cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiological effects of anti-free radical interventions in canine Purkinje fibers

To assess whether free radicals affect the characteristic sequence of events in an in vitro model of ischemia and reperfusion, isolated canine cardiac Purkinje fibers were exposed to anti-free radical agents, superoxide dismutase 50 U/ml; catalase 600 U/ml; mannitol 2 mM and 20 mM and combined superoxide dismutase, catalase, and mannitol 20 mM. Fibers were superfused for 60 min with altered Tyrode's solution which mimicked some conditions of ischemia (glucose-free, containing lactate, equilibrated with 90% N2-10% CO2), and then re-exposed to normal, oxygenated Tyrode's solution. Anti-free radical agents alone had no electrophysiological effects. Ischemic conditions resulted in moderate depolarization in most preparations (10 control; 43 treated) but in severe depolarization, to less than -60 mV, in some (3 control, 11 treated). Re-exposure to normal, oxygenated solution resulted in prompt initial hyperpolarization followed by marked depolarization, and finally by recovery to baseline maximum diastolic potential. Anti-free radical agents had not effect on maximum diastolic potential during exposure to ischemic conditions or on initial hyperpolarization following re-exposure to oxygenated solution. Preparations that became severely depolarized during exposure to ischemic conditions were not protected by anti-free radical interventions from developing marked depolarization following re-exposure to oxygenated solution. However, in fibers only moderately depolarized by the ischemic conditions, all anti-free radical interventions except mannitol, 2 mM significantly attenuated depolarization following re-exposure to oxygenated solution. Anti-free radical interventions significantly reduced the number of preparations that became markedly depolarized (to less than -65 mV) during re-exposure to oxygenated solution (except for mannitol, 2 mM). Agents had no effect on the occurrence of abnormal automaticity; the occurrence of inexcitability was reduced, but not significantly, except when all agents were used in combination. The results suggest that free radical production may contribute to electrophysiological abnormalities when Purkinje fibers are re-exposed to oxygenated Tyrode's solution after they have been exposed to ischemic conditions.
Inhibition of Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation Rescues Native Folding in Loss of Function Protein Misfolding Diseases

Lysosomal storage disorders are often caused by mutations that destabilize native folding and impair trafficking of secretory proteins. We demonstrate that endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) prevents native folding of mutated lysosomal enzymes in patient-derived fibroblasts from two clinically distinct lysosomal storage disorders, namely Gaucher and Tay-Sachs disease. Prolonging ER retention via ERAD inhibition enhanced folding, trafficking, and activity of these unstable enzyme variants. Furthermore, combining ERAD inhibition with enhancement of the cellular folding capacity via proteostasis modulation resulted in synergistic rescue of mutated enzymes. ERAD inhibition was achieved by cell treatment with small molecules that interfere with recognition (kifunensine) or retrotranslocation (eeyarestatin I) of misfolded substrates. These different mechanisms of ERAD inhibition were shown to enhance ER retention of mutated proteins but were associated with dramatically different levels of ER stress, unfolded protein response activation, and unfolded protein response-induced apoptosis.
Shale gas and non-aqueous fracturing fluids: Opportunities and challenges for supercritical CO2

Abstract Hydraulic fracturing of shale formations in the United States has led to a domestic energy boom. Currently, water is the only fracturing fluid regularly used in commercial shale oil and gas production. Industry and researchers are interested in non-aqueous working fluids due to their potential to increase production, reduce water requirements, and to minimize environmental impacts. Using a combination of new experimental and modeling data at multiple scales, we analyze the benefits and drawbacks of using CO2 as a working fluid for shale gas production. We theorize and outline potential advantages of CO2 including enhanced fracturing and fracture propagation, reduction of flow-blocking mechanisms, increased desorption of methane adsorbed in organic-rich parts of the shale, and a reduction or elimination of the deep re-injection of flow-back water that has been linked to induced seismicity and other environmental concerns. We also examine likely disadvantages including costs and safety issues associated with handling large volumes of supercritical CO2. The advantages could have a significant impact over time leading to substantially increased gas production. In addition, if CO2 proves to be an effective fracturing fluid, then shale gas formations could become a major utilization option for carbon sequestration.
Surface micromachined microengine

Abstract The design, fabrication, and preliminary testing of a polysilicon microengine are presented. In this early work, electrostatic comb-drive actuation is used to demonstrate the microengine. However, the basic gear/link element of the microengine can be driven by any suitably forceful linear actuators. This device has direct application as a drive and power source for micromachined mechanisms such as optical switches, electrical switches, micropositioners, or any other micro-sized device requiring mechanical power. This is the first device of its kind that is directly linked to an output gear and converts linear motion from comb-drive actuators to rotational motion. The microengine provides output in the form of a continuously rotating output gear (≈ 50 μm in diameter) that is capable of delivering torque to a micromechanism. The microengine can be operated at varying speeds and its motion can be reversed. Processing considerations address the elimination of natural interferences that arise when conformally deposited polysilicon films form the links, joints, and gears that comprise the microengine. The resultant device is completely batch fabricated without the need for piece-part assembly.
The d’alembert-euler rivalry

Jean le Rond D'Alembert and Leonhard Euler were two towering figures in the firmament of 18th century mathematical physics. They both made significant contributions to the growth and maturing of mathematics and of theoretical science. There is no question about the extraordinary genius and prolific creativity of Euler. And D'Alembert, who boldly initiated and attempted problems that interested that Swiss prodigy, often provoked Euler's unfriendly reaction. A spirit of rivalry naturally arose between the two giants. Daniel Bernoulli, another outstanding genius of the age, was also involved in some of the controversies and misunderstandings between Euler and D'Alembert. Even if profound insights and germinal ideas are sometimes credited to D'Alembert, he is usually referred to as not only creatively inferior to Euler, but even unworthy of the fame and recognition that he received. Historians of science have not been very sympathetic to D'Alembert. As specific instances of this we may mention Todhunter 's "History of Probability" in which the chapter on D'Alembert is one long enumeration of his mistakes, told in a vein that is intended to provoke pity and ridicule. In referring to the voluminous correspondence between Euler and D'Alembert in connection with the logarithm of negative numbers Cajori remarked, "D'Alembert proceeds to advance arguments of meta-physical, analytical and geometrical nature which shrouded the subject further, ''1 ignoring the fact that such arguments were quite common in 18th century discussions. Ravetz, in his s tudy of the vibrating string problem, refers to D'Alembert's "priggishness as a mathematician," and finds his opuscules "a bewildering jumble. ''2 But the dean of all D'Alembert despisers is Truesdell. This eminent scholar and historian, having edited parts of Euler's complete works, seems to have inherited his idol's antipathies for D'Alembert. Indeed they are so magnified in his writings that it is doubtful if even Euler would concur with him on all points. Here, for example, is how he describes the reading of D'Alembert's works: "One searches for the little solid matter, as a sparrow pecks out a few nutritious seeds from a d u n g h e a p a task not altogether savory. "'3 On the other hand the prodigious genius of Euler has been adequately recorded. From the fable in which Diderot is made a fool by Euler in Catherine's court 4 to E. T. Bell's fascinating sketch of Analysis Incarnate only superlat ives have been used to paint Euler 's achievements. And all the encomiums that Euler has received for his own creativity are well deserved. In this year of the 200th death anniversary of D'Alembert it will be of some interest to look a little more closely into D'Alembert's standing vis-a-vis Euler, and to see how far some of the damaging remarks against
Chemotherapy for metastatic merkel cell carcinoma. Review of the M. D. Anderson hospital's experience

Thirteen patients with regional or distant metastases from Merkel cell carcinoma were treated with combination chemotherapy. Three patients had a complete response to therapy. In two patients with nodal disease the duration of response was 10+ and 4+ years. In addition, three patients had a partial response, and six patients had minor responses. Chemotherapy using a combination of drugs that are active against small cell carcinoma of the lung is recommended in the treatment of unresectable disease in patients with Merkel cell carcinoma; it may produce prolonged responses. While tumor regressions as a result of chemotherapy were often dramatic, once the disease progressed, the course of the disease often moved rapidly downhill and proved to be fatal.
Identification and localization of secretin and secretin receptor mRNAs in rat testis.

Secretin is a well-conserved member of the growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) family of peptides expressed in brain, gut and gonads. To determine whether secretin may also play a physiological role in testis, we examined the level and cellular distribution of secretin and secretin receptor gene expression in rat testis. RNAs from total testis, Sertoli, germ and Leydig cells were amplified by comparative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Southern blot analysis of the PCR products indicated secretin and secretin receptor mRNA expression primarily in germ cells. Sequence comparisons of cloned secretin and secretin receptor PCR products showed 100% identity with the previously reported sequences. To localize secretin and secretin receptor mRNAs at the cellular level within testis,in situ hybridization was performed. Specific hybridization to secretin mRNA was observed in low abundance in many germ cell types, but was heaviest over step 19 spermatids in stages VII and VIII tubules. Secretin receptor mRNA was detected in approximately the same cell types as was secretin mRNA, except that labeling was greatest in round spermatids (steps 6–8). Since the patterns of gene expression of secretin and its receptor overlap, these data suggest that there may be an intrinsic secretin system in testis.
The Effect of Pharmacologic Doses of Steroids on Atrioventricular Conduction in Man

His bundle electrograms were performed in ten patients with organic heart disease. Recordings were made at various rates using right atrial pacing. Two grams of methylprednisolone were infused intravenously over a 20-minute period. The PI-A, A-H, H-Q, and H-S intervals were obtained before and up to 1 hour after the infusion of the steroid. The maximum effect was seen at 1 hour. All patients showed a significant prolongation in the A-H interval with negligible effects on other intervals. At the atrial pacing rate of 120 beats/minute, the average A-H interval increased from control of 119 milliseconds to 159 milliseconds after steroids (P smaller than 0.01). Second-degree heart block occurred at lower pacing rates after steroids in six patients as compared with the control state. The postsuppressive sinoatrial node recovery time was increased in seven cases after steroid infusion. Pharmacologic doses of steroids can impair conduction through the atrioventricular node.
The multi-targeted kinase inhibitor SU5416 inhibits small cell lung cancer growth and angiogenesis, in part by blocking Kit-mediated VEGF expression

SU5416 is a multi-targeted kinase inhibitor that potentially has the ability to directly block tumor growth by inhibiting Kit signaling, as well as blocking angiogenesis by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) signaling. Previous work has demonstrated that SU5416 efficiently blocks Kit-mediated growth of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) in vitro. To determine the drug's effect on in vivo growth of SCLC, we studied its activity, alone and in combination with carboplatin, in chemotherapy-resistant H526, and chemotherapy-sensitive H209 murine xenograft models. SU5416 efficiently inhibited Kit activity in vivo when administered on a twice-weekly schedule. When administered over a 3-week period to animals bearing established tumors, it inhibited growth by at least 70%. It was at least as effective as carboplatin in suppressing growth of H526 xenografts. However, the combination with carboplatin was not superior to the most active single agent in either xenograft model at the doses and schedule utilized. SU5416 clearly inhibited growth in part by inhibiting angiogenesis, with microvessel density dropping by approximately 50% in treated xenografts. In addition to the recognized mechanism of inhibition of VEGFR, we uncovered a novel mechanism of angiogenesis suppression by demonstrating reduced VEGF expression in SU5416-treated xenografts. In vitro, stem cell factor treatment of the H526 cell line enhanced expression of VEGF, which was efficiently blocked with SU5416. Thus, we have demonstrated that SU5416 can inhibit SCLC growth by directly inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and by inhibiting angiogenesis, in part by inhibiting Kit-mediated VEGF expression. These data suggest that kinase inhibitors that target both Kit and VEGFR could play an important role in the treatment of SCLC, as well as other malignancies that express Kit.
Two-stage treatment: an outcomes-based assessment

To evaluate the merits of two-stage treatment for Class I and Class II malocclusions, three of the presumed benefits of this strategy – 1) improvement in self-concept, 2) greater ability to modify growth, and 3) higher quality – were assessed by reviewing the available evidence related to the ability of two-stage treatment to produce these benefits. Neither self-concept nor the ability to modify growth is improved by stage-one treatment, also, there are no skeletodental differences between the results obtained by one-stage and two-stage treatments. Accordingly, two-stage treatment cannot be endorsed on the basis of providing unique and characteristic psychological or skeletodental benefits.
Infrared Multiphoton Induced Isomerization of cis‐3,4‐Dichlorocyclobutene. III. Pressure Dependence of the Yield

The multiphoton induced isomerization of cis-3,4-dichlorocyclobutene (DCCB) was studied as a function of pressure. Three experiments indicated the existence of a nonthermal mechanism at neat pressures below 60 mtorr. These were: (i) the leveling off of the fractional yield of isomerization products at low pressures; (ii) the absence of dissociation products from 2-iodo-2-methyl propane, which served as a chemical thermometer in the presence of a large excess of DCCB; and (iii) a break in the power-law dependence of the optoacoustic signal produced by neat DCCB. The increased yield at higher DCCB pressures is believed to be due partly to a thermal reaction and partly to increased absorption caused by rotational or vibrational hole filling. Optoacoustic measurements also showed that at constant fluence the absorbed energy was greater for long, low intensity pulses, as might be expected for inhomogeneous excitation. However, the present experiments did not reveal an intensity dependence of the reaction yield. Addition of argon as a buffer gas monotonically decreased the yield, indicating that vibrational quenching more than offsets any hole-filling effects.
Quasi drag free gradiometry

Gradiometers are instruments for measuring the gradient of the gravity vector. However, these devices are in varying degrees contaminated by gravity itself or by acceleration. To a large extent these problems are avoidable in orbit, and dramatic improvements in operating accuracy are envisioned. The considered improvements could lead to the possibility of detailed global gravity surveys of the earth, or other planets. An obstacle in the path toward the conduction of such surveys is related to the impossibility to demonstrate an instrument's potential orbital performance in the laboratory. A promising approach for orbital testing is possibly a procedure in which the Shuttle is operated as a drag free satellite. This procedure involves floating the gradiometer in the Shuttle bay. However, certain problems arise in connection with such a procedure. The present investigation is concerned with the possibility that the Shuttle's motion problems can be avoided through the use of a quasi-drag-free magnetic suspension.
Pyridoxal Phosphate Inhibits Dynamic Subunit Interchange among Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase Tetramers

Cytoplasmic serine hydroxymethyltransferase (cSHMT) is a tetrameric, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of serine and tetrahydrofolate to glycine and methylenetetrahydrofolate. The enzyme has four active sites and is best described as a dimer of obligate dimers. Each monomeric subunit within the obligate dimer contributes catalytically important amino acid residues to both active sites. To investigate the interchange of subunits among cSHMT tetramers, a dominant-negative human cSHMT enzyme (DNcSHMT) was engineered by making three amino acid substitutions: K257Q, Y82A, and Y83F. Purified recombinant DNcSHMT protein was catalytically inactive and did not bind 5-formyltetrahydrofolate. Coexpression of the cSHMT and DNcSHMT proteins in bacteria resulted in the formation of heterotetramers with a cSHMT/DNcSHMT subunit ratio of 1. Characterization of the cSHMT/DNcSHMT heterotetramers indicates that DNcSHMT and cSHMT monomers randomly associate to form tetramers and that cSHMT/DNcSHMT obligate dimers are catalytically inactive. Incubation of recombinant cSHMT protein with recombinant DNcSHMT protein did not result in the formation of hetero-oligomers, indicating that cSHMT subunits do not exchange once the tetramer is assembled. However, removal of the active site PLP cofactor does permit exchange of obligate dimers among preformed cSHMT and DNcSHMT tetramers, and the formation of heterotetramers from cSHMT and DNcSHMT homodimers does not affect the activity of the cSHMT homodimers. The results of these studies demonstrate that PLP inhibits dimer exchange among cSHMT tetramers and suggests that cellular PLP concentrations may influence the stability of cSHMT protein in vivo.
Boundary conditions for shear flow past a permeable interface modeled as an array of cylinders

Abstract The boundary condition relating the macroscopic jump in the tangential velocity across a permeable interface consisting of a particulate lattice to the shear rate prevailing on either side of the interface is discussed. The computation of the velocity jump hinges on the realization that shear flow on one side of the interface induces a slip velocity on that side and a streaming drift velocity on the other side. The direction and magnitude of the slip and drift velocities depend on the interface constitution, solid fraction, and Reynolds number. Numerical computations are performed for a model two-dimensional interface consisting of a periodic array of cylinders. In the case of longitudinal unidirectional flow, the boundary conditions are defined in terms of previously computed drift and slip velocity coefficients for any ratio of the shear rates above and below the interface and any Reynolds number. To study the behavior in the complementary case of transverse flow, the Navier–Stokes equation is solved numerically using a finite-difference method on an orthogonal grid generated by conformal mapping, using the stream function/vorticity formulation. The results reveal that inertial effects promote the magnitude of the slip and drift velocity, and illustrate the streamline pattern near the interface.
Local Structures and Raman Spectra in the Ca(Zr,Ti)O3 Perovskite Solid Solutions

Local structures and cation distributions in perovskite Ca(Zr,Ti)O{sub 3} solid solutions were analyzed using X-ray absorption fine structure and pair-distribution functions obtained from total neutron scattering. The analyses revealed that the Zr-O and Ti-O bond distances in the solid solutions remain distinct and close to their respective values in the end-compounds, CaZrO{sub 3} and CaTiO{sub 3}. The structural strain in the solid solutions, which results from the ionic size mismatch between Zr and Ti, is accommodated by adjustment of the tilting angles for the different [BO6] octahedra. Additionally, the octahedra are distorted by bending, which affects the O-O distances while preserving a uniform distribution of the B-O distances. Combined experimental and theoretical analyses of Raman spectra demonstrated that high-frequency modes associated with the breathing of oxygen octahedra arise even in the nearly disordered solid solutions. Our results suggest a coexistence of both localized and extended Raman-active breathing vibrations, associated with the octahedra hosting the minority and majority B-cations, respectively. For the dilute solid solutions (<25 at. %), these modes yield two well-resolved Raman peaks.
System demonstrator for board-to-board-level substrate-guided wave optoelectronic interconnections

We design and implement a system demonstrator based on vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, polymeric hologram grating couplers, and metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors. As a preliminary experiment, we show the feasibility of board-to-board level substrate-guided wave optoelectronic interconnections in the real electrical system. First, we introduce a new architecture--centralized optical backplane--for board-to-board level interconnections. Second, the optoelectronic data channel is constructed compatible with standard PECL and capable of operating a 1.25 Gbps. Finally, it is employed to replace the conventional electrical data channel in a microprocessor system. We describe the performance of the entire system and discuss the future application of our centralized optical backplane in other electrical systems.
Calorimetry of nanophase‐separated poly(oligoamide‐alt‐oligoether)s

The miscibility, crystallization, vitrification, and melting behavior of multiblock copolymers consisting of alternating components of oligo[imino(1-oxodo-decamethylene)] and oligo(oxytetramethylene) were investigated in their dependence of composition and molecular mass of the blocks. In all compositions studied, the copolymers present two separate glass transitions at temperatures not far from those of the corresponding homopolymers. The immiscible components are linked by chemical bonds to nanophase-separated layers. In such a situation, the structure and mobility of each phase affect the other, causing small shifts of the glass-transition temperatures. The enthalpy-based crystallinity was calculated separately for each component, using the known information on heat capacities and latent heats. The crystallinity is influenced by the block lengths. The oligoamide segments crystallize from an isotropic melt with a relatively high crystallinity, whereas the oligoether blocks solidify in the presence of crystals and glass of the second component in the adjacent solid nanophases, which greatly reduces their overall long-range chain mobility, and as a consequence, their crystallinity is rather small.
Smoothness and rigidity of tensor algebras and their factors

In this paper, we begin a study of the lower dimensional relative cohomology groups of algebras defined by Hochschild [7]. Section 1 gives a few known but basic results. The results show how the relative cohomology groups for noncommutative rings of dimensions 1,2, and 3 correspond to the cohomology groups studied in commutative deformation theory. We show, for example, that they are the cohomology groups of a noncommutative cotangent complex. This correspondence motivates our definitions of smoothness and rigidity. From the results of Section 1, we see that if R is a semisimple ring and A is an augmented ring over R, i.e., there are ring morphisms R -+ A -R whose composition is the identity, then A is smooth over R if it is a tensor algebra over R. In Section 2, we show that the converse is also true under some additional hypothesis on A. For the remainder of the paper, we only consider tensor algebras that are associated to K-species, where K is a field (see Section 3 for definitions). Section 4 gives results on the rigidity of factors of these tensor algebras. It is shown that there are tensor algebras, each of whose factor rings is rigid. We call such tensor algebras factor rigid and classify them in Section 5. Note that the phenomenon of factor rigidity does not occur in the commutative theory, where a polynomial ring over a field K is factor rigid over k if and only if it is just the field k itself. I would like to thank D.S. Rim for introducing me to this subject and for his many helpful suggestions.
Effects of Multiple Binding Sites on Studies of Hydrogen Bonding between Nitroxide Radicals and Solvent Molecules

The role of more than one binding site on a nitroxide free radical in magnetic resonance determinations of the properties of the complex formed with a hydrogen donor is examined. The expression that relates observed hyperfine couplings in EPR spectra to complex formation constants and concentrations of each species in solution becomes much more complex when multiple binding sites are present, but reduces to a simpler form when binding at the two sites occurs independently and the binding at the non-nitroxide site does not produce significant differences in the hyperfine coupling constant in the complexed radical. Effects on studies of hydrogen bonding between multiple binding site nitroxides and hydrogen donor solvent molecules by other magnetic resonance methods are potentially more extreme.
Testing for the consecutive ones property, interval graphs, and graph planarity using PQ-tree algorithms

A data structure called a PQ-tree is introduced. PQ-trees can be used to represent the permutations of a set U in which various subsets of U occur consecutively. Efficient algorithms are presented for manipulating PQ-trees. Algorithms using PQ-trees are then given which test for the consecutive ones property in matrices and for graph planarity. The consecutive ones test is extended to a test for interval graphs using a recently discovered fast recognition algorithm for chordal graphs. All of these algorithms require a number of steps linear in the size of their input.
Why do Polyethylene Glycol-Coated Liposomes Circulate So Long?: Molecular Mechanism of Liposome Steric Protection with Polyethylene Glycol: Role of Polymer Chain Flexibility

AbstractThe hypothesis is suggested describing the molecular mechanism of protective action of poly(ethylene glycol) on liposomes in vivo on the basis of polymer properties in solvent. The protective layer of polymer on the liposome surface is considered as a “cloud” of possible conformations of macromolecules. If polymer is water-soluble and has flexible main chain, the density of this cloud is high enough to prevent the interaction of opsonins with liposome. At the same time, certain optimal concentration of the protective polymer can be found, when more loose areas in polymeric “clouds” can be used for the immobilization of antibodies on liposomes. As a result, long-circulating targeted liposomes can be obtained.
Stimulation of yeast mitochondrial protein synthesis by postpolysomal supernatants from yeast, rat liver, and Escherichia coli

Abstract Isolated yeast mitochondria incubated with a protein-synthesizing mixture containing excess oxidizable substrate, amino acids, MgCl 2 , an ATP-regenerating system, and optimal levels of [ 3 H]leucine cease protein synthesis after 30 min. Postpolysomal supernatants from either yeast, rat liver, or Escherichia coli can restore protein synthetic activity to depleted yeast mitochondria; however the addition of bovine serum albumin to the incubation mixture did not restore activity. The restored incorporation activity was sensitive to chloramphenicol, insensitive to cycloheximide, and proportional to the protein concentration of the supernatants. Furthermore, addition of all three high-speed supernatants to isolated mitochondria at time zero stimulated the rate of protein synthesis to a greater extent than when these fractions were added to depleted mitochondria. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed that the translation products obtained from mitochondria labeled in vitro in the presence of supernatant fractions were identical to the proteins labeled by mitochondria in vivo ; however, the synthesis of the bands corresponding to subunit III of cytochrome oxidase, cytochrome b , and VAR-3 was stimulated to the greatest extent. The stimulatory activity in the supernatants was non-dialyzable, insensitive to treatment with ribonuclease A, but completely abolished by pretreatment with trypsin suggesting that the stimulatory factor(s) is of a protein nature. The postpolysomal supernatants did not incorporate amino acids into protein when incubated without mitochondria. These results suggest that the protein synthetic capacity of mitochondria is apparently limited by extramitochondrial proteins which are present in either yeast, rat liver, or E. coli .
Observed source parameters for dynamic rupture with non-uniform initial stress and relatively high fracture energy

We have conducted dynamic rupture propagation experiments to establish the relations between insource stress drop, fracture energy and the resulting particle velocity during slip of an unconfined 2 m long laboratory fault at normal stresses between 4 and 8 MPa. To produce high fracture energy in the source we use a rough fault that has a large slip weakening distance. An artifact of the high fracture energy is that the nucleation zone is large such that precursory slip reduces fault strength over a large fraction of the total fault length prior to dynamic rupture, making the initial stress non-uniform. Shear stress, particle velocity, fault slip and acceleration were recorded coseismically at multiple locations along strike and at small fault-normal distances. Stress drop increases weakly with normal stress. Average slip rate depends linearly on the fault strength loss and on static stress drop, both with a nonzero intercept. A minimum fracture energy of 1.8 J/m 2 and a linear slip weakening distance of 33 mm are inferred from the intercept. The large slip weakening distance also affects the average slip rate which is reduced by in-source energy dissipation from on-fault fracture energy. Because of the low normal stress and small per event slip (w86 mm), no thermal weakening such as melting or pore fluid pressurization occurs in these experiments. Despite the relatively high fracture energy, and the very low heat production, energy partitioning during these laboratory earthquakes is very similar to typical earthquake source properties. The product of fracture energy and fault area is larger than the radiated energy. Seismic efficiency is low at w2%. The ratio of apparent stress to static stress drop is w27%, consistent with measured overshoot. The fracture efficiency is w33%. The static and dynamic stress drops when extrapolated to crustal stresses are 2e7.3 MPa and in the range of typical earthquake stress drops. As the relatively high fracture energy reduces the slip velocities in these experiments, the extrapolated average particle velocities for crustal stresses are 0.18e0.6 m/s. That these experiments are consistent with typical earthquake source properties suggests, albeit indirectly, that thermal weakening mechanisms such as thermal pressurization and melting which lead to near complete stress drops, dominate earthquake source properties only for exceptional events unless crustal stresses are low. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
An Examination of the Role of Feeding Regimens in Regulating Metabolism During the Broiler Breeder Grower Period. 1. Hepatic Lipid Metabolism

A trial was conducted to determine the effects of feeding regimens on hepatic lipid metabolism in 16-wk-old broiler breeder pullets. A flock of 350 Cobb 500 breeder pullets was divided into 2 at 4 wk of age and fed either every day (ED) or skip-a-day (SKIP) from 4 to 16 wk of age. Total feed intake did not differ between the 2 groups. At 112 d, 52 randomly selected ED-fed pullets, and 76 SKIP-fed pullets were individually caged and fed a 74-g (ED) or 148-g (SKIP) meal. Four pullets from each group were killed at intervals after feeding and livers were collected, weighed, and snap-frozen for determination of lipogenic gene expression. Total RNA was isolated from livers using Trizol reagent and then quantitatively measured by noting the optical density 260:280 ratio and qualitatively measured by gel electrophoresis. The expression of certain regulatory genes in metabolism [acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase; fatty acid synthase; malic enzyme (MAE); isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH); and aspartate aminotransferase (AAT)] were determined by real-time reverse-transcription PCR. Remaining liver portions were analyzed for enzyme activity of MAE, ICDH, and AAT as well as glycogen and lipid contents. Liver weight was higher in SKIP than in ED birds. Feeding caused dramatic increases in liver weight, glycogen, and lipids of SKIP birds. Expression of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, FAS, and MAE genes were increased in SKIP birds 12 and 24 h after feeding, with the increases in MAE expression from 0 to 24 h after feeding being of the greatest magnitude. In contrast, SKIP decreased ICDH and AAT gene expression, which parallels findings noted in fasting-refeeding experiments conducted with much younger birds. Skip-a-day feeding resulted in far greater changes in gene expression compared with ED, which was indicative of the inconsistent supply of nutrients in such regimens. Enzyme activity of MAE, ICDH, and AAT was reflective of noted changes in gene expression. In summary, the feeding regimen greatly affected hepatic gene expression in breeder pullets.
THE ANTIGENIC COMPLEX OF STREPTOCOCCUS HÆMOLYTICUS : V. ANAPHYLAXIS WITH THE TYPE-SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE.

1. Type-specific anaphylactic shock was produced with HCI extracts of Streptococcus haemolyticus in guinea pigs passively sensitized with antibacterial sera. 2. With occasional sera and certain HCl extracts, type-specific shock was not produced unless the serum was first absorbed with heterologous bacteria or unless the guinea pigs were desensitized with heterologous extracts before testing with the homologous extract. The findings indicated that this was due to the presence of the non-type-specific substance which has been provisionally designated as Y. 3. Tryptic digestion destroyed the ability of HCI extracts containing the type-specific M substance and the non-type-specific Y substance to produce anaphylactic shock in passively sensitized guinea pigs. 4. Active sensitization was not accomplished with the type-specific M. It seems probable, therefore, that this substance is a hapten, reacting with antibodies but not stimulating their production after separation from the bacterial cell.
Small-animal whole-body imaging using a photoacoustic full ring array system

In this report, we present a novel 3D photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) system for small-animal whole-body imaging. The PACT system, based on a 512-element full-ring transducer array, received photoacoustic signals primarily from a 2-mm-thick slice. The light was generated by a pulse laser, and can either illuminate from the top or be reshaped to illuminate the sample from the side, using a conical lens and an optical condenser. The PACT system was capable of acquiring an in-plane image in 1.6 s; by scanning the sample in the elevational direction, a 3D tomographic image could be constructed. We tested the system by imaging a cylindrical phantom made of human hairs immersed in a scattering medium. The reconstructed image achieved an in-plane resolution of 0.1 mm and an elevational resolution of 1 mm. After deconvolution in the elevational direction, the 3D image was found to match well with the phantom. The system was also used to image a baby mouse in situ; the spinal cord and ribs can be seen easily in the reconstructed image. Our results demonstrate that the PACT system has the potential to be used for fast small-animal whole-body tomographic imaging.
Henry's Constants of Volatile Organic Compounds in Aqueous Salt Solutions

A model based on dilute solution theory is presented for the correlation and extrapolation of Henry's constants of volatile organic compounds in aqueous salt solutions. The model is applicable over a significant range of temperatures and up to the solubility limits of the salts considered in this work. However, extrapolation over a range of salt concentrations requires one salt-dependent parameter. Experimental Henry's constants of methanol in aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and sodium thiosulfate at temperatures between 313 and 353 K are also reported in this work. It is demonstrated that the data can be correlated within experimental error using the proposed model.
Temporal variations of low-order spherical harmonic representations of sunspot group patterns: Evidence for solar spin-orbit coupling

The spatial and temporal patterns of sunspot groups spanning 125 years are explored using surface spherical harmonic (SSH) analysis at a temporal resolution of one Carrington Rotation (CR). SSHs spanning order, , and degree, l , satisfying are calculated for each CR from 300 to 1950 and are expressed as amplitude and spatial phase for each CR. Linear combinations of harmonics (lcSSHS), grouped by constant m and either even or odd l values, generate sectoral constructs with maximal power within the sunspot latitude band. The temporal variations of the lcSSHs describe the variations in longitudinal distributions of sunspot groups. The frequency components of these variations are examined separately using singular spectrum, Fourier, and wavelet analyses. The spatial phases of the lcSSHs display long-term secular, retrograde motions with superimposed near-decadal torsional oscillations. Two of these oscillatory components appear identifiable. One is an artifact of the differential rotation of the photosphere and has an 11-yr period. The other is in near synchrony with the proposed ddt series representing the torque on the Sun as it orbits the solar system barycenter. In contrast, each of the amplitude series for the lcSSHs follow an 11-yr solar cycle envelope but also contain a strong periodic component at 5.6 years and multiple components with periods between 15–30 years. Several of these oscillations are predictable from spin-orbit coupling considerations. At finer time scales (~20 CR), there is also evidence for abrupt spatial phase shifts consistent with standing waves at a surface or interface. The conclusion is that SSH decomposition of sunspot patterns can be used to extract intensity and drift variations at several time scales. The intermediate time scale contains evidence that solar activity is modulated by the Sun's motion around the solar system barycenter.
Distributed Routing Network Performance In Hostile Environments

In a communications network consisting of multiple nodes and links located in a hostile environment, optimum shortest path routing presents a challanging problem. Of interest is the robustness of the routing algorithm to node or link failures. Since this type of environment suggests the use of distributed or non-centralized algorithms, the convergence or recovery of the network to the shortest path routing tables is examined. Modeling of the network is accomplished with a typical cost function and flow rate distribution along with fixed link capacities. Results are obtained by computer simulation for two popular routing algorithms applied to a simple network and a network typical of orbital satellite topologies.
The effect of multiplex relationships upon innovation adoption: A reconsideration of Rogers' model

This study investigates the relationship between shared communication links and the process of organizational innovation. It was hypothesized that the nature and content of an individual's communication links with others could predict individual innovation adoption. Seven different communication link types containing single (uniplex) and multiple (biplex, multiplex) message contents (e.g., uniplex innovation, uniplex social, uniplex work, biplex work/social, biplex work/innovation, biplex social/innovation, and multiplex work/social/innovation) were identified as predictors of individual innovation adoption. Adoption of an innovation was measured by recording both time of initial adoption and extensiveness of adoption over a 90‐day time period. Results of a regression analysis provided no support for the hypotheses. The findings suggest a reconsideration of Rogers’ (1983) adoption framework.
Evaluating Sires on the Basis of Their Daughters’ Intensity of Laying

Abstract IN BREEDING poultry for high fecundity the value of sires can be accurately determined only by the performance of their daughters. In other words, the progeny test is generally accepted as the most specific guide for discovering which sires will raise the production level of the flock. Numerous workers have suggested various types of progeny testing from the partial to the complete type. Because of the time element it would be extremely valuable to poultry breeders if the labor of discovering the best sires could be reduced by some method that would reduce the amount of trapnesting required and, therefore speed up selection. Breeders are well aware that the intensity or rate of laying is one of the most important as well as the most variable characters in most flocks. No breeder questions the value of high winter intensity as well as high intensity at the end of the first . . .
Invariance of the solid-liquid interfacial energy in electrowetting probed via capillary condensation.

Capillary condensation is employed to probe the solid−liquid interfacial energy in electrowetting on dielectric. The height of an annular water meniscus formed via capillary condensation inside the...
Review of b hadron lifetimes and the width difference ΔΓ(Bs0)

Abstract In this talk I review recent measurements of b hadron lifetimes. I also discuss theoretical predictions and experimental findings concerning the decay width difference of the mass eigenstates in the Bs0- B s0 system.
Antifungal drug resistance: mechanisms, epidemiology, and consequences for treatment.

Abstract Antifungal resistance continues to grow and evolve and complicate patient management, despite the introduction of new antifungal agents. In vitro susceptibility testing is often used to select agents with likely activity for a given infection, but perhaps its most important use is in identifying agents that will not work, i.e., to detect resistance. Standardized methods for reliable in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing are now available from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) in the United States and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) in Europe. Data gathered by these standardized tests are useful (in conjunction with other forms of data) for calculating clinical breakpoints and epidemiologic cutoff values (ECVs). Clinical breakpoints should be selected to optimize detection of non–wild-type (WT) strains of pathogens, and they should be species-specific and not divide WT distributions of important target species. ECVs are the most sensitive means of identifying strains with acquired resistance mechanisms. Various mechanisms can lead to acquired resistance of Candida species to azole drugs, the most common being induction of the efflux pumps encoded by the MDR or CDR genes, and acquisition of point mutations in the gene encoding for the target enzyme (ERG11) . Acquired resistance of Candida species to echinocandins is typically mediated via acquisition of point mutations in the FKS genes encoding the major subunit of its target enzyme. Antifungal resistance is associated with elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations, poorer clinical outcomes, and breakthrough infections during antifungal treatment and prophylaxis. Candidemia due to Candida glabrata is becoming increasingly common, and C glabrata isolates are increasingly resistant to both azole and echinocandin antifungal agents. This situation requires continuing attention. Rates of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus are currently low, but there are reports of emerging resistance, including multi-azole resistant isolates in parts of Europe.
Origin of Argon-Lead Isotopic Correlation in Basalts

Sarda et al. (1) show that there is a correlation between ^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb and maximum ^(40)Ar/^(36)Ar values in Atlantic basalts. The authors argue that this correlation is due to mixing between a degassed-depleted upper mantle (^(40)Ar/^(36)Ar > 40,000 and ^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb ≈ 17.8) and a recycled component in the mantle (HIMU) that has unradiogenic Ar resulting from recycling of atmospheric Ar (^(40)Ar/^(36)Ar = 300). However, devolatilization of subducting material is well documented in arc environments and it seems extraordinary that Ar, a highly volatile element, can be recycled in significant amounts. I aim to show that the Ar content required of the recycled slab is implausibly high and that most of the variation in Ar isotopic composition could be the result of shallow-level atmospheric contamination.
Physical studies of organophosphorus acids of the type (RO)PO(OH)2 and (R)PO(OH)2

Abstract Physical studies of organophosphorus acids of the type (RO)PO(OH) 2 and (R)PO(OH) 2 have been made. These include molecular weight determinations and infra-red, Raman and PMR measurements. The complex nature of these compounds is discussed.
Genetic Enhancement, Human Nature, and Rights

Authors such as Francis Fukuyama, the President's Council on Bioethics, and George Annas have argued that biotechnological interventions that aim to promote genetic enhancement pose a threat to human nature. This paper clarifies what conclusions these critics seek to establish, and then shows that there is no plausible account of human nature that will meet the conditions necessary to support this position. Appeals to human nature cannot establish a prohibition against the pursuit of genetic enhancement.