cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near-IR Fiber-Optic Temperature Sensor:

A fiber-optic temperature sensor based on the perturbations of near-IR water bands has been developed. These fiber-optic sensors are very simple and readily fabricated. Models for expressing temperature can be developed by linear regression (LR) of the absorbance at one selected wavenumber, by multilinear regression (MLR) of the absorbances at several selected wavenumbers, or by principal component regression (PCR) using entire spectra. The standard errors of prediction for temperature are 0.53 to 1.64°C for the LR model, 0.22 to 0.85°C for the MLR model, and 0.16 to 0.32°C for the PCR model over a temperature range of 5 to 85°C. Potentially, these fiber-optic sensors can be used in the remote sensing of temperature and in hostile electrical environments.
Chemically Modified Antibodies as Diagnostic Imaging Agents

Notable new applications of antibodies for imaging involve genetically extracting the essential molecular recognition properties of an antibody, and in some cases enhancing them by mutation, before protein expression. The classic paradigm of intravenous administration of a labeled antibody to image not only its target but also its metabolism can be improved on. Protocols involving molecular targeting with an engineered unlabeled protein derived from an antibody, followed by capture of a small probe molecule that provides a signal, are being developed to a high level of utility. This is accompanied by new strategies for probe capture such as irreversible binding, incorporation of engineered enzyme active sites, and antibody-ligand systems that generate a signal only upon binding or uptake.
Different 5'-flanking regions of the inhibin-alpha gene target transgenes to the gonad and adrenal in an age-dependent manner in transgenic mice.

The inhibin-alpha gene is expressed in a tissue-specific manner, and its protein product dimerizes with one of two beta-subunits to form bioactive heterodimers. To characterize the cis-acting elements involved in directing gonad- and adrenal-specific expression of inhibin-alpha, transgenic mice were generated that carried 2.5 or 6 kilobases (kb) of the 5'-flanking region of the mouse inhibin-alpha gene driving the human bcl-2 complementary DNA. Using an antibody specific for human Bcl-2, Western blotting and immunocytochemical analyses showed that both enhancer/promoter fragments direct transgene expression to the ovary, testis, and adrenal gland. The 6-kb fragment targeted the ovarian transgene expression in interstitial cells and young corpora lutea as well as granulosa and thecal cells of secondary, antral, and preovulatory follicles. In ovaries of animals with the 2.5-kb fragment, transgene expression was also detected in interstitial cells and young corpora lutea, but only in granulosa and thecal cel...
Identification of an AID-independent pathway for chromosomal translocations between the Igh switch region and Myc

Chromosomal translocations involving immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) switch regions and an oncogene such as Myc represent initiating events in the development of many B cell malignancies. These translocations are widely thought to result from aberrant class-switch recombination. To test this model, we measured translocations in mice deficient in activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) that lack class-switch recombination. We found that AID made no measurable contribution to the generation of initial translocations, indicating that the intrinsic fragility of the switch regions or a pathway unrelated to AID is responsible for these translocations. In contrast, the outgrowth of translocation-positive cells was dependent on AID, raising the possibility that AID is important in tumor progression, perhaps by virtue of its mutagenic properties.
On the multiple-minima problem in the conformational analysis of polypeptides. I. Backbone degrees of freedom for a perturbed α-helix†

The multiple-minima problem is the most formidable in the conformational analysis of polypeptides. Several approaches have been developed to surmount this problem, and we present an additional one here that may possibly be extendable to very large polypeptides. In this new approach, designated the Self-Consistent Electric Field (SCEF) method, we calculate the electric field, due to the whole molecule, at each CO and NH group of the peptide units, and also in the middle of the C′N peptide bonds, for an arbitrary starting conformation. It is assumed that the native conformation has approximately optimal orientations of its group dipoles in the electric field. The direction of the electric field with respect to the CO and NH bond dipole moments provides information as to which peptide units are the worst oriented. We then compute the changes in the backbone dihedral angles ϕ and ψ required to align the most unfavorably oriented peptide-unit dipole moments along the electric field. After carrying out such alignment of dipoles, a complete potential energy function is used in a minimization procedure to locate the nearest local minimum. The SCEF and energy-minimization procedures are then applied iteratively to try to locate the global minimum. The effectiveness of this method is illustrated by computations on very different starting conformations of terminally blocked 19-residue chains of poly(L-alanine), for which the global minimum is judged to be the right-handed α-helix.
VLF chorus emissions observed by Polar during the January 10, 1997, magnetic cloud

VLF chorus emissions occur near the dawn meridian in fast response (<60 s) to magnetospheric perturbations caused by sudden fluctuations in solar wind dynamic pressure and southward turnings of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) at the arrival of the Jan. 10, 1997 magnetic cloud. Raytracing analysis indicates the likely chorus source region to be near the magnetic equator with rays launched at oblique wave normal angles, for which likely resonant electron energies are in the range E∼14–30 keV, consistent with observed particle data.
Elevated Plasma Interleukin-1 Levels in Humans Following Ultraviolet Light Therapy for Psoriasis

Abstract Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a potent cytokine with a wide range of biologic activities including induction of several acute phase responses. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is widely used as a therapeutic modality to treat many chronic skin diseases, including psoriasis. In the present study, we investigated whether ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induced circulating IL-1 in the plasma of patients undergoing chronic UVB therapy. In order to remove plasma proteins which inhibit IL-1-induced T-cell proliferation, each plasma sample was chromatographed and each fraction was assayed for IL-1 activity. There was no detectable IL-1 before and 1 h after UVB radiation; IL-1 appeared 4 h after treatment and was absent after 24 h. Plasma IL-1 was neutralized by antibodies to recombinant human IL-1 beta and alpha. The anti-IL-1 alpha, but not anti-IL-1 beta, antibodies partially neutralized the IL-1 activity present in a keratinocyte cell line supernate. These results demonstrate that UVB therapy induces circulating IL-1 and that this IL-1 may originate from both keratinocyte and non-keratinocyte sources.
An improved kinetic model for lactic acid fermentation

Abstract A kinetic model for the production of lactic acid by Lactobacillus delbruckii from glucose has been developed using the batch kinetic data of Luedeking. This model incorporates the inhibitory effects of undissociated lactic acid and of hydrogen ion concentration upon cellular growth and production processes.
The effect of patterns of partial reinforcement upon the response to frustrative non-reward

Three groups of rats received different patterns of reinforcement-nonreinforcement (RR, RU, UR) in GB1 of an Amsel-type double runway. On the basis of a previous observation, it was predicted that UR trained animals would show less frustration effect (i.e., less increment in running speed in Section II) when tested following frustrative non-reward in GB1. The prediction was confirmed by a latency measure only.
Sieving variations due to the choice in pore size distribution model

The effect of the choice of the standard probabilistic model to describe the pore size distribution was theoretically studied on predicting membrane performance parameters, area average water flux and area average membrane sieving coefficient. Preliminary discrete pore size distributions were generated from rejection profiles of dextran and PEG for 10,000, 30,000 and 100,000 molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) polysulfone and cellulose acetate membranes. The standard probability distribution functions (PDF), gamma, lognormal, normal, Weibel and Rayleigh were used to fit the resulting pore size distribution data. It was observed that the area averaged sieving coefficients are sensitive to the choice of the PDF. These results implied that an uncertainty in the choice of distribution in describing the membrane morphology could lead to a propagated uncertainty in predicting overall membrane performance.
Use of 2-deoxy-D[1-11C]glucose for the determination of local cerebral glucose metabolism in humans: variation within and between subjects.

The deoxyglucose technique for the measurement of local cerebral glucose metabolism (LCMRgl) has been widely applied in animals utilizing 14C-deoxyglucose and in humans employing 18F-fluorodeoxyglu...
Synergistic oxoanion and ligand conformation control of dimensionality in coordination polymers formed via 3,3′-bipyridine tethers: From 1D undulating chains to a doubly interpenetrated 3D framework

Abstract Combination of metal perchlorate salts with the organodiimine 3,3′-bipyridine (3,3′-bpy) in aqueous solution has afforded a family of divalent metal coordination polymers with general formulation {[M(H 2 O) 4 (3,3′-bpy)](ClO 4 ) 2 ·2 3,3′-bpy} (M = Co, 1 ; M = Zn, 2 ; M = Cd, 3 ). Compounds 1 – 3 are isomorphous, with single crystal X-ray diffraction revealing 1D [ M ( H 2 O ) 4 ( 3 , 3 ′ -bpy ) ] n 2 n + undulating polymeric chains formed from the junction of [M(H 2 O) 4 ] 2+ subunits through dipodal syn -conformation 3,3′-bpy. Unligated perchlorate anions and neutral 3,3′-bpy guest molecules, also in a syn conformation, are anchored to the 1D chain motifs through extensive hydrogen bonding patterns. Blue-light luminescence is observed upon ultraviolet excitation of 2 and 3 . Use of cobalt nitrate as the metal source resulted in the 3D coordination polymer {[Co(3,3′-bpy) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ](NO 3 ) 2 } ( 4 ), which manifests a doubly interpenetrated diamondoid framework constructed from the linkage of Co ions through anti -conformation 3,3′-bpy.
Three-dimensional topological phase on the diamond lattice

An interacting bosonic model of Kitaev type is proposed on the three-dimensional diamond lattice. Similarly to the two-dimensional Kitaev model on the honeycomb lattice, which exhibits both Abelian and non-Abelian phases, the model has two (``weak'' and ``strong'' pairing) phases. In the weak pairing phase, the auxiliary Majorana hopping problem is in a topological superconducting phase characterized by a nonzero winding number introduced by Schnyder et al. [Phys. Rev. B 78, 195125 (2008)] for the ensemble of Hamiltonians with both particle-hole and time-reversal symmetries. The topological character of the weak pairing phase is protected by a discrete symmetry.
Bonus material: student commentary on multimedia assignments

Student commentary adds another dimension to a multimedia assignment, benefiting current and future students and faculty. A "making of" accompaniment to a student multimedia project captures and represents the inherent student learning and collaborative process. Similar to the "making of" segments that appear as bonus material on DVD releases from movie studios, this simple technique adds a student/producer narration to the project's video track. The basic setup can be varied to include a picture-in-picture video presentation or an interview between the faculty member and student. Current students benefit from adding the reflective component that is a pre-requisite for a student learning portfolio. This method quickly establishes a valuable exemplary model for future student multimedia creators and faculty who assign multimedia projects.
Aerosol sampling from fluctuating flows into sharp-edged tubular inlets

Abstract Aspiration from the ambient air into an inlet and subsequent particle transport through the sampling tube may lead to essential bias of the initial aerosol concentration due to inertia, gravitational settling, and several other physical mechanisms. This study deals with the aerosol sampling efficiency of sharp-edged (or thin-walled) tubular inlets under harmonically varying wind conditions. Modelling of the components of the overall sampling efficiency was performed with semi-empirical equations for the aspiration and transmission efficiencies that have recently been developed for fixed isoaxial and non-isoaxial conditions. Based on these models, we have analyzed real-life situations when the wind velocity vector is not steady, but fluctuates around predominant average values of its magnitude and orientation. Two sampling environments, horizontal aerosol flow (ambient atmosphere) and vertical aerosol flow (industrial stacks) have been considered. To determine the values of sampling efficiency components when sampling aerosols from harmonically varying wind conditions, the time-dependent function of each component has been time averaged within the period of fluctuation. It has been found that even for small fluctuations in wind direction, i.e. for quasi-isoaxial sampling, the efficiency is less than that obtained for the mean wind direction, i.e. isoaxial sampling. This difference occurs mostly because of particle impaction in the entrance region of the sampling nozzle and is more significant for larger particles.
Electronic tuning of Mg2Cu6Ga5. A route to crystalline approximant and quasicrystalline phases

Studies of Mg2Cu6Ga5 reveal that this compound contains incomplete Bergman clusters in its structure and shows a pseudogap and empty bonding states just above the Fermi energy according to band calculations. Under a rigid band assumption, such a compound may be tuned to approximant and quasicrystal phases in which the required number of electrons are attained. Here, we replace part of Mg in the isotypic Mg2Cu6Ga5 with Sc, and both 1/1 approximant and icosahedral quasicrystal phases are obtained after some fine-tuning. This method closely correlates the pseudogap and bonding with Hume−Rothery concepts, thus giving useful directions for future quasicrystal searches, especially when approximants are not known.
Two-Compartment Pharmacokinetic Models: Computer Simulations of Their Characteristics and Clinical Consequences

Computer simulations of two-compartment models of drug disposition were made. These simulations show how variations in each of the three intercompartmental rate constants are related to altered blood and tissue concentrations. Various simulations following rapid injection or continuous infusion are presented to demonstrate the general behavior of such a pharmacokinetic model. A system of drug classification based on comparative values of a drug's intercompartmental rate constants is proposed, and characteristics and consequences of each class are discussed in terms of possible therapeutic results.
Photonic-plasmonic integration through the fusion of photonic crystal cavity and metallic structure

A photonic-plasmonic integration scheme was devised to displace the defect-mode field of a photonic crystal (PC) slab cavity from the spatial center to the surface of the slab. The device was constructed by placing an isolated metallic structure on the top surface of a missing-hole defect in the PC. Excitation of the metal's surface plasmon resonance mode by the PC cavity's defect mode was investigated using a three-dimensional plane wave transfer matrix method. It was revealed that using the PC cavity could minimize the background field around the metal, significantly enhancing the field intensity contrast between the metal and surrounding dielectric.
Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma Recent Advances and Prospective Views

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a morphologically and clinically heterogeneous group of malignant tumors that resemble developing skeletal muscle and is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in children and adolescents. The most prominent sites involve head and neck structures (~40%), genito-urinary track (~25%), and extremities (~20%). Embryonal (ERMS) and alveolar (ARMS) are the two major RMS subtypes that are distinct in their morphology and genetic make-up. The prognosis for this cancer depends strongly on tumor size, location, staging, and child’s age. In general, ERMS has a more favorable outcome, whereas the mortality rate remains high in patients with ARMS, because of its aggressive and metastatic nature. Over the past two decades, researchers have made concerted efforts to delineate genetic and epigenetic changes associated with RMS pathogenesis. These molecular signatures have presented golden opportunities to design targeted therapies for treating this aggressive cancer. This article highlights recent advances in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of RMS, and addresses promising research areas for further exploration.
Simulation of wind speed retrievals from an orbiting bistatic GPS receiver

Monte Carlo simulations were performed to predict the statistical errors in satellite based wind speed measurements using bistatic GPS signals. A scattering model based upon geometric optics and empirical ocean surface slope variances was used to simulate the mean post-correlation waveform. Synthetic Rayleigh scattered and thermal noise signals were generated. Batches of between 50 and 1000 independent samples were used in these simulations. The surface resolution was set to a radius of approximately 50 km through selection of range and Doppler bins.
45-Mbit/s cat’s-eye modulating retroreflectors

Modulating retroreflectors (MRRs) couple passive optical retroreflectors with electro-optic modulators to allow free-space optical communication with a laser and pointing-acquisition-tracking system required on only one end of the link. Recently, MRR using multiple quantum well (MQW) modulators have been demonstrated using a large-area MQW placed in front of the aperture of a corner cube. For a MQW modulator, the maximum modulation rate can range into the gigahertz, limited only by the RC time constant of the device. Most MRR systems have used corner-cube retroreflectors with apertures of about 1 cm, which require large, and hence high-capacitance, modulators. Thus data rates exceeding a few megabits per second are not possible. We describe a new kind of MQW MRR that uses a cat's-eye retroreflector with the MQW in the focal plane of the cat's-eye. This system decouples the size of the modulator from the size of the optical aperture and allows much higher data rates. A 45-Mbit/s free space link over a range of 7 km is demonstrated.
Booster Sessions Enhance the Long-Term Effectiveness of Spaced Retrieval in Older Adults with Probable Alzheimer's Disease

Six older adults with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) were trained to recall a name—face association using the spaced retrieval technique. In this study, we retested these persons in a 6-month fo...
Ontogeny of innervation of rat and ovine fetal adrenals

The formation of adrenocortical zonation occurs in rats during late gestation. Since adult cortical function is modulated by neural mediators, it is possible that the development of differentiated function is dependent on cortical innervation. The goal of this study was to compare the pattern and timing of rodent and ovine adrenal innervation during late organogenesis by staining with antibodies directed against the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) and the catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH). Rat adrenals were collected from fetal days 17-21 (term=21 days) and ovine adrenals from fetal days 101-136 (term=145 days). Adrenals were fixed, cryosectioned at 100 microns and immunostained using Cy3-conjugated secondary antibodies. In both species, staining of VIP, CGRP, NPY and TOH fibers was observed in the capsule and subcapsular layers of the cortex during gestation. In late gestation, VIP- and NPY-positive ganglions cells were observed near the medulla extending processes toward the outer cortex; in ovine adrenals, fibers from ganglion cells appeared to surround nests of outer cortical (presumably, zona glomerulosa) cells. These data show that phenotypically distinct neural elements appear at different stages of adrenocortical development. The presence of neural elements in contact with adrenal cortical cells supports the possibility for neural control of adrenocortical development.
Regulatory Circuits of Light-Responsive Genes

Light is utilized by plants not only as an energy source to drive photosynthesis, but also as a trigger for a series of developmental events, from seed germination to flowering. Light also acts as a modulator of gene activity in response to changing light conditions, such as quantity, quality, duration and direction of the light source. This chapter will present a brief description of light-regulated processes in plants. We will then review recent findings on the proteins and DNA sequences involved in light responses. Finally, we will speculate on mechanisms of signal transduction, if only to point out areas which require more intensive investigation. For a comprehensive review of light regulation of gene expression in higher plants, the reader is referred to Tobin and Silverthorne (1985), as well as to more general recent reviews (Thompson et al, 1985; Ellis, 1986; Kuhlemeier et al, 1987b).
An Evaluation of Intraverbal Training and Listener Training for Teaching Categorization Skills.

The effects of vocal intraverbal training and listener training on the emergence of untrained categorization skills were evaluated. Five typically developing preschool children initially learned to name a number of previously unfamiliar visual stimuli. Each child then received one of two types of training. Intraverbal training involved reinforcing vocally emitted category names by the child in the presence of a spoken exemplar name. Listener training involved reinforcing the selection of visual stimuli by the child in the presence of a spoken category name. A multiple baseline design was used to evaluate the effects of training on each child's intraverbal category naming and stimulus selection. Pre- and posttests were used to assess additional emergent relations. Four of 5 participants did not demonstrate the emergence of any untrained relations. The current findings suggest that additional research is needed to determine the optimal sequencing of conditions in programs designed to teach categorization skills.
The Sailor Aboard Ship: A Study of Role Behavior in a Total Institution

The Naval vessel at sea is described as a total institution of the type that justifies itself on instrumental grounds. The structure and function of the formal and informal shipboard organizations, and the expectations therein of the role of the sailor, are discussed. Special attention is given to the processes by which the individual is assimilated into the shipboard society, and to his behavioral modifications of the expected role.
Industry-Experienced Graduate Student Program: Innovative Collaboration in Architectural Engineering at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln

In 2001, the Architectural Engineering Department at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, along with industry partners, established an industry-experienced graduate student program. The program was developed to bring experienced design professionals to collaborate with the industry while pursuing a Ph.D. in architectural engineering. This program is designed to be mutually beneficial to industry partners, -graduate students, the University of Nebraska–Lincoln Architectural Engineering Department, and the building industry at large. The first doctoral candidate in the program graduated, and significant collaborative work was completed for the industry partner. All parties to this initial offering are pleased with the outcome and believe the benefits significantly outweigh the costs. This paper presents the program, lessons learned, and plans for the future. The authors are the faculty, the industry partner, and the graduate associated with this initial application of the program.
MBE Growth and Optical Characterization of InGaN/AlGaN Multiquantum Wells

We report the growth of InGaN/AIGaN MQWs on c-plane sapphire by electron cyclotron resonance assisted molecular beam epitaxy (ECR-MBE). Two types of structures were investigated; one employing a GaN and the other a A1GaN barrier layer. The first structure consists of five periods of 80 A thick In0.09Ga0.91N wells separated by 90 A thick GaN barriers. The second structure consists of|seven periods of 120 A thick In0.35Ga0.65N wells and Al0.1Ga0.9N barriers. The substrate temperature was kept constant during the growth of both the wells and the barriers, thus avoiding the need for any temperature cycling during the growth, which may lead to interfacial contamination. The films were characterized by cross sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), room temperature photoluminescence (PL) and sub-micron resolution luminescence microscopy. TEM images show sharp and abrupt interfaces, thus confirming the high interfacial quality of the MQW structures. Both structures exhibit strong RT luminescence emission peaking at 387 nm (FWHM = 16nm) for the In0.09Ga0.91N/GaN structure and at 463 nm (FWHM = 28nm) for the In0.35Ga0.65N/A10.1Ga0 9N structure. The high resolution luminescence microscopy studies reveal that the radiative recombination for the InGaN quantum wells is 60–70 times more efficient than for the underlying GaN film.
Tin doping of MOVPE grown gallium arsenide using tetraethyltin

Abstract Tin doping of MOVPE grown GaAs has been studied as a function of GaAs growth rate, substrate temperature and tetraethyltin (TET) flow rate. Results of this study show that: (1) Sn concentrations can be controlled over four orders of magnitude; (2) no surface pile-up of Sn occurs in MOVPE epilayers grown at atmospheric pressure; (3) extremely abrupt doping profiles can be obtained; (4) no measurable memory effects occur.
Charged particle production in proton-, deuteron-, oxygen- and sulphur-nucleus collisions at 200 GeV per nucleon

The transverse momentum and rapidity distributions of net protons and negatively charged hadrons have been measured for minimum bias proton–nucleus and deuteron–gold interactions, as well as central oxygen–gold and sulphur–nucleus collisions at 200 GeV per nucleon. The rapidity density of net protons at midrapidity in central nucleus–nucleus collisions increases both with target mass for sulphur projectiles and with the projectile mass for a gold target. The shape of the rapidity distributions of net protons forward of midrapidity for d+Au and central S+Au collisions is similar. The average rapidity loss is larger than 2 units of rapidity for reactions with the gold target. The transverse momentum spectra of net protons for all reactions can be described by a thermal distribution with ‘temperatures’ between $145 \pm 11$ MeV (p+S interactions) and $244 \pm 43$ MeV (central S+Au collisions). The multiplicity of negatively charged hadrons increases with the mass of the colliding system. The shape of the transverse momentum spectra of negatively charged hadrons changes from minimum bias p+p and p+S interactions to p+Au and central nucleus-nucleus collisions. The mean transverse momentum is almost constant in the vicinity of midrapidity and shows little variation with the target and projectile masses. The average number of produced negatively charged hadrons per participant baryon increases slightly from p+p, p+A to central S+S,Ag collisions.
Evaluating the effects of anthropogenic stressors on source-sink dynamics in pond-breeding amphibians.

Although interwetland dispersal is thought to play an important role in regional persistence of pond-breeding amphibians, few researchers have modeled amphibian metapopulation or source-sink dynamics. Results of recent modeling studies suggest anthropogenic stressors, such as pollution, can negatively affect density and population viability of amphibians breeding in isolated wetlands. Presumably population declines also result in reduced dispersal to surrounding (often uncontaminated) habitats, potentially affecting dynamics of nearby populations. We used our data on the effects of mercury (Hg) on the American toad ( Bufo americanus) as a case study in modeling the effects of anthropogenic stressors on landscape-scale amphibian dynamics. We created a structured metapopulation model to investigate regional dynamics of American toads and to evaluate the degree to which detrimental effects of Hg contamination on individual populations can disrupt interpopulation dynamics. Dispersal from typical American toad populations supported nearby populations that would otherwise have been extirpated over long time scales. Through support of such sink populations, dispersal between wetland-associated subpopulations substantially increased overall productivity of wetland networks, but this effect declined with increasing interwetland distance and decreasing wetland size. Contamination with Hg substantially reduced productivity of wetland-associated subpopulations and impaired the ability of populations to support nearby sinks within relevant spatial scales. Our results add to the understanding of regional dynamics of pond-breeding amphibians, the wide-reaching negative effects of environmental contaminants, and the potential for restoration or remediation of degraded habitats.
Performance and fabrication of thin film NaI(Tl) scintillators for use on imaging photomultiplier tubes

The authors describe the preparation and performance of thin-film NaI(Tl) scintillators using two techniques, standard bulk load evaporation (BLE) in which a single resistance-heated boat contains the total source quantity, and powder flash evaporation (PFE). Using PFE, a film's characteristics can be easily reproduced, and the relative light yield can be predicted by controlling the substrate temperature, the boat temperature, and the composition of the source. PFE films with homogeneous thallium concentration have been made which surpass the highest light yield measured for two commercially available single-crystal NaI (Tl) scintillators and for BLE films with optimized light yield. The parameters that control the film's light yield and the predicted detection efficiency of an X-ray detector using these films coupled to an imaging phototube are discussed. >
Breast Feeding Preference of Hispanic and Anglo Women 1978-1985

Hispanic women of Mexican origin are one of the fastest growing minority groups in the United States, but little information is available regarding the rate of breast feeding among this group of women. The breast feeding preferences of Hispanic women delivering at a southern California university hospital were determined by retrospective analysis of birth log records from 1978 to 1985. Approximately 95 percent of the Hispanic women delivering at this institution were of Mexican origin. Hispanic women had a preference for breast feeding similar to the national average for the same time period. The rate of breast feeding among Hispanic women of Mexican descent was consistently higher than previous reports from other regions of the United States.
Lysine acetylation induced by chronic ethanol consumption impairs dynamin-mediated clathrin-coated vesicle release

The liver is the major site of ethanol metabolism and thus sustains the most injury from chronic alcohol consumption. Ethanol metabolism by the hepatocyte leads to the generation of reactive metabolites and oxygen radicals that can readily adduct DNA, lipids, and proteins. More recently, it has become apparent that ethanol consumption also leads to increased post-translational modifications of the natural repertoire, including lysine hyperacetylation. Previously, we determined that alcohol consumption selectively impairs clathrin-mediated internalization in polarized hepatocytes. However, neither the step at which the block occurs nor the mechanism responsible for the defect have been identified. To identify the specific step at which clathrin-mediated internalization is impaired, we examined the distributions, levels, and assembly of selected components of the clathrin machinery in control and ethanol-treated cells. To determine whether the impairment is caused by ethanol-induced lysine acetylation, we also examined the same coat components in cells treated with trichostatin A (TSA), a deacetylase inhibitor that leads to protein hyperacetylation in the absence of ethanol. Conclusion: We determined that both ethanol and TSA impair internalization at a late stage before vesicle fission. We further determined that this defect is likely the result of decreased dynamin recruitment to the necks of clathrin-coated invaginations resulting in impaired vesicle budding. These results also raise the exciting possibility that agents that promote lysine deacetylation may be effective therapeutics for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease. (Hepatology 2012)
Market Making Under the Proposed Volcker Rule

This submission discusses implications for the quality and safety of financial markets of proposed rules implementing the market-making provisions of section 13 of the Bank Holding Company Act, commonly known as the “Volcker Rule.” The proposed rules1 have been described by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Agencies’ proposed implementation of the Volcker Rule would reduce the quality and capacity of market making services that banks provide to U.S. investors. Investors and issuers of securities would find it more costly to borrow, raise capital, invest, hedge risks, and obtain liquidity for their existing positions. Eventually, non-bank providers of market-making services would fill some or all of the lost market making capacity, but with an unpredictable and potentially adverse impact on the safety and soundness of the financial system. These near-term and longer-run impacts should be considered carefully in the Agencies’ cost-benefit analysis of their final proposed rule. Regulatory capital and liquidity requirements for market making are a more cost effective method of treating the associated systemic risks.
Epilogue: A Look Ahead

Environmental policy is about fixing a problem—a large, complex, foundational problem. From the 1960s to the end of the century, the United States engaged this problem on a wider scale and with more energy than ever be-fore, as a part of a global, multinational effort in this direction. Seen from our experience and vantage, what are the prospects ahead of humanity and nature in the ongoing negotiation of our relationship?
Ice Nucleus Measurements in an Urban Atmosphere

Abstract On the basis of Millipore filter measurements it is concluded that natural ice nuclei were deactivated in passing over St. Louis, Mo., during March 1973. This conclusion is supported by very strong statistical evidence. To overcome the effects of soluble materials in desensitizing the filter technique, samples were limited to volumes less than 100 liters with the background crystal count measured for every filter; a forced-flow developing chamber was used; and the Huffman-Vali correction factor, based upon concurrently measured CCN, was applied. The measurements strongly suggest the possibility of local sources of ice nuclei. However, these nuclei also were deactivated in passing over the city. Simultaneous measurements with an expansion chamber gave results similar to those of the filters, but did not show statistical support.
Reforestation with Bombacopsis quinatum (Jaq.) Dugand (Bombacaceae) in Costa Rica by means of vegetative reproduction

Bombacopsis quinatum is found in northern South America and in Central America as far north as Honduras. In these areas, this tree is esteemed for its lumber. This paper deals chiefly with the promise of planting this species easily, economically and on a large scale by means of vegetative propagation. Indications are that this technique might serve as a novel system of reforestation, especially in abandoned areas in scrub, second growth or marginal sites such as those under poor pasture management.
Designing Optimal Software Patents

Patents constitute our foremost policy tool for encouraging innovation. However, because each new technology provides an important input to subsequent innovation, the exclusive rights conferred by a patent may also impose significant costs upon follow-on innovators. Optimal patent policy should seek to maximize the patent incentive effect, while minimizing burdens placed on future innovation by tailoring the scope of the patent to the characteristics of each technological sector affected. In the case of software, recent scholarship has illuminated the innovation profile of the current industry. Software is characterized by incremental innovation, relatively low development costs, and short, volatile product life cycles. Interoperability and compatibility between complementary products is a major concern, making technical transparency or reverse engineering critical to product development. This suggests a need for relatively narrow patents that are relatively easy to obtain, and subject to the exceptions necessary to ensure interoperation and follow-on development. However, current software patent doctrine bears little relationship to this industrial profile. The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has set an extremely lax standard of disclosure software patents, resulting in patents scope unconstrained by doctrines of enablement and written description. Recent changes that make patent law amenable to software have produced a flood of new applications, allowing firms to adopt a patent thicket strategy for licensing leverage. At the same time, Federal Circuit case law suggests that a stringent standard for patent non-obviousness will be applied to such patents, resulting in relatively few valid software patents. Optimal software patent doctrine would constrain scope to deal with patent thicket while lowering the non-obviousness standard to validate more issued software patents.
Woven milieu

The author spent a year filming trees and took about 500 videos of trees standing in the middle of city Chicago, then cropped and recreated the videos. Finally, those become one video (1080 X 1920 px) of all different trees in different spaces. The role of trees are redefined from trivial objects to meditative mediations in the city. This video may arouse people's attention for trees.
Pervasive Context Sharing in Magpie : Adaptive Trust-Based Privacy Protection

Today’s mobile and pervasive computing devices are embedded with increasingly powerful sensing capabilities that enable them to provide exceptional spatio-temporal context acquisition that is not possible with traditional static sensor networks alone. As a result, enabling these devices to share context information with one another has a great potential for enabling mobile users to exploit the nearby cyber and physical environments in participatory or human-centric computing. However, because these mobile devices are owned by and sense information about individuals, sharing the acquired context raises significant privacy concerns. In this paper, we define Magpie, which implements an alternative to existing all-or-nothing sharing solutions. Magpie integrates a decentralized context-dependent and adaptive trust scheme with a privacy preserving sharing mechanism to evaluate the risk of disclosing potentially private data. The proposed method uses this assessment to dynamically determine the sharing strategy and the quality of the context shared. Conceptually, Magpie allows devices to actively obfuscate context information so that sharing is still useful but does not breach user privacy. To our knowledge this is the first work to take both trust relationships and users’ individual privacy sensitivities into account to balance sharing and privacy preservation. We describe Magpie and then evaluate it in a series of application-oriented experiments running on the Opportunistic Network Environment (ONE) simulator.
The Technical Writings of John A. Roebling and his Contributions to Suspension Bridge Design

John A. Roebling designed some of the longest and most well-known suspension bridges of the 19th century. Roebling developed a hybrid suspension bridge form, combining a suspension cable with inclined stays and a stiffening truss. Roebling’s technical writings reveal his skills as an engineer—proficient with theory, but able to draw on experience and observation. Roebling relied on approximate design methods and possessed a deep understanding of structural behavior. Roebling’s suspension bridges pushed the limits of the 19th century bridge design, and they inspired the development of more exact structural analysis methods. Roebling’s stayed suspension bridge system represents an extremely safe and economical system for long span bridges. Although rarely built after Roebling’s career, variations of the stayed suspension bridge continue to be proposed for very long spans.
PATTERNS OF VARIATION IN AQUATIC AMBYSTOMATID SALAMANDERS: KINEMATICS OF THE FEEDING MECHANISM.

Summary. - Patterns of variation in the feeding mechanism of three species of ambystomatid salamanders (Ambystoma dumerilii, A. mexicanum, and A. ordinarium) were studied to provide insight into the nature of variation in kinematic parameters of the jaw mechanism associated with prey capture. A nested analysis of variance design provided an assessment of the amount of variation in six kinematic variables (measured from 200 frames/sec films of feeding behavior) both among species and among individuals within species. For all six variables, a highly significant proportion of the variance was explained at the intraspecific level. Among species, the most robust discriminators were variables associated with movement of the hyoid. The variables reflecting gape and lifting of the head provided no significant discrimination among species and had large error variances. The hyoid apparatus is the most phylogenetically conservative component of the feeding mechanism in lower vertebrates and was the most stereotyped component of feeding behavior within the salamander species studied here.
Bone regeneration potential of stem cells derived from periodontal ligament or gingival tissue sources encapsulated in RGD-modified alginate scaffold.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) provide an advantageous alternative therapeutic option for bone regeneration in comparison to current treatment modalities. However, delivering MSCs to the defect site while maintaining a high MSC survival rate is still a critical challenge in MSC-mediated bone regeneration. Here, we tested the bone regeneration capacity of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) encapsulated in a novel RGD- (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid tripeptide) coupled alginate microencapsulation system in vitro and in vivo. Five-millimeter-diameter critical-size calvarial defects were created in immunocompromised mice and PDLSCs and GMSCs encapsulated in RGD-modified alginate microspheres were transplanted into the defect sites. New bone formation was assessed using microcomputed tomography and histological analyses 8 weeks after transplantation. Results confirmed that our microencapsulation system significantly enhanced MSC viability and osteogenic differe...
Factors Affecting the Reaction of Mice to Low Atmospheric Pressures.

SummaryMice that had been permitted access to a mixed food before exposure to high tensions of oxygen with a subsequent sudden fall of total pressure to 70 mm were found much more likely to succumb to such treatment than were mice that had been deprived of food for a day. This effect of food was also observed after the administration of glucose, intragastrically or intraperi-toneally, but not after the intragastric administration of olive oil.Mice not previously treated with high tensions of oxygen were nearly all killed by the sudden exposure to 70 mm pressure, but those that had been deprived of food did not show the marked congestion of the lungs that was observed in mice that had been fed a mixed food. Mice that had received glucose or starch showed this congestion, but those that had received xylose, olive oil, egg albumin, leucine, or sodium chloride did not.
Promoting Ethical Behavior by Cultivating a Culture of Self-Care During Graduate Training: A Call to Action

Self-care practices maintain strong professional functioning and decrease risk of burnout and exhaustion. Limited research has examined how these practices are learned and practiced by graduate students. The current study examined self-care-related policies and practices in psychology graduate education, focusing on clinical psychology doctoral programs associated with the Council of University Directors of Clinical Psychology. For all member programs, departmental and/or clinical training area handbook(s) were evaluated for a mention of terms related to self-care. Of 177 programs sampled, handbooks were available online for 136 (76.8%) of them; of these, 15 (11.0%) had an available general psychology department handbook that referenced self-care and 44 (32.4%) had an available clinical psychology training area handbook with such a reference. A simple reference to psychotherapy or mental health services for impaired students was the most common self-care theme observed. Given these findings, and the importance of self-care practices to the professional psychologist, it is suggested that graduate programs adopt clearly articulated and readily accessible self-care statements as well as institutionalized self-care practices that are encouraged and/or supported by faculty and administration. A call to action urges psychology training programs to consider initiating a shift from cultures of self-care that are reactive in nature to ones that instead are proactive and preventive, with a focus on wellness.
Discussion on Emergency Medical Information Service for Public Health Emergencies in Preventive Medical Libraries

The paper briefly dpicts the concept,features of public health emergency events,clarifies the major missions while facing the emergency.It proposes advices on preventive medicine service mechanism,including generating the fast-response mechanism, building network system to ensure information service,resources garantee system,teams construction,etc.