cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of fumigants on soil recolonization in the glasshouse by organisms colonizing the spermosphere

SUMMARY Germinating turnip seeds were used as baits to measure changes in colonizing floras of the spermosphere in glasshouse soil boxes following fumigation. The spermosphere mycoflora of the untreated soil was always dominated by Fusarium, Pythium, and Gliocladium spp. Methyl bromide, chloropicrin, and MBC33 (a 67:33 mixture of methyl bromide and chloropicrin), applied in polyethylene bags at a rate of 2·5 ml/cubic foot of soil, greatly reduced colonization by Fusarium and Pythium spp. for 120 days. Fungi and actinomycetes recolonizing treated soils were more active than in untreated soils, and each fumigant induced a characteristic recolonization pattern. The spermosphere of methyl bromide-treated soil was initially dominated by actinomycetes and later by Penicillium spp. In chloropicrin-treated soil, Trichoderma and later Penicillium spp. dominated, and in soil treated with MBC 33, Penicillium and Trichoderma spp. were co-dominant. Dilution plates, made at the same time from the same soil, indicated a close correlation between inoculum density of different fungi in the soil and their inoculum potentials towards the spermosphere.
THE INFLUENCE OF GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION ON ANGIOTENSIN II-INDUCED HYPERTROPHY OF PROXIMAL TUBULAR CELLS IN CULTURE

Summary Incubation of cultured murine proximal tubular cells in serum-free media containing 450 mg/dl of glucose resulted in cellular hypertrophy as defined by an increase in cell size, total protein content, and synthesis after 72 h. 10 nM angiotensin II further increased this hypertrophy, but failed to have any effect on cells grown in 100 mg/dl glucose. This enhancement by angiotensin II was blocked by treatment with 1 μM of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist DuP 753. Although cells incubated in either glucose media exhibited similar high-affinity angiotensin II-receptors, the receptor density was elevated only in cells grown in the presence of high glucose. Stimulation of cells in high glucose for 60 min with 10 nM angiotensin II also reduced significantly intracellular cAMP concentrations. This was not the case for proximal tubular cells cultured in normal glucose. Our results indicate that high glucose and angiotensin II have additive effects on the induction of hypertrophy in renal tubular cells.
Calculating the large N phase diagram in the fundamental-adjoint action lattice theory

Abstract An error in the construction of the two-parameter N = ∞ phase diagram is rectified and the correct diagram is presented.
Living the Curriculum

(2001). Living the Curriculum. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 72, No. 5, pp. 47-51.
Theoretical studies of the O+H2 reaction

ab initio theoretical calculations of the potential energy surfaces and rates of reaction of the O+H2 reactions are reported. (AIP)
Economics of the hydrolysis of cellulosic sludge to glucose

Cellulosic sludge from paper mills making bleached products can be enzymatically converted to glucose. A kinetic model that accounts for product inhibition was used to estimate the cost:benefits of the process. In the proposed scheme, the sludge is enzymatically hydrolyzed in a sequence of CSTRs, the ash separated, and the product glucose concentrated through reverse osmosis. The water recovered is mostly recycled. By far, the most important economic variable is the value of the glucose. However, even if the glucose is assumed to be of no value the avoided cost of sludge disposal approximately offsets the process costs. The approach should generate significant revenue if the glucose is valued at market.
Building Trust-Based Sustainable Networks

Trust is modeled in many disciplines as a key factor in determining if entities cooperate with each other. In the social sciences, particularly within the social, economic, and environmental domains, trust has received considerable attention as the key element to building sustainable societies. However, in the networking and telecommunications fields, trust-based approaches to developing sustainable systems have yet to be examined. In this work, we study how trust can be facilitated among entities to build sustainable networks with limited resources or misbehaving entities by learning from the lessons in the social sciences. We discuss the multifaceted relationships of trust with both security and decision making. We also investigate how socio-cognitive models of trust may enhance the sustainability of a system. We discuss ways to make more intelligent interactions based on trust and economic principles.
ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling in neural development

Recent advances have revealed that modification of chromatin structure is an important determinant of cell fate and function. DNA methylation and covalent modifications of histone tails contribute to changes in chromatin architectures, either enhancing or repressing gene expression. Another mechanism underlying the modification of chromatin structure relies on the activity of the SWI/SNF-related ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes that control the accessibility of DNA sequences to transcription factors. There is increasing evidence that ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes based on the alternative DNA-dependent ATPases, Brg1 and Brm, plays essential roles during neural development in both vertebrates and invertebrates. This remodeling complex has dedicated functions at different stages of neural development that appear to arise by combinatorial assembly of its subunits.
Statistics of A-scan photocurrent in time-domain optical coherence tomography

We model the photocurrent of an A-scan in time-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) as a non-stationary random process and obtain its statistics. We use this model to obtain a maximum likelihood estimate of the reflectivity at different depths of an object. We also present an expression for the Fisher information matrix in time-domain OCT.
Image-Based Multiscale Modeling of Collagen Tissue-Equivalents: Comparison of Predicted Fiber Mechanics With Polarimetric Imaging

The mechanical properties of tissue-equivalents and native tissues are derived from the composition and organization of their underlying components. In order to understand, predict, and engineer tissues, it is necessary that we understand how the underlying structure governs macroscopic behavior. Multiscale models provide a means to unravel these relationships, and are most effective when based on the structure of the tissue. In this work, we compared experimentally measured fiber kinematics and the macroscopic mechanical response of cell-compacted collagen cruciforms [1] with predictions from our multiscale model technique [2].Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Exchange coupling in nanoscale MnPd/Fe heterostructures

We have studied the magnetic anisotropy in exchange coupled MnPd/Fe bilayers. The bilayers were grown in ultra-high vacuum on MgO (001) substrates. An XRD investigation showed that the samples exhibit good crystalline quality and well-defined MnPd/Fe interfaces. The magnetic hysteresis loops show a strong dependence on in-plane orientation with respect to the bias direction. This directional dependence was successfully modeled by a simple analytical model which includes the Zeeman energy, the cubic, the unidirectional and the uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy energies.
Effects of transforming growth factor β on growth of human mammary epithelial cells in culture

Normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) from different individual reduction mammoplasty specimens were all growth inhibited, and showed a flattened, elongated morphology in response to human recombinant transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ). The degree of growth inhibition varied among specimens, but none of the normal HMEC maintained growth in the continued presence of TGFβ. The degree of growth inhibition also varied with cell age in vitro, cells closer to senescence being more sensitive. TGFβ sensitivity was additionally assayed in two established cell lines derived from one of the reduction mammoplasty specimens after exposure to benzo(a)pyrene. Although varying degrees of growth inhibition and morphologic changes were observed in the cell lines, both lines contained populations that maintained active growth in the presence of TGFβ. Subclones of these lines demonstrated a great plasticity in their growth response to TGFβ, with individual clones ranging from strongly growth inhibited to nearly unaffected. These results suggest that multiple factors influence the extent of TGFβ-induced growth effects on both normal and transformed mammary epithelial cells, and that some of these factors may act through epigenetic mechanisms.
Instructional Services for Distance Education.

Instructional services in libraries need new technologies and new models for assisting distance learners. This article presents ACRL guidelines for library instruction and services for distance education; the lack of service issues addressed in digital library discussions; distance students' characteristics; the central role the library liaison will play to distance students; and remote service as a primary service to distance users.
Acceptance of the Clark P. Read Mentor Award:Students, Opportunity, Serendipity, and W.B. Yeats: “Education is Not the Filling of a Pail; It is the Lighting of a Fire”

Thank you for being here this afternoon; I am truly humbledbut, alas, not speechless. Thank you, Janice and Steve, for be-ginning this process and seeing it to conclusion. Thank you tomy other graduate students and to old friends and colleagueswho wrote letters of support, and lied convincingly. Thank youto Kelli Sapp and the members of the Awards Committee foropening and reading the ﬁle, even after seeing my name on it.And thank you to this wonderful society, the American Societyof Parasitologists (ASP), for providing me with an environmentand a home in which my students and I could always feel wel-come and thrive.Three words are the centerpiece of my talk: students, oppor-tunity, and serendipity. Students, obviously, are central to allmentors. Opportunity, because several of my students said atdifferent times that I had given them a chance by admittingthem into graduate school and my laboratory, an opportunityno one else offered them. Serendipity, to make discoveries ofthings which one is not in quest of and/or the effect by whichone accidentally discovers something fortunate, especiallywhile looking for something else entirely; in other words, evena blind hog gets an acorn every now and then.When I read the acceptance talks of the 8 colleagues I’ll joinas ASP Mentors, I had a sense that they knew what they weredoing, what they wanted to be when they grew up, and how toget there. Today, I become the exception to this group. I wasgoing to be a high school biology and math teacher and coachfootball and swimming.As I thought about my own journey prior to this talk, I be-came convinced there is no such thing as a ‘‘self-made’’ person.All of us are inﬂuenced by people around us during every mo-ment of our lives. We all can identify people who have, in someway, large or small, altered the trajectory of our life. Thus,
Localization of electrons by electric field in GaAs/AlAs Г-X coupled structures

Abstract We present experimental data in two different types of structures involving GaAs/AlAs multiple quantum wells which demonstrate the coupling between the Г and X confined levels in the GaAs and the AlAs layers. The electrons which are delocalized when the confined level is nearly degenerate with the X-valley can be localized with the application of an electric field. Experiments done in a hot electron transistor structure allow the levels in the AlAs and the coupling of the levels to be observed in the hot electron spectra.
Paying for value: What's next?

With the Supreme Court's upholding of the Affordable Healthcare Act (ACA), all eyes have now turned to the industry to see whether this law can truly improve the health status of our nation. In 2014, major changes are expected to occur, including state health insurance exchanges and Medicaid expansion. Thus, many observers have remarked that the ACA's focus is more about improving access to health care, as opposed to the delivery of that care. By providing more Americans with access to a healthcare system that rewards volume instead of quality or value, there are valid concerns the ACA may exacerbate the problem of rapid cost growth. In response to the challenge of paying for public programs and private health insurance, several initiatives have already emerged to improve value in our health care delivery system. We believe that bundled payments are a critical piece of the solution that can provide a framework for high-value providers to be awarded for quality and cost efficiency, rather than being penalized as a FFS system would do. Our payment system is primarily fee-for-service (FFS), which is designed to reward more volume and has been effective in driving more services. While FFS is in many ways dysfunctional, it is familiar to providers, employers and members. It is well supported by current claims systems and processes and does not require providers to assume any degree of risk. Therefore, while we think these new paradigms are superior in many ways, it is likely that FFS will exist for some time to come.
Long-term variation of macroinvertebrate assemblages in Apalachee Bay, Florida

Trawlable epibenthic macroinvertebrates were sampled monthly from June 1972 to May 1979 to compare invertebrate assemblages in polluted (Fenholloway drainage) and unpolluted (Econfina drainage) portions of Apalachee Bay. Decapod crustaceans comprised 95% of the total number of individuals collected. The relative abundance of dominant species and species richness in the two estuaries were similar although the number of individuals collected in the Econfina area was always at least twice that taken in the Fenholloway. This difference was attributed to the greater seagrass biomass in the Econfina estuary. Comparisons of the constancy of species composition over the 7-year period and species rank changes following a pollution abatement program in the Fenholloway system indicated enhanced species persistence in the unpolluted area. Overall, despite considerable seasonal variability of physico-chemical and biological characteristics, there was long-term stability of key invertebrate populations in the unpolluted estuarine system.
CFD experiment characterization of airborne contaminant transport for two practical 3-D room air flow fields

Abstract With the increasing concern for, and focus on, indoor air quality, determination of the distribution of airborne contaminants within rooms becomes of great interest. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques offer a means for simulation of contaminant transport processes, with quantitative richness of detail rarely possible in laboratory testing. Results of such “CFD experiments” are documented herein for two practical, low turbulence-level, thermal room air flow fields. The supply flow is tagged with a distinguishable species, and the resulting time-dependent concentration evolution throughout the room is predicted. The simulated full-scale room air flow field Reynolds numbers are 15,000 and 30,000, the Archimedes number ranges from 0.83 to 4.3, and simulation turbulent Schmidt number ranges an order of magnitude.
Behavior of technetium in nuclear waste vitrification processes

Nearly 100 tests were performed with prototypical melters and off-gas system components to investigate the extents to which technetium is incorporated into the glass melt, partitioned to the off-gas stream, and captured by the off-gas treatment system components during waste vitrification. The tests employed several simulants, spiked with 99mTc and Re (a potential surrogate), of the low activity waste separated from nuclear wastes in storage in the Hanford tanks, which is planned for immobilization in borosilicate glass. Single-pass technetium retention averaged about 35 % and increased significantly with recycle of the off-gas treatment fluids. The fraction escaping the recycle loop was very small.
Older Women's Beliefs About Physical Activity

Physical activity may contribute to important health and well-being outcomes among older adults. Efforts to understand determinants of physical activity are necessary to plan effective interventions. The theory of planned behavior has been successfully applied to a variety of health behaviors. Previous research using the theory of planned behavior has not addressed beliefs about overall physical activity among community-dwelling older women. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 30 older women to identify behavioral beliefs, perceived control beliefs, and normative beliefs, which influence physical activity decisions. Content analyses of responses revealed three major themes: social influences on physical activity, psychosocial benefits of activity, and joint problems and fatigue as factors that interfere with activity. These findings about physical activity were compared with published findings about episodic exercise among 30 similar women who took part in an episodic exercise study. The result was the discovery that the women in this study talked about physical activity as embedded in their social lives while the women in the episodic exercise study viewed exercise as separate from their daily lives. These findings of beliefs about overall physical activity suggest a social model may be useful in planning public health interventions to increase activity among older women.
Year in Diabetes 2012: The Diabetes Tsunami

Diabetes affects more than 300 million individuals globally, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. As the incidence and prevalence of diabetes continue to escalate with the force of an approaching tsunami, it is imperative that we better define the biological mechanisms causing both obesity and diabetes and identify optimal prevention and treatment strategies that will enable a healthier environment and calmer waters. New guidelines from the American Diabetes Association/European Association of the Study of Diabetes and The Endocrine Society encourage individualized care for each patient with diabetes, both in the outpatient and inpatient setting. Recent data suggest that restoration of normal glucose metabolism in people with prediabetes may delay progression to type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, several large clinical trials have underscored the limitations of current treatment options once T2DM has developed, particularly in obese children with the disease. Prospects for reversing new-onset type 1 diabetes also appear limited, although recent clinical trials indicate that immunotherapy can delay the loss of β-cell function, suggesting potential benefits if treatment is initiated earlier. Research demonstrating a role for the central nervous system in the development of obesity and T2DM, the identification of a new hormone that simulates some of the benefits of exercise, and the development of new β-cell imaging techniques may provide novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers of early diabetes detection for optimization of interventions. Today's message is that a diabetes tsunami is imminent, and the only way to minimize the damage is to create an early warning system and improve interventions to protect those in its path.
Influence of Low-Frequency Indonesian Throughflow Transport on Temperatures in the Indian Ocean in a Coupled Model*

Abstract The relationship between 3- and 10-yr variability in Indian Ocean temperatures and Indonesian throughflow (ITF) volume transport is examined using results from a 300-yr integration of the coupled NCAR Parallel Climate Model (PCM). Correlation and regression analyses are used with physical reasoning to estimate the relative contributions of changes in ITF volume transport and Indian Ocean surface atmospheric forcing in determining low-frequency temperature variations in the Indian Ocean. In the PCM, low-frequency variations in ITF transport are small, 2 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), and have a minimal impact on sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Most of the low-frequency variance in Indian Ocean temperature (rms > 0.5°C) occurs in the upper thermocline (75–100 m). These variations largely reflect concurrent atmospheric forcing; ITF-induced temperature variability at this depth is limited to the outflow region between Java and Australia extending westward along a band between 10° and 15°S.
Incentive Compensation and the Stock Price Response to Dividend Increase Announcements

Linking executive compensation to stock price performance is predicted to decrease the usual positive price response to dividend increases for two reasons. One, increasing pay-performance sensitivity (PPS) exacerbates managers' optimistic bias regarding future firm performance, reducing the credibility of dividend signals. Two, increasing pay-performance sensitivity reduces the need for dividends as a means of reducing agency costs. Consistent with behavioral and agency theories of corporate finance, we find that price response does decrease as pay-performance sensitivity increases and that this effect is concentrated in firms with low market-to-book ratios. Additional findings are most consistent with the agency cost explanation.
Instrumental activation analysis of standard rocks with high-resolution γ-ray detectors☆

Element abundances in igneous rocks measured by instrumental neutron activation using high resolution lithium drifted germanium detectors
ADAR mediates differential expression of polycistronic microRNAs

Adenosine deaminases acting on RNAs (ADARs) convert adenosine residues to inosines in primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) transcripts to alter the structural conformation of these precursors and the subsequent functions of the encoded microRNAs (miRNAs). Here we show that RNA editing by Drosophila ADAR modulates the expression of three co-transcribed miRNAs encoded by the evolutionarily conserved let-7-Complex (let-7-C) locus. For example, a single A-to-I change at the -6 residue of pri-miR-100, the first miRNA in this let-7-C polycistronic transcript, leads to enhanced miRNA processing by Drosha and consequently enhanced functional miR-100 both in vitro as well as in vivo. In contrast, other editing events, including one at the +43 residue of the pri-miR-125, destabilize the primary transcript and reduce the levels of all three encoded miRNAs. Consequently, loss of adar in vivo leads to reduced miR-100 but increased miR-125. In wild-type animals, the destabilizing editing events in pri-let-7-C increase during the larval-to-adult transition and are critical for the normal downregulation of all three miRNAs seen late in metamorphosis. These findings unravel a new regulatory role for ADAR and raise the possibility that ADAR mediates the differential expression characteristic of many polycistronic miRNA clusters.
Spin Triplet Supercurrent in Co/Ni Multilayer Josephson Junctions with Perpendicular Anisotropy

We have measured spin-triplet supercurrent in Josephson junctions of the form S/${\text{F}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$/F/${\text{F}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$/S, where S is superconducting Nb, ${\text{F}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ is a thin Ni layer with in-plane magnetization, and F is a Ni/[Co/Ni]${}_{n}$ multilayer with out-of-plane magnetization. The supercurrent in these junctions decays very slowly with F-layer thickness and is much larger than in similar junctions not containing the two ${\text{F}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ layers. Those two features are the characteristic signatures of spin-triplet supercurrent, which is maximized by the orthogonality of the magnetizations in the F and ${\text{F}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ layers. Magnetic measurements confirm the out-of-plane anisotropy of the Co/Ni multilayers. These samples have their critical current optimized in the as-prepared state, which will be useful for future applications.
Interaction and coalescence of nanovoids and dynamic fracture in silica glass: multimillion-to-billion atom molecular dynamics simulations

In this review, we present our recent results for atomistic mechanisms of damage nucleation and growth and dynamic fracture in silica glass. These results have been obtained with multimillion-to-billion atom, parallel, molecular dynamics simulations of (1) the interaction and coalescence of nanovoids in amorphous silica subjected to dilatational strain and (2) the nucleation, growth and healing of wing cracks and damage nanocavities in silica glass under impact loading. We also give an overview of our current efforts to perform dynamic fracture simulations over microsecond time scales and multiscale simulations of stress corrosion cracking in silica glass.
A class of singular stochastic control problems

We consider the problem of tracking a Brownian motion by a process of bounded variation, in such a way as to minimize total expected cost of both ‘action' and ‘deviation from a target state 0'. The former is proportional to the amount of control exerted to date, while the latter is being measured by a function which can be viewed, for simplicity, as quadratic. We discuss the discounted, stationary and finite-horizon variants of the problem. The answer to all three questions takes the form of exerting control in a singular manner, in order not to exit from a certain region. Explicit solutions are found for the first and second questions, while the third is reduced to an appropriate optimal stopping problem. This reduction yields properties, as well as global upper and lower bounds, for the associated moving boundary. The pertinent Abelian and ergodic relationships for the corresponding value functions are also derived.
Management of Extremity Soft Tissue Sarcomas

This article provides an understanding of the evaluation, staging, and management of patients with extremity soft tissue sarcoma. Although there are straightforward guidelines to the management of patients with extremity soft tissue sarcoma, each patient presents with a unique tumor, and considerations for tumor control, functional outcome, and the toxicity of therapy must be considered. As is true for patients diagnosed with sarcoma at other anatomic sites, a multidisciplinary team approach streamlines care with attention to the complexities and intricacies of choosing and delivering optimal therapy.
A secure high-speed retrodirective communication link

A retrodirective array with adaptive interference rejection is developed to introduce additional functionality to conventional retrodirective arrays. This is the first retrodirective array to present an interference rejection mode, creating a secure wireless communication link. The array uses digital signal processing initially and periodically to determine the location of a jamming signal and directs sub-arrays to form a null in the corresponding direction. The continuous analog self-tracking of a desired source maintains the retrodirective array's high-speed advantage over conventional smart antennas, requiring no computational algorithms for direction of arrival estimation and beamforming. It is demonstrated that interference is highly detrimental to retrodirective array performance, validating the need for such interference rejection. The application of this architecture is verified through a link test analyzing the reception and transmission of modulated data.
Tech Talk: Providing Campus‐Wide Printing Service in a NetWare Environment

At Lafayette College, our campus computer network connects forty‐five buildings via Token Ring to centralized Novell file servers, multiuser host systems, and optical disk databases. The network currently supports shared printing equipment to seventy groups of users including faculty and administrative departments, public access computing classrooms which are open 24 hours, special purpose course labs, and student residence halls. The approach I use, while not without drawbacks, provides our users with an easily accessible interface to printing resources as well as a manageable and supportable platform for our technical staff.
Spatial distinguishability of photons produced by parametric down-conversion with a focused pump

Focusing the pump in type-II SPDC not only increases the efficiency of photon collection with single-mode fibers, but also increases the spatial distinguishability of the photons, in some cases reducing the polarization entanglement.
Creative Uses of Software Errors: Glitches and Cheats

Video games constitute a major sector of computing with distinctive social implications. Analysis of video game programming errors, design limitations, and rule ambiguities suggests a range of positive functions that glitches and cheats may perform. Glitches are software errors, either programming bugs or design flaws. Cheats are tricks for mastering games by circumventing the official rules for play. This article is based on the study of 751 glitches in 155 popular video games plus examination of web sites that disseminate cheats. It compares the standard computer science response to errors, which is to eliminate them, with a common video gamer response, which is to exploit them. The theoretical analysis contrasts games (in which victory is achieving set goals by following given rules) with metagames (in which victory is having the power to define the nature and rules of the game). Several related theoretical concepts are used to describe the complex subculture of video game players, for whom glitches and cheats are socially significant.
Considering trauma exposure in the context of genetics studies of posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review

Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating anxiety disorder. Surveys of the general population suggest that while 50-85% of Americans will experience a traumatic event in their lifetime, only 2-50% will develop PTSD. Why some individuals develop PTSD following trauma exposure while others remain resilient is a central question in the field of trauma research. For more than half a century, the role of genetic influences on PTSD has been considered as a potential vulnerability factor. However, despite the exponential growth of molecular genetic studies over the past decade, limited progress has been made in identifying true genetic variants for PTSD. Methods: In an attempt to aid future genome wide association studies (GWAS), this paper presents a systematic review of 28 genetic association studies of PTSD. Inclusion criteria required that 1) all participants were exposed to Criterion A traumatic events, 2) polymorphisms of relevant genes were genotyped and assessed in relation to participants’ PTSD status, 3) quantitative methods were used, and 4) articles were published in English and in peer-reviewed journals. In the examination of these 28 studies, particular attention was given to variables related to trauma exposure (e.g. number of traumas, type of trauma). Results: Results indicated that most articles did not report on the GxE interaction in the context of PTSD or present data on the main effects of E despite having data available. Furthermore, some studies that did consider the GxE interaction had significant findings, underscoring the importance of examining how genotypes can modify the effect of trauma on PTSD. Additionally, results indicated that only a small number of genes continue to be studied and that there were marked differences in methodologies across studies, which subsequently limited robust conclusions. Conclusions: As trauma exposure is a necessary condition for the PTSD diagnosis, this paper identifies gaps in the current literature as well as provides recommendations for how future GWAS studies can most effectively incorporate trauma exposure data in both the design and analysis phases of studies.
IMPACT OF NEGRO MIGRATION ON THE ELECTORAL GEOGRAPHY OF FLINT, MICHIGAN, 1932–1962: A CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS1

Between 1932 and 1962 the population of Flint, Michigan increased chiefly because of Negro in-migration. This in-migration simultaneously produced a considerable expansion of Negro neighborhoods. Detailed map overlays which compare the location of Flint's growing Negro districts with the changing distribution of party strongholds show Negro loyalties shifting from strongly Republican in 1932 to strongly Democratic by 1950, but at different rates in different parts of the city. Similar maps reflect abrupt changes in the voting pattern of districts where Negroes replaced a formerly white population. Despite certain limitations, detailed electoral maps prove to be economical and reliable research tools, not only for analyzing voter behavior, but also for identifying and solving a variety of problems in human geography.
Determining Surface Plasmon Resonance Response Factors for Deposition onto Three-Dimensional Surfaces.

Intrinsic sorption rates of ligand/receptor binding have been measured by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) using response factors for deposition of proteins or smaller molecules on planar surfaces. In this study, generalized expressions for SPR response factor and effective refractive index are developed to measure rates of analyte sorption onto 3-D surfaces. The expressions are specialized for two limiting cases of immediate practical interest and broad applicability: analyte deposition onto a homogeneous anisotropic porous media and deposition onto close-packed solid spheres adjacent to the sensor surface. These new equations specify media capacity, characteristic size and analyte concentration that are necessary to obtain identifiable responses from interaction with anisotropic porous media or chromatographic resin. These developments are illustrated by comparing response factors for Adenovirus type 5 on planar surfaces, porous media and adsorptive spheres.
Public Sociologies: Contradictions, Dilemmas, and Possibilities

The growing interest in public sociologies marks an increasing gap between the ethos of sociologists and social, political, and economic tendencies in the wider society. Public sociology aims to enrich public debate about moral and political issues by infusing them with sociological theory and research. It has to be distinguished from policy, professional, and critical sociologies. Together these four interdependent sociologies enter into relations of domination and subordination, forming a disciplinary division of labor that varies among academic institutions as well as over time, both within and between nations. Applying the same disciplinary matrix to the other social sciences suggests that sociology’s specific contribution lies in its relation to civil society, and, thus, in its defense of human interests against the encroachment of states and markets.
Fulbright Scholars in Public Administration, Public Affairs, and Public Policy

Editor’s Note. The year 2011 marks the 65th anniversary of America’s preeminent international educational exchange program, the Fulbright Scholar Program. In recognition of the international impact of this program, the Journal of Public Affairs Education is publishing a series of first-person accounts of the Fulbright experiences of our colleagues. To provide perspective for this series, this paper provides background about the program and examines patterns in U.S. Fulbright Scholar awards over the past 5 years.
Abstract 172: Patients' Experiences from Symptom Onset to Initial Treatment for Atrial Fibrillation

Background: The prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) is expected to increase 2.5-fold by 2050. As a result, there will be a greater demand for clinicians to provide patient education regarding the nature of AF and its management. Early self-management education is critical to provide patients with knowledge and skills they need to recognize AF, control its progression, and reduce associated complications of stroke and heart failure. Greater understanding of patients’ experiences from symptom onset through initial treatment for AF is needed to guide development of patient centered interventions to promote early effective self-management. Purpose: To describe patients’ experiences from symptom onset through initial treatment of AF. Methods: A descriptive qualitative design was used. Twenty females and 21 males at a Midwest academic medical center were interviewed using open-ended questions to explore their experiences from symptom onset through the initial treatment for AF. Data were analyzed using qualit...
Improved Identification and Analysis of Small Open Reading Frame Encoded Polypeptides

Computational, genomic, and proteomic approaches have been used to discover nonannotated protein-coding small open reading frames (smORFs). Some novel smORFs have crucial biological roles in cells and organisms, which motivates the search for additional smORFs. Proteomic smORF discovery methods are advantageous because they detect smORF-encoded polypeptides (SEPs) to validate smORF translation and SEP stability. Because SEPs are shorter and less abundant than average proteins, SEP detection using proteomics faces unique challenges. Here, we optimize several steps in the SEP discovery workflow to improve SEP isolation and identification. These changes have led to the detection of several new human SEPs (novel human genes), improved confidence in the SEP assignments, and enabled quantification of SEPs under different cellular conditions. These improvements will allow faster detection and characterization of new SEPs and smORFs.
New Nonlinear Optics Possibilities with Blue Phase Liquid Crystals

We provide a critical analysis and new observations of nonlinear optical responses of liquid crystals in a new phase that exhibits 3-D photonic crystal properties, and demonstrate new possibilities for fundamental and applied studies.
Jahn-Teller Effect in VF3

A computational study of the two lowest-lying electronic states, 3A‘2 and 3E‘ ‘, of the VF3 molecule is reported. Highly sophisticated methods were used, including the coupled-cluster singles and doubles level augmented by a perturbative correction for connected triple excitations and the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster method in the singles and doubles approximation. In contrast to previous theoretical and experimental data, the present results predict the 3E‘ ‘ state to be the ground electronic state of VF3 in its trigonal planar D3h conformation. The A3A‘2 state is 1300 cm-1 above the X3E‘ ‘ state. The Jahn−Teller (JT) effect in the X3E‘ ‘ state was studied. The three equivalent minima on the Jahn−Teller surface corresponding to the 3B1 minimum are 270 cm-1 below the D3h energy and separated by only 24 cm-1 barriers corresponding to 3A2 saddle points. The JT distortions of the D3h structure are appreciable; at the 3B1 minimum (C2v symmetry), the molecule has one long V−F bond with R1e (V−F(1)) = 1.7...
Flow Resistance Due to Intense Bedload Transport

When water flows over a stationary bed the fluid motion is retarded by both skin the friction and local pressure gradient forces related to the roughness of the bed. If the bed itself is composed of discreet movable grains, the boundary is less clearly defined and the dynamics poorly understood (see Gust and Southard, 1983). Owen (1964) proposed that saltating grains (grains which lift off the bed, move through the fluid, and fall back to the bed without colliding with other grains) have the effect of increasing the frictional resistance of the bottom. At higher flow stages, Hanes and Bowen (1984) have suggested a model for bedload transport which is based upon the dynamics of collisional grain flows following Bagnold (1954, 1956). In such a collision dominated flow, it appears that the resistance of the bed to the overlying flow can be less than the resistance of a fixed bed to the same overlying flow. This result is consistent with the dynamics of rapid granular-fluid flows, as will be discussed below.
Basis for using anticoagulants in coronary artery disease.

Although thrombosis and coronary artery atheromas go hand in hand, why this should be so remains speculative. Indeed, why atheromas form at all is a mystery. Yet atheromas do promote clotting, and anticoagulants reduce this tendency. These drugs also prevent thrombi from propagating, lessen the chances for peripheral thrombi and emboli, hasten recanalization of occluded vessels, possibly dilate coronary vessels, and reduce circulating lipids.
Analyzing the Vocabulary Demands of Introductory College Textbooks

Abstract This article describes a study designed to compare the vocabulary demands of introductory college textbooks in several disciplines. The results suggest that the new-vocabulary load biology textbooks is not as high as that in foreign-language textbooks — as has often been reported — but is higher than in other disciplines. The article concludes with suggestions for helping students manage the vocabulary demands of introductory courses across the curriculum.
Work Factors That Inhibit Doing Leadership

We all have and use leadership in varying degree. And we all lead—when we actually lead and not just manage—from the foundation of our spiritual core values. Our perceived leadership or lack thereof is inextricably linked to our sense of identity. And our values set circumscribe our sense of identity. When leaders—all people—mask their true feelings and core values their coworkers know it. Workers typically respond to this kind of inauthenticity with caution. They become distant. They hold back their commitment. They wait to respond until the leader commits to a specific course of action. They tend to take a reserved attitude toward the leader’s leadership. The result is that they withhold creative ideas and wait for instructions rather than take the initiative. As a resource, leadership is like any other—it must be shared if it is to maximize collective effort. Even a cursory review of human history shows the reader that when leadership has been concentrated in the hands of too few people, this concentration of power leads to injustice and conflict—even violence. Conversely it is effective when leaders include coworkers in their leadership activities. The ability to share leadership is a solid indication of effective social and psychological adjustment and institutional morality and health.
Educationalization in a USA Present: A Historicist Rendering

Educationalizationas rendered in this chapter is a complex, multidimensional institutional and rhetorical text formulation meant to encapsulate a schooling present in the United States of America today. It draws contingently on various exemplars of discursive evidence to set out aspects of school practices. Sources include philosophical and historical writings, government documents, political polemics, studies from the social sciences, cultural studies accounts, and media coverage. As the title suggests it is a present, a philosophical treatment, reminiscent of ‘histories of the present’ currently written by cultural historians of education but distinct.
Assessment of scientific literacy: Development and validation of the Quantitative Assessment of Socio‐Scientific Reasoning (QuASSR)

We describe the development and validation of the Quantitative Assessment of Socio-scientific Reasoning (QuASSR) in a college context. The QuASSR contains 10 polytomous, two-tiered items crossed between two scenarios, and is based on theory suggesting a four-pronged structure for SSR (complexity, perspective taking, inquiry, and skepticism). In the context of pre-post measurement within a 1-week SSI-based unit on fracking, we found that the four sub-constructs represent a one-dimensional progression of ideas, and that SSR is largely independent of declarative knowledge. In the validation process, we discovered small inconsistencies in item functioning between scenarios in the areas of complexity and perspective-taking, but determined that resulting biases sat well within the uncertainty in students’ measures. In light of future development and use of the QuASSR, we determined that use of a single scenario is sufficient to produce a measurement reliability of 0.7. Given the time it takes for students to complete a scenario, we consider a 3-scenario QuASSR, and its accompanying measurement precision of 0.85, to be the practical upper precision limit of the QuASSR when used in experimental contexts. Finally, we found no significant change in SSR due to the SSI-based intervention. This mirrors prior reports of short-duration interventions targeting SSR. Our data suggest that as a cognitive construct underpinned by political, moral, and ethical ideologies around SSI, successful efforts to facilitate growth must target SSR as a central focus upon which more basic content knowledge is contextualized, so that sufficient instructional duration can be given to this important construct. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 54: 274–295, 2017
DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIALIZATION OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN VERY YOUNG BOYS

The expression of physical aggression is normative in early child development; it peaks in the second year of life, with steep declines for most children by the third and fourth years as children learn alternatives to aggression. Some children, however, fail to demonstrate declines in aggressive acts, and many of these are boys. The current review uses a dynamic systems (DS) approach to identify early individual and contextual factors that may dynamically influence trajectories of aggression as a characteristic way of engaging within communities and relationships. Within the DS framework, we focus on the parent-infant relationship as central to the development of adaptive emotion-regulation capacities of the infant and young child. Biological sex differences that may influence this early relationship are highlighted, as is the influence of contextual processes such as family violence. Clinical implications suggested by both the empirical and theoretical literatures are then described.
Thermal Testing and Quality Assurance of BGA LCC & QFN Electronic Packages

The purpose of this project is to experimentally validate the thermal fatigue life of solder interconnects for a variety of surface mount electronic packages. Over the years, there has been a significant amount of research and analysis in the fracture of solder joints on printed circuit boards. Solder is important in the mechanical and electronic functionality of the component. It is important throughout the life of the product that the solder remains crack and fracture free. The specific type of solder used in this experiment is a 63Sn37Pb eutectic alloy. Each package was surrounded conformal coating or underfill material.
A Hands-On Freshman Seminar Course in DNA Origami

In the fall semester of 2016, the biophysics program at the University of Michigan offered a hands-on seminar course in the theory and practice of DNA origami aimed at first year undergraduate students with varying scientific backgrounds. The course began with lectures on theoretical underpinnings of self-assembly, and quickly moved into group work where students learned to design DNA origami structures using freely accessible software tools (cadnano: http://cadnano.org/ and CanDo: http://cando-dna-origami.org/). Students then assembled an instructor-designed single layer origami and characterized its assembly using electrophoresis, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and super-resolution fluorescence localization microscopy. The course ended with discussions of current research aimed at using origami and other self-organizing systems to approach fundamental problems in biology and medicine. The goal of the course is to introduce young students to several fundamental biophysical concepts and approaches. This poster will discuss the positive and negative outcomes of this class, as well as several obstacles encountered in course design and implementation.
Using Power Clues to Hack IoT Devices: The power side channel provides for instruction-level disassembly.

The field of consumer electronics (CE) has gone digital, inheriting all the security problems of the digital world in the process. The Internet of Things (IoT) class of CE devices is still in a very early adoption phase. Physical side channels are a bigger vulnerability for this class of devices than traditional security threats that exploit protocol, algorithm, or program weaknesses. Interestingly, the assembly-level program executing within a device can be reconstructed only through power sidechannel observations. This instruction-level disassembly is an emerging power side-channel threat.