cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical experience of levetiracetam monotherapy for adults with epilepsy: 1-year follow-up study

Summary We identified 46 patients with a history of partial seizures, with and without secondarily generalization, who received levetiracetam (LEV) (Keppra ® ) monotherapy. Patients began LEV either as first line therapy ( n =11) or were converted to LEV monotherapy ( n =35) after failing prior antiepileptic medications (AEDs). Patients were followed up to 12 months after LEV started. The majority of these patients were able to continue on LEV and a small number of patients discontinued LEV secondary to lack of efficacy. One third of the non-seizure free group at 6 months of follow-up had worse seizure control at 12 months and two thirds had the same or better seizure control. Our 1-year follow-up data of LEV as monotherapy suggests that LEV can be effective and well tolerated in adults with either new or difficult to control epilepsy. A prospective, large, long-term double-blind study is needed to confirm this finding.
Use of layered geotextiles to provide a substrate for biomass development in treatment of septic tank effluent prior to ground infiltration

The use of layered geotextile filters for biological treatment of septic tank effluent prior to ground infiltration was investigated. The goal was to provide secondary treatment and prevent soil clogging by fostering biomass growth in the internal porosity of commercially available geotextiles. The study used primary effluent from a water pollution control facility that serves a combined sewer area. To identify sustainable operating conditions, the hydraulic loading rate (HLR) and other parameters were varied in tests with columns packed with multiple geotextile and granular layers. At continuous high hydraulic loading rate application, over 90% of total suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand was removed, but the three layer filters eventually clogged. When a 365 L∕ m2 day (9.0 gal∕ ft2 day) HLR was applied in dose and drain cycles to two filter layers, not only was there little loss in permeability, but ammonia ( NH3 ) and nitrate ( NO3− ) concentrations in the effluent were reduced to below 5 an...
‘Our rear area probably lived too well’: tourism and the German occupation of France, 1940–1944

Between 1940 and 1944, Germans approached France not only as conquerors, but also as tourists. Tourism provided rest and relaxation, and gave individuals a framework to perceive France and interpret their own presence as occupiers. At the same time, tourism was exploited by policy-makers to reinforce dominance and satisfy soldiers’ curiosity without letting them lose the critical distance necessary for effective control. Even when resistance activity and losses on other fronts made their situation precarious, occupiers’ tourism persisted. Viewed with increasing suspicion by soldiers stationed elsewhere, the regime's acceptance of tourism underlines its inability to limit the development of a so-called ‘Etappengeist’ (rear area attitude, softness) in France. Drawing on soldiers’ letters, diaries and photographs to supplement official documents, this article uses tourism as a window into Germans’ experiences as occupiers. It contributes to debates about the interplay of violence and leisure, about tourism's...
Properties of asparaginase-dextran conjugates

Abstract Asparaginases isolated from Escherichia coli and Erwinia carotovora are used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Unfortunately, their use has been limited by their relatively short circulatory half-lives and by immune reactions that develop in response to repeated injections of the enzymes. This review describes studies that have used dextran to improve the therapeutic potential of l -asparaginase. Dextran, a biocompatible polymer of d -glucose, is bound covalently to the surface of asparaginase. The resulting soluble dextran-asparaginase conjugates show increased circulatory persistence and markedly reduced antigen reactivity. These studies have shown that it is possible to use dextran to create a steric barrier around asparaginase that not only protects the enzyme from degradation in vivo but also slows its inactivation by the immune system. Soluble-dextran conjugates provide a means of avoiding the biological limitations to the use of microbial enzymes in therapy.
Why Japan ought to legalize the pill.

The Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare is again considering legalization of steroid oral contraceptives. Approval could greatly reduce the incidence of abortion in Japan, which is at least twice that officially reported.
The effects of intraventricular injection of antibiotics on LH release in the rat.

SummaryThe intraventricular injection of 5 μliters containing 30 μg of puromycin, 15 μg of cycloheximide or 10 μg of actinomycin D led to an inhibition of LH release and a fall in plasma LH levels in castrated female rats. Control injections of either saline or an analog of puromycin which lacks its ability to inhibit protein synthesis had little or no effect on the circulating levels of LH.Since LRF content in the hypothalamus was not significantly lowered by puromycin, the cause of the inhibition of LH release produced by inhibitors of RNA or protein synthesis remains to be determined, but may involve an inhibition of the synthesis of LRF and/or other effects on hypothalamic function.
Study of Ferroelectric Transitions of Solid-Solution Single Crystals of KNb O 3 -KTa O 3

Methods of preparation and results of measurements of the dielectric constant of solid-solution single crystals of KNb${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and KTa${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ are presented. Data are given for the composition range 0-80 mole percent KTa${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ in the temperature interval -180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 450\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. It is found that all of the crystals studied show Curie-law behavior of the dielectric constant in the paraelectric state. The data indicate that the paraelectric to ferroelectric transition, which is first order for pure KNb${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, becomes second order at a concentration of approximately 55 mole percent KTa${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. Analysis of the results in terms of Slater's model of ferroelectricity in a perovskite lattice leads to the conclusion that the dependence of the Lorentz correction on volume plays a major role in determining the ferroelectric behavior. Ionic polarizabilities and their dependence on volume are also discussed.
Psychosocial Care for Women Survivors of the Tsunami Disaster in India

Objectives. I investigated the effectiveness of Psychosocial Care, a community-based mental health initiative for survivors of the 2004 tsunami disaster in India.Methods. Mental health teams from the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) in India implemented a train-the-trainer model of psychosocial care in one of the worst tsunami-affected areas of south India. Three months of psychosocial care was provided for an intervention group of women, but not for a control group recruited from an exposed neighboring village. Impact of Event Scale (IES) scores—both total scores and scores for subscales on hypervigilance, avoidance, and intrusion—were compiled for both the intervention and control groups and used as outcome measures.Results. For the intervention group, posttest total IES and subscale scores were significantly lower than pretest scores (P < .001), indicating improvement in symptoms. Posttest total IES and subscale scores were significantly lower for the intervention group t...
Integrated multichannel optical receivers

The characteristics of 8- and 16-channel monolithically integrated InP-based PIN-HBT photoreceiver arrays with individual channel bandwidth > 11 GHz and adjacent channel crosstalk ∼ -40 dB will be described.
A Non-Specific Effect Associated with Conditional Transgene Expression Based on Cre-loxP Strategy in Mice

Transgenes flanked by loxP sites have been widely used to generate transgenic mice where the transgene expression can be controlled spatially and temporally by Cre recombinase. Data from this approach has led to important conclusions in cancer, neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. Using this approach to conditionally express micro RNAs (miRNAs) in mice, we found that Cre-mediated recombination in neural progenitor cells caused microcephaly in five of our ten independent transgenic lines. This effect was not associated with the types or the quantity of miRNAs being expressed, nor was it associated with specific target knockdown. Rather, it was correlated with the presence of multiple tandem transgene copies and inverted (head-to-head or tail-to-tail) transgene repeats. The presence of these inverted repeats caused a high level of cell death in the ventricular zone of the embryonic brain, where Cre was expressed. Therefore, results from this Cre-loxP approach to generate inducible transgenic alleles must be interpreted with caution and conclusions drawn in previous reports may need reexamination.
Lack of Hybrid by Seeding Rate Interactions for Corn Growth, Silage Yield, and Quality

Transgenic Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids may require higher but brown midrib (BMR) and leafy hybrids may require lower seeding rates than currently recommended for silage in the northeastern United States. We planted dual-purpose (three Bt and one non-Bt) two silage-specific and two BMR hybrids to evaluate growth, dry matter (DM) yield, and quality responses to four seeding rates (61,750-98,800 kernels ha ―1 ). Hybrid x seeding rate interactions were not observed. At silking (R1), BMR hybrids averaged 6% lower leaf area index (LAI, 4.58) compared with dual-purpose hybrids and 7% lower biomass (1050 g m ―2 ) compared with two dual-purpose hybrids. Crop growth rates were similar from the 14th leaf (V14) to R1 stage between BMR and dual-purpose hybrids (34.3-35.8 g m ―2 d ―1 ) so less BMR vegetative growth was associated with 10% lower LAI (3.46) and biomass (480 g m ―2 ) at V14. Biomass and LAI had linear responses to seeding rates. The BMR compared with two dual-purpose hybrids averaged 8% lower DM yield (20.7 Mg ha ―1 ) but similar predicted milk yield (37.6 Mg ha ―1 ) because of 8% higher milk Mg ―1 values (1823 kg Mg ―1 ). Silage-specific compared with two dual-purpose hybrids averaged about 7.5% lower DM and milk yields because of similar milk Mg ―1 (1685 kg Mg ―1 ). Milk and DM yields showed quadratic, and milk Mg ―1 showed negative linear responses to seeding rates. Results indicate that Bt, BMR, and silage-specific hybrids should be seeded at about 89,000 kernels ha ―1 for silage in New York.
Multimodal three-dimensional imaging with isometric high resolution using optical projection tomography

The optical projection tomography microscope (OPTM) is an optical microscope that acquires focus-invariant images from multiple views of single cells. Although the depth of field of the objective is short, it can be extended by scanning the objective's focal plane. This extended depth of field image is similar to a projection in conventional X-ray CT. Samples flow through a microcapillary tube filled with optical gel. Optical distortion is minimized by matching refractive index of optical gel and tube. Multiple projection images are taken by rotating the microcapillary tube with sub-micron mechanical precision. After these pseudoprojection images are further aligned, computed tomography methods are then applied to the images to create a 3D reconstruction with isometric resolution of 0.35 microns. Three-dimensional reconstructed images of fluorescent microspheres and cells are shown.
Ion-exchange chromatography of phosphatides and glycolipids on quaternary triethylammonium glycophase covalently bound to controlled pore glass

Abstract Potential use of quaternary triethylammonium (QAE) Glycophase on controlled pore glass (CPG) for preparative ion-exchange chromatography of liver, brain and soybean lipids was investigated. We found that QAE-Glycophase—CPG bound and held polar and ionic lipids in chloroform. Phosphatidyl choline, sphingomyelin and cerebrosides were eluted with 4–6 column volumes of chloroform-methanol (9:1), phosphatidyl ethanolamine was eluted with 7–10 column volumes of chloroform-methanol (1:1), phosphatidyl serine was eluted with 5–7 column volumes of acetic acid and phosphatidyl inositol and sulfatides were eluted with 5–7 column volumes of 20 mM potassium acetate in chloroform-methanol (2:1) Physical properties of QAE-Glycophase—CPG are more suitable for use in small-column (45 x 9 mm or less) low-pressure liquid chromatography than those of ion-exchange cellulose. QAE-Glycophase—CPG, in proper particle size, could probably function well in high-pressure, high-efficiency liquid chromatography.
Perturbation theory for multiconfiguration reference states

Abstract Vector method procedures are adapted to evaluate Rayleigh-Schrodinger perturbation corrections to a multiconfiguration zeroth order function. If this function is sufficiently flexible, this perturbation theory can be applied to low lying excited states. The effectiveness of our theory is demonstrated on the ground state of F 2 and the low lying excited states of Mg 2 . Energies calculated through fourth order are compared with appropriate CI results.
Structure and function of the temporomandibular joint disc: implications for tissue engineering.

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc is a little understood structure that, unfortunately, exhibits a plethora of pathologic disorders. Tissue engineering approaches may be warranted to address TMJ disc pathophysiology, but first a clear understanding of structure-function relationships needs to be developed, especially as they relate to the regenerative potential of the tissue. In this review, we correlate the biochemical content of the TMJ disc to its mechanical behavior and discuss what this correlation infers for tissue engineering studies of the TMJ disc. The disc of the TMJ exhibits a somewhat biconcave shape, being thicker in the anterior and posterior bands and thinner in the intermediate zone. The disc, which is certainly an anisotropic and nonhomogeneous tissue, consists almost entirely of type I collagen with trace amounts of type II and other types. In general, collagen fibers in the intermediate zone appear to run primarily in an anteroposterior direction and in a ringlike fashion around the periphery. Collagen orientation is reflected in higher tensile stiffness and strength in the center anteroposteriorly than mediolaterally and in the anterior and posterior bands than the intermediate zone mediolaterally. Tensile tests have shown the disc is stiffer and stronger in the direction of the collagen fibers. Elastin fibers in general appear along the collagen fibers and most likely function in restoring and retaining disc form after loading. The 2 primary glycosaminoglycans of the disc by far are chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate, although their distribution is not clear. Compression studies are conflicting, but evidence suggests the disc is compressively stiffest in the center. Only a few tissue engineering studies of the TMJ disc have been performed to date. Tissue engineering studies must take advantage of existing information for experimental design and construct validation, and more research is necessary to characterize the disc to create a clearer picture of our goals in tissue engineering the TMJ disc.
EIR: Enterprise imaging repository, an alternative imaging archiving and communication system

The enormous number of studies performed at the Nuclear Medicine Department of University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) generates a huge amount PET/CT images daily. A DICOM workstation had been used as ”mini-PACS” to route all studies, which is historically proven to be slow due to various reasons. However, replacing the workstation with a commercial PACS server is not only cost inefficient; and more often, the PACS vendors are reluctant to take responsibility for the final integration of these components. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an alternative imaging archiving and communication system called Enterprise Imaging Repository (EIR). EIR consists of two distinguished components: an image processing daemon and a user friendly web interface. EIR not only reduces the overall waiting time of transferring a study from the modalities to radiologists' workstations, but also provides a more preferable presentation.
Screening for inhibitors of the SOD1 gene promoter: pyrimethamine does not reduce SOD1 levels in cell and animal models

Mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene are detected in 20% of familial and 3% of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cases. Although mutant SOD1 is known to induce motor neuron death via multiple adverse acquired functions, its exact pathogenic mechanism is not well defined. SOD1 toxicity is dose dependent; levels of mutant SOD1 protein in transgenic mice determine disease susceptibility, onset and rate of progression. We therefore sought to identify small molecules that reduce SOD1 levels by inhibiting the SOD1 promoter. We tested pyrimethamine (previously reported to suppress SOD1 expression), several compounds currently in trials in human and murine ALS, and a set of 1040 FDA-approved compounds. In a PC12 cell-based assay, no compounds reduced SOD1 promoter activity without concomitant cytotoxicity. Additionally, pyrimethamine failed to repress levels of SOD1 protein in HeLa cells or homogenates of liver, spinal cord and brain of wild-type mice. Thirty-four compounds (including riluzole, ceftriaxone, minocyclin, PBA, lithium, acetylcysteine) in human and mouse ALS trials and an additional set of 1040 FDA-approved compounds also showed no effect on SOD1 promoter activity. This present study thus failed to identify small molecule inhibitors of SOD1 gene expression.
Briefing highlights space weather risks to GPS

[1] Solar storms, which are expected to increase as the Sun nears the most active phase of the solar cycle, can disrupt a variety of technologies on which society relies. Speakers at a 22 June briefing on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C., focused on how space weather can affect the Global Positioning System (GPS), which is used in a wide range of industries, including commercial air travel, agriculture, national security, and emergency response. Rocky Stone, chief technical pilot for United Airlines, noted that GPS allows more aircraft to be in airspace, saves fuel, and helps aircraft move safely on runways. “Improvements in space weather forecasting need to be pursued,” he said. Precision GPS has also “changed the whole nature of farming,” said Ron Hatch, Director of Navigation Systems, NavCom Technology/John Deere. GPS makes it possible for tractors to be driven in the most efficient paths and for fertilizer and water to be applied precisely to the areas that most need them. Space weather-induced degradation of GPS signals can cause significant loss to farms that rely on GPS. Elizabeth Zimmerman, Deputy Associate Administrator for the Office of Response and Recovery at the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), described how FEMA relies on GPS for disaster recovery. The agency is developing an operations plan for dealing with space weather, she said.
Developments in the Treatment of Alcoholism

The treatment of alcoholism has changed during the past 2 decades. Notable developments have occurred in pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and health-care delivery. A better understanding of the biologic basis for addiction has led to clinical trials of medications that target neuroreceptors. One such medication is the opiate antagonist naltrexone, which decreases the craving for alcohol. Psychosocial interventions continue to be the mainstay of alcohol treatment programs. The efficacy of three different therapies was demonstrated in a study called Project MATCH (Matching Alcoholism Treatments to Client Heterogeneity). This study, however, did not prove the patient-treatment "matching" hypothesis. In addition to therapies provided by addiction specialists, interest is growing in the use of brief motivational techniques in primary-care settings. As the field of addiction responds to an unfolding health-care delivery system, a broader range of treatment options in conjunction with a greater opportunity to individualize patient care is evolving.
Spectral Analysis of Microtubule Assembly Dynamics

Microtubules are linear polymers of the cytoskeleton that serve to organize the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Understanding how microtubule polymers self-assemble is important in biotechnology, including the development of novel cancer therapies and proper guidance of regenerating neurons. The assembly of microtubules occurs by a unique process whereby an individual microtubule undergoes abrupt and apparently stochastic switching between alternating steady states of growth and shrinkage, a phenomenon known as microtubule dynamic instability. To characterize these oscillations spectral (frequency-domain) analysis, commonly used in engineering for system identification, was applied. Power spectra of the individual microtubule-length life histories revealed oscillations within growth phases, directly reflecting acceleration and deceleration in the growth process. These fluctuations were not accounted for by the standard two-state model commonly used in the analysis of microtubule assembly, despite the inclusion of simulated measurement error in the model. Thus, the spectral analysis of microtubule assembly permitted characterization of assembly process dynamics independent of particular assembly models, and as such represents a powerful analytical framework within which to study microtubule dynamic instability and assess its function in vivo.
Magmatic modification of the uppermost mantle beneath the Basin and Range to Colorado Plateau Transition Zone; Evidence from xenoliths, Wikieup, Arizona

Upper mantle xenoliths from Wikieup, AZ, provide abundant evidence for magmatic modification of the uppermost mantle beneath the Transition Zone between the Colorado Plateau and the southern Basin and Range province. Upper mantle lithologies in this xenolith suite are represented by spinel peridotite, wehrlite, plagioclase peridotite, and Al-augite group pyroxenites. Isotopic data for these xenoliths yield relatively uniform values and suggest a common petrogenesis. Al-augite-bearing gabbro and pyroxenite xenoliths from this locality are interpreted to have formed by crystal fractionation processes from parent alkali basalts similar to the Wikieup host basalt. Mineral and whole rock compositions show consistent trends of increasing incompatible element contents (Fe, Al, Ca, Na, K, LIL, and LREE), and decreasing compatible element contents (Mg, Cr, Ni) from spinel peridotite to wehrlite to plagioclase peridotite to the host basalt composition. These compositional trends are interpreted as resulting from varying degrees of magma-mantle wall rock interaction as ascending mafic magmas infiltrated upper mantle peridotite. Small degrees of melt infiltration resulted in slightly modified spinel peridotite compositions while moderate degrees metasomatized spinel peridotite to wehrlite, and the highest degrees metasomatized it to plagioclase peridotite. Whole rock compositions and clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and whole rock isotopic data suggest that the infiltrating magmas were the same as those from which the gabbros and pyroxenites crystallized, and that they were alkalic in composition, similar to the Wikieup host alkali olivine basalts. Relatively uniform 143Nd/144Nd for the mineral separates and whole rocks in spite of the significantly wide range in their 147Sm/144Nd (0.71–0.23 in clinopyroxene) suggests that the Wikieup xenoliths including gabbro, pyroxenite, peridotite, wehrlite, and plagioclase peridotite, are all relatively young rocks formed or metasomatized by a relatively recent magmatic episode.
Pellet bed reactor concepts for nuclear propulsion applications

Pellet bed reactor (PeBR) concepts have been developed for nuclear thermal and nuclear electric propulsion, and bimodal applications. This annular core, fast spectrum reactor offers many desirable design and safety features. These features include high-power density, small reactor size, full retention of fission products, passive decay heat removal, redundancy in reactor control, negative temperature reactivity feedback, ground testing of the fully assembled reactor using electric heating and nonnuclear fuel elements, and the option of fueling on the launch pad or fueling and refueling in orbit. In addition to these features, the concepts for nuclear electric propulsion and for bimodal power and thermal propulsion have no single point failure. The average power density in the reactor for nuclear thermal propulsion ranges from 2.2 to 3.3 MW/I and for a 15-MWe nuclear electric propulsion system the total power system specific mass is about 3.3 kg/kWe. The bimodal-PeBR system concepts offer specific impulse in excess of 650 s, tens of Newtons of thrust, and total system specific power ranging from 11 to 21.9 We/kg at the 10- and 40-kWe levels, respectively. 35 refs.
Theoretical study of equilibrium nitrogen plasma radiation.

Abstract New theoretical calculations of continuum and total radiation emitted by nitrogen plasmas in LTE at 9000, 11000, 13000, 13500 and 15000°K at 1 atm are described and results are compared with previously reported experimental results derived from emission and absorption measurements. Theoretical widths for selected N(I) and N(II) transitions agree within a factor of 2 with recent measurements and other theoretical results. “Excess continuum radiation”, attributed by other authors to radiative attachment to neutral N, is probably due to overlapping line wings. The calculated total radiation is consistent with experimental results.
Results of a Pediatric Sedation Program on Head MRI Scan Success Rates and Procedure Duration Times

The purpose of this study was to determine if a pediatric sedation program improved head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan success rates and procedure duration times compared with the year preceding the program. Sedation was successful in 189 (85.1%) of 222 children before the program compared with 211 (98.1%) of 215 children during the program (P<0.001). Mean procedure duration times for head MRI scans with and without contrast were shorter in the program compared with before the program (58.7 ± 1.4 min versus 71.8 ± 3.0 min, P <0.001, and 46.7 ± 1.2 min versus 58.5 ± 1.9 minutes, P<0.001, respectively). No major complications occurred during the 15-month period in the sedation program. We conclude that sedation for pediatric MRI, managed by an organized pediatric sedation program, is highly successful, efficient, and safe.
Clinical data needs in the neonatal intensive care unit electronic medical record

The amount of clinical information that providers encounter daily creates an environment for information overload and medical error. To create a more efficient EMR human-computer interface, we aimed to understand clinical information needs among NICU providers. A web-based survey to evaluate 98 data items was created and distributed to NICU providers. Participants were asked to rate the importance of each data item in helping them make routine clinical decisions in the NICU. There were 23 responses (92% – response rate) with participants distributed among four clinical roles. The top 5 items with the highest mean score were daily weight, pH, pCO2, FiO2, and blood culture results. When compared by clinical role groupings, supervisory physicians gave individual data item ratings at the extremes of the scale when compared to providers more responsible for the daily clinical care of NICU patients. NICU providers demonstrate a need for large amounts of EMR data to help guide clinical decision making with differences found when comparing by clinical role. When creating an EMR interface in the NICU there may be a need to offer options for varying degrees of viewable data densities depending on clinical role.
Landless by Law: Japanese Immigrants in California Agriculture to 1941

The Japanese occupy a unique place in the history of America's immigrants. They were denied the privilege of naturalization (until 1952), forbidden to purchase or lease farm land (in California, 1913–1956), driven from their homes by the wartime evacuation and confined in concentration camps (1942–1945). Yet the Japanese are now one of the most successful of all ethnic groups in America. The narrative of this remarkable experience has been written often and well, and detailed studies of its political, legal, and social aspects have been made. Economic historians, however, have done relatively little to analyze and learn from the Japanese-American experience.
A clinical study of Porky Pig cartoons

Abstract Porky Pig is a hard core stutterer of long standing (since 1935), who will be with us for many years to come on television. This Warner Brothers' cartoon character stutters on approximately 23% of his spoken words and has a wide variety of stuttering symptoms. Porky Pig was predisposed to stutter since his father also is a hard core stutterer. In spite of negative opinions about this stuttering pig, these cartoons might be beneficial in therapy with children who stutter.
Crosstalk avoidance and error-correction coding for coupled RLC interconnects

On-chip interconnect delay and crosstalk noise have become an important factor for performance and signal integrity as a result of increase in device densities and operating clock frequency in deep sub-micrometer (DSM) VLSI circuits. With faster rise times and lower resistance, interconnects exhibit significant inductive effect compared to capacitive effect. Therefore, various existing coding techniques for capacitive crosstalk reduction in resistive-capacitance (RC) interconnects are not suitable for resistive-inductance-capacitance (RLC) interconnects in high-speed circuits. At the same time, on-chip interconnects are susceptible to various DSM noise sources. Error-correction coding (ECC) improves interconnect-reliability against DSM noise. This paper proposes a modified boundary shift coding technique that simultaneously addresses inductance-dominant cross-talk noise reduction and error-correction for coupled RLC interconnects. Results show that proposed coding achieves up to 50% reduction in additional wiring requirement.
Parent Education and Parent Involvement: Retrospect and Prospect

(1977). Parent Education and Parent Involvement: Retrospect and Prospect. Childhood Education: Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 71-79.
Equilibrium water exchange between the intra- and extracellular spaces of mammalian brain.

This report describes the measurement of water preexchange lifetimes and intra/extracellular content in intact, functioning mammalian brain. Intra- and extracellular water magnetic resonance (MR) signals from rat brain in vivo were quantitatively resolved in the longitudinal relaxation domain following administration of an MR relaxation agent into the extracellular space. The estimated intracellular water content fraction was 81% +/- 8%, and the intra- to extracellular exchange rate constant was 1.81 +/- 0.89 s(-1) (mean +/- SD, N = 9), corresponding to an intracellular water preexchange lifetime of approximately 550 ms. These results provide a temporal framework for anticipating the water exchange regime (fast, intermediate, or slow) underlying a variety of compartment-sensitive measurements. The method also supplies a means by which to evaluate membrane water permeability and intra/extracellular water content serially in intact tissue. The data are obtained in an imaging mode that permits detection of regional variations in these parameters.
Partial functional recovery after complete spinal cord transection by combined chondroitinase and clenbuterol treatment

Spinal cord injury not only disrupts axonal tracts but also causes gliotic, fibrotic, and Schwannotic scarring with resulting deposition of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) which prevent axonal reconnection and recovery of locomotor function. Here, we determined whether recovery of locomotor function could be promoted after complete transection, by degrading CSPGs enzymatically within the injury site with chondroitinase ABC (chABC) together with treatment with the beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist, clenbuterol, a neuroprotective agent which can promote regrowth of lower motoneurons. Partial recovery of locomotor function was observed 8-12 weeks postinjury only after combined chABC and clenbuterol treatment. The recovery of locomotor function coincided with the presence of axons caudal to the injury site arising from neurons of the reticular, vestibular, and red nuclei also only with combined chABC and clenbuterol treatment. Axons myelinated by Schwann cells were most prominent in the transection site in the combined treatment group. Clenbuterol treatment activated cAMP response element binding protein within retrogradely traced neurons which has been associated with axonal regrowth. ChABC treatment decreased scarring due to both CSPG and collagen deposition as well as the gap between intact regions of the spinal cord. ChABC also increased numbers of phagocytic cells which remove myelin debris as well as populations of astrocytes thereby aiding blood-spinal cord barrier reformation. Together the results suggest that chABC and clenbuterol can act synergistically to promote recovery of locomotor function.
Hydrophobicity scale for proteins based on inverse temperature transitions

In general, proteins fold with hydrophobic residues buried, away from water. Reversible protein folding due to hydrophobic interactions results from inverse temperature transitions where folding occurs on raising the temperature. Because homoiothermic animals constitute an infinite heat reservoir, it is the transition temperature, Tt, not the endothermic heat of the transition, that determines the hydrophobically folded state of polypeptides at body temperature. Reported here is a new hydrophobicity scale based on the values of Tt for each amino acid residue as a guest in a natural repeating peptide sequence, the high polymers of which exhibit reversible inverse temperature transitions. Significantly, a number of ways have been demonstrated for changing Tt such that reversibly lowering Tt from above to below physiological temperature becomes a means of isothermally and reversibly driving hydrophobic folding. Accordingly, controlling Tt becomes a mechanism whereby proteins can be induced to carry out isothermal free energy transduction.
Roughness Induced Transition Criteria for Space Shuttle-Type Vehicles

Tripping effectiveness of surface roughness on a delta wing shuttle orbiter model at 20 deg angle of attack is compared to that on plane and axisymmetrical bodies with and without longitudinal pressure gradients. The experimental data presented are compared on the basis of effective roughness Reynolds number since this parameter is not sensitive to flow conditions downstream of the roughness. The discussion covers the effective roughness Reynolds number as a function of roughness position Reynolds number, effective size ratio as a function of pressure gradient and distance from vehicle nose, and effect of spanwise roughness position on roughness effectiveness. It is shown that conventional criteria for sizing roughness elements which promote transition in two-dimensional zero-pressure gradient flows are insufficient for high-pressure gradient flows and three-dimensional flows. Roughness much smaller than that given by conventional criteria can cause transition and significantly increase the heating load.
Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Simulating Malignant Mesothelioma

Adenocarcinoma of the lung with pleural involvement frequently resembles pleural epithelioid mesothelioma clinically as well as macro- and microscopically. Special stains, immunohistochemical studies, and electron microscopic studies are needed to differentiate these 2 tumors. We report a case of pleural involvement by adenocarcinoma, mimicking in the hematoxylin-eosin stain an epithelioid mesothelioma, correctly identified only after immunohistochemical and electron microscopic examinations.
A Decade of Service-Related Research: A Map of the Field

The 1990s ushered in a new era for service as a problem-solving strategy, with a concomitant expansion in the service-related literature. The authors report the results of a bibliographic survey of the literature that assessed the contents of more than 2,500 abstracts. Service-related research has diffused to a wide array of disciplines and policy fields. However, the common interest across disciplines has not translated into a more coherent understanding of service. The most recent research is fragmented across disciplines and outcomes. In addition, much of the most recent research diverges from traditional definitions of volunteerism. Few attempts have been made to synthesize the latest wave of research results and integrate them with previous research and theory. Recommendations are offered to increase convergence among investigators and improve the quality of service-related research.
Non‐pneumatic anti‐shock garment (NASG) as a first aid for preventing or reversing hypovolemic shock secondary to obstetric hemorrhage

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: To quantify primarily the effect on hypovolemic shock of the non‐pneumatic anti‐shock garment (NASG) for pregnant women suffering hypovolemic shock secondary to obstetric hemorrhage of all stages: antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum hemorrhages.
The dependence of Li phase nucleation on the structure of partial dislocations in silicon

The structure of partial dislocations in Si is investigated by studying the heterogeneous nucleation of Li phases on dislocations in specimens compressed along [231] and cooled under a high stress. The transformation does not occur on most of the dislocations either because the partials are re-constructed or the dangling bonds are neutral. Nucleation is found not tp just depend on disloca-tion character. The electrostatic energy of a charged dislocation is reduced when the segment in contact with the phase becomes neutral. Dislocations with high electrostatic energies, such as unreconstructed glide partials or shuffle dislocations, are favored sites. Die Struktur von Teilversetzungen in Si wird mittels der heterogenen Keimbildung von Li-Phasen an Versetzungen in Proben untersucht, die in [231]-Richtung komprimiert und unter hoher Span-nung abgekuhlt werden. Der Ubergang tritt an den meisten Versetzungen nicht auf, entweder weil die Teilversetzungen sich rekonstruieren oder die„dangling bonds” neutral sind. Es wird gefunden, das die Keimbildung vom Versetzungscharakter nicht abhangt. Die elektrostatische Energie einer geladenen Versetzung wird reduziert, wenn der Abschnitt, der sich in Kontakt mit der Phase befindet, neutral wird. Versetzungen mit hoher elektrostatischer Energie, wie zum Beispiel nichtrekonstruierte Gleitversetzungen oder Mischversetzungen, sind bevorzugte Platze.
A Relationalist's Guide to Error About Color Perception

Color relationalism is the view that colors are constituted in terms of relations to perceiving subjects. Among its explanatory virtues, relationalism provides a satisfying treatment of cases of perceptual variation. But it can seem that relationalists lack resources for saying that a representation of x's color is erroneous. Surely, though, a theory of color that makes errors of color perception impossible cannot be correct. In this paper I'll argue that, initial appearances notwithstanding, relationalism contains the resources to account for errors of color perception. I'll conclude that worries about making room for error are worries the relationalist can meet.
Gene Expression Changes in Human Lung Cells Exposed to Arsenic, Chromium, Nickel or Vanadium Indicate the First Steps in Cancer

The complex process of carcinogenesis begins with transformation of a single cell to favor aberrant traits such as loss of contact inhibition and unregulated proliferation – features found in every cancer. Despite cancer's widespread prevalence, the early events that initiate cancer remain elusive, and without knowledge of these events cancer prevention is difficult. Here we show that exposure to As, Cr, Ni, or vanadium (V) promotes changes in gene expression that occur in conjunction with aberrant growth. We exposed immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells to one of four metals/metalloid for four to eight weeks and selected transformed clonal populations based upon anchorage independent growth of single cells in soft agar. We detected a metal-specific footprint of cancer-related gene expression that was consistent across multiple transformed clones. These gene expression changes persisted in the absence of the progenitor metal for numerous cell divisions. Our results show that even a brief exposure to a carcinogenic metal may cause many changes in gene expression in the exposed cells, and that from these many changes, the specific change(s) that each metal causes that initiate cancer likely arise.
Percutaneous obliteration of a postoperatively persistent vertebral arteriovenous fistula.

Par ponction directe du segment arteriel compris entre les deux ligatures chirurgicales et introduction de bobines en acier de Gianturco
Monitoring the health of the work environment with a daily assessment tool: the REAL - Relative Environment Assessment Lens - indicator

Background Evidence shows that the health of the work environment impacts staff satisfaction, interdisciplinary communication, and patient outcomes. Utilising the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses’ Healthy Work Environment standards, we developed a daily assessment tool. Methods The Relative Environment Assessment Lens (REAL) Indicator was developed using a consensus-based method to evaluate the health of the work environment and to identify opportunities for improvement from the front-line staff. A visual scale using images that resemble emoticons was linked with a written description of feelings about their work environment that day, with the highest number corresponding to the most positive experience. Face validity was established by seeking staff feedback and goals were set. Results Over 10 months, results from the REAL Indicator in the cardiac catheterisation laboratory indicated an overall good work environment. The goal of 80% of the respondents reporting their work environment to be “Great”, “Good”, or “Satisfactory” was met each month. During the same time frame, this goal was met four times in the cardiovascular operating room. On average, 72.7% of cardiovascular operating room respondents reported their work environment to be “Satisfactory” or better. Conclusion The REAL Indicator has become a valuable tool in assessing the specific issues of the clinical area and identifying opportunities for improvement. Given the feasibility of and positive response to this tool in the cardiac catheterisation laboratory, it has been adopted in other patient-care areas where staff and leaders believe that they need to understand the health of the environment in a more specific and frequent time frame.
Clinicians’ Approach to Mesothelioma

Prior to 1960, malignant mesothelioma (MM) was considered a rare and ill-defined entity of obscure etiology. The recognition of an origin from amphibole asbestos provided a case series of sufficient size both to characterize the tumor and to identify epidemiologically its commonest cause. Although MM is a relatively rare tumor (1), many clinicians become involved in the care of patients with, or at risk of, MM. Clinicians may play several roles, as summarized in Table 23.1. The scientific basis guiding approaches of clinicians is discussed throughout this book. In addition, the specific clinical manifestations of the common types of MM are presented in this chapter and Chapters 24 and 25.
The Promise of the Mandatory Summary Jury Trial

This article analyses the summary jury trial in federal courts and examines its potential use as a method of alternative dispute resolution.
Detection of Isomeric Microscopic Host–Guest Complexes. A Time-Evolving Cucurbit[7]uril Complex

The formation of inclusion complexes between the cucurbit[7]uril host and a cationic guest containing ferrocenylmethyl and adamantyl residues connected to an ammonium nitrogen initially leads to an ∼1:1 mixture of two isomeric microscopic complexes, which evolves as a function of time toward the thermodynamically stable mixture, dominated by the adamantyl-included complex.
Effects of Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Transforming Growth Factor-β on the Growth and Differentiation of Muscle Cells in Culture

ConclusionThus, we have identified and begun to characterize the actions of two growth factors which appear to play major roles in controlling the growth and differentiation of muscle cells in culture, IGF-I and TGF-β. The IGF stimulate both proliferation and differentiation of muscle cells, and TGF-β is a very potent inhibitor of all aspects of myoblast differentiation. These two growth factors are active not only in mammalian systems, but also appear to modulate the development of avian muscle cells. Studies incorporating the use of IGF-I and TGF-β along with other purified growth factors in serum-free defined medium should yield promising information on the control mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle growth and differentiation.
Elementary Education Students' Perceptions of "Good" Citizenship

The purpose of this study was to investigate how elementary pre-service teachers perceive of ‘good’ citizenship. Prior to any instruction in their methods courses, 309 pre-service elementary teachers from nine different states were asked to respond to the prompt “What is a good citizen?” The two most common responses were “helping others/community involvement” (n=180) and “following laws” (n=163). Using the framework created by Westheimer and Kahne (2004), the authors make the conclusion that a majority of undergraduates have adopted a “Personally Responsible” model of citizenship. The authors argue that social studies methods instructors should attempt to move students in the direction of adopting a more “justice-oriented” model of citizenship when teaching elementary students in their future classrooms.
Multispectral imaging of tissue ablation

We describe a computational spectral imaging system that can acquire data in both the visible and near-infrared bands. We first show that the system is capable of estimating the full spectral reflectance of porcine tissue. We then show that the output of the system can be combined with machine learning algorithms to classify heart tissue that has been ablated for different amounts of time. The results of our analysis can be used to guide the design of an imaging system that can help cardiac electrophysiologists identify the position and efficacy of ablations during surgery.