cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Vacuolar Import and Degradation Pathway Merges with the Endocytic Pathway to Deliver Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase to the Vacuole for Degradation

The gluconeogenic enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) is degraded in the vacuole when glucose is added to glucose-starved cells. Before it is delivered to the vacuole, however, FBPase is imported into intermediate carriers called Vid (vacuole import and degradation) vesicles. Here, using biochemical and genetic approaches, we identified a requirement for SEC28 in FBPase degradation. SEC28 encodes the e-COP subunit of COPI (coat protein complex I) coatomer proteins. When SEC28 and other coatomer genes were mutated, FBPase degradation was defective and FBPase association with Vid vesicles was impaired. Coatomer proteins were identified as components of Vid vesicles, and they formed a protein complex with a Vid vesicle-specific protein, Vid24p. Furthermore, Vid24p association with Vid vesicles was impaired when coatomer genes were mutated. Kinetic studies indicated that Sec28p traffics to multiple locations. Sec28p was in Vid vesicles, endocytic compartments, and the vacuolar membrane in various mutants that block the FBPase degradation pathway. Sec28p was also found in vesicles adjacent to the vacuolar membrane in the ret2-1 coatomer mutant. We propose that Sec28p resides in Vid vesicles, and these vesicles converge with the endocytic pathway. After fusion, Sec28p is distributed on the vacuolar membrane, where it concentrates on vesicles that pinch off from this organelle. FBPase also utilizes the endocytic pathway for transport to the vacuole, as demonstrated by its presence in endocytic compartments in the Δvph1 mutant. Taken together, our results indicate a strong connection between the Vid trafficking pathway and the endocytic pathway.
SUPPRESSION OF THE FETAL RESPIRATORY RESPONSE IN SHEEP: AN EFFECT OF PHYSIOLOGIC HYPOXIA?

The respiratory center of the in situ fetus is responsive only to extremes of acidemia and hypercarbia. Recent observation by Frady (Peds:50, 219, 1972) suggest that apnea in the immature newborn is related to hypoxia.
Mass Spectrometric Characterization of the Human Androgen Receptor Ligand-Binding Domain Expressed in Escherichia coli†

The ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the human androgen receptor (hAR LBD), encompassing amino acids (AAs) 647-919, was expressed in Escherichia coli with an N-terminal polyhistidine tag (His(10)-hAR LBD) from a pET-16b vector. The overexpressed protein was initially insoluble in inclusion bodies, and was subsequently solubilized in 8 M guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl). The solubilized His(10)-hAR LBD was purified to apparent homogeneity by metal ion affinity chromatography in the presence of 6 M GdnHCl. The isolated protein migrated as a single band in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with an apparent molecular mass of 33-34 kDa, as expected from the plasmid construct. Immunoblot analysis with C-terminal antibodies raised against a peptide corresponding to the last 19 AAs (AAs 901-919) of hAR revealed that the purified protein contained an immunoreactive epitope present within the AR and was of the appropriate size. Further characterization, using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI/TOF-MS), showed a single protein species of average mass 34 580 Da, confirming the size and purity of the purified His(10)-hAR LBD. Detailed tryptic peptide mapping analysis, using MALDI/TOF-MS, identified a total of eight peptides with a 30% coverage of the LBD, including the last tryptic peptide in the hAR sequence. These data confirm that the purified protein was the intact hAR LBD. AA sequencing of these tryptic peptides, using an HPLC-coupled electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometer (LC/ESI-ITMS and MS/MS), unambiguously confirmed that the peptides were from the hAR LBD. The purified His(10)-hAR LBD in 6 M GdnHCl could be renatured as determined by ligand-binding activity, with a similar equilibrium dissociation constant (K(d)) for [(3)H]-mibolerone and a similar steroid specificity to the AR isolated from rat ventral prostate.
A new method for computational drug repositioning using drug pairwise similarity

The traditional de novo drug discovery is known as a high cost and high risk process. In response, recently there is an increasing interest in discovering new indications for known drugs — a process known as drug repositioning — using computational methods. In this study, we present a new systematic approach for identifying potential new indications of an existing drug through its relation to similar drugs. Different from the previous similarity-based methods, we adapted a novel bipartite-graph based method when considering common drug targets and their interaction information. Furthermore, we added drug structure information into the calculation of drug pairwise similarity. In cross-validation experiments, our method achieved a sensitivity of 0.77 and specificity of 0.92 (AUC = 0.888) and compared favorably to the state of the art. When compared with a control group of drug uses, our drug repositioning results were found to be significantly enriched in both the biomedicai literature and clinical trials. Our results indicate that combining chemical structure and drug target information results in better prediction performance and that the proposed approach successfully captures the implicit information between drug targets.
Amyloid-beta peptide affects viability but not differentiation of embryonic and adult rat hippocampal progenitor cells.

The neurological deficits that are characteristic of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are ultimately a result of neuronal loss in distinct anatomical regions of the brain. This neuronal loss is thought to be due, in large part to the presence of the neurotoxic beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposits, that are characteristic of the AD brain. Transplantation therapy, in which neural stem cells (NSCs) or neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are introduced into damaged regions of the brain and induced to differentiate into replacement neurons, has been proposed as a possible therapeutic approach to treat AD. However, in the AD brain Aβ plaques, which remain in the area of neuronal degeneration, may affect the viability or differentiation potential of transplanted NSCs. Currently there is contradictory evidence concerning the effect of Aβ on NSCs. To further investigate the effect of Aβ on NSCs, we compared the mitochondrial function, proliferation and cellular differentiation of two populations of hippocampal NSCs (embryonic and adult derived) after Aβ exposure. Our results highlight the heterogeneity between different populations of NSCs even when derived from the same brain region. Our data also demonstrate that while mitochondrial function of NSCs is affected by Aβ, their proliferation and differentiation are not significantly influenced. Considered with previous studies, our results suggest that while NSCs do respond to the presence of Aβ, proliferation and differentiation of certain populations are not affected. Further study of the differences between susceptible vs. resistant populations of NSCs may provide crucial clues for the development of effective therapies to combat AD.
Technology report: Building legal practice systems with today's commercial authoring tools

Document assembly and other substantive legal practice applications are the most knowledge-intense forms of software now widely available in the legal technology marketplace. This article provides an illustrative look at two contemporary practice system engines-CAPS and Scrivener-and examines their relevance for AI-and-law researchers.
CMS trigger and event selection

CMS trigger and event selection system is described. The hardware level-1 trigger algorithms and simulated performance is presented. The results indicate that the billion interactions per second rate that will be seen by CMS can be reduced to 75 kHz by this system with high efficiency for the physics signals. The strategy for software high level triggers which are expected to reduce this 75 kHz rate down to 100 Hz of selected interesting physics events is also described.
Weak ELF Magnetic Field Effects on Hippocampal Rhythmic Slow Activity

Several investigations have revealed that electrical activity within the central nervous system (CNS) can be affected by exposure to weak extremely-low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields. Many of these studies have implicated CNS structures exhibiting endogenous oscillation and synchrony as optimal sites for field coupling. A particularly well characterized structure in this regard is the rat hippocampus. Under urethane anesthesia, synchronous bursting among hippocampal pyramidal neurons produces a large-amplitude quasi-sinusoidal field potential oscillation, termed "rhythmic slow activity" (RSA) or "theta." Using this in vivo model, we investigated the effect of exposure to an externally applied sinusoidal magnetic field (16.0 Hz; 28.9 microT(rms)) on RSA. During a 60-min exposure interval, the probability of RSA decaying to a less coherent mode of oscillation, termed "large irregular-amplitude activity" (LIA), was increased significantly. Moreover, this instability persisted for up to 90 min postexposure. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous CNS oscillators are uniquely susceptible to field-mediated perturbation and suggest that the sensitivity of these networks to such fields may be far greater than had previously been assumed. This sensitivity may reflect nonlinearities inherent to these networks which permit amplification of endogenous fields mediating the initiation and propagation of neuronal synchrony.
Proton efflux from thylakoids induced in darkness and its effect on photosystem II

Alkaline conditions have a profound influence on the properties of the oxygen-evolving photosystem II. It is known for some time that such conditions may cause an inactivation of the wateroxidizing enzyme complex [ 1,2], especially when it is in its $-state [3]. This inactivation is probably caused by a release of bound manganese [3]. Alkaline media also facilitate the removal of functional Clfrom photosystem II [4,5], and lead to a deprotonation of certain amino groups whose acetylation inactivates the oxygen-evolving mechanism Fi71. It is not clear whether a direct relation exists between all these events since the pH necessary to bring them about varies considerably. For example, Clrelease occurs already at pH 7.8 [5], while the inactivating attack on the S, state requires a medium pH of 9 [3]. There is one common feature, however. In each case, the action of high pH is greatly enhanced by the addition of uncouplers [ 1,5,7]. This interesting effect suggests that the H+ concentration of the medium is not readily felt by the target site(s) of photosystem II unless H+equilibrium across the thylakoid membrane is facilitated. The apparent protection of the water-oxidizing
Retinal Changes Conformation during the Early Stages of Rhodopsin Activation

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are integral membrane proteins that account for one third of drug targets. Although they are well studied biophysically, the details of their activation mechanism remain unknown. Here we combine solid-state 2H NMR and molecular dynamics simulations to study activation of the prototypical GPCR rhodopsin in a membrane environment. Our NMR data showed that rhodopsin's ligand, retinal, changed conformations as the protein transitioned between the dark-state and the Meta-I intermediate. To better understand ligand dynamics, we conducted three separate all-atom simulations of rhodopsin in explicit solvent, totaling 4.5 microseconds. These simulations examined dark-adapted rhodopsin bound to 11-cis retinal and two separate simulations tracking the formation of Meta-I. The Meta-I simulations began with a dark-state structure bound to the activating ligand, all-trans retinal. We introduced minor differences between these two simulations to track the role of two glutamates in Meta-I formation. We then computed a set of experimental observables, the deuterium line-shape for individual methyl groups in retinal, from each simulation. The results showed that the dark-state simulation and NMR data matched each other but not Meta-I. Further, the spectra of both Meta-I simulations differed from the dark-adapted NMR spectra, but only one of these matched the experimental Meta-I NMR spectra. The matching simulation exhibited concerted motion between retinal and its Schiff base-linked Lysine-296, and the highly conserved Triptophan-265, distinguishing it from the dark-state simulation.
Computer analysis of raw radioisotope data derived from antibody-ligand equilibrium studies--quantitation of sites.

Abstract We have presented a programmed analysis of binding data derived from antibody-ligand equilibrium studies. The full complement of analyses relates inputs of standardization and raw radioisotope binding data to yield a processed appraisal of these same parameters. Minor changes in the protocol allow the operator to choose the form of input data that is most convenient to his needs. The computer generates a tabular printout incorporating input and output data into a well labeled format suitable for filing with laboratory records. The automated protocol avoids an otherwise laborious and time consuming manipulation of data in an iterative process. A sample problem illustrates the analysis while the program is documented by flow diagram.
Emotion inductions cause changes in activation levels of the behavioural inhibition and approach systems

Abstract Using the Life Inventory Task to induce emotions (fear, anger, and happiness) and Carver and White’s (1994) BIS/BAS questionnaire to measure motivational systems this experiment ( N = 305) investigated the effects of emotion inductions on self-reported emotions and motivational systems. Structural equation modeling results validated the Life Inventory Task as an effective emotion induction technique and revealed that experimentally induced emotions predicted BIS/BAS activation. Specifically, happiness and anger, both approach emotions, predicted BAS, while fear, a withdrawal emotion, predicted BIS. Such empirical evidence supported the notion that emotions are associated with motivational systems by their unique action tendencies (withdrawal and approach), not by their valence (negative and positive).
Macrophage colony stimulating factor-induced macrophage differentiation influences myotube elongation.

Background Unaccustomed exercise, high-intensity dynamic sports activities, or the resumption of normal weight-bearing after a period of disuse can induce skeletal muscle injury, which activates an inflammatory response followed by muscle regeneration. Specific subsets of macrophages are involved in muscle regeneration. But the exact role of macrophage differentiation during muscle regeneration remains to be elucidated. Objective The objective of the study was to examine the effect of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)-differentiated, lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated-macrophage-conditioned medium on muscle-cell proliferation, fusion, and elongation, which are key events during muscle regeneration and myogenesis. Method Murine C2C12 myoblasts were cultured in conditioned medium obtained from PU5-1R macrophages that were (a) undifferentiated, unstimulated; (b) M-CSF-differentiated, unstimulated; (c) undifferentiated, LPS-stimulated; or (d) M-CSF-differentiated, LPS-stimulated. Myoblast proliferation ratio, nuclei number, and length were measured. Results C2C12 cells cultured in conditioned medium from M-CSF-differentiated, LPS-stimulated macrophages had significantly more nuclei and greater length than cells cultured in conditioned medium from undifferentiated, LPS-stimulated macrophages. Dilution and denaturization of the M-CSF-differentiated, LPS-stimulated-macrophage medium prevented a marked increase in C2C12 nuclei number and length. However, the C2C12 myoblast proliferation ratio was significantly greater in conditioned medium from undifferentiated, LPS-stimulated macrophages than in conditioned medium from M-CSF-differentiated, LPS-stimulated macrophages. Conclusions M-CSF-differentiated, LPS-stimulated macrophages may influence myogenesis and the early and terminal stages of muscle regeneration. This knowledge may aid in developing therapies that will directly expedite muscle repair and lead to faster rehabilitation and reduced rehabilitation costs.
Age-related changes in adenosine and beta-adrenoceptor responsiveness of vascular smooth muscle in man.

1. Ageing is associated with a decline in beta-adrenergic responsiveness in several tissues. Reduced beta-adrenoceptor mediated smooth muscle relaxation in aged man has been demonstrated using the dorsal hand vein technique. Isoprenaline and adenosine activate adenylate cyclase through separate membrane bound receptors to induce vasodilatation. 2. To determine the specificity of reduced beta-adrenergic responsiveness in smooth muscle of aged man, and possible sites of the defect responsible, venodilatory responses to isoprenaline, a beta-adrenoceptor agonist and adenosine were determined in nine young (age 26 +/- 3 years: mean +/- s.d.) and eight elderly (age 70 +/- 5 years), healthy male volunteers. Veins were partially constricted with the alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine and increasing doses of adenosine (5 to 1220 micrograms min-1) or isoprenaline (271 ng min-1) were infused. 3. Maximal dilatation induced by isoprenaline was 83 +/- 26% in the young and 51 +/- 34% in the elderly, P = 0.02. Maximal dilatation induced at the highest dose of adenosine (1220 micrograms min-1) was similar in young and elderly: 79 +/- 25% vs 88 +/- 28%, P = 0.26. 4. Adenosine venodilatation was measured before and after infusions of theophylline (6.8 to 135 micrograms min-1) for 30 min in six subjects. Adenosine responsiveness was unchanged following theophylline: 48 +/- 16% to 49 +/- 40%, P = 0.44. 5. The results suggest that the age-associated reduced responsiveness of the beta-adrenergic system in human vascular smooth muscle is not shared by venodilatation mediated by adenosine.
The thick and thin limiting solutions for combined convection and radiation in the region of a two dimensional stagnation point

The low speed constant property flow of a gray absorbing and emitting gas is studied in the region of a two dimensional stagnation point. Two limiting cases are considered. These correspond to the case where the hydrodynamic boundary layer is either optically thin or optically thick. In the thin case, the errors in the total heat transfer are of the order of one percent for an optical thickness of 001. For the thick case, the three term Taylor series gives an excellent representation for the temperature profile and the best result for the convection heat transfer for an optical thickness of 1.0 and 10.0. The most accurate radiation heat transfer is found by using this profile in the exact numerical expression. The Rosseland expression gives the best representation for the total heat transfer.
Introduction to the Special Issue on the Ethics of Information Organization

The articles in this issue of Cataloging & Classification Quarterly are a selection from those originally presented at the first Ethics of Information Organization conference held May 22–23, 2009 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was sponsored by the Information Organization Research Group and the Center for Information Policy Research, both of the School of Information Studies at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, as well as Milwaukee Public Libraries and the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Libraries. Information organization (IO), like other major functions of the information professions, faces many ethical challenges. In the IO literature, ethical concerns have been raised with regard to, for example, the role of national and international IO standards; bias in subject standards and their application; the deprofessionalization, education, and responsibilities of IO professionals; the power of institutions and corporations in IO; and the effects of globalization. These issues, and others like them, have serious implications for quality and equity in information access and were addressed at the conference. One recurring theme was the balance between standardized records that can be readily shared and therefore provide access quickly and economically and the focus on users that calls for customization for cultures, groups, or even individuals as opposed to a one-size-fits-all product. Another theme was the need for research to be produced and applied. For example, whether or not our evolving standards have any basis in user studies or any other form of research was a question raised more than once. Relations between librarians and vendors and how they affect users emerged as a major ethical concern whether talking about integrated library system vendors or OCLC or others. The human–computer interface was recognized at the conference as an important factor in the ethical relationship between IO professionals and users as it shapes the surrogates and the queries designed to link the two. These themes and others made the conference a rich experience. The articles in this issue are a good sample of the range of topics covered as well as being an excellent sample of the scholarship that presented itself at the conference. David Bade in “Ethos, Logos, Pathos or Sender, Message, Receiver?: A Problematological Rhetoric for Information Technologies” offers a rhetorical approach to information production and use, in particular
MEASURING STRESS IN POLICE OFFICERS

Based on interviews with all 27 members of a police department, 15 sources of stress were identified, such as lack of leadership, lack of support from the courts, and poor pay. Police officers rated each of these sources on a scale of stressfulness from one co four.' The stress of 63 male officers (M,,, = 33.3 yr., SD = 8.0) from two ocher small departments was not related to their ages (Pearson r = -0.05) or years of service ( r = -0.09). The officers had scores similar (Ms = 39.0 and 38.4, SDs = 7.0 and 7.9; t = 0.31), to those of 25 male recruits (M,,, = 25.9 yr., SD = 4.8) and the patrolmen had scores similar to those of higher ranking officers (Ms = 39.2 and 38.5, SDs = 7.9 and 5.1; t = 0.35). In advanced training classes, 60 male n~unicipal officers (M,,, = 31.8 yr., SD = 5.7) were given the stress scale, a reasons-for-choosing-law-enforcement-as-a-career inventory (Lester, 1983), and The Job Descriptive Index (Smith, et al., 1975). Stress scores were negatively related to satisfaction with work ( r = -0.31) and pay (r = -0.35) but not with promotions ( I = -0.17) or supervisors ( r = -0.07). Scores on stress were, however, unrelated to reasons for choosing law enforcement as a career or experience of military service (or incidentally to height, weight, or ectomorphy scores). So the amount of stress reported by municipal police officers from different sources was negatively related to job satisfaction.
Lysyl-tRNA Synthetase-generated Lysyl-Adenylate Is a Substrate for Histidine Triad Nucleotide Binding Proteins

Histidine triad nucleotide binding proteins (Hints) are the most ancient members of the histidine triad protein superfamily of nucleotidyltransferases and hydrolyases. Protein-protein interaction studies have found that complexes of the transcription factors MITF or USF2 and lysyl-tRNA synthetase (LysRS) are associated with human Hint1. Therefore, we hypothesized that lysyl-AMP or the LysRS·lysyl-AMP may be a native substrate for Hints. To explore the biochemical relationship between Hint1 and LysRS, a series of catalytic radiolabeling, mutagenesis, and kinetic experiments was conducted with purified LysRSs and Hints from human and Escherichia coli. After incubation of the E. coli or human LysRS with Hints and [α-32P]ATP, but not [α-32P]GTP, 32P-labeled Hints were observed. By varying time and the concentrations of lysine, Mg2+, or LysRS, the adenylation of Hint was found to be dependent on the formation of lysyl-AMP. Site-directed mutagenesis studies of the active site histidine triad revealed that Hint labeling could be abolished by substitution of either His-101 of E. coli hinT or His-112 of human Hint1 by either alanine or glycine. Ap4A, believed to be synthesized by LysRS in vivo, and Zn2+ were shown to inhibit the formation of Hint-AMP with an IC50 value in the low micromolar range. Consistent with pyrophosphate being an inhibitor for aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, incubations in the presence of pyrophosphatase resulted in enhanced formation of Hint-AMP. These results demonstrate that the lysyl-AMP intermediate formed by LysRS is a natural substrate for Hints and suggests a potential highly conserved regulatory role for Hints on LysRS and possibly other aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.
Mixing models in analyses of diet using multiple stable isotopes: a critique

Stable isotope analysis is used frequently to determine the relative contributions of different food sources to an animal’s diet (Hobson 1999). Isotopic ratios for the animal tissues and each of its potential food sources are determined. The similarity of the ratios for the animal tissues with those of individual food sources (after correcting for fractionation during digestion and assimilation) gives an idea of their relative importance in the diet; in other words “you are what you eat” (DeNiro and Epstein 1978). Two food sources can be partitioned using the isotopic ratio for a single element (e.g., δ13C), or three food sources can be partitioned using isotopic ratios for two elements (e.g., δ13C and δ15N) (Kwak and Zedler 1997). A number of recent papers have used geometric procedures to quantify the contributions of three food sources to the diet using δ13C and δ15N (Ben-David et al. 1997a, 1997b; Kline et al. 1993; Szepanski et al. 1999; Whitledge and Rabeni 1997). However, these methods do not provide correct solutions to this three-endmember mixing problem. The purpose of this paper is to point out the shortcomings of these methods and to propose an alternative procedure which avoids them. Figure 1 shows a graphical representation of the analytical situation. The dietary isotopic composition is represented by point D within the triangle bounded by the points for the adjusted food source isotopic compositions A′, B′, and C′. In the geometric procedures, Euclidean distances are calculated for line segments DA′, DB′, and DC′ and are used to compute the dietary contributions. Several variations of this calculation have been utilized. Kline et al. (1993) used the following equation:
Origin of the Sespe Formation of South Mountain, California

Mechanical analyses of rock samples, field observation of features such as cross-bedding, and reports of other investigators lead the writer to the conclusion that the Sespe formation originated as an alluvial-fan deposit, under warm, semi-arid conditions.
Anisotropic form of third-order moments and relationship to the cascade rate in axisymmetric magnetohydrodynamic turbulence

Laws governing the behavior of statistical third-order moments in the inertial range are among the few rigorous results in the theory of statistically homogeneous incompressible magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. These fundamental laws apply to both isotropic and anisotropic turbulence. Assuming that the turbulence is stationary in time and statistically axisymmetric under proper rotations about the direction of the mean magnetic field, it is shown that the general mathematical form of the tensor quantities appearing in these laws is constrained by symmetry to have a particular form. Using these forms, the general solutions of the law for the vector and pseudovector third-order moments F and FC are obtained in the limit of large kinetic Reynolds number and large magnetic Reynolds number. The physical meaning of the different terms in F and FC are investigated and a method for obtaining the cascade rates of energy ϵ and cross-helicity ϵC from experimental data is described. The results show that the measureme...
Left ventricular pump efficiency in long-term mitral regurgitation assessed by means of left ventricular-arterial coupling relations.

Abstract The left ventricular-arterial coupling relationship was used in patients with long-term mitral regurgitation to test the hypothesis that the low impedance left atrial contribution to left ventricular ejection obscures an impairment in left ventricular-arterial coupling and forward left ventricular pump efficiency. Twenty-two control patients and 26 patients with long-term mitral regurgitation were studied. Micromanometer left ventricular pressures and radionuclide angiograms for left ventricular volumes were acquired over a range of loading conditions. Left ventricular-arterial coupling was assessed by the ratio of left ventricular chamber elastance, E es , to total arterial elastance, E a . Forward left ventricular pump efficiency was calculated as the ratio of forward left ventricular stroke work to the corresponding pressure-volume area. There was a progressive decrease in E es in the patients with long-term mitral regurgitation ( p a in comparison to the control patients. Consequently, EesEa demonstrated a progressive decrease ( p p p
The distribution of cytochrome oxidase activity in Ehrlich ascites cell particulates obtained from glycerol homogenates

Abstract A method of fractionation of Ehrlich ascites cells has been developed for the separation of particulates derived by the previously developed glycerol technique for homogenization of this type of cell suspension. The success of the fractionation procedure which yields mitochondrial fractions containing much larger total cellular cytochrome oxidase than obtained by other methods was due to the effectiveness of glycerol in the cell disruption process and to the dilution of the glycerol homogenates of the Ehrlich ascites cells with saline solution containing sucrose. Fairly pure mitochondria, microsomes, and nonparticulate supernatants as judged by cytochrome oxidase activities were easily obtained.
Family Size and Role Conflict in Women

Summary The effect of family size on role conflict in women was studied. Five hundred and eighteen women with a broad range of age, education, social class, and family status volunteered to complete a role conflict questionnaire covering the categories of Time Management, Relations with Husband, Household Management, Financial, Child Care, Expectations for Self, Expectations of Others, and Guilt. The highest levels of stress were reported for the categories of Time Management and Expectations for Self for all women, and Child Care for women with children. The role conflict areas found to be most affected by family size were Child Care and Relations with Husband. In general there appears to be a stress period of adjustment when a woman becomes a mother and another stress period when she has had a fairly large number of children.
Fear of crime and vulnerability: Using a national sample of Americans to examine two competing paradigms

Abstract Purpose A prominent explanation of why certain groups of people fear crime more than others focuses on physical and social vulnerability. Some researchers have argued that physical vulnerability characteristics (e.g., gender, age, health) are more important in determining one's fear of crime while others have argued that social vulnerability characteristics (e.g., race and socioeconomic status) are more important. Methods We test the independence of the physical and social vulnerability characteristics through a nationally representative sample of Americans. Using a multilevel path modeling approach, we examine whether the physical or the social vulnerability explanation is more powerful in its explanation, or whether a combination of both vulnerabilities explains fear of crime. Results Results suggest that the two explanations are interdependent to some degree; with the direct effects of social vulnerability being most tied to physical indicators of vulnerability through indirect effects. To a lesser degree, the direct effects of physical vulnerability are also tied to fear of crime indirectly through indicators of social vulnerability. Conclusions The implications of these results are discussed.
COMPLEMENTATION IN VARIANTS OF SULFITE OXIDASE DEFICIENCY

Hereditary disorders causing a deficiency of sulfite oxidase (SO) activity result in the accumulation of sulfite, sulfocysteine and thiosulfate and a clinical syndrome of seizures, developmental delay, and ectopia lentis. The defect may be in the structural enzyme protein (apoenzyme) of SO or due to the absence of its active molybdenum (Mo) cofactor, in which case Mo-dependent xanthine oxidase activity is also reduced. Study of fibroblast lines of one patient (A) with SO apoenzyme defect and 5 unrelated patients (B-F) with Mo cofactor deficiency revealed no detectable SO activity in any case. Complementation tests showed that SO activity was restored when Line B was cocultured with each of 5 other lines. No activity was detected in other pairwise combinations. Complementation occurred without heterokaryon formation, suggesting that the corrective factor may be a diffusible precursor of the cofactor. These findings confirm heterogeneity of SO deficiency; at least 3 variants can be distinguished. Line A has a mutation of the structural gene for SO apoenzyme which may have affected the binding of the heme or Mo cofactor but is without effect on its antigenicity. Among the cofactor deficient lines, Line B clearly has a defect different from and correctable by the other 4 lines. These 4 could have a common defect or non-complementing lesions in the biosynthetic pathway of the cofactor.
Regional mean sea surfaces based on GEOS‐3 and SEASAT altimeter data

Altimetric sea surfaces provide a basis for detailed analyses of the earth's gravity, crustal structure, and the oceanic surface circulation. Long-term mean surfaces have been computed for the Bering Sea, Northwest Atlantic Ocean, and Gulf of Mexico based on a combination of the entire SEASAT (three-month) and GEOS-3 (3.5-year) altimeter data sets. The number of available passes ranged from 558 in the gulf to 1396 in the Atlantic. The large amount of data in these areas, coupled with the incresed constraint provided by the combination of data from two orbital inclinations, has permited the accurate removal of the effects of radial ephemeris error through crossing arc adjustments. The precision of these regional mean sea surfaces is approximately 15 cm, with horizontal resolutions approaching 25 km.
Electrically Active Hot Towers in African Easterly Waves prior to Tropical Cyclogenesis

Abstract It has been hypothesized that intense convective-scale “hot” towers play a role in tropical cyclogenesis via dynamic and thermodynamic feedbacks on the larger-scale circulation. In this study the authors investigate the role that widespread and/or intense lightning-producing convection (i.e., electrically hot towers) present in African easterly waves (AEWs) may play in tropical cyclogenesis over the east Atlantic Ocean. The 700-hPa meridional wind from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis dataset was analyzed to divide the waves into northerly, southerly, trough, and ridge phases. The AEWs were subsequently divided into waves that developed into tropical storms (i.e., developing) and those that did not develop into tropical storms (i.e., nondeveloping). Finally, composites were created using various NCEP variables, lightning data gathered with the Zeus network and worldwide lightning location network (WWLLN), and brightness temperature data extracted from the NASA global-merged infrared brightness temperatur...
The Triple-Axis Spectrometers at the High Flux Isotope Reactor

Since the development of the first triple-axis spectrometer by Brockhouse in the 1950s, this type of instrument has remained the most versatile tool to study the elementary excitations of solids, such as phonons and magnons. This versatility arises from the ability to measure the scattering function at any point in momentum-energy space physically accessible by the spectrometer. Currently there are three thermal triple axis spectrometers at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) with complementary capabilities. A cold neutron triple axis spectrometer will be installed at the new HFIR cold neutron guide hall within the next year. The high flux and a wide range of incident energies (between 5 and 120 meV) makes these instruments particularly well-suited for the study of current problems in condensed matter physics like that of magnetic excitations in high-Tc superconductors, multiferroic, colossal magnetoresistance manganites, heavy fermions, “bad” metals, quantum magnets, magnetic multilayers, and commercial...
Is outcome after heart transplantation influenced by ethnicity? A comparison of African Americans versus Caucasians.

transplantation increases the risk of postoperative complications. The purpose of our current study was to test this hypothesis by evaluating 50 patients who were transplanted at our facility over the past six years. Seventeen (34%) of these patients had received amiodarone prior to transplantation while the remaining thirtythree (64%)had not. Endpoints of the study included: length of hospital stay, survival to hospital discharge, 30 day mortality, 6 month mortality, 1 year mortality, number of days ventilated, ARDS, hepatic failure, number of days paced, need for permanent pacemaker, refractory hypotension, and bleeding complications. There were no significant differences between the two groups in age, sex, etiology of heart failure, LVEF, preoperative platelet or INR values. Patients in the amiodarone group, however, were more likely to be on an assist device or IABP prior to transplantation compared to the non-amiodarone group (47% vs 12%, p50.005). There were no significant differences between the amiodarone and non-amiodarone groups in length of stay (21 vs 17 days, p50.72), 6 month mortality (29% vs 15%, p50.19), 1 year mortality (27% vs 18%, p50.5), days ventilated (8 vs 6, p50.7), ARDS (6% vs 0, p50.16), hepatic failure (18% vs 9%, p50.4), days paced (2 vs 2, p50.67), need for permanent pacemaker (0 vs 3%, p50.47), or refractory hypotension (18% vs 9%, p50.4). Amiodarone patients were less likely to survive to hospital disharge (71% vs 94%, p50.02) and a trend was seen for 30 day mortality (18% vs 3%, p50.07). They were also more likely to experience a bleeding complication (41% vs 9%, p50.007), even when patients on mechanical assist devices were excluded (33% vs 7%, p50.04). In conclusion, amiodarone patients were not at increased risk of ARDS, bradycardia, hepatic failure, or refractory hypotension. Amiodarone patients did experience more bleeding complications in the postoperative period. This finding has important clinical implications for many cardiac transplantation patients and warrants further investigation.
High power photoconductive switches of 4H SiC with Si3N4 passivation and n+ -GaN subcontact

Abstract The effect of a Si3N4 passivation layer on the breakdown voltage in 4H SiC high power photoconductive semiconductor switching devices has been investigated. An n+-GaN epitaxial layer was also used for these devices as a subcontact layer, which was between the contact metal and the high resistivity SiC bulk, to improve the ohmic contact and mitigate current spreading: the GaN subcontact layer protects the contact from damage occurring at high power levels. The Si3N4 passivation layer was grown by ultrahigh vacuum plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. By using the Si3N4 passivation, the dark leakage current of the devices was suppressed effectively and decreased by one order of magnitude, and the breakdown voltage of the switching devices was improved significantly from 2.9 to 5 kV without degrading the high photocurrent.
Computer aided experimentation in countercurrent reaction chromatography and simulated countercurrent chromatography

Abstract A continuous countercurrent moving bed chromatographic reactor, and a simulated countercurrent moving bed apparatus have been interfaced with a laboratory microcomputer for data acquisition and computer control. Simulation of a countercurrent moving bed is accomplished by switching a feedstream sequentially through a series of columns. Continuous motion of the bed past the feed, which characterizes true countercurrency, is replaced by discretized motion of the feed past the bed. Experimental characterization of the detailed behavior of these configurations requires many analyses of product streams to be done rapidly, virtually mandating computerization. Interfacing of the apparatus with an IBM PC-XT is described. Representative experimental data from both types of apparatus are presented and briefly discussed.
Isotherms for the uranium-hydrogen system at temperatures of 700–1065°C and pressures to 137.89 MPa☆

Abstract Pressure vs composition ( P − C ) isotherms for the UH system for temperatures of 700–1065°C and pressures to 137.89 MPa are shown. The sample was contained in a concentric vessel and located within a secondary vessel. Plateau pressure at 1065°C is 700 atm. The single-phase region on the hydrogen-rich side starts at a H/U ratio of 2.35. Physical property measurements showed a thermal conductivity, k , value of 0.003 cal/cm s K, R c =50. Experimentally determined plateau pressures are compared with values obtained by other workers. The UH system retains broad, two-phase plateaus at temperatures to 1065°C. The critical temperature must be above 1065°C.
Multiple exciton generation solar cells: Effects of nanocrystal shape on quantum efficiency

Semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) have the ability to perform a process, termed multiple exciton generation (or MEG), which produces two electrons for every absorbed photon. This has been experimentally confirmed using ultrafast spectroscopic techniques for many semiconductor NC families. The shape of the NCs has been found to play an important role in the efficiency of MEG. Spherical PbSe NCs have been used to fabricate devices that exhibit greater than 100% quantum efficiencies, here we report on the use of NC morphologies and hybrid NC assemblies that can increase the power conversion efficiency in a device.
Thrombolysis in Pediatric Population from the KID Database (S03.005)

Objective: To assess safety outcomes associated with thrombolysis in children in a large sample. Background Thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in children is yet to be proven efficacious. There is limited information about safety in large pediatric samples. Design/Methods: A cohort of children with AIS was identified from the Kids9 Inpatient Database for the years 1998 to 2009. AIS identified by the clinical classification software codes (109 and 110). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess covariates associated with hospital mortality and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Results: In this analysis, 9367 children were admitted with the diagnosis of AIS; only 75 (0.8%) had received thrombolysis. The mean age of the treated children was older than the rest of the cohort (12.88 ± 7.5 vs. 8.18 ± 7.5; P Conclusions: Thrombolysis for AIS is infrequently utilized in children. However, the risk of ICH is as low as those reported in adult population. Thrombolysis is associated with ICH but was not predictive of higher mortality. Disclosure: Dr. Alshekhlee has nothing to disclose. Dr. Storkan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kaushal has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mehta has nothing to disclose. Dr. Feen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cruz-Flores has received personal compensation for activities with Quintiles, Roche Diagnostics Corporation, and Axio. Dr. Cruz- Flores has received research support from Coaxia.
Advances in alternative DNA delivery techniques

This review describes recent advances in alternative DNA-delivery techniques with particular emphasis on silicon carbide fibers, intact tissue electroporation, electrophoresis and microinjection. The advantages/disadvantages of each method along with a historical overview and theory of practice are discussed.
Polymorphism of the epidermal growth factor receptor extracellular ligand binding domain: the dimer interface depends on domain stabilization.

Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) and their cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases play important roles in cell proliferation and signaling. The EGFR extracellular domain (sEGFR) forms a dimer upon the binding of ligands, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor α (TGFα). In this study, multiple molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the 2:2 EGF·sEGFR3−512 dimer and the 2:2 TGFα·sEGFR3−512 dimer were performed in solvent and crystal environments. The simulations of systems comprising up to half a million atoms reveal part of the structural dynamics of which sEGFR dimers are capable. The solvent simulations consistently exhibited a prominent conformational relaxation from the initial crystal structures on the nanosecond time scale, leading to symmetry breaking and more extensive contacts between the two sEGFR monomers. In the crystal control simulation, this symmetry breaking and compaction was largely suppressed by crystal packing contacts. The simulations also provided evidence ...
Androgen Deprivation-Induced Senescence Promotes Outgrowth of Androgen-Refractory Prostate Cancer Cells

Androgen deprivation (AD) is an effective method for initially suppressing prostate cancer (PC) progression. However, androgen-refractory PC cells inevitably emerge from the androgen-responsive tumor, leading to incurable disease. Recent studies have shown AD induces cellular senescence, a phenomenon that is cell-autonomously tumor-suppressive but which confers tumor-promoting adaptations that can facilitate the advent of senescence-resistant malignant cell populations. Because androgen-refractory PC cells emerge clonally from the originally androgen-responsive tumor, we sought to investigate whether AD-induced senescence (ADIS) affects acquisition of androgen-refractory behavior in androgen-responsive LNCaP and LAPC4 prostate cancer cells. We find that repeated exposure of these androgen-responsive cells to senescence-inducing stimuli via cyclic AD leads to the rapid emergence of ADIS-resistant, androgen-refractory cells from the bulk senescent cell population. Our results show that the ADIS phenotype is associated with tumor-promoting traits, notably chemoresistance and enhanced pro-survival mechanisms such as inhibition of p53-mediated cell death, which encourage persistence of the senescent cells. We further find that pharmacologic enforcement of p53/Bax activation via Nutlin-3 prior to establishment of ADIS is required to overcome the associated pro-survival response and preferentially trigger pervasive cell death instead of senescence during AD. Thus our study demonstrates that ADIS promotes outgrowth of androgen-refractory PC cells and is consequently a suboptimal tumor-suppressor response to AD.
Inhibition of Candida albicans by Fluvastatin Is Dependent on pH.

The cholesterol-lowering drug fluvastatin (FS) has an inhibitory effect on the growth of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans that is dependent on the pH of the medium. At the low pH value of the vagina, FS is growth inhibitory at low and at high concentrations, while at intermediate concentrations (1–10 mM), it has no inhibitory effect. Examination of the effect of the common antifungal drug fluconazole in combination with FS demonstrates drug interactions in the low concentration range. Determination of intracellular stress and the activity of the FS target enzyme HMG-CoA reductase confirm our hypothesis that in the intermediate dose range adjustments to the sterol biosynthesis pathway can compensate for the action of FS. We conclude that the pH dependent uptake of FS across yeast membranes might make FS combination therapy an attractive possibility for treatment of vaginal C. albicans infections.