cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship of Plasma Corticosterone and Adrenal Cholesterol and Corticosterone to the Production of Soft-Shelled and Shell-Less Eggs

Two experiments were conducted to determine if plasma corticosterone and adrenal cholesterol and corticosterone levels differed among hens that laid soft-shelled (SS) or shell-less (SL) eggs when compared with hard-shelled (HS) egg layers. For Experiment 1, four groups of White Leghorn hens were bled at 22 to 34 weeks of age in the morning (0600 to 1200 hr) and at 66 to 74 weeks of age in the morning and evening (1500 to 1900 hr). Group 1 consisted of birds that had just laid SS or SL eggs, whereas Group 2 hens had SS or SL eggs in utero. Groups 3 and 4 represented hens with HS eggs in their uteri and hens that had just laid HS eggs, respectively. For Experiment 2, adrenal cholesterol and corticosterone levels were assayed in high (18+%) and low (0%) incidence SS plus SL egg layers at 73 and 78 weeks of age. Both younger and older hens that laid SS or SL eggs in the morning had similar plasma corticosterone concentrations when compared to HS egg layers. Morning plasma corticosterone levels were significantly higher among hens that laid an egg when compared to hens with eggs in utero, regardless of whether the egg was SS, SL, or HS. However, plasma corticosterone levels of hens producing SS or SL eggs in the evening were significantly higher than levels of hens that laid evening HS eggs. Evening HS egg layers demonstrated the oviposition related peak in plasma corticosterone, but concentrations were 1 ng/ml higher among the evening SS or SL egg layers. Adrenal cholesterol and corticosterone concentrations were similar between high and low incidence SS plus SL layers at either age. It is postulated that evening production of SS or SL eggs is a consequence of elevated plasma corticosterone.
Global replication-independent histone H4 exchange in budding yeast.

The eukaryotic genome is packaged together with histone proteins into chromatin following DNA replication. Recent studies have shown that histones can also be assembled into chromatin independently of DNA replication and that this dynamic exchange of histones may be biased toward sites undergoing transcription. Here we show that epitope-tagged histone H4 can be incorporated into nucleosomes throughout the budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) genome regardless of the phase of the cell cycle, the transcriptional status, or silencing of the region. Direct comparisons reveal that the amount of histone incorporation that occurs in G1-arrested cells is similar to that occurring in cells undergoing DNA replication. Additionally, we show that this histone incorporation is not dependent on the histone H3/H4 chaperones CAF-1, Asf1, and Hir1 individually. This study demonstrates that DNA replication and transcription are not necessary prerequisites for histone exchange in budding yeast, indicating that chromatin is more dynamic than previously thought.
Integrating physiological threshold experiments with climate modeling to project mangrove species’ range expansion

Predictions of climate-related shifts in species ranges have largely been based on correlative models. Due to limitations of these models, there is a need for more integration of experimental approaches when studying impacts of climate change on species distributions. Here, we used controlled experiments to identify physiological thresholds that control poleward range limits of three species of mangroves found in North America. We found that all three species exhibited a threshold response to extreme cold, but freeze tolerance thresholds varied among species. From these experiments, we developed a climate metric, freeze degree days (FDD), which incorporates both the intensity and the frequency of freezes. When included in distribution models, FDD accurately predicted mangrove presence/absence. Using 28 years of satellite imagery, we linked FDD to observed changes in mangrove abundance in Florida, further exemplifying the importance of extreme cold. We then used downscaled climate projections of FDD to project that these range limits will move northward by 2.2–3.2 km yr−1 over the next 50 years.
The Application of Metrics to Determine the Work Rate for Producing the First Draft of the Clinical Study Report: A Case Study

The final, clinical study report (CSR) of a clinical trial arguably may be the most important aspect of a clinical trial. However, the basis for estimating the time required to prepare a CSR (ie, the work rate) has been based on time-honored estimates. The following metrics analysis, based on recent experience at a large pharmaceutical firm, may provide an objective measure for planning CSR development. The metrics for this analysis come from a small sampling of 10 clinical study reports from 10 medical writers. Word count and elapsed time metrics were collected using features built into MS Word. The statistical relationships of data were checked to verify their significance (their reliability) in making an accurate prediction. Based on the sample data collected and analyzed, meaningful metrics need to be constantly obtained, maintained, and analyzed to produce timely CSRs.
Is Scientifically Based Reading Instruction Effective for Students With Below-Average IQs?:

This longitudinal randomized-control trial investigated the effectiveness of scientifically based reading instruction for students with IQs ranging from 40 to 80, including students with intellectual disability (ID). Students were randomly assigned into treatment (n = 76) and contrast (n = 65) groups. Students in the treatment group received intervention instruction daily in small groups of 1 to 4 for approximately 40 to 50 min for 1 to 4 academic years. On average, students in the treatment group made significantly greater progress than students in the contrast condition on nearly all language and literacy measures. Results demonstrate the ability of students with low IQs, including students with mild to moderate ID, to learn basic reading skills when provided appropriate, comprehensive reading instruction for an extended period of time.
EMBRYOS AND EGGS FOR THE CRETACEOUS THEROPOD DINOSAUR TROODON FORMOSUS

ABSTRACT Elongate and asymmetric eggs of the oospecies Prismatoolithus levis occur regularly in the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of western Montana. These eggs had previously been assigned to the ornithischian Orodromeus makelai, for both juvenile and adult remains are typically associated with these eggs. Reexamination of the embryos shows them to exhibit at least 24 apomorphies of the clades Dinosauria, Theropoda and Paraves. The embryos also display a pneumatic quadrate, closely placed basal tubera, a high tooth count, a metatarsal II much narrower than IV and a strongly constricted metatarsal III, all possible synapomorphies of the Troodontidae. Presence of large basal tubera and a broadly rounded anterior border of the maxillary fenestra permit assignment to Troodon formosus. Most but not all bones appear ossified, suggesting a developmental level comparable to stages 35–38 of avian embryos and a time approaching hatching. Embryos show a consistent level of development from one egg to anot...
Clinical studies on ferric sulphate as a pulpotomy medicament in primary teeth.

Aim The purpose of this paper is to review three prospective and two retrospective studies that have been published on the use of ferric sulphate as a pulpotomy medicament and, also, present the results of a recently completed, 3 year comparative study in pulpotomized primary teeth using ferric sulphate and diluted formocresol. The most important finding from the reviewed studies was that ferric sulphate gives very good clinical and radiographic results with high tooth survival rates and with no statistically significant differences from that of formocresol. Internal resorption is a common radiographic finding in both ferric sulphate and formocresol treatments with no statistically significant differences between them. However, internal resorption differs in size and progression rate among teeth. There were cases reported in which the size of the internal resorption was very small and unchanged over time, and even cases where the area of the resorption was self-repaired with hard tissue. Some of the authors considered only teeth with progressing and/or extensive internal resorption as failures, while small size and unchanged with time internal resorption was not considered as failure. Conclusion Based on the data of the reviewed studies it is suggested that ferric sulphate be used, rather than formocresol, for pulpotomies of primary teeth as the latter has been blamed for systemic and local side effects on the developing successors.
Consummating Signal Transduction: The Role of 14-3-3 Proteins in the Completion of Signal-Induced Transitions in Protein Activity

One hallmark of signal transduction events is the phosphorylation-induced transition of a protein from one activity state to another. Kinases, phosphatases, transcription factors, and enzymes all can be influenced by phosphorylation. However, it is becoming apparent that, in many cases,
The Cognitive Science Basis for Context

Cognitive Science is a diverse field composed of an amalgamation of research in subject areas such as philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, and artificial intelligence. Through these fields there are several unifying factors which emerge as necessary building blocks for cognition, both human and artificial. One of these necessary components is context and its consideration and involvement in all facets of cognition, from language to reasoning to memory. This work examines the theories and implementations of contextual involvement in cognition through the viewpoints of the aforementioned disciplines which make up the field of cognitive science. This analysis will highlight its importance and significance as an invaluable cognitive tool and a unifying factor within the field.
Activity of Phenolics in Insects: The Role of Oxidation

Attempts to characterize tannin activity in biological systems have met with mixed success. Although there are many examples in which tannins inhibit fungal, bacterial, and/or viral growth, there are also many failures to find such activity. It has proven especially difficult to characterize tannin activity in insect herbivores, even when polyphenols comprise a large fraction of the diet and the insect appears to suffer as a consequence. The affinity of polyphenols for various substrates (e.g., proteins) varies with the physiochemical conditions in which the complexation or reaction takes place. We postulate that variation among insect species in midgut conditions, mainly redox potential and pH, yields variable impacts of phenolics on insects. Redox conditions and pH are influenced by intrinsic physiological characteristics of the insect and by foliar oxidative enzymes, non-enzymatic oxidants, and reductants. Many insects appear to possess adaptations that relate directly to the oxidative state of ingested phenolics. In many cases, oxidative activation may be necessary before biological impacts can be observed.
Surface Interrogation Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy of Ni1–xFexOOH (0 < x < 0.27) Oxygen Evolving Catalyst: Kinetics of the “fast” Iron Sites

Nickel-iron mixed metal oxyhydroxides have attracted significant attention as an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst for solar fuel renewable energy applications. Here, we performed surface-selective and time-dependent redox titrations to directly measure the surface OER kinetics of Ni(IV) and Fe(IV) in NiOOH, FeOOH, and Ni(1-x)Fe(x)OOH (0 < x < 0.27) electrodes. Most importantly, two types of surface sites exhibiting "fast" and "slow" kinetics were found, where the fraction of "fast" sites in Ni(1-x)Fe(x)OOH matched the iron atom content in the film. This finding provides experimental support to the theory-proposed model of active sites in Ni(1-x)Fe(x)OOH. The OER rate constant of the "fast" site was 1.70 s(-1) per atom.
Euryarchaeota phy. nov.

Eur.y.arch.ae.o' ta. M.L. fem. pl. n. Euryarchaeota from the Kingdom Euryarchaeota (Woese, Kandier and Wheelis 1990, 4579). Euryarchaeota Keywords: Euryarchaeota phy. nov.; Methanobacteriales
National Solidarity at the End of the Twentieth Century: Reflections on the United States and Liberal Nationalism

Most things of value cost something. Valuable national solidarities cost some of the authority that subnational and transnational communities might otherwise exercise. When the coercive power of the federal government was employed in the 1960s to defend the civil rights of black Americans, the authority of local white communities in the South was diminished in the interest of extending the nation's rules to new social terrain. Coercion is obviously a large part of the story of American belonging. Any nation is, of course, a structure of power. Gary Gerstle's "Liberty, Coercion, and the Making of Americans" reminds us of these truths. "Nationalism," writes Gerstle, "demands that boundaries against outsiders be drawn, that a dominant national culture be created or reinvigorated, and that internal and external opponents of the national project be subdued, nationalized, vanquished, and even excluded or expelled." These actions constitute "the nasty work that building a national community entails." Some recent scholarship unwisely ignores this nastiness, according to Gerstle, and thereby yields the mistaken impression that the building of the American national community is altogether or overwhelmingly a story of liberation and voluntarism.1 Questions abound. How inevitable are the particular nationalist dynamics to which Gerstle calls attention? What differences between specific national solidarities follow from the differing historical contexts in which they have developed? What actions in relation to national solidarities are rightly called "nasty"? What examples of coercion are relevant to a historical understanding of the building, maintaining, and critical reconstruction of the national community of the United States? Might there be costs to the diminution, amid the triumphs of global capitalism and ethnoreligious particularism, of the measure of commitment to one another that citizens of the United States are now able to muster? What does the history of the United States suggest concerning the kind of national solidarity to
A random walk for the solution sought: remarks on the difference scheme approach to nonlinear semigroups and evolution operators

In [2], Crandall and Evans show existence of mild solution to an abstract Cauchy Problem: u′(t)+Au(t)∋f(t), 0≤t≤T, u(0)=x0, where A is an accretive operator in a general Banach space X and f e L1(0,T;X). Their method involves proving convergence in the L∞-norm of a sequence of step function approximations αn(σ, τ) to the solution of a first order partial differential equation. We consider a more general Cauchy Problem and show a.e. existence of mild solution by proving convergence of the step functions αn(σ, τ) in the L1-norm. Fundamental to the proof is a nonhomogeneous random walk in the plane.
Research on genetic subtype and epidemiological feature of HIV-1 epidemic strains in Xinyu

Objective To investigate the epidemiological subtype,genetic diversity,and the molecular epidemiological feature of HIV-1 in Xinyu so as to provide laboratory data for the prevention and treatment of AIDS.Methods The env and gag genes were amplified by nested PCR following RNA reverse transcription extracted from 49 HIV- 1 positive plasma samples.The amplicons were sequenced,and the genetic subtype was identified by Blast.The phylogenetic tree was constructed by MAGE,and the epidemiological feature was analyzed.Results 18 cases of Env and gag gene were successfully amplified from49 samples(36.73%),and two gene subtypes,which were 16 cases of CRFOl-AE subtypes(88.89%) and 2 cases of CRF07-BC(11.11%).The phylogenetic tree constructed by env and gag were highly consistent,CRFOl-AE and CRF07- BC subtypes were mainly prevalent.Conclusion There were at least 2 HIV- 1 gene subtypes in AIDS patients in Xinyu city,and CRFOl- AE subtype prevailed,all recombinant subtypes.More attention should be paid to monitor the HIV- 1 gene subtype and mutation in Xinyu.
Aging-Resilient Associations between the Arcuate Fasciculus and Vocabulary Knowledge: Microstructure or Morphology?

UNLABELLED Vocabulary knowledge is one of the few cognitive functions that is relatively preserved in older adults, but the reasons for this relative preservation have not been well delineated. We tested the hypothesis that individual differences in vocabulary knowledge are influenced by arcuate fasciculus macrostructure (i.e., shape and volume) properties that remain stable during the aging process, rather than white matter microstructure that demonstrates age-related declines. Vocabulary was not associated with age compared to pronounced age-related declines in cognitive processing speed across 106 healthy adults (19.92-88.29 years) who participated in this neuroimaging experiment. Fractional anisotropy in the left arcuate fasciculus was significantly related to individual variability in vocabulary. This effect was present despite marked age-related differences in a T1-weighted/T2-weighted ratio (T1w/T2w) estimate of myelin that were observed throughout the left arcuate fasciculus and associated with age-related differences in cognitive processing speed. However, atypical patterns of arcuate fasciculus morphology or macrostructure were associated with decreased vocabulary knowledge. These results suggest that deterioration of tissue in the arcuate fasciculus occurs with normal aging, while having limited impact on tract organization that underlies individual differences in the acquisition and retrieval of lexical and semantic information. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Vocabulary knowledge is resilient to widespread age-related declines in brain structure that limit other cognitive functions. We tested the hypothesis that arcuate fasciculus morphology, which supports the development of reading skills that bolster vocabulary, could explain this relative preservation. We disentangled (1) the effects of age-related declines in arcuate microstructure (mean diffusivity; myelin content estimate) that predicted cognitive processing speed but not vocabulary, from (2) relatively stable arcuate macrostructure (shape/volume) that explained significant variance in an age-independent association between fractional anisotropy and vocabulary. This latter result may reflect differences in fiber trajectory and organization that are resilient to aging. We propose that developmental sculpting of the arcuate fasciculus determines acquisition, storage, and access of lexical information across the adult lifespan.
Is the Opportunity Real and Large Enough? Refine the Customer Value Concept

This chapter presents a framework and tools to assess and refine the customer value concept. The three key questions the entrepreneur may ask when reformulating the customer value concept are whether the customer pain is real and widespread, whether the relative advantage of the new product is superior enough for the product to sell, and whether the customer is willing to pay for the relative advantage of the product. The customer value concept should be refined to maximize the likelihood of the new product’s acceptance in the market. The target customer group may need to be redefined. The relative advantage of a new product should be superior to compensate for the entrepreneur’s self-selection bias and the consumer’s loss aversion bias. A framework is provided to determine the competitive price of a product. The seller may charge a price premium for a new product when the perceived value of the product is significantly greater than the cost to serve the customer.
Thomas Babington Macaulay

(auch: Baron von Rothley Lord Macaulay) – 1818 Studium in Cambridge; 1823–1844 Veroffentlichung von Essays in Zeitschriften; ab 1830 liberaler Parlamentsabgeordneter; 1831 Unterstutzung der ›Reform Bill‹ (1832); 1834–1838 als Gouverneur in Indien; 1839–1841 Kriegsminister; 1842 Lays of Ancient Rome, sehr popular; 1853–1858 Biographien fur Encyclopedia Britannica; Erhebung in den Adelsstand (1857).
Exoneree Engagement in Policy Reform Work: An Exploratory Study of the Innocence Movement Policy Reform Process

Through a lens of resilience and growth alongside continuing distress, this exploratory research study examines a convenience sample of exonerees and innocence movement personnel who are engaged in the policy reform process to understand how exoneree involvement may change exonerees themselves, the innocence movement, and possibly the criminal justice system. Data were collected through pre-questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, supplemented with archival material, and analyzed using a narrative approach. Findings emphasize both the personal and broader societal value of exoneree engagement in educating, generating awareness, and advocating about wrongful conviction and the power of having the human voice and face in front of legislators, the public, and the media—vividly portraying that “if they can do it to me, they can do it to anybody.” Findings also caution to be sensitive to where individuals may be in their lives and to honor their choices to engage or not.
African American Race Is a Newly Identified Risk Factor for Postengraftment Blood Stream Infections in Pediatric Allogeneic Blood and Marrow Transplantation

Abstract Blood stream infections (BSI) are a major source of morbidity and mortality both in allogeneic blood and marrow transplant (BMT) recipients. Various risk factors for BSI in BMT have been identified. The impact of race and cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia, a common complication after engraftment, however, has not been rigorously assessed. This is important because both CMV infection and ganciclovir, the mainstay of pre-emptive therapy, have myelosuppressive and immunosuppressive effects. We conducted a retrospective analysis to test the hypothesis that race and CMV viremia predispose allogeneic BMT patients to postengraftment BSI. We analyzed 278 allogeneic BMT performed at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2014 that met eligibility criteria. We performed a multivariate analysis to estimate the effect of CMV viremia on risk for BSI in the postengraftment period (days +30 to 100). Risk for BSI was associated with CMV viremia (hazard ratio [HR], 3.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51 to 7.36; P = .003); grade III and IV acute graft-versus-host disease (HR, 3.28; 95% CI, 1.55 to 6.92; P = .002), and African American race (HR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.09 to 4.51; P = .027). The results of our study highlight the importance of a novel risk factor for postengraftment BSI, not previously considered—African American race.
MnSOD mediated by HSV vectors in the periaqueductal gray suppresses morphine withdrawal in rats

Morphine appears to be the most active metabolite of heroin; therefore, the effects of morphine are important in understanding the ramifications of heroin abuse. Opioid physical dependence (withdrawal response) may have very long-lasting effects on the motivation for reward, including the incubation of cue-induced drug-seeking behavior. However, the exact mechanisms of morphine withdrawal (MW) are not clear yet, and its treatment remains elusive. Periaqueductal gray (PAG) is one of the important sites in the pathogenesis of MW. Here, we used recombinant herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors that encode the sod2 gene expressing manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) to evaluate its therapeutic potential in MW. Microinjection of HSV vectors expressing MnSOD into the PAG reduced the MW syndrome. MnSOD vectors suppressed the upregulated mitochondrial superoxide, and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers (glucose-related protein 78 (GRP78) and activating transcription factor 6 alpha (ATF6α)) in the PAG induced by MW. Immunostaining showed that mitochondrial superoxide, GRP78 and ATF6α were colocalized with neuronal nuclei (a neuronal-specific marker), suggesting that they are located in the neurons in the PAG. These results suggest that overexpression of MnSOD by HSV vectors may relieve opioid dependence. This study may provide a novel therapeutic approach to morphine physical withdrawal response.
Recent progress in multidimensional optical sensing and imaging systems (MOSIS)

We present recent progress of the previously reported Multidimensional Optical Sensing and Imaging Systems (MOSIS) 2.0 for target recognition, material inspection and integrated visualization. The degrees of freedom of MOSIS 2.0 include three-dimensional (3D) imaging, polarimetric imaging and multispectral imaging. Each of these features provides unique information about a scene. 3D computationally reconstructed images mitigate the occlusion in front of the object, which can be used for 3D object recognition. The degree of polarization (DoP) of the light reflected from object surface is measured by 3D polarimetric imaging. Multispectral imaging is able to segment targets with specific spectral properties.
Mitochondrial Transplantation in Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury

Ischemic heart disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Mitochondria are the power plant of the cardiomyocyte, generating more than 95% of the cardiac ATP. Complex cellular responses to myocardial ischemia converge on mitochondrial malfunction which persists and increases after reperfusion, determining the extent of cellular viability and post-ischemic functional recovery. In a quest to ameliorate various points in pathways from mitochondrial damage to myocardial necrosis, exhaustive pharmacologic and genetic tools have targeted various mediators of ischemia and reperfusion injury and procedural techniques without applicable success. The new concept of replacing damaged mitochondria with healthy mitochondria at the onset of reperfusion by auto-transplantation is emerging not only as potential therapy of myocardial rescue, but as gateway to a deeper understanding of mitochondrial metabolism and function. In this chapter, we explore the mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction during ischemia and reperfusion, current developments in the methodology of mitochondrial transplantation, mechanisms of cardioprotection and their clinical implications.
A Photo-Based Key of Thrips (Thysanoptera) Associated with Horticultural Crops in Florida

Abstract A dichotomous key is presented to aid in the identification of adult and larval stages of 20 thrips species commonly associated with horticultural crops in Florida.
Introduction, Legal Scholarship in Jewish Law

In recent years, Jewish law has gained significant prominence in American legal scholarship, producing a substantial body of literature exploring the Jewish legal system, both on its own terms and in comparative perspective. In particular, the past few decades have seen a marked increase in the number of articles published in American law reviews addressing substantive, procedural, and conceptual aspects of Jewish law, often in the context of broader considerations of important, unsettled, and controversial issues in American legal thought. In the past, a number of scholars have compiled bibliographies collecting and, at times, briefly annotating, lists of selected works on Jewish law published in American law reviews and other English sources. David Hollander has now taken these efforts several steps further, producing a comprehensive and annotated list of articles related to the Jewish law that have appeared in American law reviews, going back more than a century.
Underestimating Arsenic's Risk

Anyone who has seen the play Arsenic and Old Lace, knows that arsenic is toxic in large doses. However, it is not arsenic's toxicity that recently prompted the EPA to tighten its allowable arsenic levels; it is the element's carcinogenic properties. Though scientists have long believed that the cancer risk from arsenic was limited to prolonged exposure to high doses, new evidence indicates that there is also a significant risk at low levels, including at the 50-microgram-per-liter level that was previously accepted by federal regulation. When one considers the level of risk typically accepted by the American public and the EPA, and when one acknowledges the cost-cutting innovation that usually follows the adoption of new regulations, the new 10-microgram-per-liter level appears justifiable.
Considerations for Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Clinical Presentation

Lymphadenopathy of the groin, or inguinal lymphadenopathy, may be a feature of a number of systemic diseases, both benign and malignant. Benign causes of inguinal lymphadenopathy include infection, as well as vascular and autoimmune disease. Malignant groin lymphadenopathy may derive from primary skin tumors (melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma being the most common) of the lower extremity or lower trunk, perineum, reproductive tracts, and lower gastrointestinal tract and leukemias and lymphomas [1]. This chapter focuses on inguinal lymph node metastasis from non-melanoma cutaneous malignancies.
Characterization of radar detection performance in the presence of modern signal interference

Results for modelling, simulation and analysis of interference effects that modern wideband signals (navigation and communication) have on existing narrowband radar system performance are presented. Specifically, radar detection performance (robustness and/or degradation thereof) is characterized using a basic monostatic radar receiver model and operational parameters consistent with those of a deployed air route surveillance radar (ARSR-4). Interference effects are characterized using an unmodulated sinusoidal pulse, a linear frequency modulated (LFM) pulse and a Barker phase coded pulse. Coherent pulse integration is addressed and interference power mitigation is demonstrated. A worst case detection scenario from the radar's perspective is considered for all cases, i.e., relative radar, target and interfering transmitter locations are chosen such that minimum target and maximum interferer powers are received.
Evaluation of the Olweus Bully Prevention Program in an Urban School System in the USA

This study evaluated the Olweus Bully Prevention Program (OBPP) in urban middle schools serving a mostly African American student population. Participants were 1791 students from three communities with high rates of crime and poverty. We evaluated the impact of the OBPP using a multiple-baseline experimental design in which we randomized the order and timing of intervention activities across three schools. We assessed the frequency of violence and victimization using self-report and teachers’ ratings of students collected every 3 months over 5 years. Initiation of the OBPP was associated with reductions in teachers’ ratings of students’ frequency of aggression, with effects emerging in different years of implementation for different forms of aggression. Whereas reductions in teachers’ ratings of students’ verbal and relational aggression and victimization were evident during the second implementation year, reductions in physical aggression did not appear until the third year. Effects were consistent across gender and schools, with variability across grades for relational and verbal aggression and victimization. In contrast, there were no intervention effects on students’ reports of their behavior. Positive outcomes for teachers’, but not students’ ratings, suggest the intervention’s effects may have been limited to the school context. Variation in when effects emerged across outcomes suggests that changes in physical aggression may require more sustained intervention efforts. The intervention was also associated with increases in teachers’ concerns about school safety problems, which may indicate that teachers were more attuned to recognizing problem behaviors following exposure to the OBPP.
Anti-politics and the spirit of capitalism: Dissidents, monetarists, and the Czech transition to capitalism

This article sets out to investigate a problem, which in some respects is parallel to Weber's famous thesis on the origins of the "spirit of capitalism." What Weber found in need of explanation was the sense of moral duty, or a "calling," which accompanied the profit-seeking activities of capitalist entrepreneurs, and played a major role in rationalizing their conduct. Almost a century later, and in the radically different context of the post-communist Czech Republic, I find a similar sense of moral duty imbuing not so much the pursuit of profit, but the construction of capitalist institutions. As I show in this article, Czech economic policies, while obviously guided by pragmatic considerations, are also oriented toward a distinctively ascetic complex of meanings.
SIRT1: A Novel Way to Target Tau?

Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that forms pathogenic inclusions in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Under physiological conditions, dynamic post-translational modifications of tau regulate cytoskeletal stability. Under pathological conditions, tau
Predictive model for growth of Bacillus cereus during cooling of cooked rice

Abstract Bacillus cereus is frequently implicated in foodborne outbreaks associated with the consumption of cooked rice. The main contributing factors leading to outbreaks is rice cooked in large quantities and subsequently, inadequately chilled or stored at room temperatures for a prolonged period of time prior to consumption. Bacillus cereus growth in cooked rice inoculated with approximately 2 log CFU/g of heat-shocked (80 °C/10 min) spores at several isothermal conditions (between 10 and 49 °C) was quantified. B. cereus populations were determined by plating on mannitol egg yolk polymyxin agar and incubating at 30 °C for 24 h. Primary growth models, namely Baranyi, Huang, modified Gompertz, and logistic models were fitted to growth data. Specific growth rates from all four primary models were used to fit the modified Ratkowsky square-root model with respect to temperature. All four primary models were well fitted by the modified Ratkowsky model (R2 values from 0.90–0.99). Based on the goodness of fit secondary model statistics (R2, SSE, RMSE), the Baranyi model performed the best and was chosen for tertiary modeling. Acceptable prediction zone (APZ) analysis was performed for validation of the Baranyi model predictions during single rate exponential and biphasic linear cooling temperature profiles. For single rate cooling, 23 of the 24 predictions fell within the APZ (−1.0 to 0.5 log CFU/g). For biphasic linear cooling, 26 of the 28 predictions fell within the APZ. The developed dynamic model can be used to predict potential B. cereus growth from spores in cooked rice during chilling and thus, support the disposition of product subject to cooling deviations.
Exercise and Blood Pressure Control in Hypertension

Hypertension is one of the most important cardiovascular disease risk factors due to its high prevalence and significant medical costs. The 2017 American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure (BP) in Adults and the American College of Sports Medicine recommend lifestyle modifications such as habitual physical activity as a cornerstone therapy to prevent, treat, and control hypertension. The purposes of this chapter are to (1) present the pathophysiology, prevalence, and incidence of hypertension; (2) overview the epidemiological association between cardiorespiratory fitness and hypertension; (3) overview the current consensus on the effects of acute (immediate, short-term, or postexercise hypotension) and chronic (long-term or training) exercise on BP among individuals with elevated BP or established hypertension; (4) discuss new and emerging research on the effects of acute and chronic exercise on BP that has the potential to alter the way in which aerobic exercise is prescribed to prevent, treat, and control hypertension in the future; and (5) present exercise prescription recommendations and special considerations for individuals with hypertension that consider this new and emerging research.
An Empirical Analysis of Business Students’ Attitudes Toward Marketing:Implications for Marketing Educators

This research examined business students’ attitudes toward marketing. The results revealed that while business students generally had a favorable attitude toward marketing, differences emerged: (1) between marketing and non-marketing majors; (2) by whether a student was exposed to a marketing course or not; and (3) by the sex of the student. Implications for marketing educators are presented.
Utility of MRI in the Evaluation of Acute Greater Tuberosity Proximal Humeral Fractures.

Background:Understanding soft tissue injury patterns associated with greater tuberosity (GT) fractures may help clinicians provide guidance to patients.Hypothesis:Evaluating magnetic resonance imag...
A reconstructed total precipitation framework

Climate change is expected to alter the statistical properties of precipitation. There are two related but consequentially distinct theories for changes to precipitation that have received some consensus: (1) the time-and-space integrated global total precipitation should increase with longwave cooling as the surface warms, (2) the most intense precipitation rates should increase at a faster rate related to the increase in vapor saturation. Herein, these two expectations are combined with an analytic integration of three conceptually independent properties of the tropical hydrological cycle, the intensity, probability, and frequency of precipitation. The total precipitation in both a cloud-resolving model and tropical Global Precipitation Measurement mission data is decomposed and reconstructed with the analytic integral. By applying (1) and (2) to the precipitation characteristics from the model and observations to form a warming proxy model, it is suggested that a wide range of future distributions of precipitation intensity, probability, and frequency are possible. Models predict climate change will alter precipitation patterns across Earth, but the full range of possible changes is unknown. Matthew Igel and Joseph Biello at the University of California Davis created a new simple method that incorporated intensity, probability, and frequency to determine all potential responses of precipitation to climate change. Assuming a global warming of 2 °C and a tropical climate, the authors found that many future deviations in precipitation patterns are possible, even including little change to precipitation probability. The intensity of weak rates of rain could increase significantly with climate warming. Incorporating climates from other regions, such as ocean basins, could lead to larger scale application of this model. Future studies can use this method to determine which physical mechanisms need further study, increasing the accuracy of future precipitation simulations.
Sequential Versus Combined Heart–Liver Transplantation in the USA

Combined heart–liver transplantation (CHLT) has resulted in acceptable survival rates compared to orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) alone and orthotopic heart transplantation alone. Using the US transplant registry, we compared outcomes following sequential and combined HLT. We conducted a retrospective cohort study. De-identified data were obtained from the United Network Organ Sharing Registry. The primary outcome was patient survival from the date of OLT. Secondary outcomes included liver allograft survival and heart allograft survival. The study cohort included 301 CHLT recipients and six sequential heart–liver transplantation (SHLT) recipients. Patient survival after CHLT was 88% at 1 year, 84% at 3 years, and 82% at 5 years compared to 83%, 67%, and 50% in the SHLT group (p = 0.010). Liver allograft survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 88%,83% and 82%, respectively, in the CHLT group compared to 83% and 67%, and 50%, respectively, in the SHLT group (p = 0.009). After OLT, heart allograft survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 86%, 79%, and 74% in the CHLT group, respectively, compared to 83%, 67%, and 50% in the SHLT group (p = 0.037). Despite the limited size of the SHLT cohort, we found that CHLT was superior to SHLT in survival rate and graft survival. The better outcomes noted in CHLT may relate to immunoprotection provided by liver transplantation from the same donor.
Multifunctional temperature‐responsive polymers as advanced biomaterials and beyond

The versatility and applicability of thermoresponsive polymeric systems have led to great interest and a multitude of publications. Of particular significance, multifunctional poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) systems based on PNIPAAm copolymerized with various functional comonomers or based on PNIPAAm combined with nanomaterials exhibiting unique properties. These multifunctional PNIPAAm systems have revolutionized several biomedical fields such as controlled drug delivery, tissue engineering, self-healing materials, and beyond (e.g., environmental treatment applications). Here, we review these multifunctional PNIPAAm-based systems with various cofunctionalities, as well as highlight their unique applications. For instance, addition of hydrophilic or hydrophobic comonomers can allow for polymer lower critical solution temperature modification, which is especially helpful for physiological applications. Natural comonomers with desirable functionalities have also drawn significant attention as pressure surmounts to develop greener, more sustainable materials. Typically, these systems also tend to be more biocompatible and biodegradable and can be advantageous for use in biopharmaceutical and environmental applications. PNIPAAm-based polymeric nanocomposites are reviewed as well, where incorporation of inorganic or carbon nanomaterials creates synergistic systems that tend to be more robust and widely applicable than the individual components.
Dimethyl fumarate suppresses granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor-producing Th1 cells in CNS neuroinflammation.

Objective To study the immunomodulatory effect of dimethyl fumarate (DF) on granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production in CD4+ T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Methods We collected splenocytes and CD4+ T cells from C57BL/6 wild-type and interferon (IFN)-γ–deficient mice. For human PBMCs, venous blood was collected from healthy donors, and PBMCs were collected using the Percoll gradient method. Cells were cultured with anti-CD3/28 in the presence/absence of DF for 3 to 5 days. Cells were stained and analyzed by flow cytometry. Cytokines were measured by ELISA in cell supernatants. For in vivo experiments, EAE was induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35–55 and mice were treated with oral DF or vehicle daily. Results DF acts directly on CD4+ T cells and suppresses GM-CSF–producing Th1 not Th17 or single GM-CSF+ T cells in EAE. In addition, GM-CSF suppression depends on the IFN-γ pathway. We also show that DF specifically suppresses Th1 and GM-CSF–producing Th1 cells in PBMCs from healthy donors. Conclusions We suggest that DF exclusively suppresses GM-CSF–producing Th1 cells in both animal and human CD4+ T cells through an IFN-γ–dependent pathway. These findings indicate that DF has a better therapeutic effect on patients with Th1-dominant immunophenotype. However, future longitudinal study to validate this finding in MS is needed.
Electrophysiological and behavioral responses Dendroctonus frontalis and D. terebrans (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to resin odors of host pines (Pinus spp.)

Southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann) and black turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus terebrans Olivier) are two sympatric bark beetle pests of the southeastern United States of America that adversely affect pine (Pinus spp.) health. Successful host tree colonization and reproduction is dependent on a chemical communication system that includes compounds produced by both the beetles and their host trees. To better understand the role of host volatiles in the ecology of these species, we (1) used coupled gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) to analyze olfactory sensitivity of D. frontalis and D. terebrans to volatile constituents of host resin, and (2) investigated olfactory stimulants for behavioral effects on both pest species and a major predator, Thanasimus dubius Fabricius (Coleoptera: Cleridae) in field trapping studies. In GC-EAD analyses of the headspace of fresh host resin, antenna of both D. frontalis and D. terebrans produced strongest responses to alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, myrcene, and 4-allylanisole. Field tests indicated that alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and 4-allylanisole significantly enhanced attraction of D. frontalis, D. terebrans, and T. dubius to traps baited with attractive pheromone components of both bark beetle species, and myrcene diminished this response for D. frontalis. The observed attractive synergism of 4-allylanisole contrasts with previously reported repellency of this compound for D. frontalis and instead suggests this semiochemical may have multiple ecological roles for this species. Lures used for monitoring D. frontalis may be enhanced in sensitivity by adjusting the composition of their host odor components.
Differential Effects of AIDS and Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection on Gray Matter Volume.

BACKGROUND Age, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, illicit drug use, and central nervous system (CNS) opportunistic infections can affect brain structure, with the striatum being particularly sensitive to HIV effects. Nevertheless, the impact of non-CNS AIDS-defining illness (ADI) on brain structure has been less investigated. We examined ADI and HIV effects on brain volume. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, including 95 virally suppressed seropositive and 84 demographically matched, seronegative participants, we examined serostatus and ADI effects. Cortical and subcortical gray matter volume (GMV) regions of interest were estimated with computational neuroanatomy techniques applied to high-resolution, T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data. Linear regression was used to model HIV serostatus and ADI effects on global and regional GMV, adjusting for age, sex, CD4 nadir, drug use, and total intracranial volume. RESULTS While HIV serostatus was associated with lower striatal volume (B = -.59 [95% confidence interval {CI}, -1.08 to -.10]), co-occurring ADI was independently associated with lower striatal volume (B = -.73 [95% CI, -1.36 to -.09]). ADI was also associated with lower global (B = -19.35 [95% CI, -32.42 to -6.29]) and regional GMV. CONCLUSIONS While HIV infection is associated with a localized effect on striatal structure, having a prior ADI is a strong predictor of smaller global and regional GMV. The lack of interaction between HIV serostatus or ADI with age suggests that chronic HIV infection and ADI have independent effects on brain structure, without associated accelerated lower volume with age. ADI history should be incorporated into statistical adjustments in HIV neuroimaging analysis. These findings also lend support to current HIV treatment guidelines urging prompt antiretroviral therapy initiation after HIV diagnosis.