cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning deficits in the neonatal peking duckling produced by decreased oxygen consumption during late prenatal periods: A cautionary note

Neonatal Peking ducklings were tested in a detour problem-solving task following replacement of the shell overlying the air space of the egg on Prenatal Day 24 (total incubation period: 27 days) with a plastic wrap. This procedure, a common practice in behavioral embryology, resulted in a significant decrease in oxygen consumption, and a protracted retardation in the mastery of the learning task, with experimental ducklings solving the problem at a mean age of 5.27 days, compared with 2.32 days for controls. These results serve to underscore the problems that may be encountered as a result of any intereference with the integrity of the egg during the prenatal period.
Homocysteic acid lesions in rat striatum spare somatostatin-neuropeptide Y (NADPH-diaphorase) neurons

L-Homocysteic acid (L-HCA) is a sulfated amino acid which is present in mammalian striatum and is a putative excitatory striatal neurotransmitter. In the present study we examined the histologic and neurochemical effects of L-HCA induced striatal lesions to determine how closely changes resemble those of Huntington's disease (HD). Increasing doses of L-HCA injected into the anterior striatum resulted in dose-dependent reductions in both substance P-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) while there was a relative sparing of both somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SS-LI) and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI). Immunocytochemical studies showed a relative sparing of NADPH-diaphorase neurons (which colocalize with SS and NPY) within regions in which there was a significant depletion of enkephalin stained neurons. The lesions were blocked by pretreatment with MK-801, a systemically effective non-competitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors or coinjection of equimolar concentrations of 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV). These findings are similar to those produced with the NMDA agonist quinolinic acid, and suggest that other endogenous NMDA agonists, such as L-HCA, could be potential excitotoxins in HD.
New Drugs for Treating Lung Infection

Pneumonia—an infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the lungs and constitutional disturbance of varying intensity. The fever terminates abruptly by crisis. Secondary infective processes are common. An organism, the Diplococcus pneumoniae, is invariably found in the diseased lung … pneumonia is a self-limited disease and runs its course uninfluenced by medicine.
Assessment tools for fuzzy clustered regions of interest for site-specific crop management

Fuzzy excess green (ExG) crisp indices and clustering algorithms such as the Gustafson-Kessel (GK) have been successfully used for unsupervised classification of hidden and prominent regions of interest (ROI’s), namely green plants in crop color images against bare clay soil, corn residue and wheat residue, typical of the Great Plains. Each process can be enhanced with Zadeh (Z) and Gath-Geva (GG) fuzzy enhancement techniques. Enhanced indices and clusters can be then sorted by final degree of fuzziness, and recombined into labeled, false-color class images, which can be used as templates for further shape and textural analyses. ROI’s with the lowest degree of fuzziness were consistently found to be plant clusters according to foveated or prominence of the region size within the image. Clustering performance according to partition densities and hyper volume was also evaluated. These latter measures can be used to select the number of clusters and evaluate the computational time needed to find plant ROI’s with complex backgrounds under different lighting conditions. Enhanced GK clustering methods have performed very well and have identified plants in bare soil, corn residue plants , and wheat straw plants, well into the high 90 percentages, depending on plant age category and the relative proportion of plant size within the image. Improved clustering algorithms with textural finger printing could be potentially useful for unsupervised remote sensing, mapping, crop management, weed, and pest control for precision agriculture.
Mechanisms Underlying 6-Methyl-Prednisolone Influences on Erythropoiesis

The administration of 6-methyl-prednisolone hemisuccinate (MPH) in ex-hypoxic polycythaemic mice elicited a significant stimulatory effect on the rate of erythropoiesis. Thus, a 4 to 10-fold increase was induced by dose levels comparable to those employed in the treatment of aplastic anaemias and pure red cell aplasias. This erythropoietic response was completely abolished by simultaneous administration of anti-erythropoietin (anti-Ep) serum. Additionally, MPH did not potentiate the wave of erythropoiesis evoked by exogenous Ep. Consequently, the stimulatory effect of MPH is apparently mediated by increased Ep production, rather than an influence on Ep kinetics or its effect on erythropoiesis. In support to this contention, MPH induced a synergistic enhancement of both the erythropoietic response and the Ep plasma titers evoked by hypoxia. In addition, the erythropoietic effect of MPH was evaluated in polycythaemic mice at various time intervals after a single injection. The response was similar to that observed when exogenous Ep was given. However, with MPH, the effect was delayed for about 24 h. Finally, it is of pharmacological interest that administration of large dose levels of MPH (2 to 8 mg) in normal mice resulted in a significant inhibition of erythropoiesis.
Early colonization of the rat upper respiratory tract by temperature modulated Bordetella bronchiseptica.

The ability of nonmodulated Bvg+ phase cultures, temperature modulated Bvg− phase cultures, and a Bvg− phase-locked mutant of Bordetella bronchiseptica to colonize the rat upper respiratory tract was investigated. Initially, greater numbers of the temperature modulated Bvg− phase bacteria adhered to the nasal cavity of the rats. The temperature modulated Bvg− phase bacteria appeared to be quickly cleared to levels lower than the Bvg+ phase bacteria by 4 h after inoculation and stayed lower until 48 h after inoculation when colonization levels were equal to the Bvg+ phase bacteria. The level of colonization with the Bvg− phase-locked mutant of B. bronchiseptica was lower than both the nonmodulated Bvg+ phase and temperature modulated Bvg− phase cultures and declined over time during the experiment. These findings suggest that there may be increased adherence from an environmental phase to ensure bacteria survive initial clearance mechanisms until the switch to the Bvg+ phase occurs.
Tyrosine transaminase: inactivation by tyrosine metabolic end products.

Abstract The tyrosine metabolites, p- hydroxyphenylpyruvate , homogentisate, and fumarylacetoacetate were examined as inhibitors and inactivators of purified rat liver tyrosine α-ketoglutarate transaminase. Of these, homogentisate proved to be a very powerful inactivator when the enzyme was preincubated with it. This effect was blocked by prior addition of pyridoxal phosphate, α-ketoglutarate and dithiothreitol, but could not be reversed by these compounds. The homogentisate inactivated enzyme retained its ability to interact with the antibody to native tyrosine α-ketoglutarate transaminase.
Timing analysis using functional analysis

The usual block-oriented timing analysis for logic circuits does not take into account functional relations between signals. If functional relations are taken into consideration, it could be found that a long path is never activated. This results in more accurate delays. A comparison is made of three arrival time functions, A, B, and R. A is the arrival time as given by exhaustive simulation; B is the arrival time as calculated by a usual block-oriented algorithm; and R is the arrival time, that does functional analysis. It is shown that B contained in R contained in A. The first relation means that R is never more conservative than B and whenever the containment is proper, R is an improvement over B. The second relation means that R is correct in the sense that it will never assert a signal to be valid when it is not valid according to the ideal A. Experimental results showing how often R is an improvement over B are presented. >
Mycobacterial infections of the head and neck

Mycobacteria are important causes of head and neck infections. Mycobacterial lymphadenitis may be caused by both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a variety of nontuberculous myocbacteria. Changes in the epidemiology of tuberculosis have caused a shift of the peak age range of tuberculous lymphadenitis from childhood to ages 20 to 40 years. Short-course chemotherapy is highly effective. Mycobacterium avium has become the most common cause of nontuberculous lymphadenitis, but new mycobacterial species are increasingly recognized. Treatment consists primarily of complete surgical excision, although roles for antimycobacterial chemotherapy are being identified. Transient flares of mycobacterial lymphadenitis, which occur during initiation of antituberculous therapy and in HIV-infected patients after initiation of antiretroviral therapy, may respond to short courses of corticosteroids. Tuberculous otitis media has become uncommon. Otitis media due to nontuberculous mycobacterial infection is increasingly seen in patients with pre-existing ear disease and after surgical and otic interventions. Tuberculosis of the eye has also become uncommon but may occur via hematogenous dissemination or direct innoculation. Nontuberculous mycobacteria, most commonly Mycobacterium chelonae and Mycobacterium fortuitum, may cause keratitis, usually after some form of corneal trauma.
Surgical Management of Inguinal Hernia

The Lichtenstein repair is now the gold standard for open hernia repairs. This repair is easier to learn and easy to implement for the average general surgeon. Open mesh repairs are not the end-all in hernia operations, however, and surgeons must retain the knowledge for open tissue-based procedures. Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair is a safe alternative to open repair for inguinal hernias but is much more operator dependent. Open mesh repair has a lower recurrence rate when compared with TEP or TAPP repairs for less experienced laparoscopists. Laparoscopic repair has a quicker return to work, is associated with less postoperative pain, and has a better cosmetic result. It is more difficult to learn, however, and hospital costs are higher. Surgeons need to look at their own numbers and experience to decide which approach is better given the clinical situation based on their proficiency with the various techniques.
Characteristics of a high-purity germanium detector☆

Abstract A high-purity Berkeley germanium detector is in use at the Argonne CP-5 reactor. This detector has been transported at room temperature, temperature-cycled many times to remove surface contamination, and remains an excellent device with a resolution of 4.7 keV at 10.8 MeV which corresponds to a Fano factor of 0.12.
THE PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF ABNORMAL REGADENOSON MYOPARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING

Regadenoson (REGA), a new selective adenosine A (2A) receptor agonist, is now the most commonly widely used stress agent for myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). Although the diagnostic accuracy of REGA MPI is comparable to Adenosine MPI, the prognostic value of abnormal MPI is not well defined.
The Subcellular Distribution of Renin in Hog Anterior Pituitary

Renin in hog anterior pituitary was found to be located principally in the participate fractions. Density gradient centrifugation of the granular fraction revealed a discrete band of renin activity distinct from lysosomal and mitochondrial markers. This band has a density similar to that of known kidney renin secretory granules and may be due to renin secretory or storage granules in the anterior pituitary. (Endocrinology 113:344, 1983)
Microanalysis of glycosaminoglycans.

Abstract A sensitive and versatile method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is described. An enriched GAG fraction was subjected to nuclease enzyme treatment and to an appropriate sequence of GAG degrading enzymes—Streptomyces hyaluronidase, chondroitinase AC and ABC, and endo-β- d -galactosidase—and nitrous acid treatment. To determine the result of each degradative procedure, the remaining GAG polymers were subjected to cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The combination of sequential degradation and the monitoring of each step by electrophoresis and densitometry permitted the identification and quantitation of all the GAGs on a microscale basis.
A new genus and family for the misclassified chytrid, Rhizophlyctis harderi.

A chytrid first discovered in Mediterranean sands and called Rhizophlyctis harderi was classified in the genus Rhizophlyctis based on its interbiotic vegetative thalli with multiple rhizoidal axes and resting thalli with tufts of rhizoid-like appendages. Developmental, electron microscopic and molecular analyses, however, have brought into question the proper placement of this chytrid. Because its original description was in German and not Latin, the name R. harderi is not validly published. We found that this chytrid produces three thallus forms that could place it in three different morpho-genera: Rhizophydium, Phlyctochytrium or Rhizophlyctis. The ultrastructural architecture of its zoospore is different from that of zoospores of Rhizophlyctis rosea, the type species for Rhizophlyctis, and shares zoospore ultrastructural characteristics with the Rhizophydiales. Zoospores of this chytrid exhibit a distinctive kinetosome-associated structure (KAS), a curved shield bridged to two of the kinetosomal triple...
Development and validation of a liquid chromatography mass spectrometry assay for the simultaneous quantification of methadone, cocaine, opiates and metabolites in human umbilical cord.

Abstract A liquid chromatography mass spectrometric selected reaction monitoring mode (SRM) method for methadone, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), cocaine, benzoylecgonine (BE), 6-acetylmorphine, morphine and codeine quantification in human umbilical cord was developed and fully validated. Analytes were extracted from homogenized tissue (1 g) by solid phase extraction. Linearity was 2.5–500 ng/g, except for methadone (10–2000 ng/g). Method imprecision was 59.2%, matrix effect 4.5–39.5%, process efficiency 48.6–92.6% and stability >84.6%. Analysis of an umbilical cord following controlled methadone administration and illicit drug use contained in ng/g, 40.3 morphine, 3.6 codeine, 442 BE, 186 methadone and 45.9 EDDP.
Trace Inequalities, Maximal Inequalities, and Weighted Fourier Transform Estimates

In the spirit of work of Kerman and Sawyer, a condition is given that is necessary and sufficient for the Fourier transform norm inequality $\Big(\int_{{\Bbb R}_d} \vert\hat{f}\vert^q d\mu\Big)^{1/q} \leq C\Big(\int_{{\Bbb R}_d} \vert f\vert^p v\Big)^{1/p}$ provided v is a radial weight for which v−1/p is convexly decreasing and μ is a suitable measure. We also establish alternative conditions for such inequalities by proving corresponding trace type inequalities and maximal function inequalities that underlie the Fourier transform estimates. Our conditions are relatively simple to compute. Among applications we give extensions of a Sobolev restriction theorem.
My heroes have always been cowboys.

Joseph S. Coselli, MD Twas founded in 1953 to serve as a forum “for the advancement of the scientific aspects of thoracic surgery.” In that era, thoracic surgery was a rapidly expanding field, and previously unfathomable surgical repairs were being attempted. The association was formed to help members keep pace with the scope and scale of change. Today, although our ranks are not burgeoning in such a dramatic fashion, the need to understand and manage the changing world around us—not only in clinical and scientific matters, but societal and political pressures as well—is greater than ever. In short, the mission of the STSA is as critical as it has ever been. While technological advances and new therapies abound as always, the societal changes around us pose a daunting challenge. Today, we are grateful to have the STSA to inform and guide us as members. Like you, I draw renewed strength from our interactions, even as we remain clear-eyed about the many current issues we must confront. If we remain true to the vision that gave rise to the STSA, our generation will overcome the pressing issues of our day and strengthen the foundation for continued innovation, scientific discovery, and contributions to the human condition. Just as we stand on the shoulders of the great surgeons who came before us, we, too, will leave a legacy.
IDENTIFYING AND TARGETING HYPOXIA IN HEAD AND NECK CANCER: A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF CURRENT APPROACHES

Tumor hypoxia is a common phenomenon in solid tumors. It been shown to adversely affect treatment outcomes in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).1 There has been strong interests in targeting hypoxia over the years; however, the clinical effort has been impeded by the failure to accurately identify patients who would most benefit from hypoxia targeted therapy. The negative results of several clinical trials can be attributed to patient heterogeneity and that many studies were underpowered to enroll patients who would benefit from such therapy. This session will briefly address different approaches of assessing tumor hypoxia and discuss some strategies for targeting this microenvironmental factor.
Factors Impacting Sense of Belonging at a Hispanic-Serving Institution:

This study examines factors that impact students' sense of belonging at a Hispanic-serving institution. Findings indicate that various variables measuring academic and social integration as well as experiences with and perceptions of diversity have a positive impact on sense of belonging. Implications support the idea that campus diversity may improve sense of belonging and ultimately improve retention of all students. Implications and recommendations are discussed.
Vulnerability Trends: Measuring Progress

We analyzed data from the National Vulnerability Database (NVD). Designed and operated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) with support from the Department of Homeland Security, the NVD provides fine-grained search capabilities of all publicly reported software vulnerabilities since 1997-a total of 41,810 vulnerabilities for more than 20,000 products. Frequently, a single vulnerability can affect a large number of products-for example, when the fault occurs in a library function.
Endourological management of pediatric stone disease: present status.

Purpose: The incidence of nephrolithiasis in the pediatric population has been steadily increasing. The miniaturization of endoscopic instruments and improvement in imaging modalities have facilitated safe and effective endourological treatment in this patient population. We reviewed the current status of pediatric stone disease management.Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was performed using MEDLINE®/PubMed® to evaluate the indications, techniques, complications and efficacy of endourological stone management in children.Results: In the 1980s shock wave lithotripsy revolutionized stone management in children, becoming the procedure of choice for treating upper tract calculi less than 1.5 cm. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy has replaced open surgical techniques for the treatment of stone burdens greater than 1.5 cm with efficacy and complication rates mirroring those in the adult population. However, at an increasing number of centers ureteroscopy is now being performed in cases that p...
Effect of the Web on Undergraduate Citation Behavior: Guiding Student Scholarship in a Networked Age

This article provides the last update to a longitudinal study tracking the research behavior of a multi-college undergraduate course in microeconomics from 1996 to 2001. Student term paper bibliographies grew between 1996 and 2000 but included fewer scholarly resources. In 2001, students tended to cite scholarly sources when the professor provided clear and enforceable guidelines in his class assignment. The accuracy and persistency of cited Web documents also increased as a result.
Near-surface damage--a persistent problem in crowns obtained by computer-aided design and manufacturing.

Failure of the resurfaced femoral head may occur in the short term owing to femoral neck fracture or in the long term owing to aseptic loosening as a result of strain shielding. Resurfacing arthroplasties are not all the same. In particular, there is considerable debate regarding the role of the metaphyseal stem and cementing technique. This study examines the influence of various metaphyseal stem configurations (diameter, percentage length in contact with bone, and bonded versus debonded) and cement mantle thickness on the load transfer within the femoral head. Resurfacing resulted in significant strain shielding in the superior femoral head and elevated strain in the superior femoral neck. Although the increase in strain in the femoral neck was significant, the mean strains were below the yield strain for cancellous bone. Peak strains were observed above the yield strain, but they accounted for less than 1 per cent of the total head–neck bone volume and therefore were unlikely to result in femoral neck fracture. Increasing the stem diameter and increasing the percentage stem length in contact with bone both increased the degree of strain shielding. Bonding the metaphyseal stem produced the most dramatic strain shielding, which also extended into the head–neck junction. In contrast, varying the cement mantle thickness had a negligible effect on the load transfer.
A Geometrical Application of Number Theory.

Any quadruple of natural numbers is called a Pythagorean quadruple if it satisfies the relationship . This Pythagorean quadruple can always be identified with a rectangular box of dimensions in which is identifiable with the length of its diagonal. The circumscribing sphere of this rectangular box has an integral diameter length corresponding to the Pythagorean quadruple .This result extends the well-known ‘inscribed circle theorem’ for any Pythagorean triple of natural numbers satisfying . This above-mentioned theorem asserts the positive integer nature of the radius of the inscribed circle, that is associated with any right triangle with hypotenuse length , and leg lengths corresponding to any Pythagorean triple of natural numbers.
ShieldGen: Automatic Data Patch Generation for Unknown Vulnerabilities with Informed Probing

In this paper, we present ShieldGen, a system for automatically generating a data patch or a vulnerability signature for an unknown vulnerability, given a zero-day attack instance. The key novelty in our work is that we leverage knowledge of the data format to generate new potential attack instances, which we call probes, and use a zero-day detector as an oracle to determine if an instance can still exploit the vulnerability; the feedback of the oracle guides our search for the vulnerability signature. We have implemented a ShieldGen prototype and experimented with three known vulnerabilities. The generated signatures have no false positives and a low rate of false negatives due to imperfect data format specifications and the sampling technique used in our probe generation. Overall, they are significantly more precise than the signatures generated by existing schemes. We have also conducted a detailed study of 25 vulnerabilities for which Microsoft has issued security bulletins between 2003 and 2006. We estimate that ShieldGen can produce high quality signatures for a large portion of those vulnerabilities and that the signatures are superior to the signatures generated by existing schemes.
Performance analysis of a system of communicating processes

Efficient exploration of the system design space necessitates fast and accurate performance estimation as opposed to the computationally prohibitive alternative of exhaustive simulation. The paper addresses the issue of worst case performance analysis of a system described as a set of concurrent communicating processes. We show that the synchronization overhead associated with inter process communication can contribute significantly to the overall system performance. Application of existing performance analysis techniques, which target single process descriptions, lead to inaccurate performance estimates as the synchronization overhead is not accounted for. We present PERC, a fast and accurate worst case performance analysis technique which analyzes inter process communication, and accounts for synchronization overhead while computing the worst case performance estimate of a given system implementation. Application of PERC to example systems described as multiple communicating processes shows the ability of the proposed method to accurately estimate the worst case performance of the system implementation.
Thinking Together and Alone

Collaborative intellectual engagement is held in high regard in contemporary educational thought as a pedagogical practice of broad value to K–12 students. To what extent is this enthusiasm warranted? Is the practice uniformly productive, or does variability exist in the contexts in which collaboration is effective, the mechanisms involved, and the objectives achieved? In addition to examining these questions, this article suggests further questions that might be addressed with the objective of establishing a more comprehensive base of evidence to substantiate the practice of collaborative learning. Finally, the article reconsiders why collaborative cognition should be a critical concern.
The potential for rural-urban population balance.

Pressure is building for a national policy on population distribution, with emphasis on stopping the involuntary migrations caused by a lack of employment opportunities and establishing an adequate work force to support employment growth. This study focuses on the rural-urban population balance and the relationship of job opportunities and labor force in the rural areas. Demographic figures used to trace past and projected changes in U.S. employment in terms of place of residence indicate a need for Federal programs to stimulate a service sector and service consumption by rural residents as well as to stimulate rural manufacturing. The study suggests the need to support labor-intensive public services, which is a more comprehensive strategy than the present rural development program. 22 references. (DCK)
Personality and neurocognitive correlates of impulsive aggression in long-term survivors of severe traumatic brain injury.

This study addresses a common outcome of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), disinhibited aggressive behaviour. This behaviour has been classified in aggression literature as 'impulsive aggression' (IA). The purpose was to: (1) characterize those TBI patients who are likely to be an aggression risk, and (2) determine if TBI patients with IA demonstrate personality style and neurocognitive performance similar to that seen in other IA groups. Participants were 45 survivors of severe TBI (26 of whom had persisting problems with IA), who were clients of a residential brain injury treatment facility. IA participants had a higher incidence of pre-morbid aggressive behaviour, were younger, had a shorter tenure in the programme, and were more impulsive, irritable, and antisocial than the non-aggressive control participants. Unlike past research, no neurocognitive differences were found. The results are discussed in terms of the conceptualization, identification, and treatment of persisting IA in severe TBI.
Books-for-Laymen: The Demise of a Commonplace

The exact relationship between Lollardy and the sixteenth-century Reformation long has eluded students of English history. Recent detailed studies of Lollard texts have underlined a continuity of belief and polemic. 1 One significant difference, however, is the way in which reformers in the two periods used the commonplace saying that images are “laymen's books.” The Lollards, even those who were the most outspoken critics of images, used Gregory the Great's metaphor to support their positions. In the I 530s the English reformers used the commonplace in similar ways, but by the 1540s they had rejected it altogether. The English reformers, however, did more than merely reject Gregory as an authority. Instead of dismissing the old justification of images as a false sophism, as the continental reformers had done in the 1520s, they appropriated the laymen's-book metaphor for their own polemic, turning it against the iconophiles. Furthermore, they developed the metaphor in a new way that provided a positive alternative for the illiterate, arguing that the simple and unlearned read not from the book of art but rather from the natural world around them.
The life cycle of Dichelyne (Cucullanellus) minutus (Nematoda: Cucullanidae).

Mature specimens of the nematode Dichelyne (Cucullanellus) minutus (Rudolphi, 1819) (Ascaridida, Cucullanidae, Seuratoidea) were obtained from the intestine of flounder Platichthys flesus (L.) caught in the Oresund, Denmark. Plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. and common goby Pomatoschistus microps (Kroyer) also harbour this species. The eggs embryonate on the seabottom. Larvae about 440 µm long, and believed to be in their third stage, hatch from the eggs. These larvae are not directly infective to flounders or gobies. The polychaete Nereis diversicolor O.F. Muller acts as obligatory intermediate host. Experimental infections showed that larvae >600 µm long and provided with a chitinous tooth survived in flounder and common goby. The third-stage larvae moult to fourth-stage larvae in the fish gut wall. Mature worms occur in the lumen of the anterior part of the intestine. All developmental stages may be transferred from one flounder to another; thus the flounder may acquire the parasite also by devouring infected gobies. Dichelyne (Cucullanellus) minutus (Rudolphi, 1819) (Nematoda, Ascaridida, Seuratoidea, Cucullanidae) is a small fusiform nematode. Flounder Platichthys flesus (L.) is the type host and the type locality is the Baltic area. It has been recorded from off the northwestern Europe, from the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea area (Gibson 1972, Fagerholm 1982). The morphology of the adult worm has been described by Gendre (1926), Tornquist (1931), Berland (1970), MacKenzie and Gibson (1970) and Fagerholm (1982). The morphology of the third- and fourth-stage larvae from the intestinal wall of flounder has been described by Janiszewska (1939) and Gibson (1972). The life cycle has not been worked out experimentally. In the Caspian Sea, larvae of D. minutus have been reported in the polychaete Nereis diversicolor O.F. Muller and in the bivalve Abra ovata (Philippi) (Ivashkin and Khromova 1975, Nikitina 1979, 1985, 1991).
Scott Soames, Philosophical Analysis in the Twentieth Century: Volume 1: The Dawn of Analysis

The jacket of this first volume of the two volume work tells us that this is a history of analytic philosophy from 1900 to mid-century. Accordingly, we can properly evaluate it under three heads: (1) the care and accuracy of the scholarship; (2) the light it throws on the relationships among the various activities it describes; and (3) the quality of the philosophical argumentation. Evaluated under the third, the book deserves high praise. It provides serious philosophy: arguments are carefully set out and taken to pieces, objections and possible responses are developed in an orderly way. Most readers will learn something of philosophical value, and even on the issues about which they disagree with Soames, they will find him a worthy and helpful opponent. In this respect the text provides a model to which students should aspire. Every page demonstrates one way in which philosophy can be done excellently, as will be no surprise to those familiar with Soames's other work. Evaluated under the other two heads, however, the book in my judgement falls short. Not only are there historical inaccuracies, the approach to reading, evaluating and interpreting texts is one I find uncongenial; and the attempt to impose some kind of overall developmental themes on the material under discussion strikes me as unsuccessful. Soames's attitude to the task of interpreting texts is stated on the first page: "the philosophy done in this period is still close enough to speak to us in terms we can understand without a great deal of interpretation" (xi). If time alone obscures, the contemporaries of Aristotle or Kant should have faced negligible interpretative problems. Soames almost never evinces any interpretive doubts1, nor does he mention that there is a huge body of conflicting interpretive work relating to the
Modeling Hydrogen Spillover in Dual-Bed Catalytic Reactors

A semiquantitative model was developed to describe hydrogen spillover in dual-bed catalytic reactors. In previous studies it has been conclusively demonstrated that hydrogen can diffuse macroscopic distances and activate catalytic sites. The test reaction in those studies was the isomerization of 1-butene to 2-butene. The model is derived based on the fundamental principles of transport phenomena and reaction kinetics. Because many of the required values in the model are unknown, it cannot be solved quantitatively. Thus, a parametric analysis was conducted. The model successfully predicts trends observed experimentally. Specifically, the activity increases nonlinearly as the bed composition changes, the selectivity was low for all dual-bed reactors, and the selectivity was high for well-mixed catalyst beds. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 821–828, 2004
Budd-Chiari syndrome and post-traumatic diaphragmatic hernia.

Diaphragmatic hernias occur in as many as 6% of patients after thoracoabdominal trauma, with the majority occurring on the left side as a result of the cushioning effects of the liver. Diagnosis is delayed in as many as 60% of all cases, and symptoms are nonspecific and include abdominal pain, shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and tachypnea. We report a patient with chronic hepatothorax resulting from a right-sided diaphragmatic rupture after a remote history of blunt trauma more than 20 years previously presenting with irreversible Budd-Chiari syndrome in the right liver.
Profiling surgical staplers: effect of staple height, buttress, and overlap on staple line failure

Abstract Background Few studies have been designed to assess the performance of surgical staplers. In this study, we analyzed the effect of staple height, buttressing, and overlapping of staple lines on staple line failure. Methods Staple lines created on fresh porcine small bowel segments ex vivo were tested for leak pressure by insufflating air into the bowel under water and recording pressure at failure. Three separate experiments were done and included staple height (white, 2.5 mm, n=16; blue, 3.5 mm, n=16; green, 4.1 mm, n=16; one half of them buttressed); the absence (n = 12) or presence (n = 12) of an overlap in 3.5-mm staple lines; and the absence (n = 14) or presence (n = 11) of buttresses in 3.5-mm overlapping staple lines. Data are reported in median values and ranges; nonparametric tests were used for data analysis. Results In the porcine small bowel, leak pressure was related to staple height; green loads had the worst profile (35 mm Hg, range 19–105) compared with the blue (79 mm Hg, range 9–177), and white (108 mm Hg, range 28–280) loads ( P = .006). Buttressing uniformly improved leak pressure for all staple loads ( P P = .162). Buttressing also improved the leak pressure of overlapping staple lines from 65 mm Hg (range 47–121) to 93 mm Hg (range 75–187; P = .0014). Conclusion Great variability was found in the leak pressures among the different applications of the same stapler. Staple height is an important determinant of leak pressure. The presence of an overlap did not affect leak pressure; in fact, a trend toward improvement was seen with overlapping staple lines. Buttressing improved all types of staple lines.
Aboveground biomass accumulation in a tropical wet forest in Nicaragua following a catastrophic hurricane disturbance.

Among their effects on forest structure and carbon dynamics, hurricanes frequently create large-scale canopy gaps that promote secondary growth. To measure the accumulation of aboveground biomass (AGBM) in a hurricane damaged forest, we established permanent plots 4 mo after the landfall of Hurricane Joan on the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua in October 1988. We quantified AGBM accumulation in these plots by correlating diameter measurements to AGBM values using a published allometric regression equation for tropical wet forests. In the first measurement year following the storm, AGBM in hurricane-affected plots was quite variable, ranging from 26 to 153 Mg/ha, with a mean of 78 (±15) Mg/ha. AGBM was substantially lower than in two control plots several kilometers outside the hurricane’s path (331 ±15 Mg/ha). Biomass accumulation was slow (5.36 ± 0.74 Mg/ha/yr), relative to previous studies of forest regeneration following another hurricane (Hugo) and agricultural activity. We suggest that large-scale, homogenous canopy damage caused by Hurricane Joan impeded the dispersal and establishment of pioneer trees and led to a secondary forest dominated by late successional species that resprouted and survived the disturbance. With the relatively slow rate of biomass accumulation, any tightening in disturbance interval could reduce the maximum capacity of the living biomass to store carbon.
The Discovery of Insulin: Is There Glory Enough for All?

In October 2011, the University of Toronto and the Torontoheadquartered Gairdner Foundation partnered to celebrate the ninetieth anniversary of the discovery of insulin. In 1921, four scientists worked to discover, isolate, and purify insulin at the University of Toronto: Frederick Banting, John J. R. Macleod, James B. Collip, and Charles H. Best. The credit for this achievement has been assigned in varying ways. Popular opinion, in Toronto and worldwide, has bestowed the recognition for discovery upon Banting and Best. Indeed, many noted diabetologists have credited the achievement to this pair. However, the Nobel Committee awarded the Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Banting and Macleod in 1923. Michael Bliss, in his 1982 history of the discovery of insulin, revisited the question of who really is responsible for this wonder drug. Our essay will explore the pathway toward the discovery of insulin and seek to understand why the credit for this monumental achievement was apportioned in such different ways.
Political Violence: Patterns and Trends

Marvin Wolfgang’s interest in violence focused mainly on patterns of criminal homicide and traditions of aggression that he called “subcultures of violence” (Wolfgang and Ferracuti, 1967). However, he was anything but indifferent to political violence. Like many criminologists, he sought to understand the civil turmoil of the 1960s—evidenced in his work with the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence and his collaboration with James F. Short, Jr., in editing an authoritative volume of works on the collective violence of that time (Short and Wolfgang, 1972). And in a seminal study deserving of far more attention than it has received, he provided a fascinating scholarly analysis of the savage political struggle between the Guelph and Ghibelline parties of Florence during the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries (Wolfgang, 1954). That study was one of the first to extend criminological inquiry to larger issues of political conflict and violence in specific historical contexts.
Molecular and Immunohistochemical Markers of Diagnostic and Prognostic Value in Testicular Tumors

Primary testicular tumors are rare and the great majority fall into one of two major categories: germ cell and sex cord-stromal tumors. Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are the most common, but the histogenesis, morphology, and genotypic features vary greatly depending on whether they develop in a prepubertal gonad or in an adult. While there is little debate on the histogenesis and molecular characteristics of adult onset GCTs, molecular markers associated with drug resistance and poor prognosis have yet to be defined. Surgery remains the key to effective treatment of sex cord-stromal tumors since effective systemic therapies remain elusive; very little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in this disease. The types of germ cells and sex cord-stromal tumors are many, yet the judicious use of immunohistochemical markers can be a useful adjunct to arrive at a correct diagnosis.
The Real Effects of U.S. Tax Arbitrage by Foreign Multinational Firms

Controlled foreign corporation (CFC) laws are designed to restrict the tax arbitrage activities of multinational firms. I estimate a difference-in-differences specification to study profit shifting out of the U.S. following the staggered implementation of CFC laws in 17 foreign countries since 1982. The evidence indicates that when a foreign country implements a CFC law the multinationals based there, and hence subject to the law, shift less of their U.S. profits out of the U.S. A dynamic specification suggests CFC laws have their full effect within two years of implementation. Within-firm interest payments ("interest stripping") play a significant role in the aggregate profit shifting patterns. In addition, foreign multinationals appear less likely to establish U.S. subsidiaries, and more likely to dissolve those they have, when a CFC law induces them to realize more of their U.S. profits in the United States.
Mourning Lions and Penelope's Revenge

This paper focuses on the simile comparing Penelope to a lion encircled by men in Odyssey 4.791-94. Lion similes in Homeric poetry typically depict warriors in combat situations and so the description of Penelope as a trapped predator facing battle is surprising. The encircled beast of the simile is in a dangerous situation, but the lion's plight is left unresolved as Penelope falls asleep. Many critics note the connection between Penelope the lion and Odys- seus, who is compared to the same animal on five occasions in the poem, most notably in Books 22 and 23 after he slaughters the suitors. Yet most dismiss the simile concerning Penelope as atypical or, as Stephanie West summarizes its scholarly reception in her commentary on Odyssey 1-4, "inept." 2 While the lion simile plays an important part in connecting Penel- ope with both Odysseus and the theme of revenge, its significance extends beyond this basic function. Looking backward to the epic of Gilgamesh and glancing sideways to Iliadic lions, I argue that the lion simile of Odyssey 4 evokes war and its consequences by suggesting a kind of mourning that gives rise to the wrathfulness and thirst for revenge that, within the context of the Odyssey, creates the impetus for Odysseus's return. Penelope is compared to a lion just after she learns of the suit-
Effect of Inducement by HMT-Toxin to PAL Activity in Maize Leaves

The maize leaves were pretreated respectively by low concentraion Helminthospolium maydis T-toxin(HMT-T),protein and cell-wall,which were extracted from cultivating filtrate at the stage of three-leaf,and then these leaves were treated by high concentration HMT-T and cultivated 5 d.The dimension of spots in infected leaves was calculated and phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL) activity determined.The result showed that only the HMT-T could act as elicitor in the cultivating filtrate.The suitable concentration of HMT-T was different for various varieties.As to TC103 the suitable concentration of toxin was 0.025 μg/mL and the PAL activity of maize leaves reached its maximum degree in this case.The right concentration of TB37 and TMo17 were 0.025 μg/mL and 0.050 μg/mL respectively.
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES OF THE BEACH EROSION BOARD

The purpose of this paper is to describe the research program of the Beach Erosion Board and to discuss the reasons which led to the establishment of this program. Introductory statements are given as to the functions of the Beach Erosion Board and the necessity of research activities to support these functions.
Utility of Baroreflex Sensitivity as a Marker of Stress

Presently, adaptive systems use various cognitive and cardiovascular measures to evaluate the functional state of the operator. One marker that has been largely ignored as an assessment tool is bar...
Twenty-five year response of non-crop trees to partial release during precommercial crop tree management

Abstract An underappreciated component of precommerical crop tree release (PCTR) is the inevitable partial release of non-crop trees. While the response of fully released crop trees is increasingly understood, few studies have examined the response of non-crop trees. The effects of precommercial crop tree release at canopy closure on upper canopy persistence, mortality, and diameter growth over 25-years were examined on seven study areas established in Connecticut in 1988. Each area had nine 8 m × 8 m plots for each of two treatments: PCTR and unmanaged controls. The equivalent of 156 crop trees per hectare were completely released by cutting all stems with adjacent crowns. This resulted in the inadvertent partial release on two or more sides of 480 upper canopy, non-crop trees per hectare. Diameters and crown classes of all stems (DBH > 2 cm) were measured annually. For those stems in the upper canopy at when treated, partial release increased the proportion of oaks, but not maples or birches, which persisted in the upper canopy. Partial release increased the proportion of intermediate oaks that ascended into the upper canopy and reduced mortality. Partial release increased 25-year diameter growth of oaks. However, releasing upper canopy, sapling oaks on only one side did not increase upper canopy persistence or diameter growth. PCTR increased the proportion of oaks among the largest 300 trees per hectare twenty-five years after treatment. Where predicted oak densities are below management goals, precommercial crop tree release should be considered as a tool to increase survival and growth of quality oak saplings.
Detection and Quantification of Endoprotease Activity Using a Coomassie Dye-Binding Assay

Traditional methods for detecting proteases in fungi require the separation of product from substrate. These methods are time-consuming, laborious, and not amenable to high-throughput analysis. A simple alternative method is described here that utilizes Coomassie dye reagent to follow the time-dependent proteolytic loss of a macromolecular protein substrate.
Terahertz Spectroscopy of Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as a Probe of Luttinger Liquid Physics.

Luttinger liquid theory predicts that collective electron excitations due to strong electron–electron interactions in a one-dimensional (1D) system will result in a modification of the collective charge-propagation velocity. By utilizing a circuit model for an individual metallic single-walled carbon nanotube as a nanotransmission line, it has been shown that the frequency-dependent terahertz impedance of a carbon nanotube can probe this expected 1D Luttinger liquid behavior. We excite terahertz standing-wave resonances on individual antenna-coupled metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes. The terahertz signal is rectified using the nanotube contact nonlinearity, allowing for a low-frequency readout of the coupled terahertz current. The charge velocity on the nanotube is determined from the terahertz spectral response. Our measurements show that a carbon nanotube can behave as a Luttinger liquid system with charge-propagation velocities that are faster than the Fermi velocity. Understanding what determine...