cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-precision measurement of U-Pu-Np-Am concentrations and isotope ratios in environmental reference materials by mass spectrometry.

Abstract We report results of precise and sensitive mass spectrometric measurements of uranium, plutonium, neptunium, and americium concentrations and isotope ratios in a variety of environmental reference materials. Most of our work has been done on NIST SRM 4350b, River Sediment, but we also present results for NIST SRM 4354, Lake Sediment; NIST SRMs 4355 and 4355a, Peruvian Soil; NIST SRM 4357, Ocean Sediment; NIST SRM 1648a, Urban Particulate Material; NIST SRM 1649b, Urban Dust; IAEA CRM 385, Ocean Sediment; USGS BCR-2, Columbia River Basalt; and USGS BHVO-2, Hawaiian Volcanic Observatory Basalt. These materials reflect a wide range in long-lived actinide concentrations (e.g. 1E4 to 1E10 atoms 239Pu/g) and isotope ratios. Measurements were performed in a clean laboratory by isotope dilution, multi-collector thermal ionization and multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In general, our results are in agreement with, but lower the uncertainty of, literature or certificate values for these reference materials. Our uranium results for the basalts also confirm previously reported high-precision mass spectrometric results from our laboratory. In many cases our measurements of U-Pu-Np-Am nuclides appear to be novel. Extensive results for NIST SRM 4350b, River Sediment, indicate that this material is heterogeneous for Pu-Np-Am concentrations and isotope ratios at a sample size of 5 g or lower. Pu–Np isotope ratios and a241Pu-241Am model age of 1954 reflect a mix of plutonium production operations at the nearby Hanford, Washington site, and global atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons testing. Results for the oceanic sediment materials (NIST SRM 4357 and IAEA 385) collected near Sellafield, U.K. vary but are also indicative of local anthropogenic sources of varying Pu isotopic composition and a mean 241Pu-241Am model age of 1964. Large environmental fractionation between Pu and Np is observed for the ocean, river, and lake sediment reference materials. Novel measurements for the two air particulate SRMs indicate high U, Pu and Np concentrations for these collections in 1976–1977 with an anomalous regional fallout Pu isotopic signature. Results for BHVO-2 and other Hawaiian basalts indicate that those which erupted before or during the period of abundant atmospheric nuclear weapons testing (1950–1970) contain significant levels of Pu (on the order of 1E7 atoms 239Pu/g) with a global fallout Pu isotopic composition, compared to more recent eruptions which incorporated less Pu. Hence, Hawaiian basalts may provide an integrated temporal record of anthropogenic actinide fallout deposition from the atmosphere since eruption.
SU-E-T-400: Evaluation of Shielding and Activation at Two Pencil Beam Scanning Proton Facilities

Purpose: To verify acceptably low dose levels around two newly constructed identical pencil beam scanning proton therapy facilities and to evaluate accuracy of pre-construction shielding calculations. Methods: Dose measurements were taken at select points of interest using a WENDI-2 style wide-energy neutron detector. Measurements were compared to pre-construction shielding calculations. Radiation badges with neutron dose measurement capabilities were worn by personnel and also placed at points throughout the facilities. Seven neutron and gamma detectors were permanently installed throughout the facility, continuously logging data. Potential activation hazards have also been investigated. Dose rates near water tanks immediately after prolonged irradiation have been measured. Equipment inside the treatment room and accelerator vault has been surveyed and/or wipe tested. Air filters from air handling units, sticky mats placed outside of the accelerator vault, and water samples from the magnet cooling water loops have also been tested. Results: All radiation badges have been returned with readings below the reporting minimum. Measurements of mats, air filters, cooling water, wipe tests and surveys of equipment that has not been placed in the beam have all come back at background levels. All survey measurements show the analytical shielding calculations to be conservative by at least a factor of 2. No anomalous events have been identified by the building radiation monitoring system. Measurements of dose rates close to scanning water tanks have shown dose rates of approximately 10 mrem/hr with a half-life less than 5 minutes. Measurements around the accelerator show some areas with dose rates slightly higher than 10 mrem/hr. Conclusion: The shielding design is shown to be adequate. Measured dose rates are below those predicted by shielding calculations. Activation hazards are minimal except in certain very well defined areas within the accelerator vault and for objects placed directly in the path of the beam.
Adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix: sensitivity of detection by cervical smear: will cytologic screening for adenocarcinoma in situ reduce incidence rates for adenocarcinoma.

See referenced original article on pages 330–7.Address for reprints: Harriet O. Smith, M.D., Divi-sion of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Ob-stetrics and Gynecology, University of New MexicoHealth Sciences Center, 2211 Lomas BoulevardNE, Albuquerque, NM 87131-5286; Fax: (505)272-6385; E-mail: hsmith@salud.unm.eduReceived June 28, 2002; revision received July 1,2002; accepted July 8, 2002.
The Relationship Between Universities and Black Urban Communities: The Clash of Two Cultures

This article is a theoretical discussion of the cultural dynamics that shape the relationship between universities and black urban communities. It is argued that universities have a responsibility to address inner-city problems. However, the social relationships between academic institutions and urban communities are impeded as a result of cultural differences. Cultural, social, and power theories are employed to construct a framework for exploring the factors that impede positive interactions between universities and black urban communities. The article concludes by linking the renewed American discourse on civility to the public service mission of higher education and its relevance to urban communities.
Artists and Rederijkers in the Age of Bruegel

Although the influence of the 16th-century Netherlandish rederijkers (rhetoricians) on the artists of the period has long been acknowledged, the traditionally close relationship between the two groups has not been sufficiently appreciated. In Antwerp, one rederijker chamber was merged completely with the artists' guild. Elsewhere, artists were often active rederijkers, even composing plays and poems of their own. The effect of rederijker imagery can be discerned in the allegorical subjects treated by the artists who, in turn, occasionally inspired their literary colleagues. Bruegel was especially influenced by the rederijkers and the meaning of several of his works can be clarified by reference to their plays and pageants.
Scleral and episcleral histological changes related to encircling explants in 20 eyes.

Purpose: To investigate scleral and episcleral histological alterations induced by encircling explants used in scleral buckling procedures. Methods: We performed a histopathological study of 20 enucleated eyes after failure of retinal detachment surgery including encircling scleral buckle. Results: Nonabsorbable materials were encapsulated and often gave rise to a limited scleral invagination. The inner capsular surface was regular in 10 silicone explants, it was partially covered with hydrogel fragments and a granulomatous foreign body giant cell reaction in 8 hydrogel explants. One Arruga thread was encased in fibrosis and a catgut circle showed no encapsulation. Other changes were mostly related to the long-standing retinal detachment: peripheral anterior synechiae, anterior uveal effusion, persistent retinal detachment, retinal gliosis, retinal atrophy, retinal breaks, and silicone oil droplets. Conclusion: All nonabsorbable explants underwent encapsulation and prompted scleral invagination. A granulomatous reaction accompanied hydrogel fragmentation. The long term fragmentation impact on implanted eyes remains unknown.
The Impact of Gestational Age on Resource Utilization After Open Heart Surgery for Congenital Cardiac Disease From Birth to 1 Year of Age

The impact of gestational age on perioperative morbidity was examined using a novel construct, the resource utilization index (RUI). The medical records of subjects from birth to 1 year of age entered into a pediatric cardiothoracic surgery database from a major academic medical center between 2007 and 2011 were reviewed. The hypothesis tested was that infants born at 37–38 weeks (early-term infants) experience greater resource utilization after open heart surgery than those born at 39 completed weeks and that this association can be observed until 1 year of age. The results support the premise that resource utilization increases linearly with declining gestational age among infants at 0–12 months who undergo cardiac surgery. Five of the six variables comprising the RUI showed statistically significant linear associations with gestational age in the predicted direction. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that gestational age was a significant predictor of an increased RUI composite. Further investigation is needed to test the concept and to expand on these findings.
How many atoms are required to characterize accurately trajectory fluctuations of a protein

Large molecules, whose thermal fluctuations sample a complex energy landscape, exhibit motions on an extended range of space and time scales. Principal component analysis (PCA) is often used to extract dominant motions that in proteins are typically domain motions. These motions are captured in the large eigenvalue (leading) principal components. There is also information in the small eigenvalues, arising from approximate linear dependencies among the coordinates. These linear dependencies suggest that instead of using all the atom coordinates to represent a trajectory, it should be possible to use a reduced set of coordinates with little loss in the information captured by the large eigenvalue principal components. In this work, methods that can monitor the correlation (overlap) between a reduced set of atoms and any number of retained principal components are introduced. For application to trajectory data generated by simulations, where the overall translational and rotational motion needs to be eliminated before PCA is carried out, some difficulties with the overlap measures arise and methods are developed to overcome them. The overlap measures are evaluated for a trajectory generated by molecular dynamics for the protein adenylate kinase, which consists of a stable, core domain, and two more mobile domains, referred to as the LID domain and the AMP-binding domain. The use of reduced sets corresponding, for the smallest set, to one-eighth of the alpha carbon (CA) atoms relative to using all the CA atoms is shown to predict the dominant motions of adenylate kinase. The overlap between using all the CA atoms and all the backbone atoms is essentially unity for a sum over PCA modes that effectively capture the exact trajectory. A reduction to a few atoms (three in the LID and three in the AMP-binding domain) shows that at least the first principal component, characterizing a large part of the LID-binding and AMP-binding motion, is well described. Based on these results, the overlap criterion should be applicable as a guide to postulating and validating coarse-grained descriptions of generic biomolecular assemblies.
Long term inhibition of intake by mannitol

Abstract The addition of mannitol, a slightly sweet carbohydrate which retards absorption, to a palatable glucose-saccharin solution results in the retention of fluid in the intestine for up to 4 hr after intake of the fluid in a 15 min drinking bout. When given access for 4 hr to glucose-saccharin solutions to which mannitol is added, intake is reduced in proportion to the concentration of mannitol (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 M) present. Since rats with access to a 0.2 M mannitol solution consume most of their total intakes in the first 15 or 30 min exposure, and this is sufficient to cause prolonged retention of fluid in the intestine, it was hypothesized that initial exposure to mannitol would suppress intake of a glucose saccharin solution subsequently offered. Intake of a glucose-saccharin solution was diminished for only 1.5 hr when rats were switched from a mannitol-glucose-saccharin solution, indicating that the effect of mannitol was mitigated but not abolished. The suppression of intake by mannitol does not appear to involve a conditioned taste aversion, but may activate a mechanism which is normally involved in limitation of meal size.
Single-dose intracerebroventricular administration of galactocerebrosidase improves survival in a mouse model of globoid cell leukodystrophy.

Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD), also known as Krabbe disease, is a devastating, degenerative neurological disorder. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait caused by loss-of-function mutations in the galactocerebrosidase (GALC) gene. Previously, we have shown that peripheral injection of recombinant GALC, administered every other day, results in a substantial improvement in early clinical phenotype in the twitcher mouse model of GLD. While we did detect active enzyme in the brain following peripheral administration, most of the administered enzyme was localized to the periphery. Given the substantial central nervous system (CNS) involvement in this disease, we were interested in determining whether or not a single-dose administration of the recombinant enzyme directly to the CNS, which could potentially be achieved clinically, would result in any substantial improvement. Following intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of GALC we noted a significant, 16.5%, reduction in the GALC substrate...
Senior Medical Student Opinions Regarding the Ideal Urology Interview Day

Introduction Applicant interviews for urology residency positions are a stressful and costly process for students, faculty, and staff. We conducted a prospective survey to better determine what urology applicants perceive as an ideal interview process to gain sufficient knowledge about a training program. Methods A questionnaire was anonymously completed by all urology residency applicants interviewing at the Medical College of Wisconsin from 2007 to 2013. Questionnaire subject headings included “ideal interview format,” “factors contributing to understanding the residency program,” and “factors contributing to final rank list order.” Results Questionnaires were distributed to and completed by 221 senior medical students applying for a urology residency position. Most respondents (>80%) reported they would prefer to partake in 5 to 7 faculty interviews in an office setting with the total interview process spanning half to three-fourths of the workday. Spending time with current residents was considered the most valuable tool to acquire knowledge about a residency program. The most important criteria when ranking a program were resident satisfaction, resident operative experience, and perceived strength of faculty. Conclusions Academic urology programs may wish to consider applicant ideals when organizing residency interviews. Interaction with current residents appears to be the most valuable resource allowing applicants to garner knowledge about a urology training program.
Dynamic modelling of the laser tracking gimbal used in a laser tracking system

The dynamic modelling of the tracking gimbals used in a laser tracking system (LTS) is developed in this paper. LTSs are one of the most powerful measurement tools and have been widely used in the robot calibration. They provide super high calibration accuracy and automatic contactless measurement process for robot calibration. The key component used in an LTS is the tracking gimbals (TG) that provide the interactions between the laser beam and the tracking target as well as the direction that the LTS should follow. Obtaining an accurate dynamic model of the TG is the prerequisite to develop and build a LTS successfully. In this paper, a complete dynamic model of the TG used in a LTS is developed using the Lagrange-Euler equations of motion. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first paper in developing a dynamic model for TGs using such method.
Expression of a heat-inducible gene in transfected mosquito cells

Abstract The evolutionary conservation of the heat shock response suggests that plasmids containing promoters from Drosophila heat shock protein (hsp) genes will be useful in the development of gene transfer procedures for cell lines representing a variety of insect species. Conditions for induction of endogenous hsp genes and for expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene regulated by the Drosophila hsp 70 promoter were examined in Aedes albopictus (mosquito) cells. Five hsps, ranging in size from 27,000 to 90,000 D, were induced in A. albopictus cells during incubation at 41°C in medium containing [ 35 S]methionine. Relative synthesis of these proteins at 37 and 41°C indicated that Aedes hsp 66 is homologous to Drosophila hsp 70. Detection of CAT activity in transfected mosquito cells was enhanced 10-fold under heat shock conditions (6 h, 41°C) based on maximal expression of hsp 66, relative to conditions defined for expression of hsp 70 in Drosophila cells. Analysis of the endogenous heat shock response may be essential to the optimal use of plasmids containing the Drosophila hsp 70 promoter with other insect cell types.
Believability and consumer perceptions of implausible reference prices in retail advertisements

Based on results from three studies, this research addresses questions relating to the role of perceived believability of a reference price set at an implausible level. Compared to effects of more plausible levels of reference prices, an implausible reference price is shown to be capable of positively influencing both perceptions of a fair price and the highest price that would be paid for an advertised product, as well as more evaluative dependent variables such as perceived value of the advertised offer and purchase willingness estimates. The perceived believability of the price offer is associated with a stronger impact on evaluative dependent variables than price-related estimates. Results indicate the importance of scrutiny of retailers' use of advertised reference prices by public policy advocates, and suggest implications for theoretical bases used to address reference pricing issues. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quinidine intoxication: an experimental study of the effect of molar sodium lactate and potassium chloride.

Abstract 1. 1. Thirty-six dogs which weighed 7 to 13 kilograms were studied for the changes in plasma potassium, sodium, arterial blood pH, electrocardiogram, and arterial blood pressure after intravenous administration of quinidine. The effects of molar sodium lactate and potassium chloride given prior to or after the administration of quinidine were determined. 2. 2. There was a definite decrease in the concentration of plasma potassium and in arterial blood pH after the intravenous administration of quinidine. The mean decrease in plasma potassium was 0.6 and 0.9 mEq. per liter for moderate and severe quinidine intoxication, respectively. The mean decrease in arterial blood pH ranged from 0.04 to 0.09. No significant change in plasma sodium was noted. 3. 3. When quinidine was given initially and followed by molar sodium lactate, there was a further decrease in plasma potassium (mean decrease of 0.4 mEq. per liter), a moderate increase in blood pressure and pulse rate, narrowing of the P-R interval and QRS duration, and appearance of a prominent U wave. 4. 4. When given prophylactically, molar sodium lactate failed to prevent the hypotensive effect of quinidine, and had no significant beneficial effect on severe quinidine intoxication. 5. 5. When quinidine was followed by potassium chloride, 2 out of 5 dogs developed a significant increase in pulse rate and blood pressure. Similar doses of potassium chloride given prior to the administration of quinidine did not enhance the effect of quinidine. 6. 6. The possible mechanisms of action of molar sodium lactate are discussed. 7. 7. Whether molar sodium lactate has any significant value in the treatment of quinidine intoxication remains to be determined.
Androgenic Control of a Sex-dependent Protein in the Rat

PROTEINURIA in the adult male rat has been recognized as a sex characteristic since 19331. At first the source of the sex-related proteins was considered to be the prostate gland1, but more recently evidence has suggested the kidneys2,3. These sites are likely because of the known anabolic effects of androgens on prostatic and renal tissues4,5.
Crystallization and conductivity of 2CaO–La2O3–5P2O5 glass–ceramic with Al2O3 addition

Abstract Al 2 O 3 was added to a 2CaO–La 2 O 3 –5P 2 O 5 metaphosphate, to replace 10% of the Ca 2+ ions by Al 3+ , forming a phosphate with the nominal composition 1.8CaO–0.1Al 2 O 3 –La 2 O 3 –5P 2 O 5 . The effect of Al 2 O 3 addition and heat treatment on the microstructure and conductivity of the resulting glass–ceramics was investigated by XRD, SEM, TEM, and AC impedance spectroscopy. Upon transformation from glass to glass–ceramic, conductivities increased significantly. The glasses were isochronally transformed at 700 and at 800 °C for 1 h or 5 h, in air, following heating at 3 or 10 °C/min. With Al 2 O 3 addition, after a heat treatment at 700 °C, 100–300 nm nano-domains of LaP 3 O 9 crystallized from the glass matrix. Annealing at 800 °C produced a further order of magnitude conductivity increase for the Al-free glass, but less so for the Al-containing glass.
Mass spectral analysis of C3 and C4 aliphatic amino acid derivatives.

Diagnostic criteria are obtained for the distinction of alpha, beta, gamma, and N-methyl isomers of the C3 and C4 aliphatic amino acids, using mass spectral analysis of the derivatives of these acids. The use of deuterium labeling has helped in the understanding of certain fragmentation pathways.
Electronic and optical properties of HgI2

Empirical nonlocal pseudopotential calculations of the electronic band structure of undoped mercuric iodide in its red tetragonal form are presented. Values for the electron and hole effective masses, optical matrix elements for interband transitions, and complex dielectric function are reported. Excitonic effects on the absorption coefficient near the fundamental band gap are included within the effective-mass approximation. The resulting absorption spectra and the polarization dependence are in good agreement with experiment. The dielectric-function spectra for photon energies between 2 and 10 eV are also calculated and they are in fair agreement with available data.
Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Alternating and Random Poly(styrene-b-butadiene) Multiblock Copolymers

We report a synthetic method for the preparation of well-defined poly(styrene-b-butadiene) (PS-PB)n multiblock copolymers using a combination of living anionic polymerization and urethane based polycondensation along with an assessment of the associated microphase morphology and thermal and mechanical properties. The prepolymers, α,ω-dihydroxy polystyrene (HO-PS-OH) and α,ω-dihydroxy polybutadiene (HO-PB-OH), were prepared using a protected initiator, followed by deprotection and condensation with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) leading to the (PS-PB)n multiblock copolymers. Two types of block sequences were generated, one with random block sequences (PS-ran-PB)n and the second with alternating (PS-alt-PB)n block architectures. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) confirmed that the synthetic procedures yielded the desired products. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed microphase separation and small-angle X...
Ground zero in Alzheimer's disease

New findings in preclinical Alzheimer's disease patients and mouse models of the disease suggest that it is the lateral, rather than the medial, entorhinal cortex that is most susceptible to tau pathology early in Alzheimer's disease. Aberrations begin here and spread to other cortical sites.
RECOGNITION OF HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS GENE PRODUCTS BY HCMV-SPECIFIC CYTOTOXIC T CELLS

The antigen specificity of HCMV-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTL) was investigated in healthy adult seropositive donors by analyzing the frequency of CTL precursors (CTLp) against six different HCMV-encoded proteins. HCMV-specific, CD8+ CTL clones from two donors were also characterized. Thje precursor frequency analysis showed that a major phosphoprotein of HCMV, pp65 (UL83), was the immunodominant CTL target antigen in healthy seropositive adults. The frequency of CTLp specific for different HCMV proteins ranged from 1/12,000 for pp65 to > 1/100,000 for gB (UL55), gH (UL75), pp50 (UL44), and pp28 (UL98). Characterization of the HCMV-specific CTL clones from two donors revealed that the majority of clones lysed targets expressing pp65 and that none of the clones recognized other HCMV proteins.
Food and Debt among Rubber Tappers in the Bolivian Amazon

Members of households in the tropical forest of northern Bolivia tap natural rubber, gather Brazil nuts, farm on a small-scale, and engage in urban commerce. This article describes regional settlement types, human ecological zones, and occupations. The main topics are food insecurity, social stratification, and the tension between household strategies and the exigencies of subsistence. Food insecurity contributes to indebtedness, residential mobility, and social inequalities. Development issues include the need for increased food production, the patron/debt mode of economic organization as a potential problem for creating extractive reserves, the participation of indigenous ethnic groups, and the need for social, cultural, geographic, and economic data for planning.
Mathematica in action

From the Publisher: Push the power of your computer to its limits with this guide to the extraordinary capabilities of 'Mathematica.' To demonstrate the potential and breadth of the program, Mathematica in Action includes many detailed programs with line-by-line explanations, valuable shortcuts, and alternative methods to generate--three dimensional graphics, iterative graphics, and animations.
The effects of debt subsidies on corporate investment behavior: the Korean experience

Abstract We argue that credit subsidies are ineffective in stimulating business investment in productive assets. Instead, they will lead to an increase in corporate holdings of financial assets and real estate. For empirical verification we examine corporate investment patterns in Korea between 1984 and 1988. We find a significant positive relation between corporate speculative asset holdings and access to subsidized loans. Our estimates indicate that in the absence of interest rate controls and other forms of subsidies, corporate holdings of speculative assets would have been one-sixth of observed levels. Furthermore, most corporate real estate holdings appear to be unrelated to production activities. In sum, we find little evidence that the Korean government's interest rate controls and credit allocation policy have generated increases in corporate investment; if anything, they are partly to blame for the overheated Korean stock market during the sample period.
Optimal Control of the Spine System

The goal of this work is to present methodology to first evaluate the performance of an in vivo spine system and then to synthesize optimal neuromuscular control for rehabilitation interventions. This is achieved (1) by determining control system parameters such as static feedback gains and delays from experimental data, (2) by synthesizing the optimal feedback gains to attenuate the effect of disturbances to the system using modern control theory, and (3) by evaluating the robustness of the optimized closed-loop system. We also apply these methods to a postural control task, with two different control strategies, and evaluate the robustness of the spine system with respect to longer latencies found in the low back pain population. This framework could be used for rehabilitation design. To this end, we discuss several future research needs necessary to implement our framework in practice.
The Global Coffee Crisis and Indian Farmers: The Livelihood Vulnerability of Smallholders

Abstract This paper examines the global coffee crisis that began in the late 1980s and its impact on local livelihoods for smallholding farmers in India. The coffee crisis is characterized by low farm-gate coffee prices caused by oversupply, an unregulated open market, and growing corporate concentration. Smallholding coffee farmers in India suffered severely during the recent crisis as they experienced lower yields, lower coffee prices, and weak market institutions. The impact of the coffee crisis is considered in terms of structural changes in the coffee market and rural institutions and the measures farmers have used to cope with market volatility.
Construction and utility of a human chromosome 22-specific Fosmid library.

Abstract We have previously demonstrated the capability of the Fosmid vector based on Escherichia coli F-factor replicon to stably propagate cosmid-sized human genomic DNA fragments. Using the Fosmid vector, we have constructed and arrayed a 10 × human chromosome 22-specific library, partly by picking human positive clones from a total Fosmid library constructed using DNA from human-hamster hybrid cell line containing human chromosome 22, and partly by using flow-sorted chromosomal DNA. The clones and physical contig maps of the clones in the library will serve as a valuable resource for detailed analysis of the chromosome by providing reliable materials for high resolution mapping and sequencing. In order to efficiently built physical maps for the chromosomal regions of interest spanning several hundred kilobases to a megabase, it is necessary to rapidly identify subsets of the Fosmid clones from the library that cover such regions. In this report, we describe a method of using random amplification products derived from YAC clones to rapidly identify a subset of Fosmid clones that cover a specific genomic subregion.
The rural population of Essex in the later middle ages

A series of data for the English county of Essex is used to provide an index of aggregate population trends between the late thirteenth and late sixteenth centuries. "This evidence was produced by the medieval frankpledge system requiring adolescent and adult males to be enrolled into collective surety groups called tithings and consists of annual totals of tithing membership from thirteen Essex communities. The validity of these datasets can be confirmed by comparison with parochial taxation and manorial sources." (EXCERPT)
Computer-aided design, manufacture and test of printed circuit boards at IBM

IBM is committed to computer assistance in the design, manufacture and test of printed circuit boards. As a result of the company's worldwide organisation, it is impossible to share databases between development and manufacturing systems. However, the use of formal data interfaces enables the integration of the separate processes of design, manufacture and test into what is effectively a single CADMAT system.
Children's disclosure of sexual abuse during formal investigation

Abstract This study set out to provide information on children's disclosures of sexual abuse during formal child sexual abuse investigation. The study was carried out in a Child Sexual Abuse Assessment Unit based in a Children's Hospital, staffed by a multidisciplinary team and receiving referrals from community child protection agencies, pediatricians, general practitioners, and the police. Two hundred and fifty one children who had full assessments over a 12-month period formed the study group. They were divided at time of referral into two groups: (a) those who had previously told someone about abusive experiences prior to investigations; and (b) those who had not. There was a strongly positive correlation between having previously told someone about sexual abuse and disclosure of such abuse during formal investigation. There was also a strongly positive correlation between not having previously told someone and not disclosing during formal investigation. Age was an important variable, with children under 5 being least likely to disclose abuse during formal investigation, irrespective of whether they had previously told someone about abuse. Disclosure of sexual abuse during investigation was strongly positively correlated with abuse being regarded as confirmed. These results call into question the value of formal sexual abuse investigation in children who have not previously told someone about abuse. The value of a “nonleading” interview style with young children is also called into question, given that many young children who had previously disclosed abuse, did not repeat this information during formal investigation in which “nonleading” interviews were used.
Endoscopic management of pancreatic pseudocysts

The conventional management of pancreatic pseudocysts involves surgery or percutaneous drainage. While surgery is associated with significant complications and mortality, percutaneous drainage is associated with prolonged hospitalization and often times the need for other adjunctive treatment measures. Therefore, the use of endoscopy to drain these pseudocysts is becoming increasingly popular. In this review, we will be examining the techniques, outcomes and costs associated with the endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts.
The Franciscan Missionary Enterprise in Nineteenth-Century Latin America

This essay is in large part inspired by Fr. Antonine Tibesar OFM, whom I had the privilege to meet in 1982 just after I returned from my doctoral research sojourn in Bolivia. Fr. Antonine was for many years the director of the Academy of Franciscan History when that institution had its beautiful campus in Potomac, Maryland, a suburb of Washington, D.C. I had corresponded with Fr. Antonine earlier and during my visit enjoyed discussing with him the many facets of Franciscan missions in Latin America. He proudly showed me the large collection of books in the academy library. What impressed me about both Fr. Antonine and the friars I had met in Bolivia during my research was their selflessness and willingness to help a budding scholar—one who at that point had little of scholarship to show. These characteristics got me thinking about the Franciscans and their worldviews and how those must have affected the missions. Although I was determined to write mainly about the indigenous population on the missions (after all, they constituted the vast majority of the mission population and were the ones most profoundly affected by the mission experience), I realized that it was important not to ignore the missionaries. Though few in number—most missions had just one or perhaps two friars—it was their desires for the native population and the overall goals and local organization of the missions they founded that profoundly shaped the human settlements they supervised.
Teaching Controlled Vocabulary and Natural Language to End-Users of Scientific Online and CD-ROM Databases

This paper reviews the similarities between scientific language and search language using controlled vocabulary or natural language. It discusses the nature of end-users in science libraries, types of information needs, and methods to teach the use of appropriate vocabulary.
Adrenergic Stimulation of Depolarized Arterial Muscle

The excitation-contraction reactions of arterial smooth muscle to epinephrine and electrical current were studied in isolated segments of canine small-caliber arteries by means of a constant-flow perfusion technique. The arterial pressure elevations produced by the contractile responses of the smooth muscle to epinephrine were equally large, reproducible, and specifically antagonized by piperoxan whether or not the artery had been depolarized by isosmotic solutions rich in potassium and devoid of sodium. Responses to electrical current were impaired by potassium depolarization. In the potassium-depolarized vascular smooth muscle, relaxation of the induced contractions was moderately delayed.
Factors contributing to mathematical problem-solving performance: An exploratory study

This paper describes differences in mathematical problem-solving performance of third-grade gifted and fifth-grade average students observed during an eight week period. Results indicated that such factors as attitude, motivation, and belief systems were important to performance. In addition there were major differences in problem-solving behavior between the girls and boys in this study. Because these results were incidental to the original questions of the study (Buchanan, 1984), they were deemed especially significant. Four groups, one of third-grade gifted boys, one of third-grade gifted girls, one of average boys and one of fifth-grade average girls met with the experimenter twice a week for eight weeks to solve a variety of mathematical problems. In the global analysis of video tapes of all sessions and post hoc statistical analysis of selected quantifiable variables, differences in problem-solving performance were best described in terms of motivation, beliefs about mathematics, problem-solving strategies, and means of achieving satisfaction. In addition, the girls' groups were more ego-involved and social; they completed fewer problems and had longer solution times than the boys' groups. Further holistic research is needed to describe the complex interaction that occurs during mathematical problem solving in group situations. Then, appropriate intervention might be designed to assure that both boys and girls have an opportunity to perform at optimum levels.
Altered Growth Rates, Carcass Fatty Acid Concentrations, and Tissue Histology in First-Feeding Steelhead Fed a Fish-Meal- and Fish-Oil-Free Diet

Abstract A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate a fish-meal-free, fish-oil-free diet for use with first-feeding steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss. The marine-based control diet (marine diet) contained sardine (Sardinops spp.) meal and pollock (Pollachius virens) liver oil as the primary sources of protein and lipid, respectively. The experimental diet (terrestrial diet) contained only terrestrial sources of protein (poultry by-product meal, blood meal, canola, corn gluten, and wheat gluten) and lipid (canola oil and flaxseed oil). Each diet was administered to five replicate groups of first-feeding fry. At the conclusion of the feeding trial, fish that were fed the marine diet exhibited significantly higher weight gain and feed efficiency than fish that were given the terrestrial diet. Survival was not significantly affected by dietary treatment. However, fish that received the terrestrial diet exhibited significantly lower hemoglobin concentration and percent packed cell volume. Histological exami...
Liquid Phase Extraction and Separation of Noble Organometallic Catalysts by Functionalized Ionic Liquids

Abstract The separation of two noble organometallic catalysts from a homogeneous organic phase was investigated using liquid phase extraction with functionalized ionic liquids. Thirteen functionalized ionic liquids containing amino, hydroxy, thioether, carboxylic, or olefin functional groups were prepared by a standard neutralization method. The extractions of Jacobsen's catalyst and Wilkinson's catalyst were conducted using the functionalized ionic liquids as the extraction phase without adding any other metal complexing extractant. The distribution factors between the ionic liquid (IL) phase and toluene (organic solution phase) demonstrated that the functional groups in ILs exhibited moderate to high affinity with the metal complexes. The influence of the ionic liquid structure on the distribution factors was also investigated.
Is Persistent Bacterial Infection Good for Your Health

Certain bacterial pathogens have evolved to survive in their human hosts for long periods without causing harm. Is it possible that these persistent bacterial infections provide a protective benefit to the host?
Food intake: regulation by plasma amino acid pattern.

Abstract Food intake of rats fed diets containing a large amount of indispensable amino acids low in the growth limiting one was reduced 40–50% below that of the control in normal or cannulated rats infused with saline. When the growth limiting amino acid was infused, the food intake of the carotid artery-cannulated rats was not depressed, while the limiting amino acid infused into the jugular vein did not prevent the marked reduction in food intake of rats fed the imbalanced diets. These results provide evidence for a food intake regulatory function of some portion of the brain which is sensitive to the concentration of the growth limiting amino acid in blood.
Cyclic response-electrochemical interaction in mono- and polycrystalline AISI 316L stainless steel in H2SO4 solution—II. Potential dependence of the transient dissolution behavior during corrosion fatigue

Abstract Measurements of mechanical parameters and surface examinations have been carried out on mono- and polycrystalline specimens of an AISI 316L stainless steel which were cycled in a 1 N H 2 SO 4 solution. Analysis was made in relation to both the number of cycles and the applied potentials. The environment was found to have no influence on such bulk properties as the softening rate and flow stress, because the oxide film on the stainless steel is very thin. The magnitude of the strain localization was enhanced by preferential dissolution of atoms in the slip bands, a tendency which decreased with increas in potential. Crack nucleation within the slip bands was caused by either the high dissolution rate imposed by the applied potentials (in the corrosion and the transition regions) or by the galvanic effect (in the passive I region). General corrosion was found to have major effects on the crack propagation process in both the corrosion region, where blunting inhibited propagation, and the transition region where corrosion-stimulated “sharpening” promoted propagation. In the passive II region, environment-assisted strain localization and the galvanic effect were prevented by the stable passive film and the rapid passivation reaction.
Role of Prior Affect and Sensory Cues on Consumers’ Affective and Cognitive Responses and Overall Perceptions of Quality

Abstract Product quality has been examined primarily by focusing on the cognitive evaluations of various intrinsic product characteristics (e.g., quality of raw materials, tolerances) or extrinsic quality signals (e.g., price, warranty). Thus, quality is considered to be an integration of assessments of such factors as reliability, durability, and workmanship. We develop and empirically test a model that integrates affective responses with the cognitive dimension of consumer product evaluations. The thesis of the model is that consumers’ affective responses to product sensory cues (e.g., color, aroma, flavor) in addition to their cognitive responses, can also influence quality perceptions via three modes of processing. This model also considers the influence of prior affect for the sensory cue on the cognitive and affective responses. Three experiments (using a combined sample of 167 university students) provide general support for the model.
Tumorous Growths in the Pituitary and Trachea Following Radio toxic Dosages of I131.

SummaryFollowing doses of radioactive iodine sufficient to cause destruction of most or all of the thyroid, tumorous enlargements were found in the pituitary glands and tracheas of mice. Hypophyseal growths as large as 240 milligrams (control, 2.1 mg) were found. Less than 10%percnt; of animals sacrificed more than 250 days after I131 administration had pituitaries smaller than 10 mg in weight.Tracheal tumors of the fibrous tunica propria, obstructing the tracheal lumen, were of lower incidence (4%percnt;) but appeared earlier. Fibrous thickenings of the tunica propria, and metaplastic regeneration of tracheal epithelium were more common.
Results of Completion Gastrectomies in 44 Patients with Postsurgical Gastric Atony

Introduction Postsurgical gastric atony occurs infrequently after gastric surgery. However, the symptoms are disabling and refractory to medical management. The only effective treatment is completion gastrectomy. A few studies have examined in detail the long-term results of this radical procedure.
Determination of Internal-State Distributions of Surface Scattered Molecules: Incomplete Rotational Accommodation of NO on Ag(111)

Laser-induced fluorescence has been used to measure the rotational-state distribution of nitric oxide scattered from clean, single-crystal silver. Each resulting distribution is described by a rotational temperature within the statistical uncertainty. As the surface temperature is increased from 475 to 615 to 720 K, the calculated rotational temperature varies from 360\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}50 to 430\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}90 to 405\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}60 K, respectively. This shows that not only is rotational accommodation incomplete, but the degree of accommodation may decrease at the highest surface temperature studied.
Child and Family Emotional Functioning: A Cross-National Examination of Families from China and the United States

Scant research has examined links between particular emotion socialization processes and child emotion functioning cross-nationally. In this study, we assessed a sample of 55 families from the United States (U.S.; 28 boys and 27 girls) and 49 families from China (27 boys and 22 girls) on family emotional expressiveness and children’s emotional experiences and regulation. Results indicated that children and families from the U.S. reported greater emotional expressiveness than their Chinese counterparts. Children from the U.S. also reported greater undercontrolled emotion than Chinese youth. Family expression of positive emotion was related to effortful emotion regulation in U.S. youth only, whereas family expression of negative emotion was associated with undercontrolled emotion for both U.S. and Chinese children. Our findings advance context-specific models of emotional development by illustrating similarities and differences in emotional functioning among U.S. and Chinese families. From a clinical perspective, the findings suggest that practitioners should consider the cultural variations of emotion communication within families when conducting both assessment and therapy.
Lessons from the Outward Bound Solo: Intended Transfer of Learning

The purpose of this study was to understand what students from the North Carolina Outward Bound School learned during their Solo that they intended to transfer back home. The Solo is a time during which participants are placed alone for the purpose of rest and reflection. The sample consisted of 335 participants who completed a questionnaire at the end of the Solo. The data revealed three major themes that participants intended to transfer home. The first involved insights related to self-perception (i.e., self-reliance, self-worth, perseverance, taking responsibility, simplicity). The second focused on intended lifestyle changes (i.e., having more personal time, attending to physical needs, spending time outdoors, and seeking new challenges). The third involved an enhanced appreciation for food, people, comforts of home, outdoor experiences, and reflection time. These three general themes were supported by a small adult sample (n=13) that completed a survey two years after their courses.