cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using the Renormalization Group to Classify Boolean Functions

This paper argues that the renormalization group technique used to characterize phase transitions in condensed matter systems can be used to classify Boolean functions. A renormalization group transformation is presented that maps an arbitrary Boolean function of N Boolean variables to one of N−1 variables. Applying this transformation to a generic Boolean function (one whose output for each input is chosen randomly and independently to be one or zero with equal probability) yields another generic Boolean function. Moreover, applying the transformation to some other functions known to be non-generic, such as Boolean functions that can be written as polynomials of degree ξ with ξ≪N and functions that depend on composite variables such as the arithmetic sum of the inputs, yields non-generic results. One can thus define different phases of Boolean functions as classes of functions with different types of behavior upon repeated application of the renormalization transformation. Possible relationships between different phases of Boolean functions and computational complexity classes studied in computer science are discussed.
Current knowledge of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists for the treatment of coronary artery disease.

Understanding of the pivotal role of the platelet surface membrane glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor in platelet aggregation at the injured coronary plaque in acute coronary syndromes has led to recent pharmacologic strategies that focus on inhibition of this final common pathway. Several intravenous medications directed specifically at this receptor (called platelet GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists; GPAs) have emerged. These include the human-murine chimeric monoclonal antibody Fab fragment abciximab, the peptide antagonist eptifibatide and the peptidomimetics tirofiban and lamifiban. To date, over 33,000 patients have been studied with these compounds in 11 large, randomized placebo controlled trials which have established the effectiveness of these drugs in conditions where platelet aggregation and thrombosis play major contributing roles such as in high-risk coronary intervention, myocardial infarction and unstable angina. GPAs have been proven to be effective in reducing ischemic complications when used as an adjunct to percutaneous coronary revascularization or the management of acute ischemic syndromes. They are well tolerated and safe, provided concomitant use with other antithrombotics (e.g. heparin) is carefully managed and platelet counts are monitored.
INTERNET MARKETING, BUSINESS MODELS, AND PUBLIC POLICY

Abstract The authors examine the role of the Internet in marketing in the context of business models that are economically viable. This examination raises questions regarding the degree to which the Internet is genuinely different and whether it will be a boon to consumers and investors. Economic necessity associated with the need to obtain and maintain profit streams suggests that Internet markets will likely be more similar to than different from traditional markets. The authors challenge assumptions regarding the role of the Internet in creating frictionless markets that benefit consumers and the role of personal information and privacy on the Internet that are necessary conditions for potentially profitable business models. The authors also discuss subsidization of Internet businesses in the context of public policy and examine other issues related to the relationship of current models of Internet business to public policy and consumer welfare.
The internal organization of computer models of cognitive behavior.

If computer programs are to serve as useful models of cognitive behavior, their creators cannot avoid coming to grips with the necessity for establishing an internal organization for their model which implements the higher level cognitive behavior associated with the human capacity for self-direction, autocriticism, and adaptation. A hierarchy of “contexter” routines is proposed which will perform these higher level functions within a computer model. It is conceptually important to separate those functions represented by the contexters from those routines which perform the operations resulting in both overt and covert behavior. The hierarchy of contexter routines would function parallel to and control the operational routines in a model. The ability to model the hierarchy of contexters rests fundamentally upon developing a scheme by which behavior can be described and providing a means by which computer routines can utilize such descriptive information. Implementation of such a computer model requires the solving of some formidable conceptual and technical problems.
Dose-Response Model for Lassa Virus

ABSTRACT This article develops dose-response models for Lassa fever virus using data sets found in the open literature. Dose-response data were drawn from two studies in which guinea pigs were given subcutaneous and aerosol exposure to Lassa virus. In one study, six groups of inbred guinea pigs were inoculated subcutaneously with doses of Lassa virus and five groups of out-bred guinea pigs were similarly treated. We found that the out-bred subcutaneously exposed guinea pig did not exhibit a dose-dependent trend in response. The inbred guinea pigs data were best fit by an exponential dose-response model. In a second study, four groups of out-bred guinea pigs were exposed to doses of Lassa virus via the aerosol route. In that study, aerosol diameter was less than 4.5 μ m and both mortality and morbidity were used as endpoints. The log-probit dose-response model provided a somewhat better fit than the Beta-Poisson model for data with mortality as the endpoint, but the Beta-Poisson is considered the best fit ...
The effect of particle size on nitric oxide decomposition and reaction with carbon monoxide on palladium catalysts

The effect of palladium particle size on its catalytic activity was investigated by the decomposition of chemisorbed nitric oxide and the reaction of nitric oxide with carbon monoxide in flow conditions. Palladium particles (30–500 A) were prepared on silica thin films (100 A) which were supported on a Mo(110) surface. The reactivity of the supported palladium varied with the metal particle size. On large palladium particles, nitric oxide (NO) reacts to form nitrous oxide (N2O), dinitrogen (N2) and atomic oxygen during temperature-programmed reaction, whereas on small particles (< 50 A), nitrous oxide is not formed. Similarly, reactions of NO with CO on large particles, in flow conditions produce N2O, N2 and CO2, whereas N2O is not produced on small particles. In addition, more extensive NO decomposition is observed on the smaller particles.
Credibility of Anonymous Online Product Reviews: A Language Expectancy Perspective

Online reviews play a significant role in forming and shaping perceptions about a product. With the credibility of online reviewers a frequent question, this research investigates how potential buyers assess the credibility of anonymous reviewers. Technology separates the reviewer from the review, and potential buyers are left to rely on characteristics of the review itself to determine the credibility of the reviewer. By extending the language expectancy theory to the online setting, we develop hypotheses about how expectancy violations of lexical complexity, two-sidedness (highlighting positive and negative aspects of a product), and affect intensity influence credibility attributions. We present an experiment in which favorable experimental reviews were generated based on actual reviews for a digital camera. The results indicate that two-sidedness caused a positive expectancy violation resulting in greater credibility attribution. High affect intensity caused a negative expectancy violation resulting i...
Conjunctival Advancement With Subconjunctival Amniotic Membrane Draping Technique for Leaking Cystic Blebs.

PURPOSE To describe the successful use of a technique involving amniotic membrane graft for the repair of leaking cystic blebs following mitomycin C (MMC) trabeculectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective review of 17 eyes of 16 patients who had undergone trabeculectomy with MMC or combined cataract phacoemulsification and trabeculectomy with MMC and presented with leaky cystic blebs with or without hypotony was conducted. All patients were treated with amniotic membrane graft over the leaking area with conjunctival advancement without excision of the cystic bleb and had a minimum of 1-year follow-up. Success was defined as a final intraocular pressure (IOP) ≥ 6 and ≤ 21 mm Hg without glaucoma medications. Qualified success that met the above criteria, however, required the use of glaucoma medication for optimal IOP control. Failure was defined as any patient with persistent bleb leak requiring additional procedures and/or the presence of hypotony (IOP<6 mm Hg ± clinical evidence of hypotony maculopathy). RESULTS Seventeen of the 17 eyes had complete resolution of bleb leak at last follow-up. Total success rate was 15 of the 17 patients, or 88%. Eleven eyes (64.7%) met criteria for complete success. Four eyes (23.5%) required glaucoma medications after the procedure and met criteria for qualified success. Two eyes (11.8%) met criteria for failure, as they presented with a pinpoint limbal leak requiring a suture at the slit lamp in the postoperative period. Mean IOP increased from 5.7 ± 2.8 mm Hg preoperatively to 13.1 ± 3.4 mm Hg at most recent follow-up (P<0.000007). LogMAR visual acuity likewise improved from 0.7 ± 0.8 preoperatively to 0.1 ± 0.1 LogMAR units at most recent follow-up (P<0.030). Mean follow-up time was 21.4 ± 7.3 months. CONCLUSIONS The technique of amniotic membrane bleb draping with conjunctival advancement successfully restored bleb function, while facilitating fast resolution and stabilization of IOP and visual acuity.
Direct behavior rating as a school-based behavior screener for elementary and middle grades

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate how Direct Behavior Rating Single Item Scales (DBR-SIS) involving targets of academically engaged, disruptive, and respectful behaviors function in school-based screening assessment. Participants included 831 students in kindergarten through eighth grades who attended schools in the northeastern United States. Teachers provided behavior ratings for a sample of students in their classrooms on the DBR-SIS, the Behavioral and Emotional Screening System (Kamphaus & Reynolds, 2007), and the Student Risk Screening Scale (Drummond, 1994). Given variations in rating procedures to accommodate scheduling differences across grades, analysis was conducted separately for elementary school and middle school grade levels. Results suggested that the recommended cut scores, the combination of behavior targets, and the resulting conditional probability indices varied depending on grade level grouping (lower elementary, upper elementary, middle). For example, for the lower elementary grade level grouping, a combination of disruptive behavior (cut score = 2) and academically engaged behavior (cut score = 8) was considered to offer the best balance among indices of diagnostic accuracy, whereas a cut score of 1 for disruptive behavior and 8 for academically engaged behavior were recommended for the upper elementary school grade level grouping and cut scores of 1 and 9, respectively, were suggested for middle school grade level grouping. Generally, DBR-SIS cut scores considered optimal for screening using single or combined targets including academically engaged behavior and disruptive behavior by offering a reasonable balance of indices for sensitivity (.51–.90), specificity (.47–.83), negative predictive power (.94–.98), and positive predictive power (.14–.41). The single target of respectful behavior performed poorly across all grade level groups, and performance of DBR-SIS targets was relatively better in the elementary school than middle school grade level groups. Overall, results supported that disruptive behavior is highly important in evaluating risk status in lower grade levels and that academically engaged behavior becomes more pertinent as students reach higher grade levels. Limitations, future directions, and implications are discussed.
Clinical and in Vitro Photochemistry of Bilirubin

The use of light in treatment of neonatal jaundice began nearly 30 years ago following the empirical observations of a nurse, J. Ward, and a biochemist, P.W. Perryman, on the clinical and in vitro photochemistry of bilirubin (Dobbs and Cremer, 1975). In this presentation I shall discuss more recent observations on how phototherapy appears to work in jaundiced infants and ways in which we may be able to improve the efficiency of the treatment. Jaundice occurs in the newborn period because the normal hepatic mechanism for solubilization of bilirubin, esterification with glucuronic acid, is insufficient for the load of pigment formed in the first few days of life. This chemical modification of bilirubin is required for excretion of the pigment in bile or urine. Phototherapy works by changing bilirubin photochemically into molecules or fragments which can be excreted by the liver or kidney without the need for chemical modification. Three types of photochemical reactions of bilirubin occur in jaundiced infants treated with phototherapy: configurational isomerization, structural isomerization and photooxidation. A brief summary of the different photoreactions of bilirubin is given below. For a more complete discussion, see Lightner and McDonagh, 1984.
Runtime reduction techniques for the probabilistic traveling salesman problem with deadlines

The probabilistic traveling salesman problem with deadlines (PTSPD) is an extension of the well-known probabilistic traveling salesman problem in which, in addition to stochastic presence, customers must also be visited before a known deadline. For realistically sized instances, the problem is impossible to solve exactly, and local-search methods struggle due to the time required to evaluate the objective function. Because computing the deadline violations is the most time consuming part of the objective, we focus on developing approximations for the computation of deadline violations. These approximations can be imbedded in a variety of local-search methods, and we perform experiments comparing their performance using a 1-shift neighborhood. These computational experiments show that the approximation methods lead to significant runtime improvements without loss in quality.
Calorie restriction increases cell surface GLUT-4 in insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle

Reduced calorie intake [calorie restriction (CR); 60% of ad libitum (AL)] leads to enhanced glucose transport without altering total GLUT-4 glucose transporter abundance in skeletal muscle. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that CR (20 days) alters the subcellular distribution of GLUT-4. Cell surface GLUT-4 content was higher in insulin-stimulated epitrochlearis muscles from CR vs. AL rats. The magnitude of this increase was similar to the CR-induced increase in glucose transport, and GLUT-4 activity (glucose transport rate divided by cell surface GLUT-4) was unaffected by diet. The CR effect was specific to the insulin-mediated pathway, as evidenced by the observations that basal glucose transport and cell surface GLUT-4 content, as well as hypoxia-stimulated glucose transport, were unchanged by diet. CR did not alter insulin's stimulation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity. Muscle abundance of IRS-2 and p85 subunit of PI3K were unaltered by diet, but IRS-1 content was lower in CR vs. AL. These data demonstrate that, despite IRS-1-PI3K activity similar to AL, CR specifically increases insulin's activation of glucose transport by enhancing the steady-state proportion of GLUT-4 residing on the cell surface.
Empirically Supported Treatments in Pediatric Psychology: Where Is the Diversity?

Objective: To examine the extent to which studies used to support empirically supported treatments for asthma, cancer, diabetes, and obesity address issues of cultural diversity. Method: We chose original articles (71) of treatments used to support empirically supported treatments (ESTs) published as part of a special series on ESTs in the Journal of Pediatric Psychology. Trained coders reviewed each study to determine if the following were reported: race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) of the sample, moderating cultural variables, cultural assumptions or biases of the treatment, larger cultural issues, and measurement or procedure bias. Results: Results revealed that few studies addressed cultural variables in any way. Only 27% of the studies reported the race or ethnicity and 18% reported the SES of research participants. Additionally, 6% discussed potential moderating cultural variables. The remaining variables were addressed in 7% or less of the studies. Conclusions: These data support the criticism that ESTs fail to address important issues of culture and call into question the external validity of ESTs to diverse populations. Future research should explicitly address cultural issues according to the nine recommendations described here.
Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability

Central concerns of the book are related theories of recursively enumerable sets, of degree of un-solvability and turing degrees in particular. A second group of topics has to do with generalizations of recursion theory. The third topics group mentioned is subrecursive computability and subrecursive hierarchies
An approach to message arbitration in hard real-time applications

The present paper concerns the problem dealing with shared resource utilization in the hard real-time environment. Message transmissions via a serial bus or message processing by a router are examples of shared resource requests in networks. Hard real-time request must be completed within a certain deadline. When multiple requests are appeared they spend a part of time waiting for the resource access. The time lost depends on the shared resource arbitration scheme. One of such schemes called the ldquolast lowest schemerdquo is discussed in the paper. The last lowest priority scheme represents a variant of the scheme. The round-robin scheme doesnpsilat provide different deadlines for different shared resource requestors, which is very important for the hard real-time applications. The method to avoid this disadvantage is suggested and evaluated in the paper. The arbitration scheme suggested can be implemented both in software and hardware. The article presents an implementation of the method in a distributed arbiter for a single wire serial bus.
Nitazoxanide: clinical studies of a broad-spectrum anti-infective agent

Nitazoxanide is a new compound with broad-spectrum activity against numerous intestinal protozoa, helminths and anaerobic bacteria. It is approved for the treatment of diseases caused by Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium species. The drug is well tolerated, with few side effects and requires a short course of treatment. Further investigations regarding its use in patients with AIDS is needed. Nitazoxanide represents a significant advance in the treatment of intestinal parasitic infections worldwide.
Virtual Teams and Creative Performance

We developed and tested a model of the effects of demographic differences (i.e., differences in race, sex, age, and nationality) on creativity in dyads having short-term virtual work interactions. Specifically we examined how demographic differences interacted with dyad processes (establishment of rapport, participation equality, and process conflict) and a key input factor (difference in technical experience), to affect the creativity of dyads working virtually. Differences in nationality had a strong negative direct effect, and interacted with differences in technical experience to affect creativity. Differences in age interacted with dyad processes and differences in technical experience to affect creativity. Differences in sex and race did not significantly affect creativity. Implications are discussed for managing creative virtual work.
Being the Best Bearer of Bad Tidings

Giving bad news is an unpleasant task, and the medical literature provides numerous guidelines for giving bad news well. However, what people mean by “giving bad news well” is less clear. What should be the goal when communicating bad news? The authors suggest that the goal of news-givers should be to guide recipients toward a desired response and the authors propose a theoretical framework, the Bad News Response Model, for delivering bad news that draws from research in health and social psychology. The model is applicable to all forms of bad news and specifies that three characteristics of the news (controllability, likelihood, and severity) influence which response (Watchful Waiting, Active Change, or Acceptance) will most often lead to the best quality of life for the recipient.
A paradox: after stroke, the non-lesioned lower limb motor cortex may be maladaptive

What are the neuroplastic mechanisms that allow some stroke patients to regain high-quality control of their paretic leg, when others do not? One theory implicates ipsilateral corticospinal pathways projecting from the non-lesioned hemisphere. We devised a new transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol to identify ipsilateral corticospinal tract conductivity from the non-lesioned hemisphere to the paretic limb in chronic stroke patients. We also assessed corticospinal tract degeneration by diffusion tensor imaging, and used an ankle tracking task to assess lower limb motor control. We found greater tracking error during antiphase bilateral ankle movement for patients with strong conductivity from the non-lesioned hemisphere to the paretic ankle than for those with weak or no conductivity. These findings suggest that, instead of assisting motor control, contributions to lower limb motor control from the non-lesioned hemisphere of some stroke survivors may be maladaptive.
A new and novel approach towards the synthesis of 3′-deoxy-3′-hydroxymethyl ribofuosides

Abstract The synthesis of 1,2,5 tri- O -benzoyl-3-deoxy-3-[(benzyloxy)methyl]-α,gb-D-ribofuranose ( 1 ) from 1,2 - O -isopropylidene-α-D-xylofuranose ( 2 ) has been achieved in an overall yield of 37%. Compound 1 is a properly substituted intermediate for the synthesis of novel 3′-“branched” nucleoside analogs.
Who Invented the “Copenhagen Interpretation”? A Study in Mythology

What is commonly known as the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, regarded as representing a unitary Copenhagen point of view, differs significantly from Bohr’s complementarity interpretation, which does not employ wave packet collapse in its account of measurement and does not accord the subjective observer any privileged role in measurement. It is argued that the Copenhagen interpretation is an invention of the mid‐1950s, for which Heisenberg is chiefly responsible, various other physicists and philosophers, including Bohm, Feyerabend, Hanson, and Popper, having further promoted the invention in the service of their own philosophical agendas.
Human Factors Science: Brief History and Applications to Healthcare

This section will define the science of human factors, its origins, its impact on safety in other domains, and its impact and potential for impact on patient safety.
Validation of the International Medical Prevention Registry on Venous Thromboembolism Bleeding Risk Score

Background Recent guidelines recommend assessing medical inpatients for bleeding risk prior to providing chemical prophylaxis for VTE. The International Medical Prevention Registry on Venous Thromboembolism (IMPROVE) bleeding risk score (BRS) was derived from a well-defined population of medical inpatients but it has not been validated externally. We sought to externally validate the IMPROVE BRS. Methods We prospectively collected characteristics on admission and VTE prophylaxis data each hospital day for all patients admitted for a medical illness to the Walter Reed Army Medical Center over an 18-month period. We calculated the IMPROVE BRS for each patient using admission data and reviewed medical records to identify bleeding events. Results From September 2009 through March 2011, 1,668 inpatients met the IMPROVE inclusion criteria. Bleeding events occurred during 45 separate admissions (2.7%); 31 events (1.9%) were major and 14 (0.8%) were nonmajor but clinically relevant. Two hundred fifty-six patients (20.7%) had an IMPROVE BRS ≥ 7.0. Kaplan-Meier curves showed a higher cumulative incidence of major ( P = .02) and clinically important (major plus clinically relevant nonmajor) ( P = .06) bleeding within 14 days in patients with an IMPROVE BRS ≥ 7.0. An IMPROVE BRS ≥ 7.0 was associated with major bleeding in Cox-regression analysis adjusted for administration of chemical prophylaxis (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1-5.9; P = .03); there was a trend toward a significant association with clinically important bleeding (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 0.9-3.7; P = .07). Conclusions The IMPROVE BRS calculated at admission predicts major bleeding in medical inpatients. This model may help assess the relative risks of bleeding and VTE before chemoprophylaxis is administered.
International Advertising Strategy In New Asia: A Country-Of-Origin Approach On Standardization Vs. Customization

This study revisited the debate concerning standardization vs. customization of the international advertising strategy from a Country-of-Origin (COO) approach. The objective here is to compare the perceptions of the exporting country and its products from the vantage point of different host countries, and to compare exporting countrys self-image with the perceived images prevailing in the host countries. Further, the study also examines the images of search products and experience products across different countries. Through analyzing survey data collected from 189 Americans, 238 Chinese, and 236 Japanese consumers, we found that different host countries have significantly different perceptions of the same exporting country. Moreover, exporting countrys self-image also largely varies from the host countrys perception of the exporting country. Finally, differences in product image were found both for search and experience products. Therefore, customized advertising strategy is suggested in the New Asia, especially in the countries studied.
Studies of multiple allelomorphic series in the house-mouse

These experiments were chiefly addressed to the question whether the effects of changes at the same locus bear a purely quantitative relation to each other. The wild type and three mutant changes at the c locus have been examined in seven different compounds in combination with black (B) and seven in combination with brown (b). The effects of these changes on the dark granular melanins of the hair have been observed. In combination with black, the reduction in intensity of hair colour by graded steps from full colour (black) to white is accompanied by a parallel graded reduction in the quantity of melanin as measured by weight. The chief tangible factor in this reduction in quantity is the decrease in the size of the pigment granules. Each mutant gene in thec series thus exerts a characteristic effect on granule size. It is probable that the type of melanin molecule which is affected by these mutations is the same in all genotypes. As far as our data go, the changes brought about by mutations at this locus may be described as alterations in the quantity of melanin produced.
Data-Driven Probabilistic Modeling and Verification of Human Driver Behavior

We address the problem of formally verifying quantitative properties of driver models. We first propose a novel stochastic model of the driver behavior based on Convex Markov Chains, i.e., Markov chains in which the transition probabilities are only known to lie in convex uncertainty sets. This formalism captures the intrinsic uncertainty in estimating transition probabilities starting from experimentally-collected data. We then formally verify properties of the model expressed in probabilistic computation tree logic (PCTL). Results show that our approach can correctly predict quantitative information about driver behavior depending on her state, e.g., whether he or she is attentive or distracted. Copyright © 2014, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence. All rights reserved.
Liver X receptor β: new player in the regulatory network of thyroid hormone and ‘browning’ of white fat

The recent discovery of browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) has raised great research interest because of its significant potential in counteracting obesity and type II diabetes. However, the mechanisms underlying browning are still poorly understood. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are one class of nuclear receptors, which play a vital role in regulating cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose metabolism. Following our previous finding that LXRs serve as repressors of UCP1 in classic brown adipose tissue in female mice, we found that LXRs, especially LXRβ, also repress the browning process of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in male rodents fed a normal diet. Depletion of LXRs activated thyrotropin releasing hormone positive neurons in the paraventricular area of the hypothalamus, and thus stimulated secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the pituitary. Consequently production of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland and circulating thyroid hormone level were increased. Moreover, the activity of thyroid signaling in SAT was markedly increased. One unexpected finding of our study is that LXRs are indispensable in the thyroid hormone negative feedback loop at the level of the hypothalamus. LXRs maintain expression of thyroid receptors in the brain and when they are inactivated there is no negative feedback of thyroid hormone in the hypothalamus. Together, our findings have uncovered the basis of increased energy expenditure in male LXR knock-out mice and provided support for targeting LXRs in treatment of obesity.
Decay of a New Isomer in 154 Tb to High-Spin Levels in 154 Gd

Radioactive sources of $^{154}\mathrm{Tb}$ made by the $^{153}\mathrm{Eu}(\ensuremath{\alpha},3n)$ and $^{155}\mathrm{Gd}(p,2n)$ reactions have been studied with Ge(Li) and Si(Li) detectors. A new isomer (${T}_{\frac{1}{2}}=22.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.5$ h; spin and parity probably ${7}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) has been found in $^{154}\mathrm{Tb}$. This state decays primarily to an ${I}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}K={7}^{\ensuremath{-}}7$ isomeric state at 2137.8 keV in $^{154}\mathrm{Gd}$. Quasiparticle configurations involving the ${\frac{11}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}[505]$ neutron orbital are proposed for both of these isomeric states, and retardation factors are determined for transitions from the 2137.8-keV state.
The Significance of Multivalent Bonding Motifs and "Bond Order" in DNA-Directed Nanoparticle Crystallization.

Multivalent oligonucleotide-based bonding elements have been synthesized and studied for the assembly and crystallization of gold nanoparticles. Through the use of organic branching points, divalent and trivalent DNA linkers were readily incorporated into the oligonucleotide shells that define DNA-nanoparticles and compared to monovalent linker systems. These multivalent bonding motifs enable the change of “bond strength” between particles and therefore modulate the effective “bond order.” In addition, the improved accessibility of strands between neighboring particles, either due to multivalency or modifications to increase strand flexibility, gives rise to superlattices with less strain in the crystallites compared to traditional designs. Furthermore, the increased availability and number of binding modes also provide a new variable that allows previously unobserved crystal structures to be synthesized, as evidenced by the formation of a thorium phosphide superlattice.
Coumadin ridge: An incidental finding of a left atrial pseudotumor on transthoracic echocardiography

Coumadin ridge is a normal anatomic variant that is occasionally found in the left atrium. It can present as a linear or nodular mass which can undulate with cardiac motion and if particularly prominent, can easily be mistaken for a tumor or thrombus. Careful evaluation and consideration of the common variants discussed in this review can help limit misdiagnosis, as well as unnecessary workup and treatment. We present a case of coumadin ridge that was found on a patient using two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography.
The effects of Tai Chi on physical function and well-being among persons with Parkinson's Disease: A systematic review

Current medical treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD) are mainly palliative, though research indicates Tai Chi exercise improves physical function and well-being. An electronic database search of PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO and Embase was conducted, to examine current scientific literature for potential benefits of Tai Chi on physical function and well-being among persons with PD. A total of 11 studies met the inclusion criteria: 7 randomized clinical trials and 4 quasi-experimental studies. PD participants (n = 548) were on average age 68 years old and 50% women. Overall, participants enrolled in Tai Chi had better balance and one or more aspect of well-being, though mixed results were reported. Further research is needed with more rigorous study designs, larger sample sizes, adequate Tai Chi exercise doses, and carefully chosen outcome measures that assess the mechanisms as well as the effects of Tai Chi, before widespread recommendations can be made.
Optical spectroscopy and band gap analysis of hybrid improper ferroelectric Ca3Ti2O7

We bring together optical absorption spectroscopy, photoconductivity, and first principles calculations to reveal the electronic structure of the room temperature ferroelectric Ca3Ti2O7. The 3.94 eV direct gap in Ca3Ti2O7 is charge transfer in nature and noticeably higher than that in CaTiO3 (3.4 eV), a finding that we attribute to dimensional confinement in the n = 2 member of the Ruddlesden-Popper series. While Sr substitution introduces disorder and broadens the gap edge slightly, oxygen deficiency reduces the gap to 3.7 eV and gives rise to a broad tail that persists to much lower energies.
Obesity and In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Outcomes

Obesity in reproductive age women is com-mon and associated with various serious comorbidities. In women attempting pregnancy, obesity portends an independent risk factor for maternal complications such as preeclampsia and gestational diabetes, each of which carries its own set of comorbidities. Obesity in in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients has been associated with increased cycle cancellation rates, reduced live birth rates, and increased risk of mis-carriage. Additionally, obese and morbidly obese women are more likely to encounter delivery complications including preterm delivery, fetal macrosomia, increased need for induction of labor, greater utilization of instrumental delivery and a higher risk for emergency cesarean section. We recommend that obese and morbidly obese women should be strongly counseled regarding the importance of weight reduction and offered effective strategies during preconception visits and prior to initiation of infertility workup.
Gender differences and access to a sports dietitian influence dietary habits of collegiate athletes.

Limited research exists on the effect of a sports dietitian (SD) on athletes’ dietary habits and nutrient periodization, which is the deliberate manipulation of macronutrient intake to match training goals. Further, the difference in dietary habits between men and women collegiate athletes has been understudied. A survey questionnaire examining dietary habits and practices was administered to athletes at two universities that employed a full time SD. Not all athletes used the SD as their primary source for nutritional guidance. The purposes were to examine the effect of a SD as a primary source of nutrition information, and the effect of gender on dietary habits in collegiate athletes. Three hundred eighty-three women (n = 240) and men (n = 143) student-athletes (mean ± SD: age = 19.7 ± 1.4 years) from 10 collegiate sports took a 15-min survey consisting of questions on dietary habits and practices. Topics queried included eating habits, breakfast habits, hydration habits, nutritional supplementation use, pre-workout nutrition, post-workout nutrition, nutrition during team trips, and nutrient timing. Data were sorted by the athlete’s source of nutritional information (i.e., sport dietitian, other). Data analysis consisted of descriptive statistics and 2-way Pearson X2 analyses (p ≤ 0.10). When a SD was indicated as the primary nutrition information source, athletes appeared to have a greater understanding of nutrient periodization (47.12 % vs. 32.85 %), were more likely to have school-provided boxed meals while on team trips (21.29 % vs. 6.77 %), and also less likely to consume fast food while on team trips (9.90 % vs. 19.55 %). Men athletes consumed fast food or restaurant meals more frequently, had higher weekly and more frequent alcohol intake during the competitive season. Women athletes were more likely to prepare meals, eat breakfast 7 days a week, and have school-provided boxed meals. Positive effects on dietary habits were observed when a SD was the primary nutrition information source. Practitioners should be aware of the gender differences in alcohol intake, fast food consumption, and knowledge of nutrient periodization. Collegiate athletes and athletic staff members could benefit from SD access to safeguard against dietary habits detrimental to performance.
Thermal enhancements for a plastic-ball-grid array interconnect technology: computational-fluids dynamics modeling and characterization for low-velocity air-cooling

This paper presents various thermal management options available for plastic-ball-grid array (PBGA) interconnect technology, as they apply to low-end/midrange computer products. A series of experimental and computational studies were completed to investigate the thermal management options available for a high-power 119 (7/spl times/17 ball array) PBGA component. As a change in packaging technology was not an option, thermal enhancements were limited to increasing the package substrate conductivity and/or the addition of an attached heat sink (four distinct heat sink options were investigated). To solve the conjugate heat transfer problem, three-dimensional computational-fluid dynamics (CFD) models were developed for a single 119 PBGA (plastic-ball-grid-array) package mounted to a printed-circuit board (PCB) forced air-cooled (0.5 to 4 m/s). The representation of the package, material, PCB, boundary conditions, and solution grid will be presented. Experimental data was obtained for a single-component mounted to two printed circuit board compositions: (1) a single-signal layer, and (2) a two-signal/two-plane (2S/2P). In addition, a limited parametric study to investigate the effect of substrate material thermal conductivity (from the base level of 2.5 to 250 W/mK).
My Partner’s Media Use: A Qualitative Study Exploring Perceptions of Problems with a Partner’s Media Use

ABSTRACTMedia and technology use is widespread in American households, yet little is known about how it impacts romantic couples. The present study is an description of how romantic relationships were impacted by respondents’ perceptions of their partners’ media use. A sample of 98 respondents were asked to describe their frustration with their romantic partners’ media use. From the descriptions, four themes and five subthemes were identified, and these included the following conclusive themes that described an element of frustration: relationship impacts, appropriate media use, amount of media use, and distraction from the moment. Subthemes included media types, context of media use, value of media use, addiction, and virtual reality. Results showed mainly negative descriptions of media use with mentions of a few positive uses. The findings implicate further research on frustration over romantic partner’s media use.
STUDIES OF THE RECA AND LEXA GENES OF ESCHERICHIA COLI K-12

ABSTRACT The zab 53 and lex B30 mutations reduce expression of the rec A gene on transducing phages and in the cell. Both tsl and spr mutations suppress lex B30 but not zab 53 for UV sensitivity and rec A expression. Analysis of several rec A mutations on λ transducing phages indicate that mutations which prevent SOS functions prevent induction of the transduced rec A gene. A ColEl rec A+ hybrid plasmid causes increased PrecA synthesis in lex A+ and lex − strains. The lex A genetic region has been analyzed and transducing phages carrying this gene have been isolated. A protein of 85, 000 molecular weight has been identified as the lex A protein. These results are consistent with negative control of rec A expression by the lex A product. The rec A+ product functions directly in its own regulation and in the processes of repair, mutagenesis and prophage induction.
Reporting Participant Characteristics in Intervention Articles Published in Five Behavior-Analytic Journals, 2013–2015

The current Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association indicates that the sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and disability status of research participants should be reported. The present study found that most (90.6%) of the manuscripts describing clinical interventions and
Phlegmariurus lehnertii , a new name for Phlegmariurus lancifolius (Lycopodiaceae)

The pantropical lycophyte genus Phlegmariurus Holub (1964: 21) (Lycopodiaceae) comprises approximately 250 species (PPG I, 2016) and despite extensive study, its taxonomy remains poorly understood (Ollgaard 1992, Field & Bostock 2013). In recent years, many species have been transferred to Phlegmariurus from the closely related temperate genus Huperzia Bernhardi (1801: 126) (Ollgaard 2012a,b, Field & Bostock 2013, Arana 2016, Duy et al. 2016, Field et al. 2016) and new species continue to be described from both the New World (Ollgaard 2015, 2016a,b) and Old World tropics (Hsieh et al. 2012, Duy et al. 2016).
CEP-Stable, Few-Cycle, kHz OPCPAs for Attosecond Science: Energy Scaling and Coherent Sub-Cycle Pulse Synthesis

We report on the energy scaling and coherent waveform synthesis of a carrier-envelope phase (CEP)-stable, few-cycle, kHz-repetition-rate optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifiers (OPCPAs) for high-field physics applications. First, amplification of ultrabroadband \(2.1\mbox{ -}\mu \mathrm{m}\) pulses to 0.85 mJ is demonstrated using a novel high-energy, ps, cryogenic Yb:YAG pump laser. Pulse compression to 4.5 optical cycles has been achieved. Initial high-harmonic generation (HHG) experiments with Xe have shown a significant cutoff extension to \(>85\,\mathrm{eV}\). Second, we have coherently synthesized the \(2.1\mbox{ -}\mu \mathrm{m}\) pulse with a CEP-stable, few-cycle near-infrared OPCPA pulse seeded by the same laser oscillator and generated a \(15\mbox{ -}\mu \mathrm{J}\) sub-cycle waveform. Simulations confirm that this waveform is suitable for isolated attosecond pulse generation. The pulse synthesis method can be extended to a novel energy-scalable wavelength multiplexing scheme based on multi-color OPCPAs.
Neurological complications of lumbar and cervical dural punctures with a focus on epidural injections.

Background Various types of lumbar dural punctures may contribute to neurological injury. The etiologies of dural injury include; inadvertent dural punctures due to epidurals placed for labor anesthesia, epidural steroid injections (ESI/transforaminal TESI; approximately 9 million ESI performed in the US per year), deliberate placement of intradural pain devices, and spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistulas. Resulting neurological complications may include; spinal headaches/intracranial hypotension, subdural hematomas, and 6th nerve cranial palsies. Furthermore, uniquely in the cervical spine, inadvertent cervical dural punctures attributed to cervcial ESI (CESI) may lead to intramedullary spinal cord injuries (e.g. resulting in monoparesis to quadriplegia) or spinal cord strokes due to intravascular/vertebral artery injections. Methods/results In 8 studies, inadvertent lumbar dural punctures contributed to intracranial hypotension, subdural hematomas, and double vision/6th cranial nerve palsies. In 5 of the 6 studies, inadvertent dural punctures occurring during CESI were responsible for intramedullary spinal cord injuries, or direct intravascular/vertebral injections resulting in monoplegia/quadriplegia. Conclusions Inadvertent lumbar dural punctures led to multiple neurological complications including intracranial hypotension, subdural hematomas, and double vision/6th cranial nerve palsies. Uniquely, inadvertent cervical dural punctures solely due to CESI directly resulted in intramedullary spinal cord injuries or cord stroked and monoplegia/quadriplegia attributed to intravascular/vertebral artery injections. The potential neurological risks/complications/adverse events attributed to lumbar and cervical ESI must be taken into account before spine surgeons and others order these procedures.
Framework for Incorporating Downscaled Climate Output into Existing Engineering Methods: Application to Precipitation Frequency Curves

AbstractTo improve the resiliency of designs, particularly for long-lived infrastructure, current engineering practice must be updated to incorporate a range of future climate conditions that are l...
Progress Monitoring Change in Children’s Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Functioning: Advancing the State of the Science:

The studies in this special series examine the effectiveness of direct behavior ratings (DBRs) for use as a progress monitoring tool. In this article, we comment on the findings of the studies in the context of the broader school-based assessment movement and discuss areas for future inquiry within this line of research.
Limited Midline Myelotomy for Intractable Visceral Pain: Surgical Techniques and Outcomes.

Background Limited midline myelotomy targets the midline nociceptive pathway for intractable visceral pain. Multiple techniques are available for limited midline myelotomy; however, outcome data for each technique are sparse. Objective To review our experience with open and percutaneous approaches for limited midline myelotomy for intractable visceral pain. Methods Patients who underwent limited midline myelotomy for intractable visceral pain were reviewed. Myelotomy was performed using 3 techniques: open limited myelotomy, percutaneous radiofrequency myelotomy, and percutaneous mechanical myelotomy. Demographic and perioperative clinical data were recorded. In addition to the visual analog scale and Karnofsy performance score, outcomes were categorized as excellent (no pain), good (considerable reduction in pain, not requiring opioids stronger than codeine), fair (minimal reduction in pain, but no change in opioid medication requirement), and poor (no reduction in pain). Results Eight patients (median age 56.5 yr, 6 females) underwent limited myelotomy. Four patients underwent open limited thoracic myelotomy with excellent pain outcomes. Three patients underwent percutaneous radiofrequency lesioning with fair (n = 1) and poor outcomes (n = 2). One patient underwent percutaneous mechanical lesioning with a good outcome (n = 1). The median duration of follow-up was 11 wk (2-54 wk). Two patients reported minor sensory complications after the procedure. Conclusion In our preliminary experience, outcomes for open limited thoracic myelotomy were superior to percutaneous approaches. Given the limited utilization of this technique, multicenter registries are needed to further evaluate the best surgical technique for limited midline myelotomy.
Attendance of Religious Organizations as a Predictor of Neighborhood Satisfaction

The current article explores the correlation between neighborhood satisfaction, resident demographics, and participation in religious organizations. The data used in this article came from the firs...