cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory of Luminescence of One-Dimensional Resonant Photonic Crystals

Phenomenological approach to description of luminescence from one-dimensional resonant photonic crystals is introduced and its connection with microscopic quantum description is discussed. Transfer-matrix method of calculating emitted intensity is developed and applied to multiple-quantum-well structures.
Differential diagnosis and treatment for a patient with lower extremity symptoms.

The process of differential diagnosis involves the development of working hypotheses concerning dysfunction. These working hypotheses are revised, if necessary, based on the results of a physical examination. Some of the hypotheses to consider for a patient with symptoms involving the posterior thigh include lumbar radiculopathy, hamstring strain or tear, and sciatic nerve irritation. The purpose of this case problem is to highlight the decision making process involved in determining the treatment of a patient with posterior thigh symptoms. In addition, the method of treatment is described, and the patient's response to the treatment is included in this article. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2000;30(8):468–472. doi:10.2519/jospt.2000.30.8.468
Time‐dependent analysis of post‐tensioned concrete structures

This article explains the time-dependent parameters critical to the performance of post-tensioned concrete structures, as treated in the design codes and practiced by design engineers, with an emphasis on recent developments in the field. Following an introduction to the application of time-dependent analysis in post-tensioned construction and to the technical requirements for its successful utilization, the treatment of time-dependent parameters in model codes is presented. The discussion then introduces the basics for the practical implementation of creep, shrinkage, aging of concrete and relaxation in prestressing in the context of code requirements. The application of laboratory-generated data is also discussed, for materials not adequately covered in the codes such as high performance concrete. Finally, the paper outlines a modern analytical technique for the structural modeling of prestressing tendons and its advantages over previous methods. The method yields an integrated solution, inclusive of all time-dependent phenomena. The new method eliminates the need for a separate analysis to determine immediate and long-term losses in prestressing because the losses become an integral part of the overall structural analysis.
Coarse-graining away electronic structure: a rigorous route to accurate condensed phase interaction potentials

The molecular simulation of condensed phase systems with electronic structure methods can be prohibitively expensive if the length and time scales necessary to observe the desired chemical phenomena are too large. One solution is to map the results of a representative electronic structure simulation onto a computationally more efficient model that reproduces the original calculation, while allowing for statistical sampling relevant to the required length and time scales. The statistical mechanical multiscale coarse-graining procedure is one methodology in which a model can be developed by integrating over the subset of fast degrees of freedom to construct a reduced representation of the original system that reproduces thermodynamic, and in some instances dynamic, properties. The coarse-graining away of electronic structure is one application of this general method, wherein the electronic degrees of freedom are integrated out and the full dimensionality of the system is mapped to that of only the nuclei. T...
Greenhouse micrometeorology and estimation of heat and water vapour fluxes

Abstract Micrometeorological measurements were made within and above a potted stand of chrysanthemums in a conventional glasshouse, using high frequency sensors to detect airflow, temperature and humidity, quantum sensors to measure radiation and a digital weighing lysimeter to quantify transpiration. Analyses were conducted to evaluate the aerodynamic and thermal effects on heat and mass transfer from vegetation canopies to greenhouse air, and the validity and comparability of resistance formulae for delineating the aerial effects. The differences of temperature and velocity between air within and above the canopy were found to be very significant. Thus it is necessary to distinguish aerodynamic and thermal parameters within these two distinct domains since the "big-leaf and perfectly-stirred-tank" assumption will be less satisfactory in estimating heat and water vapour fluxes from the greenhouse canopy. Three resistance terms were parameterized using the micrometeorological data, a stomatal resistance describing the physiological control, a boundary layer resistance controlling the exchange processes at leaf surfaces, and an aerodynamic resistance governing the vertical aerial transport processes. The parameterization of the resistances supported the hypothesis that, while the boundary layer resistance can be well formulated using similarity numbers, the aerodynamic resistance is largely dependent upon the aerodynamic and thermal conditions of the air column. It was shown that the similarity numbers should be determined using climatic parameters measured within the plant canopy, not above. Calibration of the aerodynamic resistance should be made with air temperatures measured at two vertical locations, not the difference between air and leaf temperatures. Further, such calibrated aerodynamic resistance is conceptually different and not comparable with the boundary layer resistance.
Azide treatment enhances cell-to-cell diffusion in staminal hairs ofSetcreasea purpurea

The effect of azide on the diffusion of fluorescent molecular probes was examined in staminal hairs ofSetcreasea purpurea. Staminal hairs were treated with azide before being microinjected with fluorescent molecular probes of different size, charge, and structure. The cell-to-cell movement of these fluorescent molecules was videotaped, analyzed, and coefficients of diffusion through plasmodesmata (D) and coefficients of diffusion across the tonoplast (k1) were calculated and compared to those of untreated cells. The D was larger and the k1 was smaller for many fluorescent probes in azide treated cells compared to normal, untreated cells. In addition, the cell-to-cell diffusion selectivity based on molecule structure, size and charge no longer existed in azide treated cells. An average D of 3.3×10−8cm2/s and an average k1 of 2.9×10−7/μm2/s was calculated for the molecular probes tested. New size limits for permeation were observed indicating that the plasmodesmata had become enlarged.
Relaxation of vibrationally excited HCl in solid Xe

Abstract Rates for vibrational relaxation of HCl(ν = 1.2) in solid xenon at 40 and 146 K are reported and are compared to the rate of relaxation of HCl(ν = 1) in liquid xenon near the freezing point. Upon freezing, the rate of relaxation of HCl(ν = 1) is found to decrease significantly and emission from HCl(ν = 2), absent in the liquid phase, is detected. Both of these effects are attributed to a significant decrease in mobility of HCl molecules in the solid phase as compared to the liquid phase. At both 40 and 146 K, the ratio of relaxation rates for HCl(ν = 2) to HCl(ν = 1) is found to deviate significantly from the harmonic oscillator prediction of 2:1. The rate of relaxation for HCl(ν = 1) by xenon is found to be similar in both liquid solution at 200 K and in the solid at 146 K.
Lateral overgrowth and epitaxial lift-off of InP by halide vapor-phase epitaxy

The orientation dependence of lateral overgrowth and vertical growth of InP deposits selectively grown through stripe openings in a phosphosilicate glass mask was investigated using halide vapor-phase epitaxy. The lateral overgrowth was observed to be strongly dependent on the orientation of stripe openings, and the vertical growth was shown to be inversely correlated to the lateral overgrowth. For a sufficiently long growth time, the growth fronts of lateral overgrowth layers from adjacent stripe openings merged together to form a completely overgrown layer. The morphology of the region where the growth fronts are merged was shown to be dependent on the orientation of stripe openings through which the growth was seeded. We also investigated a method to separate the completely overgrown layer from the substrate. This mechanical epitaxial lift-off technique may be used for hybrid integration of optoelectronic and electronic devices.
Human fetal somatic and visceral morphometrics.

Because of the increasing pre- natal use of high-resolution ultrasonography to as- sess fetal growth and because growth aberration is one of the principal manifestations of abnormal in- trauterine development, a more precise definition of normal growth is desirable. Our data set from autopsies of fetusedneonates (50-4,000 g), col- lected with systematic attention to precision of measurement, is analyzed and presented. Previous computations of fetal growth curves appear to overstate the variation about the mean. Through the identification and exclusion of outliers and the use of appropriate curve fitting techniques, the problem of overestimation of variation about the mean has been largely eliminated. The new growth standards we present can be used to assess aber- ration from proportional growth and correlate it with gestational circumstances and particular mor- phological features of the fetus.
Digital isolation amplifier in silicon-on-sapphire CMOS

The design and fabrication results of a monolithic four-channel digital isolation amplifier in a 0.5 mum silicon-on-sapphire technology is reported. The isolation device is manufactured in a single die, taking advantage of the isolation properties of the sapphire substrate. The individual isolation channels can operate in excess of 40 Mbit/s using digital phase-shift-keying modulation. Modulation of the input signal is used to increase immunity to errors at low input data rates. The device can tolerate ground bounces of 1 V/mus and isolate more than 800 V
Structural criteria for the design of anion receptors: the interaction of halides with electron-deficient arenes.

This paper refines the nature of the interactions between electron-deficient arenes and halide anions. Conclusions are based on (i) new crystal structures containing alkali halide salts with 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene (TCB) and 18-crown-6, (ii) evaluation of crystal structures found in the Cambridge Structural Database, and (iii) MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ calculations of F-, Cl-, and Br- complexes with TCB, 1,3,5-tricyanobenzene, triazine, and hexafluorobenzene. When the halide lies above the plane of the π system, the results establish that three distinctly different types of complexes are possible: strongly covalent σ complexes, weakly covalent donor−π-acceptor complexes, and noncovalent anion−π complexes. When aryl C−H groups are present, a fourth type of interaction leads to C−H · · · X- hydrogen bonding. Characterization of the different geometries encountered with the four possible binding motifs provides criteria needed to design host architectures containing electron-deficient arenes.
Transdisciplinary Teaming in Preservice Special and Adapted Physical Education Practicing What We Preach

Transdisciplinary teaming as a means to enhance integrated related service instruction is considered a necessary competency for personnel working with individuals with handicaps. The context in which personnel preparation programs address needed knowledge and skills is examined with emphasis on demonstration of teaming between adapted physical and special education during preservice preparation. Pre/post survey results of students' perceptions of role clarity, communication, and general satisfaction with transdisciplinary teaming using this strategy indicate that preservice personnel's perceptions and comfort in working across disciplines with individuals with disabilities are more positive after viewing the processes modeled by university faculty. Implications and concerns are outlined for expanding and improving demonstrations of transdisciplinary teaming across the multiple disciplines involved with preservice programs.
Respiratory depression with patient-controlled analgesia

acute pain services. Many are based primarily on patientcontrolled analgesia (PCA), which has been shown to provide superior analgesia than conventional intramuscular opioid analgesia, and is perceived as being safer with fewer logistic problems in monitoring and general patient management than techniques based on intraspinal opioids. Mishaps associated with PCA have been reported occasionally, but their relative infrequency tends to reinforce this perception of the safety of the technique. The cases reported by Etches in this issue of the Journal draw attention to the occurrence of respiratory depression in patients receiving PCA, and he suggests some factors which may increase patient susceptibility to this problem. The reported incidence of' respiratory depression with opioids administered by various routes depends on the definition of the problem. Only a small percentage, 0.25-0.4%, of patients receiving epidural morphine in a survey of Swedish practice required naloxone, t while with other routes of opioid administration 2,3 an incidence of 0.2-0.9% has been reported. Mild CO 2 retention has occurred with both epidural and PCA morphine, 4 while oxygen desaturation was similar (though more marked with PCA) in patients receiving epidural morphine or PCA meperidine, s While the above reports of lifethreatening events may underestimate the true incidence, available data would suggest that the overall risk of severe respiratory depression from appropriate doses of opioids is similar (< 1%) regardless of the route of administration. The factors increasing the potential for respiratory depression can be divided into "patient related" and "technique related." The former are relevant regardless of route of administration and include advanced age, head injury, sleep apnoea syndrome, obesity, respiratory failure, con
The Growth of a Young Frontal Wave

In a two-layer model of the atmosphere with the upper warm air moving from the west relative to the cold air below the long waves are unstable and have a rather simple symmetric structure and behavior when the following approximations are used: ( a ) The latitude variation of the depth of the layers is ignored. ( b ) The motion is quasigeostrophic. ( c ) The planetary ?-gradient of the earth's vorticity is ignored. ( d ) The tropopause is a rigid horizontal surface. When these approximations are removed one by one the wave structure and growth rate are modified somewhat, but the essential features of the wave mechanism remain unchanged. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00304.x
Theoretical Predictions of Freestanding Honeycomb Sheets of Cadmium Chalcogenides

Two-dimensional (2D) nanocrystals of CdX (X = S, Se, Te) typically grown by colloidal synthesis are coated with organic ligands. Recent experimental work on ZnSe showed that the organic ligands can be removed at elevated temperature, giving a freestanding 2D sheet of ZnSe. In this theoretical work, freestanding single- to few-layer sheets of CdX, each possessing a pseudo honeycomb lattice, are considered by cutting along all possible lattice planes of the bulk zinc blende (ZB) and wurtzite (WZ) phases. Using density functional theory, we have systematically studied their geometric structures, energetics, and electronic properties. A strong surface distortion is found to occur for all of the layered sheets, and yet all of the pseudo honeycomb lattices are preserved, giving unique types of surface corrugations and different electronic properties. The energetics, in combination with phonon mode calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, indicate that the syntheses of these freestanding 2D sheets could ...
Evaluation of a green laser pointer for flow cytometry

Flow cytometers typically incorporate expensive lasers with high-quality (TEM00) output beam structure and very stable output power, significantly increasing system cost and power requirements. Red diode lasers minimize power consumption and cost, but limit fluorophore selection. Low-cost DPSS laser pointer modules could possibly offer increased wavelength selection but presumed emission instability has limited their use. A $160 DPSS 532 nm laser pointer module was first evaluated for noise characteristics and then used as the excitation light source in a custom-built flow cytometer for the analysis of fluorescent calibration and alignment microspheres. Eight of ten modules tested were very quiet (RMS noise < or = 0.6% between 0 and 5 MHz). With a quiet laser pointer module as the light source in a slow-flow system, fluorescence measurements from alignment microspheres produced CVs of about 3.3%. Furthermore, the use of extended transit times and < or =1 mW of laser power produced both baseline resolution of all 8 peaks in a set of Rainbow microspheres, and a detection limit of <20 phycoerythrin molecules per particle. Data collected with the transit time reduced to 25 micros (in the same instrument but at 2.4 mW laser output) demonstrated a detection limit of approximately 75 phycoerythrin molecules and CVs of about 2.7%. The performance, cost, size, and power consumption of the tested laser pointer module suggests that it may be suitable for use in conventional flow cytometry, particularly if it were coupled with cytometers that support extended transit times.
Computerized Anatomy Atlas Of The Human Brain

A software for developing, editing and displaying a 3-D computerized anatomic atlas of a human brain is described. The objective of this atlas is to serve as a reference in identifying various structures in CT scans.
Pulmonary Artery Banding in Infants with Complex Congenital Heart Defects

Abstract Pulmonary artery banding was performed in 60 patients with complex congenital heart defects, other than isolated ventricular septal defect, for treatment of high-output cardiac failure with a large left-to-right shunt and pulmonary hypertension. The average age at banding was 3.3 months. Half of the patients also had ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus, resection of coarctation, or creation of an atrial septal defect at the time of banding. Forty-one of the group survived banding; there was a higher survival rate in the patients 3 months of age or older. Twelve patients had catheterization studies performed after banding that demonstrated reduction in pulmonary artery pressure, decrease in the left-to-right shunt, no increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, and significant reduction in left ventricular end-diastolic volume and mass. Eight patients subsequently underwent additional palliative procedures with 7 survivors. Nine patients have had corrective operations performed, and 7 have survived. Pulmonary artery banding is an effective procedure in the staged treatment of infants with complex congenital heart defects.
Pseudothrombophlebitis complicating childhood lyme arthritis.

Calf pseudothrombophlebitis is defined as the acute onset of nontraumatic, nonthrombotic painful swelling of the calf after knee synovitis. The name underscores the clinical similarities between this condition and "true" femoral/popliteal thrombophlebitis pointed out by Baker more than a century ago. A variety of arthritic conditions of the knee, primarily chronic, can be complicated by calf pseudothrombophlebitis. Pseudothrombophlebitis as a complication of Lyme arthritis has been mentioned in clinical reviews of the disease, but to our knowledge, no documented cases of such association were published. Furthermore, pseudothrombophlebitis in the setting of Lyme disease is particularly challenging, both from the diagnostic and therapeutic points of view.Herein, we describe three children who developed pseudothrombophlebitis as a presenting feature of Lyme disease. One of the patients is described in detail, and the clinical findings on the whole group are summarized.
Epitaxy of Pt thin films on (001) MgO-II : Orientation evolution from nucleation through coalescence

Orientation selection and microstructural evolution of thin platinum films deposited on to (001) MgO substrates are examined experimentally. The Pt/MgO system is an example of epitaxy in the absence of strong chemical interactions between film and substrate. Platinum films grow in the Volmer-Weber mode of epitaxy, and more than one epitaxial film orientation is possible on (001) MgO depending upon the deposition conditions. Experimental observations of orientation selection during film growth are explained based on film/substrate interface energy and film surface energy minimization. The results indicate that the final microstructure is controlled by grain boundary motion during and after coalescence of the island films.
Two Generalizations of Posets of Shuffles

We study posets defined by Stanley as a multiset generalization of Greene's posets of shuffles. Ehrenborg defined a quasi-symmetric function encoding for the flag f-vector, denoted FP, and we determine FP for shuffle posets of multisets, expressing it as a Schur-positive symmetric function. This leads to several combinatorial formulas as well as proofs that shuffle posets of multisets are supersolvable and have symmetric chain decompositions. We also generalize posets of shuffles to posets for shuffling k words, answering a question of Stanley. Finally, we extend our results about shuffle posets of multisets to k-shuffle posets.
Cluster analysis, graphs, and branching processes as new methodologies for intelligent systems on example of bibliometric and social network data

This article presents (1) a general formalism for cluster analysis, allowing a systemic study of simulation research, in particular its dynamic aspects, (2) a model of small bibliographical clusters, allowing inference (among others) on the connectivity of domains, and (3) an outline of new theories of networks with randomly changing nodes and edges, applicable for analysis of different types of relations, e.g., communication between scientists, etc. These models may be useful for analysis of large databases in artificial intelligence. They may also have significance as new approaches to neural network analysis.
Use of focused abdominal sonography for trauma at pediatric and adult trauma centers: a survey.

Abstract Purpose Focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) has been popularized for the initial evaluation of trauma patients. We sought to understand the scope of practice on a national level with specific attention to its use in the pediatric age group. Methods An electronic survey was sent to all American College of Surgeons level I trauma centers and the National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions that were freestanding children's hospitals. Results The survey was emailed to 124 centers, and 98 (79%) completed the survey. Of the surveyed centers, 23% cared for adults only, 28% were freestanding children's hospitals, and 49% managed both. At adults-only institutions, 96% use FAST and at children's hospitals, only 15%; it is used at 85% of centers that care for both. For the centers that use FAST on children, 88% have no age limit. Of all the institutions that typically use FAST, the individual performing the examination could be a surgeon (73%), an emergency department doctor (48%), or a radiologist (3%). Of the centers that perform FAST, 51% bill for the FAST examination. Conclusions Adult hospitals are much more likely to perform FAST examinations in the trauma patient, and many adult centers routinely use FAST to examine pediatric patients.
The role of chlorophyllase and light in the decomposition of chlorophyll from marine phytoplankton

In a study of the biochemical aspects of the decomposition of chlorophyll, measurement of the activity of the enzyme chlorophyllase in marine phytoplankton was attempted in vitro by observing the conversion of chlorophyll to chlorophyllide. Our experiments indicate that in darkness and at room temperatures any enzymatic activity, if present, is immeasurable by the techniques employed. As a consequence, we have considered the photo-bleaching of chlorophyll as a possible means of decomposition. This has been identified as a photo-oxidation and the decomposition of the pigment is extremely rapid. Our experiments show that a similar photo-oxidation exists in fractured cells and degraded pigments found in the feces of marine herbivores. Although the rate of photo-bleaching is slower in vivo than in vitro, we postulate that this is a principle mechanism for pigment decomposition.
Modeling potential outcomes of fire and fuel management scenarios on the structure of forested habitats in northeast Oregon, USA

Abstract Thinning and prescribed fire are being used extensively across the interior western United States to reduce the risk of large, severe wildfires. However, the full ecological consequences of implementing these management practices on the landscape have not been completely evaluated. We projected future vegetation trends resulting from four management scenarios and compared vegetation trends against the natural range of variability (NRV) using a state and transition model that included natural disturbances (e.g., wildfires, insect outbreaks) on a study area in northeast Oregon. We tracked the area of forests with large trees to assess potential trends of habitat for wildlife species closely associated with these forest structures and evaluated land allocations that restricted management practices on national forests (i.e., riparian and old-growth forests). We also specifically analyzed habitat available for Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), a species listed as threatened under the USA Endangered Species Act. This included an evaluation of implementing and not implementing current management practices designed to protect Canada lynx habitat. We found that the area of forests in large-diameter (≥52.5 cm) trees is currently well below the estimated NRV, and that it might take >100 years to return to more natural levels regardless of the management scenario implemented. In addition, fuels management activities (i.e., thinning, prescribed fire) resulted in total area of closed-canopy large- and medium-diameter (≥40 cm) forests well below that predicted under a natural disturbance regime, particularly in cool-moist and cold forests.
Two-dimensional crystallization of Escherichia coli-expressed bacteriorhodopsin and its D96N variant: high resolution structural studies in projection.

Highly ordered two-dimensional (2-D) crystals of Escherichia coli-expressed bacteriorhodopsin analog (e-bR) and its D96N variant (e-D96N) reconstituted in Halobacterium halobium lipids have been obtained by starting with the opsin protein purified in the denaturing detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate. These crystals embedded in glucose show electron diffraction in projection to better than 3.0 A at room temperature. This is the first instance that expressed bR or a variant has been crystallized in 2-D arrays showing such high order. The crystal lattice is homologous to that in wild-type bR (w-bR) in purple membranes (PM) and permit high resolution analyses of the structure of the functionally impaired D96N variant. The e-bR crystal is isomorphous to that in PM with an overall averaged fractional change of 12.7% (26–3.6-A resolution) in the projection structure factors. The projection difference Fourier map e-bR-PM at 3.6-A resolution indicates small conformational changes equivalent to movement of approximately
The moderating role of sensation seeking tendency in robotic haptic interfaces

This study examined the interaction effects between haptic force feedback and users’ sensation seeking tendency i.e. need for sensations on users’ feelings of presence i.e. the state in which users experience virtual objects and virtual environments as if they were actual in robotic haptic interfaces. Users with low sensation seeking tendency felt stronger physical presence and spatial presence in response to force feedback haptic stimuli versus no force feedback, whereas users with high sensation seeking tendency did not show any difference between the two conditions, thus confirming the moderating role of the users’ sensation seeking tendency in the robotic haptic interface. Theoretical implications for human–computer interaction HCI research and managerial implications for the interactive media market are discussed.
Sensitivity of osteoporosis screening guidelines for eventual hip fracture in older male veterans.

This study sought to determine whether guideline-recommended clinical criteria to select men for osteoporosis screening provide significantly better sensitivity than the osteoporotic screening tool (OST) among men who later went on to have a hip fracture, and whether the sensitivity differs by race. This retrospective observational study uses data from the Department of Veterans Affairs Austin Automation Center. We identified 825 male veterans with hip fractures from 2007 to 2009. Clinical risk factors used as screening selection criteria were abstracted from five accepted guidelines. Outpatient encounters were examined for each subject to determine whether they would have met screening selection criteria for each guideline in the 5 years before their hip fracture event. Sensitivities for each guideline were compared with the OST, using McNemar's exact test. Sensitivities of Veterans Affairs Health Service Research and Development Services (VA HSRD 68%), VA Secretary's Letters (45%) and Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (13%) were significantly worse than the OST sensitivity (P<0.001). The sensitivities of the VA HSRD 70% vs 58%, P<0.01; and 84% vs 70%, P<0.001, respectively). Only VA HSR&D and NOF clinical screening criteria are more sensitive than OST in identifying veterans who subsequently experience hip fractures, and these sensitivities vary by race.
The aging of aluminum-lithium alloys before and after neutron irradiation☆

Abstract The aging of Al/2.8 wt % Li and Al/1.5 wt % Li alloys was characterized by electron metallography and hardness measurements before and after neutron irradiation. The aging of unirradiated Al-Li alloys followed the same general pattern observed for other aluminum-base alloys. As aging progressed, the hardness increased to a maximum and then decreased. The rate of hardening increased as the aging temperature increased, and the degree of hardening decreased as the lithium content decreased. The precipitate, identified as LiAl, formed as plates that created strains in the aluminum lattice and were responsible for the hardening. The habit plane of the precipitate was the {211} plane and the orientation relationship was: (110) Al ∥(100) LiAl, (111) Al ∥(011) LiAl. During neutron irradiation at relatively low temperatures, some aging occurred that affected the characteristics of postirradiation aging. The aging that occurred during irradiation at 75° C resulted in “retrogression”, or temporary softening, during postirradiation aging at higher temperatures. Irradiation at 125° C produced over-aging. The hardness produced by postirradiation over-aging increased with irradiation exposure.
Masculine Markets and Feminine Care: A Gender Analysis of the National Performance Review

This essay aims to uncover how and in what ways gender figures in the three National Performance Review reports. The analysis uncovers the different ways that gender operates in the reports and, in doing so, highlights why policy language matters. At the analytic level of the word, the reports are gender inclusive. At the analytic level of the sentence, the figurative language, metaphors, and bridging assumptions privilege experiences and actions that are socially constructed as male and rely on traditional gender stereotypes about work, family, and government service use. At the analytic level of discourse, masculine market and feminine care discourses are identified and explicated. That care discourse emerged amid a movement to make government more businesslike and market oriented suggests that perhaps care values and practices deserve greater intellectual scrutiny.
Infrared absorption in chemically vapor-deposited ZnSe: wavelength and temperature dispersions

Chemically vapor-deposited ZnSe exhibits outstanding properties in the infrared (IR) and has been established as a prime material candidate for IR transmitting applications. The purpose of this paper is to present and evaluate data on both the surface and the bulk absorption of commercially available ZnSe, over the entire wavelength and temperature range of current interest. This investigation is based on spectral emittance measurements that were carried out by Stierwalt at the Naval Ocean Systems Center and on in-house transmission spectroscopy performed in the context of a fur-window development program. Surface effects can be felt at wavelengths as high as 14 um and usually predominate at wavelengths of less than 8 urn, even for fairly thick specimens. Fractional surface absorptions are temperature independent from about 200 to 400 K, which masks the behavior of the bulk absorption, and can be fitted to a Fourier series, for wavelengths of 3.5 to 13.5 urn. Bulk absorption coefficients (nv) are strongly dependent upon temperature as well as wavelength but can be approximated by means of two bivariate polynomial expressions that yield "recommended" values. At wavelengths X 10 urn, v always decreases with increasing temperature; it is shown that a wavelength independent Debye-Waller factor provides a correct description of the temperature dependence, thus pointing to IR-active localized modes. At wavelengths X 14 urn, V always increases with rising temperature and exhibits a temperature-dependence pattern as predicted for 3- and 4-phonon summation processes. Finally, an analysis of the temperature dependence of j at 10.6 urn demonstrates that the intrinsic lattice-vibrational contribution to bulk absorption at the CO2-laser wavelength should be close to 4x1Ocrn, in accord with the results of earlier lasercalorimetry tests performed on exceptionally pure ZnSe.
SU‐FF‐T‐81: Anatomy‐Based Inverse Planning Simulated Annealing (IPSA) Optimization in HDR Prostate Brachytherapy

Purpose: Independent validation of IPSA algorithm in obtaining superior target coverage and reduced dose to organs at risk, by comparing with the results of other optimization techniques in HDR brachytherapy.Method and Materials: In a recent prostate HDR brachytherapy protocol study (RTOG‐0321) we used an anatomy based inverse optimization technique known as Inverse Planning Simulated Annealing (IPSA), incorporated as a beta version in the Plato TPS Version 14.2.3 (Nucletron Corp., Veenendaal, The Netherlands) in an effort to satisfy the dose constraints set by the protocol for Prostate, Bladder, Rectum and Urethra. Between the period of June 2005 and November 2006, 20 patients received HDR boost dose of 19 Gy in two fractions to the prostate in addition to an external beam dose of 45 Gy with IMRT technique. 3D Brachytherapytreatment plans were generated using Plato Version 14.2.3. Dosimetry was obtained for the following optimization schemes in Plato, for the same dose constraints for all the patients treated during this time period: Anatomy based IPSA optimization, Geometric optimization on volume and Dose Point optimization on volume. Dose volume histograms were generated for PTV and organs at risk for each optimization method, from which V75 volumes for Rectum, Bladder, and V125 volume for Urethra were determined. Also dose homogeneity index as well as conformal index for the PTV was calculated for each optimization technique. Results: Despite suboptimal needle placement in some implants, using the same dose constraints on all patients, IPSA algorithm was able to comply with the tight RTOG dose constraints for 90% of the patients in this study, whereas it was only 30 % for DPO and only 5% for GO. Conclusion:Anatomy based IPSA optimization proved to be the overall best and fast technique for reducing the dose to organs at risk without compromising target coverage.
Selective deposition of polycrystalline Si x Ge 1-x by rapid thermal processing

Low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) of polycrystalline SixGei. . x alloys in a cold-wall lamp heated rapid thermal processor was studied. SiGei. . alloys were deposited using the reactive gases GeHz and SiH2C12 in a hydrogen carrier gas. The depositions were performed at a total pressure of 2. 5Ton and at temperatures between 500C and 800C using GeH : SiH2C12 ratios ranging from 0. 025 to 1. 00. An enhancement in the deposition rate due to the addition of GeH was observed in agreement with earlier reports. The activation energy for deposition in the surface reaction limited regime varied from 20-30 Kcal/mole with the gas flow ratios used in this study. Results showed that SiGei. . alloys could be deposited selectively on silicon with no nucleation on Si02. Selective depositions were obtained when the GeH:SiH2Cl2 gas flow ratio was greater than 0. 2 regardless of the deposition temperature corresponding to a Ge content of 20 or higher in the films as determined by Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES). Enhancement of the selectivity was attributed to the formation of highly volatile GeO. It was also shown that selectively deposited alloys could be used as diffusion sources to form very shallow ( 1000 A) pLn junctions in silicon by ion-implantation and rapid thermal annealing. 1.
Efficient solution of nonlinear, underdetermined inverse problems with a generalized PDE model

Several parameter estimation problems (or ''inverse'' problems) such as those that occur in hydrology and geophysics are solved using partial differential equation (PDE)-based models of the physical system in question. Likewise, these problems are usually underdetermined due to the lack of enough data to constrain a unique solution. In this paper, we present a framework for the solution of underdetermined inverse problems using COMSOL Multiphysics (formerly FEMLAB) that is applicable to a broad range of physical systems governed by PDEs. We present a general adjoint state formulation which may be used in this framework and allows for faster calculation of sensitivity matrices in a variety of commonly encountered underdetermined problems. The aim of this approach is to provide a platform for the solution of inverse problems that is efficient, flexible, and not restricted to one particular scientific application. We present an example application of this framework on a synthetic underdetermined inverse problem in aquifer characterization, and present numerical results on the accuracy and efficiency of this method. Our results indicate that our COMSOL-based routines provide an accurate, flexible, and scalable method for the solution of PDE-based inverse problems.
Conformational properties of unfolded HypF-N.

We have measured the intramolecular diffusion rate between distant residues in the aggregation-prone protein HypF-N under various denaturing conditions. Using the method of cysteine quenching of the tryptophan triplet state, we find that intramolecular diffusion remains roughly constant at high concentrations of denaturant (2−6 M GdnHCl) and slows down at low concentrations of denaturant, but the decrease is not uniform throughout the chain. Extrapolation of these measurements to 0 M GdnHCl gives D ∼ 10−7 cm2 s−1, about 1 order of magnitude lower than unstructured peptides and at least 2 orders of magnitude higher than well-behaved proteins. This suggests that there is a dynamic range of conformational reorganization within which partially unfolded states are prone to aggregation.
Viscoelasticity of dilute solutions of semiflexible polymers.

We show using Brownian dynamics simulations and theory how the shear relaxation modulus $G(t)$ of dilute solutions of relatively stiff semiflexible polymers differs qualitatively from that of rigid rods. For chains shorter than their persistence length, $G(t)$ exhibits three time regimes: At very early times, when the longitudinal deformation is affine, $G(t)\ensuremath{\sim}{t}^{\ensuremath{-}3/4}.$ Over a broad intermediate regime, during which the chain length relaxes, $G(t)\ensuremath{\sim}{t}^{\ensuremath{-}5/4}.$ At long times, $G(t)$ mimics that of rigid rods. A model of the polymer as an effectively extensible rod with a frequency dependent elastic modulus $B(\ensuremath{\omega})\ensuremath{\sim}(i\ensuremath{\omega}{)}^{3/4}$ quantitatively describes $G(t)$ throughout the first two regimes.
Putting our heads together: a consensus approach to brain/non-brain segmentation in T1-weighted MR volumes

We describe an approach to brain extraction from T1-weighted MR volumes that uses a hierarchy of masks created by different models to form a consensus mask. The algorithm (McStrip) incorporates atlas-based extraction via nonlinear warping, intensity-threshold masking with connectivity constraints, and edge-based masking with morphological operations. Volume and boundary metrics were computed to evaluate the reproducibility and accuracy of McStrip against manual brain extraction on 38 scans from normal and ataxic subjects. McStrip masks were reproducible across six repeat scans of a normal subject and were significantly more accurate than the masks produced by any of the individual algorithmic components.
New therapeutic modalities to modulate orthodontic tooth movement

Modulation of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is desirable not only to patients because it shortens treatment time, but also to orthodontists, since treatment duration is associated with increased risk of gingival inflammation, decalcification, dental caries, and root resorption. The increased focus on the biological basis of tooth movement has rendered Orthodontics a more comprehensive specialty that incorporates facets of all fields of medicine. Current knowledge raises the possibility of using new therapeutic modalities for modulation of OTM, such as corticotomy, laser therapy, vibration (low-intensity pulsed ultrasound), local injections of biomodulators and gene therapy; with the latter being applicable in the near future. They are intended to enhance or inhibit recruitment, differentiation and/or activation of bone cells, accelerate or reduce OTM, increase stability of orthodontic results, as well as assist with the prevention of root resorption. This article summarizes recent studies on each one of these therapeutic modalities, provides readers with information about how they affect OTM and points out future clinical perspectives.
Keratogenic metaplasia of the avian chorionic epithelium: Absence of the Beta stratum which characterizes the epidermis of the avian scutellate scale

Upon exposure to air, the avian chorionic epithelium (CE) transforms into a keratinizing, stratified squamous epithelium. The overall morphology of this keratogenic CE is unlike any keratinized epidermis of the normal embryo. The basal cells are squamous, not like those of normal avian epidermis which are cuboidal or columnar, and the basal lamina is poorly developed. Although desmosomes are present throughout this keratogenic epithelium, hemidesmosomes do not form in the basal cells. Peridermal and subperidermal layers likewise were not observed. This ultrastructural study does show, however, that the cells of the intermediate layers and stratum corneum resemble very closely those observed in the Alpha Stratum of normal avian epidermis. Yet, in no case does a Beta Stratum characteristic of the normal avian scutellate scale epidermis ever form. Evidently, a rather non-specific cue can bring about the formation of an Alpha Stratum, whereas induction of a Beta Stratum requires a more specific cue. The hypothesis that the formation of the Beta Stratum of scutellate scales does require a specific dermis and that the dermis itself requires a prior association with an “epidermal placode” is discussed.
Source Areas and Paleotectonic Implications of Upper Cretaceous Ohio Creek Member of Mesavarde Group, Piceance Basin, Colorado: ABSTRACT

The Ohio Creek member of the Mesaverde Group consists of massive or a series of massive conglomeratic sandstones deposited by several large braided stream systems that drained into the Piceance basin during Campanian-Maestrichtian time. Channel forms and internal bedding features are similar to those in the underlying Mesaverde. However, the Ohio Creek weathers to form a conspicuous white band above the brown sandstones of the Mesaverde and is further distinguished by an increase in pebble content. The distinctive color is due to extensive kaolinization caused by post-Ohio Creek weathering. Paleocurrent data, pebbles, and sandstone lithologies indicate at least two distinct source areas. A western sedimentary source area, probably central Utah, is indicated by deposits along the western margin of the basin. A contribution from the Uncompahgre highland area cannot be ruled out as yet. A sedimentary source area is also indicated to the east and/or southeast. The Sawatch Range area seems to have been the major contributor of coarse material, but a change in pebble lithology could be due to an influx from the southern Park Range. Approximate ages of the Ohio Creek member in published literature are derived from palynomorphs. Scattered data by separate workers indicate that the Ohio Creek in the southern part of the basin is conformable with the underlying Mesaverde, whereas the member could be as young as middle Paleocene in the northeastern basin. End_of_Article - Last_Page 954------------
Successful Repair of Subcoronary Ascending Aortic Dissection

Abstract A successfully treated case of ascending aortic dissection is reported in which the intimal tear occurred transversely underneath and between both coronary orifices. In addition to resection and grafting of the ascending aorta, the torn intima was bolstered and repaired by a technique utilizing a small pericardial patch.
Insulin Stimulates Both Leptin Secretion and Production by Rat White Adipose Tissue

Leptin, the peptide encoded by the obese gene, is secreted by adipose cells and plays a role in regulating food intake, energy expenditure, and adiposity. Because earlier studies suggested that insulin increases the expression of leptin, we investigated the effect of insulin on leptin secretion by adipose tissue. Epididymal fat pads were incubated in vitro in the presence or absence of insulin over a 4-h time course. Insulin increased leptin secretion by about 80% at all time points studied. After 10 min of insulin treatment, the amount of tissue-associated leptin was lower in insulin-stimulated tissue, presumably due to the increased secretion. At later times, both tissue-associated leptin and total leptin production were higher in insulin-treated tissue. In untreated, isolated adipose cells, immunostaining of leptin was detected in the endoplasmic reticulum by confocal microscopy. After insulin treatment, there were two populations of cells. In many cells, leptin staining became fainter and was restricted to a narrow band near the plasma membrane. However, in other cells the leptin-staining pattern was unchanged. Leptin did not colocalize with GLUT4, the glucose transporter isoform found primarily in insulin-responsive cells, in either basal or insulin-stimulated adipose cells. In this study, insulin increased both secretion and production of leptin by adipose tissue fragments. Interestingly, insulin appeared to stimulate the transport of leptin from the endoplasmic reticulum rather than acting on a pool of regulated secretory vesicles. (Endocrinology 138: 4463-4472, 1997)