cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The High Frequency Electron Scattering Rate and Drude Zener Theory in Compound Semiconductors

Recent advances in laser and semiconductor device technology have generated a growing concern over the validity of the standard transport theory in the limit of small length scales, high frequencies, and high field intensities. This has necessitated a reexamination of the foundations of transport theory and the necessary quantum extension in these limits. In this paper, the response of free carriers in a polar semiconductor to a high frequency electric field is examined. A frequency dependent relaxation time has been derived for free carriers in polar semiconducting compounds with the band structure of the Kane theory from a quantum extension of the Boltzmann transport equation. The expression obtained reduces to the usual quasiclassical Boltzmann transport equation. The expression obtained reduces to the usual quasiclassical Boltzmann result in the limit of low frequencies, elastic scattering mechanisms, and parabolic bands, and gives the quantum result at high frequencies when used in the Drude Zenner formula for the optical conductivity. A high frequency extension of the Drude theory is thus obtained which gives the observed ..gamma../sup 3/ dependence of the absorption coefficient characteristic of polar scattering in III-V and II-VI compounds in the near infrared, and reduces to the usual ..gamma../sup 2/ dependencemore » at sufficiently low frequencies. At high intensities, the scattering rate becomes a function of field intensity. Numerical results for the electron scattering rate are calculated as functions of frequency and carrier concentration and compared with available experimental data for a number of III-V compounds.« less
Optimal L2 Syllables: Interactions of Transfer and Developmental Effects.

This paper provides evidence from a study of ESL speakers that cross-language transfer effects interact, sometimes in very subtle ways, with developmental effects in the construction of L2 syllable structures. It extends Broselow and Finer's (1991) proposal for the Minimal Sonority Distance Parameter-Setting (MSD) model in L2 syllables by (a) adding evidence from a language that unambiguously exhibits transfer in complex onsets and (b) examining syllable codas to see whether the MSD parameter can be extended to account for the distribution of error patterns there, as well. The results of the study generally support the predictions that the MSD model makes for consonant cluster difficulty in specific syllable positions; however, it does not make predictions about the patterns that are found in learner error types. We argue that optimality theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993) provides a more explicit account of the interactions between transfer and developmental effects in L2 syllables, allowing us to interpret within a singular grammatical framework not only why learners have difficulty with specific ESL structures but also how they resolve it.
Yale According to Joe

Everyone is entitled to a mistake or two-I have had my share. Probably my most glaring is that I attended that other law school, the one a little up north. So, when I first joined the faculty in 1974, Yale was, if not an alien, then certainly an unfamiliar, institution. Joe and Sonja Goldstein welcomed us to the community. They were our family away from family. They opened their house to us. Their friends became our friends. They were always available for dinner (Joe would call it a "bite"), or for a movie. Joe's father had once been in the movie business in Springfield, and that seemed to entitle him, almost forever, to a free pass to Cinema Showcase. Joe loved bargains, especially this one. We often talked about our children, and through word and example, Joe and Sonja helped us through our most difficult parenting days. Invariably, Joe and Sonja returned from their trips abroad with trinkets for our daughters. Every conversation with Joe ended, " Kiss the girls for me." In all of these ways, Joe taught me about friendship, even love, a feat all the more remarkable given his seriousness of purpose and scholarly achievements. Joe worked long and hard, and was constantly exploring new frontiers and learning new subjects. He delighted in the study of constitutional law because it was a new challenge for him. Yet somehow he always found the time and energy for those he cared about. Joe did not love everyone-no one does, no one can, and besides, Joe was a man of particular likes and dislikes-but those whom he did love were among the blessed. They always saw the twinkle in his eyes; they felt the warmth of his presence; they were the object of his generosity and his extraordinary capacity to go out of his way for others. Not only did Joe bring a certain human warmth to these halls, which sometimes can be oh-so-serious, but he also espoused a very distinctive understanding of the purposes of the Law School. He emphasized its academic as opposed to its professional side, and urged, indeed demanded, the prerogatives that rightly belong to any professor, above all, the freedom to pursue one' s ideas in any way that one happened to see fit. Joe was a free
Impact of tidal density variability on orbital and reentry predictions

[1] Since the first satellites entered Earth orbit in the late 1950's and early 1960's, the influences of solar and geomagnetic variability on the satellite drag environment have been studied, and parameterized in empirical density models with increasing sophistication. However, only within the past 5 years has the realization emerged that “troposphere weather” contributes significantly to the “space weather” of the thermosphere, especially during solar minimum conditions. Much of the attendant variability is attributable to upward-propagating solar tides excited by latent heating due to deep tropical convection, and solar radiation absorption primarily by water vapor and ozone in the stratosphere and mesosphere, respectively. We know that this tidal spectrum significantly modifies the orbital (>200 km) and reentry (60–150 km) drag environments, and that these tidal components induce longitude variability not yet emulated in empirical density models. Yet, current requirements for improvements in orbital prediction make clear that further refinements to density models are needed. In this paper, the operational consequences of longitude-dependent tides are quantitatively assessed through a series of orbital and reentry predictions. We find that in-track prediction differences incurred by tidal effects are typically of order 200 ± 100 m for satellites in 400-km circular orbits and 15 ± 10 km for satellites in 200-km circular orbits for a 24-hour prediction. For an initial 200-km circular orbit, surface impact differences of order 15° ± 15° latitude are incurred. For operational problems with similar accuracy needs, a density model that includes a climatological representation of longitude-dependent tides should significantly reduce errors due to this source.
Response to Talen et al.: Igniting the Dialogue: What Makes a Neighborhood Great?

In this issue of Journal of the American Planning Association, the article “What is a ‘Great Neighborhood’? An Analysis of APA’s Top-Rated Places,” by Emily Talen, Sunny Menozzi, and Chloe Schaefer...
Integration of Simian Virus 40 Deoxyribonucleic Acid into the Deoxyribonucleic Acid of Primary Infected Chinese Hamster Cells

Simian virus 40 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) became associated in an alkaline-stable form with the DNA of Chinese hamster embryo cells at 15 to 20 hr post-infection, at the time when cell DNA synthesis and T antigen were induced. The integration process was not inhibited by d-arabinosyl cytosine and was only partially inhibited by cycloheximide.
Biochemical Mass Detection Using Mode Localization in Microcantilever Arrays

Microcantilever based biochemical sensors rely on accurately detecting the selective binding of small amounts of the target analyte to a functionalized microcantilever. Commonly, the added mass of the bound analyte is detected by measuring accompanying shift in cantilever resonant frequency. In this paper we explore the possibility of using Anderson or mode localization in coupled oscillator arrays as a potentially more sensitive method for detecting the added mass. According to this method, the eigenvectors of an array of coupled, nominally identical cantilevers are expected to be extremely sensitive to small disorder such as that introduced by the added mass of the target biochemical analyte. A simple lumped parameter model of the cantilever array is used to establish theoretical feasibility of the method. The effects on the eigenvector sensitivity of initial statistical variability introduced due to inherent manufacturing tolerances are investigated. Experimental results are presented for a two cantilever array laser fabricated out of gold foil, and the results compared to theoretical expectations. Both the theoretical and experimental results indicate that added mass induced shifts in eigenvectors of such arrays can be orders of magnitude more sensitive than the resonance frequency shifts.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Cognitive Processing and Self-Report of Lateral Preference

Our knowledge of the human brain has increased more during the past 40 years than at any other time in history. Of particular interest have been the findings of a correspondence between cognitive functions and individual structures of the brain. Similar from a gross anatomical point of view, the hemispheres of the brain have been shown to serve specialized cognitive functions. This work offers an overview of the cognitive aspects of cerebral lateralization as a context for considering this issue, followed by a review of specific self-report techniques in the appraisal of lateral preference.
Adaptive learning of multi-subspace for foreground detection under illumination changes

We propose a new adaptive learning algorithm using multiple eigensubspaces to handle sudden as well as gradual changes in background due for example to illumination variations. To handle such changes, the feature space is organized into clusters representing the different background appearances. A local principal component analysis transformation is used to learn a separate eigensubspace for each cluster and an adaptive learning is used to continuously update the eigensubspaces. When the current image is presented, the system automatically selects a learned subspace that shares the closest appearance and lighting condition with the input image, which is then projected onto the subspace so that both background and foreground pixels can be classified. To efficiently adapt to changes in lighting conditions, an incremental update of the multiple eigensubspaces using synthetic background appearances is included in our framework. By doing so, our system can eliminate any noise or distortions that otherwise would incur from the existence of foreground objects, while it correctly updates the specific eigensubspace representing the current background appearance. A forgetting factor is also employed to control the contribution of earlier observations and limit the number of learned subspaces. As the extensive experimental results with various benchmark sequences demonstrate, the proposed algorithm outperforms, quantitatively and qualitatively, many other appearance-based approaches as well as methods using Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), especially under sudden and drastic changes in illumination. Finally, the proposed algorithm is demonstrated to be linear with the size of the images d, the number of basis in the local PCA m, and the number of images used for adaptation n: that is, the algorithm is O(dmn) and our C++ implementation runs in real time - i.e. at frame rate for normal resolution (VGA) images.
TURBULENT HEAT TRANSFER IN A CIRCULAR TUBE WITH VISCOUS DISSIPATION

Abstract The problem of developed turbulent conveclive heat transfer with viscous dissipation is considered for flow in a circular tube. Two cases are considered, Prandtl number equal to unity and large Prandtl number. For Prandtl number equal to unity, an exact expression for the recovery factor is presented which accounts for the radial variation in velocity profile. This exact expression is evaluated using the turbulent logarithmic velocity distribution. For large Prandtl numbers, a general asymptotic expansion for the recovery factor is determined which includes both wall and core contributions. A comparison of these results suggests that the large Prandtl number formula found for the recovery factor should be accurate for all Prandtl numbers greater than about unity.
Feeding ecology of dominant groundfish in the northern Bering Sea

We investigated current diets of the six most abundant benthic fish in the northern Bering Sea. Our objective was to explore feeding strategies and potential competition with other top predators as ecosystem changes occur in the northern Bering Sea ecosystem. Our approach used stomach content data collected from field sampling during spring 2006 and 2007. Calanoid copepods and ampeliscid amphipods were important prey of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) but in different proportions depending upon fish size, feeding location, and local environmental conditions. Snailfish (Liparidae) occupied a broad niche and fed on a variety of benthic amphipods. Arctic alligatorfish (Ulcina olrikii) and Arctic staghorn sculpin (Gymnocanthus tricuspis) consumed ampeliscid amphipods predominantly. Shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) had a less-diverse diet, with snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) most important by weight. Finally, all Bering flounder (Hippoglossoides robustus) sampled had empty stomachs. Our results indicate that ampeliscid amphipods, which have high biomass in the central region of the northern Bering Sea, are the most important prey for the dominant groundfish in the Chirikov Basin. Generally, all dominant benthic fish in the northern Bering Sea had narrow feeding niches, except snailfish. High diet overlap was found among many of the fish species, including Arctic cod and snailfish, snailfish and Arctic alligatorfish, and Arctic alligatorfish and Arctic staghorn sculpin. These findings are consistent with a relatively short food chain for benthic fish that are for the most part specialized feeders with narrow preferences for food and may be affected by changes in benthic prey distributions.
Prey recognition time of praying mantids (Dictyoptera : Mantidae) and consequent survivorship of unpalatable prey (Hemiptera : Lygaeidae)

When juvenile praying mantids (Tenodera sinensis)were exposed to unpalatable prey (the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus),they attacked, sampled, and then usually rejected the prey. About 70% of the handling time was spent feeding. When offered a second milkweed bug, the mantids usually attacked the prey. However, the overall time required for the mantids to sample, recognize, and then reject the unpalatable prey decreased by half. The proportion of handling time that was spent feeding remained the same as in the first encounter. In contrast, when the second prey individuals encountered by mantids were Drosophila melanogaster,the flies were completely consumed and the proportion of handling time that was spent feeding significantly increased. When praying mantids were exposed to the milkweed bugs for the first time, up to 33% of the bugs survived attack by the mantids. Survival of milkweed bugs increased to 55% when mantids had been previously exposed to the bugs. In contrast, flies that were caught never survived.
Continuing education for the engineering manager

Many universities feature postgraduate programs intended to keep engineering executives technically updated, but these have proved to be only partially successful. Engineers in managerial positions are engrossed in their careers and personal lives; they frequently find returning to a campus environment uninspiring, inconvenient, and sometimes even distasteful. Universities often find it financially unfeasible to design specific programs geared to the varied, constantly changing needs of different industries. RCA's answer to this problem is Current Concepts in Science and Engineering, a program designed exclusively for top RCA personnel, taught by experts in specialized fields from within the company, and employing new approaches to presentation designed to impart the most information in the least amount of time.
H.A. Giles and E.H. Parker: Clio's English Servants in Late Nineteenth‐Century China

(1984). H.A. Giles and E.H. Parker: Clio's English Servants in Late Nineteenth‐Century China. The Historian: Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 520-538.
Recombinant human erythropoietin stimulates angiogenesis in vitro.

Recombinant human erythropoietin stimulates angiogenesis in vitro . Endothelial cell migration and proliferation are the key steps in the angiogenic process, and both are stimulated by recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO). In addition rHuEPO can increase endothelin-1 (ET-1) release by the endothelial cell. We designed the present study to address the question of whether rHuEPO stimulates angiogenesis. An in vitro quantitative assay for angiogenesis was used. This consisted of rat aortic rings embedded in a reconstituted basement membrane matrix and incubated with and without rHuEPO for eight days. We found that rHuEPO increased vessel outgrowth after four days of culture and this was continued for the next four days (rHuEPO vs. control: day 4,12 ± 2 vs. 4 ± 1, P -8 M). We observed an increase in microvessel formation compared to control (day 4, 4 ± 2 vs. 2 ± 1, P in vitro , and this effect is due at least in part to the enhanced autocrine release of ET-1 by rHuEPO.
Our North America: Social and Political Issues Beyond NAFTA

Julian Castro-Rea, in the introduction of Our North America, invites those living on the North American continent to think about the common shared space of this region. After a review of the book, ...
About Malkus' transitions in thermal turbulence

Die bei Annahme von linearen Temperaturprofilen erhaltenen kritischen Ubergangswerte werden nachgepruft.
Length of phytoplankton species patches on the Southern California Shelf

Abstract Study of a longshore transect off Southern California suggests that the length scales (22 to 27 km) of phytoplankton species patches may be related to those of low-frequency currents. The patch boundaries were independent of shelf width but they were probably not independent of changes in chlorophyll fluorescence, temperature, and bottom topography.
EVALUATION OF SATCHELS FOR POSTAL LETTER CARRIERS

Abstract A research project funded by the United States Postal Service surveyed letter carriers to evaluate three alternative satchel designs and the current satchel. The evaluation consisted of both field surveys and a laboratory study. Each satchel had positive and negative attributes. A two-pouch system (satchel C) that distributed weight on both sides of the body, proved to be the best alternative in the laboratory study. However, concerns regarding the use of satchel C for defense against a dog attack made its desirability questionable in the survey. The study showed that none of the four satchels was a universally accepted alternative. Recommendations are offered to improve the satched design. Relevance to industry The study examines four satchel designs that were evaluated for the US Postal Service. Similar techniques could be used to evaluate industrial designs for tools, equipment, clothing, or other work items.
Cinnoline chemistry. XII. The synthesis of 6-fluoro-4-methylcinnoline and other cinnolines as potential antitumor agents†

6-Fluoro-4-methylcinnoline (IX) has been synthesized in eight steps from 4-fluoroaniline. A series of styryl and pyridylethenyl cinnolines have been prepared from 6-fluoro-4-methylcinnoline (IX), 4-methylcinnoline and 4-methylcinnoline-2-oxide. Furthermore, a series of 4-substituted benzylthiocinnolines have been prepared.
A note on the interface functions

Abstract The functions B 1 (τ), D 2 (τ), and D 3 (τ), which arise in the study of radiative transfer through a planar medium with a relative refractive index different from unity, have been investigated. These functions reduce to exponential integrals when the refractive index of the medium is equal to that of the surroundings. Their behavior has been examined and is presented graphically and in tabular form for various ratios of the interface refractive index. When the interface refractive index ratio is larger than 1.2, these functions can be accurately approximated by an exponential of the form a e − b τ .
The Nonlinear Dynamics of the Crayfish Mechanoreceptor System

We review here the nonlinear dynamical properties of the crayfish mechanoreceptor system from the hydrodynamically sensitive hairs on the tailfan through the caudal photoreceptor neurons embedded in the 6th ganglion. Emphasis is on the extraction of low dimensional behavior from the random processes (noise) that dominate this neural system. We begin with stochastic resonance in the sensory root afferents and continue with a discussion of the photoreceptor oscillator and its instabilities. Stochastic synchronization, rectification and the generation of second harmonic responses in the photoreceptors are finally discussed.
Age and time span of emplacement of the Pliny Range complex, northern New Hampshire

The Pliny complex in northern New Hampshire, a part of the White Mountain Magma Series, is composed of eight distinct intrusions. Previous work has indicated chemical variations that cannot be explained by fractional crystallization and has led to the supposition that the diverse rock suite may have formed in episodes at different times. The 40Ar/39Ar method was applied to biotite and amphibole separates from seven units in order to evaluate the time span of emplacement and to accurately establish the age. The analyses reveal internally and externally concordant ages for both amphibole and biotite in all of the units. The ages of individual units cannot be resolved from the mean age, indicating a time span of emplacement of ∼1 m.y. or less. The intrusives were emplaced in rapid succession and cooled quickly 183.2±1.8 m.y. ago. Chemical and isotopic variations among the rocks point to a complex origin involving extensive interaction of the primary magma with older crust, all of which apparently required only a short period of time.
Winged-helix transcription factors and pancreatic development

The forkhead gene family, named after the founding gene member in Drosophila, is characterized by a unique DNA-binding domain. This so-called forkhead box encodes a winged-helix DNA-binding motif, the name of which describes the structure of the domain when bound to DNA. The three Fox (forkhead box) group A genes, Foxa1, Foxa2 and Foxa3, are expressed in embryonic endoderm, the germ layer that gives rise to the digestive system, and contribute to the specification of the pancreas and the regulation of glucose homoeostasis. Deletion of the Foxa2 gene in pancreatic beta-cells in mice results in a phenotype resembling PHHI (persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia of infancy). Molecular analyses have demonstrated that Foxa2 is an important regulator of the genes encoding Sur1, Kir6.2 and Schad (short chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase), mutation of which causes PHHI in humans. Foxa1 was shown to be an essential activator of glucagon gene expression in vivo. An additional winged-helix protein, Foxo1, contributes to pancreatic beta-cell function by regulating the Pdx1 gene, which is required for pancreatic development in cooperation with Foxa2.
Ultrasound Appearance of Synovial Osteochondromatosis of the Shoulder

This case report demonstrates the ultrasound appearance of synovial osteochondromatosis of the shoulder, along with plain film radiographic, computed tomographic, and pathologic correlation. Because of recent renewed interest in the use of ultrasonography in the evaluation of musculoskeletal disease, such as rotator cuff arthropathy or suspected intra-articular loose body, opportunities to diagnose synovial osteochondromatosis with this modality have become more frequent.
The composition and thickness of the crust of Mars estimated from rare earth elements and neodymium-isotopic compositions of Martian meteorites

— Isotopic and trace element compositions of Martian meteorites show that early differentiation of Mars produced complementary crustal and mantle reservoirs that were sampled by later magmatic events. This paper describes a mass balance model that estimates the rare earth element (REE) content and thickness of the crust of Mars from the compositions of shergottites. The diverse REE and Nd isotopic compositions of shergottites are most easily explained by variable addition of light rare earth element (LREE)–enriched crust to basaltic magmas derived from LREE-depleted mantle source regions. Antarctic shergottites EET 79001, ALH 77005, LEW 88516, and QUE 94201 all have strongly LREE-depleted patterns and positive initial 143Nd isotopic compositions, which is consistent with the generation of these magmas from depleted mantle sources and little or no interaction with enriched crust. In contrast, Shergotty and Zagami have negative initial 143Nd isotopic compositions and less pronounced depletions of the LREE, which have been explained by incorporation of enriched crustal components into mantle-derived magmas (Jones, 1989; Longhi, 1991; Borg et al., 1997). The mass balance model presented here derives the REE composition of the crustal component in Shergotty by assuming it represents a mixture between a mantle-derived magma similar in composition to EET 79001A and a LREE-enriched crustal component. The amount of crust in Shergotty is constrained by mixing relations based on Nd-isotopic compositions, which allows the REE pattern of the crustal component to be calculated by mass balance. The effectiveness of this model is demonstrated by the successful recovery of important characteristics of the Earth's continental crust from terrestrial Columbia River basalts. Self-consistent results for Nd-isotopic compositions and REE abundances are obtained if Shergotty contains ∼10–30% of LREE-enriched crust with >10 ppm Nd. This crustal component would have moderately enriched LREE (Sm/Nd = 0.25–0.27; 147Sm/144Nd = 0.15–0.17; La/Yb = 2.7–3.8), relatively unfractionated heavy rare earth elements (HREE), and no Eu anomaly. Crust with these characteristics can be produced from a primitive lherzolitic Martian mantle by modest amounts (2–8%) of partial melting, and it would have a globally averaged thickness of <45 km, which is consistent with geophysical estimates. Mars may serve as a laboratory to investigate planetary differentiation by extraction of a primary basaltic crust.
Stability of performances of individual stutterers on oral reading adaptation tasks

Abstract This study aimed to determine whether individual oral reading adaptation task performances are sufficiently reliable to be used as predictive indicators of improvement in stuttering behavior by testing the stability of individual stutterers' adaptation scores. Results demonstrated that all stutterers are not stable in their individual adaptation scores and therefore individual adaptation scores may be insufficiently reliable for predicting and classifying. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
Free Recall of Concrete and Abstract Words in Poor and Normal Readers.

The present study compared poor and normal readers in second and sixth grade on free recall of concrete and abstract words. On the basis of the assumption that memory for abstract words relies more heavily upon linguistic coding ability than does memory for concrete words, it was expected that poor readers would have much greater difficulty on recall of abstract words than would normal readers, but would more closely approximate the normal readers on recall of concrete words. The hypothesis was confirmed at the second-grade level but not at the sixth-grade level, wherein the magnitude of group differences on concrete words was comparable to that on abstract words. Post hoc analyses of intrusion errors suggested that the linguistic coding hypothesis may be a viable explanation of reader group differences on memory tasks only at lower age levels.
Quantitative Literacy across the Curriculum: Integrating Skills from English Composition, Mathematics, and the Substantive Disciplines.

Abstract Quantitative literacy is an important proficiency that pertains to “word problems” from science, history, and other fields. Unfortunately, teaching how to solve such problems often is relegated to math courses alone. This article examines how quantitative literacy also involves concepts and skills from English composition and the substantive disciplines. The author outlines a systematic approach to writing the answers to word problems—a fundamental skill that applies to ongoing education, everyday life, and the workplace.
The half-life of 132Cs

Abstract 132-Cesium was prepared by the 133Cs(γ, n) 132Cs reaction. The activity of the 668-keV 132Cs γ-ray was measured at intervals during a period of 55 days. From these measurements, the half-life of the nuclide was determined to be 6·474±0·014 days.
Neonatal stress in lambs: behavioral and physiological responses.

For the 1st 5 weeks after birth, experimental lambs reared in small flocks under conditions that approximated the normal social environment for sheep were subjected 3 times a week to an experimental procedure that was designed to expose the lambs to neonatal stress. The experimental procedure consisted of maternal separation, handling, and exposure to a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm. Each lamb responded to this experimental procedure with elevated plasma corticosteroid levels and intense vocalization. In contrast to the experimental (or neonatal stressed) lambs, the control lambs remained undisturbed with their mothers during the time the experimental lambs were being stressed. When both groups of lambs were subsequently exposed to open-field testing, the 2 groups did not differ in their behavioral responses (e.g., vocalization, latency to 1st movement, or locomotion) even though each of these behaviors has been found to be sensitive to the effects of neonatal social experience. Also no difference existed between the 2 groups in their initial adrenocortical response to open-field testing; however, the plasma concentration of corticosteroids of the experimental lambs took longer to return to pretest levels. At 5 months of age, the lambs were subjected to brief restraint in a dark chamber, and the effect of this brief stress on heart rate and plasma corticosteroids was measured. No differences were found between the 2 groups in either the heart rate or adrenocortical response to this stress. Thus, we have no evidence from these studies that neonatal stress had any effect on the lambs' subsequent ability to respond to brief behavioral stress.
Field detection of avian influenza virus in wild birds: evaluation of a portable rRT-PCR system and freeze-dried reagents

Wild birds have been implicated in the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAIV) of the H5N1 subtype, prompting surveillance along migratory flyways. Sampling of wild birds is often conducted in remote regions, but results are often delayed because of limited local analytical capabilities, difficulties with sample transportation and permitting, or problems keeping samples cold in the field. In response to these challenges, the performance of a portable real-time, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) unit (RAPID((R)), Idaho Technologies, Salt Lake City, UT) that employed lyophilized reagents (Influenza A Target 1 Taqman; ASAY-ASY-0109, Idaho Technologies) was compared to virus isolation combined with real-time RT-PCR conducted in a laboratory. This study included both field- and experimental-based sampling. Field samples were collected from migratory shorebirds captured in northern California, while experimental samples were prepared by spiking fecal material with an H6N2 AIV isolate. Results indicated that the portable rRT-PCR unit had equivalent specificity to virus isolation with no false positives, but sensitivity was compromised at low viral titers. Use of portable rRT-PCR with lyophilized reagents may expedite surveillance results, paving the way to a better understanding of wild bird involvement in HPAIV H5N1 transmission.
Retinopathy associated with high-dose interferon alfa-2b therapy

Abstract PURPOSE: To present seven patients who developed retinopathy while receiving high-dose interferon alfa-2b therapy for adjuvant treatment of high-risk melanoma. METHODS: Retrospective case series. RESULTS: Seven patients developed a retinopathy while receiving high-dose interferon alfa-2b therapy for adjuvant treatment of high-risk melanoma. Five patients had normal visual acuity, but retinopathy with cotton- wool spots and/or retinal hemorrhages with the retinopathy resolved after stopping treatment after detection. Two patients developed severe retinopathy with vision loss to counting fingers and hand motions without resolution of the retinopathy. The duration of the maintenance treatment before detection of the retinopathy for all patients ranged from 6 to 26 weeks. The total dose received at time of detection of retinopathy ranged from 816 to 1770 million units. Confounding factors included hypertension, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and a history of prior chemotherapy in one patient. Also, one patient received an investigational ganglioside vaccine, one had a history of radiation treatment to the brain, and six received paroxetine. CONCLUSIONS: Patients receiving interferon alfa-2b are at risk for developing an associated retinopathy. The risk appears to be greater with higher dosage therapy. In addition, severe vision loss can be seen with interferon alfa-2b–associated retinopathy. The effect of treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, such as paroxetine, in increasing the incidence of this complication is unknown. Patients need to be monitored until the retinopathy is resolved to screen for sequelae, including retinal neovascularization.
Flow Transitions in Buoyancy-Induced Non-Darcy Convection in a Porous Medium Heated From Below

Thermoconvective instabilities in horizontal porous layers heated from below are studied numerically by employing the Brinkman-Forchheimer extended Darcy formulation. The onsets of stable and oscillatory convection are found to be strong functions of the governing parameters: fluid Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers, Darcy number, and conductivity ratio. The effects of porosity and specific heat ratio are pronounced only in the fluctuating convection regime. At the onset, the oscillatory convection is highly periodic, but with an increase in convective motions the disorder increases monotonically and the fluctuations become highly random. These results do not confirm the possibility of reverse transition from a more-disordered to a less-disordered state as predicted by the Darcy model (Kimura et al., 1986). The applicability of Darcy formulation is thus highly restrcited in the case of a Benard convection problem. In a randomly oscillating convective state, the heat transfer rate varies substantially with time.
Influence of precursor fields on ultrashort pulse autocorrelation measurements and pulse width evolution

The influence of the precursor fields of a double resonance Lorentz model dielectric on ultrashort pulse autocorrelation measurements and the resultant dynamical pulse width evolution is presented.
Dimensionless analysis of the electric field-based food processes for scale-up and validation

Abstract Electric field-based food processing technologies have recently caught the attention of food industry that wishes to fulfill consumers’ demands for high-quality and safety of food products. Numerous research groups have recently demonstrated the possibility to inactivate different microorganisms in various buffer test systems and food products using electric field-based processing methods. In this work, the critical process parameters and the characteristics of food products that determine microbial inactivation kinetics are analyzed. Suggested analytical models are based on the dimensionless analysis of major process variables and physical properties of food products.
The Conjunctival Sickling Sign, Hemoglobin S, and Irreversibly Sickled Erythrocytes

• Sixty-five patients with hemoglobins AS, SC, and SS were investigated in a masked fashion. We observed a statistically significant positive correlation between the severity of conjunctival sickling signs and the counts of irreversibly sickled cells in each hemoglobinopathy group. We also observed a statistically significant positive correlation between the severity of the conjunctival vasculopathy and the percentage of sickle hemoglobin in the total group of patients with hemoglobins AS, SC, and SS. ( Arch Ophthalmol 95:808-811, 1977)
Programming costs and cost reductions

It has become fashionable to say that ‘training is an investment in human capital’. Unfortunately, many people who like to use this phrase dislike justifying the investment in terms of actual contributions to the company's profit and loss statement. This inconsistency is not surprising because, if this cold, hard criterion of demonstrating useful results were used, many of today's training courses would be thrown lock, stock, and barrel out of the corporate window, along with the men responsible for them. Managers who reject such testimonials as, “I'm sure it's helping,” are doing their companies a service. They are correctly resisting the pressure to continue spending money without some reasonable evidence that such funds will produce at least an average return. The message is clear, therefore. If the personnel and training staff really feel that a particular course should be retained, it is their responsibility to develop a method of measuring the dollar value of this course. The defence that there are just some things that cannot be measured is really an admission that either these individuals have not tried very hard or that this particular course in its present form is probably not achieving the desired result. When an objective criterion for measuring contribution to profitability can be presented, this is the time for management to consider the proposal seriously.
An hplc method for the determination of verapamil and norverapamil in human plasma

Abstract A high performance liquid chromatographic method is presented for the determination of verapamil and its metabolite norverapamil in human plasma. Verapamil and norverapamil are extracted from plasma basified with 0.5M dibasic sodium phosphate (pH 9.5) using ethyl acetate containing trimipramine as an internal standard. A reverse-phase cyanopropylsilane column was used with a mobile phase of 65% acetonitrile and 35% 0.02M acetate buffer (pH 7.0). The minimum detectable limit was 2 ng/ml of plasma. The effect of the pH, molarity, and percent acetonitrile of the mobile phase on the capacity factor was studied. Possible interferences from other drugs administered concurrently are presented.
The influence of the purpose of a business document on its syntax and rhetorical schemes

This study attempts to show how the purpose of three types of business and technical documents (instructions, annual reports, and sales promotional letters) affects the syntactical and rhetorical choices authors make in writing these documents. While the results of the examination rendered some predictable results, there were some surprises in the absence of many rhetorical schemes in sales promotional letters. Another value of this study is that it provides partial syntactical and rhetorical “fingerprints” of three important documents in business and technical writing to offer students norms they can go by in constructing such documents.
Detection of human papillomavirus type 16/18 DNA in cervicovaginal cells by fluorescence based in situ hybridization and automated image cytometry

Automatic fluorescence image cytometry (AFIC) is a fast, sensitive, and reliable approach for screening slide-based clinical specimens. In this study, we applied AFIC to identify cancer-associated human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes 16 and 18 in individual cells of cervical smears using a sensitive fluorescence based in situ hybridization (FISH) assay. HPV sequences were labeled by FISH and the cells imaged using an epi-fluorescence microscope coupled to a low-light color CCD camera. Before application to clinical specimens, AFIC was assessed using fluorescent calibration beads and cervical cancer cell lines containing known numbers of integrated HPV genomes per nucleus. Assessment showed that our AFIC had a linear response, was quantitatively accurate, and had the sensitivity to detect one HPV genome per nucleus: After acquisition of images, computer algorithms identified every cell nucleus (via a fluorescent DNA counterstain) and quantified the FISH signal per nucleus. AFIC was employed to screen 27 patient specimens for HPV 16/18, of which 12 were positive. The HPV status of the specimens positively correlated with the pathological diagnosis, and since AFIC automatically and correctly located every cell, it was possible to directly compare morphology and HPV status in the same cell. In conclusion, the combination of FISH and AFIC is a sensitive and quantitative method to detect high risk HPV sequences in cervical smears. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Raspberry HadooPI: A Low-Cost, Hands-On Laboratory in Big Data and Analytics (Abstract Only)

Educating STEM students in the techniques of massively parallel computing anticipates a growing current and future need for scientists, engineers, and analysts who are facile with Big Data. Using very low cost hardware (Raspberry Pi) and free software (Hadoop) we are exposing students to distributed computing while limiting expense. We anticipate that micro-cluster labs and projects will give students hands on experience necessary so they can be prepared to use these methods in real world applications. A series of lessons and projects were developed to teach Hadoop and MapReduce, and were extended into STAR (Students Tackling Advanced Research) summer competitive research projects.
Modeling and simulation for damage analysis of intelligent, self-reconfigurable ship fluid systems in early design phase

Abstract This paper pursues a modeling and simulation (M&S) solution for performing a rigorous damage analysis in the conceptual or preliminary design of an intelligent, self-reconfigurable ship fluid system. As enablers to the solution, two essential elements were identified in the formulation. The first one is the graph-based topological modeling method which will be employed for rapid model reconstruction and damage modeling, and the second one is the recurrent neural network-based, component-level surrogate modeling method which will be used to improve the affordability and efficiency of the M&S computations. The integration of these two methods can deliver computationally efficient, flexible, and automation-friendly M&S which will create an environment for a more rigorous damage analysis. Finally, a demonstration of the damage analysis as it is applied to a notional ship fluid system is provided, with a description of the benefits of this approach.
Ethylene/ ammonia plasma polymer deposition for controlled adhesion of graphite fibers to PEEK

Plasma polymerization of ethylene and ammonia gas mixtures is used to obtain uniform polymer coatings on the surface of AS4 graphite fibers. The polymer deposition rates were determined for processing parameters such as composition of the monomer mix, monomer flow rate, chamber pressure, and power input of the radio frequency field. Plasma formed polymers were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). XPS spectra were collected at 75° and 30° takeoff angles to obtain elemental composition and functional group populations at different sampling depths. Plasma deposition rate was the smallest for 100% ethylene and increased by three to four fold when ammonia was added to the monomer mixture. The polymer coatings were of uniform thickness and exhibited a complex crosslinked structure. The 100% ethylene plasma polymer was strongly hydrocarbon in nature but had some oxygen and nitrogen containing groups. Plasma polymers from ethylene/ammonia mixture were m...
Quality of life returns from basic research

Assessing the consequences of research is an increasingly important task in research and innovation policy. This paper takes a broader view of those consequences than the conventional economic approach, placing researchers and their activities in the centre of the assessment process and examining results for professional practice and general education as well as contributions to knowledge. The paper uses historical and documentary analysis to illustrate the approach, focusing on U.S. biomedicine over the past century. At aggregate level, the analysis attributes portions of the change in aggregate health indicators to research and research-based institutions, through several available types of logic: either through correlations between timing of institutional changes and changes in the indicators or through direct or indirect causal connections. The analysis shows that while biomedical research has certainly contributed to improved health in the United States, other factors have also contributed. In some ways the institutional structure of science-based medicine has worked against creating benefits for some groups in U.S. society. The paper concludes with a call for more strategic attention to dimensions of impact other than knowledge outcomes and for participatory planning for research.
Detailed structure and sharpness of upper mantle discontinuities in the Tonga subduction zone from regional broadband arrays

[1] Recordings of deep Tonga earthquakes from two arrays of 12 broadband seismographs each in the Fiji and Tonga islands are stacked and searched for reflections and conversions from upper mantle discontinuities in the Tonga subduction zone. The arrays operated as part of the Seismic Arrays in Fiji and Tonga (SAFT) experiment from July 2001 to August 2002. In comparison with the commonly used teleseismic approaches, the short path lengths for the local data provide smaller Fresnel zones and high-frequency content for precise mapping of discontinuity topography and sharpness. To enhance the low-amplitude discontinuity phases s410p, P660p and S660p, deconvolved seismograms from each event/array pair are aligned on the maximum amplitude of the direct P wave and subsequently slant stacked. For the 410-km discontinuity, the results show no systematic variations in depth with distance to the cold slab. The 660-km discontinuity varies between 656 and 714 km in depth. For the southern and central parts of the subduction zone, the largest depths occur in the core of the Tonga slab. For the northern part, two separate depressions of the 660-km discontinuity are observed. These anomalies are interpreted as being induced by the active, steeply subducting Tonga deep zone and a subhorizontally lying remnant of subducted lithosphere from the fossil Vityaz trench, respectively. Interpreting the deflections of the 660-km discontinuity in terms of local temperatures implies a thermal anomaly of −800°K to −1200°K at 660 km depth. Except for the southern region where it may thicken, the width of the depressed 660-km discontinuity region implies that the Tonga slab seems to penetrate the 660-km discontinuity with little deformation. Waveform modeling suggests that both the 410- and 660-km discontinuities are sharp. The 660-km discontinuity is at most 2 km thick in many parts of the region, and a first-order discontinuity cannot be precluded. The 410-km discontinuity thickness shows somewhat more variability and ranges from 2 to 10 km outside the slab and is at most 10 km thick within the slab. This suggests that the subduction process does not produce dramatic effects on the sharpness of the discontinuities.