cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Institutions and economic growth: An historical introduction

Abstract In this essay the interdependence of political and economic institutions is examined against premises in neoclassical theories of economies, which maintain that population and savings are the principal determinants of economic growth. That institutions matter in the development of economies is the difference in assumptions I examine. I look at the institutional frameworks that preceded adoption of the United States Constitution and the Northwest Ordinance in early America. I then trace the precedents of these American institutions to the evolution of common law in England, where interests unconcerned with the Crown coalesced to form competing political units. I then contrast England's institutional development with the comparatively centralized enforcement mechanisms of Spain to examine the hypothesis that institutional differences produce economic consequences.
Traceclipse: an eclipse plug-in for traceability link recovery and management

Traceability link recovery is an active research area in software engineering with a number of open research questions and challenges, due to the substantial costs and challenges associated with software maintenance. We propose Traceclipse, an Eclipse plug-in that integrates some similar characteristics of traceability link recovery techniques in one easy-to-use suite. The tool enables software developers to specify, view, and manipulate traceability links within Eclipse and it provides an API through which recovery techniques may be added, specified, and run within an integrated development environment. The paper also presents initial case studies aimed at evaluating the proposed plug-in.
The role of T regulatory cells in asthma

As a chronic inflammatory disease, much of the research related to asthma has been focused on proinflammatory mechanisms. Recently, advances have been made in defining mechanisms that control inflammation and induce immune tolerance to specific antigens. Subsets of CD4 + cells known as T regulatory cells play an important role in directing these processes, and recent experiments have begun to define crucial molecular and signaling pathways. There is a growing body of evidence describing the function of T regulatory cells in the development, disease activity, and treatment responses related to asthma and other atopic diseases. Collectively, this new information suggests that a greater understanding of these pathways might lead to new therapeutic targets for asthma and other diseases of chronic airway inflammation.
Characterization of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 in Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Introduction: There remains a significant therapeutic need for small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). We and others have reported high frequency of copy number gains in cytogenetic bands encoding fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) in SCLC tumors and cell lines. Methods: Thirteen SCLC cell lines and 68 SCLC patient tumor samples were studied for FGFR1 amplification. Growth inhibition assays were performed using PD173074, a pan-FGFR inhibitor to determine the correlation between FGFR1 expression and drug sensitivity. Results: We did not detect FGFR1 mutations in SCLC cell lines. Focal amplification of FGFR1 gene was found in five tumor samples (7%), with high-level focal amplification in only one tumor sample (1%). Amplification owing to polysomy of chromosome 8, where FGFR1 locates, was observed in 22 tumor samples (32%). There was no correlation between FGFR1 gene copy number and messenger RNA expression or protein expression in SCLC cells. FGFR inhibitor sensitivity correlated with FGFR1 copy number determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction assay ( r = −0.79; p = 0.01). Conclusion: FGFR1 gene mutations and focal amplification are rare in SCLC, but polysomy of chromosome 8 is relatively common. FGFR1 copy number gain predicts sensitivity to FGFR inhibition, and FGFR expression correlates inversely with chemosensitivity.
Excitation Energy Transfer in the Lhca1 Subunit of LHC I-730 Peripheral Antenna of Photosystem I

Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy at 77 K was used to study excitation energy transfer processes in the reconstituted (r-)Lhca1 subunit of the peripheral light-harvesting antenna complex LHCI-730 of Photosystem I from higher plants. Under selective excitation of chlorophyll (Chl) b at 645 nm with 200 fs laser pulses, two energy transfer processes from Chl b to spectral forms of Chl a with lifetimes of 500 fs and 2.8 ps are induced. The subpicosecond phase reflects the energy transfer between closely located Chl b and Chl a molecules. Excitation at 670 nm induces a similar ultrafast process of energy transfer between neighboring Chl a molecules with a lifetime of 300 fs. The kinetic processes with the lifetime of 3−4 ps indicate an excitation equilibration among pools of Chl b and Chl a in the r-Lhca1, which involves the longest-wavelength spectral form of Chl a at 684 nm. This is in contrast to the Lhca4 subunit of the LHCI-730 heterodimer, which binds the longest-wavelength (red) pigments abs...
Innovative visualization and segmentation approaches for telemedicine

In health care applications, we obtain, manage, store and communicate using high quality, large volume of image data through integrated devices. In this paper we propose several promising methods that can assist physicians in image data process and communication. We design a new semi-automated segmentation approach for radiological images, such as CT and MRI to clearly identify the areas of interest. This approach combines the advantages from both the region-based method and boundary-based methods. It has three key steps compose: coarse segmentation by using fuzzy affinity and homogeneity operator, image division and reclassification using the Voronoi Diagram, and refining boundary lines using the level set model.
Ligand-dependent transformation by the receptor for human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor beta subunit.

Abstract The receptor for human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGMR) is composed of two subunits, alpha and beta, which are both required for high-affinity binding of the ligand. To examine the transforming potential of hGMR, we have transfected cDNAs encoding the receptor alpha and beta subunits into NIH 3T3 cells, which normally do not express GMRs. Introduction of the receptor subunits into these cells resulted in focal transformation, which was dependent on the presence of human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) in the culture medium. No transformation was observed when hGM-CSF was replaced with other growth factors such as human epidermal growth factor or human interleukin 3 or when cells were transfected with the alpha or beta subunit alone. Individual conditional transformants isolated after transfection expressed functional hGMRs, were susceptible to transformation by picomolar levels of the ligand, and were capable of anchorage-independent growth in soft agar in the presence but not in the absence of hGM-CSF. Biochemical analysis showed that treatment of these cells with hGM-CSF caused a rapid phosphorylation of the beta subunit and other cellular proteins on tyrosine residues, recapitulating some of the events that take place during GM-CSF signaling in myeloid cells. We conclude that coexpression of the alpha and beta subunits of hGMR in established murine fibroblasts is sufficient to reconstitute a functional receptor, which is capable of causing ligand-dependent transformation. The oncogenic potential of hGMR lends support to the hypothesis that its deregulated or abnormal expression may play a role in leukemogenesis.
Multiple acoustic features underlie vocal signal recognition in tamarins: antiphonal calling experiments

We examine which acoustic features are relevant for recognition of the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) combination long-call. This vocalization, emitted by both males and females, functions in maintaining group cohesion, territory defense and mate attraction. Using the tamarins' natural antiphonal vocal response to hearing a combination long-call as the primary measure of recognition, we presented subjects with synthetic exemplars of combination long-calls in which we manipulated across one of three acoustic dimensions: frequency, time and amplitude. Results indicated that although acoustic features in the frequency and time domains are important for combination long-call recognition, the changes in amplitude within and between syllables are not. Furthermore, while the fundamental frequency appears to be the used to encode information about the frequency contour, the temporal information is derived from the harmonics. Overall, these results suggest that tamarins use a specific suite of acoustic features for combination long-call recognition.
Historic Preservation and Social Stability in Sacramento´s Old City.

Sacramento’s Old City contains the CBD of a metropolitan area of 1.5 million people and adjacent residential neighborhoods housing 32,000 people. This essay reviews the evolving social character of the Old City, which has been the subject of substantial preservation efforts since 1960. Survey questionnaires sent to members of the Sacramento Old City Association (SOCA) in 1977 and 1992 reveal continuity in most characteristics and attitudes. Although SOCA is a largely white and upper-income organization, and although SOCA’s main policy thrust is to preserve the single-family housing stock of the Old City, the record of neighborhood social change over the past two decades shows limited gentrification and enduring economic, ethnic, and life-style diversity. Characteristics of the metropolitan area and of the locality-its inherited land-use patterns and building stock, traffic, and indistinct residential image-work against gentrification. The Old City continues as a physically and socially eclectic place, in ...
Advanced techniques for neoclassical tearing mode control in DIII-D

Two techniques were developed at DIII-D [J. L. Luxon, Nucl. Fusion 42, 64 (2002)] to tackle ITER-specific aspects of neoclassical tearing mode (NTM) control, namely, (1) the relatively small size of the rotating islands, smaller than the electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) deposition region, and (2) the increased tendency of the islands, compared to present devices, to lock to the wall or to the residual error field, in a position not necessarily accessible to ECCD. Modulated ECCD is known to suppress small islands more efficiently, when “broad,” than continuous ECCD. At DIII-D, a NTM of poloidal/toroidal mode numbers m/n=3/2 was completely stabilized by a new technique where oblique electron cyclotron emission acted at the same time as an indicator of good alignment between ECCD and the island, and as a waveform generator, for modulation in synch and in phase with the island O-point. In another experiment, after locking in an unfavorable position, a 2/1 island was steered by externally generated magn...
Respiration of starfish oocytes during meiosis, fertilization, and artificial activation

Abstract Rates of oxygen consumption were measured in oocytes of the starfish Patiria miniata prior to and after the initiation of meiotic maturation in response to 1-methyladenine. No significant change in the rate of respiration was noted until after the completion of meiosis, at which point a two-fold increase in the rate of respiration was observed. The rate of oxygen consumption was also measured in response to fertilization and artificial activation with pronase. A transitory “burst” of oxygen consumption was noted in response to both stimuli. This “burst” is larger and of briefer duration in pronase-treated eggs. Possible interpretations of these phenomena are discussed.
The much maligned shark: A study of shark consumption in the southeastern Caribbean

Protein levels are currently above requirements in the Commonwealth Caribbean, but the bulk of the protein nutrients is imported. The rapidly rising costs of imported meats, especially dried, salt codfish, which has long been the staple fleshfood among West Indians, makes it imperative for Caribbean island governments to seek alternative sources of cheap proteins developed from local sources. The development of new protein sources is made difficult by the fact that the densely populated Caribbean island mini‐states have little land with which to expand livestock industries. As land resources are limited, the Caribbean countries must look to their sea resources to meet their growing requirements for low‐cost protein foods. Unfortunately, the present catch of fish is only a small portion of the amount available for harvest. The majority of West Indians accept relatively few species of fish for the table. Sharks constitute a little utilized marine resource throughout much of the Caribbean. The demand for thi...
Anaerobic glycolysis in normal and leukemic bone-marrow leukocytes. Effect of methyl-glyoxal-bis-guanylhydrazone dihydrochloride.

At the Mayo Clinic a study was made of the anaerobic glycolysis of leukocytes obtained from bone marrow of 8 normal individuals and 16 patients with acute leukemias plus leukocytes from the peripheral blood of 8 normal donors. Normal leukocytes from bone marrow had significantly lower glycolytic rates than those from peripheral blood. Bone-marrow leukocytes from patients with untreated myelomonocytic leukemia had significantly greater rates than normal bone-marrow leukocytes. The inhibitory effect of methyl-glyoxal-bis-guanyl-hydrazone dihydrochloride on the anaerobic glycolysis of leukocytes appeared to be similar whether the cells were obtained from normal individuals or from patients with acute leukemia.
Ultrastructural study on cell-virus relationships in the thyroid of a salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird).

The ultrastructure of developmental stages of polyhedral viral particles (AMV), observed in endothelial cells of the Ambystoma macrodactylum thyroid, is described. While AMV is morphologically similar to certain icosahedral frog viruses, its significance in relation to salamander idiopathy is unclear. Some material for construction of the capsid framework is apparently provided by cytoplasmic membranes not unlike endoplasmic reticulum. Subsequently, an electron-dense nucleoid appears within this developing polyhedron. As “mature” AMV is extruded from the cell it becomes encircled by a small piece of the plasmalemma. Concurrently, a membrane (pseudoplasmalemma) appears between the cell membrane and the capsid. The pseudoplasmalemma is apparently fabricated via directions from AMV. Interstitial virus particles have a circular configuration and are surrounded by a two-membrane envelope. The functional significance of this envelope is discussed.
Elder Mistreatment and Emotional Symptoms Among Older Adults in a Largely Rural Population: The South Carolina Elder Mistreatment Study

Although two recent major studies provide some insight into the prevalence and correlates of elder mistreatment, the relationship between elder mistreatment and mental health remains unclear. This study begins to address this issue by examining the relationship between elder mistreatment (i.e., a recent history of emotional and physical abuse) and negative emotional symptoms (e.g., anxiety and depression) among 902 older adults aged 60 and above residing in South Carolina. Results demonstrate that emotional, but not physical, abuse is significantly correlated with higher levels of emotional symptoms. This relationship is sustained when controlling for established demographic and social/dependency risk factors. These data suggest that mistreated older adults also suffer from greater emotional symptoms and highlight the need for more research in this area.
Cellular and molecular targeting for nanotherapeutics in transplantation tolerance

The induction of donor-specific tolerance to transplanted cells and organs, while preserving immune function as a whole, remains a highly sought after and elusive strategy for overcoming transplant rejection. Tolerance necessitates modulating a diverse array of cell types that recognize and respond to alloantigens, including antigen presenting cells and T lymphocytes. Nanotherapeutic strategies that employ cellular and biomaterial engineering represent an emerging technology geared towards the goal of inducing transplant tolerance. Nanocarriers offer a platform for delivering antigens of interest to specific cell types in order to achieve tolerogenic antigen presentation. Furthermore, the technologies also provide an opportunity for local immunomodulation at the graft site. Nanocarriers delivering a combination of antigens and immunomodulating agents, such as rapamycin, provide a unique technology platform with the potential to enhance outcomes for the induction of transplant tolerance.
Flavor dynamics with conformal matter and gauge theories on compact hyperbolic manifolds in extra dimensions

We outline a toy model in which a unique mechanism may trigger a dynamical chain resulting in key low-energy regularities. The starting points are a negative cosmological term in the bulk and conformally invariant nongravity sector. These elements ensure compactification of the extra dimensional space on a compact hyperbolic manifold (with the negative and constant scalar curvature). The overall geometry is then ${\mathbf{M}}_{4}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathbf{B}}_{n}.$ The negative curvature on ${\mathbf{B}}_{n}$ triggers the formation of the four-dimensional defect which provides in turn a dynamical localization of ordinary particles. It also leads, simultaneously, to a spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetry through a Higgs mechanism. Masses of the fermions, gauge bosons and scalars all derive from the curvature of the internal manifold such that the Higgs boson is generally heavier than the gauge bosons. The factorizable geometry ${\mathbf{M}}_{4}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathbf{B}}_{n}$ and flatness of ${\mathbf{M}}_{4}$ require fine tuning.
A nonlinear fabes—stroock result

A generalized maximum principle is established for subsolutions inΩa bounded domian in of the extremal equations where [ILM0003is the Pucci extremal operator depending on positive parameters and can be unbounded. More precisely, it is shown that if u is a subsolution of the above extremal equations, then for some where C and q depend on . The proof here runs through a sublinear functional representation without employing classical linear theory. The result is a generalization of the Fabes—Stroock result to fully nonlinear equations.
The importance of fitting in: conformational preference of selenium 2′ modifications in nucleosides and helical structures

Selenomethionine incorporation has proven useful in X-ray crystallography of proteins to obtain phase information. In nucleic acids, the introduction of selenium to different positions is beneficia...
Approaches to modelling the physical layer performance in a UMTS radio system simulator

This paper reviews a number of ways of estimating UMTS system performance through simulation. The focus is on the modelling of the physical layer performance within a dynamic system simulator. The dynamics of the system can be studied over two different timescales, short-term and long-term. If the long-term approach has been proven useful in voice-dominated systems, it is inadequate to capture the effects on the inner power control loop of rapidly changing conditions due to e.g. scheduling of variable rate packet data services. A new approach is proposed whereby a number of functions traditionally affected to the physical layer simulation are moved at the system level. Whilst improving significantly the system model, considerable simplification of the physical layer simulator is also achieved at the same time by removing the dependency on the system parameters.
Nonemergency visits to a pediatric emergency department

We examined six factors that may help to explain why parents take their children to hospital emergency departments: arrival time; travel time; who decided the patient should go; did the patient have a physician; did the parent attempt physician contact, and where the parent would have preferred to have gone for treatment. Results indicate that 47% of the nonemergency visits occurred during the time when physicians maintain office hours. Most visits were made by patients living less than 15 minutes away from the hospital. Physicians decided that the patient should go to the emergency department 18% of the time. Patients with a private physician accounted for 80% of the visits. Most parents did not try to contact a physician prior to the visit. Indeed, 46% of the parents preferred to take their children to the emergency department rather than to a physician's office. Finally, 74% of the parents who attempted some contact with a member of the health care system were referred to the emergency department for care.
The effect of prostate weight on the outcomes of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of prostate weight on perioperative, functional and oncological outcomes after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2003 and January 2006, 327 patients had LRP by one surgeon, 193 of whom were available for analysis. Patients were stratified into three groups on the basis of pathological prostate weight, i.e. or=75 g. Perioperative, oncological and functional (continence and potency at 1 year) outcomes were compared among the three groups. RESULTS: Of the 193 patients the prostate was or=75 g in 44 (23%); the mean prostate weight was 27, 49 and 98 g in the three subgroups, respectively. At presentation, 144 patients (75%) had T1c disease, 159 (82%) were potent and 187 (97%) were continent. Unilateral nerve-sparing was done in 37 (19%) and bilateral in 114 (59%) patients. The three subgroups were comparable in age, body mass index, preoperative prostate-specific antigen level, preoperative Gleason score, clinical stage, operative duration, length of hospital stay, duration of catheterization, biochemical recurrence and continence after LRP. In the patients with a prostate of <or=30 g there was a higher incidence of positive margins (39% vs 16% vs 27%; P = 0.03) and inferior 1-year potency (47% vs 75% vs 79%; P =0.04), respectively. Estimated blood loss increased with increasing prostate size (204 vs 256 vs 340 mL; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Prostate size has no effect on continence or biochemical recurrence at 1 year after LRP, but affects intraoperative blood loss, potency and surgical margins. More patients with a longer follow-up are needed to confirm these findings.
Cardiac causes of syncope.

Syncope in children and adolescents is a common problem which almost always has a definable etiology. A search for the underlying diagnosis is important because of the risk of injury or sudden death. Such a search should include history, examination, laboratory screening, and ECG as a primary workup protocol. Such an evaluation can be done at relatively low cost and will establish the diagnosis in most cases. The most frequent cause in childhood is vasovagal syncope or other reflex mechanisms that usually require no ongoing care. If, however, a cardiac cause is found, the potential for an untoward outcome is greater, and, accordingly, diagnostic and treatment steps need to be thorough and comprehensive. If no etiology is found, particularly if the episodes are recurrent, extensive cardiac studies may be required, including inpatient electrophysiologic testing. A small percentage of children with heart block or intractable symptoms may ultimately require a pacemaker.
“Smoking” guns: Answers

Toxicology studies identified AB-FUBINACA, a fifth generation synthetic cannabinoid (SC), in the urine (450 ng/mL) and serum (52 ng/mL). Acute kidney injury (AKI) secondary to SCs was brought to international attention in a report from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in February 2013 [1] which detailed 16 cases of AKI after SC use in six states. A case series of four patients from Alabama, all from the same county, also implicated SCs as a cause of AKI [2]. An additional case has since been reported [3]. This is the first report of a fifth generation SC associated with AKI. SCs, commonly referred to as “Spice,” are designed to bind to the same cannabinoid receptors (designated CB1 and CB2) as the active compound in marijuana, delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Many SCs demonstrate a high affinity for CB1 and CB2 despite having markedly different chemical structures from THC; consequently, these compounds are also referred to as “synthetic marijuana” or cannabimimetics. SCs are designed and synthesized in clandestine laboratories. Plant material/inactive vegetable matter is soaked in solvent containing the dissolved SC or the SC is sprayed directly onto the matter [1, 4]. This material is then dried and smoked. The U.S Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) has placed multiple SCs into Schedule I of the Controlled Substance Act (CSA), including AB-FUBINACA [5–7]. However, illicit use continues as new drugs are constantly being designed, and many of the older compounds remain commercially available under the guise of herbal incense, bath additives, or air fresheners with the label “not for human consumption.” The illegal use is further encouraged by affordability, expectation of an intense high, and avoidance of detection by commonly used urine drug tests. The synthetic drug industry is a growing market. In the high school age group, 8–11 % of seniors have reported use [8]. There are countless street and commercial names for SCcontaining products (Table 1)—with these names having no correlation with the presence of a particular SC. These drugs are made in laboratories with no quality or safety controls, and thus there is great variability amongst these products in terms of ingredients, potentially toxic preservatives, adulterants, and concentration of active SC [4]. There is no assurance that This article refers to the article that can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10. 1007/s00467-014-2978-1.
Effects of soil nitrogen on pollen production, pollen grain size, and pollen performance in Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae)

To determine the effects of soil nitrogen on pollen production, pollen size, and pollen performance, two cultivars of zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) were grown under two nitrogen regimes in an experimental garden. The two cultivars were true breeding for alternative alleles for a one gene trait, ovary color. The soil nitrogen treatment had a significant effect on most measures of reproductive output through the female function. The nitrogen treatment did not affect the number of staminate flowers per plant but did have an effect on the number of pollen grains per staminate flower and the mean pollen grain size. A pollen mixture experiment revealed that pollen produced by plants in the high nitrogen treatment sired significantly more seeds than pollen from low nitrogen plants. Moreover, we found that the high nitrogen pollen sired even a greater percentage of seeds in the region of the fruit (ovary) previously shown to be fertilized by the fastest growing pollen tubes, Thus, the difference in the number of seeds sired by pollen from the two nitrogen treatments is due to differences in pollen performance. We conclude that spatial heterogeneity in soil nitrogen can influence the paternity of seeds in a plant population.
Augmented BACK equation of state II: Polar fluid mixtures

The augmented BACK equation of state for polar fluids is extended to mixtures by introducing mixing rules separately for the nonpolar and polar interactions. Fluid phase equilibria are calculated for polar + nonpolar, and polar + polar mixtures including mixtures of hydrogen-bonding substances. Enthalpy calculations are illustrated with enthalpy of H2S + N2 and heats of mixing of steam mixtures, and carbon dioxide mixtures. Cross interaction coefficients are adjusted for the correlation of data on binary mixtures. Both phase equilibrium and enthalpy data are correlated at the same time with two such coefficients for each binary. The cross interaction coefficients are constants, invariant with temperature, density, or phase state.
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Patients With Lung Cancer Previously Treated With Thoracic Radiation

Purpose Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) provides excellent local control with acceptable toxicity for patients with early-stage non–small cell lung cancer. However, the efficacy and safety of SBRT for patients previously given thoracic radiation therapy is not known. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed outcomes after SBRT for recurrent disease among patients previously given radiation therapy to the chest. Materials and Methods A search of medical records for patients treated with SBRT to the thorax after prior fractionated radiation therapy to the chest at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center revealed 36 such cases. The median follow-up time after SBRT was 15 months. The endpoints analyzed were overall survival, local control, and the incidence and severity of treatment-related toxicity. Results SBRT provided in-field local control for 92% of patients; at 2 years, the actuarial overall survival rate was 59%, and the actuarial progression-free survival rate was 26%, with the primary site of failure being intrathoracic relapse. Fifty percent of patients experienced worsening of dyspnea after SBRT, with 19% requiring oxygen supplementation; 30% of patients experienced chest wall pain and 8% Grade 3 esophagitis. No Grade 4 or 5 toxic effects were noted. Conclusions SBRT can provide excellent in-field tumor control in patients who have received prior radiation therapy. Toxicity was significant but manageable. The high rate of intrathoracic failure indicates the need for further study to identify patients who would derive the most benefit from SBRT for this purpose.
Computer applications in electromagnetic education

The NSF/IEEE Center for Computer Applications in Electromagnetic Education (CAEME) has been established to stimulate, accelerate, and provide leadership in the area of computer-aided instruction in electromagnetics. During the first 18 months of its operation, the center published a catalog of available software, funded 12 software development projects at 11 different universities, sponsored five workshops and organized four special sessions in symposia, and is in the final stages of producing its first book, which will contain diskettes of the developed software. In addition to the continued support of software development projects, the center has identified new avenues on which to focus its future activities. These include the use of developing technologies such as interactive videos and multimedia presentations and the development of guidelines and procedures to help in the effective use of its software products in classroom and laboratory instruction. The Center's activities are summarized; examples of the developed software are described; and focus for future efforts is discussed. >
Evolution of Continental Slope Gullies on the Northern California Margin

ABSTRACT A series of subparallel, downslope-trending gullies on the northern California continental slope is revealed on high-resolution seismic reflection profiles imaging the uppermost 50 m of sediment. The gullies are typically 0 m wide and have 1 to 3 m of relief. They extend for 10 to 15 km down the slope and merge into larger channels that feed the Trinity Canyon. In the lower half of the 50 m stratigraphic section, the gullies increase in both relief and number up section, to maxima at a surface 5 to 10 m below the last glacial maximum lowstand surface. Gully relief increased as interfluves aggraded more rapidly than thalwegs. Erosion is not evident in the gully bottoms, therefore gully growth was probably due to reduced sediment deposition within the gullies relative to that on interfluves. As the gullies increased in relief, their heads extended upslope toward the shelfbreak. At all times, a minimum of 10 km of non-gullied upper slope and shelf stretched between the heads of the gullies and the paleo-shoreline; the gullies did not connect with a subaerial drainage network at any time. Gully growth occurred when the gully heads were in relatively shallow water ( 200 m paleo-water depth) and were closest to potential sediment sources. We suggest that prior to the last glacial maximum, the Mad River, then within 10 km of the gully heads, supplied sediment to the upper slope, which fed downslope-eroding sediment flows. These flows removed sediment from nearly parallel gullies at a rate slightly slower than sediment accumulation from the Eel River, 40 km to the south. The process or processes responsible for gully growth and maintenance prior to the last glacial maximum effectively ceased following the lowstand, when sea level rose and gully heads lay in deeper water ( 300 m water depth), farther from potential sediment sources. During sea-level highstand, the Mad River is separated from the gully heads by a shelf 30 km wide and no longer feeds sediment flows down the gullies, which fill with sediment from the distal Eel River. Approximately one-half of the subsurface gullies have no expression on the seafloor, because they have completely filled with sediment following the last glacial maximum lowstand of sea level.
Performance analysis of a scaleable design for replicating file collections in wide-area networks

Mirroring file collections in the global Internet is widely practiced with a recent study estimating the number of WWW hosts with mirrored content at 10% of all WWW hosts. Conventional mirroring tools, however, are not well-suited for the large-scale multiple-site replication services envisioned by projects such as the Internet2 Distributed Storage Infrastructure (I2-DSI) project. This paper presents a scaleable design for the automated synchronization of large collections of files replicated across multiple hosts, as in I2-DSI, and outlines of how the design has been realized using rsync+, a modification to the popular open-source mirroring tool, rsync. A performance study based on an instrumented mirror usingrsync + empirically characterizes server-side processing costs under realistic, large-scale workloads, and supplementary measurements of network throughput across Internet2 links illustrate the achievable network performance in a high-speed wide-area network. These experimental results confirm the validity of scalability arguments for the design, uncover key system parameters for rsync+ that must be tuned for efficient operation, and indicate the limitations of TCP-only transport solutions as the number of mirror sites grows.
Cytologic features of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and pancreatitis: potential pitfalls in the diagnosis of pancreatic ductal carcinoma.

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) has played a significant role in the diagnosis of pancreatic masses but false-positive diagnoses occur. The Anatomic Pathology files were searched for FNAs of pancreas with subsequent resections. FNAs with a diagnosis of positive for or suspicious for adenocarcinoma followed by a benign resection specimen were reviewed and the surgical pathology and cytology findings correlated. Six cases had a cytologic diagnosis of adenocarcinoma or suspicious for adenocarcinoma but resection specimens were benign. In two cases, a non-invasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) without significant dysplasia was present surrounded by foci of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN). In both cases, the degree of atypia within the IPMN was less than that seen cytologically. The nuclear features of the PanIN overlapped those seen in the smears. In two cases, a neuroendocrine neoplasm was present accompanied by multifocal PanIN. The cytologic features of the neuroendocrine neoplasm did not correlate with the material cytologically diagnosed as adenocarcinoma. The cytologically atypical epithelium was similar to the PanIN. Two diagnoses of adenocarcinoma were made cytologically but the pancreatectomy specimens revealed pancreatitis with reactive atypia. Cytologic diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma has high specificity. Six cytologic misdiagnoses of adenocarcinoma occurred in 105 patients. The cytologic features of these misdiagnoses correlated with histopathologic changes of intermediate to high-grade PanIN or marked reactive atypia in severe pancreatitis. PanIN may be an under recognized, but significant source of false-positive results. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nursing Interventions for Family Members Waiting During Cardiac Procedures

Anxiety is shared by patients and family members (FMs) and can increase throughout the FMs waiting during invasive cardiac procedures (ICP). The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of an informational report (IR) and a postprocedure visit (PPV), on the anxiety of waiting FMs. There were 151 FMs assigned to 3 groups; Group 1 (50 FMs: standard of care [SOC]), Group 2 (50 FMs: SOC + IR), and Group 3 (51 FMs: SOC + IR + PPV). Pre/ postvariables measured were: blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), skin temperature (ST), and anxiety. When comparing the BP, HR, ST, and anxiety there were no differences between groups with either SOC or IR. There was a significant reduction in anxiety, from baseline to the PPV in Group 3 (F = 10.1; p < .000). A PPV had an impact on FMs and a PPV should be incorporated as a nursing intervention during ICP.
An Ecological Model of Inter-institutional Sustainability of an After-school Program: The La Red Mágica Community-University Partnership in Delaware

The purpose of the paper is to introduce a recursive model of ecological discursive sustainability, as it applies to and emerges from the history of an after-school program partnership between the School of Education at the University of Delaware, USA and the Latin American Community Center in Wilmington, Delaware, USA. This model is characterized by the development of shared ownership and collaboration between the institutional partners, the co-evolution and crossfertilization of the partners’ practices and the negotiation of institutional boundaries and structures. This model was developed by analyzing dialogic discourses across six diverse ecological domains of the partnership. The purpose of the paper is to introduce a recursive model of ecological discursive sustainability, as it applies to and emerges from the history of an after-school program partnership between the School of Education at the University of Delaware and the Latin American Community Center in Wilmington, Delaware. This model is characterized by the development of shared ownership and collaboration between the institutional partners, the co-evolution and cross-fertilization of the partners' practices and the negotiation of institutional boundaries and structures. This model was developed by analyzing dialogic discourses across six diverse ecological domains of the partnership.
The Effect of Body Movement on Listeners' Perceptions of Musicality in Trombone Quartet Performance.

The purpose of this study was to determine what effect body movement would have on listeners’ (N = 90) perceptions of a professional chamber ensemble performance. Specifically, an audio/video recor...
The Lower Atmosphere

For many practical purposes, the air of the lower atmosphere can be considered as a mixture of perfect gases; in the present context these may conveniently be assumed to be dry air of constant composition and water vapor.
Terminal and Branch Capacity Matrices of a Communication Net

A communication net consists of branches representing communication channels with the weight of each branch being a positive real number which represents the capacity of transferring information through the branch (called a "branch capacity"). The terminal capacity between the vertices i and j of a communication net is the capacity of transferring information between the vertices i and j by considering the net as a whole. To indicate the terminal capacities between all possible pairs of vertices in a net, a terminal capacity matrix is defined. Then the necessary and sufficient conditions for a terminal capacity matrix are given. To represent the structure of a communication net, a branch capacity matrix is defined. Then the synthesis of a communication net from a given terminal capacity matrix is to obtain a branch capacity matrix from the given terminal capacity matrix.
Characterization of Equine Phospholipase C Zeta: A Review and Preliminary Results on Expression Defects in Subfertile Stallions

In all mammalian species studied thus far, fertilization results in a series of intracellular Ca 2þ ([Ca 2þ ]i) increases, referred to as oscillations, responsible for driving oocyte activation and embryonic development. Current evidence supports the notion that sperm-borne phospholipase C zeta (PLCZ) is responsible for the initiation of these [Ca 2þ ]i oscillations. Although this appears to be a highly conserved mechanism for oocyte activation, differences in PLCZ sequence, activity, and expression do exist among different species. Herein, we summarize the information supporting PLCZ as the oocyte-activating factor in mammals and present our current knowledge regarding the characterization of this protein in the horse. The equine sequence yielded a protein of high relative [Ca 2þ ] ireleasing activity. Equine PLCZ was expressed over the head region overlying the acrosome, equatorial segment, connecting piece between the head and midpiece, and on the principal piece of the flagellum of stallion sperm. Equine PLCZ expressed both over the head and tail sperm regions was catalytically active, with the latter representing a characteristic unique to the horse. We also present preliminary data in subfertile stallions displaying PLCZ expression defects, although further research is required to establish a clear association between these defects and fertility problems in the horse. In summary, the information presented raises the questions of whether equine PLCZ could play diverse roles in sperm physiology and/or become a marker for the evaluation of stallion fertility, both of which are worthy of further investigation.
Studying Short-Range Dynamics in Few-Body Systems

I present the case for studying the nature of short-range internucleon interactions with electron-scattering experiments on few-body nuclear targets. I first review what electron-scattering studies have unearthed about the nature of the interactions between nucleons in nuclei at small separation. Special consideration is given to a couple of recent experiments. The results essentially serve to construct a roadmap for future studies in this area. The related experimental program at Jefferson Lab is presented, along with suggestions for future theoretical work.
Re: “Lessons Learned From the Design and Implementation of Myocardial Infarction Adjudication Tailored for HIV Clinical Cohorts”

We read with interest the article by Crane et al. (1) concerning myocardial infarction reporting and adjudication in their large observational human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cohort study. We wish to share our experience and lessons learned as members of the International Network for Strategic Initiatives in Global HIV Trials (INSIGHT) Endpoint Review Committee (ERC), evaluating acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and other serious non-AIDS (SNA) disease endpoints in our international HIV clinical trials network.
Using an intelligent tutor and math fluency training to improve math performance

This article integrates research in intelligent tutors with psychology studies of memory and math fluency (the speed to retrieve or calculate answers to basic math operations). It describes the impact of computer software designed to improve either strategic behavior or math fluency. Both competencies are key to improved perlormance and both address working memory limitations as students solve math problems. This research evaluated software interventions to improve strategies and fluency and tested their relative magnitude on math post-tutor pertbrmance. We discovered that both interventions appear to complement one another, impacting math achievement. Results suggest that training both strategy and fluency provide an advantage in accuracy and speed at answering math problems, due to more available memory capacity. Mathematics fluency has an impact on students' cognitive resources that are needed lbr more difficult (computationally intensive) math problems. We suggest that intelligent tutors can be enhanced with math fluidity training activities that help students to make calculations automatically with minimal memory load.
Extinction Bend Contours in Electron Microscopy of Clay-Size Mica-Vermiculites*

Extinction bend contours, observed in Cs-treated mica-vermiculites by transmission electron microscopy, give information on the morphology and crystal orientation and continuity in individual particles of clay size. Interlayer Cs apparently stretches that part of the silicate sheet in closest proximity and when exchange by Cs is incomplete, warping of the particle occurs. Warping favors the appearance of bend contours in transmission electron microscopic images of the particles. These contours terminate at crystal boundaries within a particle. A specimen tilting stage is useful in bringing the contours into view and in "exploring" individual particles.
Expected queue delay of resource allocation scheme based on traffic prediction in satellite systems

The future satellite communication systems should be able to accommodate the integrated services with a variety of applications and fulfil the quality of service requirements. Regarding to the delay requirements for different types of traffic, a novel resource allocation scheme is proposed. It is seen that the resource is allocated to each satellite terminal based on the traffic prediction. The assigned capacities are partitioned with priority coefficient according to the maximum tolerance delay of different traffic. The algorithm's performance is validated in simulation with different types of traffic. The proposed scheme is further compared with the existing ones, such as first-come first-serve, non-pre-emptive priority and pre-emptive resume priority. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that new algorithm can efficiently improve the delay performance of multi-application and is easy to be implemented in satellite communication system.
Computational caricatures: probing the game design process with AI

We propose the creation of computational caricatures as a design research practice that aims to advance understanding of the game design process and to develop the reusable technology for design automation. Computational caricatures capture and exaggerate statements about the game design process in the form of computational systems (i.e. software and hardware). In comparison with empirical interviews of game designers, arguments from established design theory, and the creation of neutral simulations of the design process, computational caricatures provide more direct access to inquiry and insight about design. Further, they tangibly demonstrate architectures and subsystems for a new generation of human-assisting design support systems and adaptive games that embed aspects of automated design in their runtime processes. In this paper, we frame the idea of computational caricature, review several existing design automation prototypes through the lens of caricature, and call for more design research to be done following this practice.
Impact of concomitant immunosuppression on the presentation and prognosis of patients with melanoma

9070 Background: Melanoma has been reported to be susceptible to immune control. Therefore, we hypothesized that concomitant immune suppression might impact the course of the disease. Methods: We e...