cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Text Analysis

This presentation to the Moore-Sloan Data Science Environments Summit at Suncadia, WA describes two hybrid text analysis pipelines and closes with a call to accelerate the uptake of text analysis techniques by social scientists. The first text analysis pipeline allows researchers to inductively identify sets of actions cohering in recognizable performances (i.e. marches, demonstrations, etc.) during events of the Occupy movement. The approach uses human annotation, coreference resolution, named-entity-resolution and replacement, a novel approach to date recognition in text, and structural topic modeling to show how and why protester-initiated events and police responses varied over the course of 184 American Occupy campaigns. Findings upend the going sociological theories of American protest policing, which argue that police are independent from city politics and mostly reactive to protesters' activities. The second pipeline adapts the traditional method of content analysis 'hand-coding' to a new workforce: crowd workers and citizen scientist. The complex process of content analysis is decomposed in two steps. First, texts are 'chunked' according to researcher's units of analysis (as opposed to at the sentence or paragraph level). Next, a new Text Thresher interface presents a series of 'reading comprehension' questions to crowd workers, asking them to highlight the text they use to justify their answers. The combination of highlighting and question answering effectively 'labels' text without requiring face-to-face training of crowd workers. All of these labeled data can then be used to train algorithms via well-known machine learning processes.All told, these and other Hybrid Text Analysis approaches stand to greatly increase the capacity and quality of text analysis work, enabling social scientists and digital humanists to take full advantage of the terabytes of text data now available. But, universities must make special efforts to bring social scientists and digital humanists up to speed with the many tools computer scientists and computational scientists have created. Without changing incentives and collaborative structures, the growth of text analysis will plod on slowly, senior scholars will be left behind, and they may even hold back the progress of scholarship by failing to support powerful new approaches.
A simple method for ultrastructural enzyme cytochemistry on small volumes and numbers of isolated cells.

A simple technique is described for ultrastructural enzyme cytochemistry using small volumes and numbers of single cells. Small aliquots (1–5 μl) of single cells suspended in a glutaraldehyde fixative are incubated on poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips. Cells in contact with the coated coverslip become immobilized to that support. All changes of solutions are accomplished without repeated centrifugation.
Impedance Spectroscopy of Programmable Metallization Cells With a Thin SiO 2 Switching Layer

In this letter, the impedance behavior of Cu–SiO2 programmable metallization cell devices containing a thin oxide switching layer is presented. Frequency sweeps were performed during impedance spectroscopy on devices with different diameters and a range of programmed resistance states. The experimental results show that these devices can be modeled electrically as a constant capacitor connected in parallel with a variable resistor. This parallel $RC$ equivalent model was verified with SPICE circuit simulations.
Titanium Nitride Thin Films: Properties and APCVD Synthesis Using Organometallic Precursors

A novel process for the low temperature synthesis of titanium nitride thin films by APCVD is described. TiN coatings containing less than one atom percent of carbon and oxygen were deposited at 200 °C on silicon, vitreous carbon, glass, stainless steel and plastic substrates using Ti(Nme2)4 and ammonia gas as precursors. The films were characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Biotargeting in Metastatic Bone Disease

Metastatic disease to bone in the setting of adenocarcinoma can be a devastating complication. It often leads to chronic pain, and limited mobility, and can cause significant disability for patients. In addition, many patients develop pathologic fractures which increase the risk of disability and lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Metastatic disease also puts patients at risk for hypercalcemia which can cause weakness, nausea, anorexia, confusion, dehydration, and constipation. Increased levels of circulating calcium also impair renal function and cause mental dysfunction. The receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) pathway has been well elucidated in the development of bone metastasis, and specific drugs such as zoledronic acid and denosumab, which target this pathway, have shown success in their prevention and treatment. However, a significant number of patients continue to develop additional bony disease while on these agents, indicating the necessity for the identification of additional biotargets for the management and prevention of metastatic bone disease.
Divergent gastrointestinal stromal tumors in syndromic settings

The vast majority of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) occur as sporadic tumors. Rarely, however, these neoplasms can arise in syndromic contexts. Under these circumstances, GISTs are often multiple and associated with accompanying signs peculiar of the hosting syndrome. Moreover, syndromic GISTs themselves tend to show heterogeneous features depending on the underlying condition. Multiple inflammatory fibroid polyps (IFPs) and a jejunal spindle-cell GIST were resected in a germline PDGFRA-mutant individual. Although the association of IFP and GIST is typical of this genetic setting (PDGFRA mutations can in fact trigger both these tumor types), PDGFRA-mutant GISTs are usually epithelioid and gastric. This discrepancy was settled evidencing a somatic KIT mutation in the GIST. The awareness of possible somatic mutations can be critical in the management of high-risk/malignant GISTs arising in syndromic settings. GIST features unusual for a given GIST-predisposing syndrome are a valuable tool in the hands of physicians for suspecting these "extra" triggers, which could not be sought for once a diagnosis of GIST-prone syndrome is well established, in a bona fide cost/benefit perspective.
A Comparison of the Beta-Adrenergic Receptor of the Turkey Erythrocyte with Mammalian Beta1 and Beta2 Receptors

The kinetic and pharmacological properties of β-adrenergic receptors in turkey erythrocyte membranes have been characterized by measuring adenylate cyclase activity and specific binding of 125I-iodohythoxybenzylpindolol (IHYP). Receptor properties have been compared to those of β1, and β2 receptors in a number of mammalian tissues. The affinity (KD) of IHYP for the turkey erythrocyte β-adrenergic receptor (42 pM) was similar to the KD for IHYP binding to either β1 or β2 receptors. However, the rates of both association (k1) and dissociation (k-1) of IHYP were 6-10 times faster when measured with β-adrenergic receptors on turkey erythrocytes than were observed for either β1 or β2 receptors in various mammalian tissues. Thermodynamic analysis of the k1 for IHYP binding in the turkey erythrocyte and rat heart showed similar enthalpies of activation (ΔH‡), suggesting that the different k1 values arise mainly from different entropies of activation (ΔH‡) in the two tissues. The order of potency of drugs for activation or inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity correlated well with that for inhibition of IHYP binding in the turkey erythrocyte. However, both the Ki and Kact values for adenylate cyclase were generally two to three times higher than the corresponding KD value determined from studies of the inhibition of IHYP binding. The pharmacological effects of a variety of drugs with similar or different affinities for β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors were determined on membranes prepared from turkey erythrocytes. The KD values for nonselective drugs in the turkey erythrocyte were identical to their KD values for β1, and β2 receptors, suggesting that this receptor should be classified as a β-adrenergic receptor. However, the KD values in the turkey erythrocyte for selective drugs did not correlate with the KD values for these drugs at either β1 or β2 receptors. Furthermore, the efficacies of partial agonists at turkey erythrocyte β-adrenergic receptors did not correlate with their efficacies for either β1 or β2 receptors. The results demonstrate that the β-adrenergic receptor in the turkey erythrocyte has kinetic and pharmacological properties distinct from either mammalian β1 or β2 receptors.
Food contamination incidents: what do consumers seek online? Who cares?

Consumers can play an active role in managing their health during food contamination incidents. With the popularity of the internet, consumers may seek online information to minimize health risks associated with the incidents. This study examines information demand and supply for consumers' online-information seeking by investigating the search queries commonly used by consumers during the incidents and returned first page search results. We use a stage of change model to frame our hypotheses about information demand and stakeholder and agenda setting theories to frame our hypotheses about information supply. Results show that consumers' information seeking may progress through stages of precontemplation (seeking no special information), contemplation (seeking information related to the facts of the incidents), preparation and action (seeking information related to safety precautions and practices), and maintenance and termination (seeking no special information). Mainstream news media play the most important role in providing online information related to the facts of the incidents during the contemplation stage of consumers' information seeking. Online citizen journalism is the major online source for information related to safety precautions and practices during the preparation and action stage of information seeking. A diversity of other stakeholders also provide online information related to the incidents but are not primary information sources for consumers. We suggest that stakeholders, especially those who are responsible for providing accurate and timely information to consumers such as government agencies, establish online marketing strategies to make their information more accessible by consumers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Novels and Other Prose Fiction

Long works of prose fiction have been written from classical antiquity to the present; but the English novel is widely accepted as a genre important elements of which one does not see until the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. It is also understood to be a genre not fully recognizable until Defoe, Richardson and Fielding each provided a unique model of the form. Though at one level accurate, this simple view needs heavy qualification because the shape of the novel and its origins are both complicated matters. For a solid understanding of the issues that comprise this difficult subject, one must read the relevant literature, important works of which I cite below. Here I have space enough only for a glance at some of the problems.
13C kinetic isotope effects on the reaction of a flavin amine oxidase determined from whole molecule isotope effects

Abstract A large number of flavoproteins catalyze the oxidation of amines. Because of the importance of these enzymes in metabolism, their mechanisms have previously been studied using deuterium, nitrogen, and solvent isotope effects. While these results have been valuable for computational studies to distinguish among proposed mechanisms, a measure of the change at the reacting carbon has been lacking. We describe here the measurement of a 13 C kinetic isotope effect for a representative amine oxidase, polyamine oxidase. The isotope effect was determined by analysis of the isotopic composition of the unlabeled substrate, N, N’-dibenzyl-1,4-diaminopropane, to obtain a pH-independent value of 1.025. The availability of a 13 C isotope effect for flavoprotein-catalyzed amine oxidation provides the first measure of the change in bond order at the carbon involved in this carbon-hydrogen bond cleavage and will be of value to understanding the transition state structure for this class of enzymes.
Von Willebrand Factor, ADAMTS13, and the Risk of Mortality: The Rotterdam Study.

Objective—Von Willebrand Factor (VWF) is a plasma protein that plays a major role in platelet adhesion and aggregation. Large VWF multimers are cleaved into smaller, less coagulant forms by the met...
Unanticipated outcomes of voluntourism among Malawi's orphans

ABSTRACTYoung people engaging in forms of travel that link touristic adventures with volunteering in contexts of poverty has become increasingly popular. Volunteering in the forms of conservation, environmental and development tourism has a long history. The human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) pandemic in Africa has led to a flurry of volunteering with orphans that is little studied. This project adds to the newly emerging literature on orphan tourism. In-depth, open-ended interviews and participant observations were conducted over a three-month period with American travelers to a Malawian orphanage between 2009 and 2010. These data suggest that volunteers’ experiences and perceptions were shaped by misrepresentations of a generic Africa that both biased and perpetuated misunderstandings of poverty. In addition, a racialized, needy other was understood as needing the benevolent had of the west. Voluntourists often leave with superficial understandings of poverty...
Experimental assemblage of novel plant-herbivore interactions: ecological host shifts after 40 million years of isolation.

Geographic isolation is the first step in insect herbivore diet specialization. Such specialization is postulated to increase insect fitness, but may simultaneously reduce insect ability to colonize novel hosts. During the Paleocene-Eocene, plants from the order Zingiberales became isolated either in the Paleotropics or in the Neotropics. During the Cretaceous, rolled-leaf beetles diversified in the Neotropics concurrently with Neotropical Zingiberales. Using a community of Costa Rican rolled-leaf beetles and their Zingiberales host plants as study system, we explored if previous geographic isolation precludes insects to expand their diets to exotic hosts. We recorded interactions between rolled-leaf beetles and native Zingiberales by combining DNA barcodes and field records for 7450 beetles feeding on 3202 host plants. To determine phylogenetic patterns of diet expansions, we established 20 experimental plots in the field, in which we planted plots five exotic Zingiberales, recording beetles feeding on these exotic hosts. In the laboratory, using both native and exotic host plants, we reared a subset of insect species that had expanded their diets to the exotic plants. The original plant–herbivore community comprised 24 beetle species feeding on 35 native hosts, representing 103 plant–herbivore interactions. After exotic host plant introduction, 20 percent of the beetle species expanded their diets to exotic Zingiberales. Insects only established on exotic hosts that belong to the same plant family as their native hosts. Laboratory experiments show that beetles are able to complete development on these novel hosts. In conclusion, rolled-leaf beetles are preadapted to expand their diets to novel host plants even after millions of years of geographic isolation.
Effects of a School-Based Intervention on BMI z-Scores and Fitness Parameters in Mississippi Delta Children

Background and Objectives: Although Mississippi is making modest progress in childhood obesity prevention and reduction; most of the recent benefits are seen in white children. The purpose of Eating good and moving like we should (EGMLWS), a school-based intervention was to create a successful program to prevent and reduce childhood obesity in the Mississippi Delta, among mostly African American students. Methods: The program worked with third grades in 7 schools. It provided curricula, started school gardens, and school menu consultation. BMI s-scores were calculated and Fitnessgram parameters were measured, including 20-m progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run (PACER) and back-saver sit-and-reach (BSSR). Demographic and beginning heights and weights were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Pre- and post-intervention BMI z-scores and Fitnessgram scores for each school were compared using paired t-test. Results: Mean BMI z-scores were significantly lowered in 2 schools, not changed in 4 schools and increased in 2, although all schools had individuals with decreased BMI z-scores. PACER scores increased in 5 of 7 schools while sit-and-reach left and right scores increased in 5 and 6 of the 7 schools, respectively. All schools improved in at least one PACER measure, and 3 schools improved across all measures. Conclusions: After one school year in EGMLWS, north MS Delta third graders improved in both the PACER and sit-and-reach components of Fitnessgram assessment. BMI z-scores were lowered in 2 schools and remained the same in 4 schools. Also, BMI-z-scores did not rise over all schools and there was some lowering of BMI z-scores in every school, which was encouragement that school-based interventions can favorably impact BMI and fitness in primarily African American populations.
Reputation Management and Content Control: An Analysis of Radiation Oncologists' Digital Identities.

Introduction Google is the most popular search engine in the United States, and patients are increasingly relying on online webpages to seek information about individual physicians. This study aims to characterize what patients find when they search for radiation oncologists online. Methods and Materials The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Physician Comparable Downloadable File was used to identify all Medicare-participating radiation oncologists in the United States and Puerto Rico. Each radiation oncologist was characterized by medical school education, year of graduation, city of practice, gender, and affiliation with an academic institution. Using a custom Google-based search engine, up to the top 10 search results for each physician were extracted and categorized as relating to: ( 1 ) physician, hospital, or health care system; ( 2 ) third-party; ( 3 ) social media; ( 4 ) academic journal articles; or ( 5 ) other. Results Among all health care providers in the United States within CMS, 4443 self-identified as being radiation oncologists and yielded 40,764 search results. Of those, 1161 (26.1%) and 3282 (73.9%) were classified as academic and nonacademic radiation oncologists, respectively. At least 1 search result was obtained for 4398 physicians (99.0%). Physician, hospital, and health care–controlled websites (16,006; 39.3%) and third-party websites (10,494; 25.7%) were the 2 most often observed domain types. Social media platforms accounted for 2729 (6.7%) hits, and peer-reviewed academic journal websites accounted for 1397 (3.4%) results. About 6.8% and 6.7% of the top 10 links were social media websites for academic and nonacademic radiation oncologists, respectively. Conclusions Most radiation oncologists lack self-controlled online content when patients search within the first page of Google search results. With the strong presence of third-party websites and lack of social media, opportunities exist for radiation oncologists to increase their online presence to improve patient–provider communication and better the image of the overall field. We discuss strategies to improve online visibility.
Visualizing the Baby Boom

I provide a tiled visualization of average monthly birth rates between 1938 and 1991 for the United States and England and Wales. Ideas about demographic “generations” such as Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Millennials are in widespread use in popular discussions of social change, often quite fancifully. The visualization makes apparent the sheer scale of the U.S. Baby Boom in comparison to other alleged generations.
Mn Porphyrin-Based Redox-Active Drugs: Differential Effects as Cancer Therapeutics and Protectors of Normal Tissue Against Oxidative Injury.

Abstract Significance: After approximatelty three decades of research, two Mn(III) porphyrins (MnPs), MnTE-2-PyP5+ (BMX-010, AEOL10113) and MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+ (BMX-001), have progressed to five clini...
The leadership of pragmatism: Reconsidering Franklin in the age of charisma

Abstract In recent years, our quest to understand outstanding leadership has focused on the characteristics of charismatic or transformational leaders. In this article, however, we will argue that outstanding leadership need not always involve charisma but may instead be based on a functional, problem-centered approach we refer to as a pragmatic leadership strategy. Initially, certain key propositions pertaining to the nature of pragmatic leadership are described. Subsequently, these propositions are evaluated with respect to 10 cases of noteworthy leadership evidenced by Benjamin Franklin. It is argued that pragmatic leaders, such as Franklin, exercise influence by identifying and communicating solutions to significant social problems, working through elites in solution generation, creating structures to support solution implementation, and demonstrating the feasibility of these solutions. The conditions under which this pragmatic approach can effectively be applied are discussed and contrasted with current views of the conditions calling for charismatic, transformational, and transactional leadership.
THE RONAY EFFECT IN MEDIA SHOWING CREEP

The complete constitutive equation of a viscous medium is used to illustrate the accumulation of second-order axial extension under cyclic axial load and cyclic torsion. Theoretical “times to failure” are established on a similar basis as the time to (creep) failure under sustained axial load.
Personal information privacy and the internet: issues, challenges and solutions

Personal information privacy is arguably the most important issue facing the growth and prosperity of the Internet, especially of e-commerce. Protecting personal information privacy has ignited a debate that pits privacy advocates against technology growth enthusiasts. This chapter explores personal information privacy on the Internet in terms of the social and legal issues surrounding it, and the technological challenges to personal information privacy facing individuals, businesses, and government regulators. Representative solutions to resolving the debate are presented, though at present the debate over personal information privacy continues and may have to be resolved by governments and the courts.
Increasing adolescent girls' ability to identify STI-risk characteristics of sexual partners: a pilot study within an alternative disciplinary school.

Objectives We evaluated the feasibility of conducting a 9-week long sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention intervention, Angels in Action, within an alternative disciplinary school for adolescent girls. Methods All girls who were 16–18 years old, enrolled in the school and did not have plans to transfer from the school were eligible to participate. We measured process feasibility with recruitment, retention and participant enjoyment. Using a pretest-post-test design with a double post-test, we used χ² tests to estimate the intervention effect on participants’ sexual partner risk knowledge, intentions to reduce partner risk and sexual activities in the past 60 days with three behavioural surveys: prior to, immediately following and 3 months after the intervention. Results Among the 20 girls who were eligible, 95% (19/20) of parents consented and all girls (19/19) agreed to participate. Survey participation was 100% (19/19) prior to, 76% (13/17) immediately following and 53% (9/17) 3 months after the intervention. The intervention was administered twice and a total 17 girls participated. Session attendance was high (89%) and most participants (80%) reported enjoying the intervention. The intervention increased the percentage of girls who could identify partner characteristics associated with increased STI risk: 38% before, 92% immediately following and 100% 3 months after the intervention (p=0.01). Girls also increased their intentions to find out four of the most highly associated partner characteristics (partner’s age, recent sexual activity and STI or jail history): 32% before to 75% immediately following (p=0.02) and 67% 3 months after the intervention (p=0.09). Conclusions This pilot study suggests girls at alternative disciplinary schools participated in and enjoyed a 9-week STI preventive intervention. Within alternative disciplinary schools, it is potentially feasible to increase girls’ consideration of partner risk characteristics as a means to enhance their STI prevention skills.
The Art of Selective Cannulation at ERCP

ERCP is undergoing its 50th anniversary with a steady conversion from a diagnostic procedure to a therapeutic procedure. This paper shows a reflection of my 42 years of experience in the accession of biliary and pancreatic ducts and how the techniques have evolved to achieve a high rate of primary duct cannulation. There has been an increase in the primary approach to cannulation involving different cannulation catheters and guidewires, and we will review some of those available, realizing that the selection may vary depending on operator preference and team approach. Different views and experiences with these techniques will be presented. ERCP has evolved from a diagnostic to primarily a therapeutic procedure. This has resulted in the development of a variety of devices and techniques to access the ducts of interest. I have presented several of the techniques and my team approach that has evolved over a number of years. A more prospective evaluation of devices and wires is needed to see if one is superior to the other.
Diuretic Responsiveness and Its Prognostic Significance in Children With Heart Failure

Background Loop diuretics are considered first-line therapy for congestion in children with heart failure, although some patients remain volume overloaded during treatment. We sought to characterize loop diuretic responsiveness (DR) in children hospitalized with acute decompensated failure and to determine whether a decreased response was associated with worse outcomes. Methods and results DR was calculated for 108 consecutive children ˂21 years of age who were hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure. DR was defined as net fluid (mL) output per 1 mg of furosemide equivalents during the first 72 hours of treatment with a loop diuretic. The primary outcome was the composite end point of inpatient death or use of mechanical circulatory support. The median DR was 6.0 mL/mg (interquartile range -2.4 to 15.7 mL/mg). Thirty-two percent of patients remained in a positive fluid balance after 72 hours of treatment with a loop diuretic. Death or use of mechanical circulatory support occurred in 29 patients (27%). Low DR was associated with the composite end point, even after adjusting for net urine output and loop diuretic dose indexed to weight (odds ratio 5.3; P = .003). Patients with low DR also experienced longer length of hospital stay than patients with greater DR (median 33 days vs 11 days; P = .002). Conclusion In children hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure, early diminished loop DR during decongestion therapy is common and portends a poor prognosis.
Alcohol protects the CNS by activating HSF1 and inducing the heat shock proteins

Although alcohol abuse and dependence have profound negative health consequences, emerging evidence suggests that exposure to low/moderate concentrations of ethanol protects multiple organs and systems. In the CNS, moderate drinking decreases the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. This neuroprotection correlates with an increased expression of the heat shock proteins (HSPs). Multiple epidemiological studies revealed an inverse association between ethanol intoxication and traumatic brain injury mortality. In this case, ethanol-induced HSPs limit the inflammatory immune response diminishing cell death and improving the neurobehavioural outcome. Ethanol also protects the brain against ischemic injuries via the HSPs. In our laboratory, we demonstrated that ethanol increased the expression of several HSP genes in neurons and astrocytes by activating the transcription factor, heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). HSF1 induces HSPs that target misfolded proteins for refolding or degradation, increasing the survival chances of the cells. These data indicate that ethanol neuroprotection is mediated by the activation HSF1 and the induction of HSPs.
Microenvironment Induced Myelophthisis Caused By CYP26 Deficiency

Abstract Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in a complex microenvironment that enforces the balance between self-renewal and differentiation. The exact physiologic mechanisms by which the niche controls HSC fate remain elusive. Retinoic acid (RA) is a powerful morphogen that controls stem cell behavior across a variety of systems. In bone marrow (BM), mesenchymal stroma cells (MSCs) express cytochrome P450 (CYP)26 enzymes and can inactivate endogenous and pharmacological retinoids (Ghiaur G et al PNAS 2013, Su M et al. PlosOne 2015, Alonso S et al. 2016). Stromal CYP26 activity is required to maintain human HSCs ex vivo (Ghiaur G et al PNAS 2013). Here we set to study the role of CYP26 in HSC homeostasis in vivo. For this, we induced CYP26 knockout via injection of Tamoxifen in ROSA26CreERT CYP26A1loxP/loxPCYP26B1loxP/loxPmice (CYP26KO) and ROSA26CreERT wildtype mice (CTR). After 5 daily tamoxifen injections, the knockout was confirmed at DNA and RNA level in multiple tissues of CYP26KO mice. Within 4 weeks, CYP26KO mice showed profound leukocytosis (5.97 ±0.37 vs. 21.12 ±3.81 k/mm3, n=4, p Download : Download high-res image (374KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
SCOT-HEART trial: reshuffling our approach to stable ischemic heart disease.

The role of diagnostic testing in triaging patients with stable ischemic heart disease continues to evolve towards recognizing the benefits of coronary CT angiography (CCTA) over functional testing...
Positive Predictive Value of Tomosynthesis-guided Biopsies of Architectural Distortions Seen on Digital Breast Tomosynthesis and without an Ultrasound Correlate.

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the positive predictive value (PPV) of architectural distortions (AD) observed on digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) and without an ultrasound (US) correlate. Materials and Methods: In this single-institution, retrospective study, patients who underwent DBT-guided biopsies of AD without any associated findings on digital mammography (DM) or DBT, and without a correlate on targeted US exam, over a 14-month period were included in this study. All patients had DM and DBT and targeted US exams. The PPV was computed along with the exact 95% confidence limits (CL) using simple binomial proportions, with histopathology as the reference standard. Results: A total of 45 ADs in 45 patients met the inclusion criteria. Histopathology indicated 6/45 (PPV: 13.3%, CL: 5.1–26.8%), ADs were malignant, including one high-risk lesion that was upgraded at surgery. ADs were appreciated only on DBT in 12/45 (26.7%) patients, and on both DBT and DM in 33/45 (73.3%) patients, and the corresponding PPV was 25% (3/12, CL: 5.5–57.2%) and 9.1% (3/33, CL: 1.9–24.3%), respectively. In all analyses, the observed PPV significantly exceeded the 2% probability of malignancy for Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System-3 diagnostic categories (P < 0.004). Conclusions: The PPV of malignancy in DBT detected AD without an US correlate in our series of 45 cases was 6/45 (13.3%). In the absence of an US correlate, the PPV of AD is lower than that mentioned in prior literature but exceeds the 2% threshold to justify DBT-guided biopsy.
In Reply: The role of sentinel lymph node biopsy after excision of melanomas (May 2015)

Readers comment on eruptive xanthoma (April 2015), risk of falls in older adults (May 2015), and sentinel lymph node biopsy after excision of melanoma (May 2015).
Triplex-Forming Peptide Nucleic Acids with Extended Backbones.

Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) forms a triple helix with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) stabilized by a hydrogen-bonding zipper formed by PNA's backbone amides (N-H) interacting with RNA phosphate oxygens. This hydrogen-bonding pattern is enabled by the matching ∼5.7 A spacing (typical for A-form dsRNA) between PNA's backbone amides and RNA phosphate oxygens. We hypothesized that extending the PNA's backbone by one -CH2 - group might bring the distance between PNA amide groups closer to 7 A, which is favourable for hydrogen bonding to the B-form dsDNA phosphate oxygens. Extension of the PNA backbone was expected to selectively stabilize PNA-DNA triplexes compared to PNA-RNA. To test this hypothesis, we synthesized triplex-forming PNAs that had the pseudopeptide backbones extended by an additional -CH2 - group in three different positions. Isothermal titration calorimetry measurements of the binding affinity of these extended PNA analogues for the matched dsDNA and dsRNA showed that, contrary to our structural reasoning, extending the PNA backbone at any position had a strong negative effect on triplex stability. Our results suggest that PNAs might have an inherent preference for A-form-like conformations when binding double-stranded nucleic acids. It appears that the original six-atom-long PNA backbone is an almost perfect fit for binding to A-form nucleic acids.
Toward Rapid Stroke Diagnosis with Multimodal Deep Learning

Stroke is a challenging disease to diagnose in an emergency room (ER) setting. While an MRI scan is very useful in detecting ischemic stroke, it is usually not available due to space constraint and high cost in the ER. Clinical tests like the Cincinnati Pre-hospital Stroke Scale (CPSS) and the Face Arm Speech Test (FAST) are helpful tools used by neurologists, but there may not be neurologists immediately available to conduct the tests. We emulate CPSS and FAST and propose a novel multimodal deep learning framework to achieve computer-aided stroke presence assessment over facial motion weaknesses and speech inability for patients with suspicion of stroke showing facial paralysis and speech disorders in an acute setting. Experiments on our video dataset collected on actual ER patients performing specific speech tests show that the proposed approach achieves diagnostic performance comparable to that of ER doctors, attaining a 93.12% sensitivity rate while maintaining 79.27% accuracy. Meanwhile, each assessment can be completed in less than four minutes. This demonstrates the high clinical value of the framework. In addition, the work, when deployed on a smartphone, will enable self-assessment by at-risk patients at the time when stroke-like symptoms emerge.
Abstract 291: Return of Spontaneous Circulation Detection in Pseudo-Pulseless Electrical Activity Using Plethysmography

Background: Pseudo-Pulseless Electrical Activity (p-PEA) is a lifeless form of profound cardiac shock characterized by measurable cardiac mechanical activity without clinically detectable pulses. p...
Evaluation of functional and chemical properties of crust from dry-aged beef loins as a novel food ingredient.

Abstract Efficacy of utilizing dry-aged beef crusts as a functional food ingredient was investigated. Paired beef M. longissimus lumborum (n = 13) were aged under various conditions (dry-aging, DA; dry-aging in water-permeable bag, DWA; dry-aging under UV light, UDA; wet-aging, WA; unaged-initial, INI) for 28 d. Crusts were collected and lyophilized to characterize functional and technological properties. Crusts from dry-aged samples (DA/DWA/UDA) had lower chroma values, higher lipid and protein oxidation extents than WA and INI (P 0.05). Trained sensory-panel found enhanced brown-roasted/grilled (P
US Regional trends in pediatric firearm-related injuries

Introduction: Firearm-related injury (FRI) is a major cause of preventable death and disability among children in the United States. However, little is known about regional patterns in pediatric FRI and regional firearms legislation. We hypothesized that regions with more stringent firearm legislation would have a lower incidence of pediatric …
Understanding Hypervelocity Sampling of Biosignatures in Space Missions.

The atomic-scale fragmentation processes involved in molecules undergoing hypervelocity impacts (HVIs; defined as >3 km/s) are challenging to investigate via experiments and still not well understo...
Flipping the switch: reverse-demand voltage-sensitive fluorophores

Fluorescence microscopy with fluorescent reporters that respond to environmental cues are a powerful method for interrogating biochemistry and biophysics in living systems. Photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) is commonly used as a trigger to modulate fluorescence in response to changes in the biological environment. PeT based indicators rely either on PeT into the excited state (acceptor PeT) or out of the excited state (donor PeT). Our group has been developing voltage-sensitive fluorophores (VF dyes) that respond to changes in biological membrane potential. We hypothesize that the mechanism of voltage sensitivity arises from acceptor PeT (a-PeT) from an electron-rich aniline-containing molecular wire into the excited state fluorophore, resulting in decreased fluorescence at negative membrane potentials. Here, we can reverse the direction of electron flow to access donor-excited PeT (d-PeT) VF dyes by introducing electron-withdrawing (EWG), rather than electron-rich molecular wires. Similar to first-generation aniline containing VF dyes, EWG-containing VF dyes show voltage-sensitive fluorescence, but with the opposite polarity: hyperpolarizing membrane potentials now give fluorescence increases. We use a combination of computation and experiment to estimate a ΔE of ~0.6 eV for voltage sensitivity in d-PeT indicators, show that two of the new reverse VF dyes are voltage sensitive, and provide the first example, to our knowledge, of a molecular sensor that can be tuned across energy regimes to access bi-directional electron flow for fluorescence sensing in living systems.
Art in the Hellenistic World: An Introduction

What was Hellenistic art, and what were its contexts, aims, achievements, and impact? This textbook introduces students to these questions and offers a series of answers to them. Its twelve chapters and two 'focus' sections examine Hellenistic sculpture, painting, luxury arts, and architecture. Thematically organized, spanning the three centuries from Alexander to Augustus, and ranging geographically from Italy to India and the Black Sea to Nubia, the book examines key monuments of Hellenistic art in relation to the great political, social, cultural, and intellectual issues of the time. It is illustrated with 170 photographs (mostly in color, and many never before published) and contextualized through excerpts from Hellenistic literature and inscriptions. Helpful ancillary features include maps, appendices with background on Hellenistic artists and translations of key documents, a full glossary, a timeline, brief biographies of key figures, suggestions for further reading, and bibliographical references.
Strengthening the Theorem Proved in Chapter 8: Informal Discussion

It was proved in Chapter 7 that a social decision mechanism, which was Pareto-optimal in the sense of Definition 3 of that chapter over the class of societies У can be constructed if we know for each point (S, s) of the domain D of the mechanism the cardinal representation of S and the state s of S corresponding to the point.1
Humor in medicine.

Humor and laughter have been a focus of attention in the popular media and in the medical literature. Despite statements about the health benefits of humor, current research is insufficient to validate such claims. There is support in the literature for the role of humor and laughter in other areas, including patient-physician communication, psychological aspects of patient care, medical education, and as a means of reducing stress in medical professionals.
Efficient Mining of Association Rules with Item Constraints

Discovering association rules is a problem of data mining on which numerous studies have been made. An example of an association rule is: “25 percent of transactions that contain beer also contain diapers; 5 percent of all transactions contain both items”. Here, 25 percent is called the confidence of the rule, and 5 percent the support of the rule. Most existing work on this problem focused on finding the association rules between all items in a large database which satisfy user-specified minimum confidence and support. In practice, users are often interested in finding association rules involving only some specified items rather than all items in a query. Meanwhile, based on the searched results in former queries, users might change the minimum confidence and support requirements to obtain suitable number of rules. In this scenario, the users tend to make consecutive queries on interested items with expected quick response rather than wait a long time for getting a lot of association rules between all itemsets in partial which the users are only interested
Beyond Abstract Film, on Malcolm Le Grice Experimental Cinema in the Digital Age

Malcolm Le Grice _Experimental Cinema in the Digital Age_ London: British Film Institute, 2001 ISBN 0-85170-872-0 (pb) 0-85170-873-0 (hb) 330 pp.
The structure and the biological activities of sulfopolyglucans. 2. The effect of sulfoevernan and heparin on lipid metabolism.

Abstract To ascertain the influence of sulfoevernan (a novel sulfated polyglucan with a molecular weight of 20,000 and 12% of sulfo group) on the development of experimental atherosclerosis, subcutaneous injections of a physiological saline (5 ml) were given 3 times weekly for 8 weeks to one group of 24 New Zealand albino rabbits, another group of rabbits was given 5000 I.U. of heparin in saline while a third group received 25 mg of sulfoevernan in saline. Half the animals were fed a stock diet (Purina Rabbit Chow), and the other half the same diet fortified with 1% cholesterol. On the stock diet, sulfoevernan administration inhibited esterification of [4-14C] cholesterol (39.1% vs. 47.7% in control) in in vitro experiment; heparin was without effect. On the cholesterol diet, cholesterol was esterified 5.1% in controls, 2.8% in sulfoevernan group and 9.8% in the heparin treated group. Both agents increased hydrolysis of [1- 14 C]oleic acid triolein; the free fatty acid (FFA) rose from 1.6% in the controls to 7.9% and 9.8% in the heparin and sulfoevernan groups respectively. Sulfoevernan was still more effective with cholesterol feeding, FFA measured 15.7% in comparison with 3.2% and 1.5% in the heparin and control group respectively. Sulfoevernan treated groups had a significantly increased concentration of aortic triglycerides: 129.1 mg/g of dry tissue vs. 49.7 mg/g for controls on stock diet, and 168.1 mg/g vs. 47.8 mg/g for controls on a cholesterol diet. On the cholesterol diet, total serum cholesterol rose to 912 mg/100 ml in the sulfoevernan group, 688 mg/100 ml in the heparin group, and 625 mg/100 ml in the saline group. The surface extent of aortic atherosclerosis indicated however, anti-atherosclerotic effect of sulfoevernan and heparin, by measuring 10.9%, 9.4% and 14.7% respectively.
Using competition to stimulate regulatory compliance: A tournament-based dynamic targeting mechanism

Abstract This article develops a tournament-based dynamic targeting mechanism for achieving regulatory enforcement leverage. In contrast to existing models which rely on a representative agent, we model a game among a regulated group of agents, possibly heterogeneous in their levels of a regulated activity, that compete through their compliance decisions to avoid being targeted for future audits. The empirical properties of the dynamic tournament are established using economics experiments. In particular, we test comparative statics, highlight the importance of inducing competition through comparisons with a (non-competitive) standards-based targeting mechanism, and demonstrate enforcement leverage through comparisons with simple random audits. The experiments suggest that the dynamic tournament induces incentives consistent with theory, and overall we find that (introducing) competition in the regulatory enforcement arena may have important advantages.
Increased field emission correlated with thermal conditioning of carbon nanosheets

Strong dependence of carbon nanosheets field emission on the effect of surface adsorbates is presented. Hydrogen, in particular, is the most prevalent surface contaminant that affects the local field and therefore controls the magnitude of electron emission. Conditioning of the carbon nanostructures either by vacuum firing or by resistive heating provides a progressive and dramatic improvement in the magnitude, stability and repeatability of the field emission. Based on the results, a model of site partitioning and localization of hydrogen in carbon nanosheet is proposed.
Another piece in the puzzle.

Pulmonary ischemia–reperfusion injury is complex and involves many cell types and mechanisms of action. Van Putte and coworkers have attempted to provide insight into and describe some of the complex components of this process. Their study describes two new components of the multifaceted process of reperfusion injury. The time-dependent course of neutrophil activation and the discovery of programmed cell death in reperfused lung tissue are two new pieces of a complex puzzle.
Zechariah's Unbelief and Early Jewish-Christian Relations: The Form and Structure of Luke 1:5–25 as a Clue to the Narrative Agenda of the Gospel of Luke:

The narrative agenda of the Gospel of Luke seeks to move the implied reader (who resembles the “Godfearer” of Acts) from an interest in Judaism to conversion to Christianity. Luke 1:5–25 introduces this agenda by highlighting both continuity and discontinuity between Judaism and Christianity. Use of the Hebrew Bible commissioning narrative form establishes a continuity between Judaism and Christianity, appealing to the implied reader's attraction to Judaism yet suggesting conversion to Christianity as a natural next step. A chiastic structure that focuses on Zechariah's unbelieving response to the announcement of John's birth introduces a discontinuity between Judaism and Christianity, suggesting to the implied reader that the time has come to go beyond Judaism and embrace Christianity.
Selectively buried ion-exchanged waveguides as an interface to electro-optic polymers

The fabrication of selectively buried ion-exchanged waveguides in glass is described. The results presented demonstrate that surface sections of the waveguides interact strongly with an electro-optic polymer superstrate.
Repeated Reading, Turn Taking, and Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC).

This single participant multiple baseline research design measured the effects of repeatedly reading narrative books to children who used voice output augmentative communication devices to communicate. The study sought to determine if there was a difference observed in the number of turns taken when reading stories repeatedly. Three girls ranging in age from seven to nine listened to a different illustrated narrative book during each baseline session. During the intervention phase, a single illustrated book was read repeatedly to each child for six sessions followed by an additional intervention of a second illustrated book for six more sessions. Two of the three participants took more turns during the repeated reading when comparing mean scores. Upon visual inspection it appears the increases were generally in the first couple of repeated readings and then a slope return was displayed toward the baseline level over the six repeated readings. Implications for practice are shared.