cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Profile of on‐line anatomy information resources: Design and instructional implications

This study is based on a review of 40 on-line anatomy web resources compiled from sites selected from our own searches as well as sites reviewed and published by an external group (Voiglio et al., 1999, Surg. Radiol. Anat. 21:65-68; Frasca et al., 2000, Surg. Radiol. Anat. 22:107-110). The purpose of our survey was to propose criteria by which anatomy educators could judge the characteristics of the currently available web-based resources for incorporation into the courses they teach. Each site was reviewed and scored based on a survey matrix that included four main categories: 1). site background information, 2). content components, 3). interactivity features, and 4). user interface design components. The average score of the reviewed sites was 3.3 of the total possible score of 10, indicating the limited use of computer-based design features by the majority of sites. We found, however, a number of programs in each of the survey categories that could serve as prototypes for designing future on-line anatomy resources. From the survey we conclude that various design features are less important than the comprehensiveness, depth, and logical organization of content. We suggest that the content should be sufficient for supporting explicitly defined educational objectives, which should target specific end-user populations. The majority of anatomy programs currently accessible on-line fall short of these requirements. There is a need for a coordinated and synergistic effort to generate a comprehensive anatomical information resource that is of sufficient quality and depth to support higher levels of learning beyond the memorization of structure names. Such a resource is a prerequisite for meaningful on-line anatomy education.
A statistical approach to estimate O3 uptake of ponderosa pine in a mediterranean climate.

In highly polluted sites, stomatal behavior is sluggish with respect to light, vapor pressure deficit, and internal CO2 concentration (Ci) and poorly described by existing models. Statistical models were developed to estimate stomatal conductance (gs) of 40-yearold ponderosa pine at three sites differing in pollutant exposure for the purpose of calculating O3 uptake. Gs was estimated using julian day, hour of day, pre-dawn xylem potential and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). The median difference between estimated and observed field gs did not exceed 10 mmol H2 Om � 2 s � 1 , and estimated gs within 95% confidence intervals. O3 uptake was calculated from hourly estimated gs, hourly O3 concentration, and a constant to correct for the difference in diffusivity between
Intergenerational Mobility and Gender in Mexico

This article studies intergenerational socioeconomic mobility in Mexico comparing men and women. In contrast to most sociological work that uses individual-level measures to proxy family socioeconomic status, we use a direct measure of family living standards for both generations, based on an index of economic well-being. Strong intergenerational persistence is found in Mexico compared to other countries. Persistence is stronger for men than women, particularly among advantaged families. The role of education in the mobility process is examined. Findings indicate that “excess immobility” of men is not mediated by education. Wider gender differences among married/cohabiting than single respondents suggests parents are more likely to transfer socioeconomic resources to their married sons than married daughters. We argue for the advantages of measuring socioeconomic status directly at the household level, and of evaluating gender differences to gain insight about mobility mechanisms.
Mechanisms underlying impaired GLUT-4 translocation in glycogen-supercompensated muscles of exercised rats.

Exercise training induces an increase in GLUT-4 in muscle. We previously found that feeding rats a high-carbohydrate diet after exercise, with muscle glycogen supercompensation, results in a decrea...
Acoustic Art Forms in the Age of Recordability

Many theoretical accounts of sound art tend to treat it as a subcategory of either music or visual art. I argue that this dualism prevents many works of sound art from being fully appreciated. My subsequent attempt of finding a basis for a more comprehensive aesthetic of acoustic art forms is helped along by Trevor Wishart’s concept of ‘sonic art’. I follow Wishart’s insight that the status of music was changed by the invention of sound recording and go on to argue that an even more important ontological consequence of recording was the new possibility of storing and manipulating any acoustic event. This media-historic condition, which I refer to as ‘recordability’, spawned three distinct art forms with different degrees of abstraction – electroacoustic music in the tradition of Pierre Schaeffer, gallery-oriented sound art and radiogenic Ars Acustica. Introducing Ars Acustica, or radio art, as a third term provides some perspective on the music/sound art binarism. A brief look at the history of radio art aims at substantiating my claim that all art forms based on recordable sounds can be fruitfully discussed by appreciating their shared technological basis and the multiplicity of their reference systems rather than by subsuming one into another.
Optical coherence elastography based on high speed imaging of single-hot laser-induced acoustic waves at 16 kHz frame rate

Shear wave OCE (SW-OCE) is a novel technique that relies on the detection of the localized shear wave speed to map tissue elasticity. In this study, we demonstrate high speed imaging to capture single-shot transient shear wave propagation for SW-OCE. The fast imaging speed is achieved using a Fourier domain mode-locked (FDML) high-speed swept-source OCT (SS-OCT) system. The frame rate of shear wave imaging is 16 kHz, at an A-line rate of ~1.62 MHz, enabling the detection of high-frequency shear waves up to 8 kHz in bandwidth. Several measures are taken to improve the phase-stability of the SS-OCT system, and the measured displacement sensitivity is ~10 nanometers. To facilitate non-contact elastography, shear waves are generated with the photo-thermal effect using an ultra-violet pulsed laser. High frequency shear waves launched by the pulsed laser contain shorter wavelengths and carry rich localized elasticity information. Benefiting from single-shot acquisition, each SWI scan only takes 2.5 milliseconds, and the reconstruction of the elastogram can be performed in real-time with ~20 Hz refresh rate. SW-OCE measurements are demonstrated on porcine cornea ex vivo. This study is the first demonstration of an all-optical method to perform real-time 3D SW-OCE. It is hoped that this technique will be applicable in the clinic to obtain high-resolution localized quantitative measurements of tissue biomechanical properties.
Responses of citrus fine roots to localized soil drying: a comparison of seedlings with adult fruiting trees

We studied the responses of citrus (Citrus volkameriana Tan. & Pasq.) roots to 15 weeks of soil drying. A comparison was made between the fine roots of 1-year-old seedling root systems (seedling) and the fine roots of woody laterals of 6-year-old grafted trees (adult). Each seedling and woody lateral root system was established in a pair of vertically separated and independently irrigated soil compartments located in field root chambers excavated adjacent to the trees to which the woody laterals were attached. Root + soil respiration and fine root survival of seedlings and adults were similar for the first 5 weeks. However, eight weeks after termination of irrigation to the upper soil compartments, mortality of fine roots was high in adults but not seedlings. Fine roots of adults exposed to dry soil for 5, 8 and 15 weeks exhibited 2, 26 and 33% mortality, respectively, whereas the corresponding values for fine roots of seedlings were 2, 6 and 8%. Although root + soil respiration rates of adults and seedlings were similar before the soil drying treatment, rates for adults were only 25% of those for seedlings after 15 weeks of soil drying. We conclude that, although fine roots of adults and seedlings are similar in form, they respond differently to soil drying.
To Shift or not To Shift: Maximizing the Efficiency of A Wireless Sensor Network.

In this paper, we address the efficient utilization of a wireless sensor network (WSN) to improve the overall data throughput and to cut down the cost of running it. Sensor nodes closest to the sink node expend more energy as they send more routing messages, which decreases their life and introduces dead spots. Having dead spots will lead to the eventual isolation of the sink nodes from the network. We attempt to solve this problem by distributing multiple sink nodes. This will enable us to utilize the network at its maximal capacity as the sensor nodes start to die off. By adding multiple sink nodes, we will switch between them and choose the one that will yield optimal network coverage after the initial sink node is no longer viable to service or cannot service the network optimally. However, at any point of time, there will be only one active sink node. We will explore in three ways. First, we use a single sink node (with no switching) until it is isolated from the network. Second, we use a combination of highest percentage of network coverage combined with the highest areas of node density on the network to derive the optimal use of the network. We call this the Cluster Algorithm for Sink Selection (CASS). Finally, we try to keep the network optimal by switching to the sink node that is farthest from the current sink (assuming to gain the maximum network reach). We will analyze and discuss our findings with respect to the data through put and life of the network.
Intramuscular triglyceride utilization by red, white, and intermediate skeletal muscle and heart during exhausting exercise.

SummaryA bout of swimming to exhaustion resulted in an approximately 70% depletion of triglyceride stores in the red portion of the quadriceps muscle in rats. In contrast intramuscular triglycerides were unchanged in the white portion of quadriceps, and decreased only 25% in soleus muscle which is made up predominantly of intermediate fibers. Cardiac triglycerides underwent a small (11%) and statistically not significant reduction. Glycogen stores were reduced approximately 70% in all 3 types of skeletal muscle, and 32% in the heart. Liver glycogen was almost completely depleted, resulting in hypoglycemia. Assuming complete oxidation of the glycogen and triglycerides that disappeared from red muscle, triglycerides supplied roughly two-thirds as much energy to the working red fibers as did glycogen.
Why is uranyl formohydroxamate red

The complexation of UO22+ by formohydroxamate (FHA–) creates solutions with dark red coloration. The inherent redox activity of formohydroxamate leads to the possibility that these solutions contain U(V) complexes, which are often red. We demonstrate that the reaction of U(VI) with formohydroxamate does not result in reduction, but rather in formation of the putative cis-aquo UO2(FHA)2(H2O)2, whose polymeric solid-state structure, UO2(FHA)2, contains an unusually bent UO22+ unit and a highly distorted coordination environment around a U(VI) cation in general. The bending of the uranyl cation results from unusually strong π donation from the FHA– ligands into the 6d and 5f orbitals of the U(VI) cation. The alteration of the bonding in the uranyl unit drastically changes its electronic and vibrational features.
The Stars of Hospital Care: Useful or a Distraction?

Public reporting of the quality of care delivered by physicians, hospitals, and other health care organizations has been around for a while. Some of the earliest efforts began in the 1990s, when the New York State Department of Health began reporting risk-adjusted mortality rates for surgeons performing cardiac surgery in that state (http://bit.ly/241M0FX). The early reports could be obtained by mailing a request to the Department of Health, which would send along a paper copy of the latest data.
Learning Likely Locations

We show that people’s travel destinations are predictable based on simple features of their home and destination. Using geotagged Twitter data from over 200,000 people in the U.S., with a median of 10 visits per user, we use machine learning to classify whether or not a person will visit a given location. We find that travel distance is the most important predictive feature. Ignoring distance, using only demographic features pertaining to race, age, income, land area, and household density, we can predict travel destinations with 84% accuracy. We present a careful analysis of the power of individual and grouped demographic features to show which ones have the most predictive impact for where people go.
Lack of Access to Genetic-Relative Family Health History: A Health Disparity for Adoptees?

In their article May and colleagues (2016) call attention to a feature shared by most adoptees: their lack of access to genetic-relative family health history (GRFHx). They argue that such lack of ...
Assessment of Evaporators Used in Waste Heat Recovery Rankine Cycle Based Systems for Heavy Duty Truck Application

Since the beginning of internal combustion engine development, engineers tackle the problem of losses into the exhaust gases. The gases exiting the combustion chamber are hot and pressurized. Recovering a part of the energy contained in those gases could be beneficial for the ICE efficiency.
Thigmomorphogenesis: changes in morphology, biochemistry, and levels of transcription in response to mechanical stress in Acacia koa

Acacia koa A. Gray, an economically important timber-wood tree growing in the Hawaiian Islands, is affected by many environmental stresses, including drought, strong wind, heavy rain, and infection...
High-resolution, anthropomorphic, computational breast phantom: fusion of rule-based structures with patient-based anatomy

While patient-based breast phantoms are realistic, they are limited by low resolution due to the image acquisition and segmentation process. The purpose of this study is to restore the high frequency components for the patient-based phantoms by adding power law noise (PLN) and breast structures generated based on mathematical models. First, 3D radial symmetric PLN with β=3 was added at the boundary between adipose and glandular tissue to connect broken tissue and create a high frequency contour of the glandular tissue. Next, selected high-frequency features from the FDA rule-based computational phantom (Cooper’s ligaments, ductal network, and blood vessels) were fused into the phantom. The effects of enhancement in this study were demonstrated by 2D mammography projections and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) reconstruction volumes. The addition of PLN and rule-based models leads to a continuous decrease in β. The new β is 2.76, which is similar to what typically found for reconstructed DBT volumes. The new combined breast phantoms retain the realism from segmentation and gain higher resolution after restoration.
Slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging of cold tert-butyl peroxide.

Photoelectron spectra of cryogenically cooled X∼1A′ tert-butyl peroxide anions are obtained using slow electron velocity-map imaging. The spectra show highly structured bands corresponding to detachment to the X∼2A″ and A∼2A′ electronic states of the neutral radical and represent a notable improvement in resolution over previous photoelectron spectra. We report an electron affinity of 1.1962(20) eV and a term energy T0(A∼2A′) of 0.9602(24) eV for the tert-butyl peroxy radical. New vibrational structure is resolved, providing several frequencies for both neutral states. Additionally, the threshold behavior of the photodetachment cross section is investigated within the context of Dyson orbital calculations.
Abstract 241: Abstract QCOR 2017

AHA QCOR 2017 Abstract submission Category: Cardiac Arrest/CPR “How well can you run a code?” Assessing resident comfort and competence with in-hospital cardiac arrest Background: Despite their frequent role in caring for patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA), earlier data suggest residents often feel uncomfortable during resuscitations. We sought to characterize the experiences of residents at our academic institution with IHCA, delineate reasons for discomfort (if any) with their roles, and then assess what educational interventions were considered most valuable. Methods: We performed a 9-question survey that was electronically distributed to all internal medicine and medicine-pediatrics residents at the University of Michigan Health System. This survey asked residents about: 1) the number of IHCAs that residents had attended or led, 2) their comfort with their roles including leading an IHCA, 3) possible reasons for any discomfort in their roles, and 4) educational interventions that would be considered favorable. We report simple unadjusted statistics. Results: We received 100 responses from 155 residents, a 64.5% yield. Most PGY-1s and 2s reported being to few or no IHCAs (n=47/69, 68%) and that some PGY-3s and 4s had never run a resuscitation effort (n=4/31, 13%). Regardless of level of training, few residents rated their ability to run a resuscitation effort as very good or excellent (n=8, 8%). Most residents were unsatisfied with the formal education currently in place for IHCAs (ACLS training, code refresher sessions for residents on general medicine or cardiology) (n=62, 62%). The majority of residents had rarely or never given (n=72, 72%)/received feedback (n=68, 68%). Of the possible educational interventions presented as options, the most popular that were perceived among residents were debriefing with the attending physician and other residents (n=66, 66%), and debriefing in a multidisciplinary setting (n=59, 59%). Conclusion: We characterized the experience of internal medicine and medicine-pediatrics residents with leading IHCAs at our academic institution. We found few residents perceived their own comfort and competence as adequate. These findings provide a foundation for future efforts to potentially elevate resident performance in IHCA.
To Know Another's Pain: A Meta-analysis of Caregivers' and Healthcare Providers' Pain Assessment Accuracy.

Background Acute and chronic pain affects millions of adults yet it is often inadequately assessed and treated. Purpose The purpose of the present meta-analysis was to examine the overall level of pain assessment accuracy among caregivers and providers and identify patient, observer, and assessment level factors that moderate pain assessment accuracy. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and PsycINFO to identify studies addressing providers' pain assessment accuracy, or studies that compared patients' self-report of pain with observers' (healthcare providers, caregivers, and strangers) assessment of pain. We present two separate meta-analyses examining the overall effect of under-/overestimation of pain and correlational pain assessment accuracy. Results Seventy-six articles meeting inclusion criteria yielded 94 independent effect sizes for the correlational accuracy meta-analysis. Ninety articles yielded 103 independent effect sizes for the paired comparison meta-analysis. The correlational pain assessment meta-analysis showed that in general, observers were significantly better than chance when assessing pain; however, the paired comparison meta-analysis showed that observers significantly underestimated patients' pain. Patient's age and gender, pain type, and provider type moderated these effects. Conclusions Results suggest that certain healthcare providers and caregivers need training to more accurately assess patient pain and that there are particular groups of patients who may be at a greater risk for having their pain inaccurately assessed.
The United States and the American China Development Company

After her disastrous defeat by Japan in the war 1894–95, China turned tardily to introduce such economic reforms as would facilitate her defense. She was pressed by concession hunters of many nationalities, who desired economic and political advantages which she was nearly helpless to withhold. Obliged to look abroad for capital to finance needed railway construction, Chinese leaders at the same time saw their empire's dominions threatened by their potential creditors: by Russia in Manchuria, by France in the South, by Germany in Shantung, by Japan in Fukien, and by England in the Yangtze Valley. That Americans claimed no political accommodations in return for monetary advances was an inducement to the Chinese to seek money in the United States. Furthermore, in the railway field, Americans had gained valuable experience through the construction of their own great transcontinental lines.
Catholicism and the Concept of Marriage: An Analysis by a Congolese Scholar

The concept of marriage is a very debatable subject inside the Catholic Religion. Pope denies all rights to priests to get married while he encourages them to devote all their time to serve God. However, Pope's point of view on marriage is completely opposed to the priests' one. In fact priests think that they have the right to marry a woman of their choice, just like anybody would do. Like priests,women who took the decision to become priestesses in the monastery also claim their rights to engage in a relationship and get married with a partner of their own choice if they agree to do so .In this connection, the aim of my work is to try to analyze the different tendencies on this matter. In so doing, I am going to analyze issues like the origin of marriage, priests' oath taking, adultery, sexual immorality.
A case of calciphylaxis and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

A 70-year-old woman presented for evaluation of symmetric necrotic ulcers of the lower extremities. Biopsy results revealed changes consistent with calciphylaxis. The predisposing factors in this patient included calcium supplementation, obesity, female gender, viscous blood, renal failure, and diabetes mellitus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of calciphylaxis occurring in the setting of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. We discuss the history, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of calciphylaxis.
Internal Stress and Point Defects

Vacancies, interstitial atoms and dislocations are well known examples of crystal lattice defects which are sources of internal stress. In this chapter we give a general outline of the theory of internal stress in nonlocal elasticity. Point defects, which are sources of internal stress as well as inhomogeneities, are considered in detail.
Positron-Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography Measurement of Brown Fat Thermal Activation: Key Tools for Developing Novel Pharmacotherapeutics for Obesity and Diabetes

Unlike white adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue is a heat-generating fat that burns energy and may have beneficial effects on obesity. This chapter reviews computed tomography and fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography studies of adipose tissue type, volume, and activation. We present imaging data on a group of insulin-resistant subjects (HOMA = 5.2, SD = 2.5) and overweight healthy volunteers with fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography and x-ray computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) of the thorax (C6–T8) to assess the glucose metabolic rate of brown and white fat. Subjects were exposed to a 90-min period of either cold (67–68 °F) or warm (72–73 °F) temperature on separate days. Metabolic rate was quantified using aortic uptake PET values and the PMOD software. A higher cold than warm glucose metabolic rate (GMR) was observed to the greatest extent in the −120 to −80 and −80 to −40 Hounsfield bands of thoracic levels consistent with earlier reports of brown fat metabolic rate sensitivity to thermal exposure. Additionally, FDG-PET may prove sensitive enough to detect metabolic effects of therapeutic interventions on functional brown fat volume and activity.
Protocol for Urgent and Emergent Cases at a Large Academic Level 1 Trauma Center.

Background Level 1 trauma centers are capable of caring for every aspect of injury and contain 24-hour in-house coverage by general surgeons, with prompt availability of nearly all other disciplines upon request. Despite the wide variety of trauma, currently reported protocols often focus on a single surgical service and studies describing their implementation are lacking. The aim of the current study was to characterize all urgent and emergent cases at a large academic Level 1 trauma center, characterize the specialty and nature of emergent operative cases, and assess the efficacy of the institutional trauma protocol on timing of surgery. Methods For this retrospective review, all urgent and emergent cases treated at a single institution, during a 34-month period (January 1, 2015-October 31, 2017), were identified. All included cases were subject to the Institutional Guidelines for Operative Urgent/Emergent Cases. Demographic characteristics for non-elective surgical emergent cases were compiled by level of urgency and operating room (OR) waiting times were compared by year, department, and Level. Results A total of 11,206 urgent and emergent operative cases were included, among over 16 surgical departments. Level 2 cases represented the majority of urgent/emergent cases (33%-36%), followed by Level 3 (25%-26%), Level 1 (21%-22%), Level 4 (12%-16%), and Level 5 (2%-4%). Univariate analysis demonstrated that the proportion of urgent and emergent cases, by level of urgency, did not significantly differ between each year. Operating room waiting time decreased significantly over each year from 2015, 2016, and 2017: 193.40 ± 4.78, 177.20 ± 3.29, and 82.01 ± 2.98 minutes, respectively. Conclusions To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to characterize all urgent and emergent cases at a large academic Level 1 trauma center, outline the specialty and nature of emergent operative cases, and assess the efficacy of the institutional trauma protocol on surgical waiting times over a 34-month period.
Use of the Vestibular Disorders Activities of Daily Living Scale to describe functional limitations in patients with vestibular disorders

The Vestibular Disorders Activities of Daily Living Scale (VADL) is one of several self-rated scales in the literature that may be useful for determining level of functional limitation or disability in people with vestibular disorders. The VADL was designed by an occupational therapist for use in treatment planning during vestibular rehabilitation. Unlike many other scales the VADL is specifically focused on essential functional skills and important mobility and instrumental skills. This paper reviews the findings about the VADL, including the original research about its development and more recent papers using it. The scale is most useful for assessing the patient's perception about independence in personal, self care and basic mobility skills. It provides an outline for discussing instrumental activities of daily living.
Ice Floe Tracker: An algorithm to automatically retrieve Lagrangian trajectories via feature matching from moderate-resolution visual imagery

Abstract Satellite observations of sea ice along marginal ice zones suggest a strong coupling between sea ice transport and the underlying ocean turbulent eddy field. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite imagery spanning over almost two decades of daily observations at a resolution of up to 250 m provides a good resource for deriving long-term ocean kinematics from sea ice dynamics. In this paper, we present a newly developed automatic algorithm to retrieve dynamic measurements of sea ice from these images. We describe the methodology by presenting results acquired along the East Greenland Current (ECG) for 6.5 weeks in the spring of 2017. During this period, our ice floe tracker was used to identify and track ice floes with length scales ranging from 8 to 65 km. By effectively filtering atmospheric conditions from MODIS images, ice floes were tracked for up to ten consecutive days, and a total of 1061 trajectories were retrieved. A southward mean sea ice flow associated with the ECG was observed along with deviations in both direction and magnitude, suggesting the effect of an underlying turbulent eddy field. The absolute position and tracking errors associated with our method are 255 m and 0.65 cm/s, respectively, each derived from a comparison between manually and automatically identified ice floes. Going forward, our methodology will be employed to process longer time sequences to analyze nonlinear interactions between drifting ice floes and the upper ocean turbulent eddy field in the ECG as well as to investigate other prominent regions of the Arctic Ocean.
Toxicological responses in human airway epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) exposed to particulate matter emissions from gasoline fuels with varying aromatic and ethanol levels

In this study, we assessed the toxicological potencies of particulate matter (PM) emissions from a modern vehicle equipped with a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine when operated on eight different fuels with varying aromatic hydrocarbon and ethanol contents. Testing was conducted over the LA92 driving cycle using a chassis dynamometer with a constant volume sampling system, where particles were collected onto Teflon filters. The extracted PM constituents were analyzed for their oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) chemical assay and exposure-induced gene expression in human airway epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). Different trends of DTT activities were seen when testing PM samples in 100% aqueous buffer solutions versus elevated fraction of methanol in aqueous buffers (50:50), indicating the effect of solubility of organic PM constituents on the measured oxidative potential. Higher aromatics content in fuels corresponded to higher DTT activities in PM. Exposure to PM exhaust upregulated the expression of HMOX-1, but downregulated the expression of IL-6, TNF-α, CCL5 and NOS2 in BEAS-2B cells. The principal component regression analysis revealed different patterns of correlations. Aromatics content contributed to more significant PAH-mediated IL-6 downregulation, whereas ethanol content was associated with decreased downregulation of IL-6. Our findings highlighted the key role of fuel composition in modulating the toxicological responses to GDI PM emissions.
A Practical On-Board SiC MOSFET Condition Monitoring Technique for Aging Detection

In this article, an in situ SiC mosfet degradation monitoring method using readily available converter sensors is presented. Device's drain-source resistance in saturation and ohmic regions are employed as aging precursors to, respectively, indicate die and package-related degradations. The presented findings in this article are essential for low-cost and practical early warning systems in power electronics applications. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, a number of power-cycling tests are conducted to analyze aging process and fatigue mechanism. Device static parameters are measured throughout accelerated aging tests and the physical causes behind them are discussed in detail. It is shown that the drain-source resistance within saturation region at low gate bias can be used to indicate die-related degradation. Similarly, at full positive gate bias, device on -state drain-source resistance can be used to detect package-related degradation. In order to find out optimal variables such as applied gate bias, pulse duration, etc., a comprehensive single pulse test is conducted and the results are reported. Finally, the proposed degradation monitoring method is experimentally validated in the context of a three-phase inverter considering different sensor configurations and load types.
[Investigation of an epidemic cluster caused by COVID⁃19 cases in incubation period in Shanghai].

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of a cluster of 5 confirmed COVID⁃19 cases related with the transmission in incubation period of initial case, and find out the infection source and transmission chain.. Methods According to "The Prevention and Control Protocol for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Third Edition)" issued by the National Health Commission, a field epidemiological survey was conducted for the 5 cases in January 2020. Nasopharyngeal swabs and sputum samples were collected from them for the detection of 2019-nCoV by real time RT-PCR. Multi prevention and control measures were taken, such as tracking and screening close contacts, medical isolation observation, investigating the epidemiological link, analyzing transmission chain. Results Case 1, who had common environmental exposure with other COVID⁃19 cases, got sick on 20 January, 2020 and was confirmed on 1 February. Case 2 became symptomatic on 22 January and was confirmed on 27 January. Case 3 got sick on 25 January and was confirmed on 30 January. Case 4 had illness onset on 20 January and was confirmed on 1 February. Case 5 got sick on 23 January and was confirmed on 31 January. Among the 5 cases, case 2 died and the illness of other cases were effectively controlled. After exclusion of other common exposure factors, case 1 had a 6-hour meeting with case 2 and case 3 on 19 January. Case 2 and case 3 might be infected by case 1 during the incubation period. It is the key point for epidemiological investigation. Conclusion The epidemiological investigation indicates that the transmission might occur in the incubation period of COVID-19 case, close attention should be paid to it in future COVID-19 prevention and control. Key words: COVID-19; Epidemic cluster; Incubation period; Transmission
A qualitative exploration of women's experiences discovering pregnancies in the emergency department.

Author(s): Roberts, Sarah CM; Wingo, Erin; Kimport, Katrina | Abstract: ObjectivesThe few studies examining pregnancy testing in emergency departments (EDs) address pregnancy-related physical risks. Here, we examine experiences of people who discover pregnancies in EDs.MethodsBetween 2015 and 2017, as part of a larger study, we conducted interviews with 29 women in Southern Louisiana (n = 13) and Baltimore, MD (n = 16), who reported discussing their pregnancy during an ED visit. We analyzed these interviews for content and themes.ResultsRespondents reported diagnosis of pregnancy as a routine and straightforward component of care received in EDs. They reported receiving diagnostic studies and therapeutic interventions to rule out and treat complications of pregnancy and care for what brought them to the ED to begin with, such as treatments for nausea and vomiting; education about physical symptoms and nutrition-related needs during pregnancy; and referrals to prenatal care. However, we find evidence of unmet needs related to patient-centered communication, such as providing emotional care to women discovering pregnancies in EDs and lack of support for transitions to abortion care.ConclusionsWhile diagnosis of pregnancy in the ED may be routine for ED clinicians, it is not necessarily routine or straightforward for people receiving the diagnosis. ED clinicians should not assume that all people who discover their pregnancies in the ED want to continue their pregnancy. People who discover pregnancies in EDs may benefit from patient-centered communication and support for the range of transitions to care people might need in addition to the routinely provided diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.ImplicationsED clinicians may need additional training and support to ensure that they can meet the range of needs of people who discover their pregnancies in the ED.
Abstract 5182: Examining the effects of honokiol on EGFR-positive glioblastoma multiforme

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive and lethal form of primary brain tumor. Systemic suppression of the immune system, specifically T-cell impairment, significantly contributes to GBM development and progression. Recent advances in cancer immunotherapies have shown great promise in alleviating such tumor-associated immunosuppression, namely programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) checkpoint inhibitors. Regrettably, early clinical studies evaluating the efficacy of checkpoint inhibition in recurrent GBM have rendered only modest improvements in overall survival rates, due partially to insufficient inhibition of AKT-STAT3 pathways which are often dysregulated downstream of hyperactive epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) in GBM. In the current study, we aim to evaluate a newly discovered small molecule inhibitor of AKT-STAT3, honokiol, and its ability to suppress AKT-STAT3 activity in the context of hyperactive EGFR in GBM. Using U87-MG cells that stably overexpress a common hyperactivating mutation of EGFR, EGFRvIII, we have preliminary evidence that honokiol is an effective inhibitor of U87-EGFRvIII cellular migration as a result of its robust AKT-STAT3 pathway suppression. Thus, honokiol may provide a novel means of pharmacological inhibition of AKT-STAT3 hyperactivity in GBM and therefore greater clinical efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in this deadly disease. Citation Format: Keller Smith, Blake Johnson. Examining the effects of honokiol on EGFR-positive glioblastoma multiforme [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5182.
Genealogies of Branching Processes and Their Applications

One of the important questions in population dynamics and particularly in population genetics is how to gain information about a population’s past, given its present status. Sources, historical in nature such as written records, archeological such as cemeteries, paleontological such as fossils, or even biological such as ancient DNA, are often of assistance. However in many cases, all that is available is a sample from a contemporary population, with information about its demography or genetic make-up. Sometimes, a mathematical model of population growth may be assumed or statistically inferred from paleo-ecology or by other means. Human populations are of major interest, as are populations of endangered species. Other categories of biological genealogies are gaining prominence. Among them are genealogies of cells in cancerous tumors.
On the observed clustering of major bodies in solar and extrasolar subsystems.

Major (exo)planetary and satellite bodies seem to concentrate at intermediate areas of the radial distributions of all the objects present in each (sub)system. We prove rigorously that the secular evolution of (exo)planets and satellites necessarily results in the observed intermediate accumulation of the massive objects in all such subsystems. We quantify a "middle" as the mean of mean motions (orbital angular velocities) of three or more massive objects involved. Orbital evolution is expected to be halted or severely diminished when the survivors settle near mean-motion resonances and substantial angular-momentum transfer between bodies ceases to occur (gravitational Landau damping). The dynamics is opposite in direction to what has been theorized for viscous and magnetized accretion disks in which gas spreads out and away from either side of any conceivable intermediate area. The results are bound to change the way we think about planet and moon formation and evolution.
Bayesian Procedures for Discriminating Among Hypotheses With Discrete Distributions: Inheritance in the Tetraploid Astilbe biternata

Discrimination between disomic and tetrasomic inheritance aids in determining whether tetraploids originated by allotetraploidy or autotetraploidy, respectively. Past assessments of inheritance in tetraploids have used analyses whereby each inheritance hypothesis is tested independently. I present a Bayesian analysis that is appropriate for discriminating among several inheritance hypotheses and can be used in any case where hypotheses are defined by discrete distributions. The Bayesian approach incorporates prior knowledge of the probability of occurrence of disomic and tetrasomic hypotheses so that the results of the analysis are not biased by the fact that there is a single tetrasomic hypothesis and multiple disomic hypotheses. This analysis is used to interpret data from crosses in the tetraploid Astilbe biternata, a herbaceous plant native to the southern Appalachians. The progeny ratios from all crosses favored the hypothesis of disomic inheritance at both the PGM and slow-PGI loci. These results support earlier cytogenetic evidence for the allotetraploid origin of Astilbe biternata.
Phosphorylated WNK kinase networks in recoded bacteria recapitulate physiological function

Advances in genetic code expansion have enabled the production of proteins containing site-specific, authentic post-translational modifications. Here, we use a recoded bacterial strain with an expanded genetic code to encode phosphoserine into a human kinase protein. We directly encode phosphoserine into WNK1 (with-no-lysine [K] 1) or WNK4 kinases at multiple, distinct sites, which produced activated, phosphorylated WNK that phosphorylated and activated SPAK/OSR kinases, thereby synthetically activating this human kinase network in recoded bacteria. We used this approach to identify biochemical properties of WNK kinases, a motif for SPAK substrates, and small-molecule kinase inhibitors for phosphorylated SPAK. We show that the kinase inhibitors modulate SPAK substrates in cells, alter cell volume, and reduce migration of glioblastoma cells. Our work establishes a protein-engineering platform technology that demonstrates that synthetically active WNK kinase networks can accurately model cellular systems and can be used more broadly to target networks of phosphorylated proteins for research and discovery.
Maximum Persistence of Periodic Behavior leads to Functional Equations

Abstract The optimal control problem of connecting any two trajectories with typical behavior, such that this behavior maximally persists during the transient, is put forth and a compact solution is obtained for a general class of behaviors. The behavior is understood in the context of Willems’s theory and is characterized as the kernel of some operator. As a solution exhibiting the same behavior cannot exist, a maximally persistent solution is defined as one that will be as close as possible in a precise sense to the behavior. The problem is linked to the idea of controllability as presented by Willems and draws its roots from quasi-static transitions in thermodynamics, and the embedding problem of Whitney. It is shown that the important class of periodic behaviors, applicable to gaits in locomotion, amounts to modeling by functional difference and differential equations.
Computation and psychophysics of sensorimotor integration

All higher organisms are able to integrate information from multiple sensory modalities and use this information to select and guide movements. In order to do this, the central nervous system (CNS) must solve two problems: (1) Converting information from distinct sensory representations into a common coordinate system, and (2) integrating this information in a sensible way. This dissertation proposes a computational framework, based on statistics and information theory, to study these two problems. The framework suggests explicit models for both the coordinate transformation and integration problems, which are tested through human psychophysics. The experiments in Chapter 2 suggest that: (1) Spatial information from the visual and auditory systems is integrated so as to minimize the variance in localization. (2) When the relation between visual and auditory space is artificially remapped, the spatial pattern of auditory adaptation can be predicted from its localization variance. These studies suggest that multisensory integration and intersensory adaptation are closely related through the principle of minimizing localization variance. This principle is used to model sensorimotor integration of proprioceptive and motor signals during arm movements (Chapter 3). The temporal propagation of errors in estimating the hand's state is captured by the model, providing support for the existence of an internal model in the CNS that simulates the dynamic behavior of the arm. The coordinate transformation problem is examined in the visuomotor system, which mediates reaching to visually-perceived objects (Chapter 4). The pattern of changes induced by a local remapping of this transformation suggests a representation based on units with large functional receptive fields. Finally, the problem of converting information from disparate sensory representations into a common coordinate system is addressed computationally (Chapter 5). An unsupervised learning algorithm is proposed based on the principle of maximizing mutual information between two topographic maps. What results is an algorithm which develops multiple, mutually-aligned topographic maps based purely on correlations between the inputs to the different sensory modalities. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Suppression of Defect Propagation in Heteroepitaxial Structures by Strained Layer Superlattices

Defects present in GaAs on Si(211) heteroepitaxial layers grown by MBE have been analyzed in detail by TEM. Efficient reduction of dislocation propagation by strained layer superlattices was found. The mechanisms of defect reduction were suggested based on Burgers vector analysis. It was shown that additional threading dislocations can glide into the epilayer during cooling process and that misfit dislocations at the interface can be forced to dissociate on a (111) plane inclined to the interface leaving one partial dislocation at the interface and forming extended stacking faults.
An overview of the OpenOrbiter autonomous operating software

The OpenOrbiter spacecraft aims to demonstrate the efficacy of the Open Prototype for Educational Nanosats (OPEN) framework. Software is an important part of this framework. This paper discusses the operating software for the spacecraft (which runs on top of the Linux operating system to command spacecraft operations). It presents an overview of this software and then pays particular attention to the aspects of software design that enable onboard autonomy. It also discusses the messaging scheme that is used onboard and the testing and validation plan. Finally, it discusses system extensibility, before concluding.
Retrograde Carbon Monoxide Is Required for Induction of Long-Term Potentiation in Rat Superior Cervical Ganglion

Carbon monoxide (CO), produced in the body by the enzyme heme oxygenase (HO), has been suggested as a retrograde synaptic messenger with a prominent role in the long-term potentiation (LTP) of certain areas of the brain. LTP of sympathetic ganglia is 5-HT3receptor-dependent and has been shown to require nitric oxide for the maintenance, but not for the induction, phase. We investigated the possibility of CO being required for the induction of ganglionic LTP. Pretreatment of rat isolated superior cervical ganglia with oxyhemoglobin (25–100 μm) completely blocked LTP. In the same ganglia, prolonged washout of oxyhemoglobin did not uncover any potentiation of the compound action potential. Oxyhemoglobin had no significant effect on the maintenance phase in ganglia with established LTP. Pretreatment of ganglia with the HO inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin-IX (ZnPP) (10 μm) completely and irreversibly prevented the expression of tetanus-evoked LTP. However, in the same ganglia, after superfusion of CO in the presence of ZnPP, tetanic stimulation readily evoked LTP. No effect was seen on the maintenance phase when ZnPP was superfused on ganglia with established LTP. Pretreatment of ganglia with the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron (0.4 μm) alone completely and irreversibly blocked LTP. However, in the presence of CO, ondansetron did not block LTP. These results suggest that activation of 5-HT3 receptors may be involved in the production of CO. The results also suggest that CO, probably originating outside the presynaptic nerve terminal, is involved in the induction of LTP.