cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maternal Depression and Socialization of Children’s Positive Affect Regulation

The present study investigated the associations between mothers’ levels of current depressive symptoms and mothers’ socialization of children’s positive affect (PA) regulation, assessed by mothers’ own PA regulation and responses to their child’s PA. The study included 96 mother-child dyads with children ages 7 to 12. Participants completed questionnaires examining emotion socialization constructs (i.e., PA, savoring, dampening) and participated in a mother-child discussion task about a positive event that the child experienced. Structural equation modeling was conducted while controlling for covariates (i.e., education level, household income, child age). Results indicated that mothers with higher depressive symptoms were more likely to dampen their own positive events and less likely to savor their own and their children’s positive events. Mothers with higher depressive symptoms also reported less PA in response to their own and their children’s positive events. In the discussion task, mothers with higher depressive symptoms used fewer PA-related words and were more likely to ignore their children’s PA-related words. These findings highlight the role of maternal depressive symptoms within PA socialization processes. This study may inform future research targeting specific emotion socialization techniques, such as savoring and dampening, in depression interventions for mothers and their children.
Investigation of diets associated with dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs using foodomics analysis.

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a disease of the heart muscle that affects both humans and dogs. Certain canine diets have been associated with DCM, but the diet-disease link is unexplained, and novel methods are needed to elucidate mechanisms. We conducted metabolomic profiling of 9 diets associated with canine DCM, containing ≥ 3 pulses, potatoes, or sweet potatoes as main ingredients, and in the top 16 dog diet brands most frequently associated with canine DCM cases reported to the FDA (3P/FDA diets), and 9 non-3P/FDA diets. We identified 88 named biochemical compounds that were higher in 3P/FDA diets and 23 named compounds that were lower in 3P/FDA diets. Amino acids, amino acid-derived compounds, and xenobiotics/plant compounds were the largest categories of biochemicals that were higher in 3P/FDA diets. Random forest analyses identified the top 30 compounds that distinguished the two diet groups with 100% predictive accuracy. Four diet ingredients distinguished the two diet groups (peas, lentils, chicken/turkey, and rice). Of these ingredients, peas showed the greatest association with higher concentrations of compounds in 3P/FDA diets. Moreover, the current foodomics analyses highlight relationships between diet and DCM in dogs that can identify possible etiologies for understanding diet-disease relationships in dogs and humans.
Control variables approach to estimate semiparametric models of mismeasured endogenous regressors with an application to U.K. twin data

We study the identification and estimation of semiparametric models with mismeasured endogenous regressors using control variables that ensure the conditional covariance restriction on endogenous r...
Legalizing Identities: Becoming Black or Indian in Brazil's Northeast

Related black communities claim different ethnoracial identities based in laws. Anthropologists widely agree that identities - even ethnic and racial ones - are socially constructed. Less understood are the processes by which social identities are conceived and developed. "Legalizing Identities" shows how law can successfully serve as the impetus for the transformation of cultural practices and collective identity. Through ethnographic, historical, and legal analysis of successful claims to land by two neighboring black communities in the backlands of northeastern Brazil, Jan Hoffman French demonstrates how these two communities have come to distinguish themselves from each other while revising and retelling their histories and present-day stories.The invocation of laws by these related communities led to the emergence of two different identities: one indigenous (Xoco Indian) and the other quilombo (descendants of a fugitive African slave community). With the help of the Catholic Church, government officials, lawyers, anthropologists, and activists, each community won government recognition and land rights, and displaced elite landowners. The positive outcome of their claims demonstrates that authenticity is not a prerequisite for identity. French draws from this insight a more sweeping conclusion that, far from being evidence of inauthenticity, processes of construction form the basis of all identities and may have important consequences for social justice.
The Narrative as Assessment

The importance of detailed, early understanding of an individual who becomes schizophrenic is made clearest by studying individual persons in their interpersonal and social contexts over time. What appears cut-and-dried when we merely view the person in a cross-section of time or from a distant position takes on a wholly different appearance when we add the rich detail of close familiarity over the person’s lifetime. Although closeness may result in a loss of objectivity—the kind of problem we refer to when saying one can’t see the forest for the trees—an exclusively distant viewpoint results in segregation from and lack of identification with schizophrenic persons (Deikman, 1971). But in the study of “schizophrenia” there has been much more merely cross-sectional study and distancing of “the mentally ill” than overidentification with schizophrenic persons and overinvolvement in their lives.
Remarks on the Ultrastructure of Type A, B, and C Virus Particles

Publisher Summary The scope of this chapter is limited to the recent findings concerning the ultrastructure of murine RNA tumor viruses, as they appear after various preparatory procedures under the electron microscope and to some implications of these observations in the continuing search for viruses of this type in human malignancies. Here attention is focused mainly on the literature that has appeared since 1968. The title of this chapter is in direct reference to the ultrastructural classification of the murine tumor viruses originally proposed by Bernhard and Guerin in 1958. The original classification contained some ambiguity in regard to the presence or absence of viral envelopes, Type A particles were originally described as having an electron-lucent center (the “doughnut-shaped” nucleoid), and as being located either within the cytoplasm (“intracellulaire”) or within the extracellular spaces (“inter-cellulaire”). When the budding process of these viruses was described, it became clear that the cytoplasmic and extracellular type A particles differ mainly by the acquisition of an envelope derived from the plasmalemma of the infected cell. Therefore, calling type A particles before or after budding by the same name would amount to ignoring an important step in the final assembly of the virus. To distinguish between the type A particles with or without an envelope, and at the same time to respect the original terminology of Bernhard and Guerin, it was later proposed to call the first “enveloped” A particles and the second “naked” A particles. It appears therefore that, in view of the uncertainties that persist on the identification of the RNA tumor viruses in human neoplasia, the results obtained by electron microscopy, which can often provide undisputed evidence for the presence of such agents, should be reviewed and the values of different preparatory procedures reevaluated.
An Efficient Enumeration Algorithm for the Two-Sample Randomization Distribution

In many experimental situations, subjects are randomly allocated to treatment and control groups. Measurements are then made on the two groups to ascertain if there is in fact a statistically significant treatment effect. Exact calculation of the associated randomization distribution theoretically involves looking at all possible partitions of the original measurements into two appropriately-sized groups. Computing every possible partition is computationally wasteful, so our objective is to systematically enumerate partitions starting from the tail of the randomization distribution. A new enumeration scheme that only examines potentially worthwhile partitions is described, based on an underlying partial order. Numerical results show that the proposed method runs quickly compared to complete enumeration, and its effectiveness can be enhanced by use of certain pruning rules.
Asymptotic Behavior of Solutions of Hyperbolic Balance Laws

We survey the asymptotic behavior of solutions to hyperbolic conservation laws and balance laws, as well as systems of such laws with the property that each characteristic field is either genuinely nonlinear or linearly degenerate.
Normal Y chromosome fluorescent pattern in testicular feminization.

Abstract The fluorescent pattern of the Y chromosomes from 4 individuals with testicular feminization was studied and was found to be indistinguishable from that of the normal male Y chromosome.
Acute alcohol consumption attenuates interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant peptide-1 (MCP-1) induction in response to ex vivo stimulation.

Chronic alcohol use is associated with impaired immunity and host defense. Even acute ethanol treatment both in vitro and in vivo has been shown to result in decreased inflammatory cytokine production. However, the potential immunoregulatory effects of acute, moderate alcohol use are yet to be fully explored. Here we show that in vitro acute alcohol treatment of normal blood monocytes resulted in a significant, dose-dependent (25–100 mM) attenuation of staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), or IFNγ-induced monocyte IL-8 and MCP-1 production (P < 0.01). Likewise, ethanol (100 mM) in vitro reduced MCP-1 levels in response to SEB, PHA, or IFNγ stimulation in mononuclear cells (31–62% reduction). Furthermore, acute alcohol consumption (0.85 g/kg body weight) significantly attenuated SEB- or LPS-induced IL-8 and MCP-1 levels in whole-blood samples obtained 4 hr after alcohol consumption from normal nonalcoholic individuals (P < 0.01). RANTES and MIP-1β were only minimally inhibited (16–25% inhibition) by in vitro ethanol (100 mM) in mononuclear cells, suggesting that ethanol may have a selective effect on the regulation of various chemokines. These results demonstrate that acute alcohol, in vivo as well as in vitro, attenuates monocyte-derived chemokine production in response to a subsequent immune challenge. Our data show for the first time that activation of nuclear regulatory factor κB (NF-κB), a common regulator binding in the promoter region of IL-8 and MCP-1 genes, is inhibited by acute ethanol (25 mM) treatment in SEB-stimulated human monocytes. These results imply that inhibition of NF-κB activation may be one of the intracellular mechanisms for the ethanol-induced inhibition of IL-8 and MCP-1 production in monocytes. Thus, impaired chemokine (particularly MCP-1 and IL-8) induction upon an immune challenge is likely to contribute to compromised host defense after acute alcohol consumption and may also affect progression of diseases such as atherosclerosis or HIV infection where chemokines contribute to progression of the disease.
Filament and shape statistics: a quantitative comparison of cold + hot

A new class of geometric statistics for analyzing galaxy catalogs is presented. Filament statistics quantify filamentarity and planarity in large scale structure in a manner consistent with catalog visualizations. These statistics are based on sequences of spatial links which follow local high-density structures. From these link sequences we compute the discrete curvature, planarity, and torsion. Filament statistics are applied to CDM and CHDM ($\Omega_\nu = 0.3$) simulations of Klypin \etal (1996), the CfA1-like mock redshift catalogs of Nolthenius, Klypin and Primack (1994, 1996), and the CfA1 catalog. We also apply the moment-based shape statistics developed by Babul \& Starkman (1992), Luo \& Vishniac (1995), and Robinson \& Albrecht (1996) to these same catalogs, and compare their robustness and discriminatory power versus filament statistics. For 100 Mpc periodic simulation boxes ($H_0 = 50$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$), we find discrimination of $\sim 4\sigma$ (where $\sigma$ represents resampling errors) between CHDM and CDM for selected filament statistics and shape statistics, including variations in the galaxy identification scheme. Comparing the CfA1 data versus the models does not yield a conclusively favored model; no model is excluded at more than a $\sim 2\sigma$ level for any statistic, not including cosmic variance which could further degrade the discriminatory power. We find that CfA1 discriminates between models poorly mainly due to its sparseness and small number of galaxies, not due to redshift distortion, magnitude limiting, or geometrical effects. We anticipate that the proliferation of large redshift surveys and simulations will enable the statistics presented here to provide robust discrimination between large-scale structure in various cosmological models.
Pyruvate and propionate metabolism in lactating cows. Effect of butyrate on pyruvate metabolism.

The glucogenic behavior of butyrate in ruminants has been reported frequently, but the metabolic nature of this anomalous relationship has remained obscure. To test the possibility that the metabolism of butyrate affects gluconeogenesis, lactating cows were given intravenous injections of tracer amounts of pyruvate-2-14C and, in parallel experiments, of pyruvate-2-14C plus substrate amounts of sodium butyrate (0.7 mm per kg of body weight). When butyrate was injected, less 14C appeared in respired CO2 and more 14C in plasma glucose. The intramolecular labeling pattern in glutamate also changed with butyrate injection, with the result that more of the 14C was located in carbon derived from oxalacetate compared to carbon derived from acetyl-CoA. These results indicate that butyrate metabolism affects gluconeogenesis by sparing pyruvate oxidation, thereby conserving a glucogenic precursor, and, in addition, by enhancing the conversion of pyruvate to oxalacetate.
Disparities in Provision of Transplant Education by Profit Status of the Dialysis Center

Kidney transplant education is associated with higher transplantation rates; however national policies regarding optimal timing and content of transplant education are lacking. We aimed to characterize nephrologists’ attitudes regarding kidney transplant education, and to compare practices between nephrologists at for-profit and nonprofit centers. We surveyed 906 nephrologist practicing in the United States. Most respondents (81%) felt the ideal time to spend on transplant education was >20 min, but only 43% reported actually doing so. Spending >20 min was associated with covering more topics, having one-on-one and repeated conversations, involving families in discussions and initiating discussions at CKD-stage 4. Providers at for-profit centers were significantly less likely to spend >20 min (RR = 0.89, 95%CI: 0.80–0.99) or involve families (RR = 0.57, 95%CI: 0.38–0.87); they reported that fewer of their patients received transplant counseling (RR = 0.58, 95%CI: 0.37–0.96), initiated transplant discussions (RR = 0.58, 95%CI: 0.38–0.88), or were eligible for transplantation (RR = 0.45, 95%CI: 0.30–0.68). Of nephrologists who spent ≤20 min, those at for-profit centers more often cited lack of reimbursement as a reason (30.0% vs. 18.9%, p = 0.02). Disparities in quality of education at for-profit centers might partially explain previously documented disparities in access to transplantation for patients at these centers. National policies detailing the optimal timing and content of transplant education are needed to improve equity.
Errors in predicting functional capacity for postmyocardial infarction patients using a modified Bruce protocol

Clinically, the modified Bruce protocol is widely used to predict functional capacity in postmyocardial infarction (post-MI) patients. However, it has been suggested that post-MI patients have lower oxygen uptakes for standard workloads. In order to study this, we measured oxygen uptake (VO2) and venous blood lactic acid concentration in 12 post-MI patients and 12 normal male subjects during a modified Bruce treadmill protocol. During the first four stages of the protocol, mean oxygen uptake was significantly lower (1.0 to 6.2 cc X kg-1 X min-1; p less than 0.001) for the post-MI patients than for the normal male subjects. Venous blood lactic acid concentrations were different only at stage 4. However, a higher respiratory exchange ratio was observed for post-MI patients (p less than 0.001 at stage 3), suggesting an increased anaerobic metabolism and adequate buffering of lactic acid. The post-MI patient's measured VO2 for three stages of the protocol ranged from 1.8 to 7.3 cc X kg-1 X min-1 lower than the Bruce prediction for cardiac patients. In addition, maximal measured VO2 for the post-MI patients ranged from 3.7 to 11.2 cc X kg-1 X min-1 lower than predicted VO2 derived from the normal subjects. These data suggest myocardial damage may slow oxygen uptake kinetics, thus increasing the oxygen deficit at standard workloads during progressive exercise. An increased respiratory exchange ratio secondary to the buffering of lactic acid suggests that anaerobic metabolism may compensate for this oxygen deficit.
Foreign Language Week--Celebrate It!.

There are many ways to observe Foreign Language Week from simple in-school activities to large, event-filled, city- and state-wide celebrations. This article presents activities designed to promote foreign language and international studies in schools, colleges, universities, the community, city, and state. Suggestions on how to organize and publicize Foreign Language Week programs are also given.
Urban Vector Control Services in the Developing Countries

Abstract Considerable expenditures are being made in the developing countries in terms of money and manpower for the control of diseases such as malaria, sleeping sickness, arboviruses, etc. with arthropod vectors and rodent reservoirs. Responses to a questionnaire sent out by the World Health Organization show that surprisingly large sums are also being expended in urban insect and rodent control in these countries some of which may be considered disease control and some pest control. Unfortunately few of these programmes have adequate professional supervision, direction or evaluation.
Mobile wireless network for the urban environment

As the Army transforms into the Future Force, particular attention must be paid to operations in Complex and Urban Terrain. Our adversaries increasingly draw us into operations in the urban environment and one can presume that this trend will continue in future battles. In order to ensure that the United States Army maintains battlefield dominance, the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is developing technology to equip our soldiers for the urban operations of the future. Sophisticated soldier borne systems will extend sensing to the individual soldier, and correspondingly, allow the soldier to establish an accurate picture of their surrounding environment utilizing information from local and remote assets. Robotic platforms will be an integral part of the future combat team. These platforms will augment the team with remote sensing modalities, task execution capabilities, and enhanced communication systems. To effectively utilize the products provided by each of these systems, collected data must be exchanged in real time to all affected entities. Therefore, the Army Research Laboratory is also developing the technology that will be required to support high bandwidth mobile communication in urban environments. This technology incorporates robotic systems that will allow connectivity in areas unreachable by traditional systems. This paper will address some of the issues of providing wireless connectivity in complex and urban terrain. It will further discuss approaches developed by the Army Research Laboratory to integrate communications capabilities into soldier and robotic systems and provide seamless connectivity between the elements of a combat team, and higher echelons.
A study of the quality of duplicated radiographs

Abstract The resolution, contrast, and clinical appearance of radiographs and duplicate radiographs made with two types of duplicating film were compared. Duplicating conditions evaluated were type and shape of light, light-film distance, type of exposure surface, and developer temperature. Major observations were as follows; both Kodak and DuPont films produced clinically acceptable duplicates; Kodak film was faster; DuPont film responded better in incandescent photoflood light than Kodak film; clear glass with appropriate light-film distance was the best exposure surface.
Improvement of the stability of commercial feed pellets for the giant shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)

Abstract Different feed pellets for the giant shrimp, Macrobrachium rosenbergii , were compared with respect to water stability, food conversion ratio and growth rate. Pellet stability was observed under tank conditions with and without animals, and leaching rates were measured. Purina Marine Ration M20 was repelletized with Kelco HV algin binder at 0.5% level (designated RM20-0.5%), 1.0% level (RM20-1.0%), and 2.0% level (RM20-2.0%). The base commercial pellet was also tested unaltered and with 0.5% Kelco HV algin encapsulation. Recording of pellets presented and pellets apparently consumed by individual animals was maintained on a daily basis for each treatment. The RM20-2.0% bound pellet gave the best results in both physical stability and efficient biological utilization. The RM20-2.0% was followed in quality by the 0.5% encapsulated and 1.0% bound pellets. The unaltered M20 commercial pellet and 0.5% bound pellet were deemed unsatisfactory by the same criteria.
Phase-sensitive tests of the symmetry of the pairing state in the high-temperature superconductors-Evidence for d x 2 -y 2 symmetry

Understanding the mechanism responsible for superconductivity in the high-temperature cuprates has been one of the major goals of condensed-matter physicists since the discovery of these exciting materials in 1986. Experimental evidence suggests that the pairing state may be unconventional, featuring an anisotropic order parameter for which a wide range of theoretical models for the superconducting pairing have been proposed. Recently, a new class of experiments has been presented that are sensitive to the phase of the superconducting order parameter, allowing an unambiguous determination of the symmetry of the pairing state. These experiments, based on the interference of the quantum-mechanical phases in Josephson tunnel junctions and dc SQUID devices, give strong evidence for pairing in a channel with $d$--wave symmetry in the most widely studied cuprate, $Y{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}x}$. Confirmation of this pairing state will focus efforts to develop a microscopic theory for the high-temperature superconductors and to apply them in power transmission and electronic device technologies.
Applying Proteomic-Based Biomarker Tools for the Accurate Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer

The proteome varies with physiologic and disease states. Few studies have been reported that differentiate the proteome of those with pancreatic cancer. To apply proteomic-based technologies to body fluids. To differentiate pancreatic neoplasia from nonneoplastic pancreatic disease. Samples from 50 patients (15 healthy (H), 24 cancer (Ca), 11 chronic pancreatitis (CP)) were prospectively collected and underwent analysis. A high-throughput method, using high-affinity solid lipophilic extraction resins, enriched low molecular weight proteins for extraction with a high-speed 200-Hz matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-MS; Bruker Ultraflex III). Samples underwent software processing with FlexAnalysis, Clinprot, MatLab, and Statistica (baseline, align, and normalize spectra). Nonparametric pairwise statistics, multidimensional scaling, hierarchical analysis, and leave-one-out cross validation completed the analysis. Sensitivity (sn) and specificity (sp) of group comparisons were determined. Two top-down-directed protein identification approaches were combined with MALDI-MS and tandem mass spectrometry to fully characterize the most significant protein biomarker. Using eight serum features, we differentiated Ca from H (sn 88%, sp 93%), Ca from CP (sn 88%, sp 30%), and Ca from both H and CP combined (sn 88%, sp 66%). In addition, nine features obtained from urine differentiated Ca from both H and CP combined with high efficiency (sn 90%, sp 90%). Interestingly, the plasma samples (considered by the Human Proteome Organization to be the preferred biological fluid) did not show significant differences. Multidimensional scaling indicated that markers from both serum and urine led to a highly effective clinical indicator of each specific disease state. The proteomic analysis of noninvasively acquired biological fluids provided a high level of predictability for diagnosing pancreatic cancer. While the proteomic analysis of serum was capable of screening individuals for pancreatic disease (i.e., CP and Ca vs. H), specific urine biomarkers further distinguished malignancy (Ca) from chronic inflammation (CP).
Time-Resolved EPR Studies of Main Chain Radicals from Acrylic Polymers. Structural Characterization at High Temperatures

Main chain radicals from several acrylic polymers are characterized in liquid solution at high temperatures (∼100 °C) using time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy. The r...
A note on the iterative application of Bayes' rule

Alterations in probability densities produced by iterative application of Bayes' rule are analyzed. Computational requirements for finding a sequence of a posteriori densities remain reasonable despite a growing sample size if and only if a sufficient statistic expressible as a vector of fixed dimension exists. The existence of such a sufficient statistic also insures existence of reproducing a priori probability densities (a priori probability densities insuring that the a posteriori densities are in the same family). The theory is applied to find a class of sequential Bayes estimators for a Gaussian covariance matrix, and to treat a variety of adaptive "Bayesian learning" schemes in a unified manner.
Treatment of trinitrotoluene by crude plant extracts

Abstract Crude plant extract solutions (spinach and parrotfeather) were prepared and spiked with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) (20 mg l−1). 90-h TNT removal by these solutions was compared to controls. Spinach and parrotfeather extract solutions removed 99% and 50% of the initial TNT, respectively; TNT was not eliminated in the controls or in extract solutions where removal activity was deactivated by boiling. A first-order removal constant of 0.052 h−1 was estimated for spinach extract solutions treating 20 mg l−1 TNT concentrations, which compared favorably to intact plant removal. Concentration variation was described by Michaelis–Menton kinetics. Detectable TNT degradation products represented only a fraction of the total TNT transformed, and the transformation favored the formation of 4-aminodinitrotoluene. The results indicated that crude plant extracts transform TNT, without the presence of the live plant.
Seasonal photosynthesis and anthocyanin production in 10 broadleaf evergreen species

Leaves of many evergreen species turn red when exposed to high sunlight during winter due to production of photoprotective anthocyanin pigments, while leaves of other species, lacking anthocyanin, remain green. Why some evergreen species synthesise anthocyanin pigments while others do not is currently unknown. Furthermore, the relative photosynthetic performance of anthocyanic (red) and acyanic (green) evergreens has yet to be described. Here we present seasonal ecophysiological data for five red and green broadleaf evergreen species. We hypothesise that species which synthesise anthocyanins in winter leaves correspond to those with the most drastic seasonal photosynthetic declines, as reduced energy sinks increase vulnerability to photoinhibition and need for photoprotection. Our results did not support this hypothesis, as gas exchange measurements showed no difference in mean seasonal photosynthetic capacity between red- and green-leafed species. Consistent with anthocyanin's shading effect, red-leafed species had significantly higher chlorophyll content, lower chlorophyll a/b ratios, and higher maximum light capture efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) than green-leafed species during the winter, but not during the summer (when all leaves were green). We conclude that anthocyanin production during winter is likely not associated with diminished photosynthetic capacity, and may simply represent an alternative photoprotective strategy utilised by some species during winter.
The car and the goats

1. THE PROBLEM. A TV host shows you three numbered doors, one hiding a car (all three equally likely) and the other two hiding goats. You get to pick a door, winning whatever is behind it. You choose door #1, say. The host, who knows where the car is, then opens one of the other two doors to reveal a goat, and invites you to switch your choice if you so wish. Assume he opens door #3. Should you switch to #2? I'll call this Game I. It appeared in the Ask Marilyn column in Parade (a Sunday supplement) [4(a)]. Marilyn asserted that you should switch, arguing that the probability of winning, originally 1/3, had now gone up to 2/3. ("Marilyn" is standard terminology.) This led to an uproar featuring "thousands" of letters, nine-tenths of them insisting that with door # 3 now eliminated, #1 and #2 were equally likely; even the responses from college faculty voted her down two to one [4(b, c), 3]. There is no denying that the problem is tricky (even though, technically speaking, it involves only undergraduate mathematics). The purpose of this article is to unravel it all.
Avian sulfhydryl oxidase is not a metalloenzyme: adventitious binding of divalent metal ions to the enzyme.

Metal- and flavin-dependent sulfhydryl oxidases catalyze the generation of disulfide bonds with reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. The mammalian skin enzyme has been reported to be copper-dependent, but a recent protein sequence shows it belongs to the Quiescin/sulfhydryl oxidase (QSOX) flavoprotein family. This work demonstrates that avian QSOX is not a metalloenzyme, and that copper and zinc ions inhibit the oxidation of reduced pancreatic ribonuclease by the enzyme. Studies with Zn2+, as a redox inactive surrogate for copper, show that one Zn2+ binds to four-electron-reduced QSOX by diverting electrons away from the flavin and into two of the three redox active disulfide bridges in the enzyme. The resulting zinc complex is modestly air-stable, reverting to a spectrum of the native protein with a t1/2 of 40 min, whereas the four-electron-reduced native QSOX is reoxidized in less than a second under comparable conditions. Using tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP), an alternate subst...
A digital computer simulation of single-track railroad operation

IMPROVED SIGNAL SYSTEMS such as Centralized Traffic Control (CTC) have enabled railroads to move train traffic on a single main track with passing sidings that formerly required two tracks or the general use of train orders and timetable authority. A digital computer program has been designed to aid railroad management in selecting the proper siding locations and signal spacing when considering a CTC system. Using an IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) 650 computer the traffic pattern of up to ten trains operating at one time on a 100?150-mile division of a railroad may be predicted. Initial information stored in the computer memory describes the grades, curve speed restrictions, signal locations, and track layout of the railroad. Also, data for each train are available to the computer. This information includes the number, weight, and type of cars, the power of the locomotive, the origin and destination, and the time of departure.
Seismic imaging east of the Rocky Mountains with USArray

Article history: Accepted 23 October 2013 Available online xxxx Editor: P. Shearer USArray has facilitated significant advancement in tomographic models and methodologies. While there persists a fundamental tradeoff between horizontal and vertical resolution due to the components of the wave train analyzed, advances in joint inversions are continuing to refine the tomographic images generated with USArray. The DNA13 model incorporates teleseismic P observations, independent SH and SV observations, and surface-wave phase velocities from both teleseismic earthquakes and ambient noise to constrain the relative wave-speed from the crust down into the lower mantle. We address the validity of our models through forward prediction of observables and compare the predictive power of the DNA13 models to other models. In the shallow portion of DNA13, we image the Archean age Wyoming Province, which exhibits evidence of ocean closure at its northern and southern ends. The Llano Province in Central Texas is of Grenville age and still contains lithospheric evidence of subduction as the province accreted to North America. Comparison of these two provinces highlights the role of fossil slabs as part of the cratonic architecture. Analysis of the deep portion of the models highlights variations within the Farallon plate, including two distinct high wave-speed anomalies in the eastern U.S. and a shallow feature in the center of these two anomalies. We propose this is evidence of an oceanic plateau, which provides the necessary positive buoyancy to promote flat-slab subduction of the Farallon plate. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Effects of Alternating Periods of High- and Low-Fluoride Ingestion on Dairy Cattle

Abstract Two- and five-month old Holstein heifers were exposed to different intake patterns of dietary fluoride for 6 years. They were divided into five lots: Control, no fluoride supplement (I); continuous exposure to 1.5mg F/kg body weight per day (II and IV); alternating exposure to 1.5mg F/kg for 6 months and control for 6 months (III); or 3.0mg F/kg for 4 months and .75mg FAg for 8 months (V). The average yearly exposure of Lot V was equal to Lots II and IV while that of Lot III was equal to half of this intake. None of the fluoride treatments affected growth rate or reproduction. There was no consistent effect on milk production. Plasma fluoride concentrations closely followed current fluoride intake. Urinary fluoride concentrations varied with intake but remained elevated during low intake. Skeletal fluoride retention was directly related to total fluoride intake and not to pattern of intake. The degree of dental fluorosis was related to the amount of fluoride fed and to the plasma fluoride concentration at the time each incisor was developing. The dental lesions observed in Lot III (alternate exposure) were similar to those often seen in field cases of fluoride exposure. The most severe effects of fluoride ingestion were in Lot V (high and low intake). These animals had severely worn molar teeth, extensive osteofluorosis, and they experienced periods of extreme lameness. Short periods of high fluoride intake balanced by periods of lower intake were more damaging to cattle than constant exposure to the same average yearly intake.
A new species of Caulanthus (Cruciferae) from Nevada.

Caulanthus barnebyi from northern Nevada is described, illustrated, and compared with its nearest relative,C. glaucus S. Wats.
Occurrence of the toxic diatom Nitzschia pungens f. multiseries in Massachusetts Bay, Massachusetts, USA

Abstract The domoic acid-producing diatom N. pungens f. multiseries was isolated from Massachusetts Bay near Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Eleven clones of N. pungens f. multiseries were assayed for domoic acid in stationary phase using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The domoic acid content ranged from undetectable to 0·21 pg cell −1 . Nitzschia pseudodelicatissima was also isolated but did not produce detectable levels of domoic acid. The presence of these species in Massachusetts Bay indicates that at least one toxic diatom is present in waters adjacent to the Gulf of Maine and provides a possible explanation for domoic acid-contaminated mussels noted from Nantucket during January-February 1991.
Design and application of esterase-labile sulfonate protecting groups

Three esterase-labile, but chemically-stable sulfonate protecting groups have been designed and synthesized. One of these sulfonate esters allowed the cytoplasmic delivery and unmasking of a sulfonated dye in live cells.
Prospective comparison of radionuclide, computed tomographic, and sonographic localization of parathyroid tumors

Controversy exists concerning the advantages and appropriateness of current imaging modalities of the localization of parathyroid tumors. We conducted a prospective, blinded study to compare the efficacy of 3 different imaging modalities in 40 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT). Patients with HPT were examined preoperatively by computer-assisted thallium-201/technetium-99m scintigraphy (TTS), high-resolution (GE 9800) computed tomography (CT), and high-resolution (7.5 MHz) real-time sonography (US). Each study was performed and interpreted independently. These patients then had a neck exploration and parathyroidectomy which allowed for clinical correlation of pathologic findings with the imaging results. Overall sensitivities of the 3 imaging modalities were TTS-72%, CT-72%, and US-57%, with specificities of TTS-93%, CT-92%, and US-96%. For lesions located below the thyroid (thymic tongue and mediastinum), sensitivities were TTS-86%, CT-29%, and US-20%, all with specificities of 100%. In those HPT patients presenting with prior failed neck explorations, parathyroid tumors were detected with sensitivities of TTS-88%, CT-57%, and US-67%, with specificities of 100%, 71%, and 100%, respectively. TTS with subsequent CT appears to be an optimal imaging strategy for HPT patients with prior failed neck explorations or suspected lesions below the thyroid. Since surgeons experienced in parathyroid surgery have a cure rate of 93% or greater in HPT patients without prior neck exploration, these imaging modalities may not be cost-effective and thus not indicated for these patients.
Leptin Acts in the Central Nervous System to Produce Dose-Dependent Changes in Arterial Pressure

Systemic leptin increases energy expenditure through sympathetic mechanisms, decreases appetite, and increases arterial pressure. We tested the hypothesis that the pressor action of leptin is mediated by the central nervous system. The interaction of dietary salt with leptin was also studied. Leptin was infused for 2 to 4 weeks into the third cerebral ventricle of Sprague-Dawley rats. Arterial pressure was measured by radiotelemetry. To control for the effects of leptin on body weight, vehicle-treated rats were pair-fed to the leptin group. Intracerebroventricular infusion of leptin at 200 ng/h in salt-depleted rats caused a reduction in food intake, weight loss, tachycardia, and decreased arterial pressure. Leptin at 1000 ng/h caused further reduction in food intake, weight loss, and tachycardia and prevented the hypotensive effect of weight loss observed in pair-fed, vehicle-treated animals. Intracerebroventricular leptin at 1000 ng/h in high-salt–fed rats also caused a sustained pressor response (+3±1 mm Hg), but high-salt intake did not potentiate the pressor effect of leptin. Intracerebroventricular leptin potentiated the pressor effect of air-jet stress. Intravenous administration of the same dose of leptin (1000 ng/h) did not change weight or arterial pressure, suggesting a direct central nervous system action. In contrast, a high dose of intravenous leptin (18 000 ng/h) caused weight loss and prevented the depressor effect of weight loss. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that high-dose leptin increases arterial pressure and heart rate through central neural mechanisms but leptin does not enhance salt sensitivity of arterial pressure. Leptin appears to oppose the depressor effect of weight loss.
Juvenile Hormone Activity of Isomers of Farnesol

SINCE the juvenile hormone of insects was first extracted from the abdomens of male cecropia moths1, its presence or the presence of juvenile hormone-like activity has been demonstrated in other insects2, in invertebrates3, in bacteria, yeast, and higher plants4, in certain organs of mammals5, and in the faeces of the beetle Tenebrio molitor6. Recently, the active constituents of the faeces of T. molitor were isolated and identified as two related acyclic sesquiterpenes, farnesol (I) and farnesal7, and the activity of one of them, farnesol, was examined in detail on the assassin bug, Rhodnius prolixus8. Although the juvenile hormone activity of farnesol was demonstrated, its unit activity was far less than those of partially purified extracts of cecropia moths, and therefore it is not likely that farnesol is the true juvenile hormone of insects8,9. Nevertheless, interest is centred on these terpenes as possible precursors of the juvenile hormone.
A new look at the Martian “violet haze” problem I. Syrtis Major-Arabia, 1969

Photographic and photoelectric data obtained in 1969 have been combined to provide a relatively accurate and complete description of the so-called blue clearing phenomenon on Mars. The dark feature Syrtis Major and its surroundings are the subject of the present study. A series of comparison images of Mars in blue light was assembled to form a scale of blue clearing. The scale steps represent about the smallest readily recognizable difference in apparent contrast. The relationship between the scale number and the brightness of Syrtis Major as compared to its surroundings has been established microphotometrically. International Planetary Patrol Program photographs in blue light having Syrtis Major near the center of the disk were compared to the scale and assigned a value. The results indicate that the blue clearing of Syrtis Major was strongly dependent upon phase angle in 1969, reaching a maximum at opposition. Syrtis Major displayed a diurnal variation of blue clearing near opposition. This variation disappeared away from opposition.
Spasmogenic effect of platelet activating Factor (PAF) on isolated rat stomach fundus strip

Platelet activating Factor (PAF) produced an increase in resting tension of isolated rat stomach fundus strips. The spasmogenic effect of a 90 nM dose was equivalent to the contraction to 110 nM acetylcholine (ACh). Tissues exposed once to PAF became refractory to re-challenge with a dose of PAF normally producing maximum contraction (desensitization). PAF desensitized tissues remained responsive to the contraction effects of ACh and KCl (80 mM). Lyso-PAF failed to produce any effect. PAF contraction was dose-dependently antagonized by pretreatment of tissues with the PAF receptor antagonist L-652,731. PAF contractions were not blocked by antagonists of cholinergic, adrenergic, histaminergic, and serotonergic receptors, nor by inhibition of cyclooxygenase. PAF is a potent spasmogen on the isolated rat stomach fundus strip, and this effect is PAF and PAF-receptor specific.
Cellular mechanisms underlying two muscarinic receptor-mediated depolarizing responses in relay cells of the rat lateral geniculate nucleus.

Abstract We used the whole-cell recording technique in an in vitro preparation to examine the electrophysiological actions of the muscarinic receptors on relay cells in the rat lateral geniculate nucleus. Drop application of the muscarinic agonist acetyl- β -methylcholine resulted in a slow depolarization that persisted for several minutes. The response was insensitive to the nicotinic antagonist hexamethonium, but was blocked by atropine, a muscarinic antagonist. The response was also insensitive to blockade of synaptic transmission by tetrodotoxin, indicating a direct muscarinic effect. The muscarinic depolarization consisted of two components that were somewhat separated in time. The early portion of the muscarinic response was mediated by a large inward current with little change in input resistance, while the later portion was mediated by a small inward current associated with a large increase in input resistance. Pharmacological agents were used to distinguish the two components. Drop application of McN-A-343, an m1 receptor agonist, could only mimic the later component of the muscarinic response. This was supported by the result that the later component was blocked by low concentrations of pirenzepine. These data suggest that the m1 receptor only mediates the late component of the muscarinic response, while the early component is mainly mediated by the m3 receptor. The idea that both m1 and m3 receptors were involved in the muscarinic depolarization was further supported by voltage-clamp analysis. This revealed that activation of the m1 receptor was associated with a decrease in an inward potassium current, I Kleak , while activation of the m3 receptor was likely associated with both a decrease in I Kleak and an increase in the hyperpolarization-activated cation current I h . In summary, our data suggest that muscarinic responses in geniculate relay cells result from the activation of two receptors, which modulate I Kleak and I h . Given the fact that the ascending aminergic systems also depolarize geniculate relay cells via two receptors acting on I Kleak and I h , we concluded that ascending activating systems use common mechanisms to enact the depolarizing form of arousal in relay neurons.
China as a Potential Market for U.S. Pork Exports

This study provides details of emerging opportunities for U.S. pork exporters following the U.S.-China WTO Accession Agreement. The Agreement will enable the United States to gain unprecedented access to the Chinese pork market. The United States enjoys comparative advantages in producing hogs at lower cost, higher quality, and greater efficiency. Moreover, Chinese preference for pork is highly complementary to that of U.S. consumers. Therefore, U.S. pork exporters are expected to target primarily the Chinese variety meats market. Although China is expected to remain a surplus pork production nation, demographic shifts could provide additional opportunities for U.S. pork exporters to increase sales of more premium cuts for urban consumers in China.
Studies in linguistic behavior: I. Characteristics of unstable verbal reactions

Resume ETUDE DANS L'ORGANISATION DU COMPORTEMENT LINGUISTIQUE: I. LES CARACTERISTIQUES DES REACTIONS VERBALES INSTABLES Les conditions fournies dans cette experience ont ete les suivantes: (a) on a joint des reponses verbales (syllabes non-sens) a nombre d'objets stimuli (figures non-sens) se ressemblant en forme ou grandeur, mais choisis de sorte qu'il y a eu une certaine asymetrie dans les classes objectives auxquelles ils appartiennent: et (b) on a introduit apres d'autres objets ressemblant systematiquement aux premiers objets mais pour lesquels aucuns noms specifiques n'avaient ete appris. Les resultats suggerent les principes suivants: (1) L'instabilite des reactions verbales resulte quand les objets stimuli, a cause de traits communs, tendent a activer non seulement la reponse la plus specifique a eux-měmes mais aussi les reponses relativement specifiques a d'autres objets (‘reponses multiples’). (2) Cette instabilite est revelee par des occurrences frequentes de l'activation simultanee ou successi...
Erratum to "Scheduling of sleep/darkness affects the circadian phase of night shift workers" (Neurosci. Lett. 384 (2005) 316-320)

a Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, BL-438M, Boston, MA 02115, USA b Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA c Visual Attention Laboratory, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA d Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA