cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Internal Enemy: Slavery and War in Virginia, 1772–1832. By Alan Taylor. (New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 2013. Pp. 605. $35.00.)

The title of this study suggests its ambitious scope. One of the challenges of broadly discussing a slave society is successfully integrating the diverse white and black experiences during what the...
High-Fidelity Camera-based Method for Noncontact Vibration Testing of Structures

This paper presents the theory and development of an accurate and easy-to-use noncontact vibration measurement system based on the use of today’s digital cameras, new image processing techniques, fast and accurate camera calibration process, and an advanced measurement theory for static/dynamic testing of structures. The proposed camera calibration process consists of a closed-form solution for first estimation and then a refinement based on nonlinear optimization. It is easy to calibrate cameras without elaborate setup and expensive calibration tools having two or three orthogonal planes of high precision. Moreover, methods for development and use of forward and backward lens distortion models are presented, and a set of experimentally validated camera calibration steps is recommended. The capabilities and measurement accuracy of the proposed system are validated by numerical simulations and experimental verifications. The proposed system overcomes several limitations of existing camera-based motion analysis systems and provides better measurement accuracy.
Ab Initio Quantum Chemical Studies of Hydrogen and Halogen Migration on the Diamond (110) Surface

Activation energies for the migrations of H, F, and Cl on the diamond C(110) surface are calculated by quantum chemical methods using hydrocarbon cluster models. The calculations include extensive basis sets with many-body effects at the level of single and double excitations from Hartree-Fock and Complete-Active-Space wavefunctions. The calculated activation barriers for the (1,2) and (1,3) migrations indicate that such migrations are too slow to compete with gas-surface reactions during chemical-vapor deposition of diamond. However, the (1,4) migrations of both H and Cl are calculated to be sufficiently fast to compete with gas-surface reactions under typical diamond growth conditions.
Phase separation kinetics in amorphous solid dispersions upon exposure to water.

The purpose of this study was to develop a novel fluorescence technique employing environment-sensitive fluorescent probes to study phase separation kinetics in hydrated matrices of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) following storage at high humidity and during dissolution. The initial miscibility of the ASDs was confirmed using infrared (IR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Fluorescence spectroscopy, as an independent primary technique, was used together with conventional confirmatory techniques including DSC, X-ray diffraction (XRD), fluorescence microscopy, and IR spectroscopy to study phase separation phenomena. By monitoring the emission characteristics of the environment-sensitive fluorescent probes, it was possible to successfully monitor amorphous–amorphous phase separation (AAPS) as a function of time in probucol–poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and ritonavir–PVP ASDs after exposure to water. In contrast, a ritonavir–hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) AS...
Modeling and Simulation of Tianshengqiao—Guangdong ±500 kV HVDC Transmission System

Based on the parameters of Tianshengqiao—Guangdong HVDC transmission system,the model of AC system,converter transformer,rectifier,inverter,AC/DC filter,smoothing reactor and DC transmission line are built up by PSCAD/EMTDC electromagnetic transient simulation software.After modifying the control system of HVDC transmission line model on CIGRE HVDC of PSCAD,the bipolar and double 12-pulse HVDC transmission system of Tian—Guang model is built up.The simulation result shows that the model can simulate the Tian—Guang HVDC transmission system accurately and provide an effective tool for fault researches of bipolar HVDC transmission line.
Comparison of laparotomy and transanal pull-through operation for the surgical stress in the treatment of Hischsprung's disease

Objective:To make a comprasion in surgical stress between laparotomy and transanal pull-throug operation on Hischs-prung's disease(HD) in children. Methods:Thirty patients were randomly divided into laparotomy group(n=15) and transanal pull-through group(n=15). The blood was collected in the morning before operation, 24 and 72 h postoperation. Plasma levels of IL-6 were determined by ELISA,and C-reaction protein(CRP) levels were measured by immune rate nephelometry. Methods:The statistical difference before and after surgery was analyzed by SPSS software. Results:There were significant difference in plasma levels of IL-6 and CRP before and after surgery(P0.05). The transanal pull-through group showed lower level of IL-6 and CRP on 24 and 72 h postoperation than laparotomy group(P 0.05). Conclusion:Transanal pull-through operation causes less surgical stress than laparotomy on HD.
Expression of Panulirus shaker potassium channel splice variants

In Drosophila shaker voltage-dependent potassium channels, alternative splicing at the amino and carboxy termini produces currents with different electrophysiological characteristics. We have cloned alternatively spliced forms of shaker from the spiny lobster Panulirus interruptus. Alternative exons were found at three sites of the gene; eight different 5' exons, two alternative exons encoding the pore-forming P region, and an alternative 3' exon. Two of the different amino terminal splice forms were expressed with two alternatively spliced pore forms to produce channels with markedly different characteristics. One of the amino termini produced a channel with transient characteristics while the other produced a delayed rectifier-type channel. The effects of alternative exons at the amino terminus and in the P region appear to be additive. Our results provide new information on the structural requirements for rapid N-type inactivation.
Leveraging Gibbs Ensemble Molecular Dynamics and Hybrid Monte Carlo/Molecular Dynamics for Efficient Study of Phase Equilibria

We describe an extension of the Gibbs ensemble molecular dynamics (GEMD) method for studying phase equilibria. Our modifications to GEMD allow for direct control over particle transfer between phases and improve the method’s numerical stability. Additionally, we found that the modified GEMD approach had advantages in computational efficiency in comparison to a hybrid Monte Carlo (MC)/MD Gibbs ensemble scheme in the context of the single component Lennard-Jones fluid. We note that this increase in computational efficiency does not compromise the close agreement of phase equilibrium results between the two methods. However, numerical instabilities in the GEMD scheme hamper GEMD’s use near the critical point. We propose that the computationally efficient GEMD simulations can be used to map out the majority of the phase window, with hybrid MC/MD used as a follow up for conditions under which GEMD may be unstable (e.g., near-critical behavior). In this manner, we can capitalize on the contrasting strengths of ...
Citric Acid Capped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as an Effective MALDI Matrix for Polymers

A new matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry matrix is proposed for molecular mass determination of polymers. This matrix contains an iron oxide nanoparticle (NP) core with citric acid (CA) molecules covalently bound to the surface. With the assistance of additives, the particulate nature of NPs allows the matrix to mix uniformly with polar or nonpolar polymer layers and promotes ionization, which may simplify matrix selection and sample preparation procedures. Several distinctively different polymer classes (polyethyleneglycol (PEG), polywax/polyethylene, perfluoropolyether, and polydimethylsiloxane) are effectively detected by the water or methanol dispersed NPCA matrix with NaCl, NaOH, LiOH, or AgNO3 as additives. Furtheremore, successful quantitative measurements of PEG1000 using polypropylene glycol 1000 as an internal standard are demonstrated.
Analogical generalization of linguistic constructions

Human language is extraordinarily creative in form and function, and adapting to this ever-shifting linguistic landscape is a daunting task for interactive cognitive systems. Recently, construction grammar has emerged as a linguistic theory for representing these complex and often idiomatic linguistic forms. Furthermore, analogical generalization has been proposed as a learning mechanism for extracting linguistic constructions from input. I propose an account that uses a computational model of analogy to learn and generalize argument structure constructions.
Lessons learned from hosting an Hour of Code event

In this paper, we describe our process for designing the DePaul Hour of Code event, a free, annual event hosted at DePaul University. The four-day event was designed to 1) engage underrepresented youth in computing activities, 2) identify unseen barriers to participation, and 3) explore ways to reduce structural barriers to participation. We share our design process, lessons learned, and recommendations for designing accessible informal computing events for youth.
Cytoskeletal adaptivity regulates T cell receptor signaling

The factors that govern T cell activation control the initiation and progression of adaptive immune responses. T cells recognize their cognate antigen on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) through the T cell receptor, which results in the formation of a contact region (immune synapse) between the two cells and the activation of the T cells. Activated T cells proliferate and differentiate into effector T cells that secrete cytokines, provide help to B cells, and kill target cells. We asked whether the actin cytoskeleton governs differences in signaling in effector T cells versus naive (unstimulated) T cells. Using atomic force microscopy and quantitative confocal microscopy, we found that naive T cells had a mechanically stiffer cortical cytoskeleton than that of effector cells, which resulted in naive cells forming smaller immune synapses with APCs. This suggests that the cytoskeletal stiffness of the T cell before it undergoes antigen stimulation predicts its subsequent dynamic engagement with APCs and its activation potential. Cytoskeletal rigidity depended on the activity of the actin-severing enzyme cofilin through a pathway requiring the small guanosine triphosphatase RhoA and the kinases ROCK (Rho-activated kinase) and LIMK. These findings suggest that the baseline cytoskeletal state controls T cell responses and that the underlying pathway could be a therapeutic target for modulating adaptive immunity.
Confessions of a Recovering Racing Regulator

This speech summarized the lesson learned from more than a decade of service as a member of a state's horse racing commission.
Inclusive particle spectra at (56 and 130) A GeV

A simulation is performed of the recently reported data from PHOBOS at energies of s=56,130A GeV using the relativistic heavy ion cascade LUCIFER which had previously given a good description of the NA49 inclusive spectra at s=17.2A GeV. The results compare well with these early measurements at RHIC.
Weaving Information Literacy Instruction into the Fabric of Your e-Learning Program

e-Learning leaders can promote student success and increase retention by enriching the educational experience of their students and their instructors with a robust library presence in their programs in four ways. First, the e-learning leader should encourage teamwork amongst the librarians, the instructional designers, and the subject-matter teaching faculty. Second, the e-learning leader should support the design and development of self-instructional, online library tutorials. Third, the e-learning leader should encourage the enhancement of instruction in information literacy through virtual reference (VR) via sophisticated collaborations that provide 24/7 service or more limited, but less expensive stand-alone, in-house chat services. Fourth, e-learning leaders should support the acquisition of a remotely accessible collection of electronic books and journal databases for students and instructors. For those K-12 students and corporate trainees who do not have authentication privileges to proprietary materials, the e-learning leader should provide guidance via VR services to open access e-books and journal articles that are freely available on the Internet or that are available through state-supported portals funded by state tax dollars. The presence of library instruction and library resources enhances e-learning environments by empowering the learner with the lifelong learning skills and with the knowledge needed to identify an information need, as well as find, evaluate, and use information.
Structure and Distribution of an Unrecognized Interstitium in Human Tissues

Confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) provides real-time histologic imaging of human tissues at a depth of 60–70 μm during endoscopy. pCLE of the extrahepatic bile duct after fluorescein injection demonstrated a reticular pattern within fluorescein-filled sinuses that had no known anatomical correlate. Freezing biopsy tissue before fixation preserved the anatomy of this structure, demonstrating that it is part of the submucosa and a previously unappreciated fluid-filled interstitial space, draining to lymph nodes and supported by a complex network of thick collagen bundles. These bundles are intermittently lined on one side by fibroblast-like cells that stain with endothelial markers and vimentin, although there is a highly unusual and extensive unlined interface between the matrix proteins of the bundles and the surrounding fluid. We observed similar structures in numerous tissues that are subject to intermittent or rhythmic compression, including the submucosae of the entire gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the dermis, the peri-bronchial and peri-arterial soft tissues, and fascia. These anatomic structures may be important in cancer metastasis, edema, fibrosis, and mechanical functioning of many or all tissues and organs. In sum, we describe the anatomy and histology of a previously unrecognized, though widespread, macroscopic, fluid-filled space within and between tissues, a novel expansion and specification of the concept of the human interstitium.
The Rothschild I Knew

One cannot start with Adam and Eve, or with the Big Bang. Nevertheless, I must start “the history of my friendship with Roth-schild” before the bonjour. So let me start somewhere in between, in the spring of 1939.1 will start with a confession. In those months I was a senior in high school, and I was asked to write a final composition for my English class. The spring was beautiful, and I used to walk my dog along the banks of the Merrimack selecting always the path through the woods that, as legend had it, the Indians used to take on their treks to the Winnepesaukee region.
Mutagenic Effects of Environmental Particulates in the CHO/HGPRT System

The emission of particulate matter into the atmosphere from stationary fuel combustion and transportation-related sources is a serious environmental problem. Natusch (1978) has shown that trace elements and chemicals associated with particulate matter from coal combustion may constitute a health hazard. In an earlier study, Natusch and Wallace (1974) reported that many known or potential carcinogens are preferentially concentrated on the surface of respirable coal fly ash. According to Davison et al. (1974), greater quantities of trace elements are associated with particles of fly ash too small to be trapped effectively by conventional particulate-control devices. The potential hazard of respirable particles was brought into sharper focus through studies in which organic extracts of fly ash particles (Chrisp et al., 1978; Fisher et al., 1979) and diesel exhaust particulates (Huisingh et al., 1978) were shown to be mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium.
Generalized RG Approach

In Chapters 3 and 4, two ideologically different RG approaches have been considered. In Wilson’s approach one deals with the Hamiltonian Eq. (3.24) which includes all imaginable vertexes complying with the symmetry of the problem. By contrast the field theoretical RG can only be effectively used with the Hamiltonian containing a small number of vertexes which do not violate renormalizability of the problem. Notwithstanding such a substantial difference in the formulation, the results of calculations in these approaches in the critical region are practically the same. Therefore, there is some property, common to both approaches, which is of crucial importance for the description of critical region. This property is Kadanoff’s invariance completing the calculational schemes in both methods. Kadanoff’s invariance is an intrinsic property of a system which can be found in a particular point of the parametric space of the Hamiltonian describing this system. This point may or may not exist, but the scale transformations and the consequent scale covariance is always present in any physical problem being an inherent attribute of the configurational space. Hence, one could start the study of a system from the scale transformations and then, looking for the point of Kadanoff’s invariance, come to the origin from where these two different approaches merge.
The Sky on the Ground: Celestial Objects and Events in Archaeology and Popular Culture

The celestial environment has always played a significant role in the shaping of human culture. Written records spanning thousands of years are replete with examples of the importance of the celestial constants (e.g. the Sun, moon, stars, planets) in the basic ideologies and the everyday lives of peoples around the world. Of equal or greater importance are transient celestial phenomena (e.g. eclipses, meteor storms, asteroids, comets). Because of the infrequency, unpredictability, and often fantastic manifestations that are presented by these transient events, they have been viewed as having much greater import than the much more predictable celestial constants.
Lung Cancer Resistance to Chemotherapy

Metastatic lung cancer remains incurable by chemotherapy. Several factors contribute to resistance to chemotherapy, including many factors that are adaptations of systems that evolved to protect normal cells from a hostile environment. Tumor cell characteristics, tumor cell interactions with extracellular matrix and stromal cells, and tumor physical characteristics all contribute to resistance. Resistance may arise from gene upregulation or downregulation as a downstream consequence of the oncogene mutations or tumor suppressor gene deletions that underlie tumorigenesis or may also arise due to tumor hypoxia or due to exposure to therapy. Host gene polymorphisms may alter resistance by determining the half-life or enzymatic activity of upregulated resistance factors. Resistance may arise from decreased drug delivery to tumor, impact of extracellular pH on drug uptake, altered drug uptake transporters or cell membrane characteristics, increased drug efflux or detoxification, decreased drug binding, altered drug targets, increased DNA repair, decreased proapoptotic factors, increased antiapoptotic factors, altered cell cycling or mitotic checkpoints, or altered transcription factors. This diversity of resistance mechanisms magnifies the challenges facing us in predicting patient prognosis and in overcoming resistance.
Who Controls the Internet? A Review

In Who Controls the Internet? Illusions of a Borderless World 1 , Jack Goldsmith and Tim Wu argue that contemporary theories of globalization and Internet scholarship underestimate and misunderstand the importance of territorial government. They claim that government coercion is “the most important thing missing from most predictions of where globalization will lead, and the most significant gap in predictions about the future shape of the Internet.” 2
Anger/Hostility and Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) comprises diseases of the heart and the circulatory system, of which coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke are major clinical end points. CVD is the leading cause of death in industrialized nations and, owing to its rapid acceleration in developing countries, is projected to become the number one killer worldwide. The established CVD risk factors are age, physical inactivity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, elevated triglyceride levels, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and cigarette smoking. Concern for the CHD morbidity and mortality burden and interest in effective prevention have stimulated debate over the degree to which new cases can be attributed to the traditional risk factors. Several studies have shown that after accounting for the traditional risk factors, unexplained variance in CHD remains. There has been growing interest in the influence of psychological factors in CVD. This chapter reviews primarily prospective, population-based studies on the relationship between anger/hostility and CVD. The results from these investigations confirm that trait anger/chronic hostility, anger expression, and acute anger episodes have positive predictive value for CVD – including new or recurrent events or atherosclerosis.
Complications of Botox and their Management

Adherence to anticholinergic medications is known to be a problem in patients with overactive bladder, with only 13.2% of patients continuing anticholinergic therapy beyond 1 year D’Souza et al. (J Manag Care Pharm. 14:291-301, 2008). Prior to the advent of third line therapies such as onabotulinumtoxin A, refractory overactive bladder (OAB) was managed with augmentation cystoplasty, a lengthy surgery with associated side effects including lifetime need for self-catheterization, ileus, and metabolic disturbances. The advent of onabotulinumtoxin A has drastically reduced the rates of augmentation cystoplasties being performed for refractory OAB. However, all procedures are associated with side effects which should be relayed to the patient prior to beginning therapy, as well as their management. In the current review, we summarize the common complications following onabotulinumtoxin A injection as well as their management.
Effects of Fed Announcements on Emerging Markets: What Determines Financial Market Reactions?

This paper analyzes market reactions to the 2013–2014 Fed announcements related to the tapering of asset purchases and examines how these reactions are influenced by financial depth. The study focuses on long-term government bond yields and uses daily data for all emerging markets. Controlling for all time-invariant country characteristics as well as time-varying macroeconomic fundamentals (changes in current account, fiscal balance, GDP growth, and inflation), countries with deeper domestic financial markets (as measured by higher bank credit, M2, M3, or stock market capitalization) experienced smaller increases in government bond yields during 4-day windows around Federal Open Market Committee announcements related to tapering. Countries with better macroeconomic fundamentals (measured by improvements in current account, fiscal balance, and GDP growth) also experienced smaller increases in government bond yields around such episodes.
Ephaptic Coupling Promotes Synchronous Firing of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells

Correlated neuronal activity at various timescales plays an important role in information transfer and processing. We find that in awake-behaving mice, an unexpectedly large fraction of neighboring Purkinje cells (PCs) exhibit sub-millisecond synchrony. Correlated firing usually arises from chemical or electrical synapses, but, surprisingly, neither is required to generate PC synchrony. We therefore assessed ephaptic coupling, a mechanism in which neurons communicate via extracellular electrical signals. In the neocortex, ephaptic signals from many neurons summate to entrain spiking on slow timescales, but extracellular signals from individual cells are thought to be too small to synchronize firing. Here we find that a single PC generates sufficiently large extracellular potentials to open sodium channels in nearby PC axons. Rapid synchronization is made possible because ephaptic signals generated by PCs peak during the rising phase of action potentials. These findings show that ephaptic coupling contributes to the prevalent synchronization of nearby PCs.
Optimization and Scaling of Ge-Pocket TFET

TFETs are promising candidates for future low-power logic applications because of their potential for outperforming conventional MOSFETs under reduced supply voltage ( ${V} _{\textsf {DD}}$ ). Among all material systems currently being explored, group IV semiconductor SiGe holds the most potential due to its very large scale integration (VLSI) compatibility, mature synthesis techniques, and tunable bandgap, making it more likely to be adopted for future VLSI technologies. It has been shown experimentally that the on-state current ( ${I} _{\textsf {on}}$ ) of SiGe TFETs improves significantly with the increasing Ge content. However, increasing the Ge content leads to excessive leakage in the off-state and poses a challenge to the pseudomorphic growth of SiGe. In this paper, the concept of Ge-pocket TFET with a counter-doped pocket is proposed. By confining Ge to the pocket region, the proposed structure circumvents those problems. Both the steep subthreshold swing and high ${I} _{\textsf {on}}$ can be achieved. The proposed TFET also demonstrates excellent scalability in terms of physical gate length ( ${L} _{\textsf {gate}}$ ) and ${V} _{\textsf {DD}}$ , which makes it a promising replacement of conventional MOSFETs for low-power logic applications.
The Unbearable Automaticity of Being . . . in a Close Relationship

A recent surge in research on automatic processes in close relationships has revealed new insights into how people form and update relationship evaluations as well as the implications of these eval...
Case-Control Study of Tumor Stage-Dependent Outcomes for Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Immunosuppressed and Immunocompetent Patients.

BACKGROUND Immunosuppressed patients have worse outcomes from cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs), although unclear whether it is due to the development of more high-stage tumors or worse outcomes for a given stage. OBJECTIVE Analyze the impact of immunosuppression on the development of cSCCs and tumor stage-dependent outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Single-institution 1:2 case-control study of primary invasive cSCCs from 2005 to 2015 in 106 mixed-cause immunosuppressed patients and 212 control subjects matched to age, gender, and race. RESULTS Four hundred twelve cSCCs from 106 immunosuppressed patients and 291 tumors from 212 matched immunocompetent patients were included. Both cohorts had similar T-stage distribution, with <5% high-stage tumors, that is, AJCC-7 T2, AJCC-8 T3, and BWH T2b/T3. Immunosuppression significantly increased the likelihood of poor outcomes (POs) (aggregate of local recurrence (LR), nodal and distant metastasis, and squamous cell carcinoma-related deaths) for low-stage tumors, that is, AJCC-7 T1 (odds ratio [OR], 4.29), AJCC-8 T1 (OR, 3.45), AJCC-8 T2 (OR, 3.75), BWH T1 (OR, 3.53), and BWH T2a (OR, 3.41) tumors. There was no significant difference in the treatment: most tumors were treated with Mohs (71% vs 75%) or excision (21% vs 20%) in both cohorts. CONCLUSION Immunosuppressed patients have an increased risk of POs, specifically LRs, from low-stage cSCCs. Definitive treatment of cSCCs is recommended.
Abstract 574: A Role for TWIST1 as GWAS Risk Gene for Coronary Artery Disease

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified rs2107595 as association SNP for both stroke and cardiovascular disease. This polymorphism is located proximal to the HDAC9 gene, with TWIST1 ...
Quantifying Caregiver Movement when Measuring Infant Movement across a Full Day: A Case Report.

There is interest in using wearable sensors to measure infant movement patterns and physical activity, however, this approach is confounded by caregiver motion. The purpose of this study is to estimate the extent that caregiver motion confounds wearable sensor data in full-day studies of infant leg movements. We used wearable sensors to measure leg movements of a four-month-old infant across 8.5 hours, during which the infant was handled by the caregiver in a typical manner. A researcher mimicked the actions of the caregiver with a doll. We calculated 7744 left and 7107 right leg movements for the infant and 1013 left and 1115 right “leg movements” for the doll. In this case, approximately 15% of infant leg movements can be attributed to background motion of the caregiver. This case report is the first step toward removing caregiver-produced background motion from the infant wearable sensor signal. We have estimated the size of the effect and described the activities that were related to noise in the signal. Future research can characterize the noise in detail and systematically explore different methods to remove it.
Explicit Matrix-Free Time-Domain Method in Unstructured Meshes and Its Application to Stable Simulation of General Unsymmetrical Systems

The existing matrix-free time-domain (MFTD) method, though free of a matrix solution in arbitrary unstructured meshes, is not explicit in time marching, as a backward difference is utilized. The numerical system underlying the MFTD is unsymmetrical, and a traditional explicit simulation of such a system is absolutely unstable. In this article, we overcome this barrier and successfully develop a truly explicit MFTD method. In this method, a new explicit time marching scheme is created for simulating unsymmetrical systems, whose stability is theoretically proved and shown to be guaranteed. Meanwhile, the accuracy is not sacrificed; and the time step allowed by the traditional explicit method is not reduced to ensure the stability. As a result, we greatly improve the computational efficiency of the MFTD method without compromising its accuracy. In addition to the MFTD, the unsymmetrical systems are encountered in other numerical methods and analyses, such as the subgridding methods, the nonorthogonal FDTD methods, and the analysis of nonreciprocal problems. In this article, we show that the proposed new explicit method is a general method for stably simulating unsymmetrical systems. Hence, it can be utilized in other unsymmetrical methods to ensure the stability in an explicit time-domain simulation. The accuracy, efficiency, and stability of the proposed work have been demonstrated by extensive numerical experiments.
Is the incidence of breast cancer increasing? Using the NCDB and autoregressive integrated moving average models (ARIMA) to forecast breast cancer to 2030.

e13612Background: The observed increase in the incidence rate of BC has been described due, in part, to higher, effective public health campaigns for screening, higher sensitivity among diagnostic ...
"Society likes to put people into socially constructed boxes": Exploration of the liminal space through undergraduate students' reflections on disability

As undergraduate students engage with disability studies coursework, they learn about sociocultural concepts that address issues of ableism, normalcy, equity, and inclusion of disabled people in all facets of society. A transformational ideological change in how students view disability often occurs during these courses. To further explore this phenomenon, I completed a study on the capstone course for a DS minor program at a mid-sized public university. Two research questions asked: 1) How do undergraduate students make sense of and understand disability while completing a DS course? and 2) Which pedagogical decisions made by course instructors promote undergraduate students' development of new understandings of disability? A review of the scholarship on DS pedagogy in postsecondary contexts and the transformative learning theory (Mezirow, 1990) concept of critical reflection situated how these students' perspectives shift over a semester. The weekly reflection assignment of 69 students over two semesters were coded with qualitative methods. Findings include themes related to the process of reflection unearthing realizations and identifying both problems and solutions, connecting to moral obligation. The findings explore connections to the process of reflection while the students were within the liminal space of understanding course content that contrasted their prior assumptions about disability. I discuss implications for postsecondary educational pedagogical methods to understand and utilize the liminal space while teaching DS courses.
In Reply: Aspirin for primary prevention.

We appreciate the comments made by Dr. Henning about our statement that statins may dilute the benefit of aspirin.[1][1] She alludes to interesting data on the potential interaction between aspirin and statins from a small study that enrolled patients with coronary artery disease and aspirin
Team Medical Coverage in the National Basketball Association (NBA)

The medical infrastructure of each franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA) is comprised of several individuals from a variety of specialties and disciplines. Each member of the medical team functions to optimize the health and performance of these athletes. This chapter describes the basic components of an NBA medical team, the demands of an NBA competition schedule, as well as a brief overview of the mechanism by which injury documentation and player health history communication is conducted throughout the league. Also included in this chapter is a description of the essential elements of providing comprehensive health care in this setting, emergency preparedness measures, and an overview of musculoskeletal and non-musculoskeletal injuries observed in the NBA. The successful execution of medical care in the NBA environment is predicated upon these overarching principles with the end goal of optimizing player readiness and maximizing performance.
Lifetime employment in schizophrenia: correlates of developing long term unemployment after being employed before.

Background: Challenges in employment are highly prevalent among people with schizophrenia regardless of their employment history. Although supportive employment can be effective, few participants s...
A Framework for Dyadic Physical Interaction Studies During Ankle Motor Tasks

Over the past few decades, there have been many studies of human-human physical interaction to better understand why humans physically interact so effectively and how dyads outperform individuals in certain motor tasks. Because of the different methodologies and experimental setups in these studies, however, it is difficult to draw general conclusions as to the reasons for this improved performance. In this study, we propose an open-source experimental system for the systematic study of the effect of human-human interaction, as mediated by robots, at the ankle joint. We also propose a new framework to study various interactive behaviors (i.e., collaborative, cooperative, and competitive tasks) that can be emulated using a virtual spring connecting human pairs. To validate the proposed experimental framework, we perform a transparency analysis, which is closely related to haptic rendering performance. We compare muscle EMG and ankle motion data while subjects are barefoot, attached to the unpowered robot, and attached to the powered robot implementing transparency control. We also validate the performance in rendering virtual springs covering a range of stiffness values (5–50 Nm/rad) while the subjects track several desired trajectories (sine waves at frequencies between 0.1 and 1.1 Hz). Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility of the system in studying human-human interaction under different interactive behaviors.
Perioperative opioid use and Press Ganey patient satisfaction scores after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Abstract Background Satisfaction measures such as Press Ganey (PG) scores are increasingly used to determine reimbursement. Purpose To investigate the relationship between PG satisfaction scores and perioperative opioid use in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Methods Patients undergoing ACLR were retrospectively identified. Perioperative opioid prescription data were collected using the electronic medical record. Results Positive correlations existed between immediate preoperative total morphine equivalents (TMEs) and PG scores. There was a negative correlation between “Pain Control” and preoperative TMEs. Conclusion PG scores were correlated with preoperative and intraoperative opioid administration but not postoperative opioid administration.
Connections among Puget Sound Residents’ Psychological Restoration from Natural Environments, Place Attachment, and Beliefs about Environmental Governance

Psychological restoration and place attachment may be related to beliefs about environmental governance, with place attachment a likely mediator. We analyze data from a public survey in the Puget Sound area of Washington state (n = 2323) regarding beliefs about environmental governance, place attachment to the Puget Sound area, and psychological restoration related to this area. On average, individuals felt neutral in their beliefs about environmental governance, had high place attachment, and had high frequency of psychological restoration in natural environments. Structural equation modeling indicated that those who more frequently experienced psychological restoration from natural environments had stronger place attachment and more positive beliefs about environmental governance. Place attachment was significantly associated with governance perceptions, but explained only a small portion of variance (R2 = 0.02), while psychological restoration was significantly associated with place attachment and explained a moderate portion of its variance (R2 = 0.37). Place attachment fully mediated the effects of frequency of psychological restoration on beliefs about governance. Promoting psychological restoration and place attachment without attending to the process factors associated with good governance would not likely be a viable strategy for environmental managers to substantially increase positive beliefs about environmental governance.
Multimodal Composition in Teacher Education: From Consumers to Producers

In the twenty-first century, visual texts are vital to learning in English language arts (ELA). As English educators, we know the importance of telling and sharing stories in various formats in order to build community as well as facilitate deep understanding of the concepts we teach. In our methods courses for undergraduates, two of our course projects help students think creatively and reflectively about themselves as ELA teachers, particularly in this time of changing demands, standards, and high-stakes testing. Further, these projects also help to expand students’ understanding of visual and digital ELA content and promote their development as sophisticated consumers of these texts. However, the projects also encourage students to be producers of digital content and to better understand the affordances of multimodal composition. We ask students to use digital tools such as iMovie, Windows Movie Maker, and VoiceThread to achieve our goals. In this chapter, we share the multimodal assignments we use and student project examples. While we teach in a university setting, we discuss adaptations to these projects that make them applicable to learners in other contexts.
The role of radial transport in accelerating radiation belt electrons

Several theories of radiation belt electron acceleration have been proposed that involve breaking one or more of the electrons' adiabatic invariants. These theories can be categorized into two classes: inward radial transport and in situ acceleration. Because the actual electron population is ultimately the net result of a delicate balance among acceleration, transport, and loss, it has been very difficult to determine, mainly due to lack of systematic measurements, whether radial transport or in situ heating contributes more to the observed electron enhancements. Observations and models, however, do provide some insight into acceleration mechanisms. It is generally agreed that a strong interplanetary shock impacting the magnetosphere can result in a very fast inward radial transport of pre-existing particles from large L to form a new radiation belt at a smaller L. Test-particle tracings in fields generated by global MHD simulations show that energetic electrons can be transported from the magnetotail into the inner magnetosphere. Simultaneous observations at geosynchronous orbit and L=4.2 show that the phase space density is almost always higher and increases first at geosynchronous orbit, and then enhances at L=4.2, though a possible phase space density peak in between may exist. Long term predictions of MeV electrons at L=4 as well as L = 6 based on the radial diffusion equation driven by solar wind parameters suggest that radial diffusion can be a major acceleration mechanism because of the good match between the predicted and measured electrons. This paper will review recent achievements in the understanding of inward radial transport as a means of accelerating relativistic electrons in the Earth's magnetosphere.
Use of accurate MOS models for optimizing resonant converter designs

AC and DC power MOSFET models for the design of resonant power converters are described. The influence of device parameters on the circuit performance is investigated in detail. A 1 MHz resonant converter circuit is simulated, and circuit waveforms are shown to agree with breadboard measurements with a high level of accuracy. Thus, design optimization can be performed through simulations without the need of breadboard iterations. >
WHY ARE CHEMISTS 'TURNED OFF' BY PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE?

The most immediate reason why chemists are unenthusiastic about the philosophy of science is the historic hostility of important philosophers, to the concept of atoms. (Without atoms, discovery in chemistry would have proceeded with glacial slowness, if at all, in the last 200 years.) Other important reasons include the anti-realist influence of the philosophical dogmas of logical positivism, instrumentalism, of strict empiricism. Though (as has been said) these doctrines have recently gone out of fashion, they are still very influential.
Use of Indices of Diversity and Hierarchical Diversity in Stream Surveys

Brillouin's equation (H) for species diversity is preferred to other measures from information theory because it is not biased and does not require unrealistic assumptions about the populations being sampled. Diversities of small replicated samples give a better indication of environmental differences between stations than single large samples. Species diversity may be partitioned hierarchically either according to the categories of the taxonomic hierarchy or any other hierarchy. Taxonomic hierarchical diversity reveals components of diversity at each taxonomic level. For several examples, generic diversity revealed nearly as much about community structure as species diversity, suggesting that discriminating higher taxa rather than identifying species can be often used in aquatic ecology, with savings of time and money. Hierarchial diversities of classifications based on functional morphology and trophic group analysis appear to be promising for applied work and worthy of further investigation.
Democracy as the Rule of Law

This paper is a chapter for a forthcoming book, Prosecuting the Bush Administration: What Does the Rule of Law Require? The book does not debate whether the Bush administration violated the law in the course of the War on Terror and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq through such actions as torture. Rather, it assumes for purposes of debate that violations of the law occurred, and asks, if that is so, whether the rule law requires prosecution.This contribution takes this question as an occasion to examine the tangled relationship between three essentially contested concepts: democracy, the rule of law, and transitional justice. It proceeds fairly unsentimentally, assuming that these concepts are not especially helpful as simple invocations and that they should be viewed as pragmatic rather than metaphysical goods. It makes two main arguments. The first, which many other critics share, is that transitional justice consists largely if not entirely of a pragmatic and political balance between democracy and the rule of law. It requires a consideration of what I call the “costs of settlement” - a balancing of past investments in and future costs to the stability and viability of both democracy and the rule of law. As such, both transitional justice and the “rule of law” itself, despite the latter term’s usual assumption of universality, may require different approaches and different compromises in different societies.The second argument concerns the relationship between democracy and the rule of law. Many theorists treat these goods as distinct, if related, concepts, and tend to treat the rule of law in largely juridical terms, assuming that the rule of law demands the remedy of law, particularly in a prosecutorial form. This approach tends to miss something important. It fails to recognize that there may be a distinction between the rule of law and its implementation; and it obscures or neglects the possibility of treating democracy itself as one method of implementing the rule of law. The rule of law can be and, especially in stable democratic societies, often is implemented not just by and within the juridical process, but in the ordinary operation of the political process itself. Those critics of the Bush administration who argue that the rule of law demands a prosecutorial response to that administration’s allegedly lawless actions may neglect the degree to which the very fact of the administration’s passage out of power has itself provided a sufficient response, albeit perhaps an incomplete one. Democracy, in short, can be seen not as distinct from the rule of law, but as a form of the rule of law. I argue that, given the balance of the costs of settlement in this case - that is, the potential costs to both democracy and the rule of law of proceeding by a juridical route rather than through the ordinary political process - it may be that the democratic process has provided an adequate response to the Bush administration's alleged misdeeds, and that a prosecutorial approach would involve more costs than benefits for both democracy and the rule of law.
Issues that impact type-2 diabetes self-management in rural communities.

Purpose To evaluate and synthesize the evidence related to issues that impact type-2 diabetes self-management in rural communities. Data sources A systematic review of the literature from 2008 to 2013 was conducted using the following health science databases: CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and OVID. Other databases searched included the clearinghouses of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC); National Rural Health Association (NRHA), State Offices of Rural Health (SORH), and Rural Health Research & Policy Centers (RHRPC). Keywords used to obtain relevant articles included rural, type-2 diabetes self-management, health disparities, and nursing. Conclusion Three themes emerged from the literature examined: barriers to type-2 diabetes self-management, provider tools and education enhance type-2 diabetes self-management, and recommendations and guidelines for diabetes self-management efficacy. Implications for practice The information presented here will support healthcare providers in improving preventative care, providing optimal disease management, and assisting with successful type-2 diabetes self-management in rural populations.