cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effective Theory of Fermi Pockets in Fluctuating Antiferromagnets

We describe fluctuating two-dimensional metallic antiferromagnets by transforming to a rotating reference frame in which the electron spin polarization is measured by its projections along the local antiferromagnetic order. This leads to a gauge-theoretic description of an ``algebraic charge liquid'' involving spinless fermions and a spin $S=1/2$ complex scalar. We propose a phenomenological effective lattice Hamiltonian which describes the binding of these particles into gauge-neutral, electronlike excitations, and describe its implications for the electron spectral function across the entire Brillouin zone. We discuss connections of our results to photoemission experiments in the pseudogap regime of the cuprate superconductors.
Fiscal Policy in the New Open Economy Macroeconomics and Prospects for Fiscal Policy Coordination

CEPS Working Documents are published to give an indication of the work within CEPS’ various research programmes and to stimulate reactions from other experts in the field. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed are attributable only to the author in a personal capacity and not to any institution with which she is associated.
Energy and Momentum Density of Thermal Gluon Oscillations

Abstract In the exact propagator for finite temperature gluons the location of the transverse and longitudinal poles in the gluon propagator are unknown functions of wave vector: ω T ( k ) and ω L ( k ). The residues of the poles, also unknown, fix the normalization of the one gluon vector potential and thus of the field strength. The naive energy density [equation] is not correct because of dispersion. By keeping the modulations due to the source currents the energy density is shown to be ω T / V and ω L / V regardless of the functional form of ω T ( k ) and ω L ( k ). The momentum density is k / V . The resulting energy-momentum tensor is not symmetric.
Fontan fenestration closure in the catheterization laboratory - Echocardiographic evaluation of residual right to left shunts

Abstract In conclusion, Fontan fenestration closure in the catheterization laboratory by the snare technique results in a high rate of complete closure at the fenestration site. However, residual right to left shunts at different sites are common.
The burst behavior of the eclipsing low-mass X-ray binary MXB 1659-298

We present a detailed study of the correlations between the burst properties and the inferred mass accretion rate for the X-ray transient MXB 1659-298. The bursts that exhibited oscillations were observed when the source was at a relatively high mass accretion rate, similar to what has been seen for other sources. However, owing to the limited number of observations at lower mass accretion rates, no bursts were observed at such accretion rates, and it is still possible that when MXB 1659-298 accretes at such low-mass accretion rates, bursts can occur that might still exhibit burst oscillations. No clear correlations were found between the different burst properties and the accretion rate, in contrast to what has been found for KS 1731-260 and 4U 1728-34, but similar to what has been reported for Aql X-1. However, this lack of correlation for MXB 1659-298 and Aql X-1 might be due to the limited range of the mass accretion rate observed for those sources compared to KS 1731-260 and 4U 1728-34.
Invariant Vector Fields and Groupoids

We use the notion of isomorphism between two invariant vector fields to shed new light on the issue of linearization of an invariant vector field near a relative equilibrium. We argue that the notion is useful in understanding the passage from the space of invariant vector fields in a tube around a group orbit to the space invariant vector fields on a slice to the orbit. The notion comes from Hepworth's study of vector fields on stacks.
NP-Hardness of checking the unichain condition in average cost MDPs

The unichain condition requires that every policy in an MDP result in a single ergodic class, and guarantees that the optimal average cost is independent of the initial state. We show that checking whether the unichain condition fails to hold is an NP-complete problem. We conclude with a brief discussion of the merits of the more general weak accessibility condition.
Why not negation by fixpoint

Abstract There is a fixpoint semantics for DATALOG programs with negation that is a natural generalization of the standard semantics for DATALOG programs without negation. We show that, unfortunately, several compelling complexity-theoretic obstacles rule out its efficient implementation. As an alternative, we propose Inflationary DATALOG, an efficiently implementable cemantics for negation,based on inflationarv flxpoints.
Determination of a type of permutation trinomials over finite fields

Let $q$ be a prime power. We determine all permutation trinomials of $\Bbb F_{q^2}$ of the form $ax+bx^q+x^{2q-1}\in\Bbb F_{q^2}[x]$. The subclass of such permutation trinomials of $\Bbb F_{q^2}$ with $a,b\in\Bbb F_q$ was determined in a recent paper by the author.
Three-Period Orbits in Billiards on the Surfaces of Constant Curvature

An approach due to Wojtkovski [13], based on the Jacobi fields, is applied to study sets of 3-period orbits in billiards on hyperbolic plane and on two-dimensional sphere. It is found that the set of 3-period orbits in billiards on hyperbolic plane, as in the planar case, has zero measure. For the sphere, a new proof of Baryshnikov’s theorem is obtained which states that 3-period orbits can form a set of positive measure if and only if a certain a natural condition on the orbit length is satisfied.
Effects of gravity and size upon film boiling from horizontal cylinders

Gravity and size effects on film boiling from horizontal cylinders, recommending formulas for wavelength and minimum heat flux predictions
A satisfiability tester for non-clausal propositional calculus

An algorithm for satisfiability testing in the propositional calculus with a worst case running time that grows at a rate less than 2(.25+e)L is described, where L can be either the length of the input expression or the number of occurrences of literals (i.e., leaves) in it. This represents a new upper bound on the complexity of non-clausal satisfiability testing. The performance is achieved by using lemmas concerning assignments and pruning that preserve satisfiability, together with choosing a “good” variable upon which to recur. For expressions in clause form, it is shown that the Davis-Putnam procedure satisfies the same upper bound.
Topcolor assisted technicolor

Abstract A condensate, t t , arising from O(TeV) scale “topcolor”, in addition to technicolor (and ETC) may naturally explain the gauge hierarchy, the large top quark mass, and contains a rich system of testable consequences. A triplet of strongly coupled pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons, “top-pions”, near the top mass scale is a generic prediction of the models. A new class of technicolor schemes and associated phenomenology is suggested in this approach.
Negative-index metamaterials: second-harmonic generation, Manley–Rowe relations and parametric amplification

Second harmonic generation and optical parametric amplification in negative-index metamaterials (NIMs) are studied. The opposite directions of the wave vector and the Poynting vector in NIMs results in a “backward” phase-matching condition, causing significant changes in the Manley–Rowe relations and spatial distributions of the coupled field intensities. It is shown that absorption in NIMs can be compensated by backward optical parametric amplification. The possibility of distributed-feedback parametric oscillation with no cavity has been demonstrated. The feasibility of the generation of entangled pairs of left- and right-handed counter-propagating photons is discussed.
Estimation of the Depth of Anisotropy Using Spatial Coherency of Shear-Wave Splitting Parameters

Abstract Shear-wave splitting (SWS) analyses are essential in understanding the structure and dynamics of the Earth’s deep interior. While splitting measurements have excellent horizontal resolution relative to other anisotropy-measuring techniques, their vertical resolution is low due to the steep incidence angle of the seismic phases used by the analyses. Here, using synthetic and real data, we present and test a simple approach to estimate the optimal depth of anisotropy by measuring the spatial coherency of the splitting parameters. The approach searches for the optimal depth by computing a spatial variation factor. Tests using synthetic SWS data produced with varying number of events, number of stations, and levels of noise suggest that the approach can satisfactorily find the depth of the source of anisotropy. Successful application of the depth-estimation procedure requires well-defined splitting parameters obtained from a multistation network and multiple events from a decent back-azimuthal range. It also requires significant and smooth spatial variations of anisotropy with horizontal axis of symmetry within a single layer of anisotropy. We applied the approach to 448 pairs of splitting measurements obtained at about 50 stations on the Ethiopian Plateau and found an optimal depth of anisotropy of about 300 km, suggesting an asthenospheric origin of the observed anisotropy.
Cerebral oxygen monitoring with near infrared spectroscopy: Clinical application to neonates

Near infrared spectroscopy is a new noninvasive optical method for bedside monitoring of cerebral oxygenation. It uses differential absorbance of near infrared light to assess relative changes in the oxidation-reduction state of cytochrome aa3, as well as changes in the amounts of oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and blood volume in the monitored field. Although this technique is applicable to all ages and sizes of patients and to multiple clinical settings, the majority of clinical studies to date have focused on the neonate. These studies have demonstrated its potential for advancing neonatal care and in understanding how diseases and therapies affect cerebral oxygenation. This paper reviews the near infrared spectroscopy technique and summarizes its potential applications in the field of neonatal intensive care.
Sum rules, Regge trajectories, and relativistic quark models

Abstract We present an analysis which uses Regge structure and the Bjorken and Voloshin HQET sum rules to restrict the choice of parameters of a relativistic quark model.
Gravitational Wave Emission from Core Collapse of Massive Stars

We derive estimates for the characteristics of gravitational radiation from stellar collapse, using recent models of the core collapse of Chandrasekhar-massed white dwarfs (accretion-induced collapse), core-collapse supernovae and collapsars, and the collapse of very massive stars (300 M?). We study gravitational wave emission mechanisms using several estimation techniques, including two-dimensional numerical computation of quadrupole wave emission, estimates of bar-mode strength, estimates of r-mode emission, and estimates of waves from black hole ringing. We also review the rate at which the relevant collapses are believed to occur, which has a major impact on their relevance as astrophysical sources. Although the latest supernova progenitor simulations produce cores rotating much slower than those used in the past, we find that bar-mode and r-mode instabilities from core-collapse supernovae remain among the leading candidate sources for second-generation detectors at the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO II). Accretion-induced collapse (AIC) of a white dwarf could produce gravitational wave signals similar to those from core collapse. In the models that we examine, such collapses are not unstable to bar modes; we note that models recently examined by Liu & Lindblom, which have slightly more angular momentum, are certainly unstable to bar formation. Because AIC events are probably 1000 times less common than core-collapse supernovae, the typical AIC event will be much farther away, and thus the observed waves will be much weaker. In the most optimistic circumstances, we find that it may be possible to detect gravitational waves from the collapse of 300 M? Population III stars.
Local environment of ferromagnetically ordered Mn in epitaxial InMnAs

The magnetic properties of the ferromagnetic semiconductor In0.98Mn0.02As were characterized by x-ray absorption spectroscopy and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism. The Mn exhibits an atomic-like L2,3 absorption spectrum that indicates that the 3d states are highly localized. In addition, a large dichroism at the Mn L2,3 edge was observed from 5 to 300 K at an applied field of 2T. A calculated spectrum assuming atomic Mn2+ yields the best agreement with the experimental InMnAs spectrum. A comparison of the dichroism spectra of MnAs and InMnAs shows clear differences suggesting that the ferromagnetism observed in InMnAs is not due to hexagonal MnAs clusters. The temperature dependence of the dichroism indicates the presence of two ferromagnetic species, one with a transition temperature of 30 K and another with a transition temperature in excess of 300 K. The dichroism spectra are consistent with the assignment of the low temperature species to random substitutional Mn and the high temperature species to M...
Surface Engineering of Structural Ceramics

The role of surface engineering for controlling structural ceramic properties is reviewed. Initially, a perspective of the effects of an unmodified surface state on fracture, adhesion, tribological properties, and degradation is given. Ceramic surface modification techniques including laser, ion, ion-beam-assisted deposition, and plasma-assisted deposition are then discussed with regard to how each non-equilibrium technique affects bulk and surface properties. The importance of experiments, process and materials characterization, and modeling for understanding changes in localized bonding, chemistry, and structure is emphasized. Although not exhaustive, a broad guide to important literature is given.
The effect of freestream turbulence on film cooling adiabatic effectiveness

Abstract The film-cooling performance of a flat plate in the presence of low and high freestream turbulence is investigated using liquid crystal thermography. This paper contributes high-resolution color images that clearly show how the freestream turbulence spreads the cooling air around a larger area of the film-cooled surface. Distributions of the adiabatic effectiveness are determined over the film-cooled surface of the flat plate using the hue method and image processing. Three blowing rates are investigated for a model with three straight holes spaced three diameters apart, with density ratio near unity. High freestream turbulence is shown to increase the area-averaged effectiveness at high blowing rates, but decrease it at low blowing rates. At low blowing ratio, freestream turbulence clearly reduces the coverage area of the cooling air due to increased mixing with the main flow. However, at high blowing ratio, when much of the jet has lifted off in the low turbulence case, high freestream turbulence turns its increased mixing into an asset, entraining some of the coolant that penetrates into the main flow and mixing it with the air near the surface.
Performance-Based Engineering for Lunar Settlements

This paper addresses how reliability analyses might be placed in a lunar structures framework. Key environmental aspects are summarized, as are strategic issues that impact how an engineering design might be pursued. This is then put in the context of a performance-based engineering framework. Background Concepts for lunar base structures have been proposed since long before the dawn of the space age. We will abstract suggestions generated during the past quarter century, as these are likely to form the pool from which eventual lunar base designs will evolve. Significant studies have been made since the days of the Apollo program, when it appeared likely that the Moon would become a second home to humans. The emphasis below is on structures for human habitation, a technically challenging fraction of the total number of structures likely to comprise the lunar facility. The test for any proposed lunar base structure is how it meets certain basic as well as special requirements. On the lunar surface, numerous constraints must be satisfied by all designs. These are different from those for terrestrial or orbital structures, as will be discussed later. A number of structural types have been proposed for lunar base structures. These include concrete, metal frame, pneumatic, and hybrid structures. In addition, options exist for subsurface architectures and the use of natural features such as lava tubes. Each of these approaches can, in principle, satisfy the various and numerous constraints, but differently. A post-Apollo evaluation of the need for a lunar base with the following reasons given for such a base: ￻ lunar science and astronomy ￻ as a stimulus to space technology and as a test bed for the technologies required to place humans on Mars and beyond ￻ the utilization of lunar resources
New Mo−Fe−S clusters via oxidative decarbonylation reactions: the [MoFe5S6(CO)6L3]n− (L=PEt3, n=0; L=I, n=2) capped cubanes

Preparation, caracterisation spectrometrique IR, RPE et caracterisation structurale par diffraction RX du complexe du titre
Morphology and properties of nanocomposites based on HDPE/HDPE-g-MA blends

Abstract Nanocomposites formed from blends of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and maleic anhydride-grafted high density polyethylene (HDPE- g -MA) and M 2 (HT) 2 organoclay were melt processed to explore the extent of exfoliation and the mechanical properties. Wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with detailed particle analysis were used to determine the effect of HDPE- g -MA content and organoclay content on exfoliation and mechanical properties. As the HDPE- g -MA content increases, the global average particle aspect ratio initially increases drastically, reaches a maximum, and slightly decreases. The fraction of single platelets, however, increases at a steady rate for nanocomposites with HDPE- g -MA contents ≥25%. Relative modulus initially improves with increased levels of HDPE- g -MA, and then levels off with greater HDPE- g -MA content. Izod impact strength reaches a maximum at low HDPE- g -MA levels, decreases below the value for the pure HDPE nanocomposite, and levels off at higher HDPE- g -MA content. A composite model based on the Mori–Tanaka theory was developed to treat organoclay tactoids and single platelets as two separate types of fillers. This model gives rather good quantitative agreement between the predicted values of modulus calculated from the TEM results and that measured experimentally.
An asymmetric synthesis of the key precursor to (−)-indolizomycin

Abstract Using chiral bicyclic lactams, containing an α,β-unsaturation, the key precursor of (−)-indolizomycin was obtained in optically pure form. The sequence involved a > 20:1 diastereoselective cyclopropanation of the unsaturated lactam 5 employing sulfoxonium methylide. TiCl 4 mediated addition of allyltrimethylsilane afforded pyrrolidone 7 in a diastereomeric ratio of > 20:1. The appropriately substituted pyrrolidone 2 was prepared by debenzylation and subsequent alkylation with 3-bromoproponic ester. The six step sequence from commercially available starting materials was performed in 26% overall yield.
Spatio-temporal complexity in nonlinear image processing

A pictorial survey is presented of pattern dynamics in video feedback and in related numerical methods. After introduction to video feedback apparatus and concepts from dynamical systems theory, a range of phenomena are presented, from simple attractor types to homogeneous video turbulence. Examples of complex behavior include symmetry-locking chaos, spatial amplification of fluctuations in open flows, dislocations, phyllotaxis, spiral waves, and noise-driven oscillations. Video experiments on nonlinear transformations of the plane are also described. The survey closes with a discussion of the relationship between dynamical systems and nonlinear, iterative image processing. >
DPOCL: a principled approach to discourse planning

Research in discourse processing has identified two representational requirements for discourse planning systems. First, discourse plans must adequately represent the intentional structure of the utterances they produce in order to enable a computational discourse agent to respond effectively to communicative failures [15]. Second, discourse plans must represent the informational structure of utterances. In addition to these representational requirements, we argue that discourse planners should be formally characterisable in terms of soundness and completeness.
Are you reading my mind?: modeling students' reading comprehension skills with natural language processing techniques

This study builds upon previous work aimed at developing a student model of reading comprehension ability within the intelligent tutoring system, iSTART. Currently, the system evaluates students' self-explanation performance using a local, sentence-level algorithm and does not adapt content based on reading ability. The current study leverages natural language processing tools to build models of students' comprehension ability from the linguistic properties of their self-explanations. Students (n = 126) interacted with iSTART across eight training sessions where they self-explained target sentences from complex science texts. Coh-Metrix was then used to calculate the linguistic properties of their aggregated self-explanations. The results of this study indicated that the linguistic indices were predictive of students' reading comprehension ability, over and above the current system algorithms. These results suggest that natural language processing techniques can inform stealth assessments and ultimately improve student models within intelligent tutoring systems.
The Fan Mountain Observatory Bench Spectrograph

The Bench Spectrograph at the University of Virginia's Fan Mountain Observatory is being built for use on the facility's primary research telescope, the 1-meter astrometric reflector. The spectrograph is designed for initial use as a dedicated instrument to collect moderate-resolution (10 km/s -1 ) spectra of candidate K giant stars for the Grid Giant Star Survey (GGSS), which is a program to identify stars for the Astrometric Grid of NASA's Space Interferometry Mission (SIM). The spectrograph is a single-object, fiber-fed design built with off-the-shelf optics at modest cost. The primary optics are transmissive, and a 1200 line/mm reflectance grating is used to provide a resolving power of R ~ 2000 at λ ~ 500 nm. Because the GGSS candidate sample is extensive, bright (V < 13), and uniformly distributed over the sky, a fiber-fed design was selected to provide maximal spectral stability and uniformity (to obtain high quality spectra, suitable for luminosity classification, abundance analysis, and radial velocity measurement) while optimizing observing efficiency. Although the primary wavelength region of interest for this application is 480-680 nm, the spectrograph will be useful throughout the optical spectrum. However, the combination of modest telescope aperture and characteristically low throughput will practically limit the spectrograph's usefulness to medium resolutions for stars brighter than about V ~14.
Creation and usage of collaborative workflow templates in distributed simulation

Collaborative Technologies are an innovative area of endeavor that allows engineering teams to define, integrate and conduct distributed simulation experiments as part of a structured, repeatable process. Workflow techniques can be employed to capture, and frequently automate, internal processes and data flow necessary to answer questions within a wide variety of application domains. Workflow implementations can be constructed in a generalized fashion to provide a working process template to address a focused topic area. These templates define the basic scope and tenants of an experimental domain - as well as any required model sets - and allow extensive exploration within the envelope of that scope. One such template was constructed and used to answer questions postulated by the Global Awareness Virtual Test Bed (GAVTB). The domain for this template involved a study of the effects of information superiority on prosecution of time critical targets (TCT's). This experiment and Workflow template are used as an example case to highlight the approach and application of collaborative techniques in developing Workflow templates addressing multiple levels of Distributed Simulation.
Producing human-centered, usability-sensitive, and HCI-competent managers, CIOs, and CEOs

Taking a collaborative and multi-disciplinary perspective, we discuss issues and opportunities in college education so that our future managers, CIOs, and CEOs are inherently and intrinsically human-centered, usability-sensitive, and HCI-competent.
A Tightly Coupled Linear Array of Perylene, Bis(Porphyrin), and Phthalocyanine Units that Functions as a Photoinduced Energy-Transfer Cascade

We have prepared a linear array of chromophores consisting of a perylene input unit, a bis(free base porphyrin) transmission unit, and a free base phthalocyanine output unit for studies in artificial photosynthesis and molecular photonics. The synthesis involved four stages: (1) a rational synthesis of trans-AB2C-porphyrin building blocks each bearing one meso-unsubstituted position, (2) oxidative, meso,meso coupling of the zinc porphyrin monomers to afford a bis(zinc porphyrin) bearing one phthalonitrile group and one iodophenyl group, (3) preparation of a bis(porphyrin)−phthalocyanine array via a mixed cyclization involving the bis(free base porphyrin) and 4-tert-butylphthalonitrile, and (4) Pd-mediated coupling of an ethynylperylene to afford a perylene−bis(porphyrin)−phthalocyanine linear array. The perylene−bis(porphyrin)−phthalocyanine array absorbs strongly across the visible spectrum. Excitation at 490 nm, where the perylene absorbs preferentially, results in fluorescence almost exclusively from ...
Fetal cells in the maternal circulation: Isolation by multiparameter flow cytometry and confirmation by polymerase chain reaction

During pregnancy, nucleated fetal erythrocytes enter the maternal circulation and can be isolated efficiently from the maternal cells by multiparameter flow cytometry. Male DNA, implying presence of a male fetus, can be identified in flow-sorted maternal blood by polymerase chain reaction with oligonucleotide primers flanking single-copy Y-specific DNA sequences. Among flow-sorted samples, we correctly identified fetal sex in 17/18 (94%) pregnancies of 10-21 weeks gestation. Maternal blood thus provides a potential opportunity for prenatal diagnosis that could preclude the need for invasive procedures in current use.
Local anesthetic treatment significantly attenuates acute pain responding but does not prevent the neonatal injury-induced reduction in adult spinal behavioral plasticity

Recent findings indicate that neonatal injury results in decreased spinal plasticity in adult subjects (E. E. Young, K. M. Baumbauer, A. E. Elliot, & R. L. Joynes, 2007). Previous research has shown that acute manipulations of pain processing (i.e., administration of formalin, carrageenan, capsaicin) result in a loss of spinal behavioral plasticity (A. R. Ferguson, E. D. Crown, & J. W. Grau, 2006). Moreover, neonatal injury results in a lasting reduction in adult spinally mediated plasticity resembling the deficit seen following acute manipulations in adults (E. E. Young et al., 2007). The present study was designed to determine whether the effects of neonatal injury could be prevented by lidocaine administration during the initial healing period. Subjects (injured or uninjured) received lidocaine or saline on 1 of 4 administration schedules (preinjury only, postinjury only, for 24 hr postsurgery, or for 72 hr postsurgery). Results demonstrated that lidocaine administration did not prevent the hypersensitivity and reduced spinal plasticity associated with neonatal injury. This suggests that (a) the mechanisms underlying neonatal injury are independent of peripheral input in the initial healing period and (b) lidocaine is ineffective at preventing long-term spinal plasticity changes following neonatal injury.
Theory of optical imaging beyond the diffraction limit with a far-field superlens

Recent theoretical and experimental studies have shown that imaging with resolution well beyond the diffraction limit can be obtained with so-called superlenses. Images formed by such superlenses are, however, in the near field only, or a fraction of wavelength away from the lens. In this paper, we propose a far-field superlens (FSL) device which is composed of a planar superlens with periodical corrugation. We show in theory that when an object is placed in close proximity of such a FSL, a unique image can be formed in far-field. As an example, we demonstrate numerically that images of 40 nm lines with a 30 nm gap can be obtained from far-field data with properly designed FSL working at 376nm wavelength.
A Further Study of Milk Substitute Materials in Feeding Dairy Calves

Summary Calf 22, receiving the animal protein in the form of liquid beef blood consumed the largest quantity, retained the lowest percentage and eliminated the largest percentage of nitrogen through the urine of any of the calves on test. The actual quantity, in grams, of nitrogen retained, however, is equal to the average of the two milk-fed calves. The excessive nitrogen eliminated through the urine, indicates a high degree of solubility or absorption of the nitrogen supplied through liquid blood and, in a measure at least, is a guide in judging the desirability of a ration for calves. When calf 22 received dried blood in the place of liquid blood, the amount of nitrogen consumed remained quite constant, the retained nitrogen was equal to that previously retained and the eliminated nitrogen shifted from urine to feces. Calf 223, receiving the vegetable protein ration consumed a small quantity of nitrogen, retained the smallest quantity in terms of grams, and eliminated the largest quantity in terms of percentage, through the feces. The presence of milk or liquid blood increased the urine nitrogen to a point which checks very closely with the calves receiving these feeds. Calves 110 and 219 retained the largest amount of nitrogen and maintained a more equal division of nitrogen elimination through the feces and urine than did those receiving the substitute ration. Their performance, when shifted to other types of rations was entirely consistent with the performance of calves receiving similar rations during the earlier periods of the experiment.
The Theoretical Flow Ripple of an External Gear Pump

In this paper, the theoretical flow ripple of an external gear pump is studied for pumps of similar size using different numbers of teeth on the driving and driven gears. In this work, the flow ripple equation is derived based upon the flow of incompressible fluid across the changing boundaries of a control volume. From this method, it is shown that the instantaneous length of action within the gear mesh determines the instantaneous flow ripple. A numerical and a closed-form approximation are presented for the instantaneous length of action and it is shown that the difference between these two solutions is negligible. Fast Fourier transform analysis is employed for identifying the harmonic frequencies and amplitudes of the flow pulse and these results are compared for 16 different pump designs. In summary, the results of this study show that the driving gear dictates the flow ripple characteristics of the pump while the driven gear dictates the pump size. As a result, it may be advantageous to design an external gear pump with a large number of teeth on the driving gear and a fewer number of teeth on the driven gear This design configuration will tend to reduce both the physical pump size (without reducing the volumetric displacement of the pump) and the amplitude of the flow pulsation, while increasing the natural harmonic frequencies of the machine.
The Income Gradient in Children's Health: A Comment on Currie, Shields and Wheatley Price

This paper re-examines differences found between income gradients in American and English children's health, in results originally presented by [Case, A., Lubotsky, D., Paxson, C., 2002. Economic status and health in childhood: the origins of the gradient. American Economic Review 92, 1308-1334] for the US, and by [Currie, A., Shields, M.A., Wheatley Price, S., 2007. The child health/family income gradient: evidence from England. Journal of Health Economics 26, 213-232] for England. We find that these differences are reduced when English and American data from the same time period are compared. In addition, Currie, Shields and Wheatley Price's measures of chronic conditions from the Health Survey of England were incorrectly coded. Corrected data indicate that income plays a larger role in buffering children's health from the effects of chronic conditions in England.
Electromagnetic flowmetry — an experimental method for continuous blood flow measurement using a New Island flap model

Abstract We describe a reliable experimental method for direct, continuous measurement of the rate of blood flow in an island skin flap, using an electromagnetic flowmeter applied to the artery of the flap. The canine saphenous island flap model, developed as part of this study, is a large (11 x 14 cm) island flap, based solely on the saphenous artery (2 mm in diameter). We describe the anatomy of the flap and the method of raising it. Electromagnetic flowmetry is the only method of blood flow determination that provides immediate, continuous, and quantitative measurement of flow. We describe the principles and pitfalls of the electromagnetic flowmeter and the numerous rules of practice that must be observed to obtain consistent results. A validation study was carried out, in which we simultaneously measured arterial inflow with the flowmeter and venous outflow from the flap using direct collection. This study was based on the assumption that at any point in time the arterial and venous rate of flow were equal. We present the results of the study, which show an extremely close linear relationship between the measured and actual rates of flow. We intend to use this experimental method to study the factors that affect the rate of blood flow in free skin flap transfer.
LATTICE-POINT GENERATING FUNCTIONS FOR FREE SUMS OF CONVEX SETS

Abstract Let J and K be convex sets in R n whose affine spans intersect at a single rational point in J ∩ K , and let J ⊕ K = conv ( J ∪ K ) . We give formulas for the generating function σ cone ( J ⊕ K ) ( z 1 , … , z n , z n + 1 ) = ∑ ( m 1 , … , m n ) ∈ t ( J ⊕ K ) ∩ Z n z 1 m 1 ⋯ z n m n z n + 1 t of lattice points in all integer dilates of J ⊕ K in terms of σ cone J and σ cone K , under various conditions on J and K . This work is motivated by (and recovers) a product formula of B. Braun for the Ehrhart series of P ⊕ Q in the case where P and Q are lattice polytopes containing the origin, one of which is reflexive. In particular, we find necessary and sufficient conditions for Braunʼs formula and its multivariate analogue.
Dynamic limit pricing and internal finance

Abstract This paper examines a model of dynamic limit pricing with a profit-maximizing fringe constrained to finance new investment from internal finance. In a differential game, the dominant firm controls price, thereby determining the current earnings of the fringe, while the fringe chooses its optimal retention ratio. If market growth is less than the discount rate, an important feature of the solution is that price must eventually drop to the fringe long-run cost of production. If market growth is initially rapid, the dominant firm is much more aggressive in limiting fringe growth.
Seesaw method for combining parameter estimates

This paper introduces a "seesaw" scheme for parameter estimation where the overall parameter vector is divided into two parts. The estimate of the overall vector is formed by oscillating between the estimates for each of the two parts. A fundamental advantage of such a scheme is the preservation of potentially large investments in software while allowing for an extension of capability to include new vector for estimation. A specific case of interest involves cross-sectional data where there is interest in estimating the mean vector and covariance matrix of the initial state vector as well as certain parameters associated with the dynamics of the underlying differential equations (e.g., power spectral density parameters). This paper shows that under reasonable conditions the seesaw scheme will converge to the joint estimate for the full vector of unknown parameters.
Vinyl chloride formation from the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride)

The volatile products from the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) resins and compounds are shown to contain trace amounts of vinyl chloride. Data presented show the effect of temperature and resin type on the amount of vinyl chloride formed. At the maximum temperatures involved in PVC processing which may reach 210°C, vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) evolution amounts to less than 1 ppm (resin basis). A technique employing a thermogravimetric balance and charcoal adsorption of volatiles is described for studying thermal degradation of PVC. The volatiles are analyzed for vinyl chloride by gas chromatography. Peak identity was confirmed by mass spectrometry.
The Relationship Between Reliability and Bonding Techniques in Hybrid Systems

Differential thermal expansion has been shown to be responsible for many observed failures in ceramic chip capacitors mounted on alumina substrates. The present work has shown that the mounting techniques used in bonding the capacitors have a marked effect upon the thermally induced mechanical stress and thus the failure rate. A mathematical analysis of a composite model of the capacitor-substrate system to predict the magnitude of thermally induced stresses have been conducted. It has been experimentally observed that the stresses in more compliant bonding systems such as soft lead/tin and indium solders are significantly lower than those in hard solder and epoxy systems. The marked dependence upon heating and cooling rate has proven to be a determining factor in the prediction of failure n both the indium and tin/lead solder systems. This study has shown that the harder or higher melting solders are less susceptible to thermal cycling effects but that they are more likely to fail during initial processing operations, in the course of the study, strain gage techniques were used to determine thermally induced expansion stresses of both the capacitors and the alumina substrates. Thus, the compliance of the different bonding mediums were determined. From the data obtained, several recommendations are made concerning the optimum bonding system for the achievement of maximum reliability.
On the Anchoring of Solids at Curved Fluid Interfaces

1. P.J. James: J. Iron Steel Inst., 1969, vol. 207, p. 54. 2. G.S. Krivonogov, M.F. Alekseyenko, and G.G. Solovkeva: Phys. Met. Metallog., 1975, vol. 39 (4), p. 86. 3. L.I. Lysak, M.F. Alekseyenko, A.G. Drachinskaya, N.A. Storchak, and G.S. Krivonogov: Metallogizika, 1975, vol. 59 (4), p. 29. 4. N.A. Storchak and A.G. Drachinskaya: Phys. Met. Metallogr., 1977, vol. 44 (2), p. 123. 5. G.L. Kayak: Met. Sci. Heat Treat., 1969, vol. 2, p. 95. 6. M.F. Alekseyenko, G.S. Krivonogov, L.G. Kozyreva, I.M. Kachanova, and L.V. Arapova: Met. Sci. Heat Treat., 1972, vol. 14, p. 187. 7. W.K. Choo and D.G. Kim: Metall. Trans. A, 1987, vol. 18A, pp. 759-66. 8. K.H. Han, J.C. Yoon, and W.K. Choo: Scripta Metall., 1986, vol. 20, p. 33. 9. A. Inoue, Y. Kojima, T. Minemura, and T. Masumoto: Metall. Trans. A, 1981, vol. 12A, pp. 1245-53. 10. K.H. Han and W.K. Choo: Metall. Trans. A, 1983, vol. 14A, pp. 973-75. 11. R.E. Cairns, Jr. and J.L. Ham: U.S. Patent No. 3111405, Nov. 1963. 12. W.H. Richardson: U.S. Patent No. 3193384, July 1965. 13. G.T. Haddic, L.D. Thompson, E.R. Parker, and V.F. Zackay: Met. Prog., 1978, p. 37. 14. T.F. Liu, S.W. Peng, Y.L. Lin, and C.C. Wu: Metall. Trans. A, 1990, vol. 21A, pp. 567-74. 15. S.W. Peng and C.P. Chou: Scripta Metall., 1992, vol. 26, p. 243. 16. S.W. Peng and C.P. Chou: Scripta Metall., 1992, vol. 26, p. 1851. 17. S.W. Peng and C.P. Chou: Scripta Metall., 1992, vol. 27, p. 1173. 18. P.J. Maziasz: Scripta Metall., 1979, vol. 13, p. 621. 19. K.H. Kou and C.L. Jia: Acta Metall., 1985, vol. 33, p. 991. 20. A.M. Abdel-Latif, J.M. Corbett, and D.M.R. Taplin: Met. Sci., vol. 16, p. 90. On the Anchoring of Solids at Curved Fluid Interfaces
Swing Check Valve Characterization and Modeling During Transients

The hydraulic torque on the disk of a swing check valve strongly influences the dynamic valve-fluid interaction. This torque is difficult to quantify. In this study, the hydraulic torque is separated into a torque due to flow around a stationary disk and a torque due to disk rotation. Laboratory tests have been conducted to characterize these components. Numerical simulations of a check valve slam are made and the results compared with measured disk angle and pressure traces
Measurement of RF signal generator phase noise using a one-generator delay-line method

A technique is described which utilizes a single generator and a delay line for the measurement of frequency-domain phase noise (£<(f)) in synthesized signal generators. Terms are defined and equations developed for theory and calculations of normalized phase-noise sideband power in a 1-Hz bandwidth offset 20 kHz from signal frequencies of interest. The system described covers the range from 0.45 to 2000 MHz. The function and contribution of each component in the measurement system is presented. Advantages of this method are discussed and a brief error analysis is given.
Hallucinogenic Plants in Chinese Herbals

(1978). Hallucinogenic Plants in Chinese Herbals. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 17-26.
The diene component in the cation radical diels-alder

Abstract The scope of and structural constraints upon the diene component in the cation radical Diels-Alder are investigated, with special attention to electronic, steric, and conformational effects. The major factors which control the competition between Diels-Alder and cyclobutane adduct formation are also illustrated.
Ottoman Tax Registers (Tahrir Defterleri)

The Ottoman government obtained current information on the empire's sources of revenue through periodic registers called tahrir defterleri. These documents include detailed information on taxpaying subjects and taxable resources, making it possible to study the economic and social history of the Middle East and eastern Europe in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Although the use of these documents has been typically limited to the construction of local histories, adopting a more optimistic attitude toward their potential and using appropriate sampling procedures can greatly increase their contribution to historical scholarship. They can be used in comprehensive quantitative studies and in addressing questions of broader historical significance or larger social scientific relevance.
A new sum-rate outer bound for interference channels with three source-destination pairs

This paper derives a novel sum-rate outer bound for the general memoryless interference channel with three users. The derivation is a generalization of the techniques developed by Kramer and by Etkin et al for the Gaussian two-user channel. For the Gaussian channel the proposed sum-rate outer bound outperforms known bounds for certain channel parameters.
Separate Education as an Ethnic Survival Strategy: The Finlandssvenska Case.

Although the ethnicity-educational change nexus would seem to be of increasing interest to educational anthropologists, there has been surprisingly little effort made to systematically delineate variables or examine relationships in specific field settings. We have, for example, little knowledge of how and to what effect various ethnic groups have influenced ethnic education programs in public schools or have created and used their own nonformal educational programs outside of superordinate control. We need to determine under what conditions groups mobilizing around cultural symbols—i.e., the "old" ethnicity—as well as groups seeking to use ethnicity in resource competition—i.e., the "new" ethnicity—have sought to use education in formal schools, in nonformal programs, and by means of the media and resocialization, and so on, to help achieve ethnic movement goals for individual and social change (Bennett, 1974; Despres, 1975; Collins, 1976).
Sovereign Wealth Funds and Socially Responsible Investing: An Emerging Public Fiduciary

The dramatic growth of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) in recent decades has made them a significant phenomenon in global financial markets and raised the prospect of more enlightened investing that respects the environmental underpinnings of economic prosperity. Until the Global Financial Crisis of 2008, the movement for socially responsible investing (SRI) had been the only noteworthy dissenting voice to the traditional complacency about the financial economy’s wider impacts. That financial calamity not only unveiled a systemic malaise in the financial alchemy of the global economy but also highlighted its social and environmental sequelae. The rise of SWFs, several of which are legally mandated to practice SRI, gives hope that states may reclaim some public oversight over finance capitalism. The purpose of this article is to investigate the governance of some SWFs with a view to assessing their capacity to contribute to environmental sustainability. As public financial institutions empowered by a broader conception of investment that takes account of social and environmental factors, SWFs have the incipient markings of ‘public fiduciaries’. SWFs could provide a novel way to interpolate the public trust environmental responsibilities of the state into the governance of the financial economy. This article focuses on the French and Norwegian SWFs, which arguably have the most comprehensive SRI practices of all SWFs. Both, however, have struggled to reconcile their ethical and financial mandates into a coherent investment philosophy. But their putative fiduciary responsibilities to society through an increasingly long-term investing perspective suggest a new normative direction to reconcile these tensions and to thereby help institutionalize the principles of intergenerational equity and sustainable development in the context of financial markets.
An efficient parallel algorithm for the row minima of a totally monotone matrix

We give a parallel algorithm for the problem of computing the row minima of a totally monotone two-dimensional matrix. Whereas the previous best CREW-PRAM algorithm for this problem ran in O(log n log log n) time with O(nlog log n) processors, our algorithms runs in O(log n) time with O(n) processors in the (weaker) EREW-PRAM model. Thus we simultaneously improve the time complexity without any deterioration in the time × processors product, even using a weaker model of parallel computation.
Cap and Trade Policies in the Presence of Monopoly and Distortionary Taxation

We extend an analytical general equilibrium model of environmental policy with pre-existing labor tax distortions to include pre-existing monopoly power as well. We show that the existence of monopoly power has two offsetting effects on welfare. First, the environmental policy reduces monopoly profits, and the negative effect on income increases labor supply in a way that partially offsets the pre-existing labor supply distortion. Second, environmental policy raises prices, so interaction with the pre-existing monopoly distortion further exacerbates the labor supply distortion. This second effect is larger, for reasonable parameter values, so the existence of monopoly reduces the welfare gain (or increases the loss) from environmental restrictions.