cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noctuidae Taken at a Bait Trap in Kansas

In connection with cutworm investigations at Wichita, Kansas, during 1921, a bait trap was used to obtain living material for oviposition studies. In addition, it was desired to obtain a flight record of adults to be used as a check on emergence data secured in life-cycle studies then in progress. So many valuable data were obtained during the first year that it was decided to continue to record over a period of years. Consequently, a record of the nightly catch was kept, tabulating the species, numbers caught, and, as far as possible, the sexes. The data presented in this paper are the results of observations extending over eleven years, 1921–1931 inclusive. No account was taken of the smaller noctuids or of species of the genus Catocala .
Under-layer effects for block levels: are they under control?

Challenges in block levels due to the dilemma of cost control and under-layer effects have been addressed in several papers already, and different approaches to solve the issue have been addressed. Among the known approaches, developable BARC and under-layer aware modeling are the most promising. However, in this paper we will discuss and explain the limitation inefficiency of both methods. In addition, as more block levels are employing etching step, the under-layer dependent etch behavior that we see in some of the block levels is also discussed. All these place great challenges for block level process development. We discuss here possible solutions/improvements including: developable BARC (dBARC) thickness optimization for specific under layers; Simplified model based corrections for lith and etch. This work was performed at the IBM Microelectronics Div, Semiconductor Research and Development Center, Hopewell Junction, NY 12533
A practical synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-arabinofuranose derivatives

Abstract A seven-step synthesis of 1,3-di- O -acetyl-5- O -benzoyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro- d -arabinofuranose, a versatile intermediate in the synthesis of chemotherapeutically important nucleosides, was achieved from 1,2:5,6-di- O -isopropylidene-3- O -tosyl-α- d -allofuranose. The crucial steps were the fluorination by use of potassium fluoride in acetamide and the conversion of 6- O -benzoyl-3-deoxy-3-fluoro- d -glucofuranose into 5- O -benzoyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-3- O -formyl- d -arabinofuranose by periodate oxidation. Also described is the synthesis of 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β- d -arabinofuranosyl)cytosine. This procedure affords good overall yields of products without formation of undesirable, isomeric intermediates and is suitable for large-scale preparations.
Complete spontaneous regression of merkel cell carcinoma.

I read the article “Complete spontaneous regression of Merkel cell carcinoma metastatic to the liver: Did lifestyle modifications and dietary supplements play a role?”1 with great interest. Merkel cell carcinoma carries a significant rate of recurrence and mortality.2 Though spontaneous regression of Merkel cell carcinoma has been well documented in the literature,3 the potential that the pathway of spontaneous regression functions via increased natural killer cell activation, second to ingestion of assorted mushrooms in this case, is promising for future research efforts. The Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) status of this patient is, however, extremely important in progressing the findings of this case report.
Status of the Flue-Fed Incinerator as a Source of Air Pollution

Abstract Flue-fed incinerators are discussed as a source of air pollution. Design and operating factors responsible for the air pollution problems are presented with alternative modifications for improvement. Recommendations are included for modification of existing units and improved design of new installations. Alternative methods of refuse disposal are considered also.
Maximum imaging depth comparison in porcine vocal folds using 776-nm vs. 1552-nm excitation wavelengths

Vocal fold scarring is one of the major causes of voice disorders and may arise from overuse or post-surgical wound healing. One promising treatment utilizes the injection of soft biomaterials aimed at restoring viscoelasticity of the outermost vibratory layer of the vocal fold, superficial lamina propria (SLP). However, the density of the tissue and the required injection pressure impair proper localization of the injected biomaterial in SLP. To enhance treatment effectiveness, we are investigating a technique to image and ablate sub-epithelial planar voids in vocal folds using ultrafast laser pulses to better localize the injected biomaterial. It is challenging to optimize the excitation wavelength to perform imaging and ablation at depths suitable for clinical use. Here, we compare maximum imaging depth using two photon autofluorescence and second harmonic generation with third-harmonic generation imaging modalities for healthy porcine vocal folds. We used a home-built inverted nonlinear scanning microscope together with a high repetition rate (2 MHz) ultrafast fiber laser (Raydiance Inc.). We acquired both two-photon autofluorescence and second harmonic generation signals using 776 nm wavelength and third harmonic generation signals using 1552 nm excitation wavelength. We observed that maximum imaging depth with 776 nm wavelength is significantly improved from 114 μm to 205 μm when third harmonic generation is employed using 1552 nm wavelength, without any observable damage in the tissue.
Improving the self-defocusing optical limiter

The so-called "defocusing limiter" is one of the best configurations for achieving laser radiation protection over a broadband spectrum in a low fnumber system. Available nonlinear materials, however, can not provide maximum permissible exposure levels over a large dynamic range. On the other hand, we believe that novel nonlinear optical engineering techniques can be used to overcome these difficulties. We have recently discovered a rich class of nonlinear optical phenomena in defocusing media, which opens new opportunities to enhance the performance of defocusing limiters and to explore completely new limiting schemes. Here we show that a nonlinear mask can be used to improve the device performance by reducing the throughput power by 90% in an ff5 optical system. We have numerically modeled a generic nonlinear optical limiter to account for these effects. The code allows us to vary the parameters of the optical system and the nonlincar medium. In addition to obtaining the transmission data, we also determine the intensity distribution in the final focal plane.
The deformation of microcantilever-based infrared detectors during thermal cycling

Uncooled microcantilever-based infrared (IR) detectors have recently gained interest due to their low noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD), while concurrently maintaining low costs. These properties have made them available for a wider range of applications. However, the curvature induced by residual strain mismatch severely compromises the device's performance. Therefore, to meet performance and reliability requirements, it is important to fully understand the deformation of IR detectors. In this study, bimaterial (SiNx/Al) microcantilever-based IR detectors were fabricated using surface micromachining with polyimide as a sacrificial layer. Thermo-mechanical deformation mechanisms were studied through the use of thermal cycling. A temperature chamber with accurate temperature control and an interferometer microscope were adopted in this study for thermal cycling and full-field curvature measurements. It was found that thermal cycling reduced the residual strain mismatch within the bimaterial structure and thus flattened the microcantilever-based IR detectors. Specifically, thermal cycling with a maximum temperature of 295 ?C resulted in a 97% decrease in curvature of the microcantilever-based IR detectors upon return to room temperature. The thermoelastic deformation of the IR detectors was modeled using both finite element method (FEM) and analytical methods. A modified analytical solution based on plate theory was established to describe the thermoelastic mechanical responses by using a correction factor derived from FEM. Although in the current study Al and SiNx were chosen for the application of microcantilever-based IR detectors, the general experimental protocol and modeling approach can be applied to describe thermoelastic mechanical responses of bimaterial devices with different materials. Toward the end of this paper, we studied the correction factors in the modified analytical solution while varying parameters such as Young's modulus ratio, thickness ratio and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch to investigate the influences of these parameters.
Scanning electron microscopy of taxonomic diagnostic criteria of the freshwater sponge, Heteromeyenia tubisperma (Potts, 1881) (Porifera : Spongillidae)

Taxonomic diagnostic criteria of the spongillid freshwater sponge, Heteromeyenia tubisperma (Potts, 1881) were examined using scanning electron microscopy. The species is characterized by a gemmule which bears an unusually long, prominent porous tube. The application of SEM to the systematic studies of the freshwater sponges provides diagnostic capabilities not available with the light microscope. It is desirable that a key, coupled with a reference atlas of scanning electron micrographs illustrating taxonomic diagnostic criteria of freshwater sponge species, particularly utilizing type specimens, be developed.
Sex differences in the development of axon number in the splenium of the rat corpus callosum from postnatal day 15 through 60

Abstract Axon number in the splenium was examined at 15, 25 and 60 days of age in male and female rats. The splenium (posterior fifth) of the corpus callosum was found to contain the axons from the visual cortex at all three ages and was extensively sampled with electron microscopy. Overall, there was a 15% decrease in the total number of axons between postnatal day 15 and day 60 in both sexes. The observed decrease in axon number between day 15 and 25 in both males and females is consistent with Elberger's (A.J. Elberger, Transitory corpus callosum axons projecting throughout developing rat visual cortex revealed by DiI, Cereb. Cortex 4 (1994) 279–299) data which suggest that the pattern of visual callosal projections in the rat visual cortex is not restricted to the adult form until the fourth postnatal week. There was a further decrease in axon number between day 25 and day 60 in females only such that by 60 days of age, the total number of axons was equivalent between the sexes. Thus in the rat splenium, males appear to attain the adult number of axons earlier than females. These results also indicate that there is a sex difference in the timing of axon withdrawal in the rat splenium, with axon withdrawal continuing in females after it has ceased in males.
Examining the Halo Effect of Physical Attractiveness

Photographs were taken of unattractive female confederates. After professional make-up work and hairstyling, photographs of these individuals were re-taken. Independent evidence was gathered to sup...
Increased serotoninergic innervation of the hamster's superior colliculus alters retinotectal projections

Anterograde tracing with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to compare the organization of retinotectal projections in normal adult hamsters and in animals that sustained subcutaneous injections of the neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) on the day of birth. Neonatal injection of this neurotoxin decreases the density of the serotoninergic (5-HT) innervation of the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, but increases the density of these fibers in the brainstem including the superior colliculus (SC). Analysis of tissue from the retinorecipient laminae of the SC by high-pressure liquid chromatography indicated that these lesions increased the amount of 5-HT in the adult SC by 47%. The increased serotoninergic innervation of SC was associated with a marked change in the distribution of the uncrossed retinotectal projection. In normal adult hamsters, fibers from the ipsilateral eye form dense clusters in the lowermost stratum griseum superficiale (SGS) and stratum opticum (SO). A small number of uncrossed fibers are also visible in the more caudal portions of these layers. In the animals that sustained neonatal 5,7-DHT injections, uncrossed retinotectal fibers formed a nearly continuous band in rostral SO and lower SGS, and numerous labeled fibers were present in the caudal SC, primarily in the SO. Neonatal treatment with 5,7-DHT also produced alterations in the crossed retinotectal pathway and in the crossed and uncrossed retinogeniculate projections. These results indicate that the 5-HT input to the developing brainstem may strongly influence the development of retinofugal projections. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cytogenetics of the mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso) (Homoptera: Coccoidea): genetic markers, lethals, and chromosome rearrangements

Conventional types of cytogenetic studies with the mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso), are possible with the use of genetic markers and meiotic analysis in the female. The loci of an eye-color mutant, salmon, and a wing-shape mutant, banjo, are linked with about 22 per cent recombination. These markers have been used in the identification and maintenance of lethals and rearrangements. All the cytologically identifiable rearrangements have proved to be reciprocal translocations, some symmetric, others, grossly asymmetric or otherwise complicated. No simple breakage products have been recovered. On the basis of their effects on crossing over, some of the lethals are believed to be associated with small rearrangements. The bivalents normally have one chiasma; only 1.2 per cent have two. Interference is decidedly decreased in chiasma formation in translocation heterozygotes, and in genetic recombination with suspected small rearrangements associated with lethals; it is also decreased, but less markedly, in genetic recombination with lethals in translocations. These various results are discussed in relationship to the holokinetic nature of the coccid chromosome, and natural increases in coccid chromosome number, as well as in regard to the effect of rearrangements on interference.
MS CSF-derived recombinant antibodies cause central nervous system demyelination

Mechanisms driving pathology in multiple sclerosis (MS) remain widely debated. The effectiveness of anti-B cell therapies in the treatment of RRMS has renewed interest in the role(s) B cells play in promoting CNS immune-mediated damage. Increased and persistent intrathecal IgG synthesisand the presence of oligoclonal bands (OCBs) are biochemical hallmarks of disease and may represent a pathologically relevant targeted B cell response. To study the specificity and pathogenicity of the MS intrathecal B cell response, we have previously generated monoclonal recombinant antibodies (rAbs) that reproduce the in vivo specificities of expanded MS CSF plasma cell clones. Herein, we describe three patterns of rAb immunoreactivity in the mouse CNS: pattern 1 is in discrete domains along myelinated axons; pattern 2 localizes to granule cell bodies of the cerebellum and hippocampus, and to neuronal cell bodies throughout the cerebral cortex and spinal cord; and pattern 3 reactivity is along neuronal cell bodies and neurites. To assess putative roles in pathology, we applied MS rAbs and complement to ex vivo spinal cord explant cultures. Three of the four MS CSF rAbs, but not neuroinflammatory control CSF rAbs, caused significant demyelination as measured by loss of MBP immunoreactivity, astrocyte activation, and terminal complement deposition. MS and control rAbs were also microinjected into discrete brain regions leading to many of these same pathologic features that include loss of myelin markers, astrocyte activation as measured by GFAP and AQP4 immunoreactivity, an increase in CD68+ macrophages/microglia, and deposition of terminal complement complexes. In summary, we have identified MS CSFderived rAbs that bind to myelin- and neuron-associated antigens in the CNS. Several of the rAbs can cause myelin damage in the presence of complement both in vitro and in vivo, and therefore may play a role in MS pathogenesis. Discovery of the targeted antigens and further characterization of injury induced by these rAbs will advance our understanding of MS pathology and identify novel therapeutic targets.
Surgical Pearl: immobilization of the helical rim for postauricular procedures.

T he post auricular surface is a frequent site of dermatologic surgery. Because of the natural posterior reflection of the ear, it is often difficult to achieve adequate visualization and surgical access. Surgery in the postauricular area frequently requires the help of an assistant to reflect and retract the ear forward. This of course requires an extra set of hands and limits work space. In addition, the use of fingers to retract the ear while suturing poses a risk of a needlestick injury to the assistant. To eliminate these obstacles, we suggest a simple way of temporarily immobilizing the ear in anteriorly reflected position. A 4-0 nylon, 4-0 silk, or similar suture material is used to make an interrupted stitch on the anterior helical rim, with the tail of the suture kept several inches long. The stitch is placed through the soft tissue above the level of the cartilage and should be of sufficient thickness so as not to cause tissue tearing with light tension. A hemostat or a needle driver is then attached to the loose end of the suture and used to gently retract the pinna anteriorly (Fig 1). Although 1 stitch is usually sufficient, additional traction can be obtained for a large pinna by placing a stitch superior and inferior to the midline and then securing with a single hemostat. If an assistant is present, the tension on the suture can be varied during the procedure for optimal visualization without extending fingers into the surgical field. Care should be taken not to compromise the blood flow to the ear by bending the ear too far forward. If no assistant is present, a towel clip can then be used to hold the hemostat in place by clipping the handle of the hemostat to a sterile drape or by allowing gravity to maintain the ear position by draping the hemostat and towel clip over the angle of the zygomatic process or the nose with the patient’s head turned. When the procedure is completed, the hemostat can be released and the suture removed with no detrimental effect to the ear. This modification of the retraction suture technique previously described can also be applied to stabilize or manipulate other free margins such as the eyelid, earlobe, or nailfold.1
A new method for contour plotting in finite element analysis

Abstract A simple method has been developed in order to get a contour plot in an element with given nodal values. The contour lines are obtained by solving a differential equation obtained from the shape function using symbolic computation. This method can be applied to any kind of shape (interpolation) function of a two-dimensional element.
Low Voltage Arcs in Iodine

Ionizing and radiating potentials in molecular and atomic iodine vapor.\char22{}Low voltage arcs in monatomic and molecular iodine vapor were investigated together with their spectra. From a study of the current-voltage curves it was concluded that 6.5 volts is the minimum radiating potential of the atom, 8.0 the ionizing potential of the atom, and 9.5 the ionizing potential of the molecule. Non-oscillating abnormal low voltage arcs were maintained down to 4.9 volts and oscillations were observed around 12 volts. With arc currents of about 2 amperes the filament current could be cut off and the arc sustained indefinitely at 30 volts or above.
Calculation of the Theoretical Critical Flow Rate of Saturated Steam

This paper is concerned with the computation of the theoretical critical flow of dry saturated steam through passages over a range of 1 psia (7 kPa) to the critical pressure of 3208.2 psia (22.12 MPa). Two computational methods are used: a theoretical method using ideal gas relations, and a flow maximization method using actual saturated steam properties.
Multimedia document retrieval system using partially ordered/partially reliable transport service

We investigate the benefits of using a partially-ordered/partially-reliable (PO/PR) transport service for multimedia document retrieval over the Internet by implementing a prototype system. We introduce PMSL, a document specification language combining aspects of Little and Ghafoor's OCPN with features for graceful degradation. We then show that for retrieval of PMSL documents, our PO/PR transport protocol (POCv2) provides several benefits over traditional protocols such as TCP or UDP. First, POCv2 provides mechanisms to achieve the reliability and order requirements of individual multimedia objects as specified by a document author. Second, when network conditions are poor (e.g., high loss rates), POCv2 provides for graceful degradation. Finally, POCv2 simplifies application development by providing appropriate mechanisms for synchronization.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Circulatory reactions of normotensive and hypertensive subjects and of the children of normal and hypertensive parents.

There is substantial agreement that high blood pressure is a familial trait.L-5 The careful studies of Miall and.Oldham’ and of Hamilton, Pickering, Roberts and Sowry indicate a higher average blood pressure among the relatives of hypertensive than of normotensive subjects. Hines, McIlhane~, :ind Gagez described the occurrence of hypertension in 8 pairs of identical twins, whereas in 3 pairs of fraternal twins the disease occurred in only one member. Despite these studies, few efforts have been made to identify the earliest age at which the blood pressure of the children of hypertensive parents ma)be expected to deviate from the values observed in the offspring of normal parents. .2ytnan,” however, found a blood pressure in excess of 140,/80 mm. Hg in 29 per cent of the progeny aged 14-39 of hypertensive parents, as compared to a 3 per cent incidence of similar blood pressure elevation in the offspring of normotensive parents. Although the familial aspects of hypertension have been agreed u~)on, the evidence is less consistent that exposure to various forms of stress ma!undul~~ elevate the blood pressure of prehypertensive subjects. Hines” reported subsequent hypertension in 9 per cent of 84 normal reactors and in 54 per cent of 105 hyperreactors to an ice-water immersion test. On the other hand, Harlan7 and Armstrong and Rafferty* could not confirm this finding. Hines also found an excessive rise in blood pressure to the cold pressor stimulus in hyl)ertensive patients, when compared to normal control subjects. Q*lo Other authors have fount1 less consistent differences in the cold pressor responsiveness of the normal ant1 the hypertensive subject”~‘? or have observed considerable inconsistent->. in the response of the same individual to repeated testing.7,*3 Other stimuli, such :\s breath-holding,14 exercise,‘” and change in posture, I6 have also been t rictl in (I further attempt to distinguish a normal from a hypertensive response.
The presence of multiple cytochrome b proteins in succinate-cytochrome c reductase.

Abstract Two cytochrome b proteins were isolated from succinate-cytochrome c reductase and the cytochrome b-c 1 complex. Their molecular weights were determined to be 37,000 and 17,000 daltons by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Spectral properties and amino acid composition of these two proteins are reported in the paper.
A 150MHz-400MHz DLL-Based Programmable Clock Multiplier with -7OdBc Reference Spur in 0.18um CMOS

This paper describes a DLL-based 150MHz-400MHz programmable clock multiplier which achieves 1ps-5ps RMS jitter and -70dBc reference spur level. The DLL uses a sampling phase detector and employs chopping, autozeroing and various other circuit techniques to reduce static phase offset and crosstalk between the reference and the output clock.
A critical review of measurement practices for the determination of pH and acidity of atmospheric precipitation

Abstract This review surveys current literature on the measurement of pH and acidity of atmospheric precipitation. Current practices for calibrating pH-measuring systems for atmospheric precipitation applications are reviewed and possible sources of error are discussed. Determinations of acidity are grouped in accordance with the type of end-point selected for titration: color indicator, fixed pH, Gran plot, and closed loop.
PREVALENCE OF HEART FAILURE BY CAUSE IN 21 REGIONS: GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASES, INJURIES AND RISK FACTORS – 2010 STUDY

Heart failure has multiple causes and leads to significant health and economic burdens. Understanding heart failure prevalence by cause helps to design appropriate prevention strategies. Data from a systematic review of published literature and hospital discharge data were analyzed to estimate the
Economies of health management in the Michigan, USA equine industry

A study was developed to describe direct expenses, labor use, and performance days lost associated with health management in the Michigan equine industry. A prospective design with stratified, random sampling, was employed involving 77 operations from February 1992 through January 1993, and 61 different operations from May 1993 through April 1994. Data on the cost of health management were collected during monthly visits, and included monetary expenditures, death losses, days lost, and labor use. Median health care costs (when they were incurred) were $4.84 per horse per month for monetary expenditures plus death losses, 0.20 hours per horse per month for labor use, and 0.81 performance days lost per horse per month for therapy and prevention of all diseases combined. There were large variations both within and between specific disease groups, operation-size strata, and months. General linear models indicated that health-management costs (when incurred) were significantly higher (per horse per month) on smaller operations. The only disease group that showed a significant difference between months was respiratory disease. However, these differences did not appear to demonstrate a definitive seasonal pattern. Monetary expenditures and labor use for management of lameness tended to be lower on operations with more riding and showing activities. Also, monetary expenditures to manage lameness tended to be lower on operations with a higher proportion of conditioning activity. Our results are consistent with other studies, and implications for management and future research are discussed.
Modulators of cancer cell invasiveness.

Cell invasiveness is essential for cancer metastasis. Many proteins, and more recently also non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), have been reported to affect the cell invasiveness of various cancers. There is an apparent gap between the high number of these macromolecules and the low number of signaling pathways experimentally verified to control cancer invasiveness. We have brought together these various proteins and RNAs because we could not find any publication that filled this important gap. We have noted 589 proteins, 28 miRNAs, and 1 long non-coding RNA that are reported to modulate invasiveness in cells of various cancers. Interestingly, 44 proteins enhance invasiveness in cells of some cancers, but suppress it in cells of others. Almost all of the proteins that show experimentally verified activation/inhibition effects on, or binding interactions with, each other are linked together in a single network, in a “hub-and-spoke” architecture. The accumulated data show trends that point to anticipated future results and highlight gaps in what is known about invasiveness signaling. Identification of cancer invasiveness signaling networks is important for combination and personalized targeted therapies of cancers. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 791–796, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Hologenomic Basis of Speciation: Gut Bacteria Cause Hybrid Lethality in the Genus Nasonia

Although the gut microbiome influences numerous aspects of organismal fitness, its role in animal evolution and the origin of new species is largely unknown. Here we present evidence that beneficial bacterial communities in the guts of closely related species of the genus Nasonia form species-specific phylosymbiotic assemblages that cause lethality in interspecific hybrids. Bacterial constituents and abundance are irregular in hybrids relative to parental controls, and antibiotic curing of the gut bacteria significantly rescues hybrid survival. Moreover, feeding bacteria to germ-free hybrids reinstates lethality and recapitulates the expression of innate immune genes observed in conventionally reared hybrids. We conclude that in this animal complex, the gut microbiome and host genome represent a coadapted "hologenome" that breaks down during hybridization, promoting hybrid lethality and assisting speciation.
p27Kip1 mediates addiction of ovarian cancer cells to MYCC (c-MYC) and their dependence on MYC paralogs

The MYCC (c-MYC) gene is amplified in 30–60% of human ovarian cancers. We assessed the functional significance of MYCC amplification by siRNA inhibition of MYCC or MYC paralogs in a panel of ovarian cancer cell lines expressing varying levels of MYCC. Inactivation of MYCC inhibited cell proliferation and induced replicative senescence only in lines with amplified MYCC, indicating that these cells are addicted to continued MYCC overexpression. In contrast, siRNA knockdown of all three MYC isoforms inhibited proliferation of MYCC non-amplified ovarian cancer cells without inducing replicative senescence, and did not inhibit the proliferation of telomerase-immortalized ovarian surface epithelial cells. The arrest induced by MYCC knockdown was accompanied by an increase in the level of the Cdk inhibitor p27Kip1 and a decrease in cyclin A expression and Cdk2 activity, and could be reversed by RNAi knockdown of p27Kip1 or Rb, or by overexpression of cyclin A/Cdk2. The arrest induced by knockdown of all three MYC isoforms could similarly be reversed by p27Kip1 knockdown. Our findings indicate that the addiction of MYCC-amplified ovarian cancer cells to MYCC differs from the dependence of MYCC non-amplified cancer cells on MYC paralogs, but both are mediated, at least in part, by p27Kip1. They also suggest that growth of ovarian cancers may be blocked by inhibition of MYCC or MYC paralogs.
Pharmaceutical Patents, Prices and Welfare Losses: Policy Options for India Under the WTO TRIPS Agreement

C ONCERNS on the effect of product patents on the prices of medicines have been acute in many developing countries which, up to the entry into force of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) in 1995, could and did disallow such patenting in their national patent laws. With TRIPS, all Members of (and those seeking accession to) the WTO, have to make available, with limited exceptions, both product and process patents in every sector, including pharmaceuticals. More specifically, TRIPS provides that all WTO members have to receive product patent applications for pharmaceuticals from the date of establishment of the WTO, i.e. January, 1995. It is important to note that even under the TRIPS regime, patents are to be granted only on applications received from 1995 onwards for new, patentable pharmaceutical inventions. Thus, prices of existing pharmaceuticals already on the market, or even those covered by patent
Summary of serological test results on the monoclonal antibodies to non-specific erythrocytes antigens.

Summary Monoclonal antibodies from the 2D3 Section (Other Non-specific Erythrocyte Antigens) of the Third International Workshop & Symposium on Monoclonal Antibodies Against Human Red Blood Cell and Related Antigens were tested using standard serological tube methods. Each antibody was tested to determine the presence of prozoning. A selected panel of red blood cells was tested against each antibody at different phases. Anti-CD44 specificities were weaker or non-reactive with Lu(a-b-) InLu cells and 2 sources (2D3-1 and 2D3-2) were slightly decreased with K o cells. Anti-CD47 and antibodies to Rh related molecules showed decreased or no reactivity with Rh null cells. Anti-CD99 showed weak or no reactivity with Gy-, LW:-3 and cord blood cells.
Viscous flow computations with the method of lattice Boltzmann equation

Abstract The method of lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) is a kinetic-based approach for fluid flow computations. This method has been successfully applied to the multi-phase and multi-component flows. To extend the application of LBE to high Reynolds number incompressible flows, some critical issues need to be addressed, noticeably flexible spatial resolution, boundary treatments for curved solid wall, dispersion and mode of relaxation, and turbulence model. Recent developments in these aspects are highlighted in this paper. These efforts include the study of force evaluation methods, the development of multi-block methods which provide a means to satisfy different resolution requirement in the near wall region and the far field and reduce the memory requirement and computational time, the progress in constructing the second-order boundary condition for curved solid wall, and the analyses of the single-relaxation-time and multiple-relaxation-time models in LBE. These efforts have lead to successful applications of the LBE method to the simulation of incompressible laminar flows and demonstrated the potential of applying the LBE method to higher Reynolds flows. The progress in developing thermal and compressible LBE models and the applications of LBE method in multi-phase flows, multi-component flows, particulate suspensions, turbulent flow, and micro-flows are reviewed.
Moral philosophy for cyborgs

This essay explores the intersections between one prominent version of posthumanism and natural law theory. Emphasizing the role of self-preservation as an important principle within seventeenth-century natural law theory brings into relief the moral imperatives of posthumanism. The work of Bruno Latour, primarily his influential We Have Never Been Modern, in particular describes an ethical framework organized around collective safety as the legitimating principle of an imagined new democratic dispensation.
Dry column chromatography of phospholipids.

Abstract Separation of common phospholipids can be affected by dry column chromatography on silica gel. The method involves packing the column with dry gel and developing it in solvent mixtures used for thin-layer chromatography of the same lipids. Solvent is allowed to migrate only to the end of the column; access to the bands of separated material is obtained by using columns with a removable glass front. RF values of lipids on development columns and those on thin-layer plates are nearly identical when the column is packed with thin-layer chromatography gel. Such columns, however, develop very slowly. Columns packed with fine silica gel designed for elution column chromatography develop very rapidly and yield separations that are still quite comparable to those obtainable from thin-layer plates. Such columns are convenient for the purification of phospholipids in amounts of 10 mg to about 10 g. Column design and construction are described in detail.
Women's Sexuality and Meaning Making

The purpose of the current study was to challenge depictions of traditionally oppressive female sexuality by explicitly exploring diverse women's positive experiences of sexuality and to capture the unique meanings women ascribe to their sexuality through the use of participant-generated metaphor. We interviewed 17 diverse women regarding the meaning of sexuality in their lives. Coding revealed that metaphors for sexuality provided a creative and integrative way for women to express the complexity of their sexuality. In addition, a sexual developmental trajectory emerged from the analysis, as did themes of fluidity and ideal sexuality. Implications for theory and therapy, as well as future directions for research, are offered.
Synthetic and Immunological Studies of 5′-N-Phenylacetyl sTn to Develop Carbohydrate-Based Cancer Vaccines and to Explore the Impacts of Linkage between Carbohydrate Antigens and Carrier Proteins

5'- N-Phenylacetyl sTn (sTnNPhAc), an unnatural derivative of sTn antigen expressed by many tumors, and its alpha-linked protein conjugates were prepared and investigated to explore glycoconjugate cancer vaccines. sTnNPhAcalpha-KLH elicited a robust T cell dependent immunity. The antiserum derived from sTnNPhAcalpha- or sTnNPhAcbeta-KLH-inoculated mice was similarly reactive to sTnNPhAcalpha and sTnNPhAcbeta but showed very little reactivity to sTn, NeuNPhAcalpha(2,3)GalNAc--a regioisomer of sTnNPhAc, isolated phenylacetyl group, and the linker employed to conjugate sTnNPhAc and carrier protein. It was concluded that the sTnNPhAc-elicited immunity was specific for the whole antigen rather than the phenylacetyl group or other partial structures of sTnNPhAc and that the reducing end configuration or linkage of sTnNPhAc did not affect its immunological identity. It was also concluded that a new linker designed to conjugate carbohydrates and proteins did not provoke any immune reaction and that the linker, as well as the associated new and convenient coupling strategy, can be safely used for the development of glycoconjugate vaccines.
The relevance of information generated by in vitro experimental models to clinical doxorubicin cardiotoxicity.

Anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin and daunorubicin, have been used extensively for many years to treat a wide spectrum of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors [1]. However, anthracyclines ha...
Notes on wave attenuation on beaches

Abstract Unbroken surface waves over beaches of small slope are studied on the basis of the Navier-Stokes equations. Nonlinearity of the wave mechanism is shown to be confined to a small neighborhood of the moving shoreline. Beyond it, a “main shoaling region” extends from water depths of millimeters to deep water and a quantitative description of the motion is given for that region. The viscous and surface-tension effects are found to vary very strongly with beach slope and deep-water wavelength. The estimates of viscous attenuation range from moderate values in some realistic circumstances to complete annihilation in others.
Protein kinase D is implicated in the reversible commitment to differentiation in primary cultures of mouse keratinocytes.

Although commitment to epidermal differentiation is generally considered to be irreversible, differentiated keratinocytes (KCs) have been shown to maintain a regenerative potential and to reform skin epithelia when placed in a suitable environment. To obtain insights into the mechanism of reinitiation of this proliferative response in differentiated KCs, we examined the reversibility of commitment to Ca2+-induced differentiation. Lowering Ca2+ concentration to micromolar levels triggered culture-wide morphological and biochemical changes, as indicated by derepression of cyclin D1, reinitiation of DNA synthesis, and acquisition of basal cell-like characteristics. These responses were inhibited by Goedecke 6976, an inhibitor of protein kinase D (PKD) and PKCα, but not with GF109203X, a general inhibitor of PKCs, suggesting PKD activation by a PKC-independent mechanism. PKD activation followed complex kinetics with a biphasic early transient phosphorylation within the first 6 h, followed by a sustained and progressive phosphorylation beginning at 24 h. The second phase of PKD activation was followed by prolonged ERK1/2 signaling and progression to DNA synthesis in response to the low Ca2+ switch. Specific knockdown of PKD-1 by RNA interference or expression of a dominant negative form of PKD-1 did not have a significant effect on normal KC proliferation and differentiation but did inhibit Ca2+-mediated reinitiation of proliferation and reversion in differentiated cultures. The present study identifies PKD as a major regulator of a proliferative response in differentiated KCs, probably through sustained activation of the ERK-MAPK pathway, and provides new insights into the process of epidermal regeneration and wound healing.
Decomposition of dimethyl methylphosphonate on TiO2(110): principal component analysis applied to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

The surface chemistry of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) has been studied on a TiO2(1 1 0) surface using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). The application of principal component analysis (PCA) to the C(1s) and P(2p) XPS data showed that at least two linearly independent carbon-containing species and two linearly independent phosphorous-containing species are present on the surface between room temperature and 700 K. At room temperature, the main surface species contains intact P–OCH3 bonds and is most likely molecularly adsorbed DMMP. Between room temperature and 700 K, the adsorbed DMMP decomposes to produce methane and H 2 as the primary gaseous products. Molecular DMMP also desorbs from the surface below 550 K. After heating to 800 K, all of the carbon is removed from the surface, whereas a single phosphorous-containing species is detected even after heating to 1000 K. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Barriers to physical activity in people with type 2 diabetes enrolled in a worksite diabetes disease management program.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to explore the level of physical activity, barriers to physical activity, and strategies used to meet physical activity goals in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).MethodsA descriptive, cross-sectional design was used in a sample of 75 adults with T2DM enrolled in a worksite diabetes disease management program (WDDMP). Participants self-reported the length of time they engaged in moderate-intensity physical activity, the frequency of general and specific physical activity, and barriers to participating in physical activity.ResultsParticipants who chose to work on physical activity as part of their diabetes self-management had a higher stage of change for physical activity and participated in more general and specific physical activity than did those participants who did not choose to work on physical activity. Participants who were active reported fewer barriers to physical activity and chose to work on more self-care areas to control their diabetes than did those part...
Exercise during acute myocardial infarction: an experimental study.

Animals exercised strenuously during two days after left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion, the first session being within one hour, showed no adverse effects compared with a control group. There was no increase in size of infarction, cardiac rupture, ventricular aneurysm, or mortality. Though peak heart rates exceeded 220/min, and in some animals rates as high as 300/min were reached, only two dogs showed major arrhythmias while exercising. This type of animal model may provide significant insights into the effects of exercise on the ischaemic myocardium.
Light absorption by organic carbon from wood combustion

Abstract. Carbonaceous aerosols affect the radiative balance of the Earth by absorbing and scattering light. While black carbon (BC) is highly absorbing, some organic carbon (OC) also has significant absorption, especially at near-ultraviolet and blue wavelengths. To the extent that OC absorbs visible light, it may be a non-negligible contributor to positive direct aerosol radiative forcing. Quantification of that absorption is necessary so that radiative-transfer models can evaluate the net radiative effect of OC. In this work, we examine absorption by primary OC emitted from solid fuel pyrolysis. We provide absorption spectra of this material, which can be related to the imaginary refractive index. This material has polar character but is not fully water-soluble: more than 92% was extractable by methanol or acetone, compared with 73% for water and 52% for hexane. Water-soluble OC contributes to light absorption at both ultraviolet and visible wavelengths. However, a larger portion of the absorption comes from OC that is extractable only by methanol. Absorption spectra of water-soluble OC are similar to literature reports. We compare spectra for material generated with different wood type, wood size and pyrolysis temperature. Higher wood temperature is the main factor creating OC with higher absorption; changing wood temperature from a devolatilizing state of 210 °C to a near-flaming state of 360 °C causes about a factor of four increase in mass-normalized absorption at visible wavelengths. A clear-sky radiative transfer model suggests that, despite the absorption, both high-temperature and low-temperature OC result in negative top-of-atmosphere radiative forcing over a surface with an albedo of 0.19 and positive radiative forcing over bright surfaces. Unless absorption by real ambient aerosol is higher than that measured here, it probably affects global average clear-sky forcing very little, but could be important in energy balances over bright surfaces.
19th Century Dermatologic Atlases in the Early Age of Photography

Medical photography is now ubiquitous, particularly among the visuallyorientedfields likedermatology.Whiledermatology’sdescriptive language allows for clear oral communication, the benefit of a visual guide is inarguable. Dermatologic atlases originated as hand-drawn or painted illustrations, relying on the skill and interpretation of artists. Photographywas not incorporated into medicine until the mid-19th century, soon after LouisDaguerre introduced thedaguerreotype in 1839. Thedaguerreotypewas the first imageprocesswithpermanenceandwasheralded for its fidelity, lifelikeness, andobjectivity. Itwas excitedly applied tomedicine, with its first use in 1844 by Alfred Donne, who published 86 daguerreotypes of micrographic images in Cours de Microscopie, a cytologyatlas. The firstmedical portrait of apatient—depictingawomanwith a sizeable goiter—followed circa 1847. Nearly 20 years elapsed before the first known photography atlas ofdermatologicdiseaseemerged.Photographs (ColoredFromLife)of the Diseasesof theSkinwaspublished in1865byAlexanderBalmannoSquire, aBritishphysician.Hishighly acclaimedatlas included 12albumenprints thatwerehand-coloredanddisplayedalongside casedescriptions. Subsequently, Parisian physician AlfredHardy and his student, A. deMontmeja,publishedthesecondknowndermatologyatlas, titledCliniquePhotographique de l'Hopital Saint Louis, in 1867. Inspiredby thework abroad, AmericanphysicianHoward F.Damon publishedPhotographsofDiseaseof the Skin, TakenFromLifeUnder the Superintendence of Howard F. Damon in 1868. Damon’s inaugural series includedoval photographsof chronic eczema, herpes zoster, impetigo, ecthyma, and rupia. Thephotographswere initially soldasmonthly installments for 50 cents, intended to complete the study of dermatology “at a cost not exceeding themeans of the student.” GeorgeHenryFox, aNewYorkdermatologyprofessor,published the next set of dermatology atlases, most notably Photographic IllustrationsofSkinDiseases:Forty-EightPlatesFromlife,ColoredbyHandaround 1879.Fox’s atlasesweredistinct fromhispredecessors’ becauseheused the cheaper, larger, andmoreefficientmethodof imageproduction, artotypes (or, collotypes). The atlases could bepublished in greater numbers and at lower costs, encouraging their dissemination. Fox’s success was also thanks to Oscar G. Mason, one of America’s first medical photographyexperts, andDrJosephGaertner,whometiculouslycoloredthe photographs. At the time, Fox contended that “the study of Skin Diseasewithout cases or colored plates is like the study of osteologywithout bones, or the study of geography without maps.” Early photographic atlases undoubtedly helped dermatology advance to a recognized specialty in the late 19th century. Their importance for clinicaldiagnosis andeducationpersists to thisday. Sincemedicalphotography’shumblebeginnings, ithasgrownto includemultitudes of atlases, even with tomes specific to single diagnoses.