cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A negative-norm least squares method for Reissner-Mindlin plates

In this paper a least squares method, using the minus one norm developed by Bramble, Lazarov, and Pasciak, is introduced to approximate the solution of the Reissner-Mindlin plate problem with small parameter t, the thickness of the plate. The reformulation of Brezzi and Fortin is employed to prevent locking. Taking advantage of the least squares approach, we use only continuous finite elements for all the unknowns. In particular, we may use continuous linear finite elements. The difficulty of satisfying the inf-sup condition is overcome by the introduction of a stabilization term into the least squares bilinear form, which is very cheap computationally. It is proved that the error of the discrete solution is optimal with respect to regularity and uniform with respect to the parameter t. Apart from the simplicity of the elements, the stability theorem gives a natural block diagonal preconditioner of the resulting least squares system. For each diagonal block, one only needs a preconditioner for a second order elliptic problem.
Atomic homodyne detection of weak atomic transitions.

We have developed a two-color, two-pathway coherent control technique to detect and measure weak optical transitions in atoms by coherently beating the transition amplitude for the weak transition with that of a much stronger transition. We demonstrate the technique in atomic cesium, exciting the $6s^{2}S_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}8s^{2}S_{1/2}$ transition via a strong two-photon transition and a weak controllable Stark-induced transition. We discuss the enhancement in the signal-to-noise ratio for this measurement technique over that of direct detection of the weak transition rate, and project future refinements that may further improve its sensitivity and application to the measurement of other weak atomic interactions.
A Farey triangle in the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction

Abstract In a recent study Kim and Ostlund, motivated by an interest in frequency locking on a three-torus, constructed a Farey triangle to obtain rational approximants of pairs of irrational numbers that are mutually irrational. We find that their Farey triangle provides a natural compact description of sequences of periodic states observed in our experiments on the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction.
Peroxyl radicals are potential agents of lignin biodegradation

Past work has shown that the extracellular manganese-dependent peroxidases (MnPs) of ligninolytic fungi degrade the principal non-phenolic structures of lignin when they peroxidize unsaturated fatty acids. This reaction is likely to be relevant to ligninolysis in sound wood, where enzymes cannot penetrate, only if it employs a small, diffusible lipid radical as the proximal oxidant of lignin. Here we show that a non-phenolic β-O-4-linked lignin model dimer was oxidized to products indicative of hydrogen abstraction and electron transfer by three different peroxyl radical-generating systems: (a) MnP/Mn(II)/linoleic acid, (b) arachidonic acid in which peroxidation was initiated by a small amount of H2O2/Fe(II), and (c) the thermolysis in air of either 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) or 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride. Some quantitative differences in the product distributions were found, but these were attributable to the presence of electron-withdrawing substituents on the peroxyl radicals derived from azo precursors. Our results introduce a new hypothesis: that biogenic peroxyl radicals may be agents of lignin biodegradation.
Retrieval of sentence relations: Semantic vs. syntactic deep structure

Abstract Two experiments on unaided and cued recall of sentences presented in context are reported. Key nouns in the sentences were arranged to have uniform surface functions, but to vary independently in deep syntactic category and semantic function. Cued recall for sentences in which the semantic function of actor and recipient coincided with the syntactic function of deep subject and object, respectively, was better than for sentences which did not have this normal semantic-syntactic coincidence. Unaided recall was not different for the two types of sentences. Models of sentence processing may have to represent both types of information as available to the language user.
Insulin enhances vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-8, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 but not interleukin-6 release by human adipocytes

The present studies were designed to investigate the hormonal regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release by human subcutaneous adipose tissue explants and adipocytes incubated in primary culture for 48 hours. Vascular endothelial growth factor and IL-8 release by adipocytes were less than 10% of that by tissue explants, whereas that of leptin in adipocytes was comparable to that by tissue. Dexamethasone inhibited VEGF formation by both adipose tissue explants and isolated adipocytes, whereas insulin stimulated VEGF release only in isolated adipocytes. Insulin also enhanced the formation of IL-8 and plasminogen activation inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), but not that of IL-6 by adipocytes although having little effect on that of IL-6 or PAI-1 by adipose tissue explants. Pertussis toxin stimulated lipolysis and inhibited leptin release by human adipose tissue or adipocytes but did not affect release of IL-8 or VEGF. Isoproterenol also stimulated lipolysis by human adipocytes, but this was not accompanied by any significant changes in VEGF, IL-8, IL-6, or PAI-1 release. In contrast, insulin stimulated VEGF release by human adipocytes, and this stimulation was enhanced in the presence of isoproterenol. Insulin stimulated VEGF formation as well as that of PAI-1 by human adipocytes, but not by explants under conditions where it had little effect on that of IL-6. The ability of insulin to stimulate VEGF formation by adipocytes suggests that the elevated circulating levels of insulin in obesity promote angiogenesis in adipose tissue as well as the enhanced accumulation of fat in human adipocytes.
Static, Axially Symmetric Point Horizons

Properties of event horizons are examined for static, axially symmetric, vacuum space-times. Israel has shown that under fairly general conditions such horizons are singular. One would expect that a positive-mass point particle would correspond to a pointlike singular horizon. It is shown, however, that the horizons cannot be pointlike. The geometry of particular horizons is discussed.
Duration of protection against hepatitis A for the current two-dose vaccine compared to a three-dose vaccine schedule in children.

Abstract Background Hepatitis A is mostly a self-limiting disease but causes substantial economic burden. Consequently, United States Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices recommends inactivated hepatitis A vaccination for all children beginning at age 1 year and for high risk adults. The hepatitis A vaccine is highly effective but the duration of protection is unknown. Methods We examined the proportion of children with protective hepatitis A antibody levels (anti-HAV ≥20 mIU/mL) as well as the geometric mean concentration (GMC) of anti-HAV in a cross sectional convenience sample of individuals aged 12–24 years, who had been vaccinated with a two-dose schedule in childhood, with the initial dose at least 5 years ago. We compared a subset of data from persons vaccinated with two-doses (720 EL.U.) at age 3–6 years with a demographically similar prospective cohort that received a three-dose (360 EL.U.) schedule and have been followed for 17 years. Results No significant differences were observed when comparing GMC between the two cohorts at 10 ( P = 0.467), 12 ( P = 0.496), and 14 ( P = 0.175) years post-immunization. For the three-dose cohort, protective antibody levels remain for 17 years and have leveled-off over the past 7 years. Conclusion The two- and three-dose schedules provide similar protection >14 years after vaccination, indicating a booster dose is not needed at this time. Plateauing anti-HAV GMC levels suggest protective antibody levels may persist long-term.
Neutral motions in the polar thermosphere for northward interplanetary magnetic field

During the rare occurrence of November 24, 1982, when the north-south B(z) component of the IMF became positive for a period of about 11 hours and reached a steady value of about 25 nT, the DE-2 spacecraft simultaneously measured the ionic and neutral species of the high latitude F-region along the track of the polar-orbiting satellite. Data from two northern winter polar passes of DE-2 illustrate the response of the neutral F-region to ion drag forcing that arises from a configuration of ion convection characteristics of strongly northward IMF. The multicellular ion drift pattern associated with positive B(z) is observed to drive a similar, but less structured and weaker, neutral wind configuration in the winter polar cap. While major features of the ion drift pattern are mimicked by the neutral circulation, smaller scale ion flow structures are not. These results demonstrate that the sunward flow of neutral gas can be established and maintained by ion drag in the central polar cap, for positive B(z).
Proposed Guideline for Writing to Convey Factual Information

The guidelines for the curriculum in English published by the National Council of the Teachers of English (NCTE) and the International Reading Association have been criticized by a number of publications. A new guideline-for writing to convey factual information only-is proposed.
On the maximum degree of minimum spanning trees

Motivated by practical VLSI routing applications, we study the maximum vertex degree of a minimum spanning tree (MST). We prove that under the Lp norm, the maximum vertex degree over all MSTs is equal to the Hadwiger number of the corresponding unit ball; we show an even tighter bound for MSTs where the maximum degree is minimized. We give the best-known bounds for the maximum MST degree for arbitrary Lp metrics in all dimensions, with a focus on the rectilinear metric in two and three dimensions. We show that for any finite set of points in the Manhattan plane there exists an MST with maximum degree of at most 4, and for three-dimensional Manhattan space the maximum possible degree of a minimum degree MST is either 13 or 14.
Radiographic evaluation of the temporomandibular joint

Effective treatment of TMJ pain requires a thorough knowledge of morphologic characteristics. This can be obtained only by specialized radiographic procedures applicable to the individual patient.
Essentially contested concepts: Debates and applications

Conceptual confusion has long been a source of difficulty in the study of politics. W. B. Gallie's analysis of ‘essentially contested concepts’, published in 1956, stands as a notable effort to address this problem. He explores the normative component of these concepts and offers seven criteria for evaluating their contestedness. In the present article, we examine Gallie's framework and develop two extended applications, focused on ‘democracy’ and ‘rule of law’. We underscore major contributions of Gallie's approach, as well as controversies it has generated. Some important critiques argue that three of his criteria are too narrow. We suggest that these critics fail to recognize that Gallie offers both a restrictive and broader definition of these criteria, and we seek to reconcile their views with his alternative definitions. Further, some accuse Gallie of naively promoting conceptual relativism by undermining standards for evaluating concepts, and others argue more sympathetically that he is too optimis...
A simple combinatorial proof of a result by Robertson and Pillers

This note gives a simple combinatorial proof of the fact that the average angle between pairs of generators of a particular polyhedral cone is 60°.
Thrombogenicity of some biomedical materials: Platelet-interface reactions†

Fifty-eight polymers and other materials were evaluated for compatibility with human blood in an in vitro test system. Assays for platelet factor 3 activation, activation of the coagulation sequences, and release of hemoglobin and adenine nucleotides were performed on blood exposed to each of the 58 test materials. Of the materials tested, collagen, heparinized hydrin rubber, poly (methyl methacrylate), graphite-benzalkonium-heparin, poly (methyl acrylate), isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate), grafted poly (ethylene oxide) on poly (acrylic acid), balata rubber, L-1624 from 3M Co., and chlorinated poly (vinyl chloride) appeared most compatible with blood. Chemical affinities appeared to have little to do with blood compatibility of the materials tested. Electron microscopic examination of blood components adherent to selected test materials following exposure to blood was carried out. Each of the three polymers with “good” and the two polymers with “poor” blood compatibility characteristics which were examined by electron microscopy was coated with a thin unilaminar adsorbate from blood. Platelets and fibrin were focally deposited on this adsorbate. Of the test surfaces examined, only glass was covered by a trilaminar adsorbate. Mechanisms of formation of the adsorbates are discussed.
Personal Wellness Card Sort: A Strategy for Promoting Relational Healing

This column is designed to underscore relationally based creative interventions used by counselors and psychotherapists in their practices. Our intention is to provide examples of novel, innovative ways of working with clients in their efforts to deepen self-awareness and their connections with others. Although the interventions within this column will be presented in a linear “how-to” manner, an essential premise of this column is that interventions submitted for publication have a contextual and relational basis. Basic to this column is the therapeutic focus of working through latent hurts and impediments to our clients' health and happiness. Client goals generally involve creating the requisite emotional space needed for genuine relational choice for connection to manifest. If you have created a useful therapy tool or if you have adapted an existing creative tool that you would like to share with readers, please follow submission guidelines in the author information packet available at http://www.creat...
Correlation of magnetic resonance imaging and pathologic size of infiltrating lobular carcinoma of the breast

Abstract Background Determining the extent of infiltrating lobular carcinoma (ILCA) in the breast is difficult. This study was designed to determine if the size of ILCA on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correlated with final pathology. Methods Retrospective study of patients between 1998 and 2004, who were evaluated for extent of ILCA prior to definitive treatment, was conducted. Demographic data and radiology and pathology results were obtained. Spearman correlation coefficient was used. Results Twenty-nine patients (median age 62 years) had MRI of breast. Fourteen patients (48%) had contralateral MRIs; 13 (45%) normal; 1 (8%) prompted core biopsy; 6 of 13 patients underwent contralateral mastectomies, which were benign. The distribution of tumor size was: T1=15 (52%); T2=7 (24%); T3=5 (17%); T4=2 (7%). Spearman correlation coefficient between tumor size on ultrasound and MRI with pathology was .19 ( P = .5) and .88 ( P Conclusion MRI provided superior correlation between tumor size and pathology.
An investigation into using Kalman filtering for phase estimation in bluetooth receivers for Gaussian and Non-Gaussian Noise

Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK) modulation scheme is used in Bluetooth receivers to achieve a basic data rate of 1Mps. GFSK is a subclass of Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM) where phase is constrained to be continuous during symbol transition which results in enhanced spectral properties, that makes it an attractive modulation in many wireless applications. In this paper, we investigate applying linear Kalman Filter (LKF) to non-coherently track the phase of GFSK modulation scheme in Bluetooth receivers. The paper examines the performance of Linear Kalman Filter for both Additive White Gaussian channel noise (AWGN) and Non-Gaussian Impulsive Noise with IEEE802.11 coexistence. Both technologies operate in the unlicensed 2.4GHz Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) Band. Mean Square Error (MSE) was used as a measurement for the performance. Experimental results for Linear Kalman Filter for Gaussian channel and Non Gaussian Impulsive Noise are provided.
The fine structure of monkey and human spermatozoa

The fine structure of spermatozoa of two species of monkey, Macaca mulatta and Macaca nemestrina, and man was studied following fixation of seminal fluids in buffered picric acid-formaldehyde (PAF). The various components of the sperm have been studied mostly in light of the behavior of this cell at the time of conjugation with the ovum. The possible equivalence between acrosome and lysosomes has been discrussed considering the origin, enzymatic activity, and mechanism of action of these two classes of organelles. The fine morphology of the post-acrosomal cap has been found to be comparable to that of a septate desmosome. We have introduced the hypothesis that the cap plays a role in establishing and maintaining adhesion between the spermatozoon and the ovum at the time of gamete conjugation. The formation of the scrolls of the nuclear membrance in the posterior region of the nucleus has been put into relation with the modifications of volume and shape of the spermatid nucleus. The function of the scrolls could be to increase the surface through which nucleocytoplasmic exchanges take place. The possibility that the presence of a voluminous cytoplasmic droplet in human spermatozoa is a sign of cellular immaturity has also been discussed.
Synthesis, separation, characterization, fragmentation, and aggregation of giant fullerenes

Abstract We have performed mass spectrometric studies of giant fullerenes. These fullerenes consist of even-numbered closed carbon shells and have been extracted from carbon soot produced in a carbon-arc source. By utilizing designed extraction techniques, the mass distributions can be made to peak near m/z ≈ 2500 u. The distribution are studied using laser-desorption mass spectrometry (time-of-flight and Fourier transform), detecting positive ions, negative ions, and neutral molecules. The neutral species are detected using UV multiphoton ionization and VUV single-photon ionization of laser-desorbed species. Additionally, giant fullerenes can be prepared selectively in the gas phase by laser desorption of phase-pure C 60 . The results of the present study are compared with previous mass spectrometry experiments of giant fullerenes.
Comparative evolutionary genomics of human malaria parasites

The parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are responsible for the majority of human malaria cases worldwide. Despite many similarities in their biology, they frequently are studied in isolation. With the completion of the P. vivax genome and the generation of an initial P. falciparum genetic diversity map, attempts are being made to infer inter- and intra-species genome evolution. Here, we briefly review our current knowledge of comparative evolutionary genomics of the two species in the light of several presentations at the Molecular Approaches to Malaria 2008 meeting in Lorne, Australia and ask the question: can evolutionary genomics of one species inform the other?
Biosynthesis of acyclic methyl branched polyunsaturated hydrocarbons in Pseudomonas maltophilia

The hydrocarbon composition ofPseudomonas maltophilia was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Mono-, di- and tri-unsaturated alkenes were identified with a predominance of polyunsaturated components. The carbon chains of the alkenes contained single methyl branches iniso andanteiso position and double methyl branches in theiso-iso andanteiso-anteiso configurations. The composition of the hydrocarbons from cells grown in synthetic media enriched with amino acids or volatile fatty acids demonstrated that the probable precursors incorporated into individual hydrocarbons were branched and normal fatty acid chains in the range from C3 to C16. The probable fatty acid precursors which were connected together to form the major triunsaturated hydrocarbon chains were two monounsaturated chains, whereas the major liunsaturated chains resulted from condensation of saturated and monounsaturated chains. The probable precursors for the major monounsaturated hydrocarbons were C14 (C15) and C16 (C15) fatty acids. The accumulation of hydrocarbons was not detected until the cells were in the late exponential phase of growth; the maximal levels were reached at the mid-stationary phase of growth.
WIYN Open Cluster Study. III. The Observed Variation of the Red Clump Luminosity and Color with Metallicity and Age

The recent controversy regarding the variation of the I-band red clump (RC) luminosity (M) with metallicity and age has prompted us to examine this question, using precise photometry of Galactic open clusters. Because these data extend well down to the unevolved main sequence, it is possible to use main-sequence fitting to estimate the cluster distance moduli, thereby providing a straightforward measure of the absolute magnitude of the red clump. Using this technique and comparing the observed quantities with theoretical ones, we draw the following conclusions. Cluster M values are much less sensitive to metal abundance than their M counterparts, making the former more amenable for use as a distance indicator. However, the range in the observed values of M is much larger than that expected from the measurement errors alone. This fact suggests that the value of M is influenced to a significant degree by properties of the stellar population, such as metal abundance and age. In particular, the observed variation of M and M with metallicity and age, as inferred from the open clusters in this study, agrees qualitatively with the predictions of the theoretical models. These results indicate that application of the solar-neighborhood M to red clumps of other stellar populations with a different age/abundance mix, such as the Magellanic Clouds, may produce spurious results.
Ponzi Schemes in the Caribbean

In several Caribbean states, unregulated investment schemes grew quickly in recent years by claiming unusually high monthly returns and through a system of referrals by existing members. These are features shared with traditional Ponzi schemes and pyramid schemes. This paper describes the growth of such schemes, their subsequent collapse, and the policy response of regulators, and presents key policy lessons. The analysis and recommendations draw on country experiences in the Caribbean, and in such diverse countries as the United States, Colombia, Lesotho, and Albania.
Kinetics of High Pressure Oxidation of Silicon in Pyrogenic Steam

The kinetics of high pressure oxidation of silicon in pyrogenic steam were investigated for ambient pressures of 5–20 atm and for oxidation temperatures of 800°–1000°C. A linear‐parabolic model was used in the analysis of the data. Both rate constants of the analytic model were found to be linearly proportional to pressure for the entire range of temperature and pressure. Fixed oxide charge and interface state densities for oxides grown at high pressure were found to be slightly higher at lower temperatures, particularly below 900°C, than for oxides grown at 1 atm. Electron trapping by avalanche injection in oxides grown on (111) Si at 5 atm in pyrogenic steam (800°C) yielded effective trap densities and capture cross sections similar to those obtained at 1 atm.
Improving Survival of Disassociated Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Mechanical Stimulation Using Acoustic Tweezing Cytometry

Dissociation-induced apoptosis of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hampers their large-scale culture. Herein we leveraged the mechanosensitivity of hESCs and employed, to our knowledge, a novel technique, acoustic tweezing cytometry (ATC), for subcellular mechanical stimulation of disassociated single hESCs to improve their survival. By acoustically actuating integrin-bound microbubbles (MBs) to live cells, ATC increased the survival rate and cloning efficiency of hESCs by threefold. A positive correlation was observed between the increased hESC survival rate and total accumulative displacement of integrin-anchored MBs during ATC stimulation. ATC may serve as a promising biocompatible tool to improve hESC culture.
Overview of polymer micro/nanomanufacturing for biomedical applications

Micro/nanotechnology is initiated from the electronics industry. In recent years, it has been extended to micro/nanoelectromechanic system for producing miniature devices based on silicon and semiconductor materials. However, the use of these hard materials alone is inappropriate for many biomedical devices. Soft polymeric materials possess many attractive properties such as high toughness and recyclability. Some possess excellent biocompatibility, are biodegradable, and can provide various biofunctionalities. Proper combinations of micro/nanoelectronics, polymers, and biomolecules can lead to new and affordable medical devices. In this paper, we briefly review several cleanroom and noncleanroom techniques related to micro/nanomanufacturing of polymeric materials. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 27:188–198, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20134
Feminism, social science, and the meanings of modernity: the debate on the origin of the family in Europe and the United States, 1860-1914.

OF THE YEAR 1913, THE VIENNESE NOVELIST Robert Musil wrote, "The time was on the move ... But in those days no one knew what it was moving towards. Nor could anyone quite distinguish between what was above and what was below, between what was moving forward and what backwards."1 This new relationship to time, space, and history pervaded literature, the arts, and the social and natural sciences in Europe at the turn of the twentieth century, from about 1890 until 1914. William Everdell, the author of a recent book on the intellectual history of this era, defines its central theoretical project as "the profound rethinking of the whole mind set of the nineteenth century." This process of rethinking eroded familiar nineteenthcentury European and North American paradigms: beliefs in progress and in seamless continuity were shaken by a new emphasis on rupture, randomness, and "ontological discontinuity," and reliance on scientific objectivity by a recognition of the subjective element in all thought and observation. Most of the literature on European and North American intellectual history at the turn of the century emphasizes the problematic and disorienting effects of (as Everdell puts it), "the impossibility of knowing even the simplest things that the nineteenth century took for granted."2 In fact, the characterization of the period from 1890 to 1914 as an era of pessimism, alienation, and anxiety has become a cliche of intellectual history. In German political thought, Fritz Stern describes a mood of "cultural despair"; for the social sciences, writes Lawrence Scaff, "the central problem appears to be the same in every case: a sense that unified experience lies beyond the grasp of the modern self and that malaise and self-conscious guilt have become inextricably entwined with culture." Eugen Weber remarks that, in France at the turn of the century, "the discrepancy between material progress and spiritual dejection re-
Local and intermediate-range structure of amorphous Mo S 3 : Model calculation study

The amorphous phase of Mo${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$, which has no crystalline counterpart, is prepared through the thermal decomposition of ammonium thiomolybdate. The structure of this amorphous phase has been analyzed through a combination of x-ray diffraction and computer calculation of model structures. Both the x-ray diffraction pattern and its Fourier transform, the pair distribution function, were modeled. In $r$ space there were four prominent distances whose positions and relative contributions required fitting while in $k$ space there was a prominent well-defined peak at \ensuremath{\sim} 1 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ together with diffuse oscillations out to \ensuremath{\sim} 15-16 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Relevant spectroscopic and chemical data were used to rationalize a consistent structure. A basic chainlike arrangement of dimerized Mo atoms separated by triangularly coordinated S atoms with disulfur bonds, provided the starting point. The final structure consisted of pairs of (coupled) chains with significant deviations or bendings from parallel alignment. These paired flat chains could then be stacked as they would naturally be in the material to produce the requisite planar correlations for the 1-${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ peak in $k$ space. The final overall fit in both $k$ and $r$ space was considered good.
Blends of styrene/maleic anhydride copolymers with polymethacrylates

The phase behavior of a series of styrene/maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymers with various polyacrylate and polymethacrylate homopolymers has been investigated using various techniques. None of the polyacrylates are miscible with SMA copolymers. Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) and poly(n-propyl methacrylate) (PnPMA), are miscible with these copolymers over a certain range of maleic anhydride contents; whereas, the higher methacrylates apparently have no region of miscibility. For PEMA and PnPMA, the miscibility windows extend through 0% MA; hence, polystyrene is miscible with these polymethacrylates although the lower critical solution temperature is quite low. The exothermic heat of mixing styrene and ester analogs found here supports the observed miscibility of polystyrene with ethyl, n-propyl, and cyclohexyl (reported elsewhere) methacrylates. Lattice fluid interaction parameters for styrene-methacrylate obtained from the cloud points of these blends agree quite well with the Flory—Huggins parameters obtained from copolymer miscibility windows.
Alpha rhythms and hyperkinesis.

IN his comment on my report “Alpha Rhythms in the Hyperkinetic Child”1, Davidson2 stated that my data support Lippold's hypothesis3 that “Oscillation in striate muscle control systems is the source of alpha rhythm”. He quoted the work of Mulholland and Evans4,5 which suggested that presence or absence of alpha rhythms was not determined by the presence or absence of relaxed wakefulness, but by oculomotor function. Many arguments have been presented against such a hypothesis6–9, Butler and Glass10 have presented findings inconsistent in a number of respects with the view of ocular tremor as a generator of alpha rhythm, and suggested that eye movements in their turn may be modulated by alpha rhythms when conscious control of fixation waned or was interrupted by eye closure. Chapman et al.11 repeated the basic experiments of Mulholland and Evans4,5, taking care to eliminate effects of differential visual input, and demonstrated that alpha activity was influenced by visual input and not by eye position.
Annexin A2 mediates endothelial cell activation by antiphospholipid/anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodies

Patients with antiphospholipid antibodies (APLAs) are at increased risk for arterial and venous thrombosis. Many APLAs associated with these events react with β2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI), and endothelial cell reactive antibodies that activate endothelial cells in a β2GPI-dependent manner occur commonly in these patients. We previously reported that β2GPI binds with high affinity to annexin A2 on the endothelial surface, though the relevance of this interaction to APLA/anti-β2GPI antibody–induced endothelial activation has not been determined. In this report, we confirm that anti-β2GPI antibodies activate endothelial cells in the presence of β2GPI, and demonstrate that anti–annexin A2 antibodies directly cause endothelial cell activation of a similar magnitude and with a similar time course. Moreover, bivalent anti–annexin A2 F(ab′)2 fragments also caused endothelial cell activation, whereas monomeric Fab fragments not only did not cause activation, but blocked activation induced by anti–annexin A2 antibodies and F(ab′)2 fragments, as well as that caused by anti-β2GPI antibodies in the presence of β2GPI. These observations suggest a novel pathway for endothelial activation induced by APLA/anti-β2GPI antibodies that is initiated by cross-linking or clustering of annexin A2 on the endothelial surface.
SU-E-J-22: Alternative Method for Evaluating the Need for Replanning in Patient's with Significant Anatomical Changes

Purpose: The use of IGRT is highlighting the issue of anatomical patient changes during treatment due to weight loss and/or tumor shrinkage. A means of quickly reviewing the need to replan is important to maximize efficiency and review the necessity of modifying treatment planning. The goal of this project is to use an alternative method of evaluation for replanning that does not involve extra patient scanning or specific deformable registration software. Methods: Five patients that had undergone daily CBCT imaging during treatment and were noted to have considerable changes in anatomy due to weight loss or tumor shrinkage were evaluated with two methods. First, CBCT external volumes were subtracted from original planning CT to obtain a “change-in-volume” contour. The density of this contour was overridden to that of air and original plan recalculated. Second, the original plan was recalculated on a new CT scan taken the same day as the CBCT for comparison. The contours remained unchanged from the original planning scan. Results: So far 1 patient has been evaluated using both methods. The DVH comparison shows similar results between each method for the target tissues (CTV and PTV) as well as critical structures (right parotid and spinal cord). Using the CBCT method mean doses for each structure examined were within 3.2% of those calculated with a new CT scan. The remaining four patients will be evaluated similarly after a new CT scan is obtained. Conclusion: By using the patient's daily CBCT scan from setup prior to treatment, a quick method for evaluating anatomical changes and the need to replan a patient during the course of treatment was demonstrated. This method prevents the need to rescan the patient initially and allows a quick visualization of possible dose differences caused by a significant change in body habitus.
Complex discrimination with two stages of solution.

A 4-display contingent identity discrimination design was combined with a 4-display contingent position discrimination design to produce a merged task whose 8 displays appeared repeatedly over a sequence of trials. Human Ss solved the contingent identity portion of the task first in nearly all cases and maintained a high level of accuracy on the solved portion while coping with the remainder. Experimental variations related to the visual distinctiveness of the two portions proved unimportant.
Lesion Mapping of Cognitive Abilities Linked to Intelligence

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) assesses a wide range of cognitive abilities and impairments. Factor analyses have documented four underlying indices that jointly comprise intelligence as assessed with the WAIS: verbal comprehension (VCI), perceptual organization (POI), working memory (WMI), and processing speed (PSI). We used nonparametric voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping in 241 patients with focal brain damage to investigate their neural underpinnings. Statistically significant lesion-deficit relationships were found in left inferior frontal cortex for VCI, in left frontal and parietal cortex for WMI, and in right parietal cortex for POI. There was no reliable single localization for PSI. Statistical power maps and cross-validation analyses quantified specificity and sensitivity of the index scores in predicting lesion locations. Our findings provide comprehensive lesion maps of intelligence factors, and make specific recommendations for interpretation and application of the WAIS to the study of intelligence in health and disease.
419 EFFECT OF D-GALACTOSE ON THE FLUID LOSS IN SOYBEAN PROTEIN (SBP) INTOLERANCE

The mechanism of intestinal fluid loss in SBP intolerance is not known. The possibility of absorptive disturbances was examined in 82 symptomatic infants. Stool composition, oral absorptive tests and mucosal disaccharidases ruled out absorptive impairment in most infants. The possibility of a secretory disturbance was examined in 10 infants by the intestinal perfusion method. 0.142 M NaCl, 5 mM D-glucose (A) and 0.142 M NaCl,5 mM D-galactose (B) were perfuse in the proximal jejunum following soy protein-sucrose feeding. Net water, Na and Cl secretion occurred during perfusion of A and changed to net water and ion absorption during perfusion of B (p < .001). The effect of D-galactose was then tested clinically by substituting lactose for sucrose in the soy formula. Symptoms of intolerance ceased immediately. Re-examination of the water and ion fluxes after 1 mo. of SBP-lactose feeding showed equal rates of absorption during perfusions of A and B. It was postulated that D-galactose, but not D-glucose, inhibited and SBP-mucosal surface interaction underlying the mechanism of fluid loss. This assumption finds support on the known specificity of soybean protein (glycinin) for galactosyl receptors in membrane glycoproteins.
REASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF ULTRAVIOLET and IONIZING RADIATION ON HIV PROMOTER: THE USE OF CELL SURVIVAL AS THE BASIS FOR COMPARISONS

: Effects of different radiation treatments on the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) promoter were reassessed for exposures comparable to those encountered in clinical or cosmetic practice, using survival of the host cell as a basis for comparisons. The exposures were performed with two ultraviolet radiation sources commonly used as medical or cosmetic devices (UVASUN 2000 and FS20 lamps), a germicidal (G15T8) lamp and an X-ray machine. The UVC component of the FS20 lamp was filtered out. The emission spectra of the lamps were determined. The characteristics of these sources allowed us to discriminate among effects of UVA1 (340–400 nm), UVB + UVA2 (280–340 nm) and UVC (254 nm) radiations. Effects of irradiation were ascertained using cultures of HeLa cells stably transfected with the HIV promoter linked to a reporter—chloramphenicol acetyl transferase—gene. The exposures used caused at least two logs of cell killing. In this cytotoxicity range, UVA1 or X radiations had no effect on the HIV promoter, whereas UVB + UVA2 or UVC radiations activated the HIV promoter in a fluence-dependent manner. Survivals following exposure to UVB + UVA2 or UVC radiation were (1) at the lowest measurable HIV promoter activation, 30 and 20%, respectively, (2) at one-half maximal activation, 6 and 3%, respectively and (3) at the maximal activation, 0.5 and 0.2%, respectively. The results suggest that, among the radiations studied, UVB is the most important modality from the viewpoint of its potential effects on HIV-infected individuals, since (1) UVA1 or X radiations have no effects on the HIV promoter, (2) human exposure to UVC radiation is infrequent and (3) human UVB exposure is very common.
Bilingual acquisition: Spanish and English in the first six years

In light of information gaps in the literature concerning bilingual language development, Silva-Corvalan analyzes how two of her grandsons (Nico and Brennan) from Los Angeles, California, concurren...
The explosive start

Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. 5: Part 7. The Gunpowder Epic. By Joseph Needham. Cambridge University Press: 1987. Pp. 703. £50, $99.50.
Investigation of Emission–Transmission Misalignment Artifacts on Rubidium-82 Cardiac PET with Adenosine Pharmacologic Stress

This study was undertaken to determine if artifacts from misalignment of cardiac emission to transmission data is present in adenosine stress studies and if the artifact could be reproduced by intentional misalignment in normal exams. Seventy consecutive 82Rb myocardial perfusion studies were reviewed. Utilizing a quality control program, misalignment was assessed. The study was reprocessed after manual realignment to determine if the defect extent changed. Emission and transmission acquisitions in six normal studies also were intentionally misaligned. Twenty of 69 rest studies (29.0%) and 17 of 69 (24.6%) stress studies demonstrated misalignment. In four patients with stress misalignment, there was a significant change in clinical interpretation. Upon intentionally misaligning six normal studies, a lateral wall defect was reproduced. Emission–transmission misalignment occurs in 29.0% and 24.6% of 82Rb rest and adenosine stress studies, respectively. While there is a positive correlation of artifactual defects with misalignment, the presence and size of artifacts is variable and unpredictable at seemingly lesser degrees of misalignment.
A Comparison of the Relationships Between Subordinates' Perceptions of Supervisory Behavior and Measures of Subordinates' Job Satisfaction for Male and Female Leaders

A sex-role congruency hypothesis concerning the relationship between subordinates' perceptions of leaders' behavior and subordinates 'job satisfaction was tested in a public assistance and social s...
Impact of Vitamin E Supplementation on Newly Received Calves: A Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract Seven different studies comprising 1,481 lightweight steers and heifers provided with 10 different vitamin E amounts (0 to 2000 IU/animal daily) were compiled for a meta-analysis of the relationships between supplemental vitamin E and stressed receiving calf performance. The statistics of interest were estimated relationships between vitamin E supplementation and DMI, ADG, G:F, and percent morbidity. For the slope coefficients estimated, a whole unit change in the independent variable (X) represented a 100-IU change in vitamin E intake per day. Based on the data used to generate the estimates for these analyses, no predictive relationship exists for vitamin E supplementation and DMI, ADG, or G:F (P ≥ 0.45). However, for percent morbidity the predictive model suggests that for every 100 IU increase in vitamin E intake per day, a 0.35% decrease (P = 0.08) in morbidity would be expected. The data discussed herein provides evidentiary support for vitamin E supplementation to newly received calves at high risk of morbidity. However, because the entire data set is bounded between 0 and 2,000 IU/d of vitamin E intake, predictions regarding the linearity beyond 2,000 IU should be avoided.
Estimating road networks using archived GMTI data

It is increasingly accepted that accurate maps of road networks can make a critical difference in enabling accurate tracking of ground movers using GMTI radar data, especially when sensor resources are limited. However, road maps are often incomplete and inaccurate to such an extent that their utility is eliminated or greatly reduced. At the same time, users of GMTI data have noted in heavily trafficked areas that the road networks are readily apparent on positional displays of GMTI data. This has lead to the notion of estimating the road networks using GMTI data, an idea, which is operationally appealing given that the data, can be collected over a time period of several days to several months. This paper addresses one of the fundamental issues of estimating road networks from GMTI data. We derive a methodology for estimating a road network that views the road in a fundamentally different way than has been the case in previous approaches to this problem. The methodology is motivated by the stochastic models typically employed to model target trajectories as indexed by time, which we modify to come up with a stochastic model for the road trajectory which is indexed by arc-length. We apply this new method and compare it to a recently presented method that views the road as fundamentally composed of segments and vertices, and show using a limited data set that the stochastic estimation approach seems to offer much better performance.
The Nandi Protest of 1923 in the Context of African Resistance to Colonial Rule in Kenya

The Nandi protest of 1923 is examined in its Kenya-wide context and is seen to be the result of the increased pressures brought to bear on Kenya Africans in this period—pressures for African land, labour and taxes, which greatly affected the Nandi as well as other peoples. The Nandi political protest to colonial policies in this period, in contrast to that of the Kikuyu, however, focused on the traditional leadership of the Nandi orkolyot, or ritual expert, and, as such, mirrors the relative lack of socio-cultural change in Nandi before 1923, and the continuing viability of the traditional Nandi economy and political structure. Squatting, which began in this period, is seen as a key factor contributing to this viability, at the same time as it presented new threats to Nandi economic independence, which the political protest centred on orkoiyot Barserion attempted to counter. An examination of the Nandi protest of 1923, therefore, also contributes to an understanding of the political expression of that sector of the African population which has often been ignored in studies of the origin of political protest in Kenya.
The contingent effect of race in juvenile court detention decisions: The role of racial and symbolic threat

Race and racial stereotypes have long been recognized as influencing the formal social control of youth. Recent analyses have moved beyond identifying disproportionate minority contact (DMC) and to...
Patterning of thin-film high-T/sub c/ circuits by the laser-writing method

The authors report studies on a laser-based 2-D patterning technique that implements a focused beam from a continuous-wave (CW) Ar-ion laser to locally heat up an epitaxial Y-Ba-Cu-O film in a controlled (oxygen-rich or oxygen-poor) atmosphere. It is shown that the laser-writing method enables a reproducible fabrication in the same film of oxygen-depleted (semiconducting) regions next to enriched ones (superconducting), in a manner similar to n- and p-type diffusion regions in semiconductors. A number of test structures, laser-written in initially oxygen-rich or oxygen-poor films deposited on MgO, SrTiO/sub 3/, and LaAlO/sub 3/ single crystals, have been measured. The best, very homogeneous superconducting (oxygen-rich) circuits were patterned in oxygen-depleted YBCO deposited in the LaAlO/sub 3/ substrates. The structures exhibited a 0.5-K-wide superconducting transition, T/sub c0/=89.5 K, and J/sub c/ above 10/sup 5/ A/cm/sup 2/. >
Transfer and Localisation of Maternal Serum Antigens by Mouse Preimplantation Embryos and Oviductal Epithelium

Two hours after systemic injection of bovine plasma albumin (BPA) into pregnant mice, albumin-like antigen was detected by indirect immunohistological methods within the cytoplasm of oviductal and preimplantation uterine embryos whether ovulation was spontaneous or induced by hormone injection. Although fluorescence, localising antigen similar to or identical with the systemically injected foreign protein, was present in embryos in all oviductal regions and at all cleavage stages, the intraembryonic location of the transferred serum molecules differed with embryo stage. Most ootids and two-celled blastomeres contained large intracytoplasmic areas of intense fluorescence randomly associated with non-fluorescent or dimly fluorescent areas in the same cell. By four- and eight-celled stages, albumin-like antigen was localised at the periphery of blastomeres; less was found deep within embryos. By morula and blastocyst stages, blastomeres differed from each other in fluorescence intensity although intracellular fluorescence was homogeneous. Transferred BPA antigen, present in both pronuclei, probably was absent from blastomere nuclei. Ootid zonae pellucidae contained BPA antigen but none was detected in zonae surrounding cleaving embryos. Little foreign albumin was detected in oviductal epithelium. It is concluded that morphological, as well as biochemical, differentiation occurs during mammalian cleavage and it is suggested that maternal macromolecular contributions to mammalian preimplantation embryos may be necessary for normal development in vivo .