cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal change pattern mining: A multi-disciplinary perspective

Given a definition of change and a dataset about spatiotemporal (ST) phenomena, change pattern mining is the process of identifying the location and/or time frame of shift in phenomenon. Due to the societal importance of ST change pattern mining for use cases such as disease outbreak, urban sprawl, and climate change, techniques for mining ST change patterns have emerged from a diverse set of research area ranging from time series analysis, remote sensing, to spatial statistics. Related work focus on surveying techniques in specific discipline. It is difficult to compare techniques across disciplines for cross-fertilization, due to the challenges such as homonym, synonym, and change definition diversity. This chapter attempts to provide an interdisciplinary perspective on change pattern mining techniques to promote cross-fertilization of ideas among researchers of diverse backgrounds. It proposes taxonomy of patterns from ST perspective and uses it to compare related concepts from different disciplines.
Disgust in Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: Recent Findings and Future Directions

In the past 20 years, the role of disgust in anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been investigated with increasing precision. In this review, we examine recent evidence implicating disgust in anxiety and OCD, highlighting recent measurement and methodological improvements. Specific emphasis is placed on understanding the mechanisms that may account for the role of disgust in OCD and related disorders. Recent developments include clarification of the role of distinct disgust-relevant vulnerabilities in the etiology of anxiety and OCD, an improved understanding of the neurobiology of disgust processing in OCD, and an increased focus on disgust-related mechanisms that contribute to psychopathology, such as disgust-based learning and emotion regulation. Disgust proneness is increasingly linked with symptoms of anxiety and OCD. However, further examination of the mechanisms that account for the roles of distinct disgust-relevant vulnerabilities is needed, and studies that directly examine disgust during the course of treatment are limited. Increasingly, the field has moved toward experimental investigation of specific disgust-relevant mechanisms that influence the etiology and treatment of OCD and related anxiety disorders.
The Greening of Internationalism: From Growing Impact Crisis to Stagnated Reconciliation Project

How and in what ways did we start to see the environment as a global political issue? Is it plausible to argue, with Liam Leonard (Global ecological politics, Emerald Group, Bingley, 2010, p. 1), that environmentalism is “the most significant contemporary global movement” to have emerged in recent decades? This chapter explores selective moments in the rise of an eventual stagnation associated with the greening of internationalism. Major concerns include the growing recognition of the environment in world political discourses and especially deepening concerns with threats posed by irreversible ecological limits across various global “commons.” This chapter outlines key political efforts to address globally shared environmental problems over several decades of multilateral diplomacy. In addition, the discussion traces the recent stagnation and even reversal of the traditional Westphalian order in effectively addressing multiple green challenges to society and economy.
Cacajo calvus ♂ (Bald uakari) Cacajo rubicundus ♀ (Red uakari)

Fibroblast cultures from the male and lymphocytes from the female specimens at San Diego Zoo were used for these preparations. The X was identified by its late-replicating faculty in the female. The male karyotype is prepared with the ASG Giemsa technique. No unusual fluorescence was observed in quinacrine preparations. 2.1 previous animals have been studied. One male had 46 chromosomes, one male had 45 chromosomes but details are missing. The female studied by de Boer (1974) also had 45 chromosomes, possessing a presumed translocation.
In-Field Electroluminescence Imaging: Methods, Comparison with Indoor Imaging, and Observed Changes in Modules Over One Year

In-field electroluminescence (EL) can be a valuable tool for quantifying the condition of photovoltaic (PV) modules and systems. Recent advances in Southern Company’s custom, low-cost, in-field EL system have improved image quality and image capture rates. We present an overview of our methods and equipment, provide validation by comparing with images from more conventional indoor EL methods and equipment, and summarize changes seen at a utility-scale plant over one year using our methods.
Carrier transport in polycrystalline silicon at high optical injection: transient photoconductance vs. numerical modeling

This paper discusses our experimental results obtained for several p-type polycrystalline Si wafers using transient photoconductance decay method in combination with a numerical model that accounts for the carrier density dependence of recombination lifetime. Using peak illumination intensities of up to 65 Suns, we are able to estimate the recombination rates for the various carrier recombination mechanisms separately. The model with such realistic recombination parameters produces a realistic diffusion length of minority carriers in Si at high optical injection. Our approach can be applied to the characterization of semiconductor materials for concentrator photovoltaics as well as to design of optoelectronic devices.
Visualization of temporal differences between dominant perceptions in temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) and temporal check-all-that-apply (TCATA) perceptions using dominance-highlighted TCATA (dTCATA) curves

Abstract The temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) method measures dynamic changes of panelists’ attention to the sensory attributes of products. The temporal check-all-that-apply (TCATA) method measures all sensory attributes perceived at each moment of an evaluation. However, unlike in TDS, significant levels cannot be calculated in TCATA. This study proposes the use of dominance-highlighted TCATA (dTCATA) curves, which are highlighted TCATA curves that show significant time periods for the TDS data of different panels. Twelve RD therefore, during product development, these attributes should be carefully considered.
Moving Target Defense to Improve Industrial Control System Resiliency

Historically, control systems have primarily depended upon their isolation from the Internet and from traditional information technology (IT) networks as a means of maintaining secure operation in the face of potential remote attacks over computer networks. However, these networks are incrementally being upgraded and are becoming more interconnected with external networks so they can be effectively managed and configured remotely. Examples of control systems include the electrical power grid, smart grid networks, microgrid networks, oil and natural gas refineries, water pipelines, and nuclear power plants. Given that these systems are becoming increasingly connected, computer security is an essential requirement as compromises can result in consequences that translate into physical actions and significant economic impacts that threaten public health and safety. Moreover, because the potential consequences are so great and these systems are remotely accessible due to increased interconnectivity, they become attractive targets for adversaries to exploit via computer networks. Several examples of attacks on such systems that have received a significant amount of attention include the Stuxnet attack, the US-Canadian blackout of 2003, the Ukraine blackout in 2015, and attacks that target control system data itself. Improving the cybersecurity of electrical power grids is the focus of our research.
Luminance potentiates human visuocortical responses

This neuroimaging study investigates the influence of overall luminance on population activity in human visual cortex. We discovered that the response to a particular stimulus contrast level is rel...
In the Shadows: A Content Analysis of the Media’s Portrayal of Gender in Far-Right, Far-Left, and Jihadist Terrorists

Women are underrepresented in the mass media and are most frequently portrayed in stereotypical and limited ways. Recent efforts to expand our understanding of the media’s representation of gender ...
sUAS Data Integration for Urban Spatial Analysis

Using sUAS data for urban spatial analysis poses a variety of challenges. From basic, short-term concerns such as formatting, portability, and compatibility with geographic information systems (GIS) to more complex tasks associated with incorporating ground control points (GCPs) and adding supplementary geographic base files for analysis. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the most efficient strategies for integrating sUAS data with other sources of urban information, including census and cadastral data, as well as a variety of urban/environmental databases typically available for metropolitan locales.
Building a Future-Ready Workforce: The Role of Public Libraries in Creating Equitable, Resilient, and Entrepreneurial Communities

Communities may need new skills and supports to succeed in a rapidly changing workforce environment. Public libraries can help their communities develop economic resilience and equity in the face o...
Internalizing problems and their impact on the relation between callous-unemotional traits, narcissism, and aggression

Narcissism and callous-unemotional (CU) traits have demonstrated relations with youth aggression across studies. However, different forms of narcissism and internalizing problems may exacerbate the relation between CU traits and aggression. To that end, the current study examined the degree to which interactions among internalizing problems, CU traits, and dimensions of narcissism related to aggression in a sample of 219 adolescents (83.1% males), ages 16-19, enrolled in a military-style residential program. Consistent with previous research, psychopathy-linked narcissism significantly moderated the relation between CU traits and aggression. Addtionally, self-reported aggression was highest among adolescents who endorsed high levels of CU traits, psychopathy-linked narcissism, and internalizing problems. The same pattern of results was not evident for other forms of narcissism. These results suggest that internalizing problems further increase the probability of aggression among adolescents with psychopathic tendencies (i.e., CU traits, psychopathy-linked narcissism). Further implications are discussed.
Analysis of differential strategies to enhance detection of low‐abundance proteins in the bovine serum proteome

Serum-based biomarkers hold propitious applications for addressing livestock health, and management. However, discovery of protein biomarkers in complex biological fluids like serum is wholly intractable due to the large dynamic range of protein concentrations; that is, ˜10-12 high abundance proteins constitute >90% of the total protein content and effectively mask proteomic detection of low-abundance biomarkers. Toward addressing this limitation, we test a continuous elution size-based fractionation method, and two approaches that use affinity interaction-based separation of proteins in preparing bovine serum, and compare liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry protein identification to neat serum. Our results identify the high-abundance proteins in bovine serum, and demonstrate dynamic range compression and improved protein identification with the different enrichment methods. Although these findings indicate the highest protein number identified in bovine serum (445 proteins, all methods combined), and by any single sample processing method (312 proteins) to date, they still remain lower than levels deemed necessary for biomarker discovery. As such, this investigation revealed limitations to resolving the bovine serum proteome, and the need for species-specific tools for immunodepleting high-abundance proteins. In concert, this study represents a step toward advancing sample preparation methods for bovine serum biomarker identification.
Strike Rate: Analysis of Laser Fiber to Stone Distance During Different Modes of Laser Lithotripsy

Introduction: Different techniques of laser lithotripsy (fragmentation, dusting, and popcorning) are commonly used during ureteroscopy. The efficiency of a single laser pulse is dependent on minimi...
Teaching Antiracist Reading

In this article, Inoue offers an antiracist reading practice for students in literacy classrooms of all kinds. This practice draws on a number of disciplines in order to help students read in ways ...
Aluminum ions speciation and transport in acidic deep eutectic AlCl3 amide electrolytes

Abstract Aluminum ion speciation in AlCl3:amide deep eutectic solvents (DES) were explored using variable temperature multi-Nuclear (1H and 27Al) Magnetic Resonance and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopies. Focus was on the interplay between the local and bulk interactions on species transport, and the effect of AlCl3 concentration on their dynamics. Acetamide, butyramide and propionamide were chosen and molar ratios of 1:1–1.7:1 of AlCl3:amide were studied. Calculated Walden products show that although the DES electrolytes are ‘subionic,’ they are more conductive than ‘poor ILs’. The ionic conductivity data showed VFT temperature dependences, and calculated fragility values were less than 5 for all three amides and concentrations, indicating high levels of conformational mobility for the aluminum species. 1H chemical shift data showed increased shielding with increasing molar ratios for all three amides indicating an enhancement in the local electron densities, possibly due to an increase in the more shielded cis conformation population. 27Al spectra revealed multiple aluminum species that experienced both intermediate and fast chemical exchanges with increasing AlCl3 concentration. The AlCl2(amide)2+ species population decreased with both increasing temperature and AlCl3 concentration, especially for shorter alkyl chains amides. This suggests it plays a less significant role in the aluminum ion transport at higher AlCl3 concentration. 27Al T1 values for the various species revealed a temperature and concentration dependent plateauing in the T1 of the AlCl2(amide)+ species for molar ratios greater than 1:1. Additionally, with increasing AlCl3 concentration, the merging of the AlCl4− and [AlCl2(amide)2]+ species resulted in its T1 being the shortest and increasing with increasing temperatures, suggesting it experiences greater electric field gradients compared to the other aluminum species.
Leveraging risk communication science across US federal agencies.

Many US federal agencies apply principles from risk communication science across a wide variety of hazards. In so doing, they identify key research and practice gaps that, if addressed, could help better serve the nation’s communities and greatly enhance practice, research, and policy development.
The taco truck: how Mexican street food is transforming the American city

In recent decades, many American cities have seen a rise in the number of taco trucks serving Mexican food on their streets. This rise in the number of taco trucks corresponds with the rise in the ...
Message perceptions and effects perceptions as proxies for behavioral impact in the context of anti-smoking messages.

Abstract Researchers commonly use message perceptions (persuasive potential) or effects perceptions (perceived behavioral impact) in formative research to select tobacco risk messages. We sought to identify whether message perceptions or effects perceptions are more useful as proxies for the behavioral impact of tobacco risk messages. In a three-week trial, 703 U.S. adult smokers (ages ≥ 21) were randomly assigned to receive brief messages on their cigarette packs about toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke (chemical messages) or control messages about properly disposing of cigarette litter. The final follow-up survey assessed message perceptions, effects perceptions, quit intentions, and six behavioral outcomes. We conducted multiple mediation analysis in a structural equation modeling framework to test the indirect effects of messages by way of message perceptions and effects perceptions. Message perceptions did not independently mediate the impact of chemical messages on any of the outcomes (7 p-values ≥ 0.01). In contrast, effects perceptions mediated the impact of chemical messages on avoiding the messages, seeking chemical information, intentions to quit smoking, butting out a cigarette, forgoing a cigarette, and making a quit attempt (6 p-values ≤ 0.001). No mediation was present for social interactions about the message (p-value = 0.72). The effect sizes for these mediated effects were small to medium. Thus, effects perceptions, but not message perceptions, were a proxy for risk messages’ impact on quit intentions and six quitting and related behaviors. These findings point to the diagnostic value of effects perceptions in formative research on tobacco risk messages.
Packaging and Scaling the Stanford Pediatric Weight Control Program: A Family-Based, Group, Behavioral Weight Management Program for Children with Obesity and Their Families: Background, Rationale, and Design of the Stanford CORD 3.0 Project.

Efficacious treatments for children with obesity have not been broadly disseminated. The Stanford Pediatric Weight Control Program (SPWCP) is grounded in behavioral theory and prior observations, f...
Analog Integrated-Circuit Blocks

A typical analog integrated circuit is composed of several pieces of circuitry, each of which performs a specific circuit function contributing to the overall operation of the circuit. These basic circuit building blocks are common to a large variety of analog circuits and it is convenient to consider them individually. Figure 2-1 shows a two-stage operational amplifier circuit (Op-Amp) and illustrates the individual building blocks that make up the circuit.
Genetic testing in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a cost-effectiveness analysis

Summary. Background: The CYP2C19 genotype is a predictor of adverse cardiovascular events in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) treated with clopidogrel. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a CYP2C19*2 genotype-guided strategy of antiplatelet therapy in ACS patients undergoing PCI, compared with two ‘no testing’ strategies (empiric clopidogrel or prasugrel). Methods: We developed a Markov model to compare three strategies. The model captured adverse cardiovascular events and antiplatelet-related complications. Costs were expressed in 2010 US dollars and estimated using diagnosis-related group codes and Medicare reimbursement rates. The net wholesale price for prasugrel was estimated as $5.45 per day. A generic estimate for clopidogrel of $1.00 per day was used and genetic testing was assumed to cost $500. Results: Base case analyses demonstrated little difference between treatment strategies. The genetic testing-guided strategy yielded the most QALYs and was the least costly. Over 15 months, total costs were $18 lower with a gain of 0.004 QALY in the genotype-guided strategy compared with empiric clopidogrel, and $899 lower with a gain of 0.0005 QALY compared with empiric prasugrel. The strongest predictor of the preferred strategy was the relative risk of thrombotic events in carriers compared with wild-type individuals treated with clopidogrel. Above a 47% increased risk, a genotype-guided strategy was the dominant strategy. Above a clopidogrel cost of $3.96 per day, genetic testing was no longer dominant but remained cost-effective. Conclusions: Among ACS patients undergoing PCI, a genotype-guided strategy yields similar outcomes to empiric approaches to treatment, but is marginally less costly and more effective.
Somatostatin may not be a hormonal messenger of fat-induced inhibition of gastric functions.

Abstract The present study was designed to evaluate somatostatin as a hormonal inhibitor of gastric functions in humans. Seven healthy volunteers were investigated on 6 separate days. Peptone meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion was measured by intragastric titration for 2 h and gastric emptying was estimated with a dye-dilution technique. The effect of intravenous administration of somatostatin at 0, 12.5, 50, 100, and 200 pmol/kg · h was investigated and related to the effect of intragastric administration of 100 ml of vegetable oil. Plasma somatostatinlike immunoreactivity was elevated during intravenous administration of somatostatin at 100 and 200 pmol/kg · h, whereas no increase was detected in response to the oil. Somatostatin infusion at 100 and 200 pmol/kg · h significantly inhibited the acid secretion by 25% and 65%, and the oil reduced the acid output by 41%. Somatostatin at 100 and 200 pmol/kg · h significantly enhanced gastric emptying, whereas the oil inhibited gastric emptying. These observations suggest that somatostatin may not be an important hormonal messenger of fat-induced inhibition of acid secretion or gastric emptying.
A novel design of flexible controlled shunt reactor

This paper proposed a novel design of flexible controlled shunt reactor (FCSR) which can suppress over-voltages of high voltage transmission line in various situations flexibly, it not only has the smoothly and wide range continuously controllable features for the power frequency over-voltage regulation, but also has the fast-switching ability and the nonlinear characteristics which can competent to rapid change in tide as well as the switching surge or impulse overvoltage control. It has stable control characteristics and fast transient response which can meet the various needs of the system, and has a broad application prospects. The magnetic circuit structure and working principle of FCSR are analyzed as well as the technical features in the paper. Computer simulation results used in standard power system example and practical operation parameters confirmed the above advantages and effectiveness. It opens a new way to the voltage control and reactive power regulation of ultra high voltage transmission line.
Clocking strategies in high performance processors

Recent improvements in processor implementation have focused attention on clock generation and distribution. The clocks and the latches connected to them must be carefully engineered to meet the performance requirements of the system. The author reports on the difficulty encountered in generating clocks for current processors, and describes techniques used to create these clocks, including minimizing both the internal clock skew and the skew between the internal logic and the external world. On-chip clock distribution, zero delay buffers, and self-timed systems are discussed. >
The Performance Effects of Unions, Codetermination, and Employee Involvement: Comparing the United States and Germany (with an Addendum on the United Kingdom)

Drawing on evidence from the United States and Germany, this paper offers a survey of the effects of worker representation (in unions and works councils) and innovative work practices on firm performance. The interaction between worker representation and high performance work practices provides a practical means of peering inside the black box of the collective voice model, even if there is as yet no well-determined hierarchy for productivity performance and certainly no blue-print for the future of unions. An addendum sketches the British evidence.
Passive hemagglutination inhibition test for diagnosis of brown recluse spider bite envenomation

Our goal was to recreate a passive hemagglutination inhibition (PHAI) test to diagnose brown recluse spider (BRS; Loxosceles reclusa) bite envenomation for treatment trials. Guinea pigs received intradermal injections of concentrated spider venom from the following species: Loxosceles reclusa, Argiope aurantia, Argiope trifasciata, Phidippus audax, and Lycosa frondicola. Skin lesion exudate was collected and tested with the BRS venom PHAI assay. From 51 separate collections of exudate, test sensitivity was 90% as long as 3 days after venom injection. Specificity was 100% with venom from the other spider species listed above in vivo (7 test samples) and in vitro (5 test samples), as well as with random bacterial exudate with and without added serial dilutions of BRS venom (10 test samples). The test was reproducible over repetitive assays to within one 10-fold dilution. A positive PHAI test result could function as an entry criterion for BRS bite victims in human treatment trials.
Neuronal conditioned responses in the dorsal hippocampus to combined acoustic stimulation and extracellular polarization

1. Responses of dorsal hippocampal neurons were investigated during combinations of an acoustic stimulus with a direct current (anode), stimulating the cell through the recording microelectrode. Of the 45 cells, 22% formed conditioned responses of activation or inhibitory types which corresponded with the character of the reinforcing agent. Cells not responding to the stimuli did not form temporary connections. Approximately half of the conditionally responding neurons formed extinction and differentiation to an unreinforced stimulus. 2. During periodic presentation of combinations of acoustic and electrical stimulation 30% of the 25 cells formed conditioned responses to time. Significant trace reproduction of conditioned responses was observed during 10 to 12 omissions of the stimuli. Cells forming ordinary conditioned responses could produce conditioned responses to time also. They were formed more rapidly. 3. Prolonged periodic presentation of the acoustic stimulus leads to rhythm binding of the previous stimulation. These responses differ from conditioned responses to time in their short duration, the absence of spontaneous recovery of the responses, and their occurrence within a definite time interval. 4. It is suggested that the characteristics discovered during the formation of simple temporary connections and observed in various model situations in neurons belonging to different brain structures are common to many conditioned-reflex acts.
Design and application of oncolytic HSV vectors for glioblastoma therapy

Glioblastoma multiforme is one of the most common human brain tumors. The tumor is generally highly infiltrative, making it extremely difficult to treat by surgical resection or radiotherapy. This feature contributes to recurrence and a very poor prognosis. Few anticancer drugs have been shown to alter rapid tumor growth and none are ultimately effective. Oncolytic vectors have been employed as a treatment alternative based on the ability to tailor virus replication to tumor cells. The human neurotropic herpes simplex virus (HSV) is especially attractive for development of oncolytic vectors (oHSV) because this virus is highly infectious, replicates rapidly and can be readily modified to achieve vector attenuation in normal brain tissue. Tumor specificity can be achieved by deleting viral genes that are only required for virus replication in normal cells and permit mutant virus replication selectively in tumor cells. The anti-tumor activity of oHSV can be enhanced by arming the vector with genes that either activate chemotherapeutic drugs within the tumor tissue or promote anti-tumor immunity. In this review, we describe current designs of oHSV and the experience thus far with their potential utility for glioblastoma therapy. In addition, we discuss the impediments to vector effectiveness and describe our view of future developments in vector improvement.
The morphology and structure of the West O'Gorman Fracture Zone

The West O’Gorman Fracture Zone is an unusual feature that lies between the Mathematician Ridge and the East Pacific Rise on crust generated on the East Pacific Rise between 4 and 9 million years ago. We made a reconnaissance gravity, magnetic and Sea Beam study of the zone with particular emphasis on its eastern (youngest) portion. That region is characterized by an elongate main trough, a prominent median ridge and other, smaller ridges and troughs. The structure has the appearance of large-offset fracture zone, possibly in a slow spreading environment. However, magnetic anomalies indicate that the offset, if any, is quite small, and the spreading rate during formation was fast. In addition, the magnetic profiles do not support earlier models for a difference in spreading rate north and south of the fracture. The morphology of the fracture zone suggests that flexure may be responsible for some of the topography; but gravity studies indicate some of the most prominent features of the fracture zone are at least partially compensated. The main trough is underlain by a thin crust (or high density body), similar to large-offset fracture zones in the Atlantic, while the median ridge is underlain by a thickened crust. Sea Beam data does not unambiguously resolve between volcanism or serpentinization of the upper mantle as a mechanism for isostatic compensation.
Presto: an experimental architecture for fluid interactive document spaces

Traditional document systems use hierarchical filing structures as the basis for organizing, storing and retrieving documents. However, this structure is very limited in comparison with the rich and varied forms of document interaction and category management in everyday document use. Presto is a prototype document management system providing rich interaction with documents through meaningful, user-level document attributes, such as “Word file,” “published paper,” “shared with Jim,” “about Presto,” or “currently in progress” Document attributes capture the multiple different roles that a single document might play, and they allow users to rapidly reorganize their document space for the task at hand. They also provide a basis for novel document systems design and new approaches to document management and interaction. In this article, we outline the motivations behind this approach, describe the principal components of our implementation, discuss architectural consequences, and show how these support new forms of interactions with large personal document spaces.
Starter Nitrogen Fertilizer Impact on Soybean Yield and Quality in the Northern Great Plains

Though there have been numerous studies on the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], relatively few have investigated early season N application in the unique environment of the northern Great Plains. The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of starter N fertilization on soybean yield and quality in this cool environment. To achieve this objective a field experiment was established within a 2-yr corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean rotation, using a split-plot design with four replications. Whole plots were tillage [no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT)] with starter fertilizer (N source by rate) as the split plot treatments. Nitrogen was band applied at planting as either ammonium nitrate (AN) or urea (UR), at rates to supply 0, 8, 16, and 24 kg N ha 21 . Yields were greater for the 2004 growing season than 2002 and 2003, possibly due to more favorable environmental conditions. In 2 of the 3 yr there was an increase in grain yield and early (V3–V4 and R1) plant biomass and plant N due to starter N. The initial increase in plant vigor resulted in a grain yield increase compared to the no N treatment. Analysis pooled over the 3 yr of the experiment showed an average yield increase of 6% for the 16 kg N ha 21 rate, compared to the no N treatment, with no difference in grain N or oil concentration. This research demonstrates that applying N as starter has the potential to increase soybean yield and early plant growth, but this may or may not translate into improved grain quality in the unique environments of the northern Great Plains.
CD4+CD25−Foxp3− Th1 cells are the source of IL-10–mediated immune suppression in chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis

Nonhealing forms of leishmaniasis in humans are commonly associated with elevated levels of the deactivating cytokine IL-10, and in the mouse, normally chronic infections can be cleared in the absence of IL-10. Using a Leishmania major strain that produces nonhealing dermal lesions in a T helper type 1 (Th1) cell–polarized setting, we have analyzed the cellular sources of IL-10 and their relative contribution to immune suppression. IL-10 was produced by innate cells, as well as CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ and CD4+CD25−Foxp3− T cells in the chronic lesion. Nonetheless, only IL-10 production by antigen-specific CD4+CD25−Foxp3− T cells, the majority of which also produced IFN-γ, was necessary for suppression of acquired immunity in Rag−/− reconstituted mice. Surprisingly, Rag−/− mice reconstituted with naive CD4+ T cells depleted of natural T regulatory cells developed more severe infections, associated with elevated levels of IL-10 and, especially, Th2 cytokines in the site. The data demonstrate that IL-10–producing Th1 cells, activated early in a strong inflammatory setting as a mechanism of feedback control, are the principal mediators of T cell–derived IL-10–dependent immune suppression in a chronic intracellular infection.
Medical Prevention of Renal Stone Disease

Medical treatment designed to prevent stone formation is important in idiopathic calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, because of the high rate of stone recurrence. Several randomized trials have established the values of conservative and drug treatments. A high fluid intake alone has been reported to inhibit the recurrence of stone formation in single stone formers. In patients with recurrent disease, a significant reduction in stone formation rate from pretreatment was found in the placebo group maintained on a conservative program, underscoring the importance of increased fluid intake and dietary modification. In patients with active recurrent stone disease, treatment with drugs along with a conservative program is necessary. Allopurinol, thiazide, potassium citrate and potassium-magnesium citrate have been shown to inhibit stone formation compared with placebo. It has not been clearly established that a selective treatment is more effective than a more randomly chosen drug treatment. Another advantage of medical approach is its ability to correct nonrenal complications of stone disease, such as bone loss that sometimes accompanies stone disease.
Glycogen phosphorylase from Dictyostelium: a kinetic analysis by computer simulation.

A model of carbohydrate metabolism during differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum has been used to investigate which enzyme kinetic mechanism(s) might be operative for glycogen phosphorylase in vivo. The model, which has been described previously, is capable of simulating experimentally observed changes in metabolite concentrations and fluxes during differentiation under both the standard starvation condition and in the presence of glucose (25 mM). The concentrations of saccharide end products of differentiation under these 2 conditions differ substantially. Glycogen phosphorylase is described in the model by a rapid equilibrium random bi bi mechanism and the effect of substituting 4 other kinetic mechanisms was examined. Each of these mechanisms in the model allows simulations compatible with the saccharide accumulation patterns found during differentiation in the absence of glucose. However, in the presence of glucose, only a reversible mechanism (random or ordered) is compatible with the experimental data. It is concluded that glycogen degradation in vivo is controlled by an enzyme catalyzing a reversible reaction, the rate of which is inversely related to the glucose-1-P concentration.
WebGestalt: an integrated system for exploring gene sets in various biological contexts

High-throughput technologies have led to the rapid generation of large-scale datasets about genes and gene products. These technologies have also shifted our research focus from ‘single genes’ to ‘gene sets’. We have developed a web-based integrated data mining system, WebGestalt (http://genereg.ornl.gov/webgestalt/), to help biologists in exploring large sets of genes. WebGestalt is composed of four modules: gene set management, information retrieval, organization/visualization, and statistics. The management module uploads, saves, retrieves and deletes gene sets, as well as performs Boolean operations to generate the unions, intersections or differences between different gene sets. The information retrieval module currently retrieves information for up to 20 attributes for all genes in a gene set. The organization/visualization module organizes and visualizes gene sets in various biological contexts, including Gene Ontology, tissue expression pattern, chromosome distribution, metabolic and signaling pathways, protein domain information and publications. The statistics module recommends and performs statistical tests to suggest biological areas that are important to a gene set and warrant further investigation. In order to demonstrate the use of WebGestalt, we have generated 48 gene sets with genes over-represented in various human tissue types. Exploration of all the 48 gene sets using WebGestalt is available for the public at http://genereg.ornl.gov/webgestalt/wg_enrich.php.
Dust, Time, and Symmetry

Two symmetry arguments are discussed, each purporting to show that there is no more room in general relativistic cosmology than in Minkowski spacetime for a preferred division of spacetime into instants of time. The first argument is due to Godel, and concerns the symmetries of his famous rotating cosmologies. The second turns upon the symmetries of a certain space of relativistic possibilities. Both arguments are found wanting.
Degradation of DNA by nucleases in intestinal tract of rats

Strains of Escherichia coli K12 have been constructed as safer hosts for use in recombinant DNA research, These strains are unable to survive passage through the intestinal tracts of rats because of a constellation of mutations conferring bile sensitivity and requirements for diaminopimelic acid and thymine. Since death caused by diaminopimelic acid deprivation could release recombinant DNA before DNA is degraded because of thymine starvation, it is important to determine the "survival potential" of the released DNA9s. Bacterial and plasmid DNA9s extracted from bacterial cells are rapidly degraded when added to low dilutions of rat intestinal contents. This observation, coupled with the stringent requirements necessary for in vitro transformation or transfection, make in vivo transmission of naked recombinant DNA in the rat intestinal tract highly improbable.
Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the forebrain of Pseudemys turtles

Previous investigations of cortical organization in the brain of the turtle have revealed many features typical of mammalian neocortex. Recent evidence suggests that many neocortical neurons contain neuroactive peptides. The possibility that one such peptide, somatostatin, is found in the turtle brain was tested using immunocytochemical techniques. Intense somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was observed in many neurons and fibers in turtle cortex, as well as in several forebrain nuclei. Cortical neurons with several different dendritic configurations showed immunoreactive labelling, including bipolar, stellate and pyramidal cell types. In addition, stained cells and processes were observed in close association with the ependyma of the lateral ventricle. Other forebrain regions containing immunoreactive neurons included the dorsal ventricular ridge, the basal telencephalic nuclei and the hypothalamus. These data support the idea that peptidergic neurons existed in the pallium of an ancestor common to modern mammals and reptiles. We speculate that somatostatin plays a similar role in the normal function of all types of cortex and suggest that turtle cortex may provide a useful model for the study of this cortical neuropeptide.
Pseudoaneurisma traumático crónico de un bypass axilofemoral de politetrafluoroetileno en un paciente tetrapléjico

Se describe el caso de un pseudoaneurisma no anastomotico de un implante de bypass axilofemoral de politetrafluoroetileno (PTFE) debido a abrasion cronica y compresion extrinseca. Un paciente tetraplejico acudio con una masa pulsatil bajo la cincha del cinturon de seguridad en la zona media izquierda del torax, compatible en la angiografia por tomografia computerizada y eco-Doppler con un pseudoaneurisma del implante de PTFE, que habia sido colocado 9 anos antes. El paciente fue sometido a una reparacion endovascular satisfactoria del pseudoaneurisma, y en el seguimiento a los 6 meses se aprecio que la masa habia desaparecido. Segun nuestras informaciones, este es el primer caso de pseudoaneurisma cronico no anastomotico de un bypass axilofemoral con implante de PTFE secundario a una abrasion y compresion que fue corregido mediante una tecnica endovascular.
Evidence for a ribosome-associated translation inhibitor during differentiation of Blastocladiella emersonii

Abstract A previously reported inhibitor of protein synthesis associated with the Blastocladiella zoospore nuclear cap ribosomes has been found to be a low molecular weight substance, possibly a nucleotide. The inhibitor which can be removed with 0.5 M KCl is also found in association with ribosomes isolated from plants differentiating zoospores, and from germinating zoospores. Decreased rates of [3H]leucine incorporation in vivo were measured when the level of inhibitor bound to ribosomes was maximal. The experimental results suggest that the inhibitor regulates polypeptide synthesis during zoospore differentiation and zoospore motility, and that it is released when zoospores germinate and protein synthesis resumes.
Capacitive air-fuel ratio sensor

Abstract A new mechanism for determining the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio (A.F) of the concentrations of oxidizing and reducing species in a gas phase is presented. The mechanism, which appears suitable for use in the automotive application, is the reversible change in the work function of Pt (by as much as 0.7V). This change occurs at elevated temperatures when the Pt is alternately exposed to dilute mixtures of oxidizing (oxygen) and reducing (hydrocarbons and related molecules ) species that are rich or lean of their stoichiometric ratio. The change can be electrically monitored by the Kelvin vibrating capacitor method or other capacitive techniques. The sensitivity to A/f is verified by comparing the Kelvin signal with that of a ZrO2 electrochemical A/F sensor whose working Pt electrode is simultaneuosly the active surface in the Kelvin measurement. With the observation that O2 pumping to or from the active Pt surface with the ZrO2 cell ran also significantly affect the work function, the possibility exists for developing an extended-range A/F sensor using this mechanism.
Massive upstream migrations by a tropical freshwater neritid snail

While upstream movements of benthic invertebrates have been reported, gregarious upstream migrations of freshwater snails have never been described. We report a possible adaptation to downstream drift by a population of the Neritid (Archeogastropoda) snail,Neritina (Clypeolum) latissima (Broderip, 1833), in the Rio Claro, a small coastal river in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica. We observed large numbers of these snails in gregarious upstream migration. Snails migrated in narrow lines up to 32 meters long, containing thousands of snails. The migration covered over 1 km of the stream. Larval and juvenile snails are more susceptible to washout by current, and differential mortality of these age classes in the estuarine and ocean environment may provide the selective pressure for the evolution of this behavior.
Integrated reliability and sizing optimization of a large composite structure

In this paper, we present the application of probabilistic design modeling and reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) methodology to the sizing optimization of a composite advanced submarine sail structure under parametric uncertainty. With the help of probabilistic sensitivity analysis, the influence of individual random variables on each structural failure mode is examined, and the critical modes are treated as probabilistic design constraints under consistent lower bounds on the corresponding reliability indices. Whereas the failure modes are evaluated for structural components in the solution of the RBDO problem, the overall system reliability is also evaluated as a post-optimization step. The results indicate that in comparison to a deterministic-optimum design, the structural mass of the probabilistic optimum design is slightly higher when consistent probabilistic constraints are imposed, and the overall structural stiffness is found to be more critical than individual component laminate ply thicknesses in meeting the specified design constraints. Moreover, the post-optimality analysis shows that the overall system failure probability of the probabilistic optimum design is more than 50% lower than that of the deterministic optimal design with less than 5% penalty in structural mass.
Amateurs and the Rise of Astrophysics 1840–1910†

This essay examines the role of amateurs in founding the astronomical subdiscipline of astrophysics. During 1840–1870, they initiated many of the observing programs that came to comprise the new specialty. And during 1870–1910, they participated both in the ongoing research of the field and the campaign to provide it with an institutional base. These general trends are illustrated by examples from the lives of ten prominent amateur solar physicists.
Functional imaging in photorefractive tissue speckle holography

Cellular motion produces highly dynamic speckle in wide-field depth-gated holographic optical coherence imaging. The speckle provides cell scale information such as cell membrane and organelle motion, even though the spatial resolution of the optics is above the cell scale. The statistical properties of dynamic speckle can be used for functional imaging of motile activity at depth within tissue. In this paper we develop a motility metric using time autocorrelation to create a three-dimensional motility map of tissue. The effect of noise and the shimmering showerglass effect in functional optical coherence imaging are evaluated quantitatively, and we demonstrate that meaningful motility information can be extracted from functional imaging using dynamic speckle.
CCD imaging and photometry of 46P/Wirtanen during October 1996

Abstract During the period of 96 Oct. 7.16 to Oct. 12.14 comet P/Wirtanen was observed with our CCD system at the 154 cm Catalina Observatory telescope at a heliocentric distance near 2.1 AU. The comet exhibited a coma of about 7 in in diameter with a tail of about 14 in. The observed B, V and R magnitudes within a 9.3 in diameter aperture were 19.94, 19.11 and 18.73, respectively. The large majority of our observations were carried out with a filter combining the V and R passbands (V+R). The average V+R magnitudes for Oct. 7.16, 8.14, 9.12 and 10.15, respectively, were 18.91, 18.87, 18,87 and 18.86. The data did not allow the extraction of a lightcurve but hopefully can be used in conjunction with other observations to constrain the comet's rotation period. An attempt to separate the nucleus contribution from the coma resulted in an upper limit to the nuclear magnitude of ≈20.6 in V+R at a phase of 26° or ≈19.6 at 0° phase angle. This results in an upper limit of 1.2 km for the comet's radius assuming a geometric albedo of 0.04. Calculating the Afϱ yielded a value of 7 cm which is a factor of 170 smaller than P/Halley at a comparable heliocentric distance and phase angle. Making the simple assumption that the comet's activity is proportional to its surface area makes the surface area of Wirtanen about 2.4 km2, equivalent to an effective radius of ≈0.44 km.