cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain lactate and pH in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a systematic review of findings from magnetic resonance studies

Converging evidence from molecular to neuroimaging studies suggests brain energy metabolism abnormalities in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. One emerging hypothesis is: decreased oxidative phosphorylation leading to accumulation of lactic acid from glycolysis and subsequent acidification of tissue. In this regard, integrating lactate and pH data from magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies in both diseases may help us understand underlying neurobiological mechanisms. In order to achieve this goal, we performed a systematic search of case–control studies examining brain lactate or pH among schizophrenia and/or bipolar patients by using MRS. Medline/Pubmed and EBSCO databases were searched separately for both diseases and outcomes. Our search yielded 33 studies in total composed of 7 lactate and 26 pH studies. In bipolar disorder, 5 out of 6 studies have found elevated lactate levels especially in the cingulate cortex and 4 out of 13 studies reported reduced pH in the frontal lobe. In contrast, in schizophrenia a single study has examined lactate and reported elevation, while only 2 out of 13 studies examining pH have reported reduction in this measure. There were no consistent patterns for the relationship between lactate or pH levels and medication use, disease type, mood state, and other clinical variables. We highlight the need for future studies combining 1H-MRS and 31P-MRS approaches, using longitudinal designs to examine lactate and pH in disease progression across both schizophrenia and bipolar disorders.
Analyzing the spread of tweets in response to Paris attacks

Abstract Twitter is a widely used social media platform that provides a rich source of geotagged posts along with extended content information, such as hashtags or images. Since tweets are frequently used for the instant sharing of news, thoughts, and ideas, they reflect to some extent the effects of critical events, such as natural disasters or political riots, on the society, and how the society perceives such events. This paper analyzes, using exploratory methods and regression models, the spatio-temporal patterns of geo-located tweets that were posted in response to the November 2015 Paris terrorist attacks. It determines how information about this event spread around the world in the Twitter network and assesses how content category, tweet format, and profession of the user influence tweet popularity, measured by the number of retweets. The paper contributes to a better understanding of how the Twitter community reacts to unexpected events and how information about such an event propagates geographically.
Administrative Law in East Asia: A Comparative-Historical Analysis

Comparative law has experienced its share of debate over both purpose and methodology. In fact, there are many things one might hope to accomplish through comparative scholarship, and no need to privilege one purpose over another. So long as the purpose of a particular project is made clear, readers will be able to decide for themselves what is gained from the comparison. The same can be said of method. There are many possible methods for doing comparative work, and so long as the chosen method is clear, readers will be able to judge for themselves whether the materials and the argument support the final conclusions. Self-reflection is important, but it also seems true that at some point debate over purpose and method can be paralyzing, getting in the way of comparative projects that might yield interesting insights.
Identifying and understanding how to address the gaps in care experienced by adolescent and young adult cancer patients at UIHC.

e18238Background: Cancer survival rates for adolescents and young adults (AYAs) have not improved at the same rate as other age groups. According to the National Cancer Institute, these patients ma...
Food Choice: Behavioral Aspects

Distractions, stress, or being overburdened with options can lead to the selection of more hedonic foods. Similarly, package size, plate shape, lighting, socializing, and variety are only a few of the environmental factors that can influence the consumption volume of food far more than most people realize. Although such environmental factors appear unrelated, they generally influence consumption volume by inhibiting consumption monitoring and by suggesting alternative consumption norms. For researchers, this suggests where consumer rationality related to food choice breaks down, what myths we need to see through, and what possible solutions lie ahead.
Closed-Loop Adaptive Monte Carlo Framework for Uncertainty Forecasting in Nonlinear Dynamic Systems

A novel adaptive Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) framework for uncertainty forecasting in nonlinear dynamical systems is presented. A closed-loop architecture is created that controls transient foreca...
IMPLEMENTATION OF DISCOVERY LEARNING MODEL TO IMPROVE LEARNING RESULT OF NATURAL SCIENCE AT FIFTH GRADE OF SD KATOLIK ST. PAULUS KEMBES

This study was intended to describe the application of Discovery Learning Model on natural science subject and to improve teacher’s skill and learning result of student on fifth grade of Elementary School. This research was classroom action research conducted in two cycles. Each cycle consists of planning, action, observation and reflection. Subjects of this research were students at fifth grade of SD Katolik St. Paulus Kembes. The collecting data technique was using test and observation. Technique of analyzing data was using quantitive descriptive analysis and qualitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that: 1) teacher’s skill in first cycle gained score 25 or 71,42% with ‘good’ criteria, and in second cycle obtained score 29 or 82,85% also with ‘good’ criteria; 2) student’s learning result in first cycle was 62,2% and the second cycle was 81,6%. These results concluded that the application of Discovery Learning Model can improve the quality of natural science subject learning, such as: teacher’s skill and learning result of the fifth grade student in SD Katolik St. Paulus Kembes. It was suggested that Discovery Learning model can be used as teacher’s solution to improve the quality of natural science learning.
FLOOD REPTILES, SERPENT TEMPLES, AND THE QUADRIPARTITE UNIVERSE: The Imago Mundi of Late Postclassic Mayapan

Mayapan, Yucatan, Mexico, was the most prominent Maya ceremonial center from the mid-thirteenth to the mid-fifteenth century. The city was a religious center for surrounding Maya populations. Its construction was linked through cyclical reasoning to a chain of antecedent centers, the ultimate link of which lay in creation. In the heart of Mayapan lay its exemplary center, an architectural model of cosmogony composed of five temple assemblages. The central building of each assemblage was a temple decorated with serpent imagery. These five serpent temples were depicted on a mural in Structure Q-80 at Mayapan, with additional symbolism suggesting that each building was tied to a specific elite official, likely the Ajaw B'atab'ob, Jalach Winik, and AjK'in as described in ethnohistoric documents. The serpent temples also depict the primordial flood crocodilian, who was both the world and the world destroyer—hence, a symbol of both order and chaos.
Identifying Emergency Department Symptom-Based Diagnoses with the Unified Medical Language System.

Author(s): Slovis, Benjamin H.; McCarthy, Danielle M.; Nord, Garrison; Doty, Amanda MB; Piserchia, Katherine; Rising, Kristin L. | Abstract: Introduction: Many patients who are discharged from the emergency department (ED) with asymptom-based discharge diagnosis (SBD) have post-discharge challenges related to lack of adefinitive discharge diagnosis and follow-up plan. There is no well-defined method for identifyingpatients with a SBD without individual chart review. We describe a method for automated identificationof SBDs from ICD-10 codes using the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Metathesaurus.Methods: We mapped discharge diagnosis, with use of ICD-10 codes from a one-month period ofED discharges at an urban, academic ED to UMLS concepts and semantic types. Two physicianreviewers independently manually identified all discharge diagnoses consistent with SBDs. Wecalculated inter-rater reliability for manual review and the sensitivity and specificity for our automatedprocess for identifying SBDs against this “gold standard.”Results: We identified 3642 ED discharges with 1382 unique discharge diagnoses that correspondedto 875 unique ICD-10 codes and 10 UMLS semantic types. Over one third (37.5%, n = 1367) of EDdischarges were assigned codes that mapped to the “Sign or Symptom” semantic type. Inter-raterreliability for manual review of SBDs was very good (0.87). Sensitivity and specificity of our automatedprocess for identifying encounters with SBDs were 84.7% and 96.3%, respectively.Conclusion: Use of our automated process to identify ICD-10 codes that classify into the UMLS “Signor Symptom” semantic type identified the majority of patients with a SBD. While this method needsrefinement to increase sensitivity of capture, it has potential to automate an otherwise highly timeconsumingprocess. This novel use of informatics methods can facilitate future research specific topatients with SBDs.
Abbreviated WAIS for Administration by Blind Persons: A Preliminary Study.

This pilot study investigates a method by which blind individuals might administer an abbreviated form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). The six subtests of the verbal portion of the...
Dynamic Simulation of Distribution Systems and Microgrids for Reconfiguration Studies using PSCAD/EMTDC

This paper presents a PSCAD simulation platform for studying reconfiguration methods applied to distribution systems and microgrids. The simulation model allows to manually operate the switches for reconfiguration and service restoration studies. It can also support Python-interfaced automatic switch control. Some performance metrics like unbalance factor and error calculations are introduced. The IEEE 123 node test system was implemented in the simulation platform in order to provide benchmarking results and to demonstrate the process of reconfiguration with dynamic stability considerations. Two case studies are presented. One is on reconfiguration for the purpose of restoration of an isolated section due to a fault and another on dynamic reconfiguration for the restoration of an autonomous microgrid. The PSCAD simulation platform can be extended to verify the control performance and optimization solutions of various distribution and microgrid applications.
A Hybrid Intelligent Architecture for Automated PCB Assembly

In this study a hybrid intelligent control architecture that uses an artificial neural network is proposed for recognition and diagnosis of digital images captured by the vision system to control the robot manipulator. The idea is to demonstrate a hybrid structure that integrates AI/OR and could provide flexibility to automation of small volume PCB board production with heterogenous components. A neural network assisted vision system is used to increase the processing speed and reduce the assembly time. A simple experimental setup is built to draw results and demonstrate the applicability of neural networks. The real power of a neural network can only be realized through hardware, unlike the software simulated neural network used here which introduces considerable delay during the assembly process. However the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the potential use of neural networks in intelligent manufacturing.
HER3 PET Imaging Identifies Dynamic Changes in HER3 in Response to HER2 Inhibition with Lapatinib.

Standard therapy for HER2+ breast cancers includes HER2 inhibition. While HER2 inhibitors have significantly improved therapeutic outcomes, many patients remain resistant to therapy. An important intrinsic resistance mechanism to HER2 inhibition in some breast cancers is dynamic upregulation of HER3. Increase in HER3 expression that occurs in response to HER2 inhibition allows for continued growth signaling through HER2/HER3 heterodimers, promoting tumor escape. We hypothesized that a non-invasive method to image changes in HER3 expression would be valuable to identify those breast cancers that dynamically upregulate HER3 in response to HER2 inhibition. We further hypothesized that this imaging method could identify those tumors that would benefit by additional HER3 knockdown. In a panel of HER2+ breast cancer cell lines treated with the HER2 inhibitor lapatinib, we evaluate changes in HER3 expression and viability. Mouse HER2+ breast cancer models treated with lapatinib were imaged with a peptide-based HER3-specific PET imaging agent [68Ga]HER3P1 to assess for dynamic changes in tumoral HER3 expression and uptake confirmed by biodistribution. Subsequently, HER2+ cell lines were treated with the HER2 inhibitor lapatinib as well HER3-specific siRNA to assess for changes in viability and correlate with HER3 expression upregulation. For all statistical comparisons, P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Lapatinib treatment of a panel of HER2+ breast cancer cell lines increased HER3 expression in the lapatinib-resistant cell line MDA-MB 453 but not the lapatinib-resistant cell-line HCC-1569. Evaluation of [68Ga]HER3P1 uptake in mice implanted with the HER2+ breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB453 or HCC-1569 prior to and after treatment with lapatinib demonstrated a significant increase in MDA-MB453 tumors only, consistent with in vitro findings. The additional knockdown of HER3 increased therapeutic efficacy of lapatinib only in MDA-MB453 cells, but not in HCC-1569 cells. HER3 PET imaging can be used to visualize dynamic changes in HER3 expression that occur in HER2+ breast cancers with HER2 inhibitor treatment and identify those likely to benefit by the addition of combination HER3 and HER2 inhibition.
Predicting partition coefficients for the SAMPL7 physical property challenge using the ClassicalGSG method

The prediction of $$\log P$$ values is one part of the statistical assessment of the modeling of proteins and ligands (SAMPL) blind challenges. Here, we use a molecular graph representation method called Geometric Scattering for Graphs (GSG) to transform atomic attributes to molecular features. The atomic attributes used here are parameters from classical molecular force fields including partial charges and Lennard–Jones interaction parameters. The molecular features from GSG are used as inputs to neural networks that are trained using a “master” dataset comprised of over 41,000 unique $$\log P$$ values. The specific molecular targets in the SAMPL7 $$\log P$$ prediction challenge were unique in that they all contained a sulfonyl moeity. This motivated a set of ClassicalGSG submissions where predictors were trained on different subsets of the master dataset that are filtered according to chemical types and/or the presence of the sulfonyl moeity. We find that our ranked prediction obtained 5th place with an RMSE of 0.77 $$\log P$$ units and an MAE of 0.62, while one of our non-ranked predictions achieved first place among all submissions with an RMSE of 0.55 and an MAE of 0.44. After the conclusion of the challenge we also examined the performance of open-source force field parameters that allow for an end-to-end $$\log P$$ predictor model: General AMBER Force Field (GAFF), Universal Force Field (UFF), Merck Molecular Force Field 94 (MMFF94) and Ghemical. We find that ClassicalGSG models trained with atomic attributes from MMFF94 can yield more accurate predictions compared to those trained with CGenFF atomic attributes.
Viva: A Virtual Assistant for the Visually Impaired

Visual impairment refers to the partial or complete loss of one’s ability to see. It is estimated that there are 1.3 billion people in the world with some form of vision loss. In this work, we present Viva, an Android-based virtual assistant aiming to help people with visual impairment. The application provides haptic and voice navigation assistance by detecting obstacles in the user’s surroundings and calculating the potential risk. We present the architecture, as well as a proof-of-concept prototype intended to demonstrate a potential use-case for a commercial embedded product that can be integrated into a walking stick or any wearable gadget. This Android application has features such as navigation assistant, object detection, voice-controlled UI and emergency assistant. The navigation assistant analyzes a user’s surroundings by detecting and estimating distances from the user to the object. Object recognition mode includes a pre-built object recognition model that can recognize over 100 different common objects. Data collected is then processed by a risk-prediction algorithm to calculate the risk of collision. Feedback is provided to the user whenever there is a potential risk observed. The UI of the virtual assistant is uniquely designed from the ground-up to be intuitive, without the need for any usual aids via voice commands or single point touch control – where the entire screen acts as a soft button. Viva operates in a low-power mode with the screen turned off to efficiently utilize the limited battery resources on mobile phones. Viva is a prototype intended to demonstrate the potential use-cases of this idea. It can be integrated into other IoT devices such as smart walking sticks or wearable gadgets.
Novel VLSI architecture of motion estimation for H.264 standard

A novel architecture to achieve real-time motion estimation compensation encoding for H.264 ITU video compression standard is presented. A full-search block matching algorithm has been adapted to a pipelined data flow to enable parallel processing of variable block sized block matching and fractional pixel motion vector generation. The SOC is designed with TSMC 0.18/spl mu/m technology using VHDL and optimized to achieve a 125 MHz clock speed to make real-time processing possible.
ASSESSMENT OF JOURNALS USED BY AGRICULTURAL ECONOMISTS AT LAND-GRANT UNIVERSITIES

4. describe the extent to which faculty support and utilize various professional jourAgricultural economists at land-grant uninals. versities were surveyed to evaluate the use and assessment of professional journals. Faculty USE AND QUALITY OF ECONOMICS rankings of journals are reported along with JOURNALS faculty perceptions of changes in the quality of selected journals. Of 25 journals used by ag- Previous studies on the use and assessment ricultural economics faculties, the Southern of economics journals have been conducted Journal of Agricultural Economics ranked first primarily, but not exclusively, by general econamong regional agricultural economics journals omists. Some of the most recent research efforts in personal usefulness, subscriptions held, pa- have examined current publication lags in ecopers submitted, papers published, and partici- nomics journals (Yohe), what economists think pation in the editorial and review processes. of their journals (Hawkins, Ritter, and Walter), The SJAE was also ranked as the second most the supply and demand for journal literature improved journal among all journals evaluated. (Button), alternative quality indicies for economics journals (Bush, Hamelman, and Staaf)
An overview of floating-point support and math library on the Intel/spl reg/ XScale/spl trade/ architecture

New microprocessor architectures often require software support for basic arithmetic operations such as divide, or square root. The Intel/spl reg/ XScale/spl trade/ processor, designed for low power mobile devices, provides no hardware support for floating point. We show that an efficient software implementation of the basic operations and math library routines can achieve competitive performance, and effectively hide the lack of hardware floating point for most applications.
Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF/CCN2) Mediates Angiogenic Effect of S1P in Human Dermal Microvascular Endothelial Cells

Please cite this paper as: Markiewicz, Nakerakanti, Kapanadze, Ghatnekar and Trojanowska (2011). Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF/CCN2) Mediates Angiogenic Effect of S1P in Human Dermal Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Microcirculation18(1), 1–11. Abstract Objective: The primary objective of this study was to examine the potential interaction between S1P, a pleiotropic lipid mediator, and CTGF/CCN2, a secreted multimodular protein, in the process of endothelial cell migration. The secondary objective was to determine whether C- and N-terminal domains of CTGF/CCN2 have a specific function in cell migration. Materials and Methods: Migration of HDMECs was examined in monolayer wound healing “scratch” assay, whereas capillary-like tube formation was examined in three-dimensional collagen co-culture assays. Results: We observed that S1P stimulates migration of HDMECs concomitant with upregulation of CTGF/CCN2 expression. Furthermore, the blockade of endogenous CTGF/CCN2 via siRNA abrogated S1P-induced HDMEC migration and capillary-like tube formation. Full-length CTGF induced cell migration and capillary-like tube formation with a potency similar to that of S1P, while C-terminal domain of CTGF was slightly less effective. However, N-terminal domain had only a residual activity in inducing capillary-like tube formation. Conclusions: This study revealed that CTGF/CCN2 is required for the S1P-induced endothelial cell migration, which suggests that CTGF/CCN2 may be an important mediator of S1P-induced physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Moreover, this study shows that the pro-migratory activity of CTGF/CCN2 is located in the C-terminal domain.
The current status of three-dimensional ultrasonography in gynaecology.

Ultrasonography (US) is the most recent cross-sectional imaging modality to acquire three-dimensional (3D) capabilities. The reconstruction of volumetric US data for multiplanar display took a significantly longer time to develop in comparison with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The current equipment for 3D-US is capable of producing high-resolution images in three different planes, including real-time surface-rendered images. The use of 3D-US in gynaecology was accelerated through the development of the endovaginal volume transducer, which allows the automated acquisition of volumetric US data. Although initially considered an adjunct to two-dimensional US, 3D-US is now the imaging modality of choice for the assessment of Mullerian duct anomalies and the location of intrauterine devices.
Biodegradability: Methods for Assessing Biodegradability Under Laboratory and Field Conditions

“Biodegradation” of organic compounds is the partial simplification or complete destruction of their molecular structure by physiological reactions catalyzed by microorganisms. Understanding and proving biodegradation processes under laboratory and field conditions is a science of ongoing discovery. This discovery requires a close dialog among many disciplines. It must be recognized that only under relatively rare circumstances is a proof of field bioremediation unequivocal when a single piece of evidence is relied on. In the majority of cases, the complexities of contaminant mixtures, their hydrogeochemical settings, and accounting for competing abiotic mechanisms of contaminant loss make it a challenge to document biodegradation processes. Keywords: biodegradation; biogeochemistry; bioremediation; microbial processes; physiological reactions; abiotic mechanisms; hydrogeochemical settings
Development of Knowledge by Undergraduate Program Directors.

Social work knowledge is developed through critical inquiry and organized research and typically is transmitted in scholarly endeavors such as publications and conference or workshop presentations. The current study examined the content of the scholarly works of 85 undergraduate program directors to assess contributions to the development of knowledge. Findings showed that the topic social work education emerged predominantly in both publications and conference or workshop presentations of these undergraduate educators.
Can we predict the prognosis of resectable hepatoblastoma from serum alpha-fetoprotein response during preoperative chemotherapy?

The objective of this study was to clarify whether the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) reduction rate during preoperative chemotherapy represents a prognostic factor for hepatoblastoma. We divided 14 hepatoblastoma patients who underwent preoperative chemotherapy and curative resection into Group A (no recurrence; n = 10) and Group B (recurrence; n = 4). We then compared AFP levels before and after preoperative chemotherapy between groups. Mean AFP level after completing the first cycle of chemotherapy was reduced to 7.28 % (range 1.2–36.8 %) in Group A and 17.05 % (range 12.0–20.5 %) in Group B (p 1 log after the first cycle of preoperative chemotherapy survived without recurrence. A large, early decrease in AFP level during preoperative chemotherapy may offer a strong indicator of survival. Patients in whom AFP levels do not decrease easily during preoperative chemotherapy may have increased risk of recurrence and should be followed very closely.
Sources of relapse after extinction in Pavlovian and instrumental learning

Abstract Extinction may be related to therapeutic procedures designed to eliminate unwanted thoughts, emotions, or behaviors. This article reviews animal learning research which suggests that extinction does not erase the original learning, but rather makes behavior especially sensitive to the background, or context, in which it occurs. Context-dependence of responding is evident after extinction in both Pavlovian and instrumental (operant) learning. In either case, memories of conditioning and extinction are both retained through extinction, and are available for retrieval by appropriate retrieval cues. When the context promotes retrieval of extinction, extinction performance is observed. But when the context is changed, or when the current context promotes retrieval of conditioning, conditioning performance is often restored. These effects are produced by contexts provided by stimuli as diverse as physical environments, reinforcer after-effects, drug states, emotions, and the passage of time. The results have implications for relapse, and its prevention, following therapy.
Recognition memory for colors and faces in profoundly retarded young children

Abstract Visual recognition memory was examined in a group of profoundly retarded young children whose visual-motor developmental level was estimated to be below one year. The children were tested for recognition of a previously shown face photo or a previously exposed color either immediately or following a short-term delay by observing the distribution of their visual fixation responses to novel stimuli when paired with previously seen targets. During a study or “familiarization” period the profoundly retarded children devoted voted approximately the same amount of attention to photos of faces as they did to colored, abstract patterns, and individual differences in overall looking time proved to be reliable. During the recognition testing phase the profoundly retarded children demonstrated immediate recognition memory for both faces and colors, preferring a novel to a previously exposed target, but responsiveness to novelty declined abruptly over a short-term delay, providing little evidence for delayed recognition.
Winter legumes as a nitrogen source for no-tillage cotton

Abstract Winter legumes can serve dual purposes in no-tillage cropping systems. They can provide a no-tillage mulch, and supply a considerable quantity of N for thesummer crops. Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) was no-tillage planted into crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.), common vetch ( Vicia sativa L.), and fallowed soil for two years to determine the effects of winter legume mulches on growth, yield, and N fertilizer requirements. The legumes were allowed to mature and reseed prior to planting cotton. The winter legumes produced no measurable changes in soil organic matter, N, or bulk density, but water infiltration was more rapid in the legume plots than in the fallowed soil. In the fallow system, 34 kg ha −1 N fertilizer was required for near maximum yields. In the clover plots, yields without N fertilizer were higher than when N (34 and 68 kg ha −1 ) was applied. In the vetch plots, cotton yields were highest without N fertilizer the first year, but yields were increased with 34 kg ha −1 N the second year because of a poor vetch seed crop and a subsequently poor legume stand. In the clover plots, a 20–30% cotton seedling mortality occurred in one year, but this stand reduction apparently did not affect cotton yields. Winter legume mulches can provide the N needs for no-tillage cotton without causing an excessive and detrimental quantity of N in sandy soils naturally low in soil N (0.04%). Unless the reseeding legume systems are maintained for at least 3 years, the legumes do not, however, provide an economical N source for cotton when N fertilizer requirementsare low (34 kg ha −1 in this study). A possible disadvantage of the system for reseeding legumes is that cotton planting is delayed 4–6 weeks beyond the normal planting date, which can reduce yields in some years.
Validity of the Goldberg rules for classifying psychopathology in epilepsy

The purpose of the present investigation was to inquire into the validity of Rule 1 (Normal vs Abnormal) of Goldberg's MMPI sequential diagnostic system for patients with epilepsy. One hundred and five patients with epilepsy were classified according to their psychiatric status by a rater blind to MMPI scores. Consistent with Goldberg's predictions as well as with past research on other populations, Rule 1 was completely successful in discriminating among groups of patients with epilepsy classified according to psychiatric status but was substantially less accurate in making individual classifications. We conclude that Rule 1 of Goldberg's sequential diagnostic system is valid for epilepsy.
Constituting Relationships in Talk A Taxonomy of Speech Events in Social and Personal Relationships

In a series of four studies, a descriptive taxonomy of dyadic speech events in everyday relating was developed and employed to explore the constitutive functions of interpersonal communication. Twenty-nine speech events were identified and replicated through a variety of multi-method procedures, including unstructured and structured diary records, judgment sorting tasks, and semantic-differential rating scaks. Everyday relating appears to be dominated by six kinds of talk events: gossip, making plans, joking around, catching up, small talk, and recapping the day's events. The taxonomy of speech events appears to be organized along three dimensions: formal/goal-directed, important/deep/involving, and positive valence. Preliminary evidence suggests how different types of personal relationships are constituted in different speech events.
Enhancement of NaCl tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana by exogenous L‐asparagine and D‐asparagine

The tolerances of Columbia Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. to NaCl, L-asparagine (L-Asn) and D-asparagine (D-Asn) during seedling establishment on sterile agar medium were determined. Germination and the establishment of upright seedlings with expanded green cotyledons were increasingly inhibited by NaCl concentrations from 20 to 180 mM and radicle growth was prevented at 225 mM NaCl. Tolerance of established seedlings to NaCl was similar at these concentrations. Seedling establishment was prevented at 20 mM L-Asn and 60 mM D-Asn, but L-Asn was not toxic to established seedlings. At lower concentrations, exogenous L- and D-Asn enhanced NaCl tolerance during germination and seedling establishment. Inhibition of seedling establishment by NaCl concentrations below 225 mM was reduced by the addition of L- and D-Asn to the medium. Maximal reduction of NaCl inhibition occurred between 2 and 4 mM for both L- and D-Asn. Higher concentrations of NaCl prevented establishment whether exogenous Asn was present or not. Reduction of NaCl inhibition occurred to the same extent whether L-Asn was presented simultaneously with the NaCl or preloaded for up to 24 h. The total seedling content of Na+ increased about 4-fold to 55 μg (mg dry weight)−1 as the medium concentration of NaCl was increased from 9 μM to 150 mM NaCl. Total K+ content declined about 80% from about 34 μg (mg dry weight)−1 over the same range of NaCl concentrations. The Na+ uptake and K+ efflux by whole seedlings were similar whether or not NaCl tolerance was increased by exogenous Asn.
On Monetary Expansion, Terms of Trade and Economic Growth

In a recent paper Roberts (1978) has extended Ramanathan's model (1975) to a two-sector, two-currency and two-country neoclassical growth model with flexible exchange rates. Under the assumption that the consumption good is relatively capital intensive, Roberts obtains two important propositions: an increase in domestic monetary expansion will increase the domestic overall capital intensity, decrease the foreign overall capital intensity, and worsen the terms of trade for the country importing the investment good; an increase in domestic monetary expansion may increase or decrease the level of trade. In this paper, we add to and generalize these results by using a simple yet thorough comparative statics analysis without the factor intensity condition.1It will be seen that the complexity and ambiguity of Roberts' results are substantially reduced.
The Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov system as a deformation of the Isomonodromy problem

It is shown that the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov (KZ) equation (and corresponding vector bundle) can be viewed as a quantization of the isomonodromy problem for differential equations with several singular points.
Novel tissue adhesives to secure laser in situ keratomileusis flaps.

Purpose To evaluate 2 novel biodendrimer tissue adhesives in sealing and securing laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) flaps. Setting Duke University Eye Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA. Methods Laser in situ keratomileusis flaps were created in 10 human eye-bank eyes using the Hansatome microkeratome system (Bausch & Lomb). These eyes were divided into 2 groups. Flaps in the first group (n = 4) were secured with a laser-activated biodendrimer adhesive along the flap edge. In the second group (n = 6), the flaps were secured with a self-gelling dendritic adhesive. Dry Merocel sponges (Medtronic Solan) were used to test the strength of flap adherence in both groups. Further testing was performed in the second group. The hinges of these flaps were cut with a scalpel blade and fluorescein dye was injected under the flap to observe potential dye leakage along the flap edge. Results Laser in situ keratomileusis flaps sealed with both adhesives were secure with no flap dislocation. There was no leakage of fluorescein dye observed in the second group. Both adhesives were easy to apply, clear when dry, and had a soft rubbery consistency. Conclusions Two novel biodendrimer adhesives successfully sealed and secured LASIK flaps. These adhesives may prove to be an effective alternative for treating LASIK flap complications such as epithelial ingrowth or flap dislocation.
Denture reliners direct, hard, self-curing resin.

A survey of the properties of six brands of direct, hard, self-curing denture re-liners revealed that most such reliners harden with considerable rise in temperature. When cured under clinical conditions, porous resins result. Knoop number, water solubility, recovery values and transverse strength of relined denture base specimens are poorer than those for self-curing denture base resins. Color stability of most brands is unsatisfactory. Detail reproduction of the surface of the tissue appears adequate. No significant war page or dimensional change of relined dentures was noted. The direct reliners are not adequate for long-term serviceability and should be considered as temporary expedients.
Sensitivity analysis of the effect of variations in the form and parameters of a multiattribute utility model: A survey

Multiattribute utility models are used for evaluating alternatives when there are more than one criterion present. There is a trend toward the development of complicated versions of these models. These versions, although theoretically more accurate in the representation of decision makers' attitudes, require assessment procedures which are more difficult and time consuming to implement than simpler models. This paper reviews theoretical and empirical research involving the sensitivity analysis of multiattribute utility models in an attempt to answer the question of whether such additional complexities are worthwhile. Both deterministic and probabilistic models are considered and the studies are divided into four areas: (1) those involving sensitivity to the form of the multiattribute utility function; (2) those involving sensitivity to the parameters of the functions; (3) those involving sensitivity to the form and parameters of individual single attribute utility functions; and (4) those involving the relationship between deterministic and probabilistic models. A discussion of the results is given at the end.
Influencing preschool children's motor development: A comparison of two groups

This study compared the effects of a sensory‐motor condition and an unstructured activities condition on the motor development of preschool children immediately following a 20‐week intervention. The 31 children enrolled in two preschool programs included: #opa#cp a group which experienced a sensory‐motor condition #opN = 16#cp, and #opb#cp a group which experienced an unstructured activities condition #opN = 15#cp. The Peabody Motor Developmental Scales were used to assess the children's motor development prior to and immediately following the 20‐week intervention period. A series of 2 #opgroup#cp x 2 #optesting time#cp repeated measures analyses of variance were used to analyze the impact of the two conditions. Although the motor development of subjects in both groups changed significantly over time, there were no differences between groups.
Response of central monoaminergic neurons to lisuride: comparison with LSD.

Abstract The response of brain serotonergic (dorsal raphe), noradrenergic (locus coeruleus) and dopaminergic (pars compacta, substantia nigra) neurons to lisuride hydrogen maleate, a non-hallucinogenic ergot, was studied in the rat using extracellular single cell recording techniques. As has been previously reported for LSD, minute intravenous infusions of lisuride (1–5 μg/kg) produced a complete but reversible suppression of raphe unit spontaneous firing. A similar depressant response was noted when lisuride was applied to raphe units by microiontophoresis. In contrast, locus coeruleus neurons were accelerated by the drug at somewhat higher doses (25–50 μg/kg). Pars compacta neurons demonstrated a predominately depressant response to lisuride but many of the cells tested were only partially suppressed and a few units were accelerated. It is suggested that the marked alterations in central monoamine turnover which have been observed with lisuride are directly paralled by changes in impulse flow in monoaminergic neurons. The fact that lisuride has powerful suppressant effects on central serotonergic neurons but no psychotomimetic actions in man challenges the “serotonin theory” of hallucinogensis; however, other pharmacological properties may account for lisuride's lack of hallucinogenic effects. Further studies with lisuride may provide insight into those drug characteristics critical to the presence or absence of hallucinogenic action.
ADVANCES IN FETAL SURGERY

The use of maternal/fetal ultrasound screening has become commonplace today. With progressive technical improvements and frequent usage, ultrasound is now used to accurately diagnose many fetuses with congenital anomalies prenatally. Ultrasound and other fetal diagnostic procedures are now used for a variety of diverse problems involving structural, genetic, and metabolic abnormalities. Invasive diagnostic procedures of the gravid uterus and amnion were used for a few decades. It has been only slightly more than 10 years since a team of pediatric surgical researchers primarily at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) explored the possibility of surgical fetal intervention for correction of anomalies. 1,3 The principal idea behind fetal surgery evolves around the potential of correction or interruption of various abnormal processes that may bring about fetal demise or can become life-threatening or debilitating to the newborn. In certain instances, the availability of fetal intervention may dissuade the mother from electing to terminate the pregnancy. The initiation of fetal surgery research was based firmly on the concept that absolute maternal safety must be ensured. 1 In addition, the pregnancy had to be maintained for a considerable amount of time (weeks) to allow healing and reversal of the pathophysiologic processes. Complete uterine relaxation during the invasion of the amnion was a major hurdle to overcome. This was essential to ensure normal life-sustaining placental circulation. 7 In a similar vein, it was quite important to provide tight closure of the uterus such that amniotic fluid leak is eliminated and to maintain postsurgical tocolytic therapy intended to keep the uterus from being overwhelmingly irritable and causing untimely abortion. Fetal conditions for which actual intervention was carried out or for which advanced experimental studies have been completed include: urinary tract obstruction, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation and bronchopulmonary sequestration, sacrococcygeal teratoma, and twin-to-twin transfusion.
Adults' language learning strategies in an intensive foreign language program in the United States

Abstract Exploring a sample of adult language learners, this article shows the relationships between language learning strategies on the one hand and factors such as proficiency, teacher perceptions, gender, aptitude, learning style, personality type, ego boundaries, motivation, and anxiety on the other. This is an almost “optimal” group of language learners. Because of the sophisticated nature of this group of learners, statistical restrictions of range lowered the correlations, which are nevertheless significant and which point to implications for both instruction and further research.
Monoclonal antibodies as disease modifying therapy in multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, was untreatable until the mid-1990s when beta-interferons and glatiramer acetate were introduced. These agents, while effective, were relatively nonspecific in action. Over the last 10 years, research has focused toward developing more targeted therapies for the disease. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been central to these efforts and many of the mAbs studied in MS have been singularly effective. We review here the 6 monoclonal antibodies that have been approved for MS or are in late-stage clinical trials, focusing on the drugs’ efficacy and safety. Additionally, we review several monoclonal antibodies that were studied in MS but were found to be ineffective or even deleterious in this patient population.
TU-C-L100J-09: CT Doses: Changes in the Last Twenty-Five Years

Purpose. To quantify how CT patient doses, and the corresponding scan times, have changed over the last 25 years. Method. We analyzed data for five generations of CTscanners from one vendor (GE), ranging from the 9800 single slice scanner without slip ring technology used in the early 1980s to a 64 slice VCT, the current state of the art. We determined values of CTDIair and CTDIw at a constant kV/mAs. Effective doses were performed for a standard 32 cm chest CT examination performed at 120 kV using contiguous axial scanning on the 9800, and a pitch of 1 on the VCT. Scan times were computed assuming (contiguous) axial images with a 5 mm thickness. Results. CTDIair of a VCT scanner (30 mGy/100 mAs) is 12% higher than that of a 9800 scanner, whereas the corresponding body VCT CTDIw (9.5 mGy/100 mAs) is 53% higher. The increased doses on modern scanners are a result of reduced focus‐isocenter distances to accommodate faster rotation speeds, changes in beam shaping filters, and overbeaming used on MSCT scanners. Patient effective doses for a routine chest CT examination are 5 mSv/100 mAs on a VCT and 3.2 mSv/100 mAs on a 9800. Acquisition of 64 axial images for a routine chest CT in the early 1980's took ∼5 minutes, whereas modern scanners cover the same volume in only 8 x‐ray tube rotations taking ∼3 seconds. Conclusion. Over the last 25 years, normalized CT patient doses (i.e., per unit mAs) have increased by ∼50%, whereas image acquisition times have been reduced by two orders of magnitude.
The Influence of Impression Formation Goals on the Accuracy of Social Memory

The influence of different impression formation goals on memory for the sources of social actions was investigated. Subjects read stereotype-constant and stereotype-inconsistent actions of target individuals described by both proper names and group affiliations and formed impressions of the individuals based on either the similarities or the differences between the targets' actions and typical behavior of group member. Overall memory for the actions and accuracy in pairing the actions with the correct action source (group or proper name) were assessed. Similarity goals produced more accurate source identification than difference goals. Difference goals produced higher rates of inaccurate source identification, especially for inconsistent actions. These results suggest that impression formation goals may differ in the extent to which they induce subjects to integrate behaviors with group prototypes or represent actions as segregated units in memory.
Characterization of Activity-Dependent Changes in Flavoprotein Fluorescence in Cerebellar Slices from Juvenile Rats

Flavoprotein autofluorescence signals attributed to neuronal metabolism have been used to assess synaptic function. Here, we characterized flavoprotein autofluorescence responses in the molecular layer of rat cerebellar slices. High frequency stimulation elicited a transient fluorescence increase (peak phase) that was followed by a longer-lasting fluorescence decrease (valley phase). The peak phase was restricted to the molecular layer, whereas the valley phase extended into the Purkinje cell layer and a portion of the granule cell layer. Responses were abolished by either the Na+ channel antagonist, tetrodotoxin, or a combination of the AMPA receptor antagonists, NBQX and GIKI-53655, and were also reduced by a flavoprotein inhibitor (diphenyleneiodonium). These findings are consistent with responses being mediated by an increase in mitochondrial activity triggered by increased energy demands evoked by AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission. The GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin did not significantly influence evoked responses. Likewise, exogenous application of ethanol, at concentrations known to increase GABAA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission at Purkinje cells, did not modify peak responses. These observations indicate that flavoprotein autofluorescence imaging could be useful to assess the coupling between glutamatergic synaptic transmission and neuronal metabolism in cerebellar slices.