cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epilepsy and disability

A 34-year-old man presents with the chief complaint of recurrent “spells.” The episodes began approximately 2 years ago after he had been involved in an automobile accident and suffered a closed head injury. The spells were characterized by a sensation of “zoning out” that was preceded by a fearful sense of panic. They occurred at least twice a week and lasted between 50 and 90 s. After the event, he felt tired and had difficulty focusing on his work or during his daily activities. He worked as a District Attorney and had court duties and appearances that were required on a nearly daily basis.
Surface conduction in n -type pyrite FeS2 single crystals

Pyrite $\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ has long been recognized as a high potential photovoltaic material, due to its exceptionally high optical absorption, low toxicity, and the abundance and low cost of its constituents. Despite the suitable band gap (0.95 eV), minority carrier diffusion length (100--1000 nm), and short-circuit current density, power conversion efficiencies in $\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$-based solar cells have never exceeded 3% however, primarily due to low open circuit voltages $({V}_{\mathrm{oc}}\ensuremath{\sim}0.1\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{V})$. Surface phenomena have been implicated as the root cause of this low ${V}_{\mathrm{oc}}$, recent experiments on $n$-type crystals providing evidence for surface conduction, including $p$-type surface inversion. Here we report a detailed study of electronic transport in a large set (\ensuremath{\sim}120 samples) of thoroughly characterized vapor-transport-grown $n\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ single crystals, with both as-prepared and mechanically polished surfaces. Abundant evidence for surface conduction is obtained from the temperature dependence of the resistance and its anisotropy, the thickness dependence of the resistivity, the sensitivity to surface preparation, and the nature of an observed surface insulator-metal transition. While the bulk transport is relatively reproducible, as-grown crystals display striking diversity in surface behavior, which is suppressed by polishing. Via detailed analyses, we demonstrate that the $\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ surface conduction is truly two dimensional, that it can influence in-plane transport even at room temperature, and that a p-type surface inversion layer can be unambiguously established, with no possibility of artifacts from hopping conduction. A nonlinear Hall effect is also observed, allowing us to constrain a two-channel conduction model we show capable of describing all field- and temperature-dependent transport data. Combined with simple arguments, these results place limits on the thickness of the surface conduction layer, which lie below \ensuremath{\sim}3 nm. Finally, in some crystals, for unknown reasons, the as-grown surface is definitively $n$ type. These results highlight that while surface conduction is clearly important in pyrite $\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, and is gradually yielding to understanding, additional work is clearly warranted to further understand and control it.
How to Characterize Chemical Reactions Occurring in Muscle Fibers

This chapter describes how perturbation analysis methods are used to characterize chemical reactions taking place in muscle fibers. The perturbations include the changes in concentrations of small ligands (ATP and phosphate), length (step and sinusoidal), force, pressure, and temperature. It further discusses the details of sinusoidal analysis, and its correlation with step analysis. It also discusses how series compliance affects the kinetic measurements.
Libor Market Model with Stochastic Volatility

Four papers introducing LIBOR market model (LMM) were published in 1997. They seemed to unify market practice with arbitrage-free framework - it came out that for one year only. The next year, after Russian crisis, cap and swaption markets started to show evident volatility smile and skew. Several attempts were made to capture that phenomenon into the arbitrage-free framework. Our note is strongly inspired by papers and conference talks by Mark Joshi and Riccardo Rebonato. We share their opinions that: - Since smiles and skews are caused by different market features, it is more natural to model smile and skew separately, rather then to use unified framework of implied smile. - Displaced Diffusion approach is easier in treatment then Constant Elasticity of Variance (CEV) approach for interest rate derivatives and gives the same modelling possibilities. - Displaced Diffusion and Stochastic Volatility are perfectly suited to work together. Since our attention is fixed more on swaptions then on caps/floors, we would like to opt for another version of the LIBOR market model with stochastic volatility and displaced diffusion (SVDDLMM) then Joshi and Rebonato: - We use various random displacement factors for various LIBOR rates. - For Stochastic Volatility we propose a new simple non mean reverting multi-lognormal model. We also try to convince the Reader that mean reversion in stochastic volatility models excludes correct modelling of long term options - swaptions are canonical example. Easy closed form formulae are given for caps/floors and European swaptions what makes calibration procedure more effective and transparent - at least we are not "prisoners of Monte Carlo". We are able to calibrate model to various smile/skew shapes for caps/floors and swaptions with various length and of various maturities.
Moral Philosophy and Ethical Decision Making in an Information Technology Dilemma.

This study explores the fundamental philosophical differences found in the ethical decision making approaches of students enrolled in a Management Information Systems (MIS) course required at an accredited university in New England. The decision choices of the students were classified according to five widely accepted theories of ethics: (a) Axiological, (b) Deontological, (c) Perfectionist, (d) Utilitarian, and (e) Relativistic. Based on their major areas of study, students were classified into three categories: (1) Arts & Sciences majors, (2) Business majors, and (3) Information Technology majors. The analysis of 103 decisions confirms the existence of statistically significant differences among students in their ethical approaches to resolving an information technology dilemma based on their major areas of study. While the Arts & Sciences majors prefer Utilitarian ethics, Business majors prefer Axiological, and Information Technology majors favor Relativistic approach. Some possible reasons behind these differences are discussed in the paper.
Courses of Misrecall over Long-Term Retention Intervals as Related to Strength of Pre-Experimental Habits of Word Association

Following a proaction paradigm, 670 Ss were trained with two lists containing five of the secondary associates (R2) to Russell-Jenkins stimulus words, and were tested 2 min., 20 mm., 2 days, or 28 days later for retention of the second list. During recall, half of the Ss were administered the five stimulus words corresponding to the five R2 words of the second list (stimulated condition), and half did not receive the stimulus words (not-stimulated condition). The stimulus words were divisible into three categories, in effect varying the cultural associative probabilities at each retention interval. Altogether, there were 24 groups completing a 4 × 2 × 3 factorial design. The retention of R2s decreased with time and the effect of stimulation was to raise their level of production above groups not so stimulated. As R2s decreased with time, intrusions of R1s (primaries) and Ra-nS (sum of Ra to Rn) became more numerous where the cultural probabilities suggested this ought to happen. After 28 days, Ss still sh...
Spatial-Temporal pattern Synthesis in a Network of Locally Interacting Cells

Spatial-temporal patterning is an essential process indicating the cell and tissue types formed during synthetic and natural tissue development. Due to biological complexity within and among cells, most approaches to engineer cell cultures are limited in their ability to control the timing of spatial patterning. This paper presents a computational framework to control spatial-temporal pattern formation in a network of locally interacting agents. Given a parameterized model of patterning in stem cell colonies, we use a supervised machine learning algorithm combined with temporal logics to quantitatively describe and characterize spatial-temporal patterns. We utilize an optimization procedure to achieve optimal parameters that maximize the occurrence of desired spatial patterns at a specified time interval and demonstrate the ability of our algorithm to control transitioning in a sequence of patterns.
Increased HIV diagnoses in West Virginia counties highly vulnerable to rapid HIV dissemination through injection drug use: a cautionary tale.

Abstract Purpose To investigate HIV transmission potential from a cluster of HIV infections among men who have sex with men to persons who inject drugs in 15 West Virginia counties. These counties were previously identified as highly vulnerable to rapid HIV dissemination through injection drug use (IDU) associated with high levels of opioid misuse. Methods We interviewed persons with 2017 HIV diagnoses about past-year risk behaviors and elicited sexual, IDU, and social contacts. We tested contacts for HIV and assessed risk behaviors. To determine HIV transmission potential from persons with 2017 diagnoses to persons who inject drugs, we assessed viral suppression status, HIV status of contacts, and IDU risk behaviors of persons living with HIV and contacts. Results We interviewed 78 persons: 39 with 2017 diagnoses and 39 contacts. Overall, 13/78 (17%) injected drugs in the past year. Of 19 persons with 2017 diagnoses and detectable virus, 9 (47%) had more than or equal to 1 sexual or IDU contacts of negative or unknown HIV status. During the past year, 2/9 had injected drugs and shared equipment, and 1/9 had more than or equal to 1 partner who did so. Conclusions We identified IDU risk behavior among persons with 2017 diagnoses and their contacts. West Virginia HIV prevention programs should continue to give high priority to IDU harm reduction.
Directors' Duties to Creditors: Power Imbalance and the Financially Distressed Corporation

This Article questions the widely held view that the fiduciary duties that corporate directors ordinarily owe to or for the benefit of shareholders should shift to creditors when the corporation is in financial distress. This view suffers from two important flaws. First, it mistakenly assumes a strong connection between duty and priority in right of payment. Thus, the thinking goes, as the corporation approaches insolvency, creditors should displace shareholders as the residual claimants, to whom duties should run. While this may make sense when a corporation liquidates, it ignores the fact that priority is a distributional doctrine, and therefore functions very differently than does duty. The second, and more important, mistake is that linking priority and duty causes us to ignore the deeper normative concerns that should animate duty in the corporate context. These normative concerns usually respond to power imbalances expressed as disparities of volition (voluntariness), cognition (information), and exit (access to secondary markets). On this view, it is apparent that not all creditors of the distressed corporation are equal. Creditors who lack volition, cognition, and exit - and thus should benefit from directorial duties - might include tort creditors, terminated at-will employees, taxing authorities and certain trade creditors. Other creditors - chiefly banks and bondholders - neither need nor deserve directorial duties. They typically benefit from high levels of volition, cognition, and exit, as expressed in both the heavily negotiated contracts that govern their relationships with the corporate debtor and their access to well-established secondary markets. This Article contains a proposal for adjusting directors' duties accordingly.
Design and impact response of 3D-printable tensegrity-inspired structures

Recent studies demonstrate the potential of tensegrity structures as unique building blocks for architected lattices (metamaterials). Key tensegrity characteristics, such as elastic response under severe deformation, high strength-to-weight ratio, and nonlinear behavior, make these structures appealing for dynamic applications. A new method of tessellating tensegrity unit cells with elastically buckling struts in three dimensions has opened new avenues for metamaterials with superior mechanical properties. However, traditional fabrication methods for tensegrity structures are cumbersome and do not allow accurate control of the level of member prestress. To overcome these limitations, we present a design of a 3D-printable, single material structure which has comparable strain energy capacity and compressive response as a tensegrity structure with buckling struts. The structure’s geometry maintains key tensegrity characteristics, thus generating an equivalent mechanical response. Numerical simulations inform quasistatic compression experiments and dynamic drop weight impact tests. The structure’s responses correspond well to the pin-jointed tensegrity, exhibiting desirable characteristics such as post-buckling stability, resilience under severe deformation, high elastic strain energy absorption, and load-limitation. This work is the first to experimentally corroborate theoretical studies of buckling tensegrity structures. We conjecture that the structure presented here has unique potential as a unit cell for manufacturable tensegrity-inspired metamaterials.
Can distal ureteral diameter measurement predict primary vesicoureteral reflux clinical outcome and success of endoscopic injection

Summary Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate the predictive value of distal ureteral diameter ratio (UDR) on outcome of primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and reflux resolution after endoscopic injection. Patients and methods Three hundred eighty-three patients treated for primary VUR between January 2010 and October 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. The parameters analyzed were age at diagnosis, sex, grade and lateralite of VUR, complaints at admission (febrile urinary tract infection, antenatal hydronephrosis, family history),bladder-bowel dysfunction (urgency, incontinence, constipation), dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scintigraphy findings, follow-up period, clinical course (spontaneous resolution or surgical correction), time of spontaneous resolution, surgical treatment time and age, materials used for injection and success of endoscopic injection. Ureteral diameter ratio was calculated on the initial VCUG at the time of the diagnosis as the largest ureteral diameter within the false pelvis divided by the distance between L1-L3.The correlation between UDR, clinical outcome (spontaneous resolution/surgical correction) and success of endoscopic injection was evaluated by logistic regression analysis. To compare the effect of UDR and grade of reflux on spontaneous resolution, multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed in three models together with sex, age, resolution time, presence of febrile UTI and DMSA scan findings. Results Three hundred eighty-three patients were enrolled. There was a strong correlation between UDR and grade of reflux (p 0.05). When the correlation between UDR and the DMSA scan findings was evaluated, UDR was found to be significantly higher in patients with moderate and severe scarring. Bladder-bowel dysfunction was present in 111 patients (28.9%). There was no significant correlation between BBD and UDR (p > 0.05). 62 patients showed spontaneous resolution in a median duration of 1.55 years. The predictive value of UDR for spontaneous resolution was more significant than grade (p Conclusion Ureteral diameter ratio is an objective measurement of VUR and appears to be a new predictive tool for clinical outcome and success after endoscopic injection. Download : Download high-res image (173KB) Download : Download full-size image Summary Figure . Measurements used to calculate UDR on VCUG. UDR, ureteral diameter ratio; VCUG, voiding cystourethrography.
Le tableau de bord prospectif, outil d’alignement des mesures de performance de la chaîne logistique : l’exemple de Dell

Les merites des demarches collaboratives ont suscite une literature importante ces dernieres annees. Cependant cet article soutient que les entreprises auront du mal a recolter les fruits de la collaboration avec leurs partenaires si elles ne redefinissent pas la facon d’evaluer et de recompenser la performance de leurs collaborateurs. Le tableau de bord prospectif est un outil de mesure de la performance qui peut etre utilise pour aligner les criteres et les mesures de performance des employes tout au long de la chaine logistique. Un lien est fait entre le SCM et le tableau de bord prospectif. L’exemple de Dell Computer Corporation illustre comment le tableau de bord peut motiver une demarche collaborative.
Suspension and Expulsion of the Emotionally Handicapped: Issues and Practices.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the legal status of suspension and expulsion procedures for emotionally handicapped or behaviorally disordered students. Court decisions which involved the suspension or expulsion of a behaviorally disordered student were included for discussion. In addition, the survey of existing practices used by state education agencies was summarized. Implications for programming and disciplinary actions were formulated based on both the court decisions cited and the existing state policies which address this area of exceptionality.
N,N,N′,N′‐Tetrakis(2‐pyridinio­methyl)­ethyl­enedi­amine tetraperchlorate

The title compound, (HpyCH2)2NCH2CH2N(CH2PyH)2(ClO4)4 or C26H32N64+·4ClO4−, is a salt of a centrosymmetric tetraprotonated tetra­pyridine. As in many related compounds, the pyridyl N atoms are protonated while the tertiary amine N atoms are not.
Banking with precision: transfusion medicine as a potential universal application in clinical genomics.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the most recent scientific progress in transfusion medicine genomics and discuss its role within the broad genomic precision medicine model, with a focus on the unique computational and bioinformatic aspects of this emergent field. RECENT FINDINGS Recent publications continue to validate the feasibility of using next-generation sequencing (NGS) for blood group prediction with three distinct approaches: exome sequencing, whole genome sequencing, and PCR-based targeted NGS methods. The reported correlation of NGS with serologic and alternative genotyping methods ranges from 92 to 99%. NGS has demonstrated improved detection of weak antigens, structural changes, copy number variations, novel genomic variants, and microchimerism. Addition of a transfusion medicine interpretation to any clinically sequenced genome is proposed as a strategy to enhance the cost-effectiveness of precision genomic medicine. Interpretation of NGS in the blood group antigen context requires not only advanced immunohematology knowledge, but also specialized software and hardware resources, and a bioinformatics-trained workforce. SUMMARY Blood transfusions are a common inpatient procedure, making blood group genomics a promising facet of precision medicine research. Further efforts are needed to embrace transfusion bioinformatic challenges and evaluate its clinical utility.
A Synthetic Biology Approach to Sequential Stripe Patterning and Somitogenesis

Reaction-diffusion (RD) based clock and wavefront model has long been proposed as the mechanism underlying biological pattern formation of repeated and segmented structures including somitogenesis. However, systematic molecular level understanding of the mechanism remains elusive, largely due to the lack of suitable experimental systems to probe RD quantitatively in vivo. Here we design a synthetic gene circuit that couples gene expression regulation (reaction) with quorum sensing (diffusion) to guide bacterial cells self-organizing into stripe patterns at both microscopic and colony scales. An experimentally verified mathematical model confirms that these periodic spatial structures are emerged from the integration of oscillatory gene expression as the molecular clock and the outward expanding diffusions as the propagating wavefront. Furthermore, our paired model-experiment data illustrate that the RD-based patterning is sensitive to initial conditions and can be modulated by external inducers to generate diverse patterns, including multiple-stripe pattern, target-like pattern and ring patterns with reversed fluorescence. Powered by our synthetic biology setup, we also test different topologies of gene networks and show that network motifs enabling robust oscillations are foundations of sequential stripe pattern formation. These results verified close connections between gene network topology and resulting RD driven pattern formation, offering an engineering approach to help understand biological development.
“Master Race”: Graphic Storytelling in the Aftermath of the Holocaust

This chapter argues that an early graphic story, “Master Race,” published in 1955 by comics artist Bernie Krigstein and scriptwriter Al Feldstein, considered “one of the finest stories ever to appear in the comics form,” anticipated the emergence of the evolving and expanding genre of Holocaust graphic narratives. With memory as the controlling trope, graphic novelists and illustrators, through the juxtaposition of text and image, extend the narrative of the Holocaust into the present, creating a midrashic imperative to reconstruct and reanimate the experience of the Shoah. In recreating moments of traumatic rupture, dislocation, and disequilibrium, graphic narratives contribute to the evolving field of Holocaust representation by establishing a visual testimony to memory.
Learning with and from School-Aged Children: Implications for Mathematics Methods Coursework Design

The importance of practical learning environments for developing preservice teachers’ (PSTs’) dispositions and skills for teaching mathematics is underscored in a growing body of literature. Hence,...
Sex and SP-A2 Dependent NAD(H) Redox Alterations in Mouse Alveolar Macrophages in Response to Ozone Exposure: Potential Implications for COVID-19

Co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(H)) redox plays a key role in macrophage function. Surfactant protein (SP-) A modulates the functions of alveolar macrophages (AM) and ozone (O3) exposure in the presence or absence of SP-A and reduces mouse survival in a sex-dependent manner. It is unclear whether and how NAD(H) redox status plays a role in the innate immune response in a sex-dependent manner. We investigated the NAD(H) redox status of AM from SP-A2 and SP-A knockout (KO) mice in response to O3 or filtered air (control) exposure using optical redox imaging technique. We found: (i) In SP-A2 mice, the redox alteration of AM in response to O3 showed sex-dependence with AM from males being significantly more oxidized and having a higher level of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species than females; (ii) AM from KO mice were more oxidized after O3 exposure and showed no sex differences; (iii) AM from female KO mice were more oxidized than female SP-A2 mice; and (iv) Two distinct subpopulations characterized by size and redox status were observed in a mouse AM sample. In conclusions, the NAD(H) redox balance in AM responds to O3 in a sex-dependent manner and the innate immune molecule, SP-A2, contributes to this observed sex-specific redox response.
COVID-19 pandemic: Case studies and perspectives

Abstract As of September 9, 2020, Worldwide coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused 894 000 deaths with over 27.5 million confirmed cases. There is an urgent need for effective treatment. Considerable efforts have been placed on developing novel therapeutics, including antivirals and vaccines. Current management of COVID-19 is supportive, with several experimental drugs. Respiratory failure from acute respiratory distress syndrome overshadowed by severe cytokine storm appears to be the leading cause of mortality. This article has reviewed several unique case studies published from December 2019 through July 31, 2020 with the above perspectives.
A Note on Multiple Kloosterman Sums

There is evidently no loss in generality in assuming that the coefficients of x and y in the above sum are equal. Mordell [1] has conjectured that, when (ab, q) = l and q is restricted to prime values.
Polymer and composites additive manufacturing: material extrusion processes

Abstract This chapter focuses on material extrusion additive manufacturing (AM) processes for polymers and composite materials. Different extrusion AM platforms, along with their operating mechanism concepts, processing capabilities, and limitations, are discussed here. This chapter also covers state-of-the-art developments in new areas such as hybrid systems, integrated systems, and automation, which facilitate the integration of extrusion-based AM processes into smart manufacturing or Industry 4.0. Following this, a comprehensive discussion on materials development, criteria for successful printing of different materials (thermoplastics, thermosets, and their composites), key factors influencing printing, and material-related challenges in extrusion AM is presented. Finally, a brief overview of current and future potential applications of material extrusion AM technology is provided.
Ischemic stroke in patients with gliomas at The University of Texas-M.D. Anderson Cancer Center

Patients with gliomas are at risk of cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) with potential consequences on survival, function, and local tumor control. Our objective was to provide information about CVA in patients with gliomas and to estimate survival in this group. We reviewed all adult glioma patients with ischemic CVA at the University of Texas-M.D. Anderson Cancer Center from 2003 through 2014. We extracted demographic, clinical, imaging, treatment and outcome data. We used descriptive summary data and estimated or compared survival rates where appropriate. 60 of 6500 patients (0.1%) with high-grade (HGG, n = 47) or low-grade glioma (LGG, n = 13) had ischemic CVA Thirty-two (53%) patients had postoperative strokes, and 20 (33%) had CVA after 2 weeks of surgery. Forty-one patients (68%) had gross total resection. For HGG and CVA, the poststroke median overall survival was 17 months versus 61 months in LGG and CVA (P = 0.03; hazard ratio (HR): 2.8; 95% CI 1.07-4.60). Survival stratified by modified Rankin Scale grade was significant (X(2) = 9.8, P = 0.007). Five patients received bevacizumab before stroke onset; none responded to antiangiogenic therapy. There was no stroke-related death. At our institution for 10 years, ischemic CVA in glioma patients was a rare complication, clearly associated in half of cases to surgery, and with a variable negative impact on performance status and neurologic function. In this group, patients with more neurological deficits lived less. The survival difference between and within subgroups was most likely due to tumor grade. More research is necessary to improve prevention of postoperative stroke in glioma patients.
Pharmacokinetic Monitoring of Aminoglycosides in the Extended Dosing Interval Era

Summary: The success and continuing use of the aminoglycosides can be attributed to various factors including rapid concentration-dependent bactericidal effect, clinical efficacy, synergism with β-lactam antibiotics, a low rate of true resistance, and low cost. The major limitation to their clinical use continues to be concern for the development of oto- and nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxic effects are shown to be due to drug accumulation and active uptake in the kidney, both related to the dosing schedule. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of the aminoglycosides will reduce the incidence of nephrotoxicity while maximizing efficacy parameters, such as the peak to MIC ratio. Individualized pharmacokinetic dosing based on target peak and trough concentrations has been shown to result in better clinical outcome, shorter hospitalization, better safety and reduction of costs. With the introduction of extended interval dosing for aminoglycosides, the role of TDM to assist dosing has been the subject of considerable debate. There is no established “therapeutic range” for extended interval dosing and the concept is difficult to apply in the conventional sense. Trough concentrations should usually be below assay detection limits and, if measurable, often imply overdosage. The benefits of a proactive therapeutic monitoring service using a population model-based Bayesian pharmacokinetic approach and pharmacokinetic dosing will be addressed. Zusammenfassung: Aminoglykosid-Antibiotika haben sich im klinischen Alltag erfolgreich bewahrt, weil sie schnell und konzentrationsabhangig bakterizid sind, klinisch wirksam sind, synergistisch mit β-Lactam-Antibiotika sind, eine niedrige Resistenzrate zeigen und geringe Kosten verursachen. Die hauptsachlichen Begrenzungen sind Oto- und Nephrotoxizitat. Die nephrotoxischen Effekte sind Folge von Medikamenten-Akkumulation und die aktive Aufnahme in die Niere, welche abhangig vom Dosierungsschema ist. Therapeutisches Drug Monitoring (TDM) der Aminoglykoside reduziert die Inzidenz der Nephrotoxizitat und maximiert die Wirksamkeitsparameter wie die Peak-zu-MIC-Ratio. Individualisierte pharmakokinetische Dosierung bezuglich Peak- und Talspiegel resultiert in besseren klinischen Ergebnissen, kurzerer Hospitalisierungszeit, hoherer Sicherheit und weniger Kosten. Mit der Einfuhrung der verlangerten Intervall-Dosierung fur Aminoglykoside, geriet die Bedeutung des TDM fur die Unterstutzung der Dosierung, in eine kontroverse Debatte. Es gibt kein „therapeutischen Bereich” fur die verlangerte Intervall-Dosierung so dass konventionelles TDM schlecht auf dieses Konzept anzuwenden ist. Talspiegel sollten unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze sein. Messbarkeit bedeutet haufig Uberdosierung. Die Vorteile eines proaktiven therapeutischen Monitoring Dienstes mit einem nach dem Bayes-Theorem entwickelten und bevolkerungsmodellbasierten pharmakokinetischen Zugang wird vorgestellt.
Foreman-Delay Surveys: Work Sampling and Output

The usefulness of foreman-delay surveys (FDS) for performance measurement and productivity improvement at construction sites is evaluated by comparison with production rates and work sampling observations. A comparison of measurements obtained with concurrent work sampling and FDS at a nuclear plant construction site is presented. This comparison is followed by an examination of the changes in key site labor performance factors during the implementation of the work sampling and FDS programs at this site. An examination of relationships between FDS reported values, performance factor, and weld production for the major mechanical contractor of a refinery construction project is also presented. Both projects utilize union labor.
The Effect of Artificial Aging Treatment on Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Al‐12.7Si‐0.7Mg Alloy

The microstructure and tensile properties of the extruded Al-12.7Si-0.7Mg alloy aged at 160°C, 180°C and 200°C were investigated. The precipitates in different aging conditions have been characterized by regular and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM and HREM) aiming at understanding the strengthening mechanisms. It was shown that the alloy after T6 treatment exhibits good ductility and much higher proof strength as well as tensile strength compared to 6063 alloy in general. The results have revealed that the strength changes by altering the precipitates size and volume fraction. The strengthening was attributed to be the combining effect of particle, grain boundary and precipitation strengthening.
Mechanical Basics of Operative Technique

Rare is the novice who has the inborn talent to accomplish all the mechanical manipulations of surgery with no more thought or analysis than the natural athlete gives to hitting a ball. Most surgeons in training can gain much from analyzing such basics of surgery as foot position, hand and arm motion, and efficient use of instruments.
Ferroelectricity revisited—Advances in materials and physics

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses field of ferroelectricity. It deals with selected salient properties and associated physics. The chapter reviews the phenomenological, soft mode, and first-principles theories of ferroelectrics. There are similarities between spin glasses and dielectric dipolar glasses. The dipolar interaction in both a normal, or ordinary, polarizable medium leads to the formation of a dipolar glass at low temperatures, and in a highly polarizable medium that leads to either long-range ferroelectric order or to a glass-like relaxor state. The properties of relaxor ferroelectrics and the contrast between properties and normal ferroelectrics have also been discussed in the chapter. Discoveries coupled with the scientific challenges of the many facets of ferroelectric phenomena and the technological importance of the field ensure health and vitality of research in ferroelectricity.
Style: A Computational and Conceptual Blending-Based Approach

This chapter proposes a new approach to style, arising from our work on computational media using structural blending, which enriches the conceptual blending of cognitive linguistics with structure building operations in order to encompass syntax and narrative as well as metaphor. We have implemented both conceptual and structural blending, and conducted initial experiments with poetry, including interactive multimedia poetry, although the approach generalizes to other media. The central idea is to generate multimedia content and analyze style in terms of blending principles, based on our finding that different principles from those of common sense blending are often needed for some contemporary poetic metaphors.
The ideological development of US government publication, 1820–1920

Abstract This paper traces the development of an ideology for US government publication, focusing primarily on dominant strands of political thought during the antebellum period, the gilded age, and the progressive era. This paper examines political thought that inhibited the development of an ideology of US government publication, such as the antistatism of Thomas Jefferson and the Social Darwinism of Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner; it focuses also on American political thought that fostered its development, such as the Positivism of Lester Frank Ward, the Pragmatism of John Dewey, and the Progressivism of Herbert Croly.
Toward a Combinatorial Proof of the Jacobian Conjecture

The Jacobian conjecture [Keller, Monatsh. Math. Phys. , 1939] gives rise to a problem in combinatorial linear algebra: Is the vector space generated by rooted trees spanned by forest shuffle vectors? In order to make headway on this problem we must study the algebraic and combinatorial properties of rooted trees. We prove three theorems about the vector space generated by binary rooted trees: Shuffle vectors of fixed length forests are linearly independent, shuffle vectors of nondegenerate forests relative to a fixed tree are linearly independent, and shuffle vectors of sufficient length forests are linearly independent. These results are proved using the acyclic digraph method for establishing that a coefficient matrix has full rank [Singer, The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics , 2009]. We also provide an infinite class of counterexamples to demonstrate the need for sufficient length in the third theorem.
A Survey of Parallel Algorithms for Graphics and Visualization

This chapter provides an overview of parallel rendering algorithms for visualization using SIMD and MIMD computers. While a thorough investigation would trace the history from the mid 1970’s to the present, we concentrate on the algorithms which have made recent advances in a variety of areas. The purpose is to guide the reader through the latest techniques and provide a background for future development and research.
Adjuvant Chemotherapy After Lobectomy for T1–2N0 Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: Are the Guidelines Supported?

BACKGROUND Evidence guiding adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) use after lobectomy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is limited. This study evaluated the impact of AC use and tumor size on outcomes using a large, nationwide cancer database. METHODS The effect of AC on long-term survival among patients who underwent lobectomy for margin-negative pathologic T1-2N0M0 NSCLC in the National Cancer Data Base from 2003 to 2006 was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The specific tumor size threshold at which AC began providing benefit was estimated with multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling. RESULTS Overall 3,496 of 34,360 patients (10.2%) who met inclusion criteria were treated with AC, although AC use increased over time from 2003, when only 2.7% of patients with tumors less than 4 cm and 6.2% of patients with tumors of 4 cm or larger received AC. In unadjusted survival analysis, AC was associated with a significant 5-year survival benefit for patients with tumors less than 4 cm (74.3% vs 66.9%; P<.0001) and 4 cm or greater (64.8% vs 49.8%; P<.0001). In subanalyses of patients grouped by strata of 0.5-cm increments in tumor size, AC was associated with a survival advantage for tumor sizes ranging from 3.0 to 8.5 cm. CONCLUSIONS Use of AC among patients with stage I NSCLC has increased over time but remains uncommon. The results of this study support current treatment guidelines that recommend AC use after lobectomy for stage I NSCLC tumors larger than 4 cm. These results also suggest that AC use is associated with superior survival for patients with tumors ranging from 3.0 to 8.5 cm in diameter.
Can performance on summative evaluation of wax‐added dental anatomy projects be better predicted from the combination of supervised and unsupervised practice than from supervised practice alone?

Purpose The study explored the effects of adding student-directed projects in pre-clinical dental anatomy laboratory on improving the predictability of students’ eventual performance on summative evaluation exercises, given the presence of intervening faculty-controlled, in-class practice. Method All students from four consecutive classes (n = 555) completed wax-added home projects (HP), spending as much or as little time as desired and receiving no faculty feedback; followed by similar laboratory projects (LP) with time limits and feedback; and then summative practical projects (PP) in a timed format but without faculty feedback. Path analysis was used to assess if the student-directed HP had any effect over and above the laboratory projects. Results Average scores were HP = 0.785 (SD = 0.089); LP = 0.736 (SD = 0.092); and PP = 0.743 (SD = 0.108). Path analysis was applied to show the effects of including a student-controlled home practice exercise on summative exercise performance. HP contributed 57% direct effect and 37% mediated effect through the LP condition. Conclusion Student-directed home practice provided a measureable improvement in ability to predict eventual performance in summative test cases over and above the predictive contribution of intervening faculty-controlled practice conditions.
An Overview of Veratrum s.l. (Liliales: Melanthiaceae) and an Infrageneric Phylogeny Based on ITS Sequence Data

A synopsis of Veratrum, including commentary on species and character evolution within the genus, is presented. The circumscription and relationships of infrageneric taxa are evaluated using parsimony analyses of ITS (nuclear ribosomal) DNA sequence data of 26 representative taxa. Proposed new infrageneric circumscriptions, strongly supported by tree statistics and topologies, are correlated with potential morphological synapomorphies at the proper level of universality. Based on our analyses, Veratrum is circumscribed broadly (including Melanthium) and divided into two sections and two subsections (most with novel circumscription). This modified infrageneric classification involves reassignment of Veratrum subgenus Pseudoanticlea as subsection Pseudoanticlea. Although interspecific relationships are not highly resolved, the molecular data provide strong support for placing several species previously of unknown affinities and also validate several generalizations concerning character evolution within Veratrum.
Cyclosporine-Induced Renal Macroangiopathy

Although nephrotoxicity secondary to cyclosporine (CsA) is common and has a predilection for arterioles, stenosis of the major renal artery or its primary branches has not yet been described as a manifestation of CsA toxicity. A case of a primary cadaveric renal transplant recipient treated with CsA who developed significant deterioration of renal function associated with angiographic evidence of high-grade stenosis of all three major branches of the renal artery that resolved completely after discontinuation of the drug is reported.
Closed orbit change induced by nonzero dispersion rf cavities.

The particle motion in storage rings is coupled between the longitudinal and the transverse planes in the presence of nonzero dispersion rf cavities. We found that the particle motion can be modeled separately with a redefined closed orbit. The closed orbit can be described by a Green's function, which was confirmed in the simulation and in the experiment. The pathlength is calculated from the redefined closed orbit, and we found that the longitudinal phase slip is related not only to the momentum, but also to the rf phase of the particle. The effect on the longitudinal motion becomes significant if the phase slip caused by the rf cavities is large or if the momentum compaction factor is small, such as in the lower alpha-$c$ lattice which is intended to produce shorter bunches.
Folding RNA on the Cray-2

Predicting RNA folding is a very computationally intensive task, that depends heavily on the assumptions of the model of folding. The 'stem list method' provides a flexible framework to change the assumptions of the model, but the price for this flexibility is its large computational costs. A C implementation of the 'stem list method' is given for the Cray-2 that takes advantage of both vectorization and multi-tasking. This implementation of exhaustive, depth first searching may have uses in other applications.
Familial lissencephaly with cleft palate and severe cerebellar hypoplasia

Lissencephaly is a brain malformation characterized by absence of gyral formation, resulting in a smooth brain surface. Histologic study shows severe anomalies of cerebral cortical development. Several lissencephaly syndromes have been described. Here we report a familial syndrome of lissencephaly, cleft palate, diffuse agyria, and severe cerebellar hypoplasia. Microscopic examination of the abnormally thick cerebral cortex showed absence of cortical layering, with preservation of the pia-glial barrier. This is the first report of recurrent lissencephaly with cleft palate and severe cerebellar hypoplasia in which these unique neuropathology findings are described. Autosomal recessive inheritance is suggested by recurrence in sibs within the same family, but germ cell mosaicism for a dominant mutation is not excluded.
Experimental lovastatin myopathy

Lovastatin (LS) is a potent HMG-CoA inhibitor used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. In humans it can cause a severe, necrotizing myopathy with myoglobinuria and renal failure. To investigate the pathogenesis of LS-induced myopathy we studied the effects of LS on rat skeletal muscle. Lewis rats were gavage-fed 1 mg/g body weight/day of LS. Control rats received carboxymethylcellulose-based suspension by gavage. Gastrocnemius and soleus, fast and slow twitch muscles respectively, were studied by light and electron microscopy. By day 10 LS-treated rats became severely weak. Gastrocnemius was severely affected with degeneration of membranous organelles and microvacuole formation, but soleus was spared. Eventually, 20-50% of the gastrocnemius but none of the soleus fibers became necrotic. Non-necrotic fibers showed no increases of acid phosphatase, indicating that autophagy was not excited. We conclude that LS causes muscle injury by inducing degeneration of membranous organelles, and fast twitch muscle fibers are selectively vulnerable to LS myopathy.
Mitral Valve Replacement and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

IV-all deaths were in this class-than for those in Class 111. In addition, patients undergoing emergency operations had a higher operative mortality than did those having elective operations. Finally, the authors note that myocardial protection with potassium cardioplegia resulted in improved survival in patients having elective procedures, but not in those operated on as emergencies. The patients who underwent emergency procedures probably had greater diminution of myocardial reserves coming into the operation-and cardioplegia can only protect, not renew, myocardium. The status of the myocardium is also implicated by data on the predictive value of the preoperative cardiac index as it affects postoperative survival. Certain information is missing from the article. I wonder if there were any patients with mitral stenosis or a mixed lesion who also had ischemic cardiomyopathy, and must assume that this was not the case. Also, the authors’ definition of complete revascularization is not clear;
Analytical analysis of finite cache penalty and cycles per instruction of a multiprocessor memory hierarchy using miss rates and queuing theory

Advances in technology have provided a continuing improvement in processor speed and capacity of attached main memory. The increasing gap between main memory and processor cycle times has required increasingly more levels of caching to prevent performance degradation. The net result is that the inherent delay of a memory hierarchy associated with any computing system is becoming the major performance-determining factor and has inspired many types of analysis methods. While an accurate performance-evaluation tool requires the use of trace-driven simulators, good approximations and significant insight can be obtained by the use of analytical models to evaluate finite cache penalties based on miss rates (or miss ratios) and queuing theory combined with empirical relations between various levels of a memory hierarchy. Such tools make it possible to readily determine trends in performance vs. changes in input parameters. This paper describes such an analysis approach--one which has been implemented in a spreadsheet and used successfully to perform early engineering tradeoffs for many uniprocessor and multiprocessor memory hierarchies.
After the Music Stopped: The Financial Crisis, the Response, and the Work Ahead

by Alan S. Blinder, Penguin Press HC, 2013. ISBN 978-1594205309. In April of 2009, 12 weeks into his administration, President Obama gave a speech at Georgetown University on the economy, and made ...
Pulsed laser deposition of a PBN:65 morphotropic phase boundary thin film with large electrostriction

We deposited epitaxial thin films of Morphotropic Phase Boundary (MPB) Pb0.65Ba0.35Nb2O6 (PBN:65) on MgO substrates using pulsed laser deposition. Afterwards, a novel transmission optical experiment was developed to measure the electric field-induced bending angle of the thin film sample using a divergent incident light. From which the electric field-induced strain was obtained, and it was used to calculate the electrostrictive constant of the PBN thin film. The result is 0.000875 μm2/V2, and it is consistent with what we measured in the reflection experiment