cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Representations of Vertex Algebras and, the Construction of Vertex Algebras and, Modules

In this chapter, the focal chapter of the work, we shall define and, study the notion of representation of a vertex algebra. Just as in classical algebraic theories, in particular, the theories of Lie algebras and, of associative algebras, this notion of representation is distinct from the notion of module, but the two notions will turn out to be essentially equivalent.
Biomass, nitrogen, and phosphorus accumulation over a southern California fire cycle chronosequence

The structural and functional similarities of mediterranean ecosystems of the world impressed early plant ecologists (e.g. Grisebach 1872, Schimper 1898) and have provided the subject for recent comparative studies (di Castri and Mooney 1973, Miller 1981, Specht 1969a,b). These systems are typically fire dominated: at regular intervals intense fires consume most above-ground organic material and initiate succession. The vegetation on these sites, stimulated by ash-deposited nutrients and released to some extent from soil moisture limitations of growth shows high initial rates of biomass accretion and nutrient uptake. Net productivity and nutrient uptake rates decline after the first decade of recovery as nutrients become immobilized in standing biomass, and in litter and soil organic matter, and as transpiration of mature canopies reduces the amount of water available.
Spontaneous posterior spinal artery infarction: An under-recognized cause of acute myelopathy

Spinal cord infarctions (SCIs) predominantly affect the anterior spinal artery (ASA) territory and manifest with acute weakness and loss of pain and temperature sensation. In comparison, posterior spinal artery (PSA) infarctions are more rare,1 possibly due to paired PSAs with increased collateral arterial supply; the diagnosis may also be underrecognized.1–5 Reports on clinical and radiologic features and outcomes of PSA infarcts are scant. We sought to describe all PSA infarcts seen at Mayo Clinic (1997–2017) to improve the understanding and awareness of this uncommon myelopathy. All patients consented to use of their medical records for research.
Streamlined life cycle assessment: A case study on tablets and integrated circuits

Abstract Life cycle assessments (LCAs) provide valuable guidance regarding environmental implications of design and manufacturing choice; however, they remain resource intensive and time consuming. Streamlining approaches have been developed to address these issues. One of these streamlining approaches, structured under-specification and probabilistic triage, develops a high level assessment of the product or service in question, and only obtains more data on those parameters that contribute most both to the uncertainty and the total impact. In this paper, we build upon the structured under-specification and probabilistic triage methodology and include metrics to determine when sufficient data has been collected. This method enables significant reduction in effort to conduct an LCA while still preserving the ability to make resolvable conclusions around environmental choice related to reducing the impact of manufacturing these devices. We demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of this methodology on a case study of tablets for which we determine the burden of the product with 30% of the total effort required in a traditional LCA approach, thereby more readily focusing efforts for impact mitigation. We find that the life cycle environmental impact of the product is driven by the materials and manufacturing phase, more specifically the manufacturing of electronic components such as integrated circuits and printed wiring boards.
Analysis of the Effect of Communication Latencies on HVDC-Based Damping Control

A wide-area controller to damp inter-area oscillations in the North American Western Interconnection (WI) by modulating power transfers in a HVDC link is used in this paper to investigate the effects that latencies in its feedback signals have on its performance. This controller uses two feedback measurements to perform its control action. The analysis show that the stabilizing effect of the controller in transient stability and small signal stability is compromised as the feedback measurements experience higher delays. The results show that one of the feedback signals can tolerate more delay than the other. The analysis was performed with Bode plots and time domain simulations on a reduced order model of the WI from which a linear version was obtained.
Alpha-2 antiplasmin-associated aortic valve thrombus presenting as a STEMI in a patient with Graves disease

A 36-year-old Caucasian woman with a medical history of Graves disease presented to the emergency department with typical chest pain, and she was found to have a ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) via ECG and elevated troponins. Emergent cardiac catheterisation revealed distal blockages in the left anterior descending artery and second obtuse marginal artery (figure 1A,B). After distal balloon angioplasty, the decision was made to further treat the patient medically and discharge home after clinical stability was achieved. She was readmitted 2 days later for new onset of palpitations with up-trending troponins. Laboratory tests were significant for a low thyroid-stimulating hormone of <0.01 µLU/mL (reference range: 0.27–4.2 µLU/mL), and elevated free T4 of 4.02 µLU/mL (reference range: 0.9–1.7 ng/dL), free T3 of 4.8 pg/mL (reference range: 2.5–4.3 pg/mL) and a thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin of 386 (reference range: <140% baseline). She was immediately started on both methimazole 20 mg and potassium iodine oral solution (SSKI). Further workup revealed the …
Circadian Rhythms and Disease

Abstract Life evolved with the 24-h rotation of the Earth. As a result, organisms have evolved ways to measure daily time intrinsically with circadian clocks, which allow for anticipation of events. Many changes to physical, mental, and behavioral state are governed by endogenous circadian clocks. As a result, disruptions of clocks, which can because by misalignment between the environment and internal clocks or dyssynchrony of clocks within an organism, can have pathologic consequences. We review here the impact of clocks on overall physiology and the relevance of circadian disruption to disease, with a focus on metabolic and neurologic disorders.
The roles of joint tissues and jaw muscles in palatal biomechanics of the savannah monitor (Varanus exanthematicus) and their significance for cranial kinesis

Numerous vertebrates exhibit cranial kinesis, or movement between bones of the skull and mandible other than at the jaw joint. Many kinetic species possess a particular suite of features to accomplish this movement, including flexible cranial joints and protractor musculature. Whereas the musculoskeletal anatomy of these kinetic systems is well understood, how these joints are biomechanically loaded, how different soft tissues affect joint loading and kinetic capacity, and how the protractor musculature loads the skull remain poorly understood. Here, we present a finite element model of the savannah monitor, Varanus exanthematicus, a modestly kinetic lizard, to better elucidate the roles of soft tissue in mobile joints and protractor musculature in cranial loading. We describe the 3D resultants of jaw muscles and the histology of palatobasal, otic and jaw joints. We tested the effects of joint tissue type, bite point and muscle load to evaluate the biomechanical role of muscles on the palate and braincase. We found that the jaw muscles have significant mediolateral components that can impart stability across palatocranial joints. Articular tissues affect the magnitude of strains experienced around the palatobasal and otic joints. Without protractor muscle loading, the palate, quadrate and braincase experience higher strains, suggesting this muscle helps insulate the braincase and palatoquadrate from high loads. We found that the cross-sectional properties of the bones of V. exanthematicus are well suited for performing under torsional loads. These findings suggest that torsional loading regimes may have played a more important role in the evolution of cranial kinesis in lepidosaurs than previously appreciated.
Gender differences in urology society award recipients.

Abstract Background Approximately 91% of urologists are male and 9% female. We aim to characterize gender differences amongst urology society awardees over the past six decades. Methods We queried 16 American urology societies. Inclusion criteria were active membership enrollment, majority urologist members, and awards provided at an annual, biennial or triennial basis. Results Ten urology societies were included. Between 1963 and 2019, 848 awardees for 34 awards were identified. Men comprised 92.2% and women 7.8% of recipients. The highest percentage of women awardees per year (21.7%) occurred in 2018, increased from 6.5% in 2008 and 0% in 1998. Over the last 11 years, women received 0% of awards offered 61% of the time. Conclusions There is an increased trend in the representation of women awardees by urology societies, although the frequency varies widely between societies. This is in keeping with the trend of increasing number of women entering the field of urology.
Quantifying Brain Activity State: EEG analysis of Background Music in A Serious Game on Attention of Children

Music and Serious Games are separately useful alternative therapy methods for helping people with a cognitive disorder such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In this study, we aim to explore the effect of background music in game playing on children with and without ADHD. In addition, we propose an algorithm and a measure to quantify the activity of the brain. We designed Tetris, a well-known serious game, which plays Beethoven, Mozart, or no-music in the background. The brain activity of the subjects is recorded by means of electroencephalography (EEG) signals via a brain computer interface (BCI) device. We analyzed the effect of music utilizing time-domain features extracted from Alpha and Beta band of the EEG signals. The results showed that different music types have varying impact on the attention of children. In general, Mozart increases Beta-level brain activity while decreasing the Alpha-level one. On the other hand, Beethoven music increased concurrently both Alpha- and Beta-level activity for children with ADHD.
Studying Music During the Coronavirus Pandemic: Conditions of Studying and Health-Related Challenges

Objective: The coronavirus pandemic affects all areas of life. Performing arts and music studies have also experienced considerable changes, with university closures and a fluctuating return to normal and more limited operations. Prior studies detail the impact of the pandemic on college students, but we do not yet know what specific consequences it has for music students. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on music students’ health, practicing behavior, and everyday life. Methods: In July 2020, we conducted an online survey of 80 students enrolled in performance and music education programs at a German music university and compared these data with data from a survey of 75 students at the same music university carried out in summer 2019. Results: The survey revealed that the coronavirus pandemic led to a decrease in practicing hours and an increase of stressful thoughts and feelings. Students were mostly satisfied with Corona-measures taken by the university. Of analyzed determinants, only general fear of health problems was identified as a significant predictor of mental health status. Mental health status did not significantly differ between students surveyed in 2019 and 2020. Conclusion: Knowledge about the specific challenges the pandemic poses for music students can help conservatories to better respond to the needs of their students. Specifically, this study will inform future measures supporting music students in coping with difficult situations like a pandemic.
Musically Assistive Robot for the Elderly in Isolation

COVID pandemic has impacted our lives in ways that we could not have imagined, introducing us to a new normalcy. Older adults, especially those in care facilities, are often discussed as one of the most vulnerable populations to challenges that the pandemic poses, including social isolation and loneliness. We hence present our robot, M.A.R (Music Assistive Robot) i/o, intended to bring some joy and entertainment through a universal language - music. Our prototype, therefore, attempts to facilitate music participation among older adults by playing the music of choice and inviting them to enjoy listening through its expressive movements and adaptive drumming skills.
Defining the geospatial revolution in archaeology

Abstract The invention of radiocarbon dating transformed how time was approached by archaeology. It has been argued that the adoption of geospatial technology – e.g., GIS, high-definition remote sensing, laser scanning – has had equally important consequences constituting a geospatial revolution in archaeology. In contrast to the radiocarbon revolution, which turned on the development of a single technology, the geospatial revolution involves a suite of different innovations, and as such, remains poorly defined. In this paper I present a meta-analysis of more than 11,000 literature references to better define precisely when, where, and how these technologies have been applied, and, to a limited degree, explore with text mining tools trends in topics discussed. Results suggest that after an experimental period in the 1990s, there was a rapid uptake of geospatial technology beginning around 2005. While the geospatial revolution has impacted archaeology on a global scale there appears to be a consistent, and concerning, geographic bias toward studies centered on Europe. Today, the proportion of the archaeological literature concerning some aspect of geospatial technology is equal to radiocarbon and is on track to continue to grow.
Cybersafety: A System-theoretic Approach to Identify Cyber-vulnerabilities & Mitigation Requirements in Industrial Control Systems

Recent cyber-physical attacks, such as Stuxnet, Triton etc., have invoked an ominous realization about the vulnerability of critical infrastructure, including water, power and gas distribution systems. Traditional IT security-biased protection methods that focus on improving cyber hygiene are largely impotent in the face of targeted attacks by advanced cyber-adversaries. Thus, there is an urgent need to analyze the safety and security of critical infrastructure in a holistic fashion, leveraging the physics of the cyber-physical system. System-Theoretic Accident Model & Processes (STAMP) offers a powerful framework to analyze complex systems; hitherto, STAMP has been used extensively to perform safety analyses but an integrated safety and cybersecurity analysis of industrial control systems (ICS) has not been published. This paper uses the electrical generation and distribution system of an archetypal industrial facility to demonstrate the application of a STAMP-based method called Cybersafety to identify and mitigate cyber- vulnerabilities in ICS. The key contribution of this work is to differentiate the additional steps required to perform a holistic cybersecurity analysis for an ICS of significant size and complexity and to present the analysis in a structured format that can be emulated for larger systems with many interdependent subsystems.
Speckle tracking strain and ECG heterogeneity correlate in transcatheter aortic valve replacement-induced left bundle branch blocks and right ventricular paced rhythms.

Objective Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) complications include left bundle branch block (LBBB) and right ventricular paced rhythm (RVP). We hypothesised that changes in electrocardiographic heterogeneity would correlate better with speckle tracking strain measures than with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) on transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) among patients with TAVR-induced conduction abnormalities. Methods We reviewed medical records of 446 consecutive patients who underwent TAVR at our institution. Of the 238 patients with 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) that met our inclusion criteria, 58 had pre-TAVR and post-TAVR TTEs adequate for strain assessment. We compared patients who did not have an LBBB or RVP pre-TAVR and post-TAVR (controls, n=11) with patients who developed LBBBs (n=11) and who required RVPs (n=10) post-TAVR. In our study population (n=32, 41% female, mean age 85.8 years), we evaluated QRS complex duration, R-wave heterogeneity (RWH), T-wave heterogeneity (TWH), LVEF, global longitudinal strain (GLS) and mechanical dispersion (MD). Results TAVR-induced changes on ECG did not correlate with LVEF. TAVR-induced changes in MD and QRS complex duration correlated among all patients (r=0.4, p=0.04). GLS and RWH correlated among RVP patients (r=0.7, p=0.00003). MD and TWH correlated among LBBB patients (r=0.7, p=0.00004). Conclusions In this convenience sample of patients with TAVR-induced conduction abnormalities, RWH and TWH correlated with strain measures but not with LVEF. Strain measures, RWH and TWH may offer additional insights for pre-TAVR evaluation and post-TAVR clinical management.
Research Resources Survey: Radiology Junior Faculty Development.

Rationale and Objectives To assess resources available to junior faculty in US academic radiology departments for research mentorship and funding opportunities and to determine if certain resources are more common in successful programs. Materials and Methods An anonymous survey covering scientific environment and research mentorship and was sent to vice-chairs of research of radiology departments. Results were evaluated to identify practices of research programs with respect to mentorship, resources, and opportunities. Academy of Radiology Research's 2012 National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants and awards list was used to determine if environment and practices correlate with funding. Results There was a 51% response rate. A greater fraction of clinical faculty gets promoted from assistant to associate professor than research faculty. Research faculty overall submits more funding applications. Most programs support start-up costs and K-awards. Over half of the departments have a vice-chair for faculty development, and most have formal mentorship programs. Faculty members are expected to teach, engage in service, publish, and apply for and get research funding within 3 years of hire. Top-tier programs as judged by NIH awards have a combination of MDs who devote >50% effort to research and PhD faculty. Key factors holding back both clinical and research junior faculty development were motivation, resources, and time, although programs reported high availability of resources and support at the department level. Conclusions Better marketing of resources for junior faculty, effort devoted to mentoring clinical faculty in research, and explicit milestones/expectations for achievement could enhance junior faculty success, promote interest in the clinician–scientist career path for radiologists, and lead to greater research success.
The innate antiviral response: new insights into a continuing story.

Publisher Summary Antiviral cytokines (interferons or IFNs) and chemokines activated as an early response to infection play an important role both in the outcome of the viral infection and in its virulence. Interferons can inhibit viral replication directly by inducing an antiviral state in the host cells. Indirect inhibition occurs because of increasing the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, initiating inflammatory responses, and stimulating the development of cytotoxic T cells as well as the differentiation of B cells into antibody-producing plasma cells. Interferons also play a crucial role in the activation of macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells. The interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) play a critical role in the induction of Type I IFN and chemokine genes, as well as genes mediating antiviral, antibacterial, and inflammatory responses. The innate immune response develops as a rapid and regulated defense mechanism in which the recognition of an invading pathogenic organism occurs on binding to a specific cytoplasmic receptor or to a Toll-like receptor (TLR). These TLRs recognize the conserved patterns of proteins, lipoproteins, double-stranded (ds) RNA, or unmethylated CpG DNA that are pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
Post-HIPC growth dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa

Access to debt relief under the Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative enhanced the growth performance across Sub-Saharan Africa, especially in the subset of debt-ridden low-income countries. Over the past few years, these Completion Point countries have enjoyed significantly higher investments and growth rates, primarily fueled by the expanding fiscal space of the post-Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative era. They are also weathering the adverse effects of the global crisis much better than their non-Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative counterparts. Despite these growth rebounds, the region is not likely to meet the Millennium Development Goals, however. Long-term growth projections from a simple macroeconomic model, which is applied to Ethiopia, suggest that prospects for reversing the widening income gaps with other regions of the developing world are limited. Under the baseline scenario, assuming current growth trends, the estimates show that it could take more than five decades for per capita real income to double in Ethiopia. However, even these gloomy prospects are likely to be undermined by the looming risk of another sovereign debt crisis. In effect, the experiments show that lowering interest rates on external debt would not bridge the widening income gap with other regions of the world, unless it is accompanied by a rapid expansion of capital accumulation financed by sustained inflows of foreign aid.
Optimizing Fortran 90 Shift Operations on Distributed-Memory Multicomputers

When executing Fortran 90 style data-parallel array operations on distributed-memory multiprocessors, intraprocessor data movement due to shift operations can account for a significant fraction of the execution time. This paper describes a strategy for minimizing data movement caused by Fortran 90 CSHIFT operations and presents a compiler technique that exploits this strategy automatically. The compiler technique is global in scope and can reduce data movement even when a definition of an array and its uses are separated by control flow. This technique supersedes those whose scope is restricted to a single statement. We focus on the application of this strategy on distributed-memory architectures, although it is more broadly applicable.
Augmenting physical state prediction through structured activity inference

We address the problem of predicting the physical state of a an agent performing a known activity. In particular we are interested in predicting human movement during complex composite activities. Our proposed framework combines a graphical model that extends the Sequential Interval Network (SIN) [1] for modeling global temporal structure of activities with a low level dynamic system for modeling the dynamics of the physical state. Specifically, two sets of new hidden state variables are added: one with respect to the temporal structure and one with respect to time. A mapping factor is defined to ensure these variables values remain consistent and hence allows fusing the two sources of information. We then derive an inference algorithm for computing the posterior densities of the hidden variables. The system can run in an on-line predictive mode to recognize on-going activity and make predictions arbitrarily far in the future during execution of the activity. Experiments illustrate that the long term prediction performance benefits from the knowledge about the temporal structure of the activity while short term prediction performance is improved by incorporating the dynamics of physical state.
The measurement of transfer ribonucleic acid synthesis during induction of the lactose operon.

Abstract A method is presented for the study of transfer RNA synthesis by pulse labeling tRNA and fractionating it on a column. Radioactive guanine is used, and there is evidence that guanine incorporation reflects the DNA dependent portion of tRNA synthesis. In control experiments in which doubly labeled samples of tRNA from similarly treated cultures of Escherichia coli K 12 were fractionated, the ratio of the isotopes throughout elution remained constant. tRNA synthesis was studied during the first 5 min following induction of the lactose operon in E. coli K-12. No difference was found between induced and control cells. It is estimated that synthesis of a new tRNA species accounting for 2% or more of the tRNA synthesized during the period of labeling could have been detected. The results suggest that the composition of the pool of tRNA species remains unchanged following induction despite the significant alteration in protein synthesis that occurs.
Imaging Electrons in a Single‐Electron Quantum Dot

A scanning probe microscope (SPM) can be used to image a single‐electron quantum dot at liquid‐He temperatures by recording the Coulomb blockade conductance as a charged SPM tip is scanned above. The Coulomb blockade produces a ring in the image as the first electron is added to the dot. If the tip is sufficiently close to the surface, simulations show one may be able to extract the shape of the electron wave function inside the dot from Coulomb blockade conductance images with a resolution exceeding the size of the tip perturbation.
Single cocaine exposure in vivo induces long-term potentiation in dopamine neurons

How do drugs of abuse modify neural circuitry and thereby lead to addictive behaviour? As for many forms of experience-dependent plasticity, modifications in glutamatergic synaptic transmission have been suggested to be particularly important. Evidence of such changes in response to in vivo administration of drugs of abuse is lacking, however. Here we show that a single in vivo exposure to cocaine induces long-term potentiation of AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole propionic acid)-receptor-mediated currents at excitatory synapses onto dopamine cells in the ventral tegmental area. Potentiation is still observed 5 but not 10 days after cocaine exposure and is blocked when an NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptor antagonist is administered with cocaine. Furthermore, long-term potentiation at these synapses is occluded and long-term depression is enhanced by in vivo cocaine exposure. These results show that a prominent form of synaptic plasticity can be elicited by a single in vivo exposure to cocaine and therefore may be involved in the early stages of the development of drug addiction.
X-ray emission from degenerate dwarfs

Theoretical studies of magnetic and nonmagnetic degenerate dwarf X-ray sources are reviewed. It is shown that the physical properties of X-ray sources, such as mass, magnetic field strength, and intrinsic luminosity, may be determined from the qualitative features of their X-ray spectra and from correlations between their X-ray luminosity and spectral temperature.
Constraint Databases: A Survey

Constraint databases generalize relational databases by finitely representable infinite relations. This paper surveys the state of the art in constraint databases: known results, remaining open problems and current research directions. The paper also describes a new algebra for databases with integer order constraints and a complexity analysis of evaluating queries in this algebra.
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in the Mouse

This unit details the materials and methods required for both active induction and adoptive transfer of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the SJL mouse strain using intact proteins or peptides from the two major myelin proteins: proteolipid protein (PLP) and myelin basic protein (MBP). Detailed materials and methods required for the purification of both PLP and MBP are also described. Modifications of the specified protocols may be necessary for efficient induction of active or adoptive EAE in other mouse strains.
Projected ozone trends and changes in the ozone-precursor relationship in the South Coast Air Basin in response to varying reductions of precursor emissions.

ABSTRACTThis study examined the effects of varying future reductions in emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) on the location and magnitude of peak ozone levels within California’s South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB or Basin). As ozone formation is currently VOC-limited in the Basin, model simulations with 2030 baseline emissions (−61% for NOx and −32% for VOC from 2008) predict 10–20% higher peak ozone levels (i.e., NOx disbenefit) in the western and central SoCAB compared with the 2008 base simulation. With additional NOx reductions of 50% beyond the 2030 baseline emissions (−81% from 2008), the predicted ozone levels are reduced by about 15% in the eastern SoCAB but remain comparable to 2008 levels in the western and central Basin. The Basin maximum ozone site shifts westward to more populated areas of the Basin and will result potentially in greater population-weighted exposure to ozone with even a relatively small shortfall in the required NOx reductions unless accompan...
An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Beta-Sitosterol, Sitosterol (22,23- dihydrostigmasterol, 24-ethylcholesterol) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration

An evidence-based systematic review of beta-sitosterol, sitosterol (22,23-dihydrostigmasterol, 24-ethylcholesterol) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration consolidates the safety and efficacy data available in the scientific literature using a validated, reproducible grading rationale. This article includes written and statistical analysis of clinical trials, plus a compilation of expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology, and dosing.
Finite element modeling of environmental effects on rigid pavement deformation

In this study, finite element (FE)-based primary pavement response models are employed for investigating the early-age deformation characteristics of jointed plain concrete pavements (JPCP) under environmental effects. The FE-based ISLAB (two-and-one-half-dimensional) and EverFE (three-dimensional) software were used to conduct the response analysis. Sensitivity analyses of input parameters used in ISLAB and EverFE were conducted based on field and laboratory test data collected from instrumented pavements on highway US-34 near Burlington, Iowa. Based on the combination of input parameters and equivalent temperatures established from preliminary studies, FE analyses were performed and compared with the field measurements. Comparisons between field measured and computed deformations showed that both FE programs could produce reasonably accurate estimates of actual slab deformations due to environmental effects using the equivalent temperature difference concept.
GENERALIZED STOKES-MUELLER FORMALISM FOR TWO-PHOTON ABSORPTION, FREQUENCY DOUBLING, AND HYPER-RAMAN SCATTERING

We consider processes quadratic in incident intensity, in which two identical photons are annihilated simultaneously. We construct a formalism for these processes that is maximally analogous to the Stokes-Mueller formalism for linear processes. The two-photon properties of the incident beam require nine Stokes-like parameters for their description; the Mueller-like matrix which gives a complete description of frequency doubling or hyper-Raman scattering is of size 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}9. Of the 36 independent observable matrix elements, 12 are activated by pure real elastic dipole susceptibilities, four by an imaginary component in the electric dipole susceptibility (absorption), nine by handedness alone, two by extramultipole mechanisms alone, and nine require both handedness and extramultipole mechanisms.
Thymidine kinase in mouse liver: variations in soluble and mitochondrial-associated activity that are dependent on age, regeneration, starvation, and treatment with actinomycin D and puromycin.

Abstract The activity of the particle-bound form of thymidine kinase extracted from mouse liver and assayed in vitro remains relatively constant under a variety of conditions that induce changes in the soluble form by a hundredfold (e.g., age, starvation). Judged by the effects of puromycin and actinomycin D, the apparent half-life of the soluble form is about 1 hr, and that of its template is 6 hr. Starvation of the 10-day-old mouse likewise reduces soluble activity to 50% in 6 hr, apparently influencing an important factor in transcriptional control. The soluble form is associated with the synthesis of nuclear DNA, whose activity it tends to parallel. The particle-bound form was found to be almost entirely mitochondrial. Arguments are advanced to show that its “functional” activity is very high and tends to parallel that of the mitochondrial DNA, whose rapid turnover is independent of age. Major regulation of particle-bound thymidine kinase activity in the mouse liver is therefore considered to be separate from that of the soluble form.
Coupled motions in enzyme catalysis

Recently, the hypothesis that protein motions are involved in enzymatic turnover has gained significant attention. We review cases where there is evidence that protein motions are rate-limiting in the overall catalytic cycle and examine experimental and theoretical evidence for how such motions enhance the probability of sampling the transition state configurations relative to the ground state. The impact of tunneling, the possible role of vibrational coupling and the value of conformational chemical landscapes are also scrutinized.
A O(t/sup 3/+ mod E mod ) fault identification algorithm for diagnosable systems

Systems composed of many processing units can use these units to help perform self-diagnosis. An algorithm is presented that performs this type of diagnosis for the system-level fault model. The time complexity of the algorithm is O(t/sup 3/+ mod E mod ), where mod E mod is the number of tests and t is the number of allowed faults. When t is small relative to the total number of system components n, this is the tightest known time bound; when t is O(n/sup 5/6/) this is the best bound. >
Oligoclonal immunoglobulins in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Abstract Analysis of serum samples from patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was performed by high-resolution zone electrophoresis. A high incidence of monoclonal and oligoclonal immunoglobulins was detected in the sera of 24 27 patients with Kaposi's sarcoma and in 2 15 patients with opportunistic infections. The presence of monoclonal bands was independent of whether or not the patients had experienced an opportunistic infection. These findings indicate a monoclonal or oligoclonal B-cell activation occurring in a much higher frequency in AIDS patients with Kaposi's sarcoma, thus suggesting that similar mechanisms may be operative in the malignant or pseudomalignant proliferation of B-cells and endothelial cells in patients with AIDS.
A bio-inspired memory device based on interfacing Physarum polycephalum with an organic semiconductor

The development of devices able to detect and record ion fluxes is a crucial point in order to understand the mechanisms that regulate communication and life of organisms. Here, we take advantage of the combined electronic and ionic conduction properties of a conducting polymer to develop a hybrid organic/living device with a three-terminal configuration, using the Physarum polycephalum Cell (PPC) slime mould as a living bio-electrolyte. An over-oxidation process induces a conductivity switch in the polymer, due to the ionic flux taking place at the PPC/polymer interface. This behaviour endows a current-depending memory effect to the device.
Romantic Intimacy; The Romantic Crowd: Sympathy, Controversy, and Print Culture

The range of intellectual territory that scholars of Romantic-era sympathy have traversed in the last ten years – including economics (Robert Mitchell), medicine (Ildiko Csengei), national identity...
EVALUATION OF SOYBEAN CULTIVARS FOR RESISTANCE TO IRON DEFICIENCY CHLOROSIS IN ROWS VERSUS HILLS

Selection of a resistant cultivar is the most practical control measure for iron deficiency chlorosis in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Plant breeders routinely evaluate cultivars for chlorosis resistance in hill plots, but this procedure may overestimate the chlorosis resistance of a cultivar. The objective of this research was to compare the chlorosis scores of soybean cultivars differing in chlorosis resistance, planted in conventional 76-cm rows, or with two, four, or eight plants per hill. In both 2001 and 2002, it was estimated that three plants per hill would give average chlorosis scores most similar to that observed in 76-cm rows. The highest overall precision was given with row plots, and the lowest with two plants per hill. Hill plots are more space-efficient than row plantings, but are much more easily lost due to animal predation.
Large deflections of circular isotropic membranes subjected to arbitrary axisymmetric loading

Circular membranes with fixed peripheral edges, subjected to arbitrary axisymmetric loading were analyzed. A single governing differential equation in terms of radial stress was used. This nonlinear governing equation was solved using the finite difference method in conjunction with Newton-Raphson method. Three loading cases, namely: (1) uniformly loaded membrane, (2) a membrane with uniform load over an inner portion, and (3) a membrane with ring load, were analyzed. Calculated central displacement and the central and edge radial stresses for uniformly loaded membrane, agreed extremely well with the classical solution.
Mass spectrometric metabolomic imaging of biofilms on corroding steel surfaces using laser ablation and solvent capture by aspiration

Ambient laser ablation and solvent capture by aspiration (LASCA) mass spectrometric imaging was combined with metabolomics high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) mass spectrometry analysis and light profilometry to investigate the correlation between chemical composition of marine bacterial biofilms on surfaces of 1018 carbon steel and corrosion damage of steel underneath the biofilms. Pure cultures of Marinobacter sp. or a wild population of bacteria present in coastal seawater served as sources of biofilms. Profilometry data of biofilm-free surfaces demonstrated heterogeneous distributions of corrosion damage. LASCA data were correlated with areas on the coupons varying in the level of corrosion attack, to reveal differences in chemical composition within biofilm regions associated with corroding and corrosion-free zones. Putative identification of selected compounds was carried out based on HPLC results and subsequent database searches. This is the first report of successful ambient chemical and metabolomic imaging of marine biofilms on corroding metallic materials. The metabolic analysis of such biofilms is challenging due to the presence in the biofilm of large amounts of corrosion products. However, by using the LASCA imaging interface, images of more than 1000 ions (potential metabolites) are generated, revealing striking heterogeneities within the biofilm. In the two model systems studied here, it is found that some of the patterns observed in selected ion images closely correlate with the occurrence and extent of corrosion in the carbon steel substrate as revealed by profilometry, while others do not. This approach toward the study of microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) holds great promise for approaching a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms involved in MIC.
Energy dependent partial-wave analysis of K−p→Λπ0 between 1 540 and 2 215 MeV☆

Abstract An energy-dependent partial-wave analysis of K − p→ Λπ 0 has been performed over the energy range 1537 to 2215 MeV, using the world data sample for d σ /d ω and (d υ /d ω ) P in the form of Legendre polynomial coefficients. Improved parameters for The F15(1920) resonance have been obtained: E R = 1920 MeV, Γ = 102 MeV, t = −0.09. In addition to the established D 13 (1660), D15 (1765)anand F17 (2040) states, resonance parameters are given for possible Σ resonances in S11(1700), D13(1950), P11(1670), S11(2000), F15(2250), P11(1985) and P13(1925). Details of the analysis are presented and tentative SU(3) assignments are discussed. A further paper will discuss the uniqueness of these solutions.
Diagnostic analysis of silicon strips detector readout in the ATLAS Semi-Conductor Tracker module production

The ATLAS Semi-Conductor Tracker (SCT) Collaboration is currently in the production phase of fabricating and testing silicon strips modules for the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider being built at the CERN laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland. A small but relevant percentage of ICs developed a new set of defects after being mounted on hybrids that were not detected in the wafer screening. To minimize IC replacement and outright module failure, analysis methods were developed to study IC problems during the production of SCT modules. These analyses included studying wafer and hybrid data correlations to finely tune the selection of ICs and tests to utilize the ability to adjust front-end parameters of the IC in order to reduce the rejection and replacement rate of fabricated components. This paper will discuss a few examples of the problems encountered during the production of SCT hybrids and modules in the area of ICs performance, and will demonstrate the value of the flexibility built into the ABCD3T chip.
The Impact of Fiber Optics on the Petroleum and Chemical Industry

Fiber optics offers unique advantages to those industries utilizing microprocessors, distributed control, and even conventional control in hostile environments. The petrochemical industry is a prime candidate for fiber optics (FO) applications. The present status of fiber optics in the petrochemical industry is defined as are problems which may impede its growth. Examples of typical applications are included for classified areas, motor interlocking, and microcomputer control.
Analysis of model-produced raindrop size distributions in the small-drop range

Current models of drop coalescence and breakup generate raindrop size distributions that evolve toward an equilibrium whose form features a pronounced peak in the small-drop range. It has been known for some time that the peak can be attributed to filament-type breakup, but the particular aspects of filament breakup responsible for the peak have not been identified. To explain the development of the peak, an investigation is carried out to determine the role of specific components of current breakup formulations in producing a relative maximum in the drop number density at a particular drop size. Both physical and artificial causes are considered. From existing laboratory data, it is found that when two drops collide, the maximum number of fragments produced by filament-type breakup occurs when the diameter of the smaller colliding drop lies within a narrow range. The resulting number of satellite drops produced by the collisions has a maximum within a correspondingly narrow size range. It is the restricted range in which the satellite peaks occur for individual drop size pairs that gives rise to the small-drop peak found in model-generated drop size distributions that account for collisions between all possible drop size pairs. Evidence is presented to show that the peak in the satellite number is associated with a peak in the Weber number for low-energy collisions and with the fact that in high-energy collisions filament breakup occurs only when the collisions are off-center. Artificial factors that tend to produce peaks in the small-drop range are found to be present in the model formulation but are shown to be inconsequential with regard to the existence and position of the peak found in the solutions. The difficulties of model verification with regard to the small-drop range are discussed, and requirements for gathering suitable observational data are outlined.
What impact does exchange rate volatility have on world turkey trade flows

A gravity model was used to determine the impact of exchange rate volatility on turkey trade flows. Previous analyses of aggregate agricultural sectors or products have assumed the effect of exchan...
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Polyphenols against Streptococcus mutans

Natural polyphenols, gallic acid, tannic acid, quercetin and salicylic acid, were investigated for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities against Streptococcus mutans. Ascorbic acid, well known for its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, was used as a criterion for the polyphenols. The antimicrobial effect was assessed using the plate dilution assay and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each polyphenol was then determined from the antimicrobial activity results. Salicylic acid was the weakest antimicrobial with the highest MIC (3.8 mg/mL), and tannic acid was the strongest antimicrobial with the lowest MIC of 0.4 mg/mL. Antioxidant capacities were evaluated using the DMPD and ABTS decolorizing assays. These polyphenols show high antimicrobial activity and inoxidizability. Antioxidant activity for quercetin according to the DMPD method was inconclusive because it had color interference with the DMPD radicals. Although some conflicting results were observed between the DMPD and ABTS methods, the polyphenols with high antioxidant capacities still showed high antimicrobial activities, which suggest that the antioxidant capacity attributes to the antimicrobial effects.
Synthesis and Structure of [Fe3O(O2CCH2OMe)6(H2O)3][FeCl4]

The structure of [Fe3O(O2CCH2OMe)6(H2O)3][FeCl4] · 2.5H2O has been determined. The three iron atoms and the μ3-oxo are coplanar. Each carboxylic ligand is bidentate and links two iron atoms in the cluster. The clusters are linked by intra-trimer hydrogen bonding to form a zigzag motif that forms sheets via hydrogen bonding involving disordered waters of hydration. The [FeCl4]− anion is intercalated between the hydrogen-bonded sheets. Crystal data: space group P21/n, a = 10.276(2), b = 22.793(5), c = 17.091(3) A, β = 96.66(3)°, V = 3976(1) A3, Z = 4, R = 0.0837, wR 2 = 0.1836. The structure of [Fe3O(O2CCH2OMe)6(H2O)3][FeCl4] · 2.5H2O has been determined in which the clusters are linked by intra-trimer hydrogen bonding to form a zigzag motif that forms sheets via hydrogen bonding involving disordered waters of hydration.
Agentsheets: a tool for building visual programming environments

Visual programming systems are supposed to simplify programing by capitalizing on innate human spatial reasoning skills. We claim (a) that good visual programing environments should be oriented toward their application domains and (b) tools to build such domain-oriented environments are needed because building them from scratch is very difficult. The poster describes a system called Agentsheets addressing these issues and illustrates how the system was applied to a real-world application helping professional telephone voice dialog designers.
Does the CAT technique enhance female orgasm

The following is a report of The Human Sexuality Program of the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center to personally replicate Edward W. Eichel's claims that his Coital Alignment Technique (CAT) enhances and increases female coital orgasms and mutual orgasms. We failed to replicate these claims. However, it was the consensus of the group that within the context of sex therapy, the CAT technique may have merit in certain clinical situations, and as such deserves to be further evaluated.
Energy strategies and efficiency.

J. E. Campbell et al. (“Greater transportation energy and GHG offsets from bioelectricity than ethanol,” Reports, 22 May, p. [1055][1]) compared the efficiency of using biomass to power vehicles through either ethanol production or electricity production (for electric vehicles). However, it is