cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Economics of High School Dropouts

Abstract One of the major educational challenges in the United States is ensuring that all students graduate from high school. This article reviews research evidence on four facets of this issue: (1) the magnitude of the problem and trends over time; (2) the economic and social consequences of dropping out; (3) the causes of the problem, including individual factors and institutional factors associated with families, schools, and communities; and (4) solutions to the problem, ranging from smaller-scale programmatic solutions to larger-school systemic solutions.
Free Logic and Definite Descriptions

Definite descriptions — Russell declared in Principia Mathematica — are expressions of the form ‘the so and so’, where the word ‘the’ is used in the singular. Such expressions fall into two major classes. Fulfilled definite descriptions are those in which expressions replacing the place-holder ‘so and so’ are true of exactly one existing thing1. Unfulfilled definite descriptions are those whose bases are not true of exactly one existing thing.
CoLoR: Co-Located Rescuers for Fault Tolerance in HPC Systems

With the increase in scale of HPC systems, the frequency of system wide failures is expected to increase. The performance of Coordinated Checkpoint/Restart (C/R), the traditional fault tolerance technique, degrades under high failure rates because of frequent global rollbacks, which themselves are susceptible to failures. We propose CoLoR, a fault tolerance scheme that i)requires only the failing process to recover, ii)overlaps reexecution with restart, and iii)avoids the cumulative effect of successive failures. Our theoretical analysis reveals that such a scheme results in lower expected completion time than coordinated C/R. We also provide a proof-of-concept implementation in MPI using receiver based message logging and colocated rescuer (CoLoR)processes, and evaluate its performance on several HPC benchmarks. Our experimental results, combined with observations from the theoretical analysis, show that CoLoR can outperform both traditional C/R and replication over a large range of system sizes, without using extra logger nodes.
Let’s Talk it Out: The Effects of Calibration Meetings on Performance Ratings

Despite their use in practice, calibration meetings of performance appraisal ratings have received little attention in the academic literature to date. The current paper addresses this gap by forma...
Transitioning to Open Source at 6000m

The Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) Sentry recently completed its first milestone in transitioning from a legacy monolithic software system to a modern distributed architecture based on the Robot Operating System (ROS). The goal of the upgrade is to accelerate new feature development without sacrificing operational reliability. Sentry is a 6000m depth operational vehicle for scientific users who require both cutting-edge AUV technology and reliable performance during standard surveys. ROS’s defederated architecture uses independent processes to isolate functionality. Sentry’s ROS-based stack leverages this design to test new functionality and support sharing software with other vehicles. Several new base libraries accelerated development providing a full-featured base for subsequent development. Following software engineering best-practices, Sentry’s ROS upgrade included a variety of testing techniques culminating in an 11-day engineering validation cruise. The operational software failure rate has not risen since the upgrade, although further dives are needed to characterize the impact. New features have already been deployed on science cruises using ROS tools and new simulation capabilities. Future stages of the transition will focus on porting legacy components to ROS.
Integrated Air Spaced Terahertz Metamaterial Absorber with High Quality Factor

In this paper, we present a polarization insensitive air-spacer triple band absorber. With the fabricated absorber, the three near unity-absorption peaks can be fine controlled with different structure designs, which have a great advantage in variety applications. Also, with air instead of the traditional dielectric layer, the absorber will exhibit an extremely high quality factor (Q) compare with the one in dielectric layer. Moreover, with the air-spacer triple band absorber structure, the coupling between the metamaterials layer and the ground plane is very strong. As a result, the near-field interaction should be considered in the interference theory. With the coupling effect included, the correctional interference theory can well predict both the numerical and experiment results of the metamaterial perfect absorber. Our findings demonstrate that the capacitance increase and the inductance decrease are the causes of the difference between the interference theory and the simulation and experiment results especially for circles metamaterials structures with thin air-spacer in metamaterial perfect absorber.
Imaging of developmental dysplasia of the hip: ultrasound, radiography and magnetic resonance imaging

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) describes a broad spectrum of developmental abnormalities of the hip joint that are traditionally diagnosed during infancy. Because the development of the hip joint is a dynamic process, optimal treatment depends not only on the severity of the dysplasia, but also on the age of the child. Various imaging modalities are routinely used to confirm suspected diagnosis, to assess severity, and to monitor treatment response. For infants younger than 4 months, screening hip ultrasound (US) is recommended only for those with risk factors, equivocal or positive exam findings, whereas for infants older than 4–6 months, pelvis radiography is preferred. Following surgical hip reduction, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is preferred over computed tomography (CT) because MR can not only confirm concentric hip joint reduction, but also identify the presence of soft-tissue barriers to reduction and any unexpected postoperative complications. The routine use of contrast-enhanced MR remains controversial because of the relative paucity of well-powered and validated literature. The main objectives of this article are to review the normal and abnormal developmental anatomy of the hip joint, to discuss the rationale behind the current recommendations on the most appropriate selection of imaging modalities for screening and diagnosis, and to review routine and uncommon findings that can be identified on post-reduction MR, using an evidence-based approach. A basic understanding of the physiology and the pathophysiology can help ensure the selection of optimal imaging modality and reduce equivocal diagnoses that can lead to unnecessary treatment.
Gastric Adenocarcinoma in patients with Roux-en-Y Gastric bypass: A case series.

/10.10 15 A mmo ence: . gedr@ The incidence of gastric cancer is approximately 24,000 cases per year with a mortality of 14,000 cases per year. There has been an increasing incidence of proximal gastric cancer and gastroesophageal junction cancer in the United States over the past 5–10 years [1]. Gastric cancer in patients who had previously undergone gastric restrictive surgery and gastric bypass has been reported but is rare. Seventeen case reports and series have been performed describing patients with gastric cancer after undergoing gastric bypass surgery [2]. In the majority of patients who had undergone previous Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery, gastric cancer developed in the excluded stomach, leading to delayed diagnosis. Unfortunately, management for these patients is difficult, given their often late diagnoses, which results in the advanced nature of their cancers when symptoms eventually develop [2]. Two cases of gastric adenocarcinoma in patients after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass will be described.
Seedling maturation drives spatial variability in demographic dynamics of an invader with multiple introductions: insights from an LTRE analysis

Multiple introductions are hypothesized to facilitate the success of invasive plant species, because they can result in novel genotypes through intraspecific hybridization potentially increasing the ability to adapt to the novel environment. In this study, we address the question of how the demography of an invader with multiple introductions and intraspecific hybridization varies across sites. This was done by modeling the population dynamics of Brazilian pepper, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Anacardiaceae), a shrub native to Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina that has invaded the global subtropics and was introduced to Florida on two separate occasions. This species exhibits variability in growth form such that vertical and lateral growth are not strongly associated. Our demographic field work took place at six sites spanning the introduced range in Florida and differing in introduction history. For each site we constructed integral projection models where the probabilities of survival, growth and reproduction were modeled as functions of two different metrics of size, the continuous variables diameter and height, metrics of vertical and lateral growth, respectively. We performed a Life Table Response Experiment analysis to decompose the effects of variation among sites in vital rates on the population dynamics of S. terebinthifolia. We found that spatial variation in population dynamics was driven primarily by site-level differences in the maturation of seedlings into reproductive adults. The survival and growth of the largest individuals had the highest elasticity, suggesting that management actions capable of decreasing these vital rates would have the greatest effect on reducing the population growth rate.
Chapter 3 – Cerebral – Deep

Publisher Summary This chapter explains how chronic electrical deep brain stimulation (DBS) has supplanted neuroablation as the primary neuromodulatory technique and has become a standard treatment for medically refractory essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, and primary dystonia. The treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) with DBS has been approved in the USA and pivotal trials of DBS for epilepsy and major depressive disorder (MDD) are either completed or in progress. The mechanisms underlying pain relief via stimulation at these sites appear to be different yet are still not completely understood. Hosobuchi proposed that pain relief derived from PVG/PAG stimulation is mediated by opioid release following the observation that stimulation-induced analgesia at this site is blocked with naloxone. Tremor is a rhythmic, involuntary oscillation of the musculature that can affect the head, extremities, and/or trunk. By its very nature, epilepsy would appear to be the ideal disorder to treat with electrical neurostimulation and, in particular, intermittent responsive stimulation. Toward that end, neurosurgeons have targeted a number of deep cerebral, cerebellar, and brainstem sites with the hope of controlling seizure disorders.
CYLD Alterations in the Tumorigenesis and Progression of Human Papillomavirus-Associated Head and Neck Cancers.

Genetic alterations of CYLD lysine 63 deubiquitinase (CYLD), a tumor-suppressor gene encoding a deubiquitinase (DUB) enzyme, are associated with the formation of tumors in CYLD cutaneous syndrome. Genome sequencing efforts have revealed somatic CYLD alterations in multiple human cancers. Moreover, in cancers commonly associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (e.g., head and neck squamous cell carcinoma), CYLD alterations are preferentially observed in the HPV-positive versus HPV-negative form of the disease. The CYLD enzyme cleaves K63-linked polyubiquitin from substrate proteins, resulting in the disassembly of key protein complexes and the inactivation of growth-promoting signaling pathways, including pathways mediated by NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin, and c-Jun N-terminal kinases. Loss-of-function CYLD alterations lead to aberrant activation of these signaling pathways, promoting tumorigenesis and malignant transformation. This review summarizes the association and potential role of CYLD somatic mutations in HPV-positive cancers, with particular emphasis on the role of these alterations in tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Potential therapeutic strategies for patients whose tumors harbor CYLD alterations are also discussed. Implications: Alterations in CYLD gene are associated with HPV-associated cancers, contribute to NF-κB activation, and are implicated in invasion and metastasis.
Differences in rural versus urban cancer patients’ perception of care coordination.

114Background: Although advances in anticancer treatment have improved survival of patients with cancer overall, cancer mortality rates remain disproportionately high in rural areas. Disparities in...
The Trump Record so Far: Are We Tired of Winning Yet?

This chapter reviews the political and policy record of the early-to-mid Trump presidency, making the case that despite some advantages coming in, the record—in terms of both skill and effectiveness at getting things done, plus the results themselves—is less than stellar. By a number of metrics, such as bills passed, promises kept, as well as the evaluation of expert and public opinion, his time in office has been underwhelming.
Analgesic efficacy of paraspinal interfascial plane blocks performed with the use of neurophysiology monitoring for posterior cervical laminectomy surgery: a case series

Posterior cervical spine surgery often requires large posterior midline incision which can result in poorly controlled postoperative pain, arises from iatrogenic mechanical damage, intraoperative retraction and resection to structures such as bone, ligaments, muscles, intervertebral disks, and zygapophysial joints. Local anesthetics may be utilized for infiltration of the surgical wound; however, their analgesic efficacy has not been studied in this surgical approach. Here we report a case series. Given the potential for targeted sensory dorsal ramus nerve blocks to provide better and extended analgesia, we explored the feasibility of using cervical paraspinal interfascial plane (PIP) blocks in conjunction with neurophysiologic monitoring for postoperative analgesia after posterior cervical laminectomy. Our experience with the cervical paraspinal interfascial plane blocks has revealed that they can be used safely without affecting neurophysiologic monitoring and result in better pain control and reduced opiate use in the postoperative period. Cervical PIP blocks may be useful in controlling pain for posterior cervical laminectomy surgery without compromising neurophysiologic monitoring.
Vasodepressor syncope

Neurocardiogenic syncope is a common disorder affecting various individuals of different ages with a wide variety of circumstances and comorbid conditions. Although a large amount of data is available regarding evaluation and treatment options, there is still sufficient latitude for the physician to exercise clinical judgment. We summarize current opinions on treatment here and also add some of our own bias regarding how to manage such patients. The vast majority of patients can be assessed by a reduction of symptomatic episodes with therapy. In all patients, careful follow-up should be made after initiating therapy. Not all patients will obtain complete resolution of symptoms. If episodes of complete syncope are reduced to infrequent dizzy spells, however, this may be satisfactory. In other patients, abrupt syncope may be converted to spells with a sufficient prodromal warning for the patient to take evasive action.
The brain mechanism of awakening dysfunction in children with primary nocturnal enuresis based on PVT-NAc neural pathway: a resting-state fMRI study.

Primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) affects children's physical and mental health with a high rate. However, its neural mechanism is still unclear. Studies have found that the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) is among the key brain regions implicated with awakening regulation and its control of the transition between sleep and wakening is dependent on signaling through the PVT-nucleus accumbens (NAc) pathway. So this study analyzed the function of brain regions and their connectivity of PVT and NAc. A total of twenty-six PNE and typically developing (TD) children were involved in the study and the methods of amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF), degree centrality (DC) and functional connectivity (FC) based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) were used to analyze the brain functions. Results showed that there was no statistical significant difference in ALFF and DC between PNE and TD children in bilateral PVT and NAc. And there was statistical significant difference of the comparison of the FC of left PVT (lPVT) and left NAc (lNAc) between PNE and TD children. Meanwhile, there was negative correlation between awakening score and the FC of rPVT and lNAc, and no obvious correlation between awakening score and the FC of lPVT and lNAc in PNE children. Meanwhile, there was both negative correlation between awakening score and the FC of lPVT, rPTV and lNAc in TD children. Therefore, the FC between rPVT and lNAc was more reliable in assessing the degree of awakening ability in PNE children. This finding could help establish the evaluation index of PNE.
Transmission and Unvaccinated-Only Testing in Populations of Mixed Vaccination Status

In populations with mixed vaccination status, testing programs focused on the unvaccinated have been proposed and enacted to mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2. While the benefits of universal SARS-CoV-2 screening are well established, it is unclear how the benefits of unvaccinated-only testing depend on population vaccination rate. Here, we introduce and analyze a model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in which a variable fraction of the population is fully vaccinated and those who remain unvaccinated are proactively tested for infection, while varying transmission rates, vaccine performance parameters, and the degree of social mixing between vaccinated and unvaccinated populations. We find that unvaccinated testing programs are effective only when compliance is high and testing is frequent, and when vaccine coverage is low or moderate. However, in highly vaccinated populations, the impact of testing unvaccinated individuals decreases, and, by analyzing the possible modes of transmission within and between the unvaccinated and vaccinated populations, we show that the unvaccinated community ceases to be the dominant driver of transmission. By evaluating a wide range of scenarios, this work focuses on elucidating general principles, finding broadly that resources devoted to routine testing of the unvaccinated population could be reallocated to other needs when vaccine coverage is sufficiently high.
A note on using simulated implicit likelihood estimation to analyze summaries from a designed experiment

In this article, we use Simulated Implicit Likelihood Estimation (SimILE) to analyze summary statistics, the sample mean and variance of lognormally distributed replicates, when only these summarie...
La durabilidad de la democracia en América Latina, 1940-1998

In this paper I document a sharp increase in the number of democracies and a demise of authoritarianism in Latin America in the period since 1978. I claim that three factors help explain the increasing survivability of democracy in Lati n America. The first explanation revolves around the structural transformations unleashed by modernization: urbanization, growing literacy, greater wealth, a larger working class, and the gradual reduction of the political power of the landed elite. Second, from the left to the right of the spectrum, political attitudes changed in Latin America in the 1980's, toward a growing valorization of democracy. Finally, international support for de-mocracy, especially from the United States, increased in the second half of the 1980's. In an era of growing internationalization in Latin America, new institutional mechanisms hart. formed to help protect democracy.
Theoretical and experimental studies using a multifinger planar manipulator

An approach to manipulation tasks involving dextrous hands is presented. This approach treats the gripped object as a virtual finger and hence reduces the description of the task objectives to target forces and torques at reference points on the object. Computations are carried out for the case of three fingers holding a planar object. The authors implemented these ideas on the Four Finger Manipulator at New York University. Experimental results are presented for door opening and wall following with a gripped tool. >
Sex in Advertising Research: A Review of Content, Effects, and Functions of Sexual Information in Consumer Advertising

This article is a review of academic research on the content and effects of sexual information in advertising (i.e., sex in advertising). In addition to covering common types of sexual content analyzed in research, inquiry on processing and emotional response effects is reviewed. Several areas for continued research are identified, especially with regard to advertisers' use of sexual outcomes as reasons for using brands and the ability of sexual information to influence brand perceptions. This review has applicability to advertising and marketing research and practice, as well as to any area that employs sexual information for persuasive purposes (e.g., safer-sex social marketing campaigns). In addition, it is hoped that sex researchers will recognize and elaborate on the role of sexual response identified in this research to further inform advertising theory and effects research.
Comparative binding of antibody to a mate recognition pheromone on female Brachionus plicatilis and Brachionus rotundiformis (Rotifera)

The work of Kazutsugu Hirayama over the past 25 years promoted the wide use of the marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis as an experimental model in zooplankton ecology. His reports about the nature of genetic variation in the B. plicatilis complex stimulated us to investigate how mate recognition maintains species boundaries. For the past several years, we have examined chemical communication between female and male B. plicatilis. Here we report on the comparative binding of polyclonal antibody against the mate recognition pheromone (MRP) to three B. plicatilis strains and three B. rotundiformis strains. Quantification of anti-MRP binding permits investigation of how the female mating signal differs among closely related Brachionus species and strains. Antibody binding reflects differentiation independent of the male receptor which has been described elsewhere. Anti-MRP bound to females of all six strains and was localized in the corona. Antibody binding greatly reduced mating in all three B. plicatilis strains. However, antibody binding significantly reduced mating in only one of the B. rotundiformis strains. The MRP of both species has a similar molecular weight, but the differential binding suggests that the mate recognition pheromone on females has differentiated in B. plicatilis and B. rotundiformis.
The role of telomerase in age-related degenerative disease and cancer

Abstract Aging is caused by cell senescence and an altered pattern of gene expression in the context of complex interdependencies of the multitude of tissues and organs that constitute the human body. All cells do not senesce. Those that do are responsible for the pathology that we associate with aging, even in cells that do not themselves senesce. Cell senescence is, without intervention at the genetic level, unavoidable, but both cell senescence and its clinical outcome (age-related disease) can be slowed or hastened through non genetic means including, but not limited to, behavioral changes, environmental exposures, diet, drugs, infections, genetic inheritance, and concurrent diseases. In the same manner, such interventions can slow or hasten the overall process of aging in the body. Although it can be slowed or hastened, aging cannot be prevented, stopped, or reversed by any intervention that does not affect cell senescence and specifically senescence associated gene expression. Although many other approaches might be feasible, the most efficient means of either treating age-related diseases, cancer, or the fundamental process of aging itself will almost certainly be the reversible control of native telomerase activity by induction of expression and, in the case of cancer, by telomerase inhibitors. Such intervention is currently, although within strict technical limits, possible. Within the next decade, we will likely be capable of therapeutic modulation of telomerase; with telomerase therapy will come not only effective control for age-related diseases and cancer, but an unprecedented alteration of the genetic controls on life span. The fiscal, social, and personal implications of such therapy are almost impossible to predict, but likely to be stunning.
Carrier-specific unresponsiveness in reaginic antibody formation: I. Induction of helper cell tolerance in rats☆

Abstract Rats pretreated with 10 mg soluble sheep gamma globulin (soluble SGG or SGGSo) showed a marked reduction in IgE anti-TNP antibody upon challenge with TNP-SGG in alum. This effect was found to be carrier-specific since SGGSo tolerant rats gave normal IgE anti-TNP responses when challenged with TNP-KLH. Carrier tolerance persisted when a secondary challenge with TNP-SGG was given. The degree of tolerance induction was shown to be tolerogen dose-dependent. As expected, IgE anti-SGG responses were also reduced in this system by pretreatment with SGGSo. These results indicate that carrier-specific helper cells for IgE antibody responses can be rendered functionally unresponsive. However, in contrast to the long duration of carrier-specific tolerance for IgM and IgG responses, IgE tolerance in this system appeared to be only short-lived. This difference suggests that IgE helper and/or suppressor T cells may represent a separate subclass from those involved in IgM and IgG responses.
Regularity in Semantic Change: The development of social deictics

Introduction Previous chapters have alluded to the indexical properties of epistemic modals, discourse markers, and performative verbs. In these domains the indexicality is the encoded link between the world of the conceptualized described event (CDE) and the world of the conceptualized speech event (CSE). We now turn to another class of linguistic items that provide such a link: social deictics (SDs). We define SDs as directly encoding within their semantic structures the conceptualized relative social standing (superiority/inferiority, (non)intimacy, in-group versus outgroup status, etc.) of a participant either in the CDE or in the CSE by “pointing” to that social standing from the deictic ground (perspective) of SP/W relative to AD/R and other elements of the CSE. SDs include contrasting second person singular tu/vous (T-V) pronouns in European languages like French and German; parentheticals such as I pray (you) , sentence adverbials such as please ; and, in a few languages such as Japanese and Korean, large systems of lexical items, derivational formulae, and affixes that are often termed “referent” and “addressee” honorifics. Referent SDs index the social status of one or more participants in the CDE (here termed “referents”) relative to a deictic ground in the CSE. Addressee SDs, by contrast, index the relative social status of the speech event participants conceptualized independently of their possible roles in the CDE. Although most SDs are politeness markers, SDs also include a much smaller subset of linguistic items that directly encode an attitude of denigration.
Changes in the distribution of extracellular matrix components accompany early morphogenetic events of mammalian cortical development

As a step in defining the molecular environment for development of the mammalian cerebral cortex, we have used immunohistochemistry to analyze the distribution and remodeling of three major extracellular matrix (ECM) components, fibronectin, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), and tenascin, during embryonic and early postnatal stages in the mouse. Fibronectin and CSPG are distributed throughout the proliferative zone that initially comprises the thin wall of the telencephalic vesicle, but their distribution changes as newly generated cells form the preplate just beneath the pia. Immunolabeling for CSPG becomes most prominent in the preplate, and fibronectin becomes restricted to that layer. Just after this change occurs, processes of preplate neurons, visualized with antibodies to neurofilaments, become evident within the matrix-rich preplate zone. The association of fibronectin and CSPG with preplate cells persists as cortical plate neurons divide the preplate; both ECM components are now most prominent in the marginal zone and subplate, the layers above and below the cortical plate that are preplate derived. Within the preplate and its derivatives, immunolabeling of fibronectin is punctate and closely associated with radial glial processes, while labeling of CSPG is more intense and diffuse. Labeling of fibronectin and CSPG declines rapidly as the cortical plate begins to differentiate into cortex; labeling for tenascin first appears at this stage in the most mature layers, the marginal zone and subplate, then gradually becomes widespread throughout all of cortex and subcortical white matter. In early postnatal life, tenascin is eliminated from the hollows of the vibrissal barrels in the somatosensory region; it then declines rapidly throughout cortex. The association of both fibronectin and CSPG with preplate cells and the distribution of fibronectin along radial glia during early cortical development suggest that one or both of these transient cell types might produce specific ECM components or induce their local deposition. The spatial and temporal distribution of fibronectin and CSPG suggests a role in defining a destination for migrating neurons that form the cortical plate and in delineating the pathway for early axonal extension. In contrast, the relatively late appearance of tenascin correlates best with the formation of astrocytes and their processes rather than with the establishment of cortical layers or major axonal pathways. These events are well underway before labeling of tenascin is evident.
When opportunity lags: human development policymaking in Arctic regions

The popular narrative of Arctic development continues to dwell on melting sea ice, untapped oil and gas reserves, an icebreaker arms race and the perils and potential of rapid industrialisation. Rarely is the welfare of Arctic populations considered in a holistic sense and with a precise call for policy change. The recently released Arctic human development report II , echoing the more widely distributed human development reports generated by the United Nations, does just this. Unfortunately, despite the laudable efforts of the authors to embrace the more systemic drivers of poverty and marginalisation, the report fails to account for governmental and policy shortcomings which continue to limit health and opportunity, while obscuring tangible pathways to prosperity for Arctic populations. This comment is intended as a call, amongst the fervour of Arctic exploitation, to refocus attention on the unmistakable disparities in public health and well-being that persist in the Arctic regions of otherwise wealthy countries, and to incorporate globally practised perceptions of human development, including the role of social and political marginalisation in explaining health and prosperity discrepancies, which have been largely lacking in Arctic development discourse, and practice.
Sample intake position and loading rates from nonpoint source pollution

Paired water samples were simultaneously activated from two different vertical positions within the approach section of a flow-control structure to determine the effect of sample intake position on nonpoint runoff parameter concentrations and subsequent event loads. Suspended solids (SS), total phosphorus (TP) and organic plus exchangeable nitrogen [(Or+Ex)-N] were consistently higher throughout each runoff event when sampled from the floor of the approach section as opposed to those samples taken at midstage. Dissolved molybdate reactive phosphorus (DMRP) and ammonium (NH4-N) concentrations did not appear to be significantly affected by the vertical difference in intake position. However, the nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen [(NO3+NO2)-N] concentrations were much higher when sampled from the midstage position. Although the concentration differences between the two methods were not appreciable, when evaluated in terms of event loads, discrepancies were evident for all parameters. Midstage sampling produced event loads for SS, TP, (Or + Ex)−N, DMRP, NH4-N, and (NO3+NO2)-N that were 44,39,35,80,71, and 181%, respectively, of floor sampling loads. Differences in loads between the two methods are attributed to the midstage position, sampling less of the bed load. The correct position will depend on the objective; however, such differences should be recognized during the design phase of the monitoring program.
Failure of TCAP to facilitate acquisition of double alternation in rats.

Abstract Acute injections of tricyanoaminopropene (TCAP) given to adult rats prior to and during training did not affect the rate of acquisition of a go, no-go double alternation sequence. In a second experiment, TCAP was chronically administered to rats commencing prior to parturition. When tested as adults, these rats performed significantly more poorly than a rearing control group on some double alternation acquisition sessions. A third experiment showed that TCAP administration to adult rats did not increase response rates on a continuous avoidance task.
The Successive Use of Information and Communication Technologies at Work

Past research on information and communication technology (ICT) use has largely assumed that people use only one ICT per task. Yet completing a task often requires a mix of ICTs used over time. ICT succession theory argues that by examining the modalities—for example, auditory, visual, and textual—found in ICTs today, we can predict how to use follow-up or successive ICTs to complete tasks efficiently and effectively. The six propositions that form the core of this theory make predictions linking tasks and types of successive ICT use. Using complementary modalities should help people best accomplish persuasion, status, information, and problem-solving tasks. This strategy should also increase the likelihood that communicators will reach their audience. Using mass media as a precursor, should ICT help people best accomplish information, status, and learning tasks. Using text-capable ICTs as a follow-up strategy is most helpful in persuasion, information, and problem-solving tasks.
Migration equilibrium and variational inequalities.

Abstract In this paper, an equilibrium model of human migration is presented which can handle many classes of migrants and locations, in addition to equalities and inequalities. The equilibrium conditions are stated and then formulated as a variational inequality problem. Qualitative properties and computational aspects are briefly discussed.
Functional selectivity induced by mGlu4 receptor positive allosteric modulation and concomitant activation of Gq coupled receptors

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlus) are a group of Family C Seven Transmembrane Spanning Receptors (7TMRs) that play important roles in modulating signaling transduction, particularly within the central nervous system. mGlu(4) belongs to a subfamily of mGlus that is predominantly coupled to G(i/o) G proteins. We now report that the ubiquitous autacoid and neuromodulator, histamine, induces substantial glutamate-activated calcium mobilization in mGlu(4)-expressing cells, an effect which is observed in the absence of co-expressed chimeric G proteins. This strong induction of calcium signaling downstream of glutamate activation of mGlu(4) depends upon the presence of H(1) histamine receptors. Interestingly, the potentiating effect of histamine activation does not extend to other mGlu(4)-mediated signaling events downstream of G(i/o) G proteins, such as cAMP inhibition, suggesting that the presence of G(q) coupled receptors such as H(1) may bias normal mGlu(4)-mediated G(i/o) signaling events. When the activity induced by small molecule positive allosteric modulators of mGlu(4) is assessed, the potentiated signaling of mGlu(4) is further biased by histamine toward calcium-dependent pathways. These results suggest that G(i/o)-coupled mGlus may induce substantial, and potentially unexpected, calcium-mediated signaling events if stimulation occurs concomitantly with activation of G(q) receptors. Additionally, our results suggest that signaling induced by small molecule positive allosteric modulators may be substantially biased when G(q) receptors are co-activated. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors'.
Effects of intraaccumbens dopamine agonist SK&F38393 and antagonist SCH23390 on locomotor activities in rats

The present study examined the effects of the dopamine D1 and D5 subtype receptors agonist, R(+)-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-(1H)-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol (SK&F38393), and antagonist, R(+)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-ben zaz epine (SCH23390), on locomotor activities after bilateral microinjection into the nucleus accumbens (Acb). SK&F38393 (0.1-10.0 micrograms) significantly potentiated and SCH23390 (0.01-1.0 microgram) significantly attenuated locomotor activity as measured by horizontal distance in cm. The data were supportive of the hypothesis that dose-related locomotor activities induced by microinjections of SK&F38393 into the Acb are independently mediated by D1 and D5 subtype receptors.
Western Multicultural Theory and Practice and its Applicability to the Post- Soviet States

Will Kymlicka's views on the post-communist world are welcomed because they introduce the ‘nationality’ issue into the standard ‘triple transition’ which has ignored it. At the same time, the 27 former communist states should not be treated as one group in such discussions and policy formulations as it does not follow that the application of one set of policies to Central-Eastern Europe and the Baltic states means they are equally applicable to the CIS. This paper argues that Kymlicka's views in support of multiculturalism are not applicable to the Soviet successor states of the former USSR. The article critically engages with Kymlicka's views as they are applied to the post-colonial USSR and argues that they lack the depth of understanding of issues such as regional separatism, Russian designs on the CIS, inherited ethnic inequalities, difficulties in defining who are ‘minorities’, ‘colonists’ or ‘immigrants’, amorphous weak identities and support for affirmative action by previously discriminated langua...
Mobile Laser Scanning Applied to the Earth Sciences

Lidar (light detection and ranging), a method by which the precise time of flight of emitted pulses of laser energy is measured and converted to distance for reflective targets, has helped scientists make topographic maps of Earth's surface at scales as fine as centimeters. These maps have allowed the discovery and analysis of myriad otherwise unstudied features, such as fault scarps, river channels, and even ancient ruins [Glennie et al., 2013b].
Preparation, characterization, and decay of einsteinium(II) in the solid state

Samples of EsCl/sub 2/, EsBr/sub 2/, and EsI/sub 2/ have been prepared for the first time by reduction of the corresponding einsteinium trihalides with hydrogen gas at elevated temperatures. The three dihalides were characterized primarily by their absorption spectra. The products of the decay of EsX/sub 2/ samples held at ambient and liquid helium temperatures have been monitored by spectrophotometry. In all cases positive identification of the granddaughter, CfX/sub 2/, species has been made. No definite spectral evidence for the presence of the possible daughter products, BkX/sub 2/, has been obtained.
Online in later life: Age as a chronological fact and a dynamic social category in an Internet class for retirees

In recent years, sociolinguistic research that has taken an indexical perspective on the construction of social meaning has focused on certain dimensions of identity, such as gender and ethnicity; age, on the other hand, has not received as much attention. More often than not, it has been understood as a fixed chronological fact rather than a socially meaningful resource. The present study, which draws from data collected in an Internet course at a social center for senior citizens, illustrates how age-related social meanings are recruited in interaction in more complex ways than generally thought. Discourse analysis of interactions between students and their younger instructor show how age informs the construction of social meaning as both a chronological fact and a dynamic social category; students and instructor alike create stances and assume interactional positions in part by indexing age-related social categories that align with or subvert communicative expectations based on their chronological age. Recientemente, las investigaciones sociolinguisticas que han empleado una perspectiva indexical sobre la construccion del significado social se han centrado en ciertas dimensiones de la identidad como el genero y la etnicidad; la edad, por otro lado, ha suscitado mucho menos interes. Por lo general, se ha entendido mas como hecho cronologico fijo que como recurso con significado social. El presente estudio, el cual extrae datos recogidos de un curso de Internet en un centro social para personas de la tercera edad, ilustra como los significados sociales asociados con la edad estan invocados en la interaccion en maneras mas complicadas que generalmente se considera. Un analisis del discurso de las interacciones entre los estudiantes y su profesor mas joven muestra como la edad, como hecho cronologico y categoria social dinamica, influye la construccion de significados sociales; los estudiantes y su instructor senalan posturas o crean posiciones interaccionales en parte por la manera en que indician categorias sociales asociadas con la edad que se alinean con, o que subvierten, las expectativas comunicativas basadas en su edad cronologica. [Spanish]
In vitro and in vivo analysis of bone marrow-derived CD3+, CD4-, CD8-, NK1.1+ cell lines.

Abstract The development of methods of avoiding graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) while retaining the alloengraftment-promoting and anti-leukemic effects of allogeneic T cells is a major goal of research in bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We have recently obtained evidence suggesting that natural suppressor (NS) cells derived from T cell-depleted (TCD) syngeneic marrow can protect against GVHD while permitting alloengraftment. We have now attempted to enrich and then propagate NS cells in vitro, with the goal of obtaining an enhanced anti-GVHD effect by adoptive transfer in vivo. Two long-term cell lines were generated culturing BMC depleted of Mac1-positive cells and of Mac1-positive plus Thy1-positive cells in high concentrations of IL-2. Both cell lines showed anti-GVHD effects when administered along with a GVHD-producing inoculum, while permitting complete allogeneic reconstitution. A clone derived from Mac1-depleted BMC protected completely against a more chronic pattern of GVHD. These cell lines demonstrated suppressive activity in vitro, cytolytic activity against a broad range of natural killer (NK)-sensitive and NK-resistant targets, and a novel cell surface phenotype, with characteristics of both αβ-TcR-bearing T cells and of NK cells. In some respects, these cells resemble LAK cells and differ from fresh NS cells, and from the cloned NS cells derived from spleens of total lymphoid irradiation (TLI)-treated mice and neonatal mice. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed phenotypic analysis of cell lines with in vivo anti-GVHD activity. If applicability can be demonstrated in large animal models, the ability to use bone marrow as a source of such protective cell lines might also have potential utility in clinical BMT.
Future-Oriented Thinking and Adjustment in a Nationwide Longitudinal Study Following the September 11th Terrorist Attacks

We conducted a three-year longitudinal study of the mental and physical health of a national probability sample following the September 11th terrorist attacks. Adjustment over the three years following the attacks was associated with higher levels of future-oriented thinking and lower levels of fear about future terrorism (as measured 1, 2, and 3 years post-9/11), even after adjusting for demographics, lifetime trauma, pre-9/11 mental and physical health, and 9/11-related exposure. Future orientation over the three years post-9/11 was associated with fewer pre-9/11 mental health problems, greater frequency of adulthood trauma, and using active coping strategies in response to the attacks. Fear of future terrorism was associated with greater frequency of adulthood trauma, more television watching immediately after the attacks, and using more planning and religion-based coping strategies immediately following the attacks. Thinking about the future can be a double-edged sword: Worrying about future terrorism may undermine well-being, whereas focusing on future goals may enhance it when coping with stressful events like the September 11th attacks.
Crystal Structures of CheY Mutants Y106W and T87I/Y106W CheY ACTIVATION CORRELATES WITH MOVEMENT OF RESIDUE 106

Position 106 in CheY is highly conserved as an aromatic residue in the response regulator superfamily. In the structure of the wild-type, apo-CheY, Tyr106 is a rotamer whose electron density is observed in both the inside and the outside positions. In the structure of the T87I mutant of CheY, the threonine to isoleucine change at position 87 causes the side chain of Tyr106 to be exclusively restricted to the outside position. In this report we demonstrate that the T87I mutation causes cells to be smooth swimming and non-chemotactic. We also show that another CheY mutant, Y106W, causes cells to be more tumbly than wild-type CheY, and impairs chemotaxis. In the structure of Y106W, the side chain of Trp106 stays exclusively in the inside position. Furthermore, a T87I/Y106W double mutant, which confers the same phenotype as T87I, restricts the side chain of Trp106 to the outside position. The results from these behavioral and structural studies indicate that the rotameric nature of the Tyr106 residue is involved in activation of the CheY molecule. Specifically, CheY's signaling ability correlates with the conformational heterogeneity of the Tyr106 side chain. Our data also suggest that these mutations affect the signal at an event subsequent to phosphorylation.
“I Wish We Could Normalize Driving Health:” A Qualitative Study of Clinician Discussions with Older Drivers

BACKGROUND Driving for older adults is a matter of balancing independence, safety and mobility, and prematurely relinquishing the car keys can impact morbidity and mortality. Discussions about “when to hang up the keys” are difficult for clinicians, drivers, and family members, and therefore are often avoided or delayed. “Advance Driving Directives” (ADDs) may facilitate conversations between health care providers and older drivers focused on prevention and advance planning for driving cessation.