cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The European Indian: Jesuit Civilization Planning in New France

Europeans who came to America from the sixteenth century on, came not to discover a new world but to re-create their own versions of Europe. Whether Spanish conquistador or Virginia planter, each hoped to make America and native Americans into the shape of idealized Europes and Europeans. Of all those who made such plans, it was the Society of Jesus that had sufficient authority and manpower to put its visions into practice. Jesuits who came to New France in the 1630s brought not only Christianity but a whole complex of European social and political values. To examine Jesuit “civilization planning” in New France is to see in microcosm a significant part of early European-Indian relations.
Alveolar soft part sarcoma of the head and neck. A disease of children and young adults

Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare malignancy of uncertain histologic origin that predominantly afflicts female children and young adults. Forty-three cases occurring in the head and neck have been identified, to which we add a case. The most frequent sites of occurrence in the head and neck are orbit and tongue. Treatment is universally surgical, with limited roles for adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Representative populations of patients with orbital, non-orbital and extremity ASPS are compared statistically. Improved disease-free intervals in orbital ASPS vs non-orbital ASPS and head and neck ASPS vs extremity ASPS are documented. Debate exists regarding the histologic origin of ASPS. The additional case presented does not corroborate recent immunohistochemical studies suggesting myogenic origin. Nevertheless, the clinical pattern of disease offers additional support to the myogenic hypothesis of histologic origin.
Effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine uptake, phosphorylation and nucleotide retention in human U-937 cells

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) both increases and decreases levels of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) nucleotides in certain human myeloid cells. The present studies have examined the effects of GM-CSF on AZT metabolism in U-937 cells. The results demonstrate that GM-CSF stimulated AZT nucleotide formation in these cells. This stimulation was detectable during concurrent exposure to GM-CSF and AZT or as a result of pretreatment with GM-CSF. The GM-CSF-induced enhancement in AZT nucleotide formation was associated with a 4-fold increase in AZT uptake. The finding that uptake of AZT into U-937 cells was only partially sensitive to 6-[(4-nitrobenzyl)thio]-9-β- d -ribofuranosylpurine (NBMPR) suggested a process primarily involving nonfacilitated diffusion. The results also demonstrate that treatment of U-937 cells with GM-CSF was associated with nearly a 2-fold increase in thymidine kinase activity. Moreover, the findings indicate that retention of AZT-MP and AZP-TP was prolonged significantly (P
Centrifuged Liquid Whole Egg 2. Effects of Pasteurization on the Composition and Emulsifying Properties of the Precipitate Fraction

Abstract SEBRING (1963) and Norris (1965) studied various aspects of the physical and functional characteristics of heated and centrifuged whole egg. The supernatant fraction was further investigated by McCready et al. (1971) with little attention given to the precipitate. The precipitate comprises approximately 15 percent of the total whole egg system, therefore, some consideration should be directed toward practical reclamation of this fraction. Egg yolk and whole egg are used as emulsifiers in the production of mayonnaise and salad dressings. Therefore, one apparent application of whole egg precipitate could involve its inclusion in these products. Miller and Winter (1951) have evaluated the effects of pasteurization and freezing on the quality of mayonnaise prepared from whole egg and yolk. Palmer et al. (1969a, b) have reported on acidification, freezing, and pasteurization of salted yolk and its subsequent performance in mayonnaise. However, no reports have included utilization of whole egg precipitate in mayonnaise…
Italian banks and business services as knowledge pipelines for SMEs: Examples from Central and Eastern Europe

There are few analyses available of the role played by finance and business consultancies in post-socialist economic geographies and even fewer on the internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Both issues are addressed in this paper with a focus on Italian banks and business services as well as their relationship to SME outsourcing in Central and Eastern Europe. The basic premise of this paper is that a relationship exists between the internationalization of banks, services, and SMEs when analyzed within the framework of the Uppsala Internationalization Process Model. Specifically, banks and services allow the mobilization of resources forming knowledge pipelines between Italian firms and Central and Eastern European regional economies.
Training for emergency response with RimSim:Response!

Since developing and promoting a Pacific Rim community emergency response simulation software platform called RimSim, the PARVAC team at the University of Washington has developed a variety of first responder agents who can participate within a response simulation. Agents implement response heuristics and communications strategies in conjunction with live players trying to develop their own heuristics and communications strategies to participate in a successful community response crisis. The effort is facilitated by shared visualization of the affected geographical extent. We present initial findings from interacting with a wide variety of mixed agent simulation sessions and make the software available for others to perform their own experiments.
The effects of lovastatin in hyperlipidemic patients with the nephrotic syndrome.

Hypercholesterolemia may pose a substantial risk for cardiovascular disease. The present investigation was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the cholesterol synthesis inhibitor, lovastatin, in 13 nephrotic patients with 5.6 ± 0.7 g/24 h of albuminuria. All patients were maintained on a low cholesterol diet throughout the study. After a 4-week placebo period, lovastatin was administered, 20 mg twice daily for 6 weeks. Lovastatin reduced total cholesterol by 27% from 8.6 ± 0.6 mmol/L (331 ± 24 mg/dL) to 6.3 ± 0.4 mmol/L (242 ± 17 mg/dL) (P
Extrarenal contributions to indapamide's antihypertensive mechanism of action

Abstract Autonomic responses in heart rate and blood pressure to Valsalva maneuvers and changes in vascular reactivity to pressor doses of phenylephrine and angiotensin II were studied before and after treatment with indapamide, a new antihypertensive diuretic. Six healthy male volunteers, placed on a daily diet consisting of 100 mEq of sodium, 80 mEq of potassium, and a fluid intake of 2500 ml, participated in this single-blind, placebo-controlled study. During active treatment, 5 mg of indapamide was administered once daily for 14 days. On the mornings of hemodynamic testing, samples of blood, 24-hour urine, and plasma were obtained and analyzed for hematocrit, catecholamines and their metabolites, plasma renin activity, and aldosterone levels. Since each subject served as his own control, the results were analyzed by the paired t-test method. Plasma renin activity and 24-hour urinary aldosterone levels increased ( p p p
Surface segregation in MCrAlY alloys

This paper presents a study of surface segregation in NiCrAlY and FeCrAlY type alloys. The segre-gation was measured using Auger electron spectroscopy. Samples were heated in the spectrometer to temperatures between 800 and 1100 °C, and segregation was measured at temperature as a function of time. The results show that when yttrium and sulfur were present in the alloy, they segregated to the surface where their concentrations were greatly enriched over their bulk concentrations. The presence of yttrium in the alloy did not eliminate sulfur segregation. The surface concentration of aluminum appeared, in most cases, to be greater than its bulk concentration. However, because of uncertainty in sensitivity factors for Auger emission, this point could not be conclusively proven. Cobalt and chromium, in contrast, were depleted from the surface. Sulfur segregation was also ex-amined in Ni-S, Cr-S, Al-S, and Y-S binary alloys. Sulfur was found to segregate extensively in the nickel and chromium alloys, but to a much less extent in aluminum. No sulfur segregation was ob-served in the yttrium alloy.
Contextualizing rape: Reviewing sequelae and proposing a culturally inclusive ecological model of sexual assault recovery

Abstract Consistent evidence demonstrates that many women who encounter the trauma of rape experience a range of both acute reactions and chronic psychological sequelae. This article reviews both the short- and long-term psychological adjustment issues associated with rape. In addition, we propose a culturally inclusive ecological model of sexual assault recovery (CIEMSAR), which integrates and extends existing models to better examine the complex factors leading to differential postrape adjustment. Important components of the CIEMSAR are placing rape in the broader sociocultural context of the United States and explicated socioracial and ethnic factors influencing the recovery process. The five primary factors of CIEMSAR are outlined, including (a) macrosystem or sociocultural context factors; microsystem/individual factors such as (b) assault characteristics, (c) person variables, (d) coping responses; and mesosystems factors such as (e) social-support systems. Suggestions for future research are also provided.
Photophysical processes in low‐fluence UV laser–material interaction and the relevance to atomic layer processing

Atomic-scale material-processing tools must be developed to allow the in situ synthesis of complex, nanometre-scale, multilayer structures. These processing tools must be cost-effective, extendible to large-area surfaces and adaptable to realistic manufacturing equipment. Presented here are experimental results on the photophysical processes in low-fluence UV laser radiation of surfaces. The results suggest that atomic-level synthesis/modification of materials is possible by the laser-induced desorption by electronic excitation (LIDEE) process. The processing action employs resonance behaviour to gain species selectivity in the products desorbed. It naturally lends itself to automation (pulsed processing) and is designed for manufacturing laser systems currently used in materials processing. In addition, no potential limitations exist on the surface area which can be processed. Presented are the experimental data using crystalline Al and Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8 targets along with supporting results from Ag and W targets. The results are interpreted in the light of photodesorption models which best support the data. As a conclusion we present an outline of how the LIDEE process might be used as a nanometre-scale material-processing tool.
PARABOLIC MONOIDS I: STRUCTURE

We determine the closure of a parabolic subgroup of a reductive group in a reductive monoid. This allows us to define parabolic submonoids of a finite monoid of Lie type. These are analogues of the monoid of block upper triangular matrices. We determine the structure of -class of a finite parabolic monoid and show that such a monoid is generated by its unit group and diagonal idempotents.
The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion as a cause of hyponatremia in cystic fibrosis

The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone was observed in two patients with cystic fibrosis during acute exacerbation of chronic pulmonary disease. It was diagnosed by the accepted clinical and laboratory criteria and confirmed in one case by values for immunoreactive vasopressin that were inappropriately high for plasma osmolality. The severe hyponatremia was corrected by fluid restriction, alone or combined with intravenous treatment with a diuretic and hypertonic saline solution. In addition, there was simultaneous therapy of the pulmonary disease. SIADH thus must be added to salt loss as a cause of hyponatremia in CF, and may be more common than realized in patients with CF and severe pulmonary disease.
An analysis of the structure-activity relationship in the adrenergic blocking activity of the β-haloalkylamines☆

Abstract The work of Hall on the correlation of base strengths of aliphatic amines using Taft's polar constant, σ∗, has been extended. It has been shown that the pKa values for 92 amines can be correlated in a single two-parameter equation using σ∗ and nH, where nH indicates the number of hydrogen atoms on the protonated amino nitrogen. This relation can then form the basis for correlating chemical structure and biological activity of amines. In this paper the antagonism of adrenaline, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by a variety of 2-bromo-2-phenylalkylamines is considered. It is shown that substitutents on the aromatic ring are involved in hydrophobic bonding, while those on nitrogen do not seem to influence the biological activity in this fashion. The function of the nitrogen substituents appears to be limited to that of regulating the availability of the lone-pair electrons for immonium ion formation and for its reactivity. The compactness of the nitrogen substituents is shown to be necessary for high adrenergic blocking activity. Possible ways of molecular modification for more active compounds are suggested.
Testing for Instrumentation in Transportation Time Series Data: A Case Study

Instrumentation is one of the threats to the validity of experiments. Four possible cases of instrumentation in a time series of traffic accident statistics in Illinois since the mid-1970s were tested, primarily by using autoregressive integrated moving average methods. Two of these cases, a 1977 change in the reporting threshold for property-damage-only (PDO) accidents and a 1989 change in the definition of a fatality, were not found to be significant. A 1989 change in the method of tabulating monthly data and a 1992 change in the reporting threshold for PDO accidents were statistically significant. These two cases combined could account for a more than 15 percent decline in PDO accidents.
Thermochemistry of C−C and C−H Bond Breaking in Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

Density functional theory quantum chemical calculations corrected with empirical atomic increments have been used to determine the gas-phase standard enthalpy of formation at 298.15 K of more than 80 oxygenated radicals potentially formed during thermal decomposition and oxidation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) at combustion temperatures. Neither experimental nor theoretical data have been found in the literature for these radicals. C−H and C−C bond scissions in FAMEs are examined and mechanistic information is obtained based on thermochemical considerations.
A 19–year–old man with severe obstructive lung disease

Abstract A 19-year-old boy presented to ambulatory clinic with shortness of breath after walking two blocks. He denied any cough, orthopnea, chest pain or hemoptysis. Ten months prior to admission he was admitted to the medical intensive care unit with respiratory failure and was diagnosed with Goodpasture syndrome. He was treated with cyclophosphamide and steroids. He was discharged home after recovering. Patient subsequently developed dyspnea on minimal exertion. Spirometry showed severe obstructive lung disease and HRCT of chest showed diffuse micronodular disease with patchy ground-glass opacities, mild bronchiectasis and bronchiolectasis. Serologies for goodpasture syndrome were normal. A diagnosis of post-Goodpasture syndrome constrictive bronchiolitis was made. Due to severity of symptoms he was treated with azithromycin. His FEV1 doubled in 3 months and in addition to significant clinical improvement the HRCT findings also improved. This is the first described case of constrictive bronciolitis developing as an aftermath of Goodpasture syndrome.
Out of Plane Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in a Two-dimensional Periodic Dielectric Medium

Abstract By the use of the plane wave method we have calculated the dispersion curves (photonic band structure) of electromagnetic waves propagating in a structure consisting of an infinite array of parallel, infinitely long, dielectric rods of arbitrary cross-section, characterized by a dielectric constant ea, embedded in a medium characterized by a dielectric constant eb, when the intersections of the axes of the rods with a perpendicular plane form a two-dimensional Bravais lattice. In contrast with earlier calculations of the photonic band structures of two-dimensional, periodic, dielectric structures, in the present work the electromagnetic waves are assumed to propagate out of the plane perpendicular to the rods. In numerical calculations we study a triangular lattice of air cylinders in a dielectric medium, which has recently been shown to possess a band gap common to waves of both E and H polarization for propagation in the plane perpendicular to the rods. The shifts of the edges of this absolute ...
On the effect of boundary vibration on poiseuille flow of an elastico-viscous liquid

Abstract The longitudinal and orthogonal superposition of boundary driven, small strain, oscillatory shear flow and steady Poiseuille flow is investigated. Boundary oscillations are of different frequencies and amplitudes and are represented by sinusoidal waveforms. A regular perturbation in terms of the amplitude of the oscillations is used. The flow field is determined up to and including third order for a simple fluid of multiple integral type with fading memory. Flow enhancement effects dependent on material parameters, mean pressure gradient, and amplitude and frequency of the boundary waves are predicted and closed form formulas derived for the mass transport rate. Enhancement is determined both by the elastic and shear thinning or thickening properties of the liquid. Resonance effects are shown to take place and, in particular, mean secondary and longitudinal flows, independent of the mean pressure gradient, are shown to exist for certain frequency relationships.
Neurophysiological intraoperative monitoring of the glossopharyngeal nerve: technical case report.

Objective Neurophysiological intraoperative monitoring of the glossopharyngeal nerve has been performed only with needle electrodes inserted into the pharyngeal muscles or soft palate. We describe a noninvasive method of monitoring this cranial nerve. Methods A 30-year-old man who presented with headache, as well as speech and swallowing difficulty, underwent surgical resection of a right vagus nerve schwannoma. Neurophysiological intraoperative monitoring of multiple lower cranial nerves, including the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves, was performed. Results The glossopharyngeal nerve was monitored with an adhesive surface electrode mounted on the cuff of a laryngeal mask airway, and the vagus nerve was monitored with a similar electrode mounted on the endotracheal tube. Successful monitoring allowed separation of the glossopharyngeal nerve from the tumor, and there was no postoperative swallowing deficit. Conclusion Monitoring of the glossopharyngeal nerve with surface electrodes is possible and reliable, but it must be combined with vagus nerve monitoring.
Background ozone in the southern Europe and Mediterranean area : Influence of the transport processes

The troposphere is subject to continuous inputs, production and removal processes of ozone and its precursors from natural processes and human activities acting together within a very complex system. In order to assess the behaviour of background ozone in the Mediterranean area, a description of trends, seasonal and diurnal behaviours of free tropospheric ozone is provided. In the Mediterranean area and southern Europe the background tropospheric ozone concentration appears significantly affected by three main air mass transport processes: (i) transport of polluted air masses on regional and long-range scales, (ii) downward transport of stratospheric air masses, and (iii) transport of mineral dust from the Sahara desert. In this review of the literature of the last two decades, we present an overview of these phenomena, mainly monitored at high baseline mountain stations representative of background atmospheric conditions.
A reconsideration of Roger Bacon's theory of pinhole images

Some time ago in this periodical, I published an analysis of the theory of pinhole images from antiquity through the thirteenth century.1 One of the theories discussed was that of Roger Bacon, drawn from the Opus maius and De multiplicatione specierum the only two works, so far as I then knew, where Bacon considered the problem. In the meantime I have had occasion to examine another work often attributed to Bacon, entitled De speculis comburentibus ; to my surprise, I discovered that this work, despite its title, devotes considerable space (one fourth of its total) to the theory of pinhole images. Moreover, it became apparent that the theories there discussed add considerable clarification to the development of the theory of pinhole images in the thirteenth century. If Bacon is indeed their author, it is clear that his contribution to the theory of pinhole images must be reconsidered. The question of authorship need not detain us for long. Both Glorieux and Little list De speculis comburentibus among Bacon's genuine works, and a consideration of the evidence corroborates their judgment.2 In the first place, since it was used by Pecham, De speculis comburentibus cannot have been written later than the mid-1 270' s thus considerably narrowing the field of possible authors. Since Bacon and Pecham were both Franciscans and residents together in the Parisian convent during the 126O's, attribution of the treatise to Bacon would explain its availability to Pecham. 3 Moreover, it is attributed to Bacon in the explicit of the Vienna manuscript, and in the Bodley and Riccardian manuscripts (where it is anonymous) it follows Bacon's Perspectiva.41 Finally, stylistically De speculis comburentibus bears the stamp of Bacon's authorship. 5
Estimation of atrial response to entrainment pacing using electrograms recorded from remote sites.

Determination of Entrainment Response. Introduction: Assessing the entrainment response by measuring pustpacing intervals (PPIs) at the pacing site facilitates localization of reentrant circuits, but may be technically difficult. Methods and Results: There were 269 right atrial sites entrained in 21 circuits in congenital heart patients left atrial (LA) electrograms were recorded. Entrainment response was measured by two methods: (1) PPI-tachycardia cycle length, and (2) the difference in latencies between the stimulus artifact and the pacing site electrogram, referenced to the LA electrogram. PPI also was measured from the LA as an index of antidromic activation. Among 43 pacing sites with antidromic LA activation, half showed a discrepancy ≥25 msec between methods 1 and 2. At the other 226 sites, agreement between the two methods was high (mean discrepancy -3 ± 8 msec, r = 0.975, 0 sites with discrepancy ≥25 msec). Correcting all sites by LA antidromicity reduced the mean discrepancy to +1 ± 6 msec and improved correlation (r = 0.988). Conclusion: LA electrograms can be used to estimate right atrial entrainment response, if antidromic activation of the LA is recognized and taken into account.
Prone to Progress: Using Personality to Identify Supporters of Innovative Social Entrepreneurship

Abstract One of the main challenges in social entrepreneurship is capturing stakeholder support—from consumers, to legislators, to volunteers, to many others. Identifying likely supporters is the first step to sustainable success, but a difficult one. This research examines whether personality influences a person's tendency to support innovative social entrepreneurial (SE) ventures. Here, the possible influence of the “Big Five” personality traits (i.e., openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism [OCEAN]) is examined; however, in line with prior research, attention is focused on both openness (an OCEAN trait) and empathy (a non-OCEAN trait). Two types of SE ventures are considered: social innovations and technological innovations. Data from a survey evaluating six SE ventures (three social and three technological) reveal that participants' personality influences support; however, observed influence differs by type of venture—openness underlies support of technological innova...
Assessment of falsework performance using fuzzy set concepts

Abstract Human-based uncertainties which are abundant in falsework construction are seldom included in the assessment of falsework performance. The classical probability concept is impractical and fails to treat the uncertainties which are commonly expressed in linguistic variables. A method of assessing falsework adequacy has been developed based on a fuzzy set concept. This concept interpretes in mathematical terms the linguistic variables of subjective appraisals of the falsework enabling and triggering events and their consequences. Graphical display were constructed from the final assessment and presented as a guide to determine the overall falsework performance. This method can be used as a tool for quality control processes in which reduction of the enabling and triggering events can be conducted to achieve a desired level of overall falsework performance.
The effects of sensory stimulation in inducing or intensifying the “transport response” in white rats

A series of experiments was carried out to investigate the ability of different types of stimulation to induce or intensify the “transport response” in 15-day-old rat pups when an initial stimulus, a pinch to the nape of the neck, produced either no transport response or only a very weak response. Rat pups given supplemental tactile stimulation, in the form of either an airpuff to the ventrum of a pinch to the tail, showed consistently stronger response intensities than when given only a pinch to the nape of the neck. Visual and auditory stimuli produced no increment in response intensities over those with only a dorsal pinch. Two additional experiments were carried out. The first investigated the ability of a puff of mist from an atomizer to induce a transport response in rats too old to show a strong response. The second investigated the induction of the transport response with supplemental stimulation in 19-day-old pups given haloperidol. Results suggest a nondopaminergic system subserving the response facilitation seen with supplemental tactile stimulation.
Deuteron as a soliton in the Skyrme model

The minimal-energy static soliton solution with baryon number 2 in the Skyrme model is discussed. It is shown that, upon quantizing the spin isospin collective coordinates and taking into account a conjectured discrete symmetry of the solution, the lowest energy state can have the spin, isospin, and parity quantum numbers of the deuteron. This identification is supported by approximate calculations using a product ansatz, which give reasonable values for the charge radius and the magnetic and quadrupole moments.
Black-White Differences among College Students: A Comparison of MMPI and MMPI-2 Norms:

In 1964, Butcher, Ball, and Ray administered the original Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) to White students at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH) and Black ...
Dissipation and Decay Estimates

We establish the optimal rates of decay estimates of global solutions of some abstract differential equations, which include many partial differential equations. We provide a general treatment so that any future problem will enjoy the decay estimates displayed here as long as the general hypotheses are satisfied. The main hypotheses are the existence of global solutions of the equations and some growth control of the Fourier transform of the solutions. We establish the optimal rates of decay of the solutions for initial data in different spaces. The main ingredients and technical tools are the Fourier splitting method, the iteration skill and the energy estimates.
Toddler with unexplained multiple bruises.

It is often very challenging for clinicians to distinguish between accidental, intentional, and other causes of bruising such as underlying bleeding disorder in a child with extensive bruising. We present a case of a 17-month-old healthy male who presented to our emergency department with multiple unexplained bruises after an unwitnessed fall and was subsequently diagnosed with congenital vitamin K-dependent clotting factor deficiency. This case illustrates the importance of thorough assessment in evaluating a child with multiple bruises to differentiate accidental from intentional injuries as well as to recognize bleeding disorders, which warrant specific diagnostic workup. Language: en
A Novel Method to Detect Functional MicroRNA Targets

MicroRNA (miRNA) molecules are non-coding RNAs, 19 to 24 nt in length that have been identified recently as important regulators of gene expression. Several computational methods have been developed to describe the target recognition mechanism by miRNA. We propose here a novel method to detect miRNA-mRNA complexes in eukaryotic cells. As a first step, we synthesize cDNA on an mRNA template using miRNAs as the endogenous cytoplasmic primer. This step extends miRNA and overcomes the problem of low complementary binding of miRNAs to their targets. Purified hybrid 3'-cDNA-miRNA-5' molecules are used in a second round of reverse transcription to anneal to target mRNA in a highly gene-specific manner. The 5'-end analysis of these cDNA molecules demonstrated that primers for cDNAs were "signatures" of miRNA molecules, and over-expression of their full-length mature miRNAs resulted in functional inhibition of target protein expression.
How Does Educational Technology Benefit Humanity? Five Years of Evidence

This article presents a review of the 25 finalists (Laureates) in the Education category of the Technology Benefiting Humanity Awards, which started in 2001. Most of the applicants can be considered social entrepreneurs working to improve educational systems and the learning opportunities and experiences of their intended beneficiaries. While the benefits to humanity derived from educational technology are often taken for granted, the work of these 25 Laureates, working in countries around the world, provides an opportunity to critically examine how such benefits are actually obtained. Based on this analytical review, suggestions for further research and development in educational technology are presented.
Superimposition of a strong microwave signal on the laser injection current: spectral characteristics and impact on modal noise

In multimode fiber systems the strongest high-frequency modal noise generated by laser mode partitioning appears at the shorter distances where the modal dispersion is smaller than the laser coherence time. It is shown that the addition of an auxiliary microwave signal (AMS) reduces the laser mode partitioning and thus provides a reduction in the modal noise level. The optimum AMS frequency is 80-90% of the relaxation frequency, and the optimum AMS modulation index is 1.5-2.0. At these values the mode partition k-factor is reduced by a factor 3 in a 1 Gb/s system which gives rise to an estimated reduction in the detected modal noise level of 9.5 dB. The improvement in mode partitioning and modal noise reduction increases as the ratio between the relaxation frequency and the bit rate increases. >
Toward A Second Generation Electronic Nose at JPL: Sensing Film Optimization Studies

Development of a second generation Electronic Nose at JPL is focusing on optimization of the sensing films to increase sensitivity and optimization of the array.
Racial Integration of Coaching Evidence From the NFL

Using National Football League (NFL) data from 1987 to 2007, we examine the hiring of African American head coaches. Our results partly support an innovation explanation in that integration proceed...
On the use of orthogonal GMM in speaker recognition

The Gaussian mixture modeling (GMM) techniques are increasingly being used for both speaker identification and verification. Most of these models assume diagonal covariance matrices. Although empirically any distribution can be approximated with a diagonal GMM, a large number of mixture components are usually needed to obtain a good approximation. A consequence of using a large GMM is that its training is time consuming and its response speed is very slow. This paper proposes a modification to the standard diagonal GMM approach. The proposed scheme includes an orthogonal transformation: feature vectors are first transformed to the space spanned by the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix before applying to the diagonal GMM. Only a small computational load is introduced by this transformation, but results from both speaker identification and verification experiments indicated that the orthogonal transformation considerably improves the recognition performance. For a specific performance level, the GMM with orthogonal transform needs only one-fourth the number of Gaussian functions required by the standard GMM.
Time Course of the Blockade Effect of Propranolol on Sinus Node and Atrioventricular Node

The time course of the blockade effect of propranolol on the sinus node (SN) and the atrioventricular node (AVN) was studied in six normal volunteers. Serial isoproterenol infusions were done before and after oral propranolol administration, 160 mg daily for two days. The inhibition by propranolol of the heart rate increases due to isoproterenol was used to assess the blockade of the sinus node, and the diminution by propranolol of the shortening in the PR interval due to isoproterenol was used to assess the blockade of the atrioventricular node. The blockade effects on the sinus node and the atrioventricular node were identical and persisted more than 24 hours. There was no good relationship between plasma propranolol and blockade effect on sinus node and/or atrioventricular node as propranolol was no longer detectable in the plasma 24 hours after the last dose. A transient hypersensitivity to isoproterenol was present 36 to 48 hours after propranolol withdrawal. The explanation of these phenomena most likely lies in the peculiar nature of beta-adrenergic receptors.
Coolant pump drive: an application for switched reluctance machines

Current vehicle architectures utilize belt driven components such as the coolant pump, air-conditioner, power steering pump etc. However, the trend toward more electric vehicles requires novel applications of machines to replace these inefficient mechanical components. It is essential that the electrical machines used in automotive applications be compatible with the corresponding mechanical and electrical terminals. Furthermore, replacement of belt driven components with electrical drives, should be performed as efficient and cost effective as possible. Switched reluctance machines (SRM) are both cost effective and very robust to the effects of temperature variation. They also offer a very wide speed range and an excellent mechanical integrity, which optimally suits the coolant pump application. In this paper, we propose to utilize an 8/6 SRM to drive a coolant pump. Control and design issues of the SRM, with respect to the coolant pump application are addressed.
Dynamics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in oceanic environments

Cross-flow ultrafiltration techniques and a high-temperature combustion (HTC) method were used to investigate the distributions and fluxes of dissolved (DOC) and colloidal organic carbon (COC) in the Gulf of Mexico and in the Middle Atlantic Bight. Concentrations of DOC in both regions decreased from 580 PM in surface waters to -45 PM in deep waters and showed large vertical gradients in the subsurface layer. The vertical distributions of DOC were oceanographically consistent. A conservative mixing behavior of DOC was observed in slope waters, and water mixing processes were important factors in controlling the distribution of DOC in the ocean. Calculated downward fluxes of DOC are comparable to those measured for particulate organic C. Size fractionation results revealed that COC (1 kDa-0.2 pm) comprised -4O-50% of the total DOC in seawater off Cape Hatteras, while it comprised -30-40% in the Gulf of Mexico. Highmolecular-weight COC,, (10 kDa-0.2 pm) represented 4-l 0% of the total DOC in both study areas. Concentrations of COC, , COC3, and COC,, and their percentages in the total DOC decreased from nearshore to offshore and from surface to deep waters. The COC fractions seem to partition in a predictable way in seawater, with DOC concentration as a master variable. On average, 4-7% of the total DOC was in the COC,, fraction, 7-14% was in the 3-lo-kDa fraction, and -24% was in the I-3-kDa fraction, leaving 5565% in the < I-kDa fraction.
Evaluating conservation voltage reduction: An application of GridLAB-D: An open source software package

Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) is the reduction of energy consumption resulting from a reduction of the service voltage. While there have been numerous CVR deployments in North America, there has been little substantive analytic analysis of the effect; the majority of the published results are based on empirical field measurements. Due to the lack of analytic study, it is difficult to determine the impacts of CVR outside of sites that have conducted demonstration projects. This panel paper will examine a framework for the analysis of CVR using the open source software package GridLAB-D. An open source simulation environment is used to highlight the effectiveness of open source software programs and their ability to be used for evaluating multi-disciplinary smart grid technologies.
The Prophetic Persona of James Cone and the Rhetorical Theology of Black Theology

It has been forty years since James Cone burst on the scene with his provocative and challenging book Black Theology and Black Power. However, as Black Theology made its way through the halls of academia, Cone faced not only theological challenges but he also faced rhetorical challenges along the way. In this essay, drawing upon what I call rhetorical theology, I argue that in order to present Black Theology as a theological enterprise, Cone not only drew upon the rhetoric of Black Power, he also adopted a prophetic persona to create not only space and place, but also to find voice to articulate his views. I also argue that if Black Theology is to remain a force in the academy and in the world, Black Theology needs to become rhetorical theology.
Model-checking of component-based event-driven real-time embedded software

As complexity of real-time embedded software grows, it is desirable to use formal verification techniques to achieve a high level of assurance. We discuss application of model-checking to verify system-level concurrency properties of component-based real-time embedded software based on CORBA event service, using avionics mission computing software as an application example. We use the process algebra FSP to formalize specification of software components and system architecture, previously only available in the form of natural language and prone to misinterpretation and misunderstanding, and use model-checking to verify system-level concurrency properties. We also discuss effective techniques for coping with the state-space explosion problem by exploiting application domain semantics. We have applied our analysis techniques to realistic application scenarios provided by our industry partner to demonstrate their utility and power.
Interdecadal changes in the ENSO-monsoon system

Abstract The El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian monsoon are shown to have undergone significant interdecadal changes in variance and coherency over the last 125 years. Wavelet analysis is applied to indexes of equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature (Nino3 SST), the Southern Oscillation index, and all-India rainfall. Time series of 2–7-yr variance indicate intervals of high ENSO–monsoon variance (1875–1920 and 1960–90) and an interval of low variance (1920–60). The ENSO–monsoon variance also contains a modulation of ENSO–monsoon amplitudes on a 12–20-yr timescale. The annual-cycle (1 yr) variance time series of Nino3 SST and Indian rainfall is negatively correlated with the interannual ENSO signal. The 1-yr variance is larger during 1935–60, suggesting a negative correlation between annual-cycle variance and ENSO variance on interdecadal timescales. The method of wavelet coherency is applied to the ENSO and monsoon indexes. The Nino3 SST and Indian rainfall are found to be highly coherent, ...
Light Rail Transit in Pittsburgh, Pa.

A review of rapid transit planning and implementation in Pittsburgh with major emphasis upon the Port Authority's Early Action Program South Hills fixed guideway element. As the result of waning community consensus for proceeding with the rubber-tired Skybus, the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA) suspended further implementation in October, 1974. In 1975, key representatives of the local and state governments as well as the Port Authority formed a Special Task Force to break the deadlocked fixed guideway transit technology issue by selecting an independent consultant to perform a final alternative analysis study. With the completion of the South Hills Alternative Analysis and acceptance of the Light Rail Transit (LRT) technology recommendations in March, 1976, a community consensus was achieved which has resulted in the implementation of engineering and environmental impact studies with the objective of having the Stage I — LRT System operational in the South Hills sector early in the 1980's.
Waveform window #19. Seize the day.

(2011). Waveform Window #19 Seize The Day. American Journal of Electroneurodiagnostic Technology: Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 54-57.
Chronic and Recurrent Headaches in Children and Adolescents

Headache is a common chronic and recurrent symptom in children and adolescents. The author discusses the prevalence of headache, its differential diagnosis, interpretation of symptoms, methods of assessment, and pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment approaches.
Emotions and symbolic boundaries. Reflections on youths’ views about migration in Italy

ABSTRACTEmotions can play a significant role in the way individuals learn about, adopt or reject the conceptual distinctions that categorize people and groups along different lines of belonging. In particular, in the experience of personal and others’ migration, individuals can be confronted with a variety of emotions, and can refer to various emotion categories in order to make sense of the possible differences and similarities between themselves and others. This paper discusses the relationship between emotions and boundaries by drawing on a combination of cognitive perspectives and the boundary-making approach. It analyses some essays of adolescents in a state high school in Italy concerning their attitudes towards migration, and investigates how these youths understand and transform socio-ethnic categories through emotions.
Buffer sizing in internet routers

Internet routers require buffers to hold packets during times of congestion. The buffers need to be fast, and so ideally they should be small enough to use fast memory technologies such as SRAM or all-optical buffering. Unfortunately, a widely used rule-of-thumb says we need a bandwidth-delay product of buffering at each router so as not to lose link utilization. This can be prohibitively large. In a recent paper, Appenzeller et al. challenged this rule-of-thumb and showed that for a backbone network the buffer size can be divided by sqrt( N) without sacrificing throughput, where N the number of flows sharing the bottleneck. In this dissertation, we explore how buffers in the backbone can be significantly reduced even more, to as little as a few dozen packets, if we are willing to sacrifice a small amount of link capacity. We argue that if the TCP sources are not overly bursty, then 20-50 packet buffers are sufficient for high throughput. Specifically, we argue that O(log W) buffers are sufficient, where W is the congestion window size of each flow. We support our claim with analysis, a variety of simulations, and some experiments in real networks. The change we need to make to TCP is minimal---each sender just needs to pace packet injections from its window. Moreover, there is some evidence that such small buffers are sufficient even if we do not modify the TCP sources so long as the access network is much slower than the backbone, which is true today and likely to remain true in the future. We conclude that buffers can be made small enough for all-optical routers with small integrated optical buffers.
The Stigma of Surrender: German Prisoners, British Captors, and Manhood in the Great War and Beyond

Recent scholarship on the history of masculinity has struggled with a difficult question: how did men form ideals of manhood in the traumatic context of total war? While scholars like George Mosse have studied how medical and political authorities in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries defined images of manhood, the more complex, often contradictory self-conceptions of ordinary soldiers coping with the physical and psychological stresses of combat have remained more elusive. Hegemonic images of manhood in the age of total war featured the “martial masculinity” of steel-nerved, emotionally controlled heroes willing to die for the nation. But this ideal was challenged as many men had to incorporate a “softer side” of nurturing and compassion to survive the destructive effects of modern industrialized war. In The Stigma of Surrender, Brian Feltman (Georgia Southern Univ.) investigates the understudied experiences of German POWs from 1914 to 1920. He analyzes the psychological and emotional universe of men enduring the emasculating conditions of capture and imprisonment. In a military culture prizing the glory of heroic death as the ultimate expression of manhood, they suffered the stigma of falling short of prescribed gender roles. Feltman argues that these POWs underwent a crisis of identity and had to re-establish themselves as “real men” who served their country even while imprisoned. To this end, they cultivated a camp culture of resistance and redemption in a new kind of battle against their captors. This gave them a much needed higher purpose beyond the crushing routine of daily life in British prisoner camps. The author seeks to expand our understanding of manhood in war by revealing how men negotiated and changed prevailing images of masculinity in a specific context of trauma and defeat. Inspired by new perspectives on the history of emotions, Feltman uses POW voices to clarify the effects of their humiliation, depression, and separation. Drawing on over a thousand letters in various German archives and samples from camp newspapers, capture reports, and unpublished memoirs, he offers fascinating glimpses into the everyday lives and emotions of men who were made to feel like failures and even traitors to their families and their nation. Chapter 1, “Between Victory and Death,” concerns the immediate effects of surrender on a German soldier’s sense of self: “If going to war confirmed an individual’s manhood, the act of battlefield surrender challenged a soldier’s masculine identity and cast doubt upon his commitment to Germany’s national struggle” (13). Of the more than 997,000 German soldiers captured during the Great War, about 325,000 fell into British captivity. German military authorities often portrayed surrendering sol-