cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intracellular pH and some membrane characteristics of cultured carotid body glomus cells.

Abstract Clusters of carotid body (glomus) cells cultured from a few days to 3 weeks, maintained their morphological characteristics during this period. The resting potential ( E m ) and input resistance ( R o ) did not change for 2 weeks but both declined afterwards. The intracellular pH (pH i ) of glomus cells, measured with glass microelectrodes filled with an H + ion exchanger, was 6.34–6.96 at extracellular pH (pH o ) of 7.32–7.53. Changes in pH o from normal to about 5.5 depolarized most cells but the fall in pH i was less marked than predicted by the Nernst equation. Conversely, shifting pH o to 8.5 hyperpolarized the cells with an increase in pH i which was more acid than predicted. E H (the calculated equilibrium potential for H + (Nernst equation) was more positive than E m during acidity and more negative during normal or alkaline pH o . The kinetics of H + ion distribution was assessed by brief exposures to NH 4 Cl. It is concluded that hydrogen ions are not passively distributed across the glomus cell membranes and that E m is dependent on H + ions.
Administration of Dexamethasone Up‐Regulates Protein Kinase C Activity and the Expression of γ and ε Protein Kinase C Isozymes in the Rat Brain

Altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function (increased plasma cortisol level) has been shown to be associated with mood and behavior. Protein kinase C (PKC), an important component of the phosphatidyl-inositol signal transduction system, plays a major role in mediating various physiological functions. The present study investigates the effects of acute (single) and repeated (10-day) administrations of 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg doses of dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic glucocorticoid, on Bmax and KD of [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate ([3H]PDBu) binding, PKC activity, and protein expression of PKC isozymes alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon in the membrane and the cytosolic fractions of rat cortex and hippocampus. It was observed that repeated administration of 1.0 mg/kg DEX for 10 days caused a significant increase in Bmax of [3H]PDBu binding to PKC, in PKC activity, and in expressed protein levels of the gamma and epsilon isozymes in both the cytosolic and the membrane fractions of the cortex and the hippocampus, whereas a lower dose of DEX (0.5 mg/kg for 10 days) caused these changes only in the hippocampus. On the other hand, a single administration of DEX (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg) had no significant effect on PKC in the cortex or in the hippocampus. These results suggest that alterations in HPA function from repeated administration of glucocorticoids may modulate PKC-mediated functions.
High-order crystal approximant structures in TiZrNi alloys

Abstract We report the discovery of two high-order crystal approximants in rapidly quenched Ti 54 Zr 26 Ni 20 alloys. The diffraction patterns at first appear to belong to the icosahedral phase, but detailed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies reveal distortions that lower the symmetry. The diffraction patterns from one phase can be indexed to a 3/2 cubic rational approximant structure; those from the second phase can be indexed to a 5/3 cubic rational approximant. This is the first report such high-order approximants in any Ti-based alloy. Unlike all known Ti-based quasicrystals, no localized diffuse scattering is observed in the diffraction patterns from these approximants.
Use of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in penetrating chest trauma

FIGURE 2. Thoracoscopic view of a foreign body penetrating the chest wall and lung. A 27-year-old man, alert and previously healthy, was evaluated at the emergency department immediately after a laboratory explosion. Physical examination revealed normal hemodynamics, a burn injury to his face, and small lacerations across the patient’s chest and abdomen. Visible glass was removed, and the lacerations were irrigated. Computed tomographic images of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis indicated the presence of a large foreign body in the musculature of the right side of the chest, extending into the upper lobe of the right lung (Figure 1). The patient underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery on the right side of the chest and thoracostomy tube placement. He was found to have a foreign body penetrating the chest wall and right lung (Figure 2). Gross examination revealed glass, consistent with a beaker fragment. The patient was discharged home on postoperative day 4 with no complications. As compared with thoracotomy, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery has many advantages: lower incidence of wound and pulmonary complications, less analgesia required, a shorter time to resumption of normal activity, and higher patient satisfaction. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery has proved to be an alternative approach to treating patients in hemodynamically stable condition with blunt and penetrating thoracic injuries. In a metaanalysis, thoracoscopy was shown to prevent 62% of trauma patients from undergoing a thoracotomy or laparotomy, with a 2% complication rate and a 0.8%missed injury rate.
Refinement and evaluation of a hydraulic bed sensor

Research indicates that long-term monitoring of vital signs and activity in elderly adults may provide opportunities for maintaining quality-of-life and extending independence into later years. Such a strategy requires development of a system to collect this data while imposing minimal intrusion into the lives of those being monitored. To further this goal, we have developed a hydraulic bed sensor to non-invasively monitor heartbeat and respiration during sleep. This paper describes the refinement of our developed prototype and signal processing methods, along with an evaluation of the robustness of our algorithms and results from testing. An evaluation of our sensor on a group of five diverse subjects (ranging in age from 24 to 67, two with cardiac history), in three different positions, demonstrates accuracy within 8 beats per minute up to 97.5% of the time.
Diatom colonization dynamics in a lotic system

A series of three overlapping sets of slides were exposed in riffle and pool habitats in a fourth order river in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Each set was exposed for 6–8 weeks and overlapped the preceeding set by 2 weeks. Diatom cell densities and community structure were determined after daily or weekly exposure periods for each set. The first set was placed on August 4, 1982, and the third set removed on October 16, 1982. Species diversity and evenness peaked quickly during colonization. Both indices decreased as the length of exposure increased. Early colonizing diatom species that occasionally accounted for large proportions of the total diatom community were soon replaced by other diatom species that tended to persist through time. Major dominant species were well established by day 28. Severe net cell losses (up to 17% of the total density) were recorded after only an 8–9 day exposure in both pools and riffles. Pool slides showed greater cell densities during the first few day's exposure than did slides exposed in riffle zones. After this brief conditioning period, however, the riffle slides showed more rapid cell growth and/or accumulation rates. Mean cell densities were similar between pool and riffle slides after 6–8 week exposures. Seasonal changes appeared to strongly influence diatom species succession. Seasonal changes in water velocity, temperature, or light may have the same effect as the more dramatic flood events which reset periphyton to earlier successional stages, resulting in increased major changes in species composition of the periphyton diatom community.
Do toxicity identification and evaluation laboratory-based methods reflect causes of field impairment?

Sediment toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE) methods are relatively simple laboratory methods designed to identify specific toxicants or classes of toxicants in sediments; however, the question of whether the same toxicant identified in the laboratory is causing effects in the field remains unanswered. The objective of our study was to determine if laboratory TIE methods accurately reflect field effects. A TIE performed on sediments collected from the Elizabeth River (ER) in Virginia identified polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as the major toxicants. Several lines of evidence indicated PAHs were the major toxic agents in the field, including elevated PAH concentrations in ER sediments, comet assay results from in situ caged Merceneria merceneria, and chemical analyses of exposed M. merceneria, which indicated high PAH concentrations in the bivalve tissue. Our final evidence was the response from test organisms exposed to ER sediment extracts and then ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UV radiatio...
Transmembrane homodimerization of receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatases

Receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) are type I integral membrane proteins. Together with protein tyrosine kinases, RPTPs regulate the phosphotyrosine levels in the cell. Studies of two RPTPs, CD45 and PTPα, have provided strong evidence that dimerization leads to inactivation of the receptors, and that the dimerization of PTPα involves interactions in the transmembrane domain (TMD). Using the TOXCAT assay, a genetic approach for analyzing TM interactions in Escherichia coli membranes, we show that the TMD of RPTPs interact in the membrane, albeit to different extents. Using fusion proteins of TMDs, we also observe an equilibrium between monomer and dimer in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles. Through a mutational study of the DEP1 TMD, we demonstrate that these interactions are specific. Taken together, our results define a subset of the RPTP family in which TM homodimerization may act as a mediator of protein function.
Conceptualizing positive adolescent sexuality development

Is it possible to conceptualize adolescent sexuality in positive terms? Social control characterizes the cultural strategies for managing both adolescence and sexuality, yet social movements have emerged in recent decades that have challenged historical social norms and boundaries for both sexuality and adolescence. In this article, developing trends in adolescent sexual experience (behavior, attitudes, and knowledge) are examined, as are cultural, institutional, and person-level processes that characterize the development of sexuality in adolescence. The real sexual experiences of contemporary youth are shown to present a remarkable contradiction to hitherto traditional ideals for adolescent sexuality. This tension between typical adolescent experiences and cultural expectations and proscriptions for adolescent sexual expression serves as a backdrop for examination of recent and potential advances in programs, policies, and research regarding adolescent sexuality. The analysis of recent programs and policies reveals underlying values that are fundamentally at odds, highlighting important avenues for future inquiry.
Radioimmunoassay of met-enkephalin in microdissected areas of paraformaldehyde-fixed rat brain

Abstract We studied the effect of various sample preparation procedures on rat brain met-enkephalin content, measured by radioimmunoassay. Whole brain met-enkephalin content of rats killed by decapitation followed by immediate tissue freezing was similar to that of rats killed by microwave irradiation and to those of rats anesthetized with pentobarbital or halothane before killing, whether previously perfused with paraformaldehyde or not. In contrast, a decrease (up to 80%) in met-enkephalin concentrations was observed when brain samples were frozen and thawed to mimic the procedure utilized in the “punch” technique for analysis of discrete brain nuclei. This decrease was totally prevented by paraformaldehyde perfusion of the brain prior to sacrifice. Brain perfusion did not alter the amount of immunoassayable met-enkephalin extracted from tissue or its profile after Sephadex chromatography. Paraformaldehyde perfusion results in better morphological tissue preservation and facilitates the “punch” dissecting technique. Paraformaldehyde perfusion may be the procedure of choice for the measurement of neuropeptides in specific brain nuclei dissected by the “punch” technique.
The connective tissue growth factor/cysteine-rich 61/nephroblastoma overexpressed (CCN) family.

I. Introduction II. The Modular Structure of the Connective Tissue Growth Factor/Cysteine-Rich 61/Nephroblastoma Overexpressed (CCN) Family Members III. Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF) A. Discovery B. Structure of the CTGF gene and protein C. CTGF mRNA production D. CTGF production, secretion, and processing E. CTGF-heparin interactions F. Biological properties of CTGF G. Mechanism of action of CTGF IV. Cyr61 A. Discovery of cyr61 B. Structure of the cyr61 gene and protein C. Cyr61 mRNA production D. Cyr61 production and secretion E. Biological properties of cyr61 F. Mechanism of action of cyr61 V. Nov A. Discovery and structure of nov B. Nov mRNA production C. Biological properties of nov VI. Elm1/WISP-1 VII. Heparin-Induced CCN-Like Protein (HICP)/rCop-1/CTGF-3/WISP-2 VIII. WISP-3 IX. Other CCN-Like Molecules X. Regulation of Cellular Functions by the CCN Family A. Cell cycle control B. Cell adhesion and migration C. Extracellular matrix (ECM) production XI. Biological Processes Involving the CCN...
Perceptual judgments with discrepant information from audition. and proprioception

Fifteen blindfoleded Ss judged the spatial- orientation of a bar. which rotated in the horizontal plane, by using proprioceptive and/or auditory information. Judgments were made when information from the two modalities was made to yield the same or conflicting spatial orientations of the bar. Both modalities were Individually capable of providing equally accurate judgments, yet, when an auditory-proprioceptive discrepancy was introduced, auditory judgments were strongly biased by proprioceptive input. Proprioceptive judgments were only minimally influenced by conflicting auditory information.
Single-molecule immunosorbent assay as a tool for human immunodeficiency virus-1 antigen detection

Ultrasensitive detection and quantification of viral antigen with a novel single-molecule immunosorbent assay (SMISA) was achieved. Antigen from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the major etiological agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome, served as the screening target in this study. The target molecule was sandwiched between a polyclonal capture antibody and a monoclonal detector antibody. The capture antibody was covalently immobilized on (3-glycidoxypropyl) trimethoxy silane-modified glass slides. The detector antibody was conjugated with fluorescent Alexa Fluor 532 labeled secondary antibody prior to being used as a probe for the antigen. Imaging was performed with a total internal reflection fluorescence single-molecule detection system. This technique is demonstrated for detecting HIV-1 p24 antigen down to 0.1 pg/mL with a dynamic range of over four orders of magnitude. A Langmuir isotherm fits the molecule count dependence on the target concentration. The target antigen was further tested in 20% human serum, and the results showed that neither sensitivity nor dynamic range was affected by the biological matrix. SMISA is therefore a promising approach for the early diagnosis of viral induced diseases.
Densifying One Permutation Hashing via Rotation for Fast Near Neighbor Search

The query complexity of locality sensitive hashing (LSH) based similarity search is dominated by the number of hash evaluations, and this number grows with the data size (Indyk & Motwani, 1998). In industrial applications such as search where the data are often high-dimensional and binary (e.g., text n-grams), minwise hashing is widely adopted, which requires applying a large number of permutations on the data. This is costly in computation and energy-consumption. In this paper, we propose a hashing technique which generates all the necessary hash evaluations needed for similarity search, using one single permutation. The heart of the proposed hash function is a "rotation" scheme which densifies the sparse sketches of one permutation hashing (Li et al., 2012) in an unbiased fashion thereby maintaining the LSH property. This makes the obtained sketches suitable for hash table construction. This idea of rotation presented in this paper could be of independent interest for densifying other types of sparse sketches. Using our proposed hashing method, the query time of a (K,L)-parameterized LSH is reduced from the typical O(dKL) complexity to merely O(KL + dL), where d is the number of nonzeros of the data vector, K is the number of hashes in each hash table, and L is the number of hash tables. Our experimental evaluation on real data confirms that the proposed scheme significantly reduces the query processing time over minwise hashing without loss in retrieval accuracies.
Azithromycin in the extremely low birth weight infant for the prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: a pilot study

Background: Azithromycin reduces the severity of illness in patients with inflammatory lung disease such as cystic fibrosis and diffuse panbronchiolitis. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a pulmonary disorder which causes significant morbidity and mortality in premature infants. BPD is pathologically characterized by inflammation, fibrosis and impaired alveolar development. The purpose of this study was to obtain pilot data on the effectiveness and safety of prophylactic azithromycin in reducing the incidence and severity of BPD in an extremely low birth weight (≤ 1000 grams) population.
A pedagogically effective structured introduction to electrical energy systems with coupled laboratory experiences

Electrical energy conversion systems and power supply systems form an integral component of electrical and electronic systems used in residential, commercial, aerospace, transportation, and manufacturing applications. Practicing electrical engineers are often called to solve electrical energy and power-related problems. Therefore, an effective course that provides graduating electrical engineers with an energy-oriented perspective is highly desirable in today's workplace. This paper documents a course that provides students with problem solving experience in electrical systems and electronic circuits. The paper presents the pedagogical premise, course objectives, and details of lesson and lab activities, student projects, and experiences.
Prefrontal Morphology, 5-HTTLPR Polymorphism, and Biased Attention for Emotional Stimuli

Biased attention for emotional stimuli has been associated with vulnerability to psychopathology. This study examines the neural substrates of biased attention. Twenty-three adult women completed high-resolution structural imaging followed by a standard behavioral measure of biased attention (i.e. spatial cueing task). Participants were also genotyped for the serotonin transporter-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR) gene. Results indicated that lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) morphology was inversely associated with maintained attention for positive and negative stimuli, but only among short 5-HTTLPR allele carriers. No such associations were observed for the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) or the amygdala. Results from this study suggest that brain regions involved in cognitive control of emotion are also associated with attentional biases for emotion stimuli among short 5-HTTLPR allele carriers.
Surgical alternatives in the treatment of polyposis coli

The history of familial polyposis coli and its various surgical treatment alternatives are presented. Each form of treatment has advantages and disadvantages. The menu of alternatives allows the surgeon the freedom to choose the best option for each patient.
Still Partners and Still Dissident After All These Years? Wallerstein, World Revolutions and the World-Systems Perspective

This essay owes its origins to the provocative title of a recent article by Immanuel Wallerstein: The Rise and Future Demise of World-systems Analysis (1998a). Demise? What might this mean? The title evokes, of course, Wallersteins pathbreaking 1974 essay that spoke of The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System. Twenty-?ve years later, Wallerstein is bold enough to speak of the demise of the perspective, a perspective that now encompasses a global group of scholars. For world-systems scholarship has, since 1974, thrived in book series, journals, universities and professional organizationscreating in the process a world-systems diaspora scattered around the planet.
An information theoretic similarity-based learning method for databases

Similarity-based learning has been widely and successfully used in some domains. Despite these successes, most similarity measures used in the current literature are defined on limited feature types. Therefore, these similarity measures cannot be applied to the database environment due to the variety of data types that exist. In this paper, we propose a new method of similarity-based learning for databases using information theory. The current similarity measures are improved in several ways. Similarity is defined on every attribute type in the database, and each attribute is assigned a weight depending on its importance with respect to the target attribute. Besides, our nearest neighbor algorithm gives different weights to the selected instances. Our system is implemented and tested on some typical machine learning databases. Our experiments show that the classification accuracy of our system is, in general, superior to that of other learning methods. >
Human evoked cortical activity to signal-to-noise ratio and absolute signal level

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of signal level and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on the latency and amplitude of evoked cortical activity to further our understanding of how the human central auditory system encodes signals in noise. Cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) were recorded from 15 young normal-hearing adults in response to a 1000 Hz tone presented at two tone levels in quiet and while continuous background noise levels were varied in five equivalent SNR steps. These 12 conditions were used to determine the effects of signal level and SNR level on CAEP components P1, N1, P2, and N2. Based on prior signal-in-noise experiments conducted in animals, we hypothesized that SNR, would be a key contributor to human CAEP characteristics. As hypothesized, amplitude increased and latency decreased with increasing SNR; in addition, there was no main effect of tone level across the two signal levels tested (60 and 75 dB SPL). Morphology of the P1-N1-P2 complex was driven primarily by SNR, highlighting the importance of noise when recording CAEPs. Results are discussed in terms of the current interest in recording CAEPs in hearing aid users.
An invasive riparian tree reduces stream ecosystem efficiency via a recalcitrant organic matter subsidy

A disturbance, such as species invasion, can alter the exchange of materials and organisms between ecosystems, with potential consequences for the function of both ecosystems. Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) is an exotic tree invading riparian corridors in the western United States, and may alter stream organic matter budgets by increasing allochthonous litter and by reducing light via shading, in turn decreasing in-stream primary production. We used a before-after invasion comparison spanning 35 years to show that Russian olive invasion increased allochthonous litter nearly 25-fold to an invaded vs. a control reach of a stream, and we found that this litter decayed more slowly than native willow. Despite a mean 50% increase in canopy cover by Russian olive and associated shading, there were no significant changes in gross primary production. Benthic organic matter storage increased fourfold after Russian olive invasion compared to pre-invasion conditions, but there were no associated changes in stream ecosystem respiration or organic matter export. Thus, estimated stream ecosystem efficiency (ratio of ecosystem respiration to organic matter input) decreased 14%. These findings show that invasions of nonnative plant species in terrestrial habitats can alter resource fluxes to streams with consequences for whole-ecosystem functions.
Oxazolone Colitis: A Murine Model of T Helper Cell Type 2 Colitis Treatable with Antibodies to Interleukin 4

In this study we describe oxazolone colitis, a new form of experimental colitis. This model is induced in SJL/J mice by the rectal instillation of the haptenating agent, oxazolone, and is characterized by a rapidly developing colitis confined to the distal half of the colon; it consists of a mixed neutrophil/lymphocyte infiltration limited to the superficial layer of the mucosa which is associated with ulceration. Oxazolone colitis is a T helper cell type 2 (Th2)-mediated process since stimulated T cells from lesional tissue produce markedly increased amounts of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5; in addition, anti–IL-4 administration leads to a striking amelioration of disease, whereas anti–IL-12 administration either has no effect or exacerbates disease. Finally, this proinflammatory Th2 cytokine response is counterbalanced by a massive transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) response which limits both the extent and duration of disease: lesional (distal) T cells manifest a 20–30-fold increase in TGF-β production, whereas nonlesional (proximal) T cells manifest an even greater 40–50-fold increase. In addition, anti–TGF-β administration leads to more severe inflammation which now involves the entire colon. The histologic features and distribution of oxazolone colitis have characteristics that resemble ulcerative colitis (UC) and thus sharply distinguish this model from most other models, which usually resemble Crohn's disease. This feature of oxazolone colitis as well as its cytokine profile have important implications to the pathogenesis and treatment of UC.
Impaired oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle of intrauterine growth-retarded rats

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) has been linked to the development of type 2 diabetes in later life. We have developed a model of uteroplacental insufficiency, a common cause of intrauterine...
Mechanism of action of choline.

stance, it may be due to an increased synthesis, a decreased oxidation in the liver, an increased mobilization from the depots to the liver or a decreased mobilization from the liver to other tissues. Accordingly, the lipotropic action of choline could be explained by a stimulation or inhibition of any one or more of such processes. During the last twenty years a number of investigators have attempted to choose between these various interpretations by giving heavy water,’4 or, more recently, C’4-acetate46 to animals with or without a deficiency of choline, and then comparing the amounts and concentrations of the newly synthesized fatty acids in the livers and depots of these two groups of animals. The results of recent experiments carned out in our laboratory on mice fed labeled acetate6 are essentially in agreement with those previously obtained by others. In all animals the specific activities of the fatty acids were higher in the liver than in the muscle, suggesting that the labeled fatty acids which accumulate in the liver are chiefly synthesized in this tissue
Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae intestinal pathology and invasion in the removable intestinal tie adult rabbit diarrhea model.

A modified removable intestinal tie adult rabbit diarrhea (RITARD) model was used to investigate the intestinal pathology, intestinal bacterial colonization, intestinal fluid volume, and onset of diarrhea caused by non-O1 Vibrio cholerae. Three strains of non-O1 V. cholerae were studied. RITARD rabbits challenged with 10(3) CFU of strain NRT36S (a strain previously shown to cause diarrhea in volunteers) developed grade 3 diarrhea at 48 to 72 h. The mean counts of non-O1 V. cholerae isolated were 9.3 +/- 0.07 and 8.7 +/- 0.7 CFU/g from the small and large intestines, respectively. Histologic examination showed necrosis of the luminal epithelium in the colon and mild inflammatory cell infiltration in the adjacent lamina propria. The severity and extent of intestinal damage by strain NRT36S was dose dependent. Higher doses of strain NRT36S caused severe necrotizing colitis and enteritis, with bacteremia and mortality at less than 24 h in RITARD rabbits challenged with 10(9) CFU and at less than 48 h in RITARD rabbits challenged with 10(4) CFU. Electron and light microscopy demonstrated invasion of NRT36S into the luminal epithelial cells of the intestine. Challenge of RITARD rabbits with non-O1 V. cholerae A-5 and 2076-79 (strains which did not cause diarrhea in volunteers) did not cause diarrhea or intestinal pathology. Intestinal colonization was transient: at 72 h postchallenge, animals inoculated with strain A-5 were culture negative, while only low numbers of strain 2076-79 were detectable (approximately 0.4 to 0.8 CFU/g). Our data highlight the utility of the RITARD model, when combined with appropriate pathologic and bacteriologic studies, for obtaining insights into pathophysiologic mechanisms of enteric disease by non-O1 V. cholerae. In agreement with volunteer studies, non-O1 V. cholerae NRT36S is clearly pathogenic in this model; direct cell invasion may play a role in its ability to cause illness. Images
The role of circadian rhythms, light and melatonin in SAD and nonseasonal affective and anxiety disorders

More than three decades ago, bright light was found to be able to suppress melatonin production in humans, a finding which quickly led to identification of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and its treatment with light. However, current thinking supports a phase shift hypothesis (PSH), according to which SAD is a disorder primarily of phasedelayed circadian misalignment {best assessed by the time interval [or phase angle difference (PAD)]} between the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) and the midpoint of the sleep bout. It has been heuristically useful to use PAD 6 (a time interval of six hours) as the “sweet spot” for SAD: most patients with SAD have phase-delayed circadian misalignment (that is, have PADs ≤ 6), which explains why bright light exposure scheduled at waketime is the optimal treatment for most patients with SAD. Low-dose melatonin taken in the afternoon/evening also provides a corrective phase advance and is therefore an alternative or “add-on” treatment for these patients. The other SAD patients appear to be phase advanced (with PADs > 6) and respond to evening light and morning melatonin. Other hypotheses have not stood the test of time, including the two-oscillator dawn/dusk model of the endogenous circadian pacemaker which has been at least heuristically useful in rodents. However, recent research on multiple oscillators in the SCN and brain, as well as in other tissues and organs, may yet yield a more refined understanding of circadian misalignment. The salivary home DLMO may soon be the first laboratory test for a psychiatric disorder.
Energy transport: Singlet to triplet and back again.

Spin-triplet excitations commonly migrate through direct electron exchange between neighbouring molecules. Now, experiments show that back-and-forth interconversion between spin-triplet and spin-singlet states can significantly speed up triplet migration in organic crystals.
Engine Services, Inc

Engine Services, Inc., is a world-class jet-engine overhaul center. An about-to-be-published quarterly report supports the perception that the overhaul facility is providing too much value relative to contractual guarantees. The root of the problem may be the "two standard deviations rule," which is being used to provide a cushion above the guarantee. Lower targets increase the chances of costly rework but save on the costs of initial work.
Avoiding Japan-style Stagnation By Overcoming Bankers' DNA

Japan since 1990 and the US since 2008 have a zero interest (or \Liquidity Trap") environment. Bankers’ DNA contains: (1) Inability to charge money instead of paying interest for deposits, (2) double entry book-keeping, and (3) ination-aversion . I show that this DNA is responsible for the inability of monetary policy (QE1, QE2 or further real interest rate reductions into negative territory) and scal stimulus to promote American recovery and growth. As a unilateral remedy, the US should \print" about $500 billion, without adding to debt or taxes. If single entry printing is impossible, I suggest a fresh \allocation" of $500 billion in special drawing rights (SDR) to the US, Japan and the Euro-zone via an international agreement. I also indicate the taxing and spending discipline needed to avoid tripping market expectations. However, without it we run the risk of multiple dip recessions
Marketing Courses Prior to 1910

EDITOR'S NOTE: The celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the American Marketing Association and its predecessor organizations has provoked a friendly discussion concerning priorities in the teaching of marketing. Professor Maynard, after careful investigation, awards the title of "pioneer" to Professor E. D. Jones and the University of Michigan. His article presents the supporting evidence. It is printed here because itfits in well with the preceding papers by Professor Agnew and Doctor Weld.
Demonstration of Two Effects of Cortisone on Virus-Cell Interaction.

SummaryCortisone in a concentration of 0.2 S mg/ml produced a delay and partial inhibition of CP changes when introduced into HeLa cell cultures at the time of infection with poliomyelitis virus Types I and II and with vaccinia virus. This substance appears to have no effect on the virus in the absence of living cells. When cortisone in the same concentration was added to actively growing HeLa cells and then washed away prior to infection, it accelerated the CP changes when cells were subsequently infected with poliomyelitis virus Types I and II.
Harold Schlosberg: an appreciation.

Harold Schlosberg served Psychology for almost four decades, providing constructive and imaginative leadership as a scientist, a teacher, and an administrator. In each of these roles, he made contributions of lasting significance to the science and the profession of Psychology.
Identity as a central adjustment issue for the Southeast Asian unaccompanied refugee minor

The experiences of unaccompanied refugee minors from Southeast Asia pose a series of unique problems which compound the already difficult task of identity formation in adolescence. This article examines some of the experiences of unaccompanied minors in their move from Southeast Asia to the United States and discusses the treatment implications for those who work with this special population. It is written for youth workers who may have little or no experience working with this special population.
Abstract 66: Epigenetic inactivation of the tumor suppressor BIN1 drives proliferation of SNF5-deficient tumors

SNF5 (SMARCB1/INI1/BAF47), a core subunit of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes, is a potent tumor suppressor that is specifically inactivated in a variety of aggressive pediatric cancers. We have recently demonstrated that SNF5 acts as a tumor suppressor not genetically via maintenance of genome integrity, but epigenetically via transcriptional regulation. However, few of the target genes essential for oncogenesis following SNF5 loss have been identified. Here, we demonstrate that aberrant epigenetic silencing of the tumor suppressor gene BIN1 is a conserved event in SNF5-deficient cancers and contributes to tumorigenesis. Comparative genomewide expression analysis reveals that BIN1 expression is strongly downregulated in SNF5-deficient malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRT) relative to other human tumors, and we also observe decreased Bin1 expression in murine Snf5-deficient lymphomas. The underlying mechanism is epigenetic silencing as reintroduction of SNF5 into deficient tumor cell lines results in increased SWI/SNF recruitment to the BIN1 promoter and increased BIN1 expression. Furthermore, expression of BIN1 specifically compromises the proliferation of SNF5-deficient MRT cell lines. BIN1 encodes a family of alternatively spliced adaptor proteins that have been implicated in cellular differentiation, tumor suppression, and immune escape of transformed cells, but its regulation has not been well characterized. Identification of BIN1 as a key SNF5 target reveals a novel mechanism by which epigenetically based changes can drive cancer formation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 66. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-66
The Correlation of Serum IL-6,hs-CRP and Insulin Resistance in Simple Obesity Children

Objective To study the hs-CPR,IL-6 levels and insulin resistance( IR) in different degrees obese children and to explore the relationship of them. Methods A total of 129 simple obese children visiting Beijing Children' s Hospital from Mar. 2010 to May. 2012 were selected,and divided into 3 groups according to the body mass index( BMI),including the light obesity group,the middle rank obesity group and the heavy obesity group. 41 healthy children going to the hospital for health examination during the same period were selected as the control group. The IL-6,hs-CRP,were measured and IR was calculated in all the research objects. Results The IL-6,hs-CRP level and IR in light obesity group weren't found significantly different from the healthy group( P 0. 05). However the IL-6,hs-CRP level and IR in middle rank obesity group and heavy obesity group were higher than the healthy group and light obesity group( P 0. 01),and HOMA-IR were positively correlated with the IL-6,hs-CRP level in middle rank and heavy obesity groups( P 0. 01). Conclusion The IL-6,hs-CRP level and IR of middle rank obese children and heavily obese children are higher than those of healthy children,awhich may easily induce IR. The inflammatory response and the IR status of simple obesity children can be known by detecting the serum levels of IL-6,hs-CRP.
Studies of controlled reperfusion after ischemia. XXIII. Deleterious effects of simulated thrombolysis preceding simulated coronary artery bypass grafting with controlled blood cardioplegic reperfusion.

This study tests whether simulated thrombolysis before controlled reperfusion (i.e., simulated coronary artery bypass) causes reperfusion injury that obviates the benefits of subsequent controlled reperfusion and results in unnecessary ventricular arrhythmias. Fifteen dogs underwent acute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. In 10 dogs we simulated thrombolysis after 1 hour of ischemia (delivering 10% to 15% of control flow at 5 ml/min), followed 1 hour later by either normal blood reperfusion at systemic pressure (to simulate percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) in five dogs or regionally controlled blood cardioplegic reperfusion on bypass in five others to simulate coronary bypass. In five dogs ischemia was prolonged to 2 hours, and the initial reperfusate was blood cardioplegic solution on total vented bypass (to simulate primary coronary bypass). All hearts receiving simulated thrombolysis (100%) after 1 hour of ischemia had reperfusion-induced ventricular fibrillation. All hearts treated by simulated angioplasty recovered regional contractility (56% of control systolic shortening), whereas there was no (0%) recovery of spontaneous contractility after subsequent blood cardioplegic reperfusion, and only two (40%) dogs had contractile reserve capacity (6% ±49%). Conversely, surgically controlled blood cardioplegic reperfusion without preceding low-flow normal blood reperfusion after 2 hours of ischemia resulted in no ventricular arrhythmias (0%; p
The Art of Translation

Many of the examples here have been drawn from Latin America because the discussion of literary cosmopolitanism is so developed there. An important example is the recent work of Angel Rama, whose term ‘transculturation’ (borrowed from the earlier work of Fernando Ortiz in 1940) captures that special value in writing that exhibits ‘a simultaneous adherence to terms entirely heterogeneous, or rather, a curiously satirical playfulness that oscillates endlessly between the adoption of a European model and the valorisation of national difference’.2
The existence of complex transmission eigenvalues for spherically stratified media

We continue our investigation of transmission eigenvalues for spherically stratified media. In particular, in the case when the index of refraction n(r) is such that , we establish conditions on n(r) to guarantee that there exists an infinite number of complex transmission eigenvalues and when , we establish very weak conditions on n(r) to guarantee the existence of complex transmission eigenvalues.
Abstract 2630: Inhibition of angiogenesis contributes to enhanced radiation response in tumors following MDM2 inhibition by AMG 232

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA MDM2-p53 interaction and downstream signaling impacts cellular response to DNA damage. AMG 232 is a potent small molecule inhibitor that blocks the interaction of MDM2 and p53. We previously elucidated the capacity of AMG 232 to augment radiation response across a spectrum of human tumor cell lines and xenografts. In the current study, we examine the capacity of AMG 232 to inhibit angiogenesis and assess the resultant impact on AMG 232-induced radiosensitivity. We first examined the impact of AMG 232 on the growth and radiosensitivity of human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) and dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLEC). We found that AMG 232 inhibited the proliferation of both endothelial cell types in a dose dependent manner. Importantly, treatment with AMG 232 significantly reduced angiogenesis-related tube formation in both endothelial cell types. Using clonogenic survival analysis, we identified that treatment with AMG 232 significantly enhanced radiosensitivity. Immunoblot analysis showed that combined treatment with AMG 232 and radiation resulted in a profound impact on molecules involved in cell cycle progression, DNA damage repair, and apoptosis signaling, including FoxM1, ATM/ATR, CHK2, Rad51, and Bax. Flow cytometric analysis also showed a significant cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase with an increase of DNA damage related γH2AX level at 48 hrs following radiation and AMG 232 treatment. In H460 and SJSA-1 tumor xenografts, we found a markedly increased antitumor capacity of AMG 232 when combined with radiation. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a significant reduction of cellular proliferation and vascular density in both tumor types following combined treatment of AMG 232 and radiation. Taken together, these findings reveal the potential anti-angiogenic capacity of AMG 232 that may contribute to augmentation of radiation response previously observed in tumor xenograft studies. A detailed investigation is in progress to examine changes in the tumor microenvironment following AMG 232 and radiation treatment, including hypoxia and vascular normalization, to assess their respective impact on tumor response to radiation. Citation Format: Lauryn R. Werner, Shyhmin Huang, Eric A. Armstrong, Fang Ma, Jude Canon, Paul M. Harari. Inhibition of angiogenesis contributes to enhanced radiation response in tumors following MDM2 inhibition by AMG 232. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2630. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2630
Perceived barriers to healthcare and receipt of recommended medical care among elderly Medicare beneficiaries

Purpose Many Medicare beneficiaries perceive barriers to receiving healthcare, although the consequences are unknown. Facilitators can aid in the receipt of healthcare services. The objective was to assess the relationship between perceived facilitators and barriers to healthcare and actual receipt of recommended medical care among elderly beneficiaries.
Change to healthcare is history repeating itself: People who misuse drugs and alcohol may not receive treatment under the new US medical system

In my last Board's Eye View, I wrote about the US presidential candidates and uncertainty about healthcare reform. Six months later, the story is continuing.
What the novel ecosystem concept provides: a reply to Kattan et al

The novel ecosystem concept expands the restoration palette by focusing our attention on what is possible when recovery to an historical pre-disturbance condition is not. Although some elements of the concept have long been accepted in restoration circles, the novel ecosystem framework brings these elements to the fore. There is a growing frustration with restoration prescriptions that above all else emphasize native species and historical trajectories, and there is a clear need for alternatives that recognize real limitations to achieving these goals in at least some instances. Though not perfect, the novel ecosystem framework represents such an alternative.
Cardiac arrest in pregnancy

Cardiac arrest in pregnancy is a rare and frightening event. Although not every obstetrician will encounter cardiac arrest in pregnancy during their career, it is imperative to be prepared to manage this acute emergency. The management is particularly complex due to maternal physiologic changes from pregnancy and the simultaneous management of two patients, the mother and fetus. In 2010, the American Heart Association released their first scientific statement on guidelines for management of cardiac arrest in pregnancy that has since been updated in 2015. All providers who care for pregnant patients should be aware of these guidelines and ready to manage cardiac arrest in pregnancy because correct and timely interventions can affect real world outcomes.
An Account of Practical Decisions

This paper offers an account of practical decisions. The author argues that decisions do not need to be conscious, nor do they need to be settled by deliberation. Agents can be mistaken about what they decided and agents can decide by doing some intentional action besides deliberating. The author argues that the functional role of a decision is to put an end to practical uncertainty. A mental event is a decision to the extent that it ends practical uncertainty and to the extent that awareness of this causal role tends to reinforce that fact. This role is causal, but has systematic connections to consciousness.
Is Natural Semantics Possible?—Ordinary English, Formal Deformations-cum-Reformations and the Limits of Model Theory

The essay is dedicated to the memory of Jaakko Hintikka and Hilary Putnam, two logically inventive philosophers who, nonetheless, showed deep judgment in bringing to the fore the limits of reducing natural languages to formal languages, via the use of logical forms and model theory. Writing in parallel ecologies, the two proposed rather similar “limitative” theses about the popular logical-form-cum-model theory methodology.