cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transverse optical mode trapping in a free electron laser

Abstract Transverse optical mode trapping (“active guiding”) in the free electron laser (FEL) is discussed via a variational approach based on classical field theory. The variational principle for the field leads to a set of simple evolution equations for the mode parameters which generalizes earlier discussion where a parabolic expansion of the interaction term was used. The method can be applied to calculate the evolution of the optical beam parameters under the interaction with an arbitrary electron beam profile. Electron beam inhomogeneities are included by used a distribution function. In the linear regime, the stationary condition of these equations results in a simple algebraic equation for the trapped mode parameters. The values obtained in this method are compared with the results of several numerical simulations. The equations of motion for the optical beam parameters are also derived for the full nonlinear FEL problem using the same principles.
Empirical central limit theorems for exchangeable random variables

Abstract This paper provides an empirical central limit theorem (CLT) for exchangeable random variables when the norming constants in the regular CLT are n h(n) with h(n) a slowly varying function. The situation with norming constants of the form nh(n) is also discussed.
Interferon augments the cytotoxicity of hydroxyurea without enhancing its activity against the M2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase: effects in wild-type and resistant human colon cancer cells

The effects of prolonged exposure to the ribonucleotide reductase (RR) inhibitor, hydroxyurea (HU), were assessed in the presence or absence of recombinant interferon alfa-2a (IFN) in wild-type human colon cancer cells (HT-29) and variants expressing low-level resistance to HU (R200). IFN at nontoxic concentrations decreased the IC50 of HU from 368 μM to 215 μM (P<0.01) in wild-type cells, but not in the resistant variants. Potential cellular targets for the HU/IFN interaction were examined. In wild-type, but not resistant cells, treatment with HU at clinically achievable concentrations (1000 μM) resulted in rapid early inhibition of RR activity between 4 and 24 h after treatment with a maximal decrease of 65% at 12 h, decreases in cellular levels of dATP, dCTP and dGTP by 50–90% over the same time course, and a two- to fourfold increase in the level of mRNA for both the M1 and M2 subunits of RR, at 24, but not between 1 and 4 h, which probably represents a response to the earlier decrease in RR activity. IFN at a clinically achievable concentration (500 U/ml) failed to augment the effects of HU on RR protein, RR mRNA levels or RR enzyme activity in either the wild-type or resistant cells, suggesting that the mechanism by which IFN augments the effects of HU in the wild-type cells is independent of the effects of HU on M2.
The ErbB signaling network is coordinately expressed and activated in the mouse prostate.

BACKGROUND The ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases contribute to human prostate cancer, however, ErbB activity in the normal prostate requires further investigation. The mouse prostate may serve as an important model system to study the molecular mechanisms regulating ErbB signaling in the prostate. METHODS We employed RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry to perform a comprehensive expression profile of ErbB receptors and ligands in the mouse prostate. Physiological receptor activation in situ was measured by receptor phospho-tyrosine analysis. RESULTS Expression of all four ErbB receptors and the EGF-like ligands EGF, TGFα, AR, βC, Hb-EGF, NRG1, and NRG3 was detected in the mouse prostate. We failed to detect expression of the ErbB ligand, ER. Physiological receptor activation was observed within the mature mouse prostate at 10 weeks but not in the prostates of 3- or 6-week-old mice. CONCLUSIONS Coordinated ErbB receptor and ligand expression coupled with receptor activation profiles provide strong evidence that ErbB signaling contributes to mouse prostate function. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Approximation to the interface velocity in phase change front tracking

Numerical models for front tracking in the sharp interface limit must calculate the interface velocity by means of a differentiation of the temperature field on both sides of the interface, the resulting velocity shows an oscillatory error that introduces noise in the solution. In unstable solidification problems, the noise can actually change the resulting solution. In this work, we look at the effect of the noise in the solution of dendritic solidification in an undercooled melt and analyse ways to control it. We conclude that at this point, we cannot suppress the noise and that methods to reduce it can actually lead to different solutions to the same problem. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making high Tc higher: a theoretical proposal

Abstract There is considerable evidence that the highest Tc obtainable in a copper-oxide plane is limited by the competition between two effects: On the one hand, as the concentration of doped holes, x, is increased, the pairing scale, which is related to the properties of a doped Mott insulator, decreases. On the other hand, the superfluid density, which controls the stiffness of the system to phase fluctuations, vanishes as x→0, and increases with increasing x. Optimal Tc is obtained at a crossover from a phase ordering dominated regime at small x to a pairing dominated regime at large x. If this description is valid, then higher Tc's can be obtained in an array of coupled planes with different doped hole concentrations, such that a high pairing scale is derived from the underdoped planes and a large phase stiffness from the optimally or overdoped ones.
Design of a Wideband Electrooptic Light-Modulating System for cw Operations

The bandwidth limitations of the commercially available electrooptic light modulators have been reexamined, and it is shown that improvement in frequency response can be obtained by arranging several modulators in a proper configuration. Further broadbanding can be achieved by applying circuit techniques. Practical limitations of these suggested methods are also noted, implying the need for improvements in the modulators themselves.
Higher Education Reform as a Social Movement: The Case of Affirmative Action

This paper explores affirmative action as a social movement with two goals in mind: (a) to challenge dominant notions of higher education reform, while advancing a social movement perspective; and (b) to advance understanding of the role of collective action in supporting affirmative action in college admissions. The authors highlight ways in which proponents and opponents of affirmative action have utilized collective action as a means for advancing particular ideological visions relative to race-based admissions policies.
Exercise Performance in Mildly Hypertensive Patients: Impairment by Propranolol but not Oxprenolol

Beta blocking drugs are commonly used to treat hypertension. These agents can decrease exercise performance in normal subjects, but little is known of their effects on exercise capacity in hypertensive patients, although fatigue is one of the side effects of this therapy. We studied the effects of propranolol and oxprenolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, in 12 patients with uncomplicated mild essential hypertension. In six patients treated with oxprenolol for 13.7 ± 4.1 (SEM) weeks, exercise duration (upright bicycle exercise to symptomatic maximum) was insignificantly changed from 10.8 ± 0.9 to 10.5 ± 0.6 min and maximal O2 consumption was also unchanged (21.5 ± 1.3 to 21.7 ± 1.8 ml/kg/min). In six other patients treated for 10.0 ± 3.4 weeks with propranolol, exercise duration fell from 13.2 ± 1.8 to 10.3 ± 1.0 min (P
Temperature Rise Generated by Ultrasound in the Presence of Contrast Agent

Abstract Temperature elevation vs. time generated by a focused Gausssian ultrasound beam in the presence of contrast agents has been calculated using a perfect absorbing disc model. The results suggest that, if the contrast agent (Albunex®) is introduced into the body intravenously, the temperature rise in the heart, which is 4.5 cm from the transducer, generated by 110-mW (the corresponding acoustic intensity at the transducer front surface is 0.4 W/cm 2 ) 2-MHz ultrasound is about 2°C in 10 s. The relationship between temperature rise and the blood perfusion, acoustic power and focal length is discussed.
Dosimetric evaluation of the OneDose MOSFET for measuring kilovoltage imaging dose from image-guided radiotherapy procedures

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of using a single-use dosimeter, OneDose MOSFET designed for in vivo patient dosimetry, for measuring the radiation dose from kilovoltage (kV) x rays resulting from image-guided procedures. Methods: The OneDose MOSFET dosimeters were precalibrated by the manufacturer using Co-60 beams. Their energy response and characteristics for kV x rays were investigated by using an ionization chamber, in which the air-kerma calibration factors were obtained from an Accredited Dosimetry Calibration Laboratory (ADCL). The dosimetric properties have been tested for typical kV beams used in image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT). Results: The direct dose reading from the OneDose system needs to be multiplied by a correction factor ranging from 0.30 to 0.35 for kilovoltage x rays ranging from 50 to 125 kVp, respectively. In addition to energy response, the OneDose dosimeter has up to a 20% reduced sensitivity for beams (70-125 kVp) incident from the back of the OneDose detector. Conclusions: The uncertainty in measuring dose resulting from a kilovoltage beam used in IGRT is approximately 20%; this uncertainty is mainly due to the sensitivity dependence of the incident beam direction relative to the OneDose detector. The ease of use may allowmore » the dosimeter to be suitable for estimating the dose resulting from image-guided procedures.« less
Intra-Ventral Tegmental Area Administration of H7 Delays, But Does Not Prevent the Development of Cocaine-Induced Sensitization

Previous studies have suggested that increased protein kinase C activity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) may play a role in the acute and development of the sensitized behavioral responses to cocaine. The present study was conducted to further characterize the role of protein kinases in the development of sensitization. Animals received injections of saline or the nonspecific protein kinase inhibitor H7 into the VTA before each of their four daily systemic injections of saline or cocaine. Animals were tested for sensitization with a challenge injection of systemic cocaine after a withdrawal period of 24 h or 1 week. Tests for sensitization included monitoring cocaine-induced motor activity and/or dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens, as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Pretreatment with H7 in the VTA attenuated the acute motor stimulant response to cocaine as well as the cocaine-induced increase in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. In addition, the augmented increase in dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of cocaine-sensitized animals was prevented in animals pretreated with H7 before each of their daily cocaine injections, when tested after a 24 h withdrawal. However, when tested after a 1 week withdrawal, animals demonstrated sensitization to both the cocaine-induced increase in motor activity and the cocaine-induced increase in dopamine in the nucleus accumbens regardless of whether they received intra-VTA saline or H7 before each of their daily cocaine injections. These data suggest that injection of a protein kinase inhibitor into the VTA delays, but does not prevent the development of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization.
Latent Fingerprint Matching: Fusion of Rolled and Plain Fingerprints

Law enforcement agencies routinely collect both rolled and plain fingerprints of all the ten fingers of suspects. These two types of fingerprints complement each other, since rolled fingerprints are of larger size and contain more minutiae, and plain fingerprints are less affected by distortion and have clearer ridge structure. It is widely known in the law enforcement community that searching both rolled and plain fingerprints can improve the accuracy of latent matching, but, this does not appear to be a common practice in law enforcement. To our knowledge, only rank level fusion option is provided by the vendors. There has been no systematic study and comparison of different fusion techniques. In this paper, multiple fusion approaches at three different levels (rank, score and feature) are proposed to fuse rolled and plain fingerprints. Experimental results in searching 230 latents in the NIST SD27 against a database of 4,180 pairs of rolled and plain fingerprints show that most of the fusion approaches can improve the identification performance. The greatest improvement was obtained by boosted max fusion at the score level, which reaches a rank-1 identification rate of 83.0%, compared to the rank-1 rate of 57.8% for plain and 70.4% for rolled prints.
Raman spectroscopic evidence supporting the existence of Ni4(OH)44+ in aqueous, Ni(NO3)2 solutions

Abstract Nickel-based rechargeable batteries are used daily in satellites, cell phones and computers, and they may be the choice for future electric or hybrid vehicles due to their long life. The electrodes in nickel-based batteries are typically prepared by deposition of Ni(OH)2 via the reduction of free NO3− in Ni(NO3)2 solutions. The loading efficiency of Ni(OH)2 on such electrodes is dependent on the Ni2+ concentration and is known to decrease with increasing Ni2+ concentration. Mathematical models have been developed to describe this decrease by considering the formation of an intermediate species prior to Ni(OH)2 deposition. Several independent theoretical models indicate the intermediate species to be hydroxonickel(II) tetramer, Ni4(OH)44+. Spectroscopic evidence of Ni4(OH)44+ has been reported using UV-Vis spectrometry, however, identification of such high-energy UV bands is ambiguous. We report here direct Raman spectroscopic evidence supporting the existence of Ni4(OH)44+ in aqueous Ni(NO3)2 solutions. In this study, a low frequency, ∼490 cm−1, polarized vibrational mode attributed to Ni4(OH)44+ has been identified in 1 M Ni(NO3)2 solutions in the pH range of 6.1–6.31. The intensity increase of the ∼490 cm−1 Raman band from pH 6.1 to 6.31 is consistent with theoretical equilibrium calculations for Ni4(OH)44+.
Structure-preserving Smoothing for 3D Seismic Attributes

We present a new data adaptive method for smoothing 3D post-stacked seismic attributes. This method reduces random noise while preserving structure without prior information of the structure orientation. Our method works by smoothing the data along a set of orientations defined within a neighborhood sub-window; the best result is then selected for output. The best orientation often approximates the true structure orientation embedded in the data; therefore, the embedded structure is preserved. The selection criterion for the “best” orientation depends on the data type and purpose of maneuver: it can be 1) minimum deviation, and 2) maximum or minimum or absolutemaximum summation. Our method can be further combined with median, alpha-trim, symmetric near neighbor, or edge-preserving filters. Based on preliminary results, our method effectively reduces random noise, eliminates footprints, and enhances coherence and curvature attributes. We also foresee its usage in processing of seismic data, such as to enhance auto-picking of horizons, first arrivals and refraction events.
Insulator‐based dielectrophoresis for the selective concentration and separation of live bacteria in water

Insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) was utilized to separate and concentrate selectively mixtures of two species of live bacteria simultaneously. Four species of bacteria were studied: the Gram-negative Escherichia coli and the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, and B. megaterium. Under an applied direct current (DC) electric field all the bacterial species exhibited negative dielectrophoretic behavior. The dielectrophoretic separations were carried out in a glass microchannel containing an array of insulating posts. The insulating posts in the microchannel produced nonuniformities in the electric field applied along the channel. Mixtures of two species of bacteria were introduced into the microchannel and the electric field was applied. The bacterial species exhibited different dielectrophoretic mobilities under the influence of the nonuniform field. From these experiments a trapping order was established with E. coli trapping at the weakest applied electric field, while the Bacillus species were trapped at different characteristic threshold fields. At stronger applied electric fields, the two different species of bacteria in the microchannel were dielectrophoretically trapped into two spatially distinct bands. The results showed that iDEP has the potential to selectively concentrate and separate different species of bacteria.
Physical growth and development of children with type 1 glycogen-storage disease: comparison of the effects of long-term use of dextrose and uncooked cornstarch.

Thirteen patients with type 1 glycogen-storage disease (GSD-l) were studied to compare the effects on bio- chemical control and growth of2 y oftherapy with intermittent feedings of uncooked cornstarch (UCS) at the fasting glucose production rate and therapy with continuous overnight glucose (COG) and dextrose feedings during the day. Mean biochemical abnormalities for the groups were minimized but not normalized by either COG or UCS. Growth progressed normally when COG was started by 1.2 y of age and normal growth rate was main- tamed by UCS. Weight increased from 101 ± 3% ideal body weight at onset of COG to 127 ± 5% during COG and the first year of UCS therapy but did not increase further in the second year. When growth failure occurred before onset ofCOG (-3.7 SD score for chronological age (SDSCA)), only partial correction (- I.9 SDSCA) to genetic potential for height occurred. Inter- mittent feeding ofUCS provides an effective alternative to COG for the treatment of GSD-1 . Am J C/in Nutr l990;52: 10�1-7.
Does education mediate the relationship between IQ and age of first birth? A behavioural genetic analysis.

This study presents a multivariate behavioural genetic analysis of the relationship between education, intelligence and age of first birth. Analyses investigated the mediational role of education in explaining the relationship between intelligence and age of first birth at both the phenotypic and behavioural genetic level. The data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), a nationally representative survey that included genetically informative full- and half-sibling pairs (n=1423 pairs). Respondents were aged 14 to 22 when contacted in 1979. Heritability estimates were 0·32, 0·50 and 0·06 for IQ, education and age of first birth, respectively. Shared environment estimates were 0·35, 0·23 and 0·20 respectively. Common genetic and shared environmental factors were substantial in explaining the relationship between intelligence and education, and also education and age of first birth. Education partially mediated the relationship between intelligence and age of first birth only in the phenotypic analyses. After considering the genetic and shared environmental factors that influence all three variables, evidence for mediation was less convincing. This pattern of results suggests that the apparent mediational role of education at the phenotypic level is in fact the result of underlying genetic and shared environmental influences that affect education, IQ and age of first birth in common.
Mucoid-to-nonmucoid conversion in alginate-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa often results from spontaneous mutations in algT, encoding a putative alternate sigma factor, and shows evidence for autoregulation.

Abstract The mucoid phenotype is common among strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that cause chronic pulmonary infections in patients with cystic fibrosis and is due to overproduction of an exopolysaccharide called alginate. However, the mucoid phenotype is unstable in vitro, especially when the cells are incubated under low oxygen tension. Spontaneous conversion to the nonmucoid form is typically due to mutations (previously called algS) that are closely linked to the alginate regulatory gene algT, located at 68 min on the chromosome. Our sequence analysis of algT showed that its 22-kDa gene product shares homology with several alternate sigma factors in bacteria, suggesting that AlgT (also known as AlgU) interacts directly with RNA polymerase core to activate the promoters of alginate genes. AlgT showed striking sequence similarity (79%) to sigma E of Escherichia coli, an alternate sigma factor involved in high-temperature gene expression. Our analysis of the molecular basis for spontaneous conversion from mucoid to nonmucoid, in the cystic fibrosis isolate FRD, revealed that nonmucoid conversion was often due to one of two distinct missense mutations in algT that occurred at codons 18 and 29. RNase protection assays showed that spontaneous nonmucoid strains with the algT18 and algT29 alleles have a four- to fivefold reduction in the accumulation of algT transcripts compared with the wild-type mucoid strain. Likewise, a plasmid-borne algT-cat transcriptional fusion was about 3-fold less active in the algT18 and algT29 backgrounds compared with the mucoid wild-type strain, and it was 20-fold less active in an algT::Tn501 background. These data indicate that algT is autoregulated. The spontaneous algT missense alleles also caused about fivefold-reduced expression of the adjacent negative regulator, algN (also known as mucB). Transcripts of algN were essentially absent in the algT::Tn501 strain. Thus, algT regulates the algTN cluster, and the two genes may be cotranscribed. A primer extension analysis showed that algT transcription starts 54 bp upstream of the start of translation. Although the algT promoter showed little similarity to promoters recognized by the vegetative sigma factor, it was similar to the algR promoter. This finding suggests that AlgT may function as a sigma factor to activate its own promoter and those of other alginate genes. The primer extension analysis also showed that algT transcripts were readily detectable in the typical nonmucoid strain PAO1, which was in contrast to a weak signal seen in the algT18 mutant of FRD. A plasmid-borne algT gene in PAO1 resulted in both the mucoid phenotype and high levels of algT transcripts, further supporting the hypothesis that AlgT controls its own gene expression and expression of genes of the alginate regulon.
Trade Associations and the Legitimation of Entrepreneurial Movements: Collective Action in the Emerging Gourmet Food Truck Industry

Trade associations are an important topic of investigation for nonprofit and voluntary sector researchers because they serve civic purposes and help to support innovative areas of entrepreneurship....
Understanding the processes that facilitate and hinder efforts to advance women in organizations

Purpose – Aims to look at the way women in Western industrialized countries have made significant career advancements but barriers remain which necessitate organizational intervention. A number of initiatives that have commonly been introduced to help women in their career development have produced only modest gains in women's advancement.Design/methodology/approach – Argues that four basic underlying processes – social cognitions, justice, threat, and utility – must be considered and managed as part of the development, implementation, and evaluation of initiatives targeting women's career advancement, if such initiatives are to have their desired impact. These underlying processes and their implications are presented with recommendations for organizational leaders and human resource professionals.Findings – The goal of women's advancement is both noble and vital to long‐term organizational success, and initiatives to further the cause are needed. These goals are not, however, without their obstacles. By ...
Revisiting "Evolution of the MOSFET Dynamic RAM – A Personal View"

This first-person account of the early days of semiconductor memory development is reprinted from the IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol ED-31, no 11, Nov. 1984, pp 1549-1555. In it the author explains how his invention of DRAM came about and he chronicles the evolution of DRAM technology from 1967 through 1984. In that period, he reports, there was a lot of circuit and architectural innovation in a very competitive environment, with little documentation in the public literature.
Treatment of tinea capitis: Should terbinafine replace griseofulvin?

For the past four decades, griseofulvin has been the treatment of choice for children with tinea capitis infection. However, the recent experience with several new antimycotic agents in onychomycosis has sparked interest in tinea capitis therapy. Terbinafine is effective in tinea capitis and can be given for only 1 to 4 weeks to most children with this common infection. The drug is well tolerated, and adverse events generally do not require discontinuation of therapy. The fact that terbinafine is fungicidal against dermatophyte fungi might account for the short courses of therapy, which should increase patient compliance and decrease recurrence and transmission of infection. (J Dermatol Treat (1998) 9(Suppl 1): S–S11)
Fast algorithms for nonconvex compressive sensing: MRI reconstruction from very few data

Compressive sensing is the reconstruction of sparse images or signals from very few samples, by means of solving a tractable optimization problem. In the context of MRI, this can allow reconstruction from many fewer k-space samples, thereby reducing scanning time. Previous work has shown that nonconvex optimization reduces still further the number of samples required for reconstruction, while still being tractable. In this work, we extend recent Fourier-based algorithms for convex optimization to the nonconvex setting, and obtain methods that combine the reconstruction abilities of previous nonconvex approaches with the computational speed of state-of-the-art convex methods.
Safety and efficacy of intravenous infusion of allogeneic cryopreserved mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of chronic kidney disease in cats: results of three sequential pilot studies

Administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been shown to improve renal function in rodent models of chronic kidney disease (CKD), in part by reducing intrarenal inflammation and suppressing fibrosis. CKD in cats is characterized by tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis, and thus treatment with MSCs might improve renal function and urinary markers of inflammation in this disease. Therefore, a series of pilot studies was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of intravenous administration of allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs (aMSCs) in cats with naturally occurring CKD. Cats enrolled in these studies received an intravenous infusion of allogeneic aMSCs every 2 weeks collected from healthy, young, specific pathogen-free cats. Cats in pilot study 1 (six cats) received 2 × 106 cryopreserved aMSCs per infusion, cats in pilot study 2 (five cats) received 4 × 106 cryopreserved aMSCs per infusion, and cats in pilot study 3 (five cats) received 4 × 106 aMSCs cultured from cryopreserved adipose. Serum biochemistry, complete blood count, urinalysis, urine protein, glomerular filtration rate, and urinary cytokine concentrations were monitored during the treatment period. Changes in clinical parameters were compared statistically by means of repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni’s correction. Cats in pilot study 1 had few adverse effects from the aMSC infusions and there was a statistically significant decrease in serum creatinine concentrations during the study period, however the degree of decrease seems unlikely to be clinically relevant. Adverse effects of the aMSC infusion in cats in pilot study 2 included vomiting (2/5 cats) during infusion and increased respiratory rate and effort (4/5 cats). Cats in pilot study 3 did not experience any adverse side effects. Serum creatinine concentrations and glomerular filtration rates did not change significantly in cats in pilot studies 2 and 3. Administration of cryopreserved aMSCs was associated with significant adverse effects and no discernible clinically relevant improvement in renal functional parameters. Administration of aMSCs cultured from cryopreserved adipose was not associated with adverse effects, but was also not associated with improvement in renal functional parameters.
Selected Contribution: Cerebrovascular NOS and cyclooxygenase are unaffected by estrogen in mice lacking estrogen receptor-α

Estrogen alters reactivity of cerebral arteries by modifying production of endothelium-dependent vasodilators. Estrogen receptors (ER) are thought to be involved, but the responsible ER subtype is ...
HIV Seroprevalence among newly incarcerated inmates in the Texas correctional system

Abstract PURPOSE: The seroprevalence of HIV infection was examined among a sample of incoming inmates in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice prison system. Rates were compared across sociodemographic factors and three types of prison facilities: substance abuse felony punishment units (SAFPs), state jails, and prisons. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 4386 incoming inmates incarcerated for any duration, dating from November 1, 1998, to May 31, 1999. RESULTS: Among males, inmates entering state jails had a higher HIV infection rate (3.7%) than either inmates entering prisons (1.9%) or those entering SAFPs (0.5%). Among females, inmates entering prisons had a higher rate of infection (9.3%) than those entering state jails (2.5%) or SAFPs (4.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Although a number of blinded HIV seroprevalence studies have been conducted in U.S. prison systems, scarce information is currently available on HIV infection rates in alternative correctional facilities. The present study shows that HIV seropositivity varied substantially according to race, gender, and prison facility type. Given the shorter incarceration periods for inmates held in alternative facilities, understanding how infection rates vary according to type of incarceration facility holds particular public health relevance.
Temporal relationships between colds, upper respiratory viruses detected by polymerase chain reaction, and otitis media in young children followed through a typical cold season.

INTRODUCTION. Otitis media is a frequent complication of a viral upper respiratory tract infection, and the reported co-incidence of those diseases increases with assay sensitivity and sampling density. We determined the incidence of otitis-media complications in young children when referenced to cold-like illnesses and to concurrent virus recovery from the nasopharynx. METHODS. A total of 60 children from 24 families were followed from October 2003 through April 30, 2004, by daily parental recording of illness signs, weekly pneumatic otoscopic examinations, and periodic polymerase chain reaction assay of collected nasal fluids for common viruses. RESULTS. One hundred ninety-nine cold-like illnesses were observed, but a sample for virus assay was not collected concurrent with 71 episodes. Of the remainder, 73% of cold-like illnesses were temporally related to recovery of 1 or a combination of the assayed viruses, with rhinovirus predominating. For non–cold-like illness periods, 54 (18%) of 297 assays were positive for virus, and the virus frequency distribution was similar to that for cold-like illnesses. There were 93 diagnosed otitis-media episodes; 65 (70%) of these occurred during a cold-like illness. For the 79 otitis-media episodes with available nasal samples, 61 (77%) were associated with a positive virus result. In this population, the otitis-media complication rate for a cold-like illness was 33%. CONCLUSIONS. A cold-like illness was not a prerequisite for polymerase chain reaction detection of viruses in the nose and nasopharynx of young children. Viral detection by polymerase chain reaction in the absence of a cold-like illness is associated with complications in some subjects. Otitis media is a complication of viral infection both with and without concurrent cold-like illnesses, thus downwardly biasing coincidence estimates that use cold-based illnesses as the denominator.
A distributed management scheme for partitionable parallel computers

A distributed scheme for dynamic partitioning is investigated. Distributed procedures to split a subsystem and to combine subsystems are presented. The correctness of each of these two procedures is shown, and the complexity is analyzed. The procedures are applicable to parallel computers that use interconnection networks, such as hypercube, omega, multistage cube, and extra-stage cube networks. >
Effects of chronic heat and cold stressors on plasma immunoglobulin and mitogen-induced blastogenesis in calves.

Abstract Fifty-six Holstein calves were used to investigate effects of heat and cold stressors on mitogen-induced blastogenesis of isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and immunoglobulins G 1 and M in blood plasma. Calves were exposed to constant hot (35° C), constant cold (—5°C), or thermoneutral (23°C) ambient conditions in environmentallycontrolled chambers. Immune responses were measured soon after introduction into environmental chambers (3 days) and after various degrees of adaptation (7 and 14 days). Mortality was greater among heat- and cold-exposed calves than among thermoneutral calves. Neither heat nor cold exposure had a direct effect on blastogenesis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A. Plasma from heat- and cold-exposed calves then was incorporated into the culture medium at a final concentration of 5% and tested in a mitogenesis assay on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a single healthy donor. Plasma from heat-exposed calves consistently enhanced tritiated thymidine incorporation into normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells by phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A as compared to plasma from cold-exposed calves. After heat exposure for 3 to 14 days, immunoglobulin G1 averaged 27% less in heat-exposed calves than in calves that were held at thermoneutrality, but M was unaffected. Cold exposure did not have a consistent effect on G: or M. These data demonstrate that chronic heat and cold stressors affect calves by altering both antibody-and cell-mediated immunity.
Stable Suppression of the R2 Subunit of Ribonucleotide Reductase by R2-targeted Short Interference RNA Sensitizes p53(–/–) HCT-116 Colon Cancer Cells to DNA-damaging Agents and Ribonucleotide Reductase Inhibitors

Ribonucleotide reductase catalyzes the production of deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates, the precursors of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates for DNA synthesis. Mammalian ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is a tetramer consisting of two non-identical homodimers, R1 and either R2 or p53R2, which are considered to be involved in DNA replication and repair, respectively. We have demonstrated that DNA damage by doxorubicin and cisplatin caused a steady elevation of the R2 protein in p53(–/–) HCT-116 human colon carcinoma cells but induced degradation of the protein in p53(+/+) cells. To evaluate the involvement of R2 in response to DNA damage, p53(–/–) HCT-116 cells were stably transfected with an expression vector transcribing short hairpin/short interference RNA directed against R2 mRNA. Stably transfected clones exhibited a pronounced reduction of the R2 protein with no change in the cellular growth rate. Furthermore, short interference RNA-mediated reduction of the R2 protein caused a marked increase in sensitivity to the DNA-damaging agent cisplatin as well as to the RNR inhibitors Triapine® and hydroxyurea. Ectopic expression of p53R2 partially reversed the cytotoxicity of cisplatin but not that of RNR inhibitors to R2 knockdown cells. The increase in sensitivity to cisplatin and RNR inhibitors was correlated with the suppression of dATP and dGTP levels caused by stable expression of R2-targeted short interference RNA. These results indicated that DNA damage resulted in elevated levels of the R2 protein and dNTPs and, consequently, enhanced the survival of p53(–/–) HCT-116 cells. The findings provide evidence that R2-RNR can be employed to supply dNTPs for the repair of DNA damage in cells with an impaired p53-dependent induction of p53R2.
Differential excitation cross section measurement of O(¹D) at 20 eV electron impact

The differential excitation cross section of O(/sup 1/D) from the ground state has been measured at 20 eV electron impact by a crossed-beam method. The angular range covered was from 30 to 150 degrees. Atomic oxygen was generated by a thermal dissociation method (iridium oven). The measured total excitation cross section is (1.5 +- 0.7) x 10/sup -17/ cm/sup 2/ which agrees, within the accuracy of the measurement, with the theoretical value (1.7 x 10/sup -17/ cm/sup 2/) calculated by Henry et al. (1969).
Vectorized iterative methods for partial differential equations

Developpement de methodes iteratives vectorielles pour les equations aux derivees partielles
Chinatown Chinese: A Linguistic And Historical Re-evaluation

The linguistic composition and social and historical context of the Chinese language in America have been long neglected by linguists and scholars of Asian American history. Perhaps one of the earliest attempts to break into this new territory is the recent article in Amerasiu 7: 1 (1980) entitled “Chinatown Chinese: The San Francisco Dialect” by Lorraine Dong and Marlon K. Hom. This article is significant in planting seeds for future research on the Chinese language both in America and in overseas communities. In this short paper, we will provide some critical comments concerning the Dong and Hom article, and suggest some directions for future research. Our critique consists of two major parts. The first deals with the article from a strictly linguistic perspective, with an attempt to refine the claims of Dong and Hom. The second part of the critique demonstrates that the linguistic perspective is intrinsically interwoven with other phenomena, social, cultural and historical in origin, which together can provide a multifaceted perspective on the Chinese American experience.
Rearing, large-scale tests, and egg response to confirm efficacy of a methyl bromide quarantine treatment for codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on exported nectarines

Methods to rear codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.), adults to produce mass numbers of eggs to coincide with the seasonal maturation of nectarines, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nucipersica Schneid., are described. Large-scale confirmatory tests of a methyl bromide (MB) quarantine treatment of 48 g/m3 MB for 2 h at 21°C developed to control CM on exported nectarines were done in four tests on 1-d-old eggs on ‘May Grand‘ and ‘Firebrite’ nectarines. No eggs ( n = 93,744) survived the MB fumigation, and percentage hatch in the untreated controls ( n = 7,180) was 78.2 ± 8.7 (x ±SEM). Security of the quarantine treatment calculated as the true survival proportion was ≤S32per million at the 95% confidence level. The concentration times time (CT) products equaled 66.4 ± 1.1 g h/m3 . The embryo and yolk of eggs treated with MB showed abnormal development and evidence of severe damage within 24 h after exposure. Approximately 18.8-41.4% of treated CM eggs on nectarines held at 23°C developed yellow or yellow-orange pigmentation 9-16 d after fumigation. Approximately 1.35 ± 3.6% of the embryos continued development 15-16 dafter MB fumigation and showed head capsule sclerotization, but embryogenesis was incomplete.
Arthropod Parasites of the Boll Weevil, Anthonomus grandis: 1. an Annotated List

Of 42 species of arthropods that parasitize the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), 33 are Hymenoptera, 6 are Diptera, 1 is Coleoptera, and 2 are Acarina. Notes on other hosts, distribution, and natural history are included.
Effect of nucleic acid derivatives in the reversal of aminopterin inhibition in the chick embryo.

SummarySeveral purine bases and related nucleosides were tested for their effectiveness in potentiating the reversal by thymidine of aminopterin inhibition of the chick embryo. Of the free purine bases, hypoxan-thine was most active; adenine and guanine were also active, while xanthine was inactive. Of the nucleosides tested, only inosine was active. Inosine was more active than hypo-xanthine; together with thymidine it completely overcame the effects of the low level of aminopterin employed. The results are interpreted to mean that aminopterin prevents embryonic growth by preventing synthesis of compounds essential for formation of nucleic acids; by supplying these substances preformed, growth occurs even though amino-pterin is present. It follows that thymidine, and the active purine bases and derivatives listed above, are utilizable for nucleic acid synthesis by the chick embryo.
Automatic Image Registration for Optical Techniques in Aerodynamic Test Facilities

This paper describes a mathematical model for automatic registration of digital images of sting-mounted test articles in aerodynamic test facilities. The model is based on three premises: the use of registration targets on the test article; approximate knowledge of the attitude angles of the test article with respect to the test facility at each measurement point; and the ability to calibrate the cameras with respect to the test facility. Registration of individual images proceeds in three steps: initial predictions are calculated for the image coordinates of all visible registration targets; template-based searches are performed to locate the targets to subpixel accuracy; and lastly, an exact mapping between 2D image coordinates and 3D model coordinates is established. The math model includes deflection of the sting under air loads. Sample results are presented for several wind tunnel tests.
Jack Fuller, News Values: Ideas for an Information Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. 252 pp. Paper, $22.95.

(1996). Jack Fuller, News Values: Ideas for an Information Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. 252 pp. Paper, $22.95. American Journalism: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 372-373.
MHz-rate white light generation using a novel positive-dispersion cavity-dumped Ti: sapphire laser

We obtain 0.45 µJ pulse from a cavity-dumped Ti: sapphire oscillator stably operating in the positive-dispersion regime. The pulse can be compressed to 60-fs using a prisms pair, and can generate white light continuum through self-filamentation.
Viral Sequence Analysis of Two Cases with SFTSV Infections

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics and epidemiology of patients infected with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus(SFTSV) and the genetic background of the SFTSV. Method: Clinical and epidemiological data of two cases with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome(SFTS), collected from a hospital in Nanjing during April 2014 to June 2014, were retrospectively analyzed. Nucleic acid was extracted from the serum of the two SFTSV cases. After specific polymerase chain reaction(PCR), the nucleic acid sequences were compared with those in GenBank using the BLAST facility. Result: Two patients presented typical clinical symptoms of SFTSV infection, with acute onset of fever and diarrhea. Routine blood examination showed that neutrophils and platelets progressively decreased. The results of alignment with database in GenBank, showed that RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene, the glycoprotein gene and NS protein gene of the sample 0428(Anqing) had 99% homology with AHL/China/2011, the representative strain of AnHui Province. While the genes of sample 0507(Chuzhou) had 99% homology with JS2011-013-1, the representative strain of JiangSu Province. Conclusion: The results suggest that SFTSV occur sporadically in Nanjing and its origin might be diverse.
Career promotional activities of Iowa dental hygienists.

PURPOSE The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between Iowa dental hygienists' career promotional behaviors and (1) attitudes about career satisfaction, (2) beliefs about the job market, (3) membership in the American Dental Hygienists' Association, (4) demographics, and (5) employment characteristics. METHODS In February 1993, questionnaires were mailed to a stratified random sample of 467 Iowa dental hygienists licensed and residing in the state of Iowa. Participation in four career promotional behaviors was ascertained as well as several independent variables. The data were analyzed with frequency distributions, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and chi-square statistics. RESULTS An adjusted response rate of 92.3% was achieved (N=423 respondents). The majority of respondents (79.1%) recommended a career in dental hygiene, but fewer than 20% participated in a dental hygiene career day, gave an undesignated monetary gift to a dental hygiene education program, or donated to a dental hygiene scholarship fund. The independent variables were not related consistently to each of the career promotional activities. CONCLUSIONS It appears that career promotional behaviors are multifaceted and require additional research to elucidate the interrelationships and enhance coordinated approaches to dental hygiene career recruitment.
Identification Of Four Unique Spending Patterns Among Older Adults In The Last Year Of Life Challenges Standard Assumptions

The assumption that health care spending skyrockets at the end of life might suggest that policy makers should target the last few months of life to control costs. However, spending patterns leading up to death have not been fully examined. We applied a new methodology to administrative claims data for older Medicare beneficiaries who died in 2012 to characterize trajectories of health care spending in the last year of life. After adjustment, we identified four unique spending trajectories among decedents: 48.7 percent had high persistent spending, 29.0 percent had moderate persistent spending, 10.2 percent had progressive spending, and 12.1 percent had late rise spending. High spending throughout the full year before death (approximately half of all decedents) was associated with having multiple chronic conditions but not any specific diseases. These findings suggest that spending at the end of life is a marker of general spending patterns often set in motion long before death.