cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative improvement in the estimates of NDVI values from remotely sensed data by correcting thin cirrus scattering effects

Abstract The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has been used extensively for remote sensing of vegetation for many years. This index uses radiances or reflectances from a red channel at 0.66 μm and near-infrared channel at 0.86 μm. Thin cirrus clouds frequently contaminate remotely sensed data acquired from aircraft and satellite platforms. They introduce additional scattered radiances to the 0.66-μm and 0.86-μm channels. To obtain unbiased estimates of NDVI values from remotely sensed data, the cirrus scattering effects must be removed. We recently have developed an empirical technique for removing thin cirrus scattering effects using the sensitive 1.375-μm cirrus-detecting channel. In this article, we demonstrate that the estimates of NDVI values can be improved quantitatively after the removal of thin cirrus effects. Pairs of spectral imaging data, with and nearly without thin cirrus contamination, acquired with the Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) are used in this study. Because a special channel centered at 1.375 μm has been implemented on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) for detecting thin cirrus clouds from space, it is possible to remove thin cirrus scattering effects from MODIS channels below 1 μm and to yield improved global estimates of NDVI values from MODIS data.
Transcription of methylated viral DNA by eukaryotic RNA polymerase II

The genome of the large icosahedral DNA virus, frog virus 3 (FV3), is heavily methylated at the cytosine residues of dCdG dinucleotide pairs, with more than 22% of the total cytosine residues in the form of 5-methylcytosine (5mC). This methylation is carried out postreplicatively in the cytoplasm of infected cells by a virus-encoded DNA methyltransferase. DNA methyltransferase activity was shown to copurify with a 26 kD virus-induced, DNA-binding protein that had an altered mobility in extracts from cells infected with a DNA-methyltransferase deficient mutant of FV3. Immediately after infection, the highly methylated parental DNA is transcribed in the nucleus by the host cell RNA polymerase II. As FV3 induces the synthesis of a protein that can override the inhibitory effect of methylation on the transcription of exogenous promoters methylatedin vitro, we suggest that this protein is a factor evolved by this virus to allow transcription from methylated promoters by eukaryotic RNA polymerase II.
Ethical Intelligence from Neuroscience: Is it Possible?

Canli, Casebeer et al discuss the development and articulation of norms regulating the use of neurological interventions for national security purposes. Their concern is that the intelligence community (IC), broadly construed, will misapply the tools and techniques developed by neuroscientists. Their solution is for a partnership of the IC, neuroscientists and ethicists to develop the norms. Although the relationship between U.S. civil/constitutional rights and human rights is complex, for purposes of identifying norms that apply across disciplines and borders to protect individuals and groups from immoral scientific and governmental uses of technology we think the guiding light should be the legal, moral and rhetorical regime of human rights, construed broadly to include U.S. civil/constitutional rights. The dignity or rights based approach should be implemented using robust, fair procedures within an analytically sound vision of social justice.
Test Pac: A Program for Comprehensive Item and Reliability Analysis.

This paper describes Test Pac, a test scoring and analysis computer program for moderate-sized sample designs using dichotomous response items. In addition to comprehensive item analyses and multiple reliability estimation, the program performs single-facet Generalizability analyses of variance components, and single-parameter IRT analyses, with respective, applicable parameter estimates. As a further educational resource, test score reporting, student performance tracking and computer-assisted grading capabilities are provided.
Tyrosine oxidation in heme oxygenase: examination of long-range proton-coupled electron transfer.

Heme oxygenase is responsible for the degradation of a histidine-ligated ferric protoporphyrin IX (Por) to biliverdin, CO, and the free ferrous ion. Described here are studies of tyrosyl radical formation reactions that occur after oxidizing Fe(III)(Por) to Fe(IV)=O(Por(·+)) in human heme oxygenase isoform-1 (hHO-1) and the structurally homologous protein from Corynebacterium diphtheriae (cdHO). Site-directed mutagenesis on hHO-1 probes the reduction of Fe(IV)=O(Por(·+)) by tyrosine residues within 11 A of the prosthetic group. In hHO-1, Y58· is implicated as the most likely site of oxidation, based on the pH and pD dependent kinetics. The absence of solvent deuterium isotope effects in basic solutions of hHO-1 and cdHO contrasts with the behavior of these proteins in the acidic solution, suggesting that long-range proton-coupled electron transfer predominates over electron transfer.
Reflections on Scholarship and Activism

Nik Heynen, the Interventions editor at Antipode, asked me to reflect on how scholars can also be activists. My own work, he said, reflected a dual preoccupation with activism and scholarship, so he thought my comments might be useful to others trying to take this path. In fact, many people enter the academic world determined to become scholars because they want to be both scholars and activists, a trend that became especially evident in the aftermath of the protest movements of the 1960s and 1970s in which many young people had participated. The motivating idea is that academic work can be useful in ameliorating the big problems of our society, problems such as inequality and insecurity, or militarism and imperial overreach, or the corruption of democratic procedures, or ecological degradation. And a good many academics try to use their scholarship to work on these problems and to influence policy solutions. Accordingly, they write reports about social and political problems that can be drawn upon by policy makers, or they provide testimony for city councils or congressional committees, or they may even advise presidents. Or they try to influence public opinion by writing op-eds, or working in sections of academic associations that have a political and an activist bent. Or they write articles and books analyzing the workings of economic or political or military elites at the top end of society, or the dynamics of labor markets and poorer communities at the lower end. These academics want their work to be politically relevant (“relevant” was the code for scholar-activism in the 1970s.) They see themselves as part of the political left, and they want to make a contribution to left reform efforts. This sort of politically oriented scholarly activity has a long history in an American social science with its roots in the progressive era, and it often has worthwhile consequences. Social scientists have helped us to understand the multifaceted dimensions of inequality, the dynamics of the domestic economy that produces and
Analysis of EHL Circular Contact Start Up: Part I—Mixed Contact Model With Pressure and Film Thickness Results

In this paper a model is presented to investigate the start up condition in elastohydrodynamic lubrication. During start up the lubrication condition falls into the mixed lubrication regime. The transition from solid contact to lubricated contact is of importance when investigating the start up process and its effects on bearing performance. The model presented uses the multigrid multilevel method to solve the lubricated region of the contact and a minimization of complementary energy approach to solve the solid contact region. The FFT method is incorporated to speed up the film thickness calculation. An iteration scheme between the lubrication and the solid contact problems is used to achieve the solution of the mixed lubrication contact problem. The results of start up with smooth surfaces are provided for the case when speed increases from zero to desired speed in one step and the case when speed is linearly increased to desired speed. The details of the transition from full solid contact to full lubricated contact in EHL start up are presented. The change of pressure and film thickness as well as contact forces and contact areas are discussed.
Eliakim Hastings Moore and the founding of a mathematical community in America, 1892–1902

Summary In 1892, Eliakim Hastings Moore accepted the task of building a mathematics department at the University of Chicago. Working in close conjuction with the other original department members, Oskar Bolza and Heinrich Maschke, Moore established a stimulating mathematical environment not only at the University of Chicago, but also in the Midwest region and in the United States in general. In 1893, he helped organize an international congress of mathematicians. He followed this in 1896 with the organization of the Midwest Section of the New York City-based American Mathematical Society. He became the first editor-in-chief of the Society's Transactions in 1899, and rose to the presidency of the Society in 1901.
Passing and the performance of gender, race, and class acts: A theoretical framework

(2005). Passing and the performance of gender, race, and class acts: A theoretical framework. Women & Performance: a journal of feminist theory: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 167-210.
LEVER ACTION ANTHERS AND THE FORCIBLE SHEDDING OF POLLEN IN TORENIA (SCROPHULARIACEAE)

The anthers of Torenia fournieri were found to shed pollen forcibly by lever action. Anther structure was modified for this function by a flangelike outgrowth of the lateral pollen sac wall forming a lever. When pressed, this lever causes an infolding of the thinner, subadjacent, pollen sac wall forcing pollen from the stomium. A force of 1-1.5 g pressing against the four levers of an anther pair resulted in the forcible shedding of 2,000-3,000 pollen grains in two parallel rows. During the 2-day anthesis the flowers shift from functioning as males to hermaphroditic outcrossers, and yet only have a pollen: ovule ratio of 98.6, a ratio more indicative of facultative autogamy. The outermost pair of anthers functions on the first day of anthesis, while the second, inner pair functions on both days. In each flower, the 2-day anther pair produces approximately twice as many pollen grains as the 1-day anther pair, a pollen production highly correlated with the length of their functional lives. This difference in pollen production is apparent in the larger size of the 2-day anthers, a size difference that first appears with the initiation of the anther primordia. Anther dehiscence in the majority of angiosperms is by means of rupturing a longitudinal stomium, and, in general, pollen shedding results from presumed desiccatory events that follow anther dehiscence (Schmid, 1976). The majority of the Scrophulariaceae have typical anther dehiscence and pollen shedding. Both valvate and poricidal anther dehiscence mechanisms are taxonomically widespread (see Buchmann, 1983 for references), and within Scrophulariaceae poricidal anther dehiscence has been reported in some species of Seymeria (= Afzelia) (Pennell, 1925). This type of dehiscence has been associated with buzz pollination by bumblebees, whose vibratile behavior effects pollen shedding (Buchmann, 1983). Similar vibratile behavior has been noted for the highly specialized genera Melampyrum (Meidell, 1944) and Pedicularis (Sprague, 1962; Macior, 1968a,b, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1977). In the case of Pedicularis, which lacks poricidal anthers, the vibratile behavior effects pollen release from within the galea, the highly modified dorsal portion of the corolla, into which the anthers shed pollen. The anthers of several members of the Rhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) have elongated spurs that extend into the floral tube. It is presumed that when pushed out of the way by pollinators, these spurs function to tilt the anthers depositing a pollen
A high-rate gaseous area detector for x-ray diffraction applications

A new photon-counting area detector, based on parallel-plate gas amplification with a resistive anode and remote readout electrode is described. The detector is sealed and has sensitive area of 14x14 cm 2 . The detector is unique in its ability to achieve high gain at high counting rates. A local counting rate >10e 5 counts/mm2-sec has been achieved at a gain of 10 5 in a radiation-hard, non-polymerizing gas mixture. The global readout rate is limited by the delay line and electronics to 6 counts/sec but more sophisticated readout schemes should allow this rate to be increased by more than an order of magnitude. The operating characteristics of the detector are described and preliminary x-ray diffraction data are presented.
What's Mine Is Ours, or Is It? A Study of Attitudes about Information Sharing

As technology for information access improves, people have more opportunities to share information. A theory of information sharing is advanced and we report the results of three experiments on attitudes about sharing technical work and expertise in organizations. Based on research on sensitive topics difficult to study in the field, we derived vignette-based measures of attitudes. Subjects read a description of an employee's encounter with a previously unhelpful coworker who subsequently requested help-in the form of a computer program or computer advice. The influence of prosocial attitudes and organizational norms is inferred from subjects' support of sharing despite the previous unhelpful behavior of the coworker. Experiments 1 and 3 demonstrated that greater self interest reduces support of sharing, but that a belief in organizational ownership of work encourages and mediates attitudes favoring sharing. Work experience and business schooling contribute to these attitudes. The theory asserts that information as expertise belongs to a special category of information that is part of people's identity and is self-expressive. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated that subjects felt computer expertise belonged more to its possessor than the computer program did but would share it more than the program. Hence, attitudes about information sharing depend on the form of the information. Sharing tangible information work may depend on prosocial attitudes and norms of organizational ownership; sharing expertise may depend on people's own self-expressive needs.
IMAGE OF THE COMMUNITY COLLEGE DURING THE 1970s: A STUDY OF PERCEPTIONS

This article resulted from a funded research study which secured data from which conclusions could be drawn about the extent to which the image of the public, two‐year college changed during the decade of the 1970s, and about possible reasons for such changes. Six significant groups of educators across the nation were surveyed to secure their perceptions of change in image of the public community college. Survey instruments were sent to 903 persons in those six groups; 55% of the instruments were returned. By more than six to one, respondents indicated a perceived significant change in image. Detailed responses to items in five areas of possible change were submitted by respondents. The areas which were studied included: growth and management; programs offered; faculty; students; and other changes in policies, programs, or procedures.
Peace profile: Paulo freire

Paulo Freire's work touched my life years before I ever remember hearing his name. In the summer of 1969 I was a U.S. high school student studying Spanish in Cuernavaca, Mexico. This school was like no other I had experienced; I noticed an exciting current, a vibrant spirit to the place that I had not witnessed before in an educational setting. It seemed odd that daily language lessons were mixed with evening discussions of individual and group responsibilities for social change, and that prominent figures from social movements were often in attendance ... but the discussions were interesting, the people fascinating, and the learning dynamic and exhilarating. Not until 13 years later did I discover the context for my experience: the school was founded by education reformer Ivan Illich, and was considered a hotbed of radical education as espoused by Brazilian educator Paulo Freire, whose approach to education was focused on the notion of lifelong learning for personal growth and social change. When I left ...
CT measurements of the anterior portions of the diaphragm with illustrative abnormal cases

Abstract One hundred and two adult patients without evidence of diaphragmatic disease were examined by computed tomography. Patients were excluded who had evidence of (1) neoplasma frequently associated with peritoneal implants, (2) liver metastases, (3) ascites, or (4) pleural effusions. The anterior portion of the right diaphragm lea.flet could be evaluated in thirteen patients and the left in 82. The normal range of diaphragm thickness was 1.2–28.6 mm on the left and 2.6–26 mm on the right. Causes for apparent increased thickness of the diaphragm leaflets are discussed and several abnormal cases illustrated.
Dynamic or Static Capabilities? Process Management Practices and Response to Technological Change†

Whether and how organizations adapt to changes in their environments has been a prominent theme in organization and strategy research. Within this research, there is controversy about whether organizational routines hamper or facilitate adaptation. Organizational routines give rise to inertia but are also the vehicles for change in recent work on dynamic capabilities. This rising interest in routines in research coincides with an increase in management practices focused on organizational routines and processes. This study explores how the increasing use of process management practices affected organizational response to a major technological change through new product developments. The empirical setting is the photography industry over a decade, during the shift from silver-halide chemistry to digital technology. The advent and rise of practices associated with the new ISO 9000 certification program in the 1990s coincided with increasing technological substitution in photography, allowing for assessing how increasing attention to routines through ISO 9000 practices over time affected ongoing responsiveness to the technological change. The study further compares the effects for the incumbent firms in the existing technology with nonincumbent firms entering from elsewhere. Relying on longitudinal panel data models as well as hazard models, findings show that greater process management practices dampened response to new generations of digital technology, but this effect differed for incumbents and nonincumbents. Increasing use of process management practices over time had a greater negative effect on incumbents' response to the rapid technological change. The study contributes to research in technological change by highlighting specific management practices that may create disconnects between firms' capabilities and changing environments and disadvantage incumbents in the face of radical technological change. This research also contributes to literature on organizational routines and capabilities. Studying the effects of increasing ISO 9000 practices undertaken in firms provides an opportunity to gauge the effects of systematic routinization of organizational activities and their effects on adaptation. This research also contributes to management practice. The promise of process management is to help firms adapt to changing environments, and, as such, managers facing technological change may adopt process management practices as a response to uncertainty and change. But managers must more fully understand the potential benefits and risks of process management to ensure these practices are used in the appropriate contexts.
Energy-transfer-based fiber optic metal ion biosensor

Recently, we have demonstrated a fluorescence-based fiber optic biosensor for zinc in aqueous solutions. Binding of zinc to the active site of human apocarbonic anhydrase II is transduced by subsequent binding of a fluorescent inhibitor, dansylamide, to the zinc in situ, resulting in large changes in the wavelength, quantum yield and lifetime of the danslamide emission. These fluorescence changes can be readily measured through optical fiber, and yield subnanometer detection limits and 50 dB dynamic range with excellent selectivity. However, the dansylamide is only excitable in the ultraviolet, a spectral regime where fiber optic attenuation is very high; longer wavelength fluorescent inhibitors akin to dansylamide are not yet available. Thus we chose a different transduction scheme wherein the enzyme is labeled with a suitable fluorescent tag and the inhibitor is colored, absorbing in the visible region. When zinc is bound the inhibitor can then bind, bringing it in close proximity to the fluorescent tag and allowing energy transfer to occur; the energy transfer can be followed by changes in intensity or, preferably, lifetime. Recent results using gas laser and laser diode excitation will be shown.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Microstructure-Level Model for the Prediction of Tool Failure in Coated WC-Co Cutting Tool Materials During Intermittent Cutting

A model to predict failure of coated WC-Co grades due to chipping in intermittent cutting via microstructure-level finite element machining process simulation is presented and applied to various coated WC-Co tools. Coated tools were examined for the characterization and simulation of their microstructures. Model predictions of failure due to chipping for coated WC-Co systems were validated by continuous machining tests. In order to simulate cyclic loading conditions during intermittent cutting, mechanical and thermal boundary conditions were applied during cutting phases and removed during noncutting phases. Interrupted turning experiments were conducted to validate the model, and the results showed that the predictions agreed well with the observations from the experiments. The paper includes the application of this model to a problem of WC-Co grade design.
The basal metabolic rate in essential hypertension

Abstract A study of 827 cases of hypertension, in which thyroid disease was excluded as accurately as possible by clinical methods, showed that the basal metabolic rates were elevated, to higher levels and more frequently, in patients with higher blood pressures than in those with less marked hypertension. No adequate explanation of this phenomenon is apparent, although in our opinion the thyroid gland itself is not responsible.
Daily fluoxetine administration impairs avoidance learning in the rat without altering sensory thresholds

Abstract 1. 1. Male rats given daily intraperitoneal injections of fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) were slower to escape foot shock by jumping a low barrier. 2. 2. When switched to a shuttle task requiring two crosses to terminate shock, the FLU-treated animals failed to learn in 55 trials. 3. 3. A second experiment found FLU-treated animals could learn a one-way avoidance response, but were significantly slower to learn than control animals. 4. 4. FLU-treated animals were no different than controls on tests of sensory thresholds for foot shock or heat. 5. 5. Tests of motor behaviors revealed no differences in latency to traverse a narrow beam to reach a goal box, however FLU-treated animals were less active in an open field. 6. 6. Several hypotheses can account for these data, the most promising being that a central motivational system (fear) is less active in FLU-treated animals.
Squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the penis successfully treated with imiquimod 5% cream

Abstract Background: Multiple treatments for squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCIS) of the penis have been used with variable success and morbidity. Surgery and destructive treatment modalities have significant risk of scarring, deformity, and impaired function. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether topical imiquimod 5% cream is a potentially effective treatment for SCCIS of the penis and to qualify treatment associated morbidity. Methods: The case of a patient with extensive penile SCCIS is reported. The patient was treated with topical imiquimod 5%, administered daily until blistering occurred (2 cycles). Biopsy specimens were obtained to confirm tumor clearance. Results: One month after therapy was completed, no clinical or histologic evidence of residual tumor was found. Adverse effects of imiquimod included localized tenderness and erythema. No evidence of scarring, deformity, loss of function, or tumor recurrence was noted 18 months after treatment. Conclusion: Imiquimod 5% cream may represent an alternative treatment option for SCCIS of the penis. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:545-8.)
Exploring the Association Between News Use and Social Capital

The current study assesses the association between news use and social capital—and whether this association varies by ethnicity and medium. Ordinary least square regression analysis indicates that social capital is predicted by newspaper exposure, but not TV national news exposure or TV local news exposure. In addition, there are two significant interaction terms between the news exposure measures and ethnicity in predicting social capital. First, the association between newspaper exposure and social capital is more positive for Whites than Latinos. Second, the association between TV national news exposure and social capital is less positive for Whites than Blacks. Of four potential contributory factors, the most viable factor is communication culture. Specifically, the relative oral and literate traditions of American ethnic groups are most suitable for explaining how the association between news use and social capital varies by ethnicity and medium.
The Personal Side of Street-Level Bureaucracy Discrimination or Neutral Competence?

Despite much evidence that municipal services are delivered mostly without significant class bias, suspicions remain that municipal administrators discriminate against the disadvantaged, particularly in one-to-one citizen-administrator interactions. This research develops evidence on that possibility by examining how helpfully and courteously citizens feel they have been treated on a broad range of contacts with the municipal bureaucracy in Cincinnati, Ohio. The findings suggest some areas of possible racial discrimination in bureaucratic treatment of citizens but no discrimination by income. In addition, much of the apparent racial discrimination results from blacks bringing more difficult problems to the bureaucracy, not from bureaucrats giving less consideration to blacks. Municipal administrators appear mostly to be exercising neutral competence in their dealings with citizens, and not always in a manner working to the disadvantage of blacks.
GPU accelerated variational methods for fast phononic eigenvalue solutions

In this paper we present a Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) accelerated variational formulation for fast phononic band-structure calculations. The thousands of parallel threads available on GPUs massively reduce the time taken to assemble the phononic eigenvalue problem for arbitrarily complex unit cells. The computation times then become bounded by the eigenvalue solution and if only a few eigenvalues are desired then the computation becomes linear in complexity. Since most of the current applications of phononic crystals require the calculation of only the first few eigenvalues, the GPU acceleration scheme presented in this paper promises to facilitate the solutions to currently tough phononic problems such as 3-D optimization and inverse solutions. The parallelization scheme and GPU application presented in this paper are not limited to the variational scheme used but can be easily extended to other phononic algorithms such as the Plane Wave Expansion method and also to the general eigenvalue solutions of elastodynamics.
A continuous materials flow production line model with station breakdown

Abstract A model of an unrealable two-station production line with an interstation buffer storage and continuous material flow is presented. Differential equations and boundary equations are found to determine the steady-state probabilities. The differential equations are solved analytically. Closed-form expressions are developed for the system availability and expected level of buffer. Limiting behaviour of production rate and expected level of the buffer for balanced and unbalanced cases are observed.
Gylany and planetary culture: A personal exploration

The emerging planetary culture is viewed from an autobiographical perspective. The author discusses the importance of complex thought (Morin) and the notions of gylany and partnership (Eisler) to address the need to develop a heterogeneous, diverse context which supports creativity and mutually beneficial relations. Systems‐theoretical and feminist approaches are brought to bear on the need to develop an ecology of creativity, which focuses not simply on individual genius but on the potential for creative collaboration. Ecological concerns are viewed in the context of our understanding of gender, creativity and progress.
Alkyl group dependence on structure and magnetic properties in layered cobalt coordination polymers containing substituted glutarate ligands and 4,4′-bipyridine

Five two-dimensional divalent cobalt coordination polymers containing 4,4'-bipyridine (bpy) and substituted or unsubstituted glutarate ligands have been prepared hydrothermally and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. [Co(mg)(bpy)]{sub n} (1, mg=3-methylglutarate) forms a (4,4) rhomboid grid structure based on the connection of {l_brace}Co{sub 2}(CO{sub 2}){sub 2}{r_brace} dimeric units. Using the more sterically encumbered ligands 3,3-dimethylglutarate (dmg) and 3-ethyl, 3-methylglutarate (emg) generated {l_brace}[Co(dmg)(bpy)(H{sub 2}O)].2H{sub 2}O{r_brace}{sub n} (2) and {l_brace}[Co(emg)(bpy)(H{sub 2}O)].H{sub 2}O{r_brace}{sub n} (3), respectively. These complexes manifest {l_brace}Co(CO{sub 2}){r_brace}{sub n} chains linked into 2-D by aliphatic dicarboxylate and bpy ligands. The 'tied-back' substituted glutarate ligand 1,1-cyclopentanediacetate (cda) afforded [Co(cda)(bpy)]{sub n} (4), and the unsubstituted glutarate (glu) generated [Co(glu)(bpy)]{sub n} (5), both of which exhibit a topology similar to that of 1. The magnetic properties of complexes 1-4 were analyzed successfully with a recently developed phenomenological chain model accounting for both magnetic coupling (J) and zero-field splitting effects (D), even though 1 and 4 contain isolated, discrete {l_brace}Co{sub 2}(CO{sub 2}){sub 2}{r_brace} dimers. The D parameter in this series varied between 21.8(8) and 48.0(9) cm{sup -1}. However weak antiferromagnetic coupling was observed in 1 (J=-2.43(4) cm{sup -1}) and 4 (J=-0.89(2) cm{sup -1}), while weak ferromagnetic coupling appears to be operative in both 2 (J=0.324(5)more » cm{sup -1}) and 3 (J=0.24(1) cm{sup -1}). - Five two-dimensional divalent cobalt coordination polymers containing 4,4'-bipyridine (bpy) and substituted or unsubstituted glutarate ligands have been prepared and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Three contain dimeric {l_brace}Co{sub 2}(CO{sub 2}){sub 2}{r_brace} units, while two manifest {l_brace}Co(CO{sub 2}){r_brace}{sub n} chains, depending on the steric bulk of the substituent. The magnetic properties of the complexes were analyzed successfully with a recently developed phenomenological chain model accounting for both magnetic coupling (J) and zero-field splitting effects (D).« less
Legitimacy as a capital asset of the state

Are states confronted with ongoing threats to their political authority?' In polities where political markets are electorally contestable (i.e., political leaders are elected), there is of course the ever-present threat of political displacement via the vote. Answering this question for an autocratic political system would be far more difficult. Much would depend upon the particular conditions which characterize the relations between specific autocracies and their societies.
Optimization Design on Dynamic Reliability of a Tension Bar

This template explains and demonstrates how to prepare your camera-ready paper for Trans Tech Publications. The best is to read these instructions and follow the outline of this text. The variation rules of strength, load, and reliability of mechanical components are studied with a change in time, and a model is established for dynamic reliability of mechanical components under the random load acting. By combining the theory of reliability design with the method of sensitivity analysis, the computational method of dynamic reliability sensitivity design with arbitrary distribution parameter is proposed based on the methods Edgeworth and perturbation, and the problem of dynamic reliability sensitivity design of mechanical components distributed arbitrary distribution is solved as well as the variation rules of dynamic reliability sensitivity are given. The variation of reliability is studied as design parameters change a little, which provides theoretical data for dynamic reliability design of mechanical components.
Effects of canopy defoliation in the dark on the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase

Summary Short-term experiments were conducted with vegetative soybean plants ( Glycine max L. Merrill, cv. ‘Ransom’) to determine whether source-sink manipulations in the dark affected the apparent rate of starch mobilization and the activities of several enzymes involved in sucrose metabolism. When ‘demand’ for sucrose from a particular source leaf was increased in the dark by defoliation of all other source leaves, leaf sucrose-content was reduced initially, but the rate of starch mobilization was unaffected relative to intact controls. Defoliation altered the magnitude of the diurnal rhythm in sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity such that the activity of SPS was markedly greater in defoliated plants relative to the controls. In contrast defoliation had no effect on the activities of sucrose synthase, cytosolic fructose bisphosphatase, and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. The rate of sucrose formation in the dark was apparently limited by the rate of starch mobilization, and could not be increased by short-term changes in the demand for sucrose.
Cooperation and Its Evolution

Cooperation and Its Evolution is a collection of 26 newly written essays. Four of the essays are by the editors of the volume. The book is divided into two sections: “Agents and Environments” and “...
US affiliates, infrastructure and growth: A simultaneous investigation of critical mass

A structural model of a small open economy is developed that demonstrates how the impacts of infrastructure on GDP, factor productivity, and multinational industrial location can be decomposed into direct and indirect general equilibrium effects. The model is then estimated on a panel of 28 countries and it is found that schools and telecommunications have a positive and significant direct effect on domestic growth and that there are greater marginal returns for countries with higher investment levels; a result that is suggestive of a critical mass story. However, once spurious correlation of firm location and the indirect effects through wages and multinational activity are accounted for, the total effects of telecommunications and schools on growth are found to be higher than direct estimates would suggest. The results reveal important implications for understanding the channels through which infrastructure influences growth.
Morphology and connections of intratrigeminal cells and axons in the macaque monkey

Trigeminal primary afferent fibers have small receptive fields and discrete submodalities, but second order trigeminal neurons often display larger receptive fields with complex, multimodal responses. Moreover, while most large caliber afferents terminate exclusively in the principal trigeminal nucleus, and pars caudalis (sVc) of the spinal trigeminal nucleus receives almost exclusively small caliber afferents, the characteristics of second order neurons do not always reflect this dichotomy. These surprising characteristics may be due to a network of intratrigeminal connections modifying primary afferent contributions. This study characterizes the distribution and morphology of intratrigeminal cells and axons in a macaque monkeys. Tracer injections centered in the principal nucleus (pV) and adjacent pars oralis retrogradely labeled neurons bilaterally in pars interpolaris (sVi), but only ipsilaterally, in sVc. Labeled axons terminated contralaterally within sVi and caudalis. Features of the intratrigeminal cells in ipsilateral sVc suggest that both nociceptive and non-nociceptive neurons project to principalis. A commissural projection to contralateral principalis was also revealed. Injections into sVc labeled cells and terminals in pV and pars oralis on both sides, indicating the presence of bilateral reciprocal connections. Labeled terminals and cells were also present bilaterally in sVi and in contralateral sVc. Interpolaris injections produced labeling patterns similar to those of sVc. Thus, the rostral and caudal poles of the macaque trigeminal complex are richly interconnected by ipsilateral ascending and descending connections providing an anatomical substrate for complex analysis of oro-facial stimuli. Sparser reciprocal crossed intratrigeminal connections may be important for conjugate reflex movements, such as the corneal blink reflex.
Maturation of projections from occipital cortex to the ventrolateral geniculate and superior colliculus in postnatal hamsters

Abstract The development of corticofugal axons from the posterior cortex of young (ages P3–P11, P15 and P22) and adult Syrian hamsters was investigated by anterograde axonal transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). On P3 and P4, 30 h after tracer was deposited in the cortex, the HRP reaction product was observed in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body and in the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, but no labeled axons were observed in the ventral nucleus of the lateral geniculate body (LGBv) until P5. Axon arborization, indicated by a granular precipitate scattered throughout the LGBv was light on P6 and robust on P7. Adult-like patterns of cortico-LGBv innervation were present by P11. The time course for the development of corticotectal fibers was similar to that for the cortico-LGBv projection: labeled cortical efferents were present in the pretectum on P5, but these did not enter the optic fiber layer of the superior colliculus (SC) until the following day (P6). Substantial invasion of the superficial gray layer, resulting from possible arborization of cortical axons in the optic fiber layer, occurred on P9. An adult-like distribution was evident by P11. Thus, corticofugal efferents to the LGBv and to the SC follow a similar developmental sequence, with the LGBv afferents maturing slightly earlier. There appears to be, however, a significant difference in the ‘waiting periods’ for the two systems. Compared to the time course of retinal axon development in both targets, the cortical efferents mature several days later.
Handling Procedures and the Quality of Fresh Raw Snow Crab (Chionoecetes opilio)

Abstract A controlled study was conducted, under commercial conditions, to assess the effect of five different procedures of handling and storing snow crab on the open decks of fishing vessels. Upon arrival at the processing plant, crab, handled by the different methods, were assessed as lively, weak, critically weak, dead, or decomposed. Depending upon the day on which the crab were caught, the quality of crab stored in insulated containers with ice underneath false bottoms and with middle/top ice was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) superior to the quality of crab handled and stored using most of the other four methods. In addition, it was the only method which was not significantly affected by the day on which the crab was caught (89% to 97% of the crab were lively and only 0% to 4% were dead/decomposed).
Asymptotically optimal quantizers for detection of i.i.d

The asymptotic probability of error for quantization in maximum-likelihood tests is analyzed. The authors assume quantizers with large numbers of levels generated from a companding function. A theorem that relates the companding function to the asymptotic probability of error is proved. The companding function is then optimized. >
Familial hand abnormality and sensori-neural deafness: a new syndrome.

A family is presented in which an arthrogrypotic-like hand abnormality has been manifest in 5 generations. Seven of 12 affected persons have an associated sensori-neural hearing loss. There is considerable variation in the severity of both the hand deformity and the hearing loss. No similar association of these two anomalies can be found in the literature. The importance of recognizing congenital malformations which may alert the physician to an unsuspected hearing loss is stressed.
PLAYING GAMES IN LOGIC AND REASONING IN LIBERAL ARTS MATHEMATICS AND GETTING STUDENTS' WORK PUBLISHED

ABSTRACT This paper describes two classroom activities and a project that supplement a Liberal Arts Mathematics course's coverage of logic and reasoning. The first classroom activity introduces the writing of inductive and deductive arguments, and the second activity involves analyzing a guest speaker's arguments. The project consists of using logic and reasoning to write an editorial for a newspaper and includes a large bonus for getting it published. These exercises were not only instructional for both the students and the instructor, but also very rewarding and surprisingly fun.
Quantitation of Human Papillomavirus DNA in Plasma of Oropharyngeal Carcinoma Patients

Purpose To determine whether human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA can be detected in the plasma of patients with HPV-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma (OPC) and to monitor its temporal change during radiotherapy. Methods and Materials We used polymerase chain reaction to detect HPV DNA in the culture media of HPV-positive SCC90 and VU147T cells and the plasma of SCC90 and HeLa tumor-bearing mice, non-tumor-bearing controls, and those with HPV-negative tumors. We used real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to quantify the plasma HPV DNA in 40 HPV-positive OPC, 24 HPV-negative head-and-neck cancer patients and 10 non-cancer volunteers. The tumor HPV status was confirmed by p16 INK4a staining and HPV16/18 polymerase chain reaction or HPV in situ hybridization. A total of 14 patients had serial plasma samples for HPV DNA quantification during radiotherapy. Results HPV DNA was detectable in the plasma samples of SCC90- and HeLa-bearing mice but not in the controls. It was detected in 65% of the pretreatment plasma samples from HPV-positive OPC patients using E6/7 quantitative polymerase chain reaction. None of the HPV-negative head-and-neck cancer patients or non-cancer controls had detectable HPV DNA. The pretreatment plasma HPV DNA copy number correlated significantly with the nodal metabolic tumor volume (assessed using 18 F-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography). The serial measurements in 14 patients showed a rapid decline in HPV DNA that had become undetectable at radiotherapy completion. In 3 patients, the HPV DNA level had increased to a discernable level at metastasis. Conclusions Xenograft studies indicated that plasma HPV DNA is released from HPV-positive tumors. Circulating HPV DNA was detectable in most HPV-positive OPC patients. Thus, plasma HPV DNA might be a valuable tool for identifying relapse.
Estrogen-induced Expression of Fos-related Antigen 1 (FRA-1) Regulates Uterine Stromal Differentiation and Remodeling

Concerted actions of estrogen and progesterone via their cognate receptors orchestrate changes in the uterine tissue, regulating implantation during early pregnancy. The uterine stromal cells undergo steroid-dependent differentiation into morphologically and functionally distinct decidual cells, which support embryonic growth and survival. The hormone-regulated pathways underlying this unique cellular transformation are not fully understood. Previous studies in the mouse revealed that, following embryo attachment, de novo synthesis of estrogen by the decidual cells is critical for stromal differentiation. In this study we report that Fos-related antigen 1 (FRA-1), a member of the Fos family of transcription factors, is a downstream target of regulation by intrauterine estrogen. FRA-1 expression was localized in the differentiating uterine stromal cells surrounding the implanted embryo. Attenuation of estrogen receptor α (Esr1) expression by siRNA mediated silencing in primary uterine stromal cells suppressed FRA-1 expression. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated direct recruitment of ESR1 to an estrogen response element in the Fra-1 promoter. Down-regulation of Fra-1 expression during in vitro decidualization blocked stromal differentiation and resulted in a marked decrease in stromal cell migration. Interestingly, FRA-1 controls the expression of matrix metalloproteinases MMP9 and MMP13, which are critical modulators of stromal extracellular matrix remodeling. Collectively, these results suggest that FRA-1, induced in response to estrogen signaling via ESR1, is a key regulator of stromal differentiation and remodeling during early pregnancy.
Evaluation of Cryogenic Flow Meters: An Example in Non-Standard Experimental Design and Analysis

A number of difficult problems in experimental design and analysis were afforded by an experiment to evaluate the precision and accuracy of a new facility for calibrating cryogenic flow meters. Time order was an important variable, but could not be economically randomized. The design space was not rectangular and two important variables were intrinsically highly correlated. The resulting data had outliers, cycles, unexpected shifts and other dilticultics. This report chronicals the evolution of the design of the experiments and the analysis of the results.
The complexity of amphibian population declines: understanding the role of cofactors in driving amphibian losses

Population losses and extinctions of species are occurring at unprecedented rates, as exemplified by declines and extinctions of amphibians worldwide. However, studies of amphibian population declines generally do not address the complexity of the phenomenon or its implications for ecological communities, focusing instead on single factors affecting particular amphibian species. We argue that the causes for amphibian population declines are complex; may differ among species, populations, and life stages within a population; and are context dependent with multiple stressors interacting to drive declines. Because amphibians are key components of communities, we emphasize the importance of investigating amphibian declines at the community level. Selection pressures over evolutionary time have molded amphibian life history characteristics, such that they may remain static even in the face of strong, recent human-induced selection pressures.