cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Halide Complexes of Ions with Electronic Structures 4d105s2 and 5d106s2

Weak halide complexes of Sn2+, Sb3+, Pb2+, and Bi3+ are being studied by solubility (1) and spectrophotometric techniques in aqueous solutions of high, constant, ion normality in an effort to determine the maximum ligand numbers and the relative importance of various intermediate complexes. The work so far tends to give more information on complexes of highest and next highest ligand number than on those of low ligand number.
Preoperative Anemia in Hindfoot and Ankle Arthrodesis

This is a retrospective study (n = 39) evaluating the postoperative outcomes of patients with mild to moderate preoperative anemia who underwent a hindfoot and/or ankle arthrodesis. In the study, 32 patients did not have preoperative anemia, and 7 had preoperative anemia. Mortality, length of hospital stay, blood transfusions, deep-vein thrombosis, infection, time to union, malunion, delayed union, nonunion, and ulceration were of particular interest. Comparative analyses between patients with preoperative anemia and those without were performed utilizing the independent samples t-test or by the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test. The Fisher exact test was used to analyze categorical data. The Shapiro-Wilk test was utilized to check normality. Statistical significance was defined at a 2-sided level of P <.05. Delayed union, nonunion, and malunion were all significantly increased in patients with preoperative anemia (P = .032, P = .004, and P = .028, respectively). Accordingly, the median total number of no...
Effective gene flow in a historically fragmented area at the southern edge of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) distribution

Fragmented populations at the edges of a species’ distribution can be highly exposed to the loss of genetic variation, unless sufficient gene flow maintains their genetic connectivity. Gene movements leading to successful establishment of external gametes (i.e. effective gene flow) into fragmented populations can solely be assessed by investigating the origin of natural regeneration. This study is focused on studying gene flow patterns in two silver fir stands in Central Apennines, where the species has a highly fragmented distribution. By using nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers, we investigated genetic variation, fine-scale spatial genetic structure, effective gene flow rates and large-scale connectivity characterizing both stands. Similar levels of genetic variation and low genetic differentiation between stands (F ST = 0.005) and across generations were found, coupled with low inbreeding and weak to absent SGS in the adult cohort (Sp < 0.003). On the other hand, substantial differences between the two stands in terms of gene flow rates were observed. Irrespective of the parentage approach used, higher gene flow rates were found in the stand located at the upper silver fir altitudinal limit, especially for seed-mediated gene flow (0.79 in the upper stand vs. 0.48 in the lower stand). Conversely, the lower stand was characterized by a higher reproductive dominance of local adults. Our findings suggest that, despite similar levels of genetic variation and generally high gene flow rates, different processes may be acting on the two stands, reflecting varying ecological conditions.
Use of Muscle Relaxants in the Intensive Care Unit

Muscle relaxants are now routinely used in intensive care units despite the relative paucity of literature regarding their use, safety, and efficacy in this setting. Although the theory of the phar...
Modest Amounts of Voluntary Exercise Reduce Pain- and Stress-Related Outcomes in a Rat Model of Persistent Hind Limb Inflammation

Abstract Aerobic exercise improves outcomes in a variety of chronic health conditions, yet the support for exercise-induced effects on chronic pain in humans is mixed. Although many rodent studies have examined the effects of exercise on persistent hypersensitivity, the most used forced exercise paradigms that are known to be highly stressful. Because stress can also produce analgesic effects, we studied how voluntary exercise, known to reduce stress in healthy subjects, alters hypersensitivity, stress, and swelling in a rat model of persistent hind paw inflammation. Our data indicate that voluntary exercise rapidly and effectively reduces hypersensitivity as well as stress-related outcomes without altering swelling. Moreover, the level of exercise is unrelated to the analgesic and stress-reducing effects, suggesting that even modest amounts of exercise may impart significant benefit in persistent inflammatory pain states. Perspective Modest levels of voluntary exercise reduce pain- and stress-related outcomes in a rat model of persistent inflammatory pain, independently of the amount of exercise. As such, consistent, self-regulated activity levels may be more relevant to health improvement in persistent pain states than standardized exercise goals.
ALAMO: FPGA acceleration of deep learning algorithms with a modularized RTL compiler

Abstract Deploying Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) on a portable system is still challenging due to the large volume of data, the extensive amount of computation and frequent memory accesses. Although existing high-level synthesis tools (e.g. HLS, OpenCL) for FPGAs dramatically reduce the design time, the resulting implementations are still inefficient with respect to resource allocation for maximizing parallelism and throughput. Manual hardware-level design (i.e., RTL) can improve the efficiency and achieve greater acceleration but that requires an in-depth understanding of both the algorithm structure and the FPGA system architecture. This work presents a scalable solution that achieves the flexibility and reduced design time of high-level synthesis and the near-optimality of an RTL implementation. The proposed solution is a compiler that analyzes the algorithm structure and parameters, and automatically integrates a set of modular and scalable computing primitives to accelerate the operation of various deep learning algorithms on an FPGA. Integrating these modules together for end-to-end CNN implementations, this work quantitatively analyzes the complier's design strategy to optimize the throughput of a given CNN model under the FPGA resource constraints. The proposed RTL compiler, named ALAMO, is demonstrated on Altera Stratix-V GXA7 FPGA for the inference tasks of AlexNet and NiN CNN models, achieving 114.5 GOPS and 117.3 GOPS, respectively. This represents a 1.9X improvement in throughput when compared to the OpenCL-based design. The results illustrate the promise of the automatic compiler solution for modularized and scalable hardware acceleration of deep learning.
Diversity Climate is Good....So How Do We Get There

Diversity may have positive or negative outcomes for employees and organizations, depending on how it is managed. Research suggests that diversity is most likely to be leveraged when the unit has a...
Fired Up, Ready to Go: The Effects of Group-Based and Intergroup Emotions in Politics

Emotions matter in public opinion and political decision-making. Existing literature has examined how individuals experience emotions like anger, anxiety, fear, and disgust, and how these emotions shape a wide range of public opinion and political participation variables. However, this emphasis on individuals provides us with an incomplete picture because ordinary politics are so far removed from our individual lives. That is, much of how we think and behave in the political arena surrounds our membership in groups whether they are gender, partisan, racial, religious, sexual orientation, or otherwise. Thus, presenting us with the following questions: how does group identity shape how we experience emotions? What are the implications of group-based and intergroup emotions for public opinion and political participation? My project uses a survey experiment to examine the political ramifications of group-based pride, shame, and intergroup anger among African-Americans. It will address how eliciting these emotions affect group attitudes, policy opinion, Black Nationalist ideology, and political participation, and provide us with a more nuanced understanding of how individuals think and behave in the political arena.
Inner Retinal Changes in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Revealed Through Adaptive Optics-Optical Coherence Tomography.

Purpose To examine the microstructural changes in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) in a primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) subject at 2 timepoints, 4 months apart. Patients and methods This case-control study (1 POAG subject and 1 normal control) used the single cell, 3-dimensional volumetric imaging capability of an adaptive optics-optical coherence tomography-scanning laser ophthalmoscopy system to examine the inner retina. Results At the area of greatest glaucomatous change in the POAG subject [3-degrees temporal (T), 3-degrees inferior (I), right eye], the GCL was greatly thinned at both timepoints, yet retinal ganglion cell soma remained visible amid a meshwork of capillaries. Microcystic lesions in the INL were visible at both timepoints, ranging in diameter from 8 to 43 μm on day 1 to 11 to 64 μm at 4 months, with an average diameter increase of ∼124%. Small hyperreflective features (not seen in the contralateral eye or control subject) at a depth midway through the INL seemed correlated to the development of microcysts. Conclusions We demonstrate the ability to image microcystic lesions early in their development and have quantified longitudinal changes. The presence of small hyperreflective structures at a layer midway through the INL seems to be a precursor to their formation and is a potential biomarker for assessing POAG severity and progression. The adaptive optics imaging system is also able to visualize retinal ganglion cells in this subject, despite severe thinning of the GCL.
An Integration of Feminism into Experiential Psychotherapy

Feminist therapy altered how marriage and family therapists conceptualized their clients’ realities and psychopathology. Upon an extensive search of the literature, there is a sparse amount of lite...
“Trachealization” of the Esophagus

“Trachealization” of the Esophagus A 32-year-old man presented with recurrent dysphagia caused by food impaction. Endoscopy revealed trachealization of the esophagus, and a diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis was made.
The impact of pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy on conditional survival among patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer

Abstract Purpose Achieving a pathologic complete response (pCR) with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is associated with a favorable prognosis. Patients with pathologic residual disease (pRD) generally have poor outcomes. However, prognosis after radical cystectomy (RC) improves with ongoing survivorship. Our objective was to determine whether the difference in prognosis of patients with pCR and pRD changes over time. Materials and Methods We queried the National Cancer Database for patients who received NAC and RC for localized MIBC (cT2-T4aN0M0) between 1998 and 2012. pCR was defined as ≤Tis disease. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to estimate conditional survival to 5 years given survival to 1, 2, 3, and 4 years post-RC. Cox proportional hazard modeling was used to estimate the effect of pRD vs. pCR on overall survival. Results The cohort comprised 1,553 patients (pCR: 314 and pRD: 1,239). With median follow-up 2.65 years (range 0.01–9.97), median survival was 2.5 years (95% confidence interval 2.2–2.9) and not reached for pRD and pCR, respectively. All patients had improved conditional survival with each additional year of survivorship. Patients with pCR had improved overall survival relative to those with pRD. The effect of pRD vs. pCR on conditional survival did not differ over time (P = 0.7). Conclusions MIBC patients with pCR after NAC have improved conditional survival relative to those with pRD post-RC. This survival advantage does not significantly change over time. These findings may inform patient counseling, surveillance intensity, and novel adjuvant approaches for patients with pRD.
Incentives to take care under contributory and comparative fault: The role of strategic complementarity

Abstract Previous literature on contributory versus comparative negligence has shown that they reach equivalent equilibria. These results, however, depend upon an insufficiently granular model of strategic incentives under the Hand Formula that ignores courts’ information constraints. Taking information constraints into account, we identify a set of cases where care by one agent significantly increases the benefits of care by the other. When such cases obtain under bilateral harm, comparative negligence generates greater incentives for care, but this additional care occurs only when it is not socially optimal (i.e., “defensive care”). By contrast, under unilateral harm or asymmetric costs of care, contributory negligence creates socially excessive care. Therefore, it is possible to socially rank negligence regimes depending upon the symmetry of potential harm and costs of care. We discuss optimal choice of rules in light of these results.
International Student Success: Exploring the Intercultural Competence of Academic Advisors

This study explored how academic advisors developed intercultural competence to work with international students in U.S.-based higher education and student affairs (HESA) master’s programs. Using a...
Lipid rafts come of age.

Ilya Levental outlines maturation of the concept of lipid rafts as an organizational principle of biomembranes.
Evaluation of reaction kinetics models for meso-scale simulations of hotspot initiation and growth in HMX

Abstract Meso-scale modeling of heterogeneous energetic materials requires accurate description of the chemical reaction model that governs the decomposition of solid energetic crystals to gaseous products. For HMX, various 1-step and multi-step Arrhenius based chemical kinetic models are available; these chemical kinetics models for HMX have been calibrated against macro-scale experimental data under different ranges of pressure and temperature conditions, which may lie outside the ranges that arise during void collapse. Therefore, depending on the reaction model, the predicted meso-scale hotspot initiation and growth behavior can vary. Here, we examine the effects of five global HMX reaction kinetics models on predictions of void collapse induced hotspots, viz. the Henson-Smilowitz 1-step (HS1), Menikoff 1-step (M1), Tarver-Nichols 3-step (TN3), Henson-Smilowitz 9-step (HS9) and a 7-step extended Brill-Yetter model (BYS7). Variations in the hotspot behavior predicted using the different models are observed to be significant. A detailed examination of the individual reaction mechanisms of each of these global chemistry models is undertaken to provide insights and understanding of the reaction steps that lead to the differences in the predicted hotspot behavior. For the temperature regime relevant to the void collapse generated hotspots, the differences in the hotspot behavior are attributed to the orders of magnitude variations in the reaction rates that govern the maximum energy release during HMX decomposition. The paper shows that the issue of a suitable kinetics model, even for the commonly used HMX material, remains unsettled.
Introduction to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and applications in the pharmaceutical sciences.

The applications of infrared spectroscopy to pharmaceutical sciences is small compared to the applications of infrared spectroscopy to the fields of chemistry, biology, and biochemistry. This is unfortunate because modern routine infrared spectrometers are excellent research tools that provide very high signal-to-noise, high resolution, and extensive data-manipulation computer software packages. This review summarizes basic principles of infrared spectrometers and the use of Fourier self-deconvolution.
Patient-reported outcomes of meniscal repair and meniscectomy in patients 40 years of age and older show similar good results

The purpose of this study is to evaluate patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in patients aged 40 years and older who underwent meniscal repair or meniscectomy. All patients aged 40 and older who underwent a meniscal repair at a single institution from 2006 to 2017 were included. Meniscal repair cases were matched with a meniscectomy control group in a 1:3 ratio, selected for an equal proportion of concomitant ACL reconstruction in each group. PROMs, collected at a minimum follow-up of 24 months, included International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Evaluation Form (IKDC), Marx activity scale, and a patient satisfaction scale. The primary outcome was IKDC score, which was compared between groups using a Mann–Whitney U test. Rate of failure, defined as repeat ipsilateral knee surgery or surgeon report of failure, was reported. Thirty-five meniscal repair patients and 131 meniscectomy patients were identified; 28 (80.0%) and 67 (51.1%) completed all PROMs with mean follow-up of 4.9 and 5.2 years, respectively. The mean age was 48.5 ± 7.0 years in the meniscal repair cohort and 52.8 ± 7.1 years in the meniscectomy cohort (p = 0.009). Concomitant ACL reconstruction was present in 46.4% and 49.3% of the meniscal repair and meniscectomy cohorts, respectively (n.s.). The median IKDC score was 78 (IQR 66, 87) in the repair cohort and 77 (IQR 56, 86) in the meniscectomy cohort (n.s.). The median Marx activity scale was 3.5 (IQR 0, 8) in the repair cohort and 3.0 (IQR 0, 9) in the meniscectomy cohort (n.s.). Over 85% of both groups were satisfied or very satisfied with no between-group differences (n.s.). In patients aged 40 years and older, patient-reported outcomes at an average of 5 years postoperatively were satisfactory and similar in patients undergoing meniscal repair and meniscectomy, indicating that age alone should not be a contraindication to meniscal repair. Level of evidence: Level III.
Synthetic Cages Associated With Increased Rates of Revision Surgery and Higher Costs Compared to Allograft in ACDF in the Nonelderly Patient

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare all-cause reoperation rates and costs in nonelderly patients treated with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) with structural allograft versus synthetic cages for degenerative pathology. METHODS We queried a private claims database to identify adult patients ( ≤ 65 years) who underwent single-level ACDF in a hospital setting using either structural allograft or a synthetic cage (polyetheretherketone, metal, or hybrid device), from 2010 to 2016. The rate of all-cause reoperations at 2 years were compared between the 2 groups. Index hospitalization costs and 90-day complication rates were also compared. Significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS A total of 26,754 patients were included in the study. 11,514 patients (43%) underwent ACDF with structural allograft and 15,240 (57%) underwent ACDF with a synthetic cage. The patients in the allograft group were younger and more likely to be male. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups with respect to 90-day complications including: wound dehiscence, dysphagia, dysphonia, and hematoma/seroma. In the 2-year postoperative period, the synthetic cage group had a significantly higher rate of allcause reoperation compared to the allograft group (9.1% vs. 8.0%, p = 0.002). Index hospitalization costs were significantly higher in the synthetic cage group compared to those in the allograft group ($23,475 vs. $20,836, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Structural allograft is associated with lower all-cause reoperation rates and lower index costs in nonelderly patients undergoing ACDF surgery for degenerative pathology. It is important to understand this data as we transition toward value-based care.
Ethnic Representation and Willingness to Seek Help as Moderators Between Peer Victimization and Mental Health Outcomes among Latinx Adolescents

Peer victimization, also referred to as bullying victimization, is associated with deleterious mental health outcomes including depression and suicidality. However, most of the bullying literature in the USA is centered around the experiences of non-Latinx White and African American adolescents. To center Latinx experiences, this cross-sectional study includes a sample of Latinx students from 19 Colorado high schools (n = 2554). School-level ethnic peer representation (proportion of Latinx peers) and individual student’s willingness to seek help were examined independently as moderators between bullying victimization and mental health outcomes (depression and suicidality) separately by gender. Results indicated that Latinx youth who experienced peer victimization also reported higher symptoms of depression and suicidality. A greater willingness to seek help was associated with less symptoms of depression and suicidality among young Latinx youth, while school-level ethnic peer representation was only associated with lower symptoms of depression for Latinx adolescent females. Among Latinx youth who were victimized, a greater willingness to seek help was protective for symptoms of depression and suicidality. Results suggest that school-based programs for bullying prevention and mental health promotion need to examine culturally specific protective factors to reduce victimization and promote help-seeking norms among Latinx youth.
Magnetic properties and spin reorientation of hexagonal HoFeO3 thin films

Abstract We present structural, magnetic, and optical properties of hexagonal HoFeO 3 /Al 2 O 3 thin films deposited by Magnetron Sputtering. The x-ray diffraction patterns of HoFeO 3 thin films show the c-planes of a hexagonal structure. The magnetization data display an antiferromagnetic transition temperature, T N ∼ 120 ± 5 K and the magnetization-field hysteresis loops were measured below 100 K, confirming a weak ferromagnetism arising from a spin canting of the Fe 3 + moments. The magnetization data also show an anomaly around ∼ 40 K due to a spin-reorientation transition caused by the Ho 3 + - Fe 3 + interactions. We observed comparable magnetization along the a b plane and c axis although the spin canting of Fe 3 + sites has a preferential component along the c axis, suggesting that the Ho 3 + - Fe 3 + interactions dominate in the low temperature magnetic structures of hexagonal-HoFeO 3 . The observed electronic excitations at ∼ 2.29, 2.87, 3.82, 4.79, and 6.53 eV have been assigned to the Fe 3 + d to d on-site as well as O 2 p to Fe 3 d , Ho 6 s , and 5 d charge-transfer excitations, respectively. The room temperature energy band gap of the hexagonal-HoFeO 3 thin film was measured to be ∼ 1.99 ± 0.04 eV.
Role of Interventional Radiology in Children with Biliary and Gallbladder Diseases

Biliary and gallbladder diseases in infants and children often present unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges that require a fundamental understanding of notable biliary diseases and anatomical variations. Surgical and endoscopic approaches that are often the gold standard in adult biliary treatment may be technically challenging and are associated with a high morbidity that may warrant a multidisciplinary treatment approach. This article will provide a comprehensive overview of the biliary conditions where interventional radiology can play a vital role in the diagnosis, management, and treatment. Differences in approach or technique between children and adults will be highlighted.
Production of Acetoin and Diacetyl by the Genus Salmonella

Members (all 42 tested) of the genus Salmonella, although Voges-Proskauer-negative when grown on MR-VP Medium, produce abundant quantities of acetoin or diacetyl, or both, when cultured on a minimal medium containing 1% glucose. The designation that the genus Salmonella does not produce acetoin should be re-examined.
Polls and Elections: Leviathan's Reach? The Impact of Political Consultants on the Outcomes of the 2012 Republican Presidential Primaries and Caucuses

Recent scholarship into American political parties argues that the power to nominate presidential candidates has not entirely devolved from the party to voters but retains party influence via a network of allied actors including political consultants. Once party elites coalesce around a preferred candidate, primary voters tend to comply with their will. However, scholarship has not yet shown whether consultants help produce this effect. Consultants, even those with close contractual ties to the party organization, do not behave as this view expects, and they worked for several GOP candidates in 2012, enhancing intraparty competition rather than rallying around the front-runner.
Surgical Treatment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has undergone evolution and refinement over the past three decades. Changes in the understanding of HCC with respect to tumor size, number and location, underlying liver function and portal pressure, and hepatic anatomy, in combination with refinement of surgical techniques and technologies, have greatly influenced the approach to surgical management. Surgery is considered the mainstay of curative HCC treatment with resection and transplantation achieving the best outcomes in well-selected candidates (5-year survival of 60–80 %). Surgical resection of HCC, especially within the Milano/Mazzaferro criteria (i.e., solitary tumor ≤ 5 cm or up to three tumors all ≤ 3 cm) in patients with well-preserved liver function (Child-Pugh A and selectively B patients), offers the greatest chances for survival. Liver transplantation is considered the treatment of choice for patients with compromised liver function (Child-Pugh B/C). The clinical parameters identified in this Chapter will be used to generate Digital Patient Models (DPMs) to facilitate diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment selection, i.e. Model Guided Therapy (MGT). The following have been identified as key issues relating to Predictive, Preventive, and Personalized Medicine (PPPM) and surgical treatment for HCC: tumor characterization, such as size, number, and vascular invasion; the patientʼs clinical status, particularly the presence of cirrhosis, the degree of portal hypertension, and liver functional reserve; pre-operative management, such as patient selection for resection or transplantation, choice of donor, down-staging and bridging therapies; and, surgical techniques, including techniques to minimize blood loss and to ensure an adequate liver remnant.
Design considerations in applying disruption tolerant networking to tactical edge networks

In recent years there has been a strong desire in the U.S. Department of Defense to augment traditional ground and satellite communications with a high capacity aerial tier. High capacity airborne links are often directional in nature and highly affected by aircraft body blockage, exhibiting unique outage characteristics compared to ground or satellite networks. To mitigate the effects of periodic link outages that last seconds to minutes, disruption tolerant networking (DTN) technology has been proposed. In this article we examine applying the DTN Bundle Protocol (RFC 5050) to ship-to-shore networks for traffic flowing over the aerial nodes. Specifically, we examine applying DTN proxies, tunnels, and interfaces to both the plaintext and ciphertext side of military networks to understand architecture and design considerations and limitations.
Mass spectrometric 3He measurement in 4He‐rich phases: Techniques and limitations for cosmogenic 3He dating of zircon, apatite, and titanite

Recent calibration studies have expanded the range of target minerals suitable for cosmogenic ^3He dating to include U and Th-rich phases such as zircon, apatite, and titanite. These minerals often contain large amounts of radiogenic ^4He that present several analytical challenges for precise and accurate ^3He determinations. In this paper we document the abundance sensitivity and changes in the absolute sensitivity and time evolution of the ^3He signal over a wide range of ^4He pressures in a MAP 215-50 noble gas mass spectrometer. Large (>50%) decreases in sensitivity with ^4He amount arising from space charge effects were observed but can be corrected for using an isotope dilution–like technique in which ^3He spike is added to a sample midway through the mass spectrometric analysis. Large amounts of ^4He also cause the time evolution of the ^3He signal to become steeper, degrading precision of the initial peak height determination from the intercept. Taken together we find that these effects preclude reliable analysis of samples with ^4He > 1 μmol and that ^3He/^4He ratios of greater than ~5 × 10^(−10) are required to routinely measure ^3He to better than 20% precision. We present some general considerations by which to assess the probability of success of measuring cosmogenic ^3He in these phases as a function of elevation, exposure age, and helium cooling age.
Online Foreign Language Education: What Are the Proficiency Outcomes?

The author looks at the growth in the use of online instruction in teaching foreign languages and discusses efforts to assess the effectiveness of such instruction. He notes that there has been more research on online foreign language study at the university level than at the elementary and secondary levels. Non-school online language learning programs including Rosetta Stone and Duolingo are also discussed.
1,3‐Dioxan‐5‐ol

[1,3-Dioxan-5-ol] [4740-78-7] C4H8O3 (MW 104.10) InChI = 1S/C4H8O3/c5-4-1-6-3-7-2-4/h4-5H,1-3H2 InChIKey = VCKSNYNNVSOWEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alternate Names: m-dioxan-5-ol; glycerol formal; 1,3-formalglycerol; 5-hydroxy-1,3-dioxane. Physical Data: density 1.191 g mL−1; b.p. 193.8 °C; f.p. 79 °C; colorless oil. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 4.93 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.94–3.84 (m, 4H), 3.64–3.61 (m, 1H), 2.78 (bs, 1H). 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ 94.0, 71.7, 64.1. Form Supplied in: commercially available as a 67–33% mixture of the title compound with 4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolane. Solubility: soluble in water, methanol, dichloromethane, chloroform, DMSO, and ethyl acetate. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the title compound is known to have acute oral toxicity. The title compound is hygroscopic. While working in a laboratory fume hood, proper safety precautions include wearing safety eyewear, appropriate gloves, and a laboratory coat. Compound causes skin and eye irritation. In case of exposure to skin, wash with soap and water; while with exposure to eyes, rinse thoroughly with water for 15 min. Contact a physician immediately.
The natural and artificial formation of snow in the atmosphere

Experiments, both in a laboratory and in nature, are described, in which small quantities of solid carbon dioxide have been used to produce enormous quantities of Miow crystals from clouds of supercooled water droplets. The solid carbon dioxide, or any other object colder than about −39°C, converts the supercooled water droplets to tiny ice crystals which grow, by vapor exchange, and become snow crystals. The conditions under which such action may be followed by precipitation are discussed.
Electroencephalographic and evoked potential correlates of reaction time and visual discrimination performance

Electroencephalographic (EEG) and evoked cortical potential (ECP) measures of arousal were found to be related to level of performance on a reaction time and visual discrimination task. ECP measures were more strongly associated with performance on both tasks than any of the EEG measures. However, the very weak association between arousal measures and visual discrimination performance suggested that arousal plays a limited role in the control of complex decision processes.
Forced Resting Bobwhite Quail Breeders and Their Subsequent Reproductive Performance

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to determine the influence of forced resting on the productive performance of Bobwhite quail breeders. In Experiments 1 and 2, breeders that were 60 and 54 weeks of age, respectively, were placed on a 5-week light restriction program. Light was decreased from 17 hr of light per day to 10.6 and 10.2 hr of natural light plus a “brown-out” condition for 6.4 and 6.8 hr in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. In Experiment 3, a conventional water and feed restriction method and low dietary salt method, both without light restriction, were compared. A cessation of egg production was effectively produced by the light restriction method used in Experiments 1 and 2 and the two dietary restriction methods in Experiment 3. However, post-rest production was slightly lower than that of unrested controls. Fertility was numerically higher for rested birds in all experiments. Egg weight, shell thickness, specific gravity, and albumen quality were not significantly affected by the forced rest. Feed consumption and body weight were reduced during the rest period by both methods of forced resting in Experiment 3.
Subjective evaluation: linguistic scales in pairwise comparison methods

Abstract This technical note reviews the application of a simple pairwise comparison method to multi-objective subjective evaluation problems and reports the results of an experiment exploring the use of linguistic scales in soliciting responses for Saaty's pairwise comparison method. The experimental results also illustrate the usefulness of a subjective evaluation technique in structural engineering.
Fault Aware Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) collect information about the physical environment aiding to a wide variety of applications ranging from target detection to monitoring of harmful chemical gases. The drive to scale down the system size and cost has resulted in constraints in the quality of components. Reliable and accurate performance of sensors is necessary in critical applications. In this paper, we present statistical data analysis and signal processing techniques at the sensor node level to detect sensor faults and to eliminate noise. We also present the simulation of the proposed algorithm using real sensor data and demonstrate that the algorithm can distinguish between sensor faults and environmental events. Furthermore, we describe the real-time implementation of the developed algorithm. The information regarding the faulty sensor is broadcast to all nodes and the central processing base station node thereby achieving autonomous node level operation and a complete fault aware system.
Long-Slit Spectroscopy of Starburst Galaxies

We present high-resolution, long-slit spectra of nine optically bright nuclear star-burst galaxies (SBGs) selected from the sample of Balzano from which we measure line strengths, line widths, and velocity profiles along the slit in the Hα, [N II], and [S II] emission lines. We show that these galaxies have strong nebular emission (and presumably star formation) extending over several hundred to more than a thousand parsecs from their centers. We find that the peak of the continuum and line emission profiles are displaced from the center (as defined by the rotation curve) in many of the galaxies. Gas densities and ionization levels in the SBGs fall in the range expected for giant H II region complexes, although the line widths are often much larger. The velocity profile in each galaxy is consistent with a rotation curve in which emission-line material is confined to a disk coaligned with that of the parent galaxy. The star-burst therefore likely consists of from tens to thousands of massive H II regions rather than one giant, spherical complex. The line widths would then result from an intrinsic velocity dispersion and rotational broadening.
Delay discounting differentiates pre-adolescents at high and low risk for substance use disorders based on family history

Background Youth with family histories of substance use disorders (FH+) are at increased risk for developing substance use disorders relative to those without such histories (FH−). FH+ individuals show deficits in impulse control that parallel those in individuals with substance use disorders. Elucidating how specific components of impulse control are affected in FH+ pre-adolescents would advance our understanding of how deficits in impulse control relate to risk of substance use disorders.
1602 ASSOCIATION OF HYPERTENSION AND FLUIDS WITH CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF SEVERE INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE(ICH) IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS

Fluid overload in VLBW infants and induced hypertension in animals have been implicated in the etiology of ICH. We compared 51 clinical and biochemical variables from 34 VLBW infants with autopsy proved severe ICH, and 38 randomly selected control infants (C). No differences were found between the groups in:4 prenatal stress factors,mode of presentation and delivery, admissionblood gases and diagnosis. ICH group had 2/3 symptoms of severe ICH by 29.8±20 (SD)hours. C infants had no symptoms, normal CSF and are developing normally. B.Wt and G.A. were,ICH:0.93kg and 28Wks: C group 1.2kg and 30 Wks (p<0.05).Other results, (x± SE values)are in the Table. ICH infants were smaller, 1.5 Wks less mature, more asphyxiated and colder on admission.(*p<.05)They received slightly more fluid (N.S) on day 1. On day 2 however, they became more symptomatic, had elevated mean BP, and had received about 30ml/Kg. more fluids(*p<.05). We feel that in VLBW infants, asphyxia sets up a stage for ICH.Vigorous resucitation, and rapid volume expansion trigger a hypertensive response precipitating the final episode of massive ICH.
Pathogenesis of Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis: Human Data

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has moved rapidly to the forefront of clinical disease, with a prevalence of 30% in the adult United States population and a definite but yet uncertain rate of progression to cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. This disease has an impact on all areas of clinical medicine, with increasing prevalence and adversity. It is essential to understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in NAFLD, so that therapeutic strategies can be developed. Although fatty liver may be caused by other factors, this review concentrates on fatty liver associated with insulin resistance, sometimes referred to as the primary form.
Equilibrium chemical modelling of heavy metals in activated sludge

A chemical speciation distribution model of heavy metals, previously developed by Nelson et al. (J. Wat. Pollut. Control Fed. 53, 1323, 1981), was applied to cadmium in activated sludge from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant. In the model, cadmium adsorption to bacterial solids was quantified by the determination of conditional formation constants based on TOC. Adsorption of cadmium strongly pH-dependent. Soluble cadmium speciation was dominated by the free cadmium ion below pH 6, by cadmium-organic ligand complexation at pH 6 and 7 and by inorganic species at pH 8 and 9. Cadmium adsorbed by bacterial solids increased greatly with pH from near 30% at pH 4 to near 90% at pH 9. Cadmium speciation and distribution was also modelled in an indifferent electrolyte suspension of bacterial solids and in activated sludge using adsorption constants from the indifferent electrolyte medium.
CueVideo: automated multimedia indexing and retrieval

We demonstrate CueVideo: a system for automated indexing and retrieval of multimedia. The system consists of the following components: video analysis and segmentation, visualization and summarization techniques, spoken document retrieval and cross-modal indexing of audio/video, related slides and text
Characterization of the Human Glucocorticoid Receptor Promoter

To elucidate the functional elements that are involved in the regulation of the human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR) gene, transient expression, DNase I footprinting, and gel mobility shift analyses were conducted. We found that the hGR promoter region between -700 and +38 bp contained 11 footprinted sites. Deletion of the -374 to -183 bp region, which is highly conserved between human and mouse (93%), induced a 5-24-fold reduction in promoter activity in HeLa, NIH3T3, CV1, and HepG2 cells. Three footprints, FP5, FP6, and FP7, were shown to map to this region. In particular, the FP7 site was found to be within the -374 to -347 bp region. Deletion of this region triggered a significant decline in promoter activity in HeLa and NIH3T3 cells but not in HepG2 cells. AP2 was found to bind FP7. In HepG2 cells AP2 elicited transactivation of the hGR promoter activity. Transfection data revealed that the upstream GC box-rich fragment between -700 and -375 bp induced a 4-7-fold activation of the heterologous tk promoter in an orientation-independent manner. Our studies demonstrate that several transcription factors are involved in regulating GR expression and that AP2 could function as an important positive regulator of GR promoter activity.
Particle ratios in inclusive electroproduction from hydrogen and deuterium

Abstract We present a high statistics study of particle ratios in electroproduction of forward hadrons. The π + / π − ratios for a proton target rise monotonically to a value of 2.4 ± 0.2 at Q 2 of 3 (GeV/ c ) 2 and for a neutron target average 1.16 ± 0.04 from Q 2 of 0.35 to 3 (GeV/ c ) 2 . We report the first data on electroproduction of p , and measure the cross sections of K ± , p, and p relative to pions as a function of Q 2 .
Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of androgen receptor as a determinant of androgen agonistic or antagonistic activity.

Abstract Protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation is an important posttranslational modification that plays a critical role in signal transduction. The androgen receptor (AR) is under such control. We demonstrate that androgen receptor phosphorylation determines whether or not AR ligands perform as agonists or antagonists in LNCaP cells. Androgen receptor ligands (such as dihydrotestosterone and β-estradiol) stimulate receptor expression and phosphorylation and, as a result, they act as agonists or partial agonists. In contrast, agents such as bicalutamide and estramustine inhibit the receptor phosphorylation and act as antagonists. This model is supported by gene expression and transactivation assays. Significant increases in levels of both mRNA and protein of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a natural AR target gene, occur following the treatment of LNCaP cells with DHT, β-estradiol, or hydroxyflutamide. In contrast, exposure of LNCaP cells to bicalutamide or estramustine results in a sharp decrease of PSA expression. Agonistic or antagonistic effect of these compounds on PSA expression parallels the level of phosphorylated, but not dephosphorylated androgen receptors. These agonistic or antagonistic effects are also observed in HeLa cells transfected with wild-type AR expression plasmid (pAR0) and AR-driven luciferase expression plasmid GRE-tk-LUC in the presence of different groups of AR blockers. Our data indicate that the functional status of androgen receptors is strongly correlated with the phosphorylation status of the receptors, and that the phosphorylated androgen receptor is the form of the receptor transcriptionally active in regulation. Thus the androgen receptor phosphorylation/dephosphorylation may serve as a new molecular target for screening androgen antagonists for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Migrant selection in a natural population ofDrosophila

Migrant flies ofDrosophila nigrospiracula, a desert species, showed a higher rate of mating than non migrant flies. Increase of mating ability may be favoured by low migration rate, but its causes are not yet well understood. This is the first time that migrant selection is documented from nature.
Hyperactivation of MAPK Induces Loss of ERα Expression in Breast Cancer Cells

ERα-negative breast tumors tend to overexpress growth factor receptors such as epidermal growth factor receptor or c-erbB-2. Raf-1 is a key intermediate in the signal transduction pathways of these receptors. High levels of constitutive Raf kinase (Δraf) activity imparts ERα- positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells with the ability to grow in the absence of estrogen. Δraf transfectants maintained in estrogen-depleted media showed greatly diminished responses to 17β-estradiol or the pure antiestrogen ICI 182,780. Western blotting, ligand binding, and immunohistochemistry assays revealed a loss of ERα protein expression, and ribonuclease protection assays indicated that this correlated with loss of ERα message. In examining the basal expression of estrogen-induced genes in the stable transfectants or in transient cotransfection assays with an estrogen-response element- reporter construct and Δraf or constitutively active MAPK kinase (ΔMEK), no ligand- independent activation of ERα was observed. Transient express...
Wind loads on low buildings: in the wake of Alan Davenport's contributions

The paper reviews the evolution of knowledge and its current state regarding the evaluation of wind loads on low buildings by placing particular emphasis on Alan Davenport's contributions. These contributions have paved the way to the current state-of-the-art and have influenced the thinking of not only Alan's closest collaborators but also of other researchers in this area around the world. The paper will provide a brief historical perspective, followed by some detailed description of the University of Western Ontario's research on wind loads on low buildings carried out in the 1970s. Visualizing the wake of Davenport's contributions in this area, the paper will refer to the influence of this knowledge in the formulation of design load provisions in contemporary wind standards and codes of practice. The paper will also discuss the status of computational wind engineering as well as the so-called computer-aided wind engineering in the evaluation of wind pressures on low buildings.
From gene to HSQC in under five hours: high-throughput NMR proteomics.

A simple, rapid, in vitro cell-free protein expression system, Expressway NMR, is introduced and used to express the small ubiquitin-related modifier protein SUMO-1. This 12 kDa molecule is challenging for NMR as it has limited solubility and requires relatively high salt (200 mM) for stability in solution. Starting with the gene, the cell-free system, and milligram amounts of nitrogen-15 isotopically enriched amino acids, sufficient protein is produced in 4 h to obtain a high-resolution 2D HSQC spectrum of the protein in 40 min. This time would be closer to 10 min with the aid of a higher sensitivity salt-tolerant cryogenic NMR probe. With all protein purification steps included, and aggressive data processing using the filter diagonalization method (FDM), it is but 6 h from gene to heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC). As the cell-free system is nearly background-free, it is also possible to work with the crude reaction mixture, in which case only a total of 5 h is required. Sample stability ov...
Viscous creep ratchetting of nuclear reactor fuel elements

Abstract This paper is concerned with the analysis of creep ratchetting in sealed nuclear reactor fuel elements which are under the influence of variable internal pressure forces and long-time cyclic thermal loadings. A simple model which represents the behavior of the cladding when subjected to the imposed loading is established, and the equations pertinent to the solution of the problem are presented for the case when the material creep law is of the form ϵ = K(σ − σ 0 ) . A method for using this law when the material has an arbitrary creep law variation is presented, and a simple numerical example is worked to illustrate the use of the method when the creep strain rate is related to stress by a simple power law. A study is made to show what effect the material properties and loading have on influencing the creep ratchetting behavior of the model, and the accuracy of the results obtained by the model analysis when applied to reactor fuel elements is then discussed. The analysis appears to offer a realistic compromise between accurate behavior description and mathematical tractability.