cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anxiety characteristics independently and prospectively predict myocardial infarction in men the unique contribution of anxiety among psychologic factors.

Objectives This study investigated whether anxiety characteristics independently predicted the onset of myocardial infarction (MI) over an average of 12.4 years and whether this relationship was independent of other psychologic variables and risk factors. Background Although several psychosocial factors have been associated with risk for MI, anxiety has not been examined extensively. Earlier studies also rarely addressed whether the association between a psychologic variable and MI was specific and independent of other psychosocial correlates. Methods Participants were 735 older men (mean age 60 years) without a history of coronary disease or diabetes at baseline from the Normative Aging Study. Anxiety characteristics were assessed with 4 scales (psychasthenia, social introversion, phobia, and manifest anxiety) and an overall anxiety factor derived from these scales. Results Anxiety characteristics independently and prospectively predicted MI incidence after controlling for age, education, marital status, fasting glucose, body mass index, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure in proportional hazards models. The adjusted relative risk (95% confidence interval [CI]) of MI associated with each standard deviation increase in anxiety variable was 1.37 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.68) for psychasthenia, 1.31 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.63) for social introversion, 1.36 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.68) for phobia, 1.42 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.76) for manifest anxiety, and 1.43 (95% CI 1.17 to 1.75) for overall anxiety. These relationships remained significant after further adjusting for health behaviors (drinking, smoking, and caloric intake), medications for hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes during follow-up and additional psychologic variables (depression, type A behavior, hostility, anger, and negative emotion). Conclusions Anxiety-prone dispositions appear to be a robust and independent risk factor of MI among older men.
The efficacy of aerosol–cloud radiative perturbations from near-surface emissions in deep open-cell stratocumuli

Abstract. Aerosol–cloud radiative effects are determined and quantified in simulations of deep open-cell stratocumuli observed during the VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx) campaign off the west coast of Chile. The cloud deck forms in a boundary layer 1.5 km deep, with cell sizes reaching 50 km in diameter. Global databases of ship tracks suggest that these linear structures are seldom found in boundary layers this deep. Here, we quantify the changes in cloud radiative properties to a continuous aerosol point source moving along a fixed emission line releasing 10 17 particles per second. We show that a spatially coherent cloud perturbation is not evident along the emission line. Yet our model simulates an increase in domain-mean all-sky albedo of 0.05, corresponding to a diurnally averaged cloud radiative effect of 20 W m−2 , given the annual mean solar insolation at the VOCALS-REx site. Therefore, marked changes in cloud radiative properties in precipitating deep open cells may be driven by anthropogenic near-surface aerosol perturbations, such as those generated by ships. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these changes in cloud radiative properties are masked by the naturally occurring variability within the organised cloud field. A clear detection and attribution of cloud radiative effects to a perturbation in aerosol concentrations becomes possible when sub-filtering of the cloud field is applied, using the spatio-temporal distribution of the aerosol perturbation. Therefore, this work has implications for the detection and attribution of effective cloud radiative forcing in marine stratocumuli, which constitutes one of the major physical uncertainties within the climate system. Our results suggest that ships may sometimes have a substantial radiative effect on marine clouds and albedo, even when ship tracks are not readily visible.
Professional development for online faculty: instructors’ perspectives on cultivating technical, pedagogical and content knowledge in a distance program

In this qualitative case study, the researcher draws on interviews with 13 faculty in an online doctoral program to find out how professional development offerings strengthened distance instructors’ technical, pedagogical and content knowledge. Findings suggest that guided practice sessions in the virtual classroom strengthened newer faculty members’ technical knowledge. Biweekly meetings turned into a community of practice where newer and more experienced faculty could build content knowledge. Faculty in the distance program desired more professional development in the area of online pedagogy.
Nonlinear Control of Autonomous Flying Cars with Wings and Distributed Electric Propulsion

Hybrid vertical take-off and landing vehicles (VTOL) with lift production from wings and distributed propulsive system present unique control challenges. Existing methods tend to stitch and switch different controllers specially designed for fixed-wing aircraft or multicopters. In this paper, we present a unified framework for designing controllers for such winged VTOL vehicles that are commonly found in recent flying car models. The proposed method is broken down into nonlinear control of both position and attitude with forces and moments as inputs, and real-time control allocation that integrates distributed propulsive actuation with conventional control surface deflection. We also present a strategy that avoids saturation of distributed propulsion control inputs. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated through simulation and closed-loop flight experiment with our winged VTOL flying car prototype.
Job Placement Experience of Alumni from a 3-year CS Program

Computing educators entice students with information about stable, readily available, and lucrative careers in computing. Do our promises turn into reality for all students? We report on an in-depth alumni survey of 50 college graduates from a 3-year cohort-based program (CSin3), one year post-graduation. The majority of graduates from the two first cohorts surveyed are Hispanic, first-generation college students from a rural area in California. More than a third of the respondents (36%) are female. Notwithstanding the fast pace of the program (three years instead of the traditional four), the vast majority of graduates (88%) were full-time employed at the time of the survey and were hired less than 3 months after graduation, on average. The most common challenges that alumni reported facing professionally are: Work-life balance (36%) Cost of living (36%) Lack of diversity (25%), and Stress in current position (25%) (they could select multiple choices). While no correlation was found between GPA and job satisfaction level or annual salary, significant low grades in upper division programming courses were a common factor among unemployed alumni. We also examined differences, based on gender, in annual salary and job satisfaction level; intention to remain in the technology sector; their level of satisfaction about how well the CSin3 program prepared them professionally; correlation between job satisfaction level and choice of CS as a career; and factors and alumni's perceptions of what contributed to their success in the job market, such as their participation in an internship program and the academic enrichment activities.
Fourier-Transform Spectral Imaging Using Optical Diffraction Tomography

Fourier-transform spectroscopy is combined with optical diffraction tomography to reconstruct spatio-spectral distributions of the complex refractive index. We validate this technique by measuring spectral images of a dye-filled hollow-core fiber.
Older Cannabis Users Are Not All Alike: Lifespan Cannabis Use Patterns.

Although several studies have examined individual-level correlates of cannabis use in later life, there is scant evidence identifying heterogeneity among older users. Using data from Colorado, this...
The effect of surgical pain severity, preoperative opioid use and patient characteristics on postoperative opioid prescriptions and refills in orthopedic surgery.

Excessive opioid prescriptions after orthopedic surgery are common. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between surgical severity, preoperative opioid use and patient characteristics with postoperative opioid prescriptions and refills. Seventy-nine patients undergoing orthopedic surgeries were reviewed. Surgical pain severity was categorized as mild (n = 25), moderate (n = 26) and severe (n = 28). Patients were also categorized as opioid naive (n = 57), experienced (n = 16) and tolerant (n = 6). Postoperative and refill prescriptions were reviewed to determine morphine equivalent dose (MED) prescribed. Mild, moderate and severe pain surgeries received a median (interquartile range) equivalent of 20 (0, 30), 53 (33, 80) and 60 (45, 80) oxycodone 5 mg tablets, respectively. Excessive opioid prescriptions (> 400 MED) were given to 37 (46%) patients. There was no difference in the total discharge MED between moderate and severe pain surgeries or between opioid naive and opioid-experienced patients (p > 0.05). Variables associated with excessive postoperative opioid prescriptions on multivariate analysis-included severe pain surgery (odds ratio 7.7, 95% confidence interval 2 to 25; p I (odds ratio 11, 95% confidence interval: 1.3 to 92; p < 0.01) and preoperative pain VAS (odds ratio 1.2, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.4; p = 0.02). The adoption of opioid prescription guidelines is warranted to differentiate between surgical severities and decrease the range and size of postoperative opioid prescriptions.
Pain Severity and Alcohol Use Among Daily Tobacco Cigarette Smokers

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Pain is associated with hazardous alcohol use. Drinkers have reported using alcohol for pain-coping, and negative affect may be a key mechanism in pain-induced motivation to drink. However, no previous study has examined pain severity in relation to alcohol consumption, dependence, and alcohol-related consequences. Moreover, no studies have examined pain-alcohol interrelations among tobacco cigarette smokers. These secondary analyses tested the hypotheses that greater past 4-week pain severity would be positively associated with indices of hazardous drinking (ie, quantity/frequency, harmful use, and dependence), and that the current pain intensity would be positively/indirectly associated with the urge to drink via negative affect. METHODS Participants included 225 daily smokers (43% female; MCPD = 22) who completed the baseline session for a larger experimental study. RESULTS Every one-point increase in pain severity was associated with a 47% increased likelihood of hazardous drinking, and pain severity was positively associated with quantity/frequency of alcohol consumption, harmful patterns of drinking, and alcohol dependence level (Ps < .05). Pain intensity was indirectly associated with urge to drink via negative affect (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS These findings provide initial evidence that smokers with greater pain severity may also report hazardous patterns of alcohol use. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study to demonstrate that past 4-week pain severity may be one factor that maintains three conceptually distinct patterns of hazardous drinking among smokers. The current results also provide the first evidence that greater pain intensity may be associated with an increased urge to drink alcohol, via negative affect. (Am J Addict 2020;29:134-140).
Surgical outcomes in the Frequency, Etiology, Direction, and Severity (FEDS) classification system for shoulder instability.

Background The Frequency, Etiology, Direction, and Severity (FEDS) system was developed as a simple but reliable method for classifying shoulder instability based on 4 factors attainable by history and physical examination: frequency (solitary, occasional, or frequent); etiology (traumatic or atraumatic); direction (anterior, posterior, or inferior); and severity (subluxation or dislocation). This study investigated the epidemiology and 2-year surgical outcomes for the FEDS categories in the prospective Multicenter Orthopaedic Outcomes Network (MOON) Shoulder Instability cohort. Methods At the time of surgery, 1204 patients were assigned to the FEDS categories. Follow-up data were available for 636 of 734 patients (86.6%) who had undergone surgery at least 2 years prior to analysis. The most common categories were further analyzed by patient-reported outcomes (PROs) (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, Western Ontario Shoulder Instability index, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation scores) and rates of recurrent subluxation, recurrent dislocation, and revision surgery. Results Of the 36 FEDS categories, 16 represented at least 1% of patients. Occasional traumatic anterior dislocation (OTAD) was the most common category, with 16.4% of patients. Five other anterior categories (solitary traumatic anterior subluxation, occasional traumatic anterior subluxation [OTAS], frequent traumatic anterior subluxation [FTAS], solitary traumatic anterior dislocation, and frequent traumatic anterior dislocation) and one posterior category (solitary traumatic posterior subluxation [STPS]) represented at least 5% of patients. PROs improved significantly for each category. The highest rates of recurrent subluxation occurred in FTAS, OTAS, and OTAD cases; dislocation, OTAS and FTAS cases; and further surgery, OTAD cases. The lowest rates of failure occurred in STPS cases. Downward trends in PROs and higher failure rates were noted with an increasing number of preoperative dislocations. Conclusion Different FEDS categories showed varying degrees of improvement and failure rates, indicating that the system can be used to provide prognostic insight for presurgical education. Overall, outcomes decreased with a higher number of preoperative dislocations.
Fetal Aortic Valvuloplasty for Evolving Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: A Decision Analysis.

Background: Fetal aortic valvuloplasty (FAV) may prevent progression of midgestation aortic stenosis to hypoplastic left heart syndrome. However, FAV has well-established risks, and its survival be...
Luminescent lanthanide complexes with a pyridine-bis(carboxamide)-bithiophene sensitizer showing wavelength-dependent singlet oxygen generation

A new pyridine-bis(carboxamide)-based ligand with a bithiophene pendant, 2Tcbx, was synthesized. Its lanthanide ion (LnIII) complexes, [Ln(2Tcbx)2]3+, were isolated and their photophysical properties were explored. Upon excitation at 360 nm, these complexes display emission in the near-infrared (NIR) with efficiencies of 0.69% for LnIII = YbIII, 0.20% for LnIII = NdIII, and 0.01% for LnIII = ErIII, respectively. Concurrent 1O2 formation was seen for all complexes, with efficiencies of 19% for the YbIII complex, 25% for the NdIII complex, and 9% for the ErIII complex. When exciting at a longer wavelength, 435 nm, only LnIII emission was observed and larger efficiencies of LnIII-centered emission were obtained. The lack of 1O2 generation indicates that energy pathways involving different ligand conformations, which were investigated by transient absorption spectroscopy, are involved in the sensitization process, and enable the wavelength-dependent generation of 1O2.
Chapter 10 – UNSOLVED PROBLEMS

Publisher Summary Although various sophisticated, recondite, and specialized terminology can confuse a situation, the fact is that very many pattern and configuration problems become graphical in nature when properly reformulated. Furthermore, the conceptual difficulty of a problem is more easily identified when recast in terms of graphs or variations on graphs. This chapter presents a wide range of graphical enumeration problems containing adequate material to occupy research scholars for generations. Usually, the labeled case is more manageable than the unlabeled case because there is less symmetry involved. However, there are two notable exceptions for which unlabeled configurations have been counted but not the labeled ones: (1) labeled self-converse digraphs and (2) labeled self-complementary graphs.
Role of Collagen Fiber Morphology on Ovarian Cancer Cell Migration Using Image-Based Models of the Extracellular Matrix

Remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important part in the development and progression of many epithelial cancers. However, the biological significance of collagen alterations in ovarian cancer has not been well established. Here we investigated the role of collagen fiber morphology on cancer cell migration using tissue engineered scaffolds based on high-resolution Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG) images of ovarian tumors. The collagen-based scaffolds are fabricated by multiphoton excited (MPE) polymerization, which is a freeform 3D method affording submicron resolution feature sizes (~0.5 µm). This capability allows the replication of the collagen fiber architecture, where we constructed models representing normal stroma, high-risk tissue, benign tumors, and high-grade tumors. These were seeded with normal and ovarian cancer cell lines to investigate the separate roles of the cell type and matrix morphology on migration dynamics. The primary finding is that key cell-matrix interactions such as motility, cell spreading, f-actin alignment, focal adhesion, and cadherin expression are mainly determined by the collagen fiber morphology to a larger extent than the initial cell type. Moreover, we found these aspects were all enhanced for cells on the highly aligned, high-grade tumor model. Conversely, the weakest corresponding responses were observed on the more random mesh-like normal stromal matrix, with the partially aligned benign tumor and high-risk models demonstrating intermediate behavior. These results are all consistent with a contact guidance mechanism. These models cannot be synthesized by other conventional fabrication methods, and we suggest this approach will enable a variety of studies in cancer biology.
Neighborhood Disadvantage and Children’s Cognitive Skill Trajectories

This study examined how neighborhood poverty is associated with children's trajectories of growth in math and reading skills in early elementary school, and how these associations vary by student characteristics, using multilevel growth models with nationally representative data from the 2011 Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort. About one-quarter (25.6%) of children lived in communities of concentrated poverty. Findings suggest that achievement gaps by neighborhood disadvantage are large and present before Kindergarten, shrink during the Kindergarten year, but then widen the year following, and remain relatively consistent in the first years of elementary school. Growth in math skills appeared to vary more with neighborhood poverty than growth in reading skills. There was limited evidence that the relationship between neighborhood poverty and test score trajectories varied by child race, ethnicity, early education and Kindergarten experience, and parents' immigration status, but growth differences across student characteristics were small. Policy and research implications are discussed.
What Does a Provider Network Do? Evidence from Random Assignment in Medicaid Managed Care

A distinguishing feature of health insurance plans in the United States is the breadth of their provider networks. To study how provider networks impact consumers, I leverage a natural experiment in New York where 50,000 Medicaid recipients were randomly assigned to plans with different provider networks. Assignment to a narrower network reduced healthcare spending and consumer satisfaction, but not quality. I then examine the mechanisms by which narrower networks affect consumers and propose an alternative assignment policy that reduces spending without harming satisfaction. This is achieved by matching recipients with narrower networks that nevertheless include their usual source of care.
Equity, Culture, and Place in Teaching Paleontology: Student-Centered Pedagogy for Broadening Participation

The diversity crisis in paleontology refers not to modern biota or the fossil record, but rather how our discipline lacks significant representation of individuals varying in race, ethnicity, and other aspects of identity. This Element is a call to action for broadening participation through improved classroom approaches as described in four sections. First, a brief review of the crisis and key concepts are presented. Next, culturally responsive pedagogy and related practices are introduced. Third, specific applications are offered for drawing cultural connections to studying the fossil record. Finally, recommendations including self-reflection are provided for fostering your own cultural competency. Our discipline offers much for understanding earth history and contributing new knowledge to a world impacted by humans. However, we must first more effectively welcome, support, and inspire all students to embrace meaning and value in paleontology; it is critical for securing the future of our field.
Using internal memory representations in associative learning to study hallucination-like phenomenon

Studies of Pavlovian conditioning have enriched our understanding of how relations among events can adaptively guide behavior through the formation and use of internal mental representations. In this review, we illustrate how internal representations flexibly integrate new updated information in reinforcer revaluation to influence relationships to impact actions and outcomes. We highlight representation-mediated learning to show the similarities in properties and functions between internally generated and directly activated representations, and how normal perception of internal representations could contribute to hallucinations. Converging evidence emerges from recent behavioral and neural activation studies using animal models of schizophrenia as well as clinical studies in patients to support increased tendencies in these populations to evoke internal representations from prior associative experience that approximate hallucination-like percepts. The heightened propensity is dependent on dopaminergic activation which is known to be sensitive to hippocampal overexcitability, a condition that has been observed in patients with psychosis. This presents a network that overlaps with cognitive neural circuits and offers a fresh approach for the development of therapeutic interventions targeting psychosis.
Parenteral Prostacyclin Use in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Parenteral prostacyclin therapy is first-line for Group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension patients with severely limited functional status. There are two current pharmacologic options in this realm, intravenous epoprostenol and intravenous or subcutaneous treprostinil. In this chapter, we will discuss similarities and differences between the two formulations, present practical knowledge for prescribing these therapies, and outline the current indications and the data supporting those recommendations. We will dissect the components of the clinical trials that exist in this realm and controversies therein. Lastly, we will discuss the timing of initiation of therapy, as well as patient-focused concerns and challenges with parenteral therapy.
[18F]-C-SNAT4: an improved caspase-3-sensitive nanoaggregation PET tracer for imaging of tumor responses to chemo- and immunotherapies.

Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of apoptosis can noninvasively detect cell death in vivo and assist in monitoring tumor response to treatment in patients. While extensive efforts have been devoted to addressing this important need, no apoptosis PET imaging agents have yet been approved for clinical use. This study reports an improved 18F-labeled caspase-sensitive nanoaggregation tracer ([18F]-C-SNAT4) for PET imaging of tumor response to chemo- and immunotherapies in preclinical mouse models. We rationally designed and synthesized a new PET tracer [18F]-C-SNAT4 to detect cell death both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro radiotracer uptake studies were performed on drug-sensitive and -resistant NSCLC cell lines (NCI-H460 and NCI-H1299, respectively) treated with cisplatin at different doses. In vivo therapy response monitoring by [18F]-C-SNAT4 PET imaging was evaluated with two treatment modalities—chemotherapy and immunotherapy in two tumor xenografts in mice. Radiotracer uptake in the tumors was validated ex vivo using γ-counting and cleaved caspase-3 immunofluorescence. This [18F]-C-SNAT4 PET tracer was facilely synthesized and displayed improved serum stability profiles. [18F]-C-SNAT4 cellular update was elevated in NCI-H460 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, which correlated well with cell death. A significant increase in [18F]-C-SNAT4 uptake was measured in NCI-H460 tumor xenografts in mice. In contrast, a rapid clearance of [18F]-C-SNAT4 was observed in drug-resistant NCI-H1299 in vitro and in tumor xenografts. Moreover, in BALB/C mice bearing murine colon cancer CT26 tumor xenografts receiving checkpoint inhibitors, [18F]-C-SNAT4 showed its ability for monitoring immunotherapy-induced apoptosis and reporting treatment-responding mice from non-responding. The uptake of [18F]-C-SNAT4 in tumors received chemotherapy and immunotherapy is positively correlated with the tumor apoptotic level and the treatment efficacy. [18F]-C-SNAT4 PET imaging can monitor tumor response to two different treatment modalities and predict the therapeutic efficacy in preclinical mouse models.
Monitoring of corrosion effects in pipes with multi-mode acoustic signals

Abstract Current commercial long-range guided wave inspection and monitoring technologies for pipes usually require establishment of certain specific acoustic modes for wave propagation and use a large number of sensors in a certain geometric arrangement (for example, uniformly-spaced arrays of sensors on a collar, placed around a pipe). This paper, in contrast, presents a long-range corrosion detection method in pipes based on multi-mode guided acoustic waves, generated and received using simple, single-element sensors. In this technique, available guided wave modes in any interrogated zone of the structure are automatically down-selected by the medium, and changes in energy distribution over the selected modes are analyzed through signal processing to monitor material loss or addition. To investigate the feasibility of the proposed method, we have performed both experimental and numerical simulation studies on 50.8-mm (2-in)-diameter schedule-40 carbon steel pipes. In these studies, a linear chirp signal is injected in compression mode, perpendicular to the surface of the pipe, generating multi-mode, multi-directional guided waves that travel within the pipe wall. Corrosion effects in the pipes are simulated numerically and experimentally. To reduce errors in the measurement technique due to changes in the local or global temperature of the measured media, a universal temperature compensation algorithm is introduced. The experimental results show good agreement with simulation results, indicating that the proposed multi-mode wave generation and detection in a pipe could be used for long-range detection and monitoring of corrosion effects, such as pipe wall losses or solid material deposits.
Teledermatology in Military Settings

This review summarizes the history and usage of teledermatology in the US Military and potential directions in the future. Given the remote and austere environment that operational settings present, it is hard to provide specialized medical care for soldiers who are deployed. Telemedicine has been shown to improve health care in the military. It is well documented that non-life-threatening skin disease comprises the majority of specialty care requests in the deployed setting. Thus, teledermatology is a critical resource in military operational medical settings. Teledermatology continues as a critical component of military medicine to preserve the fighting forces by increasing access to specialty care. Teledermatology evaluations are more cost-effective and efficient than in-person consults at field hospitals. The US military continues to devise improved technology for teledermatology quality, including artificial intelligence. These advances may allow for autonomous teledermatology consults in the future for austere settings without bandwidth.
Visual Explanations from Spiking Neural Networks using Interspike Intervals

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) compute and communicate with asynchronous binary temporal events that can lead to significant energy savings with neuromorphic hardware. Recent algorithmic efforts on training SNNs have shown competitive performance on a variety of classification tasks. However, a visualization tool for analysing and explaining the internal spike behavior of such temporal deep SNNs has not been explored. In this paper, we propose a new concept of bio-plausible visualization for SNNs, called Spike Activation Map (SAM). The proposed SAM circumvents the non-differentiable characteristic of spiking neurons by eliminating the need for calculating gradients to obtain visual explanations. Instead, SAM calculates a temporal visualization map by forward propagating input spikes over different time-steps. SAM yields an attention map corresponding to each time-step of input data by highlighting neurons with short inter-spike interval activity. Interestingly, without both the backpropagation process and the class label, SAM highlights the discriminative region of the image while capturing fine-grained details. With SAM, for the first time, we provide a comprehensive analysis on how internal spikes work in various SNN training configurations depending on optimization types, leak behavior, as well as when faced with adversarial examples.
Women in Behavior Analysis: A Review of the Literature

Women have played, and continue to play, an important role in behavior analysis. Their participation as authors of journal articles and as journal editors was first quantified in 1983 and has been the topic of several subsequent articles. Other articles have addressed other aspects of women’s participation in the discipline, but no review of articles concerned with women in behavior analysis has appeared. The present review (a) describes articles that quantified the participation of women, (b) presents a novel data set providing an updated overview of women’s participation in eight behavior-analytic journals, (c) reviews suggestions from prominent female behavior analysts, (d) discusses other topics that pertain to the participation of women, (e) presents data describing the gender of authors who have written about women in behavior analysis, and (f) makes suggestions for future research. Women’s participation in behavior analysis has increased greatly over the past half-century. The articles we review clearly document that increase and may have contributed to it, although that contribution is speculative.
Dynamic-TinyBERT: Boost TinyBERT's Inference Efficiency by Dynamic Sequence Length

Limited computational budgets often prevent transformers from being used in production and from having their high accuracy utilized. TinyBERT addresses the computational efficiency by self-distilling BERT into a smaller transformer representation having fewer layers and smaller internal embedding. However, TinyBERT's performance drops when we reduce the number of layers by 50%, and drops even more abruptly when we reduce the number of layers by 75% for advanced NLP tasks such as span question answering. Additionally, a separate model must be trained for each inference scenario with its distinct computational budget. In this work we present Dynamic-TinyBERT, a TinyBERT model that utilizes sequence-length reduction and Hyperparameter Optimization for enhanced inference efficiency per any computational budget. Dynamic-TinyBERT is trained only once, performing on-par with BERT and achieving an accuracy-speedup trade-off superior to any other efficient approaches (up to 3.3x with <1% loss-drop). Upon publication, the code to reproduce our work will be open-sourced.
Favorable NK cell activity after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in stage IV relapsed Ewing’s sarcoma patients

Natural killer (NK) cell activity has been shown to have potential activity against Ewing's sarcoma (EWS) especially in tumors with low HLA I expression and high NKG2D expression. Two patients with metastatic relapsed and primary metastatic stage IV EWS who had received two courses of high dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue were transplanted from a haploidentical parental stem cell donor. Patients are alive in ongoing CR for 10.2 and 3.4 years now. Post transplant local second and first relapses were treated successfully in both patients. In vivo IL-2 stimulation not only increased the number and activity of effector cells in one patient but was also associated with severe GvHD. In vitro studies demonstrated high NK cell activity against K562 and relevant activity against EWS cell line A673 post transplant. NK activity was enhanced by cytokine prestimulation as well as by EWS targeting anti-GD2 Ab. Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) might contribute to long-term survival by NK cell-mediated effect exerted by donor-derived NK cells. Local tumor recurrence was manageable in both high-risk patients indicating systemic immune control preventing subsequent metastasizing. The efficacy of haploidentical HSCT, cytokine application and tumor targeting antibodies for the use of Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity needs evaluation in clinical trials.
Power Indices in Politics

“Political science, as an empirical discipline, is the study of the shaping and sharing of power” (Lasswell and Kaplan in Power and Society, 1950).
The Mandate for Interdisciplinarity in Science Education: The Case of Economic and Environmental Sciences.

Science educators often miss an opportunity to encourage the cognitive leaps associated with the formation of networks of meaning when they deliver scientific concepts as solitary sets of received wisdom. Interdisciplinary science education provides a rich setting for encouraging this formation of meaning within the minds of the students. A wonderful example of this rich interdisciplinary setting can be found when environmental science is informed by the study of economics within the classroom. The usefulness of particular concepts in economic science for environmental science is illustrative of what science students can gain from learning science in an interdisciplinary setting.
Calligraphy on self-assembled monolayer of supramolecules

Information storage utilizing the bi-stable state of organic molecules has been a hot topic in molecular electronics, due to the promising future of single molecule devices. We demonstrated in this paper nanometer-scale pattern generation on the self-assembled monolayer of [2]rotaxane. The organic molecules are covalently bonded to the Au(111) surface of the substrate through the di-thiol groups at one end of the molecules. Electric bias was applied between the Au substrate and the conductive tip of a scanning probe microscope to stimulate the pattern generation. The line width and apparent height of the pattern is related to the bias voltage and there exists a threshold, below which no pattern can be generated.
Site-specific Mutations in a Loop Region of the C-terminal Domain of the Large Subunit of Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase That Influence Substrate Partitioning.

Amino acids composing a flexible loop (loop 6) of the eight-stranded barrel domain of the L-subunit of Synechococcus ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39) involved in reaction intermediate stabilization have been modified by site-specific mutagenesis. Changes at positions both distant and within the active site affect overall catalysis and substrate partitioning. Most significantly, replacement of the active site Lys (Lys-334) with Arg at the apex of the loop almost completely suppressed the carboxylase activity of the enzyme relative to oxygenation, with only a modest reduction in overall catalysis. Val-331 and Thr-342, more distant from the active site but with interacting side chains, were changed to larger and smaller residues with differential effects on both turnover and substrate partitioning. Substitution of the loop with the sequence found in more efficient carboxylases only increased partitioning marginally when accompanied by alterations in the C-terminal tail of the L-subunit that interacts with the loop. Generally, modifications to the loop composition also affected enediol formation, the first step of catalysis, suggesting that the geometry and hence flexibility of this segment affect more than just stabilization of the intermediates immediately following reaction with CO2 or O2.
Intellectual Discourse and the Politics of Modernization: Islam as a modernizing ideology: Al-e Ahmad and Shari'ati

Introduction In this chapter I will discuss the discourse of authenticity through close examination of the works of Jalal Al-e Ahmad and Ali Shari'ati, two of the most influential intellectuals in the Iranian politics of the last half century. Both Al-e Ahmad and Shari'ati played major roles in the effort to articulate a local, Islamic modernity as a blueprint for revolutionary social change. For Al-e Ahmad, this effort is sparked by disillusionment with the socialist Tudeh Party's capitulation to Soviet demands. Al-e Ahmad articulates a powerful critique of the hegemonic power of the West centered around the concept of “Westoxication” ( Gharbzadegi ). This critique attacks Iranian secular intellectuals as complicit in Western power, and incapable of effectively constructing an authentically Iranian modernity. Al-e Ahmad argues that a “return” to an “authentic” Islamic culture is necessary if Iran is to avoid the homogenizing and alienating forces of socio-technological modernization. Yet, the “return” advocated by Al-e Ahmad was a rather complicated political discourse. Ahmad's populist Islam would not reject modernization as such, but would seek to reimagine modernity in accordance with Iranian–Islamic tradition, symbolism, and identities. Ali Shari'ati continues and extends Al-e Ahmad's critique by articulating a positive theory of Islamic ideology as a modernizing force. Convinced of the necessity of an ideological basis in the struggle for Iranian national liberation, Shari'ati draws liberally from Marxism to construct a populist and activist Islam. Shari'ati urges “good” Muslims to overthrow the corrupt social order, an idea which resonated with Iranian students and youth. Shari'ati's discourse does not seek to uphold binaries between East/West, but to foster a dialogue between the two in order to articulate a viable modernity.
Electronic Structure of CuCl4-3, CuCl4-4, and CuCl4-2 Clusters

Electronic properties are obtained of CuCl, CuCl, and CuCl Clusters using the SCF Xα multiple-scattered wave method. The calculation shows that the “cluster band gap energy” in the CuCl clusters is 3.6 eV, fortuitously close to the experimental direct band gap of 3.4 eV of CuCl. Cu0 in CuCl introduces a “donor” level at Vc − 0.3 eV. In CuCl the energy levels corresponding to the upper valence bands of CuCl almost overlap and the energy gap widens substantially. The energy level 3t2 with a hole is almost at the same level as that of 1t1 of other clusters. A significant Cu 3d–Cl p hybridization is introduced in CuCl. Es werden die elektronischen Eigenschaften von CuCl-, CuCl- und CuCl-Cluster mit der SCF Xα-Mehrfachstreuwellenmethode erhalten. Die Berechnungen zeigen, das die „Cluster-Bandluckenenergie” im CuCl-Cluster 3,6 eV betragt, uberraschend dicht zur experimentellen direkten Bandlucke von 3,4 eV von CuCl. Cu0 in CuCl- fuhrt ein „Donator”-Niveau bei Vc, − 0,3 eV ein. In CuCl uberlappen sich meist die Energieniveaus, die den oberen Valenzbandern von CuCl entsprechen und die Energielucke verbreitert sich substantiell. Das Energieniveau 3t2 mit einem Loch ist fast dasselbe Niveau wie das 1t1 der anderen Cluster. Eine signifikante Cu 3d–Cl p-Hybridisierung wird in CuCl eingefuhrt.
Primary structure of transfer RNA.

The primary structures of fourteen different tRNAs are compared and a generalized structure is proposed which might apply to all tRNA molecules.
The Implications for Libraries of Research on the Reading of Children

L'article donne un resume de ce que l'on sait sur l'enseignement de la lecture chez les jeunes et, en particulier, de ce qui touche au role de la bibliotheque dans l'environnement social de l'enfant. Il decrit quelques grandes etudes faites aux Etats-Unis sur la lecture et les jeunes. La recherche sur la lecture comporte trois grands domaines: 1) la lecture comme une integration de nombreux processus appris 2) les influences de l'environnement sur la lecture 3) l'investigation des pratiques scolaires, en particulier celles qui decoulent d'etudes sur l'enseignement et de tests. L'auteur conclut en discutant des implications de cette recherche pour les bibliotheques et les bibliothecaires concernes par le developpement d'une societe lettree
Stabilization of a microwave oscillator using a resonance Raman transition in a sodium beam

Abstract Preliminary results of stabilization of a 1772 MHz oscillator to a Resonance Raman transition in an atomic beam of sodium are presented. Short term stability of 5.6 x 10 -11 ( τ = 100 s ) for a 15 cm interaction region separation has been achieved. Sources of frequency drift are briefly discussed.
Solid tumor models for the assessment of different treatment modalities: VIII. The scheduling of treatment for a chemotherapeutically resistant experimental solid tumor.

Single, large doses of adriamycin, cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) have been compared to the same amount of drug given in divided doses daily over a 3 or 5 day period in a solid tumor model which metastasizes to the regional lymph nodes and lungs. No significant increase in life expectancy occurred following adriamycin or cyclophosphamide. However, a significant reduction in life expectancy occurred after 5 fractionated doses of 5-FU but not after the large single dose. The increase in mortality following fractionated doses of 5-FU is attributed to the prolongation of the onset of recovery of bone marrow. Tumor volume reduction following a single dose of each agent was equal to or greater than the fractionated doses. The results of these studies on this chemotherapeutically resistant solid tumor indicate that small daily fractionated doses of adriamycin, cyclophosphamide or 5-FU result in increased morbidity and mortality without therapeutic benefit in tumor control. The time sequence of recovery of the limiting organ of the host (i.e., bone marrow) is similar to the time sequence of recovery of the tumor. Large intermittent single doses of chemotherapeutic agents given following recovery of the host from a previous treatment would be expected to be less toxic to the host and equally effective in control of tumor growth. None of the 3 chemotherapeutic agents was successful in tumor eradication. Previous studies of this series have shown that the utilization of sequential chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy can be successfully used for eradication of another solid tumor which did not metastasize. A similar therapeutic strategy using sequential combined modality therapy should also be effective in the control of the primary H-4-II-E tumor as well as its metastatic dissemination. Information gained from these experimental studies should eventually provide information which should be helpful in the clinical management of chemotherapeutically resistant solid tumors in man.
Heat waves in the United States: definitions, patterns and trends

High temperatures and heat waves are related but not synonymous concepts. Heat waves, generally understood to be acute periods of extreme warmth, are relevant to a wide range of stakeholders because of the impacts that these events have on human health and activities and on natural environments. Perhaps because of the diversity of communities engaged in heat wave monitoring and research, there is no single, standard definition of a heat wave. Experts differ in which threshold values (absolute versus relative), duration and ancillary variables to incorporate into heat wave definitions. While there is value in this diversity of perspectives, the lack of a unified index can cause confusion when discussing patterns, trends, and impacts. Here, we use data from the North American Land Data Assimilation System to examine patterns and trends in 15 previously published heat wave indices for the period 1979–2011 across the Continental United States. Over this period the Southeast region saw the highest number of heat wave days for the majority of indices considered. Positive trends (increases in number of heat wave days per year) were greatest in the Southeast and Great Plains regions, where more than 12 % of the land area experienced significant increases in the number of heat wave days per year for the majority of heat wave indices. Significant negative trends were relatively rare, but were found in portions of the Southwest, Northwest, and Great Plains.
Mobile phase effects on aromatic hydroxyl compounds with an aminopropyl column and interpretation by the Snyder model

Abstract The Snyder chromatographic model was employed to correlate and interpret the retention data of hydroxyl aromatics on a high-performance aminopropyl bonded-phase column. Several n-heptane-2-propanol and n-heptane-ethyl acetate mobile phases were used to obtain the retention data. Plots of the logarithm of the capacity factor (log k′) vs. solvent strength and log k′ vs. log (mole fraction of the strong solvent) showed good linearity for all the hydroxyl aromatics studied. Because a value of the solvent strength for 2-propanol on the aminopropyl bonded-phase was not available, the solvent strength for 2-propanol on silica was used in an empirical fashion. The slopes from the plots of log k′ vs. solvent strength for ethyl acetate from an aminopropyl bonded-phase column were used to obtain experimental areas of the solutes. The experimental molecular areas were compared with calculated values, and the results showed that the localization of the solutes and the polarity of the mobile phases were important considerations. The results also indicated that the n-heptane-ethyl acetate data correlated very well with the Snyder model.
The histological effects of composite resin materials on the pulps of monkey teeth

Pulpal response of three bis glycol methacrylate composite resins. Smile®, Simulate® and Experimental Composite #2 were tested on primary and permanent monkey teeth using zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) and silicate as controls. All materials were placed in Class V cavity preparations in Rhesus monkey teeth and evaluated at 3 days and 5 and 8 weeks. The materials were randomly placed in anterior and posterior teeth utilizing 75 primary and 75 permanent teeth. Following perfusion the teeth were prepared by routine histological procedures. The 3 day response of the composite resins was moderate, characterized by disruption of the odontoblasts, vacuolization and a mild inflammatory response underlying the cavity. At 5 weeks the formation of reparative dentin and a decrease in the inflammatory response was similar for all resins observed. At 8 weeks a slight increase in reparative dentin and a continued decrease in inflammation was noted when compared to the 5 week responses. At all time intervals ZOE produced the least pulpal response while silicate produced the most severe response.