cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 35 is required for ciliogenesis, notochord morphogenesis, and cell-cycle progression during murine development

Protein phosphatases regulate a wide array of proteins through post-translational modification and are required for a plethora of intracellular events in eukaryotes. While some core components of the protein phosphatase complexes are well characterized, many subunits of these large complexes remain unstudied. Here we characterize a loss-of-function allele of the protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 35 (Ppp1r35) gene. Homozygous mouse embryos lacking Ppp1r35 are developmental delayed beginning at embryonic day (E) 7.5 and have obvious morphological defects at later stages. Mutants fail to initiate turning and do not progress beyond the size or staging of normal E8.5 embryos. Consistent with recent in vitro studies linking PPP1R35 with the microcephaly protein Rotatin and with a role in centrosome formation, we show that Ppp1r35 mutant embryos lack primary cilia. Histological and molecular analysis of Ppp1r35 mutants revealed that notochord development is irregular and discontinuous and consistent with a role in primary cilia, that the floor plate of the neural tube is not specified. Similar to other mutant embryos with defects in centriole function, Ppp1r35 mutants displayed increased cell death that is prevalent in the neural tube and an increased number of proliferative cells in prometaphase. We hypothesize that loss of Ppp1r35 function abrogates centriole homeostasis, resulting in a failure to produce functional primary cilia, cell death and cell cycle delay/stalling that leads to developmental failure. Taken together, these results highlight the essential function of Ppp1r35 during early mammalian development and implicate this gene as a candidate for human microcephaly.
There’s More to the Story: Both Individual and Collective Policy Narratives Can Increase Support for Community-Level Action

Narratives can convey the need or community-level action to address social problems. Yet narratives often tell stories about specific individuals rather than the broader collectives these problems affect. Some theorists argue that individualizing collective problems inhibits audiences from recognizing upstream causes and solutions. This study tested how narrative individualization (whether a story focuses on an individual case or a larger collective) might produce trade-offs when mobilizing support for community-level policies to address childhood obesity. We also investigated whether narratives using language congruent with political partisans’ morals (equity or loyalty) might minimize polarized responses to such narratives. A large, Web-based experiment with a national sample of U.S. adults demonstrated that both individual and collective narratives increased policy support relative to a no-message control group. Individual narratives promoted policy support via narrative engagement, tender emotions, and external thoughts about the issue. Against expectations, morally congruent narratives did not outperform morally incongruent ones.
Security, Privacy and Trust for Responsible Innovations and Governance

Cybersecurity, Privacy and Trust issues are of paramount importance in the data-driven smart government and smart society. In this tutorial, we present the traditional information security and technical solutions, the privacy and privacy enhancing technologies (PET), as well as novel data integrity and trust issues that are rapidly emerging in the cyberspace with social media and AI technology advances. The goal of the tutorial is to have the government policy makers be aware of the security, privacy and trust risks and their impacts in the intelligent society, and be able to have multiple options to consider, such as technical, social, and legal/policy solutions and framework to enhance the trust in the cyber and real government.
Psychometric Properties of Parent Ratings on the Inventory of Callous–Unemotional Traits in a Nationally Representative Sample of 5- to 12-Year-Olds:

The psychometric properties of the parent-report version of the Inventory of Callous–Unemotional Traits (ICU) in school-aged children requires further examination. In a nationally representative sa...
The OPTX Project. III. X-ray Versus Optical Spectral Type for Active Galactic Nuclei

We compare the optical spectral types with the X-ray spectral properties for a uniformly selected (sources with fluxes greater than the 3σ level and above a flux limit of f 2-8 keV > 3.5 × 10–15 erg cm–2 s–1), highly spectroscopically complete (>80% for f 2-8 keV > 10–14 erg cm–2 s–1 and >60% below) 2-8 keV X-ray sample observed in three Chandra fields (CLANS, CLASXS, and the CDF-N) that cover ~1.2 deg2. For our sample of 645 spectroscopically observed sources, we confirm that there is significant overlap of the X-ray spectral properties, as determined by the effective photon indices, Γeff, obtained from the ratios of the 0.5-2 keV to 2-8 keV counts, for the different optical spectral types. For example, broad-line active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are expected to be unobscured and hence X-ray soft (Γeff ≥ 1.2), yet we find 20%± 3% have Γeff <1.2. Non-broad-line AGNs are expected to be obscured and hence X-ray hard (Γeff < 1.2), yet we find 33% ± 4% have Γeff ≥ 1.2. Thus, one cannot use the X-ray spectral classifications and the optical spectral classifications equivalently. Since it is not understood how X-ray and optical classifications relate to the obscuration of the central engine, we strongly advise against a mixed classification scheme, as it can only complicate the interpretation of X-ray AGN samples. We confirm the dependence of optical spectral type on X-ray luminosity, and for z < 1, we find a similar luminosity dependence of Γeff. However, this dependence breaks down at higher redshifts due to the highly redshift-dependent nature of Γeff. We therefore also caution that any classification scheme which depends on Γeff is likely to suffer from serious redshift bias.
An Approach to the Management of Selected Personnel and Ethical Problems in Academic Radiation Oncology

Beyond a deep knowledge base in the fields of clinical radiation oncology, research, and medical education, building a successful career in academic radiation oncology requires developing high-level understanding and finesse around the issues of institutional management. Through case studies this chapter provides advice on how to navigate five issues which can occur in a radiation oncology department or any complex organization. These case studies review how to manage a tearful subordinate, a managerial approach to when personal problems intrude on the workplace, sexual misconduct in the workplace, pharmaceutical company and medical equipment manufacturers offering bribes, and crisis communications with the press. The authors hope that these case studies will help the reader to learn to think like a leader.
P68 A Formative Evaluation of a STEAM and Nutrition Education Summer Program for Low-Income Youth

Background Project Science and Technology Reinforced by Innovative Dietary Education (Project stRIde) aims to provide a science, technology, engineering, arts, mathematics (STEAM), and nutrition education curriculum to low-income, racially and ethnically diverse, incoming 5th and 6th-grade youth. A formative evaluation of Project stRIde was conducted from May-July 2020 to gain insights from expert content reviewers and identify revisions before piloting. Objective The objective of this study was to conduct an expert content review of the Project stRIde curriculum to assess the content, cultural sensitivity, feasibility, and curriculum standard adherence to inform revisions to the curriculum. Study Design, Setting, Participants Nine experts spanning the fields of nutrition education, cultural competency, elementary education, summer youth programming, and STEM outreach were recruited to participate in an expert content review survey and virtual interviews. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Experts completed a 63-item questionnaire containing open- and closed-ended questions covering the lessons. Virtual interviews included follow-up questions. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded in NVivo by 2 coders. An inductive approach was used to identify themes. Results Inter-rater reliability for the 2 coders yielded an unweighted kappa value of 0.83. Seven core themes were identified: (1) effectively promoting youth engagement, (2) increased lesson guidance or support needed, (3) activity difficulty for age, (4) time, (5) confidence in teaching lessons, (6) cultural appropriateness, and (7) strengths of curriculum in promoting STEAM education and innovation. Reviewers agreed that the lessons were accurate, incorporated STEAM concepts, and were culturally appropriate for this population. All 9 experts contacted completed the survey and interview. They all agreed that they would be confident in delivering the curriculum themselves. Conclusion An expert content review by a diversified panel as part of a formative evaluation process is an effective way to develop an engaging, age-appropriate curriculum. Funding USDA.
Mechatronic Design of Flexible Manipulators

The construction of lightweight manipulators with a larger speed range is one of the major goals in the design of well-behaved industrial robotic arms. Their use will lead to higher productivity and less energy consumption than is common with heavier, rigid arms. However, due to the flexibility involved with link deformation and the complexity of distributed parameter systems, modeling and control of flexible manipulators still remain a major challenge in robotic research. A compromise between modeling costs and control efficiency for real-time implementation is inevitable. The interdependency of subsystems results in a local optimal performance in the traditional design scheme. An important research topic in flexible manipulator design is the pursuit of better system performance while avoiding model-intensive or control-intensive work. This problem can be solved using the proposed mechatronic design approach. It treats the mechanical, electrical, and control components of a flexible manipulator concurrently. The result is a global optimal design with an explicit link shape and controller parameters that result in the control problem and modeling accuracy no longer being critical for obtaining desired performance, with the coupling effects among subsystems being taken into account automatically. Dynamics of flexible manipulators with shear force and rotary inertia are derived, and state-space equations with the integration of DC motor dynamics are developed as a theoretical basis for mechatronic designs. Case studies based on LQR formulas and H ∞ are considered. The beam shape and controller parameters are obtained using an adaptive iterative algorithm with the accommodation of various geometrical constraints. Also, different output feedback strategies are investigated to evaluate the impacts of various controller structures.
Bursting Whose Bubble? The Racial Nexus Between Social Disaster, Housing Wealth, and Public Policy

While prior research considers race a factor in the mid-2000s housing meltdown, few scholars have extended a structural interpretation to explain the racial nexus between social disaster, housing wealth, and public policy. Utilizing national-level data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, I measure the housing crash’s before-and-after impact on home equity values by completing a series of ordinary least-squares regression models. My aim was to discern what extent racial disparity exists in housing wealth, how this disparity has changed since the housing crash, and what implications these trends have for the institutional maintenance of racial inequality. The evidence I offer confirms that race is an organizing principle for who can claim long-term benefits of homeownership. Having implications for ‘the sedimentation of racial inequality,’ my findings show how institutional restraints build upon one another in overlapping and interacting ways to reproduce racial inequality.
A simplified way for the urgent treatment of somatic pain in patients admitted to the emergency room: the SUPER algorithm

Somatic pain is one of the most frequent symptoms reported by patients presenting to the emergency department (ED), but, in spite of this, it is very often underestimated and under-treated. Moreover, pain-killers prescriptions are usually related to the medical examination, leading to a delay in its administration, thus worsening the patient's quality of life. With our study, we want to define and validate a systematic and homogeneous approach to analgesic drugs administration, testing a new therapeutic algorithm in terms of earliness, safety, and efficacy. 442 consecutive patients who accessed our ED for any kind of somatic pain were enrolled, and then randomly divided into two groups: group A follow the normal process of access to pain-control drugs, and group B follow our SUPER algorithm for early administration of drugs to relieve pain directly from triage. We excluded from the study, patients with abdominal pain referred to the surgeon, patients with headache, recent history of trauma, history of drug allergies, and life-threatening conditions or lack of cooperation. Drugs used in the study were those available in our ED, such as paracetamol, paracetamol/codeine, ketorolac-tromethamine, and tramadol-hydrochloride. Pain level, risk factors, indication, and contraindication of each drug were taken into account in our SUPER algorithm for a rapid and safe administration of it. The Verbal Numeric Scale (VNS) and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) were used to verify the patient's health and perception of it. Only 59 patient from group A (27.1 %) received analgesic therapy (at the time of the medical examination) compared to 181 patients (100 %) of group B (p < 0.001). Group B patients, received analgesic therapy 76 min before group A subjects (p < 0.01), resulting in a significant lower VNS (7.31 ± 1.68 vs 4.75 ± 2.3; p < 0.001), and a superior VAS after discharge (54.43 ± 22.16 vs 61.30 ± 19.13; p < 0.001) compared to group A subjects. No significant differences concerning side effects were observed between group A and group B patients. Early administration of a pain-control therapy directly from triage is safe and effective, and significantly improves patients perceptions of their own health.
Poetry and Philosophy

On hearing the title of this address, some of you who have followed the long scribbling career of your speaker probably mumbled to yourselves in consterna tion, "Oh dear, wasn't this just about where I came in?" For the title may have reininded you of an essay entitled "Literature And Knowledge" published in The Sewanee Review, oh, ages ago, that you tried to understand and finally gave up in defeat. This old essay is one of the most profound treatments of the subject that has ever been written, since it approaches almost complete unintelligibility?even for the writer, today. I am entitled to say in exculpation for treating the subject again tonight that it was chosen for me by the man through whose invitation you honored me to address you, your president, Professor Pres cott Johnson. I accepted the invitation, the subject and the title, not only because of the honor involved but also because I surrendered to the hope that after brooding on the problem for years I might be able to convey my thoughts on it in a more superficial way, that is to say, in an intelligible manner. Paradoxical as it may seem, the least egocentric way of presenting these thoughts is to put them as an autobiographical story, while reminding you that a purely autobiographical statement, a purely idiotic one, in the primitive sense of the term, cannot be true unless it is also accepted objectively. It is then as a candidate for citizenship in The Republic of Knowledge, and not as a non participating citizen, that I venture to offer you, offer some of you again, the fruits of a lifetime of dallying with "poetry" while being sacramentally married to Philosophy until my Mexican divorce of a few years ago. Let me begin my story with the remark that I think of myself as a post Carnapian, by which I mean that I use the term "knowledge" in a narrow sense to refer to a body of interrelated propositions of which it can be asked what is
Making the Case For What Matters: The Future of the English Department

Almost a year ago, I was standing in the hallway outside the office of Congressman Glenn Thompson, representative for the Fifth Congressional District of Pennsylvania (the one that includes Penn State). I’d never been in the Cannon Building — I’d never been in any legislative building of any kind — and I had an odd sense of gratitude. I felt grateful that I could walk into that building as an informed, concerned citizen, and make an argument for — advocate for — something I know is important. I was there as part of Humanities Advocacy Day, an annual event devoted to lobbying members of Congress for increased (or at least maintained) support for the humanities: the National Endowment for the Humanities, local humanities councils, and fellowship programs such as the Fulbright. The National Humanities Alliance gathers representatives from organizations devoted to the humanities, from universities, museums and libraries, for its yearly meeting. It offers panels and roundtables on current issues and research in the humanities, and then trains participants to lobby using portfolios of data, up-to-the-minute status of legislation before Congress, and budget priorities. I traveled to this meeting as an individual, a faculty member, and as chair of the English department at a small-to-mid-sized regional comprehensive metropolitan university that tries to integrate the liberal arts with work in professional fields like nursing. I did so because I believe the future of the English department rests in the hands of those willing to advocate for its work and values, those ready to make the argument for its necessity, those equipped to be vocal both on campus and beyond.
eCommerce Economics, Second Edition

This second edition of eCommerce Economics addresses the economic issues associated with using computer-mediated electronic networks, such as the Internet, as mechanisms for transferring ownership of or rights to use goods and services. After studying this book, students will recognize problems that arise in the electronic marketplace, such as how to gauge the competitive environment, what products to offer, how to market those products, and how to price those products. They also will understand the conceptual tools required to evaluate the proper scope of public policies relating to electronic commerce. Core topics covered in the book include the underpinning of electronic commerce and the application of basic economic principles, including the theories of perfect and imperfect competition, to the electronic marketplace. Building on this foundation, the book discusses virtual products, network industries, and business strategies and conduct. Additional key topics include Internet advertising, intellectual property rights in a digital environment, regulatory issues in electronic markets, public sector issues, online banking and finance, digital cash, international electronic trade, and the implications of e-commerce for aggregate economic activity.
Frames and games in the science museum: a lens for understanding visitor behavior

Collins and Ferguson (1993) introduced the idea of epistemic games and forms to interpret repeatable patterns of expert behavior in the sciences. This framework has been extended by educational researchers to understand student activity in science classrooms (Tuminaro and Redish, 2005), in computer games (Shaffer, 2005) and informal science education (Shaffer, 2004). This work suggests productive ways that epistemic forms may be exploited in exhibit design in science museums to encourage stronger scientific conversations. However, much of the conversation at a science museum exhibit is not related to an epistemic frame---despite the intentions of exhibit designers. What other frames do parents and children use at science exhibits? Under what conditions do they enter an epistemic frame, and what are the epistemic forms suggested by exhibits? Using video, transcripts and observations of visitors at a science museum, I interpret family conversations in terms of different epistemic frames and contrast epistemic frames from other forms of interaction.
Brain development and cognitive, psychosocial, and psychiatric functioning in classical 21-hydroxylase deficiency.

The disturbance of the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis characteristic of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21- hydroxylase deficiency (21- OHD) is likely to affect brain development, yet neuroanatomic work is only beginning. Fetal hyperandrogenemia in 46, XX 21- OHD leads to masculinized brain organization and, consequently, at later stages of development, to masculinized gender-related behavior and cognitive function, including, although relatively uncommonly, gender identity. Genital masculinization as well as its surgical treatment has implications for social stigmatization and sexual functioning. CAH-associated electrolyte crises in infancy and later may result in severe cognitive impairment. Psychiatric disorders are somewhat increased, especially in patients with severe degrees of CAH.
Reply to My Father: Confessions of a Feminist Critic

LET ME BEGIN by assigning what follows to a genre that I will call "con fessional criticism." It seems time that this genre were formally acknowl edged and named since its practice appears to be a growing trend in femi nist literary circles. Open any recent work of criticism by a woman and you are likely to find, either as part of the introductory matter or scattered throughout the theoretical argument, "confessions" on the part of the author to having been a girl once: to having dressed Barbie dolls or baked cookies with grandma. Almost twenty years ago, a Yale undergraduate named Joyce Maynard made a brief reputation writing social criticism that drew upon her female coming of age in the '60s. Her first piece appeared as a cover story in The New York Times Magazine. My friends and I were contemptuous of that piece, of what we referred to as "that girl's wallowing, confessional style." She made all of us look bad, we thought. But I see now that our scorn was less for what Joyce Maynard wrote than for how it was framed. The critical scaffolding that supported her observations was too weak and she lacked the proper "serious" credentials. But the genre of confessional criticism has been perfected since the appearance of Joyce Maynard's cover story. It has gone on to be practiced by the most theoretically advanced academic feminists (finding special favor among literary theorists). Thus Helena Michie, a feminist scholar and author of The Flesh Made Word (a study of the physical representation of women in Victorian novels, published by Oxford University Press and employing the methodology of deconstruction and Lacanian psychoanaly sis), begins her book by explaining that it had its source "on a beach on Long Island, New York, where, stretched out on a lawn chair carefully watching my stomach for signs of sunburn, I first readMiddlemarch."Xong Island, beach, lawn chair, stomach, sunburn: these are the signifiers of a life "behind" criticism that Michie calculatedly constructs and allows us to glimpse. The portrait of a vain little girl has been properly framed by (and grown into) the serious adult critic. A more sustained case of confessional criticism, and the most amusing I know, is Rachel Brownstein's Becoming
Anisotropic diffusion processes in early vision

Summary form only given. Images often contain information at a number of different scales of resolution, so that the definition and generation of a good scale space is a key step in early vision. A scale space in which object boundaries are respected and smoothing only takes place within these boundaries has been defined that avoids the inaccuracies introduced by the usual method of low-pass-filtering the image with Gaussian kernels. The new scale space is generated by solving a nonlinear diffusion differential equation forward in time (the scale parameter). The original image is used as the initial condition, and the conduction coefficient c(x, y, t) varies in space and scale as a function of the gradient of the variable of interest (e.g. the image brightness). The algorithms are based on comparing the local values of different diffusion processes running in parallel on the same image. >
Effects of long-term infection with bovine immunodeficiency virus and/or bovine leukemia virus on antibody and lymphocyte proliferative responses in cattle

Abstract Immune responses were examined in cattle between 3–5 years after experimental inoculation with bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIG) and/or bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Lymphocyte proliferative responses to Con A or to allogeneic lymphocytes with foreign major histocompatibility complex molecules (allo MHC) were determined by 3 H -thymidine incorporation assays. Antigen-specific antibody and lymphocyte proliferative responses were measured following vaccination with tetanus toxoid (TT) and bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1). Lymphocytes from BIV-infected cattle had significantly (p 3 H -thymidine in vitro. When differences in counts per minute were analyzed, lymphocytes from BLV-infected cattle had slightly increased proliferative responses to Con A, but no consistent alternations in responsiveness to allo-MHC, TT, or BHV-1. The observed increase in antibody responses to non-BLV antigens suggests that at least in clinically asymptomatic cattle, BLV infection may cause a non-specific B cell activation.
Liposomes as a delivery system for membrane-active antitumor drugs

Abstract Liposome delivery technology was used to permit the utilization of valinomycin as a novel, membrane-active antitumor drug. The incorporation of valinomycin in liposomes profoundly reduces the toxicity of the drug to mice. Liposomal valinomycin, however, retains significant antitumor activity. Thus the use of liposomes permits an improvement in the therapeutic index of valinomycin when used as an individual antitumor drug. Perhaps of even greater interest, it was shown that valinomycin can have profound effects on the phenomenon of membrane-based drug resistance. Thus very low doses of valinomycin, in either free or liposomal form, reverse doxorubicin resistance. The mechanism involved is unclear at this time, but seems to be different from effects mediated by calcium channel blockers which work by hindering the action of the P-glycoprotein efflux pump. Since liposomal valinomycin is relatively nontoxic one may be able to modulate doxorubicin resistance of tumors in vivo, thus permitting more effective therapy with minimal toxicity to the host.
Ethanol and murine Interleukin (IL)-12 production

Background: Interleukin (IL)-12 is a cytokine with protean effects against bacterial and intracellular pathogens. Induction of IL-12 at the time of infection has salient effects on elimination of various microbes. This work describes the effect of exposure to ethanol on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of IL-12 in mice and whether ethanol-induced increases in IL-10 mediates these changes in IL-12 production. Methods: BALB/c mice were pretreated with ethanol and then challenged with LPS either intravenously (iv) or intratracheally (it), and blood and lung production of IL-12 (p70 and p40 components) and serum IL-10 were assayed. Splenic and lung mRNA for IL-12 p35 and p40 components was determined. Results: Ethanol pretreatment suppressed LPS-induced IL-12 p70 and p40 protein production in blood and lung. In spleen and lung, p40 mRNA was induced to a greater extent than p35 mRNA, and there was greater suppression of p40 mRNA compared with p35 mRNA in ethanol-treated animals. Ethanol up-regulated the production of IL-10, and pretreatment of these animals with a polyclonal anti-IL-10 antibody resulted in significant increases in IL-12 p70 and p40 levels, but not completely to those of control animals. Conclusions: Ethanol suppresses the production of murine IL-12 in response to LPS in blood and lung, with both the p70 and the p40 components affected. This suppression is accompanied by reductions of p40 mRNA in both spleen and lung. IL-10 may play a role in ethanol-induced suppression of IL-12, as neutralization of IL-10 partially attenuated the suppression of IL-12.
Arrhythmogenic Effects of β2-Adrenergic Stimulation in the Failing Heart Are Attributable to Enhanced Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca Load

Ventricular tachycardia in heart failure (HF) can initiate by nonreentrant mechanisms such as delayed afterdepolarizations. In an arrhythmogenic rabbit model of HF, we have shown that isoproterenol induces ventricular tachycardia in vivo and aftercontractions and transient inward currents in HF myocytes. To determine whether β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) stimulation contributes, we performed in vivo drug infusion, in vitro myocyte and biochemical studies. Intravenous zinterol (2.5 μg/kg) led to ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular tachycardia up to 13 beats long in 4 of 6 HF rabbits (versus 0 of 5 controls, P<0.01), an effect blocked by β2-AR antagonist ICI-118,551 (0.2 mg/kg). In field-stimulated myocytes (0.5 to 4 Hz, 37°C), β2-AR stimulation (1 μmol/L zinterol+300 nmol/L β1-AR antagonist CGP-29712A) induced aftercontractions and Ca aftertransients in 88% of HF versus 0% of control myocytes (P<0.01). β2-AR stimulation in HF (but not control) myocytes increased Ca transient amplitude (by 29%),...
The Effects of Nonpulsatile Blood Flow on Canine Lungs

nder normal conditions in vivo blood flows in a pulsatile manner. That this is not an essential feature of the circulation U is shown by the regular successful practice of extracorporeal circulation using roller pumps, which give an essentially nonpulsatile flow, and by the palliation of cyanotic disorders by means of superior vena cava-right pulmonary artery anastomosis (Glenn operation). Nevertheless, it has been recently reported that pulsatile perfusion is in fact preferable to nonpulsatile perfusion for the performance of extracorporeal bypass [3, 14, 151, especially during lengthy procedures and when low flow rates are used [15]. Furthermore, experimental work has demonstrated that pulsatile flow has an important role in the maintenance of normal vasomotor tone [5] and gives improved function of the isolated kidney [lo] and liver [19] when compared with nonpulsatile flow. Lee and DuBois [12] elegantly demonstrated that the pulmonary capillary bed has a pulsatile blood flow under normal conditions, but whether this is an essential or incidental feature is not clear. This study examines the changes in oxygen uptake, pulmonary vascular resistance, and microscopic appearance of canine lungs subjected to nonpulsatile perfusion in both acute and chronic preparations.
Bone Harvest from the Posterior Ilium

Bone harvesting from the posterior ilium is indicated when autogenous corticocancellous blocks or cancellous cellular marrow grafts of 50 mL or more of uncompressed bone volume are required at the recipient site. This harvest approach is used commonly in the reconstruction of mandibular continuity defects of 5 cm or larger, hemimaxillectomy reconstructions, larger vertical and horizontal ridge augmentations, and the soft tissue matrix expansion graft (tent pole procedure) for severely resorbed mandibles. The choice of the posterior ilium for larger reconstructive needs is based on the fact that this anatomic area has the greatest reservoir of bone and a forgiving anatomy in which major blood vessels and nerves are at a distance from the harvest site. Studies have shown that whereas the tibial plateau yields a maximum of 40 mL of uncompressed bone graft volume and the anterior ilium yields 50 mL, the posterior ilium yields up to 120 mL. As a comparison, a surgeon can harvest 2.25 to 2.5 times the amount of bone from the posterior ilium as can be harvested from the anterior ilium, because the cancellous bone in the anterior ilium is limited to the 2 cm of the crest, whereas the cancellous bone in the posterior ilium continues for its full length to the sciatic notch. This is illustrated best by comparing cross-sections at each site. In the anterior region, the medial and lateral cortices converge 2 cm inferior to the crest to limit the cancellous bone volume, whereas in the posterior region the medial and lateral cortices are parallel and are separated by 1.5 to 2 cm of cancellous bone throughout (Fig. 1). Anatomic considerations The ilium articulates with the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint posteriorly and fuses to the pubic bone at its anterior and inferior end to form the acetabulum, to which the femur articulates. The area for bone harvesting is the area of greatest width, which is beneath the insertion of the gluteus maximus muscle. This triangular tubercle of bone measures approximately 3 cm anterior posterior and 4 cm superior inferior. The triangular shape of this tubercle forms a ridge that extends inferiorly 10 to 12 cm to form the sciatic notch. Just medial to this tubercle is the sacroiliac joint, and the ilium itself ends 2 to 2.5 cm posterior to this ridge (Fig. 2). The lateral surface anterior and inferior to this tubercle forms a large concave surface to which the gluteus medius muscle attaches superiorly and the gluteus minimus muscle attaches anteriorly (Fig. 3). Only the posterior one tenth of the gluteus medius muscle is reflected in the surgical approach to the posterior ilium, and the gluteus minimus is not involved. The fascia of the gluteal muscles extends over the crest of the posterior ilium and becomes confluent with the thoracodorsal fascia (some anatomy texts may call this the lumbodorsal fascia), which is the extension and the caudal insertion of the latissimus dorsi muscle.
Angiotensin II drives the production of tumor-promoting macrophages

Summary Macrophages frequently infiltrate tumors and can enhance cancer growth, yet the origins of the macrophage response are not well understood. Here we address molecular mechanisms of macrophage production in a conditional mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma. We report that overproduction of the peptide hormone Angiotensin II (AngII) in tumor-bearing mice amplifies self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and macrophage progenitors. The process occurred in the spleen but not the bone marrow, and was independent of hemodynamic changes. The effects of AngII required direct hormone ligation on HSCs, depended on S1P 1 signaling, and allowed the extramedullary tissue to supply new tumor-associated macrophages throughout cancer progression. Conversely, blocking AngII production prevented cancer-induced HSC and macrophage progenitor amplification and thus restrained the macrophage response at its source. These findings indicate that AngII acts upstream of a potent macrophage amplification program and that tumors can remotely exploit the hormone's pathway to stimulate cancer-promoting immunity.
The retina as a biochemical model of central nervous system regeneration

The visual system of primitive vertebrates has long served as a useful model for the resynthesis of damaged neurons. The prior optic nerve crush imparts a marked tendency on the part of cultured retinal explants to extend neurites. Neurites grown in culture from retinal ganglion cells of the explant have been characterized by lectin-binding and immunohistochemical techniques. Biochemical studies on the retina following optic nerve crush reveal altered RNA and protein metabolism. Results indicate that tubulin mRNA is activated and that new tubulin synthesis is enhanced following the crush. An early and dramatic increase in the rate of nucleotide phosphokinase activity is also seen. The retinal tissue culture data, together with in vivo studies in normal and newly regrown nerve give additional insight into the nature of the regenerative process.
Electron-Bombardment Thrusters Using Liquid-Mercury Cathodes

Electron bombardment thrustors using liquid mercury cathodes, noting lifetime, propellant and power efficiency, feed system, temperature limits, etc
Hydrogen in Ultralow Temperature SiO 2 for Nanocrystalline Silicon Thin Film Transistors

Nanocrystalline silicon is a candidate material for fabricating thin film transistors with high carrier mobilities on plastic substrates. A major issue in the processing of nanocrystalline silicon thin film transistors (nc-Si:H TFTs) at ultralow temperatures is the quality of the SiO2 gate dielectric. SiO2 deposited at less than 250°C by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (rf-PECVD), and not annealed at high temperature after deposition, exhibits high leakage current and voltage shifts when incorporated into TFT’s. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) measurements show that the hydrogen concentration (Nh) in PECVD oxide deposited at 150°C on crystalline silicon (x-Si) is ~ 0.8 at. %. This is much higher than in thermal oxides on x-Si, which display concentrations of less than 0.003 at. %. The leakage current density for thermal oxides on x-Si at a bias of 10 V is ~9×10−6 A/cm2 whereas for 200°C PECVD oxides on nc-Si:H the current is ~1×10−4 A/cm2. As the temperature of the SiO2 deposition is reduced to 150°C the current density rises by up to two orders of magnitude more. The H which is suspected to cause the leakage current across the PECVD oxide originates from the nc-Si:H substrate and the SiH4 source gas. We analyzed the 300-nm gate oxide in capacitor structures of Al / SiO2 / n+ nc-Si:H / Cr / glass, Al / SiO2 / n+ nc-Si:H / x-Si, and Al / SiO2 / x-Si. Vacuum annealing the nc-Si:H prior to PECVD of the oxide drives H out of the nc-Si:H film and reduces the amount of H incorporated into the oxide that is deposited on top. SiO2 film deposition from SiH4 and N2O at high He dilution has a still greater effect on lowering Nh. The leakage current at a 10 V bias dropped from ~1×10−4 A/cm2 to about ~2×10−6 A/cm2 using He dilution at 250°C, and the vacuum anneal of the nc-Si:H lowered it by an additional factor of two. Thus we observe that both the nc-Si:H anneal and the SiO2 deposition at high He dilution lessen the gate leakage current.
Absorption of sulfur dioxide by growing and evaporating water droplets

Abstract The absorption of SO 2 gas by a single stationary water droplet while it undergoes growth by condesation or evaporation is examined. The unsteady-state diffusion of water vapor and SO 2 in the gas phase and aqueous sulfur compounds in the droplet phase as well as the thermal effects of vapor condensation and evaporation are rigorously treated. The resulting mathematical model is solved by numerical methods for various conditions. Droplet is predicted to enhance gas absorption at short times and to lead to significant supersaturation of the droplet with dissolved species at long times. Droplet growth results rates of gas absorption at short times and consistently lower droplet phase dissolved species concentration.
Polytope-like order in random network models of amorphous semiconductors☆

Abstract We analyze 6-member ring geometries in 4 random network models of amorphous semiconductors. One (the Connell-Temkin model) has a bias towards polytope-like twisted rings.
Solubility of nonpolar and slightly polar organic compounds in low-density polyethylene by inverse gas chromatography with open tubular column

Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) with open tubular column was used to determine low pressure solubilities of 13 organic solutes in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) for temperatures from 50 to 175°C. Based on the principle of corresponding states, two simple correlation equations were developed for estimation of the solubility of nonpolar and slightly polar solutes in rubbery and molten LDPE.
Encomienda Politics In Early Colonial Guatemala, 1524-1544: Dividing The Spoils

Introduction - the Encomienda in early colonial Spanish America the entry of the Spaniards into Guatemala, 1524-1526 origins of the Encomienda in Guatemala - the first Repartimiento, 1524-1526 the government of Jorge de Alvarado, 1527-1529 the government of Franciso de Orduna, 1529-1530 abuse of power - the return of governor Alvarado, 1530-1539 interregnum - the interim governors, 1539-1542 the transition to royal government, 1542-1544 a case history - the early operations of the Encomienda of Huehuetenango conclusions.
Evaluation of cytochrome P4502C9 metabolic activity with tolbutamide in CYP2C9*1 heterozygotes

Objectives Multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene encoding cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 have been identified, but the functional significance of the various putative defective genotypes in humans merits further study. Methods Using tolbutamide as a probe of CYP2C9 activity, we evaluated CYP2C9 phenotype in 15 healthy individuals expressing the CYP2C9*1/*1, *1/*2, and *1/*3 genotypes (n = 5 per group). CYP2C9 genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. Subjects received 500 mg of tolbutamide, with plasma and urine collected over a 24-hour period. Plasma tolbutamide and urinary tolbutamide, 4′-hydroxytolbutamide, and carboxytolbutamide concentrations were determined by an HPLC method. Results Tolbutamide area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity [AUC(0-∞)] significantly increased by 1.5-fold and 1.9-fold, respectively, in subjects expressing the CYP2C9*1/*2 and *1/*3 genotypes compared with *1/*1 subjects. Statistically significant reductions in tolbutamide oral clearance (29% and 48%) and formation clearance (38% and 56%) were detected in the *1/*2 and *1/*3 individuals, respectively, compared with *1/*1 subjects. The increases in AUC(0-∞) and decreases in oral clearance observed in the *1/*3 individuals were also significantly greater than those expressing the *1/*2 genotype (P < .05). The amount of urinary 4′-hydroxytolbutamide and carboxytolbutamide excreted in the 0- to 12-hour and 6- to 12-hour collection intervals was significantly less in *1/*2 and *1/*3 individuals compared with *1/*1 subjects. With tolbutamide used as a CYP2C9 probe, CYP2C9 genotype was the major determinant of CYP2C9 phenotype (r2 = 0.77) Conclusions CYP2C9 activity was significantly reduced in *1 heterozygotes compared with *1 homozygotes, and metabolism was more severely impaired in *1/*3 individuals compared with those expressing *1/*2. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 72, 562–571; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.127913
Analysis and query of person-vehicle interactions in homography domain

This paper presents an efficient and robust paradigm for analysis and query of moving-object interactions in planar homography domain.People and vehicle activities/interactions are analyzed for situational awareness by using a multi-perspective approach.Planar homography constraints are exploited to extract view-invariant object features including footage area and velocity of objects on the ground plane. Spatio-temporal relationships between person-and vehicle-tracks are represented by a semantic event grammar. Semantic-level information of the situation is achieved with the anticipation of possible directions of near-future tracks using piecewise velocity history. An efficient query paradigm is proposed by histogram-based approximation of probability density functions of objects and by quad-tree indexing. Experimental data show promising results.Our framework can be applied to applications for enhanced situational awareness such as disaster prevention,human interactions in structured environments,and crowd movement analysis in wide-view areas.
Reliability, efficiency, and cost comparisons of MW-scale photovoltaic inverters

This paper surveys the-state-of-the-art of high power photovoltaic (PV) inverters, and a novel quasi-Z source cascaded multilevel inverter (CMI) is proposed for application to MW-scale PV system. The proposed quasi-Z source CMI has a constant dc-link voltage and minimum KVA rating, compared to a traditional CMI with an unbalanced dc-link voltage and oversized KVA rating. Four MW-scale PV inverter topologies, including two 2-level inverters with and without transformer, traditional CMI, and quasi-Z source CMI, are compared in their reliability, power loss, and cost, by using an example of 1MW/4160V PV inverter. The quantified comparison shows that the traditional and quasi-Z source CMIs achieve better performance metrics in MW-scale PV inverter applications, than the 2-level inverters. Moreover, the quasi-Z source CMI is preponderant, when compared to traditional CMI, in its higher efficiency, lower cost, and one-third power modules saving. It is concluded that multilevel and modular topologies could become main structures for utility-scale PV inverters.
Studies Of Radiation Growth And Emission Spectrum Of A Millimeter-Wave Free-Electron Laser Operating In The Collective Regime

Frequency -resolved measurements of emission from a superradiant millimeter -wave free -electronlaser using an intense relativistic electron beam have demonstrated high power, good efficiency, highgain, and broad gain bandwidth, and broad tunability, all in good agreement with theoretical predictionsfor operation in the collective regime.I. INTRODUCTIONThe collective- interaction free -electron laser (FEL), using anintense relativistic electron beam of moderate voltage (1 -2 MeV)and low velocity spread (iss /sz < -0.1 %), has the potential ofproviding a high power, high gain, moderate intrinsic efficiencysource of continuously tunable coherent radiation in the millimeter
Effects of formaldehyde-enriched mists on Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco and Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm.

Abstract The atmosphere in some areas is polluted with formaldehyde (HCHO); however, little is known about effects of HCHO on plants at concentrations resembling those in polluted areas. The effects of simulated fogwater enriched with HCHO on seedlings of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco (Douglas fir) and pendants of Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. were assessed. Plants were treated with HCHO-enriched fog (target concentrations of 100, 500, and 1000 μ m ) during five 4-night mist sessions. Growth and nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction rate) for lichens and growth and timing of bud-break for Douglas fir were monitored. Nitrogenase activity was lowest in lichens treated at the highest HCHO concentration after all but the first mist session, and it declined significantly with increasing HCHO concentration after the final mist session ( R 2 = 0.60, p = 0.02 ). However, differences in nitrogenase activity among treatments were generally not statistically significant (most p values from ANOVAs were ≥ 0.20). Formaldehyde did not affect growth of the lichens. Budbreak of Douglas firs was slightly delayed and height growth was slightly depressed with increasing HCHO concentration, although effects were not statistically significant.
The Effect of Desalivation on Coronal and Root Surface Caries in Rats

Although the presence of coronal caries is declining in much of the Western Hemisphere, the prevalence of root surface caries is likely to increase as teeth are retained longer than heretofore. At the same time, an increasing number of the population suffer from dry mouth as a result of taking prescription drugs, with an apparent concomitant increased susceptibility to root surface caries. This study attempted to develop an animal model which would aid in the exploration of the effects of desalivation and the development of root surface caries. Animals were desalivated, infected with Actinomyces viscosus and Streptococcus mutans (sobrinus) 6715, and fed a cariogenic diet. Coronal caries developed rapidly in the animals; sufficient disease was present after two weeks to permit evaluation of potential therapeutic agents. Alveolar bone loss and root surface lesions developed in three to four weeks. S. mutans (sobrinus) and A. viscosus established readily in all animals; however, as the investigation progress...