cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Different Worlds: A Sociological Study of Taste, Choice and Success in Art

Introduction 1. Historical background 2. The population of painters and the split into subsystems 3. Patterns of success 4. The 'gatekeepers' - critics 5. The 'gatekeepers' - curators 6. The 'gatekeepers' - gallery owners 7. The artists - attitudes of Conceptualists and Lyrical Abstractionists 8. The artists - attitudes of figurative painters 9. The publics 10. Conclusion Appendices Notes Index.
Characterizing moisture exchange between the Hawaiian convective boundary layer and free troposphere using stable isotopes in water

[1] The subtropical convective boundary layer (CBL) plays a critical role in climate by regulating the vertical exchange of moisture, energy, trace gases, and pollutants between the ocean surface and free troposphere. Yet bulk features of this exchange are poorly constrained in climate models. To improve our understanding of moisture transport between the boundary layer and free troposphere, paired measurements of water vapor mixing ratio and the stable isotope ratio 18O/16O are used to evaluate moist convective mixing and entrainment processes near the Big Island of Hawaii. Profile data from the island's east side are consistent with moist adiabatic processes below the trade wind temperature inversion. In contrast, profiles on the west side follow moist adiabatic lapse rates within discrete stable layers, suggesting moist convection sets the humidity structure of even the unsaturated regions around the island. Above the trade wind inversion, the transition from well-mixed boundary layer to free troposphere is characterized by a simple mixing line analysis, so long as the thermodynamic properties of the air mass at CBL top are known. Deviations from the mixing line identify thermodynamic boundaries in the atmospheric profile, which can persist from one day to the next. These findings indicate residual layers form during strong mixing events and regulate vertical moisture transport for multiple days at a time. Basic assumptions that synoptic-scale transport controls isotope ratios at CBL top are therefore not sufficient for describing moisture exchange between the boundary layer and free troposphere in the subtropics.
Cloning, Characterization, and Functional Studies of a 47-kDa Platelet Receptor for Type III Collagen

Abstract A 1.2-kb cDNA fragment encoding a platelet 47-kDa protein has been isolated from a human bone marrow cDNA library by using a degenerate oligonucleotide of the sequenced amino terminus of the purified platelet protein with a poly(dT)12·(dG) by polymerase chain reaction. A computer search revealed that the cDNA represents the coding sequence of a protein with a fragmentary homology to several proteins. Using a prokaryotic expression system, pBad TOPO-47 cDNA, a 47-kDa recombinant protein was obtained and purified to apparent homogeneity by nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid resin and collagen affinity column. The recombinant protein binds to type III but not type I collagen-Sepharose 2B affinity columns. Anti-47-kDa but not anti-65-kDa antibody inhibits the binding of the recombinant protein to the type III collagen-coated micro titer wells in a dose-dependent manner. Like the receptor protein purified from platelet membranes, the recombinant protein inhibits type III collagen-induced platelet aggregation also in a dose-dependent manner. We have defined two active peptides from the cloned deduced amino acid sequence. Both peptides inhibit type III but not type I collagen-induced platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent fashion. These results suggest that the active binding site of the platelet receptor to type III collagen resides in these portions of the protein.
Treatment of Thumb Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joint Arthritis

Degenerative joint disease affecting the thumb metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints is a debilitating condition, which can significantly restrict activities of daily living. Conservative measures to address symptoms include oral anti-inflammatory medications, activity modification and splinting, and intraarticular corticosteroid injections. Surgical interventions include arthroscopic synovectomy, arthroplasty, and finally arthrodesis of the affected articulations. Although short-term results from synovectomy and arthroplasty seem promising, long-term data are not yet available. Arthrodesis of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints yields a stable yet functional thumb with reliably good pain relief.
Robert Clive and Imperial Modernity

In his article "Robert Clive and Imperial Modernity" Nigel Joseph analyzes the work of Robert Clive by postulating the questions of why Clive would be emblematic of the bleak modernity of Tocqueville, Weber, and Foucault? Rapacious yet docile, personally ambitious yet capable of curbing ambition in others, Clive seems to be an anomalous figure. Joseph posits that Clive's career is a metaphor for both the trajectory of the imperial state and for the imperial subject. In order to retain his Indian-derived wealth, Clive is forced into a series of paradoxical postures: beginning as the archetypal private marauder, he transforms himself into the scourge of corrupt English officialdom. The actions of a Clive, restless, energetic, ambitious, seeking to be a propertied self in the home country, force a new synthesis. After Clive, and even more urgently after Warren Hastings, the nation is forced to take up the moral burden of empire. Thus, Joseph suggests that Clive represents the classic scenario of modernity: the individual subjectivity whose desire for things, for material wealth is assiduously encouraged, while rendered obedient towards a state that is represented as beyond material desire. Nigel Joseph, "Robert Clive and Imperial Modernity" page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 12.2 (2010): Thematic issue New Modernities and the "Third World." Ed. V. DeSousa, J.E. Henton, and G. Ramanathan
Expression of positional information during cell differentiation in Caulobacter

Abstract The asymmetric targeting of proteins to the Caulobacter predivisional cell poles yields dissimilar progeny. We show that the products of transcriptional reporter gene fusions to a flagellin gene and to the flagellar hook operon are segregated to the progeny swarmer cell. This segregation does not depend on sequences within the mRNA, but on the upstream regulatory region. The subset of developmentally regulated flagellar genes that exhibit mRNA segregation has the same upstream cis -acting elements: an activator-binding site known as the ftr sequence and an IHF-binding site. We propose that these genes are preferentially transcribed form the chromosome in the incipient swarmer cell pole of the predivisional cell.
Increased blood–brain barrier permeability and altered tight junctions in experimental diabetes in the rat: Contribution of hyperglycaemia and matrix metalloproteinases

Aims/hypothesis Although diabetes mellitus is associated with peripheral microvascular complications and increased risk of neurological events, the mechanisms by which diabetes disrupts the blood–brain barrier (BBB) are not known. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity is increased in diabetic patients, is associated with degradation of tight junction proteins, and is a known mediator of BBB compromise. We hypothesise that diabetes leads to compromise of BBB tight junctions via stimulation of MMP activity.
Identifying Racial Privilege: Lessons from Critical Race Theory and the Law

(2003). Identifying Racial Privilege: Lessons from Critical Race Theory and the Law. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 24-25.
The effects of colored quadratic noise on a turbulent transition in liquid 4 He

Liquid4He presents an important physical system for the experimental study of noise-induced dynamical transitions. At temperatures belowTλ in the He II phase, the flow of heat in the liquid helium is limited by a kind of superfluid turbulence. The steady-state properties of this turbulence are adequately described by a dense tangle of quantized vortex lines in the superfluid component of the He II. The turbulence undergoes a continuous transition as the heat current is increased. At this transition the intrinsic fluctuations in the dissipation and the relaxation time both become large [D. Griswold, C. P. Lorenson, and J. T. Tough,Phys. Rev. B 35:3149 (1987)]. These observations are consistent with a model of the transition as an imperfect pitchfork bifurcation [M. Schumaker and W. Horsthemke,Phys. Rev. A 36:354 (1987)]. External noise can be easily added to the driving heat current. Small-amplitude noise simply causes the system to fluctuate about the deterministic steady states. Large-amplitude noise causes dramatic changes. The stochastic steady states of the turbulence show noise-induced bistability [D. Grisowld and J. T. Tough,Phys. Rev. A 36:1360 (1987)]. Comparison with the imperfect pitchfork model is difficult because the noise is colored, quadratic, and large. Nevertheless, an approximate result obtained by Schumaker and Horsthemke is in good qualitative agreement with the data.
Influence of anoxia on sprouting of vegetative propagules of three species of aquatic plant propagules

Vegetative propagules ofPotamogeton pectinatus, P. gramineus, andHydrilla verticillata were exposed to aerobic or anaerobic atmospheres for 7, 14, or 21 days in the dark at 18°C or 7°C. There were no differences in the proportion of propagules sprouting due the presence or absence of oxygen. However, propagules exposed to an anaerobic atmosphere at 18°C sprouted sooner than those exposed to an aerobic atmosphere. This effect was less apparent when exposure to anaerobic conditions was at 7°C. In field experiments,Potamogeton gramineus winter buds were buried at 4 depths in Byrnes Canal sediment. Those buried for 25 days at 25 cm (where sediment redox potential is < 50 mV and conditions are likely hypoxic) showed discoloration consistent with sulfide deposition, and they sprouted more rapidly than winter buds buried at 5 or 15 cm. As the duration of burial in Byrnes Canal sediment increased, propagule sprouting time decreased. Predicting the timing of propagule sprouting in habitats with fluctuating water levels may benefit from information on seasonal changes in the oxygen status of the sediments.
QoS-Based Resource Allocation for Next-Generation Spacecraft Networks

Current spacecraft systems generally have monolithic structures, but a "fractionated" architecture is being considered for next generation spacecrafts. A fractionated spacecraft system is a cluster of independent modules that communicate wirelessly to maintain cluster flight formations and realize the functions usually performed by a monolithic satellite. The envisioned benefits of the fractionated approach include enhanced responsiveness, greater flexibility, robustness and co-existence of multiple missions from different sources with varying degree of trust. The fractionated architecture, however, introduces significant new challenges from the perspective of resource allocation and management. The mobile nature of the clusters and the modules within the cluster implies that the network topology is highly time-varying. A cluster with multiple missions can require messages to be transmitted across the network with varying degrees of QoS requirements such as timeliness and data delivery reliability. The system must determine the appropriate and timely resource allocation for these missions. In this paper, we address these resource allocation challenges by introducing an abstraction of dynamic graphs, and extending the QoS based Resource Allocation Model (Q-RAM) to operate on these dynamic graphs. We develop a mechanism to decompose a dynamic graph into multiple static sub-graphs using which the resource allocation problem is partitioned into multiple sub-problems within each of these static sub-graphs. We have experimentally evaluated our solution by building a simulation framework called SatSim, which can handle a variety of satellite configurations and mobility models. The proposed solution is shown to achieve a near-optimal solution for the resource allocation problem in time-varying networks, while reducing time complexity significantly.
Possible Premonitory Strain Changes Associated with an Earthquake Swarm Near Mina, Nevada

Rapid strain changes at a station near Mina, western Nevada, occurred during a time of increased local seismic activity. The recordings indicate a period of crustal dilation followed by a contraction and a swarm of earthquakes in May, 1972, and the process may have been repeated during the next month. This pattern is consistent with precursory changes that have been proposed in connection with pre-earthquake dilatancy.
Surgical resection of hypothalamic hamartomas for severe behavioral symptoms

Hypothalamic hamartomas (HHs) are associated with treatment-resistant epilepsy. Many patients also experience severe and sometimes disabling psychiatric problems. The most common behavioral symptoms consist of paroxysms of uncontrolled anger related to poor frustration tolerance. These can include violence, resulting in disrupted family or school relationships, and legal consequences including incarceration. In a large cohort of patients undergoing surgical resection of HHs for refractory epilepsy, 88% of families described an improvement in overall behavioral functioning [1]. Here, we describe four patients (three males, mean age=11.9 years) who underwent surgical resection of HHs largely for behavioral indications. Three patients had relatively well controlled seizures, and one had no history of epilepsy. All patients had striking improvement in their psychiatric comorbidity. HH resection can result in significant improvement in behavioral functioning, even in patients with relatively infrequent seizures. Further investigation under approved human research protocols is warranted.
Etiology and pathogenesis of airway disease in children and adults from rural communities.

Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood and affects nearly 5 million children. The prevalence and severity of childhood asthma have continued to increase over the past decade despite...
Hydrocortisone regulation of thymidine kinase in thymus involution and hematopoietic tissues

Abstract Thymus involution, initiated by hydrocortisone treatment, was accompanied by a 90% decrease of thymidine kinase activity per g tissue. The concentration of six other enzymes remained essentially unchanged and that of two increased significantly, indicating that hydrocortisone has a selective effect on the enzymic composition of this organ. Hydrocortisone also decreased the level of thymidine kinase in two erythropoietic organs, fetal liver and neonatal spleen. These results indicate a close connection between thymidine kinase and the effect of glucocorticoids on organs involved in blood cell turnover. The effect of hydrocortisone on thymidine kinase levels does not necessarily coincide with that on cellularity. In spleen of 3–4-day-old rats the hormone did not alter the number of nuclei per g. In fetal liver an injection of hydrocortisone can cause maximal loss of thymidine kinase before there is any detectable loss in the number of hematopoietic cells. These results suggest that intracellular changes in enzyme concentrations precede alterations in cytocomposition.
Transport of momentum and energy in a ducted jet: I. Experimental study of a nonisothermal jet of air discharging into a duct

A heated jet of air from an 0.898-in. standard A.S.M.E. nozzle was discharged into a 4-in. steel duct, well insulated over its entire 10-ft. length. Air from the region surrounding the nozzle was entrained into the duct. At a number of points along the duct, radial profiles of air velocity and temperature were obtained by means of a probe which combined an impact tube and a thermocouple. The temperature at each of several points along the duct wall was indicated by thermocouples imbedded in the wall. In the experiments reported here the velocity at the jet was 585 ft./sec.; the temperature of the jet was about 220°F. and that of the entrained air was about 88°F. The total air flow rate through the duct was 0.67 lb./sec., and the heat flux was 4.9 B.t.u./sec., with the temperature of the entrained air taken as the datum. The radial and axial profiles of velocity and temperature are compared and discussed; the temperatures of the stream near the duct wall and of the duct wall itself are given. Conservation of mass and heat was checked by graphical integration of the radial profiles.
Anandamide Activates Vanilloid Receptor 1 (VR1) at Acidic pH in Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons and Cells Ectopically Expressing VR1

The vanilloid receptor type 1 (VR1) is a heat-activated ionophore preferentially expressed in nociceptive neurons of trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). VR1, which binds and is activated by capsaicin and other vanilloid compounds, was noted to interact with the endocannabinoid anandamide (ANA) and certain inflammatory metabolites of arachidonic acid in a pH-dependent manner. At pH < or = 6.5 ANA induced (45)Ca(2+) uptake either in primary cultures of DRG neurons or cells ectopically expressing C-terminally tagged recombinant forms of VR1 with an EC(50) = approximately 10 microm at pH 5.5. Capsazepine, a potent antagonist of vanilloids, inhibited ANA-induced Ca(2+) transport in both cell systems. Vanilloids displaced [(3)H]ANA in VR1-expressing cells, suggesting competition for binding to VR1. Ratiometric determination of intracellular free calcium and confocal imaging of the VR1-green fluorescent fusion protein revealed that, at low pH (< or =6.5), ANA could induce an elevation of intracellular free Ca(2+) and consequent intracellular membrane changes in DRG neurons or transfected cells expressing VR1. These actions of ANA were similar to the effects determined previously for vanilloids. The ligand-induced changes in Ca(2+) at pH < or = 6.5 are consistent with the idea that ANA and other eicosanoids act as endogenous ligands of VR1 in a conditional fashion in vivo. The pH dependence suggests that tissue acidification in inflammation, ischemia, or traumatic injury can sensitize VR1 to eicosanoids and transduce pain from the periphery.
Rheology and gelation of cellulose/ammonia/ammonium thiocyanate solutions

Liquid crystalline solutions of cellulose in an ammonia/ammonium thiocyanate solvent will form thermoreversible gels at temperatures below 30°C. These gels are of interest both for processing the cellulose/ammonia/ammonium thiocyanate system and because they have an unusual structure, containing neither crystalline nor covalently bonded crosslinks. Although these gels contain neither crystalline nor covalently bonded crosslinks, the dynamic rheological behavior of the system at the gel point was found to be the same as for gels with covalent or crystalline crosslinks with a loss tangent, tan δ, independent of frequency. The kinetics of the gelation process was monitored via dynamic elastic modulus, G'. All samples revealed an exponential increase in G' with time during gelation, very different from that observed in covalently bonded or crystalline crosslinked systems. Measurements of the loss tangent enabled precise determination of the gelation time for these systems as a function of cellulose concentration and temperature. We found the gel time to be inversely related to cellulose concentration and directly related to temperature. The strong dependence of gel time on these parameters offers a windows of spinnability that can be tailored for processing high modulus cellulose fibers.
Mechanism of the diuretic action of D-amphetamine

Abstract In a study of the mechanism of the diuretic action of D-amphetamine in idiopathic edema, it was found that D-amphetamine (20 mg.) significantly increased Na excretion both in normal subjects and in patients with idiopathic edema ingesting constant amounts of .14 per cent saline solution. In patients with adrenal insufficiency, however, receiving glucocorticoid replacement alone, no such increase was observed. Investigation of this phenomenon by metabolic balance technics in 7 normal subjects revealed a significant decrease (P
Influence of BMI and gender on postprandial hormone responses.

Objective: Influences of gender and body weight on the hormonal response to eating are not well understood. This study was conducted to determine a convenient time-point to evaluate peak postprandial hormone responses and to test the hypothesis that gender and BMI interact to produce differences in postprandial secretion of selected humoral markers implicated in hunger and satiety. Research Methods and Procedures: Fasting blood glucose, insulin, leptin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1, and glucagon were measured in normal-weight (20 ≤ BMI < 25 kg/m2) men (n = 10) and women (n = 9) and obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) men (n = 9) and women (n = 11). A standard liquid meal was consumed, and humoral measurements were repeated every 10 minutes for 1 hour. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with BMI and gender as main effects. Results: Obese subjects had delayed peak insulin responses (p = 0.004), whereas obese men had a delayed nadir ghrelin response (p = 0.05). Obese subjects had higher and more sustained postprandial glucose (p = 0.02), and greater fasting (p = 0.0004) and postprandial insulin (p = 0.0001). Ghrelin decreased after the meal (p = 0.003); the percent change from fasting tended to be reduced in obese subjects (p = 0.07). Men had greater fasting (p = 0.02) and postprandial (p = 0.03) glucagon and a subtle postprandial decline in plasma leptin (p = 0.01). Discussion: Peak hormone responses occurred 20 to 40 minutes after eating. Measurements made during this interval may be useful in evaluating postprandial response magnitude. Peak/nadir responses and time courses of postprandial responses are influenced by gender and BMI. Nutritional studies need to account for variability introduced by these factors.
Review of Computer-Aided Numerical Simulation in Wind Energy

Abstract Many advances have been made during the last decade in the development and application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), finite element analysis (FEA), numerical weather modeling, and other numerical methods as applied to the wind energy industry. The current information about this area of study may help researchers gage research efforts. Specifically, micro-siting, wind modeling and prediction, blade optimization and modeling, high resolution turbine flow modeling, support structure analysis, and noise prediction have been the main focuses of recent research. The advances in this area of research are enabling better designs and greater efficiencies than were possible previously. The trends toward system coupling, parallel computing, and replacing experiments are discussed. The shortcomings of recent research and areas of possible future research are also presented.
Predictors of success in a smoking cessation clinic

We identified factors associated with success among the first 531 patients referred to a Veterans Affairs Medical Center smoking cessation clinic. Both patients and providers completed questionnaires covering smoking history, other health habits, and comorbidity. The 3-month success rate was 23% of all referrals or 42% of clinic attendees. Among those referred, factors associated with their success were being at least 50 years of age, having hyperlipidemia, and not currently drinking alcohol. Among those who attended the clinic at least once, factors associated with success were being at least 50 years of age, being less physically active, and not currently drinking alcohol. Neither patients nor providers could predict who would successfully stop smoking.
Quantifying the global and distributional aspects of American household carbon footprint

Abstract Analysis of household consumption and its environmental impact remains one of the most important topics in sustainability research. Nevertheless, much past and recent work has focused on domestic national averages, neglecting both the growing importance of international trade on household carbon footprint and the variation between households of different income levels and demographics. Using consumer expenditure surveys and multi-country life cycle assessment techniques, this paper analyzes the global and distributional aspects of American household carbon footprint. We find that due to recently increased international trade, 30% of total US household CO 2 impact in 2004 occurred outside the US. Further, households vary considerably in their CO 2 responsibilities: at least a factor of ten difference exists between low and high-impact households, with total household income and expenditure being the best predictors of both domestic and international portions of the total CO 2 impact. The global location of emissions, which cannot be calculated using standard input–output analysis, and the variation of household impacts with income, have important ramifications for polices designed to lower consumer impacts on climate change, such as carbon taxes. The effectiveness and fairness of such policies hinges on a proper understanding of how income distributions, rebound effects, and international trade affect them.
Nontuberculous mycobacterial blood stream and cardiac infections in patients without HIV infection

Nontuberculous mycobacteria rarely cause bacteremia in HIV-negative patients. We describe 16 cases, including the first Mycobacterium neoaurum endocarditis. Nine cases were line related. Most patients were immunocompromised secondary to hematologic malignancy or other comorbid conditions. Amikacin had the most reliable in vitro activity. Combination therapy was frequently used. Mortality was 25%.
Clinical application of forced oscillation.

This review summarizes current clinical use of the forced oscillation technique (FOT) for analysis of lung function. It presents an intuitive approach to FOT pattern recognition for interpretation of results in human subjects, and the view that FOT is now well established and, clinically, eminently useful in patients with airflow obstruction. The focus of this review is on findings that relate directly to clinical utility, with less emphasis on theoretical mechanisms. The major thrust for clinical application of FOT derives from a number of European clinical research centers. Farre and Navajas and their colleagues in Barcelona, Harf and the Lorinos and their coworkers in Paris, Peslin and Duvivier and their coworkers in Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, Pride and coworkers in London, and Van de Woestijne, Clement, Demedts, Landser, Van Noord, and their colleagues in Leuven have essentially been responsible for clinical development of FOT over the past 25 years. Publishing space does not permit an exhaustive listing of the many contributions of these investigators, but it is intended that the present review will provide a useful infrastructure from which the reader may progress to other research citations as desired.
Two perceptual variables in within-event learning

Four autoshaping experiments employed pigeon subjects to explore within-stimulus learning. Experiments 1 and 2 investigated the formation of an association between two elements within a visual compound as a function of the similarity of the elements to each other. As in earlier experiments on the formation of associations between stimuli, similarity improved learning within a stimulus. Experiments 3 and 4 examined the formation of color-form associations when the color was a property of the form or of the ground on which the form occurred. Learning was better between the form and its color than between the form and the color of its background. These results suggest that perceptual variables contribute to within-stimulus learning.
On the empirical performance of self-calibrating WiFi location systems

The pervasive deployment of 802.11 in modern enterprise buildings has long made it an attractive technology for constructing indoor location services. To this end, a broad range of algorithms have been proposed to accurately estimate location from 802.11 signal strength measurements, some without requiring manual calibration for each physical location. Prior work suggests that many of these protocols can be highly effective — reporting median errors of under 2 meters in some instances. However, there are few studies validating these claims at scale, nor comparing the algorithms in a uniform, realistic environment. Our work provides precisely this kind of empirical evaluation in a realistic office building environment. Surprisingly, we find that median errors in our environment are consistently greater than 5 meters and, counter-intuitively, that simpler algorithms frequently outperform their more sophisticated counterparts. In analyzing our results, we argue that unrealistic assumptions about access point densities and underlying variability in the indoor environment may preclude highly accurate location estimates based on 802.11 signal strength.
Preoperative chemoradiation therapy does not improve early survival after esophagectomy for patients with clinical stage III adenocarcinoma of the esophagus

Abstract Background The optimal treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer remains controversial. The objective of this study was to determine if preoperative chemoradiation therapy (P-CRT) followed by esophagectomy for patients with clinical stage III adenocarcinoma of the esophagus offered any survival advantage as compared with esophagectomy alone. Methods Between January 1998 and June 2001, 75 nonrandomized patients with clinical stage III adenocarcinoma of the esophagus underwent either P-CRT and esophagectomy or esophagectomy alone. All patients were staged before initiation of treatment with computed tomography and endoscopic ultrasound. Results P-CRT followed by esophagectomy was performed in 47 patients (63%) and esophagectomy alone in 28 patients (37%). Although the P-CRT group was younger (median age, 61 years versus 67 years), the two groups were otherwise similar for gender, comorbidities, and symptoms. Overall operative mortality was 4%. Follow-up was complete in all patients and ranged from 5 to 40 months (median, 20 months). Overall, one-, two-, and three-year survivals were 72%, 44%, and 42%, respectively. Three-year survival was identical (42%) for both the P-CRT and surgery alone patients ( p = 0.70). Three-year disease-free survival for the P-CRT group was 29% as compared with 33% for the surgery only group ( p = 0.51). Conclusions Patients with clinical stage III adenocarcinoma of the esophagus do not appear to gain an early overall or disease-free survival advantage when treated with P-CRT followed by surgery as compared with surgery alone. However, long-term follow-up is needed. A large, prospective, randomized trial is warranted to address the question of whether P-CRT offers any survival benefit or impact on pattern of recurrence in patients undergoing esophagectomy for locally advanced disease.
Crystal chemistry of HgBa2Can-1CunO2n+2+δ (n = 1, 2, 3, 4) superconductors

Constant wavelength neutron powder diffraction data at room temperature were used to refine the crystal structures of HgBa{sub 2}Ca{sub n-1}Cu{sub n}O{sub 2n+2+{sigma}}(n=1,2,3,4) superconductors, which were synthesized by solid-state reaction of the component oxides. Samples annealed both in oxygen and argon atmospheres were examined. Rietveld refinements converged to values of R{sub wp} = 8-10% and x{sup 2} = 1.1-1.7 using a tetragonal cell with P4/mmm symmetry. The HgBa{sub 2}CuO{sub 4+{sigma}}, and HgBa{sub 2}Ca{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 8+{sigma}} (n=1,2 and 3) samples were nearly single phase, whereas the HgBa{sub 2}Ca{sub 3}Cu{sub 4}O{sub 10+{sigma}}(n=4) sample was primarily a mixture of the n=3 and 4 phases. For increasing n, the oxygen-annealed samples exhibit T{sub c} (diamagnetic onsets) of 94, 123, 134, and 124 K, respectively, and a contraction of the CuO{sub 2} sheets (lattice parameter{alpha}). The highest T{sub c} sample, HgBa{sub 2}Ca{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 8+{sigma}}, has the shortest apical Cu-O bond. Consistently, the atomic displacement parameter for Hg is large. For refinements in which the Hg atomic displacement parameter is fixed at a more reasonable value, occupancies of the Hg site are significantly less than full for the n > 1 samples, suggesting that the Hg site is deficient and/or possibly occupied by atoms withmore » smaller scattering lengths, e.g., Cu. The oxygen site within the Hg layer is partially occupied, and its occupation increased with increasing n. For the argon-annealed samples, the cell volume increases slightly due to the isotropic increase of both the cell parameters and T{sub c} decreases. For HgBa{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 6+{sigma}}, the occupancy of the oxygen site within the Hg layers decreases upon annealing in argon, yet the T{sub c} increased, implying that the initial carrier concentration is in the overdoped regime.« less
Acceptability Ratings of Regular and Irregular Past-tense Forms: Evidence for a Dual-system Model of Language from Word Frequency and Phonological Neighbourhood Effects

What are the computational and representational bases of the mental lexicon of words, and of the rules of grammar which productively combine lexical forms into larger words, phrases and sentences? “Dual-system” theories posit that lexical forms with non-compositional (arbitrary) sound-meaning pairings are stored in memory, whereas compositional structures are subserved by a distinct rule-processing system. “Single-system” theories claim that lexicon and grammar are both subserved by a single associative memory. Investigations of English past tense may help to resolve this controversy. On the dual-system view, irregular past-tense forms (e.g. blowblew) are retrieved from memory, whereas regular past-tense forms (e.g. walk-walked) are produced by the application of an -ed -suffixation rule. On the single-system view, both types of past-tense forms are learned and computed in associative memory. To test these competing theories, acceptability ratings were elicited from native English-speaking adults for regu...
Hough transform and signal detection theory performance for images with additive noise

Abstract The line detection performance and sensitivity to the noise distribution of the Hough transform and two signal detection theory processors are evaluated quantitatively (using receiver operating characteristics (ROC)) and compared for images corrupted by each of several types of additive noise. The types of noise distributions considered are Gaussian, uniform, and Laplacian. The two types of signal detection theory processors considered are the optimal detector for additive, Gaussian noise and the optimal detector for additive, Laplacian noise. The performances for these noise distributions are interesting to compare because they vary widely in the thickness of the tails of their probability density functions. The Gaussian processor and the Hough transform are found to be much less sensitive to noise type than the Laplacian processor.
Effects of Gas Radiation on the Thermal Characteristics of Regeneratively Cooled Rocket Engines

This paper studies the effects of radiative heat transfer on the thermal characteristics of regeneratively cooled rocket engines. A conjugated radiative, conductive and convective model is used to analyze the effects of radiative heat transfer in two regeneratively cooled rocket engines. One engine has liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen as the propellant and liquid hydrogen as the coolant. The other engine has RP1 (a hydrocarbon fuel) and liquid oxygen as the propellant and liquid oxygen as the coolant. It is shown that gas radiation has some effect on the wall temperature of the LH2 -LO2 engine and a small effect on its coolant flow characteristics. For the RP1-LO2 engine, however, gas radiation significantly increases the coolant pressure drop, temperature and Mach number. It is also shown that radiation effects must be addressed in cooling channel design, so that wall temperatures and cryogenic coolant flow temperature/pressure are at suitable levels.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Patterns of delayed reinforcement and resistance to extinction

An experiment, using rats in a runway, demonstrated that resistance to extinction is affected by the patterns of delayed reinforcement imposed during training.
The impact of pH on nitrogen retention in laboratory analysis of broiler litter

Abstract Land application of broiler litter must fully regard agronomic and environmental issues, which requires increased precision in all aspects of land application of poultry litter. Previous researchers note that litter experiences significant nitrogen loss due to ammonia volatilization during the drying process. Others note that pH of poultry houses and litter significantly affects nitrogen loss due to ammonia volatilization. Recent work shows that acidifying agents effectively reduce ammonia generation in poultry production facilities. This concept is used in this study to adjust the pH of broiler litter samples prior to drying to reduce nitrogen loss during the drying process. Samples from four sources were used. Untreated litter was compared to litter treated with Al2(SO4)3, (10:1 wet weight basis) either in small (10 g) or large (100 g batches). Both Al2(SO4)3 treatment methods significantly lowered litter sample pH. No significant differences were observed in litter moisture analysis values. Regardless of source, litter treated in small batches had significantly higher nitrogen values than untreated litter. Large batches of treated litter did not consistently have higher nitrogen values than untreated litter. Treatment of litter samples with Al2(SO4)3 prior to drying resulted in more accurate quantification of nitrogen in litter, which can ultimately result in more accurate utilization of litter in agronomic applications.
A Case for Metic Intelligence in Technical and Professional Communication Programs

Metis is an underexplored rhetorical counterpart to phronesis that can be described as a flexible, innovative intelligence used in unexpected or unprecedented situations. This article explores metis in relation to techne, praxis, and phronesis, arguing that our programs should strive to cultivate students' metic intelligence through client projects and service-learning experiences. Adapting Agile project management strategies used in software development may offer one means of scaffolding this learning.
Modeling Choice Strategies for Noncomparable Alternatives

Theoretical models are developed for two strategies consumers use to choose among “noncomparable” alternatives. The models view consumers as trading off decision error and processing effort when selecting a decision strategy. The models predict the use of choice strategies, and implicit abstraction processes, for noncomparable alternatives in a number of different circumstances.
Finite-temperature and supercharged ideal supersymmetric matter

We investigate the properties of simple, ideal supersymmetric matter in 0 + 1 and 3 + 1 dimensions at finite temperature and finite supercharge density. The functional dependence of the partition function $Z$ on the temperature $T$ and chemical potential $\ensuremath{\mu}$ is qualitatively different from the usual situation of a net U(1) charge density, such as electric charge or fermion number. This is a consequence of the fact that the Hamiltonian $H$ is the square of the supercharge $Q$, $H={Q}^{2}$.
Color concepts and dispositions

What is it for a physical thing to be colored! Philosophical reflection about this question has had a long history, yet unlike reflection on most philosophical questions, this has led to a general agreement among philosophers about colors. Realistic accounts of color have been rejected in favor of some type of phenomenal account. In this paper I examine the main phenomenal account of color that has been put forth in this cen tury. My contention is that serious questions can be raised about the ability of any theory of this sort to account for the force of ordinary color explanations.
The clinical use of hypnotics: indications for use and the need for a variety of hypnotics

Insomnia may be categorized as difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakening, early awakenings or a combination of each. The ideal hypnotic must promote rapid sleep onset and maintain sleep throughout the night while allowing the patient to awake refreshed the following day. Several benzodiazepines, with differing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles are presently available. All are clinically effective and not only elimination half-life but also dosage prescribed and pattern of distribution are important factors for determining treatment response. Hypnotics have been divided into those with long elimination half-lives (e.g. nitrazepam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam), those with intermediately long half-lives (brotizolam, loprazolam, lormetazepam, temazepam) and those with short half-lives (midazolam and triazolam). Carry-over effects into the morning such as excessive daytime sleepiness or drowsiness are related to drug half-life, dosage and pattern of distribution. In equipotent dosages most controlled clinical trials have found no significant differences between the various benzodiazepine hypnotics. Nevertheless, clinicians in general tend to use long half-life benzodiazepines in patients who have difficulties maintaining sleep and short half-life benzodiazepines for treating sleep onset insomnia. Intermediately long half-life, benzodiazepines are used for both indications and most clinicians feel that the choice of hypnotic should not only be influenced by elimination half-life or the dosage used, but by individual patient preference. Hypnotics should be used for only short periods of time and in those patients for whom a more chronic use is indicated, they should be used only on an intermittent basis.
Pre‐ and postsynaptic contribution of GABAC receptors to GABAergic synaptic transmission in rat collicular slices and cultures

The mammalian superior colliculus (SC) is reported to contain γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) C receptors (GABA C Rs) at high concentration. However their role in GABAergic synaptic transmission is not yet known. The aim of thepresent study was: (i) to clarify whether GABA C Rs are activated by endogenous GABA; and (ii), to determine whether GABA C Rs play a role in inhibitory synaptic transmission. Experiments were performed on acute horizontal slices from the postnatal rat SC or on collicular neurons in dissociated cell culture. In both preparations, bicuculline-resistant current responses to exogenous GABA and currents elicited by cis-4-aminocrotonic acid (CACA) were blocked by (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-4-yl) methylphosphinic acid (TPMPA), a GABA C R antagonist. The CACA-induced currents exhibited a linear current-voltage relationship and reversed at the Cl - equilibrium potential. These results indicate that functional GABA C Rs are present in the somato-dendritic membrane of collicular neurons. Miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mlPSCs) were recorded using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. TPMPA significantly decreased mIPSC amplitudes in slices, but not in cultured neurons. As TPMPA decreased also the coefficient of variation of mlPSCs, we suggest that somatodendritic GABA C Rs are located extrasynaptically but can be involved in the generation of IPSCs if GABA diffusion is constrained. In cultures, individual connections were activated by focal electrical stimulation of single neurons, and evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (elPSCs) were recorded. Paired-pulse stimulation revealed that TPMPA significantly decreased the paired-pulse ratio at short (50 ms) interstimulus intervals, and this effect was inversely dependent on the amplitude of the first elPSC. We conclude that presynaptic GABA C Rs are activated by endogenous GABA and can alleviate the short-term depression resulting from a preceding episode of GABA release. Thus, in GABAergic synapses of the SC GABAcRs are involved in pre- and postsynaptic functions and may therefore contribute to the activity-dependent adjustment of GABAergic inhibition.
Kinetics of thymus repopulation by intrathymic progenitors after intravenous injection: evidence for successive repopulation by an IL-2R+, Pgp-1- and by an IL-2R-, Pgp-1+ progenitor.

Abstract A kinetic study of thymus repopulation after intravenous injection of L3T4 − , Lyt-2 − thymocytes further depleted of IL-2R + or Pgp-1 + cells indicates that donor cells within the thymus at Day 8 after injection descend primarily from an IL-2R + , Pgp-1 − progenitor, while at Day 17 after injection most progeny of donor phenotype descend from an IL-2R − , Pgp-1 + progenitor. Repopulation studies in organ culture demonstrate that IL-2R + , Pgp-1 + cells also have progenitor activity. All three progenitors give rise to differentiated cell types normally present in the thymus. These results are consistent with the interpretation that the L3T4 − , Lyt-2 − population is composed of a heterogeneous collection of progenitors which repopulate the thymus with differing kinetics and imply that it will be difficult to establish lineage relationships within this population in the absence of a clonal assay for thymocyte progenitors.
Childhood Asthma Hospital Discharge Medication Fills and Risk of Subsequent Readmission

Objective To assess the relationship between posthospitalization prescription fills for recommended asthma discharge medication classes and subsequent hospital readmission. Study design This was a retrospective cohort analysis of Medicaid Analytic Extract files from 12 geographically diverse states from 2005-2007. We linked inpatient hospitalization, outpatient, and prescription claims records for children ages 2-18 years with an index hospitalization for asthma to identify those who filled a short-acting beta agonist, oral corticosteroid, or inhaled corticosteroid within 3 days of discharge. We used a multivariable extended Cox model to investigate the association of recommended medication fills and hospital readmission within 90 days. Results Of 31 658 children hospitalized, 55% filled a beta agonist prescription, 57% an oral steroid, and 37% an inhaled steroid. Readmission occurred for 1.3% of patients by 14 days and 6.3% by 90 days. Adjusting for patient and billing provider factors, beta agonist (hazard ratio [HR] 0.67, 95% CI 0.51, 0.87) and inhaled steroid (HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.42, 0.85) fill were associated with a reduction in readmission at 14 days. Between 15 and 90 days, inhaled steroid fill was associated with decreased readmission (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.77, 0.98). Patients who filled all 3 medications had the lowest readmission hazard within both intervals. Conclusions Filling of beta agonists and inhaled steroids was associated with diminished hazard of early readmission. For inhaled steroids, this effect persisted up to 90 days. Efforts to improve discharge care for asthma should include enhancing recommended discharge medication fill rates.
SOME PIECES OF THE AFRICAN GENOME PUZZLE IN HIBISCUS SECT. FURCARIA (MALVACEAE)

New chromosome counts are reported for four African diploid species of Hibiscus L. sect. Furcaria DC.: H. greenwayi Bak. f., H. hiernianus Exell et Mendon9a, and H. mechowii Garcke, n = 18; and H. berberidifolius A. Rich., 2n = 36. Chromosome behavior is described in seven new hybrid combinations. Hibiscus greenwayi is shown to carry an A genome. Hibiscus hiernianus and H. mastersianus have similar genomes which are not homologous with that of H. mechowii. New and earlier data are integrated to elucidate genome relationships among 13 taxa-each of the four tetraploid species has a different formula encompassing 2 of 6 mutually nonhomologous genomes, A, B, G, H, X and Y (H. acetosella Welw. ex Hiem = AABB; H. meeusei Exell = AAXX; H. sabdariffa L. = AAYY; H. rostellatus Guill. et Perr. = GGHH). Diploid donors of A, B, G, X and Y are proposed on the basis of plant, flower and pollen morphology. Diploid carriers of A (H. asper Hook. f., H. cannabinus L., H. greenwayi), B (H. surattensis L.) and G (H. sudanensis Hochr.) have been verified cytologically. Cytological confirmation of X (H. hiernianus, H. mastersianus Hiem) and Y (H. mechowii) carriers is incomplete. No putative diploid carrier of H is at hand. Genome affinities of H. berberidifolius are unknown.