cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intracranial self-stimulation in FAST and SLOW mice: effects of alcohol and cocaine

Sensitivity to the stimulant and rewarding effects of alcohol may be genetically correlated traits that predispose individuals to develop an alcohol use disorder. This study aimed to examine the effects of alcohol and cocaine on intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) in FAST and SLOW mice, which were selectively bred for extremes in alcohol stimulation. Male FAST and SLOW mice were conditioned to respond for reinforcement by direct electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (i.e., brain stimulation reward). ICSS responses were determined immediately before and after oral gavage with water or alcohol (0.3–2.4 g/kg) or intraperitoneal injection with saline or cocaine (1.0–30.0 mg/kg). In separate FAST and SLOW mice, the locomotor effects of these treatments were measured in activity chambers. Alcohol dose-dependently lowered the threshold for self-stimulation (θ 0) and the frequency that maintained 50% of maximal responding (EF50) in FAST mice but did not significantly affect these parameters in SLOW mice. The largest effects of alcohol were after the 1.7- and 2.4-g/kg doses and were about 40% compared to water injection. Alcohol did not affect MAX response rates, but dose-dependently stimulated locomotor activity in FAST mice. Cocaine lowered thresholds equally in FAST and SLOW mice, although cocaine-stimulated locomotor activity was higher in the FAST than in the SLOW mice. Selective breeding for alcohol locomotor stimulation also renders the mice more sensitive to the effects of alcohol, but not cocaine, on ICSS.
Carbon isotope composition of ambient CO2 and recycling: a matrix simulation model

Abstract The relationship between isotopic composition and concentration of ambient CO 2 in a canopy and its associated convective boundary layer was modeled. The model divides the canopy and convective boundary layer into several layers. Photosynthesis, respiration, and exchange between each layer can be simulated by matrix equations. This simulation can be used to calculate recycling; defined here as the amount of respired CO 2 re-fixed by photosynthesis relative to the total amount of respired CO 2 . At steady state the matrix equations can be solved for the canopy and convective boundary layer CO 2 concentration and isotopic profile, which can be used to calculate a theoretical recycling index according to a previously developed equation. There is complete agreement between simulated and theoretical recycling indices for different exchange scenarios. Recycling indices from a simulation of gas exchange between a heterogeneous vegetation canopy and the troposphere also agreed with a more generalized form of the theoretical recycling equation developed here.
School Reform and Desegregation: The Real Deal or More of the Same?

L'impact des reformes actuelles dans les ecoles des grandes villes americaines est le theme central de cette recherche. Les auteurs discutent des effets des programmes specialises, extra-scolaires en tant que solution potentielle pour les defis que representent la desegregation. Les implications futures de la desegregation au niveau des realites de l'education urbaine, et des retombees sociales sont examinees.
Review of Restraint Data in a Residential Treatment Center for Adolescent Females

This paper presents a review of the physical restraints that occurred at a northeastern United States residential treatment facility in the northeastern United States for adolescent females from January 1999 to May 2002. During this period, the facility housed 415 adolescents and reported 1,059 physical restraints involving 155 of them. This report assesses the characteristics of the adolescents housed at the facility, the frequency and nature of the restraints they experienced, and the relationship between the adolescents’ characteristics and the frequency with which they were restrained.
Bisection performance indicates spatial word representation

Abstract From reading errors of a neurological patient, Caramazza and Hillis concluded: (1) that word length is part of the cognitive representation of words; (2) that the spatial reference frame of this representation is centered on the word; and (3) that this representation is orientation-invariant [Nature (London), 346 (1990) 267–269]. To test these three hypotheses about normal cognition, healthy subjects bisected either lines with word flankers or English words. The length of word flankers systematically affected line bisection, supporting the first hypothesis. In conflict with the remaining hypotheses, however, word bisection was biased toward their beginnings for horizontal words but not for vertical words. A similar bias with pronounceable non-words (but not with meaningless letter strings) and an increase of the word bisection bias in non-native readers suggest that overestimation of the spatial extent of word beginnings is related to lexical access. An attentional scaling hypothesis is proposed that also accounts for a similar eye fixation bias in normal reading.
In vivo evaluation of intra-articular protection in a novel model of canine cranial cruciate ligament mid-substance elongation injury.

Objectives— To evaluate the effects of intra-articular protection (IAP) on the canine cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) and stifle in a CrCL midsubstance elongation injury model. Study Design— Experimental longitudinal cohort study. Animals— Skeletally mature female mixed breed hounds (n=12; mean±SEM weight, 25.6±0.7 kg). Methods— After CrCL elongation in 1 stifle of each dog, IAP was applied in 6 joints. In vivo assessment included radiographs, cranial–caudal joint translation, gait analysis, and synovial fluid levels of 3B3(−) (proteoglycan epitope) and C2C (collagen II neoepitope) up to 12 weeks after surgery. Joint translation and rotation were quantified at necropsy. CrCL midsubstance length was determined before and after elongation and at necropsy. CrCLs were subjectively assessed with light microscopy. Comparisons were made between stifles containing elongated CrCLs with and without IAP and unoperated controls. Results— Four weeks after surgery, ground reaction forces were significantly decreased in operated limbs. Absolute C2C levels were significantly elevated in operated stifles 4 weeks post-surgery. C2C and 3B3(−) levels normalized to total protein were significantly elevated in IAP+ stifles 8 weeks after surgery. Protected CrCLs appeared to have decreased granulation tissue and better collagen fiber alignment. Conclusions— IAP has negligible effects on the canine stifle based on the response variables evaluated in this 12-week study. Protection of elongated CrCLs may promote reduced, organized scar formation. Clinical Relevance— These results support the healing capacity of the canine CrCL midsubstance following elongation injury and IAP application to potentially reduce cicatrix formation in elongated CrCLs.
RECOLLECTIONS, APOLOGIES, AND POSSIBILITIES

RECOLLECTIONS In looking back over the last few years of research, theory, and practice in learning disabilities (LD), we must conclude that the topics of research are very similar but the quality much improved, and there is more balance and attention given to comprehension research than in the past when the perceptual and mechanical aspects of learning dominated the landscape. There are new names (authors) and old names, and some significant advances that hold promising new opportunities. Sadly, we are still trying to define learning disabilities, and some have begun to argue for the more postmodern and critical definitions (more about this later). In part, the field has been restricted ever since the first legislation locked us into a reductionistic way of seeing, defining, and treating LD. The legalism surrounding LD also has kept us asking ourselves “Is it legal?” or “Can we get away with it?” rather than “Is this the very best we can do?” Hopefully, refinements to law will open up new possibilities. APOLOGIES
Region-specific effects of isoflurane anesthesia on Fos immunoreactivity in response to intravenous cocaine challenge in rats with a history of repeated cocaine administration.

We have previously shown that acute intravenous (i.v.) administration of cocaine increases Fos immunoreactivity in rats under isoflurane anesthesia. Given that Fos expression is a marker of neural activation, the results suggested that isoflurane is appropriate for imaging cocaine effects under anesthesia. However, most imaging research in this area utilizes subjects with a history of repeated cocaine exposure and this drug history may interact with anesthetic use differently from acute cocaine exposure. Thus, this study further examined Fos expression under isoflurane in rats with a history of repeated i.v. cocaine administration. Rats received daily injections of either saline or cocaine (2 mg/kg, i.v.) across 7 consecutive days, followed by 5 days of no drug exposure. On the test day, rats were either nonanesthetized or anesthetized under isoflurane and were given an acute challenge of cocaine (2 mg/kg, i.v.). Additional saline-exposed controls received a saline challenge. Ninety min after the drug challenge, the rats were perfused under isoflurane anesthesia and their brains were processed for Fos protein immunohistochemistry. We found that challenge injections of cocaine following a regimen of repeated cocaine exposure resulted in Fos expression in the prefrontal cortex and striatum roughly equivalent to that found in rats who had received the cocaine challenge after a history of vehicle injections. Additionally, isoflurane anesthesia resulted in a heterogeneous attenuation of cocaine-induced Fos expression, with the most robust effect in the orbital cortex but no effect in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcC). These results indicate that cocaine-induced Fos is preserved in the NAcC under isoflurane, suggesting that isoflurane can be used in imaging studies involving cocaine effects in this region.
Early antiretroviral therapy: an immunotherapy to combat HCV in HIV-1/HCV coinfection

Arthur Y Kim Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Partners AIDS Research Center and Infectious Disease Unit, Boston, MA, USA Tel.: +1 617 726 3812; Fax: +1 617 726 5411; akim1@partners.org ‘...we have reasonable evidence that ART represents a modulation of the immune system with a positive clinical and immunological effect and therefore can be considered an immunotherapy for HCV in HCV/HIV-1 coinfected subjects.’
The simulation of general circuits containing ideal switches

Issues related to the design and use of a digital computer simulation of generai circuits containing ideal switching elements are presented. Problems due to circuit topology changes, methods of controlling the switching elements, techniques for studying transient, cyclic, steady-state, and small-signal frequency response behavior are considered.
The debate over maternal-fetal HIV transmission prevention trials in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean: racist exploitation or exploitation of racism?

The preferred standard of care for preventing the transmission of HIV from HIV-infected mothers to their fetuses the ACTG 076 regimen consists of giving zidovudine to pregnant HIV-infected women during their last 2 trimesters of pregnancy an intravenous bolus of zidovudine during delivery and zidovudine to the newborn infant for 6 weeks. Due to its high cost this treatment approach is affordable and widely available in only industrialized countries where vertical HIV transmission is a small problem relative to HIV conditions in many other developing countries. 16 placebo-controlled trials were therefore launched in selected developing countries to determine whether far cheaper alternatives to the ACTG 076 regimen could reduce vertical HIV transmission to at least some extent. Considerable controversy ensued over whether the trials were ethically justified. An effective method of preventing maternal-fetal HIV transmission already exists but it simply unaffordable for the HIV-infected masses in developing countries. The ethical dilemma should therefore not be so much over whether or not the trial research design is appropriate but rather whether the inequitable distribution of wealth inherent to the current world economic order which necessitates finding a cheaper prophylaxis is morally sound.
Reference Coordinate System Requirements for Space Physics and Astronomy

Changes in reference coordinate systems have major implications well beyond the realm of Earth dynamics. Definitions that serve geodynamic convenience may cause considerable effects for other disciplines. After presenting some typical areas in which coordinate frame definitions are important, recommendations are given for criteria to be considered as boundary conditions in discussing changes. These cover such qualities as observability, complexity, stability, internal coherence and uniqueness.
A Fair Model of Globalisation? Labour and Global Production in Cambodia

Abstract The expansion of the global economy and the governance deficit it has generated raise questions about the possibilities for regulating the practices of participants in global production networks. This paper focuses on the regulation of industrial relations in Cambodia's textile and garment industry – a unique ensemble of state, trade union, private sector and international institutions that is promoted as a “fair model of globalisation.” We track the trajectory of Cambodia's industrialisation and insertion into the global economy over three interrelated phases: first, the beginnings of export-orientated garment production in the mid- to late 1990s; secondly, the promotion of Cambodia as an “ethical producer” from 1999; and, thirdly, privileging “competitiveness” in global production networks over labour compliance for its advantage. In doing so we centre our analysis on the complex intertwining of global production, the genesis of the unique ensemble of actors in Cambodia and the anomaly of Cambo...
The history and politics of US health care policy for American Indians and Alaskan Natives.

This paper traces the development of the US federal government's program to provide personal and public health services to American Indians and Alaska Natives since the 1940s. Minimal services had been provided since the mid 19th century through the Bureau of Indian Affairs of the Department of the Interior. As a result of attempts by western congressmen to weaken and destroy the bureau during the 1940s, responsibility for health services was placed with the US Public Health Service. The transfer thus created the only US national health program for civilians, providing virtually the full range of personal and public health services to a defined population at relatively low cost. Policy changes since the 1970s have led to an emphasis on self-determination that did not exist during the 1950s and 1960s. Programs administered by tribal governments tend to be more expensive than those provided by the Indian Health Service, but appropriations have not risen to meet the rising costs, nor are the appropriated fun...
The Structure of False Social Beliefs

This paper presents the architecture of a multiagent society (MAS) designed to study the dynamics of belief change in natural and artificial societies. It also presents a multiagent domain called Multiagent Wumpus World (MWW) designed to test the capabilities of the proposed MAS. It also reports on a set of experiments designed to study the formation of false social beliefs. Our results indicate that more false beliefs are likely to be generated about objects/events whose presence is harder to confirm or disconfirm
Rationale and design of active play @ home: a parent-led physical activity program for children with and without disability

Compared to other children, those with disability have additional challenges to being physically active. Prader-Willi Syndrome is a genetic form of childhood obesity that is characterized by hypotonia, growth hormone deficiency, behavioral, and cognitive disability. In children, the low prevalence of this syndrome (1 in 10,000 to 15,000 live births) makes group-based physical activity interventions difficult. In contrast, the home environment presents a natural venue to establish a physical activity routine for this population. This manuscript describes the design of a parent-led physical activity intervention incorporating playground and interactive console-based games to increase physical activity participation in youth with and without Prader-Willi Syndrome. The study participants will be 115 youth ages 8-15 y (45 with the syndrome and 70 without the syndrome but categorized as obese). The study will use a parallel design with the control group receiving the intervention after serving as control. Participants will be expected to complete a physical activity curriculum 4 days a week for 6 months including playground games 2 days a week and interactive console games 2 days a week. Parents will be trained at baseline and then provided with a curriculum and equipment to guide their implementation of the program. Tips related to scheduling and coping with barriers to daily program implementation will be provided. Throughout, parents will be contacted by phone once a week (weeks 1-4) and then every other week to receive support in between visits. Measurements of children and parents will be obtained at baseline, 12 weeks, and at the end (week 24) of the intervention. Children main outcomes include physical activity (accelerometry), body composition (dual x-ray absorptiometry), motor proficiency (Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency), quality of life and physical activity self-efficacy (questionnaires). Intervention compliance will be monitored using mail-in daily self-report checklists. This parent-guided physical activity intervention aims to increase physical activity by using a curriculum that builds physical activity related self-confidence through the development and/or enhancement of motor skill competency. Ultimately, helping children develop these skills as well as joy in being physically active will translate into sustained behavior change. Current Controlled Trial: NCT02058342
COLOR AND OXIDATIVE PROPERTIES OF IRRADIATED WHOLE MUSCLE BEEF1

The effects of two doses (2.0 and 3.5 kG'y) of nonradioactive irradiation on color and oxidative properties were determined and compared to nonirradiated controls for frozen and chilled vacuum-packaged boneless beef steaks. The chilled steaks were repackaged in oxygen-permeable film 14 days after irradiation. Irradiation up to 3.5 kGy had minimal effects on color and oxidative rancidity and significantly reduced bacterial counts of frozen and chilled, vacuum-packaged, beef steaks stored and/or displayed for up to 28 days. Irradiated steaks that were rewrapped in permeable film were microbially acceptable at 5 days of display and had more color stabiliry than the controls. Although no differences in TBA numbers between dose levels were observed for chilled steaks rewrapped in permeable film, these steaks had a TBA number of 2.1 after 5 days of retail display compared to 0.2 for vacuum-packaged steaks displayed for 14 days.
Will elevated carbon dioxide concentration amplify the benefits of nitrogen fixation in legumes

Growth at elevated [CO2] stimulates photosynthesis and increases carbon (C) supply in all C3 species. A sustained and maximal stimulation in productivity at elevated [CO2] requires an enhanced nutrient supply to match the increase in C acquisition. The ability of legumes to exchange C for nitrogen (
Pulse Wave Velocity and Cognitive Decline in Elders: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study

Background and Purpose—Arterial stiffness is a measure of subclinical cardiovascular disease and increases with age. This study examines the association between arterial stiffness and cognitive decline in a cohort of older adults. Methods—A total of 2488 subjects with baseline measure of arterial stiffness (mean age, 74.2 years; 52.3% women) were prospectively followed over 9 years in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. Arterial stiffness was measured as pulse wave velocity (PWV) and analyzed in tertiles. Cognitive function was assessed using the Modified Mini-Mental State examination at baseline and repeated at years 3, 5, 8, and 10. Lower Modified Mini-Mental State examination scores indicate worse function. We fit linear mixed models to examine longitudinal changes in cognitive function over the 9 years of follow-up and logistic regression models, restricted to 1331 participants, to examine cognitive impairment defined as a decrease of ≥5 points after 9 years. We adjusted for sociodemographi...
Doxycycline Is Anti-Inflammatory and Inhibits Staphylococcal Exotoxin-Induced Cytokines and Chemokines

Proinflammatory cytokines mediate the toxic effect of superantigenic staphylococcal exotoxins (SE). Doxycycline inhibited SE-stimulated T-cell proliferation and production of cytokines and chemokines by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These results suggest that the antibiotic doxycycline has anti-inflammatory effects and is therapeutically useful for mitigating the pathogenic effects of SE.
Autoclave Foaming of Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Using Carbon Dioxide: Impact of Crystallization on Cell Structure

The purpose of this study is to develop a better understanding of the main mechanisms controlling the foaming of poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL), a semi-crystalline biodegradable polymer, using batch processing and CO 2 as the physical blowing agent. A detailed study of the dissolution of CO2 is conducted in order to establish its impact on the transition temperatures of PCL. In a following step, particular attention is paid to the effects of crystallization on cell structure. This foam structure is subsequently linked to the processing window, expressed in terms of the processing temperature with respect to the shifted crystallization temperature and modified crystallization kinetics of PCL. The effects of talc addition on PCL crystallization and foam structure are also investigated, as talc is expected to modify the nucleation rate of crystallites and cells.
Conceptualization and assessment of vulnerability in a complex international Alzheimer's research study.

With an aim toward preventing cognitive loss, the extension study described in the case summary entails administering an experimental Alzheimer's disease prevention agent to persons inheriting full...
Modeling of dielectric elastomers: Design of actuators and energy harvesting devices

Abstract Dielectric elastomers undergo large deformations in response to an electric field and consequently have attracted significant interest as electromechanical transducers. Applications of these materials include actuators capable of converting an applied electric field into mechanical motion and energy harvesting devices that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. Numerically based design tools are needed to facilitate the development and optimization of these devices. In this paper, we report on our modeling capability for dielectric elastomers. We present the governing equations for the electromechanically coupled behavior of dielectric elastomers in a thermodynamic framework and discuss the attendant finite-element formulation and implementation, using a commercial finite-element code. We then utilize our simulation capability to design and optimize complex dielectric elastomeric actuators and energy harvesting devices in various settings.
Migrating a library's web site to a commercial CMS within a campus‐wide implementation

Purpose – To examine the issues involved with migrating an academic library's web site to a commercial content management system (CMS) within a campus‐wide implementation.Design/methodology/approach – The old and new web sites are described in terms of their histories, technologies, and structures. Key issues relating to the migration are identified and some concerns and benefits are listed.Findings – Although proprietary systems are restrictive in some ways, the technological, organizational, and work flow advantages to the CMS which was employed are significant. An entirely different set of issues emerge when a library participates in a campus‐wide implementation as opposed to one which is librarywide.Originality/value – This may be the first case study of a CMS migration that is both campus‐wide and using a commercially available system. The current trend in academic libraries toward home‐grown systems could some day be reversed as the commercial CMS market evolves.
Molecular characterization of variability and relationships among seven cultivated and selected wild species of Prunus L. using amplified fragment length polymorphism

Analysis of genetic variability and differentiation within and among seven cultivated species and seven wild species of Prunus using amplified fragment length polymorphism revealed four well-supported groups corresponding to the four sections Amygdalus, Armeniaca, Cerasus and Prunophora described within the genus. The section Armeniaca showed significant differentiation from its sister section Prunophora within the subgenus Prunus. Within-species estimates of molecular variation indicated that apricots (0.0529) were the most variable among the species assayed followed by hexaploid plums (0.0359), almonds (0.0330), cherries (0.0310), and diploid plums (0.0303) with moderate levels of variability and peaches (0.0263) were the least variable. The overall distribution pattern of molecular variation within the genus indicated that about 32% of the total variance was accounted for by the within-species variance component, irrespective of partitioning based on either sections or subgenera. The remaining 68% of the variation found among species was hierarchically structured between components due to differentiation among species within and among sections (17.02 and 50.81%, respectively) or among species within and among subgenera (29.53 and 39.05%, respectively). Although cluster and principal components analyses indicate that the gene pools corresponding to the four sections to be homogenous, partitioning of molecular variation suggests considerable differentiation among the taxa within sections.
Trotting Out the White Horse: How the S.E.C. Can Handle Bitcoin’s Threat to American Investors

Bitcoin has entered the kingdom to stay, yet few are willing to shield its most likely victims.The cryptocurrency is a mysterious amalgam of technology, transparency, and secrecy. Despite its initial mission of bypassing commercial fees, the currency alternative, presently valued at over $400 a coin, is a more likely candidate for hoarding and speculation. Surprisingly, while its brazen use to facilitate money laundering and drug purchases have been met with prosecution and headlines, Bitcoin’s everyday rapidly growing appeal to investors has been left largely unaddressed.As an investment, Bitcoin’s chief marketing tool appears to be conversion mechanisms declaring themselves “exchanges” (i.e., scores of websites that offer to buy or trade Bitcoins for American dollars or Euros). Such platforms have proven to be vulnerable portals at best - in one hacking incident alone, over $400 million in Bitcoins was lost and never recovered. Since 2012, numerous other “exchanges” have been victimized or simply gone out of business, often in similarly spectacular fashion.To be sure, as a coin of the realm, Bitcoin has temporarily outpaced regulation tolerant of fiat currencies. As a means of barter, the tool will likely end up suffering from deflation caused by its self-imposed volume limit. But as an investment, Bitcoin poses an immediate and continuing threat to investors of every age and nationality. Meanwhile, federal regulators in the United States debate which - if any - of the watchdogs can best prevent the most damaging of its potential ills. The debate is slowed by differing definitions of Bitcoin as a currency or property.Accordingly, this Article posits that effective and much-needed regulation is easily within the mighty reach of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Relying on statutes, case law, treatises, agency press releases, government studies and legal commentary, the Article conducts a layered review of potential applications of securities law to Bitcoin transactions. The Article concludes that too many Bitcoin “exchanges” make offers of unregistered securities that can and need be policed. Such declaration would subject such entities to S.E.C. registration - thus validating legitimate market makers willing to share the American notion of disclosure while “weeding out” the transient entities with hidden agendas.Overall, the Article simply asks that the world’s foremost securities regulator to treat Bitcoin as any other investment, and its chief conduit like any other promoter. Various States have already taken action to regulate the unforeseen speculation in Bitcoin. And the private lawsuits have commenced, ensuring that - for better or worse - relevant definitions shall begin to crystallize. The S.E.C. need not watch this battle from afar, and investors worldwide would benefit greatly from the strongest watchdog agency in the world once again coming to the rescue of the uninformed.
Retinoic Acid Synthesis in the Developing Spinal Cord

The lipid retinoic acid is the activating ligand for a diverse group of transcription factors, the retinoic acid receptors, which are members of the superfamily of nuclear receptors that include, in addition, the receptors for thyroid hormone, steroids and vitamin D (Chambon et al. 1991; Mangelsdorf 1993). Expression of more than 100 proteins is known to be regulated by retinoic acid (Chytil and ul-Haq 1990). While much has been learned in recent years about the mechanisms of retinoic-acid mediated transcriptional regulation, relatively little was known about the enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of retinaldehyde to retinoic acid in the developing embryo. We previously developed a technique for the detection of such enzymes based on retinoic acid reporter cells (Wagner, Han, and Jessell 1992): tissue extracts are separated by isoelectric focussing gel electrophoresis, the gel is cut into thin consecutive slices, from which the proteins are eluted and assayed for capacity to synthesize retinoic acid from added retinaldehyde (McCaffery et al. 1992). This technique requires only minute amounts of tissue, and it makes it possible to analyze detailed patterns of retinoic acid synthesis in the developing embryo.
Testing the Waters or Opening the Floodgates? Evangelicals, Politics, and the “New” Mexico

Pluralist democracies are emerging in many corners of the globe. Latin America is no exception and by some measures took the lead in the 1980s with a return to democracy in several countries. While Chile, Brazil, and Argentina are some of the most encouraging cases, Mexico has also enjoyed a bit of a resurgence of democracy, if for no other reason than the simple fact that the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), faced with pressure from important trading partners and pro-democracy groups, had little choice but to begin to open up its political system and play by fairer and more vigorously enforced rules. While certainly not all members of the PRI may be called "born again" democrats eager to shed their power and privilege in the name of greater pluralism—some are doing their best to thwart reform—ob servers do see greater respect for the rules of democracy than has been evident in the last twenty years or so. Where there is more democratic activity in Mexico, often it takes on an important form—more societal groups are being allowed access to the political arena. True, these groups may ultimately face the chal lenge of all groups who would attempt to gain a say in Mexico: coop tion, and perhaps in extreme cases, repression. But some in the PRI appear to be willing to widen the playing field, especially to certain groups and individuals that for over seventy years were officially banned from participating in politics. These groups and individuals, the subject of this essay, are religious in nature, and that fact makes this study all the more relevant given the political involvement of religious groups in other Latin American countries, whether the groups are Protestant Evangelicals or Roman Catholic. The argument made here is that the ruling party of Mexico, via the state it controls, has taken steps to open up the political arena to reli gious groups and persons who wish to comment on politics, lobby the
Simulation of 3D Flows of Propulsion Systems Using an Efficient Low Diffusion E-CUSP Upwind Scheme

A newly suggested E-CUSP upwind scheme is employed for the first time to calculate 3D flows of propulsion systems. The computed cases include a transonic nozzle with circular-to-rectangular cross section, a transonic duct with shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction, and a subsonic 3D compressor cascade. The computed results agree well with the experiments. The new scheme is proved to be accurate, efficient and robust for the 3D calculations of the flows in this paper.
Gender-Specific Physical Symptom Biology in Heart Failure.

Background: There are several gender differences that may help explain the link between biology and symptoms in heart failure (HF). Objective: The aim of this study was to examine gender-specific relationships between objective measures of HF severity and physical symptoms. Methods: Detailed clinical data, including left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular internal end-diastolic diameter, and HF-specific physical symptoms were collected as part of a prospective cohort study. Gender interaction terms were tested in linear regression models of physical symptoms. Results: The sample (101 women and 101 men) averaged 57 years of age and most participants (60%) had class III/IV HF. Larger left ventricle size was associated with better physical symptoms for women and worse physical symptoms for men. Conclusion: Decreased ventricular compliance may result in worse physical HF symptoms for women and dilation of the ventricle may be a greater progenitor of symptoms for men with HF.
Media Modality and Cognitive Response:A Meso-review of the Threshold Effects

The present paper is a meso-review of the most popular cognitive and psycho-physiological theories in research on the effects of media modality on attitude formation.Based on a review of the cue-summation theory,the dual coding theory and the limited capacity model,the current paper aims to draw a systematic picture of the mesolevel theories of persuasion research.
Steroid hormone abnormalities in patients with cardinoma of the lung.

Summary Steroid hormone levels were measured in the blood and urine of 69 patients with carcinoma of the lung with the following findings: 1. Men with epidermoid carcinoma excrete abnormally large amounts of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid in the urine. 2. They also have normal 8:00 a.m . plasma cortisol levels, but 4:00 p.m . and 10:00 p.m . levels are elevated which indicates a loss of normal corticosteroid circadian rhythm. 3. ACTH testing suggests adrenal hyper-responsiveness in men with epidermoid carcinoma. 4. Men with epidermoid carcinoma excrete excess quantities of total urinary estrogen, the majority of which is accounted for by an excess excretion of estriol. 5. Significant abnormalities were not found in other carcinoma cell types in men or in any of the carcinomas in women. The sample size in each instance, however, was small. The current data are discussed in relation to that previously reported in the literature.
Return to the City of Quartz: Excavating the Future 20 Years On:

This paper revisits Mike Davis’ seminal City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles twenty years after it was originally published. It argues that the book continues to provide an indispen...
Inter- Versus Intra-singer Similarity and Variation in Vocal Performances

Inter-performer deviations in pitch, timing, dynamics, and timbre can be used to model individuals’ music performance style provided that there is sufficient intra-performer similarity. If a performer’s variability in performance parameters exceeds the variability across performers it is hard to create a discriminative model between performers that can predict performer identity. This paper investigates the intra- and inter-performer consistency in singers trained in the western art music tradition using a range of pitch, timing, dynamics, and timbre descriptors. Specifically, it examines the utility of these descriptors in a singer-identity task completed both computationally by a support vector machine classifier and by human listeners and considers the broader implications for intra- and inter-performance similarity and variability in music performance modelling.
Elucidating the synergistic mechanism of nickel-molybdenum electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction

Nickel-molybdenum (Ni-Mo) materials are widely used functional oxide catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction. In this work, we investigate the high activity of Ni-Mo by depositing size-controlled Ni nanocrystals (NCs) onto Mo substrates. We observe a synergistic increase in catalytic activity that does not scale with the Ni-Mo interface length. This evidence points to a bulk electronic interaction of the two metals that is separate from the mechanism of enhancement seen in conventionally co-deposited Ni-Mo electrocatalysts. In addition to elucidating the catalytic behavior of the Ni-Mo system, this work offers a general NC-based paradigm for investigating fundamental interactions and synergistic effects in electrocatalytic materials.
Incomplete Prescription: Maladies and Medicine in The Tudors

Issues of health and well-being factor frequently in Showtime’s series about the Tudors or, more correctly, about Henry VIII.As written by Michael Hirst with historical consultation from Justin Pollard, blood, gore, and pestilence dominate several episodes in the four seasons of The Tudors,but there are as many sins of omission in the medical narrative as sins of commission. The real Henry—played onscreen by Jonathan Rhys Meyers—performed an active role in establishing a regulated profession ofhealers, encompassing both elite doctors and barber-surgeons, thereby influencing the course of medicine in the kingdom for generations to come. The king used the services of several university-trained physicians, some of whom figured prominently in his administration, and generally followed their advice.At the same time, the monarch relied on the ancient belief in a “royal touch: to bolster his own authenticity as God’s chosen ruler and—like many who worried about sickness incapacitating them and their families—heself-prescribed from a cabinet full of folk medicines.1
Drug screening using model systems: some basics

An increasing number of laboratories that focus on model systems are considering drug screening. Executing a drug screen is complicated enough. But the path for moving initial hits towards the clinic requires a different knowledge base and even a different mindset. In this Editorial I discuss the importance of doing some homework before you start screening. 'Lead hits', 'patentable chemical space' and 'druggability' are all concepts worth exploring when deciding which screening path to take. I discuss some of the lessons I learned that may be useful as you navigate the screening matrix.
Abstract A39: A small molecule inhibitor of the Notch transcriptional activation complex

Deregulation of the Notch pathway underlies many aspects of cancer physiology depending on cell type and context. In many human cancers, aberrant Notch activity has been demonstrated to play a role in the initiation and maintenance of the neoplastic phenotype. Notch also plays a central role in cancer stem cells, which may underlie a role in metastasis and resistance to therapy. The important and diverse role played by Notch in cancer makes it an exceedingly attractive target for anti-neoplastic therapeutics. However, the full range of potential targets in the pathway have been under-explored. To date, there are no small molecule inhibitors that directly target the intracellular Notch pathway or the assembly of the transcriptional activation complex. We have developed an in vitro assay that quantitatively measures the assembly of the Notch transcriptional complex on DNA. Through computer-aided drug design we explored potential ligand binding sites and screened for compounds that could disrupt the assembly of the Notch transcriptional activation complex. Herein we report the identification and characterization of a small molecule inhibitor of the Notch transcriptional activation complex, termed Inhibitor of Mastermind Recruitment-1 (IMR-1). We demonstrate that IMR-1 disrupts the recruitment of Mastermind-like 1 (Maml1) to the Notch transcriptional activation complex on chromatin and thereby causes a decrease in Notch target gene transcription. Furthermore, IMR-1 inhibits the growth of Notch-dependent cell lines and significantly abrogates the growth of patient-derived tumor xenografts. Therefore, our data suggest that a novel class of Notch inhibitors targeting the transcriptional activation complex may represent a new paradigm for Notch-based anticancer therapeutics. Citation Format: Luisana Astudillo, Anthony J. Capobianco. A small molecule inhibitor of the Notch transcriptional activation complex. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Targeting the Vulnerabilities of Cancer; May 16-19, 2016; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(1_Suppl):Abstract nr A39.
Exploring the Subculture of Ideologically Motivated Cyber-Attackers:

Research on physical, that is, violent, terror attacks and extremism has increased dramatically over the last decade. The growth of the Internet and computer technology has also led to concern over...
The State(s) of Inequality: Changes in Income Distribution in the U.S. States and Census Divisions, 1976-2008

We study the changes in the distribution of income from 1976 to 2008 in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the nine Census Divisions, using annual data from the Current Population Survey. Most jurisdictions experienced an increase in household income inequality, although there are considerable differences in the precise patterns of disequalization. Many of the jurisdictions with the largest increases in inequality were in the Northeast, while many of the jurisdictions with small increases in inequality (or even small decreases) were in the South, the Plains, and the Rocky Mountains. In most jurisdictions, we document a pattern of divergence between the top and the middle of the income distribution, but we do not find a similar degree of divergence between the middle and bottom of the distribution. Thus the increases in overall inequality in most jurisdictions were dominated by changes in the upper half of the income distribution. Jurisdictions that started with a higher level of inequality tended to have lower rates of inequality growth. On the other hand, jurisdictions with more rapid disequalization during the first half of the period under study were not more likely to have more rapid disequalization during the second half. Our regression analysis indicates that jurisdictions with a higher proportion of high-school graduates tend to have a more equal income distribution, while jurisdictions with a higher proportion of college graduates tend to be more unequal. Jurisdictions with a relatively larger share of output from the services sector tend to experience greater inequality. A higher unemployment rate tends to add to inequality, while jurisdictions in which a relatively higher percentage of income comes from transfer payments tend to exhibit lower income inequality. JEL Codes: D63, R11, R12
American Heart Association e-Books Platform: A Review

ABSTRACTThe American Heart Association (AHA) is the nation’s primary provider of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and advanced and basic life support training. The AHA provides access to e-book versions of their training manuals and guidelines on these important topics for medical students and physicians. AHA e-books are available via Impelsys and its iPublishCentral Reader. Access is available online, offline, and via mobile app. This review describes the AHA e-book platform, including content, access, navigation, and subscription information for medical libraries.
Delayed dispersal and prolonged brood care in a family-living beetle.

Delayed juvenile dispersal is an important prerequisite for the evolution of family-based social systems, such as cooperative breeding and eusociality. In general, young adults forego dispersal if there are substantial benefits to remaining in the natal nest and/or the likelihood of dispersing and breeding successfully is low. We investigate some general factors thought to drive delayed juvenile dispersal in the horned passalus beetle, a family-living beetle in which young adults remain with their families in their natal nest for several months before dispersing. Fine scale population genetic structure indicated high gene flow between nest sites, suggesting that constraints on mobility are unlikely to explain philopatry. Young adults do not breed in their natal log and likely disperse before reaching breeding age, suggesting that they do not gain direct reproductive benefits from delayed dispersal. We also examined several ways in which parents might incentivize delayed dispersal by providing prolonged care to adult offspring. Although adult beetles inhibit fungal growth in the colony by manipulating both the nest-site and deceased conspecifics, this is unlikely to be a major explanation for family living since both parents and adult offspring seem capable of controlling fungal growth. Adult offspring that stayed with their family groups also neither gained more mass nor experienced faster exoskeleton development than those experimentally removed from their families. The results of these experiments suggest that our current understanding of the factors underlying prolonged family living may be insufficient to explain delayed dispersal in at least some taxa, particularly insects. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Harmonizing Molina’s rejection of transworld damnation with Craig’s solution to the problem of the unevangelized

Recent scholarship has demonstrated Molina’s rejection of transworld damnation, claiming instead that there is at least one feasible world where any individual is freely saved, lost, or does not exist. This article argues that one can subscribe to Molina’s doctrine of individual predestination while maintaining, with William Lane Craig, that no actual person who fails to hear the gospel and is lost would have been saved in some feasible world where s/he heard the gospel. As part of the divine deliberation, God could narrow down the spectrum of feasible worlds to a lower-order spectrum by factoring out worlds which, among other conditions, contain anyone who does not fall into either of two types. The first type comprises persons saved in at least one world where they receive only general revelation at the moment of salvation, lost in at least one world where they receive only general revelation, and lost in every world where they receive special revelation without first appropriating salvation through general revelation. The second type comprises persons saved in at least one world where they receive special revelation without first appropriating salvation through general revelation and lost in at least one comparable world.