cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enacting Collective Design Intentions in an Online Graduate Level Introductory Instructional Technology Course

This design case will introduce how collective design intentions shared by a group of three program faculty for an online Instructional Technology (IT) Master’s program at the University of Tennessee (UT) were collaboratively identified and further acted upon within the context of the first course in the program. The course that is the focus of this case is “IT521 Proseminar 1: Instructional Technology as a Profession” in which we explored collective design intentions. The article begins with an introduction of the collective design intentions that program faculty shared. Then the article introduces how the first author enacted those design intentions in IT521 while working closely with the second author. The purpose for sharing this case is to document critical decisions that were made by one faculty member about a course within the context of shared design intentions for the program. The article ends with a discussion of lessons learned about communicating collective and personal design intentions to future designers who may be involved in similar situations.
Lessons on Nutrition of Displaced People

Policies for protecting the nutrition of displaced people (including refugees) have evolved significantly since the sharp increase in numbers began in the 1970s. Food supplies have often been grossly inadequate, probably contributing to the very high mortality rates and severe malnutrition observed in camps. These are related, in part, to low estimates of food energy needs, moving from the idea of "survival" rations (1200-1800 kcal/person/ day) through "minimum" (1900 kcal) to a current target level, likely to be usually adequate, of 2100 kcal. Some donors aim to provide 2400 kcal to preclude the need for supplementary feeding. Micronutrient needs in food supplies have received less attention, despite reemerging epidemics of micronutrient deficiencies (e.g., scurvy, pellagra) in camp populations. Supplied commodity baskets are still not routinely designed to meet micronutrient needs. The relative roles of different feeding programs need clarification; therapeutic feeding in severe malnutrition is well established, although experience of supplementary feeding is mixed. Better information on nutrition, health and survival is now routinely available; in particular, using trigger levels of mortality rates (e.g., 1/10,000/day as a crisis) has helped enhance action. The existence of severe wasting in children is highly predictive of increased mortality and could be tested as a readily observed indicator. Overall, procedures for alleviating and preventing malnutrition have indeed improved, but much more slowly than the scientific basis could allow. A general conclusion is that learning lessons and applying them more quickly could still prevent much malnutrition and save many lives among displaced people.
Choice behavior in coalition games

A maximization of expected utility theory of decision making originally developed for repetitive, non-social, choice situations is applied to behavior in the coalition game. A program of experiments testing the application of the theory is reported. The results of the experiments indicate strong support for the model. An extension of the theory to two-person games is also presented and the results of a preliminary test are reported.
Synthesis and characterization of mixed ligand Ru(II) complexes with dipyrido(2,3-a:3′,2′-j)phenazine (dpop′)

The synthesis of mixed ligand [Ru(NH3)3(dpop′)]2+ and [Ru(tpy)(dpop′)]2+ (dpop′=dipyrido(2,3-a:3′,2′-j)phenazine; tpy=2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine) complexes is described. Absorption, emission, electrochemistry and stability of the series of [Ru(L)1,3(dpop′)]2+ (L=dpop′, tpy and NH3) complexes is evaluated. Absorption spectra show the Ru(dπ)→dpop′(π*) CT transition energies increase when the ancillary ligands are varied in the order NH3, tpy and dpop′, consistent with increased Ru2+/3+ oxidation potentials in the same order. The [Ru(tpy)(dpop′)]2+ ion is emissive in room temperature de-oxygenated CH3CN with λem=748 nm. At 77 K, the [Ru(tpy)(dpop′)]2+ ion displays emissions at λem=600; 645(sh) and λem=735 nm attributed to [Ru(tpy*)(dpop′)]2+ and [Ru(tpy)(dpop′*)]2+3CT excited state relaxations. Spectro-electrochemistry shows the bis-tridentate [Ru(tpy)(dpop′)]2+ complex is reversible upon oxidation and reduction, while [Ru(NH3)3(dpop′)]2+ is irreversible.
Further evidence of discontinuity in learning to recognize

Many current models of recognition learning assume that Ss do discriminate many degrees of familiarity and that recognition responses grow out of comparative judgments of the “most familiar” item. But direct examination of acquisition functions for single items and individual Ss reveals discrete transitions at the trial of the first correct response, from low to high confidence, and from long to short response times. Further, response times in multiple-choice tests indicate that, when S is correct, the search is terminated as soon as the correct item is located. This further evidence of discontinuity in recognition learning stands in contrast to the lack of direct support for continua of “familiarity” or “apparent oldness.”
On the Production of the Hard Component of the Cosmic Radiation. I. The Photon Hypothesis

The number of quanta (and electrons) of energy $k$ within $\mathrm{dk}$ times their range in units of radiation theory (photon lengths) produced in matter by a primary electron of energy $E$ is calculated from the theory of showers to be $Z(k)dk=\ensuremath{\alpha}(\frac{E}{{k}^{2}})dk$, where $\ensuremath{\alpha}=0.57$ for quanta and 0.44 for electrons. With the help of the known energy distribution of the electrons coming from the outside, the energy distribution of photon lengths in the higher atmosphere is obtained. A comparison with the number and energy distribution of mesons (obtained from data near sea level and underground) leads to the following consequences of the hypothesis that the mesons are created by photons. The production process must be of moderate multiplicity and its cross section must increase from about 1/100 of the cross section for pair production by photons in air at moderate energy (7 to 10 Bev) to about 1/10 at higher energy (over 18 Bev). These high cross sections required for the production of energetic mesons seem to imply correspondingly large cross sections for absorption and constitute a serious difficulty for the understanding of their great penetrating power.
Development of a configurable architecture for smart pixel research (CASPR)

The design, demonstration and evaluation of a general purpose, smart pixel based photonic information processing unit is presented. Based on a photonic VLSI device technology that can be implemented using a standard 1.5-micrometers CMOS, each pixel incorporates a photoreceiver with a RISC processor and produces a device that is suitable for prototyping photonic information processing systems.
SELF-ASSEMBLY OF MODEL NONIONIC AMPHIPHILIC MOLECULES

The behavior of model nonionic amphiphilic molecules undergoing aggregation is studied using single-chain mean-field theory. The amphiphilic molecules are of the type HxTy where the H (head) monomers like the solvent molecules and the T (tail) monomers are solvophobic. In combination with the mass action model, the theory was used to study the critical micellar concentration, cmc, and the micellar size distribution as a function of head and tail lengths, architecture of the molecule, and temperature. The predictions of the theory are compared with the molecular dynamic results of Smit et al. (Langmuir 1993, 9, 9). Very good agreement is found between the theoretical predictions and the simulations. The theory is shown to predict quantitatively the two different free energy scales responsible for micellization and for micellar size distributions in model systems. The cmc is found to be only slightly dependent on the headgroup molecular architecture. However, the micellar size distribution is found to be qu...
Individual and Collective Electronic Properties of Ag Nanocrystals

We report on the electronic transport properties of individual alkanethiol-passivated Ag nanocrystals and their superlattices. Isolated Ag particles with diameters in the range of 2.7−4.8 nm supported by a metallic substrate passivated with an organic layer show a Coulomb gap. Monolayer films of Ag particles exhibit four distinct electronic signatures, two of which have not been previously reported, depending on their structures. In two-dimensional ordered superlattices of octanethiol-capped 4.8 nm diameter nanocrystals on graphite, the strong interparticle electronic coupling produces metallic films. A disordered monolayer of dodecanethiol-capped 6.6 nm diameter nanocrystals exhibits a temperature-dependent differential conductance, which is attributed to the localized states formed by the disorder in the lattice. For two-dimensional ordered superlattices of pentanethiol- and hexanethiol-capped 2.7 nm diameter Ag particles, we find that the films are insulating, and individual nanocrystals maintain their...
Genes, Race and Research Ethics: Who’s Minding the Store?

Background: The search for genetic variants between racial/ethnic groups to explain differential disease susceptibility and drug response has provoked sharp criticisms, challenging the appropriateness of using race/ethnicity as a variable in genetics research, because such categories are social constructs and not biological classifications. Objectives: To gain insight into how a group of genetic scientists conceptualise and use racial/ethnic variables in their work and their strategies for managing the ethical issues and consequences of this practice. Methods: In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 30 genetic researchers who use racial/ethnic variables in their research. Standard qualitative methods of content analysis were used. Results: Most of the genetic researchers viewed racial/ethnic variables as arbitrary and very poorly defined, and in turn as scientifically inadequate. However, most defended their use, describing them as useful proxy variables on a road to “imminent medical progress”. None had developed overt strategies for addressing these inadequacies, with many instead asserting that science will inevitably correct itself and saying that meanwhile researchers should “be careful” in the language chosen for reporting findings. Conclusions: While the legitimacy and consequences of using racial/ethnic variables in genetics research has been widely criticised, ethical oversight is left to genetic researchers themselves. Given the general vagueness and imprecision we found amongst these researchers regarding their use of these variables, they do not seem well equipped for such an undertaking. It would seem imperative that research ethicist move forward to develop specific policies and practices to assure the scientific integrity of genetic research on biological differences between population groups.
Effects of intermittent electrical shock on responses related to milk ejection.

Abstract Electrical shock is perceived to be a problem on many dairy farms. Thirteen cows were subjected to intermittent electrical shock (5s on, 25s off) at a.m. and p.m. milkings for 7 days. Seven cows were subjected to 3.6mA shocks starting with preparation (1min udder wash and dry) and six cows to 6.0mA. One additional cow initially in the 6.0mA group had to be removed from the study because of severe behavioral responses to shock. Compared to 5-day preshock and postshock periods, milk yield, milking time, and Wisconsin Mastitis Test scores were not affected by shock. Maximum rate of milk flow increased slightly. The number of behavioral events such as lifting legs during milking increased with a greater increase in the 6.0mA group. Heart rate was elevated (+3 beats/min) only in response to shock during preparation (initial shock). For selected days, time to peak oxytocin response was delayed in the 3.6mA group, and peak prolactin and area under prolactin response curves increased similarly for both groups during shock. There were significant a.m.–p.m. differences in milk yield, milking time, maximum rate of milk flow, heart rate, and responses of oxytocin and prolactin. We think that milk yield can be maintained, at least in the short term, in cows subjected to electrical shock due to power-line problems if dairy producers take exceptional care to accommodate behavioral responses.
EVIDENCE FOR THE ITINERANT ELECTRON MODEL OF FERROMAGNETISM AND FOR SURFACE PHOTOEMISSION FROM ANGLE-RESOLVED PHOTOEMISSION STUDIES OF IRON

Abstract Angle-resolved HeI photoemission spectra of Fe(001) are reported and interpreted within the framework of a direct transition model using Callaway's ferromagnetic band structure. The generally good agreement between predicted and experimental peak positions is taken to be strong support for the itinerant electron theory of ferromagnetism. Spectra taken with nearly grazing incidence p -polarized light, however, are not interpretable in terms of the direct transition model. The importance of electron refraction is noted, as is the value of interpolation calculations for interpreting ARP spectra.
The Microbial Engines That Drive Earth's Biogeochemical Cycles

Virtually all nonequilibrium electron transfers on Earth are driven by a set of nanobiological machines composed largely of multimeric protein complexes associated with a small number of prosthetic groups. These machines evolved exclusively in microbes early in our planet's history yet, despite their antiquity, are highly conserved. Hence, although there is enormous genetic diversity in nature, there remains a relatively stable set of core genes coding for the major redox reactions essential for life and biogeochemical cycles. These genes created and coevolved with biogeochemical cycles and were passed from microbe to microbe primarily by horizontal gene transfer. A major challenge in the coming decades is to understand how these machines evolved, how they work, and the processes that control their activity on both molecular and planetary scales.
Phosphorylation of glucose by a guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP)-dependent glucokinase in Fibrobacter succinogenes subsp. succinogenes S85

Cell extracts of Fibrobacter succinogenes subsp. succinogenes S85 phosphorylated glucose with a GTP-dependent glucokinase. The enzyme showed little activity with ATP (12% of that with GTP). Of other phosphate donors tested, only dGTP and ITP gave high glucokinase activities. Dialyzed extracts required Mg+2 and K+ for maximal activity. In potassium phosphate buffer, glucokinase showed maximum activity at pH 7.5 with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase as the coupling enzyme. In this assay, glucokinase was active with glucose (100%), 2-deoxy-D-glucose (40%), and mannose (20%). Partially purified glucokinase had a molecular weight of 82,000 and a pI of 4.82. Double-reciprocal plots of substrate concentration versus velocity were linear and the enzyme had apparent Km values of 55 microM for glucose and 72 microM for GTP. Dialyzed cell extracts of Fibrobacter intestinalis C1A also contained a GTP-dependent glucokinase that showed little activity with ATP. Potassium also stimulated the activity of this enzyme. These results suggest that this unusual glucokinase may be characteristic of the genus Fibrobacter.
Hyperfine Interactions of cis and trans Octahedral Fe2+ Sites in the Layered Silicate Annite

Spin-polarized first-principles calculations based on density functional theory were performed for 23- and 101-atom embedded clusters representing annite. Hyperfine interactions and magnetic moments were obtained and compared with experimental Mossbauer spectra and SQUID magnetometry measurements. It was found that the electric field gradients and the magnetic fields are profoundly affected by the position of the hydroxyls. The calculated magnetic moments are close to 4 μ B in both octahedral sites.
Concurrent binding of complexin and synaptotagmin to liposome-embedded SNARE complexes.

Synaptotagmin and complexin regulate SNARE-mediated synaptic vesicle exocytosis. It has been proposed that complexin clamps membrane fusion and that Ca2+-synaptotagmin displaces complexin from SNARE complexes to relieve this clamping activity. Using a reconstituted system, we demonstrate that complexin and synaptotagmin simultaneously bind to neuronal SNARE complexes and that both apo-synaptotagmin and complexin inhibit SNARE-mediated membrane fusion. Moreover, the clamping ability of apo-synaptotagmin occluded the clamping activity of complexin until the arrival of a Ca2+ trigger, at which point synaptotagmin accelerated fusion while high concentrations of complexin inhibited fusion. Thus, the inhibitory patterns of synaptotagmin and complexin are different, suggesting that SNAREs assemble into distinct states along the fusion pathway. These data also suggest that during synaptotagmin-regulated vesicle−vesicle fusion, complexin does not function as a fusion clamp that is relieved by Ca2+-synaptotagmin.
Heats of solution of tin(II) halides in dimethylsulfoxide and N,N-dimethylformamide

Abstract Heats of solution of the tin(II) halides in the donor solvents dimethylsulfoxide and N,N-dimethylformamide have been found to be exothermic, decreasing in the order SnI 2 > SnBr 2 > SnCl 2 > SnF 2 . The magnitude of the heats of solution in dimethylformamide were substantially greater than those in dimethylsulfoxide. The heats of reaction of the tin(II) halides in dimethylsulfoxide solution with liquid triethylamine were also measured and found to be exothermic but smaller in magnitude than the solution heats. The same order of acceptor strengths were observed although the differences between the halides were smaller.
Human behavior, incentives, and protected area management

Myriad park/people conflicts have resulted in developing countries when Western, predominantly North American, approaches to protected area management have been applied (e.g. McNeely & Miller 1984; MacKinnon et al. 1986). Park/people conflicts do arise in developed countries as well (Cooperrider 1991; Freemuth 1991; Briggle 1992; Frome 1992; Wright 1992; Mann & Plummer 1993), but they may be more manageable because of the relative affluence of residents and because fewer people are dependent on resource extraction. Many studies have been done on the types of conflicts that emanate from reserve management, and they offer solutions for ameliorating such conflicts in the context of developing nations (West & Brechin 1991; Kemf 1993; Western et al. 1994). Yet many of these studies are descriptive and site-specific (Lohman 1991; Wells & Brandon 1992) and do not address broader aspects of why conflict is common, what approaches to redress conflict may be workable, and what social variables are predictors of both causes of and solutions for conflict that result from the designation of protected areas. There is a large body of literature on economic incentives that can be used to protect areas in developing countries (e.g. McNeely 1988; Dixon and Sherman 1990; Aylward 1992), including designs for extractive management regimes (Lewis 1990; Robinson and Redford 1991; Plotkin and Famolare 1992; Salafsky et al. 1993; Balick et al. 1994). Some of them have been implemented with mixed success (Heinen 1995a) because little thought has been given to what types of incentives to apply in different types of reserves and under different social circumstances. Because of societal heterogeneity imposed by high population densities, different ethnic groups coexisting within relatively small areas, and economic disparities in
Optical properties of catalytically active cobalt and cadmium liver alcohol dehydrogenases

Abstract Substitution of Co or Cd for the native Zn atoms of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH) results in catalytically active metallodehydrogenases with characteristic enzymatic, chemical and optical properties. These metal substitutents generate extrinsic Cotton effects and, in turn, alter side chain Cotton effects in typical fashion. Further, the spectra generated by the metals and those arising from either the binding of NADH or of 1, 10-phenanthroline to LADH cause mutual perturbations. These features of Co and Cd LADH provide new approaches to delineate the role of metal ions in this multichain enzyme.
Religion, Fanaticism, and Liberalism

Few people in contemporary democracies have what John Rawls calls fully comprehensive doctrines (FCDs). In particular, mainstream religions are not FCDs; further, most people, including educated, reflective ones, do not have FCDs. I argue that if an FCD conflicts with political liberalism, as Rawls explains it in Political Liberalism, then it is the FCD that must yield. What distinguishes fanatics from most religious people in contemporary democracies is the fact that fanatics (purport to) place all value in things of some transcendent realm. Terrorists are fanatics who, ironically, try to impose their values on the world.
Language patterns of adolescent autistics

The language samples of seven verbal autistic adolescents were analyzed. Linguistic deficits were compared to characteristics reported for preteen autistics and described structurally. Only four subjects demonstrated linguistic impairments. These clustered primarily in the area of prosodic features, semantic cooccurrence constraints and general disfluency. No such clustering had been reported for the preteen population. No correlation between linguistic deficits, IQ, and age was found. However, performance on the Seashore Test for Musical Ability correlated highly with linguistic performance. Results suggest that (a) autism includes linguistically, and possibly etiologically, distinct subgroups; (b) the basic linguistic deficits in autism may be more specific than thought previously; and (c) perception of prosodie features may be crucial for decoding and encoding linguistic signals. Autistic children may be lacking in this ability.
Fission xenon from extinct 244Pu in 14301

Xenon extracted in step-wise heating of lunar breccia 14 301 contains a fission-like component in excess of that attributable to uranium decay during the age of the solar system. There seems to be no adequate source for this component other than 244Pu. Verification that this component is in fact due to the spontaneous fission of extinct 244Pu comes from the derived spectrum which is similar to that observed from artificially produced 244Pu. It thus appears that 244Pu was extant at the time lunar crustal material cooled sufficiently to arrest the thermal diffusion of xenon. Subsequent history has apparently maintained the isotopic integrity of plutonium fission xenon. Of major importance are details of the storage itself. Either the fission component is the result of in situ fission of 244Pu and subsequent storage in 14 301 material, or the fission xenon was stored in an intermediate reservoir before incorporation into 14301. In the former case accurate dating of this material is possible which would place formation of lunar crustal material early in primitive solar system history (nearly simultaneous with meteorite parent-body formation). In the latter case accurate dating is not possible, but the implied re-implantation from a source rich in 244fission xenon still demands that the moon was once primitive enough to contain large amounts of now extinct 244Pu and at the same time cool enough to prevent xenon isotopic mixing.
Methodological advances and developments in the assessment of psychopathy

The last decade has witnessed a number of significant methodological advances and developments in the assessment of psychopathy. The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised and the two-factor model of psychopathy have facilitated the assessment of psychopathy and clarified the differential correlates of the personality- and behavior-based operationalizations of this syndrome. Although preliminary evidence suggests that certain features of psychopathy may be underpinned by a latent taxon, the categorical versus dimensional status of psychopathy requires clarification. Researchers have accorded increasing attention to the assessment of psychopathy in non-criminal samples, although the construct of subclinical psychopathy remains controversial. Other recent methodological developments include: (a) the extension of the Five-Factor Model and other higher-order personality taxonomies to psychopathy; (b) development of a Q-sort methodology to permit the assessment of psychopathy by observers; (c) standardized assessment of psychopaths' interpersonal behaviors; (d) assessment of psychopathy in children; and (e) examination of gender, ethnic, and cross-cultural differences in psychopathy.
Determination of engine oil volatility by thermogravimetry

Abstract A TG method for determination of the volatility of engine oils was developed as an alternative laboratory test to the Noack method (DIN 51581). The method involves standardizing a TG system with tetracosane (C 24 H 50 )) and determining the relative evaporative loss of engine oils at the heating time of 30% tetracosane weight loss under the standardized TG conditions. The evaporative loss values for 48 engine oils of different viscosity grades were determined by this TG method and compared with corresponding values determined by the Noack method. The relative standard deviation obtained for an SAE 5W-30 multigrade oil was 4.1% ( n = 8).
Logical and Physical Resource Management in the Common Node of a Distributed Function Laboratory Computer Network

A computer network architecture consisting of a common node processor for managing peripherals and files and a number of private node processors for laboratory experiment control has been given elsewhere. The mode of comnmunication between the nodes is that of the transaction. The procedures and data structures used to manage both logical and physical resources required during processing of a transaction by the common node are discussed.
Kinetics of dissolution of β-tricalcium phosphate

The dissolution kinetics of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) was investigated at 37 °C using the constant composition (CC) method over a range of undersaturation. The rates decreased markedly with time despite the sustained driving force and eventually approached zero, indicating a critical condition in the dissolution process. The calculated reaction order with respect to relative undersaturation, 5.5, suggested a surface-pit (polynucleation) mechanism of β-TCP dissolution. The interfacial tension between β-TCP and the solution phase obtained from this model, γSL = 3.8 mJ m-2, was consistent with its dissolution mechanism and relatively high solubility. The addition of magnesium or zinc ions retarded β-TCP dissolution; the latter completely suppressing the reaction at a concentration as low as 2 × 10-6 mol L-1.
Integrated access to legal literature through automated semantic classification

Access to legal information and, in particular, to legal literature is examined for the creation of a search and retrieval system for Italian legal literature. The design and implementation of services such as integrated access to a wide range of resources are described, with a particular focus on the importance of exploiting metadata assigned to disparate legal material. The integration of structured repositories and Web documents is the main purpose of the system: it is constructed on the basis of a federation system with service provider functions, aiming at creating a centralized index of legal resources. The index is based on a uniform metadata view created for structured data by means of the OAI approach and for Web documents by a machine learning approach, which, in this paper, has been assessed as regards document classification. Semantic searching is a major requirement for legal literature users and a solution based on the exploitation of Dublin Core metadata, as well as the use of legal ontologies and related terms prepared for accessing indexed articles have been implemented.
“Special” Communiqué Issued by the Belgian Marxist Terrorist Group, “Communist Combatant Cells” (CCC)

This section of Studies in Conflict & Terrorism is dedicated to the reprinting of selected, translated terrorist communiques that provide insights into the mindset, worldview, or operational thinking of a group. In terms of communiques, this section employs the following typology of terrorist communiques. There are three types of terrorist communiques: attack, strategic, and special. Attack communiques are issued to claim responsibility for an attack, explain the target selected, and provide the political rationale for attacking the target. A strategic communique is a longer document that is issued to provide strategic direction or commentary on political events, issues, and developments relevant to the group's cause and constituency. It can be used to explain changes of strategy or reinforce the strategic direction of the group. The special communique is similar to the attack communique in that it is event-driven but addresses non-attack events like anniversary dates, hunger strikes, elections, deaths of...
Inquiry, Imagination, and the Search for a Deep Politic:

In this article, the author recommends that we consider how inquiry can facilitate the search for a deep politic. Using an epistemology that shifts between education and aesthetics, the search for a deep politic is based on our human potential to interrogate and (re)imagine everyday politics. By doing so, the author argues, it is possible to see anew and move beyond the status quo to the “not yet” without being completely immersed in the normative traditions of the present and past. Linking our ability to “see” everyday politics with our human ability to imagine and create facilitates a process of change that sits uneasily with the categories, structures, and relationships that tie us to the current constructions of our life-worlds.
Evaluation of sampling methods for the determination of trace organics in water

Abstract The applicability of a closed-loop gas-phase stripping apparatus for the determination of trace organics in water was evaluated. Recoveries were determined for a series of n-alkanes. The effects of extraction solvent, stripping temperature, stripping time, pH and salt content on the closed-loop system were investigated. Carbon disulfide was found to be the best extraction solvent, and an extraction temperature of 40°C was found to be optimal. Two water samples spiked with 0.1–0.2 and 1.0–2.0 μg/1 of each U.S. Environmental Protection Agency base neutral priority pollutant were investigated. Recoveries for the base neutrals of the more concentrated sample were determined at 25 and 40°C. A direct comparison of the closed-loop gas-phase stripping method and the purge-and-trap method with Tenax GC was performed on a river water sample. Recoveries for the thermal desorption of base neutrals from Tenax were determined at five different desorption temperatures. A new microextraction vessel, which allows the use of solvents heavier than water, was constructed and evaluated. Distribution coefficients and recoveries for compounds of different functionalities were determined at three different water to solvent ratios and at concentration levels of 100 ppb★ and 0.5 ppm.
Coping with HIV as a chronic illness: A longitudinal analysis of illness appraisals

Illness appraisals are central to understanding how individuals cope with chronic illness. An interpretive phenomenological approach to the analysis of two years of bimonthly stressful event narratives in a sample of 57 HIV + gay men revealed five groups that differed on how they appraised HIV and one group of individuals who changed from one type of appraisal to another over the course of the 2-year study. The ways of appraising HIV revealed in this analysis have implications for interventions and for the study of coping with HIV as a chronic illness. The repeated assessment of specific HIV-associated stressful events and a qualitative analytic approach allowed for a more in-depth understanding of the meaning of HIV for the participants. This study suggests that coping interventions may be more powerful if they are tailored to individual appraisals of HIV because different forms of coping are likely to be differentially effective depending on the meaning of HIV in the individual's life.
Fast ion chromatography-ICP-QQQ for arsenic speciation

Two methods for the fast separation of arsenic species are presented. The general approach is to modify existing methodology utilizing carbonate eluents for a small particle size, short column length Hamilton PRP-X100 column which is interfaced with the Agilent 8800 ICP-QQQ using oxygen as reaction gas and detection of AsO at m/z 91. Using H2O2 in the extractant to oxidize As(III) to As(V) it is possible to separate arsenobetaine from DMA, MMA and As(V) in 1.5 minutes. Such a method may be useful where a measure of total inorganic As is sufficient, for example for regulatory compliance in food or beverage testing. It is possible to separate six As species. i.e. the four above and arsenocholine and As(III) in 4.5 minutes using a gradient separation. Such a method could be useful for analysis of urinary arsenic species. Coupling with the high sensitivity of ICP-QQQ yields equivalent or better detection limits than conventional methods with run times up to 5 times faster, which is a significant benefit for sample throughput and method development.
Linear and cyclic aliphatic carboxamides of the Murchison meteorite: hydrolyzable derivatives of amino acids and other carboxylic acids.

Abstract Analyses of fractionated aqueous extracts of the Murchison meteorite by gas chromatographymass spectrometry after silylation with N-methyl-N ( tert -butyldimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide have revealed an extensive series of linear and cyclic aliphatic amides. These include monocarboxylic acid amides, dicarboxylic acid monoamides, hydroxy acid amides, lactams, carboxy lactams, lactims, N-acetyl amino acids, and substituted hydantoins. Numerous isomers and homologues through at least C 8 were observed in all cases, except for the N-acetyl amino acids and hydantoins. Carboxy lactams, lactams, hydantoins, and N-acetyl amino acids are converted to amino acids by acid hydrolysis, thus, these compounds qualitatively account for the earlier observation of acid-labile amino acid precursors in meteoritic extracts. Laboratory studies of the spontaneous decomposition of N-carbamyl-α-amino acids and their dehydration products, the 5-substituted hydantoins, have led to the recognition of a series of aqueous phase reactions by which amino acids and cyanic acid/cyanate ion in the primitive parent body might have given rise to several of the observed classes of amides, as well as to monocarboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids, and hydroxy acids. A previously undescribed reaction of 5-substituted hydantoins with cyanic acid/cyanate ion to give carboxamides of the 5-substituent groups was observed in the course of these studies. The presence of an extensive suite of amides in a CM chondrite appears to be consistent with the interstellar-parent body formation hypothesis for the organic compounds of these meteorites. The presence of carboxy lactams and lactams along with free amino acids suggests the possibility of further chemical evolution of meteorite amino acids by thermal polymerization. The cyclic amides, given their potential for hydrogen-bonded pair formation, might be considered candidate bases for a primitive sequence coding system.
Advances in greener separation processes – case study: recovery of chlorinated aromatic compounds

Effective waste management must address waste avoidance, waste reuse, waste recovery and, as the least progressive option, waste treatment. Separation methodologies fit well within a modern green processing ethos, serving to isolate, concentrate and recover valuable material from toxic waste (notably aqueous) streams. An overview is provided of the established separation techniques that focuses on organic contaminants and the associated remediation objectives. The Case Study chosen to illustrate the role separation has to play in environmental pollution control deals with the removal of toxic chloroarenes from wastewater. This is a topic of growing concern as governmental legislation focuses on a substantial reduction in the emission of a broad range of chlorinated compounds. The sources and environmental impact associated with chloro-emissions and the existing treatment technologies are presented and discussed. Adsorption represents the most widely applicable non-destructive control technology, offering the possibility of recovery/recycle. Taking adsorption on activated carbon as a standard, the performance of novel catalytically generated structured carbon is evaluated and shown to outperform activated carbon in batch and semi-batch operation. The level of uptake is markedly higher on carbon surfaces that have been functionalised by acid washing and partial oxidation. The carbon nanofilament adsorbent bed exhibits lower back pressures when treating a continuous contaminant flow, separation of the liquid from the solid in batch operation is more facile and a chloroarene recovery/concentration is possible in polar solvents, a combination of factors that facilitates cleaner separation/recycle.
Mechanical stress generated by orthodontic forces on apical root cementum: a finite element model.

Structured Abstract Authors – Shaw AM, Sameshima GT, Vu HV Objectives – 1) To determine the mechanical stress generated at the root apex during different types of tooth movement using a finite element model of an ideal, human maxillary central incisor. 2) To determine the relationship of thickness of cementum and the magnitude of mechanical stress at the root apex. Design – Computer simulation. Setting and Sample Population – Not applicable, computer simulation. Experimental Variables – Tooth and investing tissue layers (enamel, dentin, cementum, pulp, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone). Outcome Measure – Von Mises and maximum principal stresses. Results – Increasing the apical thickness of cementum increases the amount of mechanical stress. Conclusion – A finite element model incorporating all layers of a human maxillary central incisor has been developed. This model was used to determine the location and magnitude of mechanical stress generated for all regions of the tooth, PDL, and enclosed alveolar bone, when orthodontic forces are applied to the tooth. Mechanical stresses were found to increase at the root apex with increasing thickness of apical cementum.
Treatment of schizophrenia with depot preparations of fluphenazine, haloperidol, and risperidone among inpatients at state-operated psychiatric facilities.

Abstract Background This study aimed to characterize the inpatient utilization of depot antipsychotics. Method The characteristics of adults with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, hospitalized for at least 28 days, and who were prescribed depot antipsychotics were examined from 2004 to 2006 using a database from a large state-operated psychiatric hospital system. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients receiving depot fluphenazine or haloperidol were compared to those prescribed depot risperidone. Results We identified 2210 unique patients who initiated treatment with a depot antipsychotic (after receiving oral antipsychotics). Of these, 1484 (67.1%) received depot fluphenazine or haloperidol, and 726 (32.9%) received risperidone as their initial depot antipsychotic. Patients who received depot risperidone did not differ from those receiving depot fluphenazine or haloperidol with regard to demographics, diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder, number of comorbid psychiatric or medical diagnoses, or diagnosis of substance abuse. Patients started on depot risperidone during the observation period had a longer length of stay prior to initiation of depot than those started on depot fluphenazine or haloperidol (583 days vs. 237 days, t = 5.489, p Conclusions Patients initiated on depot risperidone had a longer length of stay prior to their first injection and were less likely to be discharged on that medication compared to patients initiated on depot fluphenazine or haloperidol, possibly indicating that patients initiating depot risperidone had a more severe or treatment-resistant course of illness and/or that there were reimbursement barriers for the outpatient utilization of depot risperidone, or that efficacy differences exist between the depot antipsychotics at the doses used in this population.
Dendritic morphology of callosal and ipsilateral projection neurons in monkey prefrontal cortex

Abstract Subpopulations of cortical pyramidal neurons have been distinguished based on the projection target of their principal axons or by their dendritic morphology. In this study, we sought to test the hypothesis that pyramidal neurons in monkey prefrontal cortex that furnish callosal or ipsilateral projections have distinctive dendritic morphologies. Retrogradely-labeled, Fast Blue-containing callosal and ipsilateral neurons were intracellularly filled with Lucifer Yellow, immunoconverted, and reconstructed. Quantitative measurements of the size and complexity of the dendritic arbor, including total dendritic length, horizontal extent, number of branch points, maximum branch order, and number of segments, as well as spine density, were made. In general, callosal neurons had larger and more complex dendritic arbors for both apical and basilar dendritic trees than did ipsilateral neurons. The greatest difference was in total dendritic length; the apical and basilar trees of callosal neurons were 34 and 25% longer, respectively. In addition, spine density was also significantly greater on the apical and basilar dendrites of callosal neurons. These findings could not be explained by differences in somal size or completeness of dendritic filling between callosal and ipsilateral neurons. Our observations support the hypothesis that callosal and ipsilateral neurons differ on a number of measures of dendritic size and complexity. Furthermore, these findings imply that these two subpopulations of pyramidal cells differ in the number and perhaps types of excitatory inputs that they receive. Finally, differences in the dendritic morphology of callosal and ipsilateral neurons have implications for understanding the functional attributes of these two populations of cells, as well as for the characterization of pyramidal neurons in human disease states.
GABA and glutamate are not colocalized in mossy fiber terminals of developing rodent hippocampus

Abstract It has been hypothesized that, in the developing rodent hippocampus, mossy fiber terminals release GABA together with glutamate. Here, we used transgenic glutamic acid decarboxylase-67 (GAD67)-GFP expressing mice and multi-label immunohistochemistry to address whether glutamatergic and GABAergic markers are colocalized. We demonstrate that in the dentate gyrus, interneurons positive for GABA/GAD are sparsely distributed along the edge of the hilus, in a different pattern from that of the densely packed granule cells. Co-staining for synaptophysin and vesicular glutamate transporter1 (VGLUT1) in postnatal day 14 brain sections from both mice and rats showed mossy fiber terminals as a group of large (2–5 μm in diameter) VGLUT1-positive excitatory presynaptic terminals in the stratum lucidum of area CA3a/b. Furthermore, co-staining for synaptophysin and vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) revealed a group of small-sized (∼0.5 μm in diameter) inhibitory presynaptic terminals in the same area where identified mossy fiber terminals were present. The two types of terminals appeared to be mutually exclusive, and showed no colocalization. Thus, our results do not support the hypothesis that GABA is released as a neurotransmitter from mossy fiber terminals during development.
Increasing the number of lymph nodes examined after colectomy does not improve colon cancer staging.

Background Current quality initiatives call for examination of at least 12 lymph nodes in curative colon cancer resections. The aim of this study was to determine if the number of nodes harvested has increased, and if the increased number nodes correlates with improved staging or overall survival. Study Design A review of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program database from 2004−2010 was performed. All patients who underwent colon cancer resection during this date range were analyzed. Number of nodes retrieved, patient stage, overall survival, and overall survival by stage were examined. Multivariable analysis controlled for stage, cancer site, age, year of diagnosis, and number of nodes retrieved. Improved staging was defined as increased detection of stage III patients. Results A total of 147,076 patients met inclusion criteria. Median number of nodes analyzed increased sequentially with each year examined, from 12 in 2004 to 17 in 2010. Despite greater number of total nodes obtained and analyzed, there was no increase in the percentage of patients with positive nodes (stage III disease). On multivariable analysis, after controlling for stage, site of disease, age, and year of diagnosis, there was a slight overall survival benefit with increasing nodal retrieval (hazard ratio = 0.987 for each additional node removed; 95% CI, 0.986−0.988; p Conclusions Since quality initiatives have been put in place, there has been an increase in the number of nodes examined in colon cancer resections, but no improvement in staging. The improved survival seen with higher node counts was independent of stage, site of disease, patient age, and year of diagnosis.
The developmental distribution of vimentin in the chick retina

Abstract The developmental distribution of vimentin was localized in chick retina using light and electronmicroscopic immunohistochemical techniques. From embryonic day 4 (E4) to E8 vimentin was present in cells throughout the retina. By E10 vimentin immunoreactivity was restricted to Muller cells. In tissue culture of chick neural retina vimentin was found to be restricted to flat cells that are thought by others to be derived from Muller cells. Neurons in culture did not contain vimentin.