cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An STM study of molecular-beam epitaxy growth of GaAs

Scanning tunneling microscopy has been used to investigate molecular-beam epitaxy growth of GaAs. By quenching the sample during deposition, we have imaged the GaAs(001) surface as it appeared during growth. Large scale images of the surface have been obtained at coverages varying from 0.25 to 1500 layers.
The kinetics of diffused substances in some biological systems

The purpose of this paper is to present a method for the determination of a solution for a coupled system of first order initial boundary-value problems arising from some biological systems. The physical problem is to determine the suspended and the superficial molecular concentrations of a traced substance passing through an organ containing a tangle of vessels, such as the kidney-ureter system. The approach to the problem is by successive approximation which leads to a recursion formula for the determination of the solution as well as error estimates for the approximations. The recursion formula involves only direct integration which indicates a promising possibility in obtaining numerical results by using a computer. In addition to the determination of a solution, some qualitative analysis of the solution is given. This includes the existence of a unique solution, the continuous dependency of the solution on the data, and the stability problem of a steady-state solution.
Vorticity and Divergence Fields within Tornadic Storms from Dual-Doppler Observations.

Abstract Tornadic storms passed between the two NSSL Doppler radars on 20 April and 8 June, 1974. Both radars simultaneously collected Dopplar data throughout these storms. From the derived velocity fields, vorticity and divergence calculations were made. Strongest convergence is noted in the weak echo region and between opposing vorticity centers.
Calibration of a computer-controlled precision wavemeter for use with pulsed lasers.

The design of a pulsed wavemeter to monitor the high-precision tuning of pulsed (as well as cw) laser sources is presented. This device is developed from a combination of silver-coated Fabry–Perot etalons with various plate spacings. These etalons provide stepwise refinement of the wavelength to be measured. The wavemeter is controlled by a computer through a CAMAC interface, which measures the absolute wavelength in the visible with an accuracy of 2 parts in 108. The time required for data acquisition and computation to measure the refined wavelength with a single 2-MHz CPU is less than 100 ms. We describe the calibration of the instrument over the wavelength range 400–850 nm. We obtain the required calibration lines by locking lasers on hyperfine transitions of iodine, uranium, rubidium, and cesium. Methods to reduce the number of calibration lines required for calibration of the system are described. The expected wavelength-dependent phase shift of the silver coatings is compared with that measured for the etalon following calibration. The differences are larger than expected because of either optical aberations or the use of centroids to measure the fringe position.
Effect of Subreflector and Feed Scattering in Dual-Shaped Reflector Single-Chamber Compact Ranges

ABSTRACT The effects of feed interference and diffraction scattering from the subreflector in dualshaped reflector single-chamber compact ranges are investigated. These effects are manifested as undesirable ripple of the fields in the quiet or measurement zone of the compact range. Reduction of this ripple can be accomplished, without any deleterious effects on range performance, by serrating or rolling the edges of the subreflector, and/or, as investigated herein and earlier, by substantial reduction of the shaped subreflector edge fields. In an earlier work, the feed spillover fields and the diffraction from the subreflector radiating directly into the measurement zone was not accounted for in the single chamber geometry. We intend, in this paper, to show the effects of this scattering on the measurements zone ripple. Three dual shaped models are considered — a -30 dB subreflector edge taper, a -20 dB taper, and a - 10 dB taper. In general, the -20 dB and -30 dB edge tapers prove sufficient to result in...
Evaluating the post-release efficacy of invasive plant biocontrol by insects: a comprehensive approach

We propose a comprehensive program to evaluate the post-release phase of biocontrol programs that use insect herbivores to control invasive plant species. We argue that any release should be done in randomized release and non-release sites and should be followed up by well-replicated sampling and experimental protocols that evaluate the degree of success or failure. These follow-up studies should include landscape scale monitoring across relevant habitat gradients of (1) the abundance of the biocontrol agent, (2) the impact of the biocontrol agent on the target plant species, (3) the potential for non-target effects, and (4) the response of native species and communities to a reduction in the invasive species. We also argue that (5) experimental reductions of the biocontrol agent are required to eliminate the chance that the putative impact of the biocontrol agent is not confounded with other causes. Finally, we describe six scenarios, informed largely by a community ecology perspective, in which a biocontrol agent may decrease the abundance or vigor of the target plant species but not lead to successful control where native communities re-establish. We classify these failure scenarios as either direct or indirect effects of the invasive plant species: Native Source Limitation, Static Competitive Hierarchies, Novel Weapons, Trophic Shifts, Invasive Engineering and Associated Invasives. Overall, we argue that well replicated and landscape-scale post release monitoring programs are required not only to evaluate critically the degree of success and failure of biocontrol programs worldwide but also to provide insights into improving future biocontrol efforts.
Estimation of potential productivity in Eastern Boundary Currents using remote sensing

Abstract This study provides a satellite-based estimate of potential primary production in the four Eastern Boundary Currents (EBCs), i.e. the California, Humboldt, Canary, and Benguela currents, from the first 24 months of the Sea-Viewing Wide Field of View Sensor, SeaWiFS. Within each EBC, production was estimated for the area of high chlorophyll concentration ( >1 mg m −3 ) or active area, which is likely to determine the production that can be utilized by higher trophic levels. Primary production decreased with latitude within each EBC while the extent of the active area was related to the magnitude of offshore transport. The most productive EBC was the Benguela Current (0.37 Gt C yr −1 ) , followed by the Canary (0.33 Gt C yr −1 ) , Humboldt (0.20 Gt C yr −1 ) , and California (0.04 Gt C yr −1 ) Currents. Interannual differences between 1997, 1998, and 1999 were largest for 1997 (measured by the Ocean Color Temperature Scanner, OCTS), which may be due primarily to the different sensor and algorithm. The Humboldt Current was more productive, and the Canary much less, during 1997 than in the two following years. The El Nino of 1997–1998 led to smaller annual production in 1998 in the Pacific EBCs. The upper bound of sustainable fish yield was estimated assuming a food chain of 2.6 links and an average trophic efficiency of 10%. The resulting values are 4–150 times larger than the observed fish catch from 1990 through 1997. Actual catch data in the Benguela Current were 20 times smaller than in the Humboldt Current. The most likely explanations for the differences in potential and observed fish catch are related to differing trophic structure and spatial accessibility in different EBCs. If the estimated yield is an upper bound that will be decreased to 10% or 20% by environmental accessibility, the small pelagic fishery in all four EBCs is likely to be food-limited.
Organizational assimilation and role rejection

Abstract Data on several types of assimilation variables was collected during the first five months of employment of 62 nonacademic employees of a large university. Cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of this data for those employees who rejected their organizational role and quit within a matter of months and those who remained on the job revealed the following significant differences: (a) role rejectors were characterized by higher levels of supervisor ambiguity throughout the period and increasing peer ambiguity, (b) role rejectors were characterized by higher levels of actual role conflict throughout the period and perceived greater conflict after four months, (c) role rejectors expressed lower satisfaction throughout the period, and (d) supervisors of role rejectors decreased their performance expectations.
Enteroscopic diagnosis of bleeding jejunal phlebectasia: a case report and review of literature

V a s c u l a r les ions of the g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l t r a c t a re a c o m m o n cause of g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l b leeding. However, t he m a j o r i t y of t he se les ions a re seen in the s tomach , d u o d e n u m , and colon. Once lesions accessible to the u p p e r endoscope a n d the colonoscope h a v e b e e n exc luded , t he a p p r o a c h a n d m a n a g e m e n t of s m a l l i n t e s t i n a l b l e e d i n g r e m a i n s diff icul t a n d unc l ea r . We r e p o r t a case in w h i c h the diagnos i s of b l e e d i n g g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l p h l e b e c t a s i a was m a d e by en t e ro scopy in a p a t i e n t wi th r e c u r r e n t g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l b leeding.
Extensive measurements of snow depth using FM-CW radar

A sled-mounted X-band FM-CW radar and field data reduction system was developed and field tested. An integral part of the measurement program was the use of a computer algorithm to pick peak radar amplitudes, which were needed to convert radar data into depths in the field. A set of field protocols, designed to collocate radar and hand-probe depth measurements, were used with the algorithm to locally calibrate the radar because, without local calibration, depths were unreliable. Mean snow depths determined using the calibrated radar agreed with mean depths determined by hand to within 3% but had a consistently larger variance because of radar measurement errors. An analysis of the errors indicates that they are random and can be removed by filtering using an Optimal (Wiener) filter, thereby producing both the same mean and variance in snow depth from the radar as that obtained by hand-probing.
Imatinib mesylate in the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumour.

Imatinib mesylate is a selective and potent small-molecule inhibitor of tyrosine kinases, including Kit, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and the BCR–Abl fusion protein. Kit plays an important role in gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) and is one of the most exciting therapeutic targets discovered so far. Clinical trials have consistently shown the dramatic efficacy of imatinib mesylate in patients with GIST. This article will review the development and pharmacology of this small-molecule inhibitor and summarise the clinical trials of imatinib mesylate for the treatment of GIST. Although imatinib mesylate has significantly improved the outcomes of most patients with advanced GIST, unanswered questions remain: what is the role of imatinib mesylate in the pre- and postoperative settings? What is the mechanism of the antitumour activity of imatinib? How do you manage patients whose tumours are refractory to imatinib mesylate?
Potential problems with the use of distilled water in pesticide residue analyses

Abstract Precautions should be taken with distilled water that may be included in any scheme of analysis for pesticides, especially in the nanogram-picogram analytical range, to insure that the water has not been contaminated with organic components derived from the water distillation system. Ultimate analysis of the sample by gas chromatography, utilizing an electron capture detector, will record any contaminants present and they may confuse the interpretation of the pesticide analytical data. Preferably, an all-glass still unit which contains no plastic fittings of any type should be used. Some of the potential problems with distilled water that may occur if plastic or resin components are included in the distillation system are discussed in this report.
Seasonal Acclimatization to Extreme Climatic Conditions by Black‐Capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapilla) in Interior Alaska (64°N)

Abstract Winters in interior Alaska (64°N) are characterized by short photoperiod (5L:19D) and chronic subfreezing temperatures. To determine if seasonal acclimatization of black‐capped chickadees (Poecile atricapilla) at high latitude differs from that of conspecifics at lower latitudes, standard metabolic rates (SMR), metabolic response to low temperature (−30°C), nocturnal hypothermia, body mass, fat reserves, and conductance were measured over two winters and one summer in three groups of seasonally acclimatized birds. Body mass and conductance did not vary with season, although furcular fat levels were higher in winter. Birds used nocturnal hypothermia when exposed to −30°C in summer or winter. Although SMR did not vary seasonally, winter SMRs differed between the two winters of the study. Nocturnal hypothermia in summer and decreased SMR in response to extreme conditions may either reflect plasticity inherent to all populations of black‐capped chickadees or may result from individual variation withi...
Forever Unprepared — The Predictable Unpredictability of Pathogens

The recent behavior of two infamous pathogens — methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and this winter's pre-swine edition of influenza virus — has proved an embarrassment to scientists everywhere. Dr. Kent Sepkowitz writes that nothing microbes do should surprise us.
Getting Hooked on News: Uses and Gratifications and the Formation of News Habits Among College Students in an Internet Environment.

The present research proposed a theory of news habit formation based in the uses and gratifications paradigm and applied it to emerging patterns of news consumption among college students. Five distinctive patterns emerged: hometown newspapers, comedy news, cable news, Internet news, and broadcast news. A sixth consumption pattern included diverse sources specializing in depth news coverage. Surveillance and escapism gratifications were the most consistent predictors of news consumption behavior across these patterns. However, habit strength was the most powerful predictor of news consumption overall. Consumption of depth and hometown newspaper sources were related to current events knowledge.
A high-sensitivity, high-B1 homogeneity probe for quantitation of metabolites

Accurate quantitation of metabolites in biological samples of irregular shape and in-homogeneous composition is generally acknowledged to be difficult. The difficulties are less pronounced with a probe having excellent B1 field homogeneity, high sensitivity, and a resonant frequency independent of sample size and composition. A prototype probe that aims to fulfill these requirements in wide-bore horizontal magnets is described. It comprises four separate tuned rings on a spherical surface which give a B1 field that is flat to ±1% over the design volume. Inter-ring coupling, and to a fifth ring used for matching, is by induction, and the mathematics of the tuning of the system are derived. It is shown that resonant frequency variation with sample size is negligible, and that the sensitivity closely approaches the theoretical limit. © 1990 Academic Press, Inc.
High resolution Raman spectroscopy of gases with laser sources. X. The pure rotational spectrum of borazine

The pure rotational Raman spectrum of borazine (B3N3H6) vapor was photographed with a high resolution plane grating spectrograph. Two sets of rotational spectra, each consisting of R- and S-branches, are observed and are assigned to the molecules 11B3N3H6 and 11B210BN3H6 which are concurrently present in a sample containing boron in its natural isotopic abundance. Spectral features which are due to the other two isotopic variants of borazine (11B10B2N3H6 and 10B3N3H6) were not detected. From the observed rotational lines the following constants were determined. For the symmetric top molecule 11B3N3H6, B = 0.175581 cm−1, DJ = 2.36 × 10−8 cm−1 while for the slightly asymmetric top molecule 11B2BN3H6B =1/2(A + B) = 0.177565 cm−1 and Dj = 4.39 × 10−8 cm −1. Since an appreciable number of molecules are in excited vibrational states at room temperature the observed spectra are composites of pure rotational transitions in these excited vibrational states as well as the ground state. The above constants are therefore averages over the ground and excited vibrational states of these molecules. Since resolved spectral features due to 11B10B2N3H6 and 10B3N3H6 were not detected the above constants must also be viewed as averages over these isotopic variants. The B-value for 11B3N3H6 was calculated using the electron diffraction structures for two suggested models, having C2 and D3h symmetry. These computed B-values are in disagreement with the observed, spectroscopic B-value by approximately 1.2%.
Reactivity Of Iso-diiodomethane And Iso-iodoform, Isomers Of Ch2i2 And Chi3, Toward The Double Bond Of A Variety Of Cycloalkenes

The metastable CH2I-I and CHI2-I isomers formed by UV photolysis of CH2I2 and CHI3 transfer methylene and iodomethylene groups, respectively, to a variety of cycloalkenes, leading to their cyclopropanation. More than a 100-fold increase of the reaction rate with increasing solvent polarity suggests a dipolar transition state. The fastest second-order rates observed were in CH3CN. However, CH2Cl2 will be the more appropriate reaction medium because the isomer thermal stability is greater in CH2Cl2 than in the more polar CH3CN.
Noninvasive assessment of myocardial contractility, preload, and afterload in healthy newborn infants

Assessment of ventricular contractility in the newborn infant using standard echocardiographic indexes can result in error due to the unique physiologic state that exists in the neonatal period. It has been suggested from animal and human studies that maturational alterations in contractility occur with birth and continue throughout infancy. To further investigate these developmental changes, 41 newborn infants aged 3 to 10 days and 37 children aged 3 to 18 years were evaluated with 2-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography. The rate-corrected velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCFc)-end-systolic wall stress (ESWS) relation was used as a load-independent estimate of contractility. Preload, afterload, and ventricular mass were also measured. Despite similar shortening fractions, the infant group had significantly higher mean VCFc and lower ESWS than the older age group (1.28 vs 1.08 circ/s and 30.2 vs 37.3 gm/m2, respectively). An inverse linear relation between VCFc and ESWS was found in both age groups. The y-intercept was higher in the infant group (p < 0.01), and the slope of the mean regression line was steeper than in the older children (p < 0.01). Ventricular mass in relation to body surface area increased with age. We conclude that (1) newborn infants have a higher basal contractile state that cannot be accounted for by lower afterload, (2) myocardial performance is more sensitive to afterload in the immature heart, and (3) shortening fraction may underestimate ventricular function in the newborn.
Analysis of the wavelength-to-depth encoded interference microscopy for three-dimensional imaging

An interference microscope based on a wavelength-to-depth encoding technique is analyzed. The wavelength-to-depth encoding is achieved with a diffractive lens and a wavelength-tunable laser. The the- oretical depth resolution is consistent with the experimental result. The technique offers a comparable depth resolution as traditional depth scanning. With the rapid advances in microfabrication and wavelength- tunable lasers, the system is promising for fast, noncontact, and high- resolution three-dimensional imaging. © 2002 Society of Photo-Optical Instru- mentation Engineers. (DOI: 10.1117/1.1474439)
Repeated exposure and associative conditioning promote preschool children’s liking of vegetables

Most young children do not meet current dietary recommendations, consuming too many energy-dense foods and too few nutrient-dense foods like vegetables. We compared two approaches to increasing children’s liking of vegetables by having them repeatedly taste small portions of vegetables that were initially not liked, presented either alone (repeated exposure; RE) or with a liked dip (associative conditioning; AC). We first conducted a between-subjects experiment, where classrooms at a childcare center were each assigned a vegetable that most children did not like, and individual children were assigned to either the RE or AC condition. A second experiment was conducted to test whether the same results would be obtained using a within-subjects design, in which each child was assigned to repeatedly taste two vegetables that were not liked, one presented with dip and one without. In both experiments, vegetable liking was assessed before, during, and after a series of eight tasting trials, and vegetable intake was measured before and after the tasting trials in Experiment 1. In both experiments, children’s vegetable liking increased from pre- to post-test, but there was no evidence of associative conditioning effects. Increases in vegetable liking, as well as intake, were similar across conditions. Although the addition of the liked dip did not augment overall effects on vegetable liking, there was some evidence that the liked dips could be used to encourage initial tasting of vegetables. In both experiments and both conditions, increases in liking were detected by the sixth exposure to the vegetable. Additional tasting trials did not produce additional increases in liking, but the increases in liking were sustained throughout the experiments. The current evidence suggests that administering few small tastes of vegetables that are initially not liked can have a lasting impact on preschool children’s liking and intake of those vegetables.
Bad Behavior, Ethnicity, and Level of School Diversity

This article examines the relationship between discipline problems, ethnicity, and the diversity level of schools. Four levels of diversity in schools were created. Results are inconclusive as to whether school desegregation helps to reduce behavioral problems; although the somewhat segregated school and the segregated school have lower percentages of students with behavioral problems when compared to the diverse school and the somewhat segregated school, which have slightly higher expulsion rates and higher percentages of violent behaviors. Somewhat diverse schools have the highest percentage of high frequency offenders. Black youth overshadow all other groups in terms of bad behavior. They have the highest suspension/expulsion rates compared to other groups and the highest in-group suspension/expulsion rates at each of the four levels of schools.
On the metallization of the LiF monolayer

Abstract Earlier the LiF monolayer, in the geometry of the (100) plane in the NaCl structure, had been studied using the density-functional-based program FILMS. The equilibrium F-F lattice spacing (a) was found to be 4.95 a.u., and the gap found to be indirect (J → Γ) with a bandgap of 6.83 eV, as opposed to the bulk which has a calculated direct gap reported between 9.8 and 10.5 eV. Here we have studied uniform planar compression of the lattice. The bands broaden, as expected, and the gap closes but remains indirect. The system becomes a conductor at a lattice constant of approximately 2.89 a.u. As the gap remains indirect throughout compression, there is no dramatic redistribution of electron density as a function of decreasing lattice parameter, and thus no strong effect on properties such as the stopping power when the system metallizes.
Laboratory experiments on high Rayleigh number thermal convection in a rapidly rotating hemispherical shell

Abstract We report the results of laboratory experiments on high Rayleigh number thermal convection in a rotating hemispherical shell at Ekman number of Ek =4.7×10 −6 . We use the combined effect of centrifugal acceleration and laboratory gravity in the lower hemisphere of a spherical shell to simulate the gravity in the Earth's core. Visualization and recording of the pattern and flow, together with the measurements of temperature time series, are used to quantify the motions. We study the change in the convective pattern and temperature structure vs. the Rayleigh number, Ra , up to 45 times the critical value Ra c . Three major regimes are found. For Ra / Ra c Ra / Ra c Ra / Ra c >8 (regime iii), we observe dual convection, driven by cold plumes from the inner boundary and by warm plumes from the outer boundary. This produces a very fine-scaled geostrophic turbulence. A retrograde flow, fastest near the inner boundary, is present in this regime, perhaps driven by Reynolds stresses. The transition from (ii) to (iii) is caused by difference in the wave number of the plumes originating from the inner and outer boundaries, i.e., the cold plumes from the inner boundary have smaller wave numbers as compared to warm plumes from the outer boundary, owing to differences in the outer boundary slope. Temperature measurements by thermistor probes indicate oscillations with a typical period corresponding to the azimuthal drift of columnar structures past the fixed probes, as well as nonsinusoidal features arising from nonlinearity. Convection is the main form of heat transfer in most of the range covered, and is pronounced in the equatorial region. Under the assumption of geostrophic balance, we suggest several new interpretations for convection in the Earth's core.
Brief report: The development of superstitious beliefs in the effectiveness of treatment of anger: Evidence for the importance of experimental program evaluation in applied settings

Many youth placed in out of home care have serious anger and aggression problems. These youth create much administrative and staff frustration. This frustration can cause program administrators to look to new treatment modalities whether inside or outside of their specific milieu for the therapeutic solutions to these problems. This randomized control group study provides an example of the importance of experimental program evaluation when an applied setting begins a drift towards the use of new treatment modalities. The results showed that both treatment and control groups improved over time but that there was no differences between groups in the daily number of angry incidents, the number of youth negatively terminated from the program, or self-report of state-trait anger expression. The results also suggest that without this research the noneffective intervention would have continued to be funded and given causative status for the observed improvements in referred youth behavior into the foreseeable future. Moreover, the development of these types of superstitious beliefs may lead child care organizations to spend scarce dollars on expensive treatments that do not increase the efficacy of the treatment as usual. Thus, this study shows that there are potential economic and treatment efficacy reasons for the use of experimental program evaluation when new treatments are implemented.
Determining the probability of future smoking among adolescents.

Aims. To determine whether the probability of future current established smoking among adolescents is related to both previous smoking experience and cognitions regarding future smoking. Design, setting and participants. The analyses used two principal datasets: (1) a US longitudinal sample of 7960 adolescents 12-18 years old in 1989 reinterviewed at 15-22 years in 1993, (2) a California longitudinal sample of 3376 adolescents 12-17 years old in 1993 reinterviewed at 15-20 years in 1996. Measures. Previous smoking experience was categorized as never smoked, puffed, non-recent or recent experimenting, and non-recent or current established smoking (≥ 100 cigarettes in life-time). Smoking intentions and efficacy expectations were used to classify adolescents as having low- or high-risk cognitions. Findings. High-risk cognitions (HRCs) increased the probability of future current established smoking (FCES) within each level of previous smoking experience over low-risk cognitions (LRCs); the probability of FCES for those with LRCs was about the same as those in the previous experience group with HRCs. In the US sample, the 4-year probability of FCES ranged from 5.6% for committed never smokers (with LRCs) to 83.0% for current established smokers with HRCs. Development of HRCs among middle-school never smokers occurred rapidly through age 14 years. However, current established smoking did not increase until age 14 years and stabilized by age 19 years. Where sample size was sufficient, these findings were validated in the California sample. Conclusions. Effective prevention programs should aim to convert HRCs to LRCs regardless of past behavior, particularly among middle-school never smokers and high-school experimenters.
Transit tumor retrieval preserves RNA fidelity and obviates snap-freezing.

Genetic expression profiling is enabling investigators to discover new diagnostic and possibly therapeutic pathways in sarcoma biology. To draw substantial conclusions from these molecular analyses, adequate tissue samples must be accrued. Beyond cohort size, the most variable and limiting aspect of
A Storage-Efficient $WY$ Representation for Products of Householder Transformations

A product $Q = P_{1} \cdots P_{r}$ of m-by-m Householder matrices can be written in the form $Q = I + WY^{T}$ where W and Y are each m-by-r. This is called the WY representation of Q. It is of interest when implementing Householder techniques in high-performance computing environments that ``like'''' matrix-matrix multiplication. In this note we describe a storage efficient way to implement the WY representation. In particular, we show how the matrix Q can be expressed in the form $Q = I + YTY^{T}$ where $Y \epsilon R^{mxr}$ and $T \epsilon R^{rxr}$ with T upper triangular. Usually r >> m and so this ``compact'''' WY representation requires less storage. When compared with the recent block-reflector strategy proposed by Schreiber and Parlett the new technique still has a storage advantage and involves a comparable amount of work.
Invited talk: The perfect memory storm

The 2000 Warner Brothers blockbuster movie “The Perfect Storm” depicted how a confluence of weather conditions in October 1991 combined to produce an epic killer storm in the North Atlantic. Caught in the storm was the swordfishing boat Andrea Gail. The boat and crew did not survive. Fast forwarding to 2014, the memory industry appears to be facing a perfect storm of its own. While survival of the industry is not at stake, it should nonetheless be an interesting period for anyone involved in producing or consuming memory. The forces contributing to this perfect memory storm include an apparent end to the evolutionary DDR roadmap, ongoing process scaling issues, industry consolidation, advances in emerging memory technology, and greater end market segmentation. This presentation will begin by briefly examining each of these issues and how they impact the path forward for memory. After that, the talk will focus on how this perfect storm might actually produce opportunities for technical innovation and result in a more differentiated product mix that would better serve the individual end markets. The Hybrid Memory Cube will be discussed within this context as a relevant and timely example.
Three-dimensional source inversion of self-potential data

[1] The self-potential (SP) method has long been used for a variety of geophysical applications because of its ease of acquisition, but has suffered from difficulty in interpretation of the data. Self-potential signals result from a source term that is coupled with the earth resistivity and appropriate boundary conditions. This work describes an inversion methodology for determining the self-potential sources from measured SP and resistivity data. The SP source inversion is a linear problem, though it is complicated by nonuniqueness that is common to potential-field problems. The linear operator is also poorly conditioned because of the limited set of measurements, which are often constrained to the earth's surface. Our approach utilizes model regularization that selects a class of solutions which fit the data with sources that are spatially compact. Large variations in sensitivity due to distance and resistivity structure throughout the model are addressed through the use of a scaling term derived from the Green's functions that define the linear operator. A significant benefit of these methods is the resolution of targets at depth from surface measurements alone. This inversion technique is first illustrated with a simple synthetic data set. In a second example we apply this approach to a field data set taken from previously published literature and investigate the effects of different resistivity structure assumptions on the inversion results. The spatial distribution of sources provides useful information that can subsequently be interpreted in terms of physical processes that generate the SP data.
Microwave heating of apple mash to improve juice yield and quality

Abstract The effects of four heat treatments of apple mash on juice yield and quality were evaluated and compared to juice produced from unheated apple mash at 21°C. Fuji and McIntosh apple mashes were heated to bulk temperatures of 40°C, 50°C, 60°C and 70°C in a 2450 MHz microwave oven at 1500 W. Juice yield increased when mash was heated before pressing. Cider produced from the heated mashes had comparable pH, titratable acidity, and sensory characteristics to cider produced from room temperature mashes; however, total phenolic and flavonoid content of the juice increased with increasing mash temperature. Soluble solids and turbidity also increased as treatment temperature increased.
The correction of X-ray fluorescence analyses for scattered background peaks of target elements

Abstract A method for correcting X-ray spectrochemical analyses for scattered tube lines in the background is described. In cases where the bulk composition of a sample is known, a computational correction can be made on the basis of X-ray scattering theory. In the absence of detailed chemical knowledge of the sample, an approximate technique involving little calculation may be employed. The method should improve the accuracy of trace analyses for elements which are present as contaminants in the target of the X-ray tube.
Phenolic compounds protect cultured hippocampal neurons against ethanol-withdrawal induced oxidative stress.

Ethanol withdrawal is linked to elevated oxidative damage to neurons. Here we report our findings on the contribution of phenolic antioxidants (17β-estradiol, p-octyl-phenol and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) to counterbalance sudden ethanol withdrawal-initiated oxidative events in hippocampus-derived cultured HT-22 cells. We showed that ethanol withdrawal for 4 h after 24-h ethanol treatment provoked greater levels of oxidative damage than the preceding ethanol exposure. Phenolic antioxidant treatment either during ethanol exposure or ethanol withdrawal only, however, dose-dependently reversed cellular oxidative damage, as demonstrated by the significantly enhanced cell viability, reduced malondialdehyde production and protein carbonylation, compared to untreated cells. Interestingly, the antioxidant treatment schedule had no significant impact on the observed neuroprotection. In addition, the efficacy of the three phenolic compounds was practically equipotent in protecting HT-22 cells in spite of predictions based on an in silico study and a cell free assay of lipid peroxidation. This finding implies that free-radical scavenging may not be the sole factor responsible for the observed neuroprotection and warrants further studies to establish, whether the HT-22 line is indeed a suitable model for in vitro screening of antioxidants against EW-related neuronal damage.
Assessing the sustainability of renewable energy technologies

The objective of this research is to assess the sustainability of various renewable energy technologies, ranging from small solar panels to utility-scale wind farms. While potential environmental impacts associated with these technologies are broad, the focus here is greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and freshwater withdrawal. GHG impacts are global in nature; however, for freshwater consumption the environmental carrying capacity is spatially dependent varying widely by location. In this study, eco-efficiency is measured by use of the Sustainability Target Method (STM) to relate economic value to environmental impact and determine an absolute measure for sustainability. The research presented here provides a generic methodology for determining freshwater carrying capacity with an application to New Jersey. Dynamic system simulation is used as a complement to the lifecycle assessment methodology to create a robust technique for analyzing sustainability and eco-efficiency at the system and process level, focusing on energy use and GHG, as well as water consumption.
Mental Spatial Transformations in 14- and 16-Month-Old Infants: Effects of Action and Observational Experience

Infants' ability to mentally track the orientation of an object during a hidden rotation was investigated (N = 28 in each experiment). A toy on a turntable was fully covered and then rotated 90°. When revealed, the toy had turned with the turntable (probable event), remained at its starting orientation (improbable event in Experiment 1), or turned to the opposite side (improbable event in Experiment 2). Results demonstrated a developmental progression between 14 and 16 months of age in infants' sensitivity to spatial object relations and their ability to track the orientation of an object during hidden rotation. Experiment 3 showed that 14-month-olds' performance improved with hands-on training, highlighting the role of action experience in cognitive development.
Development of surface micromachined magnetic actuators using electroplated permalloy

Abstract Results on design, fabrication and testing of silicon micromachined magnetic actuators are presented. Magnetic actuators are capable of providing large force (in the order of mN) and large displacement (micrometer to millimeter range) within micro electromechanical devices and systems. Electroplated permalloy (Ni80Fe20) material is the media for magnetic interaction and force generation. The permalloy piece is supported by a structural plate, which consists of polycrystalline silicon thin film. Applications of such magnetic actuators in massive parallel assembly and high-yield surface-structure release are discussed.
Surfactant-induced changes in gravity fingering of water through a light oil

Gravity-driven preferential flow (fingering) can greatly affect how one fluid displaces another in the subsurface. We have studied the internal properties of these preferential flow paths for water, with and without surfactants, infiltrating into oil saturated porous media using synchrotron X-rays, and miniature tensiometers to characterize fluid content and pressure relationships. We also used a light transmission technique to visualize overall flow pattern. Capillary pressure and water content decrease behind the front, similar to fingers in air-dry sand, with quantitative differences for five different surfactants with surface tensions ranging from 4–21 g/s2. Using unstable flow theory, the finger widths, capillary pressure drops within the fingers, finger tip lengths, and finger splitting dynamics were scaled successfully with interfacial tension, fluid density, and the contact angle using the fingers in air–water systems as the reference.
The Causal Organisation of Emotional Knowledge: A Developmental Study

Abstract Using a theory of emotional understanding, the basis for distinguishing among happiness, anger, and sadness was investigated. Three and six-year-old children and adults predicted and explained people's emotional responses to different types of events. The events varied as to whether a person's goal was to attain or to avoid a state, whether the goal was achieved or not, who or what was responsible for success or failure, and whether the outcome was intentional or accidental. For all groups, the attainment and maintenance of goals was the primary focus of explanations for emotions and for the plans that followed emotions. A distinct set of features was used to infer and explain happiness as opposed to anger and sadness. Happiness was elicited by goal success and was followed by plans to maintain or enjoy current goal states. Anger and sadness were elicited by goal failure and were followed by plans to reinstate, replace, or forfeit goals. Anger occurred more frequently than sadness when an aversiv...
Turkey industry strategies for control of respiratory and enteric diseases

Current strategies to control respiratory and enteric diseases of turkeys involve sanitation and biosecurity practices to prevent the introduction of infectious agents. In addition, proper husbandry and management practice reduce stress and help maintain a competent immune system. Industry-wide monitoring programs are used in conjunction with isolation, depopulation, and orderly marketing to eliminate pathogens that cause serious economic loss. Vaccines are available and utilized against some pathogens. Effective drug treatment is available and used for some diseases but is most commonly used to control secondary disease losses when treatment is not available for the primary disease.
A morphological and cytochemical study of sperm development inHymenolepis diminuta

Sperm development inHymenolepis diminuta was studied by light and electron microscopy and cytochemical techniques. Spermatogenesis involves a complex series of events in which syncytia are formed. At the light-microscope level, spermatozoa formation was first observed as a ‘threading out’ of the peripheral cytoplasm of the 64-nuclear syncytium. Electronmicroscopic studies confirmed and expanded the light-microscopic observations. Cytochemical and morphological observations demonstrated that mature spermatozoa ofHymenolepis diminuta lack mitochondria. Glycogen was present only in mature spermatozoa and only in the form of β-particles. Acid phosphatase was demonstrated in the axoneme of mature spermatozoa.
PROJECT PARENTING: CHILD INTERACTIONAL TRAINING WITH MOTHERS WHO ARE MENTALLY HANDICAPPED

In the first part of the study behaviour of nine mothers with mental handicap towards their children was compared to that of a contrast group toward their children. Praising and labelling rates by the mothers with mental handicap were less than those for the contrast mothers while there was little verbal and no physical punishment by either group. In the second part of the study following a multiple baseline procedure the mothers with mental handicap were sequentially trained to praise and to engage in positive physical behaviour; to label and to ask questions and to model activities. While there are few data points, praise and labelling as well as the other targeted behaviours increased after training for most mothers with mental handicap. However, several mothers learned slowly and lost their gains after a month's follow-up. These mothers were characterised as having problems in addition to their mental handicap that would interfere in their optimal learning of stimulating parenting skills. The implications of these results are discussed.
When a Parent Is Chronically Ill: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Background Chronic illness may reshape not only the life of the ill parent but also that of the entire family, but research in this area remains limited. More specifically, little is known about how an ill parent and the family respond to a particularly devastating and controversial chronic illness, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Objectives The objective of this study was to describe the responses of the parent and the ensuing family system responses to the presence of chronic fatigue syndrome as a chronic parental illness. Methods Parents were interviewed individually, and then the ill parent and as many immediate family members as possible were interviewed collectively. After consent or assent, interviews were audiotaped and transcribed. Thematic analyses at the individual, intrafamily, and across-family levels were used to explore these phenomena. Results Eight ill parents first described the onset of illness, an ongoing struggle to receive diagnosis and care, and the significance of the illness in transforming present and future roles. Multiple members of the family together with the ill parent described how they struggled with the reality of the illness, the shifting roles and responsibilities, the reduced family income, and the frequent social isolation that could be exacerbated by the controversial nature of the illness. Families described and demonstrated their struggles to maintain normal family life and plans in the face of continuing uncertainty. Discussion This study is situated within current scholarship on family responses to chronic parental illness. The value of the family research interview is affirmed. Recommendations are made for future directions in family nursing research exploring responses of families in which a parent is chronically ill.
Modification of the structure of a metallopeptide: Synthesis and biological evaluation of 111in-labeled DOTA-conjugated rhenium-cyclized α-MSH analogues

Rhenium-cyclized CCMSH analogues are novel melanoma-targeting metallopeptides with high tumor uptake, long tumor retention, and low background in normal tissues, which make these metallopeptides an ideal structural motif for designing novel melanoma-targeting agents. ReCCMSH has been derivatized with a 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) chelate so that it can be labeled with a wide variety of radionuclides for imaging and therapeutic applications. This study involved optimization of the in vivo biological properties of DOTA-ReCCMSH (S), through modification of the structure of the metallopeptide. Several DOTA-ReCCMSH analogues, Ac-Lys(DOTA)-ReCCMSH (4) DOTA-ReCCMSH(Arg(11)) (6), DOTA-ReCCMSH-OH (8), and DOTA-ReCCMSH-Asp-OH (10), were synthesized using solid phase peptide synthesis followed by rhenium cyclization. The IC(50) values of the metallopeptides were determined through competitive binding assays against (125)I-(Tyr(2))-NDP. Radiolabeling of the DOTA-rhenium-cyclized peptides with (111)In was carried out in NH(4)OAc (0.1 M; pH 5.5)-buffered solution for 30 min at 70 degrees C. The stability of the radiolabeled complexes was evaluated in 0.01 M, pH 7.4, phosphate-buffered saline/0.1% bovine serum albumin solution. After separation of the radiolabeled peptide from the unlabeled peptide by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography, the biodistribution of the radiolabeled complex was performed in C57 mice bearing B16/F1 murine melanoma tumors. All radiolabeled complexes showed fast blood clearance (2 h postinjection (pi): (111)In-S, 0.07 +/- 0.03% ID/g; (111)In-4, 0.09 +/- 0.06% ID/g; (111)In-6, 0.21 +/- 0.08% ID/g; (111)In-8, 0.11 +/- 0.10% ID/g; and (111)In-10, 0.05 +/- 0.03% ID/g), and their clearance was predominantly through the urine (4 h pi: 93.5 +/- 1.7, 87.8 +/- 6.5, 89.8 +/- 4.2, 93.3 +/- 1.1, and 93.8 +/- 1.8 (% ID) for (111)In-labeled S, 4, 6, 8, and 10, respectively). Tumor uptake values of 9.45 +/- 0.90, 6.01 +/- 2.36, 17.41 +/- 5.61, 9.27 +/- 0.68, and 7.32 +/- 2.09 (% ID/g) for (111)In-labeled S, 4, 6, 8, and 10, respectively, were observed at 4 h pi. The kidney uptake was 9.27 +/- 2.65% ID/g for (111)In-S, 19.02 +/- 2.63% ID/g for (111)In-4, 7.37 +/- 1.13% ID/g for (111)In-6, 8.70 +/- 0.88% ID/g for (111)In-8, and 8.13 +/- 1.47% ID/g for (111)In-10 at 4 h pi. Complex 6 showed high melanoma uptake and lower kidney uptake than the corresponding Lys(11) analogues, supporting 6 for further investigations as a potential therapeutic radiopharmaceutical.