cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining the Historical Representation of the Holocaust within Trade Books

0 0 1 187 1072 Eastern Illinois University 8 2 1257 14.0 Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} State and national education initiatives provide students with opportunities to engage in close readings of complex texts from diverse perspectives as they actively construct complicated understandings as they explore complex texts. Opportunities for interdisciplinary units emerge as the role of non-fiction in English/language arts and informational texts in history/social studies increase dramatically. Trade books are a logical curricular link between these two curricula. The initiatives, however, do not prescribe specific curricular materials so teachers rely on their own discretion when selecting available trade books. Scholarship indicates that historical misrepresentations emerge within trade books to varying degrees, yet only a few empirical studies have been conducted. We empirically evaluated trade books centered on the Holocaust, a curricular topic that appears in U.S. history, world history, and English/language arts. We report various misrepresentations within the trade books regarding the Holocaust’s origins, targeted victims, victim totals, contributors, and recognition of other genocidal acts. We provide ancillary primary sources for teachers interested in addressing or balancing the historical misrepresentations.
LINK BETWEEN DOMESTIC R&D AND INFLOW OF FDI: A GAME‐THEORETIC ANALYSIS

. The empirical literature has generated mixed correlations between research and development (R&D) undertaken by domestic firms and the inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) by their multinational rivals. Further, the existing theoretical explanations of such empirical results appear to be inadequate. This study presents an alternative game-theoretic explanation for the observed correlations. The results show that the seemingly contradictory observed mixed correlations can be explained in an encompassing model in terms of the multinationals’ competitive and interactive assessment of the efficiency and expenditure consequences that domestic R&D could generate for the undertaking domestic competitors.
Treatment strategies using transurethral surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy with selection that safely allows bladder conservation for invasive bladder cancer

Combined modality therapy with the goal of effecting cure and achieving organ preservation has become the standard oncological approach in many malignancies. Although radical cystectomy has been considered the standard treatment for invasive carcinoma of the bladder, equivalent results have been achieved using combined modality treatment in selected patients, particularly those with T2 and T3a disease without obstructed ureters. Effective combined modality treatment consists of three treatment modalities: (1) transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT), followed by concurrent (2) chemotherapy, and (3) radiation. Following induction therapy, histologic response is evaluated by cystoscopy and biopsy. Clinical complete responders continue with concurrent chemotherapy and irradiation. Those patients not achieving a clinical complete response are advised to undergo cystectomy. Individually the local monotherapies of radiation, TURBT, or systemic chemotherapy each achieve a local control rate of 20% to 40%. When they are combined, complete response rates of 70–80% are achieved and 85% of these will remain free of invasive recurrence in the bladder. Bladder preservation trials using combined modality treatment approaches with selection for organ conservation by response to initial treatment report an overall 5-year survival rate of approximately 50%, and they have achieved a 40% to 45% 5-year survival rate with the bladder intact. Modern multi-modality bladder preservation approaches offer survival rates similar to radical cystectomy, for patients of similar clinical stage and age, and an improved quality of life by allowing a majority of patients to retain their own fully functional bladder. Bladder conservation therapy may be offered to selected patients with bladder cancer as one alternative to radical cystectomy, and its use should be by experienced multi-modality teams of urologic oncologists. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 13:359-364, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The [(η5-C5Me5)(2,2‘-bipyridine)Ru]- Anion and Its Use in the Synthesis of Alkyl, Gallyl, and Stannyl Complexes of Ruthenium

Reduction of Cp*(bipy)RuCl (Cp* = η5-C5Me5, bipy = 2,2‘-bipyridine) with an excess of KC8 in THF generated the dark purple-red anionic ruthenium complex K[Cp*Ru(bipy)] (2a). The analogous lithium s...
Language typology and universal grammar: a commentary on the paper by Eric Potsdam

This paper is a critical review and discussion of a novel approach to deriving typological universals directly from UG based principles and parameters. (See Potsdam, 2009), this issue.) It points out the pluses and minuses of such a research program and provides additional examples from Western Malayo-Polynesian languages (Indonesian and Batak), which illustrate the issues involved in extending the approach to a larger number of languages.
Predicting Syndromes of Amnesia from a Composite Holographic Associative Recall/ Recognition Model (CHARM)

The composite holographic associative recall/recognition model (CHARM) is used to predict the amnesia syndromes that are expected under conditions of discrete lesions to different components of the model. The components that are needed to allow recognition, recall, and rehearsal are: (1) perceptual/lexical processing and pattern identification, (2) consciousness or working memory, (3) association formation, (4) composite storage, (5) novelty monitoring and control, and (6) retrieval. Deficits in each of these components will have specific effects on memory, generating characteristic profiles of performance. Comparison of the profiles exhibited by patients to the component-based profiles predicted by the model identify the component impaired in a given patient, and connect the memory impairments to the underlying infarcted brain structures. The model, thus, relates the memory tasks to the particular memory components that allow enactment of those tasks, and shows how the dysfunction of particular component...
A new analysis of the interaction of hypoxia and hypercapnia on breathing.

Volume (ml) This relationship between phrenic inhibition and lung volume may relate to the input-output characteristics of the inspiratory terminating mechanism, and the abrupt downstroke in the phrenic neurogram, commonly taken to signify the end of inspiration, may represent simply an extension of the alinear function. Also, because the vertical distances between iso-inhibition lines change little with inspiratory time, the shape of the inhibition-volume
Theory of conductance and related isothermal transport coefficients in electrolytes

The transport coefficients are calculated from consideration of the fluctuations in local ion concentrations in view of a recent advance in the theory of inhomogeneous systems at equilibrium. The theory is applicable to mixed electrolytes of arbitrary charge type and to frequency dependent phenomena, although the example worked out here is for the zero frequency coefficients for a binary electrolyte.
SU‐FF‐J‐139: Cumulative Dose to the Rectal Wall and Implications for Prostate IGRT Treatment Planning

Purpose: To investigate the effect of daily variation in rectal volume and shape on dose to the anterior rectal wall in prostate IMRT.Method and Materials: A patient data set was used, consisting of a planning image and a sequence of treatment images (in‐room CTs) acquired over the course of IGRT. 5‐beam IMRT plans (prescription dose 46 Gy) were generated using three different daily treatment CTs as the planning image, with rectal volumes of 77 cc, 89 cc, and 158 cc. For each plan, the daily treatment dose was computed under optimal prostate alignment on all daily images. Dose to the rectal wall was then accumulated to a single image using a landmark‐registered deformable model to determine correspondence. The planned and cumulative rectal wall dose distributions were displayed in a rendered 3D surface display for comparison. Results: The only substantial change in the peak rectal dose occurred when the treatment was planned on the day with the most distended rectum, when the delivered peak dose was ∼5% less than that planned. For the other two planning images, with a medium or small rectum, the change in dose to the hot spot was less than 2%. Examination of each day showed that the rectal wall was closest to the prostate on the day with the largest rectum, so that, when the rectal constraints were satisfied for that case, the resulting dose distributions had a lower maximum on other days for which there was separation between the two organs. The surface displays indicated some spreading of dose due to organ motion. Conclusion: With growing accuracy of prostate setup, the relative motion of other organs may merit separate consideration in planning. A study extending this work to images from 5 patients is under way.
Multiple forms of N‐acetyl‐β‐hexosaminidase in developing tadpole fins

The degradative enzyme N-acetyl-β-D-hexosaminidase (Hex) (E.C. 3.2.1.30) has been isolated from livers and tail fins of the amphibian R. catesbeiana. Two amphibian hexosaminidases have been resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and quantitated by assay of the separated forms. The electrophoretic mobilities of the hexosaminidases were the same whether isolated from liver or tail tissue. The ratio of hexosaminidase enzymes is constant and independent of developmental stage, tissue source, or method of preparation. It has been concluded that tail resorption and increases in Hex activity are not initiated by changes in the ratio of enzymes and that the net affect of any changes in protein synthesis and degradation must leave the ratio of forms unaltered.
Differentiable Cohomology on Locally Compact Groups

Abstract In this paper the notions of vector field and differential form are extended to locally compact groups which are the inverse limit of Lie groups. This is done using Bruhat's definition of [unk]c∞ functions on such a group. Vector fields are defined as derivations on the [unk]c∞ functions. Then tangent vectors at a point are defined as elements of the inverse limit of the tangent spaces of the Lie groups. Tangent vectors then are put together to form vector fields, corresponding to a bundle definition, and the two notions are shown to be equivalent. Differential forms are defined using a bundle type definition from continuous linear functional on the tangent space. An existence and uniqueness theorem is proven for the exterior differential. Then an analog of the Poincare lemma leads to the de Rham theorem relating the Cech cohomology with real coefficients to the cohomology of the differential forms.
Nrf2 signaling: An adaptive response pathway for protection against environmental toxic insults

Human exposures to environmental toxicants have been associated with development of a number of diseases. Animal experiments have identified a number of cytoprotective enzymes under the transcriptional control of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) including electrophile conjugation and antioxidative enzymes and enzymes responsible for the production of antioxidants, reducing equivalents and cofactors. The up-regulation of these enzymes represents an adaptive response which occurs in the face of exposure to electrophilic or oxidative compounds thereby leading to enhanced metabolism of these molecules or their reactive metabolites. This adaptive response is regulated by an interaction between Keap1 and Nrf2 in which the exposure to reactive molecules is sensed either directly by Keap1 or indirectly by cellular signaling cascades resulting in activation of Nrf2 transcriptional regulation. The Nrf2-mediated adaptive response has been shown to attenuate toxicity and carcinogenesis during electrophile or oxidative stress as well as inflammation in rodent models. The cytoprotective attributes of the Nrf2 signaling pathway have been targeted for chemoprevention as administration of Nrf2-inducing agents has been shown to result in decreased carcinogenesis in animal models and altered carcinogen metabolism in humans. On the other hand, polymorphisms in the Nrf2 signaling pathway can lead to differential susceptibility to disease while mutations in the Nrf2 signaling pathway have been shown to an effective mechanism for cancer cells to evade chemotherapy. Overall, the Nrf2 cytoprotective adaptive response has evolved to be a powerful protective strategy for organisms against exposure to environmental toxicants and may provide insight into differential disease susceptibilities across populations and responses to therapies designed to alleviate these conditions.
Sharing incremental approaches for adding parallelism to CS curricula (abstract only)

Recent industry changes, including multi-core processors, cloud computing, and GPU programming, increase the need to teach parallelism to CS undergraduates. But few CS programs can afford to add new courses or greatly alter syllabi, and the large parallelism body of knowledge relates to many courses. Participants in this BOF will share incremental approaches for adding parallelism to undergraduate CS curricula, where students study parallel computing in brief units. This networking event/ brainstorming session/ swap meet will bring together: " people with sharable parallelism expository readings, hands-on exercises, tech support ideas, etc.; "people wishing to include such materials in their courses; and" people curious about incremental approaches to teaching parallel computing.
The structure and energetics of the HCN → HNC transition state

The optimum geometries and quadratic force constants of HCN, HNC and the transition state connecting them have been determined at the single- and double-excitation coupled-cluster (CCSD) and CCSD(T) levels of theory. Energy differences were evaluated using the CCSD and CCSD(T) methods in conjunction with large atomic natural orbital basis sets containing g-type basis functions on the heavy atoms and f-type functions on hydrogen. The most reliable structure obtained for the transition state has bond distances of 1.194, 1.188, and 1.389 A for r(CN), r(CH), and r(NH), respectively. Including a correction for zero-point vibrational energies, the transition state is predicted to be 44.6 + or - 1.0 kcal/mol above the HCN isomer, while HNC is predicted to be 14.4 + or - 1.0 kcal/mol above HCN. The latter value is in excellent agreement with the most recent experimental determination (14.8 + or - 2.0 kcal/mol).
Spray-cooling concept for wind-based compressed air energy storage

Wind turbine output energy varies over time with local wind speed and is typically inconsistent with grid power demand. Without energy storage, the resulting difference between rated (peak) power and average power output leads to over-sizing of electrical generator and transmission lines. This conventional arrangement can be avoided if wind turbines can be coupled with energy storage to eliminate the output variations and instead produce their average power on a continuous basis. This would allow a smaller, lower-cost, constant-speed generator and a reduced capacity transmission system sized only for average power output. To accomplish this goal, this study discusses a concept for a storage system for a 5 MW off-shore wind turbine, which integrates a spray-based compressed air energy storage with a 35 MPa accumulator. The compressor employs a liquid piston for air sealing and employs water spray to augment heat transfer for high-efficiency. The overall compression is proposed in three stages with pressure ratios of 10:1, 7:1, and 5:1, all operated at 1 Hz to maintain moderate liquid surface acceleration. Based on a simple and fundamental description of the system, compression efficiency was found to be strongly dependent on droplet surface area, which can be achieved through either high mass loading or small drop sizes. The simulations also show that direct injection spray can increase overall three-stage compression efficiency to as high as 89%, substantially better than the 27% associated with a conventional adiabatic compression at the same pressure ratio. In addition, this study introduces a key performance parameter, termed the Levelization Factor, which can be used to quantify the impact of storage on wind energy systems. However, experiments and simulations based on 3-D geometries with design details are needed to determine the potential of this concept.
Changes in the Opinions of Female Students after One Year at a University

(1940). Changes in the Opinions of Female Students after One Year at a University. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 341-351.
Andrology: pursuit of the scientific trinity.

It is a great honor to accept the opportunity to serve the American Society of Andrology and the Journal of Andrology as the new Section Editor of the Journal of Andrology Lab Corner. Previous section editors have served the Journal extremely well, and I will strive to do so also. I would first like to thank the Co-Editors-in-Chief, Drs Matthew Hardy and Peter Schlegel, for this privilege. Within this brief editorial, I will take the occasion to 1) introduce myself, 2) provide a philosophical view of the Journal of Andrology Lab Corner focus during upcoming months, 3) provide a schematic vision for manuscript submission and review, and last, 4) implore you, the individuals of the Andrological Society, to share ideas and manuscripts that will serve our readers well. As a graduate student, I was fortunate to be mentored in Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology by Drs Fredrick Stormshak and Jerry Reeves at Oregon State and Washington State Universities, respectively. These individuals made great impressions on me in areas of scientific imagination, rigor, experimental design, and the use of statistical analytical tools. After my doctoral training, I found myself at a crossroad, desiring a quest for scientific knowledge and also the ability to translate these findings to practices that would impact patient care. Quite serendipitously, the opportunity arose to conduct a postdoctoral fellowship with Dr Donald P. Wolf at the Oregon Regional Primate Research Center. This amazing experience profoundly molded my passion for basic science studies of gamete and embryo biology with an emphasis on assisted reproductive technologies (ART). At comple-
Achieving Scalable Parallel Molecular Dynamics Using Dynamic Spatial Domain Decomposition Techniques

To achieve scalable parallel performance in molecular dynamics simulations, we have modeled and implemented several dynamic spatial domain decomposition algorithms. The modeling is based upon the bulk synchronous parallel architecture model (BSP), which describes supersteps of computation, communication, and synchronization. Using this model, we have developed prototypes that explore the differing costs of several spatial decomposition algorithms and then use this data to drive implementation of our molecular dynamics simulator,Sigma. The parallel implementation is not bound to the limitations of the BSP model, allowing us to extend the spatial decomposition algorithm. For an initial decomposition, we use one of the successful decomposition strategies from the BSP study and then subsequently use performance data to adjust the decomposition, dynamically improving the load balance. The motivating reason to use historical performance data is that the computation to predict a better decomposition increases in cost with the quality of prediction, while the measurement of past work often has hardware support, requiring only a slight amount of work to modify the decomposition for future simulation steps. In this paper, we present our adaptive spatial decomposition algorithms, the results of modeling them with the BSP, the enhanced spatial decomposition algorithm, and its performance results on computers available locally and at the national supercomputer centers.
Micro devices assembly using virtual environments

In this paper, the design and development of a physical and virtual environment to support assembly of micron sized devices is discussed. Micro assembly involves handling and assembling of micron sized parts (10−6 m). As manual assembly of micron-sized parts is difficult and tedious, the design of computer assisted micro-assembly techniques becomes crucial. An Integrated Physical and Virtual Reality (VR) environment has been created to aid in the assembly of such micro devices, which supports the establishment of an interface between a virtual and physical micro assembly work cell. The overall architecture and the various modules implemented in this environment are outlined in this paper.
Breakout session: Gender and ethnic disparities in pain management

Background Pain management is a complex and evolving topic. Treatment of pain must account for biochemical as well as social and economic factors. Sex, gender, and ethnic differences exist in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and provision of care for patients with pain.
Social learning and technology adoption: the case of coffee pruning in Peru

A unique natural experiment involving a coffee pruning technology is used to study social learning. The yield effects of pruning take two years to appear, a characteristic that aids in identifying social learning apart from correlated unobservable variables that are a concern in the social learning and technology adoption literature. Panel data are employed that start with a private initiative which introduced systematic pruning in central Peru and that contain the population of participating growers. Results show a jump of at least 0.15 in the probability of adoption two years after the first pruning in a grower’s group. JEL classifications: D83; Q12
Use of “virtual” field trips in teaching introductory geology

Abstract We designed a series of case studies for Introductory Geology Laboratory courses using computer visualization techniques integrated with traditional laboratory materials. These consist of a comprehensive case study which requires three two-hour long laboratory periods to complete, and several shorter case studies requiring one or two, two-hour laboratory periods. Currently we have prototypes of the Yellowstone National Park, Hawaii volcanoes and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge case studies. The Yellowstone prototype can be used to learn about a wide variety of rocks and minerals, about geothermal activity and hydrology, about volcanic hazards and the hot-spot theory of plate tectonics. The Hawaiian exercise goes into more depth about volcanoes, volcanic rocks and their relationship to plate movements. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge project focuses on formation of new ocean crust and mineral-rich hydrothermal deposits at spreading centers. With new improvements in visualization technology that are making their way to personal computers, we are now closer to the ideal of a “virtual” field trip. We are currently making scenes of field areas in Hawaii and Yellowstone which allow the student to pan around the area and zoom in on interesting objects. Specific rocks in the scene will be able to be “picked up” and studied in three dimensions. This technology improves the ability of the computer to present a realistic simulation of the field area and allows the student to have more control over the presentation. This advanced interactive technology is intuitive to control, relatively cheap and easy to add to existing computer programs and documents.
Is a bot at the controls?: Detecting input data attacks

The use of programmatically generated input data in place of human-generated input data poses problems for many computer applications in use today. Mouse clicks and keyboard strokes can automatically be generated to cheat in online games, or to perpetrate click fraud. The ability to discern whether input data was computationally generated instead of created by a human input device is therefore of paramount importance to these types of applications. This paper describes a method for detecting input data that was computationally modified or fabricated. This includes detecting data that was not directly generated by a physical human input device such as a keyboard or mouse. A prototype of this system was built on existing hardware and was shown to be effective at detecting attacks on a real application. This detection method is capable of addressing the majority of input-based attacks currently in use. When used in conjunction with a trusted peripheral, it offers a robust mechanism for ensuring a computer is not at the controls.
Differential screening of mitochondrial cDNA libraries from male-fertile and cytoplasmic male-sterile sugar-beet reveals genome rearrangements at atp6 and atpA loci

As part of a strategy to define differences in genome organization and expression between cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) and male-fertile (MF) sugar-beet mitochondria, cDNA libraries from both mitochondrial genotypes were constructed. Preliminary screening with ribosomal RNA gene probes identified candidate cDNA clones corresponding to structural genes. In addition, reciprocal hybridization experiments were performed using labelled first-strand cDNA to identify uniquely transcribed sequences. One cDNA clone (pYC700) is unique to CMS mitochondria and is located upstream of the F0F1-ATPase subunit 6 gene (atp6). Another cDNA clone (pYC130), when used as a probe in northern hybridization analysis, revealed novel transcript profiles in CMS sugar-beet mitochondria. Sequence analysis of this cDNA showed strong homology with the F0F1-ATPase subunit α (atpA) coding sequences from several higher plants. The atp6 and atpA loci from each genotype were cloned and the genomic organization, DNA sequence and transcription of each locus was studied. Differences in the transcript profiles of each gene are a consequence of genomic rearrangements 5′ to the coding sequence.
Analysis of a white-light processing system based on the cross-spectral density function

An analysis of a white-light optical-processing system is presented based on the cross-spectral density function. A plane-by-plane analysis of the cross-spectral density function is given, including the effects of source size and grating frequency. The degree of coherence in the Fourier plane is examined in detail, and an explanation of the fan-shaped deblurring filter based on this analysis is also given.
An autoradiographic study of satellite cells in autonomic ganglia.

This investigation was undertaken to observe and to correlate the responses of satellite cells in autonomic ganglia to increased neuronal and synaptic activity. By electrically stimulating preganglionic nerve fibers terminating in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion in 19 adult cats and concurrently injecting thymidine-H3 into the stimulated animal, it was possible to alter the neuronal and synaptic activity within the superior cervical ganglion and subsequently observe from autoradiograms the cellular absorption of thymidine-H3. The specific reaction encountered was incorporation of thymidine-H3 into the nuclei of satellite cells. Absorption of thymidine by satellite cells and incorporation of this compound into their nuclear structure could be accelerated or inhibited by exposing the organism to specific drugs (viz. neostigmine and atropine sulfate) during the stimulatory period. The results of this investigation combined with information gathered from studies in many other scientific areas implicate satellite cell participation in response to increased neuronal metabolism and possibly to increased synaptic activity. Satellite cells apparently proliferate to cope with the demands of increased ganglionic activity elicited by the experimental procedures employed in this study. Although specific reactions of satellite cells other than cellular proliferation were not identified in this study, their probability may provide a basis for further investigation.
Measurement of Large Distances in Biomolecules Using Double-Quantum Filtered Refocused Electron Spin-Echoes

It is shown how the new technique of double-quantum filtered refocused electron spin-echoes is a significant improvement over double-quantum coherence ESR, since it increases the experimental acquisition time. This enables the measurement of longer distances in bilabeled biomolecules. The method is demonstrated on a long double-stranded A-type RNA, spin labeled at both ends. The measured distance of 72 A is in excellent agreement with molecular modeling.
Engineering a General Education Program: Designing Mechanical Engineering General Education Courses

The Department of Mechanical Engineering at our institution created two engineering courses for the General Education Program that count towards second level general science credit (traditional science courses are first level). The courses were designed for the general student population based upon the requirements of our General Education Program and engineering concepts. We explain the results and impact of the classes so as to expand the conceptualization of general education courses and to enable engineering curricula to reach a larger audience as well as to broaden student understanding of the forces shaping their world.
Conventional aortic valve replacement for elderly patients in the current era.

Background: Because of the rising expectation of prolonged life in the general population and the recent recognition of undertreated aortic valve disease in the elderly, updating the available results of aortic valve surgery is imperative, especially considering the rapid evolution of the transcatheter valve implantation procedure. Methods and Results: Between 1997 and 2010, 308 patients aged 70 years or older underwent aortic valve replacement (AVR) for aortic stenosis (AS). Short- and long-term results were analyzed and risk factors for long-term mortality were determined. Mean age was 78.5 years and 124 patients were aged 80 or older. Concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) was performed in 46% of the cases. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 52%. Overall observed and expected operative mortality using the Society of Thoracic Surgeons-Predicted Risk of Mortality score was 3.9% and 4.8%, respectively. Overall survival rates at 1, 5, and 10 years were 88.6%, 71.6%, and 31.8%, respectively. Predictors of long-term mortality included diabetes; preoperative shock; LVEF ≤40%; New York Heart Association functional class III or IV; and age. Conclusions: Short- and long-term results of conventional AVR in the elderly prove it to be durable and, especially in relatively low-risk patients and patients who require concomitant CABG, operative mortality is reasonably low. Conventional AVR ± CABG remains the gold standard for elderly patients with AS. (Circ J 2011; 75: 2692 – 2698)
Phase Diagram and Preparation of CE2 Enantiomers

Abstract The synthesis of (L)-(-)-4″-(2-methylbutylphenyl) 4″-(2-methylbutyl)-4-biphenylcar-boxylate (CE2) and related chiral liquid crystals has been discussed by Gray and McDonnell. We present here the first synthesis of the enantiomer of CE2 and we use it to measure the temperature-chirality phase diagram of the biue phases of CE2. This diagram is compared with that obtained using the CE2 “racemate” containing nonen-antiomeric optical isomers of CE2. The synthesis of (R)-(+)-2-methylbutan-l-ol which has been developed will be broadly useful for the preparation of other chiral liquid crystals having optically active (R)-2-methylbutyl sidechains.
The seismically reflective crust beneath highly extended terranes: Evidence for its origin in extension

Reprocessed seismic reflection data from near the Picacho Mountains metamorphic core complex in southeastern Arizona show that the crust is seismically reflective from 1.5 s two-way travel time (TWTT) to the refletion Moho at 10 s TWTT. These high amplitude, subhorizontal, and laterally discontinuous reflections may be a common seismic signature of highly extended areas This study presents the results of synthetic seismogram modeling of these reflections, based on drill-hole and outcrop data from the Picacho Mountains and adjacent core complexes. Modeling studies suggest that the prominent reflectivity beneath the Picacho Mountains results from a thinly layered crust where the layers are of alternating high and low velocity and their lateral extent is on the order of 500 m. Moreover, the lack of distinctive diffractions in the seismic data is interpreted to mean that lateral changes in velocity orlayer thickness are smooth rather than abrupt on the scale of a seismic wavelength. Soure for the reflectivity include fracture zones, compositional layering of micaceous gneisses and granitoid rocks, and zones of velocity anisotropy (particularly in micaceous rocks). The association of the reflectivity in metamorphic core complexes with Cenozoic deformation suggests that the reflections are a by-product of extension.
The Forgotten Forefather: Joseph James Kinyoun and the Founding of the National Institutes of Health

In celebrating the 125th anniversary of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in August 2012, NIH has been examining its origins, its history, and the visionary men and women whose research have contributed to the saving and/or improving the quality of life of millions of people throughout the world. This minireview examines Joseph James Kinyoun (1860 to 1919), the 1887 founder of a federal Hygienic Laboratory that is considered the direct ancestor of the modern NIH, and explores the development of NIH as it was shaped by, and in turn shaped, the new field of microbiology.
An unusual pH-independent and metal-ion-independent mechanism for hairpin ribozyme catalysis

Abstract Background : Hairpin ribozymes (RNA enzymes) catalyze the same chemical reaction as ribonuclease A and yet RNAs do not usually have functional groups analogous to the catalytically essential histidine and lysine sidechains of protein ribonucleases. Some RNA enzymes appear to recruit metal ions to act as Lewis acids in charge stabilization and metal-bound hydroxide for general base catalysis, but it has been reported that the hairpin ribozyme functions in the presence of metal ion chelators. This led us to investigate whether the hairpin ribozyme exploits a metal-ion-independent catalytic strategy. Results : Substitution of sulfur for nonbridging oxygens of the reactive phosphate of the hairpin ribozyme has small, stereospecific and metal-ionindependent effects on cleavage and ligation mediated by this ribozyme. Cobalt hexammine, an exchange-inert metal complex, supports full hairpin ribozyme activity, and the ribozyme's catalytic rate constants display only a shallow dependence on pH. Conclusions : Direct metal ion coordination to phosphate oxygens is not essential for hairpin ribozyme catalysis and metal-bound hydroxide does not serve as the general base in this catalysis. Several models might account for the unusual pH and metal ion independence: hairpin cleavage and ligation might be limited by a slow conformational change; a pH-independent or metalcation-independent chemical step, such as breaking the 5′ oxygen-phosphorus bond, might be rate determining; or finally, functional groups within the ribozyme might participate directly in catalytic chemistry. Whichever the case, the hairpin ribozyme appears to employ a unique strategy for RNA catalysis.
A Simple Boundary Condition for Unbounded Hyperbolic Flows

Abstract A Sommerfeld radiation condition (2.2) is proposed for problems requiring a prescribed open boundary. The equations must be hyperbolic in nature (although the author believes that they may also be good for some elliptic and parabolic problems). It is proven that the proposed condition was shown to be free of reflection for single wave propagation. Two severe tests were used to demonstrate the applicability of the open boundary condition: (i) the collapsing bubble, a dynamic event which excites many different internal gravity waves. The results show minimum distortion. (ii) The spatially growing K-H instability. This test differs from the previous one in that the only waves excited are those corresponding to the maximum unstable wavelengths. In this case, the maximum amplitude is reached at the open boundary. As it has been shown, the open boundary condition (2.2) produces minimum distortion.
Raman scattering in stage 2 graphite-bromine

The Raman spectra for single-stage graphite-bromine stage 2 compounds show a singlet peak at 1612.5 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ when the spectra are taken on samples encapsulated in glass ampoules containing bromine vapor to prevent desorption. These results are consistent with Raman spectra on other stage 2 intercalation compounds but are different from previously reported results on graphite-bromine. The Raman spectra for a desorbing stage 2 graphite-bromine sample show that a doublet structure develops soon after the glass ampoule is broken.
Low-frequency detection and discrimination following apical hair cell destruction.

This study assessed the effects of apical hair cell destruction on the detection and discrimination of low-frequency stimuli. Monauralized chinchillas were trained using operant conditioning and positive reinforcement to respond to pure-tone stimuli in the absence and the presence of a high-pass noise masker. Following the collection of the baseline absolute thresholds. psychophysical tuning curves (PTCs) also were determined at low and high frequencies. Apical hair cells in the experimental ear of each subject then were destroyed by applying a liquid-nitrogen-cooled miniature cryoprobe to the bony wall of the cochlea. Post-cryosurgery, unmasked and masked absolute thresholds and psychophysical tuning curves were re-evaluated. Following cryosurgery, low-frequency absolute thresholds increased by 30-50 dB. High-pass masking data suggested that receptors that were unaffected by the masking noise were responsible for the remaining low-frequency hearing. Low-frequency tuning. monitored by assessing changes in PTCs, was significantly altered following apical receptor cell loss, with the most effective maskers located several octaves above the test tone frequency. Following these determinations. one control and two experimental subjects then participated in a third experiment assessing low-frequency discrimination acuity. Some discrimination ability was retained after the cryosurgery; however. these post-lesion difference limens increased when a high-pass noise masker was added to the test environment. At the termination of the behavioral experiment, subjects were euthanized and their cochleae dissected to correlate behavioral and histopathological data. The data suggest that receptors located in frequency regions of the cochlea normally responsive to middle and high frequencies may be responsible for detection and discrimination of low-frequency stimuli in apically damaged cochleae. These data are consistent with other reports which indicate that redundant mechanisms are available for the detection of low-frequency stimuli, and they provide new information regarding how low-frequency stimuli are discriminated throughout the cochlea.
Pressure–volume–temperature behavior of high density polyethylene

Equilibrium pressure-volume-temperature behavior in both the solid and molten regtions was determined for a high density (ρ = 0.958 g./cm.3) polyethylene. Data were measured with a recently developed compressibility device capable of obtaining precise and accurate data. Residual curve treatment showed that the data were true equilibrium data. Compressibilities calculated from the data of this Work compared favorably to existing data which were limited to 205°C. The presented work extended the compressibility behavior to 250°C. It was also found that differences in compressibility of low and high density polyethylenes were not eliminated. in the molten region, indicating that the effect of differences in morphology was not eliminated. The Spencer-Gilmore equation was fitted to the data of the present work. The internal pressure (π) term of the equation showed a definite relation to polymer morphology.
Age-related alterations in oxidatively damaged proteins of mouse heart mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes

Mitochondrially generated ROS increase with age and are a major factor that damages proteins by oxidative modification. Accumulation of oxidatively damaged proteins has been implicated as a causal factor in the age-associated decline in tissue function. Mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes I and III are the principle sites of ROS production, and oxidative modifications to their complex subunits inhibit their in vitro activity. We hypothesize that mitochondrial complex subunits may be primary targets for modification by ROS, which may impair normal complex activity. This study of heart mitochondria from young, middle-aged, and old mice reveals that there is an age-related decline in complex I and V activity that correlates with increased oxidative modification to their subunits. The data also show a specificity for modifications of the ETC complex subunits, i.e., several proteins have more than one type of adduct. We postulate that the electron leakage from ETC complexes causes specific damage to their subunits and increased ROS generation as oxidative damage accumulates, leading to further mitochondrial dysfunction, a cyclical process that underlies the progressive decline in physiologic function of the aged mouse heart.
Social Media: Opportunities for Quality Improvement and Lessons for Providers—A Networked Model for Patient-Centered Care Through Digital Engagement

Social media brings a new dimension to health care for patients, providers, and their support networks. Increasing evidence demonstrates that patients who are more actively involved in their healthcare experience have better health outcomes and incur lower costs. In the field of cardiology, social media are proposed as innovative tools for the education and update of clinicians, physicians, nurses, and medical students. This article reviews the use of social media by healthcare providers and patients and proposes a model of "networked care" that integrates the use of digital social networks and platforms by both patients and providers and offers recommendations for providers to optimize their use and understanding of social media for quality improvement.
Interaction and Sentiment in the Foreman-Worker Relationship

This article is concerned with two of the most important variables existing in any system of human relationships: frequency of interaction and sentiment or attitude. There have been many studies of the connections between interactions and sentiment in face-to-face relations. Much of this work has been in carefully designed "laboratory" experiments, in which interaction can be measured and sentiment inferred with considerable accuracy. Homans' hypotheses concerning the influences of interaction and sentiment upon each other have also been tested in a variety of industrial situations, most notably by Homans himself in his analysis of "the bank wiring observation room" and of "The Electrical Equipment Company." The Human Relations Program of the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan has contributed further to our understanding of how sentiment and interaction are interrelated in industry, especially in the recent monograph by Seashore.
Consequences of Single-Chain Translation on the Structures of Two Chorionic Gonadotropin Yoked Analogs in α-β and β-α Configurations

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a placental-derived heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone, which, through the binding and activation of the LH receptor, rescues the corpus luteum and maintains pregnancy. The three-dimensional structure of hCG is known; however, the relevance of its fold to bioactivity is unclear. Although both subunits (alpha and beta) are required for activity, recent data with single-chain analogs have suggested a diminished role for the cystine knot and an intact heterodimeric interface in binding and receptor activation in vitro. Herein, we report the purification and structural characterization of two yoked (Y) hCG analogs, YhCG1 (beta-alpha) and YhCG3 (alpha-beta). The fusion proteins yielded higher IC50s and EC50s than those of hCG; the maximal hCG-mediated cAMP production, however, was the same. Circular dichroic spectroscopy revealed that the three proteins exhibit distinct far UV circular dichroic spectra, with YhCG1 containing somewhat more secondary structure than YhCG3 and hCG. Limited proteolysis with proteinase K indicated that heterodimeric hCG was much more resistant to cleavage than the single-chain analogs. YhCG1 was more susceptible to proteolysis than YhCG3, and the fragmentation patterns were different in the two proteins. Taken together, the data presented herein provide direct structural evidence for altered three-dimensional conformations in the two single-chain hCG analogs. Thus, the cognate G protein-coupled receptor can recognize and functionally respond to multiple ligand conformations.
Cone‐shaped surface GaN‐based light‐emitting diodes

Our technical approach for high light extraction is forming well-defined cone-like structures without any deterioration of the light-emitting diode (LED) surface. The laser lift off (LLO) technique combined with photo electrochemical etching (PEC) allows for the development of a high light extraction structure. The extraction efficiency enhancement produced a four-fold increase for an unencapuslated chip compared with a conventionally processed LED. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Response availability and the apparent spontaneity of numerical choices.

When asked to report the "first digit that comes to mind," 28.4% of the respondents chose 7 and only 2.2% chose 1. In contrast, when asked to report the "first one-digit number that comes to mind," 18.0% of the respondents chose 1 and only 12.1% chose 7. Further experiments studied this phenomenon of response enhancement by availability. It is shown that if the digit 1 is mentioned by the experimenter as an example of a response, its frequency is much lower (5.4%) than when it is unobtrusively used by the experimenter in the instructions (18.0%). Another experiment shows that if the first four-digit number that comes to mind is requested, the frequency of 4 as the initial digit is 27.4%, whereas if the first number between 1,000 and 9,999 that comes to mind is requested, the frequency of 4 as the initial digit is only 4.3%. Together with Kubovy and Psotka's findings, these results indicate that subjects initially make a bona fide attempt to comply with the request for a spontaneous response. If the result does not look sufficiently spontaneous, an apparently spontaneous response is deliberately generated.