cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wide QRS tachycardia with atrioventricular dissociation and an HV interval of 60 msec: what is the tachycardia mechanism?

A 63-year-oId man had an episode of unexplained syncope. He had triple-vessel coronary artery disease, a history of an anterior and inferior myocardial infarction, and had undergone a coronary artery bypass operation 3 years earlier. Cardiac catheterizalion demonstraied a left ventricular ejection fraction of 0.17, and patency of all three saphenous vein grafts. An elecuophysiologic test was perfonned. The baseline sinus cycle length was 760 msec, the QRS duration was 110 msec, and the atriat-His and His-ventricuJar (HV) intervals were 120 and 55 msec, respectively. Sinus node function was normal, and there was no carotid hypetsensitivity, infranodal block during atrial pacing, or evidence ol dual AV nodal physiology. The AV block cycle length was 370 msec. Tachycardia was not inducible by atrial pacing. A wide QRS complex tachycardia having a cycle length of 210 msec was induced by ptogramined ventricular stimulation (Fig. 1). The tachycardia had a left bundle branch block configuration (Fig. 2). When sustained, the tachycardia resulted in severe hypotension and required electrical catdioversion. Sometimes the tachycardia was nonsustained (Fig. 3). What is the tachyciirdia mechanism?
Joint time-frequency analysis for radar signal and imaging

The Fourier transform has been widely used in SAR signal and image processing. In most cases, SAR signals exhibit time-varying behavior in the Doppler spectrum. Thus, a joint time-frequency analysis (JTFA) for SAR signals is more useful. In this paper, we introduce three important issues with JTFA for radar signal and imaging: (1) time-frequency based image formation; (2) time-frequency analysis of ground moving targets; and (3) time-frequency analysis of micro- Doppler signatures.
Recovery of hepatitis B antibody from human plasma products separated by a modified Cohn fractionation.

. Hepatitis B immune globulin has been prepared for clinical trials in Sweden. The relative amount of antibodies to the hepatitis B antigen recovered in the respective fractionation steps was evaluated by hemagglutination, immunoelectro-osmophoresis and radial immunodiffusion. About one third of the antibody amount present in the original plasma pool was recovered in fraction II. Hepatitis B antigen was neither demonstrated in the various fractionation steps nor in the final immune globulin preparation.
Focal and Nonfocal Prospective Memory Performance in Very Mild Dementia: A Signature Decline

Objective: In a recent study, performance on a certain kind of prospective memory task (PM), labeled focal PM, was sensitive to the very early stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD; Duchek, Balota, & Cortese, 2006). This study sought to replicate and extend these findings by investigating both focal and nonfocal PM, as well as possible influences of alleles of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene. Method: Thirty-five healthy older adults and 33 adults in the very earliest stages of AD, as determined by the clinical dementia rating scale, completed both focal and nonfocal PM tasks. Performance on these tasks has been linked to qualitatively different cognitive processes (Scullin, McDaniel, Shelton, & Lee, 2010), thereby providing leverage to illuminate the specific processes that underlie PM failures in very early AD. Approximately half of the adults in each group were ApoE e4 carriers and half were noncarriers. We also obtained participants’ scores on a battery of standard psychometric tests. Results: There was a significant interaction between the type of PM task and dementia status, p .05, p .12, demonstrating that the AD-related decline was more robust for focal than for nonfocal PM. Further, focal PM performance significantly discriminated between the very earliest stages of AD and normal aging, explaining variance unique to that explained by typical psychometric indices. ApoE status, however, was not associated with PM performance. Conclusion: The pronounced deficit observed in the focal PM task suggests that spontaneous retrieval processes may be compromised in very early AD.
Enhanced Space Integrated GPS/INS (SIGI)

Safe, reliable, and low cost space-based navigation is being provided with embedded INS/GPS systems such as the space integrated GPS/INS (SIGI). The SIGI is being used for various space vehicle applications such as launch vehicles, orbital vehicles, and re-entry vehicles. This paper describes current space vehicle navigation capabilities. The SIGI is being enhanced to provide additions to these existing capabilities with such items as higher processing and a commercial-off-the-shelf operating system. This will allow hosting of various software applications such as advanced navigation functions, flight control, guidance and vehicle management algorithms. The SIGI can host redundancy management functions by incorporating a cross channel data link card (CCDL) using a high speed firewire bus. The SIGI can then be used as a redundancy management platform which has application to current space vehicle avionics topologies incorporating distributed processing architectures.
Implementation of a new refractivity estimation algorithm on a network of S-band radars

The retrieval of the surface-layer moisture field can be obtained by estimating the refractive index of air, measured in parts per million and referred to as refractivity. A technique developed to estimate the refractivity using radar has been demonstrated with validated results from field experiments [1], [2]. This technique utilizes the measured change in phase from stationary ground targets, which will be primarily due to changes in refractivity at warmer temperatures given a stable radar frequency. While this technique has been successfully demonstrated on individual radars, there is no clearly defined method of combining multiple radar estimations beyond gridding and averaging. Recently, however, a new algorithm was proposed as an alternative approach, especially when dealing with multiple radars [3]. The new algorithm uses a minimum least squared error approach, with a smoothing constraint and a method to address phase wrapping. This paper will explore the implementation of this constrained least squares (CLS) approach with data collected during a refractivity field experiment during the summer of 2006 in Colorado. It will also explore the implications of running the CLS algorithm in real-time, and briefly discuss future directions.
Are Low Tidal Volumes Safe

High airway pressure may be injurious to lung parenchyma, but lowering airway pressure using conventional mechanical ventilation necessitates lowering tidal volume (VT). Intubated patients in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) were randomly assigned to group 1 (VT = 12 ml/kg, n = 56) or group 2 (VT = 6 ml/kg, n = 47). Variables recorded included acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II) score, mean peak airway pressure (MPAP), mean PaO2/FIO2, incidence of pulmonary infectious complications (PIC), duration of intubation (DOI), and duration of SICU stay (DOS). Results in the table are means +/- SE. (table; see text) The incidence of pulmonary infection tended to be lower and DOI and DOS tended to be shorter for nonneurosurgical and noncardiac surgical patients randomized to low VT, suggesting that morbidity may be decreased. The use of low VT was associated with a statistically significant but clinically irrelevant decrease in oxygenation. The routine use of low VT appeared to be safe in a selected population of patients in the SICU.
Resistance to diet-induced obesity in mice with a single substituted chromosome

Obesity and its comorbidities are taking an increasing toll on human health. Key pathways that were identified with single gene variants in humans and model organisms have led to improved understanding and treatment of rare cases of human obesity. However, similar progress remains elusive for the more common multifactorial cases of metabolic dysfunction and disease. A survey of mouse chromosome substitution strains (CSSs) provided insight into the complex genetic control of diet-induced obesity and related conditions. We now report a survey of 60 traits related to obesity and metabolic syndrome in mice with a single substituted chromosome as well as selected traits measured in congenic strains derived from the substituted strain. We found that each strain that was resistant to diet-induced obesity had a distinct phenotype that uniquely modeled different combinations of traits related to metabolic disease. For example, the chromosome 6 CSS remained insulin resistant in the absence of obesity, demonstrating an atypical relationship between body weight and insulin resistance. These results provide insights into the genetic control of constant components of this mouse model of diet-induced metabolic disease as well as phenotypes that vary depending on genetic background. A better understanding of these genotype-phenotype relationships may enable a more individualized diagnosis and treatment of obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
Carbon and nutrient dynamics during coastal upwelling off Cape Blanco, Oregon

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO 2 ) and concentrations of the nutrients phosphate (P) and silicate (Si) in coastal surface waters within a 100 km]300 km area centered on Cape Blanco, Oregon, were mapped at high resolution during August 17}27, 1995. Alkalinity and the concentration of total CO 2 were determined on a subset of stored samples. Over the 9}183C range in sea-surface temperatures encountered during the cruise, PCO 2 , and P and Si concentrations varied between 150}690 latm, (0.1}1.8, and (1}33 lmol/kg, respectively. Spatial variations in the intensity of coastal upwelling set the wide range in surface water properties. Acoustic Doppler current pro"ler data collected throughout the cruise indicate the advective nature of many chemical features. PCO 2 data also indicate the presence of an intense phytoplankton bloom in continental shelf waters along the coast north of Cape Blanco, with little evidence of biological drawdown to the south. The available data do not provide an unambiguous explanation for this contrast. Surf-zone water was sampled from shore at 17 locations along the cruise areas on August 25 and 26, 1995, concurrently with the shipboard measurements. PCO 2 , and P and Si concentrations, varied in the range 250}640 latm, 0.3}2.0, and 1.1}42 lmol/kg, respectively. North of Cape Blanco, the chemical expression of upwelling was considerably stronger in the surf-zone than at all locations sampled on board ship because the phytoplankton bloom did not extend to the coast. South of Cape Blanco, concentrations of upwelling tracers measured on board ship within a distance of 5}10 km from the coast and in the surf-zone were comparable. Vertical nutrient pro"les across the continental shelf show that the composition of surf-zone water is consistent with conservative advection of nutrientenriched bottom water from the edge of the continental shelf to the surf-zone. ( 2000 Elsevier
Effects of Cooling and Warming Rate to and from −70°C, and Effect of Further Cooling from −70 to −196°C on the Motility of Mouse Spermatozoa

Abstract We have previously reported high survival in mouse sperm frozen at 21°C/min to −70°C in a solution containing 18% raffinose in 0.25× PBS (400 mOsm) and then warmed rapidly at approximately 2000°C/min, especially under lowered oxygen tensions induced by Oxyrase, a bacterial membrane preparation. The best survival rates were obtained in the absence of glycerol. The first concern of the present study was to determine the effects of the cooling rate on the survival of sperm suspended in this medium. The sperm were cooled to −70°C at rates ranging from 0.3 to 530°C/min. The survival curve was an inverted “U” shape, with the highest motility occurring between 27 and 130°C/min. Survival decreased precipitously at higher cooling rates. Decreasing the warming rate, however, decreased survivals at all cooling rates. The motility depression with slow warming was especially evident in sperm cooled at the optimal rates. This fact is consistent with our current view that the frozen medium surrounding sperm cel...
Peopling the Land by Lottery? The Market in Public Lands and the Regional Differentiation of Territory on the Georgia Frontier

Organized markets in public lands enabled large slaveholders to establish a foothold on the frontier, often in advance of their actual settlement. Their "pre-emptive" purchases of prime cotton lands fostered the regional differentiation of territory by displacing yeoman households to more marginal soils. An analysis of the land market in western Georgia in the 1820s demonstrates the regional patterning of the new territory at the very onset of settlement. The state's land policy, a lottery system, ordained this outcome, as it instituted markets in public lands to which wealthy slaveholders had greater access. A cross the variegated landscape of the Lower South, the relentless flux of settlers onto the frontier crystallized into a recurrent regional pattern. Slaveowners and planters in particular concentrated their holdings of land and human chattel in soil regions naturally suited to the cultivation of cotton: the Black or Cotton belts. On the periphery of these regions, in the hillier uplands, yeoman households managed a life of sufficiency, combining production for domestic consumption and marketable surpluses. Although literally drawn in terms of characteristic ecological conditions, the distinction between the Black Belt and the Upcountry denotes as well the political-economic differentiation of territory. To explain the regional division, southern historians have advanced alternative models
Aspects of Choline Metabolism in Photoreceptor Cells

Elegant experiments by many investigators have described the photoreceptor cell’s structural renewal, in which the outer segment is partially shed and replaced in a cyclic daily rhythmn (9, 10, 12, 13, 23, 24, 25). It seems certain that the resynthesis of such a specialized structure requires supporting adaptations by the cell.
Who's Afraid of Methodology? Advocating a Methodological Turn in Legal Geography

Alongside the push to expand legal geography into new spaces and temporalities “out there,” this chapter proposes an inward expansion: a reflection on how we come to write what we write rather than where, when, and why we do so. Such greater awareness to the craftsmanship of our scholarship will pay off in a range of ways and, most importantly, by increasing our methodological diversity and interdisciplinarity. The chapter reflects on the pitfalls and virtues of my own zoo ethnography with the aim of inviting legal geographers to explore how they have crafted and choose to craft their own research. The chapter argues that because of our unique training in the nexus of law and geography, we are well equipped to explore administrative structures and cultures. Institutional and bureaucratic ethnographies should thus perform a more important role in legal geography.
Some Paradoxes in the History of Hydraulics

Successive instances in the development of hydraulics are cited in which conditions were not as they are generally assumed to have been. Emphasis is laid upon problems of fluid resistance, beginning with Nature's abhorrence of a vacuum at the time of Aristotle and extending to the relative-roughness diagrams of the very recent past.
Metabolism of Estradiol-17β-4-14C in a Non-Pregnant Rhesus Monkey.∗

SummaryThe metabolism of estradiol-17β-4-14C was studied in a rhesus monkey during the follicular stage of the menstrual cycle. The major portion of the injected dose was excreted in the urine during the first 24 hours as glucuronosides. Estradiol-17β and estrone were the principal radioactive estrogens found in this fraction of the urine. Smaller amounts of the radioactivity were identified as estriol and 16-epi-estriol.
REPORT OF SURVAILENCE RESULTS OF DISINFECTION QUALITY OF TWO COMPREHENSIVE HOSPITALS

Objective To know the quality of disinfection and sterilization in comprehensive hospital and find out the problems,in order to provide the basis for improving the management and disinfection quality.Methods Field sampling and bacterial qualitative testing methods were used to monitor the disinfection objects in the two third A level hospital.Results The qualify rates of disinfectant in using and autoclaving sterilization of the two hospital were both 100%.But the qualify rates of other object were not satisfied.The average qualify rate of material surface was only 51.70%,the qualify rate of medical staff's hand was also low.The qualify rate of air of clinical department was declined.Conclusion By monitoring of disinfection quality,we have known the real status of disinfection management in comprehensive hospital.It can help to enhance management and improve the disinfection efficacy.
Application of Programme Management to the Adaptability Construction of “Three Intensive Management and Five Large-Scale Movements”

In recent years, programme management has been a hot research topic for scholars at home and abroad. This paper mainly describes the programme management applied to the adaptability construction of "Three Intensive Management and Five Large-scale Movements" of State Grid Corporation of China. According to the characteristics of data sharing, high integrated and trans-departmental businesses, and high difficulty of risk control, this paper puts forward a practical and agile programme management method. The method can not only be convenient for effectively managing combined projects so as to rapidly achieve their strategy business goals at short notice, but also provide some reference for large-scale project constructions of other industries.
Viral etiology of children's respiratory tract viral infection in Xi'an City

Objective To understand the situation of children respiratory tract virus infection in Xi'an Shanxi Province,to obtain the virus pathogens,and to analyze the epidemic features.Methods 682 throat swab specimens were collected from Xi'an 323 Hospital and Xi'an Children Hospital,and 16 types of respiratory virus were detected by using the multiplex PCR method.Results In 682 samples,237 samples were positive,the positive rate was 34.75%; viruses were detected as 266 samples,virus detection rate was 39.00%; 29 cases of combined virus infections accounted for 12.24%(29 /237).The respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus constitute the highest,both was 30.08%,followed by adenovirus and parainfluenza virus.The virus detection rate of children in 0-6 months was the highest,mainly was respiratory syncytial virus.Lower respiratory tract virus detection rate was higher than that of the upper respiratory tract.Conclusions Respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus are the major pathogens of children respiratory tract virus infection with variations in different ages,seasons and clinical symptoms.It can provide some beneficial help for earlier diagnosis and better treatment,using the appropriate antiviral drugs,and preventing the abuse of antibiotics clinically.
Patient Navigation for Mothers with Depression who Have Children in Head Start: A Pilot Study

This study assesses the potential of social work–facilitated patient navigation to help mothers with depression engage with mental health care. We conducted a randomized pilot trial (N = 47) in Head Start—a U.S. preschool program for low-income children. Seven lay navigators received training and supervision from professional social workers. After 6 months, more navigated participants engaged with a psychologist, therapist, or social worker (45% vs. 13%, 95% confidence interval [CI] [2, 57]); engaged with any provider, (55% vs. 26%, 95% CI [1, 56]); and reported having a “depression care provider” (80% vs. 41%, 95% CI [9, 65]). Community-based navigation appears feasible; however, more definitive testing is necessary.
Military Contacts Between East and West: The Crusades

When at the close of the eleventh century the motley hordes of Christendom made their way into Syria to wrest it from Moslem hands, the country presented the spectacle of division and impotence. It was split up among several local Arab chieftains, while in the north the Saljūq Turks were all-powerful and in the south the schismatic Fāṭimids of Egypt held sway. The population was far from being uniform in composition or even in language. The Druzes in southern Lebanon, the Nuṣayrīyah in their northern mountains and their neighbours the Ismā‘īlites, later Assassins, formed three schismatic communities distinct from orthodox Islam. Among the Christian bodies the Maronites of northern Lebanon, who still used Syriac to a considerable extent, constituted the largest minority.
Compendium of Instruments Measuring Patient Satisfaction with Nursing Care

Recent changes in health care delivery have encouraged a search for comprehensive and established measures of patient satisfaction with nursing care (PSNC), which studies have found to be the most important predictor of overall satisfaction with hospital care and an important indicator of outcome. Twenty-one current PSNC instruments are described in a compendium, which provides information on the developer and the date of publication or first use, types of items and subscales, mode of administration, reliability and validity formulas, and availability.
A flexible turbine blade for passive blade pitch control in wind turbines

We present a flexible wind turbine blade that effectively pitches itself according to variable wind loading. In contrast to rigid turbine blades, where active controls are often required to pitch blades, the flexible or morphing blade adjusts its geometry passively, eliminating the need for costly electromechanical systems. We analyze the airfoil using a robust and accurate fluid-structure interaction routine, and introduce two morphing scenarios: one where rigid and flexible blade are identical when unloaded, and one where they are identical at the stall angle. We choose a single Reynolds number and a flexible airfoil material for a case study, and simulate over a range of attack angles, noting the lift and drag coefficients as well as the attack angle change through passive pitching of the flexible airfoil. It was found that the flexible airfoil can delay stall as well as significantly increase lift/drag ratios compared to the rigid blade. In addition, negligible increases in drag and large increases in lift were realized. This suggests that flexibility can be used as a design parameter for wind turbine blades, and would likely increase the operational range and/or part- or over-load efficiencies significantly.
Relationship between Internal Consistency and Goodness of Fit Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis with Varimax Rotation

This study investigates how reliability (internal consistency) affects model-fitting in maximum likelihood exploratory factor analysis (EFA). This was accomplished through an examination of goodness of fit indices between the population and the sample matrices. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to create pseudo-populations with known parameters. Results indicated that the higher the internal consistency the worse the fit. It is postulated that the observations are similar to those from structural equation modeling where a good fit with low correlations can be observed and also the reverse with higher item correlations.
Beyond Shopaholism: A Socio-Cultural Examination of Compulsive Clothing Buying Behavior

The purpose of this study was to examine compulsive clothing buying behavior (CCB) within a socio-cultural context that encourages shopping and buying as coping strategies. In-depth interviews were conducted with a total of 20 participants in the US (16 females, 4 males) including six mental health providers, six individuals diagnosed as compulsive clothing buyers, and eight individuals at risk for the behavior. Responses were analyzed thematically by both authors. From this process, three core thematic areas emerged and were used to structure the interpretation. Findings in this study support and expand upon previous research suggesting that messages about consumption and its promotion within contemporary society hinder acceptance of the seriousness of CCB. Moreover, findings offer ways to improve identification of the disorder, and, in turn, to not only provide clarification of issues in research on the topic, but help mental health professionals better identify and treat CCB.
Towards Strongly Interacting Bosons and Fermions

This chapter sets the stage from which this thesis departs into the realm of strongly interacting bosons and fermions. Several theoretical concepts that are needed for a basic understanding of the experiments in later chapters are briefly summarized.
Transthoracic Echocardiography versus Computed Tomography for Ascending Aortic Measurements in Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve

Background Ascending aorta dilatation is common in bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). The aim of this study was to investigate agreement of transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) measurement of the sinuses of Valsalva and the tubular mid–ascending aorta (Asc-Ao) compared with electrocardiographically gated computed tomographic angiographic (CTA) assessment in patients with BAV. Methods Fifty-three patients with BAV (mean age, 54 ± 14 years; 74% men) who underwent both TTE and CTA imaging for ascending aortic assessment were retrospectively identified. All studies were measured de novo by experts. TTE measurements were obtained at the sinuses and the Asc-Ao, at both systole and end-diastole, using both leading edge–to–leading edge (L-L) and inner edge–to–inner edge (I-I) methods in the parasternal long-axis (LAX) view. The sinuses were also measured in the parasternal short-axis (SAX) view using the same methods plus mid-diastole. CTA measurements were obtained in diastole using outer wall–to–outer wall (O-O) and inner wall–to–inner wall (I-I) methods. Correlation and agreement between the two imaging modalities were assessed using Lin correlation and Bland-Altman analysis, respectively. Results Compared with CTA O-O maximum sinuses diameter, the best correlation and agreement were obtained using the TTE SAX mid-diastolic L-L method (ρ = 0.89, 2.6 ± 2.3 mm, respectively). Compared with CTA O-O maximum Asc-Ao diameter, the TTE LAX systolic L-L method (ρ = 0.93, 1.3 ± 2.5 mm) was best. Compared with CTA I-I maximum sinuses diameter, the TTE SAX mid-diastole L-L method (ρ = 0.95, 0.6 ± 2.2 mm) was unbiased. Compared with CTA I-I maximum Asc-Ao diameter, the TTE LAX end-diastolic L-L method (ρ = 0.95, 0.6 ± 2.4 mm) was unbiased. Conclusions In patients with BAV aortopathy, unbiased agreement between CTA and TTE imaging can be obtained between the CTA I-I method and TTE SAX mid-diastolic L-L method for the sinuses and the TTE LAX end-diastolic L-L method for the Asc-Ao. When using the CTA O-O method, the best agreement is obtained with the TTE SAX mid-diastolic L-L method for the sinuses (bias ∼2 mm) and the TTE LAX systolic L-L method (bias ∼1 mm) for the Asc-Ao.
On a formal measure of Doppler Tolerance

In the context of radar waveforms, there are many references to “Doppler Tolerance” in the literature, but a formal, complete, precise, and reasonable definition has not been forthcoming. We attempt to fill this void in this paper. We revisit existing definitions and demonstrate, that they are either too restrictive for any practical use, incomplete, or imprecise. Our definition uses the ambiguity function as its main ingredient. We emphasize that the Doppler tolerance is a 3D function. The first parameter is a spatial variable which relates to the measures of connectedness of possible disjoint ambiguity function peaks. The second parameter is the time delay at which the Doppler tolerance is itself specified, and the third parameter is similar to a threshold and is related to height of the ambiguity function used in measuring the Doppler tolerance. As a byproduct of our definition, we analytically conclude that for small time bandwidth products the linear frequency modulated (LFM) waveform is only as Doppler tolerant as an unmodulated rectangular pulse. We therefore bust the well known myth that “(all) chirps are Doppler tolerant”
Phytochemical study of Illicium angustisepalum and its biological activities

Sixteen compounds, including two new natural products (1 and 2), were obtained from the twigs of Illicium angustisepalum. The structures were elucidated based on NMR, MS, IR data and optical rotation values. Compounds 4, 5, 6 and 8 displayed moderate antibacterial activities against clinical isolates; compounds 4, 5, 8, 9 and 15 protected neural cells against oxidative stress; and compounds 10 and 14 exhibited anti-acetylcholinesterase activity.
The deliberative influence of comment section structure

Online news comment sections are a ubiquitous presence across media outlets. Although research has assessed both the content and effects of these comment spaces, little is known about how the struc...
MAC-layer coexistence analysis of LTE and WLAN systems via listen-before-talk

With the congestion and scarcity of available spectrum resources, spectrum sharing between long-term evolution (LTE) and the IEEE 802.11 (aka. WLAN) systems is an ongoing research topic. Considering the LTE license assisted access (LAA) with the listen before talk (LBT) procedure, recent research efforts try to evaluate the performance in several LTE-LBT and WLAN coexistence scenarios. However, the available approaches have not adequately modeled and analyzed general case of LBT (such as Category 4), and the case when there are more than two types of transmissions. In this paper, to fill this technical gap, we implement a systematic modelling and analysis of the media access control (MAC) layer coexisting performance of LTE-LBT and WLAN systems. We consider the coexistence scenario of multiple LTE downlink with multiple WLAN uplink and downlink transmissions. We develop analytical results on time-efficiency throughput, transmission and collision probabilities of LTE and WLAN nodes, and then generalize the result to multiple types of transmissions (e.g., more than three types). To validate the analysis, we implement LBT and WLAN MAC algorithm programming and extensive simulations, which confirm the accuracy of our analysis. Our result shows that replacing WLAN stations with LTE transmitters may, in some cases, significantly degrade the overall throughput, depending on the original efficiencies of WLAN systems and channel access schemes. To address this, we propose a 4-way handshaking channel access scheme for LTE-LBT, which can significantly improve the coexistence performance. These results put new insight into relationship between coexistence performance and MAC parameters of LTE-LBT and WLAN systems, and may aid in the design and optimization of coexistence systems.
On the acoustical features of vowel nasality in English and French

Although much is known about the linguistic function of vowel nasality, whether contrastive (as in French) or coarticulatory (as in English), and much effort has gone into identifying potential correlates for the phenomenon, this study examines these proposed features to find the optimal acoustic feature(s) for nasality measurement. To this end, a corpus of 4778 oral and nasal vowels in English and French was collected, and data for 22 features were extracted. A series of linear mixed-effects regressions highlighted three promising features with large oral-to-nasal feature differences and strong effects relative to normal oral vowel variability: A1-P0, F1's bandwidth, and spectral tilt. However, these three features, particularly A1-P0, showed considerable variation in baseline and range across speakers and vowels within each language. Moreover, although the features were consistent in direction across both languages, French speakers' productions showed markedly stronger effects, and showed evidence of spectral tilt beyond the nasal norm being used to enhance the oral-nasal contrast. These findings strongly suggest that the acoustic nature of vowel nasality is both language- and speaker-specific, and that, like vowel formants, nasality measurements require speaker normalization for across-speaker comparison, and that these acoustic properties should not be taken as constant across different languages.
Microglial recruitment of monocytes to the brain underlies reoccurring anxiety in stress-sensitized mice

Repeated social defeat (RSD) is a murine stress model that promotes long-term “stress-sensitization”, in which exposure to sub-threshold stress causes re-establishment of anxiety. We previously reported that RSD-induced anxiety depends on trafficking of monocytes to fear and threat appraisal brain regions. We hypothesize that RSD drives the production of inflammatory monocytes that are recruited to the brain by microglia, and these monocytes augment pro-inflammatory signaling that reinforces activation of threat circuitry. To address this, we used the CSF-1R inhibitor, PLX5622, to deplete microglia. Subsequent removal of the inhibitor allows microglia to rapidly repopulate. Here, we show that elimination of microglia after RSD prevented the recruitment of monocytes to the brain and recall of anxiety in stress-sensitized mice. Furthermore, microglia were depleted prior to RSD and allowed to repopulate. The phenotype of microglia was assessed by measuring behavioral and cytokine reactivity to peripheral LPS administered 24 days after RSD. We report that mice exposed to RSD displayed a prolonged reduction in social interaction to peripheral LPS and exaggerated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression from microglia. Importantly, repopulating microglia in mice exposed to RSD normalized social interaction and reduced microglial pro- inflammatory cytokine expression to levels similar to non-stressed mice. These data demonstrate that microglia depletion/repopulation can be used to prevent microglial priming. Collectively, microglial priming may underlie monocyte recruitment to the brain and re-establishment of anxiety in stress-sensitized mice.
Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of the heavy fermion system Ce 2 CoAl 7 Ge 4

We present nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) measurements performed on single crystalline ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{2}{\mathrm{CoAl}}_{7}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{4}$, a member of a recently discovered family of heavy fermion materials ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{2}M{\mathrm{Al}}_{7}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{4}$ ($M=\mathrm{Co}$, Ir, Ni, or Pd). Previous measurements indicated a strong Kondo interaction as well as magnetic order below ${T}_{M}=1.8\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Our NMR spectral measurements show that the Knight shift $K$ is proportional to the bulk magnetic susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}$ at high temperatures. A clear Knight shift anomaly ($K\ifmmode\neg\else\textlnot\fi{}\ensuremath{\propto}\ensuremath{\chi}$) is observed at coherence temperatures ${T}^{*}\ensuremath{\sim}17.5\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ for ${H}_{0}\ensuremath{\parallel}\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{c}$ and 10 K for ${H}_{0}\ensuremath{\parallel}\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{a}$ at the $^{59}\mathrm{Co}$ site, and ${T}^{*}\ensuremath{\sim}12.5\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ at the $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$(3) site for ${H}_{0}\ensuremath{\parallel}\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{a}$ characteristic of the heavy fermion nature of this compound. At high temperatures, the $^{59}\mathrm{Co}$ NMR spin-lattice relaxation rate ${T}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is dominated by spin fluctuations of the $4f$ local moments with a weak metallic background. The spin fluctuations probed by $^{59}\mathrm{Co}$ NMR are anisotropic and larger in the basal plane than in the $c$ direction. Furthermore, we find ${({T}_{1}TK)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}$ at the $^{59}\mathrm{Co}$ site as expected for a Kondo system for $Tg{T}^{*}$ and $Tg{T}_{K}$. $^{59}\mathrm{Co}$ NQR ${T}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ measurements at low temperatures indicate slowing down of spin fluctuations above the magnetic ordering temperature ${T}_{M}\ensuremath{\sim}1.8\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. A weak ferromagnetic character of fluctuations around $\mathbf{q}=0$ is evidenced by an increase of $\ensuremath{\chi}T$ versus $T$ above the magnetic ordering temperature. We also find good agreement between the observed and calculated electric field gradients at all observed sites.
Misidentification of copperhead and cottonmouth snakes following snakebites.

AbstractIntroduction: Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) and cottonmouth or water moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivorus) snakes account for the majority of venomous snakebites in the southern United St...
Judgments and reasoning about exclusion from counter-stereotypic STEM career choices in early childhood

Abstract To investigate young children’s evaluations of counter-stereotypic career choices, children (ages 3–8 years, N = 141) made judgments about the acceptability of pursuing STEM careers that were gender counter-stereotypic (atypical for one’s gender) and about the acceptability of exclusion from such careers. Participants evaluated European-American or African-American girls and boys who wanted to pursue counter-stereotypic careers. Generally, children supported counter-stereotypic career choices and evaluated exclusion from these careers to be unacceptable. However, results indicated that younger children judged counter-stereotypic career choices as less acceptable than did older children, and that parental attitudes and beliefs toward science and math were related to children’s evaluations. Differences in reasoning and based on the gender of the target were also identified. Additionally, results indicate that ethnic minority children may evaluate counter-stereotypic choices as less acceptable than do ethnic majority participants, but no differences based on target ethnicity were found. The findings suggest the importance of discouraging the use of stereotypes about careers among young children.
Traction control design and integration onboard the Mars science laboratory curiosity rover

The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover experienced increasing wheel damage beginning in October 2013. While the wheels were designed to operate with considerable damage, the rate at which damage was occurring was unexpected and raised concerns regarding wheel lifetime. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has now developed and deployed new software on Curiosity that reduces the forces acting on the wheels. Our new Traction Control algorithm adapts each wheel's speed to fit the terrain it drives over. It does not rely on any a priori knowledge of the terrain, and instead leverages the rover's measured attitude rates and suspension angles, together with a rigid-body kinematics model, to estimate the real-time wheel-terrain contact angles and ideal, no-slip wheel angular rates. In addition, free-floating “wheelies” are detected and autonomously corrected. In this paper, we describe the algorithm, its ground testing campaign and associated challenges, and finally its validation and performance in flight. Ground test data demonstrates reductions in the forces acting on the wheels and validates the wheelie-damping capability. Secondary benefits in some terrains include a reduction in heading deviations while climbing rocks, with a reduction in slip in certain sandy terrains. Preliminary validation from flight data confirms these findings.
Effects of Sexual Stimulation, with and without Ejaculation, on Serum Concentrations of LH, FSH, Testosterone, Cortisol and Prolactin in Stallions

Six lighthorse stallions with previous sexual experience were used to determine the short-term effects of sexual stimulation (SS; 5 min exposure to an estrous mare), SS plus ejaculation (SSE), and no stimulation (control) on serum concentrations of LH, FSH, testosterone, cortisol and prolactin. Stallions received one treatment per day on d 1, 4 and 7. Treatments were assigned such that each stallion 1) received each treatment once and 2) experienced a unique sequence of treatments. Neither SS nor SSE had any consistent effects on LH or FSH concentrations. Testosterone concentrations during control bleedings increased (P less than .05) with time. This increase was suppressed (P less than .05) by both SS and SSE. Cortisol concentrations increased (P less than .05) immediately after SS and SSE. Cortisol concentrations also tended to increase during the control bleedings, but only in stallions that previously had been exposed to SS or SSE. Prolactin concentrations increased (P less than .05) immediately after SS and SSE and tended to rise during control bleedings in stallions previously exposed to SS or SSE. We conclude that 1) prolactin and cortisol were secreted rapidly in response to SS and SSE, 2) the rise in cortisol concentrations likely suppressed testosterone secretion within the next hour, and 3) stallions appeared to associate the distant sounds of other stallions with their own previous exposure to SS and SSE, resulting in a cortisol response (and perhaps a prolactin response) even in the absence of direct stimulation.
Drought ecohydrology alters the structure and function of benthic invertebrate communities in mountain streams

We studied benthic macroinvertebrate communities in 12 mid‐elevation mountain streams in the Sierra Nevada, California. Data were collected at nine times (seven springs and two autumns) over a 14‐year period of variable hydrological conditions, including years of flood and extreme unprecedented drought. The taxonomic and trait structures of communities were similar during wet and average springs but became increasingly different as drought continued and smaller streams became intermittent. The density of total invertebrates, primarily chironomids, increased during the drought years, but the richness and abundance of mayfly, stonefly, and caddisfly (EPT) taxa declined during the late drought. During the late drought, the proportions of rheophilic, semivoltine taxa with clinger or swimmer behavioural habits decreased, whereas small, stress‐tolerant taxa with burrower and climber habits increased. Collector–gatherers dominated in all periods, but during the severe drought the relative abundance of micropredators increased and filterers, shredders, and grazers decreased. We also found greater changes in community structure between spring runoff and autumn base flow conditions in an average than a wet year. However, spring to autumn population growth rates were much greater during the wet than average year. Invertebrate richness and EPT abundance decreased and community structure showed large changes when stream discharge fell below 1–10 L/s, but remained relatively constant across a range of higher flows. During the severe drought, there were significant declines in the densities of 40% of the common EPT taxa compared to average and wet years, but chironomid, mite, and other invertebrate taxa showed variable responses. Invertebrate diversity, community structure, and ecosystem functions in small, headwater streams are especially vulnerable to drought conditions, which are expected to increase in frequency and intensity with climate change in the Sierra Nevada and other mountainous regions.
Empirical Analyses of Associations between State Political Attitudes and Gains in Health Insurance Coverage after the Affordable Care Act (ACA)

ObjectivesTo explore whether state-level political-sentiment is associated with gains in insurance post Affordable Care Act (ACA). This is especially relevant given the lawsuit brought by several Republican-leaning states against the ACA, and the ruling of one Texas federal judge that the ACA is unconstitutional, which potentially jeopardizes ACAs future.nnMethodsMultivariate linear-probability models are estimated using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Systems for 2011-2017. The outcome is self-reported insurance status. States are placed in quartiles based on votes for President Obama in 2008 and 2012 elections. Starting 2014, ACA health exchanges became active and several states expanded Medicaid, so 2014 onwards is considered as the post-ACA period. Models are estimated for all adults under 65-years and for young adults under 35-years. All models control extensively for respondent socio-economic-demographic characteristics and state characteristics.nnResultsIn the pre-ACA baseline period, respondents in states with higher Anti-Obama-voting (AOV) were less likely to have insurance. For example, residents in highest AOV-quartile states were 8.0-percentage-points less likely (p<0.001) to have insurance than those in the lowest AOV-quartile states. Post-ACA, fewer high AOV-quartile states expanded Medicaid, and overall insurance gains inclusive of Medicaid-expansion are similar across states. However, net of Medicaid-expansion, residents in higher AOV states saw higher insurance gains. For example, all adults had 2.8-percentage points higher likelihood (p<0.01) and young adults had 4.9-percentage point higher likelihood (p<0.01) of getting insurance in the highest AOV-quartile states compared to the lowest AOV quartile states. Minorities and those with chronic-conditions had larger insurance gains across the country post-ACA, but the extent of these gains did not differ by state AOV levels.nnConclusionsState AOV and insurance gains from ACA appear to be incongruent. Policymakers and stakeholders should be aware that non-Medicaid residents of higher-AOV states might potentially lose the most if ACA is revoked.
Roles of action research in the professional development of Chinese language teachers: A case study

Abstract This study examined the roles of action research in the professional development of Chinese language teachers. Participants were a group of Chinese teachers enrolled in a teacher training course. In light of theories and research, participants were guided to reflect on their own teaching beliefs and practice and design a research project about their own teaching. Using a descriptive-explorative design, this study elicited data from multiple sources, including students’ pre-course survey, professional journals, reflective essays, project reports, group interviews, email exchanges with the instructor, and instructor’s field notes. Three categories emerged from the data analysis that reflected students’ gains from the process: a broader conception of research on language teaching and learning, a more sophisticated understanding of foreign language teaching in general and their own teaching in particular, and a learning process of how to be a teacher-researcher. Contributing and impeding factors are discussed and values of teacher research are suggested.
Novel Genes and Metabolite Trends in Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis Bi-26 Metabolism of Human Milk Oligosaccharide 2′-fucosyllactose

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) function as prebiotics for beneficial bacteria in the developing gut, often dominated by Bifidobacterium spp. To understand the relationship between bifidobacteria utilizing HMOs and how the metabolites that are produced could affect the host, we analyzed the metabolism of HMO 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) in Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis Bi-26. RNA-seq and metabolite analysis (NMR/GCMS) was performed on samples at early (A600 = 0.25), mid-log (0.5–0.7) and late-log phases (1.0–2.0) of growth. Transcriptomic analysis revealed many gene clusters including three novel ABC-type sugar transport clusters to be upregulated in Bi-26 involved in processing of 2′-FL along with metabolism of its monomers glucose, fucose and galactose. Metabolite data confirmed the production of formate, acetate, 1,2-propanediol, lactate and cleaving of fucose from 2′-FL. The formation of acetate, formate, and lactate showed how the cell uses metabolites during fermentation to produce higher levels of ATP (mid-log compared to other stages) or generate cofactors to balance redox. We concluded that 2′-FL metabolism is a complex process involving multiple gene clusters, that produce a more diverse metabolite profile compared to lactose. These results provide valuable insight on the mode-of-action of 2′-FL utilization by Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis Bi-26.