cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soot inception in a methane/air diffusion flame as characterized by detailed species profiles

Abstract Detailed species concentration profiles have been measured using optical and mass spectrometric methods in an atmospheric pressure methane air diffusion flame burning on a Wolfhard-Parker slot burner. Relative concentrations have been determined for OH by laser-induced fluorescence and, in addition, laser-induced production of C2 has been monitored by fluorescence measurements. Broadband ultraviolet and visible fluorescence have been observed, and both are attributed to PAH, although other molecules may be responsible for these emissions at elevated temperatures. Small soot particles were detected by laser-induced ionization. Using a direct sampling mass spectrometer, absolute concentrations have been measured for methane, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen, acetylene, butadiene, and toluene. Profile measurements of several additional intermediate hydrocarbons have also been made, including methylacetylene (and/or allene), vinylacetylene, diacetylene, triacetylene, benzene, and naphthalene. These profiles are combined with velocity, temperature, and Rayleigh scattering measurements to characterize the region of chemical growth in a luminous diffusion flame. The soot inception zone occurs at the high temperature edge of a region in which intermediate hydrocarbons are abundant. The positions of the peak concentrations for these species follow isothermal contours as a function of height above the burner. This result illustrates the dominant role of chemical steps in the growth processes which lead to the formation of the earliest soot particles. An analysis of the species concentration profiles in terms of the local equivalence ratio successfully correlates the data for the major species and the temperature, but is not adequate for any of the profiles of the intermediate hydrocarbons or for the small soot particles.
Pelvic Lymphangioleiomyomatosis: Atypical Precursor to Pulmonary Disease

A 22-year-old woman presented with left pelvic pain and mass. Ultrasonography confirmed a multilocular left adnexal mass containing cysts of varying sizes. The patient had no pulmonary symptoms at the time of presentation. The mass was surgically excised and pathologic diagnosis of lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) was made. Subsequently, she developed hemoptysis and pleural effusion. High-resolution computed tomography of the chest showed findings consistent with LAM. Early diagnosis and treatment for LAM was possible in this atypical case.
Treatment of gastrointestinal ischemic injury.

Importance of gastrointestinal ischemic injury in the horse According to a recent national survey, approximately 4% of horses have an episode of colic annually, with a case fatality rate of 11% [1]. Strangulating obstruction, a disease process in which simultaneous occlusion of the intestinal lumen and vasculature results in ischemic mucosal injury [2–4], is one of the principal causes of colic-associated deaths in horses. For example, in a multiyear referral hospital-based study, 21% of horses referred for evaluation of colic had strangulating obstruction and 75% of these horses died, whereas of the 31% of horses that had simple obstruction (an obstruction of the intestinal lumen without obstruction of vasculature), only 25% died [5]. Although survival of horses undergoing surgery for strangulating obstruction has recently dramatically improved [6], these data indicate that approximately twice as many deaths are associated with strangulating intestinal obstruction compared with simple intestinal obstruction [7,8]. These studies rely on data from university-based populations of horses, however, which reflect the most severe cases. Nonetheless, there are a number of studies that have assessed the prevalence and mortality of colic-related diseases in field populations of horses. For instance, a study conducted in the United Kingdom showed that 14 of 200 (7%) horses evaluated for colic over 2 years in a general equine practice died and that 12 of these 14 deaths were associated with intestinal strangulation [9]. A more recent set of studies by the same author has confirmed that horses with strangulating lesions had consistently higher mortality rates, a finding that was reflected by the fact that resection length and length of surgery had considerable prognostic value [10,11]. Furthermore, a pattern of mortality was identified in which a high mortality rate was noted within the
HWCVD MoO3 nanoparticles and a-Si for next generation Li-ion anodes

Abstract We have employed hot wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) for the generation of MoO 3 nanostructures at high density. Furthermore, the morphology of the nanoparticles is easily tailored by altering the HWCVD synthesis conditions. The MoO 3 nanoparticles have been demonstrated as high-capacity Li-ion battery anodes for next-generation electric vehicles. Specifically, the MoO 3 anodes have been shown to have approximately three times the Li-ion capacity of commercially employed graphite anodes in thick electrodes suitable for vehicular applications. However because the materials are high volume expansion materials (≥ 100%), conformal Al 2 O 3 coatings deposited with atomic layer deposition (ALD) were required before high rate capability was demonstrated. Recently, NREL is exploring high capacity Si anode materials that have a volume expansion of ~ 400%. It is assumed that new ALD coatings will need to be developed in order to stabilize Si as an anode material. Silicon is a superior choice for an anode material to the metal oxide structures due to both a higher capacity and a significantly lower hysteresis in the voltage vs. Li/Li + for the charge/discharge profiles.
Mine detection in multispectral imagery data using constrained energy minimization

Multispectral imagery is used for a wide variety of military and commercial applications, including object detection such as mines. The main reason for using multispectral imagery is that it reveals spectral information about the scene which cannot be obtained from a single spectral band. This paper introduces a new algorithm for mine detection in multispecral imagery using the constrained energy minimization (CEM) approach. The CEM approach is introduced as classifier. The novelty of this idea is that this classifier uses only the information of the mines for training and enabling the potential mines without using information about the clutter in the scene. Using only mines information for detection is a major advantage of the CEM approach. In addition, the CEM approach is modified such that recomputing the autocorrelation matrix is not necessary and using the algorithm became scene independent Then, to reduce the false alarm further, morphological processing and stochastic expectation maximization (SEM) algorithm are employed for post-processing. The results of the proposed algorithm were promising when the algorithm is tested using real multispectral imagery.
The Kondo effect in novel systems

Abstract Recent experiments have observed the Kondo effect in a variety of novel systems. These include single magnetic impurities on surfaces, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, and Buckyballs (C60 molecules). Here, I review the spin-1/2 Kondo effect, with an eye toward recognizing novel Kondo systems.
Nitrate removal using a mixed-culture entrapped microbial cell immobilization process under high salt conditions

Abstract Brine wastes resulting from the regeneration of exhausted ion exchange resins require further treatment for final disposal. In this study, a mixed-culture entrapped microbial cell immobilization (EMCI) process for nitrate removal from brine wastes was examined. Because of the presence of elevated concentrations of sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate in the brine waste, the effects of high salt concentrations on the mixed-culture EMCI process and sludge production were investigated. Denitrification capacity of the mixed-culture EMCI process was found to be slightly affected at sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate concentrations up to 20 g/l. The process generally performs better than other biodenitrification processes in the presence of salt concentration typically required for the regeneration of ion exchange resins. The cell yields were estimated to be 0.11 gSS produced/g COD removal or 0.36 g SS produced/g nitrate-N removed. The mixed-culture EMCI process was found to be an economical alternative for treatment of brine wastes and exhibits a great potential to be coupled with an ion exchange process for complete nitrate removal. The proposed coupling represents a closed-loop treatment in which the brine waste from ion exchange processing is denitrified by the mixed-culture EMCI process and the denitrified effluent is recycled to regenerate exhausted resins, resulting in the reduction of salt requirements for regeneration.
Surface effects on the magnetic behavior of nanocrystalline nickel ferrites and nickel ferrite-polymer nanocomposites

Abstract The magnetization studies on nanocrystalline nickel ferrite as powder particles, and as diluted dispersion (10 wt.%) in polymer matrix (polymer nanocomposites) are presented. The two polymer-based nanocomposites were prepared via ball-milling and in situ polymerization, respectively. The magnetization measurements provide strong evidence of surface effects to magnetization, which explains the non-saturation of magnetization at high fields. The differences in the magnetization behavior of nickel ferrite as powder particles and in the ball-milled nanocomposite and the nanocomposite prepared via in situ polymerization are attributed to the different extent of interparticle interactions between the particles and the preparation route. The magnetization versus applied field behavior of the three ferrite systems show a similar jump in the initial part of the magnetization curve in all the cases which implies the existence of a core-shell like morphology of the particles over a large temperature range and its dominance over the interparticle interaction effects between the particles.
Stylet Penetration Estimates for a Suite of Phytophagous Hemipteran Pests of Row Crops

ABSTRACT Members of the Miridae (Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois and Pseudatomoscelis seriatus Reuter) and Pentatomidae (Acrosternum hilare Say, Euschistus servus (Say), Euschistus tristigmus (Say), Euschistus quadrator Rolston, Oebalus pugnax (F.), Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood), and Thyanta custator accerra McAtee) comprise a piercing—sucking insect complex that continues to plague multiple crops, including cotton. All these species have been associated with pathogen transmission. Breaching of boll carpel walls facilitates introduction of pathogens, and it is unknown whether stylets of these pests can fully penetrate carpel walls. Thus, stylet penetration estimates are needed and have been the focus of the present work. Stylet penetration estimates for L. lineolaris were significantly deeper than P. seriatus. Among the Pentatomidae, highest mean penetrationwas estimated for E. servus followed by A. hilare, yet A. hilare possessed a longer rostrum. Similarly, O. pugnax showed deeper penetration est...
Peptide YY levels are associated with appetite suppression in response to long-chain fatty acids.

Abstract Release of peptide YY 3–36 (PYY 3–36 ) has been proposed to contribute to postprandial satiety. Using a randomized, double-blind design, we examined the effects of a 417 kcal beverage with 95% of the calories from long-chain fatty acids compared to a 21 kcal lipid-free control beverage on the temporal profiles of total plasma PYY levels and appetite ratings in 12 normal-weight human subjects. Ratings were taken before ingestion of the beverage and 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min later. Blood samples were taken from the subjects when ratings were made. The lipid beverage increased plasma PYY relative to the control beverage at 60–180 min after ingestion. Subjects were divided into High and Low PYY groups ( N = 6 in each group) on the basis of a median split. In the High PYY group, the lipid beverage was more effective in suppressing hunger and enhancing satiety than in the Low PYY group, in which the lipid beverage had no effects on appetite. Within the High PYY group, changes in mean relative hunger suppression (changes in hunger specifically attributable to the lipid load) across the 3-h test closely paralleled changes in plasma PYY after ingestion of the lipid beverage relative to the control beverage. The close temporal correspondence between these variables supports the proposed role of this peptide in the intermediate-term control of intake, possibly acting to regulate appetite during the intermeal interval.
False Elevation of Serum Creatinine Following Skin Absorption of Nitromethane Complicates the Clinical Diagnosis of Rhabdomyolysis

A patient had extensive blunt trauma from a high-speed crash in which nitromethane fuel erupted from the fuel tank and soaked into his protective multilayer jumpsuit. The clinical diagnosis was complicated because the absorption of nitromethane fuel through the skin and by inhalation falsely increased the serum creatinine value when a modified Jaffe reaction was used in the laboratory. This spurious value was "unmasked" by the use of an enzymatic method to measure the serum creatinine level. A high serum creatinine value disproportionate to the level of BUN and recent skin exposure to nitromethane were the clinical indications that suggested the differentiation of massive rhabdomyolysis from spurious hypercreatinemia. This spurious value was a confounding factor in the diagnosis of crush syndrome and rhabdomyolysis.
Chemical Detection Techniques for Diagnosing Dairy Herd Health Problems

Collections and handling of samples for chemical analyses present many problems. There are at least four factors which contribute to analytical errors: sampling variation, subsampling variation, analytical errors, and storage of specimens. Field sampling methods probably cause the greatest variations and chances for error, especially for feedstuffs (4). For instance, corn grain sampled from one portion of a storage bin may contain detectable amounts of mycotoxins while a sample from another portion of the same bin may yield negative analytical results. Formulated feeds pose a special problem. If mixing procedures have been faulty, the batch of feed will not be homogeneous. It is recommended that at least two samples of each batch of formulated feeds be collected in the field and maintained separately. If analysis of a composite subsample indicates significant toxicant, individual analysis of each sample will discover variations in the batch. Variations within tissues collected in the field are not generally problematical. Subsampling errors do not contribute to the total analytical error if the laboratory has a large enough sample of feed or feedstuff to grind and blend from which to collect a subsample (4). Accuracy of chemical determinations is an ongoing concern of chemists. There should be a quality control program in the laboratory with validation or spiking and recovery procedures (2). Any method used in a specific analysis should be validated by at least one, and preferably two, other methods. Finally, the comparison of check samples by various laboratories is highly desirable, even if the program does not involve formal certification. Methods of storing samples should be designed to reduce the possibilities of aberrant results. Mycotoxins formed from the storage
Hospital food hygiene : the application of hazard analysis critical control points to conventional hospital catering

The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) concept is a preventive approach to quality control. It is based on a logical, structured exploration of potential hazard points in a food operation and the introduction of control and monitoring measures. HACCP studies have been extensively applied to manufacturing systems. It has been difficult to extend this detailed systematic analysis to conventional catering, partly due to the wide range of foods being processed. We describe here the application of HACCP methods to a hospital department that uses conventional catering methods. Basic principles, based on the work flow and the range of products are established. The guidelines produced can be applied to any kitchen using similar catering methods. Examples of log charts used for monitoring are provided.
Ibn al-Haytham and the origins of computerized image analysis

Ibn al-Haytham (Latinized as Alhazen or Alhacen) was born in Basra in 965 A.D. [354 A.H.], but produced nearly all of his work in Cairo’s al-Azhar Mosque, where he wrote nearly one hundred works on topics as diverse as poetry and politics. Al-Haytham is primarily known for his writings on geometrical optics, astronomy, and mathematics, and for nearly four hundred years his treatment of the geometry of reflection from flat and curved surfaces has been known as “Alhazen’s problem.” However, as discussed in this paper, with his landmark seven-volume Kitab al-Manazir [Book of Optics], published sometime between 1028 [418 A.H.] and 1038 [429 A.H.], al-Haytham made intellectual contributions that subsequently were incorporated throughout the core of post-Medieval Western culture. His seminal work on the human vision system initiated an unbroken chain of continuous development that connects 21st century optical scientists with the 11th century Ibn al-Haytham. The noted science historian, David Lindberg, wrote that “Alhazen was undoubtedly the most significant figure in the history of optics between antiquity and the seventeenth century.” Impressive and accurate as that characterization is, it significantly understates the impact that al-Haytham had on areas as wide-ranging as the theology, literature, art, and science of Europe.
A note on thermal activation

Abstract Thermal activation is mediated by field configurations that correspond to saddle points of the energy functional. The rate of probability flow along the unstable functional directions, i.e. the activation rate, is usually obtained from the imaginary part of a suitable analytic continuation of the equilibrium free energy. In this note we provide a real-time, non-equilibrium interpretation of this imaginary part which is analogous to the real-time interpretation of the imaginary part of the one-loop effective potential in theories with symmetry breaking. We argue that in situations in which the system is strongly out of equilibrium the rate will be time dependent, and illustrate this with an example.
Calf adrenocortical fasciculata cells secrete aldosterone when placed in primary culture

Aldosterone production occurs in the outer area of the adrenal cortex, the zona glomerulosa. The glucocorticoids cortisol and corticosterone, depending upon the species, are synthesized in the inner cortex, the zona fasciculata. Calf zona glomerulosa cells rapidly lose the ability to synthesize aldosterone when placed in primary culture unless they are incubated in the presence of the antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisol and selenous acid, the radioprotectant DMSO, and the cytochrome P-450 inhibitor metyrapone. In the presence of these additives, calf zona fasciculata cells in primary culture synthesize aldosterone at rates which can approach those from cells isolated from the zona glomerulosa. Calf zona glomerulosa and fasciculata cells both responded well to ACTH and angiotensin II, but the zona fasciculata cells respond very poorly compared to glomerulosa cells to increased potassium in the media. Rat zona fasciculata cells in primary culture under similar conditions did not synthesize aldosterone, suggesting that the regulation of the expression of the enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of aldosterone in the two species is different. Two distinct cytochrome P-450 cDNAs which hydroxylate deoxycorticosterone at the 11 beta position have been described in the rat, human and mouse. Both cytochrome P-450 cDNAs have been cloned and expressed in non-steroidogenic cells, but only one is expressed in the zona glomerulosa and only this glomerulosal cytochrome P450 can further hydroxylate deoxycorticosterone to generate aldosterone. Two bovine adrenal cDNAs have been described with 11 beta-hydroxylase activity and their expression products in transiently transfected COS cells can convert deoxycorticosterone into aldosterone. Both enzymes are expressed in all zones of the adrenal cortex. Zonal regulation of aldosterone synthesis in the bovine adrenal gland may be due to an 11 beta-hydroxylase with aldosterone synthesizing capacity which has not yet been isolated. Alternatively, a single enzyme might be responsible for the several hydroxylations in the pathway between deoxycorticosterone and aldosterone and zonal synthesis might be controlled by unknown factors regulating the expression of C-18 hydroxylation. The incubation of zona fasciculata with antioxidants and metyrapone results in atypical expression of this activity by an unclear mechanism.
Aluminum oxide adherence on Fe-Cr-Al alloys modified with group IIIB, IVB, VB, and VIB elements

A recent theory, explaining the effect of reactive elements on oxide adherence, states that sulfur adversely affects adherence and that reactive elements improve adherence by tying up sulfur as refractory sulfides. This theory is supported by work presented here, which correlates adherence behavior of Fe-Cr-Al alloys containing group IIIB through VIB elements with the stability of the sulfides that these elements form. Results show that poor adherence is produced by elements that form sulfides less stable than Al2S3 (VB and VIB elements), while good adherence is produced by elements which form sulfides more stable than Al2S3 (IIIB and IVB elements). In addition, the relative stability of sulfides, oxides, nitrides, and carbides must be considered. For example, group-IIIB elements are effective at much lower concentrations than group-IVB elements, because they react preferentially with S while group IVB elements react with C, N, and O before S.
Hyperthemia after cardiac surgery due to ascariasis in a child: report of a case

Ascaris lumbricoides is the most common parasite affecting humans, especially in countries and regions with lower socio-economic conditions. A 2-year-old female child underwent right pulmonary angioplasty using cardiopulmonary bypass. Serious hyperthermia continued after surgery, and, therefore, a re-exploration of the mediastinum was performed because mediastinitis was suspected. No evidence of wound infection was revealed. Ascaris lumbricoides was subsequently isolated from her stool. The patient had no further hyperthermia throughout her hospitalization and was discharged uneventfully on post-operative day 12. The probable origin of the fever was an A. lumbricoides infection and ascariasis may cause the occurrence of serious hyperthermia during the perioperative period. Ascaris lumbricoides infection may, therefore, cause high-grade fever after cardiac surgery.
An investigation of the effectiveness of police cruiser doors as protection from handgun attack

The objective of this research was to investigate the degree to which automobile doors (especially police cruiser doors) may be used as protection by police officers when under handgun attack. This is a vital question, since the cruiser door is often the only defense a police officer has when encountering gunfire. Data were collected on door penetration capabilities of 3 calibers of handguns (selected based on FBI data on police officer assaults) at 2 different angles of fire. Results indicated that caliber has a significant effect, with the likelihood of penetration increasing with caliber. The oblique angle of fire (45 degrees ) was somewhat less likely to penetrate than an orthogonal angle, although the difference was not significant. Overall, 68% of the rounds penetrated the door regardless of angle of fire or caliber.
Uncertain reasoning using the Dempster-Shafer method: an application in forecasting and marketing management

: The intended purpose of this article is twofold: to study techniques for uncertainty management in expert systems, particularly the Dempster-Shafer theory of belief; and to use this method in the construction of an expert system for the field of forecasting and marketing management. Compared with the probabilistic approach, which can only deal with singleton possibilities, the Dempster-Shafer approach proves to be superior because it provides the ability to deal with sets of possibilities. Since market analysis and forecasting always have a strong element of uncertainty associated with them, and since, in general, we consider a combination of several different forecasting techniques for planning our marketing strategies, the Dempster-Shafer approach is particularly suitable. Here we present a short introduction to this theory, briefly discuss the domain of application (selection of forecasting techniques for marketing planning), discuss the interesting components of our expert system, and analyze our experiences in applying the theory to this domain.
Employment trends in the US non-profit sector

Until pioneering research on non-profit employment was performed under the auspices of the Filer Commission in the mid-1970s and shortly thereafter at Yale, there had been little public recognition of the non-profit sector's use of human resources. Victor Fuchs and others had earlier brought to public attention the rapid growth of the service economy in the United States, but it was the Filer and Yale work that revealed the importance of the non-profit segment of the service economy by demonstrating that the growth of the non-profit labour force during the 1970s had substantially outstripped the growth of the for-profit labour force in the service economy. I begin with this historical finding to emphasise the importance of the size and trend data on non-profit employment in the Almanac. As has been often confirmed, employment and its trend is by inference a barometer of change in production and economic development. Because of the heterogeneity of the economy's products and services, it is difficult to measure real output in physical terms. Therefore, economists and statisticians have resorted to production indexes to summarise real output, and to employment data to track economic development. No doubt it is the importance of employment data in the Almanac which accounts for the extensive and excellent discussion of employment data sources and methodology (see Hodgkinson and Weitzman in this volume). I will not repeat that information but simply refer you to it. This provides me with the opportunity to focus on pointing out a serious gap in the employment data and to comment on related editorial policy that the Almanac might have followed in this respect, as well as generally throughout the publication. In the Almanac, concentration has been placed on size and trend of non-profit labour force by industry. Data on wages and salaries and other compensation are also presented by industry. A major effort is made to estimate volunteer hours, annual full-time equivalent employees, and dollar values for volunteer hours a Herculean task. But the Almanac, however, provides rather limited data on non-profit labour force
Asymptotic solution of the Kramers-Moyal equation and first-passage times for Markov jump processes

We calculate the activation rates of metastable states of general one-dimensional Markov jump processes by calculating mean first-passage times. We employ methods of singular perturbation theory to derive expressions for these rates, utilizing the full Kramers-Moyal expansions for the forward and backward operators in the master equation. We discuss various boundary conditions for the first-passage-time problem, and present some examples. We also discuss the validity of various diffusion approximations to the master equation, and their limitations.
Measurement of the delayed neutron fraction and correction of small angle scattering data from a pulsed spallation source

Abstract The fraction of delayed neutrons in a moderated beam from the enriched uranium, pulsed spallation source at the intense pulsed neutron source at Argonne National Laboratory has been measured and found to be 0.0283 for 450-MeV protons. Delayed neutrons produce a sample-dependent background in time-of-flight instruments. Because of the distribution of neutron wavelengths in the prompt pulse, the significance of the delayed neutron contribution to the observed scattering profile is strongly dependent on the wavelength and therefore on the magnitude of the momentum transfer. This effect is demonstrated, and a general correction procedure in current use for small angle neutron scattering data is described.
Cortical-subcortical EEG correlates of suppressed motor behavior during sleep and waking in the cat ☆

Abstract During suppression of motor behavior in cats, a 12–16 c/sec EEG activity generally localized over the sensorimotor cortex has been described previously and termed the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR). It has recently been shown that SMR conditioning can alter EEG spindle activity of slow wave or quiet sleep. The SMR can also appear in non-phasic portions of rapid eye movements or active sleep. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the SMR and sleep spindle phenomena in detail. Cortical and subcortical EEG data were recorded from the somatosensory, motor and visual systems during sleep and wakefulness. EEG tracings were examined for any EEG rhythms or activity characteristics of any behavioral state or location or both. These results were tabled according to location and state and were quantified. States were defined by using EEG from both the sensorimotor and visual cortex areas, electrooculogram and behavioral observations. The SMR was found primarily within the somatosensory system in nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis (VPL) and its primary cortical projection area, the postcruciate gyrus. It occurred in these structures during the absence of phasic motor activity in both the alert animal and in active sleep. Centrum medianum (CM) also possessed a low voltage SMR correlate in the alert animal. The subcortical correlates of the SMR were not present during quiet sleep. In this state, spindle bursts were located primarily within the motor system in ventralis lateralis (VL) and its cortical projections area, the precruciate gyrus. The cerebral peduncles and CM also displayed sleep spindle activity. The VL-motor cortex spindle bursts showed a marked increase in frequency of occurrence in the 1 min interval preceding active sleep. It was proposed that the generators for the SMR and sleep spindle phenomena are probably located at the thalamic level. Although their thalamocortical projections and correlated behavioral states are relatively discrete, their functional origins both appear to reside in a mechanism concerned with the specific suppression of phasic motor activity.
In Defense of the Populist Lecture

BEEHrffSl Information and communication technology (ICT) programs like Microsoft PowerPoint and Apple Keynote have become the norm for large university lecture classes, but their record in terms of student engagement and active learning is mixed at best. Here, the author presents the merits of a "populist" lecture style that takes full advantage of the variety of features available from the latest generation of ICT programs. Based on visual variety, audio and visual sound bites, and the incorporation of humor and pop-cultural references, this populist approach not only facilitates greater student attention and engagement with the class materials, but also offers unmatched opportunities for extending student learning beyond the confines of the large lecture hall.
Absolute total cross sections for the scattering of 2–18-eV electrons by cesium atoms

Absolute total cross sections for the scattering of electrons by cesium atoms between 2 and 18 eV have been measured using the atomic-recoil technique in the scattering-out mode. Our results are somewhat lower than those of Visconti, Slevin, and Rubin (Phys. Rev. A 3, 1310 (1971)) above 2 eV.
Extraordinarily superpersistent chaotic transients

We uncovered a class of transient chaos for which the average lifetime obeys the following scaling law: τ ~ exp [C0exp [C1e−γ]], where C0, C1, and γ are positive constants and e is a scaling parameter. This occurs in dynamical systems preceding an unstable-unstable pair bifurcation, subject to noise of amplitude e. The extreme longevity of the transient lifetime for small e is striking, which has not been reported previously. We formulate a theory to explain this type of extraordinarily superpersistent chaotic transients, and point out physical relevance and implications.
Induction of neural differentiation by serum deprivation in cultures of the embryonal carcinoma cell line 1003

Abstract When 1003 embryonal carcinoma cells are passaged from a serum-containing medium to a serum-free medium, the cells continue to grow for approx. six generations, during which time they all differentiate. Neuro-epithelial cells are first formed which subsequently differentiate into neurons; a few epithelioid cells also appear. When 1003 cells are grown to confluency in serum-containing medium a few epithelioid cells appear, but neuro-epithelial and neuronal derivatives are never found. Immunohistochemical studies utilizing markers of neural tissues have been carried out (1) to identify individual cells and (2) to determine whether induction or selection phenomena were responsible for the morphological changes observed. The nerve-glial antigen NG2 and the nerve-specific antigen N6 were absent in exponential and confluent cultures in serum-containing medium but appeared sequentially in serum-free medium. The NH2 antigen appeared very precociously, but then disappeared from the majority of the cells when they differentiated into neuro-epithelial cells. This antigen, however, was retained on most of the epithelioid cells of these serum-free cultures. The N6 antigen appeared later and was found specifically on pre-neurons and neurons. These results demonstrate that selection—if it occurs—cannot be the mechanism responsible for the appearance of immunologically and morphologically identifiable neural derivatives in serum-free cultures of 1003. Serum deprivation thus seems to trigger the induction of neural differentiation.
A multiprocessor system for generating visual displays and controlling experiments

A laboratory is described that is based on an IMSAI 8080 microcomputer and an IMLAC graphics display system. Procedures for using the system are described and illustrated.
Flow cytometric analysis of X-ray sensitivity in ataxia telangiectasia.

Abstract Flow cytometric analysis of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation during DNA synthesis was used to characterize the effects of X-rays on cell-cycle kinetics in the DNA-repair deficiency disease ataxia telangiectasia (AT). Cultured fibroblasts from homozygotes ( at / at ), heterozygotes ( at /+) and normal controls (+/+) were either: (1) irradiated, cultured, then pulsed with BrdU and harvested, or (2) pulsed with BrdU, irradiated, cultured and then harvested. Cells were then fixed and stained with both a fluoresceinated monoclonal antibody against BrdU to identify S-phase cells and with propidium diiodide to measure total DNA content. Irradiation of +/+ and at /+ cells induced a similar, transient G 2 /M arrest detectable within 8 h, which subsequently delayed by 6–8 h the passage of cells into G 1 and depleted early S phase. In contrast, at / at cells failed to arrest G 2 /M phase and entered the next cell cycle without pausing to repair radiation-induced damage. X-Rays also blocked entry of +/+ G 1 cells into S phase, subsequently reducing the total S-phase population. This effect was not observed in at / at cells. These cell-cycle responses to radiation may be of diagnostic use and ultimately may help explain the basic defect in AT.
Minimizing interference through application mapping in multi-level buffer caches

In this paper, we study the impact of cache sharing on co-mapped applications in multi-level buffer cache hierarchies. When the number of applications exceeds the number of resources, resource sharing is inevitable. However, unless applications are co-mapped carefully, destructive interference may cause applications to thrash and spend most of their time paging data to and from disks. We propose two novel models which predict the performance of an application in the presence of other applications and an algorithm which uses the output of these models to perform application-to-node mapping in a multi-level buffer cache hierarchy. Our models use the reuse distances of the application reference streams and their respective I/O rates. This information can be obtained either online or offline. Our main advantage is that we do not require profile information of all application pairs to predict their interferences. The goal of this mapping is to minimize destructive interference during execution. We validate the effectiveness of our models and mapping scheme using several I/O-intensive applications, and found that the error in prediction of our two models is only 3.9% and 2.7% respectively, on average. Further, using our approach, we were effectively able to co-map applications to maximize the performance of the buffer cache hierarchy by 43.6% and 56.8% on average over the median and worst mappings respectively in the entire I/O stack.
The colonial context of Filipino American immigrants’ psychological experiences.

Because of the long colonial history of Filipinos and the highly Americanized climate of postcolonial Philippines, many scholars from various disciplines have speculated that colonialism and its legacies may play major roles in Filipino emigration to the United States. However, there are no known empirical studies in psychology that specifically investigate whether colonialism and its effects have influenced the psychological experiences of Filipino American immigrants prior to their arrival in the United States. Further, there is no existing empirical study that specifically investigates the extent to which colonialism and its legacies continue to influence Filipino American immigrants' mental health. Thus, using interviews (N = 6) and surveys (N = 219) with Filipino American immigrants, two studies found that colonialism and its consequences are important factors to consider when conceptualizing the psychological experiences of Filipino American immigrants. Specifically, the findings suggest that (a) Filipino American immigrants experienced ethnic and cultural denigration in the Philippines prior to their U.S. arrival, (b) ethnic and cultural denigration in the Philippines and in the United States may lead to the development of colonial mentality (CM), and (c) that CM may have negative mental health consequences among Filipino American immigrants. The two studies' findings suggest that the Filipino American immigration experience cannot be completely captured by the voluntary immigrant narrative, as they provide empirical support to the notion that the Filipino American immigration experience needs to be understood in the context of colonialism and its most insidious psychological legacy- CM.
Bayesian Geostatistical Analysis and Ecoclimatic Determinants of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Infection among Horses

Kansas witnessed an unprecedented outbreak in Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection among horses, a disease commonly referred to as pigeon fever during fall 2012. Bayesian geostatistical models were developed to identify key environmental and climatic risk factors associated with C. pseudotuberculosis infection in horses. Positive infection status among horses (cases) was determined by positive test results for characteristic abscess formation, positive bacterial culture on purulent material obtained from a lanced abscess (n = 82), or positive serologic evidence of exposure to organism (≥1:512)(n = 11). Horses negative for these tests (n = 172)(controls) were considered free of infection. Information pertaining to horse demographics and stabled location were obtained through review of medical records and/or contact with horse owners via telephone. Covariate information for environmental and climatic determinants were obtained from USDA (soil attributes), USGS (land use/land cover), and NASA MODIS and NASA Prediction of Worldwide Renewable Resources (climate). Candidate covariates were screened using univariate regression models followed by Bayesian geostatistical models with and without covariates. The best performing model indicated a protective effect for higher soil moisture content (OR = 0.53, 95% CrI = 0.25, 0.71), and detrimental effects for higher land surface temperature (≥35°C) (OR = 2.81, 95% CrI = 2.21, 3.85) and habitat fragmentation (OR = 1.31, 95% CrI = 1.27, 2.22) for C. pseudotuberculosis infection status in horses, while age, gender and breed had no effect. Preventative and ecoclimatic significance of these findings are discussed.
Mechanisms of occupational asthma: Not all allergens are equal

Asthma is a heterogeneous lung disorder characterized by airway obstruction, inflammation and eosinophil infiltration into the lung. Both genetics and environmental factors influence the expression of asthma, and not all asthma is the result of a specific immune response to allergen. Numerous asthma phenotypes have been described, including occupational asthma, and therapeutic strategies for asthma control are similar regardless of phenotype. We hypothesized that mechanistic pathways leading to asthma symptoms in the effector phase of the disorder differ with the inciting allergen. Since route of allergen exposure can influence mechanistic pathways, mice were sensitized by identical routes with a high molecular weight occupational allergen ovalbumin and a low molecular weight occupational allergen trimellitic anhydride (TMA). Different statistical methods with varying selection criteria resulted in identification of similar candidate genes. Array data are intended to provide candidate genes for hypothesis generation and further experimentation. Continued studies focused on genes showing minimal changes in the TMA-induced model but with clear up-regulation in the ovalbumin model. Two of these genes, arginase 1 and eotaxin 1 are the focus of continuing investigations in mouse models of asthma regarding differences in mechanistic pathways depending on the allergen. Microarray data from the ovalbumin and TMA model of asthma were also compared to previous data usingAspergillus as allergen to identify putative asthma ‘signature genes’, i.e. genes up-regulated with all 3 allergens. Array studies provide candidate genes to identify common mechanistic pathways in the effector phase, as well as mechanistic pathways unique to individual allergens.
Electronic Document Delivery: A Survey of the Landscape and Horizon

The authors examine, based on a survey of users, the electronic document delivery methods currently in place as well as changes in the recent past and future developments. Interlibrary loan and document delivery staff from institutions across the United States were surveyed in order to ascertain what document delivery mechanisms are currently in place, how they are being used, and why. Findings from this study should lead to an increased awareness of electronic delivery options in libraries across the country and elucidate the dynamics involved at individual sites. This, in turn, will assist librarians in making decisions, based not only on their individual circumstances but on the experiences and trends found across a broad sampling of institutions.
Fatal falls overboard on commercial fishing vessels in Alaska.

BACKGROUND: Falls overboard are a major contributor to commercial fishing fatalities in Alaska. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has repeatedly identified falls overboard as a critical issue in commercial fishing safety. This article describes the problem of falls overboard and discusses possible ways to reduce the risk factors. METHODS: Data from the Alaska Occupational Injury Surveillance System on fatal falls overboard in Alaska between 1990 and 2005 were used. An in-depth descriptive analysis of these fatalities was performed to identify areas for intervention. RESULTS: There were 71 fatal falls overboard on commercial fishing vessels in Alaska during the 16-year time period. Falls overboard did not decline significantly during those years. The most common circumstances associated with falling overboard were working with fishing gear, being alone on deck, losing balance or slipping, heavy weather, gear entanglement, and alcohol. The level of involvement of those circumstances varied by region and gear type. SUMMARY: Many fatal falls overboard may be prevented by understanding the circumstances involved and targeting interventions at those specific risk factors. Interventions include creating more enclosed work spaces, managing lines, avoiding fishing alone, wearing personal flotation devices and man overboard alarms, and reducing alcohol use. Subsequent research should identify further interventions for each circumstance and evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions with the fishing industry. Language: en
A Case of Recent Long-Distance Dispersal in the Piriqueta caroliniana Complex

We investigated restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) variation in the chloroplast DNA regions trnS and trnC in 53 populations of the herbaceous perennial Piriqueta caroliniana complex, encompassing its known North American range. The goals of this study were to expand the geographic range of a previous study and to determine the origin of an apparently anomalous population, which possessed a phenotype that was incongruous with other populations in the region. The phylogeography of these populations was investigated with nested clade analysis of a one-step network phylogeny that was based on the RFLP variation of the chloroplast genome. We found evidence of restricted gene flow and past fragmentation, which is consistent with a previous study on the phylogeography of this species complex. The morphological and genetic profile of the one anomalous population indicates that it recently originated from south Florida. Given the urban location of this geographically disjunct population, it is probable that this is an example of a recent human-mediated long-distance dispersal event.
Stress and the Environment

This paper presents an overview of the literature on stress and the environment using a basic attitude change paradigm. The stress literature is organized around characteristics of source, transmission, and audience variables. Prominent models of stress are reviewed, along with classifications of stressors themselves. The appraisal of stressors is considered as a transmission variable, affected by such factors as attitudes towards the stressor, perception of risk and danger, and perceived control. Research on dispositional variables is also reviewed and the stress response is discussed.
Cicero's Puzzle: Upper House Power in Comparative Perspective

This paper analyzes the legislative influence of upper houses in bicameral legislatures. We note the existence of two separate analytical traditions, one focusing on upper house expertise, the other on upper house power. We hypothesize that because legislative analyses of unitary systems focus primarily on the "efficient" aspects of upper house input, they tend to emphasize senatorial expertise. On the other hand, because legislative analyses of federal systems acknowledge the "political" dimensions of upper house power, they focus on senatorial power. We reunite the two analytical traditions and provide a unique model of upper house political power in both federal and unitary systems. For those states using a navette, or shuttle, system, we model senatorial power as a function of the institutional features of the system: stopping rules, where a bill is introduced, and the number of shuttles between houses are systematically related to upper house power.