cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stable Carbon Isotope Evidence for Reduced Feeding of Gulf of Mexico Sturgeon during Their Prolonged River Residence Period

Abstract Stable carbon isotope ratios were used to delineate food sources for Gulf of Mexico sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus de sotoi), an anadromous fish that migrates between Gulf of Mexico and the coastal rivers in south-east U.S.A. The large difference in isotope ratios (∼11‰) between freshwater food sources and fish muscle tissue suggests that the Gulf of Mexico sturgeon do not feed significantly in fresh waters. Isotope ratio data from this study and also from the literature indicate that the growth of Gulf of Mexico sturgeon is almost entirely supported by coastal marine food sources. It is likely that Gulf of Mexico sturgeon use the cool springs that seep into the river as a thermal refuge during their river residence in summer and that thermal barriers may prevent the fish from exploiting the rich food sources available in the warmer portions of the Suwannee River.
A simple linear description of gauge interaction

Abstract We study gauge theories based on SL( N , C). One phenomenological consequence may be the existence of new stable hadrons made of vector bosons. Cosmological implications are briefly mentioned.
Biological accomodation in the deep-sea benthos: comparative evidence on the importance of predation and productivity

Abstract Measures of the diversity and relative abundance of gastropod predators are positively and significantly correlated with overall gastropod diversity in 15 epibenthic sled samples collected from 478 to 4862 m along the Gay Head-Bermuda transect. Predator diversity is lowest on the abyssal plain, highest on the lower continental slope and abyssal rise, and relatively low on the upper continental slope. The variation of gastropod predator diversity with depth is similar to those of their most probable prey, the polychaetes and protobranch bivalves. Predator diversity and overall diversity were also related to variation in faunal density with depth. Density decreases exponentially with depth and reflects the average rate of production reaching the deep-sea benthos. Relationships among diversity, predation, and production are consistent with the theory that predators exert a diversifying influence on communities and that the degree to which they are able to do this depends on the rate and stability of production. The results suggest that both predation and productivity are important to biological accomodation in deep-sea communities and that their relative contributions to maintaining diversity vary considerably with depth.
The return of ‘the red eye disease’: Wage inequality in the People's Republic of China

Abstract Since China's implementation of economic reforms in 1979, income inequality has been a subject of considerable concern. This article examines the inequality of wages between provinces from 1981–1991 for all units, as well as for state and collective work units separately for 1981–1988. The findings show an increasing rate in wage inequality throughout the period, with implications extending to the political, social and economic areas.
An ex post valuation of the quality option implicit in the treasury bond futures contract

Abstract This paper develops three empirical estimates of the value of the quality delivery option implicit in the Treasury bond futures contract: (a) an ex ante value as given by the excess of forward price of the cheapest-to-deliver bond over its conversion factor times the futures price; (b) an ex post value equal to the payoffs to a strategy of buying and holding a short-futures long-forward position at the start and delivering the cheapest bond at the expiration of futures contract, and (c) another ex post value equal to the sum of payoffs to a continuous rollover strategy involving a short-futures long-forward position in the cheapest-to-deliver bonds. Three months prior to delivery the average values of the three estimates are $464, $329, and $2,075, respectively. The differences among the three estimates appear to be largely due to nonsynchronous spot-futures data.
Rotational subsets of the circle under zd

Abstract This paper is a study of invariant sets that have “geometric” rotation numbers, which we call rotational sets, for the angle-tripling map σ 3 : T → T , and more generally, the angle-d-tupling map σ d : T → T for d ⩾ 2 . The precise number and location of rotational sets for σ d is determined by d − 1 , 1 d -length open intervals, called holes, that govern, with some specifiable flexibility, the number and location of root gaps (complementary intervals of the rotational set of length ⩾ 1 d ). In contrast to σ 2 , the proliferation of rotational sets with the same rotation number for σ d , d > 2 , is elucidated by the existence of canonical operations allowing one to reduce σ d to σ d − 1 and construct σ d + 1 from σ d by, respectively, removing or inserting “wraps” of the covering map that, respectively, destroy or create/enlarge root gaps.
High-pressure, high-resistance ventricular septal defect. Surgical results of closure through right atrium.

Abstract Fifty-five patients with a high-pressure, high-resistance ventricular septal defect underwent closure of their lesion. Twenty of the patients had had a previous pulmonary arterial band placed in infancy. There were 4 deaths among the 55 patients, an overall hospital mortality of 7.2%; 2 of the deaths (5.6%) occurred among the 35 patients who had primary closure of their ventricular defect and 2 (10%) occurred among the 20 patients who had had a previous banding procedure. Twenty-two patients were catheterized one year following primary closure of their ventricular septal defect. The pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) decreased from a preoperative average of 1,475 to 480 dynes sec cm -1 . Pulmonary artery mean pressure decreased from 74 mm. Hg preoperatively to 31 mm. Hg postoperatively. In 13 patients who had had previous pulmonary arterial banding, the mean PVR decreased from 1,920 dynes sec cm -5 before banding to 700 dynes sec cm -1 following banding. The mean PVR decreased further to 470 dynes sec cm -5 following closure of the ventricular septal defect and removal of the pulmonary artery band. Some of the patients had residual outflow gradients. We advocate primary repair of ventricular septal defect in symptomatic infants and elective correction within the first 3 years of life in patients with a large defect.
Effects of aerobic exercise on transient mood state.

Using 24 university student volunteers, 45 minutes of an aerobic level of physical activity produced reduced total mood disturbance and reduced tension-anxiety as measured by the Profile of Mood St...
Domain independence and the relational calculus

Several alternative semantics (or interpretations) of the relational (domain) calculus are studied here. It is shown that they all have the same expressive power, i.e., the selection of any of the semantics neither gains nor loses expressive power. Since the domain is potentially infinite, the answer to a relational calculus query is sometimes infinite (and hence not a relation). The following approaches which guarantee the finiteness of answers to queries are studied here:output-restricted unlimited interpretation, domain independent queries, output-restricted finite andcountable invention, andlimited interpretation. Of particular interest is the output-restricted unlimited interpretation—although the output is restricted to the active domain of the input and query, the quantified variables range over the infinite underlying domain. While this is close to the intuitive interpretation given to calculus formulas, the naive approach to evaluating queries under this semantics calls for the impossible task of examining infinitely many values. We describe here a constructiion which, given a queryQ under the output-restricted unlimited interpretation, yields a domain independent queryQ′, with length no more than exponential in the length ofQ, such thatQ andQ′ (under their respective semantics) express the same function.
Parenteral Nutrition Formulation: An Integral Part of the Endocrinologist’s Metabolic Support Consultation Service

Endocrinologists are uniquely suited to provide consultation in the new field of metabolic support. This specialty incorporates management of electrolyte and mineral disorders, diabetes mellitus, and malnutrition. Principles of formulation of parenteral nutrition are discussed, with an emphasis on distinguishing marasmus from kwashiorkor types of cachexia, disease-specific treatment, nutritional pharmacology, and relevant controversies.
The paradox of pelagic food webs in the northern Bering Sea—II. Zooplankton communities

Abstract Anadyr Water, a “river” of oceanic water originating over the continental slope of the Bering Sea, transports oceanic zooplankton onto the shallow northern shelf and into the Chukchi Sea through western Bering Strait. The oceanic copepods Neocalanus cristatus, N. plumchrus, Eucalanus bungii and Metridia pacifica dominated the biomass of herbivorous zooplankton in Anadyr Water on the Bering-Chukchi shelf, averaging about 5 g m −2 (dry weight) in midsummer and 2 g m −2 in later summer of 1985 and 1986. The biomass of copepods was at times augmented considerably by that of a larvacean, Oikopleura spp. Oceanic water was replaced to the east, and often overlain by, lighter water formed on the continental shelf. The oceanic species were not present in waters of shelf origin, where Calanus marshallae was the major herbivore, averaging about 1 g m −2 in summer 1985, but only 0.2–0.5 g m −2 in 1986. In the low salinity, nearshore water, C. marshallae was uncommon and Pseudocalanus spp. and Acartia longiremis predominated. A preliminary estimate indicated that in the order of 1.8 × 10 12 g C of boreal zooplankton were carried into the Chukchi Sea during summer 1985. On average, the grazers were unable to control prodigious diatom growth that resulted from concentrated nutrients also carried by Anadyr Water into the area. In contrast, the smaller biomass of grazers in the shelf community, away from the region of high diatom biomass, might have had a much greater influence over the standing stock of phytoplankton following the spring bloom, and, at times, could have consumed the daily primary production. The highly productive pelagic food web of oceanic origin in the north does not have close coupling between primary producers and zooplankton, or between zooplankton and their predators, and contrasts with the oceanic community in the southeastern Bering Sea, where the same species of herbivores apparently have a much greater effect on phytoplankton biomass, and provide an efficient transfer of the available fixed energy to upper trophic levels in pelagic food webs.
Kinetically Favored Platination of Adenine in the G-Rich Human Telomeric Repeat

The interactions of PT-ACRAMTU, a cytotoxic platinum−acridine conjugate, with the human telomeric G-quadruplex have been studied using in-line high-performance liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry and footprinting assays. The conjugate reacts significantly faster with quadruplex DNA (t1/2 = 1.2 h) than with double-stranded DNA, and A-N7, and not G-N7, is the kinetically preferred target, an unprecedented reactivity feature in platinum−DNA interactions. Unlike the clinical platinum drug cisplatin, which targets the human telomeric sequence nonspecifically, the platinum−intercalator technology has the potential to produce telomere-specific anticancer agents via a mechanism that kinetically discriminates between G and A in the two DNA secondary structures.
Optimal hierarchies for fuzzy object models

In radiologic clinical practice, the analysis underlying image examinations are qualitative, descriptive, and to some extent subjective. Quantitative radiology (QR) is valuable in clinical radiology. Computerized automatic anatomy recognition (AAR) is an essential step toward that goal. AAR is a body-wide organ recognition strategy. The AAR framework is based on fuzzy object models (FOMs) wherein the models for the different objects are encoded in a hierarchy. We investigated ways of optimally designing the hierarchy tree while building the models. The hierarchy among the objects is a core concept of AAR. The parent-offspring relationships have two main purposes in this context: (i) to bring into AAR more understanding and knowledge about the form, geography, and relationships among objects, and (ii) to foster guidance to object recognition and object delineation. In this approach, the relationship among objects is represented by a graph, where the vertices are the objects (organs) and the edges connect all pairs of vertices into a complete graph. Each pair of objects is assigned a weight described by the spatial distance between them, their intensity profile differences, and their correlation in size, all estimated over a population. The optimal hierarchy tree is obtained by the shortest-path algorithm as an optimal spanning tree. To evaluate the optimal hierarchies, we have performed some preliminary tests involving the subsequent recognition step. The body region used for initial investigation was the thorax.
Confronting assumptions, biases, and stereotypes in preservice teachers' conceptualizations of science teaching through the use of book club

This study focuses on the structure and theoretical foundations of the book club for promoting multicultural understandings in science teacher education. The book club was defined as an informal, peer-directed group discussion that met regularly to discuss an ethnographic, multicultural text regarding issues pertinent to science teaching and learning in urban classrooms. Twenty-three preservice teachers (PSTs) enrolled in a 16-week elementary science methods course at a large urban university participated in the study. From the qualitative analyses of PSTs' written reflections and researcher journal notes, five themes which emphasize Individual, Collaborative, and Collective learning are presented. These findings highlight how the book club structure and theoretical foundation fostered critical, reflective inquiry and served as a method for effecting ideological change which is needed in order to embrace issues of diversity in urban science education. Implications for science teacher education concerning the relevancy of pedagogical strategies, the use of multiple theoretical perspectives, and the book club as a strategy in teacher education and urban education are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 1041–1066, 2009
Responses of Uniola paniculata L. (Poaceae), an Essential Dune-Building Grass, to Complex Changing Environmental Gradients on the Coastal Dunes

Coastal dunes are well known for plant species zonation but less is known about species-specific responses to underlying environmental gradients. We investigated variation in morphological traits and tissue nutrient concentration in Uniola paniculata, along a shoreline-to-landward gradient (transects spanning from the dunes directly behind the high tide mark to 40–100 m inland) in the southeast USA. Several environmental factors decreased with distance from the shoreline (soil B, K, Mg, Na; salinity, pH, and sand accretion), and differences were most pronounced between the 10 m closest to the shoreline and the remainder of the transect. In the 10 m closest to the shoreline, 94% more sand accumulated, which was 31% more saline. Additionally, plants here were taller, contained higher aboveground tissue N and K, and a higher percentage tended to flower. This contrasts with patterns found in salt marshes and saline desert dunes, where plant size is often negatively correlated with salinity. During the 2 years following the planned study, storms washed out ≤25 m of the transects. Resampling of the remaining sites demonstrated that even after erosion of the dune profile, a higher percentage of the plants in the 10 m closest to the shoreline plants tended to flower, relative to populations located further from the shore. Our findings suggested that the environment and plant response in the shoreward 10 m can re-establish relatively quickly.
Occupational Linguistic Niches and the Wage Growth of Latino Immigrants

Does the concentration of recent Latino immigrants into occupational linguistic niches —occupations with large numbers of other Spanish speakers—restrict their wage growth? On the one hand, it is possible that Latino immigrants who are concentrated in jobs with large numbers of Spanish speakers may have less onthe-job exposure to English, which may isolate them socially and linguistically and limit their subsequent economic mobility. On the other hand, working in linguistic niches can also be beneficial for upwardly mobile immigrants if it allows them to gain a foothold in the United States while they improve their English skills and develop labor market experience. Using data from the 1996, 2001 and 2004 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), we test for the effect of working in occupational linguistic niches on wages and wage growth. The results show that while workers in linguistic niche occupations earn lower wages on average, they do not experience lower rates of wage growth over time. Moreover, we find that about 20 percent of workers who start the 4-year SIPP panel in linguistic niches experience occupational mobility that reduces the percentage of workers speaking Spanish in their occupation by over 10 percent over the course of the study, and these “movers” have higher levels of wage growth than other workers in the sample.
Aqueous humor and plasma vascular endothelial growth factor in uveitis-associated cystoid macular edema

Abstract PURPOSE: To determine the association between cystoid macular edema and vascular endothelial growth factor concentration in the aqueous humor and plasma of uveitis patients. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the aqueous humor of 20 uveitis patients (9 with and 11 without cystoid macular edema), and in the plasma of 40 uveitis patients (20 with and 20 without cystoid macular edema) and 20 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: Mean aqueous humor vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations for uveitis patients with and without cystoid macular edema were 152.3 and 109.5 pg/ml, respectively, P = .044. Mean plasma vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in uveitis patients with and without cystoid macular edema and in healthy volunteers were 32.2, 29.6, and 55.0 pg/ml, respectively. Uveitis patients had lower plasma vascular endothelial growth factor levels than did healthy volunteers, P = .0002 CONCLUSION: In uveitis patients, vascular endothelial growth factor concentration is increased in the aqueous humor of eyes with cystoid macular edema. It may be useful to investigate vascular endothelial growth factor antagonists as a treatment for uveitis-associated cystoid macular edema.
Viral oncolysate in the management of malignant melanoma. II. Clinical studies

Melanoma cell oncolysate, prepared with Newcastle disease virus, was administered as an immunostimulant to 13 patients with metastatic melanoma. The oncolysate was well tolerated. Six treated patients evidenced a decrease in the size of skin nodules or diseased lymph nodes. Visceral lesions were not favorably influenced to any marked degree. One case of fulminating disease showed a change to slow progression and survived a year longer than was otherwise expected. Another patient, whose melanoma could not be controlled by surgery or chemotherapy, has been in complete remission for 2 years. It appears that viral oncolysate might be particularly helpful to patients with early disease.
Application of models for multivariate mixed outcomes to medical device trials: coronary artery stenting.

The approval process for some medical devices involves a single-arm trial in which the outcomes associated with the new device are compared to the expected outcomes associated with approved devices, the latter denoted the objective performance criterion (OPC). In this paper, models for multivariate mixed outcomes are applied to derive the OPC for a medical device to be used in clinical evaluations of the same type of device. We illustrate the techniques by determining the OPC for coronary artery stents, metal cages used to widen blocked coronary arteries in patients with coronary artery disease, using data from seven randomized trials of stents approved for use in the U.S.A. involving 5806 patients. The OPC is based on two 9-month endpoints: target lesion revascularization, a binary outcome, and proportion diameter stenosis, a continuous outcome. To account for the correlation between mixed outcomes we consider factorization of the likelihood into marginal and conditional components, or adoption of a latent variable model. Because the models have different structural forms, standard methods for model comparison (such as the AIC and BIC) cannot be used. We discuss how model identifiability and valid inference are achieved, and then adapt the deviance information criterion (DIC) and the pseudo-Bayes factor (PSBF) to select the best model. Nine months post-stenting, we find that the average posterior probability (standard deviation) of target lesion revascularization ranges from 0.086 (0.008) for non-diabetics with one diseased vessel to 0.163 (0.022) for diabetics with three diseased vessels. When considering proportion diameter stenosis, the corresponding posterior means are 0.375 (0.020) and 0.427 (0.030). The correlation coefficient of the components of the OPC lies in the range 0.042 to 0.116.
A New Numerical Algorithm for the Analytic Continuation of Green's Functions

The need to calculate the spectral properties of a Hermitian operatorHfrequently arises in the technical sciences. A common approach to its solution involves the construction of the Green's function operatorG(z) = z?H]?1in the complexzplane. For example, the energy spectrum and other physical properties of condensed matter systems can often be elegantly and naturally expressed in terms of the Kohn?Sham Green's functions. However, the nonanalyticity of resolvents on the real axis makes them difficult to compute and manipulate. The Herglotz property of a Green's function allows one to calculate it along an arc with a small but finite imaginary part, i.e.,G(x+iy), and then to continue it to the real axis to determine quantities of physical interest. In the past, finite-difference techniques have been used for this continuation. We present here a fundamentally new algorithm based on the fast Fourier transform which is both simpler and more effective.
Spontaneous closure of a ventricular septal defect after pulmonary artery banding.

Summary A case is reported of spontaneous anatomic closure of a ventricular septal defect after surgical banding of the pulmonary artery. Diagnosis of this occurrence by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography prior to the removal of the band avoided the necessity of performing a ventriculotomy. The importance is stressed of cardiac catheterization immediately prior to the banding procedure and again before removal of the band in order to assess the status of the ventricular septal defect. Before recommending pulmonary artery banding for moderate-sized ventricular septal defects, the possibility of spontaneous closure should be considered.
A Pd(0)-mediated indole (macro)cyclization reaction.

Herein we report a systematic study of the Larock indole annulation designed to explore the scope and define the generality of its use in macrocyclization reactions, its use in directly accessing the chloropeptin I versus II DEF ring system as well as key unnatural isomers, its utility for both peptide-derived and more conventional carbon-chain based macrocycles, and its extension to intramolecular cyclizations with formation of common ring sizes. The studies define a powerful method complementary to the Stille or Suzuki cross-coupling reactions for the synthesis of cyclic or macrocyclic ring systems containing an embedded indole, tolerating numerous functional groups and incorporating various (up to 28-membered) ring sizes. As a result of the efforts to expand the usefulness and scope of the reaction, we also disclose a catalytic variant of the reaction, along with a powerful Pd2(dba)3-derived catalyst system, and an examination of the factors impacting reactivity and catalysis.
Implications for dorsoventral axis determination from the zebrafish mutation janus

THE mechanisms underlying the formation of dorsoventral polarity in the zebrafish Danio rerio are unknown. Here we describe the zebrafish recessive maternal-effect mutation janusm55. The mutant phenotype is a division of the blastoderm along the first cleavage plane into two detached half-sized blastoderms. Partial-axis bifurcation occurs in a subset of mutants. Analysis of goosecoid expression in the mutant embryos indicates that only one organizer region is present in each embryo. Furthermore, the position of this organizer region is random with respect to the first cleavage plane bisecting the two blastoderms. Finally, cell tracing in wild-type embryos demonstrates that there is no strict correlation of the dorsoventral axis with early cleavage planes in zebrafish. These findings support the notion that the establishment of the dorsoventral axis and the first cleavage planes are determined by separate mechanisms in the zebrafish embryo.
Chancroid infections in women

Abstract Chancroid is a sexually transmitted disease that is caused by Haemophilus ducreyi. It is one of the main causes of genital ulcers in developing countries as well as the United States. It is seen as a co-infection with other diseases such as herpes simplex virus and human immunodeficiency virus. Haemophilus ducreyi is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacillus. The organism is highly contagious. In women, the ulcer is seen most commonly on the vulva. The lesion usually presents within 3 days to 2 weeks after exposure. If left untreated, a painful inguinal adenitis (bubo) will occur. Diagnosis is often difficult, and a high clinical suspicion is important. H. ducreyi may be grown in a culture medium, identified by Gram stain, or isolated by polymerase chain reaction. The infection can be treated with azithromycin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxin, or erythromycin. Affected patients should be screened for other sexually transmitted infections, and their partners should be treated with similar antibiotic regimens.
Astrophysics: Secret ingredient exposed

Astronomers have suspected for some time that magnetic fields are a key ingredient in the accretion of material that surrounds young stars. New observations have just begun to reveal these fields in action. See Letter p.597 Toroidal magnetic fields are widely thought to be the dominant mechanism for redistributing angular momentum during star formation in accretion disks, but observational support for this model is lacking. Ian Stephens et al. report resolved measurements of the polarized 1.25-millimetre continuum emission from the disk of the T Tauri star HL Tau. The magnetic field on a scale of 80 astronomical units is coincident with the major axis of the disk. The authors conclude that neither a purely toroidal field, nor a magnetic field dominated by a vertical component are good fits to the data. The unexpected morphology suggests that the magnetic field's role during the accretion of a T Tauri star is more complex than the current theoretical understanding.
Abstracts from the Proceedings of the 2012 Annual Meeting of the Association for Surgical Education (ASE)

Twenty-six of 89 submitted abstracts were selected for podium presentation at the 32nd annual meeting of the Association for Surgical Education, held in San Diego, California. Based on popular themes, 10 abstracts were chosen for publication under the auspices of the Alliance for Clinical Education. These abstracts have been modified to succinct, self-contained works that can be understood by those who have not attended the meeting or are from non-surgical disciplines. The first 4 abstracts involve learning about and teaching nontechnical skills in the operating room. First is an ethnographic study exploring surgeons’ responses to intraoperative challenge. The second is an ASE Paper of Distinction, reporting a needs assessment for teaching conflict resolution in the operating room. The third abstract regards the theme of motivating learners in the operating room, and the final abstract in this group, another ASE Paper of Distinction, provides recommendations for training assessors of nontechnical skills. ...
A Portal Blood Factor as the Humoral Agent in Liver Regeneration

It was demonstrated, by use of extracorporeal cross-circulation, that a humoral factor responsible for liver regeneration does not arise from the liver remnant. While intact livers of normal rats incorporated [methyl-(3)H]- thymidine in proportion to the amount of liver removed in the partner, the greatest response occurred after a total hepatectomy. Evidence from portacaval-shunted,partially hepatectomized animals connected to normal members indicates that the factor is in portal blood and that the onset of regeneration is the result of a quantitative imbalance between the available portal blood factor and the number of liver cells present.
A study of solution properties to optimize absorption cycle COP

Abstract This paper presents the theoretical study of a cooling absorption cycle with working fluids exhibiting phase separation. The cycle performance can be calculated if the working fluid Gibbs excess energy, as a function of temperature, pressure and condensation, is known. The Gibbs excess energy function was cast in such a way that the interaction between the two components of the working solution was characterized either by four or by six parameters when the statistical-mechanical-local-composition (SMLC) model was used. The cycle performance was optimized by combination of steepest ascent and random search methods. The results are dependent on the equation of state used. It is shown that coefficients of performance (COP) of 0.6–1.65 may be reachable if suitable fluids can be found.
Electron microscopy: a phase transition glides into view.

The electron beam of a scanning transmission electron microscope can be used to trigger phase transitions in a monolayer of MoS2 and record the dynamics of the process with single-atom resolution.
Seasonal fluctuation in δ15N of groundwater nitrate in a mantled karst aquifer due to macropore transport of fertilizer-derived nitrate

Twenty wells were sampled and analyzed for nitrate content and nitrogen isotopes during late September, 1986. The groundwater nitrate δ15N values ranged from + 6.8 to + 17.6% with a mean of +10.3%. Eleven samples had δ15N values greater than +9.5% indicating an animal waste origin. Septic tanks are probably the predominant source of waste-derived nitrate. Macropores draining septic tank filter fields may provide a nearly continuous flow of effluent to the aquifer. The δ15N values of the other nine samples ranged from +6.8 to 8.4% suggesting a possible mixing of waste-derived nitrate and that derived from isotopically lighter cultivation sources, i.e. inorganic fertilizer and/or mineralized soil organic nitrogen. The twenty wells were resampled during late May, 1987 shortly after inorganic fertilizers had been applied to the corpland throughout the study area. The groundwater nitrate δ15N values ranged from +3.6 to + 14.7% with a mean of + 8.3%. Nineteen of the wells showed a shift towards the lighter δ15N values expected from the fertilizer-derived nitrate. The °15N decreases ranged from 0.6 to 4.8% with a mean of 2.2%. Despite the apparent influx of fertilizer-derived nitrate, eleven samples (with δ15N + 8.0 to + 14.7%) still were composed of predominantly waste-derived nitrate. Only nine samples (with °15N + 3.0 to + 5.8%) may have had fertilizer-derived component approaching in magnitude that of waste-derived nitrate. Regional groundwater nitrate concentration did not substantially increase. Macropore (cracks, root channels, etc.) flow appears to contribute significantly to the recharge of the aquifer. Rapid response of the groundwater nitrate δ15N values to fertilization demonstrates the ability of macropore flow to transport fertilizer-derived nitrate which has been flushed from the tilled soil layer. Other agriculture chemicals (pesticides and herbicides) may also be transported to the aquifer in this manner.
Further insight into the mechanism of Re–Ni electrodeposition from concentrated aqueous citrate baths

Abstract The mechanism of rhenium–nickel electrodeposition on copper substrates from concentrated citrate baths was studied by examining the cathodic behavior of the bath components independently. It was shown that citric acid strongly adsorbed on the copper substrate inhibiting electron exchange involving foreign redox systems. Additionally, it was proposed that the rate determining step of nickel reduction was the dissociation of the nickel–citrate complexes. Such dissociation reactions were catalyzed by the hydrogen evolution reaction. A mechanism was proposed to explain the observation that the co-deposition of nickel increases the Faradic efficiency of rhenium electroplating.
Aphid Response to Vegetation Diversity and Insecticide Applications

A field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of vegetation diversity and pesticide disturbance on insect herbivore populations in a broccoli agroecosystem. Varying concentrations of the selective insecticide imidacloprid were applied to patches of broccoli surrounded by bare ground or weedy vegetation during one growing season in western Washington (USA). Aphids responded to an interaction between vegetation diversity and pesticide concentration, and their response varied as a function of time after pesticide disturbance. These results suggest that simplistic, linear predictions of the effects of chemical disturbance and natural enemies on insect herbivore populations will not be forthcoming.
Can dual-currency sovereign CDS predict exchange rate returns?

Abstract This paper examines both the time-series and cross-sectional variation in the difference between US dollar and Euro denominated sovereign CDS spreads for a group of Eurozone countries. We find that the spread difference between dual-currency sovereign CDS significantly affects the bilateral exchange rate returns. In addition, the difference could predict the cumulative exchange rate returns up to 10 days. The results strongly suggest that the difference contains important information for the exchange rate dynamics at various phases of the crisis.
Boundary lubrication of articular cartilage: Role of synovial fluid constituents

Objective To determine whether the synovial fluid (SF) constituents hyaluronan (HA), proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), and surface-active phospholipids (SAPL) contribute to boundary lubrication, either independently or additively, at an articular cartilage–cartilage interface. Methods Cartilage boundary lubrication tests were performed with fresh bovine osteochondral samples. Tests were performed using graded concentrations of SF, HA, and PRG4 alone, a physiologic concentration of SAPL, and various combinations of HA, PRG4, and SAPL at physiologic concentrations. Static (μstatic, Neq) and kinetic ( ) friction coefficients were calculated. Results Normal SF functioned as an effective boundary lubricant both at a concentration of 100% ( = 0.025) and at a 3-fold dilution ( = 0.029). Both HA and PRG4 contributed independently to a low μ in a dose-dependent manner. Values of decreased from ∼0.24 in phosphate buffered saline to 0.12 in 3,300 μg/ml HA and 0.11 in 450 μg/ml PRG4. HA and PRG4 in combination lowered μ further at the high concentrations, attaining a value of 0.066. SAPL at 200 μg/ml did not significantly lower μ, either independently or in combination with HA and PRG4. Conclusion The results described here indicate that SF constituents contribute, individually and in combination, both at physiologic and pathophysiologic concentrations, to the boundary lubrication of apposing articular cartilage surfaces. These results provide insight into the nature of the boundary lubrication of articular cartilage by SF and its constituents. They therefore provide insight regarding both the homeostatic maintenance of healthy joints and pathogenic processes in arthritic disease.
Governing energy for parked cars

Vehicular networks offer service coverage for urban environments that would otherwise be too expensive for infrastructure-based networks to provide. While many services have already been proposed based on collaboration between moving cars, the inclusion of parked cars in these systems extends their reach, coverage and stability. However, despite the presence of a large car battery, cars still suffer from limited energy availability when they are parked. Essentially, if there is not enough energy to power the system for the whole duration of the stop, energy must be saved by shutting down the services for part of the stop duration. In this paper, we propose an energy management framework that governs the energy provisioning of a service. Our governor guarantees the most effective energy utilization for the system, requiring minimum effort from the service designers to attach to the system. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our governor through simulation of our LoadingZones Internet connectivity service and the feasibility of the architecture through the evaluation of our prototype system.
Late orogenic, plastic to brittle extension along the Robertson Lake shear zone: implications for the style of deep-crustal extension in the Grenville orogen, Canada

Rocks regionally metamorphosed and deformed at middle- to lower-crustal levels in the contraction-dominated Mesoproterozoic Grenville orogen are exposed in southern Ontario, Canada. Investigation of the Robertson Lake shear zone (RLSZ) indicates that extension is a significant component in the late tectonic evolution of this deeply eroded orogen. The RLSZ is a discrete zone 0.5–1.0 km thick that can be traced for nearly 100 km, cross-cutting regional structures and lithologic units. The zone is composed of a thick mylonite zone and a narrow overlying brecciated zone. Mylonite foliation shallowly dips east-southeast and contains a down-dip lineation. Mylonites are characterized by microstructures indicative of crystal-plastic deformation and contain a variety of shear-sense indicators, including SC and CC′ composite fabrics, sigma porphyroclasts, mica fish and other shape fabrics oblique to shear planes, consistently indicating a normal (down-to-the-east) sense of shear. A zone of cataclastic structures overlies the mylonite zone, and brittle deformation overprints the mylonitic fabrics. Slickensides in the zone generally strike parallel to foliation in the mylonites but have steeper dips. Sense of slip indicators and brittle fault orientations also indicate down-to-the-east displacement during east-west extension. Juxtaposition of brittle and crystal-plastic structures is resolved with a model of displacement during exhumation whereby localization of cataclasis occurred along a previously active mylonite zone. Metamorphic facies are upper greenschist in the hanging wall and upper amphibolite in the footwall and metamorphic grade increases from west to east in both the hanging wall and footwall. The regional variations in metamorphic grade and the low-angle shear zone geometry are a result of isostatic flexural rotations that accompanied extension. Combined with the crystal-plastic to cataclastic nature of the RLSZ, new 40Ar/39Ar isotope data from biotite constrain the timing of shear zone displacement until at least 901 ± 1 Ma, late in the evolution of the Grenville orogen.
Retracted article: Design, synthesis, and study of benzobis- and bibenz(imidazolium)-based ionic liquid crystals

The Royal Society of Chemistry hereby wholly retracts this Journal of Materials Chemistry article with the agreement of Christopher W. Bielawski and Kelly M. Wiggins (other co-authors could not be reached) due to data fabrication as detailed below. This retraction supersedes the information provided in the Expression of Concern related to this article. The Royal Society of Chemistry has been contacted by the corresponding author of this article and the Research Integrity Officer at The University of Texas at Austin regarding concerns of scientific misconduct affecting this article. The Research Integrity Officer has informed us that an investigation to ascertain the validity of the work reported has found that scientific misconduct by one of the articles co-authors has taken place as follows: the thermal plots in this article were falsified from original data – the enumerated figures do not accurately reflect the raw data. Specifically, the thermal data in Figure 2 was falsified. The thermal data in Supplementary Figures S1-S3 was also falsified. The original data in Figure 2 and Supplementary Figures S1-S3 was manipulated to make the peaks appear larger or smaller than they originally were. The signing authors would like to apologise for this and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers. Signed: Christopher W. Bielawski and Kelly M. Wiggins, March 2015
Gross anatomy instruction with diagnostic images.

A new module of instruction for diagnostic imaging with emphasis on cross-sectional anatomy was developed within the existing course of gross anatomy for freshmen medical students. Two lectures introduced radiation protection, radiology history, and the basic principles of computed tomography, magne
Simple “planilabe” for rapid establishment of the stereotaxic horizontal zero plane in rabbits

A device for rapid determination of the stereotaxic horizontal zero plane in the rabbit is described. The instrument is designed to provide reference points needed to establish the appropriate relative position of the commonly used calvarial landmarks, bregma and lambda, in a single operation.
Predictive control with adaptive model maintenance: Application to power plants

Abstract This paper describes a method for model predictive control (MPC) with model maintenance. A supervisor maintains the control model in real time by providing an estimate of disturbances and noise. A switch is triggered when the predictions of the control model deviate from disturbance estimate by more than a pre-determined amount. The predictive control algorithm described in the paper uses the innovation representation of a Markov–Laguerre model. A Monte Carlo study and an experiment show that good models and stable control are obtained. A simulation study based on models of a boiler–turbine unit shows that the algorithm can adapt to time-varying data. The performance is assessed using the area regulation (AR) test criterion currently adopted by PJM Interconnection LLC. The proposed adaptive MPC gives an AR test score of more than 90 with pressure fluctuations less than 3% even when the coal quality changes.
Using SysML modeling to understand and evolve systems of systems

The recent Department of Defense DoD guidebook, Systems Engineering Guide for Systems of Systems, describes how traditional systems engineering activities have evolved to support systems engineering at the system of systems SoS level. Part of the research for this guidebook probed the application of modeling and simulation to support SoS systems engineering. The findings indicated that limited modeling and simulation are currently used, but that additional support would be useful if models could be quickly generated and used to support needed decision making. This paper presents an approach to using Systems Modeling Language SysML models to support these needs. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 16
A flow calorimeter for assay of hormone- and metabolite-induced changes in steady-state heat production by tissue

Abstract A compact, heat conduction, flow calorimeter for use in monitoring tissue response to metabolic regulators has been designed and constructed. The instrument operates as a perfusion apparatus. Heat production by tissue can be measured continuously, and nutrient and oxygen concentrations can be kept at optimum, constant levels. Introduction of substances of interest is made without production of attendant thermal mixing artifacts. The resolution time of events is less than 10 s. The thermal stability of the instrument is maintained by dynamic methods. The sensitivity of the instrument, 7.2 μW/μV, allows observation of changes in heat production as small as 3 × 10−4 to 5 × 10−4 cal/min, the equivalent of 3–5% of the heat production of a representative 1-g quantity of fresh tissue. The calorimeter was used to monitor changes in the steady-state heat production of 250-mg samples of corn coleoptile tissue in response to the plant growth substance, indoleacetic acid.
SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A TETRAARYLDIPHOSPHORUS CATION AND A DIALKYLPHOSPHONIUM SALT

Abstract The compound 5-chorodibenzophosphole reacts with an equivalent amount or an excess of AI2CI6 in methylene chloride solution to afford the respective tetraorganodiphosphorus cations [R2P(CI)PR2][AICI4] (R2 = o,o'-dibenzophenylato), 1. However, reaction of t -Bu2PCI with an equivalent amount or an excess of AI2CI6 in CH2CI2 gives rise to a phosphonium ion, [t -Bu2PCI2][AICI4) (2) as the major product, while reaction with 0.5 equivalent A12CI2 leads to a mixture of cationic organophosphorus species. In addition, the compound 5-chloro-bis-carboranylphosphole (3) was synthesized. Compound 3 fails to react with A12C12 or GaCl2, yet does afford 5-fluoro-bis-carboranylphosphole (4) upon treatment with AgSbF2. The molecular structures of 1 and 2 have been determined from X-ray structural analysis. The former consists of a planar P(HI) heterocyclic moiety joined to an essentially tetrahedral P(1V) heterocycle by a single P[sbnd]P bond. The charge is balanced by the heptachlorodialuminate ion. Compound 1 cr...
Effects of floral resources on fitness of the parasitoids Trichogramma exiguum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and Cotesia congregata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Abstract This study was conducted to determine if floral resources enhanced longevity and fecundity of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner and longevity of the larval parasitoid Cotesia congregata (Say). Newly eclosed (⩽12 h) female wasps were provisioned with fennel (Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill.) or buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) flowers or one of two controls: honey or water. Wasps were monitored daily until all had died. Daily egg production by T. exiguum was monitored using Ephestia kuehniella Keller egg cards. Longevity of both T. exiguum (6.7 d) and C. congregata (5.1 d) provided buckwheat flowers was increased approximately 8.5-fold compared with wasps provided only water. Buckwheat-provisioned T. exiguum exhibited 2-fold greater longevity than those provided fennel. Longevity of C. congregata provisioned with fennel and honey was not statistically different. Water-provisioned T. exiguum and C. congregata exhibited the shortest longevity (0.8 and 0.6 d, respectively). Total fecundity was 6.3-fold greater in T. exiguum provisioned with buckwheat and 2.3-fold greater in T. exiguum provisioned with fennel than in water controls. Average female to male ratio of progeny over the lifetime of each female was significantly greatest in T. exiguum provisioned with water alone, likely because of sperm depletion in wasps exhibiting greater longevity. Total mean number of female offspring produced was significantly greatest in T. exiguum provided honey or buckwheat flowers although no difference in total female offspring were observed between adults provisioned with buckwheat or fennel flowers. Our results show that provisioning T. exiguum with honey and buckwheat flowers resulted in greater longevity, total fecundity, and lifetime production of female offspring than water alone. Buckwheat flowers also lead to greater longevity in C. congregata.