cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Environmental Water and Oxygen on the Temperature-Dependent Friction of Sputtered Molybdenum Disulfide

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is well known for exceptional friction and wear properties in inert and high vacuum environments. However, these tribological properties degrade in humid and high temperature environments for reasons that are not fully understood. A prevailing hypothesis suggests that moisture and thermal energy facilitate oxidation, which increases the shear strength of the sliding interface. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the contributions of water, oxygen, and temperature to the tribological degradation of MoS2. Generally speaking, we found a minimum friction coefficient that occurred at a temperature we defined as the transition temperature. This transition temperature ranged from 100 to 250 °C and was a strong function of the MoS2 preparation and thermal sliding history. Below the transition temperature, friction increased with increased water, but was insensitive to oxygen. Above the transition, friction increased with increased oxygen, but decreased to a limited extent with increased water. These results are generally consistent with prior results, but clarify some inconsistencies in the literature discussions. Contrary to the prevailing hypothesis, the results suggest that water does not promote oxidation near room temperature, but directly interferes with lamellar shear through physical bonding. Increased temperatures drive off water and thereby reduce friction up to the transition temperature. The results suggest that oxidation causes increased friction with increased temperature above the transition temperature. The data also suggest that water helps mitigate high temperature oxidation by displacing the environmental oxygen or by preferentially adsorbing to the surface.
Tariffs and the most favored nation clause

Abstract In an n country oligopoly model of intraindustry trade (n≥3), this paper explores the economics of the most-favored-nation (MFN) principle. Under the non-cooperative tariff equilibrium, each country imposes higher tariffs on low cost producers relative to high cost ones thereby causing socially harmful trade diversion. MFN adoption by each country improves world welfare by eliminating this trade diversion. Under linear demand, MFN adoption by the country with the average production cost is most desirable. High cost countries refuse reciprocal MFN adoption with other countries and also lose even if others engage in reciprocal MFN adoption amongst themselves.
Suite of Activity-Based Probes for Cellulose-Degrading Enzymes

Microbial glycoside hydrolases play a dominant role in the biochemical conversion of cellulosic biomass to high-value biofuels. Anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria are capable of producing multicomplex catalytic subunits containing cell-adherent cellulases, hemicellulases, xylanases, and other glycoside hydrolases to facilitate the degradation of highly recalcitrant cellulose and other related plant cell wall polysaccharides. Clostridium thermocellum is a cellulosome-producing bacterium that couples rapid reproduction rates to highly efficient degradation of crystalline cellulose. Herein, we have developed and applied a suite of difluoromethylphenyl aglycone, N-halogenated glycosylamine, and 2-deoxy-2-fluoroglycoside activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) probes to the direct labeling of the C. thermocellum cellulosomal secretome. These activity-based probes (ABPs) were synthesized with alkynes to harness the utility and multimodal possibilities of click chemistry and to increase enzyme active site inclusion for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. We directly analyzed ABP-labeled and unlabeled global MS data, revealing ABP selectivity for glycoside hydrolase (GH) enzymes, in addition to a large collection of integral cellulosome-containing proteins. By identifying reactivity and selectivity profiles for each ABP, we demonstrate our ability to widely profile the functional cellulose-degrading machinery of the bacterium. Derivatization of the ABPs, including reactive groups, acetylation of the glycoside binding groups, and mono- and disaccharide binding groups, resulted in considerable variability in protein labeling. Our probe suite is applicable to aerobic and anaerobic microbial cellulose-degrading systems and facilitates a greater understanding of the organismal role associated with biofuel development.
Roles of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in stimulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration and deoxyriboncleic acid synthesis by insulin-like growth factor-I.

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a potent stimulator of vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration, a process that contributes to the accumulation of SMC within atherosclerotic lesions. Our previous studies have shown that IGF-I increases the affinity of the αVβ3 integrin toward ligands and that occupancy of this integrin is indispensable for IGF-I to stimulate cell migration. In this study, the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in IGF-I induced cell motility and integrin activation was studied using porcine aortic smooth muscle cells (pSMC). Two structurally different inhibitors of PI 3-kinase decreased IGF-I-stimulated pSMC migration in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 of wortmannin for inhibiting migration was 10 nm, and that of LY294002 was 0.3 μm. These inhibitors also suppressed IGF-I-induced phosphorylation of protein kinase B PKB/Akt at Ser437 using concentrations that also inhibited cell motility. PD98059, an inhibito...
Satellite-derived maps of snow cover frequency for the Northern Hemisphere

Abstract A satellite imagery-based Northern Hemisphere snow cover data archive was mapped for the period 1966–84: The maps were digitized in order to create the first hemispheric, spatially data-continuous climatologies of snow cover. Annual and monthly climatologies were created and compared to several standard or frequently referenced climatologies. Results of this analysis indicate that the satellite-based climatology provides a much more detailed climatology for the higher latitude and highland regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The satellite imagery-based maps, when compared to the historical snow cover climatologies, indicated more extensive high-latitude snow cover concurrent with a northward shift in the southern extent of the climatological snow cover, this results in a narrower snow-transition zone.
The role of microstructure for hydrogen-induced blistering and stepwise cracking in a plain medium carbon steel

Abstract A low alloy medium carbon steel was cathodically hydrogen charged in the absence of external stress, and hydrogen-induced blistering and stepwise cracking examined. Three types of microstructure (two spheroidized and one pearlitic) were produced through different heat treatment schedules. The main cracks involved in the blistering process were observed to nucleate preferentially at interphase boundaries between the manganese sulfide inclusions and the ferrite matrix. These cracks are usually parallel to the free surface and do not break the free surface for relaxation of the stress exerted by the gaseous hydrogen. Instead, release of the precipitated hydrogen gas occurs by a mechanism involving the formation of stepwise secondary cracks between the main inclusion-matrix interface cracks and the external surface. The stepwise cracks were observed to nucleate at microstructural discontinuities such as grain boundaries, carbide-matrix interphase boundaries, pearlite colony boundaries and non-metallic inclusion-matrix interphase boundaries. Configuration of the stepwise cracks observed in this study was generally more consistent with Iino's blistering mechanism than that proposed by Akhurst and Pumphrey. In addition to the stress state as discussed in the Iino model, the results of this study suggest that microstructural discontinuities and anisotropy of crystalline orientation, which always exist in polycrystalline commerical ferrous alloys, must be taken into account to describe the hydrogen-induced blistering and stepwise cracking process in more detail.
Inguinal Lymphorrhea Following Arterial Puncture and Pseudoaneurysm Resection A Case Report

Lymphorrhea, the abnormal drainage of lymphatic fluid, may lead to a discrete collection of lymph (lymphocele) or to a draining lymphatic fistula, depending on the nature of the injury to the involved lymphatic chain. The authors present a recent case, review the current surgical literature, and make recommendations regarding surgical therapy.
Heterogeneous Integration of Optical Interconnects

Optical interconnections at the board and chip levels are being integrated into traditional electrical interconnection systems using heterogeneous integration of thin film active optoelectronic devices (photodetectors, lasers) and passive waveguiding structures.
Ethical and Practical Considerations for Developing Institutional Gambling Policy.

This chapter suggests important questions useful in the process of developing or refining institutional or departmental gambling policies. Ethical, political, and social considerations are discussed and then briefly synthesized into three potential policy applications.
Plugged in but not connected: Individuals' views of and responses to online and in-person ostracism

We conducted two studies to examine perceptions of, and reactions to, ostracism occurring either in-person or online. In study 1, participants read a vignette describing either in-person or online ostracism, then estimated their psychological and interpersonal responses as if they experienced such ostracism. Participants anticipated experiencing distress, and this was consistent across ostracism method. Ostracism method did predict negative affect (NA), with greater NA increases anticipated for in-person exclusion, compared to online. A significant interaction between gender and ostracism method predicted anticipated belonging. Males anticipated higher belonging in the in-person condition (relative to online); females anticipated more belonging in the online condition. In study 2, participants experienced in-person or online ostracism during a brief interaction with study confederates. Both conditions elicited similar reports of low inclusion, high exclusion, and significant decreases in positive and negative affect. Ostracism method qualified self-esteem (SE) results; chat room participants indicated an increase in SE following ostracism, whereas in-person participants reported a slight decrease. Males and females were similarly affected by both conditions. These studies demonstrate that online experiences of ostracism may be as meaningful as those experienced in person. Whether this finding generalizes to those with less technological familiarity should be examined further.
A microscopic study of power management in IEEE 802.11 wireless networks

In this paper, we demonstrate via a rigorous, analytical model that the periodic structure in IEEE 802.11 Power-Save Mode (PSM) together with its signalling overhead leads to both energy and bandwidth under-utilisation. We then devise Sleep In the Middle and Prolonged Activeness (SIMPA), a new power management protocol based on IEEE 802.11 PSM, to decouple the power management decision points and the Beacon Intervals (BIs), so as to allow fine grained control. In SIMPA, wireless devices can switch to the sleep state inside a BI or extend their active states beyond one BI. A comprehensive simulation study in both single hop wireless LANs without the AP support and multihop wireless networks demonstrates that as compared to IEEE 802.11 PSM, SIMPA can effectively reduce energy consumed under light to medium traffic loads and retain the network capacity for data transport at high traffic loads.
Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone): comparison of continuous versus delayed therapy in a six-year organized multiple sclerosis trial

The aim of this study was to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of glatiramer acetate (GA) for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who received active treatment versus those on placebo for approximately 30 months (24-35 months) before receiving GA during a six-year organized, prospective open label study. Entry required two relapses in the previous two years and an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 0-5. Patients (251) were equally randomized to daily subcutaneous GA, 20 mg, or to placebo. After approximately 30 months, 208 patients continued in an open label study: 101 continued on GA and 107 switched from placebo to active drug. Groups were well matched at randomization and entry to the open label study. Patients always on GA showed a steady decline in relapses: a mean of 1.5 per year at entry, a mean of 0.42 over the entire six years (95% CI = 0.34-0.51), a 72% reduction (P = 0.0001). They averaged a relapse every four + years (yearly rate 0.23 in year six) and 26/101 remain relapse free. Patients did less well if on placebo for 30 months, but relapses then declined, and by year six the rates were similar. Of patients always on GA, 69% showed neurological improvement of > or = 1 EDSS steps or remained stable compared with 57% if GA treatment was delayed. Of relapse-free patients always on GA over six years, only three of 26 (11%) were worse by > or = 1 EDSS steps, whereas nine of 21 (43%) in the placebo/active group were worse (P < 0.03). Disability, measured every six months, showed that the group of patients always on GA was relatively stable over the six years, while the group who received placebo for the first two-and-a-half years did significantly less well. Daily injections of GA were well tolerated. This longest ever organized MS treatment trial shows that delaying therapy with GA increases the risk of neurologic disability, reinforcing the rationale for using GA as a first-line treatment early in the course of relapsing-remitting MS.
FT-ICR analysis of urban air particulates: Problems with SRM 1649

Abstract We used the National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1649 as the particulate source for development of a screening procedure for nonvolatile and semivolatile organic chemicals In urban air particulates. Negative Ion laser desorption/ionization Fourler transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LD FT-ICR MS) was the method applied to these particulates. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) oxygen derivatives were identified In addition to the more abundant underivatized PAHs. The contaminant, dichlorophene (1, C 13 H 10 O 2 Cl 2 ) was present in the samples at approximately 1.6 parts-per-thousand. This compound and its reaction products were present in samples even after extraction and acid/base fractionation. The contaminant and its reaction products, present significant interferences for the use of negative ion detection for screening these samples for trace and ultra-trace levels of electron capturing materials. Since the contaminant is present at higher levels than any other organic compound in the matrix, it may also be an interference for positive ion analysis. The utility of SRM-1649 for the development and certification of screening procedures for atmospheric contaminants is vitiated by the fungicide contamination.
Uniaxial pulse propagation in a viscoelastic medium governed by a Boltzmann superposition integral

The problem of pulse propagation through a linear viscoelastic medium is formulated by using the Boltzmann superposition integral. The relaxation times and coefficients which describe the modulus of a real material are therefore used directly in the formulation. The basic equation governing the wave motion is a partial integro-differential equation. The resulting initial value problem is solved via Laplace transforms and the asymptotic behavior of the solution is discussed. Pulse shapes for a real material (monodispersive polystrene) are calculated by using the numerical procedure of Dubner and Abate to evaluate the inverse laplace transforms.
Prostatectomía radical robótica: técnica de la Universidad de Cornell

Resumen.- Presentamos en este Capitulo nuestra tecnica de Prostatectomia Radical Atermica desarrolada en la Universidad de Cornell y el Instituto de Urologia de la Univeridad de Innsbruck desde el ano 2004. Hasta el momento actual mas de 600 pacientes han sido intervenidos por nosotros con el diagnosico de cancer de prostata clinicamente localizado. Describimos los pasos tecnicos mas importantes haciendo especial hincapie en la diseccion de los haces neurovasculares evitando el uso de cualquier tipo de energia termica para evitar danar los nervios cavernosos. Asimismo se presentan los resultados patologicos y funcionales (continencia urinaria y potencia) de nuestra cohorte de 215 pacientes intervenidos durante el ano 2005. Palabras clave: Robotica. Prostatectomia radical. Cancer de prostata. Laparoscopia. Summary.- We present in this chapter our Athermal Radical Robotic Prostatectomy technique developed in the Cornell University and the Urology Institute, Innsbruck University from 2004. Up to date, we have performed surgery in more than 600 patients diagnosed with clinically localized cancer of prostate. We describe most important technical steps, emphasizing in NVB dissection avoiding using any thermical energy not to injury the cavernous nerves. Additionally we present the pathological and functional outcomes (urinary continence and potency) of our cohort of 215 patients that underwent surgery during year 2005.
A Dynamic Model of a Shipboard PEM Fuel Cell Reformer System With an Integrated Gas Turbine

A dynamic model is presented that predicts the transient characteristics of an integrated autothermal fuel reformer and gas turbine engine for extracting a high purity stream of hydrogen from logistical fuels such as F76 marine diesel or JP-5 for use in a shipboard proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell power plant. The model incorporates a water-gas shift reactor for increasing hydrogen yield, and a separation membrane for extracting a pure stream of hydrogen gas from the reformer output. Compressed air supply and energy recovery is achieved by an integrated gas turbine generator. The dynamic model serves as a testing ground for the development of control methodologies and to predict limitations in transient response during electrical load variations.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
High-resolution kinetic energy distributions via doppler shift measurements

Abstract In photolysis/probe experiments using pulsed sources, time delay produces both spatial and directional bias in the fragment distributions, thus enabling well-resolved kinetic energy distributions to be obtained from Doppler shift measurements. Data are presented for H-atoms detected using two-photon ionization, and high S/N and laser-limited kinetic energy resolution are demonstrated.
“Local Concerns: Suicide and Jury Behavior in Medieval England.”

When confronted with cases of self-killing, medieval jurors had to contend with a vast array of often conflicting concerns, from religious and folkloric condemnations of the act of suicide, to fears for the welfare of the family of the dead, and to coping with royal confiscations of a felon's goods. All of these factors had a profound impact on the verdicts put forward by members of the jury during the various stages of the legal process. While these elements form the base of jury verdicts relating to self-killings, it must nevertheless be acknowledged that medieval juries did not respond uniformly to cases of suicide. Rather, jurors at various stages of the process differed widely in their familiarity with the dead and this familiarity had an impact on their judgments. Members of the coroners’ inquest juries were often neighbors of the dead, and thus their verdicts reflected a more local resolution to the death of a community member than the verdicts of presentment or trial juries.
The Drop: pragmatic problems in the design of a compelling, pervasive game

We are developing a new multiplayer pervasive game, called The Drop, designed to be compelling to play and yet practical to deploy in real-world settings. In The Drop, two teams use mobile phones to play a version of "capture the flag," where one team hides a virtual "briefcase" in a public place and the other team attempts to find it within a specified amount of time. If the team that is searching for the briefcase finds it within the game's time limit, they win; otherwise, the team that hid the briefcase wins. In this article we explain how the game is played, then discuss the technical, social, and business challenges we have faced while creating and implementing it.
Effect of endogenous catecholamine on myocardial stunning in a simulated ischemia model

During ischemia, large amounts of catecholamine are released to the myocardium from the sympathetic nerve endings in the heart. It has not been clearly shown whether the released catecholamine has detrimental or beneficial effects on postischemic myocardial contractile function. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of endogenous catecholamine released during ischemia on myocardial contractile function, using ferret papillary muscles in a stimulated ischemia model. Papillary muscles were excised and mounted in organ baths containing oxygenated physiological salt solution at 37 degrees C. In order to eliminate the effect of endogenous catecholamine, a subset of animals was reserpinized for 2 days prior to the experiments. Muscles were stabilized for 1 h, and stretched to the length at which maximal isometric tension developed. Ischemia was simulated by changing the solution to liquid fluorocarbon bubbled with 95% N2 and 5% CO2. After 20 min of ischemia, the bathing medium was replaced with oxygenated physiological salt solution and developed tension was measured for 60 min. Pharmacologic agents with specific effects on myocardial autonomic pathways were used to investigate the cellular mechanisms of the observed effects. Tension recovery of reserpinized muscles was significantly better than control muscles (65.5 +/- 2.8% vs. 54.9 +/- 5.0%, P < 0.01). Exogenously administered beta-adrenergic antagonists did not attenuate stunning in control muscles; whereas forskolin and carbachol exacerbated stunning. These results indicate that catecholamine released during ischemia exacerbates myocardial stunning and overrides the effect of clinically relevant concentrations of beta-adrenergic antagonists, which may limit their ability to protect myocardium from acute ischemic insult. The effect of endogenous catecholamine was simulated by forskolin, but not attenuated by carbachol, which suggests that changes in the contractile apparatus activated by excess cyclic AMP were relevant to the mechanical dysfunction that developed.
The scientist-practitioner connection: Myth or reality? A response to Perrez

Le rapprochement entre recherche scientifique et pratique clinique reste encore a faire. Apres une discussion sur les differences entre praticiens et scientifiques, quelques propositions pour ameliorer cette situation
Exploring Vocation: Reframing Undergraduate Education as a Quest for Purpose

Between 1999 and 2012, the Lilly Endowment placed major resources into a unique experiment in undergraduate education. Called the Program on the Theological Exploration of Vocation (PTEV), this pro...
A survey of dog bites in Salisbury.

A recent survey of patients attending an Accident and Emergency (A&E) department serving several economically depressed Thanet coastal towns found that around 3 per 1000 of the resident population attended each year for the treatment of dog bite injuries (Thomas and Banks, 1990). We report a study of dog bite injuries treated in the A&E department serving Salisbury, a small prosperous Cathedral city, and surrounding villages. In comparison with Thanet, age specific incidence rates for dog bites show a similar pattern but only about half the overall incidence. Some reasons for these findings are suggested and extrapolations for national treatment figures are made. Language: en
Central projections of the lateral line nerves in the shovelnose sturgeon

Primary projections of the anterior (ALLN) and posterior (PLLN) lateral line nerves were traced in the shovelnose sturgeon by means of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry and silver degeneration. The trunk of the ALLN divides into dorsal and ventral roots as it enters the medulla. Fibers of the dorsal root form ascending and descending branches that terminate within the ipsilateral dorsal octavolateralis nucleus and the dorsal granular component of the lateral eminentia granularis. Fibers of the ventral root of the ALLN, as well as fibers of the PLLN, enter the medulla ventral to the dorsal root of the ALLN where some of the fibers terminate among the dendrites of the magnocellular octaval nucleus. The bulk of the fibers form ascending and descending branches that terminate within the ipsilateral medial octavolateralis nucleus. A portion of the ascending fibers continue more rostrally and terminate in the ipsilateral eminentia granularis and bilaterally in the cerebellar corpus. Some fibers of the descending rami of both the ALLN and PLLN extend beyond the caudal limit of the medial octavolateralis nucleus to terminate in the caudal octavolateralis nucleus. The HRP cases also revealed retrogradely filled large neurons whose axons course peripherally in the lateral line nerve and are likely efferent to the lateral line organs. Lateral line receptors in chondrostean bony fishes (sturgeons and paddlefish), like those in chondrichthian fishes, comprise electroreceptive ampullae that are restricted to the head and mechanoreceptive neuromasts distributed over the head and the rest of the body (Jgrgensen et al., '72; Weizel, '78; Jprgensen, '80; Teeter et al., '80). In both chondrichthian and chondrostean fishes, the electroreceptors and mechanoreceptors of the head are innervated by anterior lateral line nerves, and the mechanoreceptors of the trunk and tail are innervated by posterior lateral line nerves (Murray, '60; Marinelli and Strenger, '73). Recent anatomical and physiological studies of chondrichthian fishes demonstrate segregation of lateral line nerve fibers carrying electroreceptive and mechanoreceptive information (Boord and Campbell, '77; Koester and Boord, '78; Bodznick and Northcutt, '80; Koester, '83). In these fishes, the anterior lateral line nerve is divided into dorsal and ventral roots as it enters the medulla. The dorsal root is composed of electroreceptive fibers that terminate in the dorsal octavolateralis nucleus of the medulla, whereas the ventral root of the anterior lateral line nerve and the pos
Fabrication of sub-micron unidirectional patterns on SMP substrates

In this paper, we demonstrate an assisted self-assembly fabrication method for unidirectional patterns using pre-programmed shape memory polymer (SMP) as the substrate in an organic/inorganic bi-layer structure. By heating the hybrid structure above the SMP's shape recovery temperature, the substrate expands because of positive CTE in one direction, while in the perpendicular direction it shrinks due to shape memory effect overpowering thermal expansion. Consequently, the metal thin film coated on the substrate is subjected to an orthogonal compression-tension stress field and forms unidirectional wavy patterns. The experimentally obtained wrinkles are well-aligned with uniform wavelength ranging from about 850 nm to 1.5 μm corresponding to various programming strains and film thicknesses. A parametric study was carried out to study the influence of programming strain and film thickness on wrinkle wavelength. It was found that both the decrease of programming strain and the increase of film thickness can result in a longer wavelength. The present study is expected to offer a convenient and simple path of fabricating unidirectional wavy patterns.
A two-country disequilibrium model

Abstract The implications of wage and price rigidities for several open-economy macroeconomic questions are studied in a two-country framework, using comparative statics and numeric analytic solutions. In contrast to a small country disequilibrium approach, the proposed model highlights the critical dependence of trade balance stability and other comparative static results on the specification for the export rationing scheme. Although coordination of export rationing policies carries potential mutual benefits, it is shown that these may not be realized due to game-theoretic problems. The analysis also offers new illustrations and more general results which emphasize: (1) the dependence of the efficacy of macroeconomic policies on the specific set of wage and price rigidities as well as quantity constraints in both countries, and (2) the likelihood that a devaluation will have perverse trade balance effects in supply-constrained regimes.
Prophylactic ureteric catheters in laparoscopic colorectal surgery.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of ureteric catheter placement in laparoscopic colorectal surgery and to assess the morbidity related to this procedure. Between 1994 and 2001, 313 elective laparoscopic colorectal surgeries were performed. Patients with and without ureteric catheters were retrospectively analyzed. Catheter placement was attempted in 149 patients (catheter group) and was not attempted in 164 (controls). There were no significant differences between groups in the number of patients with prior colorectal resection (p=0.286) or other abdominal surgery (p=0.074). Crohn’s disease and diverticulitis were more common in the catheter group than among controls (p<0.001). Concomitant intra-abdominal fistula or abscess was present in 29 patients (19.5%) in the catheter group vs. 14 (8.5%) in the control group (p=0.005). The duration of surgery was longer in the catheter group (p=0.001). There were no significant differences in conversion, duration of bladder catheter placement, or length of hospital stay. Urinary tract infection occurred in 3 patients (2.0%) in the catheter group and 7 (4.3%) in the control group (p=0.257) and urinary retention occurred in 3 patients (2.0%) and 11 patients (6.7%), respectively (p=0.045). No intraoperative ureteric injuries occurred in either group. Ureteric catheter placement was successful in most cases and was not associated with intraoperative injuries. The increased length of surgery in patients with ureteric catheter placement may attest to the increased severity of pathology in these patients.
The contribution of an orthogonal multiple factor solution to multiple correlation

A method is indicated by which multiple factor analysis may be used in determining a number,r, and then in selectingr “predicting” variables out ofn variables so that each of the remainingn-r variables may be predicted almost as well from ther variables as it could be predicted from all then—1 variables.
Russian in the Public and Private Schools of the USA 1959

South High School, 1101 Planz Rd., Bakersfield, Calif. Culver City Unified School Dist., 4601 Elenda St., Culver City, Calif. Acalenes High School, Lafayette, Calif. Delano Joint Union High School, Box 817, Delano, Calif. Washington Union High School, 415 S. Main St., Fremont, Calif. Fresno High School, 1839 Echo Ave., Fresno, Calif. Grossmont High School, Grossmont, Calif. Piedmont Junior-Senior High School, 800 Magnolia Ave., Piedmont, Calif. Polytechnic High School, 3575 Terracine Dr., Riverside, Calif. Abraham Lincoln High School, 2162-24th Ave & Rivera St., San Francisco, Calif. Polytechnic High School, 701 Frederick St., San Francisco, Calif. Clairemont High School, 4150 Ute Dr., San Diego, Calif.
Detectability of vehicle exhaust hydrocarbons: the Wisconsin inspection/maintentance (I/M) analyzer and the remote vehicle emissions sensing (RVES) system

The Wisconsin Departments of Transportation and Natural Resources evaluated the hydrocarbon (HC) detection capability of the Remote Vehicle Emissions Sensing (RVES) system, which employs remote sensing technology, and Wisconsin's I/M analyzers, which use BAR90 specifications. Both analyzers employ non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) technology. Other recent research has quantified HC measurement inaccuracies for vehicle emissions analyzers that use NDIR technology or have BAR90 specifications. This research shows that BAR90 analyzers undermeasure some water- soluble HCs and NDIR analyzers undermeasure olefinic and aromatic HCs. This evaluation was based on both field measurements and calculations that simulate these inaccuracies. These calculations give a measurement accuracy value, which estimates the fraction of the total HCs in a vehicle exhaust sample that each analyzer measures. Other calculations quantify the ozone forming potential of this measured fraction by considering the reactivity of measured HCs. Our field measurements and calculations show Wisconsin I/M analyzer HC measurements are on average 7 percent and 1 percent less than RVES, respectively. Calculations estimate that both analyzers measure at most 43 to 71 percent (an average 61 percent) of the total HCs in an emissions sample. Additional calculations estimate that the HCs measured by both analyzers have 49 to 71 percent (an average 62 percent) of the ozone forming potential of the total HCs in an emissions sample.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Catalogers in (Cyber)Space: Glimpses into the Starship's Log of Two Online Trainers

This article describes initial experiences with Web conferencing software within the context of the Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC), CONSER (Cooperative Online Serials Program), and the University of California CONSER Funnel. Outcomes and opportunities are community-building benefits of shared training, presentations, formal meetings, and informal discussions.
Studies of Energetic and Nonenergetic Materials Immersed in Molten Salts

Immersion of energetic materials into molten-salt baths is being considered as a method for their safe destruction. In the present research, a solid energetic material, 2,6-dinitrotoluene (DNT), and a solid nonenergetic material, solidified n-dodecane, were studied. Cylindrical samples initially about 1 cm in diameter were injected into salt baths, and data were taken photographically. As salt temperatures increased, surface regression rates increased. Thin gas films were observed to exist around the samples. In addition, DNT bubbles displayed sudden rapid size increases with strong increases in opacity suggesting that chemical reactions were taking place in the bubbles; these behaviors were not observed with bubbles from the dodecane samples. Temperature profiles inside the samples were measured using thermocouples; data indicate that thin thermal boundary layers existed near the sample surfaces. Estimates suggest that sample lifetimes and surface regression rates were controlled by convective heat trans...
Pricing, routing, and incentive compatibility in multiserver queues

Abstract This paper studies pricing and incentive issues in the assignment of customers to servers in a system that suffers congestion effects. When customers have private information about their waiting costs, a system administrator who wishes to maximize steady-sate net benefits per unit of time (i.e. total benefits from service minus total waiting costs) may do so using a pricing and routing scheme that is incentive compatible; that is, no customer has any incentive to reveal his private information untruthfully. When the system administrator wants to maximize toll revenue, the optimal scheme involves higher tolls, and hence lower congestion, than is socially optimal.
Comparison between fatigue performance of horizontal cores from different asphalt pavement depths and laboratory specimens

This study presents a comparison between the fatigue performance of field cores obtained from different layers (top and bottom) and laboratory produced–laboratory compacted specimens. The field cores were obtained from the Accelerated Pavement Testing (APT) facility at Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC), located in McLean, Virginia, USA. Uniaxial push-pull (compression-tension) fatigue tests were conducted on samples obtained from the top 50 mm and the bottom 50 mm layers of 100 mm thick asphalt pavements. The samples were obtained by horizontally coring slabs extracted from six APT lanes. The damage characteristic curves (i.e., C versus S curve of the viscoelastic continuum damage (VECD) theory) and the fatigue lives of the field cores were compared with those of the laboratory specimens. The experimental test results and the subsequent analysis findings revealed comparable damage characteristic curves and fatigue lives for the top and bottom field specimens; meanwhile, the field and laborat...
Utilization of 125I monoclonal antibody in the management of primary glioblastoma multiforme

The objective of this study was to assess the toxicity and potential efficacy of the adjuvant administration of an iodine 125 (125I)-labeled monoclonal antibody 425 for primary glioblastoma multiforme. From January 29, 1987, to October 1, 1993, 60 patients with a diagnosis of glioblastoma multiforme received an average of three intravenous or intraarterial injections of 125I-labeled antiepidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody (1251425). All patients had biopsy or resection followed by postoperative radiation therapy. Patients were included who had either stereotactic irradiation or brachytherapy (5 patients), or who were not candidates for these treatments. Stratification was made by Karnofsky performance status (KPS) and age. Treatments were administered on an outpatient basis. The mean KPS was 78, and the total cumulative dose of 125I 425 was approximately 150 mCi. Among this entire group were 6 patients who received 10–80 mg of unlabeled “blocking” 425 to block binding sites on non-tumor cells prior to the second intravenous infusion of 125I 425. No patients were excluded from the statistical analysis. The median actuarial survival for all patients treated adjuvantly for glioblastoma multiforme was 13 months. Both age and KPS correlated positively with survival, as would be expected. The toxicity from the administration of repeated doses of 125I 425 was low. No patient had chronic toxicity attributed to the monoclonal antibody therapy. Acute toxicity was observed in 1 patient who received a single dose >60 mCi. We conclude that the repeated administration of 1251425 is safe and may have some benefit in the management of primary glioblastoma multiforme. This may be especially true for patients who do not qualify for other forms of more aggressive management. A prospective randomized trial should be performed. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Research Note: Estimates of College Football Player Rents:

Past research indicates that top college football players generate over $500,000 annually in team revenues, well beyond the effective compensation of an athletic scholarship. This article supplements past empirical literature using the most comprehensive, detailed financial information yet compiled on college athletics. An alternative method estimates an equations system to account for the endogeneity of both a team’s premium players and its overall performance. Estimates show that the marginal revenue product of a premium college football player—one drafted into the National Football League (NFL)—exceeds $1 million in 2004-2005 football revenues, over 30% higher than in previous estimates from 1988-1989 revenues.
Solar-wind interactions with the moon - Nature and composition of nitrogen compounds

The lunar atmosphere and magnetic field are very tenuous. The solar wind, therefore, interacts directly with the lunar surface material and the dominant nature of interaction is essentially complete absorption of solar-wind particles by the surface material resulting in no upstream bowshock, but a cavity downstream. The solar-wind nitrogen ion species induce and undergo a complex set of reactions with the elements of lunar material and the solar-wind-derived trapped elements. The nitrogen concentration indigeneous to the lunar surface material is practically nil. Therefore any nitrogen and nitrogen compounds found in the lunar surface material are due to the solar-wind implantation of nitrogen ions. The flux of the solar-wind nitrogen ion species is about 6×103 cm−2 s−1. Since there is no evidence for accumulation of nitrogen species in the lunar surface material, the outflux of nitrogen species from the lunar material to the atmosphere is the same as the solar-wind nitrogen ion flux. The species of the outflux are primarily NO and NH3, and their respective concentrations in the near surface lunar atmosphere are found by calculation to be 327 and 295 cm−3. The calculated concentration of NH3 seems to be consistent with the sunrise concentration results of the mass spectrometer implanted on the lunar surface. This is not the case for the concentration of NO. According to the presently calculated concentration value of NO, the mass spectrometer should have detected NO at sunrise, but no report was made for its detection. There is also discrepancy about the concentration of N2 which is explained in this paper. The concentrations of nitrogen species in the lunar material at the time of sample collection on the Moon remained about the same when the samples were analyzed on the Earth. However, no specific experiment was planned to detect the nitrogen species in the lunar material samples.
Cued Recall for Category, Thematic, and Ad Hoc Classified Events in Children and Adults.

Abstract Five experiments were conducted to determine if the cued recall of children and adults differed for classified events featuring subordinate category, superordinate category, thematic, place co-occurrence, and ad hoc relations between the elements. In general, second-graders, fourth-graders, and college adults were shown related (Horse Pig Cow) and unrelated (Cloud Pencil Cow) word triplets, event classification was ensured by acquisition orienting questions (e.g., “How many are animals?”), and cued recall for the last word targets (Cow) was assessed for event name cues (Animal), event associate cues (Sheep), cues reinstating the context words (Horse Pig), and cues in which a designated associate was substituted for the first word in the context cues. The results showed that recall for the events differed strongly for children and adults and suggested that the differences were attributable to properties of the internal structure of event representations in memory.
Precise cosmogenic 10Be measurements in western North America: Support for a global Younger Dryas cooling event

The Inner Titcomb Lakes moraine in the Wind River Mountains, Wyoming, has been dated with a precision of 5% using accelerator mass spectrometric measurements of cosmogenic 10Be in surface samples from nine boulders resting on its crest. The age of this moraine is 11.4 ± 0.5 to 13.8 ± 0.6 ka; the range in age is due to the uncertainty in the 10Be production rate and uncertainties in rock erosion rate and shielding of cosmic rays by snow. Additional exposure ages on bedrock and boulder surfaces that are stratigraphically younger and older than the Inner Titcomb Lakes moraine conform with this age. The exposure ages of the Inner Titcomb Lakes moraine overlap the North Atlantic Younger Dryas event, 12.8 ± 0.2 to 11.5 ± 0.3 ka.
Composition of dissolved organic matter in groundwater

Abstract Groundwater constitutes a globally important source of freshwater for drinking water and other agricultural and industrial purposes, and is a prominent source of freshwater flowing into the coastal ocean. Therefore, understanding the chemical components of groundwater is relevant to both coastal and inland communities. We used electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS) to examine dissolved organic compounds in groundwater prior to and after passage through a sediment-filled column containing microorganisms. The data revealed that an unexpectedly high proportion of organic compounds contained nitrogen and sulfur, possibly due to transport of surface waters from septic systems and rain events. We matched 292 chemical features, based on measured mass:charge (m/z) values, to compounds stored in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). A subset of these compounds (88) had only one structural isomer in KEGG, thus supporting tentative identification. Most identified elemental formulas were linked with metabolic pathways that produce polyketides or with secondary metabolites produced by plants. The presence of polyketides in groundwater is notable because of their anti-bacterial and anti-cancer properties. However, their relative abundance must be quantified with appropriate analyses to assess any implications for public health.
Effects of China's WTO accession on global forest product trade

Abstract As one of the world's fastest growing economies and important forest product markets, China has recently become a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) with commitments to further opening its markets to the world. This study analyzes the effects of China's entry into the WTO on global forest product trade using a computable general equilibrium model. Two scenarios are analyzed: (1) unilateral trade liberalization by China resulting from its WTO accession and (2) combination of China's trade liberalization with the Uruguay Round (UR). Our results indicate that China's accession to the WTO would significantly increase its imports of forest products and reduce its domestic market prices of lumber and wood products as well as pulp, paper, and allied products. Most of Chinese new imports would be used as intermediate goods by industries to produce final products for domestic consumption and re-export. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Asian New Industrializing Economies would benefit most from the unilateral trade liberalization by China. The combination of China's WTO accession and the UR would strengthen the competitiveness of North America and the European Union in Chinese forest product markets. Although China's accession to the WTO would affect forest product trade flows between China and its trade partners, it would have relatively small impacts on the world price, production, and trade value of forest products.
Hybrid thermochemical processing: fermentation of pyrolysis-derived bio-oil

Thermochemical processing of biomass by fast pyrolysis provides a nonenzymatic route for depolymerization of biomass into sugars that can be used for the biological production of fuels and chemicals. Fermentative utilization of this bio-oil faces two formidable challenges. First is the fact that most bio-oil-associated sugars are present in the anhydrous form. Metabolic engineering has enabled utilization of the main anhydrosugar, levoglucosan, in workhorse biocatalysts. The second challenge is the fact that bio-oil is rich in microbial inhibitors. Collection of bio-oil in distinct fractions, detoxification of bio-oil prior to fermentation, and increased robustness of the biocatalyst have all proven effective methods for addressing this inhibition.
WHEN AND WHY DO HEDGEHOGS AND FOXES DIFFER

Philip E. Tetlock's finding that "hedgehog" experts (those with one big theory) are worse predictors than "foxes" (those with multiple, less comprehensive theories) offers fertile ground for future research. Are experts as likely to exhibit hedgehog- or fox-like tendencies in areas that call for explanatory, diagnostic, and skill-based expertise-as they did when Tetlock called on experts to make predictions? Do particular domains of expertise curtail or encourage different styles of expertise? Can we trace these different styles to childhood? Finally, can we nudge hedgehogs to be more like foxes? Current research can only grope at the answers to these questions, but they are essential to gauging the health of expert political judgment.