg/m 3 , as predicted from computer modeling, while lung burdens continued to increase with repeated exposure to 400 μg Ni/m 3 . The best fit for the experimental data was obtained with a maximum clearance velocity ( V max ) of 34.6 ng Ni/g · h and a Michaelis-Menten constant for transport ( K 1 ) of 1380 ng Ni/g. The percentage of submicron nickel chloride aerosols retained in the lung was 6.9%. These data support the hypothesis of a saturable clearance mechanism for soluble nickel and provide physiological constants useful for estimating human health risks from nickel inhalation.
Asthma severity: a factor analytic investigation.

Abstract purpose: Reviewers of the asthma research literature have called for improved questionnaires and other measures, particularly for assessing the severity of asthma. To help meet this need, standard multivariate and psychometric techniques were used with data from asthma patients to develop and evaluate a series of scaled questions. Since there is no "gold standard" for assessing asthma severity, we hope this analysis will help improve our ability to more precisely define these important parameters. patients and methods: Data were collected through interviews and review of clinic records for 199 adult patients with asthma from a university clinic population. For evaluating the severity of asthma, eight scales assessed asthma duration, the incidence of asthma symptoms, the extent to which asthma is an inconvenience to patients, the incidence of respiratory diseases, medication regimens, medication side effects, and health care utilization. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second as a percentage of predicted normal was included as an objective measure of pulmonary function. A physician rating scale assessed the severity of the underlying disease, not the severity of a particular episode, as either (1) mild (infrequent attacks with interim symptomatic treatment), (2) moderate (more frequent attacks with continuous daily treatment), and (3) severe (continuous symptoms with continuous multiple drug regimen, including some systemic steroids). results: In the current analysis of data from adult asthma patients, the scales correlated positively with a physician judgment scale. Factor analysis with an oblique rotation yielded three factors that provided a concise summary of asthma severity. We have named the factors (A) Symptom Intensity, (B) Airflow Impairment, and (C) Management Intensity. conclusion: Asthma severity appears to be multidimensional rather than unidimensional, including at least three components. The physician rating scale, in combination with measures of the three identified factors, could easily be included in other asthma research protocols to provide a standard, brief assessment of asthma severity and might thus promote greater comparability among studies.
Monte Carlo simulation of electron trajectories in high pressure xenon gas

Abstract A Monte Carlo calculation was developed to simulate electron trajectories in high pressure gas. In this report we discuss the calculation and some of the results relevant for the design of a high pressure xenon gas time projection chamber suitable for double beta decay experiment. Our calculation is quite general and can be extended towards a larger range of gas pressures and electron energies.
A New Back-Projection Algorithm For Spotlight-Mode SAR And ISAR

Spotlight mode SAR and ISAR are microwave imaging systems that are used to obtain high resolution reflectivity images by processing data obtained from many different perspective views of a target. Usually a chirp signal with a high time-bandwidth product is transmitted and the returned signal from the target is coherently demodulated and then sampled, providing polar samples of the 2-D Fourier transform of the target reflectivity. The most commonly used image reconstruction algorithm then interpolates the polar data to a Cartesian grid and applies a 2-D FFT. An alternative reconstruction algorithm, called convolution-back-projection, first filters and inverse transforms each demodulated return using a 1-D FFT and then back-projects the result. In this paper we propose a simplified back-projection algorithm in which the filtered projections are obtained automatically by choosing the radar waveform to be the impulse response of the desired filter. The necessary filtering is then accomplished through the physical mechanism of the waveform reflecting off the target, which is described by a convolution. A parallel processing architecture is proposed for the back-projection step and its computational and memory requirements are analyzed. Finally, we describe a second potential method for obtaining projections, which assumes a conventional linear FM waveform.
Late Cretaceous juxtaposition of metamorphic terranes in the southeastern San Gabriel Mountains, California

New structural, petrological, and geochronological data from the southeastern San Gabriel Mountains define the amalgamation history of suspect terranes in this region. Four metamorphic terranes constitute the area—the Cucamonga, San Antonio, San Gabriel, and Baldy terranes—and were juxtaposed in two discrete episodes during the Late Cretaceous. The Cucamonga, San Antonio, and San Gabriel terranes were juxtaposed along subparallel, east-west-trending, left-lateral mylonitic fault zones during the first episode. The Cucamonga terrane consists of Lower Cretaceous granulite-facies gneissic rocks. These rocks were intruded in the Late Cretaceous by granitic rocks as the Cucamonga terrane was faulted ductilely against the southern margin of the San Antonio terrane. Mylonitized units were subjected concurrently to retrograde amphibolite-facies metamorphism. Metasedimentary pendants in the San Antonio terrane were metamorphosed under upper-amphibolite-facies conditions as plutonic rocks were emplaced syntectonically. Along its northern boundary, the San Antonio terrane was juxtaposed concurrently against the San Gabriel terrane, a terrane consisting of Precambrian gneiss and Precambrian and Mesozoic intrusive rocks. The boundary is represented by Middle Fork Complex, a ductile zone intermingling rocks of the two terranes. After palinspastic restoration of local Cenozoic fault displacements, the left-lateral mylonitic fault zones separating the terranes appear as parts of a major sinistral transform system along the southern margin of the San Gabriel Mountains. Displacement for each of the mylonitic fault zones was approximately several tens of kilometers and was part of a broad left-lateral shear system. This system is modeled as a lateral ramp or tear fault to a west-directed, synplutonic, ductile thrust system underlying the San Gabriel terrane. Crosscutting syn- and post-tectonic intrusives indicate that most of the displacement occurred between ∼88 and 78 m.y. ago. No lithologic, isotopic, or structural data support previous assertions that these terranes were accreted to North America during the Tertiary. The Late Cretaceous synplutonic juxtaposition of the Cucamonga, San Antonio, and San Gabriel terranes was followed by underthrusting of oceanic rocks of the Baldy terrane (that is, Pelona Schist) along the Vincent thrust. Precise timing of this episode is as yet uncertain.
The numerical simulation of transonic separated flow about the complete F-16A

The thin-layer, Reynolds-averaged, Navier-Stokes equations are used to simulate the transonic viscous flow about the complete F-16A fighter aircraft. These computations demonstrate how computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be used to simulate turbulent viscous flow about realistic aircraft geometries. A zonal grid approach is used to provide adequate viscous grid clustering on all aircraft surfaces. Zonal grids extend inside the F-16A inlet and up to the compressor face while power on conditions are modeled by employing a zonal grid extending from the exhaust nozzle to the far field. A simple solution adaptive grid procedure is used on the wing surface and good agreement with experimental data is obtained. Computations for the F-16A in side slip are also presented.
High-resolution optical positioning system for miniature instrumented robots

The development of a three-legged miniature robot, such as the NanoWalker, capable of taking steps in the micrometer and sub-micrometer range and equipped with instruments such as scanning, tunneling microsope (STM) tip, requires an adequate positioning system. In order to make use of these instruments, positioning the robot becomes one of the most critical issues. For atomic scale operations within a relatively large workspace, no traditional positioning systems were adequate for this type of robotic environment. The proposed atomic scale positioning system relies on three positioning levels where at each level, the resolution improves from 10 micrometers down to a few picometers while the circular positioning area decreases from 0,5 meter down to 200 nanometers in diameter. While the last two levels are STM- based positioning techniques, the first level with the largest positioning area is based on optical techniques. The paper describes the final set-up for implementing the first positioning level that incorporates a lateral effect photodiode to make measurements of the robot's position by detecting infrared signals emitted by the robot. Using a lens to project the robot's workspace onto the photodiode we are able to achieve of a resolution of a few micrometers in the central region of a typical 0.5-meter workspace. Due mainly to loss of signal at the edges of the workspace,the resolution of the system decreases as we near the edges.
The Intelligent River©: Implementation of Sensor Web Enablement technologies across three tiers of system architecture: Fabric, middleware, and application

Population growth, energy demand, and climate change are placing an unprecedented strain on water resources, requiring a fundamental shift in how these resources are managed. More precisely, resource management programs must embrace a new paradigm, one with realtime environmental monitoring at its core. The Intelligent River© is an environmental and hydrological observation system engineered to support research and management of water resources at watershed scales. The system architecture is comprised of three primary tiers: (i) a field-deployed sensor fabric and uplink infrastructure, (ii) real-time data streaming middleware, and (iii) repository, presentation, and web services. Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) adoption decisions revolve around balancing efficiency concerns and implementation time with capability and standards compliance. In this context, our team has examined, applied, and evaluated SWE technologies to enable data archival, access, and discovery. We have found varying levels of success with SWE adoption across the three tiers. At the fabric layer, platform configurability and ease-of-integration have been important engineering drivers. SensorML arose as a natural candidate solution; however, its resource requirements are largely incompatible with our target hardware platforms. At the middleware layer, recent efforts have focused on the use of SensorML and a metadata catalog to perform metadata annotation. This solution appends SensorML elements onto incoming observations, supporting data processing and semantic resolution. During early development of middleware technologies, we linked sensor platforms with web services using the transactional profile of the Sensor Observation Service (SOS) to perform data insertion and retrieval queries. At the application level, SOS is used to support data discovery and access, and Sensor Alert Service (SAS) is used to provide near-real time notifications of sensor status and QA/QC failures. In this paper, we report on our experiences, both positive and negative, and outline potential solutions to some of the most important obstacles we have encountered.
Consequences of light reflection at the interface between two transparent media such that the angle of refraction is 45

The reflection of light at the interface between two transparent, homogeneous and optically isotropic media such that the angle of refraction is 45° has the following interesting consequences: (i) the interface relfectivity for the parallel (p) polarization is the square of that for the perpendicular (s) polarization; (ii) the angular deviation of the propagation direction upon refraction is equal to the polarization (or ellipsometric) angle ψ and (iii) the complex reflection coefficient for the p polarization is stationary, in both magnitude and phase, with respect to small charges of the (refractive and/or absorptive) optical properties of either one or both media. Furthermore, it follows from (iii) that: (iv) reflectivity of the p polarization, considered as a function of the ratio of refractive indices of the two media, is at a maximum; and (v) changes of the absolute magnitude and absolute phase of the reflection coefficient for the s polarization, caused by small perturbations of the optical properties, can be measured directly by ellipsometry.
Calcium entry blocking activity of dilazep and other adenosine potentiating compounds in guinea-pig atria

In potassium-depolarized guinea-pig left atria treated with isoproterenol, calcium entry blocking activities of adenosine and its potentiating compounds, dipyridamole, lidoflazine and dilazep were studied and compared to verapamil and diltiazem. pA2 values for various drugs were calculated using concentration-response curves for calcium (parallel shift to the right). The order of potency for the calcium entry blocking effect was: verapamil > diltiazem > adenosine > lidoflazine = dilazep > dipyridamole. Adenosine caused negative inotropic effects in depolarized left atria. The negative inotropic effect of adenosine was very quick in onset and was potentiated by erythro-6-amino-9(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)-purine hydrochloride (EHNA), an adenosine deaminase inhibitor, suggesting that adenosine was being degraded. The effect of adenosine was quickly abolished by adenosine deaminase (ADA) and antagonized by 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT), suggesting that the action of adenosine was most likely through the surface membrane receptor sites. The negative inotropic effects of dilazep and dipyridamole were only partially reversed by ADA and 8-PT, while that of lidoflazine was not affected by these agents. These findings suggest that the mechanism(s) of negative intotropic effect of lidoflazine was different from that of dilazep and dipyridamole. These data suggest that the negative intropic effect of dilazep is most likely due to a direct calcium entry blocking effect and in part due to its adenosine potentiating effect. However, the calcium entry blocking effect of lidoflazine is independent of adenosine.
Inferences on Linear Combinations of Normal Means with Unknown and Unequal Variances

This paper considers the problem of making inferences on a linear combination of means from independent normal distributions with unknown variances. While standard inference procedures require the assumption that the variances of the normal distributions are all equal or have known ratios, in this paper procedures are developed which allow the variances to take any unknown values. Bounds are developed for the confidence levels of confidence intervals, and for the sizes and p-values of hypothesis tests, which are valid for any values of the variances. These bounds are sharp in the sense that they are attained for certain limiting values of the variances. Applications to the one-way linear model are illustrated, and the Behrens-Fisher problem, which is a special case with just two means and for which the popular approximate Welch method can be employed, is also discussed. Some examples and simulations of the implementation of the procedures are provided, and comparisons are made with other procedures.
Solving Discontinuous Galerkin Formulations of Poisson's Equation using Geometric and p Multigrid

Methods for solving discontinuous Galerkin formulations of the Poisson equation by coupling p multigrid to geometric multigrid are investigated. The simple approach of performing iterative relaxation on solution approximations of decreasing polynomial degree p down to p = 0 and then applying geometric multigrid is ineffective. The transition from p = 1 top = 0 causes the performance of the entire iteration to degrade because the long wavelength eigenfunctions of the p = 1 discontinuous system are not represented well in thep = 0 space. A new approach is proposed that coarsens from thep = 1 discontinuous space to thep = 1 continuous space. This approach eliminates the problems caused by the p = 1 to p = 0 transition. Furthermore, the p = 1 continuous space is a standard finite element space for which geometric multigrid is well-defined. In addition, when the discontinuous Galerkin equations are restricted to a continuous space, one recovers the Galerkin formulation of continuous finite elements. Thus, applying geometric multigrid to this system is straightforward and effective. Numerical tests agree well with the analysis and confirm that the new approach gives rapid convergence rates that are grid-independent and only weakly sensitive to the polynomial order.
Dimensions of crisis in american health care: Toward a general theory of crisis in health care

Abstract This paper addresses the notion of “crisis” as it has been employed, in both the human science and popular literatures, to describe the current condition of health care in the United States. In an overview fashion, selected themes found throughout this crisis literature are presented and discussed. These themes are then theoretically reconceptualized and reorganized as “socio-medical” problems which relate to one or the other of the following generic rubrics: (1) Issues of management and resource allocation, or (2) Issues of rupture within the prevailing frames of rationality and/or social organization. This entire discussion is couched within a general theory of social crisis and social dependency so as to better illustrate the relevance of this literature for sociological research in the medical area. This reformulation of the crisis literature is instructive on at least two broad theoretical levels. First, it provides a convenient, albeit perhaps somewhat simplistic, frame from which to lend a measure of coherence to a rapidly growing and seemingly disjointed body of literature. And, secondly, this reconceptualization can be used to critically assess the current debates concerning the problematic character of the relationship between the human sciences, sociology in particular, and the institution of health care delivery in the United States.
A scenario based simulation analysis and performance evaluation of energy efficiency enhancement of routing protocols in MANET

Mobile Adhoc Networks having self organizing and self configuring network without the need of any centralized base station and physical connections of mobile devices. Mobile ad-hoc network has no fixed topology due to mobility of nodes, interference, path loss and multipath propagation. Therefore, MANET has to need dynamic routing protocols for these networks to function properly for delivering the data packets from source node to desired destination. In MANETs, the nodes make the mobile and battery operated. Since the nodes have limited battery resources and multi-hop routes are used over a changing network environment due to behavior of the node mobility, it requires energy aware efficient routing protocols to limit the power consumption, make longer the battery life time and to improve the robustness of the system. In this paper we evaluates the performance of well-known and widely investigated in terms of energy efficiency and it also proposes a new routing algorithm that modifies AOMDV and it provides better performance compared to all the protocols in the presence of scenario with high traffic and long simulation time.
Sensory Over-Responsivity: A Diagnosis Whose Time Has Come?

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry - Vol. 50 - N° 12 - p. 1205-1207
A Lattice‐Gas Model Study of Lithium Intercalation in Graphite

A lattice-gas model including intralayer and interlayer interactions is used to study the intercalation of lithium in graphite. The model is able to reproduce the characteristic staging phenomena observed in the formation of intercalation compounds. Three parameters describing the main energetic and entropic interactions are found necessary to reproduce most of the experimental features.
Cold stress regulation in young chickens.

Abstract NEWLY hatched domestic chicks are poor thermoregulators with a relatively narrow zone of thermal neutrality (Romijn, 1954; Wekstein and Zolman, 1967). One week after hatching, however, the precocial chick’s core temperature is relatively independent of acute changes in ambient temperature (Kleiber and Winchester, 1933; Koskimies, 1962). Although the functional bases of this rapid development of effective homeothermy are not known, increases in both insulation and rate of metabolic heat production and a decrease in the ratio of surface area to body mass are correlated with the chick’s improvement in maintaining a constant core temperature during acute cold stress (King and Farner, 1961; Whittow, 1965). In the present study, the ontogeny of temperature regulation in the maturing chick was determined by measuring cloacal temperatures of 1 to 20 day old chicks during acute exposure to ambient temperatures of 20° or 10°C. The significance of changes in body weight, surface area, and…
Human fetal lung fibroblasts: observations on origin and stability in culture.

Abstract The loosely associated lung mesenchymal cell found between the ducts of the 3-t0 4-month fetus is considered to be the probable progenitor of lung fibroblast cultures and of alveolar interstitial cells. A possible stage- and tissue-specific propety of this cell type, the reduction of cortisone to cortisol, is defined and its activity studied in a variety of cell lines. Fibroblast lines derived from both fetal and adult lung had about ten times the cortisone-reducing activity of corresponding skin fibroblast lines. This relatively high activity was also charactersitics of cell lines established by cloning the initial fetal lung digest. Lines established from developmentally related esophagus and from trachea had less activity than corresponding lung fibroblasts. A high level of cortisone-reducing activity was maintained in four serially passaged lung fibroblast lines for at least 85% of the proliferative life span and a second cell property, the enhancement of this activity by pretreatment with cortisol, was also maintained in three of the four lines.
Predator–prey dynamics and the plasticity of predator body size

Summary Body size is of fundamental importance to the structure and function of natural systems, yet the factors selecting for certain body sizes are still not well understood. Resource supply levels clearly play a role in setting size, but in current theory, optimality functions for body size are not tied to the population dynamics that govern resource supply, minimizing our ability to understand how body size evolves in response to the ecological context. We integrated the supply-demand (SD) model of body size evolution with a model of predator–prey dynamics to create a dynamic SD model that describes predator body size variation through time. We tested the model with experimental data on body size and abundance dynamics in the Didinium–Paramecium predator–prey system. We used a new differential equation fitting approach along with independently estimated parameters to determine whether the model could simultaneously capture both abundance and body size dynamics. The dynamics were well described by the model, supporting the notion that body size changes to match bodily demand for resources with the available supply of resources. Surprisingly, despite the 10-fold variation in Didinium body size, we found that static model parameters were sufficient to describe the data, suggesting a lack of eco-evolutionary dynamics. A pressing need in ecology is to be able to predict changes in body size under novel scenarios, especially climate warming. The dynamic SD model does this by linking body size to the ecological context in an eco-evolutionary framework. Our approach expands our ability to understand rapid linked changes in traits and abundance.
An Experimental Analysis of Patch Size, Habitat Subdivision, and Extinction in a Marine Intertidal Snail

: Both local and regional extinction processes are central to the population biology of spatially structured populations They are also of critical importance in the management of threatened species and the design of nature reserves We conducted a field experiment to examine the effects of patch size and degree of overall population fragmentation on extinction rates of the marine snail, Nucella emarginata. An equal area (1 m2) was subdivided to different degrees One plate of 1 m2, two of 1/2 m2, four of 1/4 m2, eight of 1/.8 m2, sixteen of 1/16 m2, thirty-two of 1/32 m2, and sixty four of 1/64 m2, were positioned randomly within an 11 × 12 grid (minimum distance between plates of 3 m) above a sandflat in Bodega Harbor, California Plates were colonized with equal densities (128/ m2) of Nucella. There is no evidence for a distinct threshold size for population persistence. This pattern is compatible with models of extinction based on environmental stochasticity, but not with those incorporating pure demographic stochasticity. The observed variability in death rates was also significantly greater than that predicted under models of demographic stochasticity. The effect of fragmentation (the degree of subdivision of the same total area) on extinction rates was inconclusive. After two years of observation none of the degree of subdivision (plate size) treatments has had extinctions on all plates Los procesos de extincion, tanto a nivel local como regional, son centralespara la biologia de poblaciones estructuradas espacialmente. Son ademas de importancia crilica en el manejo de especies amenazadas y en el diseno de reservas naturales. Realizamos un experahento de campo para examinar los efectos de el tamano de area y el grado de fragmentacion total de poblaciones sobre tasas de extincion del caracol marino, Nucella emarginata. Un area pareja (1 m2) fue subdivididu en diferentes grados. Una placa de 1 m2, dos de 1/2 m2, cuatro de 1/4 m2, ocho de 1/8 m2, dieciseis de 1/16 m2, treinta y dos de 1/32 m2 y sesenta y cuato placas de 1/64 m2, fueron colocadas al azar dentro de una cuaddricula de 11 × 12 (la distancia minima entre placas fue de 3 m) sobre una planicie de arena en Bodega Harbor, California Las placas fueron colonizadas con densidades iguales (128 m2) de Nucella. No existe evidencia de un umbral de tamano definido para la persistencia de poblaciones Este parton es compatible con modelos de extincion basados en estocasticidad ambiental pero no asi con aquellos modelos basados en mera estocasticidad demografica Asi tambien la variabilidad en tasas de mortalidad fue signifiicantemente mayor que aquella predicha bajo modelos de estocasticidad demografica. El efecto de fragmentacion (el grado de subdivision de un mismo orea total) sobre las tasas de extincion no fue conclusivo. Despues de dos anos de observacion ningun grado de subdivision de aquellos empleados (tamanos de las placas) ha presentado extincion en todas las placa.
Growth factors improve immediate survival of embryonic dopamine neurons after transplantation into rats

Embryonic dopamine neurons survive poorly after transplant into models of Parkinson's disease, possibly due to programmed cell death (apoptosis). Apoptosis in cultured dopamine neurons can be reduced by growth factors such as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) or a combination of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). To improve the survival of dopamine neurons in grafts, strands of E15 rat ventral mesencephalon were pretreated with a combination of GDNF, IGF-I, and bFGF and then transplanted into 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. In control animals, only 32% of dopamine neuron profiles survived the first 24 h after transplant. Growth factor pretreatment increased survival to 49% on day 1. Growth factors reduced the apoptotic rate of transplanted cells, just as they had in the previous in vitro experiments. Apoptotic nuclear morphology was observed in the transplanted dopamine neurons. We conclude that the majority of transplanted dopamine neurons die in grafts within the first 24 h after transplant, most likely by an apoptotic mechanism. Prevention of apoptosis with anti-apoptotic agents may improve the viability of dopamine neurons grafted for Parkinson's disease.
Racial Ethnocentrism and Judgment of Beauty

(1964). Racial Ethnocentrism and Judgment of Beauty. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 59-63.
The origin and economic potential of sandstone-hosted disseminated Pb-Zn mineralization in pyritic shale horizons of the Mid-Proterozoic Newland Formation, Montana, USA

Pyritic shale horizons of the Newland Formation (Belt Series, Mid-Proterozoic) show striking similarities to Proterozoic pyritic shales elsewhere that are host to major lead-zinc deposits, such as Mt. Isa and McArthur River. However, in contrast to these deposits the pyritic shales of the Newland Formation contain only minute quantities of lead and zinc. Elevated concentrations of lead and zinc are only found in pore spaces of intercalated sandstone beds. Petrographic and geochemical data indicate that pyritic shale deposition and elevated lead-zinc concentrations in sandstone beds are unrelated, that base metal mineralization is controlled by initial porosity, and that iron and base metals were derived from different sources.
IS-020 Functional Connectivity In The Infant Brain

Advanced MRI techniques have been increasingly applied in infants to explore the structural and functional architecture of the developing brain. Functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) utilises spontaneous, low-frequency, coherent fluctuations in blood oxygen level dependent signal to identify networks of functional cerebral connections. Application of fcMRI in infants provides unique technical challenges. To obtain high-quality fcMRI data, investigators have applied new technology and modified acquisition practices. Advanced analysis techniques have also been developed to improve anatomic registration, eliminate artifactual variance and improve signal-to-noise ratios. These measures have enabled successful, robust fcMRI investigations in neonates. Importantly, these methods are transferrable across institutions and clinical populations of interest. Neonatal fcMRI investigations have included healthy, term-born infants and prematurely-born infants with and without cerebral injury. In these populations, fcMRI data has been used to identify immature networks as early as 26 weeks postmenstrual age. These networks gradually mature. Prematurity (Figure 1) and white matter injury (Figure 2) significantly affect connectivity, altering network configuration and strength. These results demonstrate the promise of fcMRI as an investigational tool of neurodevelopment, providing insight into the earliest forms of functional cerebral development. While key groundwork has been laid, additional efforts are necessary to apply continued advances in technology and methodology. Expanded investigations will provide greater understanding of the processes underlying typical and atypical cerebral development and the role of these networks in neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Stated preference analysis of a new very light jet based on-demand air service

This paper develops behavior models to analyze traveler propensity towards a new "very light jet"-based on-demand air service (ODAS), also labeled air taxi service, with the broader objective of providing guidance for the enabling stakeholders including business operators, policy-makers and aircraft manufacturers. The models predict the probability of individuals switching from their usual preferred mode of intercity transportation (up to 960 km) to the ODAS under a range of scenarios in terms of travel distance and cost. Travel distance, service fare, and level of accessibility are identified as key determinants of the viability of the ODAS. Analysis of the models provides insights for operational/business strategies in the private sector (both for aircraft manufacturers and the ODAS operators), for policy-making in the public sector, and for understanding the potential barriers to the evolution of ODAS as a viable intercity travel option.
The ability of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 validity scales to detect fake-bad responses in psychiatric inpatients

The effectiveness of P. A. Arbisi and Y. S. Ben-Porath's (1995) Infrequency-Psychopathology Scale, F(p), in discriminating between groups of psychiatric inpatients who were administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (J. N. Butcher, W. G. Dahlstrom, J. R. Graham, A. Tellegen, & B. Kaemmer, 1989) under 2 scripted conditions, honest and fake bad, was examined. The F(p) scale's incremental validity, in reference to the Infrequency (F) scale, was tested with 74 Minneapolis Veteran Affairs Medical Center inpatients (64 men and 10 women). The results support the use of F(p) in the detection of malingering in psychiatric patients and indicate that in settings characterized by high base rates of psychopathology, F(p) outperforms F and accounts for all the predictive power when distinguishing between psychiatric inpatients responding honestly and attempting to fake bad.
Mechanisms of synovial joint and articular cartilage formation: recent advances, but many lingering mysteries

Synovial joints are elegant, critically important, and deceptively simple biomechanical structures. They are comprised of articular cartilage that covers each end of the opposing skeletal elements, synovial fluid that lubricates and nourishes the tissues, ligaments that hold the skeletal elements in check, and a fibrous capsule that insulates the joints from surrounding tissues. Joints also exhibit an exquisite arrays of shapes and sizes, best exemplified by the nearly spherical convex femoral head articulating into a nearly spherical concave hip acetabulum, or a phalangeal joint with two condyles on the distal side articulating in reciprocally-shaped sockets on the opposing proximal side. Though few in number, joint tissues are highly specialized in structure and function. This is illustrated by articular cartilage with its unique extracellular matrix, unique biomechanical resilience, its largely avascular nature, and its ability to persist through life with minimal turnover of its cells and components. The fact that interest in synovial joints has remained unabated for decades is a reflection of their fundamental importance for organism function and quality of life, and for their susceptibility to a variety of acquired and congenital conditions, most importantly arthritis. This has led to many advances in this field that encompass molecular genetics to biomechanics to medicine. Regrettably, what continues to be poorly understood are the mechanisms by which synovial joints actually form in the developing embryo. If available, this information would be not only of indisputable biological interest, but would also have significant biomedical ramifications, particularly in terms of designing novel tissue regeneration or reconstruction therapies. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of synovial joint formation in the limbs, and places and discusses the information within the context of classic studies and the many mysteries and questions that remain unanswered.
WriteOn: a tool for classroom presentations on tablet PCs

In this talk we describe a new software package called WriteOn. By using this software on a tablet PC, instructors can significantly improve their classroom presentations and demonstrations.
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell-powered vehicle performance using direct-hydrogen fueling and on-board methanol reforming

This paper summarizes results of recent studies of PEM fuel cell-powered vehicle performance using direct-hydrogen fueling and on-board methanol reforming. Control of auxiliary components is found to provide the greatest opportunity for improved performance. Fuel economy with on-board reforming is also found to be significantly less than with direct-hydrogen fueling.
Measuring human skin buffering capacity: an in vitro model.

Background/purpose: It has been thought that skin possesses buffering capacity. This study measured the skin buffering capacity against two model solutions of acid and base at three concentrations with an in vitro system. Methods: Ten microliters of model base (sodium hydroxide – NaOH) and acid (hydrochloric acid – HCl) solutions at concentrations of 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 N was applied to human cadaver skin (3.18 μL/cm2) placed onto glass diffusion cells. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was used as a standard buffer solution. Deionized water served as the negative control, whereas untreated skin served as the blank control. Skin pH was read and recorded immediately following dosing (0 time), and at 10 and 30 min of post-dosing. After the 30 min of dosing, each skin, except untreated skin (blank control), was then washed by applying 1 cm3 of deionized water. The pH on each washed skin was measured immediately following washing, and the pH measurement was repeated at 10 and 30 min of post-washing. Six replicates were conducted. Results: The pH values sharply significantly increased (P<0.05) immediately following dosing with NaOH at all concentrations (the highest concentration, caused the highest pH), and then decreased closely to baselines within 30 min post-application but still remained at significantly (P<0.05) higher values when compared with the blank control (untreated skin). HCl (acid) significantly (P<0.05) decreased skin pH immediately following dosing with all concentrations (the highest concentration, caused the lowest pH) and then restored rapidly to baseline. There was no significant difference in post-washing procedures on the skins that were pre-treated with the acid (HCI) solutions. However, with all base solutions (NaOH) pre-treated skin, pH values were significantly higher (P<0.05) at all time points post-washing. Furthermore, both PBS and water controls significantly elevated (P<0.05) the pH values following washing. Conclusion: Skin pH and its buffering capacity can be measured on human cadaver skin in vitro, which may partially replicate the response of in vivo skin. Dose–response was noted; i.e. the higher concentration caused larger changes in skin pH. In addition, the restoration of skin pH is relatively faster with acid when compared with base treatment. Clinical implications are offered.