cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why do engineers think

It is noted that technology has received severe criticism for being myopic, insensitive, without vision, and unaware of its social impacts. The author emphasizes that technologists and managers provide services to society and can no longer view their role and the associated thinking as simply solving challenging physical problems. It is argued that technologists and their managers should not consciously or unconsciously restrict their thinking capabilities to the solution of technical and physical problems. Society expects from the technologist satisfaction of its needs, which is a much larger task than solutions for the related physical problems. The author focuses on the next stage of the thinking and achieving process-establishing the 'true' nature and content of the situation confronting the technologist. Methodology for executing this stage of the process is limited. An initial schema is presented for operationalizing this cognitive function. The computer engine for facilitating questioning appeared to perform adequately, although there is room for improvement and enhancement. >
Perspectives on...copyright and fair-use guidelines for education and libraries: CONFU-sed: security, safe harbors, and fair-use guidelines

Copyright law is multifaceted, but in general, it protects physical manifestations of creative effort. These manifestations may include works of art, books, computer software, paintings, photographs, sound and video recordings, websites, and a nearly infinite variety of other types of works. Copyright protection is broad and exclusive, and could prevent important social activities, such as parody, news reporting, and educational uses, if the law were not tempered by limitations on these exclusive rights. An important limitation is fair use. This limitation arose historically from common-law decisions, and it is now codified in the Copyright Act of 1976. A fair-use analysis consists of applying four statutorily described factors to the specific use of copyrighted materials and then weighing the results of this application. But some users of copyrighted works suggest that fair-use law is too ambiguous and difficult to apply. As a result, various representatives of users and owners have attempted historically to craft guidelines more precisely delineating fair use for defined purposes. The Conference on Fair Use (CONFU) represents one such recent effort to develop guidelines for digital works. It is modeled on earlier efforts associated with the passage of the Copyright Act of 1976. CONFU ultimately proposed three sets of fair-use guidelines, covering digital images, multimedia, and synchronous distance learning. The CONFU guidelines were released to copyright users, owners, and the world in 1997.
Optimization of steel production to improve lifecycle environmental performance

To reduce lifecycle impacts, manufacturers require an understanding of how design, manufacturing, and other decisions influence their eco-footprint across all product lifecycle stages, e.g., manufacturing, use, and end-of-life. However, few tools exist to address manufacturing impacts on the environment. For many products, steelmaking accounts for the majority of manufacturing energy use, with process wastes also representing significant concerns. A predictive model for a steelmaking electric arc furnace (EAF) is briefly described and is then used to illustrate how environmental performance can be optimized for a given steel alloy. Process inputs are identified that minimize a variety of environmental measures.
Wax appearance temperatures of vegetable oils determined by differential scanning calorimetry: Effect of triacylglycerol structure and its modification

Abstract Crystallization and wax appearance temperatures of a series of vegetable oils (natural, genetically and chemically modified) were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The fatty acid chains of a triacylglycerol molecule have a bend ‘tuning fork’ conformation and undergo molecular stacking during the cooling process. Wax crystallization at low temperature is controlled by steric and geometrical constrains in these molecules. This study describes an approach to quantify and predict wax appearance temperature of vegetable oils based on the statistical analysis of DSC and NMR data. A molecular modeling program was used to design triacylglycerol molecules with different fatty acid (e.g. oleic and linoleic) chains to illustrate their effect on the crystallization process. Effect of pour point depressant (PPD) additives on vegetable oil crystallization is also discussed.
Cellular pathology of a granulosis virus infection

Nuclear and cytoplasmic ultrastructural changes were examined in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf) larval fat body cells infected with granulosis virus (GV). Soon after infection nucleocapsidlike structures were observed within the nucleus associated with nuclear pores. The earliest cellular alterations were the formation of intranuclear membrane blebs and annulate lamellae. There was also development of nuclear envelope associated crystals, followed by coalescence of heterochromatin, nucleoplasm clearing, loss of nuclear envelope integrity, paired cisternae formation, and virus assembly. Stored lipid decreased and glycogen was depleted. Mitochondria assumed a condensed configuration. Gap junctions, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes normally present in uninfected fat body cells were lost during infection. Infected cells appeared to detach from other cells and basal lamina; concomitantly, mitotic activity was observed more frequently in peripheral uninfected cells within proximity of the delimiting fat body basal lamina than in controls. Such changes may help to explain previous observations of a proliferative response to GV infection and consequent fat body hyperplasia.
The effects of work–family conflict and family–work conflict on nonattendance behaviors

Abstract This research investigated the relationship between both work-to-family conflict (WFC) and family-to-work conflict (FWC) and three nonattendance behaviors: absenteeism, leaving work early, and tardiness. Findings indicate that while WFC had a positive main effect on leaving work early, FWC did not, and neither type of conflict was related to tardiness. However, gender and kinship responsibility (KR) interacted with WFC to predict nonattendance behavior. Women with high WFC had the highest incidence of absences. Employees with high KR and high WFC had the highest incidence of leaving work early. The implications of these findings are discussed.
An overview of PM2.5 sources and control strategies

The new national ambient air quality standard for particulate matter is summarized, with emphasis on fine particles, or particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5). Sources of ambient and indoor PM2.5 are summarized, followed by an overview of control strategies for both primary (directly emitted) particles and gaseous precursors of ambient particles. The role of future findings on the health effects of particles of different sizes or compositions is noted, as is the potential importance of controlling indoor exposures for susceptible people. EPA risk management research on sources and control options is summarized. The cost-effectiveness of prevention and control technologies for PM2.5 has not been well researched and documented. Optimum control strategies will likely include a variety of control options.
Role of adhesive–substrate compatibility in adhesion

For substrates such as polyesters having limited capacity for hydrogen bonding or other specific interactions, thermodynamic compatibility of the substrate and adhesive is shown to be a key factor in promoting bondability to the substrate. Such compatibility occurs, as shown by Abere, when the cohesive energy densities (CED) or solubility parameters (δ = √CED) of substrate and adhesive are matched. Investigations with polyester film-adhesive-film model systems with the use of a variety of nonpolar (hydrocarbon) and polar (chlorinated compounds, ethers, esters) adhesives illustrate how compatibility promotes bondability to poly(ethylene terephthalate). The poor adhesion of polyester fibers to resorcinol–formaldehyde–latex (RFL) adhesives is attributed to the incompatibility of resorcinol (δ = 16.0) with the polyester (δ = 10.3). Adhesion to RFL was improved by substituting the more compatible n-hexyl resorcinol (δ = 12.5) for resorcinol in RFL adhesives. Currently, the best adhesive systems for polyester tire yarns are those (e.g., isocyanate–epoxy) involving formation of urethane polymers having matching δ values with poly(ethylene terephthalate).
Doppler-free laser spectroscopy of CeF and observation of hyperfine structure

Abstract The only known band in CeF (i.e., that at 5679.4 A) has been examined with a Doppler-free molecular-beam laser-fluorescence arrangement. Several upper state perturbations are found, and upper state hyperfine structure is measured for low J values. Wavenumber values are assigned relative to the standard Gerstenkorn-Luc iodine reference atlas, and the spectroscopic constants are found to be (in cm −1 ): T e = 17592.6894(15), B ′ = 0.234640(11), D ′ = 2.79(55) × 10 −7 , B ″ = 0.240322(17), D ″ = 1.811(27) × 10 −7 cm −1 . We confirm the result Ω ″ = 3.5 and find Ω ′ = 4.5 .
High-performance immobilized-metal affinity chromatography of proteins of iminodiacetic acid silica-based bonded phases

High-performance separations of proteins, based on immobilized-metal affinity chromatography (HPIMAC), are described. The stationary phase consisted of iminodiacetic acid (IDA) chelate groups, bonded to small particle, wide pore silica gel by means of a polyether hydrophilic leash. After loading the column with metal, retention of proteins was achieved by protein-metal complexation at high concentrations of sodium sulfate. Elution was accomplished by addition of competitive complexing ligands, such as ammonia at constant pH, and/or by a decreasing pH gradient of a specially designed buffer system to maintain buffer capacity constant throughout the gradient. Selective separations, based on differences in the number of histidine residues present on the surface of the proteins, are described. The application of HPIMAC in the separation and purification of structurally similar proteins is presented. The potential application of IDA columns in three chromatographic modes (HPIMA, hydrophobic interaction, and cation exchange) is also described.
Performance and reliability of the CPB/ECMO initiative forward lines casualty management system

The Cleveland Clinic Foundation CPB/ECMO Initiative Forward Casualty Management System is an economical, compact, transportable, disposable system designed to permit a rapid expansion of trauma management services requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) pulmonary support. The system, composed of a rotary blood pump, a pump motor driver, and an electronic control console as the blood pumping subsystem, also includes commonly used compatible commercial oxygenators, venous reservoirs, and cannulae. In vitro durability testing accumulated over 100 hours without failure. In vivo reliability was tested in 10 calves under general anesthesia during 6 hours of CPB and ECMO under full heparinization at nominal operating conditions of 4-5 I/min and 2-4 1/min blood flow respectively, and mean arterial pressures between 65 and 100 mm Hg. A mean time to failure of 57 hours was reached during the animal series. Results of these test series demonstrated that this system has the capability to reliably operate during a 6-hour conventional CPB or ECMO procedure, while providing flexibility and ease of use for the operator.
The technical approach to laparoscopic colectomy in patients who have undergone prior abdominoplasty.

Background For those patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery who have had prior abdominoplasty, cosmetic outcome is important and the technical considerations for laparoscopy in post-abdominoplasty patients have not been previously addressed. The aim of the present study was to define the technical approach to the post-abdominoplasty patient undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery after abdominoplasty.
Computer software quality measurements and metrics

Abstract Currently, an increasing number of researchers and organizations are recognizing the importance of software quality and the significance of characterizing and dealing explicitly with software quality attributes by addressing the establishment of quality measures and metrics. A software metric is an objective mathematical measure of software that is sensitive to differences in software characteristics. It provides a quantitative measure of an attribute which the body of software exhibits. There is general recognition of the fact that absence of metrics leads to lack of control over software systems and finally to failure. This paper investigates and analyzes quality measures, controls and metrics in various phases of software development and puts forward information about the state-of-the-art and the state-of-the-practice in computer software quality measurements.
2'-carbohydrate modifications in antisense oligonucleotide therapy: importance of conformation, configuration and conjugation.

The 2'-position of the carbohydrate moiety has proven to be a fertile position for oligonucleotide modifications for antisense technology. The 2'-modifications exhibit high binding affinity to target RNA, enhanced chemical stability and nuclease resistance and increased lipophilicity. All high binding affinity 2'-modifications have C3'-endo sugar pucker. In addition to gauche effects, charge effects are also important in determining the level of their nuclease resistance. Pharmacokinetic properties of oligonucleotides are altered by 2'-conjugates. For certain modifications (e.g., 2'-F), the configuration at the 2'-position, arabino vs. ribo, determines their ability to activate the enzyme RNase H.
Long-Term Stability of Self-Assembled Monolayers in Biological Media

Undecanethiol (C11H23SH) and tri(ethylene glycol)-terminated undecanethiol (HO(C2H4O)3C11H22SH) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on clean gold surfaces were prepared and characterized. The SAMs were then immersed into either phosphate-buffered saline or calf serum. The SAM samples were investigated using several analytical techniques at numerous points over the next 35 days. Contact angles and current densities in voltammetry changed dramatically for the PBS samples over the time period, particularly after 21 days. Results indicate substantial loss of the integrity of the SAM. Similar alterations with time were observed for the calf serum samples in both contact angle and voltammetry measurements. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates that the likely origin is desorption of the alkanethiol moiety as evidenced by appreciable loss of the S 2p signal after 35 days.
Alloying of copper for use in microelectronic metallization

Abstract Although copper offers low resistivity and high electromigration resistance, its diffusion (under electrical bias) into surrounding dielectric layers, poor adhesion to such layers, and poor corrosion resistance has necessitated the search for an alloying element that can provide a solution to all these problems without affecting copper's resistivity and electromigration resistance. In this paper we present the approach taken to find such an alloying element (namely Mg or Al) and then describe and discuss the results obtained from the use of Cu(Mg) and Cu(Al) alloys. It is shown that although both systems will work well, Cu(Mg) offers better properties, especially its low alloy resistivity. Methods of preparing such alloys are discussed briefly.
Age, substance abuse, and survival of patients with cervical carcinoma

Background. The poor survival of young patients with cervical cancer in a low income, disadvantaged community stimulated an investigation of pathologic and behavioral risk factors. Methods. The records of 1173 patients with cervical cancer diagnosed in 1967-1988 were evaluated with respect to age, stage, histology, and presenting symptoms. Histopathologic risk factors were evaluated in 196 patients with Stage IB disease treated by initial hysterectomy. Substance abuse behaviors were evaluated for 332 symptomatic patients with Stages IB-III disease diagnosed from 1976 to 1988. Results. There were no significant age-related differences in survival for patients without squamous cell carcinoma or those with Stage IA and asymptomatic Stage IB squamous cell carcinoma. Women age 70 years and older had a poorer survival rate than did younger women with Stages IB-III disease. Symptomatic patients with squamous cell carcinoma younger than age 50 years had a poorer survival than did patients age 50-69 years with Stages IB/IIA, IIB, and III disease. For patients with symptomatic Stage IB tumors, poor prognostic histopathologic factors were distributed equally among women younger than age 50 and those aged 50-69 years. Substance abuse was significantly more prevalent among younger patients, and patients who smoked or abused alcohol or drugs had significantly poorer survival than did nonsubstance abusers. However, in a multivariate analysis of age, stage, and substance abuse, young age remained a significantly poor prognostic factor. Conclusions. Substance abuse may contribute to poor outcome of young patients with symptomatic squamous cell carcinoma but does not explain adequately their poor survival. Cancer 1995 ;75 :2530-8.
PReS-FINAL-2285: Pediatric non-renal SLE presenting as periorbital edema: response to treatment with belimumab

Periorbital edema without proteinuria is a rare and often difficult to manage manifestation of SLE. The use of belimumab for treatment of this complication has not been previously described in the pediatric literature.
Impact of plugins on the security of web applications

Many web applications have evolved into complex software ecosystems, consisting of a core maintained by a set of long term developers and a range of plugins developed by third parties. The security of such applications depends as much on vulnerabilities found in plugins as it does in vulnerabilities in the application core. In this paper, we present a study of vulnerabilities in twelve open source web applications and 13,778 plugins for those applications. We used automated static analysis tools to count vulnerabilities.Plugins made up 93% of the aggregate code base of 10.2 MLOC and contained 92% of the 125,110 vulnerabilities found. Comparing the aggregate plugin source code of each project with its code, we found that four projects had more secure core code than plugin code, as measured by vulnerability density (vulnerabilities per thousand lines of code), while eight projects had plugin code that was more secure than core code. Vulnerability density was significantly correlated with code size for both core code and plugins. We also analyzed the density of individual vulnerability categories, finding plugins to have many more cross-site vulnerabilities and fewer injection vulnerabilities than core code.
The S-type lectin from calf heart tissue binds selectively to the carbohydrate chains of laminin.

Abstract We report that the S-type lectin in calf heart tissue, termed calf heart agglutinin (CHA), binds to immobilized mouse laminin in ligand blotting and solid-phase radioligand binding assays. When compared with other glycoproteins, radioiodinated CHA binds preferentially to immobilized laminin. The binding is saturable with a Kd of 9.2 × 10−7 m and is competitively inhibited by nonradiolabeled CHA as well as a similar lectin from porcine heart tissue. Both lactose and N-acetyllactosamine are good inhibitors of binding to laminin but binding is not inhibited by heparin. Exoglycosidase treatments demonstrated that the binding of radioiodinated CHA to laminin is not dependent on terminal sialyl-, fucosyl-, β- or α-linked galactosyl residues, whereas treatment of laminin with endo-β-galactosidase significantly decreases the lectin binding. Thus, CHA binds selectively to the poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains on complex-type Asn-linked oligosaccharides in laminin.
Abstract PL04-04: Global tobacco control and disparities in smoking.

Tobacco products are a major cause of death and disease across the globe. These products killed 100 million people in the 20th century, and they are currently responsible for almost 6 million deaths annually. In 2008, more people died from tobacco products than from AIDS, TB, and malaria combined. If current trends persist, it is estimated that tobacco products will kill more than 8 million people worldwide each year by the year 2030. By the end of this century, tobacco products may kill a billion people or more unless urgent action is taken. Not only are tobacco products are a major cause of preventable death and disease, but they are also responsible for increasing health disparities. In high income countries, the prevalence of tobacco use is highest among the most disadvantaged segments of society, including those with mental health illnesses, those of low socioeconomic status, and those with comorbidities. But there are also major disparities in the burden of illness from tobacco products across nations, with low and middle income countries (LMIC) bearing the lion's share of the devastating impacts of tobacco products. This presentation will focus on global health disparities caused by tobacco. Because low and middle income countries are still in the early stages of the tobacco epidemic, they have yet to experience the full impact of tobacco-caused disease and death already evident in wealthier countries where tobacco use has been common for much of the past century. Many of these countries have fewer resources to respond to the health, social and economic problems caused by tobacco use, which will exacerbate the tobacco epidemic's impacts. Tobacco-caused disease and death will hit these countries very hard in the coming decades, absent a strong international effort to combat tobacco use. The good news is that many countries have made great strides in implementing evidence-based tobacco control policies to address this preventable epidemic. Citation Format: Joanna Cohen. Global tobacco control and disparities in smoking. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr PL04-04.
The role of surface variables in the vacuum structure of Yang-Mills theory

Abstract The structure of the vacuum in the SU(2) Yang-Mills theory is discussed for general gauges. The original discussions given by Callan et al. and Jackiw and Rebbi are restricted to a particular class of gauge conditions. We show that the periodic vacua and the “vacuum seizing” in the presence of massless fermions can be realized in any gauge by recognizing the independent dynamical role of surface variables defined at spatial infinity.
Dynamic Compression of the Spinal Cord by Paraspinal Muscles following Cervical Laminectomy: Diagnosis Using Flexion-Extension MRI

Introduction. Flexion-extension, or kinematic, MRI has been used to identify dynamic spondylotic spinal cord compression not seen with traditional static MRI. The use of kinematic MRI to diagnose postoperative complications, specifically dynamic compression, is not as well documented. The authors describe a case of dynamic spinal cord compression by the paraspinal muscles causing worsening myelopathy following cervical laminectomy. This was only diagnosed with flexion-extension MRI. Methods. The patient was a 90-year-old male presenting to the neurosurgery clinic with functional decline and cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Results. A multilevel laminectomy was performed. Following surgery the patient had progressive weakness and worsening myelopathy. No active cord compression was seen on multiple MRIs obtained in a neutral position, and flexion-extension X-rays did not show instability. A kinematic MRI demonstrated dynamic compression of the spinal cord only during neck extension, by the paraspinal muscles. To relieve the compression, the patient underwent an instrumented fusion, with cross-links used to buttress the paraspinal muscles away from the cord. This resulted in neurologic improvement. Conclusions. We describe a novel case of spinal cord compression by paraspinal muscles following cervical laminectomy. In individuals with persistent myelopathy or delayed neurologic decline following posterior decompression, flexion-extension MRI may prove useful in diagnosing this potential complication.
A study of the reactions K−n → π−π−π+Λo, K−n → π−π−π+Σo, and K−n → π−π−π+Λoπo at 4.91 GeV/c☆

We have measured the cross sections for these reactions and the cross sections of resonances produced in them. The production of Y∗±(1385), ϱo(765), and fo(1260) is observed in the first reaction; ϱo(765) in the second; Y∗−,o(1385), ωo(748), B−(1235), probably ϱo,−(765), and an enhancement we interpret to be the JP = 12− Σo(1750) in the third. Single particle longitudinal momentum distributions and average values of transverse momentum are presented. The observed single particle production angular distributions show good qualitative but not quantitative agreement with the Reggeized multiperipheral model of Chan, Loskiewicz, and Allison. We found strong disagreement between the amounts of observed resonance production and the results of the multiperipheral model of Plahte and Roberts that is based on the models of Chan et al. and Veneziano. However, we included isospin effects only in an approximate manner.
Geological noise and target signals in controlled source electromagnetic data

Summary Controlled-source electromagnetic spatial profiles were obtained on the Brazos Valley, TX floodplain to study the fractal statistics of geological noise and effects of manmade conductive metal targets on the wavenumber spectrum. Targets tend to flatten the power-law power spectrum at small wavenumbers. Detection and localization of targets can be achieved using short-time Fourier or, preferably, continuous wavelet spectrogram techniques. A simple pre-processing step that combines responses from different transmitter-receiver orientations greatly enhances the localization and resolution of targets.
Self-concept among African-American at-risk adolescents.

Self-concepts of 196 African-American adolescents examined here were higher than the norms despite their being at-risk and academic underachievers.
Cellular inactivation and mitotic recombination induced by ultraviolet radiation in aneuploid and euploid strains of Candida albicans.

Prototrophic aneuploid and euploid derivatives of wild type Candida albicans strain 207 were produced by fusing protoplasts of complementing auxotrophs obtained from strain 207. Comparisons of cell survivals and incidences of mitotic recombinants ocurring after ultraviolet irradiation (UV) of these strains indicate that (i) aneuploids are categorically less efficient than euploids for repair of pyrimidine dimers induced in DNA by UV and that (ii) such repair is enhanced by growing irradiated cells at 25° C, on minimal medium or in the presence of ergosterol rather than at 37° C, on amino acid enriched medium or medium unsupplemented with ergosterol. In addition, the comparisons establish than one cannot discriminate between strains of C. albicans which differ in cellular DNA contents or genomic constitutions on the basis of their UV survival curves.
Transgenerational patterns of suicide attempt.

The clinical assumption that suicide attempts demonstrate familial aggregation was examined with data from a survey of 2,304 community residents. Approximately 1 in 15 persons (6.6%) in the general population was aware that a parent, sibling, son, or daughter had attempted suicide. Self-reports of suicide attempts were more common among persons with than without a family history of suicide (13.0% vs. 2.8%, p less than .05). Nearly 1 in 4 persons who attempted suicide (24.8%) reported a family history of suicide. In addition to being female and unmarried, respondent mental disorder, parent mental disorder, and parent suicide attempt each exerted independent direct effects on the risk of respondent suicide ideation. Parent attempt was not significantly associated with respondent suicide attempt when a host of risk factors were held constant. Possible mediating factors are discussed, focusing on social isolation as an underlying factor.
Channel CO 2 in cordierites

The formulae commonly cited for cordierite usually ignore the occupants of the structural channels that run parallel to the c-axis. Recently, however, it has been shown1 that two of the more common channel occupants, Na+ and molecular H2O, significantly modify cordierite's refractive indices (α, β, γ), optic angle (2Vx), unit cell dimensions, and the distortion index (Δ) defined by Miyashiro2. Indeed, for 11 natural cordierites, excluding indialites, Δ correlates almost entirely with channel Na+ and/or H2O and with Ra, the average radius of the ions occupying the octahedral sites, but not (as long believed) with Al/Si ordering. After heating at 800 °C for 6 h, Δ increased for the four crystals remeasured, and 2Vx increased for the nine optically (−) crystals but decreased to below 90° for the two optically (+) crystals. Selkregg and Bloss1 attributed these effects to loss of channel H2O and/or Na+ but did not explain why the two (+) crystals became (−) after heating. We report here that loss of molecular CO2, a frequently reported channel occupant3–5, was the reason. We observe that for Mg-cordierite, 2Vx is ∼87° if its channels are vacant, decreases to 45° or less as channel H2O increases and increases to 114° with increasing channel CO2 (but no H2O). Channel CO2 is apparently the long-sought-for cause of optically (+) cordierites.
Adaptive vehicle planar motion control with fast parameter estimation

This paper presents a new adaptive control scheme for vehicle planar motion control with fast parameter estimation in moderate maneuvers in real-time. The parameters to be estimated include vehicle mass and yaw moment of inertia, which are important to the control systems for lightweight vehicles (LWVs) whose mass and yaw moment of inertia values change substantially with payload variations. A traditional Lyapunov-type adaptive control design rarely provides the bonus of accurate estimation of the true vehicle parameter values due to insufficient excitation in normal/moderate driving maneuvers. In this paper, to circumvent the obstacle of low adaptation rate, the traditional update law is supplemented with a new adaptive compensator to achieve much faster parameter convergence. The new design preserves the tracking performance and poses no additional requirements on the driving maneuvers. Simulation results show that the proposed adaptive scheme is capable of constructing true values of vehicle mass and yaw moment of inertia in just a few seconds once the corresponding persistent excitation is satisfied.
Lettuce, Segmented Labor Markets, and the Immigration Discourse

It would seem to be ridiculously obvious that industries in the South employed an African American labor force. However, the hegemony of the immigration discourse—“they take jobs that nobody wants”—indicates the need to reiterate some historical facts. Do immigrants take jobs that nobody wants? The author reviews the assumptions of media reports and advocacy groups regarding labor market niches of immigrants. They portray a labor force that is immutably segmented into a primary and secondary sector. This notion is inconsistent with (a) early work theorizing a shifting labor market frontier, (b) earlier empirical work analyzing fluctuating boundaries, and (c) the contemporary labor market that exhibits decreasing segmentation. The author examines the poultry industry in five Southeastern states from 1980 to 2000. Although those jobs fit the profile of the secondary sector (that “nobody wants”), a decade earlier they were occupied by African Americans. We must revise the immigration debate.
Relationship of Alcohol Consumption and Recreational Boating in Beaufort County, North Carolina

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between alcohol use and recreational boating activities. Two hundred eleven (n = 211) boaters were surveyed at three boating access locations in Beaufort County, North Carolina. The survey questionnaire consisted of fifteen questions designed to obtain information on boat operators and their use of alcoholic beverages while engaging in boating activities. Prevalence and amount of alcohol use while boating were significantly associated (p < .05) with the type of activity engaged in. Among those boaters who had received some type of boating safety education, a higher prevalence of alcohol use while boating was observed. The prevalence and amount of alcohol use while boating were found to be significantly (p < .05) associated with the location (public versus private) of boating access. In light of the findings, it is apparent that boating alcohol education and legislation for the North Carolina boating population need assessment and revision. The impl...
Intracellular and extracellular responses in the organ of Corti of the gerbil.

Techniques have been developed for recording from and staining cells in the organ of Corti of the Mongolian gerbil. Using physiological criteria as in the guinea pig, the cells were classified as either supporting cells or inner hair cells (IHCs). In addition, several IHCs were stained using HRP and identified in surface preparations. Extracellular responses in the vicinity of IHCs were tuned as sharply as auditory-nerve fibers. Intracellular tuning curves of IHCs were equally sharp near their tips. However, the tip-to-tail distances and sensitivities appeared to be somewhat reduced, presumably due to trauma caused by the recording electrode. Intensity functions, relating receptor depolarization to stimulus intensity level, were obtained for the IHCs. The functions have a consistent quantitative form for frequencies equal to or less than the characteristic frequency of a cell. At low stimulus levels the response increases in proportion to energy, i.e. the square of the sound pressure level. At high levels the response increases more slowly, but shows a greater operating range, and smaller effects of saturation, than do the steady-state responses of single auditory-nerve fibers.
Cyclization of ylidenemalononitriles. VII. Studies on sulfur‐containing heterocyclic systems

Ring closure of ylidenemalononitrile adducts has been extended to the syntheses of isomeric sulfur heterocycles. The malononitrile derivatives of thiochromanone, thiochromone and iso-thiochromanone have been synthesized, and results of the acidic ring closure experiments on these compounds are reported. The thiochromanone adducts gave an interesting disproportionation reaction, and experiments designed to support the proposed route are presented.
Vapor-liquid equilibrium in capillary distillation

Abstract With the advent of capillary distillation (12, 28, 29 30, 31,32) vapor-liquid equilibrium data of solutions in small capillaries have become important. These data for various alcohol-water mixtures have been obtained and published recently (13). Although the experimental method used is simple, it is very time-consuming. Based on the theory developed by G. C. Yeh (33), the authors have computed vapor-liquid equilibria of eighty-four solutions by taking into account the effects of the dispersion interactions and of the polar interactions at solid-liquid interfaces and the effect of the curvature of vapor-liquid interfaces upon the surface tensions and the vapor pressures of the component liquids in solutions under isobaric and isothermal conditions. The systems studied include hydrocarbon solvents, halogenated hydrocarbons, organic sulfur compounds, monohydric alcohols, phenols, ketones, amines, esters and water. Most systems show an increase in relative volatility although some systems show a decrease or even a reversal in relative volatility. The predicted capillary vapor-liquid equilibrium compositions of each system were compared with the normal vapor-liquid compositions. In addition, the predicted values were compared with the experimental data for monohydric alcohol-water systems. The agreement is good, considering the simplicity of the theory. The accuracy of the theoretically predicted vapor-liquid equilibria for other systems has not yet been established experimentally. The theory and the method of calculation developed may apply also to multicomponent solutions.
Histopathological effects of tannins on the midgut epithelium of Papilio polyxenes and Papilio glaucus

The effects of dietary tannin on midgut epithelial structures were compared in two closely related species of swallowtail caterpillars − Papilio polyxenes, a species restricted to the tannin-free Umbelliferae, and P. glaucus, which feeds on tanniniferous tree species in several families. The effects of tannin ingestion were compared in second and fifth instar caterpillars. While large numbers of lesions were found in the guts of P. polyxenes ingesting tannins, only one small lesion was found in any P. glaucus ingesting tannins. No such lesions could be found in larvae of either species raised on tannin-free leaves. The observed histopathological changes, discussed in detail, resemble those previously reported in several species of Lepidoptera in response to a variety of substances and may represent a general degenerative response to the presence of toxins in the gut. RESUME Effets histopathologiques de tanins sur l'epithelium de l'intestin moyen de Papilio polyxenes et P. glaucus L'etude a porte sur les effets de tanins dans l'alimentation sur les structures epitheliales de l'intestin moyen des chenilles de second et cinquieme stades, de deux especes tres voisines: Papilio polyxenes − espece ne consommant que des ombelliferes sans tanins − et P. glaucus qui s'alimente sur des arbres contenant des tanins et appartenant a plusieurs familles. Alors qu'apres ingestion de tanins, de nombreuses lesions ont ete observees sur l'intestin de P. polyxenes, seulement quelques petites lesions ont ete trouvees sur l'intestin de P. glaucus. Aucune lesion de meme type n'a ete observee dans les chenilles de ces especes elevees sur feuilles sans tanin. Les modifications histopathologiques, discutees en detail, correspondent a la mortalite induite par le tanin due a une septicemie bacterienne et peut representer une reponse degenerative a la presence de substances toxiques dans l'intestin.
Identification of joint molecules that form frequently between homologs but rarely between sister chromatids during yeast meiosis

We have investigated DNA interactions between homologs and between sister chromatids during meiosis in S. cerevisiae. We have detected a DNA species containing information from both parental chromosomes at a specific hotspot for meiotic recombination and double strand breaks (DSBs). These joint molecules are a prominent feature of meiotic prophase. They appear to be a major intermediate stage in DSB-promoted recombination, because they occur with appropriate timing and require known recombination functions. Other possibilities cannot be completely dismissed, however. Most or all joint molecules contain two full-length nonrecombinant strands from each parental duplex and thus do not consist of single Holliday junctions. Joint molecules form between sister chromatids at approximately 10% the interhomolog level. Also, joint molecule formation is aberrant in a mutant defective in the HOP1 gene, which encodes a meiotic chromosome structure component. General models for discrimination between homologs and sisters during meiosis are discussed.
Smart high voltage circuit breaker in overhead power lines for smart grid applications

Fault detection and protection is a major concern in electric transmission and distribution network. Faults having high impedance on an energized network are difficult to capture and pose great threat for safety and security. Smart circuit breaker is presented for detecting a fault during the real time operation of the power system. The proposed method monitors the high frequency impedance of the grid in a real time which can operate in both energized and de-energized conditions. In order to measure the impedance, circuit breaker injects high frequency signal into the line. Injected signal is blocked by a LC line trapper at the substation side and by an active blocker at the opposing end of the desired segment. Relative change in the measured impedance is a reference to detect the presence of the high impedance fault. The validity of the proposed method is verified with simulations.
Alternative splicing of ED-A and ED-B sequences of fibronectin pre-mRNA differs in chondrocytes from different cartilaginous tissues and can be modulated by biological factors

The alternative splicing of the ED-A and ED-B segments of fibronectin pre-mRNA was examined in epiphyseal, costal, and meniscal cartilage from 3-week-old beagles and in nasal, tracheal, articular, and meniscal cartilage from 1- and 2-year-old Labrador retrievers. In contrast to the 100% expression of ED-B(+) mRNA that has been reported for embryonic chick cartilage (Bennett, V.D., Pallante, K.M., and Adams, S.K. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 5918-5924), all cartilages studied expressed both the ED-B(+) and ED-B(-) forms of fibronectin mRNA with the exception of the trachea, in which expression was 100% ED-B(-). Of all cartilages studied, only the meniscus had detectable levels of ED-A(+) mRNA. Placing articular cartilage chondrocytes in primary monolayer culture dramatically up-regulated the expression of ED-A(+) mRNA to 25% of the total, and this expression was further increased by the addition of transforming growth factor beta 1 or fucoidan to the culture medium. The expression of ED-B(+) mRNA remained at about 18% in the cultured chondrocytes and was not further affected by either transforming growth factor beta 1 or fucoidan. In contrast, dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate decreased the relative expression of both the ED-A(+) and ED-B(+) forms of fibronectin pre-mRNA. We concluded that the expression of ED-B(+) fibronectin remains relatively high in chondrocytes from cartilaginous canine tissues (15-35%) with the exception of the trachea, in contrast to the less than 10% expression of ED-B(+) fibronectin reported for other non-fetal tissues.
Effects of warming and altered precipitation on plant and nutrient dynamics of a New England salt marsh

Salt marsh structure and function, and consequently ability to support a range of species and to provide ecosystem services, may be affected by climate change. To better understand how salt marshes will respond to warming and associated shifts in precipitation, we conducted a manipulative experiment in a tidal salt marsh in Massachusetts, USA. We exposed two plant communities (one dominated by Spartina patens-Distichlis spicata and one dominated by short form Spartina alterniflora) to five climate manipulations: warming via passive open-topped chambers, doubled precipitation, warming and doubled precipitation, extreme drought via rainout shelter, and ambient conditions. Modest daytime warming increased total aboveground biomass of the S. alterniflora community (24%), but not the S. patens-D. spicata community. Warming also increased maximum stem heights of S. alterniflora (8%), S. patens (8%), and D. spicata (15%). Decomposition was marginally accelerated by warming in the S. alterniflora community. Drought markedly increased total biomass of the S. alterniflora community (53%) and live S. patens (69%), perhaps by alleviating waterlogging of sediments. Decomposition was accelerated by increased precipitation and slowed by drought, particularly in the S. patens-D. spicata community. Flowering phenology responded minimally to the treatments, and pore water salinity, sulfide, ammonium, and phosphate concentrations showed no treatment effects in either plant community. Our results suggest that these salt marsh communities may be resilient to modest amounts of warming and large changes in precipitation. If production increases under climate change, marshes will have a greater ability to keep pace with sea-level rise, although an increase in decomposition could offset this. As long as marshes are not inundated by flooding due to sea-level rise, increases in aboveground biomass and stem heights suggest that marshes may continue to export carbon and nutrients to coastal waters and may be able to increase their carbon storage capability by increasing plant growth under future climate conditions.
The Role of Education in the Dynamics of Supply

This paper offers a synthesis of Nerlovian supply dynamics and the recent work on the role of education in entrepreneurial decision making. The model is tested by looking at the dynamics of soybean supply for U.S. counties from 1947 to 1973. Rates of adjustment to long-run equilibrium are found to depend on several variables, including education of the decision maker.
Adaptive Relaxation Labeling

Current implementation of probabilistic relaxation labeling (PRL) is based on stationary compatibility coefficients (SCC's). Such labeling frequently diverges from an achieved minimum labeling error. In this correspondence it is shown that by having nonstationary compatibility coefficients (NSCC's) the PRL stabilizes about the minimum error which is obtained during the early iterations. Also, a noniterative labeling algorithm which uses NSCC and has a performance similar to that of the modified PRL is suggested.
Transference, countertransference, emotional expression, and session quality over the course of supportive expressive therapy: The raters' perspective

Independent judges rated transference, countertransference, therapist emotional expression, and session quality, in videotaped sessions of Supportive Expressive Psychotherapy for Depression over time. Based on 44 patients and four therapists, HLM analyses suggested that negative transference predicted therapist expression of negative affect. While negative transference predicted a rough session, positive transference predicted a deep session. Positive countertransference and positive affect predicted a smooth but superficial session, with positive transference sometimes acting as a moderator. Sessions became less deep and smoother over time, with therapist emotional expression moderating the relationship between treatment phase and depth. The results suggest that positive countertransference behaviors and feelings have a particularly negative impact on a session and that transference contributes to a deep and rough session.