cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HEAT TRANSFER FOR LAMINAR FLOW OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS IN ENTRANCE REGION OF A TUBE

Abstract This investigation deals with the heat-transfer characteristics of certain non-Newtonian fluids in the entrance region of a circular tube. The particular class of fluids involved is the pseudoplastics, for which the rheological data are best given by τ = K(− d u d r) n (0 ⩽ n ⩽ 1) . The analysis is restricted to fluids with constant properties in incompressible flow. The momentum and energy equations were solved analytically for n = 0, n = 0.5, and n = 1, the results then compared with known solutions of the two limiting cases: plug flow (n = 0) and Newtonian flow (n = 1). The momentum equation was solved by a method analogous to one developed by Goldstein and Atkinson for Newtonian flow. These results are not presented. Once the velocity distribution is known we can then solve the energy equation by numerical techniques for various boundary conditions, limited in this study to two: constant wall temperature and constant heat flux. Upon solution of the energy equation we then can predict the local and mean Nusselt numbers which can be checked near the entrance by comparison with the modified Leveque and far downstream by comparison to the fully developed velocity solution.
The scaling of the size and stiffness of primary flight feathers

Birds encompass a large range of body sizes, yet the importance of body size on feather morphology and mechanical properties has not been characterized. In this study, I examined the scaling relationships of primary flight feathers within a phylogenetically diverse sample of avian species varying in body size by nearly three orders of magnitude. I measured the scaling relationships between body mass and feather linear dimensions as well as feather flexural stiffness. The resnlts of an independent contrasts analysis to test the effects of phylogenetic history on the characters measured had no effect on the scaling relationships observed. There was slight, but not significant, positive allometry in the scaling of shaft diameter with respect to feather length across a range of body masses. The scaling of feather length and diameter against body mass was not significantly different from isometry. Flexural stiffness, however, exhibited strong negative allometry. Therefore, larger birds have relatively more flexible feathers than smaller birds. The more flexible primary feathers of large birds may reduce stresses on the wing skeleton during take-off and landing and also make these feathers less susceptible to mechanical failure. Conversely, the greater flexibility of these feathers may also reduce their capacity to generate aerodynamic lift.
Use of plant hydrocarbons as markers to estimate voluntary intake and digestibility in beef steers

Abstract Calculating dry matter intake of grazing herbivores has been an issue in determining factors such as efficiency and digestibility of forages. Two experiments were conducted using alkanes to validate analytical methods with oven-dried and freeze-dried samples, compare and contrast measured and estimated intake, and to measure digestibility using a controlled-release capsule (CRC) or supplement. In the first trial, 7 beef steers consuming either alfalfa or switchgrass hay received either a CRC or supplement in a random crossover design. Each period lasted 20 days with fecal grab samples taken over the last 10 days and total fecal collection the last 5 days. In the second trial, 12 beef cattle were fed a blended switchgrass and alfalfa hay and fed a once-daily alkane supplement. Fecal grab samples were collected the last 5 days over the 14-day experiment. In the first experiment, steers fed switchgrass hay ate less and digested a smaller proportion of total diet ( P P P P P P
Wave patterns across the North Atlantic on September 28, 1974, from airborne radar imagery

Airborne coherent radar imagery taken during a cross-Atlantic flight was used to determine the two-dimensional wave pattern of waves on a path across the North Atlantic on September 28, 1974. The radar imagery was compared with ship reports and photographs taken during the part of the flight when no clouds were present. The wave images were related to the presence of two major storm areas in the North Atlantic just before flight time.
Dissolution Rates of High Energy Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-Sulfathiazole Coprecipitates

The apparent solubility and rate of solution of sulfathiazole from compressed tablets containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were found to be greatly increased if sulfathiazole was previously coprecipitated with PVP. The increase noted was found to be function of the chain length of the PVP used as coprecipitate and the sulfathiazole to PVP weight ratio of the coprecipitate powder mixture used to compress the tablet. The 10,000-mol. wt. PVP yielded the most rapid sulfathiazole dissolution rate. The sulfathiazole rate of solution was (a) independent of the PVP weight fraction in the coprecipitated mixture at low PVP weight fractions; (b) increased with increasing PVP weight fraction at intermediate PVP weight fractions; and (c) decreased with increasing PVP weight fractions at high PVP weight fractions. A model was presented which utilized a controlling sulfathiazole external layer at lower PVP weight fractions and a controlling PVP external layer at higher PVP weight fractions. Several techniques were developed and used to elucidate the mechanisms involved and include (a) dissolution rate studies of mechanical mixes as well as coprecipitated mixtures of a number of sulfathiazole to PVP ratios; (b) X-ray diffraction studies of powders and tablets both before and after dissolution; (c) solubility determination of the various forms of sulfathiazole as a function of the PVP weight fraction in the coprecipitate and as a function of the PVP concentration in solution; (d) simultaneous release rates of PVP and sulfathiazole to determine regions of congruency and noncongruency; and (e) rates of solution using PVP solutions as a solvent. The data not only agreed very well with the model, but permitted a detailed characterization of all systems at all times during the dissolution process.
Cutaneous malignant melanoma and atypical moles associated with a constitutional rearrangement of chromosomes 5 and 9.

Hereditary cutaneous malignant melanoma (HCMM) with or without atypical moles has been described in several large kindreds worldwide. Despite numerous studies of these kindreds, the gene or genes responsible for this disorder has not yet been identified. Cytogenetic and molecular studies of melanoma tumor tissue and cell lines suggest that a gene involved in the pathogenesis of malignant melanoma lies on chromosome 9p. We describe a woman with atypical moles and multiple primary melanomas, who lacks a family history of HCMM, and, has a de novo constitutional unbalanced reciprocal translocation involving the short arms of chromosomes 5 and 9 with a cytogenetically visible deletion of 5p or 9p: [46,XX,-5,-9, +der(5)t(5;9) (p13.3 or 14.2;p13.3 or 21.2), +der(9)t(5;9)]. This finding supports the hypothesis that a gene predisposing to HCMM lies on the short arm of chromosome 9. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
How will SOX touch nonpublic companies

You may think that the sweeping reforms of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) only affect public companies. Guess again, say the authors. There is a growing awareness that the expectations SOX established are cascading onto private companies also. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of age on the conversion of thyroxine (T4) to 3,5,3′ triiodothyronine (T3) by liver homogenate from fed and fasted Sprague-Dawley rats

Aging is associated with numerous alterations in thyroid hormone homeostasis. Because T3 accounts for much of the peripheral metabolic effect of thyroid hormone, and T4, to T3 conversion has been shown to be altered by fasting, at least in nonsenescent rats, the effect of age on this aspect of thyroid hormone metabolism was assessed. In the fed state, increasing age did not alter T4, to T3 conversion by rat liver homogenate (5.03 ± 0.7 vs. 4.44 ± 0.8%)(mean ± SD). Age did, however, alter the peripheral thyroid hormone response to fasting. Liver homogenates from fasted mature rats produced approximately 74% the amount of T3 generated by tissues from similarly aged fed controls (p < 0.001). Fasting did not, however, decrease the amount of T3 generated by liver homogenates from senescent rats. The in vitro addition of 5 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) increased T3 generation 60.7 ± 9.0% (mean ± SD) (p < 0.001) by tissues from fed mature rats; DTT (5 mM) did not alter T4, to T3 conversion by tissues from fed aged rats. DTT (5 mM) added to tissues from fasted mature rats eliminated the decline in T3 generation associated with fasting. DTT (5 mM) had no effect on tissues from fasted senescent rats. In conclusion, in the fed state, increasing age does not alter T4, to T3 conversion by rat liver homogenate. Age does alter the peripheral thyroid hormone response to fasting.
What makes some indirect speech acts conventional

Abstract Indirect requests can be made using a variety of sentence forms, such as I would like …, Can you … ?, Will you … ?, May I … ?, etc. Previous research has shown that these sentence forms are not equally appropriate for all social situations. The purpose of this paper is to show exactly what it is about a particular social context that makes some indirect requests conventional and others not. The hypothesis explored was that speakers formulate their requests to anticipate the potential obstacles (e.g., ability, willingness, possession of the object desired, etc.) which hinder addresses in complying with requests, and that comprehension for these requests depend on how well speakers do this. The results of the first two studies indicated that subjects strongly prefer to state their requests in different situations to best specify the obstacles present for the addressees. Experiment 3 showed that specifying the potential obstacle to compliance in indirect requests influences the speed with which people interpret these utterances. The implications of these findings for theories of language use and interpretation are discussed.
Central nervous system regulation of reflex responses to hypotension during fetal life

The ability of the fetus to survive, grow, and successfully complete the transition from fetal to neonatal life is critically dependent on the appropriate regulation of fetal blood pressure, blood volume, and fluid dynamics. This is a short review of the physiological mechanisms controlling the fetal cardiovascular system, focusing mainly on the neural and endocrine elements in the schema of cardiovascular function and control. The fetal cardiovascular system is arranged anatomically to provide for perfusion of the umbilical-placental circulation, the organ of gas exchange of the fetus, and to largely bypass the lungs. Fetal blood volume and pressure, maintained at levels that are appropriate for this function, are influenced by neural and endocrine control mechanisms, which are similar to, but quantitatively different from, the adult animal. Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors located in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch sense changes in blood pressure and blood gases and comprise the afferent limb of the major reflexes that maintain normal fetal blood pressure and volume. Fetal hypotension stimulates reflex decreases in fetal heart rate, which are apparently mediated by chemoreceptor input. Arginine vasopressin responses to hypotension are most likely mediated by baroreceptor input. Recent evidence suggests that the reflex responses to hypotension in the fetus are modulated by paracrine or endocrine factors. For example, baroreceptor or chemoreceptor reflex pathways are modulated by the endogenous production of prostanoids and by the preparturient changes in fetal plasma estrogen concentration.
Lowering serum uric acid to prevent acute kidney injury

Epidemiological, experimental and clinical studies support a role for uric acid in acute kidney injury (AKI). We discuss how the conventional role of uric acid in AKI has now evolved from intratubular crystal deposition to pro-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and immunological function. Data from recent studies are presented to support the hypothesis that uric acid may have a role in AKI via a crystal-independent process in addition to its traditionally accepted role to induce injury via crystal-dependent pathways.
Migration of an amplatzer septal occluder device for closure of atrial septal defect into the ascending aorta with formation of an aorta-to-right atrial fistula.

The percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects is increasingly used. Serious complications of the procedure, such as cardiac perforation and tamponade, are rare and usually occur
Alcohol Environments and Disparities in Exposure Associated With Adolescent Drinking in California

Objectives. We investigated sociodemographic disparities in alcohol environments and their relationship with adolescent drinking. Methods. We geocoded and mapped alcohol license data with ArcMap to construct circular buffers centered at 14595 households with children that participated in the California Health Interview Survey. We calculated commercial sources of alcohol in each buffer. Multivariate logistic regression differentiated the effects of alcohol sales on adolescents' drinking from their individual, family, and neighborhood characteristics. Results. Alcohol availability, measured by mean and median number of licenses, was significantly higher around residences of minority and lower-income families. Binge drinking and driving after drinking among adolescents aged 12 to 17 years were significantly associated with the presence of alcohol retailers within 0.5 miles of home. Simulation of changes in the alcohol environment showed that if alcohol sales were reduced from the mean number of alcohol outlets around the lowest-income quartile of households to that of the highest quartile, prevalence of binge drinking would fall from 6.4% to 5.6% and driving after drinking from 7.9% to 5.9%. Conclusions. Alcohol outlets are concentrated in disadvantaged neighborhoods and can contribute to adolescent drinking. Language: en
The Synthesis of Carboracycles Derived from B,B′‐Bis(aryl) Derivatives of Icosahedral ortho‐Carborane

Reactions of both closo-9,12-I2-1,2-C2B10H10 and closo-9,10-I2-1,7-C2B10H10 with an excess of aryl magnesium bromide in the presence of [PdCl2(PPh3)2] afford the corresponding closo-9,12-(4-R-C6H4)2-1,2-C2B10H10 [R=H (1), Me (2), OMe (3), SMe (4), N(CH3)2 (5), Cl (6)] and closo-9,10-(4-R′-C6H4)2-1,7-C2B10H10 [R′=Me (7), OMe (8), N(CH3)2 (9), Cl (10), and -C[(OCH2)2]CH3 (11)] compounds in high yields. The anisole derivatives 3 and 8 were deprotected to yield the corresponding bis-phenols 12 and 13, respectively. Structural analyses of compounds 1, 3, 6, and 12 are reported. Re-etherification of compound 12 by using γ-bromotriethyleneglycol methyl ether provided 14 (R=(CH2CH2O)3CH3). Oxidation of 4 with ceric(IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) generated the bis-sulfoxide 15 (R=S(O)Me). Deprotection of compound 11 led to the corresponding acetyl derivative 18 (R′=C(O)Me). Bis-anisole 3 was tethered with 1,3-dibromopropane, 1,6-dibromohexane, 1,8-dibromooctane, 4,4′-bis(iodomethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl, and α,α′-dibromo-2,6-lutidine to afford the dimers 20 b, 21 b, 22 b, 23 b, and 24 b, respectively. The tetrameric carboracycles 27 a and 30 a, as well as the dimeric 29 c were obtained through repetitive coupling of the dimeric compounds 20 b, 24 b, and 22 b with 1,3-dibromopropane, α,α′-dibromo-2,6-lutidine, and 1,8-dibromooctane, respectively. The tetrameric carboracycle 28 a was obtained upon consecutive reactions of 1 with 1,4-dibromobutane. Hexameric carboracycle 28 b was identified as a byproduct. Exhaustive ether cleavage of 27 a generated octaphenol 31 a. Re-etherification of 31 a with trimethylenesultone provided the octasulfonate 32 a, the first example of a water-soluble carboracycle. Linkage of dimer 23 b with α,α′-dibromolutidine yielded the cyclic tetrameric tetrapyridyl derivative 30 a in low yield. The structures of the carboracycles 27 a, 28 a, 28 b, and 30 a have been confirmed by Xray crystallography. In addition, the compounds 28 a,b are the first reported carboracycles that interact with solvent molecules in a host–guest fashion.
Composition and physical properties of thin a-C:N and a-C:N:H films deposited by ion beam techniques

Thin a-C, a-C:N, a-C:H and a-C:N:H films were deposited onto silicon, glass and graphite substrates using ion beam techniques. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and elastic recoil detection analysis were performed in order to determine their atomic composition. The hardness of these films was measured using a Vickers hardness diamond indenter. The as-deposited a-C:H and a-C:N:H films were characterized using optical absorption spectroscopy, while the a-C and a-C:N films were studied by Raman spectroscopy. A shift of the absorption edge toward the lower energy region and a lower gap of a-C:N:H films was observed. The Raman spectra of a-C:N films show an increase in the I(D)/I(G) ration, as compared to those of non-nitrogenated diamond-like carbon films. A possible structure is suggested.
Noninvasive Measurement of Plasma Triglycerides and Free Fatty Acids from Exhaled Breath

Background: Although altered metabolism has long been known to affect human breath, generating clinically usable metabolic tests from exhaled compounds has proven challenging. If developed, a breath-based lipid test would greatly simplify management of diabetes and serious pathological conditions (e.g., obesity, familial hyperlipidemia, and coronary artery disease), in which systemic lipid levels are a critical risk factor for onset and development of future cardiovascular events. Methods: We, therefore, induced controlled fluctuations of plasma lipids (insulin-induced lipid suppression or intravenous infusion of Intralipid) during 4-h in vivo experiments on 23 healthy volunteers (12 males/11 females, 28.0 ± 0.3 years) to find correlations between exhaled volatile organic compounds and plasma lipids. In each subject, plasma triglycerides (TG) and free fatty acids (FFA) concentrations were both directly measured and calculated via individualized prediction equations based on the multiple linear regression analysis of a cluster of 4 gases. In the lipid infusion protocol, we also generated common prediction equations using a maximum of 10 gases. Results: This analysis yielded strong correlations between measured and predicted values during both lipid suppression (r = 0.97 for TG; r = 0.90 for FFA) and lipid infusion (r = 0.97 for TG; r = 0.94 for FFA) studies. In our most accurate common prediction model, measured and predicted TG and FFA values also displayed very strong statistical agreement (r = 0.86 and r = 0.81, respectively). Conclusions: Our results demonstrate the feasibility of measuring plasma lipids through breath analysis. Optimization of this technology may ultimately lead to the development of portable breath analyzers for plasma lipids, replacing blood-based bioassays. © Diabetes Technology Society.
Less is more: using Grice's maxim of quantity to generate instructional text

Plans produced by AI planning systems have the potential to serve as the underlying action representation for systems that generate instructional texts. However, there is more detail in even the simplest, of plan data structures than there is in a typical plan description used by people. This paper describes an operational definition of Grice's (1975) maxim of quantity that guides the selection of appropriate amounts of detail to appear in a textual description of a plan.
ANN Relays Used to Determine Fault Locations on Shipboard Electrical Distribution Systems

This paper observes an artificial neural network algorithm (ANN) distance relay solution. It traces the location of the fault on a shipboard power system. The United States Naval Surface Warfare Center has been exploring methods for increasing the reliability for shipboard electrical distribution systems. The electrical distribution system is protected when faults are located and isolated as quickly as possible. The goal is to increase the availability of shipboard electrical distribution systems by locating and isolating faults. Thus, introducing an ANN relay to locate the fault occurrence on the electrical distribution system. Maintaining the integrity of a shipboard power system in the event of multiple simultaneous electrical faults is necessary to achieve continuity of service to all loads under adverse battle conditions.
Regulation of NMDA Receptors by Dopamine D4 Signaling in Prefrontal Cortex

Increasing evidence has suggested that the interaction between dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems in prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an important role in normal mental functions and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this study, we examined the regulation of NMDA-type glutamate receptors by the PFC dopamine D4 receptor (one of the principal targets of antipsychotic drugs). Application of the D4 receptor agonist PD168077 caused a reversible decrease of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated current in acutely isolated and cultured PFC pyramidal neurons, an effect that was blocked by selective D4 receptor antagonists. Furthermore, application of PD168077 produced a potent reduction of the amplitude (but not paired-pulse ratio) of evoked NMDAR EPSCs in PFC slices. The D4 modulation of NMDA receptors in PFC involved the inhibition of protein kinase A, activation of protein phosphatase 1 and the ensuing inhibition of active Ca2+–calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII). Moreover, PD168077 reduced the surface expression of NMDARs and triggered the internalization of NMDARs in a manner dependent on CaMKII activity. These results identify a mechanistic link between D4 and NMDA receptors in PFC pyramidal neurons, suggesting that D4 receptors may play an important role in modulating synaptic plasticity and thus cognitive and emotional processes in PFC circuits.
Enhanced neutral protease activity in proliferating rheumatoid synovial cells

Proteolytic enzymes associated with rheumatoid synovial cells (RSC) have been implicated in the degradation of articular cartilage. Proteases have been measured in proliferating rheumatoid synovial cells (P-RSC), proliferating nonrheumatoid synovial cells (P-NSC), and their nonproliferating counterparts (NP-RSC and NP-NSC). The P-RSC and P-NSC exhibit enhanced total surface-associated plus secreted neutral protease activity, as compared with NP-RSC and NP-NSC. The P-RSC exhibited significantly higher protease activity in this category compared to P-NSC. The RSC also secreted higher levels of secreted proteases alone compared to NSC. The secreted protease activity alone was not related to the proliferative state of the cells. Extractable protease activity was measured in early-passaged and serially-passaged P-RSC, NP-RSC, P-NSC, and NP-NSC. Extractable cellular protease activity measured at pH ranges from 5.0 through 8.0 was not significantly different between P-RSC and NP-RSC or between P-NSC and NP-NSC. The RSC contained elevated extractable cellular protease activity measured at pH ranges from 5.0 through 8.0 compared to extracts from later-passaged cells. The neutral protease activity in the early-passaged RSC was also higher than that measured at pH 6.0 or 8.0. In synovial cells cellular protease activity was related to the proliferative state and the origin of the cells. The P-RSC exhibited the highest levels of surface associated plus secreted neutral protease activity. The RSC also possessed the highest levels of extractable protease activity compared to NSC.
Theoretical analysis of ablation depths and profiles in laser in situ keratomileusis for compound hyperopic and mixed astigmatism

Abstract Purpose To compare the theoretical ablation depths and profiles of 4 treatment strategies for compound hyperopic and mixed astigmatism. Setting Theoretical analysis. Methods Corneal contour drawings of theoretical corneal ablation profiles during laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy were made. The depths of tissue ablation in 4 treatment strategies for compound hyperopic astigmatism (Groups 1 to 4) and for mixed astigmatism (Groups 5 to 8) were compared: (1) combined hyperopic spherical and myopic cylindrical treatments (Groups 1 and 5); (2) combined spherical and hyperopic cylindrical treatments (Groups 2 and 6); (3) combined cylindrical treatments (Groups 3 and 7); (4) combined cross-cylinder and spherical equivalent treatments (Groups 4 and 8). Results In compound hyperopic astigmatism, the 4 approaches resulted in identical final curvatures, but the ablation depths were greatest in Group 1 (combined hyperopic spherical and myopic cylindrical treatments). The smallest amount of ablation occurred in Group 2 (combined hyperopic spherical and hyperopic cylindrical treatments) and Group 3 (combined hyperopic cylindrical treatments), which had similar tissue ablation patterns. In mixed astigmatism, the greatest ablation depth was in Group 5, followed by Group 8, and Groups 6 and 7. The tissue ablation depths and profiles were similar in Groups 6 and 7. Conclusion The treatment approaches in Groups 2, 3, 6, and 7 (which avoided the use of minus cylinder) resulted in the smallest degree of stromal ablation. Patients with compound hyperopic or mixed astigmatism may benefit from reduced ablation depths by deferring treatment until hyperopic cylindrical and/or combined cylindrical treatments are available.
A variation-tolerant sub-threshold design approach

Due to their extreme low power consumption, sub-threshold design approaches are appealing for a widening class of applications which demand low power consumption and can tolerate larger circuit delays. However, sub-threshold circuits are extremely sensitive to variations in supply, temperature and processing factors. In this paper, we present a sub-threshold design methodology which dynamically self-adjusts for inter and intra-die process, supply voltage and temperature (PVT) variations. This adjustment is achieved by performing bulk voltage adjustments in a closed-loop fashion, using a charge pump and a phase-detector.
DIFFERENTIATION OF CARDIAC PURKINJE FIBERS REQUIRES PRECISE SPATIOTEMPORAL REGULATION OF Nkx2-5 EXPRESSION

Nkx2-5 gene mutations cause cardiac abnormalities including deficits of function in the atrioventricular conduction system (AVCS). In the chick, Nkx2-5 is elevated in Purkinje fiber AVCS cells relative to working cardiomyocytes. Here, we show that Nkx2-5 expression rises to a peak as Purkinje fibers progressively differentiate. To disrupt this pattern, we over-expressed Nkx2-5 from embryonic day 10 as Purkinje fibers are recruited within developing chick hearts. Over-expression of Nkx2-5 caused inhibition of sMHC, a late Purkinje fiber marker but did not affect Cx40 levels. Working cardiomyocytes over-expressing Nkx2-5 in these hearts ectopically up-regulated Cx40, but not sMHC. Isolated embryonic cardiomyocytes over-expressing Nkx2-5 also displayed increased Cx40 and suppressed sMHC. By contrast over-expression of a human NKX2-5 mutant did not effect these markers in vivo or in vitro, suggesting one possible mechanism for clinical phenotypes. We conclude that a prerequisite for normal Purkinje fiber maturation is precise regulation of Nkx2-5 levels.
Controlled Growth of Y-Junction Nanotubes Using Ti-Doped Vapor Catalyst

We demonstrate a bulk process for the synthesis of Y-junction carbon nanotubes using Ti-doped Fe catalysts. It is shown that the nanotube branching can be induced or stopped at will by tuning the Ti composition in the catalyst particle that seeds the growth of nanotubes. Detailed electron microscopic studies suggest that the mechanism for the observed Y-junction formation is mediated via catalyst particle attachment on the walls of a growing MWNT, from which the branching nanotubes nucleate and grow. By controlling the Ti concentration in the precursor, cascading Y-junction series as well as quadruple junctions have been successfully synthesized, offering the possibility for interesting device applications. The simplicity and controllability of such an in-situ Y-junction fabrication technique make it an excellent source of ready-made networks for potential nanoscale devices.
Principles of Archival Inventory Construction

This paper presents a systematic method of progressively arranging and describing archival and manuscript accessions using inventory-style description. Description is based on arrangement. The inventory links these two aspects of intellectual control by being structured to reflect, for each accession, both the physical arrangement of record series and the natural descriptors that govern the order of the file units within them.The inventory serves as the controlled source for all index/catalog terms. Index entries are derived from the inventory and are cumulated to link all inventories, as was recommended by the Society of American Archivists Finding Aids Committee in 1978. Additional terms brought out by more refined processing of an accession are incorporated in the internal structure of the original inventory. Rules for proper form of name entry are employed as an authority control. Topical subject access is by structured language and is keyed to primary subject matter. Natural language terms can be der...
Research and statistics: number needed to treat and intention to treat analysis.

1. Megan M. Tschudy, MD* 2. Peter C. Rowe, MD† 1. *General Academic Pediatrics Fellow, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. 2. †Professor of Pediatrics, Division of General and Adolescent Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. An 8-month-old boy who has no history of wheezing or atopy presents to the emergency department with bronchiolitis. While discussing the case, a colleague mentions that a recent randomized, controlled trial in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) showed that the combination of nebulized epinephrine and oral dexamethasone may reduce hospital admissions in children who have bronchiolitis. (1) You have been seeing many patients this season who have bronchiolitis and wonder if you should change your clinical practice. Randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the gold standard for establishing the beneficial and harmful effects of a treatment. Investigators report the results of treatment using absolute difference in risk (absolute risk reduction), relative risk, or relative risk reduction. (2) Absolute risk reduction is the difference in risk of an event occurring in exposed individuals compared with nonexposed individuals. Relative risk is the ratio of the risk of the event occurring in the exposed population compared with the risk in the nonexposed group. Relative risk reduction is the percent reduction in events occurring in exposed compared with unexposed individuals. These estimates of risk are not easily extrapolated or relevant to clinical practice. Number needed to treat (NNT) analysis is an important measure to …
Principle and Improvement of the Earth Electrode Overvoltage Protection for an HVDC Project

The principle of the earth electrode overvoltage protection of the Gui-GuangⅡ HVDC Project is analyzed,and the protection logic of the earth electrode overvoltage protection(59EL) is described.Through analyzing the behaviour of 59EL in the commissioning process of the Gui-GuangⅡ HVDC Project,the bugs in the 59EL are found.In order to eliminate the bugs in protection logic,avoid the monopolar block or even bipolar blocks due to misoperation of 59EL,and improve the reliability of HVDC operations,some improvement solutions are offered for modifying 59EL logic in the Gui-GuangⅡ HVDC Project,and improving the programs of pole control system and DC station control system.In addition,RTDS simulations are conducted to verify the proposed improvement solutions.
Brownian Dynamics of a Suspension of Particles with Constrained Voronoi Cell Volumes.

Solvent-free polymer-grafted nanoparticle fluids consist of inorganic core particles fluidized by polymers tethered to their surfaces. The attachment of the suspending fluid to the particle surface...
HYDROGEN-EXCHANGE STUDIES OF CALMODULIN

Publisher Summary This chapter presents results of a study conducted to characterize the exchange rates of the amide hydrogens of calmodulin, and the changes in these rates induced by the binding of calcium and magnesium. The measurement of overall exchange rates is achieved by first labeling the protein to equilibrium with tritium, from tritiated water, then transferring the protein to unlabeled water and determining the rate at which the incorporated tritium leaves. In the case of calmodulin, such determinations were made using protein in a medium containing 0.1 M KC1, 20 mM TES, 5 mM EGTA, pH 7.5 at 0°C and in the same solution containing either 5.1 mM CaCl 2 or 6 mM MgCl 2 . The results show that the overall exchange curve of the protein is significantly slowed by the binding of calcium and to a lesser extent by the binding of magnesium. This suggests an overall decrease in the flexibility of the protein and/or a reduced solvent accessibility to some of the exchanging hydrogens.
The Architecture of Government: DATA TO THE RESCUE?

It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts. Sherlock Holmes, in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's “Scandal in Bohemia” (1892) Facts are stupid things until brought into connection with some general law. Louis Agassiz, in Scudder (1874) One response to the previous chapters might be to agree that theory is inconclusive and look to empirical research to determine whether the positive or negative effects of decentralization tend to dominate. “Where theory leaves us completely stranded,” advise Dahl and Tufte (1973, p. 44), “we can be rescued only by data.” It may not be possible to say in the abstract whether a decentralized constitution is better or worse than a more centralized one. But the proof of the pudding is in the eating. There are several reasons why turning to empirical observations at this point might seem dangerous, if not perverse. First, even if we found the empirical “pudding” to be tasty, we would not know what it was we were consuming. If theory tells us not to expect a consistent relationship between decentralization and most political and economic outcomes, finding such a relationship in one data set gives us no reason to expect similar results in others. For instance, suppose one found a correlation between decentralization and individual liberty in a sample of countries.
CASL Structural Mechanics Modeling of Grid-to-Rod Fretting (GTRF)

Fluid-induced grid-to-rod fretting (GTRF) wear is responsible for over 70% of fuel leaks in pressurized water reactors (PWRs) in the US. The Consortium for Advanced Simulation of Light Water Reactors (CASL) has identified GTRF as a challenge problem that is very important to nuclear plants. GTRF is a complex problem that involves multiple physical phenomena. This paper summarizes several GTRF-related problems being addressed by the University of Michigan and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, CASL partners. These include analyses of cladding creep, wear, structural mechanics, and the effects of the rod-to-grid gap. Also outlined are additional aspects of material science and computational modeling that will be needed to realize the ultimate goal of high-fidelity predictive modeling and design tools to address GTRF.
Application of SLAT methodology in bond pad process evaluation for sidewall polymer removal

Bond pad sidewall polymer removal in a thick passivation device was attempted using different approaches, longer NE111 clean, 250°C bake and high temperature (HT) NE111 clean. SLAT methodology was adopted to evaluate the Al bond pad quality due to F-content on the bond pad surfaces during long term wafer storage. Both for 250°C bake and HT-NE111 no Fluorine-crystal defects were observed on bond pad surfaces with SLAT studies. However, Cu segregation was noticed, which can cause Al-Cu galvanic corrosion, for 250 °C baking process. But with HT NEU, bond pad sidewall polymers were completely removed and thus, mitigating the risk of F-crystal defect formation. Moreover, this approach was without any other type of defects. This is an alternative approach where EKC solvent is not available to manufacture bond pad surface with no sidewall polymers. Wafers, which were processed with HT NE111 clean, were stored up to 3 months and display no F-crystal on bond pad surfaces.
The WWC Attrition Standard Sensitivity to Assumptions and Opportunities for Refining and Adapting to New Contexts

Background:To limit the influence of attrition bias in assessments of intervention effectiveness, several federal evidence reviews have established a standard for acceptable levels of sample attrition in randomized controlled trials. These evidence reviews include the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC), the Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness Review, and the Teen Pregnancy Prevention Evidence Review. We believe the WWC attrition standard may constitute the first use of model-based, empirically supported bounds on attrition bias in the context of a federally sponsored systematic evidence review. Meeting the WWC attrition standard (or one of the attrition standards based on the WWC standard) is now an important consideration for researchers conducting studies that could potentially be reviewed by the WWC (or other evidence reviews).Objectives:The purpose of this article is to explain the WWC attrition model, how that model is used to establish attrition bounds, and to assess the sensitivity of attrition bou...
Eventration of the Diaphragm

Eventration of the diaphragm is an abnormal elevation of one or both hemidiaphragms into the thorax. This condition can be congenital or acquired and has a variety of presentations, ranging from an incidental finding on imaging studies to severe respiratory impairment with difficulty weaning from the ventilator. A chest radiograph in two views will show elevation of the affected diaphragm. Recently, ultrasound has replaced fluoroscopy as the imaging study of choice. Patients with small, asymptomatic congenital eventrations can be managed without an operation, while large or symptomatic eventrations should undergo surgical repair. Acquired eventrations are initially managed with supportive care and observed to assess for spontaneous return of phrenic nerve and diaphragmatic function. Repair of the eventration can be approached either through the abdomen or thoracic cavity and can be performed using open or minimally invasive techniques. Plication is achieved by either imbrication of the diaphragm or excision of the weakened central portion of the diaphragm. As loosening of the plication over time is expected, a taut repair without undue tension is essential at the time of operation to prevent recurrence.
Lumbar Spine Infection by Granulicatella and Abiotrophia Species

Background The Granulicatella and Abiotrophia species are streptococci and natural inhabitants of the oral and urogenital flora. They are uncommonly associated with human pathology, although they can cause septicemia, endocarditis, or bacteremia. These microorganisms are difficult to culture and identify due to particular microenvironment requirements. Rarely, presentation is osteomyelitis or infections of the spine. Case Description The case report referenced patient notes, laboratory values, and imaging from the electronic health record. In this 48-year-old male with a history of hepatitis C and intravenous drug use, back pain was a relatively common presentation of an uncommon infection. His hospital course was significant for low back pain that did not resolve with conservative measures. Imaging was concerning for infection of the lumbar spine. Biopsies, negative early on, were ultimately positive for Granulicatella and Abiotrophia species, a rare infectious etiology. This infection uncommonly affects the lumbar spine and has not been previously documented in IV drug users. Intravenous antibiotics were prescribed for 6 weeks, after which the patient demonstrated significant clinical improvement. Conclusion With such an uncommon pathogen, there are no universal protocol changes indicated. However, awareness of such unusual microbes and their potential role as the etiology of more common infections, such as lumbar osteomyelitis, is crucial in developing a thorough infectious workup in cases resistant to treatment targeting typical microorganisms.
Genetic resistance to purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibition in Plasmodium falciparum .

Plasmodium falciparum causes the most lethal form of human malaria and is a global health concern. The parasite responds to antimalarial therapies by developing drug resistance. The continuous development of new antimalarials with novel mechanisms of action is a priority for drug combination therapies. The use of transition-state analog inhibitors to block essential steps in purine salvage has been proposed as a new antimalarial approach. Mutations that reduce transition-state analog binding are also expected to reduce the essential catalytic function of the target. We have previously reported that inhibition of host and P. falciparum purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PfPNP) by DADMe-Immucillin-G (DADMe-ImmG) causes purine starvation and parasite death in vitro and in primate infection models. P. falciparum cultured under incremental DADMe-ImmG drug pressure initially exhibited increased PfPNP gene copy number and protein expression. At increased drug pressure, additional PfPNP gene copies appeared with point mutations at catalytic site residues involved in drug binding. Mutant PfPNPs from resistant clones demonstrated reduced affinity for DADMe-ImmG, but also reduced catalytic efficiency. The catalytic defects were partially overcome by gene amplification in the region expressing PfPNP. Crystal structures of native and mutated PfPNPs demonstrate altered catalytic site contacts to DADMe-ImmG. Both point mutations and gene amplification are required to overcome purine starvation induced by DADMe-ImmG. Resistance developed slowly, over 136 generations (2136 clonal selection). Transition-state analog inhibitors against PfPNP are slow to induce resistance and may have promise in malaria therapy.
Association between stride time fractality and gait adaptability during unperturbed and asymmetric walking

Abstract Human locomotion is an inherently complex activity that requires the coordination and control of neurophysiological and biomechanical degrees of freedom across various spatiotemporal scales. Locomotor patterns must constantly be altered in the face of changing environmental or task demands, such as heterogeneous terrains or obstacles. Variability in stride times occurring at short time scales (e.g., 5–10 strides) is statistically correlated to larger fluctuations occurring over longer time scales (e.g., 50–100 strides). This relationship, known as fractal dynamics, is thought to represent the adaptive capacity of the locomotor system. However, this has not been tested empirically. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine if stride time fractality during steady state walking associated with the ability of individuals to adapt their gait patterns when locomotor speed and symmetry are altered. Fifteen healthy adults walked on a split-belt treadmill at preferred speed, half of preferred speed, and with one leg at preferred speed and the other at half speed (2:1 ratio asymmetric walking). The asymmetric belt speed condition induced gait asymmetries that required adaptation of locomotor patterns. The slow speed manipulation was chosen in order to determine the impact of gait speed on stride time fractal dynamics. Detrended fluctuation analysis was used to quantify the correlation structure, i.e., fractality, of stride times. Cross-correlation analysis was used to measure the deviation from intended anti-phasing between legs as a measure of gait adaptation. Results revealed no association between unperturbed walking fractal dynamics and gait adaptability performance. However, there was a quadratic relationship between perturbed, asymmetric walking fractal dynamics and adaptive performance during split-belt walking, whereby individuals who exhibited fractal scaling exponents that deviated from 1/f performed the poorest. Compared to steady state preferred walking speed, fractal dynamics increased closer to 1/f when participants were exposed to asymmetric walking. These findings suggest there may not be a relationship between unperturbed preferred or slow speed walking fractal dynamics and gait adaptability. However, the emergent relationship between asymmetric walking fractal dynamics and limb phase adaptation may represent a functional reorganization of the locomotor system (i.e., improved interactivity between degrees of freedom within the system) to be better suited to attenuate externally generated perturbations at various spatiotemporal scales.
The Acutely Ill Child

The main causes of liver disease in an acutely unwell older child are viral infection, drug injury or metabolic liver disease (Table 5.1). A thorough history may help distinguish from drug or toxin induced liver injury.
Role of Microenvironment on Gene Expression, Angiogenesis and Microvascular Function in Tumors

Solid tumors are organ-like entities. In addition to neoplastic cells, they consist of non-transformed host stromal cells such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts and inflammatory cells. All of these cells are embedded in a characteristic extracellular matrix and are surrounded by specific molecular and metabolic microenvironments. Blood and lymphatic vessels, which are important for maintaining the homeostasis of living organisms, are compromised in solid tumors, causing various physiological barriers to the delivery of therapeutic agents to tumors in sufficient quantity and under optimal conditions. There is a growing body of evidence that stromal cells are not quiescent bystanders; instead, they significantly influence the pathophysiology of tumors. Both stromal cells and tumor cells participate in the formation of this milieu, and the microenvironment, which includes the expression of positive and negative regulators of angiogenesis, influences the biology of these cells. Any of these factors — tumor cells, stromal cells, and the local microenvironment of particular organs — may vary during treatment and may influence the efficiency of various treatment modalities. Therefore, stromal cells and the tumor microenvironment offer novel targets for tumor detection and treatment. A better understanding of host-tumor interaction and formation, as well as of the function of blood and lymphatic vessels in tumors in different microenvironments, is warranted in order to facilitate the development of such strategies.
Hume’s Refutation of Inductive Probabilism

Wesley Salmon once argued that an important piece of “unfinished business” for contemporary philosophers is the task of responding successfully to the challenge Hume’s statement of the problem of induction poses.1 I agree. But there is a prior piece of business we need to attend to first. We need to figure out what Hume’s argument actually is.