cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substituent effects on 13C–15N spin couplings and 13C chemical shifts in benzylideneanilines

13C NMR chemical shifts and 13C-15N spin couplings over one, two and three bonds are reported for a series of 15N-labeled benzylideneanilines bearing a variety of substituents in both the benzaldehyde and aniline rings.
A Bayesian approach for inverse modeling, data assimilation, and conditional simulation of spatial random fields

[1] This paper addresses the inverse problem in spatially variable fields such as hydraulic conductivity in groundwater aquifers or rainfall intensity in hydrology. Common to all these problems is the existence of a complex pattern of spatial variability of the target variables and observations, the multiple sources of data available for characterizing the fields, the complex relations between the observed and target variables and the multiple scales and frequencies of the observations. The method of anchored distributions (MAD) that we propose here is a general Bayesian method of inverse modeling of spatial random fields that addresses this complexity. The central elements of MAD are a modular classification of all relevant data and a new concept called “anchors.” Data types are classified by the way they relate to the target variable, as either local or nonlocal and as either direct or indirect. Anchors are devices for localization of data: they are used to convert nonlocal, indirect data into local distributions of the target variables. The target of the inversion is the derivation of the joint distribution of the anchors and structural parameters, conditional to all measurements, regardless of scale or frequency of measurement. The structural parameters describe large-scale trends of the target variable fields, whereas the anchors capture local inhomogeneities. Following inversion, the joint distribution of anchors and structural parameters is used for generating random fields of the target variable(s) that are conditioned on the nonlocal, indirect data through their anchor representation. We demonstrate MAD through a detailed case study that assimilates point measurements of the conductivity with head measurements from natural gradient flow. The resulting statistical distributions of the parameters are non-Gaussian. Similarly, the moments of the estimates of the hydraulic head are non-Gaussian. We provide an extended discussion of MAD vis a vis other inversion methods, including maximum likelihood and maximum a posteriori with an emphasis on the differences between MAD and the pilot points method.
Strategic Bid-Shading and Sequential Auctioning with Learning from Past Prices

This paper analyzes sequential auctioning single units of an indivisible good to a fluctuating population composed of overlapping generations of unit-demand bidders. Two phenomena emergent in such a market are investigated: forward-looking bidding strategies, and closed-loop selling strategies that involve learning from past prices. The buyers shade their bids down, i.e. bid less than they would in a single isolated auction, whenever they expect the seller to sell another unit of the good in the near future. Unlike in exogenous sequences of auctions, the optimal bidding strategy thus depends on the seller's selling strategy. The converse dependence also occurs: the seller can learn about current demand from past realized prices, and sell only in periods with high-enough demand. Such learning depends on the extent of bid-shading, because the seller needs to invert the bidding strategy to learn. In equilibrium, buyer bid-shading persists even when the seller does not sell in every period, but it is self-regulating in that it eventually vanishes when the existence of the market is threatened by low seller profits. In this sense, auction markets have a "self-preservation instinct." General properties of learning about residual demand from auction-prices are also investigated.
Cyclic GMP levels and membrane current during onset, recovery, and light adaptation of the photoresponse of detached frog photoreceptors

We have used a preparation of isolated, intact rod photoreceptors to correlate the effects of flash illumination on the intracellular cyclic GMP content and the membrane current. We find that the recovery of cyclic GMP levels after brief flash illumination requires approximately twice as much time as the recovery of the membrane current. In contrast, the subsecond kinetics of the cyclic GMP response to light are faster than the kinetics of membrane current suppression. Both cyclic GMP and the membrane current show graded responses to a wide range of flash intensities; however, in a low Ca2+-Ringer's solution, dim flashes can trigger a decrease in cyclic GMP concentration with no corresponding decrease in membrane current. These results suggest that either other factors can regulate the membrane current, or that measurements of total cellular cyclic GMP do not accurately reflect dynamic changes in cyclic GMP concentration in the vicinity of the light-regulated channel. Changes in cyclic GMP concentration in the presence of background illumination exhibit adaptational behavior similar to that observed in a light-adapted photoresponse: acceleration in the response kinetics and a decrease in response amplitude. That this result is observed in rods depleted of internal Ca2+ suggests a Ca2+-independent mechanism by which background illumination can accelerate the cyclic GMP response.
A theorem on reflexive large rank operator spaces

If every nonzero operator in an n-dimensional operator space S has rank ≥ 2n, then S is reflexive.
Morphological convergence of shell shape in distantly related scallop species (Mollusca: Pectinidae)

Morphological convergence is a central concept in evolutionary biology, but convergent patterns remain understudied in nonvertebrate organisms. Some scallop species exhibit long-distance swimming, a behaviour whose biomechanical requirements probably generate similar selective regimes. We tested the hypothesis that shell shape similarity in long-distance swimming species is a result of convergent evolution. Using landmark-based geometric morphometrics, we quantified shell shape in seven species representing major behavioural habits. All species displayed distinct shell shapes, with the exception of the two long-distance swimmers, whose shells were indistinguishable. These species also displayed reduced morphological variance relative to other taxa. Finally, a phylogenetic simulation revealed that these species were more similar in their shell shape than was expected under Brownian motion, the model of character evolution that best described changes in shell shape. Together, these findings reveal that convergent evolution of shell shape occurs in scallops, and suggest that selection for shell shape and behaviour may be important in the diversification of the group.
Profibrotic transforming growth factor beta 1 and activin A are increased in nasal polyp tissue and induced in nasal polyp epithelium by cigarette smoke and Toll-like receptor 3 ligation.

Background The mechanism of airway remodeling in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) remains unknown. We wished to determine whether profibrotic transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and activin A and their downstream signaling proteins are increased in CRSwNP and if they are regulated in epithelial cells by noxious or inflammatory stimuli. Methods Frozen tissue from CRSwNP patients, healthy control (HC) middle turbinates, and sinus tissue from CRS without NP (CRSsNP) patients were immunostained for TGF-β1, activin A, and downstream signaling proteins. Primary nasal epithelial cells (PNECs) from HCs and CRSwNP patients were cultured in media, cigarette smoke extract (CSE), or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) (a ligand for Toll-like receptor-3) and examined for inflammatory and profibrotic genes using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results CRSwNP patients showed increased TGF-β1 and activin A in the stroma, increased TGF-β1 signaling (phosphorylated Smad2/3) in the stroma and epithelium, and increased Smad3-dependent Snail1 in the stroma. Immunostaining for TGF-β1, pSmad2/3, and Snail1 in CRSwNP patients was highly correlated. Immunostaining for pSmad2/3 and Snail1 was similar in CRSwNP and CRSsNP patients. Compared to HCs, PNECs from CRSwNP patients were more responsive to CSE and dsRNA in terms of TGF-β1 and activin A and more strongly induced by dsRNA in terms of chemokines. Conclusion Increased TGF-β1 and activin A and increased downstream TGF-β1 signaling is present in CRSwNP patients, primarily in the stroma. This may contribute to features of airway remodeling previously described. PNECs from CRSwNP patients are induced to produce TGF-β1 and activin A by CSE and dsRNA, suggesting that cigarette smoke and viral infection might also contribute to airway remodeling.
The Art of Auto-Mobility Vehicular Art and the Space of Resistance in Calcutta

The article examines the images and texts on privately operated public buses in contemporary Calcutta as a form of popular culture. By situating the vehicular art within the larger socio-political milieu of the city, this paper analyzes the manner in which the artwork acts as a unique mode of communication and everyday resistance. A close reading of the relation between the images and texts enables us to grasp the spatial logic by which subaltern groups make room for themselves within the bourgeois frame of the city.
The RDA Test and Hebraica Cataloging: Applying RDA in One Cataloging Community

Research and academic libraries worldwide have substantial collections of materials in non-Western languages. Communities cataloging such esoteric materials expected that Resource Description and Access (RDA) would move away from the English/Anglo-American focus of Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition (AACR2) and provide guidance for handling non-Western bibliographic and publishing practices. This article looks at the experiences of two official Test catalogers who work with materials in Hebrew script. How they sought solutions to cataloging questions and what they learned may guide other specialized communities called on to describe resources according to RDA. Input from catalogers will be needed to “internationalize” RDA.
Parameter estimation for bursting neural models

This paper presents work on parameter estimation methods for bursting neural models. In our approach we use both geometrical features specific to bursting, as well as general features such as periodic orbits and their bifurcations. We use the geometry underlying bursting to introduce defining equations for burst initiation and termination, and restrict the estimation algorithms to the space of bursting periodic orbits when trying to fit periodic burst data. These geometrical ideas are combined with automatic differentiation to accurately compute parameter sensitivities for the burst timing and period. In addition to being of inherent interest, these sensitivities are used in standard gradient-based optimization algorithms to fit model burst duration and period to data. As an application, we fit Butera et al.’s (Journal of Neurophysiology 81, 382–397, 1999) model of preBotzinger complex neurons to empirical data both in control conditions and when the neuromodulator norepinephrine is added (Viemari and Ramirez, Journal of Neurophysiology 95, 2070–2082, 2006). The results suggest possible modulatory mechanisms in the preBotzinger complex, including modulation of the persistent sodium current.
Iron ore: energy, labor, and capital changes with technology.

Resource gathering is depending on leaner crude ores. Iron ore mining typifies this trend. To make lean taconite iron ores useful required a technologic breakthrough—pelletization. The shift to iron ore pellets has the advantage that they require less energy and labor per ton of molten iron than high-grade naturally concentrated ores. Increased reliance on pellets causes a geographic shift of some jobs and environmental effects from blast furnaces to iron ore mines.
Verrucous Malignant Melanoma with Lentigo Maligna Masquerading as Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma

An 85 year-old woman presented with two pearly papules on her left cheek. The clinical impression was BCC. Biopsy revealed a proliferation of atypical keratinocytes emanating from the epidermis and extending beyond the papillary dermis. A diagnosis of invasive squamous cell carcinoma was rendered. Excison with frozen section margin control was performed. Permanent sections revealed melanoma, at least 2.06 mm in depth, with melanoma in situ extending to all peripheral margins. Upon re-examination of the initial biopsies, pseudoepitheliomatous epidermal hyperplasia (PEH) with marked squamous atypia was noted. Intimately admixed with the squamous proliferation was a growth of large malignant epithelioid cells. The epitheliod cells lacked pigment production and extended to the shave biopsy margins. This second population of cells was strongly S-100 positive, diagnostic for amelanotic verrucous melanoma. A revised diagnosis of verrucous malignant melanoma, Clark level III, 0.82 mm in depth was rendered. The patient’s course was complicated by multiple positive surgical margins and she ultimately received XRT. This case spotlights the rare occurrence of PEH in conjunction with melanoma. PEH can mask the underlying melanoma and lead to a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. As demonstrated, immunostaining is essential in diagnosis of this difficult tumor.
Balancing register allocation across threads for a multithreaded network processor

Modern network processors employ multi-threading to allow concurrency amongst multiple packet processing tasks. We studied the properties of applications running on the network processors and observed that their imbalanced register requirements across different threads at different program points could lead to poor performance. Many times application needs demand some threads to be more performance critical than others and thus by controlling the register allocation across threads one could impact the performance of the threads and get the desired performance properties for concurrent threads. This prompts our work.Our register allocator aims to distribute available registers to different threads according to their needs. The compiler analyzes the register needs of each thread both at the point of a context switch as well as internally. Compiler then designates some registers as shared and some as private to each thread. Shared registers are allocated across all threads explicitly by the compiler. Values that are live across a context switch can not be kept in shared registers due to safety reasons; thus, only those live ranges that are internal to the context switch can be safely allocated to shared registers. Spill can cause a context switch. and thus, the problems of context switch and allocation are closely coupled and we propose a solution to this problem. The proposed interference graphs (GIG,BIG,IIG) distinguish variables that must use a thread's private registers from those that can use shared registers. We first estimate the register requirement bounds, then reduce from the upper bound gradually to achieve a good register balance among threads. To reduce the register needs, move insertions are inserted at program points that split the live ranges or the nodes on the interference graph. We show that the lower bound is reachable via live range splitting and is adequate for our benchmark programs for simultaneously assigning them on different threads. As our objective, the number of move instructions is minimized.Empirical results show that the compiler is able to effectively control the register allocation across threads by maximizing the number of shared registers. Speed-up for performance critical threads ranges from 18 to 24% whereas degradation for performance of non-critical threads ranges only from 1 to 4%.
The universality of DP: A view from Russian*

. This article argues in favor of the Universal-DP Hypothesis, namely the view that the structure of noun phrases is universal, regardless of the presence/absence of overt articles in a language. In particular, it is claimed that the Universal-DP Hypothesis makes better predictions for Russian (an articleless language) than its alternative, the Parameterized-DP Hypothesis. First, it is shown that adjectives in Russian are as rigidly ordered as they are in English, suggesting their placement in ordered functional projections rather than by free adjunction. Second, it is shown that ‘light’ and ‘heavy’ adjectives behave differently in Russian, as well as in languages with overt articles, suggesting head- vs. phrasal status, rather than uniform phrasal adjunction. Third, the so-called ‘pre-modifiers’ (i.e., numerals, demonstratives and possessives) are argued to be hosted by functional projections, different from those hosting adjectives. Overall, it is argued that the absence of overt articles in Russian does not affect the syntax of other prenominal elements in any major way.
Another Look at Scattering Theory

We present a new approach to existence and completeness of wave operators. We do not use the subspace of absolute continuity, but rather the orthogonal complement of the eigenvectors. This is more natural from the physical point of view. We give sufficient conditions for existence and completeness of the wave operators. These results are both simpler and stronger than those obtained previously.
Conception, De-Conception and Social Structure in Bush Mekeo Culture

According to a contradiction of endogamy vs. exogamy (or of ‘blood’ vs. ‘non-blood’ relationship) in Bush Mekeo culture, non-relatives may marry and conceive by ‘mixing’ of distinct procreative clan bloods. By means of marriage and mortuary reciprocities, on the other hand, relatives or kin are ‘de-conceived’ through the ‘unmixing’ of non-procreative clan bloods. Thus, Bush Mekeo social structure is preserved through time: While the boundaries distinguishing unilineal descent groups are maintained constant, non-relatives are translated into affines who generate bilateral kin, and bilateral kin are translated into nonrelatives and, thereby, potential affines.
The Mount of Vision: African-American Prophetic Tradition, 1800–1950

Christopher Hobson's Mount of Vision is a discerning and valuable corrective analysis of role of prophecy in African-American thought (and American society more generally). Hobson aims to change a ...
Eastern European science needs sweeping changes

Sir - Two years ago your Editorial "Eastern Promise" (vol. 426, p.369, 2003) and the News Feature "Dreaming on Danube" (vol. 427, p.94-95,2004) as well as several subsequent correspondence letters (vol. 427, pp. 196 and 677, vol. 428, p.17) touched on the situation and potential growth in scientific research in the former Soviet block countries. I would like to revisit this topic. Right now the facts are sobering: while the average GNP per capita in those countries is a few times lower than the average for the rest of Europe, their average university ranking is another order of magnitude poorer (in the latest ARWU, of the first 123 European universities only 4, and that in the second half of the list only, are from the former Soviet block). That situation calls for drastic measures. Pumping extra money into the system would change little. The only real hope is in a new generation of young dynamic scientists setting the pace for academic life. That requires selection and promotion of the best of the best. Unfortunately much of the old guard, who is not up to scientific challenges of today and who attained their positions and influence under the old regime (often due to other than professional qualifications) resist any real changes. I believe that a major change for better could be achieved by implementation into law two key requirements: transparency and competitiveness. That means a transparency of every scientist achievements (particularly in terms of publications), and wide open and fair competition for academic positions. Those two conditions should be complemented by implementation of the position of academic ombudsman (to encourage/facilitate open discussions), special grant opportunities for young scientists, and transparency of the process of awarding research grants. I, as well as a number of my colleagues concerned with the future of science and higher education in Poland, discussing many important academic issues at the Independent Academic Forum (an Association with a non-commercial website, http://www.naukaedukacia. tubaza.pl/, with tens of thousands of visits last year), strongly believe that the above postulated changes in the academic environment would lead to a major improvement in the quality and standing of scientific research and higher education in Poland and other post-communist countries (which suffer similar problems). It is symptomatic that the voice of at least hundreds of the most active and usually younger scientists heard at our NFA forum is totally ignored by the old establishment and their decision making representatives who "know better". Major political and legislative decisions are called for. We are doing our best to press for such changes.
Failure of sensory adaptation in bacterial mutants that are defective in a protein methylation reaction.

Abstract Chemotactic bacteria, such as E. coli, detect changes in the chemical composition of the environment. Addition of an attractant or repellent leads to an immediate response, characterized by a change in the swimming behavior of the cells-a process known as sensory excitation. However, the response gradually disappears with time, despite the continued presence of the chemical-a process known as sensory adaptation. We report here the behavior of a class of nonchemotactic mutants ( cheX ) that can carry out sensory excitation but are defective in the process of sensory adaptation. These mutants are also defective in the ability to carry out a protein methylation reaction which has previously been implicated in the adaptation process (Goy, Springer and Adler, 1977). The results presented here establish a firm relationship between the methylation reaction and sensory adaptation.
What is “Optimal Nourishment” for Older Adults at the End of Life? A Conversation

While there is growing recognition of the complexity of required medical and personal decision making at the end of life, the interpretation of how nutrition support and hydration should be managed...
Synthesis of medium ring lactams via cyclization reactions using polymer bound HOBT as catalyst

Abstract The synthesis of medium ring lactams (7−, 9−, 11− and 13−membered rings) via cyclization reactions mediated by polymer bound 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT) is reported.
Initiation and propagation of posterior to anterior (PA) waves in zebrafish left–right development

One of the most highly conserved steps in left–right patterning is asymmetric gene expression in lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). Here, we quantitatively describe the timing of the posterior to anterior (PA) wave-like propagation of zebrafish southpaw (Nodal) and pitx2 in LPM and lefty1 in the midline. By altering the timing of the PA wave, we provide evidence that the PA wave in the LPM instructs brain asymmetry. We find that initiation of pitx2 in LPM and lefty1 in midline depends on Southpaw, and that casanova (sox32) and two Nodal inhibitors, lefty1 and charon, have distinct roles upstream of PA wave initiation. Surprisingly, Casanova, endoderm and Kupffer's Vesicle are not required for normal timing of southpaw initiation and PA propagation. In contrast, lefty1 morphants display precocious asymmetric initiation of southpaw with an intrinsic left-hand orientation, whereas charon morphants have premature initiation without LR orientation, indicating distinct roles for these Nodal antagonists. Developmental Dynamics 237:3640–3647, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
C1C: A configurable, compiler-guided STT-RAM L1 cache

Spin-Transfer Torque RAM (STT-RAM), a promising alternative to SRAM for reducing leakage power consumption, has been widely studied to mitigate the impact of its asymmetrically long write latency. Recently, STT-RAM has been proposed for L1 caches by relaxing the data retention time to improve write performance and dynamic energy. However, as the technology scales down from 65nm to 22nm, the performance of the read operation scales poorly due to reduced sense margins and sense amplifier delays. In this article, we leverage a dual-mode STT memory cell to design a configurable L1 cache architecture termed C1C to mitigate read performance barriers with technology scaling. Guided by application access characteristics discovered through novel compiler analyses, the proposed cache adaptively switches between a high performance and a low-power access mode. Our evaluation demonstrates that the proposed cache with compiler guidance outperforms a state-of-the-art STT-RAM cache design by 9p with high dynamic energy efficiency, leading to significant performance/watt improvements over several competing approaches.
Electrically conductive Pt-Rh/ZrO2 and Pt-Rh/HfO2 nanocomposite electrodes for high temperature harsh environment sensors

Nanocomposite films comprised of either Pt-Rh/ZrO 2 or Pt-Rh/HfO 2 materials were co-deposited using multiple e-beam evaporation sources onto langasite (La 3 Ga 5 SiO 14 ) substrates, both as blanket films and patterned interdigital transducer electrodes for surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor devices. The films and devices were tested after different thermal treatments in a tube furnace up to 1200°C. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy results indicate that Pt-Rh/HfO 2 films are stabilized by the formation of monoclinic HfO 2 precipitates after high temperature exposure, which act as pinning sites to retard grain growth and prevent agglomeration of the conductive cubic Pt-Rh phase. The Pt-Rh/ZrO 2 films were found to be slightly less stable, and contain both tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO 2 precipitates that also help prevent Pt-Rh agglomeration. Film conductivities were measured versus temperature for Pt-Rh/HfO 2 films on a variety of substrates, and it was concluded that La and/or Ga diffusion from the langasite substrate into the nanocomposite films is detrimental to film stability. An Al 2 O 3 diffusion barrier grown on langasite using atomic layer deposition (ALD) was found to be effective in minimizing interdiffusion between the nanocomposite film and the langasite crystal.
Glass-forming composition regions and glass transition temperature in nonaqueous electrolyte solutions

With an interest in assessing the suitability of various nonaqueous solutions for electrolyte studies in the viscous region of the liquid state, the glass-forming properties of solutions of calcium nitrate dissolved in various nonaqueous solvents have been determined and compared with the corresponding aqueous solution properties. Solutions in dimethyl formamide prove of particular interest. The composition dependence of the glass temperature is similar in all solvents at high salt contents. “Ideal” glass temperatures, estimated from thermodynamic data for the pure solvents, are compared with experimental or extrapolated values.
Thermal dilution assessment of proximal aortic and left ventricular mixing chambers in dogs.

Summary. The adequacy of left ventricular mixing and the effect of mixing in the left ventricle and aorta on the measurement of the residual fraction by thermal dilution were assessed in open-chest dogs. Temperature was recorded at seven ventricular and two aortic sites during ventricular injections of iced saline at heart rates of 100, 150 and 200 bpm. The residual fraction, K, was calculated for each beat from the inscribed dilution curves and compared with the actual temperature at each measurement site and heart rate. Temperature was non-uniform throughout the ventricle after saline injections indicating incomplete tracer mixing. Thermal equilibration was slowest at the apex and decreased as heart rate increased. K, however, was similar for all sites in the ventricle and aorta at each heart rate by the third beat after saline injection. Thus, in spite of incomplete mixing, the beat-to-beat washout of indicator quickly stabilized which suggests that a reproducible measurement of functional volume can be obtained by this technique.
State-of-the-Art and Trends in Through-Silicon Via (TSV) and 3D Integrations

3D integration consists of 3D IC packaging, 3D IC integration, and 3D Si integration. They are different and in general the TSV (through-silicon via) separates 3D IC packaging from 3D IC integration and 3D Si integration since the latter two use TSV but 3D IC packaging does not. TSV (with a new concept that every chip could have two surfaces with circuits) is the focus of this investigation. State-of-the-art, key differences, trends of these three technologies, and a 3D integration roadmap are presented.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Contrasting roles for Myc and Mad proteins in cellular growth and differentiation.

Abstract The positive effects of Myc on cellular growth and gene expression are antagonized by activities of another member of the Myc superfamily, Mad. Characterization of the mouse homolog of human mad on the structural level revealed that domains shown previously to be required in the human protein for anti-Myc repression, sequence-specific DNA-binding activity, and dimerization with its partner Max are highly conserved. Conservation is also evident on the biological level in that both human and mouse mad can antagonize the ability of c-myc to cooperate with ras in the malignant transformation of cultured cells. An analysis of c-myc and mad gene expression in the developing mouse showed contrasting patterns with respect to tissue distribution and developmental stage. Regional differences in expression were more striking on the cellular level, particularly in the mouse and human gastrointestinal system, wherein c-Myc protein was readily detected in immature proliferating cells at the base of the colonic crypts, while Mad protein distribution was restricted to the postmitotic differentiated cells in the apex of the crypts. An increasing gradient of Mad was also evident in the more differentiated subcorneal layers of the stratified squamous epithelium of the skin. Together, these observations support the view that both downregulation of Myc and accumulation of Mad may be necessary for progression of precursor cells to a growth-arrested, terminally differentiated state.
Effects of toluene on the metabolism, disposition and hemopoietic toxicity of [3H]benzene.

Abstract The administration of [3H]benzene to mice resulted in the decreased incorporation of 59Fe into red cells and the accumulation of benzene and its metabolites in bone marrow and other tissues. Toluene protected against the benzene-induced depression of red cell 59Fe uptake and reduced the levels of benzene metabolites in bone marrow without affecting the level of benzene in this tissue. The results of this study suggest that toluene exerted its protective effect by inhibiting benzene metabolism and that a metabolite of benzene probably mediates the observed hemopietic toxicity of benzene.
Sexual Function in Nondepressed Women Using Escitalopram for Vasomotor Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective To evaluate sexual function in midlife women using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for vasomotor symptoms. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors effectively treat vasomotor symptoms but adversely affect sexual function in depressed populations. Information on sexual function in nondepressed midlife women using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for vasomotor symptoms is lacking; any treatments that might impair function are of concern. Methods This was a randomized controlled trial comparing 8 weeks of escitalopram with placebo in women ages 40-62 years with 28 or more bothersome vasomotor symptoms per week. Change in Female Sexual Function Index composite score (ranges from 2 [not sexually active, no desire] to 36) and six sexual domains (desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, pain) and the Female Sexual Distress Scale, and a single-question of sexually-related personal distress from the Female Sexual Distress Scale, were compared between groups. Results Among all women, median composite baseline Female Sexual Function Index score was 18.1 (interquartile range 2.4-26.5, n=200) and among sexually active women was 22.8 (interquartile range 17.4-27.0, n=75) in the escitalopram group and 23.6 (interquartile range 14.9-31.0, n=70) in the placebo group. Treatment with escitalopram did not affect composite Female Sexual Function Index score at follow-up compared with placebo (P=.18 all women; P=.47 sexually active at baseline). Composite mean Female Sexual Function Index change from baseline to week 8 was 0.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] -1.5 to 1.7) for escitalopram and 2.0 (95% CI 0.2-3.8) for placebo. The Female Sexual Distress Scale results did not differ between groups (P=.73) nor did adverse reports of sexual function. At week 8, among those women sexually active at baseline, there was a small difference between groups in Female Sexual Function Index domain mean score change in lubrication (P=.02) and a marginal nonsignificant difference in orgasm (P=.07). Conclusion Escitalopram, when used in the treatment of vasomotor symptoms, did not worsen overall sexual function among nondepressed midlife women.
Ion source sample preparation techniques for carbon-14 AMS measurements

Abstract Our methods for preparing solid graphite and other types of carbon samples possessing good geometrical characteristics and producing large beams are described. Sample material prepared as amorphous carbon, or as graphite powder, is encapsulated in tantalum, compressed to ~ 14 kbar, and heated in vacuum to ~ 2500° C. The end of the capsule is cut off, exposing a smooth and hard graphite surface which provides excellent emittance in a reflection-type sputter source. The powder is prepared from CO 2 by the hydrogen-iron powder catalysis method. Silver-carbon mixtures with good geometrical properties can also be prepared with our press.
Photosensitization of TiO2 colloids by Erythrosin B in acetonitrile

Abstract Photosensitization by Erythrosin B of a TiO2 colloidal dispersion in acetonitrile has been studied by fast kinetic spectroscopy. The dye molecules adsorbed on the TiO2 surface had a significantly shorter lifetime (2 250 ps) compared to those in homogeneous solution (≈ 1.6 ns) in acetonitrile. The photosensitization of TiO2 occurred more efficiently from the singlet than from the triplet state of the dye.
Hepatitis C virus persisting after clinically apparent sustained virological response to antiviral therapy retains infectivity in vitro.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can persist in the liver, lymphoid cells, and serum of individuals with apparently complete spontaneous or therapy-induced resolution of hepatitis C and can replicate in vivo and in vitro in human T cells. The current study was aimed at assessing the infectivity of HCV persisting at very low levels using the previously established HCV infection system in human T cells. Naive lymphoid cells were exposed to plasma and/or supernatants from cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells from nine individuals with apparent sustained virological response after completion of antiviral therapy. Exposed cells were analyzed for HCV RNA–positive and HCV RNA–negative strands and, in selected cases, for HCV nonstructural protein 5a (NS5a), the appearance of HCV variants, and the release of virions by immunoelectron microscopy (IEM). The results showed that 11 of the 12 established cultures became HCV RNA–positive strand–reactive, whereas 4 also expressed the virus replicative strand. NS5a protein was detected in the de novo infected cells, and clonal sequencing revealed HCV variants not found in inocula. IEM demonstrated enveloped HCV particles in plasma used as inocula and in culture supernatant from T cells exposed to that plasma. Overall, HCV carried in three of the nine individuals studied elicited productive infection in vitro. Conclusion: HCV persisting at very low levels long after therapy-induced resolution of chronic hepatitis C can remain infectious. The retained biological competence of the virus might have implications with respect to the mechanisms of its persistence and the epidemiology of HCV infection. (HEPATOLOGY 2009.)
"Endometrial" adenocarcinoma of the prostate: a distinctive tumor of probable prostatic duct origin.

A so-called “endometrial” adenocarcinoma of the prostate has been studied by light and electron microscopy, and by histochemical techniques. The previously proposed utricular origin and estrogen dependence of such tumors is questioned. Strong acid phosphatase staining, and the ultrastructural demonstration of multivacuolated, lipid, and lysosome-containing tumor cells, suggest a prostatic ductal origin for this type of carcinoma despite the histologic similarity to carcinoma of the endometrium.
Architectures for parallel DSP-based adaptive optics feedback control

We have developed a digital image processing system for real-time digital image processing feedback control of adaptive optics systems and simulation of optical image processing algorithms. The system uses multi-computer architecture to capture data from an imaging device such as a charge coupled device camera, process the image data, and control a spatial light-modulator, typically a liquid crystal modulator or a micro-electro mechanical system. The system is a Windows NT Pentium-based system combined with a commercial off-the-shelf peripheral component interconnect bus multi-processor system. The multi-processor is based on the Analog Devices super Harvard architecture computer (SHARC) processor, and field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The SHARCs provide a scalable reconfigurable C language-based digital signal processing (DSP) development environment. The FPGAs are typically used as reprogrammable interface controllers designed to integrate several off-the- shelf and custom imagers and light modulators into the system. The FPGAs can also be used in concert with the SHARCs for implementation of application-specific high-speed DSP algorithms.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Transnational America: race, gender and citizenship after 9/11

This paper examines the racialisation and gendering of a collective subject described as ‘Middle Eastern or Muslim’ in the US media in the aftermath of 9/11. It examines how this category came to be visible and prominent through the workings of disciplinary power and forms of governmentality through the binary of freedom and unfreedom, necropolitics and the politics of security and freedom. Multiculturalism in the US, as it was articulated in consumer culture through the national spectacle of the flag, emerged as an example of this new form of governmentality that is both regulative and productive of American nationalism and transnationalism.
Reverse-Bias Second Breakdown of High-Power Darlington Transistors

The reverse-bias second breakdown (RBSB) characteristics of high power Darlington transistors are discussed. The Darlingtons investigated are rated at 400 V maximum voltage and 100 A maximum current. Devices with and without speed-up diodes (connected between the bases of the input and output transistors) were studied. A nondestructive system for characterizing the RBSB behavior of these devices is described. The RBSB behavior was found to vary unpredictably with varying reverse base current magnitude. It was also found that the RBSB behavior of the Darlingtons was a function of the forward base current magnitude. This is in marked contrast to what has been found for discrete devices. The presence of a speed-up diode also influenced the RBSB behavior of these devices.
Dependence of Radical Anion Stability on Crystal Structure

Abstract An INDO calculation using the RHF/CI method indicates that the minimum energy conformation of the [XCH2CONH2]− radical anions where X = F, C1, Br and I occurs if the C-X bond is located in a direction approximately normal to the CON plane. It has been experimentally shown that for these radical anions to be observed in single crystals by EPR methods, the molecular precursor should not exist in the energy maximum conformation for radical anions or else spontaneous elimination of X− occurs upon electron attachment. This suggests that F− elimination from dopants (e.g. AsF5) used in the formation of conducting polymers may be a general phenomenon if the anion is formed from a maximum energy configuration.
Man-induced gradient adjustment of the South Fork Forked Deer River, west Tennessee

Channel modifications from 1968 to 1969 on the South Fork Forked Deer River in western Tennessee have caused upstream degradation, downstream aggradation, and bank failures along the altered channels, adjacent reaches, and tributaries. The result of these adjustments is a general decrease in gradient as the channel attempts to absorb the imposed increase in energy conditions created by channelization. Headward degradation at a rate of approximately 2.57 km/yr on the South Fork Forked Deer River caused from 1.52 m to about 3.14 m of incision over a 13.5 km reach from 1969 to 1981. As a consequence of substantially increased sediment supply, approximately 2.13 m of aggradation was induced downstream of this reach during the same period. This accumulation represents a 60% recovery of bed level at the downstream site since the completion of channel work in 1969. Gradient adjustment with time is described by exponential decay functions. The length of time required for adjustment to some new quasi-equilibrium condition is computed by these decay functions and is about 20 years from the completion of channel work. Adjusted slopes are less than predisturbed values, probably because straightened channels dissipate less energy by friction, allowing more energy for sediment transport. An equivalent sediment load, therefore, can be transported at a considerably gentler slope. The predisturbed slope exceeds the adjusted slope by an order of magnitude on the downstream reach of the South Fork Forked Deer River.
Coming to Terms with the Past and Present: Memory, Gender and German Studies

Clearly a ‘founding member’ among German Studies scholars, Eva Kolinsky pursued an extraordinary array of topics, most of which drew on interdisciplinary research methods. This essay attempts to situate a limited number of her contributions in this ever evolving scholarly domain, emphasising the ‘past’, ‘present’ and ‘future’ dimensions of that work. It offers a brief introduction to subsequent essays comprising this commemorative volume, indicating the ways in which Kolinsky influenced and affirmed not only the writings of her contemporaries but also the work of ‘successor’ generations on both sides of the Atlantic
Nonreducing End Structures of Chondroitin Sulfate Chains on Aggrecan Isolated from Swarm Rat Chondrosarcoma Cultures (

Chondrocyte cultures derived from the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma were metabolically labeled with [35S]sulfate or [6-3H]GlcN. Radiolabeled aggrecan was purified from the cell layer and exhaustively digested with chondroitin ABC lyase. Digestion products were resolved into disaccharide and monosaccharide residues using Toyopearl HW40S chromatography. The separated saccharide pools were reduced with NaBH4 and applied onto a CarboPac PA1 column to resolve all of the internal disaccharide alditols (unsaturated) from the nonreducing end disaccharide (saturated) and monosaccharide alditols. Mercuric acetate treatment was used prior to carbohydrate analysis to identify unambiguously the saturated from the unsaturated disaccharides. The chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains from these aggrecan preparations contained: (a) an internal disaccharide composition of unsulfated (3-4 per chain), 4-sulfated (approximately 32 per chain), 6-sulfated (approximately 1 per 14 chains), and 4,6-sulfated disaccharides (approximately 1 per 6 chains) and (b) a nonreducing terminal composition of 4-sulfated GalNAc (approximately 4 out of every 7 chains), 4,6-disulfated GalNAc (approximately 2 out of every 7 chains), and GlcUA adjacent to a 4-sulfated GalNAc residue (approximately 1 out of every 7 chains). Thus, the vast majority of these CS chains terminated with a sulfated GalNAc residue. The presence of 4,6-disulfated GalNAc at nonreducing termini is 60-fold more abundant than 4,6-disulfated GalNAc in interior disaccharides. This observation is consistent with the suggestion that disulfation of terminal GalNAc residues is involved in chain termination.
SECURITY MANAGERS' ATTITUDES TOWARD LOCUS OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR CRIME

Summary.-A number of authors have expressed concern over the possibility that private security personnel pose a chreat to citizens because workrelated activities of the former are not controlled by the Bill of Rights. Samples of security employees, police officers, business people, and nurses were compared on the Locus of Responsibility for Crime scale. While police were the most conservative and nurses were the most liberal, securiry managers did not differ significantly from the business sample. Implications of those findings are suggested. Although private security has existed as an organized social activity far longer than the public police, social scientists have only recently begun to display an interest in chis form of self-protection. This dearth of intellectual concern is all the more surprising in light of recent estmates that 1.1 million people are employed in an industry that has a growth rate of 12 to 15% per year and expenditures reaching $12 to $15 billion by 1985 (Cunningham & Taylor, 1983, p. 30). That literature which does exist may be tentatively classified as neuual, positive, or negative with regard to the role of private security in a democratic society and its implications for social control. Neutral treatments of private security tend to be historical (Spitzer &
Modifying electron-phonon scattering rates in semiconductor quantum wells with thin AlAs layers

Abstract We have studied theoretically the electron-phonon scattering rates in GaAs/AlAs quantum wells which have additional thin AlAs layers in them using the dielectric continuum approach for the phonons. The confined and interface phonon modes and the intersubband electron phonon scattering rates of these structures have been calculated. The system with an additional AlAs layer is found to have intersubband electron scattering rates which are increased modestly as compared to those for the corresponding quantum well. These results show that scattering rates in general are expected to depend only weakly on the effects of system structure on the optical phonon spectra.
An exact method of testing equality of several binomial proportions to a specified standard

Abstract The problem of testing equality of several binomial proportions to a specified standard is considered. An exact method of testing based on the test statistic considered in Kulkarni and Shah (Statist. Probab. Lett. 25 (1995) 213) is proposed. Exact properties of the exact method and the approximate method due to Kulkarni and Shah are evaluated numerically for the two-sample case. Numerical studies show that the sizes of the approximate test due to Kulkarni and Shah often exceed the nominal level by considerable amount. For the one-sample case, numerical comparison shows that there is no clear cut winner between the new test and the usual exact test. A procedure for constructing simultaneous confidence intervals is also given. The methods are illustrated using two examples.
Highly Efficient Second and Third Harmonic Generation in Thin Films with Near-Zero Permittivity

Nonlinear processes are enhanced enormously in slabs of materials exhibiting resonant plasma features. We show that multi-plasma-resonances may further boost the nonlinear response, leading to pump depletion for relatively low irradiance values.