cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bringing Method to the Madness: An Example of Integrating Social Science Qualitative Research Methods into NVivo Data Analysis Software Training

It is not uncommon for researchers who wish to delve into qualitative data analysis to be lacking in qualitative methods training. Data professionals who support these aspiring qualitative researchers are well positioned to recognize and develop resources, training, and services to address this methods gap. This article describes a specific training session aimed at bridging this gap: a collaboration between a sociology professor and the author that integrates a qualitative methodological framework with specific features of NVivo qualitative data analysis software that complement and facilitate research guided by that framework. This article (1) outlines how this collaboration came to be; (2) describes the roles that the sociology professor and the author play in the collaboration, including specific examples from the training session; and (3) offers a reflection on the experience, including successes and growth possibilities going forward.
Analysis of Dead-Time in a Single Phase Wireless Power Transfer System

In this paper, the effect of dead-time in a single phase wireless power transfer system (WPT) between the complementary switching pulses of the inverter leg is discussed in detail. The dead-time is always provided between the complementary switching pulses in the inverter leg to avoid the short-circuit of the input dc source. In WPT systems, high-frequency (HF) operation is desired to reduce the size of the passive components. As the frequency of operation increases, the dead-time effect becomes significant and must be addressed appropriately. This paper presents the analysis of the dead-time effect in the wireless power transfer system for an electric vehicle (EV) battery charging application. The operating waveforms for the given operating condition of the phase-shift angle and the power-factor are presented and the phenomenon of voltage polarity reversal (VPR) or notch is discussed. The effect of the notch on the fundamental component of the voltage is presented and the effect of the notch on the BMW i3 battery charging profile is evaluated. The theoretical analysis of the dead-time is verified using simulation results in PLECS.
Genome-wide association analysis of hippocampal volume identifies enrichment of neurogenesis-related pathways

Adult neurogenesis occurs in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus during adulthood and contributes to sustaining the hippocampal formation. To investigate whether neurogenesis-related pathways are associated with hippocampal volume, we performed gene-set enrichment analysis using summary statistics from a large-scale genome-wide association study (N = 13,163) of hippocampal volume from the Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium and two year hippocampal volume changes from baseline in cognitively normal individuals from Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative Cohort (ADNI). Gene-set enrichment analysis of hippocampal volume identified 44 significantly enriched biological pathways (FDR corrected p-value < 0.05), of which 38 pathways were related to neurogenesis-related processes including neurogenesis, generation of new neurons, neuronal development, and neuronal migration and differentiation. For genes highly represented in the significantly enriched neurogenesis-related pathways, gene-based association analysis identified TESC, ACVR1, MSRB3, and DPP4 as significantly associated with hippocampal volume. Furthermore, co-expression network-based functional analysis of gene expression data in the hippocampal subfields, CA1 and CA3, from 32 normal controls showed that distinct co-expression modules were mostly enriched in neurogenesis related pathways. Our results suggest that neurogenesis-related pathways may be enriched for hippocampal volume and that hippocampal volume may serve as a potential phenotype for the investigation of human adult neurogenesis.
NOVELTIES IN MALPIGHIACEAE FROM SOUTH AMERICA

Nine new species in four genera of Neotropical Malpighiaceae are described and illustrated: Banisteriopsis rostrata W.R.Anderson (Brazil: Minas Gerais), Bunchosia andina W.R.Anderson (Colombia: Antioquia, Caldas, Narino, Putomayo, Quindio, Tolima, Valle; Ecuador: Azuay, Napo, Pichincha, Tungurahua); Bunchosia parrae W.R.Anderson (Peru: Loreto, San Martin, Ucayali), Bunchosia phaeocarpa W.R.Anderson (Ecuador: Napo, Orellana, Pastaza, Sucumbios; Peru: Loreto), Byrsonima anisophylla W.R.Anderson (Brazil: Bahia), Byrsonima cardenasii W.R.Anderson (Colombia: Antioquia, Narino, Riseralda, Santander, Valle del Cauca), Byrsonima goiana W.R.Anderson (Brazil: Goias), Byrsonima nana W.R.Anderson (Colombia: Meta) and Tetrapterys catarinensis W.R.Anderson (Brazil: Santa Catarina).
Role of Surface Oxygen Vacancies in Intermediate Formationon Mullite-type Oxides upon NO Adsorption

Identifying the nature and reactivity of surface intermediate species is critical to understanding the fundamental reaction pathways of NO oxidation on mullite-type oxide catalysts. Using in situ F...
Light Energy: Our Wasted Resource

Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a form of visual pollution and energy waste that is often overlooked. The International Dark Sky Association estimates that 30% of all lighting is strictly for the outdoors. Furthermore, 30% of all outdoor lighting is wasted, used (1) when not needed, or (2) pointing directly upwards. In 2017, the US wasted approximately 60 billion kilowatt hours (kWh), translating to a loss of more than $6.3 billion and CO2 emissions in excess of 23 billion pounds. ALAN has been linked to reduced production of melatonin, the body’s sleep-regulating hormone, which is associated with increased risk of hormonal cancers including breast and prostate cancer. In fact, the World Health Organization (WHO) now lists shift work as a type II risk for cancer. Light at night threatens migratory birds, a majority of which fly at night presumably using constellations as their guide. Light pollution paints the sky black, pushing astronomers to ever-shrinking dark zones suitable for studying the universe. In the most severely affected cities, only a handful of stars can be seen where once thousands dazzled gazers. Society’s overreliance on ALAN has resulted in energy waste, adverse health effects, and pervasive pollution contributing to climate change and concealing our starry night sky.
32 Fighting hunger in the time of COVID-19: a quality improvement project to increase screening and utilization of food resources

Background The Food Research & Action center (FRAC) and the American Academy of Pediatrics(AAP) define food insecurity as ‘the limited or uncertain access to enough food.’ A study done in 2018 found that 37 million (11.5% ) of US households were food insecure. This number is expected to grow during the current pandemic of COVID 19 due to the rising unemployment rates and school closures. Food insecurity in children is associated with an increased rate of illness and hospitalization as well as increased risk of behavioral and emotional disorders. The APP recommends use of a validated screening tool at health maintenance visits to identify food insecure families. Objectives Our project aims to increase the percentage of families screened for food insecurity and the utilization of food resources by 20% in 6 months. It takes place at a safety-net pediatric clinic, which acts as a medical home for children of low-income families on Medicaid or without insurance including undocumented children. Methods The Model for Improvement and sequential PDSA cycles were utilized. Interventions included education for providers, creating a screening tool and implementing it into the patient visit workflow, a handout of food resources that can be used for in person or virtual patient visits. Outcome measures are the percentage of patients who utilize local food resources and the percentage of families remaining food insecure upon telephone follow-up. Process measure is the number of patients screened for food insecurity. Results The highest number of families screened for food insecurity was 67 in one two weeks cycle (figures 1 and 2). Lack of transportation was the major barrier for accessing food resources (figure 3). Conclusions Our next efforts will be aimed at overcoming barriers to resources that families face, adopting innovative ways to communicate with families and developing opportunities for community collaboration with food resources.
Pronghorn: A Multidimensional Coarse-Mesh Application for Advanced Reactor Thermal Hydraulics

This paper presents an overview of Pronghorn, a multiscale thermal-hydraulic (T/H) application developed by Idaho National Laboratory and the University of California, Berkeley. Pronghorn, built on...
The Order-Dependent Luce Model

I develop a simple axiomatic model that incorporates the order effect: the ordering of alternatives (e.g., ranking of universities, the location of products in a grocery store, the order of candida...
Superpower Glass

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is quickly becoming a global health crisis estimated to affect one in 40 children in the United States [8]. ASD consists of social deficiencies, such as impaired communication, eye contact, facial expression recognition, and social interaction. The current standard of care, applied behavioral analysis (ABA), relies on teaching these skills primarily in clinical environments with tools such as static flashcards. Such tools are largely removed from real world emotional contexts. While ABA can lead to improvements [1, 2], the therapy often generalizes poorly to situations that extend beyond the routines practiced in clinical contexts [3]. Furthermore, access to such treatment is constrained by the availability of therapists, who struggle to keep up with the increasing demand for care.
Access, Equity, and Support in PK-12 Christian Education

Since the beginning of my career in Christian education 39 years ago, I have regularly encountered issues related to access, equity, and support of students, their families, and teachers. Sometimes...
Non-destructive raman spectroscopic determination of freshwater mollusk composition, growth, and damage repair

Increased acidification of aquatic habitats due to climate change is damaging mollusks. Non-destructive methods for analysis are necessary to study these endangered species. We analyzed five Unionidae gastropods using Raman spectroscopy. Shells were primarily composed of aragonite, a polymorph of calcium carbonate found in shell microstructure. Lattice mode Raman peaks from vaterite, a thought to be rare polymorph of calcium carbonate, were identified in each mollusk. Vaterite is present in mollusks at instances of shell damage and subsequent repair. We demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy is sensitive to vaterite, and it may not be as rare as previously thought. We also collected Raman spectra across the interior of Lampsillis fasciola. This data was analyzed through multivariate analysis, combining Principal Component Analysis with Linear Discriminant Analysis (PCA-LDA). Results of PCA-LDA correlate with growth of the mollusks, demonstrating that Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis could be used to monitor shell growth.
Emerging Markets for Ecosystem Services: Setting the Context

The papers in this volume examine various aspects of the emerging markets for ecosystem services (watershed services, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity protection) in the Panama Canal Watershed. This introductory chapter provides context by: outlining the questions addressed; describing the structure and underlying framework of this volume and the nature of the course that produced it; and briefly 2discussing how the limitations of science affect attempts to market ecosystem services. doi:10.1300/J091v25n01_01 [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-HAWORTH. E-mail address: Website: © 2007 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.]
The Personal and the Political

There is one understanding of feminism that has both the end of the world and its redemption at its heart. This world is unjust and must be otherwise. Yet if one thinks of feminism as radically oth...
Dosimetric Parameters Related to Local Control and Rate of Distant Metastases in NSCLC SBRT Patients.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Previous studies have suggested that the dose immediately outside the PTV may impact the incidence of distant metastases after stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. In particular, Diamant et al have reported a correlation between the mean EQD2 of a 30mm shell around the PTV and both local control and the rate of distant metastases in lung SBRT patients. In this study, we review this parameter and others in a series of patients with radiographically presumed or biopsy proven early-stage non-small cell lung cancer treated at our institution with SBRT between 2014 and 2019. MATERIALS/METHODS We reviewed the dosimetry, local control and rate of distant metastases for a series of 155 patients with 165 lesions treated with SBRT at our institution. Dosimetric parameters obtained included the prescribed dose, minimum and mean doses to the PTV, conformity index, and the mean EQD2 to a 30mm shell around the PTV, as reported by Diamant et al. Time to local progression and distant metastasis were defined from date of last fraction of SBRT to date of event, with event-free patients censored at last radiographic follow-up. All plans were calculated in the Varian Eclipse treatment planning system using the AAA algorithm and treated on conventional Linac with either IMRT or VMAT delivery. Analysis of the data was performed using IBM SPSS for Windows (version 27), with analysis of time to event via Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate analysis of outcomes based on the above dosimetric parameters was performed utilizing the log-rank test. A P-value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS No significant correlation was seen between the mean EQD2 dose to a 30mm shell around the PTV and either the local control or the rate of distant metastases in these patients. Positive predictors of reduced incidence of distant metastases were the prescribed dose of 54 Gy (vs 45-50 Gy, P < 0.01) and PTV < 22 cc (vs. ≥ 22 cc, P = 0.01). In the 45-50 Gy cohort, PTV mean dose ≥ 53 Gy (vs. < 53 Gy, P = 0.04) was associated with reduced incidence of distant metastases. Improved local control was also noted with prescribed dose of 54 Gy (vs 48-50 Gy, P = 0.01). In the 45-50 Gy cohort, PTV mean dose ≥ 53 Gy (vs. < 53 Gy, P = 0.03) was associated improved local control. No additional factors examined were significantly correlated with local control. CONCLUSION We failed to replicate the correlation of the rate of distant metastases with dose outside the PTV as reported by Diamant et al. Higher prescribed and mean dose to the PTV was correlated with both local control and reduced incidence of distant metastases. References.
Analysis of a novel V-shape feed line for log-periodic dipole array antenna

In this paper, a V-shape feed line for log-periodic dipole array antenna is presented. The design procedure and numerical analysis of the characteristic impedance are obtained. The feed line is analyzed by conformal mapping method and finite integration technique.
Implementation of the higher order small slope approximation for scattering from a Gaussian rough surface

Computation of the higher-order small slope approximation (SSA) for electromagnetic scattering from a penetrable randomly rough surface is discussed, under the assumption of a Gaussian random process with an isotropic Gaussian correlation function. A simplified form for the first correction to the lowest order SSA theory is presented, and sample results illustrated to investigate the parameter space under which the first correction is appreciable. Reduction of the higher-order SSA to the physical optics approximation limit is also discussed for both perfectly-conducting and dielectric surfaces.
Graduate Medical Education

Inadequate representation of underrepresented racial and ethnic minorities (URMs) in Graduate Medical Education (GME) programs helps perpetuate growing poor respiratory health outcomes in underserved communities. The barriers that lead to racial and ethnic gaps in GME programs are a downstream result of fractured educational programs that prepare students from URM groups to matriculate into medical education programs. Challenges in the matriculation of UMRs into majors in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) result in the subsequent shortage of URMs in GME programs equipped to address respiratory health disparities, which then leads to inadequate diversity in the physician workforce in pulmonary and critical care medicine, a contributory factor to respiratory health disparities. Multifaceted and comprehensive approaches, encompassing all stages of education and career development, are needed to ensure adequate representation of URMs in GME programs. A diverse workforce in pediatric and adult training programs in pulmonary and critical care medicine is an essential step to achieve respiratory health equity in the United States.
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified through genotyping-by-sequencing improve genetic stock identification of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from western Alaska

Genetic stock identification (GSI), an important tool for fisheries management that relies upon the ability to differentiate stocks of interest, can be difficult when populations are closely relate...
Use of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme for diagnosing myocardial infarction when total creatine kinase activity is high

The usefulness of measuring creatine kinase MB isoenzyme for diagnosing myocardial infarction when activities of total creatine kinase are very high is unclear. We conducted a retrospective study in an urban hospital that serves a largely indigent population. We concentrated on 146 patients whose creatine kinase activity was greater than 1000 U/L (upper limit of normal: 165 U/L for women and 225 U/L for men), with MB isoenzyme greater than 10 U/L and less than 5% of total creatine kinase. The positive predictive value of MB isoenzyme (isoimmune method) values greater than 10 U/L was between 11.6% and 56.8% when the value for total creatine kinase exceeded 1000 U/L. Using different values (MB greater than 4% of total creatine kinase) as positive for myocardial infarction would have resulted in far fewer false-positives, but 10 cases of myocardial infarction would have been missed. The most appropriate cutoff value for MB isoenzyme in this population (total creatine kinase greater than 1000 U/L) was found to be greater than 2% of total creatine kinase.
Resting Plasma Lipids and Cardiovascular Reactivity to Acute Psychological Stress

Abstract. Prior research suggests that hyperlipidemia is associated with elevated blood pressure responses to acute stress but whether lipid levels influence underlying cardiac and vascular determinants of blood pressure during stress is not known. Thus, we examined whether lipids were associated with stress-induced blood pressure responses and responses of stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and total peripheral resistance (TPR). In 19 healthy university students (15 men), blood was drawn to measure lipid levels (triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-c], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-c], total cholesterol) after a 10-min rest period. Participants then completed a 6-min mental arithmetic stressor and a 3-min cold pressor (separated by a 10-min recovery). This procedure was repeated twice, approximately 6 weeks apart. Lipids and hemodynamic values were averaged across the two sessions. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that a model including LDL-c, HDL-c, and t...
Synthesis and chemistry of several fluorinated p-xylenes designed as precursors for α,α,α′,α′-tetrafluoro-p-xylylene

Abstract Attempts to prepare and isolate α,α,α′,α′-tetrafluoro- p -xylylene (III) from several compounds designed as precursors were not successful. Pyrolysis of α,α,α′,α′-tetrafluoro- p -xylene (V) gave a mixture of β,β, p -trifluorostyrene (XIV) and 1,1,5-trifluorobenzocyclobutene (XIX). A novel synethsis of XIV was achieved.
Ambulance critique review

Ambulance critique review sessions have been used as a method of conducting peer review for ambulance personnel and emergency department staff, including medical students. Such a review permits recognition of excellence as well as constructive criticism of actual performance. A forum for review of practical techniques and pathophysiology is provided.
Quantitative morphological analysis of spinal motoneurons.

Abstract Horseradish peroxidase was injected intracellularly into motoneurons responding to cutaneous stimulation of the central foot pad of the hind limb in cats. Three motoneurons were selected for detailed analysis: two excited by foot pad stimulation, and one postsynaptically inhibited by such stimulation. The overall lengths of the dendritic trees of the 3 cells ranged from 15.2 to 20.4 mm; the total surface areas ranged from 0.161 to 0.185 mm 2 . One cell had 9 primary dendrites, 39 terminal dendrites, and 69 dendritic branches in all. The second cell had 8 primary dendrites, 44 terminal dendrites, and 80 dendritic branches in all. For the third cell, these numbers were 14, 76 and 136. 75.2% of the total dendritic length of one of the cells was accounted for by branches of 3 of its 9 primary dendrites; for the second, 69.1% by 3 of 8; and for the third cell, 47.9% by 3 of 14. In contrast to the marked disparity in overall length of branches of the various primary dendrites, when the lengths of dendrites were analyzed by order of branching, dendritic branches of orders II–V each included greater than 15% of overall dendritic length. All 3 motoneurons displayed an exponential overall loss of total dendritic width with distance from the cell body, as well as an exponential decrease in Rall's dendritic trunk parameter. Four different patterns of branching were observed. Mean estimated electrotonic dendritic lengths were 1.3 for two cells, and 1.2 for the third. However, 13% to 28% of the dendrites of the 3 cells terminated more than two space constants from the cell body. In spite of striking differences among these cells in first-order morphology, on many of the detailed measures characterizing the dendritic trees of these motoneurons, they proved to be strikingly similar.
The Implications of Sexual Narcissism for Sexual and Marital Satisfaction

There is theoretical reason to believe narcissism is associated with a number of sexual behaviors and outcomes that affect both sexual and relationship satisfaction. Nevertheless, research on the association between personality and behavior demonstrates that personality traits, such as narcissism, only predict behavior in domains that activate the components of the personality system. Given that global assessments of narcissism do not capture the extent to which the components of narcissism are activated in the sexual domain, we examined the extent to which the facets of a domain-specific measure of sexual narcissism accounted for the trajectories of own and partner sexual and marital satisfaction over the first five years of 120 new marriages. Three of the four facets of sexual narcissism (sexual exploitation, sexual entitlement, and low sexual empathy) were negatively associated with both trajectories. The fourth facet (sexual skill) was positively associated with both trajectories. Notably, sexual satisfaction mediated the effect of every facet of sexual narcissism on marital satisfaction. A global assessment of narcissism was not associated with either trajectory of satisfaction. These findings highlight (1) the importance of narcissistic tendencies for sexual processes, (2) the benefits of using domain-specific measures of personality in research on sexual behavior, and (3) the importance of examining the implications of the specific facets of personality constructs.
Social Problems as a Mediator of the Link Between Reactive Aggression and Withdrawn/Depressed Symptoms

The current study examined whether social problems accounted for the relation between reactive aggression and withdrawn/depressed symptoms in a sample of 147 children (54.4% male) ranging from 5 to 13 years of age (M = 8.22 years) who attended a community based after-school program. Findings suggested that indeed social problems mediated the link between reactive aggression and withdrawn/depressed symptoms, such that high levels of reactive aggression are associated with high levels of social problems, which in turn are associated with high levels of withdrawn/depressed symptoms. Findings suggest the need to target peer relationships in the prevention of subsequent negative emotions for children who exhibit high levels of reactive aggression.
Effect of Binge Eating on the Prediction of Weight Loss in Obese Women

Factors that may be associated with successful weight loss in the obese are of clinical and theoretical significance. Although perceived behavioral control (PBC) had been shown to predict weight loss in a nonclinical population, it had not been used to predict weight loss in the obese. We studied obese women enrolled in a 15-week structured weight loss program and hypothesized that PBC would predict weight loss for low binge eaters better than for high binge eaters. Results indicated that the ability of PBC to predict weight loss immediately posttreatment and 6 months posttreatment depended on binge eating severity, whereas prediction of group attendance was independent of binge eating status.
Both oral and transdermal estrogen increase growth hormone release in postmenopausal women--a clinical research center study.

To determine if the mode of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) administration affects growth hormone (GH) concentrations, eight postmenopausal women were studied under the following conditions: (1) control (no E2), (2) oral E2 (Estrace, 1 mg every 12 h for 2 weeks) and (3) transdermal E2 (Estraderm patch, 0.1 mg, two patches changed daily for 2 weeks). Blood was collected every 5 min for 24 h and assayed for serum GH concentrations using a sensitive chemiluminescence assay. Serum E2 levels were comparable during both E2 treatment regimens when measured with a specific chemiluminescence assay. The 24-h integrated GH concentrations (IGHC, min . micrograms/L) increased in all eight subjects from (mean +/- SE) 494 +/- 102 during control to 860 +/- 111 (P < 0.05) and 832 +/- 149 (P < 0.05) during oral and transdermal E2, respectively. Both E2 treatments significantly increased GH pulse height, individual pulse area, incremental pulse amplitude, interpeak valley concentration, and interpeak valley nadir (as measured by Clu...
Inverted-U shape relationship between cortisol and learning in ground squirrels

Adrenal hormones regulate glucose levels, responses to unpredictable stressors and modulate cognition. Glucocorticoids can have an inverted-U shape relationship with cognition, as very low or high levels impair, whereas moderate elevations facilitate, acquisition and retention of memories. To date these relationships have been tested with humans and rodents in laboratory settings rather than with wild animals in biologically relevant contexts. This study examined whether the elevated cortisol observed in juvenile Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi) at natal emergence might promote both acquisition of adaptive responses to this species' two alarm calls warning of predators and memory of the spatial configuration of mothers' territories. Both experimentally increased and decreased basal cortisol levels interfere with acquisition and retention of an association between a warning call and the appropriate response compared with naturally occurring moderately elevated cortisol. Further, decreased cortisol impairs learning of a novel, complex spatial maze. Thus in the field the brief elevation of cortisol at emergence might facilitate acquisition of spatial memory of a three-dimensional environment and responses to alarm calls during a sensitive period of learning. This novel demonstration of the inverted-U shape function in a wild animal suggests that natural selection has favored a hormonal profile facilitating rapid acquisition of important survival behaviors.
Precision Offset Spray System for Roadway Shoulder Weed Control

A precision offset spray system was developed for use by highway maintenance departments for the control of unwanted vegetation in the graded shoulder area adjacent to roadways. The offset sprayer consisted of two fundamental elements: (1) a machine vision system; and (2) a rapid response intermittent spray system. This study showed that it is feasible to use machine vision on a moving vehicle to automatically detect the presence of green plant material and to apply herbicides exclusively to plants and not to nonplant materials (e.g., bare soil). The system substantially reduced the amount of herbicide applied to non-plant material. In system tests, there was up to a 97% reduction in applied spray mix over conventional continuous spray applications with a plant deposition rate of 57% of continuous spray systems. Implementation of this technology would allow highway maintenance departments to reduce the cost of week control and the amount of chemical herbicides released into the environment, while maintaining current levels of weed control efficacy.
Hypokalemia in rats produces resistance to dysrhythmias under halothane anesthesia

Abstract The arrnytnmogemc tnresnoia was investigates curing acute and chronic hypokalemia under halothane anesthesia with an epinephrine challenge in the rat model. It was hypothesized that in the setting of severe hypokalemia, general anesthesia would be arrhythmogenic and would be exaggerated with increased levels of catecholamines. Rats were divided into four groups as follows: normokalemic control (group I, n = 10), acute hypokalemia with furosemide (group II, n = 16), acute hypokalemia with hyperventilation (group III, n = 18), and chronic hypokalemia induced by a low potassium (K + ) diet (group IV, n = 22). There were no significant differences ( P + and arterial blood gases among the four groups. There was a significant difference between groups I and II and groups I and IV ( P + values after the low K + diet, but no differences were observed between groups II and IV or groups I and 111 in serum K + levels. There was no significant difference in myocardial tissue K + among the four groups. There was a significant difference in the arrhythmic dose of epinephrine among the four groups ( P + changes than skeletal muscle. This resistance is associated with compensation by the cardiac muscle sodium pump in the face of K + depletion. Hypokalemia per se did not increase the incidence of dysrhythmias under halothane anesthesia in rats.
Cage- and Floor-Rearing Effects on Productivity, Nervousness, Feather Condition, and Livability of White Leghorn Layers,

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to compare productivity, nervousness, feather condition, and livability of cage- and floor-reared White Leghorn layers when kept as adults in several environments. In Experiment 1, productivity and livability data were obtained on layers of an experimental stock kept 7 per cage at 332 cm2 per bird. Age at first egg of cage-reared birds was 5.3 days younger than that of floor-reared birds. In Experiments 2 and 3, layers of three experimental stocks were kept 6 per cage at 387 cm2 per bird (Experiment 2) or 20 per floor pen at 1,800 cm2 per bird (Experiment 3). In general rearing environment effects and interactions of rearing environments with genetic stock and ages were absent for productivity traits and mortality of hens kept in either cages or floor pens. Floor- and cage-reared layers of three commercial stocks, kept 4 per cage at 348,464, and 580 cm2 per bird, were compared in Experiment 4. Cage-reared hens had better feather coverage than floor-reared ones at 57 to 60 wk of age. Rearing environment by genetic stock or by density interactions were generally absent. A negative correlation (r = −.4) was found between nervousness score and feather score. It was concluded that pullets reared in either cages or floor pens should be able to adapt equally well to multiple-bird cages or low-density floor pens as adults.
Auxin-induced hydrogen ion excretion: correlation with growth, and control by external pH and water stress.

1. The acid-growth theory predicts that the rates of auxin-induced cell elongation and H+-excretion should be closely correlated as long as the experimental conditions remain fairly constant. To test this, Avena coleoptiles have been induced to elongate at different rates by varying the concentration of auxin, the age of the tissue, or by addition of metabolic inhibitors. As predicted, in each case there was a close correlation between the rates of H+-excretion and growth. 2. The rate and direction of movement of H+ between the coleoptile and the external medium is regulated by the external pH. Coleoptiles take up H+ passively from acidic solutions and excrete H+ into basic solutions. In the absence of auxin, uptake and excretion are at equilibrium when the solution pH is near 5.7, a pH too high to allow rapid cell wall loosening. Auxin stimulates the excretion, but as the external pH drops the excretion is inhibited and a new equilibrium is established near 5.0. This allows amlows maximum wall loosening without causing toxic side-effects. 3. H+-excretion is also affected by water stress. Increasing water stress induced by mannitol decreases H+-excretion in auxin-treated tissues but stimulates H+-excretion in the absence of auxin. At incipient plasmolysis H+-excretion is insensitive to auxin, suggesting that even if H+-excretion is mediated by an auxin-activated ATPase it may be impossible to demonstrate an effect of auxin on this enzyme in vitro. 4. Three types of H+-excretion have been recognized in coleoptiles; auxin-induced, stress-induced, and basal level. All appear to require ATP, but only basal level H+-excretion does not also require continual protein synthesis.
The T-a wave of the adult electrocardiogram: an expression of pulmonary emphysema.

Abstract 1. 1. It appears that clinically evident pulmonary emphysema may alter the auricular repolarization pattern. This is expressed as increased P-wave amplitude and exaggerated T-a wave depression, as seen in standard Lead II of the adult electrocardiogram. This increase in mean P-wave amplitude is independent of the cardiac rate until one approaches the value of 100 per minute. 2. 2. T-a wave depression of 0.75 mm. or greater, vertical cardiac placement, and a cardiac rate of 100 per minute or less is highly suggestive of advanced pulmonary emphysema. 3. 3. T-a wave depression of 1.0 mm. or more with vertical position, and a heart rate between 100 and 115 per minute has similar implications. 4. 4. The electrocardiographic pattern of a short P-R interval (0.12 second or less) and resultant gross depression of the succeeding R-ST segment in the vertically placed heart is offered as an additional expression of pulmonary emphysema. 5. 5. Roentgenographic analysis of existing pulmonary emphysema is highly accurate, and correlates with observed pulmonary function data. 6. 6. It is felt that pulmonary emphysema, exclusive of chronic cor pulmonale, merits additional recognition as a frequent factor in the production of prominent P waves as seen on routine electrocardiographic survey. 7. 7. Possible mechanism in the production and pitfalls in the interpretation of T-a waves are discussed.
Aspirin prevention of colorectal cancer: more or less?

The concept of cancer chemoprevention is tantalizing. If we had a cheap, nontoxic pill that could reduce the risk for cancer, we might reduce the need for surgery or toxic chemotherapy. In this iss...
Social networks, ethnic diversity, and cooperative behavior in rural Malawi

Even in divided societies, people from different ethnic backgrounds engage each other and an overwhelming majority of this cross-ethnic interaction does not yield conflict, but rather cooperation. Whereas the literature focuses on ethnic diversity as an impediment to cooperation, this study aims to test whether social networks can overcome the challenges posed by ethnic diversity in collective action. This paper’s contribution is to examine the impact of social ties vis-a-vis ethnic difference on cooperative behavior. I analyze data collected from surveys and behavioral economics experimental play of 188 rural Malawians. I find ethnic difference (or sameness) does not influence whether subjects choose to trust their game partner but being socially connected to a game partner increases the odds that a subject will cooperate.
Spotsize Effects on Guinea Pig Skin Following Pulsed Irradiation

Laser irradiation parameters such as wavelength, irradiance (W/cm2), and pulse duration have been clearly shown to influence the extent to which tissue is damaged. The careful choice of these parameters can result in confining laser injury to specific targets in tissue. Spotsize, a parameter not commonly appreciated in the application of lasers to medicine and surgery, has been shown, in this study, to contribute to the ultimate outcome of laser effects in tissue. A series of histological events occurring in the skin are demonstrated to be directly related to the effects of spotsize on tissue at a fixed exposure time and wavelength. Many of these changes could contribute to unwanted adverse effects, such as scarring, which occur following certain laser therapies.
The estimation of mono and di alkyl phosphate in the presence of phosphoric acid and alcohol

A method is presented for the determination of mono and di alkyl phosphates in the presence of the contaminants usually present when the sample is prepared by the reaction of P2O5 or H3PO4 on fatty alcohol. Total PO4, free H3PO4, hydroxyl, ash, and water are determined by simple methods and the percentage of mono and di esters are calculated therefrom.
Polygalacturonase inhibitors in bean pods

The amount of polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) was 14 times higher in bean pods than in etiolated hypocotyls. The PGIP was extracted from bean pods and partially purified by chromatography on columns of S-Sepharose, DEAE-Sephadex A-50, and Sephadex G-75. Further purification by ion-exchange chromatography on a Mono Q column separated two isoforms of the inhibitor. The two PGIPs were similar in most properties but differed slightly in pI values. They also differed in one residue of the N-terminal amino acid sequences. Both bean pod PGIPs differed in two and possibly three residues of the deduced N-terminal amino acid sequence for hypocotyl PGIP. Small alterations in the structure of PGIP may represent a strategy in bean plants for resistance to a variety of pathogens.
The concept of paradigmatic individuals in the ethics of Confucius

This essay deals with one basic feature of Confucian ethics as an ethics of flexibility by way of examining Confucius's concept of paradigmatic individuals (chun‐tzu). Part I attempts a critical reconstruction and assessment of this concept. Part II takes up a feature of the account of chun‐tzu in terms of the problem of rules and exceptions. It is suggested that the problem is best dealt with by making a distinction between normal and exigent moral situations — a distinction that appears to be implicit in the Confucian doctrine of ching‐ch'uan. Viewed in this light, the flexible character of Confucian ethics can be seen to have an important bearing on a problem in moral philosophy.
Efficiency of Ge(Li) and Si(Li) planar detectors in the 2 5 keV energy range

Abstract A simple experimental method is described for determining the average thickness of the dead layer of Ge(Li) and Si(Li) detectors, which is the main contributing factor to their drop in efficiency at very low photon energies.
Song-poetry as an expression of responding to and coping with addiction counselor stress

The authors examine the use of song-poetry as a means of coping with and responding to the stress associated with addiction counseling. An exploration of the process of creating song-poetry reveals effective strategies for counselor self-therapy and coping with job-related stress. The first author, in first-person narrative, presents three examples of lyrics and music that he wrote in response to working with addicted and mentally ill clients over a 15-year clinical career. These findings complement the extant literature on the use of songwriting as therapy for addicted clients and supplements current research on promoting and enhancing counselor resilience with anecdotal evidence from a long-time addiction professional.
Potential primary pyrolysis processes of methylsilane

Abstract The relative energetics for eight competing decomposition reactions of methylsilane are evaluated using full fourth-order (MP4) perturbation theory and the combined McLean-Chandler/6-311G basis set, augmented by polarization functions on all atoms. The lowest energy processes are predicted to be the 1, 1-elimination of molecular hydrogen to form methylsilylene and the extrusion of silylene to form methane. The 1,2-H 2 elimination is predicted to be a much higher energy process; however, unlike disilane, because of the high barrier to the methylsilylene-silaethene isomerization, the lowest energy route to the latter isomer is still likely to be the direct 1,2-elimination.
Spore culture of the edible red seaweed, Gracilaria parvispora (Rhodophyta)

Abstract A hatchery was established for the inoculation of coral chips, pebbles and lines with carpospores of Gracilaria parvispora , an edible market seaweed in Hawaii. Cystocarpic thalli were placed over various substrates in tanks of aerated seawater. Carpospores attached readily to substrates and after 72 h in hatchery tanks, mean spore density on slides placed in hatch tanks was 1800 cm −2 . Inoculated coral chips and pebbles were placed out in a seawater pond. After 18–22 weeks spore density declined to 4 cm −2 but 61% of substrates still had plants. Only 36% of inoculated lines developed good growth, but growth was more rapid on lines than on pebble or chips. Lines yielded two crops per year, each approximately 800 g m −2 (fresh weight), whereas chips and pebbles required 50 weeks growth for an equivalent harvest. Tetrasporophytes were the dominant adult stage but cystocarpic plants accounted for approximately 10% of the culture products, demonstrating that the life cycle of this species was completed within the culture system. Spore culture of Gracilaria allowed mass production of plants on a variety of artificial substrates but the disadvantages included the long lag period and the lower reliability compared with vegetative production methods.
Density dependence of the structural and electronic properties of amorphous GaN

Abstract We have performed quantum molecular-dynamics to simulate amorphous GaN. The network models at different densities are generated in such a way that the charge transfer between ions is included self-consistently throughout the simulation. The pair distribution function indicates that the network models are topologically disordered, and the detailed structural analysis implies the existence of a certain chemical short-range order. An important property is that the network models (64 atoms in a supercell) have no wrong pairs (homopolar bonds) or odd-membered rings in all the densities studied, indicating the strong ionicity in amorphous GaN. The valence band tail states are mostly localized on the threefold coordinated N sites and the conduction band tail states are mostly localized on the threefold coordinated Ga sites. There are no midgap states at any density, and the band gap is 2.6–3.6 eV depending on the density. The possible existence of amorphous GaN is suggested in a small range of density near 90 % of experimental value of wurtzite GaN.
Embryonal carcinoma cells (and their somatic cell hybrids) are resistant to infection by the murine parvovirus MVM, which does infect other teratocarcinoma‐derived cell lines

Minute virus of mice (MVM), a non-defective parvovirus, has been shown to infect cultures of non-pluripotent differentiated teratocarcinoma-derived cells, but pluripotent (and "nullipotent") embryonal carcinoma cells derived from the same teratocarcinoma resist MVN infection. Somatic cell hybrids between an embryonal carcinoma line and Friend erythroblastic leukemia cells are also resistant to MVM, even though Friend cells are susceptible. Among three blastocyst-derived lines tested, only one, a parietal yolk sac cell line, resists MVM infection. These results suggest that teratocarcinoma cultures may provide useful systems in which to study the cellular factors which mediate susceptibility to this teratogenic and oncolytic virus.
Shirodkar cerclage in a multifactorial approach to the patient with advanced cervical changes

Patients with a markedly effaced or dilated cervix and protruding membranes between 21 and 26 weeks' gestation were managed by Shirodkar cervical cerclage, perioperative tocolysis, broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, and, in selected cases, inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin. The average duration of pregnancy after cerclage in nine patients was 11.8 weeks (range, 1 to 18 weeks). The mean birth weight was 2456 gm (range, 810 to 4341 gm). Eight of the nine pregnancies resulted in live infants (fetal survival rate, 89%); six patients (66%) were delivered at or near term. Preterm delivery occurred at 28 and 35 weeks' gestation in two patients and premature rupture of the membranes occurred in another at 25 weeks, 5 days after cerclage. There was no maternal postoperative or postpartum morbidity. A multifactorial approach to the patient with advanced cervical changes and protruding membranes in the second trimester resulted in a high rate of fetal survival and prolongation of pregnancy until term in the majority of patients. The Shirodkar cerclage holds a distensible cervix closed while the adjunctive medical therapy restores homeostasis.
Temperature and molecular weight dependence of the unperturbed dimensions of aqueous pullulan

Abstract The intrinsic viscosities, [η], and light scattering molecular weights, M w , second virial coefficients, A′2, and root-mean-square radii of gyration, 〈 S z 2 〉 1 2 , have been measured for a series of pullulan fractions in aqueous solution at 25°C. These have been used to establish the dependence on molecular weight of [η], A′2, and 〈S z 2 〉 1 2 and to deduce the limiting characteristic ratio of the unperturbed mean-square end-to-end distance C∞ (4.3−0.2) for aqueous pullulan at this temperature. The temperature dependence of C∞ was determined from measurements of the same properties for selected fractions at a series of temperatures, and the temperature coefficient dln C∞/dT (−0.0043 deg−1) was established.
Democratization and Hybrid Regimes Comparative Evidence from Southeast Europe

Despite the central place of democratization studies in comparative politics, scholars still lack both theory and empirical evidence to understand institutional change in hybrid regimes (characteri...
The fluorescence localization of mouse satellite DNA in interphase nuclei

Nuclei from various mouse tissues exhibit a pattern of fluorescence characteristic of the cell type when stained with the fluorescent compound Hoechst 33258. When such preparations are hybridized in situ with 3H-RNA complementary to the A-T rich satellite of mouse, it is clearly seen that only the fluorescent regions of the nuclei contain the satellite DNA. Thus Hoechst 33258 allows the precise localization of satellite DNA at all stages of the mouse cell cycle.