cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Positive Operators on L p-spaces

Throughout this paper we denote by L p the Banach lattice of p-integrable functions on a σ-finite measure space (X, B, μ), where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. We will consider those aspects of the theory of positive linear operators, which are in some way special due to the fact the operators are acting on L p-spaces. For general information about positive operators on Banach lattices we refer to the texts [1]. [20], and [36]. Our focus on L p-spaces does not mean that in special cases some of the results can not be extended to a larger class of Banach lattices of measurable function such as Orlicz spaces or re-arrangement invariant Banach function spaces. However in many cases the results in these extensions are not as precise or as complete as in the case of L p-spaces. We will discuss results related to the boundedness of positive linear operators on L p-spaces. The most important result is the so-called Schur criterion for boundedness. This criterion is the most frequently used tool to show that a concrete positive linear operator is bounded from L p to L q. Then we will show how this result relates to the change of density result of Weis [33]. Next the equality case of Schur’s criterion is shown to be closely related to the question whether a given positive linear operator attains its norm. We discuss in detail the properties of norm attaining operators on L p-spaces and discuss as an example the weighted composition operators on L p-spaces. Then we return to the Schur criterion and show how it can be applied to the factorization theorems of Maurey and Nikisin. Most results mentioned in this paper have appeared before in print, but sometimes only implicitly and scattered over several papers. Also a number of the proofs presented here are new.
Aufbau des Studiums

Da es den Bundeslandern uberlassen ist, das Studium der Rechtswissenschaften im Rahmen des DRiG zu regeln, sind jedem Versuch allgemein gultiger Aussagen uber den Aufbau des Studiums naturgemas Grenzen gesetzt. Dies bedeutet aber nicht, das Aussagen von vornherein unmoglich waren. Vielmehr bestehen, wie bereits ein oberflachlicher Vergleich der landesrechtlichen Bestimmungen ergibt, zumindest vergleichbare Grundstrukturen. Indes ist es unumganglich, um der landesrechtlichen Vielfalt gerecht zu werden, auch die Unterschiede aufzuzeigen, die im folgenden vor allem in den Ubersichten uber die unterschiedlichen Voraussetzungen zu finden sein werden. Gleichwohl sei bereits an dieser Stelle den Studierenden der Rechtswissenschaften dringend ans Herz gelegt, sich moglichst fruhzeitig uber die in dem betreffenden Bundesland geltenden Rechtsvorschriften sowie uber die Studienordnungen und Studienplane an ihrer Universitat und Fakultat zu informieren.
Applications of shape memory polymers (SMPs) in mechanobiology and bone repair

: Shape memory polymers (SMPs) possess unique stiffness- and shape-changing functionality that is beginning to be applied both to study bone mechanobiology and to address limitations associated with current bone repair techniques. This chapter introduces SMPs and discusses their potential to be used as in vitro platforms for the study of bone cell mechanobiology, osteogenic differentiation, and bone model systems, and to be applied as in vivo scaffolds that can fill space, enable minimally invasive delivery, enable rapid load bearing, and self-anchor. A poly(e-caprolactone)-based SMP scaffold is used to demonstrate the feasibility and application of the concepts discussed.
Research resources for tuberculosis at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

Summary Global control of tuberculosis (TB) requires the participation of multiple stakeholders that cross the spectrum of biomedical research, product development, and implementation and operational research. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), plays a critical role in TB biomedical research and product development by directly supporting and leveraging other funding support strategies and providing research resources to facilitate the translation of knowledge about TB into strategies and tools to more effectively combat disease. The primary mission of NIAID is to support high quality, peer reviewed, investigator initiated research that contributes to innovation in infectious disease research. It is also within the mission of NIAID to assure that research findings are translated into vaccines, diagnostics, and drugs to better prevent, diagnose, and treat this devastating disease.
Emergency Department Wait Times for Geriatric Psychiatric Patients.

Objective Older adults with complicated illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease often require specialized treatment in geriatric facilities when inpatient psychiatric hospitalization is needed. However, there is a shortage of these inpatient facilities. Thus, patients could wait in the emergency department (ED) for days pending availability of a bed at an appropriate facility. The objective of this study was to quantify that wait time. Methods Records for patients aged 60-89 years who were seen in the ED and had a psychiatric consultation over a 2-year period (July 2014 to June 2016) were reviewed. Total mean time spent in the ED was calculated on the basis of check-in time and time discharged from the ED. We also attempted to calculate the mean wait time for psychiatric consultation and wait time to disposition; however, for many visits, there was no record of when the consultation request was placed and when the recommendations were relayed back to the ED physician. Results Mean age at time of visit was 66.67 years. Diagnosis of dementia or a neurocognitive disorder most commonly led to referral to geriatric psychiatry rather than other psychiatric services. Of the visits, the most common disposition recommendation was for discharge with outpatient follow-up, and the least common recommendation was admission to the medical unit. The mean time in the ED was over a day for patients with a recommendation for admission and only 13 hours for patients with a recommendation for discharge. Conclusions Overall, the findings of this study reiterate the need for more intensive research and improvements in the assessment and care of older adults with psychiatric needs in the ED setting.
Triage: making the simple complex?

One of the hallmarks of an emergency department (ED), compared with an urgent care, or a physician’s office, is that patients are seen by the clinicians in order of acuity, not arrival. When there are plenty of caretakers and few patients, determining the order is less important; everyone gets seen quickly. But when there are more patients than there are staff, some form of prioritisation is needed to prevent a critically ill patient deteriorating in the waiting room. Thus, triage is a critical need when there are not enough clinicians to go around. And as our departments become more and more crowded, our waits longer, there appears to be a greater and greater need for triage. At the same time, triage itself, or at least the way we are told to practise it, also soaks up resources. In most EDs where emergency medicine is practised, one form or another of a multilevel triage scale is used to sort patients into three, four or five categories. Usually, only experienced nurses are allowed to perform triage, but only after special training. However, despite their extensive experience, these nurses are then asked to follow an algorithm rather than utilising their clinical judgement. Moreover, we hand to triage tasks that could be done by others: in some cases a quick registration, taking observations which could be done by a technician, or handling complaints from waiting patients, which would be better solved by a security guard, or, better yet, a kindly volunteer offering a cup of tea. Moreover, the nurses are asked to sort to a degree that at …
Efficacy of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin maintenance therapy in platinum-sensitive recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer: a retrospective study

Objective To examine the effectiveness of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) maintenance therapy (intravenous administration at dose 40 mg/m2 on day 1, repeated every 4 weeks) after first-line salvage chemotherapy for platinum-sensitive recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer.
A Pilot Test of the Effectiveness of an Integrated Sex Positive Education Program

AbstractThis mixed-methods study investigated the effectiveness of a sex positive sexual education and violence prevention program: Relationships, Sexuality, and Violence Prevention (RSVP). Researc...
Mechanisms of Social Media Effects on Attitudes Toward E-Cigarette Use: Motivations, Mediators, and Moderators in a National Survey of Adolescents.

Background: Exposure to risk behavior on social media is associated with risk behavior tendencies among adolescents, but research on the mechanisms underlying the effects of social media exposure is sparse. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the motivations of social media use and the mediating and moderating mechanisms of their effects on attitude toward electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use among adolescents. Methods: Using data from a national sample survey of adolescents (age=14-17 years, N=594), we developed and validated a social media use motivation scale. We examined the roles of motivations in the effect of social media use on risk exposure and risk attitude. Results: Motivations for social media use included agency, self-expression, realism, social learning, social comparison, and filter. These motivations were associated differentially with the frequency of use of Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and YouTube. Frequency of social media use was positively associated with exposure to e-cigarette messages across the four platforms (Ps<.001). Exposure to e-cigarette messages on Instagram (P=.005) and Snapchat (P=.03) was positively associated with attitude toward e-cigarette use. Perceived social media realism moderated the effects of e-cigarette message exposure such that when realism was high, the exposure effect was amplified, but when realism was low, the effect was mitigated (P<.001). A three-way interaction effect (P=.02) among exposure, social learning motivation, and social norm on attitude toward e-cigarette use was found. When perceived social norm was high, the moderating effect of social learning motivation on e-cigarette use attitude was amplified, but when social norm was low, the social learning motivation effect was attenuated. Conclusions: Because perceived social media realism moderates the effect of exposure to e-cigarette messages on attitude toward e-cigarette use, future intervention efforts should address the realism perceptions. The three-way interaction among exposure, social learning motivation, and social norm indicates the importance of addressing both the online and offline social environments of adolescents. The social media use motivation scale, reflecting perceived affordances, is broadly applicable. Understanding social media use motivations is important, as they indirectly influence attitude toward e-cigarette use via frequency of social media use and/or frequency of exposure to e-cigarette messages on social media.
New near-infrared spectroscopy method for local measurements of cerebral blood flow

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive optical technique that is sensitive to blood volume, blood flow, and oxygen consumption in biological tissue. In particular, a NIRS-measured quantity that has been previously considered as a surrogate for blood flow measurements is the difference of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations ([HbD] = [HbO2] – [Hb]). We propose a new NIRS method for measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF), which improves on the [HbD] surrogate by accounting for blood volume contributions and for temporal delays due to the blood transit time in the microvasculature. This new NIRS method relies on concepts of coherent hemodynamics spectroscopy (CHS), and we identify it with the acronym NIRS-CHS. We report a comparison of CBF transient dynamics measured on human subjects with NIRS-CHS, with the [HbD] surrogate and with diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS). We found a good agreement between the CBF dynamics measured with NIRS-CHS and with DCS, while the [HbD] dynamics lag because of the delayed effect of CBF on [HbD] due to the capillary and venous blood transit times. The NIRS-CHS method also affords absolute measurements of baseline CBF, for which we found a value of 69 ± 6 ml/100g/min (mean ± standard error) in a group of six healthy volunteers. Further studies to characterize and validate CBF measurements with NIRS-CHS are currently ongoing, with an emphasis on the assessment of accuracy, precision, and reproducibility.
Asthma and the Public School Teacher: A Two State Study.

Background: Asthma is one of the most common chronic health problems experienced by school-age children. As a result, school professionals need to be well informed about this chronic illness so tha...
Peer Mentoring to Prepare High School Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder for College

Preparing high school students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) for college life is key to a successful transition. This exploratory study evaluated the effectiveness of a college preparation mentoring program in improving students’ understanding and preparedness for college, motivation to attend college, and confidence. Participants (n = 47) met weekly with a university student who served as a peer mentor. The 6-week curriculum covered topics including application process, campus supports, time management, and socializing. The program was evaluated using a mixed-methods approach including a customized questionnaire and parent interviews. Quantitative responses on the pre-post questionnaire indicated participants improved their understanding of what to expect at college, their knowledge of how things work, accessing support services, and lecture styles. Participants continued to report feeling worried about attending college. Qualitative analysis of open-ended questions and interviews with parents supported positive outcomes for participants. Social validity was also indicated. Peer mentoring may be an effective strategy for improving understanding, preparedness, and motivation regarding transitioning to college for those with ASD.
Therapy with Women Substance Abusers: A Systemic Couples Approach

This paper outlines an integrated model of systems therapy for substance-abusing women, Systemic Couples Therapy (SCT). Using structural, strategic, behavioral, and Bowen concepts of family therapy, the authors have developed a model to be used in conjunction with standard treatment models of substance abuse agencies. SCT was designed to be used with women and their partners in conjoint therapy and with women whose partners do not attend therapy. Women who are not in committed relationships can also benefit from this model by focusing on important intimate relationship and family of origin patterns. Issues unique to women in substance abuse treatment are discussed, including the important need to pay attention and to intervene in women's relationship issues.
'Gaining a Voice': An Interpretation of Quaker Women's Writing 1740-1850

The aim of this paper is to suggest way s in which Quaker women Ministers, in a period of considerable doctrinal and secular change, used their journal writings as a tool to maintain their position within the Society of Friends. Expanding on previous work on Quaker women's spiritual autobiography, it suggests that these writings were not only written for spiritual purposes but also had a temporal dimension, providing women with an authorized 'voice' through which to express their concerns. The paper explores how in these writings Quaker women represented themselves, their work and their struggles when confronted with a male hierarchy, which for both doctrinal and temporal reasons, was progressively more determined to reduce their role and influence. Using both published and unpublished journals, this study suggests that Quaker women ministers knowingly promulgated their views and concerns through their journals to a wider audience and that their writing provided a useful and powerful medium for con­ sciousness raising, ensuring that their readers were not only alerted to the women's con­ cerns but were also encouraged to maintain the position of women within the organi­ sation of the Society.
Approximate Memory Compression

Memory subsystems are a major energy bottleneck in computing platforms due to frequent transfers between processors and off-chip memory. We propose approximate memory compression, a technique that leverages the intrinsic resilience of emerging workloads such as machine learning and data analytics to reduce off-chip memory traffic, thereby improving energy and performance. We realize approximate memory compression by enhancing the memory controller to be aware of approximate memory regions—regions in memory that contain approximation-resilient data—and to transparently compress (decompress) the data written to (read from) these regions. To provide control over approximations, each approximate memory region is associated with an error constraint such as the maximum error that may be introduced in each data element. The quality-aware memory controller subjects memory transactions to a compression scheme that introduces approximations, thereby reducing memory traffic, while adhering to the specified error constraint for each approximate memory region. A software interface is provided to allow programmers to identify data structures (DSs) that are resilient to approximations. A runtime quality control framework automatically determines the error constraints for the identified DSs such that a given target application-level quality is maintained. We evaluate our proposal by applying it to three different main memory technologies in the context of a general-purpose computing system—DDR3 DRAM, LPDDR3 DRAM, and spin-transfer torque magnetic RAM (STT-MRAM). To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed concepts, we also implement a hardware prototype using the Intel UniPHY-DDR3 memory controller and Nios-II processor, a Hynix DDR3 DRAM module, and a Stratix-IV field-programmable gate array (FPGA) development board. Across a wide range of machine learning benchmarks, approximate memory compression obtains significant benefits in main memory energy ( $1.18\times $ for DDR3 DRAM, $1.52\times $ for LPDDR3 DRAM, and $2.0\times $ for STT-MRAM) and a simultaneous improvement in execution time (5.2% for DDR3 DRAM, 5.4% for LPDDR3 DRAM, and 9.3% for STT-MRAM) with nearly identical application output quality.
Redesigned Partnerships as a Result of Redesigned Educational Preparation Program

This study investigated the ability of a redesigned teacher preparation program to effectively meet the needs of teacher candidates and partner school districts. The study examined the effects of the redesigned school of education program on perceptions of teacher candidates, administrators, teachers in partner districts, and faculty members. Findings from school-partnership districts and the school of education were explored. The goal was to use best practices to meet the needs of teacher candidates and provide rich theoretical and clinical experiences in diverse school settings. Findings indicated a change in perceptions of teacher candidates in understanding the importance of equity in the teaching process and of the connection between theory presented in the classroom and application in settings of diverse learners. Teachers and principals indicated an appreciation for renewal through the collaborative experience with teacher candidates during field experiences.
Displaying Data from the Beilstein Database

Once a compound of interest has been located in the Beilstein Database, it is necessary to be able to review the factual data associated with it. For many compounds, the quantity of data in the file is very large and much of it may be unrelated to the question at hand.
Dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticle-induced nanotoxicity in neuron cultures.

Recent technological advances have introduced diverse engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) into our air, water, medicine, cosmetics, clothing, and food. However, the health and environmental effects of these increasingly common ENPs are still not well understood. In particular, potential neurological effects are one of the most poorly understood areas of nanoparticle toxicology (nanotoxicology), in that low-to-moderate neurotoxicity can be subtle and difficult to measure. Culturing primary neuron explants on planar microelectrode arrays (MEAs) has emerged as one of the most promising in vitro techniques with which to study neuro-nanotoxicology, as MEAs enable the fluorescent tracking of nanoparticles together with neuronal electrical activity recording at the submillisecond time scale, enabling the resolution of individual action potentials. Here we examine the dose-dependent neurotoxicity of dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (dIONPs), a common type of functionalized ENP used in biomedical applications, on cultured primary neurons harvested from postnatal day 0–1 mouse brains. A range of dIONP concentrations (5–40 µg/ml) were added to neuron cultures, and cells were plated either onto well plates for live cell, fluorescent reactive oxidative species (ROS) and viability observations, or onto planar microelectrode arrays (MEAs) for electrophysiological measurements. Below 10 µg/ml, there were no dose-dependent cellular ROS increases or effects in MEA bursting behavior at sub-lethal dosages. However, above 20 µg/ml, cell death was obvious and widespread. Our findings demonstrate a significant dIONP toxicity in cultured neurons at concentrations previously reported to be safe for stem cells and other non-neuronal cell types.
Strong spin-orbit interactions in a correlated two-dimensional electron system formed in SrTi O 3 (001 ) films grown epitaxially on p -Si (001 )

We observe strong spin-orbit interactions in a two-dimensional electron system formed on $\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}(001)$ films grown epitaxially on p-Si(001). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and related analytical techniques reveal a sharp interface between Si and $\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. Strain mapping analysis shows in-plane strain in $\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ very close to the interface. Analysis of the low temperature magnetoconductance measurements reveals that both quantum interference and electron-electron interactions are important. The contributions of these two quantum phenomena to the temperature and magnetic field dependence of the conductance and Hall effect are separated. The electron system has carrier concentrations larger than ${10}^{14}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, appears to be confined within \ensuremath{\sim}4 nm, and has an estimated spin-splitting energy \ensuremath{\sim}12 meV.
Effect of TiO2 nanotube phases and Pt contact morphologies on the properties of Schottky junction

Abstract The effect of the TiO2 nanotube phase and the Pt contact morphology on their Schottky junction is studied. Different annealing temperatures were used to achieve different phases. Titanium dioxide nanotube has an anatase phase when annealed at 450 °C and a mixed-phase of anatase and rutile when annealed at 550 °C. The platinum contact was deposited using the atomic layer deposition method. Different morphologies can be achieved with a varying number of coating cycles. We found that the rectification ratio of a sample with mixed-phase TiO2 nanotubes is higher than that of a sample with anatase phase TiO2 nanotubes. The rectification ratio of a device with a continuous thin film morphology contact is higher than those with a noncontinuous morphology. The highest average rectification ratio of 831 is achieved with a continuous thin film Pt coating over mixed-phase TiO2 nanotubes device.
The 'Close but Adversarial' Model of Supplier Relations in the US Auto Industry

While cooperative buyer-supplier relations are an important source of sustainable competitive advantage, non-cooperative behavior persists widely. Reaping the full advantages of such cooperation requires an understanding of both the underlying theory as well as the context within which implementation will take place. Theoretically, as in all cooperative games, in buyer-supplier relations it is necessary to specify each player's outside options and threat points, using transaction cost analysis. Practically, it is necessary to implement strategies and design processes that maximize the value of the shared payoff and minimize the benefits and scope of opportunistic behavior. This paper tests a model in which the incentives for non-cooperative behavior are nested within a context of formal commitment, using data from the US auto industry. This 'close, but adversarial' model appears to be reasonably well supported by the data, suggesting that even within professed cooperative buyer-supplier relationships adversarial behavior persists. In contrast, a small but significant minority of the relationships were found to be characterized by high levels of trust as well as informal commitment. The results suggest specific strategies for developing cooperative supplier relations.
Physician Perspective on Utilizing Guided Parental Exam To Augment Diagnostic Reasoning

Physician perspective on utilizing guided parental physical exam during Telehealth encounters Background Telehealth has become a vital medium in maintaining the patient-physician relationship in recent months. Practices and health systems have accepted Telehealth with open arms in almost all specialties' including primary care. Many physicians do not have the experience of using guided physical exams during Telehealth, particularly in pediatrics. This is much more vital when parents give a limited history, and children are not able to vocalize symptoms well. This study aims to assess the physicians' perspective on …
Effects of timber harvest on epigeous fungal fruiting patterns and community structure in a northern hardwood ecosystem

Epigeous fungal fruiting has important impacts on fungal reproduction and ecosystem function. Forest disturbances, such as timber harvest, impact moisture, host availability, and substrate availabi...
In Vivo CW-EPR Spectrometer Systems for Dosimetry and Oximetry in Preclinical and Clinical Applications

EPR spectrometers (and various sub-systems) have been designed and constructed to facilitate in vivo measurements with human subjects for dosimetry and oximetry. Most applications are primarily focused on surface tissue measurements; however, oximetric measurements utilizing implantable devices are also discussed. Given various specifications and considerations across these two primary applications, several embodiments and configurations of the associated sub-systems to the spectrometer have been realized and implemented. These embodiments and configurations have been developed and tested with a focus on the end-use and the end-users. This includes acknowledgement of the challenges and needs for making measurements in unanesthetized human patients, the nature of the data that are most likely to be useful for clinical decision-making, and the person who will be making the actual measurements. Significant developments in spectrometer automation and features to ensure the quality of recorded data are featured.
Protective effects of the glutamate antagonist MK-801 on pyrithiamine- induced lesions and amino acid changes in rat brain

An acute bout of pyrithiamine-induced thiamine deficiency (PTD) produces pathologic lesions within thalamus, mammillary body, and periventricular regions of rat brain. The biological bases for these pathologic changes and their selective distribution within the brain are unclear. The type of tissue damage observed within the thalamus of PTD rats closely resembles that observed following anoxic-ischemic insults and suggests the involvement of excitotoxic amino acids in its pathogenesis. The effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 (3 mg/kg, i. p.) on brain lesions and amino acid changes have been assessed in rats killed during the late acute stages of PTD. A marked loss of neurons within midline intralaminar nuclei and the posterior nuclear group of the thalamus were observed in the early acute stage of PTD treatment. In the late acute stage, these changes were present throughout the entire thalamus and extended caudally to the periacqueductal gray and mesencephalic tegmentum. Hemorrhagic lesions were observed only in the late acute group and were the primary lesion within the mammillary body and medial and lateral geniculates. No pathologic changes were observed in hippocampus, amygdala, and cortex. MK-801 administered during the late stages resulted in a marked attenuation of necrotic damage to thalamus and periacqueductal gray and a reduction in the number and size of hemorrhagic lesions. Significant reductions of aspartate and glutamate and increases of glycine were observed in 5 regions of thalamus, the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and mammillary bodies of both the early and late acute PTD groups. Levels of GABA and taurine in caudal areas were significantly elevated in the early acute stage but were unchanged from controls in the late acute group. These amino acid changes were reduced in the MK-801 treated late acute group. These observations suggest that NMDA receptors are involved the pathogenesis of PTD-induced brain lesions and that nuclei of the intralaminar and posterior nuclear groups are most vulnerable to PTD effects.
Form factors of pions, kaons & protons at the highest timelike momentum transfers & first measurements of hyperons

Electromagnetic form factors of hadrons for timelike momentum transfers can be measured by particle-antiparticle annihilation into hadron-antihadron pairs. We have made the world’s first high precision measurements of timelike form factors of π and K mesons, and ground states of the baryons, protons, and the hyperons Λ0 , Σ0 , Σ+ , Ξ0 , Ξ– , Ω– at the high momentum transfers of 14.2 and 17.4 GeV2 . Limitations of perturbative QCD are revealed, and evidence is presented for the effects of diquark correlations in Λ0 and Σ0 .
Application of the Shunted Junction Model to Point-Contact Josephson Junctions

We have studied the dc I—V characteristics of oxidized Nb—Nb point contacts1 as a function of temperature, contact pressure, and rf power at 36 GHz. Results for junctions which do not show hysteresis have been compared in detail with calculations from the resistively shunted junction (RSJ) model first proposed by McCumber.2 The agreement between the data and the RSJ model, with a constant shunt resistance and including the effects of noise, is significantly better than has been reported for Dayem bridges.3,4
Regadenoson versus adenosine: A patient's perspective

2433 Objectives Regadenoson (Lexiscan) is an A2A adenosine receptor agonist indicated for use as a pharmacologic stress agent in myocardial perfusion imaging. Regadenoson was first approved in April of 2008; however, Ministry St. Joseph’s Hospital did not begin performing regadenoson stress tests until April of 2010. The following study was conducted to compare a patient’s perspective of regadenoson versus adenosine as well as the symptoms of each test. Methods Data was collected from questionnaires on over sixty-five patients who had previously undergone an adenosine sestamibi and were undergoing a regadenoson sestamibi. Patients were asked if they remembered the previous adenosine stress test and about any symptoms they experienced. They were then asked about any effects of the regadenoson and to compare the regadenoson to the adenosine overall. Results Out of the 50 patients who remembered their previous adenosine stress test, 74% of them favored the regadenoson. Symptoms were experienced with both types of pharmaceuticals. The most common side effect with regadenoson patients was headaches whereas chest pain was more common in patients given adenosine. Conclusions Patients favored regadenoson over adenosine and had fewer symptoms comparatively
Adsorption of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to Susceptible Potato Tissues: a Physisorption Process

Adsorption of Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells to potato tuber disks reached equilibrium after coincubation for about 30 min. More than 10% of the number of bacteria bound at equilibrium were adsorbed within 30 s. Adsorption isotherms obtained at three temperatures showed that the heat of adsorption was nearly zero.
Cell Line Derived from a Murine Sarcoma Virus (Moloney Pseudotype)-Induced Tumor: Cultural, Antigenic, and Virological Properties

A cell line derived from a murine sarcoma virus (Moloney pseudotype)-induced tumor has been established. It retains oncogenicity, releases both sarcoma and leukemia viruses, and has virus-induced cellular antigens.
Exchange of CO 2 between Atmosphere and Sea Water: Possible Enzymatic Control of the Rate

Surface and sub-surface ocean water differ in exchange characteristics with atmospheric CO2. The possibility of control by an enzyme-like carbonic anhydrase is discussed.
Audit committee equity holdings, the risk of reporting problems, and the achievement of earnings thresholds

Abstract There is conflicting evidence on whether audit committee equity holdings enhance or undermine committee effectiveness. Some researchers contend that equity holdings motivate audit committees to minimize the risk of reporting problems, while others believe equity holdings align the committees’ incentives with management. To reconcile these seemingly contradictory positions, I hypothesize that the influence of audit committee equity holdings depends upon the risk of reporting problems. I contend that when the risk of reporting problems is low (high) equity holdings motivate audit committees to give managers greater (less) discretion over reporting policies because the expected benefits from giving the discretion is greater (less) than the expected cost of the reporting problems that might occur from giving the discretion. I test whether the influence of audit committee equity holdings varies with the risk of reporting problems using a sample of 1370 firm-observations with earnings near the prior year’s earning level and a sample of 2389 firm-observations near analyst forecasts. I find the influence of audit committee equity holdings on the likelihood that a firm meets the prior year’s earnings level varies with the CEO’s equity incentives and the level of high-risk assets. I also find the influence of audit committee equity holdings on the likelihood that a firm meets analysts’ forecast varies with the CEO’s equity incentives and the effectiveness of internal controls. Collectively, my results suggest equity holdings enhance audit committee effectiveness by increasing a committee’s responsiveness to risk factors.
The Influence of Silicon on the Pitting Corrosion Resistance of an 18Cr-8Ni Stainless Steel

Abstract This paper describes the effect of silicon additions to an 18Cr-8Ni stainless steel (SS) on the resistance to pit initiation in halide media. Electrochemical polarization measurements cond...
Impact of early postpartum administration of progestin-only hormonal contraceptives compared with nonhormonal contraceptives on short-term breast-feeding patterns

Objective The purpose of this study was to identify the impact on breast-feeding patterns of early postpartum initiation of progestin-only birth control methods compared with nonhormonal methods. Study design A prospective, nonrandomized trial was performed comparing progestin-only contraceptive methods administered before hospital discharge with nonhormonal methods on breast-feeding continuation rates, exclusive breast-feeding, and supplementation at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after delivery. Results Three hundred nineteen women provided complete data until hospital discharge. The hormonal group had higher risk factors for not breast-feeding, but there was no difference among any of the subgroups in breast-feeding continuation rates except at week 4. Supplementation or perception of insufficient milk production did not differ between groups. By week 6, 23.5% of women discontinued breast-feeding, and 64.5% of those breast-feeding were supplementing. Conclusion This study demonstrates that there is no detectable adverse impact on breast-feeding attributable to progestin-only contraceptive methods initiated within the first 3 days post partum.
Effect of correlated jumps and vacancy wind interactions on atom jump frequencies and diffusion fluxes in a driving force

Abstract Because there are significant differences between the actual, basic and effective jump frequencies, care must be taken to use the proper frequency expressions in kinetic equations. Key equations for these frequencies are Eqs. (13), (15), (30) and (31). Correlation effects introduce the correlation factor f into Eqs. (15) and (30), which relate sums of the atom jump frequencies. These sums yield the tracer diffusion coefficient as given in Eq. (5). Vacancy wind effects influence both the actual and effective jump frequencies, but do not alter the basic jump frequencies. As a result, a term proportional to the vacancy wind parameter B appears on the right hand side of Eq. (31). This equation involves differences between atom jump frequencies to the right and left and, hence, yield the drift velocity given in Eq. (4). If the B term were not include, an incorrect equation, JA = -fJy, would be found for self-diffusion. For impurity diffusion, the vacancy wind factor can differ greatly from its self-diffusion value. However, as shown by Eq. (13), effects on the difference νrmR-νL will be exactly the same whether actual or effective jump frequencies are considered.
The relations of emotionality and regulation to preschoolers' social skills and sociometric status

The purpose of this study was to examine the relations of emotionality (intensity and negative emotion) and regulation (coping and attentional regulation) to preschoolers' social skills (as rated by adults) and sociometric status. Teachers' ratings of children's constructive coping and attentional control were positively related to boys' social skills and peer status, whereas negative affect was negatively related. Acting out (vs. avoidant) coping and emotional intensity were negatively related to girls' and boys' social skills and boys' peer status. In addition, mothers' reports of boys' coping by seeking social support and low emotional intensity were associated with boys' positive social functioning, whereas avoidant coping was positively related to girls' rated social skills. The results are discussed in relation to research on emotion regulation and coping with emotion in interpersonal contexts.
Deviation, Demography, and Development: Differences between Papago Indian Communities

Modernization may be conceived as a deviation amplifying mechanism through which change is intensified and accelerated. One of the by-products of deviation amplification is the increase of variation between different components of the system being modernized. Anthropologists are the best situated social scientists to study this type of change, although they have the poorest methodological equipment for doing so.Demographic indices have a number of advantages for this purpose. They permit the entire range of society phenomena to be kept under observation and disclose the range of resulting variation with great accuracy. They also permit the identification of the society sector within which deviation amplification has been operating most effectively.Data from the Papago population register are utilized to construct three demographic community types. The utility of these types in predicting levels of modernization in education, employment, and acceptance of Protestant religion is demonstrated. The types are ...
A method for the extraction of high-quality RNA and protein from single small samples of arteries and veins preserved in RNAlater.

Introduction: The mesenteric vasculature plays an important role in cardiovascular homeostasis, both in terms of arterial resistance and venous capacitance. However, the limited quantity of tissue available and the activity of RNases and proteases during dissection of the vessels make it difficult to study gene and protein expression in this tissue. Methods: The mesenteric arcade was harvested from rats. The mesenteric arteries and veins were separated from each other and from contaminating adipose, nerve, and connective tissue by blunt dissection while submerged in RNAlater (Ambion). Total ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein were extracted from the same mesenteric artery and vein samples. Results: Good quality RNA and protein were obtained by this method. The method preserved the content of proteins including biglycan, adrenergic receptors, estrogen receptors, and protein kinase Cδ, and also preserved the differential expression of estrogen receptors. Discussion: A method for the isolation of high-quality RNA and protein from the arteries and veins of the same mesenteric sample is described. The content of proteins from a variety of cellular compartments and molecular weights was preserved by this method, as well as differential expression of proteins. This method will facilitate the study of gene and protein expression in the mesenteric vasculature in response to pharmacologic treatments and in disease states.
POSTURAL DIFFERENCES IN CARDIORESPIRATORY ACTIVITY DURING QUIET AND ACTIVE SLEEP IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS. † 293

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of body position (supine vs prone) on cardiorespiratory activity during quiet and active sleep in growing low birth weight (LBW) infants.
Echographic Diagnosis of Scleral Fold in Hypotony

Purpose To report the echographic appearance of a scleral fold in hypotony. Method We performed ultrasonography on a patient who, after trabeculectomy with mitomycin C, had an intraocular pressure of 1 mm Hg, an opaque cataract, and suspected hypotonous maculopathy in the left eye. Results An area of dome-shaped eyewall thickening was noted near the tendon of the lateral rectus muscle in primary gaze. This thickening increased substantially in lateral gaze, mimicking a foreign body or a tumor. Conclusion Recognizing this abnormality is important to avoid erroneous diagnosis of an intraocular foreign body or a tumor in hypotonous eyes.
Enhancing visuospatial learning: The benefit of retrieval practice

Studies examining the beneficial effect of testing on memory have relied almost exclusively on verbal materials. Whether testing can improve the learning of novel, abstract visuospatial information was investigated, using Chinese characters as study stimuli. Subjects with no prior Chinese language experience studied English words paired with their Chinese equivalents. Subsequently, they either restudied the pairs twice or attempted to retrieve covertly the Chinese characters twice (with feedback provided afterward). The durations of the study and the retrieval/feedback trials were equated. On a final test given after 10 min (Experiment 1) or 24 h (Experiment 2), the subjects who had practiced retrieval were more accurate at writing/drawing the Chinese characters than were those who had studied repeatedly. The same result was replicated when learning condition was manipulated within subjects (Experiment 3). In predictions of future performance made after training, however, the subjects seemed unaware that retrieval practice was more effective than repeated studying. Testing enhances visuospatial learning, with potential implications for learning a foreign language that uses a writing script different from one’s language: Repeated retrieval from memory trumps repeated studying.
Let’s be Realistic about Serious Metaphysics

In the history of western philosophy, we find two traditional views of “serious metaphysics”: Aristotle’s and Kant’s. Albeit not as clear as we might prefer, from Aristotle we learn that metaphysics is the study of “being qua being”. We take this to mean a study of reality as it is, in itself, independent of how we conceptualize it. From Kant, we learn that this is not quite possible, that our conceptual apparatus is employed in all thought, even thought about “being qua being”. For him, knowledge of metaphysics is encompassed by necessary knowledge that is synthetic ap riori, derived by transcendental argument moving from our experiences to their necessary prerequisites. While neither put it perhaps in exactly these words, both Aristotle and Kant took their subject matter to be the actual world as it is, and not merely the study of a world as it could possibly be but actually is not. On one hand, considering how things possibly are is useful to metaphysics insofar as this shines light on how things actually are. On the other hand, however, from considering possibility for its own sake, or possibility not predicated upon that which is actual, we gain no insight into the actual world and we are not doing a good job with our metaphysics. Undoubtedly, our technical understanding of modality has become more nuanced than it was for these old world philosophers. Nevertheless, they have determined the parameters of the subject matter for serious metaphysicians. As in introduction to what is meant here by “serious metaphysics”, Kant’s second analogy can serve as a paradigm: we find it a metaphysically necessary, synthetic ap rioritruth that causes temporally precede their effects. This is not a causal truth, but rather a condition on the application of the concept of causation. Neither is this a truth of logic or a conceptual truth because one cannot derive a contradiction from the claim that it is false. (This is saying nothing more than that it is a synthetic and not an analytic truth. 2 ) There is no logical contradiction in considering a world where effects precede their causes, as there is in considering a world with
Ultrastructural characteristics of mast cells from a canine mastocytoma maintained in vitro

. Mast cells obtained from a canine mastocytoma were maintained in cell culture for a period of 11 weeks. Samples of these cells were harvested for electron microscopic examination after 9 weeks in vitro. Although the overall morphologic appearance was sufficient to allow their identification as mast cells, the tumor cells differed in several respects from descriptions of normal tissue mast cells. In contrast to normal tissue mast cells, the tumor cells exhibited peripheral accumulations of microfilaments, randomly dispersed microtubules, and small clusters of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The tumor mast cells also presented three different granule types: spherical granules with an amorphous and electron dense matrix; irregularly shaped granules possessing a limiting external membrane and an internal matrix containing laminated and/or coiled structures; and granules containing loosely coiled, unorganized membrane structures similar in appearance to myelin whorls. The canine mastocytoma is an excellent source of mast cells as they can be obtained in large numbers without contamination by extraneous cell types and the cells can be maintained in vitro for extended periods of time.
ANATOMY OF RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY AS DEFINED BY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

AbstractPurpose: We examined and defined anatomical structures relevant to radical prostatectomy using magnetic resonance imaging.Materials and Methods: Before radical prostatectomy, 15 men underwent high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging studies of their pelvic floors (fast spin echo, T2 weighting of 3- to 4-mm. contiguous or overlapping slices) in axial, coronal, and sagittal planes.Results: Pubovesical ligaments, rather than the commonly reported puboprostatic ligaments, we observed attaching the bladder-prostate unit to the pubis. We suggest that the part of the urethra that extends from the apex of the prostate to the bulb of the penis, which is surrounded by the striated sphincter, should be termed the sphincteric urethra rather than the membranous urethra. Further, we found no evidence that supports the traditional concept of a urogenital diaphragm. The lower part of the striated urethral sphincter was flanked on its sides by the anterior recesses of the ischioanal fossae. The portion of the le...