cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uncovering Spatial Variation in Acoustic Environments Using Sound Mapping.

Animals select and use habitats based on environmental features relevant to their ecology and behavior. For animals that use acoustic communication, the sound environment itself may be a critical feature, yet acoustic characteristics are not commonly measured when describing habitats and as a result, how habitats vary acoustically over space and time is poorly known. Such considerations are timely, given worldwide increases in anthropogenic noise combined with rapidly accumulating evidence that noise hampers the ability of animals to detect and interpret natural sounds. Here, we used microphone arrays to record the sound environment in three terrestrial habitats (forest, prairie, and urban) under ambient conditions and during experimental noise introductions. We mapped sound pressure levels (SPLs) over spatial scales relevant to diverse taxa to explore spatial variation in acoustic habitats and to evaluate the number of microphones needed within arrays to capture this variation under both ambient and noisy conditions. Even at small spatial scales and over relatively short time spans, SPLs varied considerably, especially in forest and urban habitats, suggesting that quantifying and mapping acoustic features could improve habitat descriptions. Subset maps based on input from 4, 8, 12 and 16 microphones differed slightly ( 4 dBA/pixel) from full maps than the remaining subset maps, but maps with input from eight microphones resulted in smaller differences. Thus, acoustic environments varied over small spatial scales and variation could be mapped with input from 4-8 microphones. Mapping sound in different environments will improve understanding of acoustic environments and allow us to explore the influence of spatial variation in sound on animal ecology and behavior.
Mathematical modeling of a surface morphological instability of a thin monocrystal film in a strong electric field

A partial differential equation (PDE)-based model combining the effects of surface electromigration and substrate wetting is developed for the analysis of the morphological instability of a monocrystalline metal film in a high temperature environment typical to operational conditions of microelectronic interconnects and nanoscale devices. The model accounts for the anisotropies of the atomic mobility and surface energy. The goal is to describe and understand the time-evolution of the shape of the film surface. The formulation of a nonlinear parabolic PDE problem for the height function h(x,t) of the film in the electric field is presented, followed by the results of the linear stability analysis of a planar surface. Computations of a fully nonlinear evolution equation are presented and discussed.
Development of a quality of life module for nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM)

Background: Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) offer key information about living with a chronic illness. NTM can co-occur with bronchiectasis, causing symptoms that impair health-related quality of life (HRQoL). NTM is hard to treat and few good outcome measures exist. Thus, PROs could measure symptom improvement when testing new treatments or when using existing therapies. This study developed a HRQoL module specific to NTM symptoms to accompany the QoL–Bronchiectasis (QoL-B). Methods: Following FDA Guidance on PRO development, NTM literature was reviewed, focus groups were led by a psychologist, and items were created and tested. Focus groups were conducted with adults with NTM and non-CF bronchiectasis at 2 sites (N=31,M age=67.4,94% female,100% white). Patients were asked how NTM affects their daily lives, completed the QoL-B, and proposed items specific to NTM. Nine physicians specializing in pulmonology and NTM participated in a panel to suggest relevant items. Open-ended interviews were conducted (N=9,M age=65.6,89% female,89% white) to assess clarity of instructions, items, and rating scales. A draft measure was created and tested in cognitive interviews with 46 adults (M age=68.5,94% female,98% white); feedback was elicited. Results: Focus groups identified eating issues, fever, and chills; physicians also identified body image as a concern. The NTM Module consisted of: NTM Symptoms, Body Image, Eating Problems, and Digestive Symptoms. Strong reliability was obtained (α=.72-.87). Conclusions: Cognitive testing indicated that the draft items were relevant and easy to understand. Next steps include psychometric validation and identification of the minimal important difference score (MID).
Changes in the Natural Microflora During Incubation of Fresh and Processed Human Milks

Seven pooled human milks, each from at least 6 different breast-feeding mothers (4 weeks post-partum) were studied for microbial population and flora changes during storage at 37°C. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. constituted a considerable part (39-100%) of the microflora in 6 of 7 pools of fresh milk, with coryneform bacteria, Lactobacillus , Micrococcus and Streptococcus spp. isolated less frequently. Storage of raw milk for 8 h caused a shift in flora favoring the Lactobacillus spp. After 24 h, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were dominant in 4 of 7 pools, coryneform bacteria in 2 of 7, and Lactobacillus and Micrococcus spp. each in 1 of 7 pools. Low levels of bacteria were detected in 2 of 7 pasteurized pools, consisting of Staphylococcus spp. or yeasts. Freezing of the milk before storage at 37°C had little effect on the aerobic plate counts.
Role of the strange quark in the ρ(770) meson

Recently, the GWU lattice group has evaluated high-precision phase-shift data for ππ scattering in the I = 1, J = 1 channel. Unitary Chiral Perturbation Theory describes these data well around the resonance region and for different pion masses. Moreover, it allows to extrapolate to the physical point and estimate the effect of the missing KK channel in the two-flavor lattice calculation. The absence of the strange quark in the lattice data leads to a lower ρ mass, and the analysis with Uχ PT shows that the KK channel indeed pushes the ππ -scattering phase shift upward, having a surprisingly large effect on the ρ -mass. The inelasticity is shown to be compatible with the experimental data. The analysis is then extended to all available two-flavor lattice simulations and similar mass shifts are observed. Chiral extrapolations of N f = 2 + 1 lattice simulations for the ρ (770) are also reported.
When do correlations increase with firing rates in recurrent networks

A central question in neuroscience is to understand how noisy firing patterns are used to transmit information. Because neural spiking is noisy, spiking patterns are often quantified via pairwise correlations, or the probability that two cells will spike coincidentally, above and beyond their baseline firing rate. One observation frequently made in experiments, is that correlations can increase systematically with firing rate. Theoretical studies have determined that stimulus-dependent correlations that increase with firing rate can have beneficial effects on information coding; however, we still have an incomplete understanding of what circuit mechanisms do, or do not, produce this correlation-firing rate relationship. Here, we studied the relationship between pairwise correlations and firing rates in recurrently coupled excitatory-inhibitory spiking networks with conductance-based synapses. We found that with stronger excitatory coupling, a positive relationship emerged between pairwise correlations and firing rates. To explain these findings, we used linear response theory to predict the full correlation matrix and to decompose correlations in terms of graph motifs. We then used this decomposition to explain why covariation of correlations with firing rate—a relationship previously explained in feedforward networks driven by correlated input—emerges in some recurrent networks but not in others. Furthermore, when correlations covary with firing rate, this relationship is reflected in low-rank structure in the correlation matrix.
God Belief as an Innate Aspect of Human Nature: A Response to John Shook and Questions for Justin Barrett

John Shook’s article “Are People Born to be Believers, or are Gods Born to be Believed?” (this volume) critiques research findings and writings by Justin Barrett suggesting that god beliefs may be innate among human beings. In response to points raised by Shook, we first discuss several complications that need to be balanced when defining and assessing the innateness hypothesis. Second, we address the question of how both god believers and nonbelievers might have both favorable and unfavorable responses to claims of god beliefs being innate. Third, we consider whether certain additional features, besides (vague) god beliefs themselves, might be part of a human predisposition toward religious belief. We agree with Shook’s claims that researchers’ own beliefs may impact their research questions, methods, and interpretations of findings. Given the pervasive risk of blind spots and biases, we conclude by emphasizing the need for accountability, transparency, skepticism, open-mindedness, and collegiality among scholars.
Speech Intelligibility and Psychosocial Functioning in Deaf Children and Teens with Cochlear Implants

Deaf children with cochlear implants (CIs) are at risk for psychosocial adjustment problems, possibly due to delayed speech-language skills. This study investigated associations between a core component of spoken-language ability-speech intelligibility-and the psychosocial development of prelingually deaf CI users. Audio-transcription measures of speech intelligibility and parent reports of psychosocial behaviors were obtained for two age groups (preschool, school-age/teen). CI users in both age groups scored more poorly than typically hearing peers on speech intelligibility and several psychosocial scales. Among preschool CI users, five scales were correlated with speech intelligibility: functional communication, attention problems, atypicality, withdrawal, and adaptability. These scales and four additional scales were correlated with speech intelligibility among school-age/teen CI users: leadership, activities of daily living, anxiety, and depression. Results suggest that speech intelligibility may be an important contributing factor underlying several domains of psychosocial functioning in children and teens with CIs, particularly involving socialization, communication, and emotional adjustment.
Increased aggression and lack of maternal behavior in Dio3-deficient mice are associated with abnormalities in oxytocin and vasopressin systems

Thyroid hormones regulate many aspects of brain development and function, and alterations in the levels of thyroid hormone action lead to abnormal anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. A complement of factors in the brain function independently of circulating levels of hormone to strictly controlled local thyroid hormone signaling. A critical factor is the type 3 deiodinase (DIO3), which is located in neurons and protects the brain from excessive thyroid hormone. Here, we examined whether a local increase in brain thyroid hormone action secondary to DIO3 deficiency is of consequence for social behaviors. Although we did not observe alterations in sociability, Dio3-/- mice of both sexes exhibited a significant increase in aggression-related behaviors and mild deficits in olfactory function. In addition, 85% of Dio3-/- dams manifested no pup-retrieval behavior and increased aggression toward the newborns. The abnormal social behaviors of Dio3-/- mice were associated with sexually dimorphic alterations in the physiology of oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), 2 neuropeptides with important roles in determining social interactions. These alterations included low adult serum levels of OXT and AVP, and an abnormal expression of Oxt, Avp and their receptors in the neonatal and adult hypothalamus. Our results demonstrate that DIO3 is essential for normal aggression and maternal behaviors, and indicate that abnormal local regulation of thyroid hormone action in the brain may contribute to the social deficits associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.
Aberrant blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent signal oscillations across frequency bands characterize the alcoholic brain

Chronic alcoholism is associated with widespread regional differences from controls in brain activity and connectivity dynamics measured by blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals. Identification of alcoholism-related neurofunctional power dynamics using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that relate to cognition and behavior may serve as biomarkers of alcoholism. Previously, resting-state fMRI studies examined BOLD signals at a single low-frequency (LF) bandwidth. BOLD signals, however, oscillate systematically at different frequencies and are organized in a resting brain where LF oscillation facilitates long-distance communication between regions across cortical regions, whereas high-frequency (HF) oscillation occurs in closely localized, subcortical areas. Using a frequency power quantification approach, we investigated whether the organization of BOLD signal oscillations across all measured frequency bandwidths is altered in alcoholism and relates to cognitive performance. Frequency-dependent oscillation power differences between 56 sober alcoholics and 56 healthy controls occurred for all frequency bands. Alcoholics exhibited greater frequency oscillation power in the orbitofrontal cortex and less power in the posterior insula within the HF bandwidth than controls. Aberrant orbitofrontal HF power was associated with poorer memory performance and slower psychomotor speed in alcoholics. Middle-frequency and LF power proved sensitive in detecting altered frequency oscillation dynamics in parietal and postcentral cortical regions of alcoholics. This study is novel in identifying alcohol-related differences in BOLD oscillation power of the full fMRI frequency bandwidth. Specifically, HF power aberrations were associated with poorer cognitive functioning in alcoholism and may serve as a biomarker for identifying neural targets for repair.
Photoinduced nanobubble-driven superfast diffusion of nanoparticles imaged by 4D electron microscopy

Dynamics of active or propulsive Brownian particles in nonequilibrium status have recently attracted great interest in many fields including artificial micro/nanoscopic motors and biological entities. Understanding of their dynamics can provide insight into the statistical properties of physical and biological systems far from equilibrium. We report the translational dynamics of photon-activated gold nanoparticles (NPs) in water imaged by liquid-cell four-dimensional electron microscopy (4D-EM) with high spatiotemporal resolution. Under excitation of femtosecond laser pulses, we observed that those NPs exhibit superfast diffusive translation with a diffusion constant four to five orders of magnitude greater than that in the absence of laser excitation. The measured diffusion constant follows a power-law dependence on the laser fluence and a linear increase with the laser repetition rate, respectively. This superfast diffusion of the NPs is induced by a strong random driving force arising from the photoinduced steam nanobubbles (NBs) near the NP surface. In contrast, the NPs exhibit a superfast ballistic translation at a short time scale down to nanoseconds. Combining with a physical model simulation, this study reveals a photoinduced NB propulsion mechanism for propulsive motion, providing physical insights into better design of light-activated artificial micro/nanomotors. The liquid-cell 4D-EM also provides the potential of studying other numerical dynamical behaviors in their native environments.
Shifts in Microbial Sensitivity: Implications for Pediatrics

Almost without warning, several pathogens - the most worrisome among them being H. influenzae - that had been stable over three decades in their sensitivity to particular antibiotics have undergone...
Libros y lecturas. Los desafíos del mundo digital

Elegi como tema de mi conferencia los desafios del mundo digital. Lo hice, en primer lugar, porque mi campo de trabajo como historiador es la historia de la cultura escrita en la larga duracion, entre la Edad Media y el mundo contemporaneo. En esta historia, la Revolucion Digital introduce una ruptura radical en cuanto a la relacion entre las formas de inscripcion y circulacion de los textos y los procesos que construyen su sentido. Aunque soy o, mejor dicho tal vez, es porque soy un historia...
Agreement Between Visual Assessment and 2-Dimensional Analysis During Jump Landing Among Healthy Female Athletes.

Context: Altered movement patterns, including increased frontal-plane knee movement and decreased sagittal-plane hip and knee movement, have been associated with several knee disorders. Nevertheless, the ability of clinicians to visually detect such altered movement patterns during high-speed athletic tasks is relatively unknown. Objective: To explore the association between visual assessment and 2-dimensional (2D) analysis of frontal-plane knee movement and sagittal-plane hip and knee movement during a jump-landing task among healthy female athletes. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Gymnasiums of participating volleyball teams. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 39 healthy female volleyball players (age = 21.0 ± 5.2 years, height = 172.0 ± 8.6 cm, mass = 64.2 ± 7.2 kg) from Divisions I and II of the Israeli Volleyball Association. Main Outcome Measure(s): Frontal-plane knee movement and sagittal-plane hip and knee movement during jump landing were visually rated as good, moderate, or...
Venous thrombosis following pancreaticoduodenectomy with venous resection.

Abstract Background Addition of en bloc segmental venous reconstruction (VR) to pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for venous involvement of pancreatic tumors increases the complexity of the operation and may increase complications. The long-term mesenteric venous patency rate and oncologic outcome has not been well defined. Methods Our prospective database was reviewed to assess 90-day postoperative outcomes for patients who underwent PD or PD + VR (September 2004-June 2016). Two independent observers reviewed CT scans to determine long-term vein patency. In patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, the impact of VR on 5-year overall survival was assessed using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression. Student's t-test was used to evaluate continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables. Results Three hundred ninety-three patients underwent PD (51 PD + VR). Patients undergoing PD + VR had longer operations (561 ± 119 versus 433 ± 89 min, P Conclusions PD + VR does not increase short-term morbidity, but venous thrombosis is frequent and can occur long after surgery. Survival is inferior when VR is required especially in the absence of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Measurement of Stark amplitudes alpha, beta in the 6(2)P1/2-->7(2)P1/2 transition in atomic thallium.

We report measurements of the Stark amplitude coefficients \ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\beta} for the transition 6${P}_{1/2}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}7${P}_{1/2}$ (293 nm) in $^{205}\mathrm{Tl}$ in an external electric field E. \ensuremath{\alpha} is determined by measurement of absorption of 293-nm light at the F=1\ensuremath{\rightarrow}F=1 resonance in a cell with known electric field and interaction length, and calibrated density. \ensuremath{\beta} is determined from the ratio ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}$/${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}$ of intensities of F=0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}F=1 and F=0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}F=0 lines in fluorescence. We obtain \ensuremath{\alpha}=(1.31\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}$ cm/V, \ensuremath{\beta}=(1.09\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}$ cm/V (where ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}$ is the electron Bohr magneton). These results indicate substantial shielding by core electrons. \ensuremath{\beta} is combined with previous measurements of Im(${\mathrm{scrE}}^{P}$/\ensuremath{\beta}), where ${\mathrm{scrE}}_{P}$ is the parity-nonconserving electric dipole amplitude, to yield ${\mathrm{scrE}}_{P}$. .AE
MECHANICAL ANISOTROPY AND CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC TEXTURE IN TiAlMn ALLOY SHEET

ABSTRACT Hexagonal close packed metals and alloys exhibit preferred orientations following thermo-mechanical treatments which result in anisotropic physical, magnetic and mechanical properties. The anisotropic nature of these materials may either be beneficial or detrimental depending on the specific application(s) of these textured materials. We report here the recent study on the crystallographic texture and mechanical anisotropy of a TiAlMn sheet. The crystallographic texture of the sheet was characterized using both the inverse and direct pole figures. The inverse pole figures were determined along the three orthogonal directions of the sheet from which the texture coefficients (TCs) and f-factors were evaluated. C rystallite o rientation d istribution f unctions were derived from the pole figure data and the predominant ideal orientations in the Euler plots were identified. The anisotropic mechanical properties were investigated using gridded tensile samples along the rolling (RD) and transverse (TD) directions of the sheet and the variations of width contractions with length elongations were determined. The contractile strain ratios (CSRs), R and P , were evaluated from these data. These CSRs are also the mechanical anisotropy parameters appearing in the modified Hill's formulation for the generalized stress, and the ratio of the strengths along the RD and TD derived from the experiments was correlated with the generalized stress formulation. Crystal plasticity models based on slip on the prism, basal and pyramidal slip system were applied with the derived CODF, and the model predictions are correlated with experimental results.
Orthostatic Disorders of Blood Pressure Control: Prevalence and Diagnosis

Unfortunately, there is no scientific basis for an accurate estimate of the prevalence of any of the disorders described in this chapter. Orthostatic hypotension due to autonomic insufficiency is a rare disorder, except in two groups of individuals: the elderly, in whom autonomic insufficiency is often associated with other CNS derangements, such as parkinsonism, and long-term diabetic patients, whose neuropathy usually involves somatic as well as autonomic nerves and is accompanied by other degenerative complications of diabetes mellitus.
Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections in Surgical Patients: a Controlled Study on the Excess Morbidity and costs

The increased hospital stay and excess hospitalization costs that resulted from Foley catheter-associated urinary tract infection after 5 common surgical procedures were evaluated in a case-matched and controlled study. Nosocomial urinary tract infections increased postoperative hospital stay by an average of 2.4 days (p equals 0.017) and increased hospital costs by $558 per patient. Recommendations for prevention of urinary catheter-associated infections can be assessed accurately by comparison to the parameters of morbidity and cost.
Physiological Characteristics of Hypocretin/Orexin Neurons

The discovery of a novel hypothalamic neuropeptide, hypocretin/orexin, in 1998 by two groups working independently has generated growing levels of interest due to the role of these cells in arousal and narcolepsy, as well as energy homeostasis. The preprohypocretin protein is cleaved into two neuroactive peptides, hypocretin 1 and hypocretin 2. In this chapter, the hypocretin nomenclature will be used, and it is viewed as synonymous with orexin nomenclature; hypocretin 1 is orexin A, and hypocretin 2 is orexin B. A large number of studies have analyzed the effects of the hypocretins on neuronal physiology, and on behavior. Within the CNS, the hypocretin neurons are located exclusively in the lateral hypothalamus/perifornical area where they are randomly distributed among neurons of several other identified and unidentified phenotypes. Morphologically, the cells are typical of the lateral hypothalamus, with three or four proximal dendrites that branch distally, and long axons that innervate both local (Figure 1) and distant regions of the brain. Hypocretin axons innervate many areas of the brain and spinal cord and similarly, the peptide receptors are distributed widely within the brain. The lack of a clear morphological signature has made it difficult to identify live hypocretin neurons for the purpose of electrophysiological characterization. Sakurai et al. identified and studied the gene encoding for hypocretin and its upstream promoter region. By integrating the hypocretin promoter upstream from a sequence coding for a codon-corrected jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP) and generating transgenic mice expressing this sequence, the hypocretin neurons could be identified by their green fluorescence when stimulated by blue light. Importantly, all cells that expressed GFP in hypocretin GFP transgenic mice also showed immunoreactivity for hypocretin, indicating the selective expression of the reporter gene only in hypocretin neurons.
Incremental Value of Left Atrial Geometric Remodeling in Predicting Late Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence After Pulmonary Vein Isolation: A Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Study.

Background Left atrial (LA) enlargement is a marker for increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, LA remodeling is a complex process that is poorly understood, and LA geometric remodelin...
STABILIZING POWERS OF MONETARY POLICY UNDER RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS

This chapter discusses the sense in which monetary policy, even systematic and correctly anticipated policy, can make a difference for the stability of output in a rational expectations model with sticky prices and wages. The passive monetary rule in which the money supply does not respond to the state of the economy will not generally be efficient with regard to the variances of output and the price level. In fact, no particular policy rule among the class of rules studied is undominated in this respect for every configuration of the parameters. Hyperactivist rules that attempt to insulate output or interest rates from the state of the economy will leave the expected future price level, and thus current aggregate demand, completely indeterminate.
Can worry and physiological anxiety uniquely predict children and adolescents' academic achievement and intelligence?

When exploring the relationship anxiety has with IQ, academic achievement studies often rely on diagnostic groups or total scores for an anxiety measure. The differential effects caused by anxiety ...
Halpha Velocity Mapping of Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies

We use imaging Fabry-Perot observations to explore the dynamical conditions in four southern ultraluminous (L_IR > 10^12 L_sun) infrared galaxies. These galaxies all show morphological and kinematic features indicative of a major merger, but span a wide range of inferred dynamical ages: the youngest system is just past the first encounter, while the oldest has already merged into a single object. This diversity in dynamical states indicates that ultraluminous activity is not confined solely to late-stage mergers. The Halpha emission is more spatially concentrated in the later stage mergers, in agreement with models which show that mergers drive gas inwards towards the nucleus, but high luminosities are achieved even in young interactions where the Halpha is quite extended. Our data indicate that physical details other than the dynamical phase -- such as the internal structure or gas content of the galaxies -- can play a strong role in determining the luminosity evolution of merging galaxies. We also find evidence for massive star-forming complexes at large radius in the tidal debris, reaffirming the notion that some dwarf galaxies may be spawned during the merger of more massive disk galaxies.
Incidence, Duration, and Management of Anemia: A Nationwide Comparison Between IBD and Non-IBD Populations.

Background Although the prevalence of anemia has been extensively studied in the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) population, no study has evaluated the duration of time IBD patients remain anemic over the course of their disease. Our aims were to determine the incidence, duration of anemia, and rate of receipt of iron therapy among IBD patients and compare these with non-IBD patients. Methods We conducted a retrospective nationwide cohort study among the US veteran population from January 2011 to September 2018. Inflammatory bowel disease patients who were not anemic at the time of first IBD medication were included and matched with non-IBD patients. We estimated the incidence of anemia, duration of time patients spent in an anemic state per year, and rate of anemia treatment among IBD and matched non-IBD patients. Results A total of 3114 IBD patients were included and matched to 5568 non-IBD patients. The incidence rate of anemia was 92.75 per 1000 person-years in the IBD group vs 51.18 per 1000 person-years in the non-IBD group. The mean (SD) number of anemia days per year in the IBD and non-IBD groups was 52.5 (82.1) and 27.3 (62.4), respectively (P ≤ 0.001). Although anemic IBD patients were more likely to receive iron therapy compared with non-IBD anemic patients, only 37% and 2.8% of anemic IBD patients received oral or intravenous iron therapy during follow-up, respectively. Conclusions Inflammatory bowel disease patients spent almost 2 months of each year of follow-up in an anemic state. Greater efforts are needed to decrease the duration of time patients remain in an anemic state.
Independence vs. Accountability: Correcting the Structural Defects in the National Endowment for the Arts

Politics has moved to center stage in the arts world. It has been almost twenty-seven years since Congress established the National Endowment for the Arts (ΝEΑ) as part of the National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities Act of 1965 (Act).1 Since then, the ΝEΑ has faced a variety of challenges, but none like the one which unfolded during the last four years in Washington, D.C. During this time, the very existence of the organization has been at issue.2 Until the mid-1980s, the ΝEΑ enjoyed consistent, and only occasionally contested, congressional support as it distributed grants to arts organizations, state arts agencies, and individuals. As congressional appropriations grew from $2.5 million in 19663 to $175 million in 1991, 4 the ΝEΑ saved dying ballet companies, launched programs to improve the teaching of poetry in schools, and helped start an American literary anthology. The ΝEΑ has achieved a significant decentralization in arts funding, education, and participation in the United States by encouraging the expansion in the number of state arts agencies.5 While the ΝEΑ was, theoretically, structured to be insulated from government control, the issue of the organization's independence has been central to
Events and Constructs.

Psychology has largely ignored the distinction between constructs and events and what comprises a scientific construct, yet this distinction is basic to some of the major divisions of thought within the discipline. Several kinds of constructs are identified and compared with events, and improper use of constructs is noted of which the mind construct is a prime example. After indicating some problems with a failure to maintain the distinction between constructs and events and to establish constructs based on events, a list of criteria for scientific employment of constructs is proposed as a means of clarifying and advancing work in psychology. An example of a construct-based and of an event-based approach provides a contrast in scientific orientation with the implication that only by using the latter can psychology remedy its fragmentation and make advancements as a science.
Endovascular Repair of Hypogastric Artery Aneurysm in a Patient with Prior Endovascular Aneurysm Repair

Endovascular repair of a 4.2 cm right hypogastric artery aneurysm was performed using iliac extension limb endograft in a patient who had prior endovascular aneurysm repair for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Coil embolization of hypogastric artery branches was unsuccessful. Postoperative CTA showed satisfactory exclusion of abdominal aortic aneurysm and right hypogastric artery aneurysm.
Board duties: monitoring, risk management and compliance

This chapter looks at the role of corporate boards in risk oversight, risk management, and compliance through a comparative lens, drawing on examples from international guidance and diverse legal systems, primarily, the United States, the United Kingdom, leading European jurisdictions, and China. It argues that given the complexity of modern corporations and of the risk environments in which they are situated, fiduciary duties and corporate boards themselves must be understood in relation to the transnational networks of inter-related actors, regulatory regimes, and other institutions that impact how boards carry out their monitoring role. This chapter outlines the basic mechanisms of risk oversight, risk management, and compliance in various jurisdictions; discusses diverse conceptions of fiduciary duty and their limits; and considers the challenges and complexity of risk oversight and risk management, particularly with respect to emerging risk. It concludes by identifying key sources of corporate risk oversight that inform and complement corporate boards' role.
Comparison of bacterial maxillary sinus cultures between odontogenic sinusitis and chronic rhinosinusitis

Background Bacterial odontogenic sinusitis (ODS) is distinct from other forms of rhinosinusitis. Diagnosing ODS can be challenging because of nonspecific clinical presentations and underrepresentation in the literature. The purpose of this study was to compare maxillary sinus bacterial cultures between patients with ODS and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), to determine whether certain bacteria are associated with ODS. Methods This was a retrospective case-control study of 276 consecutive patients from August 2015 to August 2019 who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for bacterial ODS, CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), or CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). When present, pus was sterilely cultured from maxillary sinuses after maxillary antrostomy, and aerobic and anaerobic cultures were immediately sent for processing. Demographics and culture results were compared between ODS and CRS patients, and then separately between ODS and CRSsNP, and ODS and CRSwNP. ODS culture results were also compared between different dental pathologies (endodontic vs oroantral fistula). Results The following bacteria were significantly more likely in ODS compared to CRS: mixed anaerobes, Fusobacterium spp., Eikenella corrodens, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus anginosus, and Streptococcus constellatus. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were inversely related to ODS. There were no significant differences in cultures between the different dental pathologies. Conclusion Certain bacteria were more likely to be associated with ODS compared to CRS when purulence was cultured from the maxillary sinus. Physicians should evaluate for an odontogenic source of sinusitis when these ODS-associated bacteria are identified in maxillary sinus cultures.
Olfactory tracking strategies in a neotropical fruit bat

Many studies have characterized olfactory-tracking behaviors in animals, and it has been proposed that search strategies may be generalizable across a wide range of species. Olfaction is important for fruit- and nectar-feeding bats, but it is uncertain whether existing olfactory search models can predict the strategies of flying mammals that emit echolocation pulses through their nose. Quantitative assessments of how well echolocating bats track and localize odor sources are lacking, so we developed a behavioral assay to characterize the olfactory detection and tracking behavior of crawling northern yellow-shouldered bats (Sturnira parvidens), a common neotropical frugivore. Trained bats were presented with a choice between control and banana-odor-infused solutions in a series of experiments that confirmed that bats are able to locate a reward based on odor cues alone and examined the effect of odor concentration on olfactory search behaviors. Decision distance (the distance from which bats made their change in direction before directly approaching the target) was distinctly bimodal, with an observed peak that coincided with an inflection point in the odor concentration gradient. We observed two main search patterns that are consistent with both serial sampling and learned route-following strategies. These results support the hypothesis that bats can combine klinotaxis with spatial awareness of experimental conditions to locate odor sources, similar to terrestrial mammals. Contrary to existing models, bats did not display prominent head-scanning behaviors during their final approach, which may be due to constraints of nasal-emitted biosonar for orientation.
Load Distributions in Bolted Single Lap Joints Under Non-Central Tensile Shear Loading

Abstract This study uses a numerically calibrated beam theory-based model to investigate a bolt load distributions in a preloaded two-bolt single lap joint under non-central tensile shear loading. Linear spring-based modeling is used for the two preloaded bolts and substrates. Non central loading may be due to geometric tolerances that would cause additional moment loading on the joint. Thus, the load would not be equally distributed among all bolts in the joint. The effect of various joint parameters, bolt preload and off-center location of the tensile shear loading is investigated and discussed.
Printed Stretchable Conductors for Smart Clothing: the Effect of Conductor Geometry and Substrate Properties on Electromechanical Behaviors

Smart clothing is where the capability of sensing, responding, and adapting to environmental stimuli such as electrical, mechanical, chemical, and thermal is embedded into textiles to ensure functional, fashionable, and comfortable solutions to everyday human needs. Hence, it is an ideal avenue to bring wearable technology closer to human beings and enable easy access to Internet of Things (IoT). Integration of electronic functionality to textiles is essential to realize the true potential of many smart clothing applications. Further, the ability of such electronics systems to stretch, without significant deterioration in electrical properties, is a key performance requirement in many of the smart clothing applications. The electromechanical reliability of conductors under tensile strains is influenced by the conductor geometry and the properties of the substrate. The objective of the present work is to understand the collective effect of print orientation, width, and thickness on the electromechanical behaviors of meandering conductors printed on an anisotropic, stretchable textile substrate. Meandering conductors with distinct features were fabricated on a knitted fabric substrate with a commercially available stretchable silver conductive ink. Printed conductors were optically and electrically characterized under loaded and unloaded conditions. Statistical analysis revealed that the print orientation, width, and thickness of the printed conductors could significantly affect their electromechanical performance.
Networked Swept-Source Raman Sensors

Raman spectroscopy with large-area, spectrally-selective detectors and tunable lasers enables distributed chemical sensing where excitation light can be delivered via optical datacom networks. Distributed sensing over 100’s of meters and multiple locations is demonstrated.
“We Don't Get Fooled Again”…Or Do We? One Social Worker's Artistic Perspective on Supervisee Resistance and the Process of Meaning Making in Contemporary Psychodynamic Clinical Supervision

In the following article I analyze the construct of resistance in contemporary psychodynamic supervision. I reframe supervisee behaviors that have been labeled as resistance and advance the idea that, at times, these behaviors may be better understood as attachment behaviors intended to reduce anxiety through the restoration of a particular state of relatedness to the supervisor. I supply a vignette from my own work to illustrate this point. Throughout, I highlight the influence of epistemology on supervision and advocate that the objectivist/constructivist distinction presents a dialectic to be embraced rather than a conflict to be resolved.
Ideas, Objects, or People? A Smithsonian Exhibition Team Views Visitors Anew

An exhibition team at the National Museum of the American Indian, working with a visitor studies specialist from the Smithsonian’s Office of Policy and Analysis, used visitor studies conducted by the entire team during planning for a reinstallation of part of the permanent collection. The studies evolved organically during the exhibition planning as questions and hypotheses arose among the team. The answers led to further studies. This research model brought team members together in a spirit of inquiry and a process of discovery, changed their perceptions of themselves and their subjects, and suggested a new typology of visitors.
The Use and Abuse of History of Economic Thought: The Case of the Austrian School of Economics

The author considers how History of Economic thought has been beneficial and, at other times, stifling to the development of Austrian economics.
Isolation and Characterization of a Low Molecular Weight Basic Protein of Normal Human Plasma

Abstract A method was developed for the purification of a basic protein, designated as B2, derived from normal human plasma. Consecutive chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose, diethylaminoethyl sephadex, and hydroxylapatite yielded a preparation that was homogeneous on starch gel electrophoresis. The plasma protein, B2, was characterized in terms of its major physicochemical and chemical properties. The molecular weight was determined to be approximately 9000 and the s20,w0 value 1.3 S. The calculated shape of B2 corresponds to an ellipsoid of revolution with a frictional ratio of 1.25 and an axial ratio of 4:5. The isoionic and isoelectric points of this protein were found to be at approximately pH 10.7 and 10.1, respectively. At pH 8.6 the electrophoretic mobility of this blood constituent was +1.3 x 10-5 cm2 sec-1 volt-1. B2 possesses one polypeptide chain as deduced from one amino-terminal amino acid, i.e. aspartic acid (or asparagine), and one carboxyl-terminal amino acid, i.e. glycine. It is devoid of carbohydrates and is further distinguished by the lack of histidine and tryptophan. The basic nature of this protein is due to the high amide content rather than a high content of basic amino acids. Based on optical rotatory dispersion measurements B2 has α-helical structure involving about 50% of the amino acid residues.
The Holey Grail of General Intelligence

Exactly what is human intelligence and how should we measure it? Such questions have plagued us since the time of Plato, who first proposed that the seat of intelligence is in the brain. In a Perspective, Sternberg discusses new findings (Duncan et al.) that purport to show that the seat of general intelligence is located in the brain's frontal lobes. But, as Sternberg points out, measures of intelligence are only as good as the tests you use and the conclusions that you draw from them.
Developments in Decision Support Systems

Publisher Summary Decision support system (DSS) is a computerized system, which utilizes knowledge about a particular application area to solve ill-structured problems. The number of application areas in which ill-structured problems exist is large, including such diverse applications as financial planning, medical diagnosis, operations management, and market planning. The characteristics of DSS are discussed. A generic framework for understanding the constitution of a decision support system is presented. Knowledge system, language system, and problem-processing system components of a DSS are highlighted. Major streams of research and development in the DSS field are surveyed. The essential components of DSS are also discussed. Research in DSS has concentrated on the effective use of computer technology in aiding a human in the process of making a choice. Though there has been considerable progress in developing concepts and tools for DSS, there is still considerable latitude for further progress. At present, there is software for mainframes to micros that serves as tools for building successful decision support systems.
A novel social contact graph based routing strategy for Delay Tolerant Networks

Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) are sparse mobile ad-hoc networks in which there is typically no complete path between the source and the destination. Data routing in DTNs is challenging, and has attracted much attention from the research community. Although many routing schemes have been proposed, they do not address the fairness issue in data delivery to different destination nodes. In this paper, we propose a novel socially-aware routing strategy that optimizes both fairness and throughput. We combine controlled data “spraying” at the source node and single-copy routing at the intermediate nodes. A replication decision is made based on the delivery probability computed over the most probable path in the social contact graph. Furthermore, at intermediate nodes, we sort arriving data into different queues. We then propose a two-level data forwarding strategy that optimizes fairness using round-robin at the first level and throughput using priority scheduling at the second level. Through extensive simulation studies using a real-world mobility trace, we show that our scheme achieves a high delivery ratio, low delay, and low replication overhead.
Differential role of long terminal repeat control elements for the regulation of basal and Tat-mediated transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus in stimulated and unstimulated primary human macrophages

Primary human macrophages induced to differentiate through contact with autologous activated nonadherent cells were used to investigate the transcriptional mechanisms involved in reactivation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication. Through transient transfection experiments with an HIV long terminal repeat (LTR)-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter construct, we show that macrophage differentiation results in a 20-fold upregulation of basal LTR activity. To identify sequence elements responsive to the differentiation process, point mutations introduced into the LTR were tested in differentiated and undifferentiated macrophages. Several elements were identified as positive regulators of basal transcription. TATA, Sp1, and NF-kappa B binding sites were the most influential. The low-affinity site for LBP-1 (UBP-1) functioned as a negative regulator of LTR activity in undifferentiated macrophages, but this influence was lost upon differentiation. When tat was cotransfected into the expression system, the requirement for LTR elements identified as important for positive regulation of basal transcription remained in undifferentiated macrophages. Interestingly, however, the mutations in positive control elements which debilitated activity in undifferentiated macrophages had no effect on LTR activity in differentiated macrophages. Thus, it appears that while HIV-LTR activity is highly dependent on cellular transcription factors in undifferentiated cells, in differentiated macrophages the viral protein Tat confers pliability on the LTR and facilitates autonomy from absolute cellular control mechanisms. In vivo, release from either positive or negative regulation via cellular proteins may facilitate reactivation of HIV in macrophages.