cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cortical dysplasia: A histopathologic study of 52 cases of partial lobectomy in patients with epilepsy

In utero migrational abnormalities account for most cases of cortical dysplasia. The histopathologic appearance of cortical dysplasia is often varied, making recognition and classification difficult. We studied 52 patients with cortical dysplasia who underwent partial lobectomy for medically intractable seizures in order to devise a simple histopathologic classification schema. The incidence of observed dysplasia in lobectomy specimens over an 11-year period (n = 360) was 14%. Patients ranged in age from 3 months to 47 years at the time of surgery (mean, 19 years; 29 male and 23 female patients). The temporal lobe was involved in 34 patients, frontal lobe in 18, parietal lobe in four, and occipital lobe in three. In three patients multiple lobes showed dysplasia. Dysplasia was right-sided in 29 patients and left-sided in 23 patients. Dysplasia was focal in 23 patients, multifocal in four patients, and diffuse in 25 patients. Three main histologic patterns of cortical dysplasia were observed: (1) a cortical laminar architectural disorganization and/or malalignment of neurons (26 patients), (2) clusters of atypical neurons and glia within the cortex (28 patients), and (3) a hypercellular molecular layer with increased numbers of neurons and glia (31 patients). In 23 patients more than one pattern of dysplasia was identified. Coexistent tumors were present in 13 patients, including ganglioglioma (eight patients), dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (three patients), and low-grade astrocytoma (two patients). Tuberous sclerosis was present in four patients. We conclude that most types of cortical dysplasia can be divided into three main histologic patterns, facilitating the recognition of dysplasia. In addition to the known association with tuberous sclerosis, tumors may coexist with cortical dysplasia.
A loss resilient and scalable streaming media authentication scheme

Authentication is a primary component for secure delivery of multimedia content in many consumer networking applications: to guarantee the integrity of the received data stream. Meanwhile, consumer networks increasingly used for multimedia information and commercial content delivery, are destined to be heterogeneous. To provide QoS, it is necessary to adapt the multimedia stream to the heterogeneous network channel conditions and device capabilities. This new adaptation requirement, together with the 'best effort' and 'error prone' characteristics of IP and wireless networks, and the 'real time playback' property of streaming media impose challenges in the design of the streaming media authentication schemes. Conventional message authentication schemes do not offer suitable scalability or loss resilient capability for this new set of applications. A suitable authentication scheme must allow the recipient to authenticate the received data faster than the packet receiving rate, with means to adapt to channel conditions and device capability, despite any losses or transmission errors. In this paper we study the design of loss resilient scalable media stream authentication and present a scheme that is scalable and loss resilient.
Spectrum of lesions of the anterior capsular mechanism of the shoulder

The anterior capsular mechanism appears to be the common denominator in a number of shoulder problems ranging from the recurrent dislocation ("too loose") to the frozen shoulder ("too tight"). The shoulder region and the anterior capsular mechanism can be carefully and accurately assessed by arthrography and cineradiography. Bicipital tenosynovitis has been held accountable for shoulder problems at each extreme of the spectrum. Bicipital tenosynovitis may exist in many shoulders; however, in corrective procedures for the unstable shoulder, the biceps becomes a dynamic reinforcement of the anterior capsule. In the frozen shoulder, the biceps tendon frequently is seen as normal at surgery and the anterior capsular mechanism is identified as the site of the essential lesion. Surgery may switch the patient's problem from one side of the spectrum to the other. Shoulder problems should be investigated thoroughly and evaluated in terms of the patient's requirements for shoulder motion as well as in terms of the orthopaedic surgeon's usual criteria for recommending corrective procedures.
The effect of instructions on view-specificity in young children's drawing and picture selection

While young children have been characterized as drawing what they know rather than what they see, recent research has shown that they can make view-specific drawings under some task conditions. The goals of this experiment were first, to learn if 5-year-old children would draw and select view-specific pictures of a mug with its handle turned out of view when the task instructions emphasized this as the goal, and second, to compare performance on the drawing and picture selection tasks. Children participated in both tasks after hearing either a standard or clarified version of the instructions. The results showed first, that children who heard the clarified instructions were more likely to provide view-specific responses on both tasks, and second, that children were more likely to give a view-specific response on the picture selection task than on the drawing task.
Who collects professional fees for neuroradiology interpretation, radiologists or nonradiologists?

Purpose An increasing portion of imaging studies are performed by nonradiologists, especially for modalities with the highest relative value units. The aim of this study was to examine the trends in neuroradiologic interpretation among radiologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, and other specialists within the Medicare population. Methods The number of neuroradiologic studies interpreted by radiologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, and other specialists in the inpatient, hospital outpatient, and private office settings was determined from the CMS Physician/Supplier Procedure Summary Master Files for 1996 to 2010. Studies billed through professional and global charges were aggregated. Utilization rates and utilization rate compound annual growth rates were computed by specialty and by imaging study. Results In 1996, radiologists interpreted 4,802,490 (93.7%) CMS neuroradiologic procedures, neurologists 77,312 (1.5%), neurosurgeons 9,825 (0.19%), and other specialists 234,423 (4.6%). In 2010, radiologists interpreted 11,476,376 (93.5%) procedures, neurologists 101,172 (0.8%), neurosurgeons 20,697 (0.17%), and other specialists 680,786 (5.5%). Neurology and neurosurgery lost market share at all sites. Radiology's share increased in the inpatient (from 94.8% to 98.7%) and hospital outpatient (from 95% to 98.7%) settings but decreased in the private office setting (from 88.2% to 73.1%). Lost market share was captured by the other CMS specialty categories, including independent diagnostic testing facilities and multidisciplinary groups, many of which included radiologists. Conclusions There was marked growth (140%) in neuroradiologic studies between 1996 and 2010 in the Medicare patient population. Radiologists' share of the total neuroradiologic interpretations remained unchanged and constituted 93.5% in 2010. Radiology's market share has shown growth in the inpatient and hospital outpatient sectors but not the private office sector, where independent diagnostic testing facilities, multidisciplinary groups, and other specialists have seen increases.
Valvular Heart Disease in Patients Supported With Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Patients with advanced HF and coexisting VHD who undergo LVAD implantation constitute a growing population and pose unique challenges in clinical and surgical management. Contemporary continuous-flow LVADs alter blood flow dynamics and cardiovascular physiology and can induce progression of preexisting VHD or lead to de novo VHD. Although we have defined our recommendations for treatment options (Table 2), continued changes to device technology, patient selection, and surgical techniques will undoubtedly lead to further changes in practice. Finally, the rapid growth in the field of mechanical circulatory support necessitates collaborative multicenter approaches to study the impact of these practice changes in the form of prospective randomized trials.
Theory of Electron Tunneling

The theory of tunneling in metal-oxide insulatorsuperconductor sandwiches is reviewed. (T.F.H.)
Development of a high efficiency thermoelectric unicouple for power generation applications

To achieve high thermal-to-electric energy conversion efficiency, it is desirable to operate thermoelectric generator devices over large temperature gradients and also to maximize the performance of the thermoelectric materials used to build the devices. However, no single thermoelectric material is suitable for use over a very wide range of temperatures (/spl sim/300-1000 K). It is therefore necessary to use different materials in each temperature range where they possess optimum performance. This can be achieved in two ways: (1) multistage thermoelectric generators where each stage operates over a fixed temperature difference and is electrically insulated but thermally in contact with the other stages; and (2) segmented generators where the p- and n-legs are formed of different segments joined in series. The concept of integrating new thermoelectric materials into a segmented thermoelectric unicouple has been introduced in earlier publications. This new unicouple is expected to operate over a 300-973 K temperature difference and will use novel segmented legs based on a combination of state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials and novel p-type Zn/sub 4/Sb/sub 3/, p-type CeFeSb/sub 12/-based alloys and n-type CoSb/sub 3/-based alloys. A conversion efficiency of about 15% is predicted for this new unicouple. We present the latest experimental results from the fabrication of this unicouple, including bonding studies between the different segments of the p-legs, n-legs, and p-leg to n-leg interconnect. Thermal and electrical tests of the unicouple are in progress and are briefly described.
Practical Considerations in Sample Size Determination of Japanese Subgroup for a Multi-Regional Oncology Clinical Trial

For Japanese pharmaceutical companies, one of the critical issues in the design of multi-regional clinical trials (MRCT) is the number of Japanese patients. In the document issued by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) in 2007, “Basic principles on Global Clinical Trials,” an issue was raised about the Japanese subgroup sample size and the importance of “consistency of results.” Ideas on how to calculate the sample size of a given region and the regions overall have been proposed by Uesaka (2006, 2009). For this purpose, he identified two types of consistency criteria and two types of efficacy criteria. For both efficacy and consistency these types consist of either 1) comparing the results of a specific region with those of the other regions combined, or 2) comparing the results of a specific region with those of the regions overall. Based on the efficacy criterion 2, Sekiguchi et al. (2007) examined the sample size of the Japanese subgroup in an oncology MRCT.In this study, we present a simulation that shows the relationship of Japanese subgroup sample size to both types of efficacy criteria in an oncology MRCT.
Three-Dimensional Structural Characterization of HIV-1 Tethered to Human Cells.

ABSTRACT Tetherin (BST2, CD317, or HM1.24) is a host cellular restriction factor that prevents the release of enveloped viruses by mechanically linking virions to the plasma membrane. The precise arrangement of tetherin molecules at the plasma membrane site of HIV-1 assembly, budding, and restriction is not well understood. To gain insight into the biophysical mechanism underlying tetherin-mediated restriction of HIV-1, we utilized cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) to directly visualize HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs) and virions tethered to human cells in three dimensions (3D). Rod-like densities that we refer to as tethers were seen connecting HIV-1 virions to each other and to the plasma membrane. Native immunogold labeling showed tetherin molecules located on HIV-1 VLPs and virions in positions similar to those of the densities observed by cryo-ET. The location of the tethers with respect to the ordered immature Gag lattice or mature conical core was random. However, tethers were not uniformly distributed on the viral membrane but rather formed clusters at sites of contact with the cell or other virions. Chains of tethered HIV-1 virions often were arranged in a linear fashion, primarily as single chains and, to a lesser degree, as branched chains. Distance measurements support the extended tetherin model, in which the coiled-coil ectodomains are oriented perpendicular with respect to the viral and plasma membranes. IMPORTANCE Tetherin is a cellular factor that restricts HIV-1 release by directly cross-linking the virus to the host cell plasma membrane. We used cryo-electron tomography to visualize HIV-1 tethered to human cells in 3D. We determined that tetherin-restricted HIV-1 virions were physically connected to each other or to the plasma membrane by filamentous tethers that resembled rods ∼15 nm in length, which is consistent with the extended tetherin model. In addition, we found the position of the tethers to be arbitrary relative to the ordered immature Gag lattice or the mature conical cores. However, when present as multiple copies, the tethers clustered at the interface between virions. Tethered HIV-1 virions were arranged in a linear fashion, with the majority as single chains. This study advances our understanding of tetherin-mediated HIV-1 restriction by defining the spatial arrangement and orientation of tetherin molecules at sites of HIV-1 restriction.
Interpreting Across Time: The Use of History in Comparative Democratization

Recent work by Capoccia and Ziblatt (2010) attempts to establish a new methodological foundation for the use of history in democratization studies. Response to the authors call for systematic analysis of historical episodes, contextualization of the decisions of political actors and investigation of the role of ideas in the development of democratic institutions requires interpretive methodology. While comparative historical analysts have devoted considerable attention to causal logic in historical argument they rarely question the constructed nature of the data on which their arguments rely. The past tends to be treated as a laboratory of test cases, without regard for the cultural, linguistic and conceptual challenges to its scrutability. This paper explores the methodological dilemmas that arise with the use of history to illuminate contemporary political dynamics. In particular it looks at the multiple viewpoints from which meaning is constructed and the different logics that govern analysis of the situated agency of political actors on one hand, and the trajectory of development that is of interest to the comparative analyst on the other. It confronts the limits of the antifoundationalist logic that underpins interpretivism: If historical interpretation is a never-ending enterprise of creative engagement with texts in various guises can it be a resource for understanding contemporary phenomena or a justification for ethical claims?
Effect of atomic diffusion on the Raman–Ramsey coherent population trapping resonances

We experimentally investigated the characteristics of two-photon transmission resonances in Rb vapor cells with different amounts of buffer gas under the conditions of steady-state coherent population trapping (CPT) and a pulsed Raman–Ramsey (RR) CPT interrogation scheme. We particularly focused on the influence of the Rb atoms diffusing in and out of the laser beam. We showed that this effect modifies the shape of both CPT and RR resonances as well as their projected performance for CPT clock applications. In particular we found that at moderate buffer gas pressures RR-CPT did not improve the projected atomic clock stability compared to the regular steady-state CPT resonance.
Syntactic position constrains cross-linguistic activation

There are two competing theories of bilingual lexical access — the language-selective access theory, which proposes that only the lexical items from the intended language are activated for selection during speech planning and comprehension (e.g., Costa, Santesteban, & Ivanova, 2006), and the language non-selective access theory, which proposes that both languages receive activation and compete for production (e.g., Kroll, Bobb, & Wodniecka, 2006). This study examines whether language-specific syntax — the syntactic positioning of a target word in a determiner phrase — can act as a language cue to modulate cross-linguistic activation and whether inhibition resolves competition (e.g., Green, 1998). In two cross-modal priming (+/−Rep) tasks, Spanish-English bilinguals were presented English sentences that were linearly congruent (Canonical Dative and of-Genitive) or incongruent (Dative Double Object and ’s-Genitive) with Spanish syntax and were prompted to make a lexical decision on a Spanish translation of the target word or a control word. The RTs revealed that participants were significantly slower in the incongruent condition (−Rep) than the congruent condition (−Rep) suggesting that language-specific syntax is a language cue that modulates cross-linguistic activation. When participants were prompted to repeat the sentences aloud (+Rep), the translation equivalent was expected to compete with the target word for production, yet no significant difference of RTs was found and the role of inhibition in speech production was not confirmed. Taken together, these findings support the language non-selective access model and further refine current theories of cross-linguistic activation and inhibitory control during bilingual language comprehension and production.
Induced differentiation of erythroleukemia cells by hexamethylene bisacetamide: a model for cytodifferentiation of transformed cells.

Abstract There is considerable evidence that malignant transformation need not eliminate the potential for a cell to express its developmental capabilities. This review explores the process whereby polar compounds, hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) in particular, induce murine erythroid leukemoid cells (MELC) to express the differentiated erythroid phenotype, including hemoglobin production and cessation of cell division. This is a multi-step process which, although the mechanisms of action of HMBA are not yet fully understood, is amenable to experimental definition and analysis. Early effects, including changes in protein kinase C activity, in ion transport, and in expression of certain nuclear proto-oncogenes, have been examined in relation to the onset of terminal cell differentiation. This experimental experience has formed the context for initiating preliminary clinical studies designed to examine the pharmacology of HMBA and to explore its potential for modifying the natural history of cancer.
Operant conditioning of head turning in four-month infants

Operant conditioning of head turning in 4-mo. human infants was demonstrated. Head rotations to the right or left of a central position were selectively strengthened by experimental presentation of milk as a reinforcing stimulus. Reliable acquisition and extinction of left or right rotations were found for two experimental groups while a control group for eliciting effects of milk presentation showed no consistent changes over conditioning phases.
Attempts to find a molecular theory for which the high-frequency dynamic viscosity is less than the solvent viscosity

It has been found that for some dilute polymer solutions the dynamic viscosity at very high frequencies is less than the zero-shear-rate solvent viscosity. Such an effect cannot be explained by the usual kinetic theories using bead-spring-rod models. Here we examine several modifications of the kinetic theories that might be expected to explain the experimental facts.
Mid-infrared Absorption Sensor for Measurements of CO and CO2 in Propulsion Flows

An infrared laser absorption sensor was developed for gas temperature and carbon oxide (CO, CO2) concentrations in high-enthalpy, hydrocarbon combustion flows. This diagnostic enables non-intrusive, in situ measurements in harsh environments produced by propulsion ground test facilities, utilizing tunable quantum cascade lasers capable of probing the fundamental mid-infrared absorption bands of CO and CO2 in the 4 to 5 μm wavelength domain. A scanned-wavelength direct absorption technique was employed with two lasers, one dedicated to each species, free-space fiber-coupled using a bifurcated hollowcore fiber for remote light delivery on a single line of sight. The sensor was calibrated in a heated static cell, and field measurements were conducted in July, 2013 at the University of Virginia’s direct-connect scramjet combustor for ethylene-air combustion. Measured quantities of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide provide a basis for evaluating combustion completion or efficiency with temporal and spatial resolution in practical hydrocarbonfueled engines.
The Ocean Run: Stage, Cast, and Performance in a Public Park Basketball Scene:

This article investigates the production and re-production of a recurring pickup basketball game at a public park in Santa Monica, California. I argue that it is best understood as a recurring “sce...
PET imaging of prostate-specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer: current state of the art and future challenges.

PET imaging of prostate-specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer: current state of the art and future challenges
A Analysis of the Hinder Factor on China 's Private Economy Development

The 20 years after the policy of reform and opening up was put into effect was the best times for development of Chinese private enterprise. Undoubtedly, private economy has become a new growing point of China's economy, and will make remarkable contribution in the future. But on the whole, the hinder factors from both inside and outside seriously affect its wholesome development. So looking back upon its history, analyzing its present situation, and studying its future with an optimistic attitude, will pave the way for private economy to fur-ther develop.
Effect of fibronectin supplementation in endotoxic shock in the dog

An earlier study by our group demonstrated significant amelioration of hypotension, hypoglycemia, and acidosis in dogs treated with purified human plasma fibronectin prior to induction of endotoxic shock. The present study was completed to determine whether treatment with purified human plasma fibronectin 1 hr after induction of endotoxic shock would provide similar benefits. To this end, selected hemodynamic, pulmonary, acid-base, metabolic, hematological, and serum chemistry parameters were monitored for 6 hours in two groups of anesthetized dogs in Escherichia coli endotoxic shock. One group was given an intravenous injection of purified human plasma fibronectin, and the other received an equal volume of saline 1 hr after shock induction. Between-group analysis of the data revealed no significant differences between any parameter excepting modest differences in plasma glucose, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, and BUN concentrations. However, even these differences, although statistically significant, were sporadic and unimpressive. This study suggested that treatment of dogs with fibronectin during gram-negative endotoxic shock was not efficacious.
Abstract 15571: Suppressing Increased Expression of NADPH-Dependent Malic Enzyme 1 in Hypertrophied Hearts Eliminates Maladaptive Anaplerosis and Improves Redox Conditions

The remodeled metabolic phenotype of hypertrophic hearts includes inefficient glucose oxidation, due in part to pyruvate carboxylation into anaplerosis. Increased carboxylation of pyruvate to malate via elevated malic enzme-1 (ME1) also consumes NADPH, which is necessary for maintaining glutathione reduction. Therefore, we studied the consequences of selective inhibition of ME1 expression via non-native miRNA targeted to the ME1 gene (miRME1) in hypertrophied rat hearts after transverse aortic constriction (TAC). TAC elevated ME1 content, but ME1 was lowered in hearts receiving miRME1 vs PBS infusion (*P
F-actin disruption attenuates agonist-induced [Ca2+], myosin phosphorylation, and force in smooth muscle

Cytochalasins B and D (at 10 microM) inhibited stress development induced by 1 microM carbachol in bovine tracheal smooth muscle by 55% and 90%, respectively. Glucose depletion was ineffective in i...
Duty-Related Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in 911 Telecommunicators: The Roles of Childhood Trauma Exposure and Emotion-Focused Coping

ABSTRACTA history of childhood trauma exposure has been linked to the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms in adulthood following new exposure. Unhealthy coping behaviors that could develop or be utilized in response to early trauma could lend themselves to psychological issues in adulthood. Emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies in relation to stressful duty-related situations are examined as indirect pathways through which childhood trauma exposure could be associated with duty-related posttraumatic stress symptoms in 911 telecommunicators (N = 808). Multiple mediation models revealed that 3 of the 4 emotion-focused coping strategies, but not the problem-focused strategies, functioned as significant mediators in the association between childhood exposure and duty-related posttraumatic stress symptoms. Pairwise comparisons showed that self-controlling and escape-avoidance strategies were the strongest pathways of the indirect childhood trauma exposure–posttraumatic stress symptoms ...
WE-AB-207B-05: Correlation of Normal Lung Density Changes with Dose After Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) for Early Stage Lung Cancer

Purpose: To investigate correlation of normal lung CT density changes with dose accuracy and outcome after SBRT for patients with early stage lung cancer. Methods: Dose distributions for patients originally planned and treated using a 1-D pencil beam-based (PB-1D) dose algorithm were retrospectively recomputed using algorithms: 3-D pencil beam (PB-3D), and model-based Methods: AAA, Acuros XB (AXB), and Monte Carlo (MC). Prescription dose was 12 Gy × 4 fractions. Planning CT images were rigidly registered to the followup CT datasets at 6–9 months after treatment. Corresponding dose distributions were mapped from the planning to followup CT images. Following the method of Palma et al .(1–2), Hounsfield Unit (HU) changes in lung density in individual, 5 Gy, dose bins from 5–45 Gy were assessed in the peri-tumor region, defined as a uniform, 3 cm expansion around the ITV(1). Results: There is a 10–15% displacement of the high dose region (40–45 Gy) with the model-based algorithms, relative to the PB method, due to the electron scattering of dose away from the tumor into normal lung tissue (Fig.1). Consequently, the high-dose lung region falls within the 40–45 Gy dose range, causing an increase in HU change in this region, as predicted by model-based algorithms (Fig.2). The patient with the highest HU change (∼110) had mild radiation pneumonitis, and the patient with HU change of ∼80–90 had shortness of breath. No evidence of pneumonitis was observed for the 3 patients with smaller CT density changes (<50 HU). Changes in CT densities, and dose-response correlation, as computed with model-based algorithms, are in excellent agreement with the findings of Palma et al. (1–2). Conclusion: Dose computed with PB (1D or 3D) algorithms was poorly correlated with clinically relevant CT density changes, as opposed to model-based algorithms. A larger cohort of patients is needed to confirm these results. This work was supported in part by a grant from Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA
Delivering Difficult News and Improving Family Communication: Simulation for Neonatal-Perinatal Fellows.

Abstract Introduction This 3-hour simulation module provides a safe situation for neonatal-perinatal fellows to learn communication techniques and develop skills for delivering difficult news to pa...
Corexit-EC9527A Disrupts Retinol Signaling and Neuronal Differentiation in P19 Embryonal Pluripotent Cells

Corexit-EC9500A and Corexit-EC9527A are two chemical dispersants that have been used to remediate the impact of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Both dispersants are composed primarily of organic solvents and surfactants and act by emulsifying the crude oil to facilitate biodegradation. The potential adverse effect of the Corexit chemicals on mammalian embryonic development remains largely unknown. Retinol (vitamin A) signaling, mediated by all-trans retinoic acid (RA), is essential for neural tube formation and the development of many organs in the embryo. The physiological levels of RA in cells and tissues are maintained by the retinol signaling pathway (RSP), which controls the biosynthesis of RA from dietary retinol and the catabolism of RA to polar metabolites for removal. RA is a potent activating ligand for the RAR/RXR nuclear receptors. Through RA and the receptors, the RSP modulates the expression of many developmental genes; interference with the RSP is potentially teratogenic. In this study the mouse P19 embryonal pluripotent cell, which contains a functional RSP, was used to evaluate the effects of the Corexit dispersants on retinol signaling and associated neuronal differentiation. The results showed that Corexit-EC9500A was more cytotoxic than Corexit-EC9527A to P19 cells. At non-cytotoxic doses, Corexit-EC9527A inhibited retinol-induced expression of the Hoxa1 gene, which encodes a transcription factor for the regulation of body patterning in the embryo. Such inhibition was seen in the retinol- and retinal- induced, but not RA-induced, Hoxa1 up-regulation, indicating that the Corexit chemicals primarily inhibit RA biosynthesis from retinal. In addition, Corexit-EC9527A suppressed retinol-induced P19 cell differentiation into neuronal cells, indicating potential neurotoxic effect of the chemicals under the tested conditions. The surfactant ingredient, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DOSS), may be a major contributor to the observed effect of Corexit-EC9527A in the cell.
Ergebnisse der parenteralen Behandlung des Status epilepticus mit Diphenylhydantoin in den Jahren 1959–1965

1. Es wird uber ein Kollektiv von 136 Kranken berichtet, die bei beginnendem oder voll ausgebildetem Status epileptieus mit Diphenylhydantoin auf parenteralem Wege in den Jahren 1959–1965 behandelt wurden. In unserem Kollektiv waren 69,13% symptomatische, 28,67% idiopathische und 2,2% atiologisch ungeklarte Epilepsien. 2. Die auslosende Ursache des Status war bei 53,68% (= 73 Probanden) ein „auserer Drogenentzug“, bei 30,15% (= 41 Probanden) ein „innerer Drogenentzug“ (Infekte, Stress-Situationen, Stoffwechsel- oder kreislaufbedingte Krisenzustande); 7,35% (= 10 Probanden) litten an einem Hirntumor oder an den Folgen eines Hirntraumas. Bei 8,82% war ein progredienter, unklarer Hirnprozes anzunehmen. 3. Im Laufe der Jahre wurde festgestellt, das ein optimaler Behandlungserfolg nur durch eine hoch dosierte, i.v. Applikation von DH erreicht werden konnte. Die i.m. Anwendung erwies sich als unzulanglich. 4. Wesentliche oder nachhaltige unerwunschte Begleiterscheinungen wurden nicht beobachtet. Bei 2 Patienten ergab sich der Verdacht auf eine Uberempfind-lichkeitsreaktion gegen DH. 5. Es verstarb nur 1 Patient wahrend der Statusbehandlung. Dieser Patient kam verspatet in moribundem Zustand zur Aufnahme. 6. Der Behandlungserfolg war nicht signifikant davon abhangig, ob es sich um eine symptomatische oder idiopathische Epilepsie handelt. 7. 1965 wurde bei 18 von 23 Probanden der Status durch gezielte, hoch dosierte i.v. DH-Behandlung unterbrochen (= 78,3%). 1960 dagegen, bei zum Teil i.m. Applikation, nur bei 11 von 27 Probanden (= 40,7%). 8. Der entscheidende Vorteil der parenteralen und i.v. DH-Therapie des Status epilepticus gegenuber allen anderen Drogen besteht darin, das DH die Bewustseinslage nicht verschlechtert, oft sogar verbessert und die vitalen Funktionen nicht beeintrachtigt. 9. Bei den spater verstorbenen, autoptisch untersuchten 7 Patienten wurden schwere Hirnschaden sehr unterschiedlicher Art sowie anlagebedingte Strukturanomalien des Gehirns gefunden. Bei diesen Patienten und im Krankengut von Bethel last sich bei Verstorbenen, die einen oder mehrere Status epileptici erlitten und die spater zur Autopsie kamen, eine bevorzugte Stirnhirnschadigung — entgegen Janz — nicht nachweisen.
Vortex-Induced Vibrations of a Riser With Design Variations

Abstract : As meta-stable motions transverse to fluid flow in slender bluff-bodied structures, Vortex-Induced Vibrations (VIV) are mostly determined by three-dimensional (3D) geometric and relativistic changes that evolve in the structure. Simplistic models of the structure ignore these key physical principles. In a 2014 OMAE paper, we introduced the key physical concepts for simulating VIV in a horizontal-oriented slender structure (pipeline). In a 2015 OMAE paper, we re-oriented the same structure vertically to simulate VIV in a vertical riser. In this paper, one or more of the following variations in the vertically-oriented riser will be made, in order to judge the physical effect each variation has on the character and distribution of VIV along the riser: Cyclically move the upper end of the vertical riser Change into an S-shape riser by adding weight/buoyancy Disconnect the lower end of the riser The simulations help show and reinforce the following mechanical concepts of VIV: How gravity and fluid drag evolves a 3D shape in the riser How this shape creates specific structural flexibilities How these flexibilities set the stage for specific VIV How tension and end conditions are vital to VIV behavior
The Road to Sustainable Nanotechnology: Challenges, Progress and Opportunities

The rapid development of new nanomaterials has created new opportunities for high performance applications and new product innovation. However, there are concerns that the new properties found at the nanoscale, or the processes of producing nanomaterials, may result in new, undesirable impacts on health and the environment. At the same time, new capabilities made possible through the use of nanomaterials may help us protect the environment and meet some of society’s needs in a more sustainable fashion. The application of green chemistry to the emerging field of nanoscience and nanotechnology, greener nanoscience, was developed in an attempt to maximize the benefits of nanotechnology to society and the environment while minimizing undesirable impacts on health and the planet. This Feature first outlines the need and opportunity for greener nanotechnology. Next, it describes four attributes of nanomaterials that differ from molecular species that present challenges to achieving the aims of greener nanotechn...
Tungsten Contamination of Soils and Sediments: Current State of Science

Tungsten (W) is commonly employed as a non-toxic alternative to lead in a broad variety of industrial and military applications. However, correlations between environmental contamination through soil, water and airborne pathways, and biological effects such as epithelial damage, bioaccumulation, and trophic mobility, have led to its classification as an “emerging contaminant.” Of particular concern are recent clusters of childhood leukemia and lung cancer in the vicinity of tungsten mines and processing facilities. High environmental tungsten availability has also been associated with altered thyroid function, cardiovascular disease, and prolonged elevation of concentrations in blood, breath, and urine. Tungsten’s use as a replacement for lead (Pb) in military munitions has resulted in leaching of tungsten into soil and into soft tissues in which bullet fragments are embedded. Despite these associations, no consensus has been reached regarding the mechanisms by which tungsten affects the human body. Particularly confounding are the issues of co-toxicity with other known contaminants such as arsenic, cobalt, and cadmium, and differences resulting from the various methods of ingestion. The present paper summarizes the current behavior of tungsten in the environment, its occurrence within the pedosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere, and discusses its potential effects on exposed biota (especially humans). In particular, knowledge gaps are identified regarding the biological mechanisms of tungsten-related disease, which urgently require further elucidation in order to develop appropriate policies and management practices for the use of this element.
The IPI Predicts Outcome in Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) Treated with Immunochemotherapy: A Report of the University of Iowa/Mayo Clinic SPORE

The International Prognostic Factor Index (IPI) predicts survival in DLBCL in patients treated with chemotherapy. The Revised IPI (R-IPI) has been reported to be a simpler and more accurate predictor of outcome in patients treated with immunochemotherapy (rituximab and anthracycline-based chemotherapy). We evaluated the predictive value of the IPI and the R-IPI in an observational cohort of unselected patients treated with R-CHOP. Consecutive, newly diagnosed patients age 18 years and older with DLBCL were prospectively offered enrollment into our Lymphoma SPORE Registry. Pathology was centrally reviewed, and composite lymphomas and history of concurrent or prior cancers were excluded. All patients were actively followed for progression free progression (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Here we report on patients enrolled from 9/2002 – 6/2006. 229 patients with a median age of 62 years (range 20–93) were evaluated. 56% were >60 years of age, 16% had a performance score ≥2, 54% had an elevated LDH, 19% had >1 extranodal site, and 51% were stage III/IV. During follow-up, there were 63 progressions (28%) and 45 deaths (20%), and the median follow-up time for living patients was 34 months (range 6–61 months). As shown in the table and figure, the IPI and R-IPI were predictive for both PFS and OS (all p 1 extranodal sites (HR=1.0; p = 0.96) were no longer significant; similar results were obtained for PFS. The IPI remains a strong predictor of PFS and OS in the immunochemotherapy era.
Contextually Mediated Spontaneous Retrieval Is Specific to the Hippocampus.

Although it is now well established that the hippocampus supports memory encoding [1, 2], little is known about hippocampal activity during spontaneous memory retrieval. Recent intracranial electroencephalographic (iEEG) work has shown that hippocampal activity during encoding predicts subsequent temporal organization of memories [3], supporting a role in contextual binding. It is an open question, however, whether the hippocampus similarly supports contextually mediated processes during retrieval. Here, we analyzed iEEG recordings obtained from 215 epilepsy patients as they performed a free recall task. To identify neural activity specifically associated with contextual retrieval, we compared correct recalls, intrusions (incorrect recall of either items from prior lists or items not previously studied), and deliberations (matched periods during recall when no items came to mind). Neural signals that differentiate correct recalls from both other retrieval classes reflect contextual retrieval, as correct recalls alone arise from the correct context. We found that in the hippocampus, high-frequency activity (HFA, 44-100 Hz), a proxy for neural activation [4], was greater prior to correct recalls relative to the other retrieval classes, with no differentiation between intrusions and deliberations. This pattern was not observed in other memory-related cortical regions, including DLPFC, thus supporting a specific hippocampal contribution to contextually mediated memory retrieval.
Molecular cytogenetic analysis of a case with ring chromosome 3 syndrome

Objective To explore the genetic basis for a child with developmental delay and congenital syndactyly. Methods G-banding chromosomal karyotyping and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) were performed on peripheral blood sample from the child. Results The child was ascertained as 46, XY, r(18)[52]/45, XY, ? 18[3]. A 18q21.32-q23 deletion was identified by CMA with a size of 19.85 Mb, which has encompassed 99 genes including CTDP1, TXNL4A, TSHZ1, PIGN, RTTN, TNFRSF11A, KDSR and CYB5A. Conclusion Clinical phenotype of the patient with ring chromosome 18 is associated with the size of the euchromatin loss and involved genes. As a useful complement to conventional karyotyping, CMA has provided an powerful tool for delineating complex chromosomal aberrations. Key words: Ring chromosome 18; Chromosomal microarray analysis; Karyotyping; Deletion
Reaching hard to reach students through student learning communities

Because of the many hurdles and adjustments that students face during their first year at university, it is, typically, during this crucial time period that students decide to continue with their studies, transfer to another university or quit attending university altogether. Student learning communities attempt to mitigate those factors that may lead to student dissatisfaction and non-engagement. To this end, student learning communities attempt to improve student satisfaction and engagement, and concomitantly, to improve student retention and graduation rates.
Extraterrestrial disposal of nuclear wastes

If a stable non-Earth intercept trajectory or orbit can be assured, extraterrestrial disposal offers the complete removal of long-lived nuclear waste constituents from Earth. The primary unfavorabl...
Multiplicities in Motion: A Turn to Transliteracies

In an effort to draw attention to the mobile dimensions of meaning making, this article proposes a pedagogy of transliteracies, supporting educators and learners in critically reflecting on how peo...
Long term outcomes of new generation drug eluting stents versus coronary artery bypass grafting for multivessel and/or left main coronary artery disease. A Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Abstract Background Most data guiding revascularization of multivessel disease (MVD) and/or left main disease (LMD) favor coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) over percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, those data are based on trials comparing CABG to bare metal stents (BMS) or old generation drug eluting stents (OG-DES). Hence, it is essential to outcomes of CABG to those of new generation drug eluting stents (NG-DES). Methods We searched PUBMED and Cochrane database for trials evaluating revascularization of MVD and/or LMD with CABG and/or PCI. A Bayesian network meta-analysis was performed to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% credible intervals (CrI). Primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) at 3–5 years. Secondary outcomes were mortality, cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), myocardial infarction (MI) and repeat revascularization. Results We included 10 trials with a total of 9287 patients. CABG was associated with lower MACE when compared to BMS or OG-DES. However, MACE was not significantly different between CABG and NG-DES (OR 0.79, CrI 0.45–1.40). Moreover, there were no significant differences between CABG and NG-DES in mortality (OR 0.78, CrI 0.45–1.37), CVA (OR 0.93 CrI 0.35–2.2) or MI (OR 0.6, CrI 0.17–2.0). On the other hand, CABG was associated with lower repeat revascularization (OR 0.55, CrI 0.36–0.84). Conclusions Our study suggests that NG-DES is an acceptable alternative to CABG in patients with MVD and/or LMD. However, repeat revascularization remains to be lower with CABG than with PCI.
Mapping the Relationship Between Written and Enacted Curriculum: Examining Teachers’ Decision Making

I offer an approach to representing and examining the relationship between curriculum resources and the performance of teaching, for the purpose of analyzing teachers’ design work. The approach builds on the assumptions that teaching is a design activity, that curriculum resources are tools that convey complex instructional ideas, and that, in using these tools, teachers interact with them and selectively leverage resources to design and enact instruction. I introduce the instructional design arc as a unit of analysis, referring to an episode in a lesson, prompted by the teacher, and that require the teacher to make instructional design decisions in the moment. When compiled into a lesson map, these design arcs model the episodic and emerging contours of the enacted lesson, representing teachers’ planned and in-the-moment decisions. Using data from 3rd to 5th grade mathematics classrooms in the USA, I analyze instructional design arcs within mathematics lessons, focusing on teachers’ design work.
Evolution by Social Selection

In human populations, more than 1900 Mendelian traits have been documented (McKusick, 1986). When both Mendelian and polygeneic inheritance are considered, the number of genetic diseases becomes about 4000 (McKusick, 1986). The incidence of these diseases in a population depends on the etiology of the trait, the fitness of an individual, and demographic structure of the population.
Convolutional Codes and Encoders

The study of convolutional codes has three aspects: encoding, error correction and decoding, and applications. The first aspect, covered in this part of the book, is concerned with the definitions, structure, and classification of convolutional codes and encoders. The second aspect deals with error correction and decoding of convolutionally encoded data. Finally, the third aspect explores applications of convolutional codes and decoding techniques. This chapter deals with the definitions and representations of convolutional codes and encoders.
Genomic data recover previously undetectable fragmentation effects in an endangered amphibian.

A critical consideration when using molecular ecological methods to detect trends and parameterize models at very fine spatial and temporal scales has always been the technical limits of resolution. Key landscape features, including most anthropogenic modifications, can cause biologically important, but very recent changes in gene flow that require substantial statistical power to detect. The problem is one of temporal scale: Human change is rapid and recent, while genetic changes accumulate slowly. We generated SNPs from thousands of nuclear loci to characterize the population structure of New York-endangered eastern tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) on Long Island and quantify the impacts of roads on population fragmentation. In stark contrast to a recent microsatellite study, we uncovered highly structured populations over an extremely small spatial scale (approximately 40 km2 ) in an increasingly human-modified landscape. Geographic distance and the presence of roads between ponds were both strong predictors of genetic divergence, suggesting that both natural and anthropogenic factors contribute to the observed patterns of genetic variation. All ponds supported small to modest effective breeding populations, and pond surface area showed a strong positive correlation with population size. None of these patterns emerged in an earlier study of the same system using microsatellite loci, and we determined that at least 300-400 SNPs were needed to recover the fine-scale population structure present in this system. Conservation assessments using earlier genetic techniques in other species may similarly lack the statistical power for small-scale inferences and benefit from reassessments using genomic tools.