cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An initial investigation of bright light and depression: A neuropsychological perspective

The effects of bright and dim light on finger-tapping rate and on focused and nonfocused dichotic listening performance were evaluated in 21 nondepressed and 21 mildly depressed women. Previous research had proposed decreased left hemisphere (LH) activation in clinically depressed subjects, and pilot data projected a selective activating effect of ambient light on the LH. It was expected that those in the depressed group would have lower base rates of finger tapping, with right-hand rates affected most. The effect for groups was not significant. Bright light exposure was expected to increase the right-hand tapping rate in both groups, with a pronounced effect on depressed subjects. Group × effector × context interactions were not significant. Depressed subjects were expected to have a decreased right-ear advantage (REA) for dichotic consonant-vowel combinations; a main effect of groups was nonsignificant, but in the hypothesized direction. The depressed group also found it more difficult, but not reliably so, to focus attention on stimuli entering the right ear. Neither group experienced the predicted increase in REA in the bright light context. However, the expected increase in the depressed group’s ability to shift focus to the right ear was seen. Longer periods of light exposure, male subjects, and clinically significant populations may yield statistically significant results.
Effects of Bruising and Marination on Broiler Breast Fillet Surface Appearance and Cook Yield

Abstract During production and antemortem stages of processing, broiler breast skin and the underlying muscles may become bruised, resulting in discolored fillets that are usually downgraded. Depending upon the bruise severity and surface area, bruised fillets may be further processed, e.g., marinated, provided the fillets meet the customer's specifications. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of breast bruising on marinade pickup and retention, as well as to investigate the possibility that marination might improved bruised fillet appearance. To accomplish these objectives, market-aged broilers were anesthetized, bruised on one side of the breast, and processed within 1 or 12 hr after receiving the injury (bruise age). Marination pickup for boneless, skinless fillets ranged from approximately 7.5 to 9.7%, with wide variation and no defined pattern relative to bruising. For a 1 hr bruise age (equivalent to unloading, hanging, stunning, and bleeding stages), marination increased redness of the raw fillet, but decreased redness in the cooked fillet compared to the non-marinated bruised fillets. These results indicate that marination may improve bruised fillet appearance when the fillets originate from broilers injured during antemortem stages of processing and are designated for cooked products.
Human Glycinamide Ribonucleotide Transformylase: Active Site Mutants as Mechanistic Probes

Human glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (GART) (EC 2.1.2.2) is a validated target for cancer chemotherapy, but mechanistic studies of this therapeutically important enzyme are limited. Site-directed mutagenesis, initial velocity studies, pH-rate studies, and substrate binding studies have been employed to probe the role of the strictly conserved active site residues, N106, H108, and D144, and the semiconserved K170 in substrate binding and catalysis. Only two conservative substitutions, N106Q and K170R, resulted in catalytically active enzymes, and these active mutant enzymes gave pH-rate profiles and a steady-state kinetic mechanism essentially identical to those of the native enzyme. All inactive mutants were able to bind both substrates, ruling out disrupted formation of the ternary complex as the source of inactivity. Differences between human and Escherichia coli GART, previously used as a model for the human enzyme, were evident.
Ontogeny of the mouse vocal fold epithelium

This investigation provides the first systematic determination of the cellular and molecular progression of vocal fold (VF) epithelium development in a murine model. We define five principal developmental events that constitute the progression from VF initiation in the embryonic anterior foregut tube to fully differentiated and functional adult tissue. These developmental events include (1) the initiation of the larynx and vocal folds with apposition of the lateral walls of the primitive laryngopharynx (embryonic (E) day 10.5); (2) the establishment of the epithelial lamina with fusion of the lateral walls of the primitive laryngopharynx (E11.5); (3) the epithelial lamina recanalization and separation of VFs (E13.5–18.5); (4) the stratification of the vocal folds (E13.5–18.5); and (5) the maturation of vocal fold epithelium (postnatal stages). The illustration of these morphogenetic events is substantiated by dynamic changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis, as well as the expression pattern of key transcription factors, FOXA2, SOX2 and NKX2-1 that specify and pattern the foregut endoderm. Furthermore, we documented the gradual conversion of VF epithelial cells from simple precursors expressing cytokeratins 8 and 18 in the embryo into mature stratified epithelial cells also expressing cytokeratins 5 and 14 in the adult. Interestingly, in the adult, cytokeratins 5 and 14 appear to be expressed in all cell layers in the VF, in contrast to their preferential localization to the basal cell layer in surrounding epithelium. To begin investigating the role of signaling molecules in vocal fold development, we characterized the expression pattern of SHH pathway genes, and how loss of Shh affects vocal fold development in the mutant. This study defines the cellular and molecular context and serves as the necessary foundation for future functional investigations of VF formation.
Sub-barrier enhancement of fusion as compared to a microscopic method in O 18 + C 12

Background: Measurement of the energy dependence of the fusion cross section at sub-barrier energies provides an important test for theoretical models of fusion.Purpose: The aim of the study is to extend the measurement of fusion cross sections in the sub-barrier domain for the $^{18}\mathrm{O}+^{12}\mathrm{C}$ system, and to use the new experimental data to confront microscopic calculations of fusion.Method: Evaporation residues produced in fusion of $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ ions with $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ target nuclei were detected with good geometric efficiency and identified by measuring their energy and time-of-flight. Theoretical calculations with a density-constrained time-dependent Hartree-Fock (DC-TDHF) theory include for the first time the effect of pairing on the fusion cross section.Results: Comparison of the measured fusion excitation function with the predictions of the DC-TDHF calculations reveal that the experimental data exhibit a smaller decrease in cross section with decreasing energy than is theoretically predicted.Conclusion: The larger cross sections observed at the lowest energies measured indicate a larger tunneling probability for the fusion process. This larger probability can be associated with a smaller, narrower fusion barrier than presently included in the theoretical calculations.
Pesticide applicator exposure to insecticides during treatment of citrus trees with oscillating boom and airblast units

To obtain relative exposure data for the spray rig driver applying insecticides to California citrus trees, parathion [O,O-diethylO-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate] and dimethoate [O,O dimethylS-(2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl) phosphorodithioate] were applied with oscillating boom and airblast spray units. Spraying conditions were varied to simulate commercial application practices. Test conditions were used which varied from providing no driver protection to that of providing charcoal-filtered air. Both singleand double-side delivery systems were employed. Gauze sponges pinned to the coveralls of the driver were used to indicate dermal exposure potential, and ethylene glycol-containing impinger type air samplers were used to indicate inhalation exposure potential. Urine samples were collected and analyzed for dialkylphosphate and thiophosphate levels.
T cell deletion in high antigen dose therapy of autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Encounters with antigen can stimulate T cells to become activated and proliferate, become nonresponsive to antigen, or to die. T cell death was shown to be a physiological response to interleukin-2-stimulated cell cycling and T cell receptor reengagement at high antigen doses. This feedback regulatory mechanism attenuates the immune response by deleting a portion of newly dividing, antigen-reactive T cells. This mechanism deleted autoreactive T cells and abrogated the clinical and pathological signs of autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice after repetitive administration of myelin basic protein.
The Development of Auditory Figure‐ground Discrimination and Ear Asymmetry Under Monaural Stimulus Presentation

The development of auditory word discrimination ability in normal male children has been investigated. 56 school-children (14 from kindergarten and 14 each from second, fourth and sixth grades) were asked to discriminate 50 single-syllable words presented against four levels of background noise (0, +10, +20, and +30). Age, noise level, and ear were all significantly related to auditory word discrimination scores. The results of the study show that with increasing age there is increased ability to discriminate words in the presence of noise. However, although the older the child the greater his ability to discriminate, a far greater effect than age on discrimination is the signal-to-noise treatment level, a finding which suggests that knowledge of the treatment condition may be a better predictor of auditory discrimination scores than a child's age. An additional finding was a general right-ear superiority in the presence of noise, most consistently found under the 0 signal/noise condition for children in kindergarten and in second and fourth grades.
Strain influence on the immune response of mice to the Friend virus.

La methode d'Immunoelectroadsorption a permis de deceler la presence d'anticorps contre le virus de Friend, non seulement dans les souches de souris resistantes, mais aussi dans les souches sensibles a ce virus.
Investigation of the ferromagnetism in RCrSb3 (R=La, Ce, Pr, Nd)

Abstract Magnetization and electrical resistivity measurements of the polycrystalline RCrSb 3 , R=La, Ce, Pr, and Nd, were carried out using SQUID magnetometry and the four probe method in the temperature range of 2 to 400 K and at fields of up to 5.5 T. All compounds are found to exhibit ferromagnetism at temperatures above 100 K as a result of the d–d interaction of the chromium atoms. Inverse susceptibility of the mentioned compounds follows a non linear Curie–Weiss law which indicates that there is no fixed effective magnetic moment per chromium atom. Electrical resistivity of LaCrSb 3 was found to follow a T 2 law at temperatures below 38 K. The magnetoresistance of LaCrSb 3 is found to be 5.5% at 150 K. The ferromagnetic to paramagnetic phase transition is found to be of the second order from a capacitance dilatometer measurements.
Energy band alignment of atomic layer deposited HfO2 on epitaxial (110)Ge grown by molecular beam epitaxy

The band alignment properties of atomic layer HfO2 film deposited on epitaxial (110)Ge, grown by molecular beam epitaxy, was investigated using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy exhibited a sharp interface between the (110)Ge epilayer and the HfO2 film. The measured valence band offset value of HfO2 relative to (110)Ge was 2.28 ± 0.05 eV. The extracted conduction band offset value was 2.66 ± 0.1 eV using the bandgaps of HfO2 of 5.61 eV and Ge bandgap of 0.67 eV. These band offset parameters and the interface chemical properties of HfO2/(110)Ge system are of tremendous importance for the design of future high hole mobility and low-power Ge-based metal-oxide transistor devices.
Observations on the covalent cross-linking of the binding domain (BD) of the high mobility group I/Y (HMG I/Y) proteins to DNA by FR66979

FR66979, a drug closely related to the mitomycin C class of antitumor antibiotics, is shown to covalently cross-link DNA to the DNA-binding domain of the High Mobility Group I/Y (HMG I/Y) DNA-binding proteins in the minor groove.
Identification of genes, including the gene encoding p27Kip1, regulated by serine 276 phosphorylation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB

Phosphorylation of the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB is required for its transcriptional activity. Recent reports show that phosphorylation of p65 at serine 276 regulates only a subset of genes, such as those encoding IL-6, IL-8, Gro-beta, and ICAM-1. In order to identify additional genes regulated by serine 276 phosphorylation, HepG2 hepatoma cells were infected with adenoviruses encoding either wild-type p65 or the S276A mutant of p65, followed by DNA microarray analysis. The results show that mutation of serine 276 affected the expression of several genes that encode proteins involved in cell cycle regulation, signal transduction, transcription, and metabolism. Notably, expression of S276A increased the mRNA and protein level of p27, a cell cycle inhibitory protein, which led to an increased association of p27 with cdk2, and inhibition of cdk2 activity. Furthermore, while wild-type NF-kappaB is known to increase cell proliferation in a number of different cancer cell lines, our data shows that S276A inhibited cell proliferation. Evidence is mounting that NF-kappaB plays a pivotal role in oncogenesis. Therapeutic agents that regulate the phosphorylation of serine 276 and p27 gene expression, therefore, may be useful as anti-cancer agents in the future.
Fatal laryngeal obstruction by iatrogenic subglottic cyst.

Prolonged nasotracheal intubation in a 3 1/2-month-old premature infant produced obliteration of the laryngeal ventricle and scarring of vocal cord musculature, and also resulted in the development of subglottic retention cysts, one large enough to cause fatal laryngeal obstruction.
How Can I Live With(out) C. Wright Mills? Breaking With the Disembodied Truth:

Fifty years after his death, C. Wright Mills’s efforts to deconstruct unacknowledged power structures in the United States and his comprehensive critique of academia remain absent from the general curriculum. This is partly because Mills never pretended academic work wasn’t personal; his texts pay witness to the struggles of a man who used the written word to come to terms with himself. Mills aimed to grasp it all, to make individual troubles accessible by redefining them into social issues; he failed as much as he succeeded. I make Mills a comrade on my own intellectual journey and argue that rereading Mills allows young critical scholars to rethink current social theory and their own place within it. I show how, with a critical mind nourished rather than suppressed, rereading Mills can make you realize that you are not a crazy person.
Prediction of single neuron spiking activity using an optimized nonlinear dynamic model

The increasing need of knowledge in the treatment of brain diseases has driven a huge interest in understanding the phenomenon of neural spiking. Researchers have successfully been able to create mathematical models which, with specific parameters, are able to reproduce the experimental neuronal responses. The spiking activity is characterized using spike trains and it is essential to develop methods for parameter estimation that rely solely on the spike times or interspike intervals (ISI). In this paper we describe a new technique for optimization of a single neuron model using an experimental spike train from a biological neuron. We are able to fit model parameters using the gradient descent method. The optimized model is then used to predict the activity of the biological neuron and the performance is quantified using a spike distance measure.
A combined approach to solve binary multicriteria problems

An implicit enumeration algorithm is developed to determine the set of efficient points in zero-one multiple criteria problems. The algorithm is specialized for the solution of a particular class of facility location problems. The procedure is complemented with the use of the utility function of the decision maker to identify a subset of efficient point candidates for the final selection. Computational results are provided and discussed.
Flustramine inspired synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrroloindoline triazole amides as novel inhibitors of bacterial biofilms

Anti-biofilm agents have been developed based upon the flustramine family of alkaloids isolated from Flustra foliacea. A Garg interrupted Fischer indolization reaction was employed to access a core pyrroloindoline scaffold that was subsequently employed to create a pyrroloindoline triazole amide library. Screening for the ability to modulate biofilm formation against strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria identified several compounds with low micromolar, non-toxic IC50 values.
Feature based RDWT watermarking for multimodal biometric system

This paper presents a 3-level RDWT biometric watermarking algorithm to embed the voice biometric MFC coefficients in a color face image of the same individual for increased robustness, security and accuracy. Phase congruency model is used to compute the embedding locations which preserves the facial features from being watermarked and ensures that the face recognition accuracy is not compromised. The proposed watermarking algorithm uses adaptive user-specific watermarking parameters for improved performance. Using face, voice and multimodal recognition algorithms, and statistical evaluation, we show that the proposed RDWT watermarking algorithm is robust to different frequency and geometric attacks, and provides the multimodal biometric verification accuracy of 94%.
Evidence for hydrated spermidine–calf thymus DNA toruses organized by circumferential DNA wrapping

In spermidine-condensed calf thymus DNA preparations, torus-shaped condensates were shown by transmission electron microscopy to exist under the hydrated conditions of the freeze fracture experiment. Using extremely low Pt metal deposition levels (9 A Pt/C) high-contrast replicas of the spermidine-DNA toruses were obtained that showed circumferential wrapping of single DNA double helix-size surface fibres. Stereoscopic analysis of high magnification stereomicrographs established some details of the three-dimensional organization of two DNA double helix sections winding circumferentially on the inner surface of one such torus. These measurements demonstrate the usefulness of stereoscopic analysis of these high macromolecular organization magnification. Measurements on a number of torus-shaped complexes (n = 16) yielded these average dimensions: inner circumference (1840 +/- 204 A) outer circumference (2800 +/- 222 A), torus ring thickness (143 +/- 18 A). These data support a continuous circumferential DNA-winding model of torus organization proposed by Marx & Reynolds.
On the automorphism groups of multidimensional shifts of finite type

We investigate algebraic properties of the automorphism group of multidimensional shifts of finite type (SFTs). We show that positive entropy implies that the automorphism group contains every finite group and, together with transitivity, implies that the center of the automorphism group is trivial (i.e. consists only of the shift action). We also show that positive entropy and dense minimal points (in particular, dense periodic points) imply that the automorphism group of X contains a copy of the automorphism group of the one-dimensional full shift, and hence contains non-trivial elements of infinite order. On the other hand we construct a mixing, positive-entropy SFT whose automorphism group is, modulo the shift action, a union of finite groups.
A new paradigm for the predominance of standing Central Pacific Warming after the late 1990s

Canonical El Nino has a warming center in the eastern Pacific (EP), but in recent decades, El Nino warming center tends to occur more frequently in the central Pacific (CP). The definitions and names of this new type of El Nino, however, have been notoriously diverse, which makes it difficult to understand why the warming center shifts. Here, we show that the new type of El Nino events is characterized by: 1) the maximum warming standing and persisting in the CP and 2) the warming extending to the EP only briefly during its peak phase. For this reason, we refer to it as standing CP warming (CPW). Global warming has been blamed for the westward shift of maximum warming as well as more frequent occurrence of CPW. However, we find that since the late 1990s the standing CPW becomes a dominant mode in the Pacific; meanwhile, the epochal mean trade winds have strengthened and the equatorial thermocline slope has increased, contrary to the global warming-induced weakening trades and flattening thermocline. We propose that the recent predominance of standing CPW arises from a dramatic decadal change characterized by a grand La Nina-like background pattern and strong divergence in the CP atmospheric boundary layer. After the late 1990s, the anomalous mean CP wind divergence tends to weaken the anomalous convection and shift it westward from the underlying SST warming due to the suppressed low-level convergence feedback. This leads to a westward shift of anomalous westerly response and thus a zonally in-phase SST tendency, preventing eastward propagation of the SST anomaly. We anticipate more CPW events will occur in the coming decade provided the grand La Nina-like background state persists.
2,3-diphosphoglycerate, blood oxygen dissociation and the biology of mammals

Abstract 1. 1. Data on 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate, P 50 , the Bohr Effect Factor and T B of a variety of mammalian species was summarized and two discrete clusters of species were found, a low DPG group and a high DPG group. 2. 2. The low DPG group tended to have high P 50 , moderate Bohr Effect Factor and high T B . and consisted of mammals that expended energy in short bursts; i.e. sprinters, dashers or pouncers. 3. 3. The high DPG group had a wider range of P 50 , Bohr Effect Factor and T B than the former group and consisted of mammals that were endurance runners, divers, burrowers, hibernators, altitude adapted or required high tissue O 2 delivery over extended periods of time for other reasons. 4. 4. The P 50 and Bohr Effect Factor differences were probably the result of structural differences in hemoglobin rather than differences in arterial P CO 2 , pH or body size, and the T B differences probably reflected a need for preheating vs gradual warm-up as related to running. 5. 5. Differences between the groups may be explained functionally in terms of the mode by which a species shifted its O 2 -hemoglobin dissociation during exercise or hypoxia; i.e. whether H + dependent or DPG dependent.
Kinodynamic RRT*: Asymptotically optimal motion planning for robots with linear dynamics

We present Kinodynamic RRT*, an incremental sampling-based approach for asymptotically optimal motion planning for robots with linear dynamics. Our approach extends RRT*, which was introduced for holonomic robots [10], by using a fixed-final-state-free-final-time controller that optimally connects any pair of states, where the cost function is expressed as a trade-off between the duration of a trajectory and the expended control effort. Our approach generalizes earlier work on RRT* for kinodynamic systems, as it guarantees asymptotic optimality for any system with controllable linear dynamics, in state spaces of any dimension. In addition, we show that for the rich subclass of systems with a nilpotent dynamics matrix, closed-form solutions for optimal trajectories can be derived, which keeps the computational overhead of our algorithm compared to traditional RRT* at a minimum. We demonstrate the potential of our approach by computing asymptotically optimal trajectories in three challenging motion planning scenarios: (i) a planar robot with a 4-D state space and double integrator dynamics, (ii) an aerial vehicle with a 10-D state space and linearized quadrotor dynamics, and (iii) a car-like robot with a 5-D state space and non-linear dynamics.
Governance and risk management: challenges and public productivity

Purpose – This paper has two purposes. The first is to help elected officials address the issue of public accountability for crises and improve productivity and risk management in the process by outsourcing some traditional government functions to civil society based organizations that can do a better job. The second is to mobilize researchers to explore the implications of the shift from “governing” to “governance” for risk management and the development of risk culture.Design/methodology/approach – After exploring some case studies, the paper examines some leading resources on the shift from “governing” to “governance”. The paper goes on to present an alternative approach for managing public risks.Findings – In order to improve the management of public risks, and given the financial constraints faced by most governments, there is a need for a deliberate effort to entice civil society based organizations to help government identify and alert the public to possible risks. In other words, civil society bas...
When it Works and Where it Fails: Spatial, Temporal, and Budgetary Constraints to Civic Environmentalism*

Objectives. With its focus on civic engagement, market-based tools, and public-private partnerships, the model of civic environmentalism has been successful in dealing with small, localized problems. Yet, a serious investigation of its use to deal with large-scale, complex problems has not been undertaken. This article expands on the original model and applies it to the problem of the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico. Methods. An exploratory case-study framework is used to analyze the usefulness of this second-generation model of environmental policy. Archival data sources, in the form of media reports, congressional hearings, case histories, and organizational websites, were used to develop the case study. Results. The case study demonstrated that polycentric governance, local-level participation, civic leadership, and voluntary, incentive-based programs were integral components of the model of civic environmentalism. However, in the case of the Gulf of Mexico's dead zone, the model's success is limited by spatial, budgetary, and temporal factors, as well as a lack of issue salience and minimal negative impacts on fishery resources. Conclusions. In the end analysis, civic environmentalism faces significant barriers when applied to large-scale, complex environmental problems such as the Gulf of Mexico's dead zone. In this case, the Mississippi River/Gulf of Mexico Task Force will continue to have difficulties in generating a more successful implementation plan unless it broadens its base of support, develops the social capacity of its stakeholders, and resolves the debate over the science behind its action plan.
The Rationalitätstreit Revisited: A Note on Roth’s “Methodological Pluralism”

Roth’s analysis of the Rationalitatstreit (i.e., the debate[s] about rationality) stands as one of the major works on how the debate affects a wide range of issues in the philosophy of science and the social sciences. His principal thesis is that the debate may be seen as a series of Quine-type “translation manuals,” exhibiting characteristics of paradigms (following Kuhn 1970) that can be treated as testable scientific theories by adequate empirical tests. The author argues that Roth’s notion of empirically testing translation manuals is not possible given his criteria. He suggests a clearer definition of “methods” and develops a case whereby translation manuals can be adequately tested within an inductive model—but with rather severe restrictions. Implications are indicated.
The role of endoscopy in bariatrics

Commentary As the prevalence of obesity and its devastating complications continue to increase, bariatric surgery has become an attractive long-term solution for many patients. In this comprehensive review, the authors discuss the role of endoscopy in patients who had undergone bariatric surgery. It is emphasized that before any endoscopic procedure, endoscopists should become familiarized with the new postsurgical anatomy. Bariatric surgery is associated with various complications that may require endoscopic intervention. Each type of surgical procedure provides different challenges for endoscopic evaluation and treatment. Because bariatric surgery is here to stay, endoscopists should start to get acquainted with the potential adverse events of the procedure and the indications for diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy. — Ronnie Fass, MD, Editor
Adherence-fracture energy of a glass-bonded thick-film conductor: effect of firing conditions

The effect of firing conditions on the adherence of a glass-bonded Pt-Au printed thick film conductor to a 96 wt % Al2O3 substrate was determined by a fracture mechanics measurement of the critical fracture energy for catastrophic thick film-substrate separation. The technique also demonstrated that separation by slow crack growth (delayed failure) occurred in this system. Analysis of the thick film microstructure and fracture surfaces showed that optimum adherence was primarily a result of a mechanically interlocked interface formed between the conductor metal and the glass bonding layer which, in turn, was strongly bonded to the alumina substrate. The two step decrease observed inγIC (from 3.7 to 0.2 J m−2) with firing temperatures over 860° C resulted from the removal of this interlocking metal-glass interface brought on by metal sintering and glass migration to the substrate. Thus, at 860° C firing temperatures, adherence is controlled by cohesive fracture in the glass bonding phase while above 1000° C it is controlled by adhesive failure of the weak chemical-physical bond at the metal-glass interface.
Winning isn't everything: Rats need only food deprivation and not food reward to efficiently traverse a radial arm maze

Abstract The present study examined the assumption that immediate food reward is the critical determinant of efficient performance on the radial maze. Food-deprived and nondeprived rats were run on a large-platformed, 8-arm radial maze that was either baited or unbaited. Food-deprived rats that were rewarded entered significantly more novel arms in their first eight choices than expected by chance, consistently ran to the ends of chosen arms, and increasingly chose adjacent arms over trials. Food-deprived rats that were unrewarded behaved in much the same way. In contrast, rats that were nondeprived and unrewarded did not choose novel arms at above chance levels, infrequently ran to the ends of chosen arms, and did not develop a consistent response strategy. Explanations of the development of organized behavior based on reinforcement, win-shift tendencies, or spontaneous alternation do not account for these results. Rats appear to have foraging strategies based on preorganized stimulus sensitivities and response dispositions that are readily engaged by food deprivation and result in efficient traversal of a radial maze even in the absence of food reward.
Recruiting drug-using men who have sex with men into behavioral interventions: A two-stage approach

Drug-using men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV infection. Efforts to change behaviors in this population have been hampered by difficulties in recruiting drug-using MSM into behavioral interventions. This study sought to develop an effective strategy for recruiting drug-using MSM into behavioral interventions that consist of motivational interviewing alone or motivational interviewing plus contingency management. MSM were recruited through advertising and community outreach into groups to discuss party drugs, party burnout, and sexual behavior, with the intervention subsequently described and enrollment offered in the group setting. Many more eligible MSM responded to advertisements for the discussion groups than advertisements for the interventions, and 58% of those who participated in the discussion groups volunteered for counseling. Men who entered counseling reported high levels of drug use and sexual activity and were racially and ethnically diverse; only 35% were willing to accept drug treatment. Results demonstrate that a two-stage strategy in which drug-using MSM are first recruited into discussion groups before they are offered a behavioral intervention can be an effective way to induce voluntary acceptance of an intervention employing a behavioral risk-reduction approach.
Reproductive strategies and relationship preferences associated with prestigious and dominant men

Abstract Women prefer dominant men as short-term mates and prestigious men as long-term mates. People associate short-term mating with masculine male facial features and long-term mating with feminine male facial features. The present study found that people associate dominant men with masculine facial features and short-term mating strategies, and prestigious men with feminine facial features and long-term mating strategies. Both men and women prefer high-prestige men for social relationships. Women prefer high-prestige men for long-term romantic relationships, yet prefer high-dominance men for brief sexual affairs. Although men were generally accurate in predicting women’s partner preferences, men overestimated the degree to which women would find the high-dominance man more attractive for all types of relationships.
Haemocytes of the hemlock woolly adelgid Adelges tsugae Annand (Hom., Adelgidae) and changes after exposure to low temperatures.

The main cellular components of the haemolymph of Adelges tsugae Annand were identified from individuals collected in Massachusetts, USA in February and October 1997. The cell types present were formative cells, plasmatocytes, adipohaemocytes, vermiform cells, prohaemocytes and oenocytoids. Vermiform cells were the most abundant. Very few oenocytoids were found. They were significantly more cells of all types in the haemolymph of A. tsugae collected in October than in those collected in February. Adelges tsugae collected in February were exposed in the laboratory to -20, -25 and -30°C for 2, 4 and 8 h. No intact cells were found in the haemolymph of A. tsugae exposed to -30°C. Haemocytes were damaged by exposure to -20 and -25°C. The effect of these temperatures on the different cell types is presented.
Minimizing Video Retransmission Delay and Energy Consumption with Caching Routers

We investigated the use of caching of packets containing video at intermediary routers to reduce the delay and energy consumption of Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) error recovery. We modeled the two mathematical programs that select the optimal set of routers to have caching ability, one to minimize energy consumption and the other to minimize retransmission delay. Both of these mathematical programs have identical structure. We then solve these mathematical programs with a dynamic programming solution whose execution time growth is polynomial in the size of the input parameters. Our performance analysis indicates that the optimal solution significantly outperforms several heuristic solutions.
Novel phorbol ester response region in the collagenase promoter binds Fos and Jun

In rabbit fibroblasts the AP-1 sequence (5′-ATGAGTCAC-3′) is necessary but not sufficient for induction of collagenase transcription by phorbol esters (PMA) (Auble and Brinckerhoff: Biochemistry 30(18):4629–4635, 1991). In this study we identified additional sequences involved in PMA-induced transcription. Using fibroblasts transiently transfected with chimeric constructs containing fragments of the rabbit collagenase 5′-flanking DNA linked to the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene, we found that deletion of nucleotides −182 to −141 in a 380 bp promoter construct resulted in about a 7-fold loss of induction by PMA. Mobility shift assays revealed that nuclear proteins from fibroblasts specifically bound to 20-bp at −182 to −161. Binding was competed completely by self and only partially by the AP-1 sequence, implying that proteins binding to the AP-1 sequence could also bind to this region. In vitro transcribed and translated c-Fos and c-Jun bound to both the AP-1 site and to the sequences from −182 to −141. DNAase I footprinting of the collagenase promoter with purified c-Jun or c-Fos/c-Jun protected the AP-1 sequence at −77 to −69 in addition to a region from −189 to −178 which overlaps a putative AP-1-like site, 5′-ATTAATCAT-3′. Finally, deletion of the −182 to −161 region in a 380-bp CAT construct resulted in a substantial reduction of PMA responsiveness. Thus, we have identified a novel phorbol-responsive region that binds c-Fos and c-Jun, and we suggest that these or similar proteins may regulate transcription of the collagenase gene by binding to sequences within and adjacent to the −182 to −161 region.
Acireductone dioxygenase- (ARD-) type reactivity of a nickel(II) complex having monoanionic coordination of a model substrate: product identification and comparisons to unreactive analogues.

A mononuclear Ni(II) complex ([(6-Ph2TPA)Ni(PhC(O)C(OH)C(O)Ph)]ClO4 (1)), supported by the 6-Ph2TPA chelate ligand (6-Ph2TPA = N,N-bis((6-phenyl-2-pyridyl)methyl)-N-((2-pyridyl)methyl)amine) and containing a cis-β-keto-enolate ligand having a C2 hydroxyl substituent, undergoes reaction with O2 to produce a Ni(II) monobenzoate complex ([(6-Ph2TPA)Ni(O2CPh)]ClO4 (3)), CO, benzil (PhC(O)C(O)Ph), benzoic acid, and other minor unidentified phenyl-containing products. Complex 3 has been identified through independent synthesis and was characterized by X-ray crystallography, 1H NMR, FAB-MS, FTIR, and elemental analysis. A series of cis-β-keto-enolate Ni(II) complexes supported by the 6-Ph2TPA ligand ([(6-Ph2TPA)Ni(PhC(O)CHC(O)Ph)]ClO4 (4), [(6-Ph2TPA)Ni(CH3C(O)CHC(O)CH3)]ClO4 (5), and [(6-Ph2TPA)Ni(PhC(O)CHC(O)C(O)Ph) (6)) have been prepared and characterized. While these complexes exhibit structural and/or spectroscopic similarity to 1, all are unreactive with O2. The results of this study are discussed in term...
COMPARISON OF ERROR RATES ON THE 1990 AND 1994 REVISED SELF-DIRECTED SEARCH

This study compared the error rates on the 1990 and 1994 versions of the Self-Directed Search for a sample of 91 high school students (44 boys, 47 girls) of junior and senior standing. The two versions are different primarily in the wording and inclusion or exclusion of specific items. However, because both versions appear to be straightforward and involve relatively few transformations of subscale scores by the user, it was hypothesized that no significant differences in error rates would be found between the two versions. Results of a z test confirmed the hypothesis.
Surprise and Memory as Indices of Concrete Operational Development

Summary.-Normal and retarded children's use of color, number, length, and continuous quantity as attributes of identity was assessed by presenting them with contrived changes in these properties. Mean Binet MAS were 6.3 for normals and 6.2 for retzrdates. Surprise to the change of color occurred at lower MAS than surprise to all quantitative properties among normals and to continuous quantiry and (nonsignificantly) to length among retardates. More retardates than MA-matched normals were surprised at he change of quantity (p = .058), but there were no other significant group differences. Study I1 employed normal children with mean MA = 5.2. Significant relations between surprise and both recognition and reconstruction memory were found for color and number. Surprise and correct memory responses for color preceded those to number, which preceded logical verbal responses to a conventional numberconservation task.
Mechanical property changes in ion- irradiated metals: Part I. Ni-Cu alloys

The effect of radiation-induced dislocation loops on hardness in ion-irradiated Ni-Cu alloys has been studied using a recently developed mechanical properties microprobe (MPM). Well-annealed Ni-10 at. pct Cu and Ni-50 at. pct Cu were irradiated with 14-MeV Ni ions to doses of 20 to 100 displacements per atom (dpa) peak damage (5 to 25 dpa at 1 μm) at 0.45Tm (485 °C and 425 °C, respectively). Ultra-low load microindentation hardness measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were done using cross-sectional techniques. These methods allow for direct hardness measurements, which have been compared to the unirradiated material, of only the small irradiation zone (<3-μm deep). Irradiation induced a high density of dislocation loops, with the size and density of the loops dependent on composition and independent of irradiation conditions. This high dislocation loop density caused a large increase in hardness. A reasonable correlation was found between measured hardness changes and calculated changes based on dislocation loop sizes and densities.
Improved Vascular Survival and Growth in the Mouse Model of Hindlimb Ischemia by a Remote Signaling Mechanism

Deficiencies in prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins (PHDs) may lead to the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-α proteins, the latter of which activate local angiogenic responses by paracrine mechanisms. Here, we investigate whether a keratinocyte-specific PHD deficiency may promote vascular survival and growth in a distantly located ischemic tissue by a remote signaling mechanism. We generated mice that carry a keratinocyte-specific Phd2 knockout (kPhd2KO) and performed femoral artery ligation. Relative to wild-type controls, kPhd2KO mice displayed improved vascular survival and arteriogenesis in ischemic hind limbs, leading to the accelerated recovery of hindlimb perfusion and superior muscle regeneration. Similar protective effects were also seen in type 1 and type 2 diabetic mice. Molecularly, both abundance of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α protein and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A were increased in epidermal tissues of kPhd2KO mice, accompanied by increased plasma concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor-A. Contrary to kPhd2KO mice, which are PHD2 deficient in all skin tissues, localized kPhd2KO in hindlimb skin tissues did not have similar effects, excluding paracrine signaling as a major mechanism. Confirming the existence of remote effects, hepatocyte-specific Phd2 knockout also protected hind limbs from ischemia injury. These data indicate that vascular survival and growth in ischemia-injured tissue may be stimulated by suppressing PHD2 in a remotely located tissue and may provide highly effective angiogenesis therapies without the need for directly accessing target tissues.
Croaking gourami, Trichopsis vittata (Cuvier, 1831), in Florida, USA

The croaking gourami, Trichopsis vittata, is documented from wetland habitats in southern Florida. This species was previously recorded from the same area over 15 years ago, but was considered extirpated. The rediscovery of a reproducing population of this species highlights the dearth of information available regarding the dozens of non-native fishes in Florida, as well as the need for additional research and monitoring.
The Influence of Shallow Convection on Tropical Cyclone Track Forecasts

ABSTRACTAccurate tropical cyclone (TC) track forecasts depend on having skillful numerical model predictions of the environmental wind field. Given that wind and temperature are related through thermal wind balance, structural errors in the processes that determine the tropical temperature profile, such as shallow convection, can therefore lead to biases in TC position. This paper evaluates the influence of shallow convection on Advanced Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting Model (AHW) TC track forecasts by cycling an ensemble data assimilation during a 1-month period in 2008 where cumulus convection is parameterized on the coarse-resolution domain using the Kain–Fritsch scheme or the modified Tiedtke scheme, which contains a more appropriate treatment of oceanic shallow convection. Short-term forecasts with the Kain–Fritsch scheme are characterized by a 1-K, 700-hPa temperature bias over much of the western Atlantic Ocean, which is attributed to a lack of shallow convection within that scheme. In t...
Behavioral and emotional dysregulation trajectories marked by prefrontal-amygdala function in symptomatic youth.

BACKGROUND: Neuroimaging measures of behavioral and emotional dysregulation can yield biomarkers denoting developmental trajectories of psychiatric pathology in youth. We aimed to identify functional abnormalities in emotion regulation (ER) neural circuitry associated with different behavioral and emotional dysregulation trajectories using latent class growth analysis (LCGA) and neuroimaging. METHOD: A total of 61 youth (9-17 years) from the Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms study, and 24 healthy control youth, completed an emotional face n-back ER task during scanning. LCGA was performed on 12 biannual reports completed over 5 years of the Parent General Behavior Inventory 10-Item Mania Scale (PGBI-10M), a parental report of the child's difficulty regulating positive mood and energy. RESULTS: There were two latent classes of PGBI-10M trajectories: high and decreasing (HighD; n=22) and low and decreasing (LowD; n=39) course of behavioral and emotional dysregulation over the 12 time points. Task performance was >89% in all youth, but more accurate in healthy controls and LowD versus HighD (p<0.001). During ER, LowD had greater activity than HighD and healthy controls in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a key ER region, and greater functional connectivity than HighD between the amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (p's<0.001, corrected). CONCLUSIONS: Patterns of function in lateral prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuitry in youth denote the severity of the developmental trajectory of behavioral and emotional dysregulation over time, and may be biological targets to guide differential treatment and novel treatment development for different levels of behavioral and emotional dysregulation in youth.
Interleukin-13 Induces Surfactant Function Abnormality in the Murine Lung

2003;123;375S-376S Chest Chen, Robert Homer and Jack A. Elias Zhou Zhu, Goran Enhorning, Tao Zheng, Qingsheng Chen, Ning Yuan * Abnormality in the Murine Lung Interleukin-13 Induces Surfactant Function http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/123/3_suppl/375S.2.full.html services can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and ISSN:0012-3692 ) http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml ( written permission of the copyright holder. this article or PDF may be reproduced or distributed without the prior Dundee Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. All rights reserved. No part of Copyright2003by the American College of Chest Physicians, 3300 Physicians. It has been published monthly since 1935. is the official journal of the American College of Chest Chest