cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Childhood socioeconomic status and executive function in childhood and beyond.

Socioeconomic status (SES) predicts health, wellbeing, and cognitive ability, including executive function (EF). A body of recent work has shown that childhood SES is positively related to EF, but it is not known whether this disparity grows, diminishes or holds steady over development, from childhood through adulthood. We examined the association between childhood SES and EF in a sample ranging from 9–25 years of age, with six canonical EF tasks. Analyzing all of the tasks together and in functionally defined groups, we found positive relations between SES and EF, and the relations did not vary by age. Analyzing the tasks separately, SES was positively associated with performance in some but not all EF measures, depending on the covariates used, again without varying by age. These results add to a growing body of evidence that childhood SES is associated with EF abilities, and contribute novel evidence concerning the persistence of this association into early adulthood.
Patterns in Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Print Advertising and Their Public Policy Implications:

Through a content analysis, the author identifies several patterns in direct-to-consumer prescription drug print advertisements. In general, many of the advertised brands are market leaders within ...
Role of Protein Translation in Unfolded Protein Response

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive mechanism to maintain protein homeostasis by decreasing the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (EnR) of cells. EnR stress activates three distinct sensors, namely, inositol requiring protein 1 alpha (IRE1-α), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), that collectively mitigate the damaging effects of EnR stress. The downstream signaling from the PERK sensor phosphorylates the eukaryotic translational initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) complex that inhibits global protein translation to restore proteostasis and promote cell survival. However, chronic and unmitigated activation of the PERK pathway leads to apoptosis. Phosphorylation of eIF2α is tightly controlled by the two specific regulatory subunits of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) complex, (1) growth arrest and DNA damage inducible-34 (GADD34) and (2) constitutive repressor of eIF2α phosphorylation (CReP), that are responsible for de-phosphorylation of eIF2α. Phospho-eIF2α also directs preferential translational of stress-related genes such as ATF4 and CHOP. This chapter describes the mechanism by which the PERK pathway regulates the protein translational machinery that plays a critical role in deciding cell fate following endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Treating hyperglycemia in early pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial

Background Treating women with gestational diabetes mellitus in the third trimester improves perinatal outcomes. It is unknown whether treating women with mild glucose intolerance earlier in pregnancy would be beneficial in the reduction of maternal and neonatal morbidities. Objective In women with hyperglycemia (hemoglobin A1c ≥5.7% and/or fasting glucose ≥92 mg/dL) in early pregnancy, we sought to determine whether immediate treatment improved maternal and neonatal outcomes. Study Design This unblinded randomized controlled trial enrolled women with hyperglycemia at ≤15+0 weeks gestation between 2013 and 2015. Participants were assigned randomly to early pregnancy or third-trimester treatment of hyperglycemia that included nutrition counseling, glucose monitoring, and medications as needed. Participants underwent a blinded 2-hour glucose tolerance test at 24–28 weeks gestation. Exclusion criteria were pregestational diabetes mellitus and multiple gestations. The primary outcome was the proportion of infants with neonatal umbilical cord C-peptide >1.77 nmoL (90th percentile). Secondary outcomes were neonatal fat mass, infant World Health Organization weight-for-length percentile at birth, maternal gestational weight gain, and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus on glucose tolerance test. Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test and Fisher’s exact test were used, as appropriate. Results A total of 202 women were assigned randomly; 45 women dropped out before delivery, which left cases 157 for analysis (82 with early pregnancy and 75 with third-trimester treatment). The trial was terminated early because of low enrollment. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. There was no difference in C-peptide >90th percentile between groups (1 [1.5%] vs 4 [6.7%]; P=.19) in the early pregnancy and third-trimester groups, respectively). There was also no difference in fat mass (0.37±0.16 vs 0.36±0.17 kg; P=.91), weight-for-length percentile at birth (25% vs 25%; P=.46), or macrosomia (1.5 vs 5.0%; P=.84). Maternal gestational weight gain was 22.6±12.9 lb and 23.9±11.2 lb in the early pregnancy and third-trimester groups, respectively (P=.88). Gestational diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in 19.0% of the cohort and did not differ between groups (14.2% vs 25.8%; P=.17). Conclusion In this population of women with hyperglycemia, treatment in early pregnancy did not appear to improve maternal or neonatal outcomes significantly. Given comparable results in both groups, caution should be used in the initiation of an intensive diabetes mellitus treatment protocol for women with the diagnosis of hyperglycemia in early gestation.
Effects of variable rates, times and methods of application of swine manure on nitrate-nitrogen in subsoil water, crop yields, N uptake and recovery and soil residual nitrate-nitrogen: a three year study

115 Introduction 116 Literature review 116 Materials and methods 123 Results and discussion 128 Conclusions 144 References 147 CHAPTER Vn. FINAL CONCLUSIONS 149 APPENDIX A. SUBSOIL WATER NH4-N AND pH 155 APPENDIX B. SOYBEAN YIELDS 161 APPENDIX C. SOIL NH4-N 164
Noninfectious Uveitis: Immunomodulatory Agents and Biologicals

While corticosteroids are the typical first-line systemic medication used for immediate control of noninfectious uveitis, chronic or frequently recurrent disease, significant side effects related to corticosteroids, or intolerability warrant advancement of therapy to immunomodulatory therapy, including the broad classes of antimetabolites, calcineurin inhibitors (T-cell inhibitors), alkylating agents, and, more recently, biologics. While antimetabolites, calcineurin inhibitors, and alkylating agents have a long history of use in the setting of noninfectious uveitis, in the United States, they have all been used off-label. The only US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapy for noninfectious uveitis (intermediate, posterior, or panuveitis) outside of corticosteroids is a biologic, adalimumab. Nevertheless, antimetabolites are most frequently used for corticosteroid-sparing control of uveitis. While calcineurin inhibitors and alkylating agents are still used, some agents, in particular, the alkylating agents, are reserved for extremely aggressive and sight-threatening ocular inflammatory diseases. The advent of biologics with targets for specific inflammatory pathway molecules signals a new era in managing uveitis more precisely.
Processes Controlling the Distribution of Dissolved Al and Ga Along the U.S. GEOTRACES East Pacific Zonal Transect (GP16)

Abstract Gallium (Ga) behaves similarly to aluminum (Al) in the ocean. However, there are key differences in their behaviors resulting from the small differences in their chemistry. Here we present the distributions of dissolved Ga and Al in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean, obtained as part of the 2013 U.S. GEOTRACES GP16 Eastern Pacific Zonal Transect (EPZT) from Peru to Tahiti. Low surface water dissolved Ga and Al, as well as high and variable surface water Ga/Al ratios along the EPZT reflect low aeolian input and a longer Ga residence time than Al. A gradient of decreasing surface water Ga toward the Peru upwelling region but not seen in surface water Al can be explained by additional dissolved Al inputs from shelf sediments, the presence of less reactive Al species or advection of low-Ga water from elsewhere. Beyond the coastal upwelling zone, the absence of Ga and Al removal associated with the chlorophyll a maximum suggests minimal removal of Al and Ga by biological scavenging in the oligotrophic gyre waters in the EPZT. West of 105°W, an expanding shallow pool ( Anomalously high dissolved Al water in the upper 200 m at the middle of section (106–112°W) was not an artifact of contamination, though the reasons for this remain unknown. Slightly elevated dissolved Al was observed near the Peru margin and at mid-depth in the western part of the section. Surprisingly, this mid-depth dissolved Al enrichment in the west is more prominent than that on the Peru margin. This may result from greater biological Al removal along the margin and/or different dust sources with differing Al solubility. A Ga depletion was commonly observed in the intermediate waters, especially near the Peru margin. This is opposite from the observation of slightly increased Al in these waters and still remains to be explained. Generally, elevated deep water Ga and Al concentrations were observed in this section, indicating inputs from hydrothermal activity and resuspended sediments. However, ∼930 km east of the East Pacific Rise, decreased bottom water Al, even in the nepheloid layer, might be due to low Al dissolution from these resuspended hydrothermal particles and/or the advection of low-Al Pacific Deep Water from the north. West of 143°W, decreased Ga and increased dissolved Al near the bottom indicate Antarctic Bottom Water influence. In the hydrothermal plumes, dissolved Ga and Al behavior is largely regulated by dilution of the hydrothermal signal. Hydrothermal Al flux estimates show hydrothermal inputs of Al are likely to be of regional, not global importance while the hydrothermal Ga flux might be comparable to the aeolian Ga flux.
Positioning-Group-Enabled Biocatalytic Oxidative Dearomatization.

Biocatalysts have the potential to perform reactions with exceptional selectivity and high catalytic efficiency while utilizing safe and sustainable reagents. Despite these positive attributes, the...
Biopsy Type Disparities in Patients With Melanoma: Who Receives the Standard of Care?

BACKGROUND/AIM To analyze whether demographic and facility type characteristics cause inequality in the type of biopsy performed in patients with cutaneous melanoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS The skin cancer National Cancer Database was assessed. Men and women of all ages with cutaneous melanoma in situ and malignant melanoma at any stage of the disease were included. Patients were selected who underwent one of the following biopsy types: excisional, punch, shave, or incisional. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS We found that the likelihood of undergoing an excisional biopsy decreased in patients who were: Hispanic [odds ratio (OR)=0.63, confidence interval (CI)=0.55-0.71], non-White (OR=0.66, CI=0.58-0.76), older than 80 years (OR=0.77, CI=0.72-0.87), or in Comprehensive Community Cancer Programs (OR=0.33, CI=0.31-0.36), Community Cancer Programs (OR=0.52, CI=0.50-0.54) and Integrated Network Cancer Programs (OR=0.58, CI=0.55-0.61). CONCLUSION Our study results demonstrate disparities in biopsy type in the treatment of melanoma.
Allosteric modulators restore orthosteric agonist binding to mutated CB1 receptors.

Objectives To determine if diminished orthosteric agonist binding due to mutations in extracellular loops 1 or 2 of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1 ) can be overcome by an allosteric modulator and restore agonist binding. Methods Binding assays were performed using a range of concentrations of orthosteric compound, in the presence or absence of a set concentration of the allosteric modulator PSNCBAM-1 to determine the EC50 in its absence or presence. Key findings Single mutations in extracellular loop 1 or 2 of CB1 showed weak or no binding of agonist CP55940 to the receptor. Interestingly, upon addition of the allosteric modulator PSNCBAM-1, this binding was restored typically to wild-type CB1 levels. In a few cases, the allosteric modulator ORG27569 was compared with PSNCBAM-1 for CP55940 binding and it also restored binding. Further, wild-type levels of inverse agonist bound the CB1 mutants in the absence of modulator, suggesting the mutants were originally folded like the wild type. Conclusions Based on our findings, we provide evidence of a therapeutic application for allosteric modulators in situations where a mutation in the receptor may hinder its function. By utilizing allosteric modulators, restoration of orthosteric binding may be possible.
A mathematical model for pharmacodynamics of an albumin-bound nanoparticle formulation of paclitaxel

1569 A mathematical model is developed to compare the pharmacodynamics of paclitaxel formulated as an albumin-bound nanoparticle with that of conventional paclitaxel (administered with polyoxyethylated castor oil). The model considers the several forms of paclitaxel present in vivo (free, plasma-protein bound, sequestered in polyoxyethylated castor oil micelles, and nanoparticle-bound), and accounts for drug pharmacokinetics, transport across the microvessel wall and into tumor tissue, cellular uptake and cellular pharmacodynamics. Spatially heterogeneous concentrations in the tumor extracellular and intracellular spaces, due to transport obstacles including low diffusivity, protein binding and cellular uptake, are accounted for. MTT assays were performed to measure response of SKOV-3 ovarian carcinoma cells to both conventional and albumin-bound nanoparticle paclitaxel for a wide range of exposure concentrations (0.1-10000 nM) and times (1 - 48 hours). Cellular pharmacodynamics of albumin-bound nanoparticle paclitaxel is described mathematically by extending a model previously developed for standard paclitaxel, with model parameters determined from these data. Only a small difference in pharmacodynamics of the two drugs at the cellular level was found, despite the much larger size of the nanoparticle (around 130 nm); the model suggests that this is due to cellular uptake equilibating rapidly for both forms, with passage through the cell cycle being the rate-limiting step for cell kill. Additional model parameters, including effective microvascular permeabilities for free and bound paclitaxel, are deduced from literature data. Differences in plasma pharmacokinetics between the albumin-bound nanoparticle and the standard form of paclitaxel are found to be a more important determinant of tumor drug uptake than gp60-activated albumin transcytosis across the endothelial layer.
P36 Hispanic Mothers’ Barriers to Making Healthy Eating Changes Within the Family

Background Hispanic adults have the highest rates of overweight and obesity of any racial or ethnic group. Several barriers to healthy eating within the family (eg, lack of time, energy, accessibility, and cost) are well documented. However, few studies have assessed Hispanic mothers’ perceived barriers, specifically on implementing healthy eating changes in the family's meals and anticipated family members’ responses to healthy eating changes. Objective The primary objective of this study was to assess Hispanic mothers’ perceived barriers in creating healthy eating changes within the family. Study Design, Setting, Participants Sixty-one Mexican-American and Puerto Rican mothers enrolled across 4 states (California, Illinois, Iowa, and Texas) who participated in 13 focus groups. These 4 states were selected due to their locations and concentrations of Mexican-American and Puerto Rican families. Eligibility criteria included being Mexican American or Puerto Rican descent, and having a child between the ages of 6-18. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Focus groups were transcribed verbatim and then translated to English by 2 independent research assistants for accuracy purposes. The analysis was guided by grounded theory, using a systematic approach to help patterns in the data to be discovered and identified. Themes were created within and across codes by multiple researchers and representative quotes were selected. Results Participating mothers felt that the largest barriers to implementing healthy eating changes within the home would be child and spouse resistance. Mothers largely felt that family members would not welcome healthy changes. The resistance mothers encounter may magnify their workload as several mothers talked about having to make multiple meals in a single mealtime to ensure that everyone was fed. Conclusions The present study adds to the literature because the focus is on Mexican, Mexican-American, and Puerto Rican families. Family interventions targeting Hispanic families should include an emphasis on empowering parents and providing strategies to increase the likelihood of all family members eating the same meal.
Left Atrial Electroanatomical Voltage Mapping to Characterize Substrate and Guide Ablation

Despite enthusiasm for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation, procedural outcomes are less robust when compared to other atrial arrhythmias Adverse atrial remodeling is associated with both the perpetuation of atrial fibrillation as well as decreased responsiveness to restorative therapies. However, characterization of remodeling has historically relied on demographic factors and echocardiographic imaging which provide inadequate insight into the pattern and distribution of atrial fibrosis. Advancements in electroanatomical mapping allow rapid collection of dense three-dimensional maps that display both structural and functional datasets. The purpose of this review is to discuss contemporary studies that seek to determine bipolar electrogram characteristics in patients with and without atrial fibrillation. We will also review studies that use electrogram data to guide substrate-based ablation in AF patients.
Addressing Contemporary Management of Vascular Trauma: Optimization of Patient Care Through Collaboration.

The optimization of surgical care for traumatic vascular injuries has come under scrutiny. Important questions regarding the impact of endovascular techniques, as well as residency and fellowship training paradigms on the preparedness of acute care, trauma and vascular surgeons have been raised. Inter-specialty collaboration is critical to address these issues.
Daily Instrumental and Affective Attitudes About Exercise: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study.

BACKGROUND Daily decisions to exercise may be influenced by day-to-day changes in affective attitudes (AA) and instrumental attitudes (IA) toward exercise. However, the within-day association between AA, IA, and exercise behavior has received little attention. PURPOSE To examine the effects of more temporally proximal (daily) AA and IA on daily exercise behavior beyond traditionally assessed distal (at the beginning of an exercise program) AA and IA. METHODS In the context of a 3-month exercise promotion program (N = 50), distal AA and IA were assessed at baseline. Ecological momentary assessment was used to assess proximal AA, IA, and exercise each day. RESULTS Between-subject differences in distal AA (OR = 1.28, p = .03) and distal IA (OR = 1.34, p = .01) were predictive of average likelihood of exercise each day over the 3-month period. Within-subject differences in proximal AA (OR = 1.19, p = .007), but not proximal IA (OR = 1.11, p = .18), predicted exercise each day beyond the between-subjects effects of distal AA and IA. Exploratory analysis revealed an interaction, such that the within-subjects impact of proximal AA on daily exercise was most evident among individuals who held more negative distal AA at baseline (OR = 0.80, p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Attitude type (affective versus instrumental) and temporality (distal versus proximal) are important to consider in attempts to predict and understand exercise behavior. In addition to targeting change in distal attitudes, exercise interventions should target changes in daily AA to impact exercise later in the same day.
Going through the emotions of regret and fear: Revisiting protection motivation for identity theft protection

Abstract We explore why and how individuals adaptively and maladaptively respond to the threat of identity theft. We use protection motivation theory and regret theory, shedding light on how the individual’s reflection of a future negative event, which they did nothing to prevent, would influence their current behavior. Fear appeal is experimentally manipulated to test different models of high and low threat. By comparing the impact of anticipated regret and fear on individuals’ protection motivation, we find that discrete emotions of fear and anticipated regret behave differently in increasing adaptive and reducing maladaptive responses to identity theft. Specifically, whereas fear is only effective when threat is high, anticipated regret is effective in both high and low threat conditions. Also, we find that anticipated regret has the most potent effect on increasing adaptive coping responses in a low threat model. This means that anticipated regret could be used in situations where the threat is low rather than fear. This research provides empirical evidence of conditions under which fear and regret motivate personal security protection measures, enabling practitioners to promote identity theft protection more efficiently.
Challenges and Opportunities for Data-Centric Peer Evaluation Tools for Teamwork

Peer evaluations are critical for assessing teams, but are susceptible to bias and other factors that undermine their reliability. At the same time, collaborative tools that teams commonly use to perform their work are increasingly capable of logging activity that can signal useful information about individual contributions and teamwork. To investigate current and potential uses for activity traces in peer evaluation tools, we interviewed (N=11) and surveyed (N=242) students and interviewed (N=10) instructors at a single university. We found that nearly all of the students surveyed considered specific contributions to the team outcomes when evaluating their teammates, but also reported relying on memory and subjective experiences to make the assessment. Instructors desired objective sources of data to address challenges with administering and interpreting peer evaluations, and have already begun incorporating activity traces from collaborative tools into their evaluations of teams. However, both students and instructors expressed concern about using activity traces due to the diverse ecosystem of tools and platforms used by teams and the limited view into the context of the contributions. Based on our findings, we contribute recommendations and a speculative design for a data-centric peer evaluation tool.
The small molecule BMH-21 directly inhibits transcription elongation and DNA occupancy of RNA polymerase I in vivo and in vitro.

Cancer cells are dependent upon an abundance of ribosomes to maintain rapid cell growth and proliferation. The rate-limiting step of ribosome biogenesis is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis by RNA polymerase I (Pol I). Therefore, a goal of the cancer therapeutic field is to develop and characterize Pol I inhibitors. Here, we elucidate the mechanism of Pol I inhibition by a first-in-class small molecule, BMH-21. To characterize the effects of BMH-21 on Pol I transcription, we leveraged high-resolution in vitro transcription assays and in vivo native elongating transcript sequencing (NET-seq). We find that Pol I transcription initiation, promoter-escape, and elongation are all inhibited by BMH-21 in vitro. In particular, the transcription elongation phase is highly sensitive to BMH-21 treatment, as it causes a decrease in transcription elongation rate and an increase in paused Pols on the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) template. In vivo NET-seq experiments complement these findings by revealing a reduction in Pol I occupancy on the template and an increase in sequence-specific pausing upstream of G-rich rDNA sequences after BMH-21 treatment. Collectively, these data reveal the mechanism of action of BMH-21, which is a critical step forward in the development of this compound and its derivatives for clinical use.
Ethics of Research: Protection of Human Subjects

Medical research involving human subjects is invaluable for answering both scientific and clinical questions, notably those centred on making medical intervention as effective and safe as possible. But it raises a number of difficult moral issues: such experimentation can impose risk, questions arise about the adequacy of informed consent, and clinical research creates a tension between the roles of clinical therapist and research scientist. Many of these are encapsulated in the various regulations that exist – this article focuses on the guidelines for the United States – so part of what is required to be an ethical researcher is an understanding of these regulations, but it also requires ethical reasoning about such issues as informed consent, confidentiality, randomisation, placebos, vulnerable populations and special issues that arise in research across national boundaries. Key Concepts: A data and safety monitoring board (DSMB) is a committee set up for a given trial, independent from the researchers, which monitors (unblended) data as they accumulate, so as to make judgements about changes in the study including recommending early termination of the study. Informed consent is the fundamental (legal and ethical) requirement that a human subject give his or her voluntary and informed consent before being subject to research. An institutional review board (IRB) is a committee given the responsibility for approving or rejecting research protocols to be carried out within a given institution (such as a hospital or university). Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are studies where participants are assigned by chance to receive one or another clinical intervention, thus controlling for the effect of other variables. Equipoise is the situation where there is no way to judge the difference between values of the different arms of a clinical trial, and it is often said that this must obtain to ensure the ethical acceptabilty of the trial. Keywords: regulations; informed consent; experimental treatment; clinical trial; equipoise
Is climate change implicated in the 2013–2014 California drought? A hydrologic perspective

California has experienced severe drought in 2012–2014 (which appears to be continuing into 2015), with especially low winter precipitation and mountain snowpack in winter 2013–2014. However, the extent to which climate change is implicated in the drought, if at all, is not clear. By applying modeling and statistical approaches, we construct a historical record of California snowpack, runoff, and other hydrological variables of almost 100 years in length and use the reconstructed records to analyze climate trends in the Sierra Nevada and their impact on extreme drought events in the historic record. We confirm a general warming trend and associated decreasing trends in spring snowpack and runoff. We find that the warming may have slightly exacerbated some extreme events (including the 2013–2014 drought and the 1976–1977 drought of record), but the effect is modest; instead, these drought events are mainly the result of variability in precipitation.
Interactive Model of Client Health Behavior and Cervical Cancer Screening of African-American Women

ABSTRACT Objective: Explore inductively African American women's use of Pap smear screening services and consider how well the data did or did not affirm the usefulness of the interaction model of client health behavior (IMCHB). Design and Sample: The IMCHB guided this qualitative study designed to explore women's social influence and previous health care experience and their influence on the women's cognitive appraisal associated with Pap smears and cervical cancer. Interviews were conducted with 24 women, resulting in 2 groups: routine-use (n=11) (Pap smears every 1–3 years) and non-routine-use (n=13). Measures: Content analysis approach to data analysis was used, where interview data were considered in relation to elements of IMCHB. Results: Analysis revealed that the IMCHB was useful for framing cervical cancer screening health behavior research. Both groups' data fit well onto the framework. The routine-use group fit the entire model, with iterative (repeat) behavior in cervical cancer screening. The non-routine-use group also fit the model, but their iterative behavior in cervical cancer screening was intermittent due to negative personal influences. Conclusions: This model can provide a focus to the delivery of gynecological care based on a client's unique characteristics that can be addressed with individualized nursing interventions designed to promote positive health outcomes.
Technology-Enriched Classrooms

AbstractThis study compared the attainments of elementary students in technology-enriched classrooms and students in traditional classrooms in terms of student achievement, self-esteem, and classroom interaction. Intact classes from five Louisiana elementary schools were randomly assigned to either treatment or control groups. Treatment classrooms included a variety of technology hardware and software, while control classrooms did not. The sample was composed of 211 students of low socioeconomic status and of various backgrounds, races, and ability levels. Analysis of reading scores revealed no significant differences between groups. Mathematics achievement, composite self-esteem, school self-esteem, and general self-esteem showed statistically significant differences, favoring the treatment group. In addition, interaction analyses during the fall and spring of the school year found a significant difference between type of classroom (technology enriched or not) and type of verbal interactions occurring wi...
Composition as Identity: Part 2

Many of us think that ordinary objects – such as tables and chairs – exist. We also think that ordinary objects have parts: my chair has a seat and some legs as parts, for example. But once we are committed to the (seemingly innocuous) thesis that ordinary objects are composed of parts, we then open ourselves up to a whole host of philosophical problems, most of which center on what exactly this composition relation is. Composition as Identity (CI) is the view that the composition relation is the identity relation. While such a view has some advantages, there are many arguments against it. In this essay, I discuss several versions of the most common objection against CI, and show how the CI theorist can maintain that these arguments – contrary their initial intuitive appeal – are nonetheless unsound.
Assessing the sociology of sport: on theory relevance and action research.

On the 50th anniversary of the ISSA and IRSS, one of the leading scholars of the study of sport organizations, management, and policy, Laurence Chalip, considers the crucial intersection of the sociology of sport with its applications in the real world. Reflecting on how a 1989 call for the development of an applied sociology of sport by Yiannakis was not well-received by a sociology of sport scholarly community (concerned that political and marketplace imperatives might diminish its interpretive and critical agenda) Chalip outlines pragmatic and moral grounds for needing an applied sociology of sport. Posing that the challenges of the sociology of sport entail both embracing the nexus of application and theory, and the development of new conceptual tools, it is argued that an applied sociology of sport can, counter to conventional wisdom, challenge the status and functioning of privilege and power in sport. A key challenge of servicing clients in consultancies and applications is realizing that applied s...
Continuing Excellence at the Heart of Cardiology: European Society of Cardiology publishing in 2015

The 2015 European Society of Cardiology Congress in London is in many ways the true highlight of the year for publishing in cardiology. Oxford University Press is delighted to be working with ESC again on what looks to be a bigger conference than ever before. Alongside the flagship European Heart Journal (now officially #2 …
Glucose modulates γ-aminobutyric acid release from the pancreatic βTC6 cell line

Abstract To determine if endogenous γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is secreted by a pancreatic β-cell-derived cell line and to determine the effects of glucose on GABA release, βTC6 cultures were incubated in the presence of 1 or 10 mmol/l glucose for 12 h and then subjected to a 2-h secretion test in Krebs-Ringer buffer containing 1 or 10 mmol/l glucose. βTC6-conditioned medium was collected at 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after glucose stimulation for GABA analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection. After 30 min, medium GABA concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in cultures that were exposed to high glucose during both the 12-h incubation period and the 2-h secretion test than in the remaining three glucose combinations. To address possible roles of β-cell-derived GABA, the effect of GABA on glucagon secretion from pancreatic αTC6 cells was tested at concentrations released from βTC6 cells. Inhibition of glucagon secretion by αTC6 cells was observed in the presence of GABA at concentrations equivalent to concentrations secreted by βTC6 cells. The inhibitory effects of GABA on glucagon secretion by αTC6 cells were blocked by the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline and were dissociated from the inhibitory effects of glucose. Together, these results provide the first documentation that endogenous GABA is released from a highly differentiated β-cell line and that glucose and GABA independently attenuate glucagon secretion by a pancreatic α-cell line.
Scale selection in locally forced convective fields and the initiation of deep cumulus

Abstract Deep cumulus dynamics has often been treated as an initial value problem where the long time effect of surface energy fluxes are neglected. Initiation is often assumed to follow from a strong localized deformation of the flow field, which is elsewhere quiescent. In nature, however, the atmosphere is rarely found in an undisturbed condition just prior to the inception of deep growth. One likely cause of widespread motions is the natural modal response of the environment to surface energy fluxes which results in a field of disturbances. Evidence is presented in this paper for the possible existence of a class of solutions when deep convection is allowed to evolve in the context of a thermally forced field of shallow convection. This class of solutions is neglected when one visualizes the growth of severe local storms in term of buoyant bubbles in an otherwise tranquil atmosphere. Considering deep cumulus initiation as a field problem severely limits the concept of an isolated cloud. Individual clou...
Ca2+ mobilization and Cl efflux in submandibular salivary cells of adult and newborn rats

Abstract These cells were isolated by enzymatic digestion from glands of 1-day-old and fully mature rats. The effects of exposure to acetylcholine on cytosolic Ca 2+ and Cl efflux were studied by, respectively, spectrofluorimetry of fura-2 and the net efflux of the isotopic tracer 36 Cl from preloaded cells. In both types of cells, when incubated in Ca 2+ -containing solutions, acetylcholine initially caused a rapid, significant increase in cytosolic Ca 2+ (from approx. 90 to 480–570 nmol), followed by a slower decrease to a plateau value of 280–290 nmol. The initial peak persisted (315–339 nmol) in Ca 2+ -free solutions but the cytosolic Ca 2+ concentrations decreased rapidly to levels below prestimulation values (30 nmol). 36 Cl efflux in tracer preloaded cells incubated in Ca 2+ -containing medium in the presence of acetylcholine was 18% in cells of new born animals and 35% in adult cells. In Ca 2+ -free medium, mature cells showed a transient but significant (26%) efflux of 36 Cl. Cells of 1-day-old rats did not show a net efflux of 36 Cl under these conditions, but subsequent addition of Ca 2+ caused a 15% reduction (i.e. efflux) in tracer content. The antagonist 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate-8( N , N -dithylamino)octyl ester (TMB-8), which blocks internal Ca 2+ release, inhibited both the initial increase in cell Ca 2+ in both types of cells and the transient efflux of 36 Cl seen in mature cells when incubated in Ca 2+ -free solutions. At high concentrations (5 mM), LaCl 3 inhibited efflux of 36 Cl in mature cells but not in those of newborn rats. However, at lower concentrations (0.1 mM), which do not interfere with fluorescence spectra, LaCl 3 did not inhibit the effect of acetylcholine on cell Ca 2+ . These results suggest that Cl efflux in adult submandibular cells is regulated by an increase in cell Ca 2+ arising from release of internal Ca 2+ and from influx of external Ca 2+ . Both of these responses are evident in cells of newborn animals but Cl efflux is either decreased or absent. This is likely to be associated with a deficiency in the Cl channels or in the coupling between Ca 2+ and the channel substrate through regulatory molecules associated with phosphorylation of the channel protein.
Association of vaccinia virus-expressed adenovirus E3-19K glycoprotein with class I MHC and its effects on virulence in a murine pneumonia model.

Abstract The adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) early region 3 (E3) codes for a 19-kDa glycoprotein (gp19) that associates with the class I major histocompatibility (MHC) heavy chain in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and prevents the transport of class I MHC protein products to the cell surface. It has been shown previously in tissue culture that this reduction in class I MHC expression allows infected cells to escape detection by class I MHC restricted CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL). We now report the results of studies on the effects of Ad2/gp 19 expression on virulence in vivo. Since we wanted to isolate the effect of Ad2/gp19 from the effects of other Ad E3 region gene products and human Ads do not replicate in the mouse, we cloned the Ad2/gp19 open reading frame (ORF) into the HindIII C region of WR vaccinia virus (VV). Two VV recombinants were constructed by inserting the Ad2/gp 19 ORF in either an expressing (V-e19(+)) or a non-expressing (V-e19(-)) orientation under control of the VV P7.5 promoter. The V-e19(+) recombinant expressed Ad2/gp19 in infected tissue and could be co-precipitated with an antibody to the class I MHC antigert Kd. However, intracerebral or intranasal infections of BALB/c (H-2d), BALB.G (H-2g), or C3H [H-2k) mice showed that Ad2/gp19 expression by V-e19(+) had no significant effect either on viral lethality or on its ability to replicate in vivo when compared to V-e19(-). Furthermore, the nature of the CD8+ CTL response to a V-e19(+)-induced pneumonia in (H-2d) mice was unchanged by Ad2/gp19 expression. Modulating the CD8+ CTL response, by interfering with infected target presentation, may not be important in the control of VV replication or virulence in vivo when other aspects of the immune response to viral infection are not altered. However, the two VV recombinants V-e19(+) and V-e19(-) were both equally attenuated (10-fold) when compared to wild-type VV. This attenuation, which has been reported previously for an intracerebral infection, is believed to be caused by the disruption of a 37-kDa ORF in the VV HindIII C region. Interestingly, our studies showed that the attenuation is not accompanied by a reduction in viral titers in infected tissue.
Redox window with minimum global warming potential contribution from rice soils

Eight different rice (Oryza sativa L.) soils were incubated using a microcosm technique to study CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O contribution to global warming potential (GWP) at different redox potential (E H ) conditions. Cumulative GWP from these three greenhouse gases reached a minimum at a redox window of +180 to -150 mV. Within the redox window, CO 2 production accounted for 86% of the cumulative GWP, because both N 2 O and CH 4 production were low. When E H was higher than +180 mV, both CO 2 and N 2 O production made a significant contribution to the cumulative GWP, whereas CH 4 production was a dominant contributor when E H was lower than -150 mV. During the incubation, each soil exhibited a unique signature of developing such an optimum redox window with a minimum GWP. Multiple regressions showed that initial soil organic matter (OM) and S content might have a significant control (P = 0.02) on the time required for the soils to reach the redox window when the incubation started from aerobic conditions. The results of this integrated study on productions of the three greenhouse gases provide a theoretical base for abating soil GWP loading into the atmosphere by regulating soil E H conditions.
Prolactin‐secreting pituitary carcinoma with implants in the cheek pouch and metastases to the ovaries. A case report and literature review

Background. Prolactin-secreting pituitary carcinomas are uncommon, locally destructive neoplasms that rarely metastasize outside the central nervous system. The authors report a case of a prolactin-secreting tumor that initially presented as the empty sella syndrome. Two recurrences along transsphenoidal surgery tracts in cheek pouches were followed by distant metastases later in the abdomen and pelvis. Only 10 previous cases of either extracranial or intracranial metastases from prolactin-secreting pituitary carcinomas have been reported. No metastases below the diaphragm have been reported previously. Methods. The patient's cheek pouch implants, lymph node metastases, ovarian metastases, and uterine metastases were studied with prolactin-specific immunohistochemistry. Results. Long term treatment with bromocriptine, several debulking surgeries, extensive local radiation therapy (external beam and proton beam), and cytotoxic chemotherapy had little impact. Tamoxifen, however, may have slowed tumor growth. Conclusion. Tamoxifen may have efficacy in the treatment of prolactin-secreting pituitary carcinomas. Cancer 1995;76:1814–20.
Chemical, Color, and Tactile Cues Influencing Oviposition Behavior of the Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

The effects of several plant characters on the oviposition behavior of Hessian flies were investigated by presenting mated females with various combinations of chemical, color, and tactile cues in choice bioassays. When applied to filter paper, one plant equivalent (PE) of a chloroform extract of wheat leaves stimulated 438 times more egglaying than chloroform controls. One PE of oats extract stimulated 10 times more egglaying than chloroform controls. Wheat extracts stimulated 12 times more egglaying than oats extracts. Doseresponse tests using wheat extracts showed that females were stimulated to oviposit at concentrations as low as 0.01 PE; they laid more eggs as dosage increased. Higher dosages of oats extract (1.0 PE) were required to elicit significantly more oviposition than occurred on chloroform controls. In separate tests with and without wheat extract, females laid more eggs on yellow, green, and orange papers than on blue and red papers. Choice tests using green and grey filter paper strips indicated that egglaying responses were stimulated primarily by hue rather than intensity of colors. Tactile cues associated with venation of grass leaves were mimicked by making parallel grooves (“veins”) down the long axis of wax-covered filter paper. In tests without wheat extract, females laid 28 times more eggs on the veined surface than on the smooth surface. With wheat extract present, the veined surface elicited only two times more egglaying than the smooth surface. Vertical grooves received four times more eggs than horizontal grooves. In a test using a factorial treatment design with chemical, color, and tactile cues either absent or present, females laid the most eggs on the treatment that combined all three cues. Removal of chemical cues caused a significantly larger reduction in egglaying (93%) than did the removal of either tactile or color cues (70%)
Telemental Health: Reflections on How to Move the Field Forward

Richardson, Frueh, Grubaugh, Egede, and Elhai (2009) review recent literature on providing mental health care via videoconferencing. Videoconferencing is one of a growing number of telecommunications technologies used to provide telemental health care. This commentary places videoconferencing in the broader field of telemental health care and discusses some of the areas that are crucial to the advancement of the field. To this end, the assumption that telemental health intervention improves access to care is explored. The notion that different telemental health telecommunications media, including the telephone and Internet, may have different benefits and disadvantages with respect to both efficacy and access is discussed. Existing and emerging telecommunications technologies not only allow us to extend access to mental health care, but they also provide opportunities to develop fundamentally new treatment paradigms. To support this development, we are in need of new theories and conceptual frameworks that can promote the development and evaluation of new telemental health interventions.
Sensitivity analysis revisited: A quadrature-based approach

Abstract Sensitivity analysis for economic equilibrium models is critical for establishing the robustness of model results. A systematic method for parametric sensitivity analysis based on the Gaussian quadrature procedure for numerical integration is presented. The approach is compared to those of Harrison and Vinod and of Pagan and Shannon for the case of a computable general equilibrium model due to Walley and Wigle. The results suggest greater efficiency of the Gaussian quadrature approach.
PAD: a pattern-driven analysis and design method

We describe a Pattern-Driven Analysis and Design (PDA) method for developing software systems. PDA promotes the use of patterns throughout the different phases of software development from analysis to implementation.
FAILURE OF FUROSEMIDE TO AFFECT THE CLINICAL COURSE OF TRANSIENT OF THE NEWBORN

Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn (TTN) prolongs neonatal hospitalization and occasionally results in serious complications. The most widely accepted theory of the etiology of TTN is a delay in the absorption of fetal lung fluid. Furosemide has been shown to affect fluid dynamics in the lung. We hypothesized that a pharmacologically-induced diuresis of body water may reverse the mechanism of TTN and shorten the course of the illness. We designed a controlled, prospective trial of oral furosemide in infants with TTN. 50 consecutive infants presenting with the clinical and radiographic findings of TTN were randomly assigned to two groups. Infants in the treatment group received 2 mg/kg of oral furosemide at the time of diagnosis followed by a 1 mg/kg dose 12 hours later if the tachypnea (RR> 60) persisted. Infants in the control group received an equal volume of placebo. There were no significant differences in the prenatal and perinatal courses, nor in the demographic characteristics between the two groups. Although mean weight loss at discharge was similar in the two groups, the furosemide-treated group lost significantly more weight in the first 24 hours after birth (p<0.001). Compared to infants in the control group, the furosemide-treated infants demonstrated no statistically significant difference in the duration and severity of symptoms, nor in the duration of hospitalization. We conclude that oral furosemide, at the doses used in this study, does not alter the clinical course of TTN.
Dynamics of microvascular oxygen pressure during rest-contraction transition in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats.

Type I diabetes reduces dramatically the capacity of skeletal muscle to receive oxygen (Q˙o 2). In control (C;n = 6) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic (D:n = 6, plasma glucose = 25.3 ± 3.9 mmol/l...