cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
South American Stoneflies (Plecoptera)

Urban streams have been the focus of much research in recent years, but many questions about the mechanisms driving the urban stream syndrome remain unanswered. Identification of key research questions is an important step toward effective, efficient management of urban streams to meet societal goals. We developed a list of priority research questions by: 1) soliciting input from interested scientists via a listserv and online survey, 2) holding an open discussion on the questions at the Second Symposium on Urbanization and Stream Ecology, and 3) reviewing the literature in the preparation of this paper. We present the resulting list of 26 questions in the context of a review and summary of the present understanding of urban effects on streams. The key questions address major gaps in our understanding of ecosystem structure and function responses (e.g., what are the sublethal impacts of urbanization on biota?), characteristics of urban stream stressors (e.g., can we identify clusters of covarying stressors?), and management strategies (e.g., what are appropriate indicators of ecosystem structure and function to use as management targets?). The identified research needs highlight our limited understanding of mechanisms driving the urban stream syndrome and the variability in characteristics of the effects of urbanization across different biogeoclimatic conditions, stages of development, government policies, and cultural norms. We discuss how to proceed with appropriate management activities given our current incomplete understanding of the urban stream syndrome.
Enzymatic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol: Enhanced Methanol Production in Silica Sol−Gel Matrices

Strategies for effective conversion of atmospheric CO{sub 2} to methanol offer promising new technologies not only for recycling of the greenhouse gas but also for an efficient production of fuel alternatives. Partial hydrogenation of carbon dioxide has been accomplished by means of heterogeneous catalysis, electrocatalysis, and photocatalysis. Oxide-based catalysts are predominantly used for industrial fixation of carbon dioxide. A unique approach in this direction involves the use of enzymes as catalysts for conversion of carbon dioxide to methanol. The use of enzymes is particularly appealing since it provides a facile low-temperature route for generation of methanol directly from gaseous carbon dioxide. The authors report an enzymatically coupled sequential reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol by using a series of reactions catalyzed by three different dehydrogenases. Overall, the process involves an initial reduction of CO{sub 2} to formate catalyzed by formate dehydrogenase (F{sub ate}DH), followed by reduction of formate to formaldehyde by formaldehyde dehydrogenase (F{sub ald}DH), and finally formaldehyde is reduced to methanol by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). In this process, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) acts as a terminal electron donor for each dehydrogenase-catalyzed reduction.
The boundaries of self-similar tiles in Rn

Abstract Let K be a self-similar set in R n which has similarity dimension n and nonempty interior. In this paper it is shown that the topological boundary of K has Hausdorff dimension less than n . Examples are given to show that although the dimension of the boundary is strictly less than n , it may be arbitrarily close to n . Let K be a self-similar set in any complete metric space X such that K satisfies the strong open sets condition (SOSC). A recent result of A. Schief shows that dim H K=α where α is the similarity dimension of K . If O is the open set given by the SOSC, then it is shown in this paper that dim H (K\O) . More generally, if A is any inverse invariant closed subset of K , then dim H A .
Should distribution systems engineering be taught at the undergraduate level

Although there are some exceptions, a distribution systems course is not part of a typical undergraduate curriculum. The course is usually taught at the graduate level. Teaching a distribution systems course requires the student to have a background in balanced three-phase power system modeling such as that obtained from a first power systems analysis course. The requirement to add breadth to an undergraduate curriculum often precludes the notion of depth in any one area unless a student takes the depth courses as technical or free electives. An argument could be made that a distribution systems course does not contain much power engineering fundamentals beyond what is covered in a first power systems course. Conversely, much of the interesting concepts including load characteristics, transformer configurations, unbalanced system modeling, power quality modeling, radial system protection coordination, etc., occur at the distribution level. In addition, much of the smart grid innovations will occur at this level. This paper discusses some of the merits and demerits of developing and teaching a distribution systems course at the undergraduate level and also focuses on the difficulties of developing the contents of such a course.
Use of pledgets in the repair of abdominal wall defects.

Abstract This article describes surgical techniques using Dacron felt pledgets over the sutures to protect tissue against tearing in the procedures used for the closure of the abdominal wall defect in gastroschisis and omphalocele.
Impacts of organic ligands on forsterite reactivity in supercritical CO2 fluids.

Subsurface injection of CO2 for enhanced hydrocarbon recovery, hydraulic fracturing of unconventional reservoirs, and geologic carbon sequestration produces a complex geochemical setting in which CO2-dominated fluids containing dissolved water and organic compounds interact with rocks and minerals. The details of these reactions are relatively unknown and benefit from additional experimentally derived data. In this study, we utilized an in situ X-ray diffraction technique to examine the carbonation reactions of forsterite (Mg2SiO4) during exposure to supercritical CO2 (scCO2) that had been equilibrated with aqueous solutions of acetate, oxalate, malonate, or citrate at 50 °C and 90 bar. The organics affected the relative abundances of the crystalline reaction products, nesquehonite (MgCO3·3H2O) and magnesite (MgCO3), likely due to enhanced dehydration of the Mg2+ cations by the organic ligands. These results also indicate that the scCO2 solvated and transported the organic ligands to the forsterite surfac...
New Lower Cambrian acritarchs from Poland

Abstract Six new acritarch taxa are described from Lower Cambrian deposits in the Lublin Slope of the East European Platform in southeastern Poland. Four of them, Comasphaeridium agglutinatum n.sp., Comasphaeridium formosum n.sp., Comasphaeridium velvetum n.sp. and Pterospermella velata n.sp. are derived from rocks belonging to the lowermost Cambrian— Platysolenites Zone. Two species, Micrhystridium longum n.sp. and Skiagia pura n.sp., are from overlying units belonging to the Holmia and Protolenus Zones. These taxa are set in relation to the trilobite-based zonation of the Lower Cambrian, thus adding a new dimension to the use of these zones for the purpose of regional correlation.
Measuring equity of educational outcomes in the presence of inefficiency

Abstract Disparities in school expenditures have been a major concern in school finance. Equalization of spending presumably fulfills the ideal of equal educational opportunity. Differences in spending, however, result not only from differences in service provision, but also from variations in resource prices, exogenous cost environments and efficiency. As a result, equity measures that use expenditures per pupil as the object will capture these other variations and, therefore, may not be indicative of unequal educational outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic non-parametric framework for measuring outcome equity of school districts. Data Envelopment Analysis is used to adjust expenditures for differences in cost environments and to control for inefficiency in New York State school districts. The results suggest that nearly one-half of the measured inequity can be attributed to sources other than disparities in outcomes.
A fluorescent labeling strategy for staining the enteric nervous system

Abstract Intraperitoneal injection of an aqueous solution of the fluorescent marker Fluoro-gold provides an extremely simple, reliable, and versatile protocol for selectively and completely labeling the enteric nervous system and other autonomic ganglia of the rat.
Impulse tests on distribution transformers

Impulse voltage tests emphasize the desirability of proper coordination between the winding and bushing insulations of electric power distribution transformers. “Surge proof” transformers should have a reasonable factor of safety between insulation puncture voltage and minimum bushing flashover voltage. These are some of the principal conclusions drawn from an investigation conducted recently at the high voltage laboratory of Purdue University.
γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in plants☆

Abstract In a search for the mode of synthesis of γ-glutamyl dipeptides in plants, a γ-glutamyl transpeptidase has been demonstrated in several legume tissues and in other higher plants. Evidence for the presence of this enzyme was obtained by the release of cysteinyl-glycine from glutathione, by the formation of γ-glutamyl dipeptides and by the release of aniline from the synthetic substrate, γ-glutamyl aniline. Purified transpeptidase from kidney bean fruit (Phaseolus vulgaris) was used in most of these studies. γ-Glutamyl-S-methyl cysteine was identified as the product of the reaction between S-methyl cysteine and either glutathione or γ-glutamyl aniline by chromatography, sulfur tests and hydrolysis. The enzyme was characterized by a pH optimum of about 9·5, by a two to threefold activation with sodium citrate, by the large number of amino compounds which would act as glutamyl acceptors and by its inhibition by carbonate and borate buffers. The transpeptidase was inhibited by bromcresol green in the presence of sodium citrate but not in its absence. The bean enzyme was notably different from the kidney enzyme in being soluble, in its inhibition by borate, in lacking a magnesium requirement and in its low activity towards glycylglycine.
Outcomes Following Open and Endovascular Revascularization for Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia

Objectives: Endovascular therapy for chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI) has been used increasingly as firstline therapy; however concerns over durability remain. This study was performed to compare outcomes following open and endovascular revascularization in CMI patients. Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed of all patients treated for CMI at one medical center from 2002-2012. Survival and reintervention were estimated with Kaplan Meier methodology. Propensity scores to estimate likelihood of open vs endovascular revascularization were determined with logistic regression. Results: 111 patients underwent treatment for CMI with equal open (55) and endovascular (56) revascularization. Median follow-up was 12.8 months (range, 0.1-105). Open patients were younger (65 vs 72 years; P 1⁄4 .001), had less coronary artery disease (42 vs 64%; P 1⁄4 .02), and more prior interventions (29 vs 11%; P 1⁄4 .02). Open patients had higher perioperative morbidity (60 vs 11%; P < .001) and mortality (13 vs 4%; P 1⁄4 .08), but overall survival was not different between groups (P 1⁄4 .2; Fig). Within all matched propensity quartiles, there was no significant difference in survival between open and endovascular groups. Symptom recurrence (65 vs 18%; P 1⁄4 .02) and rate of reintervention (44 vs 2%; P 1⁄4 .003) at 3 years were higher in endovascular compared to open patients. Conclusions: Endovascular therapy for CMI is associated with lower perioperative morbidity and mortality but also greater symptom recurrence and reintervention. Open mesenteric revascularization may be the best option for patients with reasonable perioperative risk.
Eyestalk factor modulation of chemically stimulated feeding in sand fiddler crabs Uca pugilator (Bosc 1802)

Abstract Uca pugilator (Bosc 1802) is a deposit-feeding semiterrestrial crab. Feeding is mediated by dactyl chemoreceptors and stimulated by hexose sugars. Eyestalk ablation increasessensitivity of crabs to hexose stimulants. Here, the potential for endocrine control of feeding responses to external chemical stimuli was examined. Injection of extracts from the sinus gland region of the eyestalk into ablated crabs reduced chemically stimulated feeding responses to levels found in intact crabs. Feeding inhibitory factor was found in the sinus gland region of shrimp and crabs. The active factor is 5000–10000 Da in molecular size, and is sensitive to heat and trypsin. These results suggest that the sinus gland contains a proteinaceous factor that can control feeding.
Loosening pain's grip by tightening TRPV1-TRPA1 interactions.

TRPA1 and TRPV1 are ion channels crucial for pain sensation. In this issue of Neuron, Weng et al. (2015) demonstrate that the activity of TRPA1-TRPV1 heteromers is governed by Tmem100 and that disabling Tmem100 may be a novel pharmacologic strategy to combat pain.
Effects of 2-chloroadenosine on electrical potentials in brain synaptic membrane vesicles

Abstract Isolated synaptic plasma membrane vesicles developed an internal negative membrane potential (ΔΨ) following loading with potassium succinate and incubation in NaCl, sodium succinate, or Tris succinate media. Membrane ΔΨ was monitored by measuring triphenyl[ 3 H]methylphosphonium ion ([ 3 H]TPMP + ) accumulation by these vesicles. Estimates of ΔΨ ranged from −6.9 mV for vesicles incubated in sodium succinate to −28 mV for membranes incubated in NaCl. Intravesicular TPMP + accumulation was strongly dependent on the K + diffusion potential and was enhanced by the K + ionophore valinomycin and by the adenosine analog 2-chloroadenosine (2-Cl-Ado). The stimulation of TPMP + influx by 2-Cl-Ado was dependent on the concentration of this agent, independent of Cl − fluxes, and sensitive to inhibition by the methylxanthine theophylline. The increase in ΔΨ of the synaptic membrane vesicles caused by 2-Cl-Ado paralleled the hyperpolarization of neurons produced by adenosine and 2-Cl-Ado in physiological systems.
Characterization of a Max:DNA Complex by Cross-Linking to Photoactive Oligonucleotides

ABSTRACT The structure of the Max:DNA complex was investigated by cross-linking Max to a series of photoactive oligonucleotides. A single photoactive aryl azide was introduced into oligonucleotides at defined positions downstream from the specific CACGTG binding site. Purified Max homodimers bound to and were cross-linked to oligonucleotides containing a photoactive group either 2, 5, 8, or 11 bp downstream from the binding site. Further analysis revealed that an amino-terminal chymotryptic peptide of Max was cross-linked to the oligonucleotide containing a photoactive probe 11 bp downstream from the specific binding site. This result is consistent with the recent crystal structure of the Max:DNA complex (Ferre-D'Amare et al., 1993) and further suggests that amino acid residues near the amino-terminus of Max are in close proximity to a region of DNA that is separated from the core binding site by one turn of the double helix.
Modeling for stress-strain curve of a porous NiTi under compressive loading

Two models for predicting the stress-strain curve of porous NiTi under compressive loading are presented in this paper. Porous NiTi shape memory alloy is investigated as a composite composed of solid NiTi as matrix and pores as inclusions. Eshelby’s equivalent inclusion method and Mori-Tanaka’s mean-field theory are employed in both models. In the first model, the geometry of the pores is assumed as sphere. The composite is with close-cells. While in the second model, two geometries of the pores, sphere and ellipsoid, are investigated. The pores are interconnected to each other forming an open-cell microstructure. The two adjacent pores connected along equator ring are investigated as a unit. Two pores interact with each other as they are connected. The average eigenstrain of each unit is obtained by taking the average of each pore’s eigenstrain. The stress-strain curves of porous shape memory alloy with spherical pores and ellipsoidal pores are compared, it is found that the shape of the pores has a nonignorable influence on the mechanical property of the porous NiTi. Comparison of the stress-strain curves of the two models shows that introducing of the average eigenstrains in the second model makes the predictions more agreeable to the experimental results.
Identification, Sequence, and Transcriptional Analysis of lef-3, a Gene Essential for Orgyia pseudotsugata Baculovirus DNA Replication

Abstract Using a transient complementation assay for DNA replication of an origin-containing reporter plasmid, a 2.4-kb region (m.u. 48.3-50.1) of the Orgyia pseudotsugata multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (OpMNPV) genome was identified that contains a gene essential for OpMNPV DNA replication. This region was sequenced and open reading frames were identified. Replication assays using subclones from this region identified a gene called late expression factor 3 (lef-3) , as the essential replication gene. Transcriptional mapping using both Northern blot and S1 nuclease protection assays demonstrated that lef-3 was expressed as an early gene with a major transcript of 1.7 kb in length OpMNPV lef-3 encodes a protein with a predicted molecular weight of 42.6 kDa (373 amino acids) and exhibits 41% amino acid sequence identity with its homolog in the genome of the Autographa californica MNPV. A pattern of amino acids similar to that found in single-stranded DNA binding proteins is present in the amino-terminus of both OpMNPV and AcMNPV LEF-3.
A Fractal Analysis Approach for the Evaluation of Hybridization Kinetics in Biosensors.

The diffusion-limited hybridization kinetics of analyte in solution to a receptor immobilized on a biosensor or immunosensor surface is analyzed within a fractal framework. The data may be analyzed by a single- or a dual-fractal analysis. This was indicated by the regression analysis provided by Sigmaplot (Sigmaplot, Scientific Graphing Software, User's Manual, Jandel Scientific, CA, 1993). It is of interest to note that the binding rate coefficient and the fractal dimension both exhibit changes, in general, in the same direction for both the single-fractal and the dual-fractal analysis examples presented. The binding rate coefficient expression developed as a function of the analyte concentration in solution and the fractal dimension is of particular value since it provides a means to better control biosensor or immunosensor performance.
Surgical Ostioplasty for Isolated Left Main Stenosis

Left main ostioplasty has been used as an alternative approach to surgical management of patients with isolated left main stenosis without significant calcification. We describe our technique of posterior patch augmentation of the left main ostium.
Daily Functioning, Health Status, and Happiness in Older Adults

The hypothesis that the degree to which disease disrupts daily functioning is inversely associated with happiness is widely accepted, yet existing literature offers little direct evidence in its support. This paper explores the hypothesized association in a community-based sample of 383 older adults. To assess the degree to which disease disrupts daily functioning we developed a measure—called the freedom-from-debility score—based on four Short Form-12 (SF-12) Health Survey questions explicitly designed to represent “limitations in physical activities because of health problems” and “limitations in usual role activities because of physical health problems.” The results were consistent with the hypothesis. When participants were divided into categories based on their freedom-from-debility score, median happiness scores were monotonically increasing across categories. Controlling for demographic and socio-economic factors as well as health status (measured both subjectively and objectively), a one-point increase in freedom-from-debility score (on a scale from 0 to 100) was associated with a three-percent reduction in the odds of lower-quartile happiness. The results support the contention that health status is one of the most influential predictors of happiness, that the association between health status and happiness depends greatly on the manner in which health status is measured, and that the degree to which disease disrupts daily functioning is inversely associated with happiness.
Low-voltage varistors based on La–Ca–Mn–O ceramics

Varistor-like highly nonlinear current–voltage (I–V) characteristics were observed in the ceramics of colossal magnetoresistive La–Ca–Mn–O at room temperature, which is above its magnetic transition temperature. The switching voltage of all devices studied was less than 5 V with a nonlinearity coefficient a in the range of 2.6–32. The microstructure of the grains and the grain boundary region changes as the pelletization pressure and sintering temperature are varied. The contribution of grain boundary region to the electronic properties increases as the grains become smaller, which resulted in higher values of a and higher resistivity of the ceramic. This effect was observed at lower pelletization force and sintering temperature. It was also observed that higher values of a were associated with a higher switching voltage. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Vibration isolation/suppression: research experience for undergraduates in mechatronics and smart structures

This paper provides an account of a student research project conducted under the sponsoring of the National Science Foundation (NSF) program on Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) in Mechatronics and Smart Strictures in the summer of 2000. The objective of the research is to design and test a stand-alone controller for a vibration isolation/suppression system. The design specification for the control system is to suppress the vibrations induced by the external disturbances by at least fiver times and hence to achieve vibration isolation. Piezo-electric sensors and actuators are utilized for suppression of unwanted vibrations. Various steps such as modeling of the system, controller design, simulation, closed-loop testing using d- Space rapid prototyping system, and analog control implementation are discussed in the paper. Procedures for data collection, the trade-offs carried out in the design, and analog controller implementation issues are also presented in the paper. The performances of various controllers are compared. The experiences of an undergraduate student are summarized in the conclusion of the paper.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Viscosity of the Electron Gas in Metals

With a view toward explaining measurements of ultrasonic attenuation in metals, the coefficient of shear viscosity of a free electron gas interacting with thermal phonons and local crystal inhomogeneities is computed. The methods employed are essentially those developed for the problem of electrical conductivity. By means of a variational principle, a general formal solution is obtained. The effective mean free path is found to be somewhat smaller and of a somewhat more complicated (though not qualitatively different) temperature dependence than that associated with electrical conduction. The effect of a transverse magnetic field is determined for the case when a time of relaxation exists.
Multicomponent Diffusion in Systems Containing Molecules of Different Size. 1. Mutual Diffusion in the Ternary System Poly(ethylene glycol) 2000 + Poly(ethylene glycol) 200 + Water

The multicomponent approach for the description of liquid diffusion processes includes cross-term diffusion coefficients that describe the interaction between the flows of different solute components. We demonstrate that these cross-term diffusion coefficients can be large and thus necessary for the description of diffusion of polydisperse polymers. In this study, the four mutual diffusion coefficients have been measured at 25 °C for the ternary system PEG 2000 (1) [poly(ethylene glycol) 2000 g mol-1] + PEG 200 (2) [poly(ethylene glycol) 200 g mol-1] + water (0). Diffusion coefficients were measured at solute concentrations of 0.0827 mol dm-3 PEG 2000 and 0.076, 0.2293, and 0.4105 mol dm-3 PEG 200. One of the cross-terms, D21, varies linearly with the concentration of PEG 200 at a constant concentration of PEG 2000 and, at the highest concentration of PEG 200, was larger than either of the main-diffusion coefficients D11 and D22. The diffusion coefficients have been qualitatively interpreted in terms of m...
Hemodynamic patterns of anterior communicating artery aneurysms: a possible association with rupture

The aim of this study is to characterize the different flows present at anterior communicating artery (AcoA) aneurysms and investigate possible associations with rupture. For that purpose, patient-specific computational models of 26 AcoA aneurysms were constructed from 3D rotational angiography images. Bilateral images were acquired in 15 patients who had both A1 segments of the anterior cerebral arteries and models were created by fusing the reconstructed left and right arterial trees. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed under pulsatile flow conditions. Visualizations of the flow velocity pattern were created to classify the aneurysms into the following flow types: A) inflow from both A1 segments, B) flow jet in the parent artery splits into three secondary jets, one enters the aneurysm and the other two are directed to the A2 segments, C) the parent artery jet splits into two secondary jets, one is directed to one of the A2 segments and the other enters the aneurysm before being directed to the other A2 segment, and D) the parent artery jet enters the aneurysm before being directed towards the A2 segments. The maximum wall shear stress in the aneurysm at the systolic peak (MWSS) was calculated. Most aneurysms in group A were unruptured and had the lowest MWSS. Group B had the same number of unruptured and ruptured aneurysms, and a low MWSS. Groups C and D had high rupture ratios, being the average MWSS significantly higher in group C. Finally, it was found that the MWSS was higher for ruptured aneurysms of all flow types.
Interactions between drought and elevated CO2 on growth and gas exchange of seedlings of three deciduous tree species.

Interactions between elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought on growth and gas exchange of American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) were investigated using 1-yr-old seedlings, planted in 8 1 pots and grown in four open-top chambers, containing either ambient air or ambient air enriched with 300 μmol mol-1 CO2 . Two soil moisture regimes were included within each chamber: a 'well-watered' treatment with plants watered daily and a 'drought' treatment in which plants were subjected to a series of drought cycles. Duration and depth of the drought cycles were determined by soil matric potential. Mean soil water potential at rewatering for the water-stressed seedlings under ambient CO2 for sugar maple, sweetgum and sycamore was -0.5, -0.7 and -1.8 MPa, respectively, compared with > -0.1 MPa for all well-watered plants. Elevated CO2 increased relative growth rate of well-watered sugar maple by 181%, resulting in a 4.3-fold increase in total plant dry weight after 81 d, compared with 1.4 and 1.6-fold increases for sweetgum and sycamore, respectively, after 69 d. Although elevated CO2 increased net CO2 assimilation rate of sugar maple by 115%, there was a 10-fold increase in leaf area which contributed to the growth response. Although drought did not eliminate a growth response of sugar maple to elevated CO2 it greatly reduced the elevated CO2 -induced enhancement of relative growth rate. In contrast, relative growth rates of sweetgum and sycamore were not significantly increased by elevated CO2 . Drought, under elevated CO2 , reduced leaf area of all three species to a greater extent than it reduced net CO2 assimilation rate. The response ranged from no effect in sugar maple to a 40 % reduction in sycamore, with sweetgum exhibiting an intermediate response. Results indicate that drought may alter the growth response, gas exchange and water relations of tree species growing in an elevated CO2 atmosphere. Under high nutrient and water availability, sugar maple may benefit the most (of the three species studied) from a CO2 - enriched atmosphere, but productivity gains will be limited if frequent drought is prevalent.
Protective effect of exogenous chondroitin 4,6-sulfate in the acute degradation of articular cartilage in the rabbit.

Summary The injection of 2.0 mg chymopapain into the adolescent rabbit knee causes loss of articular cartilage proteoglycans (PG). Although chondrocytes attempt to restore lost PG, failure to repair ensues. Pure chondroitin 4,6-sulfate (Condrosulf ® , IBSA Lugano, Switzerland) has been used in clinical studies of human osteoarthritis (OA) as a slow-acting drug for OA (SYSADOA). Using our model of articular cartilage injury, we examined the effects of oral and intramuscular administration of Condrosulf ® after chymopapain-induced cartilage injury. In this study, animals received an injection of 2.0 mg chymopapain (Chymodiactin ® , Boots Pharmaceuticals) into the left knee and were sacrificed after 84 days. The contralateral right knee served as a noninjected control. Some animals received oral Condrosulf ® while others received intramuscular injections of Condrosulf ® . Serum keratan sulfate (KS) levels were monitored to ensure degradation of the cartilage PG. Those animals not exhibiting at least a 100% increase of serum KS following chymopapain injection were excluded from the study. At sacrifice, cartilage PG contents were markedly reduced in animals receiving an injection of 2.0 mg chymopapain with no further treatment. In contrast, oral administration of Condrosulf ® beginning 11 days prior to chymopapain injury resulted in significantly higher ( P =0.0036) cartilage PG contents. Intramuscular administration of Condrosulf ® resulted in higher, but less significantly so ( P =0.0457), cartilage PG contents. These results suggest that daily Condrosulf ® treatment prior to and continuing after chymopapain injury may have a protective effect on the damaged cartilage, allowing it to continue to re-synthesize matrix PG after the treatment is discontinued.
Restoration of reflex ventilatory response to hypoxia after removal of carotid bodies in the cat.

In mammals there are two sets of peripheral arterial chemoreceptors, the carotid bodies innervated by the sinus branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve and the aortic bodies innervated by the vagus nerves. The afferent impulse discharge from both receptors increases during hypoxia and there is a reflexly mediated increase in ventilation (hypoxic hyperventilation). In the present study we tested this response by exposing anesthetized cats to decreased inspired O2 concentration before and up to 315 days after bilateral resection of the carotid bodies. Acutely after removing the carotid bodies, hypoxic hyperventilation was abolished. This observation supports the view that the reflex pathway from the aortic body receptors normally contributes minimally to hypoxic hyperventilation. Subsequently, there was a restoration of hypoxic hyperventilation. Restoration was significant 30–43 days after removing the carotid bodies, it reached 70% of the preoperative value at 93–111 days and was essentially complete in terminal experiments 260–315 days after carotid body resection. In terminal experiments, hypoxic hyperventilation was not affected by recutting the regenerated carotid sinus nerves but was abolished completely by bilateral transection of the cervical vagosympathetic trunks. The restored ventilatory response was due predominantly to an increase in rate of breathing while an increase in tidal volume was predominant before carotid body resection. Resting ventilation breathing room air was not consistently decreased after carotid body resection while expired CO2 was elevated from day 20 to day 111 and at the preoperative level in terminal experiments. It is concluded that restoration of hypoxic hyperventilation in the cat after carotid body resection is mediated by the reflex pathway from aortic body chemoreceptors. The possible contribution of chemo-receptive regenerated carotid sinus nerve axons was excluded. It is suggested that restoration may be a consequence of the central reorganization of chemoreceptor afferent pathways consequent to interruption of the carotid body reflex pathway and that as a result the ‘gain’ of the aortic body ventilatory chemoreflex is enhanced.
The Calling of Saint Matthew in Sixteenth-Century Flemish Painting

In the history of art there are three ways in which the figure of Matthew has been represented: as a publican or tax collector, as an Apostle, and as an Evangelist. Within these three iconographies the subject of the Calling of Matthew is the pivotal episode; it represents Matthew's transition from a profane life as a tax collector to the sacred calling of Apostle and recorder of the life of Christ. This great conversion is recorded in one short verse of the Gospel of Matthew, occupying a seemingly insignificant place in the total Gospel narrative. Yet it had considerable impact on the art and literature of the Netherlands in the sixteenth century, a fact that is all the more striking since the subject of the Calling of Matthew had not been represented in Netherlandish art prior to that time.
Constituents of the bark and twigs of Artocarpus dadah with cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity.

Fractionation of an ethyl acetate-soluble extract of the bark of Artocarpus dadah has led to the isolation of three new prenylated stilbenoid derivatives, 3-(γ,γ-dimethylallyl)resveratrol (1), 5-(γ,γ-dimethylallyl)oxyresveratrol (2), 3-(2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl)resveratrol (3), and a new benzofuran derivative, 3-(γ,γ-dimethylpropenyl)moracin M (4), along with six known compounds, oxyresveratrol, (+)-catechin, afzelechin-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, (−)-epiafzelechin, dihydromorin, and epiafzelechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin. From an ethyl acetate-soluble extract of the twigs of the same plant were isolated compound 4 and two new neolignan derivatives, dadahols A (5) and B (6), as well as 10 known compounds, oxyresveratrol, (+)-catechin, afzelechin-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, resveratrol, steppogenin, moracin M, isogemichalcone B, gemichalcone B, norartocarpetin, and engeletin. The structures of compounds 1−6 were determined using spectroscopic and chemical methods. Isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effe...
The organization of the octavolateralis area in actinopterygian fishes: A new interpretation.

The octavolateralis area of actinopterygian fishes can be subdivided into a dorsal lateralis area composed of first-order lateral line nuclei, and a ventral octavus area composed of nuclei receiving first-order input from the eighth nerve. Three patterns of organization of the lateralis area are recognized in the present study. The organization of this area in polypteriforms and chondrosteans is similar to that in chondrichthyans. On the basis of recent studies in chondrichthyans (McCready and Boord, '76; Boord and Campbell, '77; Bodznick and Northcutt, '80), it is hypothesized that this pattern reflects the subdivision of the lateral line system into mechanoreceptive and electroreceptive portions. As petromyzontid agnathans also share this pattern of organization, it is hypothesized that they are elecroreceptive. The lateralis area of holosteans and nonelectroreceptive teleosts exhibits a second organizational pattern that is hypothesized to reflect the loss of the electroreceptive portion of the lateral line system; it is suggested that electroreception was lost sometime between the chondrostean and teleostean radiations. Each group of electroreceptive teleosts is believed to have evolved electroreception independently (Bullock, '74), a situation that is reflected centrally by a third organizational pattern within the lateralis area, which is distinctly different from that of early radiations of electroreceptive fishes. The octavus area of actinopterygians exhibits two patterns of organization-that of polypteriforms, chondrosteans, and holosteans, and that of teleosts. The functional significance of these patterns has yet to be elucidated.
TP 2 -Orderings and the IFR Property with Applications

In this paper, TP 2 orderings of distributions and of survival functions are considered. It is shown that the first passage time of a Markov process with TP 2 - ordered transition distributions has an increasing failure rate (IFR). Conditions are also given for which mixtures of IFR distributions are IFR. A formula is obtained for the failure rate when the strength distribution is a function of both load and strength. This formula, in conjunction with the TP 2 -ordering on the strength survival functions and log-concavity of the strength and load variables, leads to an increasing failure rate for the strength distribution. Finally, two models based on this theory are presented which explain the IFR character of the strength distribution of fibrous composite materials.
Circle-squaring in the twentieth century

For one hundred years it has been known that the number π is transcendental and, consequently, that it is impossible to construct, with straight-edge and compass, a square with the same area as a given circle. (For some history, see [7].) In this article we show how a close examination of the origins of the circle-squaring problem can be used to motivate a version of it, due to Alfred Tarski. The new version is still unresolved, but there are a number of partial results. We survey some of these and indicate how one in particular can be applied in contemporary work on characterizations of Lebesgue measure.
Model Studies of Near-Inertial Waves in Flow over the Oregon Continental Shelf

Abstract Two-dimensional, primitive equation model studies of wind-forced flow over a continental shelf Show that, under upwelling conditions, high levels of near-inertial wave energy are found in the interior over the shelf. The regions of elevated wave energy, with maximum wave amplitudes of around ±0.2 m s−1, persist for up to two weeks and have spatial scales of 20–40 m vertically and 5–20 km horizontally. Relatively high dissipation levels are associated with these concentrations of wave energy. When forced with downwelling-favorable winds, model results show very little subsurface inertial energy on the shelf. A comparison of inertial wave propagation using the primitive equation model and a linearized version of the model demonstrates strong dependence on the background flow field. The behavior of inertial waves using the linearized model is completely different: very little subsurface inertial energy is seen on the shelf in either upwelling or downwelling conditions, except where the bottom slope ...
New physics of subwavelength high contrast gratings

We present a simple yet precise theory, which explains the two main extraordinary features of optical gratings in the near-subwavelength regime: namely broadband high (>99%) reflectivity and ultra-high quality factor (Q∼2×105) resonances.
An Algebraic Obstruction to Isomorphism of Markov Shifts with Group Alphabets

Given a compact group G, a standard construction of a Z2 Markov shift SG with alphabet G is described. The cardinality of G (if G is finite) or the topological dimension of G (if G is a torus) is shown to be an invariant of measurable isomorphism for SG. We show that if G is sufficiently non-abelian (for instance A5, PSL2(F7), or a Suzuki simple group) and H is any abelian group with |H| = |G|, then SG and SH are not isomorphic. Thus the cardinality of G is seen to be necessary but not sufficient to determine the measurable structure of SG.
Rational development of a cytotoxic peptide to trigger cell death.

Defects in the apoptotic machinery can contribute to tumor formation and resistance to treatment, creating a need to identify new agents that kill cancer cells by alternative mechanisms. To this end, we examined the cytotoxic properties of a novel peptide, CT20p, derived from the C-terminal, alpha-9 helix of Bax, an amphipathic domain with putative membrane binding properties. Like many antimicrobial peptides, CT20p contains clusters of hydrophobic and cationic residues that could enable the peptide to associate with lipid membranes. CT20p caused the release of calcein from mitochondrial-like lipid vesicles without disrupting vesicle integrity and, when expressed as a fusion protein in cells, localized to mitochondria. The amphipathic nature of CT20p allowed it to be encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) that have the capacity to harbor targeting molecules, dyes or drugs. The resulting CT20p-NPs proved an effective killer, in vitro, of colon and breast cancer cells, and in vivo, using a murine bre...
Discrete simulation of power law noise (for oscillator stability evaluation)

Power law noise plays an important role in the description of high performance oscillators. A new algorithm and computer code for simulating power law noises is presented. The general theory of noise simulation is investigated to determine the criteria for evaluating and deriving simulation methods. Past techniques are evaluated, and the new method is shown to provide improvements, particularly because it results in nonstationary noise sequences that are also scale-invariant and causal and have the proper autospectral densities and Allan variances. >
Phytophthora Species Recovered From Irrigation Reservoirs in Mississippi and Alabama Nurseries and Pathogenicity of Three New Species

From a survey for Phytophthora spp. in containment basins at one nursery each in Alabama and Mississippi, eight species and one taxon were recovered, with Phytophthora gonapodyides dominant in cooler months and P. hydropathica in warmer months, accounting for 39.6 and 46.6% overall recovery, respectively. Among the recoveries were P. macilentosa, P. mississippiae, and P. stricta, three new species recently described from a small lake (labeled M4) that serves as a primary water source for irrigation and to feed another irrigation pond (M5) at the Mississippi nursery. Neither of ponds M4 and M5 directly receives runoff from any production area. The three new species were tested for pathogenicity with Catharanthus roseus, Gardenia jasminoides ‘August Beauty,’ Hydrangea quercifolia ‘Semmes Beauty,’ Ilex magland ‘Oakland,’ Pieris japonica ‘Mountain Snow,’ and Rhododendron × ‘Brandi Michele Raley.’ None of the three species infected any of the test plants or became established in peat or pine bark growing media...
Hybridized teacher education programs in NYC: A missed opportunity?

This qualitative study describes the development of hybrid teacher preparation programs that emerged as a result of a “forced” partnership between university-based and alternative teacher preparation programs in New York City. This hybrid experiment was a short-lived, yet innovative by-product of a somewhat pragmatic arrangement between Teach for America, NYC Teaching Fellows and various universities to meet state requirements for credentialization. The institutions benefited from the arrangement but noteworthy here is the documentation of how the teacher education programs informed each other and potentially created a richer educational experience for teacher candidates than either of the programs had alone. With the development of Relay, a stand-alone, alternate graduate school, the partnership, despite its early promise, was ended. With all of its challenges, this forced partnership was characterized by creative and competitive tensions, rather than what ultimately became two parallel teacher education systems largely isolated and in competition with each other.
Phase Behavior and Reliable Computation of High-Pressure Solid−Fluid Equilibrium with Cosolvents

The identification of the correct, stable solution to a phase equilibrium problem, given a particular thermodynamic model, is essential for the design of separation processes. It is also important in the selection of an appropriate model to represent experimental data. The need for a completely reliable method to test for phase stability is particularly pressing when the number of phases likely to be present is not intuitive to the user, as is frequently the case with high-pressure systems. Previously, we have presented a completely reliable computational technique, based on interval analysis, to correctly identify phase equilibrium and test for phase stability in binary solvent−solute systems, which include the possibility of a solid phase, using any of a variety of cubic equations of state as the thermodynamic model. Here, we extend the methodology to include multicomponent solvent−solute−cosolvent systems where the likelihood of additional phase formation is even greater than that in the binary case. G...
DNA demethylating agents synergize with oncolytic HSV1 against malignant gliomas.

Purpose: Oncolytic viruses (OV) based on herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) are being used in clinical trials for a variety of cancers. The OV, rQNestin34.5, uses a nestin promoter/enhancer to selectively drive robust viral replication in malignant glioma cells. We have discovered that this promoter becomes extensively methylated in infected glioma cells, reducing OV efficacy. Experimental Design: We used demethylating drugs [5-azacytidine (5-Aza)], decitabine, or valproic acid (VPA) in both in vitro and in vivo malignant glioma models to determine if they improved the efficacy of rQNestin34.5 therapy. Results: The use of demethylating agents, such as 5-Aza, improved OV replication and tumor cell lysis in vitro and, in fact, synergized pharmacologically on Chou–Talalay analysis. In vivo , the combination of the demethylating agents, 5-Aza or decitabine, with rQNestin34.5 significantly prolonged the survivorship of athymic mice harboring intracranial human glioma xenografts over single agent alone. Conclusion: These results, thus, provide further justification for the exploration of demethylating agents when combined with the OV, rQNestin34.5, in preclinical therapeutics and, possibly, clinical trials for malignant glioma. Clin Cancer Res; 19(21); 5952–9. ©2013 AACR .
Unions, Voter Turnout, and Class Bias in the U.S. Electorate, 1964–2004

This paper uses individual-level data to examine the impact of unions on turnout and assesses the consequences of dramatic changes in union strength and in the composition of union membership since 1964 for the composition of the U.S. electorate. We first estimate individual-level models to test for the distinct effects of union membership and union strength on the probabilities of members and nonmembers voting and then test whether the effect of individual union membership and overall union strength varies across income levels. We find that unions increase turnout of both members and nonmembers. By simulating what turnout would be were union membership at its 1964 level, we show that the decline in union membership since 1964 has affected the aggregate turnout of both low- and middle-income individuals more than the aggregate turnout of high-income individuals. However, while class bias has increased as a consequence of the decline, the change is surprisingly small.