cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Da Click's

This simple case enables students to determine production bottlenecks and perform sensitivity analyses. It can be used to accompany a discussion of "The Goal" by Eli Goldratt. Excerpt UVA-OM-1322 Da Click's “ThrowBack” Jerseys The rapper 75 centz thought Smally Bigs was crazy. “Why would we ever want to do something like this?” he screamed. Smally Bigs just rolled his eyes and repeated his plea once more. “In order for Da Click to truly separate ourselves from all the other groups right now, we really need something to make us stand out. These shirts are just the deal!” “OK,” said 75 centz, “I still think this is nuttier than the fruitcake that my grandma made at Christmas, but let's do it anyway. I'll agree to it if the money is right. Just how many shirts can we make?” Background Three years earlier, 75 centz, 3Pac, Smally Bigs, and Fabuloso had founded the rap group Da Click. They were well on their way to stardom and had performed in clubs in New York and Los Angeles. Smally Bigs had recently been approached by one of his former high-school teachers, Terry Michaels, who presented him with an opportunity to buy 500 yards of wool flannel, the material from which baseball shirts were made some 30 years earlier. Michaels also had access to sewing and specialized fabric-design machines. Given Fabuloso's artistic talents and Da Click's need for publicity, the teacher was certain that the fabric could be used to make a batch of “throwback,” jerseys with Da Click's logo. These jerseys could be sold at a premium at Da Click's live concerts. With thousands of fans wearing the shirts, the buzz could only continue to grow. . . .
March-and-Reach: A realistic ladder climbing technique

In most 3D applications, travel is limited to horizontal movement. A few 3D travel techniques allow for vertical travel, but most of them rely on “magic” abilities, such as flying. We sought to develop a realistic vertical travel technique for climbing ladders. We have developed March-and-Reach, with which the user marches in place to virtually step on lower ladder rungs while reaching to virtually grab higher rungs. We conducted a within-subject study to compare March-and-Reach to two prior ladder-climbing techniques. Results indicate that users consider and treat March-and-Reach as the most realistic ladder climbing technique.
Is Leydig cell steroidogenic function affected by the germ cell content of the seminiferous tubules

The effect of testicular germ cell content on Leydig cell steroidogenic function in vivo in adult rats was examined. Three experimental paradigms were used to effect germ cell changes. First, a vitamin A-depletion/repletion regimen was used to achieve synchrony at different stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium and thus produce testes with widely differing germ cell contents. Second, long term vitamin A depletion was used to effect germ cell, but not Leydig cell, loss. Third, Leydig cells and germ cells first were eliminated from the testes of adult rats by the administration of ethane 1,2-dimethane sulfonate (EDS) along with testosterone- and estradiol-filled Silastic capsules; Leydig cells were then restored to the germ cell-depleted testes by removal of the luteiniging hormone (LH)-suppressing capsules. Serum, interstitial fluid, and seminiferous tubule fluid testosterone concentrations did not differ between rats in which at least 70% of the seminiferous tubules contained germ cells at stages VII-VIII or at stages XII-III of the cycle. The capacity of the testes of these rats to produce testosterone, assessed by their in vitro perfusion with maximally stimulating LH, also showed no differences despite the differences in germ cell content. Elimination of germ cells throughout the testes by long term vitamin A depletion also did not affect the steroidogenic function of the testes. Finally, the steroidogenic function of Leydig cells restored to germ cell-depleted testes was indistinguishable from that of germ cell-containing controls. These results, taken together, provide evidence supporting the contention that the germ cell content of the testis has little or no effect on testicular steroidogenic function.
Asymptotic perturbation expansion in the $P(\phi)_{2}$ quantum field theory

In theP(φ)2 model it is proved that the perturbation series for the infinite volume Schwinger functionsS(λ) are asymptotic in the limit as the coupling constant λ goes to zero. We also give conditions which imply smoothness ofS(λ) at arbitrary λ.
What "causal cognition" might mean.

As something of an outsider to the study of “causal cognition,” I want briefly to query what it might be taken to mean in general—outside of any particular disciplinary understanding. Next, from that perspective I look at some empirical approaches to selecting problem-relevant senses of causality, and senses in which cognition might be seen as causal. I then turn, at more length, to the nature and significance of collective causal cognition, including the cultural models type.
Increasing student technology skills through a technology-intensive syllabus

It is critical for all students to become skilled users of a variety of software and hardware applications. It is particularly important for students training to become educators because their employers will expect them to be more knowledgeable and comfortable with instructional technologies than the students they teach. To facilitate skill development, a syllabus was designed to incorporate all of the software applications used in the MS OfficeSuite package. This software was selected because it is used by the majority of students on their personal computers as well as in all of the university computer labs. Students were expected to use each of the Office Suite components to fulfill their assignment requirements. In addition, students also developed skill in the use of SmartBoard, projection systems, and the manipulation and use of digital sound and picture files. After completing this course, students met all of the ISTE standards for technology competency.
A new class of earthquake observations

Advances in satellite technology have improved measurements of Earth9s properties. Now changes in local gravity resulting from large earthquakes can be detected.
The aggregate beamformer

A method of beamforming which collects each sample from a randomly selected array element was discussed. The samples collected from all channels were treated together to recover the desired signal. The results showed that the residual noise of the aggregate beamformer was reduced by increasing the sampling rate beyond the Nyquist rate.
A Review of “China on the Move: Migration, the State, and the Household”

More than 100 million migrants have left the Chinese countryside for cities since 1983. There is little doubt that this population movement constitutes the largest migration flow in human history. ...
Decision Support Preferences Among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Older Adults With Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain

Objectives. Despite broad recognition that social networks play a k ey role in the management of chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP), little is known about when and why older adults with CMP choose to involve others in treatment decisions. This study investigates the types (i.e., informational, emotional, and instrumental) and sources (i.e., formal and informal) of support Hispanic and non-Hispanic White CMP patients desire and receive when making decisions about their pain care. Method. S emi-structured interviews were conducted with Hispanic and non-Hispanic White older adults with CMP (N = 63) recruited from one medical center and one senior center in New York City. Interviews were transcribed and then analyzed using content analysis. Results. CMP patients sought network member s who supported their emotional wellbeing throughout the decision-making process. When considering high-stakes treatment decisions, participants selectively involved individuals who had similar pain conditions or first-hand experience with the procedure. Participants’ perceptions of the decisionmaking process were contingent upon the congruence between the decision they made and the support they received for it. For Spanish-speaking participants, positive perceptions were linked with satisfactory language competence by their providers. On the other hand, lack of language competence among providers hindered Spanish speakers’ ability to obtain adequate informational support. Discussion. R esults reveal the importance of empathic patient–provider exchanges across diverse patient populations and cultural sensitivity for Spanish-speaking patients. Findings suggest that social networks beyond the patient–provider dyad influence patients’ decision-making satisfaction.
Using an MR imaging-guidewire as an intravascular local heating source: toward thermal enhancement of vascular gene transfection

Heating can enhance gene transfection/expression. We developed a novel endovascular microwave heating source using an MR imaging-guidewire (MRIG) to deliver external microwave energy into the target vessels. We investigated (i) microwave power loss along differently-sized MRIGs; (ii) microwave power distribution around MRIGs; and (iii) temperature increases versus input microwave powers with MRIGs. Then, we evaluated, in vivo, the possibility of using the MR imaging/heating guidewire to generate high-resolution MR images and deliver the controlled therapeutic heat energy into the target vessel wall with histological confirmation. The results showed that the MRIG had no thermal damage to the vessel wall and can be used as an intravascular local heating device. This study has established the groundwork for further efficient management of cardiovascular atherosclerotic diseases using MRI-based vascular gene therapy.
Lattice gas simulations of dynamical geometry in two dimensions.

We present a hydrodynamic lattice gas model for two-dimensional flows on curved surfaces with dynamical geometry. This model is an extension to two dimensions of the dynamical geometry lattice gas model previously studied in one dimension. We expand upon a variation of the two-dimensional flat space Frisch-Hasslacher-Pomeau (FHP) model created by Frisch et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 1505 (1986)] and independently by Wolfram, and modified by Boghosian et al. [Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 360, 333 (2002)]. We define a hydrodynamic lattice gas model on an arbitrary triangulation whose flat space limit is the FHP model. Rules that change the geometry are constructed using the Pachner moves, which alter the triangulation but not the topology. We present results on the growth of the number of triangles as a function of time. Simulations show that the number of triangles grows with time as t^(1/3), in agreement with a mean-field prediction. We also present preliminary results on the distribution of curvature for a typical triangulation in these simulations.
CIRCULATORY EFFECTS OF A HOMOLOGOUS PLASMA-BLOOD EXCHANGE IN THE DOG.

Abstract : The effect on plasma and red cell volume and protein concentration of exchanging homologous plasma for the dogs' own blood before a hemorrhage to 35 mm Hg mean arterial pressure was tested in morphine-pentobarbitalized dogs. The exchange was accomplished by bleeding the animals from an artery (44 cc/kg of blood) and at the same rate simultaneously infusing homologous plasma (44 cc/kg) through a vein. The measured cell and plasma volumes and protein concentration were in good agreement with the expected after the exchange. Therefore, homologous plasma successfully replaced the dogs' plasma removed during the exchange, and no reaction was seen attributable to the plasma infusion. When these animals were subjected to hemorrhage, the mean bleeding volume was 30% to reach a level of 35 mm Hg arterial pressure in contrast to 46% for dogs not receiving an exchange. Also 5.9 cc/kg of plasma and 0.46 gm/kg of protein has escaped from the circulation while previously there was mobilization of fluid and protein after a hemorrhage.
Contracting and chaining to improve the performance of a college golf team : improvement and deterioration

Recent work with operant procedures in sports has shown that feedback, reinforcement, and chaining can be effective techniques in improving performance. In many cases, however, a problem remains in getting the participants to practice the appropriate responses. In the present study, 14 college golfers were put on successive contingency contracts over three weeks to go through the Total Golf chaining-mastery program of Simek and O'Brien. Rewards consisted of activities such as spots on the starting team and the opportunity to play better courses as well as tangible rewards such as new golf balls. After the first two weeks of training, through 19 steps backward from the green, the mean of three posttraining rounds for these 14 golfers was 3.4 strokes lower than the mean of their three rounds at baseline. At this point, the coach did not follow through with the rewards promised in the second contract. Having been placed on extinction, only three of the 14 players followed through on the third contract. In this return to baseline-like condition an average increase of over two strokes for the team as a whole was noted. The number of steps of the chain mastered in practice and the difference between mean scores at baseline and the last measurement period correlated .86, indicating that 74% of the improvement in golf scores was accounted for by performance on the mastery chain.
RACK1 inhibits colonic cell growth by regulating src activity at cell cycle checkpoints

Previously, we showed that Src tyrosine kinases are activated early in the development of human colon cancer and are suppressed as intestinal cells differentiate. We identified RACK1 as an endogenous substrate, binding partner and inhibitor of Src. Here we show (by overexpressing RACK1, depleting Src or RACK1 and utilizing cell-permeable peptides that perturb RACK1's interaction with Src) that RACK1 regulates growth of colon cells by suppressing Src activity at G(1) and mitotic checkpoints, and consequently delaying cell cycle progression. Activated Src rescues RACK1-inhibited growth of HT-29 cells. Conversely, inhibiting Src abolishes growth promoted by RACK1 depletion in normal cells. Two potential mechanisms whereby RACK1 regulates mitotic exit are identified: suppression of Src-mediated Sam68 phosphorylation and maintenance of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 1-cyclin B complex in an active state. Our results reveal novel mechanisms of cell cycle control in G(1) and mitosis of colon cells. The significance of this work lies in the discovery of a mechanism by which the growth of colon cancer cells can be slowed, by RACK1 suppression of an oncogenic kinase at critical cell cycle checkpoints. Small molecules that mimic RACK1 function may provide a powerful new approach to the treatment of colon cancer.
Senescence: action of auxin and kinetin in control of RNA and protein synthesis in subcellular fractions of bean endocarp.

A comparative study was made of the effects of auxin (α-naphthalene acetic acid), kinetin (6-furfurylaminopurine) and a mixture of auxin and kinetin applied in vivo on synthesis of RNA and protein and the distribution of such synthesis amongst the subcellular fractions of sections of endocarp from Kentucky Wonder pole beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.). Auxin caused considerable enhancement of incorporation of labeled precursors into RNA and protein of all subcellular fractions, and induced net synthesis of RNA and protein. That auxin-induced net synthesis of protein is repressed by actinomycin D indicates that auxin acts primarily to stimulate synthesis of RNA, as a result of which synthesis of protein is enhanced. The effect of kinetin alone on synthesis of RNA, or of kinetin on auxin-induced synthesis of RNA was variable, with either stimulation or inhibition observed in different experiments. Kinetin-enhancement of synthesis of both RNA and protein in subcellular fractions also varied, with enhancement of synthesis in 1 or all subcellular fractions among different experiments. The variable effect of kinetin did not seem to be related to the amount of endogenous or added auxin. The mode of action of kinetin is discussed.
Radiochemical and isotope separations by high-efficiency liquid-liquid chromatography☆

Abstract A very-high-efficiency liquid-liquid chromatographic (LLC) system based on 5- and 20-μm diameter porous silica microspheres was used to effect radiochemical separations of metal ions that required very large decontamination factors and/or high speeds. The stationary phase was 25–30% (w/w) of di(2-ethylhexyl) orthophosphoric acid (HDEHP) in dodecane. Nitric acid was used as the mobile phase. The mass transfer coefficient term, C, was determined from height equivalent to a theoretical plate vs. interstitial linear velocity data for the elution of Ca2+ and compared with values calculated from the interfacial mass transfer coefficients measured in the corresponding liquid-liquid extraction system. The HDEHP high-efficiency LLC system was also investigated for possible usein enriching the naturally occurring isotopes of calcium. Isotopic exchange constants for 40Ca or 42Ca and 48Ca were measured chromatographically as a function of temperature. The enrichment of calcium isotopes was attempted on coupled columns at low flow velocities.
Endophthalmitis Associated with Intravitreal Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Injections

The use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents has led to a dramatic increase in the number of intravitreal injections. Endophthalmitis remains a rare but potentially vision-threatening complication of intravitreal injections. Recent large series have estimated this risk to be about one in 3,000 injections or less. Bevacizumab, which is generally prepared by a compounding pharmacy, is associated with additional risks of contamination. Although endophthalmitis cannot be prevented in all cases, certain risk reduction strategies have been proposed, including the use of an eyelid speculum, povidone iodine, avoidance of needle contact with the eyelid margin or eyelashes, and avoidance of routine post-injection antibiotics. Despite these precautions, some patients will develop endophthalmitis following intravitreal anti-VEGF injections, and outcomes may be poor despite prompt and appropriate therapy.
Dative verbs: A crosslinguistic perspective

In a recent paper, M. Rappaport Hovav and B. Levin (2008) challenge the predominant view of the English dative alternation, which takes all alternating verbs to have two meanings and, concomitantly, associates each meaning with a particular syntactic realization (e.g. S. Beck and K. Johnson 2004, G. Green 1974, K. Hale and S.J. Keyser 2002, H. Harley 2003, M. Krifka 1999, 2001, R. Oehrle 1976, S. Pinker 1989). On this accepted view, the first meaning, a caused possession meaning, schematized in (4a), is said to be realized by the double object variant (the (a) sentences in (1)-(3)), while the second meaning, a caused motion meaning, schematized in (4b), is said to be realized by the to variant (the (b) sentences).
Effects of pH on murine insulinoma βTC3 cells

Confluent monolayer cultures of βTC3 cells were exposed for 4 h to acidic, neutral, or alkaline pH media. Studies determined the impact of pH on viability, insulin secretion rate, glucose consumption rate, lactate production rate, and ATP content. Cell viability was not affected by exposure to media of different pH (>95% for all groups). Insulin release from cells exposed to acidic media (pH of 6.4) was ∼75% higher than that from cells exposed to either neutral (pH of 7.1) or alkaline (pH of 7.8) conditions. Conversely, ATP content was significantly reduced in cultures exposed to acidic conditions, although there was no statistical difference between neutral and alkaline conditions. Glucose consumption and lactate production rates increased linearly with increasing pH.
How relativity determines the Hamiltonian description of an object in classical mechanics

For a single object, the Poisson bracket relations for the Galilei group or the Poincare group and the bracket relations that describe how the position should be changed by space translations, rotations, and either Galilei transformations or Lorentz transformations, imply that if the canonical coordinates are the position coordinates, the generators of the relativity group can be put in their familiar forms by a canonical transformation of the canonical momentum, which is a gauge transformation. In particular, the form of the Hamiltonian as a function of the canonical momentum, and the implied relation of the canonical momentum to the velocity and interpretation of the canonical momentum and Hamiltonian as physical quantities, are made more specific and unique by relativity; if Galilei or Lorentz transformations were not used, the Hamiltonian could be any function of the canonical momentum magnitude. Conversely, the same two sets of bracket relations imply that if the generators have their familiar forms, the canonical coordinates must be the position coordinates.
Surgical options in the treatment of hepatic metastasis from colorectal cancer

Summary Curent data indicate that liver resection is the only available treatment that regularly produces long-term survival with possible cure in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma to the liver. Although a number of clinical or pathologic factors predicts a poor outcome, the only absolute contraindications to liver resection are general health incompatible with recovery from major hepatic resection or clear evidence of wide dissemination of disease. Important areas for future study include the potential role of adjuvant regional chemotherapy after resection and cryoablation of “close” margins. For patients with unresectable disease, operative therapy also plays an important role. Multiple operative modalities hold promise in palliative treatment in the setting of clinically incurable disease. It is imperative that a large randomized trial of regional chemotherapy be performed allowing no crossover and with mortality as an endpoint. Additionally, the role of cryoablation begs systematic investigation to ensure proper use of this modality.
Cardiac cycle-dependent changes in aortic area and distensibility are reduced in older patients with isolated diastolic heart failure and correlate with exercise intolerance☆

OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to determine if cardiac cycle-dependent changes in proximal thoracic aortic area and distensibility are associated with exercise intolerance in elderly patients with diastolic heart failure (DHF). BACKGROUND Aortic compliance declines substantially with age. We hypothesized that a reduction in cardiac cycle-dependent changes in thoracic aortic area and distensibility (above that which occurs with aging) could be associated with the exercise intolerance that is prominent in elderly diastolic heart failure patients. METHODS Thirty subjects (20 healthy individuals [10 60 years of age] and 10 individuals > the age of 60 years with DHF) underwent a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the heart and proximal thoracic aorta followed within 48 h by maximal exercise ergometry with expired gas analysis. RESULTS The patients with DHF had higher resting brachial pulse and systolic blood pressure, left ventricular mass, aortic wall thickness and mean aortic flow velocity, and, compared with healthy older subjects, they had a significant reduction in MRI-assessed cardiac cycle-dependent change in aortic area and distensibility (p < 0.0001) that correlated with diminished peak exercise oxygen consumption (r = 0.79). After controlling for age and gender in a multivariate analysis, thoracic aortic distensibility was a significant predictor of peak exercise oxygen consumption (p < 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Older patients with isolated DHF have reduced cardiac cycle-dependent changes in proximal thoracic aortic area and distensibility (beyond that which occurs with normal aging), and this correlates with and may contribute to their severe exercise intolerance.
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME IN 32-WEEK GESTATION PREMATURES: NEUROBEHAVIORAL PROFILE

To investigate the effects of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) on the neurobehavioral function of premature infants, 26 infants of ≤32 weeks gestation were evaluated by a modification of the Brazelton Neonatal Scale within the first four days of life. 17 were infants with uncomplicated prematurity (PBLCs). 9 had RDS, uncomplicated by depression at birth, sepsis, seizures, hyperbilirubinemia, or intracranial hemorrhage. When examined, 3 were on respirators and 3 had nasal prongs in place. Infants with RDS showed decreased ability to adapt to repeated stimuli and to attend to and orient toward light, sound, face, and voice, compared to PBLCs. Infants with RDS were also less alert. A higher level of irritability and a higher peak of arousal were noted in infants with RDS. The two groups did not differ in level of activity or in response to a cloth on the face. Grasp reflexes were diminished in infants with RDS, but Moro and deep tendon reflexes were not. Resting muscle tone was similar in the two groups. Since in our study tone, reflexes, and activity were not affected by even severe uncomplicated RDS, the development of hypotonia, hyporeflexia, or hypoactivlty in an infant with RDS therefore points toward a complication such as sepsis or intracranial hemorrhage. However, our results suggest that cortical functions such as adaptation, orientation, and alertness are impaired in infants with RDS.
Visualization of synaptic domains in the Drosophila brain by magnetic resonance microscopy at 10 micron isotropic resolution

Visualization of synaptic domains in the Drosophila brain by magnetic resonance microscopy at 10 micron isotropic resolution
A Characteristic Parameter to Estimate the Optimum Counterweight Mass of Symmetric In-Line Engines

Dimensionless relationships that estimate the maximum bearing load of two symmetric in-line engines have been developed. These relationships were empirically determined by averaging the maximum bearing loads of several engine configurations with various geometric and operating parameters. It has been found that the maximum bearing load initially decreases with engine speed, reaches a minimum, and then increases quickly with engine speed. This minimum reflects a transition speed at which the contribution of the inertia force overcomes the contribution of the maximum pressure force to the maximum bearing load. The transition speed increases with an increase of counterweight mass and is a function of the geometric parameters and operating conditions of the engine. Rapid estimation of the main bearing loads is made possible by the use of the dimensionless relationships developed in the paper.
Analysis and modeling of uniformly- and nonuniformly-coupled lossy lines for interconnections and packaging in hybrid and monolithic circuits

Analytical and numerical techniques formulated to model uniform and nonuniform lines are used to compute signal delays distortion and crosstalk in interconnects and packaging. The techniques presented include the use of CAD compatible circuit models and computational techniques based on time and frequency domain solution of multiconductor lossy interconnects. Typical numerical results for the pulse propagation characteristics of uniformly and nonuniformly coupled interconnects are presented.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Coordination of joint pricing-production decisions in a supply chain

We consider the coordination of dynamic, joint pricing-production/ordering decisions in a decentralized supply chain where a manufacturer outsources her product distribution/retailing function to an independent distributor/retailer. The manufacturer produces and wholesales her product to the distributor who, after some further processing, sells the product to an external market. In a leader–follower setting with convex production/ordering cost functions, both parties make pricing and production/ordering decisions over a discrete, finite-time horizon (a selling season) to maximize their respective profits. For a given manufacturer's (the leader's) wholesale price schedule, we develop a simple forward algorithm to solve the distributor's problem optimally, and prove a planning horizon property of the solution. Our key result is to show the existence of a manufacturer's price schedule that induces distributor to adopt decisions in the decentralized setting to achieve the performance of a centralized supply chain. Based on this channel-optimal pricing policy we then develop an incentive scheme for the manufacturer to achieve channel coordination. A numerical example is provided to compare the performance of different policies and to reinforce key managerial insights generated through analysis.
904. The Systemic Human Immune Response to Intraparenchymal Administration of AAV

BACKGROUND Recombinant AAV-ASPA has been developed for gene delivery to the CNS for Canavan Disease, a rare leukodystrophy with no treatment. This NINDS funded project is the first clinical study of a viral vector used for gene delivery in a neurodegenerative disorder. METHODS Subjects were administered AAV serotype 2 at a maximum dose of 1 |[times]| 10E12 vector genomes per subject, via intraparenchymal infusions to the subcortex . The immune response and safety profiles were monitored in the follow-up of 13 subjects who ranged from 3|[ndash]|82 months of age at the time of vector administration. RESULTS Following rAAV2 administration, we found no evidence of AAV2 neutralizing antibody titers in serum for the majority of subjects tested. In a subset of subjects low to moderately high levels of AAV2 neutralizing antibody with respect to baseline were detected. In all subjects, there were minimal systemic signs of inflammation or immune stimulation. In subjects with catheter access to the brain lateral ventricle, cerebrospinal fluid was examined and there was a complete absence of neutralizing antibody titers with no overt signs of brain inflammation. CONCLUSIONS rAAV2 vector administration to the human CNS appears well tolerated. The low levels of immune response to AAV2 detected in this study suggest at this dose and with intraparenchymal administration this approach is relatively safe. Long-term monitoring of subjects and expansion to Phase II/III will be necessary in order to make definitive statements on safety and efficacy.
Using machine-readable text as a source of novel vocabulary to update the Dewy Decimal classification

A technique is presented for automatically importing novel and emergent vocabulary into the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) from a domain-specific corpus of machine-readable text using insights from recent work by computational linguistics on word sense disambiguation. Results show that most of the vocabulary is mapped to the DDC hierarchy that is most appropriate for characterizing the domain.
A Fundamental Study on Dissolution Behavior of High-Resolution Molecular Glass Photoresists

Understanding the dissolution behavior of photoresist materials is an important step in being able to control their lithographic performance. In this paper, we present a fundamental study of dissol...
Comparison of the domain of validity of several approximate surface scatter theories

A new generalized Harvey-Shack (GHS) surface scatter theory is numerically compared to the classical small perturbation method (SPM), the Kirchhoff approximation method (KM) and the rigorous method of moment (MoM) for one-dimensional ideally conducting surfaces whose surface power spectral density function is Gaussian or abc-function. In spite of its simple analytic form, our numerical comparison shows that the new GHS theory is valid (with reasonable accuracy) over a broader range of surface parameter space than either of the two classical surface scatter theories.
Metabolism of 2,4-dinitrotoluene by intestinal microorganisms from rat, mouse, and man.

Abstract Dinitrotoluene (DNT) is an industrial chemical of importance in the production of urethane foams and elastomers. The technical grade material is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents but shows sex- and species-dependent differences in potency. We have studied the pathways of metabolism of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), the major component of technical material, in the cecal microflora of male rats, female rats, male mice, and in human feces and ileal contents. 2,4-DNT was not metabolized by any of these preparations in the presence of oxygen. Under anaerobic conditions an ordered sequence of reductive metabolism was observed. The 2- and 4-nitro groups were reduced to amino groups via nitroso intermediates which were identified by GC-MS. The reduction of the nitroso intermediate to the amino compound is presumed to involve a hydroxylamino intermediate which could not be isolated. The aminonitro compounds were then reduced to diaminotoluene. No intermediates in this sequence could be isolated. No sex- or species-dependent differences in the pathways of metabolism were observed and only small species-dependent differences in the rate of metabolism of 2,4-DNT were observed. It is concluded that the intestinal microflora of rodents represent the major site of reductive metabolism of 2,4-DNT and may play an important role in the carcinogenic action of DNT isomers.
Structure of events in 200 GeV interactions on hydrogen and aluminum targets in both soft and hard collisions

Abstract The qualitative predictions of quantum chromodynamics for high-energy hadron-nucleus scattering are expounded. Inclusive particle distributions from hadron interactions on proton and aluminum targets are compared to the theoretical expectations for both low and high transverse momentum ( p ⊥ ) scattering. In the latter case, we present data on the nuclear effects in the fragmentation of both the beam and scattered partons. At low p ⊥ , we show evidence for short-range correlations between the final particles produced in hadron-aluminum collisions.
Men, migration, and households in Botswana: an exploration of connections over time and space

Survey results indicate a very high proportion of ‘female‐headed households’ in Botswana. Field research in a village in Botswana, however, reveals that the residential household is an inadequate, and misleading, unit of analysis. Domestic groups are not necessarily co‐resident, and domestic arrangements are characterised by fluidity and adaptability. In particular, limiting investigation to the residential household conceals a great deal of men's connections with and contributions to children. Extending investigation beyond the residential household reveals links between men and children to whom they are related in a variety of ways. Men may be related to household heads, and to children in households, as sons, brothers, sons‐in‐law, maternal uncles, biological and social fathers, cousins, and grandfathers. The patterns of men's connections to children and households change systematically over the course of their lives as they negotiate competing, overlapping, and succeeding claims on their resources and...
The generative basis of natural number concepts.

Number concepts must support arithmetic inference. Using this principle, it can be argued that the integer concept of exactly ONE is a necessary part of the psychological foundations of number, as is the notion of the exact equality – that is, perfect substitutability. The inability to support reasoning involving exact equality is a shortcoming in current theories about the development of numerical reasoning. A simple innate basis for the natural number concepts can be proposed that embodies the arithmetic principle, supports exact equality and also enables computational compatibility with real- or rational-valued mental magnitudes.
Effect of fire intensity on understory composition and diversity in a Kalmia-dominated oak forest, New England, USA

This study investigates the understory dynamics of two mixed-oak stands following fire of varying intensity. Composition and diversity of woody and herbaceous species in the understory were measured in two stands 7–8 years after a prescribed burn. On both sites, unburned areas, low-intensity fire areas, and areas where the overstory had been severely damaged were measured. Patterns of species presence and absence following fire were consistent with an initial-floristics model. Most species increased in density and frequency following fire; onlyAralia nudicaulis andQuercus alba showed statistically significant decreases in density. Overall, 29 species increased in density following fire, while 8 declined; 29 species increased in frequency, while 6 declined. However, diversity and equitability measures were depressed on the moderately burned sites, due to rapid regrowth ofKalmia latifolia. Ordination using binary discriminant analysis suggested species responded individualistically to both burning and site variation.
Updated Colors for Cool Stars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

ABSTRACT We present updated colors for M and L dwarfs based on photometry from the third data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). These data are improved in quality and number from earlier results. We also provide updated equations for determining photometric parallaxes from SDSS colors of late‐type stars. Walkowicz et al. have recently presented new techniques for studying the magnetic activity of low‐mass stars, and their method relies on an accurate determination of SDSS color. We derive new relationships between SDSS colors and other common passbands and present updated formulas from Walkowicz et al. for determining the level of magnetic activity in M and L dwarfs.
The Value of Pathological Examination of the Foreskin Following Circumcision

Abstract Introduction We determined the clinical impact and value of routine histopathological examination of the foreskin following circumcision. Methods We performed a retrospective study of 225 consecutive adult circumcisions. Indications for circumcision were categorized as benign or malignant based on preoperative clinical evaluation. Histopathological results were similarly classified as benign or malignant. Preoperative clinical impression and postoperative histological diagnosis were compared and reported as concordant (in agreement) or discordant (in disagreement). The cost impact of histopathology examination was analyzed with respect to study findings. Results Of the 225 patients 209 (92.9%) had clinically benign disease on preoperative evaluation and 16 (7.1%) had foreskin lesions suspicious for malignancy. Mean age was 57.0 years (range 23 to 92). Patients were younger in the benign group than in the malignant group (56.5 vs 62.8 years, p = 0.018). Black patients represented 65.8% of the study population and were similarly distributed between the 2 groups (p = 0.405). There was no statistical difference in patient height, weight, body mass index or comorbidities between the 2 groups. Preoperative clinical impression and postoperative histological diagnosis were concordant in all 209 patients in the benign group. Of the 16 patients suspected to have malignant disease preoperatively 9 (56.2%) had malignancy and 7 (43.8%) had benign disease on histopathological examination. Conclusions Routine histological examination of a foreskin specimen in the absence of clinical suspicion for malignancy appears to have diminished benefit in the setting of benign preoperative indications. Omitting this traditional practice in patients with benign surgical indications may positively impact health care costs without compromising quality of care.
Influence of Involvement in the Girls on Track Program on Early Adolescent Girls' Self-Perceptions

The Model of Competence Motivation (Harter, 1978) highlights how self-perceptions are influenced by individual and socialization factors. Using this model, the present study investigated, quantitatively with a pretest and posttest design (N = 34) and qualitatively via individual interviews (N = 8), how involvement in the Girls on Track program (GOT) influenced the perceived competence and self-worth of sixth-grade girls. GOT is a program that uses training for a 5-km race as a means to teach life skills. The self-perceptions of the participants showed increasing trends from pre- to posttest. Interviewed girls discussed their acquisition of interpersonal skills and of positive feelings about themselves. The discussion emphasizes how program involvement can influence the development of self-perceptions in early adolescent girls.
Chloramine-T Alters the Nerve Membrane Birefringence Response

The change in birefringence during depolarizing voltage-clamp pulses of internally perfused squid giant axons are biphasic. There is a rapid decrease in birefringence with a 220-μsec half time at 8°C followed by a slow decrease over the next several milliseconds. After the pulse there is a rapid recovery which is smaller than the initial rapid decrease followed by a slow recovery phase. The rate of change of the slow phase during the pulse is more rapid for larger depolarizations. After the pulse the rate of change is more rapid for more negative potentials. 3.6mm chloramine-T, applied externally until the sodium currents were prolonged and inactivation was removed, removed the slow phase of the birefringence response both during and after the pulse and made the fast ‘off’ response as large as the fast ‘on’ response. Two anesthetics reduced the birefringence response by about 20%. A rocking helix model is presented which relates the birefringence findings and earlier gating current experiments.
Broken Symmetry in the Local-Spin-Density Approximation and Its Application to Relativistic Atoms

The ground state of the (${d}^{4}{s}^{2}$) configuration shifts by 1.725 eV relative to that of the (${d}^{5}s$) on going from Mo to W. This shift, which arises mainly from relativistic contributions to the W energy, is calculated with 2% accuracy by use of the authors' relativistic pseudopotential and the local-spin-density approximation. That the single determinantal broken-symmetry local-spin-density approximation wave function accounts for the spin-orbit energy, which otherwise could be obtained from the spin-orbit mixing of several multideterminantal terms, may be surprising.
Expression and activity of recombinant proaerolysin derived from Aeromonas hydrophila cultured from diseased channel catfish

Aerolysin is one of the putative toxins in extracellular products (ECP) produced by Aeromonas hydrophila, an important pathogen of catfish. To better understand the molecular mechanism and mode of action of this toxin, proaerolysin-coding gene was cloned from the genomic DNA of an A. hydrophila strain, cultured from diseased channel catfish, and heterologously expressed in E. coli. Functional recombinant proaerolysin was obtained, revealing some unique properties. The purified recombinant proaerolysin was inactive but could be activated by treatment with furin, trypsin, and ECP although different treatments produced different cleavage profiles and resulted in differential hemolytic and cytotoxic activities. The highest activity was observed from aerolysin processed by furin while treatment of proaerolysin with trypsin and ECP resulted in reduced activities. The unprocessed proaerolysin, though not hemolytic in vitro, had the same cytopathic effect on cultured walking catfish gill cells as the furin-processed had. In in vivo assay, the recombinant proaerolysin was found to be lethal to catfish when injected via intraperitoneal (IP) route. The lethal toxicity was acute and dose-dependent, as observed in IP injection of live A. hydrophila. This is the first recombinant proaerolysin confirmed to be a virulence factor; the recombinant protein could be used to further evaluate virulence, pathogenicity and antigenicity associated with A. hydrophila infection.
Cell surface receptors for endogenous mouse type C viral glycoproteins and epidermal growth factor: Tissue distribution in vivo and possible participation in specific cell‐cell interaction

We have described previously the detection and tissue distribution of free cell surface receptors for ecotropic R-MuLV envelope glycoprotein and the growth factor EGF in vivo [1]. More recently, we have reported the chromosomal map position of the ecotropic viral receptor and its conservation between subspecies of the genus Mus [2]. This work has shown, for the first time, the presence of multiple, independently segregating cell surface receptor genes specific for different classes of ecotropic type C viral envelope glycoprotein. In this report we extend these findings and identify chromosome 2 as coding for the receptor used by M813, an ecotropic MuLV from a feral Asian mouse. This new receptor is probably also used by oncogenic, recombinant (MCF class) MuLV of C3H origin.
Current perspectives in candidal vulvovaginitis.

Vulvovaginitis is perhaps the single most common complaint that prompts women to seek medical attention. In the United States, after bacterial vaginosis, the most frequently encountered cause of this condition is the yeast Candida albicans. Candidal vaginitis has been estimated to affect somewhere between 5% and 40% of the female population, and it seems that a majority of women encounter the problem at least once in their lives. Most candidal infections are accompanied by, or result in, genital pruritus. So ubiquitous is the “feminine itch” that no fewer than 66 prescription drugs and 42 over-the-counter preparations are currently marketed to deal with this problem. An old medical axiom states that the therapeutic success of any group of pharmaceuticals is inversely proportional to the number of products within that group. If any one or two of them worked really well, alone or in combination, then there would be little, if any, call for all the others. And so, despite our “third-generation” anticandidal preparations, women and their physicians continue to be plagued by the occurrence and recurrence of candidal vulvovaginal infection. If we are unable to eradicate the organism consistently, it is because we do not yet fully understand it. Alleged to be a member of the simple yeast family within the kingdom of fungi, the Candida genus continues to challenge our most sophisticated research with its biologic complexity. We are only beginning to un-
Secure Image Filtering

In today's heterogeneous network environment, there is a growing demand for distrusted parties to jointly execute distributed algorithms on private data whose secrecy needed to be safeguarded. Protocols that support such kind of joint computation without complete sharing of information are called secure multiparty computation (SMC) protocols. Applying SMC protocols in image processing is a challenging problem. Most of the existing SMC protocols are implemented based on cryptographic primitives like oblivious transfer that are too computational intensive for pixel-based operations. In this paper, we develop two efficient SMC protocols for distributed linear image filtering between two parties, one party with the original image and the other with the image filter. The first protocol is based on a combination of rank reduction and random permutation. The second one uses random perturbation with the help of a non-colluding third party. Experimental results show that both of them execute significantly faster than oblivious-transfer based techniques.