cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
De vacíos, silencios y posibilidades. Paternidades en Centroamérica en los albores del siglo XXI

El articulo procura un analisis comparativo sobre la paternidad en Centroamerica Tomando como eje de discusion el tema de la “paternidad irresponsable”, busca realizar una caracterizacion del problema en la Region, asi como analizar algunos de los factores que permitan avanzar hacia una mejor comprension. Para ello discute la forma de ejercicio de la sexualidad masculina y sus consecuencias sobre la paternidad, las contradicciones existentes en el mandato de la proveeduria y el impacto negativo que posee la disolucion de las relaciones de pareja sobre una paternidad mas involucrada. Asi mismo, llama la atencion sobre la necesidad de hablar de paternidad en plural (paternidades), como via para evitar visiones simplistas y potenciar formas mas involucradas de ser padre.
The Impact of Openness on Standard of Living and Poverty - A Business Cycle Perspective

Since late 1980s and early 1990s, many Emerging Market Economies (EMEs thereafter) have opened their doors for international capital flows, but sudden capital outflows caused economic recessions in these countries, leaving more people unemployed and raising poverty concerns. On the other hand, foreign capital financed more domestic investment, causing economic expansion and growth; with more job opportunities poverty could be reduced. While there has been a great amount of literature on the links between economic openness and poverty reduction, there has not been much research that approaches this topic from the macroeconomic and in particular business cycle perspective. Instead, many of them approached from the microeconomic perspective. For example, Rosenzweig (2003) examines the impact of openness in India in the form of imported agricultural innovation on the wages of the poor and their incentives and ability to obtain formal schooling in the rural area. This paper will examine how poverty changes across business cycle phases in eight EMEs. The main results in this paper are, first, post- financial liberalization recessions are rare and often occurred amid currency and financial crises, which aggravate the negative impact of recession on the standard of living and poverty. Second, economic recessions in the United States have spillover impact on EMEs economy and the impact is larger depending on the degree of openness of the latter, and on whether they operate under fixed or floating exchange rate regimes. Third, for EMEs to raise living standard and alleviate poverty, financial liberalization needs to be integrated with country’s monetary and exchange rate policy as it is impossible for a country to maintain a fixed exchange rate, free capital mobility and an independent monetary policy.
Changes in Religiosity After First Intercourse in the Transition to Adulthood.

Religiosity delays initiation of sexual behavior, but the association may be bidirectional, and individuals may become less religious after first intercourse. This study uses longitudinal data from college students to examine whether two aspects of religiosity change before and after first intercourse using multiphase growth curve models. Students’ religiosity did not change in the six months preceding first intercourse, but on average they attended services less often and felt religion was less important in the twelve months after first intercourse. These findings suggest that sexual behavior can influence religious development in emerging adulthood, and underscore the importance of studying the impact of sexuality beyond the health outcomes typically studied, and of examining how life events influence religious development in adolescence and emerging adulthood.
Fluid substitution with Dynamic Fluid Modulus: facing the challenges in heterogeneous rocks

Summary A new concept of frequency dependent effective fluid modulus is proposed to characterize the velocity dispersion caused by wave induced fluid flow (WIFF). It has a clear physical meaning and simple math expression, and can be directly used in Gassmann equation to predict the dispersion and attenuation. The new method is applied to a pore-crack system to predict squirt flow dispersion, either with single or multiple sets of cracks. Inverting the effective fluid modulus from measured ultrasonic data provides an indicator of the heterogeneity of the rock.
Energy dependence of the reaction /sup 12/C( p,. pi. /sup +/)/sup 13/C to different final states

Angular distributions have been measured for the reaction $^{12}\mathrm{C}$($p,{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$)$^{13}\mathrm{C}^{*}$ at several proton bombarding energies in the range 156-200 MeV. Distinct differences between single-particle and 2p-1h final states are observed in the energy variation of the angular distributions and total cross sections.
The Reaccession of Ted Shawn: A Study in Virtual Permanence

In the spring of 2013, I was invited to represent the modernist choreographer Ted Shawn at the Museum of Modern Art as part of the exhibition 20 Dancers of the XXth Century, curated by Boris Charmatz. The exhibit proposed the both radical and rudimentary notion that the main museal space for dance is the human body. In many ways, this is in keeping with how dance has historically been preserved—passing down from generation to generation as an oral and kinesthetic tradition without the benefit of a comprehensive or standardized notation system. With this tradition in mind, I endeavored to become a living archive of Shawn's work. In determining how to approach this task, particularly in the absence of any living company members or company apparatus, I had to ask both practical and theoretical questions about the archive and dance re-performance.
The Analysis of Social Protection Schemes Targeting Children in Urban Families with Minimum Living Standard

Social Protection is the most effective approach to alleviate child poverty.The author analyses the current social protection schemes targeting children in urban households with minimum living stardard,and found that there are some components in social protection institutions missing,and there is still some room to reform and improve current social protection institutions in China.
The iDigoxin Assay is More Sensitive than LOCI Digoxin Assay for Rapid Detection of Convallatoxin, the Active Cardiac Glycoside of Lily of The Valley

OBJECTIVE Lily of the valley is a poisonous plant due to the presence of the cardiac glycoside convallatoxin. We compared two immunoassays (LOCI digoxin assay and iDigoxin assay) for rapid detection of convallatoxin if present in human serum. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aliquots of a drug free serum pool and a digoxin serum pool were supplemented with microliter amounts of lily of the valley extract or nanogram to microgram quantities of convallatoxin, followed by measurement of apparent digoxin concentrations using the LOCI and iDigxoin assays. RESULTS Apparent digoxin concentrations were observed when aliquots of a drug free serum pool were supplemented with convallatoxin or lily of the valley extract using both assays but apparent digoxin concentrations were significantly higher using the iDigoxin assay. In addition, the interference of convallatoxin in serum digoxin measurement was also significantly higher using iDigxoin assay compared to the LOCI digoxin assay. CONCLUSIONS The iDigxoin assay is more sensitive in detecting convallatoxin in human serum.
The Structural Design of Multi-point Location Flexible Fixture

According to the current aircraft skin sheet characteristics such as the complex surface,wide varieties and high precision,it introduces a design decision of flexible fixture,establishes the mathematical model of the spherical hinge,analyzes and calculates the parameters. It shows the optimization design process for beam and proves the rationality of this method.
Multidisciplinary research of multimodal stimulation of premature infants: an integrated review of the literature.

Purpose To review and integrate current multidisciplinary research literature about multiple sensory stimulation of premature infants. Sources Computer search using CINAHL, MEDLINE, PSYLIT, SOCIAL SCIENCE INDEX and the topics "premature," "infant," "neonate," and "stimulation." Review of the results of the research and integration of findings for nursing. Results Overall, infants responded positively to the interventions reviewed, including immediate and long-term effects, some up to 2 years. Implications for nursing practice Nursing research of multiple sensory stimulation of premature infants can be improved by the use of (a) a theoretical base for research, (b) better descriptions of the infant samples and the environmental context of the research, and (c) individualization of infant stimulation to permit conservation of epigenetic integrity of the infant.
Intracavernous drug-induced erections in the management of male erectile dysfunction: experience with 100 patients.

AbstractA total of 100 men with organic impotence underwent a trial of intracavernous drug-induced erections with a mixture of papaverine (25mg./ml.) and phentolamine (0.8mg./ml.). The response rates, that is functional erections, were 100 per cent in patients with neurogenic impotence, 65.7 per cent in those with vasculogenic impotence, 90 per cent in the undetermined group and 64.7 per cent in the neurogenic/vascular impotence group. Of the responders 79.5 per cent elected to practice self-injection as a method to restore erectile function. The dose required to obtain functional erections in the purely neurogenic impotence group was significantly lower than that required in other groups. Complications were few and included 4 patients with sustained erections that required intervention.Intracavernous injection of vasoactive drugs appears to have promising value in the treatment and differential diagnosis of erectile dysfunction.
Theatrical Architectonics and the Poetics of Dialogue in Ibsen’s Hedda Gabler

Beyond Ibsen’s ability to understand the psychology of his characters and their interactions, he was, after all, a playwright’s playwright, and playwrights are very conscious of how the play is structured and, perhaps, more important how and why the characters say what they say. The playwrights, who know their characters well and know the “voice” of their characters, also know when and how to present dialogue that will not only advance the play, but also advance knowledge of the characters. Of course, Ibsen was a master at that and this chapter discusses the architectonics of the play while paying special attention to how Ibsen constructed his dialogue.
Formation of Polyphosphate-Poly-Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Granule-Like Complexes in Heart Failure Myocytes

Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a naturally occurring polyanion made of ten to several hundred orthophosphates linked together by phosphoanhydride bonds. Specific physiological roles of polyP vary dramatically depending on its size, concentration, tissue and subcellular localization. Recently we reported that mitochondria of rabbit ventricular myocytes contain significant amounts (280 ± 60 pmol/mg of protein) of polyP with an average length of 25 orthophosphates, and that polyP is involved in Ca2+-dependent activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). Using DAPI as a probe for polyP, we showed that polyP levels depend on the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Here, we visualized intracellular polyP distribution in cardiomyocytes using the affinity of the Xpress epitope-tagged recombinant polyphosphate-binding domain (PPBD) of E. coli exopolyphosphatase and immunocytochemical approach. Primarily mitochondrial location of polyP was demonstrated in both control and heart failure (HF) myocytes from two different HF models: (1), non-ischemic rabbit HF model induced by combined aortic insufficiency and stenosis and (2), targeted microbead embolization of the first diagonal branch of left anterior descending coronary artery in Yucatan mini-pigs. However, enhanced formation of polyP dense spots was observed in HF conditions. Furthermore, polyP dense spots overlapped with poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) accumulation areas in HF myocytes as detected with specific PHB antibodies (anti-PHB IgG) raised against a synthetic 8-mer of PHB. It is known that polyP can form channels with Ca2+ and PHB, a polymerized form of the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate, with characteristics similar to mPTP. These data suggest that polyP-PHB complex formation in HF myocytes could contribute to the enhanced propensity of mPTP opening despite decreased mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake.
Of turning and tropes

ABSTRACTThe “turn” (linguistic turn, critical turn, new material turn, etc.) is a prominent concept in the production of rhetoric’s intellectual history. This essay argues that academic turns are commonly figured through tropes of classical physics that portray time as linear, the field as an empirical path, and turns as discrete, progressively patterned events that can be reflected upon as determinate moments in time. This figuring of reflection reconditions a representationalist orientation to discourse even while scholars may be developing nonrepresentationalist theories of rhetoric. Simultaneously, academic turns figured through classical physics are sutured with neoclassical assumptions of neoliberalism, the prevailing political economy of the modern academy, which promotes accumulation and quantitative growth above other values. This infusion of neoliberalism in academic writing, however, can be disrupted through tropes of quantum physics, such as entanglement and indeterminacy, and can cultivate a ...
Grid Connection Requirements and Solutions for DFIG Wind Turbines

As the number and size of wind farms continue to grow, many countries have established or are developing a set of specific requirements (i.e., grid codes) for operation and grid connection of wind farms. The objective of these grid codes is to ensure that wind farms do not adversely affect the power system operation with respect to security of supply, reliability and power quality. This paper reviews major grid code requirements for wind farms, and investigates various technologies developed by and solutions proposed by researchers and wind turbine manufactures in order to meet these requirements. In addition, some of the authors' work on these issues are discussed and demonstrated by simulation studies.
Data privacy for IoT systems: Concepts, approaches, and research directions

Data are today an asset more critical than ever for all organizations we may think of. Recent advances and trends, such as sensor systems, IoT, cloud computing, and data analytics, are making possible to pervasively, efficiently, and effectively collect data. However such pervasive data collection and the lack of security for IoT devices increase data privacy concerns. In this paper, we discuss relevant concepts and approaches for data privacy in IoT, and identify research challenges that must be addressed by comprehensive solutions to data privacy.
Ab initio simulations of liquid carbon monoxide at high pressure

Abstract Carbon monoxide occurs as a volatile species in the interiors of terrestrial planets, and as a disequilibrium atmospheric constituent in the giant planets. It plays an important role during the accretionary stages of planet formation reacting with gases to form compounds such as CH4 and H2O. The structure of carbon monoxide is unknown over the majority of the temperature and pressure regime in giant planet interiors. Here we perform ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to characterize CO to 140 GPa and 5,000 K. We find that CO is stable as a molecular liquid at lower P-T conditions, as a polymeric liquid at higher P-T conditions found in ice giant interiors, and as a plasma at high-T.
Dual-Functional-Tag-Facilitated Protein Labeling and Immobilization

An important strategy in the construction of biomimetic membranes and devices is to use natural proteins as the functional components for incorporation in a polymeric or nanocomposite matrix. Toward this goal, an important step is to immobilize proteins with high efficiency and precision without disrupting the protein function. Here, we developed a dual-functional tag containing histidine and the non-natural amino acid azidohomoalanine (AHA). AHA is metabolically incorporated into the protein, taking advantage of the Met-tRNA and Met-tRNA synthetase. Histidine in the tag can facilitate metal-affinity purification, whereas AHA can react with an alkyne-functionalized probe or surface via well-established click chemistry. We tested the performance of the tag using two model proteins, green fluorescence protein and an enzyme pyrophosphatase. We found that the addition of the tag and the incorporation of AHA did not significantly impair the properties of these proteins, and the histidine–AHA tag can facilitate...
A DFT investigation of substituent effects on carbon dioxide fixation: by a low-coordinate cobalt (I) complex

Abstract CO2 fixation barriers are central to identifying catalysts for the reaction of carbon dioxide and C H bonds to form carboxylic acids. The Co(I) complexes (Xdab)Co(Me) (dab = 1,4-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,4-diaza-2,3-butadiene where X = H, Me, OH, and NO2) mediate the formation of acetic acid from carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane. The stationary point geometries reveal agostic interactions involving the methyl groups of the acetate intermediates. The model catalysts are selective for carboxylic acid formation over that of methyl formate, and acetic acid is increasingly favored by increasing the electron withdrawing ability of the Xdab ligand.
Direct and indirect effects of print exposure on silent reading fluency

Print exposure is an important causal factor in reading development. Little is known, however, of the mechanisms through which print exposure exerts an effect onto reading. To address this gap, we examined the direct and indirect effects of print exposure on silent reading fluency among college students (n = 52). More specifically, we focused on phonetic decoding and sight word reading efficiency as potential mediators of the indirect effects of print exposure on silent reading fluency. Silent reading fluency was chosen as the outcome given that the natural reading experience occurs predominately in the silent mode. Results showed that the direct effect of print exposure on silent reading fluency was significant. Sight word reading efficiency partially mediated the indirect effect of print exposure on silent reading fluency. Phonetic decoding efficiency also partially mediated the indirect effect of print exposure on silent reading fluency, but only when followed by sight word reading efficiency to form a serial and joint mechanism (i.e., print exposure → phonetic decoding → sight word reading → silent reading fluency). Present findings highlight two mechanisms through which print exposure exerts an effect onto silent reading fluency, both of which involve sight word reading efficiency.
The Random Members of a ${\Pi }_{1}^{0}$ Class

We examine several notions of randomness for elements in a given ${\Pi }_{1}^{0}$ class $\mathcal {P}$ . Such an effectively closed subset $\mathcal {P}$ of 2 ω may be viewed as the set of infinite paths through the tree $T_{\mathcal {P}}$ of extendible nodes of $\mathcal {P}$ , i.e., those finite strings that extend to a member of $\mathcal {P}$ , so one approach to defining a random member of $\mathcal {P}$ is to randomly produce a path through $T_{\mathcal {P}}$ using a sufficiently random oracle for advice. In addition, this notion of randomness for elements of $\mathcal {P}$ may be induced by a map from 2 ω onto $\mathcal {P}$ that is computable relative to $T_{\mathcal {P}}$ , and the notion even has a characterization in term of Kolmogorov complexity. Another approach is to define a relative measure on $\mathcal {P}$ by conditionalizing the Lebesgue measure on $\mathcal {P}$ , which becomes interesting if $\mathcal {P}$ has Lebesgue measure 0. Lastly, one can alternatively define a notion of incompressibility for members of $\mathcal {P}$ in terms of the amount of branching at levels of $T_{\mathcal {P}}$ . We explore some notions of homogeneity for ${\Pi }_{1}^{0}$ classes, inspired by work of van Lambalgen. A key finding is that in a specific class of sufficiently homogeneous ${\Pi }_{1}^{0}$ classes $\mathcal {P}$ , all of these approaches coincide. We conclude with a discussion of random members of ${\Pi }_{1}^{0}$ classes of positive measure.
Artificial nonreciprocal photonic materials at GHz-to-THz frequencies

Lorentz reciprocity governs the symmetry with which electromagnetic signals travel in space and time. A reciprocal channel supports signal transport in two directions with the same transmission properties. Nonreciprocal devices do not obey this general symmetry, and therefore enable isolation and circulation, offering fundamental functionalities in modern GHz-to-THz photonic systems. While most nonreciprocal devices to date are based on magneto-optical phenomena, significant interest has been raised by approaches that avoid the use of magnetic materials, instead relying on artificial materials and circuits that mimic magnetically biased ferrites, enabling compact, light, integrated, and significantly cheaper nonreciprocal devices. Here, we review recent progress in and opportunities offered by artificial nonmagnetic materials that break reciprocity, revealing their potential for compact nonreciprocal devices and systems.
Five days of antibacterial therapy for bacterial meningitis in children

We evaluated the effectiveness of 5-day antibacterial therapy for bacterial meningitis in children. The study group included 26 children from 2 months to 15 years of age, admitted with microbiologically confirmed bacterial meningitis in 1990–1993 and treated for 5 days. A historical comparison group of 49 patients treated for 8 to 15 days was used. Penicillin monotherapy (300 mg/kg body weight) was used for meningococcal and pneumococcal meningitis and ampicillin (300 mg/kg body weight) forHaemophilus influenzae b meningitis. On day 5 of therapy the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (γGT) in the CSF was determined by photocolorimetric assay and the concentration of creatine kinase BB (CK-BB) by ELISA. IL-6 was analysed using EIA technique and a cerebral ultrasound was performed at the time of the termination of the antibacterial therapy. The mean follow-up time was 1.3 years for children in the study group and 3.2 in the control group. The time of hospitalisation was shorter in children treated for 5 days (p<0.005). Complete clinical recovery was 81% in the study group and 66% in the comparison group at the time of the termination of antibacterial therapy. No relapses occurred. The activity of AST, CPK, LDH, and γGT in the CSF had returned to normal by the 5th day of therapy, but almost a 7-fold higher concentration of CK-BB was registered. The concentration of IL-6 in the CSF decreased with the therapy from 1,800 pg/ml to 685 pg/ml but still remained high. Long term follow-up did not differ between the two groups. We conclude that 5 days of antibacterial therapy is adequate for the treatment of meningococcal meningitis in children.
Tracking Adaptive Moving Mesh Refinements in 3D Curved Domains for Large-Scale Higher Order Finite Element Simulations

When applying higher order finite elements to curved 3D domains in large-scale accelerator simulations, complexities that arise include needing valid curved finite elements and the capability to track the movement of mesh refinement in the critical domains. This paper presents a procedure which combines Bezier mesh curving and size driven mesh adaptation technologies to address those requirements. The intelligent selection of local mesh modifications to eliminate invalid curved elements and properly control the size distribution are the two key technical components. The procedure has been successfully applied by SLAC to generate 3D moving curved meshes in the large-scale electromagnetic modeling of next generation accelerator designs. The results demonstrated that valid curvilinear meshes not only make the time domain simulations more reliable but also improve the computational efficiency up to 30%.
Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Patients With Lupus Anticoagulant Prozone Effect.

Objectives Lupus anticoagulant (LAC) is typically associated with thrombosis but also rarely with hemorrhage. Some patients exhibit a prozone effect on LAC testing. Antiphosphatidylserine/prothrombin (aPS/PT) antibodies may provide a mechanism for both hemorrhage and prozone effect. Our goal was to evaluate whether antibody specificities, isotypes, and titers were associated with LAC prozone effect, factor II levels, hemorrhage, and thrombosis. Methods Patients with prozone effect noted on LAC testing were entered into a database over 3 years. Factor II activity and aPS/PT antibody testing were performed when a sufficient residual sample was available. Results All patients with LAC prozone effect and antibody testing were positive for at least 1 class of aPS/PT antibodies. In addition, aPS/PT IgG titers were significantly associated with thrombosis and significantly inversely associated with factor II levels. Conclusions In prozone effect patients, aPS/PT antibodies are associated with LAC prozone effect as well as thrombosis and decreased factor II levels.
Songbird Use of Native and Invasive Fruit in the Northeastern USA

Fruit is consumed by songbirds, yet whether or not it comprises an important component of habitat quality depends on the extent to which it is used by birds. In addition, there is evidence fruits of exotic invasive species may be nutritionally inferior to fruits of native species, so the influence of plant invasion on bird body condition is of interest to managers. Birds that consume invasive fruits may also serve as seed vectors, and consumption of fruits of invasive species may exacerbate invasion. Thus, the extent to which songbirds consume fruits of native versus invasive plant species, influence of plant invasion on bird body condition, and extent to which birds exhibit foraging behaviors that elevate their potential to act as dispersers of invasive species have important implications for habitat management. To understand bird use of native and invasive fruits and the potential role of birds in dispersing invasive plants, we observed bird foraging, measured body condition indices of birds captured in mist nets, measured available fruits of native and invasive plants, and calculated indices of seed dispersal for bird species based on fruit handling and consumption, within 16 shrubland sites in western Massachusetts, USA. Our findings indicate that birds use fruit extensively (57% of foraging events), use varied among species, and frugivorous species at our sites generally chose the fruit of native species, especially Prunus, over fruits of invasive species. Body condition indices were negatively related to the proportion of invasive fruit in most cases. In general, birds were better dispersers for native fruits than for invasive fruits. Our findings support the value of native fruit resources as a component of habitat quality, and, conversely, suggest that nonnative plant invasion may lead to reduced habitat quality for songbirds.
Fault Tolerant Isolated Dual Active DC-DC Converter Using WBG Devices

In this paper, a bidirectional isolated DC-DC converter is proposed for MVDC applications. In this topology, an active 5-level T-type converter is used in primary and secondary sides of a high frequency transformer. The proposed converter features better fault tolerance, higher efficiency, and reduced output voltage ripple compared to common dual active bridge DC-DC converters. Phase disposition pulse width modulation and dual-phase shift control methods are applied to control the proposed converter. A fault tolerant algorithm is proposed for this converter. The operation of the proposed structure is verified by simulations carried in PLECS. Finally, a 600 W prototype of the proposed structure was built and tested.
A Stretchable Liquid Metal Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna

This paper introduces a liquid metal reconfigurable antenna. While liquid metal devices are not new, non-toxic gallium based liquid metals have caused an increase in research for related applications. Stretchable liquid metal antennas can provide the reconfigurability for wideband applications in addition to applications requiring beam control. This research focuses on the design of a stretchable liquid metal monopole at 2.4 GHz. The model was simulated using CST and initial results are documented to verify the efficacy of liquid metals as a possible antenna material.
Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic among the Amish of Northern Indiana

Retired sociologist and college administrator Victor Stoltzfus reflects on a series of meetings in 2020 between leaders of the large Elkhart-LaGrange Amish settlement and state and local public health officials seeking to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. Multiple sources of information, some of questionable provenance, worked against the reception and application of public health directives, as did the decentralized polity of the Amish church. The authority of medical science is not absolute in Amish circles and the Amish relationship with government includes elements of both obedience and distrust. The generally positive reputation the Amish enjoy in the wider public may be at risk as some non-Amish neighbors are dismayed by half-hearted Amish efforts to slow the spread of the pandemic. Stoltzfus concludes by noting the inconsistent mitigation practices on the part of the surrounding non-Amish population in northern Indiana.
Leveraging a Systems Engineering Approach to Operationalize Coastal Resilience Data

Ongoing efforts by the federal government to promote coastal resilience have focused on critical infrastructure, natural and nature-based infrastructure, post-disaster recovery actions, community risk assessments, and the prioritization of resources. Such resilience can be characterized as a given coastal community's ability to respond to and recover from a disruption, such as a severe hurricane, nuisance flooding, or even long-term sea-level rise. For ocean engineers and community leaders alike, the operationalization of resilience requires the ability to collect, organize, process, and analyze real-world data from routinely disrupted communities. Modern systems engineering techniques and associated architecture frameworks are well suited for the characterization of coastal resilience. Ultimately, the added value of using systems engineering to operationalize coastal resilience data is significant: with a clear, understandable architecture framework in place, one can better explore the precise factors that allow a complex system to be resilient. For technical and political decision makers, resources can be better allocated to the system components, subsystems, or operations that best support a robust response and recovery.
Breaking Free: The Role of Psychological Safety and Productive Failure in Creative Pathmaking

While creativity and innovative thinking are highly valued in society overall, the inclusion of a creativity mindset as part of the pedagogical process has remained, for the most part, elusive. In this article, we discuss the importance of viewing productive failure as a critical component to fostering a creativity mindset in the classroom through an social constructivist approach. While creativity is generally considered an important aspect of learning and productivity, teachers often forgo opportunities to incorporate creative risk-taking and productive failure because of a lack of psychological safety within the social system of education, or due to teacher-centered pedagogical beliefs. We propose the idea that creative pathmaking requires an iterative approach, situated within a social constructivist context, that is supported through the use of mobile technology and structured to reward risk and productive failure.
Association Between Periconceptional Weight of Maternal Grandmothers and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Grandchildren.

Importance Neurodevelopmental disorders have been proposed to involve alterations to epigenetic regulation, and epigenetic effects may extend to germline cells to affect later generations. Weight status may affect DNA methylation, and maternal weight before and during pregnancy has been associated with offspring DNA methylation as well as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Objective To assess whether a woman’s weight before and during pregnancy is associated with ADHD in her grandchild. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study analyzed data from 19 835 grandmother-mother dyads and 44 720 grandchildren in the Nurses’ Health Study II (NHS-II) cohort (2001-2013), a population-based prospective cohort study. Cluster-weighted generalized estimating equations were modeled to estimate the association of grandmother’s prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain with grandchild risk of ADHD. Data analyses were conducted from May 2018 to April 2021. Grandmothers reported their height and weight before, and weight gain during, their pregnancy with the NHS-II participants. Mothers self-reported height and weight prior to pregnancy. From those data, grandmother BMI and mother BMI were calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared and categorized as underweight ( Main Outcomes and Measures Cases of ADHD identified by maternal report of having a child with a diagnosis of ADHD. Results In total, 19 835 grandmothers (97.6% White race/ethnicity; 2113 [10.7%] prepregnancy underweight and 1391 [7.0%] prepregnancy overweight or obese) were included in this cohort study. Of 44 720 grandchildren, 3593 (8%) received a diagnosis of ADHD. Higher odds of ADHD among grandchildren were found for those whose grandmother was underweight compared with healthy weight prior to pregnancy with the NHS-II participant (adjusted odds ratio, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.10-1.42). By contrast, grandmother gestational weight gain was not significantly associated with risk of grandchild ADHD (adjusted odds ratio for 29 lbs [13.2 kg], 1.01; 95% CI, 0.91-1.13). Mother prepregnancy BMI showed an association with ADHD among offspring, with a stronger association detected for obese status (adjusted odds ratio, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.07-1.49) than for overweight status (adjusted odds ratio, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.02-1.26) compared with normal weight as a reference group. The positive association between grandmother prepregnancy underweight and ADHD risk among the grandchildren remained unchanged after further adjustment for potential mediators, including maternal prepregnancy BMI. Conclusions and Relevance The results of this cohort study indicate that grandmother underweight prior to pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of ADHD among grandchildren, independent of grandmother gestational weight gain and independent of maternal prepregnancy weight status.
Cardboard Architecture: Eight Decades of Exploration in Academic Research and Professional Practice 1940-2019

Explorations in the use of cardboard products in architecture exist since the 1940s. However, it was not until the early 1990s, when Shigeru Ban's work emerged when cardboard products became a potential material for architecture. Since then, cardboard use in architecture has been continuously growing worldwide, and Ban's cardboard buildings have now achieved important recognition. This article reviews cardboard architecture works in academic research and professional architectural practice in the last eight decades to lay a foundation for designers to get ahead in cardboard for architecture. Cardboard products could contribute to increase more environmentally friendly and affordable architecture because they are recyclable, low-priced, and have relatively good strength to sustain loads, among other potential advantages for construction. The study summarizes the fundamentals of cardboard architectural design and diverse strategies proposed by different authors to decrease cardboard strength degradation due to the material's weaknesses.
Does it pay to pray? Religious nonprofits and funding

Abstract This study examines whether religious identity has an impact on two types of funding, donations and government grants, received by nonprofit organizations. We argue that religious nonprofits attract more donations because (1) donors feel an affinity or special tie to religious organizations and/or (2) donors regard religious organization as having good stewardship. Using 54,917 organization-year observations we find that 18% of the largest U.S. nonprofit organizations have some religious identity and that these organizations receive more donations than their non-religious counterparts. We further find that the association is more pronounced for nonprofits in more religious geographic areas, those with unrestricted donations, and organizations with better stewardship. Conversely, we find that government grants are negatively associated with religious identity, a result consistent with the separation between church and state established under U.S. law and tradition. This negative relationship, however, is mitigated for nonprofits with better stewardship. Our results should be of interest to donors and policymakers who seek to understand the impact of religion on nonprofit funding as well as the role of donor affiliation and stewardship in the fundraising process.
Case Series of Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome following COVID-19 vaccination--United States, December 2020-August 2021

BackgroundThrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) is a potentially life-threatening condition associated with adenoviral-vectored COVID-19 vaccination. TTS presents similarly to autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Twelve cases of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis following Janssen/Johnson & Johnson (Ad26.COV2.S) COVID-19 vaccination have been described. ObjectiveDescribe surveillance data and reporting rates of TTS cases following COVID-19 vaccination. DesignCase series. SettingUnited States PatientsCase-patients reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) receiving COVID-19 vaccine from December 14, 2020 through August 31, 2021, with thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (excluding isolated ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction). If thrombosis was only in an extremity vein or pulmonary embolism, a positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for anti-platelet factor 4 antibody was required. MeasurementsReporting rates (cases/million vaccine doses) and descriptive epidemiology. Results52 TTS cases were confirmed following Ad26.COV2.S (n=50) or mRNA-based COVID-19 (n=2) vaccination. TTS reporting rates were 3.55 per million (Ad26.COV2.S) and 0.0057 per million (mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines). Median age of patients with TTS following Ad26.COV2.S vaccination was 43.5 years (range: 18-70); 70% were female. Both TTS cases following mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination occurred in males aged >50 years. All cases following Ad26.COV2.S vaccination involved hospitalization including 32 (64%) with intensive care unit admission. Outcomes of hospitalizations following Ad26.COV2.S vaccination included death (12%), discharge to post-acute care (16%), and discharge home (72%). LimitationsUnder-reporting and incomplete case follow-up. ConclusionTTS is a rare but serious adverse event associated with Ad26.COV2.S vaccination. The different demographic characteristics of the two cases reported after mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines and the much lower reporting rate suggest that these cases represent a background rate. Funding SourceCDC
Triassic Macrostratigraphy of the Western United States

The Triassic is an extraordinary time interval that experienced a Phanerozoic low in sedimentary packages, a major shift from carbonate to siliciclastic deposition, biotic recovery, the origination of the modern fauna, the peak of Pangaean accretion (and its initial break-up), and the end-Triassic extinction. However, quantification of the sedimentary record is necessary to more fully interrogate the nature of Triassic deposition. To better understand the factors that influenced the formation and preservation of the sedimentary record, this study describes the spatiotemporal distribution of sedimentary packages (and their properties) in the western US; this region preserves the most complete Triassic record in North America. The results demonstrate a significant climatic control on Early Triassic sediment accumulation, which is up to 4.5 times greater than that seen in the more tectonically controlled accumulation of Late Triassic sediment. It is demonstrated that global perturbations in δ13Ccarb closely match variability in the Early Triassic sedimentation rates, volume, and lithology. It is also during this interval that the highest turnover rate of sedimentary packages occurs. In contrast, the Late Triassic has much lower rates of sediment accumulation but greater lithological heterogeneity, including several intervals of coarse-grained sedimentation linked to the initiation of Andean-type subduction along the Cordilleran margin. Further results show that the distribution of sedimentary package duration throughout the Triassic interval is nearly identical to that reported for the entire Phanerozoic. This suggests that tectonic processes that govern package longevity in the Triassic of the western US are similar to those that govern larger-scale patterns across the continent. Quantification of the spatiotemporal distribution of Triassic sediments has provided a framework for comparing the structure of the sedimentary record across this dynamic interval. It is anticipated that this study will be the starting point for further investigations of attributes integral to the Triassic system, including improved studies of mass balance, interrogations of the Middle Triassic problem, and analyses of the preservation and distribution of body and trace fossils essential for understanding biotic recovery and the origins of the modern fauna.
Effects of HIV Disease on Women

The chapter presents a review of the epidemiology and medical aspects of HIV disease in women, followed by an examination of the sociocultural and economic influences that affect women with HIV. The chapter also presents a glance at domestic violence, a discussion on HIV among women who have sex with women (WSW), a picture of older women who are HIV infected, and suggestions for prevention programming with older women. The chapter concludes with an exploration of issues of older women who are affected by HIV through caregiving, familial, or other relationships. Older women are especially vulnerable to HIV infection and disease due to lack of knowledge about their own risk status, reluctance to utilize protective behaviors (including condoms and other safer sex materials), barriers erected by the medical community in achieving access to quality medical care, and the paucity of research to guide clinicians in the best methods of treating older women who do contract HIV. Some groups of women, including WSW, are exposed to large numbers of high-risk behaviors that may lead to HIV infection, but perceive themselves as having little or no risk. Prevention efforts need to address all of these issues, and supportive services for women with HIV and those women affected by HIV and AIDS need to be offered at all levels of society, from communities, to cities, states, and even nationwide.
Application of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy to mechanistic electrochemistry: Oxidation of iodide at gold electrodes

Abstract The electrooxidation of dilute (1 mM) iodide at the gold-aqueous interface has been examined by rotating disk voltammetry combined with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in order to identify the surface species formed and hence to shed light on the electrooxidation mechanism. Marked changes in the SER spectra occur upon shifting the electrode potential through the region where faradaic current flows, the characteristic 123 and 158 cm−1 bands associated with adsorbed iodide being supplemented and eventually supplanted by bands at 110, 145 and 160–175 cm−1, the latter two being especially intense. The new bands are assigned to higher polyiodides and molecular iodine. The latter species appears to be the major interfacial product associated with faradaic current flow. Iodide forms an irreversibly adsorbed and electroinactive layer at gold in the absence of solution iodide, as evidenced by the survival of the 123 and 158 cm−1 SERS bands even at far positive potentials under these conditions. The results obtained for dilute iodide solutions are compared and contrasted with those obtained at higher iodide concentrations. For the latter conditions, the observed “surface” Raman spectra arise from resonance enhancement of the thick insoluble iodine films and solution triiodide formed in the convective diffusion layer rather than from SERS of species present in the double layer. Criteria for distinguishing between these two possibilities for systems involving such electrogenerated species are described.
Health Privacy and the Facebook Generation

Every physician is aware of the ethical and legal obligations to protect the privacy, confidentiality, and security of patient health information. Today, that duty mainly involves the uses and disclosures of information in paper records. Despite a dramatic growth in electronic billing, only 1.5% of U.S. hospitals have a comprehensive electronic health record (EHR) system and only 17% of U.S. physicians use either a minimally functional or a comprehensive EHR system.
Biological Damage in the Mature Sperm of Drosophila Virilis in Oxygen and Nitrogen with Different Dose Intensities of Gamma Rays

Modifications in the percentages of dominant lethal and translocation damage were not obtained by varying the dose rate of gamma rays in treatments of mature sperm of Drosophila virilis. Nineteen experiments in five series of tests were perforraed using radiation dose rates from 50 to 2000 r/minute or two fractionated doses divided by periods of from 15 to 60 minutes. The dose rates of gamma rays did not modify the amount of two break, reattachment types of chromosome damage, translocations, or dominant lethal damage when treatments were made in either a completely oxygen-saturated atmosphere or an anoxic atmosphere of nitrogen. Postirradiation recovery periods were not detected by testing with alternate radiation treatments in oxygen and nitrogen. Different time intervals of 15 to 40 minutes between treatments failed to produce modifications in the percentages of dominant lethals. Therefore, there is no indication of a postirradiation time limit for recovery mechanisms in Drosophila sperm. ln all the radiation tests using mature sperm of Drosophila virilis, the genetic damage was characterized by the induction of genetic damage which was not modified by the dose rate tested in external enviroments of oxygen or anoxic atmospheres of gases. The possibility of genetic repair mechanisms operatingmore » after chronic doses of radiations of spermatogonial cells and postirradiation effects in raetabolically active cells are discussed briefly. (auth)« less
Nitrogen reflow ovens: the effect exit temperature has on benzotriazole coated copper boards

Reports on the comparisons made of three nitrogen capable ovens. The ovens range in size and price representative of common market offerings. The ovens compared were forced convection type and oxygen concentrations (02 ppm) were set at comparable levels. All of the ovens have some exit cooling capability (nitrogen contained). Cards exiting the oven may be oxidized to different levels, dependent on the card's temperature. The level of oxidation sustained on the card's second side due to the first reflow operation and/or any intermediate process steps, e.g., misprinted paste strips, should be known. Downstream solderability and/or processability operations may be affected. Results from this work were used to provide process engineering a quantifiable way of making capital expense decisions.