cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delivery of Polymeric Nanoparticles to Target Vascular Diseases.

Current advances in nanotechnology have paved the way for the early detection, prevention and treatment of various diseases such as vascular disorders and cancer. These advances have provided novel approaches or modalities of incorporating or adsorbing therapeutic, biosensor and targeting agents into/on nanoparticles. With significant progress, nanomedicine for vascular therapy has shown significant advantages over traditional medicine because of its ability to selectively target the disease site and reduce adverse side effects. Targeted delivery of nanoparticles to vascular endothelial cells or the vascular wall provides an effective and more efficient way for early detection and/or treatment of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis and Cerebrovascular Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA). Clinical applications of biocompatible and biodegradable polymers in areas such as vascular graft, implantable drug delivery, stent devices and tissue engineering scaffolds have advanced the candidature of polymers as potential nano-carriers for vascular-targeted delivery of diagnostic agents and drugs. This review focuses on the basic aspects of the vasculature and its associated diseases and relates them to polymeric nanoparticlebased strategies for targeting therapeutic agents to diseased vascular site.
Delaying dementia Can antihypertensives prevent Alzheimer dementia

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., a 19th-century physician, Dean of Harvard Medical School, and poet, described an enchanting thought experiment in his poem, “The Deacon's Wonderful One-Hoss Shay.” This carriage was crafted to be equally strong in every part, letting it run in perfect condition for 100 years before, one fine day, it disintegrated like a “bubble burst.” For many geriatric neurologists and their patients, that would be a worthy goal: to address all the “weak links,” the most vulnerable and fixable aspects of brain aging, thus compressing morbidity due to cognitive decline into a brief flicker prior to death. The emerging realization that dementia is a clinical syndrome with multiple etiologies lends urgency to the argument for a multipronged therapeutic approach more akin to that used in the prevention of coronary artery disease or stroke.
Practical issues in imaging hydraulic conductivity through hydraulic tomography.

Hydraulic tomography has been developed as an alternative to traditional geostatistical methods to delineate heterogeneity patterns in parameters such as hydraulic conductivity (K) and specific storage (Ss). During hydraulic tomography surveys, a large number of hydraulic head data are collected from a series of cross-hole tests in the subsurface. These head data are then used to interpret the spatial distribution of K and Ss using inverse modeling. Here, we use the Sequential Successive Linear Estimator (SSLE) of Yeh and Liu (2000) to interpret synthetic pumping test data created through numerical simulations and real data generated in a laboratory sandbox aquifer to obtain the K tomograms. Here, we define ‘‘K tomogram’’ as an image of K distribution of the subsurface (or the inverse results) obtained via hydraulic tomography. We examine the influence of signal-to-noise ratio and biases on results using inverse modeling of synthetic and real cross-hole pumping test data. To accomplish this, we first show that the pumping rate, which affects the signal-to-noise ratio, and the order of data included into the SSLE algorithm both have large impacts on the quality of the K tomograms. We then examine the role of conditioning on the K tomogram and find that conditioning can improve the quality of the K tomogram, but can also impair it, if the data are of poor quality and conditioning data have a larger support volume than the numerical grid used to conduct the inversion. Overall, these results show that the quality of the K tomogram depends on the design of pumping tests, their conduct, the order in which they are included in the inverse code, and the quality as well as the support volume of additional data that are used in its computation.
Some Heuristics for the Navigation of a Robot

A mobile robot is required to navigate around barriers in an unexplored environment. Some heuristic strategies to aid such navigation are discussed here. Being heuristic, these methods can be neither exhaustively tested nor proved effec tive in all cases. However, examples are given to demonstrate their usefulness in obstacle avoidance. In a simple case of sufficient generality, the heuristics are shown to be effective.
The generation of surface targets with specified surface statistics

Results are presented from efforts to generate physical surfaces from known or desired surface statistical properties, proceeding from previous work on the generation of random surfaces for use in computer simulations. The known statistical surface is extended using a bicubic spline technique; these results are interfaced with a numerically controlled machine in order to generate the physical surface. A portion of a complete surface with Gaussian statistics was constructed and tested to measure conformity to the desired statistics.
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE POLYTYPIC NORTH AMERICAN RAT SNAKE (ELAPHE OBSOLETA): A CRITIQUE OF THE SUBSPECIES CONCEPT

Subspecies have been considered artificial subdivisions of species, pattern classes, or incipient species. However, with more data and modern phylogenetic techniques, some subspecies may be found to represent true species. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the polytypic snake, Elaphe obsoleta, yields well-supported clades that do not conform to any of the currently accepted subspecies. Complete nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome b gene and the mitochondrial control region produced robust maximum-parsimony and maximum-likelihood trees that do not differ statistically. Both trees were significantly shorter than a most parsimonious tree in which each subspecies was constrained to be monophyletic. Thus, the subspecies of E. obsoleta do not represent distinct genetic lineages. Instead, the evidence points to three well-supported mitochondrial DNA clades confined to particular geographic areas in the eastern United States. This research underscores the potential problems of recognizing subspecies based on one or a few characters.
Clearing Up Misconceptions on Clearing

Vertical integration of the execution and clearing of financial trades is an efficiency-improving response to pervasive scale economies. That said, it is highly unlikely that integrated exchanges achieve a first-best, optimal outcome. Because of scale economies, it is very difficult to compete against incumbent exchanges and, as a result, they possess and exercise market power. Serious attempts to undermine exchange market power must involve measures designed to handle the liquidity network effect and constrain the ability of clearers to exploit scale economies and charge supracompetitive prices. This article examines these problems and counsels caution for would-be reformers.
Comparison of the syndesmotic staple to the transsyndesmotic screw: a biomechanical study

Background: Controversy still exists about treatment of syndesmotic injuries. This study compared the fixation strengths and biomechanical characteristics of two types of ankle fracture syndesmotic fixation devices: the barbed, round staple and the 4.5-mm cortical screw. Methods: Cadaveric testing was done on 21 fresh-frozen knee disarticulation specimens in biaxial servohydraulic Instron testing equipment. Submaximal torsional loads were applied to specimens in intact and Weber C bimalleolar fracture states. The specimens were then fixed with one of two techniques and again subjected to submaximal torsion and torsion to failure. Biomechanical parameters measured included tibiofibular translation and rotation, maximal torque to failure, and degrees of rotation at failure. Results: Compared to the intact state before testing, the staple held the fibula in a more anatomic position than the screw for mediolateral and anterior displacements (p < 0.01). With submaximal torsional testing, the staple restored 85...
Economic Feasibility of Scouting Soybean Insects in Late Summer In Virginia

Scouting soybeans in Virginia is economically feasible with existing labor and insect treatment costs, present insect treatment practices, and at work efficiencies obtained in 2 years of study. In 1972, 36 fields averaging 23.9 acres were scouted for 4 weeks in Middlesex County at a cost of 7.2¢/acre/week. In 1973, 32 fields averaging 27.0 acres were scouted for 6 weeks in Virginia Beach at a cost of 5.5¢/acre/week. The percentage of insect control costs spent before insect populations reached levels at which Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University recommends control was 87.2% in Middlesex County and 89.7% in Virginia Beach. Elimination of unnecessary control costs would have yielded net savings per dollar of outlay equal to $4.54 in 1972 and $3.13 in 1973.
Intestinal Flora of Rats on Purified Diets Containing Sulfonamides.

SummaryRats receiving purified diets plus sulfaguanidine and succinylsulfathiazole showed a decrease in the number of E. coli in the feces and cecum within three days after the drug was given. The number remained low for 10 days and then began to increase and at the end of the five weeks approached the normal level.The “total” counts remained constant throughout the test period. Enterococci replaced the coliforms during the time of repressed E. coli growth.On a succinylsulfathiazole-containing diet supplemented with either liver extract or a crude folic acid concentrate normal growth was maintained in spite of a marked reduction in the number of E. coli in the cecum.
The Power of Speaking Up in Organizations: An Exploration of Outcomes of Voice

In this symposium, we present four empirical papers that delve into the 2014 Academy meeting theme, “The Power of Words”, by exploring various employee and organizational outcomes of voice. Although previous research has explored overall effects of voice on employee performance evaluation (e.g., Whiting et al., 2012) or unit outcomes (e.g.,Detert, Burris, Harrison, & Martin, 2013), our symposium explores specific contexts in which voice yields more, or less, favorable outcomes. More specifically, we explore whether the outcomes of voice for individuals or the units in which they are located differ depending on the type of voice, the type of jobs that employees voice about, the composition of the teams in which voice is exhibited, and the type of manager to whom voice is directed. These symposium papers help deepen our understanding of the outcomes of voice, both for the employees who speak up and for the organizations in which voice occurs. Look Who’s Talking?: Temporal and Compositional Contingencies of ...
Generating inflow turbulence for eddy simulation of turbomachinery flows

Numerical simulations of spatially developing turbulent boundary layers require specification of realistic, coherent series of time-varying velocity components at the inflow. In this work, a variant of the widely used recycling and rescaling method of generating inflow turbulence has been explored for the large eddy simulation of turbomachinery flows. To avoid the spurious linking of spanwise structures and error accumulation, a mirroring method proposed in the literature has been adopted. A computational framework is developed within an existing LES module in OpenFOAM and preliminary validation is carried out. This framework can potentially be used for eddy simulations of spatially developing boundary layers as well as turbomachinery internal flows with a specific boundary layer thickness at the inflow boundary.
Time, Temperature and Strain Relaxation during Fabrication of Strained Heterostructures

We present a simple example of the time evolution of temperature, excess stress and strain relaxation during growth and subsequent annealing of strained heterostructures.
Grounding statistical learning in context: The effects of learning and retrieval contexts on cross-situational word learning

Natural language environments usually provide structured contexts for learning. This study examined the effects of semantically themed contexts-in both learning and retrieval phases-on statistical word learning. Results from 2 experiments consistently showed that participants had higher performance in semantically themed learning contexts. In contrast, themed retrieval contexts did not affect performance. Our work suggests that word learners are sensitive to statistical regularities not just at the level of individual word-object co-occurrences but also at another level containing a whole network of associations among objects and their properties.
The Effects of Vocational Rehabilitation Services for People with Mental Illness

ABSTRACT:We construct a structural model of participation in vocational rehabilitation for people with mental illness. There are multiple services to choose among, and each has different effects on employment, earnings, and receipt of DI/SSI. This is the first paper to jointly estimate VR service receipt, employment outcomes, and DI/SSI receipt. We estimate large effects for most of the services implying large rates of return to vocational rehabilitation.
Understanding the uncertainty of interatomic potentials’ parameters and formalism

Abstract A sensitivity analysis of the modified embedded atom method (MEAM) potential for body-centered-cubic uranium and zirconium was performed in order to examine and understand the uncertainty in the parameters and formalism of the interatomic potential. The sensitivity analysis was conducted using one-at-a-time (OAT) sampling of the parameters and how they affected the ground state, thermal, and alloy structural and thermodynamic properties. The performed analysis was able to uncover the properties that can be easily varied or adjusted like the lattice constant, and the properties that had little variance like the heat capacity. The observed analysis on the ground state properties was found to correspond well with previously published results, after which the thermal and alloy properties were examined. A new method of categorizing changes in the alloy properties was developed that allows for the discrimination of bonding behaviors, determining if the strength of the bonding between atoms changed or if the manner in which they were bonded together changed.
Dynamic detection of spin accumulation in ferromagnet-semiconductor devices by ferromagnetic resonance (Conference Presentation)

A distinguishing feature of spin accumulation in ferromagnet-semiconductor devices is its precession in a magnetic field. This is the basis for detection techniques such as the Hanle effect, but these approaches become ineffective as the spin lifetime in the semiconductor decreases. For this reason, no electrical Hanle measurement has been demonstrated in GaAs at room temperature. We show here that by forcing the magnetization in the ferromagnet to precess at resonance instead of relying only on the Larmor precession of the spin accumulation in the semiconductor, an electrically generated spin accumulation can be detected up to 300~K. The injection bias and temperature dependence of the measured spin signal agree with those obtained using traditional methods. We further show that this new approach enables a measurement of short spin lifetimes (< 100~psec), a regime that is not accessible in semiconductors using traditional Hanle techniques. The measurements were carried out on epitaxial Heusler alloy (Co2FeSi or Co2MnSi)/n-GaAs heterostructures. Lateral spin valve devices were fabricated by electron beam and photolithography. We compare measurements carried out by the new FMR-based technique with traditional non-local and three-terminal Hanle measurements. A full model appropriate for the measurements will be introduced, and a broader discussion in the context of spin pumping experimenments will be included in the talk. The new technique provides a simple and powerful means for detecting spin accumulation at high temperatures. Reference: C. Liu, S. J. Patel, T. A. Peterson, C. C. Geppert, K. D. Christie, C. J. Palmstrom, and P. A. Crowell, “Dynamic detection of electron spin accumulation in ferromagnet-semiconductor devices by ferromagnetic resonance,” Nature Communications 7, 10296 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10296
Uncertainty analysis of metal-casting porosity measurements using Archimedes' principle

A detailed uncertainty-analysis model is developed for metal-casting porosity measurement using Archimedes' principle. The model is used to investigate the influence of liquid density on the sensit...
An Aristotelian Theory of Family

Our purpose is to apply Aristotelian theory to family studies. We introduce Aristotle's work through his debate with Plato over the meaning of family and its role in society. We then explain key concepts in Aristotelian theory, including virtue, practical wisdom, telos, interpretation and evaluation, agency, and human development. We propose an Aristotelian conceptualization of family as a multigenerational institution of mutual responsibility, defined in part through narrative and oriented around developing virtue and helping members reach their potential. Finally, we identify family virtues and consider implications of Aristotelianism for social research, with particular attention to how Aristotle's work provides an epistemological basis for narrative research in general and for case study research in particular.
Printable programmable viscoelastic materials for robots

Impact protection and vibration isolation are an important component of the mobile robot designer's toolkit; however, current damping materials are available only in bulk or molded form, requiring manual fabrication steps and restricting material property control. In this paper we demonstrate a new method for 3D printing viscoelastic materials with specified material properties. This method allows arbitrary net-shape material geometries to be rapidly fabricated and enables continuously varying material properties throughout the finished part. This new ability allows robot designers to tailor the properties of viscoelastic damping materials in order to reduce impact forces and isolate vibrations. We present a case study for using this material to create jumping robots with programmed levels of bouncing.
Disaster Resilience Through Public–Private Short‐Term Collaboration

While contingency planning may provide a perspective for anticipating critical incidents, supply chain managers must develop competencies to address the long-term disruptions that stem from both natural and man-made disasters. The broad-reaching nature of disasters brings public and private entities together and often requires collaboration to revitalize disrupted supply chains. Leveraging supply chain governance logic through the dual lenses of resource management and competing values, a research framework is introduced to address the nature of public–private short-term collaboration and its influence on supply chain resilience. The largely unstudied concept of short-term collaboration is at the heart of a model focusing on the alignment and adjustment of potentially disparate organizational values (public/private) to establish collective responsiveness while facilitating the fulfillment of mutual goals for a single event and/or discrete repeat events. We offer research propositions pertaining to the model and conclude with a discussion of managerial implications and the dire need for future research.
Pathophysiology of Progression: Organ and Cellular Considerations

A steady functional decline in surviving nephrons and increasing nephron dropout underlie the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). A concept common to all mechanisms implicated in the progression of CKD is that processes centered in a particular renal compartment [en dash] glomerular, tubular, interstitial, vascular [en dash] recruit injurious processes in others, and it is this increasing recruitment and interplay of diverse pathobiologic processes, involving multiple renal compartments, that underlie progressive CKD. This chapter reviews these processes and their interaction in the progression of CKD, along with the role of specific mediators and inhibitors of CKD.
ImmunoPET compared with conventional imaging modalities for the detection of Ewing sarcoma metastases in a preclinical model.

10048 Background: Ewing sarcoma is a solid tumor arising from bone and the soft tissues that affects approximately 250 children and adolescents each year. Localized disease confers a favorable 75% ...
Rural Medicine Realities: The Impact of Immersion on Urban‐Based Medical Students

Purpose The purpose of our study was to determine what effect a rural-based 8-week surgical clerkship during the third year of medical school in a rural setting has on students' opinions about rural living and practice. Methods Thirty-three third-year medical students completed a rural health opinion survey at the beginning and end of their 8-week rural rotation and a survey measuring their interest in rural practice after the rotation. The setting was a rural hospital with an average acute care census of 100 that is a regional referral center for 5 rural counties. Findings Urban campus-based students had a statistically significant positive change in opinions about rural comfortable living, availability of quality services, community support, and medical resources. The urban campus-based students also showed a significantly increased interest in small town practice after the rotation. Conclusions Our hypothesis that urban-based students would report an increased level of rural community support at the end of the rotation was confirmed. These urban-based students also reported positive opinions about rural living and practice. The students primarily based at the urban campus also showed a statistically significant more positive attitude toward pursuing a career in a small town after the 8-week experience. This suggests that brief rural immersion experiences may make the larger student pool at an urban campus available to address rural workforce challenges. Future studies at multiple rural sites with a larger sample size are needed to confirm this possibility.
The mediating role of classroom quality on peer effects and language gain in pre-kindergarten ECSE classrooms

ABSTRACTThe current study was designed to determine whether classroom quality (i.e., the quality of teacher–child interactions) served as a mediator of peer effects with respect to preschool children’s gain in language skills over an academic year. Participants were 670 preschool-age children (64.6% boys; M = 4 years, 4 months, SD = 7 months) enrolled in 83 inclusive early childhood special education (ECSE) classrooms in multiple school districts in a single Midwestern state. Measures included an index of classroom quality, average level of classmates’ language skills, and fall and spring language assessments for each child. Results showed that both classroom quality and peer effects contributed to children’s language gain over an academic year, showing that both instructional quality and peers are influential to language development. Results did not support a mediating role for classroom quality: that is, classroom quality did not mediate the effects of peers on children’s language gain.
A New Difficulty Index for Teleoperated Robots Driving through Obstacles

Teleoperation allows humans to reach environments that would otherwise be too difficult or dangerous. The distance between the human operator and remote robot introduces a number of issues that can negatively impact system performance including degraded and delayed information exchange between the robot and human. Some operation scenarios and environments can tolerate these degraded conditions, while others cannot. However, little work has been done to investigate how factors such as communication delay, automation, and environment characteristics interact to affect teleoperation system performance. This paper presents results from a user study analyzing the effects of teleoperation factors including communication delay, autonomous assistance, and environment layout on user performance. A mobile robot driving task is considered in which subjects drive a robot to a goal location around obstacles as quickly (minimize time) and safely (avoid collisions) as possible. An environment difficulty index (ID) is defined in the paper and is shown to be able to predict the average time it takes for the human to drive the robot to a goal location with different obstacle configurations. The ID is also shown to predict the path chosen by the human better than travel time along that path.
The Arizona Database: An Aqueous Solubility Database for Nonelectrolytes

The aqueous solubility of organic compounds is important in a large number of areas of science. For this reason, solubility is a frequently measured property. Solubilities are reported in scientific publications representing nearly every scientific discipline. Yet in spite of the tremendous amount of solubility data that is available in the literature, it is difficult to find the solubility of a particular compound from a normal literature search. When values are available in the literature there are often major discrepancies among the values reported for a particular compound by different authors and it is difficult to select the best value from among all of the reported values. Hence, the ARIZONA dATAbASE was started.
Random vortex models and stochastic partial differential equations

We construct stochastic partial differential equations for the vorticity distribution of a two-dimensional simple fluid. The drift part of these equations is approximately given by the Navier-Stokes Equation and the diffusion part depends on the correlation assumptions for the positions of the centers of the vortices.
Tumoral Vascularity: What Does It Tell Us About the Growth and Spread of Cancer?

Without blood vessels, tumor cells continue to grow until passive diffusion no longer allows enough nutrients to enter or metabolic waste products to exit (1–17). Furthermore, intratumoral endothelial cells proliferate faster than those in the adjacent benign stroma (45-fold faster in breast carcinoma and 30-fold in prostate carcinoma) (18, 19), and the rate of tumor progression increases with increased intratumoral vascularity (19–92). Also, different techniques to specifically inhibit angiogenesis (i.e., not cytostatic to tumor cells in vitro) clearly inhibit tumor growth in vivo (93–104). For example, an analog of fumagillin (a.k.a. AGM-1470 or TNP-470) inhibits endothelial proliferation in vitro and tumor-induced angiogenesis in vivo (95) TNP-470 and other angiogenesis inhibitors are now in various phases of clinical trials as therapeutic agents for a variety of malignant solid tumors, leukemias, and infantile hemangiomas (1,93,94). Moreover, Kim et al. (97) found that inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis suppressed tumor growth in vivo. This group injected human malignant cell lines into nude mice followed by treatment with a monoclonal antibody specific for VEGF. The antibody inhibited the tumor growth and reduced tumor vessel density, but had no effect on the growth rate of the tumor cells in vitro. Millauer et al. (99) noted marked suppression of tumor growth with the introduction of defective VEGF receptors into tumor endothelial cells. He also noted that a single intravascular injection of antagonists of the ν3 integrin disrupted ongoing angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane.
Quality changes in combined pressure-thermal treated acidified vegetables during extended ambient temperature storage

Abstract A study assessed combined pressure-thermal treatment effect on quality attributes of selected acidified vegetables (banana pepper, red beets and green asparagus) over 30 days storage at 25 °C. Vegetables were acidified by suspending them in pickling liquid either through thermal blanching or 8 h storage at ambient temperature. Subsequently, samples were pressure treated in a pilot scale high pressure processor at 600 MPa, 45° or 65 °C for 5 min and stored at ambient temperature for 30 days. Quality analyses included texture, enzyme activity, color, pH and °Brix. Processed products remained stable during storage (pH Industrial relevance The research documented the quality changes in selected acidified vegetable pickles subjected to various pressure-thermal treatments. By reducing thermal impact, high pressure treatment in combination with modest heat can help preserve quality attributes of acidified vegetable pickles with the extended shelf life. The knowledge from this study could help the food processors in deciding relevance of high pressure processing for industrial manufacturing of acidified low-acid shelf-stable vegetable matrices.
Hispanic Youth and Illicit Drug Use: Assessing the Relevance of Risk and Protective Factors:

Although rates of illicit drug use in the United States have remained stable within the last decade, the age-of-onset for drug use is decreasing for certain substances, and the United States still ...
Enhanced Heat Transfer in Heat Sink Channels using Autonomously Fluttering Reeds

Low Reynolds (Re) number forced convection heat transport within channels of compact high-performance heat sinks is enhanced by deliberate formation of unsteady, small-scale vortical motions that lead to significant increases in the heat transfer coefficient at the channel walls and the mixing between the wall thermal boundary layers and the cooler core flow. These motions are induced by the interactions between autonomous, aero-elastically fluttering cantilevered thin-film reeds and the channel flow. The thermal performance enhancement by reed flutter is investigated in a mm-scale, modular model of the heatsink channels with emphasis on the increases in local and global heat transfer characteristics (Nusselt number, Nu) and associated losses over a range of flow rates and channel heights. It is shown that the increase in local and global Nu is accompanied by increases in the turbulent kinetic energy and is sustained over a range of Re that encompasses laminar, transitional, and turbulent base flows with minor corresponding increases in flow losses. The increase in Nu in the presence of the reed leads to a significant reduction in channel wall temperature at a fixed heat dissipation (Q), or, alternatively, to significantly higher Q at a fixed wall temperature. It is shown that the incremental flow losses induced by the reed depend primarily on its planform scales and oscillation frequency which are characterized by its Strouhal number $(St=\Phi L/U).$ However, because Nu depends weakly on St, the flow losses can be minimized to yield high thermal enhancement efficiency.
Efficient Non-Binary Hamming Codes for Limited Magnitude Errors in MLC PCMs

Emerging non-volatile main memories (e.g. phase change memories) have been the continuous focus of research currently. These memories provide an attractive alternative to DRAM with their high density and low cost. But the dominant error models in these memories are of limited magnitude caused by resistance drifts. Hamming codes have been used extensively to protect DRAM due to their low decoding latency and low redundancy as well. But with limited magnitude errors, traditional Hamming codes prove to be inefficient. This paper proposes a new systematic limited magnitude error correcting non-binary Hamming code specifically to address limited magnitude errors in multilevel cell memories storing multiple bits per cell. A general construction methodology is presented to correct errors of limited magnitude and is compared to existing schemes addressing limited magnitude errors in phase change memories. A syndrome analysis is done to show the reduction in total number of syndromes for limited magnitude error models. It is shown that the proposed codes provide better latency and complexity compared to existing limited magnitude error correcting non-binary Hamming codes. It is also shown that the proposed codes achieve better redundancy compared to the symbol extended version of binary Hamming codes.
A wombat ISA simulation for teaching computer architecture: faculty poster abstract

Many computer science students find computer architecture to be a frustrating topic. Most students prefer creating software to working with hardware abstractions, and initially find the topic irrelevant to future software careers. The situation is further compounded by student experiences which are usually limited to a brief exposure to the foundation of computer architecture in CS0 and "board swapping" in the real world. Students often arrive in a first computer architecture class at least a year after the introduction in CS0 having forgotten all but the general concepts related to the topic.
Oxytocin-Sensitive Neurons in Prefrontal Cortex Gate Social Recognition Memory.

Social memory, the ability to recognize familiar conspecifics, is a complex biological process that enables stability of social interactions over time. It requires integration of multimodal sensory information with output from limbic circuits and those that encode memory of prior social experiences
Thioredoxin overexpression in mitochondria showed minimum effects on aging and age-related diseases in male C57BL/6 mice

Objective: In this study, the effects of overexpression of thioredoxin 2 (Trx2) on aging and age-related diseases were examined using Trx2 transgenic mice [Tg(TXN2)+/0]. Because our previous studies demonstrated that thioredoxin (Trx) overexpression in the cytosol (Trx1) did not extend maximum lifespan, this study was conducted to test if increased Trx2 expression in mitochondria shows beneficial effects on aging and age-related pathology. Methods: Trx2 transgenic mice were generated using a fragment of the human genome containing the TXN2 gene. Effects of Trx2 overexpression on survival, age-related pathology, oxidative stress, and redox-sensitive signaling pathways were examined in male Tg(TXN2)+/0 mice. Results: Trx2 levels were significantly higher (approximately 1.6- to 5-fold) in all of the tissues we examined in Tg(TXN2)+/0 mice compared to wild-type (WT) littermates, and the expression levels were maintained during aging (up to 22-24 months old). Trx2 overexpression did not alter the levels of Trx1, glutaredoxin, glutathione, or other major antioxidant enzymes. Overexpression of Trx2 was associated with reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production from mitochondria and lower isoprostane levels compared to WT mice. When we conducted the survival study, male Tg(TXN2)+/0 mice showed a slight extension (approximately 8-9%) of mean, median, and 10th percentile lifespans; however, the survival curve was not significantly different from WT mice. Cross-sectional pathological analysis (22-24 months old) showed that Tg(TXN2)+/0 mice had a slightly higher severity of lymphoma; however, tumor burden, disease burden, and severity of glomerulonephritis and inflammation were similar to WT mice. Trx2 overexpression was also associated with higher c-Jun and c-Fos levels; however, mTOR activity and levels of NFκB p65 and p50 were similar to WT littermates. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the increased levels of Trx2 in mitochondria over the lifespan in Tg(TXN2)+/0 mice showed a slight life-extending effect, reduced ROS production from mitochondria and oxidative damage to lipids, but showed no significant effects on aging and and age-related diseases. Keywords: Thioredoxin, transgenic Mouse, oxidative stress, aging
Female Sex Is a Marker for Higher Morbidity and Mortality After Elective Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair: A National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Analysis

Background The adverse gender disparities for women after open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair have been well documented. The purpose of this study is to review whether these disparities extend to elective endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Methods Nonruptured, elective AAA was identified from the American College of Surgeons’ National Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) Targeted Participant Use File for EVAR from 2012 to 2017. The primary outcome was mortality. Secondary outcomes included lower extremity ischemia requiring intervention (LEIRI) and prolonged operative time (>120 min). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the risk of mortality, LEIRI, and prolonged operative time among women compared with men. Results There were 14,019 EVAR procedures captured. A total of 3,367 were included for analysis after limiting to nonruptured, elective cases for diagnosis of AAA with a Current Procedural Terminology procedure code for EVAR. Of those, 2,764 (82.1%) were performed in men and 603 (17.9%) in women. Female patients were older (median [interquartile range (IQR)] 77 years [70–82] versus 74 years [68–80], P Conclusions Although EVAR has improved overall surgical AAA outcomes, the NSQIP data in elective EVAR demonstrate continued sex disparities in morbidity and mortality after AAA surgical repair to the detriment of female patients.
Calculation of mode lifetimes in weakly anharmonic solids using self-consistent ensemble eigenstates of the Liouvillian

Abstract Recent schemes for the efficient calculation of vibrational mode frequencies and lifetimes in weakly anharmonic systems such as solid crystal structures have shown promise, with simple relationships being observed between low order moments of the Liouvillian and the observed lifetime. While only shown empirically, two parameters seemed sufficient to determine the lifetime to high accuracy over a large range of temperatures for a few simple low degree of freedom models and a Lennard–Jones solid. In this paper we analytically reproduce the numerically observed relationship using a few generally applicable assumptions about the density of states. This advance is made by studying the autocorrelation based on an “ensemble eigenstate” of the Liouvillian. We propose the use of this ensemble eigenstate as the basis for autocorrelations to simplify calculations in richer systems. An analysis is also performed of the relationship between canonical and microcanonical autocorrelation functions and a long standing error in the long time behavior of such functions originally presented by Sen, Sinkovits, and Chakravarti is corrected.
THE CROSS-SECTIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RENAL DYSFUNCTION WITH TESTS OF COGNITION IN MIDDLE-AGED ADULTS WITH EARLY TYPE 2 DIABETES THE GRADE STUDY

Abstract Objective The association of renal dysfunction with tests of cognition in type 2 diabetes has been examined in individuals with moderate and advanced renal disease. Here we examine the association of renal dysfunction with tests of cognition in a cohort of middle-aged adults with short duration diabetes (mean 4.0 ± 2.8 years). Methods Baseline data were examined from the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes (GRADE) study (n = 4998). Renal dysfunction was defined by the presence of albumin in the urine or by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Cognition was assessed with the Spanish English Verbal Learning Test, Letter and Animal fluency tests, and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test. Results Participants with albuminuria or eGFR Conclusion In type 2 diabetes of short duration, there are already subtle deficiencies in markers of cognition in association with renal disease in middle aged adults.
Lateral Flexure Contact on CMOS MEMS Electrothermal Metal-Metal Contact Switch by Platinum ALD Sidewall Patterning

A CMOS MEMS lateral electrothermal switch with flexural metal-metal contact is demonstrated by using metal atomic-layer-deposition (ALD) sidewall patterning. The multilayer electrothermal actuators close/open the switch gap by a combination of self-assembly and thermal actuation forces. The thermal isolation structure is designed to confine the joule heating in the actuator area. Nine different configurations of tip geometries and contact springs with metal-coated sidewalls in the normally-closed and normally-open devices are fabricated and studied. The results show a higher resistance reduction rate (~2x higher) under forces in spring contacts compared to the rigid contacts, indicating the potential to improve the performance through contact spring design.
Prasugrel and Ticagrelor in Patients with Drug-Eluting Stents and Kidney Failure.

Background and objectives Prasugrel and ticagrelor have superior efficacy compared with clopidogrel in moderate CKD but have not been studied in kidney failure. The study objective is to determine the effectiveness and safety of prasugrel and ticagrelor in kidney failure. Design, setting, participants, & measurements This retrospective cohort study used United States Renal Data System data from 2012 to 2015. We identified all patients on dialysis who received a drug-eluting stent and were alive at 90 days after stent implantation. Inverse probability–weighted Cox proportional hazard models were used. Weights were estimated with propensity scores for multiple treatments. Results This cohort included 6648 patients on clopidogrel, 621 on prasugrel, and 449 on ticagrelor. A total of 3279 primary composite (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) and 2120 clinically relevant bleeding events were observed. The incidence of the primary composite outcome of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke at 12 months was similar across the three treatment groups. The absolute event rate in the unweighted cohort was 144 events per 100 patient-years for clopidogrel, 126 for prasugrel, and 161 for ticagrelor. For prasugrel versus clopidogrel, the weighted hazard ratio was 0.96 (95% confidence interval, 0.82 to 1.11; P=0.58). For ticagrelor versus clopidogrel, the hazard ratio was 1.00 (95% confidence interval, 0.83 to 1.20; P=0.98). A numerically higher incidence of clinically relevant bleeding was seen with prasugrel or ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel (weighted hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 0.95 to 1.38 and weighted hazard ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 0.91 to 1.40, respectively). Conclusions Prasugrel or ticagrelor does not seem to be associated with significant benefits compared with clopidogrel in patients with kidney failure treated with drug-eluting stents. Podcast This article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2021_04_02_CJN12120720.mp3
Evaluation of SDS and GRAS Liquid Disinfectants for Mitigation of Hepatitis A Virus Contamination of Berries.

AIM To evaluate generally recognized as safe (GRAS) liquid wash formulations against hepatitis A virus-contaminated strawberries and blackberries in order to identify a formulation suitable for reducing virus contamination. METHODS AND RESULTS Formulations included the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS; 0·5% w/v) by itself, and in combination, with lactic acid (LA; 0·5% v/v), levulinic acid (LVA; 0·5% v/v) and 3 ppm aqueous chlorine dioxide (ClO2 ). After contamination and drying overnight, the average total extracted contamination for both untreated strawberries and blackberries was 4·4 log PFU. Three successive distilled H2 O only treatments reduced total contamination by up to 1·8 log PFU for both strawberries and blackberries, while wash formulations showed significant (P ≤ 0·05) total reductions ranging from 2·1 to 2·9 log PFU. CONCLUSIONS Considering results for both berry types, the combination of ClO2 and SDS was the most effective. Overall results indicate that adding surfactant and several types of sanitizers to berry wash can enhance HAV reduction on berries. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study indicates that industry could enhance the virologic safety of ready-to-eat berries by the combined use of surfactant and sanitizer.
Reasonable Disagreement: A Theory of Political Morality

This book examines the ways in which reasonable people can disagree about the requirements of political morality. Christopher McMahon argues that there will be a 'zone of reasonable disagreement' surrounding most questions of political morality. Moral notions of right and wrong evolve over time as new zones of reasonable disagreement emerge out of old ones; thus political morality is both different in different societies with varying histories, and different now from what it was in the past. McMahon explores this feature of his theory in detail and traces its implications for the possibility of making moral judgments about other polities, past or present. His study sheds light on an important and often overlooked aspect of political life, and will be of interest to a wide range of readers in moral and political philosophy and in political theory.
On the ENSO Mechanisms

The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an interannual phenomenon involved in the tropical Pacific Ocean-atmosphere interactions. The oscillatory nature of ENSO requires both positive and negative ocean-atmosphere feedbacks. The positive feedback is dated back to Bjerknes' hypothesis in the 1960s, and different negative feedbacks have been proposed since the 1980s associated with the delayed oscillator, the western Pacific oscillator, the recharge-discharge oscillator, and the advective-reflective oscillator. The delayed oscillator assumes that wave reflection at the western boundary provides a negative feedback for the coupled system to oscillate. The western Pacific oscillator emphasizes equatorial wind in the western Pacific that provides a negative feedback for the coupled system. The recharge-discharge oscillator argues that discharge and recharge of equatorial heat content cause the coupled system to oscillate. The advective-reflective oscillator emphasizes the importance of zonal advection associated with wave reflection at both the western and eastern boundaries. All of these physics are summarized in a unified ENSO oscillator. The delayed oscillator, the western Pacific oscillator, the recharge-discharge oscillator, and the advective-reflective oscillator can be extracted as special cases of the unified oscillator. As suggested by this unified oscillator, all of the previous ENSO oscillator mechanisms may be operating in nature.
General theory, gender-specific theory, and white-collar crime

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of gender in white-collar crime. Directions for future research testing general and gender-specific theories are provided. Design/methodology/approach – Prior research is reviewed and critiques of general and gender-specific explanations for offending in the workplace context are advanced. Findings – Gender-specific explanations in other offending contexts (e.g. violent crime) appear to be less applicable to the understanding of white-collar crime, a finding that lends support to general theory. Practical implications – This paper provides an outline for future research testing criminological theory in organizational settings. Originality/value – This paper represents a unique attempt to apply general and gender-specific theories to a variety of financial crimes in the context of organizations.
Application of Rheology to Fluid Food Handling and Processing

In this chapter, we consider application of rheology to handling and processing operations. However, it should be noted that there are many situations where rheology is applied. Earlier, sensory assessment and swallowing of foods were considered in Chapter 7. Table 8-1 contains some of the phenomena in which rheological behavior plays an important role and the typical shear rates encountered in them. The latter should also provide guidelines for obtaining the shear rate range over which rheological data should be obtained. Open image in new window Table 8-1 Typical Shear Rates of Foods and Pharmaceuticals in Practice*