cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Postoperative Spinal Infections on Patient Mortality.

STUDY DESIGN A retrospective, matched cohort study. OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the association between surgical site infection (SSI) and mortality and ascertain any factors that predict mortality in those diagnosed with SSI. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Despite significant efforts toward mitigation, SSI, including deep infection, remains a common complication following spine surgery, Considerable morbidity may be associated with infection, including hospital readmission, revision surgery, and delayed rehabilitation. However, it is not known whether this increase in morbidity is associated with increased mortality. METHODS Patients from a single center requiring reoperation for SSI following elective spine surgery between 2005 and 2013 were identified in a retrospective fashion. These patients were then matched one-to-three with patients undergoing elective spine surgery without SSI. Patients were matched for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), Charlson comorbidity index, year of surgery, spine region, and approach. The Social Security Death Index was utilized to identify deceased patients and their time of death. Univariate statistics were then utilized to compare mortality rates between the two groups. In addition, the SSI cohort was evaluated for predictors of mortality following SSI. RESULTS One-hundred ninety-five patients developed SSI at a mean of 27.4 (range: 1-467) days from the index surgery. Ninety-day, 1-year, 2-year, and 5-year mortality rates were 1.54% versus 1.03% (P = 0.70), 4.62% versus 1.2% (P = 0.006), 7.73% versus 2.25% (P = 0.001), and 15.45% versus 3.43% (P = 0.0002) for SSI versus control patients, respectively. Predictors of 2-year mortality in the SSI cohort were increased age (P = 0.02) and increased Charlson Comorbidity Index (P < 0.001). Region and approach of surgery, days to infection, and reason for elective surgery did not influence mortality. CONCLUSION SSI results in significant morbidity in the postoperative period, with the risk of reoperation, prolonged hospitalization, and need for other invasive procedures. In addition, this study provides evidence that SSI is associated with an increased mortality following elective spine surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
Urbanization and Industrial Development in China

Over the period 1978–2016, more than 550 million migrants moved to China’s cities, resulting in a large rise of urbanization from 18 to 57%. While urbanization is influenced by many factors, this study focuses on industrialization, a key structural determinant of urban development. How does industrial development affect China’s urbanization? Does China’s industrialization lead to its urbanization? Is China under- or over-urbanized? How does China manage urban development so that the virtuous circle between urbanization and industrialization could realize? This chapter offers explanations to the questions as follows: China’s rapid industrialization is the key driver of its urbanization; China’s urban development is at the right speed, avoiding many problems of over-urbanization in developing countries; and China successfully guided urbanization to promote economic growth through agglomeration and consumption effects.
A Corpus, Not a Canon (Nor an Anthology)

The Library of Arabic Literature was established through a grant from the New York University Abu Dhabi Institute, and, in collaboration with NYU Press, is publishing 75 significant works of Arabic literature, primarily from the 7th–19th centuries, from the widest possible range of genres. These appear on facing Arabic and English pages—the editions of the Arabic are authoritative, though not necessarily critical, relying in most cases on manuscript originals; the translations are into modern, lucid English, not “industry standard.” The article describes the Library’s conception, its methods, and how, in trying to achieve its ultimate goal of introducing the rich, largely untapped Arabic literary heritage to scholarly and general audiences, it rejects the notion of canon in favor of the notion of a corpus, not one it establishes, but one to which it contributes.
The Use of Vibrational Energy to Isolate Adipose-Derived Stem Cells.

Background Adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC)-based treatments have the potential to treat numerous soft-tissue pathologies. It would be beneficial to develop an efficient and reliable intraoperative, nonenzymatic method of isolating ADSCs for clinical use. This study aims to determine the (1) viability and proliferative capacity of ADSCs after exposure to vibrational energies and (2) efficacy of vibrational energy as a method of ADSC isolation from surgically harvested infrapatellar fat pad (IFP). Methods Cultured ADSCs were exposed to 15 minutes of vibration (60 Hz) with displacements ranging from 0 to 2.5 mm to assess cell viability and proliferation. Then, arthroscopically harvested adipose tissue (IFP; n = 5 patients) was filtered and centrifuged to separate the stromal vascular fraction, which was exposed to 15 minutes of vibration (60 Hz; 1.3 mm or 2.5 mm displacement). A viability analysis was then performed along with proliferation and apoptosis assays. Results Vibration treatment at all displacements had no effect on the viability or proliferation of the cultured ADSCs compared with controls. There was an increased apoptosis rate between the 2.5 mm displacement group (7.53%) and controls (5.17%; P < 0.05) at day 1, but no difference at days 2, 3, and 14. ADSCs were not isolated from the IFP tissue after vibration treatment. Conclusions ADSCs maintained viability and proliferative capacity after 15 minutes of vibration at 60 Hz and 2.5 mm displacement. ADSCs were not isolated harvested IFP tissue after the application of vibrational energy.
Controversy Around Headers

Football is unique among sports in that players purposefully use their heads to move the ball. Heading the ball is considered an integral skill in football and occurs from youth to professional levels. Researchers have speculated that football heading may have adverse effects on players. These effects can be divided into (1) acute effects such as concussion and (2) chronic effects of repetitive heading such as cognitive and balance impairment. As a result of these purported adverse effects, and in spite of a lack of empirical evidence, some football organizations have enacted guidelines limiting exposure to heading in youth players. In regard to the role of heading on concussion, the evidence suggests that heading a ball is not likely to result in concussion. However, researchers indicate that approximately 15–30% of concussions in football are the result of head-to-head contact that results from attempted headers. In contrast, the research on the chronic effects of football heading is equivocal and characterized by inconsistent methodologies and findings. Findings from a recent meta-analytic review did not support any overall adverse effects of heading in football. Proper heading technique may mitigate any potential effects of heading and reduce incidence of concussion in football players.
Interactions Between Land-Use Change and Climate-Carbon Cycle Feedbacks

Interactions between land-use change and climate-carbon cycle feedbacks include biological processes, such as CO2-enhanced productivity of lands managed for food, energy, or wood; an increased terrestrial carbon sink as a consequence of an expanded area of secondary forests; and the effects of land cover on biophysical properties affecting climate (e.g., albedo, roughness, evapotranspiration). Interactions also result at a conceptual level because of the methods used to evaluate terrestrial terms in the global carbon budget. For example, net carbon emissions from land-use change help define the airborne fraction, as well as the magnitude of the residual terrestrial carbon sink. And the lost additional sink capacity (LASC) determined with dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) reveals an indirect long-term consequence of land-use change: the loss of a carbon sink as a result of converting forests to open lands. Three different terrestrial carbon fluxes are important for understanding perturbations to the global carbon cycle: the net annual emissions from land-use change, the residual terrestrial carbon sink, and the LASC.
Groundwater Availability in the Kabul Basin, Afghanistan

The Kabul Basin in eastern Afghanistan contains a sedimentary and semi-consolidated rock aquifer that is as much as 1,000 m thick. The city of Kabul is in the southern part of the basin where the population has doubled in the past 15 years to about 4.8 million in 2015, which represents about 15% of the total population of Afghanistan. This rapid population growth, together with potential impacts of climate change, has raised concern for groundwater availability, which is the primary source of drinking water in the basin. Rising groundwater levels indicate that the basin has emerged from the severe drought of the late 1990s and early 2000s that affected much of Afghanistan. However, groundwater level declines of up to 1.5 m/yr in the city of Kabul illustrate the concern for the sustainability of groundwater resources in the face of growing demands for water. Groundwater flow modeling has been used to estimate water resources in the basin, the potential effects of increased groundwater withdrawals, and potential climate-induced changes to recharge in the basin. Simulated increases in groundwater withdrawals will affect areas of the basin with the greatest population growth, while a climate-induced reduction in recharge may have a more widespread impact and may particularly affect areas near the mountain front. In addressing the sustainability of groundwater in the Kabul Basin, there are various options for water resource managers to explore while continued development of groundwater and surface water monitoring networks is needed.
Resonant Infrared Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation of Hybrid Perovskites

Resonant infrared matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (RIR-MAPLE) was used to deposit the metal-halide perovskite (MHP), CH3NH3PbI3, and solar cell performance was demonstrated, thereby establishing the potential for MAPLE growth of MHPs.
An Investigation of Long and Short Time-Constant Persistent Photoconductivity in Undoped GaN Grown By RF-Plasma Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Photoconductance decay and spectral photoconductance measurements were made on a set of ten undoped layers of GaN grown by rf-plasma MBE. The layers, also characterized by Hall, photoluminescence and reflectance measurements, represented a wide variety in electrical and optical properties, and several were grown under atomic hydrogen. Spectral photoconductance indicated transitions at 1.0--1.1, 1.92, 2.15, 3.08 and 3.2--3.4 eV. All layers exhibited persistent photoconductivity to some degree. In contrast with previous reports, a clear correlation was not observed between persistent photoconductivity and yellow luminescence or, indeed, with any measurement made. Analysis of photoconductance decay indicates that more than one type of persistent photoconductivity may be present.
Hydrodynamics of periodic wave energy converter arrays

We consider the hydrodynamics of wave energy converter (WEC) arrays consisting of periodically repeated single bodies or sub-arrays. Of special interest is the array gain due to wave interactions as a function of the spatial configuration of the array. For simplicity, we assume identical WECs oscillating in heave only, although the results should extend to general motions. We find that array gains can be as high as compared to the same WECs operating in isolation. We show that prominent decreases in array gain are associated with Laue resonances, involving the incident and scattered wave modes, for which we obtain an explicit condition. We also show theoretically that Bragg resonances can result in large decreases in gain with as few as two rows of strong absorbers. For general WEC geometries, we develop a multiple-scattering method of wave–body interactions applicable to generally spaced periodic arrays. For arrays of truncated vertical cylinders, we perform numerical investigations confirming our theoretical predictions for Laue and Bragg resonances. For a special class of multiple-row rectangular WEC arrays, our numerical results show that motion-trapped Rayleigh–Bloch waves can exist and be excited by an incident wave, resulting in sharp, narrow-banded spikes in the array gain.
Renal Cell Carcinoma with Primary Presentation via Metastasis to the Trigeminal Ganglion.

Background Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for ∼8% of all brain metastatic disease; however, spread to the cranial nerves and their ganglia is uncommon. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first case of RCC metastatic to Meckel's cave, which was diagnosed secondary to new trigeminal sensory loss. Methods A 45-year-old man had presented with acute-onset right V3 numbness. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated contrast enhancement of the ipsilateral V3, extending from its root at the Gasserian ganglion to the foramen ovale. Results He elected for observation, and his symptoms resolved over several weeks. At the scheduled, routine 3-month follow-up examination, he reported symptomatic relapse with new concomitant hyperesthetic/neuropathic pain. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated interval enlargement of the enhancing lesion in an atypical pattern, potentially consistent with trigeminal schwannoma versus meningioma, and operative resection was recommended. Conclusion We have reported a case of RCC presenting with numbness via metastatic spread to Meckel's cave. Although uncommon, metastasis is an important diagnostic consideration for enhancing cranial nerve lesions. Our case has demonstrated that, although a history of malignancy, multiple lesions, or systemic/constitutional symptoms are typical, rare cases can demonstrate isolated central nervous system findings. Thus, short-term radiographic surveillance is indicated if the diagnosis of an intracranial or cranial nerve mass lesion is equivocal.
Embedding Meta Information into Visualizations

In this work, we study how to co-locate meta information with visualizations by directly embedding information into visualizations. This allows for visualizations to carry provenance and authorship information themselves for reproducibility. We call these self-describing visualizations–reproducible, authenticatable, and documentable. Self-describing visualizations can be used to extend existing visualization provenance systems. Herein, we start with a survey of existing digital image watermarking literature. We search for and classify watermarking algorithms that can support scientific visualizations. Using our payload-resilience testing framework, we evaluate and recommend algorithms supporting various use cases in the payload-resiliency space, and present guidelines for optimizing visualizations to improve payload capacities and embedding robustness. We demonstrate the efficacy of self-describing visualizations with two sample application implementations: (1) adding an embedding filter as a part the standard rendering pipeline, (2) creating a web reader to automatically and reliably extract provenance information from scientific publications for review and dissemination.
Given the Time and the Money to Think, Consumers will Rely more on Intuition, Sensations, and Emotions, rather than Rationale, to Decide

The weight of intuitive, sensory, emotional, and rational criteria in consumer decision making has been debated for ages, we could say. The rational model dominated Marketing all through the 20th Century, but on the onset of the new millennium, the case has been made, and strongly so, for a more integrated view of consumer behavior, that allows for, if you will, the rationalization of emotional conducts. In this paper, we present the results of an experiment that shows that purchases are not all that rational, and that â€“indeedâ€“ given the time, and the money to think it through, consumers will paradoxically rely more on their intuition, their emotions and sensations, that is, on feelings over rational criteria, to arrive at a purchase decision. This experiment manipulated two variables, time and money, using a convenience sample of undergraduate students in three classes of Pace University, NY, to apply the same situational questionnaire under two different hypothetical scenarios, where one is similar to the studentsâ€™ current situation.
Terrapolitics in the Dawnland: Relationality, Resistance, and Indigenous Futures in the Native and Colonial Northeast

This essay re-examines Wampanoag and Anglo-American relationships by focusing on a post-King Philip's War land negotiation document. Using the concept of “terrapolitics,” it argues for the signific...
Traffic Flow Theory

This chapter presents the basic traffic flow theory which is used in the following chapters for control problem formulations. The theory develops the Lighthill–Whitham–Richards (LWR) model that uses the conservation law for traffic. Additionally, a density-dependent speed formula is used. There are many relationships available for this fundamental diagram, the chapter uses Greenshields’ formula for further analysis. Elementary partial differential equations (PDE) theory is also presented including the method of characteristics needed for the analysis of the traffic model. Shockwaves and weak solutions are discussed followed by a brief discussion of traffic measurements.
Risk and protective factors for repeated overdose after opioid overdose survival.

Abstract Background Nonfatal opioid overdose (OD) is an opportunity to identify patients who may benefit from interventions to reduce repeated overdose (rOD). In this study, we sought to determine risk and protective factors associated with rOD. Methods In this retrospective cohort study of 4,155 patients aged 18–64 who presented to one of 16 emergency departments in a single Western Pennsylvania health system between July 2015 and January 2018 for index opioid overdose (iOD) and survived to discharge, we identified demographic and clinical factors association with rOD within one-year. Relative risk of repeated opioid overdose was estimated using adjusted Cox proportional hazard ratios (aHRs). Results 14.9 % of patients (95 % CI 13.9–16.1) had a rOD, with 29 % occurring within 30 days from iOD. The adjusted hazard of opioid overdose was increased for male patients (aHR = 1.19; 95 % CI 1.01, 1.41), those with pre-iOD diagnoses of anxiety (aHR = 1.41; 95 % CI1.13, 1.77), depression (aHR = 1.44; 95 % CI 1.17, 1.78), substance use disorders (aHR = 1.30; 95 % CI 1.09, 1.55), and alcohol use disorder (aHR = 1.52; 95 % CI 1.02, 2.25). The hazard was lower for individuals prescribed an opioid in the 90 days prior to iOD (aHR = 0.59; 95 % CI 0.37, 0.97) and those admitted to the hospital for iOD (aHR = 0.56; 95 % CI 0.37, 0.86). Conclusion We found that, among ED patients who survive an initial OD, mental health and substance use diagnoses are associated with a higher hazard of repeated overdoses whereas opioids prescriptions and admission are associated with lower hazards.
[Determination of pentachlorophenol in food by solid phase extraction-ultrafast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].

OBJECTIVE A method was developed for the determination of pentachlorophenol( PCP) in food by ultrafast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after solid phase extraction. METHODS The sample was extracted in 8%triethylamine/acetonitrile( 70/30, V/V) and purified on a MAX-SPE cartridge. The UFLC separation was performed on a Shim-pack XR-ODS Ⅲ column( 150 mm × 2. 0 mm, 2. 2μm) with a linear gradient elution program of acetonitrile and 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate( 0. 1% formic acid) as the mobile phase. Electrospray ionization was applied and operated in the negative ion mode. RESULTS The limit of quantitation( LOQ) and limit of detection( LOD) for PCP were 0. 4-0. 5 μg/kg and 0. 12-0. 15 μg/kg. The calibration curve showed good linearity between 0. 5-50. 0 μg/L, and the correlative coefficients( r) were more than 0. 999. The recovery was between 82. 0%-108. 0%, and the RSD was between 1. 89%-5. 09%( n = 6). CONCLUSION The method is sensitive, reproducible, and adapts to determination of PCP in variety of foods.
Pathway and mechanism of drug binding to chemokine receptors revealed by accelerated molecular simulations

Background: Chemokine GPCRs play key roles in biology and medicine. Particularly, CXCR4 promotes cancer metastasis and facilitate HIV entry into host cells. Plerixafor (PLX) is a CXCR4 drug, but th...
Butyrate Protects Against Salsolinol-Induced Toxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells: Implication for Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson’s disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is associated with the destruction of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and the formation of Lewy bodies in basal ganglia. Risk factors for PD include aging, as well as environmental and genetic factors. Recent converging reports suggest a role for the gut microbiome and epigenetic factors in the onset and/or progression of PD. Of particular relevance and potential therapeutic targets in this regard are histone deacetylases (HDACs), enzymes that are involved in chromatin remodeling. Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (FA) produced in the gut and presumably acting via several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) including FA3 receptors (FA3Rs), is a well-known HDAC inhibitor that plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis of the gut-brain axis. Recently, its significance in regulation of some critical brain functions and usefulness in neurodegenerative diseases such as PD has been suggested. In this study we sought to determine whether butyrate may have protective effects against salsolionl (SALS)-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. SALS, an endogenous product of aldehyde and dopamine condensation, may be selectively toxic to dopaminergic neurons. SH-SY5Y cells, derived from human neuroblastoma cells, are used as a model of these neurons. Exposure of SH-SY5Y cells for 24 h to 400 μM SALS resulted in approximately 60% cell death, which was concentration-dependently prevented by butyrate. The effects of butyrate in turn were significantly attenuated by beta-hydroxy butyrate (BHB), a selective FA3R antagonist. Moreover, a selective FA3R agonist (AR 420626) also provided protective effects against SALS, which was totally blocked by BHB. These findings provide further support that butyrate or an agonist of FA3R may be of therapeutic potential in PD.
Intracranial atherosclerotic disease mechanistic subtypes drive hypoperfusion patterns.

Background and purpose In symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS), borderzone infarct pattern and perfusion mismatch are associated with increased risk of recurrent strokes, which may reflect the shared underlying mechanism of hypoperfusion distal to the intracranial atherosclerosis. Accordingly, we hypothesized a correlation between hypoperfusion volumes and ICAS infarct patterns based on the respective underlying mechanistic subtypes. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of consecutive symptomatic ICAS cases, acute strokes due to subocclusive (50%-99%) intracranial stenosis. The following mechanistic subtypes were assigned based on the infarct pattern on the diffusion-weighted imaging: Branch occlusive disease (BOD), internal borderzone (IBZ), and thromboembolic (TE). Perfusion parameters, obtained concurrently with the MRI, were studied in each group. Results A total of 42 patients (57% women, mean age 71 ± 13 years old) with symptomatic ICAS received MRI within 24 h of acute presentation. Fourteen IBZ, 11 BOD, and 17 TE patterns were identified. IBZ pattern yielded higher total Tmax > 4 s and Tmax > 6 s perfusion delay volumes, as well as corresponding Tmax > 4 s and Tmax > 6 s mismatch volume, compared to BOD. TE pattern exhibited greater median Tmax > 6 s hypoperfusion delay in volume compared to BOD. In IBZ versus TE, the volume difference between Tmax > 4 s and Tmax > 6 s (Δ Tmax > 4 s - Tmax > 6 s) was substantially greater. Conclusion ICAS infarct patterns, in keeping with their respective underlying mechanisms, may correlate with distinct perfusion profiles.
A Generalized Prandtl–Ishlinskii Model for Hysteresis Modeling in Electromagnetic Devices

The cores of several types of electromagnetic devices (EMDs) experience a time-varying magnetic field. Thus, the hysteresis phenomenon can be observed between flux density and magnetic field strength. Hysteresis loop in magnetic material represents the core losses in the material core. Thus, a number of hysteresis models have been developed in the literature for core loss calculations in EMDs. In 2009, the Generalized Prandtl-Ishlinskii (GPI) hysteresis model was developed for the characterization of nonlinearities in smart material-based actuators. The GPI model has shown highly competent features compared with other hysteresis models. Therefore, this paper introduces the GPI model as an efficient hysteresis model for core loss estimation in magnetic cores and efficiency prediction in EMDs. The proposed hysteresis model is constructed with envelope functions and rate-dependent play operators. The envelope functions develop the Prandtl-Ishlinskii (PI) model to characterize hysteresis loops with saturation, while the rate-dependent thresholds support modeling of frequency-dependent hysteresis.
A Classroom Activity for Teaching Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development.

In two studies, we demonstrate an engaging classroom activity that facilitates student learning about Kohlberg’s theory of moral development by using digital resources to foster active, experientia...
Effects of power amplifier nonlinearities on the radar ambiguity function

The radar ambiguity function describes the possibility of errors in range and Doppler detection for targets of certain range-Doppler combinations. Nonlinear power amplifiers in radar transmitters provide many undesirable effects, including spreading of the radar spectrum. Based on the known impacts of the power amplifier nonlinearities on the waveform and spectrum that is transmitted, this paper assesses the related impacts on the ambiguity function and, therefore, on the estimation precision capabilities of the radar. Simulation results for nonlinear microwave power-amplifier transistor models are presented to illustrate the theory that is presented. Simulations using a Gaussian Barker code implementation show that amplifier nonlinearities cause widening of ambiguity content in the Doppler dimension, widening of range sidelobes, and deepening of range and Doppler nulls. The theory and observations presented in this paper are expected to find significant application in radar waveform optimization to provide desired ambiguity-function properties while maintaining spectral compliance.
Concentration vs. Dispersion: In the Training of Teachers of Foreign Languages

Arguments against a proposition made by a professor of education that teachers in training be discouraged from selecting modern foreign language as a major subject.
Howard, Concentration Camps on the Home Front: Japanese Americans in the House of Jim Crow

The incarceration of approximately one hundred twenty thousand Japanese Americans in concentration camps during World War II presents an uncomfortable challenge to American collective memory of the...
What Counts and What Gets Counted

Management reporting systems are like power tools. They help you improve performance quickly and effectively, but one careless moment can cause irreparable damage and serious injury. For years, my students have been asking permission to send this book of best practices and safety tips to colleagues, friends and family. This revision provides a comprehensive introduction to management reporting systems, complete with links to nearly 100 videos, written to be appropriate for students and practitioners of any background, across all areas where people organize their efforts to improve performance. Examples include business, charities, governmental agencies, education, sports, and family life. Each of its 28 essays can be read separately, making the book well-suited to use as supplemental reading.Drawing extensively from current research and classical philosophy, the book encourages both deep skepticism about performance measures and pragmatic recognition of how useful they can be. Thoughtless adherence to performance measures leads many to decry "bean counters," and emphasize that "Not everything that counts can be counted, and not everything that can be counted counts." Yet something gets counted whenever we need to make critical decisions throughout the workplace, politics and daily life.This book will help readers interpret the performance measures generated by the managerial reporting systems most pervasive in modern organizations, design systems that generate more useful measures, and make better use those measures — even though what gets counted often paints a misleading picture of what counts.
Word Concept Model for Intelligent Dialogue Agents

Information extraction is a key component in dialogue systems. Knowledge about the world as well as knowledge specific to each word should be used for robust semantic processing. An intelligent agent is necessary for a dialogue system when meanings are strictly defined by using a world state model. An extended concept structure is proposed to represent knowledge associated with each word in a "speech-friendly" way. By considering knowledge stored in the word concept model as well as knowledge base of the world model, meaning of a given sentence can be correctly identified. This paper describes the extended concept structure and how knowledge about words can be stored in this concept model.
Post-Traumatic Stress and Life-Destructive Behavior

Results of content analysis of investigative reports and suicide notes illustrating the association between traumatic stress and life-destructive behavior are reported. A breakdown of interpersonal relationships and the inability to adapt to situational arrangements over which they lack control are shown to be factors critical to understanding committers' motivations to suicide.
Observations of HCN in comet P/Halley

We present observations of the HCN J = 1−0 rotational transition at 3.4 mm wavelength in comet P/Halley. The data were obtained during a total of 56 individual observing sessions between November 1985 and May 1986 and represent the first time that a cometary parent molecule has been so extensively monitored. The HCN production rate is well correlated with the total visual magnitude of the comet, and comparison of the HCN production to the total gas production of the comet indicates that it is a relatively minor constituent with 0.1% the abundance of H2O. Comparison of HCN and CN production suggests that HCN is a major parent molecule of CN, but probably not the sole parent. HCN spectra obtained by binning the data with heliocentric distance show that the line width, and thus the parent outflow velocity, increases with decreasing heliocentric distance, and that there is a tendency for the lines to be blue shifted due to anisotropic out gassing from the nucleus. Finally, there is evidence of day-to-day time variability in the total HCN emission and in the hyperfine ratios. The time variation of the total emission is consistent with the known time variable behavior of the comet, and detailed comparisons to optical data, where possible, confirm this interpretation. However, non-LTE values of the hyperfine ratios are not consistent with theoretical modeling of the excitation of these transitions.
Intrusion detection using radial basis function network on sequences of system calls

Over the past few years, security has been an increasing concern, with the growth of network and technological development. An intrusion detection system is a critical component for secure information management. Unfortunately, present IDS's falls short of providing protection required for growing concern. Creation of an IDS to detect anomaly intrusions, in a timely and accurate manner, has been an elusive goal for researchers. This paper describes a host-based IDS model, utilizing a Radial Basis Function neural network. It functions as a combined anomaly/misuse detector that helps to overcome most of the limitations in existing models. Rather than creating user profiles or behavioral characteristics, we trained our network using session data in the identification and tested experimentally on different attack/normal sessions. These results suggest that training the IDS on session data is not only effective in detecting intrusions, but also accurate and timely.
Chemistry of electron doped Ln 2-x Ce x CuO 4 superconductors

The electron doped Ln2−xCexCuO4 (Ln=lanthanide) oxides have intergrowth structures consisting of superconductively active CuO2 sheets alternating with inactive (Ln, Ce)2O2 fluorite layers along the c-axis. Stabilization of such intergrowth structures requires bond length matching across the intergrowth interface. The bond length matching criterion causes a monotonic decrease in the Ce solubility limit from x=0.24 to x=0.15 as the size of Ln3+ decreased from Ln=La0.5Nd0.5 to Ln=Gd. Annealing in N2 atm of Ln2−xCexCuO4 at temperatures above 900°C creates oxygen vacancies and the number of vacancies decreases with increasing Ce content. The value of x at which a semiconductor to superconductor transition occurs in Ln2−xCexCuO4 increases with decreasing size of Ln3+ due to an increasing Madelung energy caused by a decreasing Cu−O bond length.
Iron Supplementation Does Not Affect the Susceptibility of LDL to Oxidative Modification in Women with Low Iron Status

Elevated iron stores may or may not promote atherogenesis by increasing free radical formation and oxidative stress, but controlled diet and supplement trials are lacking. We tested the hypothesis that iron supplementation does not increase the susceptibility of LDL to undergo oxidative modification in women with low iron status. A randomized, double-blind, 2-period crossover study design (n=26) was used to examine the effects of the following diets on measures of LDL oxidation: average American diet (AAD) [36% of energy as fat; 15% saturated fatty acids (SFA)], and a Step 2 diet (26% fat; 7% SFA). In addition, subjects received either a supplement containing 160 mg of ferrous sulfate (50 mg elemental iron) or a placebo twice daily [supplement group received a total of 320 mg ferrous sulfate (100 mg elemental iron) daily]. After supplementation, serum ferritin differed between the supplement and placebo groups (P=0.008). Measures of LDL oxidation were not affected by supplement intake; however, they were affected by diet. Lag time was shorter after the women consumed the AAD diet than after the Step 2 diet (P<0.0001). The diets did not affect the rate of oxidation or total dienes. Although iron status was improved by aggressive iron supplementation, LDL oxidative susceptibility was not affected. As expected, lag time was increased after the women consumed the low fat, low SFA diet. Therefore, the results of this study do not support a relationship between iron status and LDL oxidation.
Income inequality, electoral systems and party polarisation

This study analyses why income inequality and party polarisation proceed together in some countries but not in others. By focusing on the relationship between income inequality, the permissiveness of electoral systems and party polarisation, the study offers a theoretical explanation for how the combination of income inequality and permissive electoral systems generates higher party polarisation. After analysing a cross-national dataset of party polarisation, income inequality and electoral institutions covering 24 advanced democracies between 1960 and 2011, it is found that a simple correlation between income inequality and party polarisation is not strong. However, the empirical results indicate that greater income inequality under permissive electoral systems contributes to growing party polarisation, which suggests that parties only have diverging ideological platforms due to greater income inequality when electoral systems encourage their moves towards the extreme; parties do not diverge when electoral systems discourage their moves towards the extreme.
Partial Differential Equation Methods for Solving the Problem of Electromagnetic Scattering from a Body of Revolution

Abstract In this paper we discuss the use of a local boundary condition derived from Wilcox's expansion for the scattered fields to achieve mesh truncation for finite difference and finite element meshes. We review the method for the case of finite difference meshes and then show how it can be generalized for the case of a finite element mesh. We show how the finite element formulation can be developed without the use of a variational expression. We also present numerical results obtained using the finite element method.
Identification of growth hormone binding protein in rat serum.

Abstract The present report describes the initial characterization of a specific, high-affinity growth hormone binding protein (GH-BP) in adult male rat serum. GH-BP activity was measured by incubation of rat serum with [125I]hGH and [125I]rGH and separation of bound from free GH by dextran-coated charcoal. [125I]hGH binding to rat serum was dependent on serum concentration and incubation time, equilibrium being reached within 10 min both at 4 and 37 °C. Binding was rapidly and completely reversible and specific for somatogenic (but not lactogenic) hormones. Scatchard analysis yielded a linear plot with an affinity (Ka) of 1.51 ± 0.63 × 108 M−1. Preliminary data obtained in various physiological conditions showed that GH-BP activity in adult male rats was 5.95 ± 0.20%/0.1 ml serum. Significantly higher values were obtained in sera of female (21.66 + 0.79%/0.1 ml serum) and pregnant rats (23.02 ± 1.15%/0.1 ml serum). A closer analysis of these binding values by Scatchard analysis revealed that the binding capacity in pregnant rats (50.5 ± 5.8 pmol/0.1 ml serum) was significantly higher than in adult female estrous rats (19.2 ± 6.5 pmol/0.1 ml serum), both being much higher than in adult male rats (2.5 ± 0.6 pmol/0.1 ml serum). The GH-BP activity of 10-day-old rats was only $ 63% of the adult male rat value. The presence of high-affinity GH-specific binding protein in rat serum suggests a probable action in regulation of GH activity. The detailed physiological role of rat serum GH-BP is currently being investigated.
Comment on the self-interaction correction to the local spin density exchange splitting

Abstract We show that the self-interaction correction to the local spin density potential studied by Zunger, Perdew, and Oliver actually causes a slight increase in the spin dependence of the potential rather than the striking decrease calculated by those authors.
A painful thorn in the foot : A case of eumycetoma

Madura foot or mycetoma is endemic in many developing countries. It is occasionally seen within the United States due to increasing international travel but it may sometimes be acquired within US soil. Herein, we present a case of a patient with a diagnosis of mycetoma acquired through trauma to the foot. In addition, we discuss the epidemiology, etiological agents, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of mycetomas. Clinicians need to recognize mycetoma early and institute treatment promptly to reduce the substantial morbidity associated with this devastating infection.
Thermoregulatory Responses of the North American Porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum bruneri) to Decreasing Ambient Temperature and Increasing Wind Speed

Abstract Average resting metabolic rate of five adult male porcupines ( Erethizon dorsatum bruneri ) was 0.23 ml O 2 /g · h ± 0.007 SEM, between 10°C (T lc ) and 25°C, which is 70% of the value predicted by body mass. A T b of 37.1°C ± 0.1 SEM was maintained between −10°C and 25°C. Calculated thermal conductance (between 6°C and −10°C) was 87% of the predicted value. There was no significant change in mean metabolic rate as a function of wind (up 4.3 m/s) at ambient temperatures (1°C and −5°C) below their T lc . Under these same ambient conditions, with and without wind, the skin surface and subcutaneous areas of the porcupine's rosette region exhibited marked temperature lability.
Application of the oxidative induction test to depolymerizing systems

Abstract Since the development of the oxidative induction time (OIT) test by former Bell Telephone Laboratories researchers, there have been many studies to broaden its applicability to polymers beyond the original polyolefins. The basic premise in OIT studies is that a detectable oxidation onset is based on the differential reactivity between the polymer matrix and free radical scavenging antioxidants like hindered phenols. This situation does not exist in depolymerizing systems such as polymethylmethacrylates (PMMA), so many researchers concluded that a correlation did not exist for these systems. We will report on the observation of a clear cut, Arrhenius-like oxidative induction time behavior in a toughened PMMA system with high pressure DSC. The relationship between the observed OIT at elevated temperatures and high oxygen pressures with lower temperature oven aging studies will be presented.
Group A Streptococcus in the Gynecologic Patient

Background: Over the past few decades, physicians have been reminded of the potential for serious complications arising from group A streptococcal (GAS) infections. These infections continue to pose a serious threat, primarily because the pathophysiology of these infections is complex. This article reviews some of the features ofGAS infections and presents two case reports ofGAS pelvic infections in women. Case: The two patients discussed both had unusual presentations for pelvic inflammatory disease. In both cases, there was strong concern that a serious gastrointestinal process was occurring. Both improved dramatically after aggressive irrigation of their abdominal cavities and administration of antibiotics. Conclusion: Appropriate and aggressive use of antibiotics and reduction of bacterial load through debridement and irrigation are crucial in treating serious GAS infections. Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol. 5:391-394, 1997. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Economics of the cassava mealybug [Phaenacoccus Manihoti; Hom.: Pseudococcidae] biological control program in Africa

Critical analyses of current pest control practices and the role of classical biological control are needed. The costs and benefits of the introduction and release of natural enemies of the cassava mealybug are assessed. A conservative estimate shows that the benefit to cost ratio of this project is extremely high (149∶1).
Higher Chemical Stability of α-Li3N than β-Li3N in Atmosphere

Lithium nitride (Li3N), which generally consists of α-Li3N and β-Li3N, is a promising material for catalysis and energy applications. It is generally recognized that Li3N can be easily oxidized by air at room temperature. However, herein, it was found that O2 can not oxidize Li3N even at 170 °C. In contrast, H2O in atmosphere can cause the degradation of Li3N due to its reaction with H2O to LiOH, followed by further reaction with CO2 to Li2CO3 at room temperature. Furthermore, it was revealed that H2O reacted with β-Li3N much faster than α-Li3N, indicating that α-Li3N is more stable than β-Li3N in atmosphere.
Optimization of human-powered elastic mechanisms for endurance amplification

Throughout the human body hundreds of muscles exert forces to stiffen and move the limbs and torso. During heavy exercise, only a small portion of these muscles fatigue. We report here a new kind of human-powered mechanism which amplifies endurance by altering the distribution of work output between fatiguing and nonfatiguing muscles. During heavy exercise, springs within the mechanism are stretched by muscles which would not fatigue if the exercise were conducted without the mechanism. This stored energy is then used to assist those muscles which typically would fatigue, resulting in an increase in endurance. A mathematical model is used to predict the efficiency with which the body can perform mechanical work at various spring stiffnesses for a particular heavy-exercise activity and mechanism. The model results support the hypothesis that the spring stiffnesses which maximize endurance also maximize the efficiency with which the human body can perform work.
Transient Conjugate Heat Transfer During Free Liquid Jet Impingement on a Rotating Solid Disk

This article presents the transient conjugate heat transfer characterization of a free liquid jet impinging on a rotating solid disk of finite thickness and radius. Calculations were done for a range of Reynolds number (500–1400), Ekman number (6.62 × 10−5–∞), disk thicknesses to nozzle diameter ratio (0.17–1.67), and solid to fluid thermal conductivity ratio (36.91–697.56) using water as the coolant. It was detected that the duration of the transient increased with disk thickness and decreased with Reynolds number and thermal conductivity ratio. A correlation for average Nusselt number for the transient heat transfer is presented.
Two Unusual Modifications of Eye Colour in Drosophila melanogaster

IN the course of a series of investigations now in progress concerning the modification of eye colour in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster under X-irradiation, undertaken in connexion with an attempted determination of the volume of the locus white, two changes of colour have been observed which seem of sufficient interest to be worthy of a note at the present time.
Purification and partial characterization of the branched chain amino acid transaminase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Abstract The enzyme responsible for catalyzing transfer of amino groups from branched chain amino acids to 2-oxoglutarate in Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been purified 370-fold and partially characterized. The purification methods included a two-step heat treatment, removal of nucleic acids with protamine sulfate and chromatography on Sephadex G-200, DEAE-cellulose and cellulose phosphate. Disc electrophoresis with acrylamide gel was used as a check of enzyme purity. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 130 000 g/mole by gel filtration on calibrated G-200 columns. The pyridoxal content was 2 moles/mole of protein. The enzyme catalyzed amino transfer from l -isomers of isoleucine, leucine, methionine, norvaline, phenylalanine and valine to 2-oxoglutarate. The pH optima for enzyme activity were found to be 7.4 for isoleucine, 8.1 for norvaline, and 8.4 for valine. The enzyme had two pH optima for enzyme activity, at 6.8 and 8.1 with leucine. Michaelis constants for seven of the fourteen potential substrates ranged from 2.6·104 for 2-oxovalerate to 1.3·10−2 M for l -glutamate. Under the conditions used for growth, the branched chain amino acid transaminase of P. aeruginosa functioned as a biosynthetic enzyme while the counterpart from animals is a catabolic enzyme.
Transforming Consumer Experience: When Timing Matters

How advertising can influence or change consumers' product experience has been a topic of great interest to marketers. The majority of research has suggested that advertising received prior to an experience can exert the most influence. In 1999, however, Braun introduced the concept of reconstructive memory, and demonstrated that advertising received after an experience can alter how consumers remember their experience. The issue of which order of framing of an experience through advertising is most influential on consumer memory has not yet been investigated. A constructive memory framework that can take into account both forward- and backward-framing effects and an experiment that tests hypotheses regarding the presentation order of advertising and experience is presented. The implications for the study of transformational advertising are discussed.