cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synchrotron radiation and high pressure: new light on materials under extreme conditions

With the steady development of static high-pressure techniques in recent years, it is now possible to probe in increasing detail the novel behavior of materials subjected to extreme conditions of multimegabar pressures (>300 GPa) and temperatures from cryogenic states to thousands of degrees. By and large, the growth in this area has been made possible by accelerating developments in diamond-anvil cell methods coupled with new synchrotron radiation techniques. Significant advances have occurred in high-pressure powder and single-crystal diffraction, spectroscopy, inelastic scattering, radiography, and infrared spectroscopy. A brief overview of selected highlights in each of these classes of experiments is presented that illustrate both the state-of-the-art as well as current technical and scientific challenges. The experiments have been made possible by the development of a spectrum of new techniques at both third- and second-generation high-energy sources together with key advances in high-pressure technology. The results have implications for a variety of problems in physics, chemistry, materials science, geoscience, planetary science, and biology.
Development of Pulmonary Arteriovenous Fistulae in Children After Cavopulmonary Shunt

Background The cavopulmonary shunt procedure is now used for palliation of complex congenital heart lesions in infants. While pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae (PAVF) are a well-known complication of this surgery in older patients, no study of the prevalence of this condition in children and young infants has been reported. Methods and Results We compared 29 patients with cavopulmonary shunts or total caval exclusion with 53 control subjects evaluated by contrast echocardiography at the University of California, San Francisco. The primary cardiac lesion, age at the time of surgery, type of right heart bypass procedure, provision of auxiliary pulmonary blood flow, and changes in oxygen saturation over time were compared. The prevalence of PAVF in children after cavopulmonary anastomosis is 60%, higher than previously reported. The prevalence is significantly higher in infants <6 months old and in those with a heterotaxy syndrome. The provision of an additional source of pulsatile, pulmonary blood flow appea...
Neuropeptide Y Is Produced by Adipose Tissue Macrophages and Regulates Obesity-Induced Inflammation

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is induced in peripheral tissues such as adipose tissue with obesity. The mechanism and function of NPY induction in fat are unclear. Given the evidence that NPY can modulate inflammation, we examined the hypothesis that NPY regulates the function of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) in response to dietary obesity in mice. NPY was induced by dietary obesity in the stromal vascular cells of visceral fat depots from mice. Surprisingly, the induction of Npy was limited to purified ATMs from obese mice. Significant basal production of NPY was observed in cultured bone marrow derived macrophage and dendritic cells (DCs) and was increased with LPS stimulation. In vitro, addition of NPY to myeloid cells had minimal effects on their activation profiles. NPY receptor inhibition promoted DC maturation and the production of IL-6 and TNFα suggesting an anti-inflammatory function for NPY signaling in DCs. Consistent with this, NPY injection into lean mice decreased the quantity of M1-like CD11c+ ATMs and suppressed Ly6chi monocytes. BM chimeras generated from Npy−/− donors demonstrated that hematopoietic NPY contributes to the obesity-induced induction of Npy in fat. In addition, loss of Npy expression from hematopoietic cells led to an increase in CD11c+ ATMs in visceral fat with high fat diet feeding. Overall, our studies suggest that NPY is produced by a range of myeloid cells and that obesity activates the production of NPY in adipose tissue macrophages with autocrine and paracrine effects.
Clinical Precision of the Rinne Test

The precision of the Rinne test at 128-2048 Hz was studied in 100 ears with confirmed conductive pathologies. The number of negative (diagnostic) Rinnes decreased significantly with fall in frequency. While there were significantly more negative than positive Rinnes at 128 and 256 Hz, there were significantly more positive results at higher frequencies; indicating that the Rinne is not reliably diagnostic above 256 Hz. However, the possibility of vibrotactile responses must be remembered with low frequency tuning forks. Also, conductive lesions manifested as high tone air-bone gaps will not be identified with low frequency Rinne tests. Air-bone gaps of 25 to 40 dB, depending on frequency, are necessary for the Rinne to identify the presence of conductive components in most cases. Gaps of 25-30 dB for 128 Hz; 35-40 dB for 256 Hz; 55-60 dB for 512 Hz; and 45-50 dB for 1024 Hz, are necessary for the Rinne to meet a 75% correct detection criterion. The 2o48 Hz Rinne does not attain even chance detection. The Rinne test cannot be validly employed as a criterion against which other measures can be evaluated.
Characteristics of complementary and alternative medicine use among adults with current asthma, 2006.

Background. Prevalence estimates of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among persons with asthma vary widely; prior studies reported that patients do not discuss CAM use with their ph...
Collagen injections for urinary stress incontinence in a small urban urology practice: time to failure analysis of 99 cases.

AbstractPurpose: We examined the durability of collagen injection response for female incontinence using Kaplan-Meier survival statistics and the log rank test.Materials and Methods: A total of 99 women 26 to 84 years old (mean age 60) underwent collagen injections for urethral incompetence. In this retrospective chart audit treatment failures were analyzed using survival statistics. In addition, we conducted a sensitivity analysis of the data using a worst and best case model to account for variability of the data due to the high amount of censored observations.Results: Mean incidence of success was 56% with a mean followup of 9.5 months (95% confidence interval 0.17 to 24.6). Median duration of success was 4.7 months (95% confidence interval 3.4 to 5.9). Of the 10 time to failure function comparisons only cystometric incontinence classification had a statistically significant predictive value for treatment failures (p = 0.003). The survival analysis curve provided a 13% success probability at 18 months ...
Hemodynamic assessment of patients with low-flow, low-gradient valvular aortic stenosis.

In aortic stenosis (AS), conventional indexes of severity vary with changes in transvalvular flow. It is important to determine the true severity of obstruction because AS in the presence of low cardiac output and low gradient is associated with high mortality during aortic valve replacement. This study compares 3 indexes of stenosis severity at different transvalvular flow rates in patients with low-flow, low-gradient critical AS. Eight patients with critical AS (valve area ≤0.7 cm2), low cardiac output (<4.0 L/min), and low mean transvalvular gradient (≤40 mm Hg) underwent hemodynamic assessment at baseline, after transvalvular flow was augmented with dobutamine, and after the valve opening was increased with percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty. Severity of obstruction was assessed using 3 different measures: Gorlin formula calculated valve area, valvular resistance, and percentage left ventricular stroke work loss. Dobutamine infusion increased cardiac output by 35% and mean transvalvular gradient by 27%. The mean Gorlin formula calculated aortic valve area increased from 0.5 to 0.6 cm2 (p = 0.002). Percentage left ventricular stroke work loss increased from 23% to 28% (p = 0.03). Valve resistance was unchanged by dobutamine (350 to 310 dynes × sec × cm−5; p = NS). Balloon valvuloplasty increased cardiac output 13% and decreased the gradient 31%; this resulted in an increase in the calculated valve area from 0.6 to 0.9 cm2 (p = 0.001). Percentage left ventricular stroke work loss decreased from 28% to 20% (p = 0.002), and valve resistance decreased from 310 to 181 dynes × sec × cm−5 (p = 0.001) after valvuloplasty. We conclude that in patients with low-flow, low-gradient critical AS, valve resistance is the most flow-independent measure of severity of stenosis. All measures improve with percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty. (Am J Cardiol 1996;78:657–661)
TMBB-DB

Motivation: We previously reported the development of a highly accurate statistical algorithm for identifying β-barrel outer membrane proteins or transmembrane β-barrels (TMBBs), from genomic sequence data of Gram-negative bacteria (Freeman,T.C. and Wimley,W.C. (2010) Bioinformatics, 26, 1965–1974). We have now applied this identification algorithm to all available Gram-negative bacterial genomes (over 600 chromosomes) and have constructed a publicly available, searchable, up-to-date, database of all proteins in these genomes. Results: For each protein in the database, there is information on (i) β-barrel membrane protein probability for identification of β-barrels, (ii) β-strand and β-hairpin propensity for structure and topology prediction, (iii) signal sequence score because most TMBBs are secreted through the inner membrane translocon and, thus, have a signal sequence, and (iv) transmembrane α-helix predictions, for reducing false positive predictions. This information is sufficient for the accurate identification of most β-barrel membrane proteins in these genomes. In the database there are nearly 50 000 predicted TMBBs (out of 1.9 million total putative proteins). Of those, more than 15 000 are ‘hypothetical’ or ‘putative’ proteins, not previously identified as TMBBs. This wealth of genomic information is not available anywhere else. Availability: The TMBB genomic database is available at http://beta-barrel.tulane.edu/. Contact: wwimley@tulane.edu
Robust Global Translations with 1DSfM

We present a simple, effective method for solving structure from motion problems by averaging epipolar geometries. Based on recent successes in solving for global camera rotations using averaging schemes, we focus on the problem of solving for 3D camera translations given a network of noisy pairwise camera translation directions (or 3D point observations). To do this well, we have two main insights. First, we propose a method for removing outliers from problem instances by solving simpler low-dimensional subproblems, which we refer to as 1DSfM problems. Second, we present a simple, principled averaging scheme. We demonstrate this new method in the wild on Internet photo collections.
Predicting length of stay and conversion to open cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis using the 2013 Tokyo Guidelines in a US population.

Background The 2013 Tokyo Guidelines (TG13) for acute cholecystitis have not been studied extensively in US populations. Methods A retrospective review of patients with acute cholecystitis within a single system from 2009 to 2013 was performed. The diagnosis and severity of acute cholecystitis were assigned by the TG13. The primary outcome measures were length of stay and conversion to open cholecystectomy. Results Four hundred and forty-five patients with acute cholecystitis were studied. For all patients, length of stay (P < 0.001), disposition to home (P < 0.001), and morbidity (P = 0.003) were related to increasing TG13 grade. For surgical patients (n = 256), worsened outcomes with increasing TG13 grade were seen for conversion to open (P = 0.001), operative duration (P < 0.001), length of stay (P < 0.001), disposition to home (P < 0.001), and readmission (P = 0.037). On multivariate analysis, TG13 grade was an independent predictor of increasing length of stay (P = 0.009) and conversion to open surgery (grade 2: OR 7.63 (2.25–25.90), grade 3: OR 24.2 (5.0–116.37)). Conclusions Wide adoption of the TG13 in the US can better inform patients, hospital systems, and payers of the expected outcomes of acute cholecystitis.
Number Sense Growth in Kindergarten: A Longitudinal Investigation of Children at Risk for Mathematics Difficulties

Number sense development of 411 middle- and low-income kindergartners (mean age 5.8 years) was examined over 4 time points while controlling for gender, age, and reading skill. Although low-income children performed significantly worse than middle-income children at the end of kindergarten on all tasks, both groups progressed at about the same rate. An exception was story problems, on which the low-income group achieved at a slower rate; both income groups made comparable progress when the same problems were presented nonverbally with visual referents. Holding other predictors constant, there were small but reliable gender effects favoring boys on overall number sense performance as well as on nonverbal calculation. Using growth mixture modeling, 3 classes of growth trajectories in number sense emerged.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef Protein Targets CD4 to the Multivesicular Body Pathway

The Nef protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 downregulates the CD4 coreceptor from the surface of host cells by accelerating the rate of CD4 endocytosis through a clathrin/AP-2 pathway. Herein, we report that Nef has the additional function of targeting CD4 to the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway for eventual delivery to lysosomes. This targeting involves the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery. Perturbation of this machinery does not prevent removal of CD4 from the cell surface but precludes its lysosomal degradation, indicating that accelerated endocytosis and targeting to the MVB pathway are separate functions of Nef. We also show that both CD4 and Nef are ubiquitinated on lysine residues, but this modification is dispensable for Nef-induced targeting of CD4 to the MVB pathway.
Correlation between iron staining of infant livers and amount of iron estimated chemically.

172 liver samples from infants were analysed chemically for iron concentration, and histochemically for the presence of iron staining. A closer correlation was found between the amount of iron estimated chemically, and the presence of diffuse cytoplasmic staining than with the presence of granular staining. At levels of less than 5 mg/100 gm there was neither granular nor cytoplasmic staining present. Cytoplasmic staining was found in all sections from livers with an iron concentration of more than 30 mg/100 gm. Granular staining was not always seen above a level of 30 mg/100 gm, and some sections from livers with iron concentrations as high as 41 and 58 mg/100 gm, showed only cytoplasmic staining.
Effects of Development of Compensatory Hypertrophy on Force Frequency and Beta-Adrenergic Responses

Background: The progression to heart failure involves two steps: compensatory hypertrophy, a process where contractile function is enhanced and myocyte size is enlarged, is followed by decompensatory hypertrophy and myocardial weakening. In our current study we aim to understand the temporal resolution of the development of compensatory hypertrophy through the analysis of functional and molecular changes. At present, we are assessing the impact of these changes on contractile modulators through analysis of effects on frequency and beta-adrenergic regulation.Methods: Trabeculae are excised from the right ventricular free wall of New Zealand White rabbits. Thin linear muscle preparations are then suspended in culture media at high preload and stimulated to contract for up to 24 hours at 1 Hz. At 0-2, 6-8, 12, 18, or 24 hours the effects on either frequency-dependent or beta-adrenergic regulation are measured. Data is analyzed in real-time through customized Labview software.Results: We have shown that during the progression of compensatory hypertrophy the beta-adrenergic response shifts to the left indicating a higher sensitivity with increasing culture time. Changes in frequency from 1 to 4 Hz of trabeculae cultured from 0-24 hours lead to an increase in developed force of 37% at 0-2 hours (n=5), 53% at 6-8 hours (n=7), 20% at 12 hours (n=6), 30% at 18 hours (n=6) and a decrease of 69% at 24 hours (n=4). This suggests that the contractile reserve decreases with consideration of protein characteristics governing the force-frequency relationship. However, the molecular alterations involved in the beta-adrenergic response lead to an increase in sensitivity. By following contractile function over time, and assessing the impact of physiologically relevant modulators of function, we will obtain a temporal resolution of cardiac function in its transition from the healthy to the diseased state.
Use of the Visual Form Discrimination test with geriatric urban medical inpatients

Abstract The suitability of Benton's Visual Form Discrimination Test (VFD) for detecting cognitive dysfunction among urban geriatric medical inpatients was investigated in a pilot study of 61 patients. Significantly higher VFD scores were found in a group of cognitively intact subjects than were found in a group of demented subjects. Both groups, however, demonstrated lower mean scores than were reported in the original normative sample. At the 90% and 80% specificity levels, sensitivity levels of 67% and 74% were found respectively. The VFD appears to be a promising tool for assessing cognitive functioning in geriatric medical patients.
An update on North American boar stud practices

This survey included 44 boar studs from Canada and the USA with a total of approximately 10,000 boars. Studs with 51-500 boars accounted for 84% of respondents. More than 90% of boars were housed in stalls. Evaporative and mechanical cooling systems predominated and boars were typically fed based on body condition. The predominant age of boars was 1-2 years with annual culling rates between 20 and 70%. The primary reasons for culling included genetic improvement, semen quality and feet and leg issues. Collection occurred commonly on Mondays and Thursdays and boars were rested 3-7 days between collections. The average sperm produced per boar per week was 51-150 billions and resulted in 21-40 doses per boar per week. Most studs collected boars using double gloves and disposable cups or liners and used pre-warmed containers. Ejaculate pooling was practiced by >60% of studs. Evaluation of semen for motility was performed with 0-5min of warming in extender with viewing at 100-400x magnification. Concentration estimation occurred by photometer and CASA for 88% of studs. Ejaculate discard occurred for reasons of poor motility, abnormal sperm and bacteria. Most studs retained extended samples for 3-7 days for quality control. Discard rates were most common between 1 and 10% and were related to individual boar and season. Doses of semen contained 2-4 billion sperms, with final sperm numbers adjusted for fertile sperm and packaged as doses in tubes and bags with 60-100mL.
Ethnic Concentration and Bank Use in Immigrant Communities

Despite the many benefits of bank use, large portions of the U.S. population remain unbanked. One of the largest is immigrants, where the incidence of being unbanked is over 13% higher than among natives in 2001. We document growth in the nativity gap in bank use over time. We also test the importance of immigrant enclaves, defined as areas with high concentrations of immigrants from the same region, in explaining the increasing differential in bank use. Combining data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, Census, and FDIC we find that immigrants living in enclaves are significantly less likely to have a bank account. We take steps to isolate one particular channel through which this might operate: the use of informal financial services provided by co-ethnics in enclaves. The results suggest that demand-side preferences may have power in explaining the persistence of the nativity gap in bank use in the United States.
PRODUCT LINE RIVALRY

We analyse how product line rivalry by multi-product oligopolists is affected by market size and product substitutability. We show that the width and degree of overlap in competing product lines is determined by the tension between two effects: the drive to ‘be where the demand is’ and the desire to weaken competition and intra-firm product cannibalization. Product lines are shown to be wider and more overlapped in large markets and when product substitutability is weak. Our analysis suggests that firms can increase their profits by agreeing not to overlap their product lines.
Clostridium taeniosporum is a close relative of the Clostridium botulinum Group II

Abstract Clostridium taeniosporum is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped non-toxigenic organism isolated from Crimean lake silt. It is unique in forming spores from which about twelve large, flat, ribbon-like appendages emanate. These ribbon-like structures, about 4.5 μm long and 0.45 μm wide, are assembled from smaller fibrils with 5 nm diameter spherical heads attached to thin tails about 1–2 nm in diameter and about 40 nm in length. The appendages have four major components, a glycoprotein with a collagen-like region, two proteins each of which contains two conserved domains of unknown function, and an ortholog of the Bacillus subtilis spore morphogenetic protein SpoVM. Genes for three of these and other, possibly related proteins, cluster on two chromosome fragments. Here we report that C. taeniosporum is saccharolytic, non-proteolytic, and produces both acetic and butyric acid fermentation products. It synthesizes α- d -glucosidase and N-acetyl-β, d -glucoseaminidase constitutively. These physiological properties are similar to those of the C. botulinum Group II. Genotypically, C. taeniosporum is also closely related to the same Group II, based on 16S rDNA sequences. C. taeniosporum differs from typical C. botulinum Group II strains because it is non-toxigenic and in forming the ribbon-like spore appendages. These major differences among otherwise closely related organisms suggest lateral transfer of genes for appendage synthesis and for toxigenicity.
Genetic modifications of pigs for medicine and agriculture.

SUMMARY Genetically modified swine hold great promise in the fields of agriculture and medicine. Currently, these swine are being used to optimize production of quality meat, to improve our understanding of the biology of disease resistance, and to reduced waste. In the field of biomedicine, swine are anatomically and physiologically analogous to humans. Alterations of key swine genes in disease pathways provide model animals to improve our understanding of the causes and potential treatments of many human genetic disorders. The completed sequencing of the swine genome will significantly enhance the specificity of genetic modifications, and allow for more accurate representations of human disease based on syntenic genes between the two species. Improvements in both methods of gene alteration and efficiency of model animal production are key to enabling routine use of these swine models in medicine and agriculture.
Understanding the Role of Metal-Modified Mo(110) Bimetallic Surfaces for C–O/C═O and C–C Bond Scission in C3 Oxygenates

Bond scission of C–O/C═O, C–C, and C–H from oxygenates on Mo(110), Ni/Mo(110), and Co/Mo(110) has been investigated via density functional theory (DFT) calculations, temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). Propanal and 1-propanol are used as probe molecules for biomass-derived oxygenates due to their relatively high vapor pressures, allowing their easy introduction into UHV systems. DFT results predict that the binding energy trend of propanal and 1-propanol is Mo(110) > Co/Mo(110) > Ni/Mo(110), which suggests that binding energies are reduced by the modification of Mo(110) with Ni and Co admetals. TPD and HREELS results show that bond scission activity and selectivity can be tuned upon admetal modification of Mo(110). For both molecules, Mo(110) shows a highly selective deoxygenation pathway toward C–O/C═O bond scission to produce propene, while bimetallic surfaces instead exhibit a higher activity for C–C and C–H bond scission. Among the t...
A continuous analysis for patient safety (CAPS) mechanism to secure a daily focus and analysis of patient safety issues to drive system improvement

Aim Traditional adverse event reporting systems under record the true incidence of system errors. Granular detail is often lost from organisation memory due to the time lag for investigation and feedback, disengaging reporters and dissipating the opportunity to learn. We describe a simple method to record errors that keeps the clinical team connected, retaining ownership of system safety, allowing rapid local analysis and focus on system improvements. Method Over three weeks, ward rounds on renal patients on a mixed paediatric subspecialty ward included a consultant-led question about system safety issues for each in-patient. Details of errors were recorded in casenotes under ‘Patient Safety’ then categorised using the mnemonic ‘MR PICO’ (table 1). Interrogation of the system as to why and how each error occurred can be performed at the time. Comparison was made with existing reporting tools. Results Daily CAPS were reliably recorded in all in-patients casenotes during the test period. 63 system errors leading to 18 harm events were recorded over 101 patient days (table 2). 98% of errors were judged preventable. Every in-patient experienced at least one system error. Nine quality improvement projects were generated by learning from selected errors. Compared to CAPS, electronic trust reporting system (DATIX) and paediatric global triggering tool (pGTT) captured only 3-11% of errors. Conclusion Error rates captured by CAPS accurately reflect the true incidence rather than relying on the willingness of staff to report to a remote system. This transparent mechanism secures a daily system safety conversation that we envisage will affect culture change towards an increasingly safer system of care.
The experimental production of the maternal part of the placenta in the rabbit.1

In a former communication2 I stated that I had been able to produce at will, decidual tumors in the uterus of the guinea-pig by making deep incisions into the wall of the uterus, at certain periods of the sexual cycle. The nodules thus produced belong to that class of formations which I designated as “transitory tumors.” Since then, further investigations3 have demonstrated that these deciduomata are produced under the influence of an internal secretion of the ovaries. There are indications that it is the corpus luteum which produces this internal secretion. If such a “preparing substance” has been secreted by the ovaries, indifferent stimuli are sufficient to call forth the development of the deciduomata. In the guinea-pig the new formations show a structure identical with that of the decidua. Large cells of connective tissue origin show an epithelial arrangement. The nuclei of many cells are hypertrophic, the cytoplasm is, on the whole, solid, and stains well with eosin. The decidual tissue of the place...
The path to eradication: a progress report on the malaria-eliminating countries

Summary In the past several years, as worldwide morbidity and mortality due to malaria have continued to decrease, the global malaria community has grown increasingly supportive of the idea of malaria eradication. In 2015, three noteworthy global documents were released—the WHO's Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016–2030, the Roll Back Malaria Partnership's Action and Investment to defeat Malaria 2016–2030, and From Aspiration to Action: What Will It Take to End Malaria?—that collectively advocate for malaria elimination and eradication and outline key operational, technical, and financial strategies to achieve progress toward malaria eradication. In light of this remarkable change in global attitudes toward malaria elimination and eradication, and as the malaria community debates how and when to embark on this ambitious goal, it is important to assess current progress along the path to eradication. Although low-income, high-burden countries are often the focus when discussing the substantial challenges of eradication, the progress toward elimination in middle-income, low-burden countries is a major driver of global progress and deserves better recognition. Additionally, although global support and guidance is essential for success, malaria elimination and eradication efforts will ultimately be driven at the country level and achieved in a collaborative manner, region by region. In this Review, we examine the present status of the 35 malaria-eliminating countries, summarise existing national and regional elimination goals and the regional frameworks that support them, and identify the most crucial enabling factors and potential barriers to achieving eradication by a theoretical end date of 2040.
Land Cost,Return of Scale and Industrial Spatial Transfer

Based on the standpoints of new economic geography,some new thoughts are put forward:the increase of production factor cost and free-ness of trade will weaken the function of home market effect;there exists an interdependent relationship between the elasticity of substitution of consumer goods and expenditure share on industrial goods;although the change of people's expectations brings about influence on economic activities,it is not enough to convert the endogenous regional equilibrium.Along with rise of free-ness of trade,the firm has ability to pay higher production factor cost and the alteration of land cost is positive in relation to industrial agglomeration.The improvement of demand environment and supply environment is of equal importance for developing regional economy in a well-coordinated manner in China.
The Inspection system of Chemical Food Poisoning.

Objective In order to get use to the emergent events and establish inspection system of chemical food poisoning.Methods Taking an chemical food poisoning event for example and detecting the items that include tetramine,methamidophos,parathion,isazofos,isocarbophos,chlorpyrifos and omethoate by using 7820GC.Results This event is food poison causing by fluoroacetamide.The results of other items are reported undetected.Conclusion It has great significance on dealing with sudden events that establish sensitive and specific detecting methods and accurately determine toxicants.
Research Progress and Discovery of Favorable Genes of Wild Rice in Rice Breeding

Wild rice is wild relative of rice cultivars.Under natural environment,without artificial selection,wild rice contains a lot of excellent characters.Wild rice is valued as a unique source of genetic variation.Scientists discover excellent characters of wild rice,study inheritance of excellent characters.Starting from the perspective of excellent gene mining and utilization,the research advance of excellent characters of wild rice,such as sterility,insect resistance,disease and stress resistance were reviewed,the existing problems and countermeasures were discussed.
Victorian Contexts: Failed Gentlemen and New Women

The roots of the Female Gentleman stretch back at least as far as Mary Wollstonecraft and the feminist theorists who followed her in criticizing the idea that men and women were essentially different beings, to be held to different standards. The most important precursor of the Female Gentleman, to which writers of the 1920s and 1930s were responding most directly, was the New Woman of the 1890s. The ideals lived by the protagonists of Female Gentleman novels are very similar to those of New Women, but the later characters were allowed by their authors to be more successful than the earlier ones ever were. In that sense, the 1920s saw the first period in which the theoretical ideals of feminism had an optimistic manifestation in literature, rather than leading only to suicide, madness, or disillusioned retreat. This contrast goes a long way toward explaining why Female Gentleman novels are still popular today, when New Woman novels are forgotten by all but specialist scholars; but it also cuts against the grain of most New Woman criticism, which tends to paint New Woman novels as the direct precursor of the Women’s Liberation fiction of ‘second wave’ feminism, and which gives short shrift to the decades between. In fact, although the period from 1930 to 1960 might have been a ‘trough’ between waves of feminism in social and political history, the novels I am examining are ironically more successful at advocating certain feminist ideals. Their absence from histories of feminist fiction distorts the picture, especially because Female Gentleman novels are still read by current generations.
British Fiscal Doctrine: The Sacrifice View

The realm of public economics is vast. It far transcends the public finance proper, which comprises the principles and procedures concerning public spending and collection of taxes. Public economics is the study of all government economic activity and the effects of that activity upon the individual citizen. These effects can assume huge proportions. For one thing, the livelihood of many individuals directly depends on government, which is often the largest employer in the economy. Second, governments provide a wide range of services that many individuals deem essential for their existence. Finally, considering that the costs of these services must be sustained by taxes, a large part of individuals’ income is given up to the fiscal authority. This occurs even in those societies in which self-interested behavior is valued and promoted. Then why is it that a substantial part of the economy has always been left to the hands of the government rather than that of the market mechanism?1
The Warburg Institute, 1933-1944 A precarious experiment in international collaboration

Rarely does a research library travel. In 1933, the year the Nazis came to power, the Warburg family in Hamburg negotiated with British sponsors to enable the Kulturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek Warburg (Warburg Library for Cultural Study) to find safe haven in London. An initial three-year agreement was followed by a seven-year arrangement and, at the end of 1944, with Europe still at war, the Warburg Institute was incorporated into the University of London. The story of the first eleven years in London – highly productive years in which the staff sought to pursue their original mission while assimilating into British academe – reveals the working of complex politics and shows the degree to which, early on, the fate of the Warburg Institute was linked to that of the newly founded Courtauld Institute of Art.
Trigger Neurons in the Mollusk Tritonia

Many acts of behavior across a diverse range of animal species are elicited in their fully coordinated form by a particular “sign” stimulus. Commonly, the critical releasing capabilities of this stimulus are related to qualitative features other than its duration. Put another way, duration and other details of the response elicited often do not depend upon the duration of the stimulation. Instead, the “sign” stimulus acts as a trigger to cause the full unfolding or “playback” or a response, which is apparently pre-programmed neurally.
Severe Head Injuries

The clinical predictors of severe head trauma in 55 children, 1 to 15 years of age, were compared with CT scan findings at the Dept of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
Neonatal polycythemia and hyperviscosity.

Polycythemia is a relatively common finding in the full-term neonate and is very common in infants who are products of maternal gestational diabetes or who suffer intrauterine growth delay. On occasion, serious complications may develop. This arti-cle reviews the causes, clinical manifestations, long-term effects, and management of the neonatal polycythemia/hyperviscosity syndrome.
Real-Time Sensing of Trust in Human-Machine Interactions

Abstract: Human trust in automation plays an important role in successful interactions between humans and machines. To design intelligent machines that can respond to changes in human trust, real-time sensing of trust level is needed. In this paper, we describe an empirical trust sensor model that maps psychophysiological measurements to human trust level. The use of psychophysiological measurements is motivated by their ability to capture a human's response in real time. An exhaustive feature set is considered, and a rigorous statistical approach is used to determine a reduced set of ten features. Multiple classification methods are considered for mapping the reduced feature set to the categorical trust level. The results show that psychophysiological measurements can be used to sense trust in real-time. Moreover, a mean accuracy of 71.57% is achieved using a combination of classifiers to model trust level in each human subject. Future work will consider the effect of human demographics on feature selection and modeling.
ARTextiles: Promoting Social Interactions Around Personal Interests Through Augmented Reality

Our co-located social relationships are changing with the adoption of new technologies. Augmented Reality (AR) performed on clothing can bridge the gap between our social media and our face-to-face interactions. We propose a new system composed of an online application that generates an artistic and representative social design for the user's clothing based on personal interests from a social network. We also present an AR application to explore this social design and enhance face-to-face interactions and connections between acquaintances or strangers.
Measurement of the Width and Skewness of Elliptic Flow Fluctuations in PbPb Collisions at 5.02~TeV with CMS

Abstract Flow harmonic fluctuations are studied for PbPb collisions at s N N = 5.02 TeV using the CMS detector at the LHC. Flow harmonic probability distributions p ( v 2 ) are obtained by unfolding smearing effects from observed azimuthal anisotropy distributions using particles of 0.3 p T c and | η | p ( v 2 ) and used to estimate the standardized elliptic flow skewness. Hydrodynamic models predict this skewness to be negative with respect to the reaction plane. A statistically significant negative skewness is observed for all centrality bins as evidenced by a splitting between v 2 {4}, v 2 {6}, and v 2 {8} cumulants. Elliptic power law distribution fits are made to p ( v 2 ) distributions to infer information on the nature of initial-state eccentricity distributions and found to provide a more accurate description of the fluctuations than a Bessel-Gaussian parametrization.
A Primed Hemoglobinopathy Screen.

A 27-year-old African American gravida 1 para 0 woman submitted a sample for hemoglobin (Hb)3 evaluation as recommended by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) (1). The analysis performed by the Bio-Rad Variant II HPLC β-thalassemia assay revealed 96.3% Hb A, 1.5% Hb A2, <1% Hb F, and a very small peak …
Many-Body Theory of Coherent Optical Effects in Semiconductors

An overview of the physics and the microscopic theory of coherent light-matter interaction in semiconductors and semiconductor heterostructures is presented. After an introduction of the basic concepts, a series of ultrafast coherent phenomena is reviewed, including the optical Stark effect, photon echoes, Rabi oscillations, quantum beats, multi-wave mixing, and pulse propagation effects.
Annotation: A Computational Solution for Streamlining Metabolomics Analysis.

Metabolite identification is still considered an imposing bottleneck in liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) untargeted metabolomics. The identification workflow usually begins with detecting relevant LC/MS peaks via peak-picking algorithms and retrieving putative identities based on accurate mass searching. However, accurate mass search alone provides poor evidence for metabolite identification. For this reason, computational annotation is used to reveal the underlying metabolites monoisotopic masses, improving putative identification in addition to confirmation with tandem mass spectrometry. This review examines LC/MS data from a computational and analytical perspective, focusing on the occurrence of neutral losses and in-source fragments, to understand the challenges in computational annotation methodologies. Herein, we examine the state-of-the-art strategies for computational annotation including: (i) peak grouping or full scan (MS1) pseudo-spectra extraction, i.e., clustering all mass spectral signals stemming from each metabolite; (ii) annotation using ion adduction and mass distance among ion peaks; (iii) incorporation of biological knowledge such as biotransformations or pathways; (iv) tandem MS data; and (v) metabolite retention time calibration, usually achieved by prediction from molecular descriptors. Advantages and pitfalls of each of these strategies are discussed, as well as expected future trends in computational annotation.
Article Commentary: Increased Mitochondrial Activity in Anthrax-Induced Cell Death:

Pathogenesis of anthrax lethal toxin (LT) is attributed to its ability to cause death of infected cells. New work has demonstrated that increase of mitochondrial F1F0 ATPase activity and subsequent...
American Pastoral: Jefferson’s Agrarian Republic

This chapter explains that Jefferson endorsed an agricultural way of life because he believed it fostered virtues indispensable for democracy. Unfortunately, as had been the case since the ancient world, the physical demands of agriculture and the scale required to make higher profits, tempted Jefferson and his planter class to adopt the brutal practice of slavery that fundamentally contradicted his own democratic principles and program. In the twentieth century, the chapter notes, Wendell Berry describes how the process of “unsettling” America passed from the plantation to large-scale corporate agriculture, with dire consequences for the land and rural communities. Given this crisis, neo-agrarians have attempted to “re-scale” and re-think agricultural practices to redeem Jefferson’s promise.
Capital Structure and Mergers: Retrospective Evidence from a Natural Experiment

This analysis evaluates the impact of corporate debt in influencing mergers of local exchange companies in the United States telecommunications industry between 1988 and 2001. Firms’ financial structures significantly affect behavior and performance; yet no evidence has shown how firms’ financial structures influence their merger activities. The impact of corporate debt levels on the various mergers that took place during the merger wave in the sector is significantly negative for the first set of mergers carried out, and significantly negative, but with smaller impact, for the second set of mergers. The results support the idea that firms with high debt levels can be monitored carefully, precluding engagement in potentially-risky mergers so as to not engender negative financial outcomes.
Probing Graphene Interfacial Reactivity via Simultaneous and Colocalized Raman-Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Imaging and Interrogation.

Addressing challenges in interfacial electrochemistry requires multimodal approaches that correlate the local structure and reactivity of materials with high spatial and temporal versatility. Here, we introduce spatiotemporally correlated Raman spectroscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to study the impact that structural heterogeneities, interfacial decomposition products, and layer number have on the electron-transfer properties of graphene electrodes. By colocalizing the SECM probe and laser line, we successfully obtained congruent SECM and Raman images at a rate of 5 s per pixel with sub-10 μm resolution, obtaining full spectra per pixel at a signal-to-noise ratio as high as ∼20. SECM imaging of a micropatterned graphene electrode showed its reactivity to be highly dependent on the intensity of the G peak, an indicator of the number of graphene layers. We further monitored the impact of excursions to positive potentials using the [Fe(CN)6]3–/4– redox pair as mediator. Raman–SECM allow...
Shoshin Beriberi Heralding Thiamine Deficiency as a Mimic of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (P01.031)

OBJECTIVE: To outline unique clinical features seen in fulminant neuropathy associated with thiamine deficiency. BACKGROUND: Thiamine deficiency can rarely mimic acquired neuropathies such as Guillain-Barre Syndrome(GBS). Thiamine deficiency may have variable presentation due to multisystem dysfunction including dry beriberi affecting peripheral nerves, Shoshin/wet beriberi affecting cardiovascular system or Wernicke/Korsakoff with CNS involvement. DESIGN/METHODS: Chart review of two cases of thiamine deficiency with features of dry beriberi, wet beriberi and Wernicke9s encephalopathy. RESULTS: Case 1: 72 year-old male with a history of diabetes and remote Whipple procedure who presented with four weeks of weakness and sensory loss. Exam showed distal sensory loss, mild proximal and distal lower limb weakness, and reduced reflexes. Axonal neuropathy was noted on EMG. CSF showed cytoalbuminologic dissociation. IVIG was initiated for a presumptive diagnosis of GBS. He subsequently developed hypotension requiring pressors, lactic acidosis, encephalopathy, ocular muscle weakness and respiratory failure. Case 2: 38 year-old male with a history of alcoholism and Crohn9s was transferred to our facility with 3-4 weeks of progressive sensory and motor deficits, hypotension, tachycardia, and lactic acidosis attributed to GBS and superimposed sepsis. He subsequently developed severe generalized weakness, respiratory failure, encephalopathy and extraocular muscle paresis. Workup revealed axonal neuropathy, no infection and normal CSF findings. Diagnosis/Treatment: In both cases, features of Wernicke9s and wet beriberi prompted the clinical suspicion supported by brain MRI studies and reduced thiamine levels (19&23 nmol/liter; normal 80-150nmol/liter). Hypotension and cardiac failure rapidly resolved with thiamine repletion. Ocular muscle weakness and encephalopathy resolved within days, but limb weakness only partially improved. CONCLUSIONS: A high index of suspicion for thiamine deficiency in patients presenting with progressive neuropathy is important as there is significant overlap with GBS. Development of hypotension, tachycardia, lactic acidosis, mental status changes, or extraocular muscle paresis in cases of possible GBS should prompt consideration of thiamine deficiency. Disclosure: Dr. Panara has nothing to disclose. Dr. Arnold has nothing to disclose.
Actigraphy as an assessment of performance status in patients with advanced lung cancer

ObjectiveWearable devices such as a wrist actigraph may have a potential to objectively estimate patients’ functioning and may supplement performance status (PS). This proof-of-concept study aimed to evaluate whether actigraphy data are significantly associated with patients’ functioning and are predictive of their survival in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.MethodWe collected actigraphy data for a three-day period in ambulatory patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. We computed correlations between actigraphy data (specifically, proportion of time spent immobile while awake) and clinician-rated PS, subjective report of physical activities, quality of life (the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy – Trial Outcome Index), and survival.ResultActigraphy data (the proportion of time awake spent immobile) were significantly correlated with Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy – Trial Outcome Index (r = −0.53, p < 0.001) and with the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group PS (ECOG PS) (r = 0.37, p < 0.001). The proportion of time awake spent immobile was significantly associated with worse survival. For each 10% increase in this measure, the hazard ratio (HR) was 1.48 (95% confidence interval [CI95%] = 1.06, 2.06) for overall mortality, and odds ratio was 2.99 (CI95% = 1.27, 7.05) for six-month mortality. ECOG PS was also associated with worse survival (HR = 2.80, CI95% = 1.34, 5.86). Among patients with ECOG PS 0-1, the percentage of time awake spent immobile was significantly associated with worse survival, HR = 1.93 (CI95% = 1.10, 3.42), whereas ECOG PS did not predict survival.Significance of ResultsActigraphy may have potential to predict important clinical outcomes, such as quality of life and survival, and may serve to supplement PS. Further validation study is warranted.