cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accurate and cost-effective NMR chemical shift predictions for proteins using a molecules-in-molecules fragmentation-based method

We have developed an efficient protocol using our two-layer Molecules-in-Molecules (MIM2) fragmentation-based quantum chemical method for the prediction of NMR chemical shifts of large biomolecules. To investigate the performance of our fragmentation approach and demonstrate its applicability, MIM-NMR calculations are first calibrated on a test set of six proteins. The MIM2-NMR method yields a mean absolute deviation (MAD) from unfragmented full molecule calculations of 0.01 ppm for 1H and 0.06 ppm for 13C chemical shifts. Thus, the errors from fragmentation are only about 3% of our target accuracy of ∼0.3 ppm for 1H and 2–3 ppm for 13C chemical shifts. To compare with experimental chemical shifts, a standard protocol is first derived using two smaller proteins 2LHY (176 atoms) and 2LI1 (146 atoms) for obtaining an appropriate protein structure for NMR chemical shift calculations. The effect of the solvent environment on the calculated NMR chemical shifts is incorporated through implicit, explicit, or explicit–implicit solvation models. The expensive first solvation shell calculations are replaced by a micro-solvation model in which only the immediate interaction between the protein and the explicit solvation environment is considered. A single explicit water molecule for each amine and amide proton is found to be sufficient to yield accurate results for 1H chemical shifts. The 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts calculated using our protocol give excellent agreement with experiments for two larger proteins, 2MC5 (the helical part with 265 atoms) and 3UMK (33 residue slice with 547 atoms). Overall, our target accuracy of ∼0.3 ppm for 1H and ∼2–3 ppm for 13C has been achieved for the larger proteins. The proposed MIM-NMR method is accurate and computationally cost-effective and should be applicable to study a wide range of large proteins.
JOCEC Special Issue on Crowdsourcing and Gig Economy

We are pleased to announce that Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce (JOCEC) will publish a special issue dedicated to academic research on crowdsourcing and gig economy, foc...
Private Largess in the Digital Age: Privacy in Reich's The New Propery

This piece examines often-overlooked aspect of Charles Reich’s landmark work The New Property in the Yale Law Journal: his treatment of the notion of privacy and its connection to his theory of property interests. Reich expressed concerns regarding what he would call government largess—that is, the state’s control over interests such as licenses and welfare benefits that threatened to undermine human dignity and autonomy. Today, I will argue, such threats come mostly from the private sector in the form of the absence of digital privacy. Contrary to what one might expect from legal scholarship that was attempting to create a new class of property protections based on the nature of particular interests, Reich did not make an essentialist argument for why certain classes of interests, like welfare benefits and state-issued licenses, should receive greater protections. Indeed, instead of saying there was something inherent in these interests, he made what was a more consequentialist argument. Reich’s normative move was to say that we had to widen the aperture and recognize a broader class of interests as enjoying protection as property, not because of the nature of these interests but because of the critical benefits that would accrue to individuals were such interests to receive recognition through the law. As I explore in this piece, a critical concern of Reich’s regarding government largess was its threat to not just autonomy, but also privacy. As I also explore further here, today, the same sorts of features Reich identified as those of the “public interest state” (one where individuals are subject to government largess) are present in light of digital technologies and the lack of privacy in the use of such technologies. Reich’s theories about the New Property emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s, a time when he was also examining the “Greening of America,” represented by what he called a new consciousness. These were also first moments of the dawning of the digital age when its networked fingers were just starting to emerge in military and university laboratories. While Reich would live to see this emergence, he had mostly retired from public life by the time digital and mobile technologies would seem to have a grip on the world, and techno-futurists would proclaim the likelihood of a singularity, yet another new consciousness, through which computers and human intellect would merge. This singularity appears to be upon us in some ways with the emergence of the digital world where much of our online life is subject to private largess. Given Reich’s concerns about the deleterious effects of government largess, I do not believe he would have welcomed this new, digital sphere that is subject to private largess.
Central Nervous System

In this chapter, we describe central nervous system (CNS) complications of cancer commonly presenting to the emergency department, including altered mental status, high intracranial pressure/brain herniation, status epilepticus (convulsive and nonconvulsive), acute ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. We also briefly discuss the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the CNS. Many patients present with more than one problem and more than one cause. This multiplicity can make diagnosis and management difficult. The goal is to preserve life and function, achieved by early, correct diagnosis. Still, patients come late in the disease course, or these neurological emergencies unfold quickly and catastrophically. Acute mental status change is the top neurological symptom in cancer patients; it is the final common path to intracranial hypertension, epileptic seizures, infection, electrolyte abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, and adverse effects from drugs. The emergency physician should also be comfortable in starting discussions on goals of care and advance care planning before admission to other hospital areas.
Optimization of Blended Wing Body Composite Panels Using Both NASTRAN and Genetic Algorithm

The blended wing body (BWB) is a concept that has been investigated for improving the performance of transport aircraft. A trade study was conducted by evaluating four regions from a BWB design characterized by three fuselage bays and a 400,000 lb. gross take-off weight (GTW). This report describes the structural optimization of these regions via computational analysis and compares them to the baseline designs of the same construction. The identified regions were simplified for use in the optimization. The regions were represented by flat panels having appropriate classical boundary conditions and uniform force resultants along the panel edges. Panel-edge tractions and internal pressure values applied during the study were those determined by nonlinear NASTRAN analyses. Only one load case was considered in the optimization analysis for each panel region. Optimization was accomplished using both NASTRAN solution 200 and Genetic Algorithm (GA), with constraints imposed on stress, buckling, and minimum thicknesses. The NASTRAN optimization analyses often resulted in infeasible solutions due to violation of the constraints, whereas the GA enforced satisfaction of the constraints and, therefore, always ensured a feasible solution. However, both optimization methods encountered difficulties when the number of design variables was increased. In general, the optimized panels weighed less than the comparable baseline panels.
Frequency response measurements in pulsed laser diodes by frequency offset detection

We describe a simple technique to obtain the small signal frequency response (FR) of laser diodes that are pulse biased. The method is capable of unprecedented rejection to cross-talk.
STAGNATION-POINT FREE-CONVECTION FILM BOILING ON A HEMISPHERE

Abstract : The investigation treats stagnation-point free-convection film boiling on a hemisphere in a liquid at saturation temperature and atmospheric pressure both theoretically and experimentally. An inertial dominant equation of motion for the interface is derived by extending the approach of Bradfield to account for vapor-layer pressure variations normal to the interface. A viscous dominant solution is obtained in similar fashion, adapting the basic approach of O'Brien to the present boundary conditions. The theoretical results are compared with experimental measurements of vapor-layer thickness, interfacial dynamics, and surface heat flux on a one-inch radius hemisphere-cylinder with Freon-11 as the film-boiling fluid. (Author)
Astrogeology: Terrestrial Meteoritic Craters and the Origin of Tektites

Publisher Summary The origin of tektites represents one of the outstanding mysteries, not yet quite solved by science to everybody's satisfaction. Their story is like a jigsaw puzzle, many pieces of which are already in their proper places, but the solution of which is not yet complete, or rather like a detective story, in which the mystery is being solved by successive elimination of false evidence. It is hoped that when the NASA surveyors obtain analyses of the lunar materials, the puzzle of tektites may be finally solved. Tektites are small glassy objects, one or more centimeters in diameter, which are found distributed in certain delimited areas of the earth's surface, called strewnfields. They superficially resemble volcanic obsidian glass, but are quite distinct from it. Tektites contain much less water than obsidian, and; therefore, do not froth when melted in the heat of a blowtorch, which is a simple identification test. As they are found far from volcanic regions, they cannot be of volcanic origin. They have often been regarded with an air of mystery and are sometimes used as jewels. The first part of this chapter; therefore, consists of a literature survey about tektites and the theory of their origin. The part dealing with the backsplash jet hypothesis of tektite formation consists largely of previously unpublished work. The part dealing with meteoritic craters concentrates on a fuller description of one large crater, the Ries Kessel in Germany. Ries is the most accessible crater associated with tektites; it is well preserved; there are extensive geological literature and research results available; and the author can speak from personal field experience. This chapter discusses about the chemical composition of tektites, ages of tektites, the physical properties of tektites, varieties of tektites, silica glasses and impactites, and effects of large-scale impacts.
Health profile differences for menthol and non-menthol smokers: findings from the national health interview survey

Aims Although the adverse effects of smoking are well known, limited information exists about the overall health profiles of menthol smokers when compared to their non-menthol smoking counterparts. Using a well-known nationally representative survey, this study examines differences between self-reported health characteristics for menthol and non-menthol smokers. Design Cross-sectional data from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey and its cancer control supplement were used to analyze responses for current and former smokers (n = 12 004) independently. All analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.2 and SAS callable SUDAAN version 9.0.3. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to model menthol smoking. Findings After controlling for sex, age and race, we found that in current smokers the mean number of cigarettes smoked per day is significantly lower for menthol smokers when compared to non-menthol smokers [odds ratio (OR): 0.99; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.98, 1.00]. Also, we found thatformermentholsmokershadhigherbodymassindices(BMIs)(OR:1.01;95%CI:1.00,1.02)andweremorelikely to have visited the emergency room due to asthma (OR: 2.30, 95% CI: 1.04, 5.09). Conclusions Overall, current menthol and non-menthol smokers have similar health profiles. However, menthol smokers reported smoking fewer cigarettes per day than their non-menthol counterparts. While these findings are supportive of other published data, future studies may need to tease out the health-related significance of smoking fewer menthol cigarettes per day but having similar health outcomes to those who smoke more non-menthol cigarettes per day. Additionally, our findings suggest that there may be some differences between the former menthol and non-menthol smoker.
Chlamydia trachomatis Scavenges Host Fatty Acids for Phospholipid Synthesis via an Acyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Synthetase

The obligate intracellular parasite Chlamydia trachomatis has a reduced genome but relies on de novo fatty acid and phospholipid biosynthesis to produce its membrane phospholipids. Lipidomic analyses showed that 8% of the phospholipid molecular species synthesized by C. trachomatis contained oleic acid, an abundant host fatty acid that cannot be made by the bacterium. Mass tracing experiments showed that isotopically labeled palmitic, myristic, and lauric acids added to the medium were incorporated into C. trachomatis-derived phospholipid molecular species. HeLa cells did not elongate lauric acid, but infected HeLa cell cultures elongated laurate to myristate and palmitate. The elongated fatty acids were incorporated exclusively into C. trachomatis-produced phospholipid molecular species. C. trachomatis has adjacent genes encoding the separate domains of the bifunctional acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthetase/2-acylglycerolphosphoethanolamine acyltransferase gene (aas) of Escherichia coli. The CT775 gene encodes an acyltransferase (LpaT) that selectively transfers fatty acids from acyl-ACP to the 1-position of 2-acyl-glycerophospholipids. The CT776 gene encodes an acyl-ACP synthetase (AasC) with a substrate preference for palmitic compared with oleic acid in vitro. Exogenous fatty acids were elongated and incorporated into phospholipids by Escherichia coli-expressing AasC, illustrating its function as an acyl-ACP synthetase in vivo. These data point to an AasC-dependent pathway in C. trachomatis that selectively scavenges host saturated fatty acids to be used for the de novo synthesis of its membrane constituents.
Research note: Modeling distributed data representation and its effect on parallel data accesses

PC clusters have emerged as viable alternatives for high-performance, low-cost computing. In such an environment, sharing data among processes is essential. Accessing the shared data, however, may often stall parallel executing threads. We propose a novel data representation scheme where an application data entity can be incarnated into a set of objects that are distributed in the cluster. The runtime support system manages the incarnated objects and data access is possible only via an appropriate interface. This distributed data representation facilitates parallel accesses for updates. Thus, tasks are subject to few limitations and application programs can harness high degrees of parallelism. Our PC cluster experiments prove the effectiveness of our approach.
Keeping workers safe: does provision of personal protective equipment match supervisor risk perceptions?

BACKGROUND: Although farm management may understand agriculture's risks, they may not provide personal protective equipment (PPE). This study describes thoroughbred farm management's risk perceptions, provision of PPE, and factors that influence its provision. METHODS: Thirty-five representatives from 26 farms participated in a 1-4hr semi-structured interview covering perceived risks associated with horse work and perspectives and provision of PPE. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, entered into ATLAS.ti, and analyzed by three coders. RESULTS: Management cited horse-related tasks as most dangerous, yet horse-related PPE as least provided because of 1) differences in farm context, 2) the belief that workers were most important agents in their safety, 3) lack of confidence in its effectiveness, and 4) the perception that risk could never be eliminated. CONCLUSIONS: PPE provision was limited by management's poor perceptions of its efficacy relative to other factors. Future research should explore workers' perceptions and PPE's effectiveness in averting horse-related injury. Language: en
Gluon Resummation in Vector Boson Production and Decay

After a brief review on the technique of resumming the large logarithmic terms $\alpha^n_s \ln^m(Q^2/Q^2_T)$ due to the effects of multiple gluon emission predicted by the QCD theory, I discuss its application in the production of $W^\pm$, $Z$ and $\gamma \gamma$ in hadron collision.
Controlling radiofrequency‐induced currents in guidewires using parallel transmit

Purpose Elongated conductors, such as pacemaker leads, neurostimulator leads, and conductive guidewires used for interventional procedures can couple to the MRI radiofrequency (RF) transmit field, potentially causing dangerous tissue heating. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using parallel transmit to control induced RF currents in elongated conductors, thereby reducing the RF heating hazard. Methods Phantom experiments were performed on a four-channel parallel transmit system at 1.5T. Parallel transmit “null mode” excitations that induce minimal wire current were designed using coupling measurements derived from axial B1+ maps. The resulting current reduction performance was evaluated with B1+ maps, current sensor measurements, and fluoroptic temperature probe measurements. Results Null mode excitations reduced the maximum coupling mode current by factors ranging from 2 to 80. For the straight wire experiment, a current null imposed at a single wire location was sufficient to reduce tip heating below detectable levels. For longer insertion lengths and a curved geometry, imposing current nulls at two wire locations resulted in more distributed current reduction along the wire length. Conclusion Parallel transmit can be used to create excitations that induce minimal RF current in elongated conductors, thereby decreasing the RF heating risk, while still allowing visualization of the surrounding volume. Magn Reson Med, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Digital CMOS neuromorphic processor design featuring unsupervised online learning

The compute-intensive and power-efficient brain has been a source of inspiration for a broad range of neural networks to solve recognition and classification tasks. Compared to the supervised deep neural networks (DNNs) that have been very successful on well-defined labeled datasets, bio-plausible spiking neural networks (SNNs) with unsupervised learning rules could be well-suited for training and learning representations from the massive amount of unlabeled data. To design dense and low-power hardware for such unsupervised SNNs, we employ digital CMOS circuits for neuromorphic processors, which can exploit transistor scaling and dynamic voltage scaling to the utmost. As exemplary works, we present two neuromorphic processor designs. First, a 45nm neuromorphic chip is designed for a small-scale network of spiking neurons. Through tight integration of memory (64k SRAM synapses) and computation (256 digital neurons), the chip demonstrates on-chip learning on pattern recognition tasks down to 0.53V supply. Secondly, a 65nm neuromorphic processor that performs unsupervised on-line spike-clustering for brain sensing applications is implemented with 1.2k digital neurons and 4.7k latch-based synapses. The processor exhibits a power consumption of 9.3µW/ch at 0.3V supply. Synapse hardware precision, efficient synapse memory array access, overfitting, and voltage scaling will be discussed for dense and power-efficient on-chip learning for CMOS spiking neural networks.
Radiation of hemocyanin: inactivation and reactivation of oxygen-carrying capacity.

Oxygen-carrying capacity of hemocyanin from Limulus and Busycotypus (Busycon) decreases with increasing radiation, giving initial yield values for G(—O2,) of 1.1 and 1.0, respectively. High radiation doses regenerate this capacity of Busycotypus hemocyanin. These effects are attributed largely to the dual nature of hydrogen peroxide, which, at low concentrations, oxidizes protein-bound copper and at high concentrations, that is, at high doses, reduces oxidized copper. The ability of hemocyanin to decompose hydrogen peroxide is relatively unaffected by irradiation, which suggests that copper atoms at the active sites are not all equivalent. The catalase-like activity of Busycotypus hemocyanin can be simulated by amino acid chelates of copper, including arginine, histidine, and glycine.
Spin-phonon interactions in a Heisenberg ferromagnet

Abstract The effect of an interaction Hamiltonian linear in the phonon field and quadratic in the spin operators on a system of noninteracting spin waves and phonons for an ideal Heisenberg ferromagnet is examined by using the techniques of quantum field theory. Assuming the coupling to be weak, a perturbation expansion is performed, and the renormalized spin wave and phonon energies are calculated to lowest order, together with the lifetimes of the individual excitation modes. The calculations are performed separately for two different approximations for the spin system. The random phase approximation (1) is used to study the behavior of the system near the Curie temperature, and the Holstein-Primakoff approximation (2) is used at low temperatures. The interaction leads to a shift in the Curie temperature, Tc, but the behavior of the magnetization, σ, (calculated in RPA) in the neighborhood of the Curie temperature is virtually unchanged. At low temperatures, in addition to a renormalization of the coefficient of the Bloch T 3 2 term (3), a T4 term is obtained in the magnetization which is entirely due to the interaction. The sound velocity is renormalized by the interaction; the change in the sound velocity vanishes at T = 0 and also for T = Tc in the absence of an external magnetic field. In the neighborhood of the Curie temperature the phonon spectrum is found to have a term linear in σ. Because dσ dT is large (∞ in RPA) at Tc, the phonon contribution to thermodynamic quantities involving ( dω dT )(q, T) like the specific heat, will be peaked at the Curie point. Finally, an expression for the thermal expansion coefficient of the lattice is derived which, in addition to the usual term proportional to the phonon contribution to the specific heat, is found to have a term proportional to the specific heat of the spin system. Therefore, the thermal expansion coefficient will have a discontinuity at Tc, as expected in a phase transition of the second kind. At low temperatures it is porportional to T 3 2 , the spin contribution again being dominant.
Acute hemiplegia in childhood following adental abscess

Summary The syndrome of acute hemiplegia in childhood is described and a case following dental infection reported. The possible mechanisms responsible for the development of this condition are considered.
Halorhodopsin — a second retinal pigment in Halobacterium halobium

Abstract A light-driven sodium pump has been identified in Halobacterium halobium membranes. It appears to be a retinal protein, with properties similar to those of bacteriorhodopsin. The pigment may play an important role in the presence of this microorganism to illumination.
On the Sun's differential rotation and pole-equator temperature difference

The Sun's differential rotation can be understood in terms of a preferential stabilization of convection (by rotation) in the polar regions of the lower part of the convection zone (where the Taylor number is large). A significant pole-equator difference in flux (Δℱ) can develop deep inside the convection zone which would be unobservable at the surface, because ℱ can be very efficiently reduced by large scale meridional motions rising at the poles and sinking at the equator. This is the sense of circulation needed to produce the observed equatorial acceleration of the Sun. Differential rotation is generated, therefore, in the upper part of the convection zone (where the interaction of rotation with convection is small) and results as the convection zone adjusts to a state of negligible Taylor number.
Time to reach steady state and prediction of steady-state concentrations for drugs obeying Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics.

Using a numerical integration method, concentration-time data were simulated using the one-compartment open model both with bolus intravenous administration and oral administration (first-order absorption) after multiple doses administered at constant time intervals and for each model for five different doses. Constants used produced data very similar to those which have been reported for phenytoin in the literature. In the simulation of oral data, sufficient concentrations were recorded to allow estimation of the maximum (C n max ), average (¯) Cn, and minimum (C n min ) concentrations during each dosage interval, but for the intravenous data only C n max and C n min values were recorded. The approach to steady state was monoexponential for low doses and biexponential for higher doses. The half-life of the final first-order approach to the steady-state concentration was approximately linearly related to the final steady-state concentration. For the intravenous data the number of doses required to reach 95% of C ss min was a linear function of 0.95 C ss min . A simple difference plot allows any given steady-state concentration of the three to be estimated from non-steady-state concentrations. When C n min values are measured, as in therapeutic drug monitoring, the fitting of C ss min vs. dose rate (D/τ) data leads to operationally useful parameters, V m app and K m app , which are not the true kinetic parameters, Vm and Km, whereas fitting of ¯Css vs d/τ data does lead to estimation of Vm and Km.
Live Supervision/Consultation: Conceptual and Pragmatic Guidelines for Family Therapy Trainers

This paper addresses a conceptual and pragmatic gap in the area of family therapy training and supervision. It details an evolving stage-specific set of skills for the conduct of live supervision/consultation, using the previously developed conception of the isomorphic nature of training and therapy as a theoretical backdrop.
Modification of a Hydrophobic Layer by a Point Mutation in Syntaxin 1A Regulates the Rate of Synaptic Vesicle Fusion

Both constitutive secretion and Ca2+-regulated exocytosis require the assembly of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complexes. At present, little is known about how the SNARE complexes mediating these two distinct pathways differ in structure. Using the Drosophila neuromuscular synapse as a model, we show that a mutation modifying a hydrophobic layer in syntaxin 1A regulates the rate of vesicle fusion. Syntaxin 1A molecules share a highly conserved threonine in the C-terminal +7 layer near the transmembrane domain. Mutation of this threonine to isoleucine results in a structural change that more closely resembles those found in syntaxins ascribed to the constitutive secretory pathway. Flies carrying the I254 mutant protein have increased levels of SNARE complexes and dramatically enhanced rate of both constitutive and evoked vesicle fusion. In contrast, overexpression of the T254 wild-type protein in neurons reduces vesicle fusion only in the I254 mutant background. These results are consistent with molecular dynamics simulations of the SNARE core complex, suggesting that T254 serves as an internal brake to dampen SNARE zippering and impede vesicle fusion, whereas I254 favors fusion by enhancing intermolecular interaction within the SNARE core complex.
Self-monitoring fiber reinforced polymer strengthening system for civil engineering infrastructures

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) materials are currently used for strengthening civil engineering infrastructures. The strengthening system is dependant on the bond characteristics of the FRP to the external surface of the structure to be effective in resisting the applied loads. This paper presents an innovative self-monitoring FRP strengthening system. The system consists of two components which can be embedded in FRP materials to monitor the global and local behavior of the strengthened structure respectively. The first component of the system is designed to evaluate the applied load acting on a structure based on elongation of the FRP layer along the entire span of the structure. Success of the global system has been demonstrated using a full-scale prestressed concrete bridge girder which was loaded up to failure. The test results indicate that this type of sensor can be used to accurately determine the load prior to failure within 15 percent of the measured value. The second sensor component consists of fiber Bragg grating sensors. The sensors were used to monitor the behavior of steel double-lap shear splices tested under tensile loading up to failure. The measurements were used to identify abnormal structural behavior such as epoxy cracking and FRP debonding. Test results were also compared to numerical values obtained from a three dimensional shear-lag model which was developed to predict the sensor response.
A Framework of Multiple-Aspect Component-Testing for Trusted Collaboration in Mission-Critical Systems

Although we need software-component sharing in a large distributed system, we cannot simply trust those components provided by participating organizations, especially when malicious groups or competitors are involved in the collaboration. When a wide range of malicious activity needs to be tested, a large overhead is incurred in scanning for malicious code and checking internal failures. Large projects also have multi-functional teams working and any lack of communication or overlooks in design can lead to unchecked security holes when the system is integrated. Moreover, it is not always easy to test the whole system for security and accuracy in preventing attacks because one can never develop a test plan for that which one is unaware of, such as a specialized attack by a hacker that compromises a system. Therefore, in this paper we develop a dynamic approach for testing software components in using multiple aspects of testing with high accuracy. We also present new techniques that provide for an automated system architecture that provides for a scalable and flexible distributed testing mechanism capable of handling newer threats at very short notice. We have considered the use of Microsoft's .Net and C# as the platform to describe and prototype the testing mechanisms.
Some algebraic constructions in rational homotopy theory

Abstract In this note we describe constructions in the category of differential graded commutative algebras over the rational numbers Q which are analogs of the space F ( X , Y ) of continuous maps of X to Y , the component F(X, Y,ƒ) containing ƒ ϵ F(X, Y) , fibrations, induced fibrations, the space Γ(π) of sections of a fibration π : E → X , and the component Γ(π,σ) containing σ ϵ Γ (π). As a focus, we address the problem of expressing π ∗ (F(X, Y, ƒ)) = Hom (π ∗ (F(X,Y, ƒ)),Q) in terms of differential graded algebra models for X and Y .
On Learning Modern Languages

SOME instructors of modern foreign languages are sure that maximum virtue resides in an oral-aural approach. They would use the foreign language, even for grammatical explanations, as the language of the classroom. Among them there are degrees of stringency in applying the prescription, some allowing occasional lapses into English to appease the backward, others, rasher, granting no concessions to ignorance or unpreparedness. The more fanatic "oral-aural" practitioners are mainly the native-born German, Spanish, etc., in our schools, whose language departments they have in many places practically taken over, and American-born instructors who have studied for comparatively long periods in a single foreign country. Another group of instructors (to which I belong) is of opinion that talking a language is the spire of the edifice, so to speak. They feel that, while many can acquire ability in school to read acceptably in a foreign language, given a sufficient conditioning training in English, nearly all of those who begin a foreign language with the thought of very soon using it in the same manner as their own are doomed to disappointment, and quit its study without residual impressions that might inspire love of the foreign language and its literature. This group of instructors has particularly upon its conscience the fact that language and literature are inseparable concepts; that linguistic art is very long indeed, and extremely various, so much so that the student must proceed with attention fixed equally on all the processes involved. Such teachers are, in other words, against a segmentation of processes as ultimately unproductive. Many of the first group have undoubtedly the ideas of group two as regards end-results. Assuming indifference to bandwagons (the present endorsement of the lay public and educational prescribers, themselves generally without foreign-language experience) they are as sincerely lovers of the foreign language and literature (though probably not of English) as the fourfold-emphasis propagandists of the second group. For a third united (and well united) band there are the linguistic scientists, or linguisticians, resoundingly introduced some years ago to a gullible public by Fortune and The Reader's Digest. They were headed by the redoubtable Professor Leonard Bloomfield, master of a certain abstruse art of describing and analyzing language. Already thirty-five years ago this "scientific methodist" was demanding a new scientific concentration upon the child studying foreign language in the grades. The devoted victim should have, according to the professor, a minimum of at least eight hours a week of the teacher's personal ministration, or then and there give up hope of satisfactory learning of a foreign language.
Effects of insecticides on acetylene reduction by alfalfa, red clover and sweetclover

Seven organophosphate and carbanate insecticides were tested for their effects on C2H2-reduction by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), sweetclovcr (Melilotus alba L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Plants were grown in vitro for 21 days on nonstcrile vermiculite or soil substrates. Oftanol® was inhibitory to most plants on both soil and vermiculite. Carbofuran's inhibitory effect was almost entirely limited to soil-grown plants. Carbaryl, aldicarb, chlorpyrifos, and terbufos were inhibitory to certain plants under some conditions. Phosmet was the least toxic. Significant differences were observed in toxicity which were dependent on the growth substrate used. The effects of carbamates tended to be restricted to plants grown on soil substrates rather than on vermiculite. Loss of C2H2-reducing ability was usually correlated with inhibition of nodule formation. The insecticides did not inhibit growth of Rhizobium meliloti or R. trifolii in broth culture.
Using data to enhance the expert panel process. Rating indications of alcohol-related problems in older adults.

OBJECTIVE: To enhance the validity of a well-known expert panel process, we used data from patient surveys to identify and correct rating errors. METHODS: We used the two-round RAND/UCLA panel method to rate indications of harmful (presence of problems), hazardous (at risk for problems), and nonhazardous (no known risks) drinking in older adults. Results from the panel provided guidelines for classifying older individuals as harmful, hazardous, or nonhazardous drinkers, using a survey. The classifications yielded unexpectedly high numbers of harmful and hazardous drinkers. We hypothesized possible misclassifications of drinking risks and used the survey data to identify indications that may have led to invalid ratings. We modified problematic indications and asked three clinician panelists to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the modifications in a third panel round. We revised the indications based on panelist response and reexamined drinking classifications. RESULTS: Using the original indications, 48% of drinkers in the sample were classified as harmful, 31% as hazardous, and 21% as nonhazardous. A review of the indications revealed framing bias in the original rating task and vague definitions of certain symptoms and conditions. The modified indications resulted in classifications of 22% harmful, 47% hazardous, and 31% nonhazardous drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of survey data led to identification and correction of specific errors occurring during the panel-rating process. The validity of the RAND/UCLA method can be enhanced using data-driven modifications. Language: en
Functionalization of Graphene for Efficient Energy Conversion and Storage

As global energy consumption accelerates at an alarming rate, the develop- ment of clean and renewable energy conversion and storage systems has become more important than ever. Although the efficiency of energy conversion and storage devices depends on a variety of factors, their overall performance strongly relies on the structure and properties of the component materials. Nanotechnology has opened up new frontiers in materials science and engineering to meet this challenge by creating new materials, particularly carbon nanomaterials, for efficient energy conversion and storage.As a building block for carbon materials of all other dimensionalities (such as 0D buckyball, 1D nanotube, 3D graphite), the two-dimensional (2D) single atomic carbon sheet of graphene has emerged as an attractive candidate for energy applications due to its unique structure and properties. Like other materials, however, a graphene-based material that possesses desirable bulk properties rarely features the surface characteristics...
The teratogenic effects of valproic acid in human chondrogenesis in vitro

The anticonvulsant drug valproic acid (VPA) is a known teratogen in humans. In general, anticonvulsants effect major systems in the embryo causing craniofacial, cardiovascular, neurological, urogenital, and major and minor skeletal defects. The limb defects associated with in utero VPA exposure include digital hypoplasia, ectrodactyly, radial ray aplasia, and proximal phocomelia. Human studies are limited to case reports and to retrospective and/or prospective studies. Although animal studies have demonstrated a teratogenic effect of VPA on skeletogenesis, these doses were well above the human therapeutic dose which makes extrapolation from these studies to humans difficult. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the potential deleterious effects of VPA on chondrogenesis, a process that occurs in human limb formation. To accomplish this goal, human chondrocytes were cultured in a three dimensional agarose gel and treated with VPA. The use of this model system was a novel approach to evaluate the teratogenic potential of VPA during chondrogenesis. The influence of VPA on human chondrocytes was monitored using histochemical, immunocytochemical, and morphological techniques. There was a decrease in mitotic activity and the extracellular matrix was modified. At human therapeutic doses, immunofluorescence revealed that type II collagen was reduced, while type I collagen increased. In addition, the alcian blue-staining matrices (i.e., sulfated proteoglycans) were reduced. Moreover, the Golgi apparatus had swelling in the trans-face cisternae suggesting that proteoglycan synthesis may be altered.
ROLE OF TURBULENCE IN STAR FORMATION IN ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES

DR. G. R. BURBIDGE has proposed1 that the energy source for intense radio emitters (largely giant elliptical galaxies) can most reasonably be expected to be derived from a temporarily greatly enhanced rate of supernova activity in a galaxy. He further proposed1 that this enhancement resulted from a collective stellar catastrophe in which older stars close to a condition of instability could participate in a chain reaction of Type 1 supernova explosions in which one explosion triggers that in a neighbour. As an alternative, it has been proposed2 that the enhancement resulted from collective stellar formation in which the more massive stars would evolve to the Type II supernova stage in a reasonably short period of time. In the latter proposal it was assumed that the energies associated with gas in an elliptical galaxy are small compared with the magnetic energy, and hence the magnetic field must control the contraction of the gas to form stars, and will prevent fragmentation until a late stage in which conservation of angular momentum has caused the formation of a disk.
Application of Lubrication Theory to Fluid Flow in Grinding: Part II—Influence of Wheel and Workpiece Roughness

The objective of this study is to model fluid flow in grinding with nonporous wheels. While Part I focused on the flow in a simplified smooth geometry, in this part the wheel surface roughness is introduced. The applicability of the modified Reynolds equation for laminar flows between rough surfaces is verified experimentally in terms of the developed hydrodynamic pressure, using a resin-bonded diamond grinding wheel. The experiments were performed under the spark-out condition (i.e., with the wheel just touching the workpiece) and in actual grinding. Agreement between theory and experiment is shown for Re <100, but a significant discrepancy (most likely due to turbulence) is observed for 300 <Re<1500.
Inhibition of iron absorption by cholestyramine. Demonstration of diminished iron stores following prolonged administration.

Recent studies have demonstrated that cholestyramine, an anionic exchange resin, binds inorganic and hemoglobin ironin vitro and inhibits the absorption of these compounds from the rat small intestine. However, these studies did not answer the question: Will prolonged cholestyramine administration cause depletion of iron stores and development of iron deficiency anemia? Accordingly, rats were fed diets of standard rat chow or standard rat chow containing either 2 or 5% cholestyramine for 6 months. In the 5% cholestyramine group the hematocrit and hemoglobin values were significantly lower as compared to controls (37.5 vs 43.6%;P<0.001) and (11.4 vs 14.2 g%;P<0.001). Serum iron values in the 5% cholestyramine groups were significantly less than the control group (158±23 vs 205±15 µg%;P<0.001). In the control group nonheme iron in the liver, spleen and duodenum was 206±31, 1482±212 and 12.5±1.1 µg/g tissue, respectively. In the 2% cholestyramine-treated group, liver nonheme iron was reduced to 172±33 µg/g, spleen nonheme iron to 1266±447 µg/g and duodenal iron to 11.7±1.0 µg/g. In the 5% cholestyramine-treated group liver nonheme iron was significantly reduced to 143±35 µg/g, spleen nonheme iron to 1030±3.4 µg/g and duodenal nonheme iron to 10.2±1.4 µg/g respectively. In addition, a significant decrease in serum vitamin B12 levels was noted in cholestyramine-fed rats compared to controls (256±83 vs 404±118 µµg/ml). These data indicate that prolonged administration of cholestyramine to rats results in significantly decreased serum iron, tissue nonheme iron stores and serum vitamin B12 levels associated with decreased hematocrit and hemoglobin levels.
Synthesis and characterization of azole isoflavone inhibitors of aromatase

The synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of 2-azole and 2-thioazole isoflavones as potential aromatase inhibitors are described. Differences in inhibitory activity of triazole and imidazole inhibitors are rationalized with density functional theory to expose a key difference in the electronic structure of these molecules. In addition, difference binding spectra of inhibitors to immunoaffinity-purified aromatase produces classical Type II spectra consistent with coordination of the nitrogen lone pair electrons to the aromatase P450 heme.
Using the Internet to Recruit Rural MSM for HIV Risk Assessment: Sampling Issues

The Internet is an emerging research tool that may be useful for contacting and working with rural men who have sex with men (MSM). Little is known about HIV risks for rural men and Internet methodological issues are only beginning to be examined. Internet versus conventionally recruited samples have shown both similarities and differences in their demographic characteristics. In this study, rural MSM from three sizes of town were recruited by two methods: conventional (e.g. face-to-face/snowball) or Internet. After stratifying for size of city, demographic characteristics of the two groups were similar. Both groups had ready access to the Internet. Patterns of sexual risk were similar across the city sizes but varied by recruitment approach, with the Internet group presenting a somewhat higher HIV sexual risk profile. Overall, these findings suggest the Internet provides a useful and low cost approach to recruiting and assessing HIV sexual risks for rural White MSM. Further research is needed on methods for recruiting rural minority MSM.
Use of biologics in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to methotrexate

A 29-year-old business executive with a 3-year history of rheumatoid arthritis presents because of worsening joint swelling and pain involving her hands, wrists and feet over the last 2 months and because of substantial limitations in her work and daily activities. Her symptoms had previously
Ionization Wave Splitting at the T-Junction of a Dielectric Channel

Fast ionization waves generated by nanosecond pulses are capable of delivering intense electric field, UV light, and charged and excited species to spatially distant locations. In this paper, the splitting of a fast ionization wave in a N2 plasma in a T-shaped dielectric channel is numerically investigated. Images of electron impact source function and density are presented.
Polarized X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Single-Crystal Mn(V) Complexes Relevant to the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II

High-valent Mn-oxo species have been suggested to have a catalytically important role in the water splitting reaction which occurs in the Photosystem II membrane protein. In this study, five- and six-coordinate mononuclear Mn(V) compounds were investigated by polarized X-ray absorption spectroscopy in order to understand the electronic structure and spectroscopic characteristics of high-valent Mn species. Single crystals of the Mn(V)-nitrido and Mn(V)-oxo compounds were aligned along selected molecular vectors with respect to the X-ray polarization vector using X-ray diffraction. The local electronic structure of the metal site was then studied by measuring the polarization dependence of X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) pre-edge spectra (1s to 3d transition) and comparing with the results of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The Mn(V)-nitrido compound, in which the manganese is coordinated in a tetragonally distorted octahedral environment, showed a single dominant pre-edge peak...
A high energy gamma ray spectrometer

Abstract A gamma-ray spectrometer for use in the energy range 50 to 150 MeV is described. The spectrometer employs a rather conventional lead glass Cerenkov counter in coincidence with a scintillation-counter telescope as a detector. The circuits which detect and analyse the gamma rays are of simple and reliable design, and use only crystal diodes and switching transistors as their active elements. The results of a calibration experiment using an electron beam are presented to demonstrate the performance of the apparatus.
Toolbox: Psychotropic use in pregnancy and lactation

When designing treatment regimens for patients with psychiatric illness, recommendations for treatment of pregnant or breastfeeding women can be particularly complicated. Safe and appropriate medication use in this patient population may vary based on the patient's stage of pregnancy and whether or not she plans to breastfeed. The pharmacist is often asked to help guide these decisions and to recommend medications that will minimize toxicity to the fetus or newborn child while also ensuring efficacy and control of the patient's psychiatric symptoms. The appendices on the following pages were designed to help the psychiatric pharmacist quickly review the FDA's pregnancy categories as well as current data regarding the use of psychiatric medications in a pregnant or breastfeeding patient. The appendices include: