cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blockade of type A, but not type B, CCK receptors postpones satiety in rhesus monkeys

The exogenous administration of the brain/gut peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) inhibits food intake in a variety of species, including subhuman primates and humans. To determine the role of endogenously released CCK in the control of food intake in rhesus monkeys, we examined the ability of the selective type A and type B CCK antagonists devazepide and L-365260 to affect total daily food intake and various meal patterns. Various doses of the antagonists were administered intragastrically 30 min before a daily 4-h feeding period. One-gram food pellets were delivered in response to lever pulls, and intake was computer monitored. Intragastric administration of the type A CCK receptor antagonist devazepide (10-320 micrograms/kg) significantly increased food intake in a dose-related fashion. The threshold for increasing intake was 32 micrograms/kg, and a maximal effect was obtained at a dose of 100 micrograms/kg that increased total 4-h food intake by 47%. The effect of devazepide on food intake was mediated by significant increases in the size and duration of the initial meal, lengthening of the subsequent intermeal interval, and a decrease in the satiety ratio (intermeal interval/1st meal size). In contrast, intragastric administration of the type B CCK receptor antagonist L-365260 (3.2-320 micrograms/kg) did not significantly affect total food intake or any of the meal parameters. These data demonstrate that endogenously released CCK acting through type A CCK receptors plays a role in regulating food intake in rhesus monkeys.
The Relation Between Grade Claimed and Actual Grade of Butter Purchased in the Retail Market

Summary A comparison of quality claimed and price paid for a series of retail samples of butter showed no correlation with the actual grade and established wholesale prices of butter of the same quality.
"Bioconvection Patterns" in Cultures of Free-Swimming Organisms.

The moving polygonal patterns in dense cultures of Tetrahymena and other ciliates and flagellates look like "Benard cells," but are not due to thermal convection. They seem to be due to a similar dynamic instability that occurs when the energy input is internal and mechanical. The high concentration in the patterns may be useful in fertilization.
An analysis of the absorption and circular dichroism of some visual pigments.

Abstract The absorption and circular dichroism spectra of Digitonin extracts of cattle rhodopsin, isorhodopsin, and related intermediates have been investigated in aqueous solvents containing up to 66% glycerol and over the temperature range between −70 and +25°C. The transition maxima, oscillator strengths and rotational strengths of thecattle pigments, as well as the transition maxima and oscillator strengths of squid visual pigments and related retinal and retinylidene model compounds, have been analyzed using Pariser-Parr-Pople molecular orbital calculations. An interpretation is presented which attempts to correlate, in part, the spectral changes observed following light absorption with changes in the geometry of the prosthetic group and its interaction with the rest of the pigment molecule.
Increasing the coherence time of Bose-Einstein-condensate interferometers with optical control of dynamics

Atom interferometers using Bose-Einstein condensate that is confined in a waveguide and manipulated by optical pulses have been limited by their short coherence times. We present a theoretical model that offers a physically simple explanation for the loss of contrast and propose the method for increasing the fringe contrast by recombining the atoms at a different time. A simple, quantitatively accurate, analytical expression for the optimized recombination time is presented and used to place limits on the physical parameters for which the contrast may be recovered.
Vibrational energy relaxation of small molecules and ions in liquids

A theoretical/computational framework for determining vibrational energy relaxation rates, pathways, and mechanisms, for small molecules and ions in liquids, is presented. The framework is based on the system—bath coupling approach, Fermi’s golden rule, classical time-correlation functions, and quantum correction factors. We provide results for three specific problems: relaxation of the oxygen stretch in neat liquid oxygen at 77 K, relaxation of the water bend in chloroform at room temperature, and relaxation of the azide ion anti-symmetric stretch in water at room temperature. In each case, our calculated lifetimes are in reasonable agreement with experiment. In the latter two cases, theory for the observed solvent isotope effects illuminates the relaxation pathways and mechanisms. Our results suggest several propensity rules for both pathways and mechanisms.
Relative effectiveness of carp pituitary extract, luteininzing hormone releasing hormone analog (LHRHa) injections and LHRHa implants for producing hybrid catfish fry

Abstract Adoption of the hybrid catfish (channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus , female × blue catfish I. furcatus , male) is increasing in the catfish industry. The most effective way to produce fry is hormone induced spawning of females coupled with hand stripping and in vitro fertilization. The success of common carp pituitary extract (CPE), luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analog (LHRHa) injections and LHRHa implants for producing hybrid catfish fry was investigated over the past 15 years. Data from 65 studies, 25, 20 and 20 for CPE, LHRHa injections, and LHRHa implants, respectively, were evaluated. Mean fry/kg female body weight (all females) produced was 948, 2483 and 2765 for CPE, LHRHa injections, and LHRHa implants, respectively. LHRHa administered as an injection or implant produced more (P
Wettability modification of fractured carbonates using sodium metaborate, part I: Laboratory results and simulation procedure

Abstract Chemical-based wettability modification has become important for the worldwide abundance of fractured carbonates with the potential to enhance water imbibition to expel more oil from matrix to the fractures. The authors present systematic experimental and modeling approach on the combined benefit of wettability alteration for enhanced water imbibition and interfacial tension reduction. Brine, alkali, and alkali surfactant solutions were injected sequentially to improve oil recovery from a fractured mix-wet carbonate core. The experiments were successfully modeled with a simulator capable of modeling wettability alteration. Part I presents the experimental procedure and the results. The history match of the waterflood is also presented. In another article the authors describe the procedure to model alkali and alkali surfactant floods including sensitivity simulations of some key parameters.
RbSr ages from the ocean of storms

Rb-Sr internal isochron ages from Ocean of Storms, discussing analytical results of two texturally and mineralogically distinct crystalline rocks from Apollo 12
Teratogenic effects associated with maternal primidone therapy

and the IQ in the offspring; there was a significant correlation between the mother's phenylalanine concentration and the child's IQ. Our patient's outcome, in comparison with the natural history of untreated PKU patients and with the outcome of his untreated sister, strongly suggests that tyrosine supplementation had little if any beneficial effect. We conclude that a tyrosine intake of 1 mmol/kg/day did not prevent the development of the typical neurologic sequelae of classical phenylketonuria. REFERENCES
Self-Monitoring by College Students With ADHD: The Impact on Academic Performance.

Objective: There is a lack of empirically supported treatments for college students with ADHD and academic deficits. The current study evaluated self-monitoring, an intervention that may improve ac...
Patterns of spatial and temporal variability of UV transparency in Lake Tahoe, California‐Nevada

Lake Tahoe is an ultra-oligotrophic subalpine lake that is renowned for its clarity. The region experiences little cloud cover and is one of the most UV transparent lakes in the world. As such, it is an ideal environment to study the role of UV radiation in aquatic ecosystems. Long-term trends in Secchi depths showed that water transparency to visible light has decreased in recent decades, but limited data are available on the UV transparency of the lake. Here we examine how ultraviolet radiation varies relative to longer-wavelength photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400-700 nm, visible wavelengths) horizontally along inshore-offshore transects in the lake and vertically within the water column as well as temporally throughout 2007. UV transparency was more variable than PAR transparency horizontally across the lake and throughout the year. Seasonal patterns of Secchi transparency differed from both UV and PAR, indicating that different substances may be responsible for controlling transparency to UV, PAR, and Secchi. In surface waters, UVA (380 nm) often attenuated more slowly than PAR, a pattern visible in only exceptionally transparent waters with very low dissolved organic carbon. On many sampling dates, UV transparency decreased progressively with depth suggesting surface photobleaching, reductions in particulate matter, increasing chlorophyll a, or some combination of these increased during summer months. Combining these patterns of UV transparency with data on visible light provides a more comprehensive understanding of ecosystem structure, function, and effects of environmental change in highly transparent alpine and subalpine lakes such as Tahoe.
How Did the Sport Make You Feel? Looking at the Three Dimensions of Emotion through a Gendered Lens

Emotional responses to mediated messages are dependent on the viewer and the content of the message. In this experiment, self-reported emotional responses of undergraduate females (N = 43) to gendered sports portrayals featuring male and female athletes were measured on the self-assessment mannikin. Female viewers felt more positive, aroused and dominant while watching sports broadcasts featuring female athletes rather than broadcasts featuring male athletes. These finding suggest that female viewers have these emotional responses due to the fact that these female athletes are surpassing the expectations their participation held in a traditionally masculine area. Also, feelings of positivity and arousal toward male athletes participating in feminine sports shows an acceptance of male athletes exhibiting characteristics traditionally thought exclusive to females.
The conformations of trimethoprim/E. coli dihydrofolate reductase complexes A 15N and 31P NMR study

We have employed 15N and 31P NMR techniques to characterize the conformations of trimethoprim (TMP)/E. coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) complexes in the presence and absence of NADPH and NADP+. A single conformation was observed for TMP/DHFR, NADP+/DHFR, NADPH/DHFR, and TMP/NADPH/DHFR complexes. In the ternary complex of TMP/NADP+/DHFR both the 15N and 31P spectra revealed the presence of two conformations. However, the conformations of TMP and NADP+ in the ternary complex may not be correlated, resulting in the possible existence of four conformations for the protein ternary complex.
Impact of Grassed Waterways and Compost Filter Socks on the Quality of Surface Runoff from Corn Fields

Surface runoff from cropland frequently has high concentrations of nutrients and herbicides, particularly in the first few events after application. Grassed waterways can control erosion while transmitting this runoff offsite, but are generally ineffective in removing dissolved agrochemicals. In this study, we routed runoff from one tilled (0.67 ha) and one no-till watershed (0.79 ha) planted to corn (Zea mays L.) into parallel, 30-m-long grassed waterways. Two 46-cm-diam. filter socks filled with composted bark and wood chips were placed 7.5 m apart in the upper half of one waterway and in the lower half of the other waterway to determine if they decreased concentrations of sediment and dissolved chemicals. Automated samplers were used to obtain samples above and below the treated segments of the waterways for two crop years. The filter socks had no significant effect (P <or= 0.05) on sediment concentrations for runoff from the no-till watershed, but contributed to an additional 49% reduction in average sediment concentration compared with unamended waterways used with the tilled watershed. The filter socks significantly increased the concentrations of Cl, NO(3)-N, PO(4)-P, SO(4), Ca, K, Na, and Mg in runoff from at least one watershed, probably due to soluble forms of these ions in the compost. The estimated additional amounts of these ions contributed by the socks each year ranged from 0.04 to 1.2 kg, thus were likely to be inconsequential. The filter socks contributed to a significant (P <or= 0.05) additional reduction in dissolved glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] (5%) and alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] (18%) concentrations for the tilled watersheds, but this was insufficient to reduce alachlor concentrations to acceptable levels.
Hyperthyroidism During Pregnancy: Nursing Care Issues

Untreated hyperthyroidism during pregnancy is associated with a high incidence of maternal and fetal complications. The perinatal nurse needs knowledge of the pathophysiology of this condition to implement a care plan. Antithyroid medications are used to restore the patient's normal thyroid function. Ongoing evaluation of clinical and laboratory data assists the nurse in recognizing the development and implementation of interventions for complications, such as thyroid crisis and heart failure, in the pregnant patient.
Edge effects in chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave spectra

Abstract Recent applications of chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave and millimeter wave spectroscopy have motivated the use of short (10–50 ns) chirped excitation pulses. In this regime, individual transitions within the chirped pulse bandwidth do not all, in effect, experience the same frequency sweep through resonance from far above to far below (or vice versa), and “edge effects” may dominate the relative intensities. We analyze this effect and provide simplifying expressions for the linear fast passage polarization response in the limit of long and short excitation pulses. In the long pulse limit, the polarization response converges to a rectangular function of frequency, and in the short pulse limit, the polarization response morphs into a form proportional to the window function of the Fourier-transform-limited excitation pulse.
Bilayer nanotubes and helical ribbons formed by hydrated galactosylceramides: acyl chain and headgroup effects

The molecular basis of bilayer tubule formation in hydrated galactosylceramide (GalCer) dispersions has been investigated by synthesizing different chain-pure GalCers and examining their aqueous mesomorphic phase structure by freeze fracture and negative-stain electron microscopy. Thermotropic characterization of the GalCer species by differential scanning calorimetry provided supplementary information that verified the phase state under which morphological observations were carried out. Under aqueous conditions and at room temperature, N-24:1 delta 15(cis) GalSph, the predominant monounsaturated, nonhydroxy acyl species of bovine brain GalCer (NFA-GalCer), formed cylindrical mesomorphic self-assemblies consisting almost exclusively of "nanotubes," i.e., lipid bilayer tubules of relatively uniform length and diameter (length, 250–400 nm; diameter, 25–30 nm). In contrast, N-24:0 GalSph, the major saturated, nonhydroxy acyl species of bovine brain GalCer, displayed no tendency to form these relatively small "nanotubes." Rather, N-24:0 GalSph formed larger, variable-length ribbon-like structures (length, 5,000–10,000 nm) that often appeared to undulate and, occasionally, appeared to be helically twisted. Interestingly, bovine brain GalCer, which contains high levels of the N-24:1 delta 15(cis) and N-24:0 species as well as 2-hydroxy acyl chains, formed multilamellar liposomes of variable size and showed little tendency to form cylindrical structures. This result suggested that changes to the polar interface/headgroup region imparted by the 2-hydroxy acyl species strongly influenced bilayer tubule and cylinder formation in GalCer. To define this influence more clearly, other sphingoid-based and glycerol-based lipids were investigated. Morphological characterization of N-24:1 delta 15(cis) sphingosylphosphorylcholine (24:1 SM) revealed no evidence of bilayer cylinder or tubule formation. Similar results were obtained with aqueous dispersions of 1-palmitoyl-2-nervonoyl phosphatidylcholine (16:0, 24:1 PC). Hence, the bulkier, more hydrated, zwitterionic phosphocholine headgroup inhibited the formation of bilayer nanotubes and cylinders under physiological saline conditions.
Note on the estimation of the number of states in a discrete Markov chain

Diese Arbeit behandelt das Problem der statistischen Schatzung der Anzahl der Zustande einer diskreten Markoff-Kette, wenn die zugehorigen Ubergangswahrscheinlichkeiten bekannte Funktionen der Anzahl der Zustande sind. Die Methode benutzt das Maximum-Likelihood-Prinzip.
Burn and earn: a randomized controlled trial incentivizing exercise during fall semester for college first-year students.

Abstract Objective To examine the viability of monetary incentives to increase fitness-center use and maintain/improve the Body Mass Indexes (BMIs) of first-year students over the fall semester. Method Randomized-controlled trial with no-treatment and incentive conditions involving 117 first-year students. For 12 weeks, students in the incentive condition received monetary payments ranging from $10 to $38.75 for meeting researcher-set fitness-center use goals that were identical across conditions. Fitness-center use was monitored through electronic ID-card check-in and check-out records at the campus fitness center. Results 63% of incentive-condition participants met the weekly fitness-center use goals on average compared to only 13% of control-condition participants, a significant difference, p Conclusion Weekly monetary incentives resulted in significantly more first-year students meeting weekly fitness-center use goals. However, the increased fitness-center use by the incentive condition did not prevent an increase in BMI during fall semester.
Rethinking Leviticus and Rereading Purity and Danger

Mary Douglas. Leviticus as Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. xv, 280 pp; Hyam Maccoby. Ritual and Morality: The Ritual Purity System and Its Place in Judaism. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1999. xii, 231 pp.These are good times for those who are fascinated by the book of Leviticus. While denigrations of the Israelite purity system and priestly traditions are still to be found, there seems to be an increasing willingness to give Leviticus the benefit of some doubt, considering it to be something other than a dry, rigid, ritualistic, and hierarchical code. These two books argue forcefully, convincingly—and quite differently—against many previous misunderstandings of Leviticus. What is more, we can perhaps even begin to speak of an emerging consensus on one important issue that both books deal with: the nature of ritual impurity. More and more scholars seem to be saying what these two are: that ritual impurity is a complex ritual structure, not a blunt instrument of social control. But if the evaluation of Leviticus in general (and ritual impurity in particular) is positive in both of these books, they share little else. It is difficult to conceive of two scholarly books with as many overlapping concerns, published in the same year and country, which differ so much with regard to scope, structure, and method. They differ too, in the end, with regard to both quality and importance.
Exponential regression models for wind and lightning caused outages on overhead distribution feeders

Power distribution systems play an important role in modern society. Environmental factors, such as weather, trees, and animals, are the some of the main causes of outages in distribution systems. Of these wind and lighting continue to be the major factors affecting outages. This paper reports two different exponential regression models to study and analyze outages due to wind and lightning on overhead distribution lines in different districts in Kansas from 2005 to 2009. Estimated outages obtained for three districts in Kansas of different sizes are compared with observed outages to evaluate performance of the models. The results are also compared with previously studied models to determine the most suitable model to represent effects of wind and lightning.
Structural damage in Mexico City

This paper describes the structural damage in Mexico City caused by the September 19, 1985 earthquake. Photographs which illustrate various features of structural behavior are included. One explanation is presented as to why buildings with fundamental periods of elastic vibration considerably below the predominant two‐second period of the ground motion were most vulnerable to damage.
A unified optimization framework for robust pseudo-relevance feedback algorithms

We present a flexible new optimization framework for finding effective, reliable pseudo-relevance feedback models that unifies existing complementary approaches in a principled way. The result is an algorithmic approach that not only brings together different benefits of previous methods, such as parameter self-tuning and risk reduction from term dependency modeling, but also allows a rich new space of model search strategies to be investigated. We compare the effectiveness of a unified algorithm to existing methods by examining iterative performance and risk-reward tradeoffs. We also discuss extensions for generating new algorithms within our framework.
Body mass index and asthma in the military population of the northwestern United States.

Background Patients with asthma commonly have other medical problems such as obesity, but it is unclear if obesity independently relates to asthma occurrence. Objective To examine the association between asthma and obesity. Methods We studied enrollees aged 17 to 96 years in region 11 of TRICARE, a military managed health care program encompassing Washington, Oregon, and northern Idaho, using an enrollment questionnaire from January 1997 to December 1998. We performed case-control analyses on 2788 asthma cases and 39 637 controls. From these cases and controls, we selected a random sample of 1000 asthma cases and 1000 controls, linking them to a computerized military health record system to verify if medications indicated for asthma therapy were prescribed. After excluding cases not prescribed bronchodilator medications and excluding controls prescribed bronchodilator medications or steroids, we used logistic regression to estimate associations among asthma, body mass index, and demographic, lifestyle, and comorbid risk factors in 386 verified cases and 744 verified controls. Results Increasing body mass index, younger age, female sex, non–active duty beneficiary status, and arthritis were significant independent predictors of asthma prevalence in both our larger analysis and our verified substudy, whereas stomach ulcer, depression, hypertension, and white race are also independent predictors of asthma prevalence in our larger analysis. Conclusions Increasing body mass index is a key factor predicting prevalence of asthma and, if determined to be etiologically related to asthma incidence, is a potentially modifiable risk factor for asthma.
SCinet: Testbed for high-performance networked applications

The network's use by high-performance applications is difficult to evaluate in the real world. To better understand this interaction, leading experts and organizations in ultra-high-performance networking and computing come together once a year to build an intense, diverse, high-performance network. Almost overnight, the SCinet network comes online as a testbed to show-case state-of-the-art network technology at the IEEE/ACM-sponsored supercomputing conference known as SCxy. in the words of one network engineer, the SCinet team challenges application developers to "burn down the world's fastest network." They selected 10 of the most data-intensive applications in 2000 and 12 applications in 2001 for evaluation in a formal judging.
A technique for the isolation of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase mutants with altered substrate specificity.

Abstract Electrophoretically distinguishable mutants of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase with specifically altered kinetics have been obtained using a modification of the allyl alcohol selection technique of Megnet. The modification depends on the fact that mutant cells producing no detectable ADH or only the ADH sequestered inside the mitochondria cannot become petite. Allyl alcohol is oxidized by yeast ADH to the poisonous compound acrolein, so petite cells possessing a cytoplasmic ADH will die unless the structural gene is altered to permit the enzyme to distinguish between ethanol and allyl alcohol. The independent nuclear control of yeast mitochondrial ADH, suspected by other workers, is demonstrated. The fact that strains carrying this ADH cannot become petite provides direct genetic evidence that mitochondrial and cytoplasmic NAD pools are separate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae .
Analysis of Contaminations in Biological Samples by Heavy Ion Scattering

In the elastic scattering of a moving ion by a stationary target nucleus, the maximum scattering angle in the laboratory reference frame is equal to, or less than, 90° if the mass of the scattering nucleus is equal to, or less than, that of the incident ion. Thus, beams of oxygen ions incident upon a biological sample composed of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen will not scatter into detector placed at an angle greater than 908 . Any element heavier than oxygen scatters incident oxygen ions into such a detector. This particular choice of incident ion and detector position discriminates against the bulk of the material in a biological sample and allows detection of only the minor constituents . Accelerated beams of 20- to 30-MeV oxygen ions from the Kansas State University tandem Van de Graaff accelerator have been used in this technique. Initial studies have centered upon determining the contaminations that are present in flour. Thick targets are used, so that the beam is stopped entirely within the sample. The spectrum consists of a continuous distribution of energies up to a maximum energy corresponding to ions scattering from the surface of the sample. This maximum energy determines the mass of the contaminant nuclei, while the number of scattered particles is proportional to the quantity of contaminant nuclei.
Original Contribution: Competitive hebbian learning: Algorithm and demonstrations

In this paper a new associative-learning algorithm, Competitive Hebbian Learning, is developed and then applied to several demonstration problems. Competitive Hebbian Learning is a modified Hebbian-learning rule; the Hebbian-type changes in weights into a node are reduced in magnitude as the simultaneous activity of the other nodes in the system increases. The algorithm shares both the Hebbian-learning property of maximizing squared node response, and the property of competitive algorithms that nodes learn to respond to different aspects of the training set. The demonstrations show that Competitive Hebbian Learning is effective in finding structure in the correlations of input vector components, in separating differing, but nonorthogonal input vectors, in finding useful single-layer functions which could be applied to the solution of Boolean-algebra problems, and in finding solutions to an approximate image-compression task.
The Macrophage and Fibrinolysis

The monocyte/macrophage plays a central role in fibrinolysis. Cell-surface of components of the plasminogen activator system leads to the elaboration of plasmin, which facilitates degradation of fibrin in the pericellular environment, as well as activation of matrixins, which promote degradation of matrix components. Fibrin degradation also occurs by way of a proteolytic system within the macrophage lysosome that does not involve plasmin. This alternate pathway involves first the binding of fibrin(ogen) to the surface integrin Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) followed by internalization of the complex into the lysosome where the aspartyl protease cathepsin D degrades the protein. These molecular events underlie the many physiologic and pathophysiologic processes in which the monocyte/macrophage is involved, including adhesion, migration, matrix degradation and remodeling, wound healing, fibrinolysis, and atherosclerosis.
Regulatory issues in dentistry: how dentists can participate.

Dr. Jacobson highlights the role of the FDA in protecting dentistry, dental patients. The FDA’s twofold purpose of surveillance and facilitation is defined. For a successful dental program, the FDA welcomes practitioner input in reporting problems in use or performance of dental devices.
Impedance-based non-destructive and non-parametric infrastructural performance evaluation

Among various non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques, the non-parametric impedance-based method using smart piezoceramic wafers to identify structural damage possesses the advantage of being independent of the detailed structural knowledge such as the geometry and material properties. This paper presents the experimental results showing the feasibility of using impedance-based NDT to identify damage in concrete—the important material used in many infrastructures.
Caregiver knowledge and adherence in children with sickle cell disease: Knowing is not doing

Though the impact of disease knowledge on adherence to medical recommendations has long been the focus of research, little of this research has focussed on sickle cell compliance in the child and adolescent population. The present study examined the relationship of caregiver knowledge of sickle cell disease (SCD) and children's adherence to prescribed behaviors. Though caregivers with high levels of knowledge of SCD were more likely to report higher levels of adherence, knowledge test score did not predict adherence for the majority of participants (72%). The effect of caregiver knowledge on reported adherence was greater among preadolescents (age ≤ 11) than adolescents (age ≥12). The relationship between knowledge and adherence may not be as strong or direct as is assumed in many theories of health behavior change.
Atomic orbital basis sets for molecular interactions

We describe a general approach to the parametrization of linear combinations of Gaussian atomic orbitals, useful for atomic and molecular interactions. We use a Gaussian transform method and Gauss-Legendre quadratures to express hydrogenic atomic orbitals, with varying effective charges, in terms of Gaussian-type orbitals. This procedure provides well-defined rules for calculating exponent factors and combination coefficients of the linear combinations of Gaussians in problems where nuclear distances may vary over large ranges during interactions. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Absence of prognostic significance of bcl-2 immunopositivity in non-small cell lung cancer: Analysis of 427 cases

The bcl-2 gene product inhibits apoptosis and is thought to participate in oncogenesis. Association of bcl-2 immunopositivity with improved prognosis of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) is controversial. Although two studies have reported better survival in bcl-2-immunopositive NSCLCs, a third series has contradicted this finding. The authors studied a relatively larger case series involving 427 patients for whom detailed information on long-term follow-up was available to determine the prognostic significance of bcl-2 expression. The study included 252 adenocarcinomas (AC), 111 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), and 64 large cell carcinomas (LC). After antigen retrieval, sections were immunostained using a monoclonal anti-bcl-2 antibody (1:60, Clone 124, Dako) and the avidin-biotin complex technique. Staining was scored as positive or negative and also on a semiquantitative scale as 0, low ( 75%). Bcl-2 immunoreactivity was correlated with survival using the actuarial survival method, Kaplan-Meier method, and log-rank test and was not associated with statistically significant differences in survival for NSCLCs (P = .5537). Differences in survival remained insignificant even after NSCLCs were stratified for cell type, stage, or grade, singly or in combination. Therefore, using this method, bcl-2 immunopositivity does not appear to act as an independent prognostic indicator in NSCLCs.
Photochemistry of α-substituted cyclohexanones. Chemistry of the intermediate type II biradicals

U.v. irradiation of α-alkyl-substituted cyclohexanones bearing γ-hydrogen atoms leads to the generation of 1,4-biradicals via the Norrish Type II reaction. Triplet derived biradicals are produced with rather low yields reflecting the occurrence of singlet state processes as well as competition with the Norrish Type I reaction. The biradicals are good electron donors and have lifetimes in the neighbourhood of 1–2 µs in wet acetonitrile. Intramolecular γ-hydrogen abstraction in substituted cycloalkanones is considerably faster than in aliphatic ketones, reflecting lower entropy requirements in the former. A comparison of triplet and Type II biradical yields reveals that the main reaction path of the former is the formation of Type I biradicals.
Gendered career paths: A life course perspective on returning to school

We applied a life course perspective to an examination of work-to-school transitions, and highlighted the individual and family-level factors that differentially shape the career pathways of men and women. We employed data from a sample of employed middle-class men and women in dual-earner couples (N = 1,408 couples) to examine the relationship between returning to school and prior educational attainment, individual biographic pacing (age, timing of marriage), job history, current job conditions, psychological resources, and family demands. Results support several hypothesized gender differences in the return to school pathway. Women with the heaviest combination of work and family demands were the most likely to return, an unexpected finding that we discuss with reference to both personal and structural resources.
Over the Hills and Far Away: Romania's Attempts to Mediate the Start of U.S.-North Vietnamese Negotiations, 1967-1968

Building on earlier articles published in the Journal of Cold War Studies by James G. Hershberg and Zoltan Szoke, this article discusses Romania's involvement in the attempts to negotiate a peaceful conclusion to the Vietnam War before and after the Tet Offensive. The literature concerning the Romanian channel (codenamed Packers ) is negligible thus far. Part of the reason is that even though official U.S. documentation on Packers has been available for two decades, relevant Romanian documents were only recently declassified by the archive of the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The new evidence from the Romanian archives completes the picture of what was, in effect, the last U.S. chance to begin negotiations over Vietnam without compromising the initial U.S. position. The conversations between Romanian Deputy Foreign Minister George Macovescu and Vietnamese Communist leaders on the eve of the Tet Offensive offer a much more detailed inside look at Hanoi's negotiating position in December 1967-January 1968. The Romanian documents also show the crystallization of the Vietnamese position of March 1968 with regard to opening talks and the San Antonio formula.
A complete dyadic process model of four man group problem-solving

Because the participants of problem solving groups are interdependent, the need to coordinate dominates behavior. There are two viable approaches by which any pair may govern their relationship. One party may make decisions for both (leader-member exchange) or the parties may negotiate (negotiated reciprocity). A complete dyadic interaction model based on these premises correctly predicted nearly 70 percent of the interaction between the participants in 18 laboratory groups. It also proved superior in predicting behavior to two models based on one's role position. In addition, the model served as the basis for predicting group structure and the effect on group performance of varying the goal (joint or autonomous) and the distribution of task information (fully shared or locally distributed).
Volatile constituents of Coccolobo uvifera

Abstract Sea grape pulp was extracted and the extract analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, resulting in identification of 34 volatile pulp components; these included 20 carboxylic acids, and only two esters and three aldehydes. One volatile component, cyclopentylacetic acid had not been reported earlier as a food component or food flavouring. Components quantified in sea grape pulp were fructose, glucose, sucrose, and ascorbic acid as well as total acid content.
The importance of early diagnosis and treatment of actinic keratosis.

Chronic, long-term sun exposure results in genetic changes in epidermal keratinocytes and the development of various skin lesions ranging from actinic keratosis (AK) to skin cancer. AK lesions may first appear as rough, scaly spots on sun-exposed skin, and, although most individual AK lesions do not become invasive cancers, the majority of invasive squamous cell carcinomas originate from AK. Genetic analysis demonstrates that ultraviolet radiation–induced mutations and changes in gene expression are present in squamous cell carcinoma, AK, and clinically normal-appearing perilesional sun-exposed skin, which supports the progressive nature of keratinocyte transformation. The presence of certain clinical features, such as large size, ulceration, or bleeding, suggests an increased risk of disease progression. The risk is also increased by evidence of extensive solar damage, advanced age, and immunosuppression. Early diagnosis and consideration for treatment are indicated to clear actinically damaged sites and diminish the risk of invasive squamous cell carcinoma.
Neonatal Peritoneal Dialysis

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. List the indications for peritoneal dialysis (PD) in neonates. 2. Delineate neonates who are poor candidates for PD. 3. Review the parameters of the PD prescription. 4. Review special nutrition considerations for neonates who are undergoing PD. 5. Review potential complications of PD in neonates. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is generally considered the optimal dialysis modality for neonates. PD allows for the slow removal of fluid and solutes while avoiding hemodynamic instability. It is technically simple and, when necessary, can be performed continuously in the neonate hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit. In this review, we discuss the salient features of neonatal PD, including the rationale and indications for PD, its advantages and disadvantages, the PD prescription, nutritional considerations for the neonate undergoing PD, and the management of peritonitis. ### Rationale and Indications for Dialysis in Neonates Acute renal failure is common, occurring in as many as 23% of neonates hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units. There are excellent reviews in the literature that discuss the causes, pathophysiology, and medical management of acute renal failure in the neonate (see Acute Renal Failure Management in the Neonate in this issue of NeoReviews ). A partial list of the causes of acute renal failure in neonates is provided in Table 1. | Prerenal | || | | | Intrinsic | | | | Postrenal | | | Table 1. Causes of Acute Renal Failure The decision to initiate dialysis typically is necessitated by recalcitrant electrolyte abnormalities, worsening uremia, fluid overload, persistent acid-base abnormalities, …
Multiple approaches to assess filamentous bacterial growth in activated sludge under different carbon source conditions.

Aims: To compare molecular and microscopic approaches in determining which filamentous bacteria grow in activated sludge reactors when different carbon sources and different activated sludge mixed liquor inocula are used. Methods and Results: Microscopic and molecular (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis and Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization) techniques were used to determine which filamentous bacteria became dominant in lab scale reactors treating wastewater composed of different carbon sources. Molecular analysis indicated the presence of Sphaerotilus natans and Thiothrix-related organisms. Microscopy indicated the presence of Nostocoida limicola in some reactors. Sludge volume index increased as filament abundance increased. The detection level of DGGE analysis increased when the abundance levels of the filaments were high. Conclusions: Simultaneous application of traditional and molecular methods was effective, and highlighted the advantages and limitations of each method. Readily biodegradable substances favoured the growth of specific filaments in a mixed liquor environment. The origin of inoculum influenced which specific filamentous bacteria grew. Significance and Impact of the Study: The study shows the potential problems when using particular techniques, and highlights the need for multiple approaches when studying filaments. The study also provides more information on which filaments will grow under different carbon source conditions for a given inoculum.
Picosecond ultrasonics in thin films of conducting polymers

Abstract The polarized picosecond pump and probe technique with subpicosecond resolution has been used to spectroscopically generate and detect coherent vibrations in films of conducting polymers in the frequency range of 10 – 200 GHz. From the strain oscillations in real time we have deduced the sound velocity in thin films of cis-rich (CH) x at different cis/ trans percentages.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy for early-stage non-small-cell lung carcinoma: four-year results of a prospective phase II study.

Purpose The 50-month results of a prospective Phase II trial of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in medically inoperable patients are reported. Methods and Materials A total of 70 medically inoperable patients had clinically staged T1 (34 patients) or T2 (36 patients) (≤7 cm), N0, M0, biopsy-confirmed non–small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and received SBRT as per our previously published reports. The SBRT treatment dose of 60-66 Gy was prescribed to the 80% isodose volume in three fractions. Results Median follow-up was 50.2 months (range, 1.4–64.8 months). Kaplan-Meier local control at 3 years was 88.1%. Regional (nodal) and distant recurrence occurred in 6 (8.6%) and 9 (12.9%) patients, respectively. Median survival (MS) was 32.4 months and 3-year overall survival (OS) was 42.7% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 31.1–54.3%). Cancer-specific survival at 3 years was 81.7% (95% CI, 70.0–93.4%). For patients with T1 tumors, MS was 38.7 months (95% CI, 25.3–50.2) and for T2 tumors MS was 24.5 months (95% CI, 18.5–37.4) ( p = 0.194). Tumor volume (≤5 cc, 5–10 cc, 10–20 cc, >20 cc) did not significantly impact survival: MS was 36.9 months (95% CI, 18.1–42.9), 34.0 (95% CI, 16.9–57.1), 32.8 (95% CI, 21.3–57.8), and 21.4 months (95% CI, 17.8–41.6), respectively ( p = 0.712). There was no significant survival difference between patients with peripheral vs. central tumors (MS 33.2 vs. 24.4 months, p = 0.697). Grade 3 to 5 toxicity occurred in 5 of 48 patients with peripheral lung tumors (10.4%) and in 6 of 22 patients (27.3%) with central tumors (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.088). Conclusion Based on our study results, use of SBRT results in high rates of local control in medically inoperable patients with Stage I NSCLC.
Changes in Membrane Polar Lipid Fatty Acids of Seashore Paspalum in Response to Low Temperature Exposure

Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.) is a warm-season turfgrass, best known for its superior salt tolerance. Plants are subject to injury during winter conditions along the northern boundary of their zone of adaptation. New cultivars that are more tolerant to low temperatures are needed for use in the transition zone. Cold tolerance has been correlated with the degree of unsaturation in membrane lipid fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids are thought to aid in maintaining membranes in a fluid state necessary for biological functioning (homeophasic adaptation). The primary objective was to characterize fatty add composition of membrane lipids in three genotypes differing in cold tolerance. A second objective was to investigate changes in fatty acid content in these genotypes during exposure to low temperatures. Cold-treated plants were exposed to a 10-h photoperiod at 8°/4°C day/night temperatures and light intensity of 250 μmol m -2 s -1 photosynthetic photon flux density for 3 wk. Rhizomes and crowns were harvested at 7-d intervals. Total lipids were extracted and the polar lipids separated by thin-layer chromatography. Fatty acids were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectroscopy. In all three genotypes, the two saturated fatty acids, palmitic acid and stearic acid, did not change during cold treatment. The triunsaturated linolenic acid increased significantly during low temperature exposure. The magnitude of change was greater in the finer-textured and more cold-tolerant PI 509018-1 ('Sealslel') than in the intermediately cold-tolerant 'Adalayd' or in the cold-susceptible, coarse-textured PI 299042. These findings suggest that accumulation of linolenic add partly explains the differential response in their cold tolerance.
An evaluation of three models designed for siting wind turbines in areas of complex terrain

Abstract The performance of three micrositing models to simulate the winds in complex terrain was evaluated. Two of these models, MS3DJH/3R and BZ, are descendants of the Jackson-Hunt (J-H) theory, while the third, NOABL, is a mass-consistent model. The NOABL model was operated in both optimizing and normal modes. The models were evaluated by comparing model-derived simulations of the wind to actual wind data collected from two areas of complex terrain: Askervein Hill in Scotland and the Altamont Pass area of California. The overall performance of the models was about the same. When the models were applied to Askervein Hill, the errors in the prediction of averaged winds were in a range of about 8% to 10% for all models. Wind speed prediction errors for Altamont Pass were sensitive to the number of wind observations available for either model input, in the case of mass-consistent models, or post-processing of the model simulations, in the case of J-H models (or the NOABL model operated without optimization). With only one wind input wind station employed for model input, all models performed poorly and exhibited wind speed prediction errors of about 25%. Using six wind input stations reduced the errors to about 9% to 10%. Errors of this magnitude are essentially identical to those found for the Askervein Hill model simulations. The greatly improved model simulations that follow from the use of the six wind observations underscore the necessity for wind data at more than one point for some modeling situations.
Myofascial Pain of the Head and Neck

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the 12 month longitudinal changes in 2 populations diagnosed as having chronic MFP of the masticatory muscles; one was 49 patients involved in a team management program and the other was 10 patients who received no treatment. Methods: Measures included a multidimensional symptom severity index and the craniomandibular index [CMI]. The CMI measures jaw dysfunction and tenderness. Both measures have been tested for reliability and validity. The treatment program consisted of a stabilization splint, jaw exercises, and reduction of oral habits. Results: At the follow-up visit, the treated patients had improved in symptom severity, jaw dysfunction, and muscle tenderness and the changes were found to be more than the untreated group [P ≤. 05]. However, the post-treatment levels of each measure for the treated group was still higher as compared to the general population group without MFP. Conclusion: Patients with chronic MFP who are treated reduce levels of pai...