cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiation exposure from musculoskeletal computerized tomographic scans.

Background: Computerized tomographic scans are routinely obtained to evaluate a number of musculoskeletal conditions. However, since computerized tomographic scans expose patients to the greatest amounts of radiation of all imaging modalities, the physician must be cognizant of the effective doses of radiation that are administered. This investigation was performed to quantify the effective doses of computerized tomographic scans that are performed for various musculoskeletal applications. Methods: The digital imaging archive of a single institution was retrospectively reviewed to identify helical computerized tomographic scans that were completed to visualize the extremities or spine. Imaging parameters were recorded for each examination, and dosimetry calculator software was used to calculate the effective dose values according to a modified protocol derived from publication SR250 of the National Radiological Protection Board of the United Kingdom. Computerized tomographic scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis were also collected, and the effective doses were compared with those reported by prior groups in order to validate the results of the current study. Results: The mean effective doses for computerized tomographic scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis (5.27, 4.95, and 4.85 mSv, respectively) were consistent with those of previous investigations. The highest mean effective doses were recorded for studies evaluating the spine (4.36, 17.99, and 19.15 mSv for the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spines, respectively). In the upper extremity, the effective dose of a computerized tomographic scan of the shoulder (2.06 mSv) was higher than those of the elbow (0.14 mSv) and wrist (0.03 mSv). Similarly, the effective dose of a hip scan (3.09 mSv) was significantly higher than those observed with knee (0.16 mSv) and ankle (0.07 mSv) scans. Conclusions: Computerized tomographic scans of the axial and appendicular skeleton are associated with substantially elevated radiation exposures, but the effective dose declines substantially for anatomic structures that are further away from the torso.
Detection of Group B Streptococci in Lim Broth by Use of Group B Streptococcus Peptide Nucleic Acid Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization and Selective and Nonselective Agars

The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for the detection of group B streptococci from Lim enrichment broth with sheep blood agar (SBA), with selective Streptococcus agar (SSA), and by a peptide nucleic acid fluorescent in situ hybridization (PNA FISH) assay were as follows: for culture on SBA, 68.4%, 100%, 100%, and 87.9%, respectively; for culture on SSA, 85.5%, 100%, 100%, and 94.1%, respectively; and for the PNA FISH assay, 97.4%, 98.3%, 96.1%, and 98.9%, respectively.
Bacterial capsular polysaccharide prevents the onset of asthma through T-cell activation

Over the last four decades, increases in the incidence of immune-mediated diseases in the Western world have been linked to changes in microbial exposure. It is becoming increasingly clear that the normal microbiota in the gut can profoundly alter susceptibility to a wide range of diseases, such as asthma, in which immune homeostasis is disrupted, yet the mechanisms governing this microbial influence remains poorly defined. In this study, we show that gastrointestinal exposure to PSA, acapsular polysaccharide derived from the commensal bacterium Bacteroides fragilis, significantly limits susceptibility to the induction of experimental asthma. We report that direct treatment of mice with PSA generates protection from asthma, and this effect can be given to a naive recipient by adoptive transfer of CD4 + T cells from PSA-exposed mice. Remarkably, we found that these PSA-induced T cells are not canonical FoxP3 + regulatory T cells, but that they potently inhibit both Th1 and Th2 models of asthma in an IL-10-dependent fashion. These findings reveal that bacterial polysaccharides link the microbiota with the peripheral immune system by activating CD4 + Foxp3 � Tc ells upon exposure in the gut, and they facilitate resistance to unnecessary inflammatory responses via the production of IL-10.
Pinocytosis in the Pillar Cells of the Organ of Corti

Electron micrographs are presented showing openings in the head plates of the pillar cells of the organ of Corti. The possibility of fluid transport between the tunnel-spaces and the subtectorial space is inferred from these observations. The capabilities of the pillar cells for fluid transport were further examined through the use of the exogenous tracer, Thorotrast, which was not seen in the tunnel-spaces until at least 40 min after introduction into perilymph. After 2 hrs Thorotrast was found in vesicles in all parts of the pillar cells and closely applied to the external membrane. On the basis of a review of histochemical observations relating to the pillar cells, together with morphological findings and results of tracer experiments, it appears that these cells are implicated in active transport processes involving perilymph, cortilymph, and the fluid of the subtectorial space. They may help to maintain microhomeostasis in the cochlear transducer.
The Dumping Syndrome: An Interpretation

Following removal of all or a portion of the stomach a variety of postprandial complaints appear with sufficient regularity to be recognized as part of a syndrome. The syndrome may appear whenever the normal emptying mechanisms of the stom­ ach are altered or by-passed, even without subtotal gastric resection, as in a simple gastroenterostomy. It has been claimed that "dumping" may rarely occur in a patient with an organically normal, intact stomach, presumably due to an abnormality of function producing precipitous evacu­ ation of the stomach after a meal,1 Generally, however, the syndrome is found in patients who have been subjected to total gastrec­ tomy, subtotal gastrectomy, pyloroplasty, or gastroenterostomy and consists in one or more of the following feature~ in almost all imaginable combinations and permuta­ tions shortly after the ingestion of food, especially sugar: premature satiety or nausea, diarrhea, hyperhidrosis, tachy­ cardia, weakness or faintness, and, rarely, hypotension. Sometimes 1 hour or so after meals there are symptoms and signs com­ monly associated with "reactive hypo­ glycemia." Some, but not all, of the latter (hypoglycemic) symptoms are similar to those more often seen when the blood sugar is usually high, immediately after eating. As the frequency of gastric surgery increased, the number of patients with postgastrectomy symptoms began to rise, and as the old gastroenterostomy gave way to the various types of subtotal gastrectomy, to antrectomy and to pyloroplasty, the syndrome persisted in a certain fraction of
Rosacea, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Azelaic Acid

Rosacea is a common skin condition thought to be primarily an inflammatory disorder. Neutrophils, in particular, have been implicated in the inflammation associated with rosacea and mediate many of their effects through the release of reactive oxygen species. Recently, the role of reactive oxygen species in the pathophysiology of rosacea has been recognized. Many effective agents for rosacea, including topical azelaic acid and topical metronidazole, have anti-inflammatory properties. in-vitro models have demonstrated the potent antioxidant effects of azelaic acid, providing a potential mechanistic explanation for its efficacy in the treatment of rosacea.
Metabolism of Riboflavin

More particular details of natural occurrence and absorption of flavins in animals are considered in preceding and succeeding chapters, respectively. However, as both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the metabolism of the different forms of riboflavin (vitamin B2) require some understanding of the intake and output of the vitamin, as well as its alteration by an organism, it is helpful to integrate some of this information here.
Immunoglobulins and Laboratory Recognition of Monoclonal Proteins

Plasma cell proliferative disorders such as multiple myeloma, macroglobulinemia, and primary amyloidosis are characterized by the clonal expansion of plasma cells and their secreted monoclonal immunoglobulin. The monoclonal immunoglobulin serves as a tumor marker for the recognition of the clinical disorder as well as for monitoring disease progression, response, or relapse. Because of the wide range of biology amongst the plasma cell proliferative diseases, the recognition of a monoclonal protein may require a simple laboratory test or may require multiple approaches. Knowledge of immunoglobulin structure and genetics as well as the technologies of protein electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, and quantitative free light chain (FLC) assessment is needed to fully understand the use of these markers of plasma cell proliferative disease.
Perceptions and correlates of pubic hair removal and grooming among college-aged women: a mixed methods approach

Background Although much is known about behavioural indicators of pubic hair removal, current research lacks deeper cognitive reasoning and understanding through utilising quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The purpose of this study was to: (1) describe and understand pubic hair removal behaviours using a quantitative survey; and (2) examine the relationship between pubic hair removal, sexual behaviours and genital self-image using in-depth interviews. Methods: Data were collected from women aged 18–24 years living in the United States. Overall, 663 participants completed an online survey and 53 completed in-depth interviews. Questions asked related to pubic hair removal and sexual history. Results: Participants removed hair for hygiene, comfort and sensation purposes, which was a personal decision influenced by family, friends and the media. Race, pubic hair removal initiation age, genital image and sexual behaviours were significantly related to pubic hair removal. Conclusions: Data from this study prove that further education regarding safe pubic hair removal methods is needed, especially for those who initiate pubic hair removal and sexual behaviours concurrently.
Tumor-simulating retrorectal heterotopia of bone marrow.

A retrorectal tumor-simulating mass of extramedullar hematopoiesis was discovered during work-up for uterine bleeding in a 40-year-old woman. It was excised in toto . The only hematologic abnormality at the time was iron deficiency, which was corrected. Six years later the patient is free of recurrence or any hematologic abnormality. It is suggested that this case represents heterotopic marrow arising either as a remnant of embryonic hematopoiesis or from activated primitive cells retaining the embryonic potentiality of hematopoiesis. The difficult diagnostic problems, pathogenesis and treatment are discussed, and the importance of recognizing the trilineage of hematopoiesis using Wright’s-stained imprints of the mass is emphasized.
Effect of Surface Oxygen on Adhesion of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites

Five carbon fibers from different precursors were surface treated by various chemical reagents for the elucidation of the mechanism involved in interfacial adhesion. SEM, ESCA and SAM techniques were used to characterize morphology as well as surface constituents of the treated fibers. The transverse tensile strengths of the composites made from the treated fibers and epoxy resin were also obtained. The result indicated that the interlocking mechanism by surface roughness seemed to play a major role in the fiber-epoxy adhesion.
Color Mutants in Anopheles albimanus (Diptera: Culicidae)

The mode of inheritance and linkage relationships were determined for three new mutants in Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann. Sable, a dominant trait, and brown larva, a recessive variant, are located on the left arm of chromosome 2, and yellow is on the right arm. The linkage relationships between these mutants and other loci are presented.
Numerical simulation of oscillating-wing based energy harvest mechanism using the high-order spectral difference method

A high-order spectral difference method based unsteady Navier-Stokes numerical framework is adopted to carry out simulations of oscillating-wing based energy harvest mechanism. Energy extraction with both the prescribed motion and the flow-induced motion are considered. The flow-induced motion is achieved via the fluid-structure interaction approach. Specifically, the foil dynamics is coupled into the flow solver to synchronize the flow-foil interaction. Results from both the prescribed motion approach and the flowinduced motion approach are compared. It is found that under certain conditions, the aerodynamic performances by using these two types of motions are comparable. Other aerodynamic features associated with the prescribed and the flow-induced motions are analyzed as well.
Are Traditional Taxi Firms Doomed? An Answer from the Capital Market

Entry will occur most rapidly in a market where entrants incur few or no sunk costs, do not operate at a cost disadvantage, and where consumers can easily switch from the incumbent to the entrant. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the speed of entry in an in industry that is highly contestable, taxi rides. In recent years, firms like Uber have entered the transportation business offering a ride service that competes with the traditional yellow cab service. Uber drivers have a lower cost structure than the incumbents, sunk costs are minimal, and they are able to enter the market knowing that the incumbent’s price is sticky downwards due to municipal regulations. These industry attributes have led many an observer to comment that the rents or profits earned driving a yellow cab will quickly wither away, or stated differently, the yellow taxis have little long-term market power. Despite these favorable entry conditions, I use capital market data to show that taxi operators have been betting that market power will persist for well over fifteen years.
Development and Implementation of Helicopter Underwater Egress Training Programs

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the history and current practices of helicopter underwater egress training (HUET) programs including offshore, military, and paramilitary/civilian applications. By addressing the various approaches to HUET, this chapter is designed to provide information that could be used to ensure that individuals are better prepared to respond to an in-flight emergency. Current training practices, safety considerations, necessary outcomes, performance evaluation, and the characteristics of effective HUET programs are discussed.
Dynamical tunneling versus fast diffusion for a non-convex Hamiltonian

This paper attempts to resolve the issue of the nature of the 0.01-0.1 cm(-1) peak splittings observed in high-resolution IR spectra of polyatomic molecules. One hypothesis is that these splittings are caused by dynamical tunneling, a quantum-mechanical phenomenon whereby energy flows between two disconnected regions of phase-space across dynamical barriers. However, a competing classical mechanism for energy flow is Arnol'd diffusion, which connects different regions of phase-space by a resonance network known as the Arnol'd web. The speed of diffusion is bounded by the Nekhoroshev theorem, which guarantees stability on exponentially long time scales if the Hamiltonian is steep. Here we consider a non-convex Hamiltonian that contains the characteristics of a molecular Hamiltonian, but does not satisfy the Nekhoroshev theorem. The diffusion along the Arnol'd web is expected to be fast for a non-convex Hamiltonian. While fast diffusion is an unlikely competitor for longtime energy flow in molecules, we show how dynamical tunneling dominates compared to fast diffusion in the nearly integrable regime for a non-convex Hamiltonian, as well as present a new kind of dynamical tunneling.
Pediatric Abdominal Infection and Inflammation: Choosing the Appropriate Diagnostic Imaging Study

Diagnostic imaging for the evaluation of abdominal infection or inflammation in the child may be required to identify a source of infection, guide percutaneous biopsy for a tissue diagnosis, or determine length of medical therapy. Several anatomic and functional imaging techniques are available, and determining which of these examinations is appropriate can be confusing. Criteria published by the American College of Radiology serve to guide clinicians and radiologists in making these decisions appropriately. In this review, current imaging recommendations relevant to abdominal infection in the child are discussed.
Review: Subtle clinical findings can detect left-sided heart failure in adults

Source Citation Badgett RG, Lucey CR, Mulrow CD. Can the clinical examination diagnose left-sided heart failure in adults? JAMA. 1997 Jun 4;277:1712-9.
Direct detection of gaps in Saturn's A ring

Abstract Indirect observations spanning decades have indicated that Saturn’s A ring is populated with a plethora of self-gravity wakes, small wavelike structures that arise from the gravitational attraction between ring particles. We present the direct detection of the gaps that represent the minima between the denser wakes. Through a statistical test, we analyze a series of seven high-resolution stellar occultations observed by the Cassini Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph to identify nearly half a million discrete regions with an optical depth less than a quarter of the surrounding ring. These gaps correlate strongly with previous observations of the A-ring brightness asymmetry.
Quality Gaps and Comparative Effectiveness of Management Strategies for Recurrent Malignant Pleural Effusions

Background Guidelines for recurrent malignant pleural effusions (MPEs) recommend definitive procedures, such as indwelling pleural catheters (IPCs) or pleurodesis, over repeat thoracentesis. We hypothesized that many patients have multiple thoracenteses rather than definitive procedures and that this results in more procedures and complications. Methods Retrospective cohort study using SEER-Medicare data from 2007 to 2011. Patients 66 to 90 years of age with an MPE were included. The primary outcome was whether patients with rapidly recurring MPE, defined as recurrence within 2 weeks of first thoracentesis, received guideline consistent care. Guideline consistent care was defined as a definitive second pleural procedure. Results Thoracentesis for MPE was performed in 23,431 patients. A second pleural procedure because of recurrence was required in 12,967 (55%). Recurrence was rapid in 7,565 (58%) of the 12,967 patients that had a recurrence. Of the 7,565 patients with rapid recurrence, 1,811 (24%) received guideline consistent care. Definitive pleural procedures compared with repeat thoracentesis resulted in fewer subsequent pleural procedures (0.62 vs 1.44 procedures per patient, respectively; P P = .001), and fewer ED procedures (0.02 vs 0.04 ED procedures per patient, respectively; P P Conclusions Guideline consistent care using definitive procedures compared with repeat thoracentesis was associated with fewer subsequent procedures and complications; however, pleurodesis resulted in more inpatient days.
An Extended Eddy-Diffusivity Mass-Flux Scheme for Unified Representation of Subgrid-Scale Turbulence and Convection

Large-scale weather forecasting and climate models are beginning to reach horizontal resolutions of kilometers, at which common assumptions made in existing parameterization schemes of subgrid-scale turbulence and convection-such as that they adjust instantaneously to changes in resolved-scale dynamics-cease to be justifiable. Additionally, the common practice of representing boundary-layer turbulence, shallow convection, and deep convection by discontinuously different parameterizations schemes, each with its own set of parameters, has contributed to the proliferation of adjustable parameters in large-scale models. Here we lay the theoretical foundations for an extended eddy-diffusivity mass-flux (EDMF) scheme that has explicit time-dependence and memory of subgrid-scale variables and is designed to represent all subgrid-scale turbulence and convection, from boundary layer dynamics to deep convection, in a unified manner. Coherent up and downdrafts in the scheme are represented as prognostic plumes that interact with their environment and potentially with each other through entrainment and detrainment. The more isotropic turbulence in their environment is represented through diffusive fluxes, with diffusivities obtained from a turbulence kinetic energy budget that consistently partitions turbulence kinetic energy between plumes and environment. The cross-sectional area of up and downdrafts satisfies a prognostic continuity equation, which allows the plumes to cover variable and arbitrarily large fractions of a large-scale grid box and to have life cycles governed by their own internal dynamics. Relatively simple preliminary proposals for closure parameters are presented and are shown to lead to a successful simulation of shallow convection, including a time-dependent life cycle.
Smartphones, Memory, and Pharmacy Education.

“I don’t know, but I can look it up and get back to you.” Over the years, many faculty members have taught their students to respond to questions from health care providers and patients in this manner. Now more than ever “looking it up” takes seconds, and one needs to go no further than
Palladium-catalyzed redox cascade for direct β-arylation of ketones

Abstract Herein we report a full article about the detailed design and development of two palladium-catalyzed redox cascade methods that enable direct β-arylation of ketones. Palladium-catalyzed ketone dehydrogenation, aryl-X bond activation and conjugate addition were merged into a redox-neutral catalytic cycle. Non-metal-based aryl electrophiles were used as both the oxidant and the aryl source. The β-arylation with aryl iodides was achieved site-selectively with Pd(TFA)2/P(i-Pr)3 as the precatalyst and AgTFA as the iodide scavenger. Both cyclic and linear ketones can react to give β-aryl ketones with excellent functional group tolerance. The β-arylation with diaryliodonium salts was realized without stoichiometric heavy metal additives, and proved to be redox-neutral. A wider substrate scope regarding aryl groups and ketones was obtained for the arylation with diaryliodonium salts, and the possible involvement of palladium nanoparticles as the active catalyst was examined and discussed.
Remote control of glucose-sensing neurons to analyze glucose metabolism.

The central nervous system relies on a continual supply of glucose, and must be able to detect glucose levels and regulate peripheral organ functions to ensure that its energy requirements are met....
The Politics of Pain: Legislative and Public Policy Issues

Just as it is important to consider the whole patient, it is also important to consider the whole pain challenge. While direct efforts in managing pain are helpful and go a long way in relieving suffering, part of a comprehensive plan must involve indirect care and oversight. Part of this involves politics.
Multi-modality CADx: ROC Study of the Effect on Radiologists' Accuracy in Characterizing Breast Masses on Mammograms and 3D Ultrasound Images

Rationale and Objectives To investigate the effect of a computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) system on radiologists' performance in discriminating malignant and benign masses on mammograms and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound (US) images. Materials and Methods Our dataset contained mammograms and 3D US volumes from 67 women (median age, 51; range: 27–86) with 67 biopsy-proven breast masses (32 benign and 35 malignant). A CADx system was designed to automatically delineate the mass boundaries on mammograms and the US volumes, extract features, and merge the extracted features into a multi-modality malignancy score. Ten experienced readers (subspecialty academic breast imaging radiologists) first viewed the mammograms alone, and provided likelihood of malignancy (LM) ratings and Breast Imaging and Reporting System assessments. Subsequently, the reader viewed the US images with the mammograms, and provided LM and action category ratings. Finally, the CADx score was shown and the reader had the opportunity to revise the ratings. The LM ratings were analyzed using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) methodology, and the action category ratings were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of cancer diagnosis. Results Without CADx, readers' average area under the ROC curve, A z , was 0.93 (range, 0.86–0.96) for combined assessment of the mass on both the US volume and mammograms. With CADx, their average A z increased to 0.95 (range, 0.91–0.98), which was borderline significant ( P = .05). The average sensitivity of the readers increased from 98% to 99% with CADx, while the average specificity increased from 27% to 29%. The change in sensitivity with CADx did not achieve statistical significance for the individual radiologists, and the change in specificity was statistically significant for one of the radiologists. Conclusions A well-trained CADx system that combines features extracted from mammograms and US images may have the potential to improve radiologists' performance in distinguishing malignant from benign breast masses and making decisions about biopsies.
Molecular Mechanism of Zinc Action, and a Note on the Treatment of SLE in the Mouse with Zinc

We believe a major clue as to the molecular mechanism of zinc action at pharmacological dosage levels can be derived from the existence of zinc-calcium antagonism (Brewer, 1980). Since we have considerable information about the molecular mechanism of calcium action, zinc antagonism to those actions suggests that we explore the possibility of a related molecular mechanism of action for zinc.
ChemE Camp: A Two-Day Workshop to Increase Student Preparedness for Chemical Engineering Curricula

A two-day workshop was designed to help rising chemical engineering sophomores prepare for the upcoming school year, curriculum, and internship opportunities. Activities include team-building exercises, presentations from faculty about upcoming classes, talks from local industry partners, interview and resume workshops, and discussions with upperclassmen. Surveys taken before and after the "camp" show an increase in student ratings of knowledge of the curriculum, comfort interacting with faculty, confidence in the major, and familiarity with internship opportunities.
Nepokradeš! Nálady a postoje slovenské společnosti k židovské otázce, 1938–1945 [Thou shall not steal! Moods and attitudes of Slovak society toward the Jewish question]

With her book, Nepokrades! Nalady a postoje slovenske spolecnosti k židovske otazce, 1938–1945, Hana Kubatova makes an impressive and important contribution to the growing literature on the complic...
Kinetics and Faradaic Efficiency of Oxygen Evolution on Reduced HxWO3 Photoelectrodes

Tungsten oxide (WO3) electrodes were synthesized by spin-coating an ammonium metatungstate sol. Instability in photocurrent during water oxidation applications has previously been attributed to for...
Synaptic basis of swim initiation in the leech

1. Pairwise intracellular recordings were made from a swim-initiating interneuron (cell 204) and identified motor neurons. No direct connections were found from cell 204 to motor neurons which innervate dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles. It is the rhythmic activity of these motor neurons which produces body flexions during swimming. The only monosynaptic motor connections made by cell 204 were with ‘flattener’ motor neurons cells 109 and 117, which excite dorsoventral muscles to cause body flattening. During swimming, these motor neurons are active nearly tonically (Fig. 2) and, accordingly, leeches have a strongly flattened body profile. 2. Interganglionically, each cell 204 excites both anterior and posterior flattener motor neurons via segmentally repeated, monosynaptic chemical excitatory connections (Figs. 2–5). Intraganglionically, cell 204 excites flattener motor neurons via rectifying electrical connections (Figs. 3, 5). Both inter- and intraganglionically, polysynaptic excitatory connections also link these neurons (Fig. 5). In response to cell 204 activity, flattening behavior has a lower activation threshold than does swimming behavior (Fig. 2). This ensures that body flattening precedes and accompanies swim undulations. 3. Pairwise interganglionic recordings were made of cell 204 and four members of the swim central pattern generator (CPG) circuit, the ‘oscillator’ interneurons. During motor pattern resetting caused by passage of current pulses into individual oscillator cells, cell 204's firing pattern was perturbed as well (Fig. 6). However, no synaptic connections were found from oscillator cells to cell 204 (Fig. 7). Furthermore, no synaptic effects of cell 204 onto oscillator cells were observed; cell 204 influenced oscillator cells only insofar as its activity was sufficient to evoke swimming (Fig. 7). This was taken to suggest that cell 204 initiates and modulates swimming by way of synaptic connections with CPG interneurons other than the oscillator cells. 4. In some preparations, all cells 204 received tonic, prominent inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in between swim episodes. Individual IPSPs occurred sequentially in cells 204 in an anterior to posterior progression along the nerve cord. The only other cells in which these IPSPs have been observed are cells 61 and 205, which also have swim-initiating ability. Thus, the IPSPs may be unique to swim-initiating interneurons.
Thermal Isomerization of 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane (FC-134) to 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (FC-134a) in the Presence of Hydrogen

The mechanism of the high-temperature, gas-phase isomerization of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (FC-134) to 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (FC-134a) in the presence of H2 has been explored both experimentally and computationally. Studies of the impact of temperature, H2/FC-134 ratio, and contact time on conversion and yield, as well as a study of deuterium incorporation when D2 was used in place of H2, led to the conclusion that a free radical chain mechanism involving rearrangement of CHF2CF2· to CF3CHF· is involved.
Predicting Fault Behaviors of Networked Control Systems Using Deep Learning for Mobile Robots

The field of robotics research is continuously expanding at an ever-increasing rate. So much so, that as a systems' complexity grows, so too does the amount of possible points of failure. In recent years, these systems have been integrated together to create systems of systems, dramatically increasing the fragility of these networked systems, also known as a swarm. This paper presents a method for abstracting the fault of a networked control system, namely a system of mobile robots, into general feature sets and producing the capability of predicting the present fault as well as the compensation thereof.
Heavy upright exercise increases ventilation-perfusion mismatch in the basal lung: indirect evidence for interstitial pulmonary edema.

We reanalyzed previously published MRI data with new tools and found increased ventilation-perfusion mismatch only in the basal lung of athletes following 45 min of cycling exercise. This is consis...
Changes in Land Cover and Land Use in the Pearl River Delta, China

Over the last two decades, land-use changes in China have been dominated by an urban transformation unprecedented in human history. The Chinese landscape, which for thousands of years was mainly rural, is becoming increasingly urban. Natural ecosystems, farms, rangelands, towns, and villages are being converted into, or enveloped by, extended metropolitan regions. This urban revolution has profound environmental impacts, including local and regional climate change, loss of wildlife habitat and biodiversity, stress on food production systems, and pressure on water resources. Urbanization can also lead to poor housing conditions, inadequate waste disposal, and rapid spread of infectious diseases.
Self-Reporting Firms: Are Emissions Truly Declining for Improved Financial Performance?

Organizations are reporting their environmental performance for many reasons; most of these are reports by the organizations themselves—a self-reporting . Self-reporting is not a panacea for good firm environmental stewardship. Our observations show that the financial performance of firms is improved despite increases in their emissions reporting. Policymakers can gain insights from our findings, but so can organizations. Concerted efforts must be made to institute mandates that truly influence market performance as a function of environmental stewardship; organizations that are serious about true environmental stewardship should be supporting such initiatives. In the absence of stringent measures to rein in firm-level emissions, the evident compensation for dirty behavior by firms will continue unabated. Policymakers should initiate a widespread effort to provide an equitable platform for all firms to help decarbonize the economy. The message for firms is that when true environmental stewardship is required or instituted, the seeming benefits of increasing emissions may result in negative and dire consequences on both their book and market values. Therefore, it is important for firms to make efforts to reduce their emissions in anticipation of mandates that will make their market or book performance to be reflective of their emissions reduction initiatives.
Surgical management of middle aortic syndrome in an adult

Abstract Middle aortic syndrome (MAS), a coarctation of the lower thoracic and/or abdominal aorta, is typically diagnosed and treated in the pediatric population. We present a 48-year-old patient with a long-standing history of hypertension who was lost to follow-up owing to a lack of insurance coverage. After two myocardial infarcts owing to severe hypertension, a vascular workup including a computed tomography angiogram revealed a diagnosis of MAS. He underwent open vascular reconstruction with a thoracoabdominal Dacron bypass graft. He was discharged within 1 week with no hypertension or claudication. Adult patients diagnosed with MAS should undergo open or endovascular surgical repair with close follow-up.
Proposal for a Scientifically Correct and Medically Actionable Disease Classification System (ICD) for Obesity.

Objective Obesity is responsible for a huge burden of suffering and social costs, and yet many patients lack access to evidence-based therapies. The diagnostic term "obesity" and inadequate International Classification of Diseases(ICD) codes contribute to suboptimal efforts to prevent and treat obesity as a chronic disease. The goal of this review is to develop a medically actionable classification system based on the diagnostic term "adiposity-based chronic disease" (ABCD) that reflects disease pathophysiology and specific complications causing morbidity and mortality. Methods A coding system based on the diagnosis of ABCD with four domains is proposed: A codes reflect pathophysiology, B codes indicate BMI classification, C codes specify specific biomechanical and cardiovascular complications remediable by weight loss, and D codes indicate the degree of the severity of complications. Supplemental codes identify aggravating factors that complicate care and that are relevant to a personalized therapeutic plan. Results The coding system addresses pathophysiology and therapeutic goals and differential risk, presence, and severity of specific complications that are integral to ABCD as a chronic disease. Conclusions The scientifically correct and medically actionable approach to diagnosis and disease coding will lead to greater acknowledgement of ABCD as a disease and accessibility to evidence-based therapies on behalf of patients across the life cycle.
High incidence of "in-out-in" posterosuperior screws after cannulated screw fixation of femoral neck fractures.

Cadaveric models have demonstrated a high incidence of extraosseous “in–out–in” (IOI) posterosuperior screws after cannulated screw fixation of femoral neck fractures. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of IOI screws in vivo and to evaluate their association with osteonecrosis and revision surgery. A total of 104 patients with 107 hips with a pelvis computed tomography (CT) scan after cannulated screw fixation of a femoral neck fractures were included. Screw position was evaluated on postoperative radiographs and CT scan to determine if screws were IOI or all-in. Osteonecrosis and revision surgeries were documented. IOI posterosuperior screws were identified on CT scan in 58 (54%) hips. On postoperative AP and lateral radiographs, IOI screws were a median (interquartile range) of 10 mm (7–11 mm) and 3 mm (0–4 mm) from the cortex, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of radiographs to detect IOI screws was 39% and 92%, respectively. The incidence of osteonecrosis and revision surgeries in hips, with and without IOI screws, was 6% versus 6% [Odds ratio (OR) 1.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2–5.3] and 10% versus 10% (OR 1.0, CI 0.3–3.1), respectively; a true clinical difference cannot be excluded due to the width of the confidence intervals. There was a high incidence of IOI posterosuperior screws on CT scans. Postoperative radiographs had a poor sensitivity for detecting IOI screws. A larger sample size is necessary to evaluate the association of IOI screws with osteonecrosis and revision surgery. Level III, comparative cohort study.
Remote Dielectric Sensing (reds) Use In The Prevention of Heart Failure Rehospitalizations- A Meta-analysis

Introduction Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is a major cause of hospital readmissions despite technological advances and multiple guidelines. Remote dielectric sensing (ReDS) is a non-invasive electromagnetic-based tool that measures absolute lung fluid content. This technology identifies changes in pulmonary pressures before the development of symptoms, hence assists physicians to adjust the medical therapy before clinical worsening. The objective of this meta-analysis is to see the use of Remote Dielectric Sensing (ReDS) in the prevention of heart failure rehospitalizations. Methods Using PubMed, Ovid (MEDLINE), and Cochrane database we searched using the MeSH terms including,” Radar Sensing,” “Remote Dielectric Sensing (ReDS)” Heart failure exacerbations,” Heart failure rehospitalizations,”. The primary outcome was to assess the rate of heart failure rehospitalization with the use of the device. Unadjusted odds ratios were calculated using a random-effect model using RevMan V 5.3. Results Our analysis included a total of 568 patients in the ReDS group and 1167 patients without ReDS. The mean age of the sample was 65.2±12.8 with 66% males and 34% females. We found that patients with ReDS monitoring had lower odds of heart failure rehospitalizations (Odds ratio=0.41; 95% CI=0.31-0.54; p-value Conclusion ReDS monitoring can be beneficial in lowering heart failure rehospitalization by remote monitoring. However, large clinical studies are warranted to further assess its efficacy in reducing hospital readmissions and mortality.
Ba (Ti 1 -x ,Zr x )O 3 relaxors: Dynamic ferroelectrics in the gigahertz frequency range

Relaxor ferroelectrics are of great scientific and technological significance as they exhibit large and unusual responses to external stimuli. Their hallmark features are broadness and frequency dispersion of the peak in the temperature dependence of the dielectric constant. Both are believed to originate from the dynamics of polar nanoregions. We apply first-principles-based molecular dynamics to resolve the gigahertz electric response of dynamically poled $\mathrm{Ba}({\mathrm{Ti}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x},{\mathrm{Zr}}_{x}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ ferroelectric relaxors that remained overlooked so far. We find that (i) the hallmark relaxor features continue to persist even in the dynamically poled structures, but do not necessarily originate from the polar nanoregions dynamics; (ii) dynamically poled samples exhibit polarization aging which leads to the frequency dependence of both remnant polarization and the Curie temperature; (iii) ``dynamical'' nature of the latter naturally explains the frequency dependence of the dielectric susceptibility maximum in dynamically poled $\mathrm{Ba}({\mathrm{Ti}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x},{\mathrm{Zr}}_{x}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}$; and (iv) incorporation of the polarization aging into dielectric susceptibility expression explains its enhancing contribution in an intuitive way.
The Impact of Opioid Use on Human and Healthcare Costs in Surgical Patients

Background: Preoperative narcotic use impacts hospital cost and outcomes in surgical patients, but the underlying reasons are unclear. Methods: A single-center retrospective analysis was performed on surgical patients admitted with intestinal obstruction (2010-2014). Patients were grouped into active opioid and non-opioid user cohorts. Active opioid use was defined as having an opioid prescription overlapping the date of admission. Chronic opioid use was defined by duration of use ≥90 days. Admission or intervention due to opioid-related illness was determined through consensus decision of two independent, blinded clinicians. Primary endpoint was the effect of active opioid use on hospital resource utilization. Results: During the study period, 296 patients were admitted with a primary diagnosis of intestinal obstruction. Active opioid users accounted for 55 (18.6%) of these patients, with a median length of opioid use of 164 days (IQR 54-344 days). Average length of use was 164 days, with the majority of active users (n=42, 76.4%) meeting criteria for chronic use. A subgroup analysis of active users demonstrated that opioid-related conditions were responsible for ten admissions (18.2%) and two readmissions (3.6%). Among active users requiring surgical intervention, three procedures (21.4%)were due to opioid-related illnesses. Median hospital length of stay was two days longer (8 vs 6days) and hospital costs were greater ($12,241 vs $8,489) among active users (p<0.05 each). Conclusion: Active opioid users are predisposed to avoidable admissions and interventions for opioid-related illnesses. Efforts to address opioid use in the surgical population may improve patient outcomes and healthcare spending.
An efficient method of evaluating multiple concurrent management actions on invasive populations

Evaluation of the efficacy of management actions to control invasive species is crucial for maintaining funding and to provide feedback for the continual improvement of management efficiency. However, it is often difficult to assess the efficacy of control methods due to limited resources for monitoring. Many managers view effort on monitoring as effort taken away from performing management actions. We developed a method to estimate invasive species abundance, evaluate management effectiveness, and evaluate population growth overtime from a combination of removal activities (e.g., aerial gunning, trapping, ground shooting) using only data collected during removal efforts (the method of removal, the date, location, number of animals removed, and the effort). This dynamic approach allows for estimating abundance at discrete time points and the estimation of population growth between removal periods. We applied this method to removal data from Mingo National Wildlife Refuge in Missouri from December 2015 to September 2019, where the management objective is elimination. Populations of feral swine on Mingo NWR have fluctuated over time but showed more marked declines in the last 3-6 months of the time series. More dramatic declines were observed in the center of the refuge likely aided by reducing potential immigration from the rest of the refuge. To counteract population growth (from both births and immigration) the percent of the population of feral swine removed monthly must be greater than the growth rate. On average, we found that removing 10% of the population monthly had only a 50% chance of causing a population decline, whereas removing 15% of the population monthly had a 95% chance of causing a population decline. Our method provides advancement over traditional removal modeling approaches because it can be applied to evaluate management programs that use a broad range of removal techniques concurrently and whose management effort and spatial coverage vary across time.
A Invenção do Lazer nos Primórdios da Europa Moderna

Unpublished translation in Portuguese. Original in English published in: "The Invention of Leisure in Early Modern Europe, Past and Present, n. 146, p. 136-150, 1995".
What is that smell? Hummingbirds avoid foraging on resources with defensive insect compounds

Hummingbirds utilize visual cues to locate flowers, but little is known about the role olfaction plays in nectar foraging despite observations that hummingbirds avoid resources occupied by certain insects. We investigated the behavioral responses of both wild and captive hummingbirds to olfactory cues of hymenopteran floral visitors, including native wood ants (Formica francoeuri), invasive Argentine ants (Linepithema humile), and European honeybees (Apis mellifera). We demonstrate for the first time that hummingbirds use olfaction to make foraging decisions when presented with insect-derived chemical cues under field and aviary conditions. Both wild and captive hummingbirds avoided foraging on feeders with defensive chemicals of F. francoeuri and aggregation pheromones of L. humile, but showed no response to honeybee cuticular hydrocarbons. Our experiments demonstrate the importance of olfaction in shaping hummingbird foraging decisions. Recent reviews reveal that avian olfaction is not just limited to vultures and a few taxa. We demonstrate that a very charismatic group, hummingbirds, avoid defensive and aggregatory chemical cues from insects present at nectar resources. Olfactory cues can provide critical information about the presence and potential threat of insect floral visitors. This study raises new questions about the underrated importance of olfaction in avian foraging and specifically, hummingbird foraging.
Cognitive and functional outcomes following a traumatic brain injury sustained 22 years after epilepsy surgery: A case report

Anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) is an effective treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy, and risk for post-surgical naming and verbal memory decline after dominant hemisphere ATL is well-established. However, less is known about later life cognitive and functional outcomes following ATL performed in early or mid-life, as there are few studies that report very long-term outcomes, and the intersection of epilepsy and the aging process is not well-understood. Factors that may promote healthy cognitive aging or confer increased risk for cognitive decline in late life for those with seizure onset in early or mid-life have yet to be determined. This case report describes an individual with drug-resistant epilepsy who was treated with left ATL in mid-life, and then subsequently sustained a moderate traumatic brain injury 22 years later. The excellent recovery and remarkable stability of cognitive performance over time may be associated with several protective factors such as favorable seizure outcome, high cognitive reserve, and the absence of co-occurring medical conditions. This case also highlights the clinical utility of serial neuropsychological testing at multiple timepoints across the lifespan for those with epilepsy, and the importance of considering the clinical significance, or functional impact, of cognitive deficits in this population.