cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium: reconstitution of sucrose-permeable membrane vesicles.

Abstract Outer membrane vesicles were reconstituted from phospholipids, lipopolysaccharide, and outer membrane proteins isolated from Salmonella typhimurium . The vesicles appeared to be permeable to sucrose and other small oligosaccharides only when membrane proteins were added to the reconstitution system. The size of saccharides that could pass through the vesicle membranes was found to be close to the size of saccharides that penetrate through the intact outer membrane of S. typhimurium .
Visual inertia of rotating 3-D objects

Five experiments were designed to determine whether a rotating, transparent 3-D cloud of dots (simulated sphere) could influence the perceived direction of rotation of a subsequent sphere. Experiment 1 established conditions under which the direction of rotation of a virtual sphere was perceived unambiguously. When a near-far luminance difference and perspective depth cues were present, observers consistently saw the sphere rotate in the intended direction. In Experiment 2, a near-far luminance difference was used to create an unambiguous rotation sequence that was followed by a directionally ambiguous rotation sequence that lacked both the near-far luminance cue and the perspective cue. Observers consistently saw the second sequence as rotating in the same direction as the first, indicating the presence of 3-D visual inertia. Experiment 3 showed that 3-D visual inertia was sufficiently powerful to bias the perceived direction of a rotation sequence made unambiguous by a near-far luminance cue. Experiment 5 showed that 3-D visual inertia could be obtained using an occlusion depth cue to create an unambiguous inertia-inducing sequence. Finally, Experiments 2, 4, and 5 all revealed a fast-decay phase of inertia that lasted for approximately 800 msec, followed by an asymptotic phase that lasted for periods as long as 1,600 msec. The implications of these findings are examined with respect to motion mechanisms of 3-D visual inertia.
A Socioecological Framework to Assessing Depression Among Pregnant Teens.

To examine individual, interpersonal, family, and community correlates associated with moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms among pregnant adolescents. A total of 249 primarily African American and Hispanic pregnant adolescents ages 15–18 years were recruited into either an intervention group utilizing Centering Pregnancy prenatal care and case management, or to a comparison group receiving case management only. Moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms were defined as a score ≥16 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Intervention and comparison groups did not significantly differ on demographic characteristics or depression scores at baseline. A total of 115 (46.1 %) participants met criteria for moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms at entry into the program. Pregnant adolescents who were moderately-to-severely depressed were more likely to be African American, to have reported limited contact with the father of the baby, and to have experienced prior verbal, physical or sexual abuse. Depressed adolescents also experienced high levels of family criticism, low levels of general support, and exposure to community violence. A significant number of pregnant adolescents were affected by depression and other challenges that could affect their health. Comprehensive interventions addressing these challenges and incorporating partners and families are needed.
Strategic implications of the open-market paradigm under digital convergence: the case of small business C2C

This article presents the open-market paradigm in the context of digital convergence and proposes strategic directions for open-market participants. Although not a new phenomenon, open market has become the most popular e-business model, linking millions of buyer and seller individuals (Customer to Customer: C2C). This article examines the drivers of digital convergence that enable the open-market paradigm and conducts industry and Blue Ocean analyses for open-market business. Finally, a real-world application—the Cyworld market of Korea—is presented as an illustrative example.
Fabrication of patterned conducting polymers on insulating polymeric substrates by electric-field-assisted assembly and pattern transfer

The use of electrostatically addressable templates for the directed assembly of conducting polymers and pattern transfer to another polymer substrate is demonstrated. Doped conducting polyaniline was selectively assembled on the patterned template assisted by a DC electric field. Adding an insulated silicon dioxide layer onto the surface of the silicon wafer is critical to the formation of patterned PANi rather than a PANi film. After deposition, it was demonstrated that by compression molding or solution casting methods, patterned PANi can be completely transferred to a secondary polymer substrate, such as an NBR sheet or a polyurethane film. The conductivity of PANi lines on the PU film was found to be as high as 0.87 S cm -1 . The simple one-step assembly process for patterning conductive polymers and transfer provides a promising nanomanufacturing approach for cost-effective and high performance flexible nanoelectronics and biosensors.
Current Treatment Options for Pancreatic Carcinoma

Pancreas cancer is a significant cause of cancer mortality; therefore, the development of early diagnostic strategies and effective treatment is essential. Improvements in imaging technology, as well as use of biomarkers such as CA 19-9, are changing the way that pancreas cancer is diagnosed and staged. Although progress in treatment for pancreas cancer has been incremental, development of combination therapies involving both chemotherapeutic and biologic agents is ongoing. This article reviews current strategies in the diagnosis and treatment of resectable and advanced pancreas cancer.
The institution's obligations to athletes

Universities and athletic departments have the ethical responsibility to offer athletes a meaningful educational experience.
Ethics, Culture, and Structure in the Negotiation of Straw Bale Building Codes

This study explores building code negotiation between straw bale advocates’ ecology-oriented values and health and safety values that underlie building codes in general by focusing on how values and ethics are articulated and embodied in practice and discourse in the two states where straw bale building standards were first initiated. The local, contingent nature of interactions, grounded in particular practices, material culture, and written and visual texts in which values were embedded, coupled with organizational factors contributed to strategies for a prescriptive code in Arizona and for a performance code in New Mexico. Examination of situated practice in standards development for unconventional materials that may not fit well with practices based on conventional technologies sheds light on how norms associated with the ethics of safe building are enmeshed in existing practice where they can be taken for granted as ethical absolutes and illustrates the kinds of insights available through paying atte...
Microbial safety of Rangia cuneata, Louisiana estuarine clam, at harvest and following relaying.

Abstract Rangia cuneata, commonly found in southeast Louisiana estuarine marshes, were monitored microbiologically every 4–6 weeks from April 1987 to March 1988. Survey for standard (aerobic) plate counts and fecal indicators were performed at harvest day 0 and following 7 and 14 days of container relaying. Clam meat standard (aerobic) plate counts ranged from 3·48–4·68 log CFU g−1 at harvest and 3·00–5·30 log CFUg−1 after relaying. Total coliform most probable numbers ranged from 2·30–4·11 log CFU per 100 g at harvest and 2·02–4·18 log CFU per 100 g after relaying. Fecal coliform most probable numbers ranged from
Obstructive symptoms associated with the Lap-Band in the first 24 hours.

Background: The Lap-Band is a gastric restrictive procedure for the treatment of morbid obesity. We review the etiology of obstructive complications that present in the first postoperative 24 h. Methods: Fifty-six Lap-Band procedures were performed by one surgeon between January and September 2002. Results: Six patients presented with obstruction within 24 h of surgery: gastric slippage in three patients, gastric edema in one patient, and esophageal hypomotility in two patients. Conclusions: Placing the band in an esophagogastric position as per Belachew and Weiner reduced our incidence of gastric slippage to none. Endoscopy with placement of a nasogastric feeding tube can relieve obstruction caused by esophageal hypomotility. Gastric edema with no clinical signs of obstruction will resolve with time. Clinicians must be aware of the unique complications that come with the advent of this new procedure.
Some reared Parasitic Hymenoptera from the Sudan

The following descriptions and notes are based upon material received from H. Bennett Johnston, Assistant Government Entomologist, Wad Medani, Sudan, Africa.
Cell-mediated immunity in cat-scratch disease

The importance of cell-mediated immunity in cat-scratch disease (CSD) is suggested by the positive skin test reactions and granulomatous histopathology noted in patients with this disease. However, an earlier investigation found that lymphocytes from patients with CSD and control subjects were equally unresponsive in vitro to cat-scratch antigen. In contrast, we found that 16 patients with CSD had significantly increased lymphocyte transformation responses to cat-scratch antigen when patients were compared to control subjects. This cell-mediated immune response may be directed against nonviable bacteria in the involved lymph nodes and may be the major mechanism responsible for the granulomatous reaction and clinical features of CSD.
Genetic and environmental influences underlying the relationship between low self-control and substance use

Abstract Purpose The current study seeks to examine the relationship between low self-control and cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and marijuana use in adolescence and adulthood using behavioral genetic methodology. Methods Using a subsample of twin pairs from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), the current study estimates the genetic and environmental overlap between low self-control and substance use (or problems associated with substance use) across four waves of data collection. Results The overall pattern of results suggests that genetic factors explain a moderate proportion of the variance in low self-control and substance use in both adolescence and adulthood. Furthermore, bivariate genetic analyses reveal that the correlation between low self-control and substance use is due, for the most part, to common genetic and nonshared environmental factors. Conclusions The current study adds to a growing body of biosocial research on self-control and its relationship to criminal and analogous behaviors. The implications of our findings for the general theory of crime are discussed.
Research issues in assessing addiction treatment efficacy: how cost effective are Alcoholics Anonymous and private treatment centers?

L'article traite le probleme du cout des traitements des alcooliques et des toxicomanes en centre prive par rapport au cout des traitements en centre public, probleme lie a l'evaluation (difficille!) de l'efficacite d'un traitement
Population risk estimation for a continuous measure of a health effect: Reduced psychomotor development in infants exposed to PCBs transplacentally

Abstract A technique is proposed for calculating a population risk from exposure to a toxicant, based on human data grouped by exposure levels. Of concern is a health effect that is measured on a continuous (nonquantal) scale. In the absence of response levels considered to be adverse, a range of normal, or abnormal, values can be established for the current population. For any change in the exposure levels, the change in the probability of abnormal values of a health effect can be calculated for each of the subgroups and summed to obtain the risk for the population. This requires establishing a relationship between the health effect and exposure, and a measure of the distribution of effects within subgroups. In the case of normally distributed effects, the only additional information needed is an estimate of the standard deviation for each of the subgroups. Then, changes in probabilities of abnormal values can be estimated from changes in exposures, to aid in risk/benefit decisions for product developmen...
WE-F-16A-01: Commissioning and Clinical Use of PC-ISO for Customized, 3D Printed, Gynecological Brachytherapy Applicators

Purpose: (1) Evaluate the safety and radiation attenuation properties of PCISO, a bio-compatible, sterilizable 3D printing material by Stratasys, (2) establish a method for commissioning customized multi- and single-use 3D printed applicators, (3) report on use of customized vaginal cylinders used to treat a series of serous endometrial cancer patient. Methods: A custom film dosimetry apparatus was designed to hold a Gafchromic radio film segment between two blocks of PC-ISO and 3D-printed using a Fortus 400mc (StrataSys). A dose plan was computed using 13 dwell positions at 2.5 mm spacing and normalized to 1500 cGy at 1 cm. Film exposure was compared to control tests in only air and only water. The average Hounsfield Unit (HU) was computed and used to verify water equivalency. For the clinical use cases, the physician specifies the dimensions and geometry of a custom applicator from which a CAD model is designed and printed. Results: The doses measured from the PC-ISO Gafchromic film test were within 1% of the dose measured in only water between 1cm and 6cm from the channel. Doses increased 7–4% measured in only air. HU range was 11–43. The applicators were sterilized using the Sterrad system multiple times without damage. Asmore » of submission 3 unique cylinders have been designed, printed, and used in the clinic. A standardizable workflow for commissioning custom 3D printed applicators was codified and will be reported. Conclusions: Quality assurance (QA) evaluation of the PC-ISO 3D-printing material showed that PC-ISO is a suitable material for a gynecological brachytherapy vaginal cylinder in a clinical setting. With the material commissioning completed, if the physician determines that a better treatment would Result, a customized design is fabricated with limited additional QA necessary. Although this study was specific to PC-ISO, the same setup can be used to evaluate other 3D-printing materials.« less
The influence of proximal risk on the early development of the autonomic nervous system

In this paper we review the evidence linking the early development of the autonomic nervous system in early childhood to four proximal risk factors: maternal stress during pregnancy, maternal substance use during pregnancy, poor-quality parent–child interactions, and specific disruptions in parenting behavior. A clear pattern of altered autonomic function emerges in children exposed to proximal risk, marked by reduced parasympathetic tone under conditions of both homeostasis and challenge, accompanied by increased sympathetic tone in some cases. This pattern of autonomic activity would support increased vigilance and active defense responses, which, in an environment of high proximal risk, may be adaptive in the short-term. However, in the long-term maintaining such a state may impose a high allostatic load. The current paper reviews and interprets the current literature and discusses future directions.
Tacrolimus-Based Triple-Drug Immunosupression Minimizes Serum Lipid Elevations in Pediatric Cardiac Transplant Recipients

Tacrolimus-Based Triple-Drug Immunosupression Minimizes Serum Lipid Elevations in Pediatric Cardiac Transplant Recipients
The role of glutamate in the morphological and physiological development of dendritic spines

Dendritic spines form the postsynaptic half of the synapse but how they form during CNS development remains uncertain, as are the factors that promote their morphological and physiological maturation. One hypothesis posits that filopodia, long motile dendritic processes that are present prior to spine formation, are the precursors to spines. Another hypothesis posits that they form directly from the dendritic shaft. We used microphotolysis of caged glutamate to stimulate individual dendritic processes in young hippocampal slice cultures while recording their morphological and physiological responses. We observed that brief trains of stimuli delivered to immature processes triggered morphological changes within minutes that resulted, in about half of experiments, in a more mature, spine-like appearance such as decreased spine neck length and increased spine head width. We also observed that glutamate-induced inward currents elicited from immature processes were mostly or entirely mediated by NMDARs, whereas responses in those processes with a more mature morphology, regardless of actual developmental age, were mediated by both AMPARs and NMDARs. Consistent with this observation, glutamate-induced morphological changes were largely, but not entirely, prevented by blocking NMDARs. Our observations thus favor a model in which filopodia in the developing nervous system sense and respond to release of glutamate from developing axons, resulting in physiological and morphological maturation.
Methodology for applied 4 MHz RF hyperthermia concomitant with 31P NMR spectroscopic monitoring of murine tumours.

It has been generally found that solid tumours in vivo are more susceptible to destruction by heat than normal tissues. Hyperthermia has, thus, been employed in the treatment of cancer either applied alone or in combination with other modalities such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, the critical mechanism(s) by which heat sensitizes and kills cells in the solid tumour remains poorly defined. Magnetic resonance spectroscopic monitoring of tumour metabolism during application of hyperthermia may provide important insight into the response to hyperthermic challenge. The implementation of dual antenna-coil methodology that provides for NMR spectroscopic monitoring ( 31 P at 121 MHz) concomitant with applied 4 MHz RF hyperthermia in murine tumours is described herein, in some detail. This technology, which does not require advanced (and expensive) magnetic resonance imaging systems, should be readily adaptable by other laboratories with an interest in murine tumour models.
Bandgap-like strong fluorescence in functionalized carbon nanoparticles.

Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), especially the highly fluorescent CdSe-based core-shell nanostructures, have generated much excitement for their variety of potential applications in optical bioimaging and beyond.[1,2] These QDs are widely considered as being more advantageous over conventional organic dyes as well as genetically engineered fluorescent proteins in terms of optical brightness and photostability.[1,3–5] However, a serious disadvantage with these popular QDs is their containing heavy metals such as cadmium, whose significant toxicity and environmental hazard are well-documented.[6–9] Alternative benign (nontoxic) QD-like fluorescent nanomaterials have therefore been pursued, including the recent finding of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles (dubbed “carbon dots”).[10,11]
Nitric oxide and nitrovasodilators : similarities, differences and potential interactions

Many similarities exist between the exogenous nitrates and endothelium-derived relaxing factor, which is nitric oxide or a thiol derivative. Both act by way of guanylate cyclase, which increases intracellular concentrations of cyclic guanosine monophosphate, resulting in smooth muscle cell relaxation and antiplatelet effects. Thiols may be important in the biotransformation of exogenous nitrates and other intracellular processes involving nitric oxide. As such, important interactions might be expected between nitrates and endothelium-dependent processes that involve nitric oxide. This review explores the mechanisms of action, biologic effects and potential interactions between nitrates and endothelium-derived relaxing factor.
Causality‐based failure‐driven learning in diagnostic expert systems

It has been recognized that a diagnostic expert system's ability to learn from past experience will improve its diagnostic efficiency as well as make it acquire new heuristics. In this paper, we propose a failure-driven learning scheme by which the expert system automatically updates its compiled knowledge by acquiring new heuristics or refining existing heuristics. A heuristic is refined if it hypothesizes the wrong causal origin during a diagnosis. Using its deep-level knowledge of the process, the expert system draws inductive inferences from causal models to determine why the hypothesis proposed by the heuristic is inconsistent with the current state of the process. The refinement limits the applicability of the heuristic and prevents it from firing if a similar situation were to subsequently arise.
Mechanisms of action: Aspirin

Aspirin, one of the oldest antiplatelet agents used for antithrombotic therapy, has been demonstrated to cause acetylation of the cyclo-oxygenase and irreversible inhibition of thromboxane synthesis for the life of the platelet. Aspirin has a similar effect upon the endothelial cyclo-oxygenase, but in contrast to that of the platelet, it is less sensitive and has the capacity to generate new cyclo-oxygenase activity if aspirin is removed from the system. Other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as ibuprofen react in a reversible manner with either the platelet or the endothelium and may actually "protect" the cyclo-oxygenase against aspirin or other agents which interact with the cyclo-oxygenase. Aspirin may act in other ways to exert an antithrombotic effect, but cause and effect relationships have not yet been demonstrated.
Interannual growth dynamics of vegetation in the Kuparuk River watershed, Alaska based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

Interannual above-ground production patterns are characterized for three tundra ecosystems in the Kuparuk River watershed of Alaska using NOAA-AVHRR Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data. NDVI values integrated over each growing season (SINDVI) were used to represent seasonal production patterns between 1989 and 1996. Spatial differences in ecosystem production were expected to follow north-south climatic and soil gradients, while interannual differences in production were expected to vary with variations in seasonal precipitation and temperature. It was hypothesized that the increased vegetation growth in high latitudes between 1981 and 1991 previously reported would continue through the period of investigation for the study watershed. Zonal differences in vegetation production were confirmed but interannual variations did not covary with seasonal precipitation or temperature totals. A sharp reduction in the SINDVI in 1992 followed by a consistent increase up to 1996 led to a further hypothe...
Facial soft-tissue fillers conference: Assessing the state of the science

Summary The American Academy of Dermatology and the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, with the support of other sister societies, conducted the Facial Soft-Tissue Fillers: Assessing the State of the Science conference in December of 2009. The American Academy of Dermatology and the American Society of Plastic Surgeons established a panel of leading experts in the field of soft-tissue fillers—from researchers to clinicians—and other stakeholders for the conference to examine and discuss issues of patient safety, efficacy, and effectiveness in relation to the approved and off-label use of soft-tissue fillers, and other factors, including the training and level of experience of individuals administering fillers. This report represents the systematic literature review that examines comprehensively the available evidence and gaps in the evidence related to soft-tissue fillers, to inform and support the work of the state-of-the-science conference panel. This evidence-based medicine review will serve as the foundation for future evidence-based medicine reports in this growing field.
Quantitative aspects of metal ion binding to certain transfer RNA anticodon loop modified nucleosides.

Abstract Magnesium and manganese ions bind strongly to the unusual transfer RNA anticodon loop nucleotides, N-[(9-β- d - ribofuranosyl -9H- purin -6- yl ) carbamoyl ]- l - threonine 5′-monophosphate (pt 6 A) and uridine-5-oxyacetic acid 5′-monophosphate (pV). Potentiometric measurements have shown that the δG ° for metal ion-pt 6 A complex formation is 2–3-times more exothermic than for AMP. Electron-nuclear longitudinal dipolar relaxation data yielded manganese-ligand atom distances which permit a three-dimensional construct of the complex in which metal is coordinated to the phosphate, carboxylate of the threonine side-chain (with the nucleotide in the anti glycosidic conformation) and N 7 of the adenine ring. Similarly, manganese binds strongly to pV, involving phosphate and carboxylate functions. It is possible that a facet of the functional role of these unusual rasidues is to chelate magnesium ions and in so doing permit optimum anticodon loop conformational stability and stability of tRNA-mRNA-ribosome complexes.
Ordinary chondrite-like colors in small Koronis family members

A survey of small (<5–10 km diameter) members of the Koronis family shows some objects with visible-wavelength broadband colors consistent with membership in the Q-class (Tholen, D.J. [1984]. Asteroid taxonomy from cluster analysis of photometry. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Bus, S.J., Binzel, R.P. [2002]. Icarus 158, 146–177). This agrees with an ordinary chondritic composition for this family and suggests the timescale for changing Q-class to S-class spectra in the main belt is roughly comparable to the regolith refresh time in the 2–5 km size range.
Analysis of TCR Vβ Repertoire and Cytokine Gene Expression in Patients with Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Although the etiopathogenesis of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) is still unclear, it is widely accepted that a complex interplay between viral infections and immune mechanisms is the basis of disease genesis. Previously, we showed that heart-infiltrating T cells of patients suffering from acute, fulminant Coxsackie virus B3+-IDC shared a preferential usage of three variable gene segments of the T cell receptor beta chain-(TCR-Vbeta) encoding families Vbeta3, 7 and 13.1. This indicated the possible presence of a superantigen-driven immune response. Here, we further investigated the IDC immunological scenario by analysing different phenotypes of heart-infiltrating cells: TCR repertoires, cytokine expression and presence of enterovirus-specific antigens. IDC patients who underwent heart transplantation at different times after the onset of heart failure were studied. A cardiac infiltrate of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was present together with activated macrophages. Furthermore, the same Vbeta gene families, previously found to be skewed in hearts from fulminant cases of CVB3+-IDC, together with two additional Vbeta gene families, Vbeta1 and 5B, were increased. IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6 and IFN-gamma were expressed in the myocardium while others, like IL-4 were not. In conclusion, an orchestrated complex of immune mechanisms seems to be the basis of IDC etiopathogenesis.
Relating the ontogeny of functional morphology and prey selection with larval mortality in Amphiprion frenatus.

Survival during the pelagic larval phase of marine fish is highly variable and is subject to numerous factors. A sharp decline in the number of surviving larvae usually occurs during the transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding known as the first feeding stage in fish larvae. The present study was designed to evaluate the link between functional morphology and prey selection in an attempt to understand how the relationship influences mortality of a marine fish larva, Amphiprion frenatus, through ontogeny. Larvae were reared from hatch to 14 days post hatch (DPH) with one of four diets [rotifers and newly hatched Artemia sp. nauplii (RA); rotifers and wild plankton (RP); rotifers, wild plankton, and newly hatched Artemia nauplii (RPA); wild plankton and newly hatched Artemia nauplii (PA)]. Survival did not differ among diets. Larvae from all diets experienced mass mortality from 1 to 5 DPH followed by decreased mortality from 6 to 14 DPH; individuals fed RA were the exception, exhibiting continuous mortality from 6 to 14 DPH. Larvae consumed progressively larger prey with growth and age, likely due to age related increase in gape. During the mass mortality event, larvae selected small prey items and exhibited few ossified elements. Cessation of mass mortality coincided with consumption of large prey and ossification of key elements of the feeding apparatus. Mass mortality did not appear to be solely influenced by inability to establish first feeding. We hypothesize the interaction of reduced feeding capacities (i.e., complexity of the feeding apparatus) and larval physiology such as digestion or absorption efficiency contributed to the mortality event during the first feeding period. J. Morphol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Spatial and interannual variability of dissolved organic matter in the Kolyma River, East Siberia, observed using satellite imagery

[1] The Kolyma River basin in northeastern Siberia, the sixth largest river basin draining to the Arctic Ocean, contains vast reserves of carbon in Pleistocene-aged permafrost soils. Permafrost degradation, as a result of climate change, may cause shifts in riverine biogeochemistry as this old source of organic matter is exposed. Satellite remote sensing offers an opportunity to complement and extrapolate field sampling of dissolved organic matter in this expansive and remote region. We develop empirically based algorithms that estimate chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the Kolyma River and its major tributaries in the vicinity of Cherskiy, Russia. Field samples from July 2008 and 2009 were regressed against spectral data from the Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper-Plus. A combination of Landsat band 3 and bands 2:1 resulted in an R2 of 0.78 between measured CDOM and satellite-derived predictions. Owing to the strong correlation between CDOM and DOC, the resulting maps of the region show strong interannual variability of both CDOM and DOC, and important spatial patterns such as mixing zones at river confluences and downstream loading of DOC. Such variability was previously unobserved through field-based point observations and suggests that current calculations of DOC flux from the Kolyma River to the Arctic Ocean may be underestimates. In this era of rapid climate change, permafrost degradation, and shifts in river discharge, remote sensing of CDOM and DOC offers a powerful, reliable tool to enhance our understanding of carbon cycling in major arctic river systems.
Protective behavioral strategies and negative alcohol-related consequences in college students.

OBJECTIVE: Alcohol abuse among college students is associated with a quality of life burden. The current study replicated and extended previous research on protective behavioral strategies (PBS) by examining relationships between PBS use and negative alcohol-related consequences. METHOD: A national sample of 29,792 U.S. college students who completed the National College Health Assessment during spring 2004 was included. Using a retrospective analysis of cross-sectional data, relationships between PBS use and negative alcohol-related consequences were examined. RESULTS: Greater PBS use was associated with fewer negative alcohol-related consequences, while less frequent use of PBS was correlated with increased negative alcohol-related consequences. DISCUSSION: The current study findings strongly support expanded educational alcohol-intervention programs promoting greater PBS use aimed at reducing or completely alleviating negative alcohol-related consequences (e.g., BASICS, ASTP). Future research should further investigate such PBS-based intervention programs, examine the existence of latent PBS, and study use of combined PBS. Language: en
On the multi-Regge behavior of a certain class of dual-resonance models

It is shown that a five-point function with S$sub 5$ invariance and which is otherwise theoretically acceptable may nevertheless violate multi-Regge asymptotic behavior. (JFP)
Pre-exercise hypervolaemia is not detrimental to arterial oxygenation of horses performing a prolonged exercise protocol simulating the second day of a 3-day equestrian event.

Summary Reasons for performing study: Hyperhydration, prior to prolonged moderate-intensity exercise simulating the 2nd day of a 3-day equestrian event (E3DEC), may induce arterial hypoxaemia detrimental to performance. Objectives: Because moderate-intensity exercise does not induce arterial hypoxaemia in healthy horses, the effects of pre-exercise hypervolaemia on arterial oxygenation were examined during a prolonged exercise protocol. Methods: Blood-gas studies were carried out on 7 healthy, exercise-trained Thoroughbred horses in control and hyperhydration experiments. The study conformed to a randomised crossover design. The sequence of treatments was randomised for each horse and 7 days were allowed between studies. Hyperhydration was induced by administering 0.425 g/kg bwt NaCl via nasogastric tube followed by free access to water. The exercise protocol was carried out on a treadmill set at a 3% uphill grade and consisted of walking at 2 m/sec for 2 min, trotting for 10 min at 3.7 m/sec, galloping for 2 min at 14 m/sec (which elicited maximal heart rate), trotting for 20 min at 3.7 m/sec, walking for 10 min at 1.8 m/sec, cantering for 8 min at 9.2 m/sec, trotting for 1 min at 5 m/sec and walking for 5 min at 2 m/sec. Results: NaCl administration induced a significant mean ± s.e. 15.5 ± 1.1% increase in plasma volume as indicated by a significant reduction in plasma protein concentration. In either treatment, whereas arterial hypoxaemia was not observed during periods of submaximal exercise, short-term maximal exertion caused significant arterial hypoxaemia, desaturation of haemoglobin, hypercapnoea, and acidosis in both treatments. However, the magnitude of exercise-induced arterial hypoxaemia, desaturation of haemoglobin, hypercapnoea, and acidosis in both treatments remained similar, and statistically significant differences between treatments could not be demonstrated. Conclusions: It was concluded that significant pre-exercise expansion of plasma volume by this method does not adversely affect the arterial oxygenation of horses performing a prolonged exercise protocol simulating the 2nd day of an E3DEC.
Altered Amygdala Connectivity in Individuals with Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury and Comorbid Depressive Symptoms

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric conditions in individuals with chronic Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Though depression has detrimental effects in TBI and network dysfunction is a 'hallmark' of TBI and depression, there have not been any prior investigations of connectivity-based neuroimaging biomarkers for comorbid depression in TBI. We utilized resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify altered amygdala connectivity in individuals with chronic TBI (eight years post-injury on average) exhibiting comorbid depressive symptoms (N=31), relative to chronic TBI individuals having minimal depressive symptoms (N=23). Connectivity analysis of these participant sub-groups revealed that the TBI-plus-depressive symptoms group showed relative increases in amygdala connectivity primarily in the regions that are part of the salience, somatomotor, dorsal attention and visual networks (pvoxel<0.01, pcluster<0.025). Relative increases in amygdala connectivity in the TBI-plus-depressive symptoms group were also observed within areas of the limbic-cortical mood-regulating circuit (the left dorsomedial and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortices and thalamus) and the brainstem. Further analysis revealed that spatially-dissociable patterns of correlation between amygdala connectivity and symptom severity according to subtypes (Cognitive and Affective) of depressive symptoms (pvoxel<0.01, pcluster<0.025). Taken together, these results suggest that amygdala connectivity may be a potentially effective neuroimaging biomarker for comorbid depressive symptoms in chronic TBI.
Near-infrared spectrometry (NIRS) for the analysis of seston carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus from diverse sources

Seston carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) concentrations are routinely measured by limnologists and oceanographers. Unfortunately, common methods for the determination of seston C, N, and P are expensive and labor intensive and result in sample destruction. It has been suggested that near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) may be preferable to primary chemical analyses because NIRS is rapid and nondestructive. The ability of NIRS to measure seston element concentrations has been demonstrated, but an impediment to widespread adaptation of this technique relates to the generality of prediction (i.e., standard) equations. For diverse environmental samples, the ability to develop one global predictive equation is important, since the calibration process involves a considerable investment. It is unclear how often during routine use an investigator must standardize and calibrate NIRS equations. Here we explore the use of NIRS for analysis of seston C, N, and P in diverse aquatic samples, including those from monocultures, Lake Superior, and two sets of numerous lakes and ponds. Predictive equations were developed for specific datasets and for all the datasets combined (global equation). In most cases dataset-specific equations and the global equation accurately predicted (R 2 > 0.90) concentrations of seston C and N but not P. Prediction error varied among seston types and increased when equations were tested on novel datasets. Our results indicate that NIRS analysis is an effective alternative to primary C and N chemistry, particularly for large aquatic monitoring programs. However, care must be taken during calibration and routine use, as accuracy depends on the types of seston in the calibration dataset.
Treating Co-occurring Depression and Anxiety: Modeling the Dynamics of Psychopathology and Psychotherapy Using the Time Varying Effect Model

Objective: We demonstrate the utility of the time-varying effect model (TVEM) for the analysis of psychotherapy data, with the aim of elucidating complex patterns of change over time and dynamic associations between constructs of interest. Specifically, we examine the association between depression and co-occurring anxiety in a sample of adults treated with interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) for depression or a variant designed to address both depression and co-occurring anxiety (IPT-PS, IPT for depression with panic and anxiety symptoms). Method: Seventy-eight (82% female) adult outpatients with major depression and co-occurring anxiety were assessed at each of 16 outpatient treatment sessions using the Hamilton rating scales for depression and anxiety. Results: On average, depressive symptoms declined in a quadratic form over the course of treatment. While the association between anxiety and depression was modest early in treatment, it strengthened over the middle and latter treatment phases. Finally, exploratory analyses suggest that while IPT and IPT-PS were similarly effective in reducing depressive symptoms, IPT-PS may be more effective at uncoupling the association between core anxiety and depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Findings point to the utility of the TVEM for psychotherapy research and the importance of assessing anxiety in the course of treating depression, especially following the initial phase of treatment (i.e., after Session 5).
The Solar America Initiative (SAI) PV Technology Incubator Program

The Solar America Initiative (SAI) PV Technology Incubator Program, funded by the Department of Energy (DOE), through the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), has the objective of shortening the timeline for companies to transition prototype and precommercial PV modules into pilot and full-scale manufacture. Entrance opportunities for the Incubator project are anticipated every 9 – 12 months as funding become available. This program targets US small businesses with a minimum entrance criterion of a demonstrated PV cell process, lab device or module. The successful exit criterion is anticipated to be prototype modules and pilot production demonstration of approximately 3MW/year. Ten U.S. Small Businesses received subcontracts from NREL in the fall of the calendar year 2007, averaging approximately $3.0 million each of NREL/DOE funding over an 18-month period. The subcontracts were awarded in two 9-month phases with the second phase of funding contingent upon successful completion of the first phase deliverables and a Stage-Gate review. The award winners represent a diverse range of technologies including: polycrystalline thin-films; thinand wafer-silicon devices; high-efficiency III–V devices; thin-film organics; and concentrating systems.
Food Security Politics and the Millennium Development Goals

This article reviews proposals regarding the recent food crisis in the context of a broader, threshold debate on the future of agriculture and food security. While the MDGs have focused on eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, the food crisis pushed the hungry over the one billion mark. There is thus a renewed focus on agricultural development, which pivots on the salience of industrial agriculture (as a supply source) in addressing food security. The World Bank's new 'agriculture for development' initiative seeks to improve small-farmer productivity with new inputs, and their incorporation into global markets via value-chains originating in industrial agriculture. An alternative claim, originating in 'food sovereignty' politics, demanding small-farmer rights to develop bio-regionally specific agro-ecological methods and provision for local, rather than global, markets, resonates in the IAASTD report, which implies agribusiness as usual ''is no longer an option'. The basic divide is over whether agriculture is a servant of economic growth, or should be developed as a foundational source of social and ecological sustainability. We review and compare these different paradigmatic approaches to food security, and their political and ecological implications.
Evolving Changes in the Management of Burns and Environmental Injuries

Burns and environmental injuries are common as primary or secondary problems in survivors of natural disasters, terrorist incidents, and combat operations. In recent years, intensive military medical experience has resulted in substantial progress in treatment of these important problems. This article reviews practical applications of this new knowledge.
Characterization of Primary and Memory CD8 T-Cell Responses against Ranavirus (FV3) in Xenopus laevis

In mammals, resistance to primary and secondary viral infections critically involves major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted cytotoxic CD8 + T lymphocytes (CTLs). Although many gene homologues involved in CTL function have been identified in all vertebrate classes, antiviral CTL responses have been poorly characterized for ectothermic vertebrates. Because of the threat of emerging wildlife viral diseases to global biodiversity, fundamental research on comparative viral immunity has become crucial. Ranaviruses (family Iridoviridae ) are double-stranded DNA viruses possibly implicated in the worldwide decline of amphibian populations. We used the frog Xenopus laevis as a model to evaluate adaptive immune responses to the ranavirus frog virus 3 (FV3). FV3 infects the kidneys of adults but is cleared within 4 weeks, with faster clearance upon secondary infections. In vivo depletion of CD8 + T cells markedly decreases the survival of adults after viral infection. To further investigate the involvement of anti-FV3 CD8 + T-cell effectors in host resistance in vivo, we determined the proliferation kinetics of CD8 + T cells in the spleen by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and their infiltration of kidneys by immunohistology. Upon primary infection, CD8 + T cells significantly proliferate in the spleen and accumulate in infected kidneys from day 6 onward, in parallel with virus clearance. Earlier proliferation and infiltration associated with faster viral clearance were observed during a secondary infection. These results provide in vivo evidence of protective antigen-dependent CD8 + T-cell proliferation, recognition, and memory in fighting a natural pathogen in Xenopus .
Another View of American Kinship1

A cursory review of models which have been used in the analysis of the American kinship system is given. Then a new analysis phrased in terms of Lounsbury's formal model is presented. The American system is seen to be based upon three simple principles, which may be explained in terms of the structure of the familistic side of American society. Finally, these logical rules are used to determine the status of certain indeterminate kin types.
Optimal Investment Scheduling with Price-Sensitive Dynamic Demand

A model is developed that integrates capital investment decisions with output and pricing decisions for a situation of growing demand. Conditions are derived for the model that permit application of a general approach for determining the optimal sequence and timing of investments in a continuous-time framework. The behavior of optimal pricing and output decisions is characterized analytically. Specific results are given for a quadratic cost and revenue case, and an example illustrates the form of a solution. Possible extensions of the model are also discussed.
Studies on ascitic fluid in patients with hepatic cirrhosis, heart failure and cancer: results of cephalin cholesterol flocculation, thymol turbidity, methylene blue, qualitative and quantitative bilirubin and other tests.

The cephalin cholesterol flocculation test, the thymol turbidity test, methylene blue, bilirubin, direct diazo reaction, Hay test, urobilinogen test, specific gravity and Rivalta test, have been carried out on the ascites and blood of 40 patients with cirrhosis of the liver, congestive heart failure and peritoneal carcinomatosis. The cephalin cholesterol flocculation test was “positive” in 100 percent of specimens of ascitic fluid of hepatic cirrhosis. In the blood of the same patients this test was “positive” in 96 percent. In ascites caused by heart failure “positive” tests were present in 89 percent, and in ascites caused by cancer in 78 percent. In each of these two groups the blood test was “positive” in 56 percent. In contrast, the ascitic fluid thymol turbidity test in patients with hepatic cirrhosis was negative in all instances while in the blood of the same patient, this test was positive in 83 percent. In congestive heart failure and peritoneal carcinomatosis the ascitic fluid thymol turbidity test was negative in all but one instance, whereas the blood thymol turbidity test was positive in approximately one-quarter of the same cases. The significance of the contrasting results of both tests has been discussed. Only 2 of 4 specimens of ascitic fluid gave positive methylene blue tests, although in many specimens the van den Bergh test showed a considerable amount of bilirubin present. The direct diazo reaction in these two specimens was “prompt,” whereas in other specimens giving a negative methylene blue test “delayed” or “biphasic” reactions were observed. The changes of the quantity and the quality (direct diazo reaction) of the bilirubin during the passage from the blood to the ascites have been reported and discussed. The Hay test for cholic acids was negative in the 44 examined specimens of ascitic fluid of all groups. Similarly, in the same specimens the urobilinogen test was negative with one exception. Studies of the specific gravity and Rivalta test of ascitic fluid of all groups revealed that these tests have but limited value in the differentiation of exudates and transudates.