cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporary versus Permanent Shocks: Explaining Corporate Financial Policies ⁄

We investigate corporate financial policies in the presence of both temporary and permanent shocks to firms’ cash flows. In our framework, cash flows can be negative and are imperfectly correlated with firm value, and earnings volatility differs from asset volatility. These results are consistent with empirical stylized facts. They are also contrary to the implications of existing dynamic capital structure models that allow only for permanent shocks to cash flows. Temporary shocks increase the importance of financial flexibility and may provide an intuitively simple and realistic explanation of empirically observed financial conservatism and low leverage phenomena. The theoretical framework developed in this article general enough to be used in various corporate finance applications. (JEL G12, G32, G33)
Toward a Conceptual Understanding of β-Diversity in the Deep-Sea Benthos

We review patterns and causes of β-diversity in the deep-sea benthos at different spatial scales and for different body sizes. Changes in species composition occurring with depth are generally gradual, the rate of change being a function of the rate of descent. This gradual change can be interrupted by abrupt environmental shifts, such as oxygen minimum zones, and by major topographic features that alter oceanographic conditions. Changes in species composition with depth can involve both species replacement and species loss, leading to nestedness. Horizontal β-diversity is more moderate than that occurring with depth, except at upper bathyal zones impacted by coastal influences. At very large oceanic scales, both environmental filtering and dispersal limitation influence β-diversity. Although many ecological and evolutionary–historical factors must shape β-diversity in the deep sea, energy availability appears to structure community makeup at all scales examined. We recommend that standardized sampling pr...
Theoretical study of elastic and inelastic pion-12C scattering at intermediate energies

Abstract Elastic and inelastic cross sections are computed using DWIA. The diffraction-approxima- tion method and a modified distorted-wave code are compared. As input, we use pion-nucleon phase shifts, the nucleon density from electron scattering, and microscopic inelastic form factors. It is found that the interaction given by the impulse approximation gives a fair fit to the elastic data and that the diffraction approximation compares remarkably well with the distorted-wave calculation at all but the lowest energies. The microscopic form factors of the 2 + level at 4.4 MeV and 3 − level at 9.6 MeV give a good account of the inelastic scattering. Discrepancies in the elastic scattering are similar to those observed in 1 GeV proton scattering from carbon.
Shock Waves in Pulsed Laser Material Interaction: Internal Structure and Mass Penetration

This work pioneers the atomistic modeling of the shock wave in picosecond laser-material interaction by simulating the material that is irradiated with a picosecond laser pulse (11.3 ps FWHM) in a 0.25 MPa background gas. The dynamic structure and mutual mass penetration between the plume and background gas are investigated in detail. In the shock wave the compressed ambient gas region has a very uniform temperature distribution while the temperature decreases from the front of the plume to its end. The group velocity of atoms in the shock wave front is much smaller than the shock wave propagation speed and experiences a fast decay due to momentum exchange with the ambient gas. Strong decay of the shock wave front temperature and pressure is observed while its density features much slower attenuation. An effective mixing length is designed to quantitatively evaluate the mutual mass penetration between the plume and background gas. This effective mixing length grows at a rate of ∼ 60 m/s. This fast mixing/mass penetration is largely due to the strong relative movement between the plume and the background gas. The MD results agree well with the analytical solution in terms of relating various shock wave strengths.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Bayesian Fusion Performance and System Optimization for Distributed Stochastic Gaussian Signal Detection Under Communication Constraints

The problem of decentralized detection and fusion of a Gaussian signal is considered under the assumption of analog relay-amplifier local processing. It is shown that under an average global (system) power constraint, there always exists an optimal number of nodes that achieves the best possible performance under both orthogonal and nonorthogonal sensor-to-fusion center communication. Any increase in the number of nodes beyond the optimal value leads to degraded performance. This implies that each node needs to maintain a certain minimum received power level at the fusion center in order to make a useful contribution to the final decision. This is contrasted with the monotonic performance improvement observed under individual node power constraints as well as in the case of deterministic signal detection under a global power constraint. Three communication scenarios are studied in detail: 1) orthogonal; 2) equicorrelated; and 3) random signaling waveforms. In each case, error exponents and resulting bounds for Bayesian fusion performance are derived. A sensor system optimization method based on Bhattacharya error exponent, that leads to simple rules for determining the optimal number of nodes under a global average power constraint is also proposed
On a robust model-reference adaptive control system

A new type of model-reference adaptive control system is presented. The system state estimator of this adaptive system is described by the differential equation of the reference model with the feedback speeding up the estimator action during the tuning-up of the controller parameters and vanishing when the system performance approaches that of the reference model. This model-reference adaptive control system can be used to obtain the requested dynamics of the closed-loop system, which can be chosen within a wide range of speed with respect to the dynamics of the plant. Results of a simulation study show that the proposed controller can be used to control an unstable plant as well as to get a fast and well-damped response of a plant with a very small damping ratio and relatively high undamped natural frequency. The proposed approach to the estimation of the system state results in very fast estimator performance during the tuning process of the controller and in an estimation error approaching zero. This is because the estimated system performance and the estimator performance both approach that of the reference model. >
Balancing cost-quality tradeoff in cooperative ad hoc sensor networks

In wireless ad hoc and sensor networks, each node is capable of functioning using only its local information about the environment. However, such a node can reach only locally optimal decisions that may prevent the network from ever reaching the global optimum performance for the given application. To avoid this problem, each node needs to cooperate with others to gain knowledge about the overall network and environment properties so that its decision contributes to the networkpsilas global objectives.
Chronic l-alpha acetylmethadol in rhesus monkeys: discriminative stimulus and other behavioral measures of dependence and withdrawal.

This study characterized discriminative stimulus and other effects of naltrexone in rhesus monkeys treated daily with the long-acting opioid l-alpha acetylmethadol (LAAM). An initial dose-finding study assessed the rate-decreasing effects of naltrexone in three monkeys receiving LAAM daily (0.32–1.78 mg/kg); subsequently, these monkeys and a fourth received 1.0 mg/kg/12 hr of LAAM although discriminating between naltrexone and saline. Responding occurred on the saline lever after the administration of LAAM, whereas >90% drug-lever responding occurred after the administration of 0.1 mg/kg of naltrexone that also elicited signs of withdrawal. Naloxone and quadazocine, but not morphine, nalbuphine or ketamine, substituted for naltrexone. Morphine and nalbuphine shifted the naltrexone dose-effect curve to the right. Compared to precipitated withdrawal, deprivation-induced withdrawal occasioned less naltrexone-lever responding and fewer observable signs of withdrawal. Maximal naltrexone-level responding occurred 24 to 48 hr after the discontinuation of LAAM treatment; the frequency of other withdrawal signs also peaked 24 to 48 hr after the discontinuation of LAAM. Partial naltrexone-lever responding occurred for up to 10 days after discontinuation of LAAM treatment; 4 and 8 days after the discontinuation of LAAM treatment, 0.1 mg/kg of naltrexone did no further increase naltrexone-lever responding or withdrawal signs suggesting that less-then-maximal naltrexone-lever responding was not due to long-lasting effects of LAAM or its metabolites. The discriminative stimuli that are associated with LAAM deprivation might be different from the stimuli associated with either training condition. This study is the first antagonist discrimination in non-humans primates treated chronically with LAAM and the results indicate that the naltrexone stimulus is related to opioid withdrawal.
Centralized and decentralized control for demand response

Demand response has been recognized as an essential element of the smart grid. Frequency response, regulation and contingency reserve functions performed traditionally by generators are now starting to involve demand side resources. Additional benefits from demand response include peak reduction and load shifting, which will defer new infrastructure investment and improve generator operation efficiency. Technical approaches designed to realize these functionalities can be categorized into centralized control and decentralized control, depending on where the response decision is made. This paper discusses these two control philosophies and compares their response performances in terms of delay time and predictability. A distribution system model with detailed household loads and controls is built to demonstrate the characteristics of the two approaches. The conclusion is that the promptness and reliability of decentralized control should be combined with the controllability and predictability of centralized control to achieve the best performance of the smart grid.
Electrophysiological properties of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes with α1-adrenergic-induced hypertrophy

The electrophysiology of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes with and without hypertrophy has not been characterized. The α1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine induced hypertrophy in neonatal rat ventr...
Secretion and Metabolic Efficacy of Parathyroid Hormone in Patients with Severe Hypomagnesemia

ABSTRACT Three adult patients with hypocalcemia secondary to severe magnesium depletion were evaluated in order to determine the etiology of hypocalcemia in this syndrome. In each patient, the concentration of circulating parathyroid hormone was within the range of normal despite severe hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. In the 2 patients tested, circulating parathyroid hormone increased transiently above normal in response to treatment with magnesium. Urinary excretion of phosphate and cyclic AMP increased normally in response to an acute infusion of parathyroid extract and serum calcium increased 2 mg/100 ml and 1.4 mg/100 ml, respectively, in response to intramuscular injections of the hormone in the 2 patients who were tested. It was concluded that the normal but inappropriately low concentrations of parathyroid hormone were attributable to hypomagnesemia and could account for the perpetuation but not the onset of hypocalcemia in this syndrome. Peripheral resistance to parathyroid hormone is not operati...
Participant observation: a methodological approach to the study of halfway houses for alcoholics.

Summary Participant observation has played an ‘under dog’ role as the methodology of choice in the social sciences in general and social policy evaluation in particular. Part of this reluctance by social science researchers to use participant observation has stemmed from what they see as a lack of clarity and precision practitioners of participant observation have had in defining exactly what it is participant observation does and how it may practically be applied in the field. Thus the value of participant observation has been questioned due to its lack of definitive structure. This paper is an account of how participant observation works, what can be expected from it, and how it is different from other more orthodox methodologies. Participant observation is now being used by the Evaluation Studies Department of the Addiction Research Foundation as one of the methods of inquiry into the nature and structure of recovery homes for alcoholics. The account presented here, uses the application of participant observation in the evaluation of halfway houses as a means of illustrating how participant observation operates in the field.
Investigation of Liquid Metal Ohmic Contacts for Graphene Photonic Devices

We demonstrate the first contact resistance measurements of graphene–galinstan (g-g) ohmic contacts in an effort to improve the performance of graphene photonic devices. The nobility of carbon materials provide an interesting graphene sensor application to explore an oxidation free liquid metal - semimetal interface that can be used to lower contact resistance at source/drain terminals of a standard graphene phototransistor. Our methods utilize photopolymerization of the reactive monomer Trimethlylolpropane Triacrylate (TMPTA) in order to fabricate micro structures necessary to overlay liquid metal contacts on graphene. With the use of an industry standard transfer length method (TLM), a contact resistance of −124±28Ω was measured at both standard temperature and pressure. The results from our study suggest that liquid metals such as galinstan are comparable alternatives to rigid semiconductor interfaces and demonstrates interesting boundary characteristics that may lead to heavy chemical doping and associated low resistance contacts that are required to increase sensitivity in graphene photonic devices.© 2015 ASME
Franck-Condon Factors and r-Centroids For Several Systems of CoF Molecule

Franck-Condon factors factors and r-centroids have been calculated for the G � Φ� − X � Φ � , K � Φ � − X � Φ � , L � Φ � − X � Φ � , (20.6) � Γ � − X � Φ � and (34.7) � Γ � − X � Φ � bands of Cobalt monofluoride 59 Co 19 F from the best available molecular constants using Morse and Rydberg- Klein-Rees (RKR) methods. The reliability of the obtained values was verified by comparing the results of five different programs. Based on the calculated Franck-Condon factors values, the appearance of the bands in these systems are discussed and the relationship between the r-centroids and the band-origin wavenumbers and wavelengths are also determined along with accuracy factors.
THE SPORES AND BASIDIA OF SIROBASIDIUM

The genus Sirobasidium was erected by Lagerheim and Patouillard (1892) to include two species, 5\ albidum and 5\ sanguineum, collected in the crater of Pululahua, Ecuador. In addition to having basidia borne in catenulate series, the genus was described as producing sessile fusiform basidiospores, the germination of which had not been observed. Three years later, Moller (1895) described a third species, 5\ brefeldi? anum, from Brazil. He was able to germinate the spores of his species, but it is clear from his discussion and figures that he misinterpreted the results. From the large number of spherical spores which he found in his cultures, Moller concluded that the fusiform spores typical of the genus were not completely mature when shed, "und gehen, wahren sie durch die Luft fliegen, von der langlichen zur kugelrunden Gestalt uber." Since then several mycologists have observed germination of spores of vS\ sanguineum and 5\ brefeldianum by budding or by germ tube. (Coker, 1920; Olive, 1947; Lowy, 1956), and Martin (1936) re? ported germination by repetition of the spores of a specimen of S\ san? guineum from Australia. Recently, during examination of specimens of Tremella in the Lloyd Mycological Collections, it was found that the type specimen of T. fusca Lloyd (nec T. fusca DC.) is a Sirobasidium. In it, some of the fusi? form spores retained in the gelatinous matrix had germinated by the production of short tubes tipped with sterigmata upon which were borne typical apiculate basidiospores (fig. 1, d, e). That this was not simply a case of germination by repetition is indicated by the fact that the apiculate spores differ conspicuously from the fusiform structures pro? duced by the basidia, whereas the phrase "germination by repetition" implies the production of a ballistospore morphologically like the parent basidiospore, but usually somewhat smaller. Subsequent examination of specimens of Sirobasidium in the herbaria of the New York Botanical Garden and of the State University of Iowa revealed the presence of typical apiculate basidiospores in most collections. Spores of a specimen of Sirobasidium sanguineum, collected and de? termined by B. Lowy (collected 5 miles south of Baton Rouge, Louisiana,
Optimal retinal cyst segmentation from OCT images

Accurate and reproducible segmentation of cysts and fluid-filled regions from retinal OCT images is an important step allowing quantification of the disease status, longitudinal disease progression, and response to therapy in wet-pathology retinal diseases. However, segmentation of fluid-filled regions from OCT images is a challenging task due to their inhomogeneous appearance, the unpredictability of their number, size and location, as well as the intensity profile similarity between such regions and certain healthy tissue types. While machine learning techniques can be beneficial for this task, they require large training datasets and are often over-fitted to the appearance models of specific scanner vendors. We propose a knowledge-based approach that leverages a carefully designed cost function and graph-based segmentation techniques to provide a vendor-independent solution to this problem. We illustrate the results of this approach on two publicly available datasets with a variety of scanner vendors and retinal disease status. Compared to a previous machine-learning based approach, the volume similarity error was dramatically reduced from 81:3±56:4% to 22:2±21:3% (paired t-test, p << 0:001).
Forms of Duration: Preparedness, the Mars Trilogy, and the Management of Climate Change

This essay examines two kinds of speculative fiction focused on the management of climate change: preparedness documents on climate change as a threat to national security, and Kim Stanley Robinson's Mars trilogy (1993–96), a science fiction trilogy about the terraformation and colonization of Mars. Focusing on narrative scenarios and exercises that train officials to respond to natural disasters, this essay positions these preparedness documents as part of a system of affective management. They teach participants to cultivate a feeling of neutral detachment—to stay calm and cool so that they can react automatically and repeatedly when disaster strikes. This emphasis on detachment and repetition reveals the political stakes of preparedness as a national security paradigm: to maintain the status quo by extending the always-catastrophic present into the future. The essay's second half turns to the Mars trilogy to argue that by emphasizing duration, or the heterogeneous lasting of time, the trilogy invites its readers to experience climate change as the intersection of various scales and compositions of time, both human and nonhuman. Demonstrating that the management of climate change is inseparable from an experience of it, the Mars books challenge preparedness by emphasizing ongoing change rather than the containment of a never-ending series of disasters.
Hindu Men Talk about Controlling Women: Cultural Ideas as a Tool of the Powerful:

Hindu women's restrictions to the home and limited interactions with their husbands disadvantage Hindu women. These macro gender structures are constituted through microinteraction rituals. The article examines Hindu men's and women's microinteractions as a way of understanding Indian gender structure. Hindu men recognize their self-interest in these interaction rituals—they know that they benefit from women's subordination. Women's strategies of pursuing power and security in their husbands' families, moreover, often lead women into “bargains with patriarcy” that also contribute to the reconstitution of gender inequality in India.
Pathogenic surveillance and analysis on infectious diarrhea in Dalian

Objective To understand the epidemic characteristics and types of infectious diarrhea pathogens in Dalian,and provide references for the prevention and control as well as clinical treatment of infectious diarrhea.Methods The pathogen strains were isolated by routine stool culture and the serological typing was performed.The biochemical identification of the isolates and drug susceptibility test of Shigella were carried out by Automated Microbiology Analyzer MicroScan WalkAway-40.The data were analyzed by WHONET 5.4 software.Results 109 intestinal pathogenic bacteria were detected out of 872 samples(12.5%),in which Shigella accounted for the largest proportion,followed by Salmonella and Parahaemolyticus.The Shigella strains were sensitive to Carbapenems,Fluoroquinolones,Cephalosporins,while resistant to Penicillins and Sulfonamides.Conclusion Shigella is the primary pathogen causing infectious diarrhea in Dalian,followed by Salmonella and Parahaemolyticus.The prevention and control of diarrheal disease in Dalian should be based on the surveillance results,and antibiotics ought to be used according to the results of drug resistance test so as to reduce the emergence of Shigella resistant strains.
Studies on a gastric inhibitory substance isolated from juice of the gastric antrum in the dog. The effect of intravenous injection of isologous extracts of antral juice on the gastric secretion of acid and pepsin in Heidenhain pouch dogs stimulated by histamine, gastrin, and feeding.

Six mongrel dogs were prepared with vagally denervated antral pouches and Heidenhain fundic poucnes. An extract was prepared from juice secreted by the antrum by dialyzing against water and lyophilization. This gastric inhibitory substance (GIS) was assayed in the dog from which it was prepared. Three types of gastric secretion were studied: histamine-stimulated (50-200 µg per hour i.v.), gastrin-stimulated (1-3 mg per hour i.v.), and the response to a test meal consisting of 200 g strained beef liver homogenate. GIS injected in doses of I mg/kg body weight in a single i.v. dose reduced gastric acid secretion by 50-75 per cent. The gastric secretion of pepsin was not significantly altered by the injection of GIS. No severe side reactions were observed after the injection of GIS, except an elevation of body temperature. However, the relation between body temperature and inhibition was probably different from that encountered by others utilizing bacterial pyrogen.
The hypnotic effects of codeine and secobarbital and their interaction in man

Codeine and secobarbital and a combination of the two were studied as nighttime hypnotics. There was a positive dose effect between 60 and 180 mg. of secobarbital, but increasing the dose of codeine from 30 to 90 mg. appeared to show a stimulant effect on onset and duration of sleep. Taken together, codeine plus secobarbital were more effective than was secobarbital alone. Analysis indicated that this interaction represented synergism.
Federation Nationale des Centers de Lutte Contre le Cancer grading of soft tissue sarcomas on needle core biopsies using surrogate markers

Needle core biopsy (NCB) of soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) presents problems for French Federation Nationale des Centers de Lutte Contre le Cancer (FNCLCC) histological grading because small sample size hinders determination of necrosis and mitotic activity. We graded 53 STSs on NCB using a modified FNCLCC grading system that substitutes Ki-67 immunoexpression for mitotic count and uses a radiological assessment of necrosis, and compared the results with those obtained by conventional FNCLCC grading of the corresponding untreated, surgically resected specimen. Forty-eight of the 53 tumors were classified as malignant on NCB (concordance = 91%). The modified FNCLCC grade correctly separated high-grade (grades II and III) from low-grade sarcomas in 70% of cases and predicted the traditional FNCLCC grade given to the resected specimen in 49% of cases. Ki-67 scores of 2 or 3 were observed in 5 tumors classified as low-grade neoplasms on NCB but upgraded to a high-grade dedifferentiated liposarcoma on resection. Underestimated NCB grades were commonly encountered with lipomatous tumors due to sampling error, whereas Ki-67 or radiologic necrosis scores higher than the corresponding histological scores were responsible for the vast majority of overestimated NCB grades. Our FNCLCC grading scheme replacing conventional mitosis counting and histologic assessment of necrosis with surrogate markers is useful in separating high- and low-grade STSs on NCB for STS treatment planning. High Ki-67 rate should raise suspicion of a higher-grade component, particularly with fatty tumors.
RNA damage in biological conflicts and the diversity of responding RNA repair systems

RNA is targeted in biological conflicts by enzymatic toxins or effectors. A vast diversity of systems which repair or 'heal' this damage has only recently become apparent. Here, we summarize the known effectors, their modes of action, and RNA targets before surveying the diverse systems which counter this damage from a comparative genomics viewpoint. RNA-repair systems show a modular organization with extensive shuffling and displacement of the constituent domains; however, a general 'syntax' is strongly maintained whereby systems typically contain: a RNA ligase (either ATP-grasp or RtcB superfamilies), nucleotidyltransferases, enzymes modifying RNA-termini for ligation (phosphatases and kinases) or protection (methylases), and scaffold or cofactor proteins. We highlight poorly-understood or previously-uncharacterized repair systems and components, e.g. potential scaffolding cofactors (Rot/TROVE and SPFH/Band-7 modules) with their respective cognate non-coding RNAs (YRNAs and a novel tRNA-like molecule) and a novel nucleotidyltransferase associating with diverse ligases. These systems have been extensively disseminated by lateral transfer between distant prokaryotic and microbial eukaryotic lineages consistent with intense inter-organismal conflict. Components have also often been 'institutionalized' for non-conflict roles, e.g. in RNA-splicing and in RNAi systems (e.g. in kinetoplastids) which combine a distinct family of RNA-acting prim-pol domains with DICER-like proteins.
A Critical Look at How Top Colleges and Universities are Adjudicating Sexual Assault

This Article examines the procedural protections afforded by the top American colleges and universities. After briefly situating these policies historically, it presents original research on the procedural protections provided by the top twenty universities, top ten liberal arts colleges, and top five historically black colleges as ranked by U.S. News and World Reports. In 2015, university administrators were contacted and asked a series of questions about the rights afforded to students, including the standard of proof, right to an adjudicatory hearing, right to confront and cross-examine witnesses, right to counsel, right to silence, and right to appeal. This Article describes the study’s findings and then compares them with prior studies. It then considers whether the disciplinary proceedings constitute state action, thus making them subject to constitutional scrutiny should they be challenged in court. This Article concludes by briefly considering whether a student could successfully challenge these proceedings under contract law or Title IX.
Systems Thinking, System Justification, and the Death Penalty: Thirty-Eight Years of Capital Punishment Legislation in Texas

ABSTRACTThis article applies organizational and social psychology theories of systems thinking and system justification to Texas’ capital punishment system. Capital punishment legislation proposed by the Texas legislature from 1977-2015 was contrasted with critiques of Texas’ capital punishment system to test whether Texas legislators resist policies that challenge the system’s status quo. Findings largely confirm that the Texas legislature has resisted changes to the status quo, but recent developments suggest the legislature may be receptive to creating new safeguards against the death penalty where intellectual disability and the law of parties are concerned.
Comparative Cost Analysis of Single and Mutli-Stage Temporal Deformity Correction Following Neurosurgical Procedures.

PURPOSE Temporal hollowing deformity (THD) is a visible concavity/convexity in the temporal fossa; a complication often seen following neurosurgical/craniofacial procedures. Although numerous techniques have been described, no study to date has shown the healthcare costs associated with temporal hollowing correction surgery. Thus, the purpose here is to compare and contrast the direct costs related to temporal cranioplasty using various methods including: liquid poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA) implants with screw fixation, prebent, modified titanium mesh implants, and customized cranial implants (CCIs) with dual-purpose design. Understanding the financial implications related to this frequently encountered complication will help to motivate surgeons/healthcare facilities to better prevent and manage THD. METHODS This is a single-surgeon, single-institution retrospective review of 23 THD patients randomly selected from between 2008 and 2015. Cost analysis variables include length of hospital stay, facility/professional fees, implant material fees, payer information, reimbursement rate, and net revenue. RESULTS Of the 23 patients, ages ranged from 23 to 68 years with a mean of 48.3 years (SD 11.6). Within this cohort, 39.1% received dual-purpose PMMA CCIs (CCI PLUS), 17.4% received modified titanium mesh implants, and 43.5% received hand-molded, liquid PMMA implants with screw fixation. Total facility and/or professional charges ranged from $1978.00 to $126478.00. Average total facility charges per patient with dual-purpose CCIs were $34775.89 (SD ± $22205.09) versus $35826.00 (SD ± $23509.93) for modified titanium mesh implants and $46547.90 (SD ± 81061.70) for liquid PMMA implants with screws. Mean length of inpatient stay was 5.7 days (SD = 8.1), and did not differ between implant types (P = 0.387). CONCLUSION Temporal hollowing deformity is an expensive complication post-neurosurgery, and in the most severe form, requires a revision surgery for definitive correction. Therefore, surgeons should take further initiatives to employ reconstructive methods capable of minimizing risk for costly revision surgery, reducing morbidity related to visible deformity and accompanying social stigmata, and improving overall patient satisfaction.
Affective responses to abuse in the workplace: The role of hope and affective commitment

Affective responses constitute the mechanism by which abusive supervision received is associated with subordinates’ turnover intentions. Using affective events theory (AET) as a theoretical framework, we suggest that abusive supervision is a contextual event that is associated with subordinates’ affective reactions and corresponding evaluative judgment of their workplace, which ultimately leads to increased turnover intentions, a prominent withdrawal outcome. We examine two affective responses as mediators, hope (a goal‐related affective state based on the expectation of positive outcomes) and affective commitment (affect‐based evaluation of the organization). Two samples from a field study (n = 209) and an experiment (n = 427) were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results supported our proposed chain of relationships, suggesting that subordinates are likely to experience decreased hope and affective commitment after having experienced abuse from a supervisor, which subsequently impact their withdrawal intention to leave the organization.
Comparing proprioceptive acuity in the arm between joint space and task space

Proprioception — the sense of one's body position and movement, without the aid of vision — plays a critical role in human motor control, allowing us to adeptly move our bodies through a high-dimensional task space. The relationship between joint space and task space with regard to proprioception has not been studied in the general population. This work begins to explore the relationship between proprioceptive acuity — the combination of accuracy and precision — in joint space and task space, focusing on the elbow, shoulder, and hand of the arm in single-joint (joint-space) and integrated multi-joint (task-space) active position-matching tests with a planar, robotic arm support. Our results reveal a strong correlation between joint-space proprioception at the shoulder and elbow and task-space proprioception at the hand. However, when joint-space proprioceptive error is propagated through a model of the arm's planar kinematics, it agrees poorly with the proprioceptive error measured explicitly in task space. Task-space proprioception exhibits greater accuracy than joint-space proprioception, as would be expected given the greater biological relevance of a planar reach compared to an isolated joint movement. Task-space and joint-space proprioception also differ in directional precision, exhibiting the greatest variance along nearly orthogonal axes, approximately aligned with the sagittal and frontal body planes. These findings have implications for the diagnosis of sensorimotor impairment and the development of movement therapies following neurological injury.
Assessing the College Classroom with Unobtrusive Measures

This paper suggests ways to expand opportunities for evaluating the college course. While exams and papers are useful, an over-dependence on them is problematic because their overt nature allows fo...
Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Stimulates Monocyte and Tissue Macrophage Proliferation and Enhances Their Responsiveness to Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a specific humoral growth factor that stimulates both neutrophilic granulocyte and macrophage production by bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells. GM-CSF also stimulates the proliferation and clonal growth of both tissue macrophages and blood monocytes. Although at low concentrations GM-CSF was unable to support the long-term growth of tissue macrophages, it greatly enhanced their responsiveness to macrophage CSF (M-CSF, or CSF-1). This effect was also observed by treating macrophages with GM-CSF for a short time. GM-CSF did not compete with M-CSF for binding to M-CSF receptors nor was it inactivated by treatment with anti-M-CSF antiserum. Treatment of tissue macrophages with GM-CSF led to a rapid but transient downregulation of M-CSF receptors; prolonged incubation at 37 degrees C, however, resulted in a restoration and upregulation of M-CSF receptors. Identical effects were observed with both native or recombinant GM-CSF. This study suggests that GM-CSF regulates tissue macrophage production by two modes of action: (a) direct stimulation of macrophage proliferation, and (b) enhancement of their responsiveness to M-CSF.
Interdisciplinary Environmental and Sustainability Education and Research: Institutes and Centers at U.S. Research Universities

Interdisciplinary environmental and sustainability focused institutes and centers (IESICs) serve a crucial role in bridging the knowledge needs of society and the knowledge production capabilities of universities. They facilitate research, administer academic programs, support campus sustainability initiatives, and engage in collaborative problem-solving with internal and external partners including students, faculty, staff, public and private sector organizations, citizen scientists, other colleges and universities, and governmental institutions from local to global. Few studies have examined the roles and structures of research institutes and centers and none have investigated IESICs specifically. This chapter describes the results of the first empirical study of IESICs in the United States. The data were obtained from a census of IESICs at research universities and a survey completed by a representative sample of 340 directors. The results reveal that IESICs comprise approximately 8 % of all U.S. research institutes and centers and fall into seven distinct categories, each exhibiting distinctive characteristics. Findings discussed include the types of IESICs, their primary goals, their funding sources, and how these attributes are related to their operational and administrative structures.
Genetic Disorders of Pigmentation

Disorders of pigmentation were among the first genetic disorders recognized in humans. The distinctive phenotypes of oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) and piebaldism were known to the ancient Greeks and Romans, and the typical clinical features, modes of inheritance, and genetic heterogeneity of these disorders are apparent even in classical descriptions (Lucian, 1905; Pliny, 1942; Gellius, 1952). Similar phenotypes were recognized early in the mouse, and the availability of inbred lines carrying characterized mutations has made the mouse an invaluable tool for studies of genetic disorders of pigmentation. Absent catalytic activity of tyrosinase in the skin of albino animals was one of the first enzymatic deficiencies recognized (Durham, 1904), and as early as 1908 Garrod suggested that albinism might be an inborn error of metabolism (Garrod, 1908).
Intellectual Property Rights in Bilateral Investment Treaties and Access to Medicines: The Case of Latin America

The link between intellectual property protection and access to medicines has been studied from different perspectives. After signing the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement, most developing and least developed countries agreed to protect pharmaceutical products under the patent system. Beyond the criticisms of this system as an incentive mechanism to encourage private investment in research and development, it is widely acknowledged that a balance must exist between its benefits and costs. The patent system interaction with public health policies is twofold: providing incentives to develop new medicines, on the one hand, and increasing the prices of medicines, on the other. The TRIPS Agreement, the Doha Declaration and the subsequent Decision on Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration all recognized this important trade-off. Different effects prevail in each interest group or country and negotiations of international intellectual property right (IPR) standards reflect this conflict. Nevertheless, the post-TRIPS scenario is full of new bilateral and regional agreements. The old bilateral investment treaties (BITS) are evolving towards new forms of all-encompassing arrangements that include intellectual property and liberalization of trade and services, apart from the classical rules for investment protection. This trend imposes a new landscape in IPR protection: one in which the above-described balance might be inclining towards one side. This article analyzes some legal, political and economic features of this new generation of BITS in Latin America.
“KNEADING POLITICS”: COOKERY AND THE AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT

During the American woman suffrage movement, opponents described suffragists as abnormal, unsexed, non-mothers who desired to leave the home and family en masse, levying “war against the very foundation of society.” This charge ultimately compelled suffragists around the nation to respond by embracing expediency arguments, insisting the women's votes would bring morality, cleanliness, and order to the public sphere. This article charts how suffragists capitalized on movements for home economics, municipal housekeeping, and pure food to argue for the compatibility of politics and womanhood. In particular, this article examines suffrage cookbooks, recipes, and bazaars as key campaign tactics. More than a colorful historiographical side note, this cookery rhetoric was a purposeful political tactic meant to combat perennial images of suffragists as “unwomanly women.” And suffragists ultimately employed the practice and language of cookery to build a feminine persona that softened the image of their political participation and made women's suffrage more palatable to politicians, male voters, potential activists, and the general public.
Effects of interaural delay, center frequency, and no more than ''slight'' hearing loss on binaural processing: Behavioral data and quantitative analyses

Recent neurophysiological studies concerning “hidden hearing loss” have motivated investigators to attempt to uncover behaviorally-measured auditory deficits that might exist in human listeners who would be categorized via standard audiometry as having normal hearing or, at most, “slight” hearing loss. We hypothesized that behavioral measures of binaural auditory performance could reveal the presence of deficits that may not be discoverable via standard audiometric testing or via measures of monaural processing. That hypothesis was based on the notion that monaural (perhaps, peripheral) deficits would be effectively multiplied via binaural interaction. Groups of listeners, all having no greater than “slight” hearing loss were tested. Binaural detection thresholds were elevated across a wide range of center frequencies for listeners whose absolute thresholds at 4 kHz exceed 7.5 dB HL. Quantitative predictions made via an interaural correlation-based model of binaural processing suggest that the elevated binaural detection thresholds observed for listeners having slightly elevated absolute thresholds stem solely from their having elevated levels of internal noise. They appear to stem neither from reduced sensitivity to signal-dependent changes in information derived from the stimuli as processed internally nor from increased noise along the listener’s putative internal delay line.Recent neurophysiological studies concerning “hidden hearing loss” have motivated investigators to attempt to uncover behaviorally-measured auditory deficits that might exist in human listeners who would be categorized via standard audiometry as having normal hearing or, at most, “slight” hearing loss. We hypothesized that behavioral measures of binaural auditory performance could reveal the presence of deficits that may not be discoverable via standard audiometric testing or via measures of monaural processing. That hypothesis was based on the notion that monaural (perhaps, peripheral) deficits would be effectively multiplied via binaural interaction. Groups of listeners, all having no greater than “slight” hearing loss were tested. Binaural detection thresholds were elevated across a wide range of center frequencies for listeners whose absolute thresholds at 4 kHz exceed 7.5 dB HL. Quantitative predictions made via an interaural correlation-based model of binaural processing suggest that the elevated bi...
Reliability of a Selected Measure of Human Strength

Abstract Five trials spaced a minute apart were secured on 50 male subjects three days in succession on an apparatus designed to isolate action of the right wrist flexor muscle group. Reliability of measurement was assessed through the intraclass correlation technique. Although an acceptable level of reliability was obtained (R = .93), nonpertinent factors apparently intruded. These were tentatively identified as a trial effect due to depletion of energy reserves for strength exertion, and a day effect due to either strength development, a learning effect, or a combination of strength development and learning effects. Consideration of such factors in measurement programs was noted.
Interaction between dietary fat intake and the androgen receptor CAG and GGN repeat polymorphisms in prostate cancer

5810 Shorter length androgen receptor CAG repeat (AR CAGr) and GGN repeat (AR GGNr) genotypes and high dietary fat intake are potential risk factors for prostate cancer. A recent study (Zitzmann et al. Diabetologia 46:31-9;2003) has also shown a positive correlation between AR CAGr genotypes and markers of obesity such as body fat mass, leptin and insulin. We stratified the AR genotypes into two groups by base pair length: 20 for CAGr, and 15 for GGNr; the shorter repeat length was considered the risk genotype. Using logistic regression and a case-only approach, we tested for gene-environment interaction by estimating the association between genotype and dietary fat measures (percent of total calories from different types of fat) among 455 incident Caucasian and African American prostate cancer cases, adjusting for age, caloric intake, and race (where appropriate). For the entire sample, a less than multiplicative relationship between AR CAGr risk genotype and percent of calories from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PFA) intake was observed (p=0.015). After stratifying by race, this effect was only observed among the Caucasian men (p=0.020). When the cases were stratified into low and high prostate cancer aggressiveness categories, the effect was observed only in the highly aggressive group (p=0.003). In the entire sample, logistic regression results suggested a possible greater than multiplicative relationship between AR GGNr risk genotype and percent of calories from total fatty acids (TFA, p=0.094) and from saturated fatty acids (SFA, p=0.073), however neither increase was statistically significant. After stratifying by race, a greater than multiplicative relationship between AR GGNr and TFA (p=0.047) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MFA, p=0.035) was observed among African Americans; no interactions between AR GGNr and fat measures were observed among Caucasians. When stratified on aggressiveness, there was a suggestion of a greater than multiplicative relationship between AR GGNr and TFA (p=0.063), and AR GGNr and PFA (p=0.0631), and a statistically significant interaction between AR GGNr and saturated fatty acids (p=0.016) among the cases with highly aggressive disease. Our findings suggest that the AR CAGr and GGNr genotypes and dietary fat intake may be part of a complex interaction in the androgen-dependent pathway of prostate carcinogenesis.
Le Fort I Distraction Osteogenesis of Edentulous Maxillae Combined with Simultaneous Sinus Floor Grafting to Obtain Orthoalveolar Form for Emergence Profile Dental Implant Restorations: Report of Three Patient Treatments Followed for 12 Years.

Three edentulous maxillary patients were treated with 9- to 15-mm advances of the maxilla by Le Fort I distraction osteogenesis combined with simultaneous sinus floor autograft placement. The patients were subsequently treated with 8 implants placed in the molar, bicuspid, and canine regions for complete arch ceramo-metal fixed restorations. Anterior emergence profile esthetics was obtained in 2 patients who had high smile lines. Following final restoration, no maxillary relapse was evident, and no implants were lost. Implant bone levels were stable, although 2 implants had 3 mm of bone loss over the 12-year follow-up period.
Engineering CAR-expressing natural killer cells with cytokine signaling and synthetic switch for an off-the-shelf cell-based cancer immunotherapy

Immune cells can be genetically engineered with a synthetic chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to eliminate cancer cells, but clinical efficacy in solid tumors has been disappointing due in part to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Additionally, the cost and logistical issues of personalized medicine necessitate the creation of an off-the-shelf CAR therapy. Synthetic biology tools were implemented in addressing these problems: an anti-mesothelin CAR, membrane-bound IL-15/IL-15Rα complex, and inducible caspase 9 “kill switch” were expressed in natural killer cells for tumor-targeting capabilities, immunostimulatory effects, and safety in treating a preclinical model of ovarian cancer with a renewable, allogenic cell therapy.