cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of microstructure on retained austenite and residual stress changes under rolling contact fatigue in mixed lubrication conditions

Abstract The objective of this study was to understand how the near-surface microstructures of bearings are able to resist surface-initiated damage under rolling contact and mixed lubrication conditions. In the study, rolling elements were subjected to case-carburizing treatments to generate different microstructures containing from 20% to 30% retained austenite. The rolling elements, which developed either fine or coarse martensitic microstructures as a result of the heat treatment, were then subjected to rolling contact fatigue (RCF) tests. Those elements with a fine microstructure had nearly three times the life of those with a coarse microstructure. Retained austenite and residual stress were measured both before and after RCF at different depths below the contact surfaces. In both types of microstructure, rolling contact-induced plastic deformation tended to significantly decrease the near-surface retained austenite content. Rolling contact also tended to produce an increase in compressive residual stresses in the subsurface fine microstructure. In contrast, the residual stress state in the coarse microstructure was changed by RCF from compressive to tensile. Such differences in the residual stress and amount of retained austenite in the microstructure clearly affected the elements’ RCF life.
Strain measurement on the surface of diametrically loaded acrylic sphere with a distributed fiber optic sensor (Conference Presentation)

In this study, a method for the deployment of a distributed fiber optic sensor on a spherical object is proposed. The optical cable was wrapped around a 114.3 mm diameter acrylic ball in a spiral formation. Two different loops were placed and fixed to the surface with either superglue or epoxy. The ball was loaded axially in a load frame and the tangential strain was measured using pulse pre-pump Brillouin optical time domain analysis (PPP-BOTDA). This data was compared with a numerical model and the suitability of this deployment scheme is discussed. Attempt will be made to correlate their notable difference with the curvature and installation procedure. Overall, the spiral shape allows for a predictable location of the fiber and both the epoxy and superglue maintain the required bond strength for strain transfer to the fiber. Although this study focuses on the effects of axial load, this deployment methodology can be used in other structural health monitoring applications such as spherical pressure vessels or other curved objects.
Seated pressures in daily wheelchair and sports equipment: investigating the protective effects of cushioned shorts.

Study design The primary study design was a pretest and posttest study performed in a single session with subjects as their own control. We summarize three integrated and sequential studies. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate whether commercially available cushioned shorts would add skin protection when used in adaptive sports equipment (AE). Setting Community in Tacoma Washington, USA. Methods TekScan Pressure Mapping System for recording average (AP) and peak (PP) seating pressures.Part 1. Pretest/posttest design, subjects as own control. Eight adults with SCI (C5-T6) mapped in daily wheelchair and AE with and without bicycle shorts.Part 2. Sixteen able-bodied subjects were mapped with and without an impact short and full-coverage short in a hand-cycle.Part 3. One individual with T5 SCI was mapped with and without a full-coverage short in personal basketball chair and mountain hand-cycle. Results Part 1. Significant differences between the daily wheelchair and AE in the static condition for AP and PP and AP in the dynamic condition. Bicycle shorts showed no significance.Part 2. Impact shorts increased static PP and AP. The full-coverage short decreased static AP.Part 3. The full-coverage short increased AP and PP in the basketball chair. In the mountain hand-cycle, AP decreased but PP increased. Conclusion Athletes who are static in their AE may be at greater risk of tissue breakdown than those actively playing. Cushioned shorts had highly variable effects on seated pressure in adaptive equipment. Pressure mapping is recommended prior to using any cushioning in AE by the SCI population.
Melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptor expression in Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND Idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) is a multi-system disorder with a multifactorial etiology and diverse clinical phenotype. Selective, regional dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra and other CNS areas including the amygdala are observed in all patients. Apoptotic mechanisms resulting from oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. Although the role of melatonin, a potent endogenous antioxidant, has been highlighted in PD there is no data on the expression of melatonin receptors in affected CNS regions. MATERIAL/METHODS We conducted an RT-PCR-based study to determine the MT1 and MT2 receptors expression in whole brain post-mortem tissue from the amygdala and substantia nigra of well-characterized PD and control subjects. RESULTS PD cases showed a statistically significant decrease of MT1 receptor expression in both substantia nigra (FC=5.11; p<0.05) and the amygdala (FC=3.11; p<0.001) versus normal controls. The expression of MT2 receptor expression was also decreased in both substantia nigra (FC=3.90; p<0.0001) and the amygdala (FC=1.91; p<0.001) versus normal controls. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate a down-regulation of melatonin receptors in regions affected by PD, suggesting their possible involvement in the disease process. Future studies are needed to elucidate the role of melatonin and its receptors in the treatment/pathogenesis of PD.
Technical Pearls of Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgery

Surgery on the morbidly obese presents many challenges. Problematically, except for its extremes, weight or body mass index (BMI) alone does not predict the challenges that lie ahead in any bariatric procedure. Since the inception of laparoscopic bariatric surgery in 1993 all of the modern bariatric procedures have been performed laparoscopically with some modifications based on the limitations of the existing stapling equipment. The path, however, has not been without pitfalls for many surgeons. The learning curve has been steep, particularly for procedures that involve gastrointestinal tract reconstruction such as the laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGBP) or the biliopancreatic diversion/duodenal switch (BPD/DS) procedure. In the case of the LGB, Schauer et al. (1,2) have reported the learning curve to be as high as 100 cases. In the case of adjustable gastric banding, the technical challenges may lie less in the procedure and more in the details of band adjustment in the postoperative period. This chapter addresses some of the techniques used in bariatric surgery that facilitate the routine case as well as those that can be used to facilitate more challenging cases.
Earth Resource Management, a New Graduate Degree at the University of Utah

Earth’s resources can be considered in three categories: captured or reusable—sun, wind, rain, tides, etc.; nurtured or renewable—ecosystems, including soils, plants, animals, etc.; and extracted—mineral deposits, including oil and gas. All three types of resources are used by humans for sustenance and for improvement of the quality of life. Increasing human population and the continuing extraction of depletable resources may lead to shortages of key commodities, unbalanced markets with wide price swings, and economic depression in areas where those resources are depleted. In addition, some resources may be used or extracted without adequate consideration of the influence of that use on other resources. Until recently, all of the earth’s resources were treated as infinite, and the use of those resources proceeded accordingly. In particular, mineral resources were often “high graded” with little thought of the resultant influences on other resources. For true sustainability, an integrated, holistic approach to resource usage must be developed and implemented. That approach will necessarily incorporate the knowledge and methods of the sciences, engineering, business, law, and humanities, and will include five important components: people, resources, innovation, cooperation, and leadership. At the University of Utah, the College of Mines and Earth Sciences is preparing to offer a master’s degree in Earth Resource Management. This course of study will be one of the options in the accredited Professional Management of Science and Technology program, administered by the University’s Graduate School. It is designed to prepare professionals competent in all of the aspects of sustainable resource management.
Telemonitoring to Manage Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Systematic Literature Review.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death throughout the world. Telemedicine has been utilized for many diseases and its prevalence is increasing in the United States. Telemonitoring of patients with COPD has the potential to help patients manage disease and predict exacerbations. Objective: The objective of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of telemonitoring to manage COPD. Researchers want to determine how telemonitoring has been used to observe COPD and we are hoping this will lead to more research in telemonitoring of this disease. Methods: This review was conducted in accordance with the Assessment for Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Authors performed a systematic review of the PubMed and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases to obtain relevant articles. Articles were then accepted or rejected by group consensus. Each article was read and authors identified barriers and facilitators to effectiveness of telemonitoring of COPD. Results: Results indicate that conflicting information exists for the effectiveness of telemonitoring of patients with COPD. Primarily, 13 out of 29 (45%) articles stated that patient outcomes were improved overall with telemonitoring, while 11 of 29 (38%) indicated no improvement. Authors identified the following facilitators: reduced need for in-person visits, better disease management, and bolstered patient-provider relationship. Important barriers included low-quality data, increased workload for providers, and cost. Conclusions: The high variability between the articles and the ways they provided telemonitoring services created conflicting results from the literature review. Future research should emphasize standardization of telemonitoring services and predictability of exacerbations.
Identification of Spatio-Temporal Patterns in Cyber Security for Detecting the Signature Identity of Hacker

The internet communication infrastructure built using various advanced network topologies impact critical dynamics in current revenue, societal, and military activities. However, these hi-tech infrastructures are facing overwhelmingly severe cyber-security threats on the global scale. The existing theoretical works focuses on understanding the complex topologies of the Internet and applying counter measures after large scale failures, but constantly were overlooking that there could be any existence of intrinsic patterns of cyberattacks, not only in temporal frequencies but also in consecutive IP region referred to as geo-spatial coordinates (also referred as Spatio). Previous literature favors non-existent of such patterns due to the complexity and large span of the cyberspace. Surprisingly, through a detailed analysis of spatiotemporal large datasets, we theoretically would be able to uncover intrinsic “spatiotemporal patterns” in the underlying cyberattacks. These above patterns can uncover the hacker's attack “fingerprints” and target selection scheme by identifying the very limited pattern of unique spatiotemporal characteristics over the consecutive IP addresses. We will provide the proof-of-concept and further extend the work towards experimentation with cyber security data.
Identifying and Developing Open Educational Resources (OER) for Your Class

BRIEF SESSION DESCRIPTION:Open Educational Resources (OERs) include materials for teaching, learning, and research that may be freely used and repurposed by others, because they reside in the public domain or have been released under an intellectual property license (such as Creative Commons) that permits their use and reuse. In this session, youA¢â¬â¢ll hear from participants in the OER Faculty Learning Community (FLC)AÂ on what works in incorporating OERs in online and face-to-face classrooms as well as lessons learned on how to develop and publish their own materials. Participants will also learn about opportunities to identify and adopt open textbooks as a replacement to higher cost textbooks. AÂ By the end of this session, participants will be able to: use the Mason OER Metafinder and other sources to identify OERs; explain what Creative Commons licenses are and how to use them; outline the first steps in implementing OERs in your classroom; and describe how to publish their own textbook or other materials.______________________________________________________________FULL ABTRACT:The high costs of textbooks have led universities including Mason to advance the adoption of Open Educational Resources (OERs) to reduce the cost of instruction for students. As faculty incorporate OERs into their classrooms, they have also discovered the potential of OERs to improve teaching and learning outcomes, and increase student engagement with the materials. OERs include materials for teaching, learning, and research that may be freely used and repurposed by others, because they reside in the public domain or have been released under an intellectual property license (such as Creative Commons) that permits their use and reuse.AÂ This session will provide some of the lessons learned in the OER Faculty Learning Community (OER FLC). YouA¢â¬â¢ll hear from participants on what works in incorporating OERs in online and face-to-face classrooms as well as lessons on how to develop and publish their own materials. Participants will also learn about opportunities to identify and adopt open textbooks as a replacement to higher cost textbooks.AÂ By the end of this session, participants will be able to:A¢â¬Â¢Use the Mason OER Metafinder and other sources to identify OERsAÂ A¢â¬Â¢Understand Creative Commons licensesA¢â¬Â¢Outline the first steps in implementing OERs in your classroomAÂ A¢â¬Â¢Learn about opportunities to publish your own textbook or other materials
Aliphatic Radical Relay Heck Reaction at Unactivated C(sp 3 )−H Sites of Alcohols

The Mizoroki-Heck reaction is one of the most efficient methods for alkenylation of aryl, vinyl, and alkyl halides. Given its innate nature, this protocol requires the employment of compounds possessing a halogen atom at the site of functionalization. However, the accessibility of organic molecules possessing a halogen atom at a particular site in aliphatic systems is extremely limited. Thus, a protocol that allows a Heck reaction to occur at a specific nonfunctionalized C(sp3 )-H site is desirable. Reported here is a radical relay Heck reaction which allows selective remote alkenylation of aliphatic alcohols at unactivated β-, γ-, and δ-C(sp3 )-H sites. The use of an easily installed/removed Si-based auxiliary enables selective I-atom/radical translocation events at remote C-H sites followed by the Heck reaction. Notably, the reaction proceeds smoothly under mild visible-light-mediated conditions at room temperature, producing highly modifiable and valuable alkenol products from readily available alcohols feedstocks.
Temporal trends in cognitive function of older US adults associated with population changes in demographic and cardiovascular profiles.

Background Recent estimates suggest that dementia incidence is decreasing in the US possibly due to better management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, but these studies lack repeated cross-sectional assessment among a representative US sample. Our objective was to assess temporal trends in cognitive performance in relation to CVD risk factors among older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) participants. Methods We used repeated cross-sectional assessment of 5711 participants ≥60 years of age from four NHANES cycles: 1999–2000, 2001–2002, 2011–2012 and 2013–2014. Cognitive function was assessed during each cycle with the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). We estimated mean DSST score at each cycle and annual trend in DSST before and after adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking status, blood pressure, glucose status and body mass index. Results DSST scores was significantly higher for 2011–2012 (difference: 6.7, 95% CI 4.4 to 9.0) and 2013–2014 (difference: 6.2, 95% CI 4.0 to 8.5), but not 2001–2002 (difference: 2.3, 95% CI −0.01 to 4.6) as compared with 1999–2000 before adjustment. We observed a linear trend for higher annual DSST score before adjustment (DSST/year: 0.44, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.57) and after adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, educational attainment and CVD risk factors (DSST/year: 0.17, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.26). Educational attainment was most strongly associated with the attenuation in the trend in cognitive function (77% of trend attenuation and 20% of variance in DSST). Conclusion Cognitive function is improving over time for US adults aged ≥60 years. These improvements are strongly associated with greater educational attainment and irrespective of the changing US demographic and cardiovascular health profiles.
An update on dimensions of consciousness

Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that "binding" of the senses to produce a combined sensory experience is made possible by the allocation of each sense to its own dimension.
Electrophoretic exclusion microscale sample preparation for cryo-EM structural determination of proteins.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of biological samples has a long history and has provided many important insights into fundamental processes and diseases. While great strides have been made in EM data collection and data processing, sample preparation is still performed using decades-old techniques. Those sample preparation methods rely on extensive macroscale purification and concentration to achieve homogeneity suitable for high-resolution analyses. Noting that relatively few bioparticles are needed to generate high-quality protein structures, this work uses microfluidics that can accurately and precisely manipulate and deliver bioparticles to grids for imaging. The use of microfluidics enables isolation, purification, and concentration of specific target proteins at these small scales and does so in a relatively short period of time (minutes). These capabilities enable imaging of more dilute solutions and obtaining pure protein images from mixtures. In this system, spatially isolated, purified, and concentrated proteins are transferred directly onto electron microscopy grids for imaging. The processing enables imaging of more dilute solutions, as low as 5 × 10−6 g/ml, with small total amounts of protein (<400 pg, 900 amol). These levels may be achieved with mixtures and, as proof-of-principle, imaging of one protein from a mixture of two proteins is demonstrated.Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of biological samples has a long history and has provided many important insights into fundamental processes and diseases. While great strides have been made in EM data collection and data processing, sample preparation is still performed using decades-old techniques. Those sample preparation methods rely on extensive macroscale purification and concentration to achieve homogeneity suitable for high-resolution analyses. Noting that relatively few bioparticles are needed to generate high-quality protein structures, this work uses microfluidics that can accurately and precisely manipulate and deliver bioparticles to grids for imaging. The use of microfluidics enables isolation, purification, and concentration of specific target proteins at these small scales and does so in a relatively short period of time (minutes). These capabilities enable imaging of more dilute solutions and obtaining pure protein images from mixtures. In this system, spatially isolated, purified, ...
Copper Status and Cadmium Administration: Effects on Zinc Distribution, Metallothionein, and Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Liver

In part, this work focuses on the extent to which cadmium intoxication can modulate SOD and MT levels when dietary copper is limiting. Although the ability of cadmium to stimulate SOD activity directly or cause the induction of MT have been described (1–3), less is known about temporal and dietary interrelationships (e.g., copper deficiency) that may influence responses when cadmium is administered.
Differences Between School-Aged Children with Apraxia of Speech and Other Speech Sound Disorders on Multisyllable Repetition.

Purpose The aim of the study was to evaluate whether features of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) identified in previous literature could be replicated in a sample of school-age children. Method A...
Topology optimization of structural systems based on a nonlinear beam finite element model

A method for the topology optimization of structures composed of nonlinear beam elements based on a hysteretic finite element modeling approach is presented. In the context of the optimal design of structures composed of truss or beam elements, studies reported in the literature have mostly considered linear elastic material behavior. However, certain applications require consideration of the nonlinear response of the structural system to the given external forces. Particular to the methodology suggested in this paper is a hysteretic beam finite element model in which the inelastic deformations are governed by principles of mechanics in conjunction with first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The nonlinear ordinary differential equations determine the onset of inelastic deformations and the approximation of the signum function in the differential equation with the hyperbolic tangent function permits the derivation of analytical sensitivities. The objective of the optimization problem is to minimize the volume of the system such that a system-level displacement satisfies a specified constraint value. This design problem is analogous to that of seismic design where inelastic deformations are permitted, yet sufficient stiffness is required to limit the overall displacement of the system to a specified threshold. The utility of the method is demonstrated through numerical examples for the design of two structural frames and a comparison with the solution from the topology optimization assuming linear elastic material behavior. The comparisons show that the nonlinear design is either comprised of a lower volume for a given level of performance, or offers better performance for a given volume in comparison with optimized linear design.
The Genetic Basis of Addiction

Addiction is a complex disease infl uenced by genetic, environmental, developmental, and social factors. Once viewed as a moral weakness in character, substance use disorders are now defi ned as maladaptive patterns of substance use leading to inability to control use despite signifi cant consequences in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) [ 1 ]. Family, adoption, and twin studies support the importance of biologic factors and prompted the search for an inherited link. Because addiction is a heterogeneous and complex disorder without a clear Mendelian pattern, identifi cation of specifi c genes has proved challenging.
Observed progression from melanosis with melanocyte hyperplasia to sinonasal melanoma with distant metastasis and a unique genetic rearrangement.

Melanosis, clinically presenting as a benign macular hyperpigmentation, consists of increased pigmentation (melanotic or melanocytic) either in the mucosal epithelial cells or as subepithelial pigment-laden macrophages. On the other hand, primary sinonasal mucosal melanoma (SNMM) is a rare disease with poor prognosis and high rates of local recurrence and metastasis. We report follow-up on a previously presented case of a 53-year-old man with recurrent clinical melanosis that progressed from histopathological melanocytic hyperplasia to melanoma in situ over a period of 4.8 years (Yao et al. Allergy Rhinol (Providence), 2016;7(3):164-167). The patient experienced multiple recurrences and local spread despite multiple extensive surgeries. We now report that this patient ultimately developed bilateral invasive SNMM and died with metastatic melanoma. Molecular analysis of the invasive melanoma revealed ALK rearrangement, specifically an EML4-ALK fusion, which represents the first report of this particular genetic variant in mucosal melanoma.
Are All Academic Entrepreneurs Created Alike? Evidence from Germany

Using data from a large survey of German researchers in public science and based on a formal structure, this paper examines determinants of academic entrepreneurship. The key contribution is to discern factors driving research-driven entrepreneurship versus overall academic entrepreneurship. The extant literature has almost exclusively focused on the latter and implicitly assumed academic entrepreneurs to commercialize their research. Results show that, despite some plausible similarities in the determinants, there are significant differences. In particular, while both entrepreneurship categories benefit from greater patent applications, more time spent on consulting by the researcher and from participation in European conferences, research leaders and engineering science disciplines are more likely to lead to research-driven entrepreneurs. However, the positive influences of university employment (compared with being employed at a public research organization) on overall academic entrepreneurship fail to show up in research-driven entrepreneurship. One implication is that universities may be unduly patting themselves on the back -- they might yield more entrepreneurs, but not necessarily research-driven entrepreneurs.
COVID-19 Discrepancies Rising from Population Density Political Polarization Exacerbates Policy Gap

The Coronavirus pandemic severely impacted certain areas of the USA more than others. The data-driven decision making at every level at CDC will aid government decision makers to reallocate medical resources while planning recovery and reopening businesses in the United States. In this paper, we use a data visualization approach combined with current secondary research to measure which areas of the USA are most severely impacted by the Coronavirus pandemic. We propose a novel methodology that is implementable by medical organizations that use informatics depending on the data initiative at hand.
World Oil Market: Prices Have Stabilized

OPEC+ agreements aimed at cutting oil production have became a significant factor affecting world oil prices. Implementation of these agreements led to the rise of global oil prices to $60-70 per barrel. In early July OPEC+ decided to extend current restrictions on oil production for another nine months. On the back of growing oil production in the US and slowdown of the global economic growth this decision will be a stabilizing factor for the world oil market.
Initial tuberculous infectiondue to drug-resistant organisms

Summary A survey of pretreatment cultures in 2,500 children with primary tuberculosis from 7 pediatric chest clinics in the United States has revealed that, since the beginning of chemotherapy for tuberculosis, 7 children have been found to be infected initially with isoniazid-resistant tubercle bacilli and 11 children have been found to be infected initially with streptomycin-resistant organisms. The literature on tuberculous infection caused by isoniazid-resistant organisms is reviewed. The significance of such infections and the implications of these findings for future diagnostic and therapeutic management of tuberculosis are discussed.
Active zone stability: insights from fly neuromuscular junction

The presynaptic active zone is a dynamic structure that orchestrates regulated release of neurotransmitters. Developmental and aging processes, and changes in neuronal network activity can all modulate the number, size and composition of active zone and thereby synaptic efficacy. However, very little is known about the mechanism that controls the structural stability of active zone. By studying a model synapse, the Drosophila neuromuscular junction, our recent work shed light on how two scaffolding proteins at the active zone regulate active zone stability by promoting a localized dephosphorylation event at the nerve terminal. Here we discuss the major insights from our findings and their implications for future research.
Resident memory CD8 T cells are master orchestrators of protective innate and adaptive immune responses (MUC7P.765)

CD8 T cells eliminate intracellular infections through direct cytolysis, making them ideal candidates for vaccine design. Recent studies have shown that resident memory CD8 (TRM) are critical in mediating early local pathogen clearance after re-infection. However, given the numerical paucity of CD8 TRM relative to the total number of potential target cells, it is unclear how CD8 TRM could rapidly clear pathogen strictly through direct cytolysis. We therefore hypothesized that T cell activation precipitated local polyfunctional cytokines, which were important mediators of protection after local re-infection. Here, we demonstrate that after local antigen re-encounter, CD8 TRM reactivation within the female reproductive tract (FRT) elicited secretion of multiple cytokines, which induce rapid functional changes in multiple leukocytes. During this recall response, local secretion of IL-2 and IL-15 upregulated granzyme B in local lymphocytes, TNFα matured tissue dendritic cells, and IFNγ recruited circulating memory CD8 T cells and B cells to the FRT. Thus, CD8 TRM cells employ multiple polyfunctional cytokines to orchestrate diverse and parallel responses to infection, modulating both circulating and local leukocytes. Future studies will continue to dissect apart the diverse mechanisms CD8 TRM use to clear pathogen. Vaccines should therefore aim to establish CD8 TRM cells for efficacious adaptive and innate immune responses to pathogen.
Separate and [Un]Equal: Housing Choice, Mobility, and Equalization in the Federally Subsidized Housing Program

The history of racial discrimination and inequality in the federally subsidized housing program is extensive and well-documented. For a number of years, commentators have sought to identify types of systemic housing discrimination and determine appropriate remedies for it. Advocates of two commonly discussed methods of remediation – spatial equality and housing-mobility programs – agree that any remedy must be creative, far-reaching, and responsive to the needs of the black community. In this Article, Professor Adams looks in detail at the specific kinds of harm wrought by pervasive housing discrimination and indicates the importance of identifying a unifying theme to these two very different approaches. In focusing upon housing choice as such a theme, Professor Adams argues that victims of systemic housing discrimination should have both the freedom to leave racially impacted areas and the freedom to remain in a majority-black, enriched environment. The Article explores both the theoretical rationales and the constitutional and statutory vehicles that might promote that choice.
NbZn - A μ-phase

A μ-phase was discovered in the NbZn system. Its lattice characteristics resemble those of the Nb19Fe20 μ-phase. The lattice constants of the unit cell are a = 5.07 ± 0.005A, c = 27.49 ± 0.02A, ca = 5.421 and cell volume = 611.8A3. Also a phase of unknown structure, designated as μ', was found in some NbZn alloys.
Human Rights: An Exuberant Disarray

Book reviewed in this article: Liberty, Community, and Justice. By R.E. Ewin. Persons, Rights, and the Moral Community. By Loren E. Lomasky Making Sense of Human Rights: Philosophical Reflections on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. By James W. Nickel
Confucianism and Ethics in the Western Philosophical Tradition I: Foundational Concepts

Confucianism conceives of persons as being necessarily interdependent, defining personhood in terms of the various roles one embodies and that are established by the relationships basic to one's life. By way of contrast, the Western philosophical tradition has predominantly defined persons in terms of intrinsic characteristics not thought to depend on others. This more strictly and explicitly individualistic concept of personhood contrasts with the Confucian idea that one becomes a person because of others; where one is never a person independently or in and of oneself but develops into one only in community. This article surveys some differences between Confucian and Western ideas of self and their connection to ethics mainly in light of the relational self of the Confucian Analects and Mencius. A Philosophy Compass article called Confucianism and Ethics in the Western Philosophical Tradition: A Comparative Analysis of Personhood (CEWII) will follow, that examines how the more individualistic way of conceiving of personhood in the West has had moral and political implications that differ, and even conflict, with those of Confucianism. [Correction added after online publication 31 May 2010: Sentence changed.]
Three-Winding Transformer Ring-Bus Characteristics

SUCH hydroelectric projects as the Boulder Dam, Grand Coulee, and that proposed for the St. Lawrence River present serious power limit and short-circuit problems. Each of these developments will be capable of producing over 1,000,000 kw, part of which for each case must be transmitted over 200 miles. Any method which will increase transient stability and lower fault currents should be carefully investigated; this paper presents the investigation of such a method.
Does smoking intervention influence adolescent substance use disorder treatment outcomes

Although tobacco use is reported by the majority of substance use disordered (SUD) youth, little work has examined tobacco focused interventions with this population. The present study is an initial investigation of the effect of a tobacco use intervention on adolescent SUD treatment outcomes. Participants were adolescents in SUD treatment taking part in a cigarette smoking intervention efficacy study, assessed at baseline and followed up at 3- and 6-months post-intervention. Analyses compared treatment and control groups on days using alcohol and drugs and proportion abstinent from substance use at follow up assessments. Adolescents in the treatment condition reported significantly fewer days of substance use and were somewhat more likely to be abstinent at 3-month follow up. These findings suggest that tobacco focused intervention may enhance SUD treatment outcome. The present study provides further evidence for the value of addressing tobacco use in the context of treatment for adolescent SUD's.
1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol: A Potent Stimulator of Bone Resorption in Tissue Culture

1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (DHCC), isolated from kidney homogenates incubated with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (HCC), stimulated the release of previously incorporated (45)45Ca from fetal rat bones in organ culture, at concentrations of 10(-10) to 10(-8)M. The dose response curves for 1,25-DHCC and 25-HCC, the parent compound, are parallel, but 1,25-DHCC is about 100 times as potent on a weight basis. Brief exposure to maximum doses of either agent leads to prolonged bone resorption.
Mesoscale Coastal Processes during GALE IOP 2

Diagnostic calculations and detailed mesoscale analyses of data for the period January 24-26, 1986 during the second observation period of the Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE) were used to investigate mesoscale coastal processes during this period. Using a variety of National-Weather-Service and GALE surface and upper-air data, three physically related phenomena were studied: the coastal front; a shallow cyclone that propagated along the coastal front, modifying it as it moved northward; and a low-level jet that formed in the strong coastal pressure-gradient field.
Dendritic cells and regulation of alloimmune responses: relevance to outcome and therapy of organ transplantation

Dendritic cells are uniquely well-equipped for antigen capture, processing and presentation. They are highly-efficient antigen-presenting cells that induce and regulate T-cell reactivity. Due to their inherent tolerogenicity, immature dendritic cells offer considerable potential as candidate cellular vaccines for negative regulation of immune reactivity/promotion of tolerance. Both classic myeloid and, more recently, characterized plasmacytoid dendritic cells, exhibit tolerogenic properties. Manipulation of dendritic cells differentiation/ maturation in the laboratory using cytokines, pharmacologic agents or genetic engineering approaches can render stably immature dendritic cells that promote organ transplant tolerance in rodents. There are also indications from human studies of the ability of dendritic cells to promote T-cell tolerance and induce T-regulatory cells, with potential for therapeutic application in organ transplantation. In addition, recent clinical observations suggest that modulation of d...
Virus and prokaryote enumeration from planktonic aquatic environments by epifluorescence microscopy with SYBR Green I

Viruses are the most abundant biological entities in aquatic environments, typically exceeding the abundance of bacteria by an order of magnitude. The reliable enumeration of virus-like particles in marine microbiological investigations is a key measurement parameter. Although the size of typical marine viruses (20-200 nm) is too small to permit the resolution of details by light microscopy, such viruses can be visualized by epifluorescence microscopy if stained brightly. This can be achieved using the sensitive DNA dye SYBR Green I (Molecular Probes-Invitrogen). The method relies on simple vacuum filtration to capture viruses on a 0.02-microm aluminum oxide filter, and subsequent staining and mounting to prepare slides. Virus-like particles are brightly stained and easily observed for enumeration, and prokaryotic cells can easily be counted on the same slides. The protocol provides an inexpensive, rapid (30 min) and reliable technique for obtaining counts of viruses and prokaryotes simultaneously.
The effects of intravenous immune globulin on complement-dependent immune damage of cells and tissues

The mechanism of action of intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) in the therapy of autoimmune disease has been speculated upon for many years. Previous studies have raised the possibility that IVIG acts via an effect on IgG Fc receptors (FcRs) on phagocytic cells and B lymphocytes, on the production of anti-idiotype antibody, or on the control of the immune response. In the course of our studies of complement function we were struck by the fact that complement activation often leads to the binding of complement components to individual immunoglobulin molecules. For example, C3 has been shown to bind to the Fd fragment of IgG in the form of a C3b/IgG one-to-one complex. The C3b/IgG complex has new properties that differ from those of either IgG or C3b alone in that the complex can interact with two receptors on phagocytes: CR1, which recognizes C3b, and FcR, which recognizes the Fc fragment of IgG. Particles opsonized with IgG/C3b interact with both receptors and are phagocytized rapidly. The complex acts as a superopsonin and superlysin. IgG/C3b resists degradation by factors H and I, which also adds to its inflammatory potential. We and others have noted that bacteria coated with immunoglobulin and then incubated in serum have C3 deposited on their surfaces, which in many instances is bound to the IgG molecules. For example, we found that 30% of the C3 deposited on antibody-coated pneumococci is bound not to the pneumococcal surface but rather to the coating immunoglobulin. We reasoned that IVIG may act as a receptor for activated complement components, preventing their attachment to targets. This was tested directly in a number of animal and human models. The results of these tests and their clinical implications are presented.
Steroid effects on the calcium ion transport of rabbit skeletal muscle microsomes

Abstract The effect of steroids on the active Ca2+ transport of rabbit skeletal muscle microsomes was studied. The inhibitory effect of steroids appears connected with the cis conformation of rings A and B and with the presence of at least two hydrophilic groups in the molecule. Steroids which inhibit the Ca2+ transport of skeletal muscle microsomes activate the microsomal ATPase activity and promote the hemolysis of human red blood cells in similar concentrations.
Risk Management at the Macroeconomy Level and Development in Developing Countries

This paper examines the impact of risk management at the macroeconomy level on economic development in developing countries. Based on data from the World Bank, we use a sample of sixty-three developing economies and find that selected indicators related to risk management at the macroeconomy level do have a statistically significant effect on economic development in these countries. We observe that high inflation rates do not seem to statistically affect economic development even though the coefficient estimate of this variable does have the anticipated negative sign. Regression results show that almost sixty percent of cross-developing country variations in purchasing power parity per capita gross national income can be explained by its linear dependency on the share of international reserves in the GDP and the Worldwide Governance Indicators average. Statistical results of such empirical examination will assist governments in developing countries identify risk management strategies at the macroeconomy level that may be used as powerful instruments for economic development.
MidFusion: An adaptive middleware for information fusion in sensor network applications

Applications and services are increasingly dependent on networks of smart sensors embedded in the environment to constantly sense and react to events. In a typical sensor network application, information is collected from a large number of distributed and heterogeneous sensor nodes. Information fusion in such applications is a challenging research issue due to the dynamicity, heterogeneity, and resource limitations of sensor networks. We present MidFusion, an adaptive middleware architecture to facilitate information fusion in sensor network applications. MidFusion discovers and selects the best set of sensors or sensor agents on behalf of applications (transparently), depending on the quality of service (QoS) guarantees and the cost of information acquisition. We also provide the theoretical foundation for MidFusion to select the best set of sensors using the principles of Bayesian and Decision theories. A sensor selection algorithm (SSA) for selecting the best set of sensors is presented in this paper. Our theoretical findings are validated through simulation of the SSA algorithm on an example scenario.
Evaluation of complexes of DNA duplexes and novel benzoxazoles or benzimidazoles by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is used to compare the metal ion binding and metal-mediated DNA binding of benzoxazole (1, 2, 3, 4) and benzimidazole (5) compounds and to elucidate the putative binding modes and stoichiometries. The observed metal versus non-metal-mediated DNA binding, as well as the specificity of DNA binding, is correlated with the biological activities of the analogs. The ESI-MS spectra for the antibacterial benzoxazole and benzimidazole analogs 4 and 5 demonstrated non-specific and non-metal-mediated binding to DNA, with the appearance of DNA complexes containing multiple ligands. The anticancer analog 2 demonstrates a clear preference for metal-mediated DNA interactions, with an apparent selectivity for Ni2+-mediated binding over the more physiologically relevant Mg2+ or Zn2+ cations. Complexation between DNA and the biologically inactive analog 1 was not observed, either in the absence or presence of metal cations.
Integrated modeling within a Hydrologic Information System: An OpenMI based approach

This paper presents a prototype software system for integrated environmental modeling that provides interoperability between the Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. (CUAHSI) Hydrologic Information System (HIS) and the Open Modeling Interface (OpenMI). The primary motivation for making these two systems interoperable is that the CUAHSI HIS has a primary focus on hydrologic data management and visualization while the OpenMI has a primary focus on integrated environmental modeling. By combining the two systems into a single software application, it is possible to create an integrated environmental modeling environment that scientists and engineers can use to understand and manage environmental systems. Using standards to achieve the steps required to find, gather, integrate, and analyze hydrologic data allows for a wide community of groups to participate because it establishes key rules and protocols that must be followed in order to add to the overarching system. The key contribution of this work, therefore, is an investigation of two standards in the community and exploring ways to provide interoperability between them. HydroModeler is a software implementation of our work and provides an OpenMI-compliant modeling environment embedded within the CUAHSI HIS HydroDesktop software system. We describe the design and implementation of this prototype software system, and then present an example application in which evapotranspiration is modeled using OpenMI components that consume HIS time series data for input. Finally, we conclude with a summary of our experience exploring the potential for interoperability between data and modeling systems, and suggest ways in which future development can better facilitate connections between the various subsystems needed within an integrated environmental modeling system.