cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy efficient scheduling for parallel applications on mobile clusters

During the past decade, cluster computing and mobile communication technologies have been extensively deployed and widely applied because of their giant commercial value. The rapid technological advancement makes it feasible to integrate these two technologies and a revolutionary application called mobile cluster computing is arising on the horizon. Mobile cluster computing technology can further enhance the power of our laptops and mobile devices by running parallel applications. However, scheduling parallel applications on mobile clusters is technically challenging due to the significant communication latency and limited battery life of mobile devices. Therefore, shortening schedule length and conserving energy consumption have become two major concerns in designing efficient and energy-aware scheduling algorithms for mobile clusters. In this paper, we propose two novel scheduling strategies aimed at leveraging performance and power consumption for parallel applications running on mobile clusters. Our research focuses on scheduling precedence constrained parallel tasks and thus duplication heuristics are applied to schedule parallel tasks to minimize communication overheads. However, existing duplication algorithms are developed with consideration of schedule lengths, completely ignoring energy consumption of clusters. In this regard, we design two energy-aware duplication scheduling algorithms, called EADUS and TEBUS, to schedule precedence constrained parallel tasks with a complexity of O(n 2), where n is the number of tasks in a parallel task set. Unlike the existing duplication-based scheduling algorithms that replicate all the possible predecessors of each task, the proposed algorithms judiciously replicate predecessors of a task if the duplication can help in conserving energy. Our energy-aware scheduling strategies are conducive to balancing scheduling lengths and energy savings of a set of precedence constrained parallel tasks. We conducted extensive experiments using both synthetic benchmarks and real-world applications to compare our algorithms with two existing approaches. Experimental results based on simulated mobile clusters demonstrate the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed duplication-based scheduling strategies. For example, EADUS and TABUS can reduce energy consumption for the Gaussian Elimination application by averages of 16.08% and 8.1% with merely 5.7% and 2.2% increase in schedule length respectively.
CD3/CD28-costimulated T1 and T2 subsets: differential in vivo allosensitization generates distinct GVT and GVHD effects

Adoptive T-cell therapy using CD3/CD28 co-stimulation likely requires in vivo generation of antigen specificity. Because CD28 promotes TH1/TC1 (T1) or TH2/TC2 (T2) differentiation, costimulation may generate donor T1 or T2 cells capable of differentially mediating allogeneic graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effects and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Costimulation under T1 or T2 conditions indeed generated murine TH1/TC1 cells secreting interleukin-2/interferon-gamma (IL-2/IFN-gamma) or TH2/TC2 cells secreting IL-4/IL-5/IL-10. In vivo, allogeneic T1 cells expanded, maintained T1 secretion, and acquired allospecificity involving IFN-gamma and IL-5. In contrast, allogeneic T2 cells expanded less and maintained T2 secretion but did not develop significant allospecificity.Allogeneic, but not syngeneic, T1 cells mediated a GVT effect against host-type breast cancer cells, as median survival time (MST) increased from 25.6 +/- 2.6 (tumor controls) to 69.2 +/- 5.9 days (P < 1.2 x 10(-9)). This T1-associated GVT effect operated independently of fasL because T1 cells from gld mice mediated tumor-free survival. In contrast, allogeneic T2 cells mediated a modest, noncurative GVT effect (MST, 29 +/- 1.3 days; P <.0019). T1 recipients had moderate GVHD (histologic score, 4 of 12) that contributed to lethality after bone marrow transplantation; in contrast, T2 recipients had minimal GVHD (histologic score, 1 of 12). CD3/CD28 co-stimulation, therefore, generates T1 or T2 populations with differential in vivo capacity for expansion to alloantigen, resulting in differential GVT effects and GVHD.
Public-Nonprofit Partnerships for Collective Action in Dynamic Contexts of Emergencies

This article seeks to understand the problem of building cooperation among public and nonprofit organizations to achieve public service goals in emergencies. It also examines the factors that contribute to successful public-nonprofit partnerships (PNP) and what factors inhibit their development. The theoretical framework draws upon the literature on social capital, network theory and organizational collaboration. The article uses the network analysis perspective to assess the relationships among organizations in terms of their strength, direction and density in the rapid evolution of emergency response operations. The theoretical framework is applied to analyse the interorganizational responses to the 11 September 2001 World Trade Center (WTC) terrorist attacks in New York City. Emergency response operations required coordinated action among many actors across multiple jurisdictions under conditions of urgent stress, high demand and tight time constraints. This type of network analysis can constitute a field of substantial interest and importance to democratic societies that are seeking to manage problems of public service delivery in emergencies using innovative means.
Social Constraints and Civil War: Bridging the Gap with Criminological Theory

Scholars’ views on civil warfare have changed dramatically. Understanding that conventional and ideological civil wars are rare, scholars are increasingly coming to view rebellions as large-scale criminality. However, much work remains to link criminality and civil conflict. The authors draw on a large body of criminological research known as social control theory, which identifies informal factors that are expected to produce conformity with norms and laws, such as social attachments, commitment to achieve goals, involvement in the community, and belief that law is just. While a plethora of work has linked these processes to criminological behavior, the authors build a bridge to the civil war literature. Empirical tests examine how marriage, unemployment and military involvement impact the one’s “taste for revolt” at the individual-level, and the likelihood of civil war onset at the macrolevel. The results present a robust empirical link between social control theory and internal conflict.
Multi-Scale Finite Element Simulation of Progressive Damage in Composite Structures

A methodology for analyzing progressive damage accumulation on multiple spatial scales (micro- and macro-scale) in composite materials is presented in this paper. Idealization (homogenization) of heterogeneous media and evolution of damage on micro- and macro-scales are considered simultaneously at each incremental analysis step. The classical mathematical homogenization theory is extended to account for damage effects on distinct spatial scales through the introduction of an asymptotic expansion of damage parameter (or damage tensor in general). Local solutions on micro-scale provide the homogenized material properties that a global structure behaves on the macro-scales. The responses in the local fields, i.e. microscopic phases, can be reconstructed through the scale linking relations along with the global responses as input. The application of this multi-scale simulation method to composite patch repair for offshore structures is demonstrated by numerical examples.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Factor quality, factor prices and production patterns

Abstract The paper introduces factor quality considerations into a Heckscher-Ohlin framework and examines the importance of factor skills in determining a country's production pattern and income distribution. Furthermore, factor price equalization between countries with similar but not identical factors is discussed and conditions for international factor migration are developed.
eIF2α kinases provide a new solution to the puzzle of substrate specificity

The stress-activated protein kinases PKR and GCN2 regulate protein synthesis by phosphorylating the α subunit of translation initiation factor 2. Three recent studies reveal the molecular basis for the exquisite substrate specificity of this family of kinases and address the role of interlobe flexibility in kinase activation.
Daily burdens of recipients and family caregivers after lung transplant

Context—Lung transplant recipients are prescribed a complex medical regimen that is thought to be burdensome and to interfere with daily activities of recipients and family caregivers. Yet empirical studies describing the activities that lung transplant recipients and their family caregivers perform on a typical day and the emotions associated with performing these activities are lacking.Objective—To identify the daily activities and burdens after lung transplant.Design—The Day Reconstruction Method and content analysis were used to reconstruct a typical day for lung transplant recipients and their family caregivers.Setting—The adult cardiothoracic transplant program of The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.Participants—Twenty-one dyads of lung transplant recipients and their family caregivers.Main Outcome Measures—Variables of interest included lung transplant recipients' and family caregivers' daily activities and associated emotions, sociodemographics, clinical characteristics, and patient-report...
Type II endoleaks

Type II endoleaks after endovascular aneurysm repair are the most common type of endoleak and generate the majority of secondary interventions. Their natural history is mostly benign, but they can occasionally lead to sac expansion and eventual rupture. Three-phase computed tomography angiography is the "gold standard" for diagnosis, but duplex ultrasound with or without contrast enhancement and magnetic resonance angiography offer an alternative for endoleak detection or surveillance. Whereas there are concerns as to whether sac expansion can be a dependable marker for risk of rupture, it is currently the best surrogate available and guides the indication for intervention. Obliteration of type II endoleaks can be challenging, and a variety of techniques, endovascular, open, and laparoscopic, have been proposed. The most common approaches are transarterial and translumbar embolization, and they are usually successful, provided the operator is experienced and persistent, targeting both the branches and the nidus of the endoleak. Recurrences and subsequent reinterventions should be anticipated, and on continuing sac expansion, repeated endovascular or open surgical and laparoscopic alternatives may be required.
Association of Soluble HLA-G with Acute Rejection Episodes and Early Development of Bronchiolitis Obliterans in Lung Transplantation

Lung transplantation has evolved into a life-saving therapy for select patients with end-stage lung diseases. However, long-term survival remains limited because of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). Soluble HLA-G, a mediator of adaptive immunity that modulates regulatory T cells and certain classes of effector T cells, may be a useful marker of survival free of BOS. We conducted a retrospective, single-center, pilot review of 38 lung transplant recipients who underwent collection of serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 3, 6 and 12 months after transplantation, and compared soluble HLA-G concentrations in each to the presence of type A rejection and lymphocytic bronchiolitis in the first 12 months and to the presence of BOS at 24 months after transplantation. Lung soluble HLA-G concentrations were directly related to the presence of type A rejection but not to lymphocytic bronchiolitis. Our data demonstrate that soluble HLA-G concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage but not in serum correlates with the number of acute rejection episodes in the first 12 months after lung transplantation, and thus may be a reactive marker of rejection.
A case of bupropion-induced stuttering.

Abstract Objective Stuttering is a frequent side effect of many psychotropic drugs, particularly antidepressants. Method This is a case report of a woman presenting with stuttering after starting bupropion treatment for her depression. Results The patient's stuttering resolved after discontinuing the bupropion. Conclusion Neuroimaging and pharmacological studies have implicated dopamine in the pathophysiology of stuttering. Bupropion's ability to increase dopamine in the frontal cortex was suspected to have been involved in this patient's stuttering. However, further research is needed before causality can be assured.
Recent advances in understanding brain capillary function

The endothelial cells in brain capillaries form a blood-brain barrier which limits and controls the movements of solutes between blood and brain. These cells contain continuous tight junctions and exhibit a low rate of pinocytosis, resulting in formation of a permeability barrier to macromolecules and many polar compounds. However, brain capillary endothelial cells also contain specialized transport systems that facilitate blood-to-brain transfer of some solutes and actively pump other solutes from brain to blood. Several investigators have developed methods to isolate microvessels from brain or to grow brain capillary endothelial cells in tissue culture. This review summarizes progress made with these model systems and discusses their usefulness in increasing our knowledge of brain capillary function.
Abstract 751: Synthesis of irofulven analogs

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Irofulven (NSC 683863), a semi-synthetic analog of the fungal product illudin S, that has been evaluated in a variety of phase I and II clinical trials. Promising results were noted in clinical trials against a variety of solid cancers including colon, sarcoma, prostate, liver, ovarian and pancreas. Irofulven in a randomized phase IIB trial increased median overall lifespan in patients with metastatic taxane-refractory prostate cancer [HR = 0.69]. As irofulven was the first member of the acylfulvene class of agents to be created, we synthesized several hundred analogs for further testing. Modifications were specifically made to 7 sites of the irofulven molecule including the cyclopropane ring, the chiral center, the carbonyl group, the tertiary hydroxyl site, and several nucleophilic sites. Modifications at several sites completely eliminated both the cytotoxicity and antitumor activity of the analog. Analogs with modifications at one site retained cytotoxic activity, as well as in vivo toxicity in rodents, but surprisingly eliminated antitumor activity in xenograft models. Analogs in which the tertiary hydroxyl group of irofulven was replaced with specific functional groups were noted to have an increase in tumor selectivity as noted by both cell culture and xenograft studies. Specific functional groups noted to be favorable for increased activity included carbamate, sulfonamide, and urea moieties. Additional derivatives of each of these specific functional groups were synthesized and tested in a variety of cell culture and xenograft studies including multidrug resistant models. These studies identify molecular sites critical for the antitumor activity of acylfulvenes, as well as identify promising new analogs for further investigation. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 751.
Effects of Training Modality on Military Vehicle Identification in a Virtual Environment

Using the Deployable Virtual Training Environment (DVTE) simulation suite, we investigated the effects of two different training types (military issued cards and 1:35 scale models) on participant's abilities to correctly identify military vehicles. Using independent samples t-tests, it was found that neither the cards nor scale models of the same vehicles had an effect on identification scores when the participants were tested in the DVTE environment. We then compared this current study to a previous study that tested the two training modalities using the same media instead of a virtual environment. We found results for recognition demonstrating that either training was sufficient for predicting performance in the virtual environment. Performance for identifying the vehicles was significant only when the training and testing modality were the same.
Satisfying communication and relationship labels: Intimacy and length of relationship as perceptual frames of naturalistic conversations

This study examines the role of relationship labels as perceptual frames of satisfying communication. Differentiating normative and outcome‐based approaches, it was hypothesized that different relationship labels would be associated with different types of satisfying communication. Naturalistic conversations were interrupted in two geographically distinct samples and interactants assessed relationship intimacy and length, and satisfying communication. Cross‐validated regressions indicated significant associations with satisfaction across samples for intimacy and within each sample for length.
Degenerative effects of 6-aminodopamine and 6-hydroxydopamine on peripheral adrenergic nerves.

A 6-hydroxydopamine analogue, 6-aminodopamine (6-ADA), was compared with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) as a potential agent for chemical sympathectomy. The adrenergic terminals innervating arterioles of the frog retrolingual membrane were used as a test system. Four days after two topical treatments with 0.25 mg/ml of either drug, most of the periarteriolar adrenergic nerves demonstrated swelling, fiber disruption, or a bright beaded appearance in the fluorescence microscope. Treatment with 0.5 mg/ml 6-OHDA abolished all fluorescence. After 0.5 mg/ml 6-ADA, no normal adrenergic fibers were seen, although a few fibers survived and exhibited a beaded appearance. In contrast to 6-OHDA, this higher dose of 6-ADA produced some signs of general tissue toxicity. After treatment with either drug, electron microscopy revealed adrenergic nerves with large electron-opaque structures containing the degenerated remains of large granular vesicles. Nerve areas which contained the degenerating structures occasionally alternated with swollen axonal regions containing many microtubules but no vesicles. Cholinergic nerves showed no evidence of damage. These results suggest that 6-ADA selectively destroys peripheral adrenergic nerves much like 6-OHDA, providing an additional marker for the ultrastructural identification of adrenergic nerves. Their analogous chemical suggest a similar metabolic mechanism for destruction of adrenergic nerves.
Genomic Profiling of Neutrophil Transcripts in Asian Qigong Practitioners: A Pilot Study in Gene Regulation by Mind-Body Interaction

Background and objectives: The great similarity of the genomes of humans and other species stimulated us to search for genes regulated by elements associated with human uniqueness, such as the mind–body interaction. DNA microarray technology offers the advantage of analyzing thousands of genes simultaneously, with the potential to determine healthy phenotypic changes in gene expression. The aim of this study was to determine the genomic profile and function of neutrophils in Falun Gong (FLG, an ancient Chinese Qigong) practitioners, with healthy subjects as controls. Subjects and design: Six (6) Asian FLG practitioners and 6 Asian normal healthy controls were recruited for our study. The practitioners have practiced FLG for at least 1 year (range, 1–5 years). The practice includes daily reading of FLG books and daily practice of exercises lasting 1–2 hours. Selected normal healthy controls did not perform Qigong, yoga, t'ai chi, or any other type of mind–body practice, and had not followed any conventiona...
A Recombinant Raccoon Poxvirus Vaccine Expressing both Yersinia pestis F1 and Truncated V Antigens Protects Animals against Lethal Plague

In previous studies, we demonstrated in mice and prairie dogs that simultaneous administration of two recombinant raccoon poxviruses (rRCN) expressing Yersinia pestis antigens (F1 and V307—a truncated version of the V protein) provided superior protection against plague challenge compared to individual single antigen constructs. To reduce costs of vaccine production and facilitate implementation of a sylvatic plague vaccine (SPV) control program for prairie dogs, a dual antigen construct is more desirable. Here we report the construction and characterization of a novel RCN-vectored vaccine that simultaneously expresses both F1 and V307 antigens. This dual antigen vaccine provided similar levels of protection against plague in both mice and prairie dogs as compared to simultaneous administration of the two single antigen constructs and was also shown to protect mice against an F1 negative strain of Y. pestis. The equivalent safety, immunogenicity and efficacy profile of the dual RCN-F1/V307 construct warrants further evaluation in field efficacy studies in sylvatic plague endemic areas.
Standards of Nutrition Management for Children with Developmental Disabilities in Long-Term-Care Facilities

Abstract Dietitians (RD's) working with developmental disabilities (DD) in children commonly encounter nutritional disorders without national standards for management. Two different patterns of weight gain have been observed in children with DD. One group of children gains weight easily with energy intakes far below the RDA (Low Energy Needs or LEN). The other group (High Energy Needs or HEN) fails to gain weight with energy intakes well above the RDA. The Steering Committee of the state Pediatric Practice Group surveyed RD's at 14 pediatric long-term-care facilities to determine nutrition resources and assessment parameters. The survey included two case studies to differentiate nutritional management. Ten completed surveys (71.4%) were returned. Length was the most common parameter used to determine nutrient needs (6/10). No difference was noted between the two groups with regard to medical status or route of feeding. Estimated energy needs were low in the LEN group, ranging from 25% of the RDA for age to 75% of the RDA for height-age. In the HEN group the formula for catch-up growth was the most common (5/10) calculation used to determine energy needs. There was no difference in estimated requirements of protein, vitamins, or minerals between the two groups. The majority of RD's (7/10) responded that standards of care for nutritional management of DD need to be developed. In conclusion, RD's identify two distinct subpopulations within DD based on energy needs for weight gain. Nutritional management based primarily on energy needs for weight gain appear inconsistent with the RDA's and state regulations. Further research is needed to determine nutrient requirements in the DD population and to develop standards of care.
CONCEPTUALIZING STATE STRENGTH: MOVING BEYOND STRONG AND WEAK STATES

The strength of states has long been regarded by the specialized literature as an important factor to guarantee the viability of different political and economic phenomena such as democratic consolidation, the rule of law, adequate provision of basic public goods, and economic growth. Despite the importance of state strength, only few scholarly works have systematically explored the definition and the constitutive dimensions of this concept. This article seeks to (a) refine the conceptualization of state strength, (b) increase awareness about the effects of different rules of aggregation for achieving differentiation among empirical cases (i.e., countries), and (c) provide conceptual tools to help analysts move beyond the classical dichotomy of strong states versus weak states.
Prion replication and secondary nucleation

The infectious agents responsible for the prion diseases appear to be aggregates of a modified form of the prion protein, PrPSc, that grow at the expense of the normal form, PrPC. The mechanism of the transformation of PrPC to PrPSc is the subject of intense research interest. The way in which PrPSc aggregates generate new nuclei also deserves attention.
Islam, Integration, and the Feminist Alternative:

Looking at the Muslim world today, it is hard to recall that the Arab heartland was not on ly a major contributor to world culture during its early "golden age," but that it also experi enced a later "liberal age," roughly 1800-1948, in which modernists helped to bring about societal transformations. (The classic works in this area are by the late Mar shall Hodgson and the late Albert Hourani.) One can forget, too, that in the early modem era, the empires of the Ottoman Turks, the Safavid Persians, and the Mughal Indians were regional powers, albeit more vulnerable actors in the emerging capitalist world-sys tem. The dar ul Islam (literally, the house of Islam) has changed dramatically since then, experiencing decline not only in political power but also-especially in relation to Eu rope, its one-time rival-in social, economic, and cultural development. One homegrown response to the crisis of identity and power has been the Islamic fundamentalist move ment and its political offshoot, with its slo gan, "Islam is the solution." But this has only contributed to further upheaval in Muslim majority countries. A group of Arab intellec tuals brought together by the United Nations Development Programme to produce a series of reports has determined that stagnation or crisis in the Arab region lies in three deficits: the democracy deficit, the knowledge deficit, and the women's empowerment deficit. (This analysis certainly can be broadened to en compass countries such as Pakistan and Bangladesh.) Over several decades, factors such as political unrest, repression, and lack of economic opportunity have engendered emigration from the Maghreb (North Africa), Mashreq (Arab countries of the Middle East), Iran, Turkey, and South Asia. And in recent years, those immigrants have become the subject of intense public debates about inte gration, exclusion, and cultural rights-espe cially in Europe, where the largest popula tions are concentrated. The three books under review address these developments, crises, and debates from different disciplinary vantage points. Man soor Moaddel provides the historical dimen sion and broad sociological analysis of what When Islam and Democracy Meet: Muslims in Europe and in the United States, by Jocelyne Cesari. New York, NY: Palgrave, 2006. 280pp. $24.95 paper. ISBN: 1403971463.
Development of disc compact tension specimens and test techniques for HFIR irradiations

Abstract Near term irradiations of candidate alloys being planned for the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) in support of ITER and isotope tailoring experiments necessitate the use of relatively small fracture toughness specimens, e.g. down to 12.5 mm in diameter. The specimens will also contain substantial amounts of helium. This paper describes the application of electropotential drop techniques to determine J-resistance curves for this purpose in HT-9 specimens with diameters of 40, 25 and 12.5 mm; in addition, the effects of side grooving were examined. Good agreement between J-resistance curves determined by the electropotential drop and by multiple specimen techniques were obtained for all specimen geometries and sizes. A systematic decrease in jic with specimen thickness was observed for both side-grooved and smooth specimens with thicknesses below the validity criterion. The tearing modulus was reduced by side grooving but was less dependent on specimen size.
An engineering prototype for the DARE (Dark Ages Radio Explorer)

The Dark Ages Radio Explorer (DARE) is designed to measure the all sky-averaged HI 21-cm signal from the Dark Ages and Epoch of Reionization. DARE will orbit the Moon for a mission lifetime of ≤ 3 years and only take data above the lunar far side. DARE comprises of a single radiometer operating between 40–120 MHz (redshifts z=11–35). The science objectives of DARE include formation of first stars, first accreting black holes, beginning of reionization and end of the Dark Ages. The science instrument is composed of a three-element radiometer, including electrically-short, tapered, bi-conical dipole antennas, a receiver, and a digital spectrometer.
Differences in thermal stability between reduced and oxidized cytochrome b-562 from Escherichia coli

The thermal stabilities of ferri- and ferrocytochrome b562 were examined. Thermally induced spectral changes, monitored by absorption and second-derivative spectroscopies, followed the dissociation of the heme moiety and the increased solvation of tyrosine residue(s) located in close proximity to the heme binding site. All observed thermal transitions were independent of the rate of temperature increase (0.5-2 degrees C/min), and the denatured protein exhibited partial to near-complete reversibility upon return to ambient temperature. The extent of renaturation of cytochrome b562 is dependent on the amount of time the unfolded conformer is exposed to temperatures above the transition temperature, Tm. All thermally induced spectra changes fit a simple two-state model, and the thermal transition was assumed to be reversible. The thermal transition for ferrocytochrome b562 yielded Tm and van't Hoff enthalpy (delta HvH) values of 81.0 degrees C and 137 kcal/mol, respectively. In contrast, Tm and delta HvH values obtained for the ferricytochrome were 66.7 degrees C and 110 kcal/mol, respectively. The estimated increase in the stabilization free energy at the Tm of ferricytochrome b562 following the one-electron reduction to the ferrous form, where delta delta G = delta Tm delta Sm [delta Sm = 324 cal/(K.mol), delta Tm = 14.3 degrees C] [Becktel, W. J., & Schellman, J. A. (1987) Biopolymers 26, 1859-1877], is 4.6 kcal/mol.
Concussion Management in Community College Athletics: Revealing and Understanding the Gap Between Knowledge and Practice

The seriousness of concussions in athletics is only recently becoming fully understood and appreciated. There are significant implications for the concussed student-athlete both in returning to the playing field and the classroom. Although practices are now in place to improve identification and management of concussions in professional sports, little is known about how it is managed in community colleges. This mixed method study identified the extent to which California Community College athletic trainers are implementing best practices set forth by the National Athletic Trainers’ Association in their management of concussion. It also sought to understand the training, cultural pressures, and resources that may impact the degree to which community college athletic trainers implement these guidelines.
Basil Bernstein's sociology of language applied to education: deficits, differences and bewitchment

Gurra was the town's ‘wise woman’. She had hidden powers; she could heal sicknesses and see into the future, but it was also generally known that Gurra had the evil eye and a spiked tongue, and could cast spells on people, change their course of life and ruin their happiness. There were several cases known in which Gurra had made difficulties for people with her arts ‐ or even driven them out of their minds. Tante Helen: This is of course just a lot of feeble‐minded talk. I knew the Sexton's widow and her daughter myself. The old lady was an outgoing and sincerely God‐fearing person and knew several old household remedies and was familiar with popular pharmacopeia, which after all is not merely to be sneered at. That she should be in league with the Devil and be able to bewitch people, or that among other things she took my poor uncle Andres Ruprechtsen's life through witchcraft, I consider to be quite unfounded assertions from unenlightened and childish people, but of course there were such people at the...
A linear peristaltic MRF/foam actuator

Magneto-rheological fluid (MRF) was first developed in the late 1940s. MRF consists of iron or other ferrous particles, typically on the order of 1 - 10 µm characteristic dimension, dispersed in a host carrier fluid, usually oil or water. In the presence of a magnetic field, the alignment of the iron particles along field lines results in the effective rheological properties of the composite fluid to be modified. In the “off” state (no field applied), the fluid has similar viscous properties to the host fluid. In the “on” state (field applied), the viscosity and yield stress can be significantly modified. Recently, MRF has been of interest in a number of novel devices, for example, for variable damping such as in automotive shock absorbers. In the present work, we briefly describe our initial investigations into variable damping MRF/foam devices. Open-cell polymer foam blocks were infused with commercial MRF and subjected to magnetic fields of various strengths. Drop tests were conducted by dropping a small indenter from a fixed platform and observing the rebound height as a function of applied field strength. The difference in rebound height can be directly related to loss of energy through damping. In the tests conducted, the energy absorbed by the MRF/foam increased from about 60% in the off-state device to over 90% in the on-state device. One of the difficulties encountered in performing the drop tests and providing credible data interpretation was that the MRF/foam itself changed dimensions under applied field. The iron particles in the fluid were attracted to the magnet and thus caused constriction of the foam block.
City councillors and the dilemma of representation: the case of Isfahan

(1976). City councillors and the dilemma of representation: the case of Isfahan. Iranian Studies: Vol. 9, No. 2-3, pp. 142-162.
Psychosocial characteristics and cytologic screening for cervical cancer

Abstract In the course of a Community Mental Health Study conducted in Washington County, Maryland during 1971–1974, interviews were conducted with a representative sample of adults. In a subsequent reinterview, 40.6% of 709 adult white females said they had not had a Pap smear in the past two years. Failure to be screened for cervical cancer occurred more often among persons who were older, unmarried, less well-educated, poorer, and unemployed. It was also associated with some other types of poor preventive health behavior such as having infrequent physical examinations, tuberculosis tests, and electrocardiograms, but not with non-use of automobile seat belts, and only marginally with infrequent dental checkups. No explanation for less frequent use of cervical cytologic screening could be found by examination of selected behavioral and psychosocial characteristics such as smoking, uncontrolled drinking, depressed feelings, alienation, belonginglessness, normlessness, and powerlessness.
Effects of selected pharmaceutically active compounds on the ammonia oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea.

Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) are commonly found in wastewater influent. However, little research has focused on determining their impact on fundamental processes in wastewater treatment such as nitrogen removal. In this study, focus was placed on 4 commonly occurring PhACs (ketoprofen, naproxen, carbamazepine and gemfibrozil). Their effect was ascertained in the ammonia oxidizing bacterium (AOB), Nitrosomonas europaea in terms of membrane integrity and nitrite production. These PhACs were shown to inhibit nitrite production at concentrations of 1 and 10 μM while no effect was observed at 0.1 μM. The maximum observed nitrification inhibition was 25%, 29%, 22% and 26% for ketoprofen, naproxen, carbamazepine and gemfibrozil, respectively. A decrease in the live/dead ratio ranging from 10% to 16% suggests that these PhACs affect membrane integrity in N. europaea. The difference in nitrite production between PhACs treated cells and non PhAC treated controls was still significant following washing suggesting that inhibition is irreversible. Finally, nitrite production when adjusted to the live fraction of cells was also found to decrease suggesting that PhACs inhibited the activity of surviving cells. These results suggest that the presence of PhACs may affect AOB activity and may impact nitrogen removal, a key function in wastewater treatment. Follow up studies with additional AOB and in mixed culture are needed to further confirm these results.
Dragonfly directional sensor versus rocket-propelled grenades

The Dragonfly directional sensor was deployed at the Army’s Yuma Proving Grounds for preliminary field tests against rocket-propelled grenades. This wide-field (nonimaging) sensor’s purpose was to angularly locate the latter’s launch plume. These tests successfully demonstrated proof-of-concept.
Improvement on asymmetry of low-loss waveguides written in pure silica glass by femtosecond laser pulses

Low-loss and symmetrical mode-field optical waveguides were directly written in a pure silica glass by nearinfrared femtosecond laser processing. By optimizing laser processing parameters, such as the pulse duration and the pulse energy of femtosecond laser pulses, we demonstrated the propagation-loss reduction and the mode- field diameter (MFD) aspect ratio improvement. We have achieved the propagation-loss of 0.10 dB/cm and the MFD aspect ratio of 1.0 at the wavelength of 1550 nm at the same time.
Geminate recombination dynamics studied via electron reexcitation: kinetic analysis for anion CTTS photosystems

Abstract Recently, it became practicable to study geminate recombination dynamics of solvated electrons in polar liquids by using short-pulses of light to reexcite these electrons back into the conduction band of the liquid and observe a change in the fraction of electrons that escape geminate recombination. In this Letter, the potential of this technique to provide additional insight into the recombination dynamics of electrons generated by charge-transfer-to-solvent (CTTS) photodetachment from monovalent anions in polar liquids is studied theoretically. The resulting expression accounts for the recent results for electron photodetachment from Na− in tetrahydrofuran.
Dynamics of resilient‐friction base isolator (R‐FBI)

The Resilient-Friction Base Isolator (R-FBI) is composed of a set of flat rings which can slide on each other with a central rubber core and/or peripheral rubber cores. In this base isolator the interfacial friction force acts in parallel with the elastic force in the rubber. It combines the beneficial effect of friction damping with that of the resiliency of rubber. The rubber cores distribute the sliding displacement and velocity along the height of the R-FBI. They do not carry any vertical loads and are not vulcanized to the sliding rings. The system's analytical model and the computer experimental results for both horizontal and vertical components of recorded ground motions and various levels of friction and damping are presented. These results clearly demonstrate the R-FBI's potential as an effective aseismic base isolator.
The next frontier of molecular medicine: delivery of therapeutics.

Despite exciting progress in the biology underlying a variety of proposed molecular medicines, an unmet challenge Remains—delivery. This problem, how to better target the new generation of therapeutics, cuts across all diseases. The solution offers unprecedented opportunities for multidisciplinary teams of bioengineers to work with biological and medical scientists to realize the fruits of our nation's investment in molecular and cellular medicine.
Transgene Expression in Zebrafish: A Comparison of Retroviral-Vector and DNA-Injection Approaches

To assess alternative methods for introducing expressing transgenes into the germ line of zebrafish, transgenic fish that express a nuclear-targeted, enhanced, green fluorescent protein (eGFP) gene were produced using both pseudotyped retroviral vector infection and DNA microinjection of embryos. Germ-line transgenic founders were identified and the embryonic progeny of these founders were evaluated for the extent and pattern of eGFP expression. To compare the two modes of transgenesis, both vectors used the Xenopus translational elongation factor 1-alpha enhancer/promoter regulatory cassette. Several transgenic founder fish which transferred eGFP expression to their progeny were identified. The gene expression patterns are described and compared for the two modes of gene transfer. Transient expression of eGFP was detected 1 day after introducing the transgenes via either DNA microinjection or retroviral vector infection. In both cases of gene transfer, transgenic females produced eGFP-positive progeny even before the zygotic genome was turned on. Therefore, GFP was being provided by the oocyte before fertilization. A transgenic female revealed eGFP expression in her ovarian follicles. The qualitative patterns of gene expression in the transgenic progeny embryos after zygotic induction of gene expression were similar and independent of the mode of transgenesis. The appearance of newly synthesized GFP is detectable within 5-7 h after fertilization. The variability of the extent of eGFP expression from transgenic founder to transgenic founder was wider for the DNA-injection transgenics than for the retroviral vector-produced transgenics. The ability to provide expressing germ-line transgenic progeny via retroviral vector infection provides both an alternative mode of transgenesis for zebrafish work and a possible means of easily assessing the insertional mutagenesis frequency of retroviral vector infection of zebrafish embryos. However, because of the transfer of GFP from oocyte to embryo, the stability of GFP may create problems of analysis in embryos which develop as quickly as those of zebrafish.
An inexpensive, high through-put screen for oligosaccharidoses using conventional HPLC techniques † 617

An inexpensive, high through-put screen for oligosaccharidoses using conventional HPLC techniques † 617
X-Ray Diffuse Scattering Study of Vacancy and Interstitial Loops in ion-Irradiated Copper

Interstitial and vacancy loops in ion-irradiated copper have been studied through the use of x-ray diffuse scattering in the “Asymptotic” scattering region near the (111) reflection. Diffuse scattering measurements were made on copper single crystals irradiated at room temperature with He, O, and Si ions, and the results have been analyzed in terms of size distributions of interstitial and vacancy dislocation loops. The measurements were made in an “off-symmetry” direction (along the Ewald Sphere) using a single angular setting of a linear position sensitive detector. The He ion-irradiation was found to produce mainly interstitial loops while the 0 and Si irradiations produced both vacancy and interstitial loops.
Microwave signal regeneration from mode-locked lasers with 1.9×10 −19 Stability

A 10.225-GHz microwave signal is regenerated from a 200.5-MHz repetition rate mode-locked fiber laser with 6.8 fs rms relative timing jitter in 1-MHz bandwidth integrated over 10 hours. This corresponds to a stability of 1.9times10-19.
Acute Endolymphatic Hydrops Generated by Exposure of the Ear to Nontraumatic Low-Frequency Tones

Low-frequency sounds presented at high nontraumatizing levels induce temporary hyperacusis in humans and animals. One explanation of this finding is that the basilar membrane operating point may be disturbed by an endolymph volume change. This possibility was investigated using volume and flow markers iontophoresed into the endolymphatic space of guinea pigs. Marker concentrations were measured with ion-selective microelectrodes placed apically and basally to the iontophoresis site during exposure of the ear to low-frequency tones. Concentration changes were interpreted quantitatively using a finite-element model of the endolymphatic space that allowed changes of endolymph cross-sectional area and flow to be derived. Stimulation with a 200 Hz tone at 115 dB SPL for 3 min produced marker concentration changes consistent with the induction of transient endolymphatic hydrops and a basally directed displacement of endolymph. Endocochlear potentials were greater than normal after the exposure when hydrops was present. During identical tone exposures of animals without marker, we found that action potential (AP) threshold changes and endolymph potassium changes associated with the hydropic state were small. Marker concentration changes were compared with changes in endocochlear potential and AP thresholds for a range of exposure frequencies and levels. AP hypersensitivity occurred with 200 Hz exposure levels below those inducing endolymph volume disturbances. Endolymph volume changes are thought to be the result of, rather than the cause of, changes in operating point of the cochlear transducer. The observations that auditory threshold and endolymph potassium changes are minimal under conditions where substantial endolymphatic hydrops is present is relevant to our understanding of the hearing loss in patients with Meniere’s disease.
CDIO Standards and Quality Assurance: From Application to Accreditation

With so many Collaborators in so many countries and regions of the world it is essential that the CDIO Council promulgate processes to assure internal and external stakeholders that member institutions and programs are adhering to the 12 CDIO Standards. The Standards are what make CDIO a unique initiative and that provide a vehicle for realizing the CDIO vision to transform the culture of engineering education. Therefore, the Council has developed five quality assurance processes that begin with the application to become a CDIO Collaborator and include self-evaluation, certification, and accreditation based on the CDIO Standards.
DISCONTINUITY OF OUTPUT CONVERGENCE WITHIN THE UNITED STATES: WHY HAS THE COURSE CHANGED?

Has the progress of output convergence changed within the United States? This article examines the output convergence among U.S. states for the last five decades by making several improvements over the extant literature. By applying a battery of convergence tests designed to capture nonlinear transitional dynamics to real output per worker data (i.e., nominal values deflated by state-level price), we find that output convergence has not been a feature of the continental United States since the 1970s. Instead, output convergence has proceeded among four subgroups within which constituent states have certain characteristics in common. Our regression analysis suggests that state-level characteristics related to technology and human capital play a crucial role in accounting for the formation and composition of convergence clubs, in agreement with the recent theoretical models of growth and development (e.g., Aghion et al. 2009; Gennaioli et al. 2013b). The level of technology, proxied by patents, turns out to be a consistently significant determinant even after controlling for endogeneity, suggesting that frictions in the diffusion of technology and human capital may have led to clustering of states with different levels of productivity. Our results therefore cast doubt on the common view that diffusion of knowledge and technology across state borders is frictionless. (JEL O47, O51)