cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complex Effects in Large Eddy Simulations

Complex Effects in Large Eddy Simulations.- On the Relation between Subgrid-Scale Modeling and Numerical Discretization in Large-Eddy Simulation.- Space-Time Error Representation and Estimation in Navier-Stokes Calculations.- Multiresolution Particle Methods.- LES Computation of Lagrangian Statistics in Homogeneous Stationary Turbulence Application of Universalities under Scaling Symmetry at Sub-Grid Scales.- Anisotropic Subgrid-Scale Modelling: Comparison of LES with High Resolution DNS and Statistical Theory for Rapidly Rotating Turbulence.- On the Investigation of a Dynamic Nonlinear Subgrid-Scale Model.- Three Problems in the Large-Eddy Simulation of Complex Turbulent Flows.- Filtering the Wall as a Solution to the Wall-Modeling Problem.- ANear-Wall Eddy-Viscosity Formulation for LES.- Investigation of Multiscale Subgrid Models for LES of Instabilities and Turbulence in Wake Vortex Systems.- Numerical Determination of the Scaling Exponent of the Modeled Subgrid Stresses for Eddy Viscosity Models.- A Posteriori Study on Modelling and Numerical Error in LES Applying the Smagorinsky Model.- Passive Scalar and Dissipation Simulations with the Linear Eddy Model.- Lattice-Boltzmann LES of Vortex Shedding in the Wake of a Square Cylinder.- LES on Cartesian Grids with Anisotropic Refinement.- Towards Time-Stable and Accurate LES on Unstructured Grids.- A Low-Numerical Dissipation, Patch-Based Adaptive-Mesh-Refinement Method for Large-Eddy Simulation of Compressible Flows.- Large-Eddy Simulation of Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability.- LES of Variable Density Bifurcating Jets.- Large-Eddy Simulation of a Turbulent Flow around a Multi-Perforated Plate.- Simulation of Separation from Curved Surfaces with Combined LES and RANS Schemes.- Highly Parallel Large Eddy Simulations of Multiburner Configurations in Industrial Gas Turbines.- Response of a Swirled Non-Premixed Burner to Fuel Flow Rate Modulation.- Investigation of Subgrid Scale Wrinkling Models and Their Impact on the Artificially Thickened Flame Model in Large Eddy Simulations.- Analysis of Premixed Turbulent Spherical Flame Kernels.- Large Eddy Simulation of a Turbulent Ethylene/Air Diffusion Flame.- Energy Fluxes and Shell-to-Shell Transfers in MHD Turbulence.
Variation to radiation resistance in Nocardia corallina.

Cultures from fresh isolates of Nocardia corallina displayed a wide variation in dose-survivor response to both x radiation and ultraviolet light. Cultures more sensitive to irradition than the parent strain were found to be composed of a high percentage of bacillary cells, which were probably the cause of the sensitivity. Cultures with extreme resistance to irradiation were found, but these revented on subculture or standing to become similar in response to the parent culture. This transient radiation resistance is thought to be due to a recessive allele and is presumably lost through heterocaryon formation. Isolates of three bacterial cultures did not display the extreme variation in radiation response found in N. corallina. (auth)
Investigation of the use of calcein in the ultramicro fluorometric determination of calcium in serum.

Calcium in serum is commonly determined fluorometrically with calcium-calcein as the fluorescent complex. A method is presented for analyzing calcein to determine the optimal concentration for both greatest linearity and greatest reproducibility. Serum calcium as determined with the "UNOPETTE" system is compared with results obtained by use of a Technicon SMA 12/60.
Attenuation of Seismic Body Waves in the Mantle

Summary The attenuation of seismic body waves is a direct measure of the absorption due to nonelastic processes within the Earth. Accurate amplitude decrement data for seismic body waves require the measurement of the spatial decay rate along a given ray, but measurements are restricted to the surface of the Earth. Recent studies have shown that the average Q for shear, throughout the mantle is about 600 and that the average Q for the upper 600 km of the mantle is an order of magnitude less than the rest of the mantle. Spectral amplitude comparison of the seismic phases SKS and SKP with common paths in the mantle and core allows the Q, for compression, in the mantle to be estimated. Preliminary results indicate that the Q for compression is at least 2.5 times that for shear.
Linking the hydrologic and biogeochemical controls of nitrogen transport in near-stream zones of temperate-forested catchments: a review

Abstract We review the status of research concerning the links between hydrologic flowpaths and the biogeochemical environment controlling Nitrogen cycling and transport in near-stream saturated zones, centering on stream environments of the northern, temperate-forested zone. N retention, transformation and mobilization occur in streamside wetlands, floodplains, riparian zones, seepage faces, and the hyporheic zone. These areas are the focal point in non-point source loading of N to stream channels. They also represent areas where rapid changes in water-table and hydrologic flowpaths occur during rainfall-runoff events. It is the combination of an abrupt change in biogeochemical environment, encountering a hydrologic boundary (the terrestrial/aquatic interface or ecotone), that make the near-stream/saturated zone critical for elucidating controls of N transport and transformation. We review published studies concerning the hydrologic controls of N transport in near-stream zones, and subsequently present several geomorphic and hydrodynamic scenarios relating N biogeochemistry and its response to hydrologic events (of both varying magnitude and seasons). It is at the critical junction between temporal and spatial conditions affecting N cycling in the near-stream zone, that research priorities must now be focused.
Structure of Gramicidin S (M + H + X)2+ Ions (X = Li, Na, K) Probed by Proton Transfer Reactions

Proton transfer reactions of (M + 2H)2+ and (M + H + X)2+ ions (X = Li, Na, K) of gramicidin S with four reference bases are measured. From the kinetics of proton transfer, the apparent gas-phase basicities of the (M + H)+ and (M + X)+ ions are assigned values of 219.1 ± 2.8 and 223.3 ± 2.4 kcal/mol, respectively. We attribute the higher apparent basicity of the (M + X)+ ions to a larger separation between charges. From this difference in basicities is calculated a charge separation distance of ∼11.5 A in the (M + H + X)2+ ions using a simple point charge model. This value is consistent with a structure in which the alkali metal ion is attached to the exterior surface of the peptide and is in excellent agreement with structures obtained by molecular modeling. Rates of proton transfer from (M + H + X)2+ to dipropylamine decrease as the size of the alkali metal ion increases. This indicates that the binding site is the same for each of these metal ions.
Symbol and Sustenance: Cattle in South Asian Culture

Domesticated Indian zebu cattle were present on the western margins of the South Asian subcontinent as early as 6000 B.C. Cattle were important in the agricultural economy of the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley, but archaeological evidence suggests the bull was also assuming a symbolic or religious role in this culture during the third millennium B.C. There is, however, little to suggest that the cow was viewed as sacred. Following the decline of the Harappan civilization, northwestern India was settled by Aryan-speaking peoples who laid the foundations of modern Indian society. The Aryans were pastoral by nature and the economic importance of cattle to this society is mirrored in the role of cattle in ritual, in the pastoral symbolism of the Vedic literature (the ancient religious literature of Hinduism), and also in the association of the cow with various Vedic deities. Yet, again there is nothing to suggest the cow was viewed as sacred at this time. It is not until the appearance of the ahimsa philosophy at the end of the Vedic period, and the acceptance of this belief in the major religious philosophies of the region (Jainism, Buddhism, and later Hinduism), that the concept of the sanctity and inviolability of the cow began to crystallize. The “sacred-cow concept” appears as established doctrine in Hindu literature by the end of the medieval period (ca. fourth century A.D.), although popular practice appears to be at variance with this doctrine. A variety of historical, political, religious and social factors appear to have contributed to the general acceptance of the sacred cow doctrine by the Hindu population at large. During the 1960s, the “sacred cow” was at the center of a controversy in the social sciences concerning whether the concept was essentially religious in nature or reflected the ecological realities of the cattle economy of the Indian subcontinent. This debate notwithstanding, cattle remain central to the Indian economy, but also play a significant role in the religion and rituals of modern Hinduism, particularly those related to the worship of Krishna. Cattle have also assumed a political role in contemporary India, with anti-cow-slaughter legislation and the protection of the cow being identified with the emerging Hindutva movement. No understanding of South Asian culture can be complete without an awareness of the economic, historical, political and religious dimensions of cattle in the Indian subcontinent.
Microwave synthesis of CdSe and CdTe nanocrystals in nonabsorbing alkanes.

Controlling nanomaterial growth via the “specific microwave effect” can be achieved by selective heating of the chalcogenide precursor. The high polarizability of the precursor allows instantaneous activation and subsequent nucleation leading to the synthesis of CdSe and CdTe in nonmicrowave absorbing alkane solvents. Regardless of the desired size, narrow dispersity nanocrystals can be isolated in less than 3 min with high quantum efficiencies and elliptical morphologies. The reaction does not require a high temperature injection step, and the alkane solvent can be easily removed. In addition, batch-to-batch variance in size is 4.2 ± 0.14 nm for 10 repeat experimental runs. The use of a stopped-flow reactor allows near continuous automation of the process leading to potential industrial benefits.
Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae), and Babesia microti (Piroplasmida: Babesiidae) in Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) Collected From Recreational Lands in the Hudson Valley Region, New York State

ABSTRACT Blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis Say, were collected from 27 sites in eight New York State counties from 2003 to 2006 to determine the prevalence and distribution of tick-borne pathogens in public-use areas over a 4-yr period. In total, 11,204I. scapularis (3,300 nymphs and 7,904 adults) were individually analyzed using polymerase chain reaction to detect the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi (causative agent of Lyme disease), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly Ehrlichia phagocytophila, causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis), and Babesia microti (causative agent of human babesiosis). Overall prevalence of B. burgdorferi, A. phagocytophilum, and B. microti was 14.4, 6.5, and 2.7% in nymphs and 45.7, 12.3, and 2.5% in adult ticks, respectively. Rates varied geographically and temporally during the time period examined, and were related to measurements of tick density. Average rate of polymicrobial infection for nymphs and adults, respectively, was 1.5 and 8.5% overall, with 0.5 and...
When the Going Gets Tough, the Algos Get Going

This article examines how the market turmoil of September to November 2008 affected trading costs in general performance, and algo performance in particular. It also examines how traders responded to the new challenges created by the market turmoil. How does one execute trades in the new environment? Trade more high-touch or low-touch? Trade more or less aggressively? The analysis compares the market turmoil period to a normal “benchmark” period, May 2008. It finds that in the market turmoil period: 1) quoted spreads on the S&P 500 stocks increased 50% and quoted depth decreased 50%, 2) algo usage remained steady at 21% of executed value but algo clients shifted to more aggressive executions, 3) the liquidity impact of the average 20,000-share order in the sample more than doubled to 25 bps (10 bps in May), and 4) alpha-to-close was higher, so despite the higher liquidity impact the average algo client captured some alpha-to-close.
Geologic Interpretation of Gravity Profiles in the Western Marquette District, Northern Michigan

The presence of elongate troughs of Precambrian X (middle Precambrian) rocks in Precambrian W (lower Precambrian) rocks in the western Marquette district of northern Michigan has been known since the late 1800s. However, little data can be brought to bear on estimates of the depth and cross-sectional configuration of these features. For this reason, gravity models and geologic interpretations were made from gravity profiles measured over the Marquette Trough, Republic Trough, and Mitchigan River Trough. Gravity-model studies, combined with geologic studies, indicate that near Humboldt, Michigan, the Marquette Trough is ∼2,438 m deep and asymetrically shaped, the deepest section being near the southern edge; near the west end of Lake Michigamme, the Marquette Trough is about 1,097 m deep at its northern edge; the Republic Trough is about 1,524 m deep at a point ∼2.4 km northwest of its southeastern end; and the Mitchigan River Trough is probably a fault-bounded westward-dipping monocline ∼610 m deep.
Application of lattice-gas automata to converging flow and non-Newtonian fluids.

We apply the lattice-gas cellular automata of Frisch, Hasslacher, and Pomeau to the problem of modeling non-Newtonian fluids. Using an approach based on Henon's work, we calculate the extensional viscosity of a lattice gas. We then propose a simple model of suspended particles and a model of interparticle forces within the lattice-gas framework. We calculate the shear and extensional viscosities for each of these models
Severe streptococcal axillary lymphadenitis.

THIS report describes four adults with severe axillary lymphadenitis, a streptococcal infection that is now unusual. The syndrome was characterized by the acute onset of fever, severe pain in the axilla, and in three patients moderate-to-marked edema of the arm, axilla, shoulder, pectoral area, and supraclavicular fossa. In one patient, inflammation and edema in these areas caused thrombosis of the axillary and subclavian veins. One patient had an abscess adjacent to the pectoral muscle with an accompanying bacteremia. Ipsilateral pleural effusions occurred in two patients. Streptococcus pyogenes was recovered from two patients, and the other two had serologic evidence of . . .
Different death stimuli evoke apoptosis via multiple pathways in retinal pigment epithelial cells

Loss of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells via apoptosis plays a prominent role in several retinal degenerative diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, and with light damage. Strategies for preservation of vision that would interrupt the apoptotic cascade require understanding the molecular events associated with apoptosis. This study investigated the susceptibility of RPE to caspase-dependent and -independent apoptotic pathways when challenged with different stimuli, including oxidants, anti-Fas antibody, and activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). These experiments used novel RPE cell lines developed from wildtype and heterozygous mice with reduced levels of either Mn superoxide dismutatse (SOD) or CuZnSOD. Peroxide and 4-hydroxynonenal induced apoptosis through both caspase-independent and -dependent pathways, respectively. With both oxidants, translocation of apoptosis inducing factor into the nucleus was observed. Cells containing reduced levels of CuZnSOD were the most susceptible to oxidant-induced cell death. Targeted killing by CTLs and activation of the Fas death receptor induced caspase-dependent apoptosis. These results show stimulus-specific activation of either the caspase-dependent or -independent pathway. Since cultured RPE express the protein components required for different apoptotic pathways, they provide a good model system for studying molecular events associated with multiple signals that lead to cell death.
Some Environmental Factors and Hypotheses for Stuttering in Families with Several Stutterers

Individuals in families with several stutterers (five or more) and individuals in families with no stutterers were the basis of abroad study designed to elucidate both genetic and nongenetic factor...
Machine learning models of problem space navigation: The influence of gender

We have developed models of how problem spaces are navigated as male and female secondary school, university, and medical students engage in repetitive complex problem solving. The strategies that students used when solving problem-solving simulations were first classified with self-organizing artificial neural networks resulting in problem solving strategy maps. Next, learning trajectories were developed from sequences of performances by Hidden Markov Modeling that stochastically described students' progress in understanding different domains. Across middle school to medical school there were few gender differences in the proportion of cases solved; however, six of the seven problem sets showed significant gender differences in both the strategies used (ANN classifications) as well as the in the HMM models of progress. These results were extended through a detailed analysis of one problem set. For this high school / university problem set, gender differences were seen in how the problems were encoded consolidated and retrieved. These studies suggest that strategic problem solving differences are common across gender, and would be masked by simply looking at the outcome of the problem solving event.
Work Values Across Generations

Mainstream publication discussions of differences in generational cohorts in the workplace suggest that individuals of more recent generations, such as Generation X and Y, have different work values than do individuals of the Silent and Baby Boom generations. Although extant research suggests that age may influence work values, few of the assertions about generation differences have been tested by empirical research. The present study investigated work values, as measured by the Minnesota Importance Questionnaire, across three generations (Silent Generation, N = 371; Baby Boom, N = 1179; and Generation X, N = 139) while accounting for age. Results suggested that workers from the Silent Generation placed more importance on Status and Autonomy than did Baby Boom or Generation X workers. More recent generations (Baby Boom and Generation X) were found to place more importance on Working Conditions, Security, Coworkers, and Compensation. Additional analyses suggest that, while the measured differences among th...
First Report of Glomerella Leaf Spot (Glomerella cingulata) of Apple in the United States

In August 1998, severe leaf spot, resulting in extensive defoliation, was observed on cv. Gala apple trees in two orchards in eastern Tennessee. Symptoms were similar to those reported in Brazil for Glomerella leaf spot on Gala (1), and Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk was observed fruiting in lesions. Single-ascospore isolates were obtained by placing individual perithecia from different lesions on microscope slides in a drop of sterilized distilled water. Perithecia were crushed, and the spore and mycelial suspension was distributed on the surface of petri dishes containing acid-water agar (AWA). Petri dishes were incubated at 24°C in light for 24 h. Germinated ascospores were transferred to petri dishes containing AWA. Cultures were transferred to potato dextrose agar and grown at 24°C in light for 14 days to induce sporulation. Four isolates (TN-1A, TN-1B, TN-2A, and TN-2B) were selected for pathogenicity tests. Three virulent isolates from Brazil (FK6, R-11, and 2VGE) also were included. Trees of apple cvs. Gala and Golden Delicious were placed in humidity chambers before inoculation. After 24 h, shoots on three trees of each cultivar were sprayed with an aqueous spore suspension of each isolate (1× 105 spores per ml) and maintained at 100% relative humidity (RH) and ≈22°C for 2 days. Shoots on three trees sprayed with sterilized distilled water and maintained at 100% RH served as a control. All isolates from Brazil and isolates TN-1A and TN-1B caused symptoms characteristic of Glomerella leaf spot on both cultivars after 2 days. Five days after inoculation disease severity on each leaf was visually rated on a scale of 0 to 5 (where 0 = no lesions and 5 = 25 to 50% of leaf surface covered with lesions). FK6 and R-11 were the most aggressive isolates on both cultivars. 2VGE and TN-1B were the least aggressive isolates. Reference: (1) T. B. Sutton and R.M. Sanhueza. Plant Dis. 82:267, 1998.
Effect of pion exchange in a relativistic quark model of baryons

We examine the effect of adding pion exchange between quarks and pion self-energy corrections to the Los Alamos relativistic quark model with a short-distance cutoff of the Bethe form. The contributions to the nucleon and the $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ baryon are small. We conclude that the model is stable under this change in the sense that significant changes to the model parameters are not required.
Numerical Modeling of Velocity and Temperature Distributions in a Bipolar Plate of PEM Electrolysis Cell With Greatly Improved Flow Uniformity

In this present work, finite volume method was used to simulate the three-dimensional water flow and heat transfer in a flow field plate of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis cell. The standard k-e model together with standard wall function method was used to model three-dimensional fluid flow and heat transfer. First, numerical simulations were performed for a basic bipolar plate and it was found that the flow distribution inside the channels in not uniform. The design of the basic bipolar plate has been changed to a new model, which is featured with multiple inlets and multiple outlets. Numerical results show that the flow and temperature distributions for the new design become much homogeneous.© 2009 ASME
The α2C-adrenoceptor modulates GABA release in mouse striatum

Abstract The α2C-adrenoceptor occurs in high density in the striatum relative to other brain regions, but its biological role in striatal physiology is perplexing because of the paucity of noradrenergic terminals in this region. In this study, mice with a targeted inactivation of the α2C-adrenoceptor gene (α2C-KO mice), and genetically related mice (WT mice), were used to study the potential role of the striatal α2C-adrenoceptor in modulating GABA release. Perfused brain slices were pre-loaded with [3H]GABA and were stimulated electrically. In WT mice, the α2-adrenoceptor agonist, UK14304 (brimonidine), significantly enhanced [3H]GABA release from striatal slices, while the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, RX821002, alone evoked a significant decrease in [3H]GABA release. In α2C-KO mice, the effect of RX821002 was absent, while UK14304 retained its ability to enhance [3H]GABA release. Pharmacological depletion of monoamines in WT mice also abolished the effect of RX821002 on [3H]GABA release. In hippocampal slices, RX821002-induced reduction in [3H]GABA release was present in WT and α2C-KO mice. In the presence of tetrodotoxin, RX821002 increased [3H]GABA release in striatal slices from both WT and α2C-KO mice. Together, these data imply that α2A- and α2C-adrenoceptors are located on different neurons in the striatum, that α2C-adrenoceptor-mediated effects on striatal GABA release are mediated by an endogenous catecholamine that could be dopamine, and that the α2C-adrenoceptor effect of RX821002 does not occur at the GABAergic terminal.
A thin-layer optical cell for spectroscopic studies of oxygen binding to hemoglobin.

Abstract A thin-layer sample cell for examination of the spectra of hemoglobin at various degrees of gaseous-ligand saturation has been constructed to fit into a Cary 17 spectrophotometer. Small sample volumes of 50 μl are used. Equilibration times of only a few minutes are required between taking spectra at different degrees of saturation. Apparatus stability is high as revealed by reproducibility and isosbestic point behavior. Incorporation of an oxygen electrode enables simultaneous measurement of oxygen partial pressure for intermediate spectra.
The dynamic range of human lightness perception.

Summary Natural viewing challenges the visual system with images that have a dynamic range of light intensity (luminance) that can approach 1,000,000:1 and that often exceeds 10,000:1 [1, 2]. The range of perceived surface reflectance (lightness), however, can be well approximated by the Munsell matte neutral scale (N 2.0/ to N 9.5/), consisting of surfaces whose reflectance varies by about 30:1. Thus, the visual system must map a large range of surface luminance onto a much smaller range of surface lightness. We measured this mapping in images with a dynamic range close to that of natural images. We studied simple images that lacked segmentation cues that would indicate multiple regions of illumination. We found a remarkable degree of compression: at a single image location, a stimulus luminance range of 5,905:1 can be mapped onto an extended lightness scale that has a reflectance range of 100:1. We characterized how the luminance-to-lightness mapping changes with stimulus context. Our data rule out theories that predict perceived lightness from luminance ratios or Weber contrast. A mechanistic model connects our data to theories of adaptation and provides insight about how the underlying visual response varies with context. Video Abstract
Work in progress: An Intelligent Tutoring System for improving student learning in a sophomore engineering dynamics course

This paper presents our ongoing efforts toward developing an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) to improve student learning in a sophomore engineering dynamics course. An ITS module was developed to guide students applying the Principle of Work and Energy to solve particle dynamics problems. Pre-post tests, each including six technical questions, were administrated to 74 engineering undergraduates who took a dynamics course in a recent semester. The assessment results show that the developed ITS module helps students master dynamics concepts and associated calculations.
Long term exposure of atmospheric dielectric barrier discharges onto wet tissue

The interaction of plasmas with liquids is increasingly important in biomedical applications, from sterilization to wound healing. The dose, the time over which plasma is applied, is critical to these applications. For bacterial sterilization, a few seconds to a few minutes are necessary.[1] Exposure to high dose of plasma can cause cell death.[1] Tissues treated by plasmas are often covered by a thin layer of a water-like liquid. The liquid serves as a filter, processing radicals prior to their reaching the tissue.
Building a user-centered semantic hierarchy in image databases

Recent development in the field of digital media technology has resulted in the generation of a huge number of images. Consequently, content-based image retrieval has emerged as an important area in multimedia computing. Research in human perception of image content suggests that the semantic cues play an important role in image retrieval. In this paper, we present a new paradigm to establish the semantics in image databases based on multi-user relevance feedback. Relevance feedback mechanism is one way to incorporate the users' perception during image retrieval. By treating each feedback as a weak classifier and combining them together, we are able to capture the categories in the users' mind and build a user-centered semantic hierarchy in the database to support semantic browsing and searching. We present an image retrieval system based on a city-landscape image database comprising of 3,009 images. We also compare our approach with other typical methods to organize an image database. Superior results have been achieved by the proposed framework.
Early colonoscopy for acute lower GI bleeding predicts shorter hospital stay: a retrospective study of experience in a single center

Abstract Background Appropriate management of lower-GI hemorrhage remains controversial largely because outcomes data are lacking. It is our hypothesis that clinical factors, such as comorbidity, hemodynamic instability, and timing of colonoscopy, are associated with hospital lengths of stay. Methods Medical records of patients hospitalized for lower-GI hemorrhage from 1993 to 2000 were reviewed and abstracted, and a Cox regression model was constructed to explore associations between time to discharge (i.e., length of stay) and clinical parameters. Results A total of 565 hospitalizations for acute lower-GI hemorrhage were examined in which mean length of stay was 6.7 days. Colonoscopy was performed during 415 hospitalizations. Approximately a third of patients were discharged within 48 hours after colonoscopy. In the regression model, hemodynamic instability, higher comorbidity, performance of a tagged red blood cell nuclear scan, and surgery for hemostasis were significantly associated with a decreased likelihood of discharge. Having a colonoscopy was associated with an increased likelihood of being discharged compared with not having a colonoscopy at any given time point during hospitalization (hazard ratio 1.5: 95% CI[1.2, 1.8]. The mean lengths of stay for patients having colonoscopy within 24 hours of hospitalization was shorter than those having colonoscopy after 24 hours of hospitalization (5.4 vs. 7.2 days; p Conclusions In patients with lower-GI hemorrhage, earlier colonoscopy predicted earlier hospital discharge. However, colonoscopy did not necessarily lead to expedited post-procedural discharge. Although early colonoscopy appears to shorten hospital length of stay, prospective studies of inpatient colonoscopy are needed to determine the impact of this approach on outcomes.
Insecticidal Control of the Chicken Body Louse on Range Turkeys.

Malathion, lindane and DDT were field-tested on turkey flocks for the control of the chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus (Nitz.), following preliminary laboratory screening tests. Applications were made by a rapid technique which involved the use of a row-crop spray boom placed on the ground with the nozzles directed upward and slightly forward. The turkeys were driven through the spray curtain. An average flock of approximately 2,600 turkeys can be treated in an hour. Malathion applied at 1% concentration and 60 pounds pressure gave 100% kill of lice within 24 hours. Flocks remained louse-free as long as S weeks, or until marketed and processed. A 0.5% concentration of malathion when applied at 40 pounds pressure was only partially effective Lindane gave 100% kill of M. stramineus within 24 hours when applied at a 1% concentration and 60 pounds pressure. By the 14th post-treatment day the population of lice had become re-established. DDT applied at S% concentration and 60 pounds pressure reduced the population but did not give complete control.
Breakage models: lognormality and intermittency

A breakage model for the statistical distribution of the dissipation rate is proposed: this model, B-model, is a modification of the Gurvich & Yaglom model (1967) taking the criticism of Mandelbrot (1974) into account. The B-model uses the beta distribution for the breakage coefficient α. The universal power spectrum of velocity for the B-model has a slightly flatter slope (positive correction) than the ‘−5/3’ in contrast to all other previously proposed models, and this positive correction agrees with a theoretical argument made in Yakhot et al. (1989). The B-model predicts the structure functions of velocity observed by Anselmet et al. (1984) remarkably well without an empirical fit to the data.
Pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin Dosing Strategies to Enhance Sustained Virologic Response

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) affects about 170 million people worldwide and is the most common chronic blood borne infection in the United States. Since the advent of blood screening protocols in the early 1990s, injection drug use has become the leading cause of infection. Hepatitis C can have both hepatic and nonhepatic manifestations of infection. Hepatic manifestations include hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, liver cancer, and liver failure. The standard treatment for chronic HCV is combination therapy with pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin. Although pegylated interferon and ribavirin has been used against HCV for close to a decade, advances in therapy have centered on doses and treatment durations. There has been increasing interest in applying on-treatment response or viral kinetics to predict antiviral response rates and shape therapeutic intervention. Protease inhibitors are a promising adjuvant to combination therapy, but their efficacy and safety are still under investigation.
Energy flow and population dynamics of the barnacle Balanus glandula

The energetics and population dynamics of a barnacle (Balanus glandula Darwin) population in British Columbia, Canada, were studied. Consumption, energy flow, production and mortality were 6844.6, 6667.0, 2896.5 and 2522.8 Kcal m-2 year-1, respectively. These energy flow and production values are among the highest for animal populations reported, and therefore strongly suggest the functional importance of E. glandula in littoral systems. The young age groups of the first-year settlements were most important in contributing to the energy flow, production and reproduction of the entire population. Most of the assimilated energy in the older age groups was used in respiration.
The development of referential communication skills: Some situations in which speakers give redundant messages

Although theorists disagree as to the source of young children's communicative deficits, there is general agreement about there being a developmental increase in the production of informative communications. However, researchers typically have not studied different types of informative messages but have treated what is a category of message types as if it were one type. The problems in doing this become apparent when one considers research on listening skills which indicates that different types of informative messages are effective in different situations. Comparable findings might occur with speaking skills. That is, speakers might vary the type of informative message to be congruent with situational demands. These two studies investigated developmental and contextual changes in the production of redundant messages (including more than the minimal necessary to be informative) a type often used by speakers. First-and fifth-graders in Experiment I described one of several groups of pictures so that a fictitious peer listener would be able to select it. Of interest were the type of redundancy used and whether usage differed as a function of various task factors known to affect listening performance. The data indicated that fifth-graders, but not first-graders, use verbal redundancy in a manner indicating their sensitivity to various task demands. The data from Experiment II suggest that first-graders fail to give redundant messages because they do not realize that redundancy, in certain cases, will help their listeners. Discussion focuses on the importance of considering different types of informative messages within the context of specific task demands.
Review: Hypoxic and oxidative stress resistance in Drosophila melanogaster.

Oxygen (O2) is essential for aerobic life; however, the level of O2, whether too low (hypoxia) or too high (hyperoxia), can induce oxidative injury and increase morbidity and mortality. Disruption of O2 homeostasis represents a major aspect of many disease etiologies and pathobiology. In the past, our laboratory has been using Drosophila melanogaster to investigate the cellular and molecular aspects of the response to hypoxia and oxidative stress. There are several advantages for using Drosophila as a model system, the most important one being an evolutionary conservation of genetic and signaling pathways from Drosophila to mammals. As a proof of this concept, we have shown that we can substantially improve the tolerance of human cells in culture by transfecting these cells with particular Drosophila genes. In this review, we summarize the recent findings from our laboratory using Drosophila as a model system to investigate the genetic basis of hypoxia/hyperoxia tolerance. We have done microarray studies and identified several oxidative stress resistance genes that play an important role in individual paradigms such as constant or intermittent hypoxia, short term (days) or long term (generations) hypoxia/hyperoxia. Our studies provide evidence that a pattern of oxidative stress is specific in inducing a gene expression profile which, in turn, plays an important role in modulating the phenotype. To improve our understanding of oxidative and hypoxic stress as well as its associated diseases, multi-disciplinary approaches are necessary and critical in the study of complicated issues in systems biology.
Statistical Calibration of the SEQUEST XCorr Function

Obtaining accurate peptide identifications from shotgun proteomics liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) experiments requires a score function that consistently ranks correct peptide-spectrum matches (PSMs) above incorrect matches. We have observed that, for the Sequest score function Xcorr, the inability to discriminate between correct and incorrect PSMs is due in part to spectrum-specific properties of the score distribution. In other words, some spectra score well regardless of which peptides they are scored against, and other spectra score well because they are scored against a large number of peptides. We describe a protocol for calibrating PSM score functions, and we demonstrate its application to Xcorr and the preliminary Sequest score function Sp. The protocol accounts for spectrum- and peptide-specific effects by calculating p values for each spectrum individually, using only that spectrum's score distribution. We demonstrate that these calculated p values are uniform under a null distribution and therefore accurately measure significance. These p values can be used to estimate the false discovery rate, therefore, eliminating the need for an extra search against a decoy database. In addition, we show that the pvalues are better calibrated than their underlying scores; consequently, when ranking top-scoring PSMs from multiple spectra, p values are better at discriminating between correct and incorrect PSMs. The calibration protocol is generally applicable to any PSM score function for which an appopriate parametric family can be identified.
Ongoing capacity building in the American Cancer Society (ACS) 1995–2001

The authors’ case study narrative is about the seven-year process of building an ECB structure at this nationwide, not-for-profit health organization.
Life in the fast lane--helpful tips for OR charge nurses.

ABSTRACT Today's ORs are fast-paced. Generally, charge nurses are given little training to be effective in their role and are expected to keep the OR running smoothly. This article examines ways in which charge nurses can satisfy the needs of surgeons and staff members and offers suggestions for dealing with delays and disgruntled surgeons, fostering good working relationships, demonstrating responsibility, and maintaining a financial perspective in decision making. AORN J 69 (May 1999) 941–944.
The emergence of the social and behavioral sciences in dentistry: Lois Cohen as principal architect

The role that Lois played at the NIDR and the IADR as an advocate for biopsychosocial research in dentistry cannot be underestimated and remains one of her most cherished and lasting legacies. First, she has steadfastly maintained her vision for dentistry as a major health discipline that continues to mature toward acceptance of responsibility for every aspect of the impact that oral disease could have on the health and welfare of its patients. Next, she has been an exemplary role model as a rigorous social scientist, simultaneously advocating that such research be interdisciplinary and collaborative while reflecting only the highest standards of excellence for research from the social, biologic, and clinical sciences. Through her administrative leadership skills, she has encouraged such a research mission to be incorporated into the long-range planning of the NIDCR, IADR, FDI, and ADA. Such is the esteem in which she is held that respected social scientists have been attracted to dentistry, persuaded by her vision and drawn by her science. For several decades, thanks to Lois as the primary role model, these scientists have been able to develop their own careers and research interests while bringing cadres of new scientists similarly committed to the broadest and deepest understanding of dental and orofacial growth and development and the prevention and management of dental and orofacial conditions as those processes emerge in peoples around the world.
Keratinocyte growth factor stimulates CLC-2 expression in primary fetal rat distal lung epithelial cells.

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is mitogenic for epithelial cells and induces cystic dilation of fetal lung explants through cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator‐independent chloride channels. One candidate fetal lung chloride channel that is highly expressed on the apical surface of the respiratory epithelium and markedly downregulated after birth is CLC-2. We hypothesized that KGF regulates CLC-2 expression in the fetal lung. Primary fetal rat distal lung epithelial cell monolayers were grown in medium containing 10 ng/ml KGF for 48 h. CLC-2 protein was increased by Western blot analysis of whole-cell lysates in KGF-treated cultures. Similarly, KGF stimulated CLC-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) by Northern blot analysis. This enhanced expression was dose-dependent and maximal at 48 h with 10 ng/ml KGF. Promoter-reporter gene experiments demonstrated that KGF did not stimulate gene transcription. By inhibition of new mRNA synthesis with actinomycin D, evidence was obtained that KGF stabilizes CLC-2 mRNA. We speculate that KGF may positively influence pulmonary chloride and fluid secretion by a secondary pathway affecting CLC-2 degradation. Blaisdell, C. J., J. P. Pellettieri, C. E. Loughlin, S. Chu, and P. L. Zeitlin. 1999. Keratinocyte growth factor stimulates CLC-2 expression in primary fetal rat distal lung epithelial cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 20:842‐847.
I-V modeling of current limiting mechanisms in HgCdTe FPA detectors

This paper details significant improvements in current-voltage (I-V) modeling capabilities using an automated iterative non-linear fitting program. The properties of a particular infrared (IR) detector's I-V curve are dependent upon the current limiting mechanisms in the device which depend upon the temperature, applied bias, and cutoff wavelength or detector bandgap. This model includes ideal diode diffusion, generation-recombination, band-to-band tunneling, trap-assisted tunneling, shunt resistance, and avalanche breakdown as potential current limiting mechanisms in an IR detector diode. The modeling presented herein allows one to easily distinguish, and more importantly to quantitatively compare, the amount of influence each current limiting mechanism has on various detector's I-V characteristics. Modeling of the trap-assisted-tunneling mechanism leads to an estimate of the density of occupied trap states at a given temperature. This model is now routinely applied to Raytheon Vision Systems’ test structures to better understand detector current limitations.
Immunochemical analysis of Micrococcus lysodeikticus (luteus) F1-ATPase and its subunits

Abstract The F 1 -ATPase from Micrococcus lysodeikticus has been purified to 95% protein homogeneity in this laboratory and as all other bacterial F 1 s, possesses five distinct subunits with molecular weights ranging from 60 000 to 10 000 (Huberman, M. and Salton, M.R.J. (1979) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 547, 230–240). In this communication, we demonstrate the immunochemical reactivities of antibodies to native and SDS-dissociated subunits with the native and dissociated F 1 -ATPase and show that: (1) the antibodies generated to the native or SDS-dissociated subunits react with the native molecule; (2) all of the subunits comprising the F 1 are antigenically unique as determined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis and the Ouchterlony double-diffusion techniques; (3) antibodies to the SDS-denatured individual δ- and ϵ-subunits can be used to destabilize the interaction of these specific subunits with the rest of the native F 1 ; and (4) all subunit antibodies as well as anti-native F 1 were found to inhibit ATPase activity to varying degrees, the strongest inhibition being seen with antibodies to the total F 1 and anti-α- and anti-β-subunit antibodies. The interaction of specific subunit antibodies may provide a new and novel way to study further and characterize the catalytic portions of F 1 -ATPases and in general may offer an additional method for the examination of multimeric proteins.
Engineering Optical Bistability in Silicon Ring Resonators

We demonstrate an atypical reverse optical bistability (blue shift of the resonance) in designed silicon ring resonators by compensating the thermo-optic red shift with a strong free carrier dispersion blue shift.
Children's Experiences of Maternal Incarceration-Specific Risks: Predictions to Psychological Maladaptation

Children of incarcerated mothers are at increased risk for social and emotional difficulties, yet few studies have investigated potential mechanisms of risk within this population. This research simultaneously examined the association of children's experience of incarceration-specific risk factors (e.g., witness mother's arrest) and environmental risks (e.g., low educational attainment) to children's psychological maladaptation using a multi-informant design and a latent variable analytic approach. Participants were 117 currently incarcerated mothers (64.1% African American), their 151 children (53.6% boys, M age = 9.8 years, range = 6-12 years, 61.7% African American), and the 118 caregivers (74.8% female, 61.9% grandparents, 62.2% African American) of the children. Mothers, children, and caregivers each provided accounts of children's experiences related to maternal incarceration and children's internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Mothers and caregivers each supplied information about 10 environmental risk factors. Findings from structural equation modeling indicate that children's incarceration-specific risk experiences predict internalizing and externalizing behavior problems whereas the influence of environmental risks was negligible. Follow-up analyses examining the contribution of specific risks indicate that significant predictors differ by reporter and separate into effects of family incarceration history and direct experiences of maternal incarceration. Incarceration-specific experiences place children at higher risk for maladjustment than exposure to general environmental risk factors. These findings indicate the need to critically examine children's exposure to experiences related to maternal incarceration and family incarceration history to help to clarify the multifaceted stressor of maternal incarceration.
Noise Sustained Propagation of a Signal in Coupled Bistable Electronic Elements

We establish the constructive role of noise on the signal transmission properties of spatially extended, metastable media. Our results are for an experimental system comprised of coupled, nonlinear resonators. The system's capability of reliable signal propagation is enhanced over a finite noise range. We briefly address the reliability of signal detection as a function of system size and other parameters.