cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reducing Losses in Magnetic Thin Films Through Nanoscale Surface Patterning

Biaxially textured nickel ferrite (NFO) thin films were grown by chemical solution deposition on c-plane sapphire substrates. Crystal structure and chemical composition was evaluated using X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) technique using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp was used imprint the films. A method for large scale precise patterning of was demonstrated. Quality of the transferred pattern was evaluated using atomic force (AFM) and transmission electron microscopies (TEM). Magnetic measurements were performed using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) and showed large decrease of coercivity in patterned samples. Probable causes for coercivity reduction have been investigated and surface patterning has been shown to be the direct cause of the coercivity reduction phenomena. Coercivity reduction has been shown to translate to thicker films with layer-by-layer manufacturing method yielding better results. The effect of changing the surface pattern on the topography, crystallography and magnetic properties was investigated and different trends were observed for the measurements done with the magnetic field parallel and perpendicular to the film surface. In all cases, the coercivity was reduced relative to the planar (nonpatterned) films and relative to the base layer onto which the patterned film was deposited. All films showed a similar magnetic response as indicated by similarities in the curve shape. Crystallography measurements showed the imprint process did not affect the grain growth and orientation regardless of the surface feature size as indicated by all films having virtually identical diffraction patterns. The lower limit of surface patterning here was shown to be around 500 nm. Below 750 nm, the pattern quality degraded and the feature height reduced. The domain configurations of the planar and patterned films were investigated. Deviation from the expected domain configuration was found in the patterned films. The origin of the observed domain structure and coercivity reduction has been shown to be the surface topography induced change in the minimum energy configuration of the sample. This results in the minimization of the total sample magnetization through formation of stripe domains.
We are all talking: a whole-school approach to professional development for teachers of English learners

This study investigates the impact of a professional development program that included two distinct components: strategies for infusing student-talk into grade-level lessons in science and mathemat...
Effect of Applied Electric Fields on Astrocytic Scar Formation after Spinal Cord Injury

Astrogliosis is a characteristic response to Central Nervous System (CNS) injury in adult mammals, which leads to the formation of scar tissue. The astrocytic scar was considered to be the major impediment to regrowing axons1. However, recent studies have shown that in addition to creating a mechanical barrier, the molecular properties on the surface of the reactive astrocytes plays a role in inhibiting the regrowth of injured fibers2,3. Another study has shown that the balance between growth promoting versus growth inhibiting factors within the local environment of the astrocytic scar determines the outcome of regenerative events after spinal cord injury4. The mechanism by which glia cells block regenerative events still remains unresolved. The application of a weak, steady voltage to a primary culture of astrocytes has shown that the cells align themselves, and their processes, perpendicular to the applied voltage gradient5. In addition, the chronic application of direct current, or pulsed electrical fields, to the injured mammalian spinal cord has been shown to promote axonal growth and functional improvement6,7. Our results agree with these observations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of pulsed DC electrical stimulation on the injury-associated astroglial response, and on axonal regeneration following severe contusion injury to the cat spinal cord through the use of immunofluorescence techniques.
Innovations in Balloon Catheter Technology in Rhinology.

Since being introduced more than 10 years ago, balloon catheter technology (BCT) has undergone several generations of innovations. From construction to utilization, there has been a myriad of advancements in balloon technology. The ergonomics of the balloon dilation systems have improved with a focus on limiting the extra assembly. "Hybrid" BCT procedures have shown promise in mucosal preservation, including treating isolated complex frontal disease. Multiple randomized clinical trials report improved long-term outcomes in stand-alone BCT, including in-office use. The ever-expanding technological innovations ensure BCT will be a key component in the armamentarium of the modern sinus surgeon.
Abstract 600: Intrarenal Ghrelin Receptor Antagonism Inhibits cAMP Mediated Angiotensin II Sodium Reabsorption in Normal Rats

An interaction between angiotensin II (Ang II) and ghrelin has been established in many tissues relevant to cardiovascular control, but nothing is known about their relationship within the kidney. Intrarenal ghrelin receptors (GRs) localize to the collecting duct (CD) where they couple to an adenylyl cyclase second messenger system to increase cAMP and ENaC-dependent Na+ reabsorption. Ang II also stimulates the activity of ENaC in the CD (independent of aldosterone), via actions at AT1Rs. The following studies seek to determine whether CD GRs are an important mechanism of Ang II-induced antinatriuresis. Uninephrectomized Sprague-Dawley rats received 3 cumulative 1h renal interstitial (RI) infusions of vehicle 5% dextrose in water (D5W, N=8), Ang II (2 ng/kg/min, N=8), Ang II + D-LYS-GHRP-6, a highly selective GR antagonist (D-LYS, 2, 4, 6 μg/min, N=8) or D-LYS alone (N=8). Urine Na+ excretion rate (UNaV) was measured each hour and compared to baseline, during which only vehicle was infused. RI fluid was collected each hour for cAMP determinations. RI Ang II induced a significant antinatriuresis (UNaV was reduced by 34% at 1h, P
Palladium Catalyzed Arylation and Benzylation of Nitroarenes Using Aryl Sulfonates and Benzyl Acetates

Pd-catalyzed arylation or benzylation of nitroazoles using aryl sulfonates or benzyl acetates is described. Electronically varied aryl tosylates and mesylates, as well as benzyl acetates, afford the arylated and benzylated products. Arylation of nitrobenzene is also reported. The relative rate for the arylation of halides is greater than that of tosylates using the reported reaction parameters. These studies enhance the scope of electrophiles for nitroarene arylations and benzylations, which was hitherto limited to the use of halide electrophiles.
Invited cleaners or unsolicited visitors: Eastern phoebes use white-tailed deer to forage

The eastern phoebe (Sayornis phoebe) is an insectivorous bird that sometimes consumes ectoparasites. Previous accounts indicate that phoebes may indirectly benefit mammals by consuming parasites found in vegetation reducing the probability of tick encounters. As part of an experiment quantifying community-level vertebrate interactions relative to plant community structure, we continuously monitored vertebrate communities with camera traps in a loblolly pine forest in Mississippi (USA). We observed direct interactions between eastern phoebe and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) where phoebes perched and actively foraged for parasites on deer and captured insects flushed from vegetation by deer. Similar interactions between ungulates and birds have been reported around the globe but whether the interaction is commensalistic or mutualistic has yet to be determined.
Coulomb-interaction induced coupling of Landau levels in intrinsic and modulation-doped quantum wells

We have performed two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy on intrinsic and modulation doped quantum wells in external magnetic fields up to 10 T. In the undoped sample, the strong Coulomb interactions and the increasing separations of the electron and hole charge distributions with increasing magnetic fields lead to a nontrivial in-plane dispersion of the magneto-excitons. Thus, the discrete and degenerate Landau levels are coupled to a continuum. The signature of this continuum is the emergence of elongated spectral line shapes at the Landau level energies, which are exposed by the multidimensional nature of our technique. Surprisingly, the elongation of the peaks is completely absent in the lowest Landau level spectra obtained from the modulation doped quantum well at high fields.
Mutuality and heart failure self-care in patients and their informal caregivers

Background:Heart failure is a progressive condition characterized by frequent hospitalizations for exacerbated symptoms. Informal family caregivers may help patients improve self-care, which may in...
New algorithms for predicting longitudinal motion resistance of wheels on dry sand

Predicting the resisting forces against a vehicle’s wheel during movement in loose sand is critical for optimizing tractive capabilities in desert regions, sand dunes, and beaches. We review existi...
The status of temporomandibular and cervical spine education in post-professional physical therapy training programs recognized by Member Organizations of IFOMPT: an investigation of didactic and clinical education.

The purpose of this investigation was to establish an international baseline of the quantity of physical therapist education on temporomandibular disorders (TMD) during post-professional Orthopedic...
A population neuroscience approach to the study of cerebral small vessel disease in midlife and late life: an invited review.

Aging in later life engenders numerous changes to the cerebral microvasculature. Such changes can remain clinically silent but are associated with greater risk for negative health outcomes over tim...
On Logarithmic Approximations for the One-Sided Binomial Confidence Interval

A one-sided binomial confidence interval occurs when all trials are successful or unsuccessful. This research considers the case when all trials are successful, and derives logarithmic approximations for the variable lower-bound under two common significance levels. We then establish ranges on the sample size for which the absolute differences between the approximations and the exact lower-bound are less than the chosen level.
Incorporation of the Living Heart Model Into the 4-D XCAT Phantom for Cardiac Imaging Research

The 4-D extended cardiac-torso (XCAT) phantom has provided a valuable tool to study the effects of anatomy and motion on medical images, especially cardiac motion. One limitation of the XCAT was that it did not have a physiological basis which to realistically simulate variations in cardiac function. In this paper, we incorporate into the XCAT anatomy the four-chamber finite element (FE) living heart model (LHM) developed by the living heart project. The LHM represents the state of the art in cardiac FE simulation because of its ability to accurately replicate the biomechanical motion of the entire heart and its variations. We create a new series of 4-D phantoms capable of simulating patients with varying body sizes and shapes; cardiac positions, orientations, and dynamics. While extendable to other imaging modalities and technologies, our goal is to use the FE-enhanced XCAT models to investigate the optimal use of computed tomography for the evaluation of coronary artery disease. With the ability to simulate realistic, predictive, patient quality 4-D imaging data, the enhanced XCAT models will enable optimization studies to identify the most promising systems or system parameters for further clinical validation.
Sex bias in basic and preclinical age-related hearing loss research.

This study aims to determine if there is sex bias in basic and preclinical research on age-related hearing loss for the 10-year period of 2006–2015, prior to the NIH mandate of including sex as a biological variable in 2016. Manuscripts were identified in PubMed for the query “age-related hearing loss” for the 10-year period of 2006 to 2015. Manuscripts were included if they were original research (not reviews or meta-analyses), written in English, contained an abstract, used animals, and were primarily on age-related hearing loss. These criteria yielded 231 unique manuscripts for inclusion in the study analysis. The text of each manuscript was screened for the sex of the animals, the number of male and female animals, the discussion of sex-based results, the study site (US or international), and the year of publication. Only two thirds of manuscripts reported the sex of animals used in the experiments, and of these, 54% used both sexes, 34% used males only, and 13% used females only. In papers reporting sex and number of animals used, 67% were males and 33% were females. Over twice as many internationally based studies used males only compared to US-based studies. Only 15% of all manuscripts discussed sex-based results. Sex bias is present in basic and preclinical age-related hearing loss research for the manuscripts screened in the 10-year period. Equal inclusion of both males and females in basic and preclinical age-related hearing loss research is critical for understanding sex-based differences in mechanisms and for effective treatment options.
Toward a Systematic Design for Turbocharged Engine Control

The efficient development of high performance control is becoming more important and more challenging with ever tightening emissions legislation and increasingly complex engines. Many traditional industrial control design techniques have difficulty in addressing multivariable interactions among subsystems and are becoming a bottleneck in terms of development time. In this article we explore the requirements imposed on control design from a variety of sources: the physics of the engine, the embedded software limitations, the existing software hierarchy, and standard industrial control development processes. Decisions regarding the introduction of any new control paradigm must consider balancing this diverse set of requirements. In this context we then provide an overview of our work in developing a systematic approach to the design of optimal multivariable control for air handling in turbocharged engines.
Experimental extrinsic allergic alveolitis and pulmonary angiitis induced by intratracheal or intravenous challenge with Corynebacterium parvum in sensitized rats

Extrinsic allergic alveolitis and pulmonary sarcoidosis are granulomatous diseases of the lung for which clinical presentation and anatomic site of granuloma formation differ. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis is caused by inhaled antigens, whereas the nature and source of the inciting antigen in sarcoidosis is unknown. To test the hypothesis that the route via which antigen is introduced to the lung contributes to the clinicopathological presentation of pulmonary granulomatous disease, rats immunized with intravenous (i.v.) Corynebacterium parvum were challenged after 2 weeks with either intratracheal (i.t.) or i.v. C. parvum. The granulomatous inflammation elicited by i.t. challenge predominantly involved alveolar spaces and histologically simulated extrinsic allergic alveolitis. In contrast, the inflammation induced by i.v. challenge was characterized by granulomatous angiitis and interstitial inflammation simulating sarcoidosis. Elevations of leukocyte counts and TNF levels in bronchoalveolar fluid, which reflect inflammation in the intra-alveolar compartment, were much more pronounced after i.t. than after i.v. challenge. Tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6, CC chemokine, CXC chemokine, and adhesion molecule mRNA and protein expression occurred in each model. In conclusion, i.t. or i.v. challenge with C. parvum in sensitized rats caused pulmonary granulomatous inflammation that was histologically similar to human extrinsic allergic alveolitis and sarcoidosis, respectively. Although the soluble and cellular mediators of granulomatous inflammation were qualitatively similar in both disease models, the differing anatomic source of the same antigenic challenge was responsible for differing clinicopathological presentations.
Rigidity of Minimal Isometric Immersions of Spheres into Spheres

We show two specific uniqueness properties of a certain minimal isometric immersion from S3 into S6. This particular immersion has been extensively studied. We give the first uniqueness results for any such map within the full class of all minimal isometric immersion from S3(1) into S6(\(\frac{1}{4}\)). We also derive an explicit necessary and sufficient condition for linear rigidity of a general minimal isometric immersion from a sphere into a sphere.
Repeat Prostate Biopsy Strategies: How Many and Where?

Patients with a negative prior prostate biopsy yet a persistently elevated or rising PSA level represent a challenge to the practicing urologist. Anxiety often exists in the patient, the family, and the referring primary care physician. Tremendous variation exists among physicians in the approach to these patients. Controversy exists with respect to the use of various markers to determine the need for additional biopsy, specific biopsy technique used, and significance of cancers found in this setting. Each of these will be addressed in this chapter. This chapter will not address patients who have either high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) or atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP) on their prior biopsy as this is covered elsewhere in this book.
The development of the inferior olivary complex in preweanling opossums. identification of midbrain, cerebellar and spinal terminals.

Pre- and postsynaptic elements within the developing inferior olive (IO) of both control and experimental opossums were examined via electron microscopy. Electron dense boutons identified di-/mesencephalic, cerebellar and spinal afferents within the IO of 8–71 day old animals, which survived 4–48 hours following either midbrain hemisections or spinal transections.
Fasting Glucose Variability in Young Adulthood and Cognitive Function in Middle Age: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

OBJECTIVE To determine whether intraindividual variability in fasting glucose (FG) below the threshold of diabetes is associated with cognitive function in middle adulthood beyond increasing FG. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 3,307 CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development Study in Young Adults) participants (age range 18–30 years; 1985–1986) at baseline and calculated two measures of long-term glucose variability: the coefficient of variation about the mean FG (CV-FG) and the absolute difference between successive FG measurements [average real variability (ARV-FG)] before the onset of diabetes over 25 and 30 years of follow-up. Cognitive function was assessed at years 25 (2010–2011) and 30 (2015–2016) with the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Stroop Test, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and category and letter fluency tests. We estimated the association between glucose variability and cognitive function test score with adjustment for clinical and behavioral risk factors, mean FG level, change in FGlevel, and diabetes development, medication use, and duration. RESULTS After multivariable adjustment, 1-SD increment of CV-FG was associated with worse cognitive scores at year 25: DSST, standardized regression coefficient, −0.95 (95% CI −1.54, −0.36); RAVLT, −0.14 (95% CI −0.27, −0.02); and Stroop Test, 0.49 (95% CI 0.04, 0.94). Findings were similar between CV-FG with each cognitive test score at year 30 and when we used an alternative measure of variability (ARV-FG) that captures variability in successive FG values. CONCLUSIONS Higher intraindividual FG variability during young adulthood below the threshold of diabetes was associated with worse processing speed, memory, and language fluency in midlife independent of FG levels.
INFERIOR Q WAVE AND UNDERLYING ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE PREDICTION STUDY

The presence of Q waves on an electrocardiogram (ECG) is often used as evidence of Ischemic heart disease in the corresponding territory and 2 or more pathologic Q-waves in contiguous leads suggests a prior transmural infarct. Minnesota Code Classification System (MCCS) for coding Q waves is used to
Experimental Investigation of Shock Wave Characteristics in Small-Scale Circular Channel

Shock wave propagation through small-scale circular channel is studied using two fast-response pressure transducers. The shock wave is generated by a modified Split-Hopkinson pressure bar shock tube. Pressure profile measured in the channel indicated the sharp increase followed by gradual decrease with fluctuations and several small peaks. Values of peak pressure increase with channel wall temperature, but the shock tube pressure has no significant impact. On the other hand, the intervals between peak pressures decrease with increased shock tube pressure, while the wall temperature has marginal impact.
Submodularity in Systems with Higher Order Consensus with Absolute Information.

We investigate the performance of m-th order consensus systems with stochastic external perturbations, where a subset of leader nodes incorporates absolute information into their control laws. The system performance is measured by its coherence, an $H_2$ norm that quantifies the total steady-state variance of the deviation from the desired trajectory. We first give conditions under which such systems are stable, and we derive expressions for coherence in stable second, third, and fourth order systems. We next study the problem of how to identify a set of leaders that optimizes coherence. To address this problem, we define set functions that quantify each system's coherence and prove that these functions are submodular. This allows the use of an efficient greedy algorithm that to find a leader set with which coherence is within a constant bound of optimal. We demonstrate the performance of the greedy algorithm empirically, and further, we show that the optimal leader sets for the different orders of consensus dynamics do not necessarily coincide.
Blind Separation of Frequency-Hopped Signals Using a Space-Polarization Receiver

An approach for associating signals from frequency-hopped (FH) emitters has recently been proposed that leverages polarization-frequency characterizations obtained from dual-polarized antenna architectures. An effective extension of these methods is considered here that incorporates multiple spatially separated dual-polarized antennas. Correlations in polarization-frequency responses, space-frequency responses, and hybrid combinations are leveraged to associate FH signals. The extended method is investigated using empirically informed simulations and over-the-air experiments to illustrate the efficacy of the approach. The over-the-air experiments involved four FH signals in a laboratory environment. A two-second interval was collected involving 2000 frequency hopping dwells. Results for a single manifold were found to experience misassociation errors, even at high SNR, due to similarities between polarization-frequency responses associated with the sources. When all manifolds are exploited, perfect association is achieved over the interval. Similar trends occur at low SNR, where increasing the number of available manifolds improves misassociation rates. It is concluded that additional diversities provided by a space-polarization architecture improve association performance.
Diffusive Search for Diffusing Targets with Fluctuating Diffusivity and Gating

The time that it takes a diffusing particle to find a small target has emerged as a critical quantity in many systems in molecular and cellular biology. In this paper, we extend the theory for calculating this time to account for several ubiquitous biological features which have largely been ignored in the mathematics and physics literature on this problem. In particular, we allow (i) targets to diffuse on the two-dimensional boundary of the three-dimensional domain, (ii) targets to diffuse in the interior of the domain, (iii) the diffusivities of the searcher particle and the targets to stochastically fluctuate, (iv) targets to be stochastically gated, and (v) the transition times between fluctuations in diffusivity and gating to have effectively any probability distribution. In this general framework, we analytically calculate the leading order behavior of the mean first passage time and splitting probability for the searcher to reach a target as the target size decays, which is the so-called narrow escape limit. To make these extensions, we use a generalized Ito’s formula to derive a system of coupled partial differential equations which are satisfied by statistics of the process, where the size of the system and its spatial dimension can be arbitrarily large. We apply matched asymptotic analysis to this system and verify our analytical results by numerical simulation. Our results reveal several new features and generic principles of diffusive search for small targets.
Radiation Damage Studies on Natural Rock Salt from Various Geological Localities of Interest to the Radioactive Waste Disposal Program

AbstractAs part of a program to investigate radiation damage in geological materials of interest to the radioactive waste disposal program, radiation damage—particularly radiation-induced sodium metal colloid formation—has been studied in 14 natural rock salt samples. All measurements were made with equipment for making optical absorption and other measurements on samples, in a temperature-control irradiation chamber, during and after 1.5-MeV electron irradiation. Samples were chosen for practical and scientific purposes from localities that are potential repository sites and from different horizons at certain localities. At room temperature and at low doses, only F-centers (Cl− ion vacancies) and a variety of “V-region”absorption bands (mostly holes trapped on a variety of defects) are present. Above 100°C and at high doses, intense sodium metal colloid particle absorption bands are formed. Formation of F-centers begins immediately after the irradiation is initiated and increases monotoni-cally to a well...
Improvement of relaxation velocity parameters by calcium channel blockers in the aging rabbit myocardium

Normal aging in man is known to be associated with a reduction in left-ventricular diastolic function, including the rates of relaxation and filling. Calcium channel blockers have been reported to improve left-ventricular diastolic function in patients with various forms of heart disease. Clinically, the action of calcium channel blockers may be related to either a direct myocardial effect or may be secondary to the peripheral or coronary vasodilation effects. The purpose of this study is to investigate a possible direct effect of calcium channel blockers on modulation of the reported age-related reduction in myocardial relaxation. The direct effects on myocardial relaxation of the dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, nifedipine, were studied in isolated, perfused interventricular septa and left-ventricular wall from eight young (ages 9 to 18 months) and 14 old (ages 3 to 5 years) rabbits. Septa were perfused with oxygenated Ringer's solution and paced at 48 beats/min. Maximum relaxation velocity per unit of developed tension [−dT/dt]/T, and relaxation time per unit of developed tension tr/T were continuously measured before and after infusion of calcium channel blockers. In absence of drugs, the older rabbits demonstrated a mean [−dT/dt]/T which was 32% lower (p 10−8 M equivalent to doses above the therapeutic free-plasma concentration in humans, all contraction and relaxation parameters were depressed. However, at lower doses, equivalent to doses in the clinical therapeutic range, [−dT/dt]/T was increased in the older rabbit septa by 18% in the presence of nifedipine. tr/T was shortened in the older rabbit septa by 17% in the presence of nifedipine. Myocardial relaxation in older rabbits after drug infusion approximated these parameters in the younger rabbits prior to drug infusion (P=NS). Calcium channel blockers had similar beneficial effects on the relaxation properties of the myocardium in younger rabbits. All beneficial effects were observed at concentrations of calcium channel blockers which were within and below the clinically therapeutic range of plasma free drug concentration, i.e., 5×10−9 to 4×10−8 M. Potential differences in relaxation effects related to different segments of the myocardium and different mechanical recording vectors were evaluated. Isolated left ventricle preparations from aging rabbits demonstrated improvements in tr/T and [−dT/dt]/T similar to those observed in the septum. Furthermore, improvement in mechanical function along the y-axis and x-axis vectors of the septum was similar. The data suggest that, in this rabbit model, calcium channel blockers may improve or reverse the age-related reduction in myocardial relaxation.
Occupational justice for Latinx livestock workers in the eastern United States

While animal welfare advocates have effectively called attention to the mistreatment of animals in livestock production and dairying, occupational justice for the farmworkers who care for them has been largely overlooked. This chapter comprehensively examines the health and safety issues faced by Latinx workers in the dairy, poultry, swine, and equine industries. As the size and scale of animal agriculture operations grows, farmers have become increasingly dependent on a Latinx workforce, which is exposed to safety and health risks. Working with livestock poses physical risks to workers, including direct traumatic injury from being kicked, bitten, or otherwise hurt by animals; musculoskeletal disorder from repetitive and awkward motions; respiratory illness or dysfunction from air pollutants; and mental health disorder related to stress, sleep disorders, and social isolation. These injuries, illnesses, and disorders are compounded by difficulty accessing healthcare and social services for Latinx workers in the eastern United States, who tend to be socially isolated and live in rural and remote communities. This chapter also identifies significant gaps in the literature on occupational safety and health among livestock workers and concludes with recommendations to policymakers and farmers to improve occupational safety and health for Latinx livestock workers.
Determination of grapiprant plasma and urine concentrations in horses.

Abstract Objective Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX) in tissues and used as therapeutic agents in different species. Grapiprant, a member of the piprant class of compounds, antagonizes prostaglandin receptors. It is a highly selective EP4 prostaglandin E2 receptor inhibitor, thereby limiting the potential for adverse effects caused by wider COX inhibition. The objectives of this study were to determine if the approved canine dose would result in measurable concentrations in horses, and to validate a chromatographic method of analysis for grapiprant in urine and plasma. Study design Experimental study. Animals A total of six healthy, adult mixed-breed mares weighing 502 ± 66 (397–600) kg and aged 14.8 ± 5.3 (6–21) years. Methods Mares were administered one dose of 2 mg kg–1 grapiprant via nasogastric tube. Blood and urine samples were collected prior to and up to 48 hours after drug administration. Drug concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results Grapiprant plasma concentrations ranged from 71 to 149 ng mL–1 with the mean peak concentration (106 ng mL–1) occurring at 30 minutes. Concentrations were below the lower limit of quantification (50 ng mL–1) in four of six horses at 1 hour and in all six horses by 2 hours after drug administration. Grapiprant urine concentrations ranged from 40 to 4077 ng mL–1 and were still detectable at 48 hours after administration. Conclusions and clinical relevance Currently, there are no published studies looking at the pharmacodynamics of grapiprant in horses. The effective concentration needed to control pain in dogs ranges 114–164 ng mL–1. Oral administration of grapiprant (2 mg kg–1) in horses did not achieve those concentrations. The dose was well tolerated; therefore, studies with larger doses could be conducted.
Using Video Prompts to Promote Independent Behavior in Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder

In order to best serve students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), teachers and other in-school support personnel need to identify and effectively implement evidence-based practices (EBPs) in the...
Epistemic Egocentrism and Processing of Vaccine Misinformation (Vis-à-vis Scientific Evidence): The Case of Vaccine-Autism Link

A web-based 2 (preexisting position: vaccine-inclined vs. -hesitant) by 2 (message type: scientific evidence vs. misinformation) experimental study was conducted to investigate individuals’ process...
Does Stress Mediate the Relation between Caregivers' Victimization and Child Behavioral Outcomes? A Prospective Examination.

Children with internalizing and externalizing difficulties are at risk for long-term negative effects in adulthood and are impacted by several caregiver factors. Findings of the present study are consistent with previous studies that found direct associations between caregiver victimization history (e.g., physical and sexual abuse) and child behavior problems. Examination of potential mechanisms revealed that caregiver everyday stress related to relationships/responsibilities (RR) served as a mediator between caregiver victimization history and increased children’s internalizing symptoms. Though there may be other pathways that contribute to this relation, there does seem to be clinical and policy utility of this knowledge, particularly for at-risk families that are faced with high levels of everyday RR stress. Attenuation of this impact may be accomplished through connection to community resources such as access to family counseling to mitigate relational stress and policy addressing disparities.
Health Care Transition Perceptions Among Parents of Adolescents with Congenital Heart Defects in Georgia and New York

With increasing survival trends for children and adolescents with congenital heart defects (CHD), there is a growing need to focus on transition from pediatric to adult specialty cardiac care. To better understand parental perspectives on the transition process, a survey was distributed to 451 parents of adolescents with CHD who had recent contact with the healthcare system in Georgia (GA) and New York (NY). Among respondents, 90.7% reported excellent, very good or good health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for their adolescent. While the majority of parents (77.8%) had been told by a provider about their adolescent's need to transition to adult specialty cardiac care, most reported concerns about transitioning to adult care. Parents were most commonly concerned with replacing the strong relationship with pediatric providers (60.7%), locating an appropriate adult provider (48.7%), and accessing adult health insurance coverage (43.6%). These findings may offer insights into transition planning for adolescents with CHD.
Gelb, Ignace J. (1907–1985)

In one particular area, the history of writing, Ignace Jay Gelb (1907–1985) produced works of general theory while concentrating on the application of theoretical principles to specific bodies of data. Gelb's second major area of interest was devoted to the application of linguistic principles to the grammar and the lexicon of the two oldest attested Semitic languages, Akkadian and Amorite. Another major aspect of his contributions to linguistics was in the field of onomastics. His keen interest in the field was occasioned by the fact that personal names are the major sources for three languages with which he had become involved: Old Akkadian, Amorite, and Hurrian.
Taurine in Infant Nutrition

Taurine (fig. 1) is one of the most abundant amino acids in the body (1), with the largest pool present in muscle. In mammals, taurine and inorganic sulfate are the major end products of methionine metabolism (fig. 2). Despite the fact that taurine is both ubiquitous and abundant, it takes part in few known biochemical reactions. Considerable taurine is conjugated with bile acids in liver (1), but other biochemical reactions take place to a very limited extent, if at all (2). Although there are numerous proposals for alternative pathways for the biosynthesis of taurine (cf. 2), the enzyme immediately responsible for its synthesis in physiologically significant amounts is cysteinesulfinic acid decarboxylase. There are large differences amongst species in the in vitro activity of this enzyme, as there are in the concentration of taurine itself (1). For example, the activity of cysteinesulfinic acid decarboxylase, as measured in our laboratory, is 1000-fold higher in adult rat liver than in adult human liver (table 1).
Changes in neighborhood air quality after idling of an urban oil production site.

Oil and gas development is occurring in urban, densely populated neighborhoods; however, the impacts of these operations on neighborhood air quality are not well characterized. In this research, we leveraged ambient air monitoring adjacent to an oil and gas production site in Los Angeles, California during active and idle periods. This study analyzed continuous methane (CH4) and non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) measurements, together with triggered grab samples and 24 hour integrated canister samples collected by the South Coast Air Quality Management District. Ambient air pollutant levels and trends were evaluated during active and idle well operations to assess changes in neighborhood air quality after the suspension of oil and gas production. We find that mean concentrations of methane, NMHC, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, styrene, n-hexane, n-pentane, ethane, and propane decreased following the stop in production activities. Using a source apportionment approach, we observed that the “natural gas” drilling source contributed 23.7% to the total VOCs measured during the active phase, and only 0.6% to the total measured VOCs in the idle phase. Near urban oil and gas production sites, residents may face poorer air quality due to the oil and gas activities which may pose adverse health and environmental risks among proximate communities.
The silent inquisition: Islamophobic microaggressions and Spanish Moroccan identity negotiations in contemporary Madrid:

This article explores Spanish Moroccan experiences with Islamophobic microaggressions in contemporary Madrid. It seeks to fill an important gap in the literature on religion and racial microaggress...
Enhanced pool boiling heat transfer mechanisms for selectively sintered open microchannels

Abstract Pool boiling performance can be enhanced significantly by generating separate liquid–vapor pathways through selectively coating different regions of a heat transfer surface. In this paper, heat transfer mechanisms are explored by depositing porous coatings on an open microchannel with channel width 762 μm, channel depth 400 μm and fin width 200 μm. Three surfaces were fabricated with sintered porous coatings on: (i) entire microchannel surface (sintered-throughout), (ii) only the fin tops (sintered-fin-top), and (iii) only the channel walls (sintered-channel). Their pool boiling performance with degassed water at atmospheric pressure was experimentally obtained. A critical heat flux (CHF) of 313 W/cm 2 at a wall superheat of 7.5 °C was obtained for a sintered-throughout surface with a 2.4 fold enhancement in CHF over a plain chip. Highest heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of 565 kW/m 2 °C was obtained for this surface which translated into a 6.5 fold enhancement when compared to a plain surface. Three enhancement mechanisms were identified: (i) Area Augmented Enhanced Nucleation, (ii) Bubble Induced Liquid Jet Enhancement – Type-1 and (iii) Bubble Induced Liquid Jet Enhancement – Type-2. These mechanisms were responsible for the enhancement in HTC and CHF for sintered-throughout, sintered-fin-tops and sintered-channels, respectively. Although the current testing indicated the sintered-throughout surface to provide the highest CHF and HTC enhancement for the selected microchannel dimensions, changing the microchannel dimensions is expected to influence the relative merits of these configurations as the liquid and vapor flow mechanisms are influenced in fundamentally different ways.
Quo Vadis, 'Qui Tam'? The Future of Private False Claims Act Suits Against States after Vermont Agency of Natural Resources V. United States Ex Rel. Stevens

Since Congress amended the Federal False Claims Act in 1986, the Act's qui tam provisions, which allow individuals to sue on behalf of the federal government and keep a portion of the recovery, have become a force to be reckoned with in the fight to recover fraudulently obtained federal tax dollars. In fact, qui tam plaintiffs (referred to as relators) help return hundreds of millions of dollars to the federal treasury each year. But the Supreme Court's recent decision in Vermont Agency of Natural Resources v. United States ex rel. Stevens determined that states are not liable under the False Claims Act because the Act's definition of "person," found in 31 U.S.C. Section 3729, does not include state governments. The legislative history of the 1986 Amendments to the False Claims Act makes it clear that the Supreme Court failed to recognize Congress' intent to include state governments within the definition of "person." Consequently, state governments are not subject to liability for violations of the False Claims Act. Congress should make its intent explicit by either amending the False Claims Act to include states within the definition of "person," or by pursuing conditional funding measures that would require states to waive their False Claims Act defenses in order to receive federal grant money. Finally, in the absence of Congressional action, qui tam relators, should pursue claims against state employees, in their individual capacities, and then invoke states' indemnification statutes as a means of holding states and their officials accountable for violations of the False Claims Act. This approach will create an alternative procedural method to hold states accountable for defrauding the federal government, just as Congress intended.
Experiments in a high‐amplitude Kinoshita meandering channel: 2. Implications of bend orientation on bed morphodynamics

[1] Experiments carried out under flat smooth bed condition in a periodic, asymmetric, Kinoshita meandering channel showed that bend skewness controls the three-dimensional mean flow (e.g., primary and secondary flow) and turbulence structure (e.g., location of shear layers and turbulent shear stresses). In this paper, similar hydraulic conditions are used to perform movable-bed experiments with uniform sediment size in order to study the effect of bend orientation on bed morphodynamics. Two main differences between the upstream- and downstream-skewed meander configurations are found: (1) for the case of bends oriented upstream valley, the bed forms are produced just upstream of the bend apex, whereas for the case of bends oriented downstream valley they are observed around the upstream inflection point, and (2) the downstream-skewed condition produces the deepest scour region, which is located downstream of the bend apex. A comparison with observations at two bends on the Wabash River, Illinois, shows some remarkable similarities with the bed morphology observed in the Kinoshita channel. Further analysis of the bed form celerity, bed load transport during evolution, and superimposition of migrating bed forms and their implications on bend migration are presented.
Campus Violence: Understanding the Extraordinary Through the Ordinary

Recent mass shootings on college campuses have focused many on the responsibilities of colleges and universities to prevent and respond to such violence. However, in statistical terms, this type of campus violence can thankfully be considered relatively extraordinary. In contrast, the only type of campus violence that is unfortunately common enough to be characterized as “ordinary” is peer sexual assault and similar forms of campus gender-based violence. Accordingly, this essay explores the scope and dynamics of both “ordinary” and “extraordinary” campus violence, discusses the law and “best practices” dealing with peer sexual violence victims’ rights and the due process rights of students accused of misconduct, and contrasts the typical disciplinary responses of many schools to both the methods required by the applicable law and those advocated by the best practices literature. It concludes that understanding peer sexual violence and applying that understanding to less common forms of campus violence may help us to prevent and understand what the proper responses should be to both forms of violence.
CO (1–0) Maps of NGC7027

NGC7027 is a very young planetary nebula in which the ionization of the red giant wind is only partially complete. Previous measurements of the CO (1–0) emission at 115 GHz from NGC7027 (Mufson, Lyon, Marioni, 1975) did not have enough angular resolution to reveal the structure of the neutral cloud. We have recently mapped the CO (1–0) emission from NGC7027 (Masson et al., Ap. J., in preparation), using the Owens Valley Millimeter-wave Interferometer with a resolution of 7″ × 11″.
The Reductoisomerase of Neurospora crassa

Abstract The reductoisomerase of Neurospora crassa has been purified 200- to 300-fold by fractionation with ammonium sulfate, Sephadex, and diethylaminoethyl Sephadex. The purified enzyme was found to have specificity for two substrates, α-acetolactate and α-aceto-α-hydroxybutyrate precursors for valine and isoleucine, respectively. The enzyme was characterized and shown to be highly unstable except in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and magnesium ion, both of which are required for its activity. Like the dihydroxy acid dehydratase of N. crassa, the purified reductoisomerase was also found to contain a high content of lipid.
Protein-spanning water networks and implications for prediction of protein-protein interactions mediated through hydrophobic effects.

Hydrophobic effects, often conflated with hydrophobic forces, are implicated as major determinants in biological association and self-assembly processes. Protein–protein interactions involved in signaling pathways in living systems are a prime example where hydrophobic effects have profound implications. In the context of protein–protein interactions, a priori knowledge of relevant binding interfaces (i.e., clusters of residues involved directly with binding interactions) is difficult. In the case of hydrophobically mediated interactions, use of hydropathy-based methods relying on single residue hydrophobicity properties are routinely and widely used to predict propensities for such residues to be present in hydrophobic interfaces. However, recent studies suggest that consideration of hydrophobicity for single residues on a protein surface require accounting of the local environment dictated by neighboring residues and local water. In this study, we use a method derived from percolation theory to evaluate spanning water networks in the first hydration shells of a series of small proteins. We use residue-based water density and single-linkage clustering methods to predict hydrophobic regions of proteins; these regions are putatively involved in binding interactions. We find that this simple method is able to predict with sufficient accuracy and coverage the binding interface residues of a series of proteins. The approach is competitive with automated servers. The results of this study highlight the importance of accounting of local environment in determining the hydrophobic nature of individual residues on protein surfaces. Proteins 2014; 82:3312–3326. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.