cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bounds for functionals of solutions to a class of nonlinear hyperbolic equations

Explicit upper and lower bounds are constructed for a functional defined on solutions to an initial-boundary value problem for the nonlinear equation utt=f(uX)uXX. These bounds are the solutions of two systems of first order ordinary differential equations which are obtained from two second order differential inequalities for the appropriate functional. The inequalities are derived using the logarithmic convexity method from ill posed problems.
A Molecular Phylogenetic Survey of the Nightjars and Allies (Caprimulgiformes) with Special Emphasis on the Potoos (Nyctibiidae)

A 656-pb fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was sequenced for six species of Central and South American potoos (genus Nyctibius, Nyctibiidae) as well as for selected representatives of all other caprimulgiform families. Sequence divergence among potoos was much higher (11.1-16.2%) than has typically been observed among congeneric species of birds, suggesting that the species of Nyctibius are quite old. Divergence among families was also quite high (13.7-21.8%), confirming recent DNA-DNA hybridization studies. Such high genetic divergences in a functionally constrained gene like cyt b indicate that many of those sites which are free to vary will have experienced multiple substitutions. We therefore performed phylogenetic analysis using parsimony under a variety of weighting schemes intended to reduce the effect of multiple substitutions. The monophyly of all the traditional caprimulgiform families was confirmed and a number of new hypotheses of relationship emerged. From our analysis, it appears that the oilbird (Steatornis) is an ancient member of the order, and it is not closely related to the potoos. We also note the close link between Aegothelidae and Caprimulgidae, and the basal position of the Podargidae/Batrachostomidae clade in the phylogeny. These results are in accordance with several classical works of the first half of the century. The relationships of the various Nyctibius species to each other have not been fully resolved; however, a close link between N. leucopterus and N. maculosus appears to be highly probable from our data.
Methodology issues in implementation science

BACKGROUND Putting evidence into practice at the point of care delivery requires an understanding of implementation strategies that work, in what context and how. OBJECTIVE To identify methodological issues in implementation science using 4 studies as cases and make recommendations for further methods development. RESEARCH DESIGN Four cases are presented and methodological issues identified. For each issue raised, evidence on the state of the science is described. RESULTS Issues in implementation science identified include diverse conceptual frameworks, potential weaknesses in pragmatic study designs, and the paucity of standard concepts and measurement. CONCLUSIONS Recommendations to advance methods in implementation include developing a core set of implementation concepts and metrics, generating standards for implementation methods including pragmatic trials, mixed methods designs, complex interventions and measurement, and endorsing reporting standards for implementation studies.
A review of current applications of mass spectrometry for biomarker/molecular tracer elucidations

Mass spectrometry, especially coupled with gas chromatography or tandem, is the analytical method of choice in elucidations of biomarker compounds present in organic mixtures extracted from geological, environmental, or biological samples. This review describes the biomarker concept; i.e., the precursor natural products to the geological/environmental derivatives, and their application as tracers in the geosphere and ambient environment. The mass spectrometric methods currently utilized for such analyses are reviewed, and typical examples of applications are described with a general key to the literature. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 24:719–765, 2005
Valuation of ecosystem services from rural landscapes using agricultural land prices

article i nfo Agricultural lands, primarily managed for crops and livestock production, provide various ecosystem services (ES) to people. In theory, the economic value of the service flows that can be captured privately is capitalized into land prices. This study proposes an integrative framework to characterize the ecosystem services associated with agricultural lands. Using that framework, we demonstrate how hedonic analysis of agricultural land prices can be used to estimate the private values of land-based ES. The model is estimated with data from southwestern Michigan, USA. Results suggest that ES values are associated with lakes, rivers, wetlands, forests and conservation lands in rural landscapes. Ecosystem services that support direct use values, such as recreational and aesthetic services, are likely to be perceived by land owners and capitalized in land prices. Some regulating services that provide indirect use values may be partially capitalized in a land parcel's relationship to natural resources and landscapes. Other ES from the land parcel and its surroundings are unlikely to be capitalized due to lack of private incentives, unawareness, or small perceived value. The private ES values measured in this study highlight opportunities to design cost-effective public policies that
Policy Update: US and EU biofuel programs in flux

The US RFS and EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED) are in a state of flux, but the drivers of change are different in the two areas. In this paper, we describe the current developments in biofuels ...
Oxidation of Methionine in Proteins: Roles in Antioxidant Defense and Cellular Regulation

The roles of methionine residues in proteins have not been well defined, but a review of available studies leads to the conclusion that methionine, like cysteine, functions as an antioxidant and as a key component of a system for regulation of cellular metabolism. Methionine is readily oxidized to methionine sulfoxide by many reactive species. The oxidation of surface exposed methionines thus serves to protect other functionally essential residues from oxidative damage. Methionine sulfoxide reductases have the potential to reduce the residue back to methionine, increasing the scavenging efficiency of the system. Reversible covalent modification of amino acids in proteins provides the mechanistic basis for most systems of cellular regulation. Interconversion of methionine and methionine sulfoxide can function to regulate the biological activity of proteins, through alteration in catalytic efficiency and through modulation of the surface hydrophobicity of the protein.
The nature of orogenic crust in the central Andes

[1] The central Andes (16°–22°S) are part of an active continental margin mountain belt and the result of shortening of the weak western edge of South America between the strong lithospheres of the subducting Nazca plate and the underthrusting Brazilian shield. We have combined receiver function and surface wave dispersion results from the BANJO-SEDA project with other geophysical studies to characterize the nature of the continental crust and mantle lithospheric structure. The major results are as follows: (1) The crust supporting the high elevations is thick and has a felsic to intermediate bulk composition. (2) The relatively strong Brazilian lithosphere is underthrusting as far west (65.5°W) as the high elevations of the western part of the Eastern Cordillera (EC) but does not underthrust the entire Altiplano. (3) The subcrustal lithosphere is delaminating piecemeal under the Altiplano-EC boundary but is not completely removed beneath the central Altiplano. The Altiplano crust is characterized by a brittle upper crust decoupled from a very weak lower crust that is dominated by ductile deformation, leading to lower crustal flow and flat topography. In contrast, in the high-relief, inland-sloping regions of the EC and sub-Andean zone, the upper crust is still strongly coupled across the basal thrust of the fold-thrust belt to the underthrusting Brazilian Shield lithosphere. Subcrustal shortening between the Altiplano and Brazilian lithosphere appears to be accommodated by delamination near the Altiplano-EC boundary. Our study suggests that orogenic reworking may be an important part of the “felsification” of continental crust.
Determination of the elastin content of tissues by measuring desmosine and isodesmosine.

Abstract A method is described for measuring the elastin content of whole tissue. Desmosine and isodesmosine, the cross-linking amino acids unique to elastin, were first separated by paper chromatography and then quantitated by amino acid analysis. Results compared favorably to those obtained with gravimetric techniques, but the method has been extended to include the quantitation of elastin from small amounts of tissues that contain low concentrations of elastin.
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of the Structures and Interactions of Vancomycin Antibiotics with Cell Wall Analogues

Surface-induced dissociation (SID) of the singly protonated complex of vancomycin antibiotic with cell wall peptide analogue (N(alpha),N(epsilon)-diacetyl-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala) was studied using a 6 T Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer (FT-ICR MS) specially configured for SID experiments. The binding energy between the vancomycin and the peptide was obtained from the RRKM modeling of the time- and energy-resolved fragmentation efficiency curves (TFECs) of the precursor ion and its fragments. Molecular dynamics simulations of the vancomycin, peptide, and vancomycin-peptide complex were carried out to explore the low energy conformations. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the geometries, proton affinities, and binding energies were performed for several model systems including vancomycin (V), vancomycin aglycon (VA), N(alpha),N(epsilon)-diacetyl-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala, and noncovalent complexes of VA with N-acetyl-D-Ala-D-Ala and V with N(alpha),N(epsilon)-diacetyl-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala. Comparison between the experimental and computational results suggests that the most probable structure of the complex observed in our experiments corresponds to the neutral peptide bound to the vancomycin protonated at the primary amine of the disaccharide group. The experimental binding energy of 30.9 +/- 1.8 kcal/mol is in good agreement with the binding energy of 36.3-42.0 kcal/mol calculated for the model system representing the preferred structure of the complex.
Variability in pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) fields in semiarid West Africa

Abstract Extreme variability in pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum] growth over very short (2–20 m) distances in the poorly buffered sandy soils of the semiarid West African Sahel poses major limitations to millet production and to field research efforts. A pot study using soils taken at 26 sites along a 15‐m transect from an unproductive to a productive region in a research field was conducted to determine the causes of variability in millet growth. Plant analyses showed that millet‐shoot weight 37 days after planting correlated best with shoot Al concentration (R2 = 0.81 for the 22 most unproductive sites). The critical concentration for Al toxicity in millet shoots was approximately 600 μg g−1. Millet growth also correlated well with shoot K concentration (R2 = 0.53). Poorly growing plants had deficient concentrations of P and K and potentially toxic levels of Mn. Low concentrations of plant P may be related to P fixation by soil Al.
Mapping memory with positron emission tomography

Just as cartographers and surveyors chart unknown territory as groundwork for further exploration, neuroscientists can advance the understanding of brain function by mapping the brain. Establishing the geography of memory will be an important step toward understanding its neural basis, a goal which has long eluded scientists. Three papers by Tulving and colleagues in this issue suggest a novel view of the map of memory based on experiments using positron emission tomography (PET) (1-3). Until recently, attempts to identify brain regions participating in human memory were limited by lack of experimental techniques; case studies of braindamaged patients provided the principal means of neuroanatomical investigation in humans. The development of noninvasive functional brain-imaging techniques such as PET makes possible unprecedented advances in understanding the neuroanatomical basis of memory and other cognitive processes.
Application of USP inlet extensions to the TSI impactor system 3306/3320 using HFA 227 based solution metered dose inhalers.

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to further evaluate the need for a vertical inlet extension when testing solution metered dose inhalers using the TSI Model 3306 Impactor Inlet in conjunction with the TSI Model 3320 Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS). The configurations tested using the TSI system were compared to baseline measurements that were performed using the Andersen Mark II 8-stage cascade impactor (ACI). Seven pressurized solution metered dose inhalers were tested using varied concentrations of beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP), ethanol, and HFA 227 propellant. The inhalers were tested with the cascade impactor, and with the TSI system. The TSI system had three different configurations as the manufacturer provided (0 cm) or with inlet extensions of 20 and 40 cm. The extensions were located between the USP inlet and the Model 3306 Impactor Inlet. There were no practical differences between each system for the stem, actuator, or USP inlet. The fine particle mass (aerodynamic mass < 4.7 µm) was...
Ligand binding to integrin αvβ3requires tyrosine 178 in the αv subunit

Integrin αvβ3 has been implicated in angiogenesis and other biological processes. However, the ligand-binding sites in αv, a non–I-domain α subunit, remain to be identified. Recently in αIIb, the other partner of the β3 subunit, several discontinuous residues important for ligand binding were identified in the predicted loops between repeats 2 and 3 (W3 4-1 loop) and within repeat 3 (W3 2-3 loop). Based on these findings, alanine-scanning mutagenesis in 293 cells was used to investigate the role of these loops (cysteine [C]142-C155 and glycine [G]172-G181) of αv in ligand binding. Wild-type αvβ3 was able to bind soluble fibrinogen following integrin activation either by 0.5 mM manganese dichloride (MnCl2) or a mutation of β3 threonine (T)562 to asparagine. However, mutation of tyrosine (Y)178 to alanine in the predicted G172-G181 loop of αv abolished fibrinogen binding, and alanine (A) substitutions at adjacent residues phenylalanine (F)177 and tryptophan (W)179 had a similar effect. Cells expressing Y178Aαvalso failed to bind to immobilized fibrinogen. Moreover, the Y178A mutation abolished the binding of WOW-1 Fab, a monovalent ligand-mimetic anti-αvβ3 antibody, and the expression of β3 ligand–induced binding sites (LIBS) induced by arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-tryptophan (RGDW). In sharp contrast to the data obtained with αIIb, none of the mutations in the predicted W3 4-1 loop in αv impaired ligand binding. These results implicate αv Y178 in ligand binding to αvβ3, and they suggest that there are key structural differences in the adhesive ligand-binding sites of αvβ3 and αIIbβ3.
The demand for enhanced annuities

Abstract This paper examines market reaction to the introduction of enhanced annuities in a market for deferred standard annuities. The previous literature shows that individuals can try to avoid risk classification by contracting a standard annuity earlier in their life. This paper offers a new perspective to the timing of the annuity purchase under the assumption that individuals already have an idea about their future risk type when young which becomes clearer over time. It shows that enhanced annuities can crowd out earlier standard annuities completely if the individuals have incomplete knowledge of their future risk type. However, if individuals are sufficiently risk averse and there is a sufficiently high proportion of low risks in the population, both products can remain in the market where lower risk types buy enhanced annuities while the higher risks stick to the early standard annuities. The paper identifies the equilibrium candidate with both annuity types to be Pareto-superior and the unique equilibrium.
Removal of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Makes C. elegans Germ Cells Susceptible to Direct Conversion into Specific Somatic Cell Types

How specific cell types can be directly converted into other distinct cell types is a matter of intense investigation with wide-ranging basic and biomedical implications. Here, we show that removal of the histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27) methyltransferase Polycomb repressor complex 2 (PRC2) permits ectopically expressed, neuron-type-specific transcription factors ("terminal selectors") to convert Caenorhabditis elegans germ cells directly into specific neuron types. Terminal-selector-induced germ-cell-to-neuron conversion can be observed not only upon genome-wide loss of H3K27 methylation in PRC2(-) animals but also upon genome-wide redistribution of H3K27 methylation patterns in animals that lack the H3K36 methyltransferase MES-4. Manipulation of the H3K27 methylation status not only permits conversion of germ cells into neurons but also permits hlh-1/MyoD-dependent conversion of germ cells into muscle cells, indicating that PRC2 protects the germline from the aberrant execution of multiple distinct somatic differentiation programs. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the normally multistep process of development from a germ cell via a zygote to a terminally differentiated somatic cell type can be short-cut by providing an appropriate terminal selector transcription factor and manipulating histone methylation patterns.
Literature as Usual

Author's summary.— The difficulties of teaching literature, and its importance in the curriculum.
Perspectives on Withdrawing Pacemaker and Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Therapies at End of Life: Results of a Survey of Medical and Legal Professionals and Patients

OBJECTIVE: To determine the opinions of medical professionals, legal professionals, and patients regarding the withdrawal of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) and pacemaker therapy at the end of life. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: A survey regarding 5 cases that focused on withdrawal of ICD or pacemaker therapy at the end of life was constructed and sent to 5270 medical professionals, legal professionals, and patients. The survey was administered from March 1, 2008, to March 1, 2009. RESULTS: Of the 5270 recipients of the survey, 658 (12%) responded. In a terminally ill patient requesting that his ICD be turned off, most legal professionals (90% [63/70]), medical professionals (98% [330/336]), and patients (85% [200/236]) agreed the ICD should be turned off. Most legal professionals (89%), medical professionals (87%), and patients (79%) also considered withdrawal of pacemaker therapy in a non–pacemaker-dependent patient appropriate. However, significantly more legal (81%) than medical professionals (58%; P<.001) or patients (68%, P=.02) agreed with turning off a pacemaker in the pacemaker-dependent patient. A similar number of legal professionals thought turning off a device was legal regardless of whether it was an ICD or pacemaker (45% vs 38%; P=.50). However, medical professionals were more likely to perceive turning off an ICD as legal than turning off a pacemaker (85% vs 41%; P<.001). CONCLUSION: Most respondents thought device therapy should be withdrawn if the patient requested its withdrawal at the end of life. However, opinions of medical professionals and patients tended to be dependent on the type of device, with turning off ICDs being perceived as more acceptable than turning off pacemakers, whereas legal professionals tended to perceive all devices as similar. Thus, education and discussion regarding managing devices at the end of life are important when having end-of-life discussions and making end-of-life decisions to better understand patients' perceptions and expectations.
Summary of GTD Computer Codes Developed at the Ohio State University

This paper briefly describes three user-oriented computer codes developed at the Ohio State University ElectroScience Laboratory: namely, the On-Aircraft Antenna Code, the Basic Scattering Code, and the Reflector Antenna Code. Each code uses the Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (GTD). An example is used to describe the basic GTD approach for all three codes. A brief description is given for each code which includes sample results compared to measurements.
Activities of enzymes that metabolize platelet-activating factor (1-Alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) in neutrophils and eosinophils from humans and the effect of a calcium ionophore.

Abstract Enzymatic systems in human blood cells are described for the activation and inactivation of a biologically active phospholipid (1-alkyl-2-acetyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine) with hypotensive, platelet-aggregating, and inflammatory properties. The results document the presence of alkyldihydroxyacetone-phosphate synthase (forms the O -alkyl linkage in lipids), 1-alkyl-2-lyso- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (produces the biologically active molecule), and 1-alkyl-2-acetyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine: acetylhydrolase (destroys the biological activity) in human neutrophils and eosinophils. Both the acetyltransferase and acetylhydrolase activities are increased severalfold after treatment of normal neutrophils with ionophore A23187; however, alkyldihydroxyacetone-phosphate synthase activity is not influenced by the ionophore. Eosinophils isolated from patients with eosinophilia have significantly greater activities of all the enzymes studied than the eosinophils isolated from normal individuals. Our results indicate the acetyltransferase responsible for 1-alkyl-2-acetyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine synthesis may serve an important role in human blood cells that release this biologically active phospholipid. Moreover, the acetyltransferase activity was found to be dramatically influenced by calcium flux.
PREFERENTIAL INHIBITION OF PHORBOL ESTER-INDUCED HYDROLYSIS OF PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE BY N-ACETYLSPHINGOSINE IN NIH 3T3 FIBROBLASTS

Abstract It has been reported that in rat fibroblasts cell-permeable ceramide analogs inhibit agonist-induced phospholipase D (PLD)-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho). Here we demonstrate that relatively short (30 min) treatments of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts with 15–60 μM concentrations of N -acetylsphingosine result in preferential, although not exclusive, inhibition of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced PLD-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn). The results suggest that in different cell types the PtdEtn- and PtdCho-hydrolyzing PLD activities are differentially sensitive to the inhibitory effect of ceramide.
Culture and regeneration of Populus leaf protoplasts isolated from non-seedling tissue

Abstract Leaf protoplasts of Populus alba L. × P. grandidentata Michx. (NC-5339) were isolted from shoot cultures of non-seedling origin and cultured through plant regeneration. Complete protoplast development was dependent on providing a stress-free culture environment which included eliminating ammonium, agar, exudate build-up, and light during the culture period. Contact with a solid surface appeared to stimulate development and thus the protoplasts were cultured in a liquid floating-disc system in which they adhered to the fibers of a polyester screen. Protoplasts exhibited a slow, staged development which resulted in cell division 6 weeks following protoplast isolation. The resulting colonies proliferated rapidly and rooted spontaneously. Shoot regeneration occurred when the protoplast-derived calli were exposed to thidiazuron, and such shoots could be readily rooted. This is the first report of reproducible plant regeneration from leaf protoplasts of non-seedling origin of a tree species.
The Statistical Sobolev-Rosseland Mean and the Effects of Frequency Redistribution on Wolf-Rayet Wind Driving

The optically thick character of Wolf-Rayet winds implies that stellar continuum photons are multiply scattered, as a result of both free electron opacity and overlapping wind-broadened spectral lines. This allows the wind to accumulate a substantial excess in momentum flux relative to the driving radiation field, as is observationally required. Nevertheless, sustaining such a high degree of multiple scattering requires not only a large optical depth spatially but also substantial spectral blanketing. The latter is difficult to maintain when redistribution during scattering allows radiative flux to shift preferentially into spectral regions with fewer lines, since then the channels carrying much of the flux are also the least well blanketed. This paper parameterizes the potential severity of this effect in simple terms, using a generalization of the Rosseland mean treated in the Sobolev approximation. We show that our approach provides an informative starting point for characterizing and conceptualizing nongray effects in optically thick supersonic flows.
CHARACTERISATION OF NON-CONSTANT BACKGROUND IN COUNTING MEASUREMENTS

A 'moving-target' method for characterising background in a counting measurement in which the instantaneous background count rate is a function of time, rather than being fixed, is proposed. This model treats the average Poisson mean in observation period P as coming from a gamma distribution with parameters αP and βP. This model is applied to a large dataset of replicate observations, consisting of 242 (234)U method blank measurements collected over a 2-y period. Point estimates of the model parameters are determined by comparing the mean and variance of the observed data and by maximising the likelihood function. Posterior distributions of the parameters are obtained by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Assuming time-invariant fluctuations of the background count rate, the variation of the instantaneous count rate is described by a correlation function, which can be interpreted as describing how rapidly the background changes with time, or how likely the background is to change between measurements. An 'exponential-correlation' model of background time dependence is proposed, with parameters α, β and correlation time τ. Once determined, these parameters fully describe the distribution of background, just as NB and TB in the fixed-target model.
Importance of N- and C-terminal regions of gastrin-Gly for preferential binding to high and low affinity gastrin-Gly receptors.

Abstract G17-Gly has been shown to stimulate the growth of DLD-1 human colon cancer cells in a biphasic manner via high and low affinity receptors. In the current study, the existence of heterogeneous receptor populations for G17-Gly on the HT-29 human colon cancer cell line was investigated. The effect of either N- or C-terminal peptide truncation on receptor binding and cell growth stimulation was also explored. [Leu 15 ]G17-Gly bound to both high (nM) and low (μM) affinity sites on HT-29 cells. The peptide stimulated cell growth in a dose-dependent and biphasic manner with maximal stimulation at 10 −9 M peptide concentration, suggesting that, as in the case of DLD-1 cells, it is the high affinity receptor which is responsible for the growth-promoting effects. In contrast, G17(1–12) stimulated the growth of HT-29 cells in a sigmoidal fashion with an EC 50 of 4.6 × 10 −9 M. Sequential N-terminal truncation of [Leu 15 ]G17-Gly results in decreased binding to the high affinity G17-Gly receptor on DLD-1 cells. [Leu 15 ]G17(11–17)Gly bound to the low affinity G17-Gly receptor with an affinity similar to that of the full sequence peptide but was unable to displace the radioligand from high affinity sites. G17(1–6)-NH 2 was unable to displace [ 3 H]G17-Gly from either site. These results suggest that the important residues for binding to the low affinity receptor are in the C-terminal region of the peptide while those required for interaction with the high affinity receptor lie further towards the N-terminus.
Morphology, crystallography, growth kinetics and mechanism of bainite nodules in a hypereutectoid Ti-25 wt% Cr alloy

Abstract The formation of bainite nodules in a hypereutectoid Ti-25 wt% Cr alloy has been investigated with optical and transmission electron microscopy. These nodules are approximately hemispherical when formed in the grain boundary region and about spherical when developed intragranularly. They consist of a dispersion of eutectoid TiCr 2 in eutectoid α. The TiCr 2 crystals are observed to nucleate at eutectoid α-β boundaries. During subsequent growth they are eventually enveloped by the adjacent eutectoid α and must thus be repeatedly re-nucleated. Unlike pearlite, TiCr 2 crystals in a given nodule may have different orientations. Both eutectoid α-β and eutectoid TiCr 2 -β boundaries are partially coherent, containing both misfit dislocations and ledges. Also unlike pearlite (vide current studies by Hackney and Shifiet in FeCMn), the ledge structures of eutectoid a and eutectoid TiCr 2 develop independently. Their growth directions are different and their height and average inter-ledge spacing may also differ in a given bainite nodule. Growth kinetics measured at four temperatures in the range 938–848 K are consistent with both interdiffusion between α and TiCr 2 during ledgewise growth, somewhat assisted (especially at lower temperatures) by interphase boundary diffusion, and independent, volume diffusion-controlled growth of eutectoid a by the ledge mechanism.
Lorenz receives Revelle Medal

The Roger Revelle Medal for outstanding accomplishments toward an understanding of the Earth's atmospheric processes was presented to Edward N. Lorenz at the 1992 AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony on December 9, 1992. The meeting was held in San Francisco. The award citation, delivered by Kerry A. Emanuel, as well as Lorenz's response, are presented here.
Masked Hypertension: Evidence of the Need to Treat

The diagnosis of masked hypertension has been made easier with the widespread availability of home blood pressure monitoring devices with levels of accuracy comparable to ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. The negative impact of masked hypertension on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is evidenced by numerous well-designed clinic-based and population-based studies. The relationship of masked hypertension and target organ damage is also well documented. These two factors, combined with the robust evidence of reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality achieved with blood pressure treatment, makes the argument for actively identifying patients with masked hypertension and prescribing treatment similar to that for patients with sustained hypertension. In this paper, we review the evidence for the cardiovascular prognosis of masked hypertension compared with sustained hypertension, we review its impact on target organ damage, we propose an algorithm for the treatment of patients with masked hypertension, and we point out the pitfalls in adopting such an approach.
One Hundred Transports on Extracorporeal Support to an Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Center.

Background Extracorporeal life support technology has gained acceptance as a salvage mode for patients in respiratory or cardiac failure. Patients who are sick enough to require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support are often too unstable for transfer to a hospital with ECMO capabilities. We highlight the progressive development of an ECMO transport team and the manner in which it provides reliable transport with excellent outcomes. Methods All data were collected retrospectively from our hospital's electronic medical record. Patient outcomes are reported through April 2, 2014. Results Our institution began an ECMO transport program in 2008, with the initial phase involving transport of highly selected patients for short distances. With experience we refined our intake and evaluation process. We also consolidated care for ECMO patients into two intensive care units and developed a dedicated ECMO intensivist position. As the program has matured, patient selection has become more inclusive and we have extended our capabilities to include interstate and international transport. All 100 patients were successfully placed on ECMO and transported to our center. Seventy-nine patients were placed on venovenous ECMO, 19 on venoarterial ECMO, and 2 on venovenous arterial ECMO. The median transport distance was 16 miles and ranged from 2.5 to 7,084 miles. Conclusions Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation transport can be performed safely and reliably with excellent outcomes with a dedicated team that maintains stringent adherence to well-designed management protocols.
Slender Evidence, Weighty Consequences: On One Word in the Periplus Maris Erythraei

From time to time one encounters a situation where a wisp of a source yields evidence of momentous consequence for the understanding of a whole society in the past. Such a situation raises the question of how much evidentiary weight a slender source can credibly bear, for when the evidence is so slender or tenuous, the slightest misunderstanding or misinterpretation can lead to hugely magnified errors in historical reconstruction. At the same time, the more slender the evidence, the more tempted researchers will be to interpret it according to their own a priori vision of the past in question. This is a genuine problem which can only be overcome by finding more relevant evidence.Such situations naturally crop up wherever sources (written or otherwise) are very rare, so that every scrap of evidence must be scrutinized and exploited with the greatest care and to its fullest extent, a common circumstance in African history in relation to written documents before ca. A.D. 1450 and documents at all times about topics such as, for instance, women's history or specific techniques of agriculture that were normally not recorded. The situation then, while unusual, is frequent enough to warrant a more detailed discussion of one such instance to illustrate what the problem is and how it can be tackled. This illustration will be the case of oratoi, a single word in the Periplus Maris Erythraei.The Periplus is justly famous in African historiography. Known from a single manuscript now in Heidelberg and held to date from the early tenth century and a much later copy from that now in the British Museum, written in a mixture of classical and vulgar Greek by either a Greek living in Egypt or an Egyptian, and firmly dated to between AD 40-55, the Periplus contains the first, albeit succinct, information about the inhabitants of the East African coast, more than half a millennium before other comparable written mentions occur.
Telephone intervention promoting weight-related health behaviors

Abstract Objective Recent national surveys have documented that the majority of adults in the United States do not meet the recommended levels of healthy lifestyle-related behaviors. The Nutrition and Physical Activity (NuPA) study was designed to promote fruit and vegetable consumption, physical activity, and weight management for a working population. Method Data were collected nationwide, USA, from 2005 to 2007 and analyzed in 2008. A total of 2470 employed participants were randomized into the self-help (SH: n = 1191) or self-help plus telephone counseling (SH + C: n = 1279) group. The SH + C group received nine structured telephone counseling sessions in addition to the print materials. Results A series of hierarchical regression analyses for each of the health behavior outcomes in the present-at-follow-up subsample ( n = 1098–1148) revealed that the SH + C was effective in increasing fruit and vegetable consumption. Among the overweight and obese participants, weight loss was significant in both the SH and SH + C groups. Conclusion Using a theory-based behavioral change counseling technique and targeting multiple health behaviors among employed individuals, our findings demonstrate that the addition of telephone counseling to mailed self-help materials is effective in promoting healthy diet and weight management.
Procaine Enhancement of the Rapid Cooling Contracture and Inhibition of the Decay of Potentiated State in Rabbit Papillary Muscle

Abstract We tested the possibility that inhibition of Ca 2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum decreases the transsarcolemmal Ca 2+ efflux and results in an increased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ content. We used procaine to inhibit sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ release in rabbit papillary muscles. Rapid cooling-induced contractures were used as an index of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ content. Decay of potentiated state was measured to study whether the transsarcolemmal Ca 2+ efflux is decreased in the presence of procaine. Procaine (0.5, 1.0 m m ) inhibited contractions elicited by electrical stimulation and enhanced the rapid cooling-induced contracture. The initial decay of potentiated state that occurs when the muscle was stimulated at a low frequency was slowed in the presence of procaine. These results suggest that procaine inhibition of Ca 2+ -induced release of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ decreases the transsarcolemmal Ca 2+ efflux relative to the influx, resulting in an increased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ content.
Surgical pathology of the oral cavity.

The dermatologist or primary care physician will encounter many surface lesions of the oral cavity, some of which may be confined to and represent only epithelial pathology, and some which may be a manifestation of more extensive underlying surgical pathology. The aim of this chapter is to give an overview of oral surgical pathology for the physician interested in stomatology. A discussion of mucosal lesions representing either localized changes or reflecting systemic conditions is covered elsewhere in this edition. The ensuing discussion encompasses those clinical findings representative of mass lesions originating in either the epithelial lining or in the deeper structures giving rise to the surface changes. For the sake of completeness, oral manifestations of deep odontogenic infection will also be discussed. Adhering to the concept of a systematic approach to the physical examination, each structure in the oral cavity will be discussed separately beginning externally with the lips and progressing intraorally to include the tongue, floor of the mouth, buccal mucosal, oral vestibules, gingivae, retromolar trigones, and finally, the hard and soft palates. A discussion of maxillofacial pathology is beyond the confines of the present chapter and is better treated in a standard text of oral and maxillofacial pathology.
Perturbations of invariant metrics and associated isometry groups

Abstract For a smooth action of a compact connected Lie group on a compact connected smooth manifold, the authors construct a family of metrics which assign a prescribed set of volumes to a prescribed set of principal orbits of the action. This basic result is used to investigate isometry groups of maximal dimension on smooth manifolds.
Criticality calculations for plutonium metal at room temperature in ionic liquid solutions

Abstract Critical mass calculations performed on two plutonium metal/ionic liquid mixtures are presented and the results are compared with similar calculations performed on aqueous systems. The ionic liquids considered are the 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium (EMI)/ aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and the EMI/tetrafluoroborate (BF4) systems. Our calculations indicate at least an order of magnitude increase in the minimum critical concentration for the ionic liquid–plutonium mixtures over aqueous mixtures. The minimum critical concentrations calculated for Pu/EMIC/AlCl3 and Pu/EMI/BF4 mixtures are 150 and 1000 g/l, respectively.
Shifting the Paradigm: The Use of Creativity in Career Counseling:

To summarize, the techniques provided were intended to serve as a springboard for career counselors to employ creative strategies in their work. There also are important individual difference variables in career counselors that would make some of these techniques more desirable than others. It seems critical to explore different ways of being creative in our work in order to ensure that students develop an interest in vocational counseling and clients receive excellent services. As surveys of counselors as well as clients continue to show a dissatisfaction with career counseling it seems imperative that we investigate dynamic new ways of helping our clients think about their life/ career planning. As we model creativity in our own lives and practice, our clients will vicariously experience people who are truly excited about their occupational employment. This alone may assist career clients in achieving their dreams and maximizing their creative potentials.
Calculable Nonperturbative Supersymmetry Breaking

A weakly coupled four-dimensional model is presented which exhibits dimensional transmutation and spontaneous breaking of gauge, chiral, and super symmetries by instanton effects.
Human resource planning and organization performance: An exploratory analysis

In a study of the impact of human resource planning an organization performance, statistical tests did not indicate significant differences between the performance of firms using formal human resource planning and firms that do not. There was an indication of a positive change in performance after the initiation of human resource planning, relative to non-users of such systems.
Enhancement of Hydrogen Gas Sensing of Nanocrystalline Nickel Oxide by Pulsed-Laser Irradiation

This paper reports the effect of post-laser irradiation on the gas-sensing behavior of nickel oxide (NiO) thin films. Nanocrystalline NiO semiconductor thin films were fabricated by a sol-gel method on a nonalkaline glass substrate. The NiO samples were irradiated with a pulsed 532-nm wavelength, using a Nd:YVO(4) laser beam. The effect of laser irradiation on the microstructure, electrical conductivity, and gas-sensing properties was investigated as a function of laser power levels. It was found that the crystallinity and surface morphology were modified by the pulsed-laser irradiation. Hydrogen gas sensors were fabricated using both as-deposited and laser-irradiated NiO films. It was observed that the performance of gas-sensing characteristics could be changed by the change of laser power levels. By optimizing the magnitude of the laser power, the gas-sensing property of NiO thin film was improved, compared to that of as-deposited NiO films. At the optimal laser irradiation conditions, a high response of NiO sensors to hydrogen molecule exposure of as little as 2.5% of the lower explosion threshold of hydrogen gas (40,000 ppm) was observed at 175 °C.
A programming methodology for dual-tier multicomputers

Hierarchically organized ensembles of shared memory multiprocessors possess a richer and more complex model of locality than previous generation multicomputers with single processor nodes. These dual-tier computers introduce many new factors into the programmer's performance model. We present a methodology for implementing block-structured numerical applications on dual-tier computers and a run-time infrastructure, called KeLP2, that implements the methodology. KeLP2 supports two levels of locality and parallelism via hierarchical SPMD control flow, run-time geometric meta-data, and asynchronous collective communication. KeLP applications can effectively overlap communication with computation under conditions where nonblocking point-to-point message passing fails to do so. KeLP's abstractions hide considerable detail without sacrificing performance and dual-tier applications written in KeLP consistently outperform equivalent single-tier implementations written in MPI. We describe the KeLP2 model and show how it facilitates the implementation of five block-structured applications specially formulated to hide communication latency on dual-tiered architectures. We support our arguments with empirical data from applications running on various single- and dual-tier multicomputers. KeLP2 supports a migration path from single-tier to dual-tier platforms and we illustrate this capability with a detailed programming example.
Qualitative physics using dimensional analysis

Abstract In this paper we use dimensional analysis as a method for solving problems in qualitative physics. We pose and solve some of the qualitative reasoning problems discussed in the literature, in the context of devices such as the pressure regulator and the heat exchanger. Using dimensional analysis, such devices or systems can be reasoned about without explicit knowledge of the physical laws that govern the operation of such devices. Instead, the method requires knowledge of the relevant physical variables and their dimensional representation. Our main thesis can be stated as follows: the dimensional representations of physical variables encode a significant amount of physical knowledge; dimensionless numbers provide a representation of the physical processes, and they can be obtained without direct, explicit knowledge of the underlying laws of physics. Then, a variety of partial derivatives can be computed and used to characterize the behavior of the system. These partials, along with some simple heuristics, can be used to reason qualitatively about the behavior of devices and systems. Here we present the techniques for dimensional analysis and develop the representation and reasoning machinery.
Toxins Hha and CspD and small RNA regulator Hfq are involved in persister cell formation through MqsR in Escherichia coli

Persisters are cells which evade stresses like antibiotics and which are characterized by reduced metabolism and a lack of genetic alterations required to achieve this state. We showed previously that MqsR and MqsA of Escherichia coli are a toxin-antitoxin pair that influence cell physiology (e.g., biofilm formation and motility) via RNase activity as well as through regulation of toxin CspD. Here, we show that deletion of the mqsRA locus decreases persister cell formation and, consistent with this result, over production of MqsR increases persister cell formation. Furthermore, toxins Hha, CspD, and HokA increase persister cell formation. In addition, by overproducing MqsR in a series of isogenic mutants, we show that Hha and CspD are necessary for persister cell formation via MqsR overexpression. Surprisingly, Hfq, a small RNA chaperone, decreases persistence. A whole-transcriptome study shows that Hfq induces transport-related genes (opp genes and dppA), outer membrane protein-related genes (ybfM and ybfN), toxins (hha), and proteases (clpX, clpP, and lon). Taken together, these results indicate that toxins CspD, Hha, and HokA influence persister cell formation via MqsR and that Hfq plays an important role in the regulation of persister cell formation via regulation of transport or outer membrane proteins OppA and YbfM.