cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Skin-sparing mastectomy. specialty bias and worldwide lack of consensus.

BACKGROUND Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) is a variation of modified radical mastectomy (MRM) optimized for reconstruction. The authors attempted to determine SSM attitudes and biases within different specialties and countries throughout the world. METHODS The authors polled 11,485 individuals via e-mail, including members of surgical, medical, and breast oncology societies, about SSM. Respondents were directed to a survey website where data were directly entered into a database. RESULTS Among 1027 respondents, 19 said their knowledge was insufficient to attempt the survey. Surveys were completed by 1008 respondents (8.8%) from 52 countries, comprising 436 (43.3%) surgeons, 376 (37.3%) medical oncologists, 146 (14.5%) radiation oncologists, and 50 (5.0%) individuals from other fields. Of the respondents, 61.9% stated that SSMs are performed at their institution. However 19.1% of these believed that SSM leaves the nipple and areola intact. This perception was higher outside the U.S. (P < 0.0001). Despite knowledge by 77.8% that SSM does not have a higher local disease recurrence rate than MRM, 25.3% of these individuals did not believe the literature. This was most prevalent among radiation oncologists (48.5%), as was the belief that SSM is contraindicated in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive breast carcinoma (23.3%). CONCLUSIONS Despite a developing body of literature, there was variation in opinion among specialties and a lack of understanding of SSM. Many physicians were not familiar with the literature. Among those who were, skepticism was highest among radiation oncologists. Although these results were indicative of only those responding, education about SSM is needed across specialties and in other countries if the procedure is to be widely accepted. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Increased Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Expression in Hypercholesterolemic Atherosclerosis in Rabbits

Angiotensin II (Ang II) promotes vascular smooth muscle growth and may be involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. To examine whether Ang II receptor expression in vascular tissues is altered in atherosclerosis, male New Zealand White rabbits were fed a high-cholesterol diet (1% cholesterol + 4% coconut oil mixed with regular chow; hypercholesterolemic group, n=12) or regular chow (control group, n=8) for 10 weeks. At the end of this period, the serum cholesterol level in the rabbits fed the high-cholesterol diet was higher than that in the control group (3616 +/- 144 versus 30 +/- 1 mg/dL, P<0.001). There was no atherosclerosis in the aortas of the control group, whereas 51 +/- 6% of the aorta was covered with atherosclerosis in the hypercholesterolemic group. Total Ang II receptor expression in the atherosclerotic aortic tissues was increased 5-fold in the hypercholesterolemic rabbits (292 +/- 28 versus 51 +/- 32 fmol/mg tissue, mean +/- SE, P<0.001), and the increased Ang II receptor expression was entirely due to enhanced Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor expression (289 +/- 38 versus 38 +/- 18 fmol/mg, P<0.001), as Ang II type 2 receptor expression was unaltered (7 +/- 5 versus 3 +/- 2 fmol/mg, P=NS). AT1 receptors were localized primarily in the media and to some extent in the intima of the atherosclerotic aorta, as determined by immunohistochemistry with specific monoclonal and polyclonal AT1 receptor antibodies. Increased synthesis of AT1 receptor mRNA in atherosclerotic tissues was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. To evaluate the functional significance of increased AT1 receptor expression, the constrictor response of aortic rings to Ang II was examined and found to be markedly enhanced in atherosclerotic aortic rings (P<0.01 versus control aortic rings). The endothelium-dependent relaxation of aortic rings from hypercholesterolemic rabbits was markedly attenuated (P<0.001). This study shows that hypercholesterolemia in rabbits results in atherosclerosis, loss of endothelium-dependent relaxation, and increased Ang II receptor (entirely AT1 receptor) expression in aortic tissues, which may result in altered vasoreactivity.
Reducing Time-Out Assignments for Students with Emotional/Behavioral Disorders in a Self-Contained Classroom

This study assessed the impact of a class-wide time-out/re-directing strategy on (a) the frequency of teacher-assigned time-outs and (b) the time students spent in disciplinary sanctions. Twelve students with emotional/behavioral disorders, enrolled in a self-contained elementary classroom were taught an alternative time-out strategy (Active Response Beads-Time Out), while teachers were taught a re-directing strategy, in an attempt to decrease the amount of student's time spent in time-out (TO) and the number of TO assigned by staff. Using a multiple baseline design across academic classroom periods, results showed that Active Response Beads Time-Out (ARB-TO) and teacher re-directions decreased the total time spent in time-out and number of TO assigned across the three class periods. Results maintained at one, two and four week follow-up sessions.
Curcumin differentially regulates TGF‐β1, its receptors and nitric oxide synthase during impaired wound healing

Wound healing is a highly ordered process, requiring complex and coordinated interactions involving peptide growth factors of which transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is one of the most important. Nitric oxide is also an important factor in healing and its production is regulated by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). We have earlier shown that curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a natural product obtained from the plant Curcuma longa, enhances cutaneous wound healing in normal and diabetic rats. In this study, we have investigated the effect of curcumin treatment by topical application in dexamethasone-impaired cutaneous healing in a full thickness punch wound model in rats. We assessed healing in terms of histology, morphometry, and collagenization on the fourth and seventh days post-wounding and analyzed the regulation of TGF-beta1, its receptors type I (tIrc) and type II (tIIrc) and iNOS. Curcumin significantly accelerated healing of wounds with or without dexamethasone treatment as revealed by a reduction in the wound width and gap length compared to controls. Curcumin treatment resulted in the enhanced expression of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta tIIrc in both normal and impaired healing wounds as revealed by immunohistochemistry. Macrophages in the wound bed showed an enhanced expression of TGF-beta1 mRNA in curcumin treated wounds as evidenced by in situ hybridization. However, enhanced expression of TGF-beta tIrc by curcumin treatment observed only in dexamethasone-impaired wounds at the 7th day post-wounding. iNOS levels were increased following curcumin treatment in unimpaired wounds, but not so in the dexamethasone-impaired wounds. The study indicates an enhancement in dexamethasone impaired wound repair by topical curcumin and its differential regulatory effect on TGF-beta1, it's receptors and iNOS in this cutaneous wound-healing model.
Two-stage stochastic optimal islanding operations under severe multiple contingencies in power grids

Abstract Due to the catastrophic consequences of rolling blackouts, there is an increasing concern with the security and stability of modern power grids. Power grid islanding, as an emergency control operation method, can divide power grids into several self-sufficient islands and can then avoid wide-area blackouts. In this paper, we present a two-stage stochastic programming model to divide the power grids into self-sufficient islands before any multiple failures happen, and optimize islanding operations plan under severe multiple contingencies that lead to extreme situations where rolling blackouts may occur. Line switching and controlled load shedding are main tools for islanding, and the expected penalty for load shedding cost is minimized in consideration of contingencies with certain probabilities to happen. The presented model can give the system operator an efficient and optimal way to properly respond to outages. Several numerical experiments are performed on IEEE test cases to show the effectiveness of the proposed islanding operations method.
A Reply to “A Replication of “Millionaire Migration and State Taxation of Top Incomes: Evidence from a Natural Experiment” (National Tax Journal 2011)”

This response discusses the findings and criticisms in Cohen, Lai, and Steindel (CLS). Despite the skeptical tone of their article, the CLS analysis confirms our core conclusion of a small (or very small) migration effect of the millionaire tax. The range of estimates reported by CLS, including the wrong-signed estimates they find, scarcely reaches beyond the 95 percent confidence interval originally reported by Young and Varner. The critical modeling choice made by CLS is to exclude the observed in-migration of millionaires in the years following the tax increase. Even this leaves small migration effects, with an implied revenue cost that is a small fraction of the additional revenues generated by the millionaire tax.
Clinical experience with radiofrequency and laser DREZ lesions

Dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) lesions were used to treat intractable pain due to deafferentation in 78 patients managed between 1981 and 1988. Etiology of pain included avulsion of brachial or lumbosacral plexuses (27 cases), spinal cord injury (20 cases), amputation (nine cases), post-herpetic neuralgia (16 cases), and cauda equina injury (six cases). Three different lesioning techniques were employed: a radiofrequency (rf) method using a 0.5 X 2-mm stainless steel electrode with control of electric current and duration (Group 1: 21 cases); the CO2 laser (Group 2: 20 cases); and an rf method, using a 0.25 X 2-mm stainless steel electrode with control of electrode temperature and duration (Group 3: 37 cases). Overall, 48 (61.5%) of 78 patients received satisfactory pain relief, defined as a 50% or greater reduction in pain intensity, cessation of narcotic analgesic usage, and improvement in functional capacity. Fourteen (67%) of the 21 Group 1 patients obtained effective pain relief, compared to nine (45%) of the 20 Group 2 patients and 25 (68%) of the 37 Group 3 patients. Neurological complications including mainly ipsilateral leg weakness or loss of proprioception occurred in 52.3% of the patients in Group 1, 15% of the Group 2 patients, and 8.1% of the Group 3 patients. These results support the view that DREZ lesions may be made most effectively and safely with the rf lesioning technique associated with control of electrode temperature and duration.
BOLD: The Boulder Optimal Logic Design system

The BOLD (Boulder-Optimal Logic Design) system is a set of software tools that optimally transform an arbitrary combinational logic description into a standard cell, gate array, or complex CMOS gate technology. The design philosophy and structure of BOLD are summarized, and the various software tools and algorithms that comprise the BOLD system are described. The input to BOLD is either a behavioral circuit description or a Logical Interchange Format (LIF) file. The output is a netlist consisting of gates from a user supplied library or a netlist of CMOS complex gates. The philosophy of BOLD is contrasted with that of other available synthesis programs (most notably MIS and YLE), and the output of each is compared on a small set of examples. >
Historical data reveal fish assemblage shifts in an unregulated prairie river

Wyoming's Powder River is considered an example of a pristine prairie river system. While the river hosts a largely native fish assemblage and remains unimpounded over its 1,146-km course to the Yellowstone River confluence, the hydrologic regime has been altered through water diversion for agriculture and natural gas extraction and there has been limited study of fish assemblage structure. We analyzed fish data collected from the mainstem Powder River in Wyoming between 1896 and 2008. Shifts in presence/absence and relative abundance of fish species, as well as fish assemblage composition, were assessed among historical and recent samples. The recent Powder River fish assemblage was characterized by increased relative abundances of sand shiner Notropis stramineus and plains killifish Fundulus zebrinus, and decreases in sturgeon chub Macrhybopsis gelida. Shifts in fish species relative abundance are linked to their reproductive ecology with species with adhesive eggs generally increasing in relative abundance while those with buoyant drifting eggs are decreasing. Assemblage shifts could be the result of landscape level changes, such as the loss of extreme high and low flow events and changing land use practices.
New Quantum Error-Correcting Codes from Hermitian Self-Orthogonal Codes over GF(4)

In order to construct good quantum-error-correcting codes, we construct good Hermitian self-orthogonal linear codes over GF(4). In this paper we construct record-breaking pure quantum-error-correcting codes of length 24 with 2 encoded qubits and minimum weight 7 from Hermitian self-orthogonal codes of length 24 with dimension 11 over GF(4). This shows that length n = 24 is the smallest length for any known [[n, k, d]] quantum-error-correcting code with k ≥ 2 and d = 7. We also give a construction method to produce Hermitian self-orthogonal linear codes GF(4) from a shorter length such code.
Epidemiology of babesiosis

Levine [1] identified 71 species within the genus Babesia. Our knowledge of the epidemiology of these organisms and the diseases that they may cause varies from scanty (only described in the vertebrate host) to extensive, including qualitative and quantitative data on transmission, reservoir mechanisms and factors predisposing to disease outbreaks. The paucity of epidemiologic studies on most species reduces, by default, the number of species which this chapter will focus upon.
Perceiving Object Shape from Specular Highlight Deformation, Boundary Contour Deformation, and Active Haptic Manipulation

It is well known that motion facilitates the visual perception of solid object shape, particularly when surface texture or other identifiable features (e.g., corners) are present. Conventional models of structure-from-motion require the presence of texture or identifiable object features in order to recover 3-D structure. Is the facilitation in 3-D shape perception similar in magnitude when surface texture is absent? On any given trial in the current experiments, participants were presented with a single randomly-selected solid object (bell pepper or randomly-shaped "glaven") for 12 seconds and were required to indicate which of 12 (for bell peppers) or 8 (for glavens) simultaneously visible objects possessed the same shape. The initial single object's shape was defined either by boundary contours alone (i.e., presented as a silhouette), specular highlights alone, specular highlights combined with boundary contours, or texture. In addition, there was a haptic condition: in this condition, the participants haptically explored with both hands (but could not see) the initial single object for 12 seconds; they then performed the same shape-matching task used in the visual conditions. For both the visual and haptic conditions, motion (rotation in depth or active object manipulation) was present in half of the trials and was not present for the remaining trials. The effect of motion was quantitatively similar for all of the visual and haptic conditions-e.g., the participants' performance in Experiment 1 was 93.5 percent higher in the motion or active haptic manipulation conditions (when compared to the static conditions). The current results demonstrate that deforming specular highlights or boundary contours facilitate 3-D shape perception as much as the motion of objects that possess texture. The current results also indicate that the improvement with motion that occurs for haptics is similar in magnitude to that which occurs for vision.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Thermal Stability of HfO 2 /Si and HfO 2 /SiO 2 Interfaces

The assessment of the thermal stability across HfO 2 /Si and HfO 2 /SiO 2 interfaces has been difficult due to lack of thermodynamic data. In this paper, we present the results of thermodynamic calculations intended to fill this gap. A thermodynamic model was developed by assuming that HfSiO 4 is an ideal solution of HfO 2 and SiO 2 to a first order approximation. The theoretical results predict that the HfO 2 /Si interface is thermodynamically stable up to 1100°C, while the HfO 2 /SiO 2 interface is thermodynamically unstable even at room temperature. Our experimental results from TEM and XPS analysis are consistent with these modeling predictions.
Adenovirus-mediated human prostasin gene delivery is linked to increased aldosterone production and hypertension in rats

Prostasin has been demonstrated to be an activator of epithelial sodium channels in cultured renal and bronchial epithelial cells. In this study, we evaluated the effects of adenovirus-mediated gen...
Research on Key Technologies of Remote Disaster Tolerance System

The data replication technology is traditionally distinguished from the disaster tolerance technology.In this article,we summarize the technologies and implementation of data replication,consistency maintenance,overflow protection,disaster-over,and disaster-back in a unified point of view,and present a disaster tolerance system of high availability.The theoretical analyses show preliminarily that the new strategy is effective and efficient for disaster tolerance system.
Solution of Geometric Parameters of Extraordinary Walking-beam Pumping Units

In consideration of the characteristics of complex calculation for geometric parameters of extraordinary walking-beam pumping units, a simple method, that is counter-calculating method for calculating its geometric parameters, is proposed. On the basis of the calculation, a calculation model is established, a relational expression for crank location, rear arm of the walking beam and length of connecting rod is derived, geometric parameters is calculated by using CYJB12-4. 8-53HB extraordinary walking-beam pumping units for example.
Diuretic effect of mannitol in nephrotic edema.

Abstract Mannitol administered intravenously (an osmotic diuretic) has been used in combination with Thiomerin (a mercurial tubular-blocking diuretic) to induce diuresis 12 times in 10 cases of recurrent nephrotic syndrome in children. The data clearly demonstrate that this combination results in acute, marked increases of urinary volume, Na, and Cl limited to the 6 hour treatment periods and consequent weight (edema fluid) losses. Increased losses of K were insignificant. By comparison with the diuresis from Thiomerin administered alone on the preceding day, the contribution of mannitol to the combined diuretic effect could be discerned. The diuretic contribution of mannitol was greatest in those cases with the poorest responses to the tubular-blocking (mercurial) diuretic administered alone. In cases with no response to Thiomerin alone, mannitol plus Thiomerin elicited excellent diuretic responses. The diuretic mechanisms involved are discussed. The general principle is suggested that the proper role of an osmotic diuretic is in combination with tubular-blocking diuretics when patients are found to be refractory to them (whether used singly or in combinations). Data are presented to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of mannitol combined with a mercurial diuretic in the treatment of the nephrotic syndrome. Treatment with osmotic diuretics was for symptomatic relief of edema and was totally independent of and without effect upon the underlying disease process.
Missionary Health: The Great Omission

North American mission boards were surveyed to identify and prioritize missionary medical problems and determine initiatives for improving health. Malaria was the most common nontrivial medical complaint, and viral hepatitis the most serious. Nevertheless, only 72 percent of boards recommend malaria prophylaxis, 57 percent ascribe to regular immune globulin use, and 31 percent advocate hepatitis B immunization. Sub-Saharan Africa was considered the region of the world where missionary health was most in peril. Besides strategies to minimize the risks of malaria and hepatitis, recommendations for improving missionary health include greater use of rabies and typhoid vaccines; increased attention to mental health concerns and accident prevention, particularly seat belt use; increased health education regarding both clinical issues and public health principles; improved scheduling for relaxation and family time; and greater availability of comprehensive health services before departing, while abroad, and upon returning from an overseas assignment.
Diplomatic Counterinsurgency: Lessons from Bosnia and Herzegovina

War does not stop when the armed conflict ends. This compelling eyewitness account of a key political crisis in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2007 demonstrates how interventions from foreign powers to end armed conflict can create new forms of conflict that are not only as determined and resilient, but can lead groups to challenge the power of fragile states through political and legal means. Countering such challenges is an integral but often ignored part of peace processes. How do these nonviolent wars evolve? How can the power of fragile states be challenged through nonviolent means in the aftermath of armed conflict? And what is the role of diplomacy in countering such challenges? This book offers key insights for policy makers dealing with fragile states who seek answers to such questions.
The Economic Merits of Flexible Carbon Capture and Sequestration as a Compliance Strategy with the Clean Power Plan

Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) may be a key technology for achieving large CO2 emission reductions. Relative to “normal” CCS, “flexible” CCS retrofits include solvent storage that allows the generator to temporarily reduce the CCS parasitic load and increase the generator’s net efficiency, capacity, and ramp rate. Due to this flexibility, flexible CCS generators provide system benefits that normal CCS generators do not, which could make flexible CCS an economic CO2 emission reduction strategy. Here, we estimate the system-level cost effectiveness of reducing CO2 emissions with flexible CCS compared to redispatching (i.e., substituting gas- for coal-fired electricity generation), wind, and normal CCS under the Clean Power Plan (CPP) and a hypothetical more stringent CO2 emission reduction target (“stronger CPP”). Using a unit commitment and economic dispatch model, we find flexible CCS achieves more cost-effective emission reductions than normal CCS under both reduction targets, indicating that pol...
Directed Evolution of an Allosteric Tryptophan Synthase to Create a Platform for Synthesis of Noncanonical Amino Acids

Tryptophan and its derivatives are important natural products and have many biochemical and synthetic applications. However, the more elaborate these derivatives are, the more complex the synthesis becomes. In this chapter, we summarize the development of an engineered enzymatic platform for synthesis of diverse tryptophan analogs. This endeavor utilizes the tryptophan synthase (TrpS) enzyme, an α2β2 heterodimeric protein complex that catalyzes the last two steps in the biosynthetic pathway of tryptophan. Although the synthetically useful reaction (indole + Ser = Trp) takes place in the β-subunit (TrpB), the exquisite allosteric regulation of this enzyme impedes the use of isolated TrpB due to its dramatically decreased activity in the absence of the α-subunit (TrpA). This chapter discusses our efforts to engineer TrpB to serve as a general platform for the synthesis of noncanonical amino acids. We used directed evolution to enhance the activity of TrpB from Pyrococcus furiosus (PfTrpB), so that it can act as a stand-alone biocatalyst. Remarkably, we found that mutational activation mimics the allosteric activation induced by binding of TrpA. Toward our goal of expanding the substrate scope of this reaction, we activated other homologs with the same mutations discovered for PfTrpB. We found improved catalysts for the synthesis of 5-substituted tryptophans, an important biological motif. Finally, we performed directed evolution of TrpB for synthesis of β-branched amino acids, a group of products whose chemical syntheses are particularly challenging.
Design of all passive blocker-tolerant reconfigurable RF front-end filter

This paper presents a tunable active bandpass filter with adjustable notch close to the passband for blocker rejection. The proposed filter is based on two-path signal cancellation and consists of a top-C coupled tunable bandpass filter in parallel with an inductor. The proposed filter is implemented with high-Q N-path filter/resonator blocks in 65-nm CMOS process. The passband of the filter is tunable from 0.4 GHz to 2.2 GHz with a 3-dB bandwidth of 14.4–15.6 MHz, an insertion loss of 3.6–5.8 dB, a noise figure of 3.8–6 dB, and a total power consumption of 12.4–42 mW. Transmission zero is created close to the passband with a minimal offset of 40 MHz and are tunable across a 25 MHz range with up to 54 dB rejection. The blocker 1-dB compression point is 8.5 dBm and the out-of-band IIP3 is 23.5 dBm. The proposed filter provides a promising solution to multi-standard, multi-frequency software-defined radio applications.
Economic Modelling and Forecasting via Adaptive Estimation

Abstract This paper will present new results on adaptive economic forecasting. Specifically, a new stochastic macro-economic model, based on Pindyck's model of the post-Korean war United States economy will be formulated. This model will then be extended into an adaptive framework. In addition, a new adaptive filter for time-varying unknown parameters will be developed. This filter will be derived from the partitioned adaptive filter of Lainiotis. The filter will then be applied to the adaptive economic model for the purpose of economic forecasting.
All-dielectric bianisotropic metasurfaces

The realization of bianisotropic responses with all-dielectric metasurfaces is investigated, and a systematic design approach is developed. It is shown that by cascading anisotropic dielectric layers (subwavelength gratings) one can achieve bianisotropic responses. The all-dielectric bianisotropic metasurfaces exhibit a significantly improved loss performance over their plasmonic counterparts. A design example is presented and the performance verified through full-wave simulation.
The clinical impact of estrogen loss on cardiovascular disease in menopausal females.

According to the CDC (2017), more women than men have died from heart disease over the last 20-25 years. On the contrary, premenopausal women are protected against heart and cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to men. Following menopause, there is sharp rise in CVD mortality and morbidity in women compared to men indicating that women lose protection against CVD during menopause. This loss of CVD protection in women drives the CDC statistics. Life expectancy of women has now reached 82 (almost 35 years longer than at the turn of the 20th century). Yet, women typically undergo menopause at 50-60 years of age, which means that women spend over 40% of their life in menopause. Therefore, menopausal women, and associated CVD risk, must be considered as distinct from an aging or senescent woman. Despite longstanding knowledge that premenopausal women are protected from CVD, our fundamental understanding regarding the shift in CVD risk with menopause remains inadequate and impedes our ability to develop sex-specific therapeutic strategies to combat menopausal susceptibility to CVD. This review provides a critical overview of clinical trials attempting to address CVD susceptibility postmenopausal using hormone replacement therapy. Next, we outline key deficiencies in pre-clinical menopause models and introduce an alternative to overcome these deficiencies. Finally, we discuss a novel connection between AMPK and estrogen-dependent pathways that may serve as a potential solution to increased CVD susceptibility in menopausal women.
Fitness Fun with a Nutritional Twist

The purpose of this article is to describe how to integrate nutrition concepts into physical education activities that include aspects of health- and/or skill-related fitness and relevant nutritional information. Three activities, which are applicable to K-12 physical education classes, are showcased.
Geographies of Vengeance: Orientalism in Alexandre Dumas’ The Count of Monte Cristo

This paper examines the use of Orientalism in the history, plot, and reception one of the most successful French novels of all time: Alexandre Dumas’ The Count of Monte Cristo (1845). Dubbed ‘a 19t...
On Symbolic Computation of Ideal Projectors and Inverse Systems

A zero-dimensional ideal J in the ring \(\mathbb{k}[\mathbf{x}]\) of polynomials in d variables is often given in terms of its “border basis”; that is a particular finite set of polynomials that generate the ideal. We produce a convenient formula for symbolic computation of the space of functionals on \(\mathbb{k}[\mathbf{x}]\) that annihilate J. The formula is particularly useful for computing an explicit form of an ideal projector from its values on a certain finite set of polynomials.
Pupils in the Virtual World and Education

In this article, we analyse the use of the virtual world of the Internet within secondary education in Slovakia. We investigate the current use of emerging Internet technologies, known as Web 2.0, in practice. We compare the opportunities for sharing educational materials, as well as the possibilities of accessing the Internet and its use by pupils. We recommended the digital version of Bloom’s taxonomy for establishing educational objectives for teaching and learning with the support of ICT.
Hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia in the tracheobronchial epithelium: alterations in the balance of growth and differentiation factors.

The tracheobronchial epithelium is a continuously self-renewing columnar, pseudo-stratified epithelium. During regular turnover of this epithelium, terminally differentiated cells are replaced through the proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells (1). Under normal conditions, the rate of renewal is relatively slow. To maintain the normal structure of the epithelium, the rates of proliferation and differentiation and cell loss must be equal. Various growth and differentiation factors, including several polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and retinoids, cooperate to maintain this balance. During development, a different balance of growth and differentiation factors is required to sustain the rapid growth of the tissue. Changes in the synthesis or activation of these factors are one likely cause of increased proliferation under certain pathologic conditions, including hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and neoplasia. The tracheobronchial epithelium contains several cell types (basal, neuroendocrine, and mucous cells) that are able to undergo mitosis. Increased proliferation of these cell types may lead to either basal cell, mucous cell, or neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia. It is likely that the hyperproliferation of these three cell types is regulated differently and controlled by different factors. In this chapter, we will focus on studies designed to understand basal cell hyperplasia.
Adopting Provenance-Based Access Control in OpenStack Cloud IaaS

Provenance-based Access Control (PBAC) has recently risen as an effective access control approach that can utilize readily provided history information of underlying systems to enhance various aspects of access control in a computing environment. The adoption of PBAC capabilities to the authorization engine of a multi-tenant cloud Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) such as OpenStack can enhance the access control capabilities of cloud systems. Toward this purpose, we introduce tenant-awareness to the PBAC C [14] model by capturing tenant as contextual information in the attribute provenance data. Built on this model, we present a cloud service architecture that provides PBAC authorization service and management. We discuss in depth the variations of PBAC authorization deployment architecture within the OpenStack platform and implement a proof-of-concept prototype. We analyze the initial experimental results and discuss approaches for potential improvements.
Resolving Multipolar Transitions and Directional Metasurface Light Emission with Momentum-Resolved Spectroscopy

In momentum-resolved spectroscopy, Fourier imaging is used to measure or control the momentum distribution of light. Here, using momentum-resolved spectroscopy, we demonstrate multipolar light emission in layered perovskites and directional light emission in GaN metasurfaces.
My Ban on Null Hypothesis Significance Testing and Confidence Intervals

The journal, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, banned null hypothesis significance testing and confidence intervals. Was this justified, and if so, why? I address these questions with a focus on the different types of assumptions that compose the models on which p-values and confidence intervals are based. For the computation of p-values, in addition to problematic model assumptions, there also is the problem that p-values confound the implications of sample effect sizes and sample sizes. For the computation of confidence intervals, in contrast to the justification that they provide valuable information about the precision of the data, there is a triple confound involving three types of precision. These are measurement precision, precision of homogeneity, and sampling precision. Because it is possible to estimate all three separately, provided the researcher has tested the reliability of the dependent variable, there is no reason to confound them via the computation of a confidence interval. Thus, the ban is justified both with respect to null hypothesis significance testing and confidence intervals.
Effect of Child Overweight/Obesity Didactic Session on Resident Confidence and Detection:

Objective. To evaluate the impact of an obesity didactic session for pediatric physicians on confidence in counseling and identified overweight/obesity and follow-up recommendations. Methods. Pediatric residents underwent training and completed pre/post online surveys evaluating confidence in obesity prevention and identification. A booster training occurred 1 year later. Pre-/post-training scores were compared using χ2 or Fisher's exact tests. Electronic medical records data for patients ≥3 years with BMI-for-age percentile ≥85 during 3 months prior/following the training/booster compared frequency of overweight/obesity identification and follow-up recommendations (≤3 months recommended vs longer) using logistic regression adjusting for age and overweight/obese status. Results. Post trainings, improvements in confidence to define/screen for obesity were observed, with a decline between trainings. Overweight/obese identification and follow-up time recommendations improved post-training (identification: 14.2% to 27.4%, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.54-6.51; follow-up: 48.9% to 58.9%, aOR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.01-2.64), aOR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.10-2.85, and identification remained stable/above pre-training rates both pre-/post-booster (25.8%, aOR = 3.14, 95% CI = 1.53-6.45; and 22.1%, aOR = 2.57, 95% CI = 1.25-5.30, respectively). Recommended follow-up time rates continued to rise when measured pre-booster (60.6%, aOR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.10-2.85), then declined (46.0%, aOR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.60-1.52). Conclusion. This didactic session improved resident confidence in defining/screening, identification of overweight/obesity and follow-up recommendations; however, rates of identification remained low. The successes of this intervention support similar didactic sessions in residency programs and identifies opportunities for improved resident/attending education.
Asynchronous Multigrid Methods

Reducing synchronization in iterative methods for solving large sparse linear systems may become one of the most important goals for such solvers on exascale computers. Research in asynchronous iterative methods has primarily considered basic iterative methods. In this paper, we examine how multigrid methods can be executed asynchronously. We present models of asynchronous additive multigrid methods, and use these models to study the convergence properties of these methods. We also introduce two parallel algorithms for implementing asynchronous additive multigrid, the global-res and local-res algorithms. These two algorithms differ in how the fine grid residual is computed, where local-res requires less computation than global-res but converges more slowly. We compare two types of asynchronous additive multigrid methods: the asynchronous fast adaptive composite grid method with smoothing (AFACx) and additive variants of the classical multiplicative method (Multadd). We implement asynchronous versions of Multadd and AFACx in OpenMP and generate the prolongation and coarse grid matrices using the BoomerAMG package. Our experimental results show that asynchronous multigrid can exhibit grid-size independent convergence and can be faster than classical multigrid in terms of solve wall-clock time. We also show that asynchronous smoothing is the best choice of smoother for our test cases, even when only one smoothing sweep is used.
Material Hardship among Lower-Income Households: The Role of Liquid Assets and Place

Lower income households are at risk for material hardship, particularly amidst the economic fallout of COVID-19. Where one lives (e.g., suburb, small town) may affect this risk due to variable acce...
Exact Derivation of the Radiation Law of Antennas Embedded into Generic Nonlocal Metamaterials: A Momentum-Space Approach

We solve the problem of how antennas radiate into generic nonlocal metamaterials by using a momentum-space formalism to rigorously derive the general radiation formula. The energy per Hertz by unit solid angle is computed by first deriving the dyadic Green’s function of nonlocal media in the momentum space. We show that due to causality only the antihermitian part of the dyad will contribute to the radiation field. We avoid any spectral integration or using the Poynting vector (the latter known to be already inadequate in nonlocal media) by working directly with momentum space formulation and derive analytically the exact expression. The final result depends only on the modal analysis of the metamaterial.
Policy for science by ballot or by roll call? Observations from stem cell research policymaking.

This study compares stem cell research policymaking by legislators and citizens in the United States. First, using exit poll results from a 2006 stem cell research initiative in Missouri, the study finds that deeply held personal values such as religious beliefs and views of abortion predominate in an individual’s voting decision on this issue; second, an analysis of voting behavior by senators on the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act of 2005 finds that senators make their voting decisions based on their personal policy preferences rather than their constituents’ preferences; and third, the complexity of the Missouri citizen initiative is compared with that of the legislation in the U.S. Senate, finding that the language of the citizen initiative is more sophisticated than the language of the legislative act. These findings provide the context for a broader discussion of the role of citizens and legislators in making policy for science.
Quarantines as a Targeted Immunization Strategy

In the context of the recent COVID-19 outbreak, quarantine has been used to "flatten the curve" and slow the spread of the disease. In this paper, we show that this is not the only benefit of quarantine for the mitigation of an SIR epidemic spreading on a graph. Indeed, human contact networks exhibit a powerlaw structure, which means immunizing nodes at random is extremely ineffective at slowing the epidemic, while immunizing high-degree nodes can efficiently guarantee herd immunity. We theoretically prove that if quarantines are declared at the right moment, high-degree nodes are disproportionately in the Removed state, which is a form of targeted immunization. Even if quarantines are declared too early, subsequent waves of infection spread slower than the first waves. This leads us to propose an opening and closing strategy aiming at immunizing the graph while infecting the minimum number of individuals, guaranteeing the population is now robust to future infections. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only strategy that guarantees herd immunity without requiring vaccines. We extensively verify our results on simulated and real-life networks.
Optics of oblique helicoidal cholesterics

Liquid crystal materials containing flexible molecular dimers and chiral dopants form a peculiar type of a cholesteric with an oblique helicoidal structure (ChOH), in which the director is titled with respect to the helicoidal axis rather than orthogonal to it, as in regular cholecterics. The heliconical ChOH state occurs in presence of an electric or magnetic field. Tilted configuration of the director and absence of density modulation makes ChOH a unique material for various electro-optical applications. The presentation discusses electrically tunable selective reflection by ChOH and how it can be used to get an insight into the elastic properties of these materials such as bend modulus. The work is supported by NSF grant ECCS-190610.
Effect of Synthesis Temperature on Size, Structure, and Volume Phase Transition of Polysaccharide Microgels

High-molecular-weight polysaccharide microgels were synthesized at a range of temperatures above the polymer lower critical solution temperature (LCST) (ΔT = 0.6–18.1 °C), and ΔT was found to stron...
Eip74EF is a dominant modifier for ALS-FTD linked mutant VCP phenotypes in Drosophila, but not miR-34

Abstract In 2012 Liu et al. reported that miR-34 is an age-related miRNA regulating age-associated events and long-term brain integrity in Drosophila. They demonstrated that modulating miR-34 and its downstream target Eip74EF showed beneficial effects on age-related diseases using a Drosophila model of SCA3trQ78. These results imply that miR-34 could be a general genetic modifier and therapeutic candidate for age-related diseases. Therefore, we examined the effect of miR-34 and Eip74EF on another age-related Drosophila disease model. Using a Drosophila model expressing mutant Drosophila VCP that causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), or multisystem proteinopathy (MSP), we demonstrated that abnormal eye phenotypes generated by Drosophila VCP R152H were rescued when expressed with Eip74EF siRNA. Contrary to our expectation, miR-34 overexpression resulted in lethality when expressed with mutant VCP. Our data indicate that the other downstream targets of miR-34 might more significantly interact with mutant VCP, causing lethality. Identifying transcriptional targets of Eip74EF might provide valuable insights into diseases caused by mutations in VCP such as ALS, FTD, and MSP.
Influence of Late Holocene climate on Lake Eggers hydrology, McMurdo Sound

Ice-covered lakes in Antarctica preserve records of regional hydroclimate and harbour extreme ecosystems that may serve as terrestrial analogues for exobiotic environments. Here, we examine the impacts of hydroclimate and landscape on the formation history of Lake Eggers, a small ice-sealed lake, located in the coastal polar desert of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica (78°S). Using ground penetrating radar surveys and three lake ice cores we characterize the ice morphology and chemistry. Lake ice geochemistry indicates that Lake Eggers is fed primarily from local snowmelt that accreted onto the lake surface during runoff events. Radiocarbon ages of ice-encased algae suggest basal ice formed at least 735 ± 20 calibrated years before present (1215 C.E.). Persisting through the Late Holocene, Lake Eggers alternated between periods of ice accumulation and sublimation driven by regional climate variability in the western Ross Sea. For example, particulate organic matter displayed varying δ15N ratios with depth, corresponding to sea ice fluctuations in the western Ross Sea during the Late Holocene. These results suggest a strong climatic control on the hydrologic regime shifts shaping ice formation at Lake Eggers.
Parallelized Active Information Gathering Using Multisensor Network for Environment Monitoring

Motivated by the application of environment monitoring, this article studies a novel algorithmic framework for solving, in a parallelized manner, the problem of multisensor active information gathering. Unlike the existing methods relying on the fully connected sensor network and sequential processing, our approach builds on the generic network topology and enables individual sensors to simultaneously make their decisions by communicating with the immediate neighbors. Leveraging the cooperation among the multisensor network, we show that the computational complexity of the proposed parallelized algorithm can be greatly reduced compared to the sequential updating schemes, and meanwhile, the suboptimality of obtained solutions is guaranteed. The interconnection between the algorithm complexity and solution quality is explicitly established with respect to the network topology. Based on such interconnection, we further provide the approach to design the optimal sensor network by the given time budget of the algorithm execution. Finally, numerical simulations on a methane emission monitoring scenario are presented to validate the effectiveness of our approach.
Employment status, unemployment duration, and health-related metrics among US adults of prime working age: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2018-2019.

BACKGROUND While unemployment has been associated with poor health, few recent studies in the United States have comprehensively assessed associations between employment status (including duration unemployed) and healthcare access, health-related behaviors, and specific health outcomes. METHODS We assessed health-related metrics by employment status in 2018-2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System respondents ages 25-54. We calculated the unadjusted prevalence and adjusted prevalence ratios to compare employed workers to respondents who were self-employed, short-term (<12 months) unemployed, long-term unemployed, and unable to work. RESULTS Adverse health outcomes increased with unemployment duration and were highest for those unable to work. Non-Hispanic Blacks were most likely to be unemployed or unable to work. Short-term unemployment and self-employment were associated with poor healthcare access. Health behaviors and outcomes declined with increasing duration of unemployment and were worst for those unable to work. CONCLUSIONS In the United States, access to affordable healthcare is problematic for both the self-employed and the short-term unemployed. Short-term unemployment is a particularly important locus for intervention and provision of resources to prevent health declines that may hinder re-employment.
Comparison of absolute and relative leg power as predictors of physical performance.

Abstract The purpose was to determine whether relative or absolute leg power was a better predictor of physical performance. Male college subjects (N = 50) were tested on the AAHPER Youth Fitness Test and on Barrow's Motor Ability Test. The correlation coefficients for absolute leg power and relative leg power, when both were related to the AAHPER test, were .67 and .73, respectively. The corresponding coefficients when both leg power tests were related to the Barrow Test were .48 and .43, respectively. It was concluded that both absolute and relative leg power predict physical performance with similar accuracy.