cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CNS Integration of Learned Cardiovascular Behavior

The intent of the present chapter is to review what is currently known about the involvement of the CNS in learned cardiovascular activity. Although separate, but extensive bodies of literature exist describing conditioning on the one hand and CNS control of the circulatory system on the other, relatively little is known about the CNS integration of learned cardiovascular responses. This is because important information is lacking about (1) cardiovascular dynamics during conditioning, (2) pathways mediating learned responses, and (3) the role of learned cardiovascular respones as biological adjustments.
Societal Influences on Schematic Processing in the Service Encounter: Directions For Study

Consumers have fairly well-developed knowledge structures for many consumption experiences and phenomena (see Smith and Houston 1985; Sujan 1985; Snyder 1992). These knowledge structures, or schemata, furnish us with expectations to which consumption outcomes are naturally compared. Deviations from expectations trigger cognitive processes that can both influence evaluate processes performed during consumption experiences (Stayman, Alden, and Smith 1992) and distract consumers from processing relevant information analytically (Sujan, Bettman, and Sujan 1987). One result of schematic processing is that consumers also have expectations about service providers and salespeople encountered during consumption experiences (Babin and Boles 1992). For example, a consumer that enters a French Restaurant can probably form a vivid impression of his/her waiter even if he/she has never patronized this particular restaurant before. The research described in this paper is aimed at describing variations in consumer behavior resulting from schematic processing in these types of environments. In doing so, it seeks to add to the emerging body of literature on consumer categorization processes and add to our understanding of the mechanism with which certain cultural and societal influences and biases take place.
Inverted, semitransparent small molecule photovoltaic cells

We demonstrate semitransparent small molecule organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells based on inverted mixed and hybrid planar-mixed heterojunction (PM-HJ) structures comprised of a neat acceptor layer located beneath the donor/acceptor mixed region. The fill factor increases from 0.53 ± 0.01 for the mixed HJ to 0.58 ± 0.01 for the PM-HJ due to reduced series resistance, whereas the internal quantum efficiency increases from an average of 75% to 85% between the wavelengths of λ = 450 nm and 550 nm. The inverted, semitransparent PM-HJ cell achieves a power conversion efficiency of PCE = 3.9% ± 0.2% under simulated AM1.5G illumination at one sun intensity with an average optical transmission of T¯ = 51% ± 2% across the visible spectrum, corresponding to > 10% improvement compared with the mixed HJ cell. We also demonstrate an inverted semitransparent tandem cell incorporating two PM-HJ sub-cells with different absorption spectra. The tandem cell achieves a PCE = 5.3% ± 0.3% under simulated AM1.5G at one sun intensity with T¯ = 31% ± 1% across the visible. Almost identical efficiencies are obtained for tandem cells illuminated via either the cathode or anode surfaces.
The Strategic Dynamics of Cooperation in Primate Groups

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the dynamics of cooperation in primate groups; reviews observational and experimental evidence about turn‐taking, collaboration, and coordination in primate groups; and describe four gametheoretic models in which individuals can benefit from providing help to others, arguing that the formal payoff structures derived from these models provide a clear and cogent framework for understanding the processes underlying various types of cooperative interactions. It also focuses on the situations in which animals must work together to achieve a joint reward—a situation that corresponds loosely to the payoff structure of the Stag Hunt model.
The Furstenberg lemma characterizes amenability

We characterize amenability in terms of the existence of equivariant assignments of measures for cocycles into the homeomorphism group of a single compact metric space.
Rationally designed oxidation catalysts: Functionalized metalloporphyrins encapsulated in transition metal-doped mesoporous silica (abstract)

Publisher Summary Catalytic oxidation by metalloporphyrins plays an important role in the conversion of both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons to valuable fine chemicals. The advantages in the development of metalloporphyrin systems that mimic cytochrome P-450 mono-oxygenases include substrate specificity, chemoselectivity and high catalytic activity under mild reaction conditions. Substantial efforts have been devoted to the development of an effective supported metalloporphyrin heterogeneous catalyst system that prevents self-oxidation of the active centers and allows for facile recovery of the catalyst. Mesoporous materials with a well-defined pore structure have recently attracted a great deal of research attention in catalytic applications. In this study, a rational design strategy has been established to prepare heterogeneous metalloporphyrin oxidation catalysts encapuslated in a hexagonally-packed mesoporous molecular sieve, providing (1) superior catalytic performance through a rational design of the matrix structure, and (2) improved metalloporphyrin fixation through a tailored interaction between the catalyst and support. A series of mesoporous silicas known as MCM-41 has been synthesized with selective dopants for the metalloporphyrins. The microstructure of the materials was found to depend strongly on processing parameters, such as dopant concentration, aging time and temperature. In the case of Nb-doped silica (Nb/Si-TMS8,Nb/Si-TMS9), the formation of covalent bonding between the surface-exposed niobium sites and the functionalized groups of the iron porphyrin is crucial for immobilizing the iron complex within the mesoporous structure.
Looking Back: Four Decades of Analysis

hen thinking back in the realm of analyses two defining efforts come into focus: the "Damage Limiting Study";1 and my tenure as the head of Studies and Analyses in the headquarters of the USAF. The Damage Limiting Study was conducted circa 19631964 at the direction of Dr. Harold Brown (then the Director of Defense Research and Engineering) under the general guidance of the Secretary of Defense, Mr. Robert McNamara. The mandate was straightforward: What are the prospects of limiting damage to the United States from a determined attack by Soviet ICBMs and Soviet bombers equipped with nuclear weapons? More specifically, what are the likely outcomes of such an attack, as a function of the resources applied by the United States to counter the attack, in terms of "Surviving Population" and "Surviving Manufacturing Value-Added?" Even more daunting, what is the optimum allocation of resources among the various players-optimum in the sense of achieving a stated outcome at least cost. The various "players" including: (1) Civil defense (fall-out shelters and blast shelters); (2) active defense against ballistic missiles (Nike-x); (3) active defense against Soviet bombers; and (4) counterforce attacks-attacks by Minuteman missiles against Soviet ICBM silos and bomber bases and attacks by antisubmarine forces against Soviet submarines at sea carrying SLBMs. The concept (or strategy) for limiting damage was a defense in depth: (1) counterforce attacks to reduce the number of ICBMs (and bombers) arriving at U.S. targets; (2) active defenses to reduce the number of nuclear warheads impacting on these targets; and (3) civil defense measures to alleviate the effects of those weapons that penetrated these defenses.
Evolution of Silencing at the Mating-Type Loci in Hemiascomycetes

This chapter explores how a unique silencing mechanism evolved in the hemiascomycete class of fungi, which includes the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It reviews what is known about silencing in species related to S. cerevisiae and explores the origins and development of the unique Sirmediated silencing mechanism. The phylogenetic relationships of the species discussed in this chapter are illustrated. The whole-genome duplication played an important role in the development of Sirmediated silencing. For clarity, in the remainder of this chapter, gene and protein names are preceded by the initials of the genus and species of the host organism. The chapter also explores the evolution of the Sir proteins and then examines the changing nature of the genomic regions most likely to be silenced: silent mating-type cassettes, telomeres, and centromeres. Beyond the hemiascomycetes, SpSir2p contributes to classical silencing at centromeres, telomeres, and mating-type loci in S. pombe, where it deacetylates H3-K9, thereby promoting methylation of this lysine and the association of SpSwi6. An interesting example of the evolution of Sir2p is the emergence of a new paralog, Hst1p, which arose in the whole-genome duplication. An examination of the distribution of silencing proteins in the hemiascomycete class of fungi, coupled with experimental studies of silencing in a few species, suggests the following speculative model for the evolution of Sirmediated silencing.
Prolonged Physiological Entrapment of Glutamate in the Synaptic Cleft of Cerebellar Unipolar Brush Cells

Kinney, Gregory A., Linda S. Overstreet, and N. Traverse Slater. Prolonged physiological entrapment of glutamate in the synaptic cleft of cerebellar unipolar brush cells. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 1320–...
PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH. 3. NEURAL CONTROL OF THE BREAKDOWN OF THE INTERSEGMENTAL MUSCLES OF SILKMOTHS.

Abstract The breakdown of the intersegmental muscles of the silkmoth abdomen is potentiated by exposure to ecdysone during the first few days of adult development. Three weeks later, after the completion of adult development, the actual breakdown is triggered by a neural mechanism. The latter consists of a sudden curtailing or cessation of the outflow of impulses in the motor nerves which innervate the abdominal muscles. The muscles attain the capacity to respond to this signal during the final 3 days prior to the moth's ecdysis. By chronic electrical stimulation of the nerves, the breakdown of the muscles can be opposed or prevented.
Roles, Rules, and Rebellions: Creating the Carnivalesque through the Judges' Behaviors on America's Next Top Model

The concept of the carnival gained popularity from Russian philosopher, Mikhail Bakhtin. Through his work, Rabelais and his World, Bakhtin reconstructs a type of folk humor that challenges the hegemonic hierarchy through humor, masquerades, and performance. This article is a critical analysis of the reality show, America's Next Top Model. We raise the notion of Bahktin's carnival to examine and critique how the show's judges use concepts of the carnival and carnivalesque in a postmodern, televisual era in order to invert standard themes of society through the fashion and modeling industries. We argue that the use of carnivalesque techniques by the judges provide a means of temporary power, where they would normally be marginalized or have less access to power in general society.
Incarcerated Small Bowel Associated with Elective Abortion Uterine Perforation

Abstract Background Uterine perforation is a rare but recognized complication of abortion. Perforations may not be recognized at the time of the procedure, and patients may present days or weeks later with sequelae of the complication. Objectives To raise awareness of this rare complication that can present days to weeks after the precipitating event. Case Report A 21-year-old woman presented 3 weeks after an elective abortion with symptoms of bowel obstruction. Exploratory laparotomy revealed small bowel herniation into a perforated uterus, causing the obstruction. In retrospect, a pre-operative ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) scan suggested this finding, but it went unrecognized at that time. A small bowel resection was performed and the patient made an uneventful recovery. Conclusion Intrauterine bowel after abortion has been described only a handful of times in the literature. Uterine perforation during abortion is usually asymptomatic and generally can be managed conservatively, but herniation of bowel through the uterine defect can result in obstruction and strangulation. Intrauterine bowel requires prompt laparotomy and possible resection of non-viable bowel. Although ultrasound and CT scans may aid in diagnosis of this rare complication, a clinical suspicion for uterine perforation should be maintained by health care providers when treating patients who have had an abortion.
Data-Acquisition System for the Fast Criticals ZPR-6 and ZPR-9

This system is used for experimental data acquisition and processing for the ZPR-6 and ZPR-9 fast critical assemblies. It replaces a setup based on a Systems SEL-840 computer that had been in use for almost a decade. It is noteworthy for a number of departures from standard Harris hardware and software. These were made to minimize expense and to facilitate this changeover as well as future changeovers.
Enzymatic O-Methylation of N-Acetylserotonin to Melatonin

An enzyme, hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase, that can transfer the methyl group of S-adenosylmethionine to the hydroxy group of N-acetylserotonin to form the hormone melatonin is described. This enzyme, which is highly localized in the pineal gland, also O-methylates serotonin.
Disulfide scrambling of interleukin-2: HPLC resolution of the three possible isomers

Native interleukin-2 (IL-2) contains three cysteines; two exist in a disulfide bridge (Cys-58 and Cys-105) and the third Cys-125 is a free sulfhydryl. In the presence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride at alkaline pH, IL-2 is converted into three isomers. Each isomer represents one of the three possible disulfide-linked forms that can be generated from three cysteines. These three isomers were resolved on a C4 reverse-phase HPLC system. The identity of each of the three forms was determined by carboxymethylation of the free cysteines in each isomer with [3H]iodoacetic acid followed by determination of the labelled cysteines by tryptic peptide mapping. Tryptic peptide mapping of the more predominant of the two scrambled peaks showed it to be the Cys-105-S-S-Cys-125 linked form of IL-2. A Ser-125 construction of IL-2, which lacks a free cysteine, did not scramble under these conditions. These experiments demonstrate the utility of reverse-phase HPLC in studies of protein folding and disulfide bond structure.
Affect and research in medical education.

Summary All studies addressing affective issues were identified from a review of the Proceedings of Research in Medical Education (RIME) volumes between 1970 and 1982. A total of seventy-seven papers were sorted into the following seven categories according to the major issues addressed: (1) descriptive studies of personality, values and attitudes; (2) changes in attitudes; (3) interviewing skills; (4) personality and admission; (5) personality and career choice; (6) stress and coping style; and (7) miscellaneous. Several trends emerged from 13 years of research with implications for medical education. This review clarifies findings which could contribute to a better understanding of student affect and how it may be influenced by teachers. The potency of role models and informal learning in shaping student affect is particularly noteworthy. The authors suggest that studies involving role models need to go beyond observation and description and incorporate feedback to the subjects of the study.
The Effect of a Voiced Lip Trill on Estimated Glottal Closed Quotient

The use of lip trills has been advocated for both vocal habilitation and rehabilitation. A voiced lip trill requires continuous vibration of the lips while simultaneously maintaining phonation. The mechanism of any effects of a lip trill on vocal fold vibration is still unknown. While other techniques that either constrict or artificially lengthen the vocal tract have been investigated, no studies thus far have systematically examined the effect of lip trills on vocal fold vibration. Classically trained singers and vocally untrained participants produced a lip trill for approximately 1 minute, and vocal fold closed quotient (CQ) was calculated both during the lip trill and on a sustained spoken vowel before and after the trill. Data are reported for both a group design and a single-subject design. Most participants showed a tendency for a reduction in CQ during the lip trill, with a more pronounced change in the untrained participants.
Adolescent inhalant use, abuse and dependence

Aims To compare adolescent inhalant users without DSM-IV inhalant use disorders (IUDs) to youth with IUDs (i.e. abuse or dependence) across demographic, psychosocial and clinical measures. Design Cross-sectional survey with structured psychiatric interviews. Setting Facilities (n = 32) comprising the Missouri Division of Youth Services (MDYS) residential treatment system for juvenile offenders. Participants Current MDYS residents (n = 723); 97.7% of residents participated. Most youth were male (87%) and in mid-adolescence (mean = 15.5 years, standard deviation = 1.2, range = 11–20); more than one-third (38.6%, n = 279) reported life-time inhalant use. Measurements Antisocial behavior, temperament, trauma-exposure, suicidality, psychiatric symptoms and substance-related problems. Findings Among life-time inhalant users, 46.9% met criteria for a life-time DSM-IV IUD (inhalant abuse = 18.6%, inhalant dependence = 28.3%). Bivariate analyses showed that, in comparison to non-users, inhalant users with and without an IUD were more likely to be Caucasian, live in rural or small towns, have higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms, evidence more impulsive and fearless temperaments and report more past-year antisocial behavior and life-time suicidality, traumatic experiences and global substance use problems. A monotonic relationship between inhalant use, abuse and dependence and adverse outcomes was observed, with comparatively high rates of dysfunction observed among inhalant-dependent youth. Multivariate regression analyses showed that inhalant users with and without an IUD had greater levels of suicidal ideation and substance use problems than non-users. Conclusions Youth with IUDs have personal histories characterized by high levels of trauma, suicidality, psychiatric distress, antisocial behavior and substance-related problems. A monotonic relationship between inhalant use, abuse and dependence and serious adverse outcomes was observed.
Neutron particle-hole electric dipole states in 206, 207, 208Pb☆

Abstract Inelastic proton scattering on 206Pb, 207Pb and 208Pb through isobaric analog resonances has been used to study neutron particle-hole excitations with large ground-state γ-branches in these Pb isotopes. Relative (p, p′) cross sections at 90° are extracted for structures selectively excited on the d 5 2 , s 1 2 and d 3 2 − g 7 2 resonances. Interpretation of excitations is 206Pb and 207 Pb in terms of coupling to states in 208Pb is discussed. Branching ratios for 1−states in 208Pb at 4.84, 5.29, 5.94 and 6.31 MeV and the 1 2 + state in 207Pb at 4.63 MeV are deduced.
Metabolism of D-alanine in Rhodospirillum rubrum and its bacilliform mutants.

THE photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum affords a particularly simple and versatile system for study of variability in bacterial form. Its morphology can be altered by nutritional, genetic or chemical means. In addition to spirilla, this organism readily forms rods, vibrios, filaments, circular cells, chains of rods and chains of spirilla1–3. Many of these variants have one feature in common: they can be induced either by D-alanine or agents which affect D-alanine metabolism. D-Alanine is a main constituent of bacterial cell walls4, and the dipeptide derived from it is essential for the terminal cross-linking step in cell wall synthesis5–9.
Culturally relevant physical education in urban schools: reflecting cultural knowledge.

Using a three-part theoretical framework, the cultural relevance cycle—which consists of (a) knowing community dynamics, (b) knowing how community dynamics influence educational processes, and (c) implementing strategies that reflect cultural knowledge of the community—we examined teachers' and students' perspectives on culturally relevant physical education in urban settings. We observed and interviewed 53 physical education teachers and 183 students in urban districts over 4 years. We identified themes of care, respect, language and communication, and curricular content that explained how these teachers enacted the cultural relevance cycle. Within these themes, teachers and students specified global and discipline-specific components of care, the rflattening of social hierarchies among students and between students and teachers, accommodation of English as a second language and urban communication, and relevant curricular content as necessary for achieving cultural relevance. Enacting the cycle of cultu...
Understanding the nature and outcomes of early bilingualism: Romance languages as heritage languages

In this introduction to the special issue on Romance languages as heritage languages, I aim to contextualize the scope of this issue and the contribution it makes to the emerging field of linguistic studies to heritage language bilingualism. Key issues pertaining to the empirical study and epistemology of heritage language bilingualism are presented as well as a critical introduction to the individual articles that comprise this issue.
Public Policy, Income Distribution, and Class Warfare

As the result of accumulated public policy, the distribution of personal income in the United States has been drastically altered over the last twenty-five to thirty years. Over the same period, there have been massive increases in both private and public debt. These changes are important factors behind an unprecedented redistribution of income. While the causes are multiple, one major driving force behind the altered distribution of income is change in the revenue structure of our three levels of government: a) in terms of who pays the taxes and other revenue sources (and who does not), and b) change in emphasis, rates, and revenue sources collected. This presentation and analysis focuses on a) personal income, b) revenue collection across the range personal of income, and c) the incidence of revenue as it relates to business versus personal income and wealth by federal and sub-national (state and local) governments. Over time, the revenue structure of the federal system has been downloaded on the personal income of middle- and low-income residents. The class war is over. It has already been won - by the very wealthy, the corporate elites, and the multinationals.
The adoption of innovation in youth organizations: Creating the conditions for youth–adult partnerships

Youth–adult partnerships (Y-APs) for organizational and community change represent an innovative practice in the United States. Innovations are typically a challenge to implement, so it is not surprising that youth organizations are seeking guidance on how to adopt and sustain Y-APs. This article brings contemporary scholarship to bear on the issue. Through a synthesis of theory, research, and field-based data, it identifies six managerial guidelines for adopting and beginning to implement the innovative practice of Y-APs: (1) gain clarity and consensus on the purpose of Y-AP, (2) mobilize and coordinate a diverse range of stakeholders, (3) create favorable narratives about Y-AP, (4) construct theories and stories of organizational change, (5) affirmatively address issues of power, and (6) institutionalize new roles for youth. These guidelines depend on stakeholders having adequate time for shared organizational learning. Time for reflective dialogue, however, is a precious commodity in youth organizations, one that is rarely financed by public agencies or private foundations. A major challenge for the future, in terms of the wide-scale adoption and implementation of innovation, specifically Y-AP, may therefore lie in the creation of incentives and support for organizational reflection. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 33: 121–135, 2005.
A recoverable enzymatic microgel based on biomolecular recognition.

The enzyme β-galactosidase has been immobilized through incorporation into a selectively soluble microgel, prepared from DNA, biotinylated peptide nucleic acid (PNA), and the protein avidin. The enzyme was conjugated to avidin, allowing it to be integrated directly into the microgel network. Efficient hydrolysis of a small-molecule substrate occurred at 37°, but cooling and centrifuging led to precipitation of the microgels and product separation. The microgels were then reconstituted by adding fresh buffer and shaking. The enzymatic activity was completely recovered through repeated cycles. This method should be generalizable to a wide variety of other enzymes and substrates.
The ferritin-like protein Dps protects Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis from the Fenton-mediated killing mechanism of bactericidal antibiotics

Dps is a ferritin-like protein with DNA-binding properties that is capable of affording protection during oxidative stress and during times of nutritional deprivation. Here we present evidence that in exponentially growing Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis, Dps is vital for protection against the common killing mechanism of bactericidal antibiotics, a mechanism manifested by hydroxyl radical production via the Fenton reaction. A dps deletion mutant ('dps mutant') was hypersensitive to the bactericidal antibiotics streptomycin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin and rifampicin compared with its parental strain. However, the observed discrepancy in survivability between the dps mutant and the parental strain following exposure to bactericidal antibiotics was fully alleviated when drug-exposed cultures were treated with an iron chelator, confirming that Fenton-mediated oxidative stress was a major factor in the reduced survival rate of the dps mutant. In addition, deletion of the DNA damage-induced repair protein RecA further intensified the killing capacity of bactericidal antibiotics in a Δdps (i.e. dps deletion) background, implying that Dps and RecA may operate in a synergistic manner to protect against the common killing mechanism of bactericidal antibiotics. The relevance of this work is demonstrated by the need for new and increasingly effective bactericidal therapies. Targeting Dps may represent a means to increase the potency of bactericidal antibiotics in S. enterica and other bacterial pathogens alike.
Impact of hybrid fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography/computed tomography on radiotherapy planning in esophageal and non–small-cell lung cancer

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a hybrid fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) scanner in radiotherapy planning for esophageal and non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods and Materials: A total of 30 patients (16 with esophageal cancer, 14 with NSCLC) underwent an FDG-PET/CT for radiotherapy planning purposes. Noncontrast total-body spiral CT scans were obtained first, followed immediately by FDG-PET imaging which was automatically co-registered to the CT scan. A physician not involved in the patients’ original treatment planning designed a gross tumor volume (GTV) based first on the CT dataset alone, while blinded to the FDG-PET dataset. Afterward, the physician designed a GTV based on the fused PET/CT dataset. To standardize PET GTV margin definition, background liver PET activity was standardized in all images. The CT-based and PET/CT-based GTVs were then quantitatively compared by way of an index of conformality, which is the ratio of the intersection of the two GTVs to their union. Results: The mean index of conformality was 0.44 (range, 0.00–0.70) for patients with NSCLC and 0.46 (range, 0.13–0.80) for patients with esophageal cancer. In 10 of the 16 (62.5%) esophageal cancer patients, and in 12 of the 14 (85.7%) NSCLC patients, the addition of the FDG-PET data led to the definition of a smaller GTV. Conclusion: The incorporation of a hybrid FDG-PET/CT scanner had an impact on the radiotherapy planning of esophageal cancer and NSCLC. In future studies, we recommend adoption of a conformality index for a more comprehensive comparison of newer treatment planning imaging modalities to conventional options.
Optical probing of the spin state of a single magnetic impurity in a self-assembled quantum dot

Optical spectra of a self-organized quantum dot with a single magnetic impurity are studied. The quantum dot potential and exchange interactions result in an additional fine structure of an exciton localized in a quantum dot with a magnetic impurity. In contrast to the undoped quantum dots, the ground state excitons in the quantum dot with a magnetic impurity are bright. It is also shown that an initial spin state of the $\mathrm{Mn}$ atom leaves a unique pattern in the optical response. This suggests the possibility to read out optically the spin polarization of a single $\mathrm{Mn}$ atom.
Influence of oral polio vaccines on performance of the monovalent and pentavalent rotavirus vaccines

In recent years, two live, oral rotavirus vaccines have been successfully tested in developing and industrialized countries, and both vaccines are now recommended by the World Health Organization for all children worldwide. Both immunogenicity and efficacy of these rotavirus vaccines has been lower in developing compared to industrialized settings. We reviewed the data on the effect of trivalent OPV on the immunogenicity and efficacy of two rotavirus vaccines currently recommended by the WHO. While rotavirus vaccines have not affected immune responses to OPV, in general, the immune responses (i.e., antibody levels) to rotavirus vaccination were lower when rotavirus vaccines were co-administered with OPV. Limited data suggests that the interference is greater after the first dose of OPV, presumably because the first dose is associated with greatest intestinal replication of vaccine polio virus strains, and this interference is largely overcome with subsequent rotavirus vaccine doses. Despite the lower immunogenicity, one large efficacy study in middle income Latin American countries showed no decrease in protective efficacy of rotavirus vaccine in infants receiving concurrent OPV. While these data are encouraging and support simultaneous administration of rotavirus vaccines and OPV, additional evidence should be gathered as rotavirus vaccines are used more widely in developing country settings, where OPV is routinely used, rather than inactivated polio vaccine.
Enhancing environmental educators' evaluation competencies: insights from an examination of the effectiveness of the My Environmental Education Evaluation Resource Assistant (MEERA) website

To conduct evaluations that can benefit individual programs as well as the field as a whole, environmental educators must have the necessary evaluation competencies. This exploratory study was conducted to determine to what extent a self‐directed learning resource entitled My Environmental Education Evaluation Resource Assistant (MEERA) can enhance environmental educators' evaluation competencies. The multiple case studies relied on data from eight environmental educators with limited evaluation experience who used MEERA to evaluate one of their programs. Results suggest that MEERA can (1) increase environmental educators' perceived evaluation competencies, (2) help environmental educators produce quality evaluation outputs, and (3) foster their use of evaluation results. Perceived benefits of using MEERA included obtaining evidence of program success, insights into how to improve programs, and alternative ways of thinking about programs. Perceived challenges included varying difficulties with evaluation ...
Chairman's message: General chair, ICOS, ICWiSe and IC3e 2013

I would like to take this opportunity in this space to welcome all participants, guests, and keynote speakers to the IEEE Computer Society Parallel Conference. This parallel conference consists of four concurrent conferences, three of which are organized and sponsored by IEEE Computer Society Malaysia, namely; IEEE Conference on Open Systems (ICOS2013), IEEE Conference on e-Learning, e-Management and e-Services (IC3e2013) and IEEE Conference on Wireless Sensors (ICWiSe2013). The other conference; the International Conference on Interactive Digital Media (ICIDM2013) is organized by Universiti Technology Malaysia (UTM) and technically co-sponsored by IEEE Computer Society Malaysia.
Vaccination of Congenitally-Immune Chicks against Newcastle Disease Virus

SummaryOne to 2-day-old chicks with different levels of passive immunity and controls were vaccinated with an homogenate of chemically-inactivated Newcastle disease virus antigen-antibody complexes, excess antibody, and aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. The antigen-antibody complex vaccine protected 65% or more of the chicks (usually < 80%) against a challenge dose of 104.5 BLD50 for at least 10-weeks postvaccination. Comparable protection was not achieved in the passively-immune chicks when vaccinated with preparations containing only antigen and adjuvant. In susceptible chicks, however, the antigen-antibody complex vaccine did not confer any better protection against challenge inoculation than did simple vaccines. It was concluded that immunological refractoriness of congenitally-immune chicks can be surmounted by appropriate vaccination with an antigen-antibody complex vaccine.
Buspirone: an anxiolytic without sedative effect.

Twelve volunteers with a complaint of chronic insomnia participated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study of the effects of buspirone t.i.d. on sleep pattern and daytime function. The drug was tested alone and in combination with flurazepam or triazolam. Buspirone alone did not impair objective measures of daytime wakefulness or performance. Impaired alertness was seen the day after bedtime administration of flurazepam but not after triazolam; buspirone did not alter these effects. Buspirone did not affect the Multiple Sleep Latency Test, a sensitive measure of changes in daytime alertness.
A numerical investigation into factors affecting anesthetic distribution during spinal anesthesia

Abstract The factors affecting distribution of anesthetic within the spinal column are of current interest due to recent reports of neurological injury occurring during spinal anesthesia. This paper describes a numerical model for simulating anesthetic dispersion, and applies the model to the evaluation of spinal-column size, anesthetic injection rate, and catheter orientation as factors influencing the anesthetic distribution. The model is based upon the finite-element method and incorporates a three-dimensional geometry derived from images of human spinal columns. Simulation results show that the ratio of the cross-sectional dimension of the subarachnoid space within the spinal column to the diameter of the catheter is a critical parameter, with low values of this ratio producing the most uniform anesthetic distributions. Increasing injection rate is found to produce a less uniform distribution in a global sense (higher total volume of anesthetic in the ‘sacral’ half) but a more uniform distribution in a localized sense (lower concentrations at critical points). Finally, the anesthetic distribution is demonstrated to be highly sensitive to orientation angle at high injection rates.
The Cl2 photosensitized decomposition of O3: the reactions of ClO and OClO with O3

Abstract Cl2 was photolyzed in the temperature range 254 – 296 K with 366 nm radiation in the presence of O3· O3 was removed with quantum yields of 5.8 ± 0.5, 4.0 ± 0.3, 2.9 ± 0.3 and 1.9 ± 0.2 at 24, 10,0 and—21 °C respectively, independent of the initial O3 or Cl2 removal quantum yields were 0.11 ± 0.2 at 24 °C for Cl2 conversions of about 30%, much higher than expected from mass balance considerations based on the initial quantum yield of 0.089 ± 0.013 for OClO formation at 24 °C. The final chlorine-containing product was Cl2O7 which was observed. It was produced at least in part through the formation of OClO as an intermediate which was also observed with an initial quantum yield of Φi[;OClO]; = 2.5 × 103 exp [;—(3025 ± 625)/T]; independent of [O3] or Ia. The results are consistent with the reaction sequence The relative importance of the channels for reaction (2) at 296 K are the following: k2a/k2 = 0.63; k2b/k2 = 0.34; k2c/k2 = 0.0032. Also, k2c/k2b = 2.5 × 103 exp [;—(3025 ± 625)/T];. The upper limit for the rate coefficient was found to be less than 1 × 10−18 cm3 s−1 for channels (24a) and (4b): The addition of nitrogen had no effect, but oxygen reduced —Φ[;O3]; for unknown reasons and several possibilities are discussed. At temperatures below 296 K the equilibrium becomes apparent. The reaction of OClO with O3 was also studied by direct mixing of OClO and O3 in a quartz vessel in the temperature range 253 – 296 K, and in the Cl2O3 system by monitoring OClO decay in the dark in the temperature range 264 – 296 K: The Arrhenius rate coefficient recommended for reaction (5) is The low values of k4 and k5 obtained in this study indicate that reactions (4) and (5) are probably not important in atmospheric chemistry.
The form factors of the nucleons

There has been much activity in the measurement of the elastic electromagnetic proton and neutron form factors in the last decade, and the quality of the data has been greatly improved by performing double-polarization experiments, in comparison with with previous unpolarized cross section data. Here we will review the experimental data base in view of the new results for the proton and the neutron, obtained at MIT-Bates, JLab and MAMI. The rapid evolution of phenomenological models triggered by these high-precision experiments will be discussed. In particular, the possibility that the proton is non-spherical in its ground state, and that the transverse charge density are model independently defined in the infinite momentum frame. Likewise, flavor decomposition of the nucleon form factors into dressed u and d quark form factors, may give information about the quark-diquark structure of the nucleon. The current proton radius “crisis” will also be discussed.
William James—Pragmatic Pioneer

It is not the critic who counts: not the man who points out how the strong man stumbles or where the doer of deeds could have done better. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena...
Accomodative tone in children under general anesthesia.

Purpose To determine the effect of general anesthesia on the accommodative tone in children. Design Cohort study in an academic practice. Methods In children under 12 years of age who were undergoing general anesthesia, cycloplegic refraction was measured using streak retinoscopy during an office visit. Within 6 months, streak retinoscopy without cycloplegia was performed under general anesthesia. The main outcome measure was the difference between retinoscopy under anesthesia and cycloplegic retinoscopy in children. Results In 41 children with an average age of 3.7 years (range, 0.8 to 11 years) retinoscopy under anesthesia yielded significantly more myopic measurements than cycloplegic retinoscopy for the sphere and spherical equivalent ( P Conclusions Although general anesthesia reduced the accommodative tone in most children, it was still significant in some as compared to the tone found in cycloplegic retinoscopy. If an accurate measurement is essential, cycloplegia is recommended when measuring refraction in children under general anesthesia.
INTRAURETHRAL APPLICATION OF ALPROSTADIL IN PATIENTS WITH FAILED INFLATABLE PENILE PROSTHESIS

Purpose:: Many men who underwent penile prosthesis implantation before the advent of oral and injection therapy present for replacement of a malfunctioning prosthesis but choose not to undergo revision surgery because of personal, medical or reimbursement issues. Others with normally functioning prostheses report significant difficulties with “cold glans,” and they and their partners observe decreased engorgement and temperature of the glans penis with the inflated penile prosthesis, despite adequate stimulation. Intracorporal injection therapy is contraindicated in any patient with a penile prosthesis and use of a vacuum erection device may result in prosthesis cylinder rupture. In these patients intraurethral application of alprostadil may restore prosthesis function and permit satisfactory intercourse. We evaluate the efficacy of a medicated urethral system for erection (MUSE * *VIVUS, Inc., Menlo Park, California.) using alprostadil to restore function for men with a failed prosthesis, and improve gla...
Advances in Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Ultrasound

In this article, we review the recent updates in the use of musculoskeletal ultrasound for the evaluation of pathology involving the upper extremity, including the shoulder, elbow, and wrist. We discuss the value of dynamic ultrasound evaluation in the setting of cubital tunnel syndrome and glenohumeral instability while addressing the emerging concept of the glenoid track. Clinical use of compressive sonoelastography will be introduced with emphasis on its utility in the diagnosis of lateral epicondylitis and carpal tunnel syndrome. Through the course of this discussion, we will touch upon future research topics and challenges to clinical implementation.
The Neurosciences and the Education Profession: Inserting New Knowledge of a Child's Developing Brain into an Already Well-Developed School.

Abstract This articJe (I) discusses historic technological barriers to the use of the brain in teaching/learning theory, (2) compares the medical profession's early move to biological research to the education profession's long reticence, (3) describes new brain monitoring technology that is rapidly increasing our knowledge of brain operations, and (4) proposes greater involvement of the education profession in further brain research and related technological developments.
Light-induced oxygen reduction as a probe of electron transport between respiratory and photosynthetic components in membranes of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata

Abstract Membrane vesicles prepared from photosynthetically grown cells of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata strain M7 are able to perform light-induced oxygen uptake. In contrast, chromatophores from mutant strain M6, lacking the cytochrome b 260 -containing pathway of oxygen reduction, are completely devoid of oxygen uptake induced by light. Therefore, cytochrome b 260 (cyt b 260 ), previously demonstrated to be the alternative oxidase in photosynthetic and aerobic membranes of R. capsulata ( La Monica, R. F., and Marrs, B. L. (1976 ) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 449, 431–439; Zannoni, D., Melandri, B. A., and Baccarini-Melandri, A. (1976 ) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 449, 386–400), also appears to be involved in light-induced oxygen uptake. Light-driven oxygen reduction activity is inhibited by high concentrations of cyanide (5 × 10 −3 m ) and by carbon monoxide in accord with the sensitivity of cyt b 260 to these inhibitors reported in aerobic membranes ( Zannoni, D., Melandri, B. A., and Baccarini-Melandri, A. (1976 ) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 423, 413–430). Further evidence for a direct involvement of the cyt b 260 -containing pathway in light-induced oxygen uptake has been obtained by comparing membranes from semiaerobically grown cells to those from photosynthetic cells of R. capsulata M7. The substrate-dependent dark oxidase activity associated with the cyt b 260 -containing pathway is 4.6 times higher in semiaerobic than in photosynthetic membranes, and a parallel enhancement of light-induced oxygen uptake is observed. The data presented are in agreement with and extend previous results on the composition and function of the respiratory and photosynthetic apparatus, supporting an association of cytochrome b 260 with both the aerobic and photosynthetic systems present in membranes of R. capsulata . These findings clearly demonstrate that respiratory electron carriers have access to electrons flowing from the photosynthetic reaction center, i.e., the two systems are “electrically connected” in membrane fragments from this organism.
Integrated silicon optomechanical transducers and their application in atomic force microscopy

We present integrated optomechanical transducers with exposed tips and demonstrate ultrahigh force sensitivity and large bandwidth. The transducer is implemented as an atomic force microscope probe in the contact mode and nanoscale resolution is demonstrated.
Computational algorithms for networks of queues with rejection blocking

Open, closed and mixed queueing networks with reversible routing, multiple job classes and rejection blocking are investigated. In rejection blocking networks blocking event occurs when upon completion of its service of a particular station's server, a job attempts to proceed to its next station. If, at that moment, its destination station is full, the job is rejected. The job goes back to the server of the source station and immediately receives a new service. This is repeated until the next station releases a job and a place becomes available. In the model jobs may change their class membership and general service time distributions depending on the job class are allowed. Two station types are considered: Either the scheduling discipline is symmetric, in which case the service time distributions are allowed to be general and dependent on the job class or the service time distributions at a station are all identical exponential distributions, in which case more general scheduling disciplines are allowed. An exact product form solution for equilibrium state probabilities is presented. Using the exact product form solution of the equilibrium state distribution, algorithms for computation of performance measures, such as mean number of jobs and throughputs, are derived. The complexity of the algorithms is discussed.
Contrasting effects of d-methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone, and 4-methylmethcathinone on wheel activity in rats.

Abstract Background Reports from US, UK and European drug policy entities, and ongoing media accounts, show increasing recreational use of 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC, mephedrone) and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Severe sympathomimetic symptoms, hallucinations, psychoses, and even deaths have been reported, yet little scientific information is available on the effects of these compounds in laboratory models. Available studies on the neurochemistry of these drugs show that 4-MMC and MDPV enhance DA neurotransmission, while 4-MMC additionally enhances 5-HT neurotransmission – a pattern much like that reported for methamphetamine versus 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). As is the case for designer amphetamines, these neurochemical distinctions may predict differential potential for repetitive versus episodic abuse and distinct lasting toxicities. Methods This study determined relative locomotor stimulant effects of 4-MMC (1–10 mg/kg, s.c.) and MDPV (0.5–5.6 mg/kg, s.c.), in comparison with d -methamphetamine (MA; 0.5–5.6 mg/kg, s.c.) and MDMA (1–7.5 mg/kg, s.c.) on a measure of locomotor activity – voluntary wheel running – in male Wistar rats ( N = 8). Results Compared to counts of wheel rotations after saline, a biphasic change in the pattern of counts was observed after injections of MA and MDPV, with relatively higher counts following lower doses and lower counts following the highest dose. However, monophasic, dose-dependent reductions in counts were observed in response to injections of MDMA and 4-MMC. Conclusion Thus, voluntary wheel running yielded the same categorical distinctions for these drugs as did prior experiments testing the effects of these drugs on monoaminergic neurotransmission. These data indicate that MDPV produces prototypical locomotor stimulant effects whereas 4-MMC is more similar to the entactogen MDMA.