cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Buoyant and potentiometric titrations of synthetic polypeptides. II. Five copolypeptides and two nonionizable homopolypeptides in CsCl solutions

The buoyant density titrations of five ionizable copolypeptides in concentrated CsCl solutions have been determined. The results are used to formulate models for predicting the buoyant density titration behavior of copolypeptides and proteins using the previously reported homopolypeptide buoyant density titration curves. It was determined for these copolypeptides that the best predictive model must include not only the buoyant densities of the constituent amino acid residues and the relative composition, but also hydration and salt binding. Hydrations determined for the homopolypeptides are used in the copolypeptide predictive model. The hydrations of the neutral homopolypeptides were readily calculable since their buoyant densities are thermodynamically defined in terms of their partial specific volumes and hydrations. For the case of a charged macromolecule, an expression for the buoyant density as a function of the number and nature of the bound ions, its partial specific volume, and its relative hydration has also been available for some time. This heretofore intuitive relationship is now derived from thermodynamic principles and allows calculations of hydrations to charged macromolecules which bind either cations, anions, or both. The potentiometric titrations of three of the five copolypeptides in concentrated CsCl solutions were determined in order to study the effect of residue interaction and solvation effects on their ionization behavior. The potentiometric results are also combined directly with the buoyant density titration results to determine the correlation of the buoyant density with the degree of ionization. As in the cases of poly(Glu) and poly(His), the buoyant density of the copolypeptides changed linearily with the degree of ionization. The buoyant density titrations of two nonionizable homopolypeptides, poly(Gly) and poly(Ala), were determined in concentrated CsCl solutions. The buoyant density was found to increase with increasing pH, despite the fact that side chains do not contain ionizable groups. This is the first evidence from homopolypeptide or copolypeptide data that buoyant density changes can be observed from effects other than side-chain ionizations.
Cognitive-Behavior therapy with an 11- year-old girl fearful of AIDS infection, other diseases, and poisoning: A case study

Abstract An 11-year-old girl, fearful of AIDS infection, other diseases, and poisoning, was treated with self-control training followed by the addition of a home-based reinforcement system. Self-control training, which included deep breathing relaxation, positive self-statements, self-instructional training, and self-reinforcement, was effective in producing initial reductions in anxiety. When the treatment was supplemented with a home-based reinforcement system, the anxious episodes subsided completely. The effects of the total program were enduring; treatment gains were maintained at 2- and 14-month follow-up, and further reductions in self- and other-report measures were evident. Although the present study does not allow for the identification of the most effective components, the successful outcome suggests that the combination of self-control and operant procedures are worthy of continued empirical investigation.
Anatomic Evidence for Spontaneous Closure of Ventricular Septal Defect

Pathological evidence for spontaneous closure of ventricular septal defect in seven adults has been presented. These cases were observed among 1,605 necropsies (an incidence of about 1 per 225 necropsies). In two of the cases, the ventricular septal defect was closed by an adherent tricuspid valve, possibly the result of bacterial endocarditis. In the remaining five cases a muscular ventricular septal defect was closed by a fibrous membrane.
Beyond the OSA optics discovery kit

Having designed a kit of optics components with simple experiments for the Optical Society of America, there was a question: 'What, if anything, do you do for an encore?' This talk will look at several possibilities for introducing the public to science, in general, and optics, in particular.
Role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in TCR-signaled regulation of CD8-mediated adhesion to class I MHC protein

CD8 must be activated by signaling through the TCR in order to mediate CTL adhesion. Up-regulation of adhesion to class I protein is shown to be blocked by specific inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase (P13-K), indicating a critical role for this enzyme in signaling for activation of CD8. A minimal TCR stimulus that activates CD8 does not result in a detectable increase in total cellular PI3-K activity, but an increase in PI3-K activity associated with p59 f y n kinase can be detected. Genistein blocks this increase concomitantly with blocking the activation of adhesion, suggesting that activation of fyn-associated P13-K is downstream of TCR-dependent activation of protein tyrosine kinase(s) in the signaling pathway that leads to up-regulation of CD8-dependent adhesion. Treatment of cells with phorbol ester also blocks the TCR-dependent increase in fyn-associated P13-K and inhibits CD8-dependent adhesion. This suggests a feedback model for deactivation of CD8 adhesion to allow target cell release by CTL and recycling to kill additional targets. In contrast, phorbol ester treatment up-regulates integrin-mediated adhesions, suggesting complex cross-talk between the TCR and the different adhesion/cosignaling receptors during the binding and killing of antigen-bearing targets.
Ruptured saccular aneurysm of distal vertebral artery fenestration managed with Guglielmi detachable coils and intraventricular tissue plasminogen activator.

Background: Aneurysms associated with vertebrobasilar fenestrations are uncommon. We report on an unusual presentation of such aneurysm with a dedicated arterial pedicle, manifesting with significant intraventricular hemorrhage. Equally important, the aneurysm was managed in a multidisciplinary fashion, which, we think, greatly contributed to a good outcome. Case Description: A 55-year-old man presented in good condition after subarachnoid and massive intraventricular hemorrhage. The aneurysm location and the extent of intraventricular hemorrhage both presented concerns regarding treatment approach. The aneurysm was first treated with transarterial coil obliteration, and intraventricular tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) infusion was given, with rapid resolution of evolving hydrocephalus. The patient had an excellent outcome. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first report of a vertebrobasilar fenestration saccular aneurysm with a dedicated pedicle projecting toward the foramen of Magendie with significant intraventricular hemorrhage. In addition, this patient was successfully managed with endovascular obliteration and intraventricular tPA infusion.
Component Deficit and Academic Remediation of Learning Disabilities

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of (1) remediation of hypothesized component deficits given prior to remediation of known academic deficiencies, and (2) remediation of known academic deficiencies alone. A corollary purpose was to study the immediate effect, if any, of the component deficit remediation on the criterion measure. The component deficits for the Re-Cognition Function (ages 8 through 11) were: (1) haptic discrimination, defined as difficulty in noting differences in sense of touch and muscle sensation, (2) visualization deficit, defined as difficulty in recognizing wholes from sensation of the parts, and (3) figure-ground, defined as difficulty in sifting important from unimportant stimuli. The criterion measure was the Stanford Diagnostic Reading Test (SDRT). Forms A and B. In this study, the SDRT was used in two ways: (1) as a basis for planning academic remediation, and (2) as pretest and posttest measures of academic improvement after component deficit remediation and a...
Bridging the Gap between Research and Industry

To close the gap between theory and application, industry needs ways to employ theoretical and scientific innovation in its applications. The consumer experience architecture (CEA) is a new framework for applying scientific insights to the development of products and services.
Emotion words shape emotion percepts

People believe they see emotion written on the faces of other people. In an instant, simple facial actions are transformed into information about another's emotional state. The present research examined whether a perceiver unknowingly contributes to emotion perception with emotion word knowledge. We present 2 studies that together support a role for emotion concepts in the formation of visual percepts of emotion. As predicted, we found that perceptual priming of emotional faces (e.g., a scowling face) was disrupted when the accessibility of a relevant emotion word (e.g., anger) was temporarily reduced, demonstrating that the exact same face was encoded differently when a word was accessible versus when it was not. The implications of these findings for a linguistically relative view of emotion perception are discussed.
The Estradiol-Dihydrotestosterone model of prostate cancer.

Background The exact relationship between hormonal activity and prostate cancer(PCa) has not yet been clearly defined. One of the key hormones associated with PCa is testosterone(T). However, both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that under some conditions T is capable of either promoting PCa growth or death. This article proposes a theory which resolves this apparent paradox.
Nano-enabled metal oxide varistors

Zinc oxide based metal oxide varistors (MOV) are widely used electrical surge protection components. The design of modern high power, high-density electronic systems necessitate the need for smaller footprint, higher current density and higher nonlinearity MOVs. Such requirements can no longer be satisfied by commercially available MOVs due to their limited voltage capability, high leakage current and mechanical cracking related reliability issues, most of which are associated with the presence of defects and coarse granularity and lack of uniformity in their microstructures. New formulations and processes have been developed to overcome such limitations. This work has developed nano-enabled MOV compositions that can be sintered at relatively lower temperatures than typical commercial MOVs, but with largely improved I-V characteristics due to refined and uniform sub-micron structures. These nano-enabled MOVs show not only high breakdown strength (1.5 kV/mm) with low leakage current, but also a large nonlinear alpha coefficient > 50 at high fields, a measure of the speed of the transition from the insulating to conducting state and the effectiveness of over-voltage protection. A > 10x increase in breakdown strength compared to commercial MOVs, along with much higher nonlinearity, will enable MOV miniaturization, high voltage surge protection, and open up new areas of application.
xTagger: a new approach to authoring document-centric XML

The process of authoring document-centric XML documents in humanities disciplines is very different from the approach espoused by the standard XML editing software with the data-centric view of XML. Where data-centric XML is generated by first describing a tree structure of the encoding and then providing the content for the leaf elements, document-centric encodings start with content which is then marked up. In the paper we describe our approach to authoring document-centric XML documents and the tool, xTagger, originally developed for this purpose within the Electronic Boethius project [2], otherwise enhanced within the ARCHway project [5], an interdisciplinary project devoted to development of methods and software for preparation of image-based electronic editions of historic manuscripts.
Dissolution Rates and Reliability Effects of Au, Ag, Ni and Cu in Lead Base Solders

The rates at which Au, Ag, Cu, and Ni wires dissolved in 95wt%Pb-5%Sn and 92.5wt% Pb-5%In-2.57%Ag soft solders were measured between 360 and 500°C. The rates have an Arrhenius behavior with temperature and for both solders nickel has the lowest dissolution rate while gold has the highest. A model is discussed, using the analysis of Lommel and Chalmers, which allows prediction of relative dissolution rates into Pb-Sn solders with any composition. Small amounts of Au and Ag, purposely added to 95wt%Pb-5%Sn die bonds in test power transistors, were found to deleteriously affect the fatigue resistance of the solder as measured during power cycling. Analysis of fracture surfaces and cross sections indicated that most of the gold forms tin intermetallics at the die-solder interface while the silver dissolved into the molten solder.
Light responses of Daphnia pulex

Individual Daphnia l?tlZex were tested for activity responses in different wavelengths of light at the same intensity and at different times of day in white light at fixed intensity. The distance a claphnid moved in 5 min varied invcrscly with the wavelength of incident light. Daphnids tcndecl to move vertically between 480 nm (blue) and 735 nm (red) and horizontally at 440 nm (violet) and in white light; this observation corroborates Smith and Baylor’s description of color dances. Daphnia pulex has a circadian activity rhythm. Total activity was low at night, increased to a peak in the morning, then declined through the afternoon. The color of ambient light is probably not a reliable indicator of the presence of phytoplankton in the water. Many workers have studied the bchavioral responses of Daphnia to the color and intensity of incident light. Although there is now little doubt that a change in the intensity of light triggers circadian vertical migrations (Harris and Wolfe 1955; McNaught and IIasler 1964) and that changes in photoperiod trigger diapause (Stross 1966a,b; Stross and IIill 1965)) the adaptive significance of daphnid color responses remains poorly understood. Ttaving documented color dances in the Cladocera, Smith and Baylor ( 1953) interpreted them as a means of locating food. They observed that at wavelengths of incident light below 500 nm Daphnia magna tended to roam horizontally, while at wavelengths above 600 nm they tended to keep station with a vertical, hop-and-sink motion. The total amount of time an individual daphnid spent doing each dance was quite sensitive to the proportion of long to short wavelengths in the incident light. Smith and Baylor proposed that such bchavior would tend to concentrate daphnids under algae, where the light was thought to be reddish, while in clear water, where the light is dominated by blue-green wavelengths, daphnids would roam horizontally until they encountered food. My study had three purposes: to check the Smith and Baylor observations by de
Thin-fiber mechanoreceptors reflexly increase renal sympathetic nerve activity during static contraction

The renal vasoconstriction induced by the sympathetic outflow during exercise serves to direct blood flow from the kidney toward the exercising muscles. The renal circulation seems to be particularly important in this regard, because it receives a substantial part of the cardiac output, which in resting humans has been estimated to be 20%. The role of group III mechanoreceptors in causing the reflex renal sympathetic response to static contraction remains an open question. To shed some light on this question, we recorded the renal sympathetic nerve responses to static contraction before and after injection of gadolinium into the arterial supply of the statically contracting triceps surae muscles of decerebrate unanesthetized and chloralose-anesthetized cats. Gadolinium has been shown to be a selective blocker of mechanogated channels in thin-fiber muscle afferents, which comprise the afferent arm of the exercise pressor reflex arc. In decerebrate (n = 15) and chloralose-anesthetized (n = 12) cats, we found that gadolinium (10 mM; 1 ml) significantly attenuated the renal sympathetic nerve and pressor responses to static contraction (60 s) after a latent period of 60 min; both responses recovered after a latent period of 120 min. We conclude that thin-fiber mechanoreceptors supplying contracting muscle are involved in some of the renal vasoconstriction evoked by the exercise pressor reflex.
Performance evaluation in online approximation based control: methods and pitfalls

Analyzes the evaluation of approximation accuracy in online applications. In particular, it is first shown that the most commonly used performance evaluation method (e.g., analysis of training or tracking error) is not in itself sufficient to demonstrate proper function approximation. In spite of this, many articles use tracking (training) errors as the means to claim successful function approximation. This article presents two alternative methods for the online evaluation of approximation accuracy.
Subjective Wealth and Satisfaction with Policy Reform: Evidence from the Cotton Reform Experience in Burkina Faso

This paper examines the relationship between individual changes in objective and subjective welfare in the context of rural development. Taking the case of the cotton reform in Burkina Faso, I study the determinants of the jointdistributionofchangesinsubjectivewelfareandsubjectiveappreciation of the welfare effects of a policy reform at the household level. A referencebased utility function with personality effects is introduced to explain large increases in experienced subjective welfare with no corresponding increases inconsumptionandincome. Usingsubjectiveandobjectivewelfarevariables fromdatacollectedincottonareasbeforeandafterthecottonreform,several empirical specifications are estimated to explore reference and personality effectsatplay,whileaddressingmeasurementissuesrelatedtosubjectiveindicators,i.e.heterogeneityinlatentpsychologicalfactors.Inadditiontoabsolute and relativewelfare changes, both the large increase in subjectivewealth and the ubiquitous satisfaction with the cotton reform are found to be heterogeneously driven by personality and information effects across income and ethnic groups, which underlies significant but heterogeneous appropriation of the welfare effects and policy content of the cotton reform.
Blakea nareliana (Melastomataceae), a new species from the upper Huallaga in Northern Peru

A new Peruvian species of Blakea (Melastomataceae) is described. Blakea nareliana is a small tree, endemic to the cloud forest zone in the northern Andean Huallaga area of Peru. This region is highly diverse and under-collected due to difficult access. Currently the new species is only known from one population at the type locality. However, extensive collections in the wider region have led to the discovery of many previously unknown populations of other rare Melastomataceae. It is to be hoped that future collecting efforts in the region will yield more material of Blakea nareliana.
Physically correct penalty‐like formulations for accurate pressure calculation in finite element algorithms of the Navier‐Stokes equations

Finite element algorithms for incompressible fluids, in particular the penalty function method, are re-examined and re-formulated based on physically consistent approximations to the mass conservation equation. These approximations lead to methods that satisfy all fluid conditions under the assumption of slightly compressible flow and directly yield approximations to the pressure field that are free from spurious oscillations. Penalty function-type algorithms are developed for direct steady-state calculations and for time-dependent simulations of viscous incompressible flows that are based on the bilinear isoparametric quadrilateral element and circumvent the Ladyszhenskaya, Babuska and Brezzi (LBB) condition. Further-more, methods that eliminate pressure oscillations in the low Mach number region of high-speed compressible flows are obtained. These methods are tested in examples that show their superior performance in approximating the pressure field.
Line-of-site wave propagation in a randomly inhomogeneous medium

Theoretical calculations have been made, using the single-scattering approximation, for propagation in a randomly inhomogeneous medium in which the deviations of refractive index from the mean are small. The statistical quantities considered were the variance, correlation function, and power spectrum for the phase and relative amplitude of the field at a point and their differences at two points. The emphasis in this paper is in indicating the transition from the ray treatment results to the scattering cross section results. The correlation function for the refractive index is taken to be time as well as space dependent so that the power spectrum can be computed from the original formulation.
Implementation and evaluation of a parallel text searcher for very large text databases

The Utah Retrieval System Architecture (URSA) was initially developed in 1981 developed as an alternative to central-processor-based information retrieval systems. It combined distributed processing and a windowed user interface with a hardware-based search server combined with using document surrogates such as partially-inverted files. The authors have now started the development and testing of a medium-scale (about 10 gigabyte) parallel backend search server to demonstrate its operation and to gather data on the use of such a backend processor in actual operation, including information about query complexity and arrival rates. This searcher, based on a hardware-augmented RISC processor, builds on their experience developing and operating the custom VLSI FSA-based search engine. The use of a programmable processor allows the easy implementation of complex search patterns, such as numeric range matching, while the special hardware augmentation provides considerably better performance than would be available from a standard RISC processor server. >
Evaluation of Three In Vitro Enzyme Assays for Estimating Protein Digestibility in the Pacific White Shrimp Penaeus vannamei1

—In vitro enzyme assays are rapid, inexpensive techniques for estimating protein digestibility of feed ingredients. Three assays—the Lazo single-enzyme assay with porcine trypsin; the Hsu multi-enzyme assay with porcine trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, and peptidase; and the Satterlee multi-enzyme assay with porcine trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, peptidase, and bacterial protease—were used to estimate relative protein digestibility (RPD) of selected feed ingredients used in diets for the Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Ingredients tested were casein, gelatin, rice bran, shrimp meal, soybean meal, wheat gluten, and six varieties of fish meal. A highly significant, inverse, linear relationship existed between final pH in each of the enzyme assays and in vivo apparent protein digestibility of the ingredient in P. vannamei feeding trials. Ranking of RPD coefficients obtained in the Lazo single-enzyme assay followed closely the ranking of published in vivo apparent protein digestibility coefficients for the same ingredients in P. vannamei digestibility trials. Results indicated that a single-enzyme assay with porcine trypsin identified differences in protein digestibility of feedstuffs in vitro as well as the two multi-enzyme assays tested. The porcine-trypsin, single-enzyme assay appears to be a potentially useful tool for evaluating protein quality and relative protein digestibility of feedstuffs for P. vannamei.
School-to-Work Components That Predict Postschool Success for Students with and without Disabilities:

This article examines recent efforts to improve the school-to-work transition process for all students. This study examined the extent to which the instructional components and skill outcomes associated with school-to-work programs actually predict better postschool outcomes for students with and without disabilities. Findings provide general support for the school-based and work-based instructional components envisioned as part of a comprehensive school-to-work program—-particularly an emphasis on academic skills, work experience while in school, and continuing support for 1 year postschool. Recommendations emphasize building school-to-work programs for all students in a manner that serves each student equally well.
Azithromycin, Erythromycin and Cloxacillin in the Treatment of Infections of Skin and Associated Soft Tissues:

Azithromycin (total dose 1.5 g) given orally in five or six doses over 5 days was compared with erythromycin and cloxacillin both given orally as 500 mg four times daily for 7 days in two multicentre studies of patients with skin and associated soft-tissue infections. Azithromycin eradicated baseline pathogen(s), mainly Staphylococcus aureus, in 89% compared with in 78%, of erythromycin-treated patients (P = 0.501) and in 78% compared with in 59% of cloxacillin-treated patients (P = 0.421). No statistically significant difference in clinical cure was reported between azithromycin (74%) and erythromycin (75%, P = 1.00) and between azithromycin (60%) and cloxacillin (47%, P = 0.301) treatment groups. The side-effects reported for azithromycin were mainly mild or moderate gastro-intestinal complaints and there were no major abnormalities in laboratory parameters. It is concluded that azithromycin was as effective as, but better tolerated than, either erythromycin or cloxacillin and short-course therapy may improve patient compliance.
Spatio-temporal features of the sequential NOx storage and reduction and selective catalytic reduction reactor system

Abstract Combined NOx storage and reduction (NSR) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) were conducted in a sequential reactor system containing a Pt/Rh/BaO/Al 2 O 3 Lean NOx Trap (LNT) catalyst and Cu-SSZ-13 SCR catalyst. Spatially-resolved mass spectrometry (SpaciMS) was used to construct temporal concentration profiles spanning the two monolith catalysts. The effects of feed gas temperature, gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) and carrier gas water were examined with propylene as the reductant. The working concept of the sequential LNT + SCR is evident in both the transient and cycle-averaged concentration profiles. During the rich phase NH 3 is generated in the upstream LNT and trapped in the downstream SCR where it reacts with NOx that slips from the LNT during the subsequent lean phase. The instantaneous profiles provide insight into the storage and reduction dynamics and the mass coupling between the LNT and SCR catalysts. Axial gradients in the NOx storage and release during the lean and rich phases confirm classical LNT cyclic behavior. The spatio-temporal temperature measurements reveal a large exotherm caused by the propylene oxidation, manifested as a propagating temperature front. The cycle-averaged concentration profiles help to pinpoint the LNT length that gives a product mixture having a NH 3 /NOx ratio approaching unity, the desired stoichiometry for promoting NOx reduction in the SCR. The generation of NH 3 and conversion of NOx is enhanced by water, suggesting an important role of the water gas shift chemistry. Propylene consumption and breakthrough from the LNT reveals its role in contributing to the overall NOx reduction. A non-NH 3 SCR reaction pathway is identified that has an increasing contribution down the length of Cu-SSZ-13 SCR catalyst. The generation of formaldehyde over the Cu-SSZ-13 SCR catalyst suggests a pathway resulting from breakthrough of propylene from the LNT, followed by its oxidation to acrolein and followed in turn by reverse aldol condensation.
Winnowing subspaces

We generalize the Winnow algorithm for learning disjunctions to learning subspaces of low rank. Subspaces are represented by symmetric projection matrices. The online algorithm maintains its uncertainty about the hidden low rank projection matrix as a symmetric positive definite matrix. This matrix is updated using a version of the Matrix Exponentiated Gradient algorithm that is based on matrix exponentials and matrix logarithms. As in the case of the Winnow algorithm, the bounds are logarithmic in the dimension n of the problem, but linear in the rank r of the hidden subspace. We show that the algorithm can be adapted to handle arbitrary matrices of any dimension via a reduction.
Crystal structure of tert-butyl-diphenyl-phosphine oxide.

In the structure of the title triorganophosphine oxide, C16H19OP, the P—O bond is 1.490 (1) A. The P atom has a distorted tetrahedral geometry. The O atom inter­acts with both phenyl groups of a neighboring mol­ecule [C⋯O = 2.930 (3) and 2.928 (4) A]. The C—O interaction directs an extended supramolecular arrangement along the a-axis.
Reentrant insulating phases in the integer quantum Hall regime

Quantum Hall measurements are performed in a dilute high-quality GaAs two-dimensional hole system with carrier densities of (4.4--$5.3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. With the ${r}_{s}$ value approximately 20, the interaction effect is already strong even in the absence of magnetic field. In the integer quantum Hall regime up to 2 T, a series of reentrant insulating phases (RIPs) are observed between fillings 1, 2, 3, and 4, with peak locations periodic in $1/B$. Moreover, the RIP peaks are also characterized by a striking inductance in response to ac excitations, which is likely due to the onset of a Wigner crystal state. The multiple RIP peaks indicate a more complex phase diagram than previously perceived.
The Fight for Interracial Marriage Rights in Antebellum Massachusetts

Following the Declaration of Independence in 1776, euphoria surrounding American freedom stirred the passions of the founding generation as they heralded utopian ideals of the future. Almost instan...
Sodium and potassium content of rat heart muscle following nephrectomy.

SummaryThirty-six rats were divided into 3 equal groups; control, nephrectomized and nephrectomized-dialyzed. A specific cardiac lesion was found in 8 nephrectomized animals with 2 other animals showing minimal lesions. The nephrectomized-dialyzed animals demonstrated 3 definite lesions and 6 minimal lesions, whereas control animals showed one minimal lesion. The nephrectomized-dialyzed animals had a normal serum sodium, whereas the nephrectomized animals showed a significant decrease. Both groups of animals showed a moderately elevated serum potassium and had identical increases in cardiac content of potassium and decreases in sodium per unit of dry weight. The dissociation of frequency of cardiac lesions in the 2 groups of nephrectomized animals, despite identical sodium and potassium content, suggests that electrolyte concentration is not the significant factor causing the myocardial lesion.
On the patriotic motive of Lin Shu's fiction translation

At the moment of the national crisis,Lin Shu was willing to be a "crowing cock at dawn".In his forewords and postscripts of fiction translations,he declared that Chinese people should give up their prejudice that Chinese literature was superior to the western literature,learn from the advanced western countries earnestly,and read more translated works to broaden their views.He hoped that his translations could encourage Chinese people of their patriotic enthusiasm to defend China from the foreign invasion,and fulfil the purpose of reinvigorating China and strengthening Chinese people.
Geometric calibration for mobile, stereo, autofocus cameras

Mobile, stereo, autofocus cameras present unique challenges for robust and efficient depth estimation. Specifically, existing approaches for calibration of the stereo camera intrinsic and extrinsic parameters are inadequate because of per-shot changes in the configuration, long-term mechanical drift, extremely constrained manufacturing processes, and the requirement for real-world robustness. We present a hybrid strategy that combines a single-photo of a calibration grid in an offline step with online blind refinement, which satisfies all of these goals.
Further Development and Assessment of a Broadband Liner Optimization Process

The utilization of advanced fan designs (including higher bypass ratios) and shorter engine nacelles has highlighted a need for increased fan noise reduction over a broader frequency range. Thus, improved broadband liner designs must account for these constraints and, where applicable, take advantage of advanced manufacturing techniques that have opened new possibilities for novel configurations. This work focuses on the use of an established broadband acoustic liner optimization process to design a variable-depth, multi-degree of freedom liner for a high speed fan. Specifically, in-duct attenuation predictions with a statistical source model are used to obtain optimum impedance spectra over the conditions of interest. The predicted optimum impedance information is then used with acoustic liner modeling tools to design a liner aimed at producing impedance spectra that most closely match the predicted optimum values. The multi-degree of freedom design is carried through design, fabrication, and testing. In-duct attenuation predictions compare well with measured data and the multi-degree of freedom liner is shown to outperform a more conventional liner over a range of flow conditions. These promising results provide further confidence in the design tool, as well as the enhancements made to the overall design process.
Massive open online courses and underserved students in the United States

Abstract MOOCs have been advanced as a mechanism for increasing access to higher education for underserved populations. However, we still know little about the socio-demographics of MOOC participants in general and even less about underserved MOOC participants in particular. In order to broaden our understanding of MOOC participants, including those who stand to benefit the most from free college coursework, this study relies on a sample of 2634 U.S. MOOC users who participated in at least 398 different MOOCs offered by 129 different universities and 22 different providers. This study replicates findings that suggest MOOC participants are already educationally advantaged while also contributing new findings on the underrepresentation of some racial/ethnic minorities in MOOCs. In addition, data indicate that while underserved users were more likely to take MOOCs for educational advancement, they were also less likely to complete MOOCs. Such findings further challenge the democratizing power of MOOCs as currently conceived.
Immunizations and Seizures

The Committee on Infectious Diseases of the American Academy of Pediatrics issue 2 reports in the current issue of Pediatrics recommending immunization of children against measles and pertussis despite a positive family history for seizures.
Template-free 3D titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene particles crumpled by capillary forces

Ti3C2Tx and other types of MXene nanosheets are an exciting new class of 2D materials. However, little has been reported on manipulating the shape of MXene nanosheets. Here, we demonstrate that flat Ti3C2Tx nanosheets encapsulated within spray-dried droplets can be scrolled, bent, and folded into 3D crumpled structures. This morphological change was observed to be reversible upon rehydration.
A Middle Pleistocene Sea Otter from Northern California and the Antiquity of Enhydra in the Pacific Basin

Extant sea otters (Enhydra lutris) are remarkably well understood in terms of behavior, ecology, and interactions with humans, but the evolutionary history of this charismatic marine mammal is limited owing to a fragmentary fossil record. Disagreements over the generic assignment of various fossil otter remains to members of the tribe Enhydrini, and limited geochronologic data for these records have impeded attempts to interpret the evolutionary biogeography of Enhydra. A well-preserved femur of Enhydra sp. from a middle Pleistocene horizon within the Merced Formation of northern California is the oldest record of Enhydra in the Pacific with robust geochronologic age control. Bracketing 87Sr/86Sr dates indicate an age of 620–670 ka. Reappraisal of the geochronologic age of various occurrences of Enhydrini indicate dispersal of Enhydra into the Pacific through the Bering Strait no earlier than the middle Pleistocene. Somewhat older early Pleistocene fossils of Enhydra from Alaska and England suggest an Arctic or North Atlantic origin of the Enhydra lineage.
Book Review: Henry, Neil, American Carnival: Journalism Under Siege in an Age of New Media, 2007, Berkley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0- 520-24342-2

Which way is north? Which way is east? Which way is Oakland and which way is San Francisco? (…) ‘That’s your first lesson in journalism’, I told them. ‘Always know exactly where you are. In many ways, you guys are explorers. Your responsibility is to bear witness to the truth as you see and hear it, and to tell it accurately…’
Interactive Online Learning on Campus: Comparing Students’ Outcomes in Hybrid and Traditional Courses in the University System of Maryland

Massively open online courses (MOOCs) have received a great deal of attention, but little research exists on how they might fit into the existing system of higher education. We studied the impacts ...
Um Conjunto de Ferramentas Matemáticas para a Justiça Generativa

How can mathematics best contribute to social justice and sustainability? Distributive justice addresses poverty and related problems from the top down: by moving extracted value from private to state ownership. But the history of bureaucratic socialism, from the pollution in the USSR to food shortages in Venezuela, shows just as many problems as capitalism. Generative justice, in contrast, works from the bottom up: replacing value extraction and alienation with value circulation. These generative cycles include unalienated labor, such as that we find in makerspaces and open source; unalienated ecological value such as organic farming, and unalienated expressive value such as sexual diversity, liberated arts, and other polysemic freedoms. This essay will review 3 aspects of ethnosciences (ethnomathematics, ethnocomputing and related disciplines) in relation to generative justice. In the case of indigenous knowledge systems, there is a danger of alienation of value as concepts are translated into models, and further abstracted into classroom curricula. In the case of vernacular knowledge systems, colonization by commercial interests has already occurred, and the challenge is to develop a decolonized alternative. Finally, in the case of school-community relations, a full generative cycle can incorporate economic, health and environmental flows of value by leveraging these generative STEM approaches. This essay will provide both theory and some initial results of this generative STEM approach to a more just and sustainable world.
Dealing with doomsday

There is a classic episode of the US political-satire TV programme The Daily Show about the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in the US. The show was filmed in June 2000, just as scientists were firing up the collider to smash gold nuclei into each other for the first time. The quest of the machine was to recreate the hot, dense soup of free quarks, antiquarks and gluons – the "quark–gluon plasma" – that had previously only ever existed in the first few microseconds after the Big Bang. What had attracted the attention of the programme-makers, however, was not the science but rumours that RHIC would create a world-destroying black hole.
Role of the guanine nucleotide binding protein, Gαo, in the development of morphine tolerance and dependence

The use of morphine and other opioids for chronic pain is limited by the development of analgesic tolerance and physical dependence. Morphine produces its effects by activating the μ opioid receptor, which couples to Gαi/o-containing heterotrimeric G proteins. Evidence suggests that the antinociceptive effects of morphine are mediated by Gαo. However, the role of Gαo in the development of morphine tolerance and dependence is unknown. The objective of the study is to evaluate the contribution of Gαo to the development of morphine tolerance and dependence in mice. 129S6 mice lacking one copy of the Gαo gene (Gαo +/−) were administered morphine acutely or chronically. Mice were examined for tolerance to the antinociceptive action of morphine using the 52 °C hot plate as the nociceptive stimulus and for dependence by evaluating the severity of naltrexone-precipitated withdrawal. Wild-type littermates of the Gαo +/− mice were used as controls. Changes in μ receptor number and function were determined in midbrain and hindbrain homogenates using radioligand binding and μ agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding, respectively. Following either acute or chronic morphine treatment, all mice developed antinociceptive tolerance and physical dependence, regardless of genotype. With chronic morphine treatment, Gαo +/− mice developed tolerance faster and displayed more severe naltrexone-precipitated withdrawal in some behaviors than did wild-type littermates. Morphine tolerance was not associated with changes in μ receptor number or function in brain homogenates from either wild-type or Gαo +/− mice. These data suggest that the guanine nucleotide binding protein Gαo offers some protection against the development of morphine tolerance and dependence.
Neonatal research ethics after SUPPORT

The SUPPORT study (Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments), sponsored by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development to evaluate different oxygen saturation targets for extremely premature babies, led to a national controversy that was surprisingly public, intense, and polarizing. This article describes the study design, the study outcomes, and the key issues. I conclude that the controversy was based on two different views of the clinical investigator. One, held by investigators themselves, is that investigators are primarily committed to the patient's well-being. The other sees the investigator as unable to disentangle his conflicting loyalties and as inevitably prioritizing the goals of research over the goals of patient care. I suggest that our current oversight systems overstate the risks of research and understate the risks of idiosyncratic practice variation. A better system would treat the relative risks of these two phenomena as comparable.
Posture and Social Problem Solving, Self-Esteem, and Optimism

When feeling powerful humans and other animals display expansive postures, but can posing in expansive and powerful postures also generate empowerment? Researchers have studied the “power posing effect” the concept that powerful expansive postures generate empowerment, and found conflicting evidence. Some evidence of power posing’s impact shows increased hormones and a variety of behaviors indicating greater confidence. Yet still others have found no effect on hormones or behaviors, and suggest the impact of power posing is overstated. The goal of this project was to replicate and extend previous knowledge and contribute to the debate as to the efficacy of power posing, specifically examining the impact on participants’ self-reported social problem-solving efficacy, self-esteem, and optimism. 119 participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: high power pose, low power pose, or a control group with a puzzle solving task, and asked to complete self-report measures of optimism, self-esteem, and problem-solving self-efficacy. Current findings suggest expansive posture demonstrates no measurable impact on psychological attitudes, and contributes to recent literature contradicting the power posing effect. Research and practical implications are discussed.
A multiple case study of local & creative financing of bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure

Abstract Despite recognition that improving bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure is complimentary to the goals of health and sustainability, it is expected that dwindling federal support for this infrastructure will cause most proposed bicycle and pedestrian projects to go unfunded, and therefore unrealized, in the US. This study examines a number of local mechanisms that cities have used to finance bike/ped infrastructure and some of the implications in doing so. Case studies of crowdfunding, Tax Increment Financing, bonds, donations, and sales tax are discussed in four U.S. cities.
Reducing glucocorticoid duration in ANCA-associated vasculitis: A pilot trial.

Abstract Objective Therapeutic advances in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) have improved patient survival, but mortality rates remain higher than the general population. Glucocorticoids contribute to AAV morbidity and mortality. We examined whether an 8-week glucocorticoid course in combination with rituximab (RTX) would induce disease remission in patients with AAV. Methods Patients with active AAV received an 8-week prednisone taper and RTX 375 mg/m2 weekly for 4 weeks. Patients with severe glomerulonephritis or diffuse alveolar hemorrhage requiring mechanical ventilation were excluded. In-person and telephone visits were scheduled for disease activity assessment. The primary endpoint was complete remission at 24 weeks (no disease activity while being off prednisone with no intercedent relapses). Secondary analysis included comparing study outcomes to historical controls from the Rituximab in AAV (RAVE) trial. Results Fourteen of 20 patients (70%) achieved the primary outcome. The patients in our trial achieved the primary outcome at a rate similar to that of controls from the RAVE trial (adjusted OR 1.31 [0.26–6.56]), had fewer median adverse events per patient (2 versus 8, p Conclusion An 8-week course of prednisone with RTX resulted in a similar rate of complete remission at 6 months as in the RAVE trial, with fewer adverse events but more frequent relapses. Further study of this protocol is warranted in selected patient populations.
Planning for a Nondriving Future: Behaviors and Beliefs among Middle-Aged and Older Drivers

Despite the reality of older adults living many years after driving cessation, few prepare for the eventuality; empirically, planning for a nondriving future has not been directly quantified or explored. The following study quantifies (1) the extent of current drivers’ planning; (2) specific planning behaviors; (3) beliefs about benefits of planning; (4) drivers’ intention to plan more for future transportation needs; and (5) group differences associated with planning. In a predominantly female, black, urban sample of current drivers ages 53–92, fewer than half (42.1%) had planned at all for a nondriving future, with correspondingly low levels of planning behaviors reported. However, over 80% believed planning would help them meet their needs post-cessation and transition emotionally to being a nondriver. Most (85%) intended to plan more in the future as well, indicating further potential openness to the topic. Drivers who planned were older, drove less frequently, limited their driving to nearby places, reported less difficulty believing they would become a nondriver, and expected to continue driving three years less than non-planners. These findings suggest that drivers’ perceived nearness to driving cessation impacts planning for future transportation needs, and existing perceived benefits of planning may provide leverage to motivate action.
Existence and Approximation of Solutions to a Functional Equation

In this section, we deal with four locally convex Hausdorff TVS, E0, F0, E, F, and with three continuous linear mappings uo,ϱ, σ: Open image in new window