cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Keynote 2: Smart-Sensing using Smart-Sensors

With the expansive usage of mobile devices and potential growth in the deployment of Internet of things, we will have proliferation of smart sensors in our handheld devices, wearables, and in our surroundings. Making sense out of the web of sensors is what we term as Smart-Sensing. Smart-Sensing would involve accurate and innovative sensing approaches while using minimal resources. In this talk, we will have an overview of a few approaches and novel ideas for Smart-Sensing using Smart-Sensors. Capturing the movement of fingers and hand gestures through accelerometer and gyroscope, we will develop the concept of finger-writing using smartwatches. Then we will explore how the WiFi APs can detect the movement of other devices at a fine granular level. Sensor assisted biometric authentication will be the next topic of our discussion. The last part of the talk will demonstrate the use of accelerometer for detecting voice and we will propose the use of this concept for saving energy consumption in smart devices. The talk will conclude with the summary of the potential scope and applications of Smart-Sensing environments.
The Body in Pieces: The Fragment as a Metaphor of Modernity

By the end of the 18th century a sense of anxiety and crisis began to preoccupy European writers and artists in theor relationship to the past, from antiquity on, which constituted the European intellectual tradition. The grandness of that past could no longer fit into the frame of the present. Artists felt overwhelmed by the magnitude of past heroic accomplishment, its domineering influence, even of their own past accomplishment. Beginning with artists such as Fuseli, this was soon reflected in artistic representation. The partial image, the "crop", fragmentation, the ruin and mutilation - all expressed nostalgia and grief for the loss of a vanished and unreclaimed totality, a utopian wholeness. Often, as a form of compensation, such feelings were expressed in deliberate destructiveness and this became the new way of seeing: the notion of the modern. The "crop" constituted a distinctively modern view of the world, the essence of modernity itself. This work, which is taken from the Walter Neurath Memorial Lecture, traces these developments as they have been expressed in representations of the human figure fragmented, mutilated and fetishized, by looking at work produced by artists from Neo-classicism to Romanticism and modern art, from Fuseli to the Impressionists, the Post-Impressionists, and beyond.
Catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane in a Pd membrane reactor

Publisher Summary The kinetics of oxidative dehydrogenation in a membrane reactor has been found to be more favorable than the kinetics of catalytic dehydrogenation in the absence of oxygen. The goal of the research discussed in this chapter is to balance the reaction rate and the rate of H 2 removal from the reactor by adjusting the residence time and availability of oxygen to create an extremely efficient membrane reactor for the production of isobutylene. Isobutylene is typically produced by catalytic dehydrogenation over a Cr 2 O 3 –Al 2 O 3 catalyst in the absence of free oxygen. On the other hand oxidative dehydrogenation is kinetically fast and may relieve the limitation of catalytic dehydrogenation. The chapter presents the coproduction of isobutylene and hydrogen in oxidative dehydrogenation that causes this system to be thermodynamically limited. By using a membrane reactor, the co-produced H 2 is continuously removed while still benefiting from the fast oxidation kinetics. It has been shown that, although the current reactor and membrane configuration is only allowed for a 10% hydrogen removal, the removal of hydrogen substantially increases both isobutane conversion and isobutylene selectivity.
Requirement for Interactions of Natural Killer T Cells and Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells for Transplantation Tolerance

The goal of the study was to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which a clinically applicable immune tolerance regimen of combined bone marrow and heart transplants in mice results in mixed chimerism and graft acceptance. The conditioning regimen of lymphoid irradiation and anti-T cell antibodies changed the balance of cells in the lymphoid tissues to create a tolerogenic microenvironment favoring the increase of natural killer T (NKT) cells, CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells and Gr-1+ CD11b+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), over conventional T cells (Tcons). The depletion of MDSCs abrogated chimerism and tolerance, and add back of these purified cells was restorative. The conditioning regimen activated the MDSCs as judged by the increased expression of arginase-1, IL-4Rα and programmed death ligand 1, and the activated cells gained the capacity to suppress the proliferation of Tcons to alloantigens in the mixed leukocyte reaction. MDSC activation was dependent on the presence of host invariant NKT cells. The conditioning regimen polarized the host invariant NKT cells toward IL-4 secretion, and MDSC activation was dependent on IL-4. In conclusion, there was a requirement for MDSCs for chimerism and tolerance, and their suppressive function was dependent on their interactions with NKT cells and IL-4.
Montelukast improves asthma control in asthmatic children maintained on inhaled corticosteroids

Background Because of potential toxicities of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) use in pediatric asthma, alternative or steroid-sparing therapy is desirable. There are no previous studies evaluating montelukast's steroid-sparing effects in children with asthma. Objective To evaluate whether (1) montelukast as add-on therapy improves asthma symptom control and (2) montelukast provides steroid-sparing effects in children with asthma treated with low to moderate doses of ICS therapy. Methods In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 36 children ages 6 to 14 years with symptomatic asthma maintained on a stable low to moderate dose of ICSs were randomly assigned to receive montelukast or matching placebo for 24 weeks after a run-in period of 2 weeks (period I). During the trial, subjects kept daily asthma diary cards and monthly spirometry was performed. After a 4 week add-on period (period II), the subjects completed a 20-week (period III) ICS tapering period based on a predetermined protocol. Results In period II, the difference in the number of rescue-free days was significantly higher in the montelukast group ( P = 0.0001), and the number of rescue-free days per week was also significantly higher in montelukast-treated subjects compared with placebo subjects ( P = 0.002). In period III, the percentage reduction in ICS dose was not significant between montelukast and placebo ( P = 0.10), but the montelukast group experienced an average 17% decrease in ICS dose and the control group experienced an average 64% increase in ICS dose. Conclusions Montelukast treatment significantly increased the number of rescue-free days in symptomatic children with asthma.
A hierarchical multiresolution video shot transition detection scheme

The problem of digital video segmentation occurs in many different applications. It is the first step toward automatic video indexing, automatic video editing, perceptual coding, etc. We developed a hierarchical multiresolution shot transition detection scheme which takes advantage of the production aspect of video for high precision shot transition detection. New features are proposed to capture the changing statistics of different kinds of shot transitions so as to identify, not only abrupt shot transitions, but also gradual transitions accordingly. Identifying complex transitions?dissolves and wipes?is important due to their use as visual cues to story structure in narrative film. In this paper, a two-pass algorithm, collection and verification, is proposed to study dissolve and wipe transition detection problems, the most difficult shot transition detection problems. Wavelet transformation is utilized for image multiresolution decomposition. Experiment results show that our methodology has much higher precision compared to conventional algorithms.
The repair function of the multifunctional DNA repair/redox protein APE1 is neuroprotective after ionizing radiation.

Abstract Although exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) can produce significant neurotoxicity, the mechanisms mediating this toxicity remain to be determined. Previous studies using neurons isolated from the central nervous system show that IR produces reactive oxygen species and oxidative DNA damage in those cells. Because the base excision DNA repair pathway repairs single-base modifications caused by ROS, we asked whether manipulating this pathway by altering APE1 expression would affect radiation-induced neurotoxicity. In cultures of adult hippocampal and sensory neurons, IR produces DNA damage as measured by phosphorylation of histone H2A.X and results in dose-dependent cell death. In isolated sensory neurons, we demonstrate for the first time that radiation decreases the capsaicin-evoked release of the neuropeptide CGRP. Reducing APE1 expression in cultured cells augments IR-induced neurotoxicity, whereas overexpressing APE1 is neuroprotective. Using lentiviral constructs with a neuronal specific promoter that selectively expresses APE1s different functions in neurons, we show that selective expression of the DNA repair competent (redox inactive) APE1 constructs in sensory neurons resurrects cell survival and neuronal function, whereas use of DNA-repair deficient (redox active) constructs is not protective. Use of an APE1 redox-specific inhibitor, APX3330, also facilitates neuronal protection against IR-induced toxicity. These results demonstrate for the first time that the repair function of APE1 is required to protect both hippocampal and DRG neuronal cultures—specifically neuronal cells—from IR-induced damage, while the redox activity of APE1 does not appear to be involved.
Palatal growth in baboons ( Papio cynocephalus anubis )

In this study the structure and development of the palate as observed in a cross-sectional collection of olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) skulls are described and analyzed using craniometric techniques. Considered are structural functional relationships among different parts of the palate, and between the palate and other parts of the craniofacial skeleton. Several inferences are drawn and speculated upon. These inferences are as follows: odontogenesis affects premaxillary growth the most during late fetal and early postnatal development; maxillary length is significantly affected by development and eruption of the maxillary dentition, whereas maxillary breadth is less affected by dental development. Growth of the palatine bones and nasopharyngeal airway is correlated with dentomasticatory changes; the developmental and functional significance of these correlations is unclear. Further inferences are that growth rates for each palatal component differ for each sex even though lengths of the components relative to total palatal dimensions show no sexual dimorphism. Also, it is determined that maxillary length remains constant, premaxillary length reduces and palatine length increases relative to total palatal length with growth.
A robust estimation scheme for clock phase offsets in wireless sensor networks in the presence of non-Gaussian random delays

To cope with the Gaussian or non-Gaussian nature of the random network delays, a novel method, referred to as the Gaussian mixture Kalman particle filter (GMKPF), is proposed herein to estimate the clock offset in wireless sensor networks. GMKPF represents a better and more flexible alternative to the symmetric Gaussian maximum likelihood (SGML), and symmetric exponential maximum likelihood (SEML) estimators for clock offset estimation in non-Gaussian or non-exponential random delay models. The computer simulations illustrate that GMKPF yields much more accurate results relative to SGML and SEML when the network delays are modeled in terms of a single non-Gaussian/non-exponential distribution or as a mixture of several distributions.
Immunogenicity of a killed whole Neospora caninum tachyzoite preparation formulated with different adjuvants

A killed whole Neospora caninum tachyzoite preparation was formulated with various adjuvants and tested for its immunogenicity in cattle. The adjuvants used were: Havlogen, a polymer of acrylic acid cross-linked with polyallylsucrose; Polygen, a non-particulate copolymer; a mixture of Havlogen and Bay R-1005, which is a preparation of free base synthetic glycolipids; and Montanide ISA 773, a water-in-oil emulsion made with a mixture of metabolisable and mineral oils. Immune responses in immunised cattle were compared with those of cattle experimentally infected with culture-derived N. caninum tachyzoites. The overall mean serum IFAT titres were significantly higher (P<0.05) in experimentally infected cattle compared with all immunised cattle. Nonetheless, the maximum antibody titres of the immunised cattle, which were obtained following the third immunisation, were within the range of titres previously described for naturally infected cattle. The overall mean serum IFAT titres were significantly higher (P<0.05) in cattle immunised with the killed tachyzoite preparation formulated with Polygen and with the mixture of Havlogen and Bay R-1005, compared with cattle immunised with the Havlogen- and Montanide-based preparations. Two of the four adjuvant preparations were able to induce cell-mediated immune responses similar to those of the experimentally infected cattle. The Havlogen-adjuvanted tachyzoite preparation elicited N. caninum-specific proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells statistically similar (P=0.095) to that of the infected animals. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from animals immunised with the Polygen-adjuvanted tachyzoite preparation produced interferon-γ concentrations of similar magnitude (P=0.17) to those from the infected animals. Polygen was one of two adjuvants that elicited the highest antibody responses, and was the only adjuvant that induced interferon-γ levels similar to those of the infected heifers.
Imitation Costs and Patents: An Empirical Study

It has long been recognised that the costs of imitating new products have an important effect on the incentives for innovation in a market economy.' As Arrow (I962) and others have pointed out, if firms can imitate an innovation at a cost that is substantially below the cost to the innovator of developing the innovation, there may be little or no incentive for the innovator to carry out the innovation. In their discussions of the innovation process, economists frequently have called attention to the major role played by the costs of imitation, but there has been little or no attempt to measure these costs, to test various hypotheses concerning the factors influencing them, or to estimate their effects. In this paper, we report some findings of what seems to be the first study of this topic. In addition, we present data regarding the effects of patents on imitation costs and on the rate of innovation.
Functional Properties of Skim Milk Processed with Continuous High Pressure Throttling

Abstract The objective of this project was to evaluate the functional properties of continuous high pressure throttled milk. Milk was obtained from the University of Georgia dairy farm and separated. Skim milk (9% solids) was divided, and one-half of the volume was concentrated by ultrafiltration to 18% total solids. Samples of concentrated and unconcentrated milk were subjected to treatment with 310MPa (45,000psi) of pressure by a process of continuous high pressure throttling for a maximum of 0.3s or were not pressure treated. All milk samples were chilled to 4°C following treatment and then evaluated for functional properties. Only pressurized milks (9 and 18% solids) produced stable foams. The emulsion stability index, measured at 6-h intervals for 24h, was lower for the pressurized concentrated milk samples, but pressure treatment produced more stable emulsions in unconcentrated milk. Pressure had no significant effect on interfacial tension. Values for surface tension were higher for pressurized milk samples. Pressurized milks were more viscous. Lightness (L*), greenness (a*), and blueness (b*) were affected by pressure treatment in unconcentrated milk; pressurized milks had lower L* (less white), a* (greener), and b* (bluer) values than the unpressurized milks. In concentrated milk, pressure treatment imparted greener color only. Creamers made with pressure throttled milk samples (both systems) were stable (i.e., did not exhibit feathering) when added to coffee solutions.
Cathodic arc deposition of copper oxide thin films

Abstract Black CuO films are used for improved radiation cooling of, e.g. an r.f. kicker at the Advanced Light Source of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. The films are required to be transparent to r.f. fields particularly in the range 1–1.25 GHz, UHV compatible, and very adhesive even after a number of baking cycles. Usual techniques such as wet-chemical coating do not fulfil the requirements for UHV compatibility. A cathodic arc plasma source with a copper cathode was operated in an oxygen atmosphere to form CuO films on the substrate, which was either the anode or was mounted on a substrate holder using a separate anode. The films are single-phase polycrystalline CuO. They are slightly oxygen-rich, adhere very well (pull strength exceeding 85 MPa) and fulfil all UHV requirements. The deposition method is very efficient, and large workpieces up to a surface area of 5000 cm2 have been coated.
Towards a Nonperturbation Transport Theory in Hetereogeneous Aquifers

A large body of existing theories of flow and contaminant transport in aquifers ignore the presence of recharge, eliminate the boundary conditions, neglect transient conditions in groundwater flow, conceive hydraulic gradients as linear, and require parameter variability to be stationary and Gaussian. The most outstanding and difficult to justify assumption is the subjective “small” size of the stochastic terms (i.e., small perturbation methods), which usually is forced by considering the logarithm of the hydraulic conductivity. Several problems in flow and contaminant subsurface hydrology, such as the enhanced dispersion parameters with plume size or time after injection, remain to be observed in the light of a stochastic theory that allows a more realistic consideration of physical and hydrologic properties. In this article, an attempt is made to reformulate a contaminant transport equation (the variable dispersion equation, VDE) with transport parameters in terms of regional hydrologic and aquifer hydraulic properties, such as recharge rate, spatially random transmissivity, hydraulic gradient, aquifer thickness, and soil porosity. Subsequently, a general analytic procedure, the method of decomposition, is used to derive a solution to the VDE. This procedure does not require small perturbation, logarithmic transformations, or specific probability law assumptions. Comparison tests with existing theoretical and field results are given. The tests illustrate the enhanced dispersion and shifting concentration effects produced by the variable dispersion equation. Finally a generalization of the method to nonstationary dispersion in three-dimensional domains is proposed.
Kinase inhibitors: an allosteric add-on.

Development of highly specific kinase inhibitors has been a long-standing challenge in chemical biology. The structural and mechanistic characterization of an Erk1/2 kinase inhibitor provides new strategies to develop specific kinase inhibitors by targeting a binding pocket adjacent to the ATP binding site.
A free boundary problem modeling thermal instabilities: Stability and bifurcation

In this paper, we analyze a simple free boundary model associated with solid combustion and some phase transition processes. There is strong evidence that this “one-phase” model captures all major features of dynamical behavior of more realistic (and complicated) combustion and phase transition models. The principal results concern the dynamical behavior of the model as a bifurcation parameter (which is related to the activation energy in the case of combustion) varies. We prove that the basic uniform front propagation is asymptotically stable against perturbations for the bifurcation parameter above the instability threshold and that a Hopf bifurcation takes place at the threshold value. Results of numerical simulations are presented which confirm that both supercritical and subcritical Hofp bifurcation may occur for physically reasonable nonlinear kinetic functions.
Identification of Toxoplasma gondii genes responsive to the host immune response during in vivo infection.

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoa parasite that causes the disease toxoplasmosis. It resides within host cells in a parasitophorous vacuole distinct from the host cell endocytic system. T. gondii was used as a model to investigate how obligate intracellular parasites alter their gene expression in response to the host immune response during infection compared to growth in host cells in vitro. While bacterial pathogens clearly alter gene expression to adapt to the host environment during infection, the degree to which the external environment affects gene expression by obligate intracellular pathogens sequestered within host cells is less clear. The global transcriptome of T. gondii was analyzed in vivo in the presence and absence of the IFN-γ-dependent host innate immune response. The parasites' in vivo transcriptome was also compared to its transcriptome in vitro in fibroblast cells. Our results indicate that the parasite transcriptome is significantly altered during in vivo infection in the presence, but not absence, of IFN–γ-dependent immunity compared with fibroblasts infected in vitro. Many of the parasite genes increased in vivo appear to be common to an early general stress response by the parasite; surprisingly putative oocyst stage specific genes were also disproportionately increased during infection.
Stair locomotion in children with spastic hemiplegia: the impact of three different ankle foot orthosis (AFOS) configurations

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of three different ankle foot orthoses (AFO) configurations on the function and kinematics of stair locomotion in children with spastic hemiplegia. Nineteen children were evaluated barefoot and with a hinged, posterior leaf spring (PLS) and solid AFO during stair ascent and descent. Stair specific items from the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) were used to evaluate function, while a motion measurement system was used to evaluate kinematics. The PEDI revealed no significant differences between AFOs and barefoot, although a greater percentage of children were able to keep up with their peers while wearing a hinged AFO. At the ankle, the hinged AFO provided the greatest amount of dorsiflexion during stance. All AFOs reduced plantarflexion in comparison to barefoot. The results of this study indicate that for children with spastic hemiplegia the use of an AFO did not impair stair ambulation.
An algorithm for oceanic front detection in chlorophyll and SST satellite imagery

Abstract An algorithm is described for oceanic front detection in chlorophyll (Chl) and sea surface temperature (SST) satellite imagery. The algorithm is based on a gradient approach: the main novelty is a shape-preserving, scale-sensitive, contextual median filter applied selectively and iteratively until convergence. This filter has been developed specifically for Chl since these fields have spatial patterns such as chlorophyll enhancement at thermohaline fronts and small- and meso-scale chlorophyll blooms that are not present in SST fields. Linear Chl enhancements and localized (point-wise) blooms are modeled as ridges and peaks respectively, whereas conventional fronts in Chl and SST fields are modeled as steps or ramps. Examples are presented of the algorithm performance using modeled (synthetic) images as well as synoptic Chl and SST imagery. After testing, the algorithm was used on > 6000 synoptic images, 1999–2007, to produce climatologies of Chl and SST fronts off the U.S. Northeast.
STATISTICAL REANALYSIS OF CANADY'S "THE EFFECT OF 'RAPPORT' ON THE I. Q.: A NEW APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF RACIAL PSYCHOLOGY"

Summary.-Because of the divergent interpretauons of Canady's (1936) smdy, "The Effect of 'hpport' on the I. Q.: a New Approach to the Problem of Racial Psychology," a statistical reanalysis was performed. Results indicate that on the first administration of the 1916 Stanford-Binet, Ss obtained higher IQs with Es of their own race, while on the second administration, Ss obtained higher IQs with Es of the other race. For the total group, the Negro-white E order of administering the tests led to higher IQs than the white-Negro E order. Es' sequence of adminissering the test, however, did not significantly interact with Ss' race in determining inter-administration improvement. Results should be accepted with caution because of the methodological difficulties in the design of the experiment. Canady's (1936) publication, almost a classic in its area, has been cited as both supporting and refuting the position that Es' race affects the intelligence test scores of Negro Ss. Anastasi (1958) refers to Canady's study in illustrating the influence of Es' race on the intelligence test scores of Negro Ss. On the other hand, Tyler (1956) writes that Canady's results do not warrant the conclusion that Es' race is an important variable. While not directly referring to Canady's work in discussing the effect of rapport on the results of intelligence tests, Shuey (1958) concludes from the studies surveyed by her (including Canady's) that no evidence exists "that the race of the examiner materially affected the testing rapport" (p. 316). The divergent interpretations of Canady's study can be resolved by reference to the statistical analyses reported herein. Ss in Canady's study were 48 Negroes, 27 male and 21 female, and 25 white males. The age range in each racial group was from 4 to 16 yr. Ss were attending schools in Evanston, Illinois. The 1916 Stanford-Binet was administered on two occasions, with the second test administration occurring within a 1-yr. period following the first administration. Es were 1 Negro and 20 white students working in a university clinic who had at least one course in intelligence testing.
Pion fluctuations around a moving and rotating Skyrmion.

Fluctuating pion fields around a moving and rotating Skyrmion are quantized by Dirac's method. Both the rotational and translational collective motion of the Skyrmion are described by collective coordinates and then all six zero-frequency modes of the pion field are eliminated. The method allows us to treat fluctuations around a soliton consistently with its collective rotational and translational motion. Pion-baryon linear couplings are studied and the /Delta//r arrow//ital N//pi/ decay rate is calculated.
Kit Receptor Dimerization Is Driven by Bivalent Binding of Stem Cell Factor

Most growth factors and cytokines activate their receptors by inducing dimerization upon binding. We have studied binding of the dimeric cytokine stem cell factor (SCF) to the extracellular domain of its receptor Kit, which is a receptor tyrosine kinase similar to the receptors for platelet-derived growth factor and colony-stimulating factor-1. Calorimetric studies show that one SCF dimer binds simultaneously to two molecules of the Kit extracellular domain. Gel filtration and other methods show that this results in Kit dimerization. It has been proposed that SCF-induced Kit dimerization proceeds via a conformational change that exposes a key receptor dimerization site in the fourth of the five immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains in Kit. We show that a form of Kit containing just the first three Ig domains (Kit-123) binds to SCF with precisely the same thermodynamic parameters as does Kit-12345. Analytical ultracentrifugation, light scattering, and gel filtration show that Kit-123 dimerizes upon SCF binding in a manner indistinguishable from that seen with Kit-12345. These data argue that the fourth Ig-like domain of Kit is not required for SCF-induced receptor dimerization and provide additional support for a model in which bivalent binding of the SCF dimer provides the driving force for Kit dimerization.
Activity-Based Metagenomic Screening and Biochemical Characterization of Bovine Ruminal Protozoan Glycoside Hydrolases

ABSTRACT The rumen, the foregut of herbivorous ruminant animals such as cattle, functions as a bioreactor to process complex plant material. Among the numerous and diverse microbes involved in ruminal digestion are the ruminal protozoans, which are single-celled, ciliated eukaryotic organisms. An activity-based screen was executed to identify genes encoding fibrolytic enzymes present in the metatranscriptome of a bovine ruminal protozoan-enriched cDNA expression library. Of the four novel genes identified, two were characterized in biochemical assays. Our results provide evidence for the effective use of functional metagenomics to retrieve novel enzymes from microbial populations that cannot be maintained in axenic cultures.
Three-flat tests including mounting-induced deformations

We investigate three-flat calibration methods based on rotational symmetry and mirror symmetry for absolute interferometric flatness measurements of circular flats in the presence of deformations caused by the support mechanism for the flats, which are a significant problem for large, heavy flats. We show that the mirror-symmetric component of the mounting-induced deformation can be determined by comparing flat test solutions based on mirror symmetry and on rotational symmetry, when the flats have identical deformations. We also describe a novel solution to the three-flat problem for three flats with identical mounting-induced deformations. In the new three-flat solution, the flat deformation is calculated along with the wavefront flatness errors for the three flats. Formulas for the uncertainty of three-flat test solutions are derived.
Changes in selected blood measures during repeated days of intense training and carbohydrate control.

Ten runners were studied to determine whether selected blood measures were useful indices of the metabolic stress associated with intense training and dietary carbohydrate (CHO) deficiency. The runners performed two diet/training regimens, involving 5 repeated days of intense training approximately 80 min/d, approximately 80% VO2max) and dietary CHO control (8.0 g.kg-1.d-1, EQ-CHO; 3.9 g.kg-1.d-1, LO-CHO). Resting blood samples were obtained after a 3-day control period, after 3 and 5 days of intense training, and after 3 days of rest. Resting uric acid levels were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) after 3 and 5 days of training during the LO-CHO vs EQ-CHO regimen (353 +/- 21 vs 309 +/- 24, and 345 +/- 26 vs 302 +/- 26 mol.l-1, respectively). Resting thyroxine (T4) levels were higher (P less than 0.05) after 5 days of training during the LO-CHO vs EQ-CHO regimen (102.2 +/- 6.2 vs 83.7 +/- 4.5 nmol.l-1, respectively). While creatine kinase levels were elevated after both regimens (P less than 0.05), there was no difference between regimens. Serum cortisol (C) levels were reduced by 10% for both regimens (P less than 0.05), possibly due to an expansion in plasma volume (7.6 and 7.3% for the LO-CHO and EQ-CHO regimens, respectively). Resting FFA levels were increased (P less than 0.05) during both regimens, but there was no difference between the regimens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Analysis Of Errors And Approximations In The Use Of Modal Co-Ordinates

Abstract A basic operation in several updating procedures and other modal analysis applications concerns the transformation of the complex modes, identified from experimental tests, into the real ones typical of theoretical models. In this transformation several approximations are normally adopted. This paper presents a discussion of two of these approximations: the first refers to a series expansion of the complex modes into the subspace of real modes, commonly used for normalization of complex modes. The second, used in advanced modal analysis applications, relates the physical damped co-ordinates to the modal ones through the real modal matrix. An explanation of the limitations of these assumptions is given through analytical developments and numerical results obtained from a discrete model.
TGF-β, T-cell tolerance and anti-CD3 therapy

Recent studies by Chatenoud and co-workers suggest that non-mitogenic F(ab′)2 fragments of anti-CD3 antibodies, which cannot bind the Fc receptor, induce a prolonged period of tolerance and prevent diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Tolerance is established by regulatory T cells through the production of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), but the mechanism by which TGF-β1 confers this activity is unclear. Analysis of mice deficient in TGF-β1 suggests that TGF-β1 raises the threshold at which intracellular calcium activates T cells to a level that prevents an autoimmune response.
DORMANCY FACTORS IN IRIS (IRIDACEAE) SEEDS

A B S T R A C T Utilizing a newly developed radish seed bioassay, it has been demonstrated that Iris seed dormancy is caused by water-soluble inhibitor(s). Leached Iris seeds germinate freely when planted in soil without previous chilling. The inhibitor(s) can prevent germination of representative species of both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous seeds. DORMANCY in Iris seeds is a phenomenon well known to growers and hybridizers of the genus. Unfortunately, however, much of the literature on the subject is popular rather than scientific, and is not very illuminating with regard to the reasons and nature of the dormancy (Kidd, 1964; Jorgensen, 1965; Pray and Arditti, 1966). In all but one subsection (Regelia), among the bearded irises the dormancy factor(s) are located in the endosperm (Randolph and Cox, 1943; Lenz, 1955) and not in the seed coat (Rodionenko, 1961). The substance(s) present in Iris seeds can inhibit the germination of wheat and onion
Cutaneous extrarenal rhabdoid tumor with myogenic differentiation.

Background: The rhabdoid phenotype is characterized by large epithelioid cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and paranuclear inclusions of intermediate filaments. Although originally described in tumors from pediatric kidneys, the rhabdoid phenotype has since been described in a variety of patient ages and extrarenal sites. Extraordinarily, the rhabdoid phenotype has emerged in cutaneous neoplasms, either as a pure extrarenal rhabdoid tumor or a composite phenotype coupled with another malignancy. Regardless of the clinical setting, the rhabdoid phenotype is uniformly associated with aggressive biological behavior. We report the findings from a rare and very aggressive primary extrarenal rhabdoid tumor of the skin with myogenic differentiation. Case report: A 53-year-old woman presented with an ulcerated nodule on her right medial calf and ipsilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy. Histological examination of the skin nodule as well as cytologic examination of a lymph node disclosed the characteristic rhabdoid phenotype. Electron microscopy demonstrated paranuclear globules of intermediate filaments; special stains suggested an underlying myogenic histogenesis. The patient was aggressively treated with chemotherapy but ultimately died of her disease 8 months after presentation. Conclusions: The rhabdoid phenotype is rarely seen in cutaneous neoplasms, but when present, portends a poor prognosis adding particular importance to its recognition.
Migration and differentiation of ganglion cells in the optic tectum of the chick embryo

Abstract The ganglion cell of the deep gray layer of the tectum is characterized by a large perikaryon and long thick dendrites spreading widely into the overlying intermediate and superficial layers. Its axon projects from the ventral aspect of the soma into the adjacent deep white layer and runs tangentially with the efferent tectal fibers. Migration of the ganglion cell neuroblast from the matrix zone to its definitive location was traced in rapid Golgi preparations from a series of staged embryos. The neuroblast apparently does not begin to migrate until 1–2 days after its last cell division. Initially, the postmitotic neuroblast is an elongated cell, its perikaryon in the matrix zone and primitive external process extending radially through the mantle and marginal zones. Before the cell body migrates, an axon grows out from the external process, thus preventing movement of the cell as a whole. These early-forming axons establish a fiber layer, which is the forerunner of the mantle zone. The migration of the neuroblast is accomplished by elongation of a leading process and translocation of the cell body through the process. A sequence of three stages can be observed in the migration: radial, tangential and oblique. In each of these stages, the corresponding radial, tangential or oblique orientation of the leading process defines the migration route of the cell body. There is no consistent arrangement of supporting cells or neuroglia with respect to these migration routes. After its definitive location in the ganglion cell layer, the young neuron forms dendrites. This remarkable sequence of morphological events is not explained by locomotion of the entire cell or by current notions of cellular guidance of the neuroblast in migration and differentiation. Rather, the results suggest that the factors controlling migration are contemporaneous with, and perhaps the same as, those involved in the growth and elongation of the neuroblast.
KOHN VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLE FOR THREE-PARTICLE SCATTERING.

The Kohn variational principle is extended to apply to scattering processes where a two-particle bound state is broken up by a third particle.
Effects of chlordiazepoxide, pentobarbital, buspirone, chlorpromazine, and morphine in the stretched attend posture (SAP) test

The stretched attend posture (SAP) in the mouse is an investigatory forward elongation of the body in a novel environment. In a previous study, the anxiolytics diazepam, clobazam, and phenobarbital reduced SAP, and low doses of the non-anxiolytics imipramine and chlorpromazine were ineffective, results which prompted the investigator to propose the SAP test as a screening method for anxiolytics. However, diazepam and clobazam also increased immobility. In the present study, the anxiolytics chlordiazepoxide, pentobarbital, and buspirone and behaviorally active doses of the non-anxiolytics chlorpromazine and morphine reduced SAP and tended to increase immobility. We concluded that therapeutic-class specificity has not been demonstrated for the SAP test.
Review of indoor emission source models. Part 2. Parameter estimation

Abstract This review consists of two parts. Part 1 provides an overview of 52 indoor emission source models. Part 2—this paper—focuses on parameter estimation, a topic that is critical to modelers but has never been systematically discussed. A perfectly valid model may not be a useful one if some of its parameters are difficult to estimate in the absence of experimental data. This is true for both statistical and mass transfer models. Forty-eight methods are compiled and reviewed in this paper. Overall, developing methods for parameter estimation has fallen behind the development of models. Such imbalance is the main reason that many models have been left on the shelf since they were published.
A Review of the Cardiovascular Effects of Oncology Agents

Cardiovascular toxicity is an important adverse effect of several classes of oncology drugs. Because cancer survivors are living longer, the late effects of cancer therapy must be addressed. Many patients diagnosed with cancer are already at an increased risk for cardiovascular disease before drug treatment. Select chemotherapy agents further complicate the issue because of their own ability to induce cardiovascular toxicities or exacerbate preexisting conditions. Hypertension, dyslipidemia, heart failure, and arrhythmia are known consequences of some cancer therapies. This review provides an overview of the epidemiology, mechanism of action, monitoring, and management of these cardiovascular effects.
Comparison of Calculated with Measured Oxygen Consumption in Children Undergoing Cardiac Catheterization

Our objective was to compare calculated (LaFarge) with measured oxygen consumption (VO(2)) using the AS/3 TM Compact Airway Module M-CAiOVX (Datex-Ohmeda, Helsinki, Finland; AS/3 TM) in children without cardiac shunts in a prospective, observational study. VO(2) was determined at the end of the routine diagnostic and/or interventional catheterization. VO(2 )was calculated according to the formula of LaFarge and Miettinen for each child and compared with the measured VO(2). Data were compared using simple regression and Bland Altman analysis. Fifty-two children aged from 0.5 to 16 years (median, 6.9 years) and weighing 3.4 to 59.4 kg (median, 22.9 kg) were investigated. Calculated VO(2 )values ranged from 59.0 to 230.8 ml/min, and measured VO(2) values from 62.7 to 282.2 ml/min. Comparison of calculated versus measured VO(2) values revealed a significant correlation (r = 0.90, p < 0.0001). Bias and precision were 8.9 and 48.3 ml/min, respectively (95% limits of agreement: -39.4 to 57.2 ml/min). Comparison of calculated VO(2) in children older than 3 years (n = 41), as restricted to the formula, with measured VO(2), revealed a slightly reduced correlation (r = 0.86, p < 0.0001). Bias and precision were 10.0 and 52.5 ml/min, respectively (95% limits of agreement: -42.4 to 62.5 ml/min). We conclude that calculation of VO(2) by the LaFarge formula does not provide reliable values compared to measured values. In clinical routine, measured rather than calculated VO(2) values should be used for the estimation of cardiac output and related variables.
Sorites Without Vagueness I: Classificatory Sorites

An abstract mathematical theory is presented for a common variety of soritical arguments, treated here in terms of responses of a system, say, a biological organism, a gadget, or a set of normative linguistic rules, to stimuli. Any characteristic of the system's responses which supervenes on stimuli is called a stimulus effect upon the system. Classificatory sorites is about the identity of or difference between the effects of stimuli that differ ‘only microscopically’. We formulate the classificatory sorites on arguably the highest possible level of generality and show that the ‘paradox’ is dissolved on grounds unrelated to vague predicates or other linguistic issues traditionally associated with it. If stimulus effects are properly defined (i.e., they are uniquely determined by stimuli), and if the space of the stimuli is endowed with appropriate (not necessarily metric) closeness and connectedness properties, then this space must contain points in every vicinity of which, ‘however small’, the stimulus effect is not constant. The effects can only be ‘tolerant’ to very small differences between stimuli if the closeness structure that is used to define very close stimuli does not render the space of stimuli appropriately connected: in this case the ‘paradox’ cannot be formulated. Nor can it be formulated if the response properties considered are not true effects, i.e., if they do not supervene on stimuli.
Posttranslational stability of the heme biosynthetic enzyme ferrochelatase is dependent on iron availability and intact iron-sulfur cluster assembly machinery.

Mammalian ferrochelatase, the terminal enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway, possesses an iron-sulfur [2Fe-2S] cluster that does not participate in catalysis. We investigated ferrochelatase expression in iron-deficient erythropoietic tissues of mice lacking iron regulatory protein 2, in iron-deficient murine erythroleukemia cells, and in human patients with ISCU myopathy. Ferrochelatase activity and protein levels were dramatically decreased in Irp2−/− spleens, whereas ferrochelatase mRNA levels were increased, demonstrating posttranscriptional regulation of ferrochelatase in vivo. Translation of ferrochelatase mRNA was unchanged in iron-depleted murine erythroleukemia cells, and the stability of mature ferrochelatase protein was also unaffected. However, the stability of newly formed ferrochelatase protein was dramatically decreased during iron deficiency. Ferrochelatase was also severely depleted in muscle biopsies and cultured myoblasts from patients with ISCU myopathy, a disease caused by deficiency of a scaffold protein required for Fe-S cluster assembly. Together, these data suggest that decreased Fe-S cluster availability because of cellular iron depletion or impaired Fe-S cluster assembly causes reduced maturation and stabilization of apo-ferrochelatase, providing a direct link between Fe-S biogenesis and completion of heme biosynthesis. We propose that decreased heme biosynthesis resulting from impaired Fe-S cluster assembly can contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases caused by defective Fe-S cluster biogenesis.
Generalized quantifiers and natural language

In 1957, the Polish logician Andrej Mostowski pointed out that there are many mathematically interesting quantifiers that are not definable in terms of the first-order ∀, ∃ and initiated study of so-called generalized quantifiers (cf. Mostowski, 1957). Since then logicians have discovered and studied a large number of generalized quantifiers. At last count there were well over 200 research papers in this area. Most of this work has been directed toward cardinality quantifiers (e.g. Keisler, 1969) and topological quantifiers (e.g. Sgro, 1977) which are not particularly relevant to natural language, but even so, it has forced logicians to rethink the traditional theory of quantification.
Kinetic Evidence for Inefficient and Error-prone Bypass across Bulky N2-Guanine DNA Adducts by Human DNA Polymerase ι

DNA polymerase (pol) ι has been proposed to be involved in translesion synthesis past minor groove DNA adducts via Hoogsteen base pairing. The N2 position of G, located in minor groove side of duplex DNA, is a major site for DNA modification by various carcinogens. Oligonucleotides with varying adduct size at G N2 were analyzed for bypass ability and fidelity with human pol ι. Pol ι effectively bypassed N2-methyl (Me)G and N2-ethyl(Et)G, partially bypassed N2-isobutyl(Ib)G and N2-benzylG, and was blocked at N2-CH2(2-naphthyl)G (N2-NaphG), N2-CH2(9-anthracenyl)G (N2-AnthG), and N2-CH2(6-benzo[a]pyrenyl)G. Steady-state kinetic analysis showed decreases of kcat/Km for dCTP insertion opposite N2-G adducts according to size, with a maximal decrease opposite N2-AnthG (61-fold). dTTP misinsertion frequency opposite template G was increased 3–11-fold opposite adducts (highest with N2-NaphG), indicating the additive effect of bulk (or possibly hydrophobicity) on T misincorporation. N2-IbG, N2-NaphG, and N2-AnthG also decreased the pre-steady-state kinetic burst rate compared with unmodified G. High kinetic thio effects (Sp-2′-deoxycytidine 5′-O-(1-thiotriphosphate)) opposite N2-EtG and N2-AnthG (but not G) suggest that the chemistry step is largely interfered with by adducts. Severe inhibition of polymerization opposite N2,N2-diMeG compared with N2-EtG by pol η but not by pol ι is consistent with Hoogsteen base pairing by pol ι. Thus, polymerization by pol ι is severely inhibited by a bulky group at G N2 despite an advantageous mode of Hoogsteen base pairing; pol ι may play a limited role in translesion synthesis on bulky N2-G adducts in cells.
A chemical and biological profile of HLA-DR (Ia-like) antigens

Abstract The HLA-DR (Ia-like) antigens are one of the prime regulators of the immune response. The analysis of these antigens on the surface of many human cell types, both normal and neoplastic, has recently been under intensive scrutiny, fueled, for the most part, by the availability of monoclonal antibodies to the HLA-DR molecule. These antibodies have been used as probes to delineate the biochemical properties of these antigens.