cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jet breakup regimes in liquid–liquid Taylor vortex flow

Abstract Optical experiments were used to identify breakup regimes for a liquid jet injected into in a second immiscible liquid undergoing turbulent Taylor vortex flow. Four jetting breakup behaviors were observed and these were compared with analogous jetting regimes in quiescent liquid-liquid systems as well as liquid-gas systems with a gaseous crossflow. Several jet breakage regime maps for liquid–liquid Taylor vortex flow were generated using jet Reynolds number, Ohnesorge number, crossflow Weber number, and momentum flux ratio as organizing parameters. However, selection of the breakup mechanism was found to depend primarily on the jet Reynolds number and was largely independent of parameters characterizing the fluid crossflow, such as the azimuthal Reynolds number and crossflow Weber number. This finding is consistent with previous observations that the downstream droplet size distribution in Taylor vortex flow is relatively insensitive to parameters other than the jet Reynolds number. Lastly, the transitions between the four identified jet breakage regimes were found to be coincident with changes in the mean droplet size observed downstream from the inlet jet.
Connecting the Ion Separation Factor to the Sorption and Diffusion Selectivity of Ion Exchange Membranes

To optimize the productivity of ion exchange membranes used in electric field-driven ion separation processes, an understanding of the relationship between membrane structure-property metrics and a...
Living Forms of History: Strategic Presentism in Blake Studies: William Blake’s Gothic Imagination: Bodies of Horror, edited by Chris Bundock and Elizabeth Effinger, Manchester, Manchester UP, 2018, xiv + 297 pp., 22 illustrations.William Blake in Context, edited by Sarah Haggarty, Cambridge, Cambridge UP, 2019, xxii + 371 pp., 20 illustrations.

It seems to us that the history of philosophy should play a role roughly analogous to that of collage in painting. (Deleuze xxi) In his chapter for William Blake in Context, Noah Heringman recounts...
You say you want a revolution: two notions of probabilistic independence

Branden Fitelson and Alan Hajek have suggested that it is finally time for a “revolution” in which we jettison Kolmogorov’s axiomatization of probability, and move to an alternative like Popper’s. According to these authors, not only did Kolmogorov fail to give an adequate analysis of conditional probability, he also failed to give an adequate account of another central notion in probability theory: probabilistic independence. This paper defends Kolmogorov, with a focus on this independence charge. I show that Kolmogorov’s sophisticated theory of conditional distributions, advocated by authors such as Kenny Easwaran but often overlooked by philosophers, has the resources to define the notion of independence Fitelson and Hajek seek. I then argue that Kolmogorov’s original definition of independence, once suitably reinterpreted as capturing a slight logical weakening of this notion, is not so problematic after all. Indeed, rather than discarding Kolmogorov’s definition, we should make room for two distinct notions of probabilistic independence, one stronger and one weaker, which play different theoretical roles.
High pressure processing (HPP) improved safety and quality of emerging aronia berry juice: a pilot scale shelf-life study

The effect of high pressure processing (HPP, 600 MPa, 5 min) and thermal treatment (85 °C, 15 min) on aronia berry juice in a pilot scale was studied. The maximal shelf-life of treated samples at room temperature (RT, approximately 25 °C) or refrigerated storage (RS, 4 °C) was also investigated. Microbial counts, physicochemical properties, enzymes activities, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities of these juices were determined and compared. Results indicated that HPP treatment improved the microbial shelf-life of the aronia juice by at least 10-times at RT and 5-times at RS. Although thermal treatment was equally effective in extending the shelf-life, the high temperature resulted in a quicker degradation of polyphenols in aronia juice, which was decreased by 36.6% during RT storage (5 weeks) and 43.3% at RS storage (24 weeks). Therefore, HPP was more efficient in maintaining the safety and quality of aronia juice. The study also indicated HPP treated aronia juice could be stored at RT for at least one month that could be of benefit to the non-cold chain process which is targeting for a low-energy input while still retaining a minimal effect on the nutritional properties of food products.
Geospatial analysis of misinformation in COVID-19 related tweets

COVID-19 has emerged as a global pandemic caused by its highly transmissible nature during the incubation period. In the absence of vaccination, containment is seen as the best strategy to stop virus diffusion. However, public awareness has been adversely affected by discourses in social media that have downplayed the severity of the virus and disseminated false information. This article investigates COVID-19 related Twitter activity in May and June 2020 to examine the origin and nature of misinformation and its relationship with the COVID-19 incidence rate at the state and county level. A geodatabase of all geotagged COVID-19 related tweets was compiled. Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression was employed to examine the association between social media activity and the spatial variability of disease incidence. Findings suggest that MGWR could explain 80% of the COVID-19 incidence rate variations indicating a strong spatial relationship between social media activity and spread of the Covid-19 virus. Discourse analysis was conducted on tweets to index tweets downplaying the pandemic or disseminating misinformation. Findings indicate that sites of Twitter misinformation showed more resistance to pandemic management measures in May and June 2020 later experienced a rise in the number of cases in July.
Elements of Parameter Estimation

In Chapters II and III we have considered the design of optimum procedures for deciding between two possible statistical situations on the basis of a random observation Y. In many situations arising in practice we are interested not in making a choice between two (or among several) discrete situations, but rather in making a choice among a continuum of possible states of nature. In particular, as in the composite hypothesis testing problems discussed in Chapter II, we can think of a family of distributions on the observation space, indexed by a parameter or set of parameters. But unlike the case of composite hypothesis testing in which we wish to make a binary decision about the parameter, we wish here to determine as accurately as possible the actual value of the parameter from the observation.
LT Revisited: Explanation-Based Learning and the Logic of Principia Mathematica

This paper descibes an explanation-based learning (EBL) system based on a version of Newell, Shaw, and Simon's LOGIC-THEORIST (LT). Results of applying this system to propositional calculus problems from Principia Mathematica are compared with results of applying several other versions of the same performance element to these problems. The primary goal of this study is to characterize and analyze differences between non-learning, rote learning (LT's original learning method), and EBL. Another aim is to provide a characterization of the performance of a simple problem solver in the context of the Principia problems, in the hope that these problems can be used as a benchmark for testing improved learning methods, just as problems like chess and the eight puzzle have been used as benchmarks in research on search methods.
4-Hydr-oxy-3-meth-oxy-5-nitro-aceto-phenone (5-nitro-apocynin).

The title mol­ecule, C9H9NO5, is close to planar (r.m.s. deviation from the mean plane of the non-H atoms = 0.058 A). The OH group forms a bifurcated O—H⋯(O,O) hydrogen bond, with the intra­molecular component to a nitro O atom and the inter­molecular component to a keto O atom, the latter resulting in chains along [20\overline{1}]. A C—H⋯O inter­action reinforces the packing.
Widespread Non-Canonical Epigenetic Modifications in MMTV-NeuT Breast Cancer

Breast tumors in (FVB × BALB-NeuT) F1 mice have characteristic loss of chromosome 4 and sporadic loss or gain of other chromosomes. We employed the Illumina GoldenGate genotyping platform to quantitate loss of heterozygosity (LOH) across the genome of primary tumors, revealing strong biases favoring chromosome 4 alleles from the FVB parent. While allelic bias was not observed on other chromosomes, many tumors showed concerted LOH (C-LOH) of all alleles of one or the other parent on sporadic chromosomes, a pattern consistent with cytogenetic observations. Surprisingly, comparison of LOH in tumor samples relative to normal unaffected tissues from these animals revealed significant variegated (stochastic) deviations from heterozygosity (V-LOH) in every tumor genome. Sequence analysis showed expected changes in the allelic frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cases of C-LOH. However, no evidence of LOH due to mutations, small deletions, or gene conversion at the affected SNPs or surrounding DNA was found at loci with V-LOH. Postulating an epigenetic mechanism contributing to V-LOH, we tested whether methylation of template DNA impacts allele detection efficiency using synthetic oligonucleotide templates in an assay mimicking the GoldenGate genotyping format. Methylated templates were systematically over-scored, suggesting that the observed patterns of V-LOH may represent extensive epigenetic DNA modifications across the tumor genomes. As most of the SNPs queried do not contain standard (CpG) methylation targets, we propose that widespread, non-canonical DNA modifications occur during Her2/neuT-driven tumorigenesis.
A cautionary note regarding count models of alcohol consumption in randomized controlled trials

Alcohol consumption is commonly used as a primary outcome in randomized alcohol treatment studies. The distribution of alcohol consumption is highly skewed, particularly in subjects with alcohol dependence. In this paper, we will consider the use of count models for outcomes in a randomized clinical trial setting. These include the Poisson, over-dispersed Poisson, negative binomial, zero-inflated Poisson and zero-inflated negative binomial. We compare the Type-I error rate of these methods in a series of simulation studies of a randomized clinical trial, and apply the methods to the ASAP (Addressing the Spectrum of Alcohol Problems) trial. Standard Poisson models provide a poor fit for alcohol consumption data from our motivating example, and did not preserve Type-I error rates for the randomized group comparison when the true distribution was over-dispersed Poisson. For the ASAP trial, where the distribution of alcohol consumption featured extensive over-dispersion, there was little indication of significant randomization group differences, except when the standard Poisson model was fit. As with any analysis, it is important to choose appropriate statistical models. In simulation studies and in the motivating example, the standard Poisson was not robust when fit to over-dispersed count data, and did not maintain the appropriate Type-I error rate. To appropriately model alcohol consumption, more flexible count models should be routinely employed.
Host islands within the California Northern Channel Islands create fine-scale genetic structure in two sympatric species of the symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungus Rhizopogon.

We have examined fine-scale genetic structure of the symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi Rhizopogon occidentalis and R. vulgaris on two of the California Channel Islands using five and six microsatellite loci, respectively. Both Rhizopogon species are sympatric on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands and are ectomycorrhizal with bishop pine ( Pinus muricata ) on both islands or Santa Rosa Island Torrey pine ( P. torreyana ssp. insularis ) on Santa Rosa. The combination of disjunct pine host distributions and geographic barriers within and among the islands have created highly structured Rhizopogon populations over very short distances (8.5 km on Santa Cruz Island; F ST = 0.258, F ST = 0.056, R. occidentalis and R. vulgaris , respectively). Both species show similar patterns of genetic differentiation as a result of limited dispersal between host populations as revealed by a significant isolation by distance relationship ( r = 0.69, P < 0.04; r = 0.93, P < 0.001, R. occidentalis and R. vulgaris , respectively) and Bayesian clustering analyses, and is most likely a function of the small foraging range of the few mammals that disperse Rhizopogon on these islands and the enormous spore bank characteristic of Rhizopogon species.
Mass communication and public understanding of environmental problems: the case of global warming

Public understanding of global warming, also known as global climate change, is treated here as an example of a mass communication problem that has yet to be adequately solved. A survey of metropol...
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL (EP) EFFECTS OF D-SOTALOL ON HYPOXIG MYOCARDIUM

The EP effects of acute hypoxia (H) are probably responsible for many clinical arrhythmias (A) in children. Sotalol is a potent anti-A agent with classll (β-blocking) and ClassIII (Amiodarone-like) actions. Its D isomer (DS) should be devoid of β-blockade & be a pure ClassIII agent. We evaluated the cellular EP effects of DS on acutely hypoxic myocardium using rabbit atrial muscle and standard microelectrode techniques. Following control action potential (AP) recordings, tissues were exposed to 10−4M DS, acute H, or DS+H for 20 min. Continuous AP recordings showed no changes in maximum diastolic potential or Vmax from any intervention. The effects on AP amplitude (APA), AP duration (APD) at 50 and 90% repolarization and atrial effective refractory period (AERP) are shown (*p<0.05; +p<0.01): By prolonging AERP and APD proportionally, DS showed typical ClassIII activity. Its acute onset and lack of antiadrenergic effects provide significant advantages over Amiodarone. DS does not, however, alter the EP effects of acute H and may be of little benefit in treating A induced or exacerbated by H.
Comparing connected language elicitation procedures in persons with aphasia: Concurrent validation of the Story Retell Procedure

Background: The Story Retell Procedure (SRP) (Doyle et al., 1998) is a well‐described method for eliciting connected language samples in persons with aphasia (PWA). However, the stimuli and task demands of the SRP are fundamentally different from commonly employed picture description, narrative, and procedural description tasks reported in the aphasia literature. As such, the extent to which measures of linguistic performance derived from the SRP may be associated with those obtained from picture description, narrative, and procedural description tasks is unknown. This research was supported by VA Rehabilitation Research and Development Merit Review Project C3159R “Cognitive and linguistic mechanisms of language performance in aphasia” and the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center of the VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System. The authors gratefully acknowledge the generous participation of the volunteers for this study and the laboratory assistance of Jennifer Golovin and MaryBeth Ventura. Aims: To...
Few body XIII “conference summary”: Impressions of a spectator

Abstract This “summary” attempts to provide a synopsis of major themes of the conference. No attempt is made to summarize the wealth of detailed information presented at the conference and in these proceedings.
The Mutuality of Change and Personal Growth in Analytic Relations: Commentary on Paper by Lauren Levine

This discussion explores the ways in which the multiple roles that analysts assume in their training years and beyond (analyst, patient, supervisor, supervisee, student, and teacher) are complementary and mutually enhancing. I suggest that our patients' personal growth, expanded and enhanced sense of self, and healing of old wounds are integrally linked to our own. Our work with our patients informs our personal analytic work, which expands our work with patients, deepening our capacity for knowing ourselves and others, in a continuous mutually enriching loop of psychoanalytic exploration.
Human visual pattern recognition of medical images

The output of most medical imaging systems is a display for interpretation by human observers. This paper provides a general summary of recent work on shape recognition by humans. Two broad modes of visual image processing executed by different cortical loci can be distinguished: a) a mode for motor interaction which is sensitive to quantitative variation in image parameters and b) a mode for basic-level object recognition which is based on a small set of qualitative contrasts in viewpoint invariant properties of images edges. Many medical image classifications pose inherently difficult problems for the recognition system in that they are based on quantitative and surface patch variations--rather than qualitative--variations. But when recognition can be achieved quickly and accurately it is possible that a small viewpoint invariant contrast has been discovered and is being exploited by the interpreter.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of loading-path on the evolution of yield surface for anisotropic metals subjected to large pre-strain

Abstract A theory of plasticity previously formulated by the author to discuss the free-end torsion problem has been extended to the more general case of combined axial-torsion of a thin-walled tube. This paper is devoted to the discussion of evolution of the yield surface due to different (proportional and non-proportional) loading paths with pre-strains in the large strain range. Experimental yield surfaces with axial and torsion pre-strains of magnitudes up to 40 and 45%, respectively, are presented, and theoretical results are compared with the experimental data.
An empirical evaluation of communication effectiveness in autonomous reactive multiagent systems

This paper describes an experiment designed to measure the effect of collaborative communication on task performance of a multiagent system. A simulation of a multiagent environment modeled after a bee colony examined the effects of collaboration through communication for various numbers of agents and environment sizes. Results show that collaboration enables a smaller number of agents to perform as well as a significantly larger number of agents without coordination. In particular, results indicate that the biologically inspired communication model of the bee is a particularly effective method of agent communication and collaboration.
A Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS) for the Atlantic Basin

Abstract A statistical model for predicting intensity changes of Atlantic tropical cyclones at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h is described. The model was developed using a standard multiple regression technique with climatological, persistence, and synoptic predictors. The model developmental sample includes all of the named Atlantic tropical cyclones from 1989 to 1992, with a few additional cases from 1982 to 1988. The sample includes only the times when the storms were over the ocean. The four primary predictors are 1) the difference between the current storm intensity and an estimate of the maximum possible intensity determined from the sea surface temperature, 2) the vertical shear of the horizontal wind, 3) persistence, and 4) the flux convergence of eddy angular momentum evaluated at 200 mb. The sea surface temperature and vertical shear variables are averaged along the track of the storm during the forecast period. The sea surface temperatures along the storm track are determined from monthly climatologi...
Comparison of multiple assays for detecting human antibodies directed against surface antigens on normal and malignant human tissue culture cells.

Abstract Four separate assays of human antibody reactivity to four separate normal and malignant human tissue culture cell lines from two patients have been evaluated using a single highly-reactive allogeneic serum. The visual end-point cytolysis assay and the 51Chromium release assay were equally sensitive in measuring complement mediated antibody cytotoxicity and both were far more sensitive than a trypan blue dye exclusion assay. The assay of antibody reactivity by hemadsorption technique was about 10 times more sensitive than any of the cytotoxicity assays. This latter assay measures only IgG antibody however. These assays showed that cell lines from different patients may differ greatly in ‘reactivity’ to an allogeneic serum and emphasized the importance of utilizing tumor and normal cells from the same patient when using tissue culture cells to search for tumor specific reactivity. These observations emphasize the importance of utilizing multiple assays against paired normal and malignant cells from the same patient to be certain of the specificity and magnitude of the measured antibody.
Superconductivity, gapless state and isotope effect in the cuprates

Abstract The removal of oxygen from YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x has a profound impact on various properties of this compound. The model of induced two gap superconductivity that we developed previously allows us to describe these properties. For example, for compositions between 0 c remains relatively constant, because it is determined mostly by the properties of the planes. We find from specific heat measurements that the electron-phonon coupling on the planes is sufficient to account for the high T c in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x . Furthermore we can explain the unusual doping dependence of the isotope shift to effects of non-adiabaticity of oxygen motion in these compounds.
Achievement motivation and intraindividual affective variability during competence pursuits: A round of golf as a multilevel data structure

Abstract Competence pursuits can create an emotional roller-coaster for performers but little is known about how affect, thoughts, or behaviors vary over time during such pursuits. This study applied achievement motivation theory to predict intraindividual variability in affect, goals, and performance during a round of golf. In general terms, results indicated that golfers’ mood influenced the strength of achievement goals; however, neither affect nor goals predicted performance for a given hole. Performance, mastery-based goals, avoidance goals, and fear of failure were linked to affective changes from the beginning to end of a hole. These results illustrate how individual differences in achievement motivation are a part of an integrated system of affect, cognition, and behavior during competence pursuits.
Implementing athletic trainers for the management of cheerleading injuries

Cheerleading used to be about standing on the sidelines waving pom-poms. Now, cheerleaders are thrown 10 feet in the air and perform high-level gymnastics skills. For this reason, cheerleading has become the leading cause of catastrophic sport injuries in the United States. Football, which is one of the most dangerous sports, has abundant access to medical personnel, and efforts are made to make the sport safer for athletes; this is not the case for cheerleading, despite its high injury rate. This article demonstrates why the lack of access to medical personnel has increased the risks, and how athletic trainers can have a positive effect on preventing and managing injuries in cheerleading by reducing the risks at practices, games, and competitions.
Repair of aortic arch coarctation and innominate artery aneurysm with branched Dacron graft.

Aortic arch coarctations that persist into adult life are very rare. Aortic arch repairs requiring complete exclusion of aortic tissue have required separate implantation of the great vessels directly into the main graft or, more commonly, fabrication by the surgeon of a branched graft before the repair. The recent availability of prefabricated branched Dacron grafts greatly facilitates these unusual operations. We report a unique case of aortic arch coarctation and innominate artery aneurysm associated with severe mitral insufficiency that was successfully treated with branched Dacron graft arch repair and mitral annuloplasty.
In vivo veritas: the surprising roles of Fc receptors in immunity

Jeffrey Ravetch describes how he came to identify the in vivo function of the once mysterious Fc receptors.
Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) versus Balloon-occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration (BRTO) for the Management of Gastric Varices

Variceal bleeding is one of the major complications of portal hypertension. Gastric variceal bleeding is less common than esophageal variceal bleeding; however, it is associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate and its management is largely uncharted due to a relatively less-established literature. In the West (United States and Europe), the primary school of management is to decompress the portal circulation utilizing the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). In the East (Japan and South Korea), the primary school of management is to address the gastric varices (GVs) specifically by sclerosing them utilizing the balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO) procedure. The concept (1970s), evolution, and development (1980s-1990s) of both procedures run parallel to one another; neither is newer than the other is. The difference is that one was adopted mostly by the East (BRTO), while the other has been adopted mostly by the West (TIPS). TIPS is effective in emergently controlling bleeding for GVs even though the commonly referenced studies about managing GVs with TIPS are studies with TIPS created by bare stents. However, the results have improved with the use of stent grafts for creating TIPS. Nevertheless, TIPS cannot be tolerated by patients with poor hepatic reserve. BRTO is equally effective in controlling bleeding GVs as well as significantly reducing the GV rebleed rate. But the resultant diversion of blood flow into the portal circulation, and in turn the liver, increases the risk of developing esophageal varices and ectopic varices with their potential to bleed. Unlike TIPS, the blood diversion that occurs after BRTO improves, if not preserves, hepatic function for 6-9 months post-BRTO. The authors discuss the detailed results and critique the literature, which has evaluated and remarked on both procedures. Future research prospects and speculation as to the ideal patients for each procedure are discussed.
A Mechanistic Model of Early FcεRI Signaling: Lipid Rafts and the Question of Protection from Dephosphorylation

We present a model of the early events in mast cell signaling mediated by FceRI where the plasma membrane is composed of many small ordered lipid domains (rafts), surrounded by a non-order region of lipids consisting of the remaining plasma membrane. The model treats the rafts as transient structures that constantly form and breakup, but that maintain a fixed average number per cell. The rafts have a high propensity for harboring Lyn kinase, aggregated, but not unaggregated receptors, and the linker for the activation of T cells (LAT). Phosphatase activity in the rafts is substantially reduced compared to the nonraft region. We use the model to analyze published experiments on the rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 cell line that seem to contradict the notion that rafts offer protection. In these experiments IgE was cross-linked with a multivalent antigen and then excess monovalent hapten was added to break-up cross-links. The dephosphorylation of the unaggregated receptor (nonraft associated) and of LAT (raft associated) were then monitored in time and found to decay at similar rates, leading to the conclusion that rafts offer no protection from dephosphorylation. In the model, because the rafts are transient, a protein that is protected while in a raft will be subject to dephosphorylation when the raft breaks up and the protein finds itself in the nonraft region of the membrane. We show that the model is consistent with the receptor and LAT dephosphorylation experiments while still allowing rafts to enhance signaling by providing substantial protection from phosphatases.
Correlation of paleointensity variation records in the Brunhes/Matuyama polarity transition interval

Abstract Paleomagnetic records of the 0.78 Ma Brunhes/Matuyama (B/M) polarity reversal interval described from high resolution (8–11 cm/kyr) deep-sea sediments from western equatorial Pacific ODP Sites 767B and 769A show two successive and marked decreases in paleointensity, of about 15 kyr wavelength each, and a shift from full reversed to fuli normal polarity directions in only ∼ 2 kyr, associated with the uppermost paleointensity decrease. In contrast, transition records from deep-sea sediments with lower sedimentation rates tend to show simpler paleointensity variation with more complex patterns of directional change; for example, the B/M transition record described from deep-sea sediment core V16–58 from the southern Indian Ocean. We suggest that the twin 10 Be peaks reported in V16–58 correspond to increased production of this cosmogenic isotope, associated with the double paleointensity dips recorded in ODP 767B/769A,. The low-resolution V16–58 paleomagnetic record can be accounted for by modeling of the geomagnetic field history in ODP 767B at a nominal recording rate of 1 cm/kyr and using an exponential lock-in process filter with a half fixing depth of 16 cm. The double paleointensity dips become a single, broad magnetization low and the change in paleomagnetic directions is offset by about 16 cm below the actual level of the polarity transition, similar to what we infer for V16–58. The low resultant magnetizations will be especially prone to overprinting, which, if in the present field, will tend to give an Americas VGP path. The main features of the 10 Be profile will be unaffected by the remanence lock-in process and, consequently, retain their usefulness for correlation as a proxy of geomagnetic dipole intensity variation.
Cell Squeezing as a Robust, Microfluidic Intracellular Delivery Platform

Rapid mechanical deformation of cells has emerged as a promising, vector-free method for intracellular delivery of macromolecules and nanomaterials. This technology has shown potential in addressing previously challenging applications; including, delivery to primary immune cells, cell reprogramming, carbon nanotube, and quantum dot delivery. This vector-free microfluidic platform relies on mechanical disruption of the cell membrane to facilitate cytosolic delivery of the target material. Herein, we describe the detailed method of use for these microfluidic devices including, device assembly, cell preparation, and system operation. This delivery approach requires a brief optimization of device type and operating conditions for previously unreported applications. The provided instructions are generalizable to most cell types and delivery materials as this system does not require specialized buffers or chemical modification/conjugation steps. This work also provides recommendations on how to improve device performance and trouble-shoot potential issues related to clogging, low delivery efficiencies, and cell viability.
On normality and conjugate points for the optimal control problem

The Moore-Penrose generalized inverse is employed in the problem of Lagrange to obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for normality, sufficient conditions for the nonexistence of conjugate points and sufficient conditions for nonnegativity of the second variation.
Parent feedback conferences: An opportunity to intervene?

School personnel and parents refer youth for psychoeducational evaluations for various reasons. At times, the data do not indicate difficulties that necessitate any level of special education services. That should not mean that the school psychologist's work is complete. Given that evaluation data can indicate a wide variety of issues, including ones that are indirectly related to the referral question, it seems appropriate for the school psychologist to be able to offer expertise on these related issues. In this article, a role for the school psychologist as an individual who could offer targeted intervention in a brief meeting is discussed. Some behavioral, affective, and interpersonal concerns of children and their families might be addressed in this manner, and of course, could be followed up or revisited readily. Cognitive and behavioral interventions are particularly suitable for this purpose. Thus, the school psychologist is in a unique position to provide assistance, which may be akin to single-session psychotherapy. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Line congruences as surfaces in the space of lines

Abstract The space of lines in R3 can be viewed as a four dimensional homogeneous space of the group of Euclidean motions, E(3). Line congruences arise in the classical method of transforming one surface to another by lines. These transformations are particularly interesting if some geometric property of the original surface is preserved. Line congruences, then, are two parameter families of lines and can be studied as surfaces in the space of lines. In this paper, we use the method of moving frames to study line congruences. We calculate the first order invariants of line congruences for which there are two real focal surfaces, and give the geometric meaning of these invariants. We look specifically at the case where the two first order invariants are constant and give a simple proof of Backlund's Theorem which relates to the transformation of one pseudospherical surface, a surface of constant negative Gaussian curvature, to another. These transformations are of interest since pseudospherical surfaces correspond to solutions to the sine-Gordon equation. We also give a proof of Bianchi's permutability theorem for pseudospherical surfaces in this context. Finally, we use the results of these theorems to generate some pseudospherical surfaces. All of these concepts and results are understood in terms of the structure equations of the line congruence.
Azeotropic distillation in a middle vessel batch column. 1. Model formulation and linear separation boundaries

A mathematical model for the middle vessel batch distillation column (MVC) is developed using the concept of warped time analysis and used to study the qualitative dynamics of the MVC when it is used to separate multicomponent azeotropic mixtures. A limiting analysis is then developed for a MVC with an infinite number of trays, operated under infinite reflux/reboil ratios, under the assumption of linear separation boundaries. It is determined that, under limiting conditions, the distillate product drawn from the MVC is given by the α limit set of the MVC still pot composition, while the bottoms product drawn from the MVC is given by the ω limit set of the MVC still pot composition. The net product composition is determined by taking a convex combination of the two products. The notions of steering the still pot composition, the vector cone of possible motion for the still pot composition, and the equivalency of the MVC to the combined operation of a batch rectifier and a stripper are also explored. The de...
The impact of distributions and disciplines on multiple processor systems

Simple queueing models are used to study the performance tradeoffs of multiple processor systems. Issues considered include the impact of CPU service disciplines and distributions, level of multiprogramming, multitasking, and job priorities.
Advanced generation peach-almond hybrids as seedling rootstocks for almond: first year growth and potential pollenizers for hybrid seed production

For decades, seedling peaches have been used as the standard rootstock in California almond orchards. Vigorous, deep rooted trees are needed in almond orchards for maximum yields and to withstand the annual tree-shaking at harvest. Currently, researchers are actively evaluating rootstocks for almonds in field trials and in various screening protocols. In this study, seedling rootstocks, obtained from male-sterile advanced generation peach-almond (PEAL) hybrid mother trees, were compared with ‘Nemaguard’ peach seedlings for emergence in the nursery row, trunk caliper at propagation time, and end of season dormant above ground tree weight. Seedling emergence was affected significantly (P ≤ 0.05) by seed source, as was trunk caliper and end of season dormant above ground tree weight. Trunk caliper and dormant above ground tree weight were also affected significantly (P ≤ 0.05) by planting year. Results obtained in this study demonstrate the enhanced first year growth from seedlings of advanced generation PEAL hybrids, as compared to ‘Nemaguard’ seedlings. Seedling emergence in the rootstock bed was not affected significantly by planting year. Advanced generation PEAL hybrid seedlings were ready for June-budding at an earlier date compared to ‘Nemaguard’ seedlings, providing the potential for larger-sized finished nursery stock by the end of the growing season. Due to the male-sterile status of the advanced generation PEAL mother trees, bloom periods of several root-knot nematode resistant rootstock cultivars were examined for their degree of synchronicity with the mother trees. The examined rootstocks and mother trees varied in both chill hour and post-chill heat requirements necessary to effect bloom. ‘Flordaguard’ peach rootstock began bloom in advance of the male-sterile mother trees, whereas the bloom period of ‘Tsukuba No. 4’ occurred well after, suggesting they would not be effective synchronous pollenizers for consistent hybrid seed production. Based on more limited flowering period data, better bloom synchronicity was achieved with a Tsukuba No. 4 X Flordaguard hybrid.
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Symptoms Improve Before Changes in Physical Findings

Background: Patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) undergoing treatment appear to have improvement in symptoms before the complete resolution of the laryngeal findings. Objective: To determine whether patients with LPR experience an improvement in symptoms before the complete resolution of the laryngeal findings. Methodology: Forty consecutive patients with LPR documented by double-probe pH monitoring were evaluated prospectively. Symptom response to therapy with proton pump inhibitors was assessed at 2, 4, and 6 months of treatment with a self-administered reflux symptom index (RSI). In addition, transnasal fiberoptic laryngoscopy (TFL) was performed and a reflux finding score (RFS) was determined for each patient at each visit. Results: The mean RSI at entry was 19.3 (± 8.9 standard deviation) and it improved to 13.9 (± 8.8) at 2 months of treatment (P <.05). No further significant improvement was noted at 4 months (13.1 ± 9.8) or 6 months (12.2 ± 8.1) of treatment. The RFS at entry was 11.5 (± 5.2), and it improved to 9.4 (± 4.7) at 2 months, 7.3 (± 5.5) at 4 months, and 6.1 (± 5.2) after 6 months of treatment (P <.05 with trend). Conclusions: Symptoms of LPR improve over 2 months of therapy. No significant improvement in symptoms occurs after 2 months. This preliminary report demonstrates that the physical findings of LPR resolve more slowly than the symptoms and this continues throughout at least 6 months of treatment. These data imply that the physical findings of LPR are not always associated with patient symptoms, and that treatment should continue for a minimum of 6 months or until complete resolution of the physical findings.
A gaming approach for ad-hoc secure routing in education

The general nature of ad hoc routing lends itself to be insecure since all the nodes in the network must rely on their peers for success. The existing DARS routing simulator currently only takes into account a perfect routing simulation environment. All the nodes in the network work cooperatively and there are no malicious nodes to cause degradation to the network infrastructure. This project aims to add those elements of security vulnerabilities to paint a better picture of what ad hoc networks face in a real world environment. The second goal of this project is to add gaming concepts to the simulator to privide a learning experience for computer science students.
A computational response to the C7 experimental challenge: low-energy C2v isomer

Abstract Recent experimental evidences of C7 cluster isomerism are supported by the second-order Moler—Plesset (MP2) perturbation treatment with the 6-31G* basis set. In addition to traditional linear structure, an elongated cyclic species of C2v symmetry represents another minimum energy structure located about 9 kJ/mol above the linear one (the MP4 energy separation in the MP2 geometry is 73 kJ/mol). Calculated structure and energetics is completed with harmonic vibrational analysis including isotope effects.
Formation and Characterization of Nano-sized RDX Particles Produced Using the RESS-AS Process

It has been shown that nano-sized particles of secondary explosives are less sensitive to impact and can alter the energetic performance of a propellant or explosive. In this work the Rapid Expansion of a Supercritical Solution into an Aqueous Solution (RESS-AS) process was used to produce nano-sized RDX (cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine) particles. When a saturated supercritical carbon dioxide/RDX solution was expanded into neat water, RDX particles produced from the RESS-AS process agglomerated quickly and coarsened through Ostwald ripening. However, if the pH level of the suspension was changed to 7, particles were metastably dispersed with a diameter of 30 nm. When the supercritical solution was expanded into air under the same pre-expansion conditions using the similar RESS process, RDX particles were agglomerated and had an average size of approximately 100 nm. Another advantage of using a liquid receiving solution is the possibility for coating energetic particles with a thin layer of polymer. Dispersed particles were formed by coating the RDX particles with the water soluble polymers polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or polyethylenimine (PEI) in the RESS-AS process. Both PVP and PEI were used because they have an affinity to the RDX surface. Small and well-dispersed particles were created for both cases with both PVP and PEI-coated RDX particles shown to be stable for a year afterward. Several benefits are expected from these small polymer coated RDX particles such as decreased sensitivity, controlled reactivity, and enhanced compatibility with other binders for fabrication of bulk-sized propellants and/or explosives.
Interaction Between a Linearly Polarized Electromagnetic Plane and a Double Spherical Shell

An exact solution inside, outside, and within two arbitrary concentric spherical shells is presented for an impinging monochromatic linearly polarized electromagnetic wave. Specifically, the solution was found for a double-shell spherical acrylic plastic enclosure irradiated with 2450-MHz microwaves. The enclosure is used as an environmentally controlled exposure chamber for experimental animals during microwave irradiation. The analysis shows that an air foamed material, such as styrofoam, would be a better material than either Plexiglas or Teflon, provided it is sufficiently durable.
MO-G-BRF-06: Radiotherapy and Prompt Oxygen Dynamics

Purpose: Adaptive radiotherapy requires a knowledge of the changing local tumor oxygen concentrations for times on the order of the treatment time, a time scale far shorter than cell death and proliferation. This knowledge will be needed to guide hypofractionated radiotherapy. Methods: A diffuse optical probe system was developed to spatially average over the whole interior of athymic Sprague Dawley nude mouse xenografts of human head and neck cancers. The blood volume and hemoglobin saturation was measured in real time. The quantities were measured with spectral fitting before and after 10 Gy of radiation is applied. An MRI BOLD scan is acquired before and after 10 Gy that measures regional changes in R2* which is inversely proportional to oxygen availability. Simulations were performed to fit the blood oxygen dynamics and infer changes in hypoxia within the tumor. Results: The optical probe measured nearly constant blood volume and a significant drop in hemoglobin saturation of about 30% after 10 Gy over the time scale of less than 30 minutes. The averaged R2* within the tumor volume increased by 15% after the 10 Gy dose, which is consistent with the optical results. The simulations and experiments support likely dynamic metabolic changes and/or fast vasoconstrictive signals are occurring that change the oxygen concentrations significantly, but not cell death or proliferation. Conclusion: Significant oxygen changes were observed to occur within 30 minutes, coinciding with the treatment time scale. This dynamic is very important for patient specific adaptive therapy. For hypofractionated therapy, the local instantaneous oxygen content is likely the most important variable to control. The invention of a bedside device for the purpose of measuring the instantaneous response to large radiation doses would be an important step to future improvements in outcome.
The mechanism of glucose-induced catecholamine stimulation.

Catecholamines are important hormones for maintaining homeostasis and may be secreted in response to several different stimuli. A report by Robertson and Porte in 1974 made the unexpected observation that acute administration of hypertonic glucose stimulates catecholamine secretion. Our study reassessed this observation by measuring individual catecholamines, explored its potential mechanism, and quantitated it relative to exercise and hypoglycemia-stimulated catecholamine secretion. We hypothesized that the mechanism of glucose-induced catecholamine secretion was related to an acute increase in plasma osmolality, which we tested with the nonmetabolizable hexose mannitol. In 56 studies, 14 normal adults underwent 4 partially randomized studies. The 4 study conditions consisted of the following: (1) rapid intravenous injection of 20 g of glucose; (2) rapid intravenous injection of 20 g of mannitol; (3) acute exercise (80 J/kg); and (4) insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Our results demonstrate that a significant increase in plasma catecholamine concentration occurs following each of the above stimuli, but its composition differs relative to the magnitude of epinephrine versus norepinephrine secretion. We conclude that the mechanism of glucose-induced catecholamine stimulation is the acute elevation in plasma osmolality induced by glucose, and that its stimulation is less than that which occurs following exercise for norepinephrine and less than that which occurs following hypoglycemia for epinephrine.