cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Biology of Cooperative Decision-Making: Neurobiology to International Relations

To negotiate, cooperate or compete successfully with another, we should know what motivates them and how they make decisions. To understand how humans really make decisions, we can draw on a biologically grounded account that combines evidence from neuroscience, biology, psychology and economics. I discuss three areas central to negotiation: first, evidence from biology and neuroscience about how human cooperation emerges and is controlled; second, the neural bases of the fairness motivation; and third, the neural phenomenon of “prediction error” that affects how our actions impact on others. I link each area to international negotiation through historical cases and give practical policy recommendations. Finally, I describe four general rules for using neuroscience, and the behavioural decision sciences more generally, to apply to practical policy.
Intermediate Languages for Automatic Language Processing

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the functional aspects of intermediate languages and discusses intermediate languages for automatic language processing. An intermediate language is any language that serves as a means of communication between any permutation of humans and machines not able to communicate together in their own native languages. There are four basic types of intermediate languages: (1) pure natural languages, (2) formalized natural languages, (3) artificial international languages, and (4) pure artificial languages. Once a computer is taught a language, in theory, other finite-state machines can be taught exactly the same language. Artificial intermediate languages provide a theoretically viable framework for treatment of the problems of automatic information processing. The chapter discusses two particular instances of information processing: (1) machine translation and (2) information retrieval. Information retrieval and machine translation are conceptually analogous problems in terms of automatic information processing. The manipulation of information within a single language is only a special case of language data processing.
Hybrid and Collisional Implicit Plasma Simulation Models

Publisher Summary Hybrid plasma simulation models treat elements of plasma as particles, and the remaining elements as one or more fluids. This chapter presents the implicit moment method and its hybrid extensions. It discusses that the use of implicit fields can free the user from the ωp Δt
The Pragmatic Structure of Rhetorical Maturity in the Sciences

There is little doubt that successful writing possesses an inherent logic all its own. Our certainty on this point regarding logical, mature writing style reflects our definitions of clear writing, often designed to encourage the novice rhetorician or the teacher of rhetoric. Such definitions, of course, have a centuries-old tradition.
Accelerated Development and Toxin Tolerance of the Navel Orangeworm Amyelois transitella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the Presence of Aspergillus flavus.

The navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) and the fungus Aspergillus flavus constitute a facultative mutualism and pest complex in tree nut and fruit orchards in California. The possibility exists that the broad detoxification capabilities of A. flavus benefit its insect associate by metabolizing toxicants, including hostplant phytochemicals and pesticides. We examined this hypothesis by conducting laboratory bioassays to assess growth rates and survivorship of pyrethroid-resistant (R347) and susceptible (CPQ) larval strains on potato dextrose agar diet containing almond meal with and without two furanocoumarins, xanthotoxin and bergapten, found in several hostplants, and with and without two insecticides, bifenthrin and spinetoram, used in almond and pistachio orchards. Additionally, fungi were incubated in liquid diets containing the test chemicals, and extracts of these diets were added to almond potato dextrose agar (PDA) diets and fed to larvae to evaluate the ability of the fungus to metabolize these chemicals. Larvae consuming furanocoumarin-containing diet experienced higher mortality than individuals on unamended diets, but adding A. flavus resulted in up to 61.7% greater survival. Aspergillus flavus in the diet increased development rate > two-fold when furanocoumarins were present, demonstrating fungal enhancement of diet quality. Adding extracts of liquid diets containing xanthotoxin and fungus decreased mortality compared to xanthotoxin alone. On diets containing bifenthrin and spinetoram, however, mortality increased. These results support the hypothesis that A. flavus enhances navel orangeworm performance and contributes to detoxification of xenobiotics. Among practical implications of our findings, this mutualistic association should be considered in designing chemical management strategies for these pests.
Psychosocial Correlates of Physical Activity Participation and Screen-Time in Typically Developing Children and Children on the Autism Spectrum

The correlates of physical activity and screen-time among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and how these differ from typically developing (TD) children, remains largely unknown. Method: This study compared psychosocial factors associated with physical activity and screen-time between nine-year old children with ASD (n = 55) and TD children (n = 55). Variables of interest included self-concept, peer relationship problems, prosocial behaviors, and number of, and time spent, with friends. It was hypothesized that psychosocial correlates of health behaviors differ between children with and without ASD. Parents completed questionnaires assessing the child’s physical activity, screen-time, and psychosocial characteristics. Regression analyses indicated that for measures of physical activity – hours of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), daily physical activity, and sports participation – males (TD and ASD) and TD children were more likely to participate, compared to females (TD and ASD) and children with ASD. There was a significant interaction between ASD diagnosis and bullying for light physical activity (LPA), with TD children who experienced bullying significantly more likely to engage in LPA compared to children with ASD who experienced bullying. For screen-time, a greater number of close friends and a lower parent rating of the child’s level of prosocial behavior were significantly associated with greater hours of screen-time. Interventions aiming to increase physical activity among children with ASD need to take into account the associated psychosocial factors, and how they may differ from TD children.
Genetypes: a concept to help integrate molecular phylogenetics and taxonomy

In order to better integrate molecular phylogenetics and taxonomy, genetic sequences from type materials should be explicitly identified in publications using a consistent nomenclature. Despite relatively frequent sampling of sequences from types (particularly topotypes—samples from the type locality), the practice of explicitly noting that these materials were sampled is uncommon. Because of the lack of an explicit nomenclature tied to taxonomy, the existence of genetic “type sequences” is obscured. Also hindering progress in taxonomy is the increasingly uncommon practice of reporting locality and voucher information (e.g., GPS coordinates, museum catalog numbers) on repositories such as GenBank. To remedy this problem and bring awareness to the situation, I propose the use of the term “genetype” as a label for any sequence data from types (including from holotypes, secondary types, topotypes, etc.).
HLA Antibody Titer and C1Q Reactivity Reflect Response to Desensitization and Facilitate Donor Selection

Purpose Recent reports indicate that >50% of pediatric heart transplant (HT) candidates are HLA-sensitized at time of HT. Clinicians have a difficult choice: wait for an ideal organ offer without HLA antibody (Ab) or take the first acceptable offer. Desensitization can be useful to facilitate HT by decreasing or abrogating HLA Ab. We have evolved to use desensitization to evaluate which HLA Ab may be safely crossed and which to avoid. To illustrate our approach, we present: a non-responder, a partial-responder, and a total-responder. Methods HLA Ab analysis was done by Luminex® single antigen bead assay (SAB), with serial dilutions and C1q-fixing assay. Ab ≥2000 MFI by IgG-SAB and ≥500 MFI by C1q-SAB were used to determine the calculated PRA (cPRA). One desensitization cycle consisted of rituximab (x1), bortezomib (BTZ) (x4), and plasmapheresis (x5). Cycles are repeated leaving 2 weeks between last and first doses of each cycle. Results Non-responder (Fig 1A): Bw4/Aw4 sensitized patient did not respond to desensitization. Ab reassessment showed rebound, and after the 3rdcycle the titer increased and Ab was C1q+. The patient received HT with a Bw6/Bw6 donor without Aw4 antigens; no donor specific Ab (DSA) is detected 1 year post-HT. Partial-responder (Fig 1B): selective response for 1 HLA Ab group. Both anti-DR53 and DQ7/DQ8/DQ9 Abs were C1q+. However, DQ7/DQ8/DQ9 Ab had lower baseline titer. After 2 cycles, DR53 Ab did not change while DQ7/DQ8/DQ9 Ab was reduced in titer and became C1q-. HT proceeded with a DQ7+ donor and DSA remains negative 2.5 years post-HT. Total responder (Fig 1C): Ab to all but self HLA. A complete response was seen; by the end of 3rdcycle, most Ab was reduced to low titer and C1q-. HT was done crossing 2 C1q- Abs. No DSA detected 118 days post-HT. Conclusion Multi-dimensional testing of HLA Ab titer and C1q binding and serial monitoring pre- and post-desensitization helps to determine if more treatment is needed and allows for safe HT risk assessment when crossing HLA Abs.
Bounded-Error Estimator Design with Missing Data Patterns via State Augmentation

In this paper, we present a bounded-error estimator that achieves equalized recovery for discrete-time time-varying affine systems subject to missing data. By augmenting the system state estimate with a Luenberger-like observer error, we formulate the equalized recovery estimator design problem as a semi-infinite optimization problem, and leverage tools from robust optimization to solve it. Due to the design freedom introduced by the Luenberger-like observer, we can place the eigenvalues of the augmented system to desired locations, which results in a more optimal intermediate level in the equalized recovery problem than existing approaches in the literature. Furthermore, as an extension of the proposed equalized recovery estimator, we consider missing data in the estimator design, where a fixed-length language is used to specify the allowable missing data patterns. Simulation examples involving an adaptive cruise control system are given to demonstrate the equalized recovery performance of the proposed estimator.
A Generalization of Vux Triangles.

A geometric interpretation of the inequal ity is that the side opposite the angle of measure 2A is longer than the side op posite the angle of measure A but less than twice as long. As (p,q) ranges over all pairs of rela tively prime integers, satisfying the in equalities above, one obtains all triangles of this type with sides of integral length and {ayb,c} having a greatest common divisor (GCD) of 1. There is a one-to one correspondence between the set of these primitive vux triangles and the set of pairs {p,q}. Cheney's results can be generalized. Re place 2 by fc, where k may be any positive integer (fig. 2). By the law of sines we
Mutually driven ideation and occasions of interpersonal transcendence

ABSTRACTIn various intellectual traditions and scholarly disciplines, we find efforts at describing, and in some cases explicating, immersive experiences of interpersonal engagement marked by feeli...
Estimating the social value of mechanical thrombectomy randomized trials on an established stroke network

Background Given the relative strength of prior mechanical thrombectomy (MT) data in face of the perceived poor natural history of emergent large vessel occlusion strokes, randomization to medical therapy during the recent clinical MT trials raised ethical challenges at individual and institutional levels despite overall clinical equipoise. Methods In a thrombectomy stroke registry, we compared treatment rates preceding and following the SWIFT-PRIME and DAWN trials. Based on effect sizes of treatment in both trials, we estimated missed opportunities due to randomization to medical therapy and estimated the societal benefit resulting from additional patients who benefited as a result of these studies. Results The average monthly thrombectomy rate in the SWIFT-PRIME time window increased from 14.1±4 patients-per-month (ppm) to 23.8±6 ppm (p Conclusion Completion of recent trials resulted in observable increases in rates of thrombectomy, translating to functional benefits that rapidly offset any missed opportunities due to randomization to medical therapy arms.
Invited Review: Effects of selection for milk production on cow-calf productivity and profitability in beef production systems

ABSTRACT Purpose The objective of this review was to discuss the effects of selection for milk production in beef production systems on productivity and profitability. Sources The sources of data in this review were peer-reviewed literature, experiment station reports, and PhD dissertations. Synthesis In an effort to maximize output, selection for growth-oriented maternal traits has been a focus in the beef industry. Although emphasis is placed on output traits, optimizing cowherd production costs (i.e., feed costs) and reproductive performance are drivers of cow-calf profitability. With increased milk production potential in beef cows, cow maintenance requirements have increased, thus increasing production costs. Increased selection for milk production can result in beef cows undergoing greater nutritional stress during early lactation, which ultimately reduces cowherd reproduction and efficiency. In addition, the influence of milk production on calf weaning weight has been shown to be highly variable. This may be due to the value of the added milk production not being fully captured due to environmental conditions. Previous research has shown offspring from high-milking cows have decreased postweaning growth and feed efficiency, due to increased maintenance requirements. Conclusions and Applications Selection for milk production can led to a decrease in reproduction, resource use efficiency, cowherd retention rate, and offspring postweaning feed efficiency. Matching cow type or genetic potential to the production environment is important to optimize productivity and costs within the particular beef production system. Priority for commercial beef producers should be focused on economically relevant traits such as fertility and resource use efficiency.
Multiple Displacement Amplification as a Solution for Low Copy Number Plasmid Sequencing

Plasmids play a major role in bacterial adaptation to environmental stress and often contribute to antibiotic resistance and disease virulence. Although the complete sequence of each plasmid is essential for studying plasmid biology, most antibiotic resistance and virulence plasmids in Salmonella are present only in a low copy number, making extraction and sequencing difficult. Long read sequencing technologies require higher concentrations of DNA to provide optimal results. To resolve this problem, we assessed the sufficiency of multiple displacement amplification (MDA) for replicating Salmonella plasmid DNA to a satisfactory concentration for accurate sequencing and multiplexing. Nine Salmonella enterica isolates, representing nine different serovars carrying plasmids for which sequence data are already available at NCBI, were cultured and their plasmids isolated using an alkaline lysis extraction protocol. We then used the Phi29 polymerase to perform MDA, thereby obtaining enough plasmid DNA for long read sequencing. These amplified plasmids were multiplexed and sequenced on one single molecule, real-time (SMRT) cell with the Pacific Biosciences (Pacbio) Sequel sequencer. We were able to close all Salmonella plasmids (sizes ranged from 38 to 166 Kb) with sequencing coverage from 24 to 2,582X. This protocol, consisting of plasmid isolation, MDA, and multiplex sequencing, is an effective and fast method for closing high-molecular weight and low-copy-number plasmids. This high throughput protocol reduces the time and cost of plasmid closure.
Confounds in the data---Comments on "Decoding Brain Representations by Multimodal Learning of Neural Activity and Visual Features''

Neuroimaging experiments in general, and EEG experiments in particular, must take care to avoid confounds. A recent TPAMI paper uses data that suffers from a serious previously reported confound. We demonstrate that their new model and analysis methods do not remedy this confound, and therefore that their claims of high accuracy and neuroscience relevance are invalid.
Clinical Communication Technologies for Addiction Treatment

This chapter provides a review and framework for the technological and clinical approaches to helping those who suffer from substance use disorders. Clinical Communication Technologies, Self-Management Technologies, and Device based support for treatment and recovery are discussed. International Efforts at reducing the disease burden of substance use disorders are reviewed and a peak at future innovations is summarized.
Absence of special fetal hemoglobin in Beagle dogs.

A distinctive fetal hemoglobin compound easily distinguishable in late prenatal and early postnatal life is present in most mammals. This study, however, has shown no differences between the fetal, immature and adult beagle dog hemoglobin.
The Seal Configuration Tester, a New Approach to the Evaluation of Elastomeric Materials for Oxygen Service

A new approach for evaluating elastomeric materials for use in high pressure oxygen has been developed. Because this approach replicates the dynamic forces that occur in pressure systems and subjects a specimen to progressive wear, it allows the user to compare wearability and oxygen sensitivity. This method determines if a candidate material ignites before it mechanically fails and provides a relative wearability ranking for that material. Existing mechanical impact test methods produce data which is useful in screening various materials for oxygen sensitivity. The pass/fail data produced from these tests do not easily translate into a suitable material selection for a particular oxygen application. This new evaluation technique produces both mechanical wear data in combination with sensitivity data which can easily be applied when selecting elastomeric materials for a particular oxygen application. An explanation of the process as well as sample data are presented.
Building Reusable Test Assets for a Product Line

Testing seeks to determine whether a component operates correctly or whether a system implements all of the required functionality. The artifacts produced during these activities can become assets if they are carefully designed and implemented. The assets provide opportunities to reduce the overall amount of resources needed for the test process much as product line techniques reduce the effort required for development. Careful planning and the application of statistical techniques can be used to further reduce the percentage of overall project effort devoted to testing. This paper provides an overview of a tutorial on building reusable test assets.
Clinical Management Update: Evaluation and Management of Older Patients with Breast Cancer

Recent gains in life expectancy, coupled with aging as a risk factor for breast cancer, make breast cancer primarily a disease of older women. Evaluation of the biology of breast cancer according to age has suggested that estrogen receptor-positive, low-S-phase, low-tumor-grade, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative tumors are more common in older than younger women. However, this has not translated into any major survival advantage for older women with breast cancer over their younger counterparts. Several reasons, including undertreatment and underrepresentation in clinical trials, may account for this age-related disparity. In this brief review, recent practice-changing breast cancer updates of relevance to the care of older patients with breast cancer are discussed and summarized. Because the population is aging and the number of older patients with breast cancer will continue to increase, it is imperative that older patients with breast cancer be encouraged to participate in cutting edge research and that state-of-the-art oncology care be provided to this underserved population.
Pediatric Quality of Life while Supported with a Ventricular Assist Device

Objective Ventricular assist devices (VADs) have emerged as an important treatment option for bridging pediatric patients with heart failure to transplant. VADs have shown improved survival; however, the pediatric quality of life (QoL) while on VAD support is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the QoL of our pediatric patients while supported with a VAD. Design In this prospective study, pediatric patients who underwent VAD placement, and their parents, were administered a generic Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) 4.0 pre-VAD implant, when feasible, after the acute postoperative period, and then periodically until heart transplant or death. Their final scores while on support were compared with three previously reported groups: healthy controls, outpatients with severe heart disease, and children after heart transplant. Results From January 2008 to July 2014, 13 pediatric patients required VAD support greater than 2 weeks and completed a PedsQL. The mean age at implant was 10.0 ± 4.2 years and median duration of support was 1.6 (0.5–19.7) months. Eleven (85%) patients survived to transplant with one (8%) patient remaining alive on support. The median duration of support prior to their final PedsQL was 1.4 (0.5–11.4) months. Patients self-reported significantly (P < .05) lower total and physical QoL scores when compared with all three comparison groups. Self-reported psychosocial QoL scores were significantly lower than healthy controls only. Parent proxy-reported scores were significantly lower than all three comparison groups for all three categories (P < .05). Conclusions A large deficit exists in the total QoL of pediatric patients supported by a VAD compared with outpatient management of severe heart disease or postheart transplant patients; however, VAD patients do represent a group with more severe heart failure. Improvements in QoL must be made, as time spent with a VAD will likely continue to increase.
Why there STILL has to be a language of thought

“But why”, Auntie asked with perceptible asperity, “does it have to be a language?” Auntie speaks with the voice of the Establishment, and her intransigence is something awful. She is, however, prepared to make certain concessions in the present case. First, she concedes that there are beliefs and desires and that there is a matter of fact about their intentional contents; there’s a matter of fact, that is to say, about which proposition the intentional object of a belief or a desire is. Second, Auntie accepts the coherence of physicalism. It may be that believing and desiring will prove to be states of the brain, and if they do that’s OK with Auntie. Third, she is prepared to concede that beliefs and desires have causal roles, and that overt behavior is typically the effect of complex interactions among these mental causes. (That Auntie was raised as a strict behaviorist goes without saying. But she hasn’t been quite the same since the 60’s. Come to think of it, which of us has?) In short, Auntie recognizes that psychological explanations need to postulate a network of causally related intentional states. “But why”, she asks with perceptible asperity, “does it have to be a language?” Or, to put it more succinctly than Auntie often does, what — over and above mere Intentional Realism — does the Language of Thought Hypothesis buy? That is what this paper is about.1
Plan Scaffolding: Impact on the Process and Product of Learning

This paper examines a plan scaffolding interface in the ACT Programming Tutor. This interface is derived from a cognitive analysis of the task structure and has been shown to accelerate the acquisition of skill. This study examines the impact of the planning interface on the learning process and on the structure of the knowledge that results. Several measures of students' declarative knowledge of programming are developed to predict tutor learning rates. The tutor's predictions of students' quiz performance are also examined. Results indicate that the planning interface speeds learning because students can more readily apply relevant knowledge acquired in simpler contexts. However, the resulting programming knowledge is similar for the scaffolding and standard coding conditions.
Acute inhibition of signalling phenotype of spinal GABAergic neurons by tumour necrosis factor‐α

Spinal application of TNFα induces both allodynia and hyperalgesia, and at least part of the pronociceptive effects of TNFα have been suggested as due to the impaired function of spinal inhibitory neurons (disinhibition). The present study explores the effects of TNFα on the signalling phenotype of spinal GABAergic neurons identified in transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein at the glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) promoter. Acute application of TNFα directly inhibits the excitability of a subset of GAD67(+) spinal neurons. TNFα-induced inhibition was dependent on the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) within these GAD67(+) neurons. TNFα receptor 1 (TNFR1) but not receptor 2 (TNFR2) was identified on spinal GAD67(+) neurons, suggesting that TNFα signals through TNFR1. Voltage-clamp recordings of GAD67(+) neurons indicated that the inhibitory effect of TNFα was through suppression of the hyperpolarization-activated cation current (I(h)). This study defines a novel mechanism of spinal disinhibition mediated by a TNFα-TNFR1-p38 pathway within GABAergic inhibitory interneurons.
Covariant Effective Field Theory for Nuclear Structure and Currents

Recent progress in Lorentz-covariant quantum field theories of the nuclear many-body problem (quantum hadrodynamics or QHD) is discussed. The effective field theory studied here contains nucleons, pions, isoscalar scalar (\sigma) and vector (\omega) fields, and isovector vector (\rho) fields. The theory exhibits a nonlinear realization of spontaneously broken SU(2) \times SU(2) chiral symmetry and has three desirable features: it uses the same degrees of freedom to describe the nuclear currents and the strong-interaction dynamics, it satisfies the symmetries of the underlying theory of QCD, and its parameters can be calibrated using strong-interaction phenomena, like hadron scattering or the empirical properties of finite nuclei. Moreover, it has recently been verified that for normal nuclear systems, it is possible to expand the effective lagrangian systematically in powers of the meson fields (and their derivatives) and to truncate the expansion reliably after the first few orders. Using a mean-field version of the energy functional, accurate quantitative results are obtained for the bulk and single-particle properties of medium- and heavy-mass nuclei. The importance of modern perspectives in effective field theory and density functional theory for understanding these successes of QHD is emphasized. The inclusion of hadronic electromagnetic structure and of nonanalytic terms in the energy functional is also considered briefly. Weak-interaction currents are also studied in this QHD framework. Expressions for the axial-vector current, evaluated through the first few orders in the field expansion, satisfy both PCAC and the Goldberger--Treiman relation. Moreover, the corresponding vector and axial-vector charges satisfy the familiar chiral charge algebra to all orders in the pion field.
Is the Average Dividend Tax Penalty of Investors Capitalized into Expected Returns

Capital asset pricing models predict that the dividend tax rate capitalized into expected returns reflects the average tax rate of investors in a market (average rate theory). To date this theory has only limited empirical support. To test this theory, I argue stock markets in developed European countries and the U.S. can be considered an integrated market, where the dividend tax rate capitalized reflects the average rate of investors across these countries. If this is the case, when the top U.S. dividend tax rate was cut by 60% in 2003, the average rate theory would predict a decrease in the dividend tax capitalized in Europe, similar to what has been found in the U.S. (Dhaliwal et al. 2007). In contrast, firms in less integrated European countries should not react to the U.S. dividend tax cut. Finally, I test a prediction from Desai and Dharmapala (2011) that given stock market integration between the U.S. and developed European countries the magnitude of the reaction to the dividend tax cut should be the same. I document results consistent with these predictions, providing support for the average rate theory.
Murine alveolar macrophages limit replication of vaccinia virus

Because of concerns about zoonotic transmission of monkeypox to humans and the bioterrorism threat posed by orthopoxviruses, there is renewed interest in probing cellular and molecular mechanisms of host defense to these pathogens. In particular, it is essential to understand viral-host interactions in the respiratory tract, which is the route of infection for smallpox and a likely route of transmission for monkeypox. In this study, we analyze functions of alveolar macrophages in poxvirus infection, using a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing firefly luciferase to quantify infection in mice and cell culture. Depletion of alveolar macrophages with liposomal clodronate worsens the overall severity of infection in mice, including greater replication and systemic dissemination of vaccinia as determined by bioluminescence imaging. Absence of alveolar macrophages increases total numbers of granulocytes and granulocytes/monocyte progenitor cells in the lungs during vaccinia infection, indicating that protective effects of alveolar macrophages may be mediated in part by reducing the host inflammation. Alveolar macrophages also limit vaccinia infection in respiratory epithelium, as shown by a co-culture model of cell lines derived from alveolar macrophages and lung epithelium. Collectively, these data demonstrate that alveolar macrophages are key determinants of host defense against local and systemic infection with poxviruses.
Dehydration-induced proliferation of identified pituicytes in fully adult rats

The mitotic activity astrocytes in the adult central nervous system (CNS) is of interest due to their roles in gliosis and tumorigenesis, and their potential in aiding recovery of function following injury or disease. The posterior pituitary offers a potentially powerful model to study proliferation in vivo, since its resident astrocytes, called pituicytes, have been reported to divide concurrently with hormone release from the neurosecretory terminals there. Our aim in this study was to confirm and characterize this proliferative response during dehydration and rehydration in fully adult animals, using contemporary techniques. Adult male rats were given 2% saline in substitution for water for 0–9 days. Proliferation of pituicytes was quantified in tissue sections triple-labeled with the proliferation marker, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and the DNA marker 4,6, diamidino-2-phenylindole, HC1 (DAPI). A robust proliferative response began within three days of dehydration and continued at a constant rate thereafter. In animals allowed to rehydrate, this response continued. After 9 days of dehydration, approximately 35% of pituicytes had participated in mitosis. While cell density remained constant across conditions, a reversible increase in posterior pituitary area was seen, suggesting that some cell death also occurs simultaneously. A significant proportion of non-pituicytes also underwent similar changes. These results indicate that pituicytes in the adult posterior pituitary retain characteristics necessary for reentering the cell cycle in response to local factors present during neurosecretory activity. We hypothesize that this proliferative response is directly related to the morphological changes previously reported for these cells under activating conditions. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
List ranking and list scan on the Cray C-90

List ranking and list scan are two primitive operations used in many parallel algorithms that use list, trees, and graph data structures. But vectorizing and parallelizing list ranking is a challenge because it is highly communication intensive and dynamic. In addition, the serial algorithm is very simple and has very small constants. In order to compete, a parallel algorithm must also be simple and have small constants. A parallel algorithm due to Wyllie is such an algorithm, but it is not work efficient—its performance degrades for longer and longer linked lists. In contrast, work efficient PRAM algorithms developed to date have very large constants. It does not achieve O(log n) running time, but we contend that work efficiency and small constants is more important, given that vector and multiprocessor machines are used for problems that are much larger than the number of processors and, therefore, the O(log n) running time, but we contend that work efficiency and small constants is more important, given that vector and multiprocessor machines are used for problems that are much larger than the number of processors and, therefore, the O(log n) time is never achieved in practice. In particular, to the best of our knowledge, our implementation of list ranking and list scan on the CRAY C-90 is the fastest implementation to date. In addition, it is the first implementation of which we are aware that outperforms fast workstations. The success of our algorithm is due to its relatively large grain size and simplicity of the inner loops, and the success of the implementation is due to pipelining reads and writes through vectorization to hide latency, minimizing load balancing by deriving equations for predicting and optimizing performance, and avoiding conditional tests except when load balancing.
Ras-induced colony formation and anchorage-independent growth inhibited by elevated expression of Puralpha in NIH3T3 cells.

Levels of Puralpha, a conserved, sequence-specific single-stranded DNA and RNA binding protein, fluctuate during the cell cycle, declining at the onset of S-phase and peaking at mitosis. In early G1 Puralpha is associated with the hypophosphorylated form of the retinoblastoma protein, Rb. Microinjection of purified Puralpha into NIH3T3 cells arrests the cell cycle at either G1/S or G2/M checkpoints with distinct morphological consequences. Here we ask whether expression of Puralpha can affect colony formation and anchorage-independent growth in ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells. Two to five-fold elevated levels of Puralpha in stably-transfected cell lines retard entry into and progression through S phase in both ras-transformed and non-transformed cells. Puralpha significantly inhibits colony formation by ras-transformed cells but not by non-transformed cells. In addition, cells transfected to express Puralpha formed only about 1/5 the number of large colonies in soft agar as control-transfected cells, demonstrating a marked inhibition of anchorage-independent growth by Puralpha. Biochemical analysis of nuclear and cytoplasmic Puralpha proteins and confocal microscopic analysis of Puralpha location indicate that access of Puralpha to the nucleus is controlled by both protein modification and sequence domains within the protein. Analyses of deletion mutants identify Puralpha domains mediating nuclear exclusion, including several potential destruction motifs and a PEST sequence at aa's 215-231. In the nucleus Puralpha colocalizes with CDK2 and cyclin A. Puralpha and cyclin D1, however, do not colocalize in the nucleus. At mitosis Puralpha is visualized about the condensed chromosomes and in the cytoplasm, where it colocalizes with cyclin B1. The data indicate that the ability of Puralpha to interact with proteins regulating cell proliferation and transformation is controlled by signals that govern its intracellular localization.
Fungemia due to Torulopsis glabrata in the compromised host

Ten episodes of Torulopsis glabrata fungemia occurring in nine patients with terminal illnesses are described. Eight patients had underlying malignancies and one patient had a plastic anemia. Two episodes of fungemia were considered transient since they were clearly related to the administration of intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH). Most patients were adult women and had solid tumors of the genitourinary tract. Contributory factors were: antibiotic therapy (100%), immunosuppressive drugs (75%), abdominal surgery (63%), IVH (50%), neutropenia (38%), and diabetes mellitus (13%). The clinical course was indistinguishable from a severe bacterial infection. However, endotoxic shock was not observed. The infection was rapidly fatal in four patients. In the remaining five patients, the infection was altered favorably by the discontinuation of infected intravenous hyperalimentation catheters. However, tissue invasion by T. glabrata was found in two of these patients who died shortly thereafter from tumor progression. At autopsy, T. glabrata was identified in tissue sections of the lungs, kidneys, and mucosas of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. In all cases there was tissue necrosis with a minor inflammatory response consisting of mononuclear cells. To our knowledge, this is the single largest series of T. glabrata fungemia ever reported.
Using a serial cache for energy efficient instruction fetching

The design of a high performance fetch architecture can be challenging due to poor interconnect scaling and energy concerns. Way prediction has been presented as one means of scaling the fetch engine to shorter cycle times, while providing energy efficient instruction cache accesses. However, way prediction requires additional complexity to handle mispredictions.In this paper, we examine a high-bandwidth fetch architecture augmented with an instruction cache way predictor. We compare the performance and energy efficiency of this architecture to both a serial access cache and a parallel access cache. Our results show that a serial fetch architecture achieves approximately the same energy reduction and performance as way prediction architectures, without the added structures and recovery complexity needed for way prediction.
Describing, Measuring, and Explaining Struggle

As compared with the aggregation of rational individual decisions within well defined external structures, interactive models of social processes provide the basis of superior description, measurement, and explanation. As applied in the study of political struggle, it is possible to create rigorous descriptions and measurements, and models featuring interactive mechanisms and processes feed distinctive, valuable explanations. Classified event catalogs, ethnographic study of specific struggles, and close examination of interactions within contentious gatherings illustrate these claims.
Multiphase Flow Packed-Bed Reactor Modeling: Combining CFD and Cell Network Model

The performance of a multiphase flow packed-bed reactor was evaluated by a mixing-cell network model in which the cell-scale flow field information was provided by multifluid CFD modeling. Such a sequentially combined modeling approach was able to show the heterogeneity of liquid species conversion in a trickle-bed reactor that has been confirmed by in situ magnetic resonance experiments.1 A conventional plug flow model (PFM) and axial dispersion model (ADM) showed either overpredicted or underpredicted conversion compared with the conversion computed from the CFD-Cell Network model. Preliminary case study has shown the ability of the CFD-Cell Network model in assessing the impact of flow distribution on the trickle-bed reactor performance, which is a great help to trickle-bed reactor design and diagnosis.
Probiotic helminth administration in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 1 study:

Background: Probiotic treatment strategy based on the hygiene hypothesis, such as administration of ova from the non-pathogenic helminth, Trichuris suis, (TSO) has proven safe and effective in autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease. Objective: To study the safety and effects of TSO in a second autoimmune disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), we conducted the phase 1 Helminth-induced Immunomodulatory Therapy (HINT 1) study.Methods: Five subjects with newly diagnosed, treatment-naive relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) were given 2500 TSO orally every 2 weeks for 3 months in a baseline versus treatment control exploratory trial.Results: The mean number of new gadolinium-enhancing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions (n-Gd+) fell from 6.6 at baseline to 2.0 at the end of TSO administration, and 2 months after TSO was discontinued, the mean number of n-Gd+ rose to 5.8. No significant adverse effects were observed. In preliminary immunological investigations, increases in the serum level of the cytoki...
Nitrogen fixation in the North Pacific Ocean

Nitrogen fixation in the euphotic zone of the ocean was measured by C2H2 reduction and 15N2 incorporation associated with Trichodesmium sp. and also with Richelia intracellularis occurring within the cells of Rhizosolenia styliformis var. longispina, and R. cylindrus. The vertical distribution of N2 fixation activity, N2-fixing species, particulate matter and dissolved nutrients was measured. The effects of light intensity, sample concentration, length of incubation, and nutrient enrichment on the rates of C2H2 reduction were determined. Estimates of the importance of N2 fixation in adding previously uncycled nitrogen to the euphotic zone are given.
Uranium concentrations in marine sediments

Abstract Uranium concentrations in a large number of marine sediment samples of different types with world-wide spatial distribution have been determined using the rapid, precise and nondestructive technique of counting the delayed neutrons emitted during U 235 fission induced with thermal neutrons. Several interesting relationships were apparent. 1. (1) A direct proportionality was observed between percentage of organic carbon and uranium in sediments deposited in an anoxic environment in the Pettaquamscutt River in Rhode Island with concentrations ranging from 7 per cent organic carbon and 7 ppm uranium to 14 per cent organic carbon and 30 ppm uranium. A similar relationship was found in cores of sediments deposited on the Sigsbee Knolls in the Gulf of Mexico. 2. (2) For manganese nodules a direct relationship can be seen between uranium and calcium concentrations and both decrease with increasing depth of deposition. For nodules from 4500 m in the Pacific, concentrations are 3 ppm uranium and 0.3 per cent calcium compared with 14 ppm uranium and 1.5 per cent calcium at 1000 m. 3. (3) Relatively high uranium concentrations were observed in carbonates deposited in the deepest parts of the Gulf of Mexico, with the >88 μ carbonate fraction in Sigsbee Knoll cores having as much as 1.20 ppm. A model to explain the observed variations must include uranium enrichment in near shore environments via an anoxic pathway, followed by redeposition in a deep ocean environment with dilution either by low-uranium-bearing foraminiferal or silicious oozes or, along the continental margins, dilution with high-uranium-bearing carbonate sands.
Robust transparent mesoporous silica membranes as matrices for colorimetric sensors

Transparent functionalized mesoporous silica membranes have been prepared with high surface areas (∼500 m2 g−1) that exhibit high sensitivities for colorimetric detection and sensing of dilute heavy-metal ions (e.g., Pb2+).
‘Things fall apart; the center cannot hold’: Cores, peripheries and peripheral nationalism at the core and periphery of the world economy

Abstract In the past several years social scientists have elaborated ‘core- periphery models’ of political change. Such models sought to overcome the nation-state and ‘whole-nation’ bias in comparative research. In these models cores and peripheries are distinguished by three characteristics: a set of attributes for each, characteristics of exchange relations and characteristics of interaction patterns. Central to these models is a territorial structuring of political behavior in which cores and peripheries form geographical contexts for politics. Thus, spatial relations between cores and peripheries achieve significant explanatory power with diffusion processes from the core to the periphery and the peripheral reaction to these playing a key role in accounting for political behavior in each. One such political manifestation is peripheral nationalism, defined as an emotive reaction of cultural defense against the diffusion of economic, political and cultural dominance from the core. This paper examines three explanations for the rise of peripheral nationalism in late nineteenth-century Britain and early twentieth-century Argentina, marking two sites in the core and periphery of the world system. The results demonstrate similarities in social origins of peripheral nationalism at both sites as the product of the economically and culturally marginal middle strata threatened by the expanding influence of the core. However, the research also supports the hypothesis that at the periphery of the world economy during times of economic contraction the economically and culturally marginal lower strata may be mobilized into mass movements. The research concludes that both within-nation-state and global core-periphery dynamics provide concepts for understanding political behavior.
Carotid artery hemorrhage and ligation in head and neck cancer

During a 20-year period, 77 patients who underwent ligation of the common or internal carotid artery were analyzed for the site, side of hemorrhage and/or ligation, with incidence of rebleed, previous treatment (surgery and/or radiation therapy), the type of incision utilized for resection, the incidence of preoperative and intraoperative hypotension and hemiplegia. The immediate mortality and subsequent follow-up of the patients were also noted.
Binocular detection of disparate light flashes

Abstract In a series of experiments forced-choice detection of small parafoveally viewed light flashes was examined under various conditions of binocular stimulation. When both eyes were stimulated either on corresponding retinal points or on slightly disparate points (6′) detection performance was greater than expected on the basis of probability summation. When flashes were presented with disparity of a magnitude sufficiently great to preclude phenomenal fusion (20–25′), detection performance was near a level expected from probability summation. These results show that facilitatory neural interactions between the two eyes are not restricted to excitation arising from stimuli registered in strict correspondence.