cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic Health Records and Patient Safety

Electronic Health Records (EHRs) offer a promise of improved documentation, clinical communication and decision support for clinicians, which should have direct benefits for quality and safety of patient care. However, like all medical devices, EHRs can also generate unwanted effects. Increased adoption of EHRs and other health information technology (HIT) has also been accompanied by recognition of a new domain of hazards, unintended consequences and adverse events associated with them. This chapter surveys a range of risks related to HIT, emphasizing EHRs, discussing issues in design, configuration and use that can induce failures and harm. It also addresses efforts to mitigate risks and improve the benefit/risk ratio of information technology used in medical practice.
The roles of adaptation in case-based design

Many design tasks have search spaces that are vague and evaluation criteria that are subjective. We present a model of design that can solve such problems using a method of plausible design adaptation. In our approach, adaptation transformations are used to modify the components and structure of a design and constraints on the design problem. This adaptation process plays multiple roles in design: 1) It is used as part of case-based reasoning to modify previous design cases. 2) It accommodates constraints that arrive late in the design process by adapting previous decisions rather than by retracting them. 3) It resolves impasses in the design process by weakening preference constraints. This model of design has been implemented in a computer program called JULIA that designs the presentation and menu of a meal to satisfy multiple, interacting constraints.
Case 3518 Cornu Born, 1778 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pulmonata, HELICIDAE): request for a ruling on the availability of the generic name

The purpose of this application, under Articles 78.2.3 and 80.2.1 of the Code, is to suggest a possible interpretation of Article 1.3.2 in relation to the availability of the generic name Cornu Born, 1778 for a genus of land snails (family helicidae). There has been longstanding confusion regarding the correct generic combination for the well-known, common and widely introduced land snail originally described as Helix aspersa Muller, 1774, that is, whether it should be placed in Cornu Born, 1778, Cantareus Risso, 1826 or Cryptomphalus Charpentier, 1837. The confusion has arisen primarily because of differing interpretations of Article 1.3.2 in relation to the original proposal of the genus-group name Cornu Born, 1778 for the species Cornu copiae Born, 1778, which was based on a teratological specimen of Helix aspersa Muller, 1774. It is proposed that the wording of Article 1.3.2 be interpreted to confirm the availability of Cornu Born, 1778.
Genetic Heterogeneity Profiling by Single Cell RNA Sequencing

Detection of genetically distinct subclones and profiling the transcriptomic differences between subclones is important for studying the evolutionary dynamics of tumors, as well as for accurate prognosis and effective treatment of cancer in the clinic. Single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) is now ubiquitously adopted in ongoing and planned cancer studies for the profiling of intra-tumor transcriptional heterogeneity. Inference of clonal membership from scRNA-seq is currently unreliable. We propose DENDRO, an analysis method for scRNA-seq data that detects genetically distinct subclones, assigns each single cell to a subclone, and reconstructs the evolutionary tree. DENDRO utilizes information from single nucleotide mutations in transcribed regions and accounts for single-cell level expression stochasticity and technical noise. The accuracy of DENDRO is benchmarked on spike-in datasets and on scRNA-seq data with known subpopulation structure. We applied DENDRO to two scRNA-seq data sets, where the new approach allowed us to elucidate the interplay between genetic and transcriptomic intratumor variation.
Magnetic-free Circulator Based On Spatio-Temporal Modulation Implemented via Switched Capacitors for Full Duplex Communication

Conventional microwave circulators rely on ferro-magentic materials to break the time-reversal symmetry, and thus realizing a non-reciprocal passive device. In terms of system design, the use of ferromagentic materials renders the circulator integration with other transceiver blocks difficult, because they are still incompatible with CMOS fabrication processes. Recently, the concept of spatio-temporal modulation has been introduced to break the time-reversal symmetry, alleviating the need of ferromagnetic materials. In this paper, we present the design of a magnetic-less linear passive circulator based on spatio-temporal modulation of lumped first order LC resonators connected in a Y topology. Unlike other approaches, in this work the spatiotemporal modulation is implemented using switched capacitors, which yield a much simple circuit and has the advantage of high linearity. As a proof of concept, we designed a circulator at 1 GHz that shows an isolation of 44 dB with an insertion loss of 2.9 dB.
Vallejo migrante y la diáspora poética latinoamericana

Para nadie es un secreto que el itinerario geografico de Cesar Vallejo fue no solo variado, sino accidentado. De su natal Santiago de Chuco habia que viajar cuatro horas a lomo de caballo hasta la ciudad costena de Trujillo (donde concluyo su bachillerato en Letras) y luego a Lima (generalmente en barco). Una vez en la capital peruana, hacia 1915, Vallejo intento ser aceptado en los circulos literarios con relativo exito, sobre todo despues de la publicacion de Los heraldos negros en 1918- 1919. Sin embargo, una vez aparecido Trilce en 1922, muchas puertas se le cerraron, y hasta se vio implicado antes de ello en un conflicto policial que le valio casi cuatro meses de carcel. Como consecuencia, el poeta partio para Paris en 1923, golpeado y amargado del Peru, para nunca mas volver. Esta ponencia examina como la continua condicion migrante del poeta resume y explica parcialmente el conflicto de millones de latinoamericanos durante su tiempo y a lo largo del siglo XX. Mas especificamente, me interesa notar la internalizacion de esa experiencia y las formas en que se manifiesta en su poesia inicial, la de la llamada etapa peruana, asi como algunas de las huellas que ha dejado en la produccion poetica mas reciente. ABSTRACTIt is no secret that the geographical route of Cesar Vallejo was not only diverse but bumpy. From his native Santiago de Chuco, he traveled four hours on horseback to the coastal city of Trujillo (where he completed his Bachelor of Arts degree) and then continued to Lima by ship. Once arriving to the Peruvian capital around 1915, Vallejo tried to be accepted in literary circles with relative success, especially after the publication of Los heraldos negros (‘The Black Heralds’) in 1918- 1919. However, after Trilce was published in 1922, many doors were closed to him, and even he was involved in a police conflict which gave him almost four months in prison. As a result, he traveled to Paris in 1923. He felt he was fed up and beaten by Peru and that he was never coming back. This paper examines how the continuous migrant condition of the poet summarizes and explains partly the conflict of millions of Latin Americans during his time and throughout the 20th century. More specifically, it is important to note the internal process of these experiences and the ways how it is manifested in his initial poetry: the so-called Peruvian stage, as well as some of the marks left in the more recent poetic production. Keywords: Vallejo, migrant subject, Los heraldos negros (‘The Black Heralds’), Trilce, Latin American poetic diaspora.
Quantum computing for energy systems optimization: Challenges and opportunities

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore the applications of quantum computing to energy systems optimization problems and discuss some of the challenges faced by quantum computers with techniques to overcome them. The basic concepts underlying quantum computation and their distinctive characteristics in comparison to their classical counterparts are also discussed. Along with different hardware architecture description of two commercially available quantum systems, an example making use of open-source software tools is provided as a first step for diving into the new realm of programming quantum computers for solving systems optimization problems. The trade-off between qualities of these two quantum architectures is also discussed. Complex nature of energy systems due to their structure and large number of design and operational constraints make energy systems optimization a hard problem for most available algorithms. Problems like facility location allocation for energy systems infrastructure development, unit commitment of electric power systems operations, and heat exchanger network synthesis which fall under the category of energy systems optimization are solved using both classical algorithms implemented on conventional CPU based computer and quantum algorithm realized on quantum computing hardware. Their designs, implementation and results are stated. Additionally, this paper describes the limitations of state-of-the-art quantum computers and their great potential to impact the field of energy systems optimization.
Compassion Fatigue, Secondary Traumatic Stress, and Vicarious Traumatization: a Qualitative Review and Research Agenda

There has been growing research interest in what we term empathy-based stress, a process of traumatic stressor exposure, empathic experience, and adverse reactions among particular empathy-related professions, captured in the literatures on compassion fatigue, secondary traumatic stress, and vicarious traumatization in trauma-related lines of work. Although these three empathy-based strain constructs are highly related, each represents different components of similar strain responses. Unfortunately, extant reviews of the empathy-based stress literature are non-comprehensive and/or out of date. This qualitative review thus aims to synthesize and summarize the current literature on empathy-based stress at work and contribute to theoretical, methodological, and practical improvements in this area of research and practice. After introducing empathy-based strain constructs and their defining characteristics, we detail our review methodology and the primary theoretical and empirical themes derived through our review of the past decade of published literature. Then, we summarize conceptual, methodological, and analytical gaps in the empathy-based stress literature, helping to generate recommendations for the literature moving forward.
STEM and physical education: Making connections for our students, building strength for our profession

The purpose of this article is to illustrate how preservice and in-service physical educators can advocate for their programs by connecting PE curriculum to STEM. Two specific examples are given re...
The External-Relational Shift in Faith (Pistis) in New Testament Research: Romans 1 as Gospel-Allegiance Test Case:

Evidence is marshalled for a recent ‘external-relational shift’ in scholarly understandings of pistis (traditionally translated ‘faith’) among New Testament scholars and historians of early Christi...
Open-source, 3D-printed Peristaltic Pumps for Small Volume Point-of-Care Liquid Handling

Microfluidic technologies are frequently employed as point-of-care diagnostic tools for improving time-to-diagnosis and improving patient outcomes in clinical settings. These microfluidic devices often are designed to operate with peripheral equipment for liquid handling that increases the cost and complexity of these systems and reduces their potential for widespread adoption in low resource healthcare applications. Here, we present a low-cost (~$120), open-source peristaltic pump constructed with a combination of three dimensional (3D)-printed parts and common hardware, which is amenable to deployment with microfluidic devices for point-of-care diagnostics. This pump accepts commonly available silicone rubber tubing in a range of sizes from 1.5 to 3 mm, and is capable of producing flow rates up to 1.6 mL min−1. This device is programmed with an Arduino microcontroller, allowing for custom flow profiles to fit a wide range of low volume liquid handling applications including precision liquid aliquoting, flow control within microfluidics, and generation of physiologically relevant forces for studying cellular mechanobiology within microfluidic systems.
In the State’s Shadow of Fair Housing: D.C. (White) Business Leaders and their Revanchist Desires:

This article traces D.C. White business leaders’ advocacy of (low-income) Black suburban relocation and White upper-class resettlement in D.C.’s central neighborhoods in the 1960s and 1970s. By exa...
When are results of single-arm studies dramatic?

Single-arm phase II trials can provide compelling results that facilitate the approval of a new therapy. Designing and interpreting single-arm studies based on four principles — instinct, comparative analysis, statistical soundness and like-for-like comparisons — can provide indications as to which drugs are most likely to provide improved therapeutic options for patients.
A retrospective review of the use of oxymorphone immediate release for long term pain control in cancer patients with gastrostomy tubes

Background Cancer patients often require feeding or venting gastrostomy-tubes (G-tubes) for enteral nutrition or symptom palliation. The administration of most extended-release (ER) opioids via the G-tube or orally followed by clamping of the venting G-tube is contraindicated. Oxymorphone immediate release (IR) may be useful because of its longer half-life compared to other IR opioids. We examined the use of oxymorphone IR administered every 8 hours in patients with G-tubes. Methods This was a retrospective chart review of 40 consecutive cancer patients with G-tubes who underwent opioid rotation (OR) to oxymorphone. Demographics, symptoms, morphine equivalent daily dose (MEDD), and oxymorphone dose were collected. Successful OR was defined as a 2-point or 30% reduction in pain score and continued use of oxymorphone at follow-up in outpatient setting, or discharge in inpatient setting. Opioid rotation ration (ORR) between MEDD and oxymorphone in patients with successful OR was calculated as MEDD before the OR divided by total oxymorphone dose/day at follow-up or discharge. Results The median age was 56 years, 57.5% were white, 68% male, 47.5% (n=19) had head and neck cancer, 90% had advanced disease, 67.5% (n=27) were inpatient, and 15% (n=6) had venting G-tubes. 25/40 (62.5%) patients had successful OR to oxymorphone. The median ORR from MEDD to oxymorphone was 3.5 (IQR, 3.1-4). There were no independent predictors for successful OR, and ORR did not significantly differ among various groups. Conclusions Oxymorphone IR can be used successfully in cancer patients with G-tubes using an ORR of 3.5 to calculate dose from MEDD.
David slays Goliath in El Salvador: Water defenders: how ordinary people saved a country from corporate greed, by Robin Broad and John Cavanagh, Boston, Beacon Press, 2021, US 27.95 (Cloth), ISBN: 978-0807029022

Stories of Davids beating Goliaths are so rare that when they happen, they ought to be painstakingly studied and ransacked for lessons. Robin Broad and John Cavanagh have done precisely that in the...
Chapter 9 - Skeletal Dysplasias

The skeletal dysplasias are developmental disorders of the bones and encompass a large number of conditions. They can lead to feature that includes disproportionately short stature, angular deformities of the long bones, and joint surface irregularity. The vast majority of skeletal dysplasias are hereditary disorders that are caused by genetic abnormalities. The subsequent structural anatomic abnormality, thus, is dependent on the specific molecular abnormality and the role that molecule plays in the development or maintenance of the skeleton. There are several ways of assessing the accumulated information on these genetic and molecular abnormalities: (1) the mutation families into which the abnormalities are clustered; (2) the type of molecular function defects; and (3) the phase of the developmental pattern of skeletogenesis in which the abnormality has its negative effect. Classification criteria for the skeletal dysplasias can be defined into three broad groups: clinical, radiographic, and molecular. Virtually all of the skeletal dysplasias are due to mutations in genes involved in skeletal development. Histology, histochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy frequently reveal structural abnormalities of physeal and epiphyseal cartilage and bone, although morphologic changes alone rarely are pathognomonic of specific diseases.
Background-free heterodyne photoexpansion infrared nanospectroscopy

The unwanted photoacoustic pressure force in photoexpansion spectroscopy, which comes from light absorption of the sample not below the AFM tip, was suppressed at the heterodyne frequency of laser pulses and piezo-driven cantilever oscillation.
Risk Sharing, Return Sharing, and Arbitrage: A Contribution to the Corporate Finance of Business Cycles

This paper presents a theoretical framework for understanding the interaction between production-investment decisions on the one hand, and the associated financing decisions of nonfinancial enterprises over the business cycle. At the core of this theoretical framework is an agency problem between relatively more risk averse bondholders and relatively less risk averse stockholders over the future business decisions of the firm. In this paper the solution to this agency problem is an up-front contract that directs the manager of the firm to make production-investment decisions in the interest of their stockholders, and financing decisions in the interest of their bondholders. External taste shocks initiate business cycles in this model by changing the risk aversion and required yield of shareholders. The resulting changes in share prices then sends a signal to managers to change the production-investment strategy of the firm. The changes in the production-investment strategy of firms cause business cycles. The up-front contract protecting the interests of bondholders then constrains the managers to implement a matching financial strategy (e.g., a financial leverage decision and dividend payout decision) that offsets any shock induced changes in the risk of their production-investment strategy. In this way bondholders and stockholders equitably share the risk and return resulting from the business decisions put in place by their firms over the business cycle.
Norwalk-Like Viruses: Detection Methodologies and Environmental Fate

Isolation and Recovery Detection Methodologies Application of Methods Environmental Occurrence, Fate, and Persistence Keywords: caliciviruses; enteric viruses; norwalk-like viruses; viruses
Providing Efficient Incentives to Work: Retirement Ages and the Pension System

This paper provides a theoretical and quantitative analysis of the efficient pension system as an integral part of the overall income tax code. We study lifecycle environments with active intensive and extensive labor margins. First, we analytically characterize Pareto efficient policies when the main tension is between redistribution and provision of incentives: while it may be more efficient to have highly productive individuals work more and retire older, earlier retirement may be needed to give them incentives to fully realize their productivity while they work. We show that, under plausible conditions, efficient retirement ages must increase in productivity. We also show that this pattern is implemented by pension benefits that not only depend on the age of retirement, but are designed to be actuarially unfair. Second, in a version of environment calibrated to U.S. individual lifecycle earnings, retirement ages, and intensive and extensive labor elasticities, we find that it is efficient for individuals with higher lifetime earning to retire (i) older than they do in the data (at 69.5 vs. at 62.8 in the data, for the most productive workers) and (ii) older than their less productive peers (at 69.5 for the most productive workers vs. at 62.2 for the least productive ones), in contrast to the pattern observed in the data. Finally, we compute welfare gains of between 1 and 5 percent and total output gains of up to 1 percent from implementing efficient work and retirement age patterns. We conclude that distorting the retirement age decision offers a powerful policy instrument, capable of overcompensating output losses from standard distortionary redistributive policies.
Is Product Boycott a Good Idea for Controlling Child Labor

A popular form of action to curb child labor and uphold international labor standards in general is a product boycott by consumers. There are labeling agencies that inform us if, for instance, a carpet or a hand-stitched soccer ball is free of child labor. The presence of a consumer boycott will typically mean that products tainted by child labor will command a lower price on the market than ones certified to be untainted. It is popularly presumed that such consumer activism is desirable. The paper formally investigates this presumption and shows that consumer product boycotts can, in a wide class of situations, have a backlash that causes child labor to rise rather than fall. This happens under weak and plausible assumptions. Hence, there has to be much greater caution in the use of consumer activism and one has to have much more detailed information about the context, where child labor occurs, before using a boycott.
A Visual Language for Animating Sketches

We present our research into visual languages for animating sketches. Animation is a rich mode of communication that is currently accessible to few. Simple animation systems exist, but severely restrict the types of motion that can be represented Our field studies are demonstrating that would-be animators need to coordinate many objects moving in a variety of ways. The visual language described here allows a variety of motions to be defined with hand gestures, and gives visual feedback for coordination of events. This may open up computerized communication to users who think in dynamic visual images
Cellular mechanism for immunogenicity of PEGylated “stealth” liposomes (IRC3P.466)

Liposomes have been used as a vehicle to deliver pharmaceutical agents and as a carrier of vaccine antigens for malaria, cancer and HIV. The potency of a liposome-based vaccination is affected by the lipid formulation and inclusion of adjuvants, in addition to the immunogenicity of target antigens. While liposomal vaccines elicit robust humoral responses against target antigens, recent studies have shown that lipid components, such as monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), or liposome adducts, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), are also capable of being targets of induced antibody. To understand the cellular interactions and molecular pathways responsible for the anti-liposome responses, we immunized mice with PEGylated “stealth” liposomes containing lipid-arrayed membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1, and followed the kinetics of the humoral responses against liposome components as well as MPER. Immunized mice mounted robust IgM and IgG against PEG and, to a lesser extent, MPLA. PEG IgG was dependent on CD154, yet the requirement for T cells was less stringent. Moreover, PEG IgG was generated independent of MHCII, CD1d, and TCRδ, suggesting a novel form of T-cell help. Anti-MPER IgG, in contrast, was dependent on CD154, MHCII, and LAT. These results suggest that anti-liposome IgG responses are induced by atypical T-B cognate interaction, which is independent of CD4, NKT and γδ T cells and are distinct from MPER IgG responses, which require classical T-B collaboration.
Fibre anisotropic thermal expansion and residual thermal stress in a graphite/aluminium composite

Abstract Prediction of residual thermal stress in fibre-reinforced metal-matrix composites has previously assumed isotropy of the thermal expansion coefficients of both fibre and matrix. In the present study, the effect of anisotropy of the fibre thermal expansion on thermal stress is examined by extending a thick-walled cylinder model. For graphite/aluminium composites, the present model predicts transverse thermal stresses 75% lower for the anisotropic case than for the isotropic case. When these stresses are examined for incipient plasticity, it is found that anisotropy of the fibre thermal expansion results in a larger temperature range of elastic deformation during cooling from processing temperatures. With a consideration of viscoelastic effects, anisotropic fibre thermal expansion can result in the absence of plastic deformation after cooling from processing temperatures.
Sex pheromone catabolism in the redbanded leafroller moth.

Tritium-labeled components of the red-banded leaf-roller female sex pheromone, (Z)- and (E)-[11,12-3H2]-11-tetradecenyl acetate (57 Ci/mmol), applied to antennae of males and females were degraded causing formation of tritiated 11-tetradecenol, 11-tetradecenoic acid, and water. Results indicate that the catabolic pathway involves acetate hydrolysis, oxidation of alcohol to fatty acid, and degradation of the acid viaβ-oxidation. Both geometric isomers were degraded equally well by males but degradation proceeded comparatively less rapidly with female antennae. It is surmised that under natural conditions of olfactory sensing, sex pheromone impinging upon the moth's antennae is probably subject to a similar catabolic fate.
A semilinear equation with generalized Wentzell boundary condition

Abstract In this paper we consider a semilinear equation with a generalized Wentzell boundary condition. We prove the local well-posedness of the problem and derive the conditions of the global existence of the solution and the conditions for finite time blow-up. We also derive an estimate for the blow-up time.
Sex differences in the process of occupational attainment: A closer look*

Most previous studies of sex differences in occupational attainment indicate that the two sexes attain the same mean level of occupational status and do so by similar processes. These studies have examined the level of occupational status achieved only at a single point in time and have not distinguished between the process by which those of each sex acquire a given level of status at entry into the labor force and the process by which their occupational status changes over the adult life cycle. They also have ignored a large proportion of women in the sample since they have been based only on women employed at the time of the survey. Analyzing data from a 15-year follow-up study of the high school students studied by J. S. Coleman in The Adolescent Society (1961, Free Press, New York) this paper examines sex differences in the determination of occupational prestige both at entry into the labor force and at the time of the follow-up survey. The analysis is based on an elaborated model of the occupational attainment process, and the parameters of the model are estimated for all women and men who entered the labor force. The results indicate that although the mean level of occupational status at entry into the labor force is virtually the same for the two sexes, men experience greater upward mobility after entry than women. Sex differences are documented in the process by which occupational prestige is determined, both at entry into the labor force and at the time of the follow-up survey. Ignoring women who are not in the labor force is shown to affect the analysis, particularly the relationship between occupational prestige at entry into the labor force and occupational prestige at a subsequent point in time.
Coherent and incoherent polarimetric scattering by ensembles of particles with arbitrary morphology

Two improvements are made in modeling polarimetric scattering by ensembles of particles. (1) We propagate the complex scattering matrix instead of the phase function. This allows us to calculate the phase and polarization properties of an entire cloud of particles. Radiation transfer models deal only with the intensity of the scattered light. The advantage is that the new model can deal with situations in which the light is scattered coherently. (2) Monte Carlo methods require calculation of scattering at all angles for each successive particle. The new model requires the calculation of only one scattering angle. This allows for use of sophisticated electromagnetic scattering models such as the Discrete Dipole Approximation, WKB or Digitized Green Function models. The advantage is that we can treat particles of arbitrary morphology more accurately.
Different lymphoid cell targets for transformation by replication-competent moloney and rauscher mouse leukemia viruses

Summary Mouse leukemia viruses (MuLV) have been reported to induce tumors involving cells within the T lymphocyte lineage. In the present study, striking differences were demonstrated in the target cells for in vivo transformation by two clonal replication-competent type C viruses, Moloney- and Rauscher-MuLV. Moloney-MuLV-induced tumors and lymphoma cell lines exhibited Thy.1 antigen in the absence of detectable Fc or C3 receptors, indicating their T cell origin. Rauscher-MuLV primary tumors and lymphoma cell lines of the same mouse strain, however, invariably exhibited Fc receptors in the absence of Thy.1 antigen, suggesting that these tumors were of the B lymphoid lineage. The pattern of immunoglobulin synthesis by individual Rauscher-MuLV tumor cell lines was determined by both biosynthetic and radioimmunologic techniques. Rauscher-MuLV lymphoma lines invariably expressed immunoglobulin heavy ( μ ) chain in the absence of detectable light ( κ or λ) chains. These findings establish that the target of neoplastic transformation in response to Rauscher-MuLV is an immature cell within the B lymphoid lineage. The demonstration of different target cells for transformation by well characterized clonal strains of mouse leukemia virus should aid in elucidating the mechanisms by which these viruses induce malignancy.
A Comparison of At-Risk Preschool Children's Performance On the K-Abc, McCarthy Scales, and Stanford-Binet:

This study examined the relationship among performance on the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC), McCarthy Scales, and Stanford-Binet for 72 children referred for placement in two early intervention preschool programs. The correlational results of the study yielded moderate positive relationships between both the Mental Processing Composite (MFC) and General Cognitive Index (GCI) (r = .59) and the MPC and Stanford-Binet IQ (r = 45). Individual performance profiles of the children placed in the programs were relatively flat on both the K-ABC and McCarthy. On the K-ABC, the Simultaneous scale (SIM) was 2 points higher than the Sequential scale (SEQ), and the Achievement scale (ACH) was about 2 points higher than MPC. On the McCarthy, all of the scale indexes were within 2 to 3 points of each other, except Verbal, which was 4 to 5 points higher.
Ethanol stimulates shape change in human platelets by activation of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C

Administration of ethanol to human platelets resulted in a rapid shape change which was maximal within 30 s. Ethanol did not cause aggregation or secretion of ATP at any time and inhibited aggregation induced by collagen. In platelets that were loaded with the intracellular calcium indicator fura2, ethanol induced a rapid mobilization of calcium from internal, thrombin-sensitive pools. Cytosolic calcium increased to a maximum within 5 s and decreased slowly over the ensuing 5 min to near basal levels. The mobilization of calcium by ethanol coincided with the rapid formation of phosphatidic acid and a decrease in the level of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, as measured in 32P-labeled platelets. In platelets labeled with myo-[2-3H]inositol, ethanol caused a 20-30% increase in the levels of inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate and inositol bisphosphate within 10 s. Ethanol also induced the transient phosphorylation of myosin light chain (20 kDa) and a 40 kDa protein, a known substrate for protein kinase C. The results indicate that ethanol activates phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C in human platelets. The subsequent mobilization of intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C can account for the shape change induced by ethanol.
569 FREE FATTY ACIDS (FFA) IN BREASTMILK JAUNDICE (BMJ)

The incubation, at 4°C, of milk from mothers of infants with breastmilk jaundice is reported to result in significantly higher levels of free fatty acids compared to milk from controls. Single milk samples collected under standard conditions were obtained from 4 mothers of infants with BMJ and 14 control donors matched for stage of lactation. Milk samples were analyzed for FFA using thin layer-gas chromatographic techniques. In addition serum total fatty acids were measured in mothers and infants. As summarized in the table, no differences were observed in milk FFA concentrations before or after incubation in control and experimental samples. Similarly, no differences were detected in total serum fatty acids in either infants or mothers. Analysis of milk showed no differences in FFA composition between groups. The observation that increased FFA levels in milk or increased lipase activity is associated with breastmilk jaundice was not confirmed.
Perturbation solution of hollow-fiber membrane module for pure gas permeation

This study presents an analytic solution for permeation of a pure gas in a hollow-fiber module, based on regular perturbation method. It is assumed that pressure drop due to frictional loss should be proportional to velocity, and that mass transfer be mainly convective with the permeation through the fiber membrane. Four governing equations are characterized by five parameters depending on the design specifications and operating conditions of the module. When the parameter characterizing pressure drop is small, regular perturbation method is capable of providing the analytic solution. Compared with numerical simulation, the analytic solution is found to be sufficiently precise when the parameter is far less than the other parameters characterizing the mass transfer and pressure difference between permeate and reject streams.
Sluts: Heteronormative Policing in the Stories of Lesbian Youth.

The power of compulsory heterosexuality regulates the sexuality of adolescent lesbians as strongly as it does their heterosexual peers. Marked with a sexual(ized) identity, young Southern lesbians in this life history study made claim to moral high ground by consistently identifying with the hegemonic good girl construct and by participating in the naming of women whose sexual behavior demonstrated a disregard for the “rules.” The good girl/bad girl, the virgin/slut binaries, played significant roles in their identity claims, in their relationships, and in their choices of friendships. Personal self-control (“just kissing”) is seen by these young women as admirable and sluts are seen as dangerous women who harm others and themselves. This article explores the marking of sluts and too experienced women in the life stories of White Southern adolescent lesbians and the continued social controls imposed on adolescent female sexuality through the devaluing of women's sexual agency.
Party-bosses vs. party-primaries: Quality of legislature under different selectorates

Abstract We compare the legislature quality under an exclusive, centralized selectorate (such as a party-principal) with that under an inclusive, decentralized selectorate (such as a party-primary). In our model, two parties compete over three districts: two are home districts of each party while the third is a battleground district characterized by weaker and uncertain policy preferences. We find that when home districts are “safe,” and the parties' candidate pools are of comparable quality, an equilibrium legislature under party-primaries is always of higher quality than an equilibrium legislature under party-principals. When we extend the model to include a general number of districts with candidates of only high or low quality, we show that, as long as there are not too few nor too many highest-quality candidates, party-primaries still perform better than party-principals.
Correction of persistently positive dialysis surveillance cultures

ISSUE: Using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)–recommended methods, this hospital center's dialysis department conducts monthly microbiologic surveillance of water used for dialysis after being processed and conditioned in a reverse osmosis (RO) system. In December 2003, 2 days after changing carbon tanks and booster pumps, with intermittent bypass of the RO system, 2/2 surveillance cultures grew >100,000 colony forming units (cfus) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Despite immediate and repeated disinfection throughout the month, 4/11 cultures remained over threshold (range 120–380; mean 255 cfus). PROJECT: A multidepartmental project was undertaken to correct the contamination problem. The CDC and other resources were consulted. Multiple modes of disinfection, using paracetic acid, formaldehyde, and chlorine for varying dwell times were attempted without achieving acceptable levels. The carbon tanks and tubing were again replaced. The integrity and seal of the RO membrane was assessed by chemical marker and found to be sound. RESULTS: Surveillance cultures remained persistently over threshold until the membrane was replaced on February 13. Assays obtained 4 days after membrane replacement were under the threshold, but higher than the predicted baseline (average count LESSONS LEARNED: Because routine surveillance cultures can be effective to screen for system contamination, careful attention to CDC and Association of the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) collection and culture methods are necessary to provide accurate and timely microbiologic interpretation. New AAMI guidelines, published in 2004, provide a more sensitive threshold for action than earlier CDC guidelines. Hospitals should routinely perform surveillance cultures immediately following maintenance or other system disruption as these actions can dislodge biofilm and free bacteria. Persistent contamination after aggressive disinfection and routine maintenance may signal the need for a membrane change.
Partitioning of a homologous series of alkyl p-aminobenzoates in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes: effect of liposome type

Abstract The partitioning of a homologous series of n -alkyl p -aminobenzoales into the lipid bilayer is dependent not only on their physicochemical properties but also on liposome type. Partitioning studies with this homologous series demonstrate the effect of alkyl chain length on partitioning in DPPC multilamellar liposomes (MLV) and DPPC MLV extruded through 1or 0.4 μm polycarbonate filters. A general trend was observed wherein increasing alkyl chain length increased partitioning of drug into the bilayer. The distribution coefficients of the esters were found to be strongly influenced by the physical structure of the membrane. Factors which decrease the surface density of the bilayer, such as temperature, will also increase solute partitioning into the bilayer. The amounts of the alkyl p -aminobenzoates included in the bilayers of DPPC multilamellar liposomes at 23° C were quite low because the high surface density of the bilayer at 23° C precludes the incorporation of solute. The extruded liposomes studied were much smaller and are believed to have greater bilayer fluidity and disorder than their MLV counterparts, thus allowing greater incorporation of the alkyl p -aminobenzoates in the extruded DPPC bilayer. Hence, higher distribution coefficients and lower free energies of partitioning are achieved with extruded liposomes. The effect of extrusion on solute partitioning was found to be similar to the effects caused by increasing temperature.
Regulation of renal glycogen synthase interconversion of two forms in vitro

Abstract Glycogen synthase (UDP glucose: glycogen α-4-glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4. 1.11) from rat kidney was stimulated 4- to 5-fold by glucose 6-phosphate. The A 1 2 for glucose 6-phosphate stimulation was about 0.45 mM. Glycogen synthase was not evenly distributed throughout the kidney. Total synthase activity was greatest in the outer cortex and cortico-medullary junction and least in the inner medulla. Glucose 6-phosphate stimulation was greatest in the outer cortex and least in the inner medulla. Glycogen synthase in crude homogenates was not complexed with glycogen and eluted from Sepharose 6-B with an apparent molecular weight of about 390 000. Renal glycogen synthase appeared to exist in two interconvertible forms, synthase I (activity in the absence of glucose 6-phosphate) and synthase D (requires glucose 6-phosphate for activity). The conversion of synthase D to I (synthase D phosphatase) was inhibited by F−, glycogen, ATP, Mn2+, and Co2+. The conversion was not altered by mercaptoethanol, AMP, Mg2+, or Ca2+. The conversion of synthase I to D (synthase I kinase) required ATP-Mg and was stimulated by cyclic AMP. It was suggested that the interconversion of renal glycogen synthase involved a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation. The significance of glycogen synthase interconversion to the regulation of renal glycogen synthesis is discussed.
DNA microarrays in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery.

Abstract Objectives: Our goal was to review the technologies underlying DNA microarrays and to explore their use in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. Study Design: The current literature relating to microarray technology and methodology is reviewed, specifically the use of DNA microarrays to characterize gene expression. Bioinformatics involves computational and statistical methods to extract, organize, and analyze the huge amounts of data produced by microarray experiments. The means by which these techniques are being applied to otolaryngology-head and neck surgery are outlined. Results: Microarray technologies are having a substantial impact on biomedical research, including many areas relevant to otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. Conclusions: DNA microarrays allow for the simultaneous investigation of thousands of individual genes in a single experiment. In the coming years, the application of these technologies to clinical medicine should allow for unprecedented methods of diagnosis and treatment. Significance: These highly parallel experimental techniques promise to revolutionize gene discovery, disease characterization, and drug development. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;127:196-204.)
Troubled Conversions: The Difference Gender Makes in The Sultan of Babylon

This essay won the 2007 Literature Compass Graduate Essay Prize, Medieval Section. The Middle English romance The Sultan of Babylon narrates several conversion sequences in which Saracen individuals cross (or attempt to cross) the religious boundary into Christianity. Exhibiting varying degrees of resistance and eagerness to exchange their religious identity, these potential converts in turn encounter varying degrees of acceptance from the Christian community. Through a close examination of repetition and language details, this essay examines the conversion of the Saracen prince Ferumbras. His masculine gender impedes his integration into the community of Christian knights, troubling idealized Christian identity and serving as a more threatening challenge to the maintenance of difference than the conversions of various ‘Others’ in the poem, such as Ferumbras's sister and the baby giants. The ‘unconscious’ anxieties the text manifests about Ferumbras's conversion reveal the way in which the text constructs and maintains Christian identity through the recognition of difference, and the function gender serves as alternately a stabilizing and destabilizing force.
Can soft power help the IMF make the world more stable

In an integrated world, one of the more intractable problems we have to deal with is how to ensure all countries undertake macroeconomic policies that are in the global interest even when these go against short-term domestic political compulsions. It is unlikely that countries will sign up to a common set of policy rules, nor is it probable that peer pressure alone will convince countries to co-operate. This paper argues that multilateral institutions have to do more to sell the global policy consensus to the influential public in each country, so that leaders are pushed by domestic constituencies to internalize the global good. Rather than solely a top down process of global policy-making, where grand summits make little progress, we also need a bottom up approach, where the summiteers will feel the pressure for global deals from their primary domestic constituencies.
Bis(2,6-dioxopiperazines), catalytic inhibitors of DNA topoisomerase II, as molecular probes, cardiprotectors and antitumor drugs

Abstract Bis(2,6-dioxopiperazines) and other catalytic inhibitors of mammalian DNA topoisomerase II have recently been found in natural and synthetic compounds. These compounds target the enzyme within the cell and inhibit various genetic processes involving the enzyme such as DNA replication and chromosome dynamics and thus proved to be good probes for the functional analyses of the enzyme in a variety of eucaryotes from yeast to mammals. Catalytic inhibitors were shown to be antagonists against topoisomerase II poisons under some conditions, but to be synergistic under others. Bis(2,6-dioxopiperazines) have a potential to overcome cardiac toxicity caused by potent antitumor anthracycline antibiotics such as doxorubicin and daunorubicin. ICRF-187, +enantiomer of racemic ICRF-159, has been used in EU countries as cardioprotector in cancer clinics. Furthermore, bis(2,6-dioxopiperazines) enhance the efficacy of antitumor topoisomerase II poisons, eg anthracycline antibiotics such as daunorubicin and doxorubicin, by reducing their side effects and by allowing dose escalation of the antitumor drugs in preclinical and clinical settings. Besides bis(2,6-dioxopiperazines) per se having antitumor activity, and one of their derivatives, MST-16 or sobuzoxane, bis(N1-isobutyloxycarbonyloxymethyl-2,6-dioxopiperazine), has been developed in Japan and used in clinics as anticancer drug for malignant lymphomas and adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Further developments of bis(2,6-dioxopiperazines) as antimetastatic agents are expected.
Increase in incidence rates of basal cell and squamous cell skin cancer in New Hampshire, USA

We conducted a study to estimate the current incidence rates of basal-cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin in the population of New Hampshire (NH), USA, and to quantify recent changes in the incidence rates of these malignancies. BCCs and SCCs diagnosed among NH residents were identified through physician practices and central pathology laboratories in NH and bordering regions from June 1979 through May 1980 and from July 1993 through June 1994. For each diagnosis period, we estimated the age-adjusted incidence rates for both BCC and SCC among both men and women and for separate anatomic sites. Between 1979-1980 and 1993-1994, incidence rates of SCC increased by 235% in men and by 350% in women. Incidence rates of BCC increased by more than 80% in both men and women. While the absolute increase was greatest for tumors of the head and neck, the relative change was most pronounced for tumors on the trunk in men and on the lower limb in women. Thus, there has been a marked rise in the incidence rates of BCC and SCC skin cancers in NH in recent years. The anatomic pattern of increase in BCC and SCC incidence is consistent with an effect of greater sunlight exposure. Studies of BCC and SCC occurrence are needed to identify possible behavioral and environmental factors and to assess possible changes in diagnostic practices that might account for the rise in incidence of these common malignancies.