cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model reference control of the NASA scole problem

Model reference controllers have been developed and applied to the linearized SCOLE roll beam mode equation. When a large but finite dimensional approximation to the partial differential equation is used, the resulting control will be finite dimensional, but possibly not adequately representative for the actual distributed parameter system. To date the theory for such model reference controllers has been developed and is now being applied to a 16th order finite dimensional representation of the flexible and rigid body modes of the SCOLE. Results of the analysis and some preliminary simulation studies are presented.
Identification of three polymorphisms in the dystrophin gene.

Three polymorphisms were identified in the dystrophin gene using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and single strand conformation analysis (SSCA). Two of them (in intron 3) were reported for the first time while the third (in intron 43) is of interest as it is found mostly in patients with a recombination event in the same region.
Clinical prospects for new thyroid hormone analogues

Purpose of reviewScientists have been studying liver-selective thyroid hormone analogues developed between the late 1980s through the late 1990s to validate their utility in treating hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and obesity. Several thyromimetics with agonistic or antagonist prop
Integrated Static Pressure Reset With Fan Airflow Station in Dual-Duct VAV System Control

Air duct static pressure is usually a control variable maintained by the supply fan for variable air volume (VAV) systems. Typically the air static pressure is set at a constant set point based on design conditions. However, under partial load conditions, terminal box dampers have to be closed more since required airflow is less than the design airflow which directly results in significantly smaller pressure loss. Thus no matter the terminal boxes are pressure dependent or pressure independent, the static pressure set point should be reset to a lower level to reduce the fan energy, the noise in the terminal boxes, and the terminal boxes malfunction. With the static pressure reset, the room condition can also be maintained better at lower fan energy consumption by minimizing simultaneous cooling and heating. This paper proposes to control the static pressure in dual-duct variable air volume systems by using supply fan variable frequency drives (VFDs) and installing hot air dampers in the hot deck. The static pressure set point is reset based on fan airflow measured by fan airflow station (FAS). With regard to affecting factors of space load, availability of terminal box damper position and space cooling demand, this integrated method has advantages over the existing measures such as fixed static pressure, static pressure reset by outside air temperature, static pressure reset by VAV box damper position and static pressure reset by cooling loop output. According to both the model analysis and case building study, it turns out that this method can significantly save fan power.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Prospective Blinded Laboratory Assessment of Prophylactic Antibiotic Compliance in a Pediatric Outpatient Setting

Purpose: Prophylactic antibiotics are commonly used to prevent urinary tract infections in children with conditions such as vesicoureteral reflux. Patient compliance with antibiotics is salient, given the effects that noncompliance can have on development of antibiotic resistance and outcomes of clinical trials. Prior series have shown variable compliance (17% to 70%). However, no study has used objective methods. We hypothesized that direct measurement of urine antibiotic levels can reveal poor compliance.Materials and Methods: During a pediatric urology clinic visit patients 0 to 18 years old taking trimethoprim prophylaxis for any urological diagnosis were invited to participate in the study. They were unaware of any potential urine testing before the visit. Urine was sent for chromatography to quantify trimethoprim levels. Parents also completed a compliance self-assessment.Results: Of patients invited to participate 97% consented (54 patients). Of the patients 91% were compliant based on urine levels...
Police stress and teacher stress at work and at home

This study compured police officers and teachers in three communities-which varied in size, geographical locution, and economic base--for differences in perceived occuputional stress und for differences in the patterns of perceived job stress, perceived nonjob stress, und both perceived job and life stressors. For police officers, higher levels of job stress were associuted with higher levels on measures of perceived job stressors. This relationship varied from city to ciq. with the relationship holding for the city in which both police operations and school operations were relatively normal, with no difference between police and teachers in the city in which the school administration was in conflict with its employees, and with a reversal in the ci8 in which the police udministration was noted for its excellent management skills.
Knowledge Sharing Attitude: An Empirical Test of a Multifactor Model

Knowledge sharing (KS) attitude is a psychological variable that affects individuals' decisions to share or hoard their knowledge. While attitude theory describes attitude as a multi-component construct, past research has overlooked the multidimensional structure of the attitude construct in KS contexts. Accordingly, this study focusses on KS attitude as a concept with cognitive, affective, and behavioural components. Data were collected from 89 participants involved in systems development projects to empirically test the expanded structure of KS attitude. The results provide strong support for the tertiary structure of KS attitude and demonstrate three conceptually and empirically distinguishable components of KS attitudinal. The results also show that the cognitive and affective components of KS attitude have significant effects on behavioural attitude to share knowledge. Several practical and research implications can be drawn from the results of this study.
Impact Of Intelligent Systems On Space Station Man-Machine Interface (MMI) Design

Space-based crews are expected to interact with highly automated and possibly intelligent systems and to perform these interactions with often little or no prior training, or on an infrequent or sporadic basis. These activities will characterize a new role for space-based crews, that of supervisory control. Supervisory control tasks in turn define a new set of requirements for Space Station man-machine interface (MMI) design: (1) multi-function display and control hardware, (2) displays that enhance the crew person's "mental model" of invisible processes, (3) highly supportive man-machine dialogue, including special features to support dialogue with expert systems, (4) incorporation of machine intelligence into the MMI itself to provide a seemingly uniform interface to numerous processes, data bases, and expert systems, and (5) electronic documentation. A discussion of these concepts is illustrated by examples from recent MMI designs, including a multi-function display and control system developed for the Space Shuttle, an MMI system developed for NASA JSC for the Space Station environmental control and life support system, ATOZ--an intelligent interface system, and VIMAD--an electronic documentation system for maintenance procedures.
THE EFFECT OF TRYPAN BLUE ON THE SERUM PROTEINS OF THE FETAL RAT.

Pregnant rats were injected intraperitoneally with a teratogenic dose of trypan blue (14 mg/100 g or 20 mg/100 g body weight) on the eighth day of gestation. Fetal blood was collected from control and experimental fetuses on the twentieth day of pregnancy. Serum was obtained from pooled blood samples of two to three fetuses. Paper electrophoresis was carried out in a Spinco model R system using barbital buffer at pH 8.6. The paper strips were subsequently stained with bromphenol blue and their density measured in a Spinco Analytrol to determine the relative concentration of each component. Total protein was measured in a Bausch and Lomb Serum Protein Meter. The predominant malformations seen in abnormal fetuses were apparent anophthalmia, 59%; hydrocephalus, 37%; and exencephaly, 19%. Other malformations were noted but with less frequency. Twenty-day fetuses from trypan blue treated mothers had a significantly lower total protein concentration (1.50 g/100 ml) than control fetuses (1.95 g/100 ml). A comparison of the absolute protein concentration of the serum fractions revealed significant differences between control and experimental fetuses in beta globulin, alpha-1 globulin, and albumin. In each instance the absolute concentration was less in the fraction from fetuses of trypan blue treated mothers. Fetal gamma, alpha-2, and alpha-3 globulins were not affected by the maternal treatment.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Magnetic Studies of Two Novel Isostructural Pentanuclear Iron(II) Complexes

The synthesis, X-ray structural characterization, and Mossbauer and magnetic properties of the two pentanuclear complexes [Fe5(μ3-F)2(XDK)2(L)4(O2CPh)4], where L = pyridine (py) or N-methylimidazole (N-MeIm), are described. Reaction of [Fe(H2O)6](BF4)2, the deprotonated dinucleating dicarboxylate ligand XDK, H2XDK = m-xylylenediamine bis(Kemp's triacid)imide, benzoate, and a nitrogen donor ligand, py or N-MeIm, afforded [Fe5(μ3-F)2(XDK)2(py)4(O2CPh)4] (1) and [Fe5(μ3-F)2(XDK)2(N-MeIm)4(O2CPh)4] (2), respectively. Complex 1·4CH2Cl2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1, with a = 13.1474(8) A, b = 15.081(1) A, c = 16.560(1) A, α = 98.807(6)°, β = 111.242(6)°, γ = 93.723(5)°, V = 2998.4(4) A3, and Z = 1 (R = 0.084, Rw = 0.084), and complex 2·2Et2O crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n, with a = 20.641(3) A, b = 13.845(2) A, c = 21.170(4) A, β = 102.56(1)°, V = 5905(2) A3, and Z = 2 (R = 0.066, Rw = 0.082). In both complexes, the five iron atoms occupy the corners of two equivalent, nearly ...
User satisfaction with portals: testing for factorial validity and invariance across age groups

Purpose – The goals of this study are to evaluate the factorial validity of a measurement model of cultural heritage portals and to test the model's invariance as it relates to user satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach – A measurement model was created by adapting multiple existing scales with the hypothesis that overall user satisfaction with a cultural heritage portal consists of satisfaction with data quality, satisfaction with service quality and users' technology acceptance. The validity of the indicator variables of each of the adapted scales was tested, then a combined measurement model was tested, via confirmatory factor analysis. The re-specified measurement model was then tested for invariance between two age groups with increasingly stringent criteria. Findings – The analyses indicated that the three frameworks complement each other in assessing the factors influencing user satisfaction, especially in cultural heritage portals, and that the factor structure is the same across age groups, c...
Importance of correlative science in advancing hormonal therapy and a new clinical paradigm for neoadjuvant therapy

Improvement in endocrine therapy for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer will require prevention or modulation of resistance, based on identification and targeting of the responsible molecular mechanisms. Our approach to this problem has been to focus on neoadjuvant endocrine treatment because that permits comparative evaluation of pretreatment tumor biopsies and surgical tumor specimens. We have begun utilizing this clinical paradigm by exploring semiquantitative changes in the expression of molecular markers within tumors treated with either tamoxifen or the aromatase inhibitor letrozole in a randomized trial. This investigation is beginning to elucidate the influence of growth factor pathways that interact with the ER, especially HER1 (epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR]) and HER2. The results indicate that the distinct mechanisms by which tamoxifen and letrozole inhibit ER signaling may produce quite marked differences in clinical and biomarker outcomes in the subset of tumors that coexpress HER1 and/or HER2 with ER, favoring estrogen-deprivation therapy. Ongoing investigations are examining gene expression profile changes associated with neoadjuvant endocrine therapy, as well as inhibitors of growth factor signaling that may modulate tamoxifen resistance.
Predicting High School Truancy Among Students in the Appalachian South

Truancy is a considerable problem among adolescents. Considering the historical emphasis on studying truancy in urban regions, a concerted effort is needed to extend this research into rural areas to examine cultural generalizability of findings. The purpose of this study was to assess variables associated with truancy in a rural sample (N = 367) of students attending high school in a southern rural region of the Appalachian Mountains. The primary objective was to assess the relative predictive strength of the following variables: academic performance, religiosity, environmental factors (family structure, parental education, and adolescent perceptions of family functioning), internalizing problems (anxiety, depression, thought problems, attentional problems), externalizing problems (substance use and rule-breaking behaviors), and prosocial overt behaviors (participation in school and leadership activities). Regression analysis indicated that truancy was significantly associated with poor school performance, increased depression, social problems, having a less educated mother, a less structured home environment, higher grade, and decreased participation in school sports. Editors’ Strategic Implications: These findings are critical for the understanding of truancy in rural areas, and they highlight contextual factors that must be identified and addressed through systematic prevention programs targeting adolescents at risk for truancy.
A robust independent component analysis (ICA) model for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data

The coupling of carefully designed experiments with proper analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data provides us with a powerful as well as noninvasive tool to help us understand cognitive processes associated with specific brain regions and hence could be used to detect abnormalities induced by a diseased state. The hypothesisdriven General Linear Model (GLM) and the data-driven Independent Component Analysis (ICA) model are the two most commonly used models for fMRI data analysis. A hybrid ICA-GLM model combines the two models to take advantages of benefits from both models to achieve more accurate mapping of the stimulus-induced activated brain regions. We propose a modified hybrid ICA-GLM model with probabilistic ICA that includes a noise model. In this modified hybrid model, a probabilistic principle component analysis (PPCA)-based component number estimation is used in the ICA stage to extract the intrinsic number of original time courses. In addition, frequency matching is introduced into the time course selection stage, along with temporal correlation, F-test based model fitting estimation, and time course combination, to produce a more accurate design matrix for GLM. A standard fMRI dataset is used to compare the results of applying GLM and the proposed hybrid ICA-GLM in generating activation maps.
Electrical and mechanical changes in human soleus muscle during sustained maximum isometric contractions.

Abstract Experiments were designed to evaluate changes in the electrical activation and force generating capabilities of human soleus muscle during sustained, maximum isometric contractions. Eighteen experiments were conducted on 7 healthy subjects. Surface EMG, and in select cases, intramuscular fine wire EMG recordings, were made to assess the electrical activation of soleus. Subjects performed maximum isometric plantarflexion contractions of 1–3 min during which time supramaximal electrical pulses were delivered to the tibial nerve at 5-s intervals to elicit maximum M waves. M wave areas were assessed for evidence of neuromuscular junction failure. The results revealed that, on average, maximum force declined to 80% of unfatigued maximum by 60 s of effort, 74% by 90 and 120 s, and 70% by 180 s. M waves were stable for efforts up to 3 min, thereby providing little evidence for neuromuscular junction failure. In 3 experiments, total spike counts from intramuscular recordings displayed a 50% reduction in firing by 30 s of effort, with little additional slowing for up to 3 min. Although all of the fatigue-induced electrical and mechanical alterations in muscle activation reported earlier for intrinsic hand and foot muscles were verified in these experiments on soleus, the magnitudes and time courses of these changes were quite different. All changes were consistent with a muscle designed to optimally resist fatigue.
DOC, 1971: A Chinese dialect dictionary on computer

DOC (Dictionary on Computer) is a computerized dictionary of Chinese dialects under the direction of William S-Y. Wang of the Phonology Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley.1 It is a data base for research into the nature of sound change in general, and in particular into the details of Chinese historical phonology. Started in the summer of 1966, the project became fully operational a year later and is still being expanded, its progress is traced in Lyovin (1968), Wang (1970), and Streeter (1971). In addition to Berkeley, DOC is currently operational at the University of Illinois under the direction of Chin-chuan Cheng, and at the University of Stockholm, where Dr. Wang is a guest professor for the academic year 1971-72. Inquiries concerning the availability of a data tape should be addressed to Dr. Wang at Berkeley. The computer facilities described in the present article are those of the mother project at Berkeley.
Sjögren’s syndrome: An old tale with a new twist

Sjogren's syndrome (SjS) is chronic autoimmune disease manifested by the loss of saliva and/or tear secretion by salivary and/or lacrimal glands, respectively. The pathogenesis of the disease remains elusive, perhaps due to the multiple triggers of the disease. However, substantial advances have been made in attempting to resolve the complexity of SjS using both animal models and human subjects. The primary objectives of this review are to provide a better understanding of the disease processes with major emphasis on the use of mouse models, how genetic predisposition plays a role in the natural history of the disease, as well as a presentation of new findings pertaining to the role of T(H)1, T(H)2, and T(H)17 cells in the pathogenesis of SjS.
Noise-induced intermittency in the quasiperiodic regime of Rayleigh-Bénard convection

Thermal measurements on a converting dilute3He-superfluid4He solution in the quasiperiodic regime show a transition from a mode-locked periodic state to chaotic time dependence via intermittency. The type of intermittency is discussed in the context of standard models of the phenomenon. In a region just below the onset of intermittency, injection of external multiplicative noise with noise amplitude above a certain threshold level induces the chaotic state. This noise-induced transition can be understood to be due to perturbations of a system with a barely stable attractor; the noise causes the system to escape the weakly attracting periodic points. We present a numerical simulation of a 1D map with external noise which explains some aspects of the noise-induced behavior, and a 2D map which has certain features of the intermittency.
Effect of Sample Complexity on Quantification of Analytes in Aqueous Samples by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

This study was undertaken to quantitate the impact of increasing sample complexity on near-infrared spectroscopic (NIRS) measurements of small molecules in aqueous solutions with varying numbers of components. Samples with 2, 6, or 10 varying components were investigated. Within the 10-component samples, three analytes were quantified with errors below 6% and seven of the analytes were quantified with errors below 10%. An increase in the number of varying components can substantially increase the error associated with measurement. A comparison of measurement errors across sample sets, as gauged by the standard error of prediction (SEP), reveals that an increase in the number of varying components from 2 to 6 increases the SEP by approximately 50%. An increase from 2 to 10 varying components increases the SEP by approximately 340%. While there appear to be no substantial correlations between the presence of a specific analyte and the errors associated with quantification of another analyte, several analytes do display a small degree of sensitivity to varying concentrations of certain background components. The analysis also demonstrates that calibrations containing an overestimation of the numbers of varying components can substantially increase measurement errors and so calibrations must be constructed with an accurate understanding of the number of varying components that are likely to be encountered.
Life, death and afterlife of the extrusion flow theory

‘Extrusion flow’ describes any velocity field where maximum horizontal velocity occurs below the surface. By 1914, viscous flow and basal sliding over rough beds were accepted concepts. Between the world wars, there was little communication between naturalists describing complicated ice sheets, and physicists studying fundamental processes controlling flow. Max Demorest brought concepts from mechanics into glaciology and glacial geology; however, his extrusion flow theory, to explain how ice flowed out of central Greenland, overlooked force imbalance. Rudolf Streiff-Becker found an apparent large imbalance between ice flux discharged through a gate and net accumulation in the upstream catchment at Claridenfirn, Switzerland. Because he underestimated uncertainty in ice depth, he had to propose a strong undercurrent (extrusion flow) to evacuate the excess mass. Reassessment of his assumptions shows that extrusion was actually unnecessary. However, confluence of two lines of evidence for extrusion flow added stature to the concept. In 1952, John Nye showed that free extrusion flow was impossible due to force imbalance. Two forms of extrusion flow survive: capped extrusion flow is possible on local scales where longitudinal stress gradients allow upper ice to move slowly, and rigid- body rotational flow can allow deeper ice to move faster without strain.
Traslucent pheromone traps increase trapping efficiency of ambrosia beetle Megaplatypus mutatus

Abstract Megaplatypus mutatus (= Platypus mutatus ) is an ambrosia beetle native to South America. Unlike most ambrosia beetles, it attacks only living trees, penetrating the xylem of its host by boring long tunnels. These galleries cause severe stem-breakage and mortality in commercial poplar plantations. In previous studies we showed that volatile emissions from pioneer male M. mutatus are composed of (+)-6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and 3-pentanol. Recently, we developed reservoir type controlled release dispensers and tested the efficacy of various trap designs in the field. Results showed that black cross-vane traps (CIPEIN-CV) captured significantly more insects than other traps designs baited with the same dispensers. In the present study we modified the colour, the construction material and the size of traps with the aim of increasing trapping efficacy and reducing the final trap cost. The results showed that significantly more female and male M. mutatus were captured in small and large traslucent traps (CIPEIN-CVt) than in black CIPEIN-CV trap. Furthermore, traslucent CIPEIN-CVt trap costs were significantly lower than costs for CIPEIN-CV traps. Significantly improved trapping efficacy with an important decrease in final costs will allow detection of considerably lower populations of M. mutatus in monitoring programs.
Fermi-function integrals for finding relative beta-group intensities

Values are presented of the definite integral I(Z, Tmax), which is related to the relative number, N, of electrons in a β−-group with end point energy Tmax by the simple expression N = a2Tmax2I(Z, Tmax), where a is the y-intercept in the Fermi-Kurie plot, I ( Z , T max ) = ∫ 0 T max f ( Z , T ) h ( T ) d T , where f is the Fermi function and h ( T ) = ( T + 1 ) ( 1 − T / T max ) 2 [ T ( T + 2 ) ] − 1 / 2 T max − 2 . The Z-ranges is 10(1)109; the Tmax-range is 0.1(0.05)0.4, 0.5(0.1)5.2.
Self-Complexity of College Students

La complexite du moi est definie en fonction du nombre de traits utilises pour le decrire. Le Complexity of Self-concept Inventory de Ziller a ete administre a des etudiants en vue de verifier la relation entre cette complexite et la preparation du sujet aux activites professionnelles faisant appel a sa connaissance de l'homme
Arabidopsis thickvein Mutation Affects Vein Thickness and Organ Vascularization, and Resides in a Provascular Cell-Specific Spermine Synthase Involved in Vein Definition and in Polar Auxin Transport

Polar auxin transport has been implicated in the induction of vascular tissue and in the definition of vein positions. Leaves treated with chemical inhibitors of polar auxin transport exhibited vascular phenotypes that include increased vein thickness and vascularization. We describe a recessive mutant, thickvein (tkv), which develops thicker veins in leaves and in inflorescence stems. The increased vein thickness is attributable to an increased number of vascular cells. Mutant plants have smaller leaves and shorter inflorescence stems, and this reduction in organ size and height is accompanied by an increase in organ vascularization, which appears to be attributable to an increase in the recruitment of cells into veins. Furthermore, although floral development is normal, auxin transport in the inflorescence stem is significantly reduced in the mutant, suggesting that the defect in auxin transport is responsible for the vascular phenotypes. In the primary root, the veins appear morphologically normal, but root growth in the tkv mutant is hypersensitive to exogenous cytokinin. The tkv mutation was found to reside in the ACL5 gene, which encodes a spermine synthase and whose expression is specific to provascular cells. We propose that ACL5/TKV is involved in vein definition (defining the boundaries between veins and nonvein regions) and in polar auxin transport, and that polyamines are involved in this process.
Children's knowledge of the relation between intentional action and pretending

Abstract Two experiments investigated preschoolers’ understanding of the relation between pretending and intentional action. In Experiment 1, both 3- and 4-year olds recognized that characters whose actions were intended as pretense were pretending. However, children also judged that characters whose actions gave them the appearance of an entity unintentionally were pretending to be that entity. In Experiment 2, 3-year olds reliably chose a character whose pretense actions were intentional as pretending over a character whose actions were guided by another intention. These data suggest that preschoolers have some understanding of the role of intentional action in pretense.
LIGHT DAMAGE INDUCED CHANGES IN MOUSE RETINAL GENE EXPRESSION

Oxidative stress plays a role in the light damage model of retinal degeneration as well as in age-related macular degeneration. The purpose of this study is to identify retinal genes induced by acute photo-oxidative stress, which may function as mediators of apoptosis or as survival factors. To accomplish this, Balb/c mice were exposed to bright cool white fluorescent light for 7 hr. Retinas were then isolated for total RNA preparation followed by Affymetrix DNA microarray analysis to compare gene expression in light damaged mice to unexposed controls. Three independent light damage experiments were carried out and statistical filters were applied to detect genes with expression changes averaging at least two-fold. Quantitative PCR was carried out to confirm altered gene expression. Seventy genes were upregulated at least two-fold immediately following light damage. QPCR confirmed upregulation of all 10 genes tested. The upregulated genes fall into several categories including antioxidants: ceruloplasmin, metallothionein, and heme oxygenase; antiapoptotic gene: bag3, chloride channels: clic1 and clic4; transcription factors: c-fos, fra1, junB, stat1, krox-24 and c/ebp; secreted signaling molecules: chitinase 3-like protein 1 and osteopontin; inflammation related genes: MCP-1 and ICAM1 and others. Upregulation of five interferon-gamma responsive genes suggests elevated interferon levels after light damage. Upregulation of three components of the AP-1 transcription factor is consistent with previous evidence implicating AP-1 in light damage pathogenesis. Four copper or iron binding proteins were upregulated, suggesting that photo-oxidative stress may affect metal homeostasis. The genes found upregulated by light damage may affect the survival of photoreceptors subjected to photo-oxidative stress.
Identification of inherited radiogenic Pb in monazite and its implications for U–Pb systematics

The simplest interpretation of uranium–lead mineral ages in igneous rocks embodies the assumption that melting of pre-existing rocks leads to homogenization of the lead isotopes, thus resetting the radiometric 'clock'. Zircons often violate this assumption by only partially dissolving and preserving a component of lead 'inherited' from before the melting episode, but until now such behaviour has not been observed in monazite. Here we report U–Pb data for zircons and monazites from a Tertiary granite from the Himalayas, in which zircons and monazites contain inherited radio-genic lead. An analysis of a single entirely igneous zircon crystal plots on concordia at 19.5±0.4 Myr. Eight monazite fractions lie on a line from an upper intercept of 471±10 Myr to the youngest fraction, which plots slightly above concordia at 21 Myr. The presence of excess 206Pb in the youngest monazite fractions indi-cates that the monazite data represent a mixing line between young magmatic monazite and an older inherited component, rather than a resetting of 471 Myr monazites at ∼20 Myr. These data suggest a closure temperature for Pb in monazite significantly higher than previously published estimates.
Combination of TOPEX/POSEIDON data with a hydrographic inversion for determination of the oceanic general circulation and its relation to geoid accuracy

A global estimate of the absolute oceanic general circulation from a geostrophic inversion of in situ hydrographic data is tested against and then combined with an estimate obtained from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetric data and a geoid model computed using the JGM-3 gravity-field solution. Within the quantitative uncertainties of both the hydrographic inversion and the geoid estimate, the two estimates derived by very different methods are consistent. When the in situ inversion is combined with the altimetry/geoid scheme using a recursive inverse procedure, a new solution, fully consistent with both hydrography and altimetry, is found. There is, however, little reduction in the uncertainties of the calculated ocean circulation and its mass and heat fluxes because the best available geoid estimate remains noisy relative to the purely oceanographic inferences. The conclusion drawn from this is that the comparatively large errors present in the existing geoid models now limit the ability of satellite altimeter data to improve directly the general ocean circulation models derived from in situ measurements. Because improvements in the geoid could be realized through a dedicated spaceborne gravity recovery mission, the impact of hypothetical much better, future geoid estimates on the circulation uncertainty is also quantified, showing significant hypothetical reductions in the uncertainties of oceanic transport calculations. Full ocean general circulation models could better exploit both existing oceanographic data and future gravity-mission data, but their present use is severely limited by the inability to quantify their error budgets.
Marked gastric foveolar hyperplasia associated with active cytomegalovirus infection.

Abstract Transient protein-losing gastropathy with marked gastric rugal hypertrophy, a Menetrier’s disease-like process, is an uncommon condition of unknown etiology. Most of these cases have been reported in pediatric patients; the clinical course is usually favorable. Cytomegalovirus infection has been implicated as a possible etiology in many of the reported cases. This type of Menetrier’s-like disease has not been well documented in adult patients. We describe here an elderly man who presented with severe protein-losing gastropathy and large polypoid nodules in the stomach. Gastric mucosal biopsies revealed marked gastric foveolar hyperplasia with morphological evidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated an aberrant topographic distribution of staining for transforming growth factor-α and transforming growth factor-β receptor II, as described in other cases of Menetrier’s disease in the literature. This transient Menetrier’s-like disease associated with CMV infection should be considered in the differential of both pediatric and adult patients with GI protein loss.
Radium-223 in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer

In 2004, docetaxel was approved for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). For the next several years, there was a lull in drug approvals. However, from 2010 onwards, 5 additional therapies have been approved on the basis of showing a survival benefit in phase III studies. These agents include sipuleucel-T, cabazitaxel, abiraterone, enzalutamide and (most recently) radium-223. Amongst radiopharmaceuticals currently used for advanced prostate cancer (e.g. samarium-153 and strontium-89), radium-223 possesses several unique properties. As an alpha-emitting compound, the agent produces a high-energy output over a short range, facilitating selective destruction of tissue within the bone in the region of osteoblastic lesions while sparing surrounding normal tissue. The current review will outline biological rationale for radium-223 and also provide an overview of preclinical and clinical development of the agent. Rational sequencing of radium-223 and combinations, in the increasingly complex landscape of mCRPC will be discussed, along with factors influencing clinical implementation.
Cloning and expression of the gene encoding the porcine NADPH oxidase light-chain subunit (p22-phox)

Abstract In previous studies, we showed that interleukin-4 (IL-4) suppressed porcine (p) macrophage Superoxide production and that the mechanism of suppression involved down-regulation of the superoxide-generating enzyme NADPH oxidase heavy-chain 91-kDa subunit mRNA (gp91-phox) expression. In order to examine the effect of IL-4 on expression of the gene encoding the porcine NADPH oxidase light-chain 22-kDa subunit (p22-phox), we cloned the p22-phox cDNA from a macrophage library. The p22-phox cDNA is 786 bp in length and contains a 576-bp open reading frame which predicts a primary translation product of 192 amino acids (aa). Comparison of the porcine and human 22-phox cDNAs showed a high degree of similarity between the two species in their nucleotide (85%) and deduced aa (83%) sequences, as well as in their hydropathy profiles. Notable features, including a high proline content and an iron-coordinating His94, are conserved in both the porcine and human 22-Phox. A single species of mRNA of about 1 kb was detected in macrophages. The mRNA levels remained unchanged in cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or with IL-4 at various concentrations from 0–50 ng/ml. Prolonged treatment with LPS or IL-4 did not enhance the effect of these substances on p22-phox mRNA expression. The effect of IL-4 on p22-phox mRNA expression was also compared with another immunosuppressive cytokine, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFs1). No change in mRNA expression was found in the cells with or without TGFs1 treatment. The results indicated that the heavy and light chains of NADPH oxidase are independently regulated by IL-4 in macrophages.
Usefulness of gamma intracoronary radiation for totally occluded in-stent restenotic coronary narrowing.

In this analysis of 669 patients from the WRIST studies, the incidence of totally occluded in-stent restenosis was 12.9%, which was associated with a high rate of successful recanalization using conventional percutaneous techniques. Intracoronary gamma radiation therapy for in-stent restenosis with total occlusion is feasible, safe, and associated with comparable outcomes similar to nonocclusive in-stent restenosis. These high-risk, totally occluded in-stent restenotic lesions should become an important indication for gamma intracoronary radiation.
Classroom integral calculus: some useful digressions when teaching integral calculus

In this article we outline ideas and exercises for two topics that accompany the standard treatment of integral calculus. These concepts emphasize intuition to help facilitate student comprehension of the definite integral as a limit of Riemann sums.
Plasmodium falciparum: invasion of Aotus monkey red blood cells and adaptation to Aotus monkeys.

Abstract Kaneko, O., Soubes, S. C., and Miller, L. H. 1999. Plasmodium falciparum: Invasion of Aotus monkey red blood cells and adaptation to Aotus monkeys. Experimental Parasitology93, 116–119.
Predicting fatigue S-N (stress-number of cycles to fail) behavior of reinforced plastics using fracture mechanics theory

The present study describes a model to predict fatigue S-N behavior, and thus fatigue life, of glass fiber reinforced thermoplastics by using a fracture mechanics approach. The model assumes the presence of an inherent initial flaw in the molded plastic parts and thus ignores crack initiation contributions. In this paper we describe how fatigue crack propagation rate data were obtained for the same three glass fiber reinforced plastics whose S-N behavior was previously described in detail. Using the measured constants from the crack growth data, and corresponding S-N data for uncracked specimens, the validity of the single initial flaw hypothesis was evaluated. From the analyzed results it is concluded that accurate S-N predictions are possible using this simple fracture mechanics model for some materials. The best results are obtained for glass filled polyamide, PA (nylon 66) and polycarbonate, PC; however, with polybutylene terephthalate, PBT, predictions were poor. It is also shown that S-N data for different glass fiber orientations can be predicted by combining the single flaw model with predicted fatigue crack propagation rate measurements. The latter are calculated from a generalized crack growth rate expression utilizing the strain energy release rate fracture mechanics parameter, which was previously described.
CAD Systems for IC Design

As integrated circuit (IC) complexities increase, many existing computer-aided design (CAD) methods must be replaced with an integrated design system to support very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuit and system design. The framework for a hierarchical CAD system is described. The system supports both functional and physical design from initial specification and system synthesis to simulation, mask layout, verification, and documentation. The system is being implemented in phases on a DECSystem 20 computer network and will support evolutionary changes as new technologies are developed and design strategies defined.
Single Nanoparticle Plasmonic Devices by the “Grafting to” Method

Hierarchically organized single-nanoparticle structures synthesized in this work consisted of a 200 nm silica core and a pH-responsive poly(2-vinylpyridine) shell decorated with 15 nm gold nanoparticles. pH changes in the range of 3−6 back and forth results in a swelling−shrinking polymer brush shell and, thus, in the tuning distance between noble nanoparticles. A change in the interparticle distance is accompanied by a very pronounced shift in the maximum wavelength of the surface plasmon absorption peak. The dispersion of the resulting composite nanoparticles reversibly changed color from red to purple-blue as the pH changed from 2.5 to 6. Such hierarchically assembled nanostructures can be used as free-standing single-particle sensors in various miniaturized analytical systems.
High-Resolution Chromosome Ideogram Representation of Currently Recognized Genes for Autism Spectrum Disorders

Recently, autism-related research has focused on the identification of various genes and disturbed pathways causing the genetically heterogeneous group of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The list of autism-related genes has significantly increased due to better awareness with advances in genetic technology and expanding searchable genomic databases. We compiled a master list of known and clinically relevant autism spectrum disorder genes identified with supporting evidence from peer-reviewed medical literature sources by searching key words related to autism and genetics and from authoritative autism-related public access websites, such as the Simons Foundation Autism Research Institute autism genomic database dedicated to gene discovery and characterization. Our list consists of 792 genes arranged in alphabetical order in tabular form with gene symbols placed on high-resolution human chromosome ideograms, thereby enabling clinical and laboratory geneticists and genetic counsellors to access convenient visual images of the location and distribution of ASD genes. Meaningful correlations of the observed phenotype in patients with suspected/confirmed ASD gene(s) at the chromosome region or breakpoint band site can be made to inform diagnosis and gene-based personalized care and provide genetic counselling for families.
Pulmonary Wedge Pressures Confirm Pulmonary Hypertension in Broilers Is Initiated by an Excessive Pulmonary Arterial (Precapillary) Resistance

High retrograde pressure through the pulmonary venous system caused by failure of the left ventricle or left atrio-ventricular valve may result in the elevated pulmonary arterial pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy associated with pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS; ascites) in broiler chickens. In the present study, unanaesthetized male broilers from an ascites-resistant line, the base population from which the resistant line was derived, and a separate unselected line were used to determine whether changes in wedge pressure (thought to be similar to left atrial pressure) are predictive of differences in the pulmonary arterial pressure of clinically healthy and pre-ascitic broilers. Venous, right atrial, right ventricular, pulmonary arterial, and wedge pressures were obtained by inserting a catheter into a wing vein and progressively advancing the catheter into a pulmonary branch artery until the catheter tip became wedged in and occluded the flow through a terminal artery. Mean right ventricular and pulmonary arterial pressures were lower in the resistant line than in the base population, but wedge pressures did not differ between the resistant, base, and unselected lines. Right:total ventricular weight ratios (RV:TV) and the percentage saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen in arterial blood ranged in value from 0.18 to 0.44 and 65 to 96%, respectively. Wedge pressure, however, remained similar when pre-ascitic broilers with high RV:TV values and low oximetry values were compared with clinically healthy broilers. In all birds, whether healthy or showing pre-ascitic characteristics, the wedge pressure was slightly higher than the right atrial pressure but substantially lower than pulmonary arterial pressure. These observations provide definitive proof that pulmonary hypertension is initiated as a consequence of excessive pulmonary arterial or arteriole resistance. Pulmonary venous pressure is estimated by measuring the pulmonary arterial wedge pressure, and high wedge pressures would be evident if pulmonary hypertension was caused by the elevated downstream resistances associated with left-sided heart failure.
Grid Labeling Using A Marked Grid

Accurate grid labeling is a key step in recovering 3-D surfaces from structured light images. Knowledge of the real world (projector and camera geometry, surface continuity and smoothness, etc.) can be used to derive a set of local and global constraints which the grid labels must satisfy. Propagation of these constraints eliminates all but a small set of possible grid labels, but ambiguous solutions may still remain. This paper discusses a method of eliminating grid labeling ambiguity by adding constraints introduced by placing markers within the grid pattern. Grid labeling is based on geometric and topological constraints. Geometric constraints are global constraints on grid labels arising from knowledge of the camera and projector geometry, from assumed opaqueness of the object, and from knowledge of the work volume. Topological constraints are local constraints on grid labels arising from the sequential ordering of grid labels along a single grid stripe in the camera image, and from the assumption that a continuous (smooth) network of grid stripes in the camera image indicates a continuous (smooth) three-dimensional surface. This last assumption may be sometimes violated due to infrequent "viewing accidents" which may be caused by surface irregularities such as occluding contours or creases or by image processing errors. A problem with previous methods is the possible ambiguity of the recovered surface. This ambiguity occurs when more than one globally consistent set of grid labels is obtained, and consequently more than one object surface is possible. Our results show that the locations of the grid markers provide additional constraints to guide the grid labeling. We will present results of using several algorithms for labeling grids in structured light images. We will show that the additional constraints can be easily included into constraint propagation algorithms previously used for grid labeling.
Characterization of the chemical architecture of carbon-fiber microelectrodes. 1. Carboxylates.

A new method to characterize the chemical architecture of a carbon-fiber microelectrode surface is described. Derivatization of carboxyl groups on the carbon surface with a poly(oxyalkalene)diamine (Jeffamine ED-600), followed by biotinylation of the free amine, allowed the attachment of a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugate of ExtrAvidin. The fluorescence observed after excitation at 488 nm was imaged with a fluorescence microscope equipped with a CCD camera, yielding a spatial map of the distribution of modified carboxyl groups on the surface of the carbon fiber with 0.5-micron resolution. Colloidal gold particles (15 nm diameter) coated with ExtrAvidin were used in place of the FITC-ExtrAvidin, and the carbon-fiber surface was imaged with scanning electron microscopy on a submicron scale. This selective information regarding surface-bound functional groups (i.e. carboxylates) has proven invaluable toward the rational design of novel sensors based on surface-modified ultramicroelectrodes.
VERA: an extensible router architecture

We recognize two trends in router design: increasing pressure to extend the set of services provided by the router and increasing diversity in the hardware components used to construct the router. The consequence of these two trends is that it is becoming increasingly difficult to map the services onto the underlying hardware. Our response to this situation is to define a virtual router architecture, called VERA, that hides the hardware details from the forwarding functions. This paper presents the details of VERA and reports preliminary experiences implementing various aspects of the architecture.