cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Explicit robust schemes for implementation of a class of principal value-based constitutive models : symbolic and numeric implementation

The issue of developing effective and robust schemes to implement a class of the Ogden-type hyperelastic constitutive models is addressed. To this end, special purpose functions (running under MACSYMA) are developed for the symbolic derivation, evaluation, and automatic FORTRAN code generation of explicit expressions for the corresponding stress function and material tangent stiffness tensors. These explicit forms are valid over the entire deformation range, since the singularities resulting from repeated principal-stretch values have been theoretically removed. The required computational algorithms are outlined, and the resulting FORTRAN computer code is presented.
New taxa of Hawaiian corticioid fungi are described with keys to Crustoderma, Radulomyces, and Scopuloides

Four new species of corticioid fungi from Hawaii are described and illustrated. The new genus Hemmesomyces is described to accommodate the new species H. puauluensis. Radulomyces tantalusensis, Crustoderma fuscatum and Scopuloides magnacystidia- ta also are described as new. In addition, the new combination Crustoderma vulcanense is proposed. Keys to the species of Crustoderma, Radulomyces and Scopuloides are provided. Key words: Corticiaceae, Crustoderma fuscatum, Crustoderma vulcanense, Hemmesomyces puauluensis, Radulomyces tantalusensis, Scopuloides magnacystidia- ta, taxonomy
Estimation of T2* in functional spectroscopy during visual stimulation

Changes in T2* of activated pixels were estimated using single voxel and 1D chemical shift imaging (CSI) proton spectroscopy during visual stimulation. A single voxel was angulated and positioned to enclose activated pixels as determined by a corresponding functional MRI study. Eddy currents in angulated voxel studies produced a bump in the water peak, which was removed by modeling a biexponential function with two frequencies to fit the time domain data. The results show approximately 1.8% T2* change when averaged over five subjects. Non-angulated voxels, which do not enclose the activated pixels as closely as the angulated voxels but are free from eddy current artifacts were also studied. It was possible to separate the contributions from brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) in the non-angulated voxels through a two-compartment model. Changes in the T2* during stimulation were detected for the tissue compartment only. Fitting also determined the amplitude of the water signal which is directly related to any T1 or in-flow related changes. The results show negligible changes in the amplitude. The height of the water peak in frequency domain, which is directly related to T2*, was found to increase during stimulation in a proportionate manner. The peak height was also used to localize activation in the visual cortex in 1D CSI experiments. It is concluded that T2* changes reflecting a blood oxygenation level dependent or BOLD effect are demonstrated in these studies.
Two Neuropeptides Colocalized in a Command-Like Neuron Use Distinct Mechanisms to Enhance Its Fast Synaptic Connection

In many neurons more than one peptide is colocalized with a classical neurotransmitter. The functional consequence of such an arrangement has been rarely investigated. Here, within the feeding circ...
Using Automation in Technical Services To Foster Innovation.

Abstract Current conditions impel technical services librarians to consider new ways of doing business, to foster innovation, and to implement innovative ideas. New approaches such as outsourcing and centralizing selection, OCLC's Passport for Windows, and OCLC's PromptCat illustrate the process of facilitating and fostering new ways of thinking about technical services processes.
Michel Serres: a troubadour for science, philosophy and education

When all the people of the world finally speak the same language and commune in the same message or the same norm of reason, we will descend, idiot imbeciles, lower than rats, more stupidly than lizards. The same maniacal language and science, the same repetitions of the same in all latitudes–an earth covered with screeching parrots. (Serres, 1997, p. 124) The goal of instruction is the end of instruction, that is to say invention. Invention is the only true intellectual act, the only act of intelligence. The rest? Copying, cheating, reproduction, laziness, convention, battle, sleep. Only discovery awakens. Only invention proves that one truly thinks what one thinks, whatever that may be. (Serres, 1997, pp. 92–93)
Attention, Joint Attention, and Social Cognition

Before social cognition there is joint processing of information about the attention of self and others. This joint attention requires the integrated activation of a distributed cortical network involving the anterior and posterior attention systems. In infancy, practice with the integrated activation of this distributed attention network is a major contributor to the development of social cognition. Thus, the functional neuroanatomies of social cognition and the anterior-posterior attention systems have much in common. These propositions have implications for understanding joint attention, social cognition, and autism.
Low Cycle Fatigue of FeAl (42 at. % Al) at Room Temperature

The monotonie mechanical behavior in tension and compression of FeAl has been well documented. However, very little work has been done on the cyclic deformation behavior of this material. In this work, the behavior of FeAl (42 at. % Al) under low cycle fatigue was studied, including the effects of test environments and surface coatings. It was found that the fatigue life of this alloy is limited by environmental embrittlement. This embrittlement process can be equally well prevented by deformation in an oxygen environment or by coating the alloy with a protective film. The type of film applied appears to have little effect. Similar results were seen in monotonie testing.
Imaging of Intact Tissue Sections: Moving Beyond the Microscope

MALDI-imaging MS is a new molecular imaging technology for direct in situ analysis of thin tissue sections. Multiple analytes can be monitored simultaneously without prior knowledge of their identities and without the need for target-specific reagents such as antibodies. Imaging MS provides important insights into biological processes because the native distributions of molecules are minimally disturbed, and histological features remain intact throughout the analysis. A wide variety of molecules can be imaged, including proteins, peptides, lipids, drugs, and metabolites. Several specific examples are presented to highlight the utility of the technology.
Place, Not Race: Disparities Dissipate In Southwest Baltimore When Blacks And Whites Live Under Similar Conditions

Much of the current health disparities literature fails to account for the fact that the nation is largely segregated, leaving racial groups exposed to different health risks and with variable access to health services based on where they live. We sought to determine if racial health disparities typically reported in national studies remain the same when black and white Americans live in integrated settings. Focusing on a racially integrated, low-income neighborhood of Southwest Baltimore, Maryland, we found that nationally reported disparities in hypertension, diabetes, obesity among women, and use of health services either vanished or substantially narrowed. The sole exception was smoking: We found that white residents were more likely than black residents to smoke, underscoring the higher rates of ill health in whites in the Baltimore sample than seen in national data. As a result, we concluded that racial differences in social environments explain a meaningful portion of disparities typically found in national data. We further concluded that when social factors are equalized, racial disparities are minimized. Policies aimed solely at health behavior change, biological differences among racial groups, or increased access to health care are limited in their ability to close racial disparities in health. Such policies must address the differing resources of neighborhoods and must aim to improve the underlying conditions of health for all.
Health policy implications of emerging infections.

The solutions to emerging disease problems involve politics and policy issues, as well as solid science. The National Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Medicine (IOM), whose mission is to “improve the health of people of the nation and the world,” draws upon the expertise of elected members as well as others in the United States and other nations to make policy recommendations. Groups convene to debate contentious issues and publish evidence-based reports with recommendations to government, academia, industry, and the public. Evidence-based reports are the foundation upon which policy can be built. In this last decade, IOM has produced several documents that have focused on emerging infections and provided a springboard for policy on a local, nationwide, and international scale. The U.S. Capacity to Address Tropical Infectious Disease Problems (1987) (1) concluded that U.S. capacity was barely adequate and that improvement in policies and modest additional funding could make a substantially stronger contribution to the field. Required efforts included sustained support for basic and applied research; accelerated development and testing of new preventive, therapeutic, and diagnostic technologies; sustainable career structures for tropical disease professionals; increased capacity to train U.S. tropical disease professionals and those from developing countries in research and public health service; development of disease surveillance capabilities; strengthened institutional capabilities in developing countries; and flexible, responsive administration of programs. The Future of Public Health (1988) (2) report made three basic recommendations regarding the mission of public health and defined its core functions to be assessment, policy development, and assurance. It also included guidance for the government’s role in fulfilling the public health mission and the responsibilities unique to each level of government. The report has been a useful blueprint for the past decade. Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States (1992)(3) identified significant emerging infectious diseases, determined what might be done to deal with them, and recommended how similar future threats might be confronted to lessen their impact on public health. The document focused on factors contributing to disease emergence, not the diseases themselves: human demographics and behavior, technology and industry, economic development and land use, international travel and commerce, microbial adaptation and change, and the breakdown of public health measures. Sexually Transmitted Diseases: The Hidden Epidemic (1997) (4) focused on the need for a new social norm of healthy sexual behavior. The small investment in prevention efforts was contrasted with the very high costs of care for treating sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (Figure 1). The report also examined the obstacles and opportunities presented by managed care. Limitations include the low priority for STD prevention, emphasis on short-term cost savings, Health Policy Implications of Emerging Infections
Implementation of Control and Prevention Strategies for Managing Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) by the Georgia Invasive Species Task Force

Abstract With only 49 known infestations, cogongrass, Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv., is an emerging invasive species in Georgia. To facilitate cooperation in all areas of management, both of cogongrass and other invasive species, state and federal agencies, university personnel, and Georgia Exotic Pest Plant Council members have combined to form the Georgia Invasive Species Task Force. The task force has adopted a four-fold approach to managing cogongrass in Georgia: (1) management of known infestations, (2) discovery of any existing but unknown infestations, (3) reduction of pathways of spread, and (4) preparation for new infestations. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Plant Protection and Quarantine, or Georgia Forestry Commission personnel are currently administering control efforts on known infestations. University of Georgia faculty and staff are maintaining a database of known infestations and have created an online mapping program of their locat...
Accurate Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate

Measurement of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in patients with chronic renal disease has recently assumed increasing importance. Responsibility for this evolutionary change can be directly traced to our understanding of the limitations of plasma creatinine and creatinine clearance as markers of GFR (1,2) and the need for accurate and precise quantitation of GFR as potential therapies for progressive renal disease are being evaluated (3). Traditional methods for measurement of GFR are accurate but cumbersome and inconvenient for patients. Newer methods are sometimes less accurate but offer advantages of reproducibility and are more readily implemented. In this review, we discuss the attributes and limitations of different methods and markers for the assessment of GFR with an emphasis on clearance using radioisotopic markers.
Soft tissues, hard times: a mordant affair

A stern wind embraced Denmark’s capital this Saturday morning, January 15, 1972. Copenhagen had already been severely chilled by yesterday’s passing of King Frederik IX, descendant of first King Gorm. Nonetheless, there was widespread confidence in Margrethe, Frederik and Ingrid’s oldest, who today would become Denmark’s first reigning Queen — an event made possible by a plebiscite in 1956 that unanimously amended the Act of Succession. Nicole Jacobsen, resident in internal medicine, considered Margrethe a symbol of national freedom and women’s equality. Buoyed by this historic event, she began morning rounds. Mrs. T., a 52 year old, had been admitted with a two month history of weakness, constipation and headache. Typical rheumatoid erosions of hands and feet had appeared 20 years earlier; tender masses now involved affected joints. Blood pressure normal; aortic ejection murmur; and soft, tender masses of feet and hands. Elevated Ž . Ž . blood urea nitrogen BUN and creatinine Cr ; hypercalcemia, normal phosphorus, slightly elevated alkaline phosphatase, and increased urinary calcium excretion. Extensive periarticular calcifications on X-ray. Nicole ascribed respective symptoms and signs to hypercalcemia and calcification of dystrophic tissues. But why and why aortic sclerosis? Parathyroid function normal; no evidence of malignancy. From Mrs. T’s daughter, Nicole uncovered that over the past 18 months mother had subscribed to an arthritic remedy handed down from Viking folklore. This daily regimen called for several tablespoons of cod liver oil served with large glasses of milk. Nicole made the diagnosis of vitamin D intoxication. Mr. S., a 67 year old farmer, presented with nausea and
Factors associated with systemic to pulmonary arterial collateral flow in single ventricle patients with superior cavopulmonary connections

Objective Systemic to pulmonary arterial collateral flow (CollF) is common in single ventricle patients with superior cavopulmonary connections (SCPC), although associations with CollF are not well understood. We previously described a method to quantify CollF by cardiac MRI (CMR). We sought to identify factors associated with CollF in a large cross section of patients with SCPC. Methods A retrospective observational cohort study of events from birth to study CMR was performed for all patients with SCPC who had CollF quantified by CMR. Results CollF was quantified in 96 patients at a median age of 2.6 (IQR 1.9–3.1) years and 2.1 (1.4–2.7) years after SCPC and measured 1.6±0.7 L/min/m 2 (33±11% of aortic flow and 48±16% of pulmonary venous flow). Significantly higher amounts of indices of CollF were associated with: duration of chest tubes (p≤0.05 for all), intensive care unit and hospital length of stay (p≤0.04 for all), higher O 2 saturation at Stage 2 discharge (p=0.04 for CollF/aortic), female sex (p≤0.007 for CollF/aortic and CollF/pulmonary venous), and history of a Blalock-Taussig shunt (p 2 saturation at Stage 2 discharge (p=0.013 for CollF/aortic) and total chest tube days (p=0.001 for all). These models explained 20–22% of the variance in the outcomes. Conclusions These data support hypotheses that perioperative morbidity and pleural inflammation play a role in CollF development and that CollF affects pulmonary blood flow.
Mind wandering, control failures, and social media distractions in online learning

Abstract Mind wandering often leads to performance and accuracy errors during activities that are demanding and require concentration. Students are often asked to concentrate on demanding tasks in their studies, and by the nature of this principle, off-task thinking would inherently be prohibitive to their success. Further, the distracting nature of social media and technology may greatly increase the likelihood of mind wandering when students are engaged in online learning, requiring them to engage with said technology. To examine the relationships among working memory, interest, mind wandering and performance, 126 participants from at a large Midwestern state university completed three complex span tasks, responded to mind-wandering probes while watching two online lectures and rated interest in the lecture topics. Higher levels of mind wandering predicted lower levels of academic performance. Lower levels of working memory capacity predicted higher levels of mind wandering and lower levels of academic performance. Higher levels of topic interest predicted lower levels of mind wandering. A novel mind wandering probe, thinking about or using another technology, accounted for 29% of all off-task thinking.
Practicing for Touchdowns

(1981). Practicing for Touchdowns. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 52, No. 5, pp. 38-38.
A Rapid Hydrogen Electrode Method for Determination of Hydrogen Ion Concentrations in Bacterial Cultures or in other Turbid or Colored Solutions

Recently the determination of hydrogen ion concentrations has come into such general use in biologic work that the question often arises as to the choice of-a method for this purpose. The colorimetric method has proven suitable for most routine bacteriologic work, and has the advantage of yielding a large number of determinations in a given period of time. Its limitations however are noteworthy. In general, it does not permit of more than a fair degree of accuracy especially for colored or turbid solutions; for opaque solutions it cannot be used; when large percentages of salt or protein are in solution, its results are not dependable because of the so-called "salt" and "protein errors" of indicators; and the preparation of the standard solutions, in which one is required to assemble a great number of calibrated burets, pipets, bottles, etc., and to recrystalize, dry to constant weight and accurately weigh a number of reagents, many of which are difficult to obtain, makes it a cumbersome method. On the other hand, the extreme accuracy possible by the hydrogen electrode method, with potentiometer and constant temperature device, is seldom required in biologic investigation. Moreover, the cost of such equipment is prohibitive for many laboratories. More simplified outfits are described in texts on physical chemistry, but the obvious objection to them is the relatively enormous amount of time consumed in saturating the solution with hydrogen gas. This difficulty is obviated by observing the principle suggested by Hasselbach1 in which the solution and gas are brought into equilibrium in a few minutes by shaking in a closed vessel.
Central Venous Access in the Pediatric Population With Emphasis on Complications and Prevention Strategies

Central venous catheters are often necessary in the pediatric population. Access may be challenging, and each vessel presents its own unique set of risks and complications. Central venous catheterization is useful for hemodynamic monitoring, rapid fluid infusion, and administration of hyperosmolar medications, including vasopressors, antibiotics, chemotherapy, and parenteral nutrition. Recent advances have improved the catheters used as well as techniques for insertion. A serious complication of central access is infection, which is associated with morbidity, mortality, and significant financial costs. Reduction of catheter-related bloodstream infections is realized with use of ethanol locks, single lumens when appropriate, and prudent adherence to insertion and maintenance bundles. Ultrasound guidance used for central venous catheter placement improves accuracy of placement, reducing time and unsuccessful insertion and complication rates. Patients with central venous catheters are best served by multidisciplinary team involvement.
Report on my 3-month visit to YITP

I summarize my research activities during my 3-month visit to the Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics from January to March 2016.
Technological Innovation Effects of FDI in China and India A Comparative Study

The use of R D internationalization in the FDI process more obvious influence of the Structure and Performance of the host country's innovation system.However,the R D internationalization of technology spillover depends on the type of R D with the host country's economy,science and technology background.China and India in a condition of use of FDI in promoting their own technological innovations found: FDI resources especially in foreign-funded R D institutions and their R D spending is significantly stronger than India;absorb FDI technology spillovers of R D investment,hardware than significantly better than India;China is a high degree of openness "foreign driven"innovation path,while India is more biased in favor of "independent innovation"model of development;restricting China's independent innovation there are still some deep obstacles must be tackled.
Nitrogen Fertility Island Stability around Prosopis glandulosa Sprouts after Mechanical Shrub Control in a Degraded Grassland

ABSTRACTWe examined the effects of mechanical chopping to reduce shrub cover for grassland restoration in a semi-desert environment near Douglas, Arizona, USA. Specifically, soils were sampled to determine spatial and treatment differences, after 10 years, in soil-N fertility islands associated with undisturbed honey mesquite shrubs (Prosopis glandulosa Torr. var. glandulosa) compared with resprouted mesquite shrubs. Honey mesquite is the dominant shrub of this degraded grassland community.One decade after mechanical crushing of shrubs for grassland restoration, soil amino sugar nitrogen (N) values and patterns for resprouted honey mesquite and undisturbed shrubs did not differ from one another according to a repeated measures analysis of variance. However, the concentrations in samples of the surficial 30-cm of soil around undisturbed and resprouted shrubs combined differed statistically at 161 parts per million (ppm) at trunk, 100 ppm midway between trunk and dripline, 78 ppm at the dripline, and 46 ppm...
The Break: The Fight for Charter Reform and the 1961 Mayoral Election

The tension between party leader Carmine De Sapio and Mayor Robert Wagner came to a head when the mayor called for De Sapio’s resignation as party chief of Manhattan and head of Tammany Hall. De Sapio organized a campaign to depose the mayor by denying him support of Tammany and many of the other regular political clubs and county organizations in the 1961 Democratic primary for mayor. In a bitterly contested election fight, Wagner beat the candidate backed by the party bosses, state comptroller Arthur Levitt. Simultaneously, Mayor Wagner engineered changes to the city charter that increased the power of the mayoralty relative to other politicians in New York.
Regulation of Protein Synthesis in Relation to Amino Acid Supply—A Review

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a review on regulation of protein synthesis in relation to amino acid supply. When amino acids or protein are administered to the fasting animal, the liver responds with a rapid but transient increase in protein synthesis, as evidenced by increased incorporation of labeled amino acids into liver protein and aggregation of ribosomes. This response seems to be determined by the free amino acid in the liver that is least abundant in relation to needs. Such a response occurs mainly in the synthesis of proteins retained within the cell, and is not necessarily shared by secreted proteins. Synthesis of serum albumin seems normally to be insensitive to amino acid supply. This suggests that the rate of albumin synthesis in the liver of the normal rat is regulated by the requirement to maintain the level of this protein in the serum, and only becomes sensitive to changes in amino acid supply when the rate of albumin production has fallen below a level adequate to maintain an optimum concentration in the serum.
LC- and GC-QTOF-MS as Complementary Tools for a Comprehensive Micropollutant Analysis in Aquatic Systems

Efficient strategies are required to implement comprehensive suspect screening methods using high-resolution mass spectrometry within environmental monitoring campaigns. In this study, both liquid and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS and GC-QTOF-MS) were used to screen for >5000 target and suspect compounds in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta in Northern California. LC-QTOF-MS data were acquired in All-Ions fragmentation mode in both positive and negative electrospray ionization (ESI). LC suspects were identified using two accurate mass LC-QTOF-MS/MS libraries containing pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and other environmental contaminants and a custom exact mass database with predicted transformation products (TPs). The additional fragment information from the All-Ions acquisition improved the confirmation of the compound identity, with a low false positive rate (9%). Overall, 25 targets, 73 suspects, and 5 TPs were detected. GC-QTOF-MS extracts were run in negative chemi...
Quadruple-ridged flared horn feed with internal RFI band rejection filter

This paper presents a new technique to reject the radio frequency interference (RFI) from the nearby radar at 9.4 GHz, which causes about 20% blockage of the sky coverage in the Very Long Baseline Inter ferometry (VLBI) telescope at the Goddard Geophysical Astronomical Observatory (GGAO), in Greenbelt, MD. An internal notch filter is proposed by inserting and optimizing two-quarter wavelength slots within the wide band Quad-Ridge Flared Horn (QRFH) feed to achieve RFI band rejection at 9.4 GHz. The simulated result shows about 95 % rejection at 9.4 GHz. The estimated attenuation due to the band rejection slots is of the order of .01 dB at frequencies distant from the rejection frequency. This technique will open the door for designing wideband feeds with RFI band rejection characteristics for different RFI sources.
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS OF SHOCKS IN IMPERFECT CRYSTAL LATTICES

We examine, using computational molecular dynamics, a shock launched in a two-dimensional crystal by a flying plate. The interaction of the shock with crystal defects is studied. Voids in particular are seen to become sites of hot fluid-like phases included within the crystal lattice. We hypothesize that these regions are the sites of the initial chemical reactions leading to detonation, and that crystallographic defects therefore control the sensitivity of crystalline high explosives to shock-initiation. The computations are carried out on the massively parallel Connection Machine.
Can I relate? A review and guide for nurse managers in leading generations.

Aims The purpose of this review is to help the nurse leader develop an understanding of the five generations currently in the health care workforce by providing defining characteristics, general behaviours, and strategies for the nurse manager to employ for each generational cohort. Background Generations are groups of people born during the same 15-20 year time period who share similar experiences before adulthood, which shape long-term behaviours. Key descriptors and characteristics are provided. Evaluation The current generational cohorts in the health care workforce are Traditionalists (born between 1922 and 1945), baby boomers (born between 1946 and 1964), Generation X (born between 1965 and 1979), millennials (born between 1980 and 1995), and Generation Z (born after 1995). Key issues Health care teams often comprise members of three or more generations. Intergenerational differences in team members can result in challenges; however, different perspectives provided by multiple generations can be used advantageously to strengthen the team's efficiency and outcomes. Conclusions There are strengths in each generation. Key differences can be harnessed to build stronger teams through comprehensive communication strategies, customized reward systems, and workplace flexibility. Examples are provided for each area. Implications Managers can use intergenerational differences to create a rich environment that bridges generational differences and fosters workforce cohesion.
Frequency Doubled High Speed Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging

We present high speed fluorescence lifetime imaging in the visible enabled by broadband frequency-doubling of the SLIDE technique (1P-SLIDE). Fluorescence Lifetime imaging at 88 million pixels per second is demonstrated.
The Origins of Western Superiority: A comment on Modes of Meta-History and Duchesne’s Indo-Europeans Article

Author(s): Goldstone, Jack A | Abstract: This is a commentary on Ricardo Duchesne's Forum article
On The Effective Use of Large Parallel Corpora in Cross-Language Text Retrieval

Large parallel text corpora are of great potential use for cross-language text retrieval, although precisely how to make effective use of them has remained unclear. Experimental evidence is presented for an effective method of disambiguating translation terminology against parallel documents. Domain matching between training texts and retrieval documents appears to be less problematic than often thought, with substantial improvements in cross-language retrieval performance possible without unduly complex calculations or complex textual representations.
PKM2 S-glutathionylation promotes the reprogramming of macrophage metabolism and activation states

Introduction Pyruvate Kinase Isoform M2 (PKM2) regulates glycolysis in monocytes and macrophages and is induced and S-glutathionylated in response to diet-induced metabolic stress. We hypothesized that PKM2 S-glutathionylation promotes PKM2 tetramer dissociation into glycolytically-inactive dimers and that nuclear translocation of these dimers activates HIF1a-dependent gene expression, inducing both glycolytic enzymes as well and pro-inflammatory proteins, reprogramming macrophages to a hyper-inflammatory phenotype. Methods Bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) overexpressing glutaredoxin-1-EGFP (Grx1) or EGFP only were exposed for 36 h to metabolic stress (high glucose plus native human LDL). PKM2 expression and phosphorylation state (Tyr105) were assessed in cell lysates by Western blot analysis. PKM2 S-glutathionylation was quantified using the Biotin-switch assay. PKM2 oligomerization state was measured by non-reducing SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. To confirm the role of PKM2 S-glutathionylation on metabolic reprogramming of monocytes in vivo, we conducted lentiviral gene transfer experiments in mice using CD68 promoter-driven Grx1 and EGFP expression. Mice were fed a HFD for 10 week to induce monocyte priming. We purified blood monocytes from EGFPMactg and Grx1Mactg mice and determined by single-cell Western blot PKM2 induction and phosphorylation, GLUT1, 14-3-3z and IL-1b expression. Results PKM2 induction, -glutathionylation, and phosphorylation were all enhanced in metabolically stressed BMDMs but prevented in Grx1-overexpressing BMDMs. The dimer/tetramer ratio was increased in response to metabolic stress as was HIF1a-dependent expression of GLUT1 and IL-1b. Compared to monocytes isolated from HFD-fed mice, monocyte from Grx1Mactg mice showed reduced priming, reduced expression of PKM2, GLUT1 and IL-1b and diminished PKM2 phosphorylation. Conclusion Metabolic stress-induced PKM2 S-glutathionylation promotes PKM2 tetramer dissociation, phosphorylation and subsequent nuclear translocation, which, via HIF1a-dependent expression of glycolytic enzymes and inflammatory cytokines, reprograms monocyte-derived macrophages into a hyper-inflammatory phenotype. This mechanism may contribute to chronic inflammatory diseases associated with metabolic disorders.
Neuroimaging findings in midlife and risk of late-life dementia over 20 years of follow-up.

Objective To examine the association between neuroimaging features in a predominantly middle-aged cohort and risk of late-life dementia. Methods Cerebral MRI was performed on 1,881 individuals with no history of stroke from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study cohort in 1993 to 1995. White matter hyperintensities (WMH), ventricular size, and sulcal size were graded on a semiquantitative scale, and presence of silent cerebral infarcts was identified. In 2011 to 2013, dementia was determined from neuropsychological testing, informant interview, hospital ICD-9 codes, and death certificate dementia codes. Cox regression was used to evaluate associations between MRI findings and dementia. Results Over 20 years of follow-up, dementia developed in 279 participants (14.8%). High-grade WMH and high-grade ventricular size were independently associated with increased dementia risk (hazard ratio [HR] for WMH 1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14–2.30; HR for ventricular size 1.46, 95% CI 1.06–2.03). There was an increased risk of dementia for diabetic participants with silent infarcts (HR 2.56, 95% CI 1.23–5.31) but not among nondiabetic participants (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.56–1.37). Each 1-unit increase in the total number of high-grade cerebral abnormalities at baseline (count values range 0–4) showed increased dementia risk, with a considerably higher risk among diabetic participants (HR for diabetes mellitus 1.97, 95% CI 1.44–2.69; HR for no diabetes mellitus 1.20, 95% CI 1.03–1.39). Conclusion In adults without evidence of clinical stroke, MRI-detected WMH and ventricular enlargement in midlife may represent markers of brain injury that increase risk for later-life cognitive impairment. The presence of diabetes mellitus may modify the association between silent infarcts and dementia.
A Comparison Study of Algorithms to Detect Drug–Adverse Event Associations: Frequentist, Bayesian, and Machine-Learning Approaches

It is important to monitor the safety profile of drugs, and mining for strong associations between drugs and adverse events is an effective and inexpensive method of post-marketing safety surveillance. The objective of our work was to compare the accuracy of both common and innovative methods of data mining for pharmacovigilance purposes. We used the reference standard provided by the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership, which contains 398 drug–adverse event pairs (165 positive controls, 233 negative controls). Ten methods and algorithms were applied to the US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System data to investigate the 398 pairs. The ten methods include popular methods in the pharmacovigilance literature, newly developed pharmacovigilance methods as at 2018, and popular methods in the genome-wide association study literature. We compared their performance using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plot, area under the curve (AUC), and Youden’s index. The Bayesian confidence propagation neural network had the highest AUC overall. Monte Carlo expectation maximization, a method developed in 2018, had the second highest AUC and the highest Youden’s index, and performed very well in terms of high specificity. The regression-adjusted gamma Poisson shrinkage model performed best under high-sensitivity requirements. Our results will be useful to help choose a method for a given desired level of specificity. Methods popular in the genome-wide association study literature did not perform well because of the sparsity of data and will need modification before their properties can be used in the drug–adverse event association problem.
After Postmodernism: Perspectivism, a Christian Epistemology of Love, and the Ideological Surround

Postmodernism liberates the integration of psychology and Christianity from the domination of modernism, but also leads to a vertiginous relativism. A movement beyond postmodernism seems essential....
Introduction: Electoral Dysfunction and Political Realism

This chapter frames the problem of election reform in democratic theory by suggesting that the turmoil of established democracies in the post-2008 era is part of a larger and longer story about democratic deficits within basic institutions, including elections. Some of the fundamental concepts that are employed throughout the book are introduced as tools for understanding and evaluating reform responses to democratic deficits. These include electoral realism, electoral structure, naturalism vs. constructivism, and the triad of voter empowerment. Above all, the distinction between ballot structure and contest structure will prove crucial to grasping why conventional approaches to studying the design and reform of electoral systems are inadequate.
18F-FAC PET Visualizes Brain-Infiltrating Leukocytes in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis

Brain-infiltrating leukocytes contribute to multiple sclerosis (MS) and autoimmune encephalomyelitis and likely play a role in traumatic brain injury, seizure, and stroke. Brain-infiltrating leukocytes are also primary targets for MS disease-modifying therapies. However, no method exists for noninvasively visualizing these cells in a living organism. 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-18F-fluoroarabinofuranosyl) cytosine (18F-FAC) is a PET radiotracer that measures deoxyribonucleoside salvage and accumulates preferentially in immune cells. We hypothesized that 18F-FAC PET could noninvasively image brain-infiltrating leukocytes. Methods: Healthy mice were imaged with 18F-FAC PET to quantify if this radiotracer crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a mouse disease model with brain-infiltrating leukocytes. To determine whether 18F-FAC accumulates in brain-infiltrating leukocytes, EAE mice were analyzed with 18F-FAC PET, digital autoradiography, and immunohistochemistry, and deoxyribonucleoside salvage activity in brain-infiltrating leukocytes was analyzed ex vivo. Fingolimod-treated EAE mice were imaged with 18F-FAC PET to assess if this approach can monitor the effect of an immunomodulatory drug on brain-infiltrating leukocytes. PET scans of individuals injected with 2-chloro-2'-deoxy-2'-18F-fluoro-9-β-d-arabinofuranosyl-adenine (18F-CFA), a PET radiotracer that measures deoxyribonucleoside salvage in humans, were analyzed to evaluate whether 18F-CFA crosses the human BBB. Results: 18F-FAC accumulates in the healthy mouse brain at levels similar to 18F-FAC in the blood (2.54 ± 0.2 and 3.04 ± 0.3 percentage injected dose per gram, respectively) indicating that 18F-FAC crosses the BBB. EAE mice accumulate 18F-FAC in the brain at 180% of the levels of control mice. Brain 18F-FAC accumulation localizes to periventricular regions with significant leukocyte infiltration, and deoxyribonucleoside salvage activity is present at similar levels in brain-infiltrating T and innate immune cells. These data suggest that 18F-FAC accumulates in brain-infiltrating leukocytes in this model. Fingolimod-treated EAE mice accumulate 18F-FAC in the brain at 37% lower levels than control-treated EAE mice, demonstrating that 18F-FAC PET can monitor therapeutic interventions in this mouse model. 18F-CFA accumulates in the human brain at 15% of blood levels (0.08 ± 0.01 and 0.54 ± 0.07 SUV, respectively), indicating that 18F-CFA does not cross the BBB in humans. Conclusion: 18F-FAC PET can visualize brain-infiltrating leukocytes in a mouse MS model and can monitor the response of these cells to an immunomodulatory drug. Translating this strategy into humans will require exploring additional radiotracers.
Surface and transport properties of liquid Bi–Sn alloys

The new Bi–Sn surface tension experimental data have been obtained by the pinned drop method for temperatures ranging from 623 to 1123 K and were subsequently compared with the model predicted values as well as with the literature data. Taking into account endothermic mixing in liquid Bi–Sn alloys, the surface properties (surface tension and surface segregation) were described by the Quasi-Chemical Approximation (QCA) for regular solution and the Self Association Model (SAM) aiming to estimate the effects of demixing on these properties. In addition, the transport and structural properties of Bi–Sn melts were analysed by theoretical models developed in the framework of statistical mechanics in conjunction with the Quasi-Lattice Theory (QLT) and Faber-Ziman Theory. The abovementioned properties are involved in the development of complex solder materials based on the Bi–Sn system.
Metabolic Regulation by Cyclic di-AMP Signaling

The year 2018 marks the 10-year anniversary of the discovery of the diadenylate cyclase enzyme and its capacity to synthesize the broadly conserved second messenger cyclic di-AMP. Since this discovery, our understanding of the physiological processes controlled by this dinucleotide has advanced rapidly, with the discovery of both cyclic di-AMP responsive riboswitch gene control elements and protein binding partners. Additionally, cyclic di-AMP has been implicated as a cross-kingdom signal between bacteria and eukaryotic hosts. While the physiological processes modulated by these signaling partners are as diverse as the bacteria that produce cyclic di-AMP, a key theme that has emerged is the regulation of cellular metabolism. In this chapter, we will focus on the biological impacts of metabolic regulation imposed by cyclic di-AMP at both the transcriptional/translational and posttranslational levels, as well as the molecular mechanism of this regulation. We will highlight the regulation of central carbon metabolism through pyruvate carboxylase, the regulation of cell wall metabolism through the ydaO riboswitch, and the impact on host cell inflammatory response through competitive inhibition of the host binding protein RECON.
The adaptor protein SHCA launches cancer invasion

Cancer cell invasion and metastasis rely on invadopodia, important extensions of the cytoskeleton that initiate degradation of the basement membrane that holds a cell in place. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is well-known to induce breast cancer migration and invasion, but the mechanism by which TGF-β signaling converts into cell motility is not completely understood. A study from Kiepas et al. revealed a new TGF-β–dependent role for Src homology/collagen adaptor protein (SHCA) in the initiation of dynamic adhesion complexes involved in the formation of invadopodia. These results highlight new therapeutic opportunities for cancer patients that are not sensitive to HER2 antagonists.
A protumorigenic secretory pathway activated by p53 deficiency in lung adenocarcinoma

Therapeutic strategies designed to target TP53-deficient cancer cells remain elusive. Here, we showed that TP53 loss initiated a pharmacologically actionable secretory process that drove lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) progression. Molecular, biochemical, and cell biological studies showed that TP53 loss increased the expression of Golgi reassembly and stacking protein 55 kDa (G55), a Golgi stacking protein that maintains Golgi organelle integrity and is part of a GOLGIN45 (G45)-myosin IIA-containing protein complex that activates secretory vesicle biogenesis in the Golgi. TP53 loss activated G55-dependent secretion by relieving G55 and myosin IIA from miR-34a-dependent silencing. G55-dependent secreted proteins enhanced the proliferative and invasive activities of TP53-deficient LUAD cells and promoted angiogenesis and CD8+ T cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment. A small molecule that blocks G55-G45 interactions impaired secretion and reduced TP53-deficient LUAD growth and metastasis. These results identified a targetable secretory vulnerability in TP53-deficient LUAD cells.
Epidemiology, Prevention, and Sequelae of Drowning.

1. Tracy E. McCallin, MD* 2. Mickinzie Morgan, MD† 3. Margaret L.I. Hart, MD‡ 4. Shabana Yusuf, MD, MEd§ 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Section of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, The Children's Hospital of San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 2. †Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 3. ‡Office of Student Affairs, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 4. §Department of Pediatrics, Section of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX * Abbreviations: AAP: : American Academy of Pediatrics ASD: : autism spectrum disorder CDC: : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CPR: : cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPSC: : Consumer Product Safety Commission ED: : emergency department WHO: : World Health Organization 1. Pediatricians should be aware that drowning is the second leading cause of death for children younger than 14 years. 2. Clinicians may not know that drowning is the leading cause of unintentional death for children 1 to 4 years of age. Also, the Consumer Product and Safety Commission reports that 69% of drownings occur during nonswim times. 3. Clinicians should also be aware that drowning prevention is a Bright Futures–recommended anticipatory guidance topic for the 2-month through 10-year health supervision visits. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Understand new recommendations from the revised American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement on drowning prevention and review management of the drowning victim. 2. Understand the epidemiology of drowning in the United States and the current evidence relating to various methods of drowning prevention. 3. Use pediatric drowning statistics and evidence-based water safety counseling strategies to educate patients and caregivers on drowning prevention. Drowning is defined as “the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion/immersion in liquid.” (1) A drowning or submersion event is described either as fatal or nonfatal with or without morbidity. Older terms such as near, dry, wet, active, passive, secondary, or delayed drowning are no longer used when describing submersions. The use of consistent terminology is advisable to clarify reporting of drowning data and to drive a cohesive strategy for drowning prevention research. Fatal and nonfatal drownings are responsible for significant costs to the US health-care system. In 2017, 25% of pediatric nonfatal drowning victims who presented to emergency departments (EDs) required hospitalization or transfer for further management. (2) In 2010, the average lifetime medical and work loss–related costs per hospitalization for drowning were estimated to be $292,300. (2) In 2015, the estimated total medical costs of drowning in the United States for children 19 years and younger were $68.5 million. …