cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The large-scale universe: The past, the present and the future

Contrary to the common approach of the general relativity, the author uses his invariant integral of physical mesomechanics to model and study the universe at the large scale of about 100 MPc in the Euclidian space. The flatness of the universe proven by numerous probes of the WMAP and PLANCK satellite missions necessitates this approach. From the invariant integral of cosmology, the interaction force of two point masses in the cosmic-gravitational field is derived. This force is proven to be a sum of two terms, the one being the Newtonian gravity and the other the repulsion force caused by the cosmological constant. Both terms make up the right-hand part of the evolution equation of the dynamic universe. Qualitatively in agreement with the FLRW and ACDM models, and WMAP and PLANCK mission data, the exact solution of this equation has provided the history of the early decelerating universe and the asymptotic description of the Big Bang, the expansion at an almost constant rate in the middle age, and the current stage of the accelerated expansion of the universe. The age of the universe is found to be equal to 12.3 billion years. It is shown that neutron stars become stable Black Holes when their masses are greater than 6.7Msun. Then, it is assumed that the universe not only expands but also revolves, and the evolution equations of the revolving and expanding universe are advanced, with the cosmological constant being defined in terms of the angular velocity of the universe. A singular solution of these evolution equations has described the history of the revolving and expanding universe, at least, up to the age of about ten billion years. Orbital velocities of stars in the Milky Way are calculated to be about 250 km/s independent of the distance of stars from the galaxy center. Using the equation of the fractal dimension of the universe as a power-law fractal, the thickness of a disk-shaped universe is found. The graviton of minimum frequency is hypothesized to be the smallest elementary particle and the building block of everything.
Automatic incrementalization of queries in object-oriented programs

High-level query constructs help greatly improve the clarity of programs and the productivity of programmers, and are being introduced to increasingly more languages. However, the use of high-level queries can come at a cost to program efficiency, because these queries are expensive to compute and may be computed repeatedly on slightly changed inputs. For efficient computation in practical applications, an automatic method is needed to incrementally maintain query results with respect to updates that may change those results. This dissertation describes a general and powerful method for automatically generating incremental implementations of high-level queries in object-oriented programs. These queries may be over objects, sets, tuples, and maps; and may contain aggregation and grouping constructs. The method generates coordinated maintenance code and invocation mechanisms for all updates that may affect the query results, ensuring that the results are computed correctly and efficiently even though object references may be aliased arbitrarily. We present implementations and experimental results showing the effectiveness of our method when applied to a variety of problem domains.
Neuroprotective strategies and the underlying molecular basis of cerebrovascular stroke

Stroke is a leading cause of disability in the US. Although there has been significant progress in the area of medical and surgical thrombolytic technologies, neuroprotective agents to prevent secondary cerebral injury and to minimize disability remain limited. Only limited success has been reported in preclinical and clinical trials evaluating a variety of compounds. In this review, the authors discuss the most up-to-date information regarding the underlying molecular biology of stroke as well as strategies that aim to mitigate this complex signaling cascade. Results of historical research trials involving N-methyl-d-aspartate and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptor antagonists, clomethiazole, antioxidants, citicoline, nitric oxide, and immune regulators have laid the groundwork for current progress. In addition, more recent studies involving therapeutic hypothermia, magnesium, albumin, glyburide, uric acid, and a variety of other treatments have provided more options. The use of neuroprotective agents in combination or with existing thrombolytic treatments may be one of many exciting areas of further development. Although past trials of neuroprotective agents in ischemic stroke have been limited, significant insights into mechanisms of stroke, animal models, and trial design have incrementally improved approaches for future therapies.
Semiaquatic Turtles of Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Chase County, Kansas

Streams and ponds in the Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve (TPNP), Chase County, KS, provide habitat for semiaquatic turtles, but turtle distribution and abundance in these waters is poorly documented. We compiled a list of semiaquatic turtles from unpublished reports of herpetofaunal sampling at TPNP, and sampled lower Fox Creek during summer 2014 to inventory the Preserve's semiaquatic turtle community. We collected 58 individuals of five turtle species, including one Mississippi Map Turtle, Graptemys pseudogeographica kohnii, a new record for TPNP.
Application of Congestion Notifications in a Cyber-Physical System

Cyber-physical systems augment traditional physical systems with cyber control. These cyber controls are intended to improve the efficiency and availability of the physical system. Smart-grid research focuses on improving the existing power grid with intelligent cyber control. Some smart-grid projects consider a future power grid where energy generation is largely decentralized because of widespread renewable generation and energy storage capabilities. However, if a distributed system is used to control this future power grid, faults in the cyber domain can lead to failures in the physical domain. This work treats communications congestion as a potential fault and makes use of congestion notification techniques to anticipate congestion and reconfigure the distributed system. Dynamic reconfiguration of the system maintains its proper operation in the presence of communications congestion such that proper smart grid operation is maintained. Our approach can be applied to other cyber-physical systems where communication is required for the correct operation of the physical network.
Deficient prepulse inhibition in schizophrenia in a multi-site cohort: Internal replication and extension.

Abstract Background The Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) collected case-control endophenotype and genetic information from 2457 patients and healthy subjects (HS) across 5 test sites over 3.5 years. Analysis of the first “wave” (W1) of 1400 subjects identified prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits in patients vs. HS. Data from the second COGS “wave” (W2), and the combined W(1 + 2), were used to assess: 1) the replicability of PPI deficits in this design; 2) the impact of response criteria on PPI deficits; and 3) PPI in a large cohort of antipsychotic-free patients. Methods PPI in W2 HS (n = 315) and schizophrenia patients (n = 326) was compared to findings from W1; planned analyses assessed the impact of diagnosis, “wave” (1 vs. 2), and startle magnitude criteria. Combining waves allowed us to assess PPI in 120 antipsychotic-free patients, including many in the early course of illness. Results ANOVA of all W(1 + 2) subjects revealed robust PPI deficits in patients across “waves” (p Discussion Schizophrenia-linked PPI deficits were replicable across two multi-site “waves” of subjects collected over 3.5 years. Strict response criteria disproportionately excluded older, male, non-Caucasian patients with low-normal hearing acuity. These findings set the stage for genetic analyses of PPI using the combined COGS wave 1 and 2 cohorts.
What and where is the Internet? (Re)defining Internet histories

The ways in which historians define the Internet profoundly shape the histories we write. Many studies implicitly define the Internet in material terms, as a particular set of hardware and software...
Effect of paleoseawater composition on hydrothermal exchange in midocean ridges

Variations in the Mg, Ca, Sr, and SO4 concentrations of paleoseawater can affect the chemical exchange between seawater and oceanic basalt in hydrothermal systems at midocean ridges (MOR). We present a model for evaluating the nature and magnitude of these previously unappreciated effects, using available estimates of paleoseawater composition over Phanerozoic time as inputs and 87Sr/86Sr of ophiolite epidosites and epidote-quartz veins as constraints. The results suggest that modern hydrothermal fluids are not typical due to low Ca and Sr relative to Mg and SO4 in modern seawater. At other times during the last 500 million years, particularly during the Cretaceous and Ordovician, hydrothermal fluids had more seawater-derived Sr and Ca, a prediction that is supported by Sr isotope data. The predicted 87Sr/86Sr of vent fluids varies cyclically in concert with ocean chemistry, with some values much higher than the modern value of ∼0.7037. The seawater chemistry effects can be expressed in terms of the transfer efficiency of basaltic Ca and Sr to seawater in hydrothermal systems, which varies by a factor of ∼1.6 over the Phanerozoic, with minima when seawater Mg and SO4 are low. This effect provides a modest negative feedback on seawater composition and 87Sr/86Sr changes. For the mid-Cretaceous, the low 87Sr/86Sr of seawater requires either exceptionally large amounts of low-temperature exchange with oceanic crust or that the weathering flux of continentally derived Sr was especially small. The model also has implications for MOR hydrothermal systems in the Precambrian, when low-seawater SO4 could help explain low seawater 87Sr/86Sr.
A New Perspective on the Two-Dimensional Fractional Fourier Transform and Its Relationship with the Wigner Distribution

The fractional Fourier transform $$F_{\theta }(w)$$ with an angle $$\theta $$ of a function f(t) is a generalization of the standard Fourier transform and reduces to it when $$\theta =\pi /2. $$ It has many applications in signal processing and optics because of its close relations with a number of time-frequency representations. It is known that the Wigner distribution of the fractional Fourier transform $$F_{\theta }(w)$$ may be obtained from the Wigner distribution of f by a two-dimensional rotation with the angle $$\theta $$ in the $$t-w$$ plane The fractional Fourier transform has been extended to higher dimensions by taking the tensor product of one-dimensional transforms; hence, resulting in a transform in several but separable variables. It has been shown that the Wigner distribution of the two-dimensional fractional Fourier transform $$F_{\theta ,\phi }(v,w)$$ may be obtained from the Wigner distribution of f(x, y) by a simple four-dimensional rotation with the angle $$\theta $$ in the $$x-y$$ plane and the angle $$\phi $$ in the $$v-w$$ plane. The aim of this paper is two-fold: (1) To introduce a new definition of the two-dimensional fractional Fourier transform that is not a tensor product of two copies of one-dimensional transforms. The new transform, which is more general than the one that exists in the literature, uses a relatively new family of Hermite functions, known as Hermite functions of two complex variables. (2) To give an explicit matrix representation of a four-dimensional rotation that verifies that the Wigner distribution of the new two-dimensional fractional Fourier transform $$F_{\theta ,\phi }(v,w)$$ may be obtained from the Wigner distribution of f(x, y) by a four-dimensional rotation. The matrix representation is more general than the one for the tensor product case and it corresponds to a four-dimensional rotation with two planes of rotations, one with the angle $$(\theta +\phi )/2$$ and the other with the angle $$(\theta -\phi )/2$$ .
Exploring the Sexual Development Experiences of Black Bisexual Male Adolescents Over Time

Scant research has sought to explore the development of dimensions of sexual orientation among Black bisexual male adolescents (BBMA). Understanding how sexual attractions, behaviors, and identities evolve among BBMA over time is crucial to understanding the most appropriate support strategies to provide during this developmental period. We sought to understand and describe the sexual orientation development experiences in a sample of BBMA over the course of 1 year. We further sought to understand the sociocontextual factors that may play a role during this development process. Fifteen BBMA, aged 15–19 years, were interviewed about sexual debut experiences (baseline) and were re-interviewed three times over a 1-year period about sexual attractions, behaviors, and identity at each follow-up point. A three-person team used inductive open coding to analyze each participant’s data set. The mean Kinsey scale score for the sample was 2.93 (SD = 1.2) most closely translating to “heterosexual/gay-equally.” A case study analysis was used to identify themes related to sexual attractions, behavior, and identity over time, within and across participants. Among the sample of young men, two unique groups were identified based on self-reported sexual identity and experiences of same- and other-sex sexual attractions and behaviors over time. The first group consisted of seven young men who consistently described their sexual identity as bisexual from baseline to the final follow-up. These young men also described similar experiences related to same- and other-sex sexual and romantic attractions and more consistently described same- and other-sex sexual behaviors. The second group consisted of eight young men that described changing sexual identity and same- and other-sex sexual romantic attractions over time. Participants described sociocontextual factors such as religion, masculinity, and homophobia played during their development. Findings from this study underscore the complexity of sexual orientation development and sociocultural factors and expectations that may influence sexual identity and behavior among BBMA.
The application of computerized content analysis of natural language in psychotherapy research now and in the future.

For many years the author and his colleagues have been involved in studying the roots and processes of the conveyance of semantic messages via spoken language and verbal texts. After establishing t...
Abstract 2191: Quantitative cell-level spatial analysis of tumor metabolism

Sub-populations of tumor cells exhibit distinct responses to treatment. This cell-level heterogeneity can lead to growth of resistant populations, and tumor recurrence. Many cancer therapies alter tumor cell metabolism, and the metabolic microenvironment can further contribute to tumor heterogeneity and drug response. However, the relationship between the spatial diversity of tumor cell metabolism and treatment response requires further characterization. Two-photon fluorescence lifetime microscopy (FLIM) monitors cellular metabolism by measuring NAD(P)H and FAD autofluorescence, and enables single-cell resolution of metabolic heterogeneity within 3D samples. Previous studies have shown that FLIM predicts treatment response of 2D and 3D cultures in vitro, and in vivo tumors. Additionally, these studies demonstrated responsive cells have lower post-treatment NAD(P)H mean lifetime (NAD(P)H τm) than non-responsive cells. Thus, these published FLIM data were used to develop an algorithm to quantify the spatial distribution of cellular metabolism in response to treatment. Density-based clustering analysis defined sub-populations in organoids based on NAD(P)H τm. Accuracy of cluster analysis classification was first evaluated on 2D co-culture images of two cell lines plated at varying proportions. Following this validation, metabolic sub-populations and their spatial distributions were characterized in control and drug-treated 3D tumor organoids of human squamous cell carcinoma (FaDu). Descriptive spatial metrics were developed using graph-based network analysis integrated with standard image analysis to establish local (sub-population level) and global (organoid level) spatial relationships. High classification accuracy (94.7%) of cell lines was achieved in 2D breast carcinoma co-cultures. In all FaDu 3D organoids, metabolic sub-populations were largely segregated into clusters of identical metabolic phenotype, with ≥78% of cell neighbors belonging to the same sub-population. Clustering density was greater in populations with low NAD(P)H τm (responsive), exhibiting shorter intercellular distances than high NAD(P)H τm (non-responsive) populations (p Citation Format: Tiffany M. Heaster, Bennett A. Landman, Melissa C. Skala. Quantitative cell-level spatial analysis of tumor metabolism [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2191.
Raman and Infrared Spectra, Ab Initio Calculations, Normal Coordinate Analysis, and Conformational Stability of 2-Methoxypropene

The Raman (3500–40 cm−1) and infrared (3500–70 cm−1) spectra of gaseous and solid 2-methoxypropene, CH3O(CH3)C=CH2, and the isotopomers, CD3O(CH3)C=CH2 and CH3O(CD3)C=CD2 have been recorded. In addition, the Raman spectra of the liquids have been recorded with qualitative depolarization measurements. All of these data indicate that only one conformer is present in the fluid phases at ambient temperature and this form is the cis conformer, which remains in the solid. Assignments are provided for the fundamentals of all three isotopomers for the cis conformer with Cs symmetry. The far-infrared spectra of all three isotopic species have been recorded at a resolution of 0.1 cm−1 in the gas and 1.0 cm−1 in the solid. The parameters of the potential function governing the asymmetric torsion are determined to be V3 = 1485 ± 9 cm−1 and V6 = −55 ± 4 cm−1 for the d0 compound, where only two terms were determined, since a second conformer was not evident. The barrier to internal rotation for the methyl group attached to the oxygen atom is 1370 ± 8 cm−1 and the C—CH3 barrier is 772 ± 5 cm−1. Ab initio calculations with full electron correlation have been carried out by the perturbation method to second order to obtain the equilibrium structural parameters, harmonic force constants, fundamental frequencies, infrared intensities, Raman activities, depolarization values, and conformational stability. The predicted values have been compared to the experimental values where appropriate.
Application of Deep Learning on Integrating Prediction, Provenance, and Optimization

In this research, we investigated two approaches to detect job anomalies and/or contention for large scale computing efforts: 1. Preemptive job scheduling using binomial classification long short-term memory networks 2. Forecasting intra-node computing loads from the active jobs and additional job(s) For approach 1, we achieved a 14% improvement in computational resources utilization and an overall classification accuracy of 85% on real tasks executed in a High Energy Physics computing workflow. For this paper, we present the preliminary results used in second approach.
Delivery of allergen powder for safe and effective epicutaneous immunotherapy

Background More effective and safer immunotherapies to manage peanut allergy are in great demand despite extensive investigation of sublingual/oral immunotherapy and epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) currently in the clinics. Objective We sought to develop a powder-laden, dissolvable microneedle array (PLD-MNA) for epidermal delivery of powdered allergens and to evaluate the efficacy of this novel EPIT in peanut-sensitized mice. Methods PLD-MNA was packaged with a mixture of powdered peanut allergen (PNA), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3), and CpG. Its epidermal delivery and therapeutic efficacy were evaluated alongside PNA-specific forkhead box P3–positive regulatory T cells and IL-10+ and TGF-β1+ skin-resident macrophages. Results PLD-MNA was successfully laden with PNA/VD3/CpG powder and capable of epidermal delivery of most of its content 1 hour after application onto intact mouse skin concomitant with no significant leakage into the circulation or skin irritation. PLD-MNA–mediated EPIT substantially reduced clinical allergy scores to 1 from 3.5 in sham control mice (P Conclusions PLD-MNA holds great promise as a novel, safe, effective, and self-applicable modality to manage IgE-mediated allergies.
27 STRUCTURAL CONSEQUENCES OF POINT MUTATIONS IN NINE HUMAN HPRT VARIANTS

Complete deficiency of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase causes the Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome (LNS). Partial deficiency of HPRT causes severe, precocious gout. The molecular basis for HPRT deficiency has been determined previously in this laboratory by amino acid sequence analysis in three subjects and by cloning of mutant cDNA sequences in six subjects. In each case a single point mutation resulting in a single amino acid substitution was identified. The structural consequences of these mutations were examined using secondary structure prediction techniques. The mutations in HPRT-London and HPRT-Yale abolish putative β-turns while the mutation in HPRT-Midland predicts an additional β-turn. A sequence predicted to be in random coil structure in HPRT-Munich and HPRT-Ashville is replaced by β-sheet structure and a region of putative β-sheet in HPRT-Ann Arbor is replaced by α-helix. The predicted structural consequences of the mutations in HPRT-Flint, HPRT-Kinston, and HPRT-Toronto were unremarkable using these techniques.
“Run it through me:” Positioning, power, and learning on a high school robotics team

Scholars have analyzed the possibilities that robotics-centered learning programs offer, including opportunities for developing collaboratively and engaging in authentic STEM professional practice....
A Miniaturized FSS Based Band-Stop Filter for EMI Shielding Applications

A miniaturized frequency selective surface having band-stop characteristics is presented. The proposed FSS is modeled on Rogers RO4350 substrate having unit cell dimensions of 6.75 mm x 6.75 mm. It attains at least 49.43 dB attenuation within the frequency band of 17.88 GHz to 26.72 GHz (i.e., fractional bandwidth 39.64%) to provide effective electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. The single layer structure also gives identical results for both incident transverse-electric and transverse-magnetic fields. The size compactness, wide-band operation and simple structure make this FSS a potential candidate for EMI shielding applications in K-band.
Notes on spinors in low dimension

The purpose of these old notes (written in 1998 during a research project on holonomy of pseudo-Riemannian manifolds of type (10,1)) is to determine the orbit structure of the groups Spin(p,q) acting on their spinor spaces for the values (p,q) = (8,0), (9,0), (9,1), (10,0), (10,1), and (10,2). I'm making them available on the arXiv because I continue to get requests for them as well as questions about how they can be cited.
CANTARE: finding and visualizing network-based multi-omic predictive models

One goal of multi-omic studies is to identify interpretable predictive models for outcomes of interest, with analytes drawn from multiple omes. Such findings could support refined biological insight and hypothesis generation. However, standard analytical approaches are not designed to be “ome aware.” Thus, some researchers analyze data from one ome at a time, and then combine predictions across omes. Others resort to correlation studies, cataloging pairwise relationships, but lacking an obvious approach for cohesive and interpretable summaries of these catalogs. We present a novel workflow for building predictive regression models from network neighborhoods in multi-omic networks. First, we generate pairwise regression models across all pairs of analytes from all omes, encoding the resulting “top table” of relationships in a network. Then, we build predictive logistic regression models using the analytes in network neighborhoods of interest. We call this method CANTARE (Consolidated Analysis of Network Topology And Regression Elements). We applied CANTARE to previously published data from healthy controls and patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) consisting of three omes: gut microbiome, metabolomics, and microbial-derived enzymes. We identified 8 unique predictive models with AUC > 0.90. The number of predictors in these models ranged from 3 to 13. We compare the results of CANTARE to random forests and elastic-net penalized regressions, analyzing AUC, predictions, and predictors. CANTARE AUC values were competitive with those generated by random forests and penalized regressions. The top 3 CANTARE models had a greater dynamic range of predicted probabilities than did random forests and penalized regressions (p-value = 1.35 × 10–5). CANTARE models were significantly more likely to prioritize predictors from multiple omes than were the alternatives (p-value = 0.005). We also showed that predictive models from a network based on pairwise models with an interaction term for IBD have higher AUC than predictive models built from a correlation network (p-value = 0.016). R scripts and a CANTARE User’s Guide are available at https://sourceforge.net/projects/cytomelodics/files/CANTARE/ . CANTARE offers a flexible approach for building parsimonious, interpretable multi-omic models. These models yield quantitative and directional effect sizes for predictors and support the generation of hypotheses for follow-up investigation.
Hypertension in Children and Adolescents with Turner Syndrome (TS), Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), and Williams Syndrome (WS).

Turner syndrome (TS), neurofibromatosis type 1(NF1), and William Syndrome (WS) are 3 genetic conditions that are all associated with a substantial increase in risk of hypertension. In this review, we focus on factors leading to hypertension and on clinical manifestations and management of hypertension in children and adolescents with these genetic conditions In most instances, hypertension is secondary. There is a high prevalence of masked hypertension in TS; however, the extent to which control of the BP helps reduce the risk of aortic dissection/aneurysm in TS is not yet fully elucidated. Vasculopathies are the least emphasized but most important manifestation of NF1. Of note, routine screening for pheochromocytoma in NFI is not recommended as it is not cost-effective. Cardiovascular complications are the major cause of death in patients with WBS. ABPM identifies patients without overt aortic or renovascular narrowing. Antihypertensive agents such as ARBs that have direct vascular wall effects and agents that inhibit oxidative stress (minoxidil) should be considered, even in those who do not exhibit overt hypertension. Elevated blood pressure in children and adolescence manifests early with end-organ changes and when left untreated, increases risk for premature onset of cardiovascular disease. Vigilant monitoring of the blood pressure is recommended. Accurate early diagnosis and management of hypertension will delay or prevent target organ damage and ensure a healthier transition to adulthood among children afflicted with these conditions.
Persuading a pessimist: Simplicity and robustness

Abstract The signals used in persuasion mechanisms in practice typically satisfy two well-studied simple properties: (i) they partition an ordered state space into intervals, and (ii) they do not recommend lower actions at higher states. These properties have been studied—often separately—in the Bayesian persuasion literature, where conditions for the optimality of such signals are provided in various settings. The two properties can be defined only when the action and the state space are ordered. Under the proper ordering conditions, we show that the optimal signal features both of these properties, as well as robustness properties, when Receiver is a pessimist. A pessimistic receiver, rather than maximizing expected payoff, takes the action that guarantees the highest level of payoff. Through the notion of maxmin expected utility, our findings explain that simplicity and robustness of optimal signals can emerge from the ambiguity of the prior to Receiver.
Peer Learning Through Targeted Dynamic Groups Formation

Peer groups leverage the presence of knowledgeable individuals in order to increase the knowledge level of other participants. The ‘smart’ formation of peer groups can thus play a crucial role in educational settings, including online social networks and learning platforms. Indeed, the targeted groups formation problem, where the objective is to maximize a measure of aggregate knowledge, has received considerable attention in recent literature. In this paper we initiate a dynamic variant of the problem that, unlike previous works, allows the change of group composition over time while still targeting to maximize the aggregated knowledge level. The problem is studied in a principled way, using a realistic learning gain function and for two different interaction modes among the group members. On the algorithmic side, we present DyGroups, a generic algorithmic framework that is greedy in nature and highly scalable. We present non-trivial proofs to demonstrate theoretical guarantees for DyGroups in a special case. We also present real peer learning experiments with humans, and perform synthetic data experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed solutions by comparing against multiple appropriately selected baseline algorithms.
Where Word and World Meet: Intuitive Correspondence Between Visual and Linguistic Symmetry

Author(s): Hafri, Alon; Gleitman, Lila; Landau, Barbara; Trueswell, John | Abstract: Symmetry is ubiquitous in nature, in logic and mathematics, and in perception, language, and thought. Although humans are exquisitely sensitive to visual symmetry (e.g., of a butterfly), linguistic symmetry goes far beyond visuospatial properties: Many words refer to abstract, logically symmetrical concepts (e.g., equal, marry). This raises a question: Do representations of symmetry correspond across language and vision, and if so, how? To address this question, we used a cross-modal matching paradigm. On each trial, adult participants observed a visual stimulus (either symmetrical or non-symmetrical) and had to choose between a symmetrical and non-symmetrical English predicate unrelated to the stimulus (e.g., "negotiate" vs. "propose"). In a first study with visual events (symmetrical collision or asymmetrical launch), participants reliably chose the predicate matching the event's symmetry. A second study showed that this "matching" generalized to static objects, and was weakened when the stimuli's binary-relational nature was made less apparent (i.e., one object with a symmetrical contour, rather than two symmetrically configured objects). Taken together, our findings support the existence of an abstract relational concept of symmetry which humans access via both perceptual and linguistic means. More broadly, this work sheds light on the rich, structured nature of the language-cognition interface, and points towards a possible avenue for acquisition of word-to-world mappings for the seemingly inaccessible logical symmetry of linguistic terms.
Hexells: self-organizing textures

Hexells is a self-organizing system of cells that was designed to synthesize and maintain various textures through local communication between the cells. It is inspired by natural pattern formations found on plants and animal skins. The cellular automata (CA) update rule is modeled using a small neural network inspired by Mordvintsev et al. [2020]. We created a WebGL demo that allows users to explore and interact with more than one hundred learned CA texture-generating behaviors. The chosen projection shows the system behavior at local and global scales at the same time.
Test Corrections Appear To Benefit Lower-Achieving Students in an Introduction to Biology Major Course: Results of a Single-Site, One-Semester Study.

Student-performed assessment correction is a well-established practice in the field of teaching and learning. This practice engages students in the feedback process and promotes active learning, which may be particularly important when serving underrepresented minority students. There is a dearth of research into the role of assessment correction in student learning outcomes (SLOs) in science courses, particularly at minority-serving institutions. Students at a Native American-serving, primarily undergraduate rural institution were allowed to perform test corrections for each of the three exams given during the term in an undergraduate introductory biology course. Students received the graded test back and were given 1 week to answer the following questions: what was your original answer, why did you choose that answer/what were you thinking at the time, why is the answer wrong, what is the correct answer, why is it the correct answer, and what is your source of reference if different from the textbook? The students were administered a comprehensive final exam at the end of the course that determined the number of SLOs passed. A Pearson correlation and a bivariate regression analysis were performed to determine if the number of test corrections performed (TC) during the term influenced the number of SLOs passed for all students, lower-achieving students, and higher-achieving students in the study. The TC correlated with, and could predict, SLOs passed for lower-achieving students only. This preliminary analysis suggests that performing test corrections may benefit lower-achieving students.
Exploring a Role for Parental Mental Health in Perception and Reports of Pain on Behalf of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have a higher prevalence of pain compared to those without ASD. Pain is a leading cause of morbidity and disability worldwide and may contribute to adverse health outcomes in people with ASD, thus warranting further research on this special population. The present study used data from 1,423 children with ASD and 46,023 children without ASD and their mothers from the combined 2016-2017 National Survey of Children’s Health. Mothers reported child pain and ASD status and their own mental health status. Mothers reporting a status of “Fair or Poor” were considered as having maternal mental health conditions (MMHCs) for the purposes of this study. Children with and without ASD who had mothers with MMHCs had higher odds of pain compared to children with mothers without MMHCs. These increased odds did not attenuate as a result of controlling for co-occurring neurological conditions, which have been associated with increased pain in children with ASD. Thus, parent mental health may alter perception and/or reports of pain on behalf of children with and without ASD. Future research should include more detailed assessments of parent mental health and clinical assessments of children in order to explore the role of parent mental health in the experiences of pain and other symptoms present in children with ASD.
Kupffer Cell p38 MAPK Drives Hepatic Damage and Pulmonary Inflammation after Intoxication and Burn Injury

Alcohol intoxication precedes half of adult burn injuries and leads to worsened clinical outcomes. We recently reported intoxication before burn alters the gut-liver axis which drives pulmonary inf...
Regulation of elongation phase of mRNA translation in diabetic nephropathy: Amelioration by rapamycin

High glucose and high insulin, pathogenic factors in type 2 diabetes, induce rapid synthesis of the matrix protein laminin-β1 in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells by stimulation of initiation phase of mRNA translation. We investigated if elongation phase of translation also contributes to high glucose and high insulin induction of laminin-β1 synthesis in proximal tubular epithelial cells. High glucose or high insulin rapidly increased activating Thr56 dephosphorylation of eEF2 and inactivating Ser366 phosphorylation of eEF2 kinase, events that facilitate elongation. Studies with inhibitors showed that PI3 kinase-Akt-mTOR-p70S6 kinase pathway controlled changes in phosphorylation of eEF2 and eEF2 kinase induced by high glucose or high insulin. Renal cortical homogenates from db/db mice in early stage of type 2 diabetes showed decrease in eEF2 phosphorylation and increment in eEF2 kinase phosphorylation in association with renal hypertrophy and glomerular and tubular increase in laminin-β1 content. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR, abolished diabetes-induced changes in phosphorylation of eEF2, eEF2 kinase, and p70S6 kinase and ameliorated renal hypertrophy and laminin-β1 protein content, without affecting hyperglycemia. These data show that mTOR is an attractive target for amelioration of diabetes-induced renal injury.
Understanding Police Use of Force: Miami-Dade Police Department: Inconsistencies between Officer and Suspect Accounts of the Use of Force

in addition to the interactive and sequential analyses of the use of force in MDPD (Chapters 3 and 4, respectively), we also undertook an analysis of officer and citizen versions of situations in which force was used. This innovation serves several purposes beyond the limited empirical findings the research yields, although these findings do, to a large extent, reinforce those found in Chapters 3 and 4. First, it underscores the importance of unbiased reporting, given the significant rates of inconsistency between officer and suspect versions of events. Second, it demonstrates the unavoidably self-serving nature of reporting by those involved, whether officers, suspects, or citizens. This is of particular relevance in a social climate where lawsuits abound. Third, and perhaps most important for the purposes of this book, this groundbreaking approach indicates that there is a clear need for a conceptual framework with which to assess (and research) the use of force including both the officer's and suspect's actions. We propose such a framework in the final chapter. In addition to interactional and sequential analyses, data were also collected on officer and suspect versions of the same incidents. We compared the versions on three occasions using three different data points. The first sample was generated from the agency's official control-of-persons reports, which were the basis of the data set analyzed in Chapter 4. These data served as a benchmark, allowing us to ascertain where there were differing versions of the same event.
Implications of invariant residue LeuB6 in insulin-receptor interactions

Abstract By the chemical synthesis of modified insulin B chains and the combination of the synthetic B chains with natural insulin A chains, we have prepared insulin analogs with natural and unnatural amino acid replacements of invariant residue LeuB6. Analogs have been investigated by reference to their potencies for interaction with the insulin receptor (as assessed by competition for 125I-labeled binding to isolated canine hepatocytes) and to their abilities to undergo the structural transitions that are characteristic of insulin self-aggregation (as assessed by the spectroscopic analysis of analog complexes with cobalt). Our results identify that (a) replacement of LeuB6 by glycine has nearly the equivalent effect as deletion of residues B1-B6 in decreasing receptor binding potency of the analog to only about 0.05% of that of insulin; (b) relative to the GlyB6 derivative, replacements that increase the relative hydrophobicity of the residue B6 side chain also increase the relative receptor binding potencies of the resulting analogs; (c) negative steric effects resulting from substitutions by valine, phenylalanine, and gamma-ethylnorleucine limit the potential for enhancing potency as the result of increased hydrophobicity; and (d) two analogs with disparate potency for receptor interaction (those with alanine and gamma-ethylnorleucine at position B6, analogs exhibiting about 1 and 48% of the potency of insulin, respectively) undergo the T6----R6 structural transition in the presence of Co2+ and phenol which is typical of insulin but result in hexameric complexes with greatly reduced stability. We conclude that leucine provides a closely determined best fit at insulin position B6, and we discuss our findings in terms of insulin conformations that may apply to the receptor-bound state of the hormone.
A critical analysis of twenty-two years' experience with cesarean section

Abstract 1. 1. A brief history of the handling of cesarean section cases in Houston, Texas, is given with an analysis of twenty-two years' experience. 2. 2. The incidence of cesarean section in private practice limited to obstetrics was found to be 6 per cent. Reasons for this relatively high rate are given. 3. 3. Morbidity and mortality figures obtained by obstetricians are compared with those obtained by well-recognized general surgeons and by general practitioners. 4. 4. Nitrous oxide-ether anesthesia was the anesthetic of choice, but maternal and fetal mortality rates for all types of anesthetics used are given. 5. 5. The low cervical type outnumbered all other varities performed in this series by 2.5 to 1. 6. 6. Pelvic dystocia was the primary indication for cesarean section in the great majority of the 362 operations. Maternal and fetal mortality rates associated with each indication are tabulated. 7. 7. Survival rates are tabulated against birth weights of the infants in the toxemia group, and it is concluded that one is hardly justified in performing cesarean section in the interest of the child if it weighs less than 3 pounds but that there is a definite place for cesarean section in salvaging children from mothers with toxemia if the fetus weighs from 3 to 4 pounds or more. 8. 8. Fetal mortality is also tabulated against the primary indication for cesarean section and important conclusions are drawn from these. 9. 9. The gross fetal mortality for the current series was found to be 4.4 per cent and the corrected rate, 1.4 per cent. 10. 10. Brief summaries of maternal deaths are recorded. 11. 11. The gross maternal mortality rate in this series is 2.2 per cent, while the corrected rate is 0.83 per cent.
Anxiety and Heart Disease

Despite impressive gains made in the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD), it remains the number one cause of death and a major cause of disability among women and men in the United States (US). By the year 2020, CHD is projected to be the number one cause of death worldwide [1]–[3]. Coronary heart disease claims more lives each year than the next five causes of death combined [1]. The effect of various demographic (e.g., age, gender) and clinical (e.g., the presence of comorbidities) characteristics on development of cardiac events and on recovery has been well studied [4]. These demographic and clinical characteristics are used commonly in clinical practice to determine patient risk for future events.
Deficiencies of Tetrahydrobiopterin, Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase

Publisher Summary The various defects of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) metabolism that occur within the central nervous system (CNS) lead to the serotonin (5-HT) and catecholamines deficiencies. There are, however, peripheral forms of 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (6-PTPS) deficiency in which central neurotransmitter metabolism is normal. BH4 also is the cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase (PH). Hence, defects in BH4 metabolism generally lead to hyperphenylalaninemia. Dominantly inherited guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase deficiency and sepiapterin reductase (SR) deficiency, however, only cause lack of BH4 within the CNS. Therefore, phenylalanine metabolism is unaffected. Another enzyme, pterin-4α-carbinolamine dehydratase, is involved in the hydroxylation of phenylalanine; deficiency again leads to hyperphenylalaninemia, but effects on central 5-HT and catecholamine metabolism are minimal, if present at all. The neurologic symptoms of the central BH4 defects and aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency are very similar and reflect a combined lack of both 5-HT and the catecholamine neurotransmitters. Symptoms of patients include hypersalivation, temperature instability, pinpoint pupils, ptosis of the eyelids, oculogyric crises, hypokinesis, distal chorea, truncal hypotonia, swallowing difficulties, drowsiness, and irritability. Hyperphenylalaninemia may be corrected using a low phenylalanine diet or, in deficiencies of guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase, 6-PTPS, and pterin 4α-carbinolamine, by the administration of oral BH4.
The Tolerance of the Femoral Shaft in Combined Axial Compression and Bending Loading

The likelihood of a front seat occupant sustaining a femoral shaft fracture in a frontal crash has traditionally been assessed by an injury criterion relying solely on the axial force in the femur. However, recently published analyses of real world data indicate that femoral shaft fracture occurs at axial loads levels below those found experimentally. One hypothesis attempting to explain this discrepancy suggests that femoral shaft fracture tends to occur as a result of combined axial compression and applied bending. The current study aims to evaluate this hypothesis by investigating how these two loading components interact. Femoral shafts harvested from human cadavers were loaded to failure in axial compression, sagittal plane bending, and combined axial compression and sagittal plane bending. All specimens subjected to bending and combined loading fractured midshaft, whereas the specimens loaded in axial compression demonstrated a variety of failure locations including midshaft and distal end. The interaction between the recorded levels of applied moment and axial compression force at fracture were evaluated using two different analysis methods: fitting of an analytical model to the experimental data and multiple regression analysis. The two analysis methods yielded very similar relationships between applied moment and axial compression force at midshaft fracture. The results indicate that posteroanterior bending reduces the tolerance of the femoral shaft to axial compression and that that this type of combined loading therefore may contribute to the high prevalence of femoral shaft fracture in frontal crashes.
Translation in the Media Ownership Debate: The Work of Civil Society Groups and the Federal Communications Commission, 2002–2007

This article examines the concept of translation, which refers to the work of civil society and state actors in linking the discursive activities of publics inside and outside the rule-making system. Using interview material and textual analysis of key documents, this article examines public participation in the 2002–2007 media ownership debate. Despite restrictive, conventional practices in administrative procedure, minority leadership and civil society groups supported the emergence of public opposition to ownership deregulation. While opposition did not prevent deregulation, it shaped the broader context in which publics evaluated agency decisions. This case suggests that translation is both a process and an outcome and that support of publics requires constant renewal and reinvention.
Improving the Abrasion Resistance of Technical Textiles with Vermiculite Dispersions

Coatings of vermiculite on fiberglass textiles have been shown to increase the service temperatures up to 1100°C. These materials have found use in applications including safety fabrics, safety clothing, and thermal insulation. In this article the abrasion resistance of textiles coated with vermiculite dispersions is studied. It is shown that these coatings can significantly improve the abrasion resistance of fiberglass and other textiles.