cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assisted Reproductive Technology: A Lawyer's Guide to Emerging Law and Science

Charles P. Kindregan, Jr. and Maureen McBrien, ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY: A LAWYER’S GUIDE TO EMERGING LAW AND SCIENCE--2d, is published by the American Bar Association (2011). Kindregan is Professor of Law at Suffolk University Law School and McBrien is an Adjunct Professor at Suffolk and a member of the law firm of Todd and Weld in Boston. This is a greatly expanded study of the gradually evolving law in the multi-billion dollar business of conceiving children by medical means rather than sexual intercourse. The field initially expanded to deal with the problem of infertility, but in the last decade the issue of parentage in same-sex unions has brought numerous disputes over children conceived by assisted reproduction into the courts. While the law governing assisted reproduction is still largely undefined, the uniform laws governing inheritance (Uniform Probate Code) and parentage (Uniform Parentage Act) as well as the ABA Model Act Governing Assisted Reproductive Technology have opened the potential of legislative action. This new study by Kindregan and McBrien surveys the law on assisted reproduction on everything from the law governing the older intrauterine insemination procedures, to contemporary in vitro fertilization and surrogate parenting, to the potential for human reproductive cloning. It includes state-by-state and international approaches to the topic, providing analysis of legal proposals and a treatment of contract solutions. 425 pages; indexed. The Table of Contents, Introduction and Chapter 1 can be downloaded.
Chapter Eleven Affect, Individual Differences, and Real World Problem Solving Across the Adult Life Span

Summary Recent thinking in the area of adult cognitive development suggests that with adulthood comes an integration and consistency in reasoning across cognitive and affective domains. Given this theoretical framework and current research supporting this notion, we decided to extend this research into the realm of real world problem solving. The literature is replete with studies manipulating experimenter-imposed variables assumed to affect problem solving competence in older adults. However, until recently, relatively little effort has focused on the sensitivity of the dependent measures used to capture possible developmental differences in how the individual structures reality and approaches everyday problems. Thus, quantitative measures (i.e., number of solutions, etc.) may obscure qualitative differences inherent in the solutions themselves. Given these issues, two studies were conducted which used tasks that require individuals to either generate their own interpretations of problem situations varying in emotional saliency or endorse various problem solving strategies. In addition to qualitative differences in, problem solving, we examined individual difference, indices such as global problem solving ability, openness, to experience, and social desirability, as possible, moderators of variability in performance. The results, from these studies will be discussed in terms of recent, theories of adult cognitive development.
Toxic alcohol ingestion/methanol ingestion

Introduction Methanol poisoning is an uncommon life-threatening ingestion associated with significant morbidity and requires prompt diagnosis and management for the best possible outcome. We create...
Show Us the Love: Revolutionary Teaching in (Un)Critical Times.

In the wake of racial violence in urban schools and society, we question, “Can the field of urban education love blackness and Black lives unconditionally and as preconditions to humanity? What does it look like to (re)imagine urban classrooms as sites of love? As educators, how might we utilize a pedagogy of love as an embodied practice that influences holistic teaching? How might we utilize a pedagogy of love to include Black youths’ racialized and gendered life histories and experiences and their language and literacy practices? We outline and discuss five types of violence in schools (physical, symbolic, linguistic, curricula/pedagogical, and systemic school violence) which interfere with the creation and sustainability of revolutionary love in urban schools. We present examples of ‘fake love’ and provide the current backdrop. We operationalize revolutionary love and offer Afrocentric praxis and African Diaspora Literacy as antidotes to anti-Black types of violence that many students experience in urban schools.
Photoinduced Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer Enables Photocatalyst-Independent Light-Gated Activation of Co(II)

Photoredox catalysis can be used to manipulate the redox state of a transition metal complex leading to the desired reactivity. While powerful, obviating the role of the second catalyst would be at...
Solid state photodimerization of 9-tert-butyl anthracene ester produces an exceptionally metastable polymorph according to first-principles calculations

Molecular crystal engineering seeks to tune the material properties by controlling the crystal packing. However, the range of achievable properties is constrained by the limited energy range of polymorphs which can be crystallized. Here, computational modeling highlights that a solid-state crystal-to-crystal chemical reaction in 9-tert-butyl anthracene ester (9TBAE) nanorods [Al-Kaysi et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128, 15938] imparts “synthetic memory” into the crystal structure that allows reproducible formation of a highly metastable, yet long-lived polymorph. Specifically, whereas the vast majority of known polymorphs exhibit lattice energy differences below 10 kJ mol−1, the conformational polymorph formed via solid state reaction chemistry lies 14 kJ mol−1 higher in energy than the form grown from solution, according to calculations that combine a dispersion-corrected second-order Moller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2D) treatment of the monomer and photodimer with a density functional theory treatment (B86bPBE-XDM) of the intermolecular interactions in the crystal. Moreover, the solid-state reaction environment traps a highly unstable intramolecular photodimer conformation which defies the conventional wisdom surrounding conformational polymorphs. These observations suggest that solid-state reaction chemistry represents an under-appreciated strategy for producing polymorphs that would likely be unobtainable otherwise.
The Effects of the “War on Science” Frame on Scientists’ Credibility:

A randomized experiment of 1,024 U.S. adults was conducted to examine the effect of the war on science frame on perceptions of scientists’ credibility. Because recent use of this frame is a response to the Trump Administration, those who politically align with him (e.g., conservatives) are likely to experience identity threat when confronted with the war on science frame. Results show that when viewed as aggressive, the war on science frame prompted conservatives to report lower agreement with a scientist credibility index than liberals, suggesting that the war on science frame has the potential to further polarize science.
Echographic Results in the Diagnosis of Retinoblastoma

With standardized echography, a combination of standardized A-scan and contact B-scan, more than 80 types of intraocular lesions, mostly of the posterior segment, can be detected and differentiated. Standardized A-scan is used in the basic examination to detect or rule out a lesion. If a lesion is found, special techniques, i.e., topographic echography, quantitative echography and kinetic echography, are applied to localize, measure and differentiate the lesion.
High heralding-efficiency of near-IR fiber coupled photon pairs for quantum technologies

We report on the development and use of a high heralding-efficiency, single-mode-fiber coupled telecom-band source of entangled photons for quantum technology applications. The source development efforts consisted of theoretical and experimental efforts and we demonstrated a correlated-mode coupling efficiency of 97% ± 2%, the highest efficiency yet achieved for this type of system. We then incorporated these beneficial source development techniques in a Sagnac configured telecom-band entangled photon source that generates photon pairs entangled in both time/energy and polarization degrees of freedom. We made use of these highly desirable entangled states to investigate several promising quantum technologies.
Multi-model implementation of evidence-based care in the treatment of opioid use disorder in Pennsylvania

Abstract Pennsylvania has the third highest rate of death due to drug overdose (44.3 per 100,000) in the country, which is significantly higher than the national rate. This continues to have drastic societal impact. Medication assisted treatment (MAT), which includes opioid agonist medications, is the gold standard in treatment for OUD; however, a significant gap remains between the number of individuals in need of treatment and the number of MAT providers. Penn State Health established a system to address the opioid epidemic through the Pennsylvania Coordinated Medication Assisted Treatment program utilizing lessons learned from existing validated models. Connecting primary care sites and hospital systems through a combination of Hub and Spoke, bridge clinic services provided at the Hub, peer recovery services, Project Extension for Community Health Outcomes (ECHO), and layered emergency department (ED) initiation of buprenorphine, this model is an innovative approach that addresses many known barriers to MAT treatment initiation. Early results within the first six months indicate significantly shortened wait time for patients seeking treatment, provision of waiver training to 70 local physicians to prescribe buprenorphine, and improved knowledge and ability to provide patient care for providers participating in our first Project ECHO cohort.
Smaller $p$-values in genomics studies using distilled historical information

Medical research institutions have generated massive amounts of biological data by genetically profiling hundreds of cancer cell lines. In parallel, academic biology labs have conducted genetic screens on small numbers of cancer cell lines under custom experimental conditions. In order to share information between these two approaches to scientific discovery, this article proposes a "frequentist assisted by Bayes" (FAB) procedure for hypothesis testing that allows historical information from massive genomics datasets to increase the power of hypothesis tests in specialized studies. The exchange of information takes place through a novel probability model for multimodal genomics data, which distills historical information pertaining to cancer cell lines and genes across a wide variety of experimental contexts. If the relevance of the historical information for a given study is high, then the resulting FAB tests can be more powerful than the corresponding classical tests. If the relevance is low, then the FAB tests yield as many discoveries as the classical tests. Simulations and practical investigations demonstrate that the FAB testing procedure can increase the number of effects discovered in genomics studies while still maintaining strict control of type I error and false discovery rates.
Hunting Game : Raiding Politics in the Central African Republic

Northeastern Central African Republic - a vast space bordering Chad, Darfur, and South Sudan - is a quintessential 'stateless' space, where the government has little presence and armed actors operate freely. In this first ethnographic and historical study of Central African raiding, Louisa Lombard investigates practices of forceful acquisition, a distinctive political repertoire in which claims to social status are linked to the ability to take (from wild spaces, or from others) and are frequently overturned. People have developed raiding skills to survive and live in a stateless borderland for over 150 years. From the trans-Saharan slave trade, to colonial forced labour regimes, big game hunting and coercive conservation, to rebellion, raiding has flourished where people's status in relation to each other is unclear and where institutional guidance is absent. Hunting Game offers rich comparative insights into the vibrant, if not always salutary, role that forceful acquisition plays in the world today.
Patient Portals as Highly Acceptable Tools to Support HIV Preventative Behaviors Among Adolescent and Young Sexual Minority Men

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to present perceptions about using patient portals to manage HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) test results and to communicate with sexual partners among a 2018 nationwide sample of adolescent and young sexual minority men (YSMM) aged 15–25 years. Methods Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted on cross-sectional online survey data. Results Participants gave high or moderate value to portals that provide tips for sexual health (95.1% [1,168/1,228]), ability to locate HIV/STI testing centers (96.9% [1,190/1,228]), and ability to order home-based HIV/STI testing (96% [1,179/1,228]). Perceived health engagement and dyadic communication benefits of use were sustained at or above 94%. YSMM with a history of HIV/STI diagnosis were less willing to share online results with main (93% vs. 97%; Χ2 = 5.13; p = .02) and nonmain (70% vs. 77%; Χ2 = 5.17; p = .02) sexual partners. Conclusions Patient portals represent highly acceptable spaces to deliver comprehensive sexual health services and could support communication on HIV/STI testing with sex partners among YSMM.
Efficient Indexes for Diverse Top-k Range Queries

Let P be a set of n (non-negatively) weighted points in Rd. We consider the problem of computing a subset of (at most) k diverse and high-valued points of P that lie inside a query range, a problem relevant to many areas such as search engines, recommendation systems, and online stores. The diversity and value of a set of points are measured as functions (say average or minimum) of their pairwise distances and weights, respectively. We study both bicriteria and constrained optimization problems. In the former, we wish to return a set of k points that maximize a weighted sum of their value and diversity measures, and in the latter, we wish to return a set of at most k points that maximize their value and satisfy a diversity constraint. We obtain three main types of results in this paper: Near-linear time (0.5-e)-approximation algorithms for the bicriteria optimization problem in the offline setting. Near-linear size indexes for the bicriteria optimization problem that for a query rectangle return a (0.5-e)-approximate solution in time O(k polylog(n)). The indexes can be constructed in O(n polylog(n)) time. Near-linear size indexes for answering constrained optimization range queries. For a query rectangle, a 0.5O(d)-approximate solution can be computed in O(k polylog(n)) time. If we allow some of the returned points to lie at most e outside of the query rectangle then an (1-e)-approximate solution can be computed in O(k polylog(n)) time. The indexes are constructed in O(n polylog(n)) and nO(1/ed) time, respectively.
Tasting qualities: the past and future of tea: by Sarah Besky, Oakland, CA, University of California Press, 2020, 256 pp., ISBN: 9780520972704

“Mr. Dutta pointed to one of the teas on this last tray. ‘See the difference?,’ he asked his apprentice, who had been following him down the line. The apprentice nodded. Then Mr. Dutta directed his...
A descriptive study of faculty-to-faculty incivility in nursing programs in the United States.

Abstract Background Incivility has become a major societal issue and over the last two decades more researchers have examined the incidence and prevalence of incivility in higher education. There has been significant research on faculty and student incivility in nursing programs (Atmiller, 2012; Clark, 2008a, 2008b, 2008c), but literature is lacking on faculty-to-faculty incivility in nursing programs. Purpose This descriptive study examined the incidence of faculty-to-faculty incivility in nursing programs in the United States. Additionally, this study sought to determine the physical and emotional effects of faculty-to-faculty incivility. Methods Originally the study participants were recruited using a stratified cluster sampling, but this resulted in a low response rate. A new methodology used a convenience sample to enlist participants attending a nursing education conference. The Workplace Incivility/Civility Survey collected data on the incidence and prevalence of faculty-to-faculty incivility. Open-ended questions were added to the survey to capture the emotional and physical responses to acts of incivility. Results Analysis of the data indicated that workplace incivility is perceived as a moderate to severe problem. The participants shared their experience with faculty-to-faculty incivility and the emotional and physical effects that resulted from the incident. Conclusion Faculty-to-faculty incivility continues to be an issue in nursing education. The number of studies that have examined incivility in nursing education continues to grow. It is important to examine this issue as it impacts the ability to address the nursing shortage and meet the health care needs of the nation. Further research is needed to identify if there is a relationship among faculty-to-faculty incivility and job satisfaction or intent to leave.
Reperfusion Injury (RPI)/White Cord Syndrome (WCS) Due to Cervical Spine Surgery: A Diagnosis of Exclusion

Background Following acute cervical spinal cord decompression, a subset of patients may develop acute postoperative paralysis due to Reperfusion Injury (RPI)/White Cord Syndrome (WCS). Pathophysiologically, this occurs due to the immediate restoration of normal blood flow to previously markedly compressed, and under-perfused/ischemic cord tissues. On emergent postoperative MR scans, the classical findings for RPI/ WCS include new or expanded, and focal or diffuse intramedullary hyperintense cord signals consistent with edema/ischemia, swelling, and/or intrinsic hematoma. To confirm RPI/WCS, MR studies must exclude extrinsic cord pathology (e.g. extramedullary hematomas, new/residual compressive disease, new graft/vertebral fracture etc.) that may warrant additional cervical surgery to avoid permanent neurological sequelae. Methods In the English literature (i.e. excluding 2 Japanese studies), 9 patients were identified with postoperative RPI/WCS following cervical surgical procedures. For 7 patients, new acute postoperative neurological deficits were appropriately attributed to MR-documented RPI/WCS syndromes (i.e. hyperintense cord signals). However, for 2 patients who neurologically worsened, MR studies demonstrated residual extrinsic disease (e.g. stenosis and OPLL) warranting additional surgery; therefore, these 2 patients did not meet the criteria for RPI/WCS. Results The diagnosis of RPI/WCS is one of exclusion. It is critical to rule out residual extrinsic cord compression where secondary surgery may improve/resolve neurological deficits. Conclusions Patients with acute postoperative neurological deficits following cervical spine surgery must undergo MR studies to rule out extrinsic cord pathology before being diagnosed with RPI/WCS. Notably, 2 of the 9 cases of RPI/WCS reported in the literature required additional surgery to address stenosis and OPLL, and therefore, did not have the RPI/WCS syndromes.
Vehicle and Person Re-Identification With Support Neighbor Loss.

One of the key tasks for an intelligent visual surveillance system is to automatically re-identify objects of interest, e.g., persons or vehicles, from nonoverlapping camera views. This demand incurs the vast investigation of person re-identification (re-ID) and vehicle re-ID techniques, especially those deep learning-based ones. While most recent algorithms focus on designing new convolutional neural networks, less attention is paid to the loss functions, which are of vital roles as well. Triplet loss and softmax loss are the two losses that are extensively used, both of which, however, have limitations. Triplet loss optimizes the model to produce features with which samples from the same class have higher similarity than those from different classes. The problem of triplet loss is that the number of triplets to be constructed grows cubically with training samples, which causes scalability issue, unstable performance, and slow convergence. Softmax loss has favorable scalable property and is widely used for large-scale classification problems. However, since Softmax loss only aims to separate well training classes, its performance for re-ID tasks is not desirable because the model is tested to measure the similarity of samples from unseen classes. We propose the support neighbor (SN) loss, which avoids the limitations of the abovementioned two losses. Unlike triplet loss that is calculated based on triplets, SN loss is derived from K-nearest neighbors (SNs) of anchor samples. The SNs of an anchor are unique, containing more valuable contextual information and neighborhood structure of the anchor, and thus contribute to more stable performance and reliable embedding from image space to feature space. Based on the SNs, a softmax-like separation term and a squeeze term are proposed, which encourage interclass separation and intraclass compactness, respectively. Experiments show that SN loss surpasses triplet and softmax losses with the same backbone network and reaches the state-of-the-art performance for both person and vehicle re-ID using a ResNet50 backbone when combined with training tricks.
Chapter Three - Nonclassical Light Generation From III–V and Group-IV Solid-State Cavity Quantum Systems

In this chapter, we present the state of the art in the generation of nonclassical states of light using semiconductor cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) platforms. Our focus is on the photon blockade effects that enable the generation of indistinguishable photon streams with high purity and efficiency. Starting with the leading platform of InGaAs quantum dots in optical nanocavities, we review the physics of a single quantum emitter strongly coupled to a cavity. Furthermore, we propose a complete model for photon blockade and tunneling in III–V quantum dot-cavity QED systems. Turning toward quantum emitters with small inhomogeneous broadening, we propose a direction for novel experiments for nonclassical light generation based on group-IV color-center systems. We present a model of a multiemitter cavity QED platform, which features richer dressed-states ladder structures, and show how it can offer opportunities for studying new regimes of high-quality photon blockade.
A scalable coherent cache system with a dynamic pointing scheme

The author presents a scalable coherent cache scheme which is an interpolation between the full-vector scheme and the coarse-vector scheme. In contrast to the coarse vector, where each vector bit is used to represent a fixed number of processors, the new scheme uses a dynamic technique to enlarge and shift the bit vector so that the vector presents as few processors as possible with each vector bit. This technique allows the dynamic vector to be present only where it is used, which helps to reduce the amount of invalidation traffic. The author evaluates the new scheme using trace-driven simulation. The applications used for the evaluation represent a wide range of parallel algorithms written in different programming languages. The performance of the new scheme is presented in terms of execution time and invalidation traffic and is compared with the results for the full-vector, the coarse-vector, and the broadcast scheme. The new scheme performed in most of the cases as well as the full-vector scheme and in all cases better than all other limited-pointer schemes.
Zeroing Out Climate Change: A ‘Hard Look’ at Trump’s Social Cost of Carbon

President Donald Trump has referred to climate change as a “hoax,” and in March 2017 issued Executive Order No. 13783, Promoting Energy Independence and Economic Growth. Section 5 of this Order directs federal agencies to discontinue use of the social cost of carbon (SCC), a protocol developed under the Barack Obama Administration to monetize the impacts of climate-related disasters and disruption. This directive sets up a conflict with the requirements of NEPA, and likely will be challenged in the courts. This Article argues that, under existing NEPA case law, discontinuation and/or drastic reduction of the SCC by the Trump Administration is likely legally actionable. It examines possible litigation strategies to challenge the expansion of fossil fuels, presents a thorough analysis of Executive Order No. 13783, and offers precedent for NEPA challenges to the SCC rollback.
Communications and High-Precision Positioning (CHP2): Joint Position and Orientation Tracking

Future radio systems must rely on co-existence and co-operation techniques to adapt to limited spectral resources and increasing demand. Motivated by the promise of RF Convergence co-design techniques, we designed and implemented the Communications and High-Precision Positioning (CHP2) system for flying ad hoc networks (FANETs). CHP2 simultaneously synchronizes distributed users, performs carrier-phase-accurate localization and enables network communications using limited bandwidth. We previously demonstrated rapid (<100 ms) and precise (<1 cm) ranging capabilities using limited signal bandwidth (10 MHz) in over-the-air experiments using re-configurable base stations and unmanned aerial systems (UASs). In this study, we investigate methods of leveraging these ranging estimates to localize multiantenna users. We discuss joint position and orientation tracking methodologies for multi-antenna platforms that leverage time-of-flight (ToF) estimates between cross-platform antenna pairs. This formulation is novel and accurately represents a target's movement as an integration of its translation and rotation. We acknowledge and discuss the limitations imposed by geometric dilution of precision (GDOP). We assert that the these capabilities make CHP2 a suitable candidate to provide both communications, navigation, and surveillance (CNS) and alternative positioning, navigation, and timing (APNT) services for safety-critical transport applications on a variety of vehicular platforms.
Biostatistics in Biomedicine and Informatics

Biostatistics, Biomedicine, and Informatics encounters and exposures in our daily lives occur due to the gathering of Big Data and its use in medical research. This intensive gathering of data or big data allows the use of statistics more than ever before as numbers are calculated, patterns are observed, and data becomes information as it is placed in context of a problem to be solved. This information has given rise to “Health Informatics” which is a combination of “Health Information Technology” as computing components, “Health Information” as collected data, and “Health Information Management” as the organizing and summarizing of information . The combination of these is used to perform and improve decision-making and value-based delivery of healthcare. Hardware, Software, Data, Procedures, and People are all key components of Health Informatics in the context of healthcare with Biostatistics harnessing large amounts of health data to accelerate decision-making. This paper looks at the application of statistical methods to the solution and decision-making in biological healthcare problems.
Improved water resistance in undecylenic acid (UA)-modified soy protein isolate (SPI)-based adhesives

Abstract Soy protein has shown potential as a renewable and environmentally friendly adhesive because of its superior performance and affordability compared with urea formaldehyde-based adhesives, but poor water resistance has limited its application as a high-performance wood adhesive comparable to phenol formaldehyde. This work focused on developing and characterizing undecylenic acid (UA)-modified soy proteins to improve their water resistance. The reaction between amine groups from protein and carboxyl groups from UA was proposed to be the main chemical pathway for grafting, which was proven by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and a ninhydrin test. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that UA modification led to reduced thermal stability because of protein unfolding and decreased protein-protein cross-linkages. The increased attractive force between carbon chains of UA and protein residues resulted in higher viscosity and dynamic modulus values. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images showed changes in protein particle size and surface properties. The wet strengths of modified soy protein adhesives were significantly improved by 35–62% compared with the control. UA with hydrophobic carbon chains and reactive carboxyl groups is an ideal bio-based modifier for soy proteins.
Fitting Models to Data from Mixture Experiments Containing Other Factors

People fit models to data for the purpose of screening out unimportant variables, or for quantifying the effects of important variables, or for just approximating the shape of a response surface. In mixture experiments containing other factors such as p..
Biogenesis and Structural Dynamics of the Photosystem II Complex

Photosytem II (PSII) represents a multicomponent protein complex located in the thylakoid membrane of cyanobacteria, green algae and higher plants. Due to the ability to oxidize water, its development was responsible for the rise of oxygen atmosphere on Earth, which started about 3 billion years ago. The complex consists of more than 20 protein subunits; during its biogenesis, all these subunits—together with pigments, lipids and other prosthetic groups—are brought together in a highly coordinated process resulting in the functional complex. In addition, Photosystem II is intrinsically vulnerable to light-induced damage: this is mediated by reactive oxygen species and other strong oxidants. Both the latter are generated within the complex and may significantly influence its structure and function. To prevent oxidative damage, the complex frequently undergoes a repair cycle consisting in a selective replacement of its central protein subunit, which is accompanied by the partial disassembly and reassembly of the complex. All these features document the high structural variability and dynamics of the Photosystem II, which is the subject of this chapter.
Optimal paths for a bimolecular, light-driven engine

We examine a light-driven dissipative engine, which must necessarily operate far from equilibrium and at a nonzero rate to be capable of providing power and work. The engine’s working fluid consists of a buffer gas and the reacting system 2SO3F⇄S2O6F2. We model the concentrations of the reacting system as functions of both temperature and pressure. Piston trajectories maximizing work output and minimizing entropy production are determined for such an engine with the rate-dependent loss mechanisms of friction and heat conduction.
Ethics in global health outreach: three key considerations for pharmacists.

Objective The objective of this article is to explore three key ethical tenets that pharmacists should consider prior to participating in global health outreach. Key findings There are increasing opportunities for pharmacists to be involved in global health outreach; however, little attention has been given to the ethical issues that participation may raise for pharmacists. Pharmacists' widely accepted and basic ethical obligations at home lay the foundation for effective management of these ethical challenges abroad. At home, pharmacists have an ethical obligation to provide the best possible quality of care to the patients for whom they serve. During global health outreach, this involves identifying and mitigating the potential for harm, as well as understanding and respecting cultural differences. Furthermore, pharmacists have an ethical obligation to not only meet individual patient needs, but also community and societal needs, when applicable. In global health outreach, this involves tailoring interventions to the needs of the population served. Conclusions Because of their unique skillset, pharmacists have the potential to make significant contributions to global health. Applying ethical principles, such as providing the best possible care, respecting cultural differences and meeting societal needs, provides the foundation for successful global health outreach by pharmacists.
Information flow analysis of energy management in a smart grid

Information flow security within the context of multilevel security deals with ways to avoid unwanted information flow from a high level domain to a low level domain. Several confidentiality and information flow properties have been formalized in literature. However, applying them to Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) adds to the challenge of protecting confidentiality. This paper performs an information flow analysis of a future power CPS that has complex information flow and confidentiality requirements. Confidentiality properties such as nondeducibility are applied to the infrastructure considered. The proposed approach provides a unique direction for formalizing information flow properties for such systems with inherent complexity and security requirements.
Inactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus by Concanavalin A

The infectivity of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) was inactivated after treatment with either concanavalin A (ConA) or periodate. Phytohemagglutinin, wheat germ agglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and neuraminidase failed to inactivate the virus. The effect of ConA could be specifically inhibited or reversed by the addition of α-methyl-d-glucoside or α-methyl-d-mannoside. Evidence was obtained that HSV-1 inactivated by ConA could adsorb to host cells. Viral aggregation was not a major mechanism in the inactivation of HSV-1 by ConA. Under the experimental conditions employed, inactivation of HSV-1 was faster by ConA than by antiserum and less temperature dependent. A ConA-resistant fraction was detected which appeared to adsorb less quickly than untreated virus, and penetration of ConA-resistant fraction was strikingly slow. The presence of aggregates in the virus preparation did not appear to account for the ConA-resistant fraction. Inactivation of viral infectivity by ConA was obtained only with enveloped viruses, since HSV-1, HSV-2, pseudorabies, and vesicular stomatitis virus were inactivated and vaccinia and echovirus type 6 were not.
Head impact response comparisons of human surrogates

The response of the head to impact in the posterior-to-anterior direction was investigated with live anesthetized and post-mortem primates. The purpose was to relate animal test results to previous head impact tests conducted with cadavers and to study the differences between the living and post-mortem state in terms of mechanical response. The three-dimensional motion of the head, during and after impact, was derived from experimental measurements and expressed as kinematic quantities in various reference frames. This paper uses an additional method for describing the kinematics of head motion through the use of Frenet-Serret frame fields. The experimental technique used a nine-accelerometer system, mounted rigidly to the head, to measure head motions. Additional measurements included impact force, epidural pressure, and strains in the skull bone. Language: en
Soft feedback turbo equalization for underwater acoustic communications

In this paper, A low-complexity turbo detection scheme is proposed for single-carrier multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) underwater acoustic (UWA) communications that employs low-density parity-check (LDPC) channel coding. The proposed iterative soft feedback equalization (SFE) algorithm offers a novel approach to combating error propagation by utilizing the past soft decisions to mitigate inter-symbol interference. In addition, its computational complexity grows only linearly with the number of equalizer coefficients, compared to the quadratic complexity of minimum mean square error-based linear turbo equalizer. Performance of the proposed detection scheme is verified through experimental data collected in MACE10. Experimental results show that it provides robust detection and improved Bit Error Rate (BER) for MIMO UWA communications with different modulations schemes.
Symplectomorphism groups and almost complex structures

This paper studies groups of symplectomorphisms of ruled surfaces for symplectic forms with varying cohomology class. This class is characterized by the ratio R of the size of the base to that of the fiber. By considering appropriate spaces of almost complex structures, we investigate how the topological type of these groups changes as R increases. If the base is a sphere, this changes precisely when R passes an integer, and for general bases it stabilizes as R goes to infinity. Our results extend and make more precise some of the conclusions of Abreu--McDuff concerning the rational homotopy type of these groups for rational ruled surfaces.
A Dynamic Domain Contraction Algorithm for Nonconvex Piecewise Linear Network Flow Problems

We consider the Nonconvex Piecewise Linear Network Flow Problem (NPLNFP) which is known to be {\mathcal NP}-hard. Although exact methods such as branch and bound have been developed to solve the NPLNFP, their computational requirements increase exponentially with the size of the problem. Hence, an efficient heuristic approach is in need to solve large scale problems appearing in many practical applications including transportation, production-inventory management, supply chain, facility expansion and location decision, and logistics. In this paper, we present a new approach for solving the general NPLNFP in a continuous formulation by adapting a dynamic domain contraction. A Dynamic Domain Contraction (DDC) algorithm is presented and preliminary computational results on a wide range of test problems are reported. The results show that the proposed algorithm generates solutions within 0 to 0.94 % of optimality in all instances that the exact solutions are available from a branch and bound method.
Challenges in Data Quality Assurance in Pervasive Health Monitoring Systems

Wearable, portable, and implantable medical sensors have ushered in a new paradigm for healthcare in which patients can take greater responsibility and caregivers can make well-informed, timely decisions. Health-monitoring systems built on such sensors have huge potential benefit to the quality of healthcare and quality of life for many people, such as patients with chronic medical conditions (such as blood-sugar sensors for diabetics), people seeking to change unhealthy behavior (such as losing weight or quitting smoking), or athletes wishing to monitor their condition and performance. To be effective, however, these systems must provide assurances about the quality of the sensor data. The sensors must be applied to the patient by a human, and the sensor data may be transported across multiple networks and devices before it is presented to the medical team. While no system can guarantee data quality, we anticipate that it will help for the system to annotate data with some measure of confidence. In this paper, we take a deeper look at potential health-monitoring usage scenarios and highlight research challenges required to ensure and assess quality of sensor data in health-monitoring systems.
Anisotropic defect-induced ferromagnetism and transport in Gd-doped GaN two-dimensional electron gasses

Here we report on the effect of rare earth Gd-doping on the magnetic properties and magnetotransport of GaN two-dimensional electron gasses (2DEGs). Samples are grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy and consist of AlN/GaN heterostructures where Gd is delta-doped within a polarization-induced 2DEG. Ferromagnetism is observed in these Gd-doped 2DEGs with a Curie temperature above room temperature and an anisotropic spontaneous magnetization preferring an out-of-plane (c-axis) orientation. At magnetic fields up to 50 kOe, the magnetization remains smaller for in-plane configuration than for out-of-plane, which is indicative of exchange coupled spins locked along the polar c-axis. The sample with the lowest Gd concentration (2.3 $\times$ $10^{14}$ cm$^{-2}$) exhibits a saturation magnetization of 41.1 $\mu_B/Gd^{3+}$ at 5 K revealing that the Gd ion spins (7 ${\mu}_B$) alone do not account for the magnetization. Surprisingly, control samples grown without any Gd display inconsistent magnetic properties; in some control samples weak ferromagnetism is observed and in others paramagnetism. The ferromagnetic 2DEGs do not exhibit the anomalous Hall effect; the Hall resistance varies non-linearly with the magnetic field, but does not track the magnetization indicating the lack of coupling between the ferromagnetic phase and the conduction band electrons within the 2DEG.
A conserved domain in axonal targeting of Kv1 (Shaker) voltage-gated potassium channels.

Axonal voltage-gated potassium (Kv1) channels regulate action-potential invasion and hence transmitter release. Although evolutionarily conserved, what mediates their axonal targeting is not known. We found that Kv1 axonal targeting required its T1 tetramerization domain. When fused to unpolarized CD4 or dendritic transferrin receptor, T1 promoted their axonal surface expression. Moreover, T1 mutations eliminating Kvβ association compromised axonal targeting, but not surface expression, of CD4-T1 fusion proteins. Thus, proper association of Kvβ with the Kv1 T1 domain is essential for axonal targeting.
Relative positions of the peaks in Raman and tunneling spectra of d-wave superconductors

We study $B_{1g}$ Raman intensity $R(\Omega)$ and the density of states $N(\omega)$ in isotropic 2D d-wave superconductors. For an ideal gas, $R(\Omega)$ and $N(\omega)$ have sharp peaks at $\Omega =2\Delta$ and $\omega =\Delta$, respectively, where $\Delta$ is the maximum value of the gap. We study how the peak positions are affected by the fermionic damping due to impurity scattering. We show that while the damping generally shifts the peak positions to larger frequencies, the peak in $R(\Omega)$ still occurs at almost twice the peak position in $N(\omega)$ and therefore cannot account for the experimentally observed downturn shift of the peak frequency in $R(\Omega)$ in underdoped cuprates compared to twice that in $N(\omega)$. We also discuss how the fermionic damping affects the dynamical spin susceptibility.
Mechanically Induced Superfilling of Low-Aspect-Ratio Cavities in an Electrochemical Mechanical Deposition Process

Electrochemical mechanical deposition (ECMD) is a new technique that has the ability to deposit planar copper films on nonplanar substrate surfaces. This technique involves electrochemical deposition and simultaneous sweeping of the substrate surface with a planarization pad. In this study we show that planarization of low-aspect-ratio features on a wafer surface by ECMD is due to a newly identified mechanically induced superfilling phenomenon. Sweeping of the top surface of the wafer at preset intervals establishes a transient differential in the surface coverage of organic additives at the top surface and the cavity regions, preferentially increasing the current flow into the cavities. Planarization decreases as the time interval between sweeps increases. Increase in the deposition rate of copper into the low-aspect-ratio features results in an associated decrease of deposition onto the top surface under galvanostatic conditions. A model that invokes surface coverage transients of accelerator species is offered to explain the experimental results.
Year-round observations of carbon biomass and flux variability in the Southern Ocean

[1] Three Carbon Explorer (CE) floats profiling to kilometer depths in the Southern Ocean tracked dawn-dusk variations of mixing and stratification, particulate organic carbon, and light scattering and sedimentation at 100, 250, and 800 m continuously from January 2002 to April 2003. Data were analyzed in conjunction with contemporaneous satellite winds and chlorophyll and derived subsurface light fields. The CE deployed at 66°S, 172°W operated in the ice edge zone in absence of light. Two CEs deployed at 55°S, 172°W recorded wintertime mixing to ∼400 m yet observed very different bloom dynamics and sedimentation the following spring. Four hypotheses are explored. The strongest hypothesis is that shallow transient stratification of the deep winter mixed layer to shallower than photosynthetic critical depth occurred more frequently in the nonbloom, higher-sedimentation case. The lower particle export to 800 m under the bloom was hypothesized to be due to higher interception of sinking carbon by a relatively starved overwintering zooplankton population. In the Southern Ocean, surface phytoplankton biomass may counterindicate particle flux at kilometer depths.
Pile burning effects on soil water repellency, infiltration, and downslope water chemistry in the Lake Tahoe Basin, USA

Thinning of conifers followed by pile burning has become a popular treatment to reduce fuel loads in the Lake Tahoe Basin, USA. However, concern has been voiced about burning within or near riparian areas because of the potential effect on nutrient release and, ultimately, lake water quality. Our objective was to quantify the effects of pile burning on soil physical and chemical properties and resulting near-stream surface and subsurface water chemistry. Twenty-seven hand-built piles of three contrasting fuelbed types (large wood, mixed-diameter slash, small-diameter slash) were burned. Burn sites were located throughout the basin and included both granitic and volcanic parent materials as well as glacial outwash. We suspected that post-fire changes in soil physical and chemical properties would ensue as maximum soil surface temperatures averaged 400 °C for all pile types and exceeded 200 °C for >30 h beneath large-wood piles. Post-fire soil water repellency was greatest for large-wood piles, yet increased for all pile types when soil moisture content fell below a threshold of 7 % to 10 % during the dry summer season. Soil bulk density increased moderately whereas water infiltration rates decreased more than fourfold after burning of large-wood piles and mixed-slash piles. Surface runoff and subsurface flow concentrations of nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate were measured downslope from the piles at 6 mo and 18 mo after burning. Mean NO3, ortho-PO4, and SO4 concentrations were low (<10 mg L−1) at both sampling dates and typically declined downslope from the pile edge. The results showed that pile burning—regardless of fuel composition—had a limited effect on downslope water quality despite associated changes in soil physicochemical properties.
Valuelessness and the plastic personality

We have been taught to value advancement, hard work, sacrifice, self-control, and unswerving loyalty to principle. These values, which were so necessary during the period of industrialization, are still those of our parents, teachers, and preachers today, and thus are the values into which we are socializing our youth. But many of the youths themselves do not accept these as the only valid orientations. They recognize that to please adults, and to “succeed” in the world as they have been taught to perceive it, they must believe, or pretend to believe, as their parents do. But among themselves it is often another matter. Value-conflict between parent and child is nothing new, of course. But the present situation is qualitatively as well as quantitatively different. We are said to be a youth-centered culture now, and if so, it is highly appropriate that we are, because youths possess the plastic personalities and role orientations which we all must learn to have in order to survive in the future. Instead of socializing our youths into the rigid and outmoded roles of the past, we should encourage them to maintain and develop their natural flexibility.