cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple apparent alpha-noradrenergic receptor binding sites in rat brain: effect of 6-hydroxydopamine.

[3H]Clonidine (26.7 Ci/mmole) binds with high affinity to sites on rat brain membranes with properties of alpha -noradrenergic receptors. [3H]Clonidine binding shows a biphasic pattern in kinetic and saturation experiments. Fifty percent of the specific binding of 0.4 nM [3H]clonidine is dissociated rapidly in 2 min by excess norepinephrine or clonidine, and the remaining 50% dissociates at a 10-fold slower rate. When slowly-dissociating [3H]clonidine binding is examined in isolation, saturation curves show a single population of high-affinity sites with a KD of 0.5 nM and B max of 1.3-1.6 pmoles/g tissue in cerebral cortex. Rapidly-dissociating [3H]clonidine binding, estimated from the difference between total binding and high-affinity binding, involves a single population of lower affinity sites with a KD of 3.0 nM and B max of 9-10 pmoles/g cerebral cortex tissue. Alpha agonists are in general more potent at the high affinity [3H]clonidine site, while alpha antagonists are more potent at the low affinity site. α-Methylnorepinephrine is less potent than norepinephrine at the high affinity site, but more potent at the low affinity site. Neither [3H]-clonidine binding site resembles the alpha receptor site labeled by [3H]WB-4101. The distribution of high and low affinity [3H]clonidine binding throughout rat central nervous system is different. High affinity binding levels vary 14 fold between lowest values in corpus striatum and cerebellum, and highest values in cerebral cortex. Low affinity binding varies less regionally, with highest levels in hypothalamus. 6-Hydroxydopamine treatment doubles the number of high affinity [3H]clonidine sites in the cortex, but does not alter the number of low affinity sites. 6-Hydroxydopamine increases high affinity binding much more than low affinity binding throughout the brain. 6-Hydroxydopamine also increases by 50% the number of [3H]WB-4101 and [3H]epinephrine alpha receptor sites in the cerebral cortex. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Mrs. Lynda Hester for excellent technical assistance, and Pam Morgan and Billie Jean Little for manuscript preparation.
Evaluation and Management of Tolosa–Hunt Syndrome in Children: A Clinical Update

Abstract Background Tolosa–Hunt syndrome is a painful ophthalmoplegia caused by an inflammatory process of unknown etiology in the region of the cavernous sinus, orbital apex, or superior orbital fissure. This disease is rare in the pediatric population. The objective of this study was to provide a clinical framework for the evaluation and treatment of children with this disorder. A systematic approach to the diagnosis of painful ophthalmoplegia in children is proposed. Methods We present a 15-year-old girl whose clinical presentation and neuroradiological findings support a diagnosis of Tolosa–Hunt syndrome as defined by the 2013 International Classification of Headache Disorders (Third Edition, ICHD-3 beta) diagnostic criteria. An exhaustive systematic literature search based on these criteria yielded 15 additional cases of Tolosa–Hunt syndrome in children. Clinical, demographic, and radiological features were retrospectively analyzed. The results and statistical analyses are reported. Results A total of 16 individuals were included in the final analysis. This review summarizes the current knowledge and recommendations for the diagnosis and management of pediatric Tolosa–Hunt syndrome. It highlights demographic, clinical, and radiological features of this disease in children and underscores areas of the literature where evidence is still lacking. Conclusions Overall, Tolosa–Hunt syndrome seems to follow a similar course in children compared to adults. The diagnostic approach and treatment require specific considerations. New observations and possible features of pediatric Tolosa–Hunt syndrome are discussed. Further research is needed to optimize clinical detection and medical management of this disease.
Monitor Coordination and Communication

As illustrated in the preceding chapters, MT Icon and its execution monitoring interface make it easy to develop new EMs. In this model, monitors are free to specialize in particular aspects of program execution, and the user selects the aspects to monitor in a given execution. When multiple EMs come into play, the selection of which EMs to use, the execution of those EMs, and their communication interface are the responsibility of a program called a monitor coordinator (MC).
Monooxygenations: Interactions and Expression of Toxicity

The toxic action of an insecticide is dependent on its reactivity to the biochemical target (e.g., reactivity of paraoxon toward acetylcholinesterase). Toxicity in vivo, however, is considerably modulated by rates of absorption, metabolism, and elimination of the insecticide; thus, metabolic fate plays a pivotal role in the toxicity and persistence of insecticides. Species variance in toxicity is often due to differential rates or routes of biotransformation of the parent compound or one of the metabolites.
Revolutionary Critical Pedagogy: Staking a Claim Against the Macrostructural Unconscious

Critical pedagogy currently exists today as precariously as a shabby lean-to room added to a typical American hall-and-parlor house. I’m referring to the type of house that formed the basic English prototype for the classic American building we see everywhere in New England and on the East Coast. If the hall-and-parlor house represents education in the main, then we critical educators are as rare as hen’s teeth, shunted to the rear of the house, squatters huddled under a slanted roof, wearing fingerless gloves, clutching our tin cups of broth and spearing biscuits and dreaming of the day when we will become an official part of the architecture of democracy.
Is it time to share qualitative research data

Policies by the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation, as well as scandals surrounding failures to reproduce the findings of key studies in psychology, have generated increased calls for sharing research data. Most of these discussions have focused on quantitative, rather than qualitative, research data. This paper examines scientific, ethical, and policy issues surrounding sharing qualitative research data. We consider advantages of sharing data, including enabling verification of findings, promoting new research in an economical manner, supporting research education, and fostering public trust in science. We then examine standard procedures for archiving and sharing data, such as anonymizing data and establishing data use agreements. Finally, we engage a series of concerns with sharing qualitative research data such as the importance of relationships in interpreting data, the risk of re-identifying participants, issues surrounding consent and data ownership, and the burden of data documentation and depositing on researchers. For each concern, we identify options that enable data sharing or describe conditions under which select data might be withheld from a data repository. We conclude by suggesting that the default assumption should be that qualitative data will be shared unless concerns exist that cannot be addressed through standard data depositing practices such as anonymizing data or through data use agreements.
A rational approach to opioid use disorder in primary care.

As a medical student, I understood that dealing with death was part of the practice of medicine. I was prepared to help my patients face the end of life from disease and old age and had steeled myself against the inevitable losses I would see from trauma and infection. However, I had no sense of the
Long-Term Outcomes of Lateral Neck Dissection in Patients with Recurrent or Persistent Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

Background: Well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (WDTC) has a high predilection for regional metastatic spread. Rates for WDTC lateral neck recurrence are reported to be as high as 24% in patients...
Flap repair of complex pilonidal sinus: a single institution experience

Healing of pilonidal cysts after initial excision remains a vexing problem for surgeons. While simple sinus can be managed with success, recurrence of the cyst after primary excision or sizeable sinus often requires a more complex repair; however, the morbidity and ultimate success of these procedures are unknown. A retrospective review from 2009 to 2014 of all consecutive patients undergoing surgical intervention for pilonidal cyst disease from a single institution was performed. Management of pilonidal disease after excision with flap coverage was examined. Patient demographics, co-morbidities, procedural data, and post-operative outcomes were analyzed. Twenty-one flap patients were identified. These included 15 V-Y fasciocutaneous repairs, 5 rotational flaps, and 1 Romberg flap closure. Mean BMI was 32, mean defect size was 8 cm, and the patients have had an average of 1.05 attempts prior to the excision and flap repair. The flap group demonstrated 14% recurrence rate, 33% reoperation rate, and 47% dehiscence rate. Mean time to healing was 36.4 days. Flap repairs for complex pilonidal cysts have high rates of recurrence, reoperation, and wound dehiscence. However, flap patients represent a more challenging repair with long operative times, blood loss, and large sinus size. Absence of the perfect approach to managing a complex sinus necessitates a thorough description of the problem and a discussion between the surgeon and the patient about the merits of each approach before a decision is made. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study.
Competing chromosomes explain junk DNA

The vast majority of eukaryotes have two copies of each chromosome and reproduce sexually. Meiosis is a vital process that produces gametes (eggs and sperm) by reducing the number of chromosome copies to one; fertilization between egg and sperm restores the chromosome copy number to two. During female meiosis, one set of chromosomes is expelled into a tiny cell called a polar body, whereas the other is segregated into the egg. It is a fundamental tenet of genetics that there is a random, 50% chance for any particular chromosome to be segregated into the egg versus the polar body. However, cases in which one copy of a chromosome is inherited with greater than 50% frequency have been reported in many species ( 1 ), but the molecular mechanism of this preferential inheritance has remained obscure. Recent work has indicated that centromeres, the chromosomal regions that form attachments to microtubules that mediate chromosome segregation during meiosis, compete with each other for inheritance during female meiosis ( 2 ). Thus, the essential DNA sequences that mediate accurate chromosome segregation are actually “selfish” (or parasitic) genetic elements that have invaded our genome. On page 668 of this issue, Akera et al. ( 3 ) provide the most detailed molecular mechanism to date that explains how a parasitic DNA sequence has used the asymmetry of oocyte meiosis to ensure its own inheritance and therefore its spread through populations.
Knowing, Doing, and Becoming: Professional Identity Construction among Public Affairs Doctoral Students

Public administration scholars have long examined how doctoral students in public affairs are trained to become researchers. Our study adds to this body of knowledge by examining socialization and ...
Structural Relaxation Dynamics of ortho-Terphenyl

This paper analyzes molecular dynamicssimulation results on the small-molecule glass formerortho-terphenyl (OTP). The data can be describedwell using the coupling model of relaxation. Thedynamic susceptibility calculated from thedensity-density time correlation function is shown toapproximately conform to the scaling laws of modecoupling theory. Since the dynamic singularities ofmode coupling theory are absent in the coupling model,both approaches to high frequency structuralrelaxation can not be correct; the conformance to modecoupling theory indicates the non-uniqueness of modecoupling theory interpretation of data from fragileliquids. The non-cooperative relaxation time fordensity fluctuations in OTP is found to have the sameactivation energy as the shear viscosity in the hightemperature limit. This illustrates the relationshipbetween microscopic dynamic variables and the shorttime behavior of macroscopic properties, when theformer are analyzed according to the coupling model.
Speaking Truth to Memory: Lawyers and Resistance to the End of White Supremacy

This article critically examines how elite lawyers built and defended the legal framework for White Supremacy in the Deep South both before and after Brown v. Board of Education. Although turn of the century commentators freely discussed how lawyers blocked African Americans' access to the ballot box, time has largely obliterated that story from our profession's memory. Some recent legal commentators have discussed post-Brown massive resistance, but few have specifically considered the role of lawyers qua lawyers in that movement. In contrast, this article analytically connects these eras to a decades-long program of legal work dedicated to defending and attempting to save White Supremacy. The elite lawyers of the Deep South who most deeply engaged in this work began by opposing the Supreme Court's 1944 Smith v. Allwright decision that outlawed the white primary, and ended with assisting the defense of anti-miscegenation laws at issue in the Court's 1967 Loving v. Virginia decision. Throughout two decades, the legal work I describe stemmed from the lawyers' belief in the racist assumptions underlying White Supremacy, and their desire to embed those assumptions in the law of the land. I believe it is time for the legal profession to take full stock of its role in the progress of racial justice. Failure to do so falsely depicts the profession as a monolithic champion of justice. In turn, we are hobbled in our analysis of the role of law in hindering or promoting the progress of civil rights. To better understand our profession's history and our nation's civil rights progress, we must learn of, and challenge, the work of segregationist lawyers.
Redescription of five known species of Hatschekia Poche, 1902 (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida, Hatschekiidae) parasitic on Japanese tetraodontiform fishes, with discussion on sexually dimorphic features in the genus

Five known species of Hatschekia Poche, 1902, parasitic on the branchial lamellae of Japanese tetraodontiform fishes, are redescribed. They are H. monacanthi Yamaguti, 1939, H. bibullae Uyeno & Nagasawa, 2010, H. kuroshioensis Uyeno & Nagasawa, 2010, H. ostracii Yamaguti, 1953, and H. legouili Nunes-Ruivo, 1954. The males of H . bibullae and H. legouili , free-living larval stages of H. bibullae reared from eggs, the copepodid IV female of H. kuroshioensis , and both sexes of copepodids III-V of H. legouili are described for the first time. The antenna, the postantennal process, the length of the caudal ramus, and the ornamentation of the dorsal shield of the cephalothorax, if present, are sexually dimorphic within the genus. By showing these sexually dimorphic features of the male, it is inferred that both sexes of copepodid II-IV and copepodid V male, have attributes of the male.
Environmental Effects on Conductive Surface Sensors and Pattern Applications for Concrete Crack Localization

AbstractDetection of degradation has the potential to improve the long-term performance and integrity of concrete structures and pavements. Conductive surface sensors, specifically conductive paint...
Molecular Complexation and Kinetics for Diels−Alder Condensation of Naphthylalkenes with Tetracyanoethylene

The charge-transfer spectra of 1:1 molecular complexes of seven 1-alkyl-1-(2-naphthyl)ethenes (where R = alkyl group: H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, t-Bu, Neopent) and 1-vinylnaphthalene with TCNE were determined in ClCH2CH2Cl as solvent at 27.1 °C. Equilibrium constants, K, for these complexes vary with R, as based on two opposing factors, viz. (a) the polar substituent factor σ* and (b) the angle-of-twist θ between the planes of the naphthyl and vinyl groups. For R = Neopent (σ* dominant) K is 50 times as large as for R = t-Bu (θ dominant). Except for R = t-Bu, kinetics of reaction conform with the equation D + TCNE ⇄ (K) D·TCNE ⇄ (k1/k-1) P, where D is the donor alkene, P is the Diels−Alder 1,4-cycloaddition product, and k1 and k-1 are first-order reaction rate constants. Values of k1 vary from 0.71 min-1 (R = H) to 55.5 min-1 (R = Neopent) and the corresponding relative second-order rate constants k2 (or k1K) from 1 to 4000. The rate constant k-1 was measured only for 1b (R = Me, 0.0017 min-1) in the solvent...
Re-Inscribing Racial Hierarchy: White Racial Anxiety, Interracial Sexuality, and Ambiguously Raced Bodies in Kate Chopin’s “Désirée’s Baby”

This paper explores how Kate Chopin’s short story, “Desiree’s Baby” reflects the racial anxieties of white people in the 1890s as they attempted to suppress racial equality and entrench white racial supremacy through the legalization of segregation, literary arguments against interracial sexuality, lynchings, and symbolic violence. White racial anxiety often manifested at the level of sexuality and resulted in the policing of bodies and spaces in order to prevent miscegenation. By contextualizing “Desiree’s Baby” in the physical, legal, and symbolic racial violence of the 1890s, “Re-Inscribing Racial Hierarchy” investigates how white racial anxiety manifested across a variety of spheres and led to multilateral efforts to maintain and re-inscribe White racial power and hegemony. This essay examines how racial lineage and anxiety operate in the text, reflecting the period’s fear around interracial sexuality, multiracial individuals, and the “purity” of bodies and bloodlines.
User Attitudes Toward the Inspection of Encrypted Traffic

This paper reports the results of a survey of 1,976 individuals regarding their opinions on TLS inspection, a controversial technique that can be used for both benevolent and malicious purposes. Responses indicate that participants hold nuanced opinions on security and privacy trade-offs, with most recognizing legitimate uses for the practice, but also concerned about threats from hackers or government surveillance. There is strong support for notification and consent when a system is intercepting their encrypted traffic, although this support varies depending on the situation. A significant concern about malicious uses of TLS inspection is identity theft, and many would react negatively and some would change their behavior if they discovered inspection occurring without their knowledge. We also find that a small but significant number of participants are jaded by the current state of affairs and have lost any expectation of privacy.
Dominant-negative ATF5 rapidly depletes survivin in tumor cells

Survivin (BIRC5, product of the BIRC5 gene) is highly expressed in many tumor types and has been widely identified as a potential target for cancer therapy. However, effective anti-survivin drugs remain to be developed. Here we report that both vector-delivered and cell-penetrating dominant-negative (dn) forms of the transcription factor ATF5 that promote selective death of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo cause survivin depletion in tumor cell lines of varying origins. dn-ATF5 decreases levels of both survivin mRNA and protein. The depletion of survivin protein appears to be driven at least in part by enhanced proteasomal turnover and depletion of the deubiquitinase USP9X. Survivin loss is rapid and precedes the onset of cell death triggered by dn-ATF5. Although survivin downregulation is sufficient to drive tumor cell death, survivin over-expression does not rescue cancer cells from dn-ATF5-promoted apoptosis. This indicates that dn-ATF5 kills malignant cells by multiple mechanisms that include, but are not limited to, survivin depletion. Cell-penetrating forms of dn-ATF5 are currently being developed for potential therapeutic use and the present findings suggest that they may pose an advantage over treatments that target only survivin.
Selective phosphorus deficiency in the hyperalimented hypophosphatemic dog and phosphorylation potentials in the muscle cell.

Administration of nutrients after underfeeding is associated with a decline of serum inorganic phosphorus concentration (1). When nutrients are administered in excess and especially with inadequate quantities of phosphorus, hypophosphatemia is apt to become pronounced and is invariably associated with excretion of only trace quantities of phosphorus in the urine. The decline of serum phosphorus concentration and its simultaneous disappearance from the urine suggests that phosphorus is being taken up by cells. The site of phosphorus uptake with regard to specific tissues has not been determined. We have examined the effects of hypophosphatemia induced by hyperalimentation of the underfed dog. The results show that phosphorus deficiency appears rapidly in skeletal muscle during hyperalimentation. Significant deficiencies of total phosphorus content were also observed in bone, parathyroid glands and the liver. Phosphorus content did not change significantly in other tissues.
An Electrochemical Biosensor Platform for Rapid Immunoanalysis of Physiological Fluids

Cytokines are multifunctional chemical messengers produced in response to stimuli for regulating the innate and adaptive immune systems. Rapid detection of cytokines in physiological fluids will enable precision management of diseases, such as dry eye, postoperative infections, graft versus host reactions in organ transplant, and cancer. In this study, we present a portable electrochemical biosensor with electrokinetic enhancement for rapid detection of interleukin-6 in conductive fluids, including phosphate buffered saline, contrived tears, and human blood plasma. The multiplex electrochemical biosensor incorporates self-assembled monolayers and an enzymatic amplification cycle to achieve sensitive and specific detection of cytokine biomarkers. We establish electrokinetic enhancement by Joule-heating induced temperature rise and electrothermal fluid motion on the sensor surface for enhancing molecular advection and reaction kinetics, which overcomes major limiting factors of point-of-care immunoanalysis systems. By investigating the thermal and electrochemical characteristics of the system, we optimize the assay time and the signal-to-noise ratio of the biosensor for rapid immunoanalysis of physiological fluids. With its effectiveness and outstanding performance, the electrokinetics enhanced electrochemical biosensor provides a versatile platform for rapid immunoanalysis valuable for precision disease diagnosis and monitoring.
New progress in univariate polynomial root finding

The recent advanced sub-division algorithm is nearly optimal for the approximation of the roots of a dense polynomial given in monomial basis; moreover, it works locally and slightly outperforms the user's choice MPSolve when the initial region of interest contains a small number of roots. Its basic and bottleneck block is counting the roots in a given disc on the complex plain based on Pellet's theorem, which requires the coefficients of the polynomial and expensive shift of the variable. We implement a novel method for both root-counting and exclusion test, which is faster, avoids the above requirements, and remains efficient for sparse input polynomials. It relies on approximation of the power sums of the roots lying in the disc rather than on Pellet's theorem. Such approximation was used by Schonhage in 1982 for the different task of deflation of a factor of a polynomial provided that the boundary circle of the disc is sufficiently well isolated from the roots. We implement a faster version of root-counting and exclusion test where we do not verify isolation and significantly improve performance of subdivision algorithms, particularly strongly in the case of sparse inputs. We present our implementation as heuristic and cite some relevant results on its formal support presented elsewhere.
Comparing Apples to Apples for Fibroids

Hysterectomy remains the one-size-fits-all treatment for uterine fibroids.1 Despite the fact that more than 8000 women have participated in randomized clinical trials that compared uterine-artery e...
Buffer effects on site directed Cu2+-labeling using the double histidine motif.

Abstract The double histidine, or dHis, motif has emerged as a powerful spin labeling tool to determine the conformations and dynamics, subunit orientation, native metal binding site location, and other physical characteristics of proteins by Cu2+-based electron paramagnetic resonance. Here, we investigate the efficacy of this technique in five common buffer systems, and show that buffer choice can impact the loading of Cu2+-NTA into dHis sites, and more generally, the sensitivity of the overall technique. We also present a standardized and optimized examination of labeling of the dHis motif with Cu2+-NTA for EPR based distance measurements. We provide optimal loading procedures, using representative EPR and UV/Vis data for each step in the process. From this data, we find that maximal dHis loading can be achieved in under 30 min with low temperature sample incubation. Using only these optimal procedures, we see up to a 28% increase in fully labeled proteins compared to previously published results in N-ethylmorpholine. Using both this optimized procedure as well as a more optimal buffer, we can achieve up to 80% fully loaded proteins, which corresponds to a 64% increase compared to the prior data. These results provide insight and deeper understanding of the dHis Cu2+-NTA system, the variables that impact its efficacy, and present a method by which these issues may be mitigated for the most efficient labeling.
Selfie + code III: melancholy

A selfie is a form of art. Over 1 million selfies are now taken every day. Selfies are not always as spontaneous as they seem. They can be a communication tool like any other that can be manipulated for purposes. Selfie + CODE III is a collection of generative selfie series by using computer algorithms. The algorithmic processes expend the concepts of traditional self-portraits to generative and expressive selfies delivering thought or feeling. The artist started taking her generative selfies in 2015 to raise awareness of Asian female faculty being isolated and marginal in a predominantly white institution (http://www.socialhomelessness.com). Her generative selfies have captured psychological moments to express those individual identities are devalued and deconstructed by a homogeneous institution in the United States. It has been shared by social media. The virtual supporting system at Facebook, "Like," by her diverse mentors and friends, helped her to persist and survive in a regionally isolated and exclusive community. Eventually, It has brought her psychological reconciliation and healing to succeed in dealing with difficulties.
Genetic Modification of Sodalis Species by DNA Transduction.

ABSTRACT Bacteriophages (phages) are ubiquitous in nature. These viruses play a number of central roles in microbial ecology and evolution by, for instance, promoting horizontal gene transfer (HGT) among bacterial species. The ability of phages to mediate HGT through transduction has been widely exploited as an experimental tool for the genetic study of bacteria. As such, bacteriophage P1 represents a prototypical generalized transducing phage with a broad host range that has been extensively employed in the genetic manipulation of Escherichia coli and a number of other model bacterial species. Here we demonstrate that P1 is capable of infecting, lysogenizing, and promoting transduction in members of the bacterial genus Sodalis, including the maternally inherited insect endosymbiont Sodalis glossinidius. While establishing new tools for the genetic study of these bacterial species, our results suggest that P1 may be used to deliver DNA to many Gram-negative endosymbionts in their insect host, thereby circumventing a culturing requirement to genetically manipulate these organisms. IMPORTANCE A large number of economically important insects maintain intimate associations with maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria. Due to the inherent nature of these associations, insect endosymbionts cannot be usually isolated in pure culture or genetically manipulated. Here we use a broad-host-range bacteriophage to deliver exogenous DNA to an insect endosymbiont and a closely related free-living species. Our results suggest that broad-host-range bacteriophages can be used to genetically alter insect endosymbionts in their insect host and, as a result, bypass a culturing requirement to genetically alter these bacteria.
Personal and Environmental Social Capital Predictors of Relapse Following Departure from Recovery Homes.

Substance use recovery homes represent the largest residential, community-based post-treatment option for those with substance use disorders in the United States. It is still unclear what unique fa...
A qualitative study informing about barriers and facilitators associated to chemotherapy initiation among breast cancer patients: Next steps for an intervention.

247Background: (Neo)Adjuvant chemotherapy decreases the risk of recurrence and improves overall survival among breast cancer patients; however, delays in chemotherapy initiation are associated with...
SETTLEMENT OF BUILDINGS ON THE MIT CAMPUS

The settlement history of the original buildings on the MIT campus is outlined. These buildings, completed in 1915, were instrumented with settlement plugs on which elevation readings have been taken nine times during the nearly 50 yr since their construction. Resting on foundations that would not be used today (1964) in the light of modern soil mechanics, these buildings have undergone large total and differential settlements, and have experienced considerable cracking. Although the buildings are approximately the same weight, the settlements vary from a minimum of 1 in. to a maximum of 9 in.
Surface characterization of Pt electrodes using underpotential deposition of H and Cu: Part I. Pt(100)

Abstract This paper is the first in a series describing the in situ surface characterization of platinum electrodes using H and Cu deposited at underpotentials. The surface of a Pt(100) electrode pretreated by simple flame annealing and quenching in aqueous sulfuric acid is shown to contain a high concentration of defects such as vacancies and self-adsorbed Pt atoms. Adsorbed hydrogen is more strongly bound at these defects than on a uniform Pt(100) surface. Potential cycling in 1 M HCl produces a higher concentration of defects, while oxide formation and reduction in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 has the opposite effect. The nature of (100)-like sites at a polycrystalline platinum electrode is also discussed.
A difference which makes a difference

Many management researchers use difference scores to report results of empirical studies. Yet difference scores create known problems of reliability, spurious correlations, and variance restriction. Reframing a research model can substantially reduce the problems of difference scores. This note empirically demonstrates what can happen when difference scores are used as dependent variables in research and demonstrates an alternative method of data analysis.
Cockpit Communication and Aircraft Safety: An Empirical Study

Several investigators have recently put forward the possibility that members of the flight crew may have been aware of problems before accidents, but that difficulties in communication may have prevented them from taking appropriate corrective actions. This has led to an' increased interest in the process of cockpit communication and the group dynamics of flight crews. Although early studies have been useful; nonetheless, the study of cockpit communication is still relatively undeveloped. Accordingly, the present study was designed as a preliminary effort to identify the principle concepts which control cockpit communication. The study consisted of two phases. In the first phase twenty-four in depth interviews were conducted with flight crews of general aviation aircraft. The major concepts identified in these unstructured interviews were then incorporated into a very precise Galileo(tm) type questionnaire which was administered to additional flight crews. Although this study should be considered preliminary, several strategies for improving cockpit communication were identified. Should further research confirm the usefulness of these types of strategies, they might be appropriately included in flight crew training programs to increase the likelihood that flight crew members would report unusual or hazardous circumstances early enough for corrective actions to be taken.
The U.S. Bureau of the Budget As Agency Evaluator

— The U.S. Bureau of the Budget has the important function of recommending to the President the size of agency “shares” in the federal budget. A major research problem, then, is: what standards and criteria are employed in the Budget Bureau in evaluating the agencies and in arriving at budgetary decisions which affect the positions and missions of the agencies of the executive establishment? One scheme of analysis has suggested on the basis of the Parsonian pattern-variables that public administrators tend to be specific, affectively neutral, universalistic, collectivity-oriented, and achievement-oriented in their evaluations of social objects. To test this hypothesis, the pattern-variables were related to the operations of the agency, each on the basis of a single qualitative indicator, and applied in survey research conducted among the professional budget examiners and their superiors in two of the Budget Bureau's five examining divisions. The data indicate that, in fact, the respondents tended to be diffuse, affective, particularistic, collectivity-oriented, and achievement oriented toward the federal agencies with which they deal. Thus they tended (on three of the pattern-variables) to adopt orientations more typical of the political partisan than of the public administrator, a result which, it is hypothesized, is due in part to the unique relationship that the Budget Bureau bears to the President. The results explain, in part, the insolvable nature of the conflicts that exist between the executive agencies and the Bureau of the Budget.
DNA strand transfer protein beta from yeast mitotic cells differs from strand transfer protein alpha from meiotic cells.

We have purified to homogeneity an activity from mitotic cell extracts of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which promotes the transfer of a strand from a duplex linear DNA molecule to a complementary circular single strand. This activity does not require any nucleotide cofactor and is greatly stimulated by yeast single-stranded DNA-binding protein. It consists of a single polypeptide of an apparent molecular mass of 180 kDa as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This activity, which we call DNA strand transfer protein beta (STP beta), has reaction properties similar to those of DNA strand transfer protein alpha (STP alpha) purified from crude extracts of yeast meiotic cells (Sugino, A., Nitiss, J., and Resnick, M. A. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 3683-3687). However, STP beta differs from STP alpha in its molecular weight and column chromatographic behavior as well as by immunological comparison. Furthermore, the STP beta polypeptide remains in cells in which the STP alpha gene has been disrupted. Thus, we conclude the STP beta activity is encoded by a gene different from that for STP alpha. Although STP beta was isolated from mitotic cells, the amount of STP beta increases severalfold during meiosis. STP beta also appears to differ in molecular weight from similar activities described by other groups and may be an intact form of their activities.
Factors influencing the design of microsystems

The engineering challenges of bringing microsystems products to market are substantially more broad than with conventional microelectronics. Harsh operating conditions and nonstandard materials result in effects not typically of concern for IC designers. Furthermore, supply, process and temperature variations can create significant issues with device performance. This paper provides an overview of microsystem devices and discusses ways some of these effects can be minimized or compensated for.
Challenges for CPAIOR in computational sustainability

The notions of sustainability and sustainable development were first introduced in the seminal report of the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development, known as the Brundtland report or Our Common Future [3]. Sustainable development is “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.” Sustainability and sustainable development concern balancing environmental, economic, and societal needs for a sustainable future.
Energy efficient system design with optimum transmission range for wireless ad hoc networks

In ad hoc networks, devices are required to self-organize themselves into a network without previously established infrastructure. The kind of ad hoc network we consider is made up of a multitude of relatively low mobility, short range, wireless devices, pervasively deployed throughout the environment. One of the most important design criteria for this type of network is energy efficiency. This paper looks at the energy efficiency aspect of the system design. Specifically, this paper looks at the optimum one-hop transmission distance that will minimize the total system energy. The analysis assumes that the individual devices do not have power control, but that the transmission range of all the devices as a group can be varied in the design stage. The results show that the optimum one-hop transmission distance is independent of the physical network topology, the number of transmission sources, and the total transmission distance. It only depends on the propagation environment and the device parameters. With this result, some system design trade offs can be made to minimize the total system energy. We discuss what these parameters are, how they interact with each other, and how they can be used to obtain an energy efficient wireless system. We also discuss the implications this result has for future developments of low bit rate, short range, and highly dense wireless devices for ad hoc networks.
Signal Constellation Design Tool: A Case Study in User Interface Synthesis

Signal constellation design is a major subtask of constructing an efficient communication system; it essentially entails trading-off error frequency against information throughput, a chief occupation of modem designers. We propose and implement an interactive tool for designing and simulating arbitrary signal constellations. To construct the user interface we have utilized Interface Builder, an interactive tool that greatly facilitates the synthesis of arbitrary user interfaces through an object-oriented paradigm. This methodology makes possible an order-of-magnitude improvement in the amount of effort required to produce a complex graphical user interface. Our secondary goal is to try to dispel some of the mystique surrounding user interface synthesis on state-of-the-art workstations.
Glutamine Modulates LPS-Induced IL-8 Production through IκB/NF-κB in Human Fetal and Adult Intestinal Epithelium

The intestinal epithelium may serve as a nidus for inflammation that can cause local and systemic organ dysfunction. Relative to the adult, the immature intestine is exquisitely sensitive to inflammatory agents. Glutamine (Gln), an amino acid that is rapidly depleted during critical illness, modulates intestinal inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Here we relate Gln status to activation of the inhibitor of kappaB (IkappaB)/nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB signaling pathway in fetal-derived (H4) and adult (Caco-2) enterocytes. In the absence of Gln with or without LPS, H4 cells expressed more interleukin (IL)-8) than Caco-2 cells. Gln supplementation partially prevented the LPS-induced elevation of IL-8 in both cell types. IkappaBalpha was significantly decreased in both H4 and Caco-2 cells with Gln deprivation, and this was followed by an increase in NF-kappaB p65 in the nucleus. DNA binding of NF-kappaB was increased in both H4 and Caco-2 cells with Gln deprivation. IkappaBalpha phosphorylation was not altered by Gln status in either H4 or Caco-2 cells. Proteasomal inhibition after Gln depletion in Caco-2 cells was associated with an increase in the IkappaB-ubiquitin complex, but a decrease in complex formation in H4 cells, indicating that Gln deprivation alters IkappaBalpha through a pathway that differs from Caco-2 cells. We speculate that a reduced capacity of the immature enterocyte (H4) to respond to Gln deprivation with increased synthesis of IkappaBalpha rather than increased proteolysis as seen in the Caco-2 cells is the underlying mechanism.
Taste, Reward, and Physiology

Taste is an intermediary between the traditional externally oriented senses and visceral sensation. It possesses typical features of other senses, such as identification of stimulus quality and intensity through a spatiotemporal code. But taste may be classified as a visceral afferent system according to its embryological, anatomical, and functional characteristics. The sense of taste may be viewed as the beginning of a body-long chemosensory tube with receptors throughout that are sensitive to the molecules being liberated by the digestive process. Chemicals stimulating taste receptors, however, are only candidates for ingestion—the commitment to accept them has not yet been made. Thus, it is the obligation of the taste system to assess the desirability of consuming a prospective food relative to the momentary physiological needs of the animal it serves. Vision and olfaction give evidence, but taste is the final arbiter in determining which subset of the unruly and often hostile chemical environment will be permitted entry into the tightly monitored biochemical world within. Thus, taste may be viewed as a Janus head, placed on an ancient city gate, one face turned outward to assess the goods and perils surrounding its walls, the other facing in to determine what its inhabitants need at the moment. Taste is well suited to its task of matching availability to need through its anatomy and function, which will first be described in chemically oriented rodents, then in visually dominated primates. The two will be treated separately because they use quite different strategies to carry out similar activities. Moreover, nearly all the hindbrain data are from rodents, and most of the forebrain data are from primates.
Environmental equity in funding decisions of the clean air school bus program: The case of New York State

Abstract School bus self-pollution has been found to play a major role in children’s exposure to diesel exhaust fumes. This has led to national and state clean air school bus programs aimed at reducing children’s exposure by providing funds to school organizations for idle reduction, bus retrofit, cleaner fuels, and bus replacement. This study evaluates equity within the New York State clean air school bus program’s funding decisions. Equity in the funding process is examined using clustered binary logistic specifications at the individual school bus level. Economic variables of a school district were found to be significantly associated with the odds of its buses receiving funding from the program. The analysis shows that without the equity dimension considered in the funding decision, inequity could exist that higher income school districts have better odds of receiving funding.
Impaired lipid accumulation in the liver of Tsc2-heterozygous mice during liver regeneration

Tuberin is a negative regulator of mTOR pathway. To investigate the function of tuberin during liver regeneration, we performed 70% hepatectomy on wild-type and Tsc2+/- mice. We found the tuberin phosphorylation correlated with mTOR activation during early liver regeneration in wild-type mice. However, liver regeneration in the Tsc2+/- mice was not enhanced. Instead, the Tsc2+/- livers failed to accumulate lipid bodies, and this was accompanied by increased mortality. These findings suggest that tuberin plays a critical role in liver energy balance by regulating hepatocellular lipid accumulation during early liver regeneration. These effects may influence the role of mTORC1 on cell growth and proliferation.
Elastic Fields Around the Cohesive Zone of a Mode III Crack Perpendicular to a Bimaterial Interface

Asymptotic stress and displacement fields near the cohesive zone ahead of a semi-infinite Mode III crack normal to a bimaterial interface are derived using elliptic coordinates.
Design and experimental results of bilateral interdigital coplanar delay line for MMICs

The design and development of a bilateral interdigital coplanar waveguide (Bi-CPW) delay line that can be used as a passive device in MMICs is presented in this paper. This Bi-CPW design is analyzed using the conformal mapping method and realized via an RF-CMOS-compatible fabrication process using high-k dielectric thin film. The Bi-CPW design shows 180° phase delay at 10 GHz for a 2.8-mm transmission line. It is shown that a conventional coupler can be implemented in a few mm2 area without any lumped element. The measured results show the potential for monolithic integration of conventional couplers using Bi-CPW phase delay line. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 127–130, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11305
The multi-object double spectrographs for the Large Binocular Telescope

The Multi-Object Double Spectrographs (MODS) are two identical high-throughput optical low- to medium-resolution CCD spectrometers being deployed at the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT). Operating in the 340-1000nm range, they use a large dichroic to split light into separately-optimized red and blue channels that feature reflective collimators and decentered Maksutov-Schmidt cameras with monolithic 8×3K CCD detectors. A parallel infrared laser closed-loop image motion compensation system nulls spectrograph flexure giving it high calibration stability. The two MODS instruments may be operated together with digital data combination as a single instrument giving the LBT an effective aperture of 11.8-meter, or separately configured to flexibly use the twin 8.4-meter apertures. This paper describes the properties and performance of the completed MODS1 instrument. MODS1 was delivered to LBT in May 2010 and is being prepared for first-light in September 2010.
Calcein Mark Retention in Chinook Salmon and Steelhead Fry in Artificial and Natural Rearing Environments

Abstract Hatchery Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and steelhead O. mykiss fry were marked with calcein dye to determine its efficacy for identifying fish after release into the stream environment. The effects of the dye treatment on growth and survival of marked fish and the retention of the marks over time were evaluated in the presence and absence of sunlight. Minimal differences in growth were observed between marked and unmarked Chinook salmon, and there was no difference in the total length of marked and unmarked steelhead at the conclusion of the study. Calcein marking had no effect on survival of Chinook salmon or steelhead fry during the 8-week experiment. The calcein mark rapidly lost its intensity over time in Chinook salmon and steelhead. Steelhead fry were marked and reared in three light treatments to directly evaluate whether sunlight exposure affected calcein retention. After 28 d, steelhead exposed to sunlight had no visible calcein marks, whereas those held in covered tanks had 10...