cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spleen Size Predicts Resistance of Rainbow Trout to Flavobacterium psychrophilum Challenge

Selective breeding of animals for increased innate resistance offers an attractive strategy to control disease in agriculture. However, this approach is limited by an incomplete knowledge of the heritability, duration, and mechanism(s) of resistance, as well as the impact of selection on the immune response to unrelated pathogens. Herein, as part of a rainbow trout broodstock improvement program, we evaluated factors involved in resistance against a bacterial disease agent, Flavobacterium psychrophilum. In 2005, 71 full-sibling crosses, weighing an average of 2.4 g, were screened, and resistant and susceptible crosses were identified. Naive cohorts were evaluated at 10 and 800 g in size, and most maintained their original relative resistant or susceptible phenotypes, indicating that these traits were stable as size increased >300-fold. During the course of these studies, we observed that the normalized spleen weights of the resistant fish crosses were greater than those of the susceptible fish crosses. To test for direct association, we determined the spleen-somatic index of 103 fish crosses; created high, medium, and low spleen-index groups; and determined survival following challenge with F. psychrophilum or Yersinia ruckeri. Consistent with our previous observations, trout with larger spleen indices were significantly more resistant to F. psychrophilum challenge; however, this result was pathogen-specific, as there was no correlation of spleen size with survival following Y. ruckeri challenge. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a positive association between spleen size and disease resistance in a teleost fish. Further evaluation of spleen index as an indirect measure of disease resistance is warranted.
Phenotypic Expression of Epidermal Cells in Vitro: A Review

Disaggregated epidermal cells, sheets of epidermis, and explants of partial and full-thickness skin have been grown in cell, organ, and explant cultures. Each type of epidermal sample has also been "cultured" as a graft on a living animal host. The extent of tissue-specific phenotypic expression by the epidermal cell varies with the type of culture and the culture conditions: medium, biologic and pharmacologic additives, substrate, cell density, ph, and temperature. Specific culture conditions can be chosen to select for certain phenotypic traits, in spite of the diversity of conditions that may be used for culture, keratinocytes in cell, explant, and organ cultures undergo a similar pattern of differentiation. They stratify and keratinize, but rarely express a complete program of keratinization. Many of the characteristics associated with this pattern of differentiation are also observed in fetal epidermis during development. In culture, normal tissue architecture is usually absent; cells organize in flattened, loosely associated layers, synthesize a different pattern of keratin polypeptides, form keratohyalin granules only sporadically, and rarely contain lamellar granules. Epidermal differentiation in explant and organ cultures can be evaluated in regions of the explant, epibolic zone, and outgrowth apron. The epidermis of the original explant undergoes hyperproliferation, degeneration, sloughing, and then regeneration of a thin tissue. The cells in the epithelial outgrowth zone stratify and differentiate almost identically with those in cell culture. Neogenesis of structures in the basement-membrane zone can be followed in all three regions of the explant culture, Sheets of epidermis or epidermal cells transplanted onto or into a host animal show the most complete expression of the epidermal phenotype. After a period of hyperplastic growth, the cell layers become established in a pattern nearly identical to that in vivo. A complete granular layer is formed and stratum corneum cells, which are structurally and biochemically equivalent to those in tissue, differentiate. In some instances, the epidermis reconstructed from cells or tissue is indistinguishable from adjacent host epidermis. Experiments that include serial transfer from one culture system to another demonstrate the plasticity of the epidermal cell and its ability to respond variously to its environment.
Modulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in astroglial cells.

Abstract Nitric oxide is produced in the CNS by both constitutive and inducible isoforms of nitric oxide synthase. Once nitric oxide synthase is transcriptionally induced in astrocytes in vitro , these cells release large amounts of nitric oxide tonically. Glial cell-derived nitric oxide can be toxic to neurons and oligodendrocytes and is implicated in a variety of neuropathologies, suggesting that the expression of nitric oxide synthase in glia must be finely regulated. From northern and western blot analysis we have identified various agents (transforming growth factor-β, nitric oxide, receptor agonists) that modulate cytokine-induced expression of nitric oxide synthase mRNA in astrocytes. This suggests that the magnitude and duration of nitric oxide production from activated astrocytes in vivo may be determined by signals from adjacent neurons and microglial cells.
Comparison of the distribution of dynorphin systems and enkephalin systems in brain

A study of the anatomical distribution of the endogenous opioid dynorphin in rat brain showed that the peptide is localized in a widespread system with multiple cell groups and projections. This network is revealed by the use of multiple antiserums against dynorphin and can be distinguished from the system containing methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin, which is mapped by the use of antiserums against the enkephalins and biosynthetically related peptides in the adrenal. It thus appears that the brain contains at least three separate opioid neuronal networks: an enkephalin family with components similar to those found in the adrenal, a beta-endorphin family, and a dynorphin family.
E-mail as a therapeutic adjunct in the outpatient treatment of anorexia nervosa: Illustrative case material and discussion of the issues.

Objective To explore using adjunctive e-mail in treating anorexia nervosa. Method Four treatment plans were supplemented by obligatory e-mail emphasizing patients' reports of specific eating-related behaviors. Office visits occurred weekly to once every few months. E-mail contact occurred once to several times per week. Patients also saw other providers. Results All patients have shown good clinical improvement. Patients provided their assessments of contributions made by the use of e-mail and generally found it to be helpful. Discussion E-mail has had excellent patient acceptability and adherence. Benefits have been attributed to increased therapeutic contact, “talking” on demand, and having to frequently confront one's integrity, honesty, and eating behaviors. Little clinician time is needed for reading and responding to e-mails. Informed consent and confidentiality issues must be carefully addressed. Controlled trials are warranted to further evaluate the roles that adjunctive e-mail may play in clinical research and practice. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 125–138, 2001.
Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding a potential water-borne pheromonal attractant released during Aplysia egg laying

Recently deposited egg cordons are a source of water-borne pheromones that attract the marine mollusk Aplysia into breeding aggregations and coordinate male and female reproductive behavior within the aggregation. A potential pheromonal attractant has been isolated from egg cordon eluates and the peptide partially characterized [S.D. Painter, B. Clough, X. Fan, G.T. Nagle, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., Vol. 22 (1996) 837]. Using this information, we have cloned an Aplysia albumen gland cDNA that encodes a precursor protein containing a single copy of the full-length peptide, and demonstrated that there are abundant levels of pheromone mRNA transcripts (0.8 and 2.5 kb) in the albumen gland. This is consistent with the reported function of the gland (i.e. packaging the eggs into a cordon for deposition), with behavioral studies showing that the albumen gland is a potential source of attractants, and more recent biochemical studies in which the full-length peptide has been isolated from the albumen gland. This is the first candidate peptide pheromone in mollusks and the first in invertebrates. The pheromonal regulatory system in Aplysia may provide a model system for examining the structural characteristics of peptide pheromones.
On the information content of satellite radiance observations for cloud microphysical property retrievals

ABSTRACT Clouds play an important role in the hydrologic cycle, inuence global energy balance, and represent a signicantyet poorly understood component of global climate change. As a result, quantitative global observations of liquidand ice cloud microphysical and radiative properties continue to be a focus of a growing number of satellite-based sensors each having an associated suite of retrieval algorithms. While a number of these algorithms havesuccessfully been applied to map clouds, many can only be applied under specic conditions (eg. during thedaytime) or over a limited dynamic range (eg. optically thin cirrus) often leading to unphysical discontinuitieswhen one seeks to compile a complete picture of the globa l distribution of clouds. Fur thermore, discrepanciesexist between products of dierent algorithms when they are applied to the same scene by virtue of dierencesin the information provided by distinct combinations of measurements.This paper revisits the problem of cloud microphysical property retrievals from satellite radiance observationsat solar and thermal wavelengths in an eort to quantify their information content with respect to single layerliquid and ice clouds over an oceanic background. Using the channels on the Moderate Resolution ImagingSpectroradiometer (MODIS) as an example, it will be demonstrated that an entropy-based denition of infor-mation content provides a useful metric for evaluating the utility of a set of observations in a retrieval problem.This approach is used to objectively determine the subset of wavelengths that provide the greatest amount ofinformation for oceanic microphysical property retrievals from the MODIS instrument. The results show thatthe combination of a conservative and a non-conservative scattering shortwave channel in concert with a near-infrared channel, an infrared window channel, and one in the wings of the 15 m CO2 band provide the optimalchannel combination for the wide variety of liquid and ice clouds examined. With an eye toward developing acoherent representation of the global distribution of cloud microphysical and radiative properties, this combi-nation of channels may be integrated into a suitable multi-channel inversion methodology such as the optimalestimation or Bayesian techniques to provide a means of establishing a common framework for cloud retrievalsunder varying conditions. Under some circumstances, other channels may provide a small amount of additionalinformation but in most cases the remaining channels only supply redundant information and do not justify theadditional computation cost required to integrate them into an algorithm.Keywords: Cloud property retrievals, information content, MODIS
SU-FF-T-136: Commissioning of the EYEPLAN V3.01 at LLUMC

Purpose: To update the technology that has been utilized for designing protondose distributions for the treatment of ocular melanoma at Loma Linda University Medical Center since 1990. Method and Materials: For the past decade the treatment planning system utilized for ocular melanomas at LLUMC has been a Digital VAX 4 workstation. This workstation utilizes software that was developed at MGH specifically for the treatment of ocular melanomas. Although the system has proven useful in the treatment planning process, the technology is antiquated and can be improved by switching to a PC based platform. A new eye treatment planning system has been commissioned and implemented at LLUMC. The new system, EYEPLAN 3.01, is PC based and was developed by CCO, Radiotherapy Quality System in Clatterbridge, England. Following treatment machine data entry into the new treatment planning system, the commissioning process consisted of the following: Confirmation of correct clip entry orientation, proton range and modulation values, lateral margins, and dose volume histograms. Several plans have been duplicated on both the old system and EYEPLAN for comparison. Results: Proximal and distal range comparisons are within 0.2mm. In the patient plan comparisons the same tumor range was generated to within 0.1mm. In addition the isodose distributions showed virtually no visible differences. The aperture cutouts generated by each of the programs were within 0.5mm. Finally, EYEPLAN 3.01 has the capability of including an eyelid in the path of the beam. Conclusions: The state‐of‐the‐art PC based treatment planning system, EYEPLAN, has been successfully commissioned for clinical use at Loma Linda University Medical Center. Comparisons made between the old planning system and EYEPLAN suggest that the design of protondose distributions remain consistant.
Frequency Stabilized Low Timing Jitter Mode-Locked Laser with an Intracavity Etalon

A low noise, semiconductor based, frequency stabilized, 10.24 GHz mode-locked laser with a pulse timing jitter and pulse amplitude jitter (1 Hz -100 MHz) of 7.5 fs and 0.04%, respectively, is demonstrated.
MIT multipoint alignment testbed: technology development for optical interferometry

A class of proposed space-based astronomical missions requiring large baselines and precision alignment can benefit from the application of Controlled Structures Technology. One candidate mission, that of a 35 meter baseline orbiting optical interferometer, is studied as a focus mission for a testbed for controlled structures research. Interferometry science requirements are investigated and used to design a laboratory testbed which captures the essential architecture, physics and performance requirements of a full scale instrument. Testbed hardware used for identification and control is presented, including an on-board six-axis laser metrology system using state of the art cat's eye retroreflectors. The testbed and research program are discussed in terms of controlled structures design and in terms of the expected benefits to the optical engineering and science communities.
Codeposited Chromium and Silicon Diffusion Coatings for Fe-Base Alloys via Pack Cementation

The simultaneous deposition of Cr and Si into plain carbon, low-alloy, and austenitic steels using a halide-activated pack-cementation process is described. Equilibrium partial pressures of gaseous species have been calculated using the STEPSOL computer program to aid in designing specific processes for codepositing the desired ratios of Cr and Si into a given alloy. The calculations indicate that NaCl-activated packs are chromizing, while NaF-activated packs deposit more Si with less Cr. The use of a “dual activator” (e.g., NaF+NaCl) allows for the deposition of both Cr and Si in the desired amounts. Single-phase ferritic coatings (150–250 microns thick) with a surface concentration of 20–35 wt.% Cr and 2–4% Si have been grown on AISI 1018, Fe-2.25 Cr-1.0Mo-0.15C, and Fe-0.5 Cr-0.5 Mo-0.2C steels using packs containing a 90 wt.% Cr-10Si binary source alloy, a NaF+NaCl activator, and a silica filler. Two-phase coatings (approximately 75 microns thick) containing 20–25 wt.% Cr and 2.0–2.4% Si have been obtained on 304 stainless steel using packs containing a 90 wt.% Cr-10Si binary source alloy, a NaF activator, and an alumina filler. The same pack chemistry allowed the diffusion of Cr and Si into the austenitic Incoloy 800 alloy without a phase change. A coated Fe-2.25 Cr-1.0 Mo-0.15 C coupon with a surface concentration of Fe-34 wt.% Cr-3Si was cyclically oxidized in air at 700°C for over four months and 47 cycles. The weight gain was very low (<0.2 mg/cm2) with no scale spalling detected. Coated coupons of AISI 1018 steel, and Fe-0.5 Cr-0.5 Mo-0.2C steel have shown excellent oxidation-sulfidation resistance in reducing, sulfur-containing atmospheres at temperatures from 400 to 700°C and in erosion and erosion-oxidation testing in air at 650 and 850°C.
Test of Phenice's technique for determining sex from the os pubis.

Pubic bone morphology was examined to test the accuracy of Phenice's visual method for determining sex from the os pubis. Twelve participants scored 50 pubic bones from individuals of known sex aged 52–92 years. The sample is of modern males and females, all presumed whites. An accuracy of ∼83% in determining sex was recorded, compared to 95% reported by Phenice. This accuracy difference may reflect different age distributions of the two samples. Through replication of test results on two series of 25 specimens, the technique was found to be reliable. Previous experience in human osteological analysis was shown to have no effect on accuracy in this test, confirming Phenice's assertion that the technique does not require extensive experience to yield accurate results. Results suggest that there is a moderate negative correlation between accuracy in determining the sex of an individual and that individual's age.
Initiation of protein synthesis in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system

Abstract Initiation of protein synthesis in a cell-free system from rabbit reticulocytes has been resolved into two discrete steps by the use of the inhibitors NaF and aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA): (1) the attachment of a 40-S ribosomal subunit to polysomes which takes place in the presence of NaF but is blocked by ATA. (2) the addition of the 60-S ribosomal subunit in the formation of a complete ribosome that is prevented by NaF. Subunits are shown to be directly incorporated into polysomes during initiation of protein synthesis without evidence for the prior formation of a monosome.
Participación ciudadana en sesiones municipales

Este articulo muestra que en el contexto latinoamericano, los niveles de participacion en sesiones municipales se mantienen generalmente bajos. Analizando los datos provistos por la encuesta de 2008 del Barometro de las Americas, encontramos que los individuos que han sido victimizados por el crimen y la corrupcion tienen mayor probabilidad de participar en sus gobiernos locales. Esta tendencia se observa tambien entre aquellos individuos que residen en areas rurales y aquellos con mayor educacion. Estos hallazgos sugieren que los individuos participan para incrementar los niveles de seguridad y transparencia, y que la descentralizacion gubernamental puede tener un impacto mas pronunciado en municipalidades rurales y entre gente mas educada.
Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis in Latin America

This paper generates a framework to understand Latin American foreign relations through the use of Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) role theory. The use of roles to describe and analyze regional interstate relations has previously been found in the literature on Latin America, but these studies have not taken advantage of the full range of concepts and theoretical implications associated with role theory to analyze the region. The paper develops a typology of states with associated national role conceptions (NRCs) and generates expectations for the sources of those NRCs, as well as elements of the role enactment and role location processes for Latin American states. The paper then illustrates the framework's applicability through a brief analysis of the role location process for Venezuela during the Presidency of Hugo Chavez. The analysis of NRCs selected by the leader of Venezuela, and their reception by role partners and the audience of interested states during the role location process demonstrates the fruitfulness of role theory for understanding Latin American regional relations. The analysis also suggests some modifications for FPA role theory itself as a result of the Venezuelan case.
Objective assessment of time spent being sedentary in bariatric surgery candidates.

Bariatric surgery candidates spend very little time in moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (≥3 metabolic equivalents [METs]). This study examined (1) how much of their remaining time is spent in sedentary behaviors (SB < 1.5 METs) compared to light-intensity activities (1.5–2.9 METs) and (2) whether sedentary time varies by BMI. Daily time (hours, %) spent in SB was examined in 42 surgery candidates (BMI = 49.5 ± 7.9 kg/m2) using the SenseWear Pro2 Armband. Participants were stratified by BMI to assess the relationship between degree of obesity and SB. Participants wore the armband for 5.4 ± 0.7 days and 13.3 ± 1.7 h/day. On average, 81.4% (10.9 ± 2.1 h/day) of this time was spent in SB. Participants with BMI ≥ 50 spent nearly an hour more per day in SB than those with BMI 35–49.9 (p = 0.01). Bariatric surgery candidates spend over 80% of their time in SB. Reducing SB may help to increase physical activity in these patients.
Searching linear files on‐line

Two types of linear on‐line search have been implemented on a data base of 100,000 INSPEC records, and compared with an inverted search program on the same file. It was found that the linear search which does a character‐by‐character scan of the whole file was too slow to be useful as an on‐line search, but that the second linear search, which uses a linear file of keys to select records for full scanning, was useable on‐line. An algorithm suitable for the on‐line searching of the linear file of keys is presented with run time nearly independent of the number of terms in the search query. Neither of the linear searches can compete with an inverted search in terms of user convenience, but they do not require as complex file‐maintenance software, they use less processing time to build indexes, and they have lower storage requirements than inverted files.
Blanes Cells Mediate Persistent Feedforward Inhibition onto Granule Cells in the Olfactory Bulb

Inhibitory local circuits in the olfactory bulb play a critical role in determining the firing patterns of output neurons. However, little is known about the circuitry in the major plexiform layers of the olfactory bulb that regulate this output. Here we report the first electrophysiological recordings from Blanes cells, large stellate-shaped interneurons located in the granule cell layer. We find that Blanes cells are GABAergic and generate large I(CAN)-mediated afterdepolarizations following bursts of action potentials. Using paired two-photon guided intracellular recordings, we show that Blanes cells have a presumptive axon and monosynaptically inhibit granule cells. Sensory axon stimulation evokes barrages of EPSPs in Blanes cells that trigger long epochs of persistent spiking; this firing mode was reset by hyperpolarizing membrane potential steps. Persistent firing in Blanes cells may represent a novel mechanism for encoding short-term olfactory information through modulation of tonic inhibitory synaptic input onto bulbar neurons.
Odd-parity states of 16O with a realistic nucleon-nucleon interaction

Abstract The effective interaction between nucleons on the Fermi surface of light nuclei is calculated with a realistic two-nucleon force having a hard core and tensor component. The relative S-state part of the effective force which corresponds to the Brueckner-Gammel-Thaler potential is shown to be very similar to the one obtained earlier for a simpler exponential S-state force, which however, fits the low-energy two-nucleon data. This effective force is used to calculate the properties of the odd-parity states of 16 O. It is found that the energies of O − states are particularly sensitive to the tensor part of the effective force. In general, the agreement with experiment is satisfactory.
Anthelmintic ingestion in nematodes: enhancement by phagostimulants.

Abstract Anthelmintic ingestion in nematodes: enhancement by phagostimulants. International Journal for Parasitology16: 525–527. Ingestion by intestinal nematodes is stimulated by histamine or dopamine. These biogenic amines significantly elevated the in vitro ingestion of a radiolabelled anthelmintic, morantel tartrate, by the ruminant nematode Trichostmngytus colubriformis from goats. Treatment of mice, infected by another nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, with histamine and morantel tartrate reduced subsequent recoveries of worms when compared to anthelmintic treatment alone. Formulation of anthelmintic with non-pharmacological phagostimulants for nematodes may improve drug efficacy through “force feeding” of the parasites.
Regression of myocardial hypertrophy II. RNA synthesis and RNA polymerase activity

Abstract Muscle cell RNA synthesis and RNA polymerase activity were measured during the regression of pressure overload induced myocardial hypertrophy in the rat. Peak increases in RNA synthesis occurred during the first 48 h after aortic constriction followed by a delayed increase in RNA polymerase activity which reached a maximum at 72 h. Following relief of pressure overload at 1, 2, 3 or 10 days there was a rapid decline in RNA synthesis and RNA polymerase activity. Both parameters returned to the level of the sham operated rats within 48 h. Neither RNA synthesis nor RNA polymerase activity decreased below the control levels. In view of previous studies demonstrating no increase in RNA degradation during the regression of myocardial hypertrophy, the present data support the concept that regression of myocardial RNA is due to a decrease in synthesis rather than an increase in degradation.
Demonstration of Thermodynamics and Kinetics Using FriXion Erasable Pens.

FriXion erasable pens contain thermochromic inks that have colored low-temperature forms and colorless high-temperature forms. Liquid nitrogen can be used to kinetically trap the high-temperature forms of the ink at temperatures at which ordinarily the low-temperature forms are more thermodynamically stable.
Tunneling spectroscopy of bcc (001) surface states.

We have discovered an intense, sharp feature in tunneling spectra of the Fe(001) and Cr(001) surfaces that derives from a bcc surface state near the Fermi level. Band-structure calculations show that this state is a general feature of bcc (001) surfaces, and that it originates from a nearly unperturbed $d$ orbital extending out into the vacuum region. This general feature should permit chemical identification with atomic spatial resolution on bcc (001) surfaces. The surface state is in the minority spin band for Fe and Cr, so it should be useful for future spin-polarized tunneling experiments.
Approaches to efficiently estimate solvation and explicit water energetics in ligand binding: the use of WaterMap.

Introduction: Water displacement plays critical role in several phases of drug discovery. Proper treatment of displacing water could improve enrichment in virtual screening and could lead to more successes in lead optimization. WaterMap has recently emerged as a promising approach in this regard; recent implementations of this protocol successfully explained various binding activity that were poorly understood previously, including the well-known super affinity associated with biotin binding to streptavidin. Areas covered: The review briefly discusses implicit and explicit solvent models and focuses on an application of inhomogeneous solvation theory – WaterMap. Furthermore, the review discusses various successful cases where the use of WaterMap explained selectivity in protein–ligand binding and provides discussion of the fundamentals and recently successful implementations of WaterMap. The authors also discuss the limitations of this protocol and list a few approaches that could extend its implementatio...
Supported metalloporphyrins catalyze the oxidation of isobutane by dioxygen

Abstract Metalloporphyrins supported on silica were tested as catalysts for the oxidation of isobutane by dioxygen. Iron meso-tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (FeF20TPP) supported on aminopropyl-functionalized silica was catalytically active (700 turnovers), but degraded quickly. Catalysts prepared by the adsorption of iron or manganese meso-tetra(4-N-methyl-pyridyl)porphyrin (MTNMePyP, where M = Mn or Fe) on silica were more stable under oxidizing conditions. The Mn catalyst was very active (2800 turnovers), but the activity of the Fe catalyst was much lower (100 turnovers).
For the General Internist: A Review of Relevant 2013 Innovations in Medical Education

We conducted a review of articles published in 2013 to identify high-quality research in medical education that was relevant to general medicine education practice. Our review team consisted of six general internists with expertise in medical education of varying ranks, as well as a professional medical librarian. We manually searched 15 journals in pairs, and performed an online search using the PubMed search engine for all original research articles in medical education published in 2013. From the total 4,181 citations identified, we selected 65 articles considered most relevant to general medicine educational practice. Each team member then independently reviewed and rated the quality of each selected article using the modified Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument. We then reviewed the quality and relevance of each selected study and grouped them into categories of propensity for inclusion. Nineteen studies were felt to be of adequate quality and were of moderate to high propensity for inclusion. Team members then independently voted for studies they felt to be of the highest relevance and quality within the 19 selected studies. The ten articles with the greatest number of votes were included in the review. We categorized the studies into five general themes: Improving Clinical Skills in UME, Inpatient Clinical Teaching Methods, Advancements in Continuity Clinic, Handoffs/Transitions in Care, and Trainee Assessment. Most studies in our review of the 2013 literature in general medical education were limited to single institutions and non-randomized study designs; we identified significant limitations of each study. Selected articles may inform future research and practice of medical educators.
Comparing the functional properties of the Hsp70 chaperones, DnaK and BiP

The Hsp70 family of molecular chaperones is an essential class of chaperones that is present in many different cell types and cellular compartments. We have compared the bioactivities of the prokaryotic cytosolic Hsp70, DnaK, to that of the eukaryotic Hsp70, BiP, located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Both chaperones helped to prevent protein aggregation. However, only DnaK provided enhanced refolding of denatured proteins. We also tested chaperone folding assistance during translation in the context of cell-free protein synthesis reactions for several protein targets and show that both DnaK and BiP can provide folding assistance under these conditions. Our results support previous reports suggesting that DnaK provides both post-translational and co-translational folding assistance while BiP predominately provides folding assistance that is contemporaneous with translation.
New Case of Intragroup Infanticide in the Chimpanzees of Gombe National Park

Researchers have reported a total of 31 infanticides in 4 different chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) populations. Though infanticide is infrequent, low reproductive rates of females likely make it a strong selective pressure in the species. We report a new incident of intragroup infanticide in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, in which a community male attacked a 3.5-yr-old male. We then consider the infanticide in terms of adaptive and nonadaptive explanations for infanticide including the social pathology, by-product of male aggression, nutritive benefits, resource competition, and sexual selection hypotheses. The incident reported here is not well explained by any of them. While the infanticide is puzzling in terms of ultimate explanations for infanticide, it provides a good context in which to consider proximate mechanisms for offspring recognition. The incident provides some evidence that males may use their mating history with the mother to assess paternity likelihood.
The relation between fifth and sixth graders'peer-rated classroom social status and their perceptions of family and neighborhood factors

Abstract Based on nominations of liked and disliked peers, groups of popular, rejected, neglected, controversial, and average fifth and sixth graders (mean age = 10.89 years) were identified and compared on their perceptions of family factors as well as on the discrepancy between self-reports of their own age and that of neighborhood friends. Relative to average peers, rejected peers were reported more likely to have experienced parental divorce, reported less supervision, and reported more authoritarian discipline. Compared to average peers, neglected peers reported playing with younger neighborhood friends. The findings underscore the need to examine linkages among classroom, family, and neighborhood contexts.
Design implications of anticipated data uses for comprehensive environmental monitoring programmes

Comprehensive environmental monitoring programmes must be designed to accommodate multiple objectives and public use of the data. Typically these programmes will involve both descriptive and analytic objectives, but surveys optimally designed with description as the principal objective may be inadequate for analytic objectives as well as secondary descriptive objectives. Survey design should adequately accommodate all identified objectives and intended data uses, not just the primary ones. Additionally, choice of design is influenced by intended users of the data. Complex survey designs often require complex computational formulae or statistical protocols, and data openly available to the public are subject to misuse if the design is such that generally used common data analyses are not appropriate. For those users under the authority of the agency responsible for the survey, it may be possible to prescribe exact analytic protocols and prohibit certain improper data uses; public data use cannot be so regulated. These problems may be minimized by employing an equal probability sampling design with limited stratification, and by eliminating design features that impose strong patterns, such as clusters.
Comparative economics of very high capacity communications satellites

Abstract Technology advances expected by the late 1980 or early 1990 time period will allow the construction of powerful and complex communications satellites with large multibeam antennas and very many transponders, and their operation and maintenance in geostationary orbit. The high sensitivity and effective radiated power of such satellites will enable the Earth stations using them to shrink dramatically in size and cost, thus becoming readily available to very large numbers of users as well as making possible new kinds and levels of communications services simply not possible with smaller satellites. This paper briefly describes three such new designs, concerning electronic mail transmission, educational TV distribution, and mass personal communications; it compares the users' service costs with those of terrestrial networks designed for the same performance.
IL-6 deficiency causes enhanced pathology in Twitcher (globoid cell leukodystrophy) mice.

Abstract The expression of IL-6 is greatly enhanced in the twitcher mouse (S. M. LeVine and D. C. Brown, 1997, J. Neuroimmunol.73, 47–56), which is an authentic animal model of globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe's disease). In order to investigate the role of IL-6 in this disease, twitcher/IL-6-deficient mice were generated and the pathology was compared between them and regular twitcher mice. Twitcher/IL-6-deficient mice had a more severe disease than regular twitcher mice: they had an earlier onset day of twitching, a greater number of PAS-positive cells, a greater susceptibility to LPS, an exaggerated gliotic response around some vessels, an elevated level of TNF-α, and a compromised blood–brain barrier, which was evaluated by three independent measures. This latter finding indicates that IL-6 plays a role in maintaining the integrity of the BBB, and it raises the possibility that IL-6 functions in a similar manner in other diseases of the CNS. LPS was found to greatly shorten the life of twitcher and twitcher/IL-6-deficient mice compared to genotyped-matched saline-injected mice. This result indicates that a proinflammatory condition can exacerbate an underlying CNS pathology, which could help explain why some leukodystrophy patients display their initial symptoms following a fever or blow to the head.
Considering Streamflow Trend Analyses Uncertainty in Urbanizing Watersheds: A Baseflow Case Study in the Central United States

AbstractAssuming pro rata reductions in baseflow resulting from urban development may not be valid in all urbanizing watersheds. Anthropogenic offsets or compensatory contributions to baseflow (e.g., net exfiltration from sewer lines, wastewater effluents, and lawn irrigation) may mask or confound fundamental changes in hydrologic pathways. These offsets illustrate the complexities of urban flow processes and the need for improved understanding to mitigate urban development impacts. The authors used two dissimilar automated baseflow separation algorithms and Monte Carlo techniques to evaluate urban baseflow and estimation uncertainty using data from a representative urban watershed in the central United States. Three uncertainties affecting trend determinations were assessed, including algorithm structure, precipitation–runoff relationships, and baseflow algorithm parameterization. Results indicate that, despite ongoing population growth and development, annual streamflow metrics in the authors' represent...
Gene expression profile of primary human CD34+CD38lo cells differentiating along the megakaryocyte lineage

Abstract Objective To identify genes involved in megakaryopoiesis, high-density oligonucleotide microarrays were used to compare transcript profiles from undifferentiated CD34 + CD38 lo cells and culture-derived megakaryocytes (MKs). Materials and methods Megakaryocyte differentiation was achieved in vitro by inducing primary human CD34 + CD38 lo cells in serum-deprived media supplemented with the cytokine combination of interleukin-3, interleukin-6, stem cell factor, and thrombopoietin for 10 days. Three replicate microarray experiments were performed using hematopoietic cells isolated from three different organ donors and high-density oligonucleotide microarrays. Results Analysis of gene array data resulted in 304 differentially expressed genes ( p ≤ 0.001, fold change ≥3). A third of the 25 most highly up-regulated genes were known to participate in hemostasis (z=6.75), and no genes known to be associated with MKs were among the down-regulated genes. We also found a large proportion of up-regulated transcripts in gene ontology categories of adhesion and receptor activity (85%) and signal transduction activity (68%). At the same time, 70% of genes within transcription factor functions were down-regulated. Confirmatory studies indicated that the array results correlated with mRNA and protein expression levels in primary MKs. Conclusion This study provides a global expression profile of human MKs and a list of novel and previously uncharacterized candidate genes that are important components of megakaryopoiesis.
Management of sacral and perineal defects following abdominoperineal resection and radiation with transpelvic muscle flaps

PURPOSES: In this study we present our experience with treating persistent sacral and perineal defects secondary to radiation and abdominoperineal resection with or without sacrectomy. METHODS: Fifteen consecutive patients were treated with an inferiorly based transpelvic rectus abdominis muscle or musculocutaneous flap. RESULTS: Fourteen of the 15 patients achieved healing, and 7 patients had no complications. The remaining eight patients required one or more operative debridements and/or prolonged wound care to accomplish a healed wound. Our technique for the dissection and insetting of the transpelvic muscle flap is presented. CONCLUSION: The difficult postirradiated perineal and sacral wounds can be healed with persistent surgical attention to adequate debridement, control of infections, and a well-vascularized muscle flap. The most satisfying aspects for patients are the discontinuance of foul-smelling discharge, discontinuation of multiple, daily dressing changes, and reduction in the degree of chronic pain.
Enterotomy Technique in the Descending Colon of the Horse Effect of Location and Suture Pattern

To compare the effects of placing enterotomy incisions on or off the antimesenteric teniae and closing the intestinal mucosa as a separate layer, four longitudinal enterotomies were performed in the descending colon of each of six horses by the following techniques: incision through the antimesenteric teniae with one- and two-layer closure, and incision adjacent to the teniae with one- and two-layer closure. The horses were necropsied at day 33 for evidence of obstruction, adhesions, and ultrasonographic determination of the percent reduction in lumen diameter. Histologic and histomorphometric evaluations included: inflammatory response in the mucosal and seromuscular layers, mucosal atrophy or degeneration, alignment of the incision edges, area of fibrosis, and distance between the incised muscle edges. Adhesions were present in 5 of 24 enterotomies. Incisions adjacent to the teniae resulted in narrower lumen diameters than incisions through the teniae. Inflammatory response was greatest in incisions adjacent to the teniae with two-layer closure. Closure of the mucosa as a separate layer had no effect on any of the parameters evaluated. Enterotomies through the antimesenteric teniae were more easily performed, resulted in less hemorrhage, and maintained a larger lumen diameter than those performed adjacent to the teniae.
Detection of δ-aminolevulinic acid, porphobilinogen and porphyrins related to heme biosynthesis by high-performance liquid chromatography

Two new high-performance liquid chromatographic methods are described for the quantitative determination of porphyrins and their precursors. In our method, sub-nanomole quantities of porphyrins, delta-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen derivatized with ophthalaldehyde were injected onto a C18 reversed-phase column and eluted with 0.1 M monobasic sodium phosphate-methanol-tetrahydrofuran (4:6:3) and detected with a spectrofluorometer. A second reversed-phase system using methanol-tetrahydrofuran-22 mM acetate buffer (15:6:11) was also developed.
Molecular-Scale Structure of a Nitrobenzene Monolayer on Si(001)

Nitrobenzene molecules can be attached to Si-(001) by exposing the Si(001) (2 × 1) surface to nitrobenzene gas at room temperature. The resulting monolayer lacks long-range order in scanning tunneling microscopy images but shows signs of a local periodic arrangement of molecules. Self-consistent plane-wave density functional theory calculations find that the energy gained per molecule in the adsorption of nitrobenzene is nearly constant as a function of nitrobenzene coverage and that it is energetically favorable to form coverages as high as one molecule per Si dimer. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations show that the migration of oxygen transforms an initial configuration in which the nitrobenzene molecule bridges a Si dimer into lower energy configurations with oxygen separated from the nitrobenzene phenyl group. A previously unknown low-energy configuration, characteristic of SiO2 bonding, is identified by the AIMD calculations. The energy barriers for O migration into Si backbonds are calcu...
Halimeda growth and diversity on the deep fore-reef of Enewetak Atoll

The deep fore-reef at Enewetak has been examined from the submersible Makali'i. Green algae grow to about-150 m at photon flux densities of approximately 1 μEm-2s-1. Halimeda cover is ≧50% at many sites down to-90 m. Halimeda populations are important within the zone of scleractinian corals down to about-65 m, while a Halimeda zone with low coral cover or lacking corals between-65 m and-150 m probably is an important source of reef carbonate. Halimedas of the deep fore-reef, like those of the lagoon, constitute an important structural component in reef building. Other calcareous green algae such as Tydemania are less important on the deep fore-reef, but growth of coralline red algae continues to over-200m. Halimeda diversity is high down to near the base of the euphotic zone.
Structures, saviors and saboteurs

Omar Cabezas began his career as a revolutionary at the law school of the National University of Nicaragua in Leon. As he and his fellow Sandinistas began organizing in the city's neighborhoods, they quickly realized that they knew very little about making revolution. "The problem was, we didn't have any organic ties" (45). They had to find a way to reach people. "I discovered something then-I mean a personal political discovery . . . I discovered that language identifies . . . It's one thing to go into a barrio and start lecturing about the current historical juncture. It's something else to start talking about how the rich with their fat investments are off whoring in Europe" (46). James Scott, a political scientist whose research has immersed him in anthropological practice, draws a similar lesson. Malaysian peasants understand the economic mechanisms that exploit them, but peasants interpret their experience in moral terms. Caught in the throes of proletarianization-less available land for tenant use, mechanization, degraded wage work when there is work at all-a villager explains "they want to make coolies of us" (182). Peasants are neither deceived nor are they the pliable objects of some hegemonic ideology. "If the poor dwell upon local and personal causes of their distress, it is not because they are particularly 'mystified' or ignorant of the larger context of agrarian capitalism in which they live. . . . They observe their Malay landlord taking his land from them to farm himself or to rent out to a Chinese entrepreneur; they do not directly observe the concentration of capital in land use.. . . But their own folk descriptions of what is happening: being made coolies, the rich getting richer and the poor becoming poorer, and being 'pushed aside'-are adequate and, at the same time, far richer in emotive meaning than anything academic political-economy could possibly provide" (182). Like an unmolested spider, Mario Vargas Llosa's novel of North-
Tracheal schwannoma presenting as status asthmaticus in a sixteen-year-old boy: airway considerations and removal with the CO2 laser.

A 16-year-old with clinical features of atypical asthma is presented, with a description of the workup leading to the diagnosis of an intratracheal mass. The mass was visualized with a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, then surgically removed through a rigid bronchoscope using a CO2 laser. We believe this is the first report of resection using this technique. A discussion of tracheal neurilemmomas (schwannoma) is included. This case reinforces the age-old adage that “not all that wheezes is asthma.” Pediatr Pulmonol. 1998; 25:393–397. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mechanical properties of HSLA-65 hybrid laser arc welds

desirable because they minimise HAZ softening and can tolerate gaps between the workpieces better than conventional laser welding. In this paper, the mechanical properties of hybrid laser arc welds, used to join 9?1 mm thick HSLA-65 plates in a single pass, were evaluated. Hardness maps indicated that softening did not occur in the HAZ. Transverse tensile fracture occurred in the base metal, away from the welds, confirming that the fusion zone and HAZ had higher strength than the base metal. Subsized Charpy impact toughness specimens, notched in the HAZ, were typically less tough than the base metal. However, the fracture path typically deviated away from the HAZ, into either the base metal or along the fusion line.