cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Shaping of Nineteenth-Century Law: John Appleton and Responsible Individualism

Foreword Preface A Self-Made Man Bangor Lawyer Reformer and Judge Evidence and Justice The Defendant Takes the Stand Freedom and Responsibility in the Marketplace Personal Responsibility in the Law of Torts "The Rights of Man and the Rights of Slavery are at Eternal War" Government by Consent Laissez-Faire Constitutionalism and the Limits of Government Retirement and Legacy Bibliography Index
The stimulation of the hexosemonophosphate shunt and glutathione reduction by chlorpromazine in the presence of a subcellular, particulate fraction of guinea pig brain

Abstract The stimulatory effects of 1–3 m m chlorpromazine on the activities of the hexosemonophosphate shunt pathway for glucose metabolism and the reduction of glutathione were investigated in subcellular preparations of guinea pig brain tissue. These studies showed that chlorpromazine was effective only when a particulate fraction was present in the incubation media. This particulate material sedimented at 17,000 g from a mitochondria-free supernatant containing 0.25 m sucrose. Although chlorpromazine apparently can effectively prevent the destruction of TPN, its stimulatory effects on the activities of the soluble enzymes in the presence of the particulate fraction did not appear to be due to this TPN-preserving activity.
35H, a Sequence Isolated as a Protein Kinase C Binding Protein, Is a Novel Member of the Adducin Family

We recently cloned a partial cDNA (35H) for a protein kinase C (PKC) binding protein from a rat kidney cDNA library and demonstrated that it is a PKC substrate in vitro (Chapline, C., Ramsay, K., Klauck, T., and Jaken, S.(1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 6858-6861). Additional library screening and 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends were used to obtain the complete open reading frame. Amino acid sequence analysis, DNA sequence analysis, and Northern analysis indicate that 35H is a unique cDNA related to α- and β-adducins. Antisera prepared to the 35H bacterial fusion protein recognized two polypeptides of 80 and 90 kDa on immunoblots of kidney homogenates and cultured renal proximal tubule epithelial cell extracts. The 35H-related proteins were similar to α- and β-adducins in that they were preferentially recovered in the Triton X-100-insoluble (cytoskeletal, CSK) fraction of cell extracts and were predominantly localized to cell borders. Phorbol esters stimulated phosphorylation of CSK 35H proteins, thus emphasizing that sequences isolated according to PKC binding activity in vitro are also PKC substrates in vivo. The phosphorylated forms of the 35H proteins were preferentially recovered in the soluble fraction, thus demonstrating that phosphorylation regulates their CSK association and, thereby, their function in regulating cytoskeletal assemblies. We have isolated another PKC binding protein partial cDNA (clone 45) from a rat fibroblast library with substantial homology to α-adducin. Antisera raised against this expressed sequence recognized a protein of 120 kDa, the reported size of α-adducin, on immunoblots of renal proximal tubule epithelial cell extracts. A 120-kDa protein that cross-reacts with the clone 45 (α-adducin) antisera coprecipitated with 35H immunecomplexes, indicating that α-adducin associates with 35H proteins in vivo. Taken together, these results indicate that 35H is a new, widely expressed form of adducin capable of forming heterodimers with α-adducin. We propose naming this adducin homologue γ-adducin.
Drug-specific EEG frequency spectra and their time courses produced in the cat by antidepressants and a benzodiazepine

Abstract The effects of the tricyclic antidepressants imipramine, desipramine and doxepin and the anti-anxiety agent diazepam were tested for their effects on the frequency distribution of spontaneous brain electrical activity (EEG) in the cat. Multivariate statistical techniques were employed to make an objective and quantitative assessment of the results of broad-band frequency analysis in terms of certain dose-related and drug-specific variables. In spite of several clinical and pharmacological differences in their properties, the antidepressants produced remarkably similar profiles of frequency change which were unrelated to those produced by diazepam.
The scientific basis of skin cancer.

Background Mutations in tumor suppressor gene p53 are very common in many human cancers. They are present in more than 90% of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and are usually found in actinic keratoses (AKs). Data demonstrate a strong relationship between the early effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on p53 in skin and the development of AK and SCC. Objective The purpose of this article is to review specific data about the p53 tumor suppressor gene, UVR, and their interaction to cause AKs. Method The published, peer-reviewed literature is reviewed and a published proposal for the mechanism for UVR–induced carcinogenesis is explained. Results The specific effect of UVR on the p53 tumor suppressor gene, including its impact on apoptosis, in humans, and in animals, suggests a cause-effect relationship between UVR and the earliest mutations seen in AKs. Conclusion AKs result from UVR in a process by which UVR mutates a known tumor suppressor gene (p53). It is likely that the mutated cells expand preferentially in a clonal fashion at the expense of the normal surrounding keratinocytes to develop into a clinical lesion of AK.
ISPD 2006 Placement Contest: Benchmark Suite and Results

This talk introduces the new suite of ISPD 2006 placement benchmarks. These circuits are all directly derived from real industrial ASIC designs and represent today's mixed-size physical design constraints in terms of size and complexity. Compared to ISPD 2005 placement benchmarks, ISPD 2006 suite has more movable macros and the wider range of design utilizations. The ISPD 2006 Placement Contest is being held with these new benchmarks. This year, a more sophisticated scoring function will be deployed to measure the quality of placement solutions. The metric function takes into account HPWL (half-perimeter-bounding-box-wirelength), runtime and density target constraints. The purpose of adding runtime to the scoring function is to gently encourage faster placement performance. The purpose of the density target constraint is to encourage more routable placements. Further, this also allows more space for buffering, gate sizing and other synthesis transformations that might happen after the placement. Thus, this year's contest forces the placers to become more realistic than last year's, which focused solely on wirelength minimization. A total ten academic placement tools participated in the contest and the final results will be announced during this talk.
The influence of temperature on the polymerization of ethyl cyanoacrylate from the vapor phase

Abstract The polymerization of ethyl cyanoacrylate fumes from surface bound initiators is an important step in many novel and mature technologies. Understanding the effect of temperature on the rate of poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) (PECA) growth and its molecular weight during its polymerization from the vapor phase from surface bound initiators provides insight into the important mechanistic aspects that impact the polymerizations’ success. In these studies, it is shown that the amount of PECA formed during the polymerization of ECA from a latent fingerprint increases with decreasing temperature, while the polymer molecular weight varies little. This is interpreted to be the result of the loosening of the ion pair that initiates the polymer chain growth and resides on the end of the growing polymer chain with decreasing temperature. Comparison of temperature effects and counter-ion studies show that in both cases loosening the ion pair results in the formation of more polymer with similar molecular weight, verifying this interpretation. These results further suggest that lowering the temperature may be an effective method to optimize anionic vapor phase polymerizations, including the improvement of the quality of aged latent prints and preliminary results are presented that substantiate this prediction.
Snapshots of three intermediates at the active site of pyruvate oxidase

Identifying the structures of transient intermediates is an essential step in the elucidation of an enzymatic reaction mechanism. Cryocrystallography reveals the structures of three thiamine diphosphate derivatives as intermediates in the action of pyruvate oxidase.
A STOCHASTIC MODEL FOR RESERVOIR FLOOD OPERATION

Abstract A stochastic streamflow model is used to develop a risk methodology for operation of reservoirs. The model is based upon representation of the flood series as a Poisson counting process. From this model, probability distributions of maximum peak flows, durations, and interarrival times can be obtained. With these distributions known, the flood volumes can be obtained using a triangular hydrograph approximation. Using the derived distribution functions, risk evaluation curves are developed which aid the reservoir operator in making important real time decisions. The procedure can also be used to evaluate the efficiency of alternative design strategies.
Raman Spectroscopic Measurement of Oxidation in Supercritical Water. 2. Conversion of Isopropyl Alcohol to Acetone

The oxidation of isopropyl alcohol in supercritical water has been investigated using Raman spectroscopy. Results for species concentration as a function of residence-time are presented for temperatures ranging from 400 to 480 °C at constant pressure, 24.4 ± 0.3 MPa, and constant equivalence ratio, 0.88 ± 0.02. Acetone has been identified as the principal intermediate formed and subsequently destroyed, during the oxidation process. By assuming first-order kinetics for the destruction of both isopropyl alcohol and acetone, effective first-order rate constants have been determined from fits of the experimental data. Assuming Arrhenius behavior, the fits yield rate constants for isopropyl alcohol, keff,ipa = 3.255 × 1022(s-1) exp[−301.1(kJ·mol-1)/RT], and for acetone, keff,ace = 1.948 × 1010(s-1) exp[−137.7(kJ·mol-1)/RT]. These results indicate that for temperatures greater than 425 °C, the destruction of isopropyl alcohol proceeds faster than that of acetone.
Bovine Y chromosome microsatellite polymorphisms.

Thirty-eight bovine Y chromosome (BTAY) microsatellites (MS) were assessed for polymorphisms in DNA samples obtained from 17 unrelated bulls. Thirty-three of these microsatellites are new and were used for the construction of a first generation radiation hybrid map for BTAY (Liu et al., 2002). Five MS had been previously reported and were used as positive controls. Fourteen out of 38 MS were found to be polymorphic; the remaining 24 were uninformative among the animals tested. The number of hemizygous loci per MS within individual ranged from two to over 20. Seven MS presented smear- or ladder-like bands, a unique feature for Y chromosome multi-copy hemizygous MS loci. The locus length variance, within individual, ranged from 2 to 42 bp corresponding to the MS with the minimum and maximum number of loci observed, respectively. Within the 14 polymorphic MS, the five pseudoautosomal MS, on average, were more polymorphic (35.3%) than the nine Y-specific MS (19.6%). Haplotypes resulting from combinations of these polymorphic loci will provide a powerful tool for future studies on the origin of domestic cattle and the evolution of bovid species.
Evidence for diffusive relaxation along the mass asymmetry coordinate in the reaction 197Au + 620 MeV 86Kr

Nuclei have been identified by atomic number up to Z = 50 using ΔE-E telescopes. Kinetic energy spectra, charge and angular distributions have been measured from θlab = 10–80° . At angles removed from the grazing, a single peak with a mean energy somewhat below the calculated Coulomb energy is observed for all elements. Near the grazing angle, a much broader peak appears, which extends from near elastic energies down to the Coulomb barrier. The charge distributions are peaked near the projectile Z and demonstrate a strong shape dependence on the angle of observation. The angular distributions for elements near the projectile are strongly side peaked; however, as Z is increased or decreased from Z = 36, they gradually become forward peaked. The dependence of the charge and angular distributions on energy dissipation is discussed as well as the patterns observed in the two-dimensional Wilczynski plots. Diffusion model calculations reproduce the experimental data both qualitatively and quantitatively. This successful application of the diffusion model, which was originally developed to explain N, Ne and Ar induced reactions, to the present system is strong evidence that no essential differences exist between the “quasi-fission” process observed in Kr bombardments of heavy targets and the deep-inelastic phenomena seen with lighter ions.
Role of an Intestinal Rehabilitation Program in the Treatment of Advanced Intestinal Failure

Objective: To analyze outcomes in children with intestinal failure treated by our Intestinal Rehabilitation Program (IRP) in a 4-year period. Patients and Methods: A total of 51 parenteral nutrition (PN)– dependent patients (20 male) were enrolled in the IRP. Median age was 1.7 years, with the primary diagnoses being gastroschisis, necrotizing enterocolitis, volvulus, and congenital atresia. Median small bowel intestinal length was 35 cm, with the majority of patients having only jejunum as remaining bowel anatomy. Thirty-six of the 51 patients had liver disease characterized by cirrhosis, advance bridging fibrosis, and portal and periportal fibrosis. Height, weight z score, platelet count, albumin, and bilirubin levels were measured at the beginning and end of the study. Results: Of the 51 patients, 29 had 46 different surgical intestinal repairs. Twenty-nine of the 36 patients with hyperbilirubinemia had normalized serum bilirubin with treatment. Ten patients required transplantation. Five patients died of sepsis, influenza, or complications after intestinal transplantation. Of the remaining 37 patients in the IRP, 31 were weaned from parenteral nutrition (5 with cirrhosis); 6 patients are in the process of weaning. Survival rate of the patients in the IRP was 90%. Growth has continued along the same curve, and some patients have exhibited significant catch-up. Conclusions: With an aggressive medical/surgical approach, even patients with intestinal failure and advanced liver disease can avoid transplantation. Patients in the IRP showed improved liver function and nutritional parameters with the ability to discontinue PN while maintaining growth. Early referral of these patients to specialized centers before the development of advanced liver disease is recommended. JPGN 45:204–212, 2007. Key Words: Intestinal failure—Intestinal rehabilitation—Short bowel syndrome. # 2007 by European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
Endogenous optical biomarkers of normal and human papillomavirus immortalized epithelial cells

Cellular transformation is associated with a number of phenotypic, cell biological, biochemical and metabolic alterations. The detection and classification of morphological cellular abnormalities represents the foundation of classical histopathology and remains an important mainstay in the clinic. More recently, significant effort is being expended towards the development of noninvasive modalities for the detection of cancer at an early stage, when therapeutic interventions are highly successful. Methods that rely on the detection of optical signatures represent one class of such approaches that have yielded promising results. In our study, we have applied two spectroscopic imaging approaches to systematically identify in a quantitative manner the fluorescence and light scattering signatures of subcellular abnormalities that are associated with cellular transformation. Notably, we find that tryptophan images reveal not only intensity but also localization differences between normal and human papillomavirus immortalized cells, possibly originating from changes in the expression, 3D packing and organization of proteins and protein-rich subcellular organelles. Additionally, we detect alterations in cellular metabolism through quantitative evaluation of the NADH, FAD fluorescence and the corresponding redox ratio. Finally, we use light scattering spectroscopy to identify differences in nuclear morphology and subcellular organization that occur from the nanometer to the micrometer scale. Thus, these optical approaches provide complementary biomarkers based on endogenous fluorescence and scattering cellular changes that occur at the molecular, biochemical and morphological level. Since they obviate the need for staining and tissue removal and can be easily combined, they provide desirable options for further clinical development and assessment.
Modeling geographic risk of complex congenital heart defects in Eastern Wisconsin.

BACKGROUND: Geographic variation may be an indicator of risk factors for birth defects. This study models the geographic distribution of three complex congenital heart defects (CHDs) in eastern Wisconsin, and evaluates effects of demographic census variables linked to geographic location. METHODS: Cases of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS), Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and d-Transposition of the Great Arteries (d-TGAs) born between1995 and 2004 were identified from three medical centers serving eastern Wisconsin. Case diagnoses were assigned by a pediatric cardiologist using echocardiographic records. Births by ZIP code were obtained from the State of Wisconsin. ZIP Code demographic variables were derived from 2000 census data. Numbers of cardiac defects by ZIP code were modeled using cluster analysis and Poisson generalized additive models (GAMs) for spatial coordinates including all and white only cases (excluding trisomies). GAM analyses were repeated adjusting for census variables. RESULTS: Four hundred forty-eight cases were ascertained. A significant south-to-north spatial gradient for HLHS, TOF, and combined CHDs, but not d-TGAs was identified. This gradient remained significant when census variables were included in the model for the full sample. In the analysis excluding non-white cases, findings were the same for TOF, combined CHDs, and d-TGAs. However, the geographic gradient for HLHS was not significant in the adjusted model. CONCLUSIONS: A south-to-north gradient was apparent for two of three complex CHDs in eastern Wisconsin. For white cases, demographic variation seems to explain some of this spatial gradient in HLHS. Further studies are needed to confirm demographic and other risk factors underlying this geographic gradient. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 00:000–000, 2011. 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
"New Fighting Power!": Japan's Growing Maritime Capabilities and East Asian Security

Japanese leaders struggled for decades to overcome legal, political, and normative constraints on the expansion of the Self-Defense Forces so that Japan could field a robust military. Their progress was steady and significant, but slow. Now, having reframed the nature of the threat Japan faces and having borrowed creatively from the U.S. model, they have found new traction by empowering the Japan Coast Guard (JCG). Today's JCG has what its publicists, citing capabilities explicitly banned by Japan's constitution, call “New Fighting Power!” Remarkably, however, JCG modernization and expansion are being achieved without much objection from Japan's neighbors or from the domestic public. Although the JCG is not a “second navy,” it is already a fourth branch of the Japanese military. Tokyo is now able to project additional diplomatic influence as well as “fighting power.” Japan's “new fighting power” is thus greater than the sum of its military parts.
Reviewing CT Scout Images: Observations of an Expert Witness

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to share the views of an experienced expert witness in medical malpractice cases on the use of CT scout images. CONCLUSION. The medical literature has resurrected issues regarding viewing of CT scout images. Scout images are an integral part of any CT examination and should be carefully reviewed for findings that may or may not be included in the FOV of the study.
Integrating sustainability into corporate DNA

The term sustainability covers a broad set of issues. As a result, each organization has to identify specific issues that it can effectively address and that are relevant to its industries, markets, geographic locations, and stakeholders. But if an organization fails to focus on a reasonable number of organization-wide commitments, resources will be scattered and fail to yield significant value to the company. This article provides advice on how to deploy sustainability using change management techniques and examples from industry. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Does the Assignment of Property Rights Encourage or Discourage Shirking?: Evidence From Major League Baseball

Economic organization literature suggests that property rights assignment affects employee incentives to shirk. Specifically, when firms own employee property rights, the rents from increased effort accrue to the employer and encourage shirking. Applied to major league baseball (MLB), this suggests that the conversion from the reserve clause to free agency should increase player effort. However, free agency also saw an increase in the number of guaranteed multiyear contracts, which also creates shirking incentives. This article investigates the net impact of property rights assignment on shirking in MLB. An empirical model reveals that free agents with 1- and 2-year contracts outperform comparable reserve era players over the same time frame. The performance of free agents with contracts exceeding 2 years do not differ from that of comparable reserve era players over the same time period.
Molecular population genetics of accessory gland protein genes and testis-expressed genes in Drosophila mojavensis and D. arizonae

Molecular population genetic investigation of Drosophila male reproductive genes has focused primarily on melanogaster subgroup accessory gland protein genes (Acp's). Consistent with observations from male reproductive genes of numerous taxa, Acp's evolve more rapidly than nonreproductive genes. However, within the Drosophila genus, large data sets from additional types of male reproductive genes and from different species groups are lacking. Here we report findings from a molecular population genetics analysis of male reproductive genes of the repleta group species, Drosophila arizonae and D. mojavensis. We find that Acp's have dramatically higher average pairwise Ka/Ks (0.93) than testis-enriched genes (0.19) and previously reported melanogaster subgroup Acp's (0.42). Overall, 10 of 19 Acp's have Ka/Ks > 1 either in nonpolarized analyses or in at least one lineage of polarized analyses. Of the nine Acp's for which outgroup data were available, average Ka/Ks was considerably higher in D. mojavensis (2.08) than in D. arizonae (0.87). Contrasts of polymorphism and divergence suggest that adaptive protein evolution at Acp's is more common in D. mojavensis than in D. arizonae.
Exploring the Burden of Inpatient Readmissions After Major Cancer Surgery

Purpose Travel distances to care have increased substantially with centralization of complex cancer procedures at high-volume centers. We hypothesize that longer travel distances are associated with higher rates of postoperative readmission and poorer outcomes. Methods SEER-Medicare patients with bladder, lung, pancreas, or esophagus cancer who were diagnosed in 2001 to 2007 and underwent extirpative surgery were included. Readmission rates and survival were calculated using Kaplan-Meier functions. Multivariable negative binomial models were used to examine factors associated with readmission. Results Four thousand nine hundred forty cystectomies, 1,573 esophagectomies, 20,362 lung resections, and 2,844 pancreatectomies were included. Thirty- and 90-day readmission rates ranged from 13% to 29% and 23% to 43%, respectively, based on tumor type. Predictors of readmission were discharge to somewhere other than home, longer length of stay, comorbidities, higher stage at diagnosis, and longer travel distance (...
Special Education Use among the Negev Bedouin Arabs of Israel: A case of minority under representation?

This study takes the well-documented minority overrepresentation/ disproportionality debate a step forward by asking if, and in what ways, overrepresentation and disproportionality may be seen among a non-American minority group, namely, the Arab citizens of Israel. Statistical evidence suggests that Arab children are more likely than Jewish children to be diagnosed as retarded and to be sent to special education schools. But why? Moreover, Negev bedouin Arab children appear to be underrepresented in special education environments. Might underrepresentation, like overrepresentation, also result from social group conflict? The article raises two interrelated questions: (1) is the dominant Jewish state fostering a culture of 'disability' among the minorities, using 'disability' diagnosis and labeling as vehicles of control and disempowerment; and (2) is the fact that the bedouin Arabs generally do not use special education services a sign of passive resistance to such a culture, or are there other possible ...
NONLINEAR TRANSPORT OF ELECTRONS UNDER A STRONG HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRIC FIELD IN SEMICONDUCTORS

The nonlinear transport of electrons in semiconductors is studied when a strong high frequency (HF) electric field is applied together with a direct current (dc) electric field. A set of equations is developed, from which the amplitude and phase of each harmonic component of the electron drift velocity and the electron temperature can be computed. In the weak HF field limit our approach reduces to the well-known memory function method. The DC conductivity decreases and definitely becomes negative with increase of the first and second harmonic components of the applied HF field. Comparison is made with experiment.
Timing and dispersion in WDM optical star networks

Different physical aspects that should be taken into consideration when transmitting packets in a slotted star network using wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) are discussed. It is shown that, due to the effect of the dispersion, some padding is necessary as well as a limit on the size of the network. A method for synchronizing the transmission of slots on the different wavelengths is presented. This method is almost insensitive to the relative lengths of the transmit and receive fibers. >
The relationship between castor bean stem diameter and extrafloral nectary gland size

Abstract. This project sought to characterize plant defense investment in the castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), an exotic myrmecophyte in southern California, with respect to life history strategies. Experimental evidence suggests that exotic myrmecophytes can form mutually beneficial associations with exotic ants regardless of the differences in shared evolutionary histories. Castor bean plant investment in defense was evaluated by measuring the area on extra-floral nectary (EFN) glands. Life history strategies may change with respect to plant size and was therefore evaluated in terms of basal stem diameter (<50mm). We hypothesized that smaller and younger castor bean plants would have bigger EFN glands than larger and older plants. We found that EFN gland size was not correlated to castor bean class size. This suggests that in southern California, biotic plant defense is not optimized in castor bean plants. As an r-selected species, the castor bean plant compromises investment in plant defense favoring...
$\hbox{TiSi}_{2}$ Nanocrystal Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor Memory

A TiSi2 nanocrystal (NC) memory was fabricated. TiSi2 NCs were synthesized on SiO2 by annealing Ti covered Si NCs. Compared to the reference Si NC memory, both experiment and simulation results show that TiSi2 NC memory exhibits larger memory window, faster writing and erasing, and longer retention lifetime as a result of the metallic property of the silicide NCs. Due to thermally stable, CMOS compatible properties, TiSi2 NCs are highly promising for nonvolatile memory device application.
Review of recent research on hypnotic learning.

Hypnosis as a psychological tool in learning has generated controversial findings and conflicting opinions among current psychologists in both clinical and experimental settings. These findings are presented, illustrating the main points of the controversy, followed by a methodological critique which emphasizes the salient features of the disagreements.
Positive schemes for solving multi-dimensional hyperbolic systems of conservation laws II

Kurganov and Tadmor have developed a numerical scheme for solving the initial value problem for hyperbolic systems of conservation laws. They showed that in the scalar case their scheme satisfies a local maximum-minimum principle i.e., the solution at future is bounded above and below by the solution at current locally. In this paper we show that this scheme is positive in the sense of Friedrichs for systems as well. We present the scheme of Kurganov and Tadmor as a convex combination of composites of positive schemes. Since each component of a composite scheme is bounded in the l2 norm, so is the convex combination of the composites. To achieve second order accuracy in time, we use a Runge-Kutta type scheme due to Shu and Osher. We present two numerical experiments to add to the ones carried out by Kurganov and Tadmor.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—MENINGOENCEPHALITIS SECONDARY TO SUPPURATIVE RHINITIS AND MENINGOENCEPHALOCELE INFECTION IN A DOG

Nasal encephaloceles (meningoceles or meningoencephaloceles) are rare and not reported to be infected or coupled with a facial deformity in dogs. This report describes an older dog with acute worsening of seizures due to suppurative meningoencephalitis with coexisting suppurative rhinitis and infection of a meningoencephalocele. Additionally, the dog had a facial deformity for at least 5 years. The results of necropsy, computed tomography, and postmortem magnetic resonance imaging are compared. The development of nasal encephaloceles is discussed, including the potential role of early trauma, and whether separation of neural ectoderm from the surface ectoderm is part of the pathogenesis.
Incremental slicing based on data-dependences types

Program slicing is useful for assisting with many software-maintenance tasks. The presence and frequent usage of pointers in languages such as C causes complex data dependences. To function effectively on such programs, slicing techniques must account for pointer-induced data dependences. Existing slicing techniques do not distinguish data dependences based on their types. This paper presents a new slicing technique, in which slices are computed based on types of data dependences. This new slicing technique offers several benefits and can be exploited in different ways, such as identifying subtle data dependences for debugging, computing reduced-size slices quickly for complex programs, and performing incremental slicing. This paper describes an algorithm for incremental slicing that increases the scope of a slice in steps, by incorporating different types of data dependences at each step. The paper also presents empirical results to illustrate the performance of the technique in practice. The results illustrate that incremental slices can be significantly smaller than complete slices. Finally, the paper presents a case study that explores the usefulness of incremental slicing for debugging.
Measurement of Incidents of Quantity Surcharge Among Selected Grocery Products

It has been reported that the “large economy” size is not always really the best buy. Prices per unit in large size packages frequently are greater than those for smaller sized ones. These differences have been labeled quantity surcharges. The purpose of this research was to determine how frequently quantity surcharges exist in grocery stores. It was found that 33.8 percent of the brands examined were priced at a quantity surcharge.
CHAPTER 122 – Phospholipase C

This chapter focuses on the phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) isozymes expressed in mammalian cells. This family of isozymes is defined on the basis of sequence similarities and the capacity to mediate the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI 4,5-P 2 ) to the second messenger molecules inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. The phospholipase C enzymes that hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in mammalian cells are subdivided into four families, denoted β, γ, δ, and ɛ, based on sequence similarities. Each family has a unique organization of regulatory sequence motifs or domains that facilitate protein: protein and/or protein: phospholipid interactions. Utilizing these motifs, each family responds to distinct hormonal signals or intracellular cues to produce the second messenger molecules inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacyl-glycerol. These metabolites in turn control intracellular levels of free Ca 2+ and protein kinase C activity, respectively. This chapter, in addition to discussing molecular structure/function and activation mechanisms for phospholipase C enzymes, presents the physiologic consequences of PLC genetic knockouts.
Suicide Risk Documented During Veterans' Last Veterans Affairs Health Care Contacts Prior to Suicide.

A total of 295 veterans who died by suicide in 2009 across 11 states and received Veterans Affairs (VA) health care in the 6 months prior to death were identified. The suicide risk factors documented and the care received at these veterans' last VA contacts are described, and the study explores whether veterans present differently to VA care (i.e., different risk factors documented or different care settings accessed) based on the proximity of their last contact to suicide. Many veterans were seen in primary care (n = 136; 46%) for routine follow-up (n = 168; 57%). Fifty-three (18%) were assessed for suicidal thoughts; 20 (38%) of whom endorsed such thoughts. Although higher frequencies of some risk factors at last contacts more proximal to suicide compared to those more distal were observed, findings overall highlight the challenges clinicians face detecting enhanced risk prior to suicide.
Fully inkjet-printed metal-oxide thin-film transistors on plastic

Fully inkjet-printed, transparent conductive oxide thin-film transistors on polyimide are demonstrated for the first time integrating SnO2:F source/drain electrodes, ZrO2 gate dielectric, and ZnSnO semiconductor layers. A mobility of ∼0.04 cm2 V−1 s−1 was obtained at a maximum thermal processing temperature of 300 °C. In addition to electrical device characterization, SEM, TEM, and EDX analyses were performed to assess microstructure and chemical composition. Through our analysis, we show that future performance improvements require an increase in source/drain conductivity at lower annealing temperatures, the reduction in film cracking due to thermal stress, and the reduction in intermixing between layers occurring during annealing.
Advanced Energy Storage Management in Distribution Network

With increasing penetration of distributed generation (DG) in the distribution networks (DN), the secure and optimal operation of DN has become an important concern. In this paper, an iterative mixed integer quadratic constrained quadratic programming model to optimize the operation of a three phase unbalanced distribution system with high penetration of Photovoltaic (PV) panels, DG and energy storage (ES) is developed. The proposed model minimizes not only the operating cost, including fuel cost and purchasing cost, but also voltage deviations and power loss. The optimization model is based on the linearized sensitivity coefficients between state variables (e.g., node voltages) and control variables (e.g., real and reactive power injections of DG and ES). To avoid slow convergence when close to the optimum, a golden search method is introduced to control the step size and accelerate the convergence. The proposed algorithm is demonstrated on modified IEEE 13 nodes test feeders with multiple PV panels, DG and ES. Numerical simulation results validate the proposed algorithm. Various scenarios of system configuration are studied and some critical findings are concluded.
Spending Adjustments Made by Older Americans to Save Money

This paper presents evidence suggesting that a large part of the older population may be making involuntary spending adjustments. The data used for this analysis come from the 2009 Internet Survey of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), the most comprehensive national survey of older Americans. HRS is sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) and Social Security Administration (SSA) and is administered by the Institute for Social Research (ISR) at the University of Michigan. A subsample of the HRS 2008 Core Survey (of persons who reported having Internet access) and respondents from earlier HRS Internet Surveys were selected for the 2009 Internet Survey. The field period for the survey was from March 2009 to August 2009, and it received 4,433 complete responses. Data from the 2009 Internet Survey show that more than 1 in 5 (21.5 percent) of those aged 50 or above made prescription drug changes such as switching to cheaper generic drugs, getting free samples, stopping pills or reducing dosages, and nearly as many (19.4 percent) skipped or postponed doctor appointments to save money. Among those in (self-reported) poor health, 29.9 percent made prescription drug changes and 36.5 percent skipped or postponed doctor appointments to save money. For those in excellent health, the comparable numbers were 15.3 percent and 9.5 percent, respectively. Among different demographic groups, single women and blacks had the highest involuntary spending adjustments: 22.8 percent and 24.8 percent of single women made prescription drug changes and skipped or postponed doctor appointments to save money. Similar numbers for blacks were 25.9 percent and 27.3 percent, respectively. The study suggests that the consumption behavior of a large section of the older population may be “optimal” only when viewed within the limits of the inadequate resources they have available. Retirement income adequacy studies that use such consumption data will benefit if such involuntary spending adjustments can be separated from “optimal” spending adjustments. Better data and more research are needed to improve knowledge in this area.The PDF for the above title, published in the January 2012 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another January 2012 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: “The Impact of PPACA on Employment-Based Health Coverage of Adult Children to Age 26.”
Neutron Tomography: A Survey and Some Recent Applications

A survey is given of recent developments in selected areas of neutron tomography, within the context of several applications Argonne is involved in, including high penetration of reactor-fuel bundles in thick containers (involving TREAT and NRAD facilities), dual-energy hydrogen imaging (performed at IPNS), dynamic coarse-resolution emission tomography of reactor fuel under test (a proposed modification to the TREAT hodoscope), and an associated-particle system that uses neutron flight-time to electronically collimate transmitted neutrons and to tomographically image nuclides identified by reaction gamma-rays.
Shake Table Testing of a Full-Scale Five-Story Building: Pre-test Simulation of the Test Building and Development of an NCS Design Criteria

This paper is one of five within a session discussing the findings from a full-scale, five-story building test program conducted at the NEES-UCSD Large High Performance Outdoor Shake. This paper focuses on the pre-test simulation of the test building with the objective of predicting its seismic response and thereby; (i) guiding the selection of earthquake motions for the test program and (ii) providing guidance for the design of various nonstructural components and systems (NCSs) to be installed in the test building. Two nonlinea,r finite element models were developed independently in this effort: 1) a macro-element based model was implemented in the OpenSees platform, and 2) a detailed finite element model was prepared using the general finite element software package DIANA. In this paper, the description and assumptions adopted for each of these two models are first provided, and then the simulation results for selected test motions are presented and compared. Utilizing these models, a procedure is developed to define project-specific NCSs design criteria. The developed design criteria are compared with the current code provisions and their implications discussed.
Shot-Profile Kirchhoff Beam Migration

SUMMARY Multi-arrival Kirchhoff beam migration has the capability to better image complex structures as compared to conventional single-arrival Kirchhoff migration. Here, we have extended the Kirchhoff beam technique from the common offset domain to the common shot domain, which allows for migration of data sets from wide-azimuth seismic acquisition. Application of this method to the 3D SEAM synthetic data set has illustrated the validity of the shot-profile Kirchhoff beam migration approach and implementation.
Surface Proteins, ERAD, and Antigenic Variation in Trypanosoma brucei

Variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) is central to antigenic variation in African trypanosomes. Although much prior work documents that VSG is efficiently synthesized and exported to the cell surface, it was recently claimed that 2-3 fold more is synthesized than required, the excess being eliminated by ER-Associated Degradation (ERAD) (Field et al., ). We now reinvestigate VSG turnover and find no evidence for rapid degradation, consistent with a model whereby VSG synthesis is precisely regulated to match requirements for a functional surface coat on each daughter cell. However, using a mutated version of the ESAG7 subunit of the transferrin receptor (E7:Ty) we confirm functional ERAD in trypanosomes. E7:Ty fails to assemble into transferrin receptors and accumulates in the ER, consistent with retention of misfolded protein, and its turnover is selectively rescued by the proteasomal inhibitor MG132. We also show that ER accumulation of E7:Ty does not induce an unfolded protein response. These data, along with the presence of ERAD orthologues in the Trypanosoma brucei genome, confirm ERAD in trypanosomes. We discuss scenarios in which ERAD could be critical to bloodstream parasites, and how these may have contributed to the evolution of antigenic variation in trypanosomes.
Study on dietary sodium intake and excretion among residents in Laicheng district of Laiwu city

Objective To analyze the intake and excretion of dietary sodium among residents in Laicheng district of Laiwu city, and its relationship with gender,age,education level and economic status.Methods 83 residents aged 18-69 were selected into this study in June 2011.The data of dietary sodium intake were obtained by 72h dietary recall combined with condiment weighing methods.24-hour urine specimens were collected for detecting sodium,potassium and sodium/potassium ratio.T-test was used to for measurement data,one-way ANOVA for comparison between groups,Pearson bivariate for correlation analysis,Spearman nonparametric test in case of variables not following normal distributed pattern.The result of P0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results The average intake of sodium was(6 318.73±2 660.98)mg/d,which was higher in men than in women,but the difference showed no statistical significance(t=1.121,P0.05).The sodium(salt) intake showed no statistically significant difference between groups of different age(F=2.965,P0.05).The sodium(salt) intake was significantly lower in residents graduated from college or above than in other two groups,which showed statistically significant difference from that in groups graduated from junior or senior high school(P0.05).The sodium(salt) intake showed statistically significant difference between groups of different economic status(F=4.904,P0.05).24h urinary sodium was(234.33±69.16)mmol among residents aged 18-69,24 h urinary potassium was(32.17±21.71)mmol,the urinary sodium/potassium ratiowas9.15±4.39.24 h urinary sodium was higher in men than in women,but the difference was not statistical significant(t=1.929,P0.05).24 h urinary potassium was lower in men than in women,the difference showed no statistical significance(t=0.192,P0.05).The urinary sodium/potassium ratio was also lower in men than in women,showing no statistically significant difference(t=0.030,P0.05).There was statistically significant difference in 24 h urinary sodium between groups of different age(F=5.868,P0.05).However,24 h urinary sodium and potassium didn't have statistical difference between groups of different sex(P0.05).24 h urinary sodium,24 h urinary potassium and urinary sodium/potassium ratio were significantly lower in residents graduated from college or above lower than in other residents,the difference showed no statistical significance(F=1.864,0.135,0.812,P0.05).The 24 h urinary sodium,24 h urinary potassium and urinary sodium/potassium ratio showed no statistical significance between groups of different economic status(F=0.287,0.487,0.294,P0.05).Dietary sodium had a positive correlation with 24 h urinary sodium(r=0.228,P0.05),but no correlation with 24 h urinary potassium(r=0.079,P0.05).Conclusion The intake of dietary sodium is relatively high among residents of Laicheng district of Laiwu city,but the intake of potassium is insufficient.The major source of dietary sodium is condiment.Age,education level and economic status are major factors affecting the intake of sodium and 24h urinary sodium and potassium.
Pulmonary Vascularity on the Plain Chest Radiograph

The most important factor in the interpretation of any heart lesion is the radiographic appearance of the pulmonary vessels (vascularity) and lung parenchyma. The author discusses several abnormalities; he focuses particularly on pulmonary venous hypertension.
Further evidence for a membrane receptor that binds glucocorticoids in the rodent hypothalamus

In parallel with their well-characterized delayed genomic effects, steroid hormones exhibit rapid, non-genomic effects at molecular, cellular and behavioral levels. We have proposed a model of rapid, non-genomic glucocorticoid inhibition of hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells through a putative membrane-associated glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Here we tested for plasma membrane GR immunoreactivity and binding in the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. Selective cross-linking of membrane proteins with membrane-impermeant BS3 and subsequent Western blot analysis with a monoclonal GR antibody revealed a reduction in the intensities of a ∼98kDa immunoreactive band and a ∼64kDa band in the rat paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, and of a 64kDa band in hippocampal tissue, which suggested that these proteins are associated with the membrane. Saturation binding of [3H]-corticosterone and [3H]-dexamethasone in rat and mouse hypothalamic tissue revealed a Kd 4-24-fold lower and a Bmax 4-7-fold lower for the membrane-associated GR compared to the intracellular GR, suggesting a lower affinity and abundance of the glucocorticoid binding sites in the membrane than in the cytosol. Together, these findings suggest the presence of a low-affinity, low-abundance membrane-associated GR in the hypothalamus that shares homology with the intracellular GR, and are consistent with physiological evidence of rapid, non-genomic glucocorticoid actions in hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells that are GR dependent.