cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abdominal aortic aneurysms: CT evaluation of renal artery involvement.

PURPOSE: To determine whether computed tomography (CT) assessment of the proximal extent of ruptured aneurysms can help the surgeon determine whether to initially clamp the pararenal aneurysm neck or the supraceliac aorta. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT scans and medical records were reviewed and compared for 30 patients with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) who underwent immediate surgical repair. RESULTS: For 49 of 50 vessels in 25 patients, the authors correctly predicted at CT that AAAs originated caudal to the main renal artery origins. They also predicted that nine main renal arteries in five patients originated directly from the AAAs, but this was correct in only five arteries. Suprarenal clamping was required in all five patients. Infrarenal clamps were used before reconstruction in all 12 of the patients whose AAAs appeared to originate at least 30 mm below the main renal arteries. CONCLUSION: CT can help predict whether an initial aortic clamp can be placed caudal to the main renal artery o...
Young people and ICTs in developing countries

The findings, interpretations and conclusions in this paper are those of the authors, not of the World Bank, its Executive Directors or the countries that they represent. An earlier version of this article was produced as a background paper to the 2007 World Development Report Development and the Next Generation, thanks to David McKenzie for comments on that paper.
Acid-catalyzed decomposition of 1-alkyltriazolines: a mechanistic study

1-Alkyltriazolines are five-membered cyclic triazenes containing the unusual Z-configuration for the triazene moiety. The hydrolytic decomposition of these compounds in aqueous or mixed acetonitrile-aqueous buffers leads predominantly to the formation of the corresponding 1-alkylaziridines and lesser amounts of 2-(alkylamino)ethanols, alkylamines, and acetaldehyde. The latter two products presumably result from hydrolysis of a rearrangement product, N-ethylidenealkylamine. Neither the nature of the 1-alkyl group nor the pH of the medium greatly influences the product distribution, although decomposition in purely aqueous buffers slightly reduces the aziridine yields
A computer-controlled all-tantalum stopped-flow microcalorimeter with microjoule resolution.

Abstract A new all-tantalum differential stopped-flow heat-conduction microcalorimeter with microjoule resolution has been developed. The instrument consists of two matched channels, each of which has two reagent inlet lines. A computer is used to process the data and control the syringe drive system which runs the samples through the calorimeter. The reagents are mixed in 0.6 s in ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:4, 1:5, or 1:10. The priming volume from the loading port to the mixer is 1 ml and the reaction volume of the detection tube is 160 μl. The instrument has a sensitivity of 1.60 J/V·s and a differential baseline stability of 100 nJ/s (p-p) over a 4 h period. The sample size can be reduced to 27 μl with only a 12% loss in sensitivity. With an electrical step power input, the 10–90% response is 40 s. By using a data decomposition scheme, the response time can be improved to 1 s which allows the direct measurement of moderately fast reaction kinetics. With water/water mixes, differential heats of mixing are typically (±) 2 μJ with a standard deviation of (±) 2.5 μJ. Reaction heats in the 20–50 μJ range can be measured with a standard deviation of (±) 3 μJ. A fast reaction, e.g. HCl dilution, can be completed in 150 s. When loading and priming times are included, 25 reactions can be completed in 120 min. A chilled water jacket is used to allow operation over a temperature range of 4°C to 50°C.
Multiplierless Adaptive Filtering

Abstract Bose, T., Venkatachalam, A., and Thamvichai, R., Multiplierless Adaptive Filtering, Digital Signal Processing12 (2002) 107–118 When digital filters are designed with power-of-2 coefficients, the multiplications can be implemented by simple shifting operations. For VLSI implementations, multiplierless filters are faster and more compact than filters with multipliers. In this paper, an algorithm for finding and updating the power-of-2 coefficients of an adaptive filter is designed. The new method uses the well-known Genetic Algorithm (GA) for this purpose. The GA is used in a unique way in order to reduce computations. Small blocks of data are used for the GA and only one new generation is produced per sample of data. This, coupled with the fact that the coefficients are power-of-2, yields a computational complexity of O(N) additions and no multiplications. The algorithm is investigated for applications in adaptive linear prediction and system identification. The results are very promising and illustrate the performance of the new algorithm.
Physical properties of acid milk gels prepared at 37°C up to gelation but at different incubation temperatures for the remainder of fermentation

Abstract We investigated the effect of altering temperature immediately after gels were formed at 37°C. We defined instrumentally measurable gelation (IMG) as the point at which gels had a storage modulus (G′) ≥5Pa. Gels were made at constant incubation temperature (IT) of 37°C up to IMG, and then cooled to 30 or 33.5, or heated to 40.5 or 44°C, at a rate of 1°C/min and maintained at those temperatures until pH 4.6. Control gel was made at 37°C (i.e., no temperature change during gelation/gel development). Gel formation was monitored using small strain dynamic oscillatory rheology, and the resulting structure and physical properties at pH 4.6 were studied by fluorescence microscopy, large deformation rheology, whey separation (WS), and permeability ( B ). A single strain of Streptococcus thermophilus was used to avoid variations in the ratios of strains that could have resulted from changes in temperature during fermentation. Total time required to reach pH 4.6 was similar for samples made at constant IT of 37°C or by cooling after IMG from 37 to either 30 or 33.5°C, but gels heated to 40 or 44°C needed less time to reach pH 4.6. Cooling gels after IMG resulted in an increase in G′ values at pH 4.6, a decrease in LT max , WS, and B , and an increase in the area of protein aggregates of micrographs compared with the control gel made at constant IT of 37°C. Heating gels after IMG resulted in a decrease in G′ values at pH 4.6 and an increase in LT max values and WS. The physical properties of acid milk gels were dominated by the temperature profile during the gel-strengthening phase that occurs after IMG. This study indicates that the final properties of yogurt greatly depend on the environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, time/rate of pH change) experienced by the casein particles/clusters during the critical early gel development phase when bonding between and within particles is still labile. Cooling of gels may encourage inter-cluster strand formation, whereas heating of gels may promote intra-cluster fusion and the breakage of strands between clusters.
Effects of calcium on the electrical resistance and the extracellular space of cerebral cortex.

Abstract Superfusion of the rabbit's cerebral cortex with an isotonic calcium chloride solution (100 m m ) caused a marked drop in the electrical resistance to about one-half the original value of the surface layer of the cortex (about 0.6 mm deep). Electron micrographs prepared by freeze-substitution of calcium-superfused cortex exhibited an abundance of extracellular space (mean of 32.6% in six experiments), much more than in untreated cortex (13.7%). Asphyxiation of the cortex before freezing resulted in a transport of the extracellular material into cellular elements. Treatment of the calcium superfused cortex with a histochemical method for this ion revealed a darkly stained surface layer which may have been due to the presence of enlarged extracellular spaces containing a material of high calcium content. The enlargement of the extracellular space can fully account for the observed drop in tissue resistance caused by superfusion of the cortex with an isotonic CaCl2 solution.
Stereochemistry of phosphoryl group transfer using a chiral [16O, 17O, 18O] stereochemical course of alkaline phosphatase.

THE recent synthesis and stereochemical analysis of a phosphate monoester chiral at phosphorus by virtue only of the three stable isotopes of oxygen1,2 opens the way to the determination of the stereochemical course of both chemical and enzymatic reactions that involve the transfer of a phosphoryl group. We report here the first determination of the stereochemical consequence at phosphorus of an intermolecular phosphoryl transfer reaction. In studying the reaction catalysed by alkaline phosphatase we had two aims: first, to discover the stereochemical course of this well-studied transfer, and second to devise a general method by which the configuration of any chiral phosphate monoester can be determined.
On the brauer group of a laurent polynomial ring

Abstract Let R be a commutative noetherian ring. We compute the n -torsion part of the Brauer group of R [ t , 1/ t ] for each positive integer n such that n is relatively prime to all of the residue characteristics of R .
Failure of oxytocin to initiate mammary secretion in rabbits or rats.

SummaryOxytocin failed to initiate lactation when injected 4 times daily into 45 mature female New Zealand White rabbits initially primed with estradiol or made pseudopregnant to develop their mammary glands. Prolactin injections initiated copious milk production in pseudopregnant rabbits. 2. Neither oxytocin nor vasopressin inhibited mammary involution or induced secretion in estrogen-primed rats, whereas injections of prolactin alone retarded mammary involution and addition of ACTH initiated mammary secretion. 3. It is concluded that oxytocin does not induce prolactin release in rabbits or rats.
Phycological notes IV, including new marine algae and new records for California1

Pulvinia epiphytica, a new genus and species (Rhodophyta, Cryptonemiales?) is described. New species also described are: Cruoriopsis aestuarii (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) and Colacodasya californica...
Direct numerical simulations of parallel/series reactions in turbulent flows

Abstract Results are presented of direct numerical simulations of parallel/series reactions A +B → R, R + B→S in homogeneous turbulent flows. Both constant-rate and temperature-dependent reactions are considered. The results of simulations with constant-rate reactions indicate that the initia’ conditions, the molecular diffusion and the differential diffusion have significant influence on the low-order moments of the scalars and on the chemical selectivity (Xsel). For moderate to fast reactions, the selectivity is characterized by the initial size of the reactants and is improved ( Xsel) decreases) as the average size of the initial reactant length scales decreases. The results of simulations conducted with temperature-dependent reactions indicate that the selectivity and the statistics of the scalars and temperature are strongly dependent on the initial temperature conditions. The magnitudes of Xsel are considerably higher and the temperature fluctuations decay faster when the temperature is initially co...
The effects of the transfer of American educational technology on business students and a comparison with practicing managers in Lesotho, Africa, in relation to those in the United States

This research involved a comparative study of managers and advanced business students in the United States and in Lesotho, Africa. The objective was to identify the managerial beliefs of students in comparison to those of practicing managers both within and without their respective countries. This study found that Lesotho students, after having been exposed to American business school techniques, moderated their thinking processes to be more consistent with both U.S. managers and students than the practices of local managers practicing in their own country.
Seasonal Changes in Auxin Effect on Rooting of Douglas‐Fir Stem Cuttings as Related to Bud Activity

The relation of seasonal bud activity to the periodicity of rooting in Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, stem cuttings was studied in combination with auxin and cold storage treatments. Cuttings were collected in all months except April and May, for 3 years. Rooting was least in September and October when bud dormancy was most pronounced, greatest in December and January if exogenous auxin was applied, or in February and March if no auxin was used. The buds contributed significantly to rooting from January to April, and were responsible for differences in rooting of terminal and lateral cuttings during this period. Auxin did not enhance rooting in September and October, but at other times it replaced or supplemented the role of vegetative buds in promoting rooting. Auxin also removed the differences in rooting between lateral and terminal cuttings. Cold treatment in October and November removed bud dormancy and enhanced rooting. After November the need for auxin or cold treatment diminished and rooting without either treatment reached a maximum in February and March. Auxin did not change the seasonal pattern of rooting but broadened and enhanced the rooting response in favor of earliness. These results are discussed in relation to the effect of bud activity on auxin response and root initiation. The hypotheses are proposed that cambial dormancy or auxin deficiency is not the limiting factor during bud dormancy, and that cold treatments have the effect of bringing inhibitors and promoters into proper balance for optimum rooting response.
Low moisture thermo-mechanical properties of carrot cell wall components

Abstract Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to measure phase transitions present in carrot cell wall before and after removal of Ca 2+ cross-linked pectic polysaccharides, at low moisture (0–20% wet weight basis). A glass transition was detected in the two materials, shifting towards high temperature values with decreasing moisture. Additionally, low temperature relaxations at −50 and 10°C, respectively, were observed and might be assigned to local motions of polysaccharides present in the different cell wall extracts. Stiffness, E ′, of pressed blocks of materials was similar for both carrot cell wall residues. In comparing the thermo-mechanical properties with commercial biopolymers (citrus pectin, cellulose, their mixture and hemicellulose) the different carrot cell wall residues behaved like a pectin dominant material. They also showed a glass transition higher than that of hemicellulose and cellulose.
Formation energies of helium-void complexes in nickel

Abstract The Embedded Atom Method (EAM) has been used to calculate the formation energies of small voids (containing helium) in nickel. The binding energies of helium and vacancies to the helium-void complexes are also determined. Helium is strongly bound to helium-void complexes (up to 4 eV binding energy), and high helium densities significantly increase vacancy binding energies. Thus, the effect of helium is to stabilize small voids. The formation energy of small helium-void complexes can be separated into two parts, the energy to create the empty void and a residual energy associated with the helium atoms. The latter is shown to primarily arise from the long-range interactions of the helium atoms with the surrounding metal atoms rather than from short-range helium-helium interactions.
The Membrane Topology of the Carboxyl-terminal Third of the Neurospora Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase

To localize transmembrane segments in the carboxyl-terminal third of the Neurospora plasma membrane H+-ATPase, we constructed fusion proteins on the cDNA level. These contained DNA fragments encoding hydrophilic residues of the amino and carboxyl termini of the H+-ATPase with a DNA fragment encoding the putative transmembrane segment. To report translocation into microsomes, a DNA fragment encoding three consensus N-linked glycosylation sites was engineered carboxyl-terminal to the putative transmembrane segment. Fusion proteins were synthesized in a Neurospora in vitro translation system supplemented with homologous microsomes. By the criteria of glycosylation of fusion proteins by microsomes, sedimentation of products with microsomes after alkaline extraction, and analysis of protected fragments generated from proteinase K digestion of integrated products, we localized six transmembrane segments in the carboxyl-terminal third of the H+-ATPase. These results support a 10-segment model of the Neurospora H+-ATPase.
Reply to "Comment on 'Multiple encounters of thermal positrons with surfaces' "

In replying to Jensen and Walker's Comment, we point out the inconsistency that exists in theoretical modeling and experimental data analysis for positron remission measurements. For the modeling aspect, Jensen and Walker have correctly emphasized that the diffusion-equation theory includes the multiple-encounter effects for positrons at surfaces.
Radiation damage studies in plastic scintillators with a 2.5-MeV electron beam

Abstract Many samples of different plastic scintillators and scintillating fibers were irradiated with the Florida State University 2.5 MeV electron beam. The advantages of irradiating with an electron beam as compared to the standard gamma source were demonstrated: wide dynamic range of dose rates, possibility of irradiating long (and/or wide) samples, such as scintillating fibers, or simultaneous irradiation of many small samples in a short time. Study of effects of variation in sample composition and storage temperature during the recovery stage on the final level of radiation damage was performed. Finally, several samples of scintillating fibers were tested for radiation resistance. The 3-hydroxyflavone-doped fibers were found to recover best and show only small permanent damage after a 10 Mrad radiation dose.
An efficient variable screening method for effective surrogate models for reliability-based design optimization

In the reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) process, surrogate models are frequently used to reduce the number of simulations because analysis of a simulation model takes a great deal of computational time. On the other hand, to obtain accurate surrogate models, we have to limit the dimension of the RBDO problem and thus mitigate the curse of dimensionality. Therefore, it is desirable to develop an efficient and effective variable screening method for reduction of the dimension of the RBDO problem. In this paper, requirements of the variable screening method for deterministic design optimization (DDO) and RBDO are compared, and it is found that output variance is critical for identifying important variables in the RBDO process. An efficient approximation method based on the univariate dimension reduction method (DRM) is proposed to calculate output variance efficiently. For variable screening, the variables that induce larger output variances are selected as important variables. To determine important variables, hypothesis testing is used in this paper so that possible errors are contained in a user-specified error level. Also, an appropriate number of samples is proposed for calculating the output variance. Moreover, a quadratic interpolation method is studied in detail to calculate output variance efficiently. Using numerical examples, performance of the proposed method is verified. It is shown that the proposed method finds important variables efficiently and effectively
Temporality, narration and the problem of history: A view from Western India c. 1100–1400

The articles in this issue contribute to a paradigm shift in our approaches to historical discourse in precolonial South Asia. Rather than posing again the well-worn question of whether the Rājataraṅgiṇī should be considered a properly ‘historical’ text or a work of poetry, they focus on the complex and often hybrid sytlistic, thematic and aesthetic ‘lineages’ of the text, to understand how Kalhaṇa was able to articulate a unique vision of the past—and one that created the space for further iterations in later times. This final article seeks to at least partly test the value of such an approach through a similar examination of largely contemporaneous materials from Western India. Long noted for its peculiar combination of tantalising historical detail with magical elements and chronological anachronisms, the prabandha literature of Gujarat has recently been interpreted as an expression of a ‘Jain’ approach to kingship, morality and biography. Without denying this obvious connection, this article approache...
Cooling Radiation and the Lyα Luminosity of Forming Galaxies

We examine the cooling radiation from forming galaxies in hydrodynamic simulations of the LCDM model (cold dark matter with a cosmological constant), focusing on the Ly? line luminosities of high-redshift systems. Primordial composition gas condenses within dark matter potential wells, forming objects with masses and sizes comparable to the luminous regions of observed galaxies. As expected, the energy radiated in this process is comparable to the gravitational binding energy of the baryons, and the total cooling luminosity of the galaxy population peaks at z ? 2. However, in contrast to the classical picture of gas cooling from the ~106 K virial temperature of a typical dark matter halo, we find that most of the cooling radiation is emitted by gas with T < 20,000 K. As a consequence, roughly 50% of this cooling radiation emerges in the Ly? line. While a galaxy's cooling luminosity is usually smaller than the ionizing continuum luminosity of its young stars, the two are comparable in the most massive systems, and the cooling radiation is produced at larger radii, where the Ly? photons are less likely to be extinguished by dust. We suggest, in particular, that cooling radiation could explain the two large (~100 kpc), luminous (LLy? ~ 1044 ergs s-1) blobs of Ly? emission found in the narrowband survey of a z = 3 protocluster by Steidel and collaborators. Our simulations predict objects of the observed luminosity at about the right space density, and radiative transfer effects can account for the observed sizes and line widths. We discuss observable tests of this hypothesis for the nature of the Ly? blobs, and we present predictions for the contribution of cooling radiation to the Ly? luminosity function of galaxies as a function of redshift.
Selection of a super-growing legume root culture that permits controlled switching between root cloning and direct embryogenesis.

Root cultures, displaying vigorous growth and high embryogenic capacity, were established in the legume forage species Lotus corniculatus (bird’s-foot trefoil). Root cloning as well as plant regeneration was achieved on hormone-free medium, in agitated culture in the dark or under stationary conditions in the light, respectively. These qualities of vigorous growth and regeneration faded with time in hormone-free culture, with slow-growing roots turning brown in color. Addition of the synthetic cytokinin-like hormone benzylaminopurine to the culture medium, however, re-established the aging tissue’s capacity for somatic embryogenesis and plant formation. During continuous initiation of new cultures, it was possible to obtain one root culture (selected from 11 960 seeds at a 65% germination rate) which did not show the typical decline of qualities after prolonged proliferation but distinguished itself by displaying even faster growth and more vigorous embryogenic plant production on hormone-free medium. There was no decline since its initiation 9 months earlier. This super-growing root culture produces plants that show no morphological differences as compared to wild-type regenerants or seedlings. Roots, dissected from plantlets derived from super-root embryogenesis, expressed all the super-root qualities again when cultured in vitro. This is the first report on somatic embryogenesis from sustained root cultures without exogenous hormone application. Such a hormone-free, continuous root culture should provide a superior experimental system for genetic or developmental studies that might be sensitive to exogenous hormones, such as somaclonal variation in transgenesis or, since introduced in a legume species, nodulation in vitro.
Within-season variability in mycorrhizal benefit to reproduction in Abutilon theophrasti Medic.

Mycorrhizal infection of Abutilon theophrasti Medic, increased seed quality and resultant offspring performance, but the improvement varied significantly with the timing of seed production. In general, offspring from mycorrhizal plants were superior to offspring from non-mycorrhizal plants, but the difference was greatest for the early cohort of seeds. Because increased seed size and quality can affect subsequent offspring competitive ability, increased variability in seed size and quality due to mycorrhizal infection may have an important impact on population dynamics of A. theophrasti.
Genetic vaccination: one-shot shopping for immediate and sustained protection.

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have proven their value for the treatment of cancer, inflammation, and infectious disease. The rapidly expanding market of therapeutic mAbs currently includes 21 products approved for human use. At present, only one of these antibodies is indicated for the treatment of an infectious disease (Synagis, for respiratory syncytial virus). Thus far, polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) have been more widely successful in treating infectious diseases and are being marketed for the treatment of various viral infections, including respiratory syncytial virus, rabies, hepatitis B virus, varicella zoster virus, vaccinia virus, and cytomegalovirus. Many additional mAbs and pAbs targeting viral, fungal, and bacterial pathogens are under development and will become available in coming years.1,2
Structure-function relationships in high-density docosylsilane bonded stationary phases by Raman spectroscopy and comparison to octadecylsilane bonded stationary phases: effects of aromatic compounds.

Abstract The effects of four aromatic compounds on alkyl chain conformational order for a series of high-density docosylsilane (C22) stationary phases with surface coverage ranging from 3.61 to 6.97 μmol/m2 are investigated using Raman spectroscopy. Aromatic compounds studied include benzene-d6, toluene-d8, aniline-d7 and anisole-d8. In general, these aromatic solvents decrease the conformational order of the C22 phases relative to air suggesting partitioning of the aromatics into the alkyl chains of these stationary phases. Changes in alkyl chain conformational order are linearly dependent on the solvent hydrophobicity parameter, log Kow, and are also dependent on stationary phase properties (i.e. polymerization method and surface coverage). A comparison is made between C22 and C18 bonded phase systems. The conformational order of the alkyl chains in a mixed solute/mobile phase system is also studied using 80% methanol/water as the mobile phase and aniline-d7, anisole-d8 or toluene-d8 as solutes. Collectively, the Raman spectroscopic evidence at the molecular level suggests interaction of these aromatic species with the bonded alkyl chains through partitioning.
Ramsey graphs and block designs

Abstract Symmetric (ν, κ, λ)-block designs admitting polarity maps are shown to be closely related to certain Ramsey numbers for bipartite graphs. In particular, if there exists a (ν, κ, λ)-difference set in an abelian group of order ν, then the Ramsey number R(K2,λ+1, K1,ν−k+1) is either 1 + ν or 2 + ν.
Salmonellosis complicated by pancarditis

Summary 1. A case of pancarditis due to aSalmonella organism has been reported and is believed to be the first such case. 2. The diagnosis was substantiated by the clinical history of fever, granulocytopenia, and severe diarrhea with the isolation of a gram-negative organism, typed Salmonella C-1 from the stool. 3. A positive blood culture was obtained. 4. The autopsy findings are presented. 5. A gram-negative organism wasdemonstrated in histological sections of the myocardium.
p53 in autophagy control.

p53 is a well known tumor suppressor recognized for its ability to cause cell senescence and apoptosis.1 The pro-senescence function of p53 is mainly mediated by its transcriptional activation of cell cycle inhibitors. The proapoptotic function of p53 is carried out at two levels: one is through the transcriptional activation of proapoptotic proteins such as Puma, Noxa and Bax, the other is independent of its nuclear function. It physically and functionally interacts with the multi-domain members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins at mitochondria to cause mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. Stimuli such as genotoxic, hypoxic, and oncogenic stress can cause transcriptional activation as well as cytosolic accumulation with mitochondrial localization of wild-type p53 that leads to rapid mitochondrial apoptosis. Both the cytostatic and cytocidal functions of p53 contribute to its tumor suppressor nature.Adding to its tumor suppressing activity, p53 has recently been found to also regulate autophagy.2,3 Auto...
A Middle Class Without Democracy. Economic Growth and the Prospects for Democratization in China

The informed and persuasive volume authored by Jie Chen sheds much-needed light on the stability of the political regime in China. The carefully constructed research design scoops and analyses orig...
Flow cytometry as a predictive modality in prostate cancer

Clinical staging and histologic grading do not have sufficient predictive value to determine the response to therapy of any given prostate cancer. A review of the findings from the largest prospective study of patients with localized and locally advanced prostate cancer and from retrospective flow cytometric studies of specific disease stages suggests that DNA flow cytometry offers additional prognostic information for this disease. However, for the individual patient, this added information may have limited value, since approximately 15% of those with diploid disease will experience disease progression within 5 years as compared with half of those with nondiploid disease. We have found that ploidy does not predict length of survival once prostate cancer becomes disseminated, nor does it predict those who will benefit from receiving definitive radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer. On the other hand, for those who have persistent tumor, we have frequently found increased ploidy abnormalities in the tumor sampled after radiation therapy and are currently correlating this finding with clinical outcome. We have also found that DNA flow cytometry can be used to predict tumor volume. For larger, grade-matched diploid tumors, there are significant increases in the proliferation of both the tumor and the adjacent benign tissue, which we take to be evidence of "field effects" in this disease. An even more obvious manifestation of the same phenomenon is seen in the occurrence of aneuploidy in benign tissue near high-grade, large-volume prostate cancer. It is concluded that DNA flow cytometry has much to tell us about the natural history and biologic behavior of prostate cancer.
Forcing Linearity Numbers for Abelian Groups

Abstract Forcing linearity number of an abelian group A is defined as the infimum of cardinalities of sets S of proper subgroups of A such that any homogeneous map f : A → A is an endomorphism of A whenever it is linear on each member of S. The forcing linearity number is determined for all abelian groups. These numbers can be 0, 1, 2, p + 2 (for primes p), or ℵ0. There is a pathological case: the direct sums of two non-zero cyclic p-groups, where such a number does not exist.
The Pathophysiology of Toxaemia and Hypertension during Pregnancy

Hypertension may occur during pregnancy because of either toxaemia or hypertension without evidence of renal involvement. Toxaemia is a multisystem disease, typically occurring in late pregnancy, with hypertension, proteinuria, oedema, and central nervous system irritability. Since convulsions may occur with severe toxaemia, the disease has been divided into eclampsia and pre-eclampsia, based on whether a seizure has occurred. Toxaemia accounts for approximately 70% of hypertension seen in pregnant women. As there is evidence that PGI2 synthesis increases in blood vessels and PGE2 synthesis increases in the uterus and kidneys during pregnancy, a reduction in prostaglandin synthesis may occur with toxaemia. It may be that a derangement in the proportion of PGI2 in blood vessels and thromboxane synthesis in platelets could lead to aggregation. This in turn could cause fibrin deposits in the central nervous system, kidneys and liver, as well as a consumptive coagulopathy, in severe toxaemia.
Structured Group Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Incarcerated Male Juveniles

This is the first study to evaluate the efficacy of a structured group therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in incarcerated male juveniles. Ten groups of juveniles (n = 45) completed a 12-session intervention with pre- and postassessments composed of the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index (C. Frederick, 1985) and supplementary measures of anxiety, anger, and depression. Overall, group participants experienced significant reductions in self-reported PTSD symptoms. Supplemental analyses suggest that this treatment was most beneficial for youth with trauma related to gang and community violence.
High school geometry students' justification for their views of empirical evidence and mathematical proof

Concerns about the use of computer-aided empirical verification in geometry classes lead to an investigation of students' understandings of the similarities and differences between the measurement of examples and deductive proof. The study reports in-depth interviews with seventeen high school students from geometry classes which employed empirical evidence. The analysis focuses on students' reasons for viewing empirical evidence as proof and mathematical proof simply as evidence.
Postmodernism, Public Administration, and Political Association: Some Reflections on Fox and Miller.

This paper examines Charles Fox and Hugh Miller's Postmodern Public Administration. I argue here that Fox and Miller's argument for a public administration suitable for the postmodern era is surprisingly conventional in that, like orthodox public administration, it assumes a purposive view of political association. This paper argues further that such a view of political association may be problematic given the fragmented nature of postmodern political culture, which Fox and Miller identify, and that an alternative view of the state as a civil association may be more helpful. This being the case, I conclude that both writers and practitioners in public administration might pay more attention to American constitutionalism as an expression of the view of the state as a civil association.
Information-theoretic wavelet noise removal for inverse elastic wave scattering theory

A discussion of noise removal in ultrasound (elastic wave) scattering for nondestructive evaluation is given. The methods used in this paper include a useful suboptimal Wiener filter, information theory and orthonormal wavelets. The multiresolution analysis (MRA), due to Mallat, is the key wavelet feature used here. Whereas Fourier transforms have a translational symmetry, wavelets have a dilation or affine symmetry which consists of the semi-direct product of a translation with a change of scale of the variable. The MRA describes the scale change features of orthonormal wavelet families. First, an empirical method of noise removal from scattered elastic waves using wavelets is shown to markedly improve the ${l}^{1}$ and ${l}^{2}$ error norms. This suggests that the wavelet scale can act as dial to ``tune out'' noise. Maximization of the Kullback-Liebler information is also shown to provide a scale-dependent noise removal technique that supports (but does not prove) the intuition that certain small energy coefficients that are retained contain large information content. The wavelet MRA thereby locates ``islands of information'' in the phase space of the signal. It is conjectured that this method holds more generally.
In situ voltammetric observation of transitions above the liquidus in silicate melts

Reduction potentials (E 0) and diffusion rates (D) for divalent nickel in a variety of silicate melts and as a function of temperature have been measured in situ using voltammetric methods. These measurements provide an indirect window into structural changes in melts at temperatures above the liquidus. Slope of the reduction potential versus temperature (related to entropy) and slope of the diffusion rate versus 1/T (related to diffusional activation energy) remain roughly constant or change only gradually above the liquidus, with the exception of a sharp break in slope typically observed about 60–160°C above the liquidus. This sharp break is consistent with a structural transition in the melt rather than with a gradual change in melt structure. A correlation between the transition temperature and the liquidus temperature, combined with the qualitative effect of prior crystallization, suggests that the transition may be related to the melt “preparing” for crystallization roughly 100°C above the liquidus. These observations may have implications for understanding melt activities, partitioning between melt and crystalline phases, and liquid immiscibility.
Particle Acceleration by Slow Modes in Strong Compressible Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence, with Application to Solar Flares

Energetic particles that undergo strong pitch-angle scattering and diffuse through a plasma containing strong compressible MHD turbulence undergo diffusion in momentum space with diffusion coefficient Dp. If the rms turbulent velocity is of the order of the Alfven speed vA, the contribution to Dp from slow-mode eddies is (2p2vA/9l)[ln(lvA/D||) + 2γ - 3], where l is the outer scale of the turbulence, γ 0.577 is Euler's constant, and D|| is the spatial diffusion coefficient of energetic particles, which is assumed to satisfy D|| lvA. The energy spectrum of accelerated particles is derived for this value of Dp, taking into account Coulomb losses and particle escape from the acceleration region with an energy-independent escape time. Slow modes in the D|| lvA limit are an unlikely explanation for electron acceleration in solar flares to energies of 10-100 keV, because for solar flare conditions, the predicted acceleration times are too long, and the predicted energy spectra are too hard. The acceleration mechanism discussed in this paper could in principle explain the relatively hard spectra of gyrosynchrotron-emitting electrons in the 100-5000 keV range, but only if D|| lvA for such particles.
Modeling infection spread and behavioral change using spatial games

This paper presents a methodology that combines information transmission, contact networks, and changes of human behaviors in modeling the dynamics of infectious diseases. The methodology presented...
Aspheric nonimaging concentrators for multimode fiber coupling

Robust and efficient optical coupling from laser-to-fiber and from fiber-to-detector is an important consideration for loss limited optical data links. Standard chip scale package process flow used by the semiconductor industry is based upon machine vision assisted "pick-and-place" die attach and wirebonding operations. To realize scalable heterogeneous integration of optical elements, mass production must be done within the framework of existing manufacturing equipment and avoid active opto-mechanical alignment steps. This publication reports on the performance of a set of a refractive, hemi-aspheric, nonimaging optical concentrators that are simple and amenable to standard package integration flow with passive alignment. A set of lenses are made by single-point diamond-turning and injection molding of unfilled polyetherimide, which is relatively transparent at the link operating wavelength of 850 nm. The goal of the design is to balance the absolute coupling at optimum alignment with wide margins for angular and linear misalignment.
Osteogenic sarcoma of the skull a clinicopathologic study of 19 patients

The authors studied 19 patients with well documented osteogenic sarcomas arising in the skull, which represent 1.6% of all osteogenic sarcomas registered during a 60-year period (1921-1981). Ten sarcomas were primary, de novo tumors. Nine others developed secondary osteogenic sarcomas; among these, six arose as a complication of Paget's disease, two followed irradiation, and one was associated with pre-existent fibrous dysplasia. The sarcomas arose in equal proportion in both sexes with the men being much older (mean age, 44 years) as compared to the women (mean age, 31 years). Patients with de novo osteogenic sarcomas were considerably younger than those with secondary lesions. Osteoblastic osteogenic sarcoma was by far the most common histologic variant in both the primary and the Paget's sarcomas. None of the patients with Paget's sarcoma lived longer than 1 year; the median survival here was 4 months. Patients with de novo osteogenic sarcomas fared much better and there are four long-term survivors (longer than 3 years) who are currently disease-free.
Toward a metatheory of board evolution: Changing roles and composition across the firm's life cycle

This paper examines how the exogenous pressures on firms to gain and maintain legitimacy inform our understanding of boards of directors’ changing roles and composition across the firm’s life cycle...
FGF-23 Is Elevated by Chronic Hyperphosphatemia

The Identification and characterization of FGF-23 has provided an opportunity to gain new insight into phosphorus metabolism. Circulating FGF-23 promotes renal excretion of phosphorus, and FGF-23 is measurable in the serum of normal subjects. Serum levels of FGF-23 are elevated in patients with renal phosphate wasting disorders such as tumor induced osteomalacia, X-linked hypophosphatemia and fibrous dysplasia. However, the factors that alter its serum concentration are not known. The study of serum FGF-23 is confounded by the fact that high serum calcium, PTH, and any other putative phosphotonins, have similar effects on serum and urine phosphorus. To circumvent the confounding effect of serum PTH and calcium, we studied serum FGF-23 and phosphate levels in patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism and hyperphosphatemia. Serum was collected in the morning after an overnight fast from three groups: 1) 9 patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism on stable treatment with calcium and calcitriol, 2) 9 patients ...
S_3-free 2-fusion systems

We develop a theory of 2-fusion systems of even characteristic, and use that theory to show that all S_3-free saturated 2-fusion systems are constrained. This supplies a new proof of Glauberman's Theorem on S_4-free groups and its various corollaries.
Engineering of a redox protein for DNA-directed assembly

Engineered enzyme conjugate of the small laccase enzyme from Streptomyces coelicolor and zinc finger DNA binding domain from Zif268 is demonstrated to bind double stranded DNA in a site specific manner while retaining enzymatic activity.
Peripheral nerve implantation into a penetrating lesion of the eye: Stimulation of the damaged retina

Abstract A small penetrating incision made through the sclera, choroid and retina of the adult rat eye creates a unique lesion paradigm. More specifically, by one to two weeks after the incision the wound area stabilizes, leaving a clean inflammation-free degeneration gap or ‘die-back zone’ (200–300 μm wide) between the cut edges of the intact retina. The dependable formation of a small focal retinal lesion makes this an ideal modela for the determination of conditions that may stimulate retinal regeneration, wound repair and/or cell survival. In other words, material may be injected or placed into the lesion site and the retina analyzed for responses to such treatments. Accordingly, the placement of a desheathed peripheral nerve implant (PNI) into the lesioned adult rat eye initiated the rescue of retinal tissue that would normally die due to trauma. In addition, the cut edges of the retina just lateral to the PNI actually touched and fused together, thus demonstrating a wound closure or healing phenomenon which was not observed in control situations. Also the thickness and organization of most retinal layers at the site of lesion were maintained at intact control levels in the presence of the PNI. However, controls not containing the PNI exhibited dramatic reductions in total and individual retinal layer thickness for up to approximately 500 μm lateral to the lesion site. Through the use of a double lesion paradigm, it was also determined that the wound repair phenomena could be influenced over a distance by (a) putative diff USAble factor(s) elaborated or initiated by the PNI.
Improved delivery through biological membranes X: Percutaneous absorption and metabolism of methylsulfinylmethyl 2‐acetoxybenzoate and related aspirin prodrugs

Oxidative-reductive interconversion of the methylthiomethyl ester of aspirin and the corresponding sulfoxide and sulfone derivatives can be detected in rat liver homogenate, in addition to the extremely facile hydrolysis of these esters. The methylthiomethyl and methylsulfinylmethyl 2-acetoxybenzoates penetrate freshly excised hairless mice skin rather easily with the simultaneous hydrolysis of the two ester functions. Contrary to in vivo observations in dogs, where significant amounts of aspirin formed, the prodrugs cleave to salicylic acid and/or salicylate esters rather than aspirin.
Alternative interest measures for mining associations in databases

Data mining is defined as the process of discovering significant and potentially useful patterns in large volumes of data. Discovering associations between items in a large database is one such data mining activity. In finding associations, support is used as an indicator as to whether an association is interesting. In this paper, we discuss three alternative interest measures for associations: any-confidence, all-confidence, and bond. We prove that the important downward closure property applies to both all-confidence and bond. We show that downward closure does not hold for any-confidence. We also prove that, if associations have a minimum all-confidence or minimum bond, then those associations will have a given lower bound on their minimum support and the rules produced from those associations will have a given lower bound on their minimum confidence as well. However, associations that have that minimum support (and likewise their rules that have minimum confidence) may not satisfy the minimum all-confidence or minimum bond constraint. We describe the algorithms that efficiently find all associations with a minimum all-confidence or minimum bond and present some experimental results.
CircuitViz: a new method for visualizing the dynamic behavior of electric circuits

Visualizing the dynamic behavior of electric circuits constitutes an important part of the learning process for students studying circuits. Circuit variables (voltage, current, power, and stored energy) are traditionally displayed separately from the circuit schematic as a Cartesian plot, but advances in scientific visualization indicate that merging all relevant data into a single visualization object, or graphic metaphor, improves the viewer's ability to perceive global relationships and thereby enhances understanding of the system under study. CircuitViz places the two-dimensional circuit diagram into a three-dimensional coordinate system and displays the circuit variables directly on the circuit diagram along the third spatial variable, and the display is animated to show time-dependent behavior. The visual cues are motivated by mechanical analogies (primarily the water-flow analogy) so as to draw upon the student's existing knowledge base. Examples of first-order circuits are presented in the paper. Initial classroom tests indicate that CircuitViz can motivate discussions of circuit operation by effectively illustrating qualitative circuit behavior, and most students report that the technique improved their understanding of transient circuit behavior.