cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wind Tubine Cost of Electricity and Capacity Factor

Wind turbines are currently designed to minimize the cost of electricity at the wind turbine (the busbar cost) in a given wind regime, ignoring constraints on the capacity factor (the ratio of the average power output to the maximum power output). The trade-off between these two quantities can be examined in a straightforward fashion; it is found that the capacity factor can be increased by a factor of 30 percent above its value at the cost minimum for a ten percent increase in the busbar cost of electricity. This has important implications for the large-scale integration of wind electricity on utility grids where the cost of transmission may be a significant fraction of the cost of delivered electricity, or where transmission line capacity may be limited.
Intrinsic tendon cell proliferation in tissue culture

This study examines the potential of tendon cells to participate in tendon repair. Explants were prepared from chicken sublimis tendons and studied in tissue culture. Under defined culture conditions, in the absence of tendon sheath, tendon cells were observed to migrate in a limited concentric fashion around the margin of a 2 mm window in the explant. When a plasma clot was present in the window, tendon cell migration and proliferation were accelerated and continued until the window was confluent with cells. Electron micrographs demonstrated that these tendon cells were fibroblasts associated with extracellular collagen fibrils. Specific biochemical analyses confirmed that these tendon fibroblasts were synthesizing collagen. This in vitro study demonstrates that tendons contain active fibroblasts capable of proliferation, migration, and collagen synthesis. These findings support the hypothesis that tendons can heal by intrinsic processes.
Performance analysis based upon complete profiles

A system for engineering and verifying component-based software must include mechanisms for specifying abstractly not only the complete functionality of components but their exact performance as well. This paper introduces profiles as a first-class construct for complete, independent specification of performance in higher-level languages. Using profiles, a developer can select from an assortment of implementations for a particular functionality the one that best suits his needs with respect to speed and memory usage. Equally importantly, he can define the expected performance of larger scale components using compositions of the profiles of their constituent (possibly as yet unimplemented) components. To support scalability, the profile construct facilitates abstraction in performance specifications as well as performance composition and analysis.
Investigating the Use of Gadgets, Widgets, and OpenSocial to Build Science Gateways

Many science applications require more and more computing power as the amount of input data keeps increasing. To simplify using large-scale clusters and complicated application codes, and to facilitate cross-disciplinary collaboration, there has been substantial research and development work on Web-based science gateways. With numerous gateways needing to be developed for many different scientific domains, there has also been a long-standing need for reusable codes and extensible component models. During the previous decade, the component model for many gateways was the Java port let. To overcome some of the port let model's limitations, new gateways take a different approach that utilizes modern Web technologies. In this paper, we examine the use of new standards such as Open Social, Gadgets, and W3C Widgets to build science gateway user interfaces. These standards overcome many shortcomings of the older port let development model. As general-purpose Web standards, however, they lack support for specialized science gateway requirements and so must be extended. We propose a generic architecture in which Open Social is integrated with backend services and grid infrastructures. We implement and evaluate these concepts in the Gadget Container, software developed by the authors.
Poisson reduction of optimal control systems

This paper explores the role of symmetries and reduction in nonlinear control and optimal control systems. We formulate symmetries in nonlinear control systems and then link it to symmetries in optimal control of such systems. We apply Poisson reduction to the Pontryagin maximum principle to reduce the optimal control system. Affine and kinematic optimal control systems are of particular interest: We show an example of kinematic optimal control to illustrate how the reduction simplifies optimal control systems.
Negative Index Materials in GHz and THz Frequencies

We present new designs, fabrication and experiments on metamaterials that give a negative index of refraction, with low imaginary part, form GHz to THz frequencies.
A Note on Intertwines of Infinite Graphs

We present a construction of two infinite graphs G1, G2 and of an infinite set F of graphs such that F is an antichain with respect to the minor relation and, for every graph G in F, both G1 and G2 are subgraphs of G but no graph obtained from G by deletion or contraction of an edge has both G1 and G2 as minors. These graphs show that the extension to infinite graphs of the intertwining conjecture of Lovasz, Milgram, and Ungar fails.
Four-Dimensional, Data Assimilation and the Slow Manifold

Abstract Four-dimensional data assimilation is the analysis technique that has been devised to cope with the large quantities of asynoptic data received from the new remote observing systems. In this analysis method, an atmospheric simulation model is integrated in time with observed data being inserted into the model whenever it becomes available. In the present study, the four-dimensional data assimilation process is analyzed in terms of the normal modes of the assimilating model and the slow manifold concept of Leith (1979). The problem of “data rejection” and the spurious excitation of transient gravity waves can be shown to have a simple geometrical interpretation in the slow manifold methodology. Using these ideas it is possible to define an ideal assimilation technique. Various realizable assimilation techniques which approach this ideal are proposed and tested.
ConfChem Conference on Case-Based Studies in Chemical Education: An Online Conference

Case-based studies have been used for years in business, law, and medical education but have only recently been applied to science education. The spring 2011 online ConfChem conference, Case-Based Studies in Chemical Education, showcases pioneering work in the application of case studies to chemical education. This conference was held from May 6 to June 20, 2011 and was organized by Clyde F. Herreid, director of the National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science (NCCSTS) and hosted by the ACS Committee on Computers in Chemical Education. This communication is the first of eight based on the presentations in this conference, introduces the NCCSTS, ConfChem conferences, and provides an overview of the use of case studies in chemical education.
Corporate social responsibility: Implications for performance excellence

Corporate social responsibility has been an element of the Malcolm Baldrige Criteria for Performance Excellence since its inception in 1988. The Baldrige Criteria provide a framework for the design and improvement of high-performing organisations; as such, it implies that corporate social responsibility is an important factor for achieving performance excellence. Corporate social responsibility has garnered much attention from researchers over the past several decades, with most questions focusing on whether a company that is socially responsible is more likely to be financially successful. This paper examines the underlying corporate social responsibility value proposition within the Baldrige Criteria in comparison with current academic thought. We frame corporate social responsibility in terms of the underlying theories of firm management, review current academic thought and research, and draw conclusions on the relevance of corporate social responsibility for performance excellence in the Baldrige crit...
On the detachment of step-tapered doublers: Part 1 - Foundations

Abstract One-dimensional edge debonding of layerwise step-tapered patches from both flat and cylindrical structures is examined. The problems are approach from a unified point of view, as propagating boundary problems in the calculus of variations, with the models for both flat and curved structures being formulated simultaneously. The effects of a contact zone adjacent to the bonded region are incorporated as is the phenomenon of edge-point contact. The formulation results in a selfconsistent representation of the various intact and debonded segments of the composite structure comprised of a multilayer patch and a base structure. It concurrently yields the conditions which establish the locations of the propagating boundary of the bonded (intact) region, and the propagating boundary of the contact zone. The former condition yields the selfconsistent and physically interpretable expressions for the corresponding energy release rates for debonding. The conditions governing edge-point contact are likewise established. Three types of loading conditions are considered : (i) in-plane/circumferential tension, (ii) three-point transverse loading, and (iii) applied transverse (internal ) pressure. It is shown analytically, within the context of the mathematical models employed for both flat and curved structures, that of the loading types considered the third admits a contact zone for certain common conditions of the supports. Results of numerical simulations, based on analytical solutions, pertaining to the test configurations of flat structures subjected to applied in-plane tension and three-point transverse loading are presented for various taper angles and compared.
A sensitive method for the quantitative determination of minor bases in ribosomal RNA.

Abstract A procedure for the quantitative determination of one RNA minor base in approximately 1800–2000 nucleotides is described. This procedure is useful for the analysis of minor base content in systems where in vivo labeling of RNAs to high specific activity is not readily achieved.
Runout effects in milling: Surface finish, surface location error, and stability

This paper investigates the effect of milling cutter teeth runout on surface topography, surface location error, and stability in end milling. Runout remains an important issue in machining because commercially-available cutter bodies often exhibit significant variation in the teeth/insert radial locations; therefore, the chip load on the individual cutting teeth varies periodically. This varying chip load influences the machining process and can lead to premature failure of the cutting edges. The effect of runout on cutting force and surface finish for proportional and non-proportional tooth spacing is isolated here by completing experiments on a precision milling machine with 0.1 μm positioning repeatability and 0.02 μm spindle error motion. Experimental tests are completed with different amounts of radial runout and the results are compared with a comprehensive time-domain simulation. After verification, the simulation is used to explore the relationships between runout, surface finish, stability, and surface location error. A new instability that occurs when harmonics of the runout frequency coincide with the dominant system natural frequency is identified.
Cluster analysis tests the importance of myogenic gene expression during myofiber hypertrophy in humans.

We applied K-means cluster analysis to test the hypothesis that muscle-specific factors known to modulate protein synthesis and satellite cell activity would be differentially expressed during prog...
Mass transfer in packed beds

Although considerable work has been done on the problem of heat transfer radially in fixed beds through which gases are flowing, the data available for mass transfer are limited to one pipe size and one packing size and refer to average diffusivities for the entire bed. The present study was undertaken to determine: (1) diffusivities over a range of pipe and packing sizes and (2) the effect of radial position in the bed. The measurements were made by introducing carbon dioxide into an air stream and analyzing the resultant mixture at various positions in the bed downstream from the point of injection. Pipe sizes of 2, 3, and 4 in. were packed with spherical particles of 5/32-, 1/4-, 3/8-, and 1/2-in. nominal diameter. The differential equation describing the concentration in a packed bed when diffusivity E and the velocity u are permitted to vary with radial position was solved by use of an I.B.M. card-programmed calculator for the computations. The results show that the Peclet number Dpu/E increases from the center towards the wall of the pipe and that the increase is significant when Dp/Dt is greater than 0.05. Empirical correlations are then presented for both point Peclet numbers, which vary with radial position, and average Peclet numbers for the entire bed. The variations in Peclet number with radius can be explained in terms of the corresponding variation in void fraction for 81% of the radius of the bed. At modified Reynolds numbers above 40 to 100 the equation Pe = 8.0 + 100 (δ — δ0) correlates the effects of pipe and packing size and radial position. At radial positions greater than 0.81 wall friction influences turbulence conditions and the Peclet number.
Affine compact almost-homogeneous manifolds of cohomogeneity one

This paper is one in a series generalizing our results in [12, 14, 15, 20] on the existence of extremal metrics to the general almost-homogeneous manifolds of cohomogeneity one. In this paper, we consider the affine cases with hypersurface ends. In particular, we study the existence of Kahler-Einstein metrics on these manifolds and obtain new Kahler-Einstein manifolds as well as Fano manifolds without Kahler-Einstein metrics. As a consequence of our study, we also give a solution to the problem posted by Ahiezer on the nonhomogeneity of compact almost-homogeneous manifolds of cohomogeneity one; this clarifies the classification of these manifolds as complex manifolds. We also consider Fano properties of the affine compact manifolds.
A pressure-evolution-based multi-relaxation-time high-density-ratio two-phase lattice-Boltzmann model

Abstract Two of the major challenges in extending the application of multiphase lattice-Boltzmann (LB) models to realistic fluid flow simulations are their numerical instability at high liquid-to-gas density ratios, and at low viscosities. In this paper, a model, recently presented in the literature, for simulating high-density ratios is extended to lower viscosities by employing multiple-relaxation-times for particle collision. In applying the multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) model, the collision term is treated explicitly and the three-step solution procedure suggested by the prior author is employed. The model is evaluated by verifying the Laplace–Young relation for a static infinitely long liquid cylinder, comparing frequency of oscillations of an initially elliptic cross-section liquid cylinder with analytic values and comparing the behavior of a two-dimensional (2D) planar drop impinging on a wet wall with prior results. The results show satisfactory agreement with available data, and a significant gain in numerical stability.
Fatty Acid desaturase gene polymorphisms and metabolic measures in schizophrenia and bipolar patients taking antipsychotics.

Atypical antipsychotics have become a common therapeutic option in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, these medications come with a high risk of metabolic side effects, particularly dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Therefore, identification of patients who are at increased risk for metabolic side effects is of great importance. The genetics of fatty acid metabolism is one area of research that may help identify such patients. Therefore, in this present study, we aimed to determine the effect of one commonly studied genetic polymorphism from both fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) and FADS2 gene on a surrogate measure of insulin resistance and lipid levels in a metabolically high-risk population of patients largely exposed to atypical antipsychotics. This study used a cross-sectional design, fasting blood draws, and genetic analysis to investigate associations between polymorphisms, haplotypes, and metabolic measures. A total of 320 subjects with schizophrenia () or bipolar disorder () were included in this study. The mean age of the population was 42.5 years and 45% were male. A significant association between FADS1 and FADS2 haplotypes was found with insulin resistance while controlling for confounders. Further investigation is required to replicate this finding.
Edge Tones in High-Speed Flows and Their Application to Multiple-Jet Mixing

THIS paper reports the results of an experimental investigation on edge tones generated with a high-speed subsonic air jet-issuing from a rectangular nozzle and impinging on a wedge shaped edge. Experiments were also made to determine the influence of these tones on the mixing of multiple rectangular jets. For exit Mach numbers ranging from 0,2 to 1.0, the minimum breadth required for a tone to be generated increases linearly with Mach number. At distances of the wedge beyond the minimum breadth, the narrow-band spectrum of the near field pressure signals indicate the simultaneous existence of several discrete frequencies, and the amplitude dominant frequencies show different stages. Improved mixing of the multiple jets has been observed when a wedge is placed in one of them. Contents Several experimental studies aimed at understanding the fluid mechanics underlying edge tone generation have been carried out over a period of time at Stanford University. A description of the main features of the edge tone phenomenon and a review of the various experimental and analytical investigations were given by Karamcheti et al.1 The discussion was mainly concerned with the results of experiments on an incompressible jet having a parabolic-type exit mean velocity profile. The main purpose of this paper is to present and discuss the results of experiments on edge tones generated with a compressible subsonic air jet issuing from a rectangular nozzle having a top hat mean exit velocity profile and impinging on a wedge shaped edge. As part of an ongoing program to study the mixing processes of single and multiple rectangular jets, we are interested in a mechanism which can enhance the mixing of multiple jets. As a result, an attempt has been made to study qualitatively the mixing processes of multiple jets with a wedge present in one of them. The main parameters governing the problem are the Mach number M and Reynolds number Re of the jet near the exit, the state of the flow at the exit of the nozzle, the geometry and disposition of the wedge with respect to the nozzle exit, and the condition of the ambient medium into which the jet is issuing. In the present investigation, the exit Mach number varies from 0.2 to 1.0. The Reynolds number employed is based on the width D (small dimension) of the nozzle and is given by Re=MaD/v, where a and v are the speed of sound
Mental Health and Gambling in Urban Female Adolescents

This study explores differences in mental health and behavioral disturbances between female gamblers versus nongamblers from a community sample of 232 female urban youth. Female adolescent recreational gambling was associated with high levels of childhood hyperactivity measured at age 6, past-year substance use, and past-year anxiety symptoms.
Responses of Wild-Type and Resistant Strains of the Hyperthermophilic Bacterium Thermotoga maritima to Chloramphenicol Challenge†

Transcriptomes and growth physiologies of the hyperthermophile Thermotoga maritima and an antibiotic-resistant spontaneous mutant were compared prior to and following exposure to chloramphenicol. While the wild-type response was similar to that of mesophilic bacteria, reduced susceptibility of the mutant was attributed to five mutations in 23S rRNA and phenotypic preconditioning to chloramphenicol.
Two-reaction theory of synchronous machines generalized method of analysis-part I

Starting with the basic assumption of no saturation or hysteresis, and with distribution of armature phase m. m. f. effectively sinusoidal as far as regards phenomena dependent upon rotor position, general formulas are developed for current, voltage, power, and torque under steady and transient load conditions. Special detailed formulas are also developed which permit the determination of current and torque on three-phase short circuit, during starting, and when only small deviations from an average operating angle are involved. In addition, new and more accurate equivalent circuits are developed for synchronous and asynchronous machines operating in parallel, and the domain of validity of such circuits is established. Throughout, the treatment has been generalized to include salient poles and an arbitrary number of rotor circuits. The analysis is thus adapted to machines equipped with field pole collars, or with amortisseur windings of any arbitrary construction. It is proposed to continue the analysis in a subsequent paper.
The Mystical Marriage of the Blessed Henry Suso

The intervention of the divine in human history, more precisely the transition from fiction to incarnation that is peculiar to the origins of Christianity, marks a turning-point in our understanding of the genealogical principle. With a Son of Man who is also Son of God and his Mother's Father, there is no paternity and, more generally, no genealogy that is not reversible. To this questioning of elementary kinship structures we should add the contesting of the hitherto accepted distribution of genders and sexes. The superimposition of the Holy Family and the Trinity created an uncertain sex whose effect is to uncouple sex from its functions, in particular procreation. Hence a circulation and instability of sex. It is from this viewpoint that we should see the notion of an androgynous Christ and the Church Fathers' thinking on the resurrected body.
Deposition and Properties of AlN Films Prepared by Low Pressure CVD with a Metalorganic Precursor

Aluminum nitride films were deposited on Si (100) and sapphire (1102) substrates by low pressure chemical vapor deposition using the metalorganic precursor trisdimethylaluminum amide, [(CH3)2AlNH2]3. Depositions were carried out in a cold wall reactor with substrate temperatures between 500 and 700 °C and precursor temperatures between 50 and 80 °C. The films were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The films were generally smooth and adherent with colors ranging from transparent to opaque grey. Cracking and spallation were seen to occur at high film thickness. Deposition rates ranged from 20 to 300 A/min and increased with both precursor and substrate temperature. Carbon concentrations were small, < 5 at. %, while oxygen concentrations were higher and showed a characteristic profile versus depth in the film. High temperature compatibility testing with sapphire/AlN/MoSi2 samples was carried out to determine film effectiveness as a fiber coating in a composite.
Modeling light scattered from and transmitted through dielectric periodic structures on a substrate

Light scattering and transmission by rough surfaces are of considerable interest in a variety of applications including remote sensing and characterization of surfaces. In this work, the finite-difference time-domain technique is applied to calculate the scattered and transmitted electromagnetic fields of an infinite periodic rough surface. The elements of the Mueller matrix for scattered light are calculated by an integral of the near fields over a significant number of periods of the surface. The normalized Mueller matrix elements of the scattered light and the spatial distribution of the transmitted flux for a monolayer of micrometer-sized dielectric spheres on a silicon substrate are presented. The numerical results show that the nonzero Mueller matrix elements for scattering from a surface consisting of a monolayer of dielectric spheres on a silicon substrate have specific maxima at some scattering angles. These maxima may be used in the characterization of features of the surface. For light transmitted through the monolayer of spheres, our results show that the transmitted energy focuses around the ray passing through centers of the spheres. At other locations, the transmitted flux is very small. Therefore, micrometer-sized dielectric spheres might be placed on a semiconductor surface to burn nanometer-sized holes in a layer using laser pulses. The method may also be useful in the assembly of periodic microstructures on surfaces.
The Movement of the Consonant

Although the same “sound” has sometimes been counted both a vowel and a consonant, in one form or another a distinction has always been drawn between the vowels and the consonants. It is the custom to recognize a vowel “i” and a consonant “i”; (the consonant “i” in English is often spelled “y” as in “yes”; in French it is often unchanged, as in “rien, dieu”); a vowel “ou” and a consonant “ou” (written “w” in English but unchanged in the French as in “oui”.) The difficulty of making a distinction has given rise to the term semi-vowel sometimes applied to the liquids “l” and “r” and to the nasal “m” and “n”. Sievers has been at pains to point out that the same “sound” may function in rapid alternation as a consonant and as a vowel; “berittenen” has already been cited. But aside from the practice of dividing “sounds” into the “sonant” which is supposed to be the core of the syllable and the “con-sonant” which is merely added to the syllable, there has been little attempt to define the function of the consonants. Often the consonant has been considered quite secondary to the vowel. Marage defines the consonant as a supralaryngeal noise preceding or following the aero-laryngeal vibration of the vowel; he feels that the consonant occupies but a small place in the syllable and therefore should be subordinated to the vowel.2)
Minority carrier properties of GaAs films grown by MOCVD on ZnSe-coated silicon

This paper concerns investigations of MOCVD growth of GaAs on silicon with ZnSe buffer layers and the measurement of the minority carrier diffusion length of the heteroepitaxially grown GaAs films. Work to date has emphasized development of procedures for MOCVD growth of (100) ZnSe onto (100) silicon wafers, and subsequent growth of GaAs films on ZnSe/Si substrates. In order to grow high quality single crystal GaAs with a (100) orientation, which is desirable for solar cells, one must grow single crystal (100) ZnSe onto silicon substrates. A process for growth of (100) ZnSe has been developed involving a two-step growth procedure at 450/spl deg/C. Single crystal, (100) GaAs films have been grown onto the (100) ZnSe/Si substrates at 620/spl deg/C that are adherent and specular. Minority carrier diffusion lengths for n-type GaAs films grown on ZnSe/Si substrates have been determined from photoresponse properties of Al/GaAs Schottky barriers. Diffusion lengths are currently on the order of 0.3 /spl mu/m compared to 2.0 /spl mu/m for GaAs films grown simultaneously by homoepitaxy on GaAs. >
The Evolution of our Probability Image for the Spin Orientation of a Spin — 1/2 — Ensemble as Measurements are Made on Several Members of the Ensemble — Connections with Information Theory and Bayesian Statistics

An analysis is made of the information acquired when measurements are made, of the component of spin along an arbitrarily chosen axis, (Θ, Φ), of each of several or many spin 1/2 systems, each prepared in the same way. Since the probability p↑ of the observed value of the spin being “up” is a unique function of the relative orientation of the axis of measurement, (Θ, Φ), and the quantization axis, (θ, φ), of the state into which the system was prepared, this probability function, p↑(θ, φ; Θ, Φ), may be interpreted as a likelihood function for the orientation, (θ, φ), of the state into which the system is prepared, conditioned by its having been measured with “up” spin along the axis with orientation (Θ, Φ). If one assumes that the preparation procedure prepares each system into the same unknown pure state, and further assumes that, a priori, each equal infinitisimal solid angle is equally likely to contain the orientation of this pure state, the likelihood function for the orientation, via Bayes’ theorem, becomes the (unnormalized) probability density function for the orientation of the pure state. Thus, from an ensemble of spin 1/2 systems, each prepared in the pure state with quantization axis (θ, φ), the probability for realizing n “up” values and m = N—n “down” values, in some specified order, in a sequence of N measurement events for the spin component along the (Θ, Φ) axis, is given by Π(θ, φ; Θ, Φ) = p ↑ n(1-p ↑)m = p ↑ n(1-p ↑]) N-n , (as in the Bernoulli coin-tossing problem). By the above arguments Π(θ, φ; Θ, Φ) dΩ, becomes, for fixed (Θ, Φ,n,N), the (unnormalized) probability for the system being prepared in the spin state whose direction is aligned to within dΩ of (θ, φ), conditioned by the measurement events which determined Π. If we take the density operator corresponding to this distribution function to be ρ = [∫dΩ,ρ0(θ, φ)Π(θ, φ; Θ, Φ)]/[∫dΩΠ(θ, φ; Θ, Φ)], where ρ0(θ, φ) is the density operator corresponding to the pure state aligned along (θ, φ), one finds that the probability of measuring “up” spin along (Θ, Φ), conditioned by a measurement of n “up” values in N trials is given by (n+1)/(N+2), which is Laplace’s rule of succession. Also presented is a geometrical parametrization of the density operator for a spin 1/2 system. The density operator for the pure state with spin orientation (θ, φ) is represented as the corresponding point on the unit sphere. Each point in the interior of the sphere represents a non-idempotent density operator, diagonal in the coordinate system in which the radial line to the representative point lies on the +2 axis, and such that the radius is equal to (σz) = λ↑ — λ↓. A measurement of n “up” values in TV trials, with a prior probability distribution that is uniform over the volume of this sphere, leads to (n+2)/(N+4) for the probability of measuring “up” spin; a more “cautious” rule of succession than that of Laplace.
Mutual Coupling Mitigation in Broadband Multiple-Antenna Communication Systems Using Feedforward Technique

An efficient method to mitigate the forward scattering (shadowing) effect and the near-field coupling among elements of broadband multiple-antenna communication systems is proposed. The technique is based on provision of a passive feedforward coupling among elements to cancel out the mutual couplings. Electrical current paths, with appropriate shape, location, and length, between adjacent elements are established to provide current distributions on adjacent elements that are approximately equal in magnitude and out of phase with the induced current on the same antenna due to the near-field coupling and scattering effects. As the coupling level decreases, the radiation pattern of an excited array element, in the presence of the other array elements, approaches the pattern of the antenna element in isolation. The technique is first detailed for a two-element wideband monoconical antenna array and is then extended to a uniform 12-element circular array of the same monoconical antennas where only feedforward paths are applied to circumferentially adjacent elements to reduce the coupling over a very wide bandwidth. The experimental results indicate that the application of the proposed feedforward technique to a 12-element circular array of monoconical antennas can provide a minimum of 2-dB reduction in the average gain deviation from omnidirectional radiation over an about 30% fractional bandwidth. Another important feature of the feedforward technique is removal of radiation nulls of the array elements at all frequencies and all directions.
Bilirubin metabolism and congenital jaundice

Although hyperbilirubinemia per se rarely results in secondary tissue damage, it is of considerable clinical interest as a manifestation of a variety of inherited and acquired disease processes. New findings and evolving concepts are discussed in the context of the various clinical disorders of bilirubin metabolism.
Women as Prisoners of War

American women are increasingly becoming involved in combat-related roles. Inevitably, our country will have several killed and taken prisoner. No National Academy of Science/National Research Council or VA study has ever been undertaken to examine the chronic sequelae of the experiences undergone by these captured women. This paper examines the after-effects of 3.5 years of incarceration on the 79 American women taken prisoner by the Japanese in the Philippines during World War II. Emphasis is given to their living conditions in a prisoner-of-war camp and their resulting long-term disabilities. Comparison of data reported in this paper with those of several epidemiological studies of male survivors of Philippine camps allows several novel points to be made. Overall, half of the women had a service-connected disability, exactly like the men. Furthermore, although the average degree of service-connected disability, 37%, is the same as that of the men, not one of the women in this study was service-connected for tuberculosis or peptic ulcer disease. This is a major finding, since, compared to age-matched combat controls, the men had a higher post-repatriation death rate for the first 7 years due to tuberculosis; likewise, peptic ulcer disease is so common in the male survivors that it is a presumptive service-connected disability.
CYTOLOGICAL DAMAGE IN MERCENARIAMERCENARIA EXPOSED TO PHENOL

Abstract Adult clams were exposed to various concentrations (1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 25000, 50000 parts per billion) of phenol in artificial seawater (25 %o) for 24 hours. Control animals were placed in artificial seawater only. Gills, gut, digestive gland and blood cells (hemocytes) were damaged. Basophllic tissue staining was evident at the lower concentrations of phenol; moderate necrosis and sloughing of ciliated ephithelial layers were seen at higher concentrations. Blood sinuses were distended and contained precipitated hemolymph. In the gill, only the chitinous supporting rods remained at 50000 PPB phenol. Electron microscopy also shows damage to epithelial cells. Cell and nuclear membranes remain intact at low concentrations; intracellular organelles (lysosomes, mitochondria, etc.) are in various stages of disintegration. At 10000 PPB cell membranes rupture. Hemocytes show extensive intracellular damage; at 1000 PPB and above only the hyaline cells remain intact.
BMI, Body Image, Emotional Well-Being and Weight-Control Behaviors in Urban African American Adolescents

Importance : While urban African American adolescents face significant health disparities associated with overweight and obesity that follow them into adulthood; there is limited data on body image, emotional well-being, and weight control behaviors in this population to design effective public health interventions. Objective : This study was designed to understand the association of weight status to adolescent weight control, body image, and emotional well-being responses, in African American high school students. Design/Setting/Participants : The study cohort consisted of 776 students, mean age 15.8 years (±1.2). Data from Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services (GAPS) student surveys and anthropometric studies were collected at School-Based Health Centers. Main Outcome Measures : Associations between adolescent responses on the GAPS and body mass index (BMI) status (healthy weight: 5th to less than 85th percentile, overweight: 85th to less than 95th percentile, obese: 95th percentile or greater) were estimated using logistic regression and dose- response plots. Results : There were statistically significant associations between BMI category and weight control (ranging from a mean 5.18 to 7.68 odds of obesity) and body image (3.40 to 13.26 odds of obesity) responses. Responses to weight control and body image questions exhibited a dose- response for odds of overweight and obesity. Feelings of depressed mood were associated with obesity (1.47 times the odds of obesity compared to students who did not endorse depressed mood; 95% CI, 1.01 to 2.13) but not overweight status. Conclusion and Relevance : Overweight and obese urban African American adolescents are more likely to screen positively on weight control risk behaviors and negative body image questions than their normal weight peers. The weight control and body image measures on the GAPS may provide information to identify youth in need of services and those motivated for brief school-based weight control interventions.
Disappearing climates will limit the efficacy of Amazonian protected areas

Amazonian forests support high biodiversity and provide valuable ecosystem services. Unfortunately, these forests are under extreme pressure from land use change and other anthropogenic disturbances. A recent study combined data from an Amazon-wide network of forest inventory plots with spatially explicit deforestation models to predict that by 2050, 36% or 57% of species will be ‘globally threatened’, as defined by IUCN Red List criteria, due to deforestation under Increased-Governance or Business-As-Usual scenarios, respectively. It was also predicted that the number of threatened species will drop by 29–44% if no deforestation occurs within protected areas. However, even the best-protected areas of the Amazon may still be susceptible to the effects of climate change and rising temperatures. To illustrate the potential dangers of climate change for Amazonian parks, we calculated the percentage of land area within all officially designated protected areas of tropical South America that will or will not have future temperature analogs under various scenarios of temperature change and park connectivity. We show that depending on the rate of warming and degree of connectivity, about 19–67% of protected areas will not have any temperature analogs in the near future (2050s). These results help to emphasize that protected areas are not immune to the effects of climate change and that large portions of Amazonian protected areas include ‘disappearing climates’. In the face of these disappearing climates, the biggest determinant of many species’ extinction risks may be their ability to migrate through non-protected habitats.
Beachgrass invasion in coastal dunes is mediated by soil microbes and lack of disturbance dependence

Biological invasions are a threat to ecological communities and ecosystems, yet understanding the processes that mediate invasion and the environmental contexts in which these processes are important remains a challenge. In this study, we investigated how disturbance and biotic interactions with pathogens and microbial symbionts mediate invasion of American beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata) in early- and late-successional coastal dune habitats. First, we tested the effect of disturbance on biomasses of two exotic beachgrass species (the invading A. breviligulata and the established A. arenaria) and a native beachgrass (Elymus mollis) by growing plants with and without a disturbance manipulation in early- and late-successional habitats. We quantified root colonization by fungal symbionts and infection by plant-parasitic nematodes to determine the effect of potential mutualists and pathogens on plant biomass. Second, we tested whether soil microbes associated with the established A. arenaria mediated A. breviligulata invasion by inoculating potted plants with microbes from early- and late-successional habitat. We found no effect of disturbance on biomass of the invading A. breviligulata or native E. mollis, whereas A. arenaria biomass increased when grown with disturbance. Colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and by fungal endophytes were poor predictors of plant biomass, and plant-parasitic nematodes were infrequently observed. Microbe addition increased belowground biomass of A. breviligulata, but not A. arenaria, compared to control treatments. Overall, our results suggest that A. breviligulata invasion in both the early- and late-successional habitat is mediated by its lack of disturbance dependence and positive effects of soil microbes. These results have important implications for other primary successional systems and contribute to our understanding of how ecological contexts influence invasion processes.
Making new Muslim Arains: reform and social mobility in colonial Punjab, 1890s-1910s

This paper contends that Salim al-tavarikh, a didactic genealogical history of the Arains published in 1919, was a sophisticated discursive means of claiming high social status for the community in...
Employee Turnover and Employee Performance: A Study among Nurses

This descriptive research study has been undertaken in private multispeciality hospitals, Tirunelveli City, Tamil Nadu to examine the perception of nurses towards the impact of employee turnover on employee performance. The study has sampled 60 nurses qualified with Diploma in General Nursing and Midwifery (DGNM) and Bachelor in Nursing (B.Sc Nursing) courses using judgement sampling technique. Primary data have been collected through a constructed questionnaire. Secondary data have been collected from books, journals, projects and journals. Percentage method has been applied to analyse profile of the respondents. The study has administered mean and standard deviation to understand perception of nurses towards impact of employee turnover on performance of the existing nurses. The results of the study has found that more workload for the existing employees, inability to leave the duty on time, health issues, inadequate care for the patients, conflict and dispute among the coworkers, stress, inability to take decisions on time and inability to segregate biomedical wastes are the foremost impact of employee turnover on performance of existing employees.
RADseq provides unprecedented insights into molecular ecology and evolutionary genetics: comment on Breaking RAD by Lowry et al. (2016).

In their recently corrected manuscript, "Breaking RAD: An evaluation of the utility of restriction site associated DNA sequencing for genome scans of adaptation", Lowry et al. argue that genome scans using RADseq will miss many loci under selection due to a combination of sparse marker density and low levels of linkage disequilibrium in most species. We agree that marker density and levels of LD are important considerations when designing a RADseq study; however, we dispute that RAD-based genome scans are as prone to failure as Lowry et al. suggest. Their arguments ignore the flexible nature of RADseq; the availability of different restriction enzymes and capacity for combining restriction enzymes ensures that a well-designed study should be able to generate enough markers for efficient genome coverage. We further believe that simplifying assumptions about linkage disequilibrium in their simulations are invalid in many species. Finally, it is important to note that the alternative methods proposed by Lowry et al. have limitations equal to or greater than RADseq. The wealth of studies with positive impactful findings that have used RAD genome scans instead supports the argument that properly conducted RAD genome scans are an effective method for gaining insight into ecology and evolution, particularly for non-model organisms and those with large or complex genomes.
Phase I pilot study of oxaliplatin, infusional 5-FU, and cetuximab in recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer.

e16027 Background: Platinum-based chemotherapy including cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and the EGFR-directed monoclonal antibody cetuximab, are active in the treatment of head and neck squamous...
How changes in physical activity relate to fatigue interference, mood, and quality of life during treatment for non-metastatic breast cancer.

Objective Physical activity (PA) following surgery for breast cancer may improve depressive symptoms and quality of life (QoL) via reduction in fatigue-related daily interference (FRDI). Less is known about how change in PA may relate to these psychosocial factors throughout the course of treatment. In a secondary analysis of a previous psychosocial intervention trial, we examined relationships between change in PA, depressive symptoms, and functional QoL, as mediated by change in FRDI, and whether naturally occurring change in PA provided benefit independent of the intervention.
Philosophical methodology and leadership ethics

Many leadership researchers aim to advise organizations about how to select and develop ethical leaders, to tell business educators how to teach people to be ethical, or to describe ethical leadership. Yet for these tasks, empirical approaches that address questions about ethics with surveys, experiments, and case studies are insufficient on their own in answering the question, “what should a leader do?” I first argue that descriptive approaches to leadership ethics, such as conceptual analysis, case studies, survey research, and lab experiments, cannot on their own tell us what a leader ought to do when he or she faces a morally difficult circumstance. I then show that the question “what should a leader do?” can be addressed through philosophical analysis. Though philosophers disagree about the nature of morality, most agree that there are truths about morality and that we can make progress in learning about how to live and lead ethically. To close, I consider and respond to the objection that philosophi...