cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MIXED SPANNING TREES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

A mixed spanning tree is a tree that seeks to combine the properties of a minimim weight spanning tree and shortest path tree. We concentrate on the problem for complete Euclidean graphs. A survey of prior algorithms is given and several new algorithms are proposed. New analyses of some known algorithms are provided. All the algorithms are compared empirically and it is shown that the algorithms with the best known performance bounds, perform the worst in practice. Evidence is given to support the hypothesis that the performance depends on the algorithm's use of long edges.
Dark-Disk Universe

We point out that current constraints on dark matter imply only that the majority of dark matter is cold and collisionless. A subdominant fraction of dark matter could have much stronger interactions. In particular, it could interact in a manner that dissipates energy, thereby cooling into a rotationally supported disk, much as baryons do. We call this proposed new dark matter component double-disk dark matter (DDDM). We argue that DDDM could constitute a fraction of all matter roughly as large as the fraction in baryons, and that it could be detected through its gravitational effects on the motion of stars in galaxies, for example. Furthermore, if DDDM can annihilate to gamma rays, it would give rise to an indirect detection signal distributed across the sky that differs dramatically from that predicted for ordinary dark matter. DDDM and more general partially interacting dark matter scenarios provide a large unexplored space of testable new physics ideas.
Successful Treatment of an Infant with Chromobacterium violaceum Sepsis

Chromobacterium violaceum sepsis, a rarely reported phenomenon, has a high mortality rate. We report a unique case of C. violaceum sepsis in an infant. A 4-month-old girl presented to our institution with fever, pustular skin lesions, and distended abdomen, as well as diminished activity and mental status. Radiological investigation revealed brain, lung, and hepatic abscesses. The infant was successfully treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin.
Plasticity of central mechanisms for cough

Cough is associated with plasticity of putative cough afferent fibres, but whether plasticity in the brainstem network contributes is less well understood. A key site in the CNS network is the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), the first synaptic contact of the primary afferent fibres. We sought to develop a conscious guinea pig model to detect enhanced cough, to focus on the NTS as a potential site for plasticity, and to test a role for substance P in the NTS since the neuropeptide has been implicated in plasticity of the vagal afferent fibres. Guinea pigs were exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) or filtered air (FA) from 1–6 weeks of age. At 5 weeks, cannulae were implanted in the NTS. At 6 weeks, either vehicle or a neurokinin 1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist was injected into the NTS of the conscious guinea pigs who were then exposed to citric acid aerosol. SHS exposure significantly enhanced citric acid-induced cough (56%, P<0.05), an effect attenuated by NTS NK-1 receptor blockade (P<0.05). The findings suggest that one possible mechanism for plasticity in cough is related to substance P effects in the NTS. Future studies will be required to investigate the possible mechanisms underlying the role of substance P as well as other mechanisms in generating SHS-induced cough.
Benefits of closer and methods for automatic cooperation between Packet and Transport networks

When Packet and Transport networks operate autonomously, performance degradations and inefficiencies can occur. Closer automatic cooperation between Packet and Transport networks results in improved performance and efficiency. Copyright 2010 Verizon, all rights reserved.
An Attempt to Obtain Configural Correlates for the California Psychological Inventory

The study was designed to obtain empirical correlates of previously defined California Psychological Inventory profiles. Undergraduate females took the inventory and a biographical questionnaire. Those 54 whose profiles could be classified into groups of 10 or more were each rated by two female friends using Wiggins' Interpersonal Adjective Scales. Type 1 (“anti-social”) profiles were significantly associated with having been in trouble with the law. Subjects with Type 3 (“neurotic”) profiles obtained higher scores on the aloof-introverted scale. Few other findings were noted. Problems with the types and the study were discussed. Future work might more profitably focus on potential correlates of code-types for the inventory.
New Fast Convolution Algorithm in Boundary-Element Methods for Two- and Three-Dimensional Linear Soil Consolidation Analysis

Over the last 25 years , the time domain boundary element formulations for the linear consolidation theory of Biot involving fully coupled governing differential equations of flow through porous media and those of elastic deformation of porous skeleton have been fully developed and implemented for both single-region and multiregion two-dimensional plane strain, axisymmetric and three-dimensional problems. However, this storage-based convolution method used in those developments was not found to be suitable for solving large practical problems because of the substantial computer disk space requirements. In order to find a better alternative, an accurate integration-based scheme was developed by the present writers and co-workers, in which, the storage was eliminated by accurately recalculating the summation (involved in the time convolution) of the right-hand side at each step during the time marching process. Although this work was not published in any literature, by using this type of approach, solving l...
Analysis and Design of an Adaptive Multiloop Controlled Two-Winding Buck/Boost Regulator

Small-signal low-frequency linear average model is derived for a multiloop controlled two-winding buck/boost converter employing average techniques and the describing function method. The model reveals that a well-designed multiloop control can provide a second-order zero adaptive to output filter parameter changes due to component tolerances, temperature changes, aging, and the effect of duty cycle modulation. It also can provide stabilization effect by shifting the positive zero to the left-half S-plane. Design guidelines are formulated to optimize regulator-loop dependent characteristics.
Fifty years of Harper-Dorn creep: a viable creep mechanism or a Californian artifact?

Fifty years ago, in a series of classic creep experiments conducted at the University of California in Berkeley, Harper and Dorn obtained unique experimental data revealing the possibility of a new and heretofore unrecognized flow process occurring in pure aluminum when tested at low stresses and at temperatures very close to the melting temperature. This flow mechanism, subsequently designated Harper–Dorn creep, has been the center of much argument and speculation in the ensuing years. The present paper looks back over the last half-century and charts the various developments in attempts to obtain a more detailed understanding of whether Harper–Dorn creep is (or is not) a viable creep process. Examples are presented for both metals and non-metals. It is concluded that, although it appears Harper–Dorn creep may occur only under restricted conditions associated with high purity materials and low initial dislocation densities, nevertheless there is good evidence supporting the validity of this creep mechanism as a viable and unique flow process.
Partner choice decision making and the integration of multiple cues

Abstract Uncertainty about fitness-enhancing traits in a potential mate, as well as variability in social and ecological environments, favors the use of multiple cues in selecting a partner. Though how individuals respond with adaptive mating preferences is an open question. Here we investigate mate choice decision making among the Makushi of Guyana and compare two competing approaches: 1) a prioritized trait approach, in which preferences are determined by the independent evaluation of relevant partner traits; and 2) an integrative approach, in which preferences are determined by reducing multiple, interrelated traits to a few latent dimensions. Within these two approaches we measure the effects of several key factors — sex, adult sex ratio, and community-to-community variability — thought to pattern preferences. We find support for cue integration and contextual variability in preferences. Sex and adult sex ratio are weak predictors of preferences in the Makushi: preferences are best explained by unstructured community effects. These findings highlight two key issues in mate choice studies: 1) simple biologically-based models do not seem adequate to explain variation in preferences, either within or among populations; and 2) while context, generally speaking, matters in determining preferences, we lack theoretically-informed predictions about relevant contextual factors. The importance of cues, as well as what they signal in a potential partner, is likely to vary with location-specific factors that are yet unexplored.
Psychosocial predictors of physical activity and health-related quality of life among adults with physical disabilities: an integrative framework.

Abstract Background People with disabilities report lower physical activity (PA) and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) levels than people without disabilities. Therefore, it is important to identify factors that motivate individuals with disabilities to be physically active and thus increase their HRQOL. Objectives The purpose of the study was to prospectively explore the effects of past theory of planned behavior (TPB) constructs on future (6-month) HRQOL (physical and mental health) through past stages of change (SOC) and future (6-month) PA among adults with physical disabilities. Two models were tested whereby the SOC and PA served as the mediators between the TPB constructs, physical health (PH-Model), and mental health (MH-Model). It was hypothesized that both models would fit the sample data. Methods Participants were 141 adults with physical disabilities (mean age = 46.04, females = 70.9%). The online survey was completed at two different time periods. First, the TPB constructs and SOC were assessed using self-report standardized questionnaires. Six months later, participants completed standardized self-report scales about their PA and HRQOL levels. Using LISREL 8, two path analyses were conducted to examine the two study models (PH-Model and MH-Model). Results Based on the two path analyses, attitude had the highest effect on SOC followed by perceived behavioral control within both well-fit models. The PH-Model explained more variance in PA (26%) and physical health (55%) than the MH-Model. Conclusions Health promoters should reinforce both positive intentions and behavioral experiences to increase PA and HRQOL among adults with physical disabilities.
1. CBQ REVIEW ESSAY: A Review of Recent Sources in Mass Media Interviewing, 1998–2006

Abstract Interviewing has, of course, become a common place occurrence. Most adults are familiar with the nature of the transaction, but perhaps not with the complexity of what is actually happening. Modern interviewing as we have come to understand it is basically a post-World War II phenomenon. One of the major changes is the development of interviewing ordinary people (as compared with the more typical past practice of interviewing elites or at least only the significant players). In Learning from Strangers: The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies, Weiss observes that interviews permit listeners “to learn about places, environments, organizations, fashions, careers, and cultures with which they would otherwise have no contact or exposure. But perhaps more telling is that interviews also reveal “interior experiences” including perceptions, and how they are interpreted. The human condition covering events, families, work, and all the emotions from joy to grief become open for all to witness” ...
Riemann-Stieltjes Integral and Measure

This chapter gives an example of a measure which arises from a functional, defined essentially by generalizations of Riemann sums. We get here into special aspects of the real line, as distinguished from the general theory of integration on general spaces.
Comparison of Drop Size Distribution Measurements by Impact and Optical Disdrometers

Abstract Simultaneous observations made with optical- and impact-type disdrometers were analyzed to broaden knowledge of these instruments. These observations were designed to test how accurately they measure drop size distributions (DSDs). The instruments' use in determining radar rainfall relations such as that between reflectivity and rainfall rate also was analyzed. A unique set of instruments, including two video and one Joss–Waldvogel disdrometer along with eight tipping-bucket rain gauges, was operated within a small area of about 100 × 50 m2 during a 2-month-long field campaign in central Florida. The disdrometers were evaluated by comparing their rain totals with the rain gauges. Both disdrometers underestimated the rain totals, but the video disdrometers had higher readings, resulting in a better agreement with the gauges. The disdrometers underreported small- to medium-size drops, which most likely caused the underestimation of rain totals. However, more medium-size drops were measured by the v...
Value of eco-friendly route choice for heavy-duty trucks

Abstract Heavy-duty trucks are a critical component of any goods movement system; however, they consume a large amount of fuel and emit significant pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions. An important consideration for reducing fuel consumption and improving trucking operations is efficient vehicle routing. Many existing fleet management and routing systems are based on minimizing distance traveled which does not necessarily minimize fuel consumption or emissions, particularly when under traffic congestion and in areas with hilly terrain. This paper describes the development of an eco-routing and navigation system for heavy-duty trucks, including an underlying truck energy and emission model that accounts for vehicle weight, real-time traffic speed, and road grade. Validation results presented in this paper show that the eco-routing system was able to predict fuel consumption within 7.5% over the test routes. In addition, this paper presents an analysis of the tradeoff between the amount of fuel savings and the added travel time relative to the fastest route. The elasticity of fuel with respect to travel time is calculated and a sensitivity analysis with respect to fuel price and the value of travel time is performed which provides the “break even” conditions between a fuel optimized and a time optimized route.
Hemodialysis clearance of ethosuximide in patients with chronic renal disease

Clearance of ethosuximide by hemodialysis was studied. Four patients with chronic renal disease supported by hemodialysis were given ethosuximide 500 mg four hours before dialysis. Samples of arterial and venous blood and dialysate were collected before and during the four-hour dialysis procedure. Ethosuximide concentration was measured by gas-liquid chromatography. The extraction efficiency for the dialysis systems used in this study ranged from 61.1 to 100%, and dialysis clearance was from 122.3 to 156.3 ml/min. Recovery of ethosuximide from the dialysate was 38.8 to 52.4% of the administered dose. Hemodialysis reduced the elimination half-life of ethosuximide from a presumable value of 55 hours to an average of 3.5 hours. The authors concluded that ethosuximide is dialyzable. Hemodialysis patients concurrently receiving ethosuximide may require a supplemental dose or an altered ethosuximide dosing schedule. Because hemodialysis quickly clears ethosuximide, it may be useful in treating ethosuximide overdosage.
Accurate and Computationally Efficient Prediction of Thermochemical Properties of Biomolecules Using the Generalized Connectivity-Based Hierarchy

In this study we have used the connectivity-based hierarchy (CBH) method to derive accurate heats of formation of a range of biomolecules, 18 amino acids and 10 barbituric acid/uracil derivatives. The hierarchy is based on the connectivity of the different atoms in a large molecule. It results in error-cancellation reaction schemes that are automated, general, and can be readily used for a broad range of organic molecules and biomolecules. Herein, we first locate stable conformational and tautomeric forms of these biomolecules using an accurate level of theory (viz. CCSD(T)/6-311++G(3df,2p)). Subsequently, the heats of formation of the amino acids are evaluated using the CBH-1 and CBH-2 schemes and routinely employed density functionals or wave function-based methods. The calculated heats of formation obtained herein using modest levels of theory and are in very good agreement with those obtained using more expensive W1-F12 and W2-F12 methods on amino acids and G3 results on barbituric acid derivatives. O...
A Cross-Racial Analysis of Single Female-Head Family Formation

Abstract This paper examines single female-head formation in large U. S. cities using William J. Wilson's (1987) thesis of structural determinants and Gary S. Becker's (1981) general neoclassical economic theory. We use the Social Science Research Council's Urban Underclass Database to explore differences in Black, Hispanic, and White female-head family formation for the 100 largest U. S. cities in 1970, 1980 and 1990. Our model draws on Wilson as rationale to include the male employment rate and the adult sex-ratio as predictors. From Becker, we add the female employment rate and access to public assistance as additional independent variables. Due to cross-cultural differences, we expect Wilson's thesis to better explain female family head formation among Blacks and Hispanics and Becker's to better explain White female family head formation. Results largely confirm these expectations.
Evolution of Bacterial Pathogens Within the Human Host

Selective pressures within the human host, including interactions with innate and adaptive immune responses, exposure to medical interventions such as antibiotics, and competition with commensal microbiota all facilitate the evolution of bacterial pathogens. In this chapter, we present examples of pathogen strategies that emerged as a result of selective pressures within the human host niche and discuss the resulting coevolutionary "arms race" between these organisms. In bacterial pathogens, many of the genes responsible for these strategies are encoded on mobile pathogenicity islands or plasmids, underscoring the importance of horizontal gene transfer in the emergence of virulent microbial species.
Does the Left Need Spinoza

Spinoza Contra Phenomenology excavates a crucial and decisive debate in twentieth-century thought that has consequences far beyond problems in French philosophy. Part of the challenge of reading Sp...
Simulation Study on Spatial-temporal Distributions of Vehicle Emissions in Area Influenced by Large-scale Special Events

A model to calculate the comprehensive emission factors for road segments and regional networks was proposed based on the variable of vehicle specific power(VSP) and the floating car data(FCD).A simulation platform for the traffic network surrounding a large-scale concert event was established using the INTEGRATION mesoscopic traffic simulation system.Then,this study conducted a simulation for the period before and at around the beginning of the large-scale concert,by which massive floating car data were obtained from the simulation.Subsequently,it analyzed the characteristics of spatial-temporal distributions of vehicle emissions for the network and primary roads in the influenced area.It is shown from the results that vehicle emission factors and total emissions in the network are noticeably increased during the period of 30 to 60 minutes before the beginning of the special event.In terms of the roads,the closer the road to the site of the event,the longer the impact it will receive.The continuing impact primarily begins at about 60-90 minutes before the beginning of the special event,and ends 30 minutes after the beginning of the event.The higher grades of roads surrounding the site of the event are affected the most,especially for HC,which is as high as two times over the mean value,while CO2 is also 70% higher than the average.
Research on the Quality Control Based on QFD and Manufacturing Knowledge

As there exist quality defects in manufacturing knowledge,it takes manufacturing knowledge as a special type of product to apply the quality function deployment(QFD) into the quality control process of manufacturing knowledge.It proposes the QFD model for manufacturing knowledge,prepents the manufacturing knowledge quality control approach based on house of quality,constructs the house of manufacturing knowledge quality and illustrates through an example.According to the calculation results from the house of quality,the key knowledge quality control points can be identified along with the formation process of manufacturing knowledge.This method can support the manufacturing knowledge quality improvement.
Thinking about the Drug/Crime Relationship

Contemporary research and media attention to the problems of drugs and delinquency/crime indicate that many major metropolitan areas have drug and delinquency/crime ties similar to the gangsterorganized alcohol and delinquency/crime ties that were front-page news in the US and filmed in the 1920s and early 1930s (Lyman, 1989). The drug/crime connection is illustrated by the following excerpts from The New York Times, September 24, 1991 - about the same time that we were commencing analyses of the updated 1955 Cohort.
First-time faculty librarian, second-year experience: Continuing the tenure process

In my essay entitled “First-time faculty, first-year experience: Overcoming tenure fears” in the December 2015 issue of C&RL News, 1 I mentioned that I skipped a year in the tenure process due to my start date and have only been a faculty librarian since January 2015. I recently ended my second year and turned in my third-year portfolio. As I embark on my fourth-year portfolio, I still have concerns with needing to continuously show progress within the areas of teaching/primary duties, research/creative activity, and service throughout the tenure process.
Denoising and Beat Detection of ECG Signal by Using FPGA

This paper introduces an efficient digital system design using hardware concepts to filter the Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal and to detect QRS complex (beats). The system implementation has been done using a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) in two phases. In the first phase, Finite Impule Response (FIR) filters are designed for preprocessing and denoising the ECG signal. The filtered signal is then used as the input of the second phase to detect and classify the ECG beats. The entire system has been implemented on ALTERA DE II FPGA by desinging synthesizable finite state machines. The design has been tested on ECG waves from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database by windowing the signal and applying adaptive signal and noise theresholds in each window of processing. The hardware system has achieved an overall accuracy of 98% in the beat detection phase, while providing the detected beats and the classification of irregular heat-beat rates in real-time. The synthesized hardware of the ECG denoising and beat detection system yields reasonable hardware resources, making the system attractive to be eventually fabricated as a stand alone hardware system or integrated/embedded within a portable electronic device for monitoring patients’ conditions on a daily basis conveinently.
Teaming Up for Sustained Performance: A Repeated-Game Model of Voluntary Horizontal Collaboration

This paper presents a model to characterize the dynamics of and rationale for voluntary horizontal collaborations commonly seen in global supply chains and organizations. Examples of such collaborations include supply clusters, supplier alliances, and teams of peers within organizations. The model consists of two key elements. One is a repeated game framework that captures the dynamics of the underlying environment, such as the long-term interactions between individual players who have limited capabilities and face uncertain demand. The second element is a peer help mechanism, which articulates the implicit short-term cost and long-term benefit of team production and generate synergies among the players. Our analysis shows that the emergence of horizontal collaborations depends on the difference between the individual players’ productivity levels, players’ patience, and the prevalence of high performers on the team. We also show that equilibrium team size is determined by the cost/technology structure of the collaboration, which varies depending on what kind of asset (e.g., inventory or capacity) is shared. We further extend the model to a principal-agent framework, in which the principal can benefit from forming teams of agents but cannot enforce or monitor whether peer help occurs. Finally, we characterize the optimal compensation and team structure for the principal to assign agents to teams.
Two passive mechanical conditions modulate power generation by the outer hair cells.

In the mammalian cochlea, small vibrations of the sensory epithelium are amplified due to active electro-mechanical feedback of the outer hair cells. The level of amplification is greater in the base than in the apex of the cochlea. Theoretical studies have used longitudinally varying active feedback properties to reproduce the location-dependent amplification. The active feedback force has been considered to be proportional to the basilar membrane displacement or velocity. An underlying assumption was that organ of Corti mechanics are governed by rigid body kinematics. However, recent progress in vibration measurement techniques reveals that organ of Corti mechanics are too complicated to be fully represented with rigid body kinematics. In this study, two components of the active feedback are considered explicitly—organ of Corti mechanics, and outer hair cell electro-mechanics. Physiological properties for the outer hair cells were incorporated, such as the active force gain, mechano-transduction properties, and membrane RC time constant. Instead of a kinematical model, a fully deformable 3D finite element model was used. We show that the organ of Corti mechanics dictate the longitudinal trend of cochlear amplification. Specifically, our results suggest that two mechanical conditions are responsible for location-dependent cochlear amplification. First, the phase of the outer hair cell’s somatic force with respect to its elongation rate varies along the cochlear length. Second, the local stiffness of the organ of Corti complex felt by individual outer hair cells varies along the cochlear length. We describe how these two mechanical conditions result in greater amplification toward the base of the cochlea.
Observations on the history of zooarchaeological quantitative units: Why NISP, then MNI, then NISP again?

Abstract Suggestions regarding the history of use of zooarchaeological quantitative units known as the number of identified specimens (NISP) and minimum number of individuals (MNI) have previously had little empirical substantiation. Analysis of the North American zooarchaeological literature that appeared between 1900 and 1999 indicates there was (i) an increase in the use of MNI relative to NISP between 1900 and the 1970s, (ii) a subsequent decrease in the use of MNI and increase in the use of NISP, and (iii) an increase in the use of both NISP and MNI in the same publication after the 1970s. Inspection of a sample of articles indicates the last is the result of a shift to research questions requiring use of both units and also unresolved weaknesses in both NISP and MNI as measures of taxonomic abundances. The former reflects increased inquiry into taphonomic histories, the latter reflects the volume of programmatic literature evaluating strengths and weaknesses of NISP and MNI that peaked between about 1975 and 1995, and subsequently decreased with no clear consensus. Zooarchaeology textbooks of the last two decades present mixed signals regarding which quantitative unit to use.
Lateral jetting during off-center drop collisions on substrates

Abstract In this work, we experimentally study the behavior of a sessile water drop impacted by another drop of water using a bottom-up viewing configuration and optically clear substrates. By varying the Weber number and the center-line impact offset distance, a variety of regimes based on the post-impact geometry are observed. A pair of side lobes/jets extending more than twice the maximum spread of the impacting drop are found to form at low to moderate Weber number at an offset distance close to three-quarter the combined radii of the two initial drops. The onset of these jets is probed further with a high-speed imaging study showing slender jets issue from the impacting drops ∼0.25 ms after impact at a velocity an order of magnitude greater than the impact velocity.
Background of Immune Thrombocytopenia

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by immune-mediated thrombocytopenia and associated with variable mucocutaneous bleeding. Historically, symptoms associated with ITP have been described for years. However, until the platelet was defined in the 1800s, the link to thrombocytopenia was unknown. From that point forward, the etiology of thrombocytopenia was debated and attributed at various times in history to increased platelet destruction and/or to decreased platelet production. The diagnosis is one of exclusion, and inherited and acquired causes of thrombocytopenia should be included in the differential diagnosis. In this chapter, the history of ITP, the terminology used in ITP, and the clinical presentation with differential diagnosis will be discussed.
The Sheep as a Model of the Late Asthmatic Response

The sheep model of allergic bronchoconstriction has been extensively used to study the pathobiology of asthma, but may be most noted for its use as a model of antigen-induced late phase airway responses (late asthmatic response, LAR). The intense interest in the late response is, in part, due to epidemiological data which suggest that patients who develop late antigen-induced responses in the laboratory suffer from more severe asthma [1]. Thus, understanding the mechanisms leading to the development of late responses could be important in identifying factors that influence asthma severity. The following chapter provides a summary of the pathophysiological and pharmacological studies in the sheep model and how these studies have been used to understand the mechanisms operative in allergic bronchoconstriction and inflammation.
Challenges in Bootstrapping Trust in Secure Hardware

Thus far, we have discussed how to use various secure hardware mechanisms to bootstrap trust in a platform, in particular by using the secure hardware to monitor and report on the software state of the platform. Given the software state, the user (or an agent acting on the user’s behalf) can decide whether the platform should be trusted. Due to cost considerations, most commodity computers do not include a full-blown secure coprocessor such as the IBM 4758 [185]. Instead, the move has been towards cheaper devices such as the Trusted Platform Module (TPM) [213]. The cost reduction is due in part to the decision to make the TPM secure only against software attacks. As a consequence, a TPM in the physical possession of an adversary cannot be trusted.
Sink into the Epigenome: Histones as Repositories That Influence Cellular Metabolism

Epigenetic modifications on chromatin are most commonly thought to be involved in the transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Due to their dependency on small-molecule metabolites, these modifications can relay information about cellular metabolic state to the genome for the activation or repression of particular sets of genes. In this review we discuss emerging evidence that these modifications might also have a metabolic purpose. Due to their abundance, the histones have the capacity to store substantial amounts of useful metabolites or to enable important metabolic transformations. Such metabolic functions for histones could help to explain the widespread occurrence of particular modifications that may not always be strongly correlated with transcriptional activity.
Environmental Justice and Health Disparities in Appalachia, Ohio

The Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965 defines Appalachia as a region of the eastern United States that historically has relied on mining and other extractive industries. A major purpose of this Act was to decrease economic inequities in more than 400 counties in thirteen states. These counties have contributed to national prosperity but have not reaped the benefits of this contribution. As part of Appalachia, southeastern Ohio posts the highest pov- erty levels in the state. Combined with this poverty are numerous environmental problems that expose area residents to environmental health hazards. There is a relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and environmental conditions that leads to both positive and negative health outcomes. This paper discusses environmental health and health disparities in Appalachia, Ohio. The meanings of "environmental justice" and "health disparities" are explored. Several case studies are presented, including a case of perfluorooctanoic acid (C8) exposure, a case involving the siting of a medical waste incinerator, and a case in which an entire community was purchased by a major power company because of uncon- trollable emissions. All of the cases set precedents that may lead to improve- ments in our understanding of the political, social, and environmental factors that lead to health disparities in poor rural populations worldwide.
Oral Appliances and Athletic Performance

Athletes are constantly trying to get an “edge” on competition. As seen in the last chapter, they will turn to dangerous drugs to get such an edge over their competitors to include steroids and doping which are used to improve performance. Dentistry may have a non-pharmacologic solution to this issue. This chapter will review the history and the future of such appliances and discuss their promise and possibilities.
Pneumonitis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Immunotherapy: Incidence and Risk Factors.

Checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis (CIP) is an immune-related adverse event that can occur after initiation of anti-programmed death 1/programmed death ligand 1 immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy for the treatment of multiple malignancies, including NSCLC. However, the incidence of CIP has not been previously examined in a population that included both trial-enrolled and non-trial-enrolled patients with advanced NSCLC. Furthermore, risk factors and other clinical characteristics associated with CIP severity are not known. In this study, we retrospectively examined clinical characteristics, incidence, and risk factors for CIP in a cohort of 205 patients with NSCLC, all of whom received anti-programmed death 1/programmed death ligand 1 ICIs. Our results demonstrate a higher incidence of CIP (19%) than previously reported in clinical trials (3%-5%). Our data also suggest that tumor histologic type may be a risk factor for CIP development. We observed a wide range of time to onset of CIP (median 82 days), with high morbidity and mortality associated with higher-grade CIP regardless of degree of immunosuppression. Our data provide new insight into the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of CIP. Further studies are needed to increase CIP pharmacovigilance, improve risk stratification, and refine diagnostic algorithms for the diagnosis and management of this potential life-threatening complication of ICI therapy.
ПРОБЛЕМА ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ПРИОРИТЕТОВ ЭКОЛОГО-ПРАВОВОЙ ОХРАНЫ: ПРИРОДА И ЗДОРОВЬЕ ЧЕЛОВЕКА КАК ОБЪЕКТЫ ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ

The paper is devoted to the problematic issues of the legal regulation of nature protection activities in the Russian Federation. The author notes that a sharp deterioration of the ecological situation indicates a crisis of the previously existing paradigm of human-environmental interaction. Therefore, the situation requires full-scale measures within the state's environmental strategy. However, the change of the environmental state policy as a whole and the improvement of the legal mechanism of environmental relations in particular encounters a number of theoretical and practical problems, which have not been solved. The author pays attention to the problem of determining the priorities of environmental and legal protection, which is very important in the process of establishing the optimal ratio in the "human-nature" relations. The result of solving the problems influences the objectives of the state environmental policy, as well as the objectives of the Environmental Safety Strategy. The author analyzes the main aspect of the considered problem, the essence of which is ambiguity of the fundamental object in ecological relations. It is noted that today there are two points of view on this issue in the Russian legal science. According to the first one, the object of legal protection is exclusively environmental interests of a man. Accordingly, the protection of nature must be carried out exclusively in the interests of his life and health. Supporters of the second point of view believe that the nature as a whole should be a priority in legal protection. The author notes that the choice of a particular conceptual position (and, accordingly, the priority of environmental and legal protection) depends on the world outlook on the role and place of a man in the world. At the same time, problems of a technical and legal nature, connected with internal logic and subordination of legal norms regulating ecological relations worsen the situation. The author concludes that there are internal contradictions in the mechanism of legal protection of the environment.
Living Beyond Death: Engaging the Christo-logics of Cone’s God of the Oppressed after Williams’s Sisters in the Wilderness

In the 1997 preface to this remarkable book, James Cone criticizes his original Christological emphasis, stating, “No one people’s language and experience are capable of capturing the full reality and presence of God” (xiv). Christology, in this modality of capture, becomes a strategy of grounding, that is, of situating a particular cultural formation in and as the divinely instituted form of human life, as the origin and goal. Christology as a mode of capture is a regulative discourse, and as such, another imposition of limits, another way to securely hold, to place in (the) hold, the diffuse mobilities and relations that are creaturely life. It would be, therefore, a Christology still in the hold of, or the hold that is, white supremacy. Cone’s concerns over theology in the mode of capture are well-founded; however, there are aspects of his earlier Christology that also elude this pretense toward capture without relying, as Cone does in 1997, on a more general dialectic of transcendence and human finitude. This paper was written and is given in honor of the 40th anniversary of James Cone’s God of the Oppressed.
Glioblastoma cell migration mediated by HGF is modulated by serum with variable participation of Met-related pseudopodial proteins

1357 Glioblastomas are deadly, invasive brain tumors. Once the blood brain barrier becomes defective, common in glioblastomas, blood components potentially become influencing factors on tumor invasion. Cell migration, stimulated by growth factors in tumors, is a vital step during malignant invasion that can be studied in vitro. As chemoattractants, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF) and fetal bovine serum, alone or combined, stimulated normoxic migration of 7 cell lines and primary glioblastoma cells aspirated from a clinical specimen. Migration in Boyden chambers was either maximally stimulated by combined HGF and serum up to 6.33-fold levels of unstimulated migration, or serum alone maximized cell motility to a lesser extent. Dose curves of serum augmented HGF-stimulated cell migration in a variable but cell-specific manner. Two glioblastoma cell lines tested displayed different sensitivities to inhibition of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), whose clientale includes Met and many of its downstream proteins. The IC50s of radicicol, a HSP90 inhibitor, for U87 and LN229 cell migration in normoxia were 52.9 and 30.1 μM, respectively, and in glycolytic conditions (chemical hypoxia generated with sodium azide) the IC50s were 38.0 and 26.7 μM, respectively. Invasive migration of U87 cells for 7 days through cultured 1 mm rat brain slices to their bottom edges was enhanced 2.5-fold by a gradient of HGF and serum under glycolytic conditions. Basal (unstimulated) levels of Met varied 21.8-fold among whole cell lysates of motile cell lines equalized for total protein but these levels did not predict levels of cell migration. Pseudopodial lysates from U87 and LN229 cells, stimulated by HGF and serum, contained 6.37 and 5.50-fold increased phosphorylated Met, respectively, and 3.03 and 2.29-fold increased HGF, respectively, compared to unmigrated cell lysates. Levels of proteins downstream from Met, such as cortactin, Raf, Akt, and ATP citrate lyase, varied several fold in pseudopodia compared to unmigrated cells when lysates were equalized for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) or total protein. Migration of glioblastoma cells to HGF, with or without serum co-stimulation, and localization of HGF and its receptor to pseudopodia indicated that Met is part of the “motogenic signature” in glioblastomas. However, cell migration mediated by HGF/Met is modulated by serum in a heterogeneous pattern and with variable participation of the downstream network of proteins in pseudopodia. Further definition of the “motogenic signature” in glioblastomas, including what can be identified in clinical samples of migrated cells and their pseudopodia, is needed to develop anti-invasion therapies that synergize with anti-HGF/Met drugs. We thank The Nick Eric Wichman Foundation, The Beez Foundation, and The Walter L. Copeland Fund of The Pittsburgh Foundation for support.
Characteristics of Atrial Fibrillation Patients with a Family History of Atrial Fibrillation.

Background Family history has been shown to be associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the specific AF characteristics that travel with a family history have not yet been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a family history of AF is associated with specific patient characteristics in a worldwide, remote cohort. Methods From the Health eHeart Study, an internet-based prospective cohort, we performed a cross-sectional analysis of AF participants who reported their family history and completed questionnaires regarding their medical conditions and AF symptoms. We assessed demographics, cardiovascular comorbidities, and AF symptom characteristics in AF participants with and without a family history of AF. Results In multivariable analysis of 5,884 participants with AF (mean age 59.9 ± 14.5, 59% male, 92% white), female sex (odds ratio [OR]=1.35, 95% CI, 1.17-1.54, p<0.0001) and birth in the U.S. (OR=2.54, 95% CI, 2.12-3.05, p<0.0001) were independently associated with having a family history of AF. Having a family history of AF was also more commonly associated with symptoms of shortness of breath (OR=1.40, 95% CI, 1.07-1.82, p=0.014), chest pain, pressure, or discomfort (OR=1.95, 95% CI, 1.22-3.13, p=0.0052), and feeling generally "off" about oneself (OR=1.84, 95% CI, 1.27-2.67, p=0.0013). Conclusions Patients with a family history of AF are more likely to be female, be US-born, and experience symptoms of AF, suggesting underlying mechanistic differences between those with and without family history of AF.
All-Sapphire Miniature Optical Fiber Tip Sensor for High Temperature Measurement

High temperature sensor with robust performance, minimum footprint, and fast response is desirable for many applications in extreme environments. This article introduces a miniature high temperature sensor based on fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer. The interferometric cavity is directly fabricated on the tip of a 125 μm single-crystal sapphire fiber through femtosecond laser micromachining and CO2 laser welding with the sapphire fiber as a light-guiding element. The sensor has an all-sapphire structure to ensure both physical and chemical stability. The sensor was tested in the lab from room temperature up to 1455 °C and shows an excellent temperature response with 1.32 nm/ °C at room temperature and full-range average resolution of 0.68 °C. The thermal response of the sensor is evaluated via both numerical simulation and experiment. Owing to the small size and fast thermal diffusivity of sapphire, the thermal response time of ∼1.25 ms has been experimentally demonstrated.
Snapshot imaging Fraunhofer line discriminator for detection of plant fluorescence

Non-invasive quantification of plant health is traditionally accomplished using reflectance based metrics, such as the normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI). However, measuring plant fluorescence (both active and passive) to determine photochemistry of plants has gained importance. Due to better cost efficiency, lower power requirements, and simpler scanning synchronization, detecting passive fluorescence is preferred over active fluorescence. In this paper, we propose a high speed imaging approach for measuring passive plant fluorescence, within the hydrogen alpha Fraunhofer line at ~656 nm, using a Snapshot Imaging Fraunhofer Line Discriminator (SIFOLD). For the first time, the advantage of snapshot imaging for high throughput Fraunhofer Line Discrimination (FLD) is cultivated by our system, which is based on a multiple-image Fourier transform spectrometer and a spatial heterodyne interferometer (SHI). The SHI is a Sagnac interferometer, which is dispersion compensated using blazed diffraction gratings. We present data and techniques for calibrating the SIFOLD to any particular wavelength. This technique can be applied to quantify plant fluorescence at low cost and reduced complexity of data collection.
Modeling Business Enterprises as Value-Added Process Hierarchies with Resource-Event-Agent Object Templates

Applying object orientation to the task of modeling the value-added processes of a business enterprise is a task that should be examined both conceptually and practically. This paper does both, but its main theme is a conceptual reliance on a standardized object template — the REA (resource-event-agent) model — at various levels of abstraction as that template is used to model the economic activities of an enterprise. Deployment of REA concepts in business object design and implementation is a semantic strategy for increasing reusability and interoperability. We explain the components and use of REA models in the context of a simple example, and we discuss also its predictable patterns of implementation compromise. The paper finishes with a discussion of the adaptation of various object-oriented analysis and design techniques to the task of REA modeling of enterprises.