cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supply Plenum and Airflow Uniformity in Cleanrooms

The uniformity of airflow distribution in a cleanroom has been studied as a function of supply plenum geometry. The flow uniformity is measured experimentally by means of a hot-wire anemometer mounted at the end of a mechanical arm attached to an X-Y table. In addition, a numerical simulation procedure has been developed to calculate the flow velocity below the ceiling filter by taking into account the influence of supply plenum geometry. In the specific system studied, the major cause of flow non-uniformity is the turning of the flow at the end of the supply plenum and the impingement of flow directly at the filter face. The numerical result shows that the flow non-uniformity can be decreased by increasing the size of the supply plenum or reducing the velocity of the airflow in the plenum.
Highly Strained para-Phenylene-Bridged Macrocycles from Unstrained 1,4-Diketo Macrocycles

The conversion of macrocyclic 1,4-diketones to highly strained para-phenylene rings has recently been reported by our laboratory. This synthetic strategy represents a non-cross-coupling-based approach to arene-bridged macrocycles, and an alternative to palladium- and nickel-mediated processes. In this Synpacts article we discuss the development of endgame aromatization protocols for the synthesis of increasingly strained arene systems, as well as potential advantages of the macrocyclic 1,4-diketone approach to selectively functionalized benzenoid macrocycles for future complexity building reactions. 1 Introduction 2 A Non-Cross-Coupling-Based Approach to Arene-Bridged Macro cycles 3 Macrocyclic 1,4-Diketones: Streamlined Synthesis and Size-­Dependent Diastereoselective Grignard Reactions 4 Dehydrative Aromatization Reactions: A Powerful Tool for Synthesizing Highly Strained para-Phenylene Units 5 Conclusion
Hydrolysis of Cellulose and Glucose Using Recyclable α-Hydroxysulfonic Acids

A principal challenge in using biomass as a replacement for petroleum has been to develop cost-competitive and sustainable processing technology. Cellulose in biomass can be converted into levulinic and formic acids through acid-catalyzed hydrolysis and dehydration, conventionally done using sulfuric acid. These products can be used as chemical feedstocks or converted to advanced biofuels. Product separation and sulfuric acid recovery are significant hurdles hindering the commercialization of the acid-catalyzed process. Hydrolysis of cellulose using α-hydroxysulfonic acids (αHSAs) presents a novel approach to simplifying acid recovery from biomass hydrolysates. We present the results of comparing six different αHSAs, including two derived from molecules produced by the hydrolysis itself, for conversion of glucose or cellulose to levulinic acid. After evaluating the six compounds for qualities of catalytic activity, thermal stability, and recyclability, we found that acetone-derived αHSA compares favorably...
Comparative study of the DC-DC power conversion module based on dual active bridge converter and modular multilevel converter for shipboard MVDC system

The Power Conversion Module (PCM) plays an important role in a shipboard MVDC system which transforms power from a medium-voltage dc to a low voltage dc bus. In this paper, an isolated modular multilevel dc-dc converter (iM2DC) and a dual active bridge (DAB) converter are designed for a 300 kW PCM converter respectively. The total device rating, passive component size, and conversion efficiency of these two topologies are calculated and compared. In addition, their performance during fault have been analyzed and simulation results are presented.
Phase equilibria and magnetic phases in the Fe-rich regions of the Ce-Fe-{Ni, Si, Al}-B quaternary systems

Abstract Fe-rich regions of the Ce-Fe-{Ni, Si, Al}-B quaternary systems were experimentally studied using diffusion couples and selected key alloys. After sufficient annealing of at least 10 days at 900 °C, samples were quenched in a cold water bath. Homogeneity ranges of Ce2(Fe14-xNix)B, Ce2(Fe14-xSix)B and Ce2(Fe14-xAlx)B solid solutions were measured to be (0 ≤ xNi ≤ 1.5), (0 ≤ xSi ≤ 2.33) and (0 ≤ xAl ≤ 2.5), respectively. Quaternary solid solutions Ce(Ni4-xFex)B (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.78) and (Fe1-x-yNixCey)23B6 (0 ≤ y ≤ 0.062, x = 0.832) were also found in the Ce-Fe-Ni-B quaternary system. Except (Fe1-x-yNixCey)23B6, (Fe1-x-ySixCey)23B6 and (Fe1-x-ySixCey)3B, all other quaternary solid solutions observed are in equilibrium with α-Fe. Magnetic force microscopy was used to screen magnetic phases. Among the phases observed in the Fe-rich regions of the Ce-Fe-{Ni, Si, Al}-B quaternary systems, only the quaternary extensions of Ce2Fe14B show visible magnetic domains.
Accessible Touch: Evaluating Touchscreen PIN Entry Concepts with Visually Impaired People Using Tactile or Haptic Cues

Findings are presented from a user test of several different concepts to enable personal identification number (PIN) entry on a touchscreen by people who are blind or partially sighted. A repeated measures experimental design was used for the user test, with all participants using all concepts in a randomised order. Results are presented, and wider implications of this study and the subsequent approvals are discussed.
Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Equilibria of the Lead-Tellurium Binary System*

The liquidus curve of the Pb-Te binary was measured using two different DTA systems, one employing a small sample (0.2 g) and the second a large sample (5 g). An additional liquidus measurement method was employed for the Pb-rich region in which the liquid equilibrated with PbTe was analyzed chemically. The liquidus for the Pb-PbTe subsystem obtained is in agreement with several sets of data reported in the literature. The literature data for the PbTe-Te are in disagreement. Our measured values resolve this discrepancy and yield a eutectic temperature of 410.9±0.8°C at 89.1±0.3 at % Te. The system was thermochemically modelled using an associated solution model for the liquid phase and a defect model for PbTe. This model not only accounts for compositional and temperature dependences of the thermodynamic data but also for electron and hole concentrations within the homogeneous range of PbTe(c).
Molecular Signals and Receptors: Communication Between Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria and Their Plant Hosts

Our understanding of the extent of communication taking place between the plant and its underground microbiome (rhizosphere microbes) as well as with other soil organisms has grown exponentially in the last decade. Much of this information has been obtained from studies of nitrogen-fixing organisms, particularly members of the family Rhizobiaceae(Alphaproteobacteria) that establish nodules on legume roots in which atmospheric nitrogen is converted to plant-utilizable forms. Signals exchanged among organisms in the rhizosphere via quorum sensing (QS) and the responses to these signals have been identified, but it is unclear how they influence the downstream stages of nodulation and nitrogen fixation. An exchange of signal molecules ensures that a high level of specificity takes place to optimize the nitrogen-fixing interaction between host legume and symbiont. Chitin-related molecules appear to be the microbial currency for communication between the symbiotic partners in both mutualistic and pathogenic interactions. Exceptions to the paradigms based on the legume-Rhizobiuminteraction, including the discovery of Betaproteobacteria (now called beta-rhizobia) that nodulate and fix nitrogen with legumes and the lack of nodulation (nod) genes in certain alpha-rhizobia, particularly those that nodulate Aeschynomeneand Arachis, bring into question the universality of some of the previous models. Moreover, new frontiers have opened that examine the coordination of information exchange that is needed for the induction and maintenance of nitrogen fixation and for bacteroid differentiation. Nevertheless, nitrogen-fixing organisms are just one small part of a highly interactive rhizosphere community. The challenge of the next decade will be to understand in greater depth the community dynamics that occur in soil, one of our planet’s most precious yet limited resources, in the hopes of maintaining the key signal webs that are critical not only for the promotion of agriculture but also for the preservation of the environment overall.
Human trophoblasts: cellular source of colony-stimulating activity in placental tissue

Colony-stimulating activity (CSA) is a class of protein factors that stimulates the in vitro growth and differentiation of hematopoietic committed stem cells into mature granulocytes and macrophages. In man, production of CSA is mediated by monocytes-macrophages, lymphocyte, and endothelial cells. One of the best studied and most potent sources of CSA is conditioned media derived from cultured human placenta. The cellular source of this placental CSA was studied using cloned term placental cell lines induced by a simian virus 40 (SV-40) Wild-Type (wt) or temperature sensitive (tsA) mutants. Conditioned media from SV- 40 wt-transformed placental cells grown at 37 degrees C and tsA- transformed placental cells grown at 33 degrees C (the temperature at which the cells exhibit the transformed phenotype) and at 40 degrees C (temperature at which the cells express a normal differentiated phenotype) contained high levels of CSA. At the restricted temperature (40 degrees C), these cell lines expressed normal trophoblastic characteristics in that they produced human chorionic gonadotropin, pregnancy-specific-beta1-glyco protein, and placental alkaline phosphatase, indicating that the SV-40 transformation has not interfered with normal cellular functions of these trophoblasts. The CSA released by these cell lines resemble those of CM from fresh placental cells, in that the level of activity is high and that formation of both granulocyte/macrophage and eosinophil colonies is stimulated.
Silver diamine fluoride versus therapeutic sealants for the arrest and prevention of dental caries in low-income minority children: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial

Dental caries is the most prominent childhood disease in the world. In the United States, more than 50% of children have experienced caries. Untreated caries can have negative impacts on quality of life, academic performance, and school attendance. To reduce oral health disparities, multiple organizations recommend school-based caries prevention. A longitudinal, cluster randomized, non-inferiority trial will be conducted in low-income children from primarily Hispanic/Latino backgrounds currently enrolled in public elementary schools in New York City, New York, United States, from 2018 to 2023. The primary objective is to compare the non-inferiority of silver diamine fluoride and fluoride varnish versus glass ionomer therapeutic sealants and fluoride varnish in the arrest and prevention of dental caries. Secondary objectives are to evaluate differences in effectiveness when care is provided by nurses versus dental hygienists and assess the impact of prevention on oral health-related quality of life and educational outcomes. Caries arrest will be evaluated after 2 years, and caries prevention and secondary outcomes will be assessed at the completion of the study. Data analysis will follow intent-to-treat, and statistical analyses will be conducted using a two-sided significance level of 0.05. The comparative effectiveness of alternative caries prevention delivery models is considered to be one of the highest research priorities in the United States. Many treatments are currently available to prevent and arrest dental caries. The simplicity and affordability of silver diamine fluoride may be a viable alternative for the prevention of dental caries in high-risk children. U.S. National Library of Medicine, www.clinicaltrials.gov , ID: NCT03442309 . Registered on 22 February 2018.
Partisan Efficiency in an Open-Rule Setting: The Amending Process in the U.S. Senate, 1865–1945

Given significant differences between the House and Senate's amending processes, one would anticipate the Senate majority party to be far less successful when voting on the floor. However, recent work has demonstrated that majority party success on the Senate floor is remarkably similar to the House. We argue that an overlooked explanation for majority party success stems from its ability to control intra-party amending activity through coordination between members of the majority party. Utilizing a new data set consisting of all amendments receiving recorded roll call votes in the Senate from 1865–1945, we demonstrate that majority party extremists refrain from offering amendments despite the relative open-floor setting. Nevertheless, chamber majorities cannot restrict minority legislators from offering amendments designed to force them to cast uncomfortable votes and delay the legislative process.
Structure and function of the mitochondrial bc1 complex: A mutational analysis of the yeast rieske iron-sulfur protein

Respiratory-defective mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae assigned to a single complementation group (G12) have been determined to have lesions in the iron-sulfur protein (Rieske protein) of ubiquinol: cytochrome c reductase. Mutants capable of expressing the protein were chosen for further studies. The genes from 13 independent isolates were cloned and their mutations sequenced. Twelve mutations were ascertained to cause single amino acid substitutions in the carboxyl-terminal regions of the protein between residues 127 and 173. This region is proposed to be part of the catalytic domain with the ligands responsible for co-ordinating the two irons of the 2Fe-2S cluster. Based on the catalytic properties of the ubiquinol: cytochrome c reductase complex and the electron paramagnetic resonance (e.p.r.) signals of the iron-sulfur protein, the mutants describe two different phenotypes. A subset of mutants have no detectable iron-sulfur cluster and are completely deficient in ubiquinol: cytochrome c reductase activity. These strains identify mutations in residues considered to be essential for binding of the iron or for maintaining a proper tertiary structure of the catalytic domain. A second group of mutants have reduced levels of enzymatic activity and exhibit e.p.r. spectra characteristic of the Rieske iron-sulfur cluster. The mutations in the latter strains have been ascribed to residues that influence the redox properties of the cluster by distorting the iron-binding pocket. A secondary and tertiary structure model is presented of the carboxyl-terminal 65 residues constituting the catalytic domain of the iron-sulfur protein. It is postulated that the two irons of the cluster are co-ordinated by three cysteine and a single histidine residue located in a loop structure. The catalytic domain also contains two short a-helices and three β-strands that form a partial β-barrel. Most of the hydrophilic amino acids are present in turns that map to one pole of the domain. When viewed in the context of the model, mutations that abolish the iron-sulfur cluster are mostly in residues defining the boundaries of the α-helices and β-strands. The notable exception is a cysteine residue that has been assigned to the loop with the iron ligands. This cysteine residue is proposed to co-ordinate one iron of the cluster. Mutations that reduce ubiquinol: cytochrome c reductase activity and alter the redox potential of the cluster occur in residues located in the loop that contains the ligands of the cluster.
A prospective mixed-methods study evaluating the integration of an evidence based medicine curriculum into an internal medicine residency program

Introduction Evidence based medicine (EBM) skills are often lacking in the general internal medicine physician population. Our aim is to evaluate the impact of our internal medicine EBM curriculum on the residents' EBM skills and knowledge through mixed methods. Methods A prospective study was performed that evaluated the EBM curriculum: quantitatively, with pre/posttests and qualitatively through a focus group that addressed residents' opinion on the educational and clinical impact of each aspect of the curriculum. Results A total of 60 internal medicine residents were surveyed. Short-term EBM skills: therapy workshops (N=25) median pretest score of 8 (IQR): [6-9]) vs posttest 8 (IQR: [8-9]), (p=0.006); diagnosis (N=16) pretest score of 6 (IQR: [3-6]) vs posttest 7 (IQR: [6-9]), (p=0.006); systematic review (N=13) pretest score of 4 (IQR: [4-6]) vs posttest 7 (IQR: [6-8]), (p=0.002); and harm (N=16) pretest score of 6 (IQR: [5-7]) vs posttest 7 (IQR: [7-8]), (p=0.004). Long-term EBM skills: Fresno test of competence in EBM, pretest median score of 110.5/212 (IQR: 96.0-124.0) and a median posttest score of 115/212 (IQR: 100.0-130.0) (p=0.60). Having previous EBM training, being actively involved in research and being the first author on a publication was associated with higher Fresno test scores. Focus group provided qualitative feedback on the residents' EBM curriculum perception. Conclusion This curriculum adds a significant contribution to the current field of medical education as it fills an important educational gap, through defining ways of effectively delivering EBM concepts which led to improvement in residents' ability to evaluate and apply medical literature. The EBM curriculum was overall well received by the residents.
Association of Perioperative Opioid Prescriptions With Risk of Complications After Tonsillectomy in Children

Importance Practice guidelines recommend nonopioid medications in children after tonsillectomy, but to date, studies have not used recent national data to assess perioperative opioid prescribing patterns or the factors associated with these patterns in this population. Closing this knowledge gap may help in assessing whether such prescribing and prescription duration could be safely reduced. Objective To assess national perioperative opioid prescribing patterns, clinical and demographic factors associated with these patterns, and association between these patterns and complications in children after tonsillectomy compared with children not using opioids. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort analysis used the 2016 to 2017 claims data from the database of a large national private insurer in the United States. Opioid-naive children aged 1 to 18 years with a claims code for tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy between April 1, 2016, and December 15, 2017, were identified (n = 22 567) and screened against the exclusion criteria. The final sample included 15 793 children. Main Outcomes and Measures The percentage of children with 1 or more perioperative fills (prescription drug claims for opioids between 7 days before to 1 day after tonsillectomy) was calculated, along with the duration of perioperative prescriptions (days supplied). Linear regression was used to identify the demographic and clinical factors associated with the duration of perioperative opioid prescriptions. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between having 1 or more perioperative fills and their duration and the risk of return visits 2 to 14 days after tonsillectomy for pain or dehydration, secondary hemorrhage, and constipation compared with children not using opioids. Results Among 15 793 children, the mean (SD) age was 7.8 (4.2) years, 12 807 (81.1%) were younger than 12 years, 2986 (18.9%) were between 12 and 18 years of age, and 8289 (52.6%) were female. In total, 9411 (59.6%) children had 1 or more perioperative fills, and the median (25th-75th percentile) duration was 8 (6-10) days; 6382 had no perioperative fills. The probability of having 1 or more perioperative fills and the duration of prescription varied across US census divisions. Having 1 or more perioperative fills was not associated with return visits for pain or dehydration (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.13; 95% CI, 0.95-1.34) or secondary hemorrhage (AOR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.73-1.10) compared with children not using opioids, but it was associated with increased risk of return visits for constipation (AOR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.24-3.28). Duration was not associated with return visits for complications. Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that reducing perioperative opioid prescribing and the duration of perioperative opioid prescriptions may be possible without increasing the risk of these complications.
Genome-wide identification of short 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate-containing RNAs and their regulation in aging

RNA molecules generated by ribonuclease cleavage sometimes harbor a 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate (cP) at their 3′-ends. Those cP-containing RNAs (cP-RNAs) form a hidden layer of transcriptome because standard RNA-seq cannot capture them as a result of cP’s prevention of an adapter ligation reaction. Here we provide genome-wide analyses of short cP-RNA transcriptome across multiple mouse tissues. Using cP-RNA-seq that can exclusively sequence cP-RNAs, we identified numerous novel cP-RNA species which are mainly derived from cytoplasmic tRNAs, mRNAs, and rRNAs. Determination of the processing sites of substrate RNAs for cP-RNA generation revealed highly-specific RNA cleavage events between cytidine and adenosine in cP-RNA biogenesis. cP-RNAs were not evenly derived from the overall region of substrate RNAs but rather from specific sites, implying that cP-RNAs are not from random degradation but are produced through a regulated biogenesis pathway. The identified cP-RNAs were abundantly accumulated in mouse tissues, and the expression levels of cP-RNAs showed age-dependent reduction. These analyses of cP-RNA transcriptome unravel a novel, abundant class of non-coding RNAs whose expression could have physiological roles.
Collaborative Mapping of Sacred Forests in Southern Ethiopia: Canopies Harboring Conflict Landscapes?

The Boreda elders of southern Ethiopia requested that we create maps highlighting the locations of their historic settlements and sacred groves. Community elders led us along winding footpaths that ascended to nine mountaintops that had been occupied since the early thirteenth century and were abandoned nearly 100 years ago. Surrounding these historic communities are Boreda sacred groves with springs, caves, and boulders that are physical evidence in their Indigenous religion of the animation of the non-human world. Yet, the tree canopies also harbor walls, berms, and trenches that suggest a history of conflict. Thematic maps of these places and their landscapes illustrate the strategic alignment of Boreda sacred-fortified forested monuments, which spatially correspond to their oral traditions and histories recounting their resistance against neighboring slave raiders and the Northern Ethiopian state. By integrating precise spatial relationships with community knowledge of places and histories, we demonstrate the power of this knowledge in documenting precolonial histories.
Carbon dioxide storage resource assessment of Cretaceous- and Jurassic-age sandstones in the Atlantic offshore region of the northeastern United States

Carbon capture and storage is a critical technology for ensuring a range of clean energy options are available to meet future energy demand in the United States and abroad. A total of 1079 industrial CO2 emission sources are located in the northeastern United States, where challenging surface and subsurface conditions limit onshore CO2 storage potential. A systematic resource assessment was conducted using industry-standard resource classification methods established by the Society of Petroleum Engineers’ Storage Resources Management System to characterize CO2 storage resources in the middle–northern Atlantic offshore region along the eastern United States. Storable CO2 quantities and storage efficiencies were estimated for Cretaceous- and Jurassic-age sandstone sequences. Regional data integration and analysis were conducted to estimate storable quantities and storage efficiencies using probabilistic methods with static volumetric calculations and dynamic simulations. Offshore storage efficiencies range from 1% to 13%, with regional-scale estimates of 37–403 billion t (Gt) of CO2 classified as prospective storage resources. Dynamic CO2 injection simulation in a middle Cretaceous sequence on the eastern flank of the Great Stone Dome suggests 30–51 million t of CO2 can be stored and contained within the time and pressure constraints assumed for a commercial storage project. The regional Cretaceous and Jurassic plays identified in the offshore study region have prospective storage resources sufficient for long-term storage of CO2 from nearby industrial sources onshore. Continued resource discovery efforts are recommended to assess the development and commerciality of the potential storage identified near the Great Stone Dome.
Addressing the Speculative “You”: Contextualizing the Readers of Documentation

The poster presents a corpus analysis of a stylistic feature of topic-based documentation: the speculative “you.” The feature signals important information to help readers adapt the content for their situated uses. The feature is illustrated with examples and the author offers recommendations for amplifying this information.
An Enhanced Safe and Reliable Autonomous Driving Platform using ROS2

This paper proposes a safety-critical Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) based high-low level controller framework for a self-driving car’s control law development. Using the new features of the Robot Operating System 2 (ROS2), an enhanced safe and reliable self-driving platform was built and used for testing different types of controllers. A real-time Drive-by-Wire (DBW) control kit with an industry standard Controller Area Network (CAN) bus was also designed to replace the less reliable ROS serial communication interface. This is the first application of ROS2 on a 1/10 scale Ackermann steering platform, and in the use of Simulink controller modeling to rapidly prototype the high-level controller design for self-driving cars.
Cutaneous Lesions of Multiple Myeloma of the Lower Extremity Masquerading as Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Cutaneous involvement in multiple myeloma (MM) is a rare manifestation, being more prevalent in patients with aggressive subtypes, and refractory to standard therapies. Due to the rarity of this diagnosis, the reported clinical characteristics have been protean and relatively non-specific. Lower extremity involvement of cutaneous MM is an uncommon anatomical location for this diagnosis. We present a patient with refractory IgG lambda MM, and a past medical history of squamous cell carcinoma of the lower extremities who developed cutaneous MM in his lower leg. At the time of initial evaluation, the lesions mimicked squamous cell carcinoma, posing a diagnostic challenge. Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies confirmed cutaneous involvement by multiple myeloma. There needs to be a high clinical suspicion for cutaneous MM in patients with MM presenting with new skin lesions.
Mapping DNA conformations and interactions within the binding cleft of bacteriophage T4 single-stranded DNA binding protein (gp32) at single nucleotide resolution.

In this study, we use single-stranded DNA (oligo-dT) lattices that have been position-specifically labeled with monomer or dimer 2-aminopurine (2-AP) probes to map the local interactions of the DNA bases with the nucleic acid binding cleft of gp32, the single-stranded binding (ssb) protein of bacteriophage T4. Three complementary spectroscopic approaches are used to characterize these local interactions of the probes with nearby nucleotide bases and amino acid residues at varying levels of effective protein binding cooperativity, as manipulated by changing lattice length. These include: (i) examining local quenching and enhancing effects on the fluorescence spectra of monomer 2-AP probes at each position within the cleft; (ii) using acrylamide as a dynamic-quenching additive to measure solvent access to monomer 2-AP probes at each ssDNA position; and (iii) employing circular dichroism spectra to characterize changes in exciton coupling within 2-AP dimer probes at specific ssDNA positions within the protein cleft. The results are interpreted in part by what we know about the topology of the binding cleft from crystallographic studies of the DNA binding domain of gp32 and provide additional insights into how gp32 can manipulate the ssDNA chain at various steps of DNA replication and other processes of genome expression.
The influence of bicycle lean on maximal power output during sprint cycling.

Abstract Competitive cyclists typically sprint out of the saddle and alternately lean their bikes from side to side, away from the downstroke pedal. Yet, there is no direct evidence as to whether leaning the bicycle or conversely, attempting to minimize lean, affects maximal power output during sprint cycling. Here, we modified a cycling ergometer so that it can lean from side to side but can also be locked to prevent lean. This modified ergometer made it possible to compare maximal 1-s crank power during non-seated, sprint cycling under three different conditions: locked (no lean), ad libitum lean, and minimal lean. We found that leaning the ergometer ad libitum did not enhance maximal 1-s crank power compared to the locked condition. However, trying to minimize ergometer lean decreased maximal 1-s crank power by an average of 5% compared to leaning ad libitum. IMU-derived measures of ergometer lean provided evidence that subjects leaned the ergometer away from the downstroke pedal during the ad-lib condition, as in overground cycling. This finding suggests that our ergometer provides a suitable emulation of bicycle-lean dynamics. Overall, we find that leaning a cycle ergometer ad libitum does not enhance maximal power output, but conversely, trying to minimize lean impairs maximal power output.
Off-resonance 13C-2H REDOR NMR for site-resolved studies of molecular motion.

We introduce a 13C–2H Rotational Echo DOuble Resonance (REDOR) technique that uses the difference between on-resonance and off-resonance 2H irradiation to detect dynamic segments in deuterated molecules. By selectively inverting specific regions of the 2H magic-angle spinning (MAS) sideband manifold to recouple some of the deuterons to nearby carbons, we distinguish dynamic and rigid residues in 1D and 2D 13C spectra. We demonstrate this approach on deuterated GB1, H/D exchanged GB1, and perdeuterated bacterial cellulose. Numerical simulations reproduce the measured mixing-time and 2H carrier-frequency dependence of the REDOR dephasing of bacterial cellulose. Combining numerical simulations with experiments thus allow the extraction of motionally averaged quadrupolar couplings from REDOR dephasing values.
Indocyanine green-guided nephron-sparing surgery for pediatric renal tumors.

Abstract Background Indocyanine green (ICG), a water-soluble tricarbocyanine fluorophore, is being increasingly used for tumor localization based on its passive intra-tumoral accumulation due to enhanced permeability and retention in tumor tissue. Therefore, we hypothesized that ICG can provide contrast to facilitate accurate, real-time recognition of renal tumors at the time of nephron-sparing surgery in children. Methods This retrospective study examined the feasibility of ICG in guiding nephron-sparing surgery for pediatric renal tumors. Results We reviewed the medical records of 8 pediatric patients with renal tumors in 12 kidneys. Intraoperative localization of tumor with near infrared guidance was successful in all 12 kidneys. However, we consistently found an inverse pattern of near infrared signal in which the normal kidney demonstrated increased fluorescent signal relative to the kidney tumor. Conclusions Fluorescence-guided renal tumor delineation is unique because it has an inverse pattern of near infrared signal in which the normal kidney demonstrates increased signal relative to the adjacent tumor. Nevertheless fluorescence-guided distinguishing of renal tumor from surrounding normal kidney is feasible.
Extracting Lithium from Low Concentration Solutions for Direct Battery Cathode Production

Lithium (Li) is one of the critical industrial materials and an indispensable component in manufacturing Li-ion/Li batteries. However, Li resource is very limited and geographically uneven in earth’s crust and its mining is not sustainable due to the low efficiency and complicated separation and refining processes. Hence, direct Li recovery (from brines, seawater or used cells) and utilization are desired. Here, we report a novel technology to recover Li from low concentration solutions into a form of Li resource, which can be directly used for commercial battery materials production by fully eliminating the costly Li separation steps. By using both Li-ion selective membrane and low-cost Li host structural material, highly selective Li extraction was realized. Li-ion cathodes (e.g., spinel LiMn2O 4 and layered LiNix MnyCozO2) were synthesized with the extracted Li and have high phase purities and economic superiorities (e.g., $12.8 kg-1 for LiMn2O4) over other Li extraction methods and even commercial cathodes ($15 kg-1 for LiMn2O4). This contribution provides a potential technical pathway to overcome the challenges of both Li supply and battery cost for future electrification and decarbonization of socioeconomic system.
Parents’ Perspectives on Talk with Their Adolescent and Emerging Adult Children About Sex: a Longitudinal Analysis

Few studies longitudinally investigate parent-teen communication about sex and data are particularly sparse regarding parent–child communication during emerging adulthood. This study assesses continuity and change in parent–child sexuality communication over three time points from adolescence to emerging adulthood. It uses interview data from 15 parents in the USA at three time points over an eight-year period from 2012 to 2019 (when the teen was in 7th grade, when the teen was in 10th grade, and after the teen finished high school). Data were analyzed using content analysis. Our findings showed that parents continued to talk with their emerging adult children about sex and relationships. Whereas the topics of conversation were similar over time, the content of conversations shifted, with a growing focus on specific relationships and situations. Parents described the gender of their teen/emerging adult children as salient in shaping their comfort in talking with them about sex and relationships. These findings suggest that emerging adulthood may provide ongoing opportunities for parents and their children to talk in open and connected ways about sex and relationships. Programs that support family communication about sex and relationships could expand to address the changing needs of adolescents and emerging adults as they develop, and the ongoing role of parents in supporting their children’s health beyond adolescence.
Assessing Predictors of Rheumatoid Arthritis Associated Interstitial Lung Disease using Quantitative Lung Densitometry.

Objective To assess predictors of subclinical rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) using quantitative lung densitometry (qLD). Methods RA patients underwent multi-detector row computed tomography scanning at baseline and after an average of 39 months. Scans were analyzed with qLD for the percentage of lung parenchyma with high attenuation areas (%HAA: the percentage of voxels of -600 to -250 Hounsfield units). Additionally, a pulmonary radiologist calculated an Expert Read Score (ERS) for RA-ILD features. Generalized linear models were used to identify indicators of baseline %HAA and predictors of %HAA change. Results Baseline %HAA was assessed in 193 RA patients and 106 had repeat qLD assessment. %HAA was correlated with ERS (Spearman's rho = 0.261; p 10% of lung parenchyma with high attenuation) included female sex, higher pack-years of smoking, higher body mass index, and anti-CCP ≥ 200 units, collectively contributing an area under the receiver operator curve (AUROC)=0.88 (95% CI 0.81-0.95). Predictors of %HAA increase, occurring in 49% with repeat qLD, included higher baseline %HAA, presence of MUC5B minor allele, and absence of HLA-DRB1 shared epitope (AUC-ROC = 0.69; 95% CI 0.58-0.79). The association of the MUC5B minor allele with %HAA change was higher among men and those with higher cumulative smoking. Within the group with increased %HAA, anti-CCP level was significantly associated with a greater increase in %HAA. Conclusions %HAA, assessed with qLD, was linked to several known risk factors for RA-ILD and may represent a more quantitative method to identify RA-ILD and track progression than expert radiologist interpretation.
Defluorination Mechanism of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) with a Nanosecond Pulsed Plasma Gas-Liquid Flowing Film Reactor

Plasma interaction with water results in the dissociation of water (H 2 O) molecules leading to the formation of oxidative and reductive species such as hydroxyl radicals (•OH), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), atomic oxygen (O), atomic hydrogen (H), molecular hydrogen (H 2 ), and aqueous electrons. The reactive species generated are responsible for degradation of toxic chemicals such as PFOA. In our previous study 1 , we analyzed mineralization of 50 ppm PFOA with a gas-liquid plasma reactor using nanosecond pulses and varying the pulse frequency between 0.25kHz - 10kHz. The highest F - production rate of 1.57×10 -8 moles/s was observed at 5 kHz. The highest energy efficiency of 9.12×10 -9 moles/J was observed at 0.25 kHz.
Insecurity of quantum secure computations

It had been widely claimed that quantum mechanics can protect private information during public decision in, for example, the so-called two-party secure computation. If this were the case, quantum smart-cards, storing confidential information accessible only to a proper reader, could prevent fake teller machines from learning the PIN (personal identification number) from the customers' input. Although such optimism has been challenged by the recent surprising discovery of the insecurity of the so-called quantum bit commitment, the security of quantum two-party computation itself remains unaddressed. Here I answer this question directly by showing that all one-sided two-party computations (which allow only one of the two parties to learn the result) are necessarily insecure. As corollaries to my results, quantum one-way oblivious password identification and the so-called quantum one-out-of-two oblivious transfer are impossible. I also construct a class of functions that cannot be computed securely in any two-sided two-party computation. Nevertheless, quantum cryptography remains useful in key distribution and can still provide partial security in ``quantum money'' proposed by Wiesner.
Predicting the Biological Activities Through QSAR Analysis and Docking-Based Scoring

Numerous computational methodologies have been developed to facilitate the process of drug discovery. Broadly, they can be classified into ligand-based approaches, which are solely based on the calculation of the molecular properties of compounds, and structure-based approaches, which are based on the study of the interactions between compounds and their target proteins. This chapter deals with two major categories of ligand-based and structure-based methods for the prediction of biological activities of chemical compounds, namely quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis and docking-based scoring. QSAR methods are endowed with robustness and good ranking ability when applied to the prediction of the activity of closely related analogs; however, their great dependence on training sets significantly limits their applicability to the evaluation of diverse compounds. Instead, docking-based scoring, although not very effective in ranking active compounds on the basis of their affinities or potencies, offer the great advantage of not depending on training sets and have proven to be suitable tools for the distinction of active from inactive compounds, thus providing feasible platforms for virtual screening campaigns. Here, we describe the basic principles underlying the prediction of biological activities on the basis of QSAR and docking-based scoring, as well as a method to combine two or more individual predictions into a consensus model. Finally, we describe an example that illustrates the applicability of QSAR and molecular docking to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) projects.
CO in the Bipolar Nebula NGC 2346

We report on observations of the J = 2-1 line of CO to study the distribution and kinematics of the molecular gas in the bipolar planetary nebula NGC 2346. The data were obtained with the National Radio Astronomy Observatory 12-m telescope whose beamsize (FWHM = 30″) partially resolves the CO emitting region. A map of the velocity integrated emission shows a roughly rectangular distribution, approximately 53″x34″, oriented along the minor axis of the optical nebula. The CO spectrum towards the central star system is strongly double peaked. The mapping data show that this results from two distinct regions which are offset south-east and north-west of the center with radial velocities which are, respectively, larger and smaller than that of the star system. Overall the CO data are consistent with an expanding and partially disrupted distribution of molecular gas around the waist of the optical nebula. Mass estimates confirm that a substantial amount of the matter ejected by the star system is still in molecular form.
Access to primary care is associated with better autoimmune hepatitis outcomes in an urban county hospital

Autoimmune hepatitis causes chronic hepatitis and often leads to cirrhosis and death without treatment. We wanted to see if having access to primary care or insurance prior to diagnosis is associated with better outcomes for patients in an urban, public hospital with mostly socioeconomically disadvantaged Hispanic patients. We did a retrospective study at our institution. Kaplan Meier survival analysis was done looking at transplant-free overall survival for patients diagnosed at our institution. The log-rank test was done to compare survival between patients with and without prior access to primary care, and between patients with and without insurance at diagnosis. Overall 5- and 10-year transplant-free overall survival was 91 % (95 % CI, 83-100 %) and 75 % (95 % CI, 50-99 %), respectively. Patients with primary care prior to diagnosis had significantly better transplant-free overall survival than those without (log rank test p = 0.019). Patients with primary care also had better clinical markers at diagnosis. Having insurance at diagnosis was not associated with better outcomes. Outcomes of autoimmune hepatitis are poor in our setting but access to primary care prior to diagnosis was associated with better outcomes. This is likely due to the important role that primary care plays in detecting disease and initiating treatment earlier. With the expansion of access to healthcare that the Affordable Care Act provides, future patients are likely to do better with even rare diseases like autoimmune hepatitis.
The Political Scene in West Germany

Ludwig Bergstrasser, Geschichte der Politischen Parteien in Deutschland, Munich, Isar Verlag, I955, 388 pp. DM i6.80. Rupert Breitling, Die Verbdnde in der Bundesrepublik: Ihre Arten und ihre politische Wirkungsweise (Parteien-Fraktionen-Regierungen, Vol. viii), Meisenheim, Anton Hain, I955, 303 pp. DM 23.60. Theodor Eschenburg, Herrschaft der Verbande?, Stuttgart, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, I956, 88 pp. DM 3.80. Theodor Eschenburg, Staat und Gesellschaft in Deutschland, Stuttgart, Curt E. Schwab, I956, 807 pp. DM 32.50. Arnold Gehlen and Helmut Schelsky, eds., Soziologie: Ein Lehrund Handbuch zur modernen Gesellschaftskunde, Dusseldorf-Cologne, Eugen Diederichs, I955, 352 pp. DM 22.50. Alfred Grosser, The Colossus Again: Western Germany from Defeat to Rearmament, New York, Frederick A. Praeger, I955, 249 pp. $4.75. Jahrbuch des 8flentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart, N.S., Vol. iii, Tiibingen, J. C. B. Mohr, I954, 397 pp. DM 52.00. M. G. Lange, et al., Parteien in der Bundesrepublik: Studien zur Entwicklung der Parteien bis zur Bundestagswahl I953 (Schriften des Instituts fuir politische Wissenschaft, Vol. vi), Stuttgart-Dusseldorf, Ring Verlag, I955, 558 pp. DM 28.20. Franz L. Neumann, Hans Carl Nipperdey, and Ulrich Scheuner, eds., Die Grundrechte: Handbuch der Theorie und Praxis der Grundrechte, Berlin, Duncker & Humblot, I954, 639 pp. DM 48.oo. Peter Schneider, Ausnahmezustand und Norm: Eine Studie zur Rechtslehre von Carl Schmitt, Stuttgart, Deutsche Verlag-Anstalt, I957 (forthcoming). Dolf Sternberger, Lebende Verfassung: Studien uiber Koalition und Opposition (Parteien-Fraktionen-Regierungen, Vol. i), Meisenheim, Anton Hain, I956, I59 pp. DM I2.90. Helmut Unkelbach, Grundlagen der Wahlsystematik: Stabilitdtsbedingungen der parlamentarischen Demokratie, G6ttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, I956, 2I5 pp. DM I2.80.
NOX, NOX Who is There? The Contribution of NADPH Oxidase One to Beta Cell Dysfunction

Predictions of diabetes prevalence over the next decades warrant the aggressive discovery of new approaches to stop or reverse loss of functional beta cell mass. Beta cells are recognized to have a relatively high sensitivity to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and become dysfunctional under oxidative stress conditions. New discoveries have identified NADPH oxidases in beta cells as contributors to elevated cellular ROS. Reviewed are recent reports that evidence a role for NADPH oxidase-1 (NOX-1) in beta cell dysfunction. NOX-1 is stimulated by inflammatory cytokines that are elevated in diabetes. First, regulation of cytokine-stimulated NOX-1 expression has been linked to inflammatory lipid mediators derived from 12-lipoxygenase activity. For the first time in beta cells these data integrate distinct pathways associated with beta cell dysfunction. Second, regulation of NOX-1 in beta cells involves feed-forward control linked to elevated ROS and Src-kinase activation. This potentially results in unbridled ROS generation and identifies candidate targets for pharmacologic intervention. Third, consideration is provided of new, first-in-class, selective inhibitors of NOX-1. These compounds could have an important role in assessing a disruption of NOX-1/ROS signaling as a new approach to preserve and protect beta cell mass in diabetes.
Management of lower extremity riding lawn mower injuries in children.

Eight children are injured by riding lawn mowers every day. The child, usually a bystander or passenger on the mower, can sustain life-threatening and limb-threatening injuries. Multidisciplinary care must be available to manage the numerous issues presented by the unique circumstance of a child with a severe injury in the acute and chronic settings. Whether the limb is salvaged or amputated, the ultimate goal is optimal functional outcome for the patient. We have developed a team approach to address these injuries from their onset until patient maturity, maximizing our ability to achieve this goal. Language: en
A comparison of the Berlin and Ghent nosologies and the influence of dural ectasia in the diagnosis of Marfan syndrome.

Purpose: To compare the Berlin and Ghent diagnostic criteria for Marfan syndrome and evaluate the utility of screening for dural ectasia in the diagnosis of Marfan syndrome. Methods: Review of clinical and radiographic data on 73 patients evaluated for Marfan syndrome at the National Institutes of Health. Results: Nineteen percent of patients diagnosed under the Berlin criteria failed to meet the Ghent standard. Dural ectasia was the second most common major diagnostic manifestation, and screening for dural ectasia established the diagnosis of Marfan syndrome in 23% of patients under the Ghent criteria. Conclusions: Some patients are appropriately excluded from the diagnosis of Marfan syndrome by the Ghent criteria. Determination of dural ectasia is valuable in the diagnosis of Marfan syndrome.