cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward more accurate resudual-stress measurement by the hole-drilling method: Analysis of relieved-strain coefficients

In residual-stress measurement by the holedrilling technique, accuracy can be enhanced if the proper values for the relleved-strain coefficients are employed. These values are obtained by double integration of the relieved strain over the area of the grid. In this paper, several methods customarily used in the literature for the calculation of these coefficients are discussed. A comparison of the coefficients from these methods and those derived by double integration demonstrate the increased accuracy of the latter.
Coincident signaling in mesolimbic structures underlying alcohol reinforcement.

The medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the nucleus accumbens function in a critical regard to examine and integrate information in the processing of rewarding behaviors. These neurons are aberrantly affected by drugs of abuse, including alcohol. However, ethanol is unlike any other common drug of abuse, due to its pleiotropic actions on intracellular and intercellular signaling processes. Intracellular biochemical pathways appear to critically contribute to long-term changes in the level of synaptic activation of these neurons, which have been implicated in ethanol dependence. Additionally, these neurons also display a fascinating pattern of up/down activity, which appears to be, at least in part, regulated by convergent activation of dopaminergic and glutamatergic (NMDA) inputs. Thus, dopaminergic and NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission onto these neurons may constitute a critical site of ethanol action in mesolimbic structures. For instance, dopaminergic inputs alter the ability of ethanol to regulate NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission onto accumbal MSNs. Prior activation of D1-signaling cascade through the cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein-32 kD (DARPP-32) and protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1) pathway significantly attenuates ethanol inhibition of NMDA receptor function. Therefore, the interaction of D1-signaling and NMDA receptor signaling may alter NMDA receptor-dependent long-term synaptic plasticity, contributing to the development of ethanol-induced neuroadaptation of the reward pathway.
Anarchy at the Wake

In this work I examine the relation of Anarchy to Finnegans Wake. Drawing primarily on the writers Max Stirner, Peter Kropotkin, and Benjamin Tucker, I trace the many intertextual echoes between their works and the Wake. The problems of secession, solipsism, and violence are examined in turn. Stirner's philosophy of ‘own’ – a key element in Shem's make-up – is also criticised in the Wake for its tendency toward loveless isolation. Kropotkin's description of a decentralised Anarchist society without government became Joyce's model for an anarchic text in which nothing governs. Finally, I show how Tucker – according to Manganiello, Joyce's principal political authority – is both utilised and criticised. While Joyce learned a lot from Tucker's diagnosis of the ills of coercive government, the latter's endorsement of violence in certain situations was repudiated by Joyce who subscribed to an Anarchism without violence. On the other hand, Tucker's repudiation of force in certain passages became key elements in...
The Persistence of the Church-State Conflict in Mexico's Evangelical Vote: The Story of an Outlier

While ties between Protestants and anticlerical Liberal parties were common throughout Latin America during the nineteenth century, the resolution of the church-state conflict in most countries by the early twentieth century resulted in the near complete disappearance of these alliances. Using historical analysis and survey data, this article demonstrates that Mexico is an exception to this rule, as the evangelical vote continues to be shaped by the perception and reality of Catholic anti-Protestant persecution. Mexico's anomalous status is explained as a result of the intensity and late resolution of the church-state conflict, ongoing sectarian violence, and the PRI becoming both a dominant party and the best electoral option for evangelicals
Organizing the War on Terrorism

The network of public agencies, private firms, nonprofit organizations, ad hoc groups, and individual volunteers that deals with natural and technological hazards and disasters did a remarkable job of responding to and helping us recover from the September 11th attacks. That national emergency management network, along with the national security and law enforcement networks, provides a foundation for our war on terrorism, helps us mitigate the hazard of terrorism, and improves our preparedness for future violence. However, coordinating the efforts of the networks will be a real challenge for the director of homeland security and his or her state and local counterparts. Coordination will necessitate using legal authority to assure compliance, economic and other incentives to encourage compliance, formal partnerships to encourage collaboration, informal understandings to encourage cooperation, and personal encouragement to influence appropriate action. A top–down, command–and–control approach to the war on terrorism, such as the proposed Department of Homeland Security is intended to provide, may be counterproductive.
USE OF ISOLATED SUBCUTANEOUS INTESTINAL LOOPS FOR DIRECT STUDY OF INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF RADIOISOTOPES IN DOGS.

Direct counting of the disappearance rate of radioactivity of a gamma-emitting isotope placed in a blind intestinal loop located in the subcutaneous tissue provides a good measure of the absorption of that isotope. The problems encountered in the preparation of these loops and their use in absorption studies are discussed. It is noted in passing that significant absorption of iron may take place from the colon.
The stock market and the vacancy rate

This paper analyzes the vacancy rate in competivive markets. It is shown that the competitive vacancy rate is suboptimal and that it can be higher or lower than the optimal rate.
On steady flows with lamb surfaces

Abstract Lamb surfaces, which contain both stream lines and vorticity lines, are shown to exist for anysmoothly-deforming continuum whose Eulerian vorticity is steady and is proportional to the curl of the acceleration vector. These two conditions are realized in steady flows with material vorticity lines, for which Lamb surfaces provide a complete topological classification in terms of tori and cylinders when the flow domain is bounded. They are also met by steady flows with zero helicity everywhere, for which vorticity lines are material and stream lines are geodesics on the Lamb surfaces. In a Lagrangian description, these latter Lamb surfaces become cylinders on which both vorticity lines and stream lines are geodesics. For any Lamb surface, a natural system of coordinates can be defined in terms of any independent pair of smooth scalar functions that are uniform on vorticity lines. The evolution of the two coordinates is shown to be governed by a form of Hamilton's equations that generalizes the Lamb-Stuart-Mezic-Wiggins equations of motion for circulation-preserving fluid flows. Trajectories in the phase plane of the two coordinates satisfy a variational principle based on the Poincare-Cartan relative integral invariant.
PERFORMANCE OF A SONAR ALTIMETER IN THE NEARSHORE

Abstract A 1 MHz sonar altimeter with automatic gain control is shown to provide accurate estimates of the distance between the instrument and the seafloor. Laboratory experiments indicate that distance estimates degrade slightly when the bottom is rough or sloped and when sediment is suspended in the water column. Results from field tests, both within and seaward of the surf zone, show some degradation owing to a combination of suspended sediment and bubbles, bed undulations, and perhaps the dynamic nature of the sand bottom under waves. Seaward of the surf zone the bottom can be located within ±2 cm nearly continuously, whereas inside the surf zone the bottom can be located only intermittently and the accuracy decreases to ±3 cm. A 300 m long cross-shore transect of 16 altimeters was deployed from the shoreline to about 4 m depth for 3 months in summer-fall 1994 near Duck, NC. Results show that the altimeters are robust and can usually provide estimates of the seafloor position every few minutes even in the surf zone during large storms.
Modeling of the separation of two enantiomers using a microbore column

A microbore column packed with Chiralcel OB (cellulose tribenzoate coated silica) was used for the measurement of the single and competitive equilibrium-isotherm data of the 1-indanol enantiomers by frontal analysis. The amount of sample needed for the isotherm data acquisition was about 20 times less than that required with a conventional column. The data obtained were fitted to different single and competitive isotherm models. Both the single and the competitive data sets fitted best to the same Bilangmuir (BL) isotherm model with small differences in the numerical values of the parameters. The best fitted Bilangmuir single and competitive isotherm models were used to predict the overloaded experimental profiles of both pure enantiomers, of the racemic mixture, and of different enantiomeric mixtures. All the calculated profiles were in excellent agreement with the experimental ones. This agreement confirms that in many chiral separations, the competitive isotherms can be derived from data acquired from the mere racemic mixture with a sufficient accuracy for a correct prediction of the band profiles of all kinds of enantiomer mixtures, making possible the computer-assisted optimization of the experimental conditions.
Transmediation in the Language Arts Classroom: Creating Contexts for Analysis and Ambiguity

When a language arts curriculum provided students with the opportunity to translate meaning across sign systems (that is, from poetry to dance), numerous benefits were noted. Transmediation, the translation of meaning from one sign system to another, led students to analyze compositional structures and to enhance their use of academic language across disciplines. Excerpts of teacher and student conversation around multiple artistic modalities and discussion of student written work are included in the findings presented.
Costs and benefits of gregarious feeding in the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius

1. To study the function of group living in a non-social animal, costs and benefits of feeding in different group sizes (one to eight) were measured for nymphs of the meadow spittlebug (Philaenus spumarius) on tall goldenrod (Solidago altissima). 2. In a controlled greenhouse experiment, the number of nymphs per plant had a significant influence on their mass as adults. Adult mass increased as group size went from one to five nymphs per plant, but fell as the group size increased beyond five. In contrast, the density of nymphs on a plant had no effect on the duration of nymphal development. 3. Nymphal mortality increased linearly as the number of nymphs increased from one to eight per plant. 4. These performance results suggest that the optimal group size of spittlebug nymphs reflects a compromise between bottom-up influences (e.g. overcoming physical barriers to feeding on xylem) and within-trophic-level influences (e.g. avoiding competition for limited plant resources). 5. In a survey of local populations of goldenrod, spittlebug nymphs were found to be slightly but significantly aggregated among host-plant individuals. In addition, when more than one nymph occurred on a plant, the nymphs tended to feed in shared spittle masses. 6. It is concluded that the aggregated dispersion pattern of spittlebug nymphs reflects an adaptive balance of coping with potentially conflicting demands from different trophic levels.
Solid state 13C NMR and diffuse reflectance mid-infrared spectroscopic analysis of the effects of retting on the chemical composition of kenaf fibre

Bast ribbons from Tainung 1 (T 1 ) and Guatemala 45 (G 45 ) cultivars of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) were subjected to a chemical retting process. The resulting changes at the base and tip regions of each cultivar were analysed using solid-state 13 C NMR and diffuse reflectance mid-infrared spectroscopies. Chemical retting was performed by boiling the substrates in NaOH (70 g litre -1 ) + NaHSO 3 (5 g litre -1 ) for 1 h, after which they were neutralised, washed and air dried. This process produced large decreases in the non-cellulosic components, though 25% of the phenolic component was left undegraded, and cellulose crystallinity was increased by ∼5% over that in unretted samples.
Cavity considerations in hybridly mode-locked femtosecond dye lasers

Abstract Linear dye laser cavities with two intracavity foci are important for the production of femtosecond laser pulses using hybrid mode-locking. An analysis of such a cavity is made using a conventional cavity reduction technique and the optimal mirror separations, spot sizes and focal positions are calculated.
Disturbance and vibration isolation in space stations by means of mechanical decoupling

A decoupling approach to disturbance and vibration isolation in large space stations composed of modules interconnected by flexible members is proposed. A simplified mathematical model for the motion of the space station core and a laboratory module with both torsional vibration and translational motion decouplers is used in this study. The dynamic behavior of the model in the presence of decoupler friction is analyzed. Estimates for the maximum excursions of the laboratory module induced by various types of external disturbance are derived. The paper concludes with a simulation study involving the hard-docking of a space shuttle with a space station.
Influence of root herbivory on plant communities in heterogeneous nutrient environments.

Summary • While plant species respond differently to nutrient patches, the forces that drive this variability have not been extensively examined. In particular, the role of herbivory in modifying plant–resource interactions has been largely overlooked. • We conducted a glasshouse study in which nutrient heterogeneity and root herbivory were manipulated, and used differences in foraging among plant species to predict the influence of root herbivores on these species in competition. We also tracked the influence of neighborhood composition, heterogeneity, and herbivory on whole-pot plant biomass. • When herbivores were added to mixed-species neighborhoods, Eupatorium compositifolium, the most precise forager, was the only plant species to display a reduction in shoot biomass. Neighborhood composition had the greatest influence on whole-pot biomass, followed by nutrient heterogeneity; root herbivory had the smallest influence. • These results suggest that root herbivory is a potential cost of morphological foraging in roots. Root herbivores reduced standing biomass and influenced the relative growth of species in mixed communities, but their effect was not strong enough at the density examined to overwhelm the bottom-up effects of resource distribution.
Wedge resection with segmental phenolization in the treatment of ingrowing toenails. A better outcome

Dept. of Surgery, St. John's Hospital, Limerick In growing toe nails cause a great deal of discomfort and may result in missed time from school, work and sports. Different treatments methods with different outcomes have been described in the literature ranging from simple conservative measures e.g. silver nitrate cautery to more radical surgical procedures like partial matrix excision with or without segmental phenolization 1,2 but the standard approach is still the topic of debate. morbidity, complications recurrence, patient's satisfaction for scar and overall satisfaction.
Characterization of chemokine receptor utilization of viruses in the latent reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus type 1

Latently infected resting CD4(+) T cells provide a long-term reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and are likely to represent the major barrier to virus eradication in patients on combination antiretroviral therapy. The mechanisms by which viruses enter the latent reservoir and the nature of the chemokine receptors involved have not been determined. To evaluate the phenotype of the virus in this compartment with respect to chemokine receptor utilization, full-length HIV-1 env genes were cloned from latently infected cells and assayed functionally. We demonstrate that the majority of the viruses in the latent reservoir utilize CCR5 during entry, although utilization of several other receptors, including CXCR4, was observed. No alternative coreceptors were shown to be involved in a systematic fashion. Although R5 viruses are present in the latent reservoir, CCR5 was not expressed at high levels on resting CD4(+) T cells. To understand the mechanism by which R5 viruses enter latent reservoir, the ability of an R5 virus, HIV-1 Ba-L, to infect highly purified resting CD4(+) T lymphocytes from uninfected donors was evaluated. Entry of Ba-L could be observed when virus was applied at a multiplicity approaching 1. However, infection was limited to a subset of cells expressing low levels of CCR5 and markers of immunologic memory. Naive cells could not be infected by an R5 virus even when challenged with a large inoculum. Direct cell fractionation studies showed that latent virus is present predominantly in resting memory cells but also at lower levels in resting naive cells. Taken together, these findings provide support for the hypothesis that the direct infection of naive T cells is not the major mechanism by which the latent infection of resting T cells is established.
0404 Exposure-related comorbidities in occupational epidemiology: should we be using competing risks and multistate models?

Objectives In occupational epidemiology, we often rely on analytical models that look at the relationship between one exposure and one disease. However, the exposure may be related to more than one outcome at the target site (e.g., pulmonary diseases: pneumoconiosis, byssinosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or lung cancer), and one of these diseases may influence the occurrence of another. Cox proportional hazards regression models using Kaplan-Meier (KM)-based estimates may not be appropriate due to violating the model’s non-informative censoring assumption. Method An alternative approach is explored for occupational epidemiology: competing risks and multistate model. In multistate models, subjects may contribute at-risk person-time by transitioning to multiple, sometimes competing, states. Subjects can transition to a state in which they are living with or die from the related disease (i.e., the competing risk of the outcome of interest). These models use a subdistribution hazard, in which competing events are accounted for in the survival probability and allow for additional baseline hazards for different states. Results Competing risks and multistate models may allow researchers to build models that better reflect the biological complexity of an exposure contributing to multiple, related disease pathways simultaneously. For example, the exposure-response for the outcome of interest may be different if arriving at that outcome first through a related comorbidity than without that comorbidity. Conclusions Although these models may improve our estimation, there are barriers to their implementation, including misclassification of disease, that will be discussed.
Bistability, Hysteresis, And Transitions To Chaos In A Model Of Coherent, Unimolecular Excitation

A model describing the dynamics of an irradiated SF6 molecule was previously shown to yield chaotic trajectories. We have found that neutrally stable oscillatory states are also possible within windows of the parameter space. When dissipation is added to the model, we have found bistability, both between fixed points and limit cycles, and between limit cycles and other limit cycles. By dynamically varying the laser detuning, we have proven that hysteresis cycles result.
Psychiatric Screening in the Emergency Department: Its Effect on Physician Behavior

The purpose of our prospective, controlled study was to determine whether providing the results of a psychiatric screening instrument, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), to emergency physicians would result in a change in the detection and management of patients with psychosocial problems. Five hundred ninety-nine emergency department patients were enrolled, 242 in the control and 357 in the intervention group. Noncritical patients, selected by presenting complaint, were given the GHQ to complete before physician evaluation; those whose GHQ scores were high (10 or higher) were identified as having a greater likelihood of having psychosocial problems. During the intervention phase, physicians were provided the patient's GHQ score before beginning their evaluation, as well as a specific mechanism for psychosocial referral. A significantly greater proportion of patients with high GHQ scores in both study groups were judged by physicians to have a psychiatric problem ( P P
THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL PROTED MALNUTRITION AND ETHANOL EXPOSURE ON EGF BINDING TO NEONATAL RAT HEPATOCYTES

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) plays an important role in hepatocellular maturation and regeneration. We have shown that foetal and neonatal rat hepatocytes have fewer EGF receptors with reduced affinity for ligand compared to adult cells suggesting down-regulation of this receptor in developing cells. In order to evaluate the effect of maternal malnutrition and chronic ethanol exposure on EGF binding to neonatal hepatocytes female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 1 of 3 diets two weeks prior to breeding until after parturition: 1) Rat chow (23% protein) with water ad lib (C), 2) liquid Lieber-Decarli diet with 10% protein (LP), and 3) the LP diet with 36% of maltose-dextrin calories replaced by ethanol (ELP). Isolated hepatocytes were prepared from 6 day old neonatal livers by collagenase digestion of minced livers. Binding was assessed by incubating cells at 37 C with varying concentraticns of 125I-EGF (0.16 nM-7.8 nM) for 60 minutes. There was an increase in both the number of surface receptors (Bmax (x 10 4/cell, mean +/- SEM n=3:) - C = 1.78 +/- 0.35; LP = 2.35 +/- 0.56 p=NS; ELP = 3.53 +/- 0.55; P<0.02.) and the binding affinity for EGF (Kd × 10−10M C = 6.54 +/- 0.34; LP = 5.17 +/- 1.12 p = NS; ELP = 4.69 +/- 0.7 p<0.02) in hepatocytes from both treated groups compared to controls although this was only significant in group ELP. It is concluded that the combination of maternal protein malnutrition and ethanol exposure in utero alters the regulation of EGF processing in developing hepatocytes which may retard hepatocellular maturation and development.
An Exploration of Transportation and Psychological Reactance in Organ Donation PSAs

The present study expands on prior work on the use of narratives in persuasive communication by examining students’ (N = 201) reactions to six organ donation public service announcements (PSAs). Reactions to the type of appeal, donor-focused or recipient-focused, were also explored. Results indicated that being immersed in the PSA was positively associated with message reactions and negatively associated with threats to overall freedom of choice when deciding whether or not to become an organ donor. Those perceived threats partially mediated the relationship between immersion into the story of the PSA and message reactions, such that increased threats were associated with reduced message reactions. Individuals exposed to the recipient-focused appeals were more interested in the narrative of the PSAs than those exposed to donor-focused appeals. Results are discussed in the context of future message and campaign development.
Efficient topology control for ad-hoc wireless networks with non-uniform transmission ranges

Wireless network topology control has drawn considerable attention recently. Priori arts assumed that the wireless ad hoc networks are modeled by unit disk graphs (UDG), i.e., two mobile hosts can communicate as long as their Euclidean distance is no more than a threshold. However, practically, the networks are never so perfect as unit disk graphs: the transmission ranges may vary due to various reasons such as the device differences, the network control necessity, and the perturbation of the transmission ranges even the transmission ranges are set as the same originally. Thus, we assume that each mobile host has its own transmission range. The networks are modeled by mutual inclusion graphs (MG), where two nodes are connected iff they are within the transmission range of each other. Previously, no method is known for topology control when the networks are modeled as mutual inclusion graphs.The paper proposes the first distributed mechanism to build a sparse power efficient network topology for ad hoc wireless networks with non-uniform transmission ranges. We first extend the Yao structure to build a spanner with a constant length and power stretch factor for mutual inclusion graph. We then propose two efficient localized algorithms to construct connected sparse network topologies. The first structure, called extended Yao-Yao, has node degree at most O(log γ), where γ = maxu maxuv∈MG ru/rv. The second structure, called extended Yao and Sink, has node degree bounded by O(log γ), and is a length and power spanner. The methods are based on a novel partition strategy of the space surrounded each mobile host. Both algorithms have communication cost O(n) under a local broadcasting communication model, where each message has O(log n) bits.
Size at Implantation Affects Growth of Juvenile Steelhead Implanted with 12-mm Passive Integrated Transponders

Abstract Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags have led to greater understanding of fish growth, survival, predation, migration, behavior, and the effects of human-caused environmental manipulation. Technological advances have reduced the size of PIT tags, permitting their implantation into smaller fish. To reap the benefits of PIT tag technology, implantation must not adversely impact growth, survival, or behavior. Steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss parr reared in a natural-like environment were implanted with 12-mm PIT tags, and implantation effects on growth rate were measured. Steelhead had fork lengths ranging from 45 to 96 mm after 4 weeks of rearing in an outdoor stream channel. Thirty (17.4%) of the 172 steelhead parr that were under 74 mm at the time of PIT tag implantation had instantaneous growth rates of 0 [log e (g)]/d or less, while all parr (n = 72) over 75 mm exhibited positive growth rates. Logistic regression indicated that fork length at implantation was significantly related to the prob...
Partial differential equation techniques in transmutation

By suitable modification of technique the construction of generalized translations and transmutations via Cauchy problems for partial differential equations is shown to have a version for a wider class of differential operators
Media and learning: are there two kinds of truth?

This article examines the assumptions and methods of conventional instructional media research to gauge its sufficiency as a basis for issuing the controversial finding that media do not influence learning and as an inquiry model for documenting media's educational effects generally. Examples of complex media effects are given and emerging media application paradigms are identified to support the argument that both a new conceptualization of the media and learning question and new approaches to its study are needed. An alternative values framework for guiding research on the effects of modern interactive technologies in complex learning environments is offered.
126 LEFT VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION-RELAXATION SEQUENCES IN THALASSEMIA MAJOR

Echo evaluation of patients (pts) with Thalassemia Major (TM) has shown thick left ventricular posterior walls (LVPW) and, terminally, decreased LV function. This study assessed utility of a relatively new echo technique for detecting possible early myopathy in asymptomatic children with TM hypertransfused since diagnosis. High quality LVPW echoes were recorded at chordal level on 26 pts with TM (mean age=11.4±1.0(SE)years) and 22 controls (mean age=11.6±0.9years). Incremental LVPW thickness at normalized times in contraction and relaxation were measured by computer. TM pts had thinner LVPW at all times in contraction and relaxation (p<.02); at 100% contraction time, LVPW was 8.7±0.32(SE) mm vs 11.7±55mm control (p<.001); at 100% relaxation time, LVPW= 4.3±.18mm vs 5.9±3.4mm control (p<.001). Contraction was linear in controls, but in TM it was faster, completing 63±1.5% total contraction by 50% systolic time (p<.01). Relaxation by 40% diastolic time was nearly total in controls but in TM, it was slower, completing only 82±1.7% of total (p<.005). In conclusion, contrary to older TM pts, hypertransfused children with TM do not have thick LVPW. Contraction in these children is more consistent with chronic anemia and increased LV volume; however, slower relaxation suggests early myopathic changes. This echo technique is sensitive for detection of early myopathy prior to cardiac symptoms and should be useful in assessing myocardial response to chelation therapy in transfusion-dependent anemias.
Diagnosis and therapy for pulmonary arteriovenous fistula in patients with presumed patent foramen ovale.

An increasing number of patients are being referred for PFO closure for prevention of recurrent paradoxical embolism. Diagnosis is usually made using hand agitated echo bubble contrast with transthoracic or transesophageal echo. It is inevitable that some of these patients will have pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae (PAVF), either with or without associated PFO, which may be the sole cause of paradoxical embolism, or remain after PFO closure as a source of continued embolization. Intravenous contrast echo for the diagnosis of PFO is both insensitive and nonspecific. We describe a method to diagnose and localize PAVF during a catheterization procedure using intracardiac echo in conjunction with selective injection of bubble contrast into the pulmonary arteries. This allows for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of PAVF when a PFO is not found and for the exclusion of associated PAVF when PFO exists. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Flow graph machine models in microcode synthesis

Retargetability of microcode compilers is currently a major issue in microprogramming. We address the issue of local code generation from machine-independent specifications using weakest precondition semantics. The micromachine model used is a flow graph which is an abstract representation of the data paths of the machine. Examples of code generated by a prototype implementation are provided as an illustration of the method.
Do your friends make you smarter?: An analysis of social strategies in online information seeking

Prior research in the social search space has focused on the informational benefits of collaborating with others during web and workplace information seeking. However, social interactions, especially during complex tasks, can have cognitive benefits as well. Our goal in this paper is to document the methods and outcomes of using social resources to help with exploratory search tasks. We used a talk-aloud protocol and video capture to explore the actions of eight subjects as they completed two ''Google-hard'' search tasks. Task questions were alternated between a Social and Non-Social Condition. The Social Condition restricted participants to use only social resources-search engines were not allowed. The Non-Social Condition permitted normal web-based information sources, but restricted the use of social tools. We describe the social tactics our participants used in their search process. Asking questions on social networking sites and targeting friends one-on-one both resulted in increased information processing but during different phases of the question-answering process. Participants received more responses via social networking sites but more thorough answers in private channels (one-on-one). We discuss the possibility that the technological and cultural affordances of different social-informational media may provide complementary cognitive benefits to searchers. Our work suggests that online social tools could be better integrated with each other and with existing search facilities. We conclude with a discussion of our findings and implications for the design of social search tools.
Tougher Standards for Female Scholars? The Psychology Behind Them and Policies to Eliminate Them

Other articles in this symposium suggest gender bias influences both the acceptance and citation patterns of scholarly articles. This article offers several reasons why such bias exists and proposes several solutions to remedy the problem.
Formal Theory of Rearrangement Collisions

A new formulation of the transition amplitude for the general rearrangement collision is presented. Optical potential ideas are used in the derivation but the final result contains no mention of the optical potential. The result is a matrix element with transitions only between mutually orthogonal states. (auth)
Fixed-angle asymptotic behavior of the type-I superstring amplitude

The asymptotic limit of the four-point function at fixed angle is analyzed in the context of type-I superstrings. The analysis shows the amplitude to fall exponentially in s, at least at the one-loop level. This rate of decrease is faster than that which is allowed by the asymptotic theorem of Cerulus and Martin, but is consistent with the bound of Chiu and Tan.
Effects of Task Loading and Time on Recognition Memory Performance

Employee testing and evaluation often requires a sensitive measure of memory capability. Recognition memory is tested by those tasks which require the determination of the identity of previously presented information. In order to obtain an accurate estimate of one's discriminability in recognition memory, the decrement in sensitivity has to be distinguished from a mere criterion shift or response bias. Previous researchers found that vigilance decrements result from a decrease in perceptual sensitivity when signal discrimination loads memory and signal event rate is high. In the present study, discriminability over time was combined with various memory loads in a recognition memory experiment. Eight subjects were tested in two fifty-minute sessions, using 360 three-digit random numbers. A one-way ANOVA showed that the lag factor was significant for two parametric sensitivity measures. When the lag increased by five or more intervening numbers, a significant decrement in sensitivity was found. Below this l...
Similarity of a chromatic adaptation sensor to phytochrome and ethylene receptors

Complementary chromatic adaptation in cyanobacteria acts through photoreceptors to control the biosynthesis of light-harvesting complexes. The mutant FdBk, which appears black, cannot chromatically adapt and may contain a lesion in the apparatus that senses light quality. The complementing gene identified here, rcaE, encodes a deduced protein in which the amino-terminal region resembles the chromophore attachment domain of phytochrome photoreceptors and regions of plant ethylene receptors; the carboxyl- terminal half is similar to the histidine kinase domain of two-component sensor kinases.
Paper chromatography of phospholipides on silicic acid impregnated glass fiber filter paper

1. A reasonably reproducible method has been developed for separating lysolecithin, lecithin,, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylethanolamine, using glass fiber filter paper impregnated with silicic acid as the chromatographic medium and 1:1 methanol:ethyl ether as the developing solvent.
Social support, self-esteem, and positive health practices of early adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relations of social support and self-esteem to positive health practices in early adolescents. A sample of 148 early adolescents (70 boys and 78 girls), aged 12 to 14 years, attending an urban middle school, responded to The Revised Personal Lifestyle Questionnaire, the Personal Resource Questionnaire 85-Part II, and the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale in classrooms. A correlation of .59 (p<.05) was found between scores on social support and scores for positive health practices, and a correlation of .44 (p<.05) between scores on the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and scores for positive health practices.
Temporal trends in concentrations of DBCP and nitrate in groundwater in the eastern San Joaquin Valley, California, USA

Temporal monitoring of the pesticide 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) and nitrate and indicators of mean groundwater age were used to evaluate the transport and fate of agricultural chemicals in groundwater and to predict the long-term effects in the regional aquifer system in the eastern San Joaquin Valley, California. Twenty monitoring wells were installed on a transect along an approximate groundwater flow path. Concentrations of DBCP and nitrate in the wells were compared to concentrations in regional areal monitoring networks. DBCP persists at concentrations above the US Environmental Protection Agency’s maximum contaminant level (MCL) at depths of nearly 40 m below the water table, more than 25 years after it was banned. Nitrate concentrations above the MCL reached depths of more than 20 m below the water table. Because of the intensive pumping and irrigation recharge, vertical flow paths are dominant. High concentrations (above MCLs) in the shallow part of the regional aquifer system will likely move deeper in the system, affecting both domestic and public-supply wells. The large fraction of old water (unaffected by agricultural chemicals) in deep monitoring wells suggests that it could take decades for concentrations to reach MCLs in deep, long-screened public-supply wells, however.
Effects of epistasis on phenotypic robustness in metabolic pathways

It is an open question whether phenomena such as phenotypic robustness to mutation evolve as adaptations or are simply an inherent property of genetic systems. As a case study, we examine this question with regard to dominance in metabolic physiology. Traditionally the conclusion that has been derived from Metabolic Control Analysis has been that dominance is an inevitable property of multi-enzyme systems and hence does not require an evolutionary explanation. This view is based on a mathematical result commonly referred to as the flux summation theorem. However it is shown here that for mutations involving finite changes (of any magnitude) in enzyme concentration, the flux summation theorem can only hold in a very restricted set of conditions. Using both analytical and simulation results we show that for finite changes, the summation theorem is only valid in cases where the relationship between genotype and phenotype is linear and devoid of non-linearities in the form of epistasis. Such an absence of epistasis is unlikely in metabolic systems. As an example, we show that epistasis can arise in scenarios where we assume generic non-linearities such as those caused by enzyme saturation. In such cases dominance levels can be modified by mutations that affect saturation levels. The implication is that dominance is not a necessary property of metabolic systems and that it can be subject to evolutionary modification.
A chance‐constrained distribution problem

The transportation model with supplies (Si) and demands (Di) treated as bounded variables developed by Charnes and Klingman is extended to the case where the Si and Di are independently and uniformly distributed random variables. Chance constraints which require that demand at the jth destination will be satisfied with probability at least βi and that stockout at the ith origin will occur with probability less than αi are imposed. Conversion of the chance constraints to their linear equivalents results in a transportation problem with one more row and column than the original with some of the new arcs capacitated. The chance-constrained formulation is extended to the transshipment problem.
Satellite observation of tropical forest seasonality: spatial patterns of carbon exchange in Amazonia

Determining the seasonality of terrestrial carbon exchange with the atmosphere remains a challenge in tropical forests because of the heterogeneity of ecosystem and climate. The magnitude and spatial variability of this flux are unknown, particularly in Amazonia where empirical upscaling approaches from spatially sparse in situ measurements and simulations from process-based models have been challenged in recent scientific literature. Here, we use satellite proxy observations of canopy structure, skin temperature, water content, and optical properties over a period of 10 years (2000–2009) to constrain and quantify the spatial pattern and seasonality of carbon exchange of Amazonian forests. We identify nine regions through an optimized cluster approach with distinct leaf phenology synchronized with either water or light availability and corresponding seasonal cycles of gross primary production (GPP), covering more than 600 million ha of remaining old growth forests of Amazonia. We find South and Southwestern regions show strong seasonality of GPP with a peak in the wet season; while from Central Western to Northeastern Amazonia cover three regions with rising GPP in the dry season. The remaining four regions have significant but weak seasonality. These patterns agree with satellite florescence observations, a better proxy for photosynthetic activity. Our results suggest that only one-third of the patterns can be explained by the spatial autocorrelation caused by intra-annual variability of climate over Amazonia. The remaining two-thirds of variations are due to biogeography of the Amazon basin driven by forest composition, structure, and nutrients. These patterns, for the first time, provide a complex picture of seasonal changes of tropical forests related to photosynthesis and influenced by water, light, and stomatal responses of trees that can improve modeling of regional carbon cycle and future prediction of impacts of climate change.
Technical intelligence in business: understanding technology threats and opportunities

In this age of rapid technological innovation, firms that do not stay abreast of the latest advancements in science and technology (S&T) stand a greater chance of missing opportunities than firms that maintain vigilance over the ever–changing technical environment. As a result, a resurgence of interest in technical intelligence for business is occurring in companies around the globe. Many firms now have formal technical intelligence programs to gather, analyze and use S&T information to watch their competitors, to track emerging trends in technological development and to anticipate significant technology–based changes in key markets. Careful management of technical information that affects a business can have a vital influence on corporate profitability and long–term health. This paper describes the main features of technical intelligence operations in business, drawing on the experience of several companies that develop and use intelligence information. The steps of gathering, analysing, evaluating and using information for business decisions are described and examples are given to illustrate how intelligence concepts are implemented in firms from several different industries. Practical issues such as understanding user needs, data collection, effective analysis methods and using intelligence results are covered in the paper.
The effects of titanium films on secondary electron emission phenomena in resonant cavities and at dielectric surfaces

The phenomenon of electron bombardment heating of insulators in vacuum under the influence of RF fields by several types of multipactor processes is reviewed. Evidence is given to show that a practical way of limiting the electron bombardment of insulators is to provide surfaces which have a maximum secondary electron emission yield of less than one on both the insulator and on the related metal surfaces. Thin films of titanium metal are shown to have a very good effect on suppressing the secondary electron multiplication processes at both the metal and dielectric. The discontinuous nature of very thin metal films makes it possible to coat dielectrics with titanium with thicknesses sufficient to reduce the secondary emission yield without adding significantly to the loss factor or to the dc conductivity.
Improved Bolstering Error Estimation for Gene Ranking

Many methods have been proposed to identify differentially expressed genes in diseased tissues. The performance of the method is closely related to the evaluation metric. We examine several error estimation algorithms (i.e., cross validation, bootstrap, resubstitution, and resubstitution with bolstering) for three classifiers (i.e., support vector machine, Fisher's discriminant, and signed distance function). To control the classifier's data-overfitting problem, usually caused by small sample size for many real datasets, we generate synthetic datasets based on real data. This way, we can monitor sample size impact when evaluating the metrics. We find that resubstitution with bolstering has the best result, especially with respect to computational efficiency. However, classical bolstering tends to bias in high dimensions. Thus, we further investigate ways to reduce bolstering estimation bias without increasing computational intensity. Results of our investigation indicate that the estimator tends to become unbiased as the sample size increases. We also find that modified bolstering is the best among all metrics in terms of estimation accuracy and computational efficiency.
A survey of the pediatric surgery program directors: Optimizing resident research to make pediatric surgery training more efficient

Abstract Purpose : Resident Research (RR) has been a presumed requirement for pediatric surgery fellowship candidates. We hypothesized that: 1) pediatric surgery leaders would no longer feel that RR was necessary for fellowship candidates, 2) the type of study performed would not impact a program's opinion of candidates, and 3) the timing of RR could be altered for those interested in a research career. Methods : An anonymous survey was sent to pediatric surgery fellowship program directors (PDs). Sixty-three percent responded, and answers were compared via Chi square analysis with p Results : Respondents did not agree that RR was critical for pediatric surgery fellowship candidates. Seventy-five percent had no preference between one or two years of research (p=0.0005), 79% placed no heavier weight on basic or clinical research (p Conclusion : Dedicated research time during general surgery may not be necessary. Pediatric surgery candidates who partake in RR are not penalized for their choice of study. Increasing efficiency of training is important in today's era of medical training.
Memory cache and lisp: faster list processing via automatically rearranging memory

The speed of modern computers can be increased by organizing computations so that memory access patterns correspond more closely to the memory cache-loading patterns implemented in the hardware. Rearranging code and data are each possible. Here we concentrate on automatic rearrangement of data, and examine the belief, common in some technical circles, that modern generational copying garbage collectors (GC) will improve data caching by relocating and compressing data, as a matter of normal processing. Since GC routines tend to be very well-tested and quite robust, if this belief can be confirmed by benchmarks, a GC could be a "free" way of reliably speeding up programs in practice.In fact, our tests show this speedup phenomenon can be measured in some but not all sample Lisp programs. A novelty in our tests (at least when this paper was written) was using a full Lisp system linked to free software (PAPI) to access hardware machine registers. PAPI allows us to count cache misses during full-speed computation. We conclude that after a GC cache misses may be significantly reduced in some examples. Reorganization by GC speeds up computation by as much by a factor of 4, but in some cases the effect is negligible (or may even slow computation slightly). In any case, no extra effort is required of the programmer or user to take advantage of the potential speedup.