cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autarky Pruning in Propositional Model Elimination Reduces Failure Redundancy

Goal-sensitive resolution methods, such as Model Elimination, have been observed to have a higher degree of search redundancy than model-search methods. Therefore, resolution methods have not been seen in high-performance propositional satisfiability testers. A method to reduce search redundancy in goal-sensitive resolution methods is introduced. The idea at the heart of the method is to attempt to construct a refutation and a model simultaneously and incrementally, based on subsearch outcomes. The method exploits the concept of ’autarky‘, which can be informally described as a ’self-sufficient‘ model for some clauses, but which does not affect the remaining clauses of the formula. Incorporating this method into Model Elimination leads to an algorithm called Modoc. Modoc is shown, both analytically and experimentally, to be faster than Model Elimination by an exponential factor. Modoc, unlike Model Elimination, is able to find a model if it fails to find a refutation, essentially by combining autarkies. Unlike the pruning strategies of most refinements of resolution, autarky-related pruning does not prune any successful refutation; it only prunes attempts that ultimately will be unsuccessful; consequently, it will not force the underlying Modoc search to find an unnecessarily long refutation. To prove correctness and other properties, a game characterization of refutation search is introduced, which demonstrates some symmetries in the search for a refutation and the search for a model. Experimental data is presented on a variety of formula classes, comparing Modoc with Model Elimination and model-search algorithms. On random formulas, model-search methods are faster than Modoc, whereas Modoc is faster on structured formulas, including those derived from a circuit-testing application. Considerations for first-order refutation methods are discussed briefly.
The incidence and distribution of occult vaginal adenosis.

Abstract A histologic, step-sectional study of vaginas obtained at autopsy from 35 human females has demonstrated the presence of occult submucosal glands in 9 (41 per cent) of the 22 vaginas from postpubertal patients. A listing and pictorial representation of the number and location of these glands which were histologically and histochemically identical to those of the endocervix are presented. No similar evidence of occult vaginal adenosis was seen in the vaginas of prepubertal patients. The findings suggest that the incidence of occult vaginal adenosis and the potential for the development of gross lesions of adenosis are far greater than previously appreciated. They additionally suggest that occult adenosis develops de novo following puberty rather than during vaginal embryogenesis. The cell of origin remains undetermined.
Morphine interferes with renal tubular excretion of 99mTc-MAG3 - A ligand of Mrp2 transporter

2028 Objectives Excretion of 99mTc from epithelial cells requires Mrp2 transporter (Bhargava et al. J Nucl Med 50:1140). Consequently, differences in Mrp2 expression or preferential binding to Mrp2 may alter clearance of 99mTc complexes. The objective of this investigation was to identify the mechanism underlying the effects of morphine on renal excretion of 99mTc-MAG3. Methods Nine mice were used: untreated controls (Group 1; n=3), continuous morphine administration for 72 hrs, via a subcutaneoulsy implanted 75 mg pellet (Group 2; n=3) & morphine administration for 72 hrs, via a subcutaneoulsy implanted 75 mg pellet followed by morphine withdrawal for 72 hours (Group 3; n=3). Animals were injected with 3.7 MBq 99mTc-MAG3 via tail vein for dorsal renal imaging by gamma camera. Sixty 1-second images followed by 29 1-minute images were acquired. Regions of interest were drawn around the kidneys and time-activity curves generated. Split renal function and time-to-peak activity (Tpeak) were determined. Expression of Mrp1 and Mrp2 transporters was verified by immunofluorescence staining with cryosections of kidneys using specific antibodies. Results Split renal function was similar in all three animal groups. Right:left kidney ratios were 50±3%:50±3%, 50±2%:50±2%, and 55±7%:45±7% in Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively, p=n.s. In Group 1 Tpeak was 1.3±0.5 min, whereas in Group 2 Tpeak was prolonged, 24.6±3.0 min, p Conclusions Administration of morphine impaired renal excretion of 99mTc -MAG3. As 99mTc is a ligand of Mrp2, and morphine binds to this transporter, these results indicate that 99mTc-MAG3 excretion is Mrp2-dependent. This potentially will be helpful for analyzing renal function in morphine users.
Substrate preference in a colonial spider: is substrate choice affected by color morph?

Animals can show preference for a particular background as a way of decreasing visibility. Species with color polymorphism may have morph-dependent background preference. I test this hypothesis on the orb-weaving spider Parawixia bistriata. Adult females of P. bistriata present two distinct morphs characterized by brown and yellow opisthosomata. This nocturnal spider can be found in its retreat on the vegetation during the day. In order to examine whether females exhibit substrate preference dependent on their color morph, I first recorded the distribution of color morphs on different substrates (leaf and branch) and then performed a mark and release experiment. Field censuses indicated that the yellow morph was associated with leaves while the brown morph was found on either substrate type. The results of a mark and reciprocal release experiment agreed with the censuses and suggest that the two morphs differ in their association to substrate type: yellow females were associated with the leaf substrate, while brown females showed no association to a particular substrate type. Possible forces behind these differences in substrate choice are discussed.
The recreational and commercial importance of feral swine in Florida: Relevance to the possible introduction of African swine fever into the U.S.A.

Abstract Florida has the largest population of feral swine in the U.S.A. Feral swine have recreational and economic importance to hunters, trappers, taxidermists, and also to dealers who sell feral swine to hunting clubs. Hunters spent over 522 00 man-days hunting feral swine during the 1980–1981 hunting year. They killed nearly 103 000 hogs which they valued at over $58 each, for a total value of nearly $6 million. Trappers caught 25 000 head valued at about $ 700 000, and landowners collected about $1.2 million in hunting lease fees. Taxidermists received about $389 000 in gross income from mounting feral swine. Sales of feral swine to hunting clubs amounted to about $81 000. Sales of feral swine through commercial livestock auctions were limited to 1620 head valued at only $16 800 in 1980. Thus, feral swine are important to Florida from a recreational standpoint, but not from the perspective of commercial agriculture. If African swine fever were to enter Florida, there are many socio-economic factors associated with feral swine that must be carefully evaluated for eradication to be successful.
Informational masking for simultaneous nonspeech stimuli: Psychometric functions for fixed and randomly mixed maskers

Sensitivity d and response bias were measured as a function of target level for the detection of a 1000-Hz tone in multitone maskers using a one interval, two-alternative forced-choice 1I-2AFC paradigm. Ten such maskers, each with eight randomly selected components in the region 200– 5000 Hz, with 800– 1250 Hz excluded to form a protected zone, were presented under two conditions: the fixed condition, in which the same eight-component masker is used throughout an experimental run, and the random condition, in which an eight-component masker is chosen randomly trial-to-trial from the given set of ten such maskers. Differences between the results obtained with these two conditions help characterize the listener’s susceptibility to informational masking IM. The d results show great intersubject variability, but can be reasonably well fit by simple energy-detector models in which internal noise and filter bandwidth are used as fitting parameters. In contrast, the results are not well fit by these models. In addition to presentation of new data and its relation to energy-detector models, this paper provides comments on a variety of issues, problems, and research needs in the IM area. © 2005 Acoustical Society of America. DOI: 10.1121/1.2032748
Derivation of optimal input parameters for minimizing execution time of matrix-based computations on a GPU

Input parameters are the size of the grid and blocks assigned for GPU execution.We formulate execution metrics as functions of input parameters and GPU hardware to represent GPU computational behavior.From the execution metrics, optimal input parameters are derived to minimize GPU execution time.Three GPU kernels are tested: matrix-vector multiplication, matrix-matrix multiplication, and convolution.The derived parameters yield minimum or near-minimum execution time for all three kernels. As GPUs are continually being utilized as coprocessors, the demand for optimally utilizing them for various computations continues to grow. The goal of this work is to derive input parameters which yield the minimum execution time for matrix-based computations executing on a GPU. Input parameters are defined as the dimensions of the grid and blocks assigned for execution on the GPU. Since input parameters inadequately represent the executional behavior of the GPU, execution metrics are formulated as functions of the input parameters to represent the behavior. The execution metrics are architecture independent and are utilized to derive optimal input parameters, which are input parameters that yield the minimum execution time. Optimal input parameters are derived for the following matrix-based computations: matrix-vector multiplication (Mv), matrix-matrix multiplication (MM), and convolution. The derivation allows for selection of optimal input parameters without executing code. Results, for all matrix-based computations and sizes tested, show that utilizing the derived optimal input parameters often yields the minimum execution time, and, at worst, execution time within 13.6% of the minimum.
Nonlinear eigenvalue problems of the elastica

Abstract Physical phenomena are usually described by nonlinear differential equations. If some of the physical parameters are unknown then adding appropriate constraints may transform a nonlinear problem to a nonlinear eigenvalue problem. This principle is illustrated by a variety of problems associated with deflections of a flexible rod. The basic problem studied is the problem formed by the natural extension of the linear buckling problem of a flexible rod when large deflections are taken into account. The unknown parameter in these problems is the load, and the constraint is the predetermined distance between the rod's ends. The problem of finding large deflections of the strongest column is also addressed. A simple numerical method for solving these problems is given. The paper gives insight into the problem of forming a non-linear eigenvalue problem. It highlights the relations between the mathematical formulation and the governing physical laws, and demonstrates the similarity between the linear and the nonlinear solutions.
Taxonomic studies in the Miconieae (Melastomataceae). VI. Miconia santanana, a new species from Hispaniola

Miconia santanana, which occurs in broad-leaved forests along streams of pineland habitats in the Cordillera Central of the Dominican Republic, is described and illustrated. It is compared withM. ferruginea andM. adenocalyx, two presumed close relatives withinMiconia sect.Chaenopleura. Eco-geographic characterizations and a key are presented for these three species.
Manual Acupuncture for Analgesia During Electromyography: A Pilot Study

Abstract Smith MJ, Tong HC. Manual acupuncture for analgesia during electromyography: a pilot study. Objectives To evaluate the analgesic effect of acupuncture for needle electromyography and to validate a sham acupuncture needle. Design Randomized, double-blinded, controlled study. Setting University-based electrodiagnostics laboratory. Participants Fifty-one subjects referred for electrodiagnostic evaluation. Interventions Before the electromyography examination, either real acupuncture needles or telescopic sham needles were applied. Main Outcome Measures Visual analog scale of pain and unpleasantness after 3 muscles were examined with electromyography. Pretest pain was subtracted to give a measurement of pain attributable to the electromyography. Subjects were asked which needle they thought they had received. Results Twenty-six subjects were randomized to the treatment group and 25 to the sham group. Pain in the treatment group (−.96) was less than in the control group (9.68), but it was not statistically significant (P=.13). Post hoc analysis, excluding 5 subjects known to have been treated by the novice acupuncturist, showed a significant difference of 14.4mm (P=.02). The proportion of subjects who thought they received real needles in the acupuncture group (69%) did not differ from the proportion in the control group (48%) (P=.13). Conclusions Acupuncture may represent an effective form of analgesia for electromyography. This is the first study to suggest independently the telescopic sham acupuncture needle as an effective control.
A Bacterial Cocaine Esterase Protects Against Cocaine-Induced Epileptogenic Activity and Lethality

Study objective Cocaine toxicity results in cardiovascular complications, seizures, and death and accounts for approximately 20% of drug-related emergency department visits every year. Presently, there are no treatments to eliminate the toxic effects of cocaine. The present study hypothesizes that a bacterial cocaine esterase with high catalytic efficiency would provide rapid and robust protection from cocaine-induced convulsions, epileptogenic activity, and lethality. Methods Cocaine-induced paroxysmal activity and convulsions were evaluated in rats surgically implanted with radiotelemetry devices (N=6 per treatment group). Cocaine esterase was administered 1 minute after a lethal dose of cocaine or after cocaine-induced convulsions to determine the ability of the enzyme to prevent or reverse, respectively, the effects of cocaine. Results The cocaine esterase prevented all cocaine-induced electroencephalographic changes and lethality. This effect was specific for cocaine because the esterase did not prevent convulsions and death induced by a cocaine analog, (−)-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-phenyltropane. The esterase prevented lethality even after cocaine-induced convulsions occurred. In contrast, the short-acting benzodiazepine, midazolam, prevented cocaine-induced convulsions but not the lethal effects of cocaine. Conclusion The data showed that cocaine esterase successfully degraded circulating cocaine to prevent lethality and that cocaine-induced convulsions alone are not responsible for the lethal effects of cocaine in this model. Therefore, further investigation into the use of cocaine esterase for treating cocaine overdose and its toxic effects is warranted.
Hepatocyte transport of bile acids and organic anions in endotoxemic rats : impaired uptake and secretion

BACKGROUND & AIMS: In sepsis, intrahepatic cholestasis occurs frequently, suggesting impaired hepatocyte transport of bile acids and organic anions. The aim of the study was to define the magnitude, time course, and the site of impaired biliary secretion in a rat sepsis model. METHODS: Maximal transport for two bile acids (cholyltaurine and chenodeoxycholyltaurine) and two organic anions (sulfobromophthalein and sulfolithocholyltaurine) was measured in isolated perfused livers at various times after lipopolysaccharide injection. Basolateral and canalicular liver plasma membrane vesicles were used to characterize the impairment in hepatocyte transport. RESULTS: Maximal hepatocyte transport was reduced for all compounds by 60%-81% compared with controls. Bile acid-independent bile flow was reduced by 51%. Impairment was maximal 12 hours after endotoxin injection and recovered thereafter. In basolateral plasma membrane vesicles, sodium-dependent transport for bile acids was reduced by 36%-47%. Sodium-independent transport of organic anions was reduced by 40%-55%. Adenosine triphosphate-stimulated transport was greatly decreased in canalicular vesicles prepared from endotoxemic animals for all four compounds probably because of a reduced number of transport molecules, based on kinetic studies. CONCLUSIONS: Basolateral and canalicular bile acid and organic anion transport are markedly impaired in endotoxemia. These mechanisms may contribute to the cholestasis of sepsis. (Gastroenterology 1997 Jan;112(1):214-25)
Comparisons of energy disposal by the reactions of H atoms with Cl2, SCl2, S2Cl2 and SO2Cl2 from observation of HC1 infrared chemiluminescence

Abstract Arrested relaxation infrared chemiluminescence studies of the H + Cl 2 , SCl 2 , S 2 Cl 2 , SOCl 2 and SO 2 -Cl 2 reactions have been made. The mean fraction of vibrational (stational) energy released to HCl is 0.40 (0.10); 0.40 (0.13); 0.38 (⪆ 0.02); 0.33 (⪆0.02) and 0.36 (⪆0.02) for the series. Only the H + SCl 2 reaction shows a two component initial rotational distribution. The larger ( f V ) and ( f R ) from H + SCl 2 , relative to the other polyatomic reagents, is consistent with the observation that this is the only reaction that shows forward scattering. The room temperature rate constants also were measured, relative to H + Cl 2 , and were found to decline in the series from 0.68 for SCl 2 to 0.02 for SO 2 Cl 2 . All of these data support the suggestion (first made by Heydtmann and Polanyi) that the unusual rotational energy disposal pattern from H + SCl 2 is a consequence of migration of H from the initially encountered C1 to the second C1, which then forms the HCI product; this pathway augments the direct reactive pathway, which gives HCI in lower J states.
A phase II evaluation of docetaxel and carboplatin followed by tumor volume directed pelvic plus or minus paraaortic irradiation for stage III endometrial cancer

Abstract Objective To determine the feasibility and efficacy of administering docetaxel and carboplatin chemotherapy followed by tumor directed radiation in patients with advance stage endometrial cancer. Methods Patients with surgical stage III or IV (confined to the pelvis) endometrial cancer were eligible. Treatment consisted of six cycles of docetaxel (75mg/m 2 ) and carboplatin (AUC 6) followed by irradiation to the involved field (50.4Gy pelvis±43.5Gy paraaortic)±brachytherapy. Kaplan–Meier (KM) methods estimated overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS). Results Forty-five patients were enrolled, 34 (76.0%) completed the prescribed therapy. Median age 63.5 (35–85years). Stage IIIA 8 (17.8%), IIIB 1 (2.2%) and IIIC 36 (80.0%). 39/45 (86.7%) had endometroid histology. Serious grade 4 toxicities included 14 non-hematologic and 2 hematologic. Sixteen patients died following treatment, 6 from recurrent progressive cancer, with a median follow-up of 35.6months (0.4–74.8). KM estimates and standard error (SE) for OS at 1year were 84.5%, (5.4%), at 3years, 65.8%, (7.2%) and at 5years, 56.7%, (7.9%). Median overall survival was 74.5months. Fourteen patients recurred with KM estimates and standard error (SE) for PFS at 1year 77.8%, (6.2%) and 3year 54.4%, (6.7%). Median progression free survival was 36.9 months. Conclusions Docetaxel and carboplatin followed by tumor directed irradiation for advanced stage endometrial cancer has acceptable toxicity and efficacy that allows for this regimen to be considered a viable treatment option for these patient s.
The glucosinolate content of UK vegetables—cabbage (Brassicae oleracea), swede (B. napus) and turnip (B. campestris)

The content of individual glucosinolates in 32 samples of cabbage (representing 21 cultivars), 11 samples of Savoy cabbage (seven different cultivars), 33 samples of swede (16 cultivars) and nine samples of turnip (three cultivars) have been determined by gas chromatography. 2‐Propenyl, 3‐methylsulphinyl and 3‐indolylmethyl glucosinolates were the predominant compounds in both types of cabbage, with the Savoy cabbage showing a mean total glucosinolate content more than double that of white cabbage (209 vs. 90mg/100g fresh weight). The glucosinolate content of the swede and turnip samples was more complex, with 2‐hydroxy‐3‐butenyl‐glucosinolate predominating in swedes and this compound, 3‐butenyl‐and 2‐phenylethyl‐glucosinolates being the major components of turnip. The mean total glucosinolate contents of swede and turnip were 92 and 93 mg/100 g fresh weight. Compared to published data on American vegetables, the UK cabbage samples were much richer in glucosinolates and the UK swede and turnip samples poo...
Erosion of hard material coating systems

Abstract The use of coating systems to protect structural metal surfaces from elevated temperature, small solid particle erosion and erosion-corrosion can extend component life and permit operation in more severe environments. The room and elevated temperature erosion behavior of several hard material coating systems, i.e. carbides, borides and nitrides, were determined over a range of test conditions. Particle velocities from 70 to 150 m s −1 and test temperatures from 25 to 540°C were used. Mechanisms of erosion were established and related to erosion rates in a manner that defined the requirements of composition, morphology and defect levels of coating systems for long-term performance. It was determined that small grain size, low porosity and absence of cracks were the microstructural features that enhanced erosion resistance. Hardness levels and the composition and distribution of second phase, hard particles had less effect on coating performance. Angular SiC particles were considerably more erosive than either Al 2 O 3 or chromite-mixed oxide round-shaped particles and the rankings of the coatings' performance were different for each erodent and set of test conditions.
Potato virus S-free plants obtained using antiviral compounds and nodal segment culture of potato

Plants free of potato virus S were obtained from infected nodal segments cultured on agar solidified medium containing antiviral compounds. After two to 12 weeks, the uppermost node of the resultant plant was recovered, cultured and tested by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. The compounds 6-azauracil, 6-azathymine and 5-fluorouracil were ineffective and melamine (2,4,6-triamino-s-triazine) and 2-thiouracil eliminated potato virus S (PVS) sporadically but ribavirin (l-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1H-l, 2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) gave PVS eradication rates of 10 percent or more and was the most effective antiviral tested in this system. The method is technically simple, rapid and effective. It has been tested with over 100 varieties and has also proven useful in eliminating potato viruses X, Y, and LR.
Tags: Cross-linguistic diversity and commonality

Abstract The epistemic modal functions of English tag constructions, such as You’re coming, aren’t you? are well known: prototypical tags indicate reduced certainty on the part of the speaker. Tags can also have interactive effects, since they request a response from the listener. This dual function has been linked to their syntactic structure, which consists of a statement followed by an abbreviated question. But the majority of tag constructions cross-linguistically do not show this grammatical structure. This paper takes up the issue of the universality of tag functions by looking at the uses of tags in spontaneous speech in Mohawk. Tag constructions in both English and Mohawk show combinations of modal and interactive functions, but the inventories of uses of the constructions differ. Certain challenging and aggressive uses have been observed in English but not Mohawk, while certain discourse-structuring uses have been observed in Mohawk but not English. The differences can be seen to emerge from the common modal/interactive function, plus a deeper commonality, the propensity of speakers to exploit available linguistic resources for creative expression.
No Specific Subcellular Localization of Protein Kinase C Is Required for Cytotoxic T Cell Granule Exocytosis

Cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells by releasing lytic granules that contain cell-killing contents. Exocytosis requires calcium influx and protein kinase C (PKC) activation. Here, we extend our previous finding regarding the lack of isoform specificity of PKCs in the granule release step, showing that mutant constitutively active PKCδ can substitute for phorbol esters and support exocytosis. PKCδ, a novel PKC isoform, was recently shown to play a role in lytic granule reorientation. Surprisingly, however, our results suggested that mutant PKCδ did not localize to the plasma membrane (PM). To test directly whether PKC has to be in the PM to drive exocytosis, we generated mutants of various PKC isoforms that were tethered either to the outer mitochondrial membrane or to the PM. Tethered mutant PKCδs were able to promote exocytosis as effectively as the untethered version. The substrates of PKCs involved in lytic granule exocytosis are currently unknown, but subcellular localization is believed to be a critical factor in determining PKC accessibility to substrates. That there is no requirement for specific PKC localization in lytic granule exocytosis may have important implications for the identity of PKC substrates.
Cladometric analysis of Pliocene hominids

Abstract Quantification of individual crown features allows maximization of information retrieval from isolated hominid molars. The Lukeino specimen demonstrates phenetic affinity to Pan; the Lothagam fossil appears closer to a hypothetical ancestral hominid morphotype than the Laetolil specimens. Consideration of 41 metric features in a cladistic framework establishes Australopithecus afarensis as the sister taxon of Homo and of later australopithecines.
Caterpillar's ordeal: Foreign competition in capital goods

A large company falling prey to its troubles, both from the Pacific Rim and from other sources (including itself), is not news. However, Caterpillar, Inc. has not succumbed, and its lessons are lessons for all American manufacturing.
Sticking coefficient and processing of water vapor on organic-coated nanoaerosols.

Organic-based aerosols may play an unexpectedly important role in the atmospheric processing of water vapor. In this paper, we report results of a molecular dynamics (MD) study on the sticking coefficient of water vapor on a coated particle (water droplet coated with fatty acid of radius ∼4 nm). The sticking coefficient was found to be almost a constant (11−16%) for incident speeds around the most probable speed as opposed to 100% for water vapor incident on a pure water droplet. The sticking coefficient was found to increase with the size of the water cluster (water-Nmer) impinging the surface of the particle and was seen to approach 1 for impinging water clusters consisting of 10 molecules or more. We also computed the average energy transferred per collision for monomers impinging the surface of the coated particle and found the value to be 4.4581 kJ/mol. Most important perhaps was the fact that despite the lower sticking coefficient, the equilibrium vapor pressure of water over these inverted micelles...
Silicon Carbide Powder Synthesis from Silicon Monoxide and Methane

SiC was synthesized via the gas-phase reaction between SiO and CH4 at 1500° and 1560°C in a tubular flow reactor. SiO vapor was generated from equimolar powder mixtures of Si and SiO2 in the reactor while CH4 was externally supplied. Products of different morphologies were collected at different longitudinal locations: whiskers, crystal aggregates, scale, and powder. The total yield of SiC, based on the amount of SiO generated, reached as high as 99%, of which 25–46% by mass was fine powder with sizes ranging from 60 to 300 nm.
The search for the elusive adrenal steroidogenic "regulatory" protein.

Abstract Inhibition of protein synthesis blocks ACTH-stimulated steroidogenesis. Researchers have proposed that a "regulatory" protein functions at an intramitochondrial site to promote the translocation of cholesterol substrate from the outer to the inner membrane where the rate-limiting P-450 scc enzyme complex is located. To date three different proteins have been put forth as a "regulatory" protein. These are structurally distinct, yet appear to perform the same in vitro function; they are widely distributed, and are normally involved in disparate activities unrelated to steroidogenesis. Thus, it is difficult to understand how a physiological role for the three proteins in ACTH-stimulated steroidogenesis might exist.
Effect of Elicitation and Changes in Extracellular pH on the Cytoplasmic and Vacuolar pH of Suspension-Cultured Soybean Cells.

We have employed both 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and two intracellular fluorescent pH indicator dyes to monitor the pH of the vacuole and cytoplasm of suspension-cultured soybean cells (Glycine max Merr cv Kent). For the 31P nuclear magnetic resonance studies, a flow cell was constructed that allowed perfusion of the cells in oxygenated growth medium throughout the experiment. When the perfusion medium was transiently adjusted to a pH higher than that of the ambient growth medium, a rapid elevation of vacuolar pH was observed followed by a slow (approximately 30 minute) return to near resting pH. In contrast, the concurrent pH changes in the cytoplasm were usually fourfold smaller. These data indicate that extracellular pH changes are rapidly communicated to the vacuole in soybean cells without significantly perturbing cytoplasmic pH. When elicitors were dissolved in a medium of altered pH and introduced into the cell suspension, the pH of the vacuole, as above, quickly reflected the pH of the added elicitor solution. In contrast, when the pH of either a polygalacturonic acid or Verticillium dahliae elicitor preparation was adjusted to the same pH as the ambient medium, no significant change in either vacuolar or cytoplasmic pH was observed during the 35 minute experiment. These results were confirmed in experiments with pH-sensitive fluorescent dyes. We conclude that suspension-cultured soybean cells do not respond to elicitation by significantly changing the pH of their vacuolar or cytoplasmic compartments.
The role of wave energy accumulation in tropical cyclogenesis over the tropical North Atlantic

A hierarchical modeling approach is used to study the process by which interactions of easterly waves with the background flow can result in a reduction in the longitudinal and vertical scale of the waves. Theory suggests that in flows that possess a negative longitudinal gradient (U x < 0) there is a reduction of longitudinal and vertical group speeds and an increase in regional wave action density (or “wave energy”). Relative vorticity increases locally leading to an increase in the likelihood of tropical cyclogenesis near the wave axis. Opposite impacts on the structure of the waves is expected in a U x > 0 domain. In the simplified framework of a free-surface and divergent shallow water model, Rossby wave properties are tracked through a range of background flow scenarios to determine the important scales of interaction. The importance of wave energy accumulation for tropical cyclogenesis is then studied in a full physics and dynamics model using a nested regional climate model simulation, at 12 km horizontal grid spacing, over the tropical North Atlantic region for the entire 2005 hurricane season. The dynamical environment within which 70% of easterly waves formed tropical cyclones exhibits coherent regions in which easterly winds increase towards the east, consistent with the occurrence of wave energy accumulation.
The Application of Infrared Flux Models to Atmospheric Data

Abstract The infrared flux expressions, both upward and downward at an arbitrary reference level, are presented for two computational models. In one model the stipulated cloud and terrain surfaces are nontransparent, but not necessarily black, each with an emissivity given by the departure of the apparent reflectance from unity. The second model includes a semitransparent layer that is assigned an infinitesimal thickness and an emissivity given by the departure from unity of the sum of the reflectance and the transmittance. All significant simplifications that have been adopted in the application of the models are reviewed. Results from sample computations of total infrared flux, cooling rates, and simulated high-altitude views through a “window” region of the spectrum are presented. Surface effects are noted.
Consistent cross-validatory model-selection for dependent data: hv-block cross-validation

This paper considers the impact of Shao's (1993) recent results regarding the asymptotic inconsistency of model selection via leave-one-out cross-validation on h-block cross-validation, a cross-validatory method for dependent data proposed by Burman, Chow and Nolan (1994, Journal of Time Series Analysis 13, 189–207). It is shown that h-block cross-validation is inconsistent in the sense of Shao (1993, Journal of American Statistical Association 88(422), 486–495) and therefore is not asymptotically optimal. A modification of the h-block method, dubbed ‘hv-block’ cross-validation, is proposed which is asymptotically optimal. The proposed approach is consistent for general stationary observations in the sense that the probability of selecting the model with the best predictive ability converges to 1 as the total number of observations approaches infinity. This extends existing results and yields a new approach which contains leave-one-out cross-validation, leave-nv-out cross-validation, and h-block cross-validation as special cases. Applications are considered.
Inhibition of mammalian uridinediphosphoglucose 4-epimerase by the dithiothreitol-stimulated formation of NADH.

Abstract 1. 1.|Human fibroblast lysates preincubated with dithiothreitol showed inhibition of UDPGlc 4-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2) activity at endogenous levels of NAD + . This effect is probably due to NADH that is generated by the dithiothreitol stimulation of an NAD + -reducing system. Inhibition was reversed by the addition of (at least) 0.2 mM NAD + . A concentration-dependent inhibition of epimerase was also observed by NADH. 2. 2.|Several components of human fibroblasts and erythrocytes separable by gel electrophoresis are capable of NAD + but not of NADP + reduction in the absence of other added substrates. Another separate component is capable of NAD + and NADP + reduction only in the presence of dithiothreitol. These systems appear enzymatic in nature.
Shear band induced dilations in metallic glasses

Etude theorique a partir de resultats anterieurs portant sur le changement de volume du a la formation de bandes de cisaillement dans des echantillons cylindriques de verre metallique Pd 77,5 Cu 6 Si 16,5
Facts and figures on interlibrary lending in Dutch-speaking Belgium in 1989

A survey of interlending activities in Dutch-speaking Belgium was taken in order to cordinate future developments. Data on a broad range of topics were collected. The processing of numerical data is outlined. The figures must be put in perspective, due to the presence of estimates. The investigation remains however the first serious attempt to get an overall picture of interlending in Flemish libraries.
Growth hormone response to intravenous diazepam and placebo in 82 healthy men

Growth hormone (GH) response to placebo and two different doses of diazepam (0.12 mg/kg and 0.20 mg/kg) were evaluated in 82 healthy young men. Both diazepam doses had a significant effect on the growth hormone secretion, with peak values occurring between 30 and 60 min postinfusion, after which levels returned to baseline. There was also a small but significant change in this hormone over time after placebo, but this was reflected by a slow rise following the saline infusion. Individual GH responses to diazepam were variable and, when a cut-off point of 7.5 ng/ml GH increase before 90 min postdrug administration was used, 1% of the men demonstrated a response after placebo, 17% after low-dose diazepam, and 37% following high-dose diazepam. The clinical implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.
Tiocfaidh ár Mná: Women in the Provisional Irish Republican Army

This article seeks to answer the question of who were the women of the Provisional IRA and to assess any demographic patterns of PIRA involvement. We use a multi-method approach to describe the many roles and functions of female members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army from 1970 to 1998. Drawing on a sample of 61 convicted or deceased PIRA members, we outline the shifting socio-demographic and operation profile of these women and how structural, tactical and strategic needs of PIRA accounted for those changes. Women in the Provisional IRA played crucial operational roles throughout the period both front-line and behind the scenes. From the outset of the conflict, women consistently took part in violent operations. We also provide a historical case study of Mairead Farrell's PIRA career to provide further illustrations of these themes in greater detail.
Interspecific interactions tested: two species of malarial parasite in a West African lizard

Plasmodium giganteum and P. agamae, parasites of the rainbow lizard, Agama agama, in West Africa were studied to determine the nature of any interspecific interactions between the two malaria species. The plasmodia are distributed in A. agama throughout the mesic zone of Africa; P. agamae is sometimes found as a solitary malaria species in populations of the lizard, but P. gigateum has not been found alone. In 3170 lizards from Sierra Leone the prevalence of lizard malaria at 22 sites varied considerably (8-90% of lizards were infected), but the ratio of the two species was similar among sites (52-91% P. agamae). Larger lizards were more often infected. Mixed infections occurred 2-5 times more often than expected by chance. Parasite density within individual hosts, or parasitemia, was similar for each species when alone or in mixed infection. Natural infections followed in laboratory lizards stayed at constant levels for as long as 211 days. The two species use different classes of host cells (P. giganteum in immature cells and P. agamae in mature erythrocytes) and may have different periods of peak transmission. Analysis of the data does not support a neutral relationship between P. giganteum and P. agamae, nor ongoing competition for resources or heterologous immunity. The data best support facilitation in which P. agamae alters the host in a way that allows more successful establishment of P. giganteum.
An Integrated GIS, optimization and simulation framework for optimal PV size and location in campus area environments

Finding the optimal size and locations for Photovoltaic (PV) units has been a major challenge for distribution system planners and researchers. In this study, a framework is proposed to integrate Geographical Information Systems (GIS), mathematical optimization, and simulation modules to obtain the annual optimal placement and size of PV units for the next two decades in a campus area environment. First, a GIS module is developed to find the suitable rooftops and their panel capacity considering the amount of solar radiation, slope, elevation, and aspect. The optimization module is then used to maximize the long-term net profit of PV installations considering various costs of investment, inverter replacement, operation, and maintenance as well as savings from consuming less conventional energy. A voltage profile of the electricity distribution network is then investigated in the simulation module. In the case of voltage limit violation by intermittent PV generations or load fluctuations, two mitigation strategies, reallocation of the PV units or installation of a local storage unit, are suggested. The proposed framework has been implemented in a real campus area, and the results show that it can effectively be used for long-term installation planning of PV panels considering both the cost and power quality.
Precompensated two-color digital holographic storage

By reading data in an angular multiplexed holographic storage system at a wavelength other than the wavelength used for writing, the problem of unwanted erasure can be prevented. By compensating data prior to recording, the mismatch resulting from the difference in reading and writing wavelengths may be minimized. Such a compensation technique was experimentally investigated by recording differentially encoded data within an Fe doped sample of LiNbO3 at a wavelength of 514 nm and recalling data using 488 nm. Our system demonstrated that the recording of compensated data allowed accurate readout with a raw bit error rate of .08%.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Palliative Radiation Before Hospice: The Long and the Short of It

Abstract Context Randomized data support shorter radiotherapy courses for management of cancer-related symptoms in the palliative setting. Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the length of palliative radiotherapy before hospice enrollment among the elderly U.S. population, with a further focus on factors that influence the duration of radiation and the length of survival on hospice, including whether the duration of radiation was associated with length of survival on hospice. Methods A total of 6982 patients with breast, prostate, lung, or colorectal cancer who received a course of radiotherapy within 30 days before hospice enrollment were identified within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare linked database. The primary end points included the duration of palliative radiotherapy and the time from hospice enrollment through death (hospice duration). Multivariate linear regression and multivariate Cox models evaluated factors associated with the length of radiotherapy course and hospice duration. Results The median length of palliative radiotherapy was 14 days, and the median hospice duration was 13 days. The course of palliative radiotherapy was longer than hospice duration in 48% of the patients. Breast and lung cancer were associated with longer courses of radiotherapy and shorter stays on hospice. Patients treated in freestanding radiation centers had longer courses of radiotherapy. For these groups, a longer radiotherapy course was not associated with longer hospice duration. Conclusion This study found relatively long courses of radiotherapy before short lengths of survival on hospice. Future research is needed to identify barriers to shorter radiotherapy courses.
Five Modern Japanese Novelists

Tanizaki Jun'ichiro (1886-1965)Kawabata Yasunari (1899-1972)Mishima Yukio (1925-1970)Abe Kobo (1924-1993)Shiba Ryotaro (1923-1996)Supplemental Readings
Sex differences in behavior and striatal ascorbate release in the 140 CAG knock-in mouse model of Huntington’s disease

Ethological assessment of murine models of Huntington's disease (HD), an inherited neurodegenerative disorder, enables correlation between phenotype and pathophysiology. Currently, the most characterized model is the R6/2 line that develops a progressive behavioral and neurological phenotype by 6 weeks of age. A recently developed knock-in model with 140 CAG repeats (KI) exhibits a subtle phenotype with a longer progressive course, more typical of adult-onset HD in humans. We evaluated rotarod performance, open-field behavior, and motor activity across the diurnal cycle in KI mice during early to mid-adulthood. Although we did not observe any effects of age, relative to wild-type (WT) mice, KI mice showed significant deficits in both open-field climbing behavior and home-cage running wheel activity during the light phase of the diurnal cycle. An interesting sex difference also emerged. KI females spent more time in the open-field grooming and more time running during the diurnal dark phase than KI males and WT mice of both sexes. In striatum, the primary site of HD pathology, we measured behavior-related changes in extracellular ascorbate (AA), which is abnormally low in the R6/2 line, consistent with a loss of antioxidant protection in HD. KI males exhibited a 20-40% decrease in striatal AA from anesthesia baseline to behavioral activation that was not observed in other groups. Collectively, our results indicate behavioral deficits in KI mice that may be specific to the diurnal cycle. Furthermore, sex differences observed in behavior and striatal AA release suggest sex-dependent variation in the phenotype and neuropathology of HD.
Ocean eddies generated by seamounts in the north pacific.

Small-scale (diameters of about 37 kilometers) fluctuations in dynamic topography north of Hawaii along 158°W are well correlated with upstream seamounts. The fluctuations are subsurface but are manifested as baroclinic eddies at the sea surface. These eddies are confirmed by direct observations and supported by theoretical considerations. The eddies cause small-scale variability in the currents and hydrographic structures in this area, and they should be considered in any sampling programs of the region.
Microchannel Confined Surface-Initiated Polymerization

Polymers and Surface and Microanalysis Science Divisions,National Institute of Standards and Technology,100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899,Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island and theGraduate Center of The City University of New York,2800 Victory Boulevard, Staten Island, New York 10314,and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,Hunter College and the Graduate Center ofThe City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue,New York, New York 10021Received September 1, 2004Revised Manuscript Received November 10, 2004
Career Process: A New Concept for Vocational Behavior

Vocational guidance has been traditionally too concerned with helping individuals choose an occupation. There is need for more awareness of change in vocational life. The concept “career process” stresses the continual changes and the varied developmental tasks in occupational life. Implicit in the career process concept is that no final ohoicepoint in vocational behavior exists; rather, counselors should help the individual learn key developmental tasks that will ultimately better equip him to face the realities of change as a part of vocational life.
On the contribution of volume currents to the total magnetic field resulting from the heart excitation process: a simulation study

Data from a simulation study of volume current contribution to the total magnetic field produced in the heart excitation process is presented. Contributions from different tissue types are analyzed and effects of torso size are studied. A high resolution finite element model of an adult male torso composed of 19 tissue types is used. It has detailed description of tissue geometries and therefore is well suited for analyzing the contribution of the primary and secondary currents to the magnetic field. The computed results show major contribution of volume currents from blood, myocardium, and lungs and less significant contribution from liver, muscle, and other tissues. The contribution to the volume currents from the blood in the ventricles was highest. These simulations suggest that contribution to the total magnetic field due to volume currents flowing in tissues other than blood could be accounted for by simply multiplying the total field values by a constant. Values of these multipliers would be based on the tissue type and time in the excitation cycle. Effects of torso size on the computed magnetic fields are also evaluated. Our data shows that a torso extending approximately 3 cm above and below the heart produces field patterns similar to a larger torso model extending from top of guts to the bottom of neck. Thus a shorter torso model would be sufficient for cardiac magnetic field analysis. These results are of interest for future modeling of magnetocardiograms and solving the inverse problem.