cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF EPINEPHRIN UPON THE CORONARY CIRCULATION OF THE MONKEY

Decrease in coronary flow was the constant response of freshly isolated monkey hearts to epinephrin. These hearts were perfused with autogenous hirudinized blood diluted with Locke solution. The results were constant at high or low perfusion pressures, in beating or resting hearts, and with all adequate doses. Increased coronary flow was obtained constantly in rabbit hearts under identical conditions. In the light of previous work upon isolated human coronary arteries, the general conclusion is drawn that, while actively dilating the coronary vessels in the dog, cat, rabbit, ox, sheep, and pig, epinephrin constricts the coronary vessels in man and the monkey. The coronary arteries of the last two species are presumably supplied with constrictor nerves of true sympathetic (thoracicolumbar) origin.
Evolutionary synthesis from a cosmopolitan point of view: a commentary on the ideas of Reif, Junker and Hossfeld

Summary The analysis of the Evolutionary Synthesis by Reif, Junker and Hossfeld (2000, Theory in Biosciences 119: 41-91) draws attention to language barriers that however important are far from impenetrable. The Synthesis is better viewed as a restoration than a revolution, and as something that occurred gradually, with no particular goal.
Induction of subacute murine measles encephalitis by monoclonal antibody to virus haemagglutinin.

Although the events which predispose a host to measles virus persistence remain largely unknown, measles antibody has been shown to contribute to the production of a persistent infection by this virus both in vivo and in vitro. Thus, the addition of measles antibody to cells infected with measles virus promotes virus persistence1,2. Latent measles infection occurs in newborn hamsters with maternally acquired antibody after inoculation with measles virus in the immediate neonatal period3. A subacute encephalitis with measles virus persistence has been induced in weanling BALB/c mice that received antibody after virus inoculation4 and in measles-immune primates infected with a virus derived from a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis5. Measles virus consists of six polypeptides, and treatment of measles-infected cells with antibody has been shown6 to alter the pattern of their synthesis. As the antigenic specificity of the antibody responsible for these observations is not known, we decided to investigate the effects of monoclonal antibodies directed against the individual measles polypeptides. We report here that a monoclonal antibody directed against the virus haemagglutinin, unlike an antibody to the virus nucleocapsid protein, is able to induce a subacute encephalitis in vivo.
Short-wavelength-sensitive perimetry can predict which glaucoma suspects will develop visual-field loss

Previous investigations have demonstrated that when short wavelength light is detected exclusively by short wavelength sensitive mechanisms (SWS or S cone pathways), patients with ocular hypertension (elevated intraocular pressure) or early glaucomatous damage exhibit losses of sensitivity at the fovea and throughout the central 30 degrees of the visual field. We have recently developed a technique for measuring the sensitivity of short wavelength sensitive mechanisms throughout the central visual field by means of a modified automated perimeter. In order to determine the clinical significance and prognostic value of short wavelength sensitivity losses measured with this procedure, we conducted a prospective longitudinal five year investigation of 22 patients with early glaucomatous visual field loss (44 eyes), 38 ocular hypertensive patients (76 eyes) and 62 age-matched normal control subjects (124 eyes). All participants were evaluated annually with standard automated perimetry (AP) and short- wavelength-sensitive perimetry (SWSP). At the beginning of the study, 67 out of 76 eyes in the ocular hypertension patients had normal results for both AP and SWSP tests, while nine out of 76 had normal AP results but abnormal SWSP findings. Five years later, five out of nine ocular hypertensive eyes with initial SWSP abnormalities have developed evidence of glaucomatous visual field loss on standard AP testing. The abnormalities on AP testing occurred in the same general location as those found in earlier years for SWSP evaluations. None of the ocular hypertensive eyes with normal SWSP results in year one developed abnormal AP deficits after five years. Seven out of the 44 eyes of early glaucoma patients demonstrated reproducible evidence of progression of visual field loss on standard AP testing. In all seven instances, the SWSP deficits were larger than the AP abnormalities at the beginning of the study, and the progression of AP sensitivity losses over five years followed the pattern of SWSP deficits obtained in earlier years. These findings provide strong evidence that SWSP abnormalities are an early indicator of glaucomatous damage and are predictive of impending glaucomatous visual field loss for standard AP testing.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Re-Examining the Performance of MRP and Kanban Material Control Strategies for Multi-Product Flexible Manufacturing Systems

Material control schemes can be classified as push, pull, or hybrid strategies. This article compares the performance of MRP (push) and kanban (pull) for a multi-stage, multi-product manufacturing system. Using simulation experiments we analyze system performance under different product mixes and observe that in certain environments with advance demand information kanban-based pull strategies can lead to significant inefficiencies. In these environments MRP-type push strategies yield better performance in terms of inventories and service levels. We also study the impact of design parameters such as safety lead time and safety stock policies on system performance and observe that for low and medium values of system loads, safety lead time policies yield better system performance than safety stock policies. These insights can be helpful in designing efficient MRP-type push strategies in multi-product environments.
Effect of visualization and subvocalization on perceptual clarity

To determine the effect of various kinds of internal representations of a stimulus upon its perceived clarity, six Ss were shown five flashes of single letters under each of six conditions. In five of them, S was told the letter before the first flash and then asked to visualize it during the flashes, to subvocalize it, to visualize another letter falso told to him), to subvocalize another letter, or to do nothing. The sixth condition provided no prior knowledge of the letter to be flashed. Exposures were set just above threshold, so that on the first flash, only minimal clarity was achieved. The results showed that clarity increased over the five repetitions for all six conditions at the same rate. The greatest clarity occurred when S imagined (in either manner) the letter being presented and the least when he imagined a different letter. Prior knowledge alone was not different from no prior knowledge, and both of these conditions fell between the other two sets of conditions. Thus, prior knowle ge apparently does not affect perceptual clarity directly but only by permitting visual and auditory imagery to occur during presentation. These results were taken to support a model of perceptual recognition offered by Haber (1969).
Erythrocyte troponin inhibitor-like protein: Isolation and characterization

A protein was isolated from a human erythrocyte lysate with an apparent molecular weight of 23,000--24,000 daltons. This protein was purified by batch DEAE cellulose followed by column DEAE cellulose chromatography and a gradient of NaCl. On sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide electrophoresis, the erythrocyte protein comigrated with muscle troponin inhibitor. An isoelectric precipitation (pH 9.25) was used for the separation of muscle troponin inhibitor from a complex with another troponin component. Both the erythrocyte protein and the muscle troponin inhibitor partially inhibited muscle myosin Ca2+ and K+-EDTA ATPase activity. Furthermore, they inhibited actin-activated Mg2+-ATPase of muscle myosin. The inhibitory effects were absent in the presence of muscle troponin calcium-binding component. Muscle troponin inhibitor and the erythrocyte troponin inhibitor-like protein bound to muscle myosin when myosin was precipitated twice at low ionic strength. The presence of a troponin inhibitor-like protein in erythrocytes suggests that it may be a component in the regulation of contractile activity.
Insights into the isomerization of xylose to xylulose and lyxose by a Lewis acid catalyst.

We present electronic structure calculations on the isomerization and epimerization of xylose to xylulose and lyxose, respectively, by a zeolite Sn–BEA model at the MP2 and B3LYP theory levels. Benchmarking calculations at the CCSD(T) theory level are also presented. We show that lyxose is formed from a stable intermediate in the xylose–xylulose isomerization pathway. In agreement with experimental observations, we predict that xylulose is thermodynamically and kinetically favoured over lyxose. We find that the slowest step for both reactions involves hydrogen transfer from the C2 to the C1 carbon of the carbohydrate molecule and we characterize it using natural population analysis. We conclude that the hydrogen transfer does not take place as a hydride ion but rather as concerted neutral hydrogen—electron transfer that involves different centres for the hydrogen and electron transfer.
Buffers and H2O2 reduce neuronal death and/or enhance differentiation of neurons and astrocytes in dissociated mouse brain cultures.

Tissue of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) undergoes complex and uncoordinated pathological responses upon injury. Efforts to develop pharmacological approaches to achieve functionally meaningful regeneration largely have been unsuccessful. Assuming that anoxia and drop in tissue pH are initiating factors in most pathological sequences consequent to CNS injury, we studied the effects of increasing the buffering and oxygenating capacities of the medium on dissociated embryo brain cultures. The presence of H2O2 in the medium led to greatly enhanced neuronal survival and/or differentiation. Increased buffering capacity favored enhanced neurite outgrowth with remarkable elongation of fibers. A combination of the two gave a synergistic effect in which both of the above responses were seen. Both buffers and H2O2 enhanced astrocytic differentiation and extension of processes while reducing DNA synthesis. The results favor the view that attempts to encourage self-repair in CNS tissue or to enhance repair of CNS damage with potential therapeutic agents or procedures should be carried out in the context of a near optimal environment in which, at the least, pH and pO2 values are stably maintained within normal operational limits.
Thermoluminescence kinetics in materials exposed to the low doses applicable to dating and dosimetry

Abstract Thermoluminescence (TL) kinetics have been investigated for low dose situations applicable to dating, dosimetry, and recent geological deposits. Studied were the general one-trap kinetic equation, which reduces to the well known 1st and 2nd order kinetic equations when various assumptions apply, and the interactive kinetic equations, which describe TL in materials exhibiting more than one glow peak. In materials with one glow peak the peak area varies linearly with dose; however, peak height is not linear with dose unless the TL obeys 1st order kinetics at all doses. In materials with two or more glow peaks neither peak height nor peak area varies linearly with dose, except in special situations. In fact, many peak height vs. dose curves will be supralinear with the initial low-slope region occuring at relatively low doses. These considerations indicate: (1) dating and dosimetry techniques based on assumed linear peak height vs. dose curves will usually underestimate the accumulated dose; (2) dating techniques can be improved and/or made more reliable by determining the TL kinetics of the glow peaks measured.
Adrenergic innervation in the microcirculation of the bat wing

The distribution of adrenergic nerves to the microcirculation of the wing web of the bat was studied in whole-mount preparations employing glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemistry. A dense perivascular adrenergic nerve plexus consisting of various-sized nerve bundles surrounded the arteries. The accompanying veins were sparsely innervated by small nerve bundles or single axons. Arterioles also possessed a dense perivascular plexus comprised of a loose network of small axon bundles. Muscular venules accompanying most arterioles were supplied by a small number of varicose axons which surrounded these vessels in a loose network. The majority of the terminal arterioles were devoid of any direct innervation. The proximal segment of some terminal arterioles was innervated by one or two axons which were observed to diverge from the vessels and terminate in the tissue. The true capillaries, postcapillary venules, and lymphatics possessed no direct adrenergic innervation. Surgical sectioning of the appropriate nerve trunks or administration of 6-hydroxydopamine caused complete disappearance of all fluorescent adrenergic axons in the wing web. Faint acetylcholinesterase-positive staining was observed in a perivascular plexus surrounding the arteries and arterioles. A much diminished acetylcholinesterase activity was observed after treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine which implies that this enzymatic activity resides in the adrenergic nerves.
The droplet size in oil-external microemulsions using the membrane diffusion technique

The hydrodynamic radii of the microemulsion droplets in dilute oil-external microemulsions was determined by the membrane diffusion technique employing cylindrical-pore nuclepore membranes of 500-angstroms pore radius and 5-micrometers thickness. The cell constant of the diffusion cell was calibrated by measuring the diffusion coefficient of inverted aerosol to micelles in octane and of SDS micelles in 0.15 M NaCl brine. For the present system, the hydrodynamic radii of the microemulsion droplets were found to be about 150 angstroms, in reasonable agreement with those determined by light scattering, quasi-elastic light scattering, and ultracentrifugation measurements. 21 references.
STRANGULATED INGUINAL HERNIA IN THE NEONATAL PERIOD

SYNOPSIS In the course of 11 years, 2,015 children were operated upon for an inguinal hernia at the Alder Hey Children's Hospital. Of these, 140 (7%) were strangulated, and 33 (1.6%) were less than one month old. Reduction of the strangulated hernia by taxis was successful in 14 cases, unsuccessful in 6, and was not attempted in 13 because of signs of intestinal obstruction, or because the inguinal swelling was extremely tender. There was no relationship between length of history and the success or failure of taxis. Gangrene of the intestine requiring resection occurred in only one child, in another the related testicle was infarcted, and in 5 others the testis was engorged but viable. There were 2 deaths, neither of which was directly due to the hernia.
Queen activation of lazy workers in colonies of the eusocial naked mole-rat

EVOLUTIONARY conflicts of interest are expected to arise in genetically diverse social groups1. In eusocial insect societies, a potential conflict exists between the queen and her workers over how active the workers should be2–5, and evidence exists that queen aggression increases activity levels of her lazier workers2,3. Here I provide evidence that queen aggression (shoving) in laboratory colonies of the eusocial mammal, the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber), is a convergently evolved manifestation of queen–worker conflict over worker activity. Queen-initiated shoves activate inherently lazy workers, which tend to be larger and/or less related to the queen than are infrequently shoved, industrious workers. In addition, queen removal selectively depresses the activity of workers that are larger and less related to her. Finally, queen shoving and worker inactivity are pronounced when colonies are satiated but not when colonies are hungry, indicating that the underlying 'work-conflict' is highly context-specific.
An evaluation of the ability of dextrans to reduce acute tubular necrosis during cold storage preservation.

In this study, the ability of low molecular dextrans to prevent morphologically detectable acute tubular necrosis during cold storage was evaluated. Rat kidneys were flushed with a sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) containing different concentrations of dextran 10 (m.w. of 10,000 or less) and stored at 0-2 degrees C for up to 5 days (samples taken at 24-hr intervals). It was found that solutions containing 20% or more of dextran 10 provided significantly improved morphological preservation of kidney nephrons when compared with currently popular kidney cold storage preservation solutions (i.e. University of Wisconsin and Euro-Collins solutions). Adding smaller amounts (i.e., 15%) of dextran 10 to a cold storage solution already containing another effective osmotic agent (i.e., sucrose) also resulted in superior morphological preservation, indicating a beneficial additive effect of using more than one osmotic agent. Dextran 40 (m.w. 40,000) did not provide as good morphological preservation as did a similar concentration of dextran 10. It is concluded that the use of the proper kind and proper amount of low molecular weight dextrans in preservation solutions can significantly reduce the morphologically detectable acute tubular necrosis during cold storage.
Large infrared and visible arrays for low-background applications: an overview of current developments at Raytheon

High performance large infrared detector arrays that meet the demanding requirements of the astronomy and civil space communities are available at Raytheon Vision Systems (RVS). This paper describes multiple detector materials in array formats larger than 1k × 1k developed by RVS for low-background applications. Raytheon features low noise readouts that have been demonstrated with a variety of detector materials: Si PIN, HgCdTe, InSb, and Si:As IBC. All of these detector materials have demonstrated excellent QE uniformity over wavelengths ranging from visible (optical) to 28 μm. RVS packaging capabilities address reliability, precision alignment and flatness requirements for both ground-based and space applications. Summary performance data of each of these materials on arrays with more than one million detector elements are presented. A look into the future will include "plug and play" mosaic packaging concepts; focal plane electronics; and increasing array formats to 4k × 4k and beyond.
Discovering spatio-social motifs of electoral support using discriminative pattern mining

Association analysis provides a natural, data-centric framework for the discovery of patterns of explanatory variables that are linked to a certain outcome. In this paper we demonstrate how such a framework can be applied for political analysis, using an expository example of discovering different spatio-social motifs of support for Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election. Election results and thirteen different socio-economic explanatory variables, tabulated at the county level, are used as an input for calculating a collection of discriminative patterns having disproportionately large support within the counties won by Obama. These patterns are synthesized into a small number of larger socio-economics motifs using a novel pattern similarity measure that outputs a concise summary readily interpretable in terms of political analysis. The method discovers two major Obama constituencies that differ in their socio-economic makeup and in their geographical distributions. The larger constituency can be further divided into more narrowly-defined motifs.
Stochastic modeling of non-Lambertian surfaces for Monte Carlo computations in optical radiometry

The accuracy of Monte Carlo calculations in optical radiometry is often limited by the reflection model employed (usually, diffuse (Lambertian), or simplified specular-diffuse). There are many cases when these models cannot adequately simulate the bidirectional reflection distribution functions (BRDFs) of real materials, which can call into question the results of the calculations. The features and the methods of modeling with the use of importance sampling for various materials are considered with a focus on an acceptance-rejection technique and on a procedural ab initio method. The Monte Carlo algorithms for modeling non-Lambertian reflection are discussed. The simulated and measured BRDFs for several materials are compared.
The Importance of “Deep” Organic Carbon in Permafrost-Affected Soils of Arctic Alaska

Reporting characteristics for the upper 100 cm of the pedon is common for Gelisols and soil C budgets. The amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestered at a depth of 100 to 200 cm was determined for 29 permafrost-affected soils from northern Alaska. An average of 29 kg C m⁻³ was present within the 100- to 200-cm depth interval, which is contained in the upper permafrost. For a 200-cm-deep profile, about 36% of the SOC pool occurs below 100 cm. From limited data, there were no significant differences in “deep” SOC levels among Histels, Turbels, and Orthels, the three suborders of Gelisols. Based on a previous survey of the Barrow Peninsula, permafrost-affected soils contain 66.5 Tg of SOC in the upper 100 cm, and another 36 Tg in the 100- to 200-cm zone. This C pool is vulnerable to mobilization following warming and increased summer thaw depth in the arctic.
Moore's Proof of an External World

Summary There is an enormous literature on Moore's so-called “proof”per se, but practically nothing has been written on the distinctions upon which the proof is bases, such as “being presented in space” and “being met with in space”. These are crucial to the argument, since Moore wishes to draw the line between the external and internal world via such distinctions. The author argues that these distinctions themselves crucially depend on a point that Moore does not argue for, but assumes, namely that afterimages, negative after-images, some sense-data and pains are private to those that have them, and that two different people cannot sense numerically the same after-images, pains etc. The author shows that this assumption is nonsense and that the entire proof, based upon it, therefore fails. Resume II existe une litterature considerable sur la soi-disantdemonstrationde Moore elle-meme, mais pratiquement rien n'a eteecrit a propos des distinctions sur lesquelles elle est basee, distinctions telles queetant presentee dans ľespace ≪, rencontree dans ľespace≪ etc. Elles jouent pourtant un role crucial dans ľargumentation puisque Moore voudrait les utiliser pour tracer la frontiere entre les mondes externe et interne. Le present article montre que ces distinctions elles-memes dependent ?un point que Moore accepte sans discussion, a savoir que les post-images positives ou negatives, cer-taines donnees des sens, les douleurs appartiennent au domaine prive de ceux qui en sont affectes et que deux personnes ne peuvent ressentir une post-image, douleur etc. numeriquement identique. Ľauteur montre que ces suppositions sont depourvues de sens et done que la demonstration qui repose sur elles perd toute validite. Zusammenfassung Es gibt eine betrachtliche Literatur uber Moores sog. ≫Beweis≪ als solchen; dage-gen ist fast nichts uber die Unterscheidungen geschrieben worden, auf welchen dcr Be-weis beruht, wie diejenige zwischen ≫im Raum dargegeben≪ und ≫im Raum begegnet≪. Diese sind fur das Argument insofern entscheidend, als Moore die Trennungslinie zwischen der ausseren und der inneren Welt auf Grund von solchen Unterscheidungen Ziehen mochte. Der Autor zeigt, dass diese selbst in entscheidender Weise von einem Punkt abhangen, fur welchen Moore nicht argumentiert, sondern den er einfach vor-aussetzt, namlich, dass gewisse positive oder negative Nach-Bilder sowie gewisse Sinnes-daten und Schmerzen privater Natur sind und dass verschiedene Subjekte nicht numerisch identische solche Gebilde wahrnehmen konnen. Es wird gezeigt, dass diese Voraussetzung unsinnig sei und dass deshalb das Argument nicht stichhaltig sein kann.
Photoheterotrophic utilization of acetate by the wild type and an acetate-adapted mutant of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata

Rhodopseudomonas capsulata strain St. Louis can grow anaerobically in the light-with acetate as the carbon source. The organism is sensitive to acetate, however, initial concentrations exceeding 25 mM resulting in an extensive growth lag. Bicarbonate is not required for growth of this strain on acetate, but addition of bicarbonate shortens the lag phase in media with high initial acetate concentration. A spontaneous mutant which exhibited a minimal lag phase and rapid growth rates on acetate media was derived from strain St. Louis. This mutant possessed elevated levels of the glyoxylate cycle enzyme, isocitrate lyase.
Integrins and Integrin-Associated Proteins in the Cardiac Myocyte

Integrins are heterodimeric, transmembrane receptors that are expressed in all cells, including those in the heart. They participate in multiple critical cellular processes including adhesion, extracellular matrix organization, signaling, survival, and proliferation. Particularly relevant for a contracting muscle cell, integrins are mechanotransducers, translating mechanical to biochemical information. Although it is likely that cardiovascular clinicians and scientists have the highest recognition of integrins in the cardiovascular system from drugs used to inhibit platelet aggregation, the focus of this article will be on the role of integrins specifically in the cardiac myocyte. After a general introduction to integrin biology, the article will discuss important work on integrin signaling, mechanotransduction, and lessons learned about integrin function from a range of model organisms. Then we will detail work on integrin-related proteins in the myocyte, how integrins may interact with ion channels and mediate viral uptake into cells, and also play a role in stem cell biology. Finally, we will discuss directions for future study.
Monitoring cerebral blood flow, metabolism and EEG.

Summary Cerebral blood flow was measured with electro-magnetic flow probes placed around the internal jugular veins and was recorded with cerebral arterio-venous oxygen difference using the Guyton analyzer. From these records cerebral oxygen consumption was correlated with changes in the EEG induced by hyperventilation, hypoxia, anoxia, ischemia and bemegride-induced EEG epileptiform discharges. 1. Cerebral oxygen consumption could be reduced by about 25% (from 3.00 to 2.25 ml/100 g brain/min) during acutely induced anoxia before the EEG became abnormal and compensatory increases of cerebral blood flow began at this point. Moderate EEG slowing was noted when the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO 2 ) was reduced by 29% or more. 2. Progressive reduction of CMRO 2 correlated with progressive deterioration of the EEG during anoxic anoxia. When the EEG was flat during ischemic anoxia by occlusion of both the vertebral and carotid arteries, the CMRO 2 was decreased by 70%. 3. Respiratory alkalosis during passive hyperventilation and acidosis did not significantly decrease CMRO 2 . Presumably the EEG slowing during acidosis was due to effects of CO 2 on the cell membrane rather than on oxidative enzymes. 4. During epileptiform activity in the EEG, CMRO 2 was increased by 64% and cerebral blood flow by 130%.
Involved Parents: Characteristics and Resources of Fathers and Mothers of Young Handicapped Children:

Who are the families who choose to participate in an early intervention program tailored to meet the needs of traditionally underserved members of the young handicapped child's family? In an HCEEP project for fathers and their infants and toddlers, both parents completed a set of measures that provided demographic information, as well as data in the following areas: paternal information needs; family responsibilities; parent levels of depression; personal time; organized group affiliation; and satisfaction with their present situations. Fathers who participated in the pilot program for the project were compared to newly enrolled fathers along these variables, and husbands' and wives' responses were compared. Fathers who had been in the pilot program were less depressed, had more positive feelings about their interactions with their children, and had greater access to social supports than the newly enrolled fathers. Predisposing variables associated with families' program participation are discussed.
Salivary Cortisol and Psychopathology in Adults Bereaved by the September 11, 2001 Terror Attacks

OBJECTIVE: This prospective study aimed to describe the nature and time course of HPA axis dysregulation and psychopathology among terror-bereaved spouses. METHOD: Twenty-three spouses bereaved from September 11, 2001 terror attacks and 22 nonbereaved spouses were compared using a psychiatric diagnostic interview (SCID), 3 days of salivary cortisol collection, and a dexamethasone suppression test. Most subjects had repeated assessments at 6 month intervals during the 2 year study. RESULTS: After September 11, 2001, bereaved compared to nonbereaved had significantly higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; 68.1% versus 0%) and major depressive disorder (MDD; 45.5% versus 9.5%). Bereaved had significantly higher morning basal cortisol and less afternoon postdexamethasone cortisol suppression than nonbereaved. Among bereaved, those with PTSD without comorbid MDD had significantly greater afternoon postdexamethasone cortisol suppression than those without psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Terror-related spouse death is a severe stressor associated with persistent HPA axis activation, PTSD, and MDD. However, bereaved spouses who developed PTSD and were not depressed had enhanced postdexamethasone cortisol suppression, evidence of heightened glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity. Language: en
A Pharmacotherapy Clinic in a Neurologic Practice

Background: Limited information exists on therapeutic drug monitoring of neurology patients. Although multiple reviews on anticoagulation clinics have shown good outcomes, the therapeutic endpoints achieved in patients enrolled in a pharmacotherapy clinic serving only those with a history of stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) have not been noted previously. Objective: To illustrate the drug therapy management role of a pharmacotherapist in a neurology clinic and provide evidence on the quality of the service by presenting data on therapeutic endpoints in the subset of patients who are on anticoagulant therapy for stroke prevention. Methods: Reported therapeutic endpoints included recurrent stroke / TIA, bleeding, time in therapeutic range (international normalized ratio [INR] range 2-3), adherence, and patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical care. Patients completed the Morisky self-report compliance questionnaire and the Pharmaceutical Care Satisfaction Questionnaire. Other information included medical history, medications, anticoagulation rationale, referring service, and therapeutic endpoints. Results: There were few adverse outcomes of bleeding or stroke. Time in therapeutic range for an INR of 2-3 was 59.67%. Of 251 INRs, 2 (0.8%) were greater than 5. Patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical care was high, as was adherence. Conclusions: The incidence of recurrent stroke / TIA and bleeding was rare, despite the inherently higher bleeding risk for stroke patients. Times in range of INRs were equivalent to those of other anticoagulation clinics. Patient satisfaction and adherence were good despite polypharmacy. Pharmacotherapists can be valuable additions to neurology clinics by helping neurologists in the management of the pharmacotherapy of their patients, including those on anticoagulation therapy for stroke / TIA.
Schema-based learning of adaptable and flexible prey- catching in anurans II. Learning after lesioning

The previous companion paper describes the initial (seed) schema architecture that gives rise to the observed prey-catching behavior. In this second paper in the series we describe the fundamental adaptive processes required during learning after lesioning. Following bilateral transections of the hypoglossal nerve, anurans lunge toward mealworms with no accompanying tongue or jaw movement. Nevertheless anurans with permanent hypoglossal transections eventually learn to catch their prey by first learning to open their mouth again and then lunging their body further and increasing their head angle. In this paper we present a new learning framework, called schema-based learning (SBL). SBL emphasizes the importance of the current existent structure (schemas), that defines a functioning system, for the incremental and autonomous construction of ever more complex structure to achieve ever more complex levels of functioning. We may rephrase this statement into the language of Schema Theory (Arbib 1992, for a comprehensive review) as the learning of new schemas based on the stock of current schemas. SBL emphasizes a fundamental principle of organization called coherence maximization, that deals with the maximization of congruence between the results of an interaction (external or internal) and the expectations generated for that interaction. A central hypothesis consists of the existence of a hierarchy of predictive internal models (predictive schemas) all over the control center-brain-of the agent. Hence, we will include predictive models in the perceptual, sensorimotor, and motor components of the autonomous agent architecture. We will then show that predictive models are fundamental for structural learning. In particular we will show how a system can learn a new structural component (augment the overall network topology) after being lesioned in order to recover (or even improve) its original functionality. Learning after lesioning is a special case of structural learning but clearly shows that solutions cannot be known/hardwired a priori since it cannot be known, in advance, which substructure is going to break down.
Soluble Tapasin Restores MHC Class I Expression and Function in the Tapasin-Negative Cell Line .220

Tapasin forms a bridge between TAP (transporters associated with antigen processing) and MHC class I molecules and plays a critical role in class I assembly. In its absence, TAP and class I do not associate, and class I cell surface expression is reduced. We now identify two independent functions for tapasin. Tapasin increases TAP levels and allows more peptide to be translocated to the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, when expressed in the tapasin-negative .220 cell line, recombinant soluble tapasin retains its association with class I and restores class I cell surface expression and function, even though it no longer binds TAP or increases TAP levels. This finding suggests that the association of tapasin with class I is sufficient to facilitate loading and assembly of class I molecules.
Loop representation for 2D Wilson lattice fermions in a scalar background field

Abstract We show that the fermion determinant for 2D Wilson lattice fermions coupled to an external scalar field is equivalent to self-avoiding loops interacting with the external field. In an application of the resulting formula we integrate the scalar field with a Gaussian action to generate the N -component Gross-Neveu model. The loop representation for this model is discussed.
Heme and porphyrin synthesis by porphyric bovine erythrocytes.

Abstract The incorporation of glycine-2-C 14 and δ-aminolevulinic acid-4-C 14 into coproporphyrin, protoporphyrin, and heme were studied in intact erythrocytes, hemolysates, and heated hemolysates of normal, anemic, and porphyric cattle. The incorporation of C 14 from °-aminolevulinic acid-4-C 14 into heme was observed in the normal mature bovine erythrocyte. In porphyric erythrocytes and hemolysates, coproporphyrin synthesis was increased and heme synthesis was decreased. Chromatographic and spectrophotometric determinations of the protoporphyrin which accumulated in a porphyric bovine preparation was shown to be of the type III isomeric series.
Approaches to define the role of SF-1 at different levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-steroidogenic organ axis.

Abstract Targeted gene disruption has produced knockout mice lacking the orphan nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1). These SF-1 knockout mice lacked adrenal glands and gonads, resulting in adrenocortical insufficiency and sex reversal of their internal and external genitalia. They also had impaired expression of pituitary gonadotropins and agenesis of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH), confirming roles of SF-1 at multiple levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-steroidogenic tissue axis. Using the Cre-loxP system, we now have generated mice in which SF-1 is inactivated selectively in the anterior pituitary. These pituitary-specific SF-1 knockout mice were sterile and failed to exhibit sexual maturation. Histologically, their gonads were markedly hypoplastic, weighing only ∼5% of the gonads of wild-type mice. Consistent with an important role of SF-1 in gonadotropes, there were no cells in the pituitary gland that expressed either follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or luteinizing hormone (LH). These pituitary-specific SF-1 knockout mice are a novel genetic model of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and establish essential roles of SF-1 in gonadotropin expression.
Culture Clash: Black Media, Political Attitudes, and Political Participation

Black youth participation in Obama’s 2008 campaign hit an all-time high (55%). Voter turnout increased more amongst black youths than any other demographic group. I argue that this is not coincidental, but in part a byproduct of black youth’s receptivity to cultural elites’ priming of increased political participation. Aspects of popular culture (specifically rap music) are the powerful vehicles by which such socio-political priming can occur. Is there a relationship between rap music and political attitudes and participation? Does it vary by gender? If found, are the differences amongst age groups attributable to different levels of consumption for different forms of media? We know very little, empirically, at this juncture. My project is unique, as very few political science texts offer in-depth analyses of culture and its relationship to political attitudes and political behavior. This project specifically focuses on the impact rap music has on identity formation, policy preferences, and civic engagement amongst black youth. I use the 1993 National Black Politics survey to gauge black political thought, action, and cultural consumption. I divide blacks into three age groups (18-29, 30-54, and 55 ) listenership of rap music, and by gender to determine if there is variability in political attitudes and formation, media and cultural consumption, and political participation. By relying on regression analyses, I discover some important findings. As predicted, I find that there is a link between rap music and policy attitudes, political participation, and consumption of culture amongst blacks of all age groups. There are few differences in the level of political participation between the age groups. However, the sources of political information do vary dependent upon age group. In general, black youth consider rap to be a prominent source of political information. With respect to political attitudes, black survey respondents across the three age groups tend to disconnect on matters concerning gender and rap music’s positive communal contribution. Older blacks tend to rely more on black radio news than their younger counterparts, while the younger blacks rely much more heavily on rap music as a major source of political information. There is also a major — and important — age induced polarization of attitudes concerning women and black leadership. Younger blacks are much more supportive of equality in this regard while older blacks appear much less so. This could be a factor of political socialization and the news source. This project offers empirical merit to the pervasive claim to rap music’s powerful role as a persuasive mobilizing force for black youth.
Anonymization of Administrative Billing Codes with Repeated Diagnoses Through Censoring

Patient-specific data from electronic medical records (EMRs) is increasingly shared in a de-identified form to support research. However, EMRs are susceptible to noise, error, and variation, which can limit their utility for reuse. One way to enhance the utility of EMRs is to record the number of times diagnosis codes are assigned to a patient when this data is shared. This is, however, challenging because releasing such data may be leveraged to compromise patients’ identity. In this paper, we present an approach that, to the best of our knowledge, is the first that can prevent re-identification through repeated diagnosis codes. Our method transforms records to preserve privacy while retaining much of their utility. Experiments conducted using 2676 patients from the EMR system of the Vanderbilt University Medical Center verify that our method is able to retain an average of 95.4% of the diagnosis codes in a common data sharing scenario.
Evaluating the Impact of Federal Human Service Programs with Locally Differentiated Constituencies

Evaluations of large-scale federal programs require innovative methodological approaches for several reasons: (1) funds are often allocated by jurisdiction as opposed to needs; (2) local interpretation of program goals may vary widely; (3) target populations are often locally differentiated; (4) administrative organization and strategies for service delivery vary at the local level. A study of federally subsidized small-farm programs revealed a broad diversification of strategies and a range of client attributes both within and between local target populations, suggesting the need for an analytical model which would address program variation.Typical-client profiles were developed based on expectations that a given strategy would have differential effects dependent on client characteristics. Regression analysis was then used to assess the effect of program attributes on outcomes for each client group. Our results indicate that the strength of the relationship between program strategies and outcomes varies ...
The AMOS (azimuthal mode simulator) code

AMOS, a newly developed computer code that is finding application in the design of accelerator cavities, is described. The program simulates the temporal evolution of electromagnetic fields in rotationally symmetric structures. An explicit Fourier series expansion is assumed in the azimuthal coordinate, which allows different multiple modes to be simulated independently. Nonuniform electrical properties ( epsilon , mu , sigma ) are permitted, and both impedance and radiation boundary conditions are available. A geometric editor (DRAGON) allows for simple and rapid development/modification of models, and a direct CAD (computer-aided design) system-DRAGON data link is being used to facilitate the study of existing and developmental linac accelerator cells. A wakefield postprocessor (ANDY) allows the calculation of wake potentials, cavity impedances, etc. from AMOS simulation data. Code verification has consisted of comparisons with exact and approximate analytical results for simple geometries. >
Scaling Properties of Step-Etch Perpendicular Magnetic Tunnel Junction With Dual-CoFeB/MgO Interfaces

We built and studied the size scaling effect of perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (p-MTJs) with stepetch structure and dual-MgO/CoFeB interfaces. The step-etch structure yields symmetrical R-H loop, while dual-MgO/CoFeB interfaces raises cell anisotropy, thus the data retention time. The p-MTJ of 45-nm diameter shows spin-transfer torque switching voltage Vsw with tight temporal sigma (σ(V sw ) c0 ) reduces with MTJ area, its density (J c0 ) increases. One plausible explanation of this observation is that the magnetization reversal of small MTJ follows the single-domain macrospin model, while that of the larger MTJ may be affected by the nucleation of domain during the magnetization reversal, and the wall motion leads to Jc0 lowering; the other may be due to process-induced film damage. Fortunately, the switching efficiency (E b /|I c0 |) is higher for smaller p-MTJ.
Hybrid fault adaptive control of a wheeled mobile robot

A fault adaptive control methodology for mobile robots is presented. The robot is modeled as a continuous system with a supervisory controller. The physical processes of the robot are modeled using bond graphs, and this forms the basis of a combined qualitative reasoning and quantitative model-based estimation scheme for online fault detection and isolation during robot operation. A hierarchical-control accommodation framework is developed for the supervisory controller that determines a suitable control strategy to accommodate the isolated fault. It is shown that for small degradations in actuation effort, a robust controller achieves fault accommodation without significant loss of performance. However, for larger faults, the supervisor needs to switch among several controllers to maintain acceptable performance. The switching stability among a set of trajectory tracking controllers is presented. Simulation results verify the proposed fault adaptive control technique for a mobile robot.
Aging, immunity, and cancer.

Background: The prime function of the immune system is to protect the entire organism from a variety of insults and illnesses, including the development of cancer. The question of how age-related declines in immune function contribute to an increasing incidence of malignancies continues to be a focus of discussion and speculation. Methods: The recent literature from the National Library of Medicine database (1990 through the present) was searched for articles using the medical subject headings (MeSH terms) of aging, immunity, cancer, senescence, and apoptosis. Bibliographies of articles retrieved were also scanned. Results: Data from in vitro and in vivo animal and human studies demonstrate clear age-related alterations in both the cellular and humoral components of the immune system, but there is little evidence supporting direct causal links between immune senescence and most malignancies. Conclusions: Senescent decline in immune surveillance leads to the accumulation of cellular and DNA mutations that could be a significant factor in the development of malignancy and programmed cell death or apoptosis observed in the elderly.
Isochromosome 1q in a myelodysplastic syndrome after treatment for acute promyelocytic leukemia

A growing body of literature reports therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) in patients treated successfully for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). We report a t-MDS with an isochromosome 1q as a sole abnormality, 47,XY,+1,i(1)(q10), in a 46-year-old man with APL 14 years after he was treated with cytosine arabinosine and daunorubicin. The literature on t-MDS/t-AML after APL therapy and on isochromosome 1q is reviewed.
THE INFLUENCE OF FEEDING THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF THE HYPOPHYSIS ON THE SIZE OF AMBYSTOMA TIGRINUM

1. Animals of the species Ambystoma tigrinum when fed anterior lobe can reach a size far in excess of that of animals fed earthworms and presumably also of that of liver-fed animals. 2. Liver produces a rate of growth as high as that resulting from anterior lobe-feeding, but maintains growth only, until the animals reach a definite size far below that of anterior lobe-fed animals.