cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain-compatible learning: principles and applications in athletic training.

Debbie I. Craig, PhD, ATC, provided conception and design; acquisition and analysis and interpretation of the data; anddrafting, critical revision, and ﬁnal approval of the manuscript.Address correspondence to Debbie I. Craig, PhD, ATC, Department of Exercise Science & Athletic Training, Northern ArizonaUniversity, PO Box 15092, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5092. Address e-mail to Debbie.craig@nau.edu.Objective: To discuss the principles of brain-compatiblelearning research and provide insights into how this researchmay be applied in athletic training education to beneﬁt the pro-fession.Background: In the past decade, new brain-imaging tech-niques have allowed us to observe the brain while it is learning.The ﬁeld of neuroscience has produced a body of empiricaldata that provides a new understanding of how we learn. Thisbody of data has implications in education, although the directstudy of these implications is in its infancy.Description:An overview of how the brain learns at a cellularlevel is provided, followed by a discussion of the principles ofbrain-compatible learning. Applications of these principles andimplications for the ﬁeld of athletic training education are alsooffered.Application: Many educational-reform fads have garneredattention in the past. Brain-compatible learning will not likely beone of those, as its origin is in neuroscience, not education.Brain-compatible learning is not an educational-reform move-ment. It does not prescribe how to run your classroom or offerspeciﬁc techniques to use. Rather, it provides empirical dataabout how the brain learns and suggests guidelines to be con-sidered while preparing lessons for your students. These guide-lines may be incorporated into every educational setting, withevery type of curriculum and every age group. The ﬁeld of ath-letic training lends itself well to many of the basic principles ofbrain-compatible learning.Key Words: brain-based learning, brain research, effectiveteaching, education
Parallel Application Characteristics for Multiprocessor Scheduling Policy Design

Much of the recent work on multiprocessor scheduling disciplines has used abstract workload models to explore the fundamental, high-level properties of the various alternatives. As continuing work on these policies increases their level of sophistication, however, it is clear that the choice of appropriate policies must be guided at least in part by the typical behavior of actual parallel applications. Our goal in this paper is to examine a variety of such applications, providing measurements of properties relevant to scheduling policy design. We give measurements for both hand-coded parallel programs (from the SPLASH benchmark suites) and compiler-parallelized programs (from the PERFECT Club suite) running on a KSR-2 shared-memory multiprocessor.
Support minimized inversion of acoustic and elastic wave scattering

This report discusses the following topics on support minimized inversion of acoustic and elastic wave scattering: Minimum support inversion; forward modelling of elastodynamic wave scattering; minimum support linearized acoustic inversion; support minimized nonlinear acoustic inversion without absolute phase; and support minimized nonlinear elastic inversion.
Dharavi: Developing Asia's Largest Slum (TN)

Maharashtra state is accepting bids to redevelop Dharavi, the largest slum in Asia. A real estate developer assesses the risks and tenders a bid. The bid conditions include providing new free housing to tens of thousands of slum dwellers, which is anticipated to be paid for from the revenues from developing and selling market rate housing. While the primary concerns are cost of construction, cost of capital, and revenues from sale of units, the analysis must consider many aspects of risk including political risk, foreign exchange risk, market risk, and execution risk. Further, the discussion covers social aspects including whether the slum should be redeveloped at all, whether it should be redeveloped by government or by the private sector, and whether to accomplish it in large chunks or in smaller increments. Additional topics that can be covered include consideration of what happens to commercial activities formerly run from slum dwellings, whether the market rate units will indeed sell for high prices if there are tens of thousands of former slum dwellers housed nearby, and whether the slum dwellers will be allowed to resell their units or whether they must remain in them. Other issues include timing of the project, guarantees to and from the government and the private parties to mitigate risk, and whether this model, if successful, can be extended to other slums in Asia.
Small‐Angle Neutron Scattering

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) probes structural details at the nanometer scale in a nondestructive way. This chapter gives an introduction to scientists who have no prior small-angle scattering knowledge but seek a technique that allows elucidating structural information in challenging situations that thwart approaches by other methods. SANS is applicable to a wide variety of materials including metals and alloys, ceramics, concrete, glasses, polymers, composites, and biological materials. Isotope and magnetic interactions provide unique methods for labeling and contrast variation to highlight specific structural features of interest. In situ studies of a material's responses to temperature, pressure, shear, magnetic and electric fields, etc., are feasible as a result of the high penetrating power of neutrons. SANS provides statistical information on significant structural features averaged over the probed sample volume, and one can use SANS to quantify with high precision the structural details that are observed, for example, in electron microscopy. Neutron scattering is nondestructive; there is no need to cut specimens into thin sections, and neutrons penetrate deeply, providing information on the bulk material, free from surface effects. The basic principles of a SANS experiment are fairly simple, but the measurement, analysis, and interpretation of small-angle scattering data involve theoretical concepts that are unique to the technique and that are not widely known. This chapter includes a concise description of the basics, as well as practical know-how that is essential for a successful SANS experiment. Keywords: structure; morphology; phase transition; nanomaterials; polymers; biomaterials; magnetic; composites
Thermodynamics of the conversion of aqueous L-aspartic acid to fumaric acid and ammonia.

Abstract The thermodynamics of the conversion of aqueous l -aspartic acid to fumaric acid and ammonia have been investigated using both heat conduction microcalorimetry and high-pressure liquid chromatography. The reaction was carried out in aqueous phosphate buffer over the pH range 7.25–7.43, the temperature range 13–43°C, and at ionic strengths varying from 0.066 to 0.366 mol kg −1 . The following values have been found for the conversion of aqueous l -aspartateH − to fumarate 2− and NH 4 + at 25°C and at zero ionic strength: K = (1.48 ± 0.10) × 10 −3 , Δ G ° = 16.15 ± 0.16 kJ mol −1 , Δ H ° = 24.5 ± 1.0 kJ mol −1 , and Δ C p ° = −147 ± 100 J mol −1 K −1 . Calculations have also been performed which give values of the apparent equilibrium constant for the conversion of l -aspartic acid to fumaric acid and ammonia as a function of temperature, pH and ionic strength.
Leukemia of T-helper lymphocytes: clinical and functional features.

Abstract Leukemia of T-lymphocytes is rare. Chronic and subacute forms of T-cell leukemia have been described including Sezary cell leukemia, T-cell leukemia of Japan, and rare cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, prolymphocytic leukemia and hairy cell leukemia. Several studies have analyzed the functional capacity of lymphocytes from patients with T-cell leukemias. In many cases Sezary cells appear to be “helper” T-cells which cooperate with B-lymphocytes in immunoglobulin synthesis. In contrast, lymphocytes from the Japanese form of T-cell leukemia have been reported to function as suppressor cells. We describe an unusual leukemia in a 40-year old man, whose clinical course was characterized by fever, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia and neutropenia. Lymph node enlargement and skin infiltration were notably absent. The leukemic cells were atypical mononuclear cells with a high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and convoluted nuclei. Immunologic studies of these cells demonstrated them to be T-lymphocytes with receptors for sheep erythrocytes. They reacted with an anti-thymocyte serum and responded to T-cell mitogens and to alloantigens. The leukemic T-cells had helper activity and could cooperate with B-lymphocytes in pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulated immunoglobulin synthesis. Concanavalin-A (Con-A) inducible suppressor cell activity was absent. The clinical and immune studies suggest that this case represents a previously undescribed form of T-cell leukemia.
Fine‐Needle Aspiration of the Spleen as an Aid in the Diagnosis of Splenomegaly

Results from transabdominal fine-needle aspiration of the spleen in 28 dogs and 5 cats are reported. Splenomegaly was present in 79% of these patients, and splenic masses were present in 15%. Extramedullary hematopoiesis, the most common cytologic diagnosis, was found in 24% of the patients and was associated with a variety of diseases including immune hemolytic anemia, hemangiosarcoma, and bone marrow hypoplasia. Hematopoietic neoplasms including lymphosarcoma, plasmacytoma, myelogenous leukemia, and systemic mastocytosis were diagnosed in 24% of the patients. Other diagnoses included malignant neoplasia of undetermined cell type and lymphoreticular hyperplasia. Splenic aspirates were considered normal in 18% of the animals. Two (6%) of the aspirates contained liver tissue rather than spleen. Histologic evaluation of splenic tissue was performed in 42.5% of the patients. All cytologic diagnoses correlated well with their final histologic diagnoses. Complications from the aspiration procedure were not observed, even in thrombocytopenic patients.
Pulse radiolysis of epoxy-based matrix materials

Electron beam pulse radiolysis (600 KeV, 3 nsec) experiments have been carried out on epoxy-based matrix materials. Time and wavelength resolved emission and transient absorption techniques as well as ESR studies have been utilized to identify and monitor short lived reactive intermediates resulting from energetic electron impact. An energy deactivation model based on the results of this work has been developed. Recombination of primary charged species is found to be fast, resulting in the formation of longer lived excited electronic states and radicals which control the subsequent energy deactivation.
Delusional disorder (paranoia)

Abstract A definition of delusional disorder is given. This definition comes from clinical practice and is quite rigorous. Delusional disorder exists but is uncommon. It is likely to be called schizophrenia (paranoid schizophrenia) because it fills published criteria for such a diagnosis. It is more likely seen in men than women. It bears no relation to I.Q. It does not destroy the ability to function socially but does create problems in living because of interpersonal conflicts. Familially it bears no relation to affective disorder. It seems to breed true within families but this is not proven. What is necessary to settle major issues is a multicentered systematic blind family study and follow-up with a group of nonparanoid schizophrenics as controls.
THE AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF PROTEIN FRACTIONS FROM NORMAL AND ABNORMAL EPIDERMIS.

The postulate that keratinous protein in psoriatic epidermis is abnormal has been the subject of much discussion (1, 2). At present, there is no direct evidence that the disturbed keratinization in psoriasis results in the synthesis of an abnormal protein. Current knowledge indicates that in psoriasis there is an eightfold acceleration of the keratinization process over that found in normal epidermis (3). Whether the faulty fibrillar aggregation (4-7) found in psoriasis is secondary to this acceleration in keratinization or to the synthesis of an abnormal protein is not known.
Pitfalls in MR measurement of tissue blood flow with intravascular tracers: Which mean transit time?

Measuring tissue blood flow with NMR imaging of intravascular tracers is more difficult than measurements of tissue blood volume. One major obstacle to the application of the Central Volume Principle is the direct measurement of the mean transit time. In this note, we demonstrate that mean transit time (MTT), which relates tissue blood volume to blood flow via the Central Volume Principle, is not the first moment of the concentration-time curve for MR or CT imaging of purely intravascular tracers. However, while first moment methods cannot be used by themselves to determine absolute flow, we show that transit curves may provide a useful relative measure of flow, for example, by considering ratios of the first moments.
Reply to “Comment on ‘Theoretical analysis of the force on the end face of a nanofilament exerted by an outgoing light pulse’”

We respond to a Comment on our paper [Phys. Rev. A 80, 023823 (2009)], which appears to have stemmed from a misunderstanding of the various energy-momentum tensors of classical electrodynamics. It is shown that each stress tensor, when used in conjunction with the corresponding force-density and momentum-density expressions, yields results that are consistent with Maxwell's equations and with the conservation laws.
Jankélévitch and Gusdorf on Forgiveness of Oneself

In this article, I examine the issue of forgiveness of oneself by looking at the writings of two postwar French philosophers: Georges Gusdorf and Vladimir Jankelevitch. Gusdorf believes that forgiving oneself is necessary for being able to forgive others. On the other hand, Jankelevitch sees no possibility of forgiveness for oneself and for similar reasons is very suspicious of traditional views of the role accorded to repenting and penitence. In short, the main view that separates the thinkers is, quite literally, whether work on oneself—such as repentance and penitence—comes first before forgiveness, or whether repentance and penitence are the result of some prior gracious act, such as forgiveness. Somewhat ironically, their views, when all is said and done, may not really be all that far apart from each other, especially in light of how each views the nature of the self. In the end, the main factor dividing the two thinkers is metaphysical allegiances. Reflecting a tendency that is shown in most—if not all—of his early works, Gusdorf views the self more from the perspective of anthropology. Jankelevitch, like his mentor Henri Bergson, has faith in science and does not have a supernatural view of the human soul.
Centers of the United States.

David Richeson (richesod @dickinson.edu; Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA 17013) received his B.S. from Hamilton College and his Ph.D. from Northwestern University. His current research interests include dynamical systems, topology, and the history and applications of the Euler characteristic. He enjoys spending his free time with his wife and young son and on the air at WDCV-FM, the Dickinson College radio station.
Electronic Demonstration Portfolios for Visual Anthropology Majors.

The paper suggests a model for linking the realisation and the articulation of both knowledge and accumulation of skills by fourth year students who have majored in visual anthropology. One central component is the integration of student‐generated intellectual autobiographies into electronic demonstration portfolios, a formula and strategy that can be broadly applied across academic majors and departments.
Current issues in US transportation politics

Les transports en commun deviennent rapidement un exemple critique de la crise generale des politiques de l'etat dans la production et la distribution des equipements collectifs. La destruction anterieure des transports en commun aux Etats Unis par les interets de l'automobile, ainsi que les contraintes de l'energic, de l'utilisation du sol, et du chomage, produisent une situation selon laquelle diverses fractions du capital se regroupent dans une coalition afin de determiner une politique future des transports. Une telle politique doit tant bien que mal satisfaire les besoins souvent contradictoires du transport, le resultat d'un developpement urbain structure autour de la dominance de l'automobile. Ces besoins sont soulignes ici-bas. Cet article presente les diverses options considerees actuellement ainsi que les contradictions survenant de chaque direction proposee. Les divisions a l'interieur de la classe capitaliste sur ces options sont aussi presentes. Finalement, une breve consideration est donnee aux mouvements sociaux urbains passes et presents organises autour des questions de transport, ainsi que les problemes auxquels ces mouvements doivent faire face dans les luttes futures autour de cet enjeu critique.
Extracting 3D Shape Features in Discrete Scale-Space

3D shape features are inherently scale-dependent. For instance, on a 3D model of a human body, the top of the head and a fingertip can both be detected as corner points, however, at entirely different scales. In this paper, we present a method for extracting and integrating 3D shape features in the discrete scale-space of a triangular mesh model. We first parameterize the surface of the mesh model on a 2D plane and then construct a dense surface normal map. In general, the parametrization is not isometric. To account for this, we compute the relative stretch of the original edge lengths. Next, we compute a dense distortion map which is used to approximate the geodesic distances on the normal map. Then, we construct a discrete scale-space of the original 3D shape by successively convolving the normal map with distortion-adapted Gaussian kernels of increasing standard deviation. We derive corner and edge detectors to extract 3D features at each scale in the discrete scale-space. Furthermore, we show how to combine the detector responses from different scales to form a unified representation of the 3D features.
Efficiency and concentration inequalities on Rk

Abstract Concentration probabilities on ellipsoids are used to gauge efficiency in multiparameter estimation. Chebychev bounds support a distribution-free approach. The concepts are used to quantify gains in efficiency due to unbiasedness and to conditioning on another statistic.
On 1-Sarvate-Beam designs

The solution to a set theory exercise, ''Partition the set of positive integers {1,2,...,v} into k subsets such that the sum of the elements in each subset is v(v+1)/(2k) whenever v(v+1)/(2k) is an integer'', gives a construction of non-simple 1-SB designs. This raises a natural question of the existence of simple 1-SB designs. We show that the necessary conditions for the existence of simple 1-SB designs for block sizes 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are sufficient. Moreover, the technique exhibited in the proof can be applied to block sizes greater than k=6. We also show that simple t-SB(v,t+1), 2-SB(v,3) and 2-SB(v,4) designs do not exist for any positive integers v and t. A natural question, ''Can we obtain a construction for simple 1-SB designs similar to Billington's classical construction of simple 1-designs for any block size k?'', remains open.
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN COLONIC MYOELECTRIC ACTIVITY IN THE INFANT PRIMATE

Developmental changes in gastrointestinal motility are poorly understood in the human. We have utilized the infant Rhesus to investigate developmental responses of the distal colon to feeding. Colonic myoelectric activity in 3 newborn (<24 hrs), 6 infant (ages: 4-7 mos) and 6 adult Rhesus was studied using intraluminal Ag-AgCI electrodes. Slow waves and spike potentials were recorded during fasting and following administration of liquid meal of 10 cc/kg of infant formula (6.7 cal/kg). Slow wave frequency spectra were determined from Fast Fourier transforms (FFT) of digitized signals; spike activity by visual analysis of paper recordings. Results: 1) both infant and adults exhibit increased colonic spike activity within 10 - 15 min following feeding, compared to fasting periods. 2) Newborns show a significantly reduced spike response to feeding compared to older animals (2.3 vs 14.2 mean spikes / 5 min, p <.05) at 15 minutes postprandial. 3) Slow wave activity is well developed at 24 hours of age; frequency spectra are similar in all age groups following a meal. Conclusions: Infant rhesus manifest increases in meal stimulated colonic spiking similar to that seen in human adults. Newborns exhibit a diminished spike response to feeding even though slow wave activity is well defined. This decreased spike response may account for altered colonic motility during adaptation to enteral nutrition.
Client-aware cloud storage

Cloud storage is receiving high interest in both academia and industry. As a new storage model, it provides many attractive features, such as high availability, resilience, and cost efficiency. Yet, cloud storage also brings many new challenges. In particular, it widens the already-significant semantic gap between applications, which generate data, and storage systems, which manage data. This widening semantic gap makes end-to-end differentiated services extremely difficult. In this paper, we present a client-aware cloud storage framework, which allows semantic information to flow from clients, across multiple intermediate layers, to the cloud storage system. In turn, the storage system can differentiate various data classes and enforce predefined policies. We showcase the effectiveness of enabling such client awareness by using Intel's Differentiated Storage Services (DSS) to enhance persistent disk caching and to control I/O traffic to different storage devices. We find that we can significantly outperform LRU-style caching, improving upload bandwidth by 5x and download bandwidth by 1.6x. Further, we can achieve 85% of the performance of a full-SSD solution at only a fraction (14%) of the cost.
Ideology, culture, and ambiguity: The revolutionary process in Iran

To varying degrees, polysemous appeals are a feature of nearly all political coalitions and negotiations. But they are especially important in revolutions in which mass protests accompany a sudden collapse and elimination of the old regime state. In such a situation, it is not the case that a few coalition planks are ambiguous in an otherwise institution-alized political structure; instead, even the main outlines of how politics will operate in a new regime is undetermined. Given the chaos and uncertainty, revolutionary unity necessarily focusses upon rejection of the regime itself, and revolutionaries appeal to widely familiar cultural images (as in the appeal to Islam) whose durability within the society has depended on a degree of flexibility in interpretation and application. There is neither time nor reason for the opposition coalition to settle upon a detailed post-revolutionary program.
Experiments on nesting behaviour of Laysan and Black-footed albatrosses

Abstract An experimental study of the nesting behaviour of the Laysan Albatross ( Diomedea immutabilis ) and the Black-footed Albatross ( D. nigripes ) was undertaken on Midway Island. Respones to test situations are summarized as follows: 1. 1. The birds do not attempt to retrieve a displaced egg or chick. 2. 2. D. immutabilis usually chooses the empty nest rather than a displaced egg, but nigripes usually chooses the egg. 3. 3. Both species usually choose the nest rather than a displaced chick. 4. 4. Given a choice between an egg and a chick on opposite sides of an empty nest, both species usually choose the nest or the egg. 5. 5. A variety of foreign objects substituted in the nest for the egg are accepted and incubated, but the birds choose a normal egg in preference to such objects when given a choice. 6. 6. Relocation of the entire nest is usually not accepted permanently. 7. 7. Intra- and inter-specific nest exchanges are usually not accepted for any length of time. The relation of these responses to the usual pattern of nesting behaviour is discussed and interpreted in terms of the ecology of the species.
Diffraction from surfaces with interacting steps

Abstract Diffraction techniques are potentially powerful probes of atomic steps on crystalline surfaces. Correlation among the surface steps yields information on the interactions among steps. We consider surfaces with a cut-off geometric distribution of terrace widths which result from strong, short-range step-step interactions. We calculate the diffraction angular profile analytically and compare this profile with the two extreme cases of negligible and long-range interactions. For a particular case of mean terrace width of seven atoms, we show that a strong interaction with range greater than only two atoms produces measurable splitting in the diffracted intensity. The reciprocal space characteristics of this model surface are expounded.
3D Micro-Metrology Using a Nanofocus X-Ray Source

Metrology applied to microsystems accelerates yield improvement and sustains performance at all stages of processing thereby ensuring manufacturability. One measure of the manufactured part quality in micro-structures, e.g., microfluidic channels or LIGA-fabricated parts and assemblies, is the side-wall verticality and/or curvature. In this paper, we report on initial investigations to directly obtain three-dimensional metrological information with micron-scale spatial resolution. Using a lab-based nanofocus x-ray source (0.5 micron spot size), samples a few millimeters in diameter can be examined with high volumetric resolution by collecting thousands of (tomographic) projections. Following reconstruction of the projection data, dimensional information is extracted directly from the object’s 3D rendering. A test part was used to verify and optimize the tomographic inspection process, and the application of this method to a LIGA-fabricated part is presented.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
0105 Farm exposures, allergy symptoms and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the Agricultural Health Study

Objectives Exposure to allergens and microorganisms in the agricultural environment has been linked to altered immune response. Studies in the general population have reported reduced risks of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) among those with a history of atopic conditions, although results are inconsistent. To evaluate the allergy-NHL association in the context of farm exposures, we conducted an investigation in the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective cohort of farmers and spouses from North Carolina and Iowa. Method Our study included 49 656 farmers and spouses with crop and animal exposures and allergy symptoms reported at baseline (1993–1997). We identified 418 incident cases of NHL (including chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and multiple myeloma) during follow-up through 2010 in North Carolina and 2011 in Iowa. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using multivariable-adjusted proportional hazards models. Results At enrollment, over 80% of the study participants lived on farms growing grains or hay and 64% on farms raising livestock. Compared to individuals without allergy symptoms, those with symptoms had a reduced risk of NHL (HR=0.61, 95% CI=0.50–0.74). We observed a slightly greater reduction in NHL risk among participants whose allergy symptoms worsened after working with grains and hay (HR=0.53, 95% CI=0.41–0.69). The association between livestock and NHL was borderline significant overall (HR=0.82, 95% CI=0.66–1.01), and significant among those without allergy symptoms (HR=0.70, 95% CI=0.51–0.96). Conclusions Our findings suggest that among individuals working and living on farms, allergy symptoms are associated with a reduced risk of developing NHL, and that risk may be influenced by particular farm characteristics.
The Meandering Mesenteric Artery: A Historic Review and Surgical Implications

The aim of this study was to review the literature regarding collateral mesenteric circulation with emphasis on the mesenteric meandering artery (of Moskowitz). Standard vascular embryology and anatomy are described as are the collateral mesenteric vessels that can develop with arterial stenosis or occlusion. A discussion on the correct usage of terms for describing mesenteric collateral vessels follows. We undertook review of the historical literature to discuss the surgical implications of the meandering mesenteric artery. Despite a long history of study by anatomists and surgeons, confusion still persists regarding both the number and correct descriptive terminology of the collateral mesenteric vessels. The use of the vague historic term “arc of Riolan” should be discarded for the more precise term “meandering mesenteric artery.” The meandering mesenteric artery should routinely be preserved in all surgical procedures, to include resection for cancer, given its critical function in providing collateral mesenteric circulation. Further evaluation in the asymptomatic patient, however, is unnecessary.
Uplift‐restraining Friction Pendulum seismic isolation system

This paper extends the scope of seismic isolation by introducing an innovative uplift-restraining Friction Pendulum system. Termed the XY-FP isolator, the new isolation device consists of two orthogonal opposing concave beams interconnected through a sliding mechanism that permits tension to develop in the bearing, thereby preventing uplift. Owing to its distinct configuration, the XY-FP isolator possesses unique properties for a seismic isolator, including uplift restraint, decoupling of the bi-directional motion along two orthogonal directions, and capability of providing independent stiffness and energy dissipation along the principal horizontal directions of the bearing. The study concentrates on introducing the concept and establishing the underlying principles of operation of the new XY-FP isolator, formulating the mathematical model for the XY-FP isolator, and presenting its mechanical behaviour through a displacement-control testing program on a single XY-FP isolator. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi-perspective survey of the relevance of the revised bloom's taxonomy to an introduction to linux course

Equipping students with higher-order thinking skills as part of a program in information technology is no trivial aim. Course creation must always have this goal in mind. In particular, learning activities and assessments must be designed to teach, encourage the use of, and assess success in achieving this goal beyond merely teaching facts, methods and techniques. In this paper, we examine the degree to which we were able to assess higher-order thinking skills in students enrolled in the first course of an online Linux system administration curriculum. To assist other educators contemplating similar efforts, we briefly describe methods used to classify quiz and assignment items using the Revised Bloom Taxonomy (RBT) and discuss results from a survey administered to students who completed the course. Lessons learned throughout the process are described.
Genetic subdivision of the tectum and cerebellum into functionally related regions based on differential sensitivity to engrailed proteins

The genetic pathways that partition the developing nervous system into functional systems are largely unknown. The engrailed (En) homeobox transcription factors are candidate regulators of this process in the dorsal midbrain (tectum) and anterior hindbrain (cerebellum). En1 mutants lack most of the tectum and cerebellum and die at birth, whereas En2 mutants are viable with a smaller cerebellum and foliation defects. Our previous studies indicated that the difference in phenotypes is due to the earlier expression of En1 as compared with En2, rather than differences in protein function, since knock-in mice expressing En2 in place of En1 have a normal brain. Here, we uncovered a wider spectrum of functions for the En genes by generating a series of En mutant mice. First, using a conditional allele we demonstrate that En1 is required for cerebellum development only before embryonic day 9, but plays a sustained role in forming the tectum. Second, by removing the endogenous En2 gene in the background of En1 knock-in alleles, we show that Drosophila en is not sufficient to sustain midbrain and cerebellum development in the absence of En2, whereas En2 is more potent than En1 in cerebellum development. Third, based on a differential sensitivity to the dose of En1/2, our studies reveal a genetic subdivision of the tectum into its two functional systems and the medial cerebellum into four regions that have distinct circuitry and molecular coding. Our study suggests that an `engrailed code9 is integral to partitioning the tectum and cerebellum into functional domains.
Physics of the spatially averaged snowmelt process

Abstract It has been recognized that the snowmelt models developed in the past do not fully meet current prediction requirements. Part of the reason is that they do not account for the spatial variation in the dynamics of the spatially heterogeneous snowmelt process. Most of the current physics-based distributed snowmelt models utilize point-location-scale conservation equations which do not represent the spatially varying snowmelt dynamics over a grid area that surrounds a computational node. In this study, to account for the spatial heterogeneity of the snowmelt dynamics, areally averaged mass and energy conservation equations for the snowmelt process are developed. As a first step, energy and mass conservation equations that govern the snowmelt dynamics at a point location are averaged over the snowpack depth, resulting in depth averaged equations (DAE). In this averaging, it is assumed that the snowpack has two layers. Then, the point location DAE are averaged over the snowcover area. To develop the areally averaged equations of the snowmelt physics, we make the fundamental assumption that snowmelt process is spatially ergodic. The snow temperature and the snow density are considered as the stochastic variables. The areally averaged snowmelt equations are obtained in terms of their corresponding ensemble averages. Only the first two moments are considered. A numerical solution scheme (Runge-Kutta) is then applied to solve the resulting system of ordinary differential equations. This equation system is solved for the areal mean and areal variance of snow temperature and of snow density, for the areal mean of snowmelt, and for the areal covariance of snow temperature and snow density. The developed model is tested using Scott Valley (Siskiyou County, California) snowmelt and meteorological data. The performance of the model in simulating the observed areally averaged snowmelt is satisfactory.
Treatment effects of cognitive processing therapy on cognitive distortions of female child sexual abuse survivors.

Fifty-three female adults with a history of child sexual abuse (CSA) were assessed to determine whether Cognitive Processing Therapy for Sexual Abuse (CPT-SA) affects cognitive distortions. CPT-SA is a 17-week manualized treatment designed to alleviate cognitive distortions as well as symptoms of PTSD and depression. At the initial assessment, 28 subjects were assigned to treatment, while 25 subjects entered a minimal-attention condition. Participants were assessed at pretreatment, posttreatment, 3-month follow-up, and 1-year follow-up. The authors examined the correlation between PTSD severity, subscales of the Personal Beliefs and Reactions Scale (PBRS), and higher-order scales of the World Assumptions Scale (WAS). Most PBRS subscales were significantly correlated with PTSD severity at all assessment periods. Paired samples t tests indicated significant differences between pretreatment and posttreatment severity of distortions on both the PBRS and WAS for participants completing treatment. No significant differences in distortions were found between postassessment, 3-month follow-up, and 1-year follow-up points.
Effects of low temperature upon subsequent nucleic acid and protein synthesis of rabbit embryos.

Abstract Two-cell rabbit embryos, which were maintained without cleavage for 24 h at 10 °C, and then allowed to develop into blastocysts in vivo or in a completely defined medium at 37 °C, incorporated 3H-uridine into RNA and 14C-leucine into protein at rates comparable to blastocysts not previously exposed to 10 °C temperature. Thus, temporary suppression of development did not impair nucleic acid and protein synthesis by embryos developing into blastocysts. Blastocysts which developed in vivo incorporated more 3H-thymidine into DNA, 3H-uridine into RNA and 14C-leucine into protein than did blastocysts which developed in vitro. These differences probably reflect not only differences in blastocyst size and number of cells, but also differences in endogenous precursor pools.
Functional Analysis of the Mouse ICER (Inducible cAMP Early Repressor) Promoter: Evidence for a Protein That Blocks Calcium Responsiveness of the CAREs (cAMP Autoregulatory Elements)

Although Ca2+ and cAMP mediate their effects through distinct pathways, both signals converge upon the phosphorylation of the cAMP response element (CRE) binding protein, CREB, thereby activating transcription of CRE-regulated genes. In WEHI7.2 thymocytes, cAMP increases the expression of the inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) gene through CRE-like elements, known as cAMP autoregulatory elements (CAREs). Because Ca2+- and cAMP-mediated transcription converge in WEHI7.2 thymocytes, we examined the effect of Ca2+ fluxes on the expression of the ICER gene in these cells. Despite the presence of multiple CAREs within its promoter, ICER gene transcription was not activated by Ca2+. Moreover, Ca2+ attenuated the stimulatory effect of cAMP on ICER expression. Transient expression of reporter constructs demonstrated that when these CAREs were placed in a different DNA promoter context, the elements became responsive to Ca2+. Detailed studies using chimeric promoter constructs to map the region responsible for ...
Effects of Metformin Alone or in Combination With Insulin on Bone Mineral Density in Osteopenic Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Patients with diabetes are at risk for osteoporotic fractures. We propose to test the hypothesis that treatment of diabetes mellitus with metformin alone or in combination with insulin affects bone mineral density (BMD) in a positive way possibly via the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed records of veterans at the Memphis Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC) with type 2 diabetes on treatment with metformin alone or in combination with insulin found to have osteopenia by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) between 2002 and 2013. Change in BMD over time was compared with age, race and sex matched controls. Results: Of 1,662 patients with DXA scans, we had two study groups (13 patients on metformin and insulin; 20 on metformin alone). These patients were compared to age, race and sex matched controls not on metformin, insulin or thiazolidinediones ( TZDs). On follow-up (1 - 6 years) of both study groups, there was no statistical difference in average BMD over time compared to controls (P = 0.172 in combination group, P = 0.747 in metformin alone group). However, there was improvement in BMD over time at the right and left femoral neck in the metformin alone group compared to control (left femur P = 0.130; right femur P = 0.017). Conclusions: In this retrospective study, there was a trend towards improvement in BMD in osteopenic patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin. The exact mechanism by which metformin exerts positive effects on bone is yet to be fully elucidated . We propose that metformin may promote bone formation by decreasing sclerostin levels, an inhibitor of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Overall, we surmise that the osteo-anabolic effect of metformin on BMD still needs to be further studied in a larger prospective study. J Endocrinol Metab. 2014;4(4):89-92 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jem234w
TU-C-BRB-03: Monte Carlo Study of a Compact Distributed X-Ray Source Microbeam Radiation Therapy Research Irradiator

Purpose: Microbeam radiation therapy(MRT) is a promising experimental treatment modality produced by large synchrotron facilities. Using carbon‐nanotube (CNT)field emission based x‐ray generation as an enabling technology, we propose a compact MRT small animal irradiator. We report on a Monte Carlo feasibility study of the proposed device.Methods: A prototype 160 kVp CNTMRTdevice was simulated using EGSnrc‐based codes. Dosimetry for 100‐micron thick planar beams at 160 mm SSD was calculated in a 30 mm diameter cylindrical water target. In contrast to single source synchrotron MRT systems, the proposed CNT‐MRT system has multiple linear x‐ray sources were arranged in a ring surrounding the target. The planar dosimetry from the MRT was simulated by using 12–24 equally spaced identical linear x‐ray source segments. Dosimetry for the full MRT array was generated by combining circular planar dose distributions in parallel planes separated by 150–1000 microns. The resulting configurations were analyzed for isocentric dose rate, dose to normal tissue, and peak‐to‐valley ratio. Results: The peak‐to‐valley dose ratio varied from 10 to 100 as the spacing between adjacent parallel microbeams was increased from 150 to 1000 microns. The dose rate at the center of the phantom was calculated to be 700 Gy/A/min per linear source segment. An expected maximum current per source segment of 1 A (due to anode heating) projects a maximum dose rate of 280 Gy/sec at isocenter for a 24‐source segment configuration. The dose rate falls by 80% within 5 mm of the edge of the target area in the center of the phantom, providing significant normal tissue sparing compared with single‐direction MRT techniques. Conclusions:Monte Carlo simulations show that it is feasible for the proposed MRTdevice to produce the dose rate and peak‐to‐valley characteristics needed to conduct MRT research. This work is supported by NCI grant 1U54CA151652
Effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on mouse myeloma cells.

The effect of BrdU on oncogenicity and growth characteristics of mouse myeloma cell lines in vitro has been studied. Oncogenicity was reduced and marked cytotoxicity was observed but globulin synthesis did not appear to be affected by less than lethal concentrations. Production of C-type virus particles was not observed under the conditions used.
Detection of Humoral Response to Streptococcus iniae Infection of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, by a Monoclonal Antibody-Based ELISA

Abstract A monoclonal antibody (Mab) was developed that was specific for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, immunoglobulin (Ig). This Mab was identified as isotype IgG1 and showed no cross-reactivity with other fish species tested by indirect ELISA. Further testing by Western blotting indicated the Mab to be specific for the heavy chain of Nile tilapia Ig. A specific immunoassay was developed to measure immune response to Streptococcus iniae in Nile tilapia utilizing this Mab. There was a high degree of correlation with this assay compared to agglutination assay and ELISA based on polyclonal antibodies developed in goat. The Mab offers the potential for increased accuracy in the detection of vaccine and disease response to S. iniae in this commercially important fish species.
Practical reasoning for serial hyperspecializers

Some species are weedy: they move from one ecological niche to another. Other species are specialized: they are exquisitely adapted to exploit a particular niche. Human beings are the design solution in which a species is simultaneously weedy and specialized – the trick being to manage the exquisite niche-specific adaptations in software rather than in the hardware. We are built to reprogram ourselves on the fly, to select new goals, new priorities and new guidelines appropriate to novel niches. Understanding ourselves as an implementation of this design solution has consequences for the theory of practical reasoning. Instrumentalism (the theory of practical reasoning according to which it consists solely in selecting means to pre-given ends) cannot be a suitable theory of rationality for such a species (that is, our own).
Phosphorylated Retinoblastoma Protein Complexes with pp32 and Inhibits pp32-mediated Apoptosis

The retinoblastoma gene product (Rb) is a tumor suppressor that affects apoptosis paradoxically. Most sporadic cancers inactivate Rb by preferentially targeting the pathway that regulates Rb phosphorylation, resulting in resistance to apoptosis; this contrasts with Rb inactivation by mutation, which is associated with high rates of apoptosis. How phosphorylated Rb protects cells from apoptosis is not well understood, but there is evidence that Rb may sequester a pro-apoptotic nuclear factor. pp32 (ANP32A) is a pro-apoptotic nuclear phosphoprotein, the expression of which is commonly increased in cancer. We report that hyperphosphorylated Rb interacts with pp32 but not with the closely related proteins pp32r1 and pp32r2. We further demonstrate that pp32-Rb interaction inhibits the apoptotic activity of pp32 and stimulates proliferation. These results suggest a mechanism whereby cancer cells gain both a proliferative and survival advantage when Rb is inactivated by hyperphosphorylation.
Plasmodium falciparum: Genome wide perturbations in transcript profiles among mixed stage cultures after chloroquine treatment

A genomic approach was taken to study the effect of chloroquine (CQ) on Plasmodium falciparum cultures in multiple cell states, following short and long exposures to drug at varying concentrations. Six hundred genes from numerous functional groups were responsive to CQ amongst all cell states assayed in a micro-array analysis; however, the amplitude of fold-change was low in the majority of cases. Moreover, alterations in specific, functionally related cascades could not be discerned, leading us to believe there is no single signature response to CQ at the transcript level in P. falciparum. Instead, cell cycle changes appear to have a more pronounced effect on gene expression; only a fraction of the drug responsive loci (∼5%) were shared between two separate starting cultures that varied in staging profile in the current study, as well as a previous published analysis using SAGE technology [Gunasekera, A.M., Patankar, S., Schug, J., Eisen, G.,Wirth, D.F., 2003. Drug-induced alterations in gene expression of the asexual blood forms of Plasmodium falciparum. Molecular Microbiology 50, 1229–1239]. These findings are important to report, given the striking contrast to similar studies in other model eukaryotic organisms.
Elderly women in institutions versus those in public housing: comparison of personal and social adjustments.

An investigation was made of the comparative effects of living in urban public housing or a suburban nursing home upon the personal and social adjustment of elderly women. Structured personal interviews were held with 20 residents in each setting. The Kutner Morale scale and a Socialness scale designed for this study were used. The findings indicated that there existed: 1) a statistically significant difference in the personal and social adjustments between the two populations, with the public-housing elderly achieving higher mean scores; 2) a significant relationship between the personal and social adjustment of individuals within each residential setting; and 3) a strong positive relationship between health and social adjustment in the public-housing population. It was tentatively concluded that the female elderly in public housing showed higher adjustment than did the female elderly in the nursing home. Factors which may have influenced these findings were the nursing home's comparative lack of privacy, independence of action and nearness to friends, relatives and the community. It is recommended that future research in this area be carried out for the aged in all types of residence.