cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics of the Conversion of Chorismate to Prephenate: Experimental Results and Theoretical Predictions

A thermodynamic investigation of the Claisen rearrangement of chorismate2-(aq) to prephenate2-(aq) has been performed using microcalorimetry and high-performance liquid chromatography. The study used a well-characterized monofunctional chorismate mutase from Bacillus subtilis that was devoid of prephenate dehydrogenase and prephenate dehydratase activities. The calorimetric measurements led to a standard molar enthalpy change = −(55.4 ± 2.3) kJ mol-1 at 298.15 K for this reaction. An estimated value of the standard molar entropy change = 3 J K-1 mol-1 for the above reaction was used together with the experimental value of to obtain a standard molar Gibbs free energy change ≈ −56 kJ mol-1 and an equilibrium constant K ≈ 7 × 109 for the conversion of chorismate2-(aq) to prephenate2-(aq) at 298.15 K. Thus, for all practical purposes, this reaction can be considered to be “irreversible”. Quantum mechanics (Gaussian 94 with a B3LYP functional and a 6-31G* basis set) was used to calculate values of absolute and...
Base sequence homology in the RNAs of barley stripe mosaic virus.

Abstract The number of components in barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) depends on the strain, with Type strain having two components, North Dakota 18 (ND18) and Norwich strains, three, and North Dakota 161 (ND161) and Argentine. Mild strains, four. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) IV, the smallest, was lost from the Argentine Mild and ND161 strains by transferring them at high dilutions. RNA III was similarly lost from Argentine Mild but not from ND161, Norwich, or ND18 strains. Heterologous hybridizations between labeled virion ssRNAs (single-stranded RNAs) and denatured dsRNAs (double-stranded RNAs) among the Type, ND18, and Argentine Mild strains were nearly as extensive as homologous hybridizations. Therefore, the strains are closely related despite the difference in number of RNA components. ssRNAs III and IV of the Argentine Mild strain and ssRNA III of ND18 competed extensively with the hybridization between labeled Type strain virion ssRNA and denatured Type strain dsRNA. Since Type strain has RNAs I and II only, this competition indicates a relation between RNAs III and IV of Argentine Mild strain and RNAs of Type strain, probably RNA II, and a similar relation between RNA III of ND18 and Type-RNAs. Unlabeled ssRNA I, which is less abundant than the other RNAs, competed less extensively than the other RNAs with the hybridization of labeled virion ssRNA and denatured dsRNA. Therefore, RNA I probably shares few or no sequences with RNAs II, III, and IV.
Consistent-sufficient sleep predicts improvements in self-regulatory performance and psychological strain

Abstract Sleep may have psychological implications for the stress process because of its effect on self-regulatory functioning. This study explored the psychological beneﬁ ts of sleep using an integrated self-regulatory strength model, which includes resource enhancement in addition to resource replenishment. Combined with the restorative effects of sufﬁ cient sleep duration, prolonged consistent sleep practices may build self-regulatory capacity via exercising self-control. The proposed sleep sufﬁ ciency–consistency interaction predicte d improvements in self-regulatory perform-ance and psychological strain over the course of 5 days. Only consistent–sufﬁ cient sleepers experienced an increase in self-regulatory performance and a decrease in strain. Changes in self-regulatory strength also predicted changes in strain during the week, rather than the reverse. These ﬁ ndings were robust even when controlling for confound-ing factors related to dispositional factors, circadian rhythm disruption, typical sleep hygiene, health behaviours and stressors. Much like other routine activities that have shown to increase self-regulatory strength, continued explorations into the potential resource enhancement aspect of consistent sleep may be a promising topic for stress management research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X-LINKED NEPHROLITHIASIS (XLN): A NEW KINDRED. 2198

XLN was recently described in a large kindred in NY State. Affected males had recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis/nephrocalcinosis, proteinuria, hematuria, and variable renal insufficiency in older patients. We have evaluated 2 half-brothers (same mother) ages 4 and 6 yrs both presenting with microhematuria/proteinuria on routine exam. Renal ultrasounds showed nephrocalcinosis. Further evaluation showed mild hypercalciuria(4.2&4.7mg/kg/day), non-nephrotic range tubular pattern proteinuria, and hematuria. Normal studies included serum Ca, Phos, Alk Phos, PTH, lytes, Cr, urinary excretion of oxalate, Mg, citrate, and uric acid, first A.M. urine pH<5.5, and audiograms. Growth was normal with no evidence for acidosis, rickets or bone demineralization. Both have an elevated serum 1,25-OH Vit. D and testing of one showed some reduction in urinary Ca on low Ca/Na diet (4.2 to 3mg/kg/day).
On the signature of the baryon–dark matter relative velocity in the two- and three-point galaxy correlation functions

We develop a configuration-space picture of the relative velocity between baryons and dark matter that clearly explains how it can shift the BAO scale in the galaxy-galaxy correlation function. The shift occurs because the relative velocity is non-zero only within the sound horizon and thus adds to the correlation function asymmetrically about the BAO peak. We further show that in configuration space the relative velocity has a localized, distinctive signature in the three-point galaxy correlation function (3PCF). In particular, we find that a multipole decomposition is a favorable way to isolate the relative velocity in the 3PCF, and that there is a strong signature in the l=1 multipole for triangles with 2 sides around the BAO scale. Finally, we investigate a further compression of the 3PCF to a function of only one triangle side that preserves the localized nature of the relative velocity signature while also nicely separating linear from non-linear bias. We expect that this scheme will substantially lessen the computational burden of finding the relative velocity in the 3PCF. The relative velocity's 3PCF signature can be used to correct the shift induced in the galaxy-galaxy correlation function so that no systematic error due to this effect is introduced into the BAO as used for precision cosmology.
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of the Friction Drilling Process

Friction drilling is a nontraditional hole-making process. A rotating conical tool is applied to penetrate a hole and create a bushing in a single step without generating chips. Friction drilling relies on the heat generated from the frictional force between the tool and sheet metal workpiece to soften, penetrate, and deform the work-material into a bushing shape. The mechanical and thermal aspects of friction drilling are studied in this research. Under the constant tool feed rate, the experimentally measured thrust force and torque were analyzed. An infrared camera is applied to measure the temperature of the tool and workpiece. Two models are developed for friction drilling. One is the thermal finite element model to predict the distance of tool travel before the workpiece reaches the 250 C threshold temperature that is detectable by an infrared camera. Another is a force model to predict the thrust force and torque in friction drilling based on the measured temperature, material properties, and estimated area of contact. The results of this study are used to identify research needs and build the foundation for future friction drilling process optimization.
Drafting Program Educational Objectives for undergraduate engineering degree programs

This paper outlines the process to draft Program Educational Objectives (PEOs) appropriate for undergraduate engineering degree programs at ABET-accredited institutions of higher education. In the ECE department at our University, the existing PEOs were deemed to have language that was very similar to that used in the ABET student outcomes. Therefore, it was imperative to distinguish the PEOs from the ABET student outcomes since the PEOs must quantify the expected attainments of graduates a few years after graduation. First, PEOs must reflect the Mission Statement of the institution and serve as a yardstick of student achievement three to five years following graduation. The objectives represent the expectations of the department from its graduates. Active participation by the faculty in defining the PEOs yield clear and concise objectives and promotes ownership of the goals of the Department and ABET process. However, not all faculty members are necessarily familiar with the assessment language and the process to evaluate the PEOs. In order to ensure a meaningful contribution from all faculty members involved in defining the PEOs, this paper presents a framework to define the PEOs that (1) adhere to the Mission of the University (2) achieve consistent and measurable expectations.
The development of monoamine‐containing neurons in the brain and spinal cord of the salamander, Ambystoma mexicanum

The distribution of monoamine-containing neurons in the CNS of the developing and adult axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, has been investigated using the histochemical fluorescence technique of Falck and Hillarp combined with microspectrofluorimetry. The earliest catecholamine-containing neurons to be detected are located in the ventral ependymal zone of the spinal cord at the time of hatching (Stage 41). Between stages 43 and 46, catecholamine fluorescence can be detected in neurons in the following regions: nucleus preopticus, the hypothalamic-infundibular region, and the brain stem reticular fomation. 5-HT-containing neurons are only observed in the midbrain raphe region and are first detected at stage 44. In contrast to these early monoamine fluorescing groups, catecholamine-containing neurons are not routinely detectable in the nucleus interpeduncularis until six months of age. All monoamine-containing neuronal groups detected in developing axolotls are also present in both sexes of the adult. However, the fluorescence intensity is less in monoamine-containing neurons observed in adults than in early developing subjects. All catecholamine-containing neuronal groups, with the exception of those located in the midbrain region (nucleus interpeduncularis, reticular zone) have fluorescent processes that contact the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The presence of CSF-containing processes in the hypothalamic and spinal cord regions suggest that the CSF may act as a medium through which bioactive substances are transported from one brain region to another. Intense catecholamine fluorescence is observed in cells of the notochord prior to the detection of monoamine-containing neurons in the CNS. A possible involvement of catecholamines in the inductive effects of the notochord during development is discussed.
A Spar Buoy Oceanographic Telemetry System

The Brookhaven National Laboratory has been deploying a Spar Buoy Oceanographic Telemetry System (SBOTS) since 1976. During much of this period the system has undergone modification in its initial design, which has now evolved to an accurate and reliable form of real time oceanographic data acquisition. The design and operation of SBOTS is described in this communique. The SBOTS is comprised of buoyant segments of PVC pipe, stainless steel instrumentation cages, a surface antennae, and a power supply as an anchor. The segments are joined with a patented 'J' lock connection that allows only tilt but no vertical or azimuthal movement. Electrical cable segments are secured externally and are joined with underwater connectors. The standard sensor package includes an electromagnetic current meter, a conductivity sensor, and two thermistors. The full SBOTS typically will be equipped with four of these standard sensors, a pressure sensor, a compass/tilt sensor, and a processor. Most of the sensor outputs are in volts (0-5) which the processor averages, and then converts to frequency for transmission. The receiving station is at Brookhaven's 175 m tower and includes a dedicated PDP 11/40 computer. The data block is transmitted (218 MHz) 128 times bit and frame synchronously at a bit rate of 32 kHz, and is recorded on 9 track 800 bpi ASC 11 tape. The deployment of the SBOTS is limited to approximately 30 n. miles line-of-sight range from the Brookhaven receiving tower. Deployments have been made in water depths of 20-40 m on the shelf off Long Island. The SBOTS are assembled in the well deck of a LCU and are launched antenna first off the stern ramp. Recovery is made in reverse via an acoustic release connection to a battery/anchor lift line. Pre- and post-system calibrations are conducted on individual sensors via the processor, transmitter, receiver, and data recorder.
Fordism at Ford: Spatial Decentralization and Labor Segmentation at the Ford Motor Company, 1920–1950

AbstractThe identification of a system of flexible production, with its own spatial logic, in contrast to an older system of Fordist mass production has generated much interest among economic geographers and political economists. This distinction rests on a widely accepted and rarely questioned understanding of the constituents of Fordist mass production. The leading examples of Fordist production are the Ford Motor Company's Highland Park and River Rouge plants. Contrary to this standard narrative, I suggest that the spatial logic of production at Ford included both industrial concentration and spatial decentralization of some tasks formerly centralized at both Highland Park and the Rouge. Beginning in the early 1920s, tasks were moved out of Highland Park and the Rouge and into separate Ford-owned plants known as the village industry plants. I examine neoclassical location theory through the transaction cost theory of industrial location advanced by Scott and suggest that this approach does not adequate...
Fast approximate correlation for massive time-series data

We consider the problem of computing all-pair correlations in a warehouse containing a large number (e.g., tens of thousands) of time-series (or, signals). The problem arises in automatic discovery of patterns and anomalies in data intensive applications such as data center management, environmental monitoring, and scientific experiments. However, with existing techniques, solving the problem for a large stream warehouse is extremely expensive, due to the problem's inherent quadratic I/O and CPU complexities. We propose novel algorithms, based on Discrete Fourier Transformation (DFT) and graph partitioning, to reduce the end-to-end response time of an all-pair correlation query. To minimize I/O cost, we partition a massive set of input signals into smaller batches such that caching the signals one batch at a time maximizes data reuse and minimizes disk I/O. To reduce CPU cost, we propose two approximation algorithms. Our first algorithm efficiently computes approximate correlation coefficients of similar signal pairs within a given error bound. The second algorithm efficiently identifies, without any false positives or negatives, all signal pairs with correlations above a given threshold. For many real applications, our approximate solutions are as useful as corresponding exact solutions, due to our strict error guarantees. However, compared to the state-of-the-art exact algorithms, our algorithms are up to 17x faster for several real datasets.
Sarcoidosis in Chronic Granulomatous Disease

In addition to increased susceptibility to infections in patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a higher incidence of sterile inflammatory disorders in these patients has been noted. However, sarcoidosis has not been reported previously in CGD. In this report, we describe two patients who have CGD and a disorder consistent with sarcoidosis on the basis of unequivocal clinical-radiographic presentations, their responses to treatment, and serum angiotensin-converting enzyme levels. Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme levels were measured in 26 other patients with CGD to establish an appropriate reference range. A possible relationship between CGD and sarcoidosis is discussed.
Factors Influencing Community Residents' Participation in Commingled Curbside Recycling Programs

Commingled curbside recycling, a system where household residents put all recyclable materials in one container, is a new form of recycling that has been initiated to decrease the amount of household waste sent to landfills. In a suburb with a new commingled program, a mail survey of environmental and recycling attitudes was sent to 603 households with a 76% response rate. Observations of actual recycling behavior showed a 68% average participation rate on five successive collection days, with a total participation rate of 91% over that period. Based on these observations, the level of self-reported participation was slightly overstated. Relevant recycling knowledge was the most significant predictor of observed recycling behavior, and content-specific motivations for or against recycling discriminated between frequent and infrequent recyclers. Relevant recycling knowledge and a few specific attitudinal measures were significant predictors of self-reported recycling behavior.
Gene Expression Patterns Associated with in Vitro Tracheary Element Formation in Isolated Single Mesophyll Cells of Zinnia elegans

Tracheary element formation from isolated Zinnia leaf mesophyll cells is an excellent system for the dissection of patterned secondary cell wall thickening and lignification. We used mRNAs from cells cultured for 48 h in the induction medium to isolate differentially regulated genes. Thirteen unique cDNA clones were isolated using a subtractive hybridization method. These clones can be divided into three distinct groups according to their characteristic gene expression in different media. The first group includes those genes whose expression is induced in the basal medium without 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and benzyladenine; this indicates that the expression of these genes is regulated by chemical and physical factors other than these hormones. Three of these clones, p48h-229, p48h-114, and p48h-102, show significant homology to a pathogenesis-related protein II, a serine proteinase inhibitor, and a sunflower anther-specific proline-rich protein, respectively. The second group includes those genes whose expression is mainly NAA induced. One of these clones, p48h-10, shows high protein sequence homology to a barley aleurone-specific cDNA, B11E. The p48h-10-encoded protein shares some common characteristics of plant nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (low molecular weight, the secretion signal peptide, eight conserved cysteine residues, and a basic protein), although no significant protein sequence homology is found between p48-10 and other plant nonspecific lipid transfer proteins. The third group includes those genes whose expression is induced primarily in the induction medium; this indicates that the expression of these genes is closely associated with the process of tracheary element formation. Two of these clones, p48h-107 and p48h-17, show high homology to adenylate kinase and papaya proteinase I, respectively. The possible roles of these differentiation-specific genes during tracheary element formation are discussed.
Lymphoid susceptibility to the Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin is dependent upon baseline levels of the signaling lipid, phosphatidylinositol‐3,4,5‐triphosphate

The Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) induces G2 arrest and apoptosis in lymphocytes and other cell types. We have shown that the active subunit, CdtB, exhibits phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) phosphatase activity and depletes lymphoid cells of PIP3. Hence we propose that Cdt toxicity results from depletion of this signaling lipid and perturbation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI-3K)/PIP3/Akt signaling. We have now focused on the relationship between cell susceptibility to CdtB and differences in the status of baseline PIP3 levels. Our studies demonstrate that the baseline level of PIP3, and likely the dependence of cells on steady-state activity of the PI-3K signaling pathway for growth and survival, influence cell susceptibility to the toxic effects of Cdt. Jurkat cells with known defects in both PIP3 degradative enzymes, PTEN and SHIP1, not only contain high baseline levels of PIP3, pAkt, and pGSK3β, but also exhibit high sensitivity to Cdt. In contrast, HUT78 cells, with no known defects in this pathway, contain low levels of PIP3, pAkt, and pGSK3β and likely minimal dependence on the PI-3K signaling pathway for growth and survival, and exhibit reduced susceptibility to Cdt. These differences in susceptibility to Cdt cannot be explained by differential toxin binding or internalization of the active subunit. Indeed, we now demonstrate that Jurkat and HUT78 cells bind toxin at comparable levels and internalize relatively equal amounts of CdtB. The relevance of these observations to the mode of action of Cdt and its potential role as a virulence factor is discussed.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF BUBBLE FORMATION TRANSITIONS AT SIEVE PLATE SPARGERS

Abstract Evidence has been presented in the literature suggesting that certain interracial phenomena may produce cellular damage in culture operations. In an earlier study of bubble-driven fluid motions in a sparged bioreactor reported by Glasgow et al. (1992), some energetic transitions associated with the bubble formation process were observed at sieve plate spargers. These transitions, involving both the active hole location and mode, were found to be independent of gas supply pressure fluctuations but quite sensitive to gas chamber volume. In the present study, five different experimental techniques have been employed in an effort to better characterize these transitions. Macrovideography and photographic flow visualization were initially used to record, classify, and count the transitions and it was discovered that frequency of transition was a qualitatively reproducible function of superficial gas velocity. A light-scattering experiment was then devised in which fluctuations in received light intens...
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering by droplets in the Mie size range

Results of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering from droplets in the Mie size range are presented. Scattering intensities are shown to reach values of 30 greater than an equivalent mass of material in bulk form.
Relative Patterns and Rates of Evolution in Heron Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence data from 15 species of herons (Aves: Ardeidae), representing 13 genera, were compared with DNA hybridization data of single-copy nuclear DNA (scnDNA) from the same species in a taxonomic congruence assessment of heron phylogeny. The two data sets produced a partially resolved, completely congruent estimate of phylogeny with the following basic structure: (Tigrisoma, Cochlearius, (((Zebrilus, (Ixobrychus, Botaurus)), (((Ardea, Casmerodius), Bubulcus), ((Egretta thula, Egretta caerulea, Egretta tricolor), Syrigma), Butorides, Nycticorax, Nyctanassa)))). Because congruence indicated similar phylogenetic information in the two data sets, we used the relatively unsaturated DNA hybridization distances as surrogates of time to examine graphically the patterns and rates of change in cytochrome b distances. Cytochrome b distances were computed either from whole sequences or from partitioned sequences consisting of transitions, transversions, specific codon site positions, or specific protein-coding regions. These graphical comparisons indicated that unpartitioned cytochrome b has evolved at 5-10 times the rate of scnDNA. Third-position transversions appeared to offer the most useful sequence partition for phylogenetic analysis because of their relatively fast rate of substitution (two times that of scnDNA) and negligible saturation. We also examined lineage-based rates of evolution by comparing branch length patterns between the nuclear and cytochrome b trees. The degree of correlation in corresponding branch lengths between cytochrome b and DNA hybridization trees depended on DNA sequence partitioning. When cytochrome b sequences were not partitioned, branch lengths in the cytochrome b and DNA hybridization trees were not correlated. However, when cytochrome b sequences were reduced to third-position transversions (i.e., unsaturated, relatively fast changing data), branch lengths were correlated. This finding suggests that lineage-based rates of DNA evolution in nuclear and mitochondrial genomes are influenced by common causes.
Molekulare Maschinen: Wie Bewegung und andere Funktionen lebender Organismen aus reversiblen chemischen Änderungen entstehen

Einige Modellproteine zeigen das ungewohnliche Verhalten, in einen geordneteren stark gefalteten Zustand uberzugehen, wenn eine bestimmte Temperatur uberschritten wird. Durch Temperaturerhohung last sich daher erreichen, das diese Modellproteine Gewichte heben und Arbeit verrichten, d. h. Bewegung hervorrufen. In Warmblutern wird die Korpertemperatur jedoch konstant gehalten. Bewegung kann also nicht aus einer Temperaturerhohung resultieren. In diesem Fall kann eine Anderung der Gibbs-Energie, z. B. durch Erhohung der Konzentration eines chemischen Stoffes, die Temperatur, bei der die Proteinfaltung und der Ubergang zu Assoziaten erfolgen, von oberhalb auf unterhalb der physiologischen Temperatur erniedrigen. In der Tat konnte gezeigt werden, das eine solche isotherme Konzentrationserhohung Bewegung und effiziente Leistung von Arbeit zur Folge haben kann. Diese Modellproteine und der Mechanismus, dessen sie sich bedienen, ermoglichen Einblicke in die molekularen Grundlagen einer ganzen Reihe von biologischen Funktionen; sie liefern zum einen Modelle fur die Molekularen Maschinen, die den lebenden Organismus ausmachen, zum anderen eine neue Klasse von Materialien fur medizinische und nichtmedizinische Anwendungen.
Environmental progress versus economic development in central and eastern Europe. A case study of Poland from 1988 to 1995

As the nations of Central and Eastern Europe transform from centrally planned to market driven economies, they also struggle to address the environmental degradation incurred over the last 50 years. Are these goals complementary and simultaneously achievable? The paper explores changes in air and water quality in Poland from 1988 to 1995, and considers the effects of economic growth, development assistance, and environmental legislation on environmental quality. During the period of study, air quality significantly improved while water quality of lakes and rivers experienced only slight deterioration. These changes are believed to be linked to the (parabolic) growth of industry over the last eight years, yet influenced by strong environmental legislation, directed development assistance, and political incentives from the West.
Effects of membrane surface charge and calcium on the gating of rat brain sodium channels in planar bilayers

The voltage-dependent gating of single, batrachotoxin-activated Na channels from rat brain was studied in planar lipid bilayers composed of negatively charged or neutral phospholipids. The relationship between the probability of finding the Na channel in the open state and the membrane potential (Po vs. Vm) was determined in symmetrical NaCl, both in the absence of free Ca2+ and after the addition of Ca2+ to the extracellular side of the channel, the intracellular side, or both. In the absence of Ca2+, neither the midpoint (V0.5) of the Po vs. Vm relation, nor the steepness of the gating curve, was affected by the charge on the bilayer lipid. The addition of 7.5 mM Ca2+ to the external side caused a depolarizing shift in V0.5. This depolarizing shift was approximately 17 mV in neutral bilayers and approximately 25 mV in negatively charged bilayers. The addition of the same concentration of Ca2+ to only the intracellular side caused hyperpolarizing shifts in V0.5 of approximately 7 mV (neutral bilayers) and approximately 14 mV (negatively charged bilayers). The symmetrical addition of Ca2+ caused a small depolarizing shift in Po vs. Vm. We conclude that: (a) the Na channel protein possesses negatively charged groups on both its inner and outer surfaces. Charges on both surfaces affect channel gating but those on the outer surface exert a stronger influence. (b) Negative surface charges on the membrane phospholipid are close enough to the channel's gating machinery to substantially affect its operation. Charges on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane lipid affect gating symmetrically. (c) Effects on steady-state Na channel activation are consistent with a simple superposition of contributions to the local electrostatic potential from charges on the channel protein and the membrane lipid.
Sexuality and Aggression on Romonum, Truk

sexual gratification than is the other, the sweetheart relationship. The greater satisfaction found in the sweetheart relationship will be shown to be related to the opportunities it offers for the expression of aggression through its characteristic sexual practices, as well as in other ways. The spouse relationship will be shown to be like other kin relationships in that it is a source of aggressive feelings but offers few channels for the expression of these feelings. Finally, a relationship will be established between the differential operation of hostility-producing conflicts on the sexes and the tendency on the part of males to express a significant proportion of their aggression against themselves. Virtually everyone on Romonum participates in both the spouse and the sweetheart relationships at one time or another, but the two are markedly different in nature and in the position they occupy in the culture of the island. The marital complex is an integral part of the economic system and provides its participants with a large part of their social relations and orientations. The sweetheart complex is less enmeshed in the economic system than is any other relationship of importance, and it provides few social relations or orientations of wide scope. The marital complex is endowed with as much legitimacy and propriety as any other set of kin roles, while the sweetheart complex, as most often practiced, has an illegitimacy unlike that of any other role set in the society. Informants agreed that neither men nor women are expected to abstain from coitus prior to marriage and that for both, sex relations generally begin during adolescence. For girls they are said to start when the breasts begin to develop, and for boys at around the age of fifteen. There is no generally accepted first partner, but sometimes a boy's first experience will be with a much older woman. Although Gladwin (Gladwin and Sarason 1953:102) notes a case in.which a boy's first partner was the wife of a somewhat older "brother" who "felt sorry" for the boy because he had no one to sleep with, this does not appear too common and does not seem to be consistent with the respect behavior and sexual avoidance of older brothers' wives mentioned to me by five men. If the boy's first partner is a considerably older woman, the relationship consists almost exclusively in performing the sexual act and does not include the other elements of the extramarital complex to be described. Several men told me that their first experience was with a woman who was then middle-aged and who, in one night, would accomodate a number of adolescent boys. The first sex experience for a boy is not said to produce any physiological
Modulation of allostery by protein intrinsic disorder

Allostery is an intrinsic property of many globular proteins and enzymes that is indispensable for cellular regulatory and feedback mechanisms. Recent theoretical and empirical observations indicate that allostery is also manifest in intrinsically disordered proteins, which account for a substantial proportion of the proteome. Many intrinsically disordered proteins are promiscuous binders that interact with multiple partners and frequently function as molecular hubs in protein interaction networks. The adenovirus early region 1A (E1A) oncoprotein is a prime example of a molecular hub intrinsically disordered protein. E1A can induce marked epigenetic reprogramming of the cell within hours after infection, through interactions with a diverse set of partners that include key host regulators such as the general transcriptional coactivator CREB binding protein (CBP), its paralogue p300, and the retinoblastoma protein (pRb; also called RB1). Little is known about the allosteric effects at play in E1A-CBP-pRb interactions, or more generally in hub intrinsically disordered protein interaction networks. Here we used single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) to study coupled binding and folding processes in the ternary E1A system. The low concentrations used in these high-sensitivity experiments proved to be essential for these studies, which are challenging owing to a combination of E1A aggregation propensity and high-affinity binding interactions. Our data revealed that E1A-CBP-pRb interactions have either positive or negative cooperativity, depending on the available E1A interaction sites. This striking cooperativity switch enables fine-tuning of the thermodynamic accessibility of the ternary versus binary E1A complexes, and may permit a context-specific tuning of associated downstream signalling outputs. Such a modulation of allosteric interactions is probably a common mechanism in molecular hub intrinsically disordered protein function.
Selective predation by the backswimmer, Notonecta1

In laboratory experiments Notonecta hoffmani was size-selective, although prey size alone did not explain its preference between prey species. When Notonecta was fed mosquito larvae, its preference first increased and then decreased with increasing prey size. Its consistent preference for the larger size class of a given species of zooplankton presumably reflects the fact that all zooplankton were small relative to the predator. Preference was determined mainly by differences in the relative attack rates on the different prey, but in two instances relative success rates of attacks were equally or more important. Although differences in the frequency of encounter influenced attack rates, the main determinant appeared to be the differences in the predator’s response to different prey once they were encountered. The results suggest that the behavior underlying Notonecta’s preferences is stereotyped and inflexible. The results help explain the effects of Notonecta on field populations of prey.
A common user software interface for shared microcomputers

A description is given of a common user software interface for shared PC/MS-DOS microcomputers. This interface provides for both user productivity features and hardware and software protection. In an attempt to leave maximum flexibility for advanced users but provide the common interface across all PC MS-DOS microcomputers, adding functionality from existing and some created components was chosen over a DOS menu shell like QDOS. The starting point for examining the common interface is the normal startup time configuration files. Specifically, these files are the standard CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT. The former file is fairly standard, while the latter file encompasses a major part of the common interface. >
Asymptotic normality of the principal components of functional time series

We establish the asymptotic normality of the sample principal components of functional stochastic processes under nonrestrictive assumptions which admit nonlinear functional time series models. We show that the aforementioned asymptotic depends only on the asymptotic normality of the sample covariance operator, and that the latter condition holds for weakly dependent functional time series which admit expansions as Bernoulli shifts. The weak dependence is quantified by the condition of L 4 -m-approximability which includes all functional time series models in practical use. We also demonstrate convergence of the cross covariance operators of the sample functional principal components to their counterparts in the normal limit. c
Growth of the zeta function for a quadratic map and the dimension of the Julia set

We show that the zeta function for the dynamics generated by the map z z2 + c, c < − 2, can be estimated in terms of the dimension of the corresponding Julia set. That implies a geometric upper bound on the number of its zeros, which are interpreted as resonances for this dynamical systems. The method of proof of the upper bound is used to construct a code for counting the number of zeros of the zeta function. The numerical results support the conjecture that the upper bound in terms of the dimension of the Julia set is optimal.
Acutely Suicidal Adolescents Who Engage in Bullying Behavior: 1-Year Trajectories

PURPOSE: Prospective longitudinal research is needed to examine associations between bullying behaviors and trajectories of suicidal ideation and behavior and overall functional impairment. The specific aims of the present study are to: (1) characterize differences in baseline functioning between acutely suicidal adolescents who are classified into bullying perpetrator and non-bully groups and (2) examine the 1-year trajectories of these two groups of adolescents. METHOD: Participants were 433 psychiatrically hospitalized suicidal adolescents (72% female), ages 13 to 17 years. Participants reported suicidal ideation, depression, anxiety, substance use, adaptive functioning, and bullying behavior. Six items from the Youth Self-Report were used to classify adolescents into bullying perpetrator (n = 54) and non-bully (n = 379) groups. Follow-up assessments were conducted at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. RESULTS: At hospitalization, adolescents in the bully group reported significantly higher levels of suicidal ideation, substance use, and functional impairment. Suicidal ideation differences remitted at six weeks. The elevated functional impairment of the bullying perpetrator group persisted across the 12-month period. CONCLUSION: Adolescents who met bullying perpetrator group criteria were characterized by more severe suicidal ideation and higher levels of proximal risk factors for suicide. Bullying behavior was not stable over time but was associated with elevated suicide risk when present. These findings highlight the importance of specifically assessing for and targeting bullying behavior at multiple time points when treating suicidal adolescents. Language: en
Recent Mathematical Methods for Engineering System Design, Part 1: Overcoming Bellman’s Curse of Dimensionality in Large Optimization Problems

Decomposition of large problems into a hierarchic pyramid of subproblems was proposed in the literature as a means for optimization of engineering systems too large for all-in-one optimization. This decomposition was established heuristically. The paper shows that the dynamic programming (DP) method due to Bellman, when augmented with an optimum sensitivity analysis, provides a mathematical basis for the above decomposition and overcomes the curse of dimensionality that limited the original formulation of DP. Numerical examples are cited.
Self-assembled nanomaterials for photoacoustic imaging

In recent years, extensive endeavors have been paid to construct functional self-assembled nanomaterials for various applications such as catalysis, separation, energy and biomedicines. To date, different strategies have been developed for preparing nanomaterials with diversified structures and functionalities via fine tuning of self-assembled building blocks. In terms of biomedical applications, bioimaging technologies are urgently calling for high-efficient probes/contrast agents for high-performance bioimaging. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is an emerging whole-body imaging modality offering high spatial resolution, deep penetration and high contrast in vivo. The self-assembled nanomaterials show high stability in vivo, specific tolerance to sterilization and prolonged half-life stability and desirable targeting properties, which is a kind of promising PA contrast agents for biomedical imaging. Herein, we focus on summarizing recent advances in smart self-assembled nanomaterials with NIR absorption as PA contrast agents for biomedical imaging. According to the preparation strategy of the contrast agents, the self-assembled nanomaterials are categorized into two groups, i.e., the ex situ and in situ self-assembled nanomaterials. The driving forces, assembly modes and regulation of PA properties of self-assembled nanomaterials and their applications for long-term imaging, enzyme activity detection and aggregation-induced retention (AIR) effect for diagnosis and therapy are emphasized. Finally, we conclude with an outlook towards future developments of self-assembled nanomaterials for PA imaging.
Evolvement and Scope of Production Economics

ANY self-respecting consideration of the evolvement and scope of a discipline should begin with some sort of definition of what it is that is under consideration. In the case of production economics, finding a satisfactory definition is perhaps more difficult than for some other disciplines. Textbook definitions strike one at first encounter as being very broad and perhaps overly ambitious for one subdiscipline among many in the field of economics. Black and Black speak of the "productive organization of society and the economic principles which explain this organization" [2, p. 3]. Heady, writing more than 25 years later, says that the role of production economics in the means-end scale is "that of facilitating choice in production patterns and resource use so that the end objectives of farmers and consumers can be attained" [4, p. 5]. The differences, if any, between these and the standard definitions of economics in total are minimal.
Hydro-Politics in South Asia: A Comparative Analysis of the Mahakali and the Ganges Treaties

The numerous problems raised by the management of water resources are currently receiving ever-greater attention from governments around the globe. These problems stem from the fact that water resources are qualitatively and quantitatively limited, and that opportunities for the exploitation of these resources abound. These factors have led to an increasing need to adopt an integrated approach to the development of water resources. In this context, the triangular relations between Bangladesh, India, and Nepal in South Asia posit an intriguing and unique set of circumstances that illustrates the effect that the practices of one country can have on other surrounding countries. India has significantly shaped the foreign economic relations between India and Bangladesh and India and Nepal, especially insofar as water resources development and cooperation are concerned. Indeed, the geographic proximity of Bangladesh and Nepal to India has compelled these countries to cooperate with India in each country?s utilization of water resources. In order to formalize this cooperation, two treaties of significant importance were entered into in 1996 between India and Nepal and India and Bangladesh. These treaties are known as the Mahakali River Treaty between India and Nepal and the Ganges River Treaty between India and Bangladesh. This article provides a comparative analysis of the two treaties and focuses on the problematique related to their finalization. The article also discusses the interesting political twists of events and highlights the critical aspects of the implementation of the treaties, and further analyzes the opportunities provided by the treaties for cooperation between India, Bangladesh, and Nepal in the area of water resources management.
A pilot, short-term dietary manipulation of branched chain amino acids has modest influence on fasting levels of branched chain amino acids

Background : Elevated fasting levels of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs: valine, isoleucine, leucine) in venous blood are associated with a variety of metabolic impairments, including increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Fasting BCAA levels are influenced by non-dietary factors. However, it is unknown whether fasting BCAAs can be altered through manipulation of dietary intake alone. Objective : To test whether a specific dietary intervention, using differences in BCAA intake, alters fasting BCAA levels independent of other factors. Design : Five healthy male volunteers underwent 4 days of a low and 4 days of a high BCAA content dietary intervention (ClinicalTrials.gov [NCT02110602]). All food and supplements were provided. Fasting BCAAs were measured from venous blood samples by mass spectrometry at baseline and after each intervention. Results : Diets were isocaloric; contained equal percentages of calories from carbohydrate, fats, and protein; and differed from each other in BCAA content (1.5±0.1 vs. 14.0±0.6 g for valine; 4.5±0.9 g vs. 13.8±0.5 g for isoleucine; 2.1±0.2 g vs. 27.1±1.0 g for leucine; p< 0.0001 for all). Fasting valine was significantly lower ( p= 0.02) and fasting isoleucine and leucine were numerically lower following the low BCAA content vs. the high BCAA content diet levels. The inter-individual response to the dietary interventions was variable and not explained by adherence. Conclusion : Short-term dietary manipulation of BCAA intake led to modest changes in fasting levels of BCAAs. The approach from our pilot study can be expanded to test the metabolic implications of dietary BCAA manipulation. Keywords: branched chain amino acids; dietary intervention; nutritional modulation; cross-over clinical trial; metabolism; insulin sensitivity (Published: 14 January 2016) Citation: Food & Nutrition Research 2016, 60: 28592 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v60.28592
Disarmament and Arms Control: Some of the Recent Literature

Perhaps the best way to obtain an overview of the subject of disarm? ament and arms control is by reading one of the various collections of papers published on the subject. The pioneering venture of arms control symposia is found in Daedalus, Special Issue on Arms Control, 89 (Fall 1960). These essays were later published, along with about a half-dozen others, in D. G. BRENNAN (ed.). Arms Control, Disarmament, and National Security. New York: George Braziller, 1961. The title indicates the breadth of the selections, for some of the essays consider matters such as limited war and national security policy. A more restricted collection will be found in LOUIS HENKIN (ed.). Arms Controls Issues for the Public. Englewood, N. J.: Prentice-Hall (A Spectrum Book), 1961; and in DAVID H. FRISCH (ed.). Arms Reduction: Program and Issues. New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1961. The unique feature of the latter volume is the inclusion of a proposed disarmament agreement based upon recommendations developed in a 1960 summer seminar and supporting papers. Additional papers and the proceedings of this seminar can be found in the SUMMER STUDY ON ARMS CONTROL. Collected Papers. Bos? ton: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1961 (Limited Circulation). The most recent contribution of the Academy to the disarmament literature is a volume edited by SEYMOUR MELMAN entitled Disarmament: Its Politics and Economics. Boston: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1962. Other readings on the general problems of arms control and peace can be found in ERNEST LEFEVER (ed.). Arms and Arms Control. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1961; QUINCY WRIGHT et al. Preventing World War III: Some Proposals. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1962; and THOMAS MERTON (ed.). Breakthrough to Peace. New York: New Directions, 1962. The latter is a collection of twelve views of the threat of thermonuclear extermination, largely stressing the dangers rather than grappling with some of the difficult issues of disarmament. The Wright volume, on the other hand, goes much beyond questions of disarmament as various writers discuss proposals for stopping the arms race, for reducing international tensions, and for building a world society. The research memo or monograph has become one of the most prominent means for communicating disarmament research. Among the more important producers of such memoranda are Rand Corporation and Systems Development Corporation, both of Santa Monica, California; the Stanford