cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of C8-modified deoxyinosine and N2- and C8-modified deoxyguanosine as major products of the in vitro reaction of N-hydroxy-6-aminochrysene with DNA and the formation of these adducts in isolated rat hepatocytes treated with 6-nitrochrysene and 6-aminochrysene.

Since 6-nitrochrysene and 6-aminochrysene have shown activity in carcinogenicity bioassays, we have begun an investigation of their metabolic activation pathways and the nature of the carcinogen-DNA adducts that may be formed. N-Hydroxy-6-aminochrysene (N-hydroxy-AC), a candidate proximate or ultimate carcinogen and the highest polycyclic N-hydroxy arylamine homolog studied thus far, was prepared by direct chemical synthesis and characterized by 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy. Its rate and extent of reaction with DNA in vitro was 20-30 nmol bound/mg DNA/30 min, which is 2-10 times greater than has been reported for several other carcinogenic N-hydroxy arylamines. Three major aminochrysene-nucleoside adducts were detected in enzymatic hydrolysates of this N-hydroxy-AC-modified DNA, and these were isolated and identified by mass and 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy as N-(deoxyinosin-8-yl)-6-aminochrysene, 5-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)-6-aminochrysene, and N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-6-aminochrysene. These adducts accounted for 32%, 28%, and 22% respectively, of the total DNA adducts formed. We hypothesize that the deoxyinosine adduct is derived from spontaneous oxidation of the corresponding deoxyadenosine adduct prior to or during DNA isolation and adduct preparation. DNA isolated from Sprague-Dawley rat hepatocytes which had been treated with [3H]6-aminochrysene or [3H]6-nitrochrysene contained up to 12 pmol adducts/mg DNA (4 adducts per 10(6) nucleotides). High performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) analyses of enzymatic hydrolysates of this DNA indicated that the major products formed cochromatographed with the C8-deoxyinosine and C8-deoxyguanosine adducts. N-(Deoxyinosin-8-yl)-6-aminochrysene and N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-6-aminochrysene accounted for 45% and 30% respectively, of the total DNA adducts formed in these cells. The preferential modification of deoxyadenosine by N-hydroxy-6-aminochrysene and the apparent facile oxidation of this adduct to a deoxyinosine derivative is thus far unique among the reactions of N-hydroxyarylamines with DNA and would not be predicted on the basis of reactivity alone.
A comparison of methods for the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from artificially-contaminated dairy products using PCR.

Rapid nucleic acid-based methods to detect human pathogens in foods are dependent on the reliability of the DNA or RNA extraction method used. Skim milk, non-fat dry milk, Cheddar and Brie cheese, and reconstituted whey powder were seeded with serially diluted (100−107 cfu 10 ml−1) Escherichia coli O157:H7 and subjected to DNA extraction (i) directly from the food product using a solvent-based procedure and (ii) using a guanidinium isothiocyanate (GITC) procedure after previous bacterial concentration. Both the efficiency of DNA extraction and the overall PCR detection limits were evaluated. In almost all instances, the total DNA yield using the solvent method was greater than that obtained for the concentration method. However, the purity of the DNA obtained after bacterial concentration was significantly better than that obtained after organic extraction alone. PCR detection limits after each DNA recovery method varied with the specific food, ranging from 101 to 104 cfu ml−1 for all products except whey powder. DNA yields and subsequent PCR detection limits for reconstituted whey powder were extremely poor, and neither procedural changes nor the addition of PCR enhancement agents were able to improve recovery and/or detection. It is concluded that the efficiency of DNA extraction is an extremely important and frequently overlooked variable impacting the overall detection limits of PCR-based detection strategies.
High-quality GaN grown by reactive sputtering

Abstract Gallium nitride films were grown by reactive rf magnetron sputtering on sapphire substrates. Crystalline (1120) GaN films were obtained on (0112) sapphire at substrate temperatures between 640 and 680°C. High N2 partial pressures are required to crystallize the GaN films. Nitrogen incorporation and crystal quality of GaN films are examined as a function of substrate temperature and nitrogen partial pressure. Band gaps of 3.4 eV, and photoluminescence peaks as narrow as 11 meV are reported for sputtered GaN films.
A morphometric study of the neocortex of young adult and old maze-differentiated rats

Abstract In this study, learning abilities of young-adult and old rats were compared. Young adult female rats which learned a complex 14-unit “T” maze after only 20 days were classed as young maze bright. A group of old rats which learned the maze as well as the young adult rats were classed as old maze bright. A group of old rats which could not master the learning problem were classed as old maze dull. Samples of neocortex from each rat, in these three groups, were subjected to extensive volume-component point counting analysis. These counts provided accurate estimates of the relative volume of cortex occupied by each cell type. The categories of neocortical components were: pyramidal cells, other neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, vascular elements and neuropil. The results suggested that pyramidal cells, other neurons and glial cells occupy the same relative volume in the cortex of old rats as in that of young rats and these cell types do not vary significantly between the maze-bright and maze-dull rats. Perhaps because our age groups do not match perfectly with those of Brizzee, Sherwood and Timiras, our finding of a stable glial density in different age specimens only suggest disagreement with their work. Our measured neuronal density was stable and agrees with the Brizzee et al. and the Cragg reports. Unlike the enriched environment study, maze proficiency in our animal experiments appears not to be reflected in altered glial numbers.
Medium-Chain-Length Poly(β-Hydroxyalkanoate) Synthesis from Triacylglycerols by Pseudomonas saccharophila

Pseudomonas saccharophila NRRL B-628 is capable of utilizing agricultural lipids for growth. The organism exhibited good growth with triacylglycerol substrates that contained saturated fatty acyl moieties such as coconut oil (CO; C10–12 fatty acids) and tallow (T; C16–18 fatty acids). Electron micrographs of the triacylglycerol-grown cells showed the presence of intracellular granules indicative of poly(β-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) production. Cells grown in a 250-ml CO-containing medium produced ca. 0.2 g of medium-chain-length (mcl)-PHA. Gas chromatographic analysis showed that β-hydroxyoctanoic acid (30%), β-hydroxydecanoic acid (40%), and β-hydroxydodecanoic acid (16%) were the major monomer repeat-units of the CO-derived polymer. The estimated mean molecular mass of the CO-derived mcl-PHA as determined by gel permeation chromatography was 13.1 × 104 g/mol with a polydispersity of 3.16.
Building with Cubane-1,4-diyl. Synthesis of Aryl-Substituted Cubanes, p-[n]Cubyls, and Cubane-Separated Bis(arenes)1

On treatment with an organolithium 1,4-diiodocubane generates cubane-1,4-diyl, a highly reactive species, shown here to be a versatile precursor to numerous aryl substituted cubanes, available now for the first time in high yield. The diyl is demonstrated to provide a good route to bicubyl and its derivatives. A kind of “living polymerization” of the diyl is developed to give the p-[n]cubyls. These oligomers are rigid rods made up of cubanes linked together at the 1 and 4 positions, each cubane adding ∼4.15 A to the length. The properties of these rods, some more than 15 A long, are discussed, as are methods for modifying their solubility. X-ray crystallographic analyses of some of these compounds are presented, with emphasis on packing parameters.
Treasures and traps in genome-wide data sets: case examples from yeast

Since the publication of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome sequence, much effort has been dedicated to developing high-throughput techniques to generate comprehensive information about the function and dynamics of all genes in this yeast's genome. These techniques have generated data sets that typically contain large amounts of reliable and valuable biological information. Nevertheless, there are also uncertainties that are associated with such large-scale studies, which we discuss in this review. These uncertainties increase with the complexity of the organism under study. On the basis of the results from yeast, we should learn much from human and mouse genomic data sets. However, as with yeast data sets, they might also contain misleading results.
Optical spectroscopy of interplanetary dust collected in the Earth's stratosphere

Optical absorption spectra of interplanetary dust particles 2-30 microns in size collected in the atmosphere at an altitude of 20 km by inertial impactors mounted on NASA U-2 aircraft are reported. Fourier transform absorption spectroscopy of crushed samples of the particles reveals a broad feature in the region 1300-800 kaysers which has also been found in meteorite and cometary dust spectra, and a weak iron crystal field absorption band at approximately 9800 kaysers, as is observed in meteorites. Work is currently in progress to separate the various components of the interplanetary dust particles in order to evaluate separately their contributions to the absorption.
Evaluation of supervised and unsupervised 3D star visualisation algorithms

The 3D Star Coordinate Projection 3DSCP visualisation algorithm has been developed to address the following key issues: 1 choosing the projection configuration autonomously; 2 preserving the data topology after projection; 3 enhancing resolution. A supervised version of 3DSCP S3DSCP is also introduced to improve the computational efficiency of 3DSCP. Comparison with other linear, non-linear and axis-based techniques is performed to illustrate the efficacy of the 3DSCP and S3DSCP methods. Empirical analyses indicate that the 3DSCP and S3DSCP algorithms find hidden patterns in data while overcoming limitations of other techniques.
Reduction of stray light in in-plane grating spectrometers

The stray light in a commercial Czerny-Turner grating spectrometer has been investigated at wavelength readings between 1800 A and 5000 A. A simple method is described which eliminates that part of the stray light caused by multiple dispersions. This same method should also decrease stray light in other in-plane grating spectrometers with reflecting optics.
Foam extrusion characteristics of thermoplastic resin with fluorocarbon blowing agent. III. Foam sheet extrusion of polystyrene and low‐density polyethylene

An experimental study was conducted on the extrusion of polystyrene and low-density polyethylene foam sheets, using fluorocarbon blowing agents and a tubular die. The effects of the type and concentration of blowing agent, die temperature, and takeoff speed on foam extrusion characteristics were investigated. They are foam density, tensile modulus, and cell morphology. It has been found that die temperature greatly influences the open cell fraction and foam density and that the takeoff speed greatly influences cell orientation, which, in turn, has a profound influence on the tensile modulus of the foam sheets produced.
Supply chain networks with corporate financial risks and trade credits under economic uncertainty

Abstract The focus of this paper is to provide an analytical framework which can be used to investigate how financial risks affect the values of interconnected supply chain firms from a network perspective, and how financial risks affect the supply chain firms' profitability as well as the cash and credit transactions. In particular, we develop a variational inequality equilibrium model in conjunction with capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and the net present value (NPV) to determine the optimal supply chain prices, profits, and implicit equity values of supply chain firms under financial risks and economic uncertainty. We illustrate the analytical framework with computational studies which yield interesting managerial implications to the following questions: (1) How do financial risks and economic uncertainty affect the values of interconnected supply chain firms from a network perspective? (2) How do financial risks and economic uncertainty affect the supply chain firms' profitability as well as the cash and credit transactions? (3) How does the effect of financial risks change under different competition scenarios?
On the Stochastic Approximation Coefficients

A simple and straightforward derivation of the optimal form for the Kiefer-Wolfowitz stochastic approximation coefficients is presented. The results follow immediately from the mean-square sense convergence proof for the Kiefer-Wolfowitz algorithm by minimizing the upper bound of the error variance.
Mass transfer and dynamic liquid—liquid interfacial tension. III. Theory of nonequilibrium pressure coefficient of interfacial tension

Abstract Using a molecular-kinetic method of derivation, we have found the general equations that describe the pressure coefficient of interfacial tensions (IFT) in nonequilibrium conditions. These equations show the factors which govern the process of change of interfacial tension with pressure in multicomponent nonequilibrium systems. We have explained the nonequilibrium behavior of multi-component liquid-liquid systems with change in pressure: the equations proposed explain the cases of positive, negative, and zero values of the pressure coefficient of IFT, as well as the influence of agitation on changes in interfacial tension.
Application of an Array Processor to Data Analysis in Medium Energy Physics

The rate at which data may be acquired using LAMPF's high resolution magnetic spectrometers, HRS and EPICS, at times considerably exceeds the rate at which it may be analyzed with the on-line PDP-11/45's. At HRS in particular, data is routinely taken in a mode where less than 20% of the events may be completely analyzed even using well optimzed software. In order to achieve a situation in which data may be analyzed at a rate comparable to that at which it was acquired, a Floating Point Systems AP-120B Array Processor has been interfaced to the off-line PDP-11/60. The goal of this combination is to produce a system on which data may be analyzed at least a factor of 5 faster than is possible on-line, while maintaining as nearly as possible the same capabilities and user interface as with the standard off-line or on-line analysis.
Diurnal variations of F-region waves

Abstract An hour by hour study of F -region waves by means of radio Doppler-sounders has been made over many days. The horizontal and vertical trace (phase) velocities, horizontal direction of propagation, and power spectrum densities of 10–100 min period F -region waves reveal strong patterns of diurnal variation. In February and March the direction of horizontal propagation determined from an array of cw Doppler-sounders in the New York City area, is toward the south during the day with components of motion toward the north at night. In June and July the directions are more consistently toward east both day and night. The waves are dispersed with short periods fastest. Phase velocities, for any period, increase to a maximum at night. The diurnal change in velocity is nearly an order of magnitude in the winter, but some-what less in the summer. The velocity of the waves varies directly with the diurnally-varying height of observation of the fixed-frequency Doppler-sounder array. The results suggest a time-variation of wave velocity as well as a height gradient in vertical trace velocity. A discussion of alternate possible wave types is given.
Prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia with vitamin E administration during the acute stages of respiratory distress syndrome

PARTICIPANTS in this workshop have so far discussed the clinical, radiologic, pathologic, and epidemiologic features of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and the factors related to its develoPment. It is apparent from these presentations that oxygen, endotracheal intubation, and positive pressure mechanical ventilation are major factors implicated in the pathogenesis of BPD. However, since positive pressure ventilation via endotracheal intubation delivers 'elevated oxygen concentrations under pressure directiy to the Pulmonary lining cells, the etiolog3/of BPD has remained controversial and is probably multifactorial. The toxic effects of oxygen on the lungs and on other tissues have been known for many years. 1-'~ Furthermore. it is not surprising that the lungs appear particularly sensitive to the toxic effects of oxygen ~n view of the high concentrations of oxygen to which its lining cells, both epithelial and endothelial, are directly exposed. Factors contributing to the occurrence of oxygen-induced lung injury include the concentration (or the partial pressure) of the inspired oxygen, the duration of exposure to oxygen, and the individual's susceptibility to oxygen damage, which is related to such factors as the metabolic rate and the level of endogenous antioxidant protection . . . . . The pathologic findings of pulmonary oxygen toxicity in the mammalian lung have been reasonably well established and have been the subject of a number of reviews." . . . . . Similar changes have been found in the human.7, s including the neonate." This pathology includes interstitial fibrosis: airway obstruction by eosinophilic debris which contains necrotic epithelial cells. mucus, and inflammatory cells; squamous metaplasia of
Sustainability Performance and CSR Disclosure: The Missing Link

Sustainability disclosure is a topic of great interest among academics and practitioners. As a key means of disclosing an organizationâ€™s sustainability information, the corporate social responsibility (CSR) report is adopted by most organizations nowadays. It also becomes an important information source for stakeholders. However, there is a concern that many stakeholders perceive CSR reports are reflections of the sustainability performance of organizations. This misunderstanding could lead to undesired outcomes (e.g., lower the expected risks than actual risks). In this study, the authors explore the relationship between organizationsâ€™ CSR disclosure and their sustainability performance. Their result shows that there is a significant relationship between an organizationsâ€™ sustainability performance and its sustainability disclosure level. At the same time, they observe many organizations that have inconsistent levels of sustainability performance and disclosure (e.g., good sustainability performance but low level of CSR disclosure). In order to a have comprehensive view of all possible scenarios, the authors propose four archetypes that categorize organizations according to their CSR disclosure levels and sustainability performances. Underpinning theories and rationales are discussed for each archetype.
REVERSIBLE INACTIVATION OF THE SUBSTANCE INDUCING TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES

1. The transforming substance of Pneumococcus Type III is inactivated by treatment with ascorbic acid. This effect of ascorbic acid is catalyzed by traces of cupric ion and is prevented by the presence of sulfhydryl compounds. 2. Under certain conditions, the activity of transforming substance treated with ascorbic acid can be restored by the use of glutathione and other sulfhydryl compounds. 3. Other compounds, such as catechol, hydroquinone, and p-phenylenediamine, which undergo autoxidation similar to that of ascorbic acid, have an analogous effect on the transforming substance. 4. The effect of these compounds on the transforming substance is nullified by exclusion of oxygen or by the use of catalase. 5. It is concluded that inactivation of the transforming substance is probably oxidative in character and depends on the formation of peroxides in the course of autoxidation of ascorbic acid or related compounds. 6. The relation of this phenomenon to that of the inactivation of other biologically active substances by ascorbic acid is discussed.
The formation of Ti3Al within TiAl during the deformation of XD™ titanium aluminide

Abstract A mechanism involving the formation of TiAl SF can explain how Ti 3 Al layers and TiAl T can be formed within TiAl during the deformation of TiAl. This mechanism is similar to the previously suggested for the formation of TiAl M /TiAl T laths which initiate at Ti 3 Al SF during the ordering transformation of Ti 3 Al (3) and can be applied to the formation of TiAl M /TiAl T during the deformation processing of Ti 3 Al.
Large‐scale vertical motion calculations in the AVE IV Experiment

Using 3- and 6-h consecutive rawinsonde and surface data from NASA's AVE IV Experiment, synoptic-scale vertical motion calculations are made using an adiabatic technique and three variations of the kinematic technique. Both subjective and objective comparisons in space and time between the sign and magnitude of the computed vertical velocities and precipitation intensities are made. These comparisons are conducted to determine which method would consistently produce realistic magnitudes, patterns, and vertical profiles of vertical velocity essential to the diagnostic study of the relationship between severe convective storms and their environment in AVE IV. The kinematic method, adjusted to the adiabatic value at 100 mb, proved to produce the best overall vertical velocities.
The effect of predispositions toward verbal behavior on interaction patterns in dyads

A self‐report instrument, a test of Predispositions toward Verbal Behavior, was designed to measure the cognitive orientation that persons hold toward the extent of their verbal participation in social settings. A word association task was devised to test correspondence among self reports of verbal activation, interaction patterns, and subsequent social attributions. Results showed a significant linear trend among levels of verbal activation and (1) duration of verbal responses, (2) number of words per response, and subjects’ subsequent impressions of (3) their own verbal activity and (4) interviewer understanding of what they had said.
The visualization of low speed separated and wake flows

The use of smoke-like tracers to study the laminar separation bubble and several wake flows is discussed. The unobtrusive nature of this technique is an advantage for the study of laminar steady or laminar periodic flows. The recent development of scanning laser-light sheet, combined with high-speed video and image processing techniques, allow for the study of three-dimensional turbulent separated and wake flows.
Abstract P5-02-02: Specific gene delivery to Her-2+ breast cancer cells using immunoliposomes

The objective of our research is to develop a liposomal gene delivery system that specifically targets potent therapeutic genes to breast cancers which are positive for the human epidermal growth receptor 2 (Her-2). Current liposomal gene delivery systems predominately utilize cationic lipids, which efficiently bind and deliver plasmid DNA, but also result in nonspecific gene expression in the lungs and liver tissue. We attempt to improve on specificity, by using a two-component delivery system. The first component is a cationic polyethylene glycol (PEG) grafted polylysine which carries the plasmid DNA. The polylysine/DNA particle binds nonspecifically to cells but has limited ability to bypass the endosomal membrane. The second component is an anionic Her-2 targeting liposome which is disulfide bound to the pore forming protein Listeriolysin O (LLO). These liposomes bind with high selectivity to Her-2 positive cells and once internalized into the reducing conditions of an endosome, release LLO which forms pores in the endosomal membrane. Neither component delivers DNA plasmid on its own, but if the polylysine/DNA and LLO/liposome co-localize within an endosome, the DNA is able to access the cytoplasm which leads to gene expression of the plasmid. Using fluorescent microscopy and a cell panel, we show that labeled polylysine/DNA and LLO/liposomes have a much greater chance of co-localizing in an endosome of Her-2 positive breast cancer cells compared to Her-2 negative cells. In addition, utilizing luciferase plasmid, we demonstrate that this two-component system results in gene expression that is over 1000-fold greater in Her-2 overexpressing cells than in Her-2 negative cells. This is a vast improvement over standard cationic liposome techniques which show no specificity for Her-2 positive cells. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P5-02-02.
Incidence of multiglandular disease in primary hyperparathyroidism determined by parathyroid hormone secretion

Background. Successful parathyroidectomy depends on recognition and excision of all hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands. Because histologic definition is limited, multiglandular disease (MGD) is usually determined grossly by means of estimation of gland size and the experience of the surgeon, resulting in frequency varying from 8% to 33%. Normalization of elevated intraoperative intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels after excision of all hyperfunctioning glands is necessary for postoperative normocalcemia and indicates normal secretion of remaining parathyroids. Abnormal hormone secretion measured during operation has been used to define the extent of excision and the incidence of MGD. Methods. One hundred ten consecutive parathyroidectomy patients with no previous neck surgery or history of multiple endocrine neoplasia had intraoperative iPTH assays performed before and after excision of any suspected abnormal parathyroid gland(s). A drop in iPTH level after gland excision predicted postoperative normal calcium levels. Results. All patients except one had normalization of serum calcium levels (average follow-up, 15 months). One hundred five patients had only one hyperfunctioning gland removed, and all have remained normocalcemic. Five (5%) patients had more than one gland involved: four had two or more hyperfunctioning parathyroids and one patient, who had a large parathyroid cyst removed, remained hypercalcemic. Conclusions. By using a biochemical assay, instead of estimated size, to predict which parathyroid glands are hypersecreting, the incidence of MGD in primary hyperparathyroidism was found to be 5%.
A simplified procedure for the study of memory retrieval processes

A simplified and inexpensive procedure for the conduct of research on recognition memory retrieval is presented. The procedure is a card sorting analog to Sternberg’ s item recognition task. An experiment is presented which demonstrates the card sorting task’ s validity. Discussion centers on the suitability of the task for the undergraduate laboratory. Suggestions are given for how card sorting may be used to study psycholinguistic processing and semantic memory.
Compact myelin exists in the absence of basic protein in the shiverer mutant mouse.

The myelin sheath is a multilamellar membrane system which surrounds axons in vertebrates and provides the electrical insulation necessary for saltatory nerve impulse conduction. Myelin forms from its cell of origin as a flattened, membrane-bound cytoplasmic process which wraps spirally around the axon; a periodic compact array of membrane pairs is produced from the wrappings as the cytoplasmic contents are extruded, and the external surfaces of membranes become apposed1,2. Neurological mutant mice which show myelin abnormalities are useful models for examining the formation, stability and breakdown of myelin. For example, the shiverer mouse carries an autosomal recessive mutation3 (shi)4 that results in severe myelin deficiency in the central nervous system (CNS)5,6, apparently due to a defect in myelin formation5,6. The small amount of myelin that does form in the CNS is generally not compacted at its cytoplasmic surfaces6, possibly due to the low level of basic protein in shiverer CNS tissue7. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), in contrast, amounts of compact myelin seem to be normal6. The coarse tremor and convulsions that begin at about 2 weeks of age in the shiverer are presumably due to the severe CNS deficiency of myelin, as similar neurological signs are shown by other mutants with reduced CNS myelin8. Most studies on such mutants have concentrated on those regions of the nervous system which are grossly deficient in myelin5–10. In the other regions myelin seems by light microscopy to be normal. At the ultrastructural and molecular level, however, this myelin sometimes shows abnormalities11–14, and this has prompted us to examine intensively such myelin in several neurological mutants. For this we have used X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). We report here that, of the mutants we have examined so far, the shiverer mouse is unique in showing a striking alteration in myelin protein composition that does not significantly affect the gross morphology and lamellar organisation of the myelin sheath. Our results thus question the proposed role of basic proteins15–19 in myelin as ‘structural cement’.
Large-time-bandwidth-product correlation and holographic storage with an s.a.w. storage correlator

High-resolution (375 Hz) spectrum analysis has been performed by correlating long signals during the read-in process. In a ZnO-on-Si storage correlator a new holographic storage technique is demonstrated to achieve chirp compression with large compression ratio (?8000) and improved dynamic range.
Interfacial drag of two-phase flow in porous media

Abstract In this paper, the influence of the interfacial drag on the pressure loss of combined liquid and vapour flow through particulate porous media is investigated. Motivation for this is the coolability of fragmented corium which may be expected during a severe accident in a nuclear power plant. Cooling water is evaporated due to the particles decay heat. To reach coolability, the outflowing steam has to be replaced by inflowing water. The pressure loss for the resulting two-phase flow through the debris is determined by the friction forces at the particles as well as at the interfacial drag between the fluids. In return, the resulting pressure field influences the coolant inflow through the boundaries and thus the coolability of the fragments. Starting from commonly used friction correlations, it is shown that only those with explicit consideration of the interfacial drag can represent the pressure loss. Enhancements for the formulation of the interfacial drag are proposed. This modified model fits experimental data of isothermal air/water experiments as well as data of boiling particle beds.
UNDERWATER INSPECTION OF OFFSHORE STRUCTURES: METHODS AND RESULTS

About 1968, it became apparent that the tremendous investment in offshore platforms, particularly in the Gulf of Mexico, warranted to periodic inspection and preventative maintenance program. The inspection techniques described in this paper, and the results shown, were developed and applied for inspection of these platforms. Many of the techniques are applicable to other marine structures, such as pipelines, SBM installations, loading booms, piers etc.
Type 2 Diabetes in Children: A Growing Epidemic

In the pediatric population, type 2 diabetes has become a growing concern. A correlation appears to exist among type 2 diabetes in children, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. If obesity and diabetes are left untreated, conditions such as cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, and retinopathy may result as well. These conditions indicate the incredible strain on the health care system caused by diabetes and obesity. This strain may be eased by logical treatments such as exercise and healthy eating habits for the child and family. However, these lifestyle changes are not always effective in controlling blood sugar. When lifestyle changes do not yield positive results, the clinician must decide which (if any) pharmacological treatments are safe to use in the pediatric population. Orlistat and sibutramine have been studied in children as treatments for obesity and appear to be safe and effective for this population. Metformin and insulin are among the medications approved to treat diabetes in children and adolescents. Healthcare practitioners must play a role in educating parents and their children about the effects of obesity on the development of diseases like diabetes, as well as various therapies used to manage diabetes. In addition, healthcare practitioners can assist patients and their parents in understanding the benefits and risks of medications used in the treatment of the disease, assistance that may result in them making informed decisions regarding their overall health.
Research on Dynamic Cache Distribution Scheduling Algorithm on Multi-Core Processors

Nowadays, multi-core processors are becoming mainstream due to their superior performance and power characteristics. With an increasing number of processor cores being integrated onto a single chip, multi-core processors require efficient organization and management of the on-chip cache resources to provide fast data accesses for concurrently running threads. Cache allocation and sharing is critical to the effective utilization of multi-core processors. Unbalanced CPU cache sharing can easily cause serious problems, such as thread starvation, priority inversion, and inadequate CPU accounting. Aiming at this situation, a new operating system scheduling algorithm which produces balanced schedules and stable system performance by reconfiguring CPU time quantum in terms of balanced cache allocation is presented. By experiment verification, the system performance stability adopting dynamic cache distribution scheduling algorithm is higher than that using conventional scheduling algorithms. Consequently, dynamic cache distribution scheduling algorithm improves the performance stability of operating system and applications effectively on multi-core architecture.
Effect of gas pressure on partial discharge in voids in epoxy

The pressure inside an enclosed void in a solid dielectric is generally determined by calculation based on equating the measured partial discharge (PD) onset voltage and the breakdown voltage from the Paschen curve for a particular gas. Here it is assumed that the gas is known or that physical properties remain approximately constant. In the present experiment, two different large voids were placed in epoxy adjacent to the ground electrode containing a small pump out port. This arrangement allowed for direct measurement and setting of the pressure for different gases filling the void. PD onset and extinction voltages were determined as a function of pressure over the range from 13.3 Pa (0.1 torr) to 101 kPa (760 torr) for nitrogen and SF/sub 6/ at room temperature. The onset voltages generally followed the Paschen curve dependence on pressure but were higher in voltage at pressures around the minimum, while the extinction voltage followed the Paschen curve more closely in both pressure dependence and voltage. Agreement with the Paschen curve is better at the higher pressures. One possible explanation is the dominant role that real surfaces play at lower pressures.
Districts’ Responses to Demographic Change: Making Sense of Race, Class, and Immigration in Political and Organizational Context

Many U.S. public school systems now face three large demographic shifts: rising poverty, the growing number of students from immigrant families, and increasing populations of students of color. Yet, we know little about how district policymakers react to these important changes or indeed the factors that consistently shape their policymaking. Drawing on interpretative policy analysis, the politics of education, and in-depth interviews with 37 school board members, superintendents, and district administrators across two school districts, I argue that racial meaning emerged as central in both districts’ policymaking processes as political and organizational contexts interacted to shape district leaders’ meaning-making and policy responses. Yet, leaders’ meaning-making and policy responses obscured systematic inequalities in students’ lives, including those stemming from race, immigration, and poverty. I conclude with implications of this analysis for understanding school district policymaking and how to imp...
On Moral Equivalency and Cold War History

The controversies over the “National History Standards” and the Smithsonian's abortive effort to mount a fiftieth anniversary exhibit on the decision to drop the atomic bomb, along with insights drawn from the opening of former Soviet and Eastern European archives, highlight the “moral equivalency” debate being waged over the writing and teaching of Cold War history. Gaddis suggests the need for historians to rethink some of their academic approaches to this subject, using a moral as opposed to a materialist framework.
An Empirical Analysis of the Status of Country-level Public Health

Abstract Objectives Our research investigates the phenomenon of global public health at a country level using the emerging field of analytics. We explore different dimensions to better understand the macro-issues and guide policy-making. Methods We analyze global public health with World Bank data for income per capita of 214 countries and using 13 public health indicators: adolescent fertility rate, immunizations for DPT, immunizations for measles, life expectancy, birth rate, death rate, health expenditure per capita, improved sanitation, incidence of tuberculosis, infant mortality rate, population aged 65 and older, population growth, and prevalence of HIV. Results Our analyses show that overall income per capita is positively associated with increase in immunizations for DPT and measles, life expectancy, health expenditure, infant mortality rate, population aged 65 and older; and negatively associated with adolescent fertility rate, birth and death rates, improved sanitation, incidence of tuberculosis, population growth, and prevalence of HIV. Conclusions Our results identify a portfolio of areas that show improvement and warrant attention. The lack of association for high-income countries with improvement in sanitation calls for a realignment of resources in this direction. The increasing population aged 65 and over reinforces the need for policies that address that demographic. Drawing our attention are the increasing association of income with infant mortality as well as the lack of association with the prevalence of HIV. Our global perspectives on the favorable and adverse impacts of income on public health should guide future policy and investment decisions for sustainable global health.
Update on myelodysplastic syndromes: New approaches to classification and therapy

Abstract Myelodysplastic syndromes have long provided hematologists with difficult therapeutic challenges, and until recently treatment options beyond supportive care were limited. Recent advances in our understanding of hematopoiesis, immunology, and genetics have led to a better understanding of the natural history of these disorders and have facilitated development of more rational and targeted treatment approaches. A number of promising agents are in various phases of study, including arsenic trioxide, CC5013, the farnesyltransferase inhibitors, and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors. In addition, less intensive strategies for allogeneic stem cell transplantation now permit us to offer potentially curative therapy to a larger proportion of patients. Optimal management of an individual patient requires consideration of the disease and its expected course, available treatment options, the patient’s age and condition, and an ongoing assessment of the goals of therapy.
Differentiation and Enrichment of Hepatocyte‐Like Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells In Vitro and In Vivo

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) may provide a cell source for functional hepatocytes. The aim of this study is to establish a viable human hepatocyte-like cell line from hESC that can be used for cell-based therapies. The differentiated hESC were enriched by transducing with a lentivirus vector containing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene driven by the α1-antitrypsin promoter; the GFP gene is expressed in committed hepatocyte progenitors and hepatocytes. GFP+ hESC were purified by laser microdissection and pressure catapulting. In addition, differentiated hESC that were transduced with a lentivirus triple-fusion vector were transplanted into NOD-SCID mice, and the luciferase-induced bioluminescence in the livers was evaluated by a charge-coupled device camera. GFP+ hESC expressed a large series of liver-specific genes, and expression levels of these genes were significantly improved by purifying GFP+ hESC; our results demonstrated that purified differentiated hESC express nearly physiological levels of liver-specific genes and have liver-specific functions that are comparable to those of primary human hepatocytes. The differentiated hESC survived and engrafted in mouse livers, and human liver-specific mRNA and protein species were detected in the transplanted mouse liver and serum at 3 weeks after transplantation. This is the first time that human albumin generated by hESC-derived hepatocytes was detected in the serum of an animal model. This also represents the first successful transplantation of differentiated hESC in an animal liver and the first bioluminescence imaging of hESC in the liver. This study is an initial step in establishing a viable hepatocyte-like cell line from hESC. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
EFFECTS OF NITROBENZENE AND BENZENE ON VALONIA

The effects of nitrobenzene and of benzene resemble those of guaiacol and of hexylresorcinol. The P.D. changes in a positive direction and then in a negative direction. The latter change may bring the P.D. back to the starting point with guaiacol and hexylresorcinol but with nitrobenzene and benzene this is not always the case. The positive potential change produced by nitrobenzene and benzene may be antagonized to some extent by ammonia. Nitrobenzene and benzene raise the electrical resistance and this is antagonized to some extent by ammonia. The results afford a further illustration of the important fact that the behavior of inorganic ions can be changed by organic substances. The apparent mobility of Na + is increased and that of K + decreased by nitrobenzene and benzene (as is also the case with guaiacol and hexylresorcinol).
Factors Influencing Acceptance of Mammography: Implications for Enhancing Worksite Cancer Control:

Abstract Purpose. The purposes of this article are to review what is known about participation in mammography programs and to propose several elements that warrant consideration in planning mammography screening programs in occupational settings. Breast cancer is the most common female cancer. Regular screening programs including mammography, clinical breast examination, and monthly breast self-examination can reduce breast cancer deaths by as much as 35%. However, mammography is underutilized. This review examines factors affecting acceptance of mammography and possible worksite-based strategies to increase its appropriate use. Search Methods. We identified the sources cited in this review through a combination of literature searches of computerized data bases, backward searches of reference lists, and contacts with active investigators. The article includes a selected subset of the most recent and relevant references. Summary of Important Findings. A variety of individual factors, environmental influenc...
Two-layer XY model for 4 He films

We have studied the two-layer $\mathrm{XY}$ model within the Migdal-Kadanoff renormalization-group approximation as a model for $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ films. Recursion relations are derived and analyzed numerically for a wide range of couplings. We have determined the critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ and the superfluid areal density ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{s}$ and demonstrated that the universality of the ratio $\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{s}({T}_{c})}{{T}_{c}}$ also holds for the two-layer model at onset. A simple model of the temperature dependence of the superfluid coupling for helium is presented and shown to be in good agreement with experimental results.
Echo-Planar MR Spectroscopic Imaging Pre and Post Radiation Therapy in Patients With High Grade Glioma

Twenty-three tumors had a gross total resection (GTR) alone, 13 had a GTR followed by adjuvant RT (GTR + RT), 5 had a subtotal resection (STR) alone, and 8 had STR and adjuvant RT (STR + RT). The median RT dose was 54 Gy (range 54-60) for atypical and 60 Gy (range 54-60) for anaplastic histology, typically prescribed to the cavity or enhancement with a 0.7-1.5 cm expansion for atypical tumors and 3-4 cm for malignant histology. Patients who recurred were treated with salvage therapy (re-resection, RT, or both). Failure after salvage and the number of salvage treatments were identified. Results: With a median follow-up time of 2.9 years, 18 of 49 patients recurred. Table 1 presents the recurrence, overall survival (OS), and salvage data based on surgery and RT characteristics and compares the sub-groups. Notably, there were significantly fewer failures after salvage and fewer salvage procedures in the GTR+RT group than the GTR alone group (PZ0.027 and 0.019, respectively) Conclusion: These retrospective data report outcomes for patients treated with surgery with and without adjuvant RT and provide some insight regarding salvage for patients who progress. While this study is underpowered to make statistical comparisons regarding initial failure rates, these data suggest that adjuvant fractionated RT following resection of AM reduces local recurrence and subsequent salvage procedures for patients who had a GTR. The RTOG is currently developing a clinical trial to investigate this question in a prospective multi-institutional fashion. Author Disclosure: R.V. Hymas: None. M.A. Taquee: None. I.S. Grills: None. P.Y. Chen: None. D.J. Krauss: None. K. Marvin: None. H. Ye: None. J.T. Dilworth: None.
Comparative analysis of predictive models for nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogenicity using both toxicogenomics and quantitative structure-activity relationships.

The primary testing strategy to identify nongenotoxic carcinogens largely relies on the 2-year rodent bioassay, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive. There is an increasing effort to develop alternative approaches to prioritize the chemicals for, supplement, or even replace the cancer bioassay. In silico approaches based on quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR) are rapid and inexpensive and thus have been investigated for such purposes. A slightly more expensive approach based on short-term animal studies with toxicogenomics (TGx) represents another attractive option for this application. Thus, the primary questions are how much better predictive performance using short-term TGx models can be achieved compared to that of QSAR models, and what length of exposure is sufficient for high quality prediction based on TGx. In this study, we developed predictive models for rodent liver carcinogenicity using gene expression data generated from short-term animal models at different time points...
Sézary syndrome with unusual undifferentiated cells.

In this study of a case of Sezary syndrome, the Sezary cells showed typical cytoplasmic fibrillar structures, and the nuclei had the characteristic serpiginous appearance. In addition, other unusual undifferentiated cells were found. These cells had round nuclei and few cytoplasmic organelles, and areas of the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope had hairy fine fibrillar projections protruding into the cytoplasm. It is postulated that these cells represent immature Sezary cells, and that as the cells mature, the fibrils become organized around the nucleus, leading to the development of the nuclear deformity.