cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strategies for implementing repositioning of leisure services

Repositioning is viewed as the key to a viable future for leisure services. After a brief review of the repositioning concept, the paper's focus is on the four strategies that can be used to implement repositioning. First is real repositioning. This requires the development of new services or restructuring existing services so they better contribute to addressing the issue(s) expressed in the position statement which articulates the agency's desired position. Associative repositioning is the second strategy. It includes aligning with other organizations that already possess the desired position and acquiring some of this position from the association. Third is psychological repositioning which focusses on changing stakeholders' beliefs about the outcomes that emanate from the services an agency offers, so they better align with the position statement. The fourth repositioning strategy is competitive repositioning which seeks to alter stakeholders' beliefs about what an agency's competitors do. The paper c...
Error analyses for the delivery of a spinning probe to Jupiter

The task of delivering the Galileo Probe to specified atmospheric entry conditions at Jupiter is especially challenging because tracking, trajectory corrections, and attitude adjustments are not possible after release of the Probe from the carrier vehicle. Statistical analysis of the spacecraft dynamics mapped into Probe dispersions in atmosphere-relative and relay-geometry parameters show that attitude stability, heating, and relay performance requirements can be satisfied. Reconstruction techniques are used to enhance estimates of the delivery parameters to permit correct interpretation of the scientific data for the Jovian atmosphere. A tradeoff which sacrifices some delivery accuracy and propellant is shown to guarantee satisfaction of a very tight reconstruction requirement for the trajectory considered in this report.
Microbiomarkers with big impact in CLL

In this issue of Blood , Ferrajoli et al examined the microRNA (miRNA) miR-155 as a biomarker for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).[1][1] Increased expression of cellular and plasma miR-155 was observed in patients with CLL and correlated with poor survival and therapeutic response, suggesting
Simulation of the implantation of recoils and displacement production in the 316 stainless steel mercury-container vessel at SNS

In this study, the focus is on the possible effect of mercury and transmuted atom recoils that are implanted into the wall of the stainless steel container vessel at SNS. Two computer codes were used: Los Alamos high energy transport (LAHET) and the stopping and range of ions in matter (SRIM). LAHET provided information of the energy distribution of the recoils upon bombardment. Also, SRIM simulated the transport of recoils through the mercury layer adjacent to the stainless steel wall and into the wall itself, and provided recoil and displacement concentration profiles in the wall. The calculated recoil and displacement concentrations in the near-surface region of the wall appear to be quite significant. The recoil and displacement concentrations per year at the surface are determined to be about 0.0015 recoil atoms/wall atom and about 17 dpa at the center of an incident proton beam. These concentrations fall to about one-half of the surface values at a penetration distance of about 0.1 μm, and the concentrations become negligibly small at 0.5 μm and beyond.
Poincaré invariant coupled channel model for the pion-nucleon system.

An exactly Poincare invariant front form model for the pion-nucleon system is constructed in the space spanned by {vert_bar}{ital B}{r_angle} and {vert_bar}{mu}{ital B}{r_angle} states where {ital B}={ital N},{Delta},{ital N}*,... and {mu}={pi},{eta},{rho},... . A mass-square operator is constructed in the form {ital M}{sup 2}={ital M}{sup 2}{sub 0}+{ital V} where {ital M}{sub 0} is a noninteracting mass operator and {ital V} is an interaction. Assuming that the spin operator is a free spin operator, the most general form for the interaction {ital V} is deduced. A fit to the {pi}{ital N} elastic scattering amplitudes for pion laboratory kinetic energies up to 700 MeV is carried out, under the assumption that the {mu}{ital B}-{mu}{prime}{ital B}{prime} interactions are separable.
Effect of oligomers and acrylonitrile content on the interfacial adhesion between PC and SAN

The interfacial fracture toughness between polycarbonate (PC) and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) bilayers was measured using an asymmetric double cantilever beam geometry. The effects on fracture toughness of oligomer content and copolymer composition were investigated. Results showed that by removing residual oligomers from SAN, the fracture toughness of the PC/SAN interface was increased significantly. To study this effect in more detail, benzonitrile was used as a model oligomer and added in controlled amounts to pure SAN before attaching to PC and annealing. The PC/SAN interfacial fracture toughness in this case decreased monotonically with increasing benzonitrile content presumably due to migration of the small molecule to the interface. Interfacial toughness was also measured for five purified SAN materials with a range of 17–31 wt % acrylonitrile. A maximum in PC/SAN toughness was seen for a 24 % AN material. Evidence of possible chain scission during fracture in purified SAN and PC was observed from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. Optical microscopy showed that a single craze ahead of the crack is a possible failure mode during fracture of the SAN/PC interface. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Absence of acrylamide-induced genotoxicity in CYP2E1-null mice : evidence consistent with a glycidamide-mediated effect

Acrylamide, an animal carcinogen and germ cell mutagen present at low (ppm) levels in heated carbohydrate-containing foodstuffs, is oxidized by cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) to the epoxide glycidamide, which is believed to be responsible for the mutagenic and carcinogenic activity of acrylamide. We recently reported a comparison of the effects of acrylamide on the genetic integrity of germ cells of male wild-type and CYP2E1-null mice [B.I. Ghanayem, K.L. Witt, L. El-Hadri, U. Hoffler, G.E. Kissling, M.D. Shelby, J.B. Bishop, Comparison of germ-cell mutagenicity in male CYP2E1-null and wild-type mice treated with acrylamide: evidence supporting a glycidamide-mediated effect, Biol. Reprod. 72 (2005) 157-163]. In those experiments, dose-related increases in dominant lethal mutations were detected in uterine contents of female mice mated to acrylamide-treated wild-type males but not CYP2E1-null males, clearly implicating CYP2E1-mediated formation of glycidamide in the induction of genetic damage in male germ cells. We hypothesized that acrylamide-induced somatic cell damage is also caused by glycidamide. Therefore, to examine this hypothesis, female wild-type and CYP2E1-null mice were administered acrylamide (0, 25, 50mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection once daily for 5 consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after the final treatment, blood and tissue samples were collected. Erythrocyte micronucleus frequencies were determined using flow cytometry and DNA damage was assessed in leukocytes, liver, and lung using the alkaline (pH>13) single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay. Results were consistent with the earlier observations in male germ cells: significant dose-related increases in micronucleated erythrocytes and DNA damage in somatic cells were induced in acrylamide-treated wild-type but not in the CYP2E1-null mice. These results support the hypothesis that genetic damage in somatic and germ cells of mice-treated with acrylamide is dependent upon metabolism of the parent compound by CYP2E1. This dependency on metabolism has implications for the assessment of human risks resulting from occupational or dietary exposure to acrylamide. CYP2E1 polymorphisms and variability in CYP2E1 activity associated with, for example, diabetes, obesity, starvation, and alcohol consumption, may result in altered metabolic efficiencies leading to differential susceptibilities to acrylamide toxicities in humans.
Coupled atomistic-continuum simulations using arbitrary overlapping domains

We present a formulation for coupling atomistic and continuum simulation methods for application to both quasistatic and dynamic analyses. In our formulation, a coarse-scale continuum discretization is assumed to cover all parts of the computational domain with atomistic crystals introduced only in regions of interest. The geometry of the discretization and crystal are allowed to overlap arbitrarily. Our approach uses interpolation and projection operators to link the kinematics of each region, which are then used to formulate a system potential energy from which we derive coupled expressions for the forces acting in each region. A hyperelastic constitutive formulation is used to compute the stress response of the defect-free continuum with constitutive properties derived from the Cauchy-Born rule. A correction to the Cauchy-Born rule is introduced in the overlap region to minimize fictitious boundary effects. Features of our approach will be demonstrated with simulations in one, two and three dimensions.
Evidence for homologous actions of pro-opiocortin products

alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), a modified fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone, derives from the same biosynthetic route as beta-endorphin and is stored by the same arcuate neurons. Microinjection of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and several related peptides into the periaqueductal gray matter significantly reduced responsiveness to pain and had a behavioral profile similar to that produced by beta-endorphin.
The Number of Granule Cells and Spine Density on Purkinje Cells in Aged, Ethanol-fed Rats

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether chronic intake of ethanol by aged F344 rats was associated with a reduction in parallel fiber input to cerebellar Purkinje neurons (PN). Previous results from this laboratory provided direct evidence that synaptic density in PN dendritic arbors was significantly decreased and indirect evidence that terminal dendritic segments of PN were deleted during chronic ethanol treatment. From these results, it was hypothesized that an ethanol-related deletion of PN terminal dendritic segments might result from 1) a reduction in parallel fiber input to PN from cerebellar granule neurons or 2) a reduction in dendritic spines, the postsynaptic sites for parallel fiber input to PN dendrites. Measurements of the total number of cerebellar granule neurons (GN) and the volume of the GN layer, and measurements of the density of spines on PN terminal dendritic segments were made in separate groups of aged, ethanol-treated and control rats. There were no significant ethanol-related changes in these parameters after 40–48 weeks of ethanol treatment.
Preemption Threshold Scheduling: Stack Optimality, Enhancements and Analysis

Using preemption threshold scheduling (PTS) in a multi-threaded real-time embedded system reduces system preemptions and hence reduces run-time overhead while still ensuring real-time constraints are met. However, PTS offers other valuable benefits. In this paper we investigate the use of PTS for hard real-lime system with limited RAM. Our primary contribution is to prove the optimality of PTS among all preemption-limiting methods for minimizing a system's total stack memory requirements. We then discuss characteristics of PTS and show how to reduce average worst-case response times. We also introduce a unified framework for using PTS with existing fixed-priority (e.g. rate-or deadline-monotonic), or dynamic-priority scheduling algorithms ( e.g. earliest-deadline first). We evaluate the performance of PTS and our improvements using synthetic workloads and a real-time workload. We show PTS is extremely effective at reducing slack memory requirements. Our enhancements to PTS Improve worst-case, response-times as well
Postoperative respiratory complications in patients with Hodgkin's disease: relationship to the size of the mediastinal tumor.

Postoperative respiratory complications were investigated in patients with Hodgkin's disease, stages I–III, presenting with a mediastinal mass. By measuring the ratio between the widest diameter of the mediastinal mass and the width of the thorax at T5–6 (mediastinal thoracic ratio, MTR) in a PA chest X-ray, patients were divided into three groups: I: MTR 0.50 (23 patients). Five patients of group II and eight of group III received preoperative radiation therapy (RT) to the mediastinum due to severe clinical or radiological findings associated with the mediastinal mass. No patient of group I received preoperative RT. Without preoperative RT, group III had a significantly higher incidence of respiratory complications (715) compared to groups I (741) and II (228). Respiratory complications were not significantly different after preoperative RT in group III (18) compared to that observed in groups I plus II without preoperative RT (969).
Method performance of the closed vessel microwave-assisted acid extraction using 50% HNO3 : HCl (3 : 2) with positive pressure Teflon membrane filtration

The recovery from soil of 22 metals on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Target inorganic analyte list is described. The extraction method was developed to provide a safe, rapid, and analytically reliable means of leaching metals from soils and sediments in one procedure. The influence of digestion matrices, filtration media, reference standard types and instrument performance of inductively coupled plasma/optical emission spectroscopy is presented. The method employs a closed vessel, temperature and pressure controlled, microwave acid digestion using 20 mL of 50% HNO3 : HCl in a ratio of (3 : 2). The digestate was filtered through a positive pressure Teflon membrane cartridge. This procedure recovered all metals at concentrations equal to or greater than what is possible by EPA standardized methods or other methods published in the literature. Excellent method precision and accuracy was obtained for all metals, especially Ag and Sb. Results show that the positive Teflon membrane filtration system yielded higher and statistically different concentrations of Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe, As, Cd, Pb, Ag, and Sb than paper filtration in half the time. These findings were produced from standard reference soils and soil collected from a hazardous waste site landfill.
The Influence of Influence Diagrams in Medicine

Although influence diagrams have used medical examples almost from their inception, that graphical representation of decision problems has disseminated surprisingly slowly in the medical literature and among clinicians performing decision analyses. Clinicians appear to prefer decision trees as their primary modeling metaphor. This perspective examines the use of influence diagrams in medicine and offers explanations and suggestions for accelerating their dissemination.
Functional Characteristics and Nontraditional Applications of Milk Lipid Components in Food and Nonfood Systems

Abstract Milk fat can be modified to improve its functionality and expand its usage for traditional and nontraditional applications. The triglyceride, diglyceride, monoglyceride, and individual fatty acid components of milk fat determine functionality. Milk fat functionally is expressed through crystallization and melting behaviors, surface-active properties, and nutritional properties. Methods that are available to modify the functional properties of milk fat include fractionation by melt crystallization and supercritical fluid extraction, blending, texturization, interesterification, and glycerolysis. The selection of modification procedures is often driven by the requirement of the application. Modification of selected functionalities can expand the opportunities for milk fat as nontraditional ingredients in traditional applications, such as the use of milk fat fractions in chocolate and bakery products. New applications include the use of intact milk fat and milk fat fractions in the production of structured lipids, sucrose polyesters, edible films, emulsifiers, and cosmetics. Other nontraditional functionality associated with milk lipid components includes the antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties of conjugated linoleic acid and the antimicrobial properties of lauric acid.
Quantitative In Situ Growth Measurements of Chlorine-Activated Homoepitaxial Diamond CVD

In situ quantitative studies of the effects of substrate temperature, methane and chlorine flow rates on homoepitaxial diamond growth rates on (110) surfaces in a chlorine-activated diamond CVD reactor have been carried out using a Fizeau interferometer. The temperature dependence of diamond growth rates was found to display three distinct growth activation energies, ranging from 9±2 kcal/mol in the substrate temperature of 750-950°C, to 3.2±0.2 kcal/mol in the temperature range of 300-650°C, followed by 1.2±0.2 kcal/mol in the temperature range of 102-250°C. Atomic hydrogen is believed to be the dominant activating species in the highest temperature range, and atomic chlorine is believed to be the dominant species in the lower temperature regions. Studies of the methane flow effect on diamond growth rates revealed a linearity, indicating that the diamond growth rate was of the first order in methane flows. Diamond growth rates were also found to increase linearly with the chlorine flow. At high chlorine flow rates, however, an accelerated diamond growth rate was observed. Discussion is given to explain the observed results.
Direct and indirect pathways of immunity to pancreatic islet transplants

R esults from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial demonstrated the importance of maintaining euglycemia for abating long-term disease complications.’ However, despite exogenous insulin therapy, complications continue to be the major source of morbidity and mortality in Type I diabetes. As such, the restoration of euglycemia through transplanting insulin-producing tissues in the form of whole organ pancreas or isolated islet tissue remains an important option for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes. To date, the results of pancreas transplantation has been greatly superior to islet transplantation for achieving insulin independence in Type I diabetic patients.2A However, islet transplantation continues to serve as an attractive alternative treatment due to the potential for modifling the graft (immunomodulation), the capacity for immunoisolating the grafted tissue, and for the possible use of xenogeneic donors. There are a number of obstacles that may add to the disappointing results of islet transplantation. Nonimmunologic factors may contribute to islet dysfunction, such as initial ischemia and failure of the tissue to engraft, long-term functional insufficiency in an ectopic site (eg, liver), and the potential deleterious effects of immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporine and steroids on islet metabolism. Immunologic responses, including transplantation rejection and the recurrence of autoimmune pathogenesis associated with Type I diabetes, are also major barriers to successful islet transplantation. The focus of this discussion will be to examine the nature of T lymphocyte-dependent immune responses to pancreatic islet transplants. Emphasis will be placed on contrasting the nature of alloimmune, xenoimmune, and autoimmune responses in animal models of islet transplantation.
NON-UNIFORM PARTICLE DISTRIBUTIONS DURING TUBE FLOWS OF NEUTRALLY BUOYANT SUSPENSIONS IN SECOND-ORDER FLUIDS

Flow through an inclined tube of a suspension of uniform, neutrally buoyant spheres in a second-order fluid has been analyzed using the theory of (Li and Slattery, 1989) The result predicts that the spheres will migrate toward the center of the tube, forming a core with a maximum packing density. The velocity and concentration distributions agree qualitatively with previous observations. The predicted apparent viscosity is significantly lower than that obtained with a cone-plate viscometer (limiting case in which the angle between the cone and the plate approaches zero) or a parallel-plate viscometer, in which uniform concentration distributions are expected.
Driving Point Impedance for a Linear Array of Half-width Leaky-wave Antennas

Printed leaky-wave antennas offer the potential for a low-profile, wide-bandwidth antenna element that can be arrayed if desired. Microstrip leaky-wave antennas rely on the suppression of the familiar EH0 mode and the propagation of the radiating EH1 mode. It is well-known that above a critical frequency, this leaky-wave will propagate with little attenuation and that the phase difference between the two radiating edges of the microstrip leads to radiation. The driving point impedance for a given leaky-wave antenna
Performance of PEI/BMI semi-IPN membranes for separations of various binary gaseous mixtures☆

Abstract Synthesis of polyetherimide–bismaleimide (PEI–BMI) semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPNs) combined with solvent phase inversion was used to prepare asymmetric flat membranes, which were coated with silicon rubber. These membranes were evaluated for production of O 2 -enriched air and separation of CO 2 from its mixture with CH 4 as well as with N 2 . Using different preparation schemes membranes with varying skin and supported layer characteristics were prepared. These different morphologies of membranes were responsible for a trade-off performance between gas permeance and permselectivity. These new composite, PEI–BMI semi-IPN membranes showed suitable performance for production of O 2 -enriched air and separation of CO 2 from natural gas or flue gas relevant to greenhouse gas emission control. Membrane performance was explained in terms of the intrinsic gas transport properties of the coated silicon layer and membrane glassy material, which determine the limitations of permeance–permselectivity trade-off. It was also found that the permselectivity for CO 2 over CH 4 or N 2 increases with increasing CO 2 feed concentration. This might be exploited to arrange for more cost-efficient multistage gas separation systems.
Laparoscopic warm renal ischemia in the solitary porcine kidney model.

Abstract Objectives To determine the effect of a laparoscopic approach on warm renal ischemia in the pig with a solitary kidney. Although the maximal safe duration for warm ischemia during open partial nephrectomy is commonly accepted to be 30 minutes, the maximal safe ischemic time during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy has not been previously determined. Methods Sixteen farm pigs underwent unilateral laparoscopic right nephrectomy. Two weeks later, the pigs underwent complete laparoscopic mobilization of the remaining left kidney and were randomized to complete hilar clamp times of 0, 30, 60, or 90 minutes. Serum creatinine was evaluated before right nephrectomy and at days 0, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 30 after renal ischemia during laparoscopy. All renal specimens were evaluated by an experienced nephropathologist in a blinded fashion. Results The serum creatinine remained stable at all points in the control and 30-minute ischemia groups. The serum creatinine level rose initially on days 2 and 4 in the 60-minute and 90-minute ischemia groups but returned to baseline by day 7. At harvest, no statistically significant difference was found among the groups in serum creatinine or histologic features. Conclusions Renal ischemic times up to 90 minutes during laparoscopy were well tolerated by the solitary porcine kidney. Possible explanations for this finding include the protective effect of a solitary kidney and the potential protective effect of relative ischemic preconditioning provided by the pneumoperitoneum.
Numerical Solutions to the Bellman Equation of Optimal Control

In this paper, we present a numerical algorithm to compute high-order approximate solutions to Bellman’s dynamic programming equation that arises in the optimal stabilization of discrete-time nonlinear control systems. The method uses a patchy technique to build local Taylor polynomial approximations defined on small domains, which are then patched together to create a piecewise smooth approximation. The numerical domain is dynamically computed as the level sets of the value function are propagated in reverse time under the closed-loop dynamics. The patch domains are constructed such that their radial boundaries are contained in the level sets of the value function and their lateral boundaries are constructed as invariant sets of the closed-loop dynamics. To minimize the computational effort, an adaptive subdivision algorithm is used to determine the number of patches on each level set depending on the relative error in the dynamic programming equation. Numerical tests in 2D and 3D are given to illustrate the accuracy of the method.
A neural and behavioral study of auditory habituation in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana

1. Neural activity (single neurons or evoked potentials) in response to repetitive acoustic stimulation was recorded at three different levels of the ascending auditory system in the bullfrog,Rana catesbeiana. 2. Auditory fibers in the eighth nerve did not habituate in response to repeated stimuli. 3. Evoked potentials from the principal nucleus of the torus semicircularis in the midbrain exhibited marked habituation only if the stimulus repetition rate was at least 1/s. 4. Evoked potentials from the central nucleus of the dorsal thalamus, the primary diencephalic target of ascending fibers from the torus semicircularis, habituated in response to stimulation rates as slow as 1 every 10s. Thus there is a pronounced change in habituation to acoustic stimuli in the dorsal thalamus compared to the torus semicircularis. Furthermore, the habituation in the central nucleus was especially effective in response to sounds with amplitude spectra similar to that in the bullfrog's mating call (simultaneous low-frequency and high-frequency energy). 5. Male bullfrogs living in a laboratory environment produced mating calls in response to playbacks of taped bullfrog mating calls. This evoked calling habituated in response to repeated playbacks. 6. Maximal evoked calling occurred at stimulus repetition rates that did not produce neural habituation in the central nucleus. These results suggest that auditory processing in the central nucleus of the dorsal thalamus may be important in mediating the evoked calling behavior of the bullfrog.
Duplication of the Inferior Vena Cava in Thromboembolic Disease

Recurrent pulmonary embolism from the lower extremities or pelvis, despite anticoagulation, often requires interruption of the inferior vena cava (IVC). We report two patients in whom interruption of the IVC failed to ameliorate symptoms. Both patients demonstrated a previously unrecognized duplication of the IVC. We stress the importance of excluding abdominal venous anomalies prior to interrupting the IVC using surgical or percutaneous methods.
Comparative uptake and retention of adriamycin and N-benzyladriamycin-14-valerate in human CEM leukemic lymphocyte cell cultures.

N-Benzyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD 198) is a new lipophilic adriamycin (ADR) analogue that shows marked therapeutic superiority to ADR in murine tumor model systems yet differs mechanistically from ADR in a number of ways. Among its other properties, AD 198 produces a delayed but profound effect on cell-cycle progression and a pattern of continuing DNA damage in cultured cells briefly exposed to the drug. Using radiolabeled drug forms and radioassays combined with HPLC separation and fluorimetric detection techniques, aspects of drug accumulation, biotransformation, and retention in cultured human CEM leukemic lymphocytes were studied, in part to determine a possible pharmacologic basis for the latent effects seen with this drug. In addition, the cellular pharmacology of AD 198 and ADR were comparatively examined under identical experimental conditions. When CEM cells were incubated with drug at equi-growth inhibitory/minimally cytotoxic concentrations (AD 198, 1.0 μM; ADR, 0.1 μM), a number of differences were apparent. Under conditions of continuous 24-h drug exposure, a slow cellular accumulation and equilibration was observed with ADR (cell: medium equilibrium, 1:11 after 4–6 h), whereas the uptake of AD 198 was rapid and extensive (cell: medium equilibrium, 3:1 within 30 min). In drug-retention studies, when cells were pretreated at the same drug concentrations as before (AD 198 for 1 h; ADR for 4 h) and then transferred to drug-free media, both compounds re-equilibrated their intracellular drug content with the fresh media, losing about 50% of their respective anthracycline levels. Liquid chromatographic analysis of ADR-treated cultures under both sets of conditions showed the parent drug to be the only intracellular anthracycline species, whereas analysis of AD 198-treated cultures revealed two fluorescent signals corresponding to the parent drug and its 14-deesterified biotransformation product,N-benzyladriamycin (AD 288). Levels of AD 288 rose from 2% of the total intracellular anthracycline content immediately on drug admixture to 61% following 24 h continuous drug exposure and to 69% at 24 h in cells exposed to drug for 1 h and then continued in drug-free media for 24 h. At all times, the balance of the intracellular anthracycline fluorescence was attributable to the parent drug; no ADR was detectable in AD 198-treated cells by either fluorescence detection or radioassay. Thus, AD 198 is not a prodrug form of ADR, and the in vitro effects of this agent, including the latent effects on cell-cycle inhibition and DNA damage seen in cells following short-term drug exposure, can be explained on the basis of the high levels of active parent drug and biotransformation product that accumulate and persist in the cells.
Agricultural Advisors as Climate Information Intermediaries: Exploring Differences in Capacity to Communicate Climate

AbstractAlthough agricultural production faces chronic stress associated with extreme precipitation events, high temperatures, drought, and shifts in climate conditions, adoption of climate information into agricultural decision making has been relatively limited. Agricultural advisors have been shown to play important roles as information intermediaries between scientists and farmers, brokering, translating, and adding value to agronomic and economic information of use in agricultural management decision making. Yet little is known about the readiness of different types of agricultural advisors to use weather and climate information to help their clients manage risk under increasing climate uncertainty. More than 1700 agricultural advisors in four midwestern states (Nebraska, Indiana, Iowa, and Michigan) completed a web-based survey during the spring of 2012 about their use of weather and climate information, public or private sector employment, and roles as information intermediaries in three advising s...
Work functions of the (001) face of the hexaborides of Ba, La, Ce and Sm

Abstract From thermonic and field emission retarding potential methods the following order of increasing work function for RB 6 -type single crystals was determined: CeB 6 (001) ≲ LaB 6 (001) 6 (001) 6 (001) Auger electron spectroscopy indicated that low work function surfaces correlated with low B/R ratios; however, energy dependence of the electron reflection coefficient maxima suggests that a conduction band edge shift relative to the Fermi level among the various RB 6 (001) crystals largely accounts for the work function variation. Mass spectrometric studies showed only atomic species vaporizing from all the RB 6 crystals investigated. Large variations in the vapor phase B/R ratios and vaporization energies for crystals of the same material were believed to be due to small variations in bulk stoichiometry.
A cache coherence approach for large multiprocessor systems

This paper explores the architecture of high-performance large scale multiprocessors using private caches for each processor. The caches reduce the average memory access time, but they also result in the well known cache coherence problem. Multiple copies of each memory location are allowed to exist but they must be kept consistent with each other. In this paper, we present a solution to the cache coherence problem specifically for shared bus multiprocessors that adapts dynamically to the reference pattern. Simulation results are presented that demonstrate the high level of performance relative to other protocols particularly during intervals with high levels of sharing.The paper then presents a coherence solution for large multiprocessor systems organized around a hierarchy of buses. One of the first solutions of this kind, the hierarchical protocol is an extension of the adaptive shared bus approach described in this paper.
The systems movement: An overview for information scientists

The focus of information research in any given discipline depends on the meaning of the word “information” for scientists in that discipline. This article lists some of the “disciplines of information,” including several with a strong systems orientation, and identifies those information scientists for whom a knowledge of systems methodology is important. This is followed by a broad-brush treatment of the modern systems movement: its role in the changing worldview of science, some disciplines (e.g., cybernetics and operations research) that have contributed to its development, and the distinction that can be drawn between General Systems Theory (GST) and other approaches to the study of systems—a theme developed by Mattessich in the article that follows.
History of inverted-pendulum systems

Abstract The inverted-pendulum system is a favorite example system and lecture demonstration of students and educators in physics, dynamics, and control. This system is a simple and valuable laboratory representation of an unstable mechanical system. This paper traces the early history of the inverted-pendulum system, and also compares several of the early treatments from the literature between 1960 and 1970.
Sectorial Stieltjes functions and their realizations by L-systems with a Schrödinger operator

We consider classes of sectorial Stieltjes functions. It is shown that a function belonging to these classes can be realized as the impedance function of a singular L-system with a sectorial state-space operator. We provide an additional condition on a given function from this class so that the state-space operator of the realizing L-system is α-sectorial with the exact angle of sectoriality α. Then these results are applied to L-systems based upon a non-self-adjoint Schrodinger operator.
THE LYMPHOCYTE IN NATURAL AND INDUCED RESISTANCE TO TRANSPLANTED CANCER : V. HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE LYMPHOID TISSUE OF MICE WITH INDUCED IMMUNITY TO TRANSPLANTED CANCER.

Mice immunized against cancer by means of an injection of defibrinated blood show in the germinal centers of the lymphoid organs a marked increase in the numbers of mitotic figures. The increase becomes evident 48 hours after the injection in the majority of instances and reaches its climax at about the 5th day. After this time it subsides, returning to the normal rate about the 10th day. These immunized animals, when inoculated with a cancer graft 10 days after the injection, show a second stimulation of the lymphoid centers similar to the first but more intense in character. This increase in the number of mitotic figures becomes evident as early as 24 hours after the cancer inoculation and persists in a marked degree for a week, after which there is a gradual return to the normal rate. The lymphocytes of the circulating blood during the establishment of the immunity show frequent examples of amitotic division, and many examples of irregular and lobulated nuclei. These changes suggest intensified functional activity. Contrary to the statement of Da Fano, cellular reaction in the subcutaneous tissues of immunized animals is present only in the region infiltrated by the injected cells. This fact becomes conspicuous when the immunizing injection is given intraperitoneally, in which case no cellular accumulations are noted in the loose connective tissues. No constant cellular changes were noted in the bone marrow, thymus or thyroid gland, liver, or kidney of the treated animals.
Harold P. Brown and the Executioner's Current: an Incident in the AC-DC Controversy

The Age of Electricity was foreshadowed by the “battle of the currents.” This almost forgotten controversy had important technological implications, but it is also a macabre chapter in the history of marketing tactics. Westinghouse's superior alternating current system was ingeniously attacked by proponents of direct current. Exploiting contemporary evidence from the penitentiary, the direct-current adherents declaimed against use by the public of a system employed by the state to rid itself of its most dangerous criminals.
Emotional Responses to Pregnancy Based on Geographical Classification of Residence

Pregnancy is a time of life-changing events. How the woman adapts to pregnancy varies greatly. These variations may be seen in the measurements of anxiety, depression and uncertainty. These emotional responses may be influenced by factors in her psychosocial environment. Of interest in this study was whether the woman’s emotional responses to pregnancy was influenced by whether she lived in a rural or urban setting. A descriptive design was used to compare pregnant women’s responses to a survey instrument measuring the aspects of anxiety, depression and uncertainty based on geographical classification of residence. A sample of 128 first-trimester primaparas was recruited from obstetrical providers’ offices in three southern cities. The providers cared for women living in the urban area and surrounding rural counties. Rural residence was significantly related to anxiety, depression and uncertainty scores in pregnant women. These findings should alert nurses and other healthcare providers to screen for these differences and plan interventions to reduce high levels of negative emotional responses and hopefully improve outcomes.
Interday Forecasting and Intraday Updating of Call Center Arrivals

Accurate forecasting of call arrivals is critical for staffing and scheduling of a telephone call center. We develop methods for interday and dynamic intraday forecasting of incoming call volumes. Our approach is to treat the intraday call volume profiles as a high-dimensional vector time series. We propose first to reduce the dimensionality by singular value decomposition of the matrix of historical intraday profiles and then to apply time series and regression techniques. Our approach takes into account both interday (or day-to-day) dynamics and intraday (or within-day) patterns of call arrivals. Distributional forecasts are also developed. The proposed methods are data driven, appear to be robust against model assumptions in our simulation studies, and are shown to be very competitive in out-of-sample forecast comparisons using two real data sets. Our methods are computationally fast; it is therefore feasible to use them for real-time dynamic forecasting.
High‐Risk Drinking in College Athletes and Nonathletes Across the Academic Year

This study compared heavy drinking and alcohol-related consequences between freshman student-athletes (n = 137) and nonathletes (n = 318). Differences in high-risk drinking between the fall and spring terms were also examined. Results indicated that student-athletes reported heavier drinking and higher levels of alcohol-related consequences than did nonathletes. In addition, student-athletes reported the highest levels of drinking and alcohol-related consequences in the spring term. Implications for college counseling prevention programming are discussed.
Moral teachings from unexpected quarters. Lessons for bioethics from the social sciences and managed care.

On the usual account of moral reasoning, social science is often seen as able to provide “just the facts,” while philosophy attends to moral values and conceptual clarity and builds formally valid arguments. Yet disciplines are informed by epistemic values—and bioethics might do well to see social scientific practices and their attendant normative understandings about what is humanly important as a significant part of ethics generally.
Optimal Sensing-Transmission Structure for Dynamic Spectrum Access

In cognitive wireless networks where secondary users (SUs) opportunistically access spectral white spaces of primary users (PUs), there exists an inherent tradeoff between sensing and transmission due to the competing goals of PU protection and SU access maximization. This paper studies means of sensing-transmission for SUs to better manage the competing goals by defining utility function to reward the SU for successful packet transmissions and to penalize it for colliding with PU. To maximize the SU utility, we present a threshold-based sensing-transmission structure that is optimal under a technical constraint. Both perfect sensing and imperfect sensing are considered, with or without SU acknowledgement of reception. This SU access scheme optimizes SU access efficiency while protecting PU performance. It sets a benchmark and provides insight for the design of sensing-transmission control in cognitive networks such as IEEE 802.22.
Teaching and learning enhancement in undergraduate machine dynamics

Currently, information technology (IT) is playing a significant role in the development of learning environments. The integration of IT into the classroom provides innovative learning environments that allow for more interactive, relevant, and effective applications to give students valuable experiences. This article presents the design and implementation of more active and collaborative methods of teaching and learning in a course on mechanisms and machine dynamics. Through the use of virtual collaborative environments such as cooperative learning, problem-based learning (PBL), critical thinking, and more in the context of IT-enabled environments, students are given the opportunity to experiment with ideas and see the results of their efforts on the computer screen. These interactive learning modules impose more responsibility on students for their own learning than the traditional lecture-based passive learning methodology. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 244–255, 2011
Admissibility of Patient’s Statements in Medical Record

The New York state Appellate Divisions have recently decided on three cases has created a new exception to the hearsay rule for admissions in medical records. Previously, CPLR 4518(a) had been understood to permit admissions of a party opponent written in a medical record only if the information was germane to the patient’s medical treatment. Under the new rulings in Preldakaj v. Alps Realty of NY Corp., 69 A.D.3d 455 (lst Dept. 2010), Coker v. Bakkal Foods Inc., 52 A.D.3d 765 (2d Dept. 2008), lv. den. 11 N. Y.3d 708 (2008), and Smolinski v. Smolinski, 2010 NY Slip Op. 08468 (Nov. 19,2010), entries in a party's medical record made upon information provided by the party, which are inconsistent with a position taken by the party at trial, are admissible as an admission of the party even if they are not germane to treatment or diagnosis.This article discusses the latest decisions on this matter in their relation to Williams v. Alexander, 309 N.Y. 283 (1955), which set the previous rule.
Assembly sequencing for arbitrary motions

Considers the following problem that arises in assembly planning: given an assembly, identify a subassembly that can be removed without disturbing the rest of the assembly. Solutions of this problem have been presented when the motions allowed for the separation are of certain restricted types. These solutions are generalized to allow arbitrary relative motions between the two subassemblies. The generalization is based on a configuration space construction that makes explicit the spatial interferences between every pair of parts for every relative motion. Based on this construction, it is possible to simultaneously determine the path by which a subassembly can be removed and the parts contained in the subassembly. While the algorithms resulting from this construction may in the worst case require time exponential in the length of the removal path, the expected complexity for realistic assemblies is an open question. >
Preclinical and toxicology studies of 1263W94, a potent and selective inhibitor of human cytomegalovirus replication.

1263W94 is a novel benzimidazole compound being developed for treatment of human cytomegalovirus infection. No adverse pharmacological effects were demonstrated in safety pharmacology studies with 1263W94. The minimal-effect dose in a 1-month rat study was 100 mg/kg/day, and the no-effect dose in a 1-month monkey study was 180 mg/kg/day. Toxic effects were limited to increases in liver weights, neutrophils, and monocytes at higher doses in female rats. 1263W94 was not genotoxic in the Ames or micronucleus assays. In the mouse lymphoma assay, 1263W94 was mutagenic in the absence of the rat liver S-9 metabolic activation system, with equivocal results in the presence of the S-9 mix. Mean oral bioavailability of 1263W94 was >90% in rats and ∼50% in monkeys. Clearance in rats and monkeys was primarily by biliary secretion, with evidence of enterohepatic recirculation. In 1-month studies in rats and monkeys, mean peak concentrations and exposures to 1263W94 increased in near proportion to dose. Metabolism of 1263W94 to its primary metabolite, an N-dealkylated analog, appeared to be mediated via the isozyme CYP3A4 in humans. 1263W94 was primarily distributed in the gastrointestinal tract of rats but did not cross the blood-brain barrier. In monkeys, 1263W94 levels in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and vitreous humor ranged from 4 to 20%, 1 to 2%, and <1%, of corresponding concentrations in plasma, respectively. The high level of binding by 1263W94 to human plasma proteins (primarily albumin) was readily reversible, with less protein binding seen in the monkey, rat, and mouse. Results of these studies demonstrate a favorable safety profile for 1263W94.
Hemodynamic profile of constrictive pericarditis produced by a massive right pleural effusion

We report a 29-year-old female who presented with thyrotoxicosis and a massive right pleural effusion. Cardiac catheterization in the presence of the effusion revealed equalization of abnormally elevated right and left heart filling pressures. Repeat study after thoracentesis demonstrated normal intracardiac pressures, which were unchanged by volume loading with normal saline. This case report suggests that both extrinsic cardiac chamber compression produced by the large unilateral effusion and ventricular interdependence altered diastolic function of the right and left ventricle in a manner resembling constrictive pericarditis or restrictive cardiomyopathy.