cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clozapine: selective labeling of sites resembling 5HT6 serotonin receptors may reflect psychoactive profile.

Clozapine, the classic atypical neuroleptic, exerts therapeutic actions in schizophrenic patients unresponsive to most neuroleptics. Clozapine interacts with numerous neurotransmitter receptors, and selective actions at novel subtypes of dopamine and serotonin receptors have been proposed to explain clozapine’s unique psychotropic effects. To identify sites with which clozapine preferentially interacts in a therapeutic setting, we have characterized clozapine binding to brain membranes. [3H]Clozapine binding was examined in rat brain membranes as well as cloned-expressed 5-HT6 serotonin receptors. [3H]Clozapine binds with low nanomolar affinity to two distinct sites. One reflects muscarinic receptors consistent with the drug’s anticholinergic actions. The drug competition profile of the second site most closely resembles 5HT6 serotonin receptors, though serotonin itself displays low affinity. [3H]Clozapine binding levels are similar in all brain regions examined with no concentration in the corpus striatum. Besides muscarinic receptors, clozapine primarily labels sites with properties resembling 5HT6 serotonin receptors. If this is also the site with which clozapine principally interacts in intact human brain, it may account for the unique beneficial actions of clozapine and other atypical neuroleptics, and provide a molecular target for developing new, safer, and more effective agents.
Analysis of an Alternative Military Healthcare Benefit Design

The Military Compensation and Retirement Modernization Commission was established by the Congress in 2013 to perform a systematic review of military compensation to address rising costs and other t...
Neutrophil chemotaxis and transcriptomics in term and preterm neonates.

Neutrophils play a crucial role in combating life-threatening bacterial infections in neonates. Previous studies investigating neonatal cell function have been limited because of restricted volume sampling. Here, using novel microfluidic approaches, we provide the first description of neutrophil chemotaxis and transcriptomics from whole blood of human term and preterm neonates, as well as young adults. Ex vivo percent cell migration, neutrophil velocity, and directionality to N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine were measured from whole blood using time-lapse imaging of microfluidic chemotaxis. Genome-wide expression was also evaluated in CD66b+ cells using microfluidic capture devices. Neutrophils from preterm neonates migrated in fewer numbers compared to term neonates (preterm 12.3%, term 30.5%, P = 0.008) and at a reduced velocity compared to young adults (preterm 10.1 μm/min, adult 12.7 μm/min, P = 0.003). Despite fewer neutrophils migrating at slower velocities, neutrophil directionality from preterm neonates was comparable to adults and term neonates. 3607 genes were differentially expressed among the 3 groups (P < 0.001). Differences in gene expression between neutrophils from preterm and term neonates were consistent with reduced pathogen recognition and antimicrobial activity but not neutrophil migration, by preterm neonates. In summary, preterm neonates have significant disturbances in neutrophil chemotaxis compared to term neonates and adults, and these differences in phenotype appear at the transcriptional level to target inflammatory pathways in general, rather than in neutrophil migration and chemotaxis.
The Common Cytokine Receptor γ Chain Family of Cytokines

Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21 form a family of cytokines based on their sharing the common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc), which was originally discovered as the third receptor component of the IL-2 receptor, IL-2Rγ. The IL2RG gene is located on the X chromosome and is mutated in humans with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID). The breadth of the defects in XSCID could not be explained solely by defects in IL-2 signaling, and it is now clear that γc is a shared receptor component of the six cytokines noted above, making XSCID a disease of defective cytokine signaling. Janus kinase (JAK)3 associates with γc, and JAK3-deficient SCID phenocopies XSCID, findings that served to stimulate the development of JAK3 inhibitors as immunosuppressants. γc family cytokines collectively control broad aspects of lymphocyte development, growth, differentiation, and survival, and these cytokines are clinically important, related to allergic and autoimmune diseases and cancer as well as immunodeficiency. In this review, we discuss the actions of these cytokines, their critical biological roles and signaling pathways, focusing mainly on JAK/STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) signaling, and how this information is now being used in clinical therapeutic efforts.
Unveiling polytype transformation assisted growth mechanism in boron carbide nanowires

Abstract We demonstrate direct evidence that the lattice distortion, induced by boron carbide (BxCy) stoichiometry, assists the growth of boron carbide nanowires. The transformation between different polytypic boron carbide phases lowers the energy barrier for boron diffusion, promoting boron migration in the nanowire growth. An atomistic mass transport model has been established to explain such volume-diffusion-induced nanowire growth which cannot be explained by the conventional surface diffusion model alone. These findings significantly advance our understanding of nanowire growth processes and mass transport mechanisms and provide new guidelines for the design of nanowire-structured devices.
JOHN DEWEY AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PEACE EDUCATION IN AMERICAN DEMOCRACY

As 2016 is the centennial of Dewey's most famous work, Democracy and Education (1916), it is imperative to consider Dewey's role as a public intellectual. In reflection of how he framed his most famous work—as an instrument for helping people think about democratic reform—the authors examined John Dewey's beliefs about the importance of peace as applied to the American view. This essay journals Dewey as an important contributor to the American peace movement in terms of both thought and activity, especially in the post-World War I period. Dewey argued that the responsibility of schools in a democratic society is to teach cooperation and understanding and not simply rely on notions of patriotism and allegiance as often presented in schools. His World War I experience alerted him to the need for transforming schools as seminaries of patriotism into instruments for global understanding. The authors also offered specific examples as to how his instrumentalist philosophy, including his involvement in the Outlawry of War campaign in the 1920s, has been a cornerstone of peace education efforts in the United States over the past one hundred years and what has been their effectiveness.
Pharmacology of Synaptic Ganglionic Transmission and Second Messengers

Intensive investigations in the past ten years have clearly demonstrated that multiple mechanisms interact in the physiological and pharmacological control of synaptic transmission at autonomic ganglia. Indeed, this junction comprises multiple pre- and postsynaptic receptors that are involved in the regulation and modulation of transmission (see Chapter 3); additionally, there is an interplay between potentials generated at some of these receptors, leading to facilitation or inhibition of transmission. Furthermore, it was shown recently that several endogenous peptides, amines, and cyclic nucleotides that are present in the ganglia or released in the vicinity of the junctional sites may affect ganglionic transmission and thus may participate in physiological and pharmacological control of transmission. In all, the autonomic ganglia cannot be considered today as simple relay stations; they should rather be looked on as centers for integration of diverse afferent inputs arising from the preganglionic neurons as well as from peripheral effector sites.
NK Cells and Pregnancy

Natural killer cells are found in large numbers in the endometrium and decidua, and data suggest that NK cell functions and interactions with fetal-derived trophoblasts can have a profound impact on pregnancy. Altered NK cell numbers and activity have been associated with a variety of clinical conditions such as endometriosis, recurrent pregnancy loss, and preeclampsia. Uterine NK cells have a unique phenotype compared to blood NK cells and this is likely due to the specific tissue environment in which they reside. Specific chemokines produced by human endometrium and trophoblasts have been identified that may be responsible for recruitment of NK cells. Uterine NK cells can produce cytokines and may be an important part of vascular remodelling during placenta! development. This chapter summarizes current knowledge of NK cells in the uterus and their role in pregnancy and reproductive disorders.
Lecture 2: Toward a Theory of Cognitive Aptitude for Learning from Instruction

As an example of how work toward a particular aptitude theory progresses within the framework for aptitude theory previously given, this lecture concentrates on cognitive aptitude for learning from formal instruction. Call this aptitude construct “general ability”, or “academic intelligence”, or G for short. Since this is an aptitude construct that has been studied extensively, the first step is to consider what the facts in hand already imply for theory. A first fact is that G routinely correlates positively with complex cognitive outcomes of learning, in treatments described as “conventional” instruction. The obtained correlations typically range from. 30 to. 80. The aptitude measures that yield these correlations are those that typically show high loadings on a G factor in a factor analysis and go into defining higher-order factors such as crystallised intelligence (Gc), fluid intelligence (Gf) and to a lesser extent visualisation (Gv). A second fact is that variation in the G-cognitive outcome correlation is associated with variation in instructional treatments — an aptitude-treatment-interaction. As the instructional treatment appears to be less structured, less complete, and less controlling of step-by-step learning activities, it places a heavier information-processing burden on learners, and the G-outcome regression slope is thus made steeper. As the instructional treatment appears to be more structured, more complete, and more controlling of learning activities, it removes information-processing burden from learners, and the G-outcome regression slope is thus made shallower. There is both a cognitive and motivational interpretation. High G students do best when challenged and motivated with processing burdens and allowed to use their own learning strategies; they do worse when the treatment structures learning from them, due to cognitive interference with their own learning strategies, or motivational turn-off, or both. Lower G students are unable to cope cognitively with the burden of low-structure treatments and tune out motivationally; they are both guided and reinforced by structured treatments.
Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) in polymer matrix composites

Abstract: The vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process is a closed-mold process that is capable of manufacturing highperformance and large-scale fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) parts with low tooling cost. This chapter is divided into two parts: the first providing an overview of the VARTM process and the second highlighting the membrane-based VARTM process variation used in aerospace applications. In particular, the chapter explains the physics including mold filling, cure kinetics, fiber preform compaction, spring-in, dry spot and microvoid formation. Reported studies to address the related processing issues and a collection of useful analytical models are reviewed. The development trends and emerging uses of VARTM in nanocomposites and the green FRP are also covered. The second part highlights the membrane-based infusion process that is a promising variation of VARTM. The additional membrane, which is permeable to gas and impermeable to the resin, facilitates the improved means to avoid dry spot formation and to continuously degas the resin during the infusion and curing stages compared to conventional VARTM.
The Price Is Right: Office Dispensing and Product Pricing

While the practice of office dispensing is itself much debated in the medical literature, little has been written guiding the ethical practice of office dispensing. That is, once the decision has been made to sell products from the doctor’s office, how can this be performed ethically? One requirement for ethical office dispensing is appropriate pricing. Traditional pricing strategies simply seek to maximize profits. Due to the physician’s primary responsibility to promote patient well-being, it could be argued that appropriate pricing physician dispensed products requires a more nuanced approach. The American Academy of Dermatology exhorts physicians to not charge patients “an excessive mark-up rate.” Determining the added-value to patients for office-dispensed products is one method for dermatologists to establish ethically appropriate prices.
A Neurodevelopmental Approach to Schizophrenia Research

Emil Kraepelin and, to a lesser extent, Eugen Bleuler both considered that a disease of the frontal lobes may be responsible for the clinical manifestation of schizophrenia (Kraepelin, 1919; Bleuler, 1911, trans. 1950). At the time of these formulations in the early part of this century, however, researchers did not have the technological capability to pursue this line of investigation. Perhaps as a result, those looking for the cause of schizophrenia turned their attention to a host of environmental factors presumed to be important for the onset of schizophrenia (Fromm-Reichmann, 1948; Bateson et al., 1956). Although these investigations have in some cases enlightened us to the impact of family variables (Brown et al., 1986; Leff, 1976), they have for the most part not proven sufficient to explain the development of the disorder.
“Wou' You Trade Cookies with the Popcorn?” The Talk of Trades Among Six Year Olds

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the analysis of children doing trading, a social activity that results in an exchange of objects through a process of bargaining. This process is organized, regulated, and guided by norms, conventions, and values in regard to property rights, relative worth of objects, preference scales, considerations of equity and fairness, and a variety of other principles and rules. A related problem/advantage of the types of speech events that occur during the ongoing flow of conversation in a natural social setting is that the language is the primary source of information and data. A model of social relationships, processes, and functions should be an essential part of the analysis of speech as communicative action. The development of such models merits the same degree of serious attention that is given to the features of speech.
Do Changes in Temperature and Inflation Pressure Affect Rolling Resistance during Road and Track Testing for Fuel Economy of Class 8 Tractor-Trailers?

Data from air cavity thermistors, tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS), and SAE J1269 rolling resistance tests were analyzed to evaluate the significance of changes in tire pressure on rolling resistance during fuel economy tests of class 8 tractor trailers. Thermistor data show that air cavity temperatures vary, with the main increase happening during the warm-up run, and measurable cooling during the fuel measurement breaks between runs. Inflation pressure also increases by 50 - 70 kPa during the warm-up run, but once the tire has warmed up, the pressure is more stable, rarely varying by more than 20 kPa during a test run. Results of SAE J1269 rolling resistance tests allow estimation of rolling resistance force for any specified load and inflation pressure. Using the test weight of the truck, rolling resistance force was estimated for inflation pressures ranging from 550 to 860 kPa. The relationship between the inflation pressure and rolling resistance was roughly linear. The relationship was then used to estimate changes in fuel consumption due to changes in inflation pressure normalized to the cold inflation pressure. For each change of relative inflation pressure of 5%, rolling resistance would change by about 1%. Using a common return factor of a 1% change in fuel consumption for every 5% change in rolling resistance, a change in relative inflation pressure of 5% would result in a change of fuel consumption of about 0.2%. The precision of the J1321 fuel economy tests was measured to be plus or minus about 1%. This suggests that the warm-up run provided for in the test method stabilizes the tire pressure and rolling resistance, and that interference due to changes in rolling resistance during a test run or between runs is a concern only for tests that measure small changes in fuel consumption. While the results obtained here are used to assess the effect of inflation pressure on the SAE J1321 test and only apply to the particular tires tested, the method of analysis may be useful in the assessment of the effect of over- or underinflated tires on fuel consumption in the wider long-haul trucking fleet.
Consumer willingness to pay for new airports that use renewable resources

Over the last few decades, awareness and concern for eco-friendly business practices have continued to grow and encompass industrial fields, such as aviation. The current study determines if people will be willing to pay more for the development of an eco-friendly (green) airport compared to a traditional one, and to see if affect mediates that relationship. The researchers conducted a three-study design using over 1,100 participants. The results indicate that participants were significantly more willing to pay for the airport development if it was perceived as a 'green' airport. Affect was found to have a significant role in mediating the relationship between the type of airport and willingness to pay. Participants felt anger and disgust toward paying for a new airport that did not use renewable resources. Practical applications from the current study and topics for future research are presented.
Crystal structure of the ribonuclease‐P‐protein subunit from Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus ribonuclease-P-protein subunit (RnpA) is a promising antimicrobial target that is a key protein component for two essential cellular processes, RNA degradation and transfer-RNA (tRNA) maturation. The first crystal structure of RnpA from the pathogenic bacterial species, S. aureus, is reported at 2.0 A resolution. The structure presented maintains key similarities with previously reported RnpA structures from bacteria and archaea, including the highly conserved RNR-box region and aromatic residues in the precursor-tRNA 5′-leader-binding domain. This structure will be instrumental in the pursuit of structure-based designed inhibitors targeting RnpA-mediated RNA processing as a novel therapeutic approach for treating S. aureus infections.
Archaeologies of post-socialist temporalities: Documentary experiments and the rhetoric of ruin gazing

AbstractFocusing on the independent documentary movement that is also a movement of digital filmmaking in China, this essay examines documentary’s mediation of post-socialist conceptions of time th...
Accuracy of the Skin Depth Correction for Metallic Nanoparticle Polarizability

Dipole approximations are commonly used in calculations of light scattering and optical forces acting on nanoparticles. The scattered field strength is proportional to particle volume. For the past...
Why academics should study the supply chains of individual corporations

Although fields such as industrial ecology have advanced our understanding of how cleaner technologies, recycling, and lifestyle changes can reduce the impacts of production and consumption on people and planet, environmental deterioration and social injustices stubbornly persist. New strategies are needed to achieve change in an era of increasing urgency. This paper proposes that academics study the supply chains of individual corporations and link them to environmental and social impacts in geographically specific areas. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have used this approach successfully, issuing reports about corporate activity related to deforestation, sweatshops, and other issues of social concern. But academics, by and large, have studied generic products, industries, and sectors. To verify this, after reviewing approximately 11,000 studies on supply chains, we identified just 27 academic papers that focused on individual corporations. These were primarily by NGOs and social scientists, with no studies by industrial ecologists meeting our review criteria. To uncover corporate supply chains, researchers used two distinct methodological approaches: in situ (interviews, surveys, and surveillance) and ex situ (trade data, document analysis, and maps). In this paper, we explain why and how academics should study the supply chains of individual corporations. This is done by combining approaches from industrial ecology, with those from geography, sociology, and other social sciences to develop a political‐industrial ecology of supply chains. This both physically links actual product flows with their environmental impacts, and explores how they affect justice, equity, and welfare. The work we propose offers clear collaborative linkages with NGOs, industry, and the media.
Baseline characteristics and long-term outcomes of eosinophilic fasciitis in 89 patients seen at a single center over 20 years

Aim Eosinophilic fasciitis (EF) is a rare, fibrosing disorder of skin and subcutaneous tissue. This study was undertaken to describe its clinical and laboratory features and identify prognostic factors associated with outcome. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of all EF patients evaluated at our institution from 1 January1997 to 30 December 2016. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to determine treatment response rates over time. Potential associations between baseline characteristics and complete response were examined using Cox models adjusted for age and sex. Time-dependent covariates were used to examine treatment effects. Results We identified 89 EF patients, with a female-to-male ratio of 1:1. Clinical features included groove sign in 26 (29%), peau d'orange/dimpling in 22 (25%), inflammatory arthritis in 9 (10%) and muscle weakness in 9 (10%). Aldolase was elevated in 11/36 (31%). Complete response rate was 60% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 35-75) at 3 years. Diagnostic delay was inversely associated with treatment response (hazards ratio: 0.84 per 1 month increase; 95% CI: 0.73-0.98). No baseline characteristics correlated with treatment response, but a trend toward positive association of elevated aldolase, hypergammaglobulinemia and presence of hematologic disorders was noted. Methotrexate was the most commonly used immunosuppressant in 79%, hydroxychloroquine in 45%, mycophenolate mofetil in 18% and azathioprine in 8%. No single immunosuppressant agent was associated with a superior response during treatment. Conclusions EF is characterized by relatively high response rates. Consensus diagnostic criteria, standardized management algorithms, and large prospective multi-center cohorts are needed to develop an evidence-directed approach to this challenging condition.
High Data-Rate Neutron-Sensitive Pixelated Detector Using Silicon Photomultiplier

We report on the design and performance of a neutron-sensitive pixelated detector using an array of silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) sensors. The proof-of-concept design consists of an 8 × 8 array of SiPM sensors coupled with an 8 × 8 array of 6Li-enriched glass scintillator (GS20) cubes. Each scintillator cube, of size 2 mm × 2 mm × 2 mm, is placed directly over each element in the sensor array. Each sensor is read out and processed using a simple comparator for pulse height discrimination. Individual counts are then recorded using a Xilinx ZYNQ-based system on chip. Tests performed at the Double-Axis Diffractometer (2X-C) and the High-Resolution Neutron Powder Diffractometer (PSD) beamlines at Missouri University Research Reactor (MURR) show a linear response of individual sensor element up to 100 kHz over an area of 0.2 cm × 0.2 cm, which is equivalent to 2.5 MHz/cm2. The detector efficiency at a neutron wavelength of 4.1 A was measured to be 74.6% relative to the˚ detection efficiency of a 1-inch diameter 10-atm 3He gas detector. The pixel crosstalk was estimated to be less than 3%. The gamma sensitivity was measured to be 1 × 10−3 using calibrated 60Co gamma source at the optimal discriminator setting of the detector.
Lessons from case studies of flood resilience: Institutions and built systems

Abstract Climate change and natural disasters have made it essential for governments to develop system resiliency at the city, state, and national levels. This paper examines flood resilience institutions, strategies, and outcomes in selected cities – New York (U.S.), Tokyo (Japan), and Rotterdam (Netherlands), and their impacts on the transportation expressway system. Transportation systems play a key role in the event of a disaster. Hence adequate transportation system resilience to floods is critical to ensure high-performing cities in the long term. We review the laws and policies pertaining to flood resilience in each city and conduct floodplain analysis of critical transportation networks using geographic information systems to understand the relative susceptibility of expressway networks to flooding. The findings highlight differences in approaches to developing system resilience in different cities, related to geographic, cultural, and institutional factors, and linked with transportation network performance in flood events. The study is potentially useful for transportation engineers, urban planners, and policymakers, offering insights and examples for building institutional and technical capital for flood resilience. It highlights associations between political/cultural institutions and built system resilience and emphasizes the importance of holistic, long-term, and adaptive thinking in system resilience development.
Acquisition and Interpretation of Digital Information in Forensic Assessments.

ABSTRACT Despite the now ubiquitous presence of technology in everyday life, there is little written on the subject of personal digital data as it pertains to forensic mental health evaluations. Ethical concerns and limited consensus guidance on this issue have previously made it challenging to use this information in a responsible way. This Perspectives article elaborates on the different types of personal data that exist and the practical aspects of acquiring such information, including data location and legal considerations. Incorporation of personal digital information into the forensic assessment as a form of collateral information is discussed, along with the current state of the literature on technology use and its relationship to psychopathology and risk. Given the important role of technology in the life of the modern individual, deeper research into this topic will be necessary in the immediate future to establish practice standards for the safe and ethical use of digital information in both forensic and non-forensic mental health assessments.
RORγt serine 182 tightly regulates T cell heterogeneity to maintain mucosal homeostasis and restrict tissue inflammation

Intestine homeostasis is maintained by the delicate balance of Th17 effector cells and Treg cells. Dysregulation of these cell populations contributes to inflammation, tissue damage, and chronic conditions. RORgt is essential for the differentiation of Th17 and a subset of Treg (RORgt+ Treg) cells involved in intestinal inflammation. RORgt belongs to the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors with hinge regions that are highly flexible for co-activator/co-repressor interactions. Serine 182 at the hinge region of RORgt is phosphorylated. This study aims to uncover how S182 on RORgt contributes to mucosal homeostasis and diseases. We used CRISRP technology to generate a phosphor-null knock-in mutant mouse line (RORgtS182A) to assess its role in intestine physiology. scRNA-seq was performed on WT and RORgtS182A cohoused littermates to evaluate colonic T cell heterogeneity under steady state and colitis settings. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed that RORgtS182 maintains colonic T cell heterogeneity under steady state, without interfering T cell development and differentiation. In inflamed tissues, RORgtS182 simultaneously restricts IL-1b-mediated Th17 activities and promotes anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 production in LT-like Treg cells. Phospho-null RORgtS182A knock-in mice challenged with DSS induced colitis and EAE experienced delayed recovery and exacerbated pathology. The double switch role of RORgtS182 is critical in resolving T cell-mediated inflammation and provides a potential therapeutic target to combat autoimmune diseases.
“I have a story for you”: engaging with im/migrant children’s politicized funds of knowledge in qualitative research

Drawing on empirical data from two ethnographic studies on familial im/migration and education on both sides of the Mexico–U.S. border, in this article, we focus on critical incidents that resulted...
Structured Photonics in Light-Matter Interactions, Accelerators, and X-ray Lasers

we discuss state-of-the-art techniques to generate on-demand structured light and their application to quantum light-matter interactions, especially in the generation and control of charged-particle beams and X-ray light sources.
Descriptive Representation and Policymaking Authority: Evidence from Women in Cabinets and Bureaucracies

We examine the forces for the descriptive representation of women in ministerial and subministerial positions. We offer a unified model in which portfolio allocation makes political forces for descriptive representation more important in the case of ministerial lines; in contrast, labor market forces determine the extent of descriptive representation in subministerial lines. We provide evidence for this claim from data for 72 countries and show that the advancement of women into ministerial posts depends on the form of electoral system and presence of women in the legislature (conditional on being in a parliamentary system). In contrast, the subministerial representation for women depends on the supply of women in the workforce. Additionally, the increased incidence of women in ministerial lines is associated with an increase in representation in subministerial lines.
Cytofluorometric study of mast cell polyanions. I. Instrumentation and ion-exchange bead standards.

Abstract Meaningful fluorescent measurements on individual mast cells required the development of the unique internal standard described here. No satisfactory standards for cytofluorometry were found in the literature. Since the use of ion-exchange beads is as convenient under the microscope as the use of cuvets in conventional fluorometry, this technique should enjoy wide application. Instrumentation is also described here in detail because it differs from that employed by others (1–3).
Surgical site infection in orthopedic trauma: A case-control study evaluating risk factors and cost.

Background With the shift of our healthcare system toward a value-based system of reimbursement, complications such as surgical site infections (SSI) may not be reimbursed. The purpose of our study was to investigate the costs and risk factors of SSI for orthopedic trauma patients.
A time domain beamformer object oriented analysis and design

The paper describes the analysis and design of a time domain beamformer, using object modeling techniques, as a subset of a real-time sonar signal processing system. The goal is to illustrate the relationship of portability and reuse to object oriented analysis. This task is part of an initiative to foster the application of fast paced, emerging commercial technology to the development and acquisition of affordable strategic systems at the Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC).
Advancing Regenerative Medicine the Translational Way

A subset of circulating T cells can impair bone regeneration and fracture healing (Reinke et al., this issue).
Framing the Frame: Embedded Narratives, Enabling Texts, and Frankenstein

Reader-focused analyses of frame narrative (usually assuming and elaborating a liminal, distinguishing, or transitional “picture-frame” metaphor) are incomplete, describing only the initial experience of “coming at” and “moving off from” the text as a pre-existing artifact. An alternative analysis would emphasize narrative acts and enabling texts (guided by the metaphor of an internal, form-giving “frame-work”), and thus describe the process by which the textual artifact comes into being, shaping itself over time into the text we eventually read. In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, we might distinguish three frame sequences: a reading sequence, an action sequence, and a narrative sequence. The narrative sequence is the primary, enabling frame shaping the novel, and is dependent upon three levels of narrative refiguring: rhetorical, elemental, and intentional. Each narrative act in Shelley’s novel is enabled and shaped by a previous narrative act, and each narrative text produced by these acts is the peculiar result of the narrative sequence that engenders it. The tension between narrative act and narrative text in Frankenstein forms a fundamental dialectic process, producing an ambiguously authoritative artifact.
Firm size, bank relational strategy and credit: the mediating role of bank knowledge in small firm access to debt finance

Inadequate credit access is an acute problem for small businesses, particularly in the current economic climate. US banks have moved away from building long-term relationships with small firms. However, research is equivocal on whether such a strategic stance decreases small firms' credit access within the USA. Using the knowledge-based view of the firm, we examine the central role of a bank's knowledge about clients in determining small firm access to credit. Using a survey of 1,677 small firm executives in the USA collected by the National Foundation of Independent Business, we test whether a bank's relational strategy is actually associated with increased knowledge about small client firms. We then examine whether this knowledge translates into increased credit access. Additionally, we test whether client firm size is associated with increased bank knowledge about the firm and whether this knowledge translates into increased small firm credit access.
An equation of state for the CH4-CO2-H2O system: I. Pure systems from 0 to 1000°C and 0 to 8000 bar

An equation of state (EOS) for the CH4-CO2-H2O system covering a wide T-P range has been developed. In this article the new EOS is presented and applied to the pure endmembers. The equation is similar to that of Lee and Kesler (1975) and contains fifteen parameters. It is used with a mixing rule in the following article to provide a thermodynamic model for the mixed system. Though the parameters are evaluated from the PVT data in the temperature range from 0 to 450°C for CH4, from 0 to 1000°C for CO2 and H2O, and for pressures from 0 to 3500 bar, comparison of this EOS with a large amount of experimental data in the pure systems indicates that predictions for temperatures and pressures from 0 to 1000°C and 0 to 8000 bar (or slightly above) are very nearly within experimental uncertainty. The EOS can describe both the gas and the liquid phases of the endmember systems with similar accuracy. Fugacity coefficients are derived and compiled. In this paper mixing is considered using ideal mixing based on the endmember fugacities (Amagat's rule). It is shown that such an approach leads to quite accurate predictions for high temperatures and low pressures.
Earnings differences among blacks in America

Abstract Native black males in America have earnings that are 5% higher than their foreign born counterparts. Data from the 1980 Census of Population are used to explain this earnings gap. The findings are that even though foreign born blacks have better earnings-related attributes than their native counterparts, the foreign born encounter a significant cost since the returns they receive to these earnings attributes work to their disadvantage with respect to earnings.
Regulation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3β phosphorylation by sodium valproate and lithium

Abstract This study tested if sodium valproate or lithium, two agents used to treat bipolar mood disorder, altered the regulatory phosphorylations of Akt or glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Treatment with sodium valproate caused a gradual but relatively large increase in the activation-associated phosphorylation of Akt on Ser-473, and a similarly gradual but more modest increase in the inhibition-associated phosphorylation of GSK3β on Ser-9. Two other inhibitors of histone deacetylase, a recently identified target of sodium valproate, also caused gradual increases in the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3β. Lithium treatment increased the Ser-9 phosphorylation of GSK3β both in cells and in mouse brain after chronic administration, but did not alter the phosphorylation of Akt. These results identify novel effects of sodium valproate on the Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway, indicating that histone deacetylase inhibition is linked to activation of Akt, and show that two anti-bipolar agents have a common action, the increased inhibitory phosphorylation of Ser-9-GSK3β. The latter finding, along with previous reports that lithium directly inhibits GSK3β, reveals the possibly unique situation where a single target, GSK3β, is inhibited by two independent mechanisms, directly and by phosphorylation following lithium administration, and further, that two mood stabilizers have inhibitory effects on GSK3β.
Effects of genotype and cultivation environment on lycopene content in red‐ripe tomatoes

Lycopene, a natural red pigment found in tomato, is correlated with reduced incidence of some cancers. Forty tomato varieties, including cluster F1 hybrid tomatoes, round breeding line tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) and cherry tomato types (L esculentum var cerasiforme), grown under greenhouse and field conditions were evaluated for their lycopene content using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometry. Lycopene content varied significantly among the tomato varieties, with cherry tomato types having the highest lycopene content. Greenhouse-grown cluster and round tomatoes contained more lycopene (mean = 30.3 mg kg−1) than field-grown tomatoes (mean = 25.2 mg kg−1), whereas cherry tomato types had a higher lycopene content in field-grown (mean = 91.9 mg kg−1) than in greenhouse-grown (mean = 56.1 mg kg−1) fruits. HPLC analysis of lycopene isomeric forms revealed a higher content of all-trans isomers in all tomato genotypes examined. However, the cis isomeric form was exceptionally higher in the field- and greenhouse-grown cherry tomato L esculentum var cerasiforme cv Gardener's Delight, which contained ∼9.3 and 9.9 mg kg−1cis isomers respectively. Results indicate that genetics and choice of cultivation environment may have a strong influence on tomato lycopene content. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Teaching residents to recognize administrative issues in clinical situations.

Practicing physicians often have little interest in the administrative aspects of their field and meager respect for the skills which are necessary to accomplish what they view as some of the tedious facets of medicine. This paper attempts to examine these attitudes in psychiatric residents specifically as they reflect serious difficulties of training in the health caring process itself
Ten Major Problems in the Study of the History of Economic Thought

I was motivated to consider the topics of this paper by repeatedly encountering the same problems in pondering the history of economic thought, not only in my own work but when retereeing papers and reading the publications of others. The problems that I will consider are important because they involve fundamental issues in the selections and representations we make of the history of economic thought. I do not have solutions for all of the problems, nor do I believe that each of them has a single solution. My objective in this address is not precisely to solve the problems, although I will suggest some ways of dealing with some of them. My purpose rather is to identify the problems in a clear way and to review how they have been treated in order to provide a common basis for further discussion. They can be divided into technical problems and problems of approach.
The effect of dietary protein supplementation on insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF-binding proteins in children with shigellosis.

Nutrient deficiency causes growth failure and decreases serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations. Because IGFBPs modulate the concentrations and availability of IGFs in serum, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) were measured along with IGF-I and IGF-II before and after 21 days of refeeding in 22 undernourished Bangladeshi children (2-4 yr of age) with shigellosis. The effects of a 150 Cal/kg.day diet with a normal protein (6%; n = 10) or high protein (15%; n = 12) content were studied. The results were compared with those of 25 age-matched healthy American children (controls). Body weight gain was better in patients receiving the high protein diet than in those receiving the normal protein diet. In both groups, initial IGF-I (32 +/- 6 and 24 +/- 7 ng/mL; mean +/- SD) and IGF-II (177 +/- 15, 174 +/- 45 ng/mL) concentrations were low compared to controls (100 +/- 12 and 542 +/- 29 ng/mL, respectively; P < 0.007). After refeeding, IGF-I increased to 160 +/- 26 ng/mL on the normal protein diet and to 322 +/- 41 ng/mL on the high protein diet, exceeding values in controls (P < 0.007). IGF-II increased more than 2-fold on each diet (P < 0.007), reaching control values. IGFBP-2 concentrations before refeeding were twice those in controls (750 +/- 200 vs. 317 +/- 33 ng/mL; P < 0.007) and normalized after refeeding in the high protein group (288 +/- 32 ng/mL; P = NS), but remained elevated in the normal protein group (526 +/- 77 ng/mL; P < 0.007). IGFBP-3 levels before refeeding were low and returned to normal on each diet. IGFBP-3 proteolytic activity in serum was initially increased and declined on the high protein diet. In conclusion, protein content in the refeeding diet differentially affects IGFs and IGFBPs in young undernourished children with infection. IGF-I and IGFBP-2 seem to be particularly sensitive to dietary protein alterations. We speculate that an increase in IGF-I concentrations, normalization of IGFBP levels, and a decrease in IGFBP-3 proteolytic activity in serum may all be involved in the improved recovery and catch-up growth observed with the high protein diet.
Correlative image registration

Image registration in nuclear medicine and radiology refers to the spatial matching or merging of two or more images from the same or different imaging modalities. The coordinates of the corresponding picture elements (pixels) from different images are transformed to align and equate their positions and spatial coordinates. Correlative image registration is a more restrictive term that applies to the matching of spatial coordinates of images coming from different imaging modalities. The registration of correlative images provides a useful approach to combine the best sensitivities and specificities of complementary procedures to detect, locate, monitor, and measure pathological and other physical changes. Here we review the registration of images from nuclear medicine (single-photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography and planar imaging) with those from other imaging modalities (magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, digital subtraction angiography and ultrasound) to closely correlate changes in metabolism, blood flow, receptor density, and other functional measurements with regional anatomy and morphological changes. The types of image registration applications, techniques, and terminology associated with image registration and examples of applications are presented.
Mitigation of Laser Damage Growth in Fused Silica with a Galvanometer Scanned CO2 Laser

At the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), mitigation of laser surface damage growth on fused silica using single and multiple CO{sub 2} laser pulses has been consistently successful for damage sites whose lateral dimensions are less than 100 {micro}m, but has not been for larger sites. Cracks would often radiate outward from the damage when a CO{sub 2} pulse was applied to the larger sites. An investigation was conducted to mitigate large surface damage sites using galvanometer scanning of a tightly focused CO{sub 2} laser spot over an area encompassing the laser damage. It was thought that by initially scanning the CO{sub 2} spot outside the damage site, radiating crack propagation would be inhibited. Scan patterns were typically inward moving spirals starting at radii somewhat larger than that of the damage site. The duration of the mitigation spiral pattern was {approx}110 ms during which a total of {approx}1.3 J of energy was delivered to the sample. The CO{sub 2} laser spot had a 1/e{sup 2}-diameter of {approx}200 {micro}m. Thus, there was general heating of a large area around the damage site while rapid evaporation occurred locally at the laser spot position in the spiral.more » A 30 to 40 {micro}m deep crater was typically generated by this spiral with a diameter of {approx}600 {micro}m. The spiral would be repeated until there was no evidence of the original damage in microscope images. Using this technique, damage sites as large as 300 mm in size did not display new damage after mitigation when exposed to fluences exceeding 22 J/cm{sup 2} at 355 nm, 7.5 ns. It was found necessary to use a vacuum nozzle during the mitigation process to reduce the amount of re-deposited fused silica. In addition, curing spiral patterns at lower laser powers were used to presumably ''re-melt'' any re-deposited fused silica. A compact, shearing interferometer microscope was developed to permit in situ measurement of the depth of mitigation sites.« less
Dislocation motion as an underdamped oscillator and electron-dislocation interactions in dilute lead solid solutions☆

Abstract The influence of both tin and silver on solid solution hardening and electron drag has been studied in dilute lead alloys. Both the yield stress and electron drag in the lead-tin substitutional solid solutions were observed to be independent of concentration at low solute concentrations. In contrast to this, lead-silver alloys showed both a very pronounced hardening and a strong electron-dislocation interaction due to the presence of silver in interstitial lattice positions. In addition, the activation volume for dislocation motion was observed to be larger in the normal state than in the superconducting state which is consistent with the inertial model of dislocation motion with dislocations moving as underdamped harmonic oscillators.