cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flying under the radar: A study of public attitudes towards unmanned aerial vehicles

Unmanned aerial vehicles, also known as drones, have become a central feature of American foreign policy, with over 400 strikes in Pakistan, Somalia, and Yemen in the last decade. Despite criticisms that have arisen about ethics and legality of this policy, polls have registered high levels of public support for drone strikes. This article shows that the standard formulation of poll questions takes as a given the government’s controversial claims about combatant status and source of legal authorization. I conduct a survey experiment that evaluates how varying the terms of the debate –in particular whether the strikes are compatible with international humanitarian law (IHL) and have legal authorization – affects public support for the drone policy. Treatments that incorporated contested assumptions about IHL meaningfully decreased public support while the public was less moved by questions about domestic or international legal authorization.
Two Classes of Cytoplasmic Viral RNA Synthesized Early in Productive Infection with Adenovirus 2

Abstract The RNA sequences and RNA size classes transcribed early in productive infection with adenovirus 2 were analyzed by RNA-DNA hybridization. Two independent procedures demonstrated that early cytoplasmic viral RNA is composed of two sequence classes, class I which is absent or present in greatly reduced quantities at 18 h, and class II which persists throughout the infection. When the sequences in early viral RNA were analyzed by hybridization-inhibition studies, the hybridization of early [3H]RNA was inhibited only 50% by RNA from cultures harvested late (18 h) in infection. Liquid hybridizations with radioactive viral DNA confirmed that early RNA includes two classes. Duplex formation of RNA with 32P-labeled viral DNA was assayed by hydroxylapatite chromatography and resistance to S1 nuclease digestion. Both methods showed that the cytoplasmic RNA present early in infection annealed 12 to 15% of the viral DNA; late cytoplasmic RNA hybridized 21 to 25% of the DNA. Mixtures of early plus late cytoplasmic RNAs hybridized 30 to 34% of the viral DNA, demonstrating the reduced concentration of early class I RNA in the late RNA preparations. Experiments were performed to correlate class I and class II early RNA with size-fractionated cytoplasmic RNA synthesized early in infection. Fractionation of RNA by gel electrophoresis or sucrose gradient centrifugation confirmed three major size classes, 12 to 15S, 19 to 20S, and 26S. Total cytoplasmic RNA and RNA selected on the basis of poly(A) content contained the same size classes of viral RNA. In standard electrophoresis conditions, the 19 to 20S viral RNA could be resolved into two size classes, and the distribution of 12 to 15S RNA also indicated the presence of more than one size component. Hybridization-inhibition studies under nonsaturating conditions were performed with 26S, 19 to 20S, and 12 to 15S viral RNAs fractionated by gel electrophoresis. Late RNA inhibited the hybridization of 26S RNA only 20%, 19 to 20S RNA was inhibited 45%, and 12 to 15S RNA was inhibited 50%. When 18 to 19S and 12 to 15S viral RNAs purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation were similarly analyzed, late RNA inhibited hybridization of 18 to 19S RNA 50%, and the annealing of 12 to 15S RNA was inhibited 70%.
Dismantling the ‘Master’s House’: Feminist Reflections on Institutional Transformation

In 2001, the US National Science Foundation inaugurated the ADVANCE Institutional Transformation program with the primary objective of increasing the participation and advancement of women at American Universities in all science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines. Although ADVANCE has been received very well, its effects have been uneven among institutions receiving the ADVANCE grant. In this paper, we reflect on the NSF’s goals for ADVANCE and initiatives ADVANCE schools undertake to increase gender equity in the context of gender organizations theory. Specifically, we comment on tensions that emerged through our own research concerning the relationship between feminist objectives of equity and justice and the nature of the ADVANCE program and transformational initiatives. We conclude by raising the perennial feminist question: ‘Can the master’s tools dismantle the master’s house?’
Consistent abstractions of affine control systems

In this paper, we consider the problem of constructing abstractions of affine control systems that preserve reachability properties, and, in particular, local accessibility. In this framework, showing local accessibility of the higher level, abstracted model is equivalent to showing local accessibility of the, more detailed, lower level model. Given an affine control system and a smooth surjective map, we present a canonical construction for extracting an affine control system describing the trajectories of the abstracted variables. We then obtain conditions on the abstraction maps that render the original and abstracted system equivalent from a local accessibility point of view. Such consistent hierarchies of accessibility preserving abstractions of nonlinear control systems are then considered for various classes of affine control systems including linear, bilinear, drift free, and strict feedback systems.
Enhanced Crystalline and Magnetic Properties of Co-Doped TiO2 Films Grown by Ultraviolet-Assisted Pulsed Laser Deposition

Using in situ ultraviolet irradiation during pulsed laser deposition (UVPLD), enhanced magnetic properties (larger remanence and coercivity) were obtained in Co-doped anatase TiO 2 films. The UVPLD grown films exhibited smaller full width at half-maximum value for the (004) peak of the Co-doped TiO 2 layer, indicating higher crystallinity. No superparamagnetic behavior was examined in the zero field cooled/field cooled measurements, suggesting an intrinsic diluted magnetic semiconductor characteristic. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicated that the cobalt in the films was in the +2 formal oxidation state and a much stronger binding coordination between oxygen and cations (Co and Ti) was inferred in the UVPLD grown films.
A note on variational principles for surface-wave scattering

Complementary variational formulations are developed for the scattering of a gravity wave by a circular dock. These formulations, which are based on assumed distributions of the radial velocity and the potential, respectively, on the projection of the cylindrical boundary, yield lower and upper bounds to an impedance parameter that determines the difference between the scattered wave for the dock and the corresponding wave for a circular cylinder. Numerical results, using trial functions based on the incident wave, are compared with the results implied by a Galerkin solution (Garrett 1971). The maximum errors in the variational approximations to the total scattering cross-section are found to be of the order of 2% for a typical depth/radius ratio, draft/depth ratios of 0, ½ and 1, and all wavelengths. The axisymmetric component of the scattering cross-section is found to be very close to the value for scattering by a circular cylinder (dock extending to bottom). The intensity of the scattered wave on the forward axis for long wavelengths and a certain range of the geometric parameters is significantly less than that for a circular cylinder, and may vanish for critical combinations of these parameters.
CUCURTO’S CARDBOARD COLORING BOOK: ARGENTINE INDEPENDENCE AND OTHER STORIES TO RECYCLE

El presente articulo busca probar el caracter de materiales reciclables de los actuales discursos historico y literario, como se puede constatar en el marco de las celebraciones oficiales con motivo del bicentenario de la independencia argentina. Para ello se analiza el trabajo adelantado por Washington Cucurto, seudonimo del escritor argentino Santiago Vega (1973), en su editorial Eloisa Cartonera (edicion de textos a partir de materiales reciclables adquiridos a los cartoneros bonaerenses), su aguda mirada de los procesos migratorios desde diferentes lugares de Latinoamerica hacia Argentina y su peculiar manera de concebir la re-escritura de la literatura
The obliquity of Pluto

Pluto's obliquity (the angle between its spin axis and orbit normal) varies between 102 and 126 deg over a period of about 3 million years. These oscillations are nearly sinusoidal and quite stable, leading to only modest changes in the insolation regime. Thus, Pluto's rotation has been slightly retrograde ever since its current orbit and rotation rate were established.
Urban Freight Mobility: Collection of Data on Time, Costs, and Barriers Related to Moving Product into the Central Business District

Just-in-time deliveries and lower inventories have led to more frequent deliveries of goods and services, markedly increasing urban congestion. The Goods Movement in the New York Metropolitan Area study's goal was to develop a research methodology for capturing urban freight mobility data and to collect cost and time data on freight moving into New York City's central business district (CBD). The methodology developed and its implementation are discussed. Problems with access and collecting data from industry executives are also addressed. In industry-sector focus groups, senior logistics executives discussed urban freight mobility issues, especially barriers to goods movement into the CBD. Barriers consistently identified in order of greatest frequency of mention from 13 focus groups were congestion, inadequate docking space, inadequate curb space for commercial vehicles, security, and excessive ticketing of high-profile companies. The Freight Mobility Interview form asked logistics/transportation/distri...
Travels in time: Assessing the functional complexity of T cells

When the host encounters a pathogen, the ensuing immune response involves a complex set of cellular responses distributed across many different types of cells. In T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system, these responses include irreversible differentiation events that generate functionally specialized subpopulations of cells (1). Understanding how pathogens and vaccines influence the number, type, and efficacy of specific differentiation states in the T-cell compartment is a major goal in immunology. The study by Han et al. in PNAS (2) interrogates the functional response of individual T cells over time using a nanofluidic platform. Their experiments reveal that the sequence of cytokines released over time by individual activated T cells is highly diverse but tightly programmed. Their work suggests that understanding the complexity of the T-cell response may not only be a matter of cataloging the possible phenotypes present in a cross-section of the T-cell population but will also need to involve understanding how those functions change over time.
Synthesis and Biological Properties of 9-(2, 4-Dihydroxybutyl) Adenine and Guanine: New Analogues Of 9-(2, 3-Dihydroxyprqpyl)adenine (Dhpa) and 9-(2-Hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine (Acyclovir)

Abstract New analogues of antiviral agents 9-(2, 3-dihy-droxyproply) adenine (DHPA, 1a.) and 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine (acyclovir, Ib) - compounds Ic and Id were prepared and their biological activity was investigated. Racemic 1, 2, 4-butanetriol (2) was converted to the corresponding benzylidene derivative (3a) by acetalation with benzalde-hyde and triethyl orthoformate. Acetal 3a and p-toluene- sul-fonyl chloride in pyridine gave the corresponding p-toluenes fonate 3b. Alkylation of adenine 5a via sodium salt of 5a with 3b in dimethylformamide or in the presence of tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride in tetrahydrofuran gave intermediate 6a. Reaction of 2-amino-6-chloropurine (5b) with 3b effected by K2CO3 in dimethylsulfoxide gave compound 6b and a smaller amount of 7-alkylated proauct 7. A similar transformation catalyzed by tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride afforded only intermediate 5b. Acid-catalyzed de-protection (hydrolysis) of 6b and 6a gave the title compounds Ic and Id. The S-enantiomer of Ic w...
Serotonergic Modulation of Supragranular Neurons in Rat Sensorimotor Cortex

Numerous observations suggest diverse and modulatory roles for serotonin (5-HT) in cortex. Because of the diversity of cell types and multiple receptor subtypes and actions of 5-HT, it has proven difficult to determine the overall role of 5-HT in cortical function. To provide a broader perspective of cellular actions, we studied the effects of 5-HT on morphologically and physiologically identified pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons from layers I–III of primary somatosensory and motor cortex. We found cell type-specific differences in response to 5-HT. Four cell types were observed in layer I: Cajal Retzius, pia surface, vertical axon, and horizontal axon cells. The physiology of these cells ranged from fast spiking (FS) to regular spiking (RS). In layers II–III, we observed interneurons with FS, RS, and late spiking physiology. Morphologically, these cells varied from bipolar to multipolar and included basket-like and chandelier cells. 5-HT depolarized or hyperpolarized pyramidal neurons and reduced the slow afterhyperpolarization and spike frequency. Consistent with a role in facilitating tonic inhibition, 5-HT2 receptor activation increased the frequency of spontaneous IPSCs in pyramidal neurons. In layers II–III, 70% of interneurons were depolarized by 5-HT. In layer I, 57% of cells with axonal projections to layers II–III (vertical axon) were depolarized by 5-HT, whereas 63% of cells whose axons remain in layer I (horizontal axon) were hyperpolarized by 5-HT. We propose a functional segregation of 5-HT effects on cortical information processing, based on the pattern of axonal arborization.
Improving support of conversations by enhancing mobile computer input

Mobile computing is becoming one of the most widely adopted technologies. There are 1.3 billion mobile phone subscribers worldwide, and the current generation of phones offers substantial computing ability. Furthermore, mobile devices are increasingly becoming integrated into everyday life. With the huge popularity in mobile computing, it is critical that we examine the human-computer interaction issues for these devices and explicitly explore supporting everyday activities. In particular, one very common and important activity of daily life I am interested in supporting is conversation. Depending on job type, office works can spend up to 85% of their time in interpersonal communication. In this work, I present two methods that improve a user's ability to enter information into a mobile computer in conversational situations. First I examine the Twiddler, a keyboard that has been adopted by the wearable computing community. The Twiddler is a mobile one-handed chording keyboard with a keypad similar to a mobile phone. The second input method is dual-purpose speech, a technique designed to leverage a user's conversational speech. A dual-purpose speech interaction is one where speech serves two roles; it is socially appropriate and meaningful in the context of a human-to-human conversation and provides useful input to a computer. A dual-purpose speech application listens to one side of a conversation and provides beneficial services to the user. Together these input methods provide a user the ability to enter information while engaged in conversation in a mobile setting.
Outcomes of accepting or declining advanced placement Calculus credit

Students who qualify for Calculus credit via the Advanced Placement (AP) exam often have the choice of accepting the credit, and starting in Calculus II or III, or declining the credit, and retaking Calculus I in a university setting. This study investigates and reports success metrics for students who make a choice of accepting or declining AP Calculus credit. The 2014 College Board National Report states when compared to similar peers, students who receive a score of 3 or higher in an AP exam tend to earn higher college grade point averages (GPAs), have higher graduation rates, and have the opportunity to take more discipline course work in college. This report is based on all the AP courses offered by College Board. It is not certain what the outcomes are for an individual course, i.e. AP Calculus, or how the markers of success translate to engineering students and engineering programs. By analyzing 3,600 engineering students academic records from Fall 2012 and 2014 (i.e. gender, ethnicity, residency, grade received in Calculus I course, AP Calculus exam score, High School GPA, SAT/ACT Math and Verbal score), this study seeks to describe patterns of success in students' subsequent Calculus courses from those who accepted AP Calculus credit, skipping Calculus I, as opposed to those who did not accept their AP Calculus credit and took Calculus I. Students ask for recommendations from their first year engineering advisors on whether to retake Calculus I in college or accept their AP Calculus credit, which consists of a score of 4 or 5 at this university. As research in this specific topic is absent, advisors in a first year engineering program must advise in the absence of concrete data. This paper offers insight based upon previous student academic records, which may inform advisors and incoming first year students on whether or not to accept AP Calculus credit.
Facilitating Student Understanding of CDOs, Systematic Risk and Global Financial Institutions in Crisis

The complexity of the global financial crisis beginning 2007 has challenged professionals. For students, the crisis’s interconnected elements, covered in multiple courses and the concepts of derivatives central to it, are overwhelming. Providing short answers to their questions often creates further confusion. The situation requires an extended expose of the interconnected concepts, providing essential details for good comprehension, active participation and empowerment without overpowering. I present, in four modules, the basic framework of this crisis as an instructor resource, to be used independently or sequentially, in the classroom or as an assignment. The modules, successfully implemented in my classroom, are characterization of systematic risk, its management via derivative contracts and structured securities (CDO and CDS), its global contagion across financial institutions, and the scenario(s) ahead.
Comparative Analysis of Virtual Relief Networks and Communication Channels During Disaster Recovery After a Major Flood in Galena, Alaska, Spring 2013

In this case study, we examine disaster recovery in Galena, a small village in Interior Alaska. In May 2013, a massive ice jam on the Yukon River caused flooding that destroyed much of the community’s infrastructure and forced the long-term evacuation of over 66 % of residents. In this work, we analyze the virtual relief networks that developed on the social media site Facebook immediately after the flooding in relation to more traditional media and agency press release activity. By contrasting communication channels, we establish the importance of a connection to outside populations during disaster recovery.
The study on the VM technology on the oil well production simulation system

This paper introduces the concept and classification of the Virtual Manufacturing and explanes its key technologies, including 3D modeling, displaying of the 3D scene and simulation of the 3D motion. A simulation system of down-hole production using the desktop operate system is obtained, which utilizes the 3D modeling software "MultiGen"and the 3D scenes managing software "OpenGVS".A discuss on the simulation of producing components and prcess.
Particle-induced coronary vasoconstriction during cardioplegic infusion: Characterization and possible mechanisms

We have characterized an isolated rat heart preparation in which particles induce transient coronary vasoconstriction. Exploiting the fact that all commercially available intravenous solutions contain permissible levels of contaminant particles (usually 2 to 20 μ in diameter), we investigated whether these particles have any adverse effect upon coronary flow. A commercially available intravenous solution was modified to produce the St. Thomas’ Hospital cardioplegic solution. Constant-pressure infusion of this solution over a 20 minute period caused a 46.2% ± 5.1% reduction in coronary flow. This flow impairment could be limited to 13.3% ± 3.5% by the incorporation of a 0.8 μm in-line filter. In hearts perfused with particle-containing solution followed by ultrafiltered solutions, the impairment of coronary flow was reversed within 1 minute. This quick reversal indicates that the particles were impairing flow not by physical occlusion of vessels but by triggering some form of transient vasoconstriction. In studies with filters of varying porosity (between 0.8 and 15.0 μm), the phenomenon was shown to be attributable to relatively small numbers of particles greater than 10.0 μm in diameter. In studies of myocardial protection, it was shown that the impairment of solution delivery and distribution caused by particles could severely reduce the protective properties of a chemical cardioplegic solution; hearts subjected to 180 minutes of hypothermic (20° C) ischemic arrest with multidose (3 minutes every 30 minutes) cardioplegia recovered almost completely upon reperfusion if a filtered (0.8 μm) solution was used, but failed to recover when unfiltered, commercially prepared solutions were used. In an attempt to define the mechanisms underlying the particle-induced vasoconstriction, we conducted dose-response studies in which various vasoactive agents were used in an attempt to combat the effects of the particles. At their optimal concentrations, procaine (10.0 mmol/L), nifedipine (0.1 μmol/L), and adenosine triphosphate (1.0 mmol/L) completely prevented the problem; lidocaine*** and dipyridamole partially alleviated the effect; verapamil and isosorbide dinitrate were ineffective. These results indicate that several mechanisms acting at a small vessel level might contribute to the particle-induced vasoconstriction.
Tree-ring studies of the Pueblo de Acoma

Core sampling in 1987 and 1988 provided construction dates for approximately 50 rooms of the original 17th-century portion of Acoma pueblo. Building commenced with the north row in A.D. 1646 and proceeded to the south and upward. Evidence from the topmost levels suggests that the pueblo achieved its present form by A.D. 1652. The regularity in size, number, and placement of vigas parallels the architectural uniformity of the rooms and houses. Comparison with plans of the village drawn in 1934 shows substantial remodeling, especially to the fronts of the houseblocks, and infilling of streets and plazas. The unusual uniformity of Acoma architecture is discussed, and differences between Acoma and Walpi Pueblo are noted.
A soft-switched high frequency converter for wide voltage and power ranges

Power converters requiring wide voltage and power ranges (including power factor correction converters) are difficult to effectively implement with soft switching at high frequencies, limiting their density and/or efficiency. We propose a soft-switched converter that can operate at HF (3–30MHz) across wide input voltage and power ranges. A prototype converter experimentally achieves zero voltage switching in the MHz regime and outputs 400Vdc across input voltages of 10–400Vdc and output powers of 100–400W. This converter will permit further miniaturization of grid-interface and other converters while still maintaining high efficiency.
Grandparents providing care for grandchildren and employment status of grandparents in South Korea

This study examines the association between providing care for grandchildren and the economic status of grandparents, focusing on the employment status. This study asks two questions. First, is providing care for grandchildren related to Korean grandparents' employment status? Second, are the intensities of providing care for grandchildren related to grandparents' employment status? In examining these research questions, this study focuses on gender and caregiving intensity. The findings suggest that providing care for grandchildren was associated with Korean grandmothers' employment status. In addition, there are different relationships between providing care for grandchildren and grandparents' employment status according to the caregiving intensities.
A Prectical Approach to Understanding Surface Metrology and Its Applications

The basics of surface metrology are presented, emphasizing the importance of understanding scales of interaction in surface creation, behavior, measurement and analysis. Conventional and scale-sensitive fractal analysis are discussed with respect to the clarity of the physical interpretation for specific applications. The concept of information content is presented as a method for selecting texture characterization parameters, along with statistical testing.
"Social Comparison of Top Managers' Relative Equity Wealth, External Environment and Firm Risk Taking"

The compensation and behavioral agency literatures have primarily investigated the influence of CEO pay on firm risk taking with little emphasis on the pay of other decision-makers or the social co...
Tripartite Structures and the Guided Use of Context

To this point, the discussion has emphasized questions of sentence-internal interpretive processes. But clearly a theory of sentence interpretation must also cope with effects of sentence-external context. Sentences are typically processed in a discourse context. The goal of sentence comprehension, I assume, is to recover the speaker/author’s intention in producing a sentence in a particular context. This observation, or assumption, has significant ramifications for the study of sentence interpretation. If it is correct, it raises the possibility that perceivers generally compute speaker meaning, not sentence meaning directly with inferences about speaker meaning occurring only as a late optional stage of analysis. This interweaving of semantic and pragmatic processing may hamper the empirical investigation of semantic processes.
Handraising Ring Doves (Streptopelia Risoria) for Experimental Purposes

Several successful methods for handraising ring dove squabs (Streptopelia risoria) are presented and discussed, including a satisfactory diet which has been developed to serve as a substitute for crop milk. In addition, some general developmental information, procedures for keeping and breeding ring doves in the laboratory, and references to pertinent literature are given.
Living organisms from Prigogine’s perspective: an opportunity to introduce students to biological entropy balance

AbstractAll living structures, from archaea to human, are open thermodynamic systems analysed through nonequilibrium thermodynamics. Nonequilibrium thermodynamics is a field with important applications to life sciences, which is very often left out of life science courses. A three-step method is suggested to make an easy introduction of nonequilibrium thermodynamics to life science students. The first step is to introduce the Prigogine equation dS = deS + diS, and explain the meaning of the entropy exchange with the surroundings deS and internal entropy generation in the system diS. The second step is to show that the Prigogine equation is connected to the equilibrium thermodynamics already known to students. This can be done by deriving the Clausius inequality dS ≥ dq/T, from the Prigogine equation applied to reversible and irreversible processes in closed systems. Reversible and irreversible processes are discussed separately and the results are then combined into the Clausius inequality. The third step...
Epicardial exposure provided by a novel thoracoscopic pericardectomy technique compared to standard pericardial window

Objective (1) To describe a novel technique for thoracoscopic pericardectomy using a pericardial window with vertical pericardial fillets (PW+F). (2) To compare epicardial exposure between a standard pericardial window (PW) and PW+F. Study design Experimental study. Animals Purpose-bred research dogs (n = 12). Methods PW was performed through a 3-port subxiphoid thoracoscopic approach. After PW, vertical fillets were made in the pericardium for PW+F. Thoracoscopic images from 3 views were acquired after each procedure, and percentage of epicardial surface exposed (PESE) was compared. Epicardial exposure and iatrogenic damage to surrounding structures were directly assessed via postmortem gross examination. Results The exposed epicardial surface (PESE) was increased with our novel compared to the standard technique. Median surgery time for PW+F was 25 minutes. The procedure was performed in 11 of 12 dogs without iatrogenic damage to surrounding structures. In 1 dog, the electrosurgery device contacted the epicardium and caused fatal ventricular fibrillation while performing PW+F. Based on postmortem assessment in all dogs with PW+F, the pericardium could move freely away from the heart, exposing the majority of the epicardial surface. Conclusion Thoracoscopic PW+F is a novel technique that improves the exposure of the epicardium compared to standard PW. While PW+F can be performed successfully and in an efficient manner, the surgeon must be aware of the risk of iatrogenic trauma to thoracic structures when using electrosurgery. Clinical relevance PW+F offers a relatively safe, efficient, and effective minimally invasive method that improves the exposure of the epicardium compared to PW.
Postnatal Development of Hypoglossal Motoneuron Intrinsic Properties

Motoneurons constitute the final common pathway in the control of the musculature. Among motoneurons innervating muscles of the upper airways are the hypoglossal motoneurons (HMs), which are responsible for control of the tongue musculature, and which play an important role in regulating upper airway patency (Bartlett et al, 1990; Remmers et al, 1978; Wiegand et al, 1991). An understanding of the postnatal development of upper airway motoneuron properties thus may provide new insights into various pathologies including apnea of prematurity (Klesh et al, 1987), and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (Willinger, 1989).
Abstract 17: Racial Disparities in Stroke Recognition by Prehospital Providers

Background: African Americans and Hispanics are less likely to receive thrombolytics for acute ischemic stroke. Whether similar disparities exist in the prehospital setting for stroke recognition has not been studied. Our objective was to determine the differences in sensitivity and specificity of stroke recognition between racial/ethnic groups. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of linked prehospital and hospital based outcome data for patients presenting to hospitals within two northern California counties between 2005 and 2007. Prehospital clinical impression was obtained from the paramedic report and hospital diagnosis of stroke was identified using validated ICD- 9 codes in the discharge abstract file of the state administrative database. Patients missing data on race, ethnicity, paramedic primary impression or hospital discharge diagnosis were excluded. Sensitivity and specificity of prehospital stroke recognition among different racial/ethnic groups including Asians, Hispanics, and Non-Hispanic Whites were calculated. Independent association of race with sensitivity and specificity of prehospital stroke recognition was explored using a logistic regression model. Results: 223,318 patients were transported by EMS during the study period; 3,633 had a primary discharge diagnosis of stroke using validated ICD-9 codes. Pre-hospital sensitivity for stroke recognition was lower among Asian (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.54-0.79) and Hispanic patients (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.59-0.92) when compared with Non-Hispanic Whites. Female gender was also independently associated with lower sensitivity of pre-hospital recognition (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.71-0.940). Hispanic ethnicity and female gender were all independently associated with increased specificity. Conclusion: Race/ethnic and gender disparities exist in the prehospital recognition of stroke. Future efforts should explore the effects of these differences on stroke treatment rates.
Crafts and Living History: Old Sturbridge Village

Old Sturbridge Village (OSV), in Sturbridge, Massachusetts, is one of the oldest and largest outdoor living history museums in the United States. Opened in 1946, its homes, working craft shops, meetinghouses, water-powered mills, school, country store, bank, and farms depict a rural New England community of the early republic, specifically the historically pivotal decade of the 1830s. Authentically costumed historians go about the work and celebrations of everyday life in early America as they interact with over 250,000 visitors annually. The museum also includes exhibit galleries presenting the museum’s extensive collection of nineteenth-century New England material culture. Like any living thing, OSV continues to change and evolve, but historic crafts have always been a core part of its identity and a major attraction for visitors.
Refractory Myoclonus in Lance Adams Syndrome Responding to Brivaracetam (P6.046)

Objective: Report a case of Lance Adams Syndrome (LAS) with disabling myoclonus responding to Brivaracetam refractory to other suggested medications. Background: Chronic post-hypoxic myoclonus, also known as LAS is a neurological complication characterized by uncontrolled myoclonic jerks following anoxic brain injury. There’s currently no consensus on pharmacological therapy but there’s some suggestion that Levetiracetam, Valproic Acid, Zonisamide, Clonazepam, and Perampanel are helpful. Despite treatment with available anti-myoclonic agents, some patients may recover cognitively but remain completely disabled by severe myoclonus. Design/Methods: We report a 31 year old man with history of LAS after anoxic brain injury in 2003, when he choked on food and was anoxic for approximately 30 minutes. During his hospital course, he developed LAS characterized by stimulus induced myoclonus without cognitive decline. He was started on Klonopin early during his disease with partial control of his myoclonus. Higher doses of Klonopin didn’t significantly improve his symptoms and caused significant fatigue and drowsiness. Other medications were unsuccessfully tried as addons including Keppra, Depakote, Zonisamide, Tryptophan, and even Vagal Nerve Stimulator. He was finally tried on Brivaracetam at a dose of 50 mg BID in addition to Klonopin. Results: The patient reported dramatic improvement in his myoclonus reporting minimal symptoms while walking and performing fine motor tasks which he initially had difficulty performing. He reported increased somnolence which resolved after the two-week titration, but otherwise no adverse effects were reported. Conclusions: Brivaracetam, approved for treatment of Focal onset seizures by the US FDA in February 2016, is believed to act by binding to the ubiquitous synaptic vescicle glycoprotein 2A, like levetiracetam but with 20-fold greater affinity, though the exact mechanism is unclear. With the incidence of LAS increasing due to improved survival post cardiac arrest, Brivaracetam can prove a valuable add on therapy for action myoclonus in LAS with relatively fewer side effects. Disclosure: Dr. Chandak has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gudlavalleti has nothing to disclose. Dr. Medin has nothing to disclose.
Antisense lncRNA Transcription Mediates DNA Demethylation to Drive Stochastic Protocadherin α Promoter Choice

Summary Stochastic activation of clustered Protocadherin (Pcdh) α, β, and γ genes generates a cell-surface identity code in individual neurons that functions in neural circuit assembly. Here, we show that Pcdhα gene choice involves the activation of an antisense promoter located in the first exon of each Pcdhα alternate gene. Transcription of an antisense long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) from this antisense promoter extends through the sense promoter, leading to DNA demethylation of the CTCF binding sites proximal to each promoter. Demethylation-dependent CTCF binding to both promoters facilitates cohesin-mediated DNA looping with a distal enhancer (HS5-1), locking in the transcriptional state of the chosen Pcdhα gene. Uncoupling DNA demethylation from antisense transcription by Tet3 overexpression in mouse olfactory neurons promotes CTCF binding to all Pcdhα promoters, resulting in proximity-biased DNA looping of the HS5-1 enhancer. Thus, antisense transcription-mediated promoter demethylation functions as a mechanism for distance-independent enhancer/promoter DNA looping to ensure stochastic Pcdhα promoter choice.
Amelioration of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in SOD1 G93A Mice by M 2 Microglia from Transplanted Marrow.

Background/Aim: The cause of fatal neuromuscular amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is not known. Materials and Methods: Ninety-day-old superoxide-dismutase-1 G93A (SOD1 G93A ) mice demonstrating level 1 paralysis, received 9.0 Gy total body irradiation (TBI) from a cesium source at 340 cGy per minute, and intravenous transplantation with 1×10 6 C57BL/6 green fluorescent protein (GFP)+ donor bone marrow cells. Results: Paralysis-free survival was prolonged in TBI and bone marrow-transplanted SOD1 G93A mice from 100 to over 250 days (p=0.0018). Other mice transplanted with SOD1 G93A marrow or marrow treated with the free-radical scavenger MMS350 showed no therapeutic effect. GFP+ macrophage-2 (M2) microglial cells of bone marrow origin, were seen at sites of degenerating anterior horn motor neurons. SOD1 G93A mice had a disruption in the blood-brain barrier permeability which was reversed by marrow transplant from C57BL/6 mice. SOD1 G93A marrow showed unexpected robust hematopoiesis in vitro, and radioresistance. Conclusion: After TBI, M2 microglial cells from transplanted donor marrow extended the paralysis-free interval in SOD1 G93A mice.
SP0200 TARGETED TREATMENTS: WHAT”S ON THE HORIZON FOR OBSTETRIC ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME?

Pregnancy in women with APS and/or lupus is dangerous both for mother and offspring, and, in the past, patients were advised not to have children. Among complications frequently seen in women with lupus are preeclampsia (also known as toxemia of pregnancy), preterm birth, markedly underweight newborns, and fetal death. Identifying women destined for complications remains challenging and limits our ability to counsel and care for pregnant lupus patients. There is currently no effective treatment for women with these high-risk pregnancies; treatments to prevent poor pregnancy outcomes require an understanding of mechanisms of injury. Our research in an animal model that mimics the human condition shows that blockade of well-established mediators of inflammation, specifically complement and TNF-alpha, prevents adverse outcomes. To translate these discoveries to lupus patients, we launched the PROMISSE Study (Predictors of pRegnancy Outcome: bioMarkers In antiphospholipid antibody Syndrome and Systemic lupus Erythematosus) to determine which pregnancies were at highest risk for adverse outcomes. Over 20% of pregnancies in patients with SLE resulted in an adverse pregnancy outcome. We discovered that the presence of a lupus anticoagulant which can be detected in the blood before pregnancy or in the first trimester, confers a 10-fold increase in risk of complications. Furthermore, we found that early in pregnancy, measurable alterations in the balance of angiogenic factors (proteins that circulate in blood, promote proper placenta development, and are required to maintain the health of the mother”s vascular system) are highly predictive of preeclampsia and other pregnancy complications. The results of the PROMISSE Study provide models for early risk stratification to allow physicians to identify patients early in pregnancy who are at low risk and reassure them that their pregnancies were likely to be uncomplicated and their babies healthy. Conversely and importantly, we can reliably predict which patients are destined to have poor pregnancy outcomes, and we conducting a trial with a TNF-alpha inhibitor that does not cross the placenta in patients at highest risk an experimental therapy to prevent placental dysfunction. Treatments to prevent poor pregnancy outcomes require an understanding of mechanisms of injury. Experiments in mouse models have enabled us to embark upon a trial of a potential treatment. Disclosure of Interests: Jane E. Salmon Shareholder of: Biogen-Idec, BMS, Johnson & Johnson, Regeneron, Merck, Grant/research support from: UCB, Consultant for: BMS, Ionis
Shigella flexneri disruption of host cell-cell tension promotes intercellular spread

During infection, a subset of bacterial pathogens invades into the eukaryotic cytosol and spreads between cells of an epithelial layer. This intercellular spread is essential for disease and requires actin-based motility leading to the formation of plasma membrane protrusions. Protrusions are engulfed by the adjacent cell in an active process requiring both bacterial and eukaryotic proteins. Here, we demonstrate that the Shigella spp. type 3 secretion system protein IpaC promotes bacterial spread by reducing intercellular tension. S. flexneri producing a point mutant of IpaC that cannot interact with the cell-cell adhesion protein {beta}-catenin were unable to reduce intercellular tension, form protrusions, or spread, demonstrating that interaction of IpaC with {beta}-catenin is required for these processes. Spread was restored by chemical reduction of intercellular tension or genetic depletion of {beta}-catenin. This work defines a molecular mechanism by which Shigella overcomes host cell-cell tension to mediate spread.
Market-based policies, public opinion, and information

Abstract This paper experimentally examines the extent to which individuals support a market-based approach to public policy and how support levels respond to being presented with policy analysis indicating market-based policies are more cost-effective. The findings are as follows. First, absent being presented with any policy analysis, individuals tend to oppose a market-based approach to policy. Second, providing individuals with policy analysis, in which specific types of market-based policies are described as more cost-effective than non-market-based alternatives, increases general support for a market-based approach to policy. Third, the increase in support for a market-based approach to policy is larger when a nonpartisan research organization produces the analysis than a partisan organization.
Engineering diamond color centers for quantum sensing and metrology (Conference Presentation)

I discuss new ways to grow diamond that promise near-deterministic design of fluorescent color-centers, optimized for quantum sensing and metrology applications. The key is to grow diamond from organic molecules at a low enough temperature such that only some of the molecules decompose. This approach gives unprecedented control over the properties of diamond color centers by decoupling diamond-growth from color-center creation. In addition, low growth temperature produces high quality diamonds and allows a wider choice of growth pressures than is currently believed possible.
High Performance Evaluation of Helmholtz Potentials usingthe Multi-Level Fast Multipole Algorithm.

Evaluation of pair potentials is critical in a number of areas of physics. The classicalN-body problem has its root in evaluating the Laplace potential, and has spawned tree-algorithms, the fast multipole method (FMM), as well as kernel independent approaches. Over the years, FMM for Laplace potential has had a profound impact on a number of disciplines as it has been possible to develop highly scalable parallel algorithm for these potential evaluators. This is in stark contrast to parallel algorithms for the Helmholtz (oscillatory) potentials. The principal bottleneck to scalable parallelism are operations necessary to traverse up, across and down the tree, affecting both computation and communication. In this paper, we describe techniques to overcome bottlenecks and achieve high performance evaluation of the Helmholtz potential for a wide spectrum of geometries. We demonstrate that the resulting implementation has a load balancing effect that significantly reduces the time-to-solution and enhances the scale of problems that can be treated using full wave physics.
Synthesis and activity of isoleucine sulfonamide derivatives as novel botulinum neurotoxin serotype A light chain inhibitors.

Abstract The botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is the most lethal protein known to man causing the deadly disease botulinum. The neurotoxin, composed of a heavy (HC) and light (LC) chain, work in concert to cause muscle paralysis. A therapeutic strategy to treat individuals infected with the neurotoxin is inhibiting the catalytic activity of the BoNT LC. We report the synthesis, inhibition study and computational docking analysis of novel small molecule BoNT/A LC inhibitors. A structure activity relationship study resulted in the discovery of d -isoleucine functionalized with a hydroxamic acid on the C-terminal and a biphenyl with chlorine at C- 2 connected by a sulfonamide linker at the N-terminus. This compound has a measured IC50 of 0.587 µM for the BoNT/A LC. Computational docking analysis indicates the sulfonamide linker adopts a geometry that is advantageous for binding to the BoNT LC active site. In addition, Arg363 is predicted to be involved in key binding interactions with the scaffold in this study.
From Hydrogenation to Transfer Hydrogenation to Hydrogen Auto-Transfer in Enantioselective Metal-Catalyzed Carbonyl Reductive Coupling: Past, Present, and Future.

Atom-efficient processes that occur via addition, redistribution or removal of hydrogen underlie many large volume industrial processes and pervade all segments of chemical industry. Although carbonyl addition is one of the oldest and most broadly utilized methods for C-C bond formation, the delivery of non-stabilized carbanions to carbonyl compounds has relied on premetalated reagents or metallic/organometallic reductants, which pose issues of safety and challenges vis-a-vis large volume implementation. Catalytic carbonyl reductive couplings promoted via hydrogenation, transfer hydrogenation and hydrogen auto-transfer allow abundant unsaturated hydrocarbons to serve as substitutes to organometallic reagents, enabling C-C bond formation in the absence of stoichiometric metals. This perspective (a) highlights past milestones in catalytic hydrogenation, hydrogen transfer and hydrogen auto-transfer, (b) summarizes current methods for catalytic enantioselective carbonyl reductive couplings, and (c) describes future opportunities based on the patterns of reactivity that animate transformations of this type.
Lesbians pursuing parenthood: pathways, challenges, and best practices

Abstract Lesbians are pursuing parenthood in greater numbers than ever, but their family-building journey is significantly more challenging than it is for heterosexual couples. Extensive research has debunked the myth that children raised in lesbian families show higher rates of psychopathology or difficulty with adjustment. Despite this, lesbians pursuing parenthood still face overt and subtle discrimination in society generally and in healthcare specifically. They must engage in a multifaceted decision-making process, navigate a more complex logistical process, and cope with greater financial expense. The aim of this chapter is to outline the unique experiences and needs of lesbians becoming parents, identify barriers to care, and highlight strategies to address them.