cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Lobar Minute Volume in the Rat

In inhalation toxicology, the knowledge of minute volume is essential for the determination of the inhaled dose. We were unable to find in the literature any information on the minute volume of the various lobes of the rat. Utilizing available information on the deposition of 0.5 µm unit density spheres, we were able to show that lobar minute volume can be estimated from lobar burden. Equations are suggested for estimation of lobar minute volume from animal body weight.
A stopping criterion for the Newton-Raphson method in implicit multistep integration algorithms for nonlinear systems of ordinary differential equations

In the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations, certain implicit linear multistep formulas, i.e. formulas of type ∑kj=0ajxn+j - h ∑kj=0bjxn+j = 0, (1) with bk> ≠ 0, have long been favored because they exhibit strong (fixed-h) stability. Lately, it has been observed [1-3] that some special methods of this type are unconditionally fixed-h stable with respect to the step size. This property is of great importance for the efficient solution of stiff [4] systems of differential equations, i.e. systems with widely separated time constants. Such special methods make it possible to integrate stiff systems using a step size which is large relative to the rate of change of the fast-varying components of the solution.
Rethinking Islam and Fundamentalism

Islam and Postmodernism: Predicament and Promise. Akbar S. Ahmed. New York: Routledge, 1992. Rethinking Islam. Mohammed Arkoun. Translated and edited by Robert D. Lee. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994. Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Arab World. Nazih Ayubi. New York: Routledge, 1993. Islam and Democracy: Fear of the Modern World. Fatima Mernissi. Translated by Mary Jo Lakeland. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1993. The Failure of Political Islam. Olivier Roy. Translated by Carol Volk. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994.
Evolving Strategies for Target Selection for Antibody-Drug Conjugates

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a promising modality for the treatment of cancer. The therapeutic strategy is to deliver a potent drug preferentially to the tumor and not normal tissues by attaching the drug to an antibody that recognizes a tumor antigen. The selection of antigen targets is critical to enabling a therapeutic window for the ADC and has proven to be surprisingly complex. We surveyed the tumor and normal tissue expression profiles of the targets of ADCs currently in clinical development. Our analysis demonstrates a surprisingly broad range of expression profiles and the inability to formalize any optimal parameters for an ADC target. In this context, we discuss additional considerations for ADC target selection, including interdependencies among biophysical properties of the drug, biological functions of the target and strategies for clinical development. The TPBG (5T4) oncofetal antigen and the anti-TPBG ADC A1-mcMMAF are highlighted to demonstrate the relevance of the target’s biological function. Emerging platform technologies and novel biological insights are expanding ADC target space and transforming strategies for target selection.
Far from the Treaty Ports Fang Xianting and the Idea of Rural Modernity in 1930s China

This article explores how constructions of national identity took the Chinese discourse on industrialization in the 1930s beyond mere economics. During this period, Chinese intellectuals’ attempt to define China’s identity and its position among the world powers led to the creation of two competing tropes. On one hand, the treaty ports came to represent a China integrated in the world and pursuing a Western-style path toward modernization. The rural village, on the other hand, came to be perceived as the locus of a pristine Chinese identity, uncontaminated by foreign imperialism. It was in this context that the prominent economist Fang Xianting—the focus here—came to devise a model for village-based industrialization that aimed at projecting China to the forefront of modernity while preserving what he believed to be its intrinsic rural nature.
An Achievable Rate Region for a Multiuser Half-Duplex Two-Way Channel

Feedback is known to enlarge the capacity region of a multiuser channel. However, none of the information theoretic analysis account for resource usage of the feedback link. In this paper, we adopt a novel two-way formulation for multiuser systems, which jointly designs the uplink and downlink communication. By assuming that nodes are half-duplex (in time) and feedback shares resources with data, all resource usage is accurately accounted in the system. Our achievable rate region shows that feedback is beneficial only if the the channel is two- way, i.e, there is data to be sent in both directions.
Fractionation and mold filling of semisolid slurries. I : Isothermal condition

The fractionation and mold filling of semisolid slurries were numerically investigated for a range of mold geometry, inflow velocity, nozzle diameter, and fraction solid. The slurry was assumed to be a shear-thinning, non-Newtonian fluid. Fractionation was determined from the trajectories of isothermal particles injected into the slurry. The results in dicate fractionation is reduced with a tapered mold, high-inflow velocity, large nozzle diameter relative to mold, and low fraction solid.
Charles Plumier's “Manicou Caraibarum” (c. 1690): a previously unpublished description and drawing of the common opossum, Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758

A previously unpublished description and drawing of the common opossum, Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758, made by French Minim friar Charles Plumier (1646–1704) during the first (1689–1690) of three voyages of exploration to the West Indies, are presented and compared with earlier depictions, especially that of Georg Marcgrave (1610–1644) in his Historiae rerum naturalium Brasiliae of 1648. Evidence is presented to emphasis the originality and scientific accuracy of Plumier's account.
“Africa is our Fatherland”: The Black Atlantic, Globalization, and Modern African Christianity

This essay makes the case that in the nineteenth century extensive migration and interactions among Africans in the black Atlantic world provided strong impetus for the growth of African Christiani...
The reaction of metalloporphyrins with nitrogen dioxide

Abstract The octaethylporphyrin(OEP) complexes of iron(III) chloride, iron(III) acetate, thallium(III) hydroxide, zinc(II), and cobalt(II) and the mesoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester (MPDME) complexes of zinc(II) and iron(III) chloride were reacted with a 20:1 ratio of NO 2 to metalloporphyrin in CH 2 Cl 2 . The +3 metalloporphyrins gave products which had a nitromethyl group in each of the four meso positions of the porphyrin ring and a chloride ion bound to the metal atom. The products of +2 metalloporphyrin reaction had a nitro group bound in each of the meso positions. The spectral and electrochemical properties of some of the products were measured. 36 Cl labelled OEPFeCl was reacted with NO 2 in CH 2 Cl 2 . The product, meso -tetranitromethyl OEPFeCl, had 17% of the original activity which indicates that the chloride ion bound to the iron is exchanged with chloride ions formed in the reaction. The nitromethylation reaction appears to involve initially the displacement of chloride from iron(III) by NO 2 and solvent attack on the bound NO 2 . The meso -nitration of the +2 metalloporphyrin by NO 2 has been proposed to proceed by a π-cation radical mechanism (E.C. Johnson and D. Dolphin, Tetrahedron Letters 2197 (1976).
Developing Normalized Crack Growth Curves for Tracking Damage in Aircraft

This paper directs attention to the interrelationship between crack growth rate equations and the Normalized Crack Growth (NCG) curve concept used in the F-4 fighter damage tracking program. Crack growth rate equations, based on linear elastic fracture mechanics assumptions, provide the capability for predicting the influences of geometrical changes or of stress scaling. For the crack growth rate equations that describe the flight-by-flight generated data presented herein, generalized integral (or inverted) formulas are suggested that provide the rationale for developing NCG curves. Subject to the limitations described within the body of the paper, the NCG curve invariance assumption for tracking damage at different locations in an aircraft appears reasonable.
Evaluation of a Partial Open Beam Laser Probe in Laser-Assisted Angioplasty:

A partial open beam laser delivery system was evaluated in a series of 664 lower extremity laser-assisted an gioplasties performed in 349 consecu tive patients with atherosclerotic oc clusive disease. The 2.5 mm, metal- capped, fiberoptic probe featured a 2 μm central window through which 10-20% active laser light was emitted. In combination with the thermal ef fect produced by the metal tip, the partial beam probe was designed to more effectively ablate calcified ath eroma that had been resistant to the closed beam hot tip probes.In 28 (4%) angioplasties, lesions recalcitrant to the closed beam probe were treated with the partial beam delivery system. This probe opened 23 (82%) arteries without difficulty. Three of the 5 probe failures were in lengthy occlusions (> 10 cm) in the superficial femoral artery. In the other 2 lesions, the delivery system opened a channel too small for the probe's body to pass easily.The partial beam laser delivery system works satisfactorily in recana lizing many of the perip...
Quantitative analysis of high-resolution trypsin-Giemsa bands on human prometaphase chromosomes

We have constructed ideograms of human prometaphase chromosomes from synchronized and from standard 72-h lymphocyte cultures. G banding was achieved by a trypsin-Giemsa (or Wright's stain) method. In addition to light (white) and dark (black) bands, we have distinguished three different shades of grey. This distinction is essential for proper identification of the increasing number of bands displayed by high-resolution chromosomes. The relative amount of chromatin in each category of staining intensity has been calculated and expressed as 'light value.' The ideograms represent the maximal number of bands discernible with some consistency on prometaphase chromosomes, i.e., 721 euchromatic and 62 'variable' heterochromatic or heteromorphic bands. The ideograms are based on measurements. On selected printed copies of each chromosome derived from different cells and different individuals, the relative width of each band was measured in relation to the length of the respective chromosome arm. The measurements per chromosome were averaged and used for construction of the ideograms. The distance of each border between bands or sub-bands from the centromere has been calculated on a relative scale, with positions 0 at the centromere and 1.0 at the p terminus of q terminus. The numbering system for bands and sub-bands follows the Paris Conference (1971) recommendations.
TH‐D‐AUD B‐09: Comparative Analysis of Peripheral Doses for Base of Tongue Treatment by Linear Accelerator and Helical Tomotherapy IMRT

Purpose: To determine which Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy(IMRT) modality, either linear accelerator or helical tomotherapy, delivers higher peripheral (out‐of‐field) doses to various structures from a typical tongue treatment.Method and Materials: The principal investigator developed a method of placement of human organs onto the limited‐organ anthropomorphic phantom. Multiple human CT data sets were segmented for 18 critical structures and organs at risk, and fused to the anthropomorphic CT data set. The GTV and PTV of a base‐of‐tongue plan were overlaid on the phantom CT for clinically acceptable tumor delineation and nodal involvement. Eighteen contours, distributed throughout the phantom, were designated for thermoluminescent device (TLD) placement; and using geometry and fluoroscopy each TLD location is established in the phantom. Following the RTOG IMRT Protocol 0522, treatment of the primary tumor and involved nodes (PTV70) and subclinical disease sites (PTV56) was planned using IMRT to 70Gy and 56Gy. Two comparable, clinically acceptable treatment plans were produced: one utilizing a linear acceleratortreatment planning system and one using a helical tomotherapy planning system. Each treatment plan was delivered to the anthropomorphic phantom four times. Results: Assessment was based on total treatmentdoses. Within 2.5 cm (one helical tomotherapy field width) superior and inferior to the field edges, normal tissue doses were on average 45% lower using linear accelerator based treatment. Beyond 2.5 cm, the average helical tomotherapy treatmentdose was 52% lower. The majority of points were proven to be statistically different using the Student's t‐test with p>0.95. Conclusion: Helical tomotherapy IMRTdelivers one addition field width of radiation above and below the treatment field, contributing to the higher peripheral doses adjacent to the field. At distances beyond one field width, where leakage is dominant, helical tomotherapy doses are lower than linear acceleratordoses.
Abstract 1528: Cooperative cross-talk between neuroblastoma subtypes confers resistance to anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibition

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Neuroblastoma is a pediatric solid tumor that can be stratified into stroma-rich and stroma-poor histological subgroups. The stromal compartment of neuroblastoma is composed mostly of Schwann cells and they play critical roles in the differentiation, survival and angiogenic responses of tumor cells. In certain neuroblastoma cell lines, the coexistence of neuroblastic N-type and substrate-adherent S-type is frequently observed. One such cell line, SK-N-SH, harbors a F1174L oncogenic mutation in the Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) gene. Treatment of SK-N-SH with an ALK chemical inhibitor, TAE684, resulted in the outgrowth of S-type cells that expressed the Schwann cell marker, S100α6. Nucleotide sequencing analysis of these TAE684-resistant (TR) sublines revealed the presence of the ALK F1174L mutation suggesting their tumor origin, although ALK protein was not detected. Consistent with these findings, TR cells displayed ∼9-fold higher IC50 values than N-type cells. Also, unlike N-type cells, TR cells have readily detectable phosphorylated STAT3 but weaker phosphorylated AKT. Under co-culture conditions, TR cells conferred survival to N-type cells against the apoptotic effect of TAE684. Co-cultivation also greatly enhanced the overall phosphorylation of STAT3 and its transcriptional activity in N-type cells. Finally, conditioned medium from TR clones enhanced cell viability of N-type cells and this effect was Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-dependent. Taken together, these results demonstrate the ability of tumor-derived S-type cells in protecting N-type cells against the apoptotic effect of an ALK kinase inhibitor through upregulating pro-survival signaling. This project was supported by MACC funds, Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin, Wisconsin Breast Cancer Showhouse (O.W.), NIH CA133669 (H.G. and A.M.C.) and the Children's Research Institutes of the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1528. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1528
Reversible debugging using program instrumentation

Reversible execution has not been fully exploited in symbolic debuggers. Debuggers that can undo instructions usually incur a significant performance penalty during a debugging session. We describe an efficient reversible debugging mechanism based on program instrumentation. The approach enables repetitive debugging sessions with selectable reversible routines and recording modes. Experimental results indicate that the execution penalty can be significantly reduced with moderate code growth.
Sealing Systems for a Heavy Water Reactora

This article summarizes a review of the technology of seal systems for four categories - flanges, elastomers, valves, and pumps was done to develop a data base for the design of the coolant compone...
Interfacial issues in organic light emitting diodes

Recent studies here at the University of Arizona (Optical Sciences, Chemistry, Physics) of two-component, small molecule OLEDs, such as those based upon Alq3/TPD, have been directed toward the optimization of the energetics and rates of charge injection at the anode and cathode and at the organic/organic’ heterojunction in the center of the device (1–7).
Complex Modal Decomposition for Estimating Wave Properties in One-Dimensional Media

A method of complex orthogonal decomposition is summarized for the time-domain, and then formulated and justified for application in the frequency-domain. The method is then applied to the extraction of modes from simulation data of sampled multi-modal traveling waves for estimating wave parameters in one-dimensional continua. The decomposition is first performed on a transient nondispersive pulse. Complex wave modes are then extracted from a two-harmonic simulation of a dispersive medium. The wave frequencies and wave numbers are obtained by looking at the whirl of the complex modal coordinate, and the complex modal function, respectively, in the complex plane. From the frequencies and wave numbers, the wave speeds are then estimated, as well as the group velocity associated with the two waves. The decomposition is finally applied to a simulation of the traveling waves produced by a Gaussian initial displacement profile in an Euler-Bernoulli beam. While such a disturbance produces a continuous spectrum of wave components, the sampling conditions limit the range of modal components (i.e. mode shapes and modal coordinates) to be extracted. Within this working range, the wave numbers and frequencies are obtained from the extraction, and compared to theory. Modal signal energies are also quantified. The results are robust to random noise.
Sublethal effects of hypoxia in the abalone (Haliotis rufescens) as measured by in vivo31P NMR spectroscopy

Abstract 1. 1. Effects of hypoxia were investigated in red abalones (Haliotis rufescens) using a flow-through exposure system and in vivo31P NMR spectroscopy. 2. 2. Following seawater acclimation, abalones were exposed to air for 1 hr, then seawater for 2.5 hr to check recovery; parallel controls were performed without air exposure. 3. 3. In foot muscle, hypoxia produced a decrease in phosphoarginine concentration and intracellular pH, an increase in inorganic monophosphate concentration, and no change in that of ATP; upon resubmergence, all effects generally recovered. 4. 4. The changes induced by hypoxia during normal tidal changes are consistent with the blockage of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. 5. 5. Use of in vivo NMR allows measurement of the biochemical effects of natural stress factors in live, intact aquatic organisms in the laboratory.
Apparent masculinization of the female fetus diagnosed as true hermaphrodism by chromosomal studies.

Summary A case of apparent masculinization of the female fetus caused by true hermaphroditism is presented. This patient was diagnosed preoperatively on the basis of chromosomal studies. Chromosomal studies and laparotomies are urged in all cases of masculinization of the female fetus in which estrogen alone is implicated or in which no cause for the condition is elicited.
Temperature-programmed hydrogenation (TPH) and in situ Mössbauer spectroscopy studies of carbonaceous species on silica-supported iron Fischer-Tropsch catalysts.

Carbonaceous surface species and bulk iron carbides formed under realistic Fischer−Tropsch synthesis (FTS) conditions on moderately dispersed, active silica-supported iron catalysts (Fe/SiO2, FePt/SiO2, and FePtK/SiO2) were characterized. Bulk iron phase compositions were determined by Mossbauer spectroscopy and phase transformations of carbonaceous species during pretreatment with CO, H2, or H2/CO and following reaction were characterized using temperature-programmed hydrogenation (TPH). Isothermal transient rates of FTS were also measured for catalysts after different pretreatments. Six surface and bulk carbonaceous species were quantitatively identified from combined TPH and Mossbauer spectra of the FePtK catalyst. They include, in order of decreasing reactivity, (a) adsorbed, atomic carbon; (b) amorphous, lightly polymerized hydrocarbon or carbon surface species; (c) bulk e‘ and χ carbides (Fe2.2C and Fe2.5C); and (d) disordered and moderately ordered graphitic surface carbons. A correlation between t...
Impotence Following Radical Prostatectomy: Insight into Etiology and Prevention.

This study was undertaken to identify the cause of impotence in men undergoing radical prostatectomy, with the hope that this information may provide insight into the possible prevention of this complication. The autonomic innervation of the corpora cavernosa in the male fetus and newborn was traced to determine the topographical relationship between the pelvic nerve plexus, and the prostate, urethra and urogenital diaphragm. We have demonstrated that the branches of the pelvic plexus that innervate the corpora cavernosa are situated between the rectum and urethra, and penetrate the urogenital diaphragm near or in the muscular wall of the urethra. Injuries to the pelvic plexus can occur in 2 ways: 1) during division of the lateral pedicle and 2) at the time of apical dissection with transection of the urethra. Thirty-one men who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy were evaluated to determine risk factors that correlated with postoperative impotence: 5 (16 per cent) were fully potent, 7 (23 per cent) had partial erections that were inadequate for sexual intercourse and 19 (61 per cent) had total erectile impotence. The 2 factors that had a favorable influence on postoperative potency were age and pathologic stage of the lesion: 31 per cent of the patients less than 60 years old were potent versus only 6 per cent of the patients more than 60 years, while 33 per cent of the patients with tumor microscopically confined to the prostatic capsule were potent versus only 5 per cent of those with capsular penetration. When the factors of age and capsular penetration were combined 60 per cent of the men less than 60 years old who had an intact prostatic capsule were potent. Arterial insufficiency and psychogenic factors were excluded as major contributing factors by the finding of normal penile blood flow and absence of nocturnal penile tumescence in the impotent patients. We conclude that impotence after radical prostatectomy results from injury to the pelvic nerve plexus that provides autonomic innervation to the corpora cavernosa. Further studies will be necessary to determine whether refinements in surgical technique, especially during ligation of the lateral pedicle and apical dissection, can prevent this complication.
Lrp6-mediated canonical Wnt signaling is required for lip formation and fusion

Neither the mechanisms that govern lip morphogenesis nor the cause of cleft lip are well understood. We report that genetic inactivation of Lrp6, a co-receptor of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, leads to cleft lip with cleft palate. The activity of a Wnt signaling reporter is blocked in the orofacial primordia by Lrp6 deletion in mice. The morphological dynamic that is required for normal lip formation and fusion is disrupted in these mutants. The expression of the homeobox genes Msx1 and Msx2 is dramatically reduced in the mutants, which prevents the outgrowth of orofacial primordia, especially in the fusion site. We further demonstrate that Msx1 and Msx2 (but not their potential regulator Bmp4 ) are the downstream targets of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway during lip formation and fusion. By contrast, a `fusion-resistant' gene, Raldh3 (also known as Aldh1a3 ), that encodes a retinoic acid-synthesizing enzyme is ectopically expressed in the upper lip primordia of Lrp6-deficient embryos, indicating a region-specific role of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in repressing retinoic acid signaling. Thus, the Lrp6-mediated Wnt signaling pathway is required for lip development by orchestrating two distinctively different morphogenetic movements.
China's experience on population control: The elusive model

Abstract After the Cultural Revolution China initiated a very intensive family planning programme. Although statistical data are not available, there is enough information to conclude that the custom of postponing marriage and planning births is gaining momentum. The new socio-economic environment is much more conducive to the acceptance of family planning by the young adults than was the case in previous campaigns. Contraceptives, abortions and sterilizations are free of charge and readily available through the extensive public health system. Most important to the success of the programme are the unique methods of motivation which involve virtually all segments of the society.
Somatosensation, Echolocation, and Underwater Sniffing: Adaptations Allow Mammals Without Traditional Olfactory Capabilities to Forage for Food Underwater

Animals rely mainly on olfaction to locate and track food sources. However, mammals that have evolved to live partially or fully underwater are unable to use traditional olfaction in the foraging process. These animals have subsequently developed alternative underwater foraging techniques. Cetaceans (e.g. dolphins) live exclusively underwater, and most utilize a highly developed sonar system for navigation and tracking of prey. Pinnipeds (e.g. seals) live on land, but forage underwater. These animals' highly sensitive whiskers allow them to locate food sources. Sirenians (e.g. manatees), the only herbivorous aquatic mammals, also use highly developed whiskers during the grazing process. The semiaquatic mammals Condylura cristata (star-nosed mole) and Sortex palustris (water shrew) have developed the ability to sniff and detect semiochemicals underwater, a discovery that contradicts prior views on the evolutionary relationship between olfaction and aquatic adaptation. The current review details the anatomy of the olfactory systems of these mammals that live and/or forage underwater, and the adaptations they use to follow prey and forage underwater.
Forest Regeneration in Logged and Unlogged Forests of Kibale National Park, Uganda

Processes of forest regeneration in two unlogged areas and in three areas that were logged nearly 25 years ago were quantified in Kibale National Park, Uganda. For forests to recover from logging, one would predict recruitment and growth processes to be accelerated in logged areas relative to unlogged areas, facilitating increased recruitment of trees into the adult size classes. We examined this prediction first by determining the growth of 4733 trees over a 51 to 56 month period and found that growth rates in the most heavily logged area were consistently slower than in the two unlogged areas. In contrast, the lightly logged forest had similar growth rates to unlogged areas in the small size classes, but trees in the 30 to 50 cm DBH size cohort exhibited elevated growth rates relative to the unlogged areas. Mortality was highest in the heavily logged areas, with many deaths occurring when healthy trees were knocked over by neighboring treefalls. We found no difference in the density or species richness of seedlings in the logged and unlogged forests. The number of seedlings that emerged from the disturbed soil (seed bank+seed rain) and initially seed-free soil (seed rain) was greater in the logged forest than in the unlogged forest. However, sapling density was lower in the heavily logged areas, suggesting that there is a high level of seedling mortality in logged areas. We suggest that the level of canopy opening created during logging, the lack of aggressive colonizing tree species, elephant activity that is concentrated in logged areas, and an aggressive herb community, all combine to delay vegetation recovery in Kibale Forest.
The properties of random trees

Abstract Consider an s-ary tree (in which every node has no more than s children). Each node holds a single datum, including a key. These are the occupied, internal, or closed nodes of the data structure. Augment the tree, following D. E. Knuth, by adding a set of unoccupied, external, open, or free nodes, so that every internal node now has just s children and every external node has no children. We assume that there is an unambiguous rule, depending only on the key values at the internal nodes of the tree, whereby a new datum, with a new key value, will be inserted at one of the external nodes; this node then becomes internal and acquires s new external nodes as children. We further assume that the rule and the statistical distribution of data are such that every external node has equal probability of being selected for insertion of a new datum, at every stage. Various statistics of such trees are now obtained explicitly, in a systematic manner which may be extended to higher moments. The principal result is that the average level of both internal and external nodes in a given tree is asymptotic in probability to [ s (s−1)]log m as m → ∞, where m is the number of internal nodes in the tree. Since the corresponding average level for a k-level fully balanced tree [with m = (s k −1) (s−1) ] is asymptotic to k ≈ log s m = ( l log s )log m as m → ∞, we conclude that, unless the distribution of data is far from the rather plausible assumption made here, it is highly improbable that the considerable cost of rebalancing trees when constructing data-bases will ever be justified in practice.
A framework for the role of warehousing in Reverse Logistics

Reverse Logistics (RL) is the process of returning products from their consumer destination to capture their value or proper disposal. This paper considers and analyses the current state of literature in warehousing. Warehousing, which is an operational factor in RL, has been analysed and evaluated in terms of the specific subfactors associated with it. The research methodology used was exploratory case study research. The qualitative data were collected by use of two in-depth case studies chosen from two different industries. The analysis of the case studies resulted in the development of warehousing subfactors, propositions and insights regarding RL operations. Based on these, a framework for effective design and implementation of RL operations is provided. This framework determines the appropriate warehousing subfactors and how the return process of products/parts works. In conclusion, the managerial implications and future research directions are provided.
Electoral Violence in Africa Revisited

This article addresses the still unsettled question of the incidence of violent election periods in Africa. It uses two new datasets, which report episodes of social conflict in the region for 1990–2011, and elections worldwide from 1960 to 2010. When combined, these data suggest that onsets of electoral violence peak around major election days in Africa as a whole, but with wide national variability in the volume of new episodes. Depending on the time span and type of social conflict, from one-quarter to three-quarters of the elections for national leadership have been without incident. The article also investigates the timing of electoral violence and the extent to which there is an experience curve effect, whereby subsequent elections have fewer onsets of social conflict. The data indicate that two-thirds to three-quarters of elections are free of onsets of social conflict, but that the proportion does not change much with experience. Overall, there appear to be reasonable grounds for optimism about pe...
Rethinking the Evolution of Single-Stranded RNA (ssRNA) Bacteriophages Based on Genomic Sequences and Characterizations of Two R-Plasmid-Dependent ssRNA Phages, C-1 and Hgal1

We have sequenced and characterized two R-plasmid-dependent single-stranded RNA bacteriophages (RPD ssRNA phages), C-1 and Hagl1. Phage C-1 requires a conjugative plasmid of the IncC group, while Hgal1 requires the IncH group. Both the adsorption rate constants and one-step growth curves are determined for both phages. We also empirically confirmed the lysis function of the predicted lysis genes. Genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analyses showed that both phages belong to the Levivirus group and are most closely related to another IncP-plasmid-dependent ssRNA phage, PRR1. Furthermore, our result strongly suggests that the stereotypical bauplans of genome organization found in Levivirus and Allolevivirus predate phage specialization for conjugative plasmids, suggesting that the utilization of conjugative plasmids for cell attachment and entry comprises independent evolutionary events for these two main clades of ssRNA phages. Our result is also consistent with findings of a previous study, making the Levivirus-like genome organization ancestral and the Allolevivirus-like genome derived. To obtain a deeper insight into the evolution of ssRNA phages, more phages specializing for various conjugative plasmids and infecting different bacterial species would be needed.
Engineering the public: Big data, surveillance and computational politics

Digital technologies have given rise to a new combination of big data and computational practices which allow for massive, latent data collection and sophisticated computational modeling, increasing the capacity of those with resources and access to use these tools to carry out highly effective, opaque and unaccountable campaigns of persuasion and social engineering in political, civic and commercial spheres. I examine six intertwined dynamics that pertain to the rise of computational politics: the rise of big data, the shift away from demographics to individualized targeting, the opacity and power of computational modeling, the use of persuasive behavioral science, digital media enabling dynamic real-time experimentation, and the growth of new power brokers who own the data or social media environments. I then examine the consequences of these new mechanisms on the public sphere and political campaigns.
The human and mouse homologs of the yeast RAD52 gene: cDNA cloning, sequence analysis, assignment to human chromosome 12p12.2-p13, and mRNA expression in mouse tissues

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD52 gene is involved in DNA double-strand break repair and mitotic/meiotic recombination. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of yeast S. cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Kluyveromyces lactis and chicken is highly conserved. Using the technology of mixed oligonucleotide primed amplification of cDNA (MOPAC), two mouse RAD52 homologous cDNA fragments were amplified and sequenced. Subsequently, we have cloned the cDNA of the human and mouse homologs of yeast RAD52 gene by screening cDNA libraries using the identified mouse cDNA fragments. Sequence analysis of cDNA derived amino acid revealed a highly conserved N-terminus among human, mouse, chicken, and yeast RAD52 genes. The human RAD52 gene was assigned to chromosome 12p12.2-p13 by fluorescence in situ hybridization, R-banding, and DNA analysis of somatic cell hybrids. Unlike chicken RAD52 and mouse RAD51, no significant difference in mouse RAD52 mRNA level was found among mouse heart, brain, spleen, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, and testis. In addition to an {approximately}1.9-kb RAD52 mRNA band that is present in all of the tested tissues, an extra mRNA species of {approximately}0.85 kb was detectable in mouse testis. 40 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.
Dissociative photoionization dynamics in ethane studied by velocity map imaging

Abstract We have studied the dissociative ionization of ethane from 12.0 to 12.8 eV using velocity map imaging with synchrotron radiation. We obtained translational energy release distributions and angular distributions for the C2H4+ product. The translational energy distributions are consistent with a ∼0.6 eV barrier to H2 elimination in the ethane cation, while the angular distributions are characterized by a limiting anisotropy parameter of β=−0.3. Theoretical calculations predict a lower anisotropy; possible reasons for the discrepancy are considered.
Numerical simulations of nucleate boiling in impinging jets: Applications in power electronics cooling

Abstract Boiling jet impingement cooling is currently being explored to cool power electronics components. In hybrid vehicles, inverters are used for DC–AC conversion. These inverters involve a number of insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), which are used as on/off switches. The heat dissipated in these transistors can result in heat fluxes of up to 200 W/cm 2 , which makes the thermal management problem quite important. In this paper, turbulent jet impingement involving nucleate boiling is explored numerically. The framework for these computations is the CFD code FLUENT. For nucleate boiling, the Eulerian multiphase model is used. The numerical results for boiling water and R113 jets (submerged) are validated against existing experimental data in the literature. Some representative IGBT package simulations that use R134a as the cooling fluid are also presented.
Oral arginine reduces systemic blood pressure in type 2 diabetes: its potential role in nitric oxide generation.

Objectives: Arginine is converted in the endothelial cells to nitric oxide (NO) and citrulline. NO is a potent vasodilator in humans, but diabetics may have a reduced generation of NO which results in endothelial dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of oral arginine on nitric oxide production, counter-regulatory hormones and blood pressure in mildly hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients.Methods: A prospective, crossover clinical trial was performed over a three-day stay in the General Clinical Research Center. Six patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and mild hypertension consented and were given orally three grams of arginine per hour for 10 hours on either day 2 or day 3. On both days 2 and 3, blood pressure was monitored between 5 AM and 4 PM and mean pressure determined.Results: Oral arginine increased plasma citrulline from 31.3 ± 6.0 to 41.5 ± 6.0 μmol/L (mean ± SEM; p < 0.05) which may reflect an increased conversion of arginine into NO and citrulline. Arginine reduced s...
Zintl Compounds: From Power Generation to the Anomalous Hall Effect

The general characteristics of Zintl compounds are discussed with particular emphasis on the use of these materials in thermoelectric devices for the conversion of heat into electricity. In addition to thermoelectric applications, many of these Zintl phases also have unusual correlated ground states. The tetragonal compound Yb 14 MnSb 11 is a good example. This compound exhibits excellent thermoelectric properties at high temperatures and at low temperatures is believed to be a rare example of an underscreened Kondo ferromagnet. In the ferromagnetic state the anomalous Hall effect (AHE) data from Yb 14 MnSb 11 is highly anisotropic, and reflects the competition between a ferromagnetic ground state and Kondo screening. In one direction ( H ∥ a , I ∥ c ), the AHE data are “normal", and dominated by intrinsic Berry phase physics. In another orientation ( H ∥ c , I ∥ a ), Kondo skew scattering appears to dominate.
Knowledge Organization Scheme for Cross-cultural and Cross ­ Language Information Systems. A Discussion of Issues and Challenges

The purpose of our presentation is two-fold:First, to describe the significant challenges that have been encountered in a project to form a general conceptual framework to cover concepts and terminology used for information retrieval in the field of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Second, to initiate a discussion and seek advice regarding developing a knowledge organization schema for cross-culture information systems.
Rethink, Reform, Reenter An Entrepreneurial Approach to Prison Programming

The purpose of this article was to present a description and first-stage evaluation of the impact of the Ice House Entrepreneurship Program on the learning experience of participating prerelease inmates at a Mississippi maximum-security prison and their perception of the transfer of skills learned in program into securing employment upon reentry. The Ice House Entrepreneurship Program is a 12-week program facilitated by volunteer university professors to inmates in a prerelease unit of a maximum-security prison in Mississippi. Participants' perspectives were examined through content analysis of inmates' answers to program Reflection and Response Assignments and interviews. The analyses were conducted according to the constant comparative method. Findings reveal the emergent of eight life-lessons and suggest that this is a promising approach to prison programming for prerelease inmates. This study discusses three approaches to better prepare inmates for a mindset change. The rethink, reform, and reenter approaches help break the traditional cycle of release, reoffend, and return.
‘Peripheral-type’ benzodiazepine receptors in the kidney: regulation of radioligand binding by anions and DIDS

The high density of 'peripheral-type' benzodiazepine receptors (PBR) in the thick ascending loop of Henle (TAL) of the kidney prompted an evaluation of the effects of anions and anion channel blockers on these sites. [3H]Ro 5-4864 binding to rat kidney membranes was inhibited by halides in a concentration dependent fashion. Significant differences were observed in the efficacies (i.e. maximal effect achieved) of these halides to inhibit [3H]Ro 5-4864 binding. The effects of halides to inhibit this binding was manifest as a reduction in the apparent affinity of this radioligand with no effect on the maximum number of binding sites. The concentration necessary to achieve half maximal inhibition was around the physiologic range for Cl- in all extracellular body fluids. A strong correlation (r = 0.95; P less than 0.001) was obtained between the permeability of anions relative to Cl- and their efficacies to inhibit [3H]Ro 5-4864 binding. DIDS (4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid), an ion transport blocker, inhibited [3H]Ro 5-4864 binding to a maximum of 80%. The presence of Na2SO4 enhanced the potency of DIDS up to five-fold giving an IC50 of 43 +/- 6 microM. In contrast, the binding of [3H]PK 11195 was unaffected by DIDS and only slightly inhibited by I-. These data demonstrate that characteristics of radioligand binding to peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors in the kidney are regulated by anions and anion transport blockers and suggest that the PBR may play an important role in anion transport. Additionally, these data suggest that the sites at which [3H]Ro 5-4864 and [3H]PK 11195 bind on the PBR may be overlapping, but not identical.
Novel series divider for antenna arrays with arbitrary element spacing based on a composite right/left-handed transmission line

In this paper, a novel feeding method for equal amplitude and phase excitation of each antenna with arbitrary spacing is presented. It is demonstrated that equal excitation can be accomplished without regards to the element spacing. This series feed network is based on the infinite wavelength property of the composite right/left-handed (CRLH) transmission line (TL). At a particular resonance frequency, the CRLH TL is able to support a wave with an infinite wavelength. Consequently, the magnitude and phase along the TL are a constant at this infinite wavelength frequency. To demonstrate the novel series feed network, a 5-port series feed network based on the infinite wavelength property of the CRLH TL is first constructed and tested. Then, identical quasi-Yagi antennas are connected to each port of the network and radiation patterns of the antenna array are measured to demonstrate the authors' claims.
Blockade of ENaCs by amiloride induces c-Fos activation of the area postrema

Abstract Epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs) are strongly expressed in the circumventricular organs (CVOs), and these structures may play an important role in sensing plasma sodium levels. Here, the potent ENaC blocker amiloride was injected intraperitoneally in rats and 2 h later, the c-Fos activation pattern in the CVOs was studied. Amiloride elicited dose-related activation in the area postrema (AP) but only ~10% of the rats showed c-Fos activity in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and subfornical organ (SFO). Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (catecholamine) AP neurons were activated, but tryptophan hydroxylase-immunoreactive (serotonin) neurons were unaffected. The AP projects to FoxP2-expressing neurons in the dorsolateral pons which include the pre-locus coeruleus nucleus and external lateral part of the parabrachial nucleus; both cell groups were c-Fos activated following systemic injections of amiloride. In contrast, another AP projection target – the aldosterone-sensitive neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius which express the enzyme 11-β-hydroxysteriod dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD2) were not activated. As shown here, plasma concentrations of amiloride used in these experiments were near or below the IC50 level for ENaCs. Amiloride did not induce changes in blood pressure, heart rate, or regional vascular resistance, so sensory feedback from the cardiovascular system was probably not a causal factor for the c-Fos activity seen in the CVOs. In summary, amiloride may have a dual effect on sodium homeostasis causing a loss of sodium via the kidney and inhibiting sodium appetite by activating the central satiety pathway arising from the AP.
Children with Nonresident Parents: Living Arrangements, Visitation, and Child Support.

One third of all children in the United States have a nonresident parent. On the basis of 13,085 children with a nonresident parent drawn from the 1997 National Survey of America's Families, this study examines nonresident mothers' and fathers' involvement (visitation and child support) with children who reside in different household types: single-parent families, married and cohabiting stepfamilies, and families headed by grandparents, other relatives, or nonrelatives. The relationship between children's living arrangements and nonresident parent involvement is complex and depends on both the gender of the nonresident parent and the type of involvement. Because nonresident parent involvement is low regardless of household type, policies and programs designed to increase involvement should include children in a variety of family forms.
NEONATAL MORTALITY RISK OF SICK PREMATURE INFANTS IN AN OUTBORN POPULATION

Neonatal mortality of all patients <37 weeks gestation transported to The Children's Hospital Denver tertiary care nursery was reviewed for the years 1978-82. There were 1,972 patients of < 37 weeks gestation and 280 neonatal deaths (mortality 14.2%).
Characterization of human colonic mucoprotein antigen

Abstract A high mol. wt mucoprotein was extracted with a phenol-water solvent system from human colonic mucosa. It was characterized chemically, physically and immunologically. The mucoprotein was found to consist (based on dry wt) of 50 per cent carbohydrate, N-glycolyl neuraminic acid, fucose, galactose, galactosamine and glucosamine present in the molar ratios 19:10:26:23:23 respectively, and 40 per cent protein. Amino acid composition was characterized by a high percentage of threonine, serine, proline, glycine and glutamic acid. The material has the interesting property of binding certain small molecules such as RNA, albumin and certain cations, the binding being reversible at high ionic strengths. It was found to be antigenic in rabbits and antigenically non-cross reactive with either CEA or the blood group substances. Its possible physiologic role and its importance in certain disease states is considered.