cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reward Responsiveness and Inhibition Traits Differentially Predict Economic Biases in Gain and Loss Contexts

Research on economic decision making has revealed specific biases in gain versus loss domains such that risky choice options are overvalued in gain conditions, implying optimism, but undervalued in loss conditions, implying pessimism. Individual differences in motivational traits and affective states have been shown to predict beliefs and behavior in risky decision making, but it is presently unclear which personal characteristics are most predictive of domain-specific biases. To address this gap in the literature, we investigated the relative influence of positive and negative motivational traits (general sensitivity to rewards and punishments) versus affective states (current levels of positive and negative emotions) on beliefs and choice behavior during a risky economic decision task. We also expanded on previous research by examining how the valence of one's judgment context (positive context tested in Experiment 1, negative context tested in Experiment 2) may determine whether risky choice behavior is more strongly influenced by positive versus negative characteristics. Biases in belief were calculated using an economic decision task that involved estimating the value of risky "stocks" relative to safe "bonds" from experienced outcomes. Experiment 1 used a positive judgment context (likelihood of a "good stock") while Experiment 2 used a negative judgment context (likelihood of a "bad stock"). Consistent with previous findings, we observed a domain-based bias in beliefs about stock values across experiments, such that participants exhibited optimism in gain domain and pessimism in the loss domain. Experiment 1 further revealed that domain-based bias and suboptimal choice behavior was predicted by trait-level reward sensitivity, while positive affective state (PAS) had a more limited influence on belief bias alone. Under the negative judgment context of Experiment 2, there was a similar relationship between reward sensitivity and choice behavior; however, results revealed a slightly stronger influence of negative affective state (NAS). A subsequent cross-study analysis found sensitivity to rewards was most predictive of domain-based biases. These results suggest that motivational traits - particularly those relating to reward sensitivity - are more consistent predictors of domain-based biases and risky choice behavior than affective states, but their predictive power depends the valence of the decision context.
Monte Carlo Simulation Studies

Modern statistical problems require a mix of analytical, computational and simulation techniques for implementing and understanding statistical inferential methods. Previous chapters dealt with analytical and computational techniques, and this chapter focuses on simulation techniques.We are primarily interested in Monte Carlo simulation studies in which the sampling properties of statistical procedures are investigated. We discuss a few important principles in the design and analysis of these Monte Carlo studies. These principles are perhaps obvious after reflection,but senior, as well as junior, statistics researchers often neglect one or more of them.Secondly, we give some practical hints about choosing the Monte Carlo size N and analyzing and presenting results from Monte Carlo studies.
STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF CRIMINAL LAW AND STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINAL EVIDENCE AS A MODEL

Evidence in criminal cases consists of demonstrating the existence of a fact which must be attributable to the perpetrator, which reveals his state of mind (intention and sometimes recklessness or negligence) and the manner of participation in the offense (action , coaction, complicity). In principle, the law is not proven: a presumption of knowledge of the law applies that it is difficult to fight (error on the law). The content of the foreign law used to define the prerequisite for certain offenses is at best a factual element that must be proved by the person invoking it. The hypothesis is marginal and reinforces the idea that the object of criminal evidence lies exclusively in the facts widely heard. However, the proof of the fact in question (understood as both an action and an abstention, possibly producing a result) lies primarily with the public prosecutor, since he is the plaintiff in the public action, which is the main action in the context of In this aspect, therefore, the actori incumbit probatio rule is not deviated from (the proof lies with the plaintiff), which has the advantage of logic and dominates the whole procedural law.
Left-Wing Populism: The Politics of the People

This book conceptualizes left-wing populism as a combination of the populist impetus of expanding representation, through the appeal to 'the people' against 'the elites' and the agenda of the left to promote equality and social justice. This study undertakes an in-depth exploration into the concepts of sovereignty, class identity and 'the people'
Delay-Period Activity and Executive Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex

The term "working memory" (WM) describes the ability to maintain and manipulate information in the memory for the guidance of goal-directed behavior.[...].
Brain Tumor Segmentation with Uncertainty Estimation and Overall Survival Prediction

Accurate segmentation of different sub-regions of gliomas including peritumoral edema, necrotic core, enhancing and non-enhancing tumor core from multimodal MRI scans has important clinical relevance in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of brain tumors. However, due to the highly heterogeneous appearance and shape, segmentation of the sub-regions is very challenging. Recent development using deep learning models has proved its effectiveness in the past several brain segmentation challenges as well as other semantic and medical image segmentation problems. Most models in brain tumor segmentation use a 2D/3D patch to predict the class label for the center voxel and variant patch sizes and scales are used to improve the model performance. However, it has low computation efficiency and also has limited receptive field. U-Net is a widely used network structure for end-to-end segmentation and can be used on the entire image or extracted patches to provide classification labels over the entire input voxels so that it is more efficient and expect to yield better performance with larger input size. In this paper we developed a deep-learning-based segmentation method using an ensemble of 3D U-Nets with different hyper-parameters. Furthermore, we estimated the uncertainty of the segmentation from the probabilistic outputs of each network and studied the correlation between the uncertainty and the performances. Preliminary results showed effectiveness of the segmentation model. Finally, we developed a linear model for survival prediction using extracted imaging and non-imaging features, which, despite the simplicity, can effectively reduce overfitting and regression errors.
Global Indigenism and the Web of Transnational Social Movements

A global indigenous movement has emerged as a visible player in global civil society and in the New Global Left. Advocates of indigenous rights have had an important influence on the emerging character of the global justice movement. We use surveys taken at a succession of Social Forum gatherings to examine how indigenous rights activists are like, or different from, the other attendees at these events and to investigate the links that indigenous rights activists have with other social movements. We find that the number of attendees who assert that they are actively involved in the indigenous rights movement is more than five times greater than the number of those who identify themselves as indigenous when asked about their racial/ethnic identity. The indigenous rights movement is strongly connected by overlapping memberships with the human rights movement and with the environmental and peace movements.
The CMB-S4 experiment: Project overview and status

CMB-S4 is a planned ground-based experiment with scientific impacts reaching from transformative measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) to a deep legacy millimeter-wavelength dataset covering a large fraction of the sky. To meet its ambitious goals, CMB-S4 plans to have small-aperture (0.55-meter) and large-aperture (6-meter) telescopes located both in the Atacama desert (to access a large fraction of are the sky) and at the South Pole (for targeted deep-field observations). A total of over 500,000 superconducting detectors will be distributed across these telescopes, enabling a necessary leap in sensitivity. In this talk, I will give an overview of CMB-S4. I will highlight some of its scientific opportunities as well as presenting the driving technical considerations and the current experimental design.
ped_draw: pedigree drawing with ease.

Pedigree files are ubiquitously used within bioinformatics and genetics studies to convey critical information about relatedness, sex and affected status of study samples. While the text based format of ped files is efficient for computational methods, it is not immediately intuitive to a bioinformatician or geneticist trying to understand family structures, many of which encode the affected status of individuals across multiple generations. The visualization of pedigrees into connected nodes with descriptive shapes and shading provides a far more interpretable format to recognize visual patterns and intuit family structures. Despite these advantages of a visual pedigree, it remains difficult to quickly and accurately visualize a pedigree given a pedigree text file. Here we describe ped_draw a command line and web tool as a simple and easy solution to pedigree visualization. Ped_draw is capable of drawing complex multi-generational pedigrees and conforms to the accepted standards for depicting pedigrees visually. The command line tool can be used as a simple one liner command, utilizing graphviz to generate an image file. The web tool, https://peddraw.github.io , allows the user to either: paste a pedigree file, type to construct a pedigree file in the text box or upload a pedigree file. Users can save the generated image file in various formats. We believe ped_draw is a useful pedigree drawing tool that improves on current methods due to its ease of use and approachability. Ped_draw allows users with various levels of expertise to quickly and easily visualize pedigrees.
Treatment of Diamond-Blackfan Anemia With Recombinant Human Interleukin-3

This report describes the response of eighteen Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) patients to recombinant human interleukin-3 (rhIL-3). rhIL-3 was administered subcutaneously once daily on an escalating dose schedule (0.5 to 10 micrograms/kg/d). The rhIL-3 dose was escalated every 21 days until erythroid response was attained, grade III or IV nonhematologic toxicity was observed, or the maximum rhIL-3 dose was reached. Four patients experienced clinically significant erythroid responses. Two of the responders were steroid-dependent and transfusion-independent, while two were steroid-independent and transfusion-dependent. Baseline clinical or laboratory parameters, in particular in vitro bone marrow erythroid progenitor assays, were not useful in predicting rhIL-3 response. rhIL-3 administered at 5 to 10 micrograms/kg/d was associated with an increase in total white blood cell count, secondary to increases in neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes. Patients experienced a dose-dependent elevation in absolute eosinophils across the entire dose range. Two of the responding patients remain on maintenance rhIL-3, without diminution of effect at 244 and 370 + days. rhIL-3 was discontinued in the other two responders, because of the development of deep venous thrombi.
Mediating the Strain-Bullying Perpetration Relationship with Impulsivity and Social Learning: Later Sexual Harassment and Teen Dating Violence among Midwestern Middle School Students

Developmental trajectories of bullying perpetration were examined across 5 waves of longitudinal panel data among Midwestern middle school students. This study explained an unobserved heterogeneity...
Time for a Geography for Life Revival

Over breakfast, I browse the news headlines: “Cargo Ship Stuck in Suez Canal,” “COVID-19 Vaccination ‘wildly Uneven and Unfair’: UN Secretary-General,” “Amanda Gorman’s Poetry United Critics. It’s ...
BML: a versatile web server for bipartite motif discovery

ABSTRACT Motif discovery and characterization are important for gene regulation analysis. The lack of intuitive and integrative web servers impedes effective use of motifs. Here we describe Bipartite Motifs Learning (BML), a web server that provides a user-friendly portal for online discovery and analysis of sequence motifs, using high-throughput sequencing data as the input. BML utilizes both position weight matrix (PWM) and dinucleotide weight matrix (DWM), the latter of which enables the expression of the interdependencies of neighboring bases. With input parameters concerning the motifs are given, the BML achieves significantly higher accuracy than other available tools for motif finding. When no parameters are given by non-expert users, unlike other tools BML employs a learning method to identify motifs automatically and achieve accuracy comparable to the scenario where the parameters are set. The BML web server is freely available at http://motif.t-ridership.com/.
Properties of Two-Locus Genealogies and Linkage Disequilibrium in Temporally Structured Samples

Archaeogenetics has been revolutionary, revealing insights into demographic history and recent positive selection in many organisms. However, most studies to date have ignored the non-random association of genetic variants at different loci (i.e., linkage disequilibrium, LD). This may be in part because basic properties of LD in samples from different times are still not well understood. Here, we derive several results for summary statistics of haplotypic variation under a model with time-stratified sampling: 1) The correlation between the number of pairwise differences observed between time-staggered samples ({pi}{Delta}t) in models with and without strict population continuity; 2) The product of the LD coefficient, D, between ancient and modern samples, which is a measure of haplotypic similarity between modern and ancient samples; and 3) The expected switch rate in the Li and Stephens haplotype copying model. The latter has implications for genotype imputation and phasing in ancient samples with modern reference panels. Overall, these results provide a characterization of how haplotype patterns are affected by sample age, recombination rates, and population sizes. We expect these results will help guide the interpretation and analysis of haplotype data from ancient and modern samples.
Systematic review of telemedicine in pediatric urology.

Introduction Telemedicine has bridged the distance gap between patients and pediatric urologists for over a decade, yet many pediatric urologists have not embraced it as a major part of their practice. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate and clarify the optimal role of telemedicine in pediatric urology, as well as the benefits, barriers, risks, and other important considerations that must be accounted for in its optimal adoption. Methods Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, this systematic review utilized Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) to search PubMed through April 29, 2021 as follows: (Humans [MeSH]) AND ((Child [MeSH]) OR (Infant [MeSH])) AND ((Remote Consultation [MAJR]) OR (Telemedicine [MAJR]) OR (Videoconferencing [MAJR]) OR (Health Services Accessibility [MAJR])) AND ((Urology [MAJR]) OR (Postoperative Care [MAJR]) OR (Urologic Surgical Procedures [MAJR])). 73 resulting articles, plus 21 from manual searches (e.g. papers too recent to have MeSH terms), were screened. 17 met inclusion criteria by discussing telemedicine in context of pediatric urology in a full manuscript. Non-complete manuscripts and papers not specifically considering pediatric urology, or in which telemedicine was not a major focus, were excluded. Results 17 papers met inclusion criteria. Varied approaches to the topic included surveys, controlled studies, retrospective studies, and descriptive opinion pieces. Quality of evidence varied, representing at least 1851 virtual encounters, 409 in-person encounters, and 68 clinician opinions. Four papers included a comparison or control group, and none utilized randomization. All 17 papers support expanded application of telemedicine in pediatric urology with varied evidence that telemedicine improves patient access to pediatric urologic care, satisfies both patient families and clinicians, is safe, provides equivalent outcomes, and is practicable. Conclusions Implementation of telemedicine in pediatric urology should be expanded as it can practicably and safely improve patient access to pediatric urologic care, satisfy both patient families and clinicians, and maintain outcomes.
Interpreting Post-SBRT Lung Imaging: A Comparison of Radiology and Radiation Oncology Impressions.

Purpose/Objective(s) Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is an established treatment option for stage I non-small cell lung cancer. SBRT often causes acute inflammatory changes in the lung as well as chronic fibrosis. These radiologic findings evolve over time and complicate the interpretation of surveillance imaging. Evolving inflammatory/fibrotic changes in the lung can be difficult to distinguish from malignant progression and radiologists and radiation oncologists (ROs) may interpret the same imaging study differently. With increasing access to the electronic medical record, patient's discovery of these disagreements can lead to confusion, fear, or mistrust. We assessed the frequency of discordant radiologic interpretations between radiologists and ROs after lung SBRT and investigated whether certain variables are associated with a higher frequency of inconsistencies. Materials/Methods As part of an IRB-approved study, data were collected on patients treated with SBRT at our institution for stage I NSCLC between 2007 and 2014. Every RO encounter that included a CT or PET-CT scan was evaluated. Based on language used, interpretations were scored as “concerning for progression” (CFP), “neutral differential” (ND), or “favor stability or post-radiation changes” (FS). ND required that malignancy was included. Results were considered discordant if one provider interpreted the imaging as CFP and the other as either ND or FS. Results were scored as concordant if radiology interpretations and RO interpretations were both scored as CFP or both scored as either ND or FS. A univariate analysis was conducted exploring the relationship between discordance and the type and timing of scans. Results During the time interval, 97 patients underwent SBRT for stage I NSCLC. Median follow-up was 15 months. Median (Q1, Q3) number of follow-up scans per patient was 3 (2, 5). Of 273 encounters, 18 (6.6%) had discordant interpretations. A ND was listed more frequently by radiology (18% vs 5%). When ND was listed by radiology (n = 49), RO interpretations favored stability 92% of the time. Local failure occurred in 9 cases, of which 2 patients had discordant reads prior to recurrence. Both were read as CFP by radiology (ND and FS by RO). The remaining 7 were concordantly read as CFP. Neither the type of scan (CT vs PET-CT), year of scan, nor the time from treatment were associated with discordant interpretations on univariate analyses. Conclusion Surveillance imaging after lung SBRT is often interpreted differently by radiologists and ROs. While outright discordance between impressions at our institution was low, radiologists were more likely to list a differential that included disease progression. In these cases, ROs more often favored stability or post-radiation changes. A recognition of these discrepancies is important when considering patient's access to their medical record.
THE ROLES OF PARASYMPATHETIC AND ß-ADRENERGIC ACTIVITY IN BEAT TO BEAT FETAL HEART RATE VARIABILITY (FHRV)

Publisher Summary Fetal heart rate variability (FHRV) is accepted as a useful index of fetal well-being. However, the clinical FHR interpretation will remain stagnant until more is learned about the basic mechanisms and regulation of fetal heart rate patterns and FHRV. There is a widely held and frequently stated belief that FHRV is the result of interactions of the activity of two inputs to the heart: one from the parasympathetic and the other from the sympathetic system. This chapter presents a study that tested this theory in the postsurgical, acutely hypoxic monkey fetus. In the study, two classes of variability were recognized: (1) short-term variability or a difference in interval between adjacent or several beats that appear as jitter and (2) long-term variability, irregular, or crude sinewave-like oscillations with a frequency of about 3–6 per minute. The presence of variability denotes absence of asphyxia. The absence of FHRV, however, may be because of asphyxia or a large number of nonasphyxic causes such as drugs or neurologic anomalies. The observations of the study do not support the theory that FHRV is a result of an interaction between the vagal and sympathetic nervous systems.
Policy Reform, Economic Growth, and the Digital Divide : An Econometric Analysis

The digital divide reflects a gap in telecom access, not lower propensity to use the Internet in poor countries. Promoting access for poor households will help, but pro-competitive policy holds the key to rapid progress in narrowing the divide. Rapid growth of Internet use in high-income economies has raised the specter of a digital divide that will marginalize developing countries because they can neither afford Internet access nor use it effectively when it is available. Using a new cross-country data set, Dasgupta, Lall, and Wheeler investigate two proximate determinants of the digital divide: Internet intensity (Internet subscriptions per telephone mainline) and access to telecom services. Surprisingly, they find no gap in Internet intensity. When differences in urbanization and competition policy are controlled for, low-income countries have intensities as high as those of industrial countries. While income does not seem to matter in this context, competition policy matters a great deal. Low-income countries with high World Bank ratings for competition policy have significantly higher Internet intensities. The authors' finding on Internet intensity implies that the digital divide is not really new, but reflects a persistent gap in the availability of mainline telephone services. After identifying mobile telephones as a promising new platform for Internet access, they use panel data to study the determinants of mobile telephone diffusion during the past decade. Their results show that income explains part of the diffusion lag for poor countries, but they also highlight the critical role of policy. Developing countries whose policies promote economic growth and private sector competition have experienced much more rapid diffusion of mobile telephone services. Simulations based on the econometric results suggest that feasible reforms could sharply narrow the digital divide during the next decade for many countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The authors' review of the literature also suggests that direct access promotion would yield substantial benefits for poor households and that cost-effective intervention strategies are now available. This paper - a product of Infrastructure and Environment, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to identify effective policies for narrowing the digital divide.
Computers in the World of Chemistry

Publisher Summary Chemistry is an experimental science, based on the laws of physics and using the language of mathematics augmented by graphics. It addresses to the properties of materials, including those important to the life process from an atomic and molecular perspective. This chapter describes a set of five complementary areas—namely, chemical education and computer, computer in the chemical laboratory, the modeling of matter from a molecular perspective, chemical information, and the chemistry establishment. Chemistry is international in scope. The common and accepted language of chemists provides an international communication network. Computers in the world of chemistry offer completely new possibilities for quantitatively handling molecules consisting of many nuclei and electrons, for modeling of complex reactions, and for banking and retrieving tremendous amounts of data and information of all kinds. The chemist, on entering the world of computing, not only becomes more potent as a chemist, but can also discover new channels of communication with people working in other disciplines.
The Development of Social Trust

Trust is the currency on which all human interactions are based. This entry reviews a diverse body of literature on the development of trust. We begin by describing foundational theories linking early experience to trust, and then discuss how violations of trust affect children. We turn next to a particularly active area of trust research in cognitive development—namely, trust in information learned from what other people say (testimony). Children's willingness to believe what they are told is essential for the cultural transmission of knowledge; it allows them to learn about things they have not experienced themselves. We describe research showing that, in fact, young children have a great deal of difficulty not believing testimony. We suggest that this credulity is the manifestation of a bias to trust testimony specifically rather than a more generic, undifferentiated trust, and speculate about the origins of this bias. Finally, we offer several suggestions of areas for future research, including whether children (like adults) make judgments of trustworthiness based on an individual's facial features, how culture influences trust and trustworthiness, and how children learn to evaluate the credibility of digital sources of information. Keywords: trust; children; development; testimony; attachment; cooperation; culture
Reliability of HfAlO x in multi layered gate stack

This work has demonstrated a high quality HfO 2 based gate stack by depositing HfAlO x along with HfO 2 in a layered structure. In order to get multifold enhancement of the gate stack quality both Al percentage and distribution were observed by varying the HfAlO x layer thickness and it was found that it ). When devices were stressed in the gate injection mode at a constant voltage stress, dielectrics with Al/(Hf+Al)% FB ), and stress induced leakage current (SILC). The time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) characteristics showed a higher charge to breakdown and an increase in the extracted Weibull slope (β) that further confirms an enhanced dielectric reliability for devices with < 2% Al/(Al+Hf)%.
Regulation of Bcl-2 family proteins in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of small cell lung cancer cells mediated by a bispecific molecule OKT3xbombesin antagonist

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 2262 Bcl-2 family proteins play a critical role in the regulation of apoptosis. The anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 is expressed in 75% of SCLC. We have shown that a bispecific molecule (BsMol) containing OKT3 (anti-CD3 antibody) conjugated with a bombesin antagonist was able to activate T lymphocytes and mediate SCLC cell apoptosis at a low effector to target (E:T) cell ratio. Since most SCLC cell lines do not express caspase 8, an initiator caspase in the death-receptor pathway, we studied whether Bcl-2 family proteins contributed in the process of tumor cell apoptosis by ADCC. Four SCLC cell lines H345, H69, SHP77 and DMS273 were studied. T lymphocytes were separated from healthy donors. SCLC cells were mixed with T lymphocytes at 1:1 ratio in the presence of the BsMol or mouse IgG2a as a negative control. The mixed cells were stained with annexin V, CD45 and propidium iodide (PI), analyzed by flow cytometry from 4h to 72h. Whole cell lysates were prepared at 24, 48, and 72h, and analyzed for expression of Bcl-2, Bad and phosphorylated Bad (Ser112), Bax, Bak, and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) by Western blot. H345 cells are exquisitely sensitive to ADCC. There is high expression of Bcl-2, Bad and phosphorylated Bad at baseline. Western blot analysis showed phosphorylated Bad decreased significantly at 24h, and became undetectable at 72h in the presence of BsMol, while the expression of Bad remained stable. There was decreased expression of Bcl-2, and increased expression of Bak, Bax, and cleaved PARP at 72h. Flow cytometry analysis showed an increase of annexin V positive SCLC cells from 15% at 24h to 40% at 72h in the presence of the BsMol. Similar results were observed in SCLC cell lines H69 and SHP77. In contrast, DMS 273 cells, which are insensitive to ADCC at low E:T ratio, have barely detectable expression of Bcl-2 at baseline. After 48h, Bcl-2 became easily detectable, then increased significantly at 72h. The expression of cleaved PARP decreased at 72h. While the percentage of annexin V positive cells remained stable from 24h to 72h, the percentage of SCLC cells increased from 26% to 60% at 72h. We conclude that there is a dynamic change in expression of Bcl-2 family proteins in the process of ADCC mediated by the BsMol, leading to apoptosis and SCLC cell death. The increased expression of Bcl-2 in DMS 273 cells during the process may be the underlying mechanism of its resistance of ADCC. Blocking the upregulation of Bcl-2 in combination with immunotherapy may enhance the cytotoxicity of resistant SCLC cells.
Tourist Identities in Narratives of Unexpected Adventure in Madeira

This paper examines the shift that occurs in role identity, from a tourist to an adventurer, as travel bloggers construct an adventure narrative from their experiences of Madeira's ‘levada walk’. Travel blogs, as a naturally occurring data source, offer insight into both tourism experiences and tourists themselves. The research finds that, while bloggers have touristic motivations for visiting Madeira, they cast themselves in a heroic role as they construct an adventure narrative from their experience. The paper concludes that tourism has the potential to become an ‘adventure’ in which tourists overcome challenges and discover themselves in the process. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Remote sensing: Appreciate the gravity

Two satellites will soon be launched that can measure annual variations in the Earth's gravity due to mass changes equivalent to 1 cm of water over 250,000 km2— an area smaller than the Caspian Sea. This is gravity measurement of unprecedented accuracy. It will affect nearly all areas of study of the Earth, especially ocean dynamics, continental water-table variations, sea-level rise, glaciology, and postglacial rebound.
The evolving story of information assurance at the DoD.

This document is a review of five documents on information assurance from the Department of Defense (DoD), namely 5200.40, 8510.1-M, 8500.1, 8500.2, and an ''interim'' document on DIACAP [9]. The five documents divide into three sets: (1) 5200.40 & 8510.1-M, (2) 8500.1 & 8500.2, and (3) the interim DIACAP document. The first two sets describe the certification and accreditation process known as ''DITSCAP''; the last two sets describe the certification and accreditation process known as ''DIACAP'' (the second set applies to both processes). Each set of documents describes (1) a process, (2) a systems classification, and (3) a measurement standard. Appendices in this report (a) list the Phases, Activities, and Tasks of DITSCAP, (b) note the discrepancies between 5200.40 and 8510.1-M concerning DITSCAP Tasks and the System Security Authorization Agreement (SSAA), (c) analyze the DIACAP constraints on role fusion and on reporting, (d) map terms shared across the documents, and (e) review three additional documents on information assurance, namely DCID 6/3, NIST 800-37, and COBIT{reg_sign}.
Not Quite Seamless: Transitions between Home and Inpatient Hospice

Background: Although most hospice care occurs in the home, a growing number of patients utilize inpatient hospice settings. An inpatient hospice stay requires one or more transitions in care settings, although little is known about these transitions. Objective/Design: Using ethnographic methods, this study examined the beliefs and practices of older adults, their caregivers, and hospice interdisciplinary team (IDT) members surrounding transitions between home and inpatient hospice. Setting/Subjects: Data collection took place over 11 months in a large not-for-profit hospice agency in the northeast. Data were collected through 18 observations and 38 semistructured interviews with patients, family caregivers, and hospice IDT members. Results: Transitions from home to inpatient hospice centered on three processes: developing a plan for future needs, identifying triggers that signaled increased needs for care, and navigating through phases of increased care. Patients, family caregivers, or IDT members identified triggers for more care, and actions were taken to respond in the home care setting. Challenges to these actions occurred in many phases of care and when needs were ultimately unable to be addressed at home, patients were transferred to inpatient hospice. Conclusions: Understanding how care planning, increased needs, and phases of care influence decisions about transitioning patients to inpatient hospice can guide IDT members in minimizing transitions and providing a more seamless continuum of hospice care.
Structural analysis and transcriptional mapping of the Marek's disease virus gene encoding pp38, an antigen associated with transformed cells

Abstract The gene encoding a Marek's disease virus (MDV) pp38 phosphoprotein has been identified, sequenced, and localized to the BamHI H fragment to the left of the putative MDV origin of replication. The open reading frame was defined by sequencing of a lacZ-pp38 fusion protein gene from a lambda gt11 expression library. The entire open reading frame is 290 amino acids long and codes for a protein with a calculated molecular weight of 31,169, compared with the size of 38 kDa of the phosphorylated form estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. S1 nuclease protection analysis showed that the pp38 gene is transcribed leftward as an unspliced mRNA. On the basis of transcriptional mapping studies, the pp38 transcript is predicted to be about 1.8 kb in length without a poly(A) sequence. Its promoter-enhancer region overlaps that of the major rightward BamHI H 1.8-kb transcript implicated in tumor induction. This region contains Oct-1, Sp1, and CCAAT motifs as well as the putative origin of replication. The pp38 protein is the only presently known antigen that is consistently associated with the transformation state. It may play a significant role in MDV transformation.
Mechanisms underlying ubiquitination.

▪ Abstract The conjugation of ubiquitin to other cellular proteins regulates a broad range of eukaryotic cell functions. The high efficiency and exquisite selectivity of ubiquitination reactions reflect the properties of enzymes known as ubiquitin-protein ligases or E3s. An E3 recognizes its substrates based on the presence of a specific ubiquitination signal, and catalyzes the formation of an isopeptide bond between a substrate (or ubiquitin) lysine residue and the C terminus of ubiquitin. Although a great deal is known about the molecular basis of E3 specificity, much less is known about molecular mechanisms of catalysis by E3s. Recent findings reveal that all known E3s utilize one of just two catalytic domains—a HECT domain or a RING finger—and crystal structures have provided the first detailed views of an active site of each type. The new findings shed light on many aspects of E3 structure, function, and mechanism, but also emphasize that key features of E3 catalysis remain to be elucidated.
Continuous improvement at Toyota manufacturing plant: applications of production systems engineering methods

In this paper, we introduce two application studies of Production Systems Engineering (PSE) at a Toyota manufacturing plant in Georgetown, Kentucky, USA. Specifically, we study the engine assembly line and the block production line in powertrain manufacturing. By applying PSE methods, analytical models have been developed and validated using the data collected on the factory floor. It is shown that the models provide accurate estimates of line throughput compared with that observed in actual production. Using these models, we then develop methods for continuous improvement. In the engine assembly line, we identify the system bottlenecks, which are the machines impeding system throughput in the strongest manner, and improve line performance through bottleneck elimination. In the block production line, we evaluate the lean buffers, which have the smallest buffer capacity necessary and sufficient to achieve the desired line throughput. The results of these studies have been successfully implemented on the fa...
Adaptive and Effortful Control and Academic Self-efficacy Beliefs on Achievement: A Longitudinal Study of 1st through 3rd Graders

Abstract The linkages between self-regulatory processes and achievement were examined across 3 years in 733 children beginning at 1st grade ( M = 6.57 years, S.D. = .39 at 1st grade) who were identified as lower achieving in literacy. Accounting for consistencies in measures (from 1 year prior) and for influences of child's age, gender, IQ, ethnicity and economic adversity on achievement, results indicate that adaptive/effortful control at 1st grade contributed to both academic self-efficacy beliefs at 2nd grade, and reading (but not math) achievement at 3rd grade. Although academic self-efficacy did not partially mediate the linkage between adaptive/effortful control and achievement, academic self-efficacy beliefs were positively correlated with reading and math. Results support the notion that early efforts to promote children's self-regulatory skills would enhance future academic self-beliefs and achievement, particularly in literacy.
Potential uses of ion-selective potassium electrodes in soil fertility management

Mapping horizontal spatial variability in soil‐potassium (K) fertility is driving renewed interest in measuring soil K with ion selective K electrodes (ISE‐K). The objectives of this study were 1) to develop a rapid and inexpensive ISE‐K protocol for soil solution phase [K+], 2) to compare this protocol to published methods for assessment of soil K intensity and capacity, and 3) to explore electrode sensitivity to environmental variables including temperature and soil moisture content. Using 32 agricultural soils with a wide range in plant‐available K, we evaluated two combination electrodes, a glass electrode (ISE‐KGls) similar to that used in earlier soil applications and a PVC membrane flat‐surface electrode (ISE‐KPVC) that is being considered for on‐the‐go real‐time sensing of soil K. A 15‐s agitation 30‐min settling proved sufficient to equilibrate K concentrations in a 1:1 H20 soil/water w/v extraction. The ISE‐K readings in slurries, supernatants, and filtrates were equivalent and did not differ fr...
Direct-write assembly of ceramics from colloidal inks

Direct-write assembly of ceramic materials from colloidal inks allows the creation of complex 3-D structures that are inaccessible by traditional processing routes. The success of these emerging techniques hinges critically on the development of colloidal inks with tailored properties. Recent advances in this field are reviewed, which give rise to questions of practical as well as fundamental importance and a broad array of research opportunities.
Courtship Violence - Toward A Conceptual Understanding

VioLit summary: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study by Thompson was to propose a clear conceptual definition of courtship violence. METHODOLOGY: A non-experimental design was employed to explore issues of conceptualization. Three primary components of courtship violence were examined - the ideological, cultural and moral aspects of the cultural dimension; the normative and legal systems of the social dimension; and the psychological, emotional and physical aspects of the personal dimension. FINDINGS/DISCUSSION: A conceptual model was proposed involving three dimensions of courtship violence - cultural, social and personal. AUTHOR'S RECOMMENDATIONS: The author claimed that the use of this heuristic model would provide a conceptual framework within which future research could be conducted, and would allow for a more thorough understanding of the problem of courtship violence by examining it in the context of its various dimensions. EVALUATION: This study addresses an important issue in the field of research into violence, and provides a useful framework within which to focus research efforts. However, the author barely scratches the surface of the issues at hand, and leaves the reader craving a more thorough and extensive discussion of the various dimensions involved in courtship violence. A more detailed discussion of the practical implications of the conceptualization for treatment, prevention and intervention planning would also have been useful. (CSPV Abstract - Copyright © 1992-2007 by the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, Institute of Behavioral Science, Regents of the University of Colorado) KW - Ideology KW - Dating Violence Causes KW - Sociocultural Factors KW - Psychological Factors KW - Literature Review KW - Violence Against Women KW - Partner Violence KW - Adult Violence
Insensitivity of the reciprocal work contour integral method to higher order eigenvectors

The Reciprocal Work Contour Integral Method (RWCIM) is a computationally advantageous method of calculating stress intensities and higher order eigenvector coefficients for a general opening crack in a single or bi-material configuration. It involves integrating functions of analytical solutions and finite element results along an inner and outer contour. Except for the case of a zero opening crack in a single material, there can be computational difficulties with the method in calculating higher order eigenvector coefficients. For those cases, predicted lower ordered coefficients are insensitive to higher order eigenvectors only for a small inner contour radius. However, for a small inner contour radius, coefficient prediction with the RWCIM can become very sensitive to the value assumed for that radius. A numerical algorithm is presented for determining if an inner contour radius is adequate to have the algorithm insensitive to both higher order eigenvectors and the value assumed for the inner contour radius. An example is presented emphasizing salient points.
A further experimental analysis of the behavioral deficit that follows injury to the primate frontal cortex.

Abstract The results of seven experiments that use monkeys are reported. Behavior is examined in modifications of the Yerkes or Wisconsin General Testing Apparatus and in operant conditioning situations. The focus of the studies is the effect on behavior of removal of the frontal eugranular isocortex; unoperated controls and controls with the inferotemporal cortex removed serve as background to the studies. The first two experiments test whether the effects of frontal lesions are restricted to the visual or the somatic sensory mode. The results show that they are not. The next two experiments test whether the effects of the lesion are similar to changes in behavior produced by starvation. Again the results show that there is no similarity. However, the experiment that follows reveals an intersting finding: Monkeys with frontal lesions do not react as do the controls when the test apparatus runs out (deliberately) of rewards. The final pair of experiments explore further the conditions over which this altered behavior can be demonstrated. The results of these experiments show that when the situation is made ambiguous in one manner—i.e., by increasing the number of alternatives of choice—the frontal injury has no effect. On the other hand, the lesions do modify behavior when the ambiguity of the situation is increased by making the relationships between stimuli (cueing or reinforcing) and response variable, i.e., unreliable.
Access to Ambulatory Medical and Long-Term Care Services Among Elderly Medicare and Medicaid Beneficiaries: Organizational, Financial, and Geographic Barriers:

The comprehensive insurance coverage afforded low-income elders with both Medicare and Medicaid coverage (dual enrollees) has substantially reduced financial barriers to care. However, other studies show reduced and less appropriate utilization patterns among dual enrollees compared to Medicare beneficiaries with private supplemental insurance, suggesting access barriers remain. This study found that 59 percent of elderly dual enrollees needed an ambulatory medical or long-term care service in a 1-year period. One third of these individuals experienced barriers to access; organizational and geographic barriers were more prevalent than financial barriers. African American race, trouble paying basic living expenses, fair or poor health status, and an unfavorable assessment of physician information giving were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of organizational and geographic access barriers among elderly dual enrollees.
Improving Students' Study Habits by Demonstrating the Mnemonic Benefits of Semantic Processing

This article describes an in-class exercise that illustrates the advantage of semantic over nonsemantic study habits. The exercise includes a survey of students' current study strategies, followed ...
New Entrance Shade Design For SIRTF

A new design for the entrance shade for the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) is presented. The evolution of the entrance shade began with a simple frustum, symmetrical about the telescope axis, when SIRTF was expected to be Shuttle-attached. With the change to a free-flying SIRTF this frustum was cut off at an angle. The telescope will be operated so that whenever not in the earth's shadow the high side is kept toward the sun. However, the entrance shade interior itself will be so warm that the optics, including the secondary mirror and its mechanisms and support structure, will be restricted to the rear part of the barrel, termed the aftbaffle, which is shaded from the interior of the entrance shade by the forebaffle. This is best accomplished by the most recent design in which the axis of the entrance shade is offset from the telescope axis. This results in a shorter entrance shade, shorter forebaffle, and a shaded region within the barrel which is symmetrical about the telescope axis. All of these are advantageous.
TRIP6: An Adaptor Protein that Regulates Cell Motility, Antiapoptotic Signaling and Transcriptional Activity

Thyroid hormone receptor interacting protein 6 (TRIP6), also known as zyxin-related protein-1 (ZRP-1), is an adaptor protein that belongs to the zyxin family of LIM proteins. TRIP6 is primarily localized in the cytosol or focal adhesion plaques, and may associate with the actin cytoskeleton. Additionally, it is capable of shuttling to the nucleus to serve as a transcriptional coregulator. Structural and functional analyses have revealed that through multidomain-mediated protein-protein interactions, TRIP6 serves as a platform for the recruitment of a wide variety of signaling molecules involved in diverse cellular responses, such as actin cytoskeletal reorganization, cell adhesion and migration, antiapoptotic signaling, osteoclast sealing zone formation and transcriptional control. Although the physiological functions of TRIP6 remain largely unknown, it has been implicated in cancer progression and telomere protection. Together, these studies suggest that TRIP6 plays multifunctional roles in different cellular responses, and thus may represent a novel target for therapeutic intervention.