cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defensive attack behavior in male and female rats

Male rats in a restraining tube bit and wounded the snout of an anesthetized male conspecific as a direct function of the intensity of tailshock, with bites declining systematically in the time interval after shock. Female rats’ bites on a male rat were also dependent on shock, but did not produce wounds. When an anesthetized cat was presented to rats in the same situation, females bit and wounded the cat before shock was given, while the males again bit only in response to shock. These data were interpreted as indicating that male bites on both a conspecific and a predator fit the same defensive biting pattern. In contrast, females’ bites on a male rat are actively inhibited, while females’ bites on a predator are neither inhibited nor shock dependent: this latter finding may reflect the adaptive value (protection of the young) of attacking a predator before it hurts the female rat.
Studies on the tissue distribution of d-propoxyphene.

The early phases of the tissue distribution of d-propoxyphene were studied in rats after single doses of the N-methyl-14C-labeled drug given intravenously (10 mg/kg), subcutaneously (20 mg/kg), or orally (20 mg/kg). Upon intravenous injection the drug rapidly localized in the lung, liver, kidney, and other internal organs at concentrations that were 10–20 times greater than those found in the blood. Administration of the drug by other routes resulted in lower, but more prolonged tissue concentrations. Irrespective of the route of administration blood concentrations of 1–2 μg/ml persisted throughout the first hour after the drug was given. A intravenous dose of 6 mg/kg resulted in similar blood concentrations in dogs. The blood concentrations of d-propoxyphene in the rat were found to be relatively stable in the presence of changing drug concentrations in other tissues.
Cross-Sectional Analysis of Antiwear Films and Near-Surface Material From Tapered Roller Bearings

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed on cross-sectional samples from tapered roller bearing cone raceways. The bearings were tested in mineral oil with and without sulfur- and phosphorus-containing gear oil additives. Focused ion beam techniques were used for TEM specimen preparation. Imaging, electron diffraction, and x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy revealed the structure and composition of near surface material (depth < 500 nm) and surface layers.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Energy Drinks, Race, and Problem Behaviors Among College Students

Abstract Purpose This study examined relationships between energy drink consumption and problem behaviors among adolescents and emerging adults. It was hypothesized that frequent consumption of energy drinks would be positively associated with substance abuse and other risky behaviors, and that these relationships would be moderated by race. Methods Cross-sectional, self-report survey data were collected from 602 Western New York undergraduate students in the spring of 2006. Differences in problem behaviors by frequency of energy drink consumption were assessed with multivariate linear and logistic regressions, controlling for gender, race, age, parental education, and college grade point average. Follow-up regressions were conducted to test for a moderating effect of race. Results Frequency of energy drink consumption was positively associated with marijuana use, sexual risk-taking, fighting, seatbelt omission, and taking risks on a dare for the sample as a whole, and associated with smoking, drinking, alcohol problems, and illicit prescription drug use for white students but not for black students. Conclusions These findings suggest that energy drink consumption is closely associated with a problem behavior syndrome, particularly among whites. Frequent consumption of energy drinks may serve as a useful screening indicator to identify students at risk for substance use and/or other health-compromising behavior.
CONFIDENTIALITY AND ADOLESCENTS' DISCLOSURE OF SENSITIVE INFORMATION. † 9

Objective: To determine the influence of physician assurances of confidentiality on adolescents' willingness to disclose information and adolescents' likelihood of return visits. Methods: Ninety-two percent of students attending mandatory classes in 3 suburban public high schools in California participated in a randomized controlled trial (N=562). After random assignment to 1 of 3 groups, participants listened to a standardized audiotape depiction of an office visit. Experimental Group #1 heard a physician assure unconditional confidentiality, Experimental Group #2 heard a physician assure conditional confidentiality, and the Control Group heard a physician who did not mention confidentiality. Outcome Measures: Participants' willingness to disclose general information, willingness to disclose information about sensitive topics, intended honesty, and likelihood of return visits to the physician depicted in the scenario were assessed by anonymous written questionnaire. Results: Assurances of confidentiality by a physician increased participants' willingness to disclose information regarding sexuality, substance use, and mental health(p=.02), and increased participants' reported likelihood of return visits for routine and sensitive health concerns (p <.001). Participants assured of unconditional confidentiality reported a higher likelihood of returning to a physician for routine and sensitive health care, when compared to participants assured of conditional confidentiality(p=.001). Conclusions: Assurances of confidentiality increase adolescents' willingness to communicate with physicians about sexuality, substance use, and mental health. Further investigation is needed to identify a conditional confidentiality assurance which reflects the legal limitations of confidentiality without decreasing adolescents' likelihood of returning to physicians for routine care and non-reportable sensitive health concerns.
Recognizing faces from their parts

In many situations, only some parts of an object are visible while other parts are occluded. In other situations, information about an object is available piecemeal as the parts are scanned sequentially, such as when eye-motions are used to explore an object. Part information is also crucially important for objects with articulating parts, or with removable parts. In all of these cases, the sensor-scanner system must divide an object into subcomponents, and must also be able to integrate the part-information using appropriate data concerning the spatial relationships among the parts as well as the temporal scan sequences. This work describes how such issues are addressed in recognizing human faces from their parts using a neural network approach. Parallels are drawn between neurophysiological and psychophysical experiments, as well as deficits in visual object recognition. This work extends our existing modular system, developed for learning and recognizing 3D objects from multiple views, by investigating the capabilities which need to be augmented for coping with objects which are represented hierarchically. The ability of the previous system to learn and recognize 3D objects invariant to their apparent size, orientation, position, perspective projection, and 3D pose serves as a strong foundation for the extension to more complex 3D objects.
On the surface composition of Io

The wavelength dependence of the reflectivity of Io indicates the presence of two materials on the surface of this satellite of Jupiter. These materials are sulfur and an unspecified material (R1) which shows a wavelength dependence of its reflectivity for wavelengths from 0.3 to 1.0 micron similar to the non-H2O frost spectrum of the rings of Saturn. A 60/40 admixture of these two spectra matches the observed reflection spectrum of Io from 0.3 to 3.0 microns, if the spectrum of R1 is featureless for wavelengths above 1 micron. Sulfur will give rise to a posteclipse brightening. The variation with wavelength of the temperature dependence of the reflectivity of sulfur will allow an observational confirmation of the presence of sulfur on Io. The material R1 should show a large geometrical albedo. The translucency of sulfur is consistent with the polarization-phase curve of Io. The material R1 is also required to be translucent.
A Compact, Supply-Voltage Scalable 45–66 GHz Baseband-Combining CMOS Phased-Array Receiver

This paper presents a four-element phased-array receiver which achieves 38% fractional bandwidth around 55 GHz. Baseband phase-shifting is employed to eliminate wideband phase-shifters, power dividers, and quadrature splitters operating at millimeter-wave frequencies. Antenna weighting and combining are accomplished using a highly digital Cartesian phase-shifter and current summation, respectively. Transformer-coupling techniques are introduced in the LNA to simultaneously achieve wide bandwidth, reduced noise figure, gain boosting and neutralization. Cascode-free and folded topologies are used throughout to enable operation from a scalable supply voltage. To overcome challenges associated with wideband LO distribution, the LO network employs multiconductor transmission lines to distribute four-phase LO signals. The LO distribution network is absorbed into the LO buffers and terminated by distributed LC loads near the I/Q mixers in each phased-array element. The phased-array receiver is fabricated in a 45 nm SOI CMOS process and achieves 26.2 dB (20.2 dB) of element gain over 21 GHz (19 GHz) of 3 dB bandwidth with 5.5 dB/9.8 dB (7.7 dB/12 dB) minimum/maximum NF while dissipating 30 mW/element (14 mW/element) from a 1.1 V (0.6 V) supply voltage. The worst case $-$ 1 dB (input) compression is $-$ 28 dBm at 1.1 V. A worst case coupling of 26 dB (45 dB) is measured between adjacent (nonadjacent) elements. The IF bandwidth is 1.2 GHz, limited by the wirebond and PCB interface to the chip. The design occupies only 0.225 mm $^{2}$ per element including LO buffer/distribution.
Circular scanlines and circular windows: new tools for characterizing the geometry of fracture traces

Abstract We introduce new estimators for fracture trace intensity, trace density and mean trace length that exploit the use of circles as efficient sampling tools. A fracture trace is the commonly observed surface expression of a fracture, i.e. the intersection of a fracture with an exposed surface such as a rock pavement or a mine drive wall. Trace intensity, trace density and mean trace length estimators are derived and shown to form a self-consistent set of two-dimensional fracture abundance measures. The intensity estimator n/4r uses the number, n, of intersections between fracture traces and a circular scanline of radius r. The density estimator m/2πr2 uses the number, m, of trace endpoints inside a circular window. The mean trace length estimator (n/m)πr/2 uses the ratio of the number of trace intersections on the circle to the number of endpoints in the circle. The circular sampling tools and estimators described here eliminate most sampling biases due to orientation and also correct many errors due to censoring and length bias that plague established scanline and areal measurement techniques. Performance of the estimators is demonstrated by comparison with areal samples of a synthetic fracture trace population with known intensity, density and mean trace length. The estimators are also applied successfully to a natural rock pavement with two orthogonal fracture sets, one of which is severely censored. Because the new circle-based estimators only require counts of trace–circle intersections and/or trace endpoints, they are more time-efficient than current methods for estimating geometric characteristics of fracture traces.
In vitro effect of acyclovir and other antiherpetic compounds on the replication of channel catfish virus

The antiviral effect of acyclovir (ACV; 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine) on the replication of channel catfish virus (CCV), a poikilothermic herpesvirus, in brown bullhead cells (BB) was studied in vitro. Acyclovir at concentrations of 2 microM and 10 microM produced a 95 to 99% reduction in plaque numbers, respectively. At 10 microM ACV did not affect the growth of uninfected BB cells which could even be subcultured for four passages in the presence of the inhibitor. To be effective ACV had to be added early in the infectious cycle and was progressively less effective when added at later times after infection. Similar to homeothermic herpesviruses, the inhibition could be reversed with the addition of excess thymidine. The effects of three other antiviral agents, adenine-beta-D-arabinofuranoside (ara-A), phosphonoacetic acid (PAA), and phosphonoformic acid (PFA) on CCV replication were evaluated either individually or in combination with ACV. Although the other agents were found to be less effective in inhibiting CCV replication than ACV, none of the agents interacted synergistically with ACV. The results indicated that interactions with ACV with ara-A, PFA and PAA were primarily additive. Mutants of CCV resistant to ACV were obtained and were found to be somewhat more resistant to PFA than was the stock CCV.
Progressive band processing of simplex growing algorithm for finding endmembers in hyperspectral imagery

This paper presents a progressive band processing (PBP) version of an endmember finding algorithm, simplex growing algorithm (SGA), to be called PBP-SGA, which allows users to perform SGA band by band progressively. Several advantages can be gained from this approach. First of all, PBP-SGA does not require data dimensionality reduction since PBP begins with a lower band dimension and gradually increases band dimensions band by band progressively until it achieves the desired results. Secondly, PBP can process SGA whenever bands are available without waiting for the information from all band information to be received. As a result, PBP-SGA can be used for data transmission and communication. Thirdly, PBP-SGA can help identify which bands are crucial during the process of finding endmembers. Finally, PBP-SGA provides feasibility of being implemented in real time according to Band SeQuential (BSQ) format.
Are "trivial" games the most interesting psychologically?

In recent discussions of the variety of 2 × 2 games, those in which the same outcome is preferred by both players, so that there is no conflict of interest, have been defined as “trivial” and of lesser “psychological interest” than those nonzero-sum games in which there remains some conflict of interest. An example of the latter type of game is the well-known Prisoner's Dilemma. The opposite position, that trivial games are the most interesting psychologically, is advanced here. The results of research with nontrivial games are much more difficult to interpret unambiguously. Examples are given to indicate how trivial games may be used to demonstrate the importance of motives, such as a desire to maximize differences, a desire to reduce inequity of payoffs, and a desire to be altruistic.
Sourcing Paint Smears: A Hate Crime Highlights the Utility of the Paint Data Query (PDQ) Database

In September 2011, two men were convicted in United States federal court of committing hate crimes as described in The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009. The only forensic evidence introduced at trial was the automotive paint examinations conducted at the FBI Laboratory, involving the transfer of the top two layers of an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) automotive paint finish onto the front bumper of the main defendant's truck. In a typical case, suitable comparative paint samples from the victim's vehicle would have been collected from an area adjacent to any damage observed on the same body panel. However, such samples could not be obtained in this case due to extensive fire damage sustained by the vehicle as a result of the crime. The process used to obtain vehicle information, in the absence of a known sample for comparison, from the Paint Data Query (PDQ) database, industry contacts, and the internet is described
ANNEALING PHENOMENA IN REACTOR IRRADIATED POTASSIUM CHROMATE PELLETS IN CONTACT WITH BORIC ACID PELLETS.

The annealing of recoil 51Cr fragments in reactor irradiated potassium chromate pellets in contact with boric acid pellets has been examined. The retention increases as the width of the potassium chromate pellet increases up to a certain maximum which corresponds to 800 μ distance from the boric acid surface. The phenomenon is due to the release of α-particles from the B10(n, α)Li7 reaction in the boric acid pellet. Since the range of α-particles of the relevant energy is only a few μ, it is postulated that a secondary mechanism of energy transportation into the potassium chromate lattice is responsible for the annealing. Such a mechanism would be an exciton transfer.
Relaxation Patterns of Nearly Critical Gels

We measure the complex rheological behavior of nearly critical gels and analyze the data by searching for characteristic patterns and abstracting those patterns into a self-consistent model. The sample is a linear, flexible, nearly monodisperse polybutadiene which gets cross-linked on its vinyl side groups. The dynamic mechanical storage and loss moduli of cross-linking polymers change smoothly during the liquid-solid transition, while equilibrium rheological properties (e.g., zero-shear viscosity and equilibrium compliance) diverge. During gelation, the relaxation occurs in a distinct pattern which can be described in a quantitative way with a minimum number of parameters. The pattern can be understood as a combination of the BSW spectrum (representing the precursor relaxation behavior) and the self- similar Chambon-Winter gel spectrum (modeling the terminal relaxation due to growing clusters). The spectrum is cut off at the material's longest relaxation time, Imax. Our model parameters, Imax and Ge (equilibrium modulus), exhibit characteristic scaling behavior with respect to the distance from the gel point,jp - pcj. The relaxation exponent, n, in the terminal zone is a function of the extent of reaction. Hence, dynamic scaling (requires constant n values) is not valid for our system. The proposed model passes the self-consistency test by predicting the mechanical behavior (at different frequencies) as a function of the extent of reaction and other rheological observations during the sol-gel transition.
Host Associations and Seasonal Occurrence of Fleas from Southeastern Wisconsin Mammals, with Observations on Morphologic Variations

Seventeen flea species and subspecies are reported from 17 mammal hosts mostly from the University of Wisconsin-Parkside study area, 1972. Eighteen new host records for Wisconsin are also reported. White-footed Mice, Eastern Cottontails and Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrels were exclusively parasitized by 1 flea species each. Virginia Opossums had the most varied flea population, comprising 9 species. Incidental infestation due to habitat association and/or predation was noted in many hosts. Fleas from Gray Squirrels, Eastern Chipmunks and Virginia Opossums were more abundant in the spring, with a 2nd peak for the 1st host in July. When Orchopeas h. howardii (Baker) and Megabothris acerbus (Jordan) were at peak abundance, females predominated. Male Gray Squirrels were more heavily infested than females. Reinfestation rate was higher in Gray Squirrels than in Eastern Chipmunks. Local populations of most flea species examined were observed to be highly variable in certain key diagnostic characters. These variations were possibly due to genetic variability, geographical population differences or hybridization but were not consistent enough to suggest subspeciation. A critical appraisal of each variation is included.
Stable isotope analysis of amino acid enantiomers in the Murchison meteorite at natural abundance levels

The ability to determine the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions of individual amino acid enantiomers in carbonaceous meteorites can provide insights with respect to their origin(s) and mechanisms of formation. The development of gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry permits such measurements to be made at nanomole to subnanomole levels. Following elution from the gas chromatographic column, the individual compounds are combusted to CO2 and N2 which are introduced directly into the source of the isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Our research to date has focused on determining the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions of amino acid enantiomers in unhydrolyzed and hydrolyzed water extracts of the Murchison meteorite (type CM). Our results indicate moderate ((delta) 13C) to substantial ((delta) 15N) enrichments of the individual components relative to terrestrial materials of biological origin. In general, the amino acids are not racemic (L- enantiomer excess). Amino acid distributions and the similarity of (delta) 13C and (delta) 15N values for the D- and L-enantiomers of individual amino acids supports an extraterrestrial origin for this observed optical activity.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Widebinary Solar Companion as a Possible Origin of Sedna-like Objects

Sedna is the first inner Oort cloud object to be discovered. Its dynamical origin remains unclear, and a possible mechanism is considered here. We investigate the parameter space of a hypothetical solar companion which could adiabatically detach the perihelion of a Neptune-dominated TNO with a Sedna-like semimajor axis. Demanding that the TNO’s maximum value of osculating perihelion exceed Sedna’s observed value of 76 AU, we find that the companion’s mass and orbital parameters (m c , a c , q c , Q c , i c ) are restricted to $$m_c>rapprox 5\hskip.25em\hbox{M}_{\rm J}\left(\frac{Q_c}{7850\hbox{ AU}} \frac{q_c}{7850\hbox{ AU}}\right)^{3/2}$$ during the epoch of strongest perturbations. The ecliptic inclination of the companion should be in the range $$45{\deg}\lessapprox i_c\lessapprox 135{\deg}$$ if the TNO is to retain a small inclination while its perihelion is increased. We also consider the circumstances where the minimum value of osculating perihelion would pass the object to the dynamical dominance of Saturn and Jupiter, if allowed. It has previously been argued that an overpopulated band of outer Oort cloud comets with an anomalous distribution of orbital elements could be produced by a solar companion with present parameter values $$m_c\approx 5\hskip.25em\hbox{M}_{\rm J}\left(\frac{9000\hbox{ AU}}{a_c}\right)^{1/2}.$$ If the same hypothetical object is responsible for both observations, then it is likely recorded in the IRAS and possibly the 2MASS databases.
Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty: a potential endoscopic alternative to surgical sleeve gastrectomy for treatment of obesity

Background Obesity and its associated conditions, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, have reached epidemic proportions. High-efficacy, high-risk surgical approaches are unlikely to meet the increasing burden of disease. Emerging endoscopic technologies have opened the door for endoscopic approaches to reproduce many of the benefits of GI weight loss surgery and thereby contribute to the effective treatment of obesity and its associated disorders. Objective To demonstrate the technical feasibility of transoral endoscopic gastric volume reduction with an endoscopic suturing device in a fashion similar to sleeve gastrectomy for the treatment of obesity. Design Single-center, pilot feasibility study. Patients Four human subjects with obesity. Interventions Transoral sleeve gastroplasty. Main Outcome Measurements Technical feasibility. Results We successfully used an endoscopic free-hand suturing system in 4 subjects, thus demonstrating the technical feasibility of a novel technique to mimic the anatomic manipulations created by surgical sleeve gastrectomy endoscopically. Limitations Pilot feasibility study with small number of subjects. Conclusions Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty for treatment of obesity is feasible.
Effect of microstructure on the upper and lower limits of material toughness in elastic-plastic fracture

Abstract The objective of this study is to provide some quantitative relations linking the two bounds of fracture toughness, the lower ( K ini ) and the upper ( K ss ), with certain microstructural parameters, such as relative inclusion volume, grain size, average microvoid spacing, average radius of an activated inclusion, number of inclusions contained within the process zone associated with a quasi-static crack, etc. Two limits of material behavior, brittle and ductile, are discussed. Both limits are derived from a single mathematical model which employs the D-BCS concept of ‘line plasticity’ as developed for a stationary crack, but extends its range of validity onto a moving crack situation. Only the quasi-static limit of motion is considered.
Project update: sharing resources over the Internet for robotics education

At small, undergraduate institutions, resources are scarce and the educational challenges are great. In the area of robotics, the need for physical experimentation to reinforce and validate theoretical concepts is particularly strong, yet the requirements of maintaining a robotics laboratory can be onerous to teaching faculty. Experimental robotics often requires a software sophistication well beyond that which can be expected from undergraduate mechanical engineers, who are most often only required to write simple programs in manufacturer supplied languages. This paper is the third in a series describing an effort to provide an undergraduate robotics research experience in the presence of these challenges. For the last three years we have teamed undergraduate mechanical engineers at Wilkes University with undergraduate computer scientists at University of Wisconsin - La Crosse in a collaborative experimental effort. The goal of this project is to remotely control a PUMA 760 robot located at Wilkes University form an operator station located at UW-La Crosse.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Electron mass scattering powers: Monte Carlo and analytical calculations

Values of electron mass scattering power, T/ρ, for various materials have been calculated by using the EGS4 Monte Carlo system and by integration of the Moliere multiple‐scattering distribution. The energy range covered is 0.5–100 MeV. Monte Carlo calculations test the concept of T/ρ ‘‘experimentally’’ and assess the contribution to electron mass scattering power from effects such as Moller scatter and energy‐loss straggling. The Monte Carlo results agree within 2% with the analytical results calculated from Moliere multiple‐scattering theory at energies less than 20 MeV for high‐Zmaterials and for energies less than 50 MeV for low‐Zmaterials. At higher energies the Monte Carlo calculations include the effects of bremsstrahlung production which can significantly increase values of T/ρ. For low‐Zmaterials and electron energies less than 60 MeV, the Monte Carlo calculated T/ρ values are generally 22% higher than those given by ICRU Report 35, while those for high‐Zmaterials and energies less than 25 MeV are found to be consistent (within 1%) with ICRU Report 35. The effects of Moller scatter, which significantly affect T/ρ for low‐Zmaterials, as well as bremsstrahlung effects, are included in the present Monte Carlo calculations. If the tabulated T/ρ data of ICRU Report 35 are modified to include the Moller scatter effect, then for energies less than 60 MeV they are generally 6% less than the present Monte Carlo data for low‐Zmaterials as well as for copper. It is shown that T/ρ is a well‐defined constant over an appropriate range of slab thickness except when bremsstrahlung effects are significant. It is found that T/ρ is proportional to E −n , where n is in the range of 1.5–2.0 for the energies considered here. The Monte Carlo calculations are shown to agree well with various relevant experimental measurements. Accurate T/ρ data, which should include the effect of Moller scatter, are necessary in electron‐beam treatment planning, especially for a small field size. The choice of the depth step in the implementation of pencil‐beam codes should not violate the slab‐thickness limits for T/ρ data.
Free radical theory of aging: Beneficial effect of adding antioxidants to the maternal mouse diet on life span of offspring; possible explanation of the sex difference in longevity

Endogenous free radical reactions may have an adverse effect on the life span. Based on this possibility a number of free radical reaction inhibitors have been shown to increase the average life span of mice when added to the diet throughout life starting shortly after weaning.
Trust Expectations, Information Sharing, Climate of Trust, and Negotiation Effectiveness and Efficiency:

Trust expectations, information quantity shared, the climate of trust, and negotiated outcomes were investigated. Initial trust expectation was manipulated, and participants provided data about the quantity of information shared, the climate of trust, and the outcomes of the negotiations. The 324 participants were practicing managers who conducted a negotiating role play with win-win potential. Information sharing followed from initial trust expectations, and information sharing did not fully mediate the relationship between expectations and climate of trust. Negotiating effectiveness was associated with the quantity of information shared but not with trust. Procedural inefficiency (time to discover the solution) decreased as information quantity increased, but procedural inefficiency was not related to trust. One measure of outcome inefficiency (complexity of the agreement) decreased as trust increased, but another measure of outcome inefficiency (monetary cost of the agreement) was not related to trust....
Wilhelm Meister and Mignon as models for Nicholas Nickleby and Smike

The essay tries to show that Dickens’ Nicholas Nickleby is influenced by Goethe’s Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre and reacts to it. While there is no explicit proof in Dickens’ letters that he read Goethe’s novel, Dickens’ admiration for Carlyle, the translator of the novel, and his interest in contemporary German literature render such a knowledge not improbable, even before one looks at his novels. But the parallels between particularly the second book of Goethe’s “Meister” and Nicholas’ liberation of and care for Smike are so detailed that an influence is extremely likely, the more so as an interest in a mentally retarded human being is not a common topic in English literature before Dickens. Dickens, however, also criticizes Goethe, for his Nicholas remains faithful to Smike till his death.
Scattering of radio waves by dense turbulent plasmas

An analysis is made of the scattering of radio waves by plasmas in which turbulent variations of free-electron number density occur. Second-order terms for the scattered field are included. An additional term (as compared to the first-order Born approximation) is found in the expression for the scattering cross section, This term is proportional to \gama(\omega_{p}/\omega)^{2} where \gama is a numerical factor determined by the scale of the turbulence.
Transparent nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite by pressure-assisted sintering

Transparent nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) bodies with a relative density of 99.8% and a mean grain size of 81 nm exhibit an optical transmittance of 66% at a wavelength of 645 nm. Light scattering analysis reveals that grain boundary reflection is significant for nanograined crystals, and nanopores in HA substantially reduce the transmittance of visible light even though the wavelength of visible light is about 32–64 times the pore size.
The changing nature of small intestine bacterial overgrowth.

Small intestine bacterial overgrowth is also known as the blind loop, stagnant loop, or stasis syndrome, the syndrome associated with the excessive numbers of bacteria in the proximal small intestine. The pathophysiology of this condition involves competition between the bacteria and the human host for ingested nutrients. This leads to intraluminal bacterial catabolism of nutrients, often with production of and inury to the enterocyte. A complex array of clinical symptoms ensues, resulting in intestinal malabsorption, weight loss, and malnutrition. These symptoms and signs can be reversed with appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
Entropy Theory for Distribution of One-Dimensional Velocity in Open Channels

Assuming time-averaged velocity as a random variable, this study develops an entropy theory for deriving the one-dimensional distribution of velocity in open channels. The theory includes five parts: (1) Tsallis entropy; (2) the principle of maximum entropy (POME); (3) the specification of information on velocity for constraints; (4) the maximization of entropy; and (5) the probability distribution of velocity and its entropy. An application of the entropy theory is illustrated by deriving a one-dimensional velocity distribution in open channels in which the dimension is vertical or the flow depth. The derived distribution is tested with field and laboratory observations and is compared to Chiu’s velocity distribution derived from Shannon entropy. The agreement between velocity values are computed with the entropy-based distribution.
Methamphetamine-Induced Locomotor Changes are Dependent on Age, Dose and Genotype

Adolescence is a critical age for addiction formation as a large percentage of pathological drug-seeking behaviors manifest during this time. The extent to which the neurotoxic effects of drugs of abuse influence subsequent drug seeking behaviors and impulsivity is an understudied area of research. Methamphetamine (METH) is a widely abused drug that produces locomotor responses ranging from behavioral sensitization to tolerance, both of which are behaviors that may relate to risk of abuse. Here we investigated the effects of age, genotype, METH dose, including a neurotoxic dose, and METH metabolism on open-field activity (OFA) to gain insight into the complex disease of drug abuse. C57Bl/6 (B6), DBA/2 (D2), and 129S6SvEv/Tac (129) mouse strains were administered saline or either a high dose (4×5 mg/kg in 2 h intervals for 2 days) or low dose (2×1 mg/kg in 24 h intervals) METH pretreatment during adolescence (post natal day (PND) 40) or early adulthood (PND 80) followed by behavioral testing with a METH (1 mg/kg) or saline challenge 40 days later. Striatal concentrations of METH and AMPH were also determined. Significant findings include: 1) METH pretreated adolescent B6 mice displayed significant sensitization for horizontal locomotion due to high dose METH pretreatment; 2) METH pretreated B6 adults showed significant tolerance for the vertical activity measure caused by low dose METH pretreatment; 3) METH pretreated adult D2 mice exhibited significant sensitization for vertical activity induced by low dose METH pretreatment, and 4) 129 mice metabolized METH significantly faster than the B6 and D2 mice, but METH pretreatment did not alter metabolism. No significant behavioral responses to either METH pretreatment dose were observed for the D2 adolescent studies or either 129 age group. Our results highlight the importance of the interactions of age, strain and METH dose on locomotor behavioral outcomes.
The effects of facial attractiveness and perceiver's mate value on adaptive allocation of central processing resources

Abstract Faces capture cognitive resources, and more attractive faces capture more resources. But to be of adaptive value this proportionality should be modulated by properties of the perceiver, including their own level of attractiveness. Here we investigated the allocation of central processing resources for perceivers at different levels of mating market value (high, low) in response to target faces of different levels of attractiveness (attractive, unattractive). We tracked attention allocation by measuring event-related brain potentials (ERPs) from the scalp of men while they viewed and rated images of women's faces. As expected, a main effect of attractiveness was found such that attractive faces garnered the largest brain responses. However, perceiver's market value and target face attractiveness interacted, as brain responses to unattractive faces were significantly larger in the low-market-value condition compared to the high-market-value condition, whereas responses to attractive faces were stable across market values. Thus, for men at least, allocation of attention is adaptively modulated by both the attractiveness of a target face and their own market value. The more attractive an individual perceives themselves to be, the less processing resources they appear to devote to the unattractive faces in their environment.
The surgical treatment of tarsal tunnel syndrome

Abstract Tarsal tunnel syndrome is an entrapment neuropathy involving the posterior tibial nerve within the tarsal canal. Typical symptoms include burning pain and paraesthesia along the medial ankle and plantar aspect of the foot. Although potential causes of tarsal tunnel syndrome include trauma, varicosities, tenosynovitis, space-occupying lesions, and hindfoot deformity, in most cases the aetiology is idiopathic. Surgical release of the posterior tibial nerve and its terminal branches is indicated if symptoms persist despite non-operative treatment. In this article, we discuss the pre-operative evaluation of these patients and illustrate in detail our preferred technique for surgical release.
Spectral Properties of Multiplication Operators on Invariant Subspaces of the Bergman Space

For a bounded analytic function ϕ in the unit disk and for an invariant subspace I of the Bergman space A 2 of we calculate the essential spectrum and essential norm of the multiplication operator .
Anoxia tolerance in two species of toads, Bufo valliceps and Bufo woodhousei.

Abstract 1. 1. Bufo valliceps was able to withstand anoxia longer than Bufo woodhousei. 2. 2. The respiratory rate of B. woodhousei was twice that of B. valliceps. 3. 3. The differences in anoxia tolerance and respiratory rate may explain differences in the duration of dormancy in the two species.
Free Recall as a Test of Reading Comprehension for Students with Learning Disabilities

Free recall is commonly used to assess reading comprehension in research studies and school practices. Students with learning disabilities (LD) perform less well on recall measures than their nonLD peers. However, memory or expressive language requirements of recall tasks may affect the ability of students with LD to show their understanding of passages. An exploratory investigation was designed to determine whether sixth- and eighth-grade students with LD attending general education science classes performed less well than their nonLD peers on recall of science passages, when differences in passage understanding and domain vocabulary were controlled. The results showed that this was the case. Productivity and recall of main ideas were explored as possible reasons for difficulty with recall tasks. The groups did not differ in productivity, but the sixth and eighth graders with LD were less able to understand and use idea structure for purposes of remembering passage information than their nonLD peers. The...
Income Inequality, State Ownership, and the Pattern of Economic Growth – A Tale of the Kuznets Curve for China since 1978

The lack of supposed trickle-down benefits for industrialization to reduce income inequality during China’s 30 years of post-reform economic growth appears to constitute an anomaly for the inverted U-shaped Kuznets curve hypothesis. Using an alternative inequality measure that depends on factor share and ownership, we show that in a transition economy with the state weight of capital less than its market counterpart, enhanced state ownership exacerbates inequality. Econometric evidence suggests that although the government attempts to balance the three goals of growth, equality, and state ownership in the short run, stubborn state ownership as well as lopsided growth patterns jeopardize equality in the long run and have therefore delayed the turning point in the inverted U-shaped Kuznets curve for China.
An overview of five decades of studies of cosmic ray produced nuclides in oceans

Abstract The concentrations of a large number of naturally occurring radioactive and stable nuclides, those produced in nuclear reactions caused by cosmic radiation (and by energetic particles produced in radioactive disintegrations) and in nuclear decays of naturally occurring long-lived nuclides, have been measured in the past five decades in the marine environment. In many cases these nuclides serve as tracers for the study of physical, chemical and biological processes in the oceans. In this article, an overview of their sources and source functions is presented, and the potential and demonstrated usefulness of these nuclides with special emphasis on those produced by cosmic rays. The concentrations of cosmogenic nuclides in the oceans are nominally in the range of 10 −5 –10 −1 dpm/l, with isotope/element ratios in the range of 10 −18 –10 −12 . Major technical advances in the past two decades have allowed their measurements to be done fairly reliably. The data base on the distribution of these tracers in the oceans is therefore growing steadily. Several radiotracers successfully provide chronology of sediments, corals and manganese nodules, but learning about large scale ocean circulation is another matter. We discuss that merely our ability to make measurements of a tracer in the marine environment is not sufficient to use it as an effective tracer for delineating the important oceanic variables. Tracer data must be examined in terms of ocean models. Constructing ocean models is an iterative process between data acquisition and model building, forcing model outputs to become compatible with the observations. The oceanic processes are very complex, exhibiting significant spatial and temporal variability on a wide range of scales. For the tracer data to be useful in developing meaningful coupled atmosphere–ocean circulation models, which may be considered as the goal of tracer studies, one would require three-dimensional tracer data with sufficient resolution in the horizontal direction. The latter are not available, except for 14 C, where a considerable data base is growing as a result of recent WOCE (World Ocean Circulation Experiment) expeditions. It is gratifying to see that the cosmogenic radiotracer field is evolving from an academic curiosity in the 1950–1980s, to its present-day form wherein it aims to become an integral part of realistic atmosphere–ocean global circulation models.
Measuring student engagement in thermodynamics courses

This paper will discuss an on-going NSF-CCLI grant that addresses improvements in student pedagogy and educational materials for the engineering thermodynamics curriculum by completing development of an online material titled “Engaged in Thermodynamics”. The Engaged material is a textbook supplement based on actual engineering facilities and equipment. During Fall 2012 an engagement Opinionnaire was administered in two separate, and distinct, thermodynamics courses. Results indicate a student perception that preparing better for a course leads to improved performance in the course. However, there was no correlation between students' desire to learn and the amount of questions they ask in class. Regarding student interest, the results indicated it was higher for the course that used the Engaged material. Additional data collection and student focus groups will be ongoing.
High-Resolution X-Ray Study of a Second-Order Nematic—Smectic- A Phase Transition

We have carried out a high-resolution x-ray-scattering study of the critical fluctuations in the nematic phase associated with the nematic-smectic-$A$ transition in N-$p$-cyanobenzylidene-$p$-octyloxyanilene (CBOOA). It is shown that for $8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}\ensuremath{\lesssim}\frac{T}{{T}_{c}}\ensuremath{-}1\ensuremath{\lesssim}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ the transverse and longitudinal correlation lengths diverge with identical exponents, that is, $|{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{L}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{T}|l0.03$. As one approaches ${T}_{c}$ the system appears to crossover from helium- to mean-field critical behavior at a reduced temperature of \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$.
Chronic haloperidol and chlorpromazine treatment alters in vitro β-endorphin metabolism in rat brain

Abstract To determine if chronic haloperidol (3.0 mg/kg per day) or chlorpromazine (4.2 mg/kg per day) treatment alters central β-endorphin metabolism, haloperidol and chlorpromazine were perfused via AlzetTM minipumps into male Sprague-Dawley rats for 8 days. Crude twice-washed membranes, purified synaptic plasma membranes and Golgi-enriched membranes, respectively, were isolated from rat brains and time course incubated with β-endorphin. All samples were analyzed by high resolution, reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The half-lives of β-endorphin for animals treated with haloperidol or chlorpromazine were not statistically different from control animals at the crude washed membranes. At the purified synaptic plasma membranes, however, the half-lives of β-endorphin from haloperidol ( t 1 2 = 45.1 min )- and chlorpromazine ( t 1 2 = 47.0 min )-treated animals were significantly decreased as compared to the control animals ( t 1 2 = 78.0 min ). The half-life of β-endorphin at the Golgi-enriched membranes was increased for haloperidol ( t 1 2 = 112.3 min ) and chlorpromazine ( t 1 2 = 103.0 min )-treated animals when compared to control animals ( t 1 2 = 80.2 min ). The findings indicate a differential effect of the dopamine receptor antagonists haloperidol and chlorpromazine on the extracellular fate at the synaptic plasma membranes of β-endorphin and the intracellular processing at the Golgi-enriched membranes in vitro.
Unified Model For Human Color Perception And Visual Adaptation

A model is described that combines features of both classical and recent theories of color vision and visual adaptation. Neural signals from cone receptors activate gain control mechanisms, which cause neural attenuations to become proportionally greater as receptor signals grow. The attenuated signals are fed to three mechanisms of one of two "opponent colors" systems, and the resulting signals, which are compressed at a final stage, are used to either encode brightness and color appearance or to mediate discriminations and detections of lights. The model provides reasonable accounts of a very diverse body of data.
New Epigenetic Drivers of Cancers

Exome sequencing—the targeted sequencing of all protein-coding regions in the human genome—now offers an unprecedented opportunity for systematic, genome-wide discovery of somatic mutations in tumor tissue. On page 1199 of this issue, Jiao et al. ( 1 ) have applied this pioneering technique to identify common genetic mutations underlying pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs), a class of tumors that frequently arise from pancreatic islet cells. This report adds to a growing number of studies that use exome sequencing to explore cancers with unknown or poorly understood genetic etiology ( 2 – 8 ).