cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inorganic speciation of dissolved elements in seawater: the influence of pH on concentration ratios

Assessments of inorganic elemental speciation in seawater span the past four decades. Experimentation, compilation and critical review of equilibrium data over the past forty years have, in particular, considerably improved our understanding of cation hydrolysis and the complexation of cations by carbonate ions in solution. Through experimental investigations and critical evaluation it is now known that more than forty elements have seawater speciation schemes that are strongly influenced by pH. In the present work, the speciation of the elements in seawater is summarized in a manner that highlights the significance of pH variations. For elements that have pH-dependent species concentration ratios, this work summarizes equilibrium data (S = 35, t = 25°C) that can be used to assess regions of dominance and relative species concentrations. Concentration ratios of complex species are expressed in the form log[A]/[B] = pH - C where brackets denote species concentrations in solution, A and B are species important at higher (A) and lower (B) solution pH, and C is a constant dependent on salinity, temperature and pressure. In the case of equilibria involving complex oxy-anions (MO x (OH) y ) or hydroxy complexes (M(OH) n ), C is written as pK n = -log K n or pK n * = -log K n * respectively, where K n and K n * are equilibrium constants. For equilibria involving carbonate complexation, the constant C is written as pQ = -log(K2 l K n [HCO3-]) where K2 l is the HCO3 - dissociation constant, K n is a cation complexation constant and [HCO3-] is approximated as 1.9 × 10-3 molar. Equilibrium data expressed in this manner clearly show dominant species transitions, ranges of dominance, and relative concentrations at any pH.
Interference-Aware Multipath Routing and Link Rate Control in Multihop Wireless Networks

In multihop wireless networks, end-to-end throughput is often hard to predict and is even harder to optimize due to the effect of interference. To date there is no precise result other than asymptotic bounds for this question: if there is no routing information given, what is the maximum throughput of a network using uncoordinated transmission such as IEEE 802.11 MAC? This paper attempts to address this question for a given network with specific traffic demand. In this paper we use a cross-layer design scheme to optimize network performance. The paper includes a basic linear programming model, from which the routing paths and link data rates are derived, and then an extended model to consider links with different loss rates. Using ns2 simulation, we show that our joint routing and rate control scheme indeed can predict the maximum throughput and improve network throughput.
Extremely variable di- and tetranucleotide microsatellite loci in Brazilian free-tailed bats ( Tadarida brasiliensis )

We present three dinucleotide and six tetranucleotide microsatellite loci that were developed for the Brazilian free-tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis (Chiroptera, Molossidae). Ninety-one individuals from two populations were scored at each locus, revealing extremely high levels of polymorphism (15‐55 alleles per locus). These loci provide genetic markers for studying gene flow, migration and mating behaviour.
System and gram matrices of 3-D planogram data

This paper addresses the topic of geometric voxel-based approaches to forward and inverse problems of image reconstruction from planogram data. We investigate 2- and 3-D (two-, three-dimensional) planar detector configurations for which we reduce complex geometrical calculations of Gram and system matrices to a series of simple transformations like shifts and parallel projections. We use a direct algebraic approach, or natural pixels approach in reconstruction. The approach needs precomputation and inversion of the Gram matrix with entries as volumes of intersection of two arbitrary natural pixels-strips or parallelepipeds. Numerical experiments with small-scale test data are presented.
Effect of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on a state highway patrol trooper's heart rate variability.

Background: On September 11, 2001, terrorists attacked the United States. By coincidence, a North Carolina highway patrol trooper was wearing an ambulatory ECG Holter monitor at this time as part of an air pollution study. Methods: Heart rate variability parameters were analyzed: standard deviation of normal to normal beat intervals (SDNN) and percentage of interval differences >50 ms (PNN50). Results: The trooper's heart rate variability changed immediately after learning about the terrorist attacks. Heart rate increased and PNN50 decreased, while SDNN increased strongly. Conclusions: These changes suggest strong emotional sympathetic stress associated with parasympathetic withdrawal in response to the news about the terrorist attack.
A general theory of sampling synthesis

The theoretical foundations for synthesizing linear aperture distributions by means of pattern sampling are generalized to admit arbitrary location of the sampling points and arbitrary choice of the edge exponent \alpha . The generalization is based upon Paley and Wiener's theory of nonharmonic Fourier series. Explicit formulas are derived for the special case of semi-periodic sampling.
The Use of Moving Yarn Belts for Continuous Dehumidification

A novel low-energy alternative to conventional dehumidification systems has been devised. A moving loop of cellulosic yarns adsorbs water vapor from an air space, transports it outside where it is ...
Risk, Interest Rates and the Forward Exchange

I. Relationship of foreign exchange prices and interest rates under risk neutrality, 303. — II. An application of the model to fixed spot rates, 305. — III. Conclusion, 309.
Bootstrapping energy debugging on smartphones: a first look at energy bugs in mobile devices

This paper argues that a new class of bugs faced by millions of smartphones, energy bugs or ebugs, have become increasingly prominent that already they have led to significant user frustrations. We take a first look at this emerging important technical challenge faced by the smartphones, ebugs, broadly defined as an error in the system (application, OS, hardware, firmware, external conditions or combination) that causes an unexpected amount of high energy consumption by the system as a whole. We first present a taxonomy of the kinds of ebugs based on mining over 39K posts (1.2M before filtering) from 4 online mobile user forum and mobile OS bug repositories. The taxonomy shows the highly diverse nature of smartphone ebugs. We then propose a roadmap towards developing a systematic diagnosing framework for debugging ebugs on smartphones.
Radiation resistance and comparative performance of ITO/InP and n/p InP homojunction solar cells

The radiation resistance of ITO/InP cells processed by DC magnetron sputtering is compared to that of standard n/p InP/GaAs homojunction cells. After 10 MeV proton irradiations, it is found that the radiation resistance of the present ITO/InP cell is comparable to that of the n/p homojunction InP cell and that both InP cell types have radiation resistances significantly greater than that of GaAs. The relatively lower radiation resistance observed at higher fluence for the InP cell with the deepest junction depth is attributed to losses in the cell emitter region. Diode parameters obtained from I/sub sc/-V/sub oc/ plots, data from surface Raman spectroscopy, and determinations of surface conductivity type are used to investigate the configuration of the ITO/InP cells. It is concluded that these latter cells are n/p homojunctions, the n-region consisting of a disordered layer at the oxide-semiconductor interface. >
Flow in curved ducts. Part 2. Rotating ducts

When a coiled tube is rotated about the coil axis, the effects of rotation interact with centrifugal and viscous effects to complicate the flow characteristics beyond those seen in stationary curved ducts. The phenomena encountered are examined for steady, fully developed Newtonian flow in circular tubes of small curvature. The governing equations are solved using orthogonal collocation, and the results presented cover both the nature of the flow and the bifurcation structure. When rotation is in the same direction as the axial flow imposed by a pressure gradient, the flow structure remains similar to that seen in stationary ducts, i.e. with two- or four-vortex secondary flows in addition to the axial flow. There are, however, quantitative changes, which are due to the Coriolis forces resulting from rotation. The bifurcation structure also shows only quantitative changes from that for stationary ducts at all values of Taylor number examined. More complex behaviour is possible when rotation opposes the flow due to the pressure gradient. In particular, the direction of the secondary flow may be reversed at higher rotational strengths, and the mechanism of the flow reversal is explored. The flow reversal occurs smoothly at low Taylor numbers, but at higher rotational strengths a cusp appears in the primary solution branch in the vicinity of the flow reversal.
Technology for space-based direct detection of terrestrial planets

Building on missions using indirect methods to observe extrasolar terrestrial planets, such as the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) and Kepler, will be the Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF). TPF will survey stars in our stellar neighborhood to search for planets and perform spectroscopic measurements to identify potential biomarkers in their atmospheres. A suite of two observatories, a visible-light coronagraph (TPF-C) planned for a 2016 launch and a separated-spacecraft mid-infrared interferometer (TPF-I) planned for a 2019 launch. The key technical challenge for each of these observatories is to separate the starlight from the much fainter light from the planet. This requires both the ability to angularly resolve the planet from the star and the ability to suppress or divert the starlight. The current baseline design for TPF-C uses a large elliptical (8m x 3.5m) primary mirror to achieve the needed resolution and a Lyot coronagraph to suppress the starlight. TPF-I uses an array of four cryogenic 4m apertures flown in formation on separate spacecraft to achieve the required baselines and operates in a nulling configuration to control the starlight. Substantial funding has been committed to development of key technologies required to meet these goals for launch in the next decade. Efforts underway through industry and university contracts and at JPL include a number of system and subsystem testbeds, as well as components and numerical modeling capabilities. The science, technology, and design efforts are closely coupled to ensure that requirements and capabilities will be consistent and meet the science goals.
Signifikanter Durchbruch beim Einkauf durch systematisches Beschaffungsmarketing

Die Looser-Gruppe besteht aus 4 Geschaftsbereichen. Es sind die Bereiche Beschichtungen, Industriedienstleistungen, Temperierung und Turen. Der groste Geschaftsbereich ist die Beschichtung, die Looser-Coating-Gruppe. Der Gesamtumsatz in 2013 betrug fast 500 Mio. CHF.
Optimal Control Formulations of Vibration Reduction Problems

Design of controls to move a flexible body such as a robot arm while minimizing unwanted vibrations has been described in many papers and presented in many forms. For the vibration reduction issue alone, it is shown that almost all the proposed designs can be formulated as optimal controls of either the fixed final time or the minimum time type. Furthermore, it is shown that under reasonable assumptions the two types have the same solution and are thus equivalent. Continuous time, tapped-delay-line input shaping filters, and discrete controls are considered. It is shown that the discrete equivalent of the general vibration reduction problem is a convex problem for the fixed final time case and quasi-convex for the free final time problem. The two formulations are compared in terms of computation complexity as well as practical implementation issues.
Selection of hepatitis C virus resistant to ribavirin

Given the side effects associated with intravenous injections of interferon, an interferon-free regimen for the treatment of HCV infections is highly desirable. Recently published clinical studies show that interferon-free combination therapies containing ribavirin are efficacious, suggesting that an interferon-free therapy could be adopted in the near future. Therefore, understanding HCV resistance to ribavirin could be of major importance. In an approach to understand the effect of ribavirin on HCV replication and HCV resistance, we have selected a ribavirin resistant mutant of HCV in vitro. We serially passed the J6/JFH1 strain of HCV in Huh7D cells (a Huh7 cell derivative more permissive to HCV replication) in the presence of different concentrations of ribavirin. Virus replication was assessed by detection of HCV antigens by immunfluorscence of infected cells and titration of recovered virus present in the supernatant. cDNAs from virus RNA grown in 0 or 250 uM concentrations of ribavirin were synthesized by RT-PCR, and sequenced. A concentration of 125 uM of ribavirin did not have a dramatic effect on HCV replication, while 500 uM of ribavirin lead to viral extinction. Concentrations of 250 uM of ribavirin dramatically reduced virus replication which was sustained over six passages. At passage seven viral resurgence began and over two passages the level of virus reached that of the wild type virus grown without ribavirin. Virus recovered from these cultures were more resistant to 250 uM ribavirin than wild type virus, and showed no difference in replication relative to wild type virus when grown in the absence of ribavirin. The ribavirin resistant virus accumulated multiple synonymous and non-synonymous mutations that are presently being analyzed for their relationship to ribavirin resistance. It is possible to select a ribavirin resistant mutant of HCV that can replicate to levels similar to wild type virus grown without ribavirin. Analysis of the mutations responsible for the ribavirin resistance may aid in understanding the mechanism of action of ribavirin.
A method for the calculation of blood flow in human digital arteries

The assessment of digital artery blood flow in human beings would ideally be noninvasive and accurate. The transcutaneous use of a high-resolution 20 MHz ultrasonic pulsed Doppler provides information about average blood velocities, vessel lumen diameters, and velocity profiles in small vessels. These data are used in calculations which quantitate blood flow in human digital arteries.
Reflections on a Life in Biomedicine: Leading Change

Dr. Elizabeth Nabel delivered the following presentation as the Lee E. Farr Lecturer on May 7, 2013, which served as the culmination of the annual Student Research Day at Yale School of Medicine. Dr. Nabel is President of the Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, and Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School. Her lecture to Yale medical students portrayed her own personal and professional journey through medicine as a series of opportunities. Dr. Nabel focused on the roles and responsibilities of physicians to recognize need and to make change through focused advocacy.
Coastal Wind-Driven Circulation in the Vicinity of a Bank. Part I: Modeling Flow over Idealized Symmetric Banks

This study examines how coastal banks influence wind-driven circulation along stratified continental shelves. Numerical experiments are conducted for idealized symmetric banks; the standard bank (200 km long and 50 km wide) has dimensions similar to the Heceta Bank complex along the Oregon shelf. Model runs are forced with 10 days of steady winds (0.1 Pa); upwelling and downwelling cases are compared. The bank introduces significant alongshelf variability in the currents and density fields. Upwelling-favorable winds create an upwelling front and a baroclinic jet (flowing opposite coastal-trapped wave propagation) that bend around the standard bank, approximately centered on the 90-m isobath. The upwelling jet is strongest over the upstream bank half, where it advects a tongue of dense water over the bank. There is a current reversal shoreward of the main jet at the bank center. Upwelling is most intense over the upstream part of the bank, while there is reduced upwelling and even downwelling over other bank sections. Downwellingfavorable winds create a near-bottom density front and a baroclinic jet (flowing in the direction of coastaltrapped wave propagation) that bend around the standard bank; the jet core moves from the 150-m isobath to the 100-m isobath and back over the bank. The downwelling jet is slowest and widest over the bank; there are no current reversals. Results over the bank are more similar to 2D results (that preclude alongshelf variability) than in the upwelling case. Downwelling is weakened over the bank. The density field evolution over the bank is fundamentally different from the upwelling case. Most model results for banks with different dimensions are qualitatively similar to the standard run. The exceptions are banks having a radius of curvature smaller than the inertial radius; the main jet remains detached from the coast far downstream from these banks. The lowest-order across-stream momentum balance indicates that the depth-averaged flow is geostrophic. Advection, ageostrophic pressure gradients, wind stress, and bottom stress are all important in the depth-averaged alongstream momentum balance over the bank. There is considerable variability in alongstream momentum balances over different bank sections. Across-shelf and alongshelf advection both change the density field over the bank. Barotropic potential vorticity is not conserved, but the tendency for relative vorticity changes and depth changes to partially counter each other results in differences between the upwelling and downwelling jet paths over the bank. Only certain areas of the bank have significant vertical velocities. In these areas of active upwelling and downwelling, vertical velocities at the top of the bottom boundary layer are due to either the jet crossing isobaths or bottom Ekman pumping.
Object-reuse for more predictable real-time Java behavior

One of the problems with Java for real-time systems is the unpredictable behavior of garbage collection (GC). GC introduces unexpected load and causes undesirable delays for real-time applications. In this paper, we propose a technique that reduces and bounds the memory requirements for real-time Java programs. This technique can eliminate or reduce the need for GC and allows for a more predictable execution behavior and efficient utilization of the available memory. A theoretical model is presented and a number of benchmark tests are used to evaluate this technique in PERC, NewMonics' real-time JVM, and Sun's JVM. The results show that in some cases GC can be eliminated and an application's execution time decreases and becomes more predictable.
Compulsory Licenses Under TRIPS: An Introduction

This chapter aims to bring clarity to the contentious and confusing question of what types of compulsory licenses are permissible under TRIPS.This chapter first clarifies the TRIPS rules on compulsory licenses and, in particular, distills the dozen complex provisions regarding compulsory licensing into more logical categories for explanation. Th e chapter also provides an illustration of how a country can craft a compulsory licensing law to promote access to medicine while simultaneously complying with TRIPS. The chapter concludes with a discussion of issues beyond the scope of TRIPS that countries must consider in connection with the benefits and costs of issuing compulsory licenses. This chapter provides an essential background to understanding a procedure involving a “waiver” of one of the usual TRIPS requirements to help provide low-cost drugs to poor countries, as described in more detail in Chapter 7 (available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1922825). In addition, detailed discussion of the reasons for confusion and misinformation as well as the underlying issues they likely mask are discussed in Chapter 6 (available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1922824).
Mariculture of Marine Plants: A Critical Pathway Approach

Mariculture of seaweeds for valuable products is on the edge of commercial development in the USA. Seaweed beds have been harvested for: food, industry, use in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, fertilizers and livestock feed. These applications far outstrip the early, primary use of the seaweed extract agar in hospitals, as a base for microbiological culture media. As the seaweed beds have diminished, cultivation techniques for seaweeds have slowly developed to meet the world's needs. Mariculture of native seaweeds presents formidible challenges. Research to date has taken numerous and diverse approaches from simple trial and error agronomy to controlled enclosure cultivation of selected strains. The new approach described here follows a Critical Pathway viewpoint including: Ecological Studies, Strain Selection, Physiological Studies and Cultivation Trials. Results from ecological studies provide clues for prudent strain selection and are further used to select the most important factors (e.g., light, carbon, temperature) for integration into experimental designs of physiological studies. Results from physiological experiments define tolerance ranges and presumed environmental optima for potentially limiting growth factors. These results are then tested in cultivation trials. The results provide data for production models for each strain or species considered for mariculture. Such a model is the basic tool for engineering design and mariculture development. Three California seaweeds have been the focus of this Pathway Approach: two species for biomedical purposes and one kelp for the herring-eggs-on-seaweed (Kazunoku kombu) fishery. It is concluded from results of these studies that the Critical Pathway is an effective approach to mariculture development. Moreover, many seaweeds from our own coastal waters can provide the raw material, now imported or unavailable, to meet the nation's needs for seaweed products.
Geographic, Racial/Ethnic, and Sociodemographic Disparities in Parent-Reported Receipt of Family-Centered Care among US Children

This study examined geographic, racial/ethnic, and sociodemographic disparities in parental reporting of receipt of family-centered care (FCC) and its components among US children aged 0-17 years. We used the 2011-2012 National Survey of Children's Health to estimate the prevalence and odds of not receiving FCC by covariates. Based on parent report, 33.4% of US children did not receive FCC. Children in Arizona, Mississippi, Nevada, California, New Jersey, Virginia, Florida, and New York had at least 1.51 times higher adjusted odds of not receiving FCC than children in Vermont. Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic children had 2.11 and 1.58 times higher odds, respectively, of not receiving FCC than non-Hispanic White children. Children from non-English-speaking households had 2.23 and 2.35 times higher adjusted odds of not receiving FCC overall and their doctors not spending enough time in their care than children from English-speaking households, respectively. Children from low-education and low-income households had a higher likelihood of not receiving FCC. The clustering of children who did not receive FCC and its components in several Southern and Western US states, as well as children from poor, uninsured, and publicly insured and of minority background, is a cause for concern in the face of federal policies to reduce health care disparities.
A2Bi8Se13 (A = Rb, Cs), CsBi3.67Se6, and BaBi2Se4: New ternary semiconducting bismuth selenides

Rb2Bi8Se13 (I), Cs2Bi8Se13 (II), CsBi3.67Se6 (III), and BaBi2Se4 (IV) were synthesized by direct combination reactions of the A/Se (A = Rb, Cs, Ba) and Bi2Se3 at ≥650 °C. Their structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Rb2Bi8Se13 and Cs2Bi8Se13 are isostructural and crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/m (No. 11) with a = 13.4931(4) A, b = 4.1558(3) A, c = 24.876(2) A, β = 96.571(4)°, R1 = 0.0577, and wR2 = 0.1159 [I > 2σ(I)] for I and a = 13.704(1) A, b = 4.1532(4) A, c = 25.008(2) A, β = 96.848(2)°, R1 = 0.0497, and wR2 = 0.1123 [I > 2σ(I)] for II. CsBi3.67Se6 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma (No. 62) with a = 23.421(4) A, b = 4.1877(8) A, c = 13.710(3) A, R1 = 0.0611, and wR2 = 0.1384 [I > 2σ(I)]. BaBi2Se4 crystallizes in the hexagonal space group P63/m (No. 176) with a = 26.157(1) A, c = 4.3245(3) A, R1 = 0.0371, and wR2 = 0.0817 [I > 2σ(I)]. The structure of A2Bi8Se13 features a three-dimensional framework consisting of wide rectangular NaCl-type infini...
Loss of MEN1 activates DNMT1 implicating DNA hypermethylation as a driver of MEN1 tumorigenesis

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome results from mutations in the MEN1 gene and causes tumor formation via largely unknown mechanisms. Using a novel genome-wide methylation analysis, we studied tissues from MEN1-parathyroid tumors, Men1 knockout (KO) mice, and Men1 null mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell lines. We demonstrated that inactivation of menin (the protein product of MEN1) increases activity of DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) by activating retinoblastoma-binding protein 5 (Rbbp5). The increased activity of DNMT1 mediates global DNA hypermethylation, which results in aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway through inactivation of Sox regulatory genes. Our study provides important insights into the role of menin in DNA methylation and its impact on the pathogenesis of MEN1 tumor development.
Rendition to Torture

Post-9/11 policies offer a study in language, with wars of aggression, political assassinations, and torture being repackaged as “preemptive strikes,” “targeted killings,” and “enhanced interrogati...
Human Connectome-Based Tractographic Atlas of the Brainstem Connections and Surgical Approaches.

BACKGROUND The brainstem is one of the most challenging areas for the neurosurgeon because of the limited space between gray matter nuclei and white matter pathways. Diffusion tensor imaging-based tractography has been used to study the brainstem structure, but the angular and spatial resolution could be improved further with advanced diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). OBJECTIVE To construct a high-angular/spatial resolution, wide-population-based, comprehensive tractography atlas that presents an anatomical review of the surgical approaches to the brainstem. METHODS We applied advanced diffusion MRI fiber tractography to a population-based atlas constructed with data from a total of 488 subjects from the Human Connectome Project-488. Five formalin-fixed brains were studied for surgical landmarks. Luxol Fast Blue-stained histological sections were used to validate the results of tractography. RESULTS We acquired the tractography of the major brainstem pathways and validated them with histological analysis. The pathways included the cerebellar peduncles, corticospinal tract, corticopontine tracts, medial lemniscus, lateral lemniscus, spinothalamic tract, rubrospinal tract, central tegmental tract, medial longitudinal fasciculus, and dorsal longitudinal fasciculus. Then, the reconstructed 3-dimensional brainstem structure was sectioned at the level of classic surgical approaches, namely supracollicular, infracollicular, lateral mesencephalic, perioculomotor, peritrigeminal, anterolateral (to the medulla), and retro-olivary approaches. CONCLUSION The advanced diffusion MRI fiber tracking is a powerful tool to explore the brainstem neuroanatomy and to achieve a better understanding of surgical approaches. ABBREVIATIONS CN, cranial nerveCPT, corticopontine tractCST, corticospinal tractCTT, central tegmental tractDLF, dorsal longitudinal fasciculusHCP, Human Connectome ProjectML, medial lemniscusMLF, medial longitudinal fasciculusRST, rubrospinal tractSTT, spinothalamic tract.
Serologic Demonstration of the Albuminoid Nature of the B700 Murine Melanoma Antigen

AbstractLimited available evidence indicates that the B700 murine melanoma antigen is related to serum albumin, but potential relationships to other members of the serum albumin protein family have not yet been established. Using specific antibodies raised against each of the members of the albumin family, we have studied cross-reactivity by solid phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western immunoblotting. We demonstrate that B700 is serologically cross-reactive to members of the serum albumin family, which includes α-fetoprotein and vitamin D binding protein. Therefore, B700 is part of the serum albumin family of proteins, although the mechanism underlying its specific expression by transformed melanocytes remains unknown.
A study of PSHG and its characteristic mechanism of residual stress within a hardened layer

The pre-stressed hardening grinding (PSHG) combines with the advantages of pre-stressed grinding and grinding hardening. In order to study the characteristic of PSHG, especially its residual stress within a hardened layer after PSHG, the PSHG experiment was carried on. Combining with theory and experiment results, the variation and its mechanism of residual stress were studied. The paper shows the PSHG can obtain a hardened layer with controllable residual stress after the process. The residual stress decreases with the increasing of feeding speed and grinding depth. When the grinding depth is small, the tensile residual stress decreases with the increasing of pre-stress. And when the grinding depth is large, the compressive residual stress decreases first and then increases with the increase of pre-stress because of the comprehensive effect of heat and phase transformation. Then, a finite element method (FEM) simulation was performed to study the variation of thermal stress in a hardened layer after PSHG process. Distribution and variation of thermal stress were obtained. In the end, according to the relationship between residual stress and thermal stress, the distribution and variation mechanisms of phase transformation stress were obtained and studied. They vary along with the level of phase transformation. The compressive phase transformation stress increases with the increasing of grinding depth. And due to the pre-stress’s influence on the phase transformation, it decreases first and then increases with the increase of pre-stress.
Tree-Encoded Conditional Random Fields for Image Synthesis.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the dominant modality for neuroimaging in clinical and research domains. The tremendous versatility of MRI as a modality can lead to large variability in terms of image contrast, resolution, noise, and artifacts. Variability can also manifest itself as missing or corrupt imaging data. Image synthesis has been recently proposed to homogenize and/or enhance the quality of existing imaging data in order to make them more suitable as consistent inputs for processing. We frame the image synthesis problem as an inference problem on a 3-D continuous-valued conditional random field (CRF). We model the conditional distribution as a Gaussian by defining quadratic association and interaction potentials encoded in leaves of a regression tree. The parameters of these quadratic potentials are learned by maximizing the pseudo-likelihood of the training data. Final synthesis is done by inference on this model. We applied this method to synthesize \(T_2\)-weighted images from \(T_1\)-weighted images, showing improved synthesis quality as compared to current image synthesis approaches. We also synthesized Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) images, showing similar segmentations to those obtained from real FLAIRs. Additionally, we generated super-resolution FLAIRs showing improved segmentation.
Rate constants of long, branched, and unsaturated aldehydes with OH at elevated temperatures

Abstract The overall rate constants for the H-abstraction reactions of a series of aldehydes, namely isobutyraldehyde (i-C 3 H 7 CHO), n -valeraldehyde ( n -C 4 H 9 CHO), isovaleraldehyde (i-C 4 H 9 CHO), trans -2-pentenal (C 2 H 5 CH=CHCHO), trimethylacetaldehyde ((CH 3 ) 3 CCHO) and benzaldehyde (C 6 H 5 CHO), by hydroxyl radicals (OH), were studied behind reflected shock waves at temperatures of 976–1346 K and pressures around 0.6 atm. The OH radicals, produced pyrolytically from tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), were quantitatively measured by UV absorption using a narrow-linewidth laser near 306.69 nm, targeting the well-characterized R 1 (5) rovibronic transition of OH in the A-X (0, 0) band. The high sensitivity of this OH diagnostic allowed for very dilute reactant concentrations, which simplified the reaction systems to pseudo-first-order kinetics. For each aldehyde + OH, its overall rate constant was inferred by fitting simulated OH profiles to the measured OH time histories when a detailed reaction mechanism for this aldehyde was available, or directly from exponential fits to the measured OH time-histories (after correcting for a small effect of different TBHP/aldehyde ratios). Both approaches yielded similar results. The resulting reaction rate constants, measured for the first time at temperatures above 1000 K, can be expressed in Arrhenius equations in units of cm 3 mol −1 s −1 as follows: k iC 3 H 7 CHO+OH + = 7.70 × 10 13 exp(–1700 K/T) ± 7%, valid over 976 – 1346 K; k nC 4 H 9 CHO+OH + = 1.03 × 10 14 exp(–1730 K/T) ± 7%, valid over 986 – 1313 K; k iC 4 H 9 CHO+OH + = 1.02 × 10 14 exp(–1750 K/T) ± 10%, valid over 976 – 1322 K; k (CH 3 ) 3 CCHO+OH + = 7.20 × 10 13 exp(–1670 K/T) ± 8%, valid over 979 – 1243 K; k C 2 H 5 CHCHCHO+OH + = 6.93 × 10 13 exp(–1340 K/T) ± 8%, valid over 993 – 1285 K; k C 6 H 5 CHO+OH + = 3.10 × 10 13 exp(–1380 K/T) ± 8%, valid over 983 – 1333 K.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatic Coma

Hepatic coma is usually diagnosed clinically; laboratory findings in most cases only confirm the diagnosis.There is still no fully satisfactory treatment for hepatic coma, but various measures, out...
Logics of hierarchy

In this part we focus on the hierarchical logics, the symmetrical anti-pode of constructionism. Here the emergence of structure is seen not as a standard byproduct of properly aggregated individual actions, but as a complex derivative of other significant – quasi-local, quasi-global, and/or global – higher-level processes, involving different mechanisms of structuration, phase-separation, and nonlinear coupling of lower structures. Furthermore, individual action is now considered to be parameterized by the structural characteristics of higher levels, which are treated as autonomous and as exerting downward causation over such action. Chapter 8 is intended as the opposite of Chapter 5: The focus is on “methodological holism” as opposed to the “methodological individualism” we discussed there. Here we present an analytical summation of various versions of functionalism, the mark of all kinds of holism, and proceed to appraise holism's prospects in view of the radical changes taking place in the fields of physical chemistry, molecular biology, evolutionary theory, and ecosystems modeling – fields out of which the original functionalist notions were derived. On the basis of these recent developments we posit a postfunctional mode of analysis as the only available path for former functionalists. In Chapter 9 we explore a number of incipient hierarchical conceptions of social structure (Bunge, Hemes), and then turn our attention to the “received view” of Marxist theory, which appears as an exemplary instance of a dynamic hierarchical logic (with its emphasis on subsumption and on the logic of capital).
It’s Just a Game: The Super Bowl and Low Birth Weight

Previous studies have explored the effect of earthquakes and terrorist attacks on birth outcomes. These events are unexpected and obvious sources of distress, but could affect fetal health through multiple channels. Using data from the National Vital Statistics System for the period 1969–2004, we estimate the relationship between prenatal exposure to the Super Bowl and low birth weight. Although sporting events can elicit intense emotions, they do not pollute the environment or threaten viewers with direct physical harm. We find that Super Bowl exposure is associated with a small, but precisely estimated, increase in the probability of low birth weight.
Maintenance of age in human neurons generated by microRNA-based neuronal conversion of fibroblasts

As we age, so do our cells. When cells are used in the laboratory to study the biology of diseases, it is important that the age of the cells reflects the age at which the disease develops. This is particularly important for illnesses with symptoms that develop during old age, and where younger cells may appear to be relatively unaffected. Aging is a major risk factor in many brain disorders that affect elderly individuals. These late-onset disorders can be difficult to study because it is rarely possible to collect diseased cells from patients. Recent experimental advances, however, now mean that unrelated cell types – typically cells called fibroblasts, taken from a patient’s skin – can be converted directly into brain cells instead. These new brain cells will have the same genetic makeup as the patients they came from, but whether these converted cells would reflect the patient’s age too remained to be determined. By measuring a range of biological properties of the converted cells, Huh et al. now show that converted cells do indeed keep track of their age when they are changed from fibroblasts to brain cells. The age of the cells was tested by looking at age-linked markers attached to their DNA known as an “epigenetic clock”. In addition, Huh et al. measured the age of the cells by examining the expression of genes altered with aging. Other factors examined included the amount of damaged DNA and the size of DNA regions called telomeres, which become shorter with age. Together, all of these indicated that the converted brain cells retain the age of the fibroblasts that they were made from. So far this work has only been done using fibroblasts collected from healthy people. The same tests now need to be done using cells from people with late-onset illnesses like Huntington’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. If the converted brain cells show signs of illness, it may provide new ways to study these illnesses using cells from specific patients, which may eventually lead to the development of new treatments.
Convergence rates for cooperation in heterogeneous populations

We consider the problem of cooperative distributed estimation within a network of heterogeneous agents. In particular, we study the situation where each agent observes an independent stream of Bernoulli random variables, and the goal is for each to determine its own Bernoulli parameter. The agents of this population can be categorized into a small number of subgroups, where within each group the agents all have identical Bernoulli parameters. For a distributed algorithm based on consensus strategies, we examine the rate at which the agent's estimates converge to the correct values. We show that the expected squared error decreases nearly as fast as centralized ML estimation in a homogeneous population. In a heterogeneous population, we derive an approximation to the expected squared error, as a function of the number of observations. Finally, we present simulation results that compare the predicted expected squared error to that observed in the simulations.
Library Instruction for First Year Students Using a CMS Meta-Course: Scalable and Customizable!

ABSTRACTThis case study reports on the process for creating a self-paced non-credit information literacy (IL) course delivered via a university's course management system. The four online modules are designed to contextualize information literacy competencies within the curriculum taught in First Year Seminar (FYS) courses. The meta-course approach changes the model of delivery of instruction for IL from a traditional face-to-face “one-shot” session to a hybrid model, with the responsibility for content delivery shifting from the librarian to the instructor of the FYS course.
Retail enterprise across American regions: the role of black population size in the late nineteenth-century United States

Building on the idea that small-scale entrepreneurship often takes place in peripheral regions, the present study examines retail enterprise in the late nineteenth-century U.S., focusing on ethnic group differences across the North, South, and West. Applying theories of middleman minorities and internal colonialism, the study proposes that European immigrants and native whites had their highest retail enterprise levels in the South, where large, oppressed black populations were compelled to patronize non-black merchants, owing to a dearth of black retail proprietors. Multiple regression analyses of Census data support this proposition, calling attention to the importance of black population size as a heretofore neglected factor in regional variation in retail enterprise among European immigrants and native whites in late nineteenth-century America.
Impact of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on appetite, alcohol intake behaviors, and midbrain ghrelin signaling in the rat.

Objective Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery reduces appetite and stimulates new onset alcohol misuse; however, the genesis of these behavioral changes is unclear. This study is hypothesized that new onset alcohol intake is a behavioral adaptation that occurs secondary to reduced appetite and correlates with altered central ghrelin signaling. Methods Hedonic high-fat diet (HFD) intake was evaluated prior to the assessment of alcohol intake behaviors in RYGB and control rats. Measurements were also taken of circulating ghrelin and ghrelin receptor (GHSR) regulation of neuronal firing in ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons. Results RYGB rats displayed reduced HFD intake relative to controls. Sham and RYGB rats consumed more alcohol and preferred lower concentrations of alcohol, whereas only RYGB rats escalated alcohol intake during acute withdrawal. Remarkably, GHSR activity, independent of peripheral ghrelin release, set the tonic firing of VTA DA neurons, a response selectively diminished in RYGB rats. Conclusions This study indicates that gut manipulations lead to increased alcohol intake, whereas RYGB promotes behaviors that may maintain alcohol misuse. Reductions in hedonic feeding and diminished GHSR control of VTA firing further distinguish gut manipulation from complete bypass and present a potential mechanism linking reduced appetite with alcohol misuse after RYGB surgery.
Energy and Carbon Intensities of Stored Wind Energy

This chapter shows how storage affects the energy performance and carbon intensity of wind generated electricity pair with electrical energy storage (EES) technologies. These results identify conditions under which it is more energetically favorable to store wind energy than it is to simply curtail electricity production. Electrochemically based storage technologies results in much lower (worse) energy return ratios than large-scale geologically based storage technologies like compressed air energy storage (CAES) and pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS). Due to their low energy throughput on energy invested ratios, conventional battery technologies decrease the energy return ratios of wind generation below curtailment ratios. Carbon performance of all wind storage pairings considered here is better than the average US power grid. The lowest carbon storage technologies are pumped hydro, vanadium redox, and lithium-ion. Reducing embodied energy costs, increasing efficiency and increasing depth of discharge will improve the energetic and carbon performance of batteries. On an energetic and carbon performance basis, wind energy paired with storage performs better than the US power grid average.
Transfer of Brown Norway Rat Chromosome 13 into Dahl S Genomic Background Confers Protection from High Salt Diet

P132 Consomic rats (SS BN13 ) were bred in which chromosome 13 from normotensive inbred Brown Norway (BN/Mcw) rats was introgressed into the background of Dahl salt-sensitive (SS/Mcw) rats. The present studies determined the mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to salt; renal and peripheral vascular responses to norepinephrine (NE) and angiotensin II (AngII); and protein excretion and renal histology in rats that received a high salt (4% NaCl) for 3 weeks. Indwelling arterial catheters were implanted in the 2 nd week of high salt and MAP was recorded for 3 days during the 3 rd week of high salt, and again 36 hours after 10mg/kg Lasix and return to a low salt (0.4%) diet. Results: High salt MAP of SS/Mcw rats averaged 183+4 mmHg, SS BN13 averaged 124+3 mmHg, and BN/Mcw averaged 132+4 mmHg. The reduction in MAP with sodium depletion averaged 31.8+3 mmHg in SS/Mcw rats but was significantly less in SS BN13 rats (14.7+1.6 mmHg) and BN/Mcw rats (13.9+2 mmHg). Protein excretion of SS/Mcw rats on high salt averaged 270+31 mg/24hr compared to 55+22 mg/24hr in SS BN13 rats, and 19+7 mg/24hr in BN/Mcw rats. Reduction of renal blood flow to iv administration of NE and AngII, was significantly greater SS/Mcw rats compared to SS BN13 and BN/Mcw rats. Severe medullary interstitial fibrosis and tubular necrosis was consistently seen in SS/Mcw rat kidneys but not in the SS BN13 or BN/Mcw rats following 3 weeks of high salt intake. These results demonstrate the power of functional mapping of complex traits using chromosomal transfer techniques and reveal a powerful gene (or set of genes) within BN/Mcw chromosome 13 that confers protection from the detrimental effects of a high salt diet to the Dahl salt-sensitive rat (SS/Mcw). It remains to be determined if the renoprotective effect is secondary to the reduction in blood pressure with chromosomal transfer, or a direct protective effect.
Magnon-induced nuclear relaxation in the quantum critical region of a Heisenberg linear chain

The low-temperature properties of spin-1/2 one-dimensional (1D) Heisenberg antiferromagnetic (HAF) chains which have relatively small exchange couplings between the spins can be tuned using laboratory-scale magnetic fields. Magnetization measurements, made as a function of temperature, provide phase diagrams for these systems and establish the quantum critical point (QCP). The evolution of the spin dynamics behavior with temperature and applied field in the quantum critical (QC) region, near the QCP, is of particular interest and has been experimentally investigated in a number of 1D HAFs using neutron scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance as the preferred techniques. In the QC phase both quantum and thermal spin fluctuations are present. As a result of extended spin correlations in the chains, magnon excitations are important at finite temperatures. An expression for the NMR spin-lattice relaxation rate $1/{T}_{1}$ of probe nuclei in the QC phase of 1D HAFs is obtained by considering Raman scattering processes which induce nuclear spin flips. The relaxation rate expression, which involves the temperature and the chemical potential, predicts scaling behavior of $1/{T}_{1}$ consistent with recent experimental findings for quasi-1D HAF systems. A simple relationship between $1/{T}_{1}$ and the deviation of the magnetization from saturation (${M}_{S}\ensuremath{-}M$) is predicted for the QC region.