cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A sharp result on the exponential operator-norm decay of a family of strongly continuous semigroups

Given a familyTh(t) of strongly continuous semigroups on a Banach spaceX, we give a sharp result on the exponential decay inL(X) of the family, which is uniform in the parameterh. Sharpness is shown by means of counterexamples. This result generalizes a well-known and very useful criterion of stability of a single strongly continuous semigroup. The obtained generalization plays a critical role in a variety of applications, from approximation theory to regularization theory.
Addictive Economies: Extractive Industries and Vulnerable Localities in a Changing World Economy

Abstract Raw material extraction once offered an effective route to economic development, but societal relationships with environment and technology have changed so fundamentally that extractive industries today appear more likely to lead rural regions to economic addiction. Key characteristics of addictive activities include rising costs of operation at most extractive facilities, combined with downward trends in world commodity prices. Key characteristics of vulnerable communities and regions include increasing geographic isolation, imbalances of scale and power with respect to extractive industries, and the absence of realistic alternatives for diversified development. Key pressures toward addiction are created by ambiguities that mask the addictive tendencies, including ambiguities of price signals, of employment and development possibilities for remote regions, and of resource exhaustion. The net result is that, while the encouragement to develop extractive industries is often coupled with advice to avoid developing an excessive dependency on a single economic sector, the very regions and nations having the greatest need to hear such advice may also have the lowest realistic ability to respond to it.
Enhanced hydrogenation in a reverse flow chromatographic reactor

An experimental study of the reverse flow chromatographic reactor is carried with the equilibrium limited hydrogenation of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (mesitylene, MES) to 1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane. The reaction is pseudo first-order when carried out in excess hydrogen. A simple experimental setup is used to evaluate the effects of carrier flow, reactant feed concentration, and amount of catalyst on conversion. Conversions exceeding the thermodynamic equilibrium conversion are obtained for a wide variety of switching times, catalyst amounts, carrier flow rates, and reactant concentrations, showing the robustness of the system. While the qualitative features of the process can be predicted for a simple linear adsorption equilibrium model, the experimental results are best fitted by assuming a linear adsorption isotherm combined with an adjusted interfacial mass-transfer resistance. The experimental results are very similar to those reported in previous research of the same reaction in a simulated moving-bed chromatographic reactor. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Morphological analysis of endocytosis in efferent ductules of estrogen receptor-α knockout male mouse

Lack of estrogen receptor (ER) results in fluid accumulation and dilation of the efferent ductules, suggesting that the role of estrogen and ER in the male reproductive tract is related to fluid reabsorption in the ductules. In the present study, endocytosis of the nonciliated cells of the efferent ductules was compared morphologically between wild type (WT) and estrogen receptor-α knockout (αERKO) male mice. The epithelial cells lining the WT efferent ductules were tall columnar in shape, whereas those of the αERKO were low columnar. Immunocytochemically, the nonciliated cells of both genotypes showed positive reactions of sulfated glycoprotein-2, but the reaction products were reduced in amount in the αERKO. Electron microscopy revealed that the nonciliated cells of the WT had numerous organelles for endocytosis such as coated pits and vesicles, tubules, endosomes, multivesicular bodies and lysosomes in the apical cytoplasm. These organelles were less developed in the nonciliated cells of the αERKO. Morphometric analysis indicated that there was a significant reduction in area of endocytotic apparatus in the nonciliated cells of the αERKO compared with that of the WT. A tracer study using gold particles demonstrated that the nonciliated cells of both WT and αERKO efferent ductules were capable of taking up luminal contents. These results suggest that reabsorption of the luminal contents via endocytosis takes place in the efferent ductules but is greatly reduced in amount in the absence of ERα. Anat Rec 263:10–18, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Prenatal diagnosis of Klippel-Trénaunay-Weber syndrome as a cause for in utero heart failure and severe postnatal sequelae.

Ultrasound examination led to prenatal diagnosis of Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome complicated by early fetal congestive heart failure. The postnatal course was complicated by the Kasabach-Merritt syndrome of thrombocytopenia due to platelet consumption within the haemangioma. There was need for neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation and limb amputation.
Accuracy and precision study in vitro for peripheral quantitative computed tomography

We evaluated the accuracy and precision of a peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) scanner, the Stratec XCT-960, using 12 human cadaveric forearms. The accuracy was determined by comparing the total bone mineral content (BMC) with the ash weight (AW). We scanned and ashed three consecutive slices (thickness 2.5 mm) at the standard position (s-position) and at 2.5 mm both proximal and distal to the s-position. The correlation coefficient between the AW and total BMC using slices at the s-position wasr=0.87 with an accuracy error (random component) of 15.5%. The correlation coefficient using all slices wasr=0.90 with an accuracy error of 14.3%. The correlation coefficient improved tor=0.95 with an accuracy error of 9.7% after averaging the results of all three slices for each forearm. The short-term precision error expressed as the coefficient of variation (CV) of bone mineral density (BMD) and BMC was determined by measuring the forearms five times either with repositioning or without repositioning. The CVs with repositioning were 2.77 and 1.15 for total BMD and BMC, 1.85 for trabecular BMD; without repositioning they were 0.29, 0.58 and 0.69 respectively. To further evaluate the influence of positioning, additional scans were performed at 1, 2 and 5 mm proximal, and 1 and 2 mm distal to the s-position. BMD and BMC were greatly influenced by the scan location; for example, the percentage differences in trabecular BMD 1 mm distal and proximal relative to the s-position were 2.5%±5.1% and 0.18%±6.3%, respectively. The Stratec XCT-960 appears to be a moderately accurate and highly precise scanner with potential usefulness for evaluating BMC and BMD of ultradistal radius.
An examination of summertime cyclone transport processes during Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment (INTEX‐A)

[1] Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are important mechanisms for transporting pollution during the cool season. These airstreams distribute surface emissions throughout the troposphere, playing a major role in the long-range transport of chemical species. Previous efforts to understand the lofting of WCBs have not investigated the relative importance of vertical forcing. In this study, we use fine resolution model-derived meteorological data, air parcel trajectories, flux calculations, and a diagnostic package for weather systems to perform a focused investigation of WCBs during the warm season INTEX-A period. Lifting and transport mechanisms during INTEX-A are compared to a well-documented cool season WCB case in the literature. Results show that weak, midlatitude cyclones are capable of producing vertical transport as great or greater than much stronger cyclones. An analysis of forcing terms contributing to vertical motion reveals that the Laplacian of latent heat release is the primary contributor to vertical motion during some cases of INTEX-A. The latent heating term is found to be greatest in areas of deep convection. This convection allows weak cyclones to produce WCB-like transport. WCB pathways are similar for the cases studied. In each example, air which originates far south of the low in the warm sector ascends to the north and joins the upper level westerly flow northeast of the low center. Although the transport pathways are similar, the forcing mechanism and location of maximum vertical transport are found to exhibit strong case-to-case variability. When cyclone-scale dynamics are relatively weak, widespread deep convection, especially south of the cyclone's center, is necessary to produce transport resembling a WCB.
Electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) reveals water and phosphate interactions with the KcsA potassium channel.

Electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) spectroscopy is a well-established technique for the study of naturally occurring paramagnetic metal centers. The technique has been used to study copper complexes, hemes, enzyme mechanisms, micellar water content, and water permeation profiles in membranes, among other applications. In the present study, we combine ESEEM spectroscopy with site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) and X-ray crystallography in order to evaluate the technique’s potential as a structural tool to describe the native environment of membrane proteins. Using the KcsA potassium channel as a model system, we demonstrate that deuterium ESEEM can detect water permeation along the lipid-exposed surface of the KcsA outer helix. We further demonstrate that 31P ESEEM is able to identify channel residues that interact with the phosphate headgroup of the lipid bilayer. In combination with X-ray crystallography, the 31P data may be used to define the phosphate interaction surface of the protein. The ...
Sensitivity of dynamical systems to Banach space parameters

We consider general nonlinear dynamical systems in a Banach space with dependence on parameters in a second Banach space. An abstract theoretical framework for sensitivity equations is developed. An application to measure dependent delay differential systems arising in a class of HIV models is presented.
Efficacy of Five Standards in Raising Student Achievement: Findings from Three Studies.

The authors reported findings from 3 studies examining the efficacy of Five Standards pedagogy in raising student achievement. Studies 1 and 2 were randomized designs; Study 3 was a quasi-experimental design. Samples included 53 teachers and 622 predominantly low-income Latino students in Grades 1-4. Studies assessed model fidelity with the standards performance continuum and student achievement with norm-referenced, criterion-referenced, standards-based, and computerized adaptive tests. Of 34 comparisons, only 3 comparisons favored Five Standards pedagogy, with minor differences and no observable benefits for English learners. Findings do not support claims of efficacy and indicate the instructional model needs further development before dissemination as effective diversity pedagogy.
Chronopotentiometric investigation of the reduction of chromate in alkaline solutions

Abstract The chronopotentiometric reduction of chromate on mercury electrodes in sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide solutions was investigated and no evidence was obtained for electroactive adsorption of any chromate species in amounts greater than about 4 μC/cm2. At low current densities, a kinetic wave is observed at −0.5 V in sodium carbonate solutions in the absence of specifically adsorbed anions. Chrono-potentiometry can be used to analyze 0.1–2.0 mF chromate solutions with a precision of better than 1%.
The U.S.-Japan Security Alliance, ASEAN, and the South China Sea Dispute

The situation in the South China Sea——where sovereignty and oil and natural gas interests are converging——creates a flashpoint with significant policy implications for the U.S., Japan, and other Asian nations. Only the U.S.-Japan security alliance, operating in conjunction with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, can safely foster a long-term solution.
Introduction: Three Papers from The Texas A&M John Donne Collection: A Symposium and Exhibition

This paper introduces a Literature Compass panel cluster arising from the The Texas A&M John Donne Collection: A Symposium and Exhibition. Comprising an introduction by Gary Stringer and three of the papers presented at the symposium, this cluster seeks to examine the current state of Donne Studies and aims to provide a snapshot of the field. The symposium was held April 6–7, 2006. The cluster is made up of the following articles: ‘Introduction: Three Papers from The Texas A&M John Donne Collection: A Symposium and Exhibition,’ Gary A. Stringer, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2007.00420.x. ‘Donne and Disbelief: The Early Prose,’ Ernest W. Sullivan, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2007.00421.x. ‘The Cultural Significance of Donne's Sermons,’ Jeanne Shami, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2007.00422.x. ‘T. R. O’Flahertie's Copy of Donne's Letters,’ Donald R. Dickson, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2007.00423.x.
“Pernambuco illustrado pelo sexo feminino”: A condição feminina no relato de Dom Domingos Loreto Couto∗

(1997). “Pernambuco illustrado pelo sexo feminino”: A condicao feminina no relato de Dom Domingos Loreto Couto. Colonial Latin American Review: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 59-69.
Darboux Transformations for Energy-Dependent Potentials and the Klein–Gordon Equation

We construct explicit Darboux transformations for a generalized Schrodinger-type equation with energy-dependent potential, a special case of which is the stationary Klein–Gordon equation. Our results complement and generalize former findings (Lin et al., Phys Lett A 362:212–214, 2007).
Power Amplification Conditions for Fusion-Reactor Plasmas Heated by Reacting Ion Beams

The plasma energy confinement time required to achieve a practically useful power amplification factor ${Q}_{E}$ can be reduced substantially if the plasma is heated by an energetic ion beam that reacts with the bulk ions as it thermalizes. The contribution to ${Q}_{E}$ arising from the beam-plasma fusion reactions can be maximized by maintaining the post-injection energy of the beam ions near an optimum value, for example, by means of slow magnetic compression.
Assessment of pollutant emission inventories by principal component analysis of ambient air measurements

The emission ratios of [CO]/[NOx] and [SO2]/[NOx] in point and area type sources in the northeastern United States are estimated through a combination of principal component and bivariate regression analyses of concurrent measurements of [CO], [SO2], [NOx], and [NOy] made at a rural Pennsylvania field site during the summer of 1988. Principal component analysis is used to identify time periods when the covariation of [NOy] with either [CO] or [SO2] indicates that the air mass was dominated by emissions from either area or point type sources, respectively. A regression analysis is used to extrapolate the observed pollutant ratios to the emission ratios. The resulting emission ratios compare reasonably well with emission ratios derived from the 1985 NAPAP (National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program) emissions inventory, although this analysis indicates that the NAPAP inventory may underestimate the [CO]/[NOx] emission ratio for area sources by a factor of 1.0 to 2.2 (95% confidence limits).
Effect of gender on the pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin.

Study Objectives. To assess the influence of gender on the pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin. Design. Open-label study. Setting. Academic medical center. Patients. Five healthy men and seven healthy women volunteers. Interventions. Subjects received a single oral dose of ofloxacin 400 mg, and serial blood samples were collected for 24 hours. Plasma concentrations of ofloxacin were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. Statistical comparisons between genders were made with the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Measurements and Main Results. Median volume of distribution at steady state/systemic bioavailability (V ss /F) was significantly smaller in women than in men, although when normalized for total body weight there were no differences. Except for terminal elimination half-life, which was 10% shorter in women, no other pharmacokinetic values were significantly different between genders. Median peak concentrations, although not statistically different, were 28% higher in women. Conclusion. Ofloxacin V ss /F values were smaller in women than in men, explained by gender-related differences in weight.
The effect of food hardness on feeding behaviour in frugivorous bats (Phyllostomidae): an experimental study

Most New World leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) are frugivores. Many of these species are sympatric and mechanisms of resource partitioning including vertical stratification and divergent foraging strategies have been described. This study investigates a previously unexplored but potentially significant factor in resource partitioning: the relationship between feeding behaviour and fruit hardness. Data summarizing ingestive and fruit processing behaviours were collected during feeding experiments from five sympatric frugivorous phyllostomid species: Artibeus jamaicensis , Dermanura phaeotis , Sturnira lilium , Carollia perspicillata , and Glossophaga soricina . Individuals were the subjects of feeding experiments that consisted of eating hard and soft fruits of similar size, shape, and mass. Variables analysed from videotapes of the experiments describe how fruits are placed in the mouth during ingestion, the frequency of head movements during biting, the number of bites used to remove a piece of fruit, and the number of chews used to process each mouthful of fruit. Results of chi-square, log-linear, R×C, and Kruskal–Wallis tests demonstrate that feeding behaviours vary significantly with fruit hardness both within and between species. Artibeus , Dermanura , and Sturnira are behaviourally specialized for feeding on relatively hard fruits. However, Carollia , and probably Glossophaga , lack these behavioural specializations. Both mechanical and ecological implications of intra- and interspecific behavioural variation are discussed. Differences in fruit handling behaviour are also used to make explicit predictions regarding interspecific variation in masticatory morphology. This study demonstrates that the relationship between fruit hardness and feeding behaviour may be an integral part of frugivore ecology. Overall, resource partitioning among phyllostomid frugivores is a result of complex interactions among and between bats and their food plants. Controlled experimental studies such as this one provide a crucial means of dissecting these complex interactions and gaining insight into the basis of frugivore diversity.
The orientational binding of substituted benzoate anions at the cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide interface

Abstract The orientational binding of substituted benzoate anions at the cetyltrimethyl ammonium interface is assigned from the NMR chemical shift measurements of both the aromatic anion protons and the surfactant methylene protons. Aromatic protons oriented into the hydrophobic region of the micelle demonstrate upfield chemical shifts of greater than 0.1 ppm. The surfactant methylene protons show a corresponding induced aromatic ring current shift from the benzoate anions which allows a qualitative assignment of the degree of penetration. The NMR data indicate the observed rheological phenomenon of viscoelasticity for three mixed micellar systems containing cetyltfimethyl ammonium bromide and the substituted benzoates, sodium m -toluate, sodium p -toluate, or potassium o -phthalate. The rhelogical effect is prominently observed for 1:1 stoichiometric ratios of CTAB:X-benzoate. The prolate mixed micellar aggregates have CMC values of 0.22, 0.24, and 0.26 ± 0.05 m M for o -phthalate, m -toluate, and p -toluate (1:1 ratio). The NMR data on the CTAB: o -toluate mixed micelle which does not become viscoelastic (CMC = 0.45 m M ) demonstrate that o -toluate anion does penetrate the micellar interface. The NMR chemical shift data indicate which anions are stabilizing the interface sufficiently to facilitate the sphere to rod phase transition.
The Storage and Regeneration of High Temperature Thermal Energy by Means of Reversible Chemical Reactions: The Ammonium Hydrogen Sulfate System

A chemical reaction cycle suitable for the storage of high temperature thermal energy from concentrated solar flux is described. The cycle is based on a reversible reaction involving ammonium hydrogen sulfate. Thermal decomposition of this compound would be used to store energy in the liquified reaction products (NH3, H2O, and SO3) at ambient temperature with a theoretical density of 3100 MJ/m3. Recombination of these products would be used to regenerate energy upon demand at a temperature suitable for use in electrical power generating facilities. Both steps of the cycle have been studied experimentally. Thermodynamic and kinetic data have been obtained for the energy storage step. These results are presented and discussed in terms of their significance to the proposed cycle.Copyright © 1979 by ASME
THE EFFECTS OF ATROPINE SULPHATE UPON HEALTHY MALE SUBJECTS

1. The objective and subjective responses of healthy men to atropine sulphate administered by intramuscular injection have been studied. 2. After 2 and 3 mg., dryness of the mouth and throat, with difficulty in swallowing, were the most prominent symptoms. After a 5 mg. injection, dizziness, tiredness, difficulty in reading, and dysuria were also frequent complaints. 3. The most marked objective finding was an increase in the pulse rate after the atropine. Less consistently, the systolic blood pressure tended to fall slightly and the diastolic pressure to rise. Changes in the character of the electrocardiogram also occurred in some subjects. 4. Ventilatory function, the fasting blood sugar, blood haemoglobin and blood white cell contents were not significantly affected. The sugar tolerance curve and the resting rectal temperature were altered by the atropine administration. 5. The ventilatory response to exercise was not affected by the administration of atropine but the pulse rate response was. Speed of movement seemed to be reduced after atropine. 6. The relative effectiveness of various routes of administration of the atropine was studied.
Identification of Genes Overexpressed in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using a Combination of Complementary DNA Subtraction and Microarray Analysis

Objectives/Hypothesis To discover unique genes specific for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck for eventual development as tumor markers and vaccine candidates. Study Design Molecular biological analysis of fresh-frozen head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). Methods A subtractive library was made from two HNSCC and six normal tissues using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–based approach. Genes from this library were PCR amplified and placed on a microarray glass slide. RNA was prepared or obtained from 16 fresh-frozen HNSCC and 22 normal tissue sources. Fluorescent probes were made from the polyA+ RNA derived from the tumor and normal tissues. The probes were hybridized to the glass slides and excited by a tuneable laser. One hundred seven of the genes showing the highest differential fluorescence value between tumor and normal tissue were identified by sequence analysis. Results Thirteen independent genes were found to be overexpressed in tumor tissues. Of these, nine were previously known: keratins K6 and K16, laminin-5, plakophilin-1, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP), vascular endothelial growth factor, connexin 26, 14–3-3 sigma, and CaN19. The level of polyA+ RNA of these genes in the tumors was significantly different from the levels in normal tissue (P < .05). Four previously unidentified genes were also discovered to have increased expression in tumor tissue. Comparing the total tumor group (n = 16) to the normal group (n = 22), only one of these genes showed significant overexpression. Conclusion We report the identification of nine known genes that are significantly overexpressed in HNSCC as compared to normal tissue using subtractive and microarray technology. In addition, we present four previously unidentified genes that are overexpressed in a subset of tumors. These genes will be developed as tumor markers and vaccine candidates.
A New Adenovirus Based Vaccine Vector Expressing an Eimeria tenella Derived TLR Agonist Improves Cellular Immune Responses to an Antigenic Target

Background Adenoviral based vectors remain promising vaccine platforms for use against numerous pathogens, including HIV. Recent vaccine trials utilizing Adenovirus based vaccines expressing HIV antigens confirmed induction of cellular immune responses, but these responses failed to prevent HIV infections in vaccinees. This illustrates the need to develop vaccine formulations capable of generating more potent T-cell responses to HIV antigens, such as HIV-Gag, since robust immune responses to this antigen correlate with improved outcomes in long-term non-progressor HIV infected individuals.
Performance of TCP over multi-hop ATM networks: a comparative study of ATM-layer congestion control schemes

We study the performance of TCP/IP on a multi-hop ATM network by simulation in an effort to evaluate the effectiveness of various congestion-control schemes at the ATM layer. The congestion control schemes considered are the ATM-early packet discard (ATM-EPD) and link-level flow control. The performance of these schemes are compared against that of an ATM layer with no congestion control, as well as TCP/IP over a datagram network. We compare the schemes in terms of the throughputs obtained by long and short connections, number of retransmissions, and fairness in bandwidth allocation between connections with unequal round-trip delays. Our results show that significant unfairness in the amount of bandwidth allocated to connections may result in a large ATM network if no congestion control policies are used at the ATM layer. The ATM-EPD scheme is able to remove some of the unfairness, providing performance close to that of a datagram network, but can still provide unacceptable performance if the buffer sizes in the switches are small. Link-level flow control provided the best performance among the schemes studied.
Characterization of Ebola Virus Entry by Using Pseudotyped Viruses: Identification of Receptor-Deficient Cell Lines

Studies analyzing Ebola virus replication have been severely hampered by the extreme pathogenicity of this virus. To permit analysis of the host range and function of the Ebola virus glycoprotein (Ebo-GP), we have developed a system for pseudotyping these glycoproteins into murine leukemia virus (MLV). This pseudotyped virus, MLV(Ebola), can be readily concentrated to titers which exceed 5 x 10(6) infectious units/ml and is effectively neutralized by antibodies specific for Ebo-GP. Analysis of MLV(Ebola) infection revealed that the host range conferred by Ebo-GP is very broad, extending to cells of a variety of species. Notably, all lymphoid cell lines tested were completely resistant to infection; we speculate that this is due to the absence of a cellular receptor for Ebo-GP on B and T cells. The generation of high-titer MLV(Ebola) pseudotypes will be useful for the analysis of immune responses to Ebola virus infection, development of neutralizing antibodies, analysis of glycoprotein function, and isolation of the cellular receptor(s) for the Ebola virus.
Identifying protective antigens of Staphylococcus aureus, a pathogen that suppresses host immune responses

Staphylococcus aureus infections result in abscesses as well as septicemia. Even with therapy, abscesses can persist or even reoccur, as staphylococcal infections fail to induce protective immune responses. Here, we show that prior infection with certain attenuated strains may elicit protective immunity. A closer examination reveals that protection correlates with antibody responses elicited on exposure to particular attenuated variants. Linear regression analysis was used to compare reduction in staphylococcal disease and antibody responses to infection with wild-type and attenuated variants. This analysis identified protective antigens that, when tested as vaccines in mice, elicited disease protection. Protection afforded by attenuated strains correlates in part with the ability of Staphylococcus aureus to modulate B cell responses via protein A (spa encoded). We designate this approach "genetic vaccinology," since it exploits genetic variants to draw a correlation between disease protection and humoral immune responses for the deduction of vaccine antigens. Genetic vaccinology is particularly useful for microbes that do not elicit natural protective immunity during infection.
Relative importance of impervious area, drainage density, width function, and subsurface storm drainage on flood runoff from an urbanized catchment

urbanized catchment, the 14.3 km 2 Dead Run watershed near Baltimore, Maryland, USA, and the physics-based gridded surface/subsurface hydrologic analysis (GSSHA) model to examine the relative effect of each of these factors on ood peaks, runoff volumes, and runoff production efciencies. GSSHA was used because the model explicitly includes the spatial variability of land-surface and hydrodynamic parameters, including subsurface storm drains. Results indicate that increases in drainage density, particularly increases in density from low values, produce signicant increases in the ood peaks. For axed land-use and rainfall input, the ood magnitude approaches an upper limit regardless of the increase in the channel drainage density. Changes in imperviousness can have a signicant effect on ood peaks for both moderately extreme and extreme storms. For an extreme rainfall event with a recurrence interval in excess of 100 years, imperviousness is relatively unimportant in terms of runoff efciency and volume, but can affect the peak ow depending on rainfall rate. Changes to the width function affect ood peaks much more than runoff efciency, primarily in the case of lower density drainage networks with less impermeable area. Storm drains increase ood peaks, but are overwhelmed during extreme rainfall events when they have a negligible effect. Runoff in urbanized watersheds with considerable impervious area shows a marked sensitivity to rainfall rate. This sensitivity explains some of the contradictoryndings in the literature.
Integrating Nonpharmacologic and Alternative Strategies Into a Comprehensive Management Approach for Older Adults With Pain

The U.S. population aged >or=65 years is estimated to grow from 35 million in 2000 to 71.5 million in 2030, and the number of those aged >or=85 years is expected to increase from 5.3 million in 2006 to 21 million in 2050. Due to this demographic shift, the complexities of chronic pain management in the elderly will become increasingly important, necessitating a deeper understanding in the medical community of both the normal physiologic changes that occur with aging and the increased risks and vulnerabilities to pain that may be related to illness, comorbidities, or cognitive impairment. A number of factors complicate treating pain in the elderly. First, the cause of pain is often a condition that is typically not reversible. Second, effective treatment can be hampered by side effects of medications and complications from polypharmacy. Furthermore, depression, behavioral changes, and cognitive impairment commonly complicate therapy and make assessment more difficult. Both inappropriate prescribing and medication underuse are common in the elderly, as is the undertreatment of pain in this patient population in different care settings. The goal of this paper was to review appropriate use of nonpharmacologic, complementary, and alternative therapies for the comprehensive management of pain in older adults.
An adaptive order statistic constant false alarm rate detector

An adaptive order statistic (AOS) detector is proposed which acts as an order statistic detector but whose parameter k is chosen according to the outcome of a hypothesis test that attempts to detect the presence of a clutter power transition within each reference window. The AOS detector is analyzed in exponentially distributed stationary clutter, and it is shown that it is indeed a constant-false-alarm-rate detector. Furthermore, the improvement in the false-alarm rate that can be achieved by using a properly designed AOS detector is demonstrated by means of computer simulations. >
The Role of Anaerobic Bacteria in Lung Abscess

walls of the lung abscesses at autopsy resembled the bacteria noted in the gingival crevice, leading him to postulate that aspiration of oral bacteria was the mechanism of infection. He proceeded to attempt to prove this hypothesis by inoculation of various bacteria from the gingival crevice intratracheally in experimental animals of diverse sorts. No single microbe reproduced this disease, but he was able to produce typical lung abscesses with an inoculum containing 4 microbes that are somewhat vague by current taxonomy but that are thought to have been an anaerobic spirochete, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Peptostreptococcus species, and a fastidious gram-negative anaerobe (possibly Prevotella melaninogenicus). This was one of the first demonstrations of bacterial synergy, and it was also an important milestone in our understanding of lung abscess. At the time of this work, there were no antibiotics. A review of 2114 cases re-
Evidence that mycobacterial PE_PGRS proteins are cell surface constituents that influence interactions with other cells.

The elucidation of the genomic sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis revealed the presence of a novel multigene family designated PE/PE_PGRS that encodes numerous, highly related proteins of unknown function. In this study, we demonstrate that a transposon insertion in a PE_PGRS gene (1818PE_PGRS) found in Mycobacterium bovis BCG Pasteur, which is the BCG homologue of the M. tuberculosis H37Rv gene Rv1818c, introduces new phenotypic properties to this BCG strain. These properties include dispersed growth in liquid medium and reduced infection of macrophages. Complementation of the 1818PE_PGRS::Tn5367 mutant with the wild-type gene restores both aggregative growth (clumping) in liquid medium and reestablishes infectivity of macrophages to levels equivalent to those for the parent BCG strain. Western blot analysis using antisera raised against the 1818PE_PGRS protein shows that PE_PGRS proteins are found in cell lysates of BCG and M. tuberculosis H37Ra and in the cell wall fraction of M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Moreover, immunofluorescent labeling of mycobacteria indicates that certain PE_PGRS proteins are localized at the cell surface of BCG and M. tuberculosis. Together these results suggest that certain PE_PGRS proteins may be found at the surface of mycobacteria and influence both cell surface interactions among mycobacteria as well as the interactions of mycobacteria with macrophages.
Bilingual lexical activation in sentence context

The present study investigated the cognitive nature of second language (L2) lexical processing in sentence context. We examined bilinguals’ L2 word recognition performance for language-ambiguous words [cognates (e.g., piano) and homographs (e.g., pan)] in two sentence context experiments with highly proficient Spanish–English bilinguals living in a bilingual community (Experiment 1) and with intermediate proficiency Spanish–English bilinguals living in a monolingual community (Experiment 2). To determine the influence of sentence constraint on cross-language activation, the critical words and their matched controls were inserted in low- and high-constraint sentences. In low-constraint sentences significant cognate facilitation was observed, suggesting that both languages were active and influencing processing. In high-constraint sentences, the effects of cognate facilitation were eliminated. This interaction between cognate status and sentence constraint demonstrates that sentence context can restrict non-selectivity when there is sufficient semantic information to suppress the non-target language. The fact that this interaction was observed for both bilingual groups suggests that even less proficient bilinguals, who do not communicate daily in the L2, can use context to constrain crosslanguage lexical competition. Implications for current models of bilingual lexical access are discussed.
Biased coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation approach for flexible fitting of X-ray structure into cryo electron microscopy maps.

Several approaches have been introduced to interpret, in terms of high-resolution structure, low-resolution structural data as obtained from cryo-EM. As conformational changes are often observed in biological molecules, these techniques need to take into account the flexibility of proteins. Flexibility has been described in terms of movement between rigid domains and between rigid secondary structure elements, which present some limitations for studying dynamical properties. Normal mode analysis has also been used, but is limited to medium resolution data. All-atom molecular dynamics fitting techniques are more appropriate to fit structures into higher-resolution data as full protein flexibility is considered, but are cumbersome in terms of computational time. Here, we introduce a coarse-grained approach; a Go-model was used to represent biological molecules, combined with biased molecular dynamics to reproduce accurately conformational transitions. Illustrative examples on simulated data are shown. Accurate fittings can be obtained for resolution ranging from 5 to 20 A. The approach was also tested on experimental data of Elongation Factor G and Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, where its validity is compared to previous models obtained from different techniques. This comparison demonstrates that quantitative flexible techniques, as opposed to manual docking, need to be considered to interpret low-resolution data.
Trends in survival of hospitalized stroke patients between 1970 and 1985: The Minnesota heart survey

Age-adjusted stroke mortality rates declined approximately 50% between 1970 and 1990 in both the United States and Minnesota, but the reasons for this decline are not clear. This report examines possible improvements in short- and long-term survival of hospitalized definite stroke patients in the Minneapolis-St Paul (the Twin Cities) metropolitan area during this period. Fifty percent random samples of patients discharged with an acute stroke diagnosis from area hospitals were selected in 1970 (n = 1200), 1980 (n = 1040), and 1985 (n = 896). Trained nurses abstracted pertinent clinical data from the hospital charts. By standardized clinical criteria similar to World Health Organization criteria (without computed tomography data), 376, 442, and 453 definite strokes were established for 1970, 1980, and 1985, respectively. Age- and sex-adjusted 28-day case fatality of definite stroke improved significantly from 1970 to 1985; the odds ratio (OR) of death within 28 days in 1985 (versus 1970) patients was 0.55 (95% confidence interval [CI], [0.39, 0.77]). Substantial improvements in 28-day mortality were observed both from 1970 to 1980 and from 1980 to 1985, although the latter change was not statistically significant. Further adjustment for predictors of early stroke mortality (such as level of consciousness) somewhat attenuated these results. Age- and sex-adjusted 5-year survival of definite stroke also improved significantly from 1970 to 1985 (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, [0.54, 0.96]), although the improvement was restricted to the 1970 to 1980 time period (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, [0.57, 1.01]). None of the survival trends differed significantly between men and women. There were marked improvements in survival from 1970 to 1985 among hospitalized stroke patients in the Twin Cities. These improvements occurred almost exclusively in the acute hospitalization phase. Although the advent of computed tomography and improvements in hospital record-keeping during this period prevent an unequivocal conclusion, improved medical care and decreased severity of stroke probably contributed to gains in survival.
Demographic, reproductive, medical, and environmental factors in relation to gastroschisis

To identify risk factors for gastroschisis other than drug use in pregnancy, an analysis of data collected in a case-control surveillance program of birth defects (1976-1990) was conducted. Drug use is considered in Werler et al., Teratology, 45:361-367, 1992. Maternal demographic, reproductive, and medical factors, and first trimester environmental exposures, were compared between 76 gastroschisis cases and 2,581 malformed controls. A strong inverse association was found for maternal age: relative to women 30 years or older, relative risks for 25-29, 20-24, and <20-year-old women were 1.7, 5.4, and 16, respectively. Multivariate relative risks (and 95% confidence intervals) for alcohol use were as follows: for 1-5 drinks per week, 1.6 (0.7-3.4); for ⩾6 drinks per week, 2.5 (0.9-6.8); for a maximum of 1-4 drinks at any one time, 0.8 (0.4-1.6); and for a maximum of ⩽5 drinks, 2.8 (1.2-6.5). With the effect of age taken into account, no associations were identified for cigarette smoking, consumption of caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee, unplanned pregnancy, 12 or less years of education, or a parity of two or more. Other medical and reproductive factors, including weight gain, vaginal bleeding, nausea or vomiting, influenza, “other” infection, and history of spontaneous abortion or elective abortion did not increase the risk.
Herpes zoster maxillaris with delayed occipital infarction.

Transient nystagmus and simultaneous pupillary oscillations were observed during partial complex seizures, in a diabetic patient with a mild hyperosmolar state. Cerebral influences on pupillary size and the association of pupillary changes with saccadic eye movements are discussed. The contralateral middle frontal gyrus is implicated in the production of these simultaneous synchronous ictal phenomena.
Golden Rice gets a boost from maize

A more nutritious version of Golden Rice may offer a practical solution to vitamin A deficiency.
Dynamic test compaction for synchronous sequential circuits using static compaction techniques

Short test sequences for synchronous sequential circuits are important in reducing test application time and memory requirements. In addition, dynamic test compaction, where heuristics to generate short test sequences are incorporated into the test generation process, may also reduce test generation time. This is due to the fact that a smaller number of test vectors needs to be generated. We present a dynamic test compaction procedure. The compaction heuristics we use are based on previously proposed static compaction techniques. Conventionally, static compaction is applied as a postprocessing step, after the test sequence has been generated. In the proposed procedure, static compaction techniques are used while the test sequence is being generated, to reduce the need for postprocessing, or static compaction. Compared to other dynamic compaction procedures that generate very short test sequences, the computational overhead involved in the proposed procedure is significantly lower, yet short test sequences are obtained. The proposed techniques can be incorporated into other test generation procedures, to reduce the test lengths they produce.
Recommendations for Indicators: Night Blindness during Pregnancy— A Simple Tool to Assess Vitamin A Deficiency in a Population

Night blindness during pregnancy caused by vitamin A deficiency is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality among women. Because a history of maternal night blindness is simple and reliable to use, it is recommended as a population-based indicator of vitamin A deficiency. Furthermore, a maternal night blindness prevalence of >/=5% is recommended as a cut-off at which vitamin A deficiency may be considered to be a problem of public health significance within the community. This paper provides the justification for these recommendations. Night blindness during pregnancy is strongly associated with low serum and breast milk vitamin A concentration, abnormal conjunctival impression cytology and impaired dark adaptation, which suggests that it is a valid indicator of vitamin A deficiency. The prevalence of night blindness during pregnancy tends to be high in countries where the prevalence of xerophthalmia in children is high and in countries where interventions are in place to reduce childhood vitamin A deficiency. Existing data suggest that misclassification of self-reported maternal night blindness may account for a prevalence of up to 3%. The suggested cut-off, 5%, is set higher than this potential level of false-positive prevalence (3%). Illustrative data from India and Cambodia on childhood xerophthalmia and maternal night blindness rates are used to demonstrate the validity of using a 5% prevalence of maternal night blindness as indicative of a community vitamin A deficiency problem. Finally, it is recommended that night blindness history be elicited for a previous pregnancy that ended in a live birth in the past 3 y, using the local term for night blindness whenever possible.
Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis: A review of current concepts in management

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is an ocular surface infection caused by adenovirus. To date, there are no approved topical antiadenoviral therapeutics to treat EKC. Recent research reveals that treatment with topical corticosteroids for symptomatic relief of EKC enhances adenovirus replication and delays cell shedding from the ocular surface which delays adenovirus elimination. The current management of EKC largely revolves around accurate diagnosis of the condition and implementation of disinfection protocol to prevent its spread. Development of an effective antiviral treatment that addresses inflammation and does not prolong viral shedding would provide significant benefit. The literature reports on a variety of therapeutics that could potentially satisfy this deficiency. Topical ganciclovir and povidone-iodine combination drops have shown the most recent potential, but both therapeutics need to be investigated in larger scale studies. Until an antiadenoviral option is produced, the treatment of EKC should maintain a judicious case by case approach aiming to contain its dissemination and prevent visual consequences.
Experimental Study and Plasma Control of an Unstarting Supersonic Flow

The unstart induced by a transverse jet in a Mach 4.7 model inlet flow is visualized by planar laser scattering from condensed CO 2 particles at low freestream static pressure (1kPa) and temperature (60K) for various boundary layer conditions. We find that the formation of an unstart shock is initiated on the relatively thick boundary layer side and its structure depends on the boundary layer conditions. The pseudo-shock or oblique shocks that precede unstart propagate upstream in symmetric and asymmetric boundary layer conditions, respectively. It is found that the pseudo-shock has a quasi-stationary mode resulting in longer overall unstart events. The results suggest that the unstart process can be influenced and possibly delayed by the control of the boundary layer conditions. In this paper, we present preliminary results on boundary layer manipulation of an unstarting supersonic flow using Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) actuation. We find that the asymmetric boundary layer condition that generally leads to the formation and propagation of an oblique unstart shock, when actuated, can be transformed the flow to resemble that of a symmetric condition which leads to the generation of a pseudo-shock, extending the unstart duration by 22 %.