cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Setting standards for parenting--by what right?

Mental health professionals, like other professionals involved in family matters, feel constrained when advocating for the interests of children by the belief that parents are entitled to custody and control of their children's lives, regardless of what others may think of their parenting behavior, absent severe harm to the children. This belief is morally untenable, and the legal doctrine of parental rights that is its concrete embodiment is inconsistent with other well-established legal principles and should be abandoned. Children alone should have legal rights in connection with their upbringing, and those rights should include an entitlement to much higher standards of parenting than the law presently imposes.
Lateral mobility and capping of rat lymphocyte membrane proteins

Abstract Surface immunoglobulin (SIg), RT1 (rat histocompatibility proteins) and thy-1 present on rat lymphocytes cap with similar kinetics and to the same extent, the only difference being the antibody requirement. SIg requires one cross-linking antibody to induce capping, while RT1 and thy-1 require two antibodies. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments show that there is heterogeneity in the diffusion characteristics of lymphocyte membrane proteins. SIg is relatively immobile when labeled by Fab′ and is immobilized by F(ab′)2. RT1 diffuses 2.7 times as fast as SIg and the mobile fraction of RT1 is greater. When RT1 is cross-linked by relatively low concentrations of F(ab′)2 its mobility is about the same as that of SIg. When the concentration of F(ab′)2 is increased, RT1 is immobilized. Thy-1 diffuses faster than SIg and has a higher mobile fraction. When thy-1 is labeled with F(ab′)2 it remains mobile and is immobilized when a second antibody layer is added. The relative order of mobility is thy-1 ⪢ RT1 > SIg.
Dynamic Response of a Liquid-Vapor Interface During Flow Film Boiling From a Sphere

Film boiling is the mode if boiling during which the hot surface is separated from the vaporizing liquid by a nearly continuous film vapor. Film boiling is usually considered a very undesirable boiling regime since it is a relatively quiet and inefficient mode of heat transfer, particularly as compared to nucleate boiling. It is customary to analyze the two-phase flow regime of laminar flow film boiling by assuming the two-phase flow regime of laminar flow film boiling by assuming an idealized vapor film flow characterized by a smooth liquid-vapor interface. However, during stable flow film boiling, the wavy nature of the liquid-vapor interface and its role in local heat and mass transport have been largely ignored. The vapor interface is rarely stationary. Interfacial waves may substantially augment the heat transfer rates throughout the layer. The present analysis treats stagnation point flow film boiling on a sphere immersed in a subcooled liquid. The effect of system parameters on the dynamic behavior of the liquid-vapor interface as well as the response to step changes in the temperature and velocity fields are investigated. The study corrects and extends the theoretical analysis previously developed by Sheppard and Bradfield (1972). The new theoretical model notmore » only allows for the influence of liquid velocity, vapor superheat, and liquid subcooling on the wavy nature of the liquid-vapor interface, but it also sheds some light on the response of the system of perturbations in heat flux and superheat and into the conditions leading toward instances of liquid-solid contact during stable flow film boiling.« less
Dynamic adaptation process to implement an evidence-based child maltreatment intervention

Background: Adaptations are often made to evidence-based practices (EBPs) by systems, organizations, and/or service providers in the implementation process. The degree to which core elements of an EBP can be maintained while allowing for local adaptation is unclear. In addition, adaptations may also be needed at the system, policy, or organizational levels to facilitate EBP implementation and sustainment. This paper describes a study of the feasibility and acceptability of an implementation approach, the Dynamic Adaptation Process (DAP), designed to allow for EBP adaptation and system and organizational adaptations in a planned and considered, rather than ad hoc, way. The DAP involves identifying core elements and adaptable characteristics of an EBP, then supporting implementation with specific training on allowable adaptations to the model, fidelity monitoring and support, and identifying the need for and solutions to system and organizational adaptations. In addition, this study addresses a secondary concern, that of improving EBP model fidelity assessment and feedback in real-world settings. Methods: This project examines the feasibility, acceptability, and utility of the DAP; tests the degree to which fidelity can be maintained using the DAP compared to implementation as usual (IAU); and examines the feasibility of using automated phone or internet-enabled, computer-based technology to assess intervention fidelity and client satisfaction. The study design incorporates mixed methods in order to describe processes and factors associated with variations in both how the DAP itself is implemented and how the DAP impacts fidelity, drift, and adaptation. The DAP model is to be examined by assigning six regions in California (USA) to either the DAP (n=3) or IAU (n=3) to implement an EBP to prevent child neglect. Discussion: The DAP represents a data-informed, collaborative, multiple stakeholder approach to maintain intervention fidelity during the implementation of EBPs in the field by providing support for intervention, system, and organizational adaptation and intervention fidelity to meet local needs. This study is designed to address the real-world implications of EBP implementation in public sector service systems and is relevant for national, state, and local service systems and organizations.
Further evidence on the formation of poliovirus proteins.

Abstract When poliovirus-specific polypeptides are synthesized in the presence of the amino acid analogs, canavanine, p-fluorophenylalanine, and azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, a very large polypeptide, NCVP-00, not ordinarily found in infected cells, is produced. The molecular weight of this polypeptide exceeds 200,000 daltons and it may, therefore, represent the entire informational content of poliovirus RNA. In experiments where amino acid analogs are not present, no nascent polypeptides larger than about 130,000 daltons can be detected. This implies that ordinarily some proteolytic cleavages occur before the NCVP-00 molecule is completely synthesized. These cleavages and others which occur more slowly can be partially inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate. Structural similarities between different poliovirus-specific polypeptides have been investigated by chromatography of tryptic hydrolysates of pairs of differentially-labeled proteins. These experiments, corroborating previous results, suggest that the procapsid protein, VP-0, is cleaved into two of the virion proteins, VP-2 and -4. Furthermore, all of the procapsid proteins appear to be cleavage products of one large precursor, NCVP-1, which has a molecular weight of 125,000 daltons. Analysis of tryptic peptide patterns has also confirmed the existence of a non-structural polypeptide, NCVP-X, which has the same electrophoretic mobility as a virion protein, VP-1.
Urban environmental amenities and property values: Does ownership matter?

This study examines if open space ownership, and ownership of the land on which water resources are located, has a different effect on the sale price of nearby single-family residential properties using an OLS and spatial lag modeling approach. Estimated coefficients for the percentage of land with publicly and/or privately owned water resources in the spatial lag model are mixed with significantly negative coefficients for privately owned land with wetlands or streams and a significantly positive coefficient for publicly owned land with wetlands. These results may reflect differences in accessibility, the current quality of these resources, and beliefs about future management. The spatial lag model has fewer significant coefficients than the OLS model, but the signs of key parameters are consistent across models. The average absolute difference between coefficients in the OLS and spatial lag models is 30.2%.
Targeting melanoma inhibitor of apoptosis protein with cancer immunotherapy

Aberrantly expressed or mutated proteins in cancer cells evoke immune recognition, but host reactions are usually insufficient to prevent disease progression. Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) augments host immunity through improved tumor antigen presentation by recruited dendritic cells and macrophages. By analyzing the immune response of a metastatic melanoma patient who achieved a long-term response to vaccination, we identified melanoma inhibitor of apoptosis protein (ML-IAP) as a target for immune-mediated tumor destruction. Vaccination stimulated a coordinated cellular and humoral reaction to ML-IAP that was associated with extensive tumor necrosis, whereas lethal disease progression was linked with the loss of ML-IAP expression and the absence of intra-tumoral lymphocyte infiltrates. These findings demonstrate that ML-IAP can serve as a tumor rejection antigen, although additional vaccine targets will be required to circumvent immune escape and tumor heterogeneity.
Hyperthermia-induced seizures in the rat pup: a model for febrile convulsions in children

Seizures were produced in rat pups by ambient hyperthermia. Seizure threshold temperatures, measured rectally and intracerebrally, increased between 2 and 10 days of age. Electrocortical paroxysmal discharges were confirmed in hyperthermic 6- and 10-day-old pups. The increasing resistance to hyperthermic seizures with maturation and the electroencephalographic changes induced by hyperthermia are similar to those in young children.
Gastric LTi cells promote lymphoid follicle formation but are limited by IRAK-M and do not alter microbial growth

Lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells are activated by accessory cell IL-23, and promote lymphoid tissue genesis and antibacterial peptide production by the mucosal epithelium. We investigated the role of LTi cells in the gastric mucosa in the context of microbial infection. Mice deficient in IRAK-M, a negative regulator of TLR signaling, were investigated for increased LTi cell activity, and antibody mediated LTi cell depletion was used to analyze LTi cell dependent antimicrobial activity. H. pylori infected IRAK-M deficient mice developed increased gastric IL-17 and lymphoid follicles compared to wild type mice. LTi cells were present in naive and infected mice, with increased numbers in IRAK-M deficient mice by two weeks. Helicobacter and Candida infection of LTi cell depleted rag1(-/-) mice demonstrated LTi-dependent increases in calprotectin but not RegIII proteins. However, pathogen and commensal microbiota populations remained unchanged in the presence or absence of LTi cell function. These data demonstrate LTi cells are present in the stomach and promote lymphoid follicle formation in response to infection, but are limited by IRAK-M expression. Additionally, LTi cell mediated antimicrobial peptide production at the gastric epithelium is less efficacious at protecting against microbial pathogens than has been reported for other tissues.
Mouse male sterility and histoincompatibility (mshi) maps between the D10Mit51/168/212 cluster and D10Mit213.

The recessive male sterility and histoincompatibility (mshi) mutation in the mouse generates pleiotropic effects on graft transplantation and male reproduction. Previous analysis of backcross mice typed for mshi either by testicular morphology or by allograft rejection has located each trait to a 20-cM region on proximal mouse Chr 10. Here we present the microsatellite polymorphism analysis of a new 276-member intraspecific backcross panel—including a set of 135 males typed for sterility and histoincompatibility—that places both features controlled by mshi within a 1.7-cM interval between markers D10Mit51/168/212 and D10Mit213. In addition, this analysis has allowed an explicit test of a two-gene model for the mshi locus and has provided a measurement of the penetrance of the mshi-generated histogenic phenotype in both male (88.4 ± 3.9%) and female (91.0 ± 3.5%) mutants. The fine-structure map presented should facilitate a chromosome walk across this region and, ultimately, the molecular identification of the gene or genes affected by this interesting mutation.
The catalytic core of the sunY intron of bacteriophage T4.

Abstract The self-splicing sunY intron of bacteriophage T4 shares a common secondary structure with other group I introns. A long open reading frame within the intron is entirely 3′ of the structural elements conserved in all group I introns. This catalytic core is the smallest yet described for a self-splicing intron. An internal deletion of 728 nucleotides (nt), leaving 196 nt at the 5′ end and 109 nt at the 3′ end, allows normal self-splicing. Transcripts terminating 196 nt 3′ of the 5′ splice site retain catalytic activity.
Social development of bonnet macaques from six months to three years of age: A longitudinal study

Observations of age-sex class associations of three young female and five young male bonnet macaques born in the spring, 1975, were taken semiannually over three years beginning in the fall, 1975. Analysis reveals several patterns: (1) both males and females show continuous decline in association with age mates; (2) solitary time of females peaks at 1.5 years after which they begin to associate with adult females; (3) solitary time of males peaks at 2.5 years after which they associate predominantly with sub-adult males; (4) both males and females showed higher association with juveniles of the same sex than of opposite sex; and (5) both males and females showed annual cycles of association with some age-sex classes. These results are best understood with reference to the natural breeding cycle of the animals and the different life histories of male and female macaques in the wild.
Time-dependent CP -violation effects in B 0 -B¯ 0 systems

Large time-dependent partial-rate asymmetries associated with CP violation are predicted for the decays of ${B}_{s}$ (\ensuremath{\equiv}b\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}s) and ${B}_{d}$ (\ensuremath{\equiv}b\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}d) to certain two-body final states (such as ${D}^{+}$${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$). Tagging on an accompanying charged b-flavored particle (${B}_{u}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$=b\ifmmode \bar{u}\else \={u}\fi{}) or identified baryon (${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{b}$\ensuremath{\equiv}bud) permits the identification of the initial flavor (B or B\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}) of the decaying particle. The asymmetries are contrasted with the ${B}_{d}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\psi}${K}_{S}$ asymmetry discussed earlier in the literature.
Objective measures of adoption of patient lift and transfer devices to reduce nursing staff injuries in the hospital setting.

Background Interventions to reduce patient-handling injuries in the hospital setting are often evaluated based on their effect on outcomes such as injury rates. Measuring intervention adoption could address how and why observed trends in the outcome occurred. Methods Unit-level data related to adoption of patient lift equipment were systematically collected at several points in time over 5 years on nursing units at two hospitals, including hours of lift equipment use, equipment accessibility, and supply purchases and availability. Results Various measures of adoption highlighted the adoption process' gradual nature and variability by hospital and between units. No single measure adequately assessed adoption. Certain measures appear well-correlated. Conclusion Future evaluation of primary preventive efforts designed to prevent patient-handling injuries would be strengthened by objective data on intermediate measures that reflect intervention implementation and adoption. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:935–945, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Time-implicit fluid simulation of collisional plasmas

Abstract A one-dimensional algorithm for fluid simulation of interpenetrating multi-component plasmas, developed earlier for the collisionless case [1], is extended to include collisions between species. The finite-differenced fluid equations, including collision forces, are coupled with the Poisson equation to give time-implicit solutions, which are stable and accurate over a wide range of the time scale parameters ω p Δt and v c Δt ( ω p is the plasma frequency, v c is a typical collision frequency, and Δt is the time step). In regions where ω p Δt ⪡ 1 and v c Δt ⪡ 1, electron dynamics and space-charge effects are resolved, while in regions where ω p Δt ⪢ 1 and/or v c Δt ⪢ 1, the ambipolar and/or diffusion models are recovered. Results of tests are presented, including ohmic heating, shocks with an interface between different fluids, colliding plasmas in which a region of interpenetrating fluids is created, and plasma shocks with separate electron and ion fluids.
Alkaline phosphatase expression in tissues from glucocorticoid-treated dogs

Objective—To determine the effect of glucocorticoids on the induction of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) isoenzymes in the liver, kidneys, and intestinal mucosa, 3 tissues that are principally responsible for ALP synthesis in dogs. Sample Population—Tissues from the liver, kidneys, and intestinal mucosa of 6 dogs treated with 1 mg of prednisone/kg/d for 32 days and 6 untreated control dogs. Procedure—Using canine-specific primers for the ALP isoenzymes, a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay was designed to measure liver ALP (LALP) and intestinal ALP (IALP) mRNA and heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) expression in tissues from the liver and kidneys and intestinal mucosa of glucocorticoid-treated and control dogs. Tissue ALP isoenzyme activities were compared between the groups. Results—The LALP activity and mRNA concentrations increased in tissues of the liver and kidneys in dogs treated with prednisone, whereas LALP hnRNA increased only in liver tissues. The IALP activity and mRNA expression i...
Perceived self-care capabilities of abused / neglected and nonabused / non-neglected pregnant low-socioeconomic adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether abused and nonabused pregnant low-socioeconomic adolescents differ in regard to perceived self-care capabilities. The sample (N = 36) consisted of 18 abused/neglected and 18 nonabused/non-neglected adolescents. The adolescents responses on the Denyes Self-Care Agency Instrument were analyzed to determine significant differences between the two groups regarding self-care agency. Significant differences were found between the two groups in regard to perceived attention to health. Although abused adolescents had a higher level of relative valuing of health and lower attention to health than their nonabused counterparts findings show that both groups are capable of performing self-care and should be encouraged to do so. (authors)
Heterodyne pyrometry in furnaces

A new procedure for determining the temperature of flue gas inside a large industrial furnace is considered. The hot furnace wall is used as a background of arbitrary radiance. (AIP)
Epigenetics and Psychostimulant Addiction

Chronic drug exposure alters gene expression in the brain and produces long-term changes in neural networks that underlie compulsive drug taking and seeking. Exactly how drug-induced changes in synaptic plasticity and subsequent gene expression are translated into persistent neuroadaptations remains unclear. Emerging evidence suggests that complex drug-induced neuroadaptations in the brain are mediated by highly synchronized and dynamic patterns of gene regulation. Recently, it has become clear that epigenetic mechanisms contribute to drug-induced structural, synaptic, and behavioral plasticity by regulating expression of gene networks. Here we review how alterations in histone modifications, DNA methylation, and microRNAs regulate gene expression and contribute to psychostimulant addiction with a focus on the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression following chronic cocaine exposure. Identifying epigenetic signatures that define psychostimulant addiction may lead to novel, efficacious treatments for drug craving and relapse.
Behavioral phenomenology in Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and late-life depression: a retrospective analysis.

Often patients in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and late-life depression can be difficult to differentiate clinically. Although subtle cognitive distinctions exist between these disorders, noncognitive behavioral phenomenology may provide additional discriminating power. In 19 subjects with AD, 19 with FTD, 16 with late-life psychotic depression (LLPD), and 19 with late-life nonpsychotic depression (LLNPD), noncognitive behavioral symptoms were quantified retrospectively using the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) and compared using both a one-way ANOVA and a multivariate stepwise discriminant analysis, which utilized a jackknife procedure. The FTD group showed the highest mean total SCAN score, while the AD group showed the lowest. ANOVA showed significant differences in the mean total SCAN scores between the four diagnostic groups (P < .0001). With the discriminant analysis, the four disorders demonstrated different clusters of behavioral abnormalities and were differentiated by these symptoms (P < .0001). A subset of 14 SCAN item group symptoms was identified that collectively classified the following percentages of subjects in each diagnostic category: AD 94.7%, FTD 100%, LLPD 87.5%, and LLNPD 100%. These results indicate that AD, FTD, LLPD, and LLNPD were distinguished retrospectively by the SCAN without using cognitive data. Better definition of the longitudinal course of noncognitive behavioral symptoms in different dementias and psychiatric disorders will be valuable both for diagnosis and to help define behavioral syndromes that are associated with selective neuroanatomic and neurochemical brain pathology.
Neurological correlates of social behavior

Abstract Experimental evidence obtained over the past decade in nonhuman primates suggests that there are neural structures necessary for the maintenance of social bonds and affiliative behavior. These include the amygdaloid nuclei, which is the critical brain area, and two anatomically closely related cortical structures—the temporal pole and posterior medial orbital cortex. Bilateral ablation of any of the areas results in a syndrome that varies from a quantitative decrease in affiliative behavior in confined colonies to total social isolation in naturally free-ranging groups. Lesions of these areas in adult females are also incompatible with the maintenance of the maternal-infant bond, but operated infants thrive and are well cared for. Species-typical behavior will determine the response of group members to lesioned conspecifics, and may vary from attempts to reintegrate the affected subject to attack and ostracism. The amygdaloid nuclei are hypothesized to be essential to placing an emotional bias on sensory information; thus this brain area is sensitive to, and its function dependent on, the social/environmental context of ongoing behavior. Brain impairment per se, does not necessarily result in ostracism and may be compatible with maintenance of social bondings depending upon the neural structures involved, subject's affective state, communication ability, and species typical behaviors. Observations of brain-impaired humans closely parallel studies in nonhuman primates.
Assessment Literacy for Teachers: Making a Case for the Study of Test Validity.

Abstract Assessment is an everyday activity for teachers throughout the United States. Unfortunately, many teachers enter the profession with little or no training in educational assessment. Thus, there is some concern among teacher educators that assessment illiteracy is a significant barrier to appropriate decision making in the classroom. A case is made for the inclusion of assessment course work as a necessary component of the teacher education curriculum, through a demonstration of the relationship between test validity and the law. Teacher education programs would be well served to frame assessment issues such as test validity as more than psychometric esoterica.
FRONTLINE-Teaching Affect Recognition to Medical Students: Evaluation and Reflections

Techniques developed for teaching more empathic affect recognition and reflection to medical students during their introduction to psychiatric interviewing begin with a concrete grounding in facial muscular movements and facial affect recognition, and proceed to the use of countertransferential affective experience to aid in ascertaining personality types. Observations about the temper of today's medical students by psychoanalysts may be of help in avoiding increasing their already substantial characterological resistance to affective learning and empathy that has recently been reported in the medical education literature.
Pain Control for Sternal Fracture Using an Ultrasound-Guided Hematoma Block

In this case report, an ultrasound-guided hematoma block was performed in the Emergency Department (ED) for immediate and effective pain control in a patient suffering from a sternal fracture. This technique of anesthesia may allow safer and more effective analgesia and a more rapid discharge from the hospital or ED in selected cases.
Estimating the Empirical Probability of Submarine Landslide Occurrence

The empirical probability for the occurrence of submarine landslides at a given location can be estimated from age dates of past landslides. In this study, tools developed to estimate earthquake probability from paleoseismic horizons are adapted to estimate submarine landslide probability. In both types of estimates, one has to account for the uncertainty associated with age-dating individual events as well as the open time intervals before and after the observed sequence of landslides. For observed sequences of submarine landslides, we typically only have the age date of the youngest event and possibly of a seismic horizon that lies below the oldest event in a landslide sequence. We use an empirical Bayes analysis based on the Poisson-Gamma conjugate prior model specifically applied to the landslide probability problem. This model assumes that landslide events as imaged in geophysical data are independent and occur in time according to a Poisson distribution characterized by a rate parameter λ. With this method, we are able to estimate the most likely value of λ and, importantly, the range of uncertainty in this estimate. Examples considered include landslide sequences observed in the Santa Barbara Channel, California, and in Port Valdez, Alaska. We confirm that given the uncertainties of age dating that landslide complexes can be treated as single events by performing statistical test of age dates representing the main failure episode of the Holocene Storegga landslide complex.
Basis exchange characterizations for the simplex son algorithm for LP/embedded networks

The simplex special ordered network (SON) algorithm is a partitioning method for solving LP problems with embedded network structure. The algorithm derives from a theoretical characterization of the network topology of the basis embodied in a specially constructed master basis tree. In this paper we show that the topology of the master basis tree and the rules by which it can admissibly be restructured can be characterized by seven mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive basis exchange cases. Further, these seven cases will always keep the network portion of the basis at its maximum dimension.
Rethinking the Mobile Food Journal: Exploring Opportunities for Lightweight Photo-Based Capture

Food choices are among the most frequent and important health decisions in everyday life, but remain notoriously difficult to capture. This work examines opportunities for lightweight photo-based capture in mobile food journals. We first report on a survey of 257 people, examining how they define healthy eating, their experiences and challenges with existing food journaling methods, and their ability to interpret nutritional information that can be captured in a food journal. We then report on interviews and a field study with 27 participants using a lightweight, photo-based food journal for between 4 to 8 weeks. We discuss mismatches between motivations and current designs, challenges of current approaches to food journaling, and opportunities for photos as an alternative to the pervasive but often inappropriate emphasis on quantitative tracking in mobile food journals.
Complications of endoscopy.

Abstract Background: Although most gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures are performed by gastroenterologists, surgeons often assist in the management of patients with complications. This review provides an introduction to the incidence, prevention, and treatment of complications that may occur after upper endoscopy, colonoscopy, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Methods: Systematic review of the literature. Results: Preprocedural complications include medication effects and adverse effects of bowel preparation. Major procedural complications consist primarily of perforation and hemorrhage. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement may be complicated by fistula and obstruction. There is also a risk of infectious disease transmission, both to and from the patient. Conclusions: Endoscopy, like all invasive procedures, carries significant potential risks for the patient. In practiced hands, and with awareness of the problems that may arise, many complications may be avoided and others successfully managed.
New Strategies in Head and Neck Cancer: Understanding Resistance to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a validated target in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). However, despite high expression of EGFR in these cancers, EGFR inhibitor monotherapy has only had modest activity. Potential mechanisms of resistance to EGFR-targeted therapies involve EGFR and Ras mutations, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and activation of alternative and downstream pathways. Strategies to optimize EGFR-targeted therapy in head and neck cancer involve not only the selection for patients most likely to benefit but also the use of combination therapies to target the network of pathways involved in tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis.
Analysis of gene expression during myc oncogene-induced lymphomagenesis in the bursa of Fabricius

The transcriptional effects of deregulated myc gene overexpression are implicated in tumorigenesis in a spectrum of experimental and naturally occurring neoplasms. In follicles of the chicken bursa of Fabricius, myc induction of B-cell neoplasia requires a target cell population present during early bursal development and progresses through preneoplastic transformed follicles to metastatic lymphomas. We developed a chicken immune system cDNA microarray to analyze broad changes in gene expression that occur during normal embryonic B-cell development and during myc-induced neoplastic transformation in the bursa. The number of mRNAs showing at least 3-fold change was greater during myc-induced lymphomagenesis than during normal development, and hierarchical cluster analysis of expression patterns revealed that levels of several hundred mRNAs varied in concert with levels of myc overexpression. A set of 41 mRNAs were most consistently elevated in myc-overexpressing preneoplastic and neoplastic cells, most involved in processes thought to be subject to regulation by Myc. The mRNAs for another cluster of genes were overexpressed in neoplasia independent of myc expression level, including a small subset with the expression signature of embryonic bursal lymphocytes. Overexpression of myc, and some of the genes overexpressed with myc, may be important for generation of preneoplastic transformed follicles. However, expression profiles of late metastatic tumors showed a large variation in concert with myc expression levels, and some showed minimal myc overexpression. Therefore, high-level myc overexpression may be more important in the early induction of these lymphomas than in maintenance of late-stage metastases.
Catalytic hydrolysis of VIP in pregnant women with asthma.

Rationale: The neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is one of the physiologic mediators of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic smooth muscle relaxation of the airway and an important modulator of innate and adaptive immune responses. VIP catalytic autoantibodies are increased in asthma and serum VIP level is decreased during acute exacerbation of asthma. The effect of pregnancy on asthma is variable and depends in part on the severity of pre-existing asthma, along with other physiological and pathophysiological changes. We hypothesized that hydrolysis of VIP by circulating catalytic VIP antibodies will be increased in pregnancy in patients with asthma. Study objective: To determine the level of catalytic autoantibodies to VIP in pregnant asthmatics compared to non-pregnant asthmatics and control pregnant women without asthma. Methods: We prospectively enrolled eight pregnant asthmatics (age, 26.5 ± 2.6 years; mean ± SEM), nine pregnant women without asthma (32.0 ± 3.0 years), seven non-pregnant wo...
The measured performance of a fast local IPC

Protected application decomposition is limited by the performance of the local interprocess procedure call implementation. In this paper we measure the performance of a new IPC implementation, and show that the cost of IPC can be reduced to the cost of raw memory copy plus a small overhead. Even on machines with poor context switching performance, our implementation compares favorably with bcopy() for surprisingly small payloads.
Promoting Adaptive Expertise: A Conceptual Framework for Special Educator Preparation

Special educators face numerous challenges as their roles change, evidence-based practices increase, educational priorities shift, and accountability grows. How can teacher education for special educators prepare candidates for the realities of practice and promote professional commitment to continuous learning? This article reviews the literature on adaptive expertise, proposes a conceptual framework, and presents implications for special educator preparation to promote cognitive and metacognitve skills and adaptive dispositions that are critical to professional growth and effectiveness.
Introducing Chicano Language, Literature, and Culture to Anglos

Interest in Chicano (Mexican-American) literature has grown in the past decade. Teachers of Spanish, both at the college level and in high schools, should begin to look closely at this new field and to seek ways to introduce the language, literature, and culture of Chicanos to their students. For many teachers, Chicano literature is just as “foreign” as that of Spain or Mexico, since they live in areas of the country with no Hispanic population. This essay is an attempt to share experiences gained from a successful introduction of this material to Anglo students.
Carbon‐13 NMR of polyethylenes: Correlation of the crystalline component T1 with structure

The carbon-13 spin-lattice relaxation times T1 of the crystalline portion of a set of polyethylenes have been studied. Chain structure and crystallization conditions have been varied over the widest possible extremes so that large differences are developed in the level of crystallinity, the supermolecular structure, and the crystallite thickness. Concomitantly, the observed crystalline T1 values cover the extraordinarily wide range of about 40–4500 s. They bear a one-to-one relation with the crystallite thickness, which is found to be the key structural variable determining this property. A correlation with the temperature for the α-transition can be established, which implies a similar type of segmental motions for the two phenomena. Major changes in the interfacial structure can also have a drastic influence on the value for the crystalline T1. Analysis of the magnetization decay curve also allows for a quantitative determination of the degree of crystallinity, which is found to be in excellent agreement with the corresponding value found from Raman spectroscopy.
Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping of the Pleural Space

Study objectives: Although the sentinel lymph node (SLN) concept has traditionally been applied to solid organs, we hypothesized that the pleural space might drain into a specific SLN group. The identification of such a nodal group could assist in the staging and treatment of pleural-based diseases, such as mesothelioma, or other lung cancers with visceral pleural invasion. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pleural space has an SLN group. Design: Sixteen rats underwent right or left pleural space injection of a novel lymph tracer, quantum dots (QDs), which have a hydrodynamic diameter of 15 nm and fluoresce in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum. Nodal uptake of the entire thorax was imaged with a custom system that simultaneously acquired color video, NIR fluorescence of the QDs, and a merged picture of the two in real-time. Six pigs underwent right or left pleural space injection of QDs and similar imaging. Measurements and results: In the rat, the QDs drained solely to the highest superior mediastinal lymph node group, corresponding to lymph node station 1, according the regional lymph node classification for lung of the American Joint Committee on Cancer. In one rat, the injection of QDs in the left pleural space resulted in migration to the contralateral station 1 lymph node group. The injection of QDs in the right or left pleural space of the pig resulted in migration solely to the ipsilateral highest superior mediastinal lymph node group. Conclusions: NIR fluorescence imaging in two species demonstrated that the highest superior mediastinal lymph nodes of station 1 are the SLNs of the pleural space. This study also provides intraoperative feasibility and proof of the concept for identifying lymph nodes communicating with the pleural space on a patient-specific basis, in real-time, and with high sensitivity. (CHEST 2005; 127:1799–1804)
The time-dependent Aharonov–Casher effect

Abstract In this paper we give a covariant expression for Aharonov–Casher phase. This expression is a combination of the canonical electric field, Aharonov–Casher phase plus a magnetic field phase shift. We use this covariant expression for the Aharonov–Casher phase to investigate the case of a neutral particle with a non-zero magnetic moment moving in the time dependent electric and magnetic fields of a plane electromagnetic wave background. We focus on the case where the magnetic moment of the particle is oriented so that both the electric and magnetic fields lead to non-zero phases, and we look at the interplay between these electric and magnetic phases.
β-Carotene Metabolism and Cancer

β-Carotene and other carotenoids are under investigation as cancer preventive agents. In addition to the potential antioxidant properties of β-carotene per se, biotransformation of carotenoids to bioactive retinoids or other substances may also prevent or delay tumorigenesis. Substantial interindividual differences in intestinal metabolism of β-carotene exist, affecting tissue deposition of β-carotene and its metabolites and influencing individual responses to β-carotene supplementation. Humans convert a substantial amount of single doses of β-carotene to retinyl esters in the intestinal mucosa, despite vitamin A adequacy, although the effect of long-term supplementation on conversion is unknown. All-trans and 9-cis β-carotene have been shown to be metabolized to all-trans and 9-cis retinoic acid, respectively, in a variety of experimental models. In humans isomerization of 9-cis β-carotene to all-trans β-carotene apparently serves to limit the supply of 9-cis retinoids, suspected ligands of the nuclear RXR receptor. These and other findings regarding assimilation and biotransformation of β-carotene are discussed.
Physiological measures of presence in stressful virtual environments

A common measure of the quality or effectiveness of a virtual environment (VE) is the mount of presence it evokes in users. Presence is often defined as the sense of being there in a VE. There has been much debate about the best way to measure presence, and presence researchers need, and have sought, a measure that is reliable, valid, sensitive, and objective.We hypothesized that to the degree that a VE seems real, it would evoke physiological responses similar to those evoked by the corresponding real environment, and that greater presence would evoke a greater response. To examine this, we conducted three experiments, the results of which support the use of physiological reaction as a reliable, valid, sensitive, and objective presence measure. The experiments compared participants' physiological reactions to a non-threatening virtual room and their reactions to a stressful virtual height situation. We found that change in heart rate satisfied our requirements for a measure of presence, change in skin conductance did to a lesser extent, and that change in skin temperature did not. Moreover, the results showed that inclusion of a passive haptic element in the VE significantly increased presence and that for presence evoked: 30FPS > 20FPS > 15FPS.
Measurement of Kinesthesis

Abstract This is an attempt to establish tests for measurement of kinesthesis. For the first sample of 100 college women, 28 measures of kinesthesis and 2 of motor ability were administered. For the second sample of 70 college women, 15 of the previous tests were given and one new one was added. Analysis was made of the quality of the test items and of the inter-relationship of tests. Most of the tests were adequate in reliability. No single test was sufficiently highly related to the criteria employed to be used alone as a measure of kinesthesis, though several combinations gave fair validity. Because of this fact and because of the very low number of significant intercorrelations, it was concluded that kinesthesis is composed of a series of specific functions.
Textualism as a Touchstone for Privately-Focused Treaty Interpretation

Curtis J. Mahoney argues in his Note, Treaties as Contracts: Textualism, Contract Theory, and the Interpretation of Treaties, that courts should apply interpretive techniques to treaties similar to relational contracts because of historical and normative reasons. I argue that the viewpoint on which he bases his argument is flawed; instead, cannons of treaty interpretation should be founded on the principle that most adjudications involving treaties treat them as another source of federal law instead of contracts between arms-length parties.
The Insect Inquilines and Victims of Pitcher Plants in North Carolina

Pitcher plants have long attracted attention because of their carnivorous habits and their striking unlikeness to any other plants found in this country. It is the purpose of this paper to give the results of studies on the insects and other creatures found in the pitchers.
Stability and controlled release of lutein loaded in zein nanoparticles with and without lecithin and pluronic F127 surfactants

Abstract The ability of zein nanoparticles, made with and without surfactants, to protect lutein from oxidation and to control its release was studied under various conditions. A combination of lecithin and pluronic F127 as surfactants was used to promote physicochemical stability of the nanoparticles and entrapped bioactives. Surfactant use resulted in an increased size, improved polydispersity index, decreased zeta potential, and improved entrapment efficiency. A two-phase lutein release profile was observed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) that consisted of an initial-burst release at 24 h, decreased in the presence of surfactants, followed by a gradual zero-order release profile for both systems. Lutein degradation followed second-order kinetics with no significant difference between nanoentrapped lutein and emulsified control. Nanoparticles stabilized with surfactants did improve chemical stability of lutein under different temperatures and in the presence of UV. Based on this data, the zein nanoparticles stabilized with surfactants proved to be able to protect lutein against chemical degradation and to slow down lutein release under PBS conditions.
Clinical and cultural issues in caring for deaf people.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The clinical practice of family medicine is increasingly cross-cultural. Promoting culturally sensitive and competent health care is one of the goals of medical educators in guiding medical students and residents, as well as designing continuing education for family physicians. Working with minority communities is essential to meet that goal. The Deaf community is a linguistic and cultural minority group that is often overlooked. Working with the Deaf community to help develop cultural competency and sensitivity has potential benefits. This article introduces some of the sociocultural experiences of deafness and their relevance in health care settings.
Research on Basic Models for Battlefield Network War

Battlefield network war has become important content of country security strategy,which is based on network and information systems.Analyzing the information flow,identifying vulnerable nodes,locating latency threats and assessing attack effect are the keys to grasping the initiative of battlefield network war.Modeling and analyzing platform provide an effective and viable way to accomplish the above-mentioned objectives.According to the modeling requirements,the battlefield network model was decomposed into function model,physical model and information model,and modeling approach and function of each model were proposed,which provided theory base for the research of battlefield network war situation analyzing tool and battle planning support platform.
Controlled Humidity Study on the Formation of Higher Efficiency Formamidinium Lead Triiodide-Based Solar Cells

We report on the effect of humidity on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of formamidinium lead halide perovskite (FAPbI3; prepared by a solvent engineering method) and the device characteristics of planar FAPbI3 solar cells. The relative humidity strongly affects the perovskite film morphology, which changes from a uniform, fully covered FAPbI3 film at low relative humidity (e.g., ∼2%) to an inhomogeneous film consisting of many voids (or pinholes) at high humidity (30%–40%). This morphological deterioration with increasing humidity is also accompanied by a reduction of the film crystallinity, decay of optical property, and shorter carrier lifetime. The device based on a planar FAPbI3 film shows the best conversion efficiency of 16.6% (with the stabilized output efficiency of 16.4%) at a low humidity (∼2%). Higher humidity leads to lower device performance, mainly due to the loss of open-circuit voltage and fill factor, which is consistent with the decrease in recombination resistance.