cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innovative Solutions to Care for Individuals With Diabetes in Underserved Populations.

The incidence of diabetes continues to increase in the United States. Management of diabetes remains a significant challenge across the nation, particularly in underserved populations with low socioeconomic status (SES) from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds that are disproportionately affected by this chronic disease. A large, multistate diabetes registry created from the electronic health records of three networks of safety net clinics that provide care to underserved populations recently demonstrated a 14.4% prevalence of diabetes, which is higher in this low-SES population than previously reported (1,2). Men had a higher prevalence than women (16.5 vs. 13.2%), and diabetes prevalence increased across age categories. White patients had the lowest prevalence (11.4%), and Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders had the highest (21.9%), with prevalence ranging from 15.2 to 16.5% for other races/ethnicities. Furthermore, comorbid conditions such as cardiovascular, neurological, renal, and retinal diseases occurred at higher rates in low-SES diverse communities, possibly due to inadequate medical and self-care, as well as inaccurate culture-bound beliefs. By 2060, the number of U.S. adults with diagnosed diabetes is projected to nearly triple, and the prevalence is expected to double (3). Diabetes imposes large health and …
Comparative Effectiveness of Sacubitril-Valsartan Versus ACE/ARB Therapy in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction

Abstract Objectives This paper aims to compare the effectiveness of sacubitril-valsartan and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE)/angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) in systolic heart failure (HF). Background Sacubitril-valsartan reduced risks of death and hospitalization for HF versus enalapril in ambulatory patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction in the PARADIGM-HF (Prospective Comparison of Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Neprilysin Inhibitor with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in HF) trial. However, the comparative effectiveness of sacubitril-valsartan and ACE/ARB in patients treated in routine clinical practice is unclear. Methods We identified patients with systolic HF in a U.S. administrative claims database treated with sacubitril-valsartan or ACE/ARB from July 1, 2015, to February 2, 2018. One-to-one propensity score matching was used to balance patients on 29 clinical variables. Cox models were used to compare outcomes between treatment groups. Results A total of 7,893 matched pairs were included; mean (SD) follow-up was 6.3 (5.4) months. Sacubitril-valsartan was associated with lower risks of all-cause mortality or all-cause hospitalization (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.81 to 0.91; p Conclusions Sacubitril-valsartan was associated with lower risks of death and hospitalization compared with ACE/ARB in a heterogeneous cohort of patients with systolic HF. However, our finding that outcomes with sacubitril-valsartan and ACE/ARBs were similar in black patients warrants further evaluation.
Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology of the Lower Urinary Tract

The bladder and urethra constitute a functional unit controlled by a complex interplay between the central and peripheral nervous systems and local regulatory factors. Peripherally, lower urinary tract function is dependent on the coordinated action of the smooth and striated muscles of the urinary bladder, urethra, and periurethral region. Various neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adenosine triphosphate, nitric oxide, and neuropeptides, have been implicated in this neural regulation, which in the adult is controlled by a spinobulbospinal reflex, which is under suprapontine control. In the present review the relevant anatomy, innervation and receptor functions in the bladder and urethra are discussed.
Observations pertaining to precipitation within the northeast Pacific stratocumulus-to-cumulus transition

AbstractThree genuine stratocumulus-to-cumulus transitions sampled during the Cloud System Evolution over the Trades (CSET) campaign are documented. The focus is on Lagrangian evolution of in situ ...
Impact of Cloud Ice Particle Size Uncertainty in a Climate Model and Implications for Future Satellite Missions

Ice particle size is pivotal to determining ice cloud radiative effect and precipitating rate. However, there is a lack of accurate ice particle effective radius (R_(ei)) observation on the global scale to constrain its representation in climate models. In support of future mission design, here we present a modeling assessment of the sensitivity of climate simulations to R_(ei) and quantify the impact of the proposed mission concept on reducing the uncertainty in climate sensitivity. We perturb the parameters pertaining to ice fall speed parameter and R_(ei) in radiation scheme, respectively, in National Center for Atmospheric Research CESM1 model with a slab ocean configuration. The model sensitivity experiments show that a settling velocity increase due to a larger R_(ei) results in a longwave cooling dominating over a shortwave warming, a global mean surface temperature decrease, and precipitation suppression. A similar competition between longwave and shortwave cloud forcing changes also exists when perturbing R_(ei) in the radiation scheme. Linearity generally holds for the climate response for R_(ei) related parameters. When perturbing falling snow particle size (R_(es)) in a similar way, we find much less sensitivity of climate responses. Our quadrupling CO₂ experiments with different parameter settings reveal that R_(ei) and R_(es) can account for changes in climate sensitivity significantly from +12.3% to −6.2%. By reducing the uncertainty ranges of R_(ei) and R_(es) from a factor of 2 to ±25%, a future satellite mission under design is expected to improve the climate state simulations and reduce the climate sensitivity uncertainty pertaining to ice particle size by approximately 60%. Our results highlight the importance of better observational constraints on R_(ei) by satellite missions.
Automatic Assessment of Language Ability in Children with and without Typical Development

This study describes a fully automated method of expressive language assessment based on vocal responses of children to a sentence repetition task (SRT), a language test that taps into core language skills. Our proposed method automatically transcribes the vocal responses using a test-specific automatic speech recognition system. From the transcriptions, a regression model predicts the gold standard test scores provided by speech-language pathologists. Our preliminary experimental results on audio recordings of 104 children (43 with typical development and 61 with a neurodevelopmental disorder) verifies the feasibility of the proposed automatic method for predicting gold standard scores on this language test, with averaged mean absolute error of 6.52 (on a observed score range from 0 to 90 with a mean value of 49.56) between observed and predicted ratings.Clinical relevance—We describe the use of fully automatic voice-based scoring in language assessment including the clinical impact this development may have on the field of speech-language pathology. The automated test also creates a technological foundation for the computerization of a broad array of tests for voice-based language assessment.
Computational Drug Repositioning Identifies Potentially Active Therapies for Chordoma.

Background Chordomas are aggressive bone tumors that often recur despite maximal resection and adjuvant radiation. To date there are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved chemotherapies. Computational drug repositioning is an expanding approach to identify pharmacotherapies for clinical trials. Objective To identify FDA-approved compounds for repurposing in chordoma. Methods Previously identified highly differentially expressed genes from chordoma tissue samples at our institution were compared with pharmacogenomic interactions in the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) using ksRepo, a drug-repositioning platform. Compounds selected by ksRepo were then validated in CH22 and UM-Chor1 human chordoma cells in Vitro. Results A total of 13 chemical compounds were identified in silico from the CTD, and 6 were selected for preclinical validation in human chordoma cell lines based on their clinical relevance. Of these, 3 identified drugs are FDA-approved chemotherapies for other malignancies (cisplatin, cytarabine, and lucanthone). Cytarabine, a deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase inhibitor approved for the treatment of various leukemias, exhibited a significant concentration-dependent effect against CH22 and UM-Chor1 cells when compared to positive (THZ1) and negative (venetoclax) controls. Tretinoin exhibited a significant concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect in CH22, sacral chordoma-derived cell lines but to a much lesser extent in UM-Chor1, a cell line derived from skull base chordoma. Conclusion Cytarabine administration reduces the viability of human chordoma cells. The equally effective reduction in viability seen with tretinoin seems to be cell line dependent. Based on our findings, we recommend the evaluation of cytarabine and tretinoin in an expanded set of human chordoma cell lines and animal models.
Scepticism of the gentle variety: interview with Derek Bolton, PhD.

This interview with Derek Bolton, PhD, goes into a discussion of his philosophical work on the diagnosis and definition of mental disorder, the basis of the standards or norms by which we judge tha...
Differentialdiagnosen der aseptischen Hüftkopfnekrose

Die fruhzeitige Diagnose und Therapie unspezifischer Huftgelenkbeschwerden beim Erwachsenen ist oft entscheidend fur die Prognose des Gelenks. Neben der aseptischen Huftkopfnekrose (HKN) kommen beim Erwachsenen verschiedene artikulare Differentialdiagnosen in Betracht, die unbehandelt haufig zu einer fruhzeitigen Sekundararthrose fuhren. Ein Huftgelenkersatz in mittlerem Lebensalter ist oft die Folge und ware bei adaquater Therapie der Ursache zum fruhest moglichen Zeitpunkt oft vermeidbar.
Slow Down, People Breathing: Lawyering, Culture and Place

This article examines the role of culture in lawyering, evolving from my experience relocating from the East Coast to become Clinic Director at the University of Montana School of Law. When I moved to Missoula, Montana in 1996, I realized that life would be very different from my previous experience living predominately on the East Coast. However, I was not prepared for the differences I encountered in the lawyering nor did I appreciate that lawyering, like so much else, is impacted by the local culture. In examining this today, with some distance, I realize that I brought my own lawyering culture to Montana, a culture shaped by my legal education and early practice experiences. In many ways, it conflicted with the lawyering culture I experienced in Missoula, a culture derived from its “containing culture” and influenced by the more rural community. This article addresses the important role of lawyering cultures in the practice of law, the many choices they present to students and practitioners, and the considerations that arise when determining whether to adapt to those cultures. It also offers suggestions for clinical teachers to assist our students in their inevitable transitions to new communities of practice.
Online Learning for Cooperative Multi-Player Multi-Armed Bandits.

We introduce a framework for decentralized online learning for multi-armed bandits (MAB) with multiple cooperative players. The reward obtained by the players in each round depends on the actions taken by all the players. It's a team setting, and the objective is common. Information asymmetry is what makes the problem interesting and challenging. We consider three types of information asymmetry: action information asymmetry when the actions of the players can't be observed but the rewards received are common; reward information asymmetry when the actions of the other players are observable but rewards received are IID from the same distribution; and when we have both action and reward information asymmetry. For the first setting, we propose a UCB-inspired algorithm that achieves $O(\log T)$ regret whether the rewards are IID or Markovian. For the second section, we offer an environment such that the algorithm given for the first setting gives linear regret. For the third setting, we show that a variation of the `explore then commit' algorithm achieves almost log regret.
Adverse childhood experiences associate with early post-trauma thalamus and thalamic nuclei volumes and PTSD development in adulthood

Abstract Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) potentially contribute to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after adult trauma exposure, but underlying brain changes remain unclear. The present study tested relationships between ACEs, whole thalamus and thalamic nuclei volumes, and post-trauma stress symptoms (PTSS) after adult trauma. Trauma survivors (n=101) completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the PTSD checklist-special stressor version 5 (PCL), and a structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) scan within post-trauma 2 weeks. At post-trauma 3 months, survivors completed a second PCL survey and a PTSD diagnosis interview using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). CTQ scores significantly positively correlated with PCL scores at post-trauma 2 weeks and 3 months (respective p's
Metal-Mediated Antibiotic Action

The chemical production of hydroxyl radical, either by metal-mediated redox reactions or as a result of radiolysis products, can induce strand breaks in DNA. An example of a chemotherapeutic agent whose chemical production of activated oxygen is believed to be the critical step in its action is bleomycin, a naturally occurring antibiotic. The binding of metals to this and other antibiotics has been summarized in detail [1–3] and the material presented here is based on these reviews.
Spatial and temporal variability of widespread dark production and decay of hydrogen peroxide in freshwater

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an oxidant and reductant of redox active metals and a potential source of strong oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical (·OH). H2O2 production in freshwater has been largely attributed to photo-oxidation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter, while its decay has been linked to enzymatic processes as well as to chemical reactions with metals. More recently, however, microorganisms were postulated as a significant source as well as a sink of H2O2 in freshwater. In this study, we examined the spatial and temporal variability of dark H2O2 production rates ( $${\text{P}}_{{{\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}_{ 2} }}$$ ) and pseudo-first order dark decay rate coefficients ( $${\text{k}}_{{{\text{loss,H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}_{ 2} }}$$ ) in incubations of water samples from sites with a range of trophic states in Colorado (CO) and Massachusetts (MA). Observed values of $${\text{P}}_{{{\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}_{ 2} }}$$ and $${\text{k}}_{{{\text{loss,H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}_{ 2} }}$$ ranged from 3 to 259 nM h−1 and 0.02 to 8.87 h−1, respectively. Microbial cell numbers and chlorophyll content correlated strongly with $${\text{k}}_{{{\text{loss,H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}_{ 2} }}$$ while filtering the freshwater samples removed the majority of $${\text{k}}_{{{\text{loss,H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}_{ 2} }}$$ , indicating breakdown by biota as the major sink of H2O2. Dark production of H2O2 was also ubiquitous, but $${\text{P}}_{{{\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}_{ 2} }}$$ was not well correlated with indicators of microbial abundance. For instance, several oligotrophic sites (with low $${\text{k}}_{{{\text{loss,H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}_{ 2} }}$$ ) exhibited moderately high $${\text{P}}_{{{\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}_{ 2} }}$$ , while a sample with unusually high chlorophyll content (and a correspondingly high $${\text{k}}_{{{\text{loss,H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}_{ 2} }}$$ ) had a relatively low $${\text{P}}_{{{\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}_{ 2} }}$$ . One possible explanation for this phenomenon is that the ability to break down H2O2 is similar among different microorganisms, but the ability to produce H2O2 differs with microbial composition.
Functional xylem anatomy of angiosperm trees

Water appears to exist in the xylem of trees under negative pressures for long periods of time, often for years. At the same time, it can move through wood in axial direction with relative ease. This remarkable combination of efficiency and safety is only possible because of the intricate three-dimensional structure of wood. Small-diameter and short vessels are safer water conductors, wide and long ones are more efficient. This paper describes how and where vessels end, how water moves from one vessel to the next, and how length distribution and the three-dimensional network of vessels make wood an efficient and safe water conductor.
Aromatic substitution by N-arylhydroxylamines—II : Generation of nitrenes from arylhydroxylamines and N-benzenesulfonylhydroxylamines and phosphorous pentoxide

Abstract Substitution of benzene by N-benzene- and N-(4-methylbenzenesulfonyl)hydroxylamines occurs in the presence of phosphorous pentoxide whereas N-methyl-N-benzenesulfonylhydroxylamine gave no substitution product under the same conditions. When N-(4-methylbenzenesulfonyl)hydroxylamine was treated with phosphorous pentoxide in pyridine, N-(4-methylbenzenesulfonimido)pyridinium ylide was formed. Nitrene intermediates are postulated to account for these products. Similarly carbazole was formed from 2-hydroxylamino[1,1′-biphenyl] and phosphorous pentoxide but with phosphorous pentachloride, 3- and 3-chloro-2-amino[1,1′-biphenyls] were formed, most likely via a nitrenium ion intermediate.
Katrina: la ideología y representación de un desastre natural

Este articulo considera las representaciones e ideologia como aspectos integrales a la creacion de un desastre producido por un evento natural a partir del analisis antropologico del huracan Katrina. Los desastres no son solo una disrupcion sino que ilustran el orden socio-cultural normal. Analiza las conexiones entre politicas e ideologias neoliberales y la produccion de la vulnerabilidad antes del huracan y las representaciones y respuestas despues. Valores culturales estadounidenses forman parte de la ideologia neoliberal y dieron forma a las experiencias del huracan.
Influence of river channel morphology and bank characteristics on water surface boundary delineation using high‐resolution passive remote sensing and template matching

Accurate mapping of water surface boundaries in rivers is an important step for monitoring water stages, estimating discharge, flood extent, and geomorphic response to changing hydrologic conditions, and assessing riverine habitat. Nonetheless, it is a challenging task in spatially and spectrally heterogeneous river environments, commonly characterized by high spatiotemporal variations in morphology, bed material, and bank cover. In this study, we investigate the influence of channel morphology and bank characteristics on the delineation of water surface boundaries in rivers using high spatial resolution passive remote sensing and a template-matching (object-based) algorithm, and compare its efficacy with that of Support Vector Machine (SVM) (pixel-based) algorithm. We perform a detailed quantitative evaluation of boundary-delineation accuracy using spatially explicit error maps in tandem with the spatial maps of geomorphic and bank classes. Results show that template matching is more successful than SVM in delineating water surface boundaries in river sections with spatially challenging geomorphic landforms (e.g. sediment bar structures, partially submerged sediment deposits) and shallow water conditions. However, overall delineation accuracy by SVM is higher than that of template matching (without iterative hierarchical learning). Vegetation and water indices, especially when combined with texture information, improve the accuracy of template matching, for example, in river sections with overhanging trees and shadows – the two most problematic conditions in water surface boundary delineation. By identifying the influence of channel morphology and bank characteristics on water surface boundary mapping, this study helps determine river sections with higher uncertainty in delineation. In turn, the most suitable methods and data sets can be selectively utilized to improve geomorphic/hydraulic characterization. The methodology developed here can also be applied to similar studies on other geomorphic landforms including floodplains, wetlands, lakes, and coastlines. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applying Genetic Algorithms to Information Retrieval Systems Via Relevance Feedback

Genetic programming is applied to a weighted, i.e., fuzzy, information retrieval system in order to improve weighted Boolean query formulation via relevance feedback. This approach brings together the concepts of information retrieval, fuzzy set theory, and genetic programming. Documents are viewed as vectors of weights for the index terms. A weighted Boolean query, viewed as a parse tree, is a chromosome in the genetic algorithm sense. Through the mechanisms of genetic programming, the weighted query is modified in order to improve precision and recall. Relevance feedback is incorporated, in part, via user defined measures over a trial set of documents. The fitness of a candidate query can be expressed directly as a function of the relevance of the retrieved set. Preliminary results based on a testbed are given. The form of the fitness function has a significant effect upon performance and the proper fitness functions take into account relevance based on topicality (and perhaps other factors).
Redistribution of blood flow by prostaglandin F2α in the rabbit ovary

Abstract Radioactive microspheres were used to measure ovarian and regional blood flow in unanesthetized estrous and pseudopregnant rabbits. Ovarian blood flow was 5 times higher on Day 9 of pseudopregnancy (9.4 ml. per gram per minute) than before ovulation (1.7 ml. per gram per minute). The corpora lutea received more than 80 per cent of the total ovarian blood flow and accounted for the postovulatory hyperemia. Intravenous injection of prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ) caused a significant redistribution of ovarian blood flow; corpus luteum blood flow decreased while blood flow to the interstitial and follicular tissue increased. Our results suggest that prostaglandins play a role in regulating the ovarian microcirulation and that PGF 2α constricts the afferent blood vessels of the corpus luteum or small arteriovenous anastomoses.
Attributes of intra- and interspecific aneuploidy in Gossypium.

The genus Gossypium is favourable material for the recovery and study of aneuploids, as it includes allotetraploids which readily tolerate duplications and deficiencies, and a series of diploids which can be combined with tetraploids to make allohexaploids. The latter provide a further source of aneuploids, especially trisomics involving diploid genomes with different degrees of relationship to G. hirsutum. Single and multiple monosomics, trisomies and tetrasomics have been derived from G. hirsutum and its hybrids with the diploid species (Beasley and Brown, 1943; Brown, 1949). The salient features of these types will be described as a means of elucidating chromosome differentiation in Gossypium species and in G. hirsutum in particular.
Selective B-wave reduction with congenital cataract in neurofibromatosis-2.

Abstract Objective To electroretinographically evaluate a case of neurofibromatosis-2 (NF-2). Design Case report and literature review. Participant A 29-year-old man diagnosed with NF-2. Main outcome measures Electroretinography (ERG), ophthalmic biomicroscopy, and ultrasound examination results were reviewed. Results The ERG of one eye showed selective reduction of b-wave amplitudes. A characteristic posterior subcapsular lens opacity also was observed in that eye. A dense white congenital cataract and a retinal detachment were detected in the fellow eye. Conclusions An inner retinal dysfunction, as evidenced by an abnormal ERG, may occur in NF-2. Further ERG evaluation of other patients with NF-2 is indicated to determine possible associations between NF-2 and selective b-wave reduction.
Source of prostaglandin precursor in human fetal membranes: arachidonic acid content of amnion and chorion laeve in diamnionic-dichorionic twin placentas

The lipids of the avascular human amnion and chorion laeve are known to be enriched in the essential fatty acid arachidonic acid, the obligate precursor of prostaglandins of the 2-series. The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the source of arachidonic acid that is present in human fetal membranes. To do so we determined the arachidonic acid content of the lipid fractions of amnion and chorion laeve tissues from diamnionic-dichorionic twin placentas. We found that the arachidonic acid content of amnion from twin placentas was similar to that of amnion from singleton placentas irrespective of the site of amnion sampling. However, the same was not true of chorion laeve of diamnionic-dichorionic twin placentas. The arachidonic acid content of chorion laeve that was contiguous to the chorion laeve of its twin was strikingly reduced compared to that of chorion laeve contiguous to decidua vera obtained from either singleton or twin placentas. We conclude that the arachidonic acid in amnion is derived primarily from essential fatty acids in the amniotic fluid. However, the arachidonic acid in chorion laeve may be derived from essential fatty acid in the amniotic fluid as well as in maternal plasma by way of the decidua vera.
Evidence for the Implementation of the Early Start Denver Model for Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

BACKGROUND: The Early Start Denver Model (ESDM) is a manualized comprehensive therapy for toddlers with autism spectrum disorder. It emphasizes interpersonal engagement through synchrony, rhythms, ...
Explaining gender differences in jurors' reactions to child sexual assault cases

In three experiments, we investigated the influence of juror, victim, and case factors on mock jurors' decisions in several types of child sexual assault cases (incest, day care, stranger abduction, and teacher-perpetrated abuse). We also validated and tested the ability of several scales measuring empathy for child victims, children's believability, and opposition to adult/child sex, to mediate the effect of jurors' gender on case judgments. Supporting a theoretical model derived from research on the perceived credibility of adult rape victims, women compared to men were more empathic toward child victims, more opposed to adult/child sex, more pro-women, and more inclined to believe children generally. In turn, women (versus men) made more pro-victim judgments in hypothetical abuse cases; that is, attitudes and empathy generally mediated this juror gender effect that is pervasive in this literature. The experiments also revealed that strength of case evidence is a powerful factor in determining judgments, and that teen victims (14 years old) are blamed more for sexual abuse than are younger children (5 years old), but that perceptions of 5 and 10 year olds are largely similar. Our last experiment illustrated that our findings of mediation generalize to a community member sample.
Gene Conversion Within Regulatory Sequences Generates Maize r Alleles With Altered Gene Expression

The maize r locus encodes a transcription factor that regulates the developmental expression of the plant pigment anthocyanin. In an unusual example of gene regulatory diversity, the R-sc (Sc, strong seed color) and the R-p (P, plant color) alleles of r have nonoverlapping tissue specificity and nonhomologous 5' flanking sequences. Heterozygotes between wild-type P and Sc mutants with Ds6 transposable element inserts (r-sc:m::Ds6 or sc:m) produce colored seed derivatives (Sc+) during meiotic recombination. The sc:m alleles with Ds6 insertion in 3' regions of r produce crossover Sc+ derivatives. sc:m alleles with Ds6 elements inserted in 5' regions produce rare Sc+ derivatives borne on nonrecombinant chromosomes. Among 52 such noncrossover Sc+ derivatives, 18 are indistinguishable from the Sc progenitor in phenotype and DNA sequence [Scp(+) alleles]. The remaining 34 derivatives have strong Sc+ expression, including darkly pigmented aleurone, scutellum, coleoptile, and scutellar node [Scp(e) alleles]. The coleoptile and scutellar node phenotypes are unique from either progenitor but are similar to those of some naturally occurring r alleles. Both classes of Sc+ derivatives are explained by gene conversion between the promoter region of Sc:124 and a homologous region located proximal to P. The recombinational intermediate formed between sc:m alleles and P results in deletion of the Ds6 element alone or both Ds6 and a nearby unrelated transposable element-like sequence.
The relationship between prosodic perception, phonological awareness and vocabulary in emergent literacy

Studies have begun to focus on what skills contribute to the development of phonological awareness, an important predictor of reading attainment. One of these skills is the perception of prosody, which is the rhythm, tempo and stress of a language. To examine whether prosodic perception contributes to phonological awareness prior to reading tuition, we assessed 49 prereaders. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we found that measures of prosodic perception and phonological awareness loaded onto separate factors. Our regression analyses revealed that prosodic perception accounted for significant variance after partialling out definitional vocabulary and memory for digits, but not after accounting for receptive vocabulary. Based on the independence of prosodic perception from definitional vocabulary, we concluded that prosodic perception contributes to the development of phonological awareness indirectly through receptive vocabulary, by improving speech-processing skills, but independently of semantic knowledge. Further studies should examine the role of prosody in children at risk of later reading difficulties.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 92

Nuclear structure data pertaining to all nuclides with mass number A=92 have been compiled and evaluated, and incorporated into the ENSDF data file. All literature available by 7 November 2000 has been considered. This evaluation supersedes the previous publication for this mass chain (Coral M. Baglin, Nuclear Data Sheets 66, 347 (1992) (May 1992 cutoff data)), and all subsequent unpublished reevaluations incorporated into the ENSDF file prior to the present work.
Human autoantibody to topoisomerase II.

Abstract The rheumatic diseases are characterized by the production of autoantibodies that are usually directed againts components of the cell nucleus. In this communication, we describe autoantibodies that recognize DNA topoisomerase II (anti-topoII) present in the serum of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Several lines of evidence indicate that this antibody recognizes topoisomerase II. First, it binds to the native enzyme in soluble extracts prepared from isolated chromosomes and effectively depletes such extracts of active enzyme. Second, the serum binds to topoisomerase II in immunoblots of mitotic chromosomes and chromosome scaffolds. Finally, the antiserum binds strongly to a fusion protein encoded by a cloned cDNA and expressed in Esherichia coli that (based on immunological evidence) represents the carboxy-terminal portion of chicken topoisomerase II. Autoantibodies such as the one described here may provide useful reagents for the study of human topoisomerase II.
Isolation of Substances Responsible for the Activated Flavor of Milk

The prevention of development of activated flavor in milk (7, 8) is at present limited to control of the conditions under which milk is exposed to artificial radiation, and avoidance of exposure of milk and milk products to solar radiation. The isolation and identification of the substance or substances responsible for activated flavor have yet to be completed in order that information on better control practices may be acquired. I t is the object of this report to present methods for isolation and qualification of the substances responsible for activated flavor in milk. The possible r51e of sulfur compounds as the cause of the activated flavor of milk has been suggested (2, 7). I t was observed that exposure of a dilute sodium chloride elution product of casein to ultra-violet radiation resulted in an odor which resembled that of milk excessively irradiated and more particularly that which results from exposure of human skin to ultraviolet light. This was interpreted as suggesting the mobilization of SH bodies (2). Irradiation is known to affect the sulfur residues of proteins. For example, egg albumin irradiated by a mercury vapor lamp in an atmosphere of nitrogen gave a positive nitroprusside reaction indicative of the presence of sulfhydryl groups (R--SH) (9). Irradiation of skin was found to result in formation of sulfhydryl compounds (10). Sulfur compounds are known to be responsible for various disagreeable flavors. The cooked flavor of milk heated to high temperatures has been associated with liberation of sulfides (5) and sulfhydryls (6). I t appeared significant that the temperature (about 76-78 ° C.) at which the cooked flavor of milk becomes evident and at which begins appreciable formation of sulfides and sulfhydryls (5, 6) is near the temperature (82.2 ° C.) at which the activated flavor is definitely intensified when milk exposed to radiation is heated.
A rectangular (quadrangular) heart

Abstract We report a case of "rectangular (quadrangular) heart" seen on the chest X-ray. Full evaluation showed massive enlargement of right-sided chambers shadowing the left-sided chambers. Primary etiology of the right-sided failure was attributed to severe mitral and tricuspid regurgitation for which the patient underwent surgery. Learning objective: To understand that a cardiac chamber enlargement can result in massive increase in cardiac silhouette on a chest X-ray. Predominant right atrial and ventricular enlargement in comparison to left-sided chambers can give rise to a peculiar shape (rectangular/quadrangular) in the chest X-ray.>
Modeling of resistance curve of high-angle grain boundary in Fe-3 wt.% Si alloy

Abstract When a propagating cleavage front encounters a high-angle grain boundary it first penetrates through the grain boundary stably. With increasing penetration depth the resistance of the grain boundary rises, resulting in the well-known R -curve. When the balance between the rates of the energy release rate and the grain boundary resistance is reached, the crack advance becomes unstable and the grain boundary is broken through. In this paper, this process is analyzed quantitatively based on the experimental observations of the cleavage cracking in Fe–3 wt.% Si bicrystals. The effects of the crystal misorientation, the crack length, and the crack front profile are discussed.
Quantitative confirmation of visual improvements to micro-CT bone density images

The primary goal of this research was to investigate the ability of quantitative variables to confirm qualitative improvements of the deconvolution algorithm as a preprocessing step in evaluating micro CT bone density images. The analysis of these types of images is important because they are necessary to evaluate various countermeasures used to reduce or potentially reverse bone loss experienced by some astronauts when exposed to extended weightlessness during space travel. Nine low resolution (17.5 microns) CT bone density image sequences, ranging from between 85 to 88 images per sequence, were processed with three preprocessing treatment groups consisting of no preprocessing, preprocessing with a deconvolution algorithm and preprocessing with a Gaussian filter. The quantitative parameters investigated consisted of Bone Volume to Total Volume Ratio, the Structured Model Index, Fractal Dimension, Bone Area Ratio, Bone Thickness Ratio, Euler's Number and the Measure of Enhancement. Trends found in these quantitative variables appear to corroborate the visual improvements observed in the past and suggest which quantitative parameters may be capable of distinguishing between groups that experience bone loss and others that do not..
Stranger sociability and its relationships to temperament and social experience during the second year

The relationships between stranger sociability, temperament, and social experience were examined in a short-term longitudinal investigation. At 12 1/2 and 19 1/2 months, sociability was assessed using a brief procedure based on that of Stevenson and Lamb (1979) . After each assessment, mothers completed a questionnaire concerning caregiving arrangements and family circumstances which included the Infant Behavior Questionnaire (Rothbart, 1981) , which is a measure of infant temperament. At 19 1/2 months, temperament measures for fearfulness, distress to limitations, smiling and laughter, and activity level were related to stranger sociability. There were fewer significant correlations between sociability and temperament at 12 1/2 months, and few relationships between sociability and social experience variables at either age. However, changes in family circumstances, especially those involving changes in parental employment status, were associated with lower sociability scores at 19 1/2 months. At each age, sociability scores correlated negatively with the temperament dimension of fearfulness. Measures of both sociability and temperament showed significant stability over the 7-month period.
Laser heating of droplets with absorbing core

The irradiation and heating of a spherical droplet containing an absorbing core are studied numerically using a corrected surface energy balance.
Minds, Motherboards, and Money: Futurism and Realism in the Neuroethics of BCI Technologies

Brain computer interfaces (BCIs) are systems that enable the brain to send and receive information to and from a computer, bypassing the body's own efferent and afferent pathways. BCIs have been used in experimental animal models to augment perception, motor control and even memory (Velliste et al., 2008; Berger et al., 2011; Torab et al., 2011). Human BCIs include cochlear implants and a host of experimental devices including retinal implants (Niparko et al., 2010; Klauke et al., 2011). BCI technology holds the potential to benefit humanity greatly, but also the potential to do harm, and its ethical implications have therefore been addressed by a number of commentators.
Regulation of hepatic glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase by calcium and diacylglycerol.

Abstract Incubation of rat hepatocytes with angiotensin II (1 nM) produced a time-dependent accumulation of 1,2-diacylglycerol and inactivation of glycogen synthase with maximum effects at 10 min. The level of diacylglycerol then gradually declined and the activity of glycogen synthase I returned to control values at 30 min. In contrast, angiotensin II caused an increase in cytosolic Ca 2+ and an activation of glycogen phosphorylase which were rapid and transient, reaching maximum values in less than 2 min and then returning to control levels at 15 min. There were excellent correlations between the changes in glycogen synthase I and diacylglycerol levels and between the changes in phosphorylase α and cytosolic Ca 2+ in these time-course studies. However, there was no correlation between the changes in diacylglycerol and phosphorylase α or between the changes in cytosolic Ca 2+ and glycogen synthase I. Norepinephrine also caused a slow increase in diacylglycerol and inactivation of glycogen synthase, and a rapid increase in cytosolic free Ca 2+ and activation of glycogen phosphorylase. Addition of an α 1 -adrenergic blocker (prazosin or phentolamine) caused rapid decreases in cytosolic free Ca 2+ and phosphorylase α, but only slowly reversed the inactivation of synthase and accumulation of diacylglycerol. The dose-response curves for norepinephrine and prazosin on glycogen synthase were well correlated with those on diacylglycerol. It is proposed that in liver cells, Ca 2+ -mobilizing hormones regulate phosphorylase α through a Ca 2+ -dependent mechanism and inactivate glycogen synthase through the generation of diacylglycerol, at least in part. The data provide additional support for the view that protein kinase C may be important in the regulation of glycogen synthase in liver.
CATEGORY OF VECTOR BUNDLES ON ALGEBRAIC CURVES AND INFINITE DIMENSIONAL GRASSMANNIANS

Equivalence between the following categories is established: 1) A category of arbitrary vector bundles on algebraic curves defined over a field of arbitrary characteristic, and 2) a category of infinite dimensional vector spaces corresponding to certain points of Grassmannians together with their stabilizers. Our contravariant functor between these categories gives a full generalization of the well-known Krichever map, which assigns points of Grassmannians to the geometric data consisting of curves and line bundles. As an application, a solution to the classical problem of Wallenberg-Schur of classifying all commutative algebras consisting of ordinary differential operators is obtained. It is also shown that the KP flows produce all generic vector bundles on arbitrary algebraic curves of genus greater than one.
Is anti-inflammatory therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus ready for routine clinical practice?

Is anti-inflammatory therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus ready for routine clinical practice?
Lanthanide metal-organic frameworks based on a thiophenedicarboxylate linker: Characterization and luminescence

Abstract Three topologically-related lanthanide thiophenedicarboxylate (TDC) metal-organic frameworks were synthesized using an identical metal:linker:solvet ratio. Nd(TDC)3(EtOH)3(H2O)·H2O (1; space group Cc, a = 24.035(2) A, b = 10.063(1) A, c = 18.998(1) A, β = 132.41(1)°) contains the same metal-TDC coordination modes as two other compounds which have the isostructural formula Ln(TDC)3(EtOH)3(H2O)·H2O; Ln = Tb (2; space group P ¯ 1, a = 12.807(9) A, b = 14.557(1) A, c = 19.128(1) A, α = 106.66(2)°, β = 105.62(2)°, γ = 93.691(2)°), Dy (3; space group P ¯ 1, a = 12.793(8) A, b = 14.682(1) A, c = 19.077(1) A, α = 107.12(1)°, β = 105.54(1)°, γ = 93.518(2)°). An equimolar solvent mixture of water and ethanol causes both types of solvent molecules coordinating to metal centers. The fluorescence spectra of compounds 2 and 3 show characteristic bands related to their respective metal ions, but Dy-based 3 is very weak compared to Tb-based 2, indicating coordinating solvent molecules may be quenching Dy fluorescence.
Spectra as windows into exoplanet atmospheres

Understanding a planet’s atmosphere is a necessary condition for understanding not only the planet itself, but also its formation, structure, evolution, and habitability. This requirement puts a premium on obtaining spectra and developing credible interpretative tools with which to retrieve vital planetary information. However, for exoplanets, these twin goals are far from being realized. In this paper, I provide a personal perspective on exoplanet theory and remote sensing via photometry and low-resolution spectroscopy. Although not a review in any sense, this paper highlights the limitations in our knowledge of compositions, thermal profiles, and the effects of stellar irradiation, focusing on, but not restricted to, transiting giant planets. I suggest that the true function of the recent past of exoplanet atmospheric research has been not to constrain planet properties for all time, but to train a new generation of scientists who, by rapid trial and error, are fast establishing a solid future foundation for a robust science of exoplanets.
Natural history and epidemiology of malignant mesothelioma.

Asbestos exposure constitutes the primary cause of pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma in humans. Risk relates to the duration and intensity of exposure. Thus, those exposed at younger ages are at higher lifetime risk. Families of asbestos workers exposed to asbestos on hair and clothing as well as to asbestos items brought home from the workplace are also at risk, as are employees working in the same vicinity as asbestos workers. The public health significance of exposure from asbestos in public and private buildings remains controversial. Malignant mesothelioma is difficult to diagnose and carries a poor prognosis. Chemotherapy with single or multiple agents has thus far been disappointing, but doxorubicin and cisplatin or mitomycin and cisplatin are probably most active with response rates in measurable disease of 25%
Lithium increases bcl-2 expression in chick cochlear nucleus and protects against deafferentation-induced cell death.

Approximately 20–30% of neurons in the avian cochlear nucleus (nucleus magnocellularis) die following deafferentation (i.e. deafness produced by cochlea removal) and the remaining neurons show a decrease in soma size. Cell death is generally accepted to be a highly regulated process involving various pro-survival and pro-death molecules. One treatment that has been shown to modify the expression of these molecules is chronic administration of lithium. The present experiments examined whether lithium treatment can protect neurons from deafferentation-induced cell death. Post-hatch chicks were treated with LiCl or saline for 17 consecutive days, beginning on the day of hatching. On the 17th day, a unilateral cochlea ablation was performed. Five days following surgery, the nucleus magnocellularis neurons were counted stereologically on opposite sides of the same brains. Lithium reduced deafferentation-induced cell death by more than 50% (9.8% cell death as compared with 22.4% in saline-treated subjects). Lithium did not affect cell number on the intact side of the brain. Lithium also did not prevent the deafferentation-induced decrease in soma size, suggesting a dissociation between the mechanisms involved in the afferent control of soma size and those involved in the afferent control of cell viability. A possible mechanism for lithium’s neuroprotective influence was examined in a second set of subjects. Previous studies suggest that the pro-survival molecule, bcl-2, may play a role in regulating cell death following deafferentation. Tissues from lithium- and saline-treated subjects were examined using immunocytochemistry. Chronic administration of lithium dramatically increased the expression of bcl-2 protein in nucleus magnocellularis neurons. These data suggest that lithium may impart its neuroprotective effect by altering the expression of molecules that regulate cell death.
Visualization of Complex Near-body Transport Processes in Flexible-body Propulsion

Recent interest in the application of fish-like propulsion mechanisms to practical engineering systems has led to the development of a three-dimensional numerical method to enable the study of the fluid dynamics associated with flexible-body swimming. Visualization of the near-body and near-wake flow processes has elucidated unique flow manipulation capabilities utilized by the fish, associated with the controlled production and release of body-generated vorticity. In addition, efficient actuation of flow into the oscillating tail allows for energy recovery by the tail from flow perturbations initiated by the upstream flexible-body motions for improved efficiency. In this work, we highlight some of these processes through visualization of the unsteady flow patterns, whose three-dimensionality is more complex than linear theory would suggest. We then compare these results to experimental data of fish swimming dynamics. These comparisons reinforce the applicability of the simulation method as a visualization tool for the study of the hydrodynamic mechanisms of fish-like swimming motions.
The Black Officer Corps: A History of Black Military Advancement from Integration through Vietnam. By Isaac Hampton II.

African American US Army officers have a long history of struggling against racism, prejudice, and institutionalized beliefs in the lack of their martial and leadership abilities. Historian Isaac H...