cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of attack and uncontrollable noise on aggression

Abstract After being either attacked or treated in a more neutral manner by an experimental confederate, male subjects shocked the confederate while being stimulated by loud noise. Among previously attacked subjects, possession of control over offset of the noise led to the delivery of shocks significantly shorter in duration than those given by subjects who did not have control. Mere predictability of noise offset did not have the same effect. Subjects who could control the noise did not differ from those who heard no noise with respect to the duration of shocks given. Noise had no effect on shock duration among nonattacked subjects. In a follow-up study subjects who were given bogus information that they were aroused by noise were less punitive toward an attacking confederate than subjects given no such information. The overall conclusion is that noise facilitates aggression in subjects who have been instigated to aggress to the degree that noise-produced arousal is misattributed to the instigating stimulus.
Constructing a Solutions Timeline: Creating Possibilities in Counseling:

Generating helpful ways to approach relational difficulties is a main focus when providing counseling services to couples and families. This article describes a technique that may prove beneficial ...
Synaptotagmin controls and modulates synaptic-vesicle fusion in a Ca2+-dependent manner

Although numerous electrophysiological and biochemical studies have defined many of the properties of the putative Ca2+ receptor for exocytosis at the synapse, the molecular mechanisms that couple influx of Ca2+ and release of neurotransmitter have remained elusive. Several proteins have emerged recently as putative Ca2+ sensors. Interestingly, one of these proteins, synaptotagmin, shares many properties with the putative Ca2+ receptor. Recent genetic experiments in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila and mouse have provided important insights about synaptotagmin's role in neurotransmitter release. These experiments, combined with electrophysiological and biochemical studies, suggest that synaptotagmin is a key Ca2+ sensor, converting the ubiquitously used cellular secretory pathway into a Ca(2+)-regulated exocytotic pathway.
Inverse modeling of biogenic isoprene emissions

Using current biogenic emission estimates, Urban Airshed Model simulations for Atlanta, Georgia substantially underpredict isoprene concentrations relative to observations. In this work, an inverse method is used to determine the biogenic isoprene emissions for Atlanta that minimize the difference between the model-simulated and the observed isoprene concentrations. The resulting isoprene emissions are 2 to 10 times higher than any of the accepted emission estimates. Overall, the concurrent ozone simulation improved when the biogenic isoprene emissions were increased. These higher isoprene emissions significantly increase the concentration of model-simulated ozone within the plumes of nitrogen oxides emitted from large point sources. These results should be considered when developing control strategies for urban ozone.
Transmission electron microscopy studies on structure and defects in crystalline yttria and lanthanum oxide thin films grown on single crystal sapphire by molecular beam synthesis

The Molecular beam synthesis and characterization are reported for Y2O3 thin films grown on Al2O3 (0001) substrate. The Y2O3 layer was highly oriented in the [111] direction with predominant orientation relations (111) Y2O3 ‖ (0001) Al2O3 and [110] Y2O3 ‖ [2110] Al2O3, corresponding to a lattice mismatch of ∼20% at the interface. No significant interfacial layers were found at the Y2O3/Al2O3 interface and the large lattice misfit was accommodated by formation of stacking faults, dislocations and secondary orientation in the Y2O3 layer. A La2O3 interlayer improved the quality of the Y2O3 films. Full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the Y2O3 (222) peak decreased from 3.12° to 1.43° and the defect density in the Y2O3 layer was significantly reduced. These results may be relevant in the broader context of designing oxide heterolayers with controlled microstructures.
Future Engine Technology: Lessons From the 1980s for the 1990s

This paper explains how engineering analysis has played a major enabling role in realizing these improvements in spark-ignition engine performance. Examples are given of the many different types of analysis tool in areas such as combustion, emissions, stress analysis, system dynamics, and fluid flow that have been found useful in resolving different engine development and design problems and opportunities. The significant improvement achieved in engine fuel consumption, power density, and emissions control are then reviewed. It is argued, however, that the improvements in urban air quality do not correspond to the reductions achieved in vehicle exhaust emissions.
Clinical benefits of continuous leukocyte filtration during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients undergoing valvular repair or replacement

Valve operations in the form of repair or replacement make up a significant population of patients undergoing surgical procedures in the USA annually with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. These patients experience a wide range of complications that are considered to be mediated by activation of complement and leukocytes. The extracorporeal perfusion circuit consists of multiple synthetic artificial surfaces. The biocompatibility of the blood contact surfaces is a variable that predisposes patients to an increased risk of complement mediation and activation. This can result in an inflammatory process, causing leukocytes to proliferate and sequester in the major organ systems. The purpose of this study was to determine whether filtration of activated leukocytes improved clinical outcomes following surgical intervention for valve repair or replacement. In this paper, we report a retrospective matched cohort study of 700 patients who underwent valve procedures from June 1999 to December 2002. The control gr...
Phencyclidine induction of the hsp70 stress gene in injured pyramidal neurons is mediated via multiple receptors and voltage gated calcium channels

Non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, including phencyclidine, ketamine, and MK801, produce vacuoles and induce the hsp 70 stress gene in layer III pyramidal neurons of the rat cingulate cortex. This study shows that phencyclidine (50 mg/kg) induces hsp 70 messenger RNA and HSP70 stress protein primarily in pyramidal neurons in posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortex, neocortex, insular cortex, piriform cortex, hippocampus, and in the basal nuclei of the amygdala. Several neurotransmitter receptor antagonists inhibited induction of HSP70 produced by phencyclidine (50 mg/kg): haloperidol (ED50 = 0.8 mg/kg), clozapine (ED50 = 1 mg/kg), valium (ED50 = 1 mg/kg), SCH 23390 (ED50 = 7 mg/kg) and muscimol (ED50 = 3 mg/kg). Baclofen had no effect. Nifedipine blocked the induction of HSP70 produced by phencyclidine in some regions (cingulate, neocortex, insular cortex) but only partially blocked HSP70 induction in other regions (piriform cortex, amygdala). These results suggest that phencyclidine injuries pyramidal neurons via dopamine D1, D2, D4, sigma and other receptors. Several factors appear to contribute to this unusual multi-receptor mediated injury. (1) Phencyclidine blocks N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors on GABAergic interneurons resulting in decreased inhibition of pyramidal neurons. This may help to explain why multiple excitatory receptors mediate the injury and why GABAA agonists decrease the injury produced by phencyclidine. (2) Phencyclidine blockade of an amine transporter helps explain why dopamine receptor antagonists ameliorate injury. (3) Phencyclidine depolarizes neurons and produces high, potentially damaging intracellular calcium levels probably by blocking K+ channels that may be linked to sigma receptors. Since nifedipine prevents injury in cingulate, insula, and neocortex, it appears that calcium entry through L-type voltage gated calcium channels plays a role in the pyramidal neuronal injury produced by phencyclidine in these regions. There are similarities between the cingulate neurons injured by phencyclidine and circuits recently hypothesized to explain receptor changes in cingulate gyrus of schizophrenic patients. The present and previous studies also provide approaches for decreasing the clinical side effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists to facilitate their possible use in the treatment of ischemia and other disorders.
A better, more discriminating test problem for ocean tracer transport

Abstract Many test problems have been posed in which the behavior of schemes may be examined within the simplified context of passive tracer transport. Most often these tests involve transport of a tracer containing sharp or discontinuous gradients within a smooth advecting field. Hecht et al. [J. Geophys. Res. 100 (1995) 20763–20778] presented a test problem, using the simple analytical gyre of Stommel [Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 29 (1948) 202–206], in which an initially smooth tracer field is transported through a highly sheared circulation, representing another scenario of relevance to ocean modeling. We present a modification of that test in which the underlying grid is rotated relative to the gyre, such that the western boundary falls at 45° to the principal grid axes. The advection schemes used by most ocean modelers to date are examined within this test problem. We find, in two cases, that methods which performed acceptably under the original formulation of the problem, and which have seen extensive application to geophysical fluid dynamics, fail to perform acceptably within the reformulated problem. The important qualities of this more discriminating test include the skewing of the fast boundary current flow relative to the underlying grid axes and the high shear in that boundary current.
Platelet-associated NAD(P)H oxidase contributes to the thrombogenic phenotype induced by hypercholesterolemia.

Abstract Elevated cholesterol levels promote proinflammatory and prothrombogenic responses in venules and impaired endothelium-dependent arteriolar dilation. Although NAD(P)H oxidase-derived superoxide has been implicated in the altered vascular responses to hypercholesterolemia, it remains unclear whether this oxidative pathway mediates the associated arteriolar dysfunction and platelet adhesion in venules. Platelet and leukocyte adhesion in cremasteric postcapillary venules and arteriolar dilation responses to acetylcholine were monitored in wild-type (WT), Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase transgenic (SOD-TgN), and NAD(P)H oxidase-knockout (gp91 phox−/− ) mice placed on a normal (ND) or high-cholesterol (HC) diet for 2 weeks. HC elicited increased platelet and leukocyte adhesion in WT mice versus ND. Cytosolic subunits of NAD(P)H oxidase (p47phox and p67phox) were expressed in platelets. This was not altered by hypercholesterolemia; however, platelets and leukocytes from HC mice exhibited elevated generation of reactive oxygen species compared to ND mice. Hypercholesterolemia-induced leukocyte recruitment was attenuated in SOD-TgN–HC and gp91 phox−/− –HC mice. Recruitment of platelets derived from WT–HC mice in venules of SOD-TgN–HC or gp91 phox−/− –HC recipients was comparable to ND levels. Adhesion of SOD-TgN–HC platelets paralleled the leukocyte response and was attenuated in SOD-TgN–HC recipients, but not in WT–HC recipients. However, gp91 phox−/− –HC platelets exhibited low levels of adhesion comparable to those of WT–ND in both hypercholesterolemic gp91 phox−/− and WT recipients. Arteriolar dysfunction was evident in WT–HC mice, compared to WT–ND. Overexpression of SOD or, to a lesser extent, gp91 phox deficiency restored arteriolar vasorelaxation responses toward WT–ND levels. These findings reveal a novel role for platelet-associated NAD(P)H oxidase in producing the thrombogenic phenotype in hypercholesterolemia and demonstrate that NAD(P)H oxidase-derived superoxide mediates the HC-induced arteriolar dysfunction.
Forearm arterial distensibility in systolic hypertension

It is unclear whether the stiffened arterial tree in systolic hypertension is the cause or the effect of the disease. In this study, brachial and radial arterial pulses were sensed by external Pixie transducers and measurements of pulse wave velocity converted to volume distensibility using the Bramwell-Hill equation. Blood pressure was controlled as a variable by repeating the measurements at a variety of transmural arterial pressures. This was accomplished by encasing the forearm in a rigid plastic cylinder within which pressures were varied. Twenty-nine patients with systolic hypertension were compared with 22 age-matched control subjects. At ambient pressures the volume distensibility of patients was lower than that of control subjects (0.10 versus 0.18% Δ volume/mm Hg, p It is concluded that, in the forearm, increased arterial stiffness is the result and not the cause of systolic hypertension, but these data cannot exclude increased aortic stiffness as a significant factor. Thiazide diuretic drugs increase forearm arterial compliance by lowering blood pressure without a demonstrable drug effect on this arterial wall.
Chronic Beryllium Disease: A Hypersensitivity Disorder

Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) is one of two pulmonary syndromes caused by environmental exposure to beryllium. Acute beryllium disease was first described in 1943 and is an acute toxic reaction to beryllium. CBD was first described in 1946 and the pathogenesis of this disorder was not fully appreciated until the development of fiberoptic bronchoscopy allowed sampling of bronchoalveolar lung cells. Because CBD was associated with a delayed skin test reaction to beryllium, occurred in only 1-5 percent of individuals, was not associated with a clear-cut dose-response curve, and was associated with a granulomatous reaction, a hypersensitivity to beryllium was suspected as the cause. The hypothesis that CBD was due to hypersensitivity was not proven until the 1980s when samples of bronchoalveolar cells obtained by bronchoscopy demonstrated that not only did every individual with CBD have lymphocytes that could respond to beryllium (lymphocyte proliferation assay), but, also, that there was an accumulation of...
Estimation of right atrial and ventricular hemodynamics by CT coronary angiography.

Background Computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) provides an accurate noninvasive alternative to the invasive assessment of coronary artery disease. However, a specific limitation of CTCA is inability to assess hemodynamic data. Objective We hypothesized that CTCA-derived measurements of contrast within the superior vena cava (SVC) and inferior vena cava (IVC) would correlate to echocardiographic estimations of right atrial and right ventricular pressures. Methods Medical records of all patients who underwent both echocardiography and CTCA in our center were reviewed (n = 32). Standard CTCA was performed with a 64-detector CT using test-bolus method for image acquisition timing and iso-osmolar contrast injection through upper extremity vein. The length of the column of contrast reflux into the inferior vena cava (IVC) was correlated to echocardiographically determine tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity (TRV). SVC area change with contrast injection at the level of the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery was also correlated with IVC sniff response by echocardiogram. Results The reflux column length was interpretable in 27 of 32 patients with a mean length of 10.1 ± 1.1 mm, and a significant bivariate correlation was observed between reflux column length and the tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity ( r = 0.84; P r of 0.57 ( P = .04). Conclusion Quantification of IVC and SVC contrast characteristics during CTCA provides a feasible and potentially accurate method of estimating right atrial and ventricular pressure.
Bis(1,2-diaminobenzene-N)bis(1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoropentane-2,4-dionato- O,O')iron(II), -cobalt(II) and -nickel(II) at low temperature

Addition of 1,2-phenylenediamine to solutions ofbis(1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoropentane-2,4-dionato-O,O′)cobalt(II),-iron(II) and -nickel(II) resulted in crystals containing centrosymmetric octahedral complexes with two amines per metal atom. In all three iso­structural complexes, i.e. [M(C5HF6O2)2(C6H8N2)2] where M = Fe, Cu and Ni, the two C—N bonds differ significantly in length by an average of 0.031 (3) A. The phenyl C—C bonds display a pattern of small differences, the C—C bond between the amines being longer than the shortest phenyl C—C bonds by an average of 0.022 (4) A.Dedicated to the memory of Dr Leigh C. Porter (1955–1999).
Insights into Teaching and Learning: Reflections on MOOC Experiences

There has been significant interest in MOOCs, both inside and outside the educational community. Some of this interest focuses on how they could be used to replace traditional brick-and-mortar education while others are interested in using them to supplement more traditional courses. Instructors can also use MOOCs to gain new insight into teaching and learning by taking on a student perspective. This paper describes how taking several MOOCs has given me a better understanding of student motivation, time commitment issues, and student perception of grading and describes how I am feeding this knowledge back into my own courses.
Recent advances in information retrieval (Tutorial Session)

File organizations which support interactive retrieval for large data bases is a major concern of information system designers. This session explores recent advances in the design of such organizations.Two papers address themselves specifically to the file organizations of existing interactive retrieval systems and present relevant operational statistics of the systems. A third paper reviews recent developments in the design and evaluation of file organizations. Comparisons of the costs of querying and updating conventional organizations, clustered organizations and a new class of hybrid list organizations are presented.
Analysis of English Nonsense Syllable Recognition in Noise

English nonsense consonant-vowel-consonant syllables were presented at four different signal-to-noise ratios for recognition. Information theory methods are used to analyze the response data according to segment type and phonological feature, and are consistent with previous studies showing that the consonantal contrast of voicing is more robust than place of articulation, word-initial consonants are more robust than word-final consonants, and that vowel height is more robust than vowel backing. Asymmetrical confusions are also analyzed, indicating a bias toward front vowels over back vowels. The results are interpreted as parts of phonetic explanations for synchronic and diachronic phonological patterns.
Content-addressable polychromatic neural net using a specially doped LiNbO3 photorefractive crystal

In this paper, a polychromatic neural net using a specially doped LiNbO3 photorefractive crystal is presented. This neural net is a two-level high-content addressable memory. The first level is a polychromatic Hamming net for color image classification, and the second level is a mapping net, based on a photorefractive crystal associative memory. The major advantage of this neural net must be the large storage capacity and it requires fewer interconnection links. Experimental demonstrations are provided, in which we have shown that the proposed neural net is consistent with the theoretical model.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fracture mechanics evaluation of a 0.5Mo carbon steel subjected to high temperature hydrogen attack

Abstract Several 0.5Mo carbon steel tubes, subject to high temperature hydrogen attack (HTHA) are analyzed for fracture toughness using crack tip opening displacement (CTOD). A three condition fit-for-service evaluation of HTHA material is presented. The three conditions include plastic collapse analysis, static averaged fracture toughness analysis, and dynamic “good wall” fracture toughness analysis. Macro- and microhardness, scanning electron microscope, fractography, tensile tests, and light microscopy are used to supplement the overall fracture toughness analysis. Cold end strain hardening of the tubes is noticed to result in a 15% reduction in fracture toughness. The HTHA zone reduction in fracture toughness averages 28%. A unique zone outside but adjacent to the primary HTHA zone contains a relatively high hardness in the decarburized zone. This zone is located at the inside edge of the hot end tubesheet. The average fracture toughness reduction for this zone is 27%, with the most severe reduction being 42%. Due to the design stress condition of tubes and the lack of extensive HTHA, all tubes analyzed are found fit-for-service.
Nitrogen-doped plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited (PECVD) amorphous carbon: processes and properties

In this work we discuss thin film amorphous carbon, which is deposited in a dual frequency, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system in such a manner that it contains a small amount of nitrogen. Unlike most carbon films deposited using PECVD, the films in this study were deposited on the grounded electrode and therefore, subject to little energetic bombardment during growth. Methane was used as the carbon-containing precursor. We illustrate some potential applications for this type of film and discuss the effect of various process parameters on resultant film properties such as optical constants, resistivity, stoichiometry, and chemical bonding and structure.
The Seminole Indians of Oklahoma: Morphology and serology

Two hundred and sixty-three Indians aged six and above were studied in Oklahoma for blood types, hemoglobin types, and physical traits; 53% were Seminoles and the remainder were admixed with Creek or other populations. The results indicate that they resemble the Florida Seminoles in most of their serologic traits. In physical traits they are comparable to the group studied by Krogman two decades ago. Compared with the Florida Seminoles, the Oklahoma sample are slightly taller and heavier, significantly lighter in skin color, and have a lower incidence of sickle cell gene. By both serology and morphology the Oklahoma group are most similar to Florida Seminoles, slightly less similar to other Indian groups, and still less to White and Negro populations. The Oklahoma sample of women showed a non-significantly greater fertility than those of Florida. Some indication of positive assortative mating for skin color was found in both groups.
Miniature direct drive rotary actuators

Abstract This paper reports the development of direct drive DC motor actuators for miniature robots. The motors are based on Nd-Fe-B rare earth permanent magnets and controlled by low cost microcontrollers. The motors have low friction, small size, high speed, low construction cost, no gear backlash, operate safely without limit switches, have limited self-braking, and generate moderate torque. Significantly, one motor can generate enough torque to lift a second motor of about the same size against the force of gravity, at a distance approximately equal to the size of the motor, without resorting to the use of a counterweight. We demonstrated the feasibility of using these actuators to make a two-link robot finger or leg.
Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks

Printed electronics rely on low-cost, large-area fabrication routes to create flexible or multidimensional electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical devices1-3. In this paper, we focus on one- (1D), two- (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) printing of conductive metallic inks in the form of flexible, stretchable, and spanning microelectrodes. Direct-write assembly4,5 is a 1-to-3D printing technique that enables the fabrication of features ranging from simple lines to complex structures by the deposition of concentrated inks through fine nozzles (~0.1 - 250 μm). This printing method consists of a computer-controlled 3-axis translation stage, an ink reservoir and nozzle, and 10x telescopic lens for visualization. Unlike inkjet printing, a droplet-based process, direct-write assembly involves the extrusion of ink filaments either in- or out-of-plane. The printed filaments typically conform to the nozzle size. Hence, microscale features (< 1 μm) can be patterned and assembled into larger arrays and multidimensional architectures. In this paper, we first synthesize a highly concentrated silver nanoparticle ink for planar and 3D printing via direct-write assembly. Next, a standard protocol for printing microelectrodes in multidimensional motifs is demonstrated. Finally, applications of printed microelectrodes for electrically small antennas, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes are highlighted.
A comparison of the intertest accuracy of two short forms of the WAIS-R

The relative efficacy of two short forms of the WAIS-R with respect to accurate subtest profile scatter was examined (N = 50). The subtest scores of both the split-half Satz-Mogel (S-M) short form and the criterion referenced Modified WAIS-R (WAIS-RM) short form were found to differ significantly from full length WAIS-R subtest scores. Direct comparison of the S-M to the WAIS-RM showed the WAIS-RM to provide a closer approximation of full length WAIS-R subtest variability. Therefore, selection of the appropriate WAIS-R short form is best guided by the extent to which accuracy of inter-subtest variability is needed.
P03: Ocular collection protocol for the laboratory rabbit, dog, and monkey

Ocular Collection Protocol for the Laboratory Rabbit, Dog, and Monkey is a CD-ROM, which will serve as an educational tool and resource for pathologists, technicians, pathologists-in-training, and any other individuals involved in the collection, processing, and evaluation of ocular specimens of large laboratory animals (monkey, dog, and rabbit). The three species are dealt with separately in order to address the species-specific differences in anatomy and ocular pathology. This CD-ROM covers various ocular methods, including ocular tissue collection, histotechnology (fixation, trimming, processing, embedding, sectioning and other aspects of slide preparation), normal macroscopic and microscopic anatomy, immunohistochemistry, and histopathology. The viewer will be fully engaged in the learning experience by the use of computer graphics and numerous images of normal ocular structures and spontaneous and treatment-induced lesions. Although the emphasis is on toxicologic pathology of the eye and associated extraocular structures, this CD-ROM also provides a valuable resource for those working in the area of diagnostic pathology. Ocular Collection Protocol for the Laboratory Rabbit, Dog, and Monkey will be available free of charge near the end of 2008 by requesting a copy at the 2008 ESTP poster session or by contacting Dr. Jerry Hardisty at Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc. (jhardisty@epl-inc.com).
Sweat in Schizophrenic Patients: Identification of the Odorous Substance

The substance causing the peculiar odor in sweat of schizophrenic patients has been isolated and identified as trans-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The natural and the synthetic compounds were cleaves across the double bond to give 2-pentanone and oxalic acid, thereby confirming the structure.
A Canopied Sprayer for Accurate Application of Herbicides

Preemergent and postemergent herbicides applied to research plots must be confined to the target area and crop. Our objective was to develop an apparatus that could be used to apply herbicides effectively for weed control in randomized field plots of multiple crops with no injury to nontarget crops in adjacent plots. A canopied sprayer that attaches to a row-crop tractor having a standard Category I or II three-point hitch and a PTO was designed and constructed. This sprayer delivered broadcast- and band-applied herbicides to small plots without causing drift-related injury to nontarget crops planted in adjacent plots. Use of this sprayer eliminated wind-blown drift, and ensured the confinement of herbicides to target plots, alleys, and borders.
Purification and characterization of an ethanol-induced UDP-glucuronosyltransferase☆

Abstract A UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (GT) enzyme was isolated from ethanol-induced male New Zealand white rabbit hepatic protein. The animals were pretreated for 2 weeks with 10% ethanol in their drinking water. The GT enzyme was purified by anion-exchange and affinity chromatography and was shown to be homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. The molecular mass of the ethanol-induced UDP-glucuronosyltransferase was determined to be 57,000 Da. Tryptic digests of the ethanol-induced GT and a similarly purified GT from control rabbit liver appeared to be different by HPLC analysis, even though the molecular masses of the enzymes were indistinguishable. Amino acid compositions of the two proteins were different for six amino acids. The apparent Km values for the ethanol-induced GT enzyme for 1-naphthol and morphine as substrates were 43 and 109 μ m , respectively. The apparent Vmax values for the ethanol-induced GT enzyme for these substrates were 83 and 4.6 nmol/min/mg protein. The increases in catalytic efficiencies, apparent V max K m for 1-naphthol and for morphine, for the ethanol-induced isozyme compared to the control isozyme activities were 2.0- and 2.4-fold. A polyclonal antibody raised in sheep to the rabbit ethanol-induced GT demonstrated a 520-fold selectivity for precipitation of the ethanol-induced protein rather than the control protein. These results demonstrate the production of an unique isozyme of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase that is produced in rabbits as a result of chronic ethanol exposure.
Justice Implications of the Proposed Federal Family and Work Tax Credits: Applying Justice Theories to Policy Advocacy:

A 2005 Presidential Advisory Panel on Tax Reform proposed a family credit and a work credit to replace some current tax credits, deductions, and exemptions. Taxes are overlooked by many social workers as a policy instrument for increasing the disposable income of low- and moderate-income families. This paper analyzes the proposed new credits through a justice framework. Social justice often is defined as the equitable distribution of societal resources. This definition reflects one type of justice—Rawls's egalitarian philosophy. A more nuanced understanding of justice may enable coalition building in policy making, leading to the enactment of tax policy that helps families pay for their basic needs—a goal of both direct service and policy practice social work practitioners.
The Function of Intensity and Phase in the Binaural Location of Pure Tones. II

Linear Relation; Phase Difference and Apparent Angular Displacement of the Source of Sound.---That a linear relation exists between phase difference at the ears and apparent angular displacement from the median plane between them, is demonstrated for pure tones within the range 100 to 1,200 d.v. Extended experiments are made with two individuals but additional evidence is adduced to show that the results have a general applicability.Linear Relation; the Variation of the "Constant" with Frequency.---The "constant" in the above linear relation, or the slope of the curve with the two variables as coordinates, is approximately a linear function of the frequency.Upper Limit of the Phase Difference Effect.---The upper limit of the phase difference effect seems to be from 1,000 to 1,500 d.v.Double Images.---It is shown that the phase difference effect, if it be the controlling factor in localization, may produce multiple apparent sources. For a frequency of 1,024 d.v., the double phantom sources are found in actual experiment to have the relative positions indicated by the phase effect.Intensity-effect and Phase-effect Combined.---It is found that when intensity difference and phase difference at the ears exist simultaneously, neither has a greater effect than when applied separately. Hence quantitative results obtained by using intensity difference only or phase difference only are transferable to the case of the combination.Direct Perception of Phase.---Phase effect cannot be explained by a direct or by an indirect effect of intensity, for the phase effect at certain frequencies and with some individuals may exist when the intensity effect is wholly absent. Direct perception of phase is thus evident.Theoretical Computation and Comparison with Experiment.---The phase difference at the ears for various angular displacements of the source from the median plane are computed for three frequencies scattered over the range under consideration. The relationship is not strictly linear but very roughly so. A comparison is made of the theoretical and experimental ratios of angular displacement and phase difference. There is a satisfactory quantitative agreement.Phase Difference the Most Important Factor in Localization.---The significance of the quantitative agreement of experimental and theoretical results is presented and the conclusion derived that phase difference is the most important factor in localization of the source of a pure tone, 100 to 1,200 d.v. situated in a horizontal plane in front of the observer and 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} either side of the median plane. This conclusion is extended to include the region behind as well as in front of the observer. There are more factors in actual localization than in the case assumed in the theoretical discussion; for example, reflection and alterations in quality are doubtless important factors in the general case. Above the limit of the phase difference phenomenon, viz., approximately 1,200 d.v., intensity must become an important factor, but its importance varies with the individual.
Accepting Error to Make Less Error

In this article I argue that the clinical and statistical approaches rest on different assumptions about the nature of random error and the appropriate level of accuracy to be expected in prediction. To examine this, a case is marie for each approach. The clinical approach is characterized as being deterministic, causal, and less concerned with prediction than with diagnosis and treatment. The statistical approach accepts error as inevitable and in so doing makes less error in prediction. This is illustrated using examples from probability learning and equal weighting in linear models. Thereafter, a decision analysis of the two approaches is proposed. Of particular importance are the errors that characterize each approach: myths, magic, and illusions of control in the clinical; lost opportunities and illusions of the lack of control in the statistical. Each approach represents a gamble with corresponding risks and benefits.
Styles of management and communication: A comparative study of men and women

While women increasingly are assuming positions of prominence in modern organizations, and while considerable research exists demonstrating that, in general, males and females in some respects differ in their communication patterns, no previous study has sought to determine what differences, if any, exist between the communicative behaviors exhibited by male and female supervisors in organizations. Thus, the present study was undertaken to discover whether female managers enact a “male” role when they assume supervisory positions or provide a style of leadership which is somehow distinguishable from that typically enacted by males. Data provided by 150 subjects randomly selected from three organizations showed male and female managers to differ in several dimensions of communicative behavior. However, while those differences initially seemed to suggest that female managers supervise more effectively than male managers, subsequent analyses indicated that further research is needed before one can conclude t...
Snapshots along the PEPCK catalytic pathway

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) catalyzes the reversible decarboxylation of oxaloacetic acid with the concomitant transfer of the γ-phosphate of GTP (or ITP) to form PEP and GDP (IDP) as the first committed step of gluconeogenesis. Recent kinetic, NMR and EPR studies have demonstrated that pH dependent changes occur with respect to the environment of the active site Mn[1]. Structures of the Mn-, Mn-PEPand Mn-PEP-GDP-PEPCK complexes presented here provide evidence for important changes that occur at the catalytic metal site along the catalytic pathway. The structures show an interesting Mn binding site that is composed of deprotonated lysine, histidine and aspartate residues. In addition, the involvement of a previously unrecognized cysteine sulfhydryl in the Mn-PEPCK complex is demonstrated. Upon formation of the PEPCKMn-PEP or PEPCK-Mn-GDP binary complexes cysteine 273 coordination is lost as the loop it resides in occupies a different conformation. The involvement of cysteine 273 in the coordination of the Mn in the Mn--PEPCK complex provides the structural basis for previous observations that catalytic activity is stimulated by βmercaptoethanol, and inhibited by Zn and modification or ionization of cysteine 273. This suggests that stabilization of the cysteine coordinated metal complex traps the enzyme in a catalytically incompetent metal complex and may represent a mechanism of oxidative regulation. These structures of catalytically relevant complexes in conjunction with the previous kinetic data provide detailed insight into the mechanism of catalysis of this important metabolic enzyme.
Detection and molecular characterization of a novel large Babesia species in a dog

Babesia canis has generally been considered the only large Babesia to infect dogs. Here we describe the molecular characterization of a large Babesia species that was detected in the blood and bone marrow of a dog with clinical and hematological abnormalities consistent with babesiosis. Analysis of the 18S rRNA genes revealed a unique sequence that shared 93.9% sequence identity with B. bigemina and 93.5% sequence identity with B. caballi, compared to 91.2-91.6% identity with B. canis canis, B. c. vogeli, and B. c. rossi. Cross-reactive antibodies against B. canis, B. gibsoni (Asian genotype), or B. gibsoni (California genotype) antigens were not detected in acute or convalescent serum samples. The dog was treated with imidocarb diproprionate, which resulted in the resolution of clinical signs, and subsequently Babesia DNA was not detectable by PCR in post-treatment samples. The organism described in this report represents a genetically unique large Babesia sp. and is the eighth genetically distinct piroplasm capable of infecting the domestic dog.
Differential localization of prostaglandin E synthase isoforms in human placental cell types

Abstract Increased prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) synthesis involves multiple enzymes and two isoforms of the terminal enzyme of this biosynthetic pathway, PGE synthase (PGES), were recently identified. Cytosolic PGES (cPGES) is identical to the Hsp90 chaperone, p23, and is reportedly functionally coupled to constitutive PG endoperoxide H synthase-1 (PGHS-1). Microsomal PGES (mPGES), on the other hand, is inducible by proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β. We have studied the cellular localization of both enzyme isoforms in human placenta at term and early gestation (10 weeks). Cytosolic PGES was immunolocalized to the fibroblasts and macrophages in villous stroma, whereas mPGES was localized in the extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) as well as macrophages in both term and early gestation tissues. Microsomal PGES was also observed in cytotrophoblasts (CTs), but not in syncytiotrophoblasts (STs), in early gestation. Apoptotic early gestational STs were heavily stained with cPGES. We also investigated the cellular localization of cPLA 2 and PGHS-2 in early gestation and at term. Cytosolic PLA 2 was immunolocalized to the stroma and STs at term, but was only observed in CTs in early gestation. PGHS-2, on the other hand, was immunolocalized to both extravillous and STs in early gestation and at term. Our results suggest that mPGES could play a role in trophoblast invasion via its association with EVTs in the basal plate, whereas cPGES could be involved in apoptosis or repair mechanisms.
SIMULATION OF PROKARYOTIC GENETIC CIRCUITS

Biochemical and genetic approaches have identified the molecular mechanisms of many genetic reactions, particularly in bacteria. Now a comparably detailed understanding is needed of how groupings of genes and related protein reactions interact to orchestrate cellular functions over the cell cycle, to implement preprogrammed cellular development, or to dynamically change a cell's processes and structures in response to environmental signals. Simulations using realistic, molecular-level models of genetic mechanisms and of signal transduction networks are needed to analyze dynamic behavior of multigene systems, to predict behavior of mutant circuits, and to identify the design principles applicable to design of genetic regulatory circuits. When the underlying design rules for regulatory circuits are understood, it will be far easier to recognize common circuit motifs, to identify functions of individual proteins in regulation, and to redesign circuits for altered functions.
The pin-amalgam restoration. Part I. A review

A review of the literature indicates that the use of pins to support amalgam or cast gold restorations in advanced caries in posterior teeth is a quick and relatively inexpensive method of restoring teeth otherwise doomed to extraction. However, the use of pins demands a careful and skillful dentist who understands the morphology of these teeth and the proper use of the materials if injury to the pulp, accidental perforations, crazing of the dentin, and splitting of teeth are to be prevented. Until more objective and controlled studies are completed, the use of cemented pins vs. self-threading pins remains a matter of empirical and personal preference. It is clear that success in the use of any pin or pins depends more on the dentist's skill and judgment than on the particular type of pin technique used. In order to more objectively evaluate the use of pin-amalgam restorations, Part 11 of this study will analyze the results obtained in the Clinic at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine.
Technology consultants: a successful generation of student staff

Ten years have passed since a SIGUCCS conference presentation provided a "spark" that ignited a program for student staffing at Grinnell College: Technology Consultants (TCs). Student staffing issues are a constant topic for discussion since they have become an important part of many Information Technology (IT) departments, and after ten years, the Grinnell College program has evolved into a successful staffing model.First, hire the right people! There is a comprehensive and selective hiring process where applications are scored, students interviewed and trainees selected. Then, teach the right stuff! The 8 week training program is composed of three parts: mentored lab shifts, workshops and a project. When trainees successfully complete each of these components, they are invited to take a practical test of their skills.Last, make them want to stay! The work experience not only should provide job skills, but also needs to be enjoyable so that the generation Y students want to work. Try to provide opportunities for those interested, to learn and do more, like advanced certification. Professional development opportunities are encouraged through experiential workshops and summer training sessions. There are leadership opportunities for those who qualify. The TCs even have the opportunity to do IT volunteer work in the local schools and put on their propellor beanies to help new students connect to the network at the beginning of fall semester.There are many challenges when students help staff IT services. It is not only a management challenge, but also a great benefit when the right structure is in place.
Biosynthesis of lutropin in ovine pituitary slices: incorporation of [35S]sulfate in carbohydrate units.

Sulfate incorporation into carbohydrate of lutropin (LH) has been studied in sheep pituitary slices using H235SO4. Labeled ovine LH was purified to homogeneity by Sephadex G-100 and carboxymethyl-Sephadex chromatography from both the incubation medium and tissue extract. Autoradiography of the gel showed only two protein bands which comigrated with the α and β subunits of ovine LH in both the purified ovine LH and the immunoprecipitate obtained with LH-specific rabbit antiserum. Furthermore, [35S]sulfate was also incorporated into several other proteins in addition to LH. The location of 35SO42− in the oligosaccharides of ovine LH was evidenced by its presence in the glycopeptides obtained by exhaustive Pronase digestion. The location and the point of attachment of sulfate in the carbohydrate unit were established by the isolation of 4-O-[35S]sulfo-N-acetylhexosaminyl-glycerols and 4-O-[35S]sulfo-N-acetylglucosaminitol from the Smith degradation products and by the release of 35SO42− by chondro-4-sulfatase. Thus, the present line of experimentation indicates the presence of sulfate on both the terminal N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine in the oligosaccharide chains of the labeled ovine LH.
Statistical Codes for Geometrical Figures

A point function may be defined on the "cells" of cellular approximations to plane figures which retains much of the information of the figures and whose distribution function is relatively invariant with respect to cell size; the function is useful in constructing a quantitative field theory in embryology and a nonaddressed system for pattern generalizing in neurophysiology.
Inhibition of 7, 12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice by food restriction is reversed by adrenalectomy

Prior work has demonstrated that food restriction of mice markedly suppresses 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) promotion of skin papillomas and adrenalectomy prior to initiating food restriction completely reverses the tumor inhibitory effect of underfeeding. In the present experiment the effect of food restriction, with or without prior adrenalectomy, on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced lung tumor development in A/J mice was explored. Food restriction (27%), beginning 3 weeks after a single oral dose of 0.5 mg DMBA and continued for the duration of the experiment (14 weeks), significantly inhibited lung adenoma development, whereas adrenalectomy 2 weeks before initiating food restriction abolished the tumor inhibitory effect of underfeeding and also enhanced tumor development in the ad libitum fed mice. Plasma corticosterone levels were significantly elevated in food-restricted A/J mice, whereas plasma dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels showed no apparent change. These studies suggest that adrenal gland secretory products may play a general role in the tumor preventive effect of food restriction in laboratory mice.
Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Risk in HIV

HIV infection and its treatment have been associated with adipose tissue changes and disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism. The proportion of HIV-infected adults over the age of 50 is also growing placing HIV-infected adults at particular risk for metabolic perturbations and cardiovascular disease. The metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected adults has been increasingly studied but whether HIV is associated with greater risk remains unclear, likely because of the interplay of host, viral and antiretroviral factors that are associated with the components of the metabolic syndrome. The relationship between HIV and diabetes mellitus (DM) risk has also been debated. While the Framingham Risk Score is a well-accepted measure of 10-year cardiovascular risk in the general population, it may not accurately predict risk in the HIV setting due to HIV-related factors such as inflammation that are not accounted for. We summarize the recent literature on metabolic syndrome, DM, and cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected adults.