cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perception of Synthesized Audible and Visible Speech

The research reported in this paper uses novel stimuli to study how speech perception is influenced by information presented to ear and eye. Auditory and visual sources of information (syllables) were synthesized and presented in isolation or in factorial combination. A five-step continuum between the syllables ibal and idal was synthesized along both auditory and visual dimensions, by varying properties of the syllable at its onset. The onsets of the second and third formants were manipulated in the audible speech. For the visible speech, the shape of the lips and the jaw position at the onset of the syllable were manipulated. Subjects’ identification judgments of the test syllables presented on videotape were influenced by both auditory and visual information. The results were used to test between a fuzzy logical model of speech perception (FLMP) and a categorical model of perception (CMP). These tests indicate that evaluation and integration of the two sources of information makes available continuous ...
Integrating multiple cues to depth order at object boundaries.

We examined the interaction between motion and stereo cues to depth order along object boundaries. Relative depth was conveyed by a change in the speed of image motion across a boundary (motion parallax), the disappearance of features on a surface moving behind an occluding object (motion occlusion), or a difference in the stereo disparity of adjacent surfaces. We compared the perceived depth orders for different combinations of cues, incorporating conditions with conflicting depth orders and conditions with varying reliability of the individual cues. We observed large differences in performance between subjects, ranging from those whose depth order judgments were driven largely by the stereo disparity cues to those whose judgments were dominated by motion occlusion. The relative strength of these cues influenced individual subjects’ behavior in conditions of cue conflict and reduced reliability.
Hermaphroditic White Shrimp, Penaeus setiferus, Parasitized by Thelohania sp.

Abstract Two white shrimp, Penaeus setiferus, with external and histological characteristics of both male and female, are considered hermaphrodites. Both were infected with protozoan microsporidial parasites, Thelohania sp., probably Thelohania penaei.
Research highlights: microfluidic point-of-care diagnostics

In this issue we highlight point-of-care (POC) diagnostic technologies to analyze cells, proteins, and small molecules from blood and other body fluids.
Succinct summarization of transactional databases: an overlapped hyperrectangle scheme

Transactional data are ubiquitous. Several methods, including frequent itemsets mining and co-clustering, have been proposed to analyze transactional databases. In this work, we propose a new research problem to succinctly summarize transactional databases. Solving this problem requires linking the high level structure of the database to a potentially huge number of frequent itemsets. We formulate this problem as a set covering problem using overlapped hyperrectangles; we then prove that this problem and its several variations are NP-hard. We develop an approximation algorithm HYPER which can achieve a ln(k) + 1 approximation ratio in polynomial time. We propose a pruning strategy that can significantly speed up the processing of our algorithm. Additionally, we propose an efficient algorithm to further summarize the set of hyperrectangles by allowing false positive conditions. A detailed study using both real and synthetic datasets shows the effectiveness and efficiency of our approaches in summarizing transactional databases.
Comparative metabolomics in primates reveals the effects of diet and gene regulatory variation on metabolic divergence

Comparative metabolomics in primates reveals the effects of diet and gene regulatory variation on metabolic divergence
Continuous-wave CO2 laser spectroscopy of SF6, WF6, and UF6

Abstract The linear absorption of CO 2 laser radiation in SF 6 , WF 6 , and UF 6 has been measured by using optoacoustic detection techniques. Absolute absorption coefficients per Torr as low as 1 × 10 −7 cm −1 Torr −1 in a 2-cm active path length could be measured by taking advantage of calibration measurements performed with SF 6 .
THE ACTIVATION OF STARFISH EGGS BY ACIDS : II. THE ACTION OF SUBSTITUTED BENZOIC ACIDS AND OF BENZOIC AND SALICYLIC ACIDS AS INFLUENCED BY THEIR SALTS.

1. Comparison of the rates of activation of unfertilized starfish eggs in pure solutions of a variety of parthenogenetically effective organic acids (fatty acids, carbonic acid, benzoic and salicylic acids, chloro- and nitrobenzoic acids) shows that solutions which activate the eggs at the same rate, although widely different in molecular concentration, tend to be closely similar in C(H). The dissociation constants of these acids range from 3.2 x 10(-7) to 1.32 x 10(-3). 2. In the case of each of the fourteen acids showing parthenogenetic action the rate of activation (within the favorable range of concentration) proved nearly proportional to the concentration of acid. The estimated C(H) of solutions exhibiting an optimum action with exposures of 10 minutes (at 20 degrees ) lay typically between 1.1 x 10(-4)M and 2.1 x 10(-4)M (pH = 3.7-3.96), and in most cases between 1.6 x 10(-4)M and 2.1 x 10(-4)M (pH = 3.7-3.8). Formic acid (C(H) = 4.2 x 10(-4)M) and o-chlorobenzoic acid (C(H) = 3.5 x 10(-4)M) are exceptions; o-nitrobenzoic acid is ineffective, apparently because of slow penetration. 3. Activation is not dependent on the penetration of H ions into the egg from without, as is shown by the effects following the addition of its Na salt to the solution of the activating acid (acetic, benzoic, salicylic). The rate of activation is increased by such addition, to a degree indicating that the parthenogenetically effective component of the external solution is the undissociated free acid. Apparently the undissociated molecules alone penetrate the egg freely. It is assumed that, having penetrated, they dissociate in the interior of the egg, furnishing there the H ions which effect activation. 4. Attention is drawn to certain parallels between the physiological conditions controlling activation in the starfish egg and in the vertebrate respiratory center.
Vertex and Hyperedge Connectivity in Dynamic Graph Streams

A growing body of work addresses the challenge of processing dynamic graph streams: a graph is defined by a sequence of edge insertions and deletions and the goal is to construct synopses and compute properties of the graph while using only limited memory. Linear sketches have proved to be a powerful technique in this model and can also be used to minimize communication in distributed graph processing. We present the first linear sketches for estimating vertex connectivity and constructing hypergraph sparsifiers. Vertex connectivity exhibits markedly different combinatorial structure than edge connectivity and appears to be harder to estimate in the dynamic graph stream model. Our hypergraph result generalizes the work of Ahn et al. (PODS 2012) on graph sparsification and has the added benefit of significantly simplifying the previous results. One of the main ideas is related to the problem of reconstructing subgraphs that satisfy a specific sparsity property. We introduce a more general notion of graph degeneracy and extend the graph reconstruction result of Becker et al. (IPDPS 2011).
Photonic coupled systems between on-chip integrated microresonator and core-shell nanoparticle

We have numerically investigated the unique effects of the core-shell nanoparticles on the integrated micro disk resonator. By attaching the core-shell nanoparticle to the disk resonator with gold core and polymer shell, the coupling between the disk resonator and the core-shell nanoparticle results in shift of the resonance wavelength of the disk resonator, depending on the core size/shell thickness of the nanoparticle. An ‘invisibility’ phenomenon found from the coupled core-shell nanoparticle and integrated disk resonator system is emphasized: at certain core size/shell thickness ratio, compared to the original resonance wavelength without core-shell nanoparticle, there is almost no resonance wavelength shift observed. The dependence of the position and number of core-shell nanoparticles is also discussed. Future studies on this coupled photonic systems will stimulate wide variety of applications.
Parent‐Child Feeding Strategies and Their Relationships to Child Eating and Weight Status

Parental feeding styles may promote overeating or overweight in children. A comprehensive literature review was undertaken to summarize the associations between parental feeding styles and child eating and weight status. Twenty-two studies were identified. We systematically coded study attributes and outcomes and tested for patterns of association. Nineteen studies (86%) reported at least one significant association between parental feeding style and child outcome, although study methodology and results varied considerably. Studies measuring parental feeding restriction, as opposed to general feeding control or another feeding domain, were more likely to report positive associations with child eating and weight status. Certain associations differed by gender and by outcome measurement (e.g., rate of eating as opposed to total energy intake). Parental feeding restriction, but no other feeding domain, was associated with increased child eating and weight status. Longitudinal studies are needed to test underlying causal pathways, including bidirectional causal models, and to substantiate findings in the presence of other obesity risk factors.
The grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) in Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly

Abstract Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly were explored for grey seal ( Halichoerus grypus ) breeding localities during the 1973 breeding season. The work invelved investigating many sea caves on the north coast of Cornwall, in addition to open beach and skerry sites. Pup production was determined by relating the number of pups produced in a sample period to the number produced in the same period (in another year) at Ramsey Island, Pembrokeshire. The all-age populations derived from these pup production estimates suggest that the number of grey seals in Cornish waters is about 250 and in Scilly about 120. Haulouts of several hundred animals seen in Scilly outside the breeding season almost certainly breed elsewhere.
Entomophthora muscae — moisture as a factor affecting its transmission and conidial germination

The role played by moisture in the transmission of Entomophthora muscae and in the germination of its conidia was investigated. A majority of adult house flies exposed to conidial showers that fell upon surfaces covered with droplets of condensation acquired the parasite, while no flies exposed to conidial showers that fell upon dry surfaces did so. A microscopical study of conidial showers showed that germination was practically non-existent on dry surfaces while a vast majority of conidia that fell upon a droplet-covered surface germinated. A method for the in vivo culture of E. muscae was developpd and 11 serial passages of the fungus were achieved. Resting spores rather than conidia became the dominant form produced in the cadavers, and flies in a twelfth group remained unifected.
Maritime geopolitics in Latin America

Abstract Latin American conflicts have been proliferating in recent years, and have been aggravated by a regionwide trend towards militarization. Particularly ominous is the worsening of some traditional disputes as well as the emergence of new disputes whose causes have been multifaceted and interlocking. Since conflicts have become increasingly disruptive of regional order and even threaten to weaken further the already precarious global order, it is imperative to understand the dynamics of these conflicts and the geopolitical thinking underlying many of them. Maritime geopolitics in Latin America are distinctive both in general terms and more specifically as expressed in the subregional contexts of the Caribbean Basin and South America. The conflicts themselves are distinctive, as are great power naval/maritime involvement and the hierarchy of local maritime and naval capabilities. Unfortunately, insufficient attention has been given to maritime aspects of Latin American geopolitical conflicts. This paper aspires to help correct this deficiency.
Activation of the insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor promotes the survival of human keratinocytes following ultraviolet B irradiation

The ultraviolet B (UVB) component of sunlight causes non-melanoma skin cancers due to the damage it inflicts on genomic DNA. The response of epidermal keratinocytes to sunlight depends on the dose of UVB received and the severity of the damage to the DNA. Mild DNA damage typically induces DNA-repair pathways and cell survival, while severe DNA damage provokes apoptosis. Primary human keratinocytes grown in serum-free media respond in a similar manner to UVB irradiation. However, we observed that keratinocytes are exquisitely more susceptible to UVB-induced apoptosis if the growth medium is depleted of exogenous growth factors. Therefore, an exogenous growth factor could provide protection from UVB-induced apoptosis. We found that the only growth factor that provided protection from UVB-induced apoptosis was insulin and that the protective effect elicited by insulin was not due to binding the insulin receptor but, rather, to activation of the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor. Additionally, activation of the IGF-1 receptor in combination with UVB irradiation induced keratinocytes to become post-mitotic. This survival function of the IGF-1 receptor in response to UVB irradiation was influenced by activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and MAP kinase. Prior to UVB irradiation, insulin or IGF-1 had little to no effect on cell growth or viability. Therefore, activation of the IGF-1 receptor in conjunction with UVB irradiation promotes keratinocyte survival at the expense of cell proliferation. Int. J. Cancer 80:431–438, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Resonances of an axially magnetised plasma column with hollow and perfectly conducting cores

The resonances of an axially magnetised plasma column with hollow and perfectly conducting cores have been investigated using the quasistatic approach. It is found that the two resonances of a hollow plasma cylinder are shifted, but the single resonance of a plasma cylinder with a perfectly conducting core is split into three if an external magnetostatic field is impressed in the axial direction.
Dermatosis Papulosa Nigra in a Young Child

Dermatosis papulosa nigra was diagnosed in a 3-year-old black boy. This follicular nevoid condition, which is common in adult blacks, is seldom diagnosed in prepubescent children. The diagnosis was confirmed by the biopsy specimen that showed features of epidermal acanthosis and papillomatosis, similar to seborrheic keratosis.
Computer training and user support in higher education: small staff-big demands

In this paper, we describe how a small staff of three can effectively train and support approximately 700 employees (faculty, staff and administrators) and 3,000 students in supported software applications (MS Office, AS/400, et al).
Deep-ultraviolet scatterometry for nanoparticle detection

The detection of surface particles is an important part of contamination control in semiconductor manufacturing. However, the minimum particle size required to be detected has been becoming smaller as integrated-circuit geometries shrink. Current visible-light detection systems can detect particles down to around 50 nm in polystyrene-latex-equivalent size and so are adequate for current geometries, but in the near future even particles as small as around 20 nm in diameter will become significant contaminants. This is beyond the capability of current visible-light scanners, but previous work has shown that deep UV scattering by such particles should be sufficient to enable their detection. Consequently, we have constructed a deep/vacuum UV scatterometer capable of measuring scattering from semiconductor samples.
Ethylene-promoted intermolecular enyne metathesis.

Intermolecular enyne metathesis between functional group-rich alkynes and vinyl ethers was promoted by ethylene cometathesis. The concentration of ethylene was optimized to suppress the competing formation of butadiene through background ethylene metathesis. The role of ethylene appears to be both protective and rate enhancing.
PLGA Microparticles in Respirable Sizes Enhance an In Vitro T Cell Response to Recombinant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Antigen TB10.4-Ag85B

To study the use of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles in respirable sizes as carriers for recombinant tuberculosis (TB) antigen, TB10.4-Ag85B, with the ultimate goal of pulmonary delivery as vaccine for the prevention of TB. Recombinant TB antigens were purified from E. coli by FPLC and encapsulated into PLGA microparticles by emulsion/spray-drying. Spray-drying condition was optimized by half-factorial design. Microparticles encapsulating TB antigens were assessed for their ability to deliver antigens to macrophages for subsequent presentation by employing an in vitro antigen presentation assay specific to an Ag85B epitope. Spray-drying condition was optimized to prepare PLGA microparticles suitable for pulmonary delivery (aerodynamic diameter of 3.3 µm). Antigen release from particles exhibited an initial burst release followed by sustained release up to 10 days. Antigens encapsulated into PLGA microparticles induced much stronger interleukin-2 secretion in a T-lymphocyte assay compared to antigen solutions for three particle formulations. Macrophages pulsed with PLGA-MDP-TB10.4-Ag85B demonstrated extended epitope presentation. PLGA microparticles in respirable sizes were effective in delivering recombinant TB10.4-Ag85B in an immunologically relevant manner to macrophages. These results set the foundation for further investigation into the potential use of PLGA particles for pulmonary delivery of vaccines to prevent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
Quantification, Urbanization, and the History of Education: An Analysis of the Determinants of School Attendance in New York State in 1845

(1974). Quantification, Urbanization, and the History of Education: An Analysis of the Determinants of School Attendance in New York State in 1845. Historical Methods Newsletter: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 1-9.
Electronic Spectrum, k Conservation, and Photoemission in Amorphous Germanium

The electronic energy spectrum of amorphous Ge is computed. Energy distributions of photoemitted electrons are determined, and the results are in excellent accord with experiment. Our analysis shows that the short-range order is primarily responsible for the observed spectral structure. Long-range disorder, however, has a strongly perturbing influence on some of the spectra. It appears that there is little difference between the valence-band density of states in the amorphous and crystalline forms, but increased disordering can cause a red shift of the ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ peak.
Lack of development of acute tolerance (AT) to intravenous (IV) ethanol (ETH) in the elderly

AT is defined as a decrease in effect with prolonged exposure during the time course of a single dose. Development of AT to the perception of intoxication has been reported after ETH administration in young persons. Since the elderly have less CNS reserve, it is hypothesized that they will not develop AT to the same degree as the young. This study was designed to evaluate AT development in the elderly. Eight men (mean age 72.4 yr; range 70-82 yr) and 7 women (mean age 74.9 yr; range 69-88 yr) underwent pharmacokinetic (PK) screening to determine individual PK characteristics and estimate ETH doses to achieve and sustain serum ETH concentrations (SEC) at a target of 1000 mg/L. Later, they received a 1-hr IV ETH infusion to achieve target SEC, followed by a 5–hr IV ETH infusion to maintain target SEC. SEC was measured by TDx/TDxFlx. The pharmacodynamic (PD) effect was measured by a subject-rated impairment (SRI) scale and number vigilance speed (NVS). The degree of AT was estimated using PK-PD modeling. Vdss was lower in the elderly (males 0.38 L/kg; females 0.36 L/kg) than reported for the young, supporting earlier findings. AT to SRI was noted in only 4 of 15 elderly compared to 14 of 16 young volunteers studied in the same laboratory. NVS showed no AT; sensitivity was similar to the young, but baseline performance was lower in the elderly. The elderly appear to develop AT to the subjective effects of ETH to a lesser degree/at a slower rate than the young. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P2–P2; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.007
Retrieval of Water Vapor Profiles via Principal Components: Options and Their Implications

Abstract Principal components have been widely used in regression retrieval of atmospheric parameters, but when applied to water vapor concentrations their use entails special problems. We discuss two of these problem and present results of retrieval experiments designed to alleviate them. The experiments employed High-resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder satellite data in conjunction with radiosonde observations. We found that mixing ratio is a less appropriate parameter for principal component-based retrieval than is a mean-saturation adjusted mixing ratio. Also, retrieval accuracy was vapor by identifying the optimum numbers of eigenvectors to use when transforming the water vapor profiles and the satellite brightness temperature, respectively, into their principal components. In our studies three eigenvectors were optimal for representation of water vapor, implying that HIRS-2 data are capable of retrieving at least third-order vertical resolution in water vapor profiles. In addition, we compared pri...
Middleware for Resource-Aware Deployment and Configuration of Fault-Tolerant Real-time Systems

Developing large-scale distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) systems is hard in part due to complex deployment and configuration issues involved in satisfying multiple quality for service (QoS) properties, such as real-timeliness and fault tolerance. This paper makes three contributions to the study of deployment and configuration middleware for DRE systems that satisfy multiple QoS properties. First, it describes a novel task allocation algorithm for passively replicated DRE systems to meet their real-time and fault-tolerance QoS properties while consuming significantly less resources. Second, it presents the design of a strategizable allocation engine that enables application developers to evaluate different allocation algorithms. Third, it presents the design of a middleware agnostic configuration framework that uses allocation decisions to deploy application components/replicas and configure the underlying middleware automatically on the chosen nodes. These contributions are realized in the DeCoRAM (Deployment and Configuration Reasoning and Analysis via Modeling) middleware. Empirical results on a distributed testbed demonstrate DeCoRAM’s ability to handle multiple failures and provide efficient and predictable real-time performance.
Dystrophinopathy, The Expanding Phenotype Dystrophin Abnormalities in X-Linked Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Advances in diagnostic methodologies are constantly changing our definitions of disease entities. In particular, the nosology of the muscular dystrophies has been subject to much change as molecular genetics has provided us with the tools to define these disorders on the basis of their underlying molecular defects. Identification of dystrophin as the protein mutated in DMD has led to the appreciation of a wide range of clinical presentations associated with dystrophin gene mutations.1 The term “dystrophinopathy” is now commonly used to describe these allelic disorders that can range from classic DMD to clinically silent cases of elevated serum CK. Most recently, it has become clear that a significant proportion of cases of XLDCM may be caused by underlying dystrophin gene defects, thus further expanding the spectrum of dystrophin-related phenotypes. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy generally presents with congestive heart failure secondary to an increase in ventricular size and impairment of ventricular function. It is a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with an estimated prevalence of 36.5/100 000 in the United States.2 Traditionally, most cases have been considered to be sporadic, but recent studies3 have demonstrated that up to 20% of cases may be familial in nature, suggesting a strong genetic component for this group of diseases. Inheritance patterns vary and may be X-linked, autosomal dominant, or autosomal recessive. One remarkable pedigree with XLDCM was reported by Berko and Swift in 1987.4 Affected males presented in their late teens to early 20s with syncope and rapidly progressive congestive heart failure, leading to death or transplantation within 1 to 2 years. Females tended to be less affected, with onset later in life and a more indolent progression lasting ≥10 years. Although serum CK-MM levels were elevated in most affected members, there were no overt signs of skeletal myopathy. Several …
The good, the bad and the ugly: An engineer's view of product liability litigation in the United States

This talk presents a cross section of case studies which exemplified the best and the worst ofthe system. The technical aspects of each case, along with the legal theories and the final resolution is discussed. The author will present his philosophical prospective of the process based on over 25 years experience.
An Evaluation of the Compact Shear Specimen for Mixed Mode Fracture Studies

A compact shear specimen configuration, consisting of three legs with the outer two loaded axially in a direction opposite to the inner one, has been used for several mixed-mode fracture studies. From a detailed computer analysis of this specimen, it is shown that the loading boundary conditions play an extremely important role in determining the state of stress at the crack tip. By simply changing the flexibility of the loading fixture, the specimen can be subjected to a range of mixed mode conditions from almost all Mode I to virtually pure Mode II. Data of other researchers are reviewed in light of this finding. It is shown that by applying loads obliquely to the outer legs pure Mode I loading may also be obtained with this specimen.
Choice theories for differentially comparable alternatives

Abstract Several binary choice theories represent choice probabilities as a function of a utility difference divided by a comparability index which is a distance metric. All such theories have the property of moderate stochastic transitivity.
Lumbar spondylolisthesis among elderly men: prevalence, correlates, and progression.

Study design Prospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE.: Estimate the prevalence of spondylolisthesis and determine the factors associated with higher or lower prevalence among men aged 65 years or older. Summary of background data Spondylolisthesis prevalence is reported to increase with age and to be higher among women than men. Among women aged > or =65 years, prevalence was estimated to be 29%, but no estimates among men of this age have been reported. METHODS.: Lateral lumbar spine radiographs were obtained at baseline and a follow-up visit in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study, a cohort of community dwelling men ages > or =65 years. Average time between radiographs was 4.6 (+/-0.4) years. For the present study, 300 men were sampled at random at baseline. Of these, 295 had a usable baseline radiograph; 190 surviving participants had a follow-up radiograph. Spondylolisthesis was defined as a forward slip > or =5%. Progression was defined as a 5% increase in slip severity on the follow-up radiograph. Associations of spondylolisthesis prevalence with baseline characteristics were estimated with age-adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals from log binomial regression models. Results The mean (SD) age of the men studied was 74 (+/-6) years. Prevalence of lumbar spondylolisthesis was 31%. Spondylolisthesis was observed at the L3/4, L4/5, and L5/S1 levels. In 96% with spondylolisthesis, only one vertebral level was involved. The degree of slip ranged from 5% to 28%, and nearly all listhesis was classified as Meyerding grade I. During follow-up, 12% of men with prevalent spondylolisthesis had progression; 12% without baseline spondylolisthesis had new onset. Prevalence did not vary by height, BMI, smoking history, diabetes, or heart disease. However, men with spondylolisthesis more often reported higher levels of physical activity or walking daily for exercise than men without spondylolisthesis. Conclusion Spondylolisthesis may be more common among older men than previously recognized.
THE ORIGIN AND IMPACT OF 12 U.S.C. 84: THE EVOLUTION OF THE 10 PER CENT LENDING LIMIT GOVERNING NATIONAL BANKS

THIS STUDY serves three purposes: (1) to trace and examine the development of national-bank lending-limit regulations; (2) to synthesize the lessons of history and the financial issues raised by extensive recent debate on the 10 per cent rule into a theoretical framework for evaluating the current law; and (3) to recommend a replacement framework. The history sections outline the purpose of the original 1864 lending limit as well as the nature, reasons, and results of each subsequent change. The intent of the original federal lending limit, as found in the National Banking Act, was to force banks to spread their loanable capital around for the benefit of many customers rather than only a few. Many lending limits imposed by states, which predate the first federal law, had much the same purpose. The benefit-spreading rationale stands in sharp contrast to current views, which regard the original intent of the framework as risk reduction through diversification. Reasons for the exceptions are many and varied. They include: facilitating transactions involving "real bills," borrowing to buy war securities, supporting federal credit programs, assisting agriculture, and recognizing new developments in banking and transportation. The lessons of history and the financial issues raised by recent debate on the current law suggest three criteria which an optimal lending limit should meet: (1) ability to discriminate among banks based on the degree of risk as well as the quantity of protective capital available; (2) ease of modification when experience suggests change is desirable; and (3) pressure for banks to reduce risk by encouraging economic diversification. When weighed against the above criteria, the current law is found to have serious shortcomings. It does reduce the risk associated with several bad loans but it creates weak pressure for random rather than more satisfactory systematic diversification. The theoretical framework was used to evaluate three alternative programs. The first, raising the unsecured limit to 20 per cent of capital accounts, would retain most of the drawbacks of the current law. State-wide branch banking, the second alternative, would void any restrictive impact of the per-cent-of-capital-accounts framework. The risk-oriented capital allocation inherent in the Simsbury framework (the third approach examined) would nearly meet the criteria for an optimal lending limit. Selectivity would result from the ability to discriminate among banks with equal amounts of capital but different risk exposure, while ease of modification and pressure for risk reduction would be prominent features.
Pulmonary Transfusion Reactions

Transfusion reactions remain a common complication of transfusion therapy; reactions affecting the lungs are some of the most serious. Several different mechanisms are responsible for pulmonary transfusion reactions, and most cause adverse effects in addition to lung injury. Fluid overload can lead to pulmonary edema, antibodies reacting with plasma proteins can cause bronchospasm and anaphylaxis, and particulate matter can produce microemboli. These reactions are well understood and usually can be prevented. Transfusions are also associated with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), but their etiology is poorly understood and they remain clinically problematic. Neutrophil antibodies cause some of these serious as well as mild pulmonary reactions, but the exact role of leukocyte antibodies in pulmonary reactions remains unclear. Other blood donor, blood component, and transfusion recipient factors likely play a contributing or modulating role in pulmonary transfusion reactions, but prospective studies are needed to better understand their role.
Coparenting and children's temperament predict firstborns' cooperation in the care of an infant sibling

This study examined how coparenting and firstborn children's temperament predicted children's cooperative behavior in response to maternal requests for assistance in the care of a 1-month-old infant sibling. Children's cooperative responding was observed during a diaper change session for 216 firstborns (ages 13 to 70 months; M = 32). Parents also completed questionnaires assessing coparenting and children's temperament. Results suggested that coparenting quality moderated the association between children's temperament (i.e., soothability) and children's cooperation as revealed in a Temperament × Cooperative Coparenting × Undermining Coparenting interaction. Specifically, low soothability predicted low levels of children's cooperation in families with high undermining and low cooperative coparenting, over and above the effects of child age, gender, and mothers' education. Findings further our understanding of how temperamental characteristics and coparenting quality conjointly predict individual differences in firstborn children's positive adjustment across the transition to siblinghood.
Electron omnidirectional intensity contours in the earth's outer radiation zone at the magnetic equator.

A comprehensive graphic display of the omnidirectional intensities of electrons (E > 40 kev, >230 kev, and >1.6 Mev) in the outer radiation zone observed during the ten-month period October 1962 through July 1963 with an array of Geiger-Mueller tubes borne on the earth-satellite Explorer 14 is presented. The observations are displayed as contours of constant omnidirectional intensities of electrons with energies exceeding the above thresholds as functions of shell-parameter L and time at the magnetic equator. Although many of the phenomena apparent in these maps of outer-zone electron intensities have previously been discussed, the present graphic summary provides an extensive panorama of the morphology of the energetic electron distributions in the outer zone and a compact, concise medium for comparison with related ground-based and satellite measurements of geophysical phenomena.
New perspectives in autism. Part 2: the differential diagnosis and neurobiology of autism

The clinical spectrum of autism spans a broad range of functions, but the core symptoms remain the same regardless of the intelligence of the child: the autistic type of social deficit that ranges from a lack of inclination to relate to extreme difficulty with the mechanics of social interactions, a global communication deficit that involves both verbal and nonverbal modes, and a severe cognitive deficit involving concept formation (abstraction) that is combined with an exceptional memory for factual information. These symptoms may vary dramatically in severity, but the basic deficits are identifiable regardless of IQ. Under-recognition of autism is a major problem at all IQs, but especially in patients with IQs above 50. No drugs have been found to significantly improve the core deficits in autism. Antipsychotics should be avoided except for short-term use. Antidepressants, anxiolytics, and anticonvulsants are important in the treatment of depression, affective modulation, situation-related stress, and seizures. Intensive social skills training is assuming a prominent role in behavior modification programs, and success with higher-functioning autistic children suggests that outcome can be improved by intensive training. The neurobiology of autism has also undergone dramatic changes. The psychogenic theories of etiology have been completely invalidated. Autism is now considered to be a neurological disorder resulting from an error in brain development. The precise location and nature of this deficit are still being actively debated and investigated. One theory emphasizes a dysfunction of the limbic system that results in an impairment in the acquisition of information. A second theory proposes a primary role for dysfunction of the cortical association network responsible for the processing of information.
On the impossibility of Directed Moore Graphs

Abstract This note introduces the notion ( d , k ) Directed Moore Graphs (DMG in short), and investigates the question of their existence. A ( d , k ) DMG is a regular directed graph of degree d and diameter k containing the maximum number of nodes according to a certain definition. It is shown that unless d = 1 or k = 1 there are no ( d , k ) DMG's.
Three-dimensional P and S wave velocity structures of the Coso Geothermal Area, California, from microseismic travel time data

High precision P and S wave travel times for 2104 microearthquakes with focus <6 km are used in a non-linear inversion to derive high-resolution three-dimensional compressional and shear velocity structures at the Coso Geothermal Area in eastern California. Block size for the inversion is 0.2 km horizontally and 0.5 km vertically and inversions are investigated in the upper 5 km of the geothermal area. Spatial resolution, calculated by synthetic modeling of a cross model at critical locations, is estimated to be 0.35 km for Vp and 0.5 km for Vs. Model uncertainties are estimated by a jackknife approach and simulation of random and associated picking errors. Low-velocity zones for both P and S waves are identified at geothermal production depths (1–3 km). A large, low Vp (−6%) zone is found at depth 2–2.5 km 2 km southwest of Sugarloaf Mountain where high attenuation has been previously reported. However, a general high- Vp zone is seen under Coso Hot Springs with a slightly low Vs zone, which is characteristic of fluid saturation. The overall distributions of Vp and Vs perturbations do not correlate. An isolated high- Vs (+9%) feature, about 2 km in diameter, is unambiguously seen 2 km due west of Sugarloaf extending from surface to depth. This feature is surrounded by a circular, low- Vs belt of ∼1 km width. The surrounding belt is probably the cracked, high-porosity reservoir/conduit of geothermal fluid flow. In the 2 km southwest Sugarloaf region, we found low Vp and high Vs at geothermal production depths from 1 to 2.5 km. Combined with attenuation results, this may represent a hot, fluid-depleted center of magmatic activity.
Carbohydrate-fat interactions and obesity examined by a two-compartment computer model.

Objective: A systems dynamics computer model was developed to examine how the interactions between carbohydrate and fat metabolism influence body weight regulation. It reflects the operation of a two reservoir-system: one representing the body's limited glycogen, and the other, its large fat reserves. The outflows from the reservoirs correspond to the oxidation of glucose and fat, whose relative contributions are affected by the size of the prevailing glycogen and fat reserves. Together, they meet the body's energy expenditure. Replenishments occur three times per day, in portions restoring total glycogen content to specific levels. A parameter mimicking the action of insulin is necessary to create realistic responses. Research Methods and Procedures: The model was run for 125-day periods to establish the degree of adiposity for which rates of fat oxidation become commensurate with fat intake and the influence thereon of various dietary, environmental, lifestyle, and inherited variables. Results: Equivalent degrees of adiposity can be sustained under a variety of conditions. For instance, the impact on steady-state body fat contents of a 10% increase or decrease in the energy provided by dietary fat is offset by a 26-gram decrease or increase in mean glycogen levels. Discussion: Environmental factors such as food diversity, palatability, and availability can be expected to raise the range within which glycogen levels are habitually maintained. This restrains fat oxidation, until expansion of the fat mass is sufficient to promote fat oxidation to a rate commensurate with dietary fat intake. This metabolic leverage can explain why increased food offerings tend to raise the prevalence of obesity.
Address chain code: a new line drawing encoding scheme

This paper presents an efficient technique to compress chain-encoded line drawings. The technique, called the address chain code, constructs a codebook containing vectors of chains which recur frequently in the chain-encoded line drawings. The recurrent vectors are encoded as their corresponding addresses in the codebook preceded by header bits. The encoding procedure and an efficient way to organize and label the vectors, which turns out to be somewhat similar to the generalized chain codes, are described in this paper.
Urologic Laparoscopic Anatomy

Laparoscopy, and particularly robotically assisted laparoscopy, continues to advance rapidly, thus changing the practice of urology. The changes in the practice of pediatric urology, while slower, have also altered the surgical approach to various conditions of the genitourinary tract in children. While open procedure typically require a thorough working knowledge of smaller areas, the laparoscopic surgeon must have a thorough working knowledge of the entire abdomen and pelvis as they are in full view for all cases. In this chapter, we aim to provide the reader with the anatomic perspective associated with our new paradigm in surgical care.
Emotionally meaningful targets enhance orienting triggered by a fearful gazing face

Studies investigating the effect of emotional expression on spatial orienting to a gazed-at location have produced mixed results. The present study investigated the role of affective context in the integration of emotion processing and gaze-triggered orienting. In three experiments, a face gazed nonpredictively to the left or right, and then its expression became fearful or happy. Participants identified (Experiments 1 and 2) or detected (Experiment 3) a peripheral target presented 225 or 525 ms after the gaze cue onset. In Experiments 1 and 3 the targets were either threatening (a snarling dog) or nonthreatening (a smiling baby); in Experiment 2 the targets were neutral. With emotionally-valenced targets, the gaze-cuing effect was larger when the face was fearful compared to happy--but only with the longer cue-target interval. With neutral targets, there was no interaction between gaze and expression. Our results indicate that a meaningful context optimizes attentional integration of gaze and expression information.
CONFORMATION AND STABILITY OF BARLEY CHYMOTRYPSIN INHIBITOR-2 (CI-2) MUTANTS CONTAINING MULTIPLE LYSINE SUBSTITUTIONS

A major goal of agricultural biotechnology is to increase the nutritional value of maize seed through the expression of heterologous proteins enriched in lysine. One promising candidate is barley chymotrypsin inhibitor-2 (CI-2), a plant protein that has been extensively characterized with respect to structure and function. Based on the tertiary structure of wild-type (WT) CI-2, five mutants with lysine contents ranging from 20 to 25 mol percent were designed, expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography. Inasmuch as previous transgenic experiments suggested that proper folding and stability may be essential for in vivo accumulation of the engineered proteins in plant cells, we first undertook an in vitro study of the conformation and thermodynamic stability of the CI-2 mutants in order to select an ideal candidate for plant expression. Mutant and WT CI-2 proteins had similar circular dichroism spectra, suggesting similar secondary structures. However, differences in the accessibility of the sole tryptophan residue, Trp24, indicated that the local conformation differed among the mutants. The thermodynamic stability of the mutants ranged from <2 to 4.9 kcal/mol compared with approximately 7 kcal/mol for the wild-type protein. In conjunction with proteolytic stability studies, we have identified one mutant that has the potential to be expressed in a stable manner in plant cells.
3-O-acetyl-sphingosine-series myelin glycolipids: characterization of novel 3-O-acetyl-sphingosine galactosylceramide.

Several glycosphingolipids, less polar than galactosylceramide (GalCer), have been purified from rat brain and designated as fast migrating cerebrosides (FMCs). They co-appear with GalCer during myelinogenesis, reach a peak concentration at postnatal day 25-30 and are derivatives of GalCer. Extensive structural analysis of the partially methylated alditol acetates, mass-spectrometry, and (1)H- and (13)C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy unequivocally established the structure of two of these FMCs as 3-O-acetyl-sphingosine GalCer with non-hydroxy and hydroxy fatty N-acylation respectively. That is, an acetyl group is linked at the C3-OH of the sphingosine base of GalCer. In addition, NMR spectroscopy of all of the purified FMCs indicates that they contain a 3-O-acetyl group linked with sphingosine and thus delineates a novel series. Several lines of evidence indicate that FMCs are myelin constituents. FMCs, enriched in both central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin, are concentrated in spinal cord and white matter that are composed of myelinated nerve fibers. There is N-acylation with alpha-hydroxy and C18 and C24 fatty acids, all characteristic of myelin components. They disappear along with GalCer in the murine genetic dysmyelinating disorders, jimpy and quaking, and in a knockout mutant which is devoid of GalCer. In addition, a decrease in FMC and GalCer concentration has been found in Krabbe's disease, a human genetic dysmyelinating disorder.
Voltage shift in plastic-packaged bandgap references

Bandgap references, packaged in plastic, have been known to shift in voltage, a pre-package to post-package voltage variation. This package shift has been analytically discussed and experimentally investigated in this paper. The culprits for such a variation are the package-induced stresses present once the reference is encapsulated. Systematic voltage shifts can range from -3 to -7 mV, and is closely related to package type and processing. Major emphasis has been placed on reducing the random package-shift component, since systematic package shift can be trimmed and its temperature coefficient compensated. The package shift is seen to have a systematic positive temperature coefficient; its effects are mitigated as temperature increases. In summary, results of the study show that die-surface planarization techniques and mechanically elastic compliant layers between the die and the package reduce random as well as systematic package shifts. In particular, systematic variations improved from -5 to -2 mV (0.4% to 0.17% bandgap error) and three-sigma (3/spl sigma/) variations improved from 8 to 4 mV (0.67% to 0.33% bandgap error) when adding a 15-/spl mu/m mechanically compliant layer between the die and the package.