cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COSTS AND BENEFITS OF PLANT RESPONSES TO DISEASE: RESISTANCE AND TOLERANCE

A major assumption of models of the evolution of plant resistance to disease is that plant resistance involves fitness costs. To test this assumption, a field experiment was performed so that a quantitative-genetic analysis could be used to detect fitness costs to Ipomoea purpurea of resistance to different fungal isolates of Colletotrichum dematium, a pathogenic fungus causing the disease anthracnose. This experiment yielded no evidence that resistance to anthracnose involves direct fitness costs. Nevertheless, trade-offs in plant fitness that were unrelated to resistance were detected between different disease environments. Tolerance, defined as the ability to compensate in part for fitness decrements caused by disease, was found to involve fitness costs. Halfsib families that were more tolerant of disease had lower fitness in the absence of disease. The possibility that the cost of tolerance could obscure fitness costs of resistance is explored.
Justice and Environmental Sustainability

The world faces significant challenges pertaining to the depletion and degradation of environmental resources. A public that is increasingly aware of resource scarcity, understands ecosystem interdependence, and frames the current situation in comparison to previous conditions, has become sensitized to the implications for personal and social justice. This chapter reviews research at the interface of justice and environmental issues. We discuss ways in which the natural environment presents a distinctive domain for justice research, and in particular the need to consider intergenerational justice and reasons for individual differences in justice perceptions. Because perceptions of justice and fairness are important determinants of policy acceptance, we consider some predictors of beliefs about environmental justice and discuss the role of justice in motivating behavior. We close by identifying promising areas for future research.
Photovoltaic Energy Variations Due to Roofing Choice

Abstract Roofs comprise 20-25% of the total urban surface area and with different roofing technologies and photovoltaic, present an opportunity for sustainable building designs. The operation temperature of photovoltaic (PV) modules has a significant impact on the conversion efficiency and output energy of the PV system. This research investigated the thermal interactions between the building envelope and PV panels by examining the PV panel temperature differences for those installed over a green roof (PV-green) and those installed over a black roof (PV-black). A LEED platinum certified educational building with roof mounted PV panels was used as a case study for the experimental phase of the study. PV panels over the green roof consistently recorded lower temperatures than PV panels over the black roof. Therefore, the PV panels over the green roof had more energy output compared to the PV panels over the black roof.
Cytosolic Cu-Binding Components and the Brindled Mouse Defect

The components that Cu binds to when it first enters cells are likely to have important functions in Cu-metabolism. Menkes disease is an inborn error of Cu-metabolism which apparently involves low activity of an intracellular factor. Thus, studies with the brindled mouse model of Menkes disease may help elucidate the function of an intracellular Cu-binding component. Cu-uptake and the intracellular distribution of Cu were studied with hepatocytes and fibroblasts from normal and brindled mice to identify Cu-binding components and their functions.
Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) Application on Microtensile Bonding Strength of Dentin in Primary Teeth.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) on the microtensile bonding strength of resin composite to the dentin of primary molars. Methods Twelve primary molars were randomly assigned to either the control or the SDF groups, and microtensile bonding strength (mTBS) was measured. The surface morphology was evaluated by visual inspection and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. Results The mean±(SD) value of mTBS in the control and SDF group was 162.09±81.08 and 139.85±88.53, respectively (P=0.402). SEM images showed that, in the control group, the majority of the fractures occurred at the adhesive-dentin conjunction, while in the SDF group failure mostly occurred within the adhesives. Conclusions Pretreating dentin with 38 percent silver diamine fluoride does not affect the bonding strength of composite resin to dentin. The fracture patterns observed suggest that bonding strength might be stronger between the adhesive and the SDF-applied dentin. Our data suggest that SDF can be used as a dentin pretreatment prior to resin restoration potentially contributing to secondary caries prevention in primary teeth.
Morbid obesity increases risk of morbidity and reoperation in resection of benign cranial nerve neoplasms

Abstract Objective Obesity has been associated with increased risk for postoperative CSF leak in patients with benign cranial nerve tumors. Other measures of postoperative morbidity associated with obesity have not been well characterized. Methods Patients enrolled in the American College of Surgeons’ National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) from 2007 to 2013 with a diagnosis code of a benign neoplasm of a cranial nerve were included. The primary outcome of postoperative morbidity was analyzed as well as secondary outcomes of readmission and reoperation. The main covariate of interest was body mass index (BMI). Results A total of 561 patients underwent surgery for a benign cranial nerve neoplasm between 2007 and 2013. Readmission data, available for 2012–2013(n = 353), revealed hydrocephalus, facial nerve injury, or CSF leak requiring readmission or reoperation occurred in 0.85%, 1.42%, and 3.12%, respectively. Composite morbidity included wound complications, infection, respiratory insufficiency, transfusion requirement, stroke, venous thromboembolism, coma and cardiac arrest. On multivariable analysis patients with class I (BMI 30–34.9) and II (BMI 35–39.9) obesity showed trends towards increasing return to operating room, though not significant, but there was no trend for composite complications in class I and II obesity patients. However, class III obesity, BMI ≥ 40, was associated with increased odds of composite morbidity (OR 4.40, 95% CI 1.24-15.88) and return to the operating room (OR 5.97, 95% CI 1.20–29.6) relative to patients with a normal BMI, 18.5–25. Conclusions Obesity is an independent and important risk factor for composite morbidity in resection of benign cranial nerve neoplasms, and as such, merits discussion during preoperative counseling.
Viticultural practices in Jumilla (Murcia, Spain): a case study of agriculture and adaptation to natural landscape processes in a variable and changing climate

This study examines viticultural practices near Jumilla (Murcia, SE Spain). It focuses on a site with extensive rock fragment (RF) covers on vineyard soils, their probable origins and the effects surface RF have on vines and soil properties, and also discusses the expected impacts of climate change during the 21st century. Data about vitivinicultural activities, substrates, and vineyard characteristics were obtained through extended interviews and fieldwork during three summer seasons. Vineyards occupy an extensive Quaternary-age, colluvial/alluvial glacis at 650–760 m below Sierra Molar, an Upper-Cretaceous mountain range that supplies white dolomitic limestone and calcareous marl clasts for RF. Regional climate is semiarid; rainfall is 313 mm/year, average temperature is 14.9 °C; a significant seasonal moisture deficit (≥478 mm/year) occurs during hot summers. Agricultural crops in the property are exclusively rainfed; no irrigation is utilized. This is facilitated by RF layers, which reach 100% groundcover and ≤30 cm thickness. Rock fragments occur naturally in the soil; RF are not placed on the fields, but accumulate by a combination of downslope transport from mountains by several geomorphic processes, and from agricultural tillage. RF covers show a layered structure; larger RF at the surface rest on a thin horizon of smaller fragments, over a thinner basal layer of even smaller particles lying unconformably on fine earth; this vertical stratification is generated by the sieving effect. The main pedological effects of RF include: improved infiltration and water storage, decreased runoff, lower evaporation rates, soil protection from rainsplash compaction and erosion, lower maximum temperatures, and greater sunlight reflection due to high rock albedo. By the late 21st century, Jumilla may experience higher seasonal temperatures, ~5–7 °C+ during summer, and 3–4 °C+ in winter, and a ~17–36% reduction of annual rainfall; the combination will cause greater evapotranspiration and vine stress. Several possible strategies to minimize the effects of climatic change are discussed.
Introduction to Computational Science

After completing this module, a student should be able to: Describe an example of a computational science simulation model. Define computational science, model, simulation, visualization, validation, verification. Appreciate the need to determine the reliability of simulation model results. List three sources of error in simulation model results. Appreciate the value of computational science.
Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs Haloperidol and Clozapine on Visual Responses of Retinal Ganglion Cells in a Rat Model of Retinitis Pigmentosa

Abstract Purpose: In the P23H rat model of retinitis pigmentosa, the dopamine D2 receptor antagonists sulpiride and eticlopride appear to improve visual responses of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by increasing light sensitivity of RGCs and transforming abnormal, long-latency ON-center RGCs into OFF-center cells. Antipsychotic drugs are believed to mediate their therapeutic benefits by blocking D2 receptors. This investigation was conducted to test whether haloperidol (a typical antipsychotic drug) and clozapine (an atypical antipsychotic drug) could similarly alter the light responses of RGCs in the P23H rat retina. Methods: Extracellular recordings were made from RGCs in isolated P23H rat retinas. Responses of RGCs to flashes of light were evaluated before and during bath application of a drug. Results: Both haloperidol and clozapine increased light sensitivity of RGCs on average by ∼0.3 log unit. For those ON-center RGCs that exhibit an abnormally long-latency response to the onset of a small spot of li...
An Integral Equation Modeling of Lossy Conductors With the Enhanced Augmented Electric Field Integral Equation

The formulation of the enhanced augmented electric field integral equation for dielectrics is generalized to conductor problems in this paper. The conductive region is simulated as a lossy dispersive medium using a full wave solver. In order to calculate the method of moments matrix elements in the conductive region accurately, we investigate the evaluations of the integrals of Green’s function in lossy media. After comparing with some other integration methods, we propose a new method to evaluate such integrals. This method turns out to improve the accuracy and efficiency. Moreover, the proposed formulation can be regarded as a generalized impedance boundary condition (IBC). This generalized IBC will become global if the skin depth is comparable to the size of the structures/details. The mixed-form fast multipole algorithm is employed for the simulations. Numerical examples of complex circuit structures are given to demonstrate the accuracy and capabilities of the proposed method.
Structural basis for methylphosphonate biosynthesis

Methylphosphonate synthase (MPnS) produces methylphosphonate, a metabolic precursor to methane in the upper ocean. Here, we determine a 2.35-angstrom resolution structure of MPnS and discover that it has an unusual 2-histidine-1-glutamine iron-coordinating triad. We further solve the structure of a related enzyme, hydroxyethylphosphonate dioxygenase from Streptomyces albus (SaHEPD), and find that it displays the same motif. SaHEPD can be converted into an MPnS by mutation of glutamine-adjacent residues, identifying the molecular requirements for methylphosphonate synthesis. Using these sequence markers, we find numerous putative MPnSs in marine microbiomes and confirm that MPnS is present in the abundant Pelagibacter ubique. The ubiquity of MPnS-containing microbes supports the proposal that methylphosphonate is a source of methane in the upper, aerobic ocean, where phosphorus-starved microbes catabolize methylphosphonate for its phosphorus.
Platforms of power

In Custodians of the Internet, Tarleton Gillespie goes beyond a mere account of the tools and practices employed by social media companies to address problems of harassment, obscenity, and hate speech on their platforms. He also aims to capture just what is at stake in debates over online expression—from the consequences of being "censored" online to the fate of social and democratic norms in the face of easily manipulable news feeds.
Calcium-binding protein (calbindin D-28k) immunoreactive neurons in the basal forebrain of the monkey and the rat: relationship with the cholinergic neurons.

A previous study has shown that many neurons in the monkey nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) are immunoreactive for calbindin-D-28k (CaBP), a Vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein (Celio and Norman, 1985). More recently, it has been shown that many cholinergic neurons (i.e., immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase, ChAT) in the human NBM are immunoreactive for CaBP, and that these neurons are adversely affected in Alzheimer’s patients (Ichimiya et al., 1989), thus suggesting that CaBP may play an important role in the normal functions of human NBM cholinergic neurons. However, whether cholinergic NBM neurons in other species also express CaBP immunoreactivity has remained unclear. It is also not clear whether all cholinergic neurons in the primate NBM are immunoreactive for CaBP. We report here that most, but not all, of the cholinergic NBM neurons in the Rhesus monkey are immunoreactive for CaBP. On the other hand, none of the rat cholinergic NBM neurons express CaBP immunoreactivity.
An arbitrarily oriented, rigid, elliptic inclusion in a finite anisotropic medium

This analysis presents an effective method of addressing rigid inclusion problems in an anisotropic medium with finite boundaries. For an arbitrarily oriented, rigid, elliptic inclusion, a solution is obtained by using the modified mapping collocation method. Within the two-dimensional theory of elasticity, this method provides nearly exact solutions for the stress and displacement fields and for the rigid-body translation and rotation concerning rigid, elliptic inclusions in an anisotropic medium. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated through several examples and their comparison with other solution methods. The validity and accuracy of the solutions are established by comparing the results from this analysis with those obtained analytically and by other numerical techniques.
Prognostic Factors in Patients with Melanoma Metastatic to Regional Nodes

Patients with melanoma metastatic to regional nodes have a variable prognosis with a risk of death from recurrence ranging from 26% to 92%. Various patient-related, primary tumor-related, and lymph node-related variables are reviewed to assess their impact on the survival of these patients. Single factors that are independently significant predictors of survival by multivariate analysis can be combined to develop prognostic indices to estimate outcome at the time of lymphadenectomy.
Effects of a Combined Semantic Feature Analysis and Multimodal Treatment for Primary Progressive Aphasia: Pilot Study.

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by language and cognitive decline. Word-retrieval deficits are the most common PPA symptom and contribute to impaire...
Real-time motion planning of multiple nanowires in fluid suspension under electric-field actuation

The ability to precisely and efficiently manipulate nano- and micro-scale objects is a key step in enabling applications in areas such as nano-medicine and nano/micro-device assembly. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate real-time motion-planning algorithms for effectively steering multiple nanowires simultaneously in fluid suspension using electric fields. The proposed motion planners $$\mathtt{{SRRT}}^*$$ and learning- $$\mathtt{{SRRT}}^*$$ ( $$\mathtt{{LSRRT}}^*$$ ) are built on and extended by sparse-structure, Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (RRT)-based motion-planning algorithms. The algorithms also use heuristics to effectively guide the search process to quickly generate initial solutions. In order to reduce the online computational cost, the $$\mathtt{{LSRRT}}^*$$ algorithm shifts the intensive computation of optimal additive cost metric to offline training using a supervised learning method. Compared with the previously developed network-flow and RRT-based algorithms, the $$\mathtt{{SRRT}}^*$$ and $$\mathtt{{LSRRT}}^*$$ guarantee the asymptotically near-optimal trajectories of multiple nanowires. Moreover, the algorithms do not restrict in theory the maximum number of nanowires that can be simultaneously controlled. We present simulation and experimental results to demonstrate the minimum-time performance of the motion-planning and control design. The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms significantly reduce the computational cost and increase the efficiency of manipulating multiple nanowires simultaneously when compared with the $${\mathtt{RRT}}^*$$ and other $${\mathtt{RRT}}^*$$ enhanced algorithms.
Dynamic Effects on the Mobilization of a Deposited Nanoparticle by a Moving Liquid-Liquid Interface

Using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the fate of a nanoparticle deposited on a solid surface as a liquid-liquid interface moves past it, depending on the wetting of the solid by the two liquids and the magnitude of the driving force. Interfacial pinning is observed below a critical value of the driving force. Above the critical driving force for pinning and for large contact angle values we observe stick-slip motion, with intermittent interfacial pinning and particle sliding at the interface. At low contact angles we observe that particle rolling precedes detachment, which indicates the importance of dynamic effects not present in static models. The findings in this work indicate that particle mobilization, and removal efficiencies, originating in dynamic liquid-liquid interfaces can be significantly underestimated by static models.
Re-learning and remembering in the lesioned brain

It is well known that re-learning language skills after a brain lesion can be very difficult. However, while learning and memory challenges have been extensively researched in amnesic individuals, very little research attention has been directed at understanding the characteristics of learning and memory that are relevant to recovery and rehabilitation of acquired language impairments. Even in the absence of damage to the medial temporal lobe regions classically associated with learning and memory, these individuals often suffer damage to frontal and other subcortical areas associated with learning and memory that may contribute to the learning challenges they face. Therefore, an understanding of the learning and memory profiles of post-stroke language impairments is important for the development and optimization of rehabilitation approaches. In two studies, we examine the degree to which certain basic characteristics of learning and memory, identified in neurotypical individuals, are intact in individuals with post-stroke language impairment. We specifically consider fundamental principles regarding the optimal spacing of learning trials that have been shown to reliably operate in neurotypical adults, across a wide range of language domains. We report on two studies that examine whether or not these principles also apply in language re-learning and retention for individuals with acquired deficits in written language production. Study 1 compared distributed vs. clustered training schedules, while Study 2 examined-for the first time in the context of re-learning-the relationship between the spacing of training trials and the retention period. This investigation revealed that, despite significant cognitive deficits and brain lesions, remarkably similar principles govern re-learning and retention in the lesioned brain as have been found to apply in neurologically healthy individuals. These results allow us to begin to integrate our understanding of recovery with the broader literature on learning and memory and have implications for the optimal organization of rehabilitation. Specifically, the findings raise questions regarding the traditional compression of rehabilitation within relatively short time windows.
Renovation in hospitals: An experimental study of negative pressure and filtration

Performing construction renovation and demolition activities in healthcare centers produces contamination that places visitors, staff, and, more importantly, hospitalized patients at increased risk...
Global Gender Justice and The Feminization of Responsibility

This paper morally evaluates the phenomenon Sylvia Chant calls "the feminization of responsibility," wherein women's unrecognized labor subsidizes international development while men retain or increase their power over women. I argue that development policies that feminize responsibility are incompatible with justice in two ways. First, such policies involve Northerners extracting unpaid labor from women in the global South. Northerners are obligated to provide development assistance, but they are transferring the labor of providing it onto women in the global South and expecting them to do it for free. Second, development policies that feminize responsibility increase women's exposure to sexist domination. These two problems are present irrespective of whether policies that feminize responsibility improve women's basic well-being.
Integrated Imaging Methodology Detects Claudin-1 Expression in Premalignant Nonpolypoid and Polypoid Colonic Epithelium in Mice.

Objectives Conventional colonoscopy with white light illumination detects colonic adenomas based on structural changes alone and is limited by a high miss rate. We aim to demonstrate an integrated imaging strategy that combines wide-field endoscopy and confocal endomicroscopy in real time to visualize molecular expression patterns in vivo to detect premalignant colonic mucosa. Methods A peptide specific for claudin-1 is labeled with Cy5.5 and administrated intravenously in genetically engineered mice that develop adenomas spontaneously in the distal colon. Wide-field endoscopy is used to identify the presence of nonpolypoid and polypoid adenomas. Anatomic landmarks are used to guide placement of a confocal endomicroscope with side-view optics to visualize claudin-1 expression patterns with subcellular resolution. Results Wide-field fluorescence images show peak uptake in colon adenoma at ∼1 hour after systemic peptide administration, and lesion margins are clearly defined. Further examination of the lesion using a confocal endomicroscope shows dysplastic crypts with large size, elongated shape, distorted architecture, and variable dimension compared with normal. The mean fluorescence intensity is significantly higher for dysplasia than normal. Increased claudin-1 expression in dysplasia vs normal is confirmed ex vivo, and the binding pattern is consistent with the in vivo imaging results. Discussion Wide-field endoscopy can visualize molecular expression of claudin-1 in vivo to localize premalignant colonic mucosa, and confocal endomicroscopy can identify subcellular feature to distinguish dysplasia from normal.
Tumor Spread Through Air Spaces Is a Predictor of Occult Lymph Node Metastasis in Clinical Stage IA Lung Adenocarcinoma

Abstract Introduction In patients with stage IA lung adenocarcinoma (ADC), sublobar resection and tumor spread through air spaces (STAS) are associated with high rates of locoregional recurrence, half of which occur within the regional lymph nodes (LNs). Our objectives were to investigate the association between occult LN metastasis (ONM) and STAS and to assess their prognostic value in patients with clinical stage IA lung ADC. Methods The association between STAS and ONM was analyzed in patients who underwent lobectomy and LN dissection for clinical stage IA lung ADC (n = 809). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify predictors of ONM. Site-specific recurrence by surgical procedure was investigated in patients with pathologic node-negative disease (n = 1055) using a competing risk approach. Results ONM was identified in 129 patients (16%)—one-third of ONMs were located only in intrapulmonary nodes. STAS was more common in patients with ONM than in those without ONM (67% versus 39%; p Conclusions Presence of STAS predicts ONM in patients with clinical stage IA lung ADC and can help stratify risk of recurrence by extent and type of resection.
“That’s Obviously Really Insensitive:” Attuning to Marginalization in a Parent-Teacher Encounter

This paper draws on Ahmed’s construct of affective economies to explore the role of affect in explaining how marginalization becomes (re)produced in pre-service teachers’ encounters with an actor p...
System dynamics modeling in health and medicine: a systematic literature review

This article reports the first systematic literature review of system dynamics (SD) applications in health and medicine published between 1960 and 2018. We categorize SD contributions into three groups—disease‐related modeling, organizational modeling, and regional health modeling—and explore major trends and approaches. We then focus on disease‐related modeling and discuss (1) common structures underlying models of infectious and noninfectious diseases, (2) major findings and modeling insights, and (3) avenues for future modeling efforts. While application areas cover a wide range of contexts, a considerable level of quality variation is observable, particularly in regards to model documentation, use of data, and model validation. While these shortcomings are not specific to SD modeling—and other schools of modeling often suffer from similar problems—we invite the community to address the issues both as authors and reviewers. Our study provides a reference document for several exemplary SD models, which is especially useful for early career modelers. © 2020 System Dynamics Society
Non-coated versus coated mesh for retrorectus ventral hernia repair: a propensity score-matched analysis of the Americas Hernia Society Quality Collaborative (AHSQC)

The outcomes of utilizing anti-adhesive barrier-coated mesh in the retrorectus position during open ventral hernia repair are unknown. We compared the wound-related outcomes between non-coated (NCM) and coated mesh (CM) placed in the retrorectus space. Patients undergoing elective, open, clean ventral hernia repair with retrorectus mesh were retrospectively identified in the Americas Hernia Society Quality Collaborative. Propensity score matching was performed based on clinically relevant demographic and operative covariates. The primary outcome was wound morbidity, defined as surgical site infection (SSI), surgical site occurrence (SSO), and SSO requiring procedural intervention (SSOPI). 3609 patients were included (3281 NCM, 328 CM). Following 2:1 propensity score matching, rates of myofascial release remained the only statistically different matching parameter; external oblique releases were performed more frequently in the CM group (8% vs. 15%; p = 0.03). Rates of SSI (3% vs. 4%; p = 0.16) were similar between groups. Increased rates of SSO (13% vs. 18%; p = 0.045) and SSOPI (4% vs. 8%; p = 0.038) were observed in the CM group. The CM group had a higher rate of postoperative seroma (3% vs. 7%; p = 0.027) compared to the NCM group. Barrier-coated mesh in the retrorectus position was associated with increased wound morbidity requiring procedural intervention. Due to a lack of clinical benefit, the use of more costly barrier-coated mesh in the retrorectus position is not justified for routine, open ventral hernia repairs at this time.
Epilepsy-Related Outcomes in Children With Neonatal Cerebellar Injury.

Objective:Acute brain injury is a frequent perinatal neurologic complication that can involve the cerebellum. Although short-term outcomes of infants with neonatal cerebellar injury are well descri...
Fortuitous Eradication of an Aggressive Basal Cell Carcinoma Via Foreign Body Reaction to a Polyurethane Vacuum-Assisted Closure Sponge.

ABSTRACT The foreign body reaction (FBR) is a well-documented immune reaction. Much of the literature on FBRs has focused on minimizing this immune response to mitigate the impact on medical implants. Here, we present a case that illustrates a serendipitous oncologic outcome from an FBR. A 54-year-old man presented with an aggressive basal cell carcinoma (BCC). At the first resection, he had broadly positive surgical margins. The surgical wound was temporized with a polyurethane wound vacuum assisted closure (VAC) device. He was lost to follow-up having retained a VAC sponge for a total of 12 weeks. A wide re-resection was performed 7 months after the initial resection. Exhaustive examination of the resected specimen was performed. There was an absence of any BCC, replaced by a widespread chronic FBR to polyurethane VAC sponge particles. This suggests that the foreign body immune response was sufficiently intense to eradicate any remaining BCC. This case illustrates the concept of an FBR as a novel method of local immunotherapy.
Outcomes of Femtosecond Laser Assisted Cataract Surgery Performed by Resident and Attending Surgeons

Objective The study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of resident surgeons performing femtosecond laser assisted cataract surgery (FLACS). Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted at the University of Wisconsin-Madison from postgraduate year four residents performing FLACS between 2017 and 2019. Data were also collected from residents performing manual cataract surgery, and attending surgeons performing FLACS for comparison. Recorded data included patient demographics, pre- and postoperative visual acuity, pre- and postoperative spherical equivalent, nuclear sclerotic cataract grade, ocular and systemic comorbidities, intraocular lens, duration of surgery, cumulative dissipated energy (CDE), and intraoperative and postoperative complications. Results A total of 90 cases were reviewed with 30 resident manual cases, 30 resident FLACS cases, and 30 attending FLACS cases. Resident manual (25.5 ± 6.8 minutes) and resident FLACS (17.5 ± 7.1 minutes) cases took a significantly longer time to complete compared with attending FLACS cases (13.6 ± 4.4 minutes; p Conclusion The FLACS performed by resident surgeons had comparable visual acuity outcomes to FLACS performed by attending surgeons, and to manual cataract surgery performed by resident surgeons. However, resident FLACS cases took significantly longer time to complete, and they were associated with a higher CDE and minor complication rate compared with attending FLACS cases. Introducing advanced technologies into surgical training curricula improves resident preparedness for independent practice, and this study suggests FLACS can be incorporated safely and effectively into resident education.
Endocannabinoid‐mediated neuromodulation in the main olfactory bulb at the interface of environmental stimuli and central neural processing

The olfactory system has become an important functional gateway to understand and analyze neuromodulation since olfactory dysfunction and deficits have emerged as prodromal and, at other times, as first symptoms of many of neurodegenerative, neuropsychiatric and communication disorders. Considering olfactory dysfunction as outcome of altered, damaged and/or inefficient olfactory processing, in the current review, we analyze how olfactory processing interacts with the endocannabinoid signaling system. In the human body, endocannabinoid synthesis is a natural and on-demand response to a wide range of physiological and environmental stimuli. Our current understanding of the response dynamics of the endocannabinoid system is based in large part on research advances in limbic system areas, such as the hippocampus and the amygdala. Functional interactions of this signaling system with olfactory processing and associated pathways are just emerging but appear to grow rapidly with multidimensional approaches. Recent work analyzing the crystal structure of endocannabinoid receptors bound to their agonists in a signaling complex has opened avenues for developing specific therapeutic drugs that could help with neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and alleviation/reduction of pain. We discuss the role of endocannabinoids as signaling molecules in the olfactory system and the relevance of the endocannabinoid system for synaptic plasticity.
Facilitative Language Techniques Used in the Home by Caregivers of Young Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing

Purpose This research note reports preliminary data from an investigation of facilitative language techniques (FLTs) used in the natural environment by caregivers of children who are deaf or hard o...
Analytical transient analysis of temporal boundary value problems using the d'Alembert formula.

Temporal boundary value problems (TBVPs) provide the foundation for analyzing electromagnetic wave propagation in time-varying media. In this paper, we point out that TBVPs fall into the category of unbounded initial value problems, which have traveling wave solutions. By dividing the entire time frame into several subdomains and applying the d’Alembert formula, the transient expressions for waves propagating through temporal boundaries can be evaluated analytically. Moreover, unlike their spatial analogs, TBVPs are subject to causality. Therefore, the resulting analytical transient solutions resulting from the d’Alembert formula are unique to temporal systems.
Optimal Model Size

We consider the selection of model size from the perspective of maximizing out-of-sample prediction power. The selection criteria consist of two components, the in-sample prediction error and a correction factor that measures the overfitting tendency of each model. The calculation of degrees of freedom is discussed for linear, nonlinear, and highly complex models.
MIMO beamforming and error analysis

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) processing is used in radar systems to improve performance. When forming MIMO beams, the receive weighting function must take into account not only the receive element location but each transmit phase center location as well. This leads to more complex beamforming process and weight calculation. The beamforming process that takes into account transmit and receive phase centers has an added benefit where beam pointing errors due to elemental magnitude and phase errors are reduced. This paper discusses the benefits of MIMO, the calculation of proper weights for use in the beamforming process, and the reduced system level errors that result from beamforming in this manner.
Brazos: a third generation DSM system

Brazos is a third generation distributed shared memory (DSM) system designed for x86 machines running Microsoft Windows NT 4.0. Brazos is unique among existing systems in its use of selective multicast, a software-only implementation of scope consistency, and several adaptive runtime performance tuning mechanisms. The Brazos runtime system is multithreaded, allowing the overlap of computation with the long communication latencies typically associated with software DSM systems. Brazos also supports multithreaded user-code execution, allowing programs to take advantage of the local tightly-coupled shared memory available on multiprocessor PC servers, while transparently interacting with remote "virtual" shared memory. Brazos currently runs on a cluster of Compaq Proliant 1500 multiprocessor servers connected by a 100 Mbps FastEthernet. This paper describes the Brazos design and implementation, and compares its performance running five scientific applications to the performance of Solaris and Windows NT implementations of the TreadMarks DSM system running on the same hardware.
In situ quantification of genomic instability in breast cancer progression

Genomic instability is a hallmark of breast and other solid cancers. Presumably caused by critical telomere reduction, GI is responsible for providing the genetic diversity required in the multistep progression of the disease. We have used multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization and 3D image analysis to quantify genomic instability cell-by-cell in thick, intact tissue sections of normal breast epithelium, preneoplastic lesions (usual ductal hyperplasia), ductal carcinona in situ or invasive carcinoma of the breast. Our in situ-cell by cell-analysis of genomic instability shows an important increase of genomic instability in the transition from hyperplasia to in situ carcinoma, followed by a reduction of instability in invasive carcinoma. This pattern suggests that the transition from hyperplasia to in situ carcinoma corresponds to telomere crisis and invasive carcinoma is a consequence of telomerase reactivation after telomere crisis.
A self-adapting healthcare information infrastructure using mobile computing devices

Despite recent improvements in the gathering and sharing of patient medical information among healthcare providers, there remains a gap in the electronic medical record infrastructure. Patient data is not available in some situations, either because the infrastructure is inaccessible (as in a natural disaster) or because there is no way to link the patient to the infrastructure (e.g., the patient cannot supply necessary identification information). We describe the Poket Doktor System, an architecture that allows an individual to carry personal electronic medical information on a wireless handheld device such as a smart card, cell phone, or PDA. Medical workers can obtain this information wirelessly using handheld devices, desktop computers, network access points, etc. In this way, patients play an active role in the medical information infrastructure, resulting in a better healthcare delivery system.
Tweets during Crisis Follow One-Way Communication

An analysis of the tweets by newspaper and broadcast journalists during the 2011 San Diego power outage found that most tweets fell into the traditional reporting practice of one-way communication. Newspaper journalists sent more interactive tweets than did broadcast journalists.
Quantum learning robust against noise

Noise is often regarded as anathema to quantum computation, but in some settings it can be an unlikely ally. We consider the problem of learning the class of $n$-bit parity functions by making queries to a quantum example oracle. In the absence of noise, quantum and classical parity learning are easy and almost equally powerful, both information-theoretically and computationally. We show that in the presence of noise this story changes dramatically. Indeed, the classical learning problem is believed to be intractable, while the quantum version remains efficient. Depolarizing the qubits at the oracle's output at any constant nonzero rate does not increase the computational (or query) complexity of quantum learning more than logarithmically. However, the problem of learning from corresponding classical examples is the learning parity with noise problem, for which the best known algorithms have superpolynomial complexity. This creates the possibility of observing a quantum advantage with a few hundred noisy qubits. The presence of noise is essential for creating this quantum-classical separation.
Isolating single cells in a neurosphere assay using inertial microfluidics

Sphere forming assays are routinely used for in vitro propagation and differentiation of stem cells. Because the stem cell clusters can become heterogeneous and polyclonal, they must first be dissociated into a single cell suspension for further clonal analysis or differentiation studies. The dissociated population is marred by the presence of doublets, triplets and semi-cleaved/intact clusters which makes identification and further analysis of differentiation pathways difficult. In this work, we use inertial microfluidics to separate the single cells and clusters in a population of chemically dissociated neurospheres. In contrast to previous microfluidic sorting technologies which operated at high flow rates, we implement the spiral microfluidic channel in a novel focusing regime that occurs at lower flow rates. In this regime, the curvature-induced Dean's force focuses the smaller, single cells towards the inner wall and the larger clusters towards the center. We further demonstrate that sorting in this low flow rate (and hence low shear stress) regime yields a high percentage (>90%) of viable cells and preserves multipotency by differentiating the sorted neural stem cell population into neurons and astrocytes. The modularity of the device allows easy integration with other lab-on-a-chip devices for upstream mechanical dissociation and downstream high-throughput clonal analysis, localized electroporation and sampling. Although demonstrated in the case of the neurosphere assay, the method is equally applicable to other sphere forming assays.
Theodore Roosevelt's role in the 1905 football controversy.

Abstract At the beginning of this century, intercollegiate football was tremendously popular, but contests were dull and dangerous affairs in which offensive players rushed the ball through massed defenses. Efforts to improve the sport for spectator and participant met with failure because the Intercollegiate Football Rules Committee refused to adopt reform legislation. Although it represented only a few of the large number of colleges participating in the sport, the influence of the Rules Committee was so great that attempts to establish rival legislative bodies were unsuccessful. In 1905, dissident elements again challenged the authority of the Rules Committee but the movement was in jeopardy until President Theodore Roosevelt used his influence to secure for it the necessary recognition.
Pea and lentil protein extraction and functionality

These studies have demonstrated that peas and lentils can be used as protein sources for flours, concentrates and isolates. Less research attention has been devoted to lentil protein extraction, probably because of the greater cost of lentils as compared to peas. Pin-milling and air classification is well adapted to extracting pea flours to produce pea protein concentrates. Apparently, air-classification can be applied successfully to starch rich legumes, but will not give satisfactory results with lipid rich legumes. Wet processes, including alkaline and salt and acid solubilization, together with isoelectric precipitation or ultrafiltration, have been developed. The pea and lentil protein extracts of these processes exhibit comparable and complementary functionality to homologous soybean products. Air-classified pea protein concentrates are different from soy protein concentrates because of residual starch which can be useful for particular functional applications. Pea isolates appear to exhibit better foaming properties and more solubility than soy isolates, but pea isolates have to be more concentrated than soy isolates to produce viscous dispersions. The economic feasibility of pea and lentil protein extracts is related directly to protein content of the flour, unique functionality of the extracts, marketability of the by-products of extraction and the cost of peas or lentils.
Geographic variation in cardioprotective antihypertensive medication usage in dialysis patients.

Background Despite their high risk of adverse cardiac outcomes, persons on long-term dialysis therapy have had lower use of antihypertensive medications with cardioprotective properties, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, and calcium channel blockers, than might be expected. We constructed a novel database that permits detailed exploration into the demographic, clinical, and geographic factors associated with the use of these agents in hypertensive long-term dialysis patients. Study Design National cross-sectional retrospective analysis linking Medicaid prescription drug claims with US Renal Data System core data. Setting & Participants 48,882 hypertensive long-term dialysis patients who were dually eligible for Medicaid and Medicare services in 2005. Factors Demographics, comorbid conditions, functional status, and state of residence. Outcomes Prevalence of cardioprotective antihypertensive agents in Medicaid pharmacy claims and state-specific observed to expected ORs of medication exposure. Measurements Factors associated with medication use were modeled using multilevel logistic regression models. Results In multivariable analyses, cardioprotective antihypertensive medication exposure was associated significantly with younger age, female sex, nonwhite race, intact functional status, and use of in-center hemodialysis. Diabetes was associated with a statistically significant 28% higher odds of ACE-inhibitor/ARB use, but congestive heart failure was associated with only a 9% increase in the odds of β-blocker use and no increase in ACE-inhibitor/ARB use. There was substantial state-by-state variation in the use of all classes of agents, with a greater than 2.9-fold difference in adjusted-rate ORs between the highest and lowest prescribing states for ACE inhibitors/ARBs and a 3.6-fold difference for β-blockers. Limitations Limited generalizability beyond study population. Conclusions In publicly insured long-term dialysis patients with hypertension, there were marked differences in use rates by state, potentially due in part to differences in Medicaid benefits. However, geographic characteristics also were associated with exposure, suggesting clinical uncertainty about the utility of these medications.
Amino acid differences between major and minor hemoglobins from lemmings (Lemmus and Dicrostonyx).

Abstract 1. 1. Dual hemoglobins were isolated from both Lemmus and Discrostonyx, two genera of microtine rodents of the tribe Lemmini. 2. 2. The dual hemoglobins result from dual α-chains and the charge difference Asp → Ala at position α5. 3. 3. The β-chains of Dicrostonyx and Lemmus hemoglobins differ in charge by Ala → Asp at β125. 4. 4. Cladograms are presented for the hemoglobin chains of microtine rodents.
Getting the message from the gene to the synapse: sorting and intracellular transport of RNA in neurons

A key question in cellular neurobiology is how neurons target molecules to cellular microdomains at a distance from the nucleus. Of special importance are the thousands of postsynaptic sites that form the basis for synaptic communication. Recent evidence suggests that an important aspect of molecular trafficking involves differential sorting, selective intracellular transport, and docking of particular mRNA molecules and associated protein synthetic machinery at postsynaptic sites. This offers the potential for local regulation of the production of key proteins in response to conditions at individual synapses. This article reviews what is known about the mechanisms of mRNA trafficking in neurons and in other cells ranging from oocytes to oligodendrocytes, and considers the possible role that mRNA trafficking and the resulting local synthesis of particular proteins may play in cellular function.