cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental and individual differences in children's area judgment rules

Abstract Children at three grade levels (kindergarten, second, and fourth) rated the areas of three types of stimuli (rectangles, triangles, and ellipses). Functional measurement methodology was applied to each subject's ratings in order to assess several one- and two-dimentional rules. At each grade level a large majority of subjects produced judgments that were consistent with one of the rules. Among the kindergartners no single rule predominated: the height + width rule, together with various one-dimensional rules, accounted for most of the classifiable response patterns. Among the second graders the height + width rule predominated. Among the fourth graders the height + width rule and the height × width rule, in almost equal proportions, accounted for most of the classifiable response patterns. These results contradict Piaget's claim that young children are limited to one-dimensional judgments, as well as N. H. Anderson and D. O. Cuneo's (1978 , Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 107, 335–378) hypothesis that young children judge quantity according to a general-purpose additive integration rule.
The Life and Ballets of Lev Ivanov: Choreographer of The Nutcracker and Swan Lake

The Life and Works of Lev Ivanov is the first book-length study in any language about this Russian artist - Marius Petipa's colleague and Tchaikovsky's collaborator - who is widely celebrated and yet virtually unknown. It follows Ivanov from his infancy in a St Petersburg foundling home through his training in the Imperial Theatre School and his celebrity marriage, to a career as a dancer, regisseur, and choreographer in the St Petersburg Imperial Ballet. Ivanov's artistic world is described, as is his legacy - some dozen works, including Swan Lake, The Nutcracker, and the famous dances from Prince Igor - which inspired Mikhail Fokine in the next generation. The book is richly documented, including the first complete publication of Ivanov's memoirs, and hundreds of citations, many published here for the first time, from state documents, reminiscences, and criticism.
Application of M-JPEG compression hardware to dynamic stimulus production

Inexpensive circuit boards have appeared on the market which transform a normal microcomputer's disk drive into a video disk capable of playing extended video sequences in real time. This technology enables the performance of experiments which were previously impossible, or at least prohibitively expensive. The new technology achieves this capability using special-purpose hardware to compress and decompress individual video frames, enabling a video stream to be transferred over relatively low-bandwidth disk interfaces. This paper will describe the use of such devices for visual psychophysics and present the technical issues that must be considered when evaluating individual products.
An HTP kinetics study of the reaction of O(3P) atoms with propylene over the 300 to 1215 K temperature range

The O+C 3 H 6 reaction has been studied in a high-temperature photochemistry (HTP) reactor under pseudo-first order conditions, [O]≪[C 3 H 6 ], at temperatures from 300 to 1215 K and pressures from 90 to 610 torr. Ground state O atoms were generated by flash-photolysis of O 2 or CO 2 . The data are well fitted by the empirical expression k (T)=2.6×10 −16 (T/K) 1.6 exp (316 K/T) cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 , with an estimated confidence limit of +/− 25%. The results are consistent with transition-state theory calculations assuming O-atom addition to the double bond as the rate-controlling step over the entire temperature range.
Computer approach to hospital blood bank inventory control.

Since February of 1967, the Yale-New Haven Hospital's laboratory computer (IBM 1130) has been used for data acquisition and inventory control in the blood bank. The program has been designed to replace existing systems without adding personnel so that all procedures, including key punching and computer operation, are carried out by the blood bank technologists. Data are entered by a specially designed Hollerith card. Half of it, containing information that identifies each unit of blood by group and Rh, number, source, and expiration date, is key punched by a technologist at the time blood or blood products are received. The right half of the card is designed to accept data by a manual technic called Port-A-Punch. The daily report contains usage data by blood types and by clinical service. It also lists units transferred, outdated, or unaccounted for. This computer system has provided: (1) more accurate inventory data; (2) detailed usage statistics; (3) an increased awareness of outdating; (4) better blood utilization; and (5) time-saving in record keeping. Far more important, each technologist has learned to use a new and important laboratory tool.
THE FUNCTIONAL INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF CERTAIN ASPECTS OF MODERN LANGUAGE LEARNING

Author's summary.— A bewildering condition exists in this country today, as to the methods to be pursued and the aims to be attained in the teaching of the first two years of the modern foreign language courses. Conflicting points of view are held by different groups of teachers; a lack of unity results which might well prove disastrous to the professional welfare of modern foreign language teachers. Some experimental data are given which indicate that in one institution, at least, the language ability pattern develops as a whole. The need of impartial scientific experimentation is stressed throughout.
Low Band Gap Thiophene−Perylene Diimide Systems with Tunable Charge Transport Properties

Perylenediimide-pentathiophene systems with varied architecture of thiophene units were synthesized. The photophysical, electrochemical, and charge transport behavior of the synthesized compounds were studied. Both molecules showed a low band gap of ∼1.4 eV. Surprisingly, the molecule with pentathiophene attached via β-position to the PDI unit upon annealing showed a predominant hole mobility of 1 × 10(-4) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) whereas the compound with branched pentathiophene attached via β-position showed an electron mobility of 9.8 × 10(-7) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). This suggests that charge transport properties can be tuned by simply varying the architecture of pentathiophene units.
Psychiatric Sequelae of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Women

Background: The risk for first-onset major depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders associated with prior posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was estimated in a sample of women. Methods: The National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule, revised according to DSMIII-R , was used to measure lifetime psychiatric disorders in a stratified random sample of 801 mothers of children, who participated in a study of cognitive and psychiatric outcomes by level of birth weight. Cox proportional hazards models with time-dependent covariates were used to calculate the hazards ratios of first onset of other disorders following PTSD. Results: The lifetime prevalence of traumatic events was 40% and of PTSD, 13.8%. Posttraumatic stress disorder signaled increased risks for first-onset major depression (hazards ratio, 2.1) and alcohol use disorder (hazards ratio, 3.0). The risk for major depression following PTSD was of the same magnitude as the risk for major depression following other anxiety disorders. Women with preexisting anxiety and PTSD had significantly increased risk for first-onset major depression. Additional analysis showed that preexisting major depression increased women's vulnerability to the PTSD-inducing effects of traumatic events and risk for exposure to traumatic events. Conclusions: Posttraumatic stress disorder influences the risk for first-onset major depression and alcohol use disorder. The causal explanation of these temporally secondary disorders is unclear and might involve the effect of PTSD or underlying vulnerabilities exposed by the traumatic experience.
Successful Preservation of an Infected Common Femoral Vein To Common Femoral Vein Crossover Prosthetic Graft

We used selective graft preservation to treat an infected anastomosis of a functioning common femoral vein to common femoral vein crossover PTFE bypass performed for iliac vein occlusion. The graft was successfully salvaged by operative debridement and placement of a rectus abdominis muscle flap. With the growing interest in venous reconstructive surgery, bypass infections may be seen more frequently. This case illustrates that selective preservation of infected prosthetic grafts anastomosed to a peripheral vein may be a simple and improved method to treat these complications.
Determining Differences in Expert Judgment: Implications for Knowledge Acquisition and Validation*

In knowledge acquisition, it is often desirable to aggregate the judgments of multiple experts into a single system. In some cases this takes the form of averaging the judgments of those experts. In these situations it is desirable to determine if the experts have different views of the world before their individual judgments are aggregated. In validation, multiple experts often are employed to compare the performance of expert systems and other human actors. Often those judgments are then averaged to establish performance quality of the expert system. An important part of the comparison process should be determining if the experts have a similar view of the world. If the experts do not have similar views, their evaluations of performance may differ, resulting in a meaningless average performance measure. Alternatively, if all the validating experts do have similar views of the world then the validation process may result in paradigm myopia.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON WORDING OF ITEM-STEMS FOR ATTITUDE QUESTIONNAIRES

The purpose of this research was to examine whether mean differences in endorsement rate to reversed item-stems of the same attitude statement can occur independent of acquiescence and if these obs...
Inhibition of Autophagic Turnover in β-cells by Fatty acids and Glucose leads to Apoptotic cell Death

Autophagy, a cellular recycling process responsible for turnover of cytoplasmic contents, is critical for maintenance of health. Defects in this process have been linked to diabetes. Diabetes-associated glucotoxicity/lipotoxicity contribute to impaired β-cell function and have been implicated as contributing factors to this disease. We tested the hypothesis that these two conditions affect β-cell function by modulating autophagy. We report that exposure of β-cell lines and human pancreatic islets to high levels of glucose and lipids blocks autophagic flux and leads to apoptotic cell death. EM analysis showed accumulation of autophagy intermediates (autophagosomes), with abundant engulfed cargo in palmitic acid (PA)- or glucose-treated cells, indicating suppressed autophagic turnover. EM studies also showed accumulation of damaged mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum distention, and vacuolar changes in PA-treated cells. Pulse-chase experiments indicated decreased protein turnover in β-cells treated with PA/glucose. Expression of mTORC1, an inhibitor of autophagy, was elevated in β-cells treated with PA/glucose. mTORC1 inhibition, by treatment with rapamycin, reversed changes in autophagic flux, and cell death induced by glucose/PA. Our results indicate that nutrient toxicity-induced cell death occurs via impaired autophagy and is mediated by activation of mTORC1 in β-cells, contributing to β-cell failure in the presence of metabolic stress.
Nifedipine in the treatment of essential hypertension.

The antihypertensive efficacy of nifedipine as a second-step drug in 24 patients, uncontrolled by a diuretic alone, was studied according to a double-blind placebo-controlled protocol. A significant blood pressure lowering was observed in nine out of 12 patients receiving the active drug and four out of 12 receiving placebo. Average mean blood pressure decreased by 13 +/- 1 mm Hg in the active drug group versus 5 +/- 3 mm Hg in the placebo group (P less than .02). There were no consistent changes or significant differences in heart rate or in the levels of plasma renin activity and plasma catecholamines between the two groups. In conclusion, nifedipine appears to be a safe and effective antihypertensive agent when used in conjunction with a diuretic for the treatment of moderately severe hypertension.
Recognition and reproduction of Bender-Gestalt figures: A developmental study of the lag between perception and performance

The performance of 132 pre- and primary school children on a Bender-Gestalt copying task was compared with that of a multiple choice version that was specially constructed by systematically varying four attributes of the stimulus figures. Significant correlation coefficients were obtained between the copying and recognition scores at all age levels except one. The multiple choice version was also as successful as the copying test in predicting reading achievement scores.
Model for the amorphous roughening transition in amorphous semiconductor deposition

The evolution of surface roughness on hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) films prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition exhibits initial smoothening due to nuclei coalescence, a region of surface stability, and finally a prominent roughening transition (designated a → a) at a critical thickness. The thickness at which the a → a transition occurs, as measured by real time spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), is found to correlate closely with the electronic properties of the film. Thus, the transition has been incorporated into deposition phase diagrams that have been applied successfully to optimize solar cell performance and stability. A simple continuum model for the evolution of the 1D surface profile using an initial condition designed to be consistent with the nucleation characteristics measured by real time SE is sufficient for insights into the correlation between the roughness evolution and film properties. Good agreement between the experimental results and model calculations support the concept that optimum electronic properties of the films are associated with weakly reactive surfaces and long lifetime radicals that lead to adsorbed precursors with large surface diffusion lengths.
Surface topography of mitral valve endothelium from diet-induced, hypercholesterolemic rabbits

Mammalian, cardiac endothelium has a surface topography that is characterized by plasmalemmal microappendages, nuclear bulges and ruffled cellular margins. SEM of the endothelial population over the two surfaces of the anterior cusp (leaflet) of the rabbit mitral valve revealed a very pleomorphic topography. The atrial and ventricular surfaces of the cusp displayed differences in microappendage population, cell density, nuclear contour and surface reactivity to Ruthenium Red and Concanavalin A. Comparative studies of similar populations from diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rabbits suggested an enhanced endothelial permeability as observed by an increase in cytoplasmic vesicles containing RR or Con A and by their intercellular passage into the subendothelium. Concomitant with these changes were disproportionate responses in the surface reaction of the carbohydrate cell coat (glycocalyx). The endothelial cells over the ventricular surface of the anterior cusp displayed the most dramatic changes with the appearance of numerous microappendages and intercellular fenestrations, the loss of RR and Con A surface reaction and the engorgement of the adjacent intima with foam-like cells containing the surface markers. Such surface responses appeared to precede or accompany alterations in endothelial integrity which suggests the importance of the blood-endothelial interface in the maintenance of the vascular wall.
OR Forum-Perspectives on Utility Theory

Utility theory is a branch of decision analysis that is concerned with building models to explain and guide choice behavior under uncertainty in situations in which "long run" expected values are too simplistic. Beginning with Bernoulli in the 18th century, researchers have tried to analyze how people do and how people should make decisions when risk aversion is a factor. In this paper, we review some recent developments in the area.
The Trailing Edge of a Pitching Airfoil at High Reduced Frequencies

Trailing edge flows are visualized for a pitching airfoil. The validity of the quasi-steady and an extension to an unsteady Kutta condition are examined. A new dynamic similarity parameter is proposed.
Theoretical analysis of effects of deep level, back contact, and absorber thickness on capacitance–voltage profiling of CdTe thin-film solar cells

Abstract The apparent carrier density profile measured by the capacitance–voltage technique in CdTe thin-film solar cells frequently displays a distinctive U-shape. We show that, even assuming a uniform carrier density, such a U-shape may arise from deep levels, a non-ohmic back-contact, and a thin absorber, which are commonly present in practical CdTe thin-film solar cells. A thin CdTe absorber contributes to the right branch of the U-shape due to a punch-through effect at reverse or zero biases, when the CdTe absorber is nearly fully depleted. A rectifying back-contact contributes to both branches of the U-shape due to voltage sharing with the front junction under a forward bias and early punch-through under a reverse bias. Deep levels contribute to the right branch, but also raise the bottom of the U-shape, leading to an overestimate of carrier density.
Prevalence Of Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus (Htlv) Types I And Ii And Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infections Among Persons With Hansen'S Disease In New York City

One-hundred seven consecutive patients attending a New York Hansen's disease clinic from November 1990 through June 1991 were tested for retroviruses. This cohort included 58 patients diagnosed with Hansen's disease after the onset of the AIDS epidemic, 54 of whom immigrated to the United States before diagnosis of Hansen's disease (median, 7 years). The overall rate (1.9%) of human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) type I infection was low. Two (3.6%) of 55 Caribbean-born patients had polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-documented HTLV-I infection, but this incidence was not higher than expected in persons without Hansen's disease. No patient had PCR-documented evidence of either HTLV-II or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection. The low rate of HIV-1 among those studied was likely related to an absence of classic HIV risk behavior because about half of the cohort could have incubated Mycobacterium leprae for a prolonged period while infected with HIV-1.
Selective coronary arteriography by percutaneous left transaxillary approach using preshaped torquecontrol catheters.

The percutaneous left transaxillary use of preshaped, torquecontrol coronary catheters is considered the technique of choice for selective coronary arteriography in patients with occlusive arterial ileofemoral disease and aortopelvic reconstructive surgery. It affords reliable, selective catheterization of the coronary arteries and their bimodal (cine and serial) examination. Percutaneous left transaxillary selective coronary angiography is a safe and useful technique when performed by experienced and skilled personnel in properly selected patients.
Optical implementation of a matching pursuit for image representation

We have developed a technique for image analysis, representation, and decomposition. This technique was motivated by Stephane Mallat's matching-pursuit algorithm. We've altered and simplified the mechanics of his algorithm to enable an extremely fast implementation via optical processing. Initial computer simulations show that our algorithm is capable of decomposing and representing a 2-D image as a linear combination of basis images with both high speed and high fidelity.
Vascular abnormalities in the metabolic syndrome: mechanisms and therapy

The metabolic syndrome includes obesity, hypertension, elevated triglycerides, low HDL, and insulin resistance, and these features have been identified as atherosclerotic influences. Each of these contributes a detrimental influence on vascular function, endothelial relaxation, and acceleration of atherosclerosis. Clinically, therapies that reduce oxidative stress may improve vascular vasodilator function and vascular reactivity. Although an array of pharmacologic agents is available to treat hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia, management of weight reduction in the metabolic syndrome remains a major challenge.
Genotype effects on spurts and plateaus of behavioral development in mice.

It has been suggested that normal brain development is characterized by stages of rapid growth (spurts) and slow growth (plateaus). Enhanced learning in a spurt (11 and 19 days of age) and a decrement in learning at a plateau (15 days of age) have been demonstrated using an active and passive avoidance task to measure learning in Fuller Brain Weight Selection (BWS) high and low lines of mice. The passive avoidance task also indicated that 12-day-old BWS mice may be in a plateau rather than a spurt as previously reported. Because of great deal of variability exists in the BWS lines, two inbred strains of mice, LG/J and C57BL/10J, were used in a passive avoidance task to measure learning in spurts and plateaus at 11, 12, 15, and 19 days of age. Since high activity levels may interfere with passive avoidance, activity was measured using an activity meter. There was a differential effect between learning and age though we cannot attribute these differences to spurts and plateaus measured by gross brain weight. There are, however, clear spurts and plateaus in behavioral development. Age, genotype, and age-genotype interaction must be taken into account in assessing the various behavioral abilities at specific ages. Differences in activity levels are not consistently related to differences in passive avoidance learning.
The effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on osteoclast formation in fetal mouse metatarsal organ cultures

We have previously described a model system, using 15-day fetal mouse metatarsals cultured in serumless medium, in which osteoclasts and their precursors develop from in situ progenitors in a manner which is similar, both temporally and spatially, to that which occurs in vivo. In this report we evaluate the role of the osteotropic hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-D3) on osteoclast formation in this model system by characterizing its effects on proliferation, differentiation, and fusion of cells of the osteoclast lineage. Morphologic evaluation was used to enumerate osteoclast precursors, mono- and multinucleate osteoclasts, and osteoclast nuclei in serial paraffin sections. Dose response data reveal a significant stimulation of osteoclast formation by 1,25-D3 in the range of 0.6 nM to 40 nM, and kinetic analyses suggest that these effects are on proliferation of osteoclast progenitors as well as on differentiation of precursors to form osteoclasts. A single 48 h exposure between day 4 and 6 of culture is necessary and sufficient to induce maximal osteoclast formation, while continuous exposure beyond this "critical period" inhibits multinucleate osteoclast formation. Simultaneous treatment with indomethacin inhibits the effects of 1,25-D3, while treatment with PGE2 stimulates osteoclast formation without significantly increasing precursor numbers, or inhibiting multinucleate osteoclast formation. These results suggest that the effect of 1,25-D3 to induce differentiation of precursors to form mono- and multinucleate osteoclasts is mediated by endogenous prostaglandin synthesis. On the other hand, the inhibition of polykaryon formation observed with continuous 1,25-D3 treatment, does not appear to be a prostaglandin mediated phenomena.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hydrogen bonds and C-H.O interactions in N-(2-hydroxy-1, 1-dimethylethyl)benzamide at 150 K

The title compound, C11H15NO2, crystallized in the centrosymmetric space group P21/n with one mol­ecule in the asymmetric unit. There is a single intermolecular hydrogen bond, in which the Ndonor⋯Oacceptor distance is 3.0374 (11) A and the N—H⋯O angle is 171.0 (12)°. The single intramol­ecular hydrogen bond has an Odonor⋯Oacceptor distance of 2.6279 (11) A and an O—H⋯O angle of 161.8 (14)°. The four leading intermolecular C—H⋯O interactions have H⋯O distances ranging from 2.52 to 2.65 (2) A and C—H⋯O angles ranging from 125.2 (9) to 143°. Chains of interactions form two-dimensional networks.
Chronic esophagitis in two sisters

Two sisters developed symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux and gastric stasis during adolescence. Both developed severe erosive esophagitis and epithelial hyperplasia of the esophagus before 35 years of age. Both had a hiatal hernia, and esophageal motor function was poor in both. One of the sisters had also a peptic stricture of the esophagus, the other one a gastric bezoar. Jejunal motility was normal in both. Among 28 close family members surveyed, seven additional individuals out of three generations had frequent and severe reflux symptoms since adolescence. It is unlikely that the occurrence of chronic esophagitis at such young age in the two sisters is mere coincidence. It is conceivable that the two sisters and their family shared a defect similar to the one that has previously been made responsible for the familial occurrence of hiatal hernias and Barrett's esophagus.
Compiler-assisted soft error detection under performance and energy constraints in embedded systems

Soft errors induced by terrestrial radiation are becoming a significant concern in architectures designed in newer technologies. If left undetected, these errors can result in catastrophic consequences or costly maintenance problems in different embedded applications. In this article, we focus on utilizing the compiler's help in duplicating instructions for error detection in VLIW datapaths. The instruction duplication mechanism is further supported by a hardware enhancement for efficient result verification, which avoids the need of additional comparison instructions. In the proposed approach, the compiler determines the instruction schedule by balancing the permissible performance degradation and the energy constraint with the required degree of duplication. Our experimental results show that our algorithms allow the designer to perform trade-off analysis between performance, reliability, and energy consumption.
Anisotropic Fracture Toughness Effects on Failure Modes of Piping

This paper summarizes various cases where anisotropic fracture toughness properties caused the failure mode to change during ductile fracture experiments on piping. It is noted that in particular for carbon steel piping, the anisotropy can cause an initial circumferential crack to propagate in a helical or even axial direction, even though there are only applied bending loads
Hepatitis C Virus Non-structural Protein 3 (HCV NS3): A Multifunctional Antiviral Target

Hepatitis C virus non-structural protein 3 contains a serine protease and an RNA helicase. Protease cleaves the genome-encoded polyprotein and inactivates cellular proteins required for innate immunity. Protease has emerged as an important target for the development of antiviral therapeutics, but drug resistance has turned out to be an obstacle in the clinic. Helicase is required for both genome replication and virus assembly. Mechanistic and structural studies of helicase have hurled this enzyme into a prominent position in the field of helicase enzymology. Nevertheless, studies of helicase as an antiviral target remain in their infancy.
Human tumor strains defective in the repair of alkylated DNA fail to regenerate rapidly-sedimenting nucleoids after N-methyl-N′ -nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment

Upon treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), human cell strains characterized as either proficient or defective both in repair of alkylation-damaged DNA and in supporting the growth of MNNG-treated adenovirus (Mer+ and Mer- phenotypes (1,2)), all underwent a rapid relaxation of nucleoid DNA, as judged by sedimentation in 15--30% neutral sucrose gradients. DNA in the repair-proficient Mer+ strains (normal fibroblast and tumor) was restored to the rapidly-sedimenting (control) form within 2--4 h after the removal of MNNG. In contrast, nucleoid DNA of the repair-deficient Mer- tumor strains remained slowly-sedimenting even after 48 h of incubation. The delayed recovery of Mer- nucleoid DNA was specific for MNNG damage, since after u.v. irradiation, to which Mer+ and Mer- strains are equally resistant (2), all cell lines tested underwent DNA relaxation within the first hour after irradiation (3 J/m2) and regenerated rapidly-sedimenting nucleoids within 4--6 h of repair incubation.
Tattooing: another adolescent risk behavior warranting health education

A cross-sectional, convenient sample of adolescents ( N = 2101) from 8 states were queried regarding interest in tattooing. Permanent markings and blood-borne diseases were reasons respondents refrain from tattooing, yet 55% ( n = 1159) expressed an interest in tattooing. Tattooed adolescents in the sample (10%, n = 213) responded with their experiences. Tattooing was frequently done around the 9th grade and as early as 8 years of age; over half (56%, n = 120) report academic grades of As and Bs. Potential health risks and definite psychosocial findings of purchase and possession risks were evident, building on data from a similar 1994 study by Armstrong and McConnell. Health providers and educators should initiate applicable health education and become community adolescent advocates regarding this risk-taking behavior. Findings indicate that adolescents who want a tattoo will obtain one, regardless of money, regulations, or risks. Adolescents view the tattoos as objects of self-identity and body art, whereas adults perceive the markings as deviant behavior. Informed decision-making could be promoted in health education by incorporating information about the possibility of blood-borne diseases, permanent markings, and themselves as growing and changing people.
ALF: a facility for x-ray lithography (II): a progress report

In our previous paper which we presented here two years ago, we described the ALF (Advanced Lithography Facility), IBM's new facility for X-ray lithography which was built as an addition to the Advanced Semiconductor Technology Center at IBM's semiconductor plant in Hopewell Jct., NY. At that time, we described the structure, its utilities, facilities and special features such as the radiation shielding, control room, clean room and vibration resistant design. The building has been completed and occupied. By the time this paper is presented the storage ring will be commissioned, the clean room occupied, and two beamlines with one stepper operational. In this paper we will review the successful completion of the facility with its associated hardware. The installation of the synchrotron will be described elsewhere. We will also discuss the first measurements of vibration, clean room cleanliness and the effectiveness of the radiation shielding. The ALF was completed on schedule and cost objectives were met. This is attributed to careful planning, close cooperation among all the parties involved from the technical team in IBM Research, the system vendor (Oxford Instruments of Oxford England) to the many contractors and subcontractors and to strong support from IBM senior management. All the planned building specifications were met and the facility has come on-line with a minimum of problems. Most important, the initial measurements show that the radiation shielding plan is sound and that with a few modifications the dose limit of 10% of background will be met. Any concerns about an electron accelerator and synchrotron in an industrial setting have been eliminated.
Linear classification of system poles for structural damage detection using piezoelectric active sensors

The identification of damage in structural systems, including characterization of damage location and severity, is of extreme interest to the structural engineering profession. To date, many damage detection methods have been proposed that utilize global structural response measurements in the time and frequency domains to hypothesize the existence of structural damage. The accuracy and robustness of current damage detection methodologies could be improved through the use of active sensors. Active sensors, such as piezoelectric pads, impart low-energy acoustic excitations into structural elements and can record the corresponding system behavior. In this study, a novel methodology utilizing the input-output behavior of actively sensed structural elements is proposed. The poles of ARX time-series models describing modal frequencies and damping ratios are plotted upon the discrete-time complex plane and Perceptron linear classifiers employed to determine if poles of the structural element in an unknown state (damaged or undamaged) can be separated with those of the undamaged structure. If poles of the unknown state are separable from those of the undamaged state, the system is diagnosed as damaged. A simple cantilevered aluminum plate damaged by hack saw cuts is actively sensed by piezoelectric pads to show the efficacy of the proposed damage detection methodology. Furthermore, the number of misclassified poles and the final value of the Perceptron criterion function can be shown to be correlated to the severity of the damage.
Factors affecting adherence to the 55 m.p.h. speed limit in the USA

Abstract This paper investigates whether individual (driver) behavior is influenced by the cost of travel. Specifically, concern is focused on the importance of the price of motor gasoline in impacting the frequency with which individuals exceed the 55 m.p.h. speed limit. Other factors accounting for the time cost of travel and the cost in terms of the effort that must be expended are also considered in explaining the observed behavior. The results do suggest that adherence to the 55 m.p.h. speed limit does depend on the time cost of travel, cost in terms of discomfort and irritability, enforment and, for a subset of states, the unit price of motor gasoline.
Labile and non-labile desorption rate constants for 33 PCB congeners from lake sediment suspensions

Lake sediments contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were purged using a gas stripping technique to estimate desorption rate constants. Desorption profiles and modeling of the data clearly show a two-step release of PCBs from sediment suspensions that can be described as a labile (fast) release followed by a non-labile (slow) release. Data are summarized by labile and non-labile rate constants and by mass in each phase as a function of suspended solids concentration for twelve pure congeners and nine co-eluting data sets (twenty-one chromatograph peaks total). Labile desorption rate constants range from 113 days(-1) to 1.43 days(-1) for the 100 mg/l sediment suspension, from 67.7 days(-1) to 2.45 days(-1) for the 1000 mg/l sediment suspension, and from 8.41 days(-1) to 0.946 days(-1) for the 5000 mg/l sediment suspension. Labile rate constants consistently decreased with increasing suspended solids, and, in general, decreased with increasing degree of chlorination (reflected in increasing retention time in the chromatogram). No consistent trend was observed for the non-labile rate constants with suspended solids concentration or degree of chlorination. The average non-labile rate constant for the PCB congeners studied here was 0.154 days(-1) (s.d.=0.158; n=63). The distribution between the labile and non-labile phases also failed to indicate dependence on suspended solids concentration, chlorine substitution pattern, or molecular weight of the congener, although the data from the 5000 mg/l suspension consistently contained less labile components. The average distributions (n=63) were 60.1% in the labile phase and 39.9% in the non-labile phase.
Intestinal transit time is decreased in leptin-deficient obese mice

Abstract Background. Obesity is associated with multiple comorbidities, altered leptin metabolism, and increased intestinal absorption of nutrients. We have recently demonstrated that leptin-deficient (Lep ob ) obese mice have increased ileal sucrase activity resulting in greater absorption of carbohydrate than lean controls. We have also demonstrated altered in vitro jejunal responses to cholecystokinin in leptin-deficient obese mice. Leptin-deficiency has also previously been shown to increase gastric emptying, but its influence on intestinal transit time is unknown. Therefore, we hypothesized that leptin deficiency would alter intestinal transit time. Methods. Gastric emptying and intestinal transit time experiments were performed in 12- to 14-week-old leptin-deficient ( Lep ob ) obese mice ( n = 10) and C57Bl/6J ( n = 10) lean control mice. Fluorescent-labeled liquid dextran (200 μL of 25 mg/4 mL) was gavaged into the stomach and intestine was harvested after 1 h. The contents of the stomach and entire small intestine were divided into 10 equal parts, including the cecum and colon. The fluorescence distributed along the gastrointestinal tract was obtained. Percentage gastric emptying was calculated as the amount of diet gavaged divided by the amount remaining. The geometric center was calculated as the sum of the % fluorescence per segment × segment number. Results. Data were analyzed by Student’s t -test and are presented in the table. Conclusions. These data suggest that leptin-deficiency results in (1) increased gastric emptying and (2) decreased intestinal transit time. Therefore, we conclude that decreased intestinal time transit time in leptin-deficient obese mice may contribute to enhanced nutrient absorptive efficiency commonly observed in obesity. TABLE—ABSTRACT P15 . Strain % Gastric emptying Geometric center Lean 90.9 ± 1.7 8.35 ± 0.28 Obese 97.1 ± 0.6 ∗ 7.33 ± 0.30 ∗ ∗ P versus Lean.
Reflexivity and coalgebras of finite type

Tn this papes we study various finiteness conditions on a coalgebra C and the dual algebra C* of all linear functionals on C. C is a ru$~k~ coalgebra if every finite dirne~jon~ C*-module is rational; e~u~vale~tI~, ever>“continuous” linear functional on C* (i.e., every functional which vanishes on an ideal of C* having finite codimension) is induced by an element of C. IJsing topological considerations introduced in Section 1 together tx-ith a mx2commutative counterpart of the Hilbert “basis” theorem we show in Section 3 that a coalgebra C is reflexive if the algebra C* contains a dense subalgebra which is finitely generated. In particular w-e show that the cofree coaIgebra I(r’)% the shuffle coalgebra Sh(F) and the ~‘Bir~hoff-~~itt~~ coalgebra of divided powers B(V), are all reAexive coalgebras II-hen F is a finite dimensional vector space. Since any connected coalgebra C may be imbedded in the shufXe coalgebra Sh( F) (where si is the space of primitive elements of C), it then follows that a connected coalgebra C is reflexive if and on& if the space of primitive elements of C is finite dimensional. This condition simpiy means that C is of “‘finite type” in the foIlowing sense. Let C, be the sum of the simple subcoalgebras of a coalgebra C and define indu~t~~e~~an increasing coalgebm filtration bq’
Associated Charmonium Production in p-pbar Annihilation

In this paper we summarize our recent results for low energy associated charmonium production cross sections, using 1) crossing symmetry, and 2) an explicit hadronic model. These predictions are of relevance to the planned charmonium and charmonium hybrid production experiment PANDA at GSI.
Electrochemical Fabrication of InSb Nanowires using Porous Alumina Membrane and their Characterization

Among various ways to produce nanowires; anodic alumina membrane (AAM) based synthesis has constantly received much attention because AAM possess a uniform and parallel porous structure which makes them an ideal template material for creating highly ordered nanostructures. In this paper we report fabrication of InSb nanowire arrays with diameter of 200 nm and 30 nm by direct current electrodeposition inside the nanochannels of anodic alumina membranes without subsequent annealing. The nanowires have four major growth direction, [220] being the most dominant with structure defects such as twins. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results demonstrate that these InSb nanowires are uniform with diameters about 200 nm and 30 nm, corresponding to the pore diameter of the AAMs. The nanowires also conduct almost no current in the dark, but when hit with light, they conduct 10,000 times more current. This photoconduction property could lead to a variety of tiny optoelectronic devices potentially useful in future generations of nanoelectronics and chemical sensors. The light-induced conductivity increase and the temperature dependent behavior of the nanowires are also reported.
Formal modeling and analysis of the HLA component integration standard

An increasingly important trend in the engineering of complex systems is the design of component integration standards. Such standards define rules of interaction and shared communication infrastructure that permit composition of systems out of independently-developed parts. A problem with these standards is that it is often difficult to understand exactly what they require and provide, and to analyze them in order to understand their deeper properties. In this paper we use our experience in modeling the High Level Architecture (HLA) for Distributed Simulation to show how one can capture the structured protocol inherent in an integration standard as a formal architectural model that can be analyzed to detect anomalies, race conditions, and deadlocks.
Supply chain risk management via correlated scenario analysis

In this paper, we study a comprehensive Supply Chain (SC) optimisation model that incorporates the uncertainty associated with demand, market price, supply and procurement costs. A number of correlated scenarios are built each of which represents a set of possible realisations of those random factors. Taking a stochastic programming approach, the variables and parameters are transformed into a Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) model, where the objective is to maximise the net present value of the cash flow for the whole SC over a finite planning horizon. The proposed model provides a useful tool for both strategic (e.g. locations and capacities of facilities) and operational (e.g. material flow) SC decision making.
Gene deletions resulting in increased nitrogen release by Azotobacter vinelandii: Application of a novel nitrogen biosensor

Azotobacter vinelandii is a widely studied model diazotrophic (nitrogen-fixing) bacterium and also an obligate aerobe, differentiating it from many other diazotrophs that require environments low in oxygen for the function of the nitrogenase. As a free-living bacterium, A. vinelandii has evolved enzymes and transporters to minimize the loss of fixed nitrogen to the surrounding environment. In this study, we pursued efforts to target specific enzymes and further developed screens to identify individual colonies of A. vinelandii producing elevated levels of extracellular nitrogen. Targeted deletions were done to convert urea into a terminal product by disrupting the urease genes that influence the ability of A. vinelandii to recycle the urea nitrogen within the cell. Construction of a nitrogen biosensor strain was done to rapidly screen several thousand colonies disrupted by transposon insertional mutagenesis to identify strains with increased extracellular nitrogen production. Several disruptions were identified in the ammonium transporter gene amtB that resulted in the production of sufficient levels of extracellular nitrogen to support the growth of the biosensor strain. Further studies substituting the biosensor strain with the green alga Chlorella sorokiniana confirmed that levels of nitrogen produced were sufficient to support the growth of this organism when the medium was supplemented with sufficient sucrose to support the growth of the A. vinelandii in coculture. The nature and quantities of nitrogen released by urease and amtB disruptions were further compared to strains reported in previous efforts that altered the nifLA regulatory system to produce elevated levels of ammonium. These results reveal alternative approaches that can be used in various combinations to yield new strains that might have further application in biofertilizer schemes.
Ultrastructural deformation of reconstituted collagen

Abstract An electron microscopic examination of deformed reconstituted collagen fibers is presented, and the origins of fracture and deformation are examined. The integrity of the stained banding structure is maintained after deformation, fracture apparently occurring mainly by pulling free of the tropocollagen molecules. Analysis of the banding structure of compressed and extended collagen fibers shows that the nonstaining nonpolar regions are fairly rigid and undeformable, in agreement with X-ray data for native fibers. Most of the deformation occurs in the staining polar region, particularly in the a1a2, b1b2 and c1c2 regions, where extensions of more than 50% are observable. It is suggested that these polar regions are highly convoluted and are not in the poly- l -proline II conformation. Various irregular and regular conformations which might account for the extensibility are examined briefly.
Yield of switchgrass as affected by seeding rates and dates

Abstract A bio-refinery to produce ethanol from switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) and corn cobs ( Zea mays L.) opened in January 2009 in Monroe County Tennessee, USA, and contracts have been awarded to farmers within an 80 km area to produce switchgrass as a biofuel feedstock. This research was undertaken to provide information about seeding rates and dates for a projected 4000 ha of switchgrass production. The experimental treatments were seeding rates of 4.48, 6.72, 8.96, and 11.2 kg ha −1 of pure live seed (PLS) and seeding dates at two week intervals on April 23, May 7, May 21, and June 4, in 2007. The seeding rate of 4.48 kg ha −1 produced lower yields of dry matter than the other seeding rates during the establishment year (4.69 vs 6.42 Mg ha −1 ). There were no differences in yield among seeding rates in the second through the fourth year of production. The early seeding dates of April 23 and May 7 produced lower yields than the May 21 and June 4 seeding dates in each of the first three years of production. In the fourth year of production, yield from the first planting date was equal to the third and fourth planting dates.
Dividend innovations and volatility of stock returns

This article focuses on dividend innovations as a determinant of predict ability and volatility of returns in three major stock markets, the U.S., U.K., and Japan. All results are based on vector autoregressive (VAR) and auto regressive conditional heteroscedastic (ARCH) approaches, with monthly sampled data. We find that in all three markets dividend‐price ratios and/or dividend growth rates predict returns. Moreover, there is persistence in the variance of stock returns attributed to the innovations related to the same variables.
The influence of light and nutrient addition upon the sediment chemistry of iron in an arctic lake

The geochemical response of sediments to increased nutrient input to an Alaskan, arctic lake was examined using direct measurements of sediment-water chemical fluxes. An unexpected increase in Fe flux occurred when sediments were exposed to high incident radiation and nutrient concentrations. Correlation between light and acid-soluble Fe concentrations suggests that photoreduction of Fe(III) oxides may occur, but nutrient addition enhanced the effect indicating that primary productivity was also important. The processes controlling the flux of Fe from sediments in this lake were complex and included the redox potential (dissolved oxygen concentration) of the water, quality of organic matter present in the sediment, light, and nutrients supplied from the sediments and/or water column. These four factors together with the possibility of direct uptake of Fe by phytoplankton and the possible release of algal reductants may contribute to Fe cycling in this lake.