cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"If You Don't Have English, You're Just as Good as a Dead Person": A Narrative of Adult English Language Literacy within Post-Apartheid South Africa.

This article centres on the narrative of Thuli, a 62-year-old black South African domestic worker taking English language literacy classes outside of Johannesburg, South Africa. For Thuli, English literacy is of vital importance because, as she claims, “if you don’t have English, you’re just as good as a dead person”. Drawing primarily on the methodology of narrative inquiry, this article employs human narratives to expose the links between individual, social and political histories. Specifically, it centres on the life narratives of Thuli and the ways in which her stories are integrated into the complex history of language learning and adult education within South Africa. Utilising these coexisting histories and HERstories, the author of this article seeks to understand the multiple forces that impact a learner such as Thuli to become literate in English. By highlighting Thuli’s narrative as well as demonstrating the roles that both the author as the researcher and Thuli as the narrator play in the creation of her narrative, the author attempts to exhibit the power of the narrative in further understanding nuances of language, power and identity. Moreover, the author ventures to expose the ways in which the links between these concepts continue to affect adult learners in postcolonial South African adult basic education (ABE) and language learning. Finally, the author links Thuli’s experience to two of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), namely Quality education (SDG4) and Gender equality (SDG5). In addition, the author attempts to reveal how the links between both goals are missing in policy documents. Using this narrative as an example of the complexity of English within South African ABE, what becomes apparent are the ways in which the desire to learn English is both individually nuanced and laden with historically (re)produced ideologies.
Characteristics of Colon-Derived Uremic Solutes.

Background and objectives Colon microbial metabolism produces solutes that are normally excreted in the urine and accumulate in the plasma when the kidneys fail. This study sought to further identify and characterize human colon-derived uremic solutes. Design, setting, participants, & measurements Colon-derived solutes normally excreted in the urine were identified by comparing urine from controls ( n =17) and patients with total colectomies ( n =12), using an established metabolomic platform. Colon-derived solutes that accumulate in kidney failure were then identified by comparing the plasma of the control patients with that of patients on dialysis ( n =14). Results Ninety-one urinary solutes were classified as colon-derived on the basis of the finding of a urine excretion rate at least four-fold higher in control patients than in patients with total colectomies. Forty-six were solutes with known chemical structure, 35 of which had not previously been identified as colon-derived. Sixty of the colon-derived solutes accumulated in the plasma of patients with ESKD to a degree greater than urea and were therefore classified as uremic. The estimated urinary clearance for 27 out of the 32 colon-derived solutes for which clearance could be calculated exceeded that of creatinine, consistent with tubular secretion. Sulfatase treatment revealed that 42 out of the 91 colon-derived solutes detected were likely conjugates. Conclusions Metabolomic analysis identified numerous colon-derived solutes that are normally excreted in human urine. Clearance by tubular secretion limits plasma levels of many colon-derived solutes.
Disruption of Frontal Lobe Neural Synchrony During Cognitive Control by Alcohol Intoxication

Decision making relies on dynamic interactions of distributed, primarily frontal brain regions. Extensive evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies indicates that the anterior cingulate (ACC) and the lateral prefrontal cortices (latPFC) are essential nodes subserving cognitive control. However, because of its limited temporal resolution, fMRI cannot accurately reflect the timing and nature of their presumed interplay. The present study combines distributed source modeling of the temporally precise magnetoencephalography (MEG) signal with structural MRI in the form of "brain movies" to: (1) estimate the cortical areas involved in cognitive control ("where"), (2) characterize their temporal sequence ("when"), and (3) quantify the oscillatory dynamics of their neural interactions in real time. Stroop interference was associated with greater event-related theta (4 - 7 Hz) power in the ACC during conflict detection followed by sustained sensitivity to cognitive demands in the ACC and latPFC during integration and response preparation. A phase-locking analysis revealed co-oscillatory interactions between these areas indicating their increased neural synchrony in theta band during conflict-inducing incongruous trials. These results confirm that theta oscillations are fundamental to long-range synchronization needed for integrating top-down influences during cognitive control. MEG reflects neural activity directly, which makes it suitable for pharmacological manipulations in contrast to fMRI that is sensitive to vasoactive confounds. In the present study, healthy social drinkers were given a moderate alcohol dose and placebo in a within-subject design. Acute intoxication attenuated theta power to Stroop conflict and dysregulated co-oscillations between the ACC and latPFC, confirming that alcohol is detrimental to neural synchrony subserving cognitive control. It interferes with goal-directed behavior that may result in deficient self-control, contributing to compulsive drinking. In sum, this method can provide insight into real-time interactions during cognitive processing and can characterize the selective sensitivity to pharmacological challenge across relevant neural networks.
Daily Intake of Sodium and Potassium Among Diverse US Hispanics/Latinos, the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

BACKGROUND High sodium and low potassium consumption are risk factors for hypertension. The objectives of this study were to describe usual daily intake of sodium and potassium among US Hispanics/Latinos of diverse background groups and estimate the proportion meeting guidelines for dietary sodium and potassium intake. METHODS We studied 16,171 participants of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL), a diverse group of self-identified Hispanics/Latinos aged 18-74 years from 4 US communities. In 2008-2011, all HCHS/SOL participants underwent a standardized examination. Median usual daily intake of dietary sodium and potassium were derived from two 24-hour diet recalls; standard errors and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using boot strap methods. Meeting 2015 US Department of Agriculture guidelines was defined as an intake of <2,300 mg/day of sodium and ≥4,700 mg/day of potassium. RESULTS Among US Hispanics/Latinos, median usual daily intake of sodium was 2,574 mg (95% CI: 2,547, 2,600) among women and 3,747 mg (95% CI: 3,697, 3,796) among men. Median usual daily intake of potassium was 2,069 mg (95% CI: 2,046, 2,092) among women and 2,649 mg (95% CI: 2,615, 2,683) among men. Overall, only 21.3% (95% CI: 20.2%, 22.4%) of the US Hispanic/Latino population met 2015 recommendations for sodium and 0.6% (95% CI: 0.4%, 0.8%) for potassium. CONCLUSIONS Among US Hispanics/Latinos intake of sodium is too high and potassium too low. Strategies to reduce sodium intake while simultaneously increasing intake of potassium in this US population are warranted.
schema.org and Semantic Markup

Since schema.org is a joint effort by Google, Bing and Yahoo!, it has been viewed as a signal of mainstream support for the idea of the Semantic Web. As a well-accepted ontology for common things in life, since its first release in June 2011, it has been constantly making a significant difference in the application world. What does this mean to developers who work on the Semantic Web? What possibilities are now open for new applications and new ideas?
The science of learning and development: Entering a new frontier of human development theory, research, and application

The study of human development is emerging into a new era of theory-predicated methodological innovation in research and application. The Spotlight Series on the Science of Learning and Development...
Development of a Disease-Specific Utility Instrument for Hemophilia.

Research has shown that disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instruments are more responsive than generic instruments to particular disease conditions. However, only a few studies have used disease-specific instruments to measure HRQoL in hemophilia. The goal of this project was to develop a disease-specific utility instrument that measures patient preferences for various hemophilia health states. The visual analog scale (VAS), a ranking method, and the standard gamble (SG), a choice-based method incorporating risk, were used to measure patient preferences. Study participants (n=128) were recruited from the UT/Gulf States Hemophilia and Thrombophilia Center and stratified by age: 0 – 18 years and 19 +. Test retest reliability was demonstrated for both VAS and SG instruments, overall within-subject correlation coefficients were 0.91 and 0.79, respectively. Results showed statistically significant differences in responses between pediatric and adult participants when using the SG (p=.045). However, no significant differences were shown between these groups when using the VAS (p=.636). When responses to VAS and SG instruments were compared, statistically significant differences in both pediatric (p
Nociceptive neurons respond to multimodal stimuli in Manduca sexta.

The caterpillar Manduca sexta produces a highly stereotyped strike behavior in response to noxious thermal or mechanical stimuli to the abdomen. This rapid movement is targeted to the site of the stimulus, but the identities of the nociceptive sensory neurons are currently unknown. It is also not known if both mechanical and thermal stimuli are detected by the same neurons. Here we show that the likelihood of a strike increases with the strength of the stimulus and that activity in nerves innervating the body wall increases rapidly in response to noxious stimuli. Both mechanical and thermal stimuli to the dorsal body wall activate the same sensory unit suggesting it represents a multimodal neuron. This is further supported by the effects of rapidly repeated thermal or mechanical stimuli which cause a depression of neuronal responsiveness that is generalized across modalities. Mapping the receptive fields of neurons responding to strong thermal stimuli indicate that these multimodal, nociceptive units are produced by class γ multi-dendritic neurons in the body wall.
The action of a BK channel opener.

Rockman et al. in this issue of JGP describe how NS11021 opens BK channels, which make the compound a better tool to probe physiological roles and gating mechanisms of BK channels.
Intellectual developmental disorder with cardiac arrhythmia syndrome in a family caused by GNB5 variation and literature review

Objective: To explore the clinical characteristics of intellectual developmental disorder with cardiac arrhythmia syndrome (IDDCA) in a family caused by GNB5 gene variation and to review the literature. Methods: The clinical and genetic data of an infant with IDDCA, who visited Shenzhen Children's Hospital in September 2018, were collected and analyzed. His parents' and brother's gene analysis was also done by the next-generation sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Related literature up to March 2020 was searched in Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), PubMed, CNKI and Wanfang databases with "GNB5" "IDDCA" "LADCI" "intellectual developmental disorder with cardial arrhythmia" "language delay and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder or cognitive impairment with or without cardiac arrhythmia" as the key words. The related papers were retrieved and analyzed to summarize the clinical and genetic characteristics of this disorder. Results: The proband was an 11-month-old boy who presented with mental and motor developmental retardation, accompanied with convulsion and muscle weakness. Sinus arrest was also detected. His electroencephalogram (EEG) and flash visual evoked potential (FVEP) were both abnormal. Genetic analysis identified the homozygous frameshift variation of GNB5 gene (c.136delG, p.Glu46Argfs*8) in this infant and heterozygous variation in his parents, confirmed the diagnosis of IDDCA. The same GNB5 variation was identified in his brother, who was 4 years and 8 months old and had developed the similar clinical manifestations after birth. There were only 7 papers reporting this disease in the literature review, with a total of 27 patients from 14 families. Including these 2 cases, there were 29 patients in total, whose age of diagnosis ranged from 5.5 months to 23 years. Among all the patients, 20 cases (69%) were diagnosed as IDDCA, while 8 cases (28%) as LADCI; and 11 (38%) were males while 18 (62%) females. Regarding the clinical features, 66% (19/29) had mental retardation, 41% (12/29) had seizures, 79% (23/29) developed language delay and 62%（18/29） had sinus node dysfunction. Genetic tests showed that 4 patients from 3 families had complex heterozygous variation, and 25 patients (86%) from 12 families had homozygous variation. Seventeen patients from 8 families were consanguineous. Among the total 12 variations, there were 4 nonsense, 3 frameshift, 2 missense and 2 shear mutations, and 1 shear disorder caused by synonymous mutation. Conclusions: IDDCA caused by GNB5 gene variations mainly manifests as general developmental delay or severe mental retardation, and sinus node dysfunction. GNB5 associated syndromes have phenotypic heterogeneity and are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.
Climate change impacts to ports and maritime supply chains

Climate change poses significant threats to global security and trade. This special issue identifies key challenges faced by ports and supply chains from climate change over the next century, with ...
Entropic dynamics: a hybrid-contextual model of quantum mechanics

The Bell–Kochen–Specker (BKS) theorem and the more recent $$\psi $$ -epistemic no-go theorems of Quantum Mechanics (QM) are discussed in the context of entropic dynamics. In doing so we find that the BKS theorem allows for, a perhaps overlooked, hybrid-contextual model of QM in which one set of commuting observables (position in this case) is non-contextual and all other observables are contextual. Entropic Dynamics is in a unique position as compared to other foundational theories of QM because it derives QM using standard techniques in Bayesian probability theory. In this formalism, position is the preferred basis from which inferences about other contextual operators are made. This leads to the interpretation that Entropic Dynamics is a hybrid-contextual model of QM, which we show to be consistent with the BKS theorem and QM.
Establishing the role of the pharmacist in mental health: Implementing Mental Health First Aid into the doctor of pharmacy core curriculum.

Abstract Introduction The objective of this study was to assess the impact of implementing Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) training in a doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) curriculum on student pharmacists' knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and empathy towards people with mental health conditions and/or crises. Methods Participants were third-year PharmD students enrolled in Patient Care Experience, a required communication and ethics course. A survey was administered pre- and post-intervention (i.e. MHFA training). Student pharmacist self-efficacy in assisting someone developing a mental health condition or in crisis was evaluated using confidence measures from the MHFA action plan. Knowledge was measured using Mental Health Knowledge Statements. Attitudes were assessed with the Index of Attitudes Towards Mental Illness, and stigma was evaluated using the Social Distancing Scale. Empathy was measured with the Kiersma-Chen Empathy Scale. Results Both pre- and post-intervention surveys were completed by 97 of 135 participants (71.9% response rate). MHFA training resulted in significantly increased self-efficacy and empathy. There were no significant differences in knowledge, attitudes, and stigma. Conclusions MHFA training was associated with increases in student pharmacist empathy and self-efficacy in providing support to individuals with mental health crises.
Factors that Influence Farm Safety Decisions of Young Adults when Entering Agricultural Grain Bins.

Highlights A grain handling scenario-based survey was administered to college students studying agriculture. Participants chose an action after reading each scenario and ranked factors affecting their decision-making. Most participants chose a “safe” option and claimed to value their personal safety when making decisions. Parental authority and pressure had little influence on participants‘ decisions to enter grain bins. Abstract. The approaches that parents take in the supervision of youth who perform hazardous tasks on family farms can affect youth safety outcomes. This research examines the most significant factors affecting youths‘ decisions to enter agricultural grain storage facilities. Over 200 students attending a Midwestern land-grant university who had grain bin experience as youth completed a decision-making survey. Students chose from a list of actions in three realistic but hypothetical scenarios involving grain bin entry. Afterward, they ranked factors according to the level of importance in their decision. Although most participants chose options that emphasized safety when answering the scenario questions and held the “personal safety” factor in highest regard, some chose higher-risk options and valued “productivity.” The findings revealed that youth held little value in their parents‘ authority and pressure when making decisions related to grain bin entry. The study‘s limitations are addressed, as are the implications of these findings for youth safety outcomes on family farms.
A Correlation Between Shoeprint Measurements and Actual Sneaker Size

Any correlation of shoeprint to sneaker size must first begin with an examination of sneaker measurements and their relationship to sneaker size. Once this has been established, the relationship between sneaker size and shoeprint measurements in various receiving surfaces can be examined. The purpose then, of this paper, is to form some frame of reference to equate shoeprint to sneaker size.
The Puzzle of Olfactory Sensitivity in Birds

Serious, if sporadic, research on olfaction in birds has been underway for at least three decades. This current era began with Michelsen’s (1959) report of success in training pigeons to discriminate between two odors, and soon burgeoned with Bang’s (1960, 1971) landmark analyses of olfactory epithelial and bulbar sizes in all avian orders. Inspiration for these investigators came directly from Cobb (1960), who had called attention to the large variation in olfactory bulb prominence throughout Aves and urged consideration of its behavioral significance. Reports of olfactory nerve (Tucker, 1965) and bulb (Wenzel, 1966) responses, as well as respiratory and cardiac changes (Neuhaus, 1963; Wenzel, 1966), in several species to odor stimuli, and of odor tracking by Turkey Vultures (Cathartes aura) in the field (Stager, 1964), completed the key evidence for a functional avian olfactory system.
Localized Genital Edema in Patients Undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

AbstractLocalized genital edema occurred in 8 of 81 patients (10 per cent) undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Underlying causes included defects in the inguinal canal and noninguinal peritoneal leaks that were localized with clinical, radiographic and scintigraphic techniques. Management included temporary cessation of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis exchanges in half of the patients, particularly those with recently inserted catheters. Surgical repair was recommended in all cases when inguinal defects were identified. Edema resolved permanently in 6 patients and all patients were able to remain on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
Dispossession and empowerment in the ethnography of Palestinians in the occupied territories

This article is a review of two recent ethnographies on Palestinians in the West Bank: Resistance, Repression, and Gender Politics in Occupied Palestine and Jordan, by Frances Hasso (2005), and Law, Violence and Sovereignty Among West Bank Palestinian by Tobias Kelly (2006). Hasso examines the significant and unique role of women in organizing the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine in the Occupied Territories, as compared to Jordan, while Kelly examines the jurisdictional and practical problems of labor disputes for male workers in a West Bank village. The two books exemplify how ethnographies of Palestinians in the Occupied Territories oscillate between documenting dispossession and empowerment.
Determination of the valence band dispersions for Bi2Se3 using angle resolved photoemission

The valence band dispersions for Bi2Se3 have been determined using angle resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. The experimentally determined band dispersions are compared with theoretical band structure calculations. In general, good agreement between experiment and theory was found. However, energy bands in the Γ-Z direction are significantly flatter than those predicted by theory.
3-DOF Admittance Control Robotic Arm with a 3D Virtual Game for facilitated training of the hemiparetic hand

The “3-DOF Admittance Control Robotic Arm with a 3D Virtual Game” is a senior capstone design project for the New Jersey Institute of Technology. This robotic arm is designed for facilitated training of the hemiparetic hand i.e. for patients in need for rehabilitation of their upper extremities. The virtual 3D game is an interactive environment that will track the movements of the robotic arm. In this paper, the software architecture and robot platform is presented. A basic overview of system flow is as follows: a user positions their finger into the end effector of the robotic arm and presses on a strain gauge to input a force; this force is feed into the admittance control paradigm to produce a coordinate position; this position is relayed to the game to move the game cursor accordingly and into an inverse kinematics algorithm that calculates the angles for this position; finally these angles are feed into motors that make up the 3-degrees of freedom for the robotic arm to move the links to this position.
Identification of Mutations in Zebrafish Using Next-Generation Sequencing

Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has been used in many invertebrate model organisms as an efficient tool for mapping and identification of mutations affecting particular morphological or physiological processes. However, the application of WGS in highly polymorphic, larger genomes of vertebrates has required new experimental and analytical approaches. As a consequence, a wealth of different analytical tools has been developed. As the generation and analysis of data stemming from WGS can be unwieldy and daunting to researchers not accustomed to many common bioinformatic analyses and Unix-based computational tools, we focus on how to manage and analyze next-generation sequencing datasets without an extensive computational infrastructure and in-depth bioinformatic knowledge. Here we describe methods for the analysis of WGS for use in mapping and identification of mutations in the zebrafish. We stress key elements of the experimental design and the analytical approach that allow the use of this method across different sequencing platforms and in different model organisms with annotated genomes. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 104:7.13.1-7.13.33. C � 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Why nearly all PET of abdominal and pelvic cancers will be performed as PET/CT.

Clinical experience at Johns Hopkins and published literature regarding PET/CT applications in the abdomen and pelvis are reviewed, and the strengths and limitations of this evolving technology are summarized. More than 2,700 whole-body PET/CT scans including the abdomen and pelvis were performed for clinical indications by our nuclear medicine service from June 2001 through September 2003. Indications for these studies are reviewed, and our clinical impressions of diagnostic advantages and limitations of PET/CT are reported. Of the >2,700 whole-body PET/CT scans performed at our institution, >90% were for known or suspected cancers. Primary abdominopelvic indications were second in frequency to thoracic indications. In addition, a comprehensive literature search was performed, and key articles related to PET/CT in the abdomen and pelvis were identified, reviewed, and summarized. Under the search term “PET/CT,” 142 articles were identified under the National Library of Medicine Pub Med database, and a number of general findings are summarized. Conclusion: PET/CT allows for the accurate localization of foci of radiotracer uptake and their separation from normal structures. In our experience, the method is quantitatively accurate, rapid, and easily implemented, including contrast studies, in clinical practice in a wide range of abdominopelvic indications. Although artifacts can occur from a variety of causes, close attention to protocol details and patient immobilization reduces their frequency. Where systematically studied, PET/CT improves diagnostic accuracy compared with PET alone. It is anticipated that PET/CT will increasingly become the routine and preferred procedure for abdominopelvic evaluations with PET imaging. It has already become the preferred method at our center.
The Stork–Danheiser Kinetic Alkylation Procedure: 3‐Ethoxy‐6‐methyl‐2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one

The Stork–Danheiser kinetic alkylation procedure: 3-Ethoxy-6-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one product: 3-ethoxy-6-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one Keywords: alkylation, C-alkylation; diisopropylamine; lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), preparation of; tetrahydrofuran
Pin Worms Presenting as Suspected Crohn's Disease

Patient: Female, 24 Final Diagnosis: Pinworms infection Symptoms: Abdominal pain • bloating Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Colonoscopy and biopsy Specialty: Gastroenterology and Hepatology Objective: Rare disease Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is well recognized in developed countries and is generally among the differential diagnoses of young patients presenting with refractory diarrhea once other more common etiologies have been excluded. Pinworm infections, on the other hand, are not as common among adults in the United States. Case Report: Based on computed tomography features, a 24-year-old female patient with a history of multiple autoimmune disorders presented with abdominal pain and was diagnosed recently with Crohn’s disease. Colonoscopy was significant for pinworms seen throughout the colon. Colonic biopsy was negative for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-related changes. Conclusions: The diagnosis of IBD is a serious label that requires biopsy confirmation before committing to possibly lifelong treatment and possible adverse effects. Even in the most typical patient and when the presentation and imaging are classical, uncommon conditions (like Enterobius infection in this case) may preclude appropriate diagnosis and management.
SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING IN MENTAL HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH WORLDWIDE: AN INTRODUCTION

In this introduction to a special issue, the author suggests that a third generation of research on subjective well-being has emerged that is focused on health and human development as the presence of well-being (i.e., health) and not merely the absence of illness, disease, and developmental deficiencies. In turn, this article describes the construct of subjective well-being, its historical ties to the aftermath of World War II and the creation of the National Institute of Mental Health, its conceptual foundations, and empirical evidence supporting the view that it consists of two theoretical traditions – hedonia and eudaimonia. The nearly 50 years of research on subjective well-being has yielded as many as 13 distinct dimensions of subjective well-being in the United States. Consequently, new directions in subjective well-being are emerging such as the study of mental health as a complete state, which suggest the need for greater scientific attention to the integration of hedonic and eudaimonic measures and theory.
Three big British ideas for Afghanistan

Afghanistan still poses a real threat to the UK but this is not the moment to cut and run. New – big – thinking is required if Britain is to help break out of the current cycle of doom and defeatism that is afflicting too much of the Coalition effort, says Julian Lindley-French
Detection of ∼103 copies of DNA by an electrochemical enzyme-amplified sandwich assay with ambient O2 as the substrate

The electrochemical sandwich-type, enzyme-amplified assay of Zhang, Kim, and Heller (Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 3267−3269) was simplified by replacing the amplifying horseradish peroxidase with bilirubin oxidase (BOD). BOD catalyzes the reduction of ambient O2 to water and obviates the need for adding H2O2. Femtomolar (10-15 M) concentrations of DNA were detected at a 10-μm-diameter tip of a carbon fiber electrode. Correspondingly, a few thousand copies of DNA were detected in ∼5-μL samples. The sandwich is formed in an electron-conducting redox hydrogel, to the polymer of which a DNA capture sequence is bound. Capture of the analyte DNA and its hybridization with a BOD-labeled complementary DNA sequence, electrically connects the BOD label to the electron-conducting redox polymer, which is in electrical contact with the electrode. Placing the BOD in contact with the redox polymer thus converts the noncatalytic base layer into a catalyst for the electroreduction of O2 to water at +0.12 V (vs Ag/AgCl) (Figure 1...
Frequency of paradoxical effect with caspofungin in Candida albicans

To the editor, In their article regarding the paradoxical growth effect with echinocandins, Fleischhacker et al. [1], discussing their findings with caspofungin, state: “Stevens et al. did not demonstrate [a paradoxical effect, i.e., growth in concentrations above an apparent MIC] in a ... group of C. albicans isolates...,” citing two of our papers [2, 3]. However, in our original description of the paradoxical effect with caspofungin [2], we reported the phenomenon in two sets of C. albicans isolates, 16% of 25 isolates and 18% of 17 isolates, and in the later paper studying the mechanism [3], we had expanded the study of frequency to 65 isolates, of which 22% had shown the effect. In our most recently published update [4], we reported the frequency as 17% of 102 C. albicans isolates studied at that point. We have presently studied 113 isolates, and have found the caspofungin paradoxical effect (as we defined it [2]) in 15% of C. albicans isolates. Fleischhacker et al. [1] reported it in 14% of 101 C. albicans isolates studied with caspofungin.
Terrestrial gamma ray flashes observed aboard the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory/Burst and Transient Source Experiment and ELF/VLF radio atmospherics

[1] During its 9-year lifetime in orbit, the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) detector, aboard the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) spacecraft, observed a total of 76 terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs). Of these, simultaneous broadband ELF/VLF data from Palmer Station, Antarctica, were found to be available for six new TGF cases in addition to two previously reported cases (Inan et al., 1996). Analysis of temporal and directional association between radio atmospherics and TGFs reveals solid evidence of an associated radio atmospheric in three of the six events. In one of the three cases with associated radio atmospherics, three consecutive TGFs are apparently linked to three consecutive radio atmospherics. A fourth case exhibits possible evidence of geomagnetically conjugate source lightning. Statistical analyses indicate that when TGFs occur in association with a lightning discharge, they occur ∼1–3 ms after the causative lightning event.
Detecting temperature oscillation in a silicon liquid bridge

Abstract An attempt was made to detect temperature oscillation in a vertical liquid bridge of molten silicon with a rapid-response optical pyrometer without trying to measure the absolute value of the temperature itself. The liquid bridge was held between a Si rod and a BN rod that was surrounded and heated by a graphite heater, both rods were 12.7 mm in diameter. Thermocapillary convection predominated in the liquid bridge. Temperature oscillation was detected in a liquid bridge 10 mm high and 30°C warmer at the bottom than at the top, corresponding to a Marangoni number of 7.2×10 3 . The oscillation was slow and wavy at about 0.06 Hz and was superimposed by spikes of about 1.5 Hz. Frequencies observed previously in floating-zone crystal growth of some low Pr materials were mentioned.
VI. Trigeminal neuralgia: its present status in dental and neurological surgery

Abstract Trigeminal neuralgia is a disease of common interest to the dental surgeon and the neurological surgeon. It can be recognized by its characteristic symptoms: there are brief but terrible episodes of unilateral lancinating facial pain brought on by stimulation of trigger zones. Other causes of facial pain may usually be excluded, and it is important to avoid treating such other diseases by the methods of value in trigeminal neuralgia. Temporary relief can be provided by injection of alcohol into the nerve trunks involved or by avulsion. Such temporary measures should precede definitive operation. Retrogasserian neurectomy and trigeminal tractotomy are reliable methods which offer permanent relief to sufferers from trigeminal neuralgia.
An Excitation System for Piston Attenuators

The problems of mode purity and the interaction effect generally necessitate a large insertion loss in precision waveguide-below-cutoff (piston) attenuators to obtain a linear output. An attenuator excitation system, used on a precision attenuation measuring system, that reduces these problems is described. Experimental work as well as theoretical considerations are discussed and designs are presented that have produced out-put voltages of the piston attenuator greater than 1 V while still maintaining a linearity of 0.001 dB as a function of piston position. This has been accomplished by 1) operating with large input power (100-200 W), 2) development of new exciting units with improved geometry for better field excitation and utilizing water-cooled elements for high-power operation, 3) special impedance matching networks having exceptional stability with high power input, 4) use of current feedback to achieve effectively constant current excitation, and 5) a mode filter that attenuates the undesired TM 01 mode 98 dB while attenuating the desired TE 11 mode only 0.2 dB.
Pulmonary surfactants — Physicochemical aspects

There have been no breakthroughs in the physicochemical studies of pulmonary surfactants in the past two years, only steady advances by a rather small group of dedicated specialists who concentrate most of their research efforts on these materials. Some of the inadequate surface chemical techniques employed in earlier studies continue to be used and render conclusions drawn to be somewhat unreliable.
SU‐FF‐T‐317: Options for SURLAS Design Modification Due to the Impact of Ultrasound Nonlinear Propagation

Purpose: To study the impact of acoustic nonlinear propagation on the operation of a Scanning Ultrasound Reflector — Linear Arrays System (SURLAS) and determine possible options to modify its existing design. Method and Materials: The SURLAS is a superficial ultrasound hyperthermia system for the delivery of simultaneous (and sequential) thermoradiotherapy. Heat is delivered by dual‐frequency scanned planar ultrasound while radiation is delivered with external beam radiation. Compatibility between the SURLAS and a Linac requires an applicator design where ultrasound waves (1) are of higher intensity and (2) travel longer distances than usual. Hence, ultrasound waves, especially from a 4.9 MHz array may be affected by nonlinear propagation (i.e., finite amplitude effects) which causes a dramatic increase in ultrasonic attenuation in the water coupling medium inside the applicator. Ultrasound propagation for the SURLAS applicator was analyzed to identify possible options in design modification to minimize the impact of nonlinear propagation on acoustic output. Results: Results are given in terms of limits on maximum power output (MPO), maximum traveling distance (MTD), and maximum frequency (MF) that could be used for hyperthermia delivery. The effects of these parameters on the applicator's design and performance, along with options for adjusting its current design, are discussed. Conclusion: A compromise must be reached between MTD and MF for a given required MPO. For example, for a typical chest wall for a frequency of 4.9 MHz, the MTD must be < 11.2 cm. If the current distance of 16 cm is kept, the MF must be < 2.15 MHz. In sum, this work suggests potential solutions for the SURLAS applicator design for specific treatment sites in order to provide sufficient and sustainable heating of tissue during simultaneous thermoradiotherapy. Support: NIH grant R01‐CA63121
Confirmation of Hypoglycemia in the “Dead-In-Bed” Syndrome, as Captured by a Retrospective Continuous Glucose Monitoring System

Objective: To report a case that substantiates the presence of hypoglycemia at the time of death of a young man with type 1 diabetes, who was found unresponsive in his undisturbed bed in the mornin...
Psychiatric interviews with pediatric gunshot patients.

PROBLEM. To understand the life experiences of gunshot-irzjured children to obtain information about predisposing factors to injuy. METHODS. A pilot study of 16 hospitalized clzildren (14 males, 2 females) between the ages of 11 and 15 who sustained gunshot injuries. Each child was psychiatrically assessed on a medical inpatient unit after sustaining a gunshot injury to assess the rate of acute stress disorder and other comorbid psyclziatric diagnoses. FINDINGS. Findings showed gunshot-injured children had a 56% rate of acute stress disorder, and 68% had a past psychiatric history. CONCLUSIONS. Gunshot-injured children require psychiatric intervention to minimize the long-term effects of acute stress disorder. Further researck is needed to clarify the relationship of gunshot-injury and dysfunctional behaziior and develop effective treatment options.
A Biophysically Based Dermatopharmacokinetic Compartment Model for Quantifying Percutaneous Penetration and Absorption of Topically Applied Agents. I. Theory

We present a general comprehensive mathematical model to stimulate and predict percutaneous absorption and subsequent disposition of chemicals in vivo that is chiefly based on biophysical parameters estimated or measured with in vitro and ex vivo perfused skin preparations. Current physicochemical principles of drug diffusion and partitioning across the skin barrier, solute and solvent concentration dynamics, the influence of solute and solvent on the stratum corneum barrier, and dynamic vascular perfusion effects are integrated in this model. Such a comprehensive approach is necessary to achieve optimal biological relevance in a quantitative model of percutaneous absorption, particularly when a chemical is applied as a binary (solute and solvent) or more complex formulation or chemical mixture. The proposed model should have applications in (a) designing drugs and permeation enhancers for passive or active (e.g., electrically assisted) transdermal drug delivery, (b) assessing the systemic exposure of topical drugs used in dermatology, and (c) integration into other mathematical models being developed to assess the risk after topical exposure to mixtures of environmental pollutants. We also have included experimental data to provide a preliminary illustration of the performance of the model.
A Computer Data Base System for Indexing Research Papers

A set of computer programs has been developed that allows the cataloging, classifying, retrieval, and editing of citations of research papers through the use of a computer terminal. The system is designed to help the user organize, edit, file, and retrieve copies of research papers. The program allows the user to list alphabetically (by first author) all references stored and retrieve them through the computer terminal or hard-copy printing device. A major advantage of implementing a system for personal copies of research papers is that it allows the user to consider the references as forming a research data base and allows the user to search through them using new search strategies. The key-word mode allows the user to select up to six key words (up to 16 characters each). The key words are then extracted whenever they appear in either the key-word index or the title of the research paper. The extracted record is then printed (hard copy) or appears on the computer display terminal (at the option of the user). The record appearing lists the author, record number, file code, publication date, title, publication name, volume and page number, and up to six key words.
Specification partitioning for system design

The authors focus on the goal of partitioning a behavior to satisfy chip-capacity constraints while considering system-performance constraints. A hardware implementation is assumed with a uniform chip technology. A new approach is introduced which partitions entire computations of a behavioral specification, such as processes and procedures, into chip behavioral specifications. The usefulness of the approach was demonstrated. The results of partitioning several examples using the specification partitioning tool being developed are provided. >
Use of the monoplane intracardiac imaging probe in high-risk infants during congenital heart surgery.

UNLABELLED Imaging options are limited in high-risk infants with small or abnormal oropharyngeal anatomy during congenital heart surgery. METHODS All cases in which the monoplane intracardiac echo probe was used for transesophageal intraoperative imaging over a 15-month period at a single institution were reviewed. RESULTS Eleven patients underwent intraoperative imaging using the intracardiac probe. Patient weight ranged from 1.96 kg to 4 kg. Adequate images of the anatomy relevant to the surgical repair were obtained in all cases. No adverse events related to probe use occurred. CONCLUSION Transesophageal echocardiography using the monoplane intracardiac echo probe provides safe and effective imaging in patients who are not candidates for standard transesophageal echocardiography.
Associations Between Use of the Hospitalist Model and Quality of Care and Outcomes of Older Patients Hospitalized for Heart Failure

Objectives This study sought to examine the associations of hospitalist and cardiologist care of patients with heart failure with outcomes and adherence to quality measures. Background The hospitalist model of inpatient care has grown nationally, but its associations with quality of care and outcomes of patients hospitalized with heart failure are not known. Methods We analyzed data from the Get With the Guidelines-Heart Failure registry linked to Medicare claims for 2005 through 2008. For each hospital, we calculated the percentage of heart failure hospitalizations for which a hospitalist was the attending physician. We examined outcomes and care quality for patients stratified by rates of hospitalist use. Using multivariable models, we estimated associations between hospital-level use of hospitalists and cardiologists and 30-day risk-adjusted outcomes and adherence to measures of quality care. Results The analysis included 31,505 Medicare beneficiaries in 166 hospitals. Across hospitals, the use of hospitalists varied from 0% to 83%. After multivariable adjustment, a 10% increase in the use of hospitalists was associated with a slight increase in mortality (risk ratio: 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00 to 1.06) and decrease in length of stay (0.09 days; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.16). There was no association with 30-day readmission. Increased use of hospitalists in hospitals with high use of cardiologists was associated with improved defect-free adherence to a composite of heart failure performance measures (risk ratio: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.06). Conclusions Hospitalist care varied significantly across hospitals for heart failure admissions and was not associated with improved 30-day outcomes. Comanagement by hospitalists and cardiologists may help to improve adherence to some quality measures, but it remains unclear what care model improves 30-day clinical outcomes.
Systematics of the genus Striatocorpus (Krutsch 1970) Farabee et al. 1991

Abstract Recent morphological analysis of Triprojectacites indicates the need to elevate the subgenus Striatocorpus Krutzsch to the generic level. The combination of parallel striae and an angled (V‐shaped in equatorial view) “heteropolar”; body are unique to Striatocorpus among all Triprojectacites thus far examined. The known stratigraphic range of Striatocorpus is from upper Campanian to middle Maastrichtian in the western United States, Canada, Siberia, and northern China. Species included are Striatocorpus kurtos (Zhou & Wang) comb. nov., S. pyriformis (Norton) Farabee, and S. striatus (Funkhouser) comb. nov. We propose that Striatocorpus evolved from parallel‐striate, non‐angled‐body, long‐colpate pollen similar to Translucentipollis plicatillis Chlonova. Alternate hypotheses are also discussed and evaluated.
Service quality, profitability, and the economic worth of customers: What we know and what we need to learn

In the past, expenditures on quality have not been explicitly linked to profits because costs and savings were the only variables on which information was available. More recently, evidence about the profit consequences of service quality stemming from other sources has been found. This article synthesizes recent evidence and identifies relationships between service quality and profits that have been and need to be examined. The article views the literature in six categories: (1) direct effects of service quality on profits; (2) offensive effects; (3) defensive effects; (4) the link between perceived service quality and purchase intentions; (5) customer and segment profitability; and (6) key service drivers of service quality, customer retention, and profitability. In each category, the author identifies what is known and then suggests an agenda of relationships needing validation and questions needing answers. The article is organized around a conceptual framework linking the six topics.
Reward dominance: Associations with anxiety, conduct problems, and psychopathy in children

The associations between children's behavior and their performance on a task with a steadily increasing ratio of punished to rewarded responses was investigated in a group of clinic-referred (n= 92) and normal control (n= 40) children between the ages of 6 and 13. Clinic-referred children with an anxiety disorder played significantly fewer trials than clinic-referred children without an anxiety disorder but the response style of the anxious children did not differ from that of a normal control group. Children with severe conduct problems who had no anxiety disorder played more trials than (a) children with severe conduct problems and a comorbid anxiety disorder, (b) nonanxious children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and (c) children in the normal control group. The strongest evidence for the reward dominant response style was for nonanxious subjects with elevations on a measure of psychopathic features, irrespective of whether they also had conduct problems and irrespective of whether they were clinic-referred.