cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Reaction Mechanism for CD38. A Single Intermediate Is Responsible for Cyclization, Hydrolysis, and Base-Exchange Chemistries†

Human recombinant CD38 catalyzes the formation of both cyclic ADP-ribose and ADP-ribose products from NAD+ and hydrolyzes cyclic ADP-ribose to ADP-ribose. The corresponding GDP products are formed from NGD+. The enzyme was characterized by substrate and inhibition kinetics, exchange studies, rapid-quench reactions, and stopped-flow-fluorescence spectroscopy to establish the reaction mechanism and energetics for individual steps. Noncyclizable substrates NMN+ and nicotinamide-7-deaza-hypoxanthine dinucleotide (7-deaza NHD+) were rapidly hydrolyzed by the enzyme. The kcat for NMN+ was 5-fold higher than that of NAD+ and has the greatest reported kcat of any substrate for CD38. 7-deaza-NHD+ was hydrolyzed at approximately one-third the rate of NHD+ but does not form a cyclic product. These results establish that a cyclic intermediate is not required for substrate hydrolysis. The ratio of methanolysis to hydrolysis for cADPR and NAD+ catalyzed by CD38 increases linearly with MeOH concentration. Both reactions...
Effectiveness of supplemental stockings for the endangered Key Largo woodrat

Abstract We evaluated the effectiveness of supplemental stockings being proposed in the recovery of the federally endangered Key Largo woodrat (KLWR, Neotoma floridana smalli) using a stage-based, stochastic model. Supplemental stockings were evaluated with a population model using current trapping and telemetry data along with published and unpublished KLWR data. Model simulations predicted the KLWR had >70% probability of terminal extinction over the next 10 years even with the use of supplemental annual stockings. Supplemental stockings of KLWRs (⩽20 females) appear to delay the extinction of the species, but negative population trajectories accelerated after stockings cease. Model results illustrated the importance of determining limiting factors on the population prior to the use of supplemental stockings as a recovery option for this endangered woodrat population.
The Gandhian Repertoire as Transformative Invention

How do people who want to fight oppression decide which protest methods to use? How do they know which strategies for interacting with authorities and wider publics will work? How do they know which organizational styles will allow for strong coalitions and mass mobilization? How do they know which forms of communication will resonate among fellow activists, bystanders, and rulers? Social movement scholars commonly employ the concept of “contentious repertoire” to respond to these questions. They suggest that people within specific contexts have access to a limited set of protest methods that they have learned from past struggles. This repertoire emerges from activities in everyday life and includes familiar ways of challenging powerful institutions, constraining what activists are capable of doing within particular circumstances. Although participants constantly improvise in the heat of contentious events, they follow shared scripts that prescribe their choices, expectations, and performances. Most social movement scholars agree that major shifts in contentious repertoire are very rare. Charles Tilly, who introduced the concept, argues that the main transformation took place in Europe, especially in Great Britain and France, between the 1750s and 1830s. While the “old” repertoire generally produced sporadic localized actions like food seizures and attacks on property, the “new” repertoire enabled large-scale direct actions like national strikes and mass marches. According to Tilly, the latter set of protest methods continues to shape contemporary social movements
The Professoriate and Faculty Unions.

(1978). The Professoriate and Faculty Unions. The Educational Forum: Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 395-410.
Sharp regularity theory for thermo-elastic mixed problems 1

We give a sharp (optimal) regularity theory of thermo-elastic mixed problems. Our approach is by P.D.E. methods and applies to any space dimension and, in principle, to any set of boundary conditions. We consider two sets of boundary conditions: hinged and clamped B.C. The original coupled P.D.E. system is split into two suitable uncoupled P.D.E. equations: a Kirchoff mixed problem and a heat equation, whose delicate, optimal regularity is available in the literature. Ultimately, the original problem with boundary non-homogeneous term is reduced to the same problem, however, with homogeneou B.C. and a known ‘right-hand term’ in the equation, which is easier to analyze.
GLOBALIZATION AND WOMEN'S PAID WORK: EXPANDING FREEDOM?

In Development as Freedom , Amartya Sen takes expanding freedom to be the primary end and the principal means of development. I discuss his emphasis on women's agency as central to development theory and practice and the strategies he advocates for enhancing it. Recent work in feminist economics and postcolonial studies tests Sen's complex account of freedom. Further levels of complexity need to be added when we examine how global forces of power interact with local systems of oppression in ways that often limit women's freedom. This argument rests on an analysis of how globalization affects a domain of freedom that is a central concern for Sen, that of increasing women's freedom to work outside the home as a way of strengthening their agency. Attending to elements missing in Sen's account will enhance freedom in women's lives.
Kierkegaard as socio-political thinker and activist

The collection by thirteen contributors, Foundations of Kierkegaard's Vision of Community, belongs to the recent groundbreaking series of books on Kierkegaard which provide a corrective to the neglected socio-political dimension of his authorship. Many authors in the present volume, as well as in additional texts to be discussed in this essay, either challenge or outright reject Kierkegaard's presumed irrationalism, asocial individualism, and anti-political acosmism, Besides this long overdue revision of what I call the received view of Kierkegaard, other authors go beyond critique. They either propose new ways of reading Kierkegaard from the angle of his contribution to a critical social theory or they directly employ his existential categories to inform their socio-political theory and practice. In my discussion of these often overlapping trends I will focus on each, critiques of the received view and socio-political appropriations of Kierkegaard, in turn (vii-xi). 1. The Category of the individual in socio-political theory and practice
An Examination of the Disablement Process Among Older American Indians: The Native Elder Care Study

Purpose of the study Older American Indians disproportionately suffer from poorer physical and mental health and have greater disability compared to their racial and ethnic counterparts. The purpose of this study was to examine the disablement process among older American Indians. Design and methods Data analyzed were from the Native Elder Care Study, which included in-person interviews with 505 community-dwelling American Indians aged ≥55 years. We used structural equation modeling to examine the contributive direct and indirect effects of health, demographic, and psychosocial risk factors on disability. Results Pathology had direct and indirect effects through social support and depressive symptoms on chronic pain intensity. Pathology also had direct and indirect effects on disability. Chronic pain intensity was a significant mediator between pathology and functional limitations. With contributive effects of older age and female sex, greater functional limitations were associated with increased disability. Implications Our results support the theorized main pathway of the Disablement Process Model with our sample of older American Indians. Our findings support the importance of taking into account intra and extraindividual factors in assessing the prevalence and incidence of disability for older American Indians.
Intimate partner violence, power, and equity among adolescent parents: relation to child outcomes and parenting

Intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and perpetration and power imbalances in parenting partners may result in poor outcomes for parents and children. Previous work in this area has focused on the maternal experiences, neglecting to examine paternal effects. The present study aimed to elucidate the role of IPV, power, and equity in parenting and child outcomes in an urban sample of adolescent parents. 159 male and 182 female parents in a relationship were recruited through university-affiliated hospitals. Power, equity, and IPV were measured at 6 months post-partum and were used as predictors for parenting and child outcomes 12 months post-partum using general estimating equations. Gender interactions and mediation effects of depression were also assessed. Higher perceived relationship equity was related to better infant temperament (B = 0.052, SE = 0.023, p = 0.02) whereas higher partner power was related to poorer social development (B = -0.201, SE = 0.088, p = 0.02) and fine motor development (B = -0.195, SE = 0.078, p = 0.01). IPV victimization was associated with poor infant temperament (B = -2.925, SE = 1.083, p = 0.007) and lower parenting competence (B = -3.508, SE = 1.142, p = 0.002). Depression mediated the relationship between IPV and parenting and IPV and infant temperament. No gender effects were found. IPV, inequities, and power imbalances were disadvantageous for parenting and child outcomes. Our results suggest that these dynamics may negatively affect both males and females. Interventions to reduce violence in both partners and promote equity in relationships could benefit couples and their children.
Controllability of nonlinear systems with restrained controls

In this paper, we examine the controllability of nonlinear differential systems which are perturbations of systems of the formx=A(t)x+g(t, u). Under appropriate assumptions, we show that integrably bounded perturbations preserve the controllability properties of the base system in the case when the control values are restrained. Our approach is based on the necessary and sufficient growth condition for controllability developed earlier by the author.
The Incubation Periods of Dengue Viruses

Dengue viruses are major contributors to illness and death globally. Here we analyze the extrinsic and intrinsic incubation periods (EIP and IIP), in the mosquito and human, respectively. We identified 146 EIP observations from 8 studies and 204 IIP observations from 35 studies. These data were fitted with censored Bayesian time-to-event models. The best-fitting temperature-dependent EIP model estimated that 95% of EIPs are between 5 and 33 days at 25°C, and 2 and 15 days at 30°C, with means of 15 and 6.5 days, respectively. The mean IIP estimate was 5.9 days, with 95% expected between days 3 and 10. Differences between serotypes were not identified for either incubation period. These incubation period models should be useful in clinical diagnosis, outbreak investigation, prevention and control efforts, and mathematical modeling of dengue virus transmission.
Media and Violence: Intervention Strategies for Reducing Aggression

In this article, we review research that explores how the effects of media violence on aggression may be diminished and how media productions may be used to reduce aggressive attitudes and behaviors. Studies show that adults' comments before or during media exposure can reduce the impact of violent programming on children's aggressiveness under some circumstances. Experiments involving more extensive media literacy curricula show that some approaches can alter attitudes toward media violence and, in a few cases, intervene in aggressive behavior. Studies of the impact of antiviolence media productions reveal that although such efforts can be effective, unanticipated "boomerang" effects are prevalent. Overall, the effectiveness of the 3 types of interventions was highly variable, and age and gender differences were prominent. The findings suggest that more research is needed to determine the best approaches to developing parental interventions, media literacy strategies, and prosocial media presentations fo...
Neuroprotection During Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting: Comparison of No Protection, Occlusion, or Filters

A variety of distal emboli protection systems are in development for carotid angioplasty and stenting, each of which may be associated with its own unique capability to capture emboli. This retrospective study was undertaken to compare the incidence and type of peri-procedural (1-month) neurological events using a variety of microembolization protection strategies. This is a retrospective review of 127 consecutive procedures performed over a period of 4 years solely by vascular surgeons. This analysis was restricted to outcomes associated with the treatment of carotid bifurcation lesions. Overall, angioplasty and stenting was performed without distal protection in 32 patients. Of the remaining 95 patients, protection devices included a distal occlusion balloon (n = 18), a Filterwire (n = 54), an Accunet filter (n = 22), and a Sci-pro device (n = l). Patients were considered at high risk for open surgery due to prior endarterectomy (n = 43), radiation (n = 9), high lesion (n = 3), or cardiopulmonary comorbididity (n = 37). A majority of patients (n = 92; 73%) had an asymptomatic >80% stenosis. All procedures were done without sedation and with continuous neurological monitoring. Periprocedural neurological events were classified as a transient ischemic attack (TIA), minor or major stroke, or seizure. In the absence of distal protection, TIAs lasting fewer than 10 min were observed in four patients with an additional patient suffering a minor stroke. Seizure-like activity was observed in two patients during balloon inflation. Among those in whom a filter-based embolization protection device was utilized, TIAs were noted in three patients and none developed either a minor or major stroke. Periprocedural events were not observed with the use of distal balloon protection, although one patient had a TIA 3 weeks after intervention. All neurological events occurred during post-stent dilatation and only among patients with prior neurological symptoms and de novo lesion. Intra-operative neurological events were significantly more common in the absence of protected stenting (n = 7, 21.8%), when compared to filter protection (n = 3, 4%) or complete distal occlusion (n = 0, 0%) (p = 0.0025). However, the majority of these events were transient without permanent neurological deficit. The overall incidence of major stroke/mortality rate was 0.8%. Carotid angioplasty and stenting is a safe and effective procedure when undertaken with adequate distal protection. Adverse neurological events can be minimized by avoiding aggressive post-stent dilatation.
Polygraphic aspects of periodic movements in sleep

Cem pacientes avaliados sequencialmente em um laboratorio de sono foram analisados quanto a presenca de movimentos periodicos do sono (MPS), ou seja, mioclonias noturnas. O criterio utilizado para considerar MPS foi ter 5 ou mais movimentos mioclonicos por hora de sono e 18 pacientes se incluiram nesta categoria. Foram comparados os acometidos de MPS com os demais. Pacientes com MPS tendiam a ser de idade mais avancada. Os movimentos foram observados no estagio 2 sendo menos vistos nos estagios 3,1,4 e REM. Os individuos com MPS tinham geralmente maior numero de despertares parciais e de complexos K. Nao houve diferenca entre cs pacientes com MPS e os demais no que tange ao sexo, queixas principais, eficiencia do sono, tempo total de sono, tempo que permanece em cada estagio e diagnostico final.
Tikal timbers and temples: ancient Maya agroforestry and the end of time

Tikal, a major lowland Maya civic-ceremonial center in the heart of the Peten region of Central America, relied heavily on the adjacent lowland rainforest as a resource base for fuel and construction materials. In this study, we analyzed 135 wood samples from timbers used in the construction of all six of the city's major temples as well as two major palaces to determine which tree species were being exploited and to better understand ancient Maya agroforestry practices during the Late Classic period. We found evidence for a change in preference from the large-growing, upland forest species, Manilkara zapota, to a seasonal wetland species Haematoxylon campechianum in A.D. 741 as well as a decrease in lintel beam widths over time. Though M. zapota later returned as the wood species of choice in A.D. 810, beam widths were found to be significantly smaller. These findings concur with models that hypothesize widespread deforestation during the Late Classic period and indicate a declining forest resource base by the 9th century A.D. Because of the many large timbers available for temple construction in the 8th century, some system of forest conservation is indicated for the ancient Maya prior to the Late Classic period.
Evaluation of cumulative damage models for fatigue crack growth in an aircraft engine alloy

Two models for evaluating crack growth in aircraft engine alloys under typical mission spectra were evaluated. Each model had the capability to determine the effects of frequency, stress ratio, temperature, and hold time on the crack growth rate. Data on an advanced alloy (AF115) were used to evaluate the hyperbolic sine (SINH) model and modified sigmoidal equation (MSE) model. Both models were found to have adequate capability and flexibility in modeling crack growth behavior over a wide range of conditions. The SINH model has been much more fully developed than the MSE model and is easier to apply to new materials. HE ability to predict fatigue crack growth rates in struc- tural alloys has become an integral part of the design and life management procedures for U. S. Air Force gas turbine engines. Increased performance requirements resulting in higher operating temperature and stresses over the last two decades have resulted in drastic changes in the design criteria applied to critical engine components. In the 1960s, most critical structural components (e.g., turbine disks, spacers, etc.) were limited by creep and stress rupture properties. Less than 1% of all rotating components were life limited by low- cycle fatigue. However, today's designs find well over 15% of these components limited in life by low-cycle fatigue. The present life management system for critical structural components whose life is limited by low-cycle fatigue is to retire these components from service at the end of their design life. The design life is determined by the time required to in- itiate a crack, therefore completely ignoring subcritical crack growth. Moreover, the design life is based on statistically safe material properties, using criteria such as 1 in 1000 com- ponents initiating a detectable crack. Statistically, 999 out of 1000 components will not have initiated a detectable crack when they are retired from service. Although this is clearly a conservative and safe design procedure, the replacement costs for these components are becoming prohibitive. Furthermore, analysis has shown that the average useful life of the com- ponents is often greater than 10 times their design life. Finally, the accurate determination of the tail end of the statistical distribution curve of component lives is very difficult, especially in cases where low-cycle fatigue life is heavily in- fluenced by the presence of defects in the material. For these reasons, the Air Force is implementing a retirement-for-cause (RFC) life management philosophy on some of its existing engines.
CULTURAL DISSONANCE AMONG GENERATIONS: A SOLUTION-FOCUSED APPROACH WITH EAST ASIAN ELDERS AND THEIR FAMILIES

In traditional East Asian cultures, high value is assigned to family harmony and filial piety coupled with the expectation that elders will be honored and obeyed. A lifetime of such expectations shapes how elders perceive their role and status in the family. Problems can arise when younger, less traditional, generations do not share these expectations. This article describes a solution-focused approach that facilitates the family in creating a beneficial harmony in situations of cultural dissonance. Family members are empowered to draw on personal strengths in which multiple worldviews and values of individual members are recognized, incorporated, and negotiated.
The plant geneticist’ contribution toward changing lipid and amino acid composition of safflower

Current research on the fatty acid composition of the seed oil of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) has shown the following: (1) there is a possibility that the oleic acid content can be increased above 80%, though probably not above 85%, by use of modifying genes and the major geneol; (2) wild species do not look very promising as a source of genes for modifying fatty acid composition; (3) commercially grown high linoleic and high oleic types are temperature stable; (4) an experimental type with about equal amounts of oleic and linoleic acids is responsive to temperature, with high temperature increasing oleic acid and low temperature increasing linoleic acid; and (5) stearic acid in another experimental type with higher levels of stearic acid (5–10%) is reduced by low temperatures.
When less is more: implementing optional features

The ability to produce products that can be easily adapted to a variety of customers is becoming increasingly important. A key element for adaptable software products is the ability to include or omit features for different product variants. Even when a design method supports feature adaptation there remains the task of actually implementing the modules. In this paper we consider how to implement features in a product context using a variety of techniques and present an analysis of the tradeoffs involved in providing optional features. We will also discuss how to implement feature interactions to accommodate optional features. This paper provides specific advice about implementing program features, using the Java language enhanced with XVCL and AspectJ, when some of the features are optional and when some combinations of features exhibit interactions.
On Computing an Initial Efficient Extreme Point

In this note we provide a counter example to a proposed method of finding an initial efficient extreme point for multiple objective linear programs. We also show that the existing method of Ecker and Kouada for finding an initial efficient point can be used to find an efficient extreme point easily.
Intrinsic luminosities of the Jovian planets

Available data and theories on the size and nature of interior power sources in the four Jovian planets are reviewed. These four planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Various models, ranging from simple cooling to gravitational layering to radioactivity, are discussed. The evidence and interpretations presented in the discussion seem to indicate that (1) all four Jovian planets were once more luminous and are presently cooling to a state of equilibrium with sunlight; and (2) the thermal evolution of the Jovian planets is predominantly controlled by their photospheres and does not depend on interior conductivity. Both conclusions are consistent with either the simple adiabatic cooling model or with more complicated gravitational unmixing models of the type discussed by Stevenson and Salpeter (1977).
Development of leukocyte cell lines from the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Techniques are described for the generation of channel catfish long term leukocyte cell lines. These techniques include the isolation of peripheral blood leukocytes, purification of B cells by anti-immunoglobulin panning, mitogen stimulation, and in vitro maintenance and cloning of leukocyte cultures. Once stimulated in vitro, channel catfish leukocytes proliferate continuously without the need for exogenous growth factors or feeder cells. The various leukocyte cultures generated are heterogeneous and contain mixtures of monocyte/macrophage-like, T-like, or B cells. Clonal cell lines can be obtained from these mixed cultures by limiting dilution cloning in the presence of conditioned medium. A critical component of the culture medium is the use of channel catfish serum which is required for supporting and maintaining in vitro leukocyte proliferation.
Heat Transfer Analysis of Encapsulated Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage

Transient two dimensional heat transfer analysis is conducted to investigate a high temperature energy storage using encapsulated phase change materials (EPCMs) for concentrated solar power applications. The phase change material (PCM) considered is the NaNO3 encapsulated by a stainless steel in a cylindrical shaped capsule (or tube). Energy storage/retrieval into/from various sizes of EPCM capsules is simulated for both laminar and turbulent flow conditions of the heat transfer fluid (HTF) by an accurate modeling of the propagating liquid/solid interface in a PCM. Numerical simulations are conducted by employing a front-tracking method and an enthalpy–porosity approach. The results predicted by the two methods agree well. A two-dimensional cylindrical shaped EPCM capsule or tube is considered in simulations using gas (air) and liquid (Therminol/VP-1) as heat transfer fluids in a cross flow and an axial flow arrangement. The energy storage/retrieval times into/out of the EPCM capsule is dictated by the surface heat transfer of the EPCM for the capsule sizes considered in this study. A single horizontally placed rod in a channel with different blockage ratios for laminar and turbulence flows of HTF is studied in the present paper. It is illustrated by the present work that enthalpy-porosity method can be applied to simulate heat transfer at the capsule level and the system level. System level storage module is a thermocline that includes an arrangement of several EPCMs for several megawatts of thermal energy storage (TES) for several hours used in concentrated solar power applications and other industrial thermal systems.
Powered intracapsular tonsillectomy: for pediatric tonsillar hypertrophy

Abstract Objective : To introduce a new technique, “intracapsular” tonsillectomy for the management of tonsillar hypertrophy causing obstructive sleep disordered breathing in children. Design : Retrospective case series, comparing 150 children who had intracapsular tonsillectomy (Group 1) with 162 children who had standard tonsillectomies (Group 2). Method : Intracapsular tonsillectomy is a form of “partial” tonsillectomy performed with an endoscopic microdebrider. It is based on the principle of preserving the tonsillar capsule as a barrier to exposure of the pharyngeal musculature, preventing their injury and inflammation. Results : Children with intracapsular tonsillectomy (Group 1) had significantly less post-operative pain throughout their recovery compared with the children who had standard tonsillectomy (Group 2). There was one episode of delayed hemorrhage in Groups 1 and 6 episodes of delayed hemorrhage in Group 2. Conclusion : Intracapsular tonsillectomy is equally effective in relieving obstructive sleep disordered breathing as standard tonsillectomy, but results in less post-operative pain and less delayed hemorrhage.
A model for Northern Hemisphere continental ice sheet variation

Abstract The marine record shows that over the last 350 ka Northern Hemisphere ice sheet volumes have fluctuated widely and only on rare short occasions have they been reduced to the present interglacial state. The fluctuations are well synchronized with hemispheric average summer insolation variations of 20 ka periodicity caused by changing orbital parameters. The development of a model which explains the varied amplitudes of the fluctuations and is consistent with the geological record embodies the following arguments: The transition from an interglacial state like today's to a glacial state is initiated when a summer insolation deficit causes a southerly extension of the North Atlantic-Arctic pack ice to 60°N latitude. The extension alters the subpolar low pressure patterns and thus causes a southward diversion of the European Gulf Stream flow. It also produces an enhanced warm West Greenland current. This current causes open seas as far north as Baffin Bay which provides moisture for rapid northern Laurentide ice sheet growth. After several glacial fluctuations driven by insolation variations, the southern Laurentide ice front may reach an extreme extension. This diverts the westerlies and the Gulf Stream thus weakening a dominant subpolar North Atlantic gyre and consequently producing a prolonged cutoff of the West Greenland current and a reduction of high latitude glacial precipitation. The subsequent high insolation can then melt back the eastern pack ice and restore the northern European Gulf Stream. This warms the high latitudes for a time sufficient to melt the continental ice, thus causing the transition back to the interglacial state. An analysis of the record in the context of model suggests that the threshold deficit in average summer insolation that is required to initiate major glacial growth is influenced by the cooling effect of the Greenland ice cap on the seas to the east. The threshold level under conditions like today's is found to lie between −7 and −17 ly/day relative to the present. This threshold will not be crossed for at least 54 millenia due to an interval of smaller orbital eccentricity. Probable melting of the Greenland ice cap about 30 ka AP would ensure the extension of the present interglacial beyond 120 ka AP.
Cognitive engineering, cognitive augmentation, and information display

— From a perspective of cognitive engineering, this paper presents eight principles of good display design based on human cognition: (1) displays that divide attention will increase the cognitive load on working memory; (2) displays that continuously present the same information may compensate for the decay of short-term memory; (3) displays that assist the viewer in mentally chunking information will decrease the cognitive load on working memory; (4) displays that present icons or images to direct attention to important visual stimuli will likely minimize inattentional blindness; (5) displays that help minimize attentional distractions and help focus attention on a given task will minimize the burden on working memory; (6) displays that present cues composed of strong singletons will capture and engage exogenous attention; (7) displays that help the viewer make a mental connection between an analogue and a target will assist in the induction of analogical reasoning; (8) displays that present over time multiple exposures consisting of statistical regularities may promote implicit learning and expertise development. Thus, information displays of the future can systematically engage high-level human cognitive processes for purposes of improving human performance on a variety of tasks found in education, the military, and many other applications.
A Wafer-Level Integrated White-Light-Emitting Diode Incorporating Colloidal Quantum Dots as a Nanocomposite Luminescent Material

High-brightness, color-tunable colloidal quantum dots are incorporated in 3D nanoporous GaN to create a nanocomposite material (CQD/NP-GaN), which is demonstrated to be an effective approach for a wavelength down-conversion nanomaterial in solid-state lighting. The white-light-emitting diode (LED) made from a blue GaN-based LED and the CQD/NP-GaN shows an increase of extraction efficiency by a factor of 2, a controllable white color, and a down-conversion quantum efficiency as high as 82%.
High-power broadband cascaded-TWT development

The design of a Ka-band three-beam cascaded serpentine travelling-wave tube (TWT) amplifier is presented. Simulations predict that a peak power of 3.5 kW with saturated gain of 16 dB and an instantaneous bandwidth of 30% can be achieved in a circuit length of ≤ 4.5 cm driven by three 20 kV beams with 0.5-A each. A plan for a proof-of-principle experiment will also be discussed.
Some mechanical and optical properties of gamma-irradiated alpha-Al2o3 spheres subjected to 30-kilobars pressure

Abstract The absorption of light along several axes has been studied in three single-crystal α-Al 2 O 3 spheres. Spectra for as-received spheres are compared to spectra from specimens after various treatments with Co 60 γ-radiation and after applying 30-kbars of pressure. The spectra from two spheres show an axis-dependence regularity with regard to several γ-ray induced peaks. Light transmission measurements show a pressure dependence for γ-ray induced peak intensities and for the resulting absorbing-center concentrations as calculated using Smakula's formula. Three pressure-induced basal (0001) slips along the [11,20] direction have appreciable width which are composed of other slip systems.
A note on duality gaps in linear programming over convex sets

For certain types of mathematical programming problems, a related dual problem can be constructed in which the objective value of the dual problem is equal to the objective function of the given problem. If these two problems do not have equal values, a duality gap is said to exist. No such gap exists for pairs of ordinary dual linear programming problems, but this is not the case for linear programming problems in which the nonnegativity conditionx ⩾ 0 is replaced by the condition thatx lies in a certain convex setK. Duffin (Ref. 1) has shown that, whenK is a cone and a certain interiority condition is fulfilled, there will be no duality gap. In this note, we show that no duality gap exists when the interiority condition is satisfied andK is an arbitrary closed convex set inRn.
Vertebrate faunas from the Kubi Algi, Koobi Fora and Ileret areas, East Rudolf, Kenya.

A rich collection of vertebrates has been recovered from the three principal fossiliferous localities at East Rudolf. Two faunal units, one of Pliocene and the other of Pleistocene age, are represented. Two of the elephant species recovered represent the earliest known occurrences of the Loxodonta and Elephas phyletic lineages.
Mitochondria, Sex, and Mortality

: It has been proposed that prior to the evolution of sex, the endosymbiotic relationship between mitochondria and nuclear genomes would have selected mechanisms that maintained the optimum interaction between the two genomes. Once sex evolved, mating would introduce different, competitive, mtDNA and/or nDNA gene products that could well upset the balance. Mechanisms, such as the specific degradation of one mitochondrial genome that is known to occur, could have been selected to prevent part of such competition. Unlike most protein complexes in the cell, the proteins of the multienzyme complexes of the ox-phos system are derived from both nuclear-genome-coded genes and mito-chondrial-genome-coded genes. Minor mutations in either mtDNA or nDNA coding for these proteins are known to lead to major and catastrophic diseases of humans, suggesting that very tight and precise interactions are required. To maintain the evolutionarily established balance after mating, monoallelic expression of the nuclear-coded genes would be advantageous and prevent subtly different competitive proteins from interacting with the resident mitochondria. This would require regulation of the expression of those specific nuclear genes, possibly under the control of the resident mitochondria. It is possible that aging cells could lose the requisite tight regulation and allow expression of proteins derived from the formerly repressed nuclear alleles that would compete for mitochondrial complex sites. With age, random failure of this control could lead to increasingly inefficient mitochondria in different tissues and organs and eventually to senescence and death.
Segmenting Visitors to a Culinary Event: Motivations, Travel Behavior, and Expenditures

In this study culinary event attendees were segmented on the basis of push motivations. Using a factor-cluster approach with data collected from an international culinary event, the study segmented culinary attendees into two meaningful groups. The results of the analyses can be summarized as: 1) food event, event novelty, and socialization were the push motivations identified for attending a culinary event, 2) motivations were clustered into two segments: food focusers and event seekers, 3) the two clusters were statistically different from each other based on gender, age, income, education, and expenditures. This research makes a contribution to the area of consumer behavior research in culinary tourism from both the theoretical and empirical perspectives. It is believed that results of the present study will be useful to organizers of culinary events and/or destination managers.
Perspective: Pharmaceutical Benefit Management: An Alternative Approach

H aiden huskamp and her colleagues believe that any Medicare drug benefit should be managed, which, for traditional Medicare, means using pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs). I share that view. However, their Medicare PBM model is constrained by regulations that could have farreaching and unintended consequences. The authors propose that PBMs would bid periodically for an exclusive, regional Medicare franchise. Each monopoly Medicare PBM would offer an open formulary; use therapeutic reference pricing (their “incentive pricing”) based on the Health Care Financing Administration’s (HCFA’s) classification of drugs; and pay HCFA-regulated prices of new drugs until these are included in reference pricing. An alternative approach is a competingPBM model, which would offer seniors a choice between alternative, approved PBMs, analogous to alternative, qualifying plans under Medicare+Choice. Approved plans would be subject to certain coverage requirements but would compete on formulary design, cost sharing such as triple-tier copayments, and other service dimensions. Therapeutic reference pricing could be adopted if it proved to offer value for money, but current privatesector evidence suggests that it does not. The authors dismiss this competing-PBM model on grounds of adverse selection, citing the selection bias experienced by Medigap plans that offer drug coverage. Adverse selection is a concern for Medigap insurers, which are fully at risk for enrollee costs. Adverse selection also raises Medigap premiums paid by enrollees. However, adverse selection risk would be much reduced once drug coverage for seniors is made virtually universal by being heavily subsidized. Moreover, if PBMs are reimbursed for costs plus an administrative fee, this implies almost perfect ex post risk adjustment of premiums, except for risk sharing capped at 5 percent of total costs. With PBMs only minimally at risk; per patient costs limited to, say, $2,500 per patient per year (50 percent of $5,000); and open enrollment, neither adverse selection nor cream skimming seems a sufficiently large threat to warrant the regulatory fix of regional monopolies and reference pricing. The disadvantages of monopoly PBMs are not simply the familiar monopoly problem of weak incentives to deliver value for money to captive customers, who cannot vote with their feet. Less obvious but potentially more serious are the consequences of reference pricing, which is not an incidental addition but a logical component of the monopoly PBM model. A monopoly PBM model leads to an open formulary, since monopoly PBMs could exploit undue monopsony power if empowered to select drugs for preferred formulary status. But since the open formulary robs PBMs of their leverage in bargaining with drug manufacturers, reference pricing follows
The effect of mutation on RNA Diels-Alderases.

Chemical mutagenesis of a previously reported RNA Diels−Alderase (DA22) was followed by in vitro selection based on [4 + 2] catalysis. New mutated families of RNA Diels−Alderases closely related in sequence space were obtained. The mutated Diels−Alderases selected showed significant improvements in catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) as compared to the original DA22. The improvement in catalytic activity was primarily due to a decrease in Km, but modest increases in kcat were also observed. The increase in catalytic activity of these new Diels−Alderases was found not to negatively affect their dienophile specificity. Surprisingly, one of the most active Diels−Alderases (DAM 40), a subtle sequence mutant of DA22, was found to show a new metal dependence and could function with Ni2+ as the only transition-metal ion. Truncation experiments of DA22 showed that the region shown to be hypervariable at the 3‘-end of the structure could be deleted without a significant decrease in the relative rate of Diels−Alder cata...
23Na and 133Cs NMR study of cation adsorption on mineral surfaces: Local environments, dynamics, and effects of mixed cations

{sup 23}Na and {sup 133}Cs MAS NMR methods were used to study the adsorption sites and atomic-scale dynamics of Cs, Na, and their mixtures on the surfaces of illite, kaolinite, boehmite, and silica gel reacted with 0.1 M NaCl and mixed NaCl and CsCl solutions. The {sup 23}Na spectra were collected at relative humidities (R.H.) from {approx}0 to 100% and temperatures from room temperature to -80{degrees}C and compared to previously published {sup 133}Cs spectra collected under the same conditions. Surface Cs{sup +} and Na{sup +} behave differently due mainly to their different hydration energies, smaller for Cs{sup +} than for Na{sup +}. Cs{sup +} is adsorbed in two distinguishable environments, (1) inner-sphere complexes and (2) outer-sphere complexes and in the diffuse layer. Na{sup +} is adsorbed only as outer-sphere complexes and in the diffuse layer. Na{sup +} undergoes dynamical averaging at frequencies {much_gt}10 kHz at room temperature and high R.H., as indicated by low temperature data. For Na{sup +} the increasing peak width with decreasing temperature indicates a decreasing frequency of motional averaging among Na{sup +} sites with similar nearest-neighbor environment but a range of next nearest neighbor (NNN) environment. In contrast, for Cs{sup +} there is exchange between twomore » distinguishable sites. Experiments with mixed solutions support our peak assignments and interpretations. Surface Na{sup +} successfully competes with Cs{sup +} for outer-sphere sites and the diffuse layer, whereas Cs{sup +} prefers inner-sphere complexes. This differences results in a surface Cs/(Cs + Na) ratio greater than the bulk solution. Chemical analysis shows that Cs{sup +} is preferentially adsorbed by illite relative to silica gel, and this is due to the large permanent surface charge of illite caused by Al substitution for Si in the tetrahedral sites. 43 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.« less
Cross sections for the quasielastic 112,116,124Sn(p, n) reactions: A test of the forward scattering amplitude approximation

Abstract Cross sections for the 112,116,124Sn(p, n) quasielastic reactions have been measured at Ep = 35.3 MeV using isotopically mixed targets to provide accurate relative cross sections; 58Ni(p, n) cross sections were measured at 32 MeV. Calculations based on an isospin potential whose imaginary part is calculated in the forward scattering amplitude approximation fit the data substantially better than calculations based on a pure real potential, provided a finite-range correction is included.
Biharmonic maps from R^4 into a Riemannian manifold

For a domain Ω⊂R 4 and a compact Riemannian manifold N⊂R k without boundary, if u∈W 2,2 (Ω,N) is an extrinsic (or intrinsic, respectively) biharmonic map, then u∈C ∞ (Ω,N).
Outgrowth of Single Oncogene-expressing Cells from Suppressive Epithelial Environments

Tumorigenesis is a clonal evolution process that is initiated from single cells within otherwise histologically normal tissue. It is unclear how single, sporadic mutant cells that have sustained oncogenic alterations evolve within a tightly regulated tissue environment. Here we investigated the effects of inducing oncogene expression in single cells in organotypic mammary acini as a model to elucidate the processes by which oncogenic alterations initiate clonal progression from organized epithelial environments. Sporadic cells induced to overexpress oncogenes that specifically perturb cell-cycle checkpoints (for example, E7 from human papilloma virus 16, and cyclin D1), deregulate Myc transcription or activate AKT signalling remained quiescent within growth-arrested acini. By contrast, single cells that overexpress ERBB2 initiated a cellular cascade involving cell translocation from the epithelial layer, as well as luminal outgrowth that is characteristic of neoplastic progression in early-stage epithelial tumours. In addition, ERBB2-mediated cell translocation to the lumen was found to depend on extracellular-regulated kinase and matrix metalloproteinase activities, and genetic alterations that perturb local cell-matrix adhesion drove cell translocation. We also provide evidence that luminal cell translocation may drive clonal selection by promoting either the death or the expansion of quiescent oncogene-expressing cells, depending on whether the pre-existing alterations allow anchorage-independent survival and growth. Our data show that the initial outgrowth of single oncogene-expressing cells from organized epithelial structures is a highly regulated process, and we propose that a cell translocation mechanism allows sporadic mutant cells to evade suppressive micro-environments and elicits clonal selection for survival and proliferative expansion outside the native niches of these cells.
Colloidal InP Nanocrystals as Efficient Emitters Covering Blue to Near-Infrared

High quality InP nanocrystals in the size range from 1 to 8 nm were synthesize at relatively low temperature (<190 °C). The low temperature was enabled by the activation of In carboxylate precursors with fatty amines. The reduced temperature enabled the elimination of the thorough degassing step usually needed in the existing schemes. By simply varying the concentration and chain length of the ligand and activation reagents, the absorption peak position was tuned continuously from 390 to 720 nm without prolonged heating. This new synthetic scheme further enabled the direct synthesis of InP/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals in a one-pot fashion. The resulting InP/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals can emit from about 450 to 750 nm, with a quantum yield as high as over 40%. The bright core/shell nanocrystals were stable in air and could be dispersed in water with hydrophilic thiols ligands. The thiol ligand replacement did not quench the emission, and the resulting water-soluble nanocrystals were stable under ambient co...