cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolated chylopericardium. Diagnosis, hemodynamic studies and surgical treatment.

Abstract The eighth clinical case of isolated idiopathic chylopericardium is reported, and the literature is reviewed. A 40 year old asymptomatic man with an enlarged cardiac silhouette of six years' duration had a pericardial effusion diagnosed by angiocardiography and injection of carbon dioxide. Pericardiocentesis revealed 1 L. of milky fluid, which had the composition of chyle, was ether-extractable, and had a lipid content of 1.3 gm.%. Right and left heart catheterization ruled out significant congenital or acquired heart disease and revealed an essentially normal hemodynamic profile at rest and a normal response to exercise. Intravenous ouabain was followed by a slight positive inotropic effect. The picture was that of a pure pericardial effusion without either constriction or myocardial disease. Pericardiocentesis was followed initially by reaccumulation of chyle and by a nonchylous pleural effusion. Later, both pericardial and pleural effusions were reabsorbed. No abnormalities of the thoracic lymphatics were seen by lymphangiography performed preoperatively as well as at operation. A right thoracotomy revealed a grossly normal thoracic duct and no evidence of abnormal lymphatic channels, tumor or inflammatory disease. The thoracic duct and adjacent small lymph nodes were normal histologically. Following ligation of the thoracic duct and the construction of a pleuropericardial window, the patient made an uneventful recovery. He returned to work and has remained asymptomatic and well for 17 months.
Achieving Robust, Scalable Cluster I/O in Java

We present Tigris, a high-performance computation and I/O substrate for clusters of workstations that is implemented entirely in Java. Tigris automatically balances resource load across the cluster as a whole, shielding applications from asymmetries in CPU, I/O, and network performance. This is accomplished through the use of a dataflow programming model coupled with a work-balancing distributed queue. To meet the performance challenges of implementing such a system in Java, Tigris relies on Jaguar, a system that enables direct, protected access to hardware resources, including fast network interfaces and disk I/O. Jaguar yields an order-of-magnitude performance boost over the Java Native Interface for Java bindings to system resources. We demonstrate the applicability of Tigris through a one-pass, parallel, disk-to-disk sort exhibiting high performance.
A Survey of Results on Stateless Multicounter Automata

A stateless multicounter machine has m-counters operating on a one-way input delimited by left and right end markers. A move of the machine depends only on the symbol under the input head and the sign pattern of the counters. An input string is accepted if, when the input head is started on the left end marker with all counters zero, the machine eventually reaches the configuration where the input head is on the right end marker with all the counters again zero. We bring together a number of results on stateless multicounter automata of various different types: deterministic, nondeterministic, realtime (the input head moves right at every step), or non-realtime. We investigate realtime and non-realtime machines in both deterministic and nondeterministic cases with respect to the number of counters and reversals. In addition to hierarchy results, we also consider closure properties and the connections to stateless multihead automata.
Angular correlation of compton-scattered annihilation photons and hidden variables

The relative linear polarization of protons from two-quantum annihilation of positrons in copper was measured by Compton scattering. Measurements of the angular distribution of Compton-scattered photons arriving in coincidence were carried out over a wide range of scattering angles, both polar and azimuthal. The results agree with standard quantum-mechanical calculations assuming opposite parity of the electron and the positron. This result has implications regarding hiddenvariable theories in quantum mechanics. A theorem by Bell restricts the values that any local hidden-variable theory can predict for certain relations between measurements made on correlated systems such as the photon pair from positron annihilation. It is shown that the distributions we observed could not give results allowed by Bell's theorem if the photons were measured by ideal polarization analyzers, assuming the correctness of the usual quantum-mechanical Compton-scattering formulae. Our results are thus evidence against local hidden-variable theories.
Where, when and how much solar is available? A provincial-scale solar resource assessment for China

Integrating variable energy resources, notably solar and wind, requires better understanding of where, when and how much of variable resources are available. China's ambitious solar energy development goal will be greatly facilitated by the resources assessment at higher spatial and temporal resolution. We utilized 10-year hourly solar irradiation data from 2001 to 2010 from 200 representative locations to develop provincial solar availability profiles. We found that China has a potential stationary solar capacity from 4700 GW to 39300 GW, distributed solar about 200 GW, and the annual solar output could reach 6900 TWh to 70100 TWh. Resources are most concentrated in northwest provinces, topped by Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Gansu. The challenge of solar development in China is integration rather than resources. The spatial and temporal variation of the solar resource show an efficient, robust, and interconnected national grid and sound energy planning would be necessary to facilitate the integration of these vastly available but variable solar resources.
Effects of Homology, Size and Exchange on the Meiotic Segregation of Model Chromosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In most eukaryotic organisms, chiasmata, the connections formed between homologous chromosomes as a consequence of crossing over, are important for ensuring that the homologues move away from each other at meiosis I. Some organisms have the capacity to partition the rare homologues that have failed to experience reciprocal recombination. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is able to correctly partition achiasmate homologues with low fidelity by a mechanism that is largely unknown. It is possible to test which parameters affect the ability of achiasmate chromosomes to segregate by constructing strains that will have three achiasmate chromosomes at the time of meiosis. The meiotic partitioning of these chromosomes can be monitored to determine which ones segregate away from each other at meiosis I. This approach was used to test the influence of homologous yeast DNA sequences, recombination intiation sites, chromosome size and crossing over on the meiotic segregation of the model chromosomes. Chromosome size had no effect on achiasmate segregation. The influence of homologous yeast sequences on the segregation of noncrossover model chromosomes was negligible. In meioses in which two of the three model chromosomes experienced a crossover, they nearly always disjoined at meiosis I.
Expression of an elongation factor 1 γ-related sequence in adenocarcinomas of the colon

The authors have previously reported that a messenger RNA (mRNA) bearing 60% homology to elongation factor 1 gamma in Artemia salina was overexpressed in 7 of 9 pancreatic tumors relative to normal appearing adjacent tissue. The purpose of the present study was to determine if this pattern of overexpression is also detected in colorectal carcinoma. Overexpression was observed in 25 of 29 colorectal carcinomas, relative to normal adjacent tissue. Of them, mRNA was overexpressed in 2 tumors classified as Dukes' D, in 8 of 11 tumors classified as Dukes' B2, and in 15 of 16 tumors classified as Dukes' C2.
Teacher Perceptions of Mainstreaming/Inclusion, 1958–1995: A Research Synthesis:

Twenty-eight investigations were identified in which general education teachers were surveyed regarding their perceptions of including students with disabilities in their classes. Research synthesis procedures were employed to summarize responses and examine the consistency of responses across time, geographical location, and item type. Overall, we found that about two thirds of general classroom teachers supported the concept of mainstreaming/inclusion. A smaller majority were willing to include students with disabilities in their own classes, but responses appeared to vary according to disabling condition and implicit obligations on the teacher. Although about half or more of the teachers felt that mainstreaming/inclusion could provide some benefits, only one third or less of teachers believed they had sufficient time, skills, training or resources necessary for mainstreaming/inclusion. Reported attitudes did not appear to covary with either geographical region or time of publication. Implications for p...
Sexuality in context: Variation and the sociolinguistic perception of identity

This article illustrates the use of an empirical method for examining the perceptual identification of gayness in male speakers. It demonstrates how, by digitally manipulating the speech of isolated individuals, it is possible to obtain reliable evidence that pitch range and sibilant duration may act as indexical of a gay male identity. Further scrutiny of this result, however, illustrates that linguistic indexicality is not as straightforward as it originally appears. Subsequent analyses of the data highlight the ways in which the perceptual evaluation of sexuality is a highly contingent process, dependent upon a variety of sociolinguistic factors. An envelope of variation in listeners' affective judgments of a speaker is shown to exist, and it is argued that research on the perception of identity must go beyond identification of salient features, and also consider when and why these features are not salient.I greatly benefited from the insight and assistance of the following people, whom I would like to thank: Renee Blake, Lisa Davidson, Penny Eckert, Rudi Gaudio, Ron Butters, Keith Walters, Barbara Johnstone, and three anonymous reviewers. Earlier versions of this article were presented at the Linguistic Society of America Annual Meeting in Oakland, California, in January 2005, and the 72nd Southeastern Conference on Linguistics (SECOL) in Raleigh, North Carolina in April 2005. I thank the participants at those events for their questions and comments. All errors are, of course, my own.
Soluble terminal complement components in human myasthenia gravis

The loss of membrane acetylcholine receptor (AChR) leading to muscle weakness and impaired neuromuscular junction (NMJ) transmission in human myasthenia gravis (MG) is in part due to complement mediated muscle membrane damage. This has been supported by the histologic finding of C9 at the NMJ in human MG. We evaluated for evidence of terminal complement components in plasma by using an ELISA for SC5b-9 in 42 separate plasma samples from 31 patients with MG and from healthy controls. Abnormal elevations of SC5b-9 was found in 18 of 31 patients (58%) at one or more time points when plotted on a standard positive dilution curve. Multiple samples were available from 8 patients over time. Clinical deterioration in some, but not all, was accompanied by an increase in SC5b-9 values. There was no clear distinction in the group as a whole between MG severity or AChR antibody levels and SC5b-9 values. This supports the potential role of complement-mediated muscle membrane damage in the pathogenesis of human MG, but also demonstrates that plasma levels as measured by ELISA do not always correlate with disease activity.
Growth of Manduca sexta on wounded tomato plants: role of induced proteinase inhibitors

The effects of plant age and growing conditions on the wound-induced responses of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) was studied. The impact of these variables on the suitability of tomato foliage as food was assessed both by growth rates of neonate Manduca sexta Johannson larvae and by radiometric assay for proteinase inhibitor concentration. Plant quality (as assessed by M. sexta growth rates) was decreased by wounding regardless of plant age or environmental conditions at the time of wounding. The decrease in quality was not necessarily associated with increased concentrations of proteinase inhibitor. When tested directly, high concentrations of proteinase inhibitor did not affect larval growth rates. Induction of foliar proteinase inhibitors in response to wounding was found to peak while the plants were young and decrease as the plants matured. Resume Croissance de Manduca sexta sur pieds de tomates blesses: influence des inhibiteurs de proteinases induits Le feuillage de pieds de tomates (Lycospersicon esculentum Mill) a ete endommage a differents âges et dans differentes conditions ecologiques. Les modifications de sa valeur alimentaire ont ete testees avec des chenilles neonates de Manduca sexta Johannson et par des dosages radiometriques de sa concentration en inhibiteurs de proteinase. Des plantes endommagees a 2 semaines provoquent une croissance larvaire plus lente que des plantes endommagees a 4 semaines. Des plantes soumises a une forte intensite lumineuse et a des temperatures elevees lors de leur alteration provoquent une croissance larvaire plus lente que des plantes maintenues en serre pendant cette periode. Les changements de la qualite des plantes mis en evidence par les taux de croissance larvaire n'etaient pas lies a l'importance de l'induction des inhibiteurs de proteinase dans le feuillage. Quand les plantes sont endommagees a 3 jours d'intervalle, 10 a 30 jours apres la germination, l'induction des inhibiteurs de proteinase est maximale le 16c jour et diminue ensuite. M. sexta se developpe aussi bien sur les feuilles mures de tomate, qu'elles contiennent ou non des concentrations elevees en inhibiteurs de proteinase. Ces resultats montrent que la blessure a un impact negatif sur la valeur comme aliment pour M. sexta du feuillage de tomate, qui ne depend pas de la quantite d'inhibiteurs de proteinase induite dans les feuilles.
Kinetics, Microstructures and Mechanism of Internal Oxidation - Its Effect and Prevention in High Temperature Alloy Oxidation

Abstract A review and evaluation of the role of internal oxidation in the oxidation of alloys is presented and five alloy types represented by Ag-In, Cu-Be, Ni-Cr, Nb-Zr and Cu-Zn-Al are considered...
LONG-TERM (10 TO 13 YEARS) FOLLOW-UP STUDY AFTER TRANSVENTRICULAR PULMONARY VALVULOTOMY FOR PULMONARY STENOSIS WITH INTACT VENTRICULAR SEPTUM.

A long-term follow-up study on 46 patients with pulmonary stenosis and intact ventricular septum who survived transventricular pulmonary valvulotomy performed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1949 and 1951 was carried out; the mean follow-up period was 11.2 years. Preoperatively these patients were severely incapacitated, 76 per cent were cyanotic, 80 per cent had cardiomegaly, and 52 per cent were in congestive cardiac failure. All 46 survivors of the pulmonary valvulotomy were alive at the time of the present evaluation. In almost half of these patients the long-term results were excellent and the pulmonary stenosis appeared to be virtually relieved. The results were good in 26 per cent of the patients; these patients also had remarkable subjective and objective improvement but still presented signs of residual right ventricular hypertrophy on the electrocardiogram. In 26 per cent of patients the long-term results were poor; seven of these patients have been reoperated upon. Twenty-nine per cent of the patients developed pulmonary insufficiency after surgery; there was no evidence, however, that this complication affected the long-term results. The long-term studies indicate that for patients with mild to moderate pulmonary valvular stenosis a transventricular pulmonary valvulotomy gives extremely satisfactory results. For patients with congestive cardiac failure, cyanosis, or severe incapacity, the long-term results frequently are less satisfactory.
Does neuroanatomy predict ECT response

1. Structural neuropathologic abnormalities have been associated with severe psychiatric illnesses, including bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia. In the latter, ventricular enlargement has been variably associated with symptom severity and poor treatment response. In patients with severe depressive disorders, the relationship between cortical and subcortical pathology and ventricle enlargement, symptom severity, and response to treatment is far from clear. 2. The present study investigated the relationship between structural CNS pathology, symptom severity and treatment response in patients undergoing ECT. It was hypothesized that patients with greater neuroanatomic abnormalities would demonstrate greater initial symptom severity and poorer response to ECT. 3. The subjects were 57 patients with unipolar or bipolar depression admitted for ECT treatment. Symptom severity was quantified using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HRSD) at baseline and post-ECT. 4. Lateral and third ventricle-brain ratio (LVBR, 3VBR) were determined from CT scans and cortical atrophy was rated by a faculty neuroradiologist. 5. Contrary to our first hypothesis, structural pathology was not associated with baseline symptom severity. In terms of treatment response, the number of treatments required to achieve benefit was correlated with larger 3VBR; CT variables were not related to total post-treatment or change in HRSD score. Third ventricle enlargement may be an index of generalized pathology or regional brainstem abnormalities that influence ECT response rate by limiting individual seizure efficacy or neurochemical responsiveness, thereby necessitating a greater number of ECT treatments, without significant impact on overall response.
Precipitation Tests in Mice: III. A Disturbance between Two Hundred and Three Hundred Days of Life

In the first and second papers of this series 2 data were presented which indicated that there was, with advancing age, a gradually decreasing amount of a trichloracetic acid-total blood precipitate in individuals of the inbred A strain of mice. These data are further analyzed here. Chart 1 presents the data obtained on normal females of the A strain, classified (1) according to age and (2) according to hours of deprivation of food. The latter classification is given along the base line, the reading of the precipitate along the ordinate. The data for the mice between 101 and 200 days of life are represented by the solid line; for mice between 201 and 300 days by the short dash line; for mice between 301 and 400 days by the dotted line; for mice between 401 and 500 days by the long dash line; and finally for mice between 501 and 600 days of life by the dot and dash line. Each point on the chart was determined by the average of several independent observations; the individual determinations in each point are given in the small numeral adjacent to that point. It will be noted that three of the curves are very close together, namely those for the mice from 101 to 200 days old, from 301 to 400 days old, and from 401 to 500 days old. Because of the proximity of these three curves, they were combined and appear as a single curve in Chart 2. For the sake of discussion, it may be assumed that there are two fundamental types of curve. The first type ( a ) was obtained in young animals between 101 and 200 days of life. This type of curve was found, also, in mice between 301 and 600 days of life. Since the curve encountered in mice of 101 to 200, and 301 to 500 days of life and that for mice of 501 to 600 days are practically parallel, one may conclude that the only difference here is due to the absolute reading. The second type of curve ( b ) is that for mice between 201 and 300 days of life. There is thus indicated a disturbance in mice in the mechanism or mechanisms that control the final precipitate reading between the ages of 201 and 300 days of life. It is of interest to bring this finding into relation with the mortality curve for individuals of the same strain.
Polarized light scattering for rapid observation of bacterial size changes

The effect of changing growth conditions on the diameter of rod-shaped bacteria was studied in vivo with the use of polarized light scattering. The value of a ratio of scattering matrix elements was measured as a function of scattering angle at various times after nutritional "upshift" for two strains of Escherichia coli cells. The peak locations of the scattering function were calibrated against the diameter for rod-shaped bacteria. The peaks moved toward smaller angles as a function of time after upshift, indicating that the diameter was increasing. Under special conditions, substantial peak shifts occurred within a few minutes of growth condition change, indicating a rapid onset of growth in diameter. The rate of increase of the diameters after upshift was obtained from the angular shift of peak location. This rate was approximately 14 nm/min for E. coli K12 and approximately 9 nm/min for E. coli B/r at 37 degrees C. The rate of diameter increase is smaller at lower temperatures. Experiments with Bacillus megaterium showed that any diameter change after nutritional upshift at 37 degrees C is limited to at most a very small increase, at least for the strain and medium tested.
Sexual dimorphisms in avian and reptilian courtship: two systems that do not play by mammalian rules.

Sexual dimorphisms in the central nervous system exist in numerous vertebrate species, and in many cases these structural differences between males and females parallel differences in the display of r
Prepositions and Verb Aspect in Narrative Understanding.

Abstract The present study shows that prepositions and verb aspect help guide narrative comprehension by indicating the parts of motion events that are most prominent. They do this by specifying the movers' location, which determines what is most relevant to the mover's experience. In John walked past the living room into the kitchen , John is located in the kitchen, which therefore becomes more prominent than the living room, but, in John was walking past the living room to the kitchen , the living room is more prominent. Prominence was measured by seeing which part of the event was chosen as referent for a definite noun phrase in a following sentence such as He noticed the room was dark . Four experiments showed that prominence was determined more by prepositions and verb aspect than by the order of mention of the source, path, or goal rooms. The experiments show that grammatical categories that are important for conveying event structure are also critical for indicating what readers should focus on in order to construct a mental model of the scenes and events described by the narrative.
Food intake in diabetic rats: Relationship to metabolic effects of insulin treatment

Hyperphagic streptozotocin-diabetic rats were given week-long treatment with 0 (vehicle), 3, or 6 U/rat/day of regular insulin via a SC osmotic pump. Insulin reduced urinary glucose excretion and plasma glucose and increased body weight in a dose-related manner starting on the first day of treatment. Insulin treatment also increased carcass weight, carcass fat, and liver glycogen within 3 days. Food intake did not decrease until the fifth day of insulin treatment, and this change was unrelated to the amount of insulin administered. These results show that the effects of insulin on food intake and metabolism of diabetic rats can be dissociated with respect to both time course and dose of insulin. The findings indicate that hypoinsulinemia, glycosuria, body weight loss, and depletion of body fat and liver glycogen are symptoms of diabetes, not causes of diabetic hyperphagia.
A chiral nitronate dianion from (=d)-glyceraldehyde. Enantiospecific syntheses of 2,3-dideoxy-3-nitro furanosides and pyranosides

Abstract A new enantiospecific protocol for the synthesis of 2,3-dideoxy-3- nitro and 3-amino sugars is reported. Chiral nitronate dianion 3, derived from (+)-(=d)-glyceraldehyde, is allylated and the resulting adduct 7 is transformed to either the methyl furanoside 9 or the methyl pyranoside 10 depending on the reaction sequence.
American sign language vocabulary: computer aided instruction for non-signers

In this paper we present the results of a study designed to evaluate the computer-based methods of learning American Sign Language (ASL). We describe a method including an initial instruction session along with receptive and generative language tests which were administered after a week-long retention interval. We show a strong correlations (r=.62, r=.57) between the initial session's instruction and the receptive and generative levels of vocabulary signing. Based on the results of our experiment, we establish a baseline for further exploration of ASL vocabulary acquisition and identify further paths for language based instruction.
Low Permeability of Liposomal Membranes Composed of Bipolar Tetraether Lipids from Thermoacidophilic Archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

The physical origin of the extremely high thermal stability of tetraether liposomes composed of the polar lipid fraction E (PLFE) from the thermoacidophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius has been investigated. The leakage rate of trapped 5,6-carboxyfluorescein (5(6)CF) and the proton permeability in PLFE liposomes have been measured using fluorescence probe techniques in the temperature range of 25−85 °C. The results are compared with those obtained from nonarchaebacterial liposomes. Egg yolk phosphatidylglycerol (eggPG) and PLFE liposomes exhibit similar large negative zeta-potentials (−31 to −34 mV) and low permeability coefficients for 5(6)CF, indicating that membrane surface charge is responsible for the low leakage rate of 5(6)CF in PLFE liposomes. This assertion is confirmed by the observation of an increased leakage rate of 5(6)CF with decreasing membrane surface negative charge via varying the content of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (eggPC) in eggPC/eggPG binary mixtures. Gel-state dip...
Smeared Wigner functions and quantum-mechanical histories

We calculate the probability for a quantum-mechanical history consisting of imprecise samplings of position at two moments of time. In the limit of small time separation, this leads to an imprecise sampling of position together with a time-of-flight sampling of momentum. We also calculate the probability for the history consisting of direct momentum and position samplings a short time apart. In each case, we find that the resulting probability distribution on phase space is a smeared version of the Wigner function, and is positive. We show that these smearings belong to a class of smearings which make the Wigner function positive. In the case of the time-of-flight momentum sampling, it is more general than previously considered smearings, such as that of Husimi.
Development of functional neurons from postnatal stem cells in vitro.

In order for stem cells to fulfill their clinical promise, we must understand their developmental transitions and it must be possible to control the differentiation of stem cells into specific cell fates. To understand the mechanism of the sequential restriction and multipotency of stem cells, we have established culture conditions that allow the differentiation of multipotential neural stem cells from postnatal stem cells. We used immunocytochemistry, fluorescence microscopy, and calcium imaging to demonstrate that progeny of adult rat neural stem cells develop into functional neurons that release excitatory neurotransmitters. We also found that the nontoxic heavy chain fragment of tetanus toxin, a toxin that targets neurons with high specificity, retained the specificity toward neural stem cell–derived neurons. These studies show that neural stem cells derived from adult tissues retain the potential to differentiate into functional neurons with morphological and functional properties of mature central nervous system neurons.
Beta-adrenergic blockade reduces myocardial injury during experimental cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Objectives. We attempted to determine the effects of beta-adrenergie blockade during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on defibrillation rates and postresuscitation left ventricular function. Background. The results of previous studies suggest that propranolol administration can both reduce myocardial oxygen requirements and increase coronary perfusion pressure during CPR. Methods. Left ventricular pressure and segment length were measured before and after 5 min of CPR in 22 dogs either given epinephrine (0.015 mg/kg body weight at the onset and after 4 min) or pretreated with propranolol (2 mg/kg) and given epinephrine during CPR. Results. Despite identical epinephrine doses, coronary perfusion pressure during CPR was higher in the epinephrine plus propranolol group (p < 0.05), and defibrillation was successful in 9 of 11 dogs given both epinephrine and propranolol versus 6 of 11 dogs given epinephrine alone (p = NS). Peak and developed left ventricular pressures, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and the peak rate of left ventricular pressure development (+dP/dt) did not differ between study groups when measured either 5 or 15 min after successful defibrillation. However, when survivors in the epinephrine group were given propranolol after CPR to eliminate compensatory sympathetic stimulation, left ventricular developed pressure and peak +dP/dt were lower (p < 0.05) despite trends toward higher left ventricular end-diastolic pressures and normalized end-diastolic segment lengths compared with dogs given propranolol before CPR. Conclusions. These findings suggest that beta-adrenergic blockade reduces myocardial injury during CPR without decreasing the likelihood of successful defibrillation or compromising spontaneous postresuscitation left ventricular function.
Light intensity correlation measurements in the presence of multiple scattering

Abstract We discuss the results of a model calculation of the intensity correlation function for multiply scattered light and compare our analytic predictions with experiments.
Nucleation of cracks in a perforated heat-releasing material with temperature-dependent elastic properties

A mathematical model of crack nucleation in a perforated heat-releasing material attenuated by a biperiodic system of cooling cylindrical channels with a circular cross section is constructed. Solving the problem of equilibrium of an isotropic perforated heat-releasing material with temperature-dependent properties containing nucleating cracks is reduced to solving systems of algebraic and nonlinear singular integral equations with a Cauchy-type kernel. The forces in crack nucleation regions are found by using the solution of these equations. The condition of crack emergence is formulated with allowance for the criterion of ultimate stretching of bonds in the material.
Turning old problems into new problems: the role of young citizens in improving accountability in education in Malawi and Kenya

Accountability is increasingly recognised as the key mediating variable that encourages service providers to deliver efficient and effective local services. In the context of education, accountability strategies do not always explicitly consider young citizens as the primary users of education services. In this paper, a client approach to accountability is compared to a citizenship approach. Drawing on community scorecard and social audit research in Malawi and Kenya, the author explores whether education services are more responsive and accountable when young people access information and exercise their voice. The paper outlines a refreshed ‘accountability framework’ for education, placing young citizens at the centre, and argues that a citizenship-led approach in education governance is likely to be more realistic and effective than a ‘client power’ approach. This article makes an important contribution to the development community’s understanding of what constitutes an effective approach for promoting ...
Positional cloning of the Drosophila melanogaster mei-9 gene, the putative homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD1 gene

Mutation of the Drosophila melanogaster mei-9 gene causes enhanced mutagen sensitivity, DNA excision repair incision deficiency, germ line hypermutability, mitotic chromosome breakage and instability, and, in females, increased levels of meiotic non-disjunction and decreased levels of meiotic recombination. This paper reports on the utilization of a positional mapping strategy combined with a differential expression assay to clone the mei-9 gene. We report that mei-9 is homologous to the yeast repair gene, RAD1, and demonstrate that the mei-9 gene transcript is absent in the mei-9AT3 mutant.
LEADING-EDGE FLAME DETACHMENT : EFFECT ON PRESSURE-COUPLED COMBUSTION RESPONSE

An experiment was conducted to establish the critical role of a detailed aspect of the e amelet structure in composite propellants in determining the overall combustion response to pressure oscillations during combustor instability. Nomenclature ab = velocity of sound of gases in T-burner gc = units conversion factor L = length of interior cavity of T-burner Rp = pressure-coupled response function r = burning rate Sb = cross-sectional area of cavity of T-burner Sc = burning surface area of propellant sample c = combustion amplie cation d = burner damping during burning 1 = exponential growth rate during burning, decay rate in pulse test 2 = decay rate after burnout 2(t1) = decay rate corrected to frequency during burning s = density of solid propellant
Feeding-Induced Changes in Energy Expenditure in Children With Cystic Fibrosis

Seven children with cystic fibrosis (aged 7 to 12 years) were studied in the fasted and fed states. Using a primed, constant, intravenous infusion of NaH13CO3, the rate of appearance of CO2 (RaCO2) was estimated. Net CO2 excretion (VCO 2) was also measured. Energy expenditure was calculated using the food quotient. RaCO2 (mean ± SD) (μmol·kg-1·min -1) in the fasted and fed states (297 ± 59 and 359 ± 67) was 117% and 105% of VCO2 (259 ±48 and 352 ± 72). Feeding induced a 23% and a 37% increase in RaCO2 and VCO2, respectively, and respective 19% and 33% increases in energy expenditure (p < .05). Measurement of CO2 production by isotopic dilution is a useful index of group changes in energy expenditure, including those induced by feeding. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition18:497-502, 1994)
cAMP Regulation of ArylalkylamineN-Acetyltransferase (AANAT, EC 2.3.1.87) A NEW CELL LINE (1E7) PROVIDES EVIDENCE OF INTRACELLULAR AANAT ACTIVATION

Abstract Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (serotonin N-acetyltransferase, AANAT, EC 2.3.1.87) is the penultimate enzyme in melatonin synthesis. As described here, a cell line (1E7) expressing human AANAT (hAANAT) has been developed to study the human enzyme. 1E7 hAANAT is detectable in immunoblots as a 23-kDa band and is immunocytochemically visualized in the cytoplasm. The specific concentration of hAANAT in homogenates is comparable to that of the night rat pineal gland. Kinetics of AANAT extracted from 1E7 cells are the same as those of bacterially expressed hAANAT; both preparations of hAANAT are equally sensitive to the inhibitor CoA-S-N-acetyltryptamine. Studies of cAMP regulation indicate that treatment with forskolin, dibutyryl cAMP, isobutylmethylxanthine, or isoproterenol activate cellular hAANAT within intact 1E7 cells ∼8-fold without markedly increasing the abundance of AANAT protein or the activity of AANAT in broken cell preparations; and, that forskolin, isobutylmethylxanthine and isoproterenol elevate cyclic AMP production. These observations extend our understanding of cAMP regulation of AANAT activity, because it is currently thought that this only involves changes in the steady-state levels of AANAT protein. This previously unrecognized switching mechanism could function physiologically to control melatonin production without changing AANAT protein levels.
GaSb-Ge pseudobinary phase diagram

The GaSb-Ge pseudobinary phase diagram has been determined by differential thermal analysis and confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The system is a simple eutectic with an invarient point at 41 ± 2 mole % Ge and 650 ± 5°C. The maximum solid solubilities of Ge in GaSb and GaSb in Ge are 2 ± 0.5 mole % and 6.5 ± 0.5 mole %, respectively, at the eutectic temperature.
Naive ophiophagus lizards recognize and avoid venomous snakes using chemical cues

Monitor lizards prey on snakes. Conversely, venomous snakes prey on juvenile monitor lizards. Immediately after hatching, monitor lizards are naive to all prey items, thus correct assessment of snake prey is paramount for survival. Experiments were conducted to determine how hatchling monitor lizards (Varanus albigularis) with no previous exposure to snakes reacted to sympatric venomous and nonvenomous snakes. Hatchling lizards attacked harmless snakes, but avoided venomous species. Lizards readily accepted meat from skinned snakes, regardless of species. When invertebrate prey covered with skin segments from venomous snakes were restrained from moving, they were usually investigated by tongue-flicking and rejected. Unrestrained skin-covered prey, however, were generally attacked and eaten without prior evaluation by tongue-flicking. Attack was inhibited in trials in which unrestrained prey were tongue-flicked, suggesting that chemical cues contained in snake skins mediate avoidance of venomous snakes. Selection for the ability to perceive snake integumental chemicals may be especially strong in species that both consume and are consumed by snakes.
A combined sequence-based and fragment-based characterization of microbial eukaryote assemblages provides taxonomic context for the Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) method.

article Microbial eukaryotes in seawater samples collected from two depths (5 m and 500 m) at the USC Microbial Observatory off the coast of Southern California, USA, were characterized by cloning and sequencing of 18S rRNA genes, as well as DNA fragment analysis of these genes. The sequenced genes were assigned to opera- tional taxonomic units (OTUs), and taxonomic information for the sequence-based OTUs was obtained by comparison to public sequence databases. The sequences were then subjected to in silico digestion to predict fragment sizes, and that information was compared to the results of the T-RFLP method applied to the same samples in order to provide taxonomic context for the environmental T-RFLP fragments. A total of 663 and 678 sequences were analyzed for the 5 m and 500 m samples, respectively, which clustered into 157 OTUs and 183 OTUs. The sequences yielded substantially fewer taxonomic units as in silico fragment lengths (i.e., following in silico digestion), and the environmental T-RFLP resulted in the fewest unique OTUs (unique fragments). Bray-Curtis similarity analysis of protistan assemblages was greater using the T-RFLP dataset compared to the sequence-based OTU dataset, presumably due to the inability of the fragment method to dif- ferentiate some taxa and an inability to detect many rare taxa relative to the sequence-based approach. Nonetheless, fragments in our analysis generally represented the dominant sequence-based OTUs and puta- tive identifications could be assigned to a majority of the fragments in the environmental T-RFLP results. Our empirical examination of the T-RFLP method identified limitations relative to sequence-based community analysis, but the relative ease and low cost of fragment analysis make this method a useful approach for char- acterizing the dominant taxa within complex assemblages of microbial eukaryotes in large datasets.
Qualification of security printing features

This paper describes the statistical and hardware processes involved in qualifying two related printing features for their deployment in product (e.g. document and package) security. The first is a multi-colored tiling feature that can also be combined with microtext to provide additional forms of security protection. The color information is authenticated automatically with a variety of handheld, desktop and production scanners. The microtext is authenticated either following magnification or manually by a field inspector. The second security feature can also be tile-based. It involves the use of two inks that provide the same visual color, but differ in their transparency to infrared (IR) wavelengths. One of the inks is effectively transparent to IR wavelengths, allowing emitted IR light to pass through. The other ink is effectively opaque to IR wavelengths. These inks allow the printing of a seemingly uniform, or spot, color over a (truly) uniform IR emitting ink layer. The combination converts a uniform covert ink and a spot color to a variable data region capable of encoding identification sequences with high density. Also, it allows the extension of variable data printing for security to ostensibly static printed regions, affording greater security protection while meeting branding and marketing specifications.
Immunosuppression in high-risk transplantation

Purpose of review Increasingly, transplant clinicians are faced with providing candidates with increased risks for poorer outcome with donor grafts that also carry higher risks of failure. Understanding the role of immunosuppressive management in these combinations of higher risks remains important for optimizing results. Recent findings Few immunosuppressive protocols have been rigorously tested in the high-risk renal transplant setting. The two main risk categories accounted for in the trials are those ones that confer increased risks to renal function, usually carried by the donor organs, and those protocols defined by increased risk for immunological failure, mostly determined by recipient characteristics. The studied protocols generally involve reduction or avoidance of nephrotoxic drugs in the first case and use of lymphocyte-depleting agents in the case of increased immunological risk. In both scenarios, acceptable short-term results have been achieved. However, long-term results for high-risk transplants defined either by donor or recipient factors have yet to be reported. Summary The lack of long-term data for optimizing the right immunosuppressive regimen for a given donor/recipient risk profile remains an ongoing challenge for researchers and clinicians alike.
Axial shear waves in fiber-reinforced composites with multiple interfacial layers between fiber core and matrix

Abstract Effects of interfacial material properties on the overall dispersion and attenuation of axial shear waves in a multiphase fiber-matrix composite are investigated. The fiber-matrix composite consists of identical fibers that are embedded in a matrix. Multiphase interfacial regions are assumed to exist between the fiber core and the matrix, and their material properties (shear modulus μ and density ρ) are assumed to have linear or exponential variation between fiber core and matrix. Only the case of axial shear waves is studied; thus, the effective axial shear modulus (M), axial shear wave phase speed (B), and axial shear wave specific damping capacity (Ψ) are obtained. The analyses indicate, among others, that the effective mechanical properties of the multiphase composite depend on (in addition to the fiber volume, c, and dynamic parameters In) the variations of material properties in the interfacial region. Numerical computations show the following: 1. The effective axial shear wave phase speed (B) of the composite with multi-interfacial region does not vary with driving frequencies when the frequency range is under 30 Khz. Specifically, for frequency range under 30 Khz, the multiphase composite is indispersive. 2. For the same composite, a higher frequency range will beget higher attenuation. 3. Under the same frequency, certain composites will have higher attenuation; composites with thicker interfacial region, composites with less smooth variation of the interfacial region, and composites with exponential variation (compared with those of linear variation) of the interfacial region.
ROLE OF SETTLEMENT DENSITY ON GAMETOPHYTE GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION IN THE KELPS PTERYGOPHORA CALIFORNICA AND MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA (PHAEOPHYCEAE)1

Laboratory studies were used to examine how variation in the density of spore settlement influences gametophyte growth, reproduction, and subsequent sporophyte production in the kelps Pterygophora californica Ruprecht and Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Ag. In still (non-aerated) cultures, egg maturation in both species was delayed when spores were seeded at densities 300 · mm−2. Although the density at which this inhibition was first observed was similar for both species, the age at which their eggs matured was not. P. californica females reached sexual maturity an average of 4 days (or ∼ 30%) sooner than did M, pyrifera. As observed previously in field experiments, per capita sporophyte production was negatively density dependent for both species when seeded at spore densities of 10 · mm−2. Total sporophyte production (i.e. number · cm−2) for both species, however, was greatest at intermediate densities of spore settlement (∼ 50 spores · mm−2). In contrast, total sporophyte production by P. californica steadily increased with increasing spore density in aerated cultures; highest sporophyte density was observed on slides seeded at a density of 1000 spores · mm−2. Preliminary experiments with P. californica involving manipulation of aeration and nutrients indicate that inhibition of gametophyte growth and reproduction at higher densities of spore settlement in non-aerated cultures was probably caused by nutrient limitation.
Estimates of Skipped Spawning in Lean and Siscowet Lake Trout in Southern Lake Superior: Implications for Stock Assessment

AbstractWe found that some lean (12.2%) and siscowet (58.0%) Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush in populations in southern Lake Superior do not reproduce each year (i.e., display “skipped spawning”) even though they have reached puberty. We measured skipped spawning in Lake Trout in southern Lake Superior and assessed its impact on reproduction by developing length-based and age-based ogives (i.e., probabilities of being mature). In populations in which skipped spawning is negligible, a maturity ogive can be considered equivalent to a reproduction ogive (probability of being reproductive). However, in populations in which skipped spawning is present, such as in lean and siscowet Lake Trout in southern Lake Superior, maturity and reproduction ogives are very different. We evaluated the influence of skipped spawning on a key stock assessment quantity—spawning stock biomass—by applying maturity and reproduction ogives to simulated populations. Furthermore, we evaluated whether skipped spawning was associated wi...
Aortic dilatation in children with systemic hypertension.

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the presence of aortic dilatation in hypertensive children, the prevalence of which is 4% to 10% in hypertensive adults. Prospectively enrolled multiethnic children, untreated for their hypertension, underwent an echocardiogram to exclude congenital heart disease and evaluate for end-organ damage and aortic size. The aorta was measured in the parasternal long-axis view at three levels: the sinus of Valsalva, supra-tubular junction, and the ascending aorta. Aortic dilatation was determined by z-score >2 at any one of the levels measured. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure above the 95th percentile based on the Fourth Working Group criteria confirmed by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Among 142 consecutive hypertensive children (median age, 14 years; 45% females) aortic dilatation was detected in 2.8% (95% confidence interval, 1%–7%; median age, 16 years; 100% females). Children with aortic dilatation, when compared with those without, had significantly more aortic valve insufficiency ( P = .005) and left ventricular hypertrophy ( P = .018). Prevalence of aortic dilatation was 2.8% and was associated with significantly more aortic insufficiency and left ventricular hypertrophy in comparison to those without aortic dilatation.