cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Fishes of Lake Bonneville: Implications for Drainage History, Biogeography, and Lake Levels

Abstract This chapter summarizes the paleontological and fish DNA evidence for the fishes that occupied the late Quaternary Bonneville basin and key biogeographic and hydrographic insights that emerge from analyses of those data. Fossils and mtDNA from modern fishes suggest nearly the entire assemblage of 21 species occurred in the region prior to the rise of Lake Bonneville. Ten sites have produced fish materials ( N > 16,100 specimens) from the lake. The fauna was similar to that in modern Bear Lake, Utah–Idaho, and had two large salmonine top carnivores, three endemic whitefish zooplanktivores, three bottom or rocky shore dwelling sculpins, several minnows, a large lake sucker, a river sucker, and two mountain suckers. The collection from Homestead Cave, Utah, is the largest, and the richest late Quaternary fish assemblage from the basin. Fish bones from Stratum I of the cave provided 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values suggesting that they were derived from a low-elevation lake and change in fish size and taxonomic abundance suggest the fauna resulted from a series of die-offs resulting from increases in temperature and salinity. Radiocarbon dating suggests this occurred rapidly between 13.1 and 11.8 cal ka BP at the end of the regressive phase of Lake Bonneville. A recolonization of nearly the entire Lake Bonneville fish fauna occurred between 12.3 and 9.5 cal ka BP during the Gilbert episode, although the fauna is skewed to higher abundances of salinity- and temperature-tolerant taxa. No post-Gilbert early Holocene lake transgressions are suggested but peaks in Gila atraria frequencies in the upper strata may indicate Great Salt Lake reached highstands at ~ 3.6 and ~ 1.0 cal ka BP.
The First Fossil Flowers of Bignoniaceae (Lamiales): Catalpa hispaniolae sp. nov. in Dominican Republic Amber

Two fossil flowers in mid-Tertiary amber from the Dominican Republic are described as Catalpa hispaniolae Poinar sp. nov. (Bignoniaceae). Their placement in the genus Catalpa Scop. is based on the following characters: flowers hypogenous, gamopetalous, zygomorphic, bisexual with a sessile ovary and single filiform style; calyx composed of two cup-shaped sepals; corolla bilabiate with five united petals; and two fertile stamens with oblong anthers consisting of divergent locules dehiscing via longitudinal slits. These flowers can be distinguished from extant members of the genus by the smaller calyx and corolla and lack of staminodia. These specimens represent the first definite fossil flowers of the Bignoniaceae.
Neurocognitive, psychosocial, and quality-of-life outcomes in adult survivors of childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

BACKGROUND Children with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) undergo treatment with central nervous system–directed therapy, the potentially neurotoxic effects of which have not been reported in NHL survivors. METHODS NHL survivors (n = 187) participating in the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort who were 10 or more years from their diagnosis and were 18 years old or older underwent neurocognitive, emotional distress (Brief Symptom Inventory 18), and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) assessments (36-Item Short Form Health Survey). Age-adjusted z scores were compared with community controls (n = 181) and normative data. Treatment exposures were abstracted from medical records. Models adjusted for the age, sex, and time from diagnosis were used to calculate the risk of impairment. RESULTS The mean ages at evaluation were similar for the survivors and the controls (35.7 ± 8.9 vs 35.5 ± 11.0 years; P = .86). Survivors were 25.2 ± 8.8 years from their diagnosis: 43 (23%) received cranial radiation, 70 (37%) received high-dose methotrexate, 40 (21%) received high-dose cytarabine, and 151 (81%) received intrathecal chemotherapy. Survivors' intelligence and attention were within normal limits; however, their memory, executive function, processing speed, and academics were impaired in comparison with both population norms and community controls (P values < .05). Treatment-related exposures were not associated with neurocognitive function; however, neurocognitive impairment was associated with lower educational attainment, unemployment, and occupational status (P values < .03). Slower processing speed and worse self-reported executive function were associated with symptoms of depression (P values ≤ .003) and poorer HRQOL (P values < .05). CONCLUSIONS Adult survivors of childhood NHL experience impaired neurocognitive function, which is associated with lower social attainment and poor HRQOL. Early-detection and intervention strategies are recommended. Cancer 2017. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Adsorbed Polyzwitterion Copolymer Layers Designed for Protein Repellency and Interfacial Retention.

Poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (pMPC), when end-tethered to surfaces by the adsorption of copolymeric cationic segments, forms adsorbed layers that substantially reduce protein adsorption. This study examined variations in the molecular architecture of copolymers containing cationic poly(trimethylammonium ethyl methacrylate (pTMAEMA) anchor blocks that adsorbed strongly to negative surfaces. With appropriate copolymer design, the pTMAEMA blocks were shielded, by pMPC tethers, from solution-phase proteins. The most protein-resistant copolymer layers, eliminating fibrinogen and lysozyme adsorption within detectible limits of 0.01 mg/m2, had metrics (the amount of pMPC at the surface and the reduced tether footprint) consistent with the formation of an interfacial polymer brush. The p(TMAEMA-b-MPC) copolymer layers substantially outperformed the protein resistance of surface-polymerized pMPC layers when compared on a per-polyzwitterion-mass basis or on the basis of the scaled tether area. Add...
Knowing Thyself in a Contemporary Context: A Fresh Look at Heideggerian Authenticity

The authors provide an analysis of Heidegger’s critique of the narrowness of the modern worldview, and the modern self in particular, in an attempt to understand what the meaning of human existence is for Heidegger. Heidegger criticizes the prevalent view of the self as divorced from the world and from others, showing that the nature of human being involves immersion in the world as a fundamentally social entity. While commentators on Heidegger often juxtapose the early Heidegger with the later Heidegger, the authors show a cord of resonance with the early Heideggerian concept of authenticity [Eigentlichkeit] and the later Heideggerian notion of dwelling [wohnen], thereby providing a coherent interpretation of authenticity in Heidegger’s thought by focusing on the structural similarities between the two. The authors argue in the end that Heidegger’s notion of dwelling among things of significance provides a contemporary version of what it means to “know thyself” today.
Mechanism of Hole Trap Passivation in CdSe Quantum Dots by Alkylamines

The mechanism by which alkylamines brighten CdSe nanoparticles is investigated by transient absorption and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. The main effect of the amine is to reduce the extent of surface hole trapping, which cannot be rationalized by a model in which the amine directly binds to and thereby passivates a surface trap site. An alternative mechanism is proposed wherein the absolute energies of the valence and conduction band edges shift to more negative redox potentials upon binding of the amine. This decreases the thermodynamic driving force for hole trapping or hole transfer to an adsorbed acceptor, 4-methylbenzenethiol. Amine binding also increases the thermodynamic driving force for electron transfer to an adsorbed acceptor, methyl viologen. The rates of charge transfer to these acceptors have been measured, and the differences in the rates before and after treatment with alkylamines are consistent with the proposed mechanism.
Regeneration artikulärer Knorpeldefekte am Kniegelenk

Knorpelgewebe besitzt keine Fahigkeit zur Eigenregeneration, sodass die chirurgische Knorpeltherapie ein essenzielles Verfahren in der Behandlung von Knorpelschaden darstellt. Die Indikation richtet sich nicht nur nach der Grose und morphologischen Beschaffenheit des Schadens, sondern insbesondere nach der klinischen Symptomatik. Die Mikrofrakturierung stellt ein validiertes Verfahren fur kleine Defekte dar, ist jedoch der autologen Chondrozytentransplantation (ACT/MACT) in der histologischen Qualitat etwas unterlegen. Die ACT/MACT kann mittlerweile in offener und rein arthroskopischer Technik angewendet werden und ist der Mikrofrakturierung hinsichtlich der klinischen Behandlungsergebnisse ebenburtig bzw. bei grosen Defekten sogar uberlegen. Nachteilig ist jedoch weiterhin das notwendige zweizeitige Verfahren. Zellfreie Behandlungsmethoden bieten daher als einzeitige Verfahren eine gute Alternative und zeigten in ersten Studien vielversprechende Ergebnisse. Systematische Langzeitstudien und randomisierte Studien sind jedoch notwendig, um das Potenzial dieser Behandlungsstrategien zu evaluieren und sie mit traditionellen Therapiealternativen suffizient vergleichen zu konnen. Begleitpathologien bzw. Risikofaktoren mussen in der chirurgischen Knorpeltherapie unbedingt beachtet und ggf. mit therapiert werden.
Improvement of Working Memory is a Mechanism for Reductions in Delay Discounting Among Mid-Age Individuals in an Urban Medically Underserved Area

Background Delay discounting, or the tendency to devalue rewards as a function of their delayed receipt, is associated with myriad negative health behaviors. Individuals from medically underserved areas are disproportionately at risk for chronic health problems. The higher rates of delay discounting and consequent adverse outcomes evidenced among low-resource and unstable environments suggest this may be an important pathway to explain health disparities among this population. Purpose The current study examined the effectiveness of a computerized working memory training program to decrease rates of delay discounting among residents of a traditionally underserved region. Methods Participants (N = 123) were recruited from a community center serving low income and homeless individuals. Subjects completed measures of delay discounting and working memory and then took part in either an active or control working memory training. Results Analyses indicated that participants in the active condition demonstrated significant improvement in working memory and that this improvement mediated the relation between treatment condition and reductions in delay discounting. Conclusions Results suggest that a computerized intervention targeting working memory may be effective in decreasing rates of delay discounting in adults from medically underserved areas (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT03501706).
Positivity and Negativity in Interparental Conflict: Links with Children’s Evaluations and Appraisals

Negative interparental conflict is a consistent predictor of children’s functioning. In the current study, we examined conflict stimuli and children’s cognitive appraisals of their parents’ conflicts as predictors of children’s evaluations of simulated conflict. A sample of 96 children aged 9–11 years (50 males) viewed brief videotaped depictions of a male and a female actor posing as a married couple enacting conflict scenarios. Children evaluated each actor’s behavior in each video on a continuum from good to bad. Trained coders coded the actors’ positivity and negativity in each video. Children’s cognitive appraisals of their own parents’ conflicts were assessed via questionnaire (e.g., self-blame appraisals). The positivity and negativity codes and children’s cognitive appraisals were tested as predictors of children’s evaluations, and cognitive appraisals were tested as moderators of associations between the codes and children’s evaluations. Codes reflecting greater negativity of either actor predicted worse child evaluations of both actors’ behavior (evaluations as more “bad”). Codes reflecting greater positivity of the actors generally predicted better evaluations of the actors’ behavior (evaluations of behavior as more “good”). Children’s cognitive appraisals moderated some of these associations. For example, low levels of the mother actor’s positivity (a lack of positivity) predicted worse child evaluations of the father actor for children who blamed themselves more for their parents’ conflict than for other children. Results are discussed in terms of advancing knowledge of children’s cognitions regarding interparental conflict, and ultimately the implications of the results for children’s development and psychological adjustment.
Screening for Melanoma in Men: a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Systematic screening skin examination has been proposed to reduce melanoma-related mortality. To assess the potential effectiveness of screening, in a demographic at high risk of melanoma mortality. A cohort Markov state-transition model was developed comparing systematic screening versus usual care (no systematic screening). In the base case, we evaluated a sensitivity and specificity of 20% and 85%, respectively, for usual care (incidental detection) and 50% sensitivity and 85% specificity from systematic screening. We examined a wide range of values in sensitivity analyses. Potential screening strategies applied to a hypothetical population of 10,000 white men from ages 50–75. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, measured in cost per quality adjusted life year (QALY). Using base case assumptions, screening every 2 years beginning at age 60 reduced melanoma mortality by 20% with a cost-utility of $26,503 per QALY gained. Screening every 2 years beginning at age 50 reduced mortality by 30% with an incremental cost-utility of $67,970 per QALY. Results were sensitive to differences in accuracy of systematic screening versus usual care, and costs of screening, but were generally insensitive to costs of biopsy or treatment. Assuming moderate differences in accuracy with systematic screening versus usual care, screening for melanoma every 2 years starting at age 50 or 60 may be cost-effective in white men. Results are sensitive to degree of difference in sensitivity with screening compared to usual care. Better studies of the accuracy of systematic screening exams compared with usual care are required to determine whether a trial of screening should be undertaken.
Hospital-Based Interventions to Reduce Violence and Recidivism: Wraparound Programs

Violence is the second most common cause of death among youth aged 15–24 years. As with other major public health issues, the risk factors associated with violence are modifiable. The public health framework allows for a process by which we can develop measures to address violence. Many of the risk factors for violent injury fall under the social determinants of health. The disparities in violence are very clear because vulnerable populations carry the majority of this burden. This inequity, however, is increasingly being addressed by trauma centers through hospital-based violence intervention programs (HVIPs). These programs focus on mitigating the risk factors associated with violence while providing long-term, culturally competent case management. There are data supporting risk factor reduction and reduction of recidivism rates through these programs. The number of these HVIPs is growing, and the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma has endorsed this model as a best practice in violence intervention. Guidelines for starting and sustaining these programs are readily available, as is mentorship through the National Network of Hospital-based Violence Intervention Programs (NNHVIP). HVIPs assist individuals but also frequently work as part of a citywide effort in violence prevention. Ultimately, it is through these efforts that health inequities are addressed and communities can build social capital.
Chemical interaction and enhanced interfacial ion transport in a ceramic nanofiber–polymer composite electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries

This paper reports the synergy between ceramic nanofibers and a polymer, and the enhanced interfacial Li-ion transport along the nanofiber/polymer interface in a solid-state ceramic/polymer composite electrolyte, in which a three-dimensional (3D) electrospun aluminum-doped Li0.33La0.557TiO3 (LLTO) nanofiber network is embedded in a polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) matrix. Strong chemical interaction occurs between the nanofibers and the polymer matrix. Addition of the ceramic nanofibers into the polymer matrix results in the dehydrofluorination of the PVDF chains, deprotonation of the –CH2 moiety and amorphization of the polymer matrix. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra reveal that lithium ions transport via three pathways: (i) intra-polymer transport, (ii) intra-nanofiber transport, and (iii) interfacial polymer/nanofiber transport. In addition, lithium phosphate is coated on the LLTO nanofiber surface before the nanofibers are embedded into the polymer matrix. The presence of lithium phosphate at the LLTO/polymer interface further enhances the chemical interaction between the nanofibers and the polymer, which promotes the lithium ion transport along the polymer/nanofiber interface. This in turn improves the ionic conductivity and electrochemical cycling stability of the nanofiber/polymer composite. As a result, the flexible LLTO/Li3PO4/polymer composite electrolyte membrane exhibits an ionic conductivity of 5.1 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature and an electrochemical stability window of 5.0 V vs. Li/Li+. A symmetric Li|electrolyte|Li half-cell shows a low overpotential of 50 mV at a constant current density of 0.5 mA cm−2 for more than 800 h. In addition, a full cell is constructed by sandwiching the composite electrolyte between a lithium metal anode and a LiFePO4-based cathode. Such an all-solid-state lithium metal battery exhibits excellent cycling performance and rate capability.
Examination of the inversion of isobaric analogue states in mirror nuclei

A recent study by Hoff and collaborators [Nature (London) 580, 52 (2020)] presented evidence that the ground-state spin of $^{73}\mathrm{Sr}$ is different from that of its mirror, $^{73}\mathrm{Br}$, likely due to an inversion of the ground- and first-excited states. Here, we assess the likelihood of such an inversion arising from normal isospin-symmetry breaking and, more broadly, whether such phenomena challenge our understanding of charge-symmetry-breaking forces in atomic nuclei. By placing the result within the context of previous experimental and theoretical work we demonstrate that this inversion lies entirely within the bounds of normal isospin-symmetry-breaking behavior. We further note that, in the context of isospin, neither level inversions nor the nuclear ground state hold any special significance.
Low Power Wireless Networks in Vineyards

The focus of this work is developing an effective and cost-efficient monitoring system that collects spatially-granular data within a vineyard. Many vineyard managers currently rely on limited data paired with past experiences to make key decisions pertaining to frost prediction, pest and disease prediction, and irrigation optimization. Considering that soil conditions and microclimates vary significantly within a single vineyard, this lack of data prevents them from precisely managing their vines.By engaging stakeholders in iterative prototype development, we identified key design features of a low-cost, high-density sensor network for vineyards. Functionally, an ideal system 1) uses Long Range (LoRa) wireless communication technology; and 2) places temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and light intensity sensors in relevant areas throughout the vineyard. Additionally, by engaging with industry competitors, we learned that the market lacks low-cost, high-density sensor network implementations.Using LoRa allows for a high density of sensors to be placed in every microclimate throughout a vineyard without relying on cellular coverage. The focus on temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and light intensity targets a low cost, minimally-viable set of metrics that can provide the necessary information for key models and decisions.User input and site visits suggested that the system must endure harsh environmental conditions and relay timely, actionable data without disrupting fieldwork. To prevent damage and extend device lifetime, the sensor housing and connections need to be waterproof and durable. Further, vine growing methods are not standardized across the industry, meaning the product needs to be adaptable to different growing styles. Vineyard managers want a system that informs their decisions by providing data and the results of established prediction models. The research presented here shows that a system incorporating these features and minimizing costs will be valuable in vineyards while also being broadly applicable to a variety of other agricultural applications.
Parametric Design Method for Personalized Bras

One of the important issues in the bra industry is the size fitting problem, which results in discomfort and dissatisfaction among women users. The traditional way of bra sizing cannot serve the entire range of all women’s body shapes. This study develops a parametric personalized bra design algorithm that can generate personalized bra by using self-measurements of women users. In this study, we investigate the bra industry to develop a new self-measuring approach and create a parametric modeling method to design personalized bras. To evaluate the capacity and the accuracy of this algorithm, we compare the measurements from 3D printed bra prototypes with the self-measurements of the women participants. The preliminary result of this study shows that the parametric personalized bra design algorithm can generate more accurate bra models for different types of body shapes.
Reoperation Rates Following Meniscus Transplantation Using the Truven Database.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the (1) reoperation rate and (2) 30-day complication rate in a large insurance database. Methods The Truven Database was queried for subjects that underwent meniscus allograft transplantation (Current Procedural Terminology code 29868) in the outpatient setting with minimal 2-year follow-up. Patients without confirmed laterality and patients that underwent concomitant ligament reconstruction were excluded. Reoperation was defined by ipsilateral knee procedure after the index surgery. The 30-day postoperative complication rates were assessed using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Results A total of 284 patients (mean age of 26.2 ± 10.4 years; 49.6% females) were included in this study with mean follow up of 43.2 ± 19.2 months. One hundred and sixty-seven subjects (58.8%) undergoing meniscus allograft transplantation underwent reoperation at an average of 11.9 ± 12.2 months postoperatively. There was a low number of subjects that required ipsilateral unicompartmental knee arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty postoperatively (0.7% and 1.1%, respectively). The overall 30-day complication rate following meniscus allograft transplantation was 1.4%. Conclusions Patients undergoing meniscus allograft transplantation have a 58.8% reoperation rate at final follow up with low (1.4%) 30-day complication rates in a large insurance database. Level of Evidence Level IV, case series.
Development of a measure of decision quality for implantable defibrillators

Background CMS reimbursement guidelines for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) include mandated shared decision making, but without any manner of assessing the quality of decisions made. We developed and tested a scale meant to assess patients' knowledge of and preferences specific to ICDs. Such a tool would assess these constructs in the clinical environment, targeting resources and support for patients considering a primary prevention ICD. Methods Development of the ICD decision quality (ICD-DQ) scale included 1) item creation, 2) content validation using surveys of patients (n = 23) and clinicians (n = 31), and 3) examination of validity and reliability using a survey of patients who previously received an ICD (n = 295, response rate = 72%). Results The final scale consists of 12 knowledge and 8 preference items. With respect to content validity, clinician and patient respondents agreed on the importance of 19 of 24 candidate knowledge items (79%), and 9 of 11 treatment preference items (81%). Knowledge items exhibited moderate internal validity (α = 0.62, 1 factor), strong test-retest reliability (mean % correct at first administration = 59%, 62% at follow-up, p>.1) and discriminant validity (59% correct for patients, 93% among cardiologists). Short versions of the ICD-DQ were developed for clinical settings, the scores from both of which correlated with the long version in this cohort (11- item (r = 0.90) and a 5-item (r = 0.75)). Conclusions The ICD-DQ fills a critical gap in measuring the quality of patients' ICD decisions. They may be used to evaluate the effectiveness of patient decision aids or the quality of shared decision making in clinical practice. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Comment on "Improving the seasonal cycle and interannual variations of biomass burning aerosol sources"? by Generoso et al.

Abstract. Generoso et al. (2003) suggest a method for improving current inventories of aerosol emission from biomass burning based on the Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) nighttime hot spot product. In order to show the validity and representative of the nighttime burning product for such applications, Genoroso et al. (2003) compared the ATSR nighttime products to the daily fire products from TRMM, AVHRR etc. in nine selected regions. Their analyses demonstrate that in most cases, the nighttime products show a seasonal cycle that is consistent with the daily observations. However, they noticed significant discrepancies in biomass seasonality between ATSR nighttime product and TRMM daily product in Sahel region. In a commentary paper, Giglio and Kendall (2003) clarify that the origin of TRMM fire data used in Generoso et al. (2003) is from TRMM Science Data and Information System (Ji and Stocker, 2002). We thank Giglio and Kendall for such clarifications that provide an opportunity for us to clarify several issues on the applications of TSDIS fire data.
Stressful life events, ethnic identity, historical trauma, and participation in cultural activities: Associations with smoking behaviors among American Indian adolescents in California.

Abstract Introduction American Indian (AI) adolescents have the highest prevalence of commercial tobacco use of any ethnic group in the United States. This study examines ethnic identity (EI), participation in cultural activities, and stressful life events (SLEs) as correlates of smoking and examines historical trauma (HT) as a mediator of these associations. Methods California AI youth (N = 969, ages 13–19, recruited from 49 tribal youth organizations and cultural activities in urban and reservation areas in California) completed a tobacco survey. Structural equation modeling was used to test a model examining HT as a potential mediator of the associations of EI, participation in cultural activities, and SLEs with cigarette smoking. Results Model fit was adequate. EI, participation in cultural activities, and SLEs predicted HT. HT mediated the associations of participation in cultural activities and SLEs with past-month smoking. Stronger EI predicted greater past-month smoking and this effect was mediated by greater HT. The direct effects from HT to both smoking outcomes were positive and the direct effect from EI to past-month smoking was negative. Conclusions HT is a risk factor for cigarette smoking both directly and in mediating the links of EI, cultural activities, and SLEs. More efforts are needed to help AI youth to process these thoughts and empower themselves to contribute to their own lives and those of their families and communities without resorting to unhealthy addictive behaviors such as commercial tobacco use.
Micromanipulation of Mammalian Gametes

Many sperm are deposited in the female reproductive tract, but a very low percentage survive for more than a few hours in a motile condition after copulation; most never come near an egg. In the mouse the average ejaculate contains approximately 58 million sperm (Hogan et al., 1986), but only 17 were found in the ampulla of the oviduct at the time of fertilization (Braden and Austin, 1954). Similar phenomena occur in other mammalian species. The proportion of sperm capable of fertilizing ova and supporting normal development is unknown. Despite development of sophisticated techniques and information on mammalian in vitro fertilization, we still know very little about the manner in which a single sperm is selected to fertilize each oocyte. Much of what we know results from in vitro studies in which thousands of sperm are added to a few oocytes; unfortunately, this approach gives us little information about the behavior of the fertilizing spermatozoon. In order to refine in vitro fertilization systems to more closely mimic fertilization in vivo,one must deal with “dilution effects. ” At very low sperm concentrations, sperm frequently lose their motility and, hence, their subsequent fertilizing ability, probably because of dilution of important components of reproductive tract fluids.
Resolution of Chiral, Tetrahedral M4L6 Metal−Ligand Hosts1

The supramolecular metal−ligand assemblies of M416 stoichiometry are chiral (M = GaIII, AlIII, InIII, FeIII, TiIV, or GeIV, H41 = N,N‘-bis(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-1,5-diaminonaphthalene). The resolution process of ΔΔΔΔ- and ΛΛΛΛ-[M416]12- by the chiral cation S-nicotinium (S-nic+) is described for the GaIII, AlIII, and FeIII assemblies, and the resolution is shown to be proton dependent. From a methanol solution of M(acac)3, H41, S-nicI, and KOH, the ΔΔΔΔ-KH3(S-nic)7[(S-nic) ⊂ M416] complexes precipitate, and the ΛΛΛΛ-K6(S-nic)5[(S-nic) ⊂ M416] complexes subsequently can be isolated from the supernatant. Ion exchange enables the isolation of the (NEt4+)12, (NMe4+)12, and K+12 salts of the resolved structures, which have been characterized by CD and NMR spectroscopies. Resolution can also be accomplished with 1 equiv of NEt4+ blocking the cavity interior, demonstrating that external binding sites are responsible for the difference in S-nic+ enantiomer interactions. Circular dichroism data demonstrate that th...
High-pressure injection injuries.

High-pressure injection injuries are potentially disabling forms of trauma. Three cases are presented of patients who sustained high-pressure injuries from paint, air and water. Injuries from paint require emergency surgical debridement and exploration because of the extreme tissue toxicity of the injected material. The patient in this study had a favourable outcome after delayed closure of his wound and extensive physiotherapy. High-pressure injuries resulting from air and water can be managed conservatively, as in the two patients reported in this paper. Their treatment included tetanus prophylaxis, irrigation, dressings, splinting, admission to hospital, intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics, radiologic assessment and careful neurovascular evaluation. Surgical debridement and exploration were not necessary.
Room temperature operation of patterned InGaAs quantum dot lasers fabricated by electron beats lithography and selective area epitaxy

This work presents the first room temperature operation of GaAs based ridge waveguide semiconductor lasers containing lithographically defined InGaAs quantum dots as the active region. Semiconductor laser fabrication by electron beam lithography and selective growth epitaxy are also demonstrated.
Pediatric aspects of hyperlipidemia.

Pediatricians and nutritionists are often asked about the type and amount of lipid that should be contained in the diet of an infant or a child. Interest is motivated by the high incidence of coronary artery disease in the American population, and the belief that diet is an important etiologic factor in atherosclerotic disease. 1 Furthermore, since atherosclerosis is sometimes well advanced by the third decade of life, the true primary prevention of atherosclerotic disease is a pediatric problem and must begin in childhood. 2.3 This report will review the relationship between diet, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerotic disease, and will offer practical recommendations for intervention in the pediatric population. It is estimated that 40% to 45% of the deaths in the United States are due to atherosclerosis and its complications. The majority of individuals with symptomatic atherosclerotic disease are 65 years or older. 4 The disease is often associated with the aging process; however, there are individuals who age without signs of such disease. There also are individuals in the general population who develop symptomatic atherosclerotic disease at a young age. It is estimated that 3% of women and 10% of men will have some first event of coronary artery disease before 55 years of age. 4 A large percentage of those in this group are predisposed to atherosclerotic disease because of metabolic or genetic factors such as the inherited forms of hyperlipidemia. 5-8 Serum Lipids and Coronary Heart Disease Atherosclerosis has existed for thousands of years, as evidenced by the autopsy performed on the embalmed body of an Egyptian pharaoh which showed an aorta affected with large calcified atheromatous lesions. 9
Policy Learning and the Diffusion of Stand‐Your‐Ground Laws

Stand-Your-Ground (SYG) laws have recently received increased attention due to the controversial verdict in the 2013 George Zimmerman trial. At the time of the trial, 22 states had adopted SYG laws, with Florida adopting the first SYG law only a few years earlier. This article explores how policy learning contributed to the diffusion of these laws among U.S. states. It is found that learning exhibits atypical and complex patterns of diffusion not observed in previous studies. We posit that this dynamic is likely attributed to the fact that SYG is a controversial version of a morality policy, and these types of policies may exhibit multiple properties of policy learning theory. In addition, we find that multiple internal determinants including racial context, gun purchase rates, and poverty influence the likelihood of SYG adoption. Language: en
Photometry of Active Algols

While light curves of several short period Algol binaries have shown transient instabilities from the ultraviolet to the near infrared, only in RW Tau and most notably in U Cep have these disturbances been large enough to analyse quantitatively. From a study of the spectral distribution of light excesses and losses in U Cep, we derive properties of “equatorial bulges,” hot spot, and stream during periods of activity presumably associated with transient, enhanced, mass flows. We also discuss the nature of large light losses that appeared outside eclipse and in primary eclipse egress during active intervals. We show that small surges in cool star brightness preceded and accompanied intervals of activity. Apart from such surges, the cool star brightness has varied over the last eight years in a way somewhat suggestive of a magnetic activity cycle. Finally, since 1972 four abrupt orbital period changes have occurred, and the evidence now available suggests that these changes have nothing to do with eruptive mass flows in U Cep.
Specialty Glass Raw Materials: Status and Developments

The authors highlight several key raw materials used in the specialty glass industry. The focus here is to update changes and shifts underway in the worldwide availability and processes that will impact both costs and efficient use of these products. The glass types that use these materials generally are those other than container, float, and fiber glass. Those high-volume consumers of glass raw materials are discussed in a companion paper in this volume. In the specialty glass field, the batch materials involve minerals, and the chemicals derived from them, which are less readily available domestically. These are much more critically defined by specifications of assay, contamination, and particle size, resulting in their being more expensive. They are seldom commodity products. The scope of materials for this fragmented industry includes those for leads, borosilicates, aluminosilicates, opals, sealing and frit glasses, optical glass, ophthalmic glass, cathode ray tubes (CRTs) for TV and display, and glass-ceramics as major segments. They use lead oxides, nearly all the alkalies and alkaline earth portions of the periodic table, as well as rare earths, transition element oxides, phosphates, boron minerals and chemicals, zircon, zinc, most of the halogens, and many of the anions. They often require verymore » special particle size specifications. The requirements for these batch materials are often based on chemistry, the absence of contaminants that impact melting, very wide ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum, glass homogeneity, and freedom from solid and gaseous inclusions down to ppm levels in both size and number.« less
Large N Duality of Yang-Mills Theory on a Torus

We have given evidence that large N confining Yang Mills theories on tori may have an SL(2,Z) duality which appears to be T-duality of a string description. The existence of such a duality would be quite useful, since it relates non compact 4 dimensional theories to more numerically tractable 2 dimensional theories. It should be interesting to study the two dimensional gauged sigma model of (3.6) It may be possible to explicitly test whether this model generates two extra dimensions in the large N limit. The extent to which the duality we propose is exact is not known, however at least in two dimensions, it seems to have a very mild anomaly. Perhaps duality only relates theories in the same universality class as QCD, and does not act on conventional QCD.
Predicting regime shifts in flow of the Colorado River

[1] The effects of continued global warming on water resources are a concern for water managers and stake holders. In the western United States, where the combined climatic demand and consumptive use of water is equal to or greater than the natural supply of water for some locations, there is growing concern regarding the sustainability of future water supplies. In addition to the adverse effects of warming on water supply, another issue for water managers is accounting for, and managing, the effects of natural climatic variability, particularly persistently dry and wet periods. Analyses of paleo-reconstructions of Upper Colorado River basin (UCRB) flow demonstrate that severe sustained droughts, and persistent pluvial periods, are a recurring characteristic of hydroclimate in the Colorado River basin. Shifts between persistently dry and wet regimes (e.g., decadal to multi-decadal variability (D2M)) have important implications for water supply and water management. In this study paleo-reconstructions of UCRB flow are used to compute the risks of shifts between persistently wet and dry regimes given the length of time in a specific regime. Results indicate that low frequency variability of hydro-climatic conditions and the statistics that describe this low frequency variability can be useful to water managers by providing information about the risk of shifting from one hydrologic regime to another. To manage water resources in the future water managers will have to understand the joint hydrologic effects of natural climate variability and global warming. These joint effects may produce future hydrologic conditions that are unprecedented in both the instrumental and paleoclimatic records.
Qúe enseña el desierto

Las cenizas del dia. David Bonells Rovira. Universidad Externado de Colombia, Coleccion Un libro por centavos, numero 18, Bogota , 2006, 69 pags.
Semiconductors: Interface Design Principles for High-Performance Organic Semiconductor Devices (Adv. Sci. 6/2015)

Organic solar cells (OSCs) are a promising cost‐effective candidate in next generation photovoltaic technology. However, a critical bottleneck for OSCs is the electron/hole recombination loss through charge transfer state at the interface, which greatly limits the power conversion efficiency. In article number 1500024, W. Nie, A. Mohite, and co‐workers demonstrate a simple strategy of suppressing the recombination rate by inserting a spacer layer at the donor‐acceptor interface, resulting in a dramatic increase in power conversion efficiency.
Properties of the Macrophomina phaseolina endoglucanase (EGL 1) gene product in bacterial and yeast expression systems.

Functional expression of a β-d-1,4 glucanase-encoding gene (egl1) from a filamentous fungus was achieved in both Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a modified version of pRS413. Optimal activity of the E. coli-expressed enzyme was found at incubation temperatures of 60°C, whereas the enzyme activity was optimal at 40°C when expressed by S. cerevisiae. Enzyme activity at different pH levels was similar for both bacteria and yeast, being highest at 5.0. Yeast expression resulted in a highly glycosylated protein of approx 60 kDa, compared to bacterial expression, which resulted in a protein of 30 kDa. The hyperglycosylated protein had reduced enzyme activity, indicating that E. coli is a preferred vehicle for production scale-up.
Atomic Layer Deposition of thin Films Using Sequential Surface Reactions

Thin films can be deposited with atomic layer control using sequential surface reactions. The atomic layer deposition (ALD) of compound and single-element films can be accomplished using the appropriate surface chemistry. This paper reviews the ALD of dielectric alumina (Al2O3) films and conducting tungsten (W) films. The Al2O3 films are deposited on submicron BN particles and the surface chemistry is monitored using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Additional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies investigated the conformality of the Al2O3 growth on the BN particles. FTIR investigations of the surface chemistry during W ALD are performed on nanometer-sized Si02 particles. Additional in situ spectroscopy ellipsometry studies of W ALD on Si(100) established the W ALD growth rates. Al2O3 and W ALD both illustrate the potential of ALD to obtain conformal and atomic layer controlled thin film growth using sequential surface reactions.
How Long Is Long Enough? Extended Anticoagulation for the Treatment of Cancer-Associated Deep Vein Thrombosis

A previously healthy 41-year-old man presents with left leg pain and shortness of breath. He has a 20–packyear history of smoking but quit 2 years ago. An ultrasound of the left leg shows thrombosis of the superficial femoral and popliteal veins.Onchest computed tomography (CT) angiogram, there is a large right hilar mass and enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes but no pulmonary emboli. He is treated with therapeutic doses of low–molecular weight heparin (LMWH), with brief interruptions for invasive procedures and surgery. Transbronchial biopsy is performed, and pathology yields a diagnosis of poorly differentiated non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; EGFR/KRAS wild type and ALK and ROS1 negative by fluorescent in situ hybridization). After additional tests, the patient is determined to have stage IIIA NSCLC. Subsequently, he receives concurrent chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin/etoposide and chest radiotherapy, resulting in a marked decrease in the size of the right hilar mass and mediastinal lymph nodes. He then undergoes right upper lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection, which demonstrate no clinical or pathologic evidence of cancer. The patient returns to clinic, having been treated for >6 months with LMWH. He reports both mild shortness of breath with exertion and minimal chronic swelling of the left lower extremity. A follow-up ultrasound shows nonocclusive intraluminal thrombus in the left superficial femoral and popliteal veins; follow-up chest CT angiogram shows no evidence of pulmonary emboli.
Naughty, naughty atoms.

What does the theory of atoms have to do with religious belief? Chris Toumey explains how historically the link between atomism and atheism has been quite strong.
Generalized cutis laxa associated with heavy chain deposition disease.

Background: Cutis laxa is a heterogeneous group of inherited and acquired disorders characterized clinically by loose skin and histologically by altered elastic tissue. Heavy chain deposition disease is a very rare monoclonal immunoglobulin disorder, distinct from multiple myeloma, in which there is production and deposition of defective immunoglobulin heavy chains without light chain deposition. Objective: We describe a case of acquired cutis laxa associated with heavy chain deposition disease. Results: A 50-year-old male presented with acute renal failure, IgG4 heavy chain deposition in the kidneys, and no evidence of multiple myeloma. Four years later, he developed generalized acquired cutis laxa, emphysema, and a peripheral polyneuropathy. On pathology, there was destruction of elastic fibers within the dermis. Conclusion: This case describes a previously unreported association between acquired cutis laxa and heavy chain deposition disease.
Sclerosing mediastinitis and mast cell activation syndrome

Abstract Background Sclerosing mediastinitis (ScM) is a rare, potentially life-threatening disorder, idiopathic in roughly half the cases. Systemic symptoms not attributable to sclerosis often appear in idiopathic ScM. Mast cell activation disease (MCAD) is a potential cause of these symptoms and also can cause sclerosis. ScM has not previously been associated with MCAD. Presented here are the first two cases of ScM associated with MCAD, specifically mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS). Case 1 A 58-year-old chronically polymorbid woman developed ScM following matched sibling allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Eight years later MCAS, likely underlying most of her chronic issues, was identified. Case 2 A 30-year-old chronically polymorbid woman presented with superior vena cava syndrome and was diagnosed with ScM. On further evaluation, MCAS was identified. Treatment promptly effected symptomatic improvement; sclerosis has been stable. Non-compliance yielded symptomatic relapse; restored compliance re-achieved symptomatic remission. Conclusions Different MCAS presentations reflect elaboration of different mediators, some of which can induce inflammation and fibrosis. Thus, MCAS may have directly and/or indirectly driven ScM in these patients. MCAS should be considered in ScM presenting with comorbidities better explained by mast cell mediator release.
Effect of Pregnancy‐Specific β1‐Glycoprotein on the Development of Preimplantation Embryo

The objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that members of the pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (PSG) family enhance the growth and maturation of embryos. cDNA encoding two members of the PSG family, namely PSG1 and PSG3, were expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells with the expression vector pH beta APr-1-neo. Two-cell stage mouse embryos were co-cultured in a two-chamber system with CHO cells expressing either recombinant PSG1 (rPSG1) or PSG3 (rPSG3) in the presence and absence of neutralizing PSG antibodies. The cleavage and maturation stage of the embryos was assessed at 12-hr intervals. Mouse embryos co-cultured with transfectants expressing rPSG1 showed a significant enhancement of cleavage and maturation rate compared to controls with P < 0.005-0.004. In co-cultures with CHO cells expressing rPSG3, no significant difference from the controls was observed in the early stage of development until late blastocyst formation. At that stage, there was a statistically significant enhancement of development by rPSG3 when compared to controls with P < 0.001. These results suggest that PSG1 and PSG3 exhibit embryotropic activity at different stages of development in the mouse model.