cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of the supplier's market orientation on the customer market orientation-performance relationship

Abstract Market orientation has been well studied within the firm but not across the supply chain. While firms rely more so on their suppliers for value creation in today's markets, research has not yet investigated the role of the supplier's market orientation relative to the focal firm's own market orientation and performance. Consequently, the current study seeks to expand the concept of market orientation from the level of the firm to the supply chain with dyadic archival and survey data from 482 firms (241 focal firm-supplier dyads). Our findings indicate that the supplier's market orientation has a direct and positive impact on the focal firm's ROA and that the strength of this relationship increases when firms operate in more uncertain (munificent, dynamic, and complex) business environments. Further, the supplier's market orientation partially mediates the relationship between the focal firm's market orientation and the focal firm's ROA, and the focal firm's market orientation also directly impacts its supplier's market orientation. These results therefore establish the complexity of market orientation within the supply chain to drive firm performance, thereby extending extant literature. As such, several noteworthy theoretical and managerial implications are presented.
Risk of hypertension in Cancer patients treated with Abiraterone: a meta-analysis

Hypertension is one of the major side effects associated with abiraterone in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. The specific contribution of abiraterone to hypertension has not been defined. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials to determine its overall risk. Databases including Pubmed (up to July 2018) and Google scholar (up to July 2018) were searched to identify relevant studies. Eligible studies were prospective randomized clinical trials with prostate cancer treated with abiraterone and prednisone. The incidence and relative risk (RR) of hypertension was calculated using random-effects or fixed-effects model depending on the heterogeneity of included studies. A total of five studies including 5445 patients were selected for analysis. Among patients receiving abiraterone, the overall incidences of all grade and high grade (grade 3 and 4) were 21.9% (95% CI: 13.6–33.2%) and 10.2% % (95% CI: 6.9–11.6%). Abiraterone was associated with a significantly increased risk of hypertension of all grade with a relative risk of 1.80 (95% CI: 1.47–2.19%, p < 0.001) and high grade with a relative risk of 2.11 (95%CI: 1.66–2.68%, p < 0.001) in comparison with controls. The risk of hypertension may be affected by concurrent use of prednisone with 5 mg daily is associated with higher incidence than that of prednisone 5 mg twice daily (32.4% vs 16.5%). There is a significant increase of developing hypertension in prostate cancer patients treated with abiraterone. Appropriate monitoring and management is strongly recommended to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events and treatment interruptions.
Complex network-based time series remote sensing model in monitoring the fall foliage transition date for peak coloration.

Abstract Vegetation phenological events, especially peak foliage coloration, are among the ecological phenomena that are most sensitive to climate change. Compared to spring seasonally recurring events, fall phenology remains much less understood. Remotely sensed monitoring of fall phenology provides a wealth of opportunities to understand the underlying processes and mechanisms. However, the gradual change of foliage color in the fall season makes it challenging to remotely estimate critical phenological transition dates. Particularly, the transition date for foliage peak coloration cannot be adequately captured via conventional curve fitting-based phenological models. Also the lack of consensus among the conventional models makes it desirable to explore new remotely sensed representations of the fall phenological process. In this study, we developed an innovative complex network-based phenological model, namely “pheno-network”, to estimate the fall foliage transition date for peak coloration. The pheno-network model characterizes the phenological process through analyzing the collective changes of spectral signatures along the temporal trajectory. A network measure, moving average bridging coefficient, is newly designed to estimate the phenological transition date. With Harvard Forest and Hubbard Brook Forest as reference sites, the results demonstrated that the transition date estimated through the devised pheno-network model corresponds well with the peak coloration period of the reference sites. The unique structure of the pheno-network formulated via spectral similarities differentiates the various roles of vegetation spectral signatures at different phenological stages. This study is the first attempt at introducing network science to time series remote sensing in modeling the complex phenological processes of vegetation. The innovative network-based phenological representation shows great potential in improving remotely sensed phenological monitoring and shedding light on the subsequent modeling of vegetation phenological responses to climate change.
New in Town

This is a story of three patients seen by a newly licensed physician shortly after completing residency training. The physician was born, raised, and educated in the northeastern United States before moving to Texas where he was unprepared to handle the cultural differences and challenges he faced. In this report, the author describes encounters with three patients who have a different approach to their own health. The first patient was an HIV-positive mother who preferred to rely on God for her healing. The second patient was also an HIV-positive individual who had a different interpretation of how to take his medications. Finally, the third patient was a woman with obsessive compulsive disorder who could not afford the bus fare to see a psychiatrist. In all the three cases, the author was touched by the plight and response of each patient.
Responsible parties, responsible government and the present crisis

In 1950 the Committee on Political Parties of the American Political Science Association (APSA) published ‘Toward a more responsible two-party system’ as a special supplement of the American Politi...
Phosphomannose isomerase. Isomerization of the predicted beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate.

Abstract Phosphomannose isomerase ( d -mannose 6-phosphate ketol-isomerase) (EC 5.3.1.8) has been shown to use the predicted β- d -fructose 6-phosphate as substrate. The fate of α- d -fructose 6-phosphate is not determined by these experiments. β- d -Mannose 6-phosphate is not anomerized to α- d -mannose 6-phosphate by this enzyme.
Chapter 9 – Linear Operators

In this chapter the study of linear mappings between normed linear spaces is begun, with the emphasis being on the case of bounded linear mappings on a Hilbert space. A number of specific examples are given and studied in detail. In the case of a bounded linear mapping on a Hilbert space, the adjoint operator is motivated and defined. Basic properties of the adjoint are established, and many of the earlier examples revisited, in order to determine the corresponding adjoint operator. The significance of the adjoint for solvability of linear operator equations is elaborated, and the notion of a Fredholm operator is presented.
Simulation-Based Estimates of Life Cycle Inventory Gate-to-Gate Process Energy Use for 151 Organic Chemical Syntheses

Process energy data is integral to the sustainability analysis of chemical products and processes. However, due to the lack of primary data from chemical plants, process energy calculations in chem...
A congener-specific and mixture analysis of plasma polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels and incident breast cancer.

BACKGROUND Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a diverse class of chemicals, are hypothesized mammary carcinogens. We examined plasma levels of 17 PCBs as individual congeners and as a mixture in association with breast cancer using a novel approach based on quantile g-computation. METHODS This study included 845 White and 562 Black women who participated in the population-based, case-control Carolina Breast Cancer Study Phase I. Cases (n = 748) were women with a first diagnosis of histologically confirmed, invasive breast cancer residing in 24 counties in central and eastern North Carolina; controls (n = 659) were women without breast cancer from the same counties. PCBs were measured in plasma samples obtained during the study interview. We estimated associations [covariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)] between individual PCB congeners and breast cancer using multivariable logistic regression. We assessed PCB mixtures using quantile g-computation and examined effect measure modification by race. RESULTS Comparing highest and lowest tertiles of PCBs resulted in ORs of 1.3 (95% CI = 0.95, 1.8) for congener 74, 1.4 (95% CI = 1.0, 1.9) for 99, 1.3 (95% CI = 0.91, 1.8) for 194, and 1.2 (95% CI = 0.90, 1.7) for 201. Among all women, we estimated a joint effect of the PCB mixture with an OR of 1.3 (95% CI = 0.98, 1.6) per tertile change. In race-stratified analyses, associations for tertiles of PCB mixtures were stronger among Black women (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.0, 2.3) than among White women (OR = 1.1; 95% CI = 0.81, 1.6). CONCLUSION Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that exposure to PCB mixtures increase the risk of breast cancer, but studies of populations with different exposure profiles are needed.
KNN based piezo-triboelectric lead-free hybrid energy films

Abstract In recent times, the triboelectric and piezoelectric effects have garnered significant attention towards developing advanced material composites for energy harvesting and sensory applications. In this work, potassium sodium niobate (KNN) based energy films (EF) have been developed to utilize mechanical energy while simultaneously taking advantage of triboelectric and piezoelectric mechanisms. The KNN particles were synthesized using a wet ball milling technique and then incorporated into a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) matrix together with addition of multi wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The film was used to develop a piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) fitted with copper electrodes. The piezoelectric output of the film was further tested utilizing copper electrodes, at variable tapping frequency (60 BPM to 240 BPM) and pressure (10–40 psig) were used when activating the pneumatic piston. The open circuit voltage increased with the increase of both tapping frequency and pressure. The maximum piezoelectric output voltage was observed to be 35.3 V while the maximum current was noted as 15.8 µA. The films also showed unique output signals for different types of deformations performed under hand pressure. The film was further utilized to build a piezo-triboelectric hybrid nanogenerator to check its hybrid performance. The maximum output was observed to be 54.1 V and 29.4 µA. This film was integrated with conventional electronic components (bridge rectifiers, resistors, and capacitors) and tested for its ability to harvest energy. The hybrid nanogenerator can charge a 0.1 µF capacitor to 9.4 V in 60 s. The optimum output power for the device was measured to be 0.164 W. The film was further attached with a Kapton film and showed a hybrid output of 113.2 V. This experiment endorsed the potential of the KNN based energy films for multifunctional applications like force, pressure, and motion sensing as well as lead free energy harvesting.
Breaching the Blockades of Custom and Code

After the National Housing Act of 1934 was signed into law, the Chicago Defender published a note praising the “opportunity afforded by the Federal Housing Administration” and encouraging those who were interested to apply for FHA-backed loans. The article reassured its largely African American readership that “[i]t is believed that there will be no discrimination in local communities, and if such should be found to be the case you are advised to take up the matter with the officials at Washington through the congressman in your district.” The Defender had reason to be hopeful. The hearings for the legislation that created the FHA contained no explicit discussion of race as a possible basis for inclusion or exclusion. True, the National Housing Act's deference to the private housing sector may have dampened the optimism of civil rights advocates, since many had long been aware of that sector's discriminatory practices. But federal involvement was initially enticing as a possible reprieve from the ravages of private discrimination, especially in northern cities whose populations had exploded as a result of the Great Migration. Soon after the FHA's inception, it became clear that African Americans’ hopes for more equitable access to housing had been misplaced. To be sure, black homeownership rates increased steadily through the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, as they did for whites. Even so, there remained a persistent and growing gap between rates for black- and white-headed households, with homeownership rates for whites reaching 64 percent in 1950, versus 36 percent for blacks. The gap between black and white homeownership rates grew from 23 percentage points in 1920 to 28 points by 1960. Nor was the increase in homeownership rates accompanied by a substantial change in the housing available to blacks. Developers hoping to build homes for African American or mixed occupancy continued to see their loan applications rejected. Prospective homeowners continued to find their options confined to secondhand (often deteriorating) houses in segregated neighborhoods. Segregation – and the way that it restricted competition on the basis of quality and quantity of housing – also ensured that even low-quality housing would remain expensive, at least more than comparable housing in white neighborhoods.
AndroCT: Ten Years of App Call Traces in Android

Data-driven approaches have proven to be promising in mobile software analysis, yet these approaches rely on sizable and quality datasets. For Android app analysis in particular, there have been several well-known datasets that are widely used by the community. However, there is still a lack of such datasets that represent the run-time behaviors of apps— existing datasets are largely static, whereas run-time datasets are essential for data-driven dynamic and hybrid analysis of apps. In this paper, we present AndroCT, a large-scale dataset on the run-time traces of function calls in 35,974 benign and malicious Android apps from ten historical years (2010 through 2019). These call traces were produced by running each sample app against automatically generated test inputs for ten minutes. Moreover, each app was exercised both on an emulator and a real device, and the traces were separately curated. AndroCT has been used to build a novel dynamic profile of Android apps that has enabled several effective techniques and informative empirical studies concerning Android app security. We describe what this dataset includes, how it was created and stored, and how it has been used in past and would be used in the future.
Macromolecular Sieving by the Dormant Spore of Bacillus cereus

The threshold surface porosity in the dormant spore of Bacillus cereus strain T was assessed by measuring passive permeabilities to a series of polydisperse polyethylene glycol samples which increased in average molecular size. The apparent exclusion threshold at diffusional equilibrium corresponded to a polymer of number-average molecular weight (¯Mn) = 150,000 and equivalent hydrodynamic radius (¯rES) = 16 nm, which confirmed a previous report. However, analytical gel chromatography before and after uptake by the spores revealed that only the low molecular weight fractions in a polymer sample distribution were taken up. From graphical analyses of the changes in molecular weight distributions, a quasi-monodisperse exclusion threshold was determined corresponding to Mn = 8,000 and rES = 3.2 nm. Thus, the equivalent porosity in the limiting outer integument appeared much more restrictive than heretofore shown for spores, although still more open than the monodisperse equivalent for the cell wall of vegetative bacilli.
Quality of life in nursing home residents with advanced dementia.

OBJECTIVES: To examine quality of life (QOL) in nursing home (NH) residents with advanced dementia and identify correlates of QOL near the end of life. DESIGN: Cross-sectional data derived from NH records, interviews with residents' surrogate decision-makers, QOL ratings by NH caregivers, and assessment of residents' cognitive function. SETTING: Three NHs in Maryland. PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of NH residents with dementia (n=119) who were receiving hospice or palliative care or met hospice criteria for dementia and their surrogates. MEASUREMENTS: QOL based on the proxy-rated Alzheimer' Disease-Related Quality of Life (ADRQL) scale administered to NH staff and validated against a single-item surrogate-rated measure of QOL, the Severe Impairment Rating Scale, to measure cognitive function and dichotomous indicators of neuropsychiatric symptoms (behavior problems, mood disorders, psychosis, delusions). RESULTS: Total ADRQL scores, ranging from 12.4 to 95.1 out of 100, were normally distributed and positively correlated (P<.001) with surrogate-rated QOL. Multiple regression analysis of ADRQL scores showed that residents with higher cognitive function (P<.001, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.97�1.65) and those receiving pain medication (P=.006, 95% CI=3.30�19.59) had higher QOL, whereas residents with behavior problems (P=.01, 95% CI=-11.60 to -1.30) had lower QOL. CONCLUSION: The ADRQL is a valid indicator of QOL in NH residents with advanced dementia. QOL in this population may be improved near the end of life using appropriate assessment and treatment of pain and effective management of behavior problems.
Regularity-based trust in cyberspace

One can distinguish between two kinds of trust that may be placed in a given entity e (a person or a thing), which we call: familiarity-based trust and regularity-based trust. A familiarity-based trust in e is a trust based on personal familiarity with e, or on testimonial by somebody who is familiar, directly or indirectly, with e; or even on some measure of the general reputation of e. A regularity-based trust is based on the recognition that e belongs to a class, or a community, that is known to exhibits a certain regularity--that is, it is known that all members of this class satisfy a certain property, or that their behavior conforms to a certain law. These two types of trust play important, and complementary, roles in out treatment of the physical world. But, as we shall see, the role of regularity-based trust in out treatment of the cyberspace has been limited so far because of difficulties in establishing such trust it in this context. It is this latter kind of trust, which is the focus of this paper. We will describe a mechanism for establishing a wide range of regularity-based trusts, and will demonstrate the effectiveness of this mechanism, by showing how it can enhance the trustworthiness of a certain type of commercial client-server interactions over the internet.
Warfare in Tenth-Century Germany

Over the course of half a century, the first two kings of the Saxon dynasty, Henry I (919-936) and Otto I (936-973), waged war across the length and breadth of Europe. Ottonian armies campaigned from the banks of the Oder in the east to the Seine in the west, and from the shores of the Baltic Sea in the north, to the Adriatic and Mediterranean in the south. In the course of scores of military operations, accompanied by diligent diplomatic efforts, Henry and Otto recreated the empire of Charlemagne, and established themselves as the hegemonic rulers in Western Europe. This book shows how Henry I and Otto I achieved this remarkable feat, and provides a comprehensive analysis of the organization, training, morale, tactics, and strategy of Ottonian armies over a long half century. Drawing on a vast array of sources, including exceptionally important information developed through archaeological excavations, it demonstrates that the Ottonian kings commanded very large armies in military operations that focused primarily on the capture of fortifications, including many fortress cities of Roman origin. This long-term military success shows that Henry I and Otto I, building upon the inheritance of their Carolingian predecessors, and ultimately that of the late Roman empire, possessed an extensive and well-organized administration, and indeed, bureaucracy, which mobilized the resources that were necessary for the successful conduct of war. David S. Bachrach is Associate Professor of History at the University of New Hampshire.
Cessation of smoking and body weight.

The health consequences of cigarette smoking are well established (1). Smoking has been linked to many serious health problems including cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2). As a result, smoking has been determined to be the single most preventable cause of death in Western society (3). Each year, an estimated 419 000 people in the United States die from smoking-related diseases (4), making it responsible for approximately one in every five deaths (2). Although overall smoking rates have declined over the past 30 years in the United States, nearly 26% of the population continue to smoke (5), including 3.1 million adolescents (6). One of the many factors which may encourage smoking, despite health risks, is the influence of smoking on body weight. There is considerable evidence that the weight-controlling properties associated with cigarette smoking influence decisions to smoke. For example, the relationship between smoking and weight control has been linked to the initiation of smoking (7,8). In a study examining the relationship between weight concerns and cigarette smoking, French et al. (9) found that concerns about weight were associated with a greater likelihood of smoking initiation among female adolescents over a 1-year period. The relationship between smoking and body weight is also related to smoking maintenance in adults. Smoking for weight control is frequently reported, particularly by women (7,10,11). Additionally, individuals who are concerned about gaining weight are often more reluctant to quit smoking (12,13). Finally, concerns about gaining weight have been associated with failure to quit smoking (14,15) and relapse (7,16) although these effects appear to be equivocal (17—19).
Kant's Lectures on Anthropology: A Critical Guide

Interest in Kant's Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View has soared in recent years with the publication of books such as Reinhard Brandt's Kritischer Kommentar zu Kant's Anthropologie in pra...
Unified approach to quadratically convergent algorithms for function minimization

In this paper, a unified method to construct quadratically convergent algorithms for function minimization is described. With this unified method, a generalized algorithm is derived. It is shown that all the existing conjugate-gradient algorithms and variable-metric algorithms can be obtained as particular cases. In addition, several new practical algorithms can be generated. The application of these algorithms to quadratic functions as well as nonquadratic functions is discussed.
Asymptomatic spinal cord lesions predict disease progression in radiologically isolated syndrome.

Background: Technological advancements in neuroimaging and the increased use of these diagnostic modalities are responsible for the discovery of incidentally identified anomalies within the CNS. In addition to the identification of unanticipated brain MRI abnormalities suggestive of demyelinating disease in patients undergoing neuroimaging for a medical reason other than evaluation for multiple sclerosis (MS), asymptomatic spinal cord lesions are periodically identified. Objective: To determine if asymptomatic spinal cord lesions are associated with clinical progression in subjects with radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS). Methods: A retrospective review of RIS cases at the University of California, San Francisco Multiple Sclerosis Center was performed. The presence of asymptomatic cervical spinal cord MRI lesions was analyzed as a potential predictor for clinical progression. Results: Twenty-five of 71 subjects with RIS possessed findings within the cervical spine that were highly suggestive of demyelinating disease. Of these subjects, 21 (84%) progressed clinically to clinically isolated syndrome (n = 19) or primary progressive multiple sclerosis (n = 2) over a median time of 1.6 years from the date of RIS identification (interquartile range 0.8–3.8). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of an asymptomatic spinal cord lesion for subsequent development of either a first demyelinating attack or primary progressive MS were 87.5%, 91.5%, and 84%, respectively. The odds ratio of clinical progression was 75.3 (95% confidence interval 16.1–350.0, p Conclusion: These findings suggest that the presence of asymptomatic spinal cord lesions place subjects with RIS at substantial risk for clinical conversion to either an acute or progressive event, a risk that is independent of brain lesions on MRI.
Learning from Procrustes analysis to improve multivariate calibration

For the multivariate calibration model y = Xb + e, y and X are typically mean centered to respective column means to remove offsets before estimating b. Often X is obtained under different experimental conditions (temperature, days, etc.). In this case, mean centering across all the conditions (global mean centering) assumes a common offset for the different conditions. Additionally, after a calibration model has been developed for process analysis, it is often necessary to update the model later in time to new conditions. In this case, new measurements are made. These new X and y values can be augmented to the original X and y arrays; mean centered to new column means, that is global mean centering; and a new calibration model is then obtained. The established method of Procrustes analysis (PA) is used in many spectral preprocessing and calibration transfer methods and local mean centering is a key processing element in PA. Rather than global mean centering in multivariate calibration, this paper looks at local mean centering where X and y are locally mean centered relative to respective experimental conditions, that is mean centering data groups with common offsets. When this approach is used, improved results are possible as demonstrated with two spectroscopic data sets where prediction errors and uncertainties reduce. Other regression diagnostics are also shown to improve.
A multi-viewer tiled autostereoscopic virtual reality display

Recognizing the value of autostereoscopy for 3D displays in public contexts, we pursue the goal of large-scale, high-resolution, immersive virtual reality using lenticular displays. Our contributions include the scalable tiling of lenticular displays to large fields of view and the use of GPU image interleaving and application optimization for real-time performance. In this context, we examine several ways to improve group-viewing by combining user tracking with multi-view displays.
Consumers’ Responses to Table Spacing in Restaurants

Having adequate personal space is an important aspect of users’ comfort with their environment. In a restaurant, for instance, spatial intrusion by others can lead to avoidance responses such as early departure or a disinclination to spend. A web-based survey of more than 1,000 Americans elicited behavioral intentions and emotional responses to a projected restaurant experience when parallel dining tables were spaced at six, twelve, and twenty-four inches apart under three common dining scenarios. Respondents strongly objected to closely spaced tables in most circumstances, particularly in a “romantic” context. Not only did the respondents react negatively to tightly spaced tables but they were generally disdainful of banquette-style seating, regardless of table distance. The context of the dining experience (e.g., a business lunch, a family occasion) is likely to be a key factor in consumers’ preferences for table spacing and their subsequent behaviors. Gender was also a factor, as women were much less c...
Raman Spectroscopy of Bacillus megaterium Using an Optical Multi-channel Analyzer

Using a spectrometer equipped with an optical multi-channel analyzer as the detector, we have observed the Stokes laser-Raman spectra of metabolically active B. megaterium from 930-1720 cm-1. No Raman lines attributable to the metabolic process nor the cells themselves were found. This result is consistent with our previous laser-Raman measurements of synchronous E. coli cultures.
Subtyping adolescents with bulimia nervosa

Cluster analyses of eating disorder patients have yielded a “dietary-depressive” subtype, typified by greater negative affect, and a “dietary” subtype, typified by dietary restraint. This study aimed to replicate these findings in an adolescent sample with bulimia nervosa (BN) from a randomized controlled trial and to examine the validity and reliability of this methodology. In the sample of BN adolescents (N=80), cluster analysis revealed a “dietary-depressive” subtype (37.5%) and a “dietary” subtype (62.5%) using the Beck Depression Inventory, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Eating Disorder Examination Restraint subscale. The “dietary-depressive” subtype compared to the “dietary” subtype was significantly more likely to: (1) report co-occurring disorders, (2) greater eating and weight concerns, and (3) less vomiting abstinence at post-treatment (all p's<.05). The cluster analysis based on “dietary” and “dietary-depressive” subtypes appeared to have concurrent validity, yielding more distinct groups than subtyping by vomiting frequency. In order to assess the reliability of the subtyping scheme, a larger sample of adolescents with mixed eating and weight disorders in an outpatient eating disorder clinic (N=149) was subtyped, yielding similar subtypes. These results support the validity and reliability of the subtyping strategy in two adolescent samples.
Asymptotic Expansions for Solutions of Systems of Kolmogorov Backward Equations of Two-Time-Scale Switching Jump Diffusions

This work develops asymptotic expansions for solutions of systems of Kolmogorov backward equations of two-time-scale regime-switching jump diffusions. Fast switching and fast diffusions are examined. The approach is constructive and the asymptotic series are justified with error bounds provided.
Withdrawal of Presession Saccharin Suppresses Food-Maintained Responding in Rats

Decreased motivation following drug withdrawal is often characterized as indicative of addiction. Similar behavioral disruptions are seen in negative contrast paradigms. In the current study, 7 rats with a history of access to a palatable 0.15% saccharine solution before operant sessions were conditioned. Rats responded for food under a multiple FR 5 FR 40 reinforcement schedule. When presession saccharin was removed and replaced with water, responding maintained by food was significantly decreased, with greater effects observed under the FR 40 schedule. These results support the assertion that behavioral disruptions accompanying withdrawal syndromes include a negative contrast component.
Is your IP address prefix well-served by internet routing?

In today's Internet, users or network operators cannot easily find out how reachable their IP address prefixes are from the rest of the Internet, nor do they know what kind of packet delivery quality they receive from Internet routing. Instead of setting up probing sites from multiple locations on the Internet and probing every prefix, we leverage the fact that there are continuous collections of BGP updates concerning the reachability of every IP address prefix. We introduce a novel data mining method and cluster IP address prefixes according to their BGP attributes, and verify if each cluster corresponds to a different level of packet delivery performance. Users can classify their prefix to see to which cluster the prefix belongs to.
Americans' Perceptions of Presidential Candidates: A Test of the Projection Hypothesis

According to psychological theories of cognitive consistency, voters are likely to overestimate the degree to which political candidates they like agree with their own policy preferences, and to overestimate the degree to which political candidates they oppose disagree with their own policy preferences. This paper reviews and critiques the literature evaluating these hypotheses, referred to as positive and negative projection. Then it reports results of a new empirical investigation that applied improved analytic methods to survey data on three issues collected during the 1984 American presidential election. Analyses using traditional methods replicated previous findings of both positive and negative projection, but improved analyses indicated that neither positive nor negative projection occurred. The vast majority of voters were accurate in their candidate perceptions, especially political experts and citizens to whom an issue was personally important. These findings provide further evidence of the generally high accuracy of social perception, particularly among individuals who are especially attentive to a stimulus.
STRUCTURES AND REACTIVITIES OF ORGANOLITHIUM COMPOUNDS

The characteristic species present in organolithium compounds under various conditions are reviewed. The effects of environment on the kinetics and energetics of exchange reactions are discussed. A summary is given of various pathways by which organolithium compounds might react. Kinetic and spectroscopic evidence for these processes under various conditions are reviewed. A discussion is presented of the significance of certain results obtained by chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP).
A Stefan-Maxwell Analysis of Protein Transport in Porous Membranes

The Stefan-Maxwell multicomponent diffusion equations were used to characterize albumin transport in ultrafiltration membranes in both an unstirred batch filtration device and a well-stirred diffus...
Antimitotic intervention with colchicine alters the outcome of o-DCB-induced hepatotoxicity in Fischer 344 rats

Abstract Although, hepatotoxic injury of 1,2-dichlorobenzene ( o -DCB) is greater in Fischer 344 (F344) as compared to Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats, this interstrain difference does not transcend into any difference in lethal effects of o -DCB. Interstrain difference in compensatory tissue repair has been suggested as the underlying mechanism for the lack of strain differences in lethality (S.G. Kulkarni, H. Duong, R. Gomila, and H.M. Mehendale, Strain differences in tissue repair response to 1,2-dichlorobenzene. Archives of Toxicology 1996; 70: 714–723). If higher tissue repair in F344 rats compensates for more severe liver injury, then antimitotic intervention after infliction of o-DCB-induced liver injury should lead to lethality in F344 rats. Colchicine (CLC, 1 mg/kg) functions as an effective antimitotic agent and does not cause any side effects apart from suppressing cellular proliferation. Two groups of male F344 rats (160–190 g) received a single dose of 0.6 ml o-DCB/kg: 30 h later one group of rats received CLC (1 mg/kg; i.p.) and the other received distilled water (1 ml/kg; i.p.). Liver injury was assessed by measuring plasma ALT and SDH activity, liver histopathology, and liver regeneration was estimated by [ 3 H] thymidine incorporation into hepatonuclear DNA and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) assay in both groups. Similar liver injury was noted in both the o-DCB + vehicle and o-DCB + CLC treated F344 rats at 36 h indicating that CLC does not interfere with the uptake, bioactivation and causation of injury by o-DCB. S-phase synthesis which occurred at 36 h in the o-DCB + vehicle group was blocked in the o-DCB + CLC group. CLC administration 6 h prior to S-phase stimulation selectively abolished S-phase stimulation at 36 h, and led to 50% lethality. Since the effect of CLC antimitosis was transient, S-phase synthesis occurring at 48 h was not blocked and was sustained up to 72 h thereby allowing the other 50% of rats to overcome liver injury induced by o-DCB and survive the lethal outcome. These findings suggest that a significantly higher rate of compensatory tissue repair in F344 rats enables them to overcome more severe liver injury inflicted by o-DCB .
Neptune Aerocapture Systems Analysis

A Neptune Aerocapture Systems Analysis is completed to determine the feasibility, benefit and risk of an aeroshell aerocapture system for Neptune and to identify technology gaps and technology performance goals. The high fidelity systems analysis is completed by a five center NASA team and includes the following disciplines and analyses: science; mission design; aeroshell configuration screening and definition; interplanetary navigation analyses; atmosphere modeling; computational fluid dynamics for aerodynamic performance and database definition; initial stability analyses; guidance development; atmospheric flight simulation; computational fluid dynamics and radiation analyses for aeroheating environment definition; thermal protection system design, concepts and sizing; mass properties; structures; spacecraft design and packaging; and mass sensitivities. Results show that aerocapture can deliver 1.4 times more mass to Neptune orbit than an all-propulsive system for the same launch vehicle. In addition aerocapture results in a 3-4 year reduction in trip time compared to all-propulsive systems. Aerocapture is feasible and performance is adequate for the Neptune aerocapture mission. Monte Carlo simulation results show 100% successful capture for all cases including conservative assumptions on atmosphere and navigation. Enabling technologies for this mission include TPS manufacturing; and aerothermodynamic methods and validation for determining coupled 3-D convection, radiation and ablation aeroheating rates and loads, and the effects on surface recession.
Re-evaluation of millikan's oil drop data for the motion of small particles in air

Abstract A slip correction equation of the form C ( Kn ) = 1 + Kn [ a + β exp (− γ / Kn )] with Kn the particle Knudsen number, is routinely used to correct Stokes' law for a progressively lower than predicted drag force as Kn increases. The published values of the parameters (α, β and γ) are based on Millikan's original values corrected with an improved value of mean free path for gas molecules in dry air. In our work, Millikan's most accurate raw data were carefully reviewed and the slip correction parameters were re-evaluated using the latest published values of physical constants and nonlinear least squares function fitting. The values of α, β and γ given by Millikan in 1923 adjusted for a modern value of the mean free path ( λ = 0.0673 μ m at 23°C and 760 mm Hg) were 1.209, 0.406 and 0.893, respectively. Improved values of these parameters calculated by least squares using Millikan's most accurate raw data are 1.155, 0.471 and 0.596, respectively. Though these two sets of values appear significantly different, the maximum percentage difference in the calculated correction factor is less than 2.0% over the Knudsen number range of 0.001–100. This error is small when compared to differences which may be caused by different particle surfaces and gas compositions.
Na+-dependent and -independent transport of uridine and its phosphorylation in mouse spleen cells.

Rapid kinetic techniques were used to study the transport and salvage of uridine and other nucleosides in mouse spleen cells. Spleen cells express two nucleoside transport systems: (1) the non-concentrative, symmetrical, Na+-independent transporter with broad substrate specificity, which has been found in all mammalian cells and is sensitive to inhibition by dipyridamole and nitrobenzylthioinosine; and (2) a Na+-dependent nucleoside transport, which is specific for uridine and purine nucleosides and resistant to inhibition by dipyridamole and nitrobenzylthioinosine. The kinetic properties of the two transporters were determined by measuring uridine influx in ATP-depleted cells and dipyridamole-treated cells, respectively. The Michaelis-Menten constants for Na+-independent and -dependent transport were about 40 and 200 μM, respectively, but the first-order rate constants were about the same for both transport systems. Nitrobenzylthioinosine-sensitivity of the facilitated nucleoside transporter correlated with the presence of about 10 000 high-affinity (Kd=0.6 nM) nitrobenzylthioinosine-binding sites per cell. The turnover number of the nitrobenzylthioinosine-sensitive nucleoside transporter was comparable to that of mouse P388 leukemia cells. The activation energy of this transporter was 20 kcal/mol. Entry of uridine via either of the transport routes was rapidly followed by its phosphorylation and conversion to UTP. The Michaelis-Menten constant for the in situ phosphorylation of uridine was about 50 μM and the first-order rate constants for phosphorylation and transport were about the same. The spleen cells also efficiently salvaged adenosine, adenine, and hypoxanthine, but not thymidine.
HUCK FINN AND THE BEAR THE WILDERNESS AND MORAL FREEDOM

(1969). HUCK FINN AND THE BEAR THE WILDERNESS AND MORAL FREEDOM. English Studies in Africa: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 59-63.
Microwave-Promoted Desulfurization of Heavy and Sulfur-Containing Crude Oil

We have probed the effect of microwave irradiation on desulfurization of crude oil and dibenzothiophene. A range of catalysts have been screened. We find that it is possible to perform hydrodesulfurization reactions using microwave heating in conjunction with iron powder as a catalyst. The effect of hydrogen pressure, reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst source have been studied. The effectiveness of catalyst- and hydrogen-free desulfurization has been probed briefly. Approaches included microwave-promoted cracking, high-temperature water chemistry, and the use of metal hydrides but, with the conditions screened in this study, these proved not to be effective. We believe that our results here build on work in the scientific and patent literature suggesting that microwave irradiation can be a useful tool for effecting desulfurization chemistry.
Evaluation of the food use potential of sixteen varieties of cottonseed.

Sixteen new or experimental varieties of cotton-seed, eight glandless and eitht glanded, were extensively analyzed in this study. Ginned seed from each were studied and then kernel samples and finally oil and flour samples prepared from the kernels. Mean values determined for each attribute measured are presented for each type seed. These data are useful for (a) showing the magnitude of particular desirable properties presently being achieved in varieties of each type seed, (b) showing something of the variation of these properties among varieties within seed types, and (c) comparing glandless and glanded seed types for compositional differences.
LKB1 and AMP‐activated protein kinase control of mTOR signalling and growth

The AMP-activated serine/threonine protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy status found in all eukaryotes that is activated under conditions of low intracellular ATP following stresses such as nutrient deprivation or hypoxia. In the past 5 years, work from a large number of laboratories has revealed that one of the major downstream signalling pathways regulated by AMPK is the mammalian target-of-rapamycin [mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway]. Interestingly, like AMPK, the mTOR serine/threonine kinase plays key roles not only in growth control and cell proliferation but also in metabolism. Recent work has revealed that across eukaryotes mTOR orthologues are found in two biochemically distinct complexes and only one of those complexes (mTORC1 in mammals) is acutely sensitive to rapamycin and regulated by nutrients and AMPK. Many details of the molecular mechanism by which AMPK inhibits mTORC1 signalling have also been decoded in the past 5 years. AMPK directly phosphorylates at least two proteins to induce rapid suppression of mTORC1 activity, the TSC2 tumour suppressor and the critical mTORC1 binding subunit raptor. Here we explore the molecular connections between AMPK and mTOR signalling pathways and examine the physiological processes in which AMPK regulation of mTOR is critical for growth or metabolic control. The functional conservation of AMPK and TOR in all eukaryotes, and the sequence conservation around the AMPK phosphorylation sites in raptor across all eukaryotes examined suggest that this represents a fundamental cell growth module connecting nutrient status to the cell growth machinery. These findings have broad implications for the control of cell growth by nutrients in a number of cellular and organismal contexts.
Influence of a single dose of captopril on pulmonary haemodynamics and right ventricular function in mitral stenosis with pulmonary hypertension.

The response of the pulmonary circulation to captopril 75 mg has been examined in 21 patients with pulmonary hypertension secondary to mitral stenosis. The effects of captopril were measured every 15 min up to 2 h by recording pressures in the pulmonary and systemic circulations and by measuring cardiac output.
Mapping Vegetation Morphology Types in Southern Africa Savanna Using MODIS Time-Series Metrics: A Case Study of Central Kalahari, Botswana

Savanna ecosystems are geographically extensive and both ecologically and economically important; they therefore require monitoring over large spatial extents. There are, in particular, large areas within southern Africa savanna ecosystems that lack consistent geospatial data on vegetation morphological properties, which is a prerequisite for biodiversity conservation and sustainable management of ecological resources. Given the challenges involved in distinguishing and mapping savanna vegetation assemblages using remote sensing, the objective of this study was to develop a vegetation morphology map for the largest protected area in Africa, the central Kalahari. Six vegetation morphology classes were developed and sample training/validation pixels were selected for each class by analyzing extensive in situ data on vegetation structural and functional properties, in combination with existing ancillary data and coarse scale land cover products. The classification feature set consisted of annual and intra annual matrices derived from 14 years of satellite-derived vegetation indices images, and final classification was achieved using an ensemble tree based classifier. All vegetation morphology classes were mapped with high accuracy and the overall classification accuracy was 91.9%. Besides filling the geospatial data gap for the central Kalahari area, this vegetation morphology map is expected to serve as a critical input to ecological studies focusing on habitat use by wildlife and the efficacy of game fencing, as well as contributing to sustainable ecosystem management in the central Kalahari.
Role of dissipative quantum transport in DC, RF, and self-heating characteristics of short channel graphene FETs

We developed a dissipative quantum transport simulator for graphene transistors, which has the capabilities to model Klein band to band tunneling and dissipative phonon scattering process simultaneously. Simulation of DC I–V characteristics indicates that device physics of carrier scattering in short channel graphene transistors can be qualitatively different from established scattering theory of nanotransistors due to the interplay of Klein tunneling and scattering processes. Analysis of high-frequency performance of graphene FETs indicates that the high frequency performance strongly depends on the phonon energy, emphasizing the importance of engineering substrate and gate insulator for achieving optimum high-frequency performance of graphene FETs. The role of self-heating effects are also modeled and discussed for aggressively scaled graphene FETs.