cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lymphomatoid granulomatosis. A clinicopathologic study of 152 cases

A retrospective study of 152 cases of lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG) was undertaken to expand current knowledge about clinical manifestations and therapy, and to identify prognostic indicators in this disease. The major clinical and radiographic features and extra-pulmonary sites of involvement noted in previous studies were essentially confirmed in our study. Adverse prognostic factors included neurologic manifestations, and large numbers of atypical lymphoreticular cells within the pulmonary infiltrate. Unilateral chest lesions and large numbers of small lymphocytes and histiocytes within the infiltrate were associated with a better prognosis. Malignant lymphoma involving lymph nodes developed in 12% of patients. Almost two-thirds of patients have died and the median survival was only 14 months. No particular mode of therapy was found to be satisfactory for LYG, although there was some suggestion that corticosteroids may be useful. Randomized prospective studies are necessary for definitive recommendations regarding therapy.
Mad cowmen, foreign investors and the Mexican Revolution

‘Today in Merrie England,’ reported the Mexican Herald on 7 October 1909, gracing ‘the ends of traditional English boards is roasted beef from the plains of Mexico’. The man who sent that first ste...
Exchange lemmas 1: Deng's lemma

Abstract Deng's lemma gives estimates on the behavior of solutions of ordinary differential equations in the neighborhood of a partially hyperbolic equilibrium. We prove a generalization in which “partially hyperbolic equilibrium” is replaced by “normally hyperbolic invariant manifold.”
Gibberellic Acid: A Growth Factor in the Unicellular Alga Gymnodinium breve

Gibberellic acid stimulates growth in the unicellular alga Gymnodinium breve (dinoflagellate). The maximum effect was obtained with 10 -7 molar gibberellic acid, whereas concentrations greater than 5 x 10 -7 mole per liter were inhibitory. The effect of the compound is observed as a marked shortening of the lag period, which is normally 6 to 8 days after innoculation.
Palaeoclimate, sedimentation and continental accretion

Climate has a pervasive effect on sedimentation today, and the same climatic patterns are reflected in the distribution of lithofacies through the Palaeozoic, as the continents migrate beneath the climatic zones. The low-latitude hot wet zone is represented by thick elastics, coals and carbonates and is best developed along east coasts where prevailing winds bring moisture and heated surface waters toward the continent. The desert zones occur on the west sides of continents centred at 20° north and south, and these dry belts are represented in the geological record by evaporites. Tillites, thick elastics and coals occur in the temperate rainy belts, especially on the windward, west sides of continents above 40° latitude. Continental accretion occurs where subduction zones coincide with rainy zones, such that the products of erosion are transported to the trench, and thus thrust back, extending the margin of the continent. The opposite process of ‘tectonic erosion’, wherein the descending oceanic slab continually ‘rasps’ away the margin of the continental crust, may occur in areas where rainfall and surface run-off is insufficient to provide trench sediments. This process has been operating adjacent to the Atacama Desert in South America during the past 200 Ma. To judge by the eastward migration of the calc-alkaline intrusive foci, about 250 km of the margin of South America have been transported down the subduction zone during this period.
Effect of education and guidelines for treatment of uncomplicated dental pain on patient and provider behavior.

Study objective Patients with uncomplicated odontalgia use a significant proportion of emergency department (ED) resources. Some odontalgia patients are unaware that routine dental care is unavailable in most EDs. Using extensive input from regional dentists and oral surgeons, and after reviewing the dental literature, guidelines for the ED management of uncomplicated odontalgia were written for physician and patient use. The guidelines, which emphasize appropriate community dental clinic referrals and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, were developed to reflect community standard of care. We hypothesize that patient education and treatment guidelines will decrease the number of ED visits, return visits, and narcotic prescriptions written for odontalgia. Methods This retrospective, observational study used primary International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes to identify visits for odontalgia during the year before and the year after guideline implementation in a tertiary care teaching hospital with 161,181 ED visits during the 2-year period of our study. Results There were 5,930 visits for odontalgia during the study. The proportion (95% confidence interval [CI]) of visits with odontalgia decreased after guideline implementation from 4.3% (95% CI 4.2% to 4.5%) to 3.1% (95% CI 3.0% to 3.2%). The proportion of patients with return visits decreased from 19.8% (95% CI 18.1% to 21.6%) to 9.2% (95% CI 7.9% to 10.8%). The proportion of patients filling narcotic prescriptions for odontalgia decreased from 29.6% (95% CI 28.1% to 31.2%) to 9.5% (95% CI 8.5% to 10.8%). Conclusion Implementing odontalgia guidelines and providing patients with written information about alternative treatments and a list of dental clinics can reduce the burden of uncomplicated odontalgia on EDs that do not provide routine dental care.
The effect of drop size on contact angle

Abstract We have established experimentally that, for certain liquid-solid systems, the contact angle formed by a drop of liquid varies with drop size, below a critical diameter which is probably a function of the nonuniformity of the solid surface. This effect has been observed with water on Teflon FEP and on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), in regard to both advancing and receding contact angles. The decrease was about 8° in θ a and 16° in θ r for water on Teflon FEP, between diameters of 4 mm and about 1 mm; and for other systems, a comparable or even greater effect was observed. For water on PMMA, θ r decreased from 51° to 26°, between diameters of 8 and 3 mm. With ethylene glycol on Teflon FEP, the decrease in θ with drop size was observed in the retreating angle only. With n -decane on Teflon FEP, the contact angle was independent of drop size, between diameters of 1 and 12 mm. For all liquid-solid systems studied, the limiting contact angles for large drops were in good to excellent agreement with the values obtained by the vertical plate method. Qualitatively, this effect could be explained by hypothesizing the existence of a large, negative line tension. It was found that there was quantitative disagreement between observed results and predictions based on this hypothesis. A theory is proposed to explain the experimental results, based on the known heterogeneity of many polymer surfaces and a previously discussed theory of hysteresis. A negative pseudo-line tension can be used in a phenomenological description of the motion and contortion of the three-phase line.
The Effects of Intertrial and Feature–Target Intervals on Operant Serial Feature Negative Discrimination Learning

Abstract The effects of intertrial interval (ITI) and feature–target interval (FTI) on learning of discrete-trial operant serial feature negative (target+/feature → target−) discriminations were examined in two experiments with rats. In Experiment 1, the FTI was 10 s and the ITIs were 0.5, 1, 2, 4, or 8 min, and in Experiment 2, the FTI was 20 s and the ITIs were 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 min. Discrimination performance was acquired more rapidly with longer ITIs and with shorter FTIs. The best predictor of acquisition performance was the ratio of ITI and FTI. This predictive relation broke down at the smallest ratio value, which did not support discrimination learning when the FTI was 20 s. Transfer of the feature's inhibitory control to a separately trained target cue was minimal in all conditions, regardless of ITI. The results were discussed in the context of occasion setting.
Mycoplasma infection of cultured cells

Mycoplasma contamination is tough to detect and even more difficult to eradicate. It is best to start over fresh from clean cell stocks, but several elimination options are available.
Associative adsorption on liquid iron

The depression of the surface tension of a liquid metal by a binary surface compound which is formed from a pair of solutes is considered. The necessary thermodynamic equations are developed for the case in which the solutes are not separately surface active. It is shown that the published experimental results for liquid Fe-Cr-C alloys are fully consistent with the formation of the surface compound “CrC” and that the results for Fe-Si-C alloys might indicate coverage by “SiC”.
Degeneration of myelinated efferent fibers prompts mitosis in Remak Schwann cells of uninjured C-fiber afferents

The factors inducing normally innervated Schwann cells in peripheral nerve to divide are poorly understood. Transection of the fourth and fifth lumbar ventral roots (L4/5 ventral rhizotomy) of the rat is highly selective, sparing unmyelinated axons and myelinated sensory axons; Wallerian degeneration is restricted to myelinated efferent fibers. We found that L4/5 ventral rhizotomy prompted many normally innervated nonmyelinating (Remak) Schwann cells to enter cell cycle; myelinating Schwann cells of intact (sensory) axons did not. Three days after L4/5 ventral rhizotomy, [3H]thymidine incorporation into Remak Schwann cells increased 30-fold. Schwann cells of degenerating efferents and endoneurial cells also incorporated label. Increased [3H]thymidine incorporation persisted at least 10 d after ventral rhizotomy. Despite Remak Schwann cell proliferation, the morphology of unmyelinated nerve (Remak) bundles was static. Seven days after L5 ventral rhizotomy, Remak Schwann cells in the L5-predominant lateral plantar nerve increased slightly; endoneurial cells doubled. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling-positive nuclei increased dramatically in peripheral nerve after L5 ventral rhizotomy; many of these were macrophage nuclei. In summary, we find that the degeneration of myelinated motor axons produced signals that were mitogenic for nonmyelinating Schwann cells with intact axons but not for myelinating Schwann cells with intact axons.
Persistence of Anti-Desmoglein 3 IgG+ B-Cell Clones in Pemphigus Patients Over Years

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a prototypic tissue-specific autoantibody-mediated disease, in which anti-desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) IgG autoantibodies cause life-threatening blistering. We characterized the autoimmune B-cell response over 14 patient years in two patients with active and relapsing disease, then in one of these patients after long-term remission induced by multiple courses of rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody). Characterization of the anti-Dsg3 IgG + repertoire by antibody phage display (APD) and PCR indicated that six clonal lines persisted in patient 1 (PV3) over 5.5 years, with only one new clone detected. Six clonal lines persisted in patient 2 (PV1) for 4 years, of which five persisted for another 4.5 years without any new clones detected. However, after long-term clinical and serologic remission, ∼11 years after initial characterization, we could no longer detect any anti-Dsg3 clones in PV1 by APD. Similarly, in another PV patient, ∼4.5 years after a course of rituximab that induced long-term remission, anti-Dsg3 B-cell clones were undetectable. These data suggest that in PV a given set of non-tolerant B-cell lineages causes autoimmune diseases and that new sets do not frequently or continually escape tolerance. Therapy such as rituximab, aimed at eliminating these aberrant sets of lineages, may be effective for disease because new ones are unlikely to develop.
Design and placement of multimedia objects in hypermedia applications on hierarchical storage systems

Hypermedia applications use multimedia objects that are linked to each other via some application logic. Also, hypermedia applications can potentially become very storage intensive because of the nature of data in them. Hierarchical storage systems are an excellent way to store large hypermedia applications. In this paper we look, at the problem of placing multimedia objects in a hierarchical storage system so that their retrieval meets the needs of the application while at the same time keeping storage intensive data on cheaper storage. We use an abstract hierarchy approach along with an enhancement of the relationship management methodology to prose a framework for the design of hypermedia applications. The abstract hierarchy consists of a hierarchy of abstracts growing in size and linked together. The intrinsic nature of the abstract hierarchy makes it possible to map it easily to both the hierarchical storage system and the hypermedia application paradigm. In this framework, the designer can determine where each abstract of the application can be placed on the storage system.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Experimental Histoplasmosis of Skin and Mucous Membranes in Rabbits1

During attempts to produce immune rabbit sera against Histoplasma cap-sulatum in albino rabbits by intravenous injection of the live yeastlike cultures (1), the animals developed early lesions similar, in certain aspects, to those described in cases of human histoplasmosis (2-11). This report describes these reactions and presents mycologie and pathologic studies of specimens obtained during the acute phase of infection. No descriptions of similar reactions in rabbits with induced histoplasmosis were found in the literature.
Three Problems With Dual Systems

This article was downloaded by: [Smith, Pamela][CDL Journals Account]On: 8 September 2010Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 918797774]Publisher Psychology PressInforma Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
The ethical education of ophthalmology residents: an experiment

Methods: The curriculum for the ethics education that was used for this study was designed by the author and consisted of 10 lectures of 1.5 hours each. Five residencies were included in the project. One residency received one lecture, two residencies received three lectures, and two residencies received 10 lectures. To evaluate the moral skills of the residents at the beginning of the course and at the end, the residents were given the Defining Issues Test (DIT-2) developed by James Rest, which involves answering standardized questions about four moral dilemmas. Faculty evaluations were completed before and after the ethics lectures were given. At the beginning of the ethics course, each resident was given a social survey that was designed to assess participation in community, religious, political, and societal activities as well as attitudes about these activities. All residents were also asked demographic information, including their age, gender, and year of residency. Results: The results of the DIT-2 taken before and after the ethics lectures were compared. No correlations were found in faculty evaluations of clinical performance of the residents before and after the course (P = .052). Associations between DIT-2 scores and questions on community and religion in the social survey were noted. Conclusion: The finding that the effect of an ethics course on residents’ ability to answer moral dilemmas did not achieve statistical significance should be accepted with the understanding that this was a first attempt at standardization of many variables, especially the format of the curriculum and materials used. The use of faculty evaluations to assess clinical performance needs to be standardized, and the faculty members need additional training to ensure validity of the results. The social survey was also the first attempt to assess an association between a resident’s response to moral dilemmas, attending evaluations, and residents’ opinions that relate to community, society, politics, and religion. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2005;103:240-269
Sensitivity analysis for speciated isotope dilution mass spectrometry

Speciated isotope dilution mass spectrometry is a technique that uses mass spectrometer readings to determine the species-specific isotopic profile of a chemical element in solution. The problem admits several approaches, each with its own computational quirks. In our view, matrix methods are attractive because they are conceptually clear, easy to implement, and amenable to formal analysis. The purpose of this note it to illustrate these virtues by using a matrix method to analyze the numerical sensitivity of a particular published example under both observation noise and changes in parameter space. The analysis blends numerical and theoretical techniques, and has implications both for experimental design and for practical uncertainty assessment.
Outcome of short-term hospitalization for children with severe asthma

This study presents results of a family-centered, short-term residential program in which medical, behavioral, and treatment assessments were provided to the child with severe asthma and the family. After a median stay of 15 days, forty-four consecutively admitted children with severe asthma achieved a 93% reduction in hospital days (median, 7 hospital days for the year before treatment versus median 0 hospital days per patient per year at 201/2-month follow-up; p p 1 . Unique to this program was mandatory family participation focusing on the child's and family's adaptation to severe asthma and development of family-specific interventions to promote compliance with the treatment regimen. Child and family functioning was assessed at admission and follow-up. Hospital use at follow-up was greater for children from dysfunctional families. Families demonstrating difficulties in disciplining the child with asthma required more hospital days both before admission and at follow-up. Short-term hospitalization for children with severe asthma is associated with significant improvement in pulmonary morbidity when the family of the child is included in assessment and treatment.
Application of extended Kalman filter for improving the accuracy and smoothness of Kinect skeleton-joint estimates

The Kinect sensor is a powerful tool for applications that require machine vision and voice recognition. The sensor has the capability to detect and track up to two individuals within its field of view and output 20 key 3D “skeleton” joints on these individuals at 30 frames per second. Moreover, the sensor also has a sound-localizing array of microphones that is used to compute the azimuth of any primary sound source within its range. While this skeleton data have good accuracy most of the time, the 20 tracking points exhibit a high level of jitter due to noise and estimation error, and when a subject moves slightly out of the field of view of the sensor for a short period of time, there is no built-in capability to continue the tracking by extrapolating the positions of these points. In addition, the sensor does not take advantage of the sound source angle when the subject being tracked is speaking. In this work, tracking with the sensor is improved by applying an extended Kalman filter. This filter smooths out the jitter, adds the capability to continue tracking for a short period of time when the subject moves out of range of the sensor, and improves the accuracy of the tracking by incorporating the information contained in the sound source angle from the sensor. The efficacy of the filter is demonstrated by applying it to the skeleton head joint, a tracking point near the center of the subject’s head.
Mitochondrial quality control, promoted by PGC‐1α, is dysregulated by Western diet‐induced obesity and partially restored by moderate physical activity in mice

Skeletal muscle mitochondrial degeneration is a hallmark of insulin resistance/obesity marked by lost function, enhanced ROS emission, and altered morphology which may be ameliorated by physical activity (PA). However, no prior report has examined mitochondrial quality control regulation throughout biogenesis, fusion/fission dynamics, autophagy, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) in obesity. Therefore, we determined how each process is impacted by Western diet (WD)-induced obesity and whether voluntary PA may alleviate derangements in mitochondrial quality control mechanisms. Despite greater mitochondrial content following WD (COX-IV and Cytochrome C), induction of biogenesis controllers appears impaired (failed induction of PGC-1α). Mitochondrial fusion seems diminished (reduced MFN2, Opa1 proteins), with no significant changes in fission, suggesting a shift in balance of dynamics regulation favoring fission. Autophagy flux was promoted in WD (reduced p62, increased LC3II:I ratio); however, mitophagy marker BNIP3 is reduced in WD which may indicate reduced mitophagy despite enhanced total autophagy flux. MPTP regulator Ant mRNA is reduced by WD. Few processes were impacted by physical activity. Finally, mitochondrial quality control processes are partially promoted by PGC-1α, as PGC-1α transgenic mice display elevated mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy flux. Additionally, these mice exhibit elevated Mfn1 and Opa1 mRNA, with no change in protein content suggesting these factors are transcriptionally promoted by PGC-1α overexpression. These data demonstrate dysfunctions across mitochondrial quality control in obesity and that PGC-1α is sufficient to promote multiple, but not necessarily all, aspects of mitochondrial quality control. Mitochondrial quality control may therefore be an opportune target to therapeutically treat metabolic disease.
Integrated Real-Time Scheduling and Communication with Probabilistic Timing Assurances in Unreliable Distributed Systems

We consider distributed real-time systems that operate under run-time uncertainties including those on execution times and communication delays, and subject to arbitrary node failures and message losses. We present an integrated real-time scheduling and communication algorithm called real-time scheduling with reliable data delivery (RTSRD) that provides probabilistic end-to-end assurances on distributed task timeliness behaviors in such systems. RTSRD considers distributed tasks with end-to-end timing requirements that are expressed using time/utility functions and the optimality criterion of maximizing the total accrued utility. The algorithm decomposes end-to-end time constraints into local time constraints, and uses local slack time for node-local real-time scheduling and node-to-node real-time communication. We analytically establish RTSRD's properties including probabilistic satisfaction of task time constraints. We also compare RTSRD with a prior algorithm called RTG- L for the same problem. Our comparisons show that RTSRD outperforms RTG-L in terms of timeliness assurances (stronger) and algorithm overhead (lower).
Role of Low Clouds in Summertime Atmosphere–Ocean Interactions over the North Pacific

The summer-to-summer variability of the areal extent of marine stratiform cloudiness (MSC; stratus, stratocumulus, and fog) over the North Pacific is examined for the period of record 1952‐92 using a dataset based on surface observations. Variability is largest in two regions: the central and western Pacific along 358N coincident with a strong meridional gradient in climatological MSC amount, and the eastern Pacific near 158N downstream of the persistent stratocumulus deck off Baja California. The MSC amount in both regions tends to be negatively correlated with local sea surface temperature (SST), suggestive of a positive cloud feedback on SST. The MSC amounts in the two regions also tend to be negatively correlated by virtue of their relationship to the basinwide sea level pressure (SLP) field: a strengthening of the seasonal mean subtropical anticyclone is accompanied by increased cloudiness in the trade wind regime and decreased cloudiness in the southerly flow farther toward the west. These relationships are reflected in the leading modes derived from empirical orthogonal function analysis and singular value decomposition analysis of the MSC, SST, and SLP fields. From the 1950s to the 1980s, summertime MSC amounts increased in the central and western Pacific and decreased in the trade wind region, while SST exhibited the opposite tendencies. Although these trends contributed to the relationships described above, similar patterns are obtained when the analysis is performed on 1-yr difference fields (e.g., 1953 minus 1952, 1954 minus 1953, etc.). Hence, it appears that MSC plays an important role in atmosphere‐ocean coupling over the North Pacific during the summer season when latent and sensible heat fluxes are not as dominant and the coupling between atmospheric circulation and SST is not as strong as in winter.
A multi-city community based smoking research intervention project in the African-American population

Objective To carry out a community-based research approach to determine the most effective educational interventions to reduce smoking among African-American smokers. The intervention included preparation of the community, planning and developing a model of change, and developing a community-based intervention. The study population consisted of 2,544 randomly selected adult African-American smokers residing in four sites in the northeastern and southeastern parts of the United States. The research design provided a comparison of active intervention sites with passive control sites as well as low income and moderate income areas. Major outcome measures Point prevalence of non-smoking at the time of interview; Period prevalence of non-smoking at the time of interview; Period prevalence of quit attempts in the prior six months; Number of smoke-free days in the prior six months; Number of cigarettes smoked daily at the time of interview. Results Based upon a survey eighteen months after baseline data was collected, all four measures of cigarette smoking behavior showed a strong statistically significant reduction of personal smoking behavior among those receiving active interventions versus the passive group. On the basis of process variable analysis, direct contact with the project staff in the prior six months was significantly higher in the active intervention areas. There was only a small non-significant increase in personal smoking behavior in moderate income groups as opposed to low income groups. Conclusion An analysis of process variables strongly suggests that, within this African-American Community, "hands on" or "face to face" approaches along with mass media, mailings, and other less personal approaches were more effective in reducing personal smoking behavior than media, mailings, and other impersonal approaches alone addressed to large audiences.
Modeling of the Space Station Freedom data management system

The data management system (DMS) is the information and communications system onboard Space Station Freedom. Extensive modeling of the DMS is being conducted throughout NASA to aid in the design and development of this vital system. Activities to model the DMS network infrastructure are described, focusing on modeling of the fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) token-ring protocol and experimental testbedding of networking aspects of the DMS. >
Optimal Dietary Strategies for Reducing Incident Hypertension

Hypertension is a heterogeneous disease process in which both genetic and environmental factors play an important role. Historically, one of the most important environmental determinants is dietary sodium intake,1 consumed mostly as sodium chloride (salt). In humans, excessive dietary sodium intake is etiologically related to the epidemics of prehypertension and hypertension. Moreover, excessive dietary sodium intake has been associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and alterations in the structure and function of large arteries and renal vascular beds, in part, independent of the effect of sodium on blood pressure.2 There is also evidence that dietary sodium may affect arteriolar stiffness and, ultimately, systolic and pulse pressures. However, this is not true in all patients and may be related to not only genetic variations and how sodium is handled by the kidneys but also other dietary nutrients that may, in part, offset the effects of dietary sodium. The study by Zhang et al3 suggests that another important environmental determinant of hypertension is dietary animal protein intake. The authors analyzed data from a prospective study of 87 293 nurses followed for 14 years and provide interesting new information that a diet with a higher net acid load was …
Application of Optimal Fuzzy PID Controller Design: PI Control for Nonlinear Induction Motor

We present in this paper a novel method (called PID design through numerical optimization) for the design of adaptive fuzzy PID controllers to achieve optimal control performance. By applying the numerical optimization, the fuzzy PID design problem is transferred to a numerical optimization problem. First, a fuzzy parameter tuner is built to generate initial PID parameters, including positions and shapes of fuzzy membership functions and scaling factors. Then the gradient-based Sequential Quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm is employed to iteratively minimize the cost function by iterating the parameters. Unlike conventional PID design, this method is capable of reaching the desired control performance, such as minimum overshoot or long term stability. Another unique feature is that the optimized adaptive PID controller is applicable to a wide variety of time-varying and nonlinear systems. The proposed method is applied to the induction motor control problem and the experimental results are presented to demonstrate its effectiveness and performance.
A method for predicting disease subtypes in presence of misclassification among training samples using gene expression: application to human breast cancer

Motivation: An accurate diagnostic and prediction will not be achieved unless the disease subtype status for every training sample used in the supervised learning step is accurately known. Such an assumption requires the existence of a perfect tool for disease diagnostic and classification, which is seldom available in the majority of the cases. Thus, the supervised learning step has to be conducted with a statistical model that contemplates and handles potential mislabeling in the input data. Results: A procedure for handling potential mislabeling among training samples in the prediction of disease subtypes using gene expression data was proposed. A real data-based simulation study about the estrogen receptor status (ER+/ER-) of breast cancer patients was conducted. The results demonstrated that when 1--4 training samples (N = 30) were artificially mislabeled, the proposed method was able not only in correcting the ER status of mislabeled training samples but also more importantly in predicting the ER status of validation samples as well as using 'true' training data. Availability: The programs (in Matlab) used for analysis are publicly available at http://nce.ads.uga.edu/~romdhane Contact: [email protected]
Assessing Net Coverage for Young Children in the 2010 U.S. Decennial Census

The U.S. Census Bureau’s Demographic Analysis shows that the population aged 0 to 4 experienced a net undercount rate of 4.6 percent in the 2010 Decennial Census. This is more than twice as high as any other age group. Despite the fact that the relatively high net undercount of young children was uncovered more than fifty years ago, this problem has received little systematic attention from demographers. To help fill that gap in the literature, this study examines the accuracy of the count of children in the 2010 Decennial Census. The initial focus on all children shifts to a focus on young children (aged 0 to 4) where the net undercount rate is the highest. Discussion highlights some of the potential explanations for the findings.
Phase-field modeling of bubble growth and flow in a Hele–Shaw cell

A phase-field model is presented for gas bubble growth and flow in a supersaturated liquid inside a Hele– Shaw cell. The flows in the gas and liquid are solved using a two-phase diffuse interface model that accounts for surface tension, interfacial mass transfer, and density and viscosity differences between the phases. This model is coupled with a phase-field equation for interface motion and a diffuse interface conservation equation for gas species transport. The model is first validated for a planar gas layer and a spherical bubble growing in a supersaturated liquid. It is shown that the results converge to the solution of the corresponding sharp interface model in the thin-interface limit. The model capabilities are demonstrated in several examples involving the growth and flow of multiple bubbles, including bubble coarsening and coalescence.
Cilostazol in patients with ischemic stroke

Introduction: Several antiplatelets have been used in the prevention of secondary ischemic strokes with limited success and some carried a high risk of bleeding. Cilostazol is a relatively new antiplatelet that has been thoroughly investigated in Japan with promising outcome in secondary stroke prevention. Areas covered: In this paper, the findings of major clinical trials and the efficacy of cilostazol in preventing ischemic stroke in comparison with other more commonly used antiplatelet medications like aspirin and clopidogrel are summarized. Pharmacology and mechanism of action are also discussed. Expert opinion: Cilostazol is a safe and effective medication. It has an antiplatelet, antithrombotic and vascular endothelial proliferation inhibitory effect that makes it an excellent, promising drug for the prevention of secondary ischemic stroke and poststent thrombosis.
Dynamic simulation of hydrodynamically interacting spheres in a quiescent second-order fluid

A method is described for calculating the motion of N spherical particles suspended in a quiescent second-order fluid. The method requires calculation of only the low-Reynolds-number Newtonian velocity profile. This profile is used in conjunction with what has been called the ‘Reciprocal theorem method’ to evaluate particle velocities accurate to leading order in the Deborah number. If the Newtonian velocity field is found by a multipole moment expansion, then it is shown that the method can be integrated neatly into the Stokesian dynamics method of simulating Newtonian suspensions. Simulation results involving two, three, four and six particles are reported as illustrative examples, and are compared with corresponding results for particles in Newtonian fluids and with experimental results found in the literature. In addition, simulations of sedimenting suspensions are performed by using periodic boundary conditions to model an unbounded system, and the observed formation of clusters in the sedimenting system is shown to be in qualitative agreement with experimental observations.
Amylose and Protein Contents of Rice Cultivars as Related to Texture of Rice‐based Fries

Mixtures of short-, medium-, and long-grain rice flours, defatted rice bran, salt, and water were extruded and fried to produce French fry-like products. Amylose and protein correlated positively with instrumental measures of hardness and gumminess. Water contents of frozen and fried fries correlated negatively with hardness and gumminess. Low protein rice cultivars retained more water than high protein cultivars during extrusion followed by cooling. Amylose content correlated negatively with water content of fried fries. Fries formulated from waxy rice had hardness and gumminess comparable to commercial French-fried potatoes, but all other fries were too hard and gummy.
State Sponsorship of Women's Rights and Implications for Patriarchism in Namibia

It would seem that one of Africa's few growth industries in recent years has been the stampede of scholarship attempting to account for the failure of the state to generate meaningful economic development. While academics argue over whether the primary culprits are kleptocratic governing elites, Western imperialist forces, or unfair market conditions in the global economy, the realities of African political life show an increasing reactionary trend away from the political integration of the state. Some criticise the integrity of state structures as being Western inventions that have little capacity to respond to African needs, and note the rise of pre-colonial traditional structures organised around ethnic or tribal considerations. Some argue that capitalism in the African context is not able to generate capital accumulation sufficient to improve living standards. Still others suggest that anti-democratic patriarchal forces prevent capitalism from effectively generating maximum growth.
The Life History Consequences of Resource Depression in Ceriodaphnia Quadrangula and Daphnia Ambigua

An analysis of the life history and energetics responses of two small plank- tonic cladocerans, Daphnia ambigua and Ceriodaphnia quadrangula, to food limitation is presented. The results are consistent with an earlier study of D. pulex in that the size- specific instar durations and proportional investments in reproduction are independent of the food level. Compared to D. pulex, these smaller species spend more time in early instars but less time in adult instars. Of the energy available for (growth + reproduction), a much greater fraction is allocated to reproduction than in the case of similar-sized D. pulex, and it quickly reaches an asymptote of 94-97%. As in the case of D. pulex, the net rate of energy intake reaches a plateau shortly after maturity. This, combined with the increased cost of molting as the animal grows, causes age-specific reproduction to level off and eventually decline. The maximum rate of net energy intake is much lower and the cost of molting much higher for D. ambigua and C. quadrangula than for the larger D. pulex. This puts an upper limit on body size for the two smaller species that is much lower than that attainable in D. pulex. The data suggest the possibility that the sizes of planktonic cladoc- erans may be less a direct consequence of size-selective mortality than a correlated response to selection operating on energy-related traits.
Between Systemic Reforms and the Mathematics and Science Classroom: The Dynamics of Innovation, Implementation, and Professional Learning

This review assembles studies and analyses of large-scale systemic reform initiatives aimed at mathematics and science education, especially those undertaken by state governments and the National Science Foundation. The review concentrates on qualitative investigations, which reveal whether and how these initiatives converge on the improvement of instruction. The evidence to date, though inherently incomplete, has much to say about the logic of systemic reforms, the avenues by which these reforms may reach the classroom, and the kinds of classroom-level impacts that are apparent so far or likely to occur in the near term. The implementation and effects of these reforms can be understood productively in the theoretical terms applied to the study of innovation and change, implementation of governmental policies, and professional and organizational learning.
Beyond Wages and Working Conditions: A Conceptualization of Labor Union Social Responsibility

This article integrates theory and concepts from the business and society, business ethics, and labor relations literatures to offer a conceptualization of labor union social responsibility that includes activities geared toward three primary objectives: economic equity, workplace democracy, and social justice. Economic, workplace, and social labor union stakeholders are identified, likely issues are highlighted, and the implications of labor union social responsibility for labor union strategy are discussed. It is noted that, given the breadth of labor unions in a global work environment, labor union social responsibility also has implications for NGOs, corporations, and how corporate social responsibility is viewed going forward. This article concludes by noting that the nexus of labor relations and corporate social responsibility warrants more attention in management and labor relations literatures.
Critical assessment and thermodynamic modeling of the binary Mg–Zn, Ca–Zn and ternary Mg–Ca–Zn systems

Abstract Critical assessment of the experimental data and re-optimization of the binary Mg–Zn, Ca–Zn systems and the Laves phase of the Mg–Ca system have been performed. A comprehensive thermodynamic database of the Mg–Ca–Zn ternary system is presented. All available as well as reliable experimental data both for the thermodynamic properties and phase boundaries are reproduced within experimental error limits. In the present assessment, the Modified Quasichemical Model in the pair approximation is used for the liquid phase to account for the presence of the short-range ordering properly. The intermediate solid solutions are modeled using the compound energy formalism. Since the literature included contradicting information regarding the ternary compounds in this system, thermodynamic modeling of phase equilibria is used to determine the most likely description of this system and to exclude the self-contradicting experimental observations.
Adaptive spectrum assessment for opportunistic access in cognitive radio networks

Studies showed that the static nature of the traditional spectrum allocation methods, currently being used to share the radio spectrum, resulted in a plenty of unused spectrum opportunities that wireless devices can still potentially exploit. Fortunately, recent technological advances enabled software-defined radios (SDRs) that can switch from one spectrum band (SB) to another at minimum cost, thereby promoting dynamic and adaptive spectrum access and sharing. In this paper, we derive and study an adaptive spectrum assessment approach that allows devices to decide how to seek spectrum opportunities effectively. In the event when a decision is made in favor of discovering new opportunities, the proposed approach allows devices to determine the optimal number of SBs to be explored so that the device benefits from such an opportunistic spectrum access. This approach is optimal in that it strikes a balance between two conflicting needs: keeping spectrum assessment overhead low while increasing the likelihood of discovering spectrum opportunities. We study the effect of several network parameters, such as the primary traffic load, the secondary traffic load, and the collaboration level of the sensing method, on the optimal number of SBs that devices need to explore.
miRNAs in mammalian ureteric bud development

The collecting duct network and the urothelium of the ureter of the metanephric kidney are derived from the ureteric bud epithelium, initially an outgrowth from the caudal end of the Wolffian duct at the onset of the metanephric kidney development. The tips of the ureteric bud epithelium undergo reiterative branching morphogenesis, which generates more tips and trunks, whereas the ureteric trunks grow and differentiate into principal cells and intercalated cells of the collecting ducts that regulate body water and acid–base homeostasis. microRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of small non-coding RNAs that regulate a diversity of biological processes including organogenesis, mostly by negatively regulating their target gene expression. In this review, I will summarize the current knowledge on the critical roles of miRNAs expressed in the ureteric bud epithelium in ureteric bud morphogenesis and differentiation, including ureteric bud branching morphogenesis, collecting duct terminal differentiation, cystogenesis of the collecting ducts, and ureter development.
I/O Printed Circuit Board Assemblies; Recent Learning in Mechanical Stress Analysis, Verification Testing, and Post-test Analysis Techniques and Results

Recent high-end server designs have included new Input / Output (I/O) printed circuit board (PCB) assemblies consisting of a variety of form factors, electronic design layouts, and packaging assembly characteristics. To insure the required functional and reliability aspects are established and maintained, new mechanical analysis and verification testing techniques have been recently devised. A description of the design application set, the analysis tools and techniques applied, and the verification testing completed, including the associated measurement techniques as well as post-testing analysis methods and results are presented. Also included are the recent PCB raw card characterization efforts whose results have been applied as material property inputs to the analysis to improve analytical-to-empirical correlation. Included within the application set are both the use of custom designed cards as well as industry standard, original equipment manufacturer (OEM) cards that are packaged within custom enclos...
Clinical experience of osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) in the repair of bone defects and fractures of long bones

Approximately six million fractures occur each year in the United States, of which 1.5 million involve long bones. These injuries produce considerable morbidity and impairment in individuals of both genders, all age groups and regardless of socioeconomic circumstances. On an annual basis, fractures account for over 36 million lost days from work, more than seven million days missed from school, approximately 6.4 million days of hospitalization, nearly 9.4 million visits to healthcare providers, and cost society an estimated US$ 21 billion [1]. Among the most problematic and burdensome fractures are those 5–10% that demonstrate delayed healing or nonunion [2].
Selectional restrictions as phonotactics over sublexicons

Affixation and allomorphy are often phonologically predictable: thus, the English indefinite “a” appears before consonants, and “an” before vowels. We propose a theory of phonological selection that separates rules of morpheme realization from phonological knowledge about the bases and the derived words. This phonological knowledge is encoded in miniature phonotactic grammars, which are learned over sublexicons defined by morphological generalizations. Each sublexical phonotactic grammar determines the likelihood that a new word will follow the associated rule. We examine a complex case of suppletive allomorphy in Russian, whose diminutive suffixes define sublexicons differing in constraints on final consonant place and manner, presence and location of consonant clusters, vowel hiatus, and stress. In elicitation, Russians choose allomorphs for words without diminutives based on how these words and the derived diminutives fare in the sublexical phonotactic grammars. In a nonce word study, Russians also chose allomorphs based on sublexical phonotactic well-formedness, even when the phonotactic violations were non-local to the affix itself. These patterns are missed by alternative approaches such as emergence of the unmarked, insertion rules that refer directly to phonological information, and the Minimal Generalization Learner.
The Application of Glancing Angle Exafs to Study the Structure of Platinum-Nickel Multilayers

Recent reports have correlated the mechanical properties of multilayers with a structural expansion of the constituents. Whether this expansion is an interface or bulk effect remains in dispute. We apply the technique of glancing angle EXAFS to obtain information about the local structure and multilayer composition and use these results to shed light on certain aspects of this controversy. The experiments were performed on platinum-nickel multilayers of varying bilayer thickness. Measurements were made by fluorescence detection of EXAFS beyond both the Pt LIII and the Ni K edges. Considerable interlayer mixing is evident, as is the presence of order within the interface. We additionally find that the bulk metallic character is retained within the layers.