cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SCREENING GENDER IDENTITIES AND OPHELIA: VICTIMHOOD AND FEMINISM

Shakespeare’s Ophelia is an iconic character with conflicting myths. She is both an innocent “rose of May” and a sexually aware singer in act 4. Both her lyric sufferings and her suicide-as-resistance to the patriarchy enabled contrasting interpretations. Asian directors leverage Shakespeare’s own propensity to undermine dominant ideologies of gender in their effort to renew Asian performance traditions. With case studies of three Hamlet films: Haider (India, 2004), The King and the Clown (South Korea, 2005), and Prince of the Himalayas (Tibet, 2006), this article examines how Asian films negotiate ideas of Ophelia as an iconic victim and a feminist voice. Keywords: Ophelia. Appropriation. Asian cinema. Bollywood. Feminism. DOI: 10.5935/1679-5520.20190001
Enterococcus in Graft-versus-Host Disease

Susceptibility to Graft-versus-Host-Disease A major cause of poor outcome after allogeneic hematopoietic-cell transplantation is graft-versus-host disease. A recent study indicates that a patient’s...
Possible evidence for the Nππ decay mode of the Δ (1920) and the Δ (2420) nucleon isobars

Abstract When the cross section for the π + p → π + π + n reaction is plotted versus total center of momentum energy, there is structure suggesting the N ππ decay mode of the Δ (1920) and the Δ (2420). Estimates of the branching fractions into n π + π + are made.
Observation of Plasmonic Exceptional Points at Sub Wavelength Scale

We propose a novel approach to EPs and report their first observation in plasmonics at room temperature. Enhanced sensing of anti-Immunoglobulin G (attomolar detection), the most common antibody found in blood circulation, is reported.
Achieving the American Bar Association's Pedagogy Mandate: Empowerment in the Midst of a 'Perfect Storm'

The ongoing crisis in legal education has prompted calls for fundamental reform. The ABA’s Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar has responded by adopting new law school accreditation standards. These new Standards articulate a pedagogy mandate that marks a “quantum shift” in our educational philosophy, moving our center from what is delivered to students to what students take away from their educational experience.Of all reform measures, the pedagogy mandate may be one of the best chances law schools and their graduates have in the face of the “Perform Storm” raging in legal education. It is the one measure most directly linked to preparing graduates to succeed in the evolving employment market. In this way, full achievement of the mandate also can be a protective measure for law schools. Ironically, successful implementation remains an open question, in part because of the traditional nature of the academy and its resistance to change, and in part because law schools may be ill-equipped to respond as a result of the crisis. This article seeks to change the dynamic. It begins by putting the 2014 Standards into historical context and explaining their impact on legal education. The author then moves to discuss full achievement of the mandate. Law schools are encouraged to overcome their resistance to pedagogical innovation and to embrace the mandate and its benefits. At the same time, this article seeks to empower law professors to be a driving force for change. More specifically, under the ABA’s new “outcomes” approach, professors are expected to create meaningful learning opportunities for students and to assess and improve the effectiveness of those experiences. To assist law professors in this regard, the author introduces a teaching effectiveness framework that was created by experts in education from the National Research Council of the National Academies and adapts it for use in legal education. The legal community has relied on the NRC’s expertise for decades, in a wide range of fields, but the author believes this is the first time NRC expertise has been brought to bear in this context. The NRC is credited for its ability to bring the legal and scientific communities together and to make scientific theories accessible. In this way, the framework is a useful tool for law professors, especially those who are trained attorneys rather than certified educators, and improves the current state of our pedagogy scholarship by placing existing assessment and learning outcomes work in the broader context of modern learning theory and instructional design.
Does deeper hypothermia reduce the risk of acute kidney injury after circulatory arrest for aortic arch surgery

Objectives The impact of hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) temperature on postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) has not been evaluated. This study examined the association between circulatory arrest temperatures and AKI in patients undergoing proximal aortic surgery with HCA. Methods A total of 759 consecutive patients who underwent proximal aortic surgery (ascending ± valve ± root) including arch replacement requiring HCA between July 2005 and December 2016 were identified from a prospectively maintained institutional aortic surgery database. The primary outcome was AKI as defined by Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) criteria. The association between minimum nasopharyngeal (NP) and bladder temperatures during HCA and postoperative AKI was assessed, adjusting for patient-level factors using multivariable logistic regression. Results A total of 85% (n = 645) of patients underwent deep hypothermia (14.1-20.0°C), 11% (n = 83) low-moderate hypothermia (20.1-24.0°C) and 4% (n = 31) high-moderate hypothermia (24.1-28.0°C) as classified by NP temperature. When analysed by bladder temperature, 59% (n = 447) underwent deep hypothermia, 22% (n = 170) low-moderate, 16% (n = 118) high-moderate and 3% mild (n = 24) (28.1-34.0°C) hypothermia. The median systemic circulatory arrest time was 17 min. The incidence of AKI did not differ between hypothermia groups, whether analysed using minimum NP or bladder temperature. In the multivariable analysis, the association between degree of hypothermia and AKI remained non-significant whether analysed as a categorical variable (hypothermia group) or as a continuous variable (minimum NP or bladder temperature) (all P > 0.05). Conclusions In patients undergoing proximal aortic surgery including arch replacement requiring HCA, degree of systemic hypothermia was not associated with the risk of AKI. These data suggest that moderate hypothermia does not confer increased risk of AKI for patients requiring circulatory arrest, although additional prospective data are needed.
Genes with Specificity for Expression in the Round Cell Layer of the Growth Plate are Enriched in GWAS of Human Height

Human adult height reflects the outcome of childhood skeletal growth. Growth plate (epiphyseal) chondrocytes are key determinants of height. As epiphyseal chondrocytes mature and proliferate, they pass through three developmental stages, which are organized into three distinct layers in the growth plate: 1) resting (round), 2) proliferative (flat), and 3) hypertrophic. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of human height identified numerous associated loci, which are enriched for genes expressed in growth plate chondrocytes. However, it remains unclear which specific genes expressed in which layers of the growth plate regulate skeletal growth and human height. To connect the genetics of height and growth plate biology, we analyzed GWAS data through the lens of gene expression in the three dissected layers of murine newborn tibial growth plate. For each gene, we derived a specificity score for each growth plate layer and regressed these scores against gene-level p-values from recent height GWAS data. We found that specificity for expression in the round cell layer, which contains chondrocytes early in maturation, is significantly associated with height GWAS p-values (p=8.5x10-9); this association remains after conditioning on specificity for the other cell layers. The association also remains after conditioning on membership in an "OMIM gene set" (genes known to cause monogenic skeletal growth disorders, p<9.7x10-6). We replicated the association in RNA-seq data from maturing chondrocytes sampled at early and late time points during differentiation in vitro: we found that expression early in differentiation is significantly associated with p-values from height GWAS (p=6.1x10-10) and that this association remains after conditioning on expression at 10 days in culture and on the OMIM gene set (p<0.006). These findings newly implicate genes highlighted by GWAS of height and specifically expressed in the round cell layer as being potentially important regulators of skeletal biology.
Regulation of translation by methylation multiplicity of 18S rRNA

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a conserved ribonucleoside modification that regulates many facets of RNA metabolism. Using quantitative mass spectrometry, we find that the universally conserved tandem adenosines at the 3' end of 18S rRNA, thought to be constitutively di-methylated (m62A), are also mono-methylated (m6A). Although present at substoichiometric amounts, m6A at these positions increases significantly in response to sulfur starvation in yeast cells and mammalian cell lines. Combining yeast genetics and ribosome profiling, we provide evidence to suggest that m6A-bearing ribosomes carry out translation distinctly from m62A-bearing ribosomes, featuring a striking specificity for sulfur metabolism genes. Our work thus reveals methylation multiplicity as a mechanism to regulate translation.
Stock Price Movement Cross-Predictability in Supply Chain Networks

In today’s interconnected business world, firms are part of a much larger interconnected supply chain network. Individual firms are not working in isolation but rather depend on, build, and leverage the connected nature of the supply chain network. In fact, an individual firm’s performance measures, such as stock return, can be impacted by other firms in the supply chain network. In this paper, we leverage structure and connections of firms in the supply chain network as well as each firms’ performance to predict a firm’s stock price movement. Using data from real-world supply chain connections, we build the supply chain network of firms in S&P500 and utilize this network to predict a firm’s stock movements by leveraging the performance of its network neighbors. We propose four different approaches to identify network neighbors for a focal firm based on its business partners, its network community, and its role in the supply chain network. Once neighbors of the focal firm are identified, we aggregate their performance with a set of network-based feature representations we developed. Experimental results show that our approach significantly improves the performance of stock movement prediction compared to traditional features proposed in the finance literature. We are also the first to show that the performance of a focal firm is associated not only with its business partners, but also with similar firms located farther away in the network. We then analyze the contribution of upstream suppliers and downstream customers of a firm to the prediction of its stock price movement. Managerial insights from our results can improve investment decision making, as well as help supply chain managers to proactively predict risks in the supply chain network rather than simply reacting to them.
Effects of positive and negative childhood experiences on adult family health.

The objective of the study was to determine the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and positive childhood experiences (PCEs) with family health in adulthood. Prior research indicates that ACEs and PCEs affect individual physical and mental health in adulthood. However, little is known about how ACEs and PCEs affect family health. Families develop and function through patterns and routines which are often intergenerational. Therefore, a person’s early experiences may influence their family’s health in adulthood. A survey was administered to 1030 adults through Qualtrics, with participants recruited using quota-sampling to reflect the demographic characteristics of U.S. adults. Participants completed a survey about their childhood experiences, four domains of family health (family social and emotional health processes, family healthy lifestyle, family health resources, and family external social supports), and demographic characteristics. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. After controlling for marriage, education, gender, race and age, ACEs were negatively associated with family social and emotional health processes and family health resources when accounting for PCEs; PCEs were positively associated with all four family health domains irrespective of ACEs. Childhood experiences affect family health in adulthood in the expected direction. Even in the presence of early adversity, positive experiences in childhood can provide a foundation for creating better family health in adulthood.
Chronic Low-Dose Alcohol Consumption Promotes Cerebral Angiogenesis in Mice

Chronic alcohol consumption dose-dependently affects the incidence and prognosis of ischemic stroke. We determined the influence of chronic alcohol consumption on cerebral angiogenesis under physiological conditions and following ischemic stroke. In in vitro studies, acute exposure to low-concentration ethanol significantly increased angiogenic capability and upregulated vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in C57BL/6J mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (MBMVECs). The increased angiogenic capability was abolished in the presence of a VEGFR2 inhibitor. In addition, the increased angiogenic capability and upregulated VEGF-A and VEGFR2 remained in chronically low-concentration ethanol-exposed MBMVECs. In in vivo studies, 8-week gavage feeding with low-dose ethanol significantly increased vessel density and vessel branches and upregulated VEGF-A and VEGFR2 in the cerebral cortex under physiological conditions. Furthermore, vessel density, vessel branches, and expression of VEGF-A and VEGFR2 in the peri-infarct cortex were significantly greater in low-dose ethanol-fed mice at 72 hours of reperfusion. Although low-dose ethanol did not alter cerebral vasoreactivity and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) either before or during ischemia, it significantly augmented post-ischemic hyperemia during reperfusion. In contrast, exposure to high-concentration ethanol and 8-week gavage feeding with high-dose ethanol only had a mild inhibitory effect on angiogenic capability and cerebral angiogenesis, respectively. We conclude that heavy alcohol consumption may not dramatically alter cerebral angiogenesis, whereas light alcohol consumption significantly promotes cerebral angiogenesis.
Comparisons with Methods for Transfection with Nucleic Acids from Plant Viruses and Bacteriophages

The cell wall is a natural barricade to transfection by plant virus NA’s, and by bacteriophage NA’s; and the transfection methods for these NA’s center around ways to eliminate, damage, or circumvent this barricade.
The New York Tribune at Harper's Ferry: “Horace Greeley on Trial”

Abstract The New York Tribune's role in the Harper's Ferry raid provides a case study of antebellum press partisanship and reveals Horace Greeley's ties to the abolitionist movement. The primary documents cited in this study include excerpts from the Tribune, supporting Republican newspapers, published accounts of court proceedings, and the responses of anti-abolitionist editors and readers. This particular examination of the relationship between Brown and Greeley is significant for press historians because it links the Tribune to an alleged conspiracy that fueled backlash against a powerful editorial voice. The study also provides a sample of political alliances in the press prior to the 1860 elections.
Defect and Fault Tolerance

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews defect tolerance approaches and points out how the configurability available in reconfigurable architectures is a key tool for coping with defects. It contrasts defects with transient faults that may produce the wrong value on one or a few cycles but do not continue to corrupt calculations. Lifetime and transient faults and their impact on configurable designs are also described in this study. A defect is a persistent error in a component. Because defects are persistent, they can be tested for occurrences and their locations can be recorded. A large number of physical effects and causes may lead to the manifestations, including broken wires, shorts or bridging between nodes that should be distinct, excessive or inadequate doping in a device, poor contacts between materials or features, or excessive variation in device size. A transient fault is a temporary error in a circuit result. Transient faults can occur at random times. The regularity in reconfigurable arrays, coupled with the resource configurability they already possess, allow these architectures to tolerate defects. As features shrink and defect rates increase, all devices, including ASICs are likely to need some level of regularity and configurability. To tolerate lifetime defects, repair will become part of the support system for components throughout their operational lifetime. Increasing defect rates further drives one toward architectures with finer-grained substitutable units. Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are already fairly fine grained, with each bit-processing operator potentially serving as a substitutable unit.
Predicting Neuropsychological Outcome by Physiological Parameters of Severe Head Injured Patients

This study was conducted to determine if there is a significant relationship between the severity of brain injury (as indicated by the first 72 hours of intensive care unit monitoring in severe head injury patients) and the degree of cognitive recovery.
Simultaneous contrast imaging of the left ventricle by two‐dimensional echocardiography and standard ventriculography

Simultaneous contrast two-dimensional echocardiograms and contrast ventriculograms were analyzed for 19 cardiac cycles in 6 patients. Ventriculographic volume was underestimated by 10 +/- 4.5% (p less than .001) by the contrast echocardiograms, despite good correlation (r = 0.88). Discrepancies could not be assigned to changes in volume between studies nor to a lack of precise endocardial definition. Simultaneous imaging demonstrated that the ultrasonic transducer was located 33 degrees cephalad to the cardiac apex. Although angiographic volume was severely underestimated, ejection fraction (r = 0.93) and stroke volume (r = 0.90) could be calculated from two-dimensional echocardiograms using regression equations.
Cognitive Mediators of the Outcome of Psychotherapy with Children

Those of us who conduct child psychotherapy would like to believe that the outcome of the process is influenced by our efforts. On the other hand, few of us would argue that the outcome is determined solely by what we the therapists do. Instead, we recognize that children and adolescents (herein referred to collectively as “children”) begin psychotherapy with a form and substance of their own and that what each youngster brings to the process will help determine its outcome. In this chapter, we focus on how cognitive aspects of the child’s makeup may mediate the outcome of psychotherapy.
Turbulent Flow and Large Surface Wave Events in the Marine Boundary Layers

Abstract : The long-term objective of our research for the High Resolution Air-Sea Interaction (HIRES) Departmental Research Initiative (DRI) is to identify the couplings between large wave events, winds, and currents in the surface layer of the marine boundary layers. Turbulence-resolving large-eddy simulations (LESs) and direct numerical simulations (DNSs) of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) in the presence of time and space varying wave fields will be the main tools used to elucidate wind-wave-current interactions. A suite of turbulence simulations over realistic seas using idealized and observed pressure gradients will be carried out to compliment the field observations collected in moderate to high winds. The database of simulations will be used to generate statistical moments, will be interrogated for coherent structures, and will ultimately be used to compare with HIRES observations. We are investigating interactions between the MABL and the connecting air-sea interface primarily using LES. The waves are externally imposed based on well-established empirical wave spectra. Ultimately, they will be provided by direct observations of the sea surface from the HIRES field campaign. The main technical advance is the development of a computational tool that allows for nearly arbitrary 3-D wave fields (i.e., the sea surface elevation h = h(x, y, t) as a surface boundary condition. The computational method allows for time and space varying surface conditions over a range of wave scales.
Market Crashes, Market Regimes, and Regime-Separating Barriers

In a seminal paper on market crashes by Gennotte and Leland (1990), crashes occur when the market demand curve assumes a reverse-S shape and at a point where it is locally vertical. We examine a market in which the Rubinstein (1974) and Brennan-Kraus (1978) aggregation conditions do not hold and the behavior of the market therefore depends on the internal allocation of shares. We show that the resulting wealth effects can produce a variety of differences in market crashes.
Religion and the Rise of Historicism: W. M. L. de Wette, Jacob Burckhardt, and the Theological Origins of Nineteenth-Century Historical Consciousness

Acknowledgments Introduction: History, Theology, and Modernity 1. Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette: enlightenment, romanticism and biblical criticism 2. De Wette and Schleiermacher at Berlin (1810-1819): politics, history, and the post-enlightenment transformation of theology 3. De Wette, D. F. Strauss, and the New Christusbild 4. Basel, Burckhardt, and de Wette 5. History without centaurs Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Index.
Effects of Post-Fire Salvage Logging on Cavity-Nesting Birds and Small Mammals in Southeastern Montana

We investigated how post-fire salvage logging of Ponderosa Pine ( Pinus ponderosa ) affected populations of cavity-nesting birds and small mammals in southeastern Montana in 2004 and 2005. We examined two salvage and two control plots with three point-count stations and one small mammal trap site randomly distributed across each plot. We used point counts and distance sampling methods to estimate density of cavity-nesting birds on each treatment. We also searched each plot for nests and used program MARK to construct a set of candidate models to investigate variations in nest survival related to treatment, year, and time. We used live traps arranged in webs centered on trapping sites and distance sampling methods to estimate small mammal density. Habitat characteristics were also quantified on each plot. Density of all cavity-nesting birds combined and of Hairy Woodpeckers ( Picoides villosus ) in particular were higher on the control than the salvage treatment. Density of large trees and abundance of active cavities were higher on the control treatment. Nest cavities on the salvage treatment were most often located in non-logged watersheds. Nest survival estimates were uniformly high, with only marginal variations attributed to treatment and year. Density of Deer Mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) was higher on the salvage than the control treatment, reflecting the amount of downed woody debris created during harvest.
Poe. The Politics of a Poetry without Politics (Part II)

Excerpted from parts of two chapters in a forthcoming book on Poe's poetry and poetics, this essay argues that Poe's poetry needs to be approached through the interpretive lines initially laid down by the French, especially Mallarme, Rimbaud, and Valery. While that reception history is well known and well-documented, it has never been realized in a system of detailed analysis and explication such as is offered here. This approach involves reading the poetry as a radically formalist undertaking by which meaningful particulars are generated through the elementary acoustic and bibliographical character of the poems. Poe's musical theory of poetry leads to the creation of poetic compositions that require actual performance – a result that makes the reader the central focus and subject of the poetry. Anticipating Gertrude Stein's Modernist commitment to “Composition as Explanation”, Poe demonstrates that the “Explanation” can only be completed in a reciprocal process of “Performance as Explanation”. This approach leads Poe to set a deeply troubling question at the center of all his poetry: what ethical authority can poetry claim when it consciously locates itself in a field of ideological illusions?
Case study: heart transplantation--increased incidence of acute rejection in female recipients

Although the precise link between the increased incidence of allograft rejection in female heart transplant recipients remains uncertain, various gender-specific characteristics may predispose women to earlier rejection episodes. Critical care practitioners must be cognizant of the underlying immunologic factors that indicate higher risk in these recipients. Until the ideal treatment for cardiac rejection is discovered, identifying pertinent immunologic factors, attending to subtle symptoms, obtaining serial endomyocardial biopsies and initiating prompt, additional aggressive immunosuppressive protocols remain paramount in rendering quality patient care. Research must continue to elicit more specific tissue-typing antigens and more selective immunosuppressive agents that will ultimately result in prolonged survival of all heart transplant recipients.
The Role of Acculturation in Nutrition, Lifestyle, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes among Latinos

Latinos have become the largest ethnic minority group in the U.S. and will become 25% of the population by 2050. The purpose of this critical review is to examine the influence of acculturation on type 2 diabetes and corresponding risk factors, including 1) dietary intake, 2) physical activity patterns, 3) smoking and alcohol consumption, and 4) obesity. Among Latinos, acculturation has been associated with obesity risk, suboptimal dietary choices including lack of breast-feeding, low intake of fruits and vegetables, a higher consumption of fats and artificial drinks containing high levels of refined sugar, smoking, and alcohol consumption. In contrast, acculturation has been positively associated with physical activity and a lower likelihood of type 2 diabetes among Latinos. However, findings have been inconsistent across acculturation indicators and appear to be strongly modified by Latino subethnicity and gender. It is important to improve existing acculturation measures available. Mexican Americans have been the target group in the majority of studies. Research in this group must continue but it is important to conduct additional research with other Latino subgroups that have been left out of most of the acculturation, lifestyles, and health outcomes research. Differences between acculturation and health-related outcomes may be confounded by socio-economic status, age, and movement from urban to rural areas. Longitudinal multivariate acculturation research is essential to disentangle these relations and to develop sound behavioral change theories that adequately predict behavioral change among Latinos.
Food label usage and reported difficulty with following a gluten-free diet among individuals in the USA with coeliac disease and those with noncoeliac gluten sensitivity.

Background Individuals with coeliac disease (CD) and those with noncoeliac gluten sensitivity (GS) have reported difficulty following a gluten-free diet (GFD); however, few studies have explored the link between the food label, gluten-free (GF) claims and the difficulty associated with following a GFD. Methods The present study surveyed adults with CD (n = 1,583) and adults with GS (n = 797) about their reported difficulty following a GFD, including assessing the role of food labels and GF claims, as well as other factors known to contribute to this difficulty. A two-sample t-test and chi-squared tests for equality of means or proportions were used for the descriptive data and ordinal logistic regression (OLR) was used to model associations. Results On average, individuals with GS reported slightly more difficulty following the GFD than did participants with CD. According to the OLR results, reading the food label often was significantly associated with less reported difficulty following a GFD, whereas consuming packaged processed foods and looking for GF claims more often were significantly associated with more reported difficulty for both respondent groups. Conclusions Individuals with GS may rely more heavily on the GF claim for information about a product's gluten content. Individuals with CD, on the other hand, may be more experienced food label readers and may rely more on the ingredient list for finding GF foods. More studies are needed aiming to understand the role of the food label in facilitating consumers' ability to follow a GFD.
Two New Menosporine Gregarines, Hoplorhynchus acanthatholius N. Sp. and Steganorhynchus dunwoodyi N. G., N. Sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinorida: Actinocephalidae) from Coenagrionid Damselflies (Odonata: Zygoptera)

ABSTRACT. Hoplorhynchus acanthatholius, n. sp. is described from Enallagma civile, the Civil Bluet damselfly. Trophozoites are solitary, lie in the mesenteron between the peritrophic membrane and the epithelium, and attain a maximum length of 850 μm. Epimerite ovoid to broadly ovoid; anterior margin bearing eight equidistant retroarcuate hooks; attached to protomerite by means of a vermicular stalk. Protomerite ovoid; deutomerite narrowly obvoid. Gametocysts spherical; diam 300 μm, sporulating by simple dehiscence in 48–72 h. Oocysts are characteristic of Menosporinae: smooth, biconical, crcscentic, uniform in size and shape. Steganorhynchus dunwoodyi, n. g., n. sp. is described from the damselfly Ischnura verticalis. The genus is characterized by an epimerite comprising an ovoid papilla enclosed in a retractable, globular sheath, borne on a long vermicular stalk. Trophozoites are solitary, lie in the mesenteron between the peritrophic membrane and epithelium, and attain a maximum length of 605 μm. Protomerite very broadly ovoid; deutomerite obvoid. Gametocysts spherical; diam 258 μm, sporulating by simple dehiscence in 48–72 h. Oocysts are characteristic of Menosporinae: smooth, biconical, crescentic, uniform in size and shape. The population dynamics of H. acanthatholius and S. dunwoodyi among damselfly populations in five Nebraska localities are presented.
An Analysis of Standardized versus Relationship Bank Lending to Small Firms

Using the 1998 Survey of Small Business Finances and banking data to produce a bank-firm match, the author tests for evidence of standardized versus relationship lending methods in both total bank credit as well as credit emanating from the firm’s most important source of financial services, its primary bank. The author employs a two-step Heckman procedure to test the likelihood a small firm has bank debt, then conditional upon having debt, the level of credit outstanding. By comparing the determinates of bank and firm characteristics of primary bank credit with credit from all bank sources, the author finds relationship lending inherent within the primary bank, whereas competing bank sources employ standardized lending techniques such as credit scoring. Relating to credit availability, however, no clear dominance of one method over the other prevails, though empirical support is evident in primary banks providing more favorable credit conditions for riskier firms.
A Perspective from Controlled Investigations on Chemotherapy for Viral Respiratory Infections

Failure to translate discoveries about the etiology of viral respiratory infections into effective vaccines has stimulated research into antiviral chemotherapy. Volunteers whose antibody status before challenge is known and who have been exposed to a known dose of virus at a defined time provide an objective system for controlled observation of antiviral chemotherapy. A perspective on experience with drugs of five different categories of mechanisms of action is presented. Prophylactic and possibly therapeutic control of influenza and rhinovirus infections is possible. Field trials have confirmed that some regimens have beneficial effects and have shown the clinical restrictions of others. Chemotherapy is enhanced by immunoprophylaxis, and vice versa. If the potential of antiviral chemotherapy for clinical use is to be realized, complex virologic problems (some related to drugs and others unrelated) must be overcome. The groundwork is laid for new directions and new successes in the prevention and treatment of viral respiratory diseases with antiviral drugs.
Development of a scintillation proximity assay binding method for the human 5-hydroxytryptamine 6 receptor using intact cells.

Abstract We describe the first validated scintillation proximity assay (SPA) binding method for quantitation of 3 H-labeled d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) binding to recombinant human 5-hydroxytryptamine 6 (5-HT 6 ) receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)–Dukx and HeLa cells. The assay was developed using intact cells as a receptor source because membrane fractions derived from these cells failed to discern specific binding from a high level of nonspecific binding. The pharmacological binding profile of seven 5-HT 6 agonists and antagonists using intact CHO–Dukx/5-HT 6 cells in the SPA format was similar to data obtained from a filtration binding assay using HeLa/5-HT 6 membranes. K i values and rank order of potencies obtained in the SPA format were consistent with published filtration data as follows: SB-271046 ( K i = 1.9 nM) > methiothepin ( K i = 6.2 nM) > mianserin ( K i = 74.3 nM) > 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeOT, K i = 111 nM) > 5-HT ( K i = 150 nM) > ritanserin ( K i = 207 nM) > 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT, K i = 704 nM). Additional evaluation with four antipsychotics demonstrated strong agreement with previous literature reports. A high specific binding signal and low assay variability, as determined by Z ′ = 0.81 ± 0.017, make the SPA format amenable to automation and higher throughput; hence, this assay can be a viable alternative to the more labor-intensive filtration and centrifugation methods.
GENRE, CONTENT, AND ORGANIZATION OF KINDERGARTEN CHILDREN'S ORAL STORY INVENTIONS '

Summary.-This pilot investigation focused on the genre, contenr, and organization used in he oral story inventions of 10 African-American children from a kindergarten dass in an urban school system in the southeastern Unired States. After four days of instruction in storytelling through the use of fairy tales, the researcher asked each child to make up a story and tell it. The 10 children's stories were rape-recorded and transcribed. Content analysis indicated the children cold fantasy stories based on familiar themes, with a parenc often playing a role. The organization of the stories was a disjointed collection of juxtaposed sentences. Questions are raised as to the developmental, individual, and cultural variables which conrributed to these results. Before Western civilization had books, the oral tradition served the role of passing on information from one generation to the next. People would listen to stories and tell them to their children. Storytehg was the primary way people passed on traditions and culture. Today, the oral tradition is often viewed as a less dent form of communication (Magee & Sutton-Smith, 1983). In classrooms, writing activities occur more often than storytebg whch is not viewed as taking effort or promoting development (SuttonSmith, 1985); however. children who are engaged in oral storytehg can inform a teacher about their development. Further, storytelling can foster cognitive and affective development, particularly in young children. Few studies have been conducted on children's invented stories (Aldridge, Eddowes, Ewing, & Kuby, 1994). There have been many examinations of written retellings of stories (Boydston, 1992; Gambrell, Pfedfer, & Wilson, 1985; Morrow, 1986); however, few works have examined the oral stories invented by children. A child's made-up story can provide valuable insight into that child's cognitive, affective, and creative development (Man & Bertoia, 1992; Markharn, 1983; Sutton-Smith, 1985). This study investigated stories that kindergarten children composed after being told the Grimm (1993) version of selected tales. The Grimm versions were chosen because the literature suggests that they are the closest to the oral tradition (Zipes, 1988).
Efficient temporal search range prediction for motion estimation in H.264

An efficient search range prediction method is proposed to reduce the complexity of motion search in the H.264 video coding standard in this work. The main idea is to predict the temporal search range by modeling the relationship between the rate-distortion (RD) coding gain and the required computational complexity. The proposed algorithm first predicts the temporal search range to maximize the ratio of the expected RD coding gain and the normalized computational cost. Then, fast motion search is performed within the predicted search range with some early termination rule. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can save approximately 63-75% of the encoding complexity in motion estimation of H.264 (JM9.3) with negligible degradation in the RD performance.
History of geophysical technology through advertisements in GEOPHYSICS

Exploration geophysics has been largely a free‐enterprise venture and new developments have been “sold” through advertisements in the journal Geophysics. Thus, a review of advertisements provides an eclectic history of geophysics. The following is the view obtained from advertisements alone. The dates cited are usually when ads for innovations first appeared. New features often had been applied earlier, before they were advertised.
Reactant distribution by inert membrane enhances packed-bed reactor stability

Abstract Operational stability of the packed-bed membrane reactor (PBMR) in methanol partial oxidation reaction over industrially used Fe–Mo oxide catalyst was studied at temperatures 200–250°C and excess oxygen feed conditions. The reaction network is as follows: CH 3 OH → (1) +1/2 O 2 HCHO + H 2 O → (2) +1/2 O 2 CO + H 2 O . Oscillations in carbon monoxide production were observed and their amplitude was taken as a measure of reactor operational instability. Three reactor configurations were investigated. The conventional fixed-bed reactor (FBR), with both reactants fed directly to the catalyst bed, exhibited the largest oscillation amplitude. The PBMR with oxygen permeating through the membrane (PBMR-O) and methanol sent directly to the catalyst bed, exhibited decreased oscillation amplitudes, while the PBMR with methanol permeating the membrane (PBMR-M) and oxygen fed directly, was found to be stable in most cases. It is hypothesized that the instability in reactor operation is generated by the spatial non-uniformity in reaction conditions along the catalyst bed coupled with strong methanol adsorption. The consumption of methanol along the reactor alters the propagation rate of deviations in methanol concentration from its steady-state value. As shown by model considerations, this may result in packed-bed operational instability. Stability enhancement, obtained when using an inert membrane for distributed addition of methanol in the PBMR-M, is due to a more uniform methanol concentration profile along the catalyst bed. It is shown that distributed addition of a reactant to catalyst bed is an effective remedy from spatial nonuniformity induced instabilities.
Synthesis of Fmoc-Gly-Ile Phosphinic Pseudodipeptide: Residue Specific Conditions for Construction of Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitor Building Blocks

The efficient synthesis of an Fmoc-Gly-Ile phosphinic pseudodipeptide was desired as an eventual building block for construction of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. A Michael-type addition reaction of bis(trimethylsilyl) phosphonite with the appropriate acrylate generated the pseudodipeptide bond. Additional of adamantyl (Ad) protection by our prior route (reaction of in situ generated phosphinic acid chloride with the sodium salt of adamantanol) was surprisingly inefficient. Adamantyl protection was achieved in high yield by refluxing the phosphinic acid, Ag2O, and 1-AdBr in chloroform. Subsequently a concise one-pot three-step reaction comprising a double deprotection of the N- and C-termini under catalytic hydrogenation conditions followed by selective protection of the N-terminus with an Fmoc group yielded Fmoc-NHCH2PO(OAd)CH2CH(2-butyl)CO2H in 41 % overall yield. These results indicate that, as the diversity of phosphinic pseudodipeptides is increased to create selective matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, different synthetic pathways may be required for efficient building block preparation.
16Gbit/ s radio OFDM signals over graded-index plastic optical fiber

A broadband access system with a record bandwidth of 16 Gbit/s radio OFDM signals transmission over 50 m GIPOF at 1310 nm has been designed and experimentally demonstrated for the first time.
Getting onto the agenda

Purpose – This paper aims to argue that when managing strategically it is important to consider how to get one's priorities onto the institution's agenda.Design/methodology/approach – The paper discusses and gives examples to illustrate why and how one would get an issue onto an institution's agenda.Findings – The paper suggests that, in advancing the library's issues, it is helpful to determine methods of getting on the governing body's agenda.Practical implications – This paper provides concepts to be considered when a manager attempts to move a library's priorities forward.Original/value – Hopefully, this paper will motivate librarians to think strategically when working to advance their library's interests.
Context-dependent effects of Daphnia pulex on pond ecosystem function: observational and experimental evidence.

Large-bodied zooplankton of the genus Daphnia are thought to be keystone species in freshwater pelagic habitats, potentially able to exert strong grazing effects and enhance phosphorus limitation of algae. I examined the degree to which Daphnia pulex differ from small-bodied zooplankton in their effects on algal biomass, seston C:P and N:P, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. This was done with both survey data from natural ponds and an in situ experiment in which D. pulex was compared to a small zooplankton assemblage under low and high nutrient conditions and in two different ponds. D. pulex effects on algae were only evident under high nutrient conditions. In natural ponds, D. pulex dominance resulted in a significantly weaker chlorophyll–total phosphorus relationship, with the divergence between D. pulex and small zooplankton-dominated systems being greatest in highly enriched ponds. In the experiment, D. pulex exerted stronger top-down control in enriched treatments only and tended to graze algae to lower levels in the more productive pond. Dynamics of C:P over the course of the experiment did not reveal strong effects of zooplankton composition. However, data on the final date of the experiment provided some evidence that D. pulex can enhance phosphorus limitation of algae; total phosphorus was lower and C:P higher in D. pulex treatments. Survey results revealed no effects of D. pulex on seston C:P or N:P, suggesting that this species may not be an important factor governing phosphorus limitation of algae in natural ponds.
Recycled Asphalt Shingles Mixed with Granular Byproducts as Structural Fills

In this study, recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) were evaluated for potential use as structural fill in highway embankments or backfills behind retaining walls. Bottom ash (BA) and foundry slag (FS) were also investigated as additives to RAS to enhance its mechanical properties. The engineering properties of RAS:BA/FS mixtures including compaction characteristics, hydraulic conductivity, compressibility, shear strength, and the coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest were evaluated in a systematic manner. The results show that the addition of bottom ash and foundry slag significantly reduces the compressibility of RAS while increasing the drainage capacity and shear strength. The RAS:BA/FS mixtures are a favorable light weight material for use as embankment fills or backfill behind retaining walls.
Dopamine and the cost of aging

Cognitive function declines as part of the normal aging process. A study finds that the dopamine-boosting drug L-DOPA changes value representation in the brain and improves reinforcement learning in older individuals.
In-Grown Stacking Faults in SiC-CVD Using Dichlorosilane and Propane as Precursors

In-grown stacking faults (IGSFs) were studied in 4H-SiC homoepitaxial growth from a SiH2Cl2-C3H8-H2 system. Most of the IGSFs, start from the epilayer/substrate interface, and exhibit photoluminescence emission peak at 2.58 eV (480 nm) indicating of 8H polytype. The growth parameters, including growth temperature, growth pressure, growth rate, hydrogen etching, et al., varied around the regular growth condition do not show a significant effect on the IGSF generation. Reactor furniture is identified to be a major reason of IGSF formation, especially when the insulation part of the furnace is not completely isolated from the growth zone. Dusting of insulation material is crucial in the formation of IGSFs. When using graphite felt as the insulation material, the IGSF density in the epilayer can be as high at ~104 cm-2. Improvement of the insulation material by using graphite foil reduces the density to 30-100 cm-2. Further reduction of IGSF density to less than 10 cm-2 is achieved by mild pretreatment of the substrate in molten KOH-NaOH eutectic.
Optimum filtering with a class of nonlinear systems

This paper considers the problem of nonlinear filtering and interpolation of random input in the presence of noise. A special class of nonlinear systems is used which is composed of a linear system in parallel with a zero-memory nonlinearity (ZNL) preceded by a variable delay. The optimization problem is simplified if the inputs are restricted to be of the separable class. The optimum system of this class is shown to be implemented in terms of the optimum linear filter and the optimum ZNL filter. Furthermore, a suboptimal scheme can also be constructed by adding a ZNL to the optimum linear system which improves its performance. The dependence of the error improvement on the delay is also considered, and the best choice of the delay is illustrated by an example.
Pyridine nucleotides in normal and nicotinamide depleted adrenal tumor cell cultures

Abstract Mouse adrenal tumor cell line Y-129 was grown in cell culture in medium without nicotinamide. Inhibition of growth occurred after the second subculture in the vitamin-deficient medium. Pyridine nucleotides were measured in control and nicotinamide-starved cultures. DPN + decreased to less than 10% of the normal level after 7 days of vitamin starvation. TPNH dropped to 25% of its normal level in the same period. Plating efficiency decreased from 20% in controls to 10% in 7-day nicotinamide-starved cultures. Steroid production was reduced by approximately 50% in the starved cultures. Sensitivity of the cultures to the lethal effects of the nicotinamide antagonist, 3-acetylpyridine, was inversely proportional to the pyridine nucleotide content of the cells. Reconstitution of nicotinamide in depleted cultures caused a rapid renewal of the pyridine nucleotide levels and complete protection against the effects of 3-acetylpyridine. Recovery and subsequent growth of the cultures did not restore the decreased capacity to produce steroids. Nicotinic acid was not utilized by the cells for the synthesis of pyridine nucleotides in depleted cultures and azaserine did not inhibit the utilization of nicotinamide indicating that DPN + was synthesized directly via nicotinamide ribonucleotide.