cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patent Law: An Open-Source Casebook (Introduction)

Less than a handful of casebooks are truly open source, in the sense of being fully modifiable. Patent Law: An Open-Source Casebook is the first patent law casebook that provides adopting professors, students, and others the ability to fully modify its contents. This chapter of the casebook begins with an overview of the patent right, then covers historical and economic perspectives, concluding with an overview of the modern patent system and document.
Tax's Digital Labor Dilemma

Digitalization has reshaped the relationship between companies and their customers and users. Customers and users increasingly serve a dual role. They are not only consumers but also producers, creating content and data. They are a value-creating workforce, functioning as “digital laborers.” Under the current U.S. international tax system, the presence of digital laborers in a country does not grant that country taxing rights over income stemming directly from those digital laborers’ content and data creation. As a result, what are essentially the same business activities—workforces creating products and performing services for a company—are taxed differently when they are performed by digital laborers rather than a traditional workforce. This inconsistency and the accompanying outcome that countries cannot tax corporate income arising from extensive business activities within their borders has led to cries that the current system is unfair. Recent reforms addressing this outcome, including digital services taxes and proposals granting taxing authority over residual profits to market jurisdictions, most notably the OECD Pillar One Blueprint, share a common weakness. They do not recognize the function of digital laborers as producers in the modern economy. As a result, they overturn the theory of source-based taxation as a taxing right granted to the country of production, not the country of consumption, as well as introduce major structural changes to the international tax system—all to correct an unfairness that can be remedied under the system’s current theoretical framework and structure. This Article rejects the notion that these major theoretical and structural changes are necessary or even an appropriate method to allow digital laborers’ home countries to tax income directly related to their work. Instead, the international tax system should recognize digital laborers’ role as a new type of workforce for companies and, accordingly, allow their home countries to tax income related to their work under the existing application of the source principle and with more incremental structural reforms. In addition to minimizing disruption in international tax law, this approach brings a return of coherence and a sense of fairness by taxing equivalent economic activities equivalently.
Architectures and algorithm for multicasting in WDM optical mesh networks using opaque and transparent optical cross-connects

As the WDM technology grows, multicast applications will become widely popular. In the study, we present two kinds of switch architectures to support multicasting. We present preliminary results obtained for efficient routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) of multicast sessions.
The IS Core - XI: Sorting Out the Issues About the Core, Scope, and Identity of the IS Field

Debates about the core and the scope of the IS field and about whether the core and scope are related to a crisis in the field have smoldered for many years. This article is a response to ten articles submitted by members of the CAIS Editorial Board who accepted an invitation to contribute to a debate about the core and scope of the IS field. Those articles were written as responses to Benbasat and Zmud’s [2003] article “The Identity Crisis Within the IS Discipline: Defining and Communicating the Discipline’s Core Properties” and my rebuttal [Alter 2003b] entitled “Sidestepping the IT Artifact, Scrapping the IS Silo, and Laying Claim to “Systems in Organizations.” The present article is organized around excerpts related to the major topics the ten articles address as a group: What are the core and scope of the IS field? Is “the IT artifact” a meaningful concept? Whatever the core might be today, could tomorrow bring something different? Who is the customer of IS research? Do we believe the IS discipline is having an identity crisis? How do institutional issues shape the IS field? What if we followed Benbasat and Zmud’s suggestions? The conclusion attempts to sort out various views of the core, scope, and (possible) crisis of the IS field by identifying major products and major customers of the academic IS field and asking which customers are interested in which products. If a crisis exists, it is about the perceptions of certain customers, but not others, and may be only tangentially related to issues about the core or scope of the IS field. On the other hand, the core and scope of the IS field do have implications for the value of the products it produces and for its long-term ability to serve all of its major customers.
Induced Sinkholes: An Engineering Problem

Induced sinkholes are those related to man's activities, whereas natural sinkholes are not. Induced sinkholes are divided into two types: those resulting from a decline in the water table due to ground-water withdrawals and those resulting from construction. Almost all induced sinkholes occur where cavities develop in residual or other unconsolidated deposits overlying openings in carbonate rocks. The downward migration of the deposits into underlying openings in bedrock and the formation and collapse of resulting cavities are caused or accelerated by a decline in the water table that results in: (1) Loss of buoyant support; (2) increase in the velocity of movement of water; (3) water-level fluctuations at the base of unconsolidated deposits; and (4) induced recharge. Most sinkholes resulting from construction are due to the diversion of drainage over openings in bedrock.
Ron Taffel (ed): Breaking Through To Teens: A New Psychotherapy for the New Adolescent

This skillfully crafted text by Ron Taffel, PhD, offers a new method of therapeutic engagement with adolescents of the 21st century. In Breaking Through to Teens, Taffel uses his 25 years of expansive clinical experience, along with his personal experience, to develop an approach for working with the group he affectionately calls ‘‘the new adolescent’’. Taffel’s relational-behavioral approach to therapy focuses on the relational connection between the therapist and the adolescent and uses that relationship to create ‘‘true behavioral change in teens’’ (pp. 27). In the introduction, Taffel conveys the pleasure he gained from writing this book and asserts that it is meant to be an accessible book rather than a heavy text. This is a goal he certainly achieves. He also shares his intention for this book—‘‘I hope this book saves lives. I hope it will be a contribution that empowers therapeutic efforts, work that is humbling to anyone willing to give it a try’’ (pp. 2). According to Taffel, the necessity for a new therapy for the new and more complex adolescent of today is required to provide the kind of adult relational connection that is often missing in the lives of adolescents and which serves as the foundation for behavioral change tools to be developed and enhanced later in young adulthood. While Taffel’s assertion that adolescents of today are often lacking in meaningful adult relationships is seemingly accurate, his characterization suggests one specific type of new adolescent. Unfortunately, the adolescent typology Taffel seems to be describing is less heterogeneous than the pluralism of races, creeds, ethnicities and socio-economic statuses that is the American adolescent landscape. Despite this narrow definition of the new adolescent, Breaking Through To Teens is a book that has value as both a comprehensive first read and as a text used for frequent, repeated reference in work with young adults. Structured in a way that provides the background, rationale and implementation of relational-behavioral therapy, this
The Extraperitoneal Spaces: Normal and Pathologic Anatomy

The extraperitoneal portion of the abdomen has always been considered a difficult region in terms of anatomic definitions, clinical evaluation, and radiologic diagnosis. Anatomically, it has been vaguely considered as occupying the posterior half of the abdomen, without well-defined fascial boundaries. Clinically, it is commonly recognized that extraperitoneal effusions are difficult to diagnose. The area is not accessible to the bedside modalities of auscultation, palpation, or percussion. Symptoms and signs may be obscure, delayed, nonspecific, or misleading.
DNA Methylation and Atherosclerosis

DNA methylation is a major epigenetic modification of the genome that has the potential to silence gene expression. Recently, the role of epigenetic alteration as a distinct and crucial mechanism to regulate genes governing cell proliferation in atherosclerosis has emerged. Aberrant methylation is related to aging, and, because it affects a large number of CpG islands, age-related methylation may be an important contributor to increased atherosclerosis among older individuals by upregulating atherosclerosis-susceptible genes and downregulating atherosclerosis-protective genes. Further dissection of epigenetic alterations in atherosclerosis and aging will lead to the identification of novel epigenetic modifiers and improved diagnosis and treatment for atherosclerosis-related diseases.
Trait convergence and plasticity among native and invasive species in resource-poor environments

PREMISE OF STUDY Functional trait comparisons provide a framework with which to assess invasion and invasion resistance. However, recent studies have found evidence for both trait convergence and divergence among coexisting dominant native and invasive species. Few studies have assessed how multiple stresses constrain trait values and plasticity, and no study has included direct measurements of nutrient conservation traits, which are critical to plants growing in low-resource environments. METHODS We evaluated how nutrient and water stresses affect growth and allocation, water potential and gas exchange, and nitrogen (N) allocation and use traits among a suite of six codominant species from the Intermountain West to determine trait values and plasticity. In the greenhouse, we grew our species under a full factorial combination of high and low N and water availability. We measured relative growth rate (RGR) and its components, total biomass, biomass allocation, midday water potential, photosynthetic rate, water-use efficiency (WUE), green leaf N, senesced leaf N, total N pools, N productivity, and photosynthetic N use efficiency. KEY RESULTS Overall, soil water availability constrained plant responses to N availability and was the major driver of plant trait variation in our analysis. Drought decreased plant biomass and RGR, limited N conservation, and led to increased WUE. For most traits, native and nonnative species were similarly plastic. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest native and invasive biomass dominants may converge on functionally similar traits and demonstrate comparable ability to respond to changes in resource availability.
Medical Technologies and the Dream of the Perfect Newborn

Feminist and disability scholars have critiqued the role of prenatal testing technologies in fostering parental expectations to give birth to "perfect" children. However, in the case of postnatal screening for genetic disorders, identifying large numbers of asymptomatic infants brings previously hidden imperfections into critical relief. Consequently, newborn screening technologies have altered the day-to-day landscape of early childrearing and development for many families. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in a California pediatric genetics clinic, we describe how newborn screening creates ambiguous forms of biogenetic abnormality, foreshadowing a life of incipient disorder for children, families, and health care providers and so destabilizing parents' hopes of having a healthy child. By demonstrating key points of convergence and divergence between the social consequences of prenatal and postnatal screening, we expand the analytic gaze on reproductive technologies and establish newborn screening as a vibrant locus of inquiry for the anthropology of reproduction.
Crop response to level of water-soluble zinc in granular zinc fertilizers

Many industrial by-products containing Zn are being processed and sold as Zn fertilizers. Some baghouse dusts and flue dusts which contain ZnO may be used as fertilizers or may be partially acidulated with H2SO4 to form Zn oxysulfates (various mixtures of ZnO and ZnSO4). Spent H2SO4 by-products of several industries, especially the galvanizing industry, also may be processed into ZnSO4 fertilizers. The level of water-soluble Zn (as a percentage of total Zn) in these fertilizers is mainly related to the relative contents of ZnSO4 (water soluble) and ZnO (water insoluble). Other published results have shown that availability to plants of most nutrients in a granular fertilizer is related to their water solubility. Response of corn (Zea mays L.) to fine and granular Zn fertilizers varying in level of water-soluble Zn was determined on a limed Zn-deficient Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualf) in three greenhouse pot experiments. Dry matter production and Zn uptake by corn were similar with several finely ground (<0.15 mm) Zn fertilizers varying from 0 to 100% of their total Zn in water-soluble form. Crop response to granular (1.7 to 2.4 mm, ×8 + 12 mesh) Zn fertilizers increased with level of water-soluble Zn in several ZnSO4 fertilizers made from spent acids, Zn oxysulfates, and ZnO by-product fertilizers. Corn dry matter production and Zn uptake were significantly lower with fertilizers containing <40% water-soluble Zn. Crop response to granular mixtures varying in proportion of reagent grade ZnSO4 and ZnO gave similar results in two experiments. These results show that at least 40% of the total Zn in granular Zn fertilizers should be in water-soluble form to be fully effective for crops.
Dynamic Observations of Abrasion/Snagging: A Laboratory Device for the SEM

In a study of the mechanics of surface attrition of fiber assemblies, a device has been designed and fabricated to be used in conjunction with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). It allows the in situ observation of the deformation of the yam and fabric structures in attrition processes, such as the snagging of a knit fabric by a sharp needle point (or a hook) or the abrasion of a fabric by single or multiple macro-asperities. Some preliminary observations obtained with this device are discussed.
First-Matsubara-frequency rule in a Fermi liquid. I. Fermionic self-energy

We analyze in detail the fermionic self-energy $\ensuremath{\Sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega},T)$ in a Fermi liquid (FL) at finite temperature $T$ and frequency $\ensuremath{\omega}$. We consider both canonical FLs, i.e., systems in spatial dimension $Dg2$, where the leading term in the fermionic self-energy is analytic [the retarded $\mathrm{Im}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{R}(\ensuremath{\omega},T)=C({\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}{T}^{2})]$, and noncanonical FLs in $1lDl2$, where the leading term in $\mathrm{Im}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{R}(\ensuremath{\omega},T)$ scales as ${T}^{D}$ or ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{D}$. We relate the ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}{T}^{2}$ form to a special property of the self-energy, ``the first-Matsubara-frequency rule,'' which stipulates that ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{R}(i\ensuremath{\pi}T,T)$ in a canonical FL contains an $\mathcal{O}(T)$ but no ${T}^{2}$ term. We show that in any $Dg1$, the next term after $\mathcal{O}(T)$ in ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{R}(i\ensuremath{\pi}T,T)$ is of order ${T}^{D}$ (${T}^{3}\mathrm{ln}T$ in $D=3$). This ${T}^{D}$ term comes from only forward and backward scattering, and is expressed in terms of fully renormalized amplitudes for these processes. The overall prefactor of the ${T}^{D}$ term vanishes in the ``local approximation,'' when the interaction can be approximated by its value for the initial and final fermionic states right on the Fermi surface. The local approximation is justified near a Pomeranchuk instability, even if the vertex corrections are non-negligible. We show that the strength of the first-Matsubara-frequency rule is amplified in the local approximation, where it states that not only the ${T}^{D}$ term vanishes, but also that ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{R}(i\ensuremath{\pi}T,T)$ does not contain any terms beyond $\mathcal{O}(T)$. This rule imposes two constraints on the scaling form of the self-energy: upon replacing $\ensuremath{\omega}$ by $i\ensuremath{\pi}T$, $\mathrm{Im}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{R}(\ensuremath{\omega},T)$ must vanish and $\mathrm{Re}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{R}(\ensuremath{\omega},T)$ must reduce to $\mathcal{O}(T)$. These two constraints should be taken into consideration in extracting scaling forms of ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{R}(\ensuremath{\omega},T)$ from experimental and numerical data.
Graph theoretic methods for matrix completion problems

Abstract A pattern is a list of positions in an n×n real matrix. A matrix completion problem for the class of Π -matrices asks whether every partial Π -matrix whose specified entries are exactly the positions of the pattern can be completed to a Π -matrix. We survey the current state of research on Π -matrix completion problems for many subclasses Π of P 0 -matrices, including positive definite matrices, M-matrices, inverse M-matrices, P-matrices, and matrices defined by various sign symmetry and positivity conditions on P 0 - and P-matrices. Graph theoretic techniques used to study completion problems are discussed. Several new results are also presented, including the solution to the M 0 -matrix completion problem and the sign symmetric P 0 -matrix completion problem.
Second response to lower-dose thalidomide in a patient with multiple myeloma

It is with great interest that I read the report of Barlogie et al[1][1] on the use of thalidomide in patients with refractory multiple myeloma. It was concluded that there is a dose-response effect with a higher response rate and a longer survival duration observed in patients receiving more than a
Learning to teach with the web: Factors influencing teacher education faculty

Professional development at postsecondary institutions has primarily been supported through a central faculty development center. With purposive sampling, this small case study explored the ways in which teacher education faculty members were influenced to participate in decentralized professional development focused on learning to teach with WebCT. Results suggest that university faculty were influenced by both intrinsic factors (including convenience, comfort, common interests, and future purposes) and an extrinsic factor (external pressures). This research suggests that these factors also contributed to the faculty's satisfaction with the professional development. A follow-up interview explored how faculty coped with budgetary limitations and encouragement to pursue other distance education technologies.
Transcatheter Embolotherapy for Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Single Center Review of Safety, Efficacy, and Clinical Outcomes

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess safety, efficacy, and clinical outcomes following transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) of acute gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding.
A dynamic analysis of the well-being of WIC recipients and eligible non-recipients

Abstract Despite the benefits associated with the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), over 1 in 4 eligible infants and 6 in 10 eligible children do not receive WIC. The reasons for these high rates of non-participation are analyzed in this paper through a comparison of the short- and long-run economic health of (a) WIC recipients, (b) persons who have left WIC, and (c) persons who have never entered the program despite being eligible for benefits. Using data from the 1996 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation, I find that in both the short- and long-run, infants and children who have left WIC are better-off than those staying on WIC and infants and children who never receive WIC are better off than both those on WIC and those who have left WIC. However, in absolute terms, a large number of non-recipients remain eligible and seemingly in need of WIC. This is especially true for infants who have left WIC—on average, in any month, over 35% have incomes below the poverty line; almost 20% have incomes below 50% of the poverty line; almost a third receive food stamps; and over 80% remain eligible for WIC.
Summary and analysis of approaches linking visual range, PM2.5 concentrations, and air quality health impact indices for wildfires

Several U.S. state and tribal agencies and other countries have implemented a methodology developed in the arid intermountain western U.S. where short-term (1- to 3-hr) particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) concentrations are estimated from an observed visual range (VR) measurement. This PM2.5 concentration estimate is then linked to a public health warning scale to inform the public about potential health impacts from smoke from wildfire. This methodology is often used where monitoring data do not exist (such as many rural areas). This work summarizes the various approaches, highlights the potential for wildfire smoke impact messaging conflicts at state and international borders, and highlights the need to define consistent short-term health impact category breakpoint categories. Is air quality “unhealthy” when 1- to 3-hr PM2.5 is ≥ 139 µg/m3 as specified in the Wildfire Smoke, A Guide for Public Health Officials? Or is air quality unhealthy when 1- to 3-hr PM2.5 is ...
The flavor potential of milk fat. A review of its chemical nature and biochemical origin

Actual and potential flavors are among the most important attributes of milk fat. In some dairy products (milk, cream, ice cream, uncul-tured butter) the aim is to retain the faint pleasant flavor associated with the fat of fresh milk. However in cooking, baking, and many processed food applications the object is to gen-erate buttery, creamy, cheesy, and caramel-like flavor qualities from milk fat. Although the ulti-mate chemical characterization of all these fla-vors has not been achieved, the existing infor-mation is reviewed in this paper. Some recent findings concerning the biological variability and significance of the lactone and ketone flavor po-tential of milk fat are also presented. A scheme which outlines means for more effectively utiliz-ing the flavor capabilities of milk fat is included.
The Role of Excess Cognitive Capacity in the Relationship Between Job Characteristics and Cognitive Task Engagement

A model is presented in which two categories of individual differences, differences related to task capacity and differences related to task motivation, are proposed to influence the relationship between task characteristics and cognitive task engagement. It is proposed that task characteristics will interact with the performer’s task capacity to influence the excess cognitive capacity available to the task performer. To the degree one’s capabilities meet or exceed the demands of the job, excess cognitive capacity is more likely. The relationship between excess cognitive capacity and cognitive task engagement is then moderated by factors influencing one’s task motivation, and by cognitive and physical interventions if the excess capacity is actively utilized in a safe manner. If the excess cognitive capacity is safely utilized, or if task motivation is high, cognitive task engagement is more likely. Implications of the model for human resource management are discussed.
A fixed point stability theorem for nonexpansive set valued mappings

The behavior of the fixed points of set valued maps, as these maps vary, has been considered in [6] and [7]. Both papers establish conditions implying the strong convergence of the fixed points of sequences of set valued contractions. Here a similar result is given for weak convergence of the fixed points of set valued maps in a Banach space where the maps are only assumed to be nonexpansive, i.e., &F(x), F(y)) < // .Y ~1 (1, where D is the Hausdorff metric generated by the norm 11 .)I. This theorem is applied to obtain a stabilit! result for generalized differential equations.
An in vivo study of the effect of chronic metabolic acidosis on renal gluconeogenesis.

Bei durch Ammoniumchlorid 10 Tage azidotisch gemachten Hunden ubertraf die venose Glukosekonzentration in der Niere die arterielle. Der gesamte Blutdurchfluss blieb indessen konstant.
Application of time-correlated single photon counting and stroboscopic detection methods with an evanescent-wave fibre-optic sensor for fluorescence-lifetime-based pH measurements

Quasi-distributed optical fibre sensor arrays containing luminescent sensor molecules can be read out spatially resolved utilizing optical time-of-flight detection (OTOFD) methods, which employ pulsed laser interrogation of the luminosensors and time-resolved detection of the sensor signals. In many cases, sensing is based on a change in sensor luminescence intensity; however, sensing based on luminescence lifetime changes is preferable because it reduces the need for field calibration. Because in OTOFD detection is time-resolved, luminescence-lifetime information is already available through the signal pulses, although in practise applications were restricted to sensors with long luminescence lifetimes (hundreds of ns). To implement lifetime-based sensing in crossed-optical-fibre-sensor arrays for sensor molecules with lifetimes less than 10 ns, two time-domain methods, time-correlated single photon counting and stroboscopic detection, were used to record the pH-dependent emission of a fluorescein derivative covalently attached to a highly-porous polymer. A two-term nonexponential decay function yielded both a good fit for experimental lifetime data during reconvolution and a pH response that matches Henderson–Hasselbalch behaviour, yielding a sensor accuracy of 0.02 pH units. Moreover, strong agreement was obtained for the two lifetime determination methods and with intensity-based measurements taken previously.
Restoration of devitalized posterior tooth with a pin-retained onlay

Abstract A realistic alternative to a dowel, core, and complete crown to restore a pulpless tooth has been presented. A detailed technique for has described to make a pin-retained gold onlay.
Reductive Lithiation of Some Thioketals Using Lithium 1-(Dimethylamino)naphthalenide

Abstract Recent work from this laboratory has demonstrated that readily prepared lithium naphthalenide (2) at -70° is capable of the rapid reductive lithiation of cyclopropanone dithioketals (1) to sulfur-stabilized cyclopropyllithiums (4),1 ketene phenylthio-acetals (8) to sulfur-stabilized vinyllithiums (9) which are acyl anion equivalents,2 and a 1,1,3-tris(phenylthio)alkene (11) to the lithio derivative (12) of an α,β-unsaturated thioacetal.3,4
Velocity profiles of the exit region of molten polyethylene extrudates

The objective of the work described herein is the experimental investigation of the velocity field of polymer melts flowing through a capillary in the regons of flow prior to and after the capillary exit. The fluids studied are branched polyethylene melts in steady laminar isothermal flow. The technique employed for the determination of the Eulerian velocity profiles is one that utilizes phototomicrogroaphy of the reflected light from tracer particles dispersed in the flowing medium. Axial acceleration of the fluid elements just before the capillary exit was observed. It was found that this accelearation is more pronounced in melts of low bulk viscosity. This observation region, non-viscometric. The translation of the velocity profiles of the fluids studied, from one resembling a parabola to that of “plug” flow, involves inflection points with minima in the velocity vector v(r, z). These minima appear near the surface of the extrudates and can not be accounted for by an existing theory. It was also found that the density of the viscoelastic fluids studied is a function of the axial position, in the region of flow investigated. The density decreases before the exit and, before it reaches an equilibuiu value at an axial position downstream equal to one or two diameters, increases beyond that value upon exit. This phenomenon is attributed to an “overshoot” in the process fo elastic recoil of the high polymer melts fron a strained structure to a random one.
Effects of rapid heating on aging characteristics of T6 tempered Al–Si–Mg alloys using a fluidized bed

Effects of rapid heat transfer using a fluidized bed on the heat-treating response of Al–Si–Mg alloys (both unmodified and Sr modified) were investigated. Heating rate in fluidized bed (FB) is an order of magnitude greater than in conventional air convective furnaces (CF). On aging using FB, it was observed that the nucleation rate of Mg2Si particles was greater than in CF. Thermal analyses show an endothermic reaction during aging in CF. No such transformation was observed during aging in FB. The endothermic transformation could be due to the dissolution of GP zones or metastable phase(s). The total heat treatment time for T6 temper was reduced to less than 2 h using FB.
On the Optimal Compensation of a Socialist Manager

I. The problem, 1. — II. The bonus as a function of profit and sales, 4. — III. The iterative process, 9. — IV. A practical look, 12. — Mathematical note, 15.
Full-thickness diaphragmatic resection for stage IV ovarian carcinoma using the EndoGIA stapling device followed by diaphragmatic reconstruction using a Gore-tex graft: a case report and review of the literature.

Abstract Background. Previous studies have reported the results of full-thickness diaphragmatic resection for ovarian cancer metastatic to the diaphragm. Case. We present the first case of an extensive full-thickness diaphragmatic resection performed using the EndoGIA® [US Surgical Corp., Norwalk, CT] staple device followed by successful reconstruction using a Gore-tex® (W.L. Gore and Associates, Inc., Newark, DE) graft. Conclusion. Full-thickness diaphragmatic resection using the EndoGIA stapling device is a safe and effective method to completely remove extensive tumor during cytoreductive surgery. Use of the stapler expeditiously assists in removal of the specimen with minimal blood loss. In cases where large defects cannot be repaired primarily, a Gore-tex® patch should be used.
Precursors and genetic control of pigmentation

Anthocyanidins have been synthesised in various acyanic genotypes of Antirrhinum majus following the administration of three dihydroflavonols.
Upper and Lower Limb Muscle Activation Is Bidirectionally and Ipsilaterally Coupled

HUANG, H. J., and D. P. FERRIS. Upper and Lower Limb Muscle Activation Is Bidirectionally and Ipsilaterally Coupled. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 41, No. 9, pp. 1778–1789, 2009. Purpose: There are neural connections between the upper and lower limbs of humans that enable muscle activation in one limb pair (upper or lower) to modulate muscle activation in the other limb pair (lower or upper, respectively). The aims of this study were to extend previous findings regarding submaximal exercise to maximal effort exercise and determine whether there is an ipsilateral or contralateral bias to the neural coupling during a rhythmic locomotor-like task. Methods: We measured upper and lower limb muscle activity, joint kinematics, and limb forces in neurologically intact subjects (n = 16) as they performed recumbent stepping using different combinations of upper and lower limb efforts. Results: We found increased muscle activation in passive lower limbs during active upper limb effort compared with passive upper limb effort. Likewise, increased muscle activation in passive upper limbs occurred during active lower limb effort compared with passive lower limb effort, suggesting a bidirectional effect. Maximal muscle activation in the active lower limbs was not different between conditions with active upper limb effort and conditions with passive upper limb movement. Similarly, maximal muscle activation in the active upper limbs was not different between conditions with active lower limb effort and conditions with passive lower limb movement. Further comparisons revealed that neural coupling was primarily from active upper limb muscles to passive ipsilateral lower limb muscles. Conclusions: These findings indicate that interlimb neural coupling affects muscle recruitment during maximal effort upper and lower limb rhythmic exercise and provides insight into the architecture of the neural coupling. Key Words: INTERLIMB COUPLING, NEURAL COUPLING, EMG, COORDINATION, BILATERAL DEFICIT
The risk of second primary tumors after resection of stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer.

Abstract Background The incidence of second primary lung cancers (SPLC) after resection of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is estimated to be 1% to 4% per patient year. The overall effect of SPLC on survival after resection of stage I NSCLC is unknown. Here we report the incidence, management, and outcome of SPLC in a large prospective cohort of patients who underwent careful follow-up. Methods National Cancer Institute Intergroup Trial NCI #I91-0001 examined the effectiveness of isotretinoin A for chemoprevention of second primary tumors, the primary endpoint in that trial. Prospective data from patients randomly assigned to the placebo arm were analyzed. Results Five hundred sixty-nine patients underwent complete resection of pathologic stage I NSCLC. The median follow-up was 5.9 years. Second primary tumors developed in 88 (15%) patients. Of these, 49 (56%) were SPLC (incidence = 1.99/100 patient-years), with a median interval from initial surgery of 4.2 years. Second primary lung cancer never developed in patients who had never smoked (n = 44, p = 0.046; never versus ever smokers). Current smokers had a higher incidence of SPLC than former smokers (hazard ratio=1.91, p = 0.03). Age, sex, stage, histology, tumor location and initial surgery had no effect on SPLC development. Despite semiannual follow-up with chest radiographs, 12 (24%) patients had metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis of SPLC. Surgical resection was performed in 31 (63%) SPLC patients. Median survival was 4.1 years in those who underwent surgery and 1.4 years in those who did not ( p = 0.003). Overall SPLC-related mortality in the original cohort was 3.7%. Conclusions Patients who undergo surgery for SPLC can achieve prolonged survival. Despite close follow-up however many patients with SPLC present with advanced disease. That indicates a need for continued lifelong postoperative surveillance.
Functional deficiency of aryl hydrocarbon receptor augments oxygen toxicity-induced alveolar simplification in newborn mice.

Abstract Hyperoxia contributes to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in premature infants. New BPD is characterized as having alveolar simplification. We reported previously that aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) deficiency increased susceptibility to hyperoxic lung injury in adult mice, and this was associated with decreased expression of cytochrome P450 1A enzymes and increased lung inflammation. Whether AhR protects newborn mice against hyperoxia-induced alveolar simplification is unknown. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that decreased activation of the pulmonary AhR augments hyperoxia-induced alveolar simplification and lung inflammation in newborn mice. Experimental groups included one-day old wild type (WT) and AhR dysfunctional (AhRd) mice exposed to 21% O 2 (air) or 85% O 2 (hyperoxia) for 14 days. Exposure of newborn WT mice to hyperoxia resulted in increased protein, enzyme and mRNA expression of the AhR-regulated lung cytochrome P450 1A1, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1, and microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 enzymes, suggesting that hyperoxia increases activation of the pulmonary AhR. On the other hand, in the AhRd mice, hyperoxia induced the AhR-regulated enzymes to a lesser extent probably due to the dysfunctional AhR in these mice. Alveolar simplification and lung inflammation was increased in mice exposed to hyperoxia compared with those exposed to air, and AhRd mice were more susceptible to hyperoxia-induced alveolar simplification and lung inflammation compared with WT mice. These findings suggest that decreased activation of the pulmonary AhR in newborn AhRd mice augments hyperoxia-induced alveolar simplification and lung inflammation in these mice.
Design for a massive all-optical bidirectional associative memory: the big BAM

An optical bidirectional associative memory offering a potential of operating up to 106 neurons with 1012 interconnections is described. Except possibly for input and output all operations are optical and parallel.
Effect of added dietary lard on growth and nutrient digestibility by calves 6-15 weeks old.

Abstract Addition of 10% lard to a basal ration lowered feed intake and resulted in less growth of calves between 6 and 12 weeks old. Feed flavor compounds did not affect feed intake. Apparent digestibilities, measured over Weeks 13 to 15, revealed that added lard reduced digestibility of dry matter and energy, whereas lipid and nitrogen were not affected.
Vibration Analysis of Rotors Utilizing Implicit Directional Information of Complex Variable Descriptions

A complex variable description of planar motion incorporates directivity as inherent information which is therefore very convenient in vibration analysis of rotors. This paper proposes to use the directional information explicitly when the equation of motion of a rotor is formulated in complex variables. It is shown that the free vibration solution to the equation of motion formulated as such can be defined as the directional natural mode because it describes not only the shape and frequency but also the direction of the free vibration response. The directional frequency response functions (dFRFs) that have been used recently are obtained as the solution to the forced vibration solution to the equation of motion. Symmetric and anti-symmetric motians of a geometrically symmetric rigid rotor are used as examples to explain these concepts and their practical significances. The proposed approach allows clear understanding and definitions of some unique characteristics of rotor vibrations, such as the forward and backward modes, and forward and backward critical speeds, which have been often used in confusing or incorrect ways.
Solvent denaturation of globular proteins: unfolding by the monoalkyl- and dialkyl-substituted formamides and ureas.

Abstract The effects of the monoalkyl and dialkyl-substituted formamide series of denaturants on the native conformation of sperm whale myoglobin, horse heart cytochrome c , and Glycera dibranciata (single chain) hemoglobin have been investigated by spectral measurements in the Soret region (409 and 422 nm) and optical rotation measurements (265 nm). The effectiveness of these two classes of protein denaturants is similar to the other straight-chain compounds of the urea, amide, and alcohol classes, examined in previous investigations from our laboratory. Their denaturing effectiveness is found to increase with increasing chain length or hydrocarbon content of the substituent alkyl groups. Application of the Peller and Flory equation to the denaturation data of the formamides shows that both the polar and the nonpolar group contributions to the protein-denaturant interactions have to be taken into account in order to correctly predict the observed denaturation midpoints. Additivity of the hydrophobic, K hΦ , and the polar, K p , group contributions to the binding constants, K B = nK HΦ + K p , with n − 1 or 2 for the mono- of the di-alkyl substituted denaturants gave best account of the experimental data. The K HΦ values used were based on free energy transfer data of various alkyl groups or the Scheraga-Nemethy theory of hydrophobic bonding. The assumption of group contributions of the denaturant to K B were also applied to the denaturation data of the unsubstituted amides and some examples of the monoalkyl and symmetrically substituted dialkyl ureas, taken from the literature.
Defining stops in search pathways

The alternation of stationary periods and periods of movement may be an important feature of an animal's search tactic. Unambiguously differentiating stops and moves may be difficult, especially from highly resolved digitized pathways, but their identification may be essential for understanding an animal's searching behavior. In this paper, we describe a method for defining stops in search pathways. A computer program that identifies the stop-and-go movement patterns from digitized pathway data is available upon request from the authors.
Skeletal muscle capillary densities during reactive hyperemia

Reactive hyperemia was induced in hindlimbs of rats by occlusion of the femoral artery. Using fluorescein dye as a peripheral vascular marker, we observed that there was an increase in the number of flowing capillaries supplying the muscle fibres following release of the occlusion. The results indicate that the number of flowing capillaries is not dependent on the duration of occlusion (2–10 min).
Endoscopically introduced expandable stents in laryngotracheal stenosis: The jury is still out☆☆☆

A new technique using endoscopically introduced, expandable stents for the management of upper airway stenosis is presented. Evaluation of this technique in the canine model forms the basis of this pilot study. Stenosis was surgically induced in a controlled fashion by resection of cartilage from the anterior cricoid arch and tracheal wall to reduce the airway diameter by approximately 50%. A period of 8 weeks was allowed for complete healing and maturation of the surgical stenosis. This was followed by endoscopic introduction of expandable titanium-mesh stents. The stents were then balloon-inflated to dilate the stenotic region. Airway patency was assessed clinically, radiologically, and endoscopically, before expansion and at 4 and 8 weeks after expansion. This assessment was followed by euthanasia of the animals and gross examination of the expanded stenotic segments. In general, the stents were well tolerated with adequate expansion of the airway. In some instances granulation tissue formation was noted around the stents. This was less pronounced when stents coated with Tecoflex (Advanced Surgical Intervention Co., San Clemente, Calif.) were used. This is probably because of their “inert” nature, which induces less tissue reaction. A literature review of the subject is presented. The significance of this endoscopic modality for management of upper airway stenosis is discussed, and the indications, alternatives, potential pitfalls, and complications are depicted. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;116:97-103.)
Substance abuse vulnerability and D2 receptor genes

Dopamine systems are key to the actions of several substances. Inter-individual differences in genes encoding proteins involved in dopaminergic neurotransmission could plausibly explain some of the genetic bases for inter-individual differences in vulnerability to substance abuse. The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers TaqIA1 and B1 at the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene locus in Caucasians are associated with substance abuse behaviors. In most, but not all, studies of alcoholics and polysubstance abusers, these TaqIA1 and B1 gene markers are present more often in substance abusers than in control individuals. No study has identified substance abusers or controls by sampling randomly from the general population; allelic association findings could thus conceivably be confounded by RFLP differences based on ethnicity or other factors. However, meta-analyses of the data from controlled studies available to date are consistent with the proposal that DRD2 gene variants contribute to inter-individual differences in vulnerability to alcoholism and polysubstance abuse.
The Brain as Agent

It was Sir John Eccles (1953) who said that the brain is the sort of machine a ghost could operate; since then, neurophysiologists have embraced various philosophical positions on the mind-brain relationship problem, including psychoneural identity, dualism, even "trialism."1 In recent years, the ascendancy of the computational approach to problems in the description of brain functioning and "cognitive processes" has encouraged a resurgence of mentalistic and physicalistic modes of reductionism with respect to the analysis of various mental predicates. In this paper, I shall examine several claims made by neurophysiologists about the mind-brain relationship and indicate some conceptual difficulties with them. I shall concentrate upon two basic mental predicates (along with their relevant participles), recognition and thought, in an attempt to show that when such categories are predicated of brains, incoherent conceptual consequences inevitably are entailed. Whatever it is that brains do, they do not recognize anything nor do they think of, about or that anything, although they may enable persons to do these things. It is further argued that the question: how do brains enable persons to do these things? is problematic in several significant respects.
A microfluidic platform for profiling biomechanical properties of bacteria

The ability to resist mechanical forces is necessary for the survival and division of bacteria and has traditionally been probed using specialized, low-throughput techniques such as atomic force microscopy and optical tweezers. Here we demonstrate a microfluidic technique to profile the stiffness of individual bacteria and populations of bacteria. The approach is similar to micropipette aspiration used to characterize the biomechanical performance of eukaryotic cells. However, the small size and greater stiffness of bacteria relative to eukaryotic cells prevents the use of micropipettes. Here we present devices with sub-micron features capable of applying loads to bacteria in a controlled fashion. Inside the device, individual bacteria are flowed and trapped in tapered channels. Less stiff bacteria undergo greater deformation and therefore travel further into the tapered channel. Hence, the distance traversed by bacteria into a tapered channel is inversely related to cell stiffness. We demonstrate the ability of the device to characterize hundreds of bacteria at a time, measuring stiffness at 12 different applied loads at a time. The device is shown to differentiate between two bacterial species, E. coli (less stiff) and B. subtilis (more stiff), and detect differences between E. coli submitted to antibiotic treatment from untreated cells of the same species/strain. The microfluidic device is advantageous in that it requires only minimal sample preparation, no permanent cell immobilization, no staining/labeling and maintains cell viability. Our device adds detection of biomechanical phenotypes of bacteria to the list of other bacterial phenotypes currently detectable using microchip-based methods and suggests the feasibility of separating/selecting bacteria based on differences in cell stiffness.