cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deep Learning for Muscle Pathology Image Analysis

Inflammatory myopathy (IM) is a kind of heterogeneous disease that relates to disorders of muscle functionalities. The identification of IM subtypes is critical to guide effective patient treatment since each subtype requires distinct therapy. Image analysis of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained whole-slide specimens of muscle biopsies are considered as a gold standard for effective IM diagnosis. Accurate segmentation of perimysium plays an important role in early diagnosis of many muscle inflammation diseases. However, it remains as a challenging task due to the complex appearance of the perimysium morphology and its ambiguity to the background area. The muscle perimysium also exhibits strong structure spanned in the entire tissue, which makes it difficult for current local patch-based methods to capture this long-range context information. In this book chapter, we propose a novel spatial clockwork recurrent neural network (spatial CW-RNN) to address those issues. Besides perimysium segmentation, we also introduce a fully automatic whole-slide image analysis framework for IM subtype classification using deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs).
Inequality of trauma care under a single-payer universal coverage system in Taiwan: a nationwide cohort study from the National Health Insurance Research Database.

​OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of lower socioeconomic status on the outcome of major torso trauma patients under the single-payer system by the National Health Insurance (NHI) in Taiwan. ​DESIGN: A nationwide, retrospective cohort study. ​SETTING: An observational study from the NHI Research Database (NHIRD), involving all the insurees in the NHI. ​PARTICIPANTS: Patients with major torso trauma (injury severity score ≥16) from 2003 to 2013 in Taiwan were included. International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes were used to identify trauma patients. A total of 64 721 patients were initially identified in the NHIRD. After applying the exclusion criteria, 20 009 patients were included in our statistical analysis. ​PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measure was in-hospital mortality, and we analysed patients with different income levels and geographic regions. Multiple logistic regression was used to control for confounding variables. ​RESULTS: In univariate analysis, geographic disparities and low-income level were both risk factors for in-hospital mortality for patients with major torso trauma (p=0.002 and <0.001, respectively). However, in multivariate analysis, only a low-income level remained an independent risk factor for increased in-hospital mortality (p<0.001). ​CONCLUSION: Even with the NHI, wealth inequity still led to different outcomes for major torso trauma in Taiwan. Health policies must focus on this vulnerable group to eliminate inequality in trauma care.
Classroom Activities: Simple Strategies to Incorporate Student-Centered Activities within Undergraduate Science Lectures.

The traditional science lecture, where an instructor delivers a carefully crafted monolog to a large audience of students who passively receive the information, has been a popular mode of instruction for centuries. Recent evidence on the science of teaching and learning indicates that learner-centered, active teaching strategies can be more effective learning tools than traditional lectures. Yet most colleges and universities retain lectures as their central instructional method. This article highlights several simple collaborative teaching techniques that can be readily deployed within traditional lecture frameworks to promote active learning. Specifically, this article briefly introduces the techniques of: reader’s theatre, think-pair-share, roundtable, jigsaw, in-class quizzes, and minute papers. Each technique is broadly applicable well beyond neuroscience courses and easily modifiable to serve an instructor’s specific pedagogical goals. The benefits of each technique are described along with specific examples of how each technique might be deployed within a traditional lecture to create more active learning experiences.
Development of Cooperative Vision-Based Navigation Techniques Using Neural Networks

The small satellite revolution has opened the door to a new era in satellite development. As spacecraft hardware continues to advance, traditional monolithic satellites can be replaced with cooperative swarms of smaller spacecraft. To enable an effective autonomous mission architecture, swarms of spacecraft will need mechanisms to perform relative navigation for each member. This research presents a solution for the spacecraft identification problem using a neural network architecture to classify space objects and then applies traditional image processing techniques to perform pose estimation using monocular camera images. The trained neural network classifies multiple CubeSats detected in an image into a predefined number of classes using object pixel count and centroid information. The pose estimator then uses the classification to load a predefined wireframe object model and employs an iterative least squares approach to solve the inverse perspective-n-point problem. Preliminary results using a data set with 51,840 points show neural network classification accuracy of ~97% with network training times of less than ten minutes. The position error for spacecraft with a relative range of ~50 meters is typically less than one meter in the X and Y directions and around ~3 meters in the Z direction.
Comparing public perceptions of sea level rise with scientific projections across five states of the U.S. Gulf Coast region

Sea level rise (SLR) in the twenty-first century poses fundamental risks to coastal residents. The US Gulf of Mexico Coast (Gulf Coast) is among the regions experiencing the most rapid relative SLR. Beyond its increasing exposure to SLR and related coastal flooding, the Gulf Coast is home to a large population and displays high social vulnerability. How the coastal population in this vulnerable region perceives the impending risks posed by SLR warrants further examination. Do coastal residents’ perceptions of SLR conform to the scientific projections? We adopt an integrative approach based on a 2019 survey merged with contextual data including percentage of population living within the Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) and social vulnerability at the county level, both of which are extracted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We find that public risk perceptions of sea level change are influenced by political predisposition, with Republicans being less likely than Democrats to expect SLR in the future. Moreover, SLR remains a temporally distant issue among coastal residents. We then directly compare public expectations and scientific estimations of SLR in five states of the US Gulf Coast region and find that coastal residents in states that have experienced faster SLR in the past are more optimistic about future SLR by underestimating its magnitude compared to those experiencing slower SLR. Moreover, we find that people likely conflate the severity with likelihood of SLR risk. The contextual force represented by percentage of population living within the SFHA designated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) can significantly influence individuals’ estimations of future SLR, with higher percentages leading to higher estimates. We suspect that the SFHA has become a powerful risk communication tool that influences coastal residents’ judgments about future risk.
Electrocatalytic performance of NiNH2BDC MOF based composites with rGO for methanol oxidation reaction.

Present work comprehensively investigated the electrochemical response of Nickel-2 Aminoterephthalic acid Metal-Organic Framework (NiNH2BDC) and its reduced graphitic carbon (rGO) based hybrids for methanol (CH3OH) oxidation reaction (MOR) in an alkaline environment. In a thorough analysis of a solvothermally synthesized Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and its reduced graphitic carbon-based hybrids, functional groups detection was performed by FTIR, the morphological study by SEM, crystal structure analysis via XRD, and elemental analysis through XPS while electrochemical testing was accomplished by Chronoamperometry (CA), Cyclic Voltametric method (CV), Electrochemically Active Surface Area (EASA), Tafel slope (b), Electron Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Mass Activity, and roughness factor. Among all the fabricated composites, NiNH2BDC MOF/5 wt% rGO hybrid by possessing an auspicious current density (j) of 267.7 mA/cm2 at 0.699 V (vs Hg/HgO), a Tafel slope value of 60.8 mV dec-1, EASA value of 15.7 cm2, and by exhibiting resistance of 13.26 Ω in a 3 M CH3OH/1 M NaOH solution displays grander electrocatalytic activity as compared to state-of-the-art platinum-based electrocatalysts.
Breaking Bad Patents : Learning from HIV/AIDS to make COVID-19 treatments accessible.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought renewed attention to the topic of challenging drug patents in the interest of public health. Pharmaceutical companies have already begun to patent existing medicines for the treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2, affording them exclusive manufacturing rights over vital medicines. Advocates have raised concerns regarding the pricing of COVID-19 drugs, as well as patent monopolies on the manufacture of COVID-19 treatments. The HIV/AIDS pandemic provides a useful lens through which we can analyse existing pathways for challenging pharmaceutical patents in the context of global pandemic. In this article, we review three legal pathways for overriding and seizing patents on medicines by describing cases in which they were employed to make antiretroviral drugs more accessible to people living with HIV. Last, we highlight the weaknesses inherent in these pathways and offer advocacy and policy suggestions for how to strengthen these pathways to improve access to COVID-19 treatments as they become available in the United States and globally.
Future studies using histomorphometry in type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Purpose of review This article reviews the current state of research in type 1 diabetes and bone, focusing on human bone turnover markers and histomorphometry. Recent findings Bone turnover markers have been used for decades to document static bone turnover status in a variety of diseases but especially in diabetes. Two new studies focus on dynamic testing conditions to examine the acute effects of insulin and exercise on bone turnover. Publications of human bone histomorphometry in type 1 diabetes are few but there are several new studies currently underway. Summary Here, we review the most recent literature on human bone turnover markers and histomorphometry. Low bone turnover is thought to be a major underlying factor in bone fragility in T1DM. Further studies in human transilial bone biopsies will be helpful in determining the mechanisms.
Urban informality in the Global North: a view from Los Angeles

Urban informality is often discussed and debated by scholars of cities in the Global South, but the term is used with much less frequency in studies of US cities. Looking at the daily functions of American cities, however, it is clear informality plays just as central a role in the US as in other cities around theworld, whether in the housing sector, jobs, or land use. This article will discuss the longer historical arc leading to the present day with a focus on specific historical moments in Los Angeles history. I begin with the emergence of formalization and land titles in an era of colonization, continuing to a discussion of early-twentieth century land rights specifically in the communities of Chavez Ravine, and end with an exploration of urban informality in Skid Row.
Effect of Janus particles and non-ionic surfactants on the collapse of the oil-water interface under compression

Abstract Hypothesis Janus particles (JPs) and surfactants express different behaviors at the oil-water interface under compression. When both are present at the interface, their synergies result in a different collapse mechanism than the individual ones depending on the concentration of the JPs and surfactants. Experiments Coarse-grained modeling methods were used to probe the synergies between Janus nanoparticles and nonionic surfactant on the stability of an oil-water interface under compression. The interface was covered at 0-55% area by JPs and contained surfactants at 0-55% of the interfacial surfactant concentration corresponding to the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Findings Compression of the interface with only surfactants resulted in the expulsion of surfactant molecules to the water phase once the interfacial concentration of surfactant molecules reached the CMC value. Compression of a Janus particle-laden interface past the closed-packing point led to a buckled interface, so that the total interfacial area remained constant upon further compression. When both surfactants and JPs were present on the interface, JPs still caused buckling, which helped retain the surfactant molecules on the interface. The interface exhibited a higher level of deformation in presence of surfactants. When the surfactant concentration was high, under compression, the surfactants partitioned into the water phase, but the buckling of the interface persisted.
NGOs, Civil Society, and the Public Sphere

Nongovernmental organizations act on behalf of citizens in politics and society. Yet many question their legitimacy and ask who they speak for. This book investigates how NGOs can become stronger advocates for citizens and better representatives of their interests. Sabine Lang analyzes the choices that NGOs face in their work for policy change between working in institutional settings and practicing public advocacy that incorporates constituents' voices. Whereas most books on NGOs focus on policy effectiveness, using approaches that treat accountability largely as a matter of internal performance measurements, Lang instead argues that it is ultimately several public accountabilities that inform NGO legitimacy. The case studies in this book use empirical research from the European Union, the United States and Germany to point to governments' role in redefining the conditions for NGOs' public advocacy.
A Study of Technical Engineering Peer Reviews at NASA

This report describes the state of practices of design reviews at NASA and research into what can be done to improve peer review practices. There are many types of reviews at NASA: required and not, formalized and informal, programmatic and technical. Standing project formal reviews such as the Preliminary Design Review and Critical Design Review are a required part of every project and mission development. However, the technical, engineering peer reviews that support teams' work on such projects are informal, some times ad hoc, and inconsistent across the organization. The goal of this work is to identify best practices and lessons learned from NASA's experience, supported by academic research and methodologies to ultimately improve the process. This research has determined that the organization, composition, scope, and approach of the reviews impact their success. Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) can identify key areas of concern before or in the reviews. Product definition tools like the Project Priority Matrix, engineering-focused Customer Value Chain Analysis (CVCA), and project or system-based Quality Function Deployment (QFD) help prioritize resources in reviews. The use of information technology and structured design methodologies can strengthen the engineering peer review process to help NASA work towards error-proofing the design process.
Prophylaxis of the postsurgical menopause; estradiol pellet implantation.

Abstract 1. 1. A series of 150 patients in whom both ovaries were extirpated at the time of hysterectomy is reported. One hundred and thirty-nine of these patients have been followed for from 2 to 8½ years. 2. 2. Hard compressed pellets containing 50 mg. of estradiol U.S.P. were implanted into the subcutaneous fat during closure of the abdominal wound. 3. 3. Implantation of pellets is a simple procedure. 4. 4. Implantation of estradiol U.S.P. pellets offers a means of prolonged and continuous slow absorption of estrogenic hormone. 5. 5. At an average age of 43.8 years, 98 per cent of the patients so treated were subjectively free of acute postsurgical menopause symptoms during the first 6 months, and 90 per cent were symptom free 2 years following operation.
Apparent image enhancement through coherent defocusing

Defocusing effects for amplitude-modulated targets, in coherent imaging systems such as an electron microscope, are theoretically and experimentally studied. A mathematical model is developed that adequately predicts experimental observations. Of specific interest in this study is the apparent image enhancement that occurs with small amounts of change of defocus. It is shown that certain spatial frequencies of an image are selectively destroyed as a function of the amount of defocus and, consequently, that an apparent image enhancement results for certain image details.
Performance optimization of an FPGA-based configurable multiprocessor for matrix operations

Several driving forces have recently brought about significant advances in the field of configurable computing. They have also enabled parallel processing within a single field-programmable gate array (FPGA) chip. The ever-increasing complexity of application algorithms and the supercomputing crisis have made this new parallel-processing approach more important and pertinent. Its cost-effectiveness provides system designers with the greatest flexibility while imposing many challenges to current hardware and software codesign methodologies. This paper explores practical hardware and software design and implementation issues for FPGA-based configurable multiprocessors, based on the authors' first-hand experience with a shared-memory implementation of parallel LU factorization for sparse block-diagonal-bordered (BDB) matrices. We also propose a new dynamic load balancing strategy for parallel LU factorization on our system. Performance results are included to prove the viability of this new multiprocessor design approach.
Organ-specific regulation of the CD8 T cell response to Listeria monocytogenes infection.

The intestinal mucosal CD8 T cell response to infection with Listeria monocytogenes was measured using MHC class I tetramers and was compared with the response in peripheral blood, secondary lymphoid tissue, and liver. To assess the vaccination potential of Listeria and to analyze responses in C57BL/6 mouse strains, a recombinant Listeria expressing OVA (rLM-ova) was generated. The response peaked at 9 days postinfection with a much larger fraction of the intestinal mucosa and liver CD8 T cell pool OVA specific, as compared with the spleen. However, these differences were not linked to bacterial titers in each site. The higher responses in lamina propria and liver resulted in a larger CD8 memory population in these tissues. Furthermore, the level of memory induced was dependent on infectious dose and inversely correlated with the magnitude of the recall response after oral challenge. Recall responses in the tissues were most robust in the lamina propria and liver, and reactivated Ag-specific T cells produced IFN-γ. Infection of CD40- or MHC class II-deficient mice induced poor CD8 T cell responses in the intestinal mucosa, but only partially reduced responses in the spleen and liver. Overall, the results point to novel pathways of tissue-specific regulation of primary and memory antimicrobial CD8 T cell responses.
Fuzzy sets, usuality and commonsense reasoning

Although fascination with the mechanization of human reasoning goes back to Leibnitz and Pascal, serious interest in artificial intelligence became manifest with the arrival of the computer age in the late forties. Since then, computers have become vastly more powerful and AI has become the subject of almost daily articles in the popular press. While it may be true that such articles are creating unrealistic expectations—as they have done throughout the history of AI—it should be borne in mind, as Jules Verne noted at the turn of the century, that scientific progress is driven by exaggerated expectations.1
Think tanks, public policy, and the politics of expertise

List of tables List of figures Acknowledgements 1. The political demography of think tanks 2. The evolution of think tanks 3. Political credibility 4. The policy roles of experts 5. Policy influence: making research matter 6. Think tanks, experts and American politics Appendix A: details on the characteristics, perception and visibility of think tanks Appendix B: list of in-depth interviews Works cited Index.
Characterization and Solubilization of Gonadotropin Receptor of Bovine Corpus Luteum

Plasma membranes isolated from bovine corpora lutea showed specific binding with 125I-human chorionic gonadotropin and 125I-human luteinizing hormone; unlabeled hormones competitively inhibited the binding. The binding of the 125I-human chorionic gonadotropin to the receptor was a saturable phenomenon and the half-saturation was attained at a concentration of 4 x 10-10 m . Maximum hormone receptor binding was obtained within 15 min at pH 7.2 and 37°. The rate constants of association and dissociation of human chorionic gonadotropin to the receptor determined at 37° were 2.8 x 106 m -1 s -1 and 2.1 x 10-5 s -1, respectively. The dissociation constant calculated from these rates was 8.0 x 10-10 m . At 4° the rate of association was extremely slow and the hormone receptor complex was stable up to 48 hours. The dissociation constants obtained from equilibrium data were calculated to be 1.5 x 10-10 m for human chorionic gonadotropin and the number of binding sites were approximately 6.3 x 10-15 per mg of tissue. The binding of 125I-human chorionic gonadotropin to the plasma membranes was optimum at pH 7.2 and was reduced at acidic and basic pH. The binding was also inhibited at high concentrations of CaCl2, MgCl2, and NaCl, and in the presence of guanidine HCl and urea. The inhibition of binding at pH 5 and 9 and up to 1 m concentration of various ions was reversible. Treatment of plasma membrane with phospholipase C, neuraminidase, glucosidase, trypsin, and α-chymotrypsin did not decrease the binding of 125I-human chorionic gonadotropin. Pepsin and phospholipase A inhibited the binding of 125I-human chorionic gonadotropin to plasma membranes. The plasma membranes were solubilized in detergents. The proteins reprecipitated from the solution by ethanol-ammonium acetate retained the ability to bind 125I-human chorionic gonadotropin. Solubilization of the plasma membranes in 6 m guanidine HCl resulted in the separation of protein and lipid components. Fractionation of the protein component was achieved by gel filtration on a column of Sepharose 4B in 6 m guanidine HCl and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose in 3 m urea. The receptor activity of the purified fractions could be reconstituted by emulsification with the lipid fraction, indicating the requirement of lipids to retain the native conformation of the receptor. The molecular weight of the active material estimated from Sepharose 4B column in 6 m guanidine HCl and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate was between 30,000 to 70,000. This partially purified protein may represent the regulatory subunit of the gonadotropin receptor.
Evaluation of the /sup 7/Li(n,n't)/sup 4/He cross section for ENDF/B-VI and application to uncertainty analysis

A new covariance analysis of n+/sup 7/Li cross section data has been completed for Version VI of ENDF/B. The analysis updates our 1981 work for ENDF/B-V.2 to include new data that has become available since that time and to incorporate cross correlations between different experiments. The bulk of the new measured data consists of some 10 new (or newly revised) tritium-production measurements involving about 70 new data points. The new analysis results in only small changes in the previous evaluation of the tritium-production cross section but significantly reduces the magnitudes of uncertainties due to the more extensive and accurate data base that was used. A two-dimensional sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of the Lithium Blanket Module experiments at the LOTUS facility was performed in order to assess the effects of the new /sup 7/Li cross sections on tritium breeding uncertainty in a realistic system. 4 refs., 6 figs., 3 tabs.
Transient Structures and Possible Limits of Data Recording in Phase-Change Materials

Phase-change materials (PCMs) represent the leading candidates for universal data storage devices, which exploit the large difference in the physical properties of their transitional lattice structures. On a nanoscale, it is fundamental to determine their performance, which is ultimately controlled by the speed limit of transformation among the different structures involved. Here, we report observation with atomic-scale resolution of transient structures of nanofilms of crystalline germanium telluride, a prototypical PCM, using ultrafast electron crystallography. A nonthermal transformation from the initial rhombohedral phase to the cubic structure was found to occur in 12 ps. On a much longer time scale, hundreds of picoseconds, equilibrium heating of the nanofilm is reached, driving the system toward amorphization, provided that high excitation energy is invoked. These results elucidate the elementary steps defining the structural pathway in the transformation of crystalline-to-amorphous phase transitions and describe the essential atomic motions involved when driven by an ultrafast excitation. The establishment of the time scales of the different transient structures, as reported here, permits determination of the possible limit of performance, which is crucial for high-speed recording applications of PCMs.
The structure of the γ-domain for H ∞ riccati solutions

The state space approach to H∞ control problem, proposed by DGKF [1], is an limportant contribution to both robust control theory and engineering. The central part of the design procedure by using this method is to solve two indefinite Riccati equations. The solutions are functions of a parameter γ. In this paper, the structure of the γ-domain on which the Riccati solutions exist and/or are positive semidefinite are investigated. Moreover, some properties of the lower bounds of the domain are also given. By using these properties, a quadratically convergent algorithm can be developed to compute the lower bounds of the γ-domain.
Complex trait genetics the role of mechanistic "intermediate phenotypes" and candidate genetic loci.

Although coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of heart disease, its etiology and pathogenesis are not well understood. Hereditary determination of CAD is suggested by epidemiologic studies in which first-degree relatives of coronary patients have a 2.5- to 7-fold increase in risk of
The Effect of Tumor Necrosis Factor on Vascular Smooth Muscle: In Vitro Studies Using Rat Aortic Rings

The mechanisms of vasodilation in septic shock have not been well elucidated. We used isolated rat aortic rings as an in vitro model of vascular reactivity to assess the acute, direct effects on vascular smooth muscle relaxation of four cytokines: interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The rings were precontracted with catecholamines and then test cytokines were added. The changes in tension with IL-1 at 1,000 U/ml, IL-2 at 1,000 U/ml, and IL-6 at 500 U/ml differed from controls by -67±59, -5±42, and 8±56 mg/mg of tissue, respectively (for each, n = 10, p = NS). The change in tension with TNF at 1,000 U/ml differed from controls by - 176 ±42 mg/mg of tissue (n = 20, p
Universal Human Rights: The Contribution of Muslim States

It is often supposed that international human rights standards were negotiated without active participation by Middle Eastern and Muslim states. That was not the case. United Nations records document the contributions of Arab and Muslim diplomats from 1946–1966. Diplomats from the Islamic world did not always agree with each other but their various contributions resulted in the assertion of a right to self-determination the most comprehensive statement of universality culturally sensitive language about religious beliefs and a separate article promoting gender equality. Initially they proposed robust mechanisms for implementation and they actively opposed the isolation of socioeconomic rights into a separate covenant. Not all of their efforts were successful and not all of their positions were liberal. While their role as participants and promoters of human rights should not be exaggerated neither should it be discounted. (authors)
Erythema nodosum in children: a prospective study.

Abstract Background: The studies of series of children with erythema nodosum (EN) are limited and mostly retrospective. Objective: We evaluated the epidemiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, course, and prognosis of EN in children. Methods: Thirty-five children with EN (17 boys, 18 girls; mean age, 8.79 years) have been studied. Four excluded children proved, on biopsy, to have leukocytoclastic vasculitis (n = 3) or eosinophilic cellulitis (n = 1). Results: In 27 of the 35 children (77%), the etiology of EN was established by laboratory investigations. In 25 children the causative factor of EN was an infectious agent (including β-hemolytic streptococcus [n = 17], and Mycobacterium tuberculosis [n = 2]), whereas in 2 patients, EN was associated with Crohn's disease in one and Hodgkin's disease in the other. In 8 of the 35 children (23%) the etiology of EN remained undetermined. The mean duration of the rash was 11.5 days. Recurrences were noted in only 2 children (1 episode in 1 child and 3 episodes in the other). Conclusion: Currently the most common provoking agent of EN in children in Greece is β-hemolytic streptococcus. However, Mycobacterium tuberculosis should still be considered as a cause of the disorder. Also, the course of EN is benign and recurrences are exceptional. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:17-21.)
The aurora of 27 November 1959 at College, Alaska including observations of a high altitude red ARC

Abstract Spectrophotometric observations on a rare high altitude red auroral arc were obtained at College, Alaska, in the evening of 27 November 1959. Photometric and photographic triangulation yielded a height of about 350 km for the region of maximum luminosity. The arc can be characterized spectroscopically by the OI λλ6300–6364 lines and the N + 2 1 NG bands, other usual auroral emission features being notably absent. Though the hydrogen lines are present, their identification with the red arc is not certain. The maximum intensity of OI λ6300, 66.7 kR, was reached when the arc passed through the magnetic zenith. The arc was approximately aligned with the geomagnetic field and shifted approximately 10° in latitude, north to south, in a time interval of one hour. An intense and active aurora followed the appearance of the red arc and lasted throughout the night, but did not exhibit any unusual features.
Solid-source doping of hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract Arsenic doping of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si: H) from a solid source in a remote hydrogen plasma reactor is reported. Arsenic incorporation in the deposited films was directly demonstrated with secondary-ion mass spectrometry, and doping efficiency was determined from d.c. conductivity. The electronic properties of the doped films were indistinguishable from those of conventional r.f. glow discharge deposited a-Si:H. The technique should be applicable to other dopant and alloying elements
Big Bang As the Collapse of an Ordered Spin System

The entropy of a spin system interacting with a free particle representing the inertia of the universe in the early stages is calculated. The conversion from a state of minimum entropy and minimum inertia with maximum spin order to a state of maximum entropy andmaximum inertia is analogized to the big bang.
Factors in Human Serum Promoting Phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: II. Interaction of Opsonins with the Phagocytic Cell

Human polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) receptors involved in opsonophagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied. Opsonophagocytosis of bacteria preopsonized with specific IgG antibodies was inhibited by normal IgG but was not inhibited when the bacteria were preopsonized with specific IgG antibodies and complement. Trypsinized PMNs showed decreased phagocytic activity of bacteria preopsonized with IgG antibodies and complement, but phagocytosis of bacteria preopsonized with IgG antibodies alone was enhanced. The phagocytic activity of trypsinized PMNs was fully restored by addition of IgG antibodies to P. aeruginosa to the assays. The data suggest that cytophilic IgG antibodies act as the receptors for bacteria-antibody-complement complexes on human PMNs.
Histamine-modulated transdifferentiation of dermal microvascular endothelial cells

Homeostatic and inflammatory functions of skin microvessels are tightly regulated by vasoactive amines. Following stimulation with histamine, dermal microvascular endothelial cells (MEC) undergo a rapid change in phenotype (transdifferentiation) and subsequently exhibit an enhanced rate of growth. To elucidate mechanisms regulating MEC transdifferentiation, this study investigated the functional relationships among vimentin, Ca2+, and protein kinase C (PKC) in histamine-modulated dermal MEC in vitro. Distribution of vimentin and PKC in foreskin-derived MEC cultivated in a modified Iscove's medium was assessed with immunocytochemistry. Calcium ion kinetics in histamine-treated MEC were analyzed using the Ca2+ probe Fluo-3 in conjunction with interactive laser cytometry. Histamine, acting through H-1 receptors, produces a rapid (<100 ms) and differential elevation of free calcium in each of three cytological compartments defined by the vimentin cytoskeleton in epithelial MEC. A distinctive compartmentalized and nonuniform distribution of PKC precisely coincides with that observed for free-Ca2+ released in response to histamine. The studies reveal that histamine modulation of the MEC phenotype is associated with a rapid patterned reorganization of the vimentin skeleton. It is hypothesized that histamine induces vimentin post-translational modifications by activating a spatially localized interaction among cytoplasmic free Ca2+, PKC, and the vimentin matrix. The results further suggest that vimentin, in addition to its structural role, may participate in signal transduction and gene regulation processes in effecting MEC transdifferentiation.
Nonlocal exchange-correlation energy in very inhomogeneous systems: Quasi-two-dimensional electron layers

A simple nonlocal approximation for the exchange-correlation energy of an inhomogeneous electron gas is developed and applied to density distributions representative of quasi-two-dimensional inversion and accumulation layers, and electrons in semiconductor heterostructures. Unlike the usual methods based on the local-density approximation, this technique interpolates correctly between three and two dimensions. We suggest that these usual methods may contain large errors for a range of density distributions typical of quasi-two-dimensional electron layers. We also apply the nonlocal approximation to a simple model of the metal surface.
Structured packs for independent learning in the community.

SUMMARY A range of structured learning packs (SLIPS) has been developed for third-year medical students undertaking a community medicine firm at King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry (KCSMD). The aim of the packs is to provide materials for independent learning by students to complement teaching by general practice tutors. An approach to the development of this method of learning is described. A tutor working alongside students designed, tested and revised exercises that were developed into learning packs. Tutors who piloted the packs found that they offered flexibility and versatility in a general practice setting. The active learning exercises were enjoyed by students, who particularly valued tasks that fulfilled a genuine practice need. The packs allowed tutors and students to use their contact time more effectively by promoting discussion of concepts and issues rather than basic clinical information. A formal evaluation programme is planned with the aim of extending use of the packs onto other clinical medical firms.
Integrating Experimental Data Analysis Through Online Modules

In various universities, including Miami University (MU), an undergraduate course in vibrations may be offered in a lecture-only format. However, several concepts in vibrations, such as natural frequencies, damping, mode shapes etc., may be improved immensely from experimental demonstrations and hands-on activities for students to fully grasp the concept and its application. In recent years, several online experiments and resources have been developed in the area of dynamical systems and controls in order to provide an experiential learning environment. With the support of the National Science Foundation, a series of Computational-Experimental (ComEx) learning modules are being developed for integrating experimental, computational and validation studies in the mechanical and manufacturing engineering curriculum at MU. These learning modules are web based and are intended for dissemination to a wide audience extending beyond the students at MU. In this paper, salient features of these online learning modules, which integrate experimental data analysis for mechanical vibration course, are presented. Three different group activities associated with these modules are presented with specific details of the activities, assessment plans, and student perceptions of the modules. The content of these modules is evolving based on feedback from students and external, expert evaluators. It is anticipated that such learning studios can be used by instructors who teach lecture based vibration and control courses, and this resource will yield more insight into the theory, computation and practical applications of essential concepts in this area.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Invited Paper-Influence of Cyclotron Beam Properties on Experiments

The importance and relationship of cyclotron beam characteristics to various experiments are discussed, and examples of some of the influences are given. The beam properties considered include phase-space density, energy, energy-spread, energyvariability, energy stability, and duty factor.
The Creative Abilities of Children with Social and Emotional Problems.

The specific creative abilities of children with social and emotional problems were at issue. The children's responses on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking were compared to those from the standardization sample. Thirty-eight emotionally disturbed children constituted the initial sample, and 40 emotionally disturbed children made up a cross-validation sample. The children in both samples were close to the average standardization score in their ability to arrive at a number of different ideas, experienced some difficulty in coming up with original ideas, and were substantially below the average in the other areas of creativity. Presenting particular difficulty for the disturbed children was the area of elaboration, that is, the addition of details to ideas. The discussion focused on comparisons with learning-disabled children.
Exercise performance after the arterial switch operation for D-transposition of the great arteries.

Abstract Early- and intermediate-term results of the arterial switch operation for D-transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA) are encouraging. However, questions remain about the long-term outcome for these patients, especially with regard to exercise performance. Preliminary studies have demonstrated normal endurance time on treadmills. However, data regarding aerobic capacity and cardiopulmonary function are lacking. We report the cardiopulmonary performance of 22 school-age patients with D-TGA who underwent the arterial switch operation. Outcome variables included maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2 ), maximal cardiac index, and peak heart rate. Patient and procedure-related variables were assessed for their association with outcome variables using linear and logistic regression. The mean values of maximal VO 2 (113 ± 19% predicted) and maximal cardiac index (96 ± 18% predicted) were within normal limits for the pediatric population. Although the mean peak heart rate for the entire group (184 ± 14 beats/min) was within normal limits, there were 7 subjects (32%) with chronotropic impairment. Significant ST-segment depression was seen in 2 subjects (9%). In regression analysis, surgery subsequent to the arterial switch was associated with lower maximal cardiac index (p = 0.01). Other variables were not significantly associated with maximal VO 2 , maximal cardiac index, and peak heart rate. In particular, chronotropic impairment was not significantly associated with maximal VO 2 or maximal cardiac index. These findings demonstrate that cardiopulmonary performance during exercise is excellent after the arterial switch operation. The finding of ST-segment depression in some subjects supports the role of formal exercise testing in those patients participating in vigorous athletic activities.
A note on the lubricating film in hydrostatic mechanical face seals

A hydrostatic model for analysing the lubrication film in mechanical seals with provision for surface roughness is presented. The model takes into account the wedge angle between the seal faces developed due to thermal gradient. It is useful for predicting the mean pressure distribution, fluid-film thickness, power loss, and leakage rate. An analytical solution for the fluid pressure distribution is obtained by solving the axis-symmetric Reynolds equation, without assuming constant fluid-film thickness. It is demonstrated that surface roughness considerably increases the mean fluid-film thickness. On the basis of predicted film thickness, the leakage rate and dissipated power can be easily predicted. The method and results can be useful as an adjunct analysis for more complicated thermoelastohydrodynamic analysis of mechanical seals.
Effects of winglets to augment tube wall heat transfer in louvered fin heat exchangers

The louvered fin heat exchanger, a type of compact heat exchanger, has been used heavily in the automotive and air conditioning industries for the last several decades. The majority of past research, aimed towards improving louvered fin exchanger efficiency, has focused on optimizing various parameters of the louvered fin. The experimental study presented in this paper concentrates instead on augmenting the heat transfer along the tube wall of the compact heat exchanger through the use of winglets placed on the louvers. The experiments were completed on a 20 times scaled model of an idealized louvered fin exchanger with a fin pitch to louver pitch ratio of 0.76 and a louver angle of 27°. The Reynolds numbers tested, based on louver pitch, were between 230 and 1016. A number of geometrical winglet parameters, including angle of attack, aspect ratio, direction, and shape, were all evaluated based on heat transfer augmentation, friction factor augmentation, and efficiency index (combination of both augmentations). In an attempt to optimize these winglet parameters, tube wall heat transfer augmentations as high as 39% were achieved with associated friction factor augmentations as high as 23%.
Windows to the future

This article traces the development of the next generation of window system standards, such as the X Window System. A short program using CLX, the Common Lisp interface to X, is shown with extensive annotations.
Recent results on blow-up and quenching for nonlinear Volterra equations

In this survey paper, the author examines nonlinear Volterra integral equations of the second kind with solutions that blow-up or quench. The focus is on analytical results, although a few words about numerical solutions for such equations are provided. The integral equations arise in the mathematical modeling of thermal processes within a reactive-diffusive medium. The scope of this review is on the published literature between 1997 and 2005, serving as an update to a previous review by the same author.
THE ROLE OF CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF EPILEPSY

Summary:Clinical neurophysiologic studies have an important role in the diagnosis and management of the patient with epilepsy. Epilepsy is a clinical diagnosis and the EEG is an important adjunct used to differentiate epileptic seizures from nonepileptic events, refine the diagnosis of epilepsy into
The Impact of Personal Theorizing on Beginning Teaching: Experiences of Three Social Studies Teachers

Abstract This case study involving three social studies teachers illustrates how the personal theorizing process, conducted as part of the teachers' preservice education, influenced their instruction during their first year of teaching. In addition, the evolution of the teachers' beliefs, as described through their personal practical theories (PPT's) of teaching, is depicted. The findings indicate that all three teachers attempted to utilize their PPT's to guide instruction. Only two of the three teachers, however, were able to demonstrate teaching practices that strongly represented their PPT's. The findings also illustrate the connectivity among each teacher's PPT's and how their PPT's were influenced by the new instructional setting, their interpretations regarding life experiences, and their interpretations regarding new experiences as first-year teachers.
Flexing the muscles of m-divinylbenzene: direct measurement of the barriers to conformational isomerization.

The energy thresholds to isomerization of the three conformational isomers of m-divinylbenzene (cis−cis, cis−trans, and trans−trans) were directly measured by stimulated emission pumping−population transfer (SEP−PT) spectroscopy. The experimentally determined isomerization thresholds are Ethresh(cc → ct, tt) = 1080−1232 cm-1, Ethresh(tt → ct, cc) = 1130−1175 cm-1, Ethresh(ct → cc) = 997−1175 cm-1, and Ethresh(ct → tt) = 997−1232 cm-1. On the basis of the threshold values for X → Y and Y → X isomerization, the relative energies of the conformational isomers are −102 ≤ E(ct) ≤ +178 cm-1 and −102 ≤ E(cc) ≤ +95 cm-1 relative to E(tt) = 0. UV-hole-filling (UVHF) spectroscopy was also used to determine the effect of population returning to the ground state via fluorescence. A full set of governing equations for SEP−PT and UVHF spectroscopy is reported that will be generally useful for future studies using these methods. By comparison of these results with the computed stationary points on a calculated surface (...
The influence of particle mechanical properties on bubble characteristics and solid mixing in fluidized beds

Abstract To determine the influence of interparticle forces on the fluid mechanics of large particle fluidized beds, experiments were conducted using particles with different values of the friction coefficient and the coefficient of restitution. The bubble characteristics and particle dispersion within the bed were measured. The bed characteristics were found to be insignificantly influenced by changes in friction and coefficient of restitution, indicating that either interparticle mechanical forces due to direct contact are unimportant or that these forces are only influenced by the particle size, density and velocity. The wake fraction was found to be a strong function of particle size. The upward particle transit velocity is proportional to the mean bubble frequency. Downward transit velocity is proportional to the volumetric flow rate of bubbles and the wake fraction.
Response to open peer commentaries on "an ethical analysis of mandatory influenza vaccination of health care personnel: implementing fairly and balancing benefits and burdens".

In my target article “An Ethical Analysis of Mandatory Influenza Vaccination of Health Care Personnel” (Antommaria 2013), I argued that public health ethics is the most appropriate framework for an...