cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A Diffusible Sex Factor

A hormone-like substance is secreted by alpha mating-type cells of heterothallic yeast strains. It induces in cells of the opposite mating type, a, a morphological change characteristic of the mating process. Secretion of this substance and mating ability have some common genetic determinants. In partially purified preparations, the substance has properties of an oligopeptide.
A Limited Role for Retinoic Acid and Retinoic Acid Receptors RARα and RARβ in Regulating Keratin 19 Expression and Keratinization in Oral and Epidermal Keratinocytes

Different types of stratified squamous epithelia—for example, the "orthokeratinized" epidermis, the "parakeratinized" gingiva, and the "nonkeratinized" oral lining mucosal epithelia—are formed by intrinsically distinct keratinocyte subtypes. These subtypes exhibit characteristic patterns of keratin protein expression in vivo and in culture. Keratin 19 is an informative subtype-specific marker because the basal cells of only nonkeratinizing epithelia express K19 in vivo and in culture. Epidermal keratinocytes normally do not express K19, but can be induced to do so in culture by retinoic acid (RA). Keratinocyte subtypes express the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) β at levels roughly correlated with their level of K19 expression in culture and their potential for forming a nonkeratinized epithelium in vivo . We tested the hypothesis that the level of RAR β expressed by a keratinocyte determines its K19 expression and its form of suprabasal differentiation. Normal human epidermal and gingival keratinocytes stably overexpressing either RAR β or RAR α were generated by defective retroviral transduction. Overexpression of either receptor enhanced the RA inducibility of K19 in conventional culture, in that the proportion of the transductants becoming K19 + in response to RA was markedly increased compared with controls. The pattern of differentiation of the epithelium formed in organotypic culture, assessed by basal K19 and suprabasal K1, K4, and filaggrin expression, however, was unaltered by PAR overexpression. Thus, the susceptibility of keratinocytes to regulation of K19 expression by retinoids is conditional, and levels of neither RAR β nor RAR α are limiting to the intrinsic mechanism that specifies alternate differentiation pathways for stratified squamous epithelia.
Does digital deconvolution improve two-photon microscopy in deep tissue imaging?

In the past scientists have had difficulties visualizing cellular processes in thick tissue specimens. With conventional imaging techniques, fluorescence signals from above and below the focal plane create background noise that significantly degrades the resultant images. Today we have two-photon excitation microscopy, which surpasses other imaging systems in its ability to see further and more clearly into thick tissue. The two-photon system has an infrared pulsed laser light illumination that hits only at the focal plane, thus reducing autofluorescence and photobleaching. Although this technique is superior to others in fluorescence imaging, the two-photon images can still have a considerable amount of background glow deep down in the tissue. Due to this problem, we propose that digital deconvolution be used to improve these signals by eliminating the background noise in the two-photon images. The purpose of deconvolution is to undo the degradation of the image that was created by convolution. Deconvolution uses the entire fluorescent signal and digitally reverses it through the use of a point spread function. We have developed a model system for measuring the depth penetration of our two-photon system integrated with the Biorad MRC 600. With this system the deconvolved signal at different depths shows a better signal-to-noise (S/N) of the two-photon images than those without deconvolution. The biological applications of this process will be discussed in this paper.
Ultrasound bent-ray tomography with a modified total-variation regularization scheme

The sound-speed distribution of the breast can be used for characterizing breast tumors, because they typically have a higher sound speed than normal breast tissue. This is understood to be the result of remodeling of the extracellular matrix surrounding tumors. Breast sound-speed distribution can be reconstructed using ultrasound bent-ray tomography (USRT). We have recently demonstrated that USRT, using arrival times of both transmission and reflection data, significantly improves image quality. To further improve the robustness of tomographic reconstructions, we develop a USRT method using a modified total-variation (MTV) regularization scheme. Regularization is often used in solving inverse problems by introducing restrictions such as for smoothness. Tikhonov regularization is a widely used regularization scheme that tends to smooth tomographic images, but oversmoothing can obscure critical diagnostic detail such as tumor margins. Total-variation (TV) regularization is another common regularization scheme that preserves tumor margins, but at the cost of increased image noise. Our new USRT with MTV regularization is a Tikhonov-TV hybrid, reducing image noise while preserving margins. We apply our new method to ultrasound transmission data from numerical phantoms, and compare the results with those obtained using Tikhonov regularization.
miR-21 and miR-31 Converge on TIAM1 to Regulate Migration and Invasion of Colon Carcinoma Cells

TGF-β promotes cell migration and invasion, an attribute that is linked to the pro-metastasis function of this cytokine in late stage cancers. The LIM 1863 colon carcinoma organoid undergoes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in response to TGF-β. This process is markedly accelerated by TNF-α, and we found that the levels of miR-21 and miR-31 were prominently elevated under the synergistic actions of TGF-β/TNF-α. Consistent with this, overexpression of either miR-21 or miR-31 significantly enhanced the effect of TGF-β alone on LIM 1863 morphological changes. More importantly, transwell assays demonstrated the positive effects of both miR-21 and miR-31 in TGF-β regulation of LIM 1863 motility and invasiveness. Elevated levels of miR-21 and miR-31 also enhanced motility and invasiveness of other colon carcinoma cell lines. We present compelling evidence that TIAM1, a guanidine exchange factor of the Rac GTPase, is a direct target of both miR-21 and miR-31. Indeed in LIM 1863 cells, suppression of TIAM1 is required for miR-21/miR-31 to enhance cell migration and invasion. Therefore, we have uncovered miR-21 and miR-31 as downstream effectors of TGF-β in facilitating invasion and metastasis of colon carcinoma cells.
Phylogeography of Anastrepha obliqua Inferred With mtDNA Sequencing

Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae), the West Indian fruit fly, is a frugivorous pest that occasionally finds its way to commercial growing areas outside its native distribution. It inhabits areas in Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean with occasional infestations having occurred in the southern tier states (California, Florida, and Texas) of the United States. This fly is associated with many plant species and is a major pest of mango and plum. We examine the genetic diversity of the West Indian fruit fly based on mitochondrial COI and ND6 DNA sequences. Our analysis of 349 individuals from 54 geographic collections from Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America detected 61 haplotypes that are structured into three phylogenetic clades. The distribution of these clades among populations is associated with geography. Six populations are identified in this analysis: Mesoamerica, Central America, Caribbean, western Mexico, Andean South America, and eastern Brazil. In addition, substantial differences exist among these genetic types that warrants further taxonomic review.
Accuracy of the BRCAPRO Model Among Women With Bilateral Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND: The likelihood of identifying a BRCA mutation was often calculated using the BRCAPRO model. A previous study suggested that this model may overestimate the chance of detecting a BRCA mutation among women diagnosed with bilateral breast cancer. Studies also suggested that few patients with bilateral breast cancer whose age at first diagnosis is >40 years were mutation carriers. The objectives of this study were to determine the accuracy of the BRCAPRO model among women with bilateral breast cancer and to determine whether their mutation status was dependent on their age at first diagnosis. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed. Women who were diagnosed with bilateral or unilateral breast cancer and who had undergone comprehensive BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic testing at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1997 and 2006 were included in the study. RESULTS: For individuals with pre-test carrier probabilities >31%, the proportion of positive tests was significantly lower than predicted by the BRCAPRO model (P 40 years. CONCLUSIONS: The BRCAPRO model was overestimating the relative contribution bilateral breast cancer had on the likelihood of detecting a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. Bilateral breast cancer did not appear to be a good indicator of mutation status, particularly for women whose age at first diagnosis is >40 years. Cancer 2009;115:725–30. V C 2009 American Can
Wood fiber length as related to position in tree and growth

The size of tracheids in conifers and of fibers and vessel segments in dicots has been a subject of investigation for nearly 80 years. Foresters have been interested in woody cell size because of the real or assumed correlation between it and the strength properties of wood and paper, while botanists have been equally interested from the standpoint of its possible relation to evolution, growth and senescence. The present report is a review of the literature from the morphogenetic viewpoint. Special attention is given to the data published rather than to the conclusions previously drawn in an effort to assess the possible interrelationships between cell size of trees and developmental factors of growth and senescence. Because most of the available data apply to the tracheids of gymnosperms, emphasis will be placed on these, but data will be brought in on dicotyledons wherever possible.
Are highly parallel systems ready for prime time

This is the edited and abbreviated transcript of a panel discussion held on May 9, 1989, in Los Angeles, during the conference "Parallel Computational Fluid Dynamics-Implementations and Results Using MIMD Computers." The purpose of the conference was to discuss recent developments in the use of MIMD parallel computers in high-performance computational fluid dynamics. The intent of the panel discussion was to summarize the findings of the meeting, and to give a perspective on the state of the art in using parallel computers for solving large-scale engineering and scientific application problems. The panelists were Creon Levit (NAS Systems Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California), Kent Misegades (Cray Research, Inc., Mendota Heights, Minnesota), Gary Montry (Myrias Computer Corporation, Albuquerque, New Mexico), Ken Neves (Boeing Computer Services, Seattle, Washington), Anthony Patera (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts), and Justin Rattner (Intel Scientific Computers, Beaverton, Oregon).
Tumor Burden Assessment with Positron Emission Tomography with

Objective: In patients with advanced cancer, total tumor burden affects the likelihood of tumor response and has important implications for prognosis. The aim of this study was to select the optimum 2-[F-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography (FDG PET) tumor uptake parameter to accurately measure tumor burden in advanced metastatic renal cell cancer, in comparison with volumes measured with computed tomography (CT), as a reference test.Materials and Methods: Six patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma measurable on CT were studied. CT and FDG PET scans were carried out on all patients within 4 weeks prior to their entry into a phase I-II radioimmunotherapy trial. CT-based evaluation of disease extent (tumor volume) and 4 PET-based measurements (standardized uptake value[SUVmax], SUVav, volume, and total lesion glycolysis [TLG]) were performed independently by a radiologist (VN) and a nuclear medicine physician (TA). The degree of correlation between conventional (CT) extent of disease and parameters describing tumor concentration of FDG was then determined.Results: Fifty-seven CT-measurable metastatic lesions in lung, abdomen, and scalp were evaluated in 6 patients. There was a high correlation between CT and FDG PET volume estimates for lesions greater than 5 cm(3) in size. However, a PET-derived parameter that embodies both FDG uptake and lesion size, the TLG, correlated better with CT-derived tumor volume than did FDG PET volume alone.Conclusion: Using CT volume as a gold standard, the optimal PET-based estimate of total tumor burden in patients with metastatic renal cancer is the sum over all lesions of the total lesion glycolysis.
Health care expenditures associated with autism spectrum disorders.

Objective To examine the health care expenditures associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in medical care settings. Design Retrospective analysis of health insurance claims data. Setting Administrative claims database for a national sample of privately insured individuals. Participants Children and adolescents 17 years and younger with a diagnosis of a mental disorder between 2000 and 2004. Main Outcome Measures Annual inpatient, outpatient, and prescription drug expenditures. Results Average health care expenditures for individuals with an ASD increased 20.4% from $4965 per patient in 2000 to $5979 per patient in 2004, even after adjustment for inflation. When combined with rising ASD prevalence rates, total expenditures per 10 000 covered lives associated with ASDs increased 142.1% over the 5-year period. Although total expenditures per treated patient were higher for patients with ASDs than for individuals with other mental disorders, ASDs created a smaller burden on health insurers because of their relatively low treated prevalence. Conclusions In light of anticipated patterns of earlier identification and more proactive treatment of ASDs in the years to come, the burden of autism on the health care system will continue to increase. Efforts should be made to ensure that access to care for this vulnerable population is not compromised.
Anchoring Intersubjective Models in Recent Advances in Developmental Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience and Parenting Studies: Introduction to Papers by Trevarthen, Gallese, and Ammaniti & Trentini

The papers in this special section review and extend the bold, creative body of current theory and research about the intersubjectivity. From different points of view, they all show that interpersonal recognition and collaboration play as central a role in motivating and organizing personality as other motivations like sex and attachment. Taken together, the papers offer a panoramic perspective, integrating cognitive and affective neuroscience, phenomenological philosophy, early development research, and psychoanalysis. Written by leading European academics, they reflect a Continental style of investigating the theoretical implications of “scientific” data.
Achievement and Participation of Women in Mathematics: Results of Two National Surveys.

scores and are frequently reported as doing better on higher level cognitive tasks as well. In most cases, males have been compared with females who had taken fewer high school mathematics courses. Because few studies have controlled for students' mathematics course-taking histories, it is possible that the sex differences in achievement found in previous studies could be explained by differential mathematics participation. The results of two national surveys reported here provide information on mathematics achievement and participation for males and females and allow comparisons of achievement scores within levels of mathematics participation to determine whether or not sex differences in achievement persist when course taking is controlled. The first data source is the Women in Mathematics Project, a survey conducted by the Education Commission of the States (ECS) in the fall of 1978. This project collected national data on achievement and participation in mathematics as well as information on attitudinal, social, and educational variables related to participation and achievement for 13year-olds and high school seniors. Only the results of the achievement tests and course background are reported here. The second data source is from the second mathematics assessment conducted during the 1977-78 school year by the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). In this assessment, approximately 700 test items were administered to a national probability sample of 75,000 9-yearolds, 13-year-olds, and 17-year-olds in school. Information contained in this article is based on a project supported by the National Institute of Education under Grant No. NIE-G-77-0061. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Institute of Education.
CpG island methylation in colorectal cancer: past, present and future.

The concept of a CpG island methylator phenotype, or CIMP, quickly became the focus of several colorectal cancer studies describing its clinical and pathological features after its introduction in 1999 by Toyota and colleagues. Further characterization of CIMP in tumors lead to widespread acceptance of the concept, as expressed by Shen and Issa in their 2005 editorial, “CIMP, at last.” Since that time, extensive research efforts have brought great insights into the epidemiology and prognosis of CIMP+ tumors and other epigenetic mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis. With the advances in technology and subsequent cataloging of the human methylome in cancer and normal tissue, new directions in research to understand CIMP and its role in complex biological systems yield hope for future epigenetically based diagnostics and treatments.
Incorporation of14C-labeled carbohydrates, pyrimidines, lipid components and amino acids into Lee influenza virus and chorioallantoic tissue in culture

The quantities of thirty14C labeled metabolites incorporated into chorioallantoic tissue from a glucose balanced saline medium and the relative contribution of each to Lee influenza virus replicating in such tissue were measured. All labeled compounds were taken up by the tissue in significant amounts, ranging from a minimum of 5.0 micromoles per 100 mg of dry tissue for stearic acid to a maximum of 45.1 micromoles for sodium acetate. One group of metabolites was apparently selectively utilized in the synthesis of new virus, as they contributed14C to the latter to a much greater extent than would be expected if their relative concentrations in the tissue were the major determining factor. This group included leucine, glutamic acid, sodium acetate, sodium butyrate and cholesterol. A second group made smaller contributions to the virus than might have been expected on the same basis. In this group were D-ribose, uracil, choline and ethanolamine. Thymine and L-fucose made no measurable contribution. The relative amounts of 7 other amino acids and of 4 long chain fatty acids contributing to the virus were similar to the relative uptake of these compounds by the tissue. A reasonable interpretation and possible implications of the results are discussed.
Linezolid and serotonin syndrome.

Received March 21, 2001; accepted March 29, 2001. From Eastern Virginia Medical School, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 825 Fairfax Avenue, Norfolk, Virginia 23507. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Pushkin, Associate Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, Director Consultation & Liaison Psychiatry, EVMS; E-mail address: pushkiyr@evms.edu Copyright 2001 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. Serotonin syndrome is a potentially severe adverse drug interaction characterized by the sudden onset of the triad of altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It can be a serious complication of treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and other serotonergic medications. Serotonin syndrome is idiosyncratic in nature. It has been reported in association with single-drug therapy, combination-drug therapy, singledrug overdose, polydrug overdose, and recreational drugs of abuse. Linezolid is a new antibiotic of the oxazolidinone class and is the only one that has progressed to clinical trials. Its major clinical indication is for the treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE). Linezolid has been shown to be a relatively weak nonspecific reversible inhibitor of human monoamine oxidase. Linezolid has the potential for interaction with adrenergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic agents. However, no demonstrated clinical evidence of adverse reactions as a result of monoamine oxidase inhibition has been reported. Coadministration of linezolid and serotonergic agents was not associated with serotonin syndrome in phase 1, 2 or 3 studies. The interactions of sertraline and other serotonin re-uptake inhibitors with linezolid have not been studied to date. This article reports a case of suspected serotonin syndrome caused by the interaction between linezolid and sertraline. Case Report
Six Classic Distribution Paradigms for Global Marketing Channel Strategy

Global marketing has become an established fact of life for more and more businesses. Along with the large multinational corporations that have been operating on a global scale for decades, many middle market or even relatively small firms have already or will soon need to enter the global marketplace to enhance their long-term viability (Czinkota et al 1995). The growth of Internetbased e-commerce has accelerated this global trend. Marketing channels which provide the institutional structure that connects firms to the markets they serve have not escaped this global environment. In today’s world, marketing channel structure and strategy must be formulated in the context of globalization. The six distribution channel paradigms discussed are characterized as ‘classic’ because they have all appeared in the scholarly literature associated with marketing channels and distribution systems for many years and in some cases many decades.
Parallely cascaded heterogeneous perceptron applied to base-4 digital computations

A heterogeneous perceptron circuit cascaded in a parallel manner is proposed here to implement the base-4 digital multiplication process. The design follows the universal mapping characteristic of a parallely cascaded heterogeneous perceptron system cascaded in a parallel fashion. This heterogeneous system allows one to use the base-4 digital computation much more efficiently than any conventional binary neural-network system. The origin of this heterogeneous system and a numerical design of the system are reported in detail. >
College-Educated Youths' Attitudes toward Global Brands: Implications for Global Marketing Strategies

ABSTRACT This study empirically tests the notion of global youth through an investigation of college-educated youths' attitudes toward global brands and the influential drivers behind such attitudes in China and the United States. In both samples, a significantly positive relationship was found between the motivations of global media usage and exposure to global media. Both global media exposure and reference group influences have positive, significant relationships with attitudes toward global brands. The results suggest that similar values may be held by college-educated youth in disparate countries although there are differences in media usage behaviors across cultures. Implications for global marketing strategies are discussed.
Micromachined polymer magnets

Micromachinable magnetic polymer composites have been prepared using commercial polyimide (Dupont PI-2555), and ferrite magnetic powders with different concentration levels (85-95 wt%). Magnetic, processability, and mechanical properties of these composites were measured. The B-H curve was measured using a vibrating sample magnetometer and showed typical permanent magnet behavior, with coercivity of 4000 Oe and residual induction approaching 3000 Gauss. In order to demonstrate the application of this material to micromachining, a simple permanent magnet microactuator has been fabricated. This actuator consists of a surface micromachined polyimide platform flexibly supported by tether arms. The composite material is deposited on the platform using screen printing. A 20 turn circular coil is integrated under the platform to complete the integrated microactuator. When driving the coil with 300 mA DC current, deflections of the platform in the range of +/-30 /spl mu/m have been achieved. By reversing the direction of the current, both attraction and repulsion of the actuator occurred which confirms the permanent magnet character of the material.
Validation of High Gradient Magnetic Field Based Drug Delivery to Magnetizable Implants Under Flow

The drug-eluting stent's increasingly frequent occurrence late stage thrombosis have created a need for new strategies for intervention in coronary artery disease. This paper demonstrates further development of our minimally invasive, targeted drug delivery system that uses induced magnetism to administer repeatable and patient specific dosages of therapeutic agents to specific sites in the human body. Our first aim is the use of magnetizable stents for the prevention and treatment of coronary restenosis; however, future applications include the targeting of tumors, vascular defects, and other localized pathologies. Future doses can be administered to the same site by intravenous injection. This implant-based drug delivery system functions by placement of a weakly magnetizable stent or implant at precise locations in the cardiovascular system, followed by the delivery of magnetically susceptible drug carriers. The stents are capable of applying high local magnetic field gradients within the body, while only exposing the body to a modest external field. The local gradients created within the blood vessel create the forces needed to attract and hold drug-containing magnetic nanoparticles at the implant site. Once these particles are captured, they are capable of delivering therapeutic agents such as antineoplastics, radioactivity, or biological cells.
Enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome: A case of bilateral, sudden sensorineural hearing loss in a child

Summary Enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome (EVAS) is defined as progressive, fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss with radiologic evidence of large vestibular aqueducts. Since its first description multiple articles have illustrated the epidemiology, proposed mechanisms of altered inner ear development, and its association with sensorineural hearing loss. We describe for the first time in the English literature a child who experienced sudden onset of bilateral, sensorineural hearing loss after minor head trauma. There is no medical or surgical treatment for this condition, but amplification with hearing aids and cochlear implantation are viable options for patients.
INFLUENCE OF NOISY ENVIRONMENTAL DATA ON CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS

Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) is an increasingly popular method for multivariate analysis of ecological community data. It is, however, one of the most potentially misleading multivariate methods for community analysis. Inclusion of noisy or irrelevant environmental variables can distort the representation of gradients in community structure. These hazards are illustrated with simulated community data sets having a known, simple, underlying structure, then introducing different kinds and degrees of noise into the environmental data. Because of its sensitivity to even a modest amount of noise in the environmental data, CCA with site scores as linear combinations of environmental variables is inappropriate when the objective is to describe community structure. These problems can be avoided by using traditional indirect ordination methods, where pure community structure is expressed, without any constraint imposed by the environmental variables. CCA can be appropriate, however, when the objective is to describe how species respond to particular sets of observed environmental variables.
Sorption and cosorption of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and tannic acid by organo-clays

Abstract Organo-clay sorbents were prepared by treating montmorillonite with four different quaternary ammonium compounds. The sorbents were then evaluated for the ability to remove a lower molecular weight hydrophobic organic, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB), from water in the presence of larger, more hydrophilic organics such as tannic acid. Removal of each sorbate species was characterized separately, then the organo-clays' removal of TCB was assessed in the presence of the tannic acid. The quaternary ammonium compounds used were tetramethylammonium chloride (TMA), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA), hexadecylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride (HDBDMA), and dioctodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDDMA). The adsorption isotherms of tannic acid onto the organo-clays were all nonlinear; the TMA-modified clay led to unfavorable curvature, while the long-chain surfactants all produced favorable curvature. The ability of the organo-clays to remove tannic acid increased in the order TMA
Structural and catalytic properties of model silica- supported palladium catalysts: a comparison to single crystal surfaces

Abstract The structural and catalytic properties of model silica-programmed desorption, infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy of adsorbed CO, scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopies (STM and AFM), and catalytic CO oxidation at both low pressure and elevated pressure conditions. The CO oxidation reactions on Pd(111), Pd(110) and Pd(100) have also been investigated. By evaporating palladium onto silica thin films (100 A), followed by an anneal to 900 K, the size of the palladium panicles can be controlled in a range of 30–500 A. The surface of the palladium particles consists mainly of (111) and (100) facets, and exhibit catalytic activity similar to palladium single crystals for CO oxidation at both low pressure (10−8 −10−6 Torr) and high pressure (15 Torr) conditions. At low pressures, the rate of CO oxidation increases with temperature, reaches a maximum at 500–600 K, and then declines. At high pressures, the activation energy and turnover frequency for the CO oxidation reaction on the model catalysts compare favorable with analogous results from single crystal and high-surface-area catalysts. Thus, this system of metal particles supported on a silica thin film provides an excellent model to bridge between single crystal and high-surface-area catalysts. The CO oxidation reactions on Pd(111), Pd(110) and Pd(100) have similar, but distinctive activation energies (28.1 ± 0.4, 30.7 ± 0.5 and 29.4 ± 0.3 kcal mol , respectively) and turnover frequencies, indicating a subtle structure-sensitivity for CO oxidation on different crystal planes of palladium.
Synapse microarray identification of small molecules that enhance synaptogenesis

synaptic function is affected in many brain diseases and disorders. Technologies for large- scale synapse assays can facilitate identification of drug leads. Here we report a 'synapse microarray' technology that enables ultra-sensitive, high-throughput and quantitative screening of synaptogenesis. our platform enables the induction of synaptic structures in regular arrays by precise positioning of non-neuronal cells expressing synaptic proteins, while allowing neurites to grow freely around these cells. The technology increases by tenfold the sensitivity of the traditional assays, and simultaneously decreases the time required to capture synaptogenic events by an order of magnitude. It is readily incorporated into multiwell formats compatible with industrial high-throughput screening platforms. using this technology, we screened a chemical library, and identified novel histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors that improve neuroligin-1-induced synaptogenesis by modulating class-I HDACs. We also found a structure-activity relationship for designing novel potent histone deacetylase inhibitors, which can be applied towards development of new therapeutics.
Evidence against Quaternary slip on the northern Karakorum Fault suggests kinematic reorganization at the western end of the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen

Abstract While the right-slip Karakorum fault is one of the most prominent structures in the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen, its evolution and role in accommodating deformation related to the collision between India and Asia is controversial. Different models interpret the Karakorum fault as either: 1) a long-lived, stable feature analogous to a plate boundary structure, or 2) an evolving fault system with limited displacement ( 150 ka, overly the trace of the two strands of the Karakorum fault and show no evidence of tectonic disturbance; 2) older (late Pliocene to early Quaternary) loess deposits which overlie the trace of the fault are either undisturbed, or are cut by small normal fault scarps with no evidence of strike-slip displacement; 3) east–west trending bedrock incised stream valleys up to 500 m deep cross both strands of the fault with no sign of lateral deflection. I suggest that termination of slip along the northern segment of the Karakorum fault occurred in the Pliocene due to southward propagation of the Altyn Tagh fault system along the Longmu–Co Gozha Co fault and impingement of the Karakorum fault. This study suggests that large intracontinental strike-slip faults embedded within orogenic plateaus are transient features which should be expected to have complicated kinematic histories and short life-spans relative to the life of an orogenic belt.
RELIGIOUS REASONS AND POLITICAL ARGUMENTATION

In Evangelium Vitae Pope John Paul II calls for a renewal of culture to combat the culture of death. He criticizes various aspects of a pluralistic, liberal society - a type of society that he claims is based on moral relativism and a view of democracy that becomes a substitute for moral law. He maintains that such a view trivializes moral choice. In this essay I argue that John Rawls's notion of a liberal society as an overlapping consensus of comprehensive doctrines can avoid relativism while allowing for reasonable debate among opposed positions. While Rawls maintains that comprehensive doctrines, including religions, should employ a form of public reason that is not a unique feature of any one comprehensive doctrine, I argue that this requirement is too strong. One is often justified in appealing to features of comprehensive doctrines other than one's own, features that are unique to the doctrines themselves. Such an appeal does not pretend to be neutral as public reason would seem to be. In the final section of the paper I discuss some suggestions made by the Pope regarding actions in civil society that are independent of debates about legal change and suggest some ways in which they might contribute to desired cultural transformation.
Gridding and compression of microarray images

With the recent explosion of interest in microarray technology, massive amounts of microarray images are currently being produced. The storage and the transmission of this type of data are becoming increasingly challenging. Here we propose lossless and lossy compression algorithms for microarray images originally digitized at 16 bpp (bits per pixels) that achieve an average of 9.5-11.5 bpp (lossless) and 4.6-6.7 bpp (lossy, with a PSNR of 63 dB). The lossy compression is applied only on the background of the image, thereby preserving the regions of interest. The methods are based on a completely automatic gridding procedure of the image.
Acute Myocardial Infarction, Ischemic Stroke, Sympathetic Stress, and Inflammation. Birds of a Feather

See related article, pages 2546–2551 Stroke, the leading cause of neurological death, is the leading cause of disability in the US.1 Ischemic stroke represents about 85% of all strokes and is a heterogeneous condition. Generally speaking, ischemic strokes can be classified into different categories according to their presumed mechanism as follows: infarct with large artery thrombosis; embolism attributed to cardiac sources or cardioembolic; lacunar infarction; or cryptogenic infarction or infarct of undetermined cause.2 Cardioembolic strokes are a major mechanism of ischemic strokes with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation alone accounting for about 25% of all ischemic events.3 Other cardiac conditions that have been associated with cardioembolic strokes include acute myocardial infarction (AMI), ventricular aneurysm, rheumatic valvular disease, mechanical prosthetic valve, and left atrial or ventricular thrombi to name the most common. The association between ischemic stroke and AMI has been recognized for several decades. The risk of ischemic stroke in patients presenting with AMI has declined from 2.4% to 3.5% in earlier reports to about 0.6% to 1.8% in more recent studies incorporating thrombolytic …
Primary beam movement effects in electron beam probing

Abstract This paper addresses the phenomenon of primary beam movements in Electron Beam (E-Beam) probing. Experiments carried out on an NMOS microprocessor IC have shown that the primary beam is deflected predominantly by magnetic fields which exist in the plane of the clip. These fields arise from large switching currents that flow through the bond wires and the package during certain parts of the test cycle. Experiments carried out to measure the beam shift as a function of the electron beam energy also confirm that the shift is primarily caused by magnetic fields. Some methods to minimize or eliminate the effect of the shift are also proposed.
Arrangement of Herpesvirus Deoxyribonucleic Acid in the Core

The core of the herpes simplex virion consists of an electron-dense toroidal structure 50 nm high, with an inside diameter of 18 nm and an outside diameter of 70 nm, penetrated by a less dense cylindrical mass. The toroid contains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), as evident from the observation that uranyl ion staining is removed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid under conditions which result in the extraction of uranyl ions bound to nuclear DNA. Studies on negatively stained preparations of purified capsids suggest that the toroid consists of DNA arranged as if it were spooled around the cylindrical mass.
Effect of canard stall on projectile roll and pitch damping

A computational and mathematical approach is used to investigate the effect of canard stall on projectile roll and pitch damping. For spinning projectiles with dithering canards, large angles of attack can be achieved by these canards. These large angles of attack can lead to stall that causes abnormal loads on the projectile. Because of these abnormalities, it is important to include the effects of stall on the projectile. First, the total roll and pitch moments of two canards is derived. These equations are then analysed to show that the effects of canard stall can produce a decrease in roll damping, causing roll rate to increase, and an increase in pitch damping, causing the no roll frame pitch rate to decrease. To validate this analysis, simulation is performed using a fully non-linear six-degree-of-freedom dynamic model with canard aerodynamics. The results from the simulation agree with the equations derived; thus, for projectiles that use dithering canards for control, it is important to include these non-linear effects in the projectile dynamic model.
Murine Model of Recurrent Group G Streptococcal Cellulitis: No Evidence of Protective Immunity

Despite the well-known tendency of cellulitis due to beta-hemolytic streptococci to recur, little is known regarding the mechanisms of human immunity to this infection. We established cellulitis in mice by using a strain of group G streptococcus (1750) originally isolated from the bloodstream of a patient with acute cellulitis. This strain, which has been studied extensively in our laboratory, expresses M protein structurally and functionally analogous to that of group A streptococci, and we have cloned and sequenced the gene encoding this protein (emmMG1). Mice injected with 5 x 10(7) CFU of strain 1750 developed nonlethal necrotic skin and soft tissue infections that healed spontaneously after 14 to 16 days. After healing, the mice were repetitively reinoculated three times with the same challenge dose of 1750. Lesion size did not decrease in severity, size, or time to healing after repetitive challenge. The maximum lesion size and tissue concentration of microorganisms increased between the first and fourth challenges. Pretreatment of 1750 cells with opsonic antisera to MG1 diminished neither the maximum lesion size nor the time course of evolution of the lesions. Thus, in the mouse model used here, there was no evidence of acquired protective immunity to experimentally induced cellulitis.
Implementing florida’s performance and accountability act: a focus on program measurement and evaluation

The 1990s brought major budget and management reform to the State of Florida. Foremost among the reforms was performance-based program budgeting, brought about by the 1994 passage of the Government Performance and Accountability Act (GPAA). The Act established a number of supports for a complete performance-based budgeting system including citizen-driven benchmark development, creation of performance indicators, performance measurement, outcome reporting, and program evaluation and justification reviews. This paper addresses the output and outcome measures used to tie performance standards to budget appropriations and to evaluate programs after they have been on performance-based program budgeting for a year.
The Generic Biologics Debate: Industry's Unintended Admission that Biotech Patents Fail Enablement

This Article reveals that many already issued and actively enforced medical biotechnology patents may be invalid. Biologics, medical therapeutics derived through biotechnology techniques, are the fastest growing and most promising pharmaceutical sector. They represent a $45 billion a year industry that is anticipated to double in five years and that already provides novel treatments for cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Due to unforeseen consequences of past decisions, manufacturers currently are significantly limited in their ability to sell generic copies of biologics even after the pioneer biologic patents expire. As early biologics are starting to go off-patent, this regulatory mix-up is having a notable impact on the availability of biologics and raising the cost of health care. The generic biologics debate has dramatically heated-up recently due to proposed legislation to create a new regulatory process for generic biologics, the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry defending the status quo, and the Food and Drug Administration struggling to handle the situation. This Article exposes for the first time that industry's own arguments have an unintended, striking consequence  many of their biologic patents fail enablement, and therefore are not valid in the first instance.
Hydrocortisone-induced reversal of beta-adrenergic receptor uncoupling.

Prolonged exposure to adrenal-steroid hormones or adrenergic agonists results in opposing physiologic effects on beta-adrenergic receptors. These physiologic events have biochemical correlates that...
The First Multichroic Polarimeter Array on the Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Characterization and Performance

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope Polarimeter (ACTPol) is a polarization sensitive receiver for the 6-m Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) and measures the small angular scale polarization anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The full focal plane is composed of three detector arrays, containing over 3000 transition edge sensors (TES detectors) in total. The first two detector arrays, observing at 146 GHz, were deployed in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The third and final array is composed of multichroic pixels sensitive to both 90 and 146 GHz and saw first light in February 2015. Fabricated at NIST, this dichroic array consists of 255 pixels, with a total of 1020 polarization sensitive bolometers and is coupled to the telescope with a monolithic array of broad-band silicon feedhorns. The detectors are read out using time-division SQUID multiplexing and cooled by a dilution refrigerator at 110 mK. We present an overview of the assembly and characterization of this multichroic array in the lab, and the initial detector performance in Chile. The detector array has a TES detector electrical yield of 85 %, a total array sensitivity of less than 10 $$\upmu $$ K $$\sqrt{\text {s}}$$ , and detector time constants and saturation powers suitable for ACT CMB observations.
Resonance Raman studies in Cu 2 O. I. The phonon-assisted 1 s yellow excitonic absorption edge

Resonant Raman scattering in ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O has been studied at low temperature in the vicinity of its phonon-assisted $1s$ yellow excitonic absorption edges using a cw continuously tunable dye laser. The multiphonon Raman modes which show resonance enhancement in this region are the following: ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{12}^{\ensuremath{-}}+P$ (where $P$ is an odd-parity optical phonon); $2{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{12}^{\ensuremath{-}}+P$ (where $P$ is an acoustic or odd-parity optical phonon); $2{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{12}^{\ensuremath{-}}+2\mathrm{LA}$ and $4{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{12}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. The Raman cross sections of these modes have been calculated using perturbation theory. To explain the dispersion in the experimental cross section it was found necessary to introduce a wave-vector-dependent damping constant for the $1s$ yellow exciton. A simple model proposed earlier by Yu, Shen, Petroff, and Falicov was used to calculate this damping constant. Our result showed that the damping is predominantly due to intraband scattering via the longitudinal acoustic (LA) phonon. Good agreement was found between experiment and theory. Our results also indicate that the resonant three- and four-phonon Raman processes in ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O in this region involve cascading of the photoexcited $1s$ yellow exciton with emission of phonon(s). The Raman frequencies of some of the modes of ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O were found to depend on the incident laser frequency. The behavior of these dispersive Raman modes was found to be well explained within the above model and enabled us to determine directly the effective mass of the $1s$ exciton to be $(3.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2){m}_{0}$ (where ${m}_{0}$ is the free mass of the electron), as previously reported. Relative magnitudes of various $1s$ exciton-phonon interactions have also been obtained from our result.
A CASE OF MALIGNANT PHYLLODES TUMOR OF THE BREAST

Malignant phyllodes tumor is an unusual breast neoplasm. A 22-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of a small lump (3×3cm) in the area AC of the left breast. As the lump was extirpated and found to be malignant phyllodes tumor, a wide resection was performed. The most important therapy for malignant phyllodes tumors of the breast is surgical resection, and mastectomy with lymph node dissection has been principally employed in former times. The tumor, however, hematogenously metastasizes and recurs locally with unsatisfactory resection, and lymph node metastasis rarely occurs. Recently breast conservative surgical method tends to be indicated. In this case, the tumor was relatively small as the phyllodes tumor and the patient was unmarried young woman, and we chose a conservative surgical method. After the operation, a total cross section confirmed that surgical margin was free. Because no effective chemotherapy for malignant phyllodes tumor has been established as yet, adjuvant chemotherapy was not employed. The patient is now doing well with no evidence of recurrence, as of 20 months after the surgery. However, careful follow-up study of local recurrence and distant metastasis would be mandatory.