cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shanghai, Dubai, Mumbai or Goodbye?

Starting in 2007, Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) from Asia and the Middle East have invested billions of dollars in major U.S. financial firms. The primary driving force behind their growth is rising commodity prices, in particular oil. Given that SWFs represent a relatively new, cashrich investment group, we studied the public policy concerns with their investments, SWFs mode of entry, and how does the market react to the investment. SWFs lack of transparency with regards to their investment motives and governance structure is cause for concern. While taking full opportunity of depressed security prices as a result of the 2007-2008 financial crisis, they are also being prudent by investing mostly in preferred stocks and fixed-income convertible securities of large U.S. corporations that are followed by many analysts and are highly liquid. Despite investing handsomely in U.S. targets and adopting a hands-off approach toward management; the liquidity crisis continues to perpetuate the decline in SWFtargets’ stock price post-investment. Using an event study parameter approach, we found the short-run market reaction to be statistically insignificant in 11 out of 12 announcements of SWF investments; but in the months following the investment, SWF-targets underperform both the S&P500 and the Dow Jones Financial Services Index Fund.
Migration and adhesion assays.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses migration and adhesion assays. Cells derived from avian embryos serve as useful models for studying the interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). The chapter describes how cell–ECM interactions can be measured and manipulated in vitro. Three procedures are presented in the chapter: (1) a centrifugal cell-adhesion assay, (2) a cell-migration assay, and (3) an ECM-molecule preference assay. This cell-attachment assay can be used to measure the attachment of any cell, even very rare ones, to either other cells or ECM molecules. Some cells, especially large embryonic cells, lyse under moderate centrifugal forces (25 g). The first experiment performed on any cell should be to test the cells' resilience during centrifugation. The chapter also extensively compares the ability of various ECM components to promote the migration of neural crest cells in vitro.
Ethanol Production by Thermophilic Bacteria: Fermentation of Cellulosic Substrates by Cocultures of Clostridium thermocellum and Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum.

The fermentation of various saccharides derived from cellulosic biomass to ethanol was examined in mono- and cocultures of Clostridium thermocellum strain LQRI and C. thermohydrosulfuricum strain 39E. C. thermohydrosulfuricum fermented glucose, cellobiose, and xylose, but not cellulose or xylan, and yielded ethanol/acetate ratios of >7.0. C. thermocellum fermented a variety of cellulosic substrates, glucose, and cellobiose, but not xylan or xylose, and yielded ethanol/acetate ratios of ∼1.0. At nonlimiting cellulosic substrate concentrations (∼1%), C. thermocellum cellulase hydrolysis products accumulated during monoculture fermentation of Solka Floc cellulose and included glucose, cellobiose, xylose, and xylobiose. A stable coculture that contained nearly equal numbers of C. thermocellum and C. thermohydrosulfuricum was established that fermented a variety of cellulosic substrates, and the ethanol yield observed was twofold higher than in C. thermocellum monoculture fermentations. The metabolic basis for the enhanced fermentation effectiveness of the coculture on Solka Floc cellulose included: the ability of C. thermocellum cellulase to hydrolyze α-cellulose and hemicellulose; the enhanced utilization of mono- and disaccharides by C. thermohydrosulfuricum; increased cellulose consumption; threefold increase in the ethanol production rate; and twofold decrease in the acetate production rate. The coculture actively fermented MN300 cellulose, Avicel, Solka Floc, SO2-treated wood, and steam-exploded wood. The highest ethanol yield obtained was 1.8 mol of ethanol per mol of anhydroglucose unit in MN300 cellulose.
Charge Distributions of Krypton Ions Following Photo-Ionization in the M Shell

Charge distributions of krypton ions that result from ionization in the $M$ shell by x rays have been measured with a magnetic mass spectrometer. X-ray energies ranged from 100 to 1400 eV. The following results are derived from the charge spectra: (a) In filling a hole in the $3d$ shell, an Auger process which generates two continuum electrons competes strongly with the common Auger process which generates one continuum electron. This so-called double Auger process occurs in (31\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4)% of the events. (b) The Coster-Kronig transitions $3p\ensuremath{-}3dN$ and $3p\ensuremath{-}3d3d$ have nearly equal intensities. (c) Partial photoabsorption coefficients for $M$ electrons are poorly predicted by the Stobbe-Hall formula even for energies above 1 keV. Calculated shake-off probabilities of $M$ and $N$ electrons are given for the sudden removal of a $3s$, $3p$, or $3d$ electron.
Does Galactocerebrosidase Activity Predict Krabbe Phenotype

Abstract This study sought to determine whether galactocerebrosidase activity is predictive of Krabbe onset age, or of survival from onset when controlling for age at onset of signs. We analyzed data on 55 symptomatic patients from the Hunter James Kelly Research Institute's World-Wide Registry. They were tested for galactocerebrosidase activity at Jefferson Medical College (Philadelphia, PA), using survival models in a path model context. Higher galactocerebrosidase activity was predictive of later symptom onset times ( P = 0.0011), but did not predict survival after symptom onset ( P = 0.9064) when controlling for the logarithm of age at onset. No child with early infantile (aged 0-6 months) phenotype demonstrated galactocerebrosidase activity >0.1 nmol/hour/mg protein. Survival times within a given phenotype did not vary with galactocerebrosidase activity. Although low galactocerebrosidase activity does not predict phenotype, higher activity in the abnormal range (>0.1 nmol/hour/mg protein in this sample) was not identified in the early infantile variant. Galactocerebrosidase activity may be important to consider when predicting phenotype in the newborn screening population. Our findings provide empiric evidence that the upper end (0.15 nmol/hour/mg protein) of the high-risk galactocerebrosidase group in the New York State newborn screening program is conservatively appropriate.
Preventing Errors in Laterality

An error in laterality is the reporting of a finding that is present on the right side as on the left or vice versa. While different medical and surgical specialties have implemented protocols to help prevent such errors, very few studies have been published that describe these errors in radiology reports and ways to prevent them. We devised a system that allows the radiologist to view reports in a separate window, displayed in a simple font and with all terms of laterality highlighted in separate colors. This allows the radiologist to correlate all detected laterality terms of the report with the images open in PACS and correct them before the report is finalized. The system is monitored every time an error in laterality was detected. The system detected 32 errors in laterality over a 7-month period (rate of 0.0007 %), with CT containing the highest error detection rate of all modalities. Significantly, more errors were detected in male patients compared with female patients. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that with our system, laterality errors can be detected and corrected prior to finalizing reports.
Application of the Articulation Index and the Speech Transmission Index to the recognition of speech by normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners.

The present article is divided into four major sections dealing with the application of acoustical indices to the prediction of speech recognition performance. In the first section, two acoustical ...
EFFECT OF MOTIVATING INSTRUCTIONS ON SIMPLE REACTION TIME.

Summary.-Twenty-four male patients with no history of cerebral damage or psychosis and 24 non-hospitalized male Ss received G5 simple reaction time (RT) trials under constant 6-sec. foreperiod conditions. No preparatory signal was used. Time between onset of a visual stimulus and its termination by S's depression of a telegraph key was the RT. Initially, all Ss received 35 trials followed by either success, failure, or standard instructions. Thirty additional trials were given. RTs of the hospitalized Ss were longer than those of the non-hospitalized Ss, but differences fell short of statistical significance. Differences berween instruction subgroups were not significant, suggesting that motivating instructions do not affect simple RT performances. Choice reaction times (RTs) of brain-damaged and hospitalized control Ss have been shown to decrease significantly when success and failure instructions are administered (Shankweiler, 1959). Studying simple RT with brain-damaged patients, McDonald (1963) found that RTs of hospitalized conuol Ss were significantly slower than those of a non-hospitalized control sample when a constant 15-sec. foreperiod was used. The present study investigated the differential effects of success and failure instructions upon the simple RT performance of hospitalized general medical patients and non-hospitalized Ss under constant 6-sec. foreperiod conditions. Two groups of 24 male volunteer Ss were used. The hospitalized group was composed of VA patients with no history of cerebral or psychotic illness, who were judged physically able to perform the task and understand directions. The non-hospitalized group was a heterogeneous sample of advanced students at Syracuse University and individuals employed in various industrial occupatlons. There was no significant difference in age between groups. Time beween presentation of a visual stimulus (6-v light bulb) and its termination by S's depression of a telegraph key was the RT. No preparatory signal was used. A modified Army TGA keyer was programmed to present automatically the stimulus and RTs were read to the nearest msec. from a Model 500 Standard Electric Timer. A more detailed description of the apparatus appears elsewhere (Kushner, 1963 ). All Ss received 65 trials, the first five were considered practice trials and were not included in the analysis. Following the 35th trial, S was given a 2-min. 'Based on a thesis submitted to the Graduate School of Syracuse University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, under the direction of M. J. Wayner, Jr.
Sensitivity to motion features in point light displays of biological motion

Psychophysical experiments are described that measure the sensitivity to motion features in point light displays of biological motion. Three motion features were investigated: the relative motion of the thighs, the relative motion of the thigh and leg, and the velocity profile of the leg. The perceptual threshold for discriminating a change in each motion feature was compared in upright and inverted point light displays. We find that subjects are more sensitive to two of the motion features in the upright display configuration (relative motion of thighs, relative motion of thigh and leg), but more sensitive to the third feature (velocity profile of the leg) in the inverted configuration. We propose that perceptual sensitivity to features used in biological motion perception should be greater in upright versus inverted displays. The results suggest that motion features differ in salience in biological motion perception.
Would Control of Childhood Infectious Diseases Reduce Malnutrition

Infectious diseases and especially diarrheal diseases have been noted to have an adverse effect on the growth of underprivileged children in developing countries. Diarrheal diseases have been estimated to account for 10-80% of growth retardation in the first few years of life, with the magnitude of effect possibly modified by other factors, such as the adequacy and source of dietary intake, treatment and feeding practices during and following illness and the opportunity for catch-up growth after illness. In the only study in which infectious diseases and routine dietary intake have been evaluated simultaneously, inadequate dietary intake rather than infectious diseases, was found to have the predominant role in growth faltering. Although reduction in infectious diseases is desirable for many reasons, the relative feasibility and cost of this approach to improve nutritional status must be compared with more direct nutrition interventions.
Inversion of inherent optical properties of water using artificial neural network techniques for coastal water

The efficient monitoring of coastal, or Case 2 waters by optical remote sensing has always been a challenging task. This study develops a neural network (NN) model to examine the possibility of accurate retrieval in waters where semianalytical and empirical algorithms do not perform satisfactory due to the large variability in the coexistence of particulates, dissolved matter and phytoplankton species. A multi-layer forward neural network was constructed to estimate the total absorption, phytoplankton absorption, total suspended matter and color dissolved organic matter absorption and total backscattering at the same time from in-situ measured water surface reflectance spectra. The neural network was trained using 60% of the 1000 reflectance spectra from a synthetic datasets that were generated using Hydrolight for water properties typical to coastal regions. Then, the neural network model was tested with the remaining 40% of the simulated reflectance spectra and applied to field data. Primarily the NN was trained and tested with the input of traditional visible channels. Thereafter one more channel was added from the UV region and the NN was again trained and tested. The retrievals with the addition of UV improve both in the simulated and field data..
Primary Ventricular Fibrillation: Some Unusual Features

A 47-year-old man experienced ventricular fibrillation three times during a 3½-year period. Each episode was preceded by an auditory aura, and no ventricular irritability was identified between episodes. The results of coronary arteriographic, hemodynamic, and intracardiac electrophysiologic studies were all normal. Hypokalemia and abnormal oxyhemoglobin dissociation were present. The possible relationships of these unusual features to the patient's disturbances in rhythm are discussed.
ESTIMATING POST-SECONDARY STUDENT FLOW WITH LIMITED DATA

Strategic planning in higher education requires access to reasonable enrollment forecasts as provided by the model described in this article. Higher education has sparse retention data, and the situation forces certain known constraints on retention rates. The model presented combines a polynomial lag econometric model with a goal programming model to satisfy the known conditions while making efficient use of limited data. The model is applied to data for a large public university. A spreadsheet template for the model is available from the authors.
Ring diagrams, Landau parameters, pion condensation and the binding energy of nuclear matter

We calculate all direct π-exchange ring diagrams to arbitrary orders in nuclear matter. Our model incorporates intermediate Δ(1236) resonances, correlations, ρ- as well as π-meson exchange and mesonic form factors. We find that the convergence of the diagram summation is governed by two quantities which have an immediate physical interpretation: the Landau parameter G'0 and the threshold for pion condensation. The contribution to the energy of nuclear matter from terms of third and higher order is 2 MeV/particle (repulsion) at normal density, with a strong density dependence.
Enzyme replacement via liposomes variations in lipid composition determine liposomal integrity in biological fluids

Liposomes survive exposure to biological fluids poorly, extruding trapped enzymes, drugs, or solutes upon interaction with serum or plasma constituents. We have quantified the disruptive effects of human serum on liposomes and have studied whether various modifications in their phospholipid composition might produce liposomes with an increased carrier potential for applications in vivo. Multilamellar liposomes (phosphatidylcholine 70:dicetyl phosphate 20: cholesterol 10) were prepared with 3H-labeled phosphatidylcholine as the lipid phase marker and [14C]inulin and horseradish peroxidase as aqueous phase markers. Gel exclusion chromatography showed that 32 ± 3% of [14C]inulin and 27 ± 7% of horseradish peroxidase were lost after 1 h incubation with 10% (v/v) human serum. Loss of aqueous solutes was reduced to 20 ± 5%/h and 17 ± 2%/h, respectively, after treatment with decomplemented serum (56°C, 30 min). Loss induced by serum was concentration and time dependent: to 57 ± 2% at 1 h and 67 ± 14% at 24 h, with 50% serum; plasma was slightly less perturbing whereas human serum albumin was not at all disruptive. By incorporating sphingomyelin (35 mol%) into multilamellar liposomes, the leakage of [14C]-inulin in the presence of 10% serum was reduced to 12 ± 4%/h; increasing the molar percentage of cholesterol to 35% also stabilized the lipid bilayers, reducing leakage to 20 ± 7%/h. Both small and large unilamellar vesicles could not be stabilized against serum-mediated leakage by the incorporation of sphingomyelin. The data suggest that cholesterol and sphingomyelin enhance liposomal integrity in the presence of serum or plasma and promise to yield enhanced survival of drug-laden lipid vesicles in biological fluids in vivo.
Compositional reasoning and decidable checking for dependent contract types

Simple type systems perform compositional reasoning in that the type of a term depends only on the types of its subterms, and not on their semantics. Contracts offer more expressive abstractions, but static contract checking systems typically violate those abstractions and base their reasoning directly upon the semantics of terms. Pragmatically, this noncompositionality makes the decidability of static checking unpredictable.We first show how compositional reasoning may be restored using standard type-theoretic techniques, namely existential types and subtyping. Despite its compositional nature, our type system is exact, in that the type of a term can completely capture its semantics, hence demonstrating that precision and compositionality are compatible. We then address predictability of static checking for contract types by giving a type-checking algorithm for an important class of programs with contract predicates drawn from a decidable theory. Our algorithm relies crucially on the fact that the type of a term depends only the types of its subterms (which fall into the decidable theory) and not their semantics (which will not, in general).
Holistic Scoring for Measuring and Promoting Improvement in Writing Skills.

Abstract Accounting educators and employers of accounting students are extremely concerned with the weak writing proficiency of graduates of accounting programs. Our purpose in this article is to identify and describe a useful methodology for measuring writing skills. This method, known as holistic scoring, evaluates writing skills on the basis of the overall impression the writing makes on the reader. The use of the holistic method gives the accounting educator a vehicle to evaluate writing skills without the need for extensive training. We also report on a successful application of the holistic scoring methodology in evaluating the writing skills of undergraduate accounting theory and auditing students. The experiment demonstrates that holistic scoring can be successfully applied in an accounting setting with a high level of reliability between evaluations of different readers.
Determination of J-R Curves for A285 Carbon Steel Using Normalization Method

The normalization method is adopted and extended in this paper to develop J-R curves for standard and nonstandard specimens directly from load versus load-line displacement test data without the need for online crack length measurement. A set of single edge notched bend (SENB) specimens with different crack lengths for an A285 carbon steel are tested according to the guideline of ASTM standard E1820, and the ability of normalization method is then demonstrated in determination of crack-tip constraint-dependent J-R curves for the SENB specimens. The results show that the normalization method can be used to determine J-R curves for the standard as well as nonstandard specimens. The resistance curve procedure and the basic procedure specified in ASTM E1820 are evaluated, and a modified basic procedure is also presented for determining the J-integral. Comparisons of the resulting J-R curves indicate that the modified basic procedure can be equivalent to the resistance curve procedure. To validate the normalization method, the conventional electric potential drop method is used to monitor crack growth and to determine the J-R curves for the A285 steel. Two equations used in the potential drop method, i.e. linear and nonlinear relationships between the crack length and the electric potential, are employed to determine the crack length during the fracture testing. It shows that the J-R curves determined with the normalization method are in good agreement with those based on the potential drop methods for all specimens considered.© 2006 ASME
Legal Approaches to the Restraint of Trade of Nurse Practitioners: Disparate Reimbursement Patterns

Nurse practitioners (NPs) can face, and have faced, several challenges in the health care environment. As with the denial of hospital admitting or staff privileges, the granting of inequitable reimbursement levels by state administrative bodies, physicians, insurers, and other members of the health care community may limit NP practice. Several strategies are discussed that will demonstrate how nurse practitioners can use legal and administrative mechanisms (e.g., antitrust laws) to eliminate restraints of trade and assure the availability of more equitable direct reimbursement patterns.
Dissociation of obesity, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes from atherosclerosis in ob/ob mice

Genetically obese, diabetic and hypercholesterolemic C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice were placed on Purina Laboratory Chow containing 2% cholesterol for up to 4 months. They developed higher plasma cholesterol levels and accumulated an increased quantity of cholesterol in the liver but failed to develop atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta as would be expected in an obese, diabetic and hypercholesterolemic human adult.
Exact solution for the superconducting transition in one dimension

Abstract It is shown that the exact solution for a system of bosons with a repulsive δ-function interaction by C.N. and C.P. Yang can be used to obtain the static properties of one-dimensional superconductors in the transition region.
LC3-dependent Intracellular Membrane Tubules Induced by γ-Protocadherins A3 and B2: A ROLE FOR INTRALUMINAL INTERACTIONS*

Clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs) are a family of cadherin-like molecules arranged in gene clusters (α, β, and γ). γ-Protocadherins (Pcdh-γs) are involved in cell-cell interactions, but their prominent intracellular distribution in vivo and different knock-out phenotypes suggest that these molecules participate in still unidentified processes. We found using correlative light and electron microscopy that Pcdh-γA3 and -γB2, but not -γC4, -α1, or N-cadherin, generate intracellular juxtanuclear membrane tubules when expressed in cells. These tubules recruit the autophagy marker MAP1A/1B LC3 (LC3) but are not associated with autophagic vesicles. Lipidation of LC3 is required for its coclustering with Pcdh-γ tubules, suggesting the involvement of an autophagic-like molecular cascade. Expression of wild-type LC3 with Pcdh-γA3 increased tubule length whereas expression of lipidation-defective LC3 decreased tubule length relative to Pcdh-γA3 expressed alone. The tubules were found to emanate from lysosomes. Deletion of the luminal/extracellular domain of Pcdh-γA3 preserved lysosomal targeting but eliminated tubule formation whereas cytoplasmic deletion eliminated both lysosomal targeting and tubule formation. Deletion of the membrane-proximal three cadherin repeats resulted in tubes that were narrower than those produced by full-length molecules. These results suggest that Pcdh-γA and -γB families can influence the shape of intracellular membranes by mediating intraluminal interactions within organelles.
Sodium salicylate augments the plasma adrenocorticotropin and cortisol responses to insulin hypoglycemia in man.

To test the hypothesis that prostaglandins attenuate neuroendocrine responses to changes in circulating glucose levels in man, we studied the effects of sodium salicylate (SS), a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, on the plasma ACTH and cortisol responses to insulin hypoglycemia. Six normal men were given insulin (0.05 U/kg, iv) on 2 different days during the infusion of either SS (40 mg/min) or saline. Compared to the saline control, SS had no significant effect on either the rate of fall of plasma glucose after insulin or the glucose nadir (mean ± SEM, 33 ± 3 us. 36 ± 3 mg/dl; P = NS). Peak ACTH levels after insulin were higher during SS compared to those during saline in all six subjects (316 ± 95 vs. 102 ± 26 pg/ml; P < 0.05), and SS had a clear effect to increase both the overall ACTH response (F = 21.3; P < 0.01, by analysis of variance) and the plasma cortisol response (F= 6.72; P < 0.05, by analysis of variance). The most striking example of this effect of SS occurred in one subject whose peak pla...
Fine structure of the photoreceptor cells of the ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus tridecemlineatus)

The structure of the photoreceptor cells of the ground squirrel retina has been studied by light and electron microscopy. The ground squirrel photoreceptor cells are of particular morphologic interest because this mammal is believed to possess a pure cone retina. Light micrographs show that the ground squirrel retina possesses an unusually narrow outer nuclear layer, a characteristic feature of pure cone or predominantly cone retinae. By light microscopy all the photoreceptor outer segments appear uniform in size, shape and position and resemble cones more closely than rods. Electron micrographs of ground squirrel photoreceptor cells also reveal a uniform structure typical of cones of other vertebrates. Each of the photoreceptor outer segments is formed by flattened saccules lying one on top of the other and many of the saccules, as is characteristic of cones, are continuous with the overlying plasma membrane. The basal processes of the photoreceptor cells also are cone-like in nature since each contains several synaptic lamellae and makes contact with a large number of dendritic processes arising from cells in the inner nuclear layer. It is concluded that the ground squirrel retina, from a purely morphologic standpoint, is exclusively or almost exclusively pure cone in type.
Selenium Diffusion and Reduction at the Water−Sediment Boundary: Micro-XANES Spectroscopy of Reactive Transport

Mechanistic understanding of trace element cycling between surface waters and sediments can require highly spatially resolved information at water−sediment boundaries not obtainable by conventional sampling and analytical methods. This study demonstrates the application of micro-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (micro-XANES) spectroscopy for obtaining such direct, in-situ, spatially and temporally resolved information for selenium. The experiments determine the fate of soluble Se(VI) ponded over water-saturated oxidizing versus reducing sediments. Scanning micro-XANES analyses showed Se(VI) removal from ponded waters by diffusion into sediments and by conversion to Se(0) in the reducing sediment. Zones of accumulation of insoluble Se(0) were heterogeneously distributed. These results show that the scale over which volume averaging of chemical species is performed at sedi ment−water boundaries must be selected carefully and that the spatial resolution offered by micro-XANES is well-suited for these typ...
Xps Study of the PbSe/CaF2(111) Interface Grown on Si by MBE

The initial stages of MBE growth of PbSe on CaF2/Si(111) were studied by in situ XPS. The surface reaction between CaF2 and elemental Se is also studied as a comparison. Ca 2p, F 1s, Pb 4f and Se 3d peaks all shift to lower binding energies (1.2 - 1.6 eV) with increasing PbSe coverage. This indicates a strong interaction between the PbSe overlayer and the underlying CaF2 and the formation of Pb-F and Ca-Se interfacial bonds. No chemically graded reaction products are detected at the PbSe/CaF2 interface. A transition layer of about 6 ML is observed which can be partially accounted for by the open 3D structure of CaF2 where three layers of atoms are available for bonding with the deposited material. This structure allows interpenetration of the PbSe and CaF2 layers which necessarily leads to a thin transition layer. Based on our XPS results, we propose a model for the bonding arrangements at the PbSe/CaF2(111) interface.
Interaction between inflammation-related gene polymorphisms and cigarette smoking on the risk of myocardial infarction in the Physician’s Health Study

Inflammation is known to be a major component of atherosclerosis, and cigarette smoking is known to induce a systemic inflammatory response. We therefore, investigated possible gene–environment interactions between various inflammation-related gene polymorphisms and cigarette smoking on the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in the Physician’s Health Study (PHS), a cohort of initially healthy middle-aged men. We used a nested case-control design consisting of 522 MI cases and 2,089 controls derived from PHS. Eleven inflammatory polymorphisms were studied using logistic regression analysis: eotaxin (ala23thr), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (gly241arg), interleukin-4 (582C>T), interleukin-4 receptor (ile75val, gln576arg), interleukin-6 (−174G>C), interleukin-10 (−571C>A), P-selectin (val640leu, thr756pro, ser330asn), and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (−1594T>C). Interactions of smoking with all the three modes of inheritance (additive, dominant, recessive) were tested. Statistically significant (P C) with odds ratios of 2.16 (1.14–4.09) for GC and 0.81 (0.31–2.12) for CC, compared to the wildtype GG; and for P-selectin (ser330asn) with odds ratios of 0.48 (0.24–0.95) for Ser-Asn and 1.08 (0.29–3.93) for Asn-Asn, compared to the wildtype Ser-Ser, with these effects occurring only among the smokers. These data raise the possibility of interaction between the smoking status and certain inflammatory polymorphisms on the risk of MI in men. However, these results should be interpreted with caution due to the potential for false positive results that can arise from analyses with multiple comparisons.
Supersymmetry and dimensional reduction: A non-perturbative proof

Abstract We give a non-perturbative proof of the equivalence between a supersymmetric scalar field theory in D dimensions and a scalar field theory in ( D - 2) dimensions.
More existence theorems for recursion categories

Abstract We prove a generalization of Alex Heller's existence theorem for recursion categories; this generalization was suggested by work of Di Paola and Montagna on syntactic P-recursion categories arising from consistent extensions of Peano Arithmetic, and by the examples of recursion categories of coalgebras. Let B = B 〈X〉 be a uniformly generated isotypical B#-subcategory of an iteration category C , where X is an isotypical object of C . We give calculations for the existence of a weak Turing morphism in the Turing completion Tur ( B ) of B when C is separated; i.e., when connected domains in C are jointly epimorphic. Our proof generalizes as follows. Let D be a separated iteration category and let L : C → D be an iteration functor; i.e., a functor which preserves domains, coproducts, zero morphisms and the iteration operator; it is crucial for the generalization that an iteration functor need not preserve products. If L is faithful, then Tur ( B ) is a recursion category.
A time-course comparative microarray analysis of an incompatible and compatible response by Glycine max (soybean) to Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode) infection.

The development of an infection in soybean [Glycine max L. cultivar (cv.) Peking] roots by incompatible (I) and compatible (C) populations of soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines) was assayed using an Affymetrix® soybean GeneChip®. This time-course microarray analysis, using 37,744 probe sets, measured transcript abundance during I and C. These analyses reveal that infection by individual I and C H. glycines populations influence the transcription of G. max genes differently. A substantial difference in gene expression is present between I and C at 12 h post infection. Thus, G. max can differentiate between I and C nematode populations even before they have begun to select their feeding sites. The microarray analysis identified genes induced earlier in infection during I than C. MA also identified amplitude differences in transcript abundance between I and C reactions. Some of the probe sets measuring increased transcript levels during I represented no apical meristem (NAM) and WRKY transcription factors as well as NBS-LRR kinases. Later during I, heat shock protein (HSPs) probe sets (i.e. HSP90, HSP70, ClpB/HSP101) measured increased transcript abundance. These results demonstrate that G. max roots respond very differently to the different H. glycines races even before their feeding site selection has occurred. The ability of G. max to engage an I reaction, thus, appears to be dependent on the ability of root cells to recognize the different races of H. glycines because these experiments were conducted in the identical G. max genetic background.
Teaching Clinical Social Work in Spanish: Cultural Competency in Mental Health

We have developed a new graduate elective in the MSW degree program called Evaluacion e Intervencion en Espanol (Assessment and Intervention in Spanish). This class, taught entirely in Spanish, is designed to train Spanish-speaking MSW students in culturally and linguistically competent clinical practice with Hispanic clients. In this case study, we summarize the course.
Impact of beta radiation on the strength of Steatoda triangulosa spider silk

Silk from the spider Steatoda triangulosa is harvested, and samples are subjected to various doses of beta radiation using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Irradiated and unirradiated samples are destructively tested to determine the stress–strain characteristics. From these data, the strength of the irradiated silk is determined as a function of dose.
Homogenization of the Free Boundary Velocity

In this paper we investigate some free boundary problems with space-dependent free boundary velocities. Based on maximum principle-type arguments, we show the uniform convergence of the solutions in the homogenization limit. The main step is to show the uniqueness of the limiting free boundary velocity, which turns out to be a continuous function of the normal direction of the free boundary.
Perceptions of alcohol policy and drinking behavior: Results of a latent class analysis of college student drinkers

Objective The purpose of this study was to extend the limited research on college student support for alcohol control policies by using a latent class analysis to examine the shared characteristics of drinking students who support or oppose such policies.
Zebrafish thrombocyte aggregation by whole blood aggregometry and flow cytometry

Zebrafish has become an excellent model system to study mammalian hemostasis. Despite our extensive efforts to develop technologies to measure zebrafish hemostasis and even with previously established thrombocyte qualitative and quantitative functional assays, quantifying thrombocyte function for high throughput applications has been a challenge. In this paper, we have developed two quantitative methods to estimate thrombocyte aggregation: one by whole blood aggregometry and the other by flow cytometry. We found that it is possible to conduct whole blood aggregometry using only 2 µl of blood and the currently available aggregometer. Each of three agonists, arachidonic acid, ADP, and collagen yielded impedance curves similar to those obtained with human blood. We were also able to use flow cytometry to indirectly quantify the extent of thrombocyte aggregation by labeling whole blood with mepacrine, aggregating in the presence of each of the above agonists, separating the aggregates from the white blood cells by centrifugation, and then sorting the resulting white cell fraction for thrombocyte numbers. These methods have high throughput capabilities and have the potential to be used in large scale screens to detect and characterize mutants with thrombocyte functional defects or to identify genes involved in thrombocyte function by large scale knockdowns.
Inelastic scattering of 96 MeV protons

Abstract An analysis is made of the angular distribution of 96 MeV protons inelastically scattered by carbon. It was found that by using the collective model of the nucleus the agreement to the experimental results is as good as the previous calculations based upon the individual particle model of the nucleus.
Schizophrenic hypothesis behavior in concept identification

A concept identification (CI) task designed for analysis of hypothesis behavior was administered to a total of 100 chronic undifferentiated schizophrenic and nonpsychiatric control patients matched on age, IQ, and length of hospitalization. Major results were: (a) Controls were more efficient in utilizing relevant information as stimulus complexity increased; (b) focusing was adopted by controls as compared to random scanning strategy by schizophrenics; (c) analysis of hypothesis behavior was based on 10 strategy characteristics utilized in CI which demonstrated schizophrenic deficit in cognitive strategy.
Scaling CMOS devices through alternative structures

The conventional wisdom holds that CMOS devices cannot be scaled much further from where they are today because of several device physics limitations such as the large tunneling current in very thin gate dielectrics. It is shown that alternative device structures can allow CMOS transistors to scale by another 20 times. That is as large a factor of scaling as what the semiconductor industry accomplished in the past 25 years. There will be many opportunities and challenges in finding novel device structures and new processing techniques, and in understanding the physics of future devices.
Measurement of fluid velocity fields using digital correlation techniques

A new aperiodic recording technique for measuring fluid velocity fields by digital correlation is introduced which uses a low-powered He-Ne laser, a desktop computer, and a lightly seeded fluid. In contrast to optical methods, this technique does not need to use laser light to interrogate the image pattern, so no secondary speckle is introduced. Also, the lower limit of displacement measurement is determined by the resolution of the sensor used and the magnification of the camera, and can be much lower than the speckle size, so a considerably wider range of measurement is possible than with optical processing. The technique can be completely automated and is potentially much faster than all of the optical methods currently used for flow visualization.
Go long! A touchdown for factor VIII?

Half-life extension of biologics through bioengineering has impacted the treatment of a number of diseases. In this issue of Blood, Mei and colleagues present their novel bioengineering strategy to extend the half-life of factor VIII (FVIII) through targeted conjugation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers. A longer-acting FVIII could significantly enhance prophylactic therapy for hemophilia A.
Use of satellite infrared data for geomorphology studies.

Abstract Enhanced nighttime thermal infrared imagery and digital data from a NOAA polar orbiting satellite were used to map drainage patterns and landforms in North and South Dakota. Features delineated include the Missouri Escarpment from Saskatchewan to the Nebraska border, the Manitoba Escarpment, Coteau des Prairies, recessional moraines on the Coteau du Missouri and partial drainage boundaries for the following rivers: James, Big Sioux, Minnesota, Red of the North, Souris, and the main stem of the Missouri plus its western tributaries in the Dakotas. In several instances drainage from gentle slopes in the Midwest was discerned and correlated with local relief. Analyses of satellite digital thermal data for western tributaries of the Missouri River revealed north-facing slopes to be warmer than south-facing slopes by an average of 1.5°C. Comparisons of ground and satellite temperatures for 11 stations in South Dakota showed good agreement.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist to induce final oocyte maturation prevents the development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in high-risk patients and leads to improved clinical outcomes compared with coasting

Ninety-four women undergoing IVF with peak E 2 level >4000 pg/mL received leuprolide acetate (LA) trigger (LA trigger group) or had gonadotropins withheld for one or more days (coasting group) followed by hCG trigger, unless cycle cancellation occurred. There were no cases of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in either group, and the LA trigger group had significantly more oocytes retrieved (26.9 ± 9.5 vs. 17.7 ± 9.3) P P =0.01, and higher clinical and ongoing pregnancy rates than the coasting group (52.5% vs. 27.2%; 49.2% vs. 24.2%, P =0.02 for both comparisons, respectively).
Crizotinib for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer

Purpose The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, safety, adverse effects, and dosage and administration of crizotinib in the management of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are reviewed. Summary Crizotinib (Xalkori, Pfizer Inc.) is a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC who exhibit assay-confirmed mutations of the gene coding for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). The primary biochemical mechanism of crizotinib is to inhibit ALK expression, leading to increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis. Crizotinib is metabolized and excreted after O -dealkylation by cytochrome P-450 (CYP) isoenzyme 3A4/5; as crizotinib is also an inhibitor of CYP3A4/5, its use entails a high potential for drug interactions, including confirmed interactions with ketoconazole and rifampin that can alter crizotinib pharmacokinetics. A Phase I trial involving patients with ALK gene mutation-positive NSCLC demonstrated significant disease control with oral crizotinib use, including an overall eight-week response rate of 87% and an estimated six-month survival of 72%. At the standard dosage of 250 mg twice daily, crizotinib is well tolerated. In clinical trials to date, the most common grade 1 or 2 adverse events were nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, and visual disturbances; more severe toxicities included transaminase elevations (less than 7% of patients) and pneumonitis (less than 2% of patients). Hypogonadism leading to low testosterone levels appears to be universal among male patients treated with crizotinib. Conclusion Crizotinib appears to be efficacious and well tolerated in patients with NSCLC and may have future potential applications in treating lymphomas and other cancers driven by ALK or c-MET gene mutations.
Diffusion and Defect Structure in Nitrogen Implanted Silicon

Nitrogen diffusion and defect structure were investigated after medium to high dose nitrogen implantation and anneal. 11 keV N2+ was implanted into silicon at doses ranging from 2×1014 to 2×1015 cm-2. The samples were annealed with an RTA system from 750°C to 900°C in a nitrogen atmosphere or at 1000°C in an oxidizing ambient. Nitrogen profiles were obtained by SIMS, and cross-section TEM was done on selected samples. TOF-SIMS was carried out in the oxidized samples. For lower doses, most of the nitrogen diffuses out of silicon into the silicon/oxide interface as expected. For the highest dose, a significant portion of the nitrogen still remains in silicon even after the highest thermal budget. This is attributed to the finite capacity of the silicon/oxide interface to trap nitrogen. When the interface gets saturated by nitrogen atoms, nitrogen in silicon can not escape into the interface. Implant doses above 7×1014 create continuous amorphous layers from the surface. For the 2×1015 case, there is residual amorphous silicon at the surface even after a 750°C 2 min anneal. After the 900°C 2 min anneal, the silicon fully recrystallizes leaving behind stacking faults at the surface and residual end of range damage.
An evolutionary perspective on intestinal lymphatic fat absorption, the industrialization of food, and allergy

Never-theless, although dietary fat has been implicated in vascular andinﬂammatorydiseases,thepossibleroleoftheabsorptionoffatsintotheintestinallymphaticsystemhasnotbeenemphasizedregardingallergy.Furthermore,thislipid-absorptivesystemisnowconfrontedwith a diet of mechanically processed foods, the lipid componentsof which have been fractionated, concentrated, emulsiﬁed, andotherwise radically modiﬁed from the state present during thegastrointestinal and immune systems’ evolutionary selection.Dietary LipidsFatty acids comprise a hydrophilic carboxyl (COOH) groupattached to a hydrophobic linear hydrocarbon chain and are cate-gorized according to their number of carbons as short-chain ( 12 car-bons)fattyacids.Fatsaretri-estersof thetri-alcoholglycerolwith3fatty acids (ie, triglycerides). Fats that are liquid at room tempera-ture are called oils. Most foods, including peanuts, egg, and milk,contain predominantly long-chain fatty acids.There is an important distinction between the absorption oflong-chain fats and the absorption of other food products. Digestedproteins, carbohydrates, and short- and medium-chain tri-glycerides are primarily absorbed into the portal circulation, pass-ing through the liver and then rapidly into the systemic circulation.In contrast, long-chain triglycerides are absorbed into the lactealsand formed into lipoproteins such as chylomicrons, which thenspend approximately 4 hours in contact with the mesenteric im-mune system before reaching the systemic circulation through thethoracic duct.
Studies on liver phosphatidyl cholines: II. Effect of sex, age and species differences on phosphatidyl cholines from liver mitochondria and microsomes.

Liver mitochondrial and microsomal phosphatidyl cholines differing in the degree of unsaturation of their fatty acids have been separated into four fractions by silver ion silica gel TLC. The levels of the four phosphatidyl choline fractions were determined for male and female rats and mice, fetal and young rabbits, and female hamsters and guinea pigs. The sum of phosphatidyl choline fractions 1, 2, and 3 of mitochondria and microsomes was greater in the female rat than in the male rat with the difference being a reflection of a higher level of fraction 3 which contains arachidonic acid. The female rat has greater concentration of phosphatidyl choline fractions 1 and 3 of mitochondria. Similar results were seen in mouse liver microsomes but not in mitochondria. The levels of the individual four fractions varied from species to species. No change occurred in the levels of the phosphatidyl choline fractions of fetal (−9 and −3 days) rabbits, but an increase was seen in the level of fraction 4 between day 3 and day 35 in both the mitochondria and microsomal fractions of liver. The concentration of mitochondrial and microsomal protein, total phospholipid and total lecithin phosphorus were determined in rat, mouse, hamster and guinea pig. The total phospholipid phosphorus/protein (μg/mg) of microsomes was greater in all species than that observed in mitochondria. Liver microsomes contain 45–50% of total phospholipid phosphorus as lecithin whereas mitochondria contains 32–37%. The fatty acid patterns of mitochondria and microsomal phosphatidyl cholines were determined and the ratio of palmitate to stearate was greater than two for mice and hamsters and approximately 0.5 for rat and guinea pigs.