cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Review of Behavioral Interventions for Psychotic Verbal Behavior in People With Intellectual Disabilities

Individuals with intellectual disabilities who exhibit psychotic verbal behavior are at increased risk for hospitalization and dependence on external support. Traditionally, medication is the clinical treatment of choice for this behavior. This article selectively reviews the existing literature within the field of behavior analysis on reducing psychotic verbal behavior in adults with intellectual disabilities. Both contingency-based and function-based treatments were effective. There was evidence that differential reinforcement, noncontingent reinforcement, and response-cost procedures were effective. The implications for future treatment and research on delusional verbal behavior are discussed.
Determination of fixed electron-beam-induced positive oxide charge

Contrary to previous beliefs, electron-beam-induced positive charges in insulators persist where created for at least several weeks without discernible movement. Formerly, coating with a thin metal overlay was thought to allow the charge to leak away. Coating with a conductor is shown to shield electric fields from affecting the imaging probe, but to remove no charge from the specimen. A new technique is introduced for the evaluation of the properties of electron-beam-induced positive charges in metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors. MOS structures were subjected to partial area exposure in a scanning electron microscope. These exposures resulted in the creation of areas of localized positive charge within the oxide, which was observed as steps in the capacitance-voltage data. A systematic study was performed. It related the exposed area to the step height and the amount of induced charge to the voltage shift of the step. A model describing the observed phenomenon is presented, followed by a comparison of theoretical and experimental results. The progress of the charge over time was studied by performing capacitance-voltage analysis 30 min after electron beam exposure and up to 4 weeks later.
Magnetic Susceptibility of High-Purity Thorium

The magnetic susceptibility of thorium has been measured between 18 and 328 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The thorium samples had been refined by the electrotransport process and had electrical resistivity ratios ranging between 790 and 1300. Linear extrapolation of the data to 0 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K yields a value of + 0.383 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ emu/g. This susceptibility increases nearly linearly with increasing temperature to (+ 0.412 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.001) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ emu/g at 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. This behavior is qualitatively consistent with the behavior of a number of other physical properties and implies a temperature-dependent electronic distribution in thorium metal.
The Incorporation of Neutral Red and Acridine Orange into Developing Poliovirus Particles making them Photosensitive.

Abstract This study concerns the effects of neutral red, acridine orange, and light on the growth of virulent (Mahoney) and attenuated (LSc) polioviruses in monkey kidney cell cultures. Mature, infective virus incubated with the dyes for 1 hour in the absence of cells and then exposed to white light showed no reduction in titer. Virus grown in cells containing neutral red or acridine orange may be subsequently inactivated by light, thus indicating an incorporation of the dye into the developing virus. The effect of neutral red and light was the same for the virulent and the attenuated strains. The biological and chemical similarities between the quinonimide dyes (neutral red, toluidine blue) and the acridines (acridine orange, proflavine) are discussed.
The infrequent incidence of nonparalytic poliomyelitis.

Summary There has been reported a series of 798 consecutive cases of poliomyelitis seen during a three-year period. Some data have been incidentally included to indicate mortality, the use of the respirator, and the spinal fluid cell count for comparison with other reported series. These patients have been analyzed for the incidence of nonparalytic recovery. Only thirty-one (3.9 per cent) of these patients ran a nonparalytic course as compared with the statewide nonparalytic rate for the five-year period of 31.2 per cent. Two hundred eighty-one patients were admitted preparalytic, and, of these, the thirty-one nonparalytic patients constituted 11 per cent. Mild degrees of paralysis may be found only by careful examination and follow-up study. Some weakness of musculature should be expected, even though this may not be invariable in most patients in whom the clinical diagnosis can be established. The detection and adequate treatment of minor paralysis may readily prevent significant late sequelae.
TOWARD A PSYCHOLOGY OF CHARISMA: I. THE INNOVATION VIEWPOINT OF ROBERT TUCKER

Weber's writings ought to be ign0red.l I am very skeptical about this, as certain others are bound to be (e.g., Bendix, 1960; Friedrich, 1961; Shils, 1958, 1965) ,2 and in this note should like to express my skepticism. Thus, Tucker writes: Let me begin by placing myself squarely upon Weber's side in the issue regarding the usefulness of the concept of charismatic leadership. I believe that this concept meets a vital theoretical need. Indeed, it is virtually indispensable, particularly for the srudent of revolutionary movements. . . . In connection with a work in progress on Stalin and Russian Communism, it became necessary to reexamine the role of Lenin as founder and supreme leader of the Bolshevik revolutionary movement. In the course of chis effort, Weber's notion of charisma proved a highly useful tool of analysis of the remarkable per'See also Willner and Willner ( 1965), to whom Tucker acknowledges debt. The present note applies equally to their reformulation, e.g., nowhere do they associate charisma with a culmre's "sacred figures, divine beings, or heroes," "legendary heroes and their missions," "mythical figures and their actions," etc. Indeed, it applies to the charisma dimension of the Daedafur issue on leadership, in that the whole issue's orientation is to innovation
Decision making and equilibria

In economics and in the social sciences, the study of decision making of the single individual is an important preliminary step to provide a sound foundation for the analysis of equilibria in economic and social systems. Neuroeconomic analysis of the process has been a recent fruitful development in this direction. In the more recent past a new direction of research has emerged, studying the interplay of the decision making of the single individual with the economic and social environment that surrounds him. We review some of the results in this field, both theoretical and experimental, and suggest that a closer development of these two methods of research will be necessary in the future.
Generalized model matching and (F,G)-invariant submodules for linear systems over rings

Abstract A generalized version of the exact model matching problem (GEMMP) is considered for linear multivariable systems over an arbitrary commutative ring K with identity. Reduced forms of this problem are introduced, and a characterization of all solutions and minimal order solutions is given, both with and without the properness constraint on the solutions, in terms of linear equations over K and K -modules. An approach to the characterization of all stable solutions is presented which, under a certain Bezout condition and a freeness condition, provides a parametrization of all stable solutions. The results provide an explicit parametrization of all solutions and all stable solutions in case K is a field, without the Bezout condition. This is achieved through a very simple characterization and a generalization to an arbitrary field K of the “fixed poles” of the model matching problem in terms of invariant factors of a certain polynomial matrix. The results also show that whenever the GEMMP has a solution, there exist solutions whose poles can be chosen arbitrarily as far as they contain the “fixed poles” with the right multiplicities (in the algebraic closure of K ). Implications of these results in regard to inverse systems are shown. Equivalent simpler forms (in state space form) of the problem are shown to be obtainable. A theory of finitely generated ( F , G )-invariant submodules for linear systems over rings is developed, and the geometric equivalent of the model matching problem—the dynamic cover problem—is formulated, to which the results of the previous sections provide a solution in the reduced case.
Study of electron-molecule collisions via the finite-element method and R-matrix propagation technique: Model exchange.

We have applied the finite-element method to electron-molecule collisions. All the calculations are done in the body frame within the fixed-nuclei approximation. A model potential, which is added to the static and polarization potential, has been used to represent the exchange effect. The method is applied to electron-${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ scattering and the eigenphase sums and the cross sections obtained are in very good agreement with the corresponding results from the linear-algebraic approach. Finite-element calculations of the R matrix in the region where the static and exchange interactions are strong, however, has about one-half to one-fourth of the memory requirement of the linear-algebraic technique.
Transverse-Momentum Distribution in Inclusive Reactions and the Relationship Between the Diffractive Excitation Model and the Thermodynamic Model

It is shown that the choice of a Planck distribution for the cluster- decay function in the diffractive excitation model gives good argument with the inclusive transverse-momentum spectrum of pions in pp collisions. Since this kind of distribution is associated with the els is examined (auth)
Conformations in solution of angiotensin II, and its 1-7 and 1-6 fragments.

High-resolution proton spectra at 620 MHz of human angiotensin II (1–8), angiotensin II (1–7), and angiotensin II (1–6) have been obtained in aqueous solution at acidic pH, and in dimethylsulfoxide solution. Complete chemical shift assignments for all three angiotensin peptides were made based on two-dimensional (2D) correlated spectroscopy and 2D-CA-MELSPIN spectra. Based on the measured values of 3JHNCH, the pattern of observed transverse Overhauser effects, and side-chain coupling constants, it is concluded that all three analogues exist in H2O or DMSO-d6 as a mixture of conformers that is largely extended, with negligible content of folded structures, such as β-turns, γ-turns, or helix content. The results fit well with those of Nikiforovich et al.1, 2. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An effective penicillin-streptomycin suspension for endodontic treatment.

Abstract 1. 1. The findings of 150 infected pulpless teeth treated with a penicillin-streptomycin suspension are reported here. 2. 2. Using the culture technique as a criterion for effectiveness, the root canals of 135 of 150 infected pulpless teeth were found to be sterile after 1 or 2 treatments with the penicillin-streptomycin suspension. 3. 3. A comparison of effectiveness of the penicillin-streptomycin suspension with penicillin alone and with older root canal antiseptics is presented. 4. 4. Directions for preparing the penicillin-streptomycin suspension and the technique of using it are given.
Tests and diagnostics for heterogeneity in the species problem

Suppose a random sample of individuals is drawn from a population with unknown number of disjoint classes. The population is said to be homogeneous if all the classes have the same proportions and heterogeneous otherwise. Although there is a vast literatutre towards estimation of the number of classes, and the performance of estimators is related to the homogeneity assumption, testing homogeneity has received little investigation. Tests and diagnostics for heterogeneity can be applied while the number of classes is eliminated as a nuisance parameter by conditioning. The goodness-of-fit test is discussed and a dispersion score test is presented. Two graphical diagnostics are used to detect the existence of heterogeneity. These tests and diagnostics are illustrated by two data sets.
Dual modulation of JNK and Akt signaling pathways by chaetoglobosin K in human lung carcinoma and ras-transformed epithelial cells

Chaetoglobosin K (ChK) is a natural product that inhibits anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth of ras-transformed cells, prevents tumor-promoter disruption of cell-cell communication, and reduces Akt activation in tumorigenic cells. This study demonstrates how ChK modulates the JNK pathway in ras-transformed and human lung carcinoma cells and investigates regulatory mechanisms controlling ChK’s effect on the Akt and JNK signaling pathways. Human lung carcinoma and ras-transformed epithelial cell lines treated with ChK or vehicle for varying times were assayed for cell growth or extracted for total proteins for western blot analysis using phosphorylation site-specific antibodies to monitor changes in activation of JNK, Akt, and other signaling enzymes. Results show that ChK inhibited both Akt and JNK phosphorylation at key activation sites in ras-transformed cells as well as human lung carcinoma cells. Downstream effectors of both kinases were accordingly affected. Direct upstream kinases of JNK were not affected by ChK. Wortmannin and LY294002, two PI3 kinase inhibitors, inhibited Akt but not JNK phosphorylation in ras-transformed cells. This report establishes the dual inhibitory effect of ChK on both the Akt and JNK signaling pathways in ras-transformed epithelial and human carcinoma cells. The unique effect of ChK on these two key pathways involved in carcinogenesis earmarks ChK for further studies to determine its molecular target(s) and in vivo anti-tumor potential.
Reconstructing jet-jet invariant masses

Limits are placed on the ability to reconstruct, from an examination of jets, the mass of W bosons that are produced in hadron-hadron collisions and decay hadronically, W→q¯q. A QCD parton-shower Monte Carlo model is used to simulate the production and decay of W bosons and it is found that jet-jet mass resolutions are limited not by experimental factors such as calorimeter-grid size but by the inherent uncertainty in the true origin of the particles forming the jets. The best one can do on a pure sample of W→q¯q events at CM energies of 540 and 1600 GeV is a jet-jet mass width of 30 GeV. Fictitious heavy narrow W′ bosons are generated at 1600 GeV and analyzed using jet and cluster techniques. Both techniques yield a similar mass width of about 50 GeV for the W′ (336) →q¯q events.
Two models for an effective undergraduate research experience in physiology and other natural sciences

68A realistic research experience is beneficial to undergraduate students, but it is often difficult for liberal arts colleges to offer this opportunity. We describe two approaches for developing a...
A familial Alzheimer's disease locus on chromosome 1

The Volga German kindreds are a group of seven related families with autosomal dominant early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Linkage to known AD-related loci on chromosomes 21 and 14 has been excluded. Significant evidence for linkage to AD in these families was obtained with D1S479 and there was also positive evidence for linkage with other markers in the region. A 112-base pair allele of D1S479 co-segregated with the disease in five of seven families, which is consistent with a common genetic founder. This study demonstrates the presence of an AD locus on chromosome 1q31-42.
Fluoroketone Hydrates: Helix-breaking Solvents for Polypeptides and Proteins

IT is well known that compounds which form strong hydrogen bonds can disrupt the intramolecular hydrogen bonds in synthetic and natural polypeptides. For example, urea in large amounts (about 20 per cent by weight of solution) causes the helix–coil transition in aqueous solutions of ribonuclease1. Various organic compounds, particularly acids, have also been reported to effect these transitions. Notably, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)2 and dichloroacetic acid (DCA)3 have been used with success. For synthetic polypeptides, the evidence for helix–coil transitions has been obtained from measurements of intrinsic viscosity3 and, more conveniently, optical activity4.
Ambulatory surgery centers and outpatient urologic surgery among Medicare beneficiaries

Objective To determine the effect of an ambulatory surgery center (ASC) opening in a healthcare market on utilization and quality of outpatient urologic surgery. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries undergoing outpatient urologic surgery from 2001 to 2010. Markets were classified into 3 groups based on ASC status (ie, those with ASCs, those without ASCs, and those where ASCs were introduced). Multiple propensity score methods adjusted for differences between markets and general linear mixed models determined the effect of ASC opening on utilization and quality, defined by mortality and hospital admission within 30 days of the index procedure. Results During the study period, 195 ASCs opened in markets previously without one. Rates of hospital-based urologic surgery in markets where ASCs were introduced declined from 221 to 214 procedures per 10,000 beneficiaries in the 4 years after baseline. In contrast, rates in the other 2 market types increased over the same period ( P P = .56). The introduction of an ASC into a market was not associated with increases in hospital admission or mortality ( P >.5). Conclusion The introduction of an ASC into a healthcare market lowered rates of outpatient urologic surgery performed in the more expensive hospital setting. This redistribution was not associated with declines in quality or with greater growth in overall outpatient surgery use.
Madison and the French Enlightenment: The Authority of Public Opinion

N 1791-1792 James Madison published at least nineteen unsigned articles in Philip Freneau's National Gazette, a Philadelphia newspaper that he and Thomas Jefferson had recently helped to establish in the nation's temporary capital city. The objective of the paper was to circulate republican ideas on the issues of the day and to counteract the effects of the systematically pro-administration newspaper, the Gazette of the United States. One of Madison's Party Press Essays, "Spirit of Governments," addresses the issue of how to categorize the different forms of government and explicitly criticizes the regime typology invented by Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu.1 After bestowing circumscribed praise on Montesquieu's contributions to the science of politics, Madison swiftly turned his pen against the regime classification the French philosopher set forth in the Spirit of the Laws. Despite the "glimpse" of truth Montesquieu experienced, he "was in politics not a Newton or a Locke, who established immortal systems" in matter and in mind. Moreover, Madison asserted, the accuracy of Montesquieu's treatment of governmental types "can never be defended against the criticisms which it has encountered."2 Montesquieu's influence on Madison and the American founders, particularly evident in the theory of separation of powers that informs the United States Constitution, is well noted by scholars.3 Madison's cri-
( p , α ) Reactions Induced by Protons in the Energy Range of 9.5-23 Mev

An earlier study of ($p, \ensuremath{\alpha}$) reactions induced by 23-Mev protons has been extended by observing the outgoing alpha particles from nuclear reactions induced by protons of various energies between 9.5 and 23 Mev in numerous elements throughout the periodic table. Alpha-energy distributions and absolute differential ($p, \ensuremath{\alpha}$) cross sections were measured at 90 deg. From the integrals of the alpha-energy distributions, excitation functions for ($p, \ensuremath{\alpha}$) reactions were determined. Excitation functions for ($p, \ensuremath{\alpha}$) reactions in targets for which compound nuclei are integral numbers of alpha particles are qualitatively different from those of other targets. Alpha-energy distributions for targets with $Z\ensuremath{\lesssim}50$ (except for F and Al) are peaked at about the same energy for incident proton energies of 9.5-23 Mev; this may be interpreted as evidence that the Coulomb barrier is lowered for alpha-particle emission from excited compound nuclei.
Yield-scaled global warming potential of annual nitrous oxide and methane emissions from continuously flooded rice in response to nitrogen input

Abstract Fertilizer nitrogen (N) has been shown to impact both N 2 O and CH 4 emissions from flooded rice systems, yet there is limited research on the effects of N rate when assessing global warming potential (GWP = N 2 O + CH 4 ) per unit area and per unit grain yield (yield-scaled) on a seasonal and annual basis. A two-year on-farm experiment was conducted from 2010–2012 to test the hypothesis that optimal N rates result in maximum agronomic productivity and minimal yield-scaled GWP in water-seeded rice systems experiencing continuously flooded conditions during the growing season and fallow period. Five fertilizer N rates (0, 80, 140, 200 and 260 kg N ha −1 yr −1 ) were applied as aqua ammonia and annual N 2 O and CH 4 emissions were quantified using the vented, closed chamber method. Results indicate that low N 2 O emissions occurred regardless of N rate when a permanent flood was maintained, but that large N 2 O fluxes occurred during discrete field drainage periods prior to harvest, particularly at high N rates. Hence, cumulative N 2 O emissions increased with N rate in a nonlinear manner during the growing season. Over the entire cropping cycle, the highest CH 4 fluxes occurred during the middle of the growing season and following field drainage periods prior to harvest and at the conclusion of the fallow period. Mean seasonal and annual CH 4 emissions tended to increase with N addition compared to the control, but significant differences were not observed between N rates. While CH 4 and N 2 O emissions were generally not affected by N rate during the fallow period, the fallow period contributed significantly to annual emissions (e.g. 56% of annual N 2 O emissions across N rates). Across years, CH 4 represented 94% of total GWP and as a result, mean annual GWP increased with N rate up to 140 kg N ha −1 . Maximum yields occurred between 140 and 200 kg N ha −1 , thus by employing the yield-scaled metric to begin to integrate climate change and global food demand concerns, mean annual yield-scaled GWP significantly decreased by 49% at these N rates. These findings suggest that optimal yields can be achieved with simultaneous reductions in yield-scaled GWP through efficient fertilizer N management in water-seeded rice systems experiencing continuously flooded conditions during the growing season and fallow period.
Theory and practice for the implementation of ‘in-house’, continuous improvement participatory ergonomic programs

Abstract This paper presents a case study of an implementation of a participatory ergonomics program in a public service agency. The objective of the study was to develop a theoretical model and related design principles for the implementation of ‘in-house’, continuous improvement participatory programs. The proposed model is based on the behavioral cybernetic theory of learning ( Smith and Smith, 1966 , Cybernetic Principles of Learning and Educational Design held, Rhinehart and Winsten, New York) and emphasizes the concepts of action, feedback, feedback control, and individual learning as essential for a progression from external regulation (by outside experts) to internal regulation (by organizational members) of participatory programs. Results support the proposed model, but do suggest an expansion of the model to include macro-level organizational variables as additional factors necessary for developing internally regulated participatory programs. Results have led to the specification of several design principles for implementing ‘in-house’, continuous improvement participatory programs.
Sea-level fluctuations in a coastal lagoon

Abstract Sea-level observations made during December, 1979, at six stations in Great South Bay (which is a coastal lagoon on the south shore of Long Island, New York) reveal that there were significant subtidal fluctuations in addition to the tidal oscillations. Harmonic analysis of the tidal oscillations of sea level indicates that M 2 is the dominant tidal constituent. The M 2 amplitude, however, suffered a more than 50% reduction in the interior of the Bay due largely to the narrow inlet. The subtidal sea level fluctuations within the Bay were forced primarily by the low-frequency fluctuations of the adjacent shelf water. The active subtidal exchange induced by this Bay-shelf coupling appeared to have suffered only minor attenuation within the Bay. As a consequence, the variance associated with subtidal sea level fluctuations was greater than that associated with the tidal oscillations over most of Great South Bay.
The Glauberman correspondence and stable multiplicity-free subgroups

Abstract For an action by automorphisms of a finite group A on a group G of relatively prime order, the equivalence of the permutation actions of A on the set of complex irreducible characters of G and on the set of conjugacy classes of G was one of the first applications of the Glauberman–Isaacs correspondence. For such A and G , with A solvable and H an A -stable multiplicity-free subgroup of G , we show similarly, using the Glauberman correspondence and an idea of Navarro, the equivalence of the actions of A on the set of H -classes of G and on the set of pairs of irreducible characters χ of G and θ of H with χ over θ .
‘Thus by the musick of a ladyes tongue’: Margaret Cavendish's dramatic innovations in women's education

Abstract This article charts the ways in which the play Youths Glory, and Deaths Banquet, by Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, is designed to educate the women who enact it. The play sets precedents in its prescriptions for telling women's histories. It alters Aristotle's description of drama as “men doing” by creating a decorum in which women act nobly as well. In Cavendish's world, sex does not necessarily determine gendered limitations, and therefore women can and will be heroes if given the opportunity.
Circumferentially traveling radial loads on rings and cylinders

Abstract The problem of circumferentially traveling radial loads on rings and infinitely long cylindrical shells will be considered in this paper. Since strong transitional excitations are considered, the response involves moderately large rotations. Hence the governing shell equations are non-linear. To facilitate their solution, a modified version of the Linstedt-Poincare perturbation procedure is employed. Based on this solution, several numerical results are presented. In addition to considering the effects of displacement induced non-linearity, special emphasis is given to the response behavior in load speed zones which mark transitions from sub- to supercritical waveforms.
Novel organoiron compounds resulting from the attempted syntheses of dibenzofulvalene complexes

Abstract Thermal reaction of 2,2′-biindenyl with Fe(CO) 5 generates (η 4 -2,2′-biindenyl)Fe(CO) 3 and a ferrole isomer of (μ,η 3 :η 3 -dibenzo[b,e]fulvalene)Fe 2 (CO) 6 . Reaction of the dianion of dibenzo[b,e]fulvalene with iron carbonyls produced a novel cyclized acyliron complex, whose structure was proven by X-ray crystallography; a mechanism is proposed for its formation. Reaction of the same dianion with (η 5 -cyclopentadienyl)Fe(CO) 2 Br generated another novel cyclic compound (C 18 H 12 )Fe(CO) 2 (C 5 H 4 ), probably via intramolecular radical attack on the η 5 -bound cyclopentadienyl ring. Treatment of dibenzo[a,d]fulvalene with Fe 2 (CO) 9 generates (η 2 -dibenzo[a,d]fulvalene)Fe(CO) 4 , (μ,η 2 :η 2 -dibenzo[a,d]fulvalene)Fe 2 (CO) 8 , and two compounds with bis(η 5 ) structures. These appear to have CO and Fe(CO) 4 groups inserted into the reactive Fe–Fe bond of (μ,η 5 :η 5 -dibenzo[a,d]fulvalene)Fe 2 (CO) 4 .
Evaluation of system performance and microbial communities of a temperature-phased anaerobic digestion system treating dairy manure: thermophilic digester operated at acidic pH.

Abstract A temperature-phased anaerobic digestion system with the thermophilic digester acidified by acidogenesis products (referred to as AT-TPAD) was evaluated to treat high-strength dairy cattle manure at a 15-day retention time. Three temperatures (50, 55, and 60 °C) were tested on the thermophilic digester, and 50 °C was found to be the optimal temperature for overall performance of the AT-TPAD system, achieving 31% VS removal and 0.22 L methane/g VS fed. The mesophilic digester contributed significantly more to the overall system performance than the thermophilic digester. The thermophilic and the mesophilic digesters had different microbial communities under all conditions, and both microbial communities exhibited dynamic changes in response to different conditions. Certain microbial groups were found significantly correlated with the system performance. Methanosarcina was the most important methanogen genus of the AT-TPAD system and its population abundance was inversely correlated with high concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA).
The role of inclusions in the fracture of ceramic materials

The stress concentrations that occur at inclusions due to thermal expansion and elastic modulus mismatch are discussed and the stress intensity factors at interface cracks that result from these stresses are calculated. It is shown that conservative failure prediction based on an equivalence between inclusion size and crack size is usually acceptable if the shear modulusμ or thermal expansion coefficientα for the inclusion is larger than the matrix values. If, however,μ andα are smaller for the inclusion than the matrix, extensive cracking can develop at the inclusions which may lead to premature failure. For this case the only effective methods for failure prediction are techniques which give directly the maximum stress intensity factor, i.e., proof testing and/or acoustic emission.
Isolation of temperature sensitive mutations blocking clone development inDrosophila melanogaster, and the effects of a temperature sensitive cell lethal mutation on pattern formation in imaginal discs.

A method of isolating temperature-sensitive (ts) mutations blocking clone development, based on the analysis of twin spots produced by X-ray induced somatic recombination is reported. From this screen 10 ts mutations were recovered which caused an absence of the lethal-bearing clone at the restrictive temperature. Eight of these mutations were analyzed. Seven proved to be autonomous ts cell lethals and one was an autonomous ts mutation which reversibly affected cell division and growth of imaginal disc cells and growth of larval cells. The effects on development of one of the cell lethal mutations,l(1)ts-504, are described. Heat pulses (29°C) 24-72 hrs long caused a high frequency (up to 90%) of morphologically abnormal animals. The abnormalities observed were of two major kinds: deficiencies and duplications of imaginal disc derivatives. In addition, alterations of tarsal segmentations occurred. Heat pulses to larvae also delayed pupariation and eclosion by as much as four days. In general, longer pulses led to a greater delay in pupariation and eclosion and a higher frequency of deficiencies and duplications than shorter pulses. Exposure to restrictive temperature early in larval development delayed pupariation and resulted in mostly normal animals; exposure during the second and early third larval instar also delayed pupariation and led to a high frequency of duplications; exposure later in larval life, i.e. mid and late third larval instar, caused no delay in pupariation but led to a high frequency of deficiencies. These results can be explained by the occurrence of areas of cell death, which can be seen in the imaginal discs of larvae exposed to restrictive temperature by staining with trypan blue. This conclusion is further supported by the observation in gynandromorphs of duplications of female nonmutant tissue. These results are discussed in relation to current theories of pattern formation.
Effects of ibogaine and noribogaine on phosphoinositide hydrolysis

Abstract The effects of the antiaddictive compound, ibogaine, and its primary metabolite, noribogaine (12-hydroxyibogamine), on phosphoinositide hydrolysis were investigated. Although ibogaine did not alter phosphoinositide turnover in either striatal or hippocampal slices, noribogaine elicited a concentration-dependent increase in the generation of [ 3 H]inositol phosphates. This stimulation was not altered by inclusion of tetrodotoxin, cadmium or ω-conotoxin indicating that the increased production of [ 3 H]inositol phosphates was not secondary to a release of one or more neurotransmitters. The present study indicates a stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis by noribogaine may be involved in the behavioral effects of ibogaine.
Genetic variants cis-regulating Xrn2 expression contribute to the risk of spontaneous lung tumor

Genetic variants cis -regulating Xrn2 expression contribute to the risk of spontaneous lung tumor
INFRASPECIFIC VARIATION OF BAMBUSA NUTANS SUBSPECIES NUTANS FROM SIX DIFFERENT SITES OF CENTRAL NEPAL

Bambusa nutans Wallich ex Munro subspecies nutans is a valuable economic plant occurring especially on the Terai region and mid hills (Kathmandu valley) in Nepal from sea level to 1700 m. Variation plays major role to compare the populations and to select superior trees for breeding purpose. Infraspecific variation is the study of comparison between plants belonging to the same species but from different populations which could be distinguished in nature. Study on the infraspecific variation of this species has been carried out from six different stands (Kapan, Kirtipur, Sisneri, Naldum, Kafledi and Narayanghat) of Central Nepal ranging in altitude (from 256 m to 1850 m) and climatic conditions. Altogether 10 culms, from 3-4 clumps were selected and 6 morphological characters having utmost importance in bamboo growth has been studied. Those characters were culm height, culm diameter at breast height, culm wall thickness, internode length ,culm sheath length and culm sheath breadth. Statistical analysis was performed for the calculation of correlation coefficient using SPSS software program. Variation within and among population was analyzed using one way ANOVA. All the characters show significant differences with 5% level of significance and ratios of morphological characters also show the significant differences except CH/CD, which was not significant. From the present study it is concluded that significant differences were observed in phenotypic characters. Since genetic differences leads to the variation among the plants, these variations might be of genetic origin .Reciprocal transplant experiment and progeny testing should be conducted for further research. Provided information can be utilized to conserve the genetic resources and to exploit these resources scientifically and economically. Keywords: Bambusa nutans subspecies nutans ; Infraspecific variation; Correlation; ANOVA; Genetic differences. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v6i6.2639 Scientific World , Vol. 6, No. 6, July 2008 81-84
Digital image acquisition and continuous zoom display from multiresolution views using heterogeneous image pyramids

There are many ways of capturing images to represent a detailed scene. Our motivation is to use inexpensive digital cameras with little setup requirements and to allow photographers to differentially capture both low-resolution overviews and high-resolution details. We present the heterogeneous image pyramid as a non-uniform representation composed of multiple captured multi-resolution images. Each resolution image captures a specific portion of the scene at the photographer"s discretion with the desired resolution. These images are highly correlated since they are captured from the same scene. Consequently, these images can be registered and represented more compactly in a 3-dimensional spatial image pyramid called the heterogeneous image pyramid.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Critique of two explicit schemes for estimating elastic properties of multiphase composites

Abstract Explicit schemes of Mori-Tanaka and Kuster-Toksoz for estimating elastic properties of multiphase composites are compared and contrasted. Both methods are known to have a limited range of validity. Reexamination of the theories and comparisons to experiment leads to the conclusion that these explicit schemes should only be used to estimate properties of systems in which the host material occupies about 70–80% or more of the total volume. By introducing the concept of a reference material, we find a mutually consistent pair of equations for effective stiffness and compliance from which many of the standard approximation schemes may be easily derived. A unified analysis of the various approximation schemes results.
Menstrual synchrony pheromones: cause for doubt

Stern and McClintock’s (1998) recent finding of ‘definitive evidence of human pheromones’ and ‘confirmation’ of the mechanism underlying ‘menstrual synchrony’ is indeed spectacular. However, they disregarded the methodological critiques (Wilson, 1992; Strassmann, 1997) and negative evidence (Jarett, 1984; Wilson et al., 1991; Trevathan et al., 1993; Strassmann, 1997) that undermine the original report of McClintock (1971), as well as subsequent studies (Graham and McGrew, 1980; Quadagno et al., 1981; Preti et al., 1986). When flawed statistical methods are taken into account, there is scant empirical evidence that the phenomenon of menstrual synchrony exists in the first place. Popular belief in menstrual synchrony stems from a misperception about how far apart menstrual onsets should be for two women whose onsets are independent. Given a cycle length of 28 days (not the rule—but an example), the maximum that two women can be out of phase is 14 days. On average, the onsets will be 7 days apart. Fully half the time they should be even closer (Wilson, 1992; Strassmann, 1997). Given that menstruation often lasts 5 days, it is not surprising that friends commonly experience overlapping menses, which is taken as personal confirmation of menstrual synchrony. McClintock’s original study (McClintock, 1971) reported that onsets for dormitory friends became 2 days closer together over a 4–6 month period. Calling this result ‘menstrual synchrony’ she encouraged the impression of menstrual concordance. In later critiques, Wilson (1991, 1992) noted three statistical errors in the evidence for menstrual synchrony: (i) failure to control adequately for the convergence of onsets by chance; (ii) inflation of the initial difference in onsets resulting in the spurious conclusion of synchronization over time; and (iii) sampling biases. Studies that correct for these statistical errors have found no evidence for synchronization, even as a weak effect (Jarett, 1984; Wilson et al., 1991; Trevathan et al., 1993). Although McClintock’s (1981) view is that menstrual synchrony is functionless, others postulate that it is an adaptive feature of human reproductive biology (Burley, 1979; Turke, 1984). These hypotheses assume that menstrual synchrony implies ovulatory synchrony or at least overlapping fertile periods, but neither has been reported. The suggestion that menstrual synchrony is adaptive is also diminished by the absence of evidence for synchrony in natural fertility popula-
SCVIR annual meeting film panel session: diagnosis and discussion of case 5.

A 47-year-old man was well until age 30, when he noticed the onset of lower extremity edema and periodic episodes of slurred speech and mental confusion. Medical workup revealed panhypopituitarism, for which he was treated with steroids and hormone replacement. Mild ascites was detected and successfully treated with diuretics. Further evaluation was undertaken at age 43 because of continued symptoms of periodic mental confusion. Visceral angiography was performed (Fig 1) and liver biopsy revealed normal parenchyma but small portal vein radicals. At that time, no further therapy was offered. The patient continued to experience episodic confusion that responded to administration of oral lactulose. However, the symptoms reappeared intermittently and, 4 years later, the patient was referred to our hospital for a second opinion. At that time, admission laboratory results included: protime, 12.3 seconds (normal: 10–15 sec); platelet count, 256 10 (normal: 130 10– 400 10), albumin, 3.4 g/dL (normal: 3.5–5.0 g/dL); and bilirubin, 1.8 mg/dL (normal: 0–1.2 mg/dL). Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a small atrophic liver (Fig 2). Transjugular portal venography was performed (Fig 3) and pressure measurements revealed a portosystemic gradient of 4 mm Hg (portal vein [PV] 17 mm Hg, inferior vena cava [IVC] 13 mm Hg). Repeated attempts to measure intrahepatic portal pressure after temporary shunt occlusion were unsuccessful because the inflated balloon used to occlude the shunt was immediately expelled into the IVC (Fig 4). ● Radiographic Findings
The joint determination of price, quality, and capacity: An application to supermarket operations

This paper focuses on a service provider who, faced with competition, must determine the optimal price and level of service quality to provide in order to maximize profits. Service quality and price are assumed to impact jointly on demand for services. Both demand and service quality impact on the cost of providing service. While a considerable literature exists on the impact of service quality on demand or cost, less work has focused on the explicit impact of service quality jointly on both demand for and the cost of providing services. A service quality constraint is appended to the formulation in order to guarantee that a declared service standard is met. Conditions are developed which characterize optimal solutions, together with comparative statics. Illustrative results are presented based on empirical data obtained from a supermarket study.
Effects of free-stream turbulence on rough surface turbulent boundary layers

Several effects of nearly isotropic free-stream turbulence in transitionally rough turbulent boundary layers are studied using data obtained from laser Doppler anemometry measurements. The free-stream turbulence is generated with the use of an active grid, resulting in free-stream turbulence levels of up to 6.2%. The rough surface is characterized by a roughness parameter k+ ≈ 53, and measurements are performed at Reynolds numbers of up to Reθ = 11300. It is confirmed that the free-stream turbulence significantly alters the mean velocity deficit profiles in the outer region of the boundary layer. Consequently, the previously observed ability of the Zagarola & Smits (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 373, 1998, p. 33) velocity scale U∞δ*/δ to collapse results from both smooth and rough surface boundary layers, no longer applies in this boundary layer subjected to high free-stream turbulence. In inner variables, the wake region is significantly reduced with increasing free-stream turbulence, leading to decreased mean velocity gradient and production of Reynolds stress components. The effects of free-stream turbulence are clearly identifiable and significant augmentation of the streamwise Reynolds stress profiles throughout the entire boundary layer are observed, all the way down to the inner region. In contrast, the Reynolds wall-normal and shear stress profiles increase due to free-stream turbulence only in the outer part of the boundary layer due to the blocking effect of the wall. As a consequence, there is a significant portion of the boundary layer in which the addition of nearly isotropic turbulence in the free-stream, results in significant increases in anisotropy of the turbulence. To quantify which turbulence length scales contribute to this trend, second-order structure functions are examined at various distances from the wall. Results show that the anisotropy created by adding nearly isotropic turbulence in the free-stream resides mostly in the larger scales of the flow. Furthermore, by analysing the streamwise Reynolds stress equation, it can be predicted that it is the wall-normal gradient of 〈u2v〉 term that is responsible for the increase in 〈u2〉 profiles throughout the boundary layer (i.e. an efficient turbulent transport of turbulence away from the wall). Furthermore, a noticeable difference between the triple correlations for smooth and rough surfaces exists in the inner region, but no significant differences are seen due to free-stream turbulence. In addition, the boundary layer parameters δ*/δ95, H and cf are also evaluated from the experimental data. The flow parameters δ*/δ95 and H are found to increase due to roughness, but decrease due to free-stream turbulence, which has significance for flow control, particularly in delaying separation. Increases in cf due to high free-stream turbulence are also observed, associated with increased momentum flux towards the wall.
Hydrolase and Oxido-Reductase Activities in Diuraphis noxia and Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Abstract Four hydrolases and five oxido-reductases were examined using native stacking polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Homogenate of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), ‘Arapahoe’ (aphid-susceptible) and ‘Halt’ (aphid-resistant) wheat, Triticum aestivum L., and powdery mildew–infected Erysiphe graminis DC. ex Merat f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal, Arapahoe wheat leaves were assayed for enzyme activities. Pectinesterase, polygalacturonase (or pectinase), cellulase, and amylase activities were examined in the hydrolase group. Catalase, peroxidase, catechol oxidase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate oxidase activities were examined in the group of oxido-reductases. The two aphid species had the same hydrolases but different oxido-reductases. Although pectinesterase and cellulase enzymes were present in D. noxia and R. padi, the banding patterns were different. Polygalacturonase and δ-amylase were not detected from either aphid species. In the oxi...