cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transistor behavior via Au clusters etched from electrodes in an acidic gating solution: Metal nanoparticles mimicking conducting polymers

We report that the electrical conductance between closely spaced gold electrodes in acid solution can be turned from off [insulating; I] to on [conducting; C] to off again by monotonically sweeping a gate voltage applied to the solution. We propose that this ICI transistor action is due to an electrochemical process dependent on nanoparticles etched from the surface of the gold electrodes. These measurements mimic closely the characteristics of nanoscale acid-gated polyaniline transistors, so that researchers should guard against misinterpreting this effect in future molecular-electronics experiments.
A component model of spatial locality

Good spatial locality alleviates both the latency and bandwidth problem of memory by boosting the effect of prefetching and improving the utilization of cache. However, conventional definitions of spatial locality are inadequate for a programmer to precisely quantify the quality of a program, to identify causes of poor locality, and to estimate the potential by which spatial locality can be improved.This paper describes a new, component-based model for spatial locality. It is based on measuring the change of reuse distances as a function of the data-block size. It divides spatial locality into components at program and behavior levels. While the base model is costly because it requires the tracking of the locality of every memory access, the overhead can be reduced by using small inputs and by extending a sampling-based tool. The paper presents the result of the analysis for a large set of benchmarks, the cost of the analysis, and the experience of a user study, in which the analysis helped to locate a data-layout problem and improve performance by 7% with a 6-line change in an application with over 2,000 lines.
A social ethogram of the neotropical arboreal ant Zacryptocerus varians (Fr. Smith)

Abstract An ethogram is presented of Zacryptocerus varians , a morphologically advanced member of the ‘turtle ants’ comprising the neotropical ant tribe Cephalotini. The species displays unusual and in one or two cases possibly even unique social behaviours, including the consumption and sharing of infrabuccal pellets, the apparent absence of adult transport, a primarily or exclusively mechanical form of colony defence, and a remarkable form of abdominal trophallaxis. All of these specializations seem to be associated with more primary adaptations by the species to arboreal nesting and scavenging. Among the additional results is the demonstration that the major worker is more specialized as a defensive caste than is the case in certain species of Camponotus and Pheidole .
'Yvain' dans le miroir: Une poétique de la reflexion dans le 'Chevalier au lion' de Chrétien de Troyes

This study views the pervasive ambiguity of Chretien's romances as a positive quality and focuses on the techniques used in Yvain to encourage reflection. An adversative structure informs this romance, setting up a disconcerting rhythm of false belief and reversal which forces the reader/listener (like the hero) to question all that meets the eyes and ears. Grimbert's discussion ranges broadly and authoritatively over subjects from narrative omniscience and reliability ... to character, to rhetoric and the duplicity of language”. Norris J. Lacy, French Review 63.2 (1989).
A signal generator providing independent control of trapezoidal waveform parameters.

Abstract A trapezoidal waveform, because of the time between its linear voltage ramps, is often more useful than sinusoidal or triangular waveforms. Its usefulness is increased when amplitude, interphase interval and the slope of the voltage ramps are independently controllable. This paper describes a circuit that provides for such control.
The evasion and spatial/temporal distribution of mercury species in Long Island Sound, CT-NY

Abstract The biogeochemical cycling of elemental Hg has important effects on the global and regional mobility and reactivity of the metal, and has not been well characterized in coastal marine systems. Five sets of measurements examining the spatial/temporal distribution of dissolved gaseous Hg (DGM), total Hg (HgT), and reactive Hg (HgR) in the waters of Long Island Sound (LIS) indicate that Hgo evasion is geochemically significant, and an estimated 35% of the total annual Hg inputs to the system (average flux: 342 pmol m−2 d−1 to the atmosphere, based on a gas exchange model). DGM concentrations ranged from 0.04 to 0.55 pM (81–1167% saturation relative to atmospheric equilibrium), and show maxima in the surface mixed layer. Distinct seasonal patterns were observed, including higher DGM concentrations and percentage saturations during the warmer months. Seasonally averaged unfiltered HgT concentrations decreased by an order of magnitude from western LIS to the east, whereas the percent of unfiltered total as HgR increased from 14% in the west to 71% in the east. Relationships between filtered HgR, DOC, and DGM suggest that the DGM distribution within LIS is related to the supply and distribution of labile Hg reactant, which is in turn controlled by the distribution and nature of DOM.
Finite element thermal analysis on the crystal growth of HgCdTe by the travelling heater method

Abstract A finite element quasi-steady-state thermal model is described to simulate the growth of (Hg,Cd)Te by the traveling heater method. The ampoule region is incorporated in the thermal model and forms the basis for comparing the simulation results with experimental measurements. Sensitivity studies were carried out to explore the change of interface shape due to variations in thermophysical parameters, physical dimensions of the system, thermal boundary profile, and crystal growth conditions. It is found that the interface shape is always concave at the solvent/crystal/quartz-wall three-phase contact point regardless whether the macroscopic interface shape is concave or convex. This local concavity is due to the higher quartz-wall thermal conductivity with respect to that of the growing crystal. The modeling interface shapes are in good agreement with experimental observations and with the aid of the model simulation to search for the appropriate thermal and thermodynamic conditions, slightly macroscopic convex interface shapes can be achieved and (Hg,Cd)Te single crystals were grown.
Massive, self-interacting scalar multiplet coupled to supergravity

Abstract We present complete results on a locally supersymmetric theory of a massive, self-interacting scalar multiplet coupled to supergravity. The results are obtained using functional techniques which should be applicable to any theory with a non-polynomial structure. This theory exhibits spontaneous symmetry breakdown.
Derivatives of 3‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)2‐benzothiazolinone and related compounds

The reaction of the appropriate 2-benzothiazolinone with 2-chloroethanol or 3-chloropropanol under basic conditions afforded 3-(2-hydroxyethyl or 3-hydroxypropyl)-2-benzothiazolinone and related compounds 1–7. The reaction of the alcohols 1,4, 5 or 7 with potassium hydroxide and excess carbon disulfide furnished the potassium salts of xanthic acid 8–11 which upon oxidation gave the disulfides 12–15. Esters of xanthic acid 16–23 were prepared by the reaction of 8 or 11 with various halogen compounds. Esters of acetic acid 24–28 were prepared by the reaction of the appropriate 2-benzothiazolinone with 2-bromoethyl acetate under basic conditions. Esterification of 1 with various acids afforded the esters 25, 29–32.
Expertise in the Wired Wild West

This ethnographic study reveals how expertise was sought, articulated and actuated across online and offline worlds to enable the evacuation of 38 horses from an isolated ranch in the mountainous region of Northern Colorado following a series of devastating flash floods in September 2013. The shared expertise within a loosely connected community of practice bridged spatial-temporal limitations and afforded opportunities for practical assistance and response, both virtually and on the ground. Interaction via social media articulated the parameters of the emergent problem to be solved, and "cast a net" to find the expertise necessary to address different aspects of the perceived problem. Eventually, more than 60 people with equine expertise converged onto the ranch, bringing their materials to execute a single-day evacuation and relocation of the herd.
The Psychological Impact of the Three Mile Island Incident

This study examines the psychological impact of the Three Mile Island incident. The results are based on data from a panel study of 403 persons living within five miles of Three Mile Island (TMI), and a telephone survey of 1,506 people living within 55 miles of that area. Active coping strategies were associated with continued high levels of distress. Having more friends was related to reduced distress, but introspection, taking protective actions, being active in organizations, and seeking out others were all related to higher levels of distress. High self-esteem was related to a decrease in symptoms and psychotropic drug use, and avoidance behaviors were related to higher than expected numbers of symptoms. Efforts to profile those who used different coping strategies were relatively unsuccessful. The results emphasize the need to consider the nature of the stressor when developing models of coping and response to stressful situations.
Toward Modernist Urban Design: Louis Kahn's Plan for Central Philadelphia

By re-visiting Louis Kahn's urban design plan for Central Philadelphia in the 1950s, this paper explores the history and controversy of one of the most provocative modernist urban design ideas through the debate between architect Kahn and planner Edmund Bacon. While Bacon was a trained planner who represented the economic needs of the public realm, Kahn was an architect who advocated for the powerful form and the system of movement at large. This paper presents a methodological search for the distinctive characteristics of Kahn's plan that might have made it practical for Philadelphia—the idea of the city of flow and the monumental civic centre.
Evidence for a role of microfilaments in insulin release from purified β-cells

Abstract To determine if the failure of purified β-cells to secrete insulin in response to a glucose stimulus results from the absence of a cytoskeletal response, the effects of cytochalasins D and B on glucose-induced insulin release were investigated. Glucose alone failed to stimulate insulin release whereas glucose in the presence of glucagon, theophylline, cytochalasin D or B markedly potentiated insulin release. Cytochalasin D potentiated insulin secretion in a dose-dependent manner, and the combination of theophylline and cytochalasin D resulted in an insulin secretory response no greater than that produced by either agent alone. Both glucagon and theophylline are believed to mediate their effectsvia cAMP, however, cytochalasin D did not affect β-cell cAMP levels. These results suggest that the inability of purified β-cells to release insulin may result from the absence of the necessary modulation of the state of the microfilaments.
Insulin stimulates branched chain amino acid uptake and diminishes nitrogen flux from skeletal muscle of injured patients

Resistance to insulin-mediated glucose disposal occurs in uninjured skeletal muscle of trauma patients but the effect of insulin on the accelerated proteolysis of trauma is unknown. We examined the influence of insulin on forearm amino acid and substrate exchange in five normals and four trauma patients using the hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp technique. Forearm substrate and amino acid flux (Q, nM/100 ml tissue/min), the product of blood flow and arterial deep venous concentration difference, was calculated before and during insulin infusion. Total nitrogen release (NQ, nM/100 ml tissue/min) was calculated as the algebraic sum of all nitrogen groups contained in the amino acids released. Among normal subjects, total nitrogen release from the forearm did not change (581 +/- 197 nM/100 ml tissue/min to 1167 +/- 455) during insulin infusion nor did total branched chain amino acid flux (0 +/- 30 nM/100 ml/min to 106 +/- 36). Under conditions of hyperinsulinemia, neither glutamine nor alanine changed in control subjects. In trauma patients, total nitrogen release (3843 +/- 1383 nM/100 ml/min) was inhibited during insulin administration (819 +/- 314, P less than 0.05). Total branched chain amino acid flux went from a net release of 460 +/- 134 nM/100 ml/min to a net uptake of 10 +/- 82 (P less than 0.05). In patients, statistically significant (P less than 0.05) differences were seen in individual amino acids as well. Forearm nitrogen flux was directly related to total branched chain amino acid flux in patients (r2 = 0.89). Additional studies in normals (n = 4) at higher insulin infusion rates confirmed that these effects were unique to injured subjects and not an effect of the insulin dose. Insulin attenuates the accelerated release of skeletal muscle amino acid in trauma patients. This effect may be mediated in part by facilitated branched chain amino acid uptake. The manipulation of both insulin and branched chain amino acid concentrations may provide a method to reduce post-traumatic protein catabolism.
Interaction with Others Increases Decision Confidence but Not Decision Quality: Evidence against Information Collection Views of Interactive Decision Making

Abstract We present three studies of interactive decision making, where decision makers interact with others before making a final decision alone. Because the theories of lay observers and social psychologists emphasize the role of information collection in interaction, we developed a series of tests of information collection. Two studies with sports collection show that interaction does not increase decision accuracy or meta-knowledge (calibration or resolution). The simplest test of information collection is responsiveness - that people should respond to information against their position by modifying their choices or at least lowering their confidence. Studies using traditional scenarios from the group polarization literature show little responsiveness, and even "deviants," who interact with others who unanimously disagree with their choice, frequently fail to respond to the information they collect. The most consistent finding is that interaction increases people′s confidence in their decisions in both sports predictions and risky shift dilemmas. For predictions, confidence increases are not justified by increased accuracy. These results question theories of interaction which assume that people collect information during interaction (e.g., Persuasive Arguments Theory). They also question the labeling of previous results as "shifts" or "polarization." We suggest that interaction is better understood as rationale construction than as information collection - interaction forces people to explain their choices to others, and a variety of previous research in social psychology has shown that explanation generation leads to increased confidence. In Study 3, we provide a preliminary test of rationale construction by showing that people increase in confidence when they construct a case for their position individually, without interaction.
Cross-Cultural Validity of the TIMSS-1999 Mathematics Test: Verification of a Cognitive Model

As with any test administered across linguistically and culturally diverse groups, evidence suggesting the equivalence of score meaning across countries is needed for valid comparisons. The current study examines the cross-cultural equivalence of score interpretations from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)-1999 from a cognitive-psychometric perspective. A cognitive model describing the knowledge, strategies, and processing skills measured by the TIMSS-R mathematics test was previously validated in several countries. In order to establish the cross-cultural equivalence of TIMSS scores for the Taiwanese student population, the fit of the cognitive model to the Taiwanese item responses was examined. High student-mastery classification rates and good prediction of scores based on attribute mastery probabilities supported the fit of the cognitive model in the current study. Further, we suggest that cognitive-psychometric modeling approaches like those applied in the current stud...
Mechanical characterization of pink lac du Bonnet granite: Evidence of nonlinearity and anisotropy

Abstract A comprehensive laboratory investigation of the mechanical properties of pink Lac du Bonnet granite was carried out. Specimens were tested in three orthogonal directions. In uniaxial and triaxial compression the strength and deformability were practically isotropic. Sonic velocity tests yielded minor directional differences on the order of 10%. Brazilian and uniaxial tensile strengths, however, were both found to vary up to 25% between orientations. The elastic parameters in both compression and tension varied continuously with the stress magnitude, indicating nonlinear stress-strain behavior. The tensile modulus of deformation was substantially lower than that in compression. An unexpected observation in our uniaxial tension tests was the recorded phenomenon of lateral strain decline beyond 50% of peak load, indicating diametrical expansion, and resulting in decreasing Poisson's ratio values. This apparent lateral strain paradox, exhibited by lateral enlargement even as the specimen is being pulled axially, can be explained as the result of the opening of oblique microcracks. Our work brings into question the use of isotropic models in excavation design, in which compressive material constants determined at one level of loading are employed regardless of the local state of stress.
Uniform radio frequency fields in loop-gap resonators for EPR spectroscopy

At high frequencies, e.g., Q- and W-bands, it is advantageous to make the axial length of loop-gap resonators (LGRs) at least as long as a free-space wavelength. The opposite scaling of capacitance and inductance with LGR length suggests that the length of an LGR can be increased without limit, with the axial radio frequency (rf) field profiles and resonance frequency independent of length. This scaling is accurate for resonator dimensions much less than one free-space wavelength. When the resonator length approaches one-tenth of a free-space wavelength, the rf field uniformity degrades. From one-tenth to one free-space wavelength, computer simulations and experimental measurements show that the axial magnetic field energy density profile is peaked in the center of the LGR, gradually decreases from 25 to 50% at a distance one radius from the end, and rapidly there-after. The nonuniformity is of two types. One type, in the vicinity of one radius of the end, is caused by the flaring of the field as it curves from the central loop to the end region, into the larger return loop(s). The other type, in the central part of the resonator, is caused by impedance mismatch at the ends of the LGR. The LGR may be viewed as a strongly reentrant (ridge) waveguide nearly open at both ends and supporting a standing wave. A transmission line model relates the central nonuniformity to the fringing capacitance and inductance at the ends of the resonator. This nonuniformity can be eliminated in several ways including modifying the ends of the LGR by adding a small metal bridge or a dielectric ring. These uniformity trimming elements increase the fringing capacitance and/or decrease the fringing inductance. With trimmed ends, LGRs can be made many free-space wavelengths long. The maximum resonator length is determined by the proximity in frequency of the fundamental LGR mode to the next highest frequency mode as well as the quality factor. Results of this theory are compared and conformed with finite-element simulations. This theory connects the uniform LGR with the uniform field cavity resonators previously introduced by this laboratory.
Structural Distortion of Dendrimers on Gold Surfaces: A Tapping-Mode AFM Investigation

Abstract : Atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigations of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) Starburst (Trademark) dendrimers, generations 4 and 8 (G4, G8), absorbed on Au (111) surfaces were conducted. By controlling dendrimer concentration and exposure time during adsorption, coverages ranging from completely isolated molecules to a monolayer were prepared. The individual dendrimer molecules forming a monolayer were clearly imaged. Upon exposure to hexadecanethiol, the shapes of individual dendrimers change and they become taller and narrower as more stable thiol-Au bonds replace some of the amine-Au bonds. In the case of monolayers, exposure to hexadecanethiol causes the dendrimers to gradually agglomerate, forming dendrimer "pillars" up to 30 nm in height and freeing progressively more surface area for thiol adsorption.
LESSENING THE STING OF ASFA: THE REHABILITATION-RELAPSE DILEMMA BROUGHT ABOUT BY DRUG ADDICTION AND TERMINATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS

Congress passed the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 (ASFA) as a response to children waiting in foster homes for years without permanent placement. In addressing the problem of permanency, however, Congress set a strict limit on how long a child could be in foster care (15 out of the most recent 22 months) before a state must either commence a proceeding to terminate parental rights or else lose valuable federal funding. Due to health care funding schemes and quality of treatment, this requirement, in particular, negatively impacts parents currently in drug rehabilitation whose parental rights may be permanently terminated before a realistic chance to recover is permitted. Although ASFA requires that states make “reasonable efforts” to keep families united, it does not define “reasonable efforts,” leaving parental rights and family unity subject to a chaotic interpretation of this requirement from state to state. “Reasonable efforts” should be interpreted to take into account current drug addiction and recovery research and drug court programs should be used to facilitate this goal. Research has shown that focusing on adequate treatment saves states money and improves the lives of children and their families, reducing the need for reliance on termination of parental rights.
Impact of consumers' confidence in judgements about missing information on product evaluations

Abstract This study tested three alternative models of inference process which can explain negative mean shifts of product evaluations due to incomplete information. The experimental results provide support for the Jaccard and Wood (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54 (4, 1988): 580–591) model for both the positive and negative inference conditions. The findings show that the level of an inferred attribute and consumers' confidence in the inferred attribute have a significant impact on the magnitude of the mean shifts. Also found is the effect of consumers' familiarity with product class on the confidence in the inferred attribute.
Training for Template Creation: A Performance Improvement Method.

Purpose – There are three purposes to this article: first, to offer a training approach to employee learning and performance improvement that makes use of a step‐by‐step process of skill/knowledge creation. The process offers follow‐up opportunities for skill maintenance and improvement; second, to explain the conceptual bases of the approach; and third, to demonstrate the efficacy of the approach as it is applied in the field.Design/methodology/approach – The methodology consists of two major features: the explication of how the template approach is applied, in general; and then the performance of two groups of employees is compared following training. One group was trained in the template approach while the other group was trained using more traditional methods. Conventional performance measures were used to assess group differences.Findings – Following training the two employee groups were compared. The hypotheses stated that there would be no differences in performance on these measures: gross sales a...
Familial Autoimmune Thyroiditis: Maternal–Fetal Relationship and the Role of Generalized Autoimmunity

ABSTRACT A family with autoimmune thyroid disease (Hashimoto's type) involving at least 3 members in 2 generations is described. In addition, abnormalities of serum immunoglobulins were identified in 2 of 3 generations studied. The possible pathogenetic role of at least one of these immunoglobulins is discussed. Congenital thyroid suppression (partially reversible) was present in all 6 offspring (third generation) of one member with autoimmune thyroiditis. The mechanism of this suppression is not apparent.
Synthesis and Alignment of Discrete Polydiacetylene-Peptide Nanostructures

Oligopeptides bearing internal diacetylene units are shown to self-assemble in water into one-dimensional nanostructures and aligned macroscopic hydrogels. The diacetylene units can be photopolymerized into polydiacetylenes that run coincident to the nanostructure and noodle long axes, and the resulting nanostructures show evidence for ambipolar charge transport. This self-assembly, alignment and polymerization technique provides a rapid way to produce globally aligned collections of conjugated polymer chains.
A New Technique for Hardening CCD Imagers by Suppression of Interface State Generation

A new technique has recently been developed to suppress dark current generation by interface states in buried channel CCD imagers by a change in the operating biases of the CCD during the integration cycle. In this work, this technique is successfully applied to suppressing interface state generated dark current in two irradiated CCDs. A dark current of only 1.3 nA/cm2 at 1 Mrad dose has been obtained on a CCD fabricated with radiation hardened oxides using this technique, compared to 360 nA/cm2 in the normal mode of operation. Experimental data on the irradiated CCDs show an excellent correlation between dark current generated by interface states in the normal mode of operation and the density of interface states measured using the periodic pulse technique.
Practical Application of a Biaxial Goniometer to the Wrist Joint

The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine errors in wrist angle measurements from a commercially-available biaxial electrogoniometer and 2) to develop a calibration routine in order to correct for these errors. Goniometric measurements were simultaneously collected with true angular data using a fixture that allowed wrist movement in one plane while restricting motion in the orthogonal plane. These data were collected in two sets of trials: 1) flexion/extension with radial/ulnar deviation restricted and 2) radial/ulnar deviation with flexion/extension restricted. During these trials, discrete 30 degree increments of forearm rotation were studied. The results showed the expected cross talk and zero drift errors during forearm rotation. The application of mathematical equations that describe the effect of goniometer twist during forearm rotation resulted in significant error reduction for most trials. The calibration technique employs both a slope and a displacement transformation to improve the ac...
Does treatment with calcitriol improve survival in predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease

Treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism with activated vitamin D analogs has been associated with improved survival of dialysis-dependent patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Whether this treatment regimen affords similar benefits to non-dialysis-dependent patients with CKD remains unclear. In this Practice Point commentary, we discuss a study by Kovesdy et al. that reported enhanced survival in predialysis patients with CKD who received calcitriol for a median duration of 2.1 years. Despite the achievement of favorable results in these patients, the study had several limitations that could preclude generalization of the findings to other populations. These limitations included the nonrandomized, observational design, the small patient population, the exclusive enrollment of men (76.5% of whom were white), and the lack of information on cause of death. Here, we place the findings of the study into clinical context and emphasize the urgent need for large, well-designed, randomized trials that aim to assess cardiovascular and mortality end points.
Coactivation of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors: in marriage, a case of his, hers, and theirs.

D1 and D2 dopamine receptors exert opposing effects on the same signaling pathway mediated by heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins. D1 receptor activation positively affects adenylyl cyclase, and D2 receptor activation is either uncoupled from adenylyl cyclase or negatively affects it. These data suggest that coactivation of D1 and D2 receptors should produce opposite or competing intracellular signals through activation of separate D1- and D2-mediated signaling pathways. Unexpectedly, recent research suggests that D1 and D2 receptor coactivation in cells that coexpress both receptors leads to the recruitment of a novel signaling pathway, involving phospholipase C (PLC)–mediated calcium mobilization, that is distinct from the intracellular responses observed after stimulation of either dopamine receptor alone. This observation suggests that stimulation of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors has the potential to give rise to different intracellular signals depending on whether D1 or D2 receptors are activated alone or together.
Complex objects for relational databases

Abstract Object-oriented database systems provide an approach to representing and manipulating complex objects that has received wide attention for scientific and engineering applications. The view-object model is an alternative approach that builds on the relational data model to define complex entities. In this paper, we present an implementation of the model in the PENGUIN system that defines an object-oriented layer on top of a relational database. This domain-independent architecture permits object-oriented access to information stored in relational format—information that can be shared among applications. The capabilities of PENGUIN are demonstrated and the potential benefits of this methodology for developing enhanced information systems are discussed.
Comparison of the Inhibitory Effects of Antithrombin III, α2-Macroglobulin, and Thrombin in Human Basilar Arteries: Relevance to Cerebral Vasospasm

Isolated human basilar arteries were used in this study to evaluate the inhibitory effect of antithrombin III (AT III), thrombin, and α2-macroglobulin (α2-M) on contractions elicited by K+, seroton...
Orientation and Movement in Unusual Force Environments

A manned space mission to Mars might take as long as 1 year each way. Consequently, artificial gravity is being considered as a way of preventing the debilitating effects of long-duration exposure to microgravity on the human body. The present article discusses some of the problems associated with adapting to the rotation levels that might be used to generate artificial gravity. It also describes how exposure to background-force levels greater or less than the 1-G force of Earth gravity affects orientation and movement control. The primary emphasis of the article is that human movement and orientation control are dynamically adapted to the 1-G force background of Earth and that accommodation to altered force levels or to rotating environments requires a wide range of adaptive changes.
Thermoelectricity and Thermal Conductivity in the Lead Sulfide Group of Semiconductors

The thermal conductivity and thermoelectric power of six specimens of PbS and one each of PbSe and PbTe have been measured at temperatures ranging from 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. In the same temperature region the charge carrier mobility in these samples was determined from measurements of electrical resistivity and Hall coefficient. Four of the PbS samples were natural and $n$ type, while the other specimens were synthetic and $p$ type. The synthetic samples contained only a few single crystals but two of the natural specimens were highly polycrystalline.At low temperatures the charge carrier mobilities tend to high constant values similar to those reported elsewhere in single crystals of the same materials. From an estimate of the scattering cross section of the point defects we find evidence for explaining this behavior in terms of metallic rather than semiconducting properties.Maxima attributed to phonon drag have been observed below 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in the thermoelectric power of the specimens of highest thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity was similar in all samples at 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K but varied by as much as two orders of magnitude at 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. In order to explain these results it is necessary to consider scattering of phonons by point imperfections, free electrons, and dislocations.
Local control and toxicity outcomes in brainstem metastases treated with single fraction radiosurgery: is there a volume threshold for toxicity?

Gamma Knife Radiosurgery (GKRS) has been reported in the treatment of brainstem metastases while dose volume toxicity thresholds remain mostly undefined. A retrospective review of 52 brainstem metastases in 44 patients treated with GKRS was completed. A median dose of 18 Gy (range 10–22 Gy) was prescribed to the tumor margin (median 50 % isodose). 25 patients had undergone previous whole brain radiation therapy. Toxicity was graded by the LENT-SOMA scale. Mean and median follow-up was 10 and 6 months. Only 3 of the 44 patients are living. Multiple brain metastases were treated in 75 % of patients. Median size of lesions was 0.134 cc, (range 0.013–6.600 cc). Overall survival rate at 1 year was 32 % (95 % CI 51.0–20.1 %) with a median survival time of 6 months (95 % CI 5.0–16.5). Local control rate at 6 months and 1 year was 88 % (95 % CI 70–95 %) and 74 % (95 % CI 52–87 %). Cause of death was neurologic in 17 patients, non-neurologic in 20 patients, and unknown in four. Four patients experienced treatment related toxicities. Univariate analysis of tumor volume revealed that volume greater than 1.0 cc predicted for toxicity. A strategy of using lower marginal doses with GKRS to brain stem metastases appears to lead to a lower local control rate than seen with lesions treated within the standard dose range in other locations. Tumor size greater than 1.0 cc predicted for treatment-related toxicity.
Child Welfare Policy in the United States

Recent developments in child welfare in the United States can be seen as enactments of state paternalism toward families. New programs and procedures in the areas of foster care and “in-home” family services aim to reinforce parents' and childrens' rights, but these rights are typically framed as protections against bureaucratic abuse rather than as rights to basic material resources. The prevailing cultural assumption toward child welfare in the United States is that the government should not intervene in family life unless there is legal evidence of functional failure. Families are still seen as autonomous units that essentially determine their own fates. This ideology serves to limit the public and political perception of more preventive and developmental options.
Building Clinical Decision-making Skills

As learners progress from students to physicians, they develop and mature skills in clinical decision-making and problemsolving. A number of steps are involved—most importantly experience, exposure to many different clinical situations, and the benefits gained from the direction of an experienced teacher. The initial step is learning the importance of semantic qualifiers (1,2), which are sets of terms that describe the presentation of a clinical problem. Semantic qualifiers assist in problem representation. These qualifiers are abstract concepts, often opposites, called forth in medicine to assist in applying experience to help reach and define a medical decision. The qualifiers may supply critical differentiating evidence for the assignment of an illness into existing medical categories. Examples of semantic qualifiers are: acute versus chronic, previously well versus chronically ill, productive cough versus dry cough, sharp versus dull pain, progressive versus unchanged (the semantic qualifiers are in italics) (3). Semantic qualifiers are applied to the patient description and facilitate thinking about the problem, summarizing the problem and its solution, and defining the clinical problem. Using semantic qualifiers, a case may be seen and interpreted differently by a novice in contrast to an experienced master. Consider the radiology example of a 35-year-old female patient who presents for an ultrasound examination of a lower abdominal wall mass. Initial considerations are quite broad and include diverse processes such as hernia, abscess, lipoma, hematoma, endometrioma, metastases, and desmoid. Helpful
What's up with 2 cord transplantation?

Transplantation of 2 cord blood units to a single patient has been enthusiastically adopted as a strategy to increase access to unrelated donor cord blood transplantation (UCBT) for larger pediatric and adult patients. With this strategy, 1 cord blood unit ultimately dominates and confers durable engraftment, but prospective identification of the engrafting unit has not been possible.
Reciprocating Steam Turns 300

The year 2012 marks the 300th anniversary of the first successful reciprocating steam engine, which was built by Thomas Newcomen of Dartmouth, England to dewater a coal mine near Tipton, West Midlands, England. With over 1400 built during the 18th Century, Newcomen engines enabled the Industrial Revolution. This paper: (1) commemorates this achievement through an overview of the development of this remarkable machine; (2) describes the operation of the Newcomen steam engine; and, (3) provides modern thermo-fluids analyses using authentic historical data of the Westfield Engine at Parkgate, an engine that was constructed in 1823 and dismantled in 1934. The overarching goal of this paper is to encourage teaching about this fascinating historical technology in today’s classrooms by providing the background knowledge and pertinent calculations for integration into current thermo-fluids courses.
The effects of an irrelevant intertrial task on pattern discrimination in rats with hippocampal damage

Rats sustaining either hippocampal lesions or sham operations were compared on maze activity and visual pattern discrimination in a Y-maze. On the discrimination problem, approximately one-half of the brain-damaged and sham-operated rats were trained with an irrelevant runway task interposed during the intertrial intervals. The rats with hippocampal lesions were found to be more active in the maze than the controls, but hippocampally damaged rats showed no evidence of a discrimination deficit, with or without distraction.
Purification and characterization of an oxygen-sensitive, reversible 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate decarboxylase from Clostridium hydroxybenzoicum.

A 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.63) from Clostridium hydroxybenzoicum JW/Z-1T was purified and partially characterized. The estimated molecular mass of the enzyme was 270 kDa. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gave a single band of 57 kDa, suggesting that the enzyme consists of five identical subunits. The temperature and pH optima were 50 degrees C and pH 7.0, respectively. The Arrhenius energy for decarboxylation of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate was 32.5 kJ . mol(-1) for the temperature range from 22 to 50 degrees C. The Km and kcat for 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate were 0.6 mM and 5.4 x 10(3) min(-1), respectively, at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C. The enzyme optimally catalyzed the reverse reaction, that is, the carboxylation of catechol to 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, at pH 7.0. The enzyme did not decarboxylate 2-hydroxybenzoate, 3-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoate, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoate, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, 3-F-4-hydroxybenzoate, or vanillate. The decarboxylase activity was inhibited by 25 and 20%, respectively, by 2,3,4- and 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate. Thiamine PPi and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate did not stimulate and hydroxylamine and sodium borohydride did not inhibit the enzyme activity, indicating that the 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate decarboxylase is not a thiamine PPi-, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-, or pyruvoyl-dependent enzyme.
Structural Characterization of Organocuprate Reagents Prepared from Alkyl Aluminum and Copper(I) Cyanide

Organocuprate reagents prepared from cuprous cyanide (CuCN) and trimethyl aluminum (Me 3 Al) have been studied by XAFS. Two distinct copperg(I) species are seen as the ratio of Me 3 Al/CuCN varies from one to ten. The copper appears to be three coordinate, with cyanide as one of the ligands, in both complexes. The Me 3 Al cyano-organocuprates appear to have dramatically different structures from the cuprates prepared from organolithium (RLi) or Grignard (RMgX) reagents.
Modifying Impulsive Responding to Four WISC-R Subtests.

Abstract The modification of impulsive responding to WISC-R subtests was investigated using a procedure which forced the child to delay before responding. Boys, ages 8-0 to 8–11, were screened on the basis of cognitive tempo. Two experimental groups, Impulsives and Reflectives, were formed, each with 30 subjects. These subjects were then tested on four WISC-R subtests under two administration conditions — normal and forced delay. The forced delay administration significantly improved the scoring of Impulsives but not of Reflectives.
Differential diagnosis of suboptimal oxygenator performance

During cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), the perfusionist must be able to differentiate between: (1) a normal oxygenator with oxygen transfer reserve; (2) a normal oxygenator without O2 transfer reserve; and (3) a failing or suboptimal oxygenator. The purpose of this paper is to report on the use of the oxygen transfer slope, as well as other evaluation techniques previously described, which aided in the differential diagnosis of suboptimal oxygenator performance. We were able to determine the presence and extent of the dysfunction, follow the progression over time, and assess the effectiveness of our intervention. As a direct result of our ability to carefully monitor the oxygenator, replacement was not necessary despite severe dysfunction.
Bottom-up photonic crystal cavities formed by III-V nanopillar arrays

We present the optical properties of bottom-up photonic crystal cavities formed by selective-area epitaxy of III-V nanopillars. Photoluminescence spectra demonstrates influence of the photonic band-gap on the emission. Resonant cavity modes are observed.
The Forgotten Lindsay Rogers and the Development of American Political Science

ow largely forgotten, Lindsay Rogers addressed public and scholarly audiences, crossed intradis ciplinary boundaries, and wrote about developments in political science. His career illuminates key changes in American political science, including a turn away from traditional institutionalism and engagement as a public intellectual and toward quantification and the academy, and a separation of political theory from empirical research. Understanding why his work was left behind reveals important events and mechanisms that produced disciplinary change. Rogers's work was lost from the canon because of political and institutional developments in political science, including academic survey researchers' efforts to maintain polling's legitimacy after the 1948 election; efforts by proponents of the behavioral revolution that oriented the discipline toward hypothesis-testing but also made it more internally seg mented; and the scholarly entrepreneurs' creation and cultivation of institutions, curricula, and networks of scholars, which developed and promulgated empirically oriented quantitative approaches. N
The importance of parasitic resistances as stabilizing agents for current-programmed converters

It is shown that parasitic resistances have a dramatic stabilizing effect on the inner, or current-programming, loop of certain current-mode controlled DC/DC power converters. In some regimes, typical values of parasitic resistance can extend the input voltage range for stable operation by as much as 80 V beyond that to which a lossless converter would be limited. Any calculation to predict stability must therefore include some model of the parasitic resistances. By consideration of the physical means of dissipation, it is demonstrated that the correct parasitic for use in predicting the stable operating range is series resistance at the natural frequency (that is, the frequency associated with the positive eigenvalue of the state-space averaged time-evolution operator). Calculations are shown to agree best with experiment when this value of parasitic resistance is used. >
Childhood cognitive performance and risk of generalized anxiety disorder

Methods Survival analysis and multivariate regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between cognitive performance at age seven, and DSM-IV diagnosis of GAD. Study participants were 689 individuals in their mid-30s, who had been followed since birth as part of the National Collaborative Perinatal Project in Providence, RI, USA. Results A 15-point (1 SD) advantage in childhood cognitive performance was significantly associated with a 50% reduced risk of lifetime GAD and an 89 and 57% reduction in risk of GAD in childhood and adolescence, respectively, after adjusting for relevant covariates including socio-economic status and parent history of mental health problems. These results were not affected by behavioural inhibition or learning disabilities in childhood.
Acquisition of iron from host sources by mesophilic Aeromonas species.

SUMMARY: The mesophilic Aeromonas species are opportunistic pathogens that produce either of the siderophores amonabactin or enterobactin. Acquisition of iron for growth from Fe-transferrin in serum was dependent on the siderophore amonabactin; 50 of 54 amonabactin-producing isolates grew in heat-inactivated serum, whereas none of 30 enterobactin-producing strains were able to grow. Most isolates (regardless of siderophore produced) used haem as a sole source of iron for growth; all of 33 isolates grew with either haematin or haemoglobin and 30 of these used haemoglobin when complexed to human haptoglobin. Mutants unable to synthesize a siderophore used iron from haem, suggesting that this capacity was unrelated to siderophore production. Some members of the mesophilic Aeromonas species have evolved both siderophore-dependent and -independent mechanisms for acquisition of iron from a host.
Analysis in a large hyperkalemic periodic paralysis pedigree supports tight linkage to a sodium channel locus.

Abstract Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP) is an autosomal dominant muscle disease with electrophysiological abnormalities suggesting a defect in a voltage-gated sodium channel (NaCh) gene. A human NaCh gene was recently shown to cosegregate with the disease allele in a family with HYPP. Using an independent clone, we have demonstrated close genetic linkage between an NaCh gene and the HYPP locus in another family. With physiological data demonstrating abnormal NaCh function in HYPP patients, the absence of any obligate recombinations in the two families strengthens the argument that this NaCh gene is the site of the defect in this disorder.