cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High- and low-dose superoxide dismutase plus catalase does not reduce myocardial infarct size in a subhuman primate model

Abstract Oxygen free radical scavengers have been found to decrease infarct size in dogs subjected to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. A baboon open-chest model was used to determine if superoxide dismutase (SOD), an oxygen free radical scavenger, together with catalase would be equally effective in subhuman primates (baboons). The left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was ligated for 2 hours. Before reperfusion, the animals received the following: Group 1 (low-dose SOD/catalase; n = 5) received 15,000 IU/kg of SOD and 55,000 IU/kg of catalase IV over 1 hour, 15 minutes before reperfusion. Group 2 (high-dose human SOD [h-SOD]/catalase; n = 5) received an intraatrial bolus of 400,000 IU of recombinant h-SOD and 27,500 IU/kg of catalase over 30 seconds, followed by 300,000 IU of h-SOD and 55,000 IU/kg of catalase over 1 hour, beginning 15 seconds before reperfusion. Group 3 ( n = 8) were control animals. Baboons were put to death 22 hours after reperfusion. Their hearts were excised and sectioned after the perfusion bed distal to the site of ligation was delineated with microvascular dye. The infarct zone was determined histologically. Areas of the perfusion bed and infarct zone were measured by planimetry. Infarct size did not differ significantly between the three groups: control, 66 ± 7%; low-dose SOD/catalase, 68 ± 5%; and high-dose h-SOD/catalase, 74 ± 4%. In this model, high- and low-dose SOD with catalase did not result in any significant reduction in infarct size.
Inheritance of fenvalerate and carbofuran resistance in colorado beetles—Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)—from North Carolina

Progeny from reciprocal F1 crosses and F1 backcrosses between fenvalerate-resistant and fenvalerate-susceptible Colorado beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), and between carbofuran-resistant and carbofuran-susceptible Colorado beetles were bioassayed to investigate the mode of inheritance of resistance to these chemicals. Bioassays of progeny from these crosses indicate that resistance to fenvalerate is inherited in a semi-recessive, sex-linked manner and carbofuran resistance is inherited in a partially dominant autosomal fashion. Log concentration/probit mortality lines and chi-square tests, however, indicate that multiple genes may be involved in resistance to both insecticides.
Deformation induced anisotropic responses of Ti–6Al–4V alloy Part II: A strain rate and temperature dependent anisotropic yield criterion

Abstract Based on the extensive new experimental results, a yield criterion is proposed to describe the anisotropic yield behavior and tension compression asymmetry characteristics of an electron beam single melt Ti–6Al–4V alloy. In the proposed anisotropic yield criterion, a novel method is introduced to decouple the anisotropy and tension compression asymmetry characteristics; thus the anisotropic coefficients and tension compression asymmetry parameter can be determined independently. The Khan–Huang–Liang (KHL) constitutive model is used as the hardening response of the alloy along different loading directions, and subsequently used to determine the material constants in the proposed yield criterion over wide ranges of strain rate and temperature. Moreover, the newly proposed yield criterion is used to correlate the yield loci of the Ti–6Al–4V alloy at different strain levels, strain rates and temperatures. Good agreements between predicted yield surfaces and corresponding experimental data is obtained. Furthermore, a generalized yield criterion are proposed which can comprehensively predict different types of yield surfaces.
In vitro effect of formaldehyde on Douglas fir pollen

Formaldehyde (HCHO) concentrations of up to 479 mmol m–3 have been reported in urban fogwater, yet little is known about the phytotoxicity of HCHO at such concentrations. We report that formaldehyde at target concentrations of 300, 600, 900 and 1200mmol m–3 reduced germination of Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco.] pollen in vitro. Formaldehyde concentrations and pH in media containing pollen decreased over 25 h. These effects were not seen with heat-killed pollen nor with media lacking pollen, which may suggest uptake or detoxification by live pollen. Stress was indicated by ion leakage from pollen, which increased within 20 h in all HCHO treatments. Reduced pollen viability was indicated by TTC staining of pollen, which decreased after HCHO treatment.
Scaling Laws and Mesoscopic Modeling of Thermal Conductivity in Carbon Nanotube Materials

The scaling laws describing the thermal conductivity in random networks of straight conducting nanofibers are derived analytically and verified in numerical simulations. The applicability of the scaling laws to more complex structures of interconnected networks of bundles in carbon nanotube (CNT) films and mats is investigated in mesoscopic simulations. The heat transfer in CNT materials is found to be strongly enhanced by self-organization of CNTs into continuous networks of bundles. The thermal conductivity of CNT films varies by orders of magnitude depending on the length of the nanotubes and their structural arrangement in the material.
Effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the structure and function of developing chloroplasts.

Dark-grown radish seedlings (Raphanus sativus L.) were sprayed with 10-3 mol·l-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and then were exposed to a 14:10 light: dark cycle. Cotyledon samples from these seedlings and unsprayed controls were taken for electron microscopy, chlorophyll determinations, and photosynthetic rate measurements at regular intervals for 72 h. A normal development of etioplasts to chloroplasts with formation of typical grana-fret work system was observed in the control cotyledons. The chloroplasts in the 2,4-D-treated cotyledons showed changes in the organization of the grana thylakoids; these thylakoids being more appressed to each other than in the controls. The chlorophyll content of treated plants was less than that of controls but the rate of chlorophyll biosynthesis was unaffected. The photosynthetic rate/mg chlorophyll was considerably higher for treated plants suggesting that 2,4-D treatment resulted in decreased size of the photosynthetic unit.
No effect of the Trp64Arg β3-adrenoceptor variant on in vivo lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue

A Trp64Arg variant in the human β 3-adrenoceptor is associated with earlier onset of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity in several populations. The present study investigated in vivo lipolysis in individuals homozygous for the ’variant' allele coding for arginine (Arg) in position 64 of the β 3-adrenoceptor or homozygous for the ’wild type' tryptophan (Trp) allele. Subjects were 25 healthy, non-diabetic Pima Indians, 8 Arg (2 males, 6 females; aged 34 ± 9 years, BMI 36.2 ± 7.7 kg/m2, 43 ± 11 % body fat [mean ± SD]), and 17 Trp (9 males, 8 females; aged 30 ± 5 years, BMI 30.4 ± 6.1 kg/m2, 39 ± 9 % body fat). After an overnight fast, a microdialysis probe was inserted in the subcutaneous adipose tissue and perfused with Ringer's solution. Dialysate was collected in 10-min fractions during a 30-min baseline and during 40 min with isoproterenol, a non-selective β-adrenergic agonist, added to the perfusate (1 μmol/l). Changes in rate of lipolysis were assessed as changes in dialysate glycerol concentration. The relative changes in dialysate glycerol concentrations in response to isoproterenol, expressed as percent over baseline, were similar in the two groups (i. e. 63 ± 30 and 74 ± 28 % in the Arg and Trp subjects, respectively). The results were also similar in the two groups after adjustment for sex and percentage of body fat. No differential effect of isoproterenol on blood flow was demonstrated between the two groups (assessed by the ethanol dilution technique). These results are consistent with in vitro studies showing no functional effect of the β 3-adrenoceptor variant, and/or indicate that the β 3-adrenoceptor is not very important for subcutaneous adipose tissue lipolysis. [Diabetalogia (1997) 40: 838–842]
Intracerebroventricular injection of Nω-nitro-l-arginine in rats impairs learning in a 14-unit T-maze

Abstract We investigated whether intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N ω -nitro- l -arginine ( N -Arg), impairs learning in male Sprague–Dawley rats (2–3 months old) in a 14-unit T-maze. Rats were pretrained in one-way active avoidance to a criterion of 13/15 avoidances of foot shock in a straight runway. The next day, rats received i.c.v. injections of either artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) as controls or N -Arg (12 μ g or 15 μ g) 30 min before training in the 14-unit T-maze. The learning contingency was to negotiate each of 5 segments within 10 s to avoid footshock during 15 trials. Performance variables included errors (deviations from the correct pathway), runtime from start to goal, and shock frequency and duration. Compared to controls, the number of errors over the last 10 trials was higher in rats receiving 15 μ g N -Arg and over the last 5 trials for those given 12 μ g. Runtime, shock frequency and duration were increased in both N -Arg groups. The N -Arg-induced (15 μ g i.c.v.) impairment could be attenuated when the nitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside (1 mg/kg), was administered intraperitoneally 1 min prior to maze learning. In a retention test, rats were treated with either aCSF or 15 μ g N -Arg i.c.v. 30 min before being retested in the maze 7–10 d following acquisition training. Under these conditions, maze performance was not significantly affected. These results confirmed previous findings that inhibition of nitric oxide synthase impairs acquisition but not retention. Moreover, the N -Arg-induced learning impairment does not appear to be related to noncognitive aspects of performance.
The Landscape of Human Evolution

![Figure][1] CREDIT: IZZET KERIBAR/LONELY PLANET IMAGES/GETTYIMAGES In the pregenomic era, evolutionary genetics was a painstaking process. From observations of the natural world, scientists hypothesized instances of selection and sought confirmation on a case-by-case basis. As of 2000, only a handful of such cases had been identified. Technological and analytical advances in the past decade, however, have enabled us to progress from hypothesis-testing to hypothesis-generating science. Rather than examining single-candidate genes, we can scan the entire genome to identify variants under natural selection. In the initial phase of the postgenomic era, we have confirmed earlier hypotheses of evolution for malaria resistance, skin pigmentation, and lactose tolerance, and we have identified new adaptations for the formation of hair, resistance to trypanasomes, and response to high altitude. The challenge now is to uncover how hundreds of newly discovered candidate loci have shaped our evolution. In my laboratory's own recent scans, we identified more than 200 loci with strong evidence of selection. Of these, roughly half point to genes, and the other half point to large, intervening, noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs), other regulatory elements, and many yet-unknown regions. It is intriguing that whole new adaptive pathways are coming into view, such as those regulating sensory perception and thermoregulation in Asia, and metabolism and infectious disease in all populations. In the next decade, scientists can look forward to investigating these pathways and many other new hypotheses being generated through genome scans to uncover the vast landscape of human evolution. [1]: pending:yes
C-Myc expression is reduced in antipain-treated proliferating C3H 10T12 cells

Abstract In this report, we demonstrate that treatment of proliferating irradiated and nonirradiated C3H 10T 1 2 cells with the protease inhibitor antipain is associated with a reduction in c-myc expression. Under conditions in which antipain treatment results in reduced c-myc transcripts, there is no effect on total RNA synthesis, growth rate, or saturation density. Antipain may be a useful inhibitor in which to further study the role of c-myc in cellular physiology.
Vortices and critical current in disordered arrays of Josephson junctions

The breakdown phenomena of disordered arrays of two-dimensional resistively shunted Josephson junctions driven by dc external current are studied numerically at zero temperature and zero magnetic field. First we report on perfect arrays with large linear defects (rows of missing junctions). We show the formation of vortices on the defect tips, the depinning of these vortices at the critical current, the production of Josephson oscillations by the motion of these vortices and additional transitions as breakdown occurs row by row in adjacent rows. Next we study the funnel defect to show that, in this model, local confined (nonspanning) regions of the sample cannot become normal until an entire spanning or global region or vortex path across the sample can be found. In randomly disordered samples, global breakdown means that the most critical defect region of the sample cannot become normal until a connected global path of such regions across the sample can become normal and develop a voltage. This point of global breakdown defines the critical current ${\mathit{i}}_{\mathit{c}}$ in randomly disordered arrays. At currents just below ${\mathit{i}}_{\mathit{c}}$, large regions of the sample may be critical or near critical, with vortices ready to depin from their defects in a form of self-organized criticality. It may be possible to stimulate this near depinning by external probes in this situation. We also study the statistics of an ensemble of 800 arrays of 25\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}25 junctions at p=0.90 to observe the failure distribution F(i) (or critical current distribution) within the ensemble. We find consistency with the modified Gumbel form for F(i), as in the case of linear problems, despite the nonlinearity. Finally we observe the average voltage 〈V〉 versus applied current i for the samples in the ensemble and find that 〈V〉 varies as (i-${\mathit{i}}_{\mathrm{〈}\mathit{V}\mathrm{〉}}$${)}^{\mathit{x}}$, where x=3.10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10.
Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty

Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) is a simple, efficient procedure with a low risk/benefit ratio when carried out by experienced interventional radiologists. The role of radiology in the diagnosis and treatment of renovascular hypertension (RVH) is discussed, with special attention to technique. PTRA and surgical results are dependent on the etiology and location of renal artery stenosis (RAS). At New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, PTRA is the procedure of choice in fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), unilateral non-ostial atheroma, arteritis, renal transplantation, and pediatrics. The choice between surgery and PTRA in patients with bilateral and ostial atherosclerotic disease and/or azotemia depends on the surgical risk category of the patient. At our institution, coronary and cerebrovascular disease do not preclude PTRA.
Isolation and characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants of Streptococcus suis: efficacy trial of the mutant vaccine in mice.

A model of experimental Streptococcus suis infection was developed in young mice. Minimum lethal dose (MLD) values were calculated for four virulent serotypes (121,2,3) of S. suis using this model. Temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of S. suis serotypes 12 and 1–8 were isolated and characterized on the basis of their growth kinetics and reversion rates. Ts mutants of S. suis12, 1,2, and 3 were tested as vaccines against the virulent homologous and heterologous challenges in mice. The protection provided was evaluated by analyzing the clinical signs, death or survival. Homologous but not heterologous protection was noted in all mice vaccinated with the mutant strains. Ts mutants of S. suis12 provided 100% protection against challenge by virulent strains of S. suis12, 1 and 2.
Solvents and supporting electrolytes for vanadium acetylacetonate flow batteries

Abstract Properties of supporting electrolytes and solvents were examined for use with vanadium acetylacetonate – a member of the class of metal( β -diketonate) active species – in non-aqueous redox flow batteries. Twenty supporting-electrolyte/solvent combinations were screened for ionic conductivity and supporting-electrolyte solubility. Hexane, tetrahydrofuran, and dimethylcarbonate solvents did not meet minimal conductivity and solubility criteria for any of the electrolytes used, which included tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate, tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate, and (1-butyl, 3-methyl)imidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide. Ionic conductivities and solubilities for solutions of these electrolytes passed screening criteria in acetonitrile and dimethylformamide solvents, in which maximum supporting-electrolyte and active-species solubilities were determined. Active-species electrochemistry was found to be reversible in several solvent/support systems; for some systems the voltammetric signatures of unwanted side reactions were suppressed. Correlations between supporting-solution properties and performance metrics suggest that an optimal solvent for a vanadium acetylacetonate RFB should have a low solvent molar volume for active-species solubility, and a high Hansen polarity for conductivity.
Depression and the Correspondent Inference Bias: Evidence for more Effortful Cognitive Processing

This research tested the hypothesis that because of mildly and moderately depressed and dysphoric individuals' need to reestablish feelings of control, such individuals will be more likely to effort fully process available social information. Using a cognitive load manipulation up within the correspondence bias paradigm, it was found that depressed subjects were less likely than nondepressed subjects to make correspondent inferences (and more likely to process the available social information), but only under the condition of no cognitive load. The results of the study provide evidence for the motivated effortful processing of social information by moderately depressed individuals.
Testing Rival Theories of Budgetary Decision–making in the US States

This article tests three common budgetary decision–making theories in the US states. Pooled time series cross–section analysis is used from 1960 to 1996 to test the garbage can theory and incrementalism, and from 1989 to 1996 to test various theories of rational budgeting. The results demonstrate that there was some support for all three theories in terms of their impact on reducing state budget outputs. Rational budgeting reduces expenditures in aggregate, incrementalism has relatively low explanatory power below the aggregates, and garbage can budgeting is more prevalent in functional areas than for government as a whole. These findings imply that the future research agenda on budgetary decision–making theories should focus more on a system–wide approach, which takes into account many of the characteristics of all three rival models of decision–making, rather than exclusively focusing on each one singly.
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide-Processed Dispersed Polystyrene−Clay Nanocomposites

Achieving clay dispersion and improving clay−polymer interactions are keys to producing superior nanocomposites. A supercritical CO2 (scCO2) processing method was utilized to prepare high molecular weight polystyrene (PS)/Cloisite 10A nanocomposites with significant dispersion and rheological enhancement. The effects of scCO2 processing, presence of cosolvent, and clay weight fraction on clay dispersion and polymer−clay interactions in nanocomposites were investigated. Rheology, WAXD, and TEM of the nanocomposites indicate that substantial improvements in the rheological properties of scCO2 nanocomposites are the result of increased dispersion and polymer−clay interactions. At low frequencies, the elastic plateau modulus of the scCO2-processing nanocomposites (5 wt % clay loading) is more than 40-fold higher than benchmark solution-blended samples. Our results suggest that the substantial contacting with scCO2, followed by rapid depressurization, produces a combination of disorder and dispersion of this “...
Defining chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in older persons.

Summary Objective To develop a more age-appropriate spirometric definition of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among older persons. Methods Using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), we developed a two-part spirometric definition of COPD in older persons, aged 65–80 years, that 1) determines a cut-point for the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1s to forced vital capacity (FEV 1 /FVC) based on mortality risk; and 2) among persons below this critical FEV 1 /FVC threshold, determines cut-points for the FEV 1 , expressed as a standardized residual percentile (SR-tile) and based on the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and mortality risk. Measurements included spirometry, health questionnaires, and mortality (National Death Index). Results There were 2480 older participants with a mean age of 71.7 years; 1372 (55.4%) had a smoking history, 1097 (44.2%) had respiratory symptoms and, over the course of 12-years, 868 (35.0%) had died. Among participants with an FEV 1 /FVC 1 1 /FVC 1 Conclusion In a large, nationally representative sample of community-living older persons, defining COPD based on an FEV 1 /FVC 1 cut-points at the 10th and 5th SR-tiles, identifies individuals with an increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms and an increased risk of death, respectively.
A deep towed explosive source for seismic experiments on the ocean floor

A new seismic source for carrying out high resolution measurements of deep ocean crustal structure has been constructed and successfully used in a number of ocean bottom refraction experiments on the Mid Atlantic Ridge near 23° N. The source is towed within 100 m of the ocean floor on a conventional 0.68″ coaxial cable and is capable of firing, upon command from the research vessel, up to 48 individual 2.3 kg explosive charges. The explosive used was commercially available Penta-Erythritol-Tetra Nitrate (PETN) that was activated by 14.9 gm m−1 Primacord and DuPont E-97 electrical detonators. For safety reasons each detonator was fitted with a pressure switch that maintained a short until the source was at depth in excess of approximately 300 m. In addition, a mechanical protector isolated the detonator from the main charge and was only removed by the physical release of the explosive from the source package. These and other safety precautions resulted in several misfires but three experiments were successfully completed during the summer of 1985 at source depths of 3000–4000 m.
Female Entrepreneurship and Economic Activity

Several studies and aid programs claim the contribution to welfare resulting from female entrepreneurship to be higher than that resulting from the activity of men. Unfortunately, however, the number of women entrepreneurs is significantly lower than that of men. Although quite a bit of attention has been paid to the existence of gender differences in entrepreneurial behavior, the causes of such differences are significantly less understood. No general agreement exists on whether they result from contextual or evolutionary causes and, in particular, no consensus exists on whether such differences are, at least to some extent, linked to the per-capita GDP of a country. Using a large set of data covering individuals from 34 nations, this article makes an initial attempt to address these questions. Although exploratory, the results suggest that per-capita GDP levels are significantly associated with the gender gap in entrepreneurial behavior but that subjective perceptions also play an important role. In contrast, individual demographic and economic conditions are found to be of relatively little importance. Un certain nombre d’etudes et de programmes d’assistance affirment que la contribution de l’entreprenariat feminin au bien-etre social est plus importante que la contribution resultant des activites des hommes. Cependant, le nombre de femmes entrepreneurs est malheureusement sensiblement moins eleve que celui des hommes. Une attention relativement soutenue est consacree a l’existence de differences entre les hommes et les femmes dans leur comportement entrepreneurial, mais les causes de telles differences sont nettement moins bien comprises. Il n’existe aucun consensus sur les causes, contextuelles ou evolutives, de ces differences; Plus specifiquement, il n’y a pas de consensus pour dire que de telles differences sont, au moins en partie, liees au PIB par habitant des pays. En se basant sur une grande base de donnees concernant les individus de 34 pays, cet article fait une premiere tentative d’exploration de ces questions. Bien qu’exploratoires, les resultats suggerent que les niveaux de PIB par habitant ont un rapport significatif avec les differences entre les hommes et les femmes dans leurs comportements entrepreneuriaux, mais que les perceptions individuelles jouent egalement un role important. Par contraste, on constate que les conditions individuelles demographiques et economiques ont une influence relativement peu importante.
Autonomic Regulation of Voltage‐Gated Cardiac Ion Channels

Altering voltage-gated ion channel currents, by changing channel number or voltage-dependent kinetics, regulates the propagation of action potentials along the plasma membrane of individual cells and from one cell to its neighbors. Functional increases in the number of cardiac sodium channels (Na(V)1.5) at the myocardial sarcolemma are accomplished by the regulation of caveolae by beta adrenergically stimulated G-proteins. We demonstrate that Na(V)1.5, Ca(V)1.2a, and K(V)1.5 channels specifically localize to isolated caveolar membranes, and to punctate regions of the sarcolemma labeled with caveolin-3. In addition, we show that Na(V)1.5, Ca(V)1.2a, and K(V)1.5 channel antibodies label the same subpopulation of isolated caveolae. Plasma membrane sheet assays demonstrate that Na(V)1.5, Ca(V)1.2a, and K(V)1.5 cluster with caveolin-3. This may have interesting implications for the way in which adrenergic pathways alter the cardiac action potential morphology and the velocity of the excitatory wave.
Deprivation Contribution and Interference Effects of Multiple Wells in a Common Aquifer

The purpose of this paper is to present a method of assessing ground-water interference effects of multiple wells upon any given well in an aquifer. The method specifically relates to depleted aquifers and attempts to assign the responsibility for the depletion effects to all users on a reliable basis. This basis entails the fundamental relationships between the pertinent variables and is not a simple percentage of water usage rates. The method takes into account both flow magnitude and radial distances from all users to the given depleted well. Large flows at longer distances, in general, affect a given well less than smaller flows at closer distances. The methodology applied in this paper was developed as a result of a legal suit where relative responsibility among several users for depletion effects had to be assigned. The method will assign the effects, or deprivation contribution, of all water users on any given well in an aquifer common to all the wells. The limitations of the method are also discussed.
Low cost approach to Mars pathfinder and small landers

Abstract NASA's Mars Surveyor Program will launch small orbiters to Mars, each carrying subsets of the Mars Observer instruments, starting as early as ’96, to achieve the Mars Observer Mission objectives. Small landers will follow, as early as ’98, accomplishing surface investigations as determined by the NASA AO process. Mars Pathfinder, launching in December ’96 and landing July 4, ’97, will demo a low cost delivery system to the surface of Mars for follow-on Mars Surveyor and Discovery Program landers. Historically, spacecraft that orbit or land on a distant body carry a large amount of fuel for braking at the planet. Pathfinder requires fuel only to navigate to Mars, and then aerobrakes into the Mars atmosphere, deploys a parachute at 10 km above the surface and, within 100 m off the surface, fires solid rockets for final braking prior to deployment of air bags which cushion touchdown. After landing, petals open to upright the lander. The major objective of Pathfinder, acquisition and return of engineering data on EDL and lander performance, will be completed within the first few hours after landing. In addition, the lander will transmit panoramic images of the Martian surface the first day. Next, a rover will be deployed, as early as the first day, to perform mobility tests, image its surroundings including the lander, and place the APX against a rock to make elemental composition measurements. The primary mission durations for the rover and lander are one week and one month, respectively. However, there is nothing to preclude their operations past the primary mission durations, and both are expected to operate longer. While Pathfinder is an engineering demo, it accomplishes a focused, exciting set of science investigations with a stereo, multi-color lander imager; atmospheric instrumentation, used as a weather station after landing; the APX; and the rover including its aft and forward cameras. This paper features Pathfinder's approach to innovative and cost effective project implementation, capped at 150 Mil $(FY ’92) for development plus 22 Mil $(FY ’92) for the rover. Pathfinder is pathfinding a new way of doing business at NASA and JPL for small, low cost, Discovery class missions. In addition, this paper will summarize the approach to small lander missions after Pathfinder, in particular the importance of Pathfinder to these missions.
A boundary-continuous-displacement based fourier analysis of laminated doubly-curved panels using classical shallow shell theories

Abstract Hitherto unavailable analytical solutions to the boundary-value problems of static response and free vibration of an arbitrarily laminated doubly-curved panel of rectangular planform are presented. Four classical shallow shell theories (namely, Donnell, Sanders, Reissner and modified Sanders) have been utilized in the formulation, which generates a system of one fourth-order and two third-order partial differential equations with constant coefficients. A novel double Fourier series approach has been developed to solve this system of three partial differential equations with the SS2-type simply supported boundary conditions prescribed at all four edges. The accuracy of the solutions is ascertained by studying the convergence characteristics of the lowest two natural frequencies, deflections and moments of angle-ply panels, and also by comparison with the available FSDT-based analytical and CLT-based Galerkin solutions. Also presented are comparisons of deflections and moments of antisymmetric angle-ply cylindrical panels, computed using the four classical shallow shell theories considered. Comparisons with the available FSDT (first-order shear deformation theory)-based analytical solutions are presented for the purpose of establishing the upper limit (with respect to the thickness-to-length ratio) of validity of the present CLT (classical lamination theory)-based solutions for angle-ply panels. Also studied is the highly complex interaction of bending-stretching type coupling effect with the effects of transverse shear deformation, rotatory inertias, inplane inertias, and membrane action due to shell curvature. Other important numerical results presented include variation of the response quantities of interest with geometric and material parameters, such as radius-to-length ratio, length-to-thickness ratio and angle of fiber orientation.
Olanzapine Treatment of Corticosteroid-Induced Mood Disorders

Psychiatric consultants working in general medical settings are occasionally asked to assess and manage mood disturbances caused by corticosteroid treatment. This problem is seen in settings where corticosteroids, particularly in higher doses, are more commonly used, such as in transplantation, oncology, pulmonary, rheumatology, and gastroenterology practices. Patients may present with delirium or a schizophreniform psychosis, but mood disorders—including manic, depressed, and mixed states—are far more common. Most reports of the treatment of steroidinduced mood disorders have emphasized the use of typical antipsychotics, and we found only a single case report 1 in which an atypical antipsychotic, olanzapine, was used. Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic with high affinity for serotonin subtype 2A (5-HT2A) and muscarinic subtype 1 (M1) receptors and less affinity for dopamine subtypes 1 and 2 (D1 and D2), histamine subtype 1 (H1), and adrenergic 1 receptors. In addition to being an effective antipsychotic, it has been approved for use as a treatment for acute mania and is being studied for its moodstabilizing properties. 2 We reasoned that this agent might be especially useful for treating corticosteroid-induced mood disturbances, and we report five cases in which this treatment was used with good results.
Risk of pregnancy associated with maternal and child nutritional status

Most studies have indicated that maternal nutritional status has little impact on the risk of pregnancy. 1 study has demonstrated that maternal supplementation can be associated with a decrease in the duration of amenorrhea. There is however an alternative explanation for the relationship found in the study; in particular the level of supplementation is extremely unlikely to occur except under experimental conditions. Child nutrition affects the risk of pregnancy through the frequency of nutritive and non-nutritive suckling. Malnourished children suckle more frequently than those who are better nourished. Children receiving supplementary foods by bottle have lower rates of suckling but those who are hand fed--and who sleep with their mothers at night and are fed on demand--seem to maintain high levels of suckling. When suckling is high the risk of pregnancy is reduced but when suckling intensity declines below threshold levels increases in fecundity have been noted. The higher prevalence of illness in children in developing countries with associated anorexia and deteriorating nutritional status appears to help maintain high levels of suckling. Morbidity may therefore make a contribution towards reducing fertility.
TOTAL ODDS AND OTHER OBJECTIVES FOR CLUSTERING VIA MULTINOMIAL-LOGIT MODEL

This work considers maximum likelihood objectives for estimating the probability of each multivariate observation's assignment to one particular cluster or to one or more clusters. Combining both objectives yields a maximization of the total probability odds of belonging to one or another cluster. The gradient of the total odds objective can be reduced to the multinomial-logit probabilities leading to a convenient Newton–Raphson clustering procedure presented via an iteratively re-weighted least squares technique. Besides the total odds, several other new objectives are also considered, and numerical examples are discussed.
Conditioned avoidance response perseveration in septal rats during massed extinction trials

Ten septal rats were compared with 10 normal controls on the acquisition and massed extinction of a conditioned avoidance response (CAR) in a two-way shuttlebox. The two groups did not differ during the acquisition phase of the experiment, however, eight of the normal Ss reached extinction criterion within the first extinction session, whereas nine of the septal Ss did not extinguish within six extinction sessions.
The Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Factor SNAIL Paradoxically Enhances Reprogramming

Reprogramming of fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) entails a mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET). While attempting to dissect the mechanism of MET during reprogramming, we observed that knockdown (KD) of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) factor SNAI1 (SNAIL) paradoxically reduced, while overexpression enhanced, reprogramming efficiency in human cells and in mouse cells, depending on strain. We observed nuclear localization of SNAI1 at an early stage of fibroblast reprogramming and using mouse fibroblasts expressing a knockin SNAI1-YFP reporter found cells expressing SNAI1 reprogrammed at higher efficiency. We further demonstrated that SNAI1 binds the let-7 promoter, which may play a role in reduced expression of let-7 microRNAs, enforced expression of which, early in the reprogramming process, compromises efficiency. Our data reveal an unexpected role for the EMT factor SNAI1 in reprogramming somatic cells to pluripotency.
Bipartite Q-Polynomial Quotients of Antipodal Distance-Regular Graphs

Let ? denote a bipartite Q-polynomial distance-regular graph with diameter D?4. We show that ? is the quotient of an antipodal distance-regular graph if and only if one of the following holds. (i)? is a cycle of even length. (ii)? is the quotient of the 2D-cube.
Leadership Development Programs.

This chapter describes a sample of nondegree and degree programs currently offered to administrators, staff, and faculty in community college leadership.
Reflections on Human Error: Matters of Life and Death

The last two decades have witnessed a rapid growth in the introduction of automatic devices into aircraft cockpits, and eleswhere in human-machine systems. This was motivated in part by the assumption that when human functioning is replaced by machine functioning, human error is eliminated. Experience to date shows that this is far from true, and that automation does not replace humans, but changes their role in the system, as well as the types and severity of the errors they make. This altered role may lead to fewer, but more critical errors. Intervention strategies to prevent these errors, or ameliorate their consequences include basic human factors engineering of the interface, enhanced warning and alerting systems, and more intelligent interfaces that understand the strategic intent of the crew and can detect and trap inconsistent or erroneous input before it affects the system.
On the development of surface temperatures in precision single-point diamond abrasion of semiconductors

Abstract This paper presents an analytical, variable-conductivity, thermal model for single-point diamond precision machining of semi conductors. The model is used to calculate the temperature development during the simulated machining of silicon and germanium wafers. The heat generated at a tool-work piece contact is taken as the product of the coefficient of friction, the relative sliding speed, and the contact stress. Whereas, heat partition between the diamond abrasive and the work piece is obtained through a modified Jaeger-Blok analysis that incorporates the coupling of the thermal properties of the tool-work piece system. The results indicate that: for the ranges of nominal loads, cutting speeds and, feeds encountered, the work piece surface temperature rise is well below the thermal softening temperatures for these materials. This, has direct implications to the ductile removal mechanisms. The low values calculated for the work surface are shown to be consistent with several calculations based on the analysis of conventional machining.
Rotating Neutron Stars, Pulsars and Supernova Remnants

I SHALL discuss here some problems connected with theories linking the pulsars to the rotation of neutron stars (ref. 1 and a preprint by L. Woltjer). Because neutron stars can be formed during a supernova explosion, their rotation could be coupled with the surrounding gaseous remnant2,3: the following considerations will therefore also refer to the problem of the activity observed in the Crab Nebula and similar objects.
Coulomb wave expansion in electron scattering

Coulomb waves are the solutions of the Dirac equation with a point-charge potential and are known analytic functions (Whittaker Functions). A number of matrix elements involving two Coulomb waves can be evaluated analytically, making the Coulomb waves basis an attractive alternative to the distorted wave basis. The difference between the point-charge potential and the distributed charge potential is treated as a perturbation. Phase shifts are calculated analytically for a distribution of the form P(x)exp(-ax), where P(x) is a polynomial. Also calculated are radial integrals for electric monopole and quadrupole excitations in the same approximation. Scattering cross sections are compared with the conventional distorted wave calculations. The approximation works best for large angular momentum partial waves or low momentum transfer. It could not, in general, replace distorted wave calculations for the lowest partial waves but it could serve to restrict numerical calculations to this range, or it could be used for total cross sections and calculations of radiative corrections.
Unit verification: the CARA experience

The computer-aided resuscitation algorithm, or CARA, is part of a US Army-developed automated infusion device for treating blood loss experienced by combatants injured on the battlefield. CARA is responsible for automatically stabilizing a patient’s blood pressure by infusing blood as needed based on blood pressure data the CARA system collects. The control part of the system is implemented in software, which is extremely safety critical and thus must perform correctly .This paper describes a case study in which a verification tool, the Concurrency Workbench of the New Century (CWB-NC), is used to analyze a model of the CARA system. The huge state space of CARA makes it problematic to conduct traditional “push-button” automatic verification such as model checking. Instead, we develop a technique called unit verification, which entails taking small units of a system, putting them in a “verification harness” that exercises relevant executions appropriately within the unit, and then model checking these more tractable units. For systems like CARA whose requirements are localized to individual system components or interactions between small numbers of components, unit verification offers a means of coping with huge state spaces.
The case for PIQL: a performance insightful query language

Large-scale, user-facing applications are increasingly moving from relational databases to distributed key/value stores for high-request-rate, low-latency workloads. Often, this move is motivated not only by key/value stores' ability to scale simply by adding more hardware, but also by the easy to understand predictable performance they provide for all operations. For complex queries, this approach often requires onerous explicit index management and imperative data lookup by the developer. We propose PIQL, a Performance Insightful Query Language that allows developers to express many queries found on these websites while still providing strict bounds on the number of I/O operations that will be performed.
High-temperature optical fiber instrumentation for gas flow monitoring in gas turbine engines

In the design and testing of gas turbine engines, real-time data about such physical variables as temperature, pressure and acoustics are of critical importance. The high temperature environment experienced in the engines makes conventional electronic sensors devices difficult to apply. Therefore, there is a need for innovative sensors that can reliably operate under the high temperature conditions and with the desirable resolution and frequency response. A fiber optic high temperature sensor system for dynamic pressure measurement is presented in this paper. This sensor is based on a new sensor technology - the self-calibrated interferometric/intensity-based (SCIIB) sensor, recently developed at Virginia Tech. State-of-the-art digital signal processing (DSP) methods are applied to process the signal from the sensor to acquire high-speed frequency response.
[3,3]-Sigmatropic rearrangement of silyl ketene acetals of methyl α-(allyloxy) acetates.

Abstract Although the lithium enolate 2a undergoes [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement to give 4a , the silyl ketene acetals 3 undergo [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement to give 5 . This is the first reported [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of a 1,1-dioxy-3-oxa-1,5-diene.
Modification of alternan by dextranase

Alternan is a unique glucan with a backbone structure of alternating α-(1 → 6) and α-(1 → 3) linkages. Previously, we isolated strains of Penicillium sp. that modify native, high molecular weight alternan in a novel bioconversion process to a lower molecular weight form with solution viscosity properties similar to those of commercial gum arabic. The mechanism of this modification was unknown. Here, we report that these Penicillium sp. strains secrete dextranase during germination on alternan. Furthermore, alternan is modified in vitro by commercial dextranases, and dextranase-modified alternan appears to be identical to bioconversion-modified alternan. This is surprising, since alternan has long been considered to be resistant to dextranase. Results suggest that native alternan may have localized regions of consecutive α-(1 → 6) linkages that serve as substrates for dextranase. Dextranase treatment of native alternan, particularly with GRAS enzymes, may have practical advantages for the production of modified alternan as a gum arabic substitute.
Andragogy and the Aging Adult Learner.

This article identifies the basic concepts and structures of pedagogy and andragogy as teaching‐learning strategies for aging adults. The distinguishing characteristics of andragogy are compared with the more traditional pedagogical processes. Andragogy is discussed as a relevant participatory adult education technique. The applicability of andragogy as a preretirement education process is explained and the task‐oriented training model of preretirement education is discussed. Aging adults are found to be competent, capable learners, and the andragogical process is one very effective way of assuring this end.
Effects of feed restriction on fertility in female rats.

BACKGROUND: Feed restriction with its resultant body weight loss impacts the rodent estrous cycle; however, the manifestation of these changes in a regulatory study design has not been documented. This study reports the effects of feed restriction in the context of an FDA regulatory submission. METHODS: Adult female rats (n=20/group; weighing ∼200 g each) were provided rodent chow ad lib (control) or at 20, 15, 10, or 7.5 g/rat/day (g/day) during a 2-week pre-mating phase, throughout the mating phase, and up to gestation day (GD) 7. On GD 8, all animals were provided ad lib feed until necropsy on GD 14. Estrous cyclicity, mating, and fertility parameters were evaluated. RESULTS: Ad lib rats consumed ∼20 and 28 g/day during the pre-mating and gestation phases, respectively. All measured fertility parameters in the 20 g/day group were similar to control values. In the 15 g/day group, body weight was reduced by 16% at 2 weeks, prolonged diestrus occurred, and fertility was compromised due to reductions in corpora lutea. Within 2 weeks, mean body weight in groups receiving ≤10 g/day was reduced by ≥29% compared to ad lib values, and overt changes in estrous cyclicity, mating, and fertility occurred. The 7.5 g/day group was not sustainable beyond the pre-mating phase. CONCLUSIONS: For this study type, feed intake at ≤50% ad lib values (≤10 g/day) was inadequate due to the magnitude and rapidity of body weight effects. Estrous parameters appeared slightly more sensitive than functional measures, as body weight changes of ∼16% appeared near the threshold of changing routinely calculated estrous cycle parameters and were later associated with reduced fertility. In general, body weight differences of 10–15% by themselves were not adverse to normal reproduction (20 g/day). Birth Defects Res B 74:431–441, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Topic relations in mother-child conversation:

The present paper describes developmental changes in the topic relations in mother-child conversation. The data base consisted of five videotaped records of 45-minute sessions of mother-child play....