cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Light and electron microscopic analyses of intraspinal axon collaterals of sympathetic preganglionic neurons

Experiments were performed in pigeons (Columba livia). Sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) in the first thoracic spinal cord segment (T1) were identified electrophysiologically using antidromic activation and collision techniques and then intracellularly labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In 6 of 10 HRP-labeled SPNs, the site of axon origin and intraspinal axonal trajectory could be specified. In 2 of the 6 HRP-labeled axons, the peripherally projecting process branched intraspinally. The presence or absence of SPN intraspinal axonal collateralization did not correlate with parent perikaryal subnuclear location or dendritic alignment. None of the collaterals were recurrent onto the SPN of origin. Light microscopically, the collateral branches appeared to end with punctate, bulbous swellings. The spinal regions of the terminal end swellings for the two axons did not overlap one another. In one instance the entire terminal field was confined within the principal preganglionic cell column (column of Terni). The other axon had collateral branches which terminated in the lateral white matter and in a ventrolateral region of lamina VII. A serial section, electron microscopic reconstructive analysis of the entire intraspinal collateral terminal field within the column of Terni revealed that: (a) the primary collateral process was unmyelinated and arose at a node of Ranvier; (b) after issuance of the collateral branch, the myelinated parent axon continued to increase its myelin wrapping throughout the spinal gray; (c) the bulbous swellings observed light microscopically corresponded to axon terminal boutons and regions of synaptic contact; (d) the axon collateral terminals were exclusively presynaptic to small caliber dendrites and formed only asymmetric specializations; and (e) the collateral terminals contained numerous mitochondria, and densely packed, electron-lucent, spherical vesicles.
Cellular specifiCity of the gravitropic motor response in roots

A number of features of the gravitropic response of roots are not readily accounted for by the classical Cholodny-Went theory. These include the observations that (i) in the later stages of the response the growth gradient is reversed with no evident reversal of the auxin gradient; (ii) a major component of the acceleration of growth along the upper side occurs in the distal elongation zone (DEZ), a group of cells located between the meristem and the main elongation, not within the central elongation zone; and (iii) the initiation of differential growth in the DEZ appears to be independent of the establishment of auxin asymmetry. Alternative candidates for mediation of differential growth in the DEZ include calcium ions and protons. Gravi-induced curvature is accompanied by polar movement of calcium toward the lower side of the maize root tip and the DEZ is shown to be particularly sensitive to growth inhibition by calcium. Also, gravistimulation of maize roots causes enhanced acid efflux from the upper side of the DEZ. Evidence for gravi-induced modification of ion movements in the root tip includes changes in intracellular potentials and current flow. It is clear that there is more than one motor region in the root with regard to gravitropic responses and there is evidence that the DEZ itself consists of more than one class of responding cells. In order to gain a more complete understanding of the mechanism of gravitropic curvature, the physiological properties of the sub-zones of the root apex need to be thoroughly characterized with regard to their sensitivity to hormones, calcium, acid pH and electrical perturbations.
COLLECTIVE SYSTEMATICS IN EVEN NUCLEI BY NUCLEAR REACTION SPECTROSCOPY

Proton spectra for the reactions (p,p') and (d,p) leading to a number of even rare earth nuclei of Sm, Gd, Dy, and Er were obtained for incident energies of 12 Mev. Striking variation of the cross sections with the change in nature of the states was observed. Information on the population of various state rotational bands by each reaction was derived. The energy gap corresponding to breaking the first neutron pair is discernible in the (d,p) cross section. (D.C.W.)
School Counseling Site Supervisor Training: A Web-Based Approach

A need exists for training school counseling site supervisors in providing clinical supervision to school counseling practicum and internship students. This article outlines a Web-based training program containing six modules to assist counselor education programs in educating school counseling site supervisors. The authors also address the implications for school counselor training, supervision, practice, and research.
Effects of hydration on laser soldering

Laser welding with albumin-based tissue solder has been investigated as an alternative to surgical suturing. Many surgical procedures require the soldered tissues to be in a hydrated environment. We have studied the effects of hydration on laser soldered rat dermis and baboon articular cartilage in vitro. The solder is composed of human serum albumin, sodium hyaluronate and indocyanine green. We used a micro-pipette to deposit 2 (mu) l of solder on each tissue specimen. An 808 nm cw laser beam with irradiance of 27 W/cm 2 was scanned 4 times over the same solder area at a constant speed of 0.84 mm/sec. After photo-coagulation, each tissue specimen was cut into two halves at the center of the solder, perpendicular to the direction of the scanning laser beam. One half was reserved as control while the other half was soaked in phosphate buffered saline for a designated hydration period. The hydration periods were 1 hr, 1, 2, and 7 days. All tissue specimens were fixed in glutaraldahyde, then prepared for scanning electron microcopy analysis. For most of the specimens, there was non-uniform coagulation across the thickness of the solder. Closer to the laser beam, the upper solder region formed a more dense coagulum. While the region closer to solder-tissue interface, the solder aggregated into small globules. This non-uniform coagulation was likely caused by non-uniform energy distribution during photocoagulation. The protein globules and coagulum seem to be responsible for the solder attachment from the specimen surface. However, we have noted that the solder detached from the cartilage substrate as early as after 1 hr of hydration. On the other hand, the solder attached to the dermis much better than to cartilage. This may be explained by the difference in surface roughness of the two tissue types. The dermal layer of the skin is composed of collagen matrix which may provide a better entrapment of the solder than the smooth surface of articular cartilage.
Improved training of house officers in a rheumatology consult service

This study examined whether the clinical environment could be used to increase internal medicine house officers' adoption of care recommendations taught in a didactic conference. Subjects were 11 internal medicine house officers who served 6-week rheumatology elective rotations. At the start of each of four rotation periods, house officers attended a 1-hour conference in which periarticular rheumatic disorders associated with knee pain (anserine bursitis, pseudothrombophlebitis) and shoulder pain (bicipital tendinitis) were discussed. All house officers also practiced physical examination techniques on anatomic models simulating the disorders. During alternate rotation periods, reminder sheets were appended to the records of arthritis patients with histories of chronic knee or shoulder pain. The frequency with which house officers followed conference recommendations was documented by direct observation (6 house officers in 17 encounters with reminders, 5 house officers in 30 encounters without reminders). Specific questioning about a recent history of knee or shoulder pain and the performance of four of five recommended physical examination maneuvers were increased significantly by reminder sheets in patients' charts (P < 0.05 for all). Although rheumatology faculty often have limited options available to increase the number of house officer trainees or to intensify clinical activity, qualitative improvements within existing logistic parameters are feasible by assuring that the clinical environment (e.g., patient records) contains salient cues that will prompt desired actions.
Characterization of selenium species in biological extracts by enhanced ion-pair liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and by referenced electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry

Abstract Selenium is an essential nutrient for humans; selenium compounds catalyze intermediate metabolism reactions and inhibit the toxic effects of heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium and mercury. Some extracts of selenium-enriched biological materials show cancer preventive effects, tentatively attributable to the biological functions of selenoamino acids. An improved ion pair chromatographic method with methodological enhancements for the separation, qualitative and quantitative determination of non-volatile selenium compounds extracted from different samples has been developed using ICP-MS as an element-selective detector. Separation power early in the chromatogram was increased to baseline separation in the standard mixture as a result of decreasing spray chamber size from 97 to 14 ml, and increasing trifluoracetic acid (TFA) concentration in the mobile phase from 0.1 to 0.6%. The former pH was restored by the addition of ammonia to the mobile phase, which also served to increase the column recovery of inorganic anions. Calibration curves for different selenoamino acids showed statistically different behavior. Biological sample extracts were characterized using HPLC-ICP-MS. Mass spectral behavior of selenoamino acids, using electrospray and ion trap technology with direct infusion and liquid chromatographic sample introduction, is also reported.
Modification of the porphyrin chromophore by ring fusion: identifying trends due to annelation of the porphyrin nucleus

The effects exerted by fused aromatic rings on the UV-vis spectra of porphyrins are surveyed. Modified porphyrin chromophores with fused benzene, 1,2-naphthalene, 9,10-phenanthrene or phenanthroline rings are surprisingly little affected even when a maximum number of ring fusions are incorporated. Linearly annealed naphtho- or anthraporphyrins show large red shifts to the Q bands but the Soret absorptions are weakened and undergo only minor bathochromic shifts. Fluoranthoporphyrins give multiple bands in the Soret region, but the Q band region is virtually unaffected by this tetracyclic ring system. On the other hand, metal chelates of fluoranthoporphyrins show surprisingly strong bands near 600 nm. Benzothiadiazole rings split and weaken the Soret band, but the Q bands region is unexceptional. However, metal coordination again produces relatively intense bands near 600 nm. The most significant results were obtained for porphyrins with fused acenaphthylene rings. Monoacenaphthoporphyrins (41) have three S...
PyCX: a Python-based simulation code repository for complex systems education

We introduce PyCX, an online repository of simple, crude, easy-to-understand sample codes for various complex systems simulation, including iterative maps, cellular automata, dynamical networks and agent-based models. All the sample codes were written in plain Python, a general-purpose programming language widely used in industry as well as in academia, so that students can gain practical skills for both complex systems simulation and computer programming simultaneously. The core philosophy of PyCX is on the simplicity, readability, generalizability and pedagogical values of simulation codes. PyCX has been used in instructions of complex systems modeling at several places with successful outcomes.
Novel activators of aquaporin 2 membrane expression for the treatment of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: less is more. Focus on “High-throughput chemical screening identifies AG-490 as a stimulator of aquaporin 2 membrane expression and urine concentration”

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a disease characterized by the production of very large quantities of dilute urine resulting from an inability of the kidney to respond to vasopressin ([9][1]). In the US, approximately 41,000 people are diagnosed with NDI each year. NDI can result from either
Semantic Analysis for Topical Segmentation of Videos

Topic segmentation of videos enables topic-based categorization, retrieval and browsing and also facilitates efficient video authoring. Existing video topic segmentation techniques, however, are domain specific to news or narrative videos while generic approaches based on video shot analysis generate too fine-grained micro-segments. This paper addresses this challenge through a multi-modal semantic analysis technique for recognizing topical segments. We analyze the content of a video by using textual and audio features such as keyword synonym sets, sentence boundary information, silence/music breaks and speech similarity. Specifically, we propose a new natural language processing (NLP) technique for constructing synonym sets from video transcripts. A synonym set is a list of domain- specific keywords that are semantically related and represent a topic. We align the synonym sets with audio cues to identify the topical segments. Our experiments with six instructional videos show that the system produced very small number of false positives, and the topical segments generated by our system are 5.5 times longer on average compared to those generated by a state-of-the-art micro-segmentation system. The system has been embedded in an e-Learning project, and the user feedback on using the generated topical segments is very encouraging. The experiments were conducted with instructional videos, but our approach is domain-general and is not restricted to instructional videos.
Cyclical Properties of Baxter-King Filtered Time Series

This note demonstrates that the Baxter-King (1999) filter, and in general any bandpass filter, does not isolate the cycle in an unobserved-components model with a stochastic trend. The first differ...
A psychometric assessment of the GAIN Individual Severity Scale (GAIN-GISS) and Short Screeners (GAIN-SS) among adolescents in outpatient treatment programs

Abstract The Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN) - General Individual Severity Scale (GAIN-GISS), and GAIN-Short Screener (GAIN-SS) are widely used diagnostic measures of internalizing disorders, externalizing disorders, substance abuse, and criminal and violent behavior. Although prevalent in clinical and research settings, there is only limited psychometric evidence of the dimensional structure of these scales. Our investigation used intake data from 6,909 adolescents presenting to outpatient substance abuse treatment facilities in the United States. Our analytic approach used exploratory and item factor analyses to evaluate the underlying factor structure. Multi- and unidimensional item response theory models were employed to evaluate the utility of the scales at providing precise score estimates at various locations of severity. Most scales were confirmed as unidimensional; scales with evidence of multidimensionality, identified as having a weak general dimension and strong specific dimensions using a bifactor IRT model, include the Crime and Violence Scale and the GAIN-SS.
From Perrault’s “Riquet à la Houppe” to Buero Vallejo’s Casi un cuento de hadas: The evolution of a formidable female voice

This article discusses the female characters of Casi un cuento de hadas (Almost a Fairy Tale), a play written by twentieth-century Spanish dramatist Antonio Buero Vallejo. Based on Charles Perrault’s seventeenth-century fairy tale titled “Riquet a la Houppe” (“Ricky of the Tuft”), Buero’s play borrows from its literary forebear the latent voice of its female characters. The present study analyzes the role of women in the earlier work in order to demonstrate how their essence is resurrected and developed by Buero in Casi un cuento de hadas to represent a budding feminist voice. While neither Perrault nor Buero were ardent feminists, both imbue their female characters with a palpable strength that warrants attention. In Buero criticism, the women of Casi un cuento de hadas have largely been ignored and other female characters have been credited with being the prototypes for the strong women who appear later in Buero’s oeuvre. This article argues that the women of Casi un cuento de hadas are the true prototypes for Buero’s most formidable female characters; an intriguing assertion given that their voices originated in Perrault’s seventeenth-century text.
A METHOD FOR COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FERTILITY DYNAMICS REPRESENTED BY SEQUENCES OF FERTILITY SCHEDULES

A method to compare fertility sequences, each of which represents a cyclical fluctuation around an underlying trend, is presented. Each fertility sequence is viewed as composed of a time trend in childspacing pattern and a corresponding trend in terminal fertility rate. The procedure involved in comparing each component of one fertility sequence with the corresponding component of another is described and illustrated. Using hypothetical data it is shown, among other things, that ifA andB are two cyclical fluctuations in fertility such that (i) the cycles in both are of the same length, (ii) the terminal fertility components of the two are identical, and (iii) the trend in the mean age at childbirth associated withA is higher than the corresponding trend associated withB, then, replacingB withA need not necessarily result in lowering the long-run rates of increase in the birth sequence.
Determination of the In Situ Forces in the Human Posterior Cruciate Ligament Using Robotic Technology A Cadaveric Study

We examined the in situ forces in the posterior cruciate ligament as well as the force distribution between its anterolateral and posteromedial bundles. Using a robotic manipulator in conjunction with a universal force-moment sensor system, we applied posterior tibial loads from 22 to 110 N to the joint at 0 degrees to 90 degrees of knee flexion. The magnitude of the in situ force in the posterior cruciate ligament and its bundles was significantly affected by knee flexion angle and posterior tibial loading. In situ forces in the posterior cruciate ligament ranged from 6.1 +/- 6.0 N under a 22-N posterior tibial load at 0 degree of knee flexion to 112.3 +/- 28.5 N under a 110-N load at 90 degrees. The force in the posteromedial bundle reached a maximum of 67.9 +/- 31.5 N at 90 degrees of knee flexion, and the force in the anterolateral bundle reached a maximum of 47.8 +/- 23.0 N at 60 degrees of knee flexion under a 110-N load. No significant differences existed between the in situ forces in the two bundles at any knee flexion angle. This study provides insight into the knee flexion angle at which each bundle of the posterior cruciate ligament experiences the highest in situ forces under posterior tibial loading. This information can help guide us in more accurate graft placement, fixation, and tensioning, and serve as an assessment of graft performance.
Living With Medea and Thinking After Freud: Greek Drama, Gender, and Concealments

It is occasionally rewarding for a feminist anthropologist to turn her attention to Freud, not necessarily for the insights that he offers about women, but for many of his broader theoretical insights that are instructive and helpful in framing feminist readings of women's issues. Strikingly illuminative, for example, is the relationship that Freud draws between the text of fiction and "actual life" (1952:218), a relationship in which anthropologists have had a long and keen interest. Freud claims that fiction and drama reveal, expose, and give expression to contradictions between ontology and ideology, or, in his words, between "things in real life" and "social ideals" (1952:216), contradictions, according to Freud, so vividly evoked in Greek drama. I draw attention to the obvious: there is an affinity between Freud's claim and one of anthropology's broader interests, that of contradiction or conflict between "real life" and "social ideals." Less im-
Distributed Recovery from Network Partitioning in Movable Sensor/Actor Networks via Controlled Mobility

Mobility has been introduced to sensor networks through the deployment of movable nodes. In movable wireless networks, network connectivity among the nodes is a crucial factor in order to relay data to the sink node, exchange data for collaboration, and perform data aggregation. However, such connectivity can be lost due to a failure of one or more nodes. Even a single node failure may partition the network, and thus, eventually reduce the quality and efficiency of the network operation. To handle this connectivity problem, we present PADRA to detect possible partitions, and then, restore the network connectivity through controlled relocation of movable nodes. The idea is to identify whether or not the failure of a node will cause partitioning in advance in a distributed manner. If a partitioning is to occur, PADRA designates a failure handler to initiate the connectivity restoration process. The overall goal in this process is to localize the scope of the recovery and minimize the overhead imposed on the nodes. We further extend PADRA to handle multiple node failures. The approach, namely, MDAPRA strives to provide a mutual exclusion mechanism in repositioning the nodes to restore connectivity. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches is validated through simulation experiments.
Differentially tuned responses to restricted versus prolonged awareness of threat: a preliminary fMRI investigation.

Abstract Responses to threat occur via two known independent processing routes. We propose that early, reflexive processing is predominantly tuned to the detection of congruent combinations of facial cues that signal threat, whereas later, reflective processing is predominantly tuned to incongruent combinations of threat. To test this prediction, we examined responses to threat–gaze expression pairs (anger versus fear expression by direct versus averted gaze). We report on two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, one employing prolonged presentations (2 s) of threat–gaze pairs to allow for reflective processing (Study 1), and one employing severely restricted (33 ms), backward masked presentations of threat–gaze pairs to isolate reflexive neural responding (Study 2). Our findings offer initial support for the conclusion that early, reflexive responses to threat are predominantly tuned to congruent threat–gaze pairings, whereas later reflective responses are predominantly tuned to ambiguous threat–gaze pairings. These findings highlight a distinct dual function in threat perception.
Incidence and dosimetric parameters of pediatric brainstem toxicity following proton therapy

AbstractBackground. Proton therapy offers superior low and intermediate radiation dose distribution compared with photon-based radiation for brain and skull base tumors; yet tissue within and adjacent to the target volume may receive a comparable radiation dose. We investigated the tolerance of the pediatric brainstem to proton therapy and identified prognostic variables.Material and methods. All patients 50.4 CGE to the brainstem were included in this study. Brainstem toxicity was graded according to the NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v4.0.Results. The three most common histologies were ependymoma, craniopharyngioma, and low-grade glioma. Median patient age was 5.9 years (range 0.5–17.9 years) and median prescribed dose was 54 CGE (range 48.6–75.6 CGE). The two-year cumulative incidence of toxicity was 3.8% ± 1.1%. The two-year cumulative incidence of grade 3 + toxicity wa...
Feminist Identity Development: Implications for Feminist Therapy With Women

This article discusses the implications of the Downing and Roush (1985) model of feminist identity development for feminist therapy with women. Following a summary of the model, the potential pitfalls of feminist therapy with the passive-acceptant client are described, as well as potential issues at subsequent stages of the client's identity development. Suggestions are made regarding how to facilitate clients' movement to higher levels of development. Finally, a research agenda is proposed that suggests hypotheses to be tested that arise from applying this model to conducting therapy with women.
Local Temporal and Spatial Structure

Community structure is defined by the organization of its parts. This paper describes plant species, but local temporal and spatial structure can refer to any definable organizational elements in the community. Since science is essentially a search for repeatable patterns, the identification of predictable structural elements must form the basis for explanations of function. For example, California’s grassland communities most commonly are described in terms of relative cover of the dominant species. Cover is traditionally emphasized because of a presumed functional relationship to ecological dominance. Any functional explanation depends on structural descriptions, a relationship infrequently acknowledged (Whittaker 1970), although resource partitioning is a fundamental tenet of ecological theory.
Navigating Graduate School: Insights and Recommendations for a Productive Degree Path

Beginning graduate school can be an exciting experience; however, given the new social and intellectual experiences, there will be unique challenges that arise during your graduate program. Within this article, the author shares what was useful, helpful suggestions others have offered her, and pieces of advice she wishes she knew going in. In the author's experience, her lessons learned in graduate school fall under five main categories. These include planning for success, beginning a line of research, writing papers, focusing on learning during coursework, and becoming part of the academic community. In each of these sections she shares with you her experience, as well as the experiences of some peers, so you can learn from some who have already gone through this process. Many of these suggestions come from the author's experience preparing for an academic profession, but these suggestions can be stretched and edited to professional paths outside of academia as well.
Sentiment Analysis on the People's Daily

We propose a semi-supervised bootstrapping algorithm for analyzing China’s foreign relations from the People’s Daily. Our approach addresses sentiment target clustering, subjective lexicons extraction and sentiment prediction in a unified framework. Different from existing algorithms in the literature, time information is considered in our algorithm through a hierarchical bayesian model to guide the bootstrapping approach. We are hopeful that our approach can facilitate quantitative political analysis conducted by social scientists and politicians.
Editorial: Bedingungsvariablen der Ausbildung 4.0 – Ausbildung der Zukunft

Unter der Thematik Industrie 4.0 wird allgemein „der flachendeckende Einzug von Informations- und Kommunikationstechniken sowie deren Vernetzung zu einem Internet der Dinge, Dienste und Daten, das eine Echtzeitfahigkeit der Produktion ermoglicht“, verstanden (vgl. z. B. Spath et al. 2013, S. 2). In vielen nationalen und internationalen Unternehmen wird die Thematik derzeit intensiv diskutiert...
A tale of two correlations: Evidence and theory regarding the phase shift between the price level and output

Abstract We examine the relationship between the price level and output at business-cycle frequencies. In the postwar period, there is evidence of a phase shift between the price level and output. Such a phase shift is manifested in the price level being countercyclical and the inflation rate being procyclical or acyclical, depending on the detrending method used. Our examination takes three approaches. First, we apply bootstrapping methods to characterize the two correlations, though the methodology could easily be extended to any set of facts. Second, we specify a model economy with forecast heterogeneity, showing numerically that this model economy can match the observed pair of correlations. Third, we apply robust control theory, deriving conditions in which the price level is countercyclical and the inflation rate is procyclical.
Comprehension of Over-the-Counter Drug Label Warnings Concerning Consumption of Acetaminophen and Alcohol

This study compared several existing acetaminophen-containing product labels to a revised label with additional perceptual features and more explicit text regarding an alcohol-related hazard. The existing labels differed generally according to the amount and explicitness of alcohol-related warning information. Two-hundred sixty participants from a flea and farmer's markets in Raleigh, NC were shown one of the labels and a knowledge questionnaire was completed. Results indicated that responses regarding the combination of alcohol and acetaminophen were more accurate by participants having viewed the revised label compared to the existing labels. There are implications for the design of effective over-the-counter drug labels stemming from this study.
Non-Seminomatous Testis Tumors: a Plan of Management Based on 96 Patients to Improve Survival in All Stages by Combined Therapeutic Modalities

AbstractTo develop a plan of management based on the clinical and pathologic stage of the tumor the results of treatment of 96 consecutive patients with non-seminomatous testis tumors have been analyzed. There were no exclusions and all patients were treated, including 17 with advanced stage C disease. All patients underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection as primary treatment but the judicious use of adjuvant therapeutic modalities improved survival in all stages of disease. Chemotherapy was the most important adjuvant and postoperative radiation therapy was reserved for patients with extensive retroperitoneal metastatic disease.Results indicate that a modified unilateral thoracoabdominal retroperitoneal lymph node dissection can effectively remove the retroperitoneal nodes. Of 57 patients 50 with stage A or B tumor survived after lymph node dissection without radiation therapy. Compared to an operation alone prophylactic adjuvant chemotherapy improved survival from 82 to 93 per cent for patients w...
Presence of an arterial line improves response to simulated hypotension and pulseless electrical activity.

With pulseless electrical activity (PEA) emerging as one of the leading cardiac arrest arrhythmias, the rapid response and accurate diagnosis of PEA is essential to improve survival rates. Although the use of invasive blood pressure monitoring to more quickly detect changes in blood pressure is widespread, evidence for its use is largely anecdotal and placement is not without risk. This is a prospective, multi-center, randomized controlled trial involving 58 senior anesthesiology residents undergoing a simulation of intraoperative PEA using high-fidelity simulation. Of the total 58 participants, 28 subjects were randomized to invasive blood pressure monitoring and 30 to non-invasive blood pressure monitoring in order to investigate the effects of arterial line information on the response time of ACLS-trained anesthesiology residents. Response times of subjects in the group provided with invasive blood pressure monitoring were faster to palpate pulses (6.5 s faster, p = .0470), initiate chest compressions (17 s faster, p = .004), and administer 1 mg of epinephrine (21 s faster, p = .0005. The absolute number of pharmacologic interventions was increased in the group with invasive blood pressure monitoring (p = .020). These findings suggest that noninvasive blood pressure monitoring and other readily available monitors are not as powerful as invasive blood pressure monitoring in influencing decision-making during a PEA event. As there is currently no specific blood pressure at which the patient is considered to be in PEA, future studies are necessary to clarify the correlation between the arterial line tracing and the appropriate trigger for ACLS initiation.
Catabolite and Oxygen Regulation of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Virulence

ABSTRACT The biogeography of the gut is diverse in its longitudinal axis, as well as within specific microenvironments. Differential oxygenation and nutrient composition drive the membership of microbial communities in these habitats. Moreover, enteric pathogens can orchestrate further modifications to gain a competitive advantage toward host colonization. These pathogens are versatile and adept when exploiting the human colon. They expertly navigate complex environmental cues and interkingdom signaling to colonize and infect their hosts. Here we demonstrate how enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) uses three sugar-sensing transcription factors, Cra, KdpE, and FusR, to exquisitely regulate the expression of virulence factors associated with its type III secretion system (T3SS) when exposed to various oxygen concentrations. We also explored the effect of mucin-derived nonpreferred carbon sources on EHEC growth and expression of virulence genes. Taken together, the results show that EHEC represses the expression of its T3SS when oxygen is absent, mimicking the largely anaerobic lumen, and activates its T3SS when oxygen is available through Cra. In addition, when EHEC senses mucin-derived sugars heavily present in the O-linked and N-linked glycans of the large intestine, virulence gene expression is initiated. Sugars derived from pectin, a complex plant polysaccharide digested in the large intestine, also increased virulence gene expression. Not only does EHEC sense host- and microbiota-derived interkingdom signals, it also uses oxygen availability and mucin-derived sugars liberated by the microbiota to stimulate expression of the T3SS. This precision in gene regulation allows EHEC to be an efficient pathogen with an extremely low infectious dose. IMPORTANCE Enteric pathogens have to be crafty when interpreting multiple environmental cues to successfully establish themselves within complex and diverse gut microenvironments. Differences in oxygen tension and nutrient composition determine the biogeography of the gut microbiota and provide unique niches that can be exploited by enteric pathogens. EHEC is an enteric pathogen that colonizes the colon and causes outbreaks of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome worldwide. It has a very low infectious dose, which requires it to be an extremely effective pathogen. Hence, here we show that EHEC senses multiple sugar sources and oxygen levels to optimally control the expression of its virulence repertoire. This exquisite regulatory control equips EHEC to sense different intestinal compartments to colonize the host.
Complexity vs. Stability

A tropical rain forest is ecologically more stable than the sub-arctic tundra. If the number of species present is chosen as a measure of the ‘complexity’ of the ecosystem, and the ability of the species present to persist in time is taken as a sign of ‘stability’ then the above examples are interpreted to mean that Complexity leads to Stability. Another example of this hypothesis comes from agricultural observations. In general, a field with several interplanted crops is more resistant to a pest outbreak than a field with just a single crop.
NDE of Additively Manufactured Parts via Directly Bonded and Mechanically Attached Electromechanical Impedance Sensors

Additive Manufacturing (AM) allows increased complexity which poses challenges to quality-control (QC) and non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of manufactured parts. The lack of simple, reliable, and inexpensive methods for NDE of AM parts is a significant obstacle to wider adoption of AM parts.
Generation of Antigen-Specific T Lymphocytes from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

Conquering cancer, one of the leading human health problems, is a major task for both basic and clinical scientists. With the understanding of recently developed cancer immunotherapy, in particular the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immunotherapy, T cell development as well as the applications of stem cell technologies, an individualized cancer immunotherapy could be promisingly designed by avoiding several main obstacles in obtaining a large number of autologous and highly-reactive tumor-specific CTLs. Through induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technologies, tumor-specific CTLs could be generated from a piece of skin or blood from the individual cancer patient, following genetic modification as well as a directed differentiation. This novel approach could potentially further expand the weaponry to battle cancer.
Remarks on the Evaluation of Nonlinear Programming Algorithms

What do we expect from a nonlinear programming code that implements a known mathematical algorithm? Our primary interest seems to lie not in the design of the code and its structures but in the execution of the code since the latter will determine the efficiency, reliability, and robustness of the code. While the details of the algorithm can be read from the literature and the code can be examined from a (hopefully) well-documented listing of the programs, the author of a code should also explain the rationale behind the chosen strategy and the various choices which have been made. It is the choices rather than the decisions that represents the essential information.
Pathway Engineering of the Plant Vitamin C Metabolic Network

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AsA) is an important primary metabolite of plants that functions as an antioxidant, an enzyme cofactor, and a cell-signalling modulator in a wide array of crucial physiological processes, including biosynthesis of the cell wall, secondary metabolites and phytohormones, stress resistance, photoprotection, cell division, senescence, and growth. Humans and related primates have lost the ability to synthesize AsA and therefore must obtain it in the diet – primarily from plants. Despite its importance, our understanding of plant vitamin C biosynthesis remains incomplete. Several routes leading to AsA formation have been proposed: from d-glucose via d-mannose and l-galactose; from myo-inositol; from galacturonic acid, and from l-gulose. It is unclear whether these are independent pathways or whether they interlink, possibly via enzymes with nonspecific activity. Several enzymes in the vitamin C network have yzet to be characterized, either biochemically or genetically, and the relative contribution of each branch to total AsA in plant tissues, and the mechanisms behind AsA homeostasis are largely unknown. Mutant analysis and transgenic studies in Arabidopsis thaliana and other model systems have provided important insight into the regulation, activities, integration, and evolution of individual enzymes and are already providing a knowledge base for breeding and transgenic approaches to modify the level of vitamin C in agricultural crops
Synthesis of Chiral Carbo-Nanotweezers for Enantiospecific Recognition and DNA Duplex Winding in Cancer Cells.

Targeting the DNA of tumor cells with small molecules may offer effective clinical strategies for transcriptional inhibition. We unveil synthesis and characterization of ∼20 nm chiral carbon nanoparticles for enantiospecific recognition of DNA. Our approach inculcates chirality in carbon nanoparticles by controlled tethering of minor groove binders, i.e., Troger's base (TB). The chiral particles positively enriched the cellular nucleus in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, irrespective of the TB asymmetry tethered on the particle surface, but negatively induced chiral carbon nanoparticles exhibited improved efficiency at inhibiting cell growth. Further studies indicated that these chiral particles act as nanotweezers to perturb the genomic DNA and induce apoptosis cascade in cancer cells.
Introduction to Intuitionistic and Modal Logics

Intuitionistic logic has developed as a result of certain philosophical views on the foundation of mathematics, known as intuitionism. Intuitionism was originated by L. E. J. Brouwer in 1908. The first Hilbert style formalization of the intuitionistic logic, formulated as a proof system, is due to A. Heyting (1930). In this chapter we present a Hilbert style proof system I that is equivalent to the Heyting’s original formalization and discuss the relationship between intuitionistic and classical logic.
Structural and Antiviral Studies of the Human Norovirus GII.4 Protease

Norovirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide with a yearly reported 700 million cases driving a $60 billion global socioeconomic burden. With no United States Food and Drug Administration approved therapeutics and the chance for severe chronic infection and life-threatening complications, researchers have identified the protease as a potential target. However, drug development has focused on the norovirus GI.1 strain despite its accounting for less than 5% of all outbreaks. Our lab aims to change focus for norovirus drug design from GI.1 to the highly infective GII.4, responsible for more than 50% of all outbreaks worldwide. With the first published crystal structure of the norovirus GII.4 protease, we have identified several significant differences in the structure and active site that have hindered development of a potent inhibitor targeting the norovirus GII.4 protease. With these new insights, we have begun designing compounds that demonstrate increased inhibition of the clinically most relevant norovirus GII.4 strain.
Distinguishing between bulk and edge hydroxyl vibrational properties of 2 : 1 phyllosilicates via deuteration

Observation of vibrational properties of phyllosilicate edges via a combined molecular modeling and experimental approach was performed. Deuterium exchange was utilized to isolate edge vibrational modes from their internal counterparts. The appearance of a specific peak within the broader D2O band indicates the presence of deuteration on the edge surface, and this peak is confirmed with the simulated spectra. These results are the first to unambiguously identify spectroscopic features of phyllosilicate edge sites.
The utilization of sulfite-rich Spray Dryer Absorber Material in portland cement concrete

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the utilization potential of Spray Dryer Absorber Material (SDAM) as an additive in concrete made with portland cement. Utilizing SDAM for beneficial use such as portland cement replacement reduces the CO2 impact for every cubic meter of concrete placed, and provides a means for utilities to avoid the impacts of landfilling. The utilization of SDAM in concrete is often avoided due to delay in setting time, i.e. early-age strength-gain, and expansion related durability issues. The study included SDAM collected from five different coal combustion utilities. A series of laboratory experiments were conducted on the fresh and hardened concrete made by replacing 20 wt% of the portland cement. The findings of this research demonstrates that despite slow strength gain at early ages, a 20 wt% replacement of portland cement yielded a concrete that met the desirable 28-day performance criteria. Additionally, the incorporation of SDAM containing elevated levels of fly ash content improved the resistance to chloride permeability, and autoclave expansion resistance of concrete. These results provide evidence against the stigma of poor durability when using SDAM in concrete.
Lupus, Macrophage Activation Syndrome, and Invasive Infections

Deficiency in the classical complement components predisposes to the development of autoimmunity secondary to impaired clearance of immune complexes
Does empiric superovulation improve fecundity in healthy women undergoing therapeutic donor insemination without a male partner

Objective To evaluate whether superovulation improves fecundity in women undergoing therapeutic donor insemination (TDI). Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting University-affiliated fertility clinic. Patient(s) Healthy women aged 23–45 years with no history of or risk factors for infertility who underwent 152 medicated and 104 unmedicated TDI cycles from 2013 to 2018. Intervention Unmedicated TDI versus use of medication in a TDI cycle (clomiphene citrate or letrozole). Main Outcome Measure(s) Cumulative probability of pregnancy in six TDI cycles. Result(s) In adjusted all-cycle analysis, medicated TDI cycles were less likely to result in pregnancy compared with unmedicated cycles. The incidence of twins was 23% in the medicated group and 0% in the unmedicated group. Medicated cycles were less likely to result in pregnancy in women younger than 40 years or with an antimullerian hormone (AMH) level >1.2. After three cycles not resulting in pregnancy, the only women who conceived were those who crossed over from an unmedicated to a medicated cycle (12% vs. 0%). Conclusion(s) Patients undergoing unmedicated TDI cycles had higher fecundity and no incidence of twin gestations. Older women, those with low AMH, and those who fail to conceive after three unmedicated cycles may benefit from medication.
When the State Kills in Secret

The secrecy that surrounds executions in Japan is taken to extremes seldom seen in other nations. To describe the reality of hanging in Japan (its sole method of execution since 1882), this chapter discusses two sources of evidence. First it summarizes recently discovered documents from the American Occupation of Japan (1945–1952), which reveal facts about hanging that have long been obscured by the country’s secrecy policy. Then it describes a capital trial that occurred in Osaka in 2011, where the defense directly challenged the constitutionality of hanging for the first time since Japan’s Supreme Court declared this method “constitutional” in 1955. These sources of information raise a question about execution that is hard to answer in the affirmative: Is it possible to hang a human being humanely?
Showing and coding: venture pitching and nonmaterial production

This article explores practices of representation and role stabilization in an emerging innovation ecosystem in Beirut, Lebanon. With little local track record of software startup activity, any ove...
Ca Cobaltites as Potential Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Ca-Ion Batteries: Theory and Experiment

Rechargeable Ca-based batteries can potentially achieve higher energy capacity than Li-ion batteries. The development of Ca-ion batteries, however, remains in its infancy, especially due to the cha...
Electrical coupling between chromatophore muscle fibers allows for versatile control of chromatophore expansion in squid.

Camouflage color change in cephalopods is generated by the expansion and relaxation of hundreds to thousands of chromatophore pigment organs in the skin. Individual chromatophores display color when the central pigment sac is expanded to several times its original size by a ring of 20-30 radial muscles, which are electrically coupled and are innervated by multiple motoneurons. However, mechanisms for their neuromuscular control are unclear. Here we characterize chromatophore expansion kinematics and perform simultaneous whole-cell recordings on pairs of muscle fibers of a chromatophore in squid hatchlings. We show that activity is highly correlated between muscle fibers of a chromatophore due to a high ratio of electrical coupling between all muscles for slow currents. However, fast currents are filtered and decrease rapidly further away from the muscle receiving the inputs. This low-pass filtering property of electrical coupling allows fast inputs to activate one muscle while persistent inputs spread throughout the chromatophore to synchronously activate all muscles, providing a versatile mode of control for chromatophore expansion.