cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic importance of combined parent and teacher ratings on the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist

The Revised Behavior Problem Checklist (RBPC) was completed by parents and teachers for 105 child psychiatry outpatient boys aged 6 to 12 years. In addition, DSM-III diagnoses were determined independent of checklist results, and the children were divided into major diagnostic groups of externalizing, internalizing, and mixed disorders. Combined parent and teacher ratings proved more effective than separate ratings in distinguishing the externalizing and mixed groups from the internalizing group on the RBPC externalizing factors. The overall classification of individual boys with discriminant function analysis increased from 72% to 83% when the ratings of both parents, rather than one parent, were combined with teacher ratings. Enhancing diagnostic accuracy of type of psychiatric disorder by using combined parent and teacher behavior checklist ratings is discussed.
Studies on the Reproductive Performance and Progeny Performance of Caged White Leghorns Fed Malathion and Carbaryl

Abstract Caged White Leghorn pullets were fed a breeder diet supplemented with 0, 250 or 500 p.p.m. malathion and/or carbaryl. The traits studied in a 36-week period were body weight changes, egg production, egg weights, specific gravity of eggs, feed consumption, mortality, fertility, hatchability, embryonic abnormalities and progeny performance. In the progeny performance studies, progeny from hens fed 0 and 500 p.p.m. malathion and/or carbaryl were fed a broiler diet supplemented with 0 or 500 p.p.m. malathion or carbaryl for a 4-week period in batteries. The only significant differences resulting from malathion and/or carbaryl supplementation in the feed were pullet weights and 4-week progeny weights. The pullet weight gains were significantly reduced at the 1% level by carbaryl with or without malathion. A significant growth depression was observed with the progeny fed carbaryl, irrespective of maternal diet. In a separate 4-week study, the incorporation of 500 p.p.m. malathion and/or carbaryl in the caged Leghorn male diet exerted no significant changes in the fertility pattern or the incidence of sperm and embryonic abnormalities.
Neutral and Responsive Competence: The Bureau of the Budget, 1939-1948, Revisited

Terry M. Moe argues that the interests of modern presidents lead them to eschew the “neutral competence” of professional staff agencies for the “responsive competence” more typical of presidential loyalists and the White House staff. This article examines the critical case of the Bureau of the Budget, 1939-1948, an agency that Moe claims faced a Faustian choice between sacrificing neutral competence or failing to respond to presidential needs. The scholarly and historical record indicates that, contrary to Moe’s claims, the agency maintained high levels of both neutral competence and responsiveness to Presidents Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman during this period. Moreover, the behavior of both the agency and its presidential clients was “rational” given the agency’s structure and mission and given presidential needs.
The photoelectron angular distributions of HBr and HI AT hν = 21.2 eV

Photoelectron angular distributions for the 2Π32, 12(pπ)−1 and 2Σ12+(pσ)−1 ionic states of HBr and HI have been measured at a photon energy of 21.2 eV. The asymmetry parameters for the highly localized pπ orbitals closely follow those of the “lone-pair” orbitals of the related CH3X molecules and the outer np atomic orbitals of the corresponding united atoms. Furthermore, the asymmetry parameters for the 2Π32 and 2Π12 states were found to be equal within experimental uncertainty, despite the large spin—orbit splittings of these heavy molecules. The asymmetry parameters for the 2Σ+(pσ)−1 ionic states are significantly smaller than for the 2Π(pπ)−1 states, in contrast to recent predictions based on angular momentum transfer theory.
Serum Can Overcome Contact Inhibition in Confluent Human Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells

Pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC) in an intact vessel are continually exposed to serum, but unless injured, do not proliferate, constrained by confluence. In contrast, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) attain, and maintain, confluence in the presence of minimal serum, protected from serum’s stimulatory effects except when the endothelial barrier becomes more permeable. We hypothesized therefore, that confluent PASMC may be less constrained by contact inhibition in the presence of serum than PAEC and tested this idea by exposing confluent non-transformed human PAEC and PASMC to media containing increasing concentrations of fetal bovine serum (FBS) and determining cell growth over 7 days. PAEC that had attained confluence in low serum did not proliferate even when exposed to 5% serum, the highest concentration tested. In contrast, PASMC that attained confluence in low serum did proliferate once serum levels were increased, an effect that was dose dependent. Consistent with this observation, PASMC had more BrdU incorporation and a greater percentage of cells in S phase in 5% compared to 0.2% FBS, whereas no such difference was seen in PAEC. These results suggest that confluent human PAEC are resistant to the stimulatory effects of serum, whereas confluent PASMC can proliferate when serum levels are increased, an effect mediated in part by differences in phosphoinositide 3-kinase activation. This observation may be relevant to understanding the PASMC hyperplasia observed in humans and animals with pulmonary hypertension in which changes in endothelial permeability due to hypoxia or injury expose the underlying smooth muscle to serum.
Neonatal Resuscitation and Newborn Outcomes in Rural Kenya

Neonatal resuscitation methods vary in developing countries. This study describes the delivery experience at one rural Kenyan mission hospital, retrospectively analysing delivery data and newborn outcomes for a 12-month period, and prospectively characterizing neonatal resuscitation practices. Thirty-six of 878 newborns (4 per cent) suffered unfavourable outcomes, significantly associated with caesarean, breech, and vacuum deliveries (nine infants, P < 0.01) and birthweight of 2000 g or less (10 infants, P < 0.001). Observed neonatal resuscitation practices were inconsistent and notable for umbilical vein injections given in lieu of bag and mask ventilation. A basic neonatal resuscitation protocol was developed. It is concluded that at one Kenyan hospital, unfavourable newborn outcomes were significantly associated with delivery other than normal vaginal and with birthweights of 2000 g or less. Neonatal resuscitation methods could be modified for use in this setting, and might be most useful for term infants delivered by caesarean, breech, or vacuum deliveries.
Amide-silyl ligand exchanges and equilibria among group 4 amide and silyl complexes.

M(NMe2)4 (M = Zr, 1a; Hf, 1b) and the silyl anion (SiButPh2)- (2) in Li(THF)2SiButPh2 (2-Li) were found to undergo a ligand exchange to give [M(NMe2)3(SiButPh2)2]- (M = Zr, 3a; Hf, 3b) and [M(NMe2)5]- (M = Zr, 4a; Hf, 4b) in THF. The reaction is reversible, leading to equilibria: 2 1a (or 1b) + 2 2 3a (or 3b) + 4a (or 4b). In toluene, the reaction of 1a with 2 yields [(Me2N)3Zr(SiButPh2)2]-[Zr(NMe2)5Li2(THF)4]+ (5) as an ionic pair. The silyl anion 2 selectively attacks the -N(SiMe3)2 ligand in (Me2N)3Zr-N(SiMe3)2 (6a) to give 3a and [N(SiMe3)2]- (7) in reversible reaction: 6a + 2 2 3a + 7. The following equilibria have also been observed and studied: 2M(NMe2)4 (1a; 1b) + [Si(SiMe3)3]- (8) (Me2N)3M-Si(SiMe3)3 (M = Zr, 9a; Hf, 9b) + [M(NMe2)5]- (M = Zr, 4a; Hf, 4b); 6a (or 6b) + 8 9a (or 9b) + [N(SiMe3)2]- (7). The current study represents rare, direct observations of reversible amide-silyl exchanges and their equilibria. Crystal structures of 5, (Me2N)3Hf-Si(SiMe3)3 (9b), and [Hf(NMe2)4]2 (dimer of 1b), as well as the preparation of (Me2N)3M-N(SiMe3)2 (6a; 6b) are also reported.
Ranking alternative share contracts under rational expectations

Abstract This paper analyzes the price level and output stabilization properties of share contracts in a log-linear rational expectations model. Profit sharing, product wage and wage fund share contracts are compared to flexible and downwardly rigid nominal wage schemes. We find that when the disturbances to the economy are nominal labor compensation schemes which reduce real variability exacerbate nominal variability. When the disturbances are real, compensation schemes which reduce real variability can also reduce nominal variability.
No effect of adult dietary fat on tumors induced prenatally by diethylstilbestrol.

Abstract Strain CD‐1 female mice exposed prenatally to diethylstilbestrol (DES) or vehicle were placed on semipurified diets containing 2.6%, 10%, 20%, or 29% fat by weight at four weeks of age. These mice were used as a breeding colony for a few weeks and then maintained to terminal illness on the semipurified diets. Females exposed prenatally to DES developed mammary tumors, pituitary tumors, and glandular tumors of the reproductive tract. There was no significant difference in tumor frequency between low‐ and high‐fat dietary groups. Fewer tumors appeared in the vehicle‐exposed mice, as expected, and their frequency did not differ between the dietary groups. Pregnancy reduced tumor frequency in DES‐exposed mice, but the incidence of pregnancy was not significantly different between low‐ and high‐fat dietary groups. In the adult the failure of a high‐fat diet to increase the frequency of reproductive system tumors induced prenatally is in marked contrast to the effectiveness of high‐fat diets in promoti...
Randomization to screening for prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian cancers and thyroid cancer incidence in two large cancer screening trials.

Background Thyroid cancer incidence has increased significantly over the past three decades due, in part, to incidental detection. We examined the association between randomization to screening for lung, prostate, colorectal and/or ovarian cancers and thyroid cancer incidence in two large prospective randomized screening trials.
Impacts of Severe Winter Weather during December 1989 in the Lake Erie Snowbelt

Abstract December 1989 was the coldest December in over 100 years in the Lake Erie snowbelt of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Mean temperatures of −9°C were 7°C lower than average and extreme minima reached −30°C. Snow fell on 20 to 25 days of the month and snowfall totals of 100 to 200 cm were twice the December average. Some locations reported record snowfalls and the greatest snow depths of this century. Several segments of society were studied to assess the impacts of this severe winter weather. The severe weather had minimal impacts on school districts. Over half (54%) of the districts had no closures due to snow but costs for snow removal increased for schools. Ski centers reported a 50% to 100% increase in revenues over December 1988 and the best December skiing in many years. Lake ports had higher operating costs and loss of shipments. Costs for snow and ice control on Interstate 90 (I-90) in the snowbelt increased at least $1326 km−1 over December 1988, but traffic flow was maintained. Person-...
Post-operative deepvein thrombosis is infrequent in Alaska Natives.

Objectives. The expected rate of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after laparotomy or major joint surgery has been reported to be 20 to 50 % for unprophylaxed non-ative patients. DVT prophylaxis for surgical patients at the Alaska native Medical Center has typically not been offered as the perceived rate of DVT and pulmonary embolism in our patient population has been very low. Retrospective analysis of positive venous duplex scans at our institution revealed only four cases of post-operative DVT during a two-year interval. This study was designed to document the actual rate of post-operative DVT in Alaskan natives not provided with routine DVT prophylaxis. Study Design. Prospective cohort study of DVT in open abdominal, open knee, open hip and pelvic fracture surgery patients at the Alaska native Medical Center from 1999 – 2001. Methods. The day prior to expected discharge, we performed venous duplex ultrasonography on 67 patients with open abdominal surgery, major open knee or hip surgery, or pelvic fracture who received no DVT prophylaxis. Some patients included in the study were also asked questions about their consumption of marine mammals and fish, and the native blood quanta was estimated in all patients using existing data bases. Results. Sixty percent of the study population was determined to be at high risk for DVT using standard risk stratification methods. Dietary habits varied widely, but were largely reported as being "traditionally" native. Nearly all patients had 50 % or more "native blood". Only one of 67 patients developed a documented post- operative DVT. Conclusions. Post-operative deep vein thrombosis in Alaskan natives not provided with routine DVT prophylaxis is rare. The data does not provide a clear indication as to why Alaskan natives may be at decreased risk for post-operative DVT. (Int J Circumpolar Health 2003; 62(4):388-396) Keywords: Alaskan native, chemo-prevention, deep vein thrombosis, native American, post-operative, prophylaxis
Antibiotic prophylaxis against bacterial endocarditis in patients undergoing dermatologic surgery.

Bacterial endocarditis is an infection with substantial morbidity and mortality. Since only about 15% of all cases of endocarditis can be associated with previous dental, medical, or surgical manipulation, the recommendations for antibiotic prophylaxis against endocarditis have been surrounded by controversy and uncertainty. 1 Controlled clinical investigation of prophylaxis against endocarditis is no longer possible due to both ethical considerations and the prohibitively large patient number necessary to achieve significant results. In the absence of hard data, recommendations for antibiotic prophylaxis must be deduced from knowledge that bacteremia accompanies certain surgical procedures and that certain cardiac lesions predispose to bacterial endocarditis. Prophylaxis against endocarditis is generally recommended in patients at high risk for dental, urologic, gastrointestinal tract, gynecologic, throat, and intracardiac surgery because of, for the most part, lesions involving manipulation or incision of mucosal surfaces. Scant attention has been given to the issue of antibiotic prophylaxis for bacterial endocarditis
Expression and modulation of voltage-gated calcium channels after RNA injection in Xenopus oocytes

Calcium ions flow into cells through several distinct classes of voltage-dependent calcium-selective channels. Such fluxes play important roles in electrical signaling at the cell membrane and in chemical signaling within cells. Further information about calcium channels was obtained by injecting RNA isolated from rat brain, heart and skeletal muscle into Xenopus oocytes. Macroscopic currents through voltage-operated calcium channels were resolved when the endogenous calcium-dependent chloride current was blocked by replacing external calcium with barium and chloride with methanesulfonate. The resulting barium current was insensitive to tetrodotoxin but was completely blocked by cadmium or cobalt. With both heart and brain RNA at least two distinct types of calcium ion conductance were found, distinguishable by their time course and inactivation properties. In oocytes injected with heart RNA, the slowly inactivating component was selectively blocked by the calcium-channel antagonist nifedipine. Barium ion currents induced by heart RNA were modulated by isoproterenol, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and acetylcholine.
Recent Advances (2011-2012) in Technology-Delivered Interventions for People Living with HIV

Technology is rapidly advancing and becoming a cost effective option for intervention delivery particularly for isolated and hard to reach populations, such as people living with HIV/AIDS. A systematic review was conducted to identify recent technology based interventions for people living with HIV. The review yielded 12 studies that were grouped by the health behavior that it addressed and then the type of technology utilized. The majority of studies reviewed focused on medication adherence and used several different technologies to deliver the intervention including SMS/text messaging, cell phones and computers. This review identified several gaps in the literature particularly the lack of technology-based interventions focusing on engagement and retention to care as well as sexual risk reduction. Suggestions for future research based on these findings are provided.
In situ high-pressure infrared spectra of α-NaVO3

Abstract In-situ infrared absorbance spectra of α-NaVO3 are obtained in the range of 450–1200 cm−1 up to 300 kbar. Two distinct phase transformations are observed at 50 and 70 kbar, respectively. The phase transition at 50 kbar is indicated by a change in slope of the pressure dependence of the band frequencies. The crystalline-to-disordered phase transformation takes place at 70 kbar.
Adrenal hormones and phospholipid metabolism in liver cytoplasm of adrenalectomized mice.

APHYSIOLOGIC 24-hour periodicity has earlier been noted in some aspects of phosphorus metabolism in the liver (1). During a period of low blood eosinophil counts, the relative specific activity of hepatic phospholipid phosphorus was higher than during a period of high eosinophil counts. These observations were made on independent groups of intact or sham-operated mice, sacrificed by day or by night, one or two hours following the injection of radiophosphorus (P32) (1, 2). Adrenalectomized mice, studied concomitantly, showed, by contrast, a significant inhibition of the day-night differences in the relative specific activity of phospholipid phosphorus from liver cytoplasm. In the course of this work, it also was noted that this relative specific activity was lower in adrenalectomized mice than in sham-operated mice of the same genetic background, sex, and age, irrespective of the time of day of sampling.
Multiple-criteria decision support systems: The powerful tool for attacking complex, unstructured decisions

The purpose of this research is to introduce the basic concept of multiple-criteria decision support systems (MCDSS) and to provide a general framework for building an effective MCDSS, a powerful tool for managing complex, unstructured decisions. Although various techniques for multiple-criteria decision making (MCDM) have been developed, this paper investigates the functions and properties of goal programming model-based MCDSS, the role of decision makers and MCDM models in the decision-making process, and the dynamic interaction between the model and the decision maker. The potential benefits of the MCDSS are also explained.
Flow rate measurements in isolated perfused kidney tubules by fluorescence photobleaching recovery

We have developed a new application of the fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR) technique for instantaneous measurement of volume flow rates at any axial position along isolated perfused kidney tubules. The method requires fast data acquisition of emitted fluorescence through a photomultiplier (time resolution, 0.5 ms) coupled with differential interference contrast microscopy to measure luminal diameters accurately. While the tubule is perfused in vitro with an impermeant fluorophore (fluorescein sulfonate), a 20-ms bleach pulse reduces the fluorescence in the observation region by 20-25%. Fluorescence recovery is a direct function of perfusate velocity; diffusion plays no significant role in the early phase of recovery. A fluid dynamics approach to data analysis shows that fractional recovery increases linearly with time until t = L/2vm, where L is the length of the observation window and vm is the mean axial velocity. Practically, a linear regression analysis of the early recovery phase allows measurement of vm of up to 0.14 cm/s, i.e., a 40-nl/min flow rate in a 25-microns-diameter tubule. Calibration experiments in small glass tubes perfused at predetermined flow rates demonstrated good accuracy (within 10%) and reproducibility (coefficient of variation, 8.7%). In rat inner medullary collecting ducts microperfused at 4-40 nl/min, the correlation with a standard fluid collection method was excellent (r2 greater than 0.97). The method should also be suitable for the direct measurement of fluid flow rate in kidney tubules or blood vessels microperfused in vivo.
Transfer printed nanomembrane high-Q filters based on displaced double-layer fano resonance photonic crystal slabs

Fano resonance, known from atomic physics, has been employed for a wide variety of nanophotonic structures, such as quantum dots, photonic crystals (PCs), plasmonics, and metamaterials, and so on. [1] With modal dispersion engineering, Fano filters and reflectors can all be realized in single layer dielectric PC structures [2-4]. Suh et al. and Liu et al. reported earlier the optical Q-factors and the optomechanical interactions can be controlled by precisely tuning the lattice displacement between two coupled PC slabs (PCS) [5, 6]. We reported earlier Fano filters (or frequency selective surfaces) with measured Q-factor of 5,000, based on single or double layer PCS, with perfectly aligned lattices between two PC layers [7]. We report here the first experimental demonstration of double-layer PCS with precisely controlled displacement, based on Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanomembrane (NM) transfer printing process [8, 9].
Algebra of Currents and Getting SU(6) Results from SU(4)

Within the framework of the algebra-of-currents approach of B. W. Lee, it is shown that apart from a slight complication the $\mathrm{SU}(6)$ results for the ratios, $\frac{{G}_{A}}{{G}_{V}}$ and $\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{P}}{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{n}}$ are still obtained when the assumption of $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ invariance is relaxed and only isospin [$\mathrm{SU}(2)$] symmetry is required.
Analyzing Domestic Tourism Demand in China-A Behavioral Model

Abstract The demand of China's domestic tourism outpaces inbound arrivals and makes up over 90 percent of its total tourist traffic. This study examined the evolution and development of the domestic market and proposed a behavioral model that distinguished GNP and increased leisure time as two significant factors affecting the demand. A five-year forecast was projected using the model, resulting in estimates that were more conservative and realistic than presently planned by the China National Tourism Administration (CNTA). Three problems were identified as major obstacles to the continual development of the market. Implications were discussed in the context of tourism planning, research and business opportunities.
Reduction of wear in critical engine components using ion-beam-assisted deposition and ion implantation

Abstract Ion-beam-induced decomposition of hydrocarbon precursors is an efficient method for the deposition of diamond-like carbon (DLC). A large area, high current beam of 1–10 keV N+ and N2+ ions is used to break up a hydrocarbon precursor, releasing a large fraction of the hydrogen and leaving an amorphous carbon-rich network. This capability has been applied to the improvement of the tribology of combustion engine components. The effect of an intermediate layer of silicon, reacted to form a metal suicide, on the adhesive and wear properties of DLC has been studied by reciprocating pin-on-flat testing under representative loading, lubricating and temperature conditions. A significant reduction in the wear rate is observed when compared with bare and DLC-coated pins without a bond coat. Further experiments were directed at assessing the effect of metal ion implantation on the performance of hard chrome-plated piston rings. Initial results from accelerated wear tests of small treated segments are presented. Samples were implanted with 120 keV yttrium and lanthanum ions at doses of 1 × 1016 and 1 × 1017 ions cm−2. A significant increase in wear was observed at the higher doses. However, a marked improvement was observed in the wear properties of segments co-implanted with nitrogen or oxygen at similar ranges and doses, suggesting the formation of a compound phase which strengthens the material.
Effectively incorporating instructional media into web‐based information literacy

Purpose – The paper seeks to explore and discuss in detail the application of instructional media features in developing web‐based library instruction in order to strengthen students' online learning experience.Design/methodology/approach – The paper surveys research findings on instructional media features that can be incorporated into library instruction in the web environment. The effective use of media elements such as text, color, graphics, navigation systems, audio, video, as well as the implementation of interaction and feedback, are analyzed. Exemplary illustrations supplement the discussions of guidelines for the design of successful online library tutorials.Findings – Academic libraries are taking advantage of technological innovations to extend instructional opportunities and enrich traditional classroom‐based bibliographic instruction. Web‐based library instruction requires more than duplicating print instructional materials on the web. Good online information tutorials should effectively inco...
Dating of Conchas River Sediments, New Mexico

THERE is an interesting sedimentary deposit along the Conchas River in San Miguel County, New Mexico, a few miles above the point at which the river enters Conchas Lake. The name Conchas is derived from the well preserved specimens of freshwater clam shells, class Pelecypoda, family Unionidae, which are buried at a depth of about 4 feet in the sediments. In the same area are found Indian artefacts, and in one terrace a fireplace was found buried 4.5 feet below the surface. The fireplace consisted of a horizontal arrangement of flat rocks on which were deposited pieces of charcoal. The shells and charcoal were sampled for carbon-14 dating.
Peripheral tolerance and autoimmunity: lessons from in vivo imaging

Multi-photon microscopy has taken hold as a widely used technique in immunology, allowing for imaging of the kinetics of immune cell motility and cell–cell interactions, but what have we learned from this technique about the processes involved in peripheral tolerance and autoimmunity? Various studies have now looked at the dynamics of several mechanisms of peripheral T cell tolerance and efforts to examine the dynamics of the autoimmune response at the disease site are also under way. Here, we will discuss the findings of studies that use multi-photon microscopy to examine the dynamics of T cell tolerance in the lymph nodes and of the autoimmune processes involved in models of type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. An emerging theme from these studies is that short T cell-antigen presenting cell interactions can lead to tolerance, and that autoreactive T cell restimulation at the disease site can play an important role in autoimmune disease exacerbation.
Structure of genes for membrane and secreted murine IgD heavy chains

We have sequenced secreted and membrane terminal exons of the murine immunoglobulin δ chain. The putative transmembranal exon is strikingly similar to that of the μ chain and the internal cytoplasmic exon codes for exactly the same two amino acids, valine and lysine. A third potential exon was found between S and M exons that could code for yet another hydrophilic carboxyl terminus termed δX.
Many-dimensional potential surfaces: What they imply and how to think about them

DStarting with knowledge of the internal energy of a polyatomic system as a multidimensional function of the coordinates of the component atoms-the effective potential surface, one can explore the topography of this surface to find its stationary points and topology. Clusters are particularly effective vehicles for developing the methods of doing this, although it is essentially as easy to study small molecules as it is clusters, if the corresponding surfaces are already known. If the system is small enough, all the minima, the relevant saddles, and the corresponding reaction paths can be found; if the system is larger, then only statistical sampling methods can be applied. Such explorations can be used as efficient ways to test the physical plausibility of potential surfaces, e.g., to determine whether a surface developed to describe spectra is valid enough globally to be used for scattering studies. With the readily manageable potentials such as that composed of the sum of pairwise Morse interactions, it is now straightforward to explore how the form of the basic pair interactions affects the multidimensional topography
Low-temperature atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition of tungsten oxide thin films

A new low-temperature atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition route to tungsten oxide thin films is reported. The films were deposited at 100–350 °C from tungsten alkoxide complexes at growth rates up to 300 A min−1. The stoichiometry of the films was determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and the O/W ratio was found to be in the 2.7–3.2 range. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to confirm that there is no carbon contamination in the films. The films were amorphous and preliminary results indicate that they show electrochromic behavior.
The measurements of fracture toughness of ductile materials

Abstract Near tip strain is proposed as a ductile fracture criterion. This criterion was used to study the onset of slow growth of surface crack. The data from two batches, B and C, of fully annealed 2024-0 aluminum alloy and HY-80 steel substantiated the proposed criterion. The measured fracture toughness at the onset of surface crack growth are 280, 110 and 800 ksi √in. for these three materials respectively. It was demonstrated that the measurement can be made easily with a small foil resistance strain gage. The near tip strain criterion was compared with both crack surface opening displacement and J-integral criteria.
Disinfection of rotifer cysts leading to bacteria-free populations

Abstract A reliable method was developed to disinfect cysts of the salt water rotifers Brachionus plicatilis Muller and B . rotundiformis Tschugunoff. The method leads to the production of axenic populations for both species of rotifers. The technique takes only a few minutes and requires very few manipulations, so the possibility of bacterial contamination is reduced. The microbiota that coats rotifer cysts was found to produce no adverse effects on hatching efficiency.
Hetereogeneity of dose and time effects of estrogen on neuron-specific neuronal protein and phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element-binding protein in the hippocampus of ovariectomized rats

Previous studies have shown changes in cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) signaling pathway in CA1 and CA3 regions of the rostral hippocampus with 10 µg estrogen treatment for 14 days. It appears that estrogen action on CREB phosphorylation in brain structures may depend on other estrogen doses and lengths of treatment. We, therefore, examined effects of moderate regimens (2.5 µg estradiol benzoate [EB] for 4 or 14 days) on mean numbers of neuronspecific neuronal protein (NeuN)-positive cells and phosphorylated CREB (pCREB)-positive cells and subregion volume defined by NeuN and pCREB immunolabeling and compared those results to the high regimen (10 µg EB for 14 days) in CA1, CA2 and CA3 regions and dorsal (DDG) and ventral (VDG) dentate gyrus and hilus of the hippocampus of ovariectomized rats by stereology. For whole hippocampus, all regimens increased mean neuronal (NeuN) numbers and pCREBpositive cell and volume compared to sesame oil (SO) in CA1, CA2 and CA3 regions, DDG and VDG dentate gyrus and hilus. In rostral hippocampus, however, some hippocampal subregions were not responsive to the high regimen and the moderate regimens appear more effective in increasing mean number of NeuN-positive neurons and pCREB-positive cells and subregion volume. Heterogeneity in responsiveness to estrogen was mainly seen within rostral, but not whole, hippocampal subregions. Our results indicate that responsiveness of cells expressing NeuN and pCREB to different EB regimens may vary depending on the specific region of the hippocampus.
Clinicians or Researchers, Patients or Participants: Exploring Human Subject Protection When Clinical Research Is Conducted in Non-academic Settings

Background: Clinical research is increasingly conducted in private physicians’ offices, clinics, community hospitals, local institutes, and independent research centers. The migration of research into this non-academic environment has brought new cadres of researchers into the clinical research enterprise and broadened the pool of potential research participants. This study was designed to explore how clinical investigators and research coordinators protect human subjects and ensure research integrity when conducting clinical research in non-academic settings. Methods: We employed a qualitative research design employing semistructured interviews that took place between October 2010 and September 2012. The sample of 80 participants from across the United States included 38 clinicians and 42 research coordinators, most of whom had been involved in clinical research for more than 5 years and nearly all of whom reported their patient base included a sizable rural population. With the aid of a research managem...
Myasthenia gravis associated with etanercept therapy

Etanercept is an antagonist of tumor necrosis factor alpha that was developed to treat rheumatoid arthritis. In this report we present a patient who developed myasthenia gravis while taking etanercept and had resolution of symptoms after stopping it. This is the first report of this potential side effect and is of additional interest, because etanercept has been proposed as a treatment for myasthenia gravis.
Enhanced interfacial heat transfer by differential vapor recoil instabilities

Abstract During steady evaporation at subatmospheric pressures, spontaneous interfacial convection may be initiated by the differential vapor recoil mechanism. The onset of such convection is marked by a sudden, order-of-magnitude increase in the rate of interfacial transport. This paper presents the first quantitative measurements of the enhancement. Specifically, interfacial heat-transfer coefficients are measured as a function of evaporative flux and operating pressure for triethanolamine evaporating in the range of 0.2–67 Pa pressure. These data are then compared with similar measurements for a TEA surface immobilized by a soluble surface-active agent, which eliminates interfacial turbulence. In the presence of spontaneous interfacial convection, heat-transfer coefficients increase dramatically with increasing evaporative flux and with decreasing vapor phase pressure (for pressures above 7 Pa). These trends are consistent with the phenomenological model of vapor recoil instabilities and with inferences from linear stability analysis. Such trends are not observed for the surfactant-covered interface. Of particular interest is the sudden decrease in h with decreasing pressure below 7 Pa for the ‘clean’ interface. At these pressures, the gas phase no longer behaves like a continuum and, consequently, the vapor molecules are increasingly less effective at shearing the vapor-liquid interface and driving liquid flows.
On the products of the heterogeneous oxidation reaction at the surfaces of burning coal char particles

The combustion of the char particles of two bituminous coals were investigated in a laminar flow reactor having gaseous environments containing 6 and 12 mole-% oxygen in the temperature range 1550 to 1700 K. Measurements of the size, temperature and velocity of individual particles were made at selected heights above the reactor inlet and hence, at different extents of burnoff. Samples of partially reacted chars, extracted from the reactor at these same heights, were analyzed in order to determine the fraction of the initial mass remaining, m/m o , and the char density. The data were used in the governing mass, momentum and energy balance equations in order to determine overall particle burning rates per unit external surface area. The burning rates determined indicate that account must be made of CO 2 formation in the vicinity of the particle. Whether the CO 2 is formed heterogeneously at the particle surface, or homogeneously in the particle's boundary layer cannot be established definitively. It is shown, however, that the single-film model of a burning carbon sphere with a fraction ψ of the carbon being converted to CO 2 at the particle, surface adequately describes the burning behavior of coal char particles in the 75 to 125 μm size-range. Employing such a model, for the char particles of the bituminous coals investigated, as much as 15% of the carbon content of the particle can be converted to CO 2 at temperatures in the range 1600 to 1700 K. At temperatures above 1800 K. CO is essentially the sole heterogeneous reaction product.
Talking about AI: socially-defined linguistic subcontexts in AI

This paper describes experiments documenting significant variations in word usage patterns within social subgroups of AI researchers. As some phrases have very different collocational patterns than their constituent words, we look beyond occurrences of individual words, to consider word phrases. The mutual information statistic is used to measure the information content of phrases beyond that of their constituent words. Previous research has shown that some phrases are much more informative as word pairs outside topically defined subsets of a document corpus than within it. In this paper we show that individual universities provide an analogous, socially defined context in which locally-used phrases are "exported" into general AI vocabulary.
An Abstract Machine Data Structure For Non-Procedural Functional Models

This paper discusses the implementation of a non-procedural functional modeling language (FML). It describes a compiler, an abstract machine builder, an abstract machine evaluator, and a host simulator interface, which are connected through object-oriented interfaces. The abstract machine contains a representation of the electrical semantics of FML models as well as its compiled code. An event driven logic simulator paradigm is used in its evaluation. The design of the FML compiler is outlined, along with the simulator/FML execution module interface.
Regional Variations and Trends in the Prevalence of Diagnosed Glaucoma in the Medicare Population

Purpose To determine the prevalence of diagnosed glaucoma in the Medicare population and to assess regional variations and trends. Design Retrospective, cross-sectional study. Participants A 5% random sample of Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 years, excluding those in health maintenance organizations. Methods All claims with a glaucoma diagnosis code submitted by ophthalmologists, optometrists, or ambulatory surgery centers were used to estimate prevalence of the diagnosis of glaucoma for each year from 2002 to 2008. Regional variation in diagnosed glaucoma was examined in 9 large geographic regions and in 179 smaller subregions, controlling for patient characteristics and provider supply. Main Outcome Measures The prevalence of diagnosed open-angle glaucoma suspect (OAG-s), open-angle glaucoma (OAG), angle-closure glaucoma suspect (ACG-s), and angle-closure glaucoma (ACG), trends over time, and regional variations in prevalence. Results The overall prevalence increased from 10.4% in 2002 to 11.9% by 2008, largely owing to increase in diagnosed OAG-s (from 3.2% to 4.5%; P Conclusions The relative prevalence of diagnosed ACG compared with diagnosed OAG was lower than expected from population-based data, possibly owing to failure to perform gonioscopy. Substantial regional differences in diagnosed rates existed for all types of glaucoma, even after adjusting for patient characteristics and provider concentration, suggesting possible overdiagnosis in some areas and/or underdiagnosis in other areas. Regionally higher diagnosis rates in the New York area deserve further study. Financial Disclosure(s) The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any of the materials discussed in this article.
Null ellipticity in magneto-optics

Abstract We determine the relationship between the photon, cyclotron, collision and plasma frequencies which ensures a null ellipticity for electromagnetic wave propagation in a free-carrier magnetoplasma. A comparison is made with the condition for null Faraday rotation.
Natural resources and the tradeoff between authoritarianism and development

Abstract Why do African and Middle Eastern countries seem cursed by an abundance of natural resources yet USA, Australia and Norway seem blessed? A growing literature has argued that the benevolence or malignance of natural resources depends upon the quality of institutions. This paper offers a new explanation based on associational freedom and its interaction with the political system. The model predicts that natural resources have an adverse impact on economic performance and transition to democracy in authoritarian regimes but not in democracies. It also predicts that repression of associational freedom will be increasing in natural resources in authoritarian regimes. I test the model's predictions using fixed-effects regressions on an international panel from 1975 to 2000 and find support.
Probing quantum coherent states in bilayer graphene

An active area of post-CMOS device research is to study the possibility of realizing and exploiting exotic quantum states in nanostructures. In this paper we consider one such system, two layers of graphene separated by an oxide insulator. This system has been predicted to have an excitonic condensate that survives above room temperature. We describe a computational technique—path integral quantum Monte Carlo (PIMC)—that directly simulates many-body quantum phenomena, including excitonic condensation. Starting from a simplified quasiparticle model, the many-body PIMC simulations show excitonic pairing and a confirm a superfluid phase that persists above room temperature. We then present an atomistic PIMC model that captures more details of graphene than our quasiparticle model, and discuss how to extract parameters for a non-equilibrium Green’s function calculation.
Wetland Selection by Breeding and Foraging Black Terns in the Prairie Pothole Region of the United States

Abstract. We examined wetland selection by the Black Tern (Chlidonias niger), a species that breeds primarily in the prairie pothole region, has experienced population declines, and is difficult to manage because of low site fidelity. To characterize its selection of wetlands in this region, we surveyed 589 wetlands throughout North and South Dakota. We documented breeding at 5% and foraging at 17% of wetlands. We created predictive habitat models with a machine-learning algorithm, Random Forests, to explore the relative role of local wetland characteristics and those of the surrounding landscape and to evaluate which characteristics were important to predicting breeding versus foraging. We also examined area-dependent wetland selection while addressing the passive sampling bias by replacing occurrence of terns in the models with an index of density. Local wetland variables were more important than landscape variables in predictions of occurrence of breeding and foraging. Wetland size was more important t...
Comparing data accuracy between structured abstracts and full-text journal articles: implications in their use for informing clinical decisions

The peer-reviewed medical literature has grown exponentially. Through mobile devices, previously unavailable clinical resources have now become freely accessible worldwide. These include abstracts and some full-text articles of published studies. Through PubMed/MEDLINE, abstracts can now be conveniently accessed at the point of care.1 ,2 The universal accessibility of abstracts as a knowledge resource in many parts of the world with mobile Internet access has sparked interest in using journal abstracts as evidence-based sources when full-text articles are unavailable to clinicians especially in geographic areas with limited resources.1 ,3 Hence, it was recently proposed that a clinician-oriented web application formatted for mobile devices such as ‘Consensus Abstracts’ could be used to search and review multiple concurring abstracts in MEDLINE/PubMed to inform clinical decisions.1 The abstract is the most often read section of a research article.4 Journal abstracts and related bottom-line summaries are appealing because they are easy to read and give a quick digest of the article.1 ,4–8 As a short summary of the full-text article,8 the abstract incorporates a significant amount of information when written well and is frequently the only part perused by the reader.9 It is essential therefore that the abstract accurately reflects the contents of the full-text article.9 It should be a concise, clear and informative representation of the results or interpretation of the full text.10 Searching abstracts is convenient because it contains most of the article's relevant keywords.11 Many clinicians continue to depend on journal abstracts in seeking answers to clinical questions despite the increasing availability of full-text articles from online archives like PubMed Central12 and other similar repositories. Clinicians and other healthcare practitioners also rely exclusively on abstracts due to lack of time to read the full-text article, poor critical appraisal …
Patterns of Substance Use, Delinquency, and Risk Factors Among Adolescent Inhalant Users

Background: Despite insidious effects, use of inhalant substances by adolescents remains an understudied phenomenon. Objective: This research was designed to identify patterns of past year substance use and delinquency among adolescent inhalant users. Method: The study used a sample of adolescent inhalant users (ages ranged from 12–17 years, n = 7,476) taken from a pooled sample of the 2002 through 2012 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Three-step latent class analyses were conducted with past year substance use and delinquency behaviors as class indicators. Demographic and social covariates were included in the analyses. Results: Analyses yielded a six-class solution comprised of classes of users characterized by low substance use/low delinquency, high substance use/low delinquency, low substance use/fighting, cigarettes/alcohol/marijuana, high substance use/high delinquency, and cigarettes/alcohol/ marijuana/opioids/moderate delinquency. Conclusions: Findings provide insight into the taxon...
‘It's just drama’: teen perspectives on conflict and aggression in a networked era

Contemporary youth conflict often plays out through social media like Facebook and Twitter. ‘Drama’ is an emergent concept describing performative, interpersonal conflict that takes place in front of an active, engaged audience, often on social media. Using ethnographic data, this paper examines how American teenagers conceptualize the term drama; the relationship between drama and social media; and the implications drama has for understanding contemporary teenage conflict. The emic use of drama distances teens from practices conceptualized by adults as bullying or relational aggression, while acknowledging the role of the audience in social media interactions. Drama also serves to reinforce the conventional gendered norms of high school, perpetrating the systemic undervaluing of feminine subjects and re-inscribing heteronormativity. Understanding how drama operates helps illuminate how widespread use of social media among teenagers has altered dynamics of aggression and conflict.