cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increasing the Value of Physical Education in Schools and Communities

(2011). Increasing the Value of Physical Education in Schools and Communities. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 82, No. 7, pp. 48-51.
Thermal buffering of sedimentary basins by basement rocks: implications arising from numerical simulations

The Earth’s crust releases or absorbs heat energy in response to changes in the thermal regime. Numerical simulations of basin-scale heat transport which use the sediment–basement interface as a thermal boundary assume that near-surface temperature changes have no effect on basement rocks and vice versa (unbuffered model). We test this assumption by comparing numerical models of transient fluid flow and heat transport in the Arkoma foreland basin with and without thermal buffering by basement rocks. Thermal buffering by basement rocks reduces cooling (by fresh water recharge) of deep basin sediments near the fold–thrust belt and reduces warming (by upward fluid discharge) of basin margin sediments. The unbuffered model predicts a temporary warming of basin margin sediments which is largely an artefact of the model thermal boundary conditions. In all cases, the buffered model produces no significant thermal transient. Exaggerated temperature predictions also can occur in numerical simulations of uplift and erosion or heat refraction.
The Arabidopsis DUF231 Domain-Containing Protein ESK1 Mediates 2-O- and 3-O-Acetylation of Xylosyl Residues in Xylan

Xylan, a major polysaccharide in plant lignocellulosic biomass, is acetylated at O-2 and/or O-3 and its acetylation impedes the use of biomass for biofuel production. Currently, it is not known what genes encode acetyltransferases that are responsible for xylan O-acetylation. In this report, we demonstrate an essential role for the Arabidopsis gene ESKIMO1 (ESK1) in xylan O-acetylation during secondary wall biosynthesis. ESK1 expression was found to be regulated by the secondary wall master regulator SND1 (secondary wall-associated NAC domain protein1) and specifically associated with secondary wall biosynthesis. Its encoded protein was localized in the Golgi, the site of xylan biosynthesis. The esk1 mutation caused reductions in secondary wall thickening and stem mechanical strength. Chemical analyses of cell walls revealed that although the esk1 mutation did not cause apparent alterations in the xylan chain length and the abundance of the reducing end sequence, it resulted in a significant reduction in the degree of xylan acetylation. The reduced acetylation of esk1 xylan rendered it more accessible and digestible by endoxylanase, leading to generation of shorter xylooligomers compared with the wild type. Further structural analysis of xylan showed that the esk1 mutation caused a specific reduction in 2-O- and 3-O-monoacetylation of xylosyl residues but not in 2,3-di-O-acetylation or 3-O-acetylation of xylosyl residues substituted at O-2 with glucuronic acid. Consistent with ESK1's involvement in xylan O-acetylation, an activity assay revealed that the esk1 mutation led to a significant decrease in xylan acetyltransferase activity. Together, these results demonstrate that ESK1 is a putative xylan acetyltransferase required for 2-O- and 3-O-monoacetylation of xylosyl residues and indicate the complexity of the biochemical mechanism underlying xylan O-acetylation.
Role Strains and the Transition to Middle School Longitudinal Trends and Sex Differences

The present longitudinal study responds to a need for new perspectives and research tools for studying school transition stress by identifying changes in student role strains and assessing sex differences in strain changes during the transition from elementary school to a sixth-through eighth-grade middle school Findings, consistent with predictions, include (a) students did not experience more strain in the team-taught middle school program than in elementary school, (b) boys experienced more strains in elementary school than did girls but were not more bothered by the strains, and (c) boys exhibited relatively greater declines in the number and magnitude of strains during the transition to middle school than did girls. The role strain approach promises to be a useful tool for identifying strains that may affect early adolescents' adjustments to school transitions. This type of research also may help practitioners construct school environments that maximize opportunities for human development.
Parental beliefs about cause and course of their child's autism and outcomes of their beliefs: a review of the literature.

Background: This article provides a review of the literature on beliefs that parents of children with autism hold, with a focus on their beliefs on the cause and course of the disorder. Research on the outcomes of their beliefs also was reviewed.Methods: Medline, PsychInfo, Nursing@Ovid and PubMed were searched from 1995 through 2009 using the keywords autism, autistic disorder, beliefs, culture, parents, attitudes, and perceptions. Additional articles were identified through Google Scholar and from references in related articles. Thirteen articles were retrieved and reviewed.Results: It was found in the review that parents hold a wide variety of beliefs about the cause of their child's autism, including genetic factors, events surrounding the child's birth, and environmental influences in the early childhood period. Some parents continue to attribute their child's autism to immunizations, although more recent studies suggest the frequency may be decreasing. Some parents are pessimistic about their child'...
Fuse Deep Neural Network and Gaussian Mixture Model Systems

In this chapter, we introduce techniques that fuse deep neural networks (DNNs) and Gaussian mixture models (GMMs). We first describe the Tandem and bottleneck approach in which DNNs are used as feature extractors. The hidden layers, which are better representation than the raw input feature, are used as features in the GMM systems. We then introduce techniques that fuse the recognition results and frame-level scores of the DNN-HMM hybrid system with that of the GMM-HMM system.
Interaction between P-TEFb and the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II activates transcriptional elongation from sites upstream or downstream of target genes

Transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) is regulated by the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb). P-TEFb is composed of Cdk9 and C-type cyclin T1 (CycT1), CycT2a, CycT2b, or CycK. The role of the C-terminal region of CycT1 and CycT2 remains unknown. In this report, we demonstrate that these sequences are essential for the activation of transcription by P-TEFb via DNA, i.e., when CycT1 is tethered upstream or downstream of promoters and coding sequences. A histidine-rich stretch, which is conserved between CycT1 and CycT2 in this region, bound the C-terminal domain of RNAPII. This binding was required for the subsequent expression of full-length transcripts from target genes. Thus, P-TEFb could mediate effects of enhancers on the elongation of transcription.
Building Acoustic Model Ensembles by Data Sampling With Enhanced Trainings and Features

We propose a novel approach of using Cross Validation (CV) and Speaker Clustering (SC) based data samplings to construct an ensemble of acoustic models for speech recognition. We also investigate the effects of the existing techniques of Cross Validation Expectation Maximization (CVEM), Discriminative Training (DT), and Multiple Layer Perceptron (MLP) features on the quality of the proposed ensemble acoustic models (EAMs). We have evaluated the proposed methods on TIMIT phoneme recognition task as well as on a telemedicine automatic captioning task. The proposed methods have led to significant improvements in recognition accuracy over conventional Hidden Markov Model (HMM) baseline systems, and the integration of EAMs with CVEM, DT, and MLP has also significantly improved the accuracy performances of the single model systems based on CVEM, DT, and MLP, where the increased inter-model diversity is shown to have played an important role in the performance gain.
Distal Ancestral Rocky Mountains tectonism: Evolution of the Pennsylvanian-Permian Oquirrh–Wood River basin, southern Idaho

Strata of the Oquirrh–Wood River basin in southern Idaho and northeastern Nevada provide a record of the northern extent of basin development related to the Pennsylvanian-Permian Ancestral Rocky Mountains. Sedimentary facies distributions, sediment dispersal patterns, provenance analyses, and subsidence analysis suggest that reactivated thrusting within a segment of the Devonian-Mississippian Antler orogenic belt (Roberts Mountains allochthon) caused subsidence of the Oquirrh–Wood River basin. Reactivated thrusting within the Antler belt was apparently the primary expression of Ancestral Rocky Mountains tectonism in southern Idaho and northeastern Nevada. Stratigraphic architecture of the Oquirrh–Wood River basin was generally controlled by deformation of the Roberts Mountains allochthon to the west of the basin. The Oquirrh–Wood River basin trends north-northwest and is obliquely superposed on the eastern margin of the generally north-trending Roberts Mountains allochthon. Uplift of part of the allochthon resulted in complex sediment dispersal patterns during early basin development. Early basin fill includes Middle Pennsylvanian chert-pebble conglomerate derived from chert-rich Roberts Mountains allochthon strata to the northwest and west of the basin. These conglomerates were deposited in a shallow-marine setting on the northwestern to western basin margin and were progressively reworked to the southeast. Continued reactivation of the Antler belt in Late Pennsylvanian and Early Permian time resulted in the deposition of a thick quartzite-pebble conglomerate sequence along the western basin margin. Crustal loading during this phase of deformation created a generally north-trending foredeep, in which as much as 3000 m of mixed siliciclastic-carbonate turbidites were deposited in an anoxic marine environment. The siliciclastic turbidite fraction was derived from the craton interior to the northeast of the basin, whereas the carbonate fraction was derived from a carbonate platform on the eastern basin margin. Facies relationships, sandstone and conglomerate provenance, and basin-subsidence history constrain the tectonic setting and evolution of the Oquirrh–Wood River basin. The Oquirrh–Wood River basin probably developed as a flexural foredeep in front of a reactivated Antler thrust belt in a compressional or transpressional setting. If basin formation were driven by transpression, the basin could be explained by models of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains that relate deformation to the Ouachita-Marathon orogenic belt on the southern margin of North America. Alternatively, a recently proposed model relates the Ancestral Rocky Mountains to Pennsylvanian-Permian Andean-style convergence on the southwestern margin of North America. Although the age and location of the convergent margin are poorly constrained in this model, it is generally supported by the west-east to southwest-northeast compression needed to form the Oquirrh–Wood River basin.
Social Interaction and Co-Viewing With YouTube: Blending Mass Communication Reception and Social Connection

This study examined whether motives and individual differences (social activity, interpersonal interaction, locus of control, sensation-seeking, innovativeness and YouTube affinity) predicted viewing videos on YouTube and sharing videos with others. Consistent with uses and gratifications assumptions, motives and individual differences differentially predicted viewing and sharing behaviors. Participants viewed videos for information seeking, and viewed and shared videos for entertainment, co-viewing and social interaction. Results suggest that while people watch videos on YouTube for some of the same reasons identified in studies of television viewing, there is a distinctly social aspect to YouTube use that reflects its social networking characteristics.
Practices of Arab American Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus During Ramadan

Aims: To examine practices and complications among Arab Americans observing fasting during Ramadan. Methods: Adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, of native Arab ancestry, and observing fasting wer...
Antiepileptic Drugs: First Generation

Anticonvulsant medications, often called antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), are sometimes classified by the “generation” in which they were developed and introduced. This chapter focuses on pharmacologic properties and clinical use of first-generation AEDs; i.e., those anticonvulsants developed and introduced between 1912 and 1978 prior to the more rigorous placebo controlled trials currently required by the Food and Drug Administration and that are still in common use. These include carbamazepine, ethosuximide, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, and valproate.
Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Lysosomal Storage Diseases

The family of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) affects 1 out of every 5,000–7,000 live births, and most affected LSD patients experience a rapidly progressive course after disease onset due to dysfunction of the lysosome. The brain is particularly sensitive to the abnormal storage of lysosomal aggregates, and lysosomal dysfunction in neurons and other cell types leads to the progressive degeneration of the central nervous system (CNS) in as many as 75% of all LSDs. Transplantation of stem cells has been studied for several LSDs due to the tremendous promise of these cells to deliver therapeutic gene products, sequester toxic compounds (e.g., accumulated metabolites), replace affected cells through engraftment and differentiation, and decrease inflammation in neurodegenerative disease states. This chapter describes the LSDs that have been tested using stem cell transplantation (SCT), and a review of the current state of LSD research is presented and highlights clinical improvements that have been reported.
HARPSS-fabricated nano-gap comb-drive for efficient linear actuation of high frequency BAW resonators

This paper presents the design, fabrication and characterization of self-aligned nano-gap comb-drive actuators for high frequency bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonators. The comb-drive is implemented to actuate a high-Q 1 MHz annulus BAW resonator with gyroscopic modes. Measurements show a linear force density of 261.5 pN/V2μm, which is to the authors' knowledge the largest force density reported to date for silicon comb-drives. As a result, vibration amplitudes as large as 350 nm are measured using relatively small voltages. An equivalent model estimation of the mechanical nonlinearity of the resonator indicates a spring hardening effect at large displacements, which is confirmed by experimental results.
Ethical and medicolegal issues in neuromonitoring during thyroid and parathyroid surgery: a review of the recent literature.

Purpose of review Neuromonitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve is increasingly utilized in thyroid and parathyroid surgery. Many studies have examined this practice with respect to rates of nerve injury. We have reviewed this literature with specific focus on ethical and medicolegal issues. Recent findings The preponderance of data fail to show that neuromonitoring significantly reduces the rates of nerve injury in thyroid and parathyroid surgery. However, potential benefits can nevertheless be identified for patients in predicting nerve injuries and reducing risks of bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. The primary ethical and medicolegal issues raised by neuromonitoring relate to setting high expectations of unproven benefit and not utilizing the technology to gain the most information for patient care decision making. Summary Neuromonitoring can provide valuable information to surgeons about the functioning of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Surgeons should follow guidelines for optimal use of neuromonitoring but should not overestimate the benefits of neuromonitoring when discussing the technology with patients.
Cumulative Exergy and Life Cycle Assessment of Ethanol Fuel Production From Corn via Dry Milling

This study represents a cumulative exergy and life cycle assessment of corn ethanol production via dry milling. The process under consideration includes the agricultural process for production of corn, transportation of corn and industrial process of ethanol production. The secondary process of production of pesticides and fertilizers is also taken into consideration. It is seen that the exergy content of ethanol produced from this process is 23.3 MJ per liter of ethanol produced. The non-renewable input was 7.5 MJ per liter. The overall production efficiency of the industrial process was found to be 49%. The life cycle assessment results showed that both the global warming potential and acidification potential are positive which means that the production of corn ethanol via dry milling contributes to the increase of greenhouse gases and acidification.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Parameter Exploration in Acoustic Scattering Model With Limited Model Information

In this paper, we fit we explore three different model approximation schemes in order to determine a representative model of measured data. As in many experimental settings where complex phenomenon is challenging to capture, limited sampled points of the physical process are known. However, there is knowledge of an upper and lower bounding solution. In the case where only the sampled points are known, a polynomial fit of order four (with only 5 known sampled points) produces a very crude fit with the largest amount of error. An average of the bounding solutions is able to provide a more accurate fit but still moderately crude. Finally, it is shown that the convex hull of the bounding solution with the sampled points is able to provide a fit with the least amount of error. We demonstrate this by predicting the target strength of an unknown acoustically scattering rigid sphere which is sampled at equally spaced frequencies over a vast range of frequency values.
Effects of Cultural Conditions on the Content of Intra-and Extracellular Polysaccharides in Spirulina Maxima

This study revealed that the content of intra and extracellular polysaccharides may be related to the cultural conditions.With decreasing NaHCO 3 or NaNO 3 concentration,the content of intracellular polysaccharide was reduced,Reduction of NaNO 3 concentration still caused the rise of extracellular polysaccharides.The K 2HPO 4 or NaCl concentration also had an effect on the production of both intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides.When PH value of media maintained at 8.0,there was the highest content of intra and extracellular polysaccharides.The same high content also occurred after culture of nine days.In addition the content of intracellular polysaccharide was higher under continuous light than under the light/dark circle.
Technique of Network Topology and OS Camouflage

This article introduces initiative network topology and the operating system camouflage technology based on cheating in detail.Through Linux system,kernel drive's programming hold up TCP/IP stack data packet,and rewrite header information according to operating system fingerprint storehouse and network camouflage strategy,and track record information,come true data transparent transmission.Through a mass of pseudo the IP address hide away information to flow to.Protects the important computer.At the same time traps the intruder.Discovers the intruder early.Accomplish that camouflaged mission need camouflaged the IP address management,the dynamic allocation and the micro route technology work together.
Vesicoureteral Reflux and Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Why Cohorts and Methodologies Matter

Purpose: Published cohorts of children with vesicoureteral reflux placed on antibiotic prophylaxis differ in baseline characteristics and methodology. These data have been combined in meta-analyses to derive treatment recommendations. We analyzed these cohorts in an attempt to understand the disparate outcomes reported.Materials and Methods: A total of 18 studies were identified from 1987 to 2013. These series retrospectively or prospectively evaluated children with vesicoureteral reflux who were on long-term antibiotic prophylaxis. Presenting demographic data, criteria and methods of evaluation were tabulated. Outcomes were compared, specifically recurrent urinary infections and renal scarring.Results: Significant differences identified in baseline characteristics included gender, circumcision status and reflux grade, and differences in methodology included evaluation of bowel and bladder dysfunction, method of urine collection, definition of urinary infection, measurement of compliance and means of iden...
[Update on the Middle East respiratory syndrome: 2013].

2012年9月埃及病毒学家Zaki报告从沙特阿拉伯(沙特)一名60岁急性肺炎并发急性肾功能衰竭的男性患者中分离出一株新型冠状病毒[1].随后英国向WHO报告,曾赴沙特和卡塔尔旅行的一名49岁男性患者出现新型冠状病毒感染临床表现,并将该分离病毒命名为London1_novel CoY[2].2012年11月荷兰鹿特丹市Erasmus Medical Center确认Zaki报告的病毒属于新型β冠状病毒HCoV-EMC[3].此后该病毒感染呈散发状态,全球确认的病例月均不足5例.2013年2月WHO曾认为该疾病"在人-人之间的持续传播风险很低"[4],但至4、5月,分别出现19名新病例,其分布仍主要集中在中东地区或曾到过该地区的旅行者,其中多数曾与感染者有过接触.鉴此,国际病毒命名委员会于2013年5月将此病毒定名为中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(Middle Eastrespiratorysyndrome coronavirus,MERS-CoV)[5].同时WHO发出警告,MERS-CoV对全球构成威胁[6]. 关键词：中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒;流行病学
Prediction of Photochemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Aquatic Environment

ABSTRACT Mathematical models that predict concentration-time profiles can be used to assess potential exposure of aquatic organisms to toxic pollutants. Such models integrate quantitative descriptions of individual transport and transformation processes that affect pollutant behavior in the environment. Discussion in this paper focuses on methods for prediction of one important transformation process, photolysis by the action of sunlight. Two general classes of photochemical transformation are direct photolysis , initiated by direct absorption of light by the pollutant, and indirect or sensitized photolysis involving light absorption by natural “photosensitizers.” At concentrations normally encountered in natural waters, direct photolysis is described by first order rate expressions. Equations that employ solar irradiance, quantum yields, and absorption spectra of pollutants are used to predict photolysis rates as a function of time of day, season, location, and water depth. Sensitized photolysis can proceed by a variety of mechanisms including energy transfer, sensitizer-pollutant reaction, and oxidation involving singlet oxygen or free radicals. Recent studies have indicated that singlet oxygen, a species that rapidly oxidizes certain pollutants such as polycyclic aromatics, is generated photochemically in a variety of natural waters. Although qualitative evidence indicates that other types of sensitized photolysis are important, mechanisms and equations required for quantitative description of these processes are still poorly defined.
Simultaneous edit-imputation and disclosure limitation for business establishment data

ABSTRACTBusiness establishment microdata typically are required to satisfy agency-specified edit rules, such as balance equations and linear inequalities. Inevitably some establishments' reported data violate the edit rules. Statistical agencies correct faulty values using a process known as edit-imputation. Business establishment data also must be heavily redacted before being shared with the public; indeed, confidentiality concerns lead many agencies not to share establishment microdata as unrestricted access files. When microdata must be heavily redacted, one approach is to create synthetic data, as done in the U.S. Longitudinal Business Database and the German IAB Establishment Panel. This article presents the first implementation of a fully integrated approach to edit-imputation and data synthesis. We illustrate the approach on data from the U.S. Census of Manufactures and present a variety of evaluations of the utility of the synthetic data. The paper also presents assessments of disclosure risks fo...
A View from Mecca: Notes on Gujarat, the Red Sea, and the Ottomans, 1517–39/923–946 H.*

This article examines the history of Gujarat-Red Sea relations in the first quarter of a century after the Ottoman conquest of the Hijaz, in the light of Arabic narrative sources that have hitherto been largely neglected. While earlier historians have made use of both Ottoman and Portuguese archives in this context, we return here to the chronicles of Mecca itself, which prove to be an unexpectedly interesting and rich source on the matter. Our main interest is in the figure of Jarullah ibn Fahd and his extensive annalistic work, Nayl al-munā. A good part of our analysis will focus on the events of the 1530s, and the dealings of Sultan Bahadur Shah Gujarati's delegation to the Ottomans, headed by ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Asaf Khan. But we shall also look at the longer history of contacts, and conclude with brief remarks on the relevance of the career of the celebrated Gujarati-Hijazi intellectual, Qutb al-Din Muhammad Nahrawali. We thus hope to add another important, concrete dimension to our understanding of India's location in the early modern Indian Ocean world, as a tribute to the career and contribution of David Washbrook, our friend and colleague.
What is new in the prevention of nosocomial pneumonia in the ICU

Purpose of reviewTo summarize and contextualize recent evidence on preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).Recent findingsMany centers continue to report dramatic decreases in VAP rates after implementing ventilator bundles. Interpreting these reports is complicated, however, by the subject
Accuracy of Predicting Stages of Bovine Estrous Cycle by Gross Appearance of the Corpus Luteum

Four readily identifiable changes in appearance of corpora lutea (Stages I to IV) occur during a bovine estrous cycle. Accuracy of estimating the stage of an estrous cycle by appearance of corpora lutea was determined in a double-blind study. One investigator observed estrus in a group of heifers while another with no prior knowledge of reproductive histories of the heifers estimated stage of the estrous cycle by visual inspection of their corpora lutea. Stage of the estrous cycle (Stage I, days 1 to 4; Stage II, days 5 to 10; Stage III, days 11 to 17; Stage IV, days 18 to 20) was estimated correctly in 41 of 48 heifers. The correlation between estimated and actual days of the estrous cycle was .81. In addition, concentrations of progestins and weights of corpora lutea during estimated stages of the estrous cycle were similar to many other investigations. Stages of the estrous cycle in heifers can be estimated from appearance of corpora lutea.
Twenty-five Years after the ADA: How Can Organizations Meaningfully Impact People with Disabilities?

This past year marked the 25th year of the Americans with Disabilities Act, an Act that sought to protect the disabled and provide them some level of equity. The statistics on disability are both startling and grim. One in five Americans, over 48 million people, roughly 20% of the population has a disability. In 2013, only about 17% of people with disabilities were employed, and the employment rate for even those with college education lags 30% behind those without disabilities. This symposium will examine the issues surrounding employment of people with invisible disabilities; Asperger’s syndrome, mental illness and epilepsy, as well as social medial portrayals of disability in general, and advocacy strategies from the field of education, to identify what firms can do to allow these individuals the opportunity to perform meaningful work. The term disability covers an extremely wide spectrum of conditions, over one thousand, which limit major life activities. By shining a spotlight on a few, we hope to sh...
Can Rates of Ocean Primary Production and Biological Carbon Export Be Related Through Their Probability Distributions

We describe the basis of a theory for interpreting measurements of two key biogeochemical fluxes-primary production by phytoplankton (p, μg C · L-1 · day-1) and biological carbon export from the surface ocean by sinking particles (f, mg C · m-2 · day-1)-in terms of their probability distributions. Given that p and f are mechanistically linked but variable and effectively measured on different scales, we hypothesize that a quantitative relationship emerges between collections of the two measurements. Motivated by the many subprocesses driving production and export, we take as a null model that large-scale distributions of p and f are lognormal. We then show that compilations of p and f measurements are consistent with this hypothesis. The compilation of p measurements is extensive enough to subregion by biome, basin, depth, or season; these subsets are also well described by lognormals, whose log-moments sort predictably. Informed by the lognormality of both p and f we infer a statistical scaling relationship between the two quantities and derive a linear relationship between the log-moments of their distributions. We find agreement between two independent estimates of the slope and intercept of this line and show that the distribution of f measurements is consistent with predictions made from the moments of the p distribution. These results illustrate the utility of a distributional approach to biogeochemical fluxes. We close by describing potential uses and challenges for the further development of such an approach.
Role of Microspores and Anther Culture in Advancing Technologies

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of microspores and anther culture in advancing technologies. Anther culture is used for the derivation of haploid or doubled-haploid cells and plants, and is currently one of the most valuable in vitro procedures for plant breeders. The chapter presents the following four components of anther culture: (1) genotypes among species and cultivars, and genotype-environment interactions expressed in the physiological condition of the parent plant, (2) shock treatment, that is, high or low temperature, (3) stage of the microspores within anthers, and (4) media including suitable hormones in plant regeneration. Successful anther culture requires the selection of material at or close to the uninucleate stage of microspore development; in other words, mature pollen grains are unsuitable for reliable sporophytic development because they cannot be effectively diverted from pollen tube formation and only young microspores are productive for androgenesis. Microspores, pollen grains, and germinating pollen represent excellent sources for numerous genetic and developmental studies, and will develop into an important adjunct to standard plant breeding practices if protocols can be developed to control, either prevent or promote as needed, in vitro induced genetic alterations.
Pial microvascular hemodynamics in anemia

Isovolemic hemodilution and subsequent anemia increase cerebral blood flow (CBF). We hypothesized that pial microvascular pressure also increases with hemodilution and that arteriolar diameter vari...
Electric Field and Current

One of the most important discoveries made in space plasma physics is the existence of electric field parallel to the direction of the magnetic field, E∥. Hannes Alfven developed an auroral model in 1939 predicting existence of electric fields directed along the magnetic field B driving a field-aligned current (FAC), J∥. But it was not until 1960 that the first evidence of E∥ was obtained. Electron beams were observed moving earthward along the geomagnetic field to produce the aurora while the ions moved outward in the opposite direction. These beams are produced when thermal particles are accelerated by E∥ along B. The electron and ion beams are part of the global auroral current system induced by the solar wind interaction with the magnetosphere. We have since learned that all of the dynamics associated with the aurora can be organized within the framework of the global current systems.
Divergent Temporal Courses for Liking vs. Wanting in Response to Persuasion

Liking and wanting are two foundational processes underlying the individual’s reward system. Whereas the differences between liking and wanting have been studied extensively in the context of substance addiction, there have been few empirical studies of their manifestation in ordinary, non-addictive contexts of behavior. In particular, previous research showed a temporal divergence of liking and wanting over repeated exposures to drugs; however, the temporal progression of liking versus wanting in response to ordinary stimuli remains less understood. This research tests the temporal divergence of liking versus wanting responses in a prevalent domain, namely, in response to persuasive messages, using a highly powered field experiment involving over 1,000 real-life stimuli and 100,000 subjects. Subjects were exposed to sequences of TV advertisements in random orderings and indicated how much they liked the persuasive messages and wanted the promoted items. We found, not surprisingly, an overall positive correlation whereby greater message liking was associated with greater wanting of the item. However, underlying the overall correlation we found a sharp divergence with respect to the serial progression of liking versus wanting. Specifically, message liking was highest early in the sequence whereas wanting of the promoted item was highest late in the sequence. We posit and provide evidence that this divergence is due to an appetizing effect for wanting, in contrast to a habituation and reference adaptation effect for liking. We discuss the implications of our results for theories of liking versus wanting for addictive as well as ordinary substances.
Cretaceous asterid evolution: fruits of Eydeia jerseyensis sp. nov. (Cornales) from the upper Turonian of eastern North America.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The asterids (>80 000 extant species) appear in the fossil record with considerable diversity near the Turonian-Coniacian boundary (~90 Ma; Late Cretaceous) and are strongly represented in the earliest diverging lineage, Cornales. These early asterid representatives have so far been reported from western North America and eastern Asia. In this study, we characterize a new cornalean taxon based on charcoalified fruits from the upper Turonian of eastern North America, a separate landmass from western North America at the time, and identify early palaeobiogeographical patterns of Cornales during the Cretaceous. METHODS Fossils were studied and imaged using scanning electron microscopy and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scanning. To assess the systematic affinities of the fossils, phylogenetic analyses were conducted using maximum parsimony. KEY RESULTS The charcoalified fruits are represented by tri-locular woody endocarps with dorsal apically opening germination valves. Three septa intersect to form a robust central axis. Endocarp ground tissue consists of two zones: an outer endocarp composed of isodiametric sclereids and an inner endocarp containing circum-locular fibres. Central vasculature is absent; however, there are several small vascular bundles scattered within the septa. Phylogenetic analysis places the new taxon within the extinct genus Eydeia. DISCUSSION Thick-walled endocarps with apically opening germination valves, no central vascular bundle and one seed per locule are indicative of the order Cornales. Comparative analysis suggests that the fossils represent a new species, Eydeia jerseyensis sp. nov. This new taxon is the first evidence of Cornales in eastern North America during the Cretaceous and provides insights into the palaeobiogeography and initial diversification of the order.
Journal of Public Affairs Education at 25: Topics, trends, and authors

Upon the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Journal of Public Affairs Education (JPAE), this article examines its development from 1995 to 2018. Many scholars in public affairs and administrat...
An Ecosystem for Disaster Relief Operations

When disasters strike, communications, coordination, and information sharing among the first responders and emergency personnel become critical to the success and efficiency of relief operations, including response and recovery. This article explores the ecosystem of disaster relief operations in three dimensions within the public safety domain -- communications, information sharing, and decision-making - in order to build a solution that will significantly enhance relief operations that take place on the ground immediately after a disaster strikes. It also explores the underlying processes and their interrelationships and identifies strategies for enhanced first responder coordination and response.
Comparison of crystal structures of 4-(benzo[b]thio-phen-2-yl)-5-(3,4,5-tri-meth-oxy-phen-yl)-2H-1,2,3-triazole and 4-(benzo[b]thio-phen-2-yl)-2-methyl-5-(3,4,5-tri-meth-oxy-phen-yl)-2H-1,2,3-triazole

The title compound, C19H17N3O3S (I), was prepared by a [3 + 2]cyclo­addition azide condensation reaction using sodium azide and l-proline as a Lewis base catalyst. N-Methyl­ation of compound (I) using CH3I gave compound (II), C20H19N3O3S. The benzo­thio­phene ring systems in (I) and (II) are almost planar, with r.m.s deviations from the mean plane = 0.0205 (14) in (I) and 0.016 (2) A in (II). In (I) and (II), the triazole rings make dihedral angles of 32.68 (5) and 10.43 (8)°, respectively, with the mean planes of the benzo­thio­phene ring systems. The trimeth­oxy phenyl rings make dihedral angles with the benzo­thio­phene rings of 38.48 (4) in (I) and 60.43 (5)° in (II). In the crystal of (I), the mol­ecules are linked into chains by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds with R21(5) ring motifs. After the N-methyl­ation of structure (I), no hydrogen-bonding inter­actions were observed for structure (II). The crystal structure of (II) has a minor component of disorder that corresponds to a 180° flip of the benzo­thio­phene ring system [occupancy ratio 0.9363 (14):0.0637 (14)].
B(l)ack home in the Middle Ages: Medievalism in Jessie Redmon Fauset’s ‘My House and a Glimpse of My Life Therein’

This essay contends that the writings of Jessie Redmon Fauset, styled the ‘midwife of the Harlem Renaissance’ by her protege Langston Hughes, reveal that one of nineteenth-century medievalism’s ghosts is the utilization of the medieval European idyll for the radically creative ends of racial justice. Focusing on one of her early short writings and taking up the critical reception of her work, including its denigration in the mid-20th century, this article examines Fauset’s uses of popular nineteenth-century medievalist literature and contextualizes it within the medievalizing discourses of her contemporaries and interlocutors. The essay argues that Fauset’s work posits a literary modernism in which medievalism is a central component that underwrites African-American writers’ claim to equal ownership of the entire American literary canon, including its supposed homogeneously white English pre-history. The article concludes that Fauset’s literary medievalism offers valuable lessons for 21st-century medievalisms’ engagements with racial ideology.
Promoter Specific Activating Domains of the Chicken Progesterone Receptor

Analysis of the functional properties of two naturally occurring chicken progesterone receptors (cPR) has allowed us to begin to examine the interaction of steroid receptors with transcription factors. The cPR A and B proteins differ by an additional 128 amino acids located at the N-terminus of the B protein. These proteins are functionally distinct in terms of their ability to activate specific traget genes. The N-terminal region of the cPR B protein is an acidic domain which acts as a promoter specific transcriptional regulating domain when transferred to a heterologous receptor. The regulatory function of this domain is independent of the DNA binding specificity of the receptor and appears to reflect modulation of receptor interaction with transcription factors. The estrogen and progesterone receptors appear to interact with common transcription factors. Competition for common transcription factors by these proteins does not require DNA binding.
Radiology Case 13

A 24 y/o f presents after a fall on an outstretched hand. On exam, she has pain at the elbow, most prominently at the lateral aspect and with motion.
A dual function PUS enzyme

The traditional function of pseudouridine synthases is to convert uridine residues in RNA to pseudouridines. A study reveals a new function for the human PUS10 protein, which enhances micro-RNA maturation in addition to tRNA modification.
8 – the normal curve model

Publisher Summary A normal distribution model is a theoretical distribution as its shape is defined by a mathematical equation and it would never be exactly duplicated by empirical data. One frequently used theoretical model is the normal curve. One use of this model is as follows: If it is assumed that raw scores in the population are normally distributed, and that one knows or can estimate the population mean and standard deviation, one can obtain the percent of the population with raw scores above or below or between specified values and/or the raw score that demarcates specified percent in the population. The shape of the normal curve looks like a bell; it is high in the middle and low at either ends or tails. Values in the middle of the curve (close to the mean of the distribution) have a greater probability of occurring than values further away (nearer the tails of the distribution). The normal curve is unimodal, as it has one peak and is symmetrical. The normal curve does not touch the X axis until it reaches (+ and –) infinity. Extreme positive and negative values can occur, but are extremely unlikely.
A multi-century, tree-ring-derived perspective of the North Cascades (USA) 2014–2016 snow drought

Cool-season precipitation is a critical component of western North American water supplies. In recent decades, snow water equivalent (snowpack) has declined dramatically, culminating in record lows along the northern Cascade Range, USA, during the winters of 2014 and 2015. Given the brevity of observational records, the extent to which these recent trends exceed historical ranges of variability remains poorly understood. Here, we use a network of 30 tree-ring chronologies to reconstruct April 1 snowpack in the northern Cascade Mountains (Washington, USA) over the past ca. 400 years that accounts for 62% of the instrumental period variability. The reconstruction is characterized by considerable interannual- to interdecadal-scale variability. Yet, the most conspicuous feature is a decline that began in the mid-1970s concurrent with a shift to above-average air temperature which is accelerated through to the most recent years of the record. The 2014–2016 snow drought, especially snow conditions during the 2015 winter, across the northern Cascades is unprecedented within the context of the last 400 years. The reconstruction is characterized by considerable interannual- to interdecadal-scale variability, but a conspicuous decline emerged in the mid-1970s and accelerated through to the most recent years of the record to levels below the pre-industrial envelope of variability. This decline culminated in the 2014–2016 northern Cascade Mountains snow drought, which is unprecedented within the context of the last 400 years. Not only is the twentieth–twenty-first century period characterized by the rapid decline in snowpack conditions, it is also highly volatile. Extreme flips in snowpack conditions (year-to-year changes between 95th percentiles) during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries were anomalous within the context of the record. These patterns described for the North Cascades are concurrent with anomalously low snowpack in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, and thus part of a broader trend toward reduced snowpack in western North America. This decline will fundamentally impact regional drought and hydrography in North Cascadia and is likely the combined result of rising temperatures, weakening
Study on the influential factors in severe cases of hand-foot-mouth disease in Beijing

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and the risk factors of severe hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) in Beijing,so as to provide basis for early diagnosis and to reduce severe or death cases of HFMD in Beijing.Methods All 352 severe cases of HFMD in 2012 reported by the China disease surveillance network reporting system were included in this study.304 clinically diagnostic mild HFMD cases were selected as control group.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the risk factors.Results Univariate analysis indicated that 7 factors had statistical significance,including agc,occupation,hospital type at the initial visit,diagnosis of HFMD at the first visit and the etiology (P ＜ 0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that the scattered children,not diagnosed as HFMD at the first visit,contacting with sick children before disease onset and enterovirus type were the risk factors,the odds ratios (95％ CI) were 1.52 (1.02-2.45) 、11.49 (5.05-26.32),1.75 (1.07-2.84),2.87 (1.42-5.85),respectively.Conclusions Focused surveillance for the scattered children,health education for the parents,timely quarantine of HFMD patients,diagnosis and treatment training in the health service institutions as well as strengthening pathogen detection and monitoring capability are all effective measures for early detection,diagnosis and treatment of severe hand-foot-mouth disease. Key words: Hand-foot-mouth disease; Severe cases; Risk factors; Logistic regression analysis
Predicting Boundary-Layer Transition over Backward-Facing Steps via Linear Stability Analysis

Laminar–turbulent transition downstream of a backward-facing step (BFS) in a two-dimensional zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer is investigated computationally for step-height–to–local-displacem...
Predicting the slope of the radial distribution function of a hard disk fluid

The slope of the radial distribution function at contact is investigated for a pure component two-dimensional hard disk fluid. Using the framework of scaled particle theory (SPT), an exact equation...
Kenya Sugar Industry: Lessons from Asian Sugar Industry in Colonial Kenya

During 2015, Kenya's sugar industry was at the center of much controversy as a result of a trade agreement the country's leadership negotiated with Uganda. The agreement allowed Kenyan entrepreneurs to export beef and milk to Uganda while allowing Uganda to dump 145,000 metric tons (MT) of sugar into Kenya. This drew strong protest from sugar producing regions in western Kenya as it was likely to depress prices of Kenyan produced sugar and potentially harm a Kenyan sugar industry already struggling to survive so as to favor certain economic interest groups. What many Kenyans, including sugar growers and processors, did not know was that a similar situation happened in the 1950s. Then the colonial state sought to secure exports of wheat grown by European farmers to Uganda in exchange for dumping cheap Uganda sugar into Kenya. This paper seeks to illustrate an unfortunate commonality that has characterized Kenya's sugar industry in the colonial and independent periods: a lack of political support and a failure to put the interests of sugarcane growers and processors first while favoring special interest groups with political clout. The paper further indicates lessons to be learned from the colonial sugar industry that are crucial at this challenging time for Kenya's sugar industry. Most importantly, the Asian sugar industry during the colonial period sheds light as to whether the viability of peasant or estate production of sugar is more sustainable.