cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving biologic predictors of cycling endurance performance with near-infrared spectroscopy derived measures of skeletal muscle respiration: E pluribus unum.

The study aim was to compare the predictive validity of the often referenced traditional model of human endurance performance (i.e. oxygen consumption, VO2 , or power at maximal effort, fatigue threshold values, and indices of exercise efficiency) versus measures of skeletal muscle oxidative potential in relation to endurance cycling performance. We hypothesized that skeletal muscle oxidative potential would more completely explain endurance performance than the traditional model, which has never been collectively verified with cycling. Accordingly, we obtained nine measures of VO2 or power at maximal efforts, 20 measures reflective of various fatigue threshold values, 14 indices of cycling efficiency, and near-infrared spectroscopy-derived measures reflecting in vivo skeletal muscle oxidative potential. Forward regression modeling identified variable combinations that best explained 25-km time trial time-to-completion (TTC) across a group of trained male participants (n = 24). The time constant for skeletal muscle oxygen consumption recovery, a validated measure of maximal skeletal muscle respiration, explained 92.7% of TTC variance by itself (Adj R2 = .927, F = 294.2, SEE = 71.2, p < .001). Alternatively, the best complete traditional model of performance, including VO2max (L·min-1 ), %VO2max determined by the ventilatory equivalents method, and cycling economy at 50 W, only explained 76.2% of TTC variance (Adj R2 = .762, F = 25.6, SEE = 128.7, p < .001). These results confirm our hypothesis by demonstrating that maximal rates of skeletal muscle respiration more completely explain cycling endurance performance than even the best combination of traditional variables long postulated to predict human endurance performance.
Improving Screening Uptake among Breast Cancer Survivors and Their First-Degree Relatives at Elevated Risk to Breast Cancer: Results and Implications of a Randomized Study in the State of Georgia.

Women diagnosed with breast cancer at a relatively early age (≤45 years) or with bilateral disease at any age are at elevated risk for additional breast cancer, as are their female first-degree relatives (FDRs). We report on a randomized trial to increase adherence to mammography screening guidelines among survivors and FDRs. From the Georgia Cancer Registry, breast cancer survivors diagnosed during 2000–2009 at six Georgia cancer centers underwent phone interviews about their breast cancer screening behaviors and their FDRs. Nonadherent survivors and FDRs meeting all inclusion criteria were randomized to high-intensity (evidence-based brochure, phone counseling, mailed reminders, and communications with primary care providers) or low-intensity interventions (brochure only). Three and 12-month follow-up questionnaires were completed. Data analyses used standard statistical approaches. Among 1055 survivors and 287 FDRs who were located, contacted, and agreed to participate, 59.5% and 62.7%, respectively, reported breast cancer screening in the past 12 months and were thus ineligible. For survivors enrolled at baseline (N = 95), the proportion reporting adherence to guideline screening by 12 months post-enrollment was similar in the high and low-intensity arms (66.7% vs. 79.2%, p = 0.31). Among FDRs enrolled at baseline (N = 83), screening was significantly higher in the high-intensity arm at 12 months (60.9% vs. 32.4%, p = 0.03). Overall, about 72% of study-eligible survivors (all of whom were screening nonadherent at baseline) reported screening within 12 months of study enrollment. For enrolled FDRs receiving the high-intensity intervention, over 60% reported guideline screening by 12 months. A major conclusion is that using high-quality central cancer registries to identify high-risk breast cancer survivors and then working closely with these survivors to identify their FDRs represents a feasible and effective strategy to promote guideline cancer screening.
Association of Behavioral Nudges With High-Value Evidence-Based Prescribing in Oncology

This interrupted time series analysis evaluates the association of nudges with zoledronate prescription vs more expensive denosumab.
3.29 – Production of Recombinant Proteins by Microbes and Higher Organisms

Large proteins are usually expressed in eukaryotic systems, while smaller ones are expressed in prokaryotic systems. For proteins that require glycosylation, mammalian cells, fungi, or the baculovirus system is chosen. The least expensive, easiest and quickest expression of proteins can be carried out in Escherichia coli. However, this bacterium cannot express very large proteins. Also, for S–S-rich proteins and proteins that require posttranslational modifications, E. coli is not the system of choice. The two most utilized yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris. Yeasts can produce high yields of proteins at low cost, proteins larger than 50 kDa can be produced, signal sequences can be removed, and glycosylation can be carried out. The baculoviral system can carry out more complex posttranslational modifications of proteins. The most popular system for producing recombinant mammalian glycosylated proteins is that of mammalian cells. Genetically modified animals secrete recombinant proteins in their milk, blood, or urine. Similarly, transgenic plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana and others can generate many recombinant proteins.
Identifying distributed incompetence in an organization

Abstract We explore the phenomenon of distributed incompetence (DI) that is an opposite to distributed knowledge and occurs in various organizations such as customer support. In a DI organization a team of employees is managed in a way that, being rational, impresses a customer or an external observer with total irrationality and incompetence, an inability to get things done. In most cases the whole organization or individual team members gain from DI by means of refusing customer compensation while avoiding other obligations. We investigate DI in a variety of organizations to analyze its commonality and specific DI features for organizations and communities. A discourse-level analysis to detect DI in textual descriptions of customers and observers is outlined. We report a detected DI rate in financial organizations and propose a solution to handle it such as a chatbot. Regarding the theme of this book, we propose that a shared context becomes more problematic in DI-plaqued organization.
Exploring caregiver burden and financial toxicity in caregivers of tracheostomy-dependent children.

Abstract Objective Measure the prevalence of and factors associated with financial toxicity (FT) and caregiver burden in families of tracheostomy-dependent children. FT is defined as the objective and subjective patient-level impact of the costs of medical care and has been associated with lower quality of life, decreased compliance with treatment, and increased mortality. Methods A medical record review was performed on all children with a tracheostomy tube placed from 2009 to 2018 at a tertiary children's hospital to identify and include children younger than 18 years old, not deceased, and not decannulated at the time of review. Eligible children's caregivers were contacted to fill out a 36-item questionnaire and three validated instruments: The Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity (COST) and the Financial Distress Questionnaire (FDQ), both addressed to the parent/primary caregiver, and the Burden Scale for Family Caregivers – short version (BSFC-s). Results Of the 140 eligible tracheostomy patients identified, 45 caregivers (32.1%) returned the survey. The average COST score was 18 ± 1.7 with 73.3% of caregivers reporting high toxicity based on FDQ, and 75.6% having severe-to-very severe caregiver burden. Significant increase in FT was seen in households where an adult had to leave a paid position (p = 0.047) or work less (p = 0.002) because of their child's condition; or needed to omit some of the child's medical services or medications due to cost-prohibitive reasons (p Conclusion Caregivers of children with medically complex, tracheostomy-dependent conditions suffer from FT and caregiver burden. As a result, harmful financial coping mechanisms such as missing necessary care components or forgoing prescribed treatments, may be adopted for cost-prohibitive reasons.
Race/ethnicity in relation to incident primary open-angle glaucoma characterized by autonomously determined visual field loss patterns

Purpose: We used an autonomous algorithm to classify incident visual field (VF) loss patterns in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Subsequently, we compared racial differences in the risk of these regional VF loss patterns. Design/Participants: Participants (n=209,036) from the Nurses Health Study (NHS) (follow-up: 1980-2018); NHS2 (1989-2019); and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS; 1986-2018), aged ≥40 years and free of glaucoma. Methods: Demographics, medical and lifestyle information was assessed on biennial questionnaires. Incident POAG cases (n=1946) with reproducible Humphrey VF loss were confirmed with medical records. The total deviation information of the earliest reliable VF for each eye with POAG (n=2564) was extracted, and a statistical learning method was used to identified optimal solutions for regional vision loss patterns. Each POAG eye was assigned the VF pattern (archetype) based on the highest weighting coefficient. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for POAG of various archetypes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using per-eye Cox proportional hazards models. Covariates included cohort, age, glaucoma family history, socioeconomic status, lifestyle parameters, number of eye exams during follow-up, and medical conditions. False discovery rate (FDR) was used for multiple comparisons. Main outcome measures: POAG based on VF patterns. Results: Mean age was 58 years; 1.3% were Black, 1.2% were Asian, 1.1% were Hispanic-White and 96.4% were non-Hispanic White. We identified 14 archetypes: 1 representing no VF loss, 9 of early loss and 4 of advanced loss patterns. Compared to non-Hispanic Whites, Blacks were at significantly higher risk of POAG with early VF loss archetypes collectively (Blacks: HR=1.96, 95% CI=1.46, 2.63) and at even higher risk for POAG with advanced loss archetypes collectively (Blacks: HR=6.07, 95% CI=3.61, 10.21; p=0.0002 for the two estimates being different); no differences were observed for Asians or Hispanic Whites. For individual VF archetypes, Hispanic-Whites had FDR-significant higher risks of POAG of archetypes showing early paracentral defects and advanced superior loss while Blacks had FDR-significant higher risks of all advanced loss archetypes and 3 early loss patterns, including early paracentral defects. Conclusion: Among health professionals, compared to non-Hispanic-Whites, Blacks and Hispanic-Whites had higher risks of incident POAG with central and advanced VF loss.
A Review of Inclusion Probabilities in Parentage Testing

Fifty of the fifty-three chapters that comprise this book are the proceedings, discussion, recommended guidelines and conclusions that emerged from the International Conference on Inclusion Probabilities in Parentage Testing held in Airlie, VA, 17–20 May 1982. This conference was hosted by the Committee on Parentage Testing of the American Association of Blood Banks to provide a forum for discussion and to develop guidelines for workers in the area of paternity testing. Participating were scientists and legal experts from the United States and Europe specifically invited for their expertise in the field.
The Impact of Stock Market Liberalization on the Efficiency of Emerging Stock Markets

During the last two decades, many emerging markets have embarked on a course of economic reform, including stock market liberalization. This paper addresses the question of whether these markets have become more informationally efficient in the years following liberalization. We find that emerging stock markets become more efficient following liberalization. Additionally, using a panel data set on sixteen liberalizing countries and various measures of liquidity, we show that liberalization leads to enhanced liquidity after controlling for size and other factors. Furthermore, this paper addresses the question whether the increase in efficiency could be the result of an increase in liquidity. This paper concludes that an increase in liquidity leads to a decrease in market inefficiency. This confirms the intuition that enhanced liquidity might render emerging stock markets more efficient.
Isolation of Bacteriophages T2 and T4 Attached to the Outer Membrane of Escherichia coli

Abstract Phage T2 or T4 was adsorbed to Escherichia coli, and the outer (L) membrane was then isolated with the phage still attached in their usual postinjection appearance. T2 was readily inactivated by isolated cell walls but very poorly by purified L membrane. T4 was inactivated by neither.
A Documentary History of Naples: Ancient Naples, Chapter Three - The Early Coinage of Neapolis

The coinage of Greek Naples is examined from the beginning of minting, perhaps in the 460s BCE, to the early third century. Particular attention is given to the iconography that appears on Neapolitan coins and its relationships to local history, cults, and identity.
Characterization of the intrinsic strength between epoxy and silica using a multiscale approach

Organic–inorganic interfaces exist in many natural or synthetic materials, such as mineral–protein interfaces found in bone and epoxy–silica interfaces found in concrete construction. Here, we report a model to predict the intrinsic strength between organic and inorganic materials, based on a molecular dynamics simulation approach combined with the metadynamics method, used to reconstruct the free energy surface between attached and detached states of the bonded system and scaled up to incorporate it into a continuum model. We apply this technique to model an epoxy–silica system that primarily features nonbonded and nondirectional van der Waals and Coulombic chemical interactions. The intrinsic strength between epoxy and silica derived from the molecular level is used to predict the structural behavior of epoxy–silica interface at the macroscopic length scale by invoking a finite element approach using a cohesive zone model which shows a good agreement with existing experimental results.
Markets as Global Scheduling Mechanisms: The Current State

Viewing the computers as "suppliers" and the users as "consumers" of computing services, markets for computing services/resources have been examined as one of the most promising mechanisms for global scheduling. We first establish how economics can contribute to scheduling. We further define the criterion for a scheme to qualify as an application of economics. Many studies to date have claimed to have applied economics to scheduling. If their scheduling mechanisms do not utilize economics, contrary to their claims, their favorable results do not contribute to the assertion that markets provide the best framework for global scheduling. For any of the schemes examined, we could not reach the conclusion that it makes full use of economics.
Job characteristics and job satisfaction: understanding the role of enterprise resource

Little research has examined the impacts of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems implementation on job satisfaction. Based on a 12-month study of 2,794 employees in a telecommunications firm, we found that ERP system implementation moderated the relationships between three job characteristics (skill variety, autonomy, and feedback) and job satisfaction. Our findings highlight the key role that ERP system implementation can have in altering well-established relationships in the context of technology-enabled organizational change situations. This work also extends research on technology diffusion by moving beyond a focus on technology-centric outcomes, such as system use, to understanding broader job outcomes.
Heat transfer and pressure drop in a compact pin-fin heat exchanger with pin orientation at 18 deg to the flow direction

The heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of a novel, compact heat exchanger in helium gas were measured at 3.5 MPa and Reynolds numbers of 450 to 12,000. The pin-fin specimen consisted of pins, 0.51 mm high and spaced 2.03 mm on centers, spanning a channel through which the helium flows; the angle of the row of pins to the flow direction was 18 deg. The specimen was radiatively heated on the top side at heat fluxes up to 74 W/sq cm and insulated on the back side. Correlations were developed for the friction factor and Nusselt number. The Nusselt number compares favorably to those of past studies of staggered pin-fins, when the measured temperatures are extrapolated to the temperature of the wall-fluid interface.
Transient Marangoni transport of colloidal particles at the liquid/liquid interface caused by surfactant convective-diffusion under radial flow.

Interfacial tension gradients at a liquid/liquid interface drive Marangoni flows. When colloidal particles are adsorbed to an interface in systems with spatial and temporal gradients of surfactant concentration, these interfacial flows can be potentially significant contributors to the direction and rate of particle transport.In this work, we use optical microscopy to measure the interfacial velocities of 5μm diameter polystyrene latex particles adsorbed at an oil/water interface, using olive oil to represent polar oils often encountered in cleaning applications.On surfactant adsorption the maximum interfacial velocity scales linearly with bulk surfactant concentration, even for concentrations exceeding the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The maximum interfacial velocity weakly decreases with increasing flow rate, but it varies non-monotonically with the radial distance from the inlet. Upon surfactant desorption into a rinse solution, the maximum velocity increases with increasing concentration of the original surfactant solution, but only up to a plateau near the CMC. These experimental trends are well-described by a convective-diffusion model for surfactant transport to or from the liquid/liquid interface coupled with Langmuir-type adsorption, using a constitutive relation between the interfacial tension gradient and interfacial velocity based on the interfacial tangential stress jump.
Mining Structured Association Patterns from Databases

We consider the data-mining problem of discovering structured association patterns from large databases. A structured association pattern is a set of sets of items that can represent a two level structure in some specified set of target data. Although the structure is very simple, it cannot be extracted by conventional pattern discovery algorithms. We present an algorithm that discovers all frequent structured association patterns. We were motivated to consider the problem by a specific text mining application, but our method is applicable to a broad range of data mining applications. Experiments with synthetic and real data show that our algorithm efficiently discovers structured association patterns in a large volume of data.
Computer graphic modeling of american sign language

The essential grammatical information of American Sign Language (ASL) is conveyed through changes in the movement and spatial contouring of the hands and arms. An interactive computer graphic system is described for the analysis and modeling of sign language movement. This system consists of four components. The first component reconstructs actual movements in three dimensions and allows the user to interactively segment and transform the data for later analysis. The second component allows a user to interactively create synthetic signs by specifying angle functions in a jointed model. The third component provides a novel technique for manipulating movement quality independently of spatial path. The fourth component allows the building of complex stimuli and real-time stimulus sequencing for psycholinguistic experiments. The emphasis is on interactive techniques and data structures that allow analysis and modeling of the complex hand and arm movements of American Sign Language.
Extensional flow of polystyrene melt

The extensional flow of molten polystyrene was studied in the strain rate range of 7.8×10−4 sec−1 to 2.2×10−2 sec−1 at a test temperature of 300‡F (149 ‡C) Extensional viscosity was compared to shear viscosity measured at the same degree of stress and temperature and found to be from 3 to 350 times greater in magnitude but much less stress dependent.
Some of the tough decisions required by a national health plan

The goals of providing coverage for everyone in the United States and controlling the growth in national health expenditures require difficult decisions about what medical services to provide. Currently accepted practices vary enormously in the amount of health they produce for a given expenditure. Studies of the health effects of several major interventions in relation to their costs--Pap smears, mammography, coronary care units, bypass surgery, and cholesterol reduction--indicate the kinds of choices to be made.
Vibrationally enhanced tunneling as a mechanism for enzymatic hydrogen transfer

We present a theory of enzymatic hydrogen transfer in which hydrogen tunneling is mediated by thermal fluctuations of the enzyme's active site. These fluctuations greatly increase the tunneling rate by shortening the distance the hydrogen must tunnel. The average tunneling distance is shown to decrease when heavier isotopes are substituted for the hydrogen or when the temperature is increased, leading to kinetic isotope effects (KIEs)--defined as the factor by which the reaction slows down when isotopically substituted substrates are used--that need be no larger than KIEs for nontunneling mechanisms. Within this theory we derive a simple KIE expression for vibrationally enhanced ground state tunneling that is able to fit the data for the bovine serum amine oxidase (BSAO) system, correctly predicting the large temperature dependence of the KIEs. Because the KIEs in this theory can resemble those for nontunneling dynamics, distinguishing the two possibilities requires careful measurements over a range of temperatures, as has been done for BSAO.
Cone control on nonnegative control equations

This paper studies the control equation xk+1=xkA+ukB for nonnegative matrices A, B and nonnegative vectors x0,u0,u1,…. Conditions are obtained on u0,u1,and B to assure that x1,x2, … lie in some specified cone. Bounds on u0B,u1B,… and x1,x2,… are also obtained.
Sodium (Na+) homeostasis and salt tolerance of plants

Abstract Soil and water salinity substantially constrain crop and biomass production. Research over the last two plus decades, facilitated by advances in molecular genetics and biotechnology, and with genetic model systems, has identified genes involved in salt acclimation or adaptation and linked these to critical mechanisms and processes. A case in point is present understanding of critical transport determinants that facilitate intra- and intercellular Na + homeostasis of plants in saline environments predominated by NaCl. Pumps in the plasma membrane (H + -ATPase), and the tonoplast (H + -ATPase) and H + pyrophosphatases (AVP1) generate proton electrochemical gradients necessary to energize Na + efflux to the apoplast and influx into vacuoles, respectively. The plasma membrane Na + /H + antiporter SOS1 is responsible for apoplastic efflux, and NHX type Na + /H + antiporters for vacuolar and endosomal compartmentalization. Ca 2+ ext reduces passive intracellular Na + influx cells by decreasing Na + transport through high affinity K + uptake systems and what are presumed to be nonselective cation channels, and activating, through the SOS signal pathway, the SOS1 plasma membrane Na + /H + antiporter. Moreover, there is greater understanding about how cellular transport systems functionally integrate to facilitate tissue and organismal Na + homeostasis. Notable in this process are HKT1 Na + transporters, which regulate Na + loading into the root xylem, limiting flux to and accumulation in the shoot. This review will summarize ion transport systems that facilitate plant Na + homeostasis. Halophyte and glycophyte salinity responses and transport determinant function are compared and contrasted. The potential of halophytes as genetic resources for unique alleles or loci of transport protein genes and transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of transport protein function are discussed in the context of crop salt tolerance.
Values and approaches to culture change.

Edited byJacquelyn H. Flaskerud, RN, PhD, FAANSchool of Nursing, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA“I consider my values superior to theirs.” Recently I was shocked ...
Urban Planning in the New South

Historiography of urban planning in the South has been hindered by the erroneous assumption that the region did not take the city development process seriously until the post-World War II period. Recent additions to the urban literature of the New South suggest, however, that its planning legacy can be traced back to the early I 900s and that it was a tremendously fertile groundfor prominent national planning consultants. Although distinctive regional traits influenced the planning style in southern cities, New South urban planning conformed to the mainstream of the emerging profession. In many respects, particularly over the past three decades, the South has been an innovator in planning, although planning history literature has yet to address carefully many of these emerging trends.
Fibrous proteins and tissue engineering

Fibrous proteins are finding broad impact in biomaterial systems for a range of cell and tissue studies. This impact derives from an improved insight into fundamental structure-function relationships, as well as the unique material properties attained with these protein polymers. Recent advances in the use of these protein systems in a variety of biomaterial and tissue engineering applications are reviewed, with a focus on approaches to control the structure, chemistry, and morphology of the biomaterials formed and enable cell and tissue outcomes to be directed in vitro and in vivo.
Bird-vegetation associations in thinned and unthinned young Douglas-fir forests 10 years after thinning

Quantitative associations between animals and vegetation have long been used as a basis for conservation and management, as well as in formulating predictions about the influence of resource management and climate change on populations. A fundamental assumption embedded in the use of such correlations is that they remain relatively consistent over time. However, this assumption of stationarity has been rarely tested – even for forest birds, which are frequently considered to be ‘indicator species’ in management operations. We investigated the temporal dynamics of bird-vegetation relationships in young Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests over more than a decade following initial anthropogenic disturbance (commercial thinning). We modeled bird occurrence or abundance as a function of vegetation characteristics for eight common bird species for each of six breeding seasons following forest thinning. Generally, vegetation relationships were highly inconsistent in magnitude across years, but remained positive or negative within species. For 3 species, relationships that were initially strong dampened over time. For other species, strength of vegetation association was apparently stochastic. These findings indicate that caution should be used when interpreting weak bird-vegetation relationships found in shortterm studies and parameterizing predictive models with data collected over the short term.
Ascorbylated 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal as a potential biomarker of oxidative stress response.

Abstract Oxidative stress, resulting from the generation of reactive oxygen species, contributes to the development of a multitude of age-related diseases. Current methods of assessing oxidative stress levels range from the detection of lipid peroxidation products, such as F 2 -isoprostanes and malondialdehyde, to monitoring the redox status of glutathione. While useful, traditional biomarkers of oxidative stress are not without their drawbacks, including low in vitro concentrations and possible artifact formation. In the present study, we utilize liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry for investigation into the use of a novel compound, ascorbylated 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, as a potential biomarker of oxidative stress.
A Longitudinal Examination of Risk and Protective Factors for Cigarette Smoking Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth

Abstract Purpose To investigate change across development in two smoking outcomes (smoking status and rate), describe demographic differences in smoking, and longitudinally examine the effects of psychosocial variables on smoking (psychological distress, victimization, and social support) in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. Methods Participants were 248 ethnically diverse LGBT youth (ages 16–20 years at baseline) from a longitudinal cohort study with six waves over 3.5 years. Baseline questionnaires included demographic variables and a measure of impulsivity, and longitudinal questionnaires included measures of cigarette smoking (status and average number of cigarettes smoked daily), LGBT-based victimization, psychological distress, and perceived social support. Analyses were conducted with hierarchical linear modeling. Results Males had higher odds of smoking and smoking rate than females, but females' smoking rate increased more rapidly over time. Psychological distress was associated with higher odds of smoking and smoking rate at the same wave, and it predicted smoking rate at the subsequent wave. LGBT victimization was associated with higher odds of smoking at the same wave and predicted smoking rate at the subsequent wave. Finally, significant other support predicted higher odds of smoking and smoking rate at the subsequent wave, but family support was negatively correlated with smoking rate at the same wave. Conclusions There are several viable avenues for the development of smoking prevention interventions for LGBT youth. To optimize the efficacy of prevention strategies, we must consider experiences with victimization, the impact of psychological distress, and optimizing support from families and romantic partners.
Magnetoresistance in Heavily Doped n-Type Silicon

The magnetoresistance effect has been investigated in $n$-type silicon at 4.2, 77, and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. At 77 and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the low-field magnetoresistance coefficients have been evaluated in the impurity concentration range from approximately 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{15}$ to 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{20}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. At 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the symmetry relation among the coefficients found in pure silicon is obeyed at all impurity concentrations, while at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the symmetry relation is fulfilled only up to impurity concentrations of 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The mobility anisotropy has been evaluated from the low-field coefficients in the impurity concentration ranges where the symmetry relation is obeyed. At 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the magnetoresistance effect is negative and tends toward saturation with increasing magnetic field strength for impurity concentrations greater than 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. Below this concentration, a large positive magnetoresistance is observed and the change in sign is correlated with the appearance of an impurity ionization energy.
A Neotropical Ant Mosaic

All previously described tropical ant mosaics have occurred in the Old World. In Bahia, Brazil, at least 2 ponerines, 8 dolichoderines, and 2 myrmicines are dominant ants and usually distributed inter se in a mosaic: the 1st New World mosaic is described. This differs from Old World mosaics in having dolichoderines and ponerines functioning as dominants and in the absence of dominant formicines. Continental drift is invoked in partial explanation and the radiation of ants seen as a pre-Tertiary event in the 1st instance. It is likely the mosaic has a profound effect upon the distribution of tree crop pests, notably in cocoa.
Exciton-exciton scattering dynamics in a semiconductor microcavity and stimulated scattering into polaritons

We study the polariton dynamics in a semiconductor microcavity for small temperatures and zero exciton-cavity detuning, including the exciton-exciton and exciton-phonon scatterings. A bottleneck in the relaxation of excitons into lower polariton is found, which persists up to high densities. We then consider injection of large populations of lower polaritons with an external pump. All scatterings featuring the lower polariton as the final state become stimulated. In particular, scattering of two excitons into both lower and upper polaritons shows direct evidence of stimulation. Within the rate equation approach, we also predict sizable saturation effects due to the stimulated emission.
SiGe BiCMOS integrated circuits for high-speed serial communication links

Considerable progress has been made in integrating multi-Gb/s functions into silicon chips for data- and telecommunication applications. This paper reviews the key requirements for implementing such functions in monolithic form and describes their implementation in the IBM SiGe BiCMOS technology. Aspects focused on are the integration of 10-13-Gb/s serializer/deserializer chips with subpicosecond jitter performance, the realization of 40-56-Gb/s multiplexer/demultiplexer functions and clock-and-data- recovery/clock-multiplier units, and, finally, the implementation of some analog front-end building blocks such as limiting amplifiers and electro-absorption modulator drivers. Highlighted in this paper are the key challenges in mixed-signal and analog integrated circuit design at such ultrahigh data rates, and the solutions which leverage high-speed and microwave design and broadband SiGe technologies.
A Kahler-{Chern-Simons} Theory and Quantization of Instanton Moduli Spaces

Abstract A five-dimensional field theory is introduced which is an analogue of three-dimensional Chern-Simons theory. The reduced phase space in the theory is a moduli space of instantons in four-dimensional euclidean gauge theory, with a symplectic structure induced by the Donaldson μ -map. Issues related to quantization are discussed.
Investigation of the Reduction/Oxidation Behavior of Cobalt Supported on Nano-ceria

The oxidation and reduction behavior of cobalt catalysts supported on nano-ceria (5–8 nm) was investigated under hydrogen, oxygen and water atmospheres. A novel quantitative isothermal reduction (QIR) technique was introduced to analyze the kinetics and activation barrier of Co reduction. CoO to Co reduction was found to be of first order in the 250–350 °C temperature range. Temperature programmed reduction and oxidation experiments were conducted and the Kissinger method was used to obtain apparent activation energies for reduction and oxidation with O2. The apparent activation energy for CoO reduction was found to agree with that obtained from the QIR technique. Re-oxidation of Co metal was found to have a slightly lower activation energy barrier than the reduction. The reduction and oxidation behavior was further investigated with in situ XANES where the reaction order for reduction was observed to change at 450 °C. The pre-reduced samples were seen to re-oxidize under a water atmosphere, where the oxidation followed first order kinetics. Re-oxidation by water yielded a higher activation energy when compared to re-oxidation under oxygen.
Comparison of the wavelengths for zero total dispersion calculated from measured index profiles of depressed clad single-mode preforms and drawn fibers

Using the exact vector form solution of Maxwell’s equations for optical waveguides we calculated the wavelengths for zero total dispersion λk based on measured profiles of preforms and fibers that were subsequently drawn to 125-μm diam. To check the reproducibility of the same kinds of preform as well as for the collection of samples, four depressed clad single-mode preforms and ten selected pieces of the drawn fibers were used for this study. It was found that the calculated λk values agree well with the experimental results.
Virtual Retail Simulations in Second Life.

This paper explores the use of simulations in virtual reality to teach students the fundamental processes behind retailing and product development. The project described involved one class of students who developed their own clothing lines of "virtual merchandise." A second class of students then "purchased" the wholesale virtual goods and developed their own storefronts to sell the virtual clothing to students posing as personal shoppers. The design of the collaborative project allowed students to experience the processes for retailing goods. This paper explores the design, setup, and results from this highly exploratory classroom experience.
Pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome

Despite improvements in interventional and pharmacological therapy for atherosclerotic disease, it is still the leading cause of death in the developed world. Hence, there is a need for further development of more effective therapeutic approaches. This requires better understanding of the molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology of the disease. Recent research in the last decade has changed our view of acute coronary syndrome (ACS): from a mere lipid deposition to an inflammatory disease; from ACS exclusively due to plaque rupture to the novel definitions of plaque erosion or calcified nodule; from the notion of a superimposed thrombus with necessary lethal consequences to the concept of healed plaques and thrombus contributing to plaque progression. In the hope of improving our understanding of ACS, all these recently discovered concepts are reviewed in this article.
Infiltrating neutrophils in bile duct-ligated livers do not promote hepatic fibrosis

Bile duct obstruction causes rapid infiltration of neutrophils into the liver and leads ultimately to hepatic fibrosis. In this study, we assessed whether neutrophils play an active role in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis under conditions of biliary obstruction. We performed bile duct ligation (BDL) on rats, some of which were depleted of neutrophils by means of an anti-neutrophil antiserum. Rats treated with the antiserum had 48% fewer neutrophils than control rats. Despite this, they showed no difference in either bile duct proliferation or hepatic fibrogenesis after BDL compared with control rats. In a second set of experiments, we performed BDL on mice with an underlying defect in neutrophil function due to transgenic expression of interleukin-8. Mice with neutrophil dysfunction deposited less (-22%) collagen in their livers after BDL than wild-type mice, but the difference was not statistically significant. In summary, data from two independent rodent models indicate that infiltrating neutrophils do not influence hepatic fibrogenesis following bile duct obstruction. The findings suggest that neutrophils play little if any role in the immunomodulation of liver fibrosis.
SU-E-I-11: A Simple Approach to Account and Report Organ Dose From KV Image Guidance Procedures

Purpose: To explore a simple approach to report and account for dose resulting from kV imaging procedures. Methods: Patient dose distributions resulting from Varian kV‐CBCT scans with different imaging scan protocols were calculated by using Monte‐Carlo methods. A total of 29 representative patients were studied including the Standard Head(15), Low‐Dose Thorax(9), and Pelvis(5) scan protocols. Dose dependence on isocenter location was explored by simulating the same patient scanned with three different isocenters each 5cm apart in the anterior‐posterior direction. Additionally, two pediatric head scans were simulated to demonstrate size dependence for the Standard Head protocol. The patient organ doses were analyzed using in‐house software that performs DVH analysis. Conclusion: The mean organ dose ranges across patients for Standard Head scans: Eye, Brain, Brainstem, Skin, and Bone: 0.03‐0.32cGy, 0.22‐0.31cGy, 0.19‐0.29cGy, 0.26‐0.38cGy, and 0.70‐1.02cGy, respectively. The wide range in eye dose was due to isocenter dependence for the posterior 200° Standard Head scan, where the scan angle does not spare eye dose for highly anterior isocenters. For Thorax and Pelvis scans, the dose to soft tissues showed small variation: 0.32‐0.61cGy and 1.20‐2.20cGy for Thorax and Pelvis, respectively. Conclusion: The results show that both soft tissue organ doses and bone dose show small variation between the patients studied. Although a large variation was observed for eye dose from head scans due to the asymmetric scan rotation and isocenter position differences, the doses are much lower and can therefore be reasonably estimated with an upper limit. This study indicates that it may be acceptable to estimate and account for organ dose by using simple tabulated values based on scan procedure without using patient‐specific data. While this approach is not as accurate as patient‐specific calculations, the simplicity of this method can enable reporting and accounting for imaging dose in patient treatment planning feasible.
A Robust Method for comparing Two Treatments in a Confirmatory Clinical Trial via Multivariate Time-to-event Methods that jointly incorporate Information from Longitudinal and Time-to-event Data

We consider regulatory clinical trials that require a prespecified method for the comparison of two treatments for chronic diseases (e.g. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) in which patients suffer deterioration in a longitudinal process until death occurs. We define a composite endpoint structure that encompasses both the longitudinal data for deterioration and the time-to-event data for death, and use multivariate time-to-event methods to assess treatment differences on both data structures simultaneously, without a need for parametric assumptions or modeling. Our method is straightforward to implement, and simulations show that the method has robust power in situations in which incomplete data could lead to lower than expected power for either the longitudinal or survival data. We illustrate the method on data from a study of chronic lung disease.
Calcium Hydroxide: Its Role in the Fracture of Tricalcium Silicate Paste

The large areas of crystalline calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)(2)] formed during the hydration of tricalcium silicate (Ca(3)SiO(5)) correspond to low-porosity regions in the hydrated paste. During the early stage of hydration, areas between Ca(OH)(2) crystals which consist of Ca(3)SiO(5) particles bonded together by calcium silicate hydrate represent the high-porosity portion of the paste. Because of the presence of Ca(OH)(2), fracture in the hardened paste during this period propagates preferentially through the areas bonded by the calcium silicate hydrate phase and around the Ca(OH)(8), crystals. Calcium hydroxide also acts as a crack arrester. The influence of Ca(OH)(2) on fracture diminishes with increased hydration.
Aerosol chemical composition in Asian continental outflow during the TRACE‐P campaign: Comparison with PEM‐West B

Aerosol associated soluble ions and the radionuclide tracers (7)Be and (210)Pb were quantified in 414 filter samples collected in spring 2001 from the DC-8 during the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) campaign. Binning the data into near Asia (flights from Hong Kong and Japan) and remote Pacific (all other flights) revealed large enhancements of NO3(-), SO4(-), C2O4(-), NH4(+), K(+), Mg2(+), and Ca2(+) near Asia. The boundary layer and lower troposphere were most strongly influenced by continental outflow, and the largest enhancements were seen in Ca2(+) (a dust tracer) and NO3(-) (reflecting uptake of HNO3 onto the dust). Comparing the TRACE P near Asia bin with earlier results from the same region during PEM-West B (in 1994) shows at least twofold enhancements during TRACE P in most of the ions listed above. Calcium and NO3(-) were most enhanced in this comparison as well (more than sevenfold higher in the boundary layer and threefold higher in the lower troposphere). Independent estimation of Asian emissions of gaseous precursors of the aerosol-associated ions suggest only small changes between the two missions, and precipitation fields do not suggest any significant difference in the efficiency of the primary sink, precipitation scavenging. It thus appears that with the possible exception of dust, the enhancements of aerosol-associated species during TRACE P cannot be explained by stronger sources or weaker sinks. We argue that the enhancements largely reflect the fact that TRACE P focused on characterizing Asian outflow, and thus the DC-8 was more frequently flown into regions that were influenced by well-organized flow off the continent.
Constraint-based tools for building user interfaces

A constraint describes a relation that must be maintained. Constraints provide a useful mechanism to aid in the construction of interactive graphical user interfaces. They can be used to maintain consistency between data and a view of the data, to maintain consistency among multiple views, to specify layout, and to specify relations between events and responses for describing animations of interactive systems and event-driven simulations. Object-oriented techniques for constraint representation and satisfaction are presented, and a range of examples that demonstrate the practical use of static and temporal constraints for such purposes is presented. These examples include animations of algorithms and physics simulations, and constructing user-interface elements such as file browsers, views onto statistical data, and an interactive monitor or a simulated operating system.
Postoperative infection with group a β-hemolytic streptococcus after blepharoplasty

Abstract Purpose To report a case of group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infection with signs of early necrotizing fasciitis after cosmetic blepharoplasty in a healthy patient. Design Interventional case report. Methods A healthy 59-year-old woman underwent outpatient bilateral upper and lower blepharoplasty with midface lifting. Thirty hours postoperatively she developed marked pain and edema of the left eyelids and face, and a violaceous eyelid bulla, which heralded early necrotizing fasciitis. Culture of the serosanguinous exudates from the left eyelid revealed group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus organisms. Results The patient was treated with intravenous antibiotics, intravenous corticosteroids, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and wound debridement. The infection resolved with mild cicatrization of the left upper eyelid. Conclusions Group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus is an increasingly recognized cause of infection that occurs after trauma or surgery, even in highly vascularized areas such as the eyelids and face. It is a potentially devastating infection, particularly in vascularly compromised patients, and requires immediate and aggressive treatment.