cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Secret Key and Private Key Capacities Over an Unauthenticated Public Channel

In this paper, the problem of key generation over an unauthenticated public channel in a network setup is considered. The considered model consists of four terminals: two legitimate terminals who need to share a key, a helper and an active adversary. The legitimate terminals and the helper are allowed to exchange messages over a public noiseless channel, to which the adversary has full access and may modify messages exchanged through this public channel. We investigate two types of keys: secret key (secure from the adversary only) and private key (secure from both the helper and the adversary). We characterize the relationship between the key rates in our model and the existing models with a passive adversary. We characterize conditions under which the generated key rates in this model are non-zero, and further provide an authentication scheme to show that key capacities, if are non-zero, are the same as those for the scenario with a passive adversary.
Outcome of Conventional Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Cardiac Arrest Following Drowning.

Introduction: The concept of compressions only cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CO-CPR) evolved from a perception that lay rescuers may be less likely to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilations during an emergency. This study hopes to describe the efficacy of bystander compressions and ventilations cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CV-CPR) in cardiac arrest following drowning. Hypothesis/Problem: The aim of this investigation is to test the hypothesis that bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) utilizing compressions and ventilations results in improved survival for cases of cardiac arrest following drowning compared to CPR involving compressions only. Methods: The Cardiac Arrest Registry for Enhanced Survival (CARES) was queried for patients who suffered cardiac arrest following drowning from January 1, 2013 through December 31, 2017, and in whom data were available on type of bystander CPR delivered (ie, CV-CPR CO-CPR). The primary outcome of interest was neurologically favorable survival, as defined by cerebral performance category (CPC). Results: Neurologically favorable survival was statistically significantly associated with CV-CPR in pediatric patients aged five to 15 years (aOR = 2.68; 95% CI, 1.10–6.77; P = .03), as well as all age group survival to hospital discharge (aOR = 1.54; 95% CI, 1.01–2.36; P = .046). There was a trend with CV-CPR toward neurologically favorable survival in all age groups (aOR = 1.35; 95% CI, 0.86–2.10; P = .19) and all age group survival to hospital admission (aOR = 1.29; 95% CI, 0.91–1.84; P = .157). Conclusion: In cases of cardiac arrest following drowning, bystander CV-CPR was statistically significantly associated with neurologically favorable survival in children aged five to 15 years and survival to hospital discharge.
Trademark Law & Consumer Safety

Trademark law protects consumers and mark owners against economic harm. When consumers are confused about the source of a good or service, this increases consumer search costs or imposes reputational costs on trademark owners. But what happens when a pharmacist, confused by two similar drug names, accidentally prescribes estrogen instead of an antidepressant? Trademark law, in such cases, has adapted its core doctrine—likelihood of confusion—to protect the public from another kind of injury: physical harm. By lowering the standard required for confusion when physical harm could result, courts recognized that standard trademark analysis did not always capture the harms posed by various kinds of confusion. In this Article I argue that courts should, for similar reasons, adjust the standard for deceptiveness. When a mark’s potential to mislead consumers about the nature of the product poses a risk to the consumer’s physical safety, courts should lower the standard for finding the mark deceptive. Current law bars from registration “deceptive” trademarks—trademarks that influence consumer purchasing decisions by misdescribing the nature, quality, or characteristics of the good on which the mark appears. The test for determining whether a mark is deceptive, however, is too rigid. To make matters worse, under current doctrine all deceptive marks are treated as equally harmful. Yet not all deceptive marks pose the same quantity or quality of harm. Sometimes the (risk of) harm is only economic or has only economic effects. A customer who receives SPUNOUT ICE CREAM may erroneously think that the ice cream was produced by a special spinning process, and they may buy it for that reason. In other cases, however, the risk of harm may implicate more serious considerations, such as physical safety. A consumer who buys the dietary supplement BRAINSTRONG because it suggests, without evidence, that it will improve brain function faces a variety of potential physical effects—effects not experienced by the patron of ice cream. Risks posed by misleading marks, in other words, vary by the type of good on which they appear. Where a good or service implicates serious concern of physical harm, courts should, as they have in the confusion context, pay closer attention. This requires three modest changes. First, courts should evaluate as potentially deceptive marks that suggest, but do not describe, a product’s qualities, characteristics, functions, features, or effects. Second, courts should be willing to find marks deceptive even when the deception is material to the purchasing decisions of only a small number of consumers. Finally, courts should bar deceptive marks from trademark protection. These changes will discourage the use of misleading marks, increase the quality of consumer information, and reduce the risk of physical harm. Comments, suggestions, and revisions welcome. Please send them to david [dot] alan [dot] simon [at] post.harvard.edu.
RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN INCIDENCE OF CARDIOTOXICITY IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS: A REAL WORLD STUDY

Cardiotoxicity is a known risk of certain breast cancer therapies; however, less is known about the differences in cardiotoxicity incidence and associated cardiovascular risk factors (CVDRFs) in African Americans (AAs). In this study, we assessed the incidence and CVDRFs associated with
Interaction of phomopsin A with normal and subtilisin-treated bovine brain tubulin.

Tubulin, the major component of microtubules, has a tendency to lose its ability to assemble or to bind to ligands in a time-dependent process known as “decay.” The decay process also causes tubulin to expose sulfhydryl groups and hydrophobic areas. The antimitotic drug phomopsin A strongly protects the tubulin molecule from decay. Here we have studied the interaction of phomopsin A with αβ tubulin and tubulin which has been treated with subtilisin to remove selectively the C-termini of the α and β chains (αsβs). The binding of phomopsin A to αβ tubulin decreases the sulfhydryl titer by approximately 1.0 mol/mol. Selective removal of the peptides from the C-terminal ends does not affect phomopsin A's interaction with tubulin. Moreover, the αsβs tubulin–phomopsin A complex appears to be more stable than the αβ tubulin–phomopsin A complex as determined by the time-dependent increase in exposure of sulfhydryl groups and hydrophobic areas on tubulin. In fact, phomopsin A inhibits the decay process of αsβs tubulin completely. This observation raises the possibility of determining the conformtion of this configuration of tubulin.
Glyburide Use in Older Adults: Pharmacy Claims Data Analysis of a Regional Healthcare Organization

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Glyburide was added to the 2012 American Geriatrics Society (AGS) Beers Criteria® due to the risk of hypoglycemic events in older adults. The objective of this study was to evaluate trends of glyburide use in persons aged 65 and older with diabetes mellitus, type II, before, during, and after the 2012 AGS Beers Criteria® Update. DESIGN Multicenter retrospective cohort study comparing pharmacy claims data from four Sharp Rees-Stealy clinic regions over 5 years (2010-2015). SETTING Pharmacy claims database. PARTICIPANTS A total of 3,005 patients with diabetes mellitus, type II, aged 65 and older. MEASUREMENTS Prescription fill history of the sulfonylureas glyburide, glipizide, and glimepiride were collected along with comorbidity (Elixhauser) and demographic information. Odds of glyburide prescribing were stratified by year, clinic region, and by prescriber type. RESULTS Glyburide use decreased across each study year (35.8%, 27.7%, and 4.2% in 2011, 2013, and 2015, respectively; P < .01). Adjusted odds of glyburide use indicated that regions A and D were 24% (P = .045) and 11% (P < .01) less likely to prescribe glyburide in 2011, regions A and D were 37% (P < .01) and 8% (P = .03) less likely to prescribe glyburide in 2013, respective to the overall average, whereas region B was 41% (P = .04) more likely. No significant regional site variations remained in 2015. Internists were 47% more likely to prescribe glyburide than family medicine providers in 2013; P < .01), but not in any other study years. CONCLUSION Rates of glyburide use decreased after release of the 2012 AGS Beers Criteria® demonstrating successful adoption of evidence-based medicine at a large multiregional site. However, regional differences may affect timing of implementation. Education, system-level initiatives, and strong professional support may help enhance more uniform adoption. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:2354-2358, 2020.
Abstract 2226: Precise stratification of immunotherapy outcomes using response-associated somatic mutations

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated efficacy in a variety of cancer types. However, enhanced predictors of response are needed to identify patients who are likely to respond, while sparing others from unnecessary toxicity. Predictors of response have been identified, including tumor mutation burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI) and PD-L1 expression. Studies looking for somatic mutations associated with ICI response have thus far been limited to single cancer types. Here, we used a clinical-genomic database combining ICI treatment outcomes with next-generation sequencing of tumors to identify somatic mutations associated with ICI response across 12 cancer types. Methods and Results: The cohort consisted 1,525 patients with 12 cancer types, derived from the cohort published by Samstein et al. (Nature Genetics, 2019). All patients had received at least one dose of an ICI (anti-PD-1/PD-L1, anti-CTLA-4 or both) and had a next-generation sequencing panel performed on matched tumor and normal tissue to identify somatic mutations. Using multivariable Cox regression–stratified by cancer type and including age, sex, ICI type, and TMB as covariates–we identified 14 ICI-response associated genes (IRAGs) across 6 cancer types. We verified that these IRAGs were predictive rather than prognostic; they were not associated with overall survival in the non-ICI-treated TCGA cohort. In order to determine whether these IRAGs could be used in conjunction with TMB or MSI to more precisely predict ICI outcomes, we stratified the cohort by MSI and TMB status and repeated the regression analysis. MSI-H was defined as MSIsensor score ≥ 10, while TMB-H was defined as the top 20th percentile within each cancer type. When stratifying by MSI status, we found that RNF43 was independently associated with improved survival among MSI-H COADREAD patients, while 11 IRAGs were associated with worse outcomes in MSI-L tumors. When stratifying by both MSI and TMB status, we found that among TMB-L/MSI-L patients, 3 IRAGs in BLCA and 2 in LUAD were independently associated with worse outcomes. Conclusions: Our results suggest that these IRAGs could be used in combination with MSI and/or TMB status to more precisely predict ICI treatment outcomes. Validation in other ICI-treated cohorts should be pursued. Citation Format: Tomi Jun, Tao Qing, Robert Samstein, Carlos Cordon-Cardo, Lajos Pusztai, Kuan-Lin Huang. Precise stratification of immunotherapy outcomes using response-associated somatic mutations [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2226.
Nature of clay-humic complexes in an agricultural soil. II. Scanning electron microscopy analysis

The most stable forms of organic matter in soils are the clay-humic complexes. An understanding of mechanisms and processes influencing the formation of clay-humic complexes may facilitate development of agricultural management systems that increase the long-term sequestration of C in soils and improve soil quality. The specific objective of this study was to visualize associations between humic substances and clay minerals separated from a typical agricultural soil. The soil sample used in this study was from the Ap horizon of a Webster (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Endoaquoll) soil located near Waseca, MN. The whole soil clay fraction (<2 micrometer particle-size fraction) was separated by a relatively mild sedimentation technique, and coarse, medium, and fine clay fractions (0.2-2.0, 0.02-0.2, and <0.02 micrometer size fractions, respectively) were separated from a portion of the whole clay sample by an aggressive sonication-centrifugation technique. All samples were Ca-saturated, dialyzed, and freeze-dried. The samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy to obtain images of clay-humic complexes and energy dispersive x-ray analysis to obtain maps of elemental distributions. Two distinct types of clay-associated humic substances were identified. The first type exists as diffuse filamentous films that cover basal surfaces of 2:1 phyllosilicates in the medium and fine clay fractions. The second type exists as discrete particles of high-density metal-humic substance complexes in the coarse clay fraction.
Computational Hardness of Optimal Fair Computation: Beyond Minicrypt

Secure multi-party computation allows mutually distrusting parties to compute securely over their private data. However, guaranteeing output delivery to honest parties when the adversarial parties may abort the protocol has been a challenging objective. As a representative task, this work considers two-party coin-tossing protocols with guaranteed output delivery, a.k.a., fair coin-tossing.
Disclosure processes as predictors of relationship outcomes among people in recovery from opioid use disorder: A longitudinal analysis.

Abstract Background Personal disclosure of opioid use disorder (OUD) recovery can lead to relationship outcomes such as social support, which is associated with greater treatment retention, or stigma, which is associated with risk of treatment dropout. Although disclosure may have important impacts on the relationships and ensuing recovery trajectories of people with OUD, disclosure processes remain understudied in the context of OUD. Methods Guided by the Disclosure Process Model, this longitudinal study explored the disclosure goals of people in treatment for OUD and examined associations between disclosure goals and relationship outcomes. Data were collected at baseline (N = 146) and three months later (n = 124) from participants who were in treatment for OUD and planning to disclose their OUD history and/or treatment to someone new. Results Qualitative baseline data were analyzed to identify disclosure goals. Approach goals (i.e., reasons for disclosure) included support, honesty, amends, set an example, and logistics; avoidance goals (i.e., reasons against disclosure) included judgment, worry, and privacy. Quantitative data suggested that approach goals at baseline were associated with greater likelihood of disclosure within three months (OR=2.16, 95% CI=1.04–4.49) as well as with greater social support [B(SE)= 0.35(0.16), p = 0.03] and relationship closeness [B(SE)= 0.29(0.17), p = 0.01] following disclosures. In contrast, avoidance goals at baseline were associated with greater enacted stigma following disclosures [B(SE)= 0.30(0.14), p = 0.04]. Conclusions Findings draw attention to the potentially important role of disclosures in relationship outcomes among people in recovery from OUD. Disclosure may represent a promising intervention target to improve relationship outcomes and recovery trajectories of people in recovery from OUD.
The Interactions of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jets with Surfaces: In Situ Measurements of Electron Heating in Materials

The energy flux to a surface during plasma exposure and the associated surface heating are of long standing interest since both contribute to the physicochemical changes associated plasma-based materials processing. The unique feature of plasmas compared to other methods of materials synthesis and processing is that the energy flux is delivered and absorbed at or very near the surface over short time scales, and thus requires fast, surface-sensitive techniques to fully appreciate the dynamics of the plasma-surface interface. To achieve this, we employ pump-probe Time-Domain Thermoreflectance (TDTR) to measure the electron and phonon excitation and energy transport dynamics in thin metal films during exposure to an atmospheric pressure plasma jet. The results show the energy delivered by the plasma jet causes a localized thermal spike that is dissipated radially from the point of contact. More specifically, energy delivered via the flux of particles and photons causes the kinetic energy of the electrons within the material to increase over an area commensurate with the plasma jet radius. These results, in conjunction with voltage and current measurements, will be discussed in an effort to develop a first order understanding of energy transfer and relevant kinetics during plasma jet-surface interactions.
Carnap and the invariance of logical truth

The failed criterion of logical truth proposed by Carnap in the Logical Syntax of Language was based on the determinateness of all logical and mathematical statements. It is related to a conception which is independent of the specifics of the system of the Syntax, hints of which occur elsewhere in Carnap’s writings, and those of others. What is essential is the idea that the logical terms are invariant under reinterpretation of the empirical terms, and are therefore semantically determinate. A certain objection to Carnap’s version of the invariance conception has been repeated several times in the literature. It is based on Godel incompleteness, which is puzzling, since Carnap’s Syntax is otherwise quite careful to take account of Godel. We show here that, in fact, the objection is invalid and is based on a confusion about determinacy. Sorting this out is worthwhile not only for the purpose of better understanding Carnap’s thinking in the Syntax, though. The invariance conception is also related to recent work in the philosophy of logic regarding “logicality”—the characterization of logical concepts—following a proposal of Tarski’s. It is even connected to some very recent developments in the foundations of mathematics.
Physiological Characteristics of the Eye

Much of the equipment and technology used in closed-circuit TV, including video microscopy, is borrowed from broadcast TV. It should be noted that broadcast TV has never sought to produce a perfect optical image from a remote location, but rather to provide an instant facsimile of lifelike scenes economically to an audience scattered over wide geographic areas.
Plasma Sheath and Screening of Charged Bodies

The potential and charge density distributions are derived quite generally for both a stationary charged sphere and a charged body moving rapidly through a plasma. The work of previous authors on the screening of stationary charged bodies has been limited by a failure to recognize the importance of spiral orbits on the space charge density and a failure to cope with the problem of bound orbits. Most of the previous work on the screening of rapidly moving bodies has been limited to cases where the body, the potential, or the Debye length are assumed small. In the few cases where these assumptions have not been made, iterative solutions have been calculated, but here the uniqueness of the solution is seriously in question.
Three objective rules of sequencing applied to programed learning materials

Most educational researchers and instructional development specialists would readily agree that there is an articulation problem between laboratory studies and classroom applications. However, if one of the purposes of research is to provide information for better decisions with regard to technique and methodology, the transformation of theory into practice is necessary. One of the areas in which articulation between basic and applied educational research is a problem is in the transformation of conceptual rules and hypotheses into instructional materials. A survey of literature dealing with the type of learning known as concept acquisition reveals a general lack of attempts to apply the results of years of observation to development of classroom materials (Carroll, 1964; Clark, 1971; K. Stolurow, 1971). This report addresses the issue of the application of concept acquisition theory by 1) discussing the nature of concept acquisition, 2) reviewing several earlier studies dealing with concept acquisition, and 3) describing two related studies which attempt to apply sequencing rules developed in the earlier studies to the design of instructional materials.
Finding the Rare Cube

In this paper we investigate the problem of active learning the partition of the n-dimensional hypercube into mcubes, where the i-th cube has color i. The model we are using is exact learning via color evaluation queries , without equivalence queries, as proposed by the work of Fine and Mansour. We give a randomized algorithm solving this problem in O(mlogn) expected number of queries, which is tight, while its expected running time is O(m2nlogn). Furthermore, we generalize the problem to allow partitions of the cube into mmonochromatic parts, where each part is the union of pcubes. We give two randomized algorithms for the generalized problem. The first uses O(mp22plogn) expected number of queries, which is almost tight with the lower bound. However, its naive implementation requires an exponential running time in n. The second, more practical, algorithm achieves a better running time complexity of $\tilde{O}(m^2 n^2 2^{2^p})$. However, it may fail to learn the correct partition with an arbitrarily small probability and it requires slightly more expected number of queries: $\tilde{O}(mn 4^p)$, where the $\tilde{O}$ represents a poly logarithmic factor in m,n,2p.
Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Trailing Edge Flows

In the past several years, considerable advances have been made in the prediction of transonic trailing-edge flows. For modern supercritical airfoils the trailing edge region is dominated by viscous-inviscid interaction. In the near wake the flow field is complicated by streamline curvature and due to the interaction of the merging of two significantly different shear layers. Integral boundary-layer methods coupled with an inviscid flow-field solution have been successfully applied to both symmetric and asymmetric trailing-edge flows provided there is no boundary layer separation [128, 217, 218]. These methods are not satisfactory for flows with strong adverse pressure gradients leading to significant separated regions [217, 219]. Differential methods employing either a boundary-layer code coupled with an inviscid solution or the mass-averaged Navier—Stokes equations throughout the flow field have also been successful provided separation was not present [210, 218]. Recently an asymmetric trailing-edge flow with a small separated zone was successfully predicted using the Navier—Stokes equations [220]. The ability to calculate trailing-edge flows with large separated zones remains to be tested.
Recreational urethral sounding is associated with high risk sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted infections

Study Type – Symptom prevalence (case series) Level of Evidence 4 What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Most of the medical literature regarding recreational urethral sounding pertains to foreign body retrieval. Very little is known about men who perform sounding and do not require medical attention. Of >2000 men, who responded to a urinary and sexual wellness survey, 10% had a history of recreational urethral sounding. Compared with men who did not sound, men who did reported higher risk sexual behaviours such as multiple sexual partners, sex with strangers and reported more sexually transmitted infections. Men who seek medical attention for complications resulting from sounding should be counselled regarding the hazards of the practice. Realistic strategies for risk reduction should be discussed with men who engage in recreational sounding. OBJECTIVE • To determine whether men who perform recreational sounding are at increased risk of engaging in unsafe sexual behaviours, developing sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). SUBJECTS AND METHODS • In a cross-sectional, international, internet-based survey of the sexual practices of >2000 men who have sex with men, subjects were asked if they had engaged in urethral sounding for sexual gratification. • We compared ethnodemographic and health-related variables between the sounding and non-sounding populations. The International Prostate Symptom Score and a modified validated version of the International Index of Erectile Function were used to quantify LUTS and erectile dysfunction (ED) in both populations. RESULTS • There were 2122 respondents with complete data, 228 (10.7%) of whom had engaged in recreational sounding. • Men who had engaged in sounding were more likely to report certain high risk sexual behaviours (e.g. multiple sexual partners and sex with partners who were not well known) and had increased odds of reporting STIs. • Men who had engaged in sounding had a slight but statistically significant increase in LUTS but no significant difference in prevalence of ED. CONCLUSIONS • Urethral sounding is a sexual practice that is associated with higher risk sexual behaviour and carries the potential for morbidity. • Research on means for risk reduction for men who choose to engage in recreational sounding requires further study.
Functional and Phenotypic Evidence for Presentation of Eα52–68 Structurally Related Self-Peptide(s) in I-Eα-Deficient Mice

The Y-A e mAb and the 1H3.1 TCR-αβ (Vα1/Vβ6) are two immune receptors specific for I-A b MHC class II molecules complexed to the 52–68 fragment of the α-chain of I-E class II molecules (the Eα 52–68 peptide). A profound intrathymic negative selection occurs in 1H3.1 TCR transgenic mice in the presence of an I-Eα transgene. The administration of mAbs to 1H3.1/I-Eα double-transgenic newborn mice reveals that Y-A e, but not the isotype-matched anti-I-E Y17 mAb, rescues a significant number of mature (Vβ6 high CD4 + CD8 − ) thymocytes and allows the detection of Eα 52–68 -reactive T cells in the periphery. These observations indicate that deletion of autoreactive T cells can be specifically inhibited in vivo by an mAb specific for the deleting self-peptide:self-MHC class II complex. Similar inhibition experiments indicate that C57BL/6 (I-A b+ /I-Eα − ) mice constitutively express an Eα-independent, Y-A e -recognizable epitope(s). This finding is confirmed by the phenotypic analysis of mature (MHC class II high) C57BL/6 bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Collectively, these observations further illustrate the peptide specificity of negative selection and demonstrate that MHC class II-positive cells from unmanipulated C57BL/6 mice that lack a functional I-Eα gene can assemble one or more self-peptide:I-A b complexes recognizable by the Eα 52–68 :I-A b complex-specific Y-A e mAb.
The advanced life support in obstetrics course as an orientation tool for obstetrics and gynecology residents

Objective This study was undertaken to assess the utility of the Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics Course for obstetrics/gynecology first-year residents by triangulating pretest and posttest scores on written test of knowledge by interns, with qualitative surveys by residents, and faculty. Study Design Obstetrics/gynecology interns took a quantitative pretest and posttest on obstetric emergencies. These postgraduate first-year residents were also surveyed about their qualitative expectations about the course in advance and about their evaluation of the course after course completion. Results Nine postgraduate first year residents took the Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics course and participated in this study on June 2005. Postgraduate first year residents demonstrated an increase of 31% between mean pretest and posttest scores. Postgraduate first year residents found the course to be a good, hands-on practical review of common obstetric problems. Obstetrics/gynecology faculty and residents agreed that the course was useful hands tool for orientation. Conclusion Advanced Life Support Obstetrics course is an effective educational tool during orientation for obstetrics/gynecology residents.
A comparative review of conventional and lipid formulations of amphotericin B.

Over the past 15 years, factors suh as corticosteroid treatment, cytotoxic chemotherapy, excessive use of broad spectrum antibiotics and HIV have led to an increased risk of serious fungal infections in both adults and pediatric patients. This increase in invasive fungal infections poses increasing difficulty in their treatment. Three new lipid formulations of amphotericin B are now available in the U.S.: amphotericin B lipid complex (Abelcet), amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (Amphotec), and liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome). These newer formulations are substantially more expensive, but allow patients to receive higher doses for longer periods of time with decreased renal toxicity than conventional amphotericin B. The properties of these new agents are summarized in this review. Discussion of current national guidelines as well as those used at our institution are presented to provide guidance for the development of institution specific guidelines for the most cost-effective drug for most patients, some may benefit more from one of the newer lipid formulations.
The excess enthalpies of (propane + chlorotrifluoromethane) from 293.15 to 383.15 K at 4.45 MPa

Abstract The excess molar enthalpies HmE for (propane + dichlorodifluoromethane) were measured in the vicinity of the critical points of the components and in the supercritical region. Regions of large positive and negative HmE were obtained (−1.75
Gender Specific Material Properties in the Thoracic Spine

Gender differences have been identified in a variety of spine-related disorders including rates of thoracic sagittal plane scoliosis and rates of whiplash associated disorder following automotive rear impacts. For example, female gender was identified as a main risk factor for thoracic curve progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis [1]. Clinical and epidemiological studies have identified females to be more susceptible to whiplash injury [2]. However, biomechanical evidence for these discrepancies has been limited. Experimental investigations using human volunteers and post mortem human head-neck specimens have identified dynamic gender differences in overall head kinematics relative to T1 [3] and segmental and localized spinal kinematics [4, 5] following simulated automotive rear impacts. However, it remains unclear whether dynamic gender differences resulted from anthropometry, or geometrical or structural differences in the head-neck complex and/or cervical spine. Structural gender differences identified in anterior cruciate ligaments of the knee [6] and histological differences identified in the ligamentum flavum of the lumbar spine may indicate possible structural or material gender differences in spinal ligaments [7]. Therefore, the present investigation was conducted to experimentally identify soft tissue structural differences in spinal biomechanics.
Interactions between twisted DNAs and enzymes: the effects of superhelical turns.

Abstract Covalently closed bacteriophage PM2 DNA samples containing varying numbers of superhelical turns were used as substrates for the holo and core enzymes of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, E. coli DNA polymerase I, pancreatic DNAase, and two single strand-specific endonucleases from Neurospora crassa and Mung bean. The results indicate that the superhelical turns influence the properties of DNAs as enzyme substrates in two major ways: (1) if the interaction between a DNA and an enzyme involves the unwinding or winding of the DNA helix, the interaction is strongly affected by the degree of superhelicity of the DNA, since the higher free energy of a twisted DNA favors the reduction of superhelical turns. For phage PM2 DNAs with negative superhelical density, − σ 0 less than about 0.04, this factor is the dominant one. In this range of superhelical density the sensitivity of the DNAs toward endonucleolytic attack by the single strand-specific nucleates increases only slightly with increasing − σ 0 . The magnitude of transcription by E. coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme, which is known to unwind the DNA helix slightly, increases rapidly with increasing − σ 0 . A similar increase in template activity with increasing − σ 0 has been observed with the core enzyme, and is interpreted as evidence that the productive binding of the core polymerase also requires an unwinding of the DNA helix. (2) When − σ 0 is greater than about 0.04, it appears that the DNA is very tightly wound. Such tight twisting might reduce the binding and/or hinder the movement of certain macro-molecules along the helix. Thus, in this range of superhelix density, the template activity appears to decrease with increasing − σ 0 . While the sensitivity of the DNA toward endonucleolytic scission by pancreatic DNAase is independent of σ 0 , the sensitivity toward endonucleolytic scission by the single strand-specific nucleases increases markedly with increasing − σ 0 in this range. This is interpreted as resulting from large distortions of the double helix at the sharp bends at which the DNA doubles on itself because of the tight twisting. Such distorted regions become favored sites for the single strand-specific nucleases. For the DNA samples with − σ 0 as high as 0.06, there is no evidence that there is a significant fraction of bases in the single-stranded form. In the presence of oligo-nucleotides as initiators, no significant amount of DNA synthesis on twisted PM2 templates is detected with E. coli DNA polymerase I. While the highly twisted DNA with − σ 0 = 0.06 is nicked by the Mung bean enzyme about 75-fold faster than untwisted PM2 DNA, the rate is still only a few tenths of 1% of that with a single-stranded DNA as the substrate.
Probing the hot-electron transport properties and interface band structure of Fe ∕ Si (001) and Fe 81 C 19 ∕ Si (001) Schottky diodes

Ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) has been performed on both $\mathrm{Au}∕{\mathrm{Fe}}_{81}{\mathrm{C}}_{19}∕\mathrm{Si}$ (001) and $\mathrm{Au}∕\mathrm{Fe}∕\mathrm{Si}$ (001) Schottky diodes at $80\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The Schottky heights were measured to be $0.68\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ and $0.70\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ for the ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{81}{\mathrm{C}}_{19}∕\mathrm{Si}$ (001) and $\mathrm{Fe}∕\mathrm{Si}$ (001) interfaces, respectively. In addition, a second threshold voltage was observed for the $\mathrm{Fe}∕\mathrm{Si}$ (001) interface at $1.29\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ and attributed to an additional conduction band minimum at the interface that arises from the bonding of the Fe to the Si. The hot electron attenuation lengths at $1.25\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ were measured to be $3.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ and $3.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ for ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{81}{\mathrm{C}}_{19}$ and Fe, respectively. The attenuation length of the ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{81}{\mathrm{C}}_{19}$ showed a decrease with increasing energy consistent with the universal curve for electron-electron scattering. However, the attenuation length for the Fe showed this decrease only until the onset of the second threshold after which it increased. It is proposed that this increase is attributed to the parallel momentum distribution of the additional conduction band minimum at the $\mathrm{Fe}∕\mathrm{Si}$ (001) interface.
Effect of isoproterenol on gas exchange during air and oxygen breathing in patients with asthma

Abstract The effect of isoproterenol on gas exchange during air and oxygen breathing was studied in twenty-five stable asthmatic patients and fourteen normal subjects. Prior to inhalation of isoproterenol the asthmatic subjects had an increased physiologic dead space (V D ) (186 ml versus 150 ml), a lower arterial oxygen tension (Pa O2 ) (77 mm Hg versus 95 mm Hg), a slightly higher diffusing capacity (D L ) (34 versus 30 ml/minute/mm Hg) and a normal pulmonary capillary blood volume (V C ) (79 ml versus 74 ml). Relief of bronchospasm by isoproterenol inhalation was accompanied by an increase in V D to 253 ml, a decrease in D L to 28 ml/minute/mm Hg, a decrease in V c to 69 ml and a fall in Pa O2 to 69 mm Hg. (In normal subjects there was no significant change in V D , D L , V C or Pa O2 .) When the patients breathed 100 per cent oxygen, isoproterenol inhalation increased Pa O2 from 561 to 591 mm Hg. There was a significant positive correlation in alterations in D L , V C and Pa O2 in patients after isoproterenol administration. However, no significant correlation was found between improvement in the indices derived from the forced vital capacity (FVC) compared to changes in D L , V C and Pa O2 . Therefore, even though isoproterenol decreases airway obstruction during air breathing, arterial hypoxia may develop. This hypoxemia could not be attributed to hypoventilation or to an increase in the right to left shunt of blood around ventilated alveoli. The changes in V D suggest that hypoxemia resulted from alterations in ventilation-perfusion relationships. The decrease in D L was not large enough to cause hypoxia unless accompanied by profound alterations in diffusion-perfusion distribution. This study indicates that the changes in forced expiratory flow rates cannot be used to identify the asthmatic subject in whom hypoxia will develop after isoproterenol inhalation, but supplementary oxygen will prevent this form of hypoxia.
Breast self-examinations: Who does them and why

In a population of 158 women with a breast concern, two-thirds examined their own breasts. Most examiners (80%) practiced breast self-examination at least once a month, and over 60% had been regular examiners for more than 2 years. No significant difference in frequency of breast self-examination was found between women who had been examiners for longer and shorter time periods. Examiners had two main reasons for beginning and continuing breast self-examination: (1) an awareness that it is desirable to detect breast cancer early and (2) an awareness that they themselves could get breast cancer, while nonexaminers tended to deny this possibility. Therefore, to become examiners, nonexaminers may need to be convinced not only that early detection is effective but also that they too are at risk of breast cancer. The importance of informing, but not alarming, women about their breast cancer risk is discussed.
Passivation of type II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetectors

Leakage currents limit the operation of high performance type II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiode technology. Surface leakage current becomes a dominant limiting factor, especially at the scale of a focal plane array pixel (< 25 μm) and must be addressed. A reduction of the surface state density, unpinning the Fermi level at the surface, and appropriate termination of the semiconductor crystal are all aims of effective passivation. Recent work in the passivation of type II InAs\GaSb superlattice photodetectors with aqueous sulfur-based solutions has resulted in increased R0A products and reduced dark current densities by reducing the surface trap density. Additionally, photoluminescence of similarly passivated type II InAs/GaSb superlattice and InAs GaSb bulk material will be discussed.
Robotics, Ethics, and China

Emergent technologies present particular difficulties for ethical assessment. Such innovations must be evaluated in terms of device, system, design, and policy. Robotics is an example where ethical assessment is required. The deployment of key cultural traditions offers a way to evaluate an emergent technology. The Chinese traditions of puppetry and ritual formation are particularly appropriate in appraising novel robotic developments. These traditions suggest four appropriate ethical guidelines for the possible deployment of robot technologies.
DIAGONALLY INVERTED LOWER-UPPER FACTORED IMPLICIT MULTIGRID SCHEME FOR THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL NAVIER STOKES EQUATIONS

An approximately factored, implicit multigrid algorithm is developed to calculate three-dimensional compressible viscous flows. This scheme solves the full Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with a k-e model of turbulence. The flow equations are solved within the framework of the multigrid method using a four grid level W-cycle, while the k-e equations are solved only on the finest grid and uncoupled from the flow calculations
A new approach to teaching a first course in compiler construction

A new approach to teaching a first course in compiler construction is presented, in which the traditional term project is replaced by several smaller, independent, programming assignments. Each assignment is a compiler for a simple language using a different parsing technique. A means is described to augment the programming assignments, so that a greater variety of experiences is provided students. A short review of the literature is included.
Electrical Performance of Calcium doped Lanthanum Ferrite for use in Single-Step Co-fired Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)

In the single-step SOFC co-firing process YSZ electrolytes with sintering aid densify at a temperature of ˜1300°C. Electrodes employed in the single-step co-fired SOFC must therefore sinter with the right microstructure at ˜1300°C. Calcium-doped lanthanum ferrite, La0.8Ca0.2FeO3±δ (LCF-20) was identified in earlier studies as a possible stable cathode material for the single-step co-fired SOFC. LCF-20 is also expected to be a more stable cathode material than LSCF (strontium and cobalt doped lanthanum ferrite). Four-probe conductivity tests yielded ˜93 S/cm at 800°C and showed an increase in conductivity as pO2 increases, characteristic of p-type conduction. LCF has a higher electrical conductivity compared to LSCF and LCM+YSZ cathode materials. Oxygen ion conductivity of LCF-20 obtained from permeability measurements is higher than that of YSZ and LSF-20. Therefore LCF has excellent mixed conducting properties to serve as a catalytically active cathode material for co-fired solid oxide fuel cells operating at intermediate temperatures. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were made on symmetrical cells fabricated with YSZ electrolyte and the electrode materials. A gadolium doped ceria (GDC) barrier layer was employed to prevent LCF/YSZ reaction. Comparison of LCF/GDC/YSZ/GDC/LCF EIS data to LCM+YSZ/YSZ/LCM+YSZ EIS data gathered using identical test conditions and electrode microstructures shows that LCF has a measured polarization resistance (Rp) of approximately half that seen in LCM+YSZ. Variations in cathode thickness and porosity show the best performance with a cathode of a critical thickness and finer porosity. Slight stoichiometric deviations in LCF result in the formation of a Ca-Fe-O liquid phase during electrode sintering at around 1220 C. The liquid phase migrates into and through the GDC layer. EDX line scans show the second phase to be rich in Ca and Fe. Thicker GDC layers seem to prevent the liquid phase from reaching the electrolyte/GDC interface. Structural analysis with TEM will be performed. The properties and the effect of the Ca-Fe-O phase on the cathodic performance of the cell are being investigated; however, preliminary results indicate that minor amounts of the Ca-Fe-O phase will not interfere with the electrochemical performance of the LCF cathode. The high temperature instability in LCF has been observed in other studies, but has not been studied specifically in the literature.
The public health implications of maternal care trade-offs

The socioeconomic and ethnic characteristics of parents are some of the most important correlates of adverse health outcomes in childhood. However, the relationships between ethnic, economic, and behavioral factors and the health outcomes responsible for this pervasive finding have not been specified in child health epidemiology. The general objective of this paper is to propose a theoretical approach to the study of maternal behaviors and child health in diverse ethnic and socioeconomic environments. The specific aims are: (a) to describe a causal pathway between the utility that women obtain through work outside the home and through child care and disease hazard rates in childhood using an optimization model; (b) to specify the influence of ethnic and socioeconomic factors on model constraints; (c) to use the model as a tool to learn about how different combinations of maternal wage labor and child care time might influence child health outcomes in diverse social contexts; (d) to identify parameters that will require measurement in future research; (e) to discuss research strategies that will enable us to obtain these measurements; and (f) to discuss the implications of the model for biostatistical modeling and public health intervention. Optimization models are powerful heuristic tools for understanding how ethnic, environmental, family, and personal characteristics can place important constraints on both the quality and quantity of care that women can provide to their children. They provide a quantitative appreciation for the difficult trade-offs that most women face between working in order to purchase basic goods that children cannot do without (e.g., food, clothing, shelter, health insurance), and increasing offspring well-being through child care (e.g., training in social skills, affection, protection from environmental hazards, help with homework).