cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency of Gesture Use and Language in Typically Developing Prelinguistic Children.

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between frequency of gesture use and language with a consideration for the effect of age and setting on frequency of gesture use in prelinguistic typically developing children. Method Participants included a total of 54 typically developing infants and toddlers between the ages of 9 months and 15 months separated into two age ranges, 9-12 months and 12-15 months. All participants were administered the Mullen’s Scale of Early Learning and two gesture samples were obtained: one sample in a structured setting and the other in an unstructured setting. Gesture samples were coded by research assistants blind to the purpose of the research study and total frequency and frequencies for the following gesture types were calculated: behavior regulation, social interaction, and joint attention ( Bruner, 1983 ). Results Results indicated that both age and setting have a significant effect on frequency of gesture use and frequency of gesture is correlated to receptive and expressive language abilities; however, these relationships are dependent upon the gesture type examined. Conclusions These findings further our understanding of the relationship between gesture use and language and support the concept that frequency of gesture is related to language abilities. This is meaningful because gestures are one of the first forms of intentional communication, allowing for early identification of language abilities at a young age.
Afterword: “Work that is Real”:

The author recounts aspects of the collaborative process that gave birth to this special issue as well as elements of teaching, teacher education, and philosophy that cut across the articles. The a...
Neoadjuvant intraarterial cytoreductive chemotherapy for lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma: A 33-year single-institution experience.

e18051Background: Lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (LGACC) has historically been associated with a poor prognosis even in localized disease, with the survival of 56% at 5 years and 49% at 10...
Rural Schools and the Digital Divide: Technology in the Learning Experience

In this era of rapid technological innovation, teachers in rural public schools employ a variety of educational technology tools to facilitate student learning. However, little information is known about these teachers’ usage frequencies and perceptions of effectiveness of technology in the learning process. Furthermore, limited research exists related to the barriers rural teachers face in their adoption and use of technology. Utilizing a quantitative approach, this study investigated these perceptions among rural teachers. Findings revealed rural educators have differing opinions on usage and effectiveness of various web-based technologies and software. Teachers revealed personal trial and error as the most common way of new technology knowledge and skill acquisition. Participants reported budgetary issues as the largest barrier to technology implementation, followed by student internet access at home. Suggestions are provided so administrators and teachers can adopt and integrate appropriate educational technology tools to maximize student learning.
Prevalence and Course of Depression During the First Year After Mild to Moderate Stroke

Background This study examined the prevalence and longitudinal course of depression during the first year after mild to moderate stroke. Methods and Results We identified patients with mild to mode...
Disparities in risk perception and low harm reduction services awareness, access, and utilization among young people with newly reported hepatitis C infections in California, 2018.

Newly reported hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in California increased 50% among people 15–29 years of age between 2014 and 2016. National estimates suggest this increase was due to the opioid epidemic and associated increases in injection drug use. However, most of California’s 61 local health jurisdictions (LHJs) do not routinely investigate newly reported HCV infections, so these individuals’ risk factors for infection are not well understood. We sought to describe the demographics, risk behaviors, and utilization of harm reduction services in California’s fastest-rising age group of people with newly reported hepatitis C infections to support targeted HCV prevention and treatment strategies. California Department of Public Health invited LHJs to participate in enhanced surveillance if they met criteria indicating heightened population risk for HCV infection among people ages 15–29. From June–December 2018, eight LHJs contacted newly reported HCV cases by phone using a structured questionnaire. Among 472 total HCV cases who met the inclusion criteria, 114 (24%) completed an interview. Twenty-seven percent of respondents (n = 31) had ever been incarcerated, of whom 29% received a tattoo/piercing and 39% injected drugs while incarcerated. Among people who injected drugs (PWID)—36% (n = 41) of all respondents—68% shared injection equipment and many lacked access to harm reduction services: 37% knew of or ever used a needle exchange and 44% ever needed naloxone during an overdose but did not have it. Heroin was the most frequently reported injected drug (n = 30), followed by methamphetamine (n = 18). Pre-diagnosis HCV risk perception varied significantly by PWID status and race/ethnicity: 76% of PWID vs. 8% of non-PWID (p < 0.001), and 44% of non-Hispanic White respondents vs. 22% of people of color (POC) respondents (p = 0.011), reported thinking they were at risk for HCV before diagnosis. Eighty-nine percent of all respondents reported having health insurance, although only two had taken HCV antiviral medications. Among young people with HCV, we found limited pre-diagnosis HCV risk perception and access to harm reduction services, with racial/ethnic disparities. Interventions to increase harm reduction services awareness, access, and utilization among young PWID, especially young PWID of color, may be warranted.
The Performance of Low-Income and Minority Mortgages

∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ This article analyzes the performance of low-income and minority mortgages (LIMMs) from a large sample of fixed-rate conventional conforming mortgages. We find that low-income borrowers are less likely to prepay when it is optimal, whereas black and Hispanic borrowers prepay more slowly than other borrowers, regardless of the option’s value. After controlling for equity, credit history and some other variables, LIMMs default slightly more frequently and have about the same loss severity as other loans. Our results suggest that, for most yield curve situations, differences in LIMM prepayment behavior have little effect on pricing.
Physical Rehabilitation and Mental Health Care after Burn Injury: A Multi-Nation Study.

While remarkable improvements have been made to acute hospital burn care in recent decades, it is not matched by improvements in post-acute care, including physical rehabilitation and mental health. Progress in acute hospital treatment of burn survivors now highlights the next important step-addressing care once a patient leaves intensive treatment and is discharged to the community. Long-term physical rehabilitation and mental health services are vital to improving quality of life for burn survivors. Using qualitative methods, we apply the adapted Reeve framework to assess and compare post-acute physical rehabilitation and mental health care across thirteen countries on six continents. Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with burn surgeons and rehabilitation specialists. One major theme that emerged was the importance of training and resources to the quality of post-acute care. This exploratory study suggests the value of investing scarce resources in a range of low-cost interventions to improve follow-up burn care. One intervention identified here is short-term training in post-acute rehabilitation and mental health to upgrade and standardize best clinical practices to address as-yet unmet post-discharge needs of burn survivors.
Statistical Techniques for Assessing Cyberspace Security

This chapter describes statistical approaches to cyber security. Telecommunication and computer network systems form a physical foundation of a cyberspace. Cyberspace is of critical importance to national security and economy. Because cyber attacks and cybercrime pose a considerable and increasing threat to society, security of cyber systems must be improved. In intrusion detection, three fundamental methodologies for cyber attack detection are known, namely anomaly detection, signature recognition, and attack norm separation. Based on these methodologies, various statistical approaches for detecting cyber attacks have been developed. However, cyber attacks continue to evolve. Distributed attacks are emerging that hijack and harvest the power of cloud technologies to cause disruption. System-wide approaches are needed to enable early detection of such attacks. We propose a new graph-based modeling framework and derive a network-based statistical method that could help detect compromised structures in a cyberspace. We illustrate our new approach with an example of a small cyberspace.
Collective Transport in Charge and Spin Density Waves

After a brief introduction on the subject, we review recent development on the theoretical understanding on the collective transport (Frohlich conduction) in charge and spin density waves in quasi-one dimensional conductions. Especially the theoretical prediction on the depinning electric field in spin density wave (SDW) is compared with the recent observation in SDW of (TMTSF)2 PF6.
Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Immunity

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the association that exists between the SNS and the immune system. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a role in modulating the magnitude of a primary antibody response, suggesting one possible mechanism by which behavior might influence the level of immunity. Antigen exposure caused a change in the firing rate of neurons within the hypothalamus, which allowed activation of the SNS. The brain communicates with cells in the periphery through two well-characterized mechanisms: namely, the SNS and the neuroendocrine system. Radioligand binding analysis and pharmacological approaches confirmed that adrenergic receptors that bind norepinephrine (NE) are expressed on immune cells. These findings and many others set the stage for the establishment of an entirely new field of study focused on the role played by the SNS in modulating the immune response. Most immune cells express b2AR for NE, but that the Th2 cell represses expression as it differentiates from a naive T cell. Engagement of b2AR on immune cells activates a cascade of distinct signaling intermediates that affect gene expression for certain antibody isotypes. And finally, b2AR-induced changes in CD86 gene expression on a B cell are associated with changes in CD86 function in the B cell, which is responsible for changes in immune-cell activity and function.
Novel Lutetium Spectroscopic Interactions via cw RIMS

Novel spectroscopic interactions of argon-ion laser enhanced resonance ionization of lutetium are observed and discussed; these include line-narrowing, non-linear power dependences and anomalous optical pumping effects of the hyperfme transitions. In addition, isotopically saturation dip spectra are observed and presented, allowing for precise determination of hyperfine constants of rare isotopes.
Periodic spatial instabilities of high intensity beams in nonlinear waveguides

Summary form only given. In self-focusing media a plane wave of infinite extent breaks-up into a periodic array of individual intensity maxima. This has been reported in bulk quadratic and photorefractive media, but not in slab waveguides for which analytical theories exist. Modulational instability (MI) leading to periodic structures has been demonstrated for SHG in LiNbO/sub 3/ slab waveguides, in excellent agreement with theory. Furthermore, by seeding the periodic patterns, the MI gain coefficients were measured, and again good agreement with theory.
Thyrotropin stimulation of lysosomal tyrosine transport in rat FRTL-5 thyroid cells.

Tyrosine countertransport was used to demonstrate the hormonal stimulation of neutral amino acid transport across the lysosomal membrane of FRTL-5 cells. Cells grown with thyrotropin (1 X 10(-10) M) had 7-fold (+/- S.E.) higher tyrosine countertransport activity in their lysosomes than cells grown without thyrotropin. Thyrotropin also stimulated the uptake into tyrosine-loaded lysosomes of other neutral amino acids recognized by the tyrosine carrier, namely, phenylalanine (3-fold) and leucine (6-fold). In contrast lysosomal cystine countertransport was not affected by thyrotropin. Addition of thyrotropin to cells grown without thyrotropin showed that the stimulation of tyrosine counter-transport (a) required at least 48 h to reach the level of the thyrotropin-supplemented cells, (b) depended upon protein synthesis, since cycloheximide (20 microM) was inhibitory, and (c) depended upon RNA synthesis, since actinomycin D (1 nM) was inhibitory. Cells grown without thyrotropin but with dibutyryl cyclic AMP (1 mM) or cholera toxin (1 nM) exhibited enhanced lysosomal countertransport of tyrosine, suggesting that cyclic AMP may act as a messenger. This represents the first demonstration of hormonal responsiveness in a lysosomal transport system and may reflect the importance of salvage and reutilization of lysosomal degradation products for the thyroid epithelial cell.
Distributed nonevaporable getter pumps for the storage ring of the APS

A pair of distributed nonevaporable getter (NeG) strip assemblies is installed in each of 236 aluminum vacuum chambers of the 1104-m storage ring of the Advanced Photon Source. Distributed pumping is provided to remove most of the gas resulting from photon-stimulated desorption occurring along the outer walls of the chambers. This is an efficient way of pumping because conductance is limited along the beam axis. The St-707 NeG strips are conditioned at 450/spl deg/C for 45 min. with 42 A. Base pressures obtained are as low as 4/spl times/10/sup -11/ Torr. The NeG strip assemblies am supported by a series of electrically isolated, 125-mm-long, interlocking stainless steel carriers. These unique interlocking carrier elements provide flexibility along the vacuum chamber curvature (r=38.96 m) and permit removal and installation of assemblies with as little as 150 mm external clearance between adjacent chambers. >
THE BIRTH OF SEROLOGICAL TESTING FOR HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION

DURING most of the 20th century, the study of viral hepatitis was dependent on observations of naturally occurring disease, usually in the form of epidemics, and of experimentally infected human volunteers, because of the failure both to isolate hepatitis virus in tissue culture and to identify a suitable animal model for transmission studies. These observations initially provided indirect evidence of 2 distinct forms of viral hepatitis; short-incubation infectious hepatitis and long-incubation serum hepatitis. These 2 forms were further shown to be immunologically distinct types of hepatitis that were designated as MS-1 (infectious) and MS-2 (serum). 1 The discovery of Australia antigen by Blumberg and colleagues in 1965 2 and its subsequent detection in blood donors and transfusion recipients with long-incubation clinical hepatitis suggested an association between this antigen and serum hepatitis. It was also demonstrated that the MS-2 serum was positive for this antigen, as were recipients who had been
Intersubgeneric Crossability in the Genus Glycine Willd.

In intersubgeneric crosses between wild perennial Glycine species of submenus Glycine and soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr., of subgenus Soja, all the putative hybrid pods aborted from 9 to 30 days after pollination (DAP). Spraying of 70 ppm gibberellic acid on hybridized gynoecia facilitated pod retention. Fluorescence microscopy revealed normal pollen germination and pollen tube growth in all the intersubgeneric crosses except in the G. cyrtoloba × G. max cross.
PCN26: SYSTEMATIC ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE INSTRUMENTS FOR USE IN CLINICAL TRIALS OF NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER

OBJECTIVE: To critically evaluate the quality of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instruments for use in clinical trials of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: A structured review of literature was conducted by searching MEDLINE (1975–2000) and PsycINFO (1977–2000) using the keywords “lung cancer”, “quality of life” and “questionnaire”, and manually. HRQoL instruments that had been used in or designed for lung cancer were selected for review. Each instrument was assessed for its general features, feasibility, scoring and interpretation, and psychometric properties. RESULTS: Ten instruments were selected for review: EORTC-QLQ30, EORTC-LC13, FACT-L, LCSS, FLIC, CARES, CARES-SF, RSCL, FLIC and MQOL. Most questionnaire items were appropriately generated through multiple cycles of input from patients and clinicians. The most studied psychometric properties were internal consistency and convergent/divergent validity, with most instruments having Cronbach's a> 0.7 and acceptable correlation coefficients for convergent/divergent validity. Responsiveness, interpretability of the scale score, and validity testing in cross-cultural settings were either inadequately evaluated or missing. All instruments have a good readability level, an administration time less than 20 minutes, a time horizon of one week or less, and are multilingual. All questionnaires have been used in clinical trials for non-small cell lung cancer except CARES, CARES-SF and MQOL. CONCLUSIONS: There are several reliable and validated HRQoL instruments that are appropriate for use in clinical trials of NCSLC. In particular, the EORTC-QLQ30 and its lung cancer supplement, the LC13, LCSS, RSCL, FACT-L, and CARES have greater evidence of good psychometric properties. Further research is required to evaluate the cross-cultural performance, score interpretability and correlation with clinical outcomes of these instruments.
Performance of short-range non-line-of-sight LED-based ultraviolet communication receivers

Utilizing an empirical path loss model proposed in the first paper of a two-part series, the bit error rate performance of short-range non-line-of-sight ultraviolet communication receivers is analyzed. Typical photodetector models and modulation formats are considered. Our results provide semi-analytical prediction of the achievable communication performance as a function of system and channel parameters, and serve as a basis for system design.
Mathematical model for transient isoelectric focusing of simple ampholytes

A mathematical model describing transient processes in isoelectric focusing (IEF) of L biprotic ampholytes is presented. The model is a generalization of our previous research on steady slate in IEF and consists of L nonlinear partial differential equations coupled with 2L+2 algebraic equations. Constraints imposed by the mode of operation, viz., constant current. voltage or power, are described. Due to the nonlinearity of the equations, analysis of the model requires computer simulation. Model equations suitable for computer implementation are derived.
Highly nonlinear fibers and their application to discrete Raman amplifiers

As a flexible gain element, that is capable of operating at arbitrary wavelengths, discrete Raman amplifiers employing highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) are examined in terms of pumping efficiency, noise characteristics, impact on signal quality, and dispersion characteristics.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Porcine Circovirus Type 2b Variant Present in Cases of Vaccine Failures in the United States

Two genomes of a new porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) strain associated with cases of perceived failure of PCV2 vaccination were sequenced and analyzed. Based on the genome, this is the first report of this mutant of PCV2b in the United States. The genomic knowledge of this mutant PCV2b will improve understanding of the epidemiology of PCV and potentially inform the development of new and more effective vaccines for PCV2.
On the existence of a critical point for the phase transition in cerium

Abstract A piston-displacement technique has been used to examine the phase transition in cerium to 20,000 atm and 575°K. The results are in agreement with previous thermal data, and show that the volume change decreases with increasing temperature, extrapolating to zero somewhere near 630°K and 20,000 atm. Above roughly 500°K and 15,000 atm, however, the transition becomes increasingly spread out in pressure at constant temperature, and it becomes quite difficult to assign values to the transition pressures, and the volume changes. Although there are definite indications that the nature of the transition is changing at these pressures and temperatures, the possibility that the transition is merely becoming sluggish cannot be ruled out.
Biomechanics and Running Economy

Running economy, which has traditionally been measured as the oxygen cost of running at a given velocity, has been accepted as the physiological criterion for 'efficient' performance and has been identified as a critical element of overall distance running performance. There is an intuitive link between running mechanics and energy cost of running, but research to date has not established a clear mechanical profile of an economic runner. It appears that through training, individuals are able to integrate and accommodate their own unique combination of dimensions and mechanical characteristics so that they arrive at a running motion which is most economical for them. Information in the literature suggests that biomechanical factors are likely to contribute to better economy in any runner. A variety of anthropometric dimensions could influence biomechanical effectiveness. These include: average or slightly smaller than average height for men and slightly greater than average height for women; high ponderal index and ectomorphic or ectomesomorphic physique; low percentage body fat; leg morphology which distributes mass closer to the hip joint; narrow pelvis and smaller than average feet. Gait patterns, kinematics and the kinetics of running may also be related to running economy. These factors include: stride length which is freely chosen over considerable running time; low vertical oscillation of body centre of mass; more acute knee angle during swing; less range of motion but greater angular velocity of plantar flexion during toe-off; arm motion of smaller amplitude; low peak ground reaction forces; faster rotation of shoulders in the transverse plane; greater angular excursion of the hips and shoulders about the polar axis in the transverse plane; and effective exploitation of stored elastic energy. Other factors which may improve running economy are: lightweight but well-cushioned shoes; more comprehensive training history; and the running surface of intermediate compliance. At the developmental level, this information might be useful in identifying athletes with favourable characteristics for economical distance running. At higher levels of competition, it is likely that 'natural selection' tends to eliminate athletes who failed to either inherit or develop characteristics which favour economy.
Evaluation of quinupristin/dalfopristin (Synercid®) and RPR 106 972 stability in susceptibility testing media

Abstract In response to conflicting reports on the chemical stability of quinupristin/dalfopristin, a study was designed to assess the in vitro longevity and effects of media and storage conditions on this streptogramin combination. Broth microdilution trays containing parenteral (quinupristin/dalfopristin) and oral (RPR 106 972) streptogramin combinations as well as pristinomycin components (P-I and P-II) were preincubated at 35°C for 12–72 h before inoculation with control strains ( Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49 619, Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49 247, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29 212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29 213) and five clinical isolates with various drug resistance phenotypes. Overall, the mean quinupristin/dalfopristin activity loss was 24%/12 h, 41%/18 h, 43%/24 h, 69%/48 h and 79%/72 h with no detected loss of potency when measured by E. faecalis until 18 h. RPR 106 972 mean activity loss was 6%/12 h, 19%/18 h, 19%/24 h, 56%/48 h and 71%/72 h with no loss of potency as measured by S. aureus until 48 h. Overall, P-I components had greater stability as compared with P-II for both drug combinations. Bioassays showed similar trends in decreased activity. Bioassay differences among media types were only significant (>3 mm; greater loss of potency) for haemophilus test media for both P-II components at 72 h. The presence of an organism in the medium had no effect on stability assay results. The effect of storage temperature (4, 25°C) on quinupristin/dalfopristin and RPR 106 972 stability was also detrimental to drug potency indicating the requirement for rigid quality assurance for streptogramin diagnostic reagents when determining activity by reference or standardized susceptibility tests.
Poisson geometry of the filament equation

The Hasimoto transformation (relating vortex filament flow to the nonlinear Schrodinger equation) is interpreted in the context of Poisson geometry with the aid of a compact formula for its differential. A useful relationship is derived between Killing fields for soliton solutions of the filament flow and the sequence of commuting Hamiltonian flows.
Immunosuppressive and Anti-Angiogenic Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 Agonists Induce Ubiquitinylation and Proteasomal Degradation of the Receptor

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a multifunctional lipid mediator, regulates lymphocyte trafficking, vascular permeability, and angiogenesis by activation of the S1P1 receptor. This receptor is activated by FTY720-P, a phosphorylated derivative of the immunosuppressant and vasoactive compound FTY720. However, in contrast to the natural ligand S1P, FTY720-P appears to act as a functional antagonist, even though the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the fate of endogenously expressed S1P1 receptor in agonist-activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing green fluorescent protein-tagged S1P1. We show that FTY720-P is more potent than S1P at inducing receptor degradation. Pretreatment with an antagonist of S1P1, VPC 44116, prevented receptor internalization and degradation. FTY720-P did not induce degradation of internalization-deficient S1P1 receptor mutants. Further, small interfering RNA-mediated down-regulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 and β-arrestins abolished FTY720-P-induced S1P1 receptor degradation. These data suggest that agonist-induced phosphorylation of S1P1 and subsequent endocytosis are required for FTY720-P-induced degradation of the receptor. S1P1 degradation is blocked by MG132, a proteasomal inhibitor. Indeed, FTY720-P strongly induced polyubiquitinylation of S1P1 receptor, whereas S1P at concentrations that induced complete internalization was not as efficient, suggesting that receptor internalization is required but not sufficient for ubiquitinylation and degradation. We propose that the ability of FTY720-P to target the S1P1 receptor to the ubiquitinylation and proteasomal degradation pathway may at least in part underlie its immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic properties.
Evolution of mineral assemblage zoning in diffusion metasomatism

Abstract Metamorphic reaction bands consist of mineral assemblage layers, that separate incompatible mineral assemblages, and grow by reaction at their contacts and by precipitation within the layer. The stoichiometry of these reactions is determined by the relative diffusion fluxes within adjacent layers. Using the local equilibrium-steady diffusion model of Fisher (1973), the stoichiometric coefficients of layer growth reactions can be computed from the mass balance at each layer contact and independent ratios of instantaneous fluxes within each layer. Model calculations in a ternary system show that (1) variation in bulk composition across a reaction band, expressed in terms of layer sequence, mineral formulae of phases that comprise monomineralic layers and modal proportions of phases in multimineralic layers is largely determined by the relative fluxes of components that diffuse in the same direction; (2) the fraction of the width of a reaction band produced by replacement of each of the initial reactant assemblages is largely determined by the relative fluxes of components that diffuse in opposite directions; (3) the fraction of the width of a layer produced by internal precipitation is determined by temperature and the relative fluxes of components that diffuse in opposite directions; (4) in a multilayer reaction band, only one layer can grow by reaction at both contacts, and that layer contains the initial contact between initial reactants; and (5) a reaction band cannot grow by constant volume replacement of both reactant assemblages, if the system is closed to diffusion beyond layer contacts with the initial reactant rock masses.
Accessibility of lithium cations in high-silica zeolites investigated using the NMR paramagnetic shift effect of adsorbed oxygen

Abstract The accessibility of lithium cations in the high-silica zeolites ZSM-5 and beta was investigated using 7Li MAS NMR spectroscopy. The samples are investigated in vacuum and in the presence of adsorbed oxygen molecules. The paramagnetic shift effect due to the oxygen molecules was exploited to determine the fractions of accessible lithium cations. Approximately 85% of lithium cations in Al-ZSM-5 (Si/Al=50) are accessible to oxygen molecules, while none of the cation sites in zeolite Al-beta (Si/Al=18 and 8) and only a small fraction in B-beta (Si/B=15) were available for adsorption. This difference indicates a very distinct coordination environment for Li+ in zeolite beta as compared to ZSM-5.
Fatigue Crack initiation and microcrack growth in 2024-T4 and 2124-T4 aluminum alloys

A metallograph was mounted directly on a closed-loop electrohydraulic testing unit and initiation of fatigue cracks was directly observed on polished notches at magnifications up to 800 times in aluminum alloys 2024 and 2124 in the T-4 condition. The latter is a high purity version of 2024 and contains considerably fewer constituent particles. At high stresses on the notch surface the fatigue cracks initiated on coarse slip lines in both alloys. At low stresses almost all of the cracks in 2024 initiated in the matrix adjacent to constituent particles. In 2124 at low stresses 50 pct of the cracks initiated near constituent particles and 50 pct in the matrix not near constituent particles. The probability that a constituent particle in 2024 initiates a fatigue crack falls off very rapidly as the particle size decreases below 6 μm. Growth of microcracks is impeded by grain boundaries.
Launching, Entraining, and Representational Momentum: Evidence Consistent with an Impetus Heuristic in Perception of Causality

Displacements in the remembered location of stimuli in displays based on Michotte’s (1946/1963) launching effect and entraining effect were examined. A moving object contacted an initially stationary target, and the target began moving. After contacting the target, the mover became stationary (launching trials) or continued moving in the same direction and remained adjacent to the target (entraining trials). In launching trials, forward displacement was smaller for targets than for movers; in entraining trials, forward displacement was smaller for movers than for targets. Also, forward displacement was smaller for targets in launching trials than for targets in entraining trials. Data are consistent with a hypothesis that the launching effect involves an attribution that the mover imparted to the target a dissipating impetus that was responsible for target motion. Introspective experience of a perception of physical causality in the launching effect might result because behavior of movers and targets is consistent with that predicted by an impetus heuristic.
Generalized diattenuation and retardance for inhomogeneous polarization elements

Two useful quantities, diattenuation and retardance, that characterize the polarization properties of a polarization element, are generalized for inhomogeneous polarization elements, i.e., the polarization elements with nonorthogonal eigenpolarizations. Moreover, an inhomogeneity parameter is introduced to characterize the inhomogeneity of a polarization element. The equations for calculating inhomogeneity, diattenuation, and retardance from the Jones matrix are presented. These equations are suitable for performing data reduction on Jones matrices or nondepolarizing Mueller matrices.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Adoption? Adaptation? Evaluating the Formation of Educational Expectations

Sociologists have long used educational expectations to understand the complex mental processes underlying individuals’ educational decision making. Yet, little research evaluates how students actually formulate their educational expectations. Status attainment theory asserts that students adopt their educational expectations early based on family background and social influences, and that their educational expectations are driven by a static mental construct as a result. In contrast, recent research based on Bayesian learning theory hypothesizes that students mostly adapt their educational expectations in light of new information about their academic potential. Comparing models of expectations formation in adolescence, we find that students’ expectations do not derive from a static mental construct. However, students adapt their educational expectations only modestly and only in response to very large changes in grade point averages. Thus, adolescent educational expectations stabilize early and are rather persistent over time.
Mesenchymal cystic hamartoma of the lung: MRI and PET/CT appearance.

We report the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) findings of a patient who presented with lower thoracic pain, nausea, and vomiting and had a CT scan of the chest in which a well-defined homogeneous mass was identified. Further evaluation w
Analysis of the Loads on and Dynamic Response of a Floating Flexible Tube in Waves and Currents

Recently proposed offshore structure designs for wastewater treatment and algae biomass production may incorporate floating flexible tubes. In one configuration, the tubes float at the surface and contain a fluid and algae mixture. The purpose of this study is to analyze the loads on and dynamic response of such tubes in varying environmental conditions, specifically waves and currents.The approach includes both physical and numerical modeling techniques. Physical models at a scale of 1:4.21 (model to prototype) and two fill levels (50% and 95%) were tested in wave and towing tank facilities in the Hydromechanics Laboratory at the United States Naval Academy. The models were towed at a range of scaled speeds to represent currents and subjected to scaled wave conditions in one of the tanks. During these tests, attachment loads were measured and dynamic response was evaluated.In addition to the physical modeling approach, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed to assess steady drag measurements at the 1:4.21 scale and the results were compared to the experimental tests. The CFD modeling results were comparable to those obtained from the physical modeling tests, at least at the higher fill levels that were analyzed.The results indicated that the model response tended to follow the wave forcing more at the middle wave frequencies. For both fill levels, the response of the forward end of model increased with wave frequency while the response of the rear end of the model remained rather consistent across the frequencies tested. The results did not indicate a significant difference in dynamic response when the model was tested in both waves and current. The average attachment loads, however, were higher when the model was tested in waves and a current than in waves only. The attachment loads were also higher in wave and current conditions that included a faster current or lower-frequency (larger) waves.The intent of the project, through both modeling methods, was to increase the understanding of the loads on and the response of a floating tube in waves and currents. Future work could include an increase number of replicates for better accuracy, additional test frequencies and tow speeds, alternate attachment techniques, and testing at larger scales for comparison.
The Conceptualization of Anorexia: The Pro-Ana Perspective:

This qualitative content analysis examined mission statements of pro-anorexia websites to gain a better understanding of how these individuals conceptualize the function of self-starvation. The results indicated that there is substantial diversity within this online community. Specifically, some pro-anorexia authors defined anorexia as an illness and disease from which recovery is not possible, while others suggested that anorexia is a lifestyle and chosen way of life. Clinical implications are discussed, including assessment and treatment considerations.
The Development and Initial Validation of the Empathy Scale for Social Workers

Empathy is a core principle essential to social work. Despite this emphasis, minimal empirical research of empathy has been undertaken by social work researchers. The purpose of this study was to develop and initially validate the Empathy Scale for Social Workers (ESSW). The ESSW is a 41-item self-report inventory designed to assess empathy in social work practitioners. The sample (N = 271) consisted of social workers who had attained the Master of Social Work (MSW) degree. Findings revealed promising psychometric properties for the ESSW, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) demonstrated content, construct, and factorial validity. Results were encouraging and they lay the ground work for the continued development of the ESSW. This scale addresses a gap in social work knowledge regarding the empirical evaluation of empathy. Results have implications for social work as the scale may be used to assess student training needs and/or as a screening tool for social work supervisors and practitioners.
The East Boston Memory Test : A clinical screening measure for memory impairment in the elderly

Comparisons between the East Boston Memory Test (EBMT), a brief verbal memory measure used in epidemiological studies with dementia, selected Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) subtests, and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were investigated with 23 geriatric patients diagnosed with dementia. Significant correlations between the EBMT and WMS-R verbal subtests were predicted and occurred (r = .42 to .64). A five minute EBMT recall correlated most highly with the WMS-R Logical Memory subtests. The sensitivity of the EBMT in detecting cognitive impairment was investigated and compared with the sensitivity of the MMSE. The EBMT correctly classified 78% of subjects, compared to a 70% correct classification rate with the MMSE. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research directions are discussed.
The Lyman Edge Test of the Quasar Emission Mechanism

The Lyman edge region in the spectra of 11 high-redshift quasars is studied using data designed to detect broadened Lyman edge absorption predicted by thermal models of the 'big blue bump' continuum component, especially thin accretion disks. Three objects have broadened, partial edges near the systemic redshifts, as expected for thermal models. In two cases, however, narrow Lyamn lines with the edge absorption, ruling out the disk interpretation. Thus, the data are negative for thermal models, at least for opaque thin accretion disks.
Modified z-source DC circuit breaker topologies

The z-source breaker has been introduced as a new circuit for quickly and automatically switching off in response to faults. A modified z-source breaker design is introduced for operation at medium-voltage dc with future applications in naval ship power systems. Compared to existing designs the respective design will allow for step changes in load. This new design also limits capacitor current in the circuit and can be easily modified for fault detection. Analysis of the breaker operation is presented during both fault and step changes in load. Low voltage laboratory validation of the breaker was carried out on two different versions of the proposed circuit.
Fracture Behavior of ZrO2-Zr Composites

Zirconium oxide-zirconium 2-phase alloys with composition 40 at.% Zr-60 at.% O (23 vol% metal phase) were prepared by hot-pressing mixtures of the oxide and the metal powders. The microstructure consisted of oxide grains completely surrounded by the metal phase. The effective fracture surface energy, γeff, was determined using the double cantilever beam (DCB) technique and crack lengths were determined by compliance calibration. Rapidly cooled specimens, in which the tetragonal to monoclinic phase transition would cause residual stresses, exhibited γeff values as much as 70% greater than stress-relieved specimens (65 J/m2 and 38 J/m2, respectively). A shift in the tetragonal ⇋ monoclinic transition temperature in the as-hot-pressed and the rapidly cooled specimens, compared to the stress-relieved specimens, confirmed the existence of residual stresses. The fracture strength, σeff, measured in 3-point bending, was found to be independent of the thermal treatments. Scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy revealed that the fracture is transgranular.
Family Characteristics and Child Welfare Services: Does the Assessment Drive Service Provision?

A process study was performed on a program that was designed to prevent ineffective foster placement, to determine the match between family problems identified during assessment and subsequent services provided to the family. The individualization and “fit” of services to specific family needs is the foundation of assessment practice, but little research has documented the extent to which fit occurs. This study of 115 families and their services found that fit is best when concrete, rather than clinical, services are provided, but that parenting issues continue to drive the provision of all services.
Environmental Statistics---A Personal View

Summary The field of environmental statistics is one of rapid growth at the moment. Environmental decisionmaking is prevalent in much of the world, and politicians and other decision makers are requesting new tools for understanding the state of the environment. In this paper, three case studies involving water pollution, air pollution, and climate change assessment are presented, together with brief descriptions some other areas of environmental statistics. A discussion of future directions of the field concludes the paper. Resume Le domaine des statistiques environnementales est en developpement tres rapide. Dans la plupart des pays, on a tres souvent besoin de prendre des decisions relatives a l'environnement. Ainsi, politiciens et autres decideurs demandent de nouveaux instruments pour comprendre l'etat de l'environnement. Dans cet article, on presente trois etudes de cas concernant la pollution de l'eau et de l'air et le changement de climat, accompagies par des descriptions courtes d'autres domaines relatifs aux statistiques environnementales. On conclut par une discussion sur des directions futures dans le domaine.
Particulate nature of glycolate dehydrogenase in Euglena: Possible localization in microbodies

Abstract By using a gentle grinding procedure prior to differential and equilibrium centrifugation, glycolate dehydrogenase was found to be particulate in a streptomycin-bleached strain of Euglena gracilis . Its inhibition by cyanide, ability to oxidize D-lactate, and apparent insensitivity to oxygen indicate it to be the same enzyme previously characterized as a soluble enzyme in several species of green algae, including Euglena . It is speculated that this algal glycolate dehydrogenase may be localized in microbodies as is the glycolate oxidase of higher plants.
Crystal Structure of the Eukaryotic Strong Inward-Rectifier K+ Channel Kir2.2 at 3.1 Å Resolution

Inward-rectifier potassium (K+) channels conduct K+ ions most efficiently in one direction, into the cell. Kir2 channels control the resting membrane voltage in many electrically excitable cells, and heritable mutations cause periodic paralysis and cardiac arrhythmia. We present the crystal structure of Kir2.2 from chicken, which, excluding the unstructured amino and carboxyl termini, is 90% identical to human Kir2.2. Crystals containing rubidium (Rb+), strontium (Sr2+), and europium (Eu3+) reveal binding sites along the ion conduction pathway that are both conductive and inhibitory. The sites correlate with extensive electrophysiological data and provide a structural basis for understanding rectification. The channel’s extracellular surface, with large structured turrets and an unusual selectivity filter entryway, might explain the relative insensitivity of eukaryotic inward rectifiers to toxins. These same surface features also suggest a possible approach to the development of inhibitory agents specific to each member of the inward-rectifier K+ channel family.
The 5′-Flanking Sequence and Regulatory Elements of the Cystatin S Gene

Abstract The gene encoding rat cystatin S (Cys S), a salivary gland-specific secretory protein, has CAAT and TATA boxes upstream of the inititation codon (Cox and Shaw, 1992), and contains regions that resemble those of other hormonally responsive eukaryotic genes. The 5′-flanking sequence of the rat Cys S gene has a potential CREB/AP-1 binding site (Rupp et al., 1990; Trejo et al., 1992), two potential glucocorticoid responsive elements (GREs, Drouin et al., 1989), and a possible GR/PR (glucocorticoid/progesterone) responsive element (Forman and Samuels, 1990). One of these potential GREs is adjacent to a potential AP-2 binding site, and another is typical of the glucocorticoid and progesterone receptor binding site. In this report, we have identified three regions in the 5′-flanking region of the Cys S gene that are found in salivary gland-specific genes (Ting et al., 1992) with a GT-rich region located between conserved elements II and III. Transfection experiments described in this paper suggest that a 281-bp DNA fragment from the Cys S gene promoter region with conserved elements II and III, the GT-rich region, and a possible GR/PR responsive element contains a negative regulatory element. In addition, our experiments suggest that the GT-rich region by itself is acting as a positive regulatory element.
Editorial overview: Third wave behavior therapies

NM 87131, USA k.e.vowles@gmail.comKevin completed his PhD in clinicalpsychology at West Virginia University in2004 and post-doctoral fellowship at theUniversity of Virginia the following year. From2005 to 2012, he held joint positions in and with the National HealthService in the United Kingdom. He has beenon faculty in the Department of Psychology atthe University of New Mexico since 2012,where he is an Associate Professor. Hisclinical and academic activities have focusedon the assessment and effectiverehabilitation of individuals with chronic pain,an area within which he has published over55 articles since beginning his doctoraltraining in 2002.