cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microbial adaptation for accelerated atrazine mineralization/ degradation in Mississippi Delta soils

Abstract Most well-drained Mississippi Delta soils have been used for cotton production, but corn has recently become a desirable alternative crop, and subsequently, atrazine use has increased. Between 2000 and 2001, 21 surface soils (0 to 5 cm depth) with known management histories were collected from various sites in Leflore, Sunflower, and Washington counties of Mississippi. Atrazine degradation was assessed in 30-d laboratory studies using 14C-ring–labeled herbicide. Mineralization was extensive in all soils with a history of one to three atrazine applications with cumulative mineralization over 30 d ranging from 45 to 72%. In contrast, cumulative mineralization of atrazine from three soils with no atrazine history was only 5 to 10%. However, one soil with no history of atrazine application mineralized 54 and 29% of the atrazine in soils collected in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Methanol extracted 15 to 23% of the 14C-atrazine 7 d after treatment in soils having two applications within the past 6 yr, ...
Ligand Interactions of Axonal Membranes

The postulate (18) that the acetylcholine (ACh) cycle plays an essential part in controlling the cation permeability of electrically excitable postsynaptic membranes is accepted generally.
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Customary Systems of Conflict Resolution (CSCR)

The paper explores the applicability and adaptability of the principles and procedures of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in inter-and intra-group environmental conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The focus of the study is on communal environmental conflicts - those conflicts that have to do with disputes over the allocation, use and management of key livelihood resources such as arable land, forests and wildlife. The main research questions of the study are: Whether and how ADR can be applied in environmental conflict resolution in SSA? What is the role of Customary Institutions of Conflict Resolution (CICR) in institutionalizing ADR in SSA? How can the formal adjudicative structures of the state such as the court system co-exist and interact with CICR? A central argument is that sustainable peace in sub-Saharan Africa is dependent on greater cooperation and partnership between the state and CICR in institutionalizing a decentralized system of environmental conflict resolution.
Abstract 191: Phosphodiesterase 9a Modulates Cardiomyocyte Natriuretic Peptide-Stimulated cGMP Pool and Cardiac Hypertrophy

Cardiac hypertrophy in response to pathologic stress is a major contributor to heart disease. Many studies have revealed that compartmentalized cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) regulation by p...
Design and Fabrication of High Anisotropy Nanoscale Bit-Patterned Magnetic Recording Medium for Data Storage Applications

Design considerations for bit-patterned magnetic medium for next generation data storage systems is presented. (Co/Pd)N magnetic multilayers are evaluated as candidates for bit- patterned medium recording layer materials for their high and easily tunable magnetic anisotropy. Optimized patterned multilayers used in this study had coercivities in excess of 12- 14kOe. Bit patterning was accomplished using ion-beam proximity printing, a high-throughput direct write lithography where a large array of ion beamlets shaped by a stencil mask is used to write an arbitrary device pattern. It is found that the nature of magnetization reversal strongly depends on bit edge imperfections and is likely to contribute to switching field distribution.
Flow cytometric evaluation of DNA degradation: a predictor of postmortem interval?

The time of death of an individual can easily be determined if the postmortem interval can be assessed. Although livor mortis, rigor mortis, and, to a lesser degree, algor mortis have been used to estimate the postmortem interval, most experienced forensic pathologists agree that these characteristics provide, at best, "postmortem windows." Quantitation of the vitreous fluid potassium level has been of some value in evaluating the early postmortem interval, but the accuracy of this method is dependent on external conditions, the availability of vitreous fluid (e.g., burned bodies, head trauma), and the purity of the sample. A simple, relatively inexpensive assay performed on readily available tissues, less dependent upon external factors, and providing data that could be plotted on a reproducible control curve would be of value in determining the postmortem interval accurately. This office is currently investigating flow cytometric DNA content analysis performed on splenic tissue harvested from a series of autopsies with known postmortem intervals. Preliminary data suggest that DNA degradation occurs in a predictable pattern over the intermediate postmortem period. A graph is being generated that will plot the degree of DNA fragmentation with respect to the postmortem interval. It is hoped that sections of spleen from "unknown" cases could be submitted for flow cytometric analysis of DNA content and plotted on the curve to estimate the postmortem interval and, thus, determine the time of death.
Reassessing the Dream-Vision of the Vision of Amram (4Q543-547) *

The Vision of Amram has been interpreted by many as a prime exa mple of dualistic theology, portraying two ostensibly antagonistic figures contending over having authority over the person of Amra m. This study pushes against this interpretation and instead recontextualizes Amram’ s otherworldly experience with a greater emphasis on both the s urrounding episodes of the composition as well as the ide ntification of Melchizedek—a figure with intricate ties to priestly legitimacy—as the oppositionary figure up against the ominous Melchiresha in the dream-vision. In this fashion, this study concludes that the dream-vision of Amram represents an either–or choice in which the protagonist is required to choose between a legitimate or a corrupted priesthood. Moreover, Amram’ s vision thus stands as a metaphorical depiction of an underlying historical conflict between two priestly groups, an image which the latter Qumranites certainly reappropriated to their own historical situation.
Models for Working with Parents

In recent decades, the challenges facing families have become tremendously complex. Problems such as divorce, poverty, child abuse, teenage pregnancy, and juvenile crime are becoming more prevalent in society. Mental health professionals are recognizing the need to work with parents and families to maximize treatment outcomes for children. The purposes of this chapter are to review briefly some of the common approaches to working with parents and provide practical recommendations for doing so.
CT of the temporal bone in a patient with osteopathia striata and cranial sclerosis

The authors present a case of congenital dysplasia affecting the long bones, skull, and other systems in a 7-year-old girl, with special attention to CT of the temporal bone, which showed abnormal ossicle fixation, a narrowed Eustachian canal, thickened sclerotic bone, and a small mastoid antrum and middle ear cavity. CT of the temporal bone can help one distinguish the etiologies of hearing loss associated with this disorder.
Climate of silence: Pluralistic ignorance as a barrier to climate change discussion

Abstract Despite the importance of interpersonal public communication about climate change, most citizens rarely discuss the topic. In two studies, we find that inaccurate perceptions of others' opinions (i.e. pluralistic ignorance) contribute to self-silencing among those concerned about climate change. Study 1 illustrates that those who are aware of others' concern about climate change report greater willingness to discuss the issue than those with inaccurate perceptions of others' opinions. Study 2 demonstrates that correcting pluralistic ignorance increases concerned participants' willingness to discuss climate change. In both studies, pluralistic ignorance leads to self-silencing because perceptions that others do not share one's opinion are associated with expecting to be perceived as less competent in a conversation about climate change. In contrast to previous research on confronting prejudice, in the present research expectations about being disliked did not explain self-silencing. We discuss the implications for self-silencing and promoting interpersonal communication about climate change.
176 TRANSCRIPTOME AND PROTEOME EXPRESSION IN ACTIVATED CD4 AND CD8 T LYMPHOCYTES AND MUSCLE TISSUE IN NORMAL AND TYPE 2 DIABETES SUBJECTS.

Purpose Skeletal muscle is a major insulin responsive tissue, but it is not readily available in humans as an intact single cell preparation. T lymphocytes (T cells) are easily obtainable from blood, but in "resting " state are devoid of insulin receptors (IR). Upon activation, they develop de novo IR, become insulin sensitive, and metabolize glucose in a dose-dependent response to insulin. The degree to which the transcriptomes and proteomes differ in diabetic and nondiabetic muscle and T cells is not known. Method T cells were separated into CD4 and CD8 with the use of specific antibodies by negative isolation. We analyzed the genes expressed (transcriptome) and proteins translated (proteome) in activated T cells and muscle of four newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and compared them to their four matched controls. None of the subjects were on any medications. The genes expressed were determined using Affymetrix human U133 Plus 2.0 microarray chips and data analyzed using GCOS and GeneSifter software. Proteins translated were analyzed using the Cyphergen SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry system. Result Gene expression of CD4 and CD8 activated T cells and muscles from normal subjects were compared to those diabetic subjects. In these cells up-regulation of the insulin receptor, insulin degrading enzyme (IDE), Akt, IRS-1, and IRS-2 genes was at least twofold less in diabetic than in control subjects, whereas there was greater than twofold up-regulation of plasma cell glyco protein-1(PC-1) in the diabetic compared to normal subjects. Transcriptomes of enzymes involved in the glycolytic pathway were also decreased twofold or greater in the diabetic tissues. The proteome profile of the normal vs diabetic subjects showed differences in protein concentrations. The proteins corresponding to the molecular weight of the above-translated transcriptomes were decreased in concentration in the diabetic tissues by twofold or greater compared to normal subjects. Changes in the proteome and transcriptome in muscle and activated T cells of diabetic tissues were comparable but reflected changes in the tissue specific-isoforms of the enzymes (ie, T cells or muscle). Conclusion We conclude that activated CD4 and CD8 T cells express insulin signaling and glucose metabolism genes and gene products, analogous to muscle cells. Furthermore, muscle and activated T cells in diabetics exhibit less than half the expression of genes and gene products in these pathways, relative to nondiabetic controls.
Tuberculosis of the penis presenting as a subcutaneous nodule.

AbstractWe report a case of tuberculosis of the penis that presented as a subcutaneous nodule without superficial ulceration.
Distinguishing between s +i d and s +i s pairing symmetries in multiband superconductors through spontaneous magnetization pattern induced by a defect

The symmetry of the pairing state in iron pnictide superconductor $\mathrm{Ba_{1-x}K_xFe_2As_2}$ is still controversial. At optimal doping ($x \approx 0.4$), it is very likely $s$-wave, but for $x=1$ there are experimental and theoretical arguments for both $s$-wave and $d$-wave. Depending on the choice for $x=1$, intermediate $s+is$ and $s+id$ states have been proposed for intermediate doping $ 0.4 < x < 1$. In both states, the time reversal symmetry is broken and a spontaneous magnetization is allowed. In this work we study a spontaneous magnetization induced by a nonmagnetic defect in the $s+is$ and $s+id$ states by using a perturbation theory and numerical calculations for the Ginzburg-Landau free energy functional. We show that the angular dependence of the magnetization is distinct in these two states due to the difference in symmetry properties of the order parameters. Our results indicate a possible way to distinguish between the $s+is$ and $s+id$ pairing symmetries in multi-band superconductors.
Hospitalizations due to selected infections caused by opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPP) and reported drug resistance in the United States older adult population in 1991–2006

The Flint Water Crisis-due to changes of water source and treatment procedures-has revealed many unsolved social, environmental, and public health problems for US drinking water, including opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPP). The true health impact of OPPP, especially in vulnerable populations such as the elderly, is largely unknown. We explored 108 claims in the largest US national uniformly collected data repository to determine rates and costs of OPPP-related hospitalizations. In 1991-2006, 617,291 cases of three selected OPPP infections resulted in the elderly alone of $0.6 billion USD per year of payments. Antibiotic resistance significantly increased OPPP illness costs that are likely to be underreported. More precise estimates for OPPP burdens could be obtained if better clinical, microbiological, administrative, and environmental monitoring data were cross-linked. An urgent dialog across governmental and disciplinary divides, and studies on preventing OPPP through drinking water exposure, are warranted.
Modeling Turkish outbound tourism demand using a dynamic panel data approach

The purpose of this study is to model and empirically test outbound tourism demand of Turkish travel market. For this purpose, panel cointegration tests and panel fully modified ordinary least squa...
Fatigue Crack Growth Rates of Irradiated Pressure Vessel Steels in Simulated Nuclear Coolant Environment

Abstract Fatigue crack growth rates, in a simulated pressurized water reactor primary loop environment, are presented for A508-2 and A533B steels in both the irradiated and unirradiated conditions. The initial results, for specific experimental conditions, constant load amplitude waveforms, and load ratio = 0.2, indicate that irradiation does not enhance fatigue crack growth rates more than the enhancement due to the environment alone. This article outlines the experimental techniques involved in this testing, and describes the results and their possible significance with respect to the existing safety analysis codes.
Second-Order Diversity: An Exploration of Decentralization's Egalitarian Possibilities

Academics routinely equate federalism and localism with racism and assume that national politics will cure what ails us. That is a mistake, as the 2016 election has reminded us. The decision to decentralize, after all, is itself a sign of weak national normal; it signals a willingness to tolerate precisely the shortfalls that egalitarians mourn. Rather than condemning federalism and localism for weak national norms, we should focus on whether federalism makes it easier or harder to change those norms. We should focus, in short, on whether decentralization helps us get from “here to there” with the equality project. Decentralization has its costs, to be sure. But it also ensures that decisionmaking bodies will be “second-order diverse,” with national minorities constituting local majorities and decisionmaking bodies varying dramatically in their composition. In a system that is second-order diverse, racial minorities can rule and not just be ruled. They can speak truth with power, not just to it. They can “dissent by deciding.” An individual can experience a variety of participatory opportunities over the course of her civic life, with different parts of her identity coming to the surface at different moments. The mistake we’ve made is in damning decentralization as cause without considering its possibilities as a cure. We must recognize that decentralization can beget centralization, and that states and localities are crucial drivers of the process by which we forge robust national norms. The aim of the paper isn’t to insist that decentralization is a cure-all, but simply to show that it can be a tool for change as well as preservation.
On the tradition of the Novellino (i): the editio princeps of 1525 and the undated reprint.

The essay offers a study of the printed tradition of the C iento novelle antike ( One Hundred Ancient tales ), focusing in particular on the editio princeps published in Bologna in 1525 under the editorial supervision of Carlo Gualteruzzi. The article investigates the relationship between this important edition – which consists of the ms. Vat. Lat. 3214 and the so-called vulgata of the Novellino – and a reprint of this text without a colophon. Finally, a detailed analyis of the critical apparatus of the latest modern edition by Alberto Conte shows that he most likely used a copy of the undated reprint for his collation, erroneously confusing it with the princeps .
Seed Germination of Southern Seaoats (Uniola paniculata) as Influenced by Stratification, Temperature, and Light

Abstract Seeds of southern seaoats (Uniola paniculata L.) were removed from storage at 4C (39F) and stratified (moist-prechilled) for 0, 15, or 30 days at 4C (39F). Following stratification, seeds were germinated at 25C (77F) or 30C (86F) or at 8/16 hr thermoperiods of 30/20C (86/68F) or 35/25C (95/77F) with daily photoperiods at each temperature of 0 (total darkness), 2, 4, 8, 12, or 24 hr. Germination was recorded every 3 days for 30 days. Light had no effect on germination. Regardless of photoperiod the influence of light was nonsignificant (P = 0.45). On the other hand, temperature and stratification were significant (P = 0.0001) and there was a significant interaction (P = 0.001) between the two parameters. Averaged across all treatments, the highest total germination was realized at 35/25C (95/77F) (60%) followed by 30/20C (86/68F) (48%), 30C (86F) (37%), and 25C (77F) (31 %). Stratification was not a requirement for germination but stratification for 15 days increased the rate of germination but no...
Combining model checking and runtime verification for safe robotics

A major challenge towards large scale deployment of autonomous mobile robots is to program them with formal guarantees and high assurance of correct operation. To this end, we present a framework for building safe robots. Our approach for validating the end-to-end correctness of robotics system consists of two parts: (1) a high-level programming language for implementing and systematically testing the reactive robotics software via model checking; (2) a signal temporal logic (STL) based online monitoring system to ensure that the assumptions about the low-level controllers (discrete models) used during model checking hold at runtime. Combining model checking with runtime verification helps us bridge the gap between software verification (discrete) that makes assumptions about the low-level controllers and the physical world, and the actual execution of the software on a real robotic platform in the physical world. To demonstrate the efficacy of our approach, we build a safe adaptive surveillance system and present software-in-the-loop simulations of the application.
Cimetidine modulates natural killer cell function of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Peripheral blood natural killer (NK) activity in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is frequently low or absent. Because cimetidine (a histamine-2 antagonist) has been shown to alter human lymphocyte function in vitro, we decided to study cimetidine's effect on peripheral blood NK activity of patients with B-CLL and controls. We administered cimetidine orally (1.2 gm per day) to seven patients with B-CLL and 12 controls for up to 28 days. Peripheral blood NK activity of patients with B-CLL rose from a pretreatment level of 0.7 +/- 0.5 (mean +/- SEM) lytic units/10(6) cells (LU) to 8.7 +/- 2.4 LU (P less than 0.05) at day 28. Peripheral blood NK activity of controls decreased after 14 days of cimetidine treatment but returned to pretreatment levels by day 28. When peripheral blood cells from controls were exposed to cimetidine during in vitro incubation (10 micrograms/ml), mean NK activity was increased at 48 hours (54% +/- 22% increase over controls, n = 5, P less than 0.05). Single cell cytotoxicity assays revealed increased killing of target cells (but not effector-target conjugation) with cimetidine-exposed effector cells. These data suggest that cimetidine may be useful to augment peripheral blood NK activity for patients with B-CLL.
Low Output Heart Failure

Low-output heart failure represents a high-acuity, heterogeneous physiologic state marked by end-organ hypoperfusion and substantial morbidity and mortality. The clinical symptoms and exam findings vary widely, and it may manifest subtly with non-specific features of fatigue or sinus tachycardia, or present dramatically with altered sensorium, marked hypotension, and multi-organ failure. The diverse presentation of low-output heart failure highlights the importance of its prompt recognition and subsequent risk stratification. Treatment goals are focused on initial stabilization of systemic blood pressure and improved tissue and end-organ perfusion, and may be achieved through a combination of veno- and vasodilators, inotropic agents, and in severe cases, mechanical circulatory support. The following case presentation illustrates the complex findings seen in low-output heart failure, and offers a systematic approach to its evaluation and management.
Exploration of pedestrian assertiveness and its association with driver yielding behavior at uncontrolled crosswalks

Improving driver yielding to pedestrians at crosswalks may help prevent pedestrian fatalities, which have increased over the last decade in the United States. The level of assertiveness exhibited b...
Procedural Sedation: Let’s Review the Basics

In a pediatrician’s practice, there are a number of indications for the provision of procedural sedation. This chapter aims to provide a framework for procedural sedation from a pediatrician’s point of view, including understanding of the practice setting, the patients, and the procedures themselves. Although written from a pediatrician’s perspective, this chapter is designed to apply to all sedation providers across specialties. Additionally, in trying to create an approach to procedural sedation, it is equally important to consider when the risks of the sedation outweigh the benefits that may be achieved by the procedure.
Hormonal Replacement Therapy

A 40-year-old woman developed seizures in early adolescence following viral encephalitis. She described her typical seizures as beginning with a feeling of fear and a peculiar sensation rising up from her epigastric region. This was followed by staring and unresponsiveness with repetitive lip smacking. She was diagnosed with localization-related epilepsy and was prescribed numerous AEDs that failed to work for her. She is currently on monotherapy lamotrigine and has a vagus nerve stimulator. She was previously evaluated for epilepsy surgery, but was found to be a limited candidate. The high-resolution MRI of her brain was normal and bilateral independent focal seizures arising from the left and right temporal regions were present on inpatient video-EEG monitoring. Seizures were occurring once every 4–8 weeks, but in the last 2 years they had increased to 1–3 times per month. Breakthrough seizures always clustered around her menstrual period. She was once treated with acetazolamide begun the week prior to her menses; however, this was discontinued as her periods had become increasingly irregular over the last 2 years. She is now having frequent hot flashes and night sweats that significantly disrupt her sleep. She brings in a diary in which she has charted her seizures and her menstrual periods. Examples of the months in which a menstrual period occurred with seizures are shown in Fig. 24.1.
Update on eighth edition American Joint Committee on Cancer classification for cutaneous melanoma and overview of potential pitfalls in histological examination of staging parameters

Cutaneous melanoma causes most of the skin cancer deaths in the USA. Melanoma is the fifth most common cancer among men and the sixth most common cancer among women. The incidence of melanoma has risen sharply over the past three decades. In this review, which is informed by our extensive experience at a large cancer centre, we outline the key differences between the tumour, node and metastases staging criteria for cutaneous melanoma in the seventh and eighth editions of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual We also offer advice on how to assess the histophenotypic parameters that are relevant for staging, with a special focus on avoiding potential pitfalls, and how to report all the prognostically and therapeutically relevant histophenotypic parameters. Correct assessment and reporting of these clinically relevant histophenotypic parameters is of outmost importance for practising pathologists because these parameters help treating clinicians select the most appropriate personalised treatment for patients in this era of promising targeted and immunotherapies.
The impact of telemedicine on patient self-management processes and clinical outcomes for patients with Types I or II Diabetes Mellitus in the United States: A scoping review.

Abstract Objective The objective of this scoping review was to identify peer-reviewed medical literature on the use of telemedicine in patients with Types I or II DM in the United States, assess its impact on self-management processes and clinical outcomes of care, and to delineate research gaps. Methods We utilized a structured scoping review protocol to conduct this research. We searched the published medical literature utilizing two databases, PubMed and CINHAL, and we included all original research articles published prior to July 20th, 2018. Using a 4-step systematic approach, we identified, reviewed, extracted and summarized data from all relevant studies. Results We identified 47 articles overall. Telemedicine impact was reported as positive in articles addressing the following components of patient self-management: adherence to blood glucose monitoring, day-to-day decision-making related to self-care, and adherence with medications. The most commonly reported clinical outcome was HbA1c level. Few or no studies evaluated impact on long term clinical outcomes such as blindness, amputation, cardiovascular events, development of chronic kidney disease, or mortality. Discussion This scoping review provides important information about studies conducted in the United States evaluating the impact of telemedicine on patient self-management and on clinical outcomes in patients with DM. Conclusions Results suggest that telemedicine has a positive impact on self-management processes and on HbA1c levels. However, future evaluative reviews are necessary to confirm and quantitate the impact of telemedicine on self-management processes and primary studies are necessary to evaluate its impact on long term clinical outcomes.
Development of alloy coatings by electron beam physical vapour deposition method

Electron beam physical vapour deposition is a reliable technique used to deposit coatings with desired microstructures; however, controlling the chemical composition of the alloy coatings is not si...
Understanding non-accidental trauma in the United States: A national trauma databank study

Abstract Background The purpose of this study is to characterize the epidemiology, injury patterns, outcomes and trends of non-accidental trauma (NAT) in the United States using a large national database. Methods Children Results Of 678,503 children admitted for traumatic injuries, 3% (19,149) were victims of NAT. The majority (95%) were under 5 years and 71% under 1 year old. The majority (59%) were male. The median injury severity score (ISS) was 10 (IQR:5-19). African Americans were disproportionally affected (27% vs 17% of all traumas), and the majority had public or no insurance (85%). Incidence was highest in the midwest and lowest in the northeast regions of the country, although trends varied over time. NAT resulted in 43% of trauma deaths in children Conclusion Non-accidental trauma is a leading cause of trauma mortality in young children. Multiple injuries are common, requiring comprehensive evaluation and early surgical involvement. The data presented in this study could serve as a guide to target injury prevention efforts. Level of evidence III Study type Prognostic and Epidemiological
Summary of Selected Healthcare Encounters among a Selection of Patients with Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy.

OBJECTIVE Research has not examined the use of health care by patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy (MMD), but it would provide insights into this population, which is prone to comorbidities and high service needs. This study is an analysis of this understudied subgroup, using a unique linked dataset to examine the characteristics and healthcare utilization patterns for people with MMD. METHODS This analysis used 3 South Carolina datasets (2009-2014). The subjects included individuals with at least 1 encounter with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code of 359.21. The variables included sex, race, visit type, payer, and diagnoses. The analyses examined characteristics and number of encounters. RESULTS The subjects were predominately female, white, and 45 to 64 years old. A total of 44.6% of the study population had at least 1 inpatient visit, whereas 64.2% had at least 1 emergency department visit. A majority of the subjects had at least 1 office visit (55.0%), and most (85.3%) did not have a home health encounter. CONCLUSIONS Investigation of the reasons for these inpatient and emergency department encounters may be helpful in identifying ways to deliver high-quality care.
Somatropin therapy for children with prader-willi syndrome : guidelines for use.

Prader-Willi syndrome is a neurogenetic disorder that occurs due to the lack of a paternally expressed gene or genes on chromosome 15qll-ql3. Many of the symptoms present in Prader-Willi syndrome are due to a hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. The main characteristics are muscular hypotonia, delayed psychomotor development, insatiable appetite resulting in overweight if a diet is not maintained, compromised growth and puberty resulting in a short final height and incomplete sexual development, respiratory disturbances, and dysmorphic features. Individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome have compromised growth and abnormal body composition with increased fat mass, decreased lean body mass, and low bone density, resembling a growth hormone-deficient status. Somatropin treatment has a beneficial effect on growth with increased final height and an improvement in and maintenance of body composition, as well as a beneficial effect on respiratory functions. Before initiating somatropin therapy, weight should be kept at an appropriate level, and polysomnography, as well as an otorhinolaryngologic examination should be performed. During somatropin therapy, carbohydrate metabolism and the development of scoliosis should be monitored, as well as bodyweight. A comprehensive team to manage the various components of medical, psychologic, and sociologic care is required for individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome.
How faithfully does intramembranous bone regeneration recapitulate embryonic skeletal development

Postnatal intramembranous bone regeneration plays an important role during a wide variety of musculoskeletal regeneration processes such as fracture healing, joint replacement and dental implant surgery, distraction osteogenesis, stress fracture healing, and repair of skeletal defects caused by trauma or resection of tumors. The molecular basis of intramembranous bone regeneration has been interrogated using rodent models of most of these conditions. These studies reveal that signaling pathways such as Wnt, TGFβ/BMP, FGF, VEGF, and Notch are invoked, reminiscent of embryonic development of membranous bone. Discoveries of several skeletal stem cell/progenitor populations using mouse genetic models also reveal the potential sources of postnatal intramembranous bone regeneration. The purpose of this review is to compare the underlying molecular signals and progenitor cells that characterize embryonic development of membranous bone and postnatal intramembranous bone regeneration.
Ipsilateral gaze deviation as a risk factor for surgical overcorrection in two-muscle surgery for unilateral superior oblique palsy.

Purpose To investigate the angle of deviation in various gaze positions as a risk factor for overcorrection of moderate-angle unilateral trochlear nerve palsies treated with two-muscle surgery. Methods The medical records of consecutive patients with presumed unilateral moderate-angle trochlear nerve palsy who underwent two-muscle surgery were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with overcorrection, defined as reversal of hyperdeviation by prism alternate cover testing at distance (straight ahead) or near measured at 6 weeks, were compared to non-overcorrected patients for their preoperative torsion and ocular alignment at near and distance. Results A total of 45 patients (age range, 12-77 years; 24 [53%] males) with deviation ranging from 14Δ to 25Δ in primary position underwent two-muscle surgery, of whom 8 (18%) experienced surgical overcorrection by 6 weeks' follow-up. The preoperative angle of deviation was similar between overcorrected and non-overcorrected patients for eight of nine cardinal distance positions and near gaze; however, patients with smaller deviations in ipsilateral gaze were more likely to be overcorrected with two-muscle surgery (8.5 vs 16.0 [P = 0.029]). Cut point analysis determined that an ipsilateral gaze of ≤9Δ was significantly associated with overcorrection. Greater lateral incomitance also trended toward overcorrection (15.0 vs 9.0 [P = 0.059]). Torsion was not a clinically significant indicator of overcorrection (3.5 vs 6 [P = 0.083]). Conclusions A preoperative ipsilateral angle of ≤9Δ was associated with overcorrection in patients undergoing two-muscle surgery for moderate angle unilateral trochlear nerve palsies.
Performance Characteristics of Hedge Fund Replication Programs

Hedge Fund replication has generated significant academic and practitioner interest in recent years. This interest has been translated into several product offerings by the major investment banks such as Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and J.P Morgan. Replication products generally follow three approaches: security-based replication, factor-based replication and distribution-based replication. This article examines the performance characteristics of various hedge fund replication programs. The results show that the performance of the replication products can vary significantly. The volatilities of the replication programs, as is the case with individual fund volatilities, vary widely as well. The authors conclude that a more robust dataset is necessary to rigorously analyze the performance of these programs.
Thwarting Malicious Assaults on Democracy: A Compelling Role for Big Data Analytics

This paper proposes a patriotic/statesman application for big data analytics. A legal, regulatory and political economy/policy analysis examines malicious assaults on two mechanisms of American democracy. First, counterfeit notice and comment (informal) rulemaking and second, election meddling by adversarial foreign entities. Big data architectures are analyzed under existing law, including, inter alia, election mechanics regulation, administrative procedure as supplemented by prohibitions against fraud, conspiracy, impersonation, and money-laundering. Remediation is proposed (anonymous speech exceptions, social media regulation, mandatory regulator analytical research) as inspired by big data analytics methods, including, inter alia, discovery and marshalling of widely dispersed data, permissions and access barriers to accumulating big data sets, construction of useful data compilations, development of analytical tools - pattern analysis, data provenance, and exposure of opaque relationships.
Obesity, Migraine, and Overlapping Comorbidities in a Rural Pediatric Population

Objective This study aims to report the prevalence of obesity and overlapping comorbidities in a rural population of children and adolescents with migraine. Design and Methods A cross-sectional, descriptive, secondary data analysis using a comprehensive patient database from the West Virginia University (WVU) Medicine Epic Clarity system will be reported. A review of electronic medical records of 990 children and adolescents, ages 7 to 17 years, evaluated for headache at a rural clinic from December 1, 2009 to December 31, 2017 was completed. The Chi-square test was used to identify any differences in demographic characteristics (age, gender, and race) and distribution of comorbidities (obstructive sleep apnea syndrome [OSAS], depression, and anxiety) among obese versus nonobese adolescents with migraine. Student’s t-test was used to identify any differences in the number of comorbidities between the two groups. Results A total of 648 children and adolescents with a diagnosis of migraine were identified. Approximately 26.4% of the children and adolescents diagnosed with migraine (n = 648) met the criteria for being obese with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 30.6 kg/m2 (standard deviation [SD] = 6.5), ranging from 20.0 to 58.5 kg/m2. There were no significant differences between migraineurs who were categorized as obese versus nonobese in terms of gender (p = 0.8587), age (p = 0.1703), race (p = 0.7655), anxiety (p = 0.1841), or depression (p = 0.2793). Obese individuals have more comorbidities than nonobese individuals (p = 0.015). Additionally, the prevalence of OSAS was significantly higher among obese versus nonobese migraineurs (20 vs. 9.9%, p = 0.0007). Conclusion Given the prevalence of obesity in rural pediatric populations and the reported neurobiological links between migraine and obesity, BMI needs to be monitored and weight management interventions included in plans of care for rural children and adolescents with migraine.
Approaches to Drug Sample Differentiation. I: A Conceptual Review

Differentiation of drug samples can be based on at least three different approaches. Conventional methods use qualitative and quantitative determinations of impurities or minor components. Samples may also be differentiated by variations in a naturally occurring isotope such as carbon-13, whose content varies because of differences of carbon fixation conditions for cultivated plant drugs or from differences in reaction conditions for synthesized drugs. A third approach involves the determination of various diastereoisomeric or enantiomeric compositions or both. This last approach also serves an essential purpose in cases where one isomer is under regulation while other(s) may not be. Representative works are reviewed.
THE USE OF SELF-MONITORING AS A TREATMENT INTERVENTION

Publisher Summary This chapter distinguishes the concept of self-monitoring from other activities that describe behaviors in addition to the act of self-monitoring. The term “self-monitoring” is used to describe the systematic recording by the client of his or her own behavior. Self-monitoring is appropriate for having a client report engagement in overt behaviors such as the number of alcoholic drinks consumed per day or acts of self-injurious behavior. It can also be used in having the client monitor internal emotional states such as levels of depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and urges to consume alcohol or engage in some other ineffective strategy. Additionally, clients can also self-monitor homework compliance and/or self-management behavior. For example, one of the essential treatment strategies of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for panic disorder is the use of exposure. Clients are exposed to anxiety-provoking stimuli (imaginal and/or in vivo) during therapy sessions. They are also requested to engage in exposure outside of sessions (i.e., homework). Clients may be asked to report the amount (duration and frequency) of out-of-session exposures. Alternatively, in the treatment Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), clients are asked to keep track of the use of effective and ineffective clinical behaviors. They are asked to report suicidal urges and their behavioral responses to those urges. In other words, the client will give an account of attempts to cope with distressing emotions through skillful behavior such as mindfulness meditation or attempts to self-soothe.
Neurobiological mechanisms of emotionally influenced, long-term memory

Publisher Summary Findings from extensive research involving both human and animal subjects converge on the view that modulation of memory storage for emotionally arousing events occurs, at least in part, by an interaction of endogenous stress hormone systems and the amygdala complex. This chapter discusses the key findings supporting this view, including new evidence from human subject studies. While many different stress hormones have been implicated in memory modulation, including adrenocortical hormones, the focus is on the catecholamines, as they have been most consistently implicated in memory. The chapter also addresses another hypothesis of amygdale function in memory— namely, that the amygdala is the place where Pavlovian fear conditioning associations are formed and permanently stored. The findings in this chapter argues strongly against the view that narrative rehearsal is a sufficient explanation of enhanced memory associated with emotional arousal, and provide additional support for amygdala modulation of memory for emotional material.
Expression of the mitochondrial genome in HeLa cells: XII. Relationship between mitochondrial fast-sedimenting RNA components and ribosomal and 4 s RNA☆

Abstract About 40% of the mitochondrial RNA labeled in a five-minute [5- 3 H]uridine pulse in HeLa cells decays within one minute after blocking further RNA synthesis with ethidium bromide and actinomycin D. The decay involves a sharp decrease in the amount of fast-sedimenting pulse-labeled mitochondrial RNA molecules, which is only in minor part compensated by the accumulation of 16 s, 12 s and 4 s RNA. The data strongly suggest that these discrete species derive from larger precursors and, furthermore, that they are synthesized in a fairly co-ordinate fashion.
A new detector for high-speed swept source optical coherence tomography

Electron-injection detectors are used in a high-speed swept source optical coherence tomography system for the first time. Compared to a commercial p-i-n detector, electron-injection detectors show more than 20 dB higher SNR.
Computational assessment of electron density in metallo-organic nickel pincer complexes for formation of PC bonds.

Hydrophosphination is an atomically efficient method for introducing new carbon-phosphorous bonds in organic synthesis. New late-transition metal catalytic complexes are proposed to facilitate this process. These nickel-based complexes are analyzed using semiempirical (SE), Hartree-Fock (H-F), and density functional theory (DFT) models. H-F proves to be ineffective, while the SE approach has limited, qualitative use. DFT shows electron density at the metal center suitable for catalyzing bond formation in the proposed, reductive hydrophosphination mechanism. It also shows that the pincer complexes under investigation are relatively insensitive to solvent dielectric constant and to the chemical character of the monodentate ligand, both in terms of electron distribution and in terms of molecular orbital energies.
Identification of a new set of cell cycle-regulatory genes that regulate S-phase transcription of histone genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Histone mRNA synthesis is tightly regulated to S phase of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle as a result of transcriptional and posttranscriptional controls. Moreover, histone gene transcription decreases rapidly if DNA replication is inhibited by hydroxyurea or if cells are arrested in G1 by the mating pheromone alpha-factor. To identify the transcriptional controls responsible for cycle-specific histone mRNA synthesis, we have developed a selection for mutations which disrupt this process. Using this approach, we have isolated five mutants (hpc1, hpc2, hpc3, hpc4, and hpc5) in which cell cycle regulation of histone gene transcription is altered. All of these mutations are recessive and belong to separate complementation groups. Of these, only one (hpc1) falls in one of the three complementation groups identified previously by other means (M. A. Osley and D. Lycan, Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:4204-4210, 1987), indicating that at least seven different genes are involved in the cell cycle-specific regulation of histone gene transcription. hpc4 is unique in that derepression occurs only in the presence of hydroxyurea but not alpha-factor, suggesting that at least one of the regulatory factors is specific to histone gene transcription after DNA replication is blocked. One of the hpc mutations (hpc2) suppresses delta insertion mutations in the HIS4 and LYS2 loci. This effect allowed the cloning and sequence analysis of HPC2, which encodes a 67.5-kDa, highly charged basic protein.
Nanoengineered Silica-Polymer Composite Aerogels with No Need for Supercritical Fluid Drying

Owing to their low density, dielectric constant, thermal conductivity, high porosity and chemical inertness, monolithic aerogels could be useful in a variety of electronic, optical and chemical applications [1]. However, practical implementation has been slow, because aerogels are fragile, environmentally sensitive (hydrophilic) and most importantly, the final stage of their preparation involves supercritical fluid (SCF) extraction [1c]. It is reported herewith that for a nominal 3-fold increase in density, typical polymer crosslinked silica aerogels are not only stronger (> 300×) and less hydrophilic (< 10×) than the underlying silica backbone, but they can also withstand the capillary forces exerted upon their nanostructured framework by the residing meniscus of selected solvents, and thus they can be dried under ambient pressure without need for supercritical fluid (SCF) extraction. The best solvent identified for that purpose is pentane, and the resulting aerogels are both microscopically and macroscopically identical to their SCF-CO2 dried counterparts. Being able to dry monolithic crosslinked aerogels without SCF extraction is expected to facilitate their commercial application.
Subjective efficacy and ideal family size as predictors of favorability toward birth control.

This study is an assessment of the relevance of subjective efficacy and ideal family size as predictors of favorability toward birth control. The samples considered are male factory workers in five developing nations. The effects of ideal family size and subjective efficacy are generally strong relative to those of education and the other social variables that are considered. The focus of the study is an analysis of whether subjective efficacy and ideal family size function more as independent determinants or more as intervening variables. Overall these psychological variables function more as independent determinants than as intervening variables, but in some samples these two functions are equally important.
Descending chains of immanants

Abstract The ordering of the immanants is considered, and a recently discovered dominance theorem is strengthened.