cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Carlylean Weltbild : Natural Supernaturalism

Carlyle has many things to say about German philosophy, literature, and culture, and in his letters and writings one can trace his growing interest in and complete commitment to them. He often speaks of the effect that the German writers had on him, and it soon becomes clear that he found in their writings something that was, indeed, not doctrinal; it was something that simply struck a responsive chord in his own troubled soul. In his case, however, it provided the necessary, final link in that chain of ideas to which he had been exposed. His straightforward account is in some ways more moving than that in Sartor because it is litotic rather than hyperbolic: As to their particular doctrines, there is nothing definite or precise to be said. … To explain them best, I can only think of the revelation, for I call it no other, that these men made to me. It was to me like the rising of a light in the darkness which lay around and threatened to swallow me up. I was then in the very midst of Wertherism, the blackness and darkness of death. (Lectures, pp. 201–2) This, of course, is not helpful to one wanting to know exactly what these German writers said or did, especially since Carlyle goes on to emphasise Goethe’s ‘Worship of Sorrow’ and his wise silences.
Five Years Later: An Update on the Status of Collections of Endemic Gulf of Mexico Fishes Put at Risk by the 2010 Oil Spill

BACKGROUND The 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill took place over 180,000 square kilometers during a 12-week period over five years ago; however, this event continues to influence the development and distribution of organisms in and around the region of the disaster. Here we examine fish species that may have been most affected by noting their past distribution in the region of the spill and examining data of known collecting events over the last 10 years (five years prior to the spill, five years post spill). NEW INFORMATION We found that more than half of the endemic fish species of the Gulf (45 of 77).
Minimizing energy consumption in transmit-only sensor networks via optimal placement of the cluster heads

This paper tackles the energy consumption minimization in transmit-only Wireless Sensor Networks and castes it as a convex optimization problem that is solved efficiently by an SOCP solver. The problem focuses on finding the optimal placement of cluster head nodes within the deployment field that minimizes the energy depletion while meeting network's coverage and connectivity requirements. Simulation results showed that reduction in energy consumption in a range of (16-24)% can be achieved by employing the optimization-based approach as compared to other standard placement methods.
Standardized criteria for required palliative care consultation on the solid tumor oncology service.

37 Background: Studies have shown that routine integration of Palliative Care (PC) for patients with advanced cancer is associated with improved symptom control, clearer understanding of prognosis, lower utilization of health care resources, and increased hospice use. The 2012 ASCO guidelines call for incorporation of PC for any patient with metastatic cancer and/or high symptom burden. Despite a top-rated PC division at Mount Sinai, our Solid Tumor (ST) Division utilized PC and hospice less than other medical centers. Our inpatient ST service consistently demonstrated poor quality metrics. Our 2011-2012 UHC statistics were: mortality index, 1.35 (target <1), 30-day readmission rate, 21.7%, (target < 10.3%) and length of stay (LOS) index, 1.23 (target <1). We hypothesized that implementing standardized criteria for PC consultation would improve these metrics. Methods: During this 3-month pilot, criteria for PC consultation included patients with one or more of the following: stage IV disease, Stage III lu...
Do sales and service compete? The impact of multiple psychological climates on frontline employee performance

This research examines how employees’ climate perceptions – or psychological climate – influence their performance of climate-related outcomes. We focus on two specific climates arguably most relevant to boundary-spanning organizations: service and sales climates. Building from the resource-allocation framework, the authors examine the way employees reconcile these multiple psychological climates. Polynomial regression and response surface modeling are used to test for the influence of these distinct climates on employee outcomes using a sample of 252 marketing employees and their 68 immediate supervisors. Specifically, the authors examine relationships between service and sales climates and the employee performance outcomes of customer satisfaction, helping behavior, effort, and sales performance. Results provide insight into the benefits and pitfalls of sales and service climates co-existing. Specifically we find that while sales effort is highest in climates that heavily favor sales, sales performance ...
Intake Procedures in Colorado Animal Shelters

The purpose of this study was to describe intake procedures in Colorado animal shelters, compare infectious disease screening protocols in shelters taking in animals from out-of-state to shelters only accepting animals from Colorado, and analyze perceived risk of diseases in Colorado by responding shelter personnel. A questionnaire was designed and administered to shelter personnel across the state of Colorado via the survey tool SurveyMonkey© (http://www.surveymonkey.com) or a mailed hard copy. Information collected concerned general shelter characteristics and intake procedures performed in various circumstances as reported by responding shelter personnel. Only 12.5% (5/40) of respondents reported providing core vaccines to all animals upon intake at their shelter, with young age (65.0%; 26/40), pregnancy (55.0%; 22/40), and mild existing illness (40.0%; 16/40) being cited as the top reasons for not administering core vaccines. A significantly larger proportion of shelters taking animals in from around the U.S. screened for Dirofilaria immitis than shelters taking in animals only from within the state of Colorado (p = 0.001), though a majority of respondents considered cats and dogs to be at risk of heartworm and endoparasitic infection in the state of Colorado. Based on the results of this questionnaire, relatively few shelters test dogs and cats for infectious diseases and some of those utilize tests for diagnostic purposes rather than routine screening. Additionally, vaccination protocols in several shelters are not consistent with The Association of Shelter Veterinarians Guidelines for Standards of Care in Animal Shelters. This study provides important information on intake procedures in Colorado animal shelters and highlights the importance of educating shelter staff on varying risk of infection based on the history and origin of the animal being taken in.
Biases in the reporting of hepatocellular carcinoma tumor sizes on the liver transplant waiting list

We investigated the possibility that patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) listed for liver transplant with tumors just outside stage T2 size criteria may be inaccurately reported as just meeting the tumor size criteria for transplant. The United Network for Organ Sharing/Standard Transplant Analysis and Research database identified 12,958 patients listed for liver transplants with HCC exception points from 2006 to 2013, 9,168 of whom were listed with one tumor. A logistic power peak function was fitted to the single-tumor size histogram, with the fitted values representing unbiased expected values. The difference between the observed and expected tumor counts for 2.0 cm and 5.0 cm was 238 (22%) and 66 (57%), respectively. This suggests that up to 304 (3.0%) patients with tumors outside of transplant criteria had their measurements recorded at the margins of eligibility. A risk-adjusted Poisson model evaluated the ratio of observed to expected HCC recurrence by tumor size. There were 435 HCC recurrences among 6,049 transplants. Only 2.0-cm tumors had observed to expected recurrence differing from 1 (ratio 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.57-0.94), indicating a 27% lower than expected rate of recurrence. CONCLUSION Higher than expected observed tumor counts at the lower transplant criteria margin were corroborated by lower than expected HCC recurrence, suggesting that tumor sizes at the margins of HCC transplant criteria may be subject to inaccurate reporting. (Hepatology 2017;66:1144-1150).
Neuronal P2X7 receptor-induced reactive oxygen species production contributes to nociceptive behavior in mice

ATP can activate a variety of pathways through P2 purinoreceptors, leading to neuroprotection and pathology in the CNS. Among all P2X receptors, the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a well-defined therapeutic target for inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Activation of P2X7R can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in macrophages and microglia. However, the role of ROS in P2X7R–induced pain remains un﻿explored. Here, we investigated the downstream effects of neuronal P2X7R activation in the spinal cord. We found that ATP induces ROS production in spinal cord dorsal horn neurons, an effect eliminated by ROS scavenger N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone (PBN) and P2X7R antagonist A438079. A similar effect was observed with a P2X7R agonist, BzATP, and was attenuated by a NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin. Intrathecal administration of BzATP resulted in ROS production in the spinal cord and oxidative DNA damage in dorsal horn neurons. BzATP also induced robust biphasic spontaneous nociceptive behavior. Pre-treatment with A438079 abolished all BzATP-induced nociceptive behaviors, while ROS scavengers dose-dependently attenuated the secondary response. Here, we provide evidence that neuronal P2X7R activation leads to ROS production and subsequent nociceptive pain in mice. Together, the data indicate that P2X7R-induced ROS play a critical role in the P2X7R signaling pathway of the CNS.
Explaining the Nanoscale Effect in the Upconversion Dynamics of β-NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ Core and Core–Shell Nanocrystals

Nanocrystals of β-NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ generally have lower NIR-to-visible upconversion (UC) internal quantum efficiency, IQE, compared to high-quality bulk materials, and exhibit more rapid UC dynamics, typical of quenching, when excited with a pulsed source near 980 nm. The addition of a protective shell increases the IQE of the nanocrystals and slows the overall excited-state dynamics. Here, we show that an extension of a recently developed model for UC in powders of micron-sized β-NaYF4:18%Yb3+, 2%Er3+ crystals correctly predicts the time-resolved luminescence curve shapes, relative intensities, and observed drop in IQE of the various emission lines for core and core–shell nanoparticles following pulsed excitation. The model clearly shows that the nanoscale effect on visible upconversion luminescence in these materials, with typical high-Yb3+ and low-Er3+ doping, is largely due to rapid energy migration among Yb3+(2F5/2) and Er3+(4I11/2) ions at the 1 μm energy level, such that an equilibrium is achieved ...
Professionalization, Ethics, and Fidelity to an Evaluation Ethos

Current discussion of the professionalization of the practice of evaluation is focused on matters of competencies and credentialing and largely overlooks several significant issues. These include conflating professionalizing the practice with promoting the value of evaluation as a social good, assuming there is widespread agreement on what the terms profession and professional mean, and not considering how processes of professionalization are affected by the incorporation of evaluative activities in systems of managerial control. Most glaring is the absence of vigorous discussion of what professionalism means in evaluation and what the profession itself aims to add to society, or the social good it seeks to serve. In a word, there is little discussion of the professional ethos of evaluation.
Where to begin municipal climate adaptation planning? Evaluating two local choices

Adapting to the impacts of human-caused climate change is a critical challenge facing cities worldwide. But, local climate adaptation planning is in its infancy. Early on, cities must decide whether to take a narrow-scope approach focused solely on reducing risks from climate impacts or to take a broad-scope approach embedding adaptation planning within wider ranging community concerns. They also must decide whether or not to formally involve their planning agency in adaptation planning. We used content analysis methods to assess a national sample of United States municipal plans. We find that cities with plans with a narrow-scope approach, focused on reducing risks, perform better in terms of plan integration and including more land use policies that can steer development out of hazardous areas. Formal involvement of planning agencies in adaptation planning processes is associated with more plan integration, but not necessarily inclusion of more land use policies.
RAMone: A planar biped for studying the energetics of gait

This paper introduces RAMone, a series-elastic planar biped with knees, built to study the energetics of bipedal locomotion. RAMone is designed to achieve versatile, economical motion using lightweight legs with highly compliant joints. To demonstrate the hardware, we present a virtual-model controller that regulates body height and forward speed while walking. This controller achieves stable walking for a range of body heights, both in hardware and simulation. For these gaits, we verify that the energetic cost of transport decreases as walking height increases, in agreement with previous results for robot models and humans.
Sustainable data and metadata management at the BD2K-LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center

The NIH-funded LINCS Consortium is creating an extensive reference library of cell-based perturbation response signatures and sophisticated informatics tools incorporating a large number of perturbagens, model systems, and assays. To date, more than 350 datasets have been generated including transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenomics, cell phenotype and competitive binding profiling assays. The large volume and variety of data necessitate rigorous data standards and effective data management including modular data processing pipelines and end-user interfaces to facilitate accurate and reliable data exchange, curation, validation, standardization, aggregation, integration, and end user access. Deep metadata annotations and the use of qualified data standards enable integration with many external resources. Here we describe the end-to-end data processing and management at the DCIC to generate a high-quality and persistent product. Our data management and stewardship solutions enable a functioning Consortium and make LINCS a valuable scientific resource that aligns with big data initiatives such as the BD2K NIH Program and concords with emerging data science best practices including the findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR) principles.
Plant Glycosides: Effects on Atherosclerosis Regression in Macaca Fascicularis

The regression of atherosclerosis in various animal species has been reviewed by several investigators.1–4 The study of this phenomenon in nonhuman primates stemmed from the observations of Armstrong et al. in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).5 They demonstrated that in advanced coronary atherosclerotic lesions induced by a high-cholesterol diet there is a remarkable decrease in lumen stenosis when the animals are shifted to a low-cholesterol diet. Their observations have been confirmed in the same species by Clarkson et al.,6 Stary,7 Eggen et al.,8 and Wissler,9 and have been extended to cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) by others.10–12
Sparkling Insights into Enhancer Structure, Function, and Evolution

This review focuses on a single cis-regulatory element: the sparkling eye enhancer of the Drosophila dPax2 gene. sparkling responds to Notch and EGFR signaling, along with other direct regulatory inputs, to drive gene expression that is restricted to cone cells of the developing fly retina. Functional, genetic, biochemical, evolutionary, and bioinformatic analyses have revealed surprising properties of sparkling, which may provide new insights into cis-regulatory logic and mechanisms of transcriptional activation. These properties include: a very high density of regulatory information and a correspondingly low "junk" content; an unexpectedly complex combinatorial code; tight functional constraints on enhancer organization, paradoxically coupled with high turnover of DNA sequence and binding site position; a requirement for weak binding of the transcription factor Su(H) to low-affinity sites in order to maintain a cell-type-specific response to Notch signaling; and multiple specialized regulatory sequences conferring functionally distinct activation activities, all of which are required in concert to achieve proper gene expression in vivo.
Scientific rationale for revisiting targeting mTOR pathway in gastric cancer.

e15558Background: Gastric cancer is the third leading worldwide cause of cancer deaths typically presenting at an advanced stage with a median survival of < 11 months. Conventional chemotherapy res...
Shared decision making embedded in the undergraduate medical curriculum: A scoping review.

Objective Shared decision making (SDM) training is shown to be effective and is increasingly embedded in continuing medical education. There is little evidence, however, about undergraduate medical education for SDM. The aim of this scoping review was to identify existing SDM training embedded in the undergraduate medical curriculum and analyze their impact. Methods The authors systematically searched the extant literature for peer reviewed articles, hand searched key journals and reference lists of key articles, and contacted relevant stakeholders as part of a key informant analysis. Results Included in the qualitative synthesis were 12 studies evaluating 11 SDM courses in medical education across six countries. Most courses integrated SDM training in clinical clerkship and varied in length from one to seven hours. The majority of studies assessed course impact on students' skills in SDM. Most studies suggested that students' skills and confidence in SDM significantly increased post-training, but three studies reported no significant improvement in SDM. Ten courses continue to be taught routinely. Conclusion Overall, studies suggested a positive impact on medical students' skills, confidence, and attitudes regarding SDM. Embedding SDM training in undergraduate medical education may be a practical and effective solution for current barriers to the widespread adoption of SDM.
Who negatively influences me? Formalizing diffusion dynamics of negative exposure leading to student attrition in MOOCs

In this work, we explain the underlying interaction mechanisms which govern students' influence on each other in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). Specifically, we outline different ways in which students can be negatively exposed to their peers on MOOC forums and discuss a simple formulation of learning network diffusion, which formalizes the essence of how such an influence spreads and can potentially lead to student attrition over time. We also view the limitations of our student modeling in the light of real world MOOC behavior and consequently suggest ways of extending the diffusion model to handle more complex assumptions. Such an understanding is very beneficial for MOOC designers and instructors to create a conducive learning environment that supports students' growth and increases their engagement in the course.
Knockdown of E2F8 Suppresses Cell Proliferation in Colon Cancer Cells by Modulating the NF-κB Pathway.

OBJECTIVE E2F8, one of the E2F transcription factor family members, has been demonstrated to be involved in the development and progression of several human cancers; however, the physiological and functional roles of E2F8 in colorectal cancer are not fully elucidated. METHODS In vitro experiments were performed using multiple human colon cancer cells lines and generating cell knockdown E2F8 using viral vectors. The expression of mRNA and proteins were measured by quantitative reverse transcription PCR and western blotting. RESULTS Our results suggest that E2F8 expression is induced in several colon cancer cell lines. The forced downregulation of E2F8 expression inhibits the growth of colon cancer cells. Our findings indicate that knocking down E2F8 can suppress nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation. We further determine that knocking down E2F8 decreased the expression of cell cycle regulators. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that E2F8 modulates the growth of human colon cancer cells through promoting the NF-κB pathway.
Meeting passivation requirements for spacecraft pressure vessels and fuel tanks

Abstract Most spacecraft have at least one pressurized vessel on board. In addition to a hole, it is possible that a pressure vessel may experience catastrophic failure (i.e., rupture) as a result of a hypervelocity impact. If a tank rupture were to occur on-orbit following a meteoroid or orbital debris particle impact, for example, not only could it lead to loss of life, but it would also generate a tremendous amount of debris that could compromise future space assets working in similar orbits. As a result, NASA and other space faring nations have put in place spacecraft design requirements to prevent additional sizable debris from being created in the event of pressure vessel rupture or catastrophic failure. In general, these requirements state that a spacecraft's stored energy devices are to be passivated at the end of a spacecraft's mission or useful life. Programs whose spacecraft designs are not able to comply with some aspects of those requirements employ an alternative, so-called “soft passivation” or “make safe”, option. This paper provides a summary of a project performed with the intent of providing some possible guidelines and considerations that can be used by satellite programs to help satisfy passivation requirements using a “soft passivation” approach, that is, when not able to perform complete, or “hard”, passivation, with specific regard to mitigating the threat posed by on-orbit meteoroid or orbital debris particle impacts.
Association of Pain Location With Computed Tomography Abnormalities in Emergeny Department Patients With Abdominal Pain.

Abstract Background Over the last decade the usage of computed tomography (CT) imaging has risen dramatically in emergency department (ED) patients with abdominal pain. Recognizing the potential disadvantages of overuse of CT imaging, efforts are being made to reduce imaging. Objective We determined the operating characteristics for location of abdominal pain for the entities of acute appendicitis, diverticulitis, and intestinal obstruction. We hypothesized that patients with pain localized to the upper abdomen would be less likely to have CT abnormalities than those with lower abdominal pain. Methods This is a prospective, observational registry of ED patients with abdominal pain, performed in an academic, suburban ED with an annual census of 110,000. Presence of clinically significant CT abnormalities (e.g., appendicitis, diverticulitis, bowel obstruction) were recorded along with clinical variables including laboratory values, vital signs, reported location of pain, location of tenderness on examination, and physician pretest probability. Results A convenience sample of 1154 patients was enrolled. Of all patients, 273 cases (24%) had abnormal CT results, including appendicitis (n = 95), diverticulitis (n = 133), and bowel obstruction (n = 49). Right upper quadrant pain was negatively associated with abnormal CT (p = 0.02). Clinician gestalt was highly specific, but lacked sensitivity for the diagnosis of appendicitis, diverticulitis, and obstruction. Twenty-four percent of patients diagnosed with appendicitis had no right lower quadrant pain or tenderness, and 7% of patients with diverticulitis had no left lower quadrant pain or tenderness. Conclusions Localization of abdominal pain by history or physical examination is not sufficient to accurately diagnose intra-abdominal pathology, especially cases of acute appendicitis, diverticulitis, or intestinal obstruction.
Macroeconomic Inequality from Reagan to Trump: Market Power, Wage Repression, Asset Price Inflation, and Industrial Decline

For five decades, rising US income and wealth inequality has been driven by wage repression and production realignments benefitting the top one percent of households. In this inaugural book for Cambridge Studies in New Economic Thinking, Professor Lance Taylor takes an innovative approach to measuring inequality, providing the first and only full integration of distributional and macro level data for the US. While work by Thomas Piketty and colleagues pursues integration from the income side, Professor Taylor uses data of distributions by size of income and wealth combined with the cost and demand sides, flows of funds, and full balance sheet accounting of real capital and financial claims. This blends measures of inequality with national income and product accounts to show the relationship between productivity and wages at the industry sector level. Taylor assesses the scope and nature of various interventions to reduce income and wealth inequalities using his simulation model, disentangling wage growth and productivity while challenging mainstream models.
Peripheral Analgesic Activity

The differentiation between central and peripheral analgesic drugs is nowadays of more or less historical value. Most of the so-called peripheral analgesics possess anti-inflammatory properties and in some cases also antipyretic activity besides analgesia. For many of them, the mode of action has been elucidated as an inhibition of cyclooxygenase in the prostaglandin pathway. Nevertheless, new peripheral analgesics have to be tested not only for their in vitro activity on cyclooxygenase but also for their in vivo activity. The most commonly used methods for measuring peripheral analgesic activity are the writhing tests in mice (various modifications) and the Randall–Selitto test in rats.
Reading Dreams, Casting the Future and Other Learned Mirths: The Harley Scribe as Proto-Chaucerian Clerk

The miscellaneous contents of the Harley Lyrics manuscript exhibit an interest in dreamlore, a topic found elsewhere in the scribe’s library of booklets. As is evident in Harley 2253 and his other manuscripts, the scribe collected texts on a range of clerkly topics—herbs, beasts, birds, cooking, blood-staunching, palm-reading, lunar prognostication, parlor games, love and courtesy, estate management—making him something of a prototype for Chaucer’s many clerks and squires. In dreamlore, he is like Chaunticleer, who draws upon technical knowledge and exempla to prove dreams’ capacity to predict events. In the Royal manuscript, the scribe possessed a copy of the Latin Somniale Danielis, a manual explaining dream interpretation. The only extant Middle English verse translation of this work, A Bok of Swevenyng, appears in Harley 2253, and is likely the scribe’s own production. Meanwhile, the scribe promotes in some of Harley 2253’s narrative works a paradigm of the gifted young man, fatally attractive to women, who can read dreams that affect his own future, fortunate or tragic. Dreamlore and other prognosticative arts in the Harley scribe’s library invite comparison of the scribe to Chaucer’s clerks, especially, the comic Chaunticleer.
Centrifugal Detachment of Compound Droplets from Fibers.

This article presents the first experimental–computational study on the centrifugal detachment of a compound droplet (e.g., a primary water droplet cloaked by an immiscible oil) from a fiber. The w...
Civics Education and Democracy Building in Azerbaijan: A Missed Opportunity?

Drawing on ethnographic data collected in Azerbaijan, this article examines the civics education program that existed in Azerbaijan in the 1990s and the early 2000s, prior to its incorporation into...
The Minuses of PLUS Loans: Advising Parents on College Borrowing Decisions

While student loans continue to be a hot topic from economic, political, and social perspectives, and recent research has focused on the individual outcomes and macroeconomic effects of student borrowers, this paper focuses on a different group of borrowers – parent borrowers, specifically parent PLUS loan borrowers. After providing a primer and exploring recent trends related to this type of education debt, this paper will focus on what advisors need to be aware of when working with parents, regardless of financial status, who wish to borrow to pay for higher education costs. Four major takeaways from the paper are as follows: • Information related to the costs associated with borrowing parent PLUS loans is not presented in a transparent way; therefore, it is difficult for parents to accurately evaluate and compare federal and private student loan options. • Given that there is no uniformity in how financial aid award letters are presented, parent PLUS loans may be communicated in a misleading way; therefore, advisors should be involved in reviewing financial aid award letters with clients to help them make optimal education funding decisions. • The low barriers to borrow parent PLUS loans may enable or encourage less affluent parents to borrow more than they can afford to repay; therefore, advisors should consider working with these types of individuals to reduce instances of overborrowing. • The limited access to popular income-driven repayment plans for parent PLUS loan borrowers makes this type of financing less attractive than other federal loan options that are available to student borrowers. As a result, parents may be better off pursuing private education loan alternatives, especially given the current low interest rate environment.
On the Law of the Household: The Principles Used by Parents in Disciplining Their Children

In this article I first describe the basic principles that parents employ in disciplining their children. The description is based on a survey of parents, the major results of which are that parental sanctions are premised on wrongdoing—not on the mere causation of harm; that parental sanctions tend to be greater when wrongdoing results in harm than when it does not; that parental sanctions for intentionally harmful conduct exceed those for negligence; and that parental sanctions are not raised when the probability that wrongdoing would be discovered is low. I then develop a theory to explain the principles of discipline as functional for parents. The kernel of the theory is that the rules of discipline maximize the expected utility of parents—assuming that the utility of parents is reduced by the occurrence of harm and also reflects the well–being of their children. After elaborating the theory, I comment on several related issues, including the possible influence of childhood experience on our preferences as adults over legal rules; and I remark on the similarity between the principles of criminal law and those applied by parents in disciplining their children.
Effect of intraoperative fluid type on postoperative systemic inflammatory response and end organ dysfunction following total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation in children.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the effect of intraoperative fluid type [half-normal saline (0.45NS) or lactated Ringer's solution (LR)] on the risk of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and acute kidney injury after total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation in children. Methods Retrospective review where demographics, operative details, systemic inflammatory response, and evaluation for end-organ dysfunction over the first 5 postoperative days was obtained. Mixed-effects Poisson regression compared risk of SIRS and acute kidney injury by intraoperative fluid type. Results Forty-three patients were included with no difference in demographic characteristics between groups. SIRS was observed in 95%, 77%, and 71% over post-operative days 1, 3, and 5. Intraoperative fluid type was found to not be associated with postoperative SIRS (RR: 0.91, p=0.23). However, female sex (RR: 1.30, p Conclusion Intraoperative fluid type (0.45NS vs LR) does not increase the risk of postoperative SIRS in children after TPIAT. Predictive factors that are associated with an increased risk of eliciting postoperative SIRS includes female sex, increased BMI, and longer operative times. Level of Evidence III
PANDA: a novel mechanism for flooding based route discovery in ad hoc networks

Flooding technique is often used for route discovery in on-demand routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) such as Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing. In this paper we present a Positional Attribute based Next-hop Determination Approach (PANDA) to improve the performance of flooding-based route discovery in MANETs using positional attributes of the nodes. These attributes may be geographical, power-aware, or based on any other quality of service (QoS) measure. We identify the "next-hop racing" phenomena due to the random rebroadcast delay (RRD) approach during the route discovery process in DSR and AODV, and show how the PANDA approach can resolve this problem. We assume that each node knows its positional attributes, and an intermediate node can learn the positional attributes of its previous-hop node via the received route-request message. Based on the attributes such as the relative distance, estimated link lifetime, transmission power consumption, residual battery capacity, an intermediate node will identify itself as good or bad candidate for the next-hop node and use different rebroadcast delay accordingly. By allowing good candidates to always go first, our approach will lead to the discovery of better end-to-end routes in terms of the desired quality of service metrics. Through simulations we evaluate the performance of PANDA using path optimality, end-to-end delay, delivery ratio, transmission power consumption, and network lifetime. Simulation results show that PANDA can: (a) improve path optimality, and end-to-end delay, (b) help find data paths with only 15%-40% energy consumption compared to the RRD approach at a moderate cost of increased routing messages, (c) balance individual node's battery power utilization and hence prolong the entire network's lifetime.
Vascular Access, Closure, and Management

Vascular access is the most common source of complications from cardiac catheterization. Appropriate technique, knowledge of anatomy, and awareness of possible pitfalls are critical to success. There are several important methods for managing the access site after cardiac catheterization. Knowledge of the risks and benefits of manual compression, passive closure devices, as well as active vascular closure devices can aid in avoiding bleeding complications. Finally the ability to perform cardiac catheterization from multiple access sites will help the operator handle the challenges present in the modern-day cardiac catheterization lab and facilitates patient outcomes and comfort with cardiac catheterization.
Risk in the Clouds?: Security Issues Facing Government Use of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is poised to become one of the most important and fundamental shifts in how computing is consumed and used. Forecasts show that government will play a lead role in adopting cloud computing – for data storage, applications, and processing power, as IT executives seek to maximize their returns on limited procurement budgets in these challenging economic times. After an overview of the cloud computing concept, this article explores the security issues facing public sector use of cloud computing and looks to the risk and benefits of shifting to cloud-based models. It concludes with an analysis of the challenges that lie ahead for government use of cloud resources.
Counteracting the Politicization of Science

Few trends in science have generated as much discussion as its politicization. This occurs when an actor emphasizes the inherent uncertainty of science to cast doubt on the existence of scientific consensus. In this article, we offer a framework that generates predictions about when communications can be used to counteract politicization efforts aimed at novel energy technologies. We then present evidence from nationally representative survey experiments to demonstrate how warnings to dismiss future politicization and corrections to ignore past claims can counteract politicization's effects. The results provide novel insights about science communication in a politicized era and offer a blueprint on which future work can build.
Numerical calculation of protein-ligand binding rates through solution of the Smoluchowski equation using smoothed particle hydrodynamics

The calculation of diffusion-controlled ligand binding rates is important for understanding enzyme mechanisms as well as designing enzyme inhibitors. We demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of a Lagrangian particle-based method, smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), to study diffusion in biomolecular systems by numerically solving the time-dependent Smoluchowski equation for continuum diffusion. Unlike previous studies, a reactive Robin boundary condition (BC), rather than the absolute absorbing (Dirichlet) BC, is considered on the reactive boundaries. This new BC treatment allows for the analysis of enzymes with “imperfect” reaction rates. The numerical method is first verified in simple systems and then applied to the calculation of ligand binding to a mouse acetylcholinesterase (mAChE) monomer. Rates for inhibitor binding to mAChE are calculated at various ionic strengths and compared with experiment and other numerical methods. We find that imposition of the Robin BC improves agreement between calculated and experimental reaction rates. Although this initial application focuses on a single monomer system, our new method provides a framework to explore broader applications of SPH in larger-scale biomolecular complexes by taking advantage of its Lagrangian particle-based nature.
A Novel Distributed Interleaving Scheme to achieve Scalable Phase Design For Microprocessor Power Management

This paper introduces a novel distributed interleaving scheme for the multi-phase dc-dc converter used for microprocessor power management. The proposed scheme can easily achieve scalable phase interleaving without channel number limitation. Each channel's interleaving circuitry can be monolithically integrated without any external component. This scheme is verified by a 1MHz discrete hardware. A silicon test chip that integrates the proposed distributed interleaving cell was also developed. The testing result further verified the features of the proposed scheme and circuit. The new interleaving solution can also be used in any other cellular converter system.
Comparison of the cytostatic and cytolytic activity of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1α in human malignant cell lines

Abstract The cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1α (IL-1α) share many properties, including in-vitro cytotoxicity. Because cytotoxicity can result from either cytolytic or cytostatic activity, and because differentiating between these activities may have clinical relevance, we determined the cytostatic and cytolytic activity of TNF-α and IL-1α for the human cell lines ME-180, SiHa (cervical carcinomas) and A375 (melanoma). Results of these analyses showed that IL-1α mediated cytostatic activity only for A375 cells. IL-1α was not cytolytic in the presence or absence of protein synthesis inhibitors. TNF-α was cytostatic for A375 and ME-180 cells, and although TNF-α was not cytolytic in the absence of protein synthesis inhibitors, it was cytolytic in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors. These results suggest that the difference between the cytolytic and cytostatic activities of IL-1α and TNF-α may have therapeutic implications for the use of these biological response modifiers in the treatment of gynecological malignancies.
In search of overshooting and bandwagons in exchange rates

Abstract There is a widespread misconception about the prevalence of destabilizing behavior such as overshooting and bandwagons in nominal exchange rates. In a recent article in this journal, Rotheli [J. Int. Financial Markets Inst. Money 12 (2002) 157] perpetuates this misconception. He interprets a combination of persistence and cointegration in his error correction model as evidence of bandwagons. However, his evidence for significant persistence is spurious and his conclusion regarding bandwagons is unwarranted. When the countries and periods he analyzes are estimated and interpreted correctly, there is no evidence of nominal overshooting or bandwagons in flexible exchange rates. Quite the opposite. The evidence suggests that something, probably intervention by central banks, is slightly reducing the short-run volatility of exchange rates.
An evaluation of JPCP faulting and transverse cracking models of the mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide

This research evaluates the reasonableness of the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) version 1.0 to predict the joint faulting and transverse cracking of jointed plain concrete pavements (JPCPs). This is accomplished by carrying out a full factorial sensitivity analysis, considering material properties, pavement design features, climates and traffic. This study considers the interaction and correlation between these inputs and was designed to reflect the real conditions that occur in practice. Based on over 3000 runs, the sensitive parameters in the joint faulting model and the transverse cracking model were identified. In general, the analysis indicates JPCP models perform well. However, some counterintuitive results were also found.
Nicotine and Cotinine Up-Regulate Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression in Endothelial Cells

Cigarette smoking is an important risk factor for both vascular disease and various forms of cancer. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an endothelial-specific mitogen that is normally expressed only in low levels in normal arteries but may be involved in the progression of both vascular disease and cancer. Some clinical evidence suggests that cigarette smoking may increase plasma VEGF levels, but there is a lack of basic science studies investigating this possibility. We show here, using an intact porcine common carotid artery perfusion culture model, that nicotine and cotinine, the major product of nicotine metabolism, cause a significant increase in endothelial cell VEGF expression. VEGF mRNA levels were compared between groups using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, whereas protein level changes were demonstrated with Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Our results showed significant increases in endothelial cell VEGF mRNA and protein levels because of nicotine and cotinine at concentrations representative of plasma concentrations seen in habitual smokers. VEGF immunostaining also paralleled these results. These findings may give a clue as to the mechanisms by which nicotine and cotinine from cigarette smoking increase vascular disease progression and tumor growth and metastasis.
Isospin violation in the standard model and the decay F+ → π+π0

Abstract The decay F+ → π+π0 can proceed via isospin violating mechanisms similarly to ψ′ → J ψπ 0 . I estimate that π0-η-′ mixing together with symmetry breaking in the amplitude lead to Γ(F+ → π+π0)/Γ(F+ → π+η) = (2.2 ± 0.7) × 10−3 or (1.0 ± 0.3) × 10−3, if annihilation processes dominate nonleptonic charmed meson decays. These values correspond to different assumptions for two-meson production in F decays.
Oral administration of nicotine: its uptake and distribution after chronic administration to mice

Abstract An investigation was made of the suitability of administering nicotine to experimental animals by inclusion in the drinking water. It was found that, after an initial accommodation period of several weeks, nicotine could be administered up to a concentration of 100 μg/ml with no decrease in fluid intake or weight gain compared to control. An analysis of the steady-state plasma levels and distribution of nicotine was made in mice which had received nicotine in the drinking water at a concentration of 60 μg/ml. The average daily dose of nicotine received by these animals was 17.2 mg/kg. The steady-state plasma level of nicotine was 34.4 ng/ml, representing 6% of the total compound present at steady-state as determined by thin-layer chromatography. The distribution of nicotine or metabolite in mice which had received [methyl-14C]-nicotine orally was determined. Wholebody autoradiography, as well as direct tissue counting, demonstrated that nicotine accumulates in a number of areas, particularly the salivary gland, nasal epithelium, uterus, and liver. There was relatively little material in the blood or brain. This investigation indicates that ad libitum oral administration is an acceptable method for maintaining experimental animals on nicotine for long periods of time.
Exchange effects with a realistic interaction for inelastic scattering

Abstract The long-range part of the Hamada-Johnston potential has been used as an effective interaction in a microscopic description of the inelastic and charge exchange scattering of protons. The present paper investigates the knock-on exchange amplitudes due to this force and compares the results with those for Gauss and Yukawa interactions. Exchange is very important. A Gaussian which fits low-energy nucleon-nucleon scattering gives results close to the HJ interaction provided its strength is renormalized. A Yukawa interaction is less satisfactory. The formalism for including exchange in the distorted-wave approximation is outlined.
Writing the Divide: High School Students Crossing Urban-Suburban Contexts

Given persisting patterns of racial, ethnic, and class re-segregation, this study considers opportunities that high school-aged youth have to cross these divides. What critical learning might occur? What can educators learn from student reflections toward providing opportunities, experiences, or structures to challenge the status quo? In considering these important questions, we review research literature on youth experience, learning, and reflection through structured opportunities to engage in education and critical thinking across social locations. Program examples, pedagogy, accompanying research, and evaluation are summarized to frame a sustained university-high school collaboration. This collaborative project extends dialogic pedagogy practiced in higher education contexts to engagement with and across urban and suburban schools. We describe a partnership between an Intergroup Dialogue Program at a Northeastern university and two local high schools; one school located in a city school district servi...
Viscoelastic properties of cat tendon: Effects of time after death and preservation by freezing

Abstract In this study postmortem changes in the character of the stress-strain limit cycle were analyzed for cat extensor communis and extensor lateralis tendons maintained in a stream of Ringer's solution and loaded with a short series of symmetrical triangular-wave stress cycles. The mechanical behavior of these tendons was compared with that of similar tendons which had been preserved by freezing. It was found that the overall stiffness (average apparent elastic modulus) of these tendons did not change significantly in the first 3 hrs after death and that the shape characteristics of the stress-strain curves changed little under these conditions. Tendons preserved by freezing displayed stress-strain limit cyclessimilar to those for fresh material. The average moduli for frozen tendons were lower than those from fresh tendons to a degree which was statistically significant.