cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Sarcocystis neurona isolates derived from horse neural tissue

Abstract Sarcocystis neurona is a protozoan parasite that can cause neurological deficits in infected horses. The route of transmission is by fecal–oral transfer of sporocysts from opossums. However, the species identity and the lifecycle are not completely known. In this study, Sarcocystis merozoites from eight isolates obtained from Michigan horses were compared to S. neurona from a California horse (UCD1), Sarcocystis from a grackle (Cornell), and five Sarcocystis isolates from feral opossums from Michigan. Comparisons were made using several techniques. SDS–PAGE analysis with silver staining showed that Sarcocystis spp. from the eight horses appeared the same, but different from the grackle isolate. One Michigan horse isolate (MIH6) had two bands at 72 and 25 kDa that were more prominent than the UCD1 isolate and other Michigan horse isolates. Western blot analysis showed that merozoites of eight of eight equine-derived isolates, and the UCD1 S. neurona isolate had similar bands when developed with serum or CSF of an infected horse. Major bands were seen at 60, 44, 30, and 16 kDa. In the grackle (Cornell) isolate, bands were seen at 60, 44, 29, and 16 kDa. DNA from merozoites of each of the eight equine-derived isolates and the grackle-derived isolate produced a 334 bp PCR product ( Tanhauser et al., 1999 ). Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of these horse isolates showed banding patterns characteristic for S. neurona . The grackle (Cornell) isolate had an RFLP banding pattern characteristic of other S. falcatula species. Finally, electron microscopy examining multiple merozoites of each of these eight horse isolates showed similar morphology, which differed from the grackle (Cornell) isolate. We conclude that the eight Michigan horse isolates are S. neurona species and the grackle isolate is an S. falcatula species.
Single-machine sequencing with controllable processing times

Abstract We consider a static single-machine sequencing problem which job processing times are controllable variables with linear costs. All jobs have a common due data. The objective is to find optimal processing times, an optimal due date and an optimal sequence which will minimize a cost function containing earliness cost, tardiness cost, and total processing cost.
Approaches to the Dissection of Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction Pathways

Abstract Cytokines are powerful regulators of lymphocyte growth and development. Recent progress in isolating and cloning cytokine receptors has provided detailed knowledge about the structures of these proteins. However, the mechanisms by which these receptors transduce signals following ligand binding remain largely unknown. The conventional approach to defining a receptor-regulated signal transduction pathway has been to determine the membrane-proximal biochemical events and to use pharmacological mimics of these biochemical messengers. While this approach has provided detailed information about the early signaling events coupled to several receptor systems, evidence for a relationship between these early events to downstream nuclear and cellular responses is often circumstantial. Powerful genetic approaches now are amenable to dissecting receptor-initiated signal transduction pathways. Our primary focus here is to discuss these new experimental approaches in the context of cytokine receptors, although these approaches are applicable to any receptor system. These approaches rely on the identification of receptor-induced early response genes. These genes, once identified, can be used as tools for the identification of upstream components of the specific receptor-linked signal transduction pathway. After a brief introduction to receptor-mediated signaling, our discussion of experimental approaches begins in the nucleus, describing techniques for identifying cytokine-regulated genes. Following identification of regulated genes, we discuss techniques for isolating the proteins that activate these genes. Finally, approaches to determining how these proteins are regulated by second messenger systems are described.
THE FUNCTION OF THE LOBES OF THE HYPOPHYSIS AS INDICATED BY REPLACEMENT THERAPY WITH DIFFERENT PORTIONS OF THE OX GLAND

The proper administration of an endocrine principle shouldcorrect an abnormality due to the deficiency of this principle.† In the tadpole four such rather sharply defined abnormalitiesresult from early hypophysectomy,§ namely, (1) a slowed growthrate; (2) an underdevelopment of the interrenal bodies, para-thyroids and thyroid with a consequent failure of the larva tometamorphose; (3) an abnormal condition of the pigment bearing cells resulting in albinism; and (4) a large and persistentfat organ which we are inclined to believe indicates a disturbancein metabolism. We should, by the proper administration ofthe hypophysis be able to correct these disturbances or, indeed, to go further and by the administration of the separate lobesdetermine which lobe when administered will remedy a particular abnormality and in this way analyze the functional natureof each of the lobes of this composite gland. The pituitary ofthe mammal (beef) lends itself readily to such an analysis.
Unified Faddeev treatment of high-energy electron capture

A second-order Faddeev scattering formalism is developed for treating high-energy electron capture in nonrelativistic ion-atom collisions. The approximation to the exact capture amplitude encompasses both forward-angle and large-angle scattering. Comparison with forward-angle experimental data for protons on hydrogen and helium at energies of a few MeV shows very good agreement. The contribution of the internuclear potential to the amplitude is analyzed, and an explicit explanation of its effects as described by the eikonal transformation is given in a multiple-scattering approach. The amplitude is shown to be well behaved for singly charged incident ions.
The phase stability of body-centered cubic nickel, and face-centered cubic chromium

Abstract The phase stability of body-centered cubic nickel, and face-centered cubic chromium was calculated by using the CrFe, CrNi, and FeNi phase diagrams, the enthalpy and excess entropy of mixing in these binary systems, and the Hoch-Arpshofen model for the solutions. We found for BCC Cr → FCC Cr dG = dH = 0.275 ± 0.070 kK , and for FCC Ni → BCC Ni dG = dH = 0.428 ± 0.088 κK .
Activity of ceftobiprole compared with those of other agents against Staphylococcus aureus strains with different resistotypes by time-kill analysis

Among 10 hospital- and community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus strains with differing methicillin and vancomycin resistotypes, all strains were susceptible to ceftobiprole at MICs ≤2.0 μg/mL, and also to linezolid, tigecycline, and quinupristin/dalfopristin. Ceftobiprole, at 4× MIC, was bactericidal (99.9% killing) against 9 of 10 strains tested at 4× MIC after 24 h. Ceftobiprole also yielded significant activity at earlier periods, with 90% killing of all strains at 2× MIC at 6 and 12 h. Vancomycin was bactericidal against 6 of 8 strains tested at 2× MIC after 24 h. By contrast, linezolid and tigecycline were mainly bacteriostatic, and quinupristin/dalfopristin was bactericidal against 4 of 10 strains at 2× MIC after 24 h.
AAC research: a multidimensional learning community

The augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) knowledge base has been expanding dramatically during the past 20 years. AAC users, facilitators, technologists, and researchers contribute to the growth of information. Their roles include the (1) advancement of individualized knowledge, (2) advancement of generalized knowledge, (3) application of knowledge, (4) integration of knowledge, and (5) dissemination of knowledge. Over the years, the AAC knowledge base has evolved through a number of different stages with some areas of the field more completely developed than others. To illustrate the expansion of the AAC knowledge base, the areas of speech synthesis, facilitated communication, and AAC for persons with challenging behaviors are reviewed in this article. The enhancement of the AAC knowledge base must continue to be a community effort if it is to be developed in a balanced and efficient manner.
Magnetoklasticity in Rare-Earth Kultiiayers and Films

The magnetic structure has been measured with neutron scattering and SQUID magnetometry for a number of epitaxial multilayers and films of the magnetic rare-earths dysprosium and erbium grown with non-magnetic yttrium. In almost all cases the first order ferromagnetic phase transitions are suppressed, although the Neel temperatures are within 5% of the bulk values. The observed critical fields are explained by including epitaxial constraints with the bulk theory of magnetoelasticity.
Blind identification of multi-channel systems with single input and unknown orders

In commonly used SOS-based methods for blind identification of single input multiple output (SIMO) systems, such as subspace (SS) and least squares (LS), the highest order of unknown FIR channels is assumed to be known or is overestimated. In this paper we propose a new method based on modified Levinson algorithm (MLA) that makes no such assumptions. This method determines which FIR channel is minimum-phase, and estimates every channel impulse response with correct order when at least one of the unknown FIR channels is invertible. We first develop a MLA-based method for estimating a LTI SISO stable IIR system of correct orders when the input is an arbitrary stationary signal. We then use the results of such method and propose a solution to the SIMO blind system identification problem when orders of FIR channels are unknown. Performance of the proposed method is compared with those of the SS and power of R (POR) methods using different signal to noise ratio.
Total-Reflection Inelastic X-Ray Scattering from a 10-nm Thick La 0.6 Sr 0.4 CoO 3 Thin Film

To study equilibrium changes in composition, valence, and electronic structure near the surface and into the bulk, we demonstrate the use of a new approach, total-reflection inelastic x-ray scattering, as a sub-keV spectroscopy capable of depth profiling chemical changes in thin films with nanometer resolution. By comparing data acquired under total x-ray reflection and penetrating conditions, we are able to separate the O $K$-edge spectra from a 10 nm ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.6}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.4}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{3}$ thin film from that of the underlying ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ substrate. With a smaller wavelength probe than comparable soft x-ray absorption measurements, we also describe the ability to easily access dipole-forbidden final states, using the dramatic evolution of the La ${N}_{4,5}$ edge with momentum transfer as an example.
Probabilistic graphical models for resilience of all-optical networks under crosstalk attacks

We develop a framework based on probabilistic graphical models to study the resilience of all-optical networks under crosstalk attacks. Using this framework, we identify key factors that affect the network resilience.
Acute toxicities of five synthetic pyrethroid insecticides to Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia

The acute toxicities of four recently developed pyrethroid insecticides (bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, lambda cyhalothrin and tralomethrin) were experimentally compared to the acute toxicity of a first generation pyrethroid (permethrin), in static-flow, 48-h bioassays with Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia. The four new generation pyrethroids exhibited greater toxicity, with LC50s ranging from 0.15 to 1.04 μg/L for D. magna and 0.07 to 0.30 μg/L for C. dubia, in comparison to permethrin with LC50s of 1.25 μg/L for D. magna and 0.55 μg/L for C. dubia. Tralomethrin and cyfluthrin were most toxic to D. magna, with LC50s of 0.15 and 0.17 μg/L, respectively. C. dubia exhibited the greatest sensitivity to the pyrethroids, with an LC50 of 0.07 μg/L for bifenthrin. C. dubia was equally or more sensitive than D. magna to all of the insecticides.
Polarization phase shifting dispersed fringe sensor

The dispersed fringe sensor (DFS) has been demonstrated as an effective means of measuring mirror segment piston error for telescopes with primary mirror apertures below 10 meters. With larger proposed telescopes such as The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) and The European Large Telescope (ELT) including ever more segments, there is a need for improvement in the co-phasing capability for segmented primary mirrors. In this paper a novel DFS that employs polarization phase shifting technology is introduced. This novel technology provides system designers and engineers with a new tool to extend the dynamic range of a DFS.
Differentiation-associated changes in human non-T, non-B leukemia cell lines after treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)☆

The ability of TPA to induce stable phenotypic changes that normally serve as markers of differentiation was examined in the four human non-T, non-B cell lines, NALL-1, NALM-16, REH and KM-3. In all four lines, noncytotoxic concentrations of the phorbol ester caused an extensive reduction in the number of cells expressing cALL surface antigen and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. The disappearance of these markers correlated with the loss of cell proliferation. In one of the cell lines, NALL-1, TPA treatment gave rise to a significant increase in Ia-like antigen and antigen T-101, markers which represent more advanced stages of cell maturation. However, surface or cytoplasmic immunoglobins, indicators of mature B cells, were not detectable. Antigen 3A1, specific for myeloid and for T cells, antigen Leu-4, specific for T cells and antigen CM1, specific for monocytes, were also absent. In all cell lines, exposure to TPA resulted in an approximately two-fold increase in acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activity. The emergence of these phenotype changes was not altered upon repeated washing of the TPA-treated cells. These results demonstrate that while TPA is capable of inducing various non-T, non-B cell lines to differentiate to a limited degree, differences exist between the lines in the extent to which they can mature towards the B-cell stage.
Effects of intravenous cocaine on plasma cortisol and prolactin in human cocaine abusers

The aim of the present work was to examine the cortisol and prolactin responses to acute cocaine administration in human cocaine users. Each subject served as his own control during intravenous saline placebo and cocaine (40 mg) infusion sessions. Cocaine significantly elevated plasma cortisol but did not affect prolactin. The rise in cortisol coincided with an increase in heart rate and blood pressure after cocaine. In agreement with studies in animals, our data suggest that cocaine activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in humans. However, based on the well-known importance of dopamine as a prolactin-inhibiting factor, the failure of cocaine to suppress prolactin in the present study raises questions concerning the role of dopamine in the mechanism of acute cocaine action in humans.
Flooding, gas exchange and hydraulic root conductivity of highbush blueberry

Highbush blueberry plants (Vaccinium corymbosum L. cv. Bluecrop) growing in containers were flooded in the laboratory for various durations to determine the effect of flooding on carbon assimilation, photosynthetic response to varying CO2 and O2 concentrations and apparent quantum yield as measured in an open flow gas analysis system. Hydraulic conductivity of the root was also measured using a pressure chamber. Root conductivity was lower and the effect of increasing CO2 levels on carbon assimilation less for flooded than unflooded plants after short-(i-2 days), intermediate-(10–14 days) and long-term (35–40 days) flooding. A reduction in O2 levels surrounding the leaves from 21 to 2% for unflooded plants increased carbon assimilation by 33% and carboxylation efficiency from 0.012 to 0.021 mol CO2 fixed (mol CO2)−1. Carboxylation efficiency of flooded plants, however, was unaffected by a decrease in percentage O2, averaging 0.005 mol CO2 fixed (mol CO2)−1. Apparent quantum yield decreased from 2.2 × 10−1 mol of CO2 fixed (mol light)−1 for unflooded plants to 2.0 × 10−3 and 9.0 × 10−4 for intermediate- and long-term flooding durations, respectively. Shortterm flooding reduced carbon assimilation via a decrease in stomatal conductance, while longer flooding durations also decreased the carboxylation efficiency of the leaf.
Predictive visual tracking: specificity in mild traumatic brain injury and sleep deprivation

ABSTRACT We tested whether reduced cognitive function associated with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and sleep deprivation can be detected and distinguished using indices of predictive visual tracking. A circular visual tracking test was given to 13 patients with acute mTBI (recruited within 2 weeks of injury), 127 normal control subjects, and 43 healthy subjects who were fatigued by 26-hour sleep deprivation. Eye movement was monitored with video-oculography. In the mTBI-related portion of the study, visual tracking performance of acute mTBI patients was significantly worse than normal subjects (p < 0.001). In the sleep-deprivation-related portion of the study, no change was detected between the two baseline measures separated by 2 to 3 weeks, but the 26-hour sleep deprivation significantly degraded the visual tracking performance (p < 0.001). The mTBI subjects had substantially worse visual tracking than sleep-deprived subjects that could also be identified with different visual tracking indices, in...
On uniqueness for a higher-order Cauchy problem of mathematical physics

Considerable attention is currently being devoted to Cauchy Problems of Mathematical Physics in view of their increasing importance for the solution of applied problems. Many Cauchy problems in mathematical physics (like elasticity or Maxwell's equations) arises in connection with the process described by partial differential equations. If one cannot guarantee the uniqueness of a solution to these problems, then the problem does not make sense and there is no hope of handling them. It is shown here that for quite a complicated higher-order case one can achieved uniqueness under physically reasonable assumptions.
A unified set of experimental data for cylindrical, natural draft, shielded, single pot, wood-fired cookstoves

Abstract This article presents a unified dataset of 63 points compiled from three published laboratory studies for the most common type of improved household cookstove used in the developing world—a cylindrical, natural draft, shielded, wood-fired cookstove. Each data point includes 11 geometric variables, thermal conductivity of the stove body and insulation, lower heating value and moisture content of the fuel, heat release rate, and efficiency. Analysis of the dataset finds that the data are consistent between the studies and consistent with the current rules of thumb for the design of cookstoves. Specifically, it was found that pot shield gap, combustion chamber height, and insulation each have approximately the same impact on stove performance, increasing efficiency from roughly 20% to 40%. In contrast increases in pot shield height above 8 cm have limited impact on efficiency. No correlation between stove performance and volumetric or plan area heat release rate was found.
The weaver mouse: a most cantankerous rodent

protein evoked any aspect of the mutant phenotype in a weaver cell remained unknown. The question has now been solidly answered in the affirmative. Culturing granule cells from wild-type, wv/wv, and wv! + cerebella, Surmeier et al. (19) have shown in this issue of the Proceedings that the Girk2wv mutation significantly alters their G-protein-activated potassium currents. The properties of the currents in wild-type cells suggest that the normal granule cell makes a tetrameric channel that contains both GIRK1 and GIRK2 subunits, with little evidence for the presence of homomeric GIRK1 channels. The mutant protein thus acts as a semidominant monkey wrench in the normally smooth operation of the ionic homeostasis of the granule cell. The authors discuss the possible role of glutamate in linking the channel defect to the granule cell death phenotype. They hypothesize that if glutamate were normally present in the environment of the early postmitotic granule cell, then metabotropic glutamate receptors could be activated leading to an in-rush of calcium with an associated triggering of the GIRK channel(s) to achieve repolarization. The wv/wv granule cell would be at a disadvantage in this situation, however, and the resulting sustained depolarization might lead to excessive calcium entry and death. This is an intriguing hypothesis given the findings of Trenkner (20) that the weaver granule cell defect is rescued by NMDA blockers as well as those of Komuro and Rakic (21) that the rates of granule cell migration from the external to internal granule cell layer are modulated by NMDA-type glutamate channels. As might be anticipated from its history, however, the clouds
A personal light-treatment device for improving sleep quality in the elderly: dynamics of nocturnal melatonin suppression at two exposure levels.

Light treatment has been used as a non-pharmacological tool to help mitigate poor sleep quality frequently found in older people. In order to increase compliance to non-pharmacological light treatm...
Investigation of overmoded waveguide mode converter for quasi-optical W-band sheet beam Klystron

Overmoded waveguide rectangular-to-circular mode converters are investigated for quasi-optical high power electron device applications. Excellent mode purity is predicted along with good radiation pattern at the output of the antenna.
Comparative film studies, transnational film studies: interdisciplinarity crossmediality, and transcultural visuality in Chinese cinema

AbstractThis article conceives of comparative film studies as a subfield larger than transnational film studies and argues that film studies, apart from rethinking issues of Eurocentrism, should go beyond the imperative of following money and should simultaneously address contextual as well as textual, intertextual and subtextual aspects of film production, distribution, exhibition, and reception. Within a general comparative framework, the article identifies neglected and underdeveloped areas in Chinese film studies, such as audience research, piracy matter, literary adaptation, and crossmediality between of film and other arts (theatre, photography, and video). An emphasis on interdisciplinarity is crucial to our understanding of transcultural visuality embodied by film language and technology.
Isolated plexiform neurofibroma: treatment with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy.

Objectives: To present a case of an unusual benign tumor of the tongue treated successfully with radiotherapy. Study Design: Case report. Methods: Retrospective chart review. Results: A 60-year-old man presented with a painful submucosal lesion of the tongue base. Computed tomography showed an infiltrative soft-tissue mass involving the left base of the tongue. Operative biopsy revealed plexiform neurofibroma. Because of the patient's operative risk and the potential morbidity of surgical resection, he was treated with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT). His treatment was accomplished using a five-field arrangement treating exclusively the mass lesion to a total tumor dose of 60 Gy. After treatment, the patient's tongue pain resolved, and he noted minimal transient xerostomia. Serial follow-up radiographic examinations showed the base of tongue mass to be slightly smaller 4 months after treatment. The most recent follow-up magnetic resonance image reveals a further decrease in size of the mass. The patient is now over 3 years out from treatment. Conclusions: Solitary plexiform neurofibroma of the tongue base is a rare tumor. These benign neoplasms are usually treated with either observation or surgical excision. This case demonstrates that, when significant symptoms necessitate active management, these lesions may be successfully treated with minimal morbidity using 3DCRT. The ability of this technique to deliver a conformal radiation dose to the tumor volume while sparing the surrounding normal tissues may expand the application of radiotherapy in the treatment of these benign lesions of the head and neck.
Dinuclear gold(I) dithiophosphonate complexes: formation, structure and reactivity

Abstract 2,4-Diaryl- and 2,4-diferrocenyl-1,3-dithiaphosphetane disulfide dimers (1a–1c) react with a variety of alcohols, silanols and trialkylsilylalcohols to form dithiophosphonic acids in a facile manner. Their corresponding salts react with chlorogold(I) complexes to produce the first dinuclear gold(I) dithiophosphonate complexes of the type [AuS2PR(OR′)]2 (R=Ph, R′=Et (2); R=p-C6H4OMe, R′=SiPh3) (3)) in high yield (>70%). The dinuclear gold(I) complexes react with dppm (Ph2PCH2PPh2) or dppa (Ph2PNHPPh2) to form new heterobridged dinuclear gold(I) complexes of the type [Au2(dppm)S2P(O)R] (R=Ph (4)). Moreover, 1a–1c react with Au2(dppm)Cl2 to form new heterobridged trithiophosphonate gold(I) complexes of the type [Au2(dppm)S2P(S)R] (R=ferrocenyl (5)).
Transitivity, spatially separable utility functions, and United States migration streams, 1935-1970.

The predictions of spatial-interaction models applied to migration systems may be viewed as the outcome of expected-utility maximization in which the average beliefs and preferences at a given origin are spatially separable. This theory indicates that a test of the spatial separability of the utilities may be performed by examining the degree of transitivity in probabilities and gross flows that is predicted by the spatial-interaction models. United States migration data for four periods between 1935 and 1970 were examined for transitivity at three spatial scales of resolution. These flows all exhibited significantly high degrees of transitivity, although for no period or scale of resolution were migration flows completely without some statistically significant intransitivities in either the probabilities or gross flows. The regions involved in intransitivities varied greatly from period to period, and only weak evidence indicated lower degrees of intransitivity for local aggregates of regions. The hypoth...
Aire's plant homeodomain(PHD)-2 is critical for induction of immunological tolerance.

Aire impacts immunological tolerance by regulating the expression of a large set of genes in thymic medullary epithelial cells, thereby controlling the repertoire of self-antigens encountered by differentiating thymocytes. Both humans and mice lacking Aire develop multiorgan autoimmunity. Currently, there are few molecular details on how Aire performs this crucial function. The more amino-terminal of its two plant homeodomains (PHDs), PHD1, helps Aire target poorly transcribed loci by “reading” the methylation status of a particular lysine residue of histone-3, a process that does not depend on the more carboxyl-terminal PHD-2. This study addresses the role of PHD2 in Aire function by comparing the behavior of wild-type and PHD2-deleted Aire in both transfected cells and transgenic mice. PHD2 was required for Aire to interact with sets of protein partners involved in chromatin structure/binding or transcription but not with those implicated in pre-mRNA processing; it also was not required for Aire’s nuclear translocation or regional distribution. PHD2 strongly influenced the ability of Aire to regulate the medullary epithelial cell transcriptome and so was crucial for effective central tolerance induction. Thus, Aire’s two PHDs seem to play distinct roles in the scenario by which it assures immunological tolerance.
First-principles study of van der Waals interactions in MoS2 and MoO3

Van der Waals interactions play an important role in layered materials such as MoS2 and MoO3. Within density functional theory, several methods have been developed to explicitly include van der Waals interactions. We compare the performance of several of these functionals in describing the structural and electronic properties of MoS2 and MoO3. We include functionals based on the local density or generalized gradient approximations, but also based on hybrid functionals. The coupling of the semiempirical Grimme D2 method with the hybrid functional HSE06 is shown to lead to a very good description of both structural and electronic properties.
Volumetric storage limits and space-volume multiplexing trade-offs for holographic channels

We consider M-ary signaling in page-oriented holographic storage systems that multiplex pages using three methods: conventional angular multiplexing throughout the volume, localized recording, and a combination of angular multiplexing within localized recording. We study the mutual information transfer, which is increasingly easy to achieve in practice, between the recorded and recovered data, and use it to assess the storage density in these systems. We use the existing holographic channel model for the dominant Rician noise case for deriving the mutual information bound on the capacity and examine the interplay between the storage density and the number of recorded pages within the medium. We quantify through information-theoretical analysis that it is possible to obtain considerably higher storage capacities using gated localized holography than what can be achieved in conventional volume holography with angular multiplexing by appropriately optimizing the number of intensity levels for a given material constant and signal-to-noise ratio.
Myelin protein expression in the myelin-deficient rat brain and cultured oligodendrocytes.

The myelin-deficient (MD) rat does not express the major protein of CNS myelin, proteolipid protein (PLP). Here we further analyze whether this defect is reflected at the level of mRNA and whether the expression of other myelin proteins is affected in oligodendrocytes in vivo and in vitro. Both myelin basic protein (MBP) and PLP message levels were reduced in MD rats to 10–20% of the normal littermate controls, while the level of expression of an astrocyte-specific gene, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), was normal. Although MBP and PLP mRNAs were equally depressed, only MBP was detected with immunolabeling of corpus callosum, while PLP was absent in oligodendrocytes both in vivo and in vitro. A reduced number of MD rat oligodendrocytes express MBP in vitro compared to controls. The MD rat optic nerve contains normal numbers of 0–2A progenitors, but they tend to differentiate into GC-positive oligodendrocytes faster than oligodendrocytes from control littermates. In conclusion, the absence of PLP and reduced levels of MBP in the MD rats point to similarities with the jimpy mouse lesion. Moreover, the defect influences the expression of other myelin proteins and the oligodendrocyte developmental pathway.
Gendered educational and occupational choices: Applying the Eccles et al. model of achievement-related choices.

I summarize a theoretical model of the social, cultural, and psychological influences on achievement-related choices and outline how this model can help us understand gendered educational and occupational choices. I argue that both gender differences and individual differences within each gender in educational and occupational choices are linked to differences in individuals’ expectations for success and subjective task value. With regard to the gender difference in the occupations linked to math and physical science in particular, females are less likely to enter these fields than males both because they have less confidence in their math and physical science abilities and because they place less subjective value on these fields than they place on other possible occupational niches. Furthermore, gendered socialization practices at home, in the schools, and among peers play a major role in shaping these individual differences in self-perceptions and subjective task values. I relate these theoretical and e...
The necessity of delaying economic adjustment

Abstract I give an explanation for why agents react with a delay to decision and expectation parameters, by showing that imperfect agents must adjust very slowly relative to optimally adjusting agents if they begin reacting as soon as the latter agents would react. The results follow from the hypothesis of imperfect choice alone irrespective of whether there are any information, search, transaction, or other costs of adjusting decisions. The results thereby provide a general reason for observing inertially lagged behavior, and also agree with recent asset market experiments whose dynamics are governed by adaptive rather than ‘rational’ expectations.
Clinicopathologic and cytogenetic analysis of malignant rhabdoid tumor of the central nervous system.

Malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) is an aggressive Case 1 neoplasm of infants and children with distinctive light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features [1, 2]. Originally described in the kidney, the tumor also occurs in the liver [3], soft tissues [4], and paravertebral region [5]. Primary neoplasms of the brain such as primitive neuroectodermal tumors and astrocytomas have been found to arise in some patients with systemic MRTs [6-9]. Recently, primary MRT of the central nervous system (CNS MRT), unassociated with systemic tumors, has been described [1, 2,10-19]. In the sixteen reported cases for which clinical information is available, these tumors appear to be similar to nonCNS MRTs in that they are aggressive, and usually fatal. Abnormalities of chromosome 22 have been reported in four of five CNS MRTs in which cytogenetic analysis has been done [14, 20-22]; four of fourteen of the histologically similar non-CNS Case2 MRTs have abnormalities of chromosome 22 [3, 5, 22-26]. Because this primary brain tumor has been recognized less than a decade, and the number of karyotyped cases is small, we report three additional cases diagnosed at our pediatric hospital in the last three years. The combined clinical, histological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and cytogenetic studies in these three cases add to the evolving body of information about this unusual childhood CNS tumor. A previously healthy 3-year-old boy presented with lethargy, vomiting, and weakness of the right arm of one week's duration. On neurological examination, he had mild hemiparesis and right-sided hyperreflexia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a 6 cm inhomogeneous mass, with surrounding edema, in the left frontoparietal area. No other masses were seen on body computerized tomography (CT). The patient underwent a left frontal craniotomy with subtotal tumor resection. Postoperatively, he received 5,400 cGy of cranial irradiation. Follow-up head CR showed no evidence of tumor regrowth or craniospinal metastasis. He remains with mild residual right-sided weakness 3 years after surgery.
Zinc deficiency and anorexia in rats: normal feeding patterns and stress induced feeding

We report the effects of zinc deficiency on normal feeding behavior in rats and the effects of zinc deficiency on stress-induced eating in rats. Zinc deficient (ZD) rats weighed significantly less than their pair-fed and ad lib controls. Zinc repletion allowed improved growth, but ZD rats never displayed catch-up growth compared to their ad lib controls. ZD rats rapidly developed a depressed food efficiency ratio which normalized with zinc supplementation. Food consumption in ZD rats was approximately one-third that of ad lib controls and water intake was also significantly reduced. Mild tail pinch was able to induce feeding in these normally anorexic ZD rats. We conclude that zinc deficiency represents an interesting model of anorexia which may enhance our understanding of appetite regulation.
10 years of femtosecond combs in Boulder

Femtosecond combs have been a hot topic in Boulder for the last 10+ years. The first baby steps through the most recent developments will be surveyed.
Dependence of EMG Power Spectra on Electrode Type

Electromyographic power density spectra were computed for both uninsulated 75? diameter and insulated 25? diameter intramuscular biopolar electrodes. The results show that the smaller diameter electrodes yield spectra with significantly higher peak frequencies and broader bandwidths.
Physics of failure for portable electronic devices in military applications

In military applications electronic devices play a vital role in the success of a mission. These devices which provide control, guidance, communication, and reconnaissance are critical components in modern unmanned vehicular applications. The current trend is to provide a human interface to control theses systems via portable devices. This trend in modern warfare has increased the complexity of electronic equipment, especially in low volume, highly sophisticated, and dense electronic systems. These modern devices take advantage of the remarkable advances made in low cost commercial electronics. This current movement of using commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) electronics and devices for military applications has led to concerns about their reliability in harsh battlefield environments. The increase in the use of COTS components lead to the need to improve the reliability of these components by understanding the failure mechanisms due to thermal loads, dynamic vibration, and shock through Physics of Failure (PoF) analyses.
Hotel Sanitation Regulations and the Incidence of Sanitation- Related Disease Outbreaks: Are There Implications?:

The purpose of this study was to: a) compare the degree of hotel sanitation regulations and standards of enforcement which exist in state and federal agencies of the United States, and b) test the hypothesis that there is an inverse relationship between standards of government sanitation regulations of hotel properties and the incidence of sanitation-related disease outbreaks. Hotel sanitation regulations were solicited from each state health department. Only 33 of the 50 states had published regulations specifically related to hotel sanitation. Critical sanitation measures considered important for the control of hotel sanitation-related disease outbreaks included the hotel water distribution system, ventilation system maintenance, swimming pool and whirlpool spa requirements, and inspection frequency. Alabama was the only state to cover each of these measures in their regulations. An inverse relationship between standards of government regulations and disease outbreaks was not observed because a) the exa...
Effect of passage and topography on gene expression of temporomandibular joint disc cells.

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc is maintained by a population of fibrochondrocytes. Although articular chondrocytes exhibit zonal differences and de-differentiate in monolayer culture, such variations are unknown for fibrochondrocytic populations. This study's objective was to define topographical cellular variations in the porcine TMJ disc and investigate changes in the disc's gene expression levels over multiple passages using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. For topographical characterization, samples were acquired from posterior, anterior, lateral, medial, and intermediate zone sections and subdivided into inferior and superior halves. For passage characterization, cells were plated and passaged for 35 days, with samples acquired at every passage. The medial region had the lowest expression of genes indicative of fibroblastic activity, but in general, topographical variations were limited. Passage effects were evident; gene expression levels of aggrecan, collagen ty...
Effects of male rat urine on reproductive and developmental parameters in the dam and her female offspring.

This study investigated the direct and indirect effects of male Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) urine on reproductive, developmental, and fecundity parameters in the dam and her female offspring. Twenty-two dams and litters were studied: 11 in male urine and 11 in distilled water conditions. Only dams were exposed to male urine (or distilled water) from days 14 to 29 postpartum. Significant effects found for the dams exposed to male urine (compared to those only exposed to distilled water) included (i) the second lactational estrus was delayed by 2 days, (ii) vaginal opening and first estrus were 1 day later for female offspring, (iii) the first estrous cycle after vaginal opening was also shorter for their offspring, and (iv) female offspring subsequently produced larger litters than female offspring from dams only exposed to distilled water. Thus, urine from males had direct effects on the timing of the second lactational estrus in dams and indirect effects (mediated by the dam) on developmental and reproductive parameters of her female offspring. Taken as a whole, these results suggest that pheromones in Norway rats may be complex in their effects, context-dependent, and only fully revealed in ecologically relevant contexts. Further study is required to determine whether these effects occur and have biological functions in natural populations.
Design, Synthesis and Tumor Specificity of Azomycin Ribo- and Acyclonucleosides

Abstract Synthesis, structure elucidation, and in vivo tumor specificity of nitroirnidazole ribo- and acyclonucleosides are described.
The structure of open economy macro-models

Abstract The objectives here include a rigorous investigation of: (a) Walras' law in an open economy; (b) the generality or non-generality of the monetary approach to the balance of payments; (c) the logical consistency of the traditional Keynesian models of the balance of payments; (d) the relationship, if any, between a government budget imbalance and the balance of payments; and (e) perhaps most importantly, the underlying cause(s) of a non-zero balance of payments. Many of the conclusions differ from the conventional wisdom.
Converting weak binders into infinite binders

Monoclonal antibody 2D12.5 binds DOTA chelates of all the rare earths with K(d) approximately 10(-)(8) M, making it useful for the capture of probe molecules with a variety of properties. To make 2D12.5 even more useful for biological applications, we have engineered a single cysteine residue at position 54 of the heavy chain, a site proximal to the protein's binding site, so that weakly electrophilic metal complexes of (S)-2-(4-acrylamidobenzyl)-DOTA (AABD) may bind and form permanent linkages. At 37 degrees C, pH 7.5, all of the rare earth-AABD complexes bind permanently to the 2D12.5 G54C mutant within 5 min, in yields that correlate with their relative binding affinities. Surprisingly, indium-AABD also binds permanently in >50% yield within 5 min, despite the fact that changing the metal to indium reduces the affinity approximately 100x; even copper-AABD, which has approximately 10 000x lower binding affinity than the rare earths, binds permanently in >70% yield within 2 h. However, acrylamido compounds with no measurable affinity do not bind permanently. The important practical implication is that the G54C mutant of 2D12.5 may be used for applications that include not only the rare earths, but also an unexpected range of other elements as well. This infinite binding system can exhibit selective and permanent attachment with a remarkable range of structurally related ligands, albeit at slower rates as affinities decrease.
Opioid Modulation of Oxytocin Release

Analgesia or anesthesia is frequently used for women in labor. A wide range of opioid analgesics with vastly different pharmacokinetics, potencies, and potential side effects can be considered by physicians and midwives for laboring patients requesting pain relief other than a labor epidural. The past 50 years have seen the use of the classic mu opioid agonist morphine and other opioids diminish markedly for several reasons, including availability of epidural anesthetics, side effects, formulary restrictions, and concern for neonatal respiratory depression. Morphine is now primarily used in obstetrics to provide rest and sedation as appropriate for the stressed prodromal stages of a labor without sufficient cervical dilatation. This review discusses the scientific basis for opioid modulation of oxytocin release from the posterior pituitary and the practical implications of this relationship to explain well-known clinical observations of the effect of morphine on prodromal labor.
Monazite U-Pb dating of staurolite grade metamorphism in pelitic schists

A study of the occurrence of and relations between rare-earth element (REE) minerals in pelitic schists indicates that monazite forms at or near the P and T of the staurolite isograd. Samples at staurolite grade from the Silurian Perry Mountain Formation in the Rumford quadrangle of Maine yield monazite in sufficient quantities to permit accurate dating of the metamorphic events forming the monazites. The bulk chemistry of the metapelites, as seen in the major element abundances and REE patterns, does not vary significantly across the study area. Thus the appearance and disappearance of REE phases is assumed to reflect changes in metamorphic grade. In a sample from the biotite zone, scanning electron microscope and microprobe studies show allanite and monazite intimately associated on a 10 μm scale. The texture suggest that metastable detrital monazite breaks down, distributing its REE components to allanite. From samples below staurolite grade in which monazite is not present, our observations suggest that REEs are partitioned into allanite. At or near the staurolite isograd monazite forms as a metamorphic mineral, initiating its role as a geochronometer. Garnet-biotite geothermometry on samples at this grade from this and other studies places constraints on the minimum temperature necessary to form monazite: 525° C±25°C at 3.1±0.25 kbar. A total of 15 separates from nine schist samples ranging up to sillimanite grade have been dated. Each date is remarkably concordant, even though petrologic and textural studies by previous workers have shown that the rocks in the area have been affected by at least three metamorphic episodes. Calculations indicate insignificant Th disequilibrium in these monazites. The conditions associated with the metamorphic events suggest that monazite remains closed to lead loss provided that subsequent metamorphisms are at or below sillimanite grade. Two distinct metamorphic events are resolved, one at around 400 Ma and one at about 370 Ma. The latter was due to thermal effects of a nearby pluton that yields concordant monazite ages of 363 Ma. This work suggests that in addition to dating plutonism and high-grade metamorphism, monazite should be viewed as a reliable geochronometer for moderate metamorphism of pelitic schists.