cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ATP synthesis in sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Abstract Previous studies have reported that ATP is synthesized from ADP and P i in systems containing calcium phosphate-loaded sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. We have repeated and confirmed this work in preparations from lobster tail muscle in which the only energy source was a calcium concentration gradient. This rules out possible contributions of high energy phosphate from other sources. We further found that FCCP, DNP, 0.1 m ammonium chloride or ammonium acetate, and several antibiotics including nigericin, valinomycin and gramicidin, had no effect on ATP-dependent inward calcium transport. Since these conditions increase membrane permeability to protons, potassium and sodium ions, or discharge pH gradients, there does not appear to be an obligatory coupling between calcium transport and gradients of other ions, as required by a chemiosmotically linked mechanism. This evidence is consistent with a transport mechanism in which inward transport is tightly coupled to phosphorylation of a transport enzyme by ATP. In the presence of a calcium concentration gradient of appropriate magnitude sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes catalyse synthesis of ATP by an apparent reversal of the inward transport reactions.
Dielectrophoresis and electrorotation of Neurospora slime and murine myeloma cells

Dielectrophoresis and electrorotation are commonly used to measure dielectric properties and membrane electrical parameters of biological cells. We have derived quantitative relationships for several critical points, defined in Fig. A 1, which characterize the dielectrophoretic spectrum and the electrorotational spectrum of a cell, based on the single-shell model (Pauly, H., and H.P. Schwan, 1959. Z. Naturforsch. 14b:125–131; Sauer, F.A. 1985. Interactions between Electromagnetic Field and Cells. A. Chiabrera, C. Nicolini, and H.P. Schwan, editors. Plenum Publishing Corp., New York. 181–202). To test these equations and to obtain membrane electrical parameters, a technique which allowed simultaneous measurements of the dielectrophoresis and the electrorotation of single cells in the same chamber, was developed and applied to the study of Neurospora slime and the Myeloma Tib9 cell line. Membrane electrical parameters were determined by the dependence of the first critical frequency of dielectrophoresis (fct1) and the first characteristic frequency of electrorotation (fc1) on the conductivity of the suspending medium. Membrane conductances of Neurospora slime and Myeloma also were found to be 500 and 380 S m-2, respectively. Several observations indicate that these cells are more complex than that described by the single-shell model. First, the membrane capacities from fct1 (0.81 x 10(-2) and 1.55 x 10(-2) F m-2 for neurospora slime and Myeloma, respectively) were at least twice those derived from fc1. Second, the electrorotation spectrum of Myeloma cells deviated from the single-shell like behavior. These discrepancies could be eliminated by adapting a three-shell model (Furhr, G., J. Gimsa, and R. Glaser. 1985. Stud. Biophys. 108:149–164). Apparently, there was more than one membrane relaxation process which could influence the lower frequency region of the beta-dispersion. fct1 of Myeloma in a medium of given external conductivity were found to be similar for most cells, but for some a dramatically increased fct1 was recorded. Model analysis suggested that a decrease in the cytoplasmatic conductivity due to a drastic ion loss in a cell could cause this increase in fct1. Model analysis also suggested that the electrorotation spectrum in the counter-field rotation range and fc1 would be more sensitive to conductivity changes of the cytoplasmic fluid and to the influence of internal membranes than would fct1, although the latter would be sensitive to changes in capacitance of the cytoplasmic membranes.
In Search of a Versatile Pathway to ansa-Chromocene Complexes. Synthesis and Characterization of the Highly Unstable ansa-Chromocene Carbonyl Complex Me2C(C5H4)2CrCO

In an effort to develop a general synthetic route to ansa-chromocene complexes with diverse ligand frameworks, we investigated ansa-magnesocene compounds as an alternative, potentially more versati...
Costs and benefits of a duty to rescue

The issue of the duty to rescue is not fully resolved in the economic analysis of law. The problem is that in many cases the costs of rescue can be quite low and the benefits high, so that by a cost-benefit, or economic, test, it would appear that there should be a duty to rescue. Epstein has claimed that the lack of such a duty is more consistent with a rights theory of the common law than with an economic theory.’ Posner and Landes2 have presented two arguments as to why it might be efficient for the law not to require such a duty. Their arguments are: first, the imposition of a duty to rescue would create incentives for people both to avoid situations in which rescue would be likely and also to avoid acquiring skills which would be useful in providing rescue; second, much rescue occurs for what they call ‘altruistic’ reasons (by which they mean desire for fame and social approval) and the imposition of a positive duty would remove this incentive. Wittmans expands this argument by pointing out that imposition of a duty to rescue would mean that there would be too many potential rescuers and potential victims would take too many chances if there were a duty to rescue. It is clear that these arguments are speculative and may not be fully convincing, although Wittman’s arguments are the closest to those presented here. The purpose of this note is to argue that there is an additional element in the costbenefit analysis of duty to rescue which has not been sufficiently considered heretofore in the literature. This is the cost of enforcing such a duty. When careful attention is given to this enforcement cost issue, 4 it becomes clear that if there were to be adequate enforcement of a duty, then enforcement costs would be quite high, and probably unacceptable. Thus, either there would be inadequate enforcement, in which case the relatively weak Landes-Posner altruism argument might govern, or a substantial amount would be spent to achieve adequate enforcement, which would lead to other unfortunate consequences.
Parent involvement in elementary school and educational attainment

Abstract While educational success in high school can be linked to elementary school achievement, there is little evidence that parent involvement in elementary school provides lasting benefits to children through high school. Using data from the Chicago Longitudinal Study, this study investigated the association between parent involvement in elementary school and success in high school. Parent involvement in school (based on teacher and parent reports) and parent reports of home involvement were used to determine if greater reported parent involvement was associated with indicators of school success. Results indicated that even after controlling for background characteristics and risk factors, parent involvement in school was significantly associated with lower rates of high school dropout, increased on-time high school completion, and highest grade completed. This study suggests that parent involvement in school is an important component in early childhood education to help promote long-term effects.
The existence of strong complete mappings of finite groups: A survey

Abstract A complete mapping of a group G is a bijection θ : G → G for which the mapping x ↦ x θ ( x ) is a bijection, and a strong complete mapping of a group G is a complete mapping θ of G for which the mapping x ↦ x − 1 θ ( x ) is also a bijection. Complete mappings and strong complete mappings have several combinatorial applications. While the existence problem for complete mappings of finite groups has been settled, very little is known about the existence of strong complete mappings of finite groups. We survey the known existence results for strong complete mappings of finite groups and we suggest directions for further work on this existence problem.
Studies on the linkage map of chromosome 4 of the tomato and on the transmission of induced deficiencies

Various genetic and cytogenetic techniques were applied to an analysis of the linkage map of chromosome 4-a chromosome that is considered to be representative of the tomato complement. Loci have been approximated by standard F2 linkage tests for 18 genes, including six on the short arm and 12 on the long arm, covering a map distance of 132 units (c.m.). The loci of four key markers were approximated on pachytene chromosomes by a study of radiation-induced deficiencies:clau near the end of the short arm,ful near the euchromatic-heterochromatic boundary of the short arm,ra near the same region on the long arm, ande in the middle of the long arm. Normal transmission for a presumedra deficiency suggests that this gene lies in the heterochromatin of 4L. According to tertiary trisomic segregation,w-4, known by linkage test to be proximal tora, resides on 4L, therefore probably also in the heterochromatic region. The centromere is consequently delimited to a region of 4 c.m. betweenful andw-4. The resultant maps reveal a very much lower crossover rate within heterochromatin—estimated at 0.8 c.m./μ—than for euchromatin—estimated at 4.8 c.m./μ for the short arm and 5.7 for the long arm. Also apparent is a strong tendency of the genes to concentrate toward the centromere of the genetic map and in the proximal sections of the euchromatin of the cytological map. Studies were made of the genetic transmission of various small deficiencies on chromosome 4 as well as a newly discovered deficiency fornv on chromosome 9, supporting the following conclusions. Regardless of their size, deficiendies of euchromatin are not transmitted. Deficiencies of heterochromatin are transmitted to a varying extent depending on their size. A presumed deficiency forra that is too small to be detected cytologically was transmitted without adverse effect on gametes. Somewhat larger deficiencies may be transmitted at reduced rates by female gametes and the largest at extremely low rates, even on the female side.
Targeting dopamine D2 and cannabinoid‐1 (CB1) receptors in rat nucleus accumbens

The nucleus accumbens (Acb) shell and core are essential components of neural circuitry mediating the reward and motor effects produced by activation of dopamine D2 or cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptors. D2 receptors can form heterodimeric complexes with cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptors and are also involved in control of the availability of both dopamine and endocannabinoids. Thus, the subcellular locations of D2 and CB1 receptors with respect to each other are implicit to their physiological actions in the Acb. We used electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to determine these locations in the Acb shell and core of rat brain. In each region, many neuronal profiles showed endomembrane and plasmalemmal distributions of one or both receptors. Approximately one-third of the labeled profiles were somata and dendrites, some of which showed overlapping subcellular distributions of D2 and CB1 immunoreactivities. The remaining labeled profiles were small axons and axon terminals containing CB1 and/or D2 receptors. Of the labeled terminals forming recognizable synapses, ~20% of those containing CB1 receptors contacted D2-labeled dendrites, while conversely, almost 15% of those containing D2 receptors contacted CB1-labeled dendrites. These results provide the first ultrastructural evidence that D2 and CB1 receptors in the Acb shell and core have subcellular distributions supporting both intracellular associations and local involvement of D2 receptors in making available endocannabinoids that are active on CB1 receptors in synaptic neurons. These distributions have direct relevance to the rewarding and euphoric as well as motor effects produced by marijuana and by addictive drugs enhancing dopamine levels in the Acb.
Experimental examination of nest reuse by an open-cup-nesting passerine: time/energy savings or nest site shortage?

Reuse of open cup nests is rare among passerine birds despite possible savings of time and/or energy that might yield reproductive advantages. Anecdotal observations of the open-cup-nesting eastern kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus, at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR), OR, U.S.A., showed that 10% of females reuse old nests of mainly American robins, Turdus migratorius. We therefore deployed artificial nests in 2010 and 2011 at MNWR to provide female kingbirds with the opportunity to reuse nests to test predictions of the time/energy saving hypothesis. We also used a flood that submerged nest sites in 2011 as a natural experiment to test the nest site shortage hypothesis' prediction that nest reuse by kingbirds should increase when the availability of nest sites is reduced. Female kingbirds used artificial nests heavily in both years, and, contrary to the time/energy saving hypothesis, they did so more in the year of earlier breeding. We also rejected three other predictions of the time/energy saving hypothesis, namely that, within seasons, females nesting in artificial nests (1) breed earlier, (2) produce larger clutches and eggs and (3) fledge more young. The only prediction of the time/energy saving hypothesis that we failed to reject was that time to lay replacement clutches following nest failure tended to be earlier in females that used artificial nests. Nest reuse was significantly more frequent in the flood year. Given this result, and our rejection of most predictions of the time/energy saving hypothesis, we conclude that frequent nest reuse by kingbirds at MNWR is likely the result of a shortage of quality nest sites.
Synthesis of Functionalized Hexadentate Iminopyridine FeII Complexes – Toward Anion-Dependent Spin Switching in Polar Media

We report the syntheses and characterizations of low-spin FeII complexes of hexadentate ligands poised for anion-triggered spin-state switching in polar solutions: [Fe(L5-OH)](BF4)2 (1) and [Fe(L5-ONHtBu)](BF4)2 (3), in which L5-OH and L5-ONHtBu are tripodal iminopyridine ligands that contain methanolic or tert-butylamide functional groups, respectively, bound meta to the pyridyl N donor atom. Solid-state evidence for strong hydrogen bonding between Cl– anions and all three amide functional groups in [Fe(L5-ONHtBu)]2+ is provided by the crystal structure of {[Fe(L5-ONHtBu)]⊂Cl}2[FeCl4] (2). In ambient-temperature acetonitrile solutions of 1 and 3, chloride ion titrations produce marked changes in the 1H NMR spectra, including large downfield shifts for the amide NH and hydroxy OH resonances, which indicates strong anion binding events. Interestingly, for amide-containing 3, we observe small changes in magnetic susceptibility as (nBu4N)Cl is added, which suggests that spin-state control by anion–cation interactions may be accessible for related compounds with weaker ligand fields.
LOCAL ACTIVITY CRITERIA FOR DISCRETE-MAP CNN

Discrete-time CNN systems are studied in this paper by the application of Chua's local activity principle. These systems are locally active everywhere except for one isolated parameter value. As a result, nonhomogeneous spatiotemporal patterns may be induced by any initial setting of the CNN system when the strength of the system diffusion coupling exceeds a critical threshold. The critical coupling coefficient can be derived from the loaded cell impedance of the CNN system. Three well-known 1D map CNN's (namely, the logistic map CNN, the magnetic vortex pinning map CNN, and the spiral wave reproducing map CNN) are introduced to illustrate the applications of the local activity principle. In addition, we use the cell impedance to demonstrate the period-doubling scenario in the logistic and the magnetic vortex pinning maps.
Fast photoreduction of a heme peptide encapsulated in nanostructured materials.

Microperoxidase-11 has been immobilized on siliceous materials MCM-41 and SBA-15 and on amino-functionalized SBA-15. Resonance Raman spectroscopy has provided solid evidence that the exogenous species occupy the pores of the mesoporous silica materials. Photoreduction of the microperoxidase-11 FeIII center has been observed to occur in the immobilized samples and results in a long-lived stable reduced heme. Reoxidation of the heme occurs upon addition of oxygen, and the redox cycle can be repeated numerous times. The source of the electron resulting in reduction of the heme is proposed to originate from the silica matrix, and functionalization of silica surface is suggested to facilitate electron transfer to the heme.
Metal–dielectric filters for solar–blind silicon ultraviolet detectors

We report on the fabrication of metal–dielectric thin film stacks deposited directly onto silicon substrates for use as ultraviolet bandpass filters. Integration of these filters onto silicon improves the admittance matching of the structure when compared to similar designs fabricated on transparent substrates, leading to higher peak transmission or improved out-of-band rejection if used with a Si-based sensor platform. Test structures fabricated with metallic Al and atomic layer deposited Al2O3 were characterized with spectroscopic ellipsometry and agree well with optical models. These models predict transmission as high as 90% the spectral range of 200–300 nm for simple three-layer coatings.
Absorption coefficients of Cl2 at high temperatures

Abstract The shock tube has been used to measure continuum absorption coefficients of Cl2 at several frequencies, over the temperature range 1000 to 2000°K. Experimental results are compared with the theoretical expressions of Sulzer and Wieland, and Wilkins.
Cerebral Metabolism Following Neonatal or Adult Hemineodecortication in Cats: I. Effects on Glucose Metabolism Using [14C]2-Deoxy-D-Glucose Autoradiography

In the cat, cerebral hemispherectomy sustained neonatally results in a remarkable degree of recovery and/or sparing of function as compared with the effects of a similar lesion but sustained in adulthood. We have proposed that this effect is due to a combination of reduced neuronal loss within partially denervated structures and a lesion-induced reorganization of corticofugal projections arising from the remaining intact hemisphere in the neonatally lesioned animal. The current study was designed to assess the physiological consequences of these anatomical changes utilizing [14C]2-deoxy-D-glucose autoradiography. A total of 17 adult cats were studied. Seven animals served as intact controls, five received a left cerebral hemineodecortication as neonates (NH; mean age 11.4 days), and five sustained the same lesion in adulthood (AH). Histological analysis indicated that the lesion was very similar between the two age groups and essentially represented a unilateral hemineodecortication. Local CMRglc (LCMRglc; mumol 100 g-1 min-1) values were calculated for 50 structures bilaterally and indicated that in the remaining intact contralateral (right) cerebral cortex (including all areas measured), AH cats exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) lower level of LCMRglc (ranging from 20 to 72 mumol 100 g-1 min-1) than NH (ranging from 49 to 81 mumol 100 g-1 min-1). In comparison, the rates of NH cats within the cerebral cortex were very similar to those seen in intact animals (ranging from 48 to 119 mumol 100 g-1 min-1). Ipsilateral to the lesion in AH cats, the structures spared by the resection, including the basal ganglia and thalamus, exhibited LCMRglc rates of between 23 and 69 mumol 100 g-1 min-1, which were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than in NH cats (range 47-72 mumol 100 g-1 min-1). Considering all structures, both age-at-lesion groups exhibited a lower level of metabolism compared with similar measurements for intact control animals (LCMRglc range 45-75 mumol 100 g-1 min-1). However, this depression of glucose metabolism was more pronounced in the AH cats (p < 0.05). These results indicate that following neonatal hemineodecortication, LCMRglc is maintained at a higher level in many regions of the brain than in animals that sustain the same resection in adulthood. This higher level of glucose metabolism in NH animals suggests that the lesion-induced anatomical reorganization of structures not directly injured by the lesion plays a functional role that is probably responsible for the greater degree of recovery and/or sparing of function in these early lesioned cats.
Options for bone aging with the microscope

The skeletons of all large living verebrates undergo bone-specific ontogenetic changes in the numbers and distributions of cells which secrete new calcifiable collagen matrices (osteoblasts) and which resorb preexisting bone matrix (osteoclasts). The numbers and activities of these cells, which function via tissue remodeling to maintain the external and internal morphology of bones, are also constrained by nutritional and endocrinological influences. Investigators concerned with the practical problem of aging intact and fragmentary archaeological bone specimens, and possibly identifying frank evidence of metabolic bone disease, are denied direct access to information about cell population kinetics. The cells are not preserved. Nonetheless, age-related changes in the microscopic structure and organization of bone in contemporary populations present some useful endpoints which can be applied to this problem. In this paper, microscopic techniques which have been applied to this problem are reviewed, and the range and utility of structures in bone which form as a consequence of bone remodeling activity are examined. The major problems in microscopic bone aging studies relate to sampling site speciticity since normative values for each parameter in every human and primate skeletal element throughout the life span are not available. Secular changes should also be considered.
Multidimensional scaling as a method for assessing internal conceptual models of inspection tasks.

Modelling the decision making component of inspection is hampered by an incomplete understanding of the way in which humans internally represent information about inspection tasks. This paper describes the use of multidimensional scaling (MDS) as a method for assessing the internal conceptual models used by inspectors. In this research six subjects were trained to inspect and classify a visually presented simulated product into one of four quality control categories. A methodology using a pairwise similarity procedure and a MDS analysis of the obtained ratings was used to track the evolution of an inspector's conceptual model and to relate the internal structure of that model to the inspector's performance. The results demonstrated the ability of the method to track the development of the decision maker's model during learning and revealed the relation between a well structured model and performance.
On Rings for Which Finitely Generated Ideals Have Only Finitely Many Minimal Components

For a commutative ring R we investigate the property that the sets of minimal primes of finitely generated ideals of R are always finite. We prove this property passes to polynomial ring extensions (in an arbitrary number of variables) over R as well as to R-algebras which are finitely presented as R-modules.
Release of a fluorescent probe as an indicator of lysosomal granule secretion by thrombin-stimulated human platelets

Investigations in this laboratory have demonstrated that thrombin induces dose-dependent changes in the transmembrane electrical potential of gel-filtered human platelets. This change is monitored with the fluorescent lipophilic cation, 3,3′-dipropylthiodicarbocyanine (diS-C3-(5)), whose rapid release from the platelet (maximal within 30 s) correlates with a rapid, dose-dependent influx of sodium, a depolarization, and an increase in the intracellular pH. There is also a later release of this probe, detectable only 60 s after activation by thrombin. It is shown that this latter probe release is also thrombin dose dependent, and correlates in time course and extent with the secretion of β-glucuronidase from the platelet's lysosomal granules, implying that it corresponds to probe sequestered in these granules in the resting platelet. Such a conclusion is corroborated by the fact that both the thrombin-induced secondary release of diS-C3-(5) and the secretion of the lysosomal enzyme, β-glucuronidase, are inhibitable to the same extent by pretreatment of the probe-equilibrated platelets with valinomycin, a K+ ionophore, are partially inhibited to a comparable extent when thrombin is removed from the platelet membrane by an excess of hirudin within 15 s of activation, and are unaffected by amiloride, a Na+ blocking agent. We suggest therefore that some of the membrane potential probe diS-C3-(5) is accumulated by the platelet lysosomal granules and is secreted when the platelets are stimulated by the high doses of thrombin which induce lysosomal enzyme secretion. This secondary dye release is linearly proportional to, and can be used as a continuous and quantitative indicator of, the thrombin-induced lysosomal enzyme secretion by human platelets.
William Whewell on the Consilience of Inductions

Few scholars would deny that William Whewell ranks among the major figures in 19th-century philosophy of science. His Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences and his later Philosophy of Discovery remain among the classics of scientific methodology. The bulk of the scholarship devoted to Whewell has tended to stress the idealistic, anti-empirical temper of Whewell’s philosophy. For instance, the only two monograph-length studies on Whewell, Blanche’s Le Rationalisme de Whewell (1935) and Marcucci’s L’Idealismo’ Scientifico di William Whewell (1963), are, as their titles suggest, concerned primarily with Whewell’s departures from empiricism. Other studies, especially those of Robert Butts, have given prominence to neo-Kantian elements in Whewell. Particularly in recounting Whewell’s famous dispute with Mill, it has proved tempting to parody Whewell’s position in the debate by treating the con­troversy as a straightforward encounter between an arch-empiricist and an arch-rationalist. There is, however, a danger that an emphasis on the ratio­nalist and a priori elements in Whewell’s philosophy may well obscure the unmistakable empirical emphasis in Whewell’s theory of science. I think it is time to begin to redress the balance, by focussing attention on the significant ‘empiricist’ strains in Whewell’s theory of science. One of the most important of those strains is connected with the operation which Whewell calls ‘the consilience of inductions’.
Allergy to cow milk--1985.

Cow milk became the most popular nutrient for infant feeding in much of the world near the beginning of the 20th century. It remains so today, especially in industrialized countries, but this widespread dependence on cow milk is not without problems. Physicians who care for infants and children know that intolerance to cow milk is not uncommon. Cow milk allergy can be defined as an adverse immunologic reaction to cow milk protein, seen only rarely in those who ingest ordinary amounts of milk. The term is often mistakenly applied to other causes of milk intolerance, such as lactase deficiency and galactosemia, which must be differentiated and excluded. Reports of the incidence of cow milk allergy in infancy have ranged from 1.9% to 7.5%. The incidence is lower in older children and adults, but precise data are not available for these ages either. The reported incidences vary with the manner of selection of patients and with differing diagnostic criteria. Moreover, there are few reliable laboratory tests available to the clinician who wishes to confirm the diagnosis. Many instances of intolerance to cow milk are mild or transient, and after milk is eliminated from the diet for a few months or years, the symptoms disappear. Only a small percentage (probably 0.1% to 1%) of the population has severe or lifelong cow milk allergy.
Field trials of GM trees in the USA: activity and regulatory developments

Field trials are extremely important for all facets of research, breeding, and biotechnology. Tree physiology is distinctively different in greenhouses or growth chambers vs. field environments. Thus, results from non-field environments can be very misleading with respect to identification of promising biotechnologies and elite varieties. Large regulatory impediments to conduct of field tests of genetically modified (GM) trees will therefore tend to stifle scientific and technological development. This appears to be the case for genetically modified trees, where regulatory burdens to conducting field tests have grown in stringency in the USA and elsewhere in recent years [1,2]. Here, we present the record of recent field trials and some new regulatory developments in the USA.
The West India Sugar Crisis and British Slave Emancipation, 1830–1833

The West India sugar crisis of 1830–1832 dealt a shattering blow to an economy that was already in the grip of secular decline. Contributing to die decline were certain changes of a structural nature. In its heyday in the mid-eighteenth century, the British Caribbean economy was an important part of an international economy organized on the basis of imperial complementarity; it consisted of a base—the sugar colonies themselves—which was supported by three legs—the North American trade, the African trade and the British Isles trade. The base expanded geographically, largely as a consequence of military conquest, until fourteen Caribbean sugar colonies or groups of colonies were possessed by Great Britain in 1815. Moreover, the slave-plantation regime spread from colony to colony under a system of near-monoculture in the production of cane sugar.
Risk and Uncertainty

Volatile business conditions have led to drastic corporate downsizing, meaning organizations are expected to do more with less. Managers must be more knowledgeable and possess a more eclectic myriad of business skills, many of which have not even been seen until recently. Many internal and external changes have occurred to organizations that have dictated the need to do business differently. Changes such as technological advances; globalization; catastrophic business crises; a more frantic competitive climate; and more demanding, sophisticated customers are examples of some of the shifts in the external business environment. Internal changes to organizations have been in the form of reengineering, accompanied by structural realignments and downsizing; greater emphasis on quality levels in product and service output; faster communication channels; and a more educated, skilled employee base with higher expectations from management.
Post-translational control of collagen fibrillogenesis in mineralizing cultures of chick osteoblasts

Cultured osteoblasts from chick embryo calvaria were used as a model system to investigate the post-translational extracellular mechanisms controlling the macroassembly of collagen fibrils. The results of these studies demonstrated that cultured osteoblasts secreted a collagenous extracellular matrix that assembled and mineralized in a defined temporal and spatial sequence. The assembly of collagen occurred in a polarized fashion, such that successive orthogonal arrays of fibrils formed between successive cell layers proceeding from the culture surface toward the media. Mineralization followed in the same manner, being observed first in the deepest and oldest fibril layers. Collagen fibrillogenesis, the kinetics of cross-link formation, and collagen stability in the extracellular matrix of the cultures were examined over a 30 day culture period. Between days 8 and 12 in culture, collagen fibril diameters increased from 80% in the presence of beta-APN. The beta-APN-treated cultures also showed a wider diversity of fibril diameters with a median in the > 45-60 nm range. In summary, these data suggest that cross-linking and assembly of collagen fibrils secreted by osteoblasts in vitro occur in a fashion similar to that found in vivo. The rate of cross-link formation is relatively constant and may be correlated with increasing collagen mass.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS).
Improved design and evaluation of adaptive antennas using interactive computing

The design of adaptive antennas is considered from the point of view of topology, index of performance, and algorithms to be used. First, the topology of a generalized linear adaptive network is shown to reduce to the network topology now in popular use in the adaptive antenna field, and the advantages and disadvantages of it as well as others are reviewed. The indicies of perfomance most widely used which include Least Mean Squared Error (LMSE) and Signal to Noise ratio (S/N), are reviewed and compared. More effective indicies are recommended. These include an index which maximizes S/N subject to a constraint on beam bandwidth, one which uses a weighting of interference (jammer) power as well as angle (which enables more efficient elimination of interferences near the signal although having lower power); an index which limits the magnitude of the gains as well as maximizes S/N; and one more suitable for tracking time varying signals. Algorithms are then compared for use with the above indicies and topology. The broad classes include gradient algorithms and stochastic approximation algorithms, and are compared with respect to complexity, speed, and implementation. The integration of the above aspects results in a complete adaptive antenna system. Following a brief summary of the various techniques used (e.g. null steering, side lobe cancellers, etc.) in terms of these three points of view, the evaluation of adaptive antenna systems is considered using interactive computer graphics. A description of the minicomputer based system used in the study is given, and dynamic results which demonstrate the effect of algorithms and performance index choice are shown as developed on the system. The usefulness of interactive computer graphics in the design and evaluation phase is emphasized.
Graftable chiral ligands for surface organometallic materials: calixarenes bearing asymmetric centers directly attached to the lower rim

A family of chiral lower-rim substituted calixarene ligands 1–14 is synthesized and characterized as prospective ligands for synthesis of asymmetric active sites for heterogeneous catalysis and adsorption using a surface organometallic approach. The ligands possess asymmetric centers directly attached to lower-rim oxygens; the asymmetric centers are tailored with sterically bulky naphthyl and electron withdrawing CF3 substituents. 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies demonstrate that mono- and 1,3-di-alkylated calixarenes synthesized using this procedure adopt the cone-shaped conformation, which is stabilized by multiple hydrogen bonds at the lower rim. Smaller pendant groups and polar solvents increase the dialkylation/monoalkylation ratio. The reaction proceeds with full inversion of configuration as established viasingle crystal X-ray diffraction of an N-Cbz-protected aminocyclopentoxy-modified calixarene. The calixarenes synthesized by this approach are characterized using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and ab initio modeling, which is used to identify the minimal molecular fragment responsible for the observed lowest energy Cotton effect in the CD spectrum. Factors that influence the intramolecular induction of asymmetry throughout the calixarene scaffold are investigated by systematically varying substituent steric bulk, connectivity of the asymmetric center to the calixarene core, and the extent of hydrogen bonding at the calixarene lower rim. The asymmetry of the calixarene core is quantified using 1H NMR spectroscopic shifts of aromatic meta and methylene bridge hydrogens and supported using ab initio calculations. The results demonstrate that calixarene core asymmetry is most strongly induced for rigid calixarene cores—an attribute that is expected to be preserved upon metal complexation and anchoring of these prospective ligands.
Modern Blackness: Nationalism, Globalization, and the Politics of Culture in Jamaica

Modern Blackness is a rich ethnographic exploration of Jamaican identity in the late twentieth century and early twenty-first. Analyzing nationalism, popular culture, and political economy in relation to one another, Deborah A. Thomas illuminates an ongoing struggle in Jamaica between the values associated with the postcolonial state and those generated in and through popular culture. Following independence in 1962, cultural and political policies in Jamaica were geared toward the development of a multiracial creole nationalism reflected in the country’s motto: “Out of many, one people.” As Thomas shows, by the late 1990s, creole nationalism was superseded by “modern blackness”—an urban blackness rooted in youth culture and influenced by African American popular culture. Expressions of blackness that had been marginalized in national cultural policy became paramount in contemporary understandings of what it was to be Jamaican. Thomas combines historical research with fieldwork she conducted in Jamaica between 1993 and 2003. Drawing on her research in a rural hillside community just outside Kingston, she looks at how Jamaicans interpreted and reproduced or transformed on the local level nationalist policies and popular ideologies about progress. With detailed descriptions of daily life in Jamaica set against a backdrop of postcolonial nation-building and neoliberal globalization, Modern Blackness is an important examination of the competing identities that mobilize Jamaicans locally and represent them internationally.
Evolving Visions of Waterfront Development in Postindustrial Philadelphia: The Formative Role of Elite Ideologies:

This article seeks to illuminate the role of elite ideologies in understanding how cities have sought to transform their waterfronts during the postindustrial era. A case study of Philadelphia's long-term efforts to develop Penn's Landing, a valuable thirty-five-acre site along the Delaware River at the eastern edge of Center City, reveals how shifting perspectives among mayors, their top advisors, and leading activists with respect to the proper scope of government and the appropriate source of political power have resulted in significant changes in the city's approach to waterfront planning and policy making.
DFT Investigation of Product Distribution Following Reaction of 1,3-Cyclohexadiene on the Si(100)-2×1 Surface

Density functional theory (DFT) was used to study different possible bonding geometries of 1,3-cyclohexadiene (1,3-CHD) on the Si(100)-2×1 surface and for comparison with recent STM experiments. Fu...
ISLAM AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIAL IDENTITY IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY SAHARA

Early in the twentieth century, French and British colonial scholars developed rigid, descent-based models of African pastoral societies. These models emphasized stasis partly because the scholars relied on unrepresentative samples of the pastoralists' views of their own societies, and partly because the scholars simply misinterpreted data. By the 1970s anthropologists had radically revised these models, arguing that although pastoralists generally defined themselves in terms of descent, their societies were nevertheless quite dynamic. In their view, descent was an idiom of social discourse; while pastoral societies may have operated according to the idiom in the past, the economic changes brought about by colonialism had ruptured the connection between the ideology and social practice. More recently, historians have begun to argue that pastoral societies were also dynamic before colonialism, and that there was great flexibility in the ways pastoralists reckoned social identities.This essay draws on evidence from the nineteenth-century western Sahara to argue that pastoral societies were dynamic long before the colonial period, and that many Saharans perceived their society in this way. This evidence was neglected by the early colonial scholars and many post-colonial anthropologists in favor of those descriptions that emphasized stasis. Saharan accounts that described social dynamism were often based on the explicitly Islamic model of the Prophet Muhammad and his diverse community of supporters. This model, then and throughout Islamic history, has offered the possibility of social improvement, and therein lies the explanation for why some Saharans interpreted society as static while others saw it as dynamic. Social models that fix groups into specific ranks according to descent serve the interests of those at the higher ranks, while dynamic models serve to legitimize social mobility.
Energy values and energy balance in rats fed on supplements of guar gum or cellulose

In five experiments where guar gum (GG) or Solka-floc cellulose (SF) supplemented a semi-synthetic diet (100 g/kg) for male Wistar rats at 21 degrees, it was found that GG acutely depressed both ad lib. and meal-fed food intakes by 40-50%. The effect was temporary, with the GG having no effects on food intake in the longer term. Dietary energy balance over 28 d with animals fed on equal amounts of a basal ration showed partial digestible energy values, calculated from the intake and faecal loss of energy, for the supplements which averaged 0 kJ/g SF and 10 kJ/g GG, so that GG contributed substantial amounts of absorbable energy. Despite this additional energy from GG, there was very often no additional gain of body fat. Rather, in some experiments, fat deposition was actually decreased by supplementation with GG. GG is inferred to have a putative thermogenic effect which is often greater than the energy it supplies. This effect occurred to a greater extent in circumstances associated with a higher 'energy status', indicated by higher efficiencies of conversion of gross dietary energy to retained body energy, higher fat:lean tissue deposition ratios and the occurrence of larger deposits at the epididymal fat pad site. There was some evidence that deposition at this site was more extensively affected by GG than deposition of fat in the body as a whole. Possible implications of the present findings are discussed.
Quantitation of Barbiturates by a Modification of the EMIT®-tox™ Serum Barbiturate Assay

A modification of the Syva EMIT-tox Serum Barbiturate Assay was developed to provide a rapid and practical method for quantltatlng serum barbiturates. Standard curves for eight selected barbiturates were run using specific sets of standards for each. Correlation coefficients, slopes, and y-intercepts for the curves of best fit were determined by the least-squares method. Between-run and within-run precision analysis Indicated acceptable reproducibility for berblturate concentrations in high therapeutic to toxic serum levels. A case report describing the use of this method for the determination of serum pentobarbltsl concentrations during therapy for Intracranial hypertension Is presented. The modified EMIT assay may be useful for monitoring barbiturate blood levels In overdose, and when used for therapy of Ischemic brain damage.
Resolution of cor pulmonale after medical management in a patient with cblC-type methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria: a case report

We describe a 3-year-old Hispanic male with cblC-type methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria who presented to the emergency department with progressive tachypnea, vomiting, and edema secondary to pulmonary embolism and cor pulmonale. With aggressive medical management, there was complete resolution of right heart failure and pulmonary hypertension after 3 months. Pulmonary embolism is rare in the pediatric population. Children with cblC-type methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria may be at increased risk for thrombus formation and pulmonary embolism due to chronic hyperhomocystinemia, a risk factor for thrombus formation in the adult population. Aspirin therapy may be indicated in children with inborn errors of metabolism that predispose to hyperhomocystinemia.
Using number line procedures and peer tutoring to improve the mathematics computation of low-performing first graders.

Recommendations for mathematics instruction frequently include the use of manipulatives as a critical component. There are few experimental analyses of teaching strategies involving the use of manipulatives (e.g., the number line). This investigation used a multiple baseline design across three groups of students to examine the effectiveness of an experimental procedure for improving low-performing children's skills in solving missing addend arithmetic problems using the number line. To address concerns about inadequate time for instruction and insufficient practice in most mathematics instruction, trained peer tutors implemented the procedure. The results suggest that student performance improved when trained tutors taught the students number line procedures and gave them feedback on accuracy. Further, social validation data indicate that the students, their tutors, and their classroom teachers liked the procedures.
Estimated Ground Motion From the 1994 Northridge, California, Earthquake at the Site of the Interstate 10 and La Cienega Boulevard Bridge Collapse, West Los Angeles, California

We have estimated ground motions at the site of a bridge collapse during the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake. The estimated motions are based on correcting motions recorded during the mainshock 2.3 km from the collapse site for the relative site response of the two sites. Shear-wave slownesses and damping based on analysis of borehole measurements at the two sites were used in the site response analysis. We estimate that the motions at the collapse site were probably larger, by factors ranging from 1.2 to 1.6, than at the site at which the ground motion was recorded, for periods less than about 1 sec.
Wave-form analysis of intrauterine pressure curves with methods and models developed in cardiac research

Abstract With the Hill model of muscle dynamics and a modified cardiac model, a series of computer programs have been generated which permit the description of certain aspects of uterine contractility and uterine function in human parturition. Patterns of labor relating to delivery outcome, dysfunctional uterine activity, and use of drugs are discussed with reference to the parameters measured in the study. Central tendencies among 70 spontaneous and induced labors (6,302 contractions) are presented and discussed.
New perspectives on an iconic landscape from comparative international long-term ecological research

Iconic ecosystems like the Florida Coastal Everglades can serve as sentinels of environmental change from local to global scales. This characteristic can help inform general theory about how and why ecosystems transform, particularly if distinctive ecosystem properties are studied over long time scales and compared to those of similar ecosystems elsewhere. Here we review the ways in which long-term, comparative, international research has provided perspectives on iconic features of the Everglades that have, in turn, informed general ecosystem paradigms. Studies in other comparable wetlands from the Caribbean to Australia have shed light on distinctive and puzzling aspects such as the “upside-down estuary” and “productivity paradox” for which the Everglades is known. These studies suggest that coastal wetlands on carbonate (karstic) platforms have: (1) hydrological and biogeochemical properties that reflect “hidden” groundwater sources of water and nutrients, (2) very productive, mat-forming algal communities that present a low-quality food to aquatic consumers that encourages (3) highly diversified feeding strategies within and among populations, and (4) extensive and productive seagrass meadows and mangrove forests that promote strong cultural dependencies associated with the ecosystem services they provide. The contribution of international research to each of these general ecological topics is discussed with a particular goal of encouraging informed decision-making in threatened wetlands across the globe.