cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3D Joint Inversion of Gradient And Total-field Magnetic Data

Recently, the processing of aeromagnetic data to account for leveling has developed into the use of gradients. Utilizing multiple magnetometers allows for the measurement of magnetic gradients and minimizes the diurnal variation and other common-mode noise. We extend the use of these data to quantitative interpretation through 3D inversion. We make use of a well-known relationship between the derivatives of the magnetic field and the derivative of its source to relate both data sets to a common source distribution. Our approach treats the observed gradients as an additional and independent dataset instead of being just supplemental information. These data are incorporated to spatially constrain the recovered model that will fit the total-field and gradient data. We present the methodology of the joint inversion technique and demonstrate it with a synthetic and field example.
A METHOD FOR INTENSITY LABELLING OF FUNGI FOR ECOLOGICAL STUDIES

inoculated with 1 cm2 squares of mycelium. The soil extract was enriched with 0.5 g MgSO,, 0.5 g K.HPO4, 10 g dextrose, and 0.25 g yeast extract per liter. One mc of 65Zn (as ZnCl2 in 0.5 N HC1) was added, per 100 ml of medium. Flasks were incubated at 25 + 1 C, in a regulated area, due to the high radiation level (< 50 mR/hr, outside the incubator door). A standing crop of ca. 130 mg dry wt per flask was obtained after 1 week's growth. In preliminary trials, still cultures took up only 1-2% of the 65Zn in the medium. Later on, flasks were shaken for a few seconds daily to ensure maximal labelling of the mycelium. Under these conditions, there was a net transfer of
Early Treatment Critical: Bexarotene Reduces Amyloid-Beta Burden In Silico

Amyloid-beta peptides have long been implicated in the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease. Bexarotene, a drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treating a class of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, has been reported to facilitate the removal of amyloid-beta. We have developed a mathematical model to explore the efficacy of bexarotene treatment in reducing amyloid-beta load, and simulate amyloid-beta production throughout the lifespan of diseased mice. Both aspects of the model are based on and consistent with previous experimental results. Beyond what is known empirically, our model shows that low dosages of bexarotene are unable to reverse symptoms in diseased mice, but dosages at and above an age-dependent critical concentration can recover healthy brain cells. Further, early treatment was shown to have significantly improved efficacy versus treatment in older mice. Relevance with respect to bexarotene-based amyloid-beta-clearance mechanism and direct treatment for Alzheimer’s disease is emphasized.
SIRT6 Suppresses Pancreatic Cancer through Control of Lin28b

Chromatin remodeling proteins are frequently dysregulated in human cancer, yet little is known about how they control tumorigenesis. Here, we uncover an epigenetic program mediated by the NAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylase Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) that is critical for suppression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), one of the most lethal malignancies. SIRT6 inactivation accelerates PDAC progression and metastasis via upregulation of Lin28b, a negative regulator of the let-7 microRNA. SIRT6 loss results in histone hyperacetylation at the Lin28b promoter, Myc recruitment, and pronounced induction of Lin28b and downstream let-7 target genes, HMGA2, IGF2BP1, and IGF2BP3. This epigenetic program defines a distinct subset with a poor prognosis, representing 30%-40% of human PDAC, characterized by reduced SIRT6 expression and an exquisite dependence on Lin28b for tumor growth. Thus, we identify SIRT6 as an important PDAC tumor suppressor and uncover the Lin28b pathway as a potential therapeutic target in a molecularly defined PDAC subset. PAPERCLIP.
Custom-Built Miniature Continuous Crystallization System with Pressure-Driven Suspension Transfer

At the bench scale, the transfer of solid–liquid streams between reaction vessels or crystallizers that operate continuously poses a significant problem. Reduced equipment size of pumps and valves (i.e., approaching that on the microfluidic scale) means even further reduced orifices in which suspensions must attempt to flow. It forces bridging of solids and leads to blockages in flow. This study presents a new pressure-driven flow crystallizer (PDFC) with a custom-built suspension transfer pumping system. In the system, a dip tube is used to carry suspension between crystallizers by controlling the pressure differences of the crystallizers. This novel system has a small footprint on the scale of similar benchtop flow synthesis systems and has been demonstrated to operate continuously with intermittent withdrawal for at least 24 h. The system accommodates both cooling and antisolvent crystallization. It is compatible with a variety of solvents, can handle crystals with large and small aspect ratios, and ca...
Land cover changes associated with recent energy development in the Williston Basin; Northern Great Plains, USA.

Abstract The Williston Basin in the Northern Great Plains has experienced rapid energy development since 2000. To evaluate the land cover changes resulting from recent (2000–2015) development, the area and previous land cover of all well pads (pads) constructed during this time were determined, the amount of disturbed and reclaimed land adjacent to pads was estimated, land cover changes were analyzed over time for three different well types, and the effects from future development were predicted. The previous land cover of the 12,990 ha converted to pads was predominately agricultural (49.5%) or prairie (47.4%) with lesser amounts of developed (2.3%), aquatic (0.5%), and forest (0.4%). Additionally, 12,121 ha has likely been disturbed and reclaimed. The area required per gas well remained constant through time while the land required per oil well increased initially and then decreased as development first shifted from conventional to unconventional drilling and then to multi-bore pads. For non-oil-and-gas wells (i.e. stratigraphic test wells, water wells, and injection wells), the area per well increased through time likely due to increased produced water disposal requirements. Future land cover change is expected to be 2.7 times greater than recent development with much of the development occurring in five counties in the core Bakken development area. Direct land cover change and disturbance from recent and expected development are predicted to affect 0.4% of the landscape across the basin; however, in the core Bakken development area, 2.3% of the landscape will be affected including 2.1% of the remaining grassland. Although future development will result in significant land cover change, evolving industry practices and proactive siting decisions, such as development along energy corridors and placing pads in areas previously altered by human activity, have the potential to reduce the ecological effects of future energy development in the Williston Basin.
Evolution and Reconstitution of Markets

Marketing, world over, evolved from primitive and simple transactions to lengthening and complex chains. Today, it is on the threshold of yet another round of transformation marked by vertical coordination, improved technology and altered managerial practices.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ and Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation

Publisher Summary One salient feature of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation is the loss of intracellular vitamin A. This occurs both in vitro and in vivo. A mechanistic link among vitamin A depletion, HSC activation, and liver fibrosis is supported by in vivo findings that treatment of rats with retinol ameliorates liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CC14), whereas this experimental liver fibrosis is exacerbated by vitamin A deficiency. In contrast, vitamin A supplementation aggravates liver injury and fibrosis caused by CC14 or alcohol. However, these latter effects likely reflect enhanced oxidative injury of hepatocytes via metabolism of retinoids by induced microsomal cytochromes. Treatment of cultured HSC with all-trans retinoic acid (RA) causes suppression of cell proliferation, collagen, and transforming growth factor -β production. Spontaneous activation of cultured HSC is associated with the release of retinol into the medium, a process that is enhanced by Kupffer cell-conditioned medium.
Unspoken Insurgencies: Interpretive Publics in Contentious Politics:

This essay uses the 2014 protests in Thailand in which demonstrators silently brandished The Hunger Games’s three-fingered salute as a lens through which to analyze nonverbal communication in conte...
Analyticity in the Theoretical Language: Is a Different Account Really Necessary?

Recent essays by Michael Friedman1 and William Demopoulos2 on Carnap’s late approach to analyticity in the theoretical language make a convincing case for the continuing philosophic interest of this part of Carnap’s work. The present essay is intended not to disagree with any of these essays but to raise a logically prior worry as to whether Carnap’s account of analyticity here is well motivated and consistent with other attractive aspects of his view. To do this I outline, in §1, Frank Ramsey’s approach to theories and the so-called Ramsey sentence. This will allow us to trace the steps by which Carnap came to use the Ramsey sentence in developing an account of analyticity for the theoretical language. Then, in §2, I articulate my own uneasiness with what I see as Carnap’s motivation. Finally, in §3, I express my practical reservations about how well Carnap’s approach fits with other aspects of his view. This is not intended as a refutation but rather as a reflection on how we can learn from Carnap and as a reminder of how much more we have to do.
The functions of store-operated calcium channels.

Abstract Store-operated calcium channels provide calcium signals to the cytoplasm of a wide variety of cell types. The basic components of this signaling mechanism include a mechanism for discharging Ca 2 + stores (commonly but not exclusively phospholipase C and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate), a sensor in the endoplasmic reticulum that also serves as an activator of the plasma membrane channel (STIM1 and STIM2), and the store-operated channel (Orai1, 2 or 3). The advent of mice genetically altered to reduce store-operated calcium entry globally or in specific cell types has provided important tools to understand the functions of these widely encountered channels in specific and clinically important physiological systems. This review briefly discusses the history and cellular properties of store-operated calcium channels, and summarizes selected studies of their physiological functions in specific physiological or pathological contexts. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: ECS Meeting edited by Claus Heizmann, Joachim Krebs and Jacques Haiech.
NMDAR Encephalitis Following Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis

Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE) is often associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and despite appropriate treatment with antivirals, worsening of neurological symptoms or relapse occurs in a subset of patients. Recent data suggests that many relapses are likely caused by a secondary immune response, with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibody being the most commonly associated autoantibody. We provide a review of the relevant literature, examining the relationship between HSVE and development of autoimmunity. Autoantibodies, including pathogenic NMDAR antibody, have been demonstrated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients following HSVE. This occurs usually several weeks following initial HSV infection. There is growing evidence of a relationship between HSVE and the subsequent development of NMDAR encephalitis. Possible mechanisms include molecular mimicry or an immune response to direct neuronal damage. Future studies should address if the use of immunotherapy can prevent the development of autoimmunity following HSVE.
Window-of-opportunity: neonatal gut microbiota and atopy

The microorganisms within the gastrointestinal tract have received considerable attention in recent years as new tools and faster, less expensive genomics approaches, have allowed for associations between microbial behavior and disease (1). Colonization of our GI tract occurs at birth and remains unstable until approximately 3 years of age, a stage of life during which time major physiological systems such as the immune system also develop (2). Longitudinal tracking studies have suggested that this early period is critical in predisposing us to conditions, such as asthma (2,3). By profiling the microbial community using 16s rRNA gene sequencing, Fujimura et al. showed that neonates could be grouped into three broad microbiota conformations. One of these conformations was significantly associated with higher risk of developing atopy, an allergic hypersensitization predisposing individuals to asthma (4) but was only detectable in children under 6 months of age. Furthermore, by using sterile fecal water in T cell polarization assays, Fujimura et al. linked the microbial state with a functional readout relevant to disease (4). This is significant because it identifies a potential window-of-opportunity to identify at-risk individuals and, if a causative mechanism can be revealed, intervene prophylactically to reduce susceptibility.
Spectroscopy 101: A Practical Introduction to Spectroscopy and Analysis for Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Laboratories

An undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory that provides an introduction to various spectroscopic techniques is reported. Whereas organic spectroscopy is most often learned and practiced in the context of reaction analyses, this laboratory experiment allows students to become comfortable with 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and IR spectroscopy, in addition to mass spectrometry. The laboratory experiment also teaches students how to perform thin-layer chromatography. The specific compound analyzed is isoamyl acetate, commonly known as “banana oil”. With the skills acquired from completing this laboratory experiment early in a given course, students are well-prepared to perform spectroscopic analyses in subsequent experiments encountered in their organic chemistry laboratory course.
Review of Teaching Controversial Issues, The Case for Critical Thinking and Moral Commitment in the Classroom

Political science courses should lend themselves to teaching controversial issues, but I suspect that many political scientists do less teaching in this area than we could. And I suspect much of th...
Cryptography in a post-quantum world: poster

Lattice-based hard problems are a leading candidate for implementation in future public key cryptographic schemes due to their conjectured quantum resilience. Lattice-based problems offer certain advantages over non-lattice-based cryptosystems, such as a relatively short key length [3] and versatility, since lattice cryptosystems can offer both encryption schemes (to securely transmit data from sender to receiver) and signature schemes (used for a receiver to verify that information actually originated from the claimed sender) [2]. Notably they are also the only known class of problems which give rise to fully homomorphic encryption schemes, in which computations can be securely performed on encrypted data [1]. Many of the 2017 submissions to the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography challenge are based on lattice problems [4].Some lattice cryptosystems, most notably the ring-LWE [7] scheme proposed in 2013, rely on solving a hard problem over a subclass of lattices known as ideal lattices. However, it is currently unknown whether the additional algebraic structure found in ideal lattices make them less secure for cryptographic purposes, although it is widely conjectured that the ideal case is as secure as the general case [1].In this poster presentation, we give an overview of past attempts to approach a lattice hard problem known as the shortest vector problem (SVP) in a class of ideal lattices generated using the cyclotomic integers, which is a type of mathematical object known as a ring. The cyclotomic integers have a lot of algebraic structure, and some researchers have speculated that this structure could potentially make these lattices less secure [6]. The discovery that the ideal-lattice based cryptosystem Soliloquy is not quantum-secure [5] has motivated cryptographers to examine the feasibility of using new types of rings to generate lattices, such as the variant of the crytosystem NTRU proposed in [6]. This poster will include our preliminary results on the security of the SVP in ideal lattices generated in a ring which has been previously unstudied and discuss the practically of using the ring in place of the cyclotomic integers in some lattice cryptosystems.
Rethinking the Impact of War: Elevating Protections for the Displaced

Broader conflict trends indicate that casualties from war are declining. Despite a recent upsurge in fatalities stemming from the Syria conflict, aggregate battlefield fatalities, civilian casualties and casualties from one-sided violence have all registered significant declines, particularly in relation to major wars of the twentieth century. Global displacement trends are the exception. Cumulative displacement and annual displacement flows stand at record highs – the latest figures indicate over 71 million persons displaced with 16.2 million new displacements in 2017. This challenges conventional understanding of civilian protection trends. This paper presents an empirical analysis of recent conflict trends, focusing on global displacement compared to civilian fatality figures. It discusses the implications of these findings and offer explanations for why global displacement is increasing so rapidly. It examines the relative success of the international community in reducing civilian fatalities in war and offers explanations for why the international community has contrastingly failed to reduce rates of displacement. Finally, it offers suggestions for strengthening the norm against forced displacement to alleviate the crisis in displacement.
Integrative Windowing

In this paper we re-investigate windowing for rule learning algorithms. We show that, contrary to previous results for decision tree learning, windowing can in fact achieve significant run-time gains in noise-free domains and explain the different behaviour of rule learning algorithms by the fact that they learn each rule independently. The main contribution of this paper is integrative windowing, a new type of algorithm that further exploits this property by integrating good rules into the final theory right after they have been discovered. Thus it avoids re-learning these rules in subsequent iterations of the windowing process. Experimental evidence in a variety of noise-free domains shows that integrative windowing can in fact achieve substantial run-time gains. Furthermore, we discuss the problem of noise in windowing and present an algorithm that is able to archieve run-time gains in a set of experiments in a simple domain with artificial noise.
Abstract 4948: T helper 2 cells block breast cancer promotion

New immune-based strategies for cancer treatment including the activation of tumor-infiltrating CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) have led to effective therapeutics against late-stage disease. However, the function of the immune system in combating the early-stage cancers remains uncertain. To establish a mechanism that activates immune cells against early carcinogenesis, we have studied the role of an epithelial-derived cytokine, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), in early stages of breast cancer development. We have previously discovered that TSLP blocks breast carcinogenesis through the activation of CD4 + T cells that heavily infiltrate the sites of developing cancer in the breast gland without affecting the normal tissue.To investigate the mechanism by which TSLP-stimulated CD4 + T cells suppress spontaneous breast cancer development, we used MMTV-PyMT transgenic mouse models (PyMT tg ) that spontaneously develop breast tumors and resemble the human luminal breast cancer. These mice were crossed into TSLP transgenic mice that produce TSLP under the promoter of a skin-specific keratin 14 promoter (K14-TSLP tg ), plus additional knockouts including TSLPR-/- and IL4r α ;-/-. Tumor development was arrested in K14-TSLP tg ;PyMT tg mice compared to PyMT tg counterparts as their tumors failed to progress to high grade. The tumor suppressive mechanism of CD4 + T cells was mediated by a block in cancer cell proliferation, but not by cytotoxicity. Polarization of CD4 + T cells into T helper 2 (Th2) subtype was essential for blocking breast tumor development, and the tumor suppression was achieved by CD4 + T cells in the absence of CD8 + T and B cells. Finally, we found the basal levels of TSLP released by premalignant breast epithelial cells to be protective against the early phases of breast cancer development.In conclusion, we demonstrate that CD4 + Th2 cells block early stages of breast carcinogenesis. TSLP stimulated CD4 + Th2 cells induce an arrest in cancer cell proliferation, which represents a novel mode of immunity with great potential for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Citation Format: Margherita Boieri, Anna Malishkevich, Lauren Steidl, Kenneth Ngo, Sowmya Iyer, Mary Awad, Johannes Kreuzer, Wilhelm Haas, Miguel Rivera, Shadmehr Demehri. T helper 2 cells block breast cancer promotion [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4948.
The effects of local irradiation on circulating lymphocytes in dogs receiving fractionated radiotherapy

Localized radiation therapy can be an effective treatment for cancer but is associated with localized and systemic side effects. Several studies have noted changes in complete blood count (CBC) parameters including decreases in the absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) and increases in the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (NLR). These changes could reflect immunosuppression and may contribute to decreased efficacy of immunotherapies used to treat cancer. We hypothesized that dogs would demonstrate decreased ALCs during a course of radiotherapy. A retrospective study was conducted on 203 dogs receiving definitive-intent radiotherapy. Demographic information, CBC values and details of the radiotherapy protocol were collected. The mean lymphocyte count pre-treatment was 1630.68 cells/μL (SD ± 667.56) with a mean NLR of 3.66 (SD ± 4.53). The mean lymphocyte count mid-treatment was 1251.07 cells/μL (SD ± 585.96) and the mean NLR was 6.23 (SD ± 4.99). There was a significant decrease in the mean lymphocyte count by 351.41 lymphocytes/μL (SD ± 592.32) between pre-treatment and mid-treatment (P < .0001), and a corresponding significant increase in the mean NLR of 0.93 (P = .02). Lymphopenia grade increased in 33.5% of dogs and was significant (P = .03). The ALC decrease was not correlated with the volume irradiated (P = .27), but correlated with the irradiated volume:body weight ratio (P = .03). A subset of patients (n = 35) with additional CBCs available beyond the mid-treatment time point demonstrated significant and sustained downward trends in the ALC compared with baseline. Although severe lymphopenia was rare, these decreases, especially if sustained, could impact adjuvant therapy for their cancer.
Practical guide for inelastic mean free paths, effective attenuation lengths, mean escape depths, and information depths in x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Information is provided on four terms that are used for different purposes in x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS): the inelastic mean free path (IMFP), the effective attenuation length (EAL), the mean escape depth (MED), and the information depth (ID). While the IMFP is a parameter that depends on both the material and electron energy, the other three terms depend on the IMFP, the instrumental configuration, and the magnitude of elastic-scattering effects in the sample material. In addition, different EALs can be defined for different XPS applications, and the numerical values for each application can differ. Guidance is given on sources of IMFP and EAL data and on predictive equations for IMFPs, EALs, MEDs, and IDs. This guide is one of a series intended to highlight best practices in the use of XPS.
The Changing Demography of Rural and Small-Town America

The rural United States is sometimes viewed as a paragon of stability, but demographic change has been a constant. Rural and small-town America is diverse, dynamic, and relational to (rather than separate from) urban places. Dominant demographic trends in the rural U.S. over recent decades include depopulation (driven by population aging and youth out-migration), increasing ethnoracial diversity (especially as linked to Hispanic population growth), and in-migration to select areas associated with metropolitan adjacency (i.e., exurban growth), retirement destinations, and natural amenities. This special issue of Population Research and Policy Review assembled a group of papers focused squarely on the changing demography of rural and small-town America in the early twenty-first century that address issues of broad interest to demographers: population growth and decline, fertility, mortality, migration, ethnoracial composition, and economic inequality. The prospect is for a rural America marked by ever more diversity and inequality within and between places. Our hope is that these articles, and the broader spectrum of scholarship on rural demography they represent, will inspire the next generation of research in this area.
Partner Notification Services for Patients with Established and New HIV Infection Leads to Diagnosis and Linkage of HIV-Positive Partners

Offering people living with HIV the opportunity to refer partners for HIV testing is an efficient way of identifying new HIV diagnoses. This report describes the outcomes of physician-led partner services at an urban academic center. Patients with HIV VL > 1000 copies/mL in both inpatient and outpatient settings were offered partner notification services (PNS). Of referred partners, 8.7% had a new diagnosis of HIV. New HIV+ partners were as likely to be referred by patients with existing HIV diagnoses as new diagnoses (p = 0.61), and as likely to be referred by patients interviewed while hospitalized as those in the clinic (p = 0.61).
Physical Performance of Children Taught by Special Teachers and by Classroom Teachers

Abstract Results of the AAHPER Physical Fitness Test given to children in two types of teaching situations were compared. Girls having special teachers were found to have scored significantly better in 14 of 35 classification events, and boys, in 20. The differences found indicate that, as far as the measured performances are concerned, a concerted effort to provide special teachers of physical education for grades 5 through 8 seems well worthwhile.
Political marketing with data analytics

Social media played a significant role in past Presidential elections, and it is very likely that this form of communication will continue to influence political campaigns. Can analytics uncover the linguistic “plot arcs” and resulting sentiment or emotion in political text? This paper examines how natural language processing (NLP) and data visualization tools and methods in analytics can play a key role in marketing political candidates. Using publicly available text messages, the authors employ NLP techniques to transform the text observations from the past campaigns of Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump into a linguistic “corpus” and story arc visualizations. The methodology includes the use of Syuzhet and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) models. The resulting data visualizations reveal the story arcs associated with the candidate’s communications, and they provide a means to analyze the unbiased political sentiment or hidden emotion in the text. In an analysis of the results, the authors found distinctly different story arcs and vocabulary usage among the three Presidential candidates. The contribution to the literature is a methodology for extracting the story and the resulting sentiment from text messages for marketing campaigns. The authors suggest that the techniques used in this paper can assist future research on marketing other products or services that utilize computer-mediated communications.
Quantifying Worsened Glycemic Control During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

AIMS: We hypothesized that glycemic control in outpatients, measured by HbA1c, was worse during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic than in 2019. We sought to quantify how much worse and to determine if social determinants of health were associated with these differences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were extracted from the electronic medical records of 2 cohorts of patients seen in the family medicine clinic of a southeastern academic health center. Three hundred patients with baseline HbA1c results as well as HbA1c results in May 2019 or May 2020 were evaluated. RESULTS: The groups had similar mean baseline HbA1c (7.65, SD = 1.50 for 2019; 7.61, SD = 1.71 for 2020; P = .85). Mean May HbA1c decreased from baseline in 2019 (7.19, SD = 1.45) but rose in 2020 (7.63, SD = 1.73), a statistically significant difference (P < .01). Controlling for age, gender, race, and insurance status, HbA1c in May 2020 (meanadj = 7.73) was significantly higher than in May 2019 (meanadj = 7.16). CONCLUSIONS: During the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, glycemic control in our patient population was significantly worse than during the same period in 2019 (mean HbA1c difference = 0.57). Contrary to our expectations, we did not find associations between patient demographic variables and glycemic control, including race.
Exploring experience of and engagement in coercive pregnancy behaviors among sexually active young men from five clinics in Baltimore, MD.

Abstract Objectives To explore young men's perceived experience of coercive pregnancy behaviors by female partners, and engagement in and behavioral overlap of these occurrences in this sample. Study design Heterosexually active young men aged 15 to 24 (n = 39), recruited from 3 primary care and 2 sexually transmitted disease clinics in Baltimore, MD city over a 2-week period, were surveyed on their perceived experience of and engagement in coercive pregnancy behaviors, attitudes about women, and background characteristics. Results Of 130 invited, 66 (51%) agreed to participate, 39 of whom were heterosexual young men; 87% were non-Hispanic Black and 59% were aged 20 to 24. Eleven (28%) perceived one or more coercive pregnancy behaviors by a partner and nine (23%) engaged in one or more coercive behavior. Most (58%) agreed women are responsible for birth control decisions, but 55% believed women could not be trusted to tell the truth about contraceptive use and 68% believe women would like to get pregnant. Conclusions Over one-third of young men in this sample perceived experience of coercive pregnancy behaviors by partners and/or engaged in these behaviors. Findings have implications for promoting healthy relationships among young people. Implications This study found over one-third of young men perceived experience of coercive pregnancy behaviors by partners and/or engaged in these behaviors. Findings highlight the need for research to include young men in examining coercive pregnancy behaviors. Findings also highlight the need to develop strategies to support educational and clinical approaches to address young men's role as partners in healthy contraceptive practices.
Copper and Copper Enzymes in the Development and Treatment of Cancer

Recent work on copper and cancer has centered on the use of low molecular weight copper complexes with superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity for cancer therapy. The rationale for using such compounds is based on extensive studies of SOD activity in normal and malignant tissues. As the Cu-Zn SOD is a copper containing protein, changes in copper metabolism, should they occur in cancer, could alter levels of this enzyme. However, changes in copper metabolism, which are directly linked to cancer have been reported for relatively few malignancies. Copper complexes have also been used to block tumor promotion, suggesting superoxide is involved at this step of carcinogenisis. I will attempt to summarize these various findings in this paper, making reference to various reviews for a more extensive discussion of these areas.
A neural networks application in auditing: an experimental study

This is an experimental study which investigates a potential neural networks application in auditing. An artificial neural network is constructed to perform a well-known and critical task in auditing - audit risk assessment. Training data is extracted from real world cases and results are evaluated. >
MULTI-BUMP ORBITS HOMOCLINIC TO RESONANCE BANDS

We establish the existence of several classes of multi-bump orbits homoclinic to resonance bands for completely-integrable Hamiltonian systems subject to small-amplitude Hamiltonian or dissipative perturbations. Each bump is a fast excursion away from the resonance band, and the bumps are interspersed with slow segments near the resonance band. The homoclinic orbits, which include multi-bump Silnikov orbits, connect equilibria and periodic orbits in the resonance band. The main tools we use in the existence proofs are the exchange lemma with exponentially small error and the existence theory of orbits homoclinic to resonance bands which make only one fast excursion away from the resonance bands.
Traditional Military Activities in Cyberspace: Preparing for "Netwar"

This article examines the domestic law concep of "traditional military activity" as applied in the cyberspace domain, examining the distinctions between "covert action" that must be reported to Congress and military activity that is excluded from such reporting requirements. The array of traditional military activities that may occur in the Internet and other information environments without triggering covert action reporting requirements is explored through the prism of a historical examination of two types of military activity that contribute to the accomplishment of strategic surprise: positioning of forces and deception operations. A review of the legislative history of the Covert Action Reporting Statute, 50 USC 413b, reveals clear boundaries that are then examined in light of the historical examples and applicable cyberspace analogies. The article concludes that the same policy concerns requiring aggressive oversight of covert action are mitigated by the multi-layered review process inherent in the war planning process for traditional military activities.
A Review of “Logotopia: The Library in Architecture, Art and the Imagination”

Logotopia, we are told, “comes from the Ancient Greek logos, meaning “word,” and topos, meaning “place.” The library is a “word place,” “the ultimate confluence of language and architecture” (p. 7)...
TASKTEACH: A Method for Computer-Assisted Performance Training

A method for using a computer time-sharing system to assist the learning of serial tasks, from operating equipment to troubleshooting it, is described. The method is based on mediational theory. The current resurgence of interest in mediational theory in psychological research is noted, and parallels between experimental strategies and instructional strategies for evoking and manipulating mediating processes are pointed out. Categories of processes which mediate performance of serial tasks are described. Procedures for facilitating the learning of these processes are implemented by a computer program, called TASKTEACH. The program sustains the student's performance of complex serial tasks by giving him variable amounts of support while helping him learn and organize the processes which mediate his performance of these tasks. The program generates output to the student during the learning session by processing short lists and the prior responses of the student. The lists, which are input to the program rep...
Using the Extensible Markup Language (XML) As a Medium for Data Exchange

The amount of information being collected and stored electronically continues to increase as does the need to share this data among disparate applications and non-compatible computer systems. The eXtensible Markup Language (XML) was introduced to meet this challenge by providing a standardized way to exchange data. XML is being adopted rapidly, and is positioned to thrive in the electronic marketplace. A main premise behind Microsoft's .Net strategy and the recent release of Sun’s J2EE platform is the belief that XML marks a turning point in the evolution of the Internet and computing architectures. The power behind XML is its simplicity; however there is still much confusion about this technology. XML will evolve as its structure, its strengths, its weaknesses, and how it can be used more effectively are better understood. This paper includes an overview of XML and XML specifications and corresponding components, technical implementation requirements, the development of schemas for defining industry standard data definitions, a scenario employing XML technologies, and a discussion of the potential impact of XML on information systems.
The Question of "Equilibrium" in Human Action and the Everyday Paradox of Rationality

This paper first specifies how Schutz's analysis of deliberation determines the limits of rationality where individual human action is concerned. This analysis establishes that there is no equilibrium of alternative possibilities before or after deliberation. Next the paper specifies how Schutz's analysis of the typification that makes successful intersubjective action possible leads to the “paradox of rationality on the common sense level.” Finally, the paper explains how Schutz's analysis of “relevance” can provide an account for this paradox, and thereby point to an order of human interaction in the absence of equilibrium, all without violating the postulate of subjective interpretation.
Extensive Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis of the Newborn Associated with Therapeutic Hypothermia

: Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn is a form of panniculitis that most often occurs in full-term infants with predisposing risk factors. Three neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy were treated with therapeutic hypothermia and developed extensive subcutaneous fat necrosis. All three infants developed extensive subcutaneous fat necrosis, involving the back, scalp, and arms. Mild, asymptomatic hypercalcemia was noted in one infant in the weeks following the subcutaneous fat necrosis. Hypothermia as a risk factor for subcutaneous fat necrosis is reviewed. Clinicians should be aware of subcutaneous fat necrosis as a possible risk factor and complication associated with asphyxiated newborns who may undergo therapeutic hypothermia. Future studies for therapeutic hypothermia should evaluate neonates for the development of subcutaneous fat necrosis.
A Theoretical Structure of High School Concert Band Performance

This study used exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to verify a theoretical structure for high school concert band performance and to test that structure for viability, general...
Surface-mode behavior of air-core photonic-bandgap fibers

The relation between core size and surface modes in photonic-bandgap fibers is analyzed through numerical simulations. We present a simple criterion to predict the presence of surface modes and identify novel geometries that support no surface modes.
Discrete approach to stochastic parametrization and dimension reduction in nonlinear dynamics

Many physical systems are described by nonlinear differential equations that are too complicated to solve in full. A natural way to proceed is to divide the variables into those that are of direct interest and those that are not, formulate solvable approximate equations for the variables of greater interest, and use data and statistical methods to account for the impact of the other variables. In the present paper we consider time-dependent problems and introduce a fully discrete solution method, which simplifies both the analysis of the data and the numerical algorithms. The resulting time series are identified by a NARMAX (nonlinear autoregression moving average with exogenous input) representation familiar from engineering practice. The connections with the Mori–Zwanzig formalism of statistical physics are discussed, as well as an application to the Lorenz 96 system.
Stationary nonlinear surface waves and their stability in diffusive Kerr media.

Power versus effective-index stationary nonlinear surface-wave characteristics are determined for a linear-nonlinear dielectric interface and varying diffusion lengths. The threshold power for the existence of these waves increases linearly with increasing diffusion length. The stability criterion is found to be identical to the diffusion-less limit.
A step in another direction: looking for maternal genetic and environmental effects on racial differences in birth weight.

To advance research on birth weight differences between black and white infants, it may be useful to study maternal effects. These effects present a set of risk factors that are largely unrelated to those that are presently under investigation and fail to explain the gap in birth weight; empirical findings suggest their involvement. Although maternal effects can be environmental, as illustrated by recent findings, genetic effects could be important as well because gene frequencies are known to differ across the “racial” groups as studied by birth weight researchers, and maternal genes can exert a causal effect on birth weight.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of a brief intervention delivered to problem drinkers presenting at an inner-city hospital emergency department

Objective: Alcohol screening and brief intervention (SBI) has gained widespread acceptance as an effective method for reducing problem drinking in at-risk populations. This study examines the cost and cost-effectiveness of an SBI pilot program delivered in an inner-city hospital emergency department (ED) to a traditionally underserved population. Method: A total of 1,036 subjects were screened for problem drinking during their visit to an ED. Eligible participants (N = 294) were randomly assigned to either a brief intervention group or a control group. As the result of attrition, a final sample of 194 (90 brief intervention; 104 control) participants remained at follow-up. The intervention consisted of a brief counseling session and a health information packet. The control group received only the packet. Intervention cost data were collected and analyzed using the Drug Abuse Treatment Cost Analysis Program. Selected outcomes at the 3-month follow-up included the raw Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Te...
Reversal of in vivo drug resistance by the transforming growth factor-β inhibitor decorin

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has been implicated in the in vivo resistance of the EMT-6/CTX and EMT-6/CDDP murine mammary tumors. Both of these tumors have a higher number of intratumoral vessels than the EMT-6/parent tumor. Animals bearing the resistant tumors have higher plasma levels of TGF-β than animals bearing the parent tumors; however, upon treatment with cytotoxic therapies there is a greater rise in plasma TGF-β levels in animals bearing the parent tumor than in animals bearing the resistant tumor. In situ hybridization for TGF-β mRNA and immunohistochemical staining for TGF-β protein showed that the resistant tumor levels of this growth factor are higher than those of the parent tumor prior to treatment; however, after cytotoxic therapy the increase in TGF-β is greater in the parent tumor than in the resistant tumors. Treatment of tumor-bearing animals with the naturally occurring TGF-β inhibitor decorin did not alter the sensitivity of the parent tumor to cyclophosphamide or to CDDP as determined by tumor cell survival assay. However, administration of decorin increased the sensitivity of the EMT-6/CTX tumor to cyclophosphamide and of the EMT-6/CDDP tumor to CDDP so that the drug resistance of these tumors was nearly ablated. A similar pattern was observed in the drug response of the bone marrow granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor of animals bearing each of the 3 tumors. Int. J. Cancer, 71:49–58, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chronic corticosterone treatment induces parallel changes in N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit messenger RNA levels and antagonist binding sites in the hippocampus

Some of the effects of glucocorticoids on the function and neuronal plasticity of the hippocampus are mediated by N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor activation. We tested the hypothesis that chronic corticosterone administration increases N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor expression in the hippocampus of the rat. We used in situ hybridization histochemistry to measure the messenger RNA levels for the NR1, NR2A and NR2B subunits of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and [3H]dizocilpine maleate (a non-competitive antagonist) binding to measure N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor density. Since corticosterone depresses circulating testosterone levels, we also examined whether the effects of corticosterone are mediated by or interact with the effects of testosterone. In the intact animal, corticosterone increased messenger RNA levels for NR2A and NR2B but not NR1 subunits of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor in all regions of the hippocampus. Testosterone had no significant effect on messenger RNA levels of any of the subunits. The subunit composition determines the functional and pharmacological properties of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. We used ifenprodil inhibition of [3H]dizocilpine maleate binding, which has been used to distinguish NR2A- from NR2B-containing receptors, to determine whether corticosterone altered the proportion of high- and low-affinity sites for ifenprodil in parallel with the changes in subunit messenger RNA levels. Corticosterone increased the density of [3H]dizocilpine maleate binding sites without changing the dissociation constant for [3H]dizocilpine maleate or the proportion of high- and low-affinity sites for ifenprodil. These data suggest that the effects of corticosterone on hippocampal function are mediated, in part, by parallel increases in NR2A and NR2B subunit levels and the number of receptor channel binding sites.
Clinical Performance of Hybrid Capture 2 Human Papillomavirus Testing for Recurrent High-Grade Cervical/Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasm in Patients With an ASC-US Papanicolaou Test Result During Long-Term Posttherapy Follow-up Monitoring

Context.— Women who have been treated for high-grade cervical or vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN or VAIN) or invasive carcinoma are at risk for recurrent/persistent disease and require long-term monitoring. The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing in this setting is unclear. Objective.— To evaluate the clinical performance of the Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) HPV test for recurrent/residual high-grade CIN or VAIN in patients with a posttherapy abnormal squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) Papanicolaou test result. Design.— We reviewed the follow-up data on 100 patients who had an ASC-US Papanicolaou test and HC2 HPV results after treatment for high-grade CIN/VAIN or carcinoma. Human papillomavirus genotyping was performed for women with a negative HC2 result whose follow-up biopsy revealed CIN/VAIN 2+. Results.— The patients' mean age was 47 years. The HC2 test result was positive in 33% of the patients. Follow-up biopsy was available for 17 of these patients (52%) and for 25 of the ...