cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The schooling of autistic children: preliminary findings.

Without special help, autistic children are unable to pattern experience beyond primitive organizational levels. A model is presented whereby structured language training represents the educational core in teaching small groups of young autistic children. Language acquisition in a clinical classroom facilitated public school entry for a significant number of previous noncommunicators.
Novel therapeutic approaches beyond the serotonin receptor

The influence of serotonin (5-HT) on neuronal function is mediated by regulation of receptor-coupled intracellular signal transduction pathways, and the therapeutic action of 5-HT selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), as well as other types of antidepressants, most likely involves regulation of these intracellular pathways. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) second messenger system is one pathway that could be involved in antidepressant action. Chronic administration of antidepressants, including SSRIs, up-regulates the cAMP pathway at several levels, including increased expression of the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). Among the multiple target genes that could be regulated by CREB and that could be involved in antidepressant actions and the pathophysiology of depression is brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Stress decreases the expression of BDNF, and reduced levels of this neurotrophic factor could contribute to the atrophy and decreased function of stress-vulnerable hippocampal neurons. In contrast, antidepressant treatment increases the expression of BDNF in hippocampus, and could thereby reverse the stress-induced atrophy of neurons or protect these neurons from further damage. Up-regulation of the cAMP and BDNF systems has resulted in a novel model for the mechanism of action of antidepressants and new targets for the development of therapeutic agents.
Modeling the non-grey-body thermal emission from the full moon

The present series of thermophysical computer models for solid-surfaced planetary bodies whose surface roughness is modeled as paraboloidal craters of specified depth/diameter ratio attempts to characterize the nongrey-body brightness temperature spectra of the moon and of the Galilean satellites. This modeling, in which nondiffuse radiation properties and surface roughness are included for rigorous analysis of scattered and reemitted radiation within a crater, explains to first order the behavior of both limb-scans and disk-integrated IR brightness temperature spectra for the full moon. Only negative surface relief can explain lunar thermal emissions' deviation from smooth Lambert-surface expectations.
Co-localization of neurophysin- and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in cat pituitary

Enkephalin and neurophysin immunoreactivity have been co-localized in terminals of frozen-dried cat posterior pituitary, using two methods of immunocytochemistry--the protein A-gold procedure and the PAP method. Absorption controls show reduced staining in all cases. Intermediate lobe cells are negative using the enkephalin and neurophysin antisera, but with alpha-MSH antiserum, posterior lobe terminals are negative and intermediate lobe cells are positive. The data are compatible with the hypothesis that inhibition of release of oxytocin and vasopressin by the pituitary opioid system is accomplished by an autoregulatory mechanism in which the release of enkephalin with oxytocin or vasopressin serves to inhibit release of the neurohormones.
A new plotting program for Windows-based TEQC users

In a 1999 issue of GPS Solutions (Vol. 3, No. 1) Estey and Meertens describe a multi-purpose software toolkit for GPS and GLONASS data called TEQC (pronounced "tek"). The program's name reflects its three main functions: translating, editing, and quality checking. TEQC can be used on many different computer platforms, including Windows-based personal computers. This amazingly capable program can be used for converting native binary files from a wide variety of GPS receivers into the standard Receiver Independent Exchange Format (RINEX). It can also be used for editing and quality-controlling existing RINEX files. And it can be used for generating plot files of several different quantities normally associated with satellite observations. This article describes a new C/C++ program which gives Windows-based TEQC users increased flexibility for viewing and printing TEQC plot files. The user can now specify a start and stop time for each plot, a subset of satellites to be plotted, labels for the x- and y-axes, and a title to appear at the top of each plot. The new software converts the original "Compact Format" plot files output by TEQC into PostScript files, which can then be viewed or printed. An additional benefit of PostScript files is that they can be used to provide high-quality, high-resolution graphics for document publishing.
2 δn structure of Pb-PbO-Pb tunnel junctions

Abstract It is reported that the current through evaporated PbPbOPb superconducting tunneling junctions shows bumps centred at voltages which are submultiples of the Pb energy gap.
Far-infrared Filters Utilizing Small Particle Scattering and Antireflection Coatings

High transmission, low pass scatter filters for blocking at wavelengths from 3.5 microm to 50 microm and singlelayer antireflection coatings for optical materials used in the 25-microm-300microm region of the spectrum are described. The application of both techniques to liquid-He-cooled filters permits the construction of efficient low pass and medium-width band pass filters for use throughout the far infrared.
A Secretory-type Protein, Containing a Pentraxin Domain, Interacts with an A-type K Channel*

A-type K+ channels belonging to the Shal subfamily are found in various receptor and neuronal cells. Although their kinetics and cell surface expression are regulated by auxiliary subunits, little is known about the proteins that may interact with Kv4 during development. A yeast two-hybrid screening of a cDNA library made from the sensory epithelium of embryonic chick cochlea revealed a novel association of Kv4.2 with a protein containing a pentraxin domain (PPTX). Sequence analysis shows that PPTX is a member of the long pentraxin family, is 53% identical to mouse PTX3, and has a signal peptide at the N terminus. Studies with chick cochlear tissues reveal that Kv4.2 coprecipitates PPTX and that both proteins are colocalized to the sensory and ganglion cells. A yeast two-hybrid assay demonstrated that the last 22 amino acids of the PPTX C terminus interact with the N terminus of Kv4.2. Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with recombinant PPTX reveal secretory products in both non-truncated and truncated forms. Among the secreted variants are several blocked by Brefeldin A, suggesting export via a classical pathway. PPTX is soluble in the presence of sodium carbonate, suggesting localization to the cytosolic side of the plasmalemma. Immunohistochemical studies show that Kv4.2 and PPTX colocalize in the region of the plasmalemma of Chinese hamster ovary cells; however, both are locked in the endoplasmic reticulum of COS-7 cells, suggesting that PPTX does not act as a shuttle protein. Reverse transcription-PCR demonstrates that PPTX mRNA is found in tissues that include brain, eye, heart, and blood vessels.
Continued synthesis of non-histone chromosomal proteins during mitosis

Abstract The synthesis of non-histone chromosomal proteins in synchronized HeLa S3 cells was studied in 3 phases of the cell cycle: S, G2 and mitosis. A 70–90% decrease in the rate of synthesis of total cellular protein and of chromatin-associated protein fractions extractable with low salt concentrations or with dilute acid was observed in cells in mitosis. On the contrary, the residual non-histone chromosomal proteins were synthesized during mitosis at a rate which did not differ significantly from that of S and G2 phases. Thus, at variance with the other cellular proteins, acidic chromosomal proteins are synthesized at an undiminished rate even during mitosis, when there is complete cessation of RNA synthesis.
Sex Differences in the Relationship of Cognitive Style and Intellectual Functioning in Disadvantaged Preschool Children

Summary The results of this study indicate that there are sex differences in the patterns of correlations among cognitive style measures and intellectual functioning in the absence of sex differences in performance on individual measures. That is, accuracy measures of reflection-impulsivity and field dependence-independence are positively related to intelligence for girls, but not for boys, suggesting that at the preschool level, at least, these cognitive style dimensions are not functionally equivalent for both sexes. Extrapolation from previous research suggests, however, that the dimensions may become functionally equivalent at later ages. Future research is needed which explores these relationships developmentally. In any case, the conclusion is warranted that in studies of cognitive styles, sex differences must be examined from a functional, as will as a descriptive, point of view.
The emperor has no clothes: examining the impossible relationship between gendered and academic identities in middle school students

Despite the social equity work that still needs to be done in schools and society, many researchers, politicians, and social commentators claim that gender equity work in schools has been accomplished. These people assume that actions in school lead to gender equity outside it. But, there may be two problems with this assumption: 1) achieving equity in academic work may mask still‐inequitable gender work in schools and 2) girls’ and boys’ equal academic achievement does not promise social equality, inside or outside schools. The following study offers evidence from a recent middle school study that reveals how children’s gender identities are naturalized as neutral “student” identities, making the effects of children’s gender identity work invisible. This author argues that schooling at best maintains the inequity of the American gender status quo, and perhaps may work to actually lessen chances for women and men’s equitable life opportunities.
Surgical palliation of unresectable carcinoma of the pancreas.

The results of palliative surgery for pancreatic carcinoma were reviewed in over 10,000 patients from the English-language literature from 1965 to 1983. This collected series suggests that biliary-enteric bypass relieves the sequelae of chronic extrahepatic biliary obstruction, prolongs survival, and provides symptomatic palliation. The more easily constructed loop cholecystojejunostomy is preferred over choledochojejunostomy unless malignant obstruction of the cystic duct is imminent. Chronic percutaneous internal biliary drainage offers reasonable palliation in the poor-risk patient who is not a candidate for surgery. Routine concomitant gastroenterostomy is recommended in all patients with a reasonable life expectancy since operative mortality is unaffected, and the incidence of future duodenal obstruction is at least 16%. Intraoperative chemical splanchnicectomy is easily performed and appears beneficial in relief of pain related to advanced pancreatic carcinoma.
Regulation of Rubisco activity in vivo

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) is not able to achieve and maintain adequate CO2 and Mg2+ activation under physiological conditions. Higher plants and green algae contain Rubisco activase, a soluble protein which not only facilitates Rubisco activation in situ but also regulates enzyme activity in response to irradiance and other factors. Regulation of Rubisco activity by modulation of activation state coordinates the rate of CO2 fixation with the rate of substrate regeneration. This regulation may be required to ensure that the levels of photosynthetic metabolites in the chloroplast are optimal for photosynthesis under a variety of environrmental conditions. Some plant species also appear to regulate Rubisco activity by synthesizing 2-carboxyarabinitol 1-phosphate, an inhibitor of Rubisco in the dark. This inhibitor may function primarily as a regulator of metabolite binding in the dark rather than as a modulator of Rubisco activity in the light.
Differential effects of phospholipids on skeletal alkaline phosphatase activity in extracts, in situ and in circulation

Human skeletal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) purified from human bone was subject to competitive inhibitions by phospholipids including cephalins, lecithins, and phosphatidylinositol. Ki values ranged from 0.7 to 1.5 mM, at pH 9.5. As previously shown, the enzyme was subject to uncompetitive inhibition by imidazole. The inhibitory phospholipids potentiated this effect, and altered the nature of the imidazole inhibition, from uncompetitive to mixed type, suggesting that imidazole was bound more efficiently to the enzyme-phospholipid complex than to the enzyme-substrate complex. No interactions were observed between phospholipids and other uncompetitive inhibitors of ALP. The skeletal ALP activity of cultured chick calvarial cells was assayed both in situ and in extracts. Like the extracted human isoenzyme, the extracted chick ALP was subject to competitive inhibition by cephalin (Ki = 0.3 mM at pH 9.3) and an inhibitory interaction between cephalin and imidazole, but the same isoenzyme showed neither effect in situ. The value of Km,PNPP at pH 9.5 for chick skeletal ALP was 1.5 mM in extracts and 7.1 mM in situ. When embryonic chick bones were cultured in vitro, skeletal ALP activity was released into the serum-free medium. Unlike the same isoenzyme extracted from the bones, the ALP activity in the medium was not inhibited by cephalin and showed no inhibitory interaction between cephalin and imidazole. Similarly, human serum ALP activities were not as sensitive to phospholipid inhibition as the same isoenzymes extracted from tissues. Human skeletal ALP extracted from bone was inhibited by cephalin, but the skeletal isoenzyme in Pagetic serum was not, suggesting that the potential for phospholipid interaction was altered during or after release from osteoblast cell membranes. The observation that extracted human skeletal ALP lost its potential for inhibition by phospholipids after treatment with phospholipase C further suggests that ALP activity may be released from cells during membrane turnover.
Differential effects of interstimulus interval on habituation and recall scores

Habituation of the orienting reflex (OR) may be viewed as a simple or model form of learning. Previous research (Germana, 1968) has demonstrated that habituation of the OR may take the form of conventional stimulus-response learning and suggested the present comparison between habituation and a behavioral recall measure. Habituation to a 10-digit number was an inverse function of interstimulus interval (ISI), whereas recall of the same stimulus, tested after habituation, did not significantly vary across the range of ISIs employed. It was suggested that the effects of ISI on habituation were primarily determined by increased difficulty of encoding rate of stimulus presentation at increasingly longer ISIs and that behavioral recall does not reflect this temporal dimension of stimulus learning.
CD2AP Structure And Progression Of Renal Disease

CD2AP is a scaffolding molecule that was originally cloned as an interaction partner of CD2 in T lymphocytes. In the kidney, CD2AP is strongly expressed in podocytes, a cell type that regulates the filtration barrier. The protein directly interacts with filamentous actin and a variety of cell membrane proteins including the kidney filter protein nephrin. In addition to discrete binding sites for actin and nephrin, CD2AP possesses three SH3 domains and a proline-rich region containing, in turn, binding sites for SH3 domains. CD2AP is implicated in dynamic actin remodeling and membrane trafficking that occurs during receptor endocytosis and cytokinesis. We have initiated structural studies of recombinant CD2AP protein using electron microscopy and single particle image analysis. Negative stain electron microscopy of revealed uniform particles with a size and morphology suggesting a tetrameric organization, subsequently verified with chemical crosslinking. Single particle image analysis was used to generate a three-dimensional map of the CD2AP tetramer at 21 A resolution. The electron density map reveals an extended structure allowing the identification of specific subdomains. The tetramer is organized around a central core, including density assigned to the C-terminal coiled-coil domain, surrounded by four loosely attached arms radiating out from the center, which we have assigned to the N-terminal SH3 domains. We have further identified CD2AP as a substrate for cytoplasmic cathepsin L, a protease that is induced in early podocyte damage. Cleavage of CD2AP with cathepsin L results in a C-terminal core domain that is structurally competent but releases the CD2AP binding partner dendrin resulting in translocation of dendrin to the nucleus where it promotes apoptosis. Based on our analysis of the cathepsin L cleavage sites within CD2AP we conclude that cytosolic cathepsin L releases the N-terminal arms producing a structurally competent C-terminal core domain.
Dispositions, control strategies, and distress in the general public after the 2001 terrorist attack

Interviews were conducted with 501 adults during the second year following the September 2001 terrorist attacks. Hypotheses about the long-term effects and the factors that are associated with general distress and fear of flying were derived from primary and secondary control theory. Women, younger individuals, and Latinos reported more current distress. Lower levels of distress were associated with high personal control/mastery and the low use of avoidance coping. In addition, the higher use of two secondary control strategies for dealing with concerns about personal safety (understanding why the attacks occurred and focusing on personal low risk for future attacks) and the low use of primary control strategies were associated with less distress. The implications for interventions to help reduce distress following terrorist attacks are discussed.
Disappearance of Hemicellulosic Monosaccharides and Alkali-Soluble Phenolic Compounds of Normal and Brown Midrib Sorghum × Sudangrasses Fed to Heifers and Sheep

Abstract Eight yearling Holstein heifers (330kg) were utilized in two 4×4 Latin squares. Diets were normal and brown midrib genotypes of Redlan×Greenleaf and Redlan×Piper varieties of ensiled first-cutting sorghum-sudangrass harvested at early head stage of maturity. Composition of hemicellulosic monosaccharides and alkali-soluble lignin phenolic compounds in feeds and corresponding digestibilities were estimated. Arabinose, xylose, and uronic acids were more digestible in brown midrib genotypes than in normal genotypes. p -Coumaric acid disappearance was higher in heifers consuming normal genotypes than in those on brown midrib mutants. In a second experiment, four Suffolk wethers with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulae were utilized in a 4×4 Latin square design. Diets were second-cutting sorghum-sudangrass harvested at prehead stage of maturity as baled hay. Digestibilities were determined in the same manner as for heifers. Brown midrib genotypes had higher hemicellulosic monosaccharides, galactose, and uronic acids than did normal genotypes. Xylose content of the brown midrib mutant of Redlan×Piper was higher than that of the corresponding normal genotype. Total tract galactose digestibility was higher in brown midrib genotypes than in normal genotypes. Total tract hemicellulose digestibility (estimated by summing fractional digestibilities of hemicellulosic monosaccharides) was higher in brown midrib mutants than in normal genotypes.
Rapid and secondary sorption of benzene and toluene by two aquifer solids

Abstract The adsorption and secondary uptake of benzene and toluene on two aquifer solids were examined by static batch and flow-through column studies. Benzene In long-term batch and flow-through column experiments using the solids with greater organic matter content, the experimental results indicated both a Flow-through column results showed that the mass adsorbed during primary adsorption (initial uptake) is finite and reversible. An examination of the so
Altered Structure of the DNA Duplex Recognized by Yeast Transcription Factor Reb1p

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae REB1 gene encodes a sequence-specific DNA binding protein that has been implicated in chromatin structure, transcription regulation and transcription termination. Previous work has shown that the DNA sequence recognized by Reb1p contains an adenosine residue that is unusually reactive toward chemical modification by dimethylsulfate and that methylation of this nucleoside increases the binding affinity of the Reb1p protein for its target. Prompted by these results, we determined the solution structure of the 13mer Reb1p DNA duplex recognition site d(GTCCGGGTAATGC).d(GCATTACCCGGAC) using 2D NMR, distance geometry and iterative 2D NOESY back-calculation structure refinement. The distance geometry-refined molecule demonstrated an unusual structure in the TAAT region of the sequence that was manifested in cross-strand base stacking, as indicated by unusually strong NOE interactions between H2 protons on three adjacent adenosine bases. This structure was compared to two published NMR studies of DNA duplexes containing the related sequence TAAC. The Reb1p DNA structure does not show the conformational mobility or the 'transient kink' at TpA steps characteristic of the related TAAT-containing sequences.
Optoelectric Charge Trapping/Detrapping in Thin Solid Films of Organic Azo Dyes: Application of Scanning Tunneling Microscopic Tip Contact to Photoconductive Films for Data Storage

Charge trapping/detrapping within thin solid films of the organic photoconductive materials Sudan I and Disperse Red I was investigated. Charge trapping took place under an external bias upon irradiation. Trapped charges could be stored for long times in the dark under open-circuit or short-circuit conditions and could be removed (detrapped) with irradiation at short-circuit. These substances show good photoconductivity and high dark resistance and are promising for electrooptical information storage. A sharp tip of a scanning tunneling microscope was used as a liftable electrode for the optoelectric characterization. Such a point contact with the tip/organic thin film/ITO configuration provided for more reproducible measurements, since they were essentially unaffected by factors such as structural defects, isolated impurity domains (e.g., dust), nonuniform thickness, and point electrical shorts that frequently perturb measurements with sandwich thin-film cells of larger area. Moreover, the tip can easily...
But which theory is right? Economic pluralism, developmental epistemology and uncertainty

What do our students need to unlearn in order to consider contending perspectives, and how do we accomplish this? It is not hard to have our students supplant one orthodoxy with another, to accept a theory that we, as their professors, might find more appealing than the neoclassical one, but how do we get them to be able to think through rhetoric of all types, develop moral positions for themselves, and ultimately be comfortable with complexity and uncertainty? This essay draws from my experience teaching two ostensibly unrelated courses – introductory statistics and introductory microeconomics. I discuss the problems my students experienced in understanding theoretical frameworks and that there are contending frameworks. Drawing on the work of Perry and others, I compare the ‘what is-the-right-answer’ disposition of traditional age students with the conceptual difficulties my statistics students have in discerning the difference between uncertainty and relativism. Overlaying these somewhat generic difficulties is a problem specific to teaching contending perspectives in economics. The worldview we are asking our students to question is the one supports a world view that seems natural to them. The essay concludes with a discussion of how we might incorporate the insights of learning theory into how we teach economics from contending perspectives.
Adverse hypersensitivity reactions in orthodontics

Among health care workers and patients, material reactions of both an irritant and hypersensitivity nature are not uncommon. These reactions can also occur on the everyday practice of orthodontics. The most common and problematic hypersensitivity reactions in orthodontic practice are due to the use of latex-based products and to alloy components of metal-based orthodontic appliances. This article reviews the implications of such reactions and provides suggestions for their management in the orthodontic office.
Opioid Use and Lactation: Protecting the Child in the Context of Maternal Pain Care

Opioid use in the breastfeeding mother is a topic that carries a degree of controversy, with some experts reporting that short-term maternal use is usually safe [1] and others citing clear risks in ultrarapid metabolizers, in particular [2]. The decision to prescribe opioids in new mothers is fraught with unique considerations and caution against risks, given that the medications may directly impact the neonate or infant. Researchers who conducted a study of oxycodone administration following Caesarean section (N = 50) found a significant correlation between maternal plasma and milk levels (R(2) = 0.81) 24 hours after opioid administration, though they found detectable levels in the plasma of only one neonate [3]. The authors concluded that while oxycodone does accumulate in breast milk, the benefits of maternal comfort and successful initiation of breastfeeding appear to outweigh the minimal risks to neonates, though they called for careful monitoring for signs of opioid exposure, such as sedation, poor attachment, gastrointestinal symptoms, and respiratory depression [3]. In earlier publications, authors recommended against oxycodone use in breast feeding due to lack of studies on safety considerations such as excretion and repeated dosing [4,5]. Opioid therapy for chronic pain falls squarely under this umbrella as repeated dosing is a certainty. In this Ethics Forum, we welcome two esteemed experts, Dr. Ian Carroll and Dr. Priti Dalal to discuss and debate the difficult topic of opioid use in the breastfeeding mother. Here, Dr. Ian Carroll leads off the discussion with a review of the risks and a call for limits to infant opioid exposure. Dr. Dalal counters with a careful consideration of the imperative to appropriately treat maternal pain while calling for caution and an individualized approach. Where is the balance in regards to reducing maternal pain while protecting neonates and infants from harm? Can the infant risks be contained or abolished? We are pleased to present a rich discussion that sheds light on a topic that is often globally underappreciated.
Diet-induced metabolic change induces estrogen-independent allometric mammary growth

Lifetime breast cancer risk reflects an unresolved combination of early life factors including diet, body mass index, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and age at first menses. In parallel, the onset of allometric growth by the mammary glands around puberty is widely held to be estrogen (E)-dependent. Here we report that several physiological changes associated with metabolic syndrome in response to a diet supplemented with the trans-10, cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid lead to ovary-independent allometric growth of the mammary ducts. The E-independence of this diet-induced growth was highlighted by the fact that it occurred both in male mice and with pharmacological inhibition of either E receptor function or E biosynthesis. Reversal of the metabolic phenotype with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist rosiglitazone abrogated diet-induced mammary growth. A role for hyperinsulinemia and increased insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) expression during mammary growth induced by the trans-10, cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid was confirmed by its reversal upon pharmacological inhibition of IGF-IR function. Diet-stimulated ductal growth also increased mammary tumorigenesis in ovariectomized polyomavirus middle T-antigen mice. Our data demonstrate that diet-induced metabolic dysregulation, independently of ovarian function, stimulates allometric growth within the mammary glands via an IGF-IR-dependent mechanism.
125-TW Ti:sapphire/Nd:glass laser system.

We have demonstrated a Ti:sapphire/Nd:glass laser system that produces up to 51 J of energy in 395-fs pulses (125TW). Focusing at f/3 to a 2.5-times diffraction-limited spot results in a peak irradiance greater than 10(20) W/cm(2) . Our 40-cm-diameter gold diffraction gratings have a damage threshold of 0.42 J/cm(2) for 320-fs pulses.
The Pressure Induced Strain Transition In NiF2

At zero pressure, NiF2 has the well-known rutile (TiO2) structure which belongs to the tetragonal P42/mnm space group, This structure may be viewed as consisting of sheets of linear F-Ni-F molecules oriented along in the sheet at z = 0 and along in the sheet at z = 1/2. Compounds with this rutile structure have received considerable attention as candidates for pressure-induced phase transitions resulting from a softening of the acoustic mode corresponding to the effective elastic consant 1/2(C11 - C12) [1–3]. However, before the present structural measurements on NiF2, the second-order strain transition in TeO2, which has a slightly distorted rutile structure, was the only such transition where the relevant structural parameters, elastic constants, and acoustic phonon modes had been studied in detail at high pressure and compared with Landau’s theory [4–8].
Cross-lingual lexical triggers in statistical language modeling

We propose new methods to take advantage of text in resource-rich languages to sharpen statistical language models in resource-deficient languages. We achieve this through an extension of the method of lexical triggers to the cross-language problem, and by developing a likelihood-based adaptation scheme for combining a trigger model with an N-gram model. We describe the application of such language models for automatic speech recognition. By exploiting a side-corpus of contemporaneous English news articles for adapting a static Chinese language model to transcribe Mandarin news stories, we demonstrate significant reductions in both perplexity and recognition errors. We also compare our cross-lingual adaptation scheme to monolingual language model adaptation, and to an alternate method for exploiting cross-lingual cues, via cross-lingual information retrieval and machine translation, proposed elsewhere.
Regulation of Pituitary Follistatin and Inhibin/Activin Subunit Messenger Ribonucleic Acids (mRNAs) in Male and Female Rats: Evidence for Inhibin Regulation of Follistatin mRNA in Females

The regulation of FSHβ messenger RNA (mRNA) expression is complex and involves signals from the hypothalamus and gonads. Additionally, the local (pituitary) production of activin and follistatin appears to serve as an important modulator of endocrine signals for FSHβ regulation. The purpose of these studies was to identify factors controlling pituitary activin/inhibin subunit and follistatin mRNA production in male and female rats. Both males and females expressed the follistatin, inhibin α, and βB mRNAs, whereas the βA mRNA was not detected. In males, levels of FSHβ and follistatin were higher than those in females. After gonadectomy, levels of FSHβ and follistatin increased in both sexes, whereas βB rose only in females. In males, blockade of GnRH action from the time of castration prevented the increase in FSHβ and follistatin, suggesting that GnRH is the primary stimulus for these gene products. In females, treatment with a GnRH antagonist only partially prevented the rise in FSHβ, follistatin, and βB...
SOCS-1/3 participation in FGF-2 signaling to modulate RANK ligand expression in paget's disease of bone.

Paget's disease of bone (PDB) is a chronic focal skeletal disorder characterized by excessive bone resorption followed by disorganized new bone formation. Measles virus nucleocapsid (MVNP) is implicated in pathogenesis of PDB. RANK ligand (RANKL), a critical osteoclastogenic factor expressed on bone marrow stromal/preosteoblast cells is upregulated in PDB. We recently demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) which induces RANKL expression is elevated in PDB. In this study, we hypothesized that FGF-2 modulates suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) to induce RANKL expression in PDB. We identified increased levels of SOCS-1/3 mRNA expression in bone marrow mononuclear cells derived from patients with PDB compared to normal subjects. Interestingly, conditioned media obtained from MVNP transduced osteoclast progenitor cells significantly increased SOCS-1/3 mRNA expression in stromal/preosteoblast cells. We next examined if SOCS participates in FGF-2 signaling to modulate RANKL gene expression. We showed that FGF-2 stimulation significantly increased SOCS-1/3 expression in human bone marrow stromal/preosteoblast cells. In addition, co-expression of SOCS-1/3 with hRANKL gene promoter-luciferase reporter plasmid in marrow stromal cells demonstrated a significant increase in promoter activity without FGF-2 stimulation. Furthermore, siRNA inhibition of STAT-1 suppresses FGF-2 increased SOCS-1/3 expression in these cells. Thus, our results suggest that SOCS participates in FGF-2 modulation of RANKL expression in PDB. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 2032–2038, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The transition from middle school to high school as a developmental process among Latino youth

The transition from middle school to high school is an important developmental period to investigate because of the negative impact it has on youths’ academics. The purpose of this study was to investigate Latino youths’ academic achievement prior to, during, and after the transition to high school, and gender differences in youths’ achievement over time. School transcripts were obtained for 92 youth. Three latent growth curve models were tested. Youth were stable in achievement throughout middle school, declined in grades during the transition, yet remained stable in high school. Youth with higher achievement in fall of eighth grade declined in the transition at a faster rate than youth who held lower achievement. Girls held higher levels of achievement across each stage in development; boys and girls differed in high school trajectories. Policy makers interested in fostering a successful transition should create programs for both high- and low-achieving Latino youth.
Earnings Volatility Trends and the Great Moderation: A Multifactor Residual Approach

To explore trends in idiosyncratic income volatility, this paper employs a multifactor residual model to extract macroeconomic factors from individual changes in wages and total family income. The data used in this analysis is a subset of the persistently employed from the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics (PSID). Using this subset expands the income volatility literature by bridging an existing gap between studies using the PSID and others using a continuous work history sample. Improved aggregate economic conditions can explain much of the reduction in unconditional income volatility that took place during the Great Moderation, lasting from the mid-1980s into the 2000s. However, macro factors appear to be making larger contributions to individual and household income volatility following the recent rise in GDP volatility. In contrast, idiosyncratic volatility of income, that which remains after accounting for macroeconomic factors, has generally remained consistent. The stability of idiosyncratic income volatility suggests employment changes in the recent crisis were cyclical rather than structural.
Regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the ethionine-induced premalignant rat liver.

The early premalignant liver provides a model in which to study metabolic alterations that may be permissive for the development of full malignancy. Although there are biochemical changes in this model, there are no detectable morphological ones when compared with a normal, fully differentiated liver. The maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis, essential for proper functioning of mammalian cells, is known to be altered in malignancy. We used the ethionine-induced premalignant liver model to study the effects of the premalignant state on cellular parameters involved in the maintenance of hepatic cholesterol homeostasis. Cholesterol synthesis was elevated about twofold in the livers of rats treated with ethionine as was the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, its rate limiting enzyme. There was no change in reductase activation state. Acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT) was decreased about 30%, and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, about 50%. There was no significant change in neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity, but acid hydrolase activity was decreased. There was little change in low density lipoprotein receptor protein as determined by immunoblotting. Biliary lipid secretion was in the normal range when expressed per gram liver; however, bile flow was doubled. The ethionine-fed animals were mildly hypocholesterolemic and had an altered serum lipoprotein pattern. Cholesterol synthesis and HMG-CoA reductase activity exhibited decreased sensitivities to inhibition by dietary cholesterol when compared to control livers. However, sensitivity to intragastrically administered mevalonolactone was not altered. Although ACAT activity was increased by mevalonolactone administration to levels similar to those in untreated animals, it was not increased in the ethionine-fed animals by feeding cholesterol. The ethionine-induced premalignant liver responded to ethinyl estradiol treatment in a manner similar to that of the control, i.e., profound hypolipidemia, increased low density lipoprotein receptors, decreased reductase activity, and increased cholesterol esterification. Thus, these livers retained their estrogen responsiveness. Taken together, the data demonstrate that the major elements involved in maintaining hepatic cholesterol homeostasis are present in the premalignant liver, although in some cases at levels that are different from the control. However, the susceptibility to regulation was altered in these livers to suggest markedly decreased availability of cholesterol of exogenous origin to the regulatory compartment(s). Further, coupling of the different elements involved in maintenance of hepatic cholesterol homeostasis appeared to have been changed.
Socio-ecology of bat-eared foxes (Otocyon megalotis)

Bat-eared foxes were studied for eight months at four sites in Kenya and Tanzania with the main study in the Masai Mara Game Reserve. Eleven foxes were caught and four fitted with radio-collars. Foxes in Masai Mara feed mainly on ants and termites. They showed a marked preference for short grass habitat, and their range expanded when wildebeest lowered grass height by grazing and trampling. Foxes lived in groups (x= 2.8) with overlapping home ranges, and relations between groups were usually amicable. Foxes gave birth from September-December and all members of the group provided some care to the cubs. A review of Bat-eared fox ecology from other studies reveals a consistent picture of this aberrant insectivorous canid. The species foraging strategy involves locating social insects by sound in short grass areas. The species is able to find suitable habitat and multiply rapidly. Although usually living in monogamous pairs, reports of polygyny, and non-reproductive males in groups also exist. Living in groups may increase each fox's chance of feeding on insect swarms, and also provides protection from predators.
Detecting Key Inter-Joint Distances and Anthropometry Effects for Static Gestures Development using Optical Motion Tracking

In the effort to design three-dimensional gestural interfaces for surface ship platforms, this study was conducted to evaluate the critical anthropometric factors that influence developing mutually exclusive static posture recognition algorithms. Using the Microsoft Kinect, 400 inter-joint distances determining critical key joint factors were collected to identify 15 static postures. By using a discriminant analysis, 9 out of 400 possible key inter-joint distances were identified for distinguishing the 15 postures. Comparing the discriminant function model predictions to the actual observed values for the 15 postures resulted in an overall prediction accuracy of 97 percent.
Concomitant elevation of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase by cyclic AMP in cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells.

— The effects of cyclic AMP analogues and of phosphodiesterase inhibitors were investigated in neuroblastoma cells (NBD-2) cloned from the C-1300 tumor. 8Br-cAMP and phosphodiesterase inhibitors that elevated cAMP induced large (greater than 15 fold) and specific increases in tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity. In contrast, catechol O-methyltransferase, monoamine oxidase and aromatic-l-amino-acid decarboxylase were unaffected by the cAMP altering drugs. Similarly, AChE was unaffected and only a small increase in choline acetyltransferase (3 fold) was observed. The increases in tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase were similar with respect to dose response relationships and with respect to time course of onset. Only those phosphodiesterase inhibitors that elevated cAMP (papaverine and Ro20-1724 as opposed to theophylline) were effective in elevating tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Further, the doses optimal for elevating cAMP coincided with the optimal doses for elevating the two enzymes. Theophylline had no influence either upon NBD-2 cell cAMP levels or upon tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity. The changes in protein synthesis rates produced by the cAMP altering drugs were temporally distinct from the changes in either tyrosine hydroxylase or dopamine beta-hydroxylase. These results suggest that the intracellular messenger compound cAMP is involved in the specific regulation of both tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase in adrenergic cells.
Robust classification of animal tracking data

This paper describes an application of the K-means classification algorithm to categorize animal tracking data into various classes of behavior. It was found that, even without explicit consideration of biological factors, the clustering algorithm repeatably resolved tracking data from cows into two groups corresponding to active and inactive periods. Furthermore, it is shown that this classification is robust to a large range of data sampling intervals. An adaptive data sampling algorithm is suggested for improving the efficiency of both energy and memory usage in animal tracking equipment.
Data Mining in the Telecommunications Industry

The telecommunications industry was one of the first to adopt data mining technology. This is most likely because telecommunication companies routinely generate and store enormous amounts of high-quality data, have a very large customer base, and operate in a rapidly changing and highly competitive environment. Telecommunication companies utilize data mining to improve their marketing efforts, identify fraud, and better manage their telecommunication networks. However, these companies also face a number of data mining challenges due to the enormous size of their data sets, the sequential and temporal aspects of their data, and the need to predict very rare events—such as customer fraud and network failures—in real-time. The popularity of data mining in the telecommunications industry can be viewed as an extension of the use of expert systems in the telecommunications industry (Liebowitz, 1988). These systems were developed to address the complexity associated with maintaining a huge network infrastructure and the need to maximize network reliability while minimizing labor costs. The problem with these expert systems is that they are expensive to develop because it is both difficult and timeconsuming to elicit the requisite domain knowledge from experts. Data mining can be viewed as a means of automatically generating some of this knowledge directly from the data.
The Woodrow Wilson Administration and Guatemalan Relations

(1965). The Woodrow Wilson Administration and Guatemalan Relations. The Historian: Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 155-169.
Classical r matrix of the su(2|2) super Yang-Mills spin chain

In this note we straightforwardly derive and make use of the quantum R matrix for the su(2|2) super Yang-Mills spin chain in the manifest su(1|2)-invariant formulation, which solves the standard quantum Yang-Baxter equation, in order to obtain the correspondent (undressed) classical r matrix from the first order expansion in the “deformation” parameter 2π/√λ and check that this last solves the standard classical Yang-Baxter equation. We analyze its bialgebra structure, its dependence on the spectral parameters, and its pole structure. We notice that it still preserves an su(1|2) subalgebra, thereby admitting an expression in terms of a combination of projectors, which spans only a subspace of su(1|2)⊗su(1|2). We study the residue at its simple pole at the origin and comment on the applicability of the classical Belavin-Drinfeld type of analysis.
Sexual Segregation in Ungulates: New Directions for Research

We reviewed the literature on sexual segregation in polygynous ungulates in an effort to clarify terms and concepts, summarize recent information that supports or discredits three broadly defined hypotheses, and suggest directions for future research that should help resolve when and why the sexes segregate in these large mammals. The hypotheses discussed include those based on intersexual differences in energetics and security (reproductive-strategy hypothesis), body size dimorphism and dietary requirements (sexual dimorphism-body size hypothesis), and social mechanisms (social-factors hypothesis). These hypotheses represent ecological, physiological, and social perspectives and are not mutually exclusive. Most evidence reviewed supported the reproductive-strategy hypothesis. Less support was available for either the sexual dimorphism-body size hypothesis or the social-factors hypothesis. Nonetheless, most available evidence is provided by field studies that contend with many confounding variables. We suggest several areas of future study that may serve as critical tests and are likely to be productive in resolving why sexual segregation occurs in polygynous ungulates.