cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two invariants of human-swarm interaction

The search for invariants is a fundamental aim of scientific endeavors. These invariants, such as Newton's laws of motion, allow us to model and predict the behavior of systems across many different problems. In the nascent field of Human-Swarm Interaction (HSI), a systematic identification of fundamental invariants is still lacking. Discovering and formalizing these invariants will provide a foundation for developing, and better understanding, effective methods for HSI. We propose two invariants underlying HSI for geometric-based swarms: (1) collective state is the fundamental percept associated with a bio-inspired swarm, and (2) a human's ability to influence and understand the collective state of a swarm is determined by the balance between the span and persistence. We provide evidence of these invariants by synthesizing much of our previous work in the area of HSI with several new results, including a novel user study where users manage multiple swarms simultaneously. We also discuss how these invariants can be applied to enable more efficient and successful teaming between humans and bio-inspired collectives and identify several promising directions for future research into the invariants of HSI.
Circular polarization selective aluminum nano-spirals at ultraviolet wavelengths

Manipulating ultraviolet light presents unique challenges in technology. Here we demonstrate circular polarization selection at ultraviolet wavelengths over subwavelength distances using a flat-optical device consisting of Al chiral nanospirals periodically patterned on a glass substrate.
Rescatando valores ancestrales y creando nuevos lazos: el transnacionalismo chino en América Latina

Revisamos la evolucion de las relaciones economicas y politicas de China con America Latina atendiendo especialmente al creciente poder y presencia de la Republica Popular China en todos los paises del continente y la revitalizacion de las comunidades chinas y sus organizaciones en respuesta a esta presencia. Actualmente, China no solo exporta bienes industriales y capital a America Latina, sino tambien empresarios, estudiantes y comerciantes. Esta doble presencia china "por encima", a traves de las relaciones entre los Estados, y "por debajo" mediante la inmigracion y el fortalecimiento de las organizaciones transnacionales ha tenido un creciente impacto en las sociedades receptoras que no siempre han visto esta penetracion simultanea con buenos ojos. Describimos los principales resultados de los articulos en este numero basados en estudios intensivos de las comunidades y organizaciones chinas en cuatro paises latinoamericanos
Abstract 465: Heparanase Alters Endothelial Phenotype, Leukocyte Attachment and Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation

Little is known about the role of enzymatic regulation of glycosaminoglycans in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. We tested the hypothesis that heparanase (HPA) could regulate endothelial cell inflammatory responses and immune cell mobilization, promoting atherogenesis. We transduced human endothelial cells with lentiviral vectors for one of four constructs expressing shRNA targeted to HPA or a scrambled control sequence. These shRNA knocked down HPA expression 30-50% of wild type levels. We also overexpressed HPA in these cells using lentiviral constructs. Finally, we transduced cells to express miRNA 1258 known to reduce levels of HPA in endothelial cells. These cell lines were confirmed for gene modulation using PCR and western blotting for HPA, then assayed for the expression of inflammatory markers such as ICAM, VCAM, and IL-8 under static and physiologic levels of shear stress (12 dynes/cm 2 ). Increasing HPA levels led to a corresponding increase in inflammatory cytokines in endothelial cells, while reduction of HPA levels by targeted shRNA or miRNA caused reduced expression. Using fluorescently labeled monocytes we exposed the endothelial cell layer to circulating leukocytes in an in-vitro flow system. Adhesion of monocytes increased in cell lines with enhanced HPA expression and decreased in those with HPA knockdown. We also evaluated the effects of low endothelial sheer stress in transgenic mice overexpressing the human HPA gene crossed with the ApoE knockout mouse line. We surgically implanted an extravascular cuff on the left carotid artery of mice from this HPA-Tg/ApoE line and the ApoE line to create a region of disturbed flow and low shear stress. We used high resolution combined ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging system to image the flow and plaque morphology after 1 day, 2 weeks and 4 weeks post-implantation. Doppler imaging revealed overexpression of HPA increases the formation and severity of atherosclerosis. The oscillatory flow in the carotid artery due to the cuff placement lead to increased plaque accumulation and increased inflammation in response to the induced shear stress in the HPA-Tg/ApoE mice compared to the ApoE control mice. Our studies support HPA as a potent regulator of inflammation and plaque formation.
Naloxone administration for suspected opioid overdose: An expanded scope of practice by a basic life support collegiate-based emergency medical services agency

Opioid abuse is a growing and significant public health concern in the United States. Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that can rapidly reverse the respiratory depression associated with opioid toxicity. Georgetown University's collegiate-based emergency medical services (EMS) agency recently adopted a protocol, allowing providers to administer intranasal naloxone for patients with suspected opioid overdose. While normally not within the scope of practice of basic life support prehospital agencies, the recognition of an increasing epidemic of opioid abuse has led many states, including the District of Columbia, to expand access to naloxone for prehospital providers of all levels of training. In particular, intranasal naloxone is a method of administering this medication that potentially avoids needlestick injuries among EMS providers. Universities with collegiate-based EMS agencies are well positioned to provide life-saving treatments for patients acutely ill from opioid overdose.
La retórica de deudas, vínculos y deberes en algunas cartas de mujeres medievales

El articulo analiza los temas y las estrategias retoricas de escritura de cartas escritas, o dictadas, por mujeres medievales, motivadas por la ausencia o distancia del esposo o del amante. El trabajo analiza tres conjuntos de cartas, las de Heloise, una de las grandes abadesas del siglo XII, que sufre el descuido de su esposo, el filosofo Pierre Abelard; las de Sereneta, barcelonesa burguesa, que requiere constantemente la presencia de su marido Ramon de Tous; empleado de la condesa de Xerica en el siglo XIV; y el de Margaret Paston, perteneciente a una familia reconocida de Inglaterra en el siglo XV, cabeza del hogar en ausencia de su esposo John. El analisis se limita al examen textual del concepto del deber entre esposos, y los recursos retoricos empleados por estas tres mujeres en la interaccion con el ausente. Ademas de su interes intrinseco, las cartas ayudan, sin duda, a reconstruir las costumbres, el pensamiento y las relaciones humanas de aquel momento.
Signal detection on graphs: Bernoulli noise model

We consider detecting localized binary attributes on a graph. A localized binary attribute means that the nodes activated by the attribute form form a subgraph that can be easily separated from the other nodes. We formulate a statistical hypothesis test to decide whether a given attribute is localized or not. We propose two statistics: graph wavelet statistic and graph scan statistic. Both are shown to be efficient and statistically effective. We further apply the proposed methods to rank research keywords as attributes in a coauthorship network collected from IEEE Xplore. The experimental results show that the proposed graph wavelet statistic and graph scan statistic are effective and efficient.1
Simulations, Applications, and the Challenge for Public Health

Much of trajectory analysis currently exists at the theoretical and modeling/simulation stage. NetLogo and other simulation programs for Agent Based Models (ABM) utilize differential equations to model real-world processes. They can be used for theory development and testing in comparison to natural systems. Combined with statistical methods and trajectory analysis, they can validate health models for a tremendous variety of situations and conditions, measuring the causative driving and dissipative forces for processes that can inform medical and health interventions.
Stochastic Canonical Equation K4 for Symmetric Random Matrices with Infinitely Small Entries. Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for the Convergence of Normalized Spectral Functions

In this chapter, we continue to study stochastic canonical equations and prove limit theorems for individual spectral functions.
Identifying individuals amenable to drug recovery interventions through computational analysis of addiction content in social media

Drug abuse and addiction is a growing epidemic at the forefront of public health. Within this remit, the illicit use of opioid analgesics alone has emerged as one of the fastest growing forms of drug abuse in the U.S. and the death rate from this epidemic are drawing comparison to the US AIDS epidemic. Traditional methods of epidemiology based on explicit reporting of indicator-based data from patient records or data collected through surveys is often found wanting in modeling and designing effective interventions for addiction. In addition to the non-real time nature of the aforementioned methods, this is also due to a number of reasons including the continual penetration of novel biological/chemical entities into the abuse-cycle, the complex etiology of addiction which includes among others social factors, and the multistage nature of the addiction process. The recent advent of social media presents an intriguing information resource that is free from some of the above deficiencies and may be leveraged to model the addiction process and offer perspectives that are unavailable through traditional methods of epidemiology. In this paper, we use addiction related social media content to design a computational epidemiological approach for predicting a user's propensity for seeking drug recovery interventions. Solving this problem is crucial for designing effective interventions, identifying cohorts who would be most amenable to recovery, and planning resource allocations. Our method characterizes the evolving language of drug use, identifies the interactions that influence a drug user's actions, and using machine learning techniques predicts the extent to which a user is likely to participate in addiction recovery communities. Experimental assessments on real-world data from the social media platforms Reddit and Twitter indicate the proposed method can identify users who are amenable to addiction recovery intervention with high precision, recall, and F1 values.
Sonochemically Synthesized ZnO Nanostructure-Based L-Lactate Enzymatic Sensors on Flexible Substrates

We report on highly sensitive and flexible L-lactate enzymatic sensors. The sensing materials of this biosensor, two-dimensional (2D) zinc oxide nanoflakes (ZnO NFs), are synthesized on flexible gold(Au)-coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate using one step sonochemical approach for non-invasive lactate monitoring in human perspiration. ZnO NFs show high isoelectric points (IEP) and biocompatibility. Taking advantage of these unique properties, we immobilized Lactate oxidase (LOx) on the synthesized ZnO NFs. PET/Au/ZnO NFs sensors demonstrated detection of lactate in the range of 10 pM-10 µM for the electrode area of 0.5×0.5 cm2. The sensitivity of this linker free lactate sensor was found 2.23μA/M /cm2 and shows 4 times better response than conventional Au electrode with linker.
Finite-Temperature Relativistic Nuclear Field Theory: An Application to the Dipole Response.

Nuclear response theory beyond the one-loop approximation is formulated for the case of finite temperature. For this purpose, the time blocking approximation to the time-dependent part of the in-medium nucleon-nucleon interaction amplitude is adopted for the thermal (imaginary-time) Green's function formalism. We found that introducing a soft blocking, instead of a sharp blocking at zero temperature, brings the Bethe-Salpeter equation to a single-frequency variable equation also at finite temperatures. The method is implemented self-consistently in the framework of quantum hadrodynamics and designed to connect the high-energy scale of heavy mesons and the low-energy domain of nuclear medium polarization effects in a parameter-free way. In this framework, we investigate the temperature dependence of dipole spectra in the even-even nuclei $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ and $^{100,120,132}\mathrm{Sn}$ with a special focus on the giant dipole resonance's width problem and on the low-energy dipole strength distribution.
Achieving Versus Observing Strength in Choice Properties

None of the 15 properties can be experienced completely in isolation from all the others. This is also true in assessing the property strength of any particular choice. The properties always combine in the field-effect of choice strength. This largely proceeds from Alexander’s own explanation of properties supporting properties. In this regard, it is perhaps more natural to think of the choice properties as something that are primarily “discovered” or “witnessed” through inspection of a ­pre-existing system or structure. In understanding the properties of centers or choices, the first and most natural experience is observation.
Q-Tree: automatic construction of hierarchical state representation for reinforcement learning

A primary challenge of agent-based reinforcement learning in complex and uncertain environments is escalating computational complexity with the number of the states. Hierarchical, or tree-based, state representation provides a promising approach to complexity reduction through clustering and sequencing of similar states. We introduce the Q-Tree algorithm to utilize the data history of state transition information to automatically construct such a representation and to obtain a series of linear separations between state clusters to facilitate learning. Empirical results for the canonical PuddleWorld problem are provided to validate the proposed algorithm; extensions of the PuddleWorld problem obtained by adding random noise dimensions are solved by the Q-Tree algorithm, while traditional tabular Q-learning cannot accommodate random state elements within the same number of learning trials. The results show that the Q-Tree algorithm can reject state dimensions that do not aid learning by analyzing weights of all linear classifiers for a hierarchical state representation.
Learning and Memory in Invertebrates: Drosophila

Drosophila are able to learn many different things. They can form associations between olfactory cues and aversive or appetitive reinforcers in operant or classical paradigms. They can form associations between geometric or color visual cues and the aversive stimulus of heat. Male Drosophila can also learn from unsuccessful courtship bouts with fertilized females and respond by limiting subsequent courtship. Successful performance in many of these learning paradigms requires the normal function of genes encoding components of cAMP signaling, cell adhesion and signaling, and ribonucleoprotein transport and local translation. Learning based completely or partly on olfactory stimuli requires the normal function of the mushroom bodies. Learning about visual cues is generally independent of the mushroom bodies but requires the function of neurons in the central complex.
The effect of admitting fault versus shifting blame on expectations for others to do the same

A wealth of research has investigated how and why people cast blame. However, less is known about blame-shifting (i.e., blaming someone else for one’s own failures) and how exposure to a blame-shifting agent might lead to expectations that other agents will also shift blame. The present research tested whether exposure to a blame-shifting (versus responsibility-taking) agent would lead perceivers to expect a second, unrelated target to also shift blame. Contrary to our expectations, people expected greater blame-shifting after exposure to a responsible agent, particularly when perceivers were surprised by this reaction to failure. Discussion focuses on how people habitually expect some people to shift blame for their mishaps, and how expectancy violations when people act in unexpected ways predict the extent to which perceivers expect unrelated agents to also shift blame.
Insulin Resistance and the Metabolic Syndrome in Kidney Disease (e.g., the Cardiorenal Metabolic Syndrome)

The cardiorenal metabolic syndrome is a collection of metabolic risk factors driven by obesity and insulin resistance that convey an increased risk for cardiovascular and kidney disease. In this context, there has been increasing interest in the impact of insulin resistance and the compensatory hyperinsulinemia on kidney disease, independent to that of the contribution of overt diabetes to the development of kidney disease. It is unknown whether there is a direct causal relationship between insulin resistance and progressive kidney disease or just the presence of known risk factors for the initiation and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (i.e., hypertension and obesity), yet growing evidence supports that obesity and insulin resistance directly contribute to CKD.
Primary teeth microhardness and lead (Pb) levels.

Abstract Objectives Lead (Pb) exposure is associated with dental caries. Whether Pb affects tooth microhardness, is unclear. Our objective was to assess whether Pb concentration is associated with microhardness. Methods Exfoliated primary teeth were collected from 46 volunteers. Teeth were sectioned, one half of each tooth was tested for enamel Knoop microhardness. The remaining half was digested and Pb measured using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer. Results The correlations between Pb levels and microhardness were very low, and were not statistically significant at p Conclusions Previous exposure to high levels of Pb was not associated with decreased tooth microhardness. Clinical significance This study assessed whether Pb in deciduous teeth is associated with tooth microhardness. As this was not the case, further studies are needed to identify the mechanisms behind the association between lead exposure and tooth decay.
Thaw-Induced Gelation of Alginate Hydrogels for Versatile Delivery of Therapeutics

Alginate hydrogels have been extensively used and successfully validated as delivery vehicles of bioactive factors in many tissue engineering applications. This work describes and characterizes a singular alternative method to create alginate hydrogels designated as thaw-induced gelation (TIG). The TIG method involves gelation through the time-dependent release of the polymer or crosslinker by melting into solution. Alginate TIG hydrogels were validated for spatial–temporal control delivery of different cargos including albumin, dextran, and doxorubicin. Chitosan was incorporated into TIG hydrogels to investigate the electrostatic interactions between alginate and the tested cargos. Interestingly, while 90% of doxorubicin was released after 8 h from hydrogels formed with frozen calcium, hydrogels formulated from frozen alginate took 72 h. In addition, the storage modulus of TIG hydrogels prepared from frozen alginate was double that of a hydrogel formed without freezing alginate. Therefore, the utility of TIG strategies are particularly promising for the delivery of therapeutic cargos smaller than the mesh size of the alginate hydrogel, as it enables controlled release of these cargos without any further chemical modifications of the hydrogels. These TIG alginate hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties and control over the delivery of smaller cargos could be useful in many tissue engineering applications.
Layer potentials and boundary value problems for elliptic equations with complex L∞ coefficients satisfying the small Carleson measure norm condition

Abstract We consider divergence form elliptic equations L u : = ∇ ⋅ ( A ∇ u ) = 0 in the half space R + n + 1 : = { ( x , t ) ∈ R n × ( 0 , ∞ ) } , whose coefficient matrix A is complex elliptic, bounded and measurable. In addition, we suppose that A satisfies some additional regularity in the direction transverse to the boundary, namely that the discrepancy A ( x , t ) − A ( x , 0 ) satisfies a Carleson measure condition of Fefferman–Kenig–Pipher type, with small Carleson norm. Under these conditions, we establish a full range of boundedness results for double and single layer potentials in L p , Hardy, Sobolev, BMO and Holder spaces. Furthermore, we prove solvability of the Dirichlet problem for L, with data in L p ( R n ) , BMO ( R n ) , and C α ( R n ) , and solvability of the Neumann and Regularity problems, with data in the spaces L p ( R n ) / H p ( R n ) and L 1 p ( R n ) / H 1 , p ( R n ) respectively, with the appropriate restrictions on indices, assuming invertibility of layer potentials for the t-independent operator L 0 : = − ∇ ⋅ ( A ( ⋅ , 0 ) ∇ ) .
Writing through grief: Using autoethnography to help process grief after the death of a loved one:

While reliving traumatic events may initially feel agonizing, writing down our worst experiences can also offer a way to cope with some of life’s horrors. The following narrative presents and descr...
Community viral load and hepatitis C virus infection: Community viral load measures to aid public health treatment efforts and program evaluation.

Abstract Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most prevalent blood-borne infection and causes more deaths than any other infectious disease in the US. Incident HCV infection in the US increased nearly 300 % between 2010 and 2015, Community viral load (CVL) measures have been developed for HIV to measure both transmission risk and treatment engagement in programs or areas. Objective This paper presents a systematic review exploring the published literature on CVL constructs applied to HCV epidemiology and proposes novel CVL measures for HCV. Study design and setting A systematic review was conducted of electronic databases; the search sought to identify published literature on HCV which discussed or applied CVL measures to HCV epidemiology. Novel CVL measures were constructed to apply to HCV. Results No reports examining quantitative measures of HCV CVL were identified. Using the HIV CVL literature and the specific characteristics of HCV epidemiology, five HCV CVL measures are proposed. Narrower measures focusing on those engaged-in-care may be useful for program evaluation and broader measures including undiagnosed people may be useful for surveillance of HCV transmission potential. Conclusion Despite their potential value, CVL constructs have not yet formally been developed and applied to HCV epidemiology. The CVL measures proposed here could serve as valuable HCV program and surveillance measures. There is a need for informative surveillance measures to enhance policy and public health responses to achieve HCV control. Further study of these proposed HCV CVL measures to HCV epidemiology is warranted.
Sharing the sacrifice, minimizing the pain: Optimal wage reductions

Abstract Faced with temporary revenue shocks, employers may implement wage reductions — a common response to COVID-19 for U.S. universities. I provide a framework for optimal reductions when labor is inelastic wherein a planner balances “minimizing the pain” and “sharing the sacrifice.” I show that for a broad class of utility functions the optimal schedule includes (1) a cutoff wage below which the reduction is zero and (2) weakly progressive reduction rates above the cutoff wage. I illustrate the results using data from a large U.S. university.
Amyloid-Like Assembly During Embryogenesis Activates Herzog, a Novel Prion-Like Phosphatase

Prion-like proteins can assume distinct conformational and physical states in the same cell. Sequence analysis suggests prion-like proteins are prevalent in various species, however it remains unclear what functional space they occupy in multicellular organisms. Here, we report a novel prion-like protein, Herzog (CG5830), identified through a multimodal screen in Drosophila melanogaster. Herzog functions as a membrane-associated phosphatase and controls embryonic patterning by acting on components of TGF-β/BMP and FGF/EGF signaling pathways. Remarkably, monomeric Herzog is enzymatically inactive and becomes active upon amyloid-like assembly during gastrulation. The prion-like domain of Herzog is necessary for both its assembly and membrane-targeting. Removal of the prion-like domain impairs activity, while restoring assembly on the membrane using a heterologous prion-like domain and membrane targeting motif can restore phosphatase activity. This study provides a definitive example of a prion-like domain that allows an enzyme to gain essential functionality via amyloid-like assembly to control animal development.
Effects of heat treatment and chilling duration on camas growth and development

Abstract Great camas (Camassia leichtlinii (Baker) S. Watson [Asparagaceae]) and common camas (C. quamash (Pursh) Greene) are two of the most culturally and ecologically significant native geophyte species in the US Pacific Northwest. Like many geophytes, seasonal thermoperiodicity affects their growth and development. The daughter bulb of great camas grows and develops during the summer rest period. Increasing the duration of the summer rest period results in longer leaves in the subsequent growing season. Great camas, common camas, and meadow death camas (Toxicoscordion venenosum (S. Watson) Rydb. [Melanthiaceae]) require a period of chilling during their winter rest period to induce leaf emergence, and as the duration of chilling increases (1) the odds of leaf emergence increases, (2) the period between the cessation of chilling and leaf emergence decreases, and (3) leaf growth in the first week after leaf emergence increases. These results inform growers as to the proper storage methods for these species during their rest periods. Additionally, the chilling optimum, here defined as the amount of chilling at 4.6 °C that minimizes the duration of the winter rest period, is approximately 80 days for both great camas and common camas. However, this optimum was determined without considering a potential interaction with the heat treatment. Knowing the optimum duration of heat treatment and chilling may allow growers to manipulate native bulb species into emerging for multiple growing cycles in a single year, which could expedite their production.
Optical monitoring of L-DNA enantiomers in PCR: application to "unextracted" COVID-19 specimens

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need for simple and rapid testing for respiratory infections at the point-of-care. With its high sensitivity and specificity, RT-PCR is the gold standard for the molecular diagnosis and differentiation among respiratory pathogens, but it requires complex instrumentation and methods that are not suitable for point-of-care settings. Our simplified Adaptive PCR technology and workflow yields high analytic performance without the complexities of traditional PCR by incorporating mirror-image L-DNA enantiomers—identical in sequence to PCR primers and targets—that are optically monitored to adapt cycling conditions to match the biochemical contents of the sample in real time. This enables rapid, single-tube analyses directly from COVID-19 swab specimens without RNA extraction.
Promoting Effective Decision Making: Training Educators to Collect and Use Social–Emotional Skill Assessment Data to Inform Tier 2 Interventions

Teachers are often called upon to identify students at behavioral and emotional risk by completing a variety of assessment tools. However, many teachers may lack the requisite skills to reliably id...
Nursery habitat characteristics of an invasive, omnivorous fish

Understanding habitat use and reproductive biology of invasive species is essential to predicting invasions, designing early detection programs, and developing management plans. The rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus; Linnaeus, 1758) is an omnivorous fish native to Europe and western Asia that has been translocated to several countries in western Europe, New Zealand, North America, and Africa. However, little is known about early life history of rudd, particularly in invaded ecosystems, limiting our ability to predict invasions and create early detection and control programs. The upper Niagara River has the most abundant population of rudd in North America and has been the focus of several ecological investigations. Our study identified critical nursery habitats by determining which nearshore habitat factors were most strongly associated with presence of age-0 rudd. We found that emergent vegetation was the most important habitat characteristic associated with the presence of age-0 rudd. When emergent vegetation was not present, rudd were more likely to be present at sites with abundant submerged aquatic vegetation. Additionally, the odds of rudd presence decreased as distance to the nearest wetland increased. These findings can be used to create habitat-driven predictive models of rudd invasion and guide early detection programs for rudd outside their native range.
Lipid metabolism: new twists to the Yin and Yang of PKM2 in cancer.

While canonical and non-canonical functions of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) are recognized to mediate often-opposing roles in cancer, its contribution to cellular and systemic fatty acid homeostasis remains poorly understood. A new study by Liu et al (2021) uncovers ER transmembrane protein TMEM33 as a novel target of PKM2, which is essential for regulation of cancer cell cholesterol metabolism. These findings highlight the diversity of tissue-specific functions of PKM2 and potential implications for cancer treatment.
TV Commercials: How to Make Them: or, How Big is the Boat?

Introduction History of Advertising from the Creative Perspective Client/Agency Relationship Putting the Material Together Kinds of Clients and Commercials Working on Different Budgets Types of Production Media The Client Picking an Agency The Agency Who's Who Shooting on Film Video Shoot Animation Edits Tests Internships Web Sites Associations
How Does Your Physical Education Program Rate

(1954). How Does Your Physical Education Program Rate? Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation: Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 21-22.
Extinctive evolution: Extinctive and competitive evolution combine into a unified model of evolution

Abstract Individual extinctions of abundant and widespread species of marine Protista are abrupt and precede the appearance of new species. New species evolve gradually in marginal marine environments and spread only if a suitable ecological domain is available or if such a domain is made available by the disappearance of its occupant species. Competitive evolution, with its classic processes of genetic drift, adaptation, competition, and survival of the fittest, occurs mainly in marginal environments (and possibly within broadly distributed but rare species). Extinctive evolution, on the other hand, with its processes of sudden extinctions and sudden appearances, absence of competition, absence of “missing links”, and frequent survival of the misfit or the indifferently fit is prevalent in broader environments, and more generally applicable to the paleontological record. The modern biosphere is not necessarily better adapted than its predecessors. Global mass extinction affecting different taxa across a broad spectrum of environments is caused by extraordinary environmental disturbances. A major ecosphere is vacated, which is immediately occupied by surviving misfits. These are replaced, through competitive evolution, by a rapid succession of increasingly better adapted species that can be classified into different genera and higher taxa (“macroevolution”). Equilibrium is largely re-established within a few million years. Competitive and extinctive evolution combine into a unified model of evolution.
Optimal allocation of power routers in a STATCOM-installed electric grid with high penetration of wind energy

Wind generation continues to increase as a source of renewable energy. However, adding intermittent renewable energy may lead to overloaded lines as well as low voltage buses. Static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs) can provide significant reactive power to ensure the voltage stability, but overloaded lines may still exist. Therefore, power routers, which route power away from overloaded lines to underutilized lines, are required. In order to provide the best power-flow control with the lowest cost, the power routers should be optimally designed, for both their ratings and locations. The coordination between the power routers and the STATCOMs should also be taken into consideration. This paper introduces a general approach to determine the optimal location and sizing of the power routers for a power system with overloaded lines, based on a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Simulation studies on a 12-bus test system verify the proposed method.
Why grandma trims the brisket: resource flows as a source of insight for IT-enabled business process design

Systems analysts and organizational designers are increasingly called upon to rethink business processes both to respond to changing conditions and to realize the potential of new information technologies. Existing process modeling tools typically represent one particular version of a process but do not represent the alternative ways in which that process could be organized. Dependency diagrams offer analysts a way past this difficulty by representing the underlying coordination issues in a process, allowing analysts to consider alternative process designs. Unfortunately, dependency diagrams can be difficult to draw because dependencies can be difficult to discover. This paper describes Resource Flow Graph Analysis (RFGA), a method for developing dependency diagrams which leverages the observability of activities and resource flows to allow analysts to systematically uncover the dependencies which shape a given business process. The potential application of the method to process analysis and system design is illustrated by a "design exercise."
Significance of abnormal sites of DNA synthesis in certain lesions of the human uterine cervix

Abstract The sites of DNA synthesis were determined in epithelium of the normal and diseased human uterine cervix. Following in vitro exposure to tritiated thymidine, nuclear incorporation was found only in the basal and parabasal cells of normal epithelium from 8 women. The uptake in 2 cases with dysplasia was detected in all cell layers even on the free surface. Specific label was present in 3 carcinomas and in one tumor that showed good differentiation no label was found in the differentiated cells. We could not demonstrate H 3 -thymidine uptake in cervical smears from 49 women, presumably because the cells were not viable. The finding of abnormal DNA synthesis in dysplasia is similar to what we described previously in a variety of viral papillomas of man and animals. We propose that the abnormal DNA synthesis in dysplasia may result from the presence of a DNA virus.
The Influence of Body Temperature on the Production of Ulcers of Restraint in the Rat

It has been observed that gastric ulceration after restraint in rats is accompanied by a marked drop in body temperature. This investigation seeks to determine whether hypothermia is causally related to the restraint ulcer. Experimental animals were restrained for 18 hr while rectal temperatures were monitored with a telethermometer probe. Body temperatures of rats restrained at room temperature fell 5.0°C in the first 5 hr. Gastric ulceration in this group was 100%. When body temperatures were maintained at 380°C, only 26% developed ulcers. Ulcer induction is not only accompanied by a marked temperature drop, but prevention of this phenomenon reduces the incidence of ulcers.
Consensus emerging from the bottom-up: the role of cognitive variables in opinion dynamics

The study of opinions − e.g., their formation and change, and their effects on our society − by means of theoretical and numerical models has been one of the main goals of sociophysics until now, but it is one of the defining topics addressed by social psychology and complexity science. Despite the flourishing of different models and theories, several key questions still remain unanswered. The aim of this paper is to provide a cognitively grounded computational model of opinions in which they are described as mental representations and defined in terms of distinctive mental features. We also define how these representations change dynamically through different processes, describing the interplay between mental and social dynamics of opinions. We present two versions of the model, one with discrete opinions (voter model-like), and one with continuous ones (Deffuant-like). By means of numerical simulations, we compare the behaviour of our cognitive model with the classical sociophysical models, and we identify interesting differences in the dynamics of consensus for each of the models considered.
Enterprise transformation and manufacturing in a global enterprise

The capability to manufacture products in the global marketplace is being revolutionized by technological advancements, the opportunity to capture innovation and capabilities from worldwide sources, the enticement of entering new markets, and changing business and political models. Many view this opportunity as creating an inflection point for manufacturing which could provide leaders and fast followers with a competitive edge in leveraging and penetrating the global marketplace. The Tennenbaum Institute at Georgia Tech has the mission of providing knowledge and skills for enterprise transformation. The Institute has focused on developing transformation strategies and capabilities related to large-scale enterprise transformation. Such strategies and capabilities are applicable to all enterprise transformations and can be used to accelerate the transformation and minimize waste of any specific domain transformation. The Institute has recently selected manufacturing as one of its domain focus topics and this publication is intended to document progress on the transformative challenges of manufacturing in a global enterprise. The intent of this chapter is to: 1 provide an introduction to the topics of enterprise transformation and manufacturing in a global enterprise, 2 introduce the reader to how the publication is organized, how it flows, and how a specific global manufacturing case study creates the thread that links the chapters, 3 discuss the research challenges, 4 introduce the reader to the Tennenbaum Institute's enterprise transformation research approach and strategy, and 5 review the motivation and challenges related to manufacturing in a global enterprise.
Pityriasis rubra pilaris, type IV

A 4-year-old girl presented with a 3-year history of demarcated, salmon-pink, hyperkeratotic plaques, which were symmetrically distributed on the elbows, knees, ankles, and dorsal aspects of the hands and feet. A diffuse, orange-pink palmoplantar keratoderma was also evident. Clinical and histologic findings were consistent with a diagnosis of pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP), type IV (circumscribed juvenile). Type IV PRP develops in prepubertal children, is typically localized to the distal aspects of the extremities, and has an unpredictable course. Although ultraviolet (UV) radiation can potentially exacerbate PRP, our patient has improved with broad-band UVB phototherapy.
Effect of radiation on metastatic pelvic lymph node involvement in carcinoma of the cervix.

Abstract This series of 24 cases is not large enough to permit any final conclusions, but the detailed study of these cases seems to throw considerable light on the problem of irradiation therapy of carcinoma of the cervix. Many advantages have accrued from this project which is still continuing; one of the most significant has been the improved understanding of the treatment (both surgical and radiological) of cancer of the cervix by the house staff of both departments. Also, a greatly enhanced mutual respect has been developed between radiologists and gynecologists as they plan together the treatment for an individual patient. The following statements seem justified from this study: 1. 1. Five thousand to 6,000 “tissue roentgens” seems to be the minimal concentration of radiation that will eradicate carcinoma in the pelvic lymph nodes in radiosensitive tumors, when delivered in 5 to 6 weeks. 2. 2. By the integration of all avenues and modalities of radiation therapy, a minimum of 5,000 to 6,000 r. can be delivered to all areas of the deep pelvis with apparently minimal risk to normal viscera. 3. 3. Certain tumors have been shown to be radioresistant even with 2 to 3 times the usual cancerocidal dose of roentgens; 20,000 r. failed to eradicate the tumor in one instance. 4. 4. If surgery is employed postradiation, it should be done relatively early (2 to 3 months) before collateral circulation is seriously compromised.
The relationship between functional and taxonomic homogenization

Aim Species introductions and extinctions have reorganized the earth's biota, often leaving formerly spatially distinct assemblages more similar in species composition, a process termed biotic homogenization. The study of biotic homogenization has been almost entirely focused on the change in taxonomic similarity between assemblages through time. Here, we provide a trait-based method for calculating functional similarity through time and compare these trends in functional attributes with those trends generated from a taxonomic perspective. Location Data were produced through computer simulation and gathered from North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data and published accounts of North American birds for 10 locations across the east and west coast of the United States. Methods We simulated change in assemblages with different trait types (binary and continuous), levels of trait overlap, number of traits and species richness to determine the relationship between change in taxonomic similarity (ΔTS) and change in functional similarity (ΔFS). We also assess the relationship between ΔTS and ΔFS for bird assemblages across 10 locales in the USA between 1968 and 2008. We used simple linear regression to determine the slope and correlation between ΔTS and ΔFS and used multiple regression to assess the influence of trait overlap, number of traits, species richness and the ratio of traits to species on the relationship between ΔTS and ΔFS. Results Simulations reveal that trait redundancy governs the relationship between ΔTS and ΔFS. A decrease in trait overlap increases the slope of the regression between ΔTS and ΔFS and an increase in the ratio of traits to species in the regional pool increases the correlation. The relationship between ΔTS and ΔFS for breeding birds is comparable to simulations with low trait redundancy. Main conclusions We show that often losing or gaining species from an assemblage tells us very little about the loss or gain of function, and that this scenario most often occurs when the two assemblages have high trait redundancy. It remains to be seen how prevalent this scenario is within empirical examples; however, the implications for the continued delivery of ecosystem functions in the face of species introductions and extinctions are large.
Serum biomarkers as signals for risk and severity of work-related musculoskeletal injury

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) have accounted for a significant proportion of work injuries and workers’ compensation claims in industrialized nations since the late 1980s. Despite epidemiological evidence for the role of repetition and force in the onset and progression of work-related MSDs, complete understanding of these important occupational health problems requires further elucidation of the underlying pathogenesis. Results from several clinical and experimental studies indicate that pathological and/or adaptive tissue changes occur as a consequence of performing repetitive and/or forceful tasks. Here, we review evidence of these tissue changes as revealed by the testing of serum biomarkers. Biomarkers of inflammation (inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein), cell stress or injury (malondialdehyde and creatine kinase), and collagen synthesis and degradation (collagen I carboxy-terminal propeptide and type-I collagen cross-linked C-telopeptide, respectively) and their associatio...
Electron Impact Ionization

The sections in this article are 1 Measurement of Cross Sections 2 Ionization Properties of Radicals and Excited States 3 Polar Dissociation 4 Dissociation of Molecules into Neutral Species 5 Ionization Properties at the Threshold of Ionization 6 Additivity Rule 7 Kinetic Energies of the Fragment Ions 8 Conclusions
Introduction: The return of pleasure.

(2003). Introduction: The return of pleasure. Cognition and Emotion: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 161-165.
Prolactin Directly Stimulates the Liver in Vivo to Secrete a Factor (Synlactin) which Acts Synergistically with the Hormone

Recent studies in our laboratory indicated that the liver of rats, mice, and pigeons secretes a PRL-synergizing activity (synlactin) in vitro. Accordingly, we investigated whether PRL and/or GH could stimulate the secretion of synlactin by the pigeon liver or kidney. Young birds received twice daily injections of PBS, ovine (o) PRL, or oGH for 5 days. On the sixth day, their livers and kidneys were removed, and slices of these organs were incubated in medium 199 for 4 h. The medium samples were filtered and diluted, then tested for PRLlike activity and synlactin activity in the local pigeon crop-sac bioassay. The latter test involved adding a dose of 1.0 fig oPRL to the medium samples. None of the liver or kidney medium samples had PRL-like activity when tested alone. Only the liver incubation medium from the PRL-injectedpigeons contained significant amounts of synlactin activity. Our next experiment was designed to determine whether PRL stimulation of hepatic secretion of synlactin involved a direct acti...
Inhibiting the platelet derived growth factor receptor increases signs of retinoic acid syndrome in myeloid differentiated HL- 60 cells

PDGFR inhibitors are successfully used in a number of cancer treatments. The standard treatment for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) involves differentiation therapy with retinoic acid (RA). However, the relapse rates are significant. In the present work we evaluated the effects of RA therapy in the presence of PDGFR inhibitor, AG1296. Adding AG1296 with RA increased secretion of TNF-alpha, IL-8, and MMP-9 expression. This treatment induced higher levels of ICAM-1 endothelial cell expression, and increased cellular mobility. Inhibiting PDGFR enhanced RA-induced expression of integrin. Integrin ligand increased differentiation markers CD11b, inducible oxidative metabolism and PDGFR-beta phosphorylation. While the neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions are strengthened by the combined treatment, the endothelium-substratum interactions are weakened, a situation common in RAS.
Spacing, mirror-image repetition, and memory for pictures

Two incidental-learning experiments investigated the joint effects of spacing and mirror-image repetition on memory for pictures. In Experiment 1, the second presentation of a picture (P2) was always the mirror-image reversal of P1. The effect of P1-P2 spacing on memory was small and not statistically significant. In Experiment 2, both “reverse P2” and “identical P2” conditions were included. A reliable spacing effect was found in both conditions, but the effect was greatly attenuated when P2 was the mirror-image reversal of P1. This attenuation, resulting from mirror-image reversal, contrasts with the lack of attenuation resulting from switching the input modality of a word from P1 to P2. The result suggests that the left-right arrangement of elements of a picture is a fundamental aspect of the picture’s encoding in memory.