cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elevated Levels of the Endosomal‐Lysosomal Proteinase Cathepsin D in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Alzheimer Disease

Lysosomal hydrolases are normally intracellular enzymes but are abundant extracellularly within senile plaques in Alzheimer disease and in other conditions where beta-amyloid accumulates. To examine whether acid hydrolases released from abnormal hydrolase-laden neurons are detectable in CSF, we measured levels of the major aspartic proteinase of lysosomes, cathepsin D (Cat D), in ventricular CSF collected after death from 30 patients with Alzheimer disease, 14 patients with Huntington disease, and seven patients with other neurodegenerative diseases. The levels of Cat D-immunoreactive protein, expressed as micrograms per milliliter of protein, determined by western blot immunoassay using a polyclonal antiserum against human brain Cat D, were more than fourfold higher in the Alzheimer patients than in the other patient groups (p < 0.0005). Cat D activity, assayed separately against [14C]methemoglobin at pH 3.2, was also significantly elevated but less than Cat D content. The lower specific activity of Cat D in Alzheimer CSF therefore indicated that the abnormally accumulated Cat D included a high proportion of inactive enzyme. These results indicate that abnormal Cat D release from affected neurons into the extracellular space is an active, ongoing process in Alzheimer brain. In addition, the levels of this enzyme and possibly other lysosomal hydrolases in CSF may prove to be useful biological markers of Alzheimer disease.
Nonexercise muscle tension and behavioral fidgeting are positively correlated with food availability/palatability and body weight in rats

While certain measures of energy expenditure such as respiratory quotient and thermogenesis are readily quantifiable using existing animal models, the mechanism for and measurement of energy expenditure via nonexercise activity have not been thoroughly characterized. This low intensity form of physical exertion, associated with involuntary fidgeting and postural changes in man, was quantified in the present studies using passive measurement of muscle tension in rats. In particular, long-term weight loss and gain were induced using diet yoking and feeding of preferred foods in order to assess corresponding changes in locomotor activity and radiotelemetered measures of muscle tension, temperature and global activity. Hind limb muscle tension, but not body temperature, was increased 30-60% by enhancing the availability or palatability of food relative to the decreased muscle tension resulting from limited food availability. Enhancing food availability or palatability also produced a relative 5-15% increase in the amount of telemetered global activity. Importantly, neither diet yoking nor provision of a highly preferred diet altered a precise measure of behavioral locomotor activity. These results suggest that muscle tension and activity-in-place are positively correlated with weight change in the present studies and that these mechanisms of energy expenditure are mobilized by environmental changes in diet composition and meal pattern.
Investigation of a circular dichroism spectrophotometer as a liquid chromatography detector for enantiomers: sensitivity, advantages and limitations

Abstract The advent of effective, enantioselective stationary phases in liquid chromatography (LC) has spurred interest in chiroptical detection techniques for method validation and for divining other stereochemical information. Chiral molecules bearing a chromophore have the ability to absorb differently right and left circularly polarized light. This is known as circular dichroism (CD). The use of a commercial CD spectrophotometer as a LC detector is discussed. Various instrumental parameters have a significant influence on the detection sensitivity of chiral compounds and are evaluated. The ability to choose the optimum UV wavelength was particularly advantageous. The usefulness and limitations of the two-detector approach (UV and CD detectors in series) for enantionmeric ratio determination without chiral resolution is discussed. Finally, the limitations of chiroptic devices as stand-alone detectors are considered.
MEASURING MULTIETHNIC SPATIAL SEGREGATION

Several extensively used segregation measures have known limitations in differentiating various spatial configurations of population distribution. Recently, new segregation indices overcoming this deficiency were introduced, but are only applicable to unrealistic two-group situations. In this paper, I attempt to model multiethnic segregation on the basis of the notions that segregation refers to the spatial separation among ethnic groups and that interaction among population groups can reduce segregation. The level of segregation is reduced when interaction among ethnic groups increases. The spatial index introduced here is based on an existing segregation measure for a multigroup setting. I demonstrate that the proposed index is efficient in distinguishing different spatial patterns of multiethnic population and is able to reflect the potential for spatial interaction among groups. A simulation and an empirical study are used to illustrate the utility of the proposed index.
Days and Knights Discussing Membrane Dynamics in Endocytosis: Meeting Report from the Euresco/EMBL Membrane Dynamics in Endocytosis, 6–11 October in Tomar, Portugal

The Euresco/EMBL sponsored meeting on 'Membrane Dynamics in Endocytosis' took place on 6--11 October in Tomar, Portugal. Here we report on the 5 full days of exciting talks and active poster sessions that covered topics ranging from the mechanisms of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, the regulation of phagocytosis, caveolae dynamics and function, the role of lipids in regulating endocytic transport, the formation of and sorting into and out of multivesicular bodies, new links between the actin cytoskeleton and vesicular transport, and emerging roles for endocytic trafficking in signal transduction and development.
Bacteriophage and Bacteria in a Flow Reactor

The Levin-Stewart model of bacteriophage predation of bacteria in a chemostat is modified for a flow reactor in which bacteria are motile, phage diffuse, and advection brings fresh nutrient and removes medium, cells and phage. A fixed latent period for phage results in a system of delayed reaction-diffusion equations with non-local nonlinearities. Basic reproductive numbers are obtained for bacteria and for phage which predict survival of each in the bio-reactor. These are expressed in terms of physical and biological parameters. Persistence and extinction results are obtained for both bacteria and phage. Numerical simulations are in general agreement with those for the chemostat model.
Changes during aging in rat lens endopeptidase activity

Abstract Protein degradation has been implicated in lens aging and cataract development. We propose that proteolytic enzymes are important in these processes. In this study, lens neutral proteinase activity and thermal stability have been measured as a function of cell age and animal age in rat lens. Epithelial, cortical, and nuclear lens regions from animals between 1 and 25 months were analyzed. Specific activity and thermal stability were found to decrease with lens cell age, that is, from epithelium to nucleus. Specific activity in the cortex increased with animal age, while specific activity in the nuclear region remained constant with animal age. In the epithelium, specific activity showed no correlation with animal age. In 15 day old rats, thermal stability curves for the cortical enzyme were linear, indicating only one form of activity hydrolyzing synthetic substrate was present. At 1·25 months of age, thermal stability curves for the cortical enzyme were non-linear indicating that multiple forms of the activity were present.
Doppler echocardiography distinguishes between physiologic and pathologic "silent" mitral regurgitation in patients with rheumatic fever.

Background: The diagnosis of rheumatic fever is based on physical findings (major) and supporting laboratory evidence (minor) as defined by the Jones criteria. Rheumatic carditis is characterized by auscultation of a mitral regurgitant murmur. Doppler echocardiography, however, may detect mitral regurgitation when there is no murmur (“silent” mitral regurgitation), even in normal individuals. Hypothesis: The hypothesis of this study was that physiologic mitral regurgitation can be differentiated from pathologic “silent” mitral regurgitation by Doppler echocardiography. Methods: The study group consisted of 68 patients (2–27 years) with normal two-dimensional imaging and Doppler evidence of mitral regurgitation but no murmur. Patients with rheumatic fever (n = 37) met Jones criteria (chorea in 20, arthritis in 17). Patients without rheumatic fever (n = 31) were referred for innocent murmur (n = 7), abnormal electrocardiogram (n = 13), and chest pain (n = 11). Echoes were independently reviewed by two cardiologists blinded to the diagnosis. Pathologic mitral regurgitation was defined as meeting the following four criteria: (1) length of color jet > 1 cm, (2) color jet identified in at least two planes, (3) mosaic color jet, and (4) persistence of the jet throughout systole. Jet orientation was also noted. Results: Using the above criteria, there was agreement in echo interpretation of pathologic versus physiologic mitral regurgitation in 67 of 68 patients (interobserver variability of 1.5%). Pathologic regurgitation was found in 25 (68%) patients with rheumatic fever but in only 2 (6.5%) patients without rheumatic fever (p<0.001). The specificity of Doppler for detecting pathologic regurgitation was 94% with a positive predictive value of 93%. The color mitral regurgitant jet was posteriorly directed in all 25 patients with rheumatic fever. Conclusion: Pathologic “silent” mitral regurgitation of rheumatic fever can be distinguished from physiologic mitral regurgitation using strict Doppler criteria, particularly when the jet is directed posteriorly. These data support the use of Doppler echocardiography as a minor criterion for evaluating patients with suspected rheumatic fever.
The photodeuteron reaction

Abstract The mechanisms for the photoemission of deuterons are investigated in detail for gamma rays of energies less than 45 MeV. First, a careful theoretical formulation is developed for the direct photoemission of deuterons. This treatment takes into account the finite size of the deuteron, because of which the direct electric dipole emission of deuterons is possible even for self-conjugate nuclei for which a point deuteron has no dipole moment. It is shown that under the assumption of a single particle model for nuclear wave functions the expression for the transition matrix element reduces to a relatively simple calculable form. For self-conjugate nuclei the above dominant direct ejection process can be described qualitatively as excitation of a single nucleon followed by a pickup reaction. Interference effects between neutrons and protons are shown to be very important and reduce the cross section to be in accord with recent experiments. Furthermore, they usually cause the angular distribution of directly ejected deuterons to be peaked forwards (and backwards) rather than at 90°. Numerical calculations for the direct process have been carried out for Be 9 , C 12 , O 16 and S 32 , with the inclusion of quadrupole matrix elements which usually cause the angular distribution to be more peaked in the forward direction. The compound nucleus photoejection mechanism for deuterons has also been investigated and numerical results have been computed for copper and for S 32 . The magnitude of the various possible contributions have been compared for S 32 , for which a confrontation with experimental information presently available is also carried out.
Effects of acridine and temperature on the survival, development, growth, and reproduction ofDiaptomus clavipes schacht

The effects of the azaarene acridine (a component of synthetic fuels) on survival, growth, development, and reproduction of the freshwater calanoid copepod,Diaptomus clavipes, were measured at 16, 21 and 26°C. Males and females from stock cultures were paired, exposed to five concentrations of acridine (0.32–3.2 mg/L) and observed hourly until egg clutches were produced. Controls were egg clutches produced by stock females in either well water or methanol (0.32 mL methanol/L well water). A subsample of 50 eggs from each treatment combination was measured and allowed to hatch and develop into adults at the test temperatures and concentrations. Observations on hatching, molting, and mortality were made hourly for the egg stage, at 8-hr intervals from the first naupliar stage to the first copepodid stage, and at 12-hr intervals from the first copepodid stage to the adult stage. Chronic toxicity determinations (using changes in reproduction as an index of toxicant stress) were performed on these adults.
Adoption Barriers in a High-Risk Agricultural Environment

To lessen the threat of an intentional or naturally occurring livestock disease, the Animal Plant Health Inspection Service of the United States Department of Agriculture introduced the National Animal Identification System NAIS, encouraging the use of innovative tools such as radio frequency identification RFID tags to track cattle across the country. In this study, the author examines the barriers to adoption of NAIS and RFID technology as risk-reduction tools. Diffusion of innovation literature is used to analyze a case study of a state livestock association advocating the rejection of NAIS and RFID technology. Implications for the diffusion of risk reduction tools are provided.
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are present in vagal afferents and their dendritic targets in the nucleus tractus solitarius.

Abstract N-Methyl- d -aspartate receptors are present in the nodose ganglion, which contains the cell bodies of vagal afferents, and in the nucleus tractus solitarius, where these afferent fibers terminate. This suggests that N-methyl- d -aspartate receptors are located presynaptically on visceral vagal afferents and/or their target neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius. To test this hypothesis, we combined anterograde transport of biotinylated dextran amine, following injections into the left nodose ganglion, with electron microscopic immunogold labeling of antipeptide antiserum against the R1 subunit of the N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor in the nucleus tractus solitarius of rat brain. Within the medial nucleus tractus solitarius, the N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor R1 immunoreactivity was seen in dendrites (39% of 639 profiles), axons and axon terminals (41%), and a few neuronal perikarya and glia. Many vagal afferent axons and terminals (40% of 468 profiles) contained N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor R1 immunogold labeling. In addition, 42% of the dendrites contacted by vagal afferent terminals (n=206) contained N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor R1 immunoreactivity. In axons and dendrites, the gold particles were occasionally seen within asymmetric postsynaptic junctions or at non-synaptic sites on the plasma membrane. More commonly, however, N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor R1 labeling was seen on membranes of vesicular cytoplasmic organelles, suggesting that there is abundant N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor protein available for activity-dependent mobilization to the plasmalemma. Since many vagal afferents are glutamatergic, our results implicate N-methyl- d -aspartate receptors in autoregulation of the presynaptic release and postsynaptic responses to glutamate at the level of the first central synapse in the nucleus tractus solitarius.
Extracellular/Microenvironmental Redox State

Extracellular redox (reduction-oxidation) state is a factor that serves as an important regulator of cell-microenvironmental interactions and is determined by several known variables; including redox-modulating proteins that are located on the plasma membrane or outside of cells, extracellular thiol/disulfide couples, and reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that are capable of traveling across plasma membranes into the extracellular space. The extracellular redox state works in concert with the intracellular redox state to control both the influx and efflux of ROS/RNS that may serve to modulate redox signaling or to perturb normal cellular processes or both. Under physiologic conditions, the extracellular space is known to have a relatively more-oxidized redox state than the interior of the cell. During pathologic conditions, such as cancer, the extracellular redox state may be altered, causing specific proteins such as proteases, soluble factors, or the extracellular matrix to have altered functions or activities. Recent studies have strongly supported an important relation between the extracellular redox state and cancer cell aggressiveness. The purpose of this review is to identify redox buffer networks in extracellular spaces and to emphasize the possible roles of the extracellular redox state in cancer, knowledge that may contribute to potential therapeutic interventions.
TDP-43 is a transcriptional repressor; the testis-specific mouse ACRV1 gene is a TDP-43 target in vivo

TDP-43 is an evolutionarily conserved ubiquitously expressed DNA/RNA-binding protein. Although recent studies have shown its association with a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, the function of TDP-43 remains poorly understood. Here we address TDP-43 function using spermatogenesis as a model system. We previously showed that TDP-43 binds to the testis-specific mouse acrv1 gene promoter in vitro via two GTGTGT-motifs and that mutation of these motifs led to premature transcription in spermatocytes of an otherwise round spermatid-specific promoter. The present study tested the hypothesis that TDP-43 represses acrv1 gene transcription in spermatocytes. Plasmid chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that TDP-43 binds to the acrv1 promoter through GTGTGT motifs in vivo. Reporter gene assays showed that TDP-43 represses acrv1 core promoter-driven transcription via the N-terminal RRM1 domain in a histone deacetylase-independent manner. Consistent with repressor role, ChIP on physiologically isolated germ cells confirmed that TDP-43 occupies the endogenous acrv1 promoter in spermatocytes. Surprisingly, however, TDP-43 remains at the promoter in round spermatids, which express acrv1 mRNA. We show that RNA binding-defective TDP-43, but not splice variant isoforms, relieve repressor function. Transitioning from repressive to active histone marks has little effect on TDP-43 occupancy. Finally, we found that RNA polymerase II is recruited but paused at the acrv1 promoter in spermatocytes. Because mutation of TDP-43 sites caused premature transcription in spermatocytes in vivo, TDP-43 may be involved in pausing RNAPII at the acrv1 promoter in spermatocytes. Overall, our study shows that TDP-43 is a transcriptional repressor and that it regulates spatiotemporal expression of the acrv1 gene during spermatogenesis.
The spreading of liquid droplets on solid surfaces

Abstract A model of the spreading of droplets on solids is synthesized from fluid dynamics and surface physics. It predicts that the contact line diameter d of the droplet varies with time t as d = K[(σV02/μ)t + (di/K)7]1/7, where V0 is the droplet volume and μ and σ are the liquid viscosity and surface tension; the equilibrium contact angle is zero degrees. The 1 7 exponent is a consequence of the fact that the contact line velocity varies as the square of the instantaneous contact angle. A single empirical, nondimensional parameter K is required to quantify the model. Over 100 separate spreading tests, as well as spreading data reported in the literature, are used to show (1) the predicted variation of d with σ, μ, V0, and t is in good agreement with observation, and (2) K is of order unity and differs by less than 100% from one liquid-solid system to another.
EGF-dependent association of phospholipase C-gamma1 with c-Cbl.

The structure of phospholipase Cgamma1 (PLC-gamma1) contains two SH2 domains and one SH3 domain. While the function of the SH2 domains in PLC-gamma1 are well described, to date no growth factor-dependent function for the SH3 domain has been presented. To assess SH3 domain function in the context of the full-length PLC-gamma1, this domain was deleted and the mutant was stably expressed in Plcg1 null mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Following EGF treatment of cells, the PLC-gamma1DeltaSH3 mutant displayed the same increased level of tyrosine phosphorylation and association with EGF receptor as wild-type PLC-gamma1. Also, the SH3 mutant demonstrated membrane translocation and mediated the mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+) in response to EGF. c-Cbl is shown to associate with tyrosine phosphorylated PLC-gamma1 in an EGF-dependent manner, but no association was detected with the PLC-gamma1DeltaSH3 mutant. Interestingly, PDGF, which also tyrosine phosphorylates PLC-gamma1, failed to induce c-Cbl association with PLC-gamma1 and also provoked no c-Cbl tyrosine phosphorylation. This suggests that c-Cbl tyrosine phosphorylation is necessary for its interaction with PLC-gamma1. Evidence of a direct association of c-Cbl with PLC-gamma1 was provided by pull-down and overlay experiments, using glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins that contain the SH3 domain of PLC-gamma1. The data, therefore, show an EGF-inducible direct association of PLC-gamma1 with c-Cbl in vivo that is mediated by the SH3 domain of PLC-gamma1.
Examining the Wounded Healer Archetype: A Case Study in Expert Addictions Nursing Practice

Abstract This article examines the archetype of the wounded healer as manifested in the practice of expert addiction nurses. A previous study of therapeutic use of self with addicted clients in early recovery is expanded with the use of a case study approach. Two clinical scenarios of one expert addictions nurse illustrate how the nurse's own health pattern can include the wounded healer archetype and how the recognition of this pattern can be used to effect therapeutic outcomes in practice. Analysis of the scenarios provides the basis for discussion of this aspect of the expert nurse's mutual health patterning with the client. The case study provides a qualitative analysis of therapeutic and less therapeutic nurse-client relationships with the wounded healer archetype used as a framework. Nurses at all levels of proficiency can benefit by applying these concepts to their work with addicted clients.
The Vinyl Radical and Fluorinated Vinyl Radicals, C2H3-nFn (n = 0−3), and Corresponding Anions: Comparison with the Isoelectronic Complexes [X···YC≡CZ]-

Density functional theory (DFT) has been utilized to study the vinyl radical and fluorinated vinyl radical series, C2H3-nFn, n = 0−3. Six different functionalsB3LYP, B3P86, BHLYP, BLYP, BP86, and LSDAwere used. A double-ζ basis set, augmented with additional s- and p-type diffuse functions as well as additional polarization functions (DZP++), was employed for all of the computations. Extensive calibrative studies have demonstrated that the DZP++ B3LYP, BLYP, and BP86 methods do a good job in the prediction of electron affinities. Neutral-anion energy separations were used to calculate the adiabatic electron affinities (EAad), the vertical electron affinities (EAvert), and the vertical detachment energies (VDE). These electron affinities were found to get progressively larger as the number of fluorines is increased; ZPVE-corrected values predicted by the reliable BLYP method are 0.66 eV (C2H3), 1.54 eV (C2H2F), 1.96 eV (C2HF2), and 2.40 eV (C2F3). This trend can be attributed to increasing anion stability,...
5.5.2 Connections in System of Systems

Systems of systems are becoming more important in today's global endeavors. In this paper use of model-based systems engineering is examined from the viewpoint of understanding connections, that is the transfer of items between system of systems. The conclusion is that systems engineering models must include executable models in order to best understand the effects of transfer of items in system of systems.
p-aminophenyl phosphate: an improved substrate for electrochemical enzyme immnoassay

An alternative substrate is described for enzyme immunosaasay with electrochemical detection. Alkaline phosphatase (EC.3.1.3.1) activity is determined by using p-aminophenyl phosphate as the enzyme substrate. Enzyme-generated p-aminophenol is detected amperometrically at a glassy carbon electrody by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The oxidation potential obtained for the detectionof p-aminophenol is lower than that for phenol, the previously used substrate product. The detection limit for p-aminophenol is 0.20pmol. A detection limit of 30 pg ml-1 for digoxin and a 5-min incubationtime for the enzyme reaction were obtained with the new system.
A study of the electrosorption of bromide and iodide ions on gold using the quartz crystal microbalance

Abstract The adsorption of I− and Br− have been examined on polycrystalline gold in 50 mM NaClO4. The mass of the adsorbed layer was measured in-situ with a quartz crystal microbalance using one of the gold electrodes on the oscillator as the working electrode in an electrochemical cell. In the concentration range studied, 0.1 mM to 10 mM, both iodide and bromide were found to adsorb to full monolayer coverage. The electrosorption valencies γ, were calculated from plots of charge versus coverage and were found to be 1.01 ±0.05 and 0.39 ±0.03 for iodide and bromide respectively.
Differential Optical Imaging for Cancer Detection Using Inspiratory Contrast

We demonstrate significant signal contrast using inspiratory contrast agents such as oxygen and carbon dioxide during in vivo optical imaging. Differential imaging exploits changes in the concentration of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin during gas inhalation.
Design considerations for crossing channel switches

Theoretical and experimental design considerations for single-mode-crossing switches at the wavelength of 1.32 mu m are presented. The dependence of extinction ratio on branch angle for the extended electrodes and the estimation of fabrication tolerances of the crossing channel structure are discussed. It is also shown that crossing channel devices required a precise control of fabrication parameters. >
Botticelli's Primavera and the Tradition of Dante

(1983). Botticelli's Primavera and the Tradition of Dante. Konsthistorisk tidskrift/Journal of Art History: Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 1-6.
Rare-earth-doped oxysulfides for GaAs-pumped luminescent devices

There has been much recent interest in phosphors that emit visible radiation when excited with infrared light from a semiconductor injection diode source. Various fluoride hosts-LaF3, YF3, and BaYF5—have been reported to give efficient green emission when doubledoped with ytterbium and erbium. We have found that rare-earth oxysulfides—La2O2S, Gd2O2S, and Y2O2S—are also efficient phosphors for this application when properly prepared. Green emission is obtained from phosphors doped with ytterbium and erbium, the green emission arising from erbium ions in the2H11/2 and4S3/2 excited states. The emission is accompanied by red emission from the lower4F9/2 states, but this is sufficiently weak that the apparent color of the emitted light is only slightly altered by the red emission. The green emission is in a group of lines near 5500A, near the peak of the eye sensitivity. By using thulium doping instead of erbium, blue emission is obtained from the1G4 states of thulium. This is accompanied by red emission, also from the1G4 states. The comparative performance of La2O2S, Gd2O2S, and Y2O2S is presented.
Emotional Intelligence predicts individual differences in social exchange reasoning

Abstract When assessed with performance measures, Emotional Intelligence (EI) correlates positively with the quality of social relationships. However, the bases of such correlations are not understood in terms of cognitive and neural information processing mechanisms. We investigated whether a performance measure of EI is related to reasoning about social situations (specifically social exchange reasoning) using versions of the Wason Card Selection Task. In an fMRI study ( N = 16), higher EI predicted hemodynamic responses during social reasoning in the left frontal polar and left anterior temporal brain regions, even when controlling for responses on a very closely matched task (precautionary reasoning). In a larger behavioral study ( N = 48), higher EI predicted faster social exchange reasoning, after controlling for precautionary reasoning. The results are the first to directly suggest that EI is mediated in part by mechanisms supporting social reasoning and validate a new approach to investigating EI in terms of more basic information processing mechanisms.
Isolation of a cell-fusion hormone from Griffithsia pacifica kylin, a red alga.

Filaments of Griffithsia pacifica replace dead cells by the process of cell repair. When an intercalary cell is killed, but its cell wall remains intact holding the two halves of the plant together, the cell above it produces a repair rhizoid cell; the cell below it produces a specialized, rhizoid-like repair shoot cell. The repair rhizoid and shoot grow towards each other, meet, and fuse to form a single shoot cell. Evidence from observations of cell repair in vivo has indicated that the repair rhizoid produces a hormone or hormones which induce the production of the repair shoot, maintain the rhizoid-like morphology and growth of the repair shoot, and attract it to the repair rhizoid for fusion. This hormone has been named rhodomorphin. Using an artificial cell-fusion system we show that repair rhizoids and normal rhizoids, but no shoot cell, can induce decapitated filaments to form repair shoot cells. Decapitated filaments form repair shoot cells only when they are exposed to the hormone within 4–6 h after decapitation; after this time they lose their sensitivity to the hormone. A method has been developed for isolating, and assaying for, the cell-fusion hormone. Rhodomorphin retains its activity for several days at room temperature and for at least two years at-16° C.
In vitro wear of indirect composite restoratives.

Abstract Statement of Problem. Indirect composite restoratives have been improved in their wear resistance and physical properties. Several new indirect composites claim to be successfully used for full coverage crowns, but there is limited information for wear values of these new indirect composites. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the wear characteristics of 7 indirect composite restoratives and to compare them with a type III gold alloy by means of an in vitro wear test. Material and Methods. Seven indirect composites (2 photopolymerized and 5 photo/heat-polymerized types) and a type III gold alloy (control) were used. Cylindrical Class I cavities (4-mm diameter and 3-mm depth) were prepared in occlusally flattened extracted human molars. Inlays with respective materials were fabricated on duplicated stone casts according to the manufacturers' instructions. Three types of in vitro wear tests were completed by use of the University of Alabama wear simulator. The wear tests included generalized wear as simulation of the wear during mastication, localized wear as simulation of attrition by occlusal contact, and antagonistic enamel wear, which simulated the wear of enamel created by direct contact with the restorative materials. Seven specimens were tested for each material and wear mode, and the wear depths were measured on profilometric tracings with a 2-dimensional profilometer with 1-μm accuracy. All data were analyzed by 1-way analysis of variance, and multiple comparisons were performed with Fisher's test, for which the significant level was set at.05. Results. The gold alloy control exhibited a very small amount of wear in both generalized wear (0.2 ± 0.1 μm) and localized wear (13.8 ± 5.0 μm) as compared with all composite specimens. The antagonistic enamel wear of gold alloy was similar with the value of Sculpture. The material group, which was post polymerized or post heat-treated, included BelleGlass, Sculpture, Estenia, and Cristobal+ and showed small values ranging from 1.6 to 2.2 μm in the generalized wear. For the localized wear, Estenia exhibited the minimum value (12.8 ± 4.9 μm) that was statistically the same as the value of the gold alloy control. However, Estenia exhibited the greatest antagonistic enamel wear value (66.0 ± 14.0 μm) of all materials tested in this study. It was statistically significant with other materials ( P ≤.05). Conclusion. Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that some indirect composite restoratives have similar wear resistance to the type III gold alloy tested. Antagonistic enamel was abraded more by highly filled composite materials. (J Prosthet Dent 2002;88:431-6.)
Unusual Non-Bulk Properties in Nanoscale Materials: Thermal Metal−Metal Bond Contraction of γ-Alumina-Supported Pt Catalysts

Variable-temperature X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements of sub-nanometer Pt nanoparticles on a high-surface-area γ-alumina support reveal that the Pt−Pt bonds exhibit contraction upon heating [i.e., negative thermal expansion (NTE)]. Bare clusters under a He environment show an average linear expansion coefficient of −2.5 × 10-5 K-1 over the temperature range studied. Adsorption of hydrogen results in an overall bond relaxation and less dramatic Pt−Pt thermal bond-length contraction. From the temperature effect on bond length, disorder parameters, and the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra, temperature-dependent charge transfer between the support and the Pt clusters was concluded to be responsible for the observed behavior.
Demand and Supply of Educational Serice: a case of liberal arts colleges

This study attempts to build and estimate a model that explains the behavior of the supply of and demand for education at liberal arts colleges in the United States. The statistical analysis based on 1990–1991 data for 338 private liberal arts institutions suggests that a perfectly competitive market exists for liberal arts education. The quantity of students, cost of education, average Standardized Aptitude Test score, class size, and ranking of the institutions explain variation in tuition at the liberal arts colleges.
A metatheory of mediatization and globalization

I appreciate the invitation to comment on Professor Sheldon Gunaratne's erudite and passionate call to engage with Eastern philosophy and religion to study mediatization and globalization. His arti...
Toward local arterial input functions in dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI.

Purpose To present a method for estimating the local arterial input function (AIF) within a dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI scan, based on the alternating minimization with model (AMM) method. Materials and Methods This method clusters a subset of data into representative curves, which are then input to the AMM algorithm to return a parameterized AIF and pharmacokinetic parameters. Computer simulations are used to investigate the accuracy with which the AMM is able to estimate the true AIF as a function of the input tissue curves. Results Simulations show that a power law relates uncertainty in kinetic parameters and SNR and heterogeneity of the input. Kinetic parameters calculated with the measured AIF are significantly different from those calculated with either a global (P < 0.005) or a local input function (P = 0.0). The use of local AIFs instead of measured AIFs yield mean lesion-averaged parameter changes: Ktrans: +24% [+15%, +70%], kep: +13% [−36%, +300%]. Globally estimated input functions yield mean lesion-averaged changes: Ktrans: +9% [−38%, +65%], kep: +13% [−100%, +400%]. The observed improvement in fit quality with local AIFs was found to be significant when additional free parameters were accounted for using the Akaike information criterion. Conclusion Local AIFs result in significantly different kinetic parameter values. The statistically significant improvement in fit quality suggests that changes in parameter estimates using local AIFs reflect differences in underlying tissue physiology. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;32:924–934. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Service-Learning in the “Third Sector”: Implications for Professional Preparation

Abstract American universities and colleges are becoming increasingly interested in service-learning curricula. Several have incorporated service-learning initiatives either as an option for students or as requirements for graduation. Unlike volunteerism, service-learning attempts to balance the personal and professional development of students with the service they perform. Because it seeks to reconnect students with the needs of their community, service-learning experiences usually take place in nonprofit or “third sector” organizations and agencies whose goal is the promotion of “social capital” — the notion of giving one's time, energy, talent, and skills to assist others and advance the interests of the larger community. In the wake of government downsizing and cutbacks in support for social services, it appears that this sector will have to bear increasing responsibility for the health and well-being of communities. At this time, the third sector comprises the newest and fastest growing category of ...
Continuous time vs. backward induction a new approach to modelling reputation in the finite time horizon context

Abstract This paper suggests a new approach to modeling credible reputation in the finite time horizon context, using continuous time and interactions which arrive via a Poisson process. Behavior in the present model does not depend on small ad hoc irrationalities as the end of the horizon nears, and the model preserves the intuitive result that as the end of the horizon nears, the level of reputation declines towards zero. While the current paper considers the predatory pricing case, the approach should also apply whenever reputation and/or cooperation are important.
Selection of Young and Proven Holstein Artificial Insemination Sires to Maximize Profits from Milk

Abstract Net present values of genetic investments in young and proven artificial insemination Holstein sires were calculated to determine profit-maximizing proportions of these genetic resources. The sensitivity of profit from young sires was evaluated by varying semen cost from 0 to $5 per unit and comparing average net present values of young and proven sires. Data for proven sires were retail semen prices and Predicted Differences (1974 base) for yields of milk and fat of 449 bulls available for purchase after the July 1983 USDA sire summary. Data for young sires concurrently used in fall 1983 were Predicted Differences of sires and maternal grandsires of 260 bulls for random sampling and 32 bulls-in-waiting from four artificial insemination organizations. Net present values of milk income were calculated using a real interest rate of 3% with alternative conception rates to first service (30 and 50%) and number of generations (one and infinite) of descendants in the planning horizon. Relative rankings of young and proven bulls were same for each conception rate and planning horizon; thus, only net present values for 50% conception rate and one generation planning horizon are reported. Average profitability of young sires for sampling was equal to average profit from proven bulls when young sire semen cost $5/unit and was $36 (.7 standard deviation) more profitable than average proven sires when young sire semen cost was nil. Mean net present value of young sires for sampling ranked at 42nd percentile of proven sires when semen cost $5/unit or 69th percentile of proven sires when semen cost was nil. Therefore, profit-maximizing dairy producers have no economic incentive to mate cows to random young sires when free to select and obtain semen from at least the top 30% of proven bulls at current prices. For semen cost of $5/unit, there was incentive to replace with young sires up to 40% of the least profitable proven bulls. Decreases (increases) in cost of semen of young sires relative to the less profitable proven bulls would increase (decrease) the proportion of proven sires that should be replaced by random young sires.
The reciprocal relationship between alliance and symptom improvement across the treatment of childhood anxiety.

This study examined changes in the therapeutic alliance and in self-reported anxiety over the course of 16 weeks of manual-based family treatment for child anxiety disorders. Eighty-six children (51.3% female; aged 7.15–14.44; 86.2% Caucasian, 14.8% minority) with a principal diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and/or social phobia, and their parents, received family treatment for anxiety disorders in youth. Child, therapist, and parent ratings of therapeutic alliance and child ratings of state anxiety were measured each session. Latent difference score growth modeling investigated the interacting relationship. Therapeutic alliance change, as rated by the mother and by the therapist, was a significant predictor (medium effect) of latter change in child anxiety (with greater therapeutic alliance leading to later reduction in anxiety). However, changes in child-reported anxiety also predicted latter change in father- and therapist-reported alliance (small-to-medium effect...
High status immigrants: a statistical profile of Iranians in the United States

The authors present a profile of Iranians in the United States. "First the paper will review trends in Iranian immigration to the United States from 1950 to 1986....Second all available data will be used to derive an estimate of the 1986 population size of Iranians in the U.S. and major centers of Iranian concentration such as California and Los Angeles. The rest of the paper will present a detailed analysis of the 1980 U.S. Census....Since students made up a large proportion of Iranians in 1980 separate statistical profiles will be given for the total Iranian population non-students and students." Consideration is given to geographic distribution and to demographic characteristics including economic and educational status. (EXCERPT)
A role for the androgen-receptor in clinically localized and advanced prostate cancer

Earlier studies of androgen-receptor (AR) expression using frozen prostate tissue, and later studies using archived specimens, produced the consensus that ligand-stabilized AR is nuclear, AR expression is similar in benign epithelia and stroma, AR expression is greater in secretory epithelia than basal cells, and AR expression is more variable in prostate cancer (CaP) than in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Accurate measurement of AR expression remains technically challenging but necessary to evaluate the relevance of AR to clinical CaP. Recent studies demonstrated that AR expression in epithelia and stroma may be prognostic in clinically localized CaP, and AR expression may play a role in racial differences in CaP mortality and predict response to androgen deprivation therapy. High levels of AR and AR-regulated gene expression indicate a central role for AR in growth regulation of castration-recurrent CaP. New treatments for the lethal phenotype of CaP require better understanding of AR transactivation during androgen deprivation therapy.
Still another confounded face in the crowd.

Experiments using schematic faces developed by Ohman (Ohman, Lundqvist, & Esteves, 2001) seem to document an anger-superiority effect, although we have come to question these experiments. Our work shows that the low-level features of these schematic faces interact with the face's surround to produce effects that have been attributed to facial affect. Using relatively neutral faces that preserved the feature and surround spatial relationships of angry and happy schematic faces, we produced reaction times (RTs) that were indistinguishable from those found with angry and happy faces. We also found that the target face's position within the crowd determined the magnitude of the advantage for angry faces as well as for relatively affect-neutral faces. Removing the facial surround reduces the advantage for angry faces, largely by improving performance on happy faces. There was an apparent small advantage for angry features without a surround. Ohman faces avoid the problems associated with modified grayscale faces only to introduce an equally troubling confound.
Complete Coverage of Phantom Limb and Stump Pain with Constant Current SCS System: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Background Spinal cord stimulator (SCS) technology has advanced over the past several years. However, our literature review revealed a lack of well-documented cases of successful treatment of phantom limb pain with percutaneous revision of previously placed systems. Case Report We present the case of a patient who suffered from debilitating bilateral lower extremity phantom limb pain despite having a SCS with a constant voltage system. We used fluoroscopy to successfully guide a percutaneous octapolar paddle lead to the right of the existing surgical paddle lead and a cylindrical quadrapolar lead in between. Finally, the older paddle lead was connected to an extension to make it compatible with the updated constant current system. The revised constant current SCS system provided bilateral coverage of the patient's pain, and at 1-year postoperative, the patient reported he had sustained coverage from his bilateral phantom limb pain. Our patient had complete coverage of his phantom limb pain after his previously placed SCS was changed from a constant voltage to a constant current system, and percutaneous leads were connected to his system. Adding percutaneous leads or switching generator types may benefit patients whose pain patterns have expanded since original SCS system placement. This case reports the complete coverage of phantom limb pain with a change from a constant voltage to a constant current SCS system and the addition of percutaneous leads to an existing SCS system.
Structured and unstructured exposure to computers: Sex differences in attitude and use among college students

A classroom-integrated structured introduction to computer use was compared to an unstructured, voluntary exposure in a group of 362 first-year college students. It was hypothesized that sex differences in attitude and use would be mitigated for students whose training in computer use was integrated into their classroom work. The data supported the hypothesis, indicating that higher male ratings with regard to computer use, attitude toward computers and perceived efficacy at the onset of the experiment were attenuated in the structured condition and amplified in the unstructured condition. Further analysis of the responses of females and males in the unstructured condition suggested different determinants of subsequent use, attitude, and efficacy. For females, prior computer use most strongly influenced the three subsequent dependent measures, while for males prior attitude was the most influential determinant.
C4-1: As the Clock Ticks… Are Questions the Answer? Audio-Recordings of Primary Care Visits Among Patients with Mental Health Needs Show Room for Improvement in Physician Communication

Background/Aims Encouraging patients to ask questions in clinical visits is seen as a key to engaging patients. Multiple interventions have focused on activating patients to ask questions when visiting physicians. We know little about whether patients with mental illness ask questions in primary care visits, how their question-asking behavior is associated with physicians’ relational communication and the length of visit.