cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of experimental and computed protein anisotropic temperature factors

Because of its appealing simplicity, the anisotropic network model (ANM) has been widely accepted and applied to study many molecular motion problems: such as the molecular mechanisms of GroEL-GroES function, allosteric changes in hemoglobin, ribosome motion, motor-protein motions, and conformational changes in general, etc. However, the validity of the ANM has not been closely examined. In this work, we use ANM to predict the anisotropic temperature factors of proteins. On the flip side, the rich, directional anisotropic temperature factor data available for hundreds of proteins in the protein data bank (PDB) are used as validation data to closely test the ANM model. The significance of this work is that it presents a timely, important evaluation of the model, shows the extent of its accuracy in reproducing experimental anisotropic temperature factors, and suggests ways to improve the model. An improved model will help us better understand the internal dynamics of proteins, which in turn can greatly expand the usefulness of the models, which has already been demonstrated in many applications.
Effects of exogenous interleukin‐1β on primary sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni (Trematoda) incubated with plasma and hemocytes from schistosome‐susceptible and resistant Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda)

. The cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mediates interactions of immune and inflammatory cells in mammals. Previous reports also have linked plasma (cell-free hemolymph) levels of IL-1β in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata to resistance against Schistosoma mansoni. In the present study, fluorescent probes were used to study larval schistosome and snail hemocyte viability during in vitro encounters. Hemolymph (plasma and hemocytes) from schistosome-susceptible (M-line) and resistant (13–16-R1) B. glabrata was added to sporocysts of S. mansoni and the viability of hemocytes and parasites was assessed. Next, IL-1β was added to sporocyst-hemolymph samples, the viability of sporocysts and hemocytes determined and then compared to control assays. The number of live sporocysts present after incubation for 1 h with hemolymph from M-line snails was significantly greater than the number seen when hemolymph from 13–16-R1 snails was tested. Nearly all sporocysts survived the 1 h incubation with M-line hemolymph, and most of the hemocytes attached to sporocysts were dead. In contrast, nearly all sporocysts were dead when hemolymph from 13–16-R1 snails was tested, and most attached hemocytes were alive. Addition of IL-1β to M-line hemolymph resulted in a dramatic increase in sporocyst death. Addition of IL-1β to 13–16-R1 hemolymph produced a small but significant increase in the rate of sporocyst death. These results indicate that the concentration of IL-1β present in hemolymph from B. glabrata is directly related to the ability of this snail to kill S. mansoni sporocysts in vitro.
Alkali-metal-intercalated transition metal disulfides: A thermodynamic model

In the lithium-intercalated disulfides, LixMS2, where M = Ti, Ta, a nearly linear compositional variation of the lithium chemical potential is observed throughout the composition range 0 < x < 1.0. For most sodium-intercalated disulfides, chemical potential plateaus are observed between regions exhibiting linear variations of sodium chemical potential. Our thermodynamic model indicates that the two most important factors which determine the compositional variation of the alkali metal chemical potential are the interaction energy between intercalated alkali-metal atoms and the compositional variation of the electron chemical potential. Although these two factors determine the compositional variation of chemical potential in single-phase regions, the existence of two-phase regions in the concentration range x = 0−0.15 are influenced by the energy required to expand the interlayer gap and the configurational entropy.
Localization of multiple dopamine receptor subtype mRNAs in human and monkey motor cortex and striatum.

Dopamine plays a critical role in motor and cognitive function through actions mediated by specific receptors, multiple subtypes of which have recently been identified. The distribution of mRNAs encoding D1, D2 and D5 receptors in the motor cortex of humans and in the motor cortex and striatum of macaque monkeys was examined using in situ hybridization. In motor cortices from both primate species, hybridization to each receptor probe resulted in numerous labeled cells throughout layers II–VI. In contrast to neocortex, in monkey striatum only the D1 and D2 receptor probes showed significant hybridization. Thus, not only does primate neocortex possess a broader representation of the dopamine receptor subtype mRNAs examined in comparison with striatum, but the unexpected presence and widespread distribution of D2 and D5 receptor mRNAs in cortex suggests that, along with D1 receptors, D2 and D5 receptors play a crucial role in the dopaminergic modulation of cognition and motor behavior, and in dopamine dysfunction associated with neuropsychiatric disorders.
Channel management and sales management: Some key interfaces

Channel management and sales management have traditionally been treated as different “animals” in the literature on these two areas of the marketing discipline. But there are several important interfaces between these two fields which have been ignored in the literature. This article identifies and discusses the significance of five of the most basic and important of these previously ignored interfaces: 1) channel design, 2) motivation of channel members, 3) education and training of channel members, 4) selling through channel members, and 5) evaluation of the performance of channel members.
The Mars exploration rovers descent image motion estimation system

Descent image motion estimation system is the first machine-vision system for estimating lander velocity during planetary descent. Composed of sensors and software, DIMES features a descent imager, a radar altimeter, an inertial-measurement unit, and an algorithm for combining sensor measurements to estimate horizontal velocity - the speed across the planet's surface the lander travels as it descends. Although the sensors are not novel technology, the algorithm and flight software that combines them are new. This algorithm combines radar, image, and inertial data in a novel way to create a low-cost, robust, and computationally efficient solution to the horizontal-velocity-estimation problem. This article describes the DIMES algorithm, its testing, and its performance during both Mars exploration rover landings.
A bioassay technique for Entomophthora sphaerosperma on the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana

Abstract A technique for conducting bioassays of Entomophthora sphaerosperma on sixth-instar larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana , was developed. Four assays were conducted by showering conidia on 10 larvae for each of 10 to 20 doses per assay. Dose was estimated by averaging estimates of the concentration of spores falling on water agar dishes before and after insect exposure. Maximum-likelihood probit analysis indicated significant regressions between log dose and probit mortality for all four assays. LC 50 values ranged from 11.21 to 18.77 spores/mm 2 with a weighted mean of 16.13 spores/mm 2 . Slope estimates ranged from 0.92 to 1.87 with a weighted mean of 1.13. These low slope values may have been indicative of a highly variable test insect population, but also suggested a nontoxic infection process by the pathogen.
Use of Industrial Engineering in Measuring Police Manpower:: A Small City Case Study

One of the most common challenges facing municipal governments is the balance of manpower and service levels with budgetary constraints and community desires. Although it has been historically underused in the public sector, industrial engineering can offer local administrators a variety of analytical and objective measures that can be used to justify organizational decisions that directly affect the efficiency, effectiveness, and quality of governmental operations. Using a case study involving the analysis of police manpower, this article suggests that industrial engineering techniques can be applied effectively to public sector operations leading to better decision making by elected officials and administrators.
Quantum Chemistry Study of Li + -1,2-Dimethoxypropane Complexes

Quantum chemistry studies of the lowest energy conformers of 1,2-dimethoxypropane (DMP) complexes with Li+ ions have been carried out. Results of these calculations are compared with those of our recent study of Li+−1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) complexes. Because of a chiral center, conformation space is more complex for DMP than for the structurally similar but achiral DME. Qualitatively similar behavior to that seen previously in studies of DME is found, however, including the presence of low-energy conformers containing consecutive gauche dihedrals of opposite sense and stronger interactions of the Li+ ion with conformers containing O-C−C-O gauche conformations. The former is a result of stabilization of conformers by attractive 1,5 CH3...O electrostatic interactions, while the latter reflects the ability of the ion to interact with both ether oxygen atoms. The calculated Li+−DMP complex energies and geometries reveal that favorable interactions of the α methyl group with the ion result in a Li+−tḡt compl...
Fiscal Deficit and Public Debt in Industrial Countries, 1970-1994

This paper assembles a set of relevant fiscal data for both the individual countries and for the aggregate G-7 and 18 industrial countries which covers a period long enough to allow an assessment of trends and the conduct of econometric tests. The "world" fiscal deficit has been rising since the 1970s and reached a historic high in 1993-94; the rise of the deficit has been accompanied by a significant decline in world saving. The paper argues that the increase in public debt which has been the consequence of the accumulation of the fiscal deficits has pushed up worldwide interest rates. Econometric evidence in support of this relationship is presented on the basis of panel data for the period 1970-93.
Coordinated evolution of co-expressed gene clusters in the Drosophila transcriptome

Co-expression of genes that physically cluster together is a common characteristic of eukaryotic transcriptomes. This organization of transcriptomes suggests that coordinated evolution of gene expression for clustered genes may also be common. Clusters where expression evolution of each gene is not independent of their neighbors are important units for understanding transcriptome evolution. We used a common microarray platform to measure gene expression in seven closely related species in the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup, accounting for confounding effects of sequence divergence. To summarize the correlation structure among genes in a chromosomal region, we analyzed the fraction of variation along the first principal component of the correlation matrix. We analyzed the correlation for blocks of consecutive genes to assess patterns of correlation that may be manifest at different scales of coordinated expression. We find that expression of physically clustered genes does evolve in a coordinated manner in many locations throughout the genome. Our analysis shows that relatively few of these clusters are near heterochromatin regions and that these clusters tend to be over-dispersed relative to the rest of the genome. This suggests that these clusters are not the byproduct of local gene clustering. We also analyzed the pattern of co-expression among neighboring genes within a single Drosophila species: D. simulans. For the co-expression clusters identified within this species, we find an under-representation of genes displaying a signature of recurrent adaptive amino acid evolution consistent with previous findings. However, clusters displaying co-evolution of expression among species are enriched for adaptively evolving genes. This finding points to a tie between adaptive sequence evolution and evolution of the transcriptome. Our results demonstrate that co-evolution of expression in gene clusters is relatively common among species in the D. melanogaster subgroup. We consider the possibility that local regulation of expression in gene clusters may drive the connection between adaptive sequence and coordinated gene expression evolution.
Sequences in Separation: A Framework for Investigating Endings of the Personal (Romantic) Relationship

A multi-parameter framework is proposed for examining `break-ups' of the pre-marital romantic dyad. The model delineates five stages in dissolution: Discovery of Dissatisfaction (D), Exposure (E), Negotiation (N), Resolution (R) and Transformation (T). Termination scenarios may be specified by Stage, Operator, Content and Latency parameters. Utility of the framework is explored in a retrospective study of 112 break-ups. Subjects reporting (E) and (N) Stages (engagement on issues) view their relationships as more intense and enduring and themselves as more intimate with and similar to their partners than subjects reporting omission of these stages. The time span of termination (D to T) is shown to correlate positively with attraction towards and agreement with partner, as well as with loneliness and fear during dissolution. Patterns of decision (at R) and follow-through (at T) are linked to perceived qualities of the dyad: two scenarios, the `scale-down' and the `inconsistent break', are characterized by h...
A recirculating artificial seawater system for the laboratory culture of Mysidopsis almyra (Crustacea; Pericaridea)

The estuarine opossum shrimp Mysidopsis almyra Bowman is a useful laboratory organism and has been cultured continuously for over three years in a recirculating artificial seawater system. This system is composed of one 57 1 and one 19 1 glass aquarium joined by a power filter and siphons. Optimal culture conditions are 20 ppt artificial seawater at 25°C and a 14∶10 hour light∶dark photoperiod. Adult mysids are maintained in the large aquarium and fed newly hatched nauplii of Artemia salina. Newly hatched M. almyra postlarvae are carried by the siphons into the smaller aquarium where they are trapped in cylinders made of 0.3 mm nesh nylon netting. One-hundred to four-hundred post-larvae are harvested each day from the system.
Intel Motes: Advanced Sensor Network Platforms and Applications

Traditional Sensor Network nodes (also called “motes”) have been built around low-end 8-bit microcontrollers and simple single channel radios. These platforms are very resource constrained which limits their application to more demanding tasks. These limitations were imposed by constraints on cost, power consumption and physical size. Intel Motes represent a new class of Sensor Network platforms that are motivated by several new design goals: increased CPU performance and memory capacity, improved radio bandwidth and reliability, as well as cost-effectiveness. We describe details of the new platform architectures as well as practical experiences with the new motes regarding CPU and radio performance, networking algorithms, and battery life.
Current Density Estimation Algorithms

Biomagnetic imaging is the determination of electrical current flows, internal to the body, from measurements of the external magnetic fields these currents produce. In this paper we concentrate on factors that influence the use of mathematical estimation algorithms. It is these algorithms that produce the current images. We will ignore problems of data acquisition, assuming that all measurements are perfect and plentiful. We will further restrict our attention to formulations of magnetic-field generation and current-density reconstruction for linear, isotropic, shift invariant media.
Necrotic enteritis in chickens: A paradigm of enteric infection by Clostridium perfringens type A

Withdrawal of antimicrobial growth promoters and ionophore coccidiostats has been accompanied by a resurgence in incidence of necrotic enteritis (NE), a severe Clostridium perfringens-induced disease which some consider the most clinically dramatic bacterial enteric disease of poultry. Lesions, in jejunum and ileum, are focal-to-confluent, often with a tightly adhered pseudomembrane, and hemorrhage is uncommon. The key risk factor for development of NE is an intestinal environment that favors growth of the organism. Birds on high energy, protein-rich, wheat- or barley-based diets experience NE at a rate up to ten times greater than do birds on maize-based diets. Specific strains of type A cause NE, although only a few specific virulence attributes are known. The role of alpha toxin (CPA) has been called into question by the finding that an engineered CPA mutant retained full virulence in vivo, although the counterpoint to this is the finding that immunization with CPA toxoids provides substantial protection against NE. A recently described toxin, NetB, seems likely to be involved in pathogenesis of infection by most NE strains. Immunization with CPA, NetB, or other proteins, delivered by conventional means or vectored by recombinant attenuated Salmonella vectors may help the industry deal with NE. Future progress may be based in large part on genomic and proteomic analyses.
Morphology and mechanical properties of virgin and recycled polyethylene/polyvinyl chloride blends

In this study, blends of virgin and recycled polyethylene (PE) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), with a methylmethacrylate-ethylacrylate copolymer as a processing aid, were prepared in the molten state. Different additives such as ethylene-vinylacetate copolymers, ethylene-methacrylic acid ionomer, and two peroxides (dibenzoyl and dicumyl), in the presence of a coupling agent, were used to compatibilize the blend or possibly induce graft structures. The blends' morphologies, tensile properties, and impact properties were studied. For blends with low copolymer concentration (below 3 wt%) the mechanical test data indicated a good performance. In the case of blends with ethylene methacrylic acid ionomer, improvements in the mechanical properties were obtained also at higher additive concentrations. Of the two peroxides, better results were obtained using the dibenzoyl one. The morphological studies indicated that the blends that showed good mechanical properties were better dispersed and had improved interphase adhesion
Model-based decoding, information estimation, and change-point detection techniques for multineuron spike trains

One of the central problems in systems neuroscience is to understand how neural spike trains convey sensory information. Decoding methods, which provide an explicit means for reading out the information contained in neural spike responses, offer a powerful set of tools for studying the neural coding problem. Here we develop several decoding methods based on point-process neural encoding models, or forward models that predict spike responses to stimuli. These models have concave log-likelihood functions, which allow efficient maximum-likelihood model fitting and stimulus decoding. We present several applications of the encoding model framework to the problem of decoding stimulus information from population spike responses: (1) a tractable algorithm for computing the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate of the stimulus, the most probable stimulus to have generated an observed single-or multiple-neuron spike train response, given some prior distribution over the stimulus; (2) a gaussian approximation to the posterior stimulus distribution that can be used to quantify the fidelity with which various stimulus features are encoded; (3) an efficient method for estimating the mutual information between the stimulus and the spike trains emitted by a neural population; and (4) a framework for the detection of change-point times (the time at which the stimulus undergoes a change in mean or variance) by marginalizing over the posterior stimulus distribution. We provide several examples illustrating the performance of these estimators with simulated and real neural data.
Voltage-controlled ferroelectric lens phased arrays

A new concept for phased arrays is proposed using a voltage-controlled ferroelectric lens. The ferroelectric lens concept uniquely incorporates bulk phase shifting-the array does not contain individual phase shifters-using ferroelectric material. This will reduce the number of phase shifters from (n/spl times/m) to (n+m), where n is the number of columns and m is the number of rows in a phased array. The number of phase shifter drivers and phase shifter controls is also significantly reduced by using row-column beam steering. Thus, the ferroelectric lens concept can potentially lead to low-cost phased arrays. This paper presents the ferroelectric lens concept, theoretical analysis and design, and experimental results. The results indicate that the ferroelectric lens concept is viable and sound. Various phased-array configurations using ferroelectric lens are included. A discussion on ferroelectric materials is included along with information on a US Department of Defense program to improve ferroelectric materials.
Sensitivity of infrared water vapor analyzers to oxygen concentration and errors in stomatal conductance

Use of infrared analyzers to measure water vapor concentrations in photosynthesis systems is becoming common. It is known that sensitivity of infrared carbon dioxide and water vapor analyzers is affected by the oxygen concentration in the background gas, particularly for absolute analyzers, but the potential for large errors in estimates of stomatal conductance due to effects of oxygen concentration on the sensitivity of infrared water vapor analyzers is not widely recognized. This work tested three types of infrared water vapor analyzers for changes in sensitivity of infrared water vapor analyzers depending on the oxygen content of the background gas. It was found that changing from either 0 or 2% to 21% oxygen in nitrogen decreased the sensitivity to water vapor for all three types of infrared water vapor analyzers by about 4%. The change in sensitivity was linear with oxygen mole fraction. The resulting error in calculated stomatal conductance would depend strongly on the leaf to air vapor pressure difference and leaf temperature, and also on whether leaf temperature was directly measured or calculated from energy balance. Examples of measurements of gas exchange on soybean leaves under glasshouse conditions indicated that changing from 21% to 2% oxygen produced an artifactual apparent increase in stomatal conductance which averaged about 30%. Similar errors occurred for `conductances' of wet filter paper. Such errors could affect inferences about the carbon dioxide dependence of the sensitivity of photosynthesis to oxygen.
NASA balloon design and flight: Philosophy and criteria

The NASA philosophy and criteria for the design and flight of scientific balloons are set forth and discussed. The thickness of balloon films is standardized at 20.3 microns to isolate potential film problems, and design equations are given for specific balloon parameters. Expressions are given for: flight-stress index, total required thickness, cap length, load-tape rating, and venting-duct area. The balloon design criteria were used in the design of scientific balloons under NASA auspices since 1986, and the resulting designs are shown to be 95 percent effective. These results represent a significant increase in the effectiveness of the balloons and therefore indicate that the design criteria are valuable. The criteria are applicable to four balloon volume classes in combination with seven payload ranges.
Trust Management in Distributed Systems via SPATE

This paper describes a peer-to-peer distributed system predicated by a trust management entity that provides a functionally stable, scalable, anonymous peer-centric conglomeration we call SPATE. SPATE stands for soft-profiling architecture for trust evaluation in which a peer is evaluated minimally within a flexible range. If the range remains invariant within a time-span, evaluation scores need not be updated. This results in less update traffics. In this scheme, the system attempts to stay robust against malicious peers with pertinent trust-records replicated and distributed among coordinators.
Perspectives on Medical Research Involving Men in Schizophrenia and HIV-Related Protocols

Ethical issues in research on serious physical and mental illnesses have received great attention, and yet little is known about how the perspectives of clinical research participants with different diagnoses may compare. We conducted a preliminary study to examine the attitudes of men enrolled in schizophrenia-related protocols and in HIV-related protocols regarding the importance of medical research, key aspects of research participation, and the acceptability of research involvement by various groups. A total of 33 men enrolled in schizophrenia protocols and 15 men enrolled in HIV-related protocols volunteered for our study. Respondents affirmed the importance of medical research and endorsed many positive things about participation. Autonomy and altruism were identified as motivators for research involvement. Participation by diverse groups was seen as acceptable. Respondents expressed comfort and little stress with the interview process. Men in different diagnostic groups largely saw the issues the same. Our findings thus suggest that people with schizophrenia and HIV/AIDS who are enrolled in protocols may share a number of core attitudes or beliefs related to ethical aspects of research participation. Further study is needed to explore how research involvement may influence perspectives and whether differences in views exist across people with diverse physical and mental illnesses.
Drug Particle Delivery Investigation Through a Valveless Micropump

Micropumps with various types of actuations are being used in microfluidic transport for liquid drug delivery. Due to the complexity of the flow field, particle transport through a valveless micropump might be challenging in comparison to a pressure-driven flow micropumps. In order to better understand and develop an optimized design for the delivery of drug particles through valveless micropumps, computational simulations may be necessary. In this paper, the transport of drug particles through the valveless micropump is simulated through 3-D computational fluid dynamics combined with discrete particle transport methods. After computational validation, the effects of actuation frequency, particle size, and transporting style on the particle transport are investigated. Both the actuation frequency and transporting pattern have a strong relationship in terms of resident times and the spatial distribution of the transported particles through the designed micropump. The computational analysis results presented demonstrate that it is possible to optimize the proposed valveless micropump design through numerical simulations for specific delivery of drug particles.
Stereoselective nitrenium ion cyclizations: asymmetric synthesis of the (+)-Kishi lactam and an intermediate for the preparation of fasicularin

The asymmetric synthesis of the (+)-Kishi lactam and an intermediate for the preparation of the marine natural product fasicularin is reported. The keystone of this divergent synthesis is the diastereoselective azaspirocyclization of an N-methoxy γ-arylbutanoamide, which is believed to proceed through the intermediacy of an N-acylnitrenium ion.
Video query processing in the VDBMS testbed for video database research

The increased use of video data sets for multimedia-based applications has created a demand for strong video database support, including efficient methods for handling the content-based query and retrieval of video data. Video query processing presents significant research challenges, mainly associated with the size, complexity and unstructured nature of video data. A video query processor must support video operations for search by content and streaming, new query types, and the incorporation of video methods and operators in generating, optimizing and executing query plans. In this paper, we address these query processing issues in two contexts, first as applied to the video data type and then as applied to the stream data type. We first present the query processing functionality of the VDBMS video database management system as a framework designed to support the full range of functionality for video as an abstract data type. We describe two query operators for the video data type which implement the rank-join and stop-after algorithms. As videos may be considered streams of consecutive image frames, video query processing can be expressed as continuous queries over video data streams. The stream data type was therefore introduced into the VDBMS system, and system functionality was extended to support general data streams. From this viewpoint, we present an approach for defining and processing streams, including video, through the query execution engine. We describe the implementation of several algorithms for video query processing expressed as continuous queries over video streams, such as fast forward, region-based blurring and left outer join. We include a description of the window-join algorithm as a core operator for continuous query systems, and discuss shared execution as an optimization approach for stream query processing.
Minor Children and Adult Care Exchanges With Community-Dwelling Frail Elders in a St. Lucian Village

Objectives. Research on care of community-dwelling frail elders typically includes formal health service providers and adult members of the informal care system. Involvement of children and adolescents with elder care is largely undocumented. The aim of this article is to describe children’s involvement in elder care. These findings are part of an ethnographic community study that examined common Western assumptions about elder care in a St. Lucian village. Methods. Data were obtained in a four-phase, 5-year, community-based ethnographic field study that included in-depth network analysis of elder households. Results. One hundred eighty-eight informal caregivers assisted 14 elder networks in obtaining the things they needed to live through provision of 355 care activities. Forty-five children (ages 3½ to 16) provided 111 of 355 (31%) care activities. The frail elders gave adults and children community member caregivers 196 and 94 benefits, respectively. Discussion. Minor children are integrally involved in reciprocal exchanges for elder care in this village. Although they do not provide all of the same care activities as adults, they clearly assist elders, especially with running errands. Elders emphasized different motivational mechanisms for involving minor children and adults in their care networks.
Ships advancing near the critical speed in a shallow channel with a randomly uneven bed

Effects of random bathymetric irregularities on wave generation by transcritical ship motion in a shallow channel are investigated. Invoking Boussinesq approximation in shallow waters, it is shown that the wave evolution is governed by an integrodifferential equation combining features of Korteweg–deVries and Burgers equations. For an isolated ship, the bottom roughness weakens the transient waves radiated both fore and aft. When many ships advance in tandem, a steady mount of high water can be formed in front and a depression behind. Wave forces on both an isolated ship and a ship in a caravan are obtained as functions of the mean-square roughness, ship speed and the blockage coefficient.
Characterization and Modeling of Dynamic Thermal Behavior in CMP

Existing models of chemical mechanical polishing ~CMP! focus on the impact of pressure, velocity, slurry, and pad parameters on material removal rate. To complement these models, we present a model and experimental data for thermal effects in CMP. The energy source and thermal loss mechanisms are calculated and an energy balance formulation is used to predict the energy exchanged between the pad and slurry flowing over it. Experiments are shown to be consistent with this prediction, suggesting that the most significant elements are accounted for. We also describe the dynamic aspect of the process whereby heat is accumulated in the pad during polish and lost to the slurry flowing over the pad while it rotates around before entering under the head again. Our studies indicate that this heating and cooling cycle may be responsible for the transient behavior observed at the beginning of each polish. To analyze the transient thermal behavior observed in the pad, we propose a lumped parameter dynamic model. Simulation results are seen to match well with experimental data for copper polishes. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. @DOI: 10.1149/1.1560642# All rights reserved. Characterization of chemical mechanical polishing ~CMP! removal rate and rate uniformity have traditionally focused on the use of Preston’s equation to model the mechanics of the polishing process, in which removal rate R is proportional to the product of pressure Pr and relative velocity v with proportionality given by Preston’s coefficient k p ,o rR 5 k pPrv. Depending on the hardness of the polishing film ~e.g., oxide, copper, tungsten! and barrier film ~e.g., nitride, TaN, TiN!, and the chemistry of the slurry, the temperature may vary significantly during polish. A factor not normally considered in Prestonian CMP models is the impact of changes in temperature on material removal. An experiment performed by Chiou et al. examined the chemical removal rates of copper at different temperatures and for different slurries and found that changes of 20°C can result in an order of magnitude increase in removal rates. 1 More recent studies of copper polishes have also observed similarities between the transient increase in temperature due to polish and the increase in removal rate. 2 Other work has observed common patterns between the spatial variation in removal rates for oxide and copper polishes and variation in temperature across the polishing pad. 3 Models for the evolution of topography at the chip and feature scale, including dishing and erosion, all require an equivalent blanket material removal rate parameter. 4,5 Thus an understanding of thermal behavior during polish has become increasingly important for better characterization of CMP at the wafer and chip scale.
Increased spectroscopic resolution with separated gratings and prisms

The use of two separated diffraction gratings or prisms doubles the spectroscopic resolution compared to that obtained with a single equivalent grating or prism. Ultra-high resolution is possible with widely spaced gratings. Varying the spacing between the two gratings or prisms produces useful modulation in the spectrum.
Treatment of a Gastric Lactobezoar with N-Acetylcysteine

Lactobezoars are a rare finding with potentially serious sequelae in pediatric patients with feeding intolerance. Aggressive treatment may be preferred to traditional treatments to avoid complications in medically complex patients. In our patient, N-acetylcysteine lavage was a safe and effective alternative that resulted in rapid resolution of his feeding intolerance.
Low level lead exposure during neonatal development perturbs cognitive function

Complex maze learning was investigated in male neonatal and adult rats using a latent learning task. The neonates received (intragastric administration) either lead acetate (50 mg Pb/kg) or equimolar sodium acetate on days 6, 9, 12, and 18 postpartum. The adult subjects were exposed to 100 ppm Pb acetate or equimolar sodium acetate in drinking water for 112 days beginning at weaning (day 21 postpartum). Training for the latent learning task began on day 31 postpartum for the neonates and on day 143 for the young adults. The training sequence included free exploration (under conditions of satiation) of a symmetrical latent learning maze or an open field of the same shape and area by the Pb-treated and control subjects (randomly distributed). Subsequently, all subjects were food deprived and appetitively tested in the latent learning maze. Neonatal lead exposure perturbed latent learning: the Pb-treated subjects showed no evidence of latent learning. However, pretest exploratory activity was similar for Pb-...
Applications of the cancellation effect in CSR studies

The cancellation effect in the dynamics of relativistic beams on a curved trajectory was studied by Li and Derbenev (2002) based on the canonical formulation of the dynamics equations and retarded potentials. In this paper, we first discuss in a coherent manner various applications of the cancellation effect, such as a coasting beam, a short bunch in steady-state interacting with off-orbit particles, transient self-interaction of a short bunch entering a circular orbit from a straight path, and a converging beam in a bunch compression chicane. Next, spectrometer measurement and Landau damping in microbunching process are discussed based on new dynamics equations which explicitly use the cancellation effect.
On the karyotypic origin and evolution of cancer cells

Cancers have clonal, aneuploid karyotypes that evolve ever more malignant phenotypes spontaneously. Because these facts are hard to explain by conventional mutation theory, we propose here a karyotypic cancer theory. According to this theory, carcinogens initiate carcinogenesis by inducing random aneuploidy. Aneuploidy then catalyzes karyotypic evolutions, because it destabilizes the karyotype by unbalancing teams of proteins that segregate, synthesize, and repair chromosomes. Sporadically, such evolutions generate new cancer-causing karyotypes, which are stabilized within narrow limits against the inherent instability of aneuploidy by selection for oncogenic function. Here we have tested this theory prospectively by analyzing the karyotypes of distinct tumorigenic clones, which arose from mass cultures of human cells within a few months after transfection with artificially activated oncogenes. All clones from the same parental cells had individual, "near-clonal" karyotypes and phenotypes, although the parental oncogenes were identical. The karyotypes of distinct tumors formed by a given clone in immunodeficient mice were variants of those of the input clones. The karyotypes of tumorigenic clones also evolved on passages in vitro, in which they acquired either enhanced tumorigenicity spontaneously or resistance against methotrexate upon selection. We conclude that activated oncogenes initiate carcinogenesis indirectly by inducing random aneuploidy, much like conventional carcinogens, but more effectively because the oncogenes are integrated into the genome. Since aneuploidy destabilizes the karyotype, such cells evolve new, cancer-specific karyotypes spontaneously, much like new species. Because individual karyotypes of tumorigenic clones correlate and coevolve with individual phenotypes, we conclude that specific karyotypes as a whole are the genomes of cancer cells. Owing to the flexibility of their aneuploid karyotypes, cancers evolve at rates that are roughly proportional to their degrees of aneuploidy. In sum, genomes consisting of individual and flexible karyotypes explain the characteristic individuality, stability, and flexibility of cancers.
Optimistic Concurrency Control for multihop sensor networks

In this study, we provide a lightweight singlehop primitive, Read-All-Write-Self (RAWS), that achieves optimistic concurrency control. RAWS guarantees serializability, which simplifies implementation and verification of distributed algorithms, compared to the low level message passing model. We also present a self-stabilizing multihop extension of RAWS, called Multihop Optimistic Concurrency Control Algorithm (MOCCA), to address the challenges of multihop networks. We implement RAWS on motes and investigate the effects of message loss over this novel primitive.
Building the Kingdom: School Leaders as Architects of Catholic Culture

This essay synthesizes the research on organizational culture and applies that research to the Catholic school setting. Using an architectural metaphor, the author offers a framework and design for school leaders as cultural architects to use in building Catholic culture in their schools.
Conditioned Responses to a Videotape Showing Heroin-Related Stimuli

Heroin addicts on 0 or 2 mg of methadone and finishing a 14-day detoxification program, and control subjects were shown a videotape of heroin-related stimuli. Psychological questionnaires were completed before and after the videotape, while physiological responses were monitored during viewing. It was found that the experimental subjects had an increased level of anxiety, depression, and subjective level of craving following the stimulus presentation, with the controls showing no similar change in these measures. In addition, the experimental group had significant increases in heart rate and galvanic skin response compared with controls. The results present some of the first objective evidence of conditioned abstinence occurring in addicts exposed to stimuli closely related to those found in the natural environment.
Transplanted dopamine neurons derived from primate ES cells preferentially innervate DARPP-32 striatal progenitors within the graft.

The correct identity and functional capacity of transplanted dopamine (DA) neurons derived in vitro from embryonic stem (ES) cells is a critical factor for the development of an ES cell-based replacement therapy for Parkinson’s disease. We transplanted primate Cyno1 ES cells differentiated in vitro for 4 (progenitor ES cells) or 6 (differentiated ES cells) weeks, or control fetal primate cells into the striatum of hemi-parkinsonian rats. Partial behavioral recovery in amphetamine-induced rotation was correlated with the number of ES-derived tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH +) neurons in the grafts (r ¼ 0.5, P 90%) in grafts from differentiated ES cells than in grafts derived from progenitor cells (< 50%), reflecting a more heterogeneous cellular composition. Within the grafts there was an overlap between ES-derived TH + axonal arbors and clusters of primate ES-derived striatal neurons expressing brain factor 1 (Bf-1, Foxg1) and DA and cAMPregulated phosphoprotein (DARPP-32). Such overlap was never observed for other regional transcription factors that define neighboring forebrain domains in the developing brain, such as Nkx2.1 (medial ganglionic eminence), Nkx2.2 (pallidal and diencephalic progenitors) or Pax6 (dorsal telencephalic progenitors). Despite the heterogeneity of ES-derived graft cell composition, these results demonstrate normal phenotypic specification, conserved natural axonal target selectivity and functionality of DA neurons derived from primate ES cells.
US and Canadian livestock prices: market integration and trade dependence.

Cointegration of Canadian and US livestock prices points to the existence of market integration in the period January 1996 to December 2004. Trade flows of livestock and beef products were nonexistent between Canada and the United States for many months in 2003 and 2004 suggesting market segmentation. This lack of trade in beef and livestock was due to livestock/beef import bans by both countries due to bovine spongiform encephalopathy. It was also determined that Canada's trade dependence in livestock and beef is cointegrated with Canadian and US livestock prices. However, as the trade dependence variable is shocked, the effects on Canadian and US prices are opposite although one would expect that in an integrated market the price responses to an exogenous shock would be similar or statistically identical. This result reinforces the case against the use of price cointegration analysis in determining presence (or absence) of market integration. Empirical results in this article raise some very difficult q...
Fostering Discontent: The Role of Tabloid Narratives in Shaping Public Attitudes Towards the European Union

This paper addresses the question of whether the tabloid press' narrative of European affairs decreases public support for the European Union (EU). The paper combines both a comparative quantitative analysis of tabloid influence across four EU member states using cross-national survey data and a British case study to test the underlying mechanisms through a survey experiment. The findings provide preliminary evidence of tabloid influence and indicate that current research on media effects in the EU is ignoring the tabloid press at its peril.
Surgical versus conservative management of acute patellar dislocation in children and adolescents: a systematic review.

Purpose The goal of this study was to perform a comparative review to determine whether there is a significant difference in the rate of repeat dislocation and clinical outcome between surgical and conservative management of acute patellar dislocation in children and adolescents.
Solution voltammetry of 4 nm magnetite iron oxide nanoparticles.

The voltammetry of solution-dispersed magnetite iron oxide Fe3O4 nanoparticles is described. Their currents are controlled by nanoparticle transport rates, as shown with potential step chronoamperometry and rotated disk voltammetry. In pH 2 citrate buffer with added NaClO4 electrolyte, solution cyclic voltammetry of these nanoparticles (average diameter 4.4 ± 0.9 nm, each containing ca. 30 Fe sites) displays an electrochemically irreversible oxidation with EPEAK at ca. +0.52 V and an irreversible reduction with EPEAK at ca. +0.2 V vs Ag/AgCl reference electrode. These processes are presumed to correspond to the formal potentials for one-electron oxidation of Fe(II) and reduction of Fe(III) at their different sites in the magnetite nanoparticle structure. The heterogeneous electrode reaction rates of the nanoparticles are very slow, in the 10–5 cm/s range. The nanoparticles are additionally characterized by a variety of tools, e.g., TEM, UV/vis, and XPS spectroscopies.
Supersensitivity of the cat heart to catecholamine-induced arrhythmias following reserpine pretreatment.

SummaryPretreatment with reserpine (0.1 mg/kg/day) for 7 to 28 days causes a significant increase in the sensitivity of the cat heart to catecholamine-induced arrhythmias. There is some indication that the sensitivity increases progressively with increased duration of reserpine treatment.
Heart failure with preserved systolic function: Giving well-deserved attention to the "other" heart failure

Heart failure with preserved systolic function is common in patients hospitalized with decompensated heart failure and is associated with postdischarge morbidity and costs similar to patients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction. It is common in the older people, and hypertension and cardiac ischemia are often etiological factors. Nurses must be able to recognize left ventricular diastolic abnormalities and understand treatment priorities and treatment options on the basis of structural cardiovascular disease; etiology and risk factors; and signs, symptoms, and hemodynamic parameters. Currently, clinical treatments are on the basis of individual randomized clinical trials; however, there are general principles that should be followed during hospitalization and as part of general practice. As in the treatment of systolic heart failure, nurses have active roles in ensuring accurate assessment; optimal care planning; implementation of clinical, psychosocial; and education interventions; and timely and accurate evaluation so that patients have the best chance for successful hospital and postdischarge outcomes.
Exhaled NO: first, hold your breath.

the discovery of nitric oxide (NO) in expired air a decade ago ([1][1]) raised hope that measurements of exhaled concentrations of this important mediator would provide new insights into physiological and pathophysiological processes of the lung. Unfortunately, things are never as simple as they