cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ontogeny of Immunoreactive Insulin in the Fetal Bovine Pancreas

The aim of this study was to characterize the development of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in the fetal bovine pancreas. Pancreatic IRI was acid extracted, and both pancreatic and serum IRI were quantitated by RIA. The amount of pancreatic IRI per wet tissue wt in first trimester fetuses was similar to that in the adult animal (8.2 ± 0.7 and 5.9 ± 1.7 U/g pancreas, respectively). IRI increased progressively during gestation, attaining 39.2 ± 6.5 U/g pancreas in the third trimester, 7-fold higher than that in the adult. When pancreatic IRI concentrations were standardized for protein content of the extracts, a decrease was noted between the midsecond and third trimesters. This is most likely the result of dilution of the endocrine portion of the pancreas by the rapidly growing exocrine pancreas. IRI was also detectable in fetal sera from all three trimesters. In contrast to the profile for pancreatic concentrations of IRI, serum concentrations remained constant throughout gestation at approximately 20 μU/ml...
Recalibration and Validation of the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool Cutoff Score for Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability

Abstract Objective To independently recalibrate and revalidate the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) cutoff score for discriminating individuals with and without chronic ankle instability (CAI). There are concerns the original cutoff score (≤27) may be suboptimal for use in the CAI population. Design Case control. Setting Research laboratory. Participants Two independent datasets were used (total N=200). Dataset 1 included 61 individuals with a history of ≥1 ankle sprain and ≥2 episodes of giving way in the last year (CAI group) and 57 participants with no history of ankle sprain or instability in their lifetime (uninjured group). Dataset 2 included 27 uninjured participants, 29 participants with CAI, and 26 individuals with a history of a single ankle sprain and no subsequent instability (copers). Interventions All participants completed the CAIT during a single session. In dataset 1, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was calculated using the CAIT score and group membership as test variables. The ideal cutoff score was identified using the Youden index. The recalibrated cutoff score was validated in dataset 2 using the ROC analysis and clinimetric characteristics. Main Outcome Measures CAIT cutoff score and clinimetrics. Results In dataset 1, the optimal cutoff score was ≤25, which is lower than previously reported. In dataset 2, the recalibrated cutoff score demonstrated a sensitivity of 96.6%, specificity of 86.8%, positive likelihood ratio of 7.318, and negative likelihood ratio of .039. There were 7 false positives and 1 false negative. Conclusions The recalibrated CAIT score demonstrated very good clinimetric properties; all properties improved compared with the original cutoff score. Clinicians using the CAIT should use the recalibrated cutoff score to maximize test characteristics. Caution should be taken with copers, who had a high rate of false positives.
Angularly resolved light scattering from silica glass: Determination of the critical angle and scatterer density.

Les diagrammes de diffusion sont caracterises par les fluctuations d'intensite qui sont lentes et tres larges a angles petits, et rapides a angles grands. La statistique de l'intensite des spectres de diffusion a resolution angulaire de ces verres sont analyses analytiquement. Determination de l'angle de diffusion critique qui marque la transition de la distribution d'intensite de la statistique exponentielle negative a la non-exponentielle
First-order unbinding and preunbinding in amphiphilic systems.

We consider swollen lamellar phases in binary systems of amphiphile and solvent. We argue that the abrupt swelling of lamellar phases is the result of a first-order unbinding transition. Employing a self-consistent-field theory to examine a similar system of homopolymer-diblock blends, we demonstrate that the unbinding here is indeed first order by locating the associated line of preunbinding transitions. Along this line, two lamellar phases with different wavelengths coexist.
Parallel static and dynamic multi‐constraint graph partitioning

Sequential multi-constraint graph partitioners have been developed to address the static load balancing requirements of multi-phase simulations. These work well when (i) the graph that models the computation fits into the memory of a single processor, and (ii) the simulation does not require dynamic load balancing. The efficient execution of very large or dynamically adapting multi-phase simulations on high-performance parallel computers requires that the multi-constraint partitionings are computed in parallel. This paper presents a parallel formulation of a multi-constraint graph-partitioning algorithm, as well as a new partitioning algorithm for dynamic multi-phase simulations. We describe these algorithms and give experimental results conducted on a 128-processor Cray T3E. These results show that our parallel algorithms are able to efficiently compute partitionings of similar edge-cuts as serial multi-constraint algorithms, and can scale to very large graphs. Our dynamic multi-constraint algorithm is also able to minimize the data redistribution required to balance the load better than a naive scratch-remap approach. We have shown that both of our parallel multi-constraint graph partitioners are as scalable as the widely-used parallel graph partitioner implemented in PARMETIS. Both of our parallel multi-constraint graph partitioners are very fast, as they are able to compute three-constraint 128-way partitionings of a 7.5 million vertex graph in under 7 s on 128 processors of a Cray T3E. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Concomitant Affective Disorder

AbstractEight veterans with severe chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and a concurrent affective disorder were given a vigorous trial of treatment with antidepressant medication including monoamine oxidase inhibitors and/or lithium. Substantial improvement was noted in the majority of the cases.
Compartments in the abdomen of Drosophila and the role of the engrailed locus

Abstract A clonal analysis has shown that the dorsal surface of the first abdominal segment of Drosophila melanogaster is subdivided into anterior and posterior compartments. Cells of the posterior compartment grow up to but not beyond the anterior-posterior compartment border within the first abdominal segment and the intersegmental border that defines the boundary between the first and second abdominal segments. Growing within these boundaries, a narrow band of tissue clonally isolated from the adjoining tissue is formed. When these posterior cells are deficient for the engrailed locus, however, neither the compartment nor the segment border is maintained. The implications, that compartmentalization is essential for segmentation, and that all insect segments are subdivided by anterior and posterior compartments, are discussed.
Around the world wide web in 80 ways: how motives for going online are linked to internet activities among politically interested internet users

This study examines what online activities politically interested Internet users regularly engage in and how online activities are linked to motivations for using the Internet. This study found that politically interested web users were motivated to go online for different reasons than the general public and therefore they participated in different activities online. However, only for entertainment sites did audience activity serve as an important intervening variable between gratifications sought and obtained.
Cholinesterase enzymes in the blood of patients with Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Plasma pseudocholinesterase activity was about 100% higher in patients with Alzheimer's-type dementia than in similar age controls. Red cell acetylcholinesterase activity tended to be lower in patients than controls. Administration of lecithin substantially increased plasma choline levels but did not alter activity of either of the cholinesterase enzymes.
Effects of Self-Esteem and Sex on Participating in a Psychology Experiment

(1982). Effects of Self-Esteem and Sex on Participating in a Psychology Experiment. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 116, No. 1, pp. 145-146.
Silver Nanoparticle Protein Corona Composition in Cell Culture Media

The potential applications of nanomaterials as drug delivery systems and in other products continue to expand. Upon introduction into physiological environments and driven by energetics, nanomaterials readily associate proteins forming a protein corona (PC) on their surface. This PC influences the nanomaterial’s surface characteristics and may impact their interaction with cells. To determine the biological impact of nanomaterial exposure as well as nanotherapeutic applications, it is necessary to understand PC formation. Utilizing a label-free mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach, we examined the composition of the PC for a set of four silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) including citrate-stabilized and polyvinlypyrrolidone-stabilized (PVP) colloidal silver (20 or 110 nm diameter). To simulate cell culture conditions, AgNPs were incubated for 1 h in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, washed, coronal proteins solubilized, and proteins identified and quantified by label-free LC-MS/MS. To determine which attributes influence PC formation, the AgNPs were characterized in both water and cell culture media with 10% FBS. All AgNPs associated a common subset of 11 proteins including albumin, apolipoproteins, keratins, and other serum proteins. 110 nm citrate- and PVP-stabilized AgNPs were found to bind the greatest number of proteins (79 and 85 respectively) compared to 20 nm citrate- and PVP-stabilized AgNPs (45 and 48 respectively), suggesting a difference in PC formation based on surface curvature. While no relationships were found for other protein parameters (isoelectric point or aliphatic index), the PC on 20 nm AgNPs (PVP and citrate) consisted of more hydrophobic proteins compared to 110 nm AgNPs implying that this class of proteins are more receptive to curvature-induced folding and crowding in exchange for an increased hydration in the aqueous environment. These observations demonstrate the significance of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions in the formation of the PC which may have broad biological and toxicological implications.
Social behavior of the emperor tamarin in captivity: Components of agonistic display and the agonistic network

Agonistic behavior was studied longitudinally for 16 months in an intact family groups of captive emperor tamarins (Saguinus imperator subgrisescens) using methods from quantitative ethology and social network analysis. A motivational analysis of the components of agonistic display revealed the relative strength of each component along a continuum from strongly dominant to strongly subordinate. Tabulations of exchanges of strongly dominant and strongly subordinate components in interactions among the tamarins revealed an agonistic network (“dominance hierarchy”) that approached, but did not quite reach, the ideal state of a transitive order (“linear dominance hierarchy”). The frequency with which individual tamarins long called and scent marked was not closely correlated with their position (“dominance rank”) in the agonistic network. Instead, individuals undergoing change in status long called and scent marked frequently, irrespective of their rank.
The physician's responsibility under the new Medicare reimbursement for hospice care.

New legislation to provide Medicare reimbursement for hospice care1 has created problems for physicians who are involved in the treatment of the terminally ill. Under current proposals,2 hospice services will be reimbursed by a certain amount per patient day, according to four categories of level of care, and for a maximum of 210 days. At 210 days, reimbursement will cease, but the hospice program will not be allowed to discharge the patient. The Medicare hospice benefit requires physicians to certify that their patients have six months or less to live before the patients are considered candidates for hospice care; under . . .
Suicide by gunshot while driving an automobile.

Suicide by a motor vehicle occurs more commonly than is realized, and may be difficult to prove. Suicide by other means while driving a vehicle is far less common. An automobile driven by a young woman left a road at high speed, became airborne, and came to rest on its top in a front yard. This was initially assumed to be a fatal traffic accident. Upon righting the vehicle, a .357 revolver was found on the ground beside it. A single, fatal, self-inflicted gunshot wound was found in the decedent's midanterior thorax. A suicide note was found in her purse. She had been chronically depressed and had twice attempted suicide. Vehicular suicides may constitute 10-30% of fatal single-vehicle crashes, and must be considered in any vehicular mishap lacking another reasonable explanation. Suicide by other means while driving is far less common than suicidal vehicular collision and suicidal death from carbon monoxide in motor vehicles. An autopsy should be performed in each of these sometimes-low-priority single-vehicle deaths in order to certify vehicular accidents correctly; to discover and document vehicular suicides; and to detect homicides disguised as vehicular mishaps. Language: en
Biochemical genetics of the sea anemone Bunodosoma cavernata and the zoogeography of the Gulf of Mexico

Much of the inshore fauna of the Gulf of Mexico has a disjunct distribution around the tip of Florida. Some of this fauna is composed of temperate, Carolinian species whose separation is thought to be due to warming after the last glacial period. Other species with this distribution are more eurythermal, and the vicariant event affecting them is unclear. One such eurythermal species is the sea anemone Bunodosoma cavernata. Using the genetic distance between Gulf and Atlantic populations of this species as an estimator of time since divergence, it is concluded that the vicariant event was the emergence of Florida in the Pliocene. It is suggested that the present Gulf Stream system maintains the separation of these populations.
Minimally invasive spinal surgery for the treatment of traumatic thoracolumbar burst fractures

The optimum management of traumatic thoracolumbar burst fractures is cause for much debate in the literature. Although minimally invasive surgery (MIS) approaches are increasingly used in the management of degenerative spinal pathology, their role in treating burst fractures is unknown. Assessing the level of evidence (LOE) for use of MIS approaches in vertebral burst fractures may impart better understanding of how to integrate MIS in the treatment schema for these fractures. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using MEDLINE for all articles published on traumatic thoracolumbar burst fractures through to July 2013. LOE was assigned according to the standards set forth by the Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research and the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine. Full texts were reviewed to select only those articles discussing MIS approaches as a treatment modality. A total of 501 articles met both inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 403 of those were published within the past two decades. Among those, 35 articles detailed the use of MIS approaches in the management of traumatic thoracolumbar burst fractures. Only three studies provided high LOE: one level 1 study and two level 2 studies. Thirteen studies described the use of vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty, but all were level 4 or level 5 studies. Currently, the LOE for utilization of MIS approaches to manage traumatic thoracolumbar burst fractures is low. Further work in the form of prospective randomized controlled trials is needed to ascertain how MIS may be integrated into the treatment scheme for thoracolumbar burst fractures.
Effect of silica and volcanic ash on the content of lung alveolar and tissue phospholipids

Silica or volcanic ash (VA) was administered to rats via intratracheal instillation and the changes in extracellular (i.e., lavage fluid) and tissue phospholipids, as well as various biochemical parameters, were monitored over a 6-month period. VA produced relatively minor (up to 2.8-fold) increases in lung tissue or lavage fluid phospholipids that were maximal at 1 month postinstillation. These increases were quantitatively similar to the increases in protein and DNA content of lung tissue and lavage fluid induced by VA and, thus, may be attributable to hypercellularity and accumulation of cellular breakdown products in the alveolar lumen. Instillation of silica produced a much greater (up to 11-fold) increase than VA in total phospholipid over time, primarily due to a 14-fold increase in phosphatidylcholine (PC). The accumulation of PC was more pronounced in the lavage fluid during the first month following silica instillation, but thereafter progressed more rapidly in the lung tissue. The relatively small increases (1.3- to 3.5-fold) in other phospholipids induced by silica appeared to be nonspecific, since they did not differ greatly from the increases in lung weight, DNA, and protein. Collectively, these results indicate that intratracheal instillation of silica induces selective accumulation of lung PC, implying enhanced synthesis and secretion of pulmonary surfactant from alveolar epithelial Type II cells into the lumen.
Dynamic analysis of homogeneous reactions in a stirred bubble reactor: Oxidation of sulfite

Abstract A new dynamic model is presented for the behavior of a homogeneous reaction in a stirred bubble reactor. The general case of the model accounts for reaction in both the well-stirred liquid and in the liquid film surrounding each bubble, and shows the relative effects of reaction and mass transfer in the two-phase system. A two-step mechanism is assumed for the reaction in the liquid phase. The mechanism consists of the formation of a complex by reversible association, followed by irreversible first-order decomposition of the complex to the product. The results of the mathematical analysis show that with dynamic experimental data it could be possible to evaluate rate constants for both the association and irreversible reaction steps. The theory is applied to experimental data obtained by introducing pulses of oxygen into aqueous sulfite solutions containing catalytic cobalt ions to increase the conversion. Overall rate constants for the combined non-catalytic and catalytic reactions are measured. For our experimental conditions, reaction in the bulk stirred liquid is dominant so that a special case of the general model for the slow-reaction regime is applicable. The overall rate constant for the reaction determined from the dynamic experiments was confirmed by independent steady-state experiments. Individual values of the rate constants ( k a and k r ) for the association and decomposition steps could not be evaluated because the equilibrium constant for the association step is unknown. However, analysis of the data indicates that k a > 10 −2 s −1 and k r −2 s −1 .
Computing optimal solar penetration in the presence of plug-in electric vehicles

We have developed a model to identify optimal sizes of aggregate solar PV capacity in a region that maximizes the effective load carrying capacity (ELCC) of the grid in the presence of increasing number of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) participating in vehicle-to-grid operations. The model has been implemented using a simulation-based framework performing the following key steps: • Compute optimal installed solar capacity without the presence of any PEVs • Compute optimal number of PEVs without the presence of any solar generation • Identify optimal installed solar capacity in the presence of PEVs We ran the model simulation using actual load and solar radiation data from New York City region over 4 years and observed that up to 1,130 MW of ELCC can be contributed by an optimal combination of solar generators and PEVs representing an economic benefit of $113 million per year. Corresponding CO 2 emission reductions are above 2,700 kiloton per year.
Recurrent cerebral ischemia during hypertransfusion therapy in sickle cell anemia.

1. Cacciari E, Cicognani A, Tassoni P, Flamigni P, Bolelli F, Pirazzolli P, Lalardi S: Plasma testosterone and estradiol concentrations in prepubertal boys with cryptorchidism belore and after dexamethasone and human chorionic gonadotropin administration. Helv Paediatr Acta 29:27, 1974. 2. Cacciari E, Cicognani A, Pirazzolli P, Zappulla F, Tassoni P, Bernardi F, Salardi S: Hypophyso-gonadal function in the cryptorchid child: Differences between unilateral and bilateral cryptorchids. Acta Endocrinol 83:182, 1976. 3. Canlorbe P, Toublance JE, Job JC, Scholler R, Roger M, Castanier M, Leymarie P: La fonction endocrine du testicule chez l'enfant et l'adolescent. Ann Pediatr 21:13, 1974. 4. Levine LS, New MI: Preoperative detection of hidden testes. Am J Dis Child 121:176, 1971. 5. Okuyama A, ltatani H, Mizutani S, Sonoda T, Aono T, Matsumoto K: Pituitary and gonadal function in prepubertal and pubertal cryptorchidism. Acta Endocrinol 95:553, 1980. 6. Perheentupa J, Dessyrpis A, Adlercreutz N: Plasma testosterone in boys following gonadotropin stimulation. Acta Paediatr Scand 61:265, 1972. 7. Rivarola MA, Bergada C, Gullen M: hCG stimulation test in prepubertal boys with cryptorchidism, in bilateral anorchia and in mate pseudohermaphroditism. J Clin Endocrinol 31:526, 1970. 8. Sizonenco PC, Cuendet A, Paunier L: FSH. I. Evidence for its mediating role on testosterone secretion in eryptorchidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 37:68, 1973. 9. Winter JSD, Taraska S, Faiman C: The hormonal response to hCG stimulation in male children and adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol 34:348, 1972. 10. Anoussakis Ch, Alexiou D, Liakakos D, Skopelitis P: hCG stimulation test in prepubertal boys with cryptorchidism. J PEDIATR 93:630, 1978. 11. Canlorbe P, Lange JC1, Borniche P: Les cryptorchidies. I. Definition, fr6quence, materiel. Ann Pediatr 42:250, 1966. 12. Cacciari E, Cicognani A, PirazzoIli P, Zappula F, Tassoni P, Bernardi F, Salardi S, Mazzanti L: Effect of obesity on the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal function in childhood. Acta Paediatr Scand 66:345, 1977.
A novel power swing blocking scheme using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system

A power swing may be caused by any sudden change in the configuration or the loading of an electrical network. During a power swing, the impedance locus moves along an impedance circle with possible encroachment into the distance relay zone, which may cause an unnecessary tripping. In order to prevent the distance relay from tripping under such condition, a novel power swing blocking (PSB) scheme is proposed in this paper. The proposed scheme uses an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) for preventing distance relay from tripping during power swings. The input signals to ANFIS, include the change of positive sequence impedance, positive and negative sequence currents, and power swing center voltage. Extensive tests show that the proposed PSB has two distinct features that are advantageous over existing schemes. The first is that the proposed scheme is able to detect various kinds of power swings thus block distance relays during power swings, even if the power swings are fast or the power swings occur during single pole open conditions. The second distinct feature is that the proposed scheme is able to clear the blocking if faults occur within the relay trip zone during power swings, even if the faults are high resistance faults, or the faults occur at the power swing center, or the faults occur when the power angle is close to 180°.
The role of complement in gonococcal infection of cervical epithelia

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an exclusive human pathogen that causes the sexually transmitted disease, gonorrhea. The gonococcus has developed an exquisite repertoire of mechanisms by which it is able to evade host innate and adaptive immune responses. Our previous data indicate that the predominately asymptomatic nature ofgonococcal cervicitis may, in part, be attributed to the ability of these bacteria to subvert the normal function of complement to promote cervical disease. Herein we describe the interaction of N. gonorrhoeae with the complement alternative pathway with a particular focus on the importance of this interaction in promoting gonococcal cervicitis.
Nonlinear adaptive image filtering based on inhomogeneous diffusion and differential geometry

The inadequacy of the classic linear approach to edge detection and scale space filtering lies in the spatial averaging of the Laplacian. The Laplacian is the divergence of the gradient and thus is the divergence of both magnitude and direction. The divergence in magnitude characterizes edges and this divergence must not be averaged if the image structure is to be preserved. We introduce a new nonlinear filtering theory that only averages the divergence of direction. This averaging keeps edges and lines intact as their direction is nondivergent. Noise does not have this nondivergent consistency and its divergent direction is averaged. Higher order structures such as corners are singular points or inflection points in the divergence of direction and also are averaged. Corners are intersection points of edges of nondivergent direction (or smooth curves of small divergence in direction) and their averaging is limited. This approach provides a better compromise between noise removal and preservation of image structure. Experiments that verify and demonstrate the adequacy of this new theory are presented.
How to achieve (some) balance in anti-circumvention laws

Should users of technically protected content be able to give notice and require content owners to take down the technical measure to enable fair uses?
521 INCREASED LACTASE ACTIVITY IN SUCKLING MICE TREATED WITH CORTISONE OR INSULIN

Injection of cortisone is known to induce sucrase activity precociously in suckling rodents. A recent report (Develop. Biol. 69:661) indicated a similar effect of insulin in mice. To study the mechanism of this insulin induction, we have attempted to reproduce the experiments reported, using Swiss ICR mice and injecting insulin daily (12.5 mU/g BW/day, s.c.) starting on day 8 and sacrificing 24 and 72 hours later. No precocious induction of sucrase was observed, but interesting effect on lactase was seen. These data as well as data on littermates treated with cortisone acetate (25 μg/g BW/day) are summarized below [only values for midjejunum are given, similar results were observed in proximal jejunum and ileum; lactase activity (μmoles/60 min) is given per mg of protein (SA), or per segment (TA); mean ± SEM (N). Top: 24 hours, lower line: 72 hours]. Treatment either with cortisone or insulin evoked significant increase of lactase (SA and TA) (exception *). Further studies have to elucidate the mechanism of action of these hormones on lactase; a possibility exists that the insulin effect is secondary due to the adrenal cortex stimulation by hypoglycemic stress.
Indigenous Youth and Bilingualism—Theory, Research, Praxis

In this introduction, we situate the theme issue within a growing body of research on Indigenous youth language practices, communicative repertoires, and ideologies, articulating points of intersection in scholarship on Indigenous and immigrant youth bilingualism. Our geographic focus is North America. Ethnographic studies from the Far North to Mexico counter stereotypical assumptions that Indigenous youth simply orient away from local community practices toward “killer languages” in communities experiencing language shift, offering nuanced understandings of the ways in which young people negotiate relationships of power, assumptions about language, and diminishing opportunities for ancestral language learning in rapidly changing sociolinguistic ecologies. Drawing on the contributing authors' longstanding engagements with language planning in the communities represented, we emphasize transformative possibilities as well as the theoretical, methodological, and ethical considerations involved in youth langu...
Exaggerated pressor response to treadmill exercise in chronic cocaine abusers with left ventricular hypertrophy.

BACKGROUND Chronic cocaine abuse has been associated with a high prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in normotensive individuals at rest. This study was conducted to determine whether chronic cocaine abusers with LVH would manifest an exaggerated pressor response to treadmill exercise. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-nine normotensive chronic cocaine abusers underwent Bruce protocol treadmill exercise testing until they attained 85% maximum predicted heart rate. A peak exercise systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 210 mm Hg was defined as abnormal. In addition, they underwent two-dimensional echocardiography and had left ventricular mass determined by the area-length method. LVH was defined as left ventricular mass greater than or equal to 105 g/m2 and a posterior wall thickness greater than or equal to 1.2 cm. Age- and race-matched control subjects also underwent echocardiography and exercise testing. Group differences in peak exercise blood pressure in cocaine abusers with LVH, cocaine abusers without LVH, and control subjects were assessed by ANOVA: Groups were similar concerning age, race, heart rate, resting blood pressure, body surface area, and exercise duration. LVH was present in 16 of 49 (33%) cocaine abusers and three of 30 (10%) control subjects (p = 0.02). Of the 16 cocaine abusers with LVH, 10 (63%) had peak exercise blood pressures greater than or equal to 210 mm Hg, and three others had exercise blood pressures of 200 mm Hg. Therefore, peak exercise systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in cocaine abusers with LVH than in all other groups (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Chronic cocaine abusers with LVH manifest an exaggerated pressor response to treadmill exercise. These data suggest that chronic cocaine abuse predisposes a subset of individuals to a heightened pressor response to a given sympathetic stimulus such as exercise and that this may contribute to the pathogenesis of LVH in chronic cocaine abusers.
Divergent roles for tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the brain.

Proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. Prominent among such factors is the pleiotropic cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Under normal physiological conditions, TNF-α orchestrates a diverse array of functions involved in immune surveillance and defense, cellular homeostasis, and protection against certain neurological insults. However, paradoxical effects of this cytokine have been observed. TNF-α is elicited in the brain following injury (ischemia, trauma), infection (HIV, meningitis), neurodegeneration (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s), and chemically induced neurotoxicity. The multifarious identity for this cytokine appears to be influenced by several mechanisms. Among the most prominent are the regulation of TNFα-induced NF-κB activation by adapter proteins such as TRADD and TRAF, and second, the heterogeneity of microglia and their distribution pattern across brain regions. Here, we review the differential role of TNF-α in response to brain injury, with emphasis on neurodegeneration, and discuss the possible mechanisms for such diverse and region-specific effects.
Reaction of alkylamine surfactants with carbon dioxide: relevance to nanocrystal synthesis.

Exposure of tetradecylamine, hexadecylamine, and octadecylamine to CO2 results in their transformation to alkylammonium alkylcarbamate (AAAC) pairs, which we find is a major source of irreproducibility in nanoparticle synthesis. Controlled exposure to CO2 allows for highly uniform, ultranarrow ZnS nanorods coated with tetradecylamine to be reproducibly obtained in a single step. The crystal structures of the alkylamines and their AAAC analogs were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction and their isostructural three-dimensional unit cells are reported.
Role of Red and White Muscles in the Swimming of the Skipjack Tuna

IN several respects the skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) can be considered the most highly specialized of the scombroid fishes: in this species, the swimbladder has been lost, the branchial musculature is extremely reduced, and the deep red muscle, found only in the tunas, assumes the largest proportion of the trunk musculature of any of the species investigated by Kafuku1 in his comparative study of the distribution of red muscle. Constant forward motion is thus required, not only to give hydrodynamic lift but also to provide a flow of water over the gill surfaces; it seems reasonable to suppose that the large amount of deep red muscle is in some way associated with these requirements. Braekkan2, on the basis of a primarily biochemical investigation, has concluded that this deep red muscle functions as a store of energy for the adjacent region of white rather than as a contractile tissue in its own right. Recent work on the red muscles of other teleosts3,4 has shown that they are fully contractile and have neuromuscular properties similar to the slow fibres of terrestrial vertebrates. These muscles are found in situations in which prolonged activity is required. By analogy with other fish, it might therefore be thought that the constant “basal swimming” of the scombroids would be a result of red muscle contraction. There remained the possibility that in the highly specialized scombroids the deep red muscle might indeed be found to perform a maintenance function; Braekkan2 has stated that … “The anatomical situation of the red muscle prevents its taking part in the main muscular work”.
HYPOGONADOTROPHIC HYPOGONADISM IN THE LAURENCE-MOON SYNDROME.

An adult brother and sister demonstrated the features of familial hypogonadotrophic eunuchoidism, associated with atypical retinitis pigmentosa, mental deficiency, obesity and normal sex chromatin patterns. The male subject demonstrated testicular morphology consistent with gonadotrophin deficiency as well as absence of urinary gonadotrophic activity. The hypogonadism of the Laurence-Moon syndrome may result from either pituitary gonadotrophin insufficiency or primary testicular failure.
Intense Inflammatory Reaction With Porcine Small Intestine Submucosa Pubovaginal Sling or Tape for Stress Urinary Incontinence

OBJECTIVES To report on the intense local inflammatory reactions in patients undergoing pubovaginal sling or tape using a small intestinal submucosa graft. A case series of such inflammatory complications is presented. METHODS We performed 16 standard pubovaginal sling or tension-free tape procedures for stress urinary incontinence, using the Cook 4-ply Stratasis or 8-ply Stratasis-TF system. The diagnosis had been confirmed by the history, physical examination, and urodynamic study findings. RESULTS Of the 16 patients, 5 (31.3%) had intense suprapubic pain after surgery. One patient had induration of the mons pubis that required surgical drainage. Another patient had vaginal inflammation, with expulsion of graft material. Other patients had intense rectus sheath inflammation, as confirmed on computed tomography, that resolved with conservative care. CONCLUSIONS Previous case reports of inflammatory complications of small intestinal submucosa were confirmed in 31% of our patients. We have ceased using this product pending additional investigations or reformulation of the graft material.
Characteristics, depositional environment, and tectonic interpretations of the Proterozoic Cardenas Lavas, eastern Grand Canyon, Arizona

The 1.1-b.y.-old Cardenas Lavas were deposited in shallow, hypersaline water, probably under tidal-flat conditions, and in an epicratonic basin that subsided without tilting at about the same rate as the lavas built up. Late in Cardenas time the lavas were deposited subaerially in at least some places. Subsequently, the lavas were probably tilted gently to the northeast, then eroded and buried by the Nankoweap Formation, which was deposited in shallow sea water. Most of the lavas exposed today issued from nearby vents. The pre-Nankoweap tilting is in the same direction as a later and more intense pre-Tapeats tilting, suggesting reactivation of existing structures. If the earlier tilting occurred shortly after deposition of the lavas, the reactivation occurred following a very long period of relative quiescence (300+ m.y.). If the pre-Nankoweap erosion interval was long, the tilting events would have been relatively close in time, the erosion interval would have been a major hiatus in the Grand Canyon sequence, and the Nankoweap Formation and Chuar Group would be much younger than the Unkar Group, of which the Cardenas Lavas are part.
Sampling Uncertainty and Confidence Intervals for the Brier Score and Brier Skill Score

Abstract For probability forecasts, the Brier score and Brier skill score are commonly used verification measures of forecast accuracy and skill. Using sampling theory, analytical expressions are derived to estimate their sampling uncertainties. The Brier score is an unbiased estimator of the accuracy, and an exact expression defines its sampling variance. The Brier skill score (with climatology as a reference forecast) is a biased estimator, and approximations are needed to estimate its bias and sampling variance. The uncertainty estimators depend only on the moments of the forecasts and observations, so it is easy to routinely compute them at the same time as the Brier score and skill score. The resulting uncertainty estimates can be used to construct error bars or confidence intervals for the verification measures, or perform hypothesis testing. Monte Carlo experiments using synthetic forecasting examples illustrate the performance of the expressions. In general, the estimates provide very reliable inf...
Dilaton black holes near the horizon.

Generic ${\mathrm{U}(1)}^{2}$ four-dimensional (4D) black holes with unbroken $N=1$ supersymmetry are shown to tend to a Robinson-Bertotti-type geometry with a linear dilaton and doubling of unbroken super-symmetries near the horizon. Purely magnetic dilatonic black holes, which have unbroken $N=2$ supersymmetry, behave near the horizon as a 2D linear dilaton vacuum $\ensuremath{\bigotimes}{S}^{2}$. This geometry is invariant under 8 supersymmetries; i.e., half of the original $N=4$ supersymmetries are unbroken. The supersymmetric positivity bound, which requires the mass of the 4D dilaton black holes to be greater than or equal to the central charge, corresponds to positivity of mass for a class of stringy 2D black holes.
Abundance, body size and movement patterns of a tropical treefrog in continuous and fragmented forests in the Brazilian Amazon

Abstract Phyllomedusa tarsius is a hylid frog that breeds in ponds located in a range of habitats from continuous forests to severely disturbed matrix habitats in Central Amazon. During three reproductive seasons, we followed the movement patterns, measured body size and registered abundance and residency time of this species in five habitats: pasture, Vismia regrowth, Cecropia regrowth, 1 and 10 ha forest fragments, and continuous forest. The frog captures were strongly correlated with rainfall in all disturbed habitats, but not in continuous forest, probably because individuals respond more directly to rainfall patterns in more open habitats. Males in disturbed habitats were smaller than those found in continuous forest, perhaps as a result of differences in habitat quality. Males remained at sites for longer periods in fragments and continuous forest compared to matrix habitats. Here again, the quality and suitability of breeding sites in matrix habitats may be lower than in continuous forest resulting in the need for more movement. We found bigger subpopulations in matrix habitat ponds and a higher percentage of individuals moving among them when compared to continuous forest ponds. Constant movement of individuals among disturbed subpopulations decreases population isolation and increases interbreeding among different subpopulations. No movement between individuals from continuous forest ponds and disturbed habitats was observed. This suggests that the disturbed habitat subpopulations are not acting as sink subpopulations for continuous forest populations. The maintenance of individuals in fragments is more dependent on local conditions for reproduction and on subpopulations in the matrix habitat than on recruitment of individuals from populations in continuous forest.
Development of a tokamak plasma optimized for stability and confinement

Design of an economically attractive tokamak fusion reactor depends on producing steady-state plasma operation with simultaneous high energy density ({beta}) and high energy confinement ({tau}{sub E}); either of these, by itself, is insufficient. In operation of the DIII-D tokamak, both high confinement enhancement (H{equivalent_to} {tau}{sub E}/{tau}{sub ITER-89P} = 4) and high normalized {beta} ({beta}{sub N}{equivalent_to} {beta}/(I/aB) = 6%-m-T/MA) have been obtained. For the present, these conditions have been produced separately and in transient discharges. The DIII-D advanced tokamak development program is directed toward developing an understanding of the characteristics which lead to high stability and confinement, and to use that understanding to demonstrate stationary, high performance operation through active control of the plasma shape and profiles. The authors have identified some of the features of the operating modes in DIII-D that contribute to better performance. These are control of the plasma shape, control of both bulk plasma rotation and shear in the rotation and Er profiles, and particularly control of the toroidal current profiles. In order to guide their future experiments, they are developing optimized scenarios based on their anticipated plasma control capabilities, particularly using fast wave current drive (on-axis) and electron cyclotron current drive (off-axis). The most highly developed model is the second-stable core VH-mode, which has a reversed magnetic shear safety factor profile [q(O) = 3.9, q{sub min} = 2.6, and q{sub 95} = 6]. This model plasma uses profiles which the authors expect to be realizable. At {beta}{sub N} {>=} 6, it is stable to n=l kink modes and ideal ballooning modes, and is expected to reach H {>=} 3 with VH-mode-like confinement.
Opportunities for computational science in materials science

Major computational challenges exist in the area of materials science. Examples include understanding processes far from equilibrium and the theory of nanostructured materials. The first topic includes the evolution of microstructure, fracture, friction and biological function. Being able to predict and control the microstructure developed during processing, for example, is critical to the determination of the properties of a system. This involves understanding the role of processing conditions in the nucleation and growth of the metastable phases involved in the microstructure selection. An understanding of this starting from an atomistic description poses a major challenge in computational science. One aspect of this involves determining the free energy landscape, including metastable and unstable states, for real systems
A multicenter study of the safety and efficacy of naproxen: Analysis of blood pressure

A multicenter study was conducted to determine safety and efficacy of naproxen, 500 mg twice daily, administered for 4 weeks to osteoarthritis (OA) patients. OA symptoms improved in the study population. The study population included 97 patients, 43 of whom were 65 years of age or older. Forty-four of the 97 patients had a history of hypertension; 42 of these took antihypertensive medication before and during the study. Baseline blood pressure (BP) was measured in most patients while they were receiving their prior nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy; from that baseline, no increase in BP was seen in the hypertensive or normotensive patients after 4 weeks of naproxen therapy. In patients whose BP was controlled by antihypertensive agents, BP remained under control during naproxen therapy.
Intrinsic Explanation and Field’s Dispensabilist Strategy

Philosophy of mathematics for the last half-century has been dominated in one way or another by Quine’s indispensability argument. The argument alleges that our best scientific theory quantifies over, and thus commits us to, mathematical objects. In this paper, I present new considerations which undermine the most serious challenge to Quine’s argument, Hartry Field’s reformulation of Newtonian Gravitational Theory.
A Social Worker's Role With Mothers of Language Disordered Preschool Children

A social worker's role with language disordered preschool children is described. The problems of a child with a severe language impairment exist in an interpersonal setting. The mother-child relationship is affected. Through participation in a group, the mothers increased their understanding of the emotional development of their children within the context of specific language problems. The mothers also were helped to cope with their personal feelings and reactions to their handicapped children.
Energy use by biological protein transport pathways

The targeting of proteins into and across biological membranes to their correct cellular locations is mediated by a variety of transport pathways. These systems must couple the thermodynamically unfavorable processes of substrate translocation and integration with the expenditure of metabolic energy, using the free energy of ATP and GTP hydrolysis and/or a transmembrane protonmotive force. Several recent advances in our knowledge of the structure and function of these transport systems have provided insights into the mechanisms of energy transduction, force generation and energy use by different protein transport pathways.
An evaluation of asthma medication utilization for risk evaluation and mitigation strategies (REMS) in the United States: 2005–2011

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this study was to assess drug utilization patterns of fluticasone propionate (FP)/salmeterol (SAL) combination (FSC) and SAL over the 7-year period of 2005–2011 in patients with asthma as part of the Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS). Methods: A descriptive, retrospective observational study utilizing national pharmacy data and employer-based claims data to characterize drug utilization patterns. Results: For patients with asthma, the total number of FSC and SAL dispensings and users of FSC and SAL has declined between 2005 and 2011. During this period, FSC and SAL dispensing for asthma decreased 24% and 76%, respectively, with a more pronounced decline between 2010 and 2011 relative to other years. The total number of patients with asthma who were dispensed FSC has decreased by 10% among adults and by 40% in children and adolescents. While SAL-containing medications decreased, dispensing of FP monotherapy increased 39% during the same 7-year period. The numb...
Transparency to the l=9 partial wave in the region of the 14. 7-MeV resonance in /sup 12/C+/sup 16/O

A comparison of elastic scattering and total reaction cross-section data in the region of the 9/sup -/, 14.7-MeV resonance in /sup 16/O+/sup 12/C is presented. The comparison provides firm evidence that there is very little background absorption of the l=9 partial wave. The implications are discussed. A partial-width decomposition of the resonance is made.