cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics of aqueous solutions of the alkali metal sulfates

The available thermodynamic properties for aqueous solutions of each of the alkali metal sulfates have been combined and analyzed within the framework of the ion interaction model at temperatures up to 225°C. It was necessary to set α1 equal to 1.4kg1/2-mol−1/2 in order to obtain a satisfactory fit. The temperature dependence of the ion interaction parameters was given the functional form used by Rogers and Pitzer(1) in their study of Na2SO4(aq). With few exceptions, it was possible to reproduce the available thermodynamic data for aqueous solutions of the alkali metal to within the estimated experimental error. Thermodynamic results for Na2SO4(aq) appear to be adequate in this temperature range, but enthalpy and heat capacity data for the other alkali metal sulfate solutions are conspicuously lacking. Activity coefficients of these electrolytes decreased to less than 0.1 at moderate molalities at the higher temperatures, and their order changed with increasing temperature; two results which could be due to a combination of hydration and association effects.
Two Potential Problems with Philosophical Intuitions: Muddled Intuitions and Biased Intuitions

One critique of experimental philosophy is that the intuitions of the philosophically untutored should be accorded little to no weight; instead, only the intuitions of professional philosophers should matter. In response to this critique, “experimentalists” often claim that the intuitions of professional philosophers are biased. In this paper, we explore this question of whose intuitions should be disqualified and why. Much of the literature on this issue focuses on the question of whether the intuitions of professional philosophers are reliable. In contrast, we instead focus on the idea of “muddled” intuitions—i.e. intuitions that are misdirected and about notions other than the ones under discussion. We argue that the philosophically untutored are likely to have muddled intuitions and that professional philosophers are likely to have unmuddled intuitions. Although being umuddled does not, by itself, establish the reliability of the intuitions of professional philosophers, being muddled is enough to disqualify the intuitions of the philosophically untutored. We then turn to the charge that, despite being unmuddled, professional philosophers still have biased intuitions. To evaluate this charge, we switch focus from the general notion of biased intuition to the more specific notion of theory-laden intuition. We argue that there is prima facie evidence—in the form of the presence of conflicts of intuition—for thinking that at least some of the intuitions of professional philosophers are theory-laden. In summary, we conclude that that there is no clean and easy answer to the question of whose intuitions should matter.
Size Effects on the Kinetics of Heat Transfer from a Nanoscale Diamond Particle to a Diamond Surface

Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the kinetics of heat transfer across the interface of a hot diamond {111} nanoparticle and a diamond {111} surface whose bulk temperature was maintained at 300 K. The heat transfer depends on the nanoparticle’s interfacial energy and not its total energy. Thus, there is a linear relationship between the heat transfer rate constant, k, and the inverse of the hot nanoparticle’s thickness. However, k does not depend on the nanoparticle’s interfacial energy density, which decreases during its cooling, and the heat transfer occurs exponentially. For nanoparticles of fixed thickness, increasing the nanoparticle−surface interfacial contact area increases the rate for heat transfer but does not change the rate constant. The atomic-level dynamics found here, for the dependence of the heat transfer rate constant on the nanoparticle’s interfacial area, thickness, and energy content, agree with Fourier’s macroscopic law of heat conduction. However,...
Pathological findings in hydrops foetalis due to alpha-thalassaemia: A review of 32 cases☆

Abstract Pathological changes observed in 32 cases of hydrops foetalis due to α-thalassaemia with a large amount of Hb “Bart's” are described. All infants were Chinese (12 male and 20 female) and were stillborn or died soon after birth. Delivery occurred between 28 and 38 weeks of pregnancy, often with complications, and was usually associated with symptoms of maternal toxaemia. Of 2 pairs of twins, 1 pair was uniovular and both infants were hydropic. The other pair was binovular, 1 infant being hydropic and 1 normal. Two hydropic siblings were born a year apart from the same mother. Changes in the blood, as reported in previous papers, were typical. The placentas were large, friable and oedematous. Most foetuses were grossly hydropic and pale, with greatly distended abdomens due to ascites and liver enlargement, but the spleens were not always enlarged. The histological changes, except those in the blood, closely resembled changes accompanying hydrops foetalis due to iso-immunization. When sickling was observed in histological slides, it facilitated differentiation between the two conditions. The most important and constant findings were excessive extramedullary erythropoiesis and oedema in various organs. Persistence of Langhans cells and prominent Hofbauer cells in the placenta, enlargement of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, and enlargement of and changes in the adrenal glands resembled findings for hydrops foeralis due to iso-immunization.
Size of Thermal Plastic Zones Around External Cracks

This paper presents a solution of the steady-state thermal stresses and displacements in an infinite solid containing an external circular crack whose surfaces are exposed to an antisymmetric temperature field. The singular stresses round the leading edge of the crack are eliminated by adopting Dugdale's hypothesis concerning the existence of a thin plastic zone at the boundary of the crack. Lengths of plastic zones for various thermal disturbances are calculated and shown in curves.
Continuous In-Situ Die Stress Measurements During Thermal Cycling Accelerated Life Testing

Thermal cycling accelerated life testing is an established technique for thermo-mechanical evaluation and qualification of electronic packages. Finite element life predictions for thermal cycling configurations are challenging due to several reasons including the complicated temperature/time dependent constitutive relations and failure criteria needed for solders, encapsulants and their interfaces; aging/evolving material behavior for the packaging materials (e.g. solders); difficulties in modeling plating finishes; the complicated geometries of typical electronic assemblies; etc. In addition, in-situ measurements of stresses and strains in assemblies subjected to temperature cycling are difficult because of the extreme environmental conditions and the fact that the primary materials/interfaces of interest (e.g. solder joints, die device surface, wire bonds, etc.) are embedded within the assembly (not at the surface). For these reasons, little is known about the evolution of the stresses, strains, and deformations occurring within sophisticated electronic packaging geometries during thermal cycling. In this work, we have used test chips containing piezoresistive stress sensors to characterize the in-situ die surface stress during long-term thermal cycling of electronic packaging assemblies. Using (111) silicon test chips, the complete three-dimensional stress state (all 6 stress components) was measured at each rosette site by monitoring the resistance changes occurring in the sensors. The packaging configuration studied in this work was flip chip on laminate where 5 times 5 mm perimeter bumped die were assembled on FR-406 substrates. Three different thermal cycling temperature profiles were considered. In each case, the die stresses were initially measured at room temperature after packaging. The packaged assemblies were then subjected to thermal cycling and measurements were made either incrementally or continuously during the environmental exposures. In the incremental measurements, the packages were removed from the chamber after various durations of thermal cycling (e.g. 250, 500, 750, 1000 cycles, etc.), and the sensor resistances were measured at room temperature. In the continuous measurements, the sensor resistances at critical locations on the die device surface (e.g. die center and die corners) were recorded continuously during the thermal cycling exposure. From the resistance data, the stresses at each site were calculated and plotted versus time. The experimental observations show cycle-to-cycle evolution in the stress magnitudes due to material aging effects, stress relaxation and creep phenomena, and development of interfacial damage.
Region-specific contribution of the ventral tegmental area to heroin-induced conditioned immunomodulation

Dopamine receptor stimulation is critical for heroin-conditioned immunomodulation; however, it is unclear whether the ventral tegmental area (VTA) contributes to this phenomenon. Hence, rats received repeated pairings of heroin with placement into a distinct environmental context. At test, they were re-exposed to the previously heroin-paired environment followed by systemic lipopolysaccharide treatment to induce an immune response. Bilateral GABA agonist-induced neural inactivation of the anterior, but not the posterior VTA, prior to context re-exposure inhibited the ability of the heroin-paired environment to suppress peripheral nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α expression, suggesting a role for the anterior VTA in heroin-conditioned immunomodulation.
ESEEM and mims ENDOR spectroscopies of cis,trans-(L-N2S2)MoVO(SCH2Ph): detection of the two benzylthiolate alpha protons.

High-resolution pulsed EPR techniques are used to detect the benzylthiolate α protons and deuterons of cis,trans-(L-N2S2)MoVO(SCH2Ph) and cis,trans-(L-N2S2)MoVO(SCD2Ph), which mimic the β-CH2 protons of the coordinated cysteine residue at the Mo center of sulfite oxidase.
The historical development of the electron correlation problem

A brief review is given of the historical development of the treatment of the correlation problem in solving the Schrodinger equation in modern quantum theory from the early 1930s up to now. The correlation energy for a specific state of a system is defined as the difference Ecorr = E − EHF between the exact eigenvalue E and the Hartree–Fock energy EHF of the same Hamiltonian for the state under consideration. From the concepts of the “Different Orbitals for Different Spins” (DODS) and the “Alternant Molecular Orbital” (AMO) methods introduced in the 1950s, the study goes to the use of transition formulas—instead of expectation values—for the Hamiltonian and the possibility to express the correlation energy exactly in terms of “double excitations” or pair functions. The main emphasis is then put on the concept of wave and reaction operators and the formulation of the results of infinite-order perturbation theory in terms of such operators. The partitioning technique offers a simple way to derive these operators and to explore the resolvent or propagator methods in greater detail, and it replaces the original Schrodinger equation with its degeneracies and multiple roots by a reduced characteristic equation having only single roots, which is often a great simplification. Special attention is given the treatment of Schrodinger's perturbation theory in view of the importance of the linked-cluster theorem in the applications. In the study of the splitting of degenerate levels due to a perturbation, the use of the multidimensional partitioning technique utilizing the concept of an energy-independent wave operator is also discussed. Some developments in the coupled-cluster methods are further briefly reviewed. Since all quantum mechanical calculations going beyond the Hartree-Fock method imply a certain treatment of the correlation problem, a brief survey is also given of the progress in computational quantum theory, particularly in current quantum chemistry. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Parasitism of stem borers (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) associated with corn and sorghum in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas

Studies were done during 1982-1985 to describe the parasitism of stem borers attacking corn ( Zea mays L.) and sweet, forage, and grain sorghums ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Stem borers studied included Diatraea Lineolata Walker, Eoreuma (=Acigona) loftini (Dyar), D. saccharalis F., and Elasmopalpus Lignosellus (Zeller). Ten species of parasites were reared from one or more of these stem borers including egg parasite Trichogramma sp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae); larval parasites Bracon sp., Orgilus sp., Orgilus gelechiaevorus (Cushman), Cotesia (=Apanteles) ftavipes (Cameron), Iphiaulax sp., Allorhogas pyralophagus Marsh, Chelonus sonorensis (Cameron), and Rhygoplitis aciculatus (Ashmead); and larval-pupal parasite Archytas marmoratus (Townsend). The gregarious larval parasite C. ftavipes attacked D. saccharalis more frequently than other borers on corn and sorghum, and parasitism of all stem borers was generally very low and ineffective for control.
Control of RNA polymerase reactions in isolated nuclei and nucleoli.

Abstract The effects of high ionic strength on polymerase activities of rat liver and Novikoff tumor nuclei and nucleoli were studied. The data presented provide qualitative estimates of the relative amounts of active RNA polymerase—DNA complexes, ribosomal RNA cistrons and other DNA templates in nuclei and nucleoli. RNA-DNA hybridization experiments indicated the ribosomal RNA cistrons are primarily or exclusively confined to the nucleoli and constitute a few tenths of a percent of the nucleolar DNA. The RNA polymerase of nucleoli is associated almost entirely with these cistrons and appears to be fully active, rather than repressed to any great extent by proteins or histones. Most of the total polymerase of the intact nucleus is associated with non-nucleolar DNA templates and is strongly repressed in its activity by histones or other proteins, but may be detected by assay under conditions of high ionic strength. These types of assay lend themselves to more quantitative determinations and should be of value in determining whether the effects of hormones, carcinogens and metabolic regulators are specifically exerted upon transcription of the cistrons for ribosomal RNA.
Serum, urine, and breath-related biomarkers in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in children: is it for real?

Purpose of review The scarcity of pediatric sleep laboratories has thus far precluded timely diagnosis and treatment of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), thereby increasing the risk for residual OSA-associated morbidities. Recent developments in transcriptomics, proteomics, and exhaled condensate biomarker discovery will be reviewed in the context of exploring the validity of such methods towards development of reliable and validated diagnostic approaches for pediatric OSA. Recent findings Gene expression arrays have revealed significant and reproducible changes in a restricted number of genes that should enable discriminatory ability in the recognition of OSA in children. Similarly, a number of urinary proteins have been identified that display outstanding receiver-operator properties towards the diagnosis of pediatric OSA. The technological improvements in both exhaled breath online high-pressure fast chromatography and biosensor surfaces with affinity for volatile compounds should also permit noninvasive diagnosis of pediatric OSA when combined and integrated with computational methods. Summary It is likely that the modest efforts thus far realized in the context of biomarker discovery for the diagnosis and clinical monitoring of OSA in children will experience major acceleration in the upcoming years and lead to a completely novel paradigm in the screening and diagnosis of this disease.
Morphologic and functional characteristics of the heart in Friedreich's Ataxia

The purpose of this study was to characterize the heart in patients with Friedreich's ataxia by two-dimensional echocardiography, systolic time intervals, and heart biopsy. Ten patients with Friedreich's ataxia (seven females and three males, age 15 +/- 7 years) were compared with 10 age-matched normal subjects (five males and five females, age 16 +/- 7 years). The mean systolic blood pressure in the patients with Friedreich's ataxia was lower (114 +/- 9 mm Hg) than that in the control subjects (122 +/- 8 mm Hg; p less than 0.05); diastolic blood pressures were the same. The heart rate in the patients with Friedreich's ataxia (102 +/- 17 beats/minute) was greater than that in the control subjects (76 +/- 12 beats/minute; p less than 0.001). The interventricular septal wall thickness was much greater in Friedreich's ataxia (13 +/- 2 versus 8 +/- 1 mm, p less than 0.001) as was the posterior wall thickness (13 +/- 3 versus 8 +/- 1 mm, p less than 0.001). The left ventricular end-diastolic diameter was smaller in Friedreich's ataxia (35 +/- 6 mm versus 47 +/- 6 mm; p less than 0.01), and the fractional change of the left ventricular minor axis with systole was greater in Friedreich's ataxia (40 +/- 9 percent versus 33 +/- 5 percent; p less than 0.05). An 11th patient with Friedreich's ataxia (age 33) had clinical heart failure, but his course was complicated by alcohol abuse. Heart biopsy in three patients with Friedreich's ataxia demonstrated myocyte hypertrophy (21.5 +/- 2.0 microns diameter; normal, 14 to 17 microns) and increased fibrosis (16 +/- 9 percent; normal, less than 5 percent). Thus, heart disease in Friedreich's ataxia is characterized by myocyte hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, increased left ventricular wall thickness, decreased left ventricular cavity size, sinus tachycardia, and normal systolic function. Further biochemical analysis of tissues may lead to the link of the neurologic and cardiac diseases and eventually to more effective therapy of this condition.
The effects of self-monitoring on students' course performance, use of learning strategies, attitude, self-judgment ability, and knowledge representation

Abstract Self-monitoring, defined as deliberate attention to some aspect of one's behavior, is considered to be an important self-regulatory process in learning. In the present experiment, 72 graduate students in a statistics class were assigned to a self-monitoring group, an instructor-monitoring group, or a control group to investigate the effects of self-monitoring on students' learning strategies, motivation, knowledge representation, self-judgment ability, and course performance. During the course, the self-monitoring group recorded the frequency and intensity of their various learning activities, the instructor-monitoring group evaluated the instructor's teaching, and the control group took the course without any treatment. The self-monitoring group performed better than the other two groups on course tests, used more self-regulated learning strategies, and developed better knowledge representation of the course content. Psychological processes are suggested through which self-monitoring increases s...
Care Preferences Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults With Chronic Disease in Europe: Individual Health Care Needs and National Health Care Infrastructure

Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this study is to expand knowledge of care options for aging populations cross-nationally by examining k ey individual-level and nationlevel predictors of European middle-aged and older adults’ preferences for care. Design and Methods: Drawing on data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, we analyze old age care preferences of a sample of 6,469 adults aged 50 and older with chronic disease in 14 nations. Using multilevel modeling, we analyze associations between individual-level health care needs and nation-level health care infrastructure and preference for family-based (vs. state-based) personal care. Results: W e find that middle-aged and older adults with chronic disease whose health limits their ability to perform paid work, who did not receive personal care from informal sources, and who live in nations with generous long-term care funding are less likely to prefer family-based care and more likely to prefer state-based care. Implications: W e discuss these findings in light of financial risks in later life and the future role of specialized health support programs, such as long-term care.
Neutron scattering from coupled phonon-impurity modes in K Cl 1 − c ( KCN ) c

The hybridization of host-lattice phonons with the internal-energy states of C${\mathrm{N}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ impurities in KCl has been studied by inelastic neutron scattering as a function of temperature between 10 and 100 K for samples with impurity concentrations in the range $c=0.4 \mathrm{to} 6$ at.%. A temperature- and concentration-dependent coupling between phonons with ${E}_{g}$ symmetry and the ${E}_{g}$ transitions of C${\mathrm{N}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ions is observed near a frequency of 0.5 THz, a value which is consistent with the energy-level spacings for C${\mathrm{N}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ in KCl as deduced by Beyeler. However, an expected coupling of phonons and C${\mathrm{N}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ transitions with ${T}_{2g}$ symmetry near the same frequency was not detected. A simple two-level model for the C${\mathrm{N}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ impurity provides a rather good description of the data for the ${E}_{g}$ coupled modes for $cl2$ at.%, but it deviates significantly for larger concentrations. Quasielastic scattering, which has a strong dependence on impurity concentration, temperature, and phonon wave vector, is also observed.
Selective bromoacetylation of alkyl hexopyranosides: a facile preparation of intermediates for the synthesis of (1----6)-linked oligosaccharides.

Abstract Bromoacetylation of methyl β- d -galacto- ( 1 ), α- d -galacto- ( 6 ), β- d -gluco- ( 18 ), α- d -gluco- ( 22 ), and α- d -manno-pyranoside ( 31 ), and benzyl β- d -glucopyranoside ( 27 ), gave the corresponding 6- O -bromoacetyl derivatives 2, 7, 19, 23, 32, and 28 in 50–60% yields. Bromoacetylation of methyl 3- O -benzyl-β- d -galactopyranoside ( 11 ) afforded methyl 3- O -benzyl-6- O -bromoacetyl-β- d -galactopyranoside ( 12 , 60%) as well as methyl 3- O -benzyl-2,6-di- O -bromoacetyl-β- d -galactopyranoside ( 13 , 14%). Compounds 2, 7, 19, 23, 32, 28, and 12 were benzoylated and the fully protected derivatives obtained were dehaloacetylated with thiourea to afford the methyl 2,3,4-tri- O -benzoyl- d -glycopyranosides of β-galactose ( 5 ), α-galactose ( 9 ), β-glucose ( 21 ), α-glucose ( 25 ), and α-mannose ( 34 ), as well as benzyl 2,3,4-tri- O -benzoyl-β- d -glucopyranoside ( 30 ) and methyl 3- O -benzyl-2,4-di- O -benzoyl-β- d -galactopyranoside ( 15 ). These compounds can be used as nucleophiles for the synthesis of (1→6)-linked oligosaccharides. The conversion 1 → 5 could be performed without isolation of the intermediates. The treatment of bromoacetyl derivatives with benzoyl chloride in pyridine resulted in the benzoylation of the remaining free hydroxyl groups and the simultaneous substitution of bromine by chlorine, yielding the corresponding mono- O -chloroacetyl derivatives. Benzoylations with benzoyl bromide avoided this secondary event. Glycosyl donors differentially substituted to allow further extension of the oligosaccharide chain at position 6 of d -glucose, d -galactose, and d -mannose, and sequentially at positions 6 and 3 in the case of the d -galactosyl donor derived from 15 , were readily obtained by treatment of the appropriate, fully protected methyl glycosides with 1,1-dichloromethyl methyl ether in the presence of a catalytic amount of zinc chloride.
Probable postcardiotomy syndrome following implantation of a transvenous pacemaker: report of the first case.

Abstract The syndrome of fever and pericarditis is reported following implantation of a transvenous pacemaker in a 72-year-old man. The pacemaker was placed for prophylactic reasons (i.e., presence of bifascicular block). The syndrome resolved spontaneously after over four weeks of fever and a pericardial friction rub. Perforation of the right ventricle, although not recognized in this patient, is a complication which occurs with passage of a transvenous pacemaker. There were no other antecedent events to explain the syndrome such as myocardial infarction or trauma to the chest.
Physiological effects & degradation of S,S,S-tributylphosphorotri-thioate by cotton leaves as shown by the P32 & S35 labeled compounds

The first organic thiophosphorus compound reported to induce and accelerate abscission was S,S,Stributylphosphorotrithioate (6, 14). Goyette (5) tested homologous trialkyl phosphorotrithioites and the corresponding trialkyl phosphates for abscissioninducing activity in the greenhouse and noted that only the former were active. Hall et al. (paper presented at the 134th National Meeting Am. Chem. Soc. Chicago, 1958, by W. C. Hall, F. R. H. Katterman, C. S. Miller, & F. A. Herrero) studied a wide array of phosphorus and sulfur containing compounds for abscission properties and confirmed Goyette's findings. Both groups of workers (5, & Hall et al.) concluded that the sulfur moiety was responsible for the defoliation response. Our study is primarily concerned with the effect of this defoliant on respiration and on the -SH groups of water soluble proteins in the leaf, since both have been shown to be influenced by other defoliants (7, 10). Tn addition, we studied the rate and manner of degradation of this defoliant in the cotton leaf before and during abscission.
Rebirth of JCHIMP.

This is the third and final issue of volume 3 of JCHIMP . It is 3 months later than planned. This is not as serious as with paper journals (except, perhaps, to the waiting authors). Some Internet open-access journals publish individual articles as they are accepted. When we organized JCHIMP in 2010, we made the decision to publish quarterly because of editorial preferences and input from other teaching faculties. Even though this delayed the publication of some manuscripts by a few months, it was still much faster than most paper manuscript processes. (Published: 17 December 2013) Citation: Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives 2013, 3-4 : 23202 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jchimp.v3i3-4.23202
Accelerating embryonic growth during incubation following prolonged egg storage. 1. Embryonic livability.

Abstract The hypothesis was proposed that shorter incubation periods and faster growth rates for long-stored eggs would improve embryonic survival and poult hatchling quality. Increased incubation temperatures were tested for their efficacy in improving embryonic livability in fertilized eggs stored for 15 d prior to setting in the incubator compared to controls stored for only 3 d. Two temperature treatments were applied. In experiment 1, a 37.8 degrees C set point for dry bulb temperature was used to accelerate development for the initial 2 wk compared to the controls at 37.5 degrees C. Following treatment, the accelerated embryos were returned to the same machine as the controls. In experiment 2, higher temperature exposure was only for the initial week of incubation. The temperature and storage treatments were in a completely random 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. At the completion of 28 d of incubation, survival rates of all treatments were determined by opening all nonhatching eggs to differentiate truly fertilized eggs from unfertilized. Hatchability was determined by dividing the total number of poults on a hatching tray by the number of fertilized eggs on a tray. Incubator trays were the experimental unit. Tissues were sampled in both experiments to verify treatment effects on growth and metabolism. Hatching times were observed at 4-h intervals during the actual hatching process beginning at 25 d of incubation. It was concluded that delayed growth and depressed metabolism of fertilized turkey eggs stored for 15 d can be compensated for by exposure to higher incubation temperatures for the initial 1 or 2 wk of incubation.
Becoming a Drug Dealer: Local Interaction Orders and Criminal Careers:

This article reports on an ethnographic study of the process by which a young man became a drug dealer in a in a small northeastern US city. Drug dealing was the principal occupation in his predomi...
Microstructural and high-temperature electrical characterization of La1-xSrxFeO3-δ

Strontium-doped lanthanum ferrites (LSF) were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), 4-point D.C. electrical conductivity and bulk property measurements. The results were compared to those of previous studies as well as selected processing conditions. The investigation focused on effects of sintering temperature, time, atmosphere (air, O2 and N2) and composition of La1−xSr x FeO3−δ (x = 0.2–0.9), on the sintering behavior, microstructural development and electrical conductivity. An oxalate precipitation method was used to prepare lanthanum ferrite powders. Simultaneous thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA) studies found calcination temperatures of 800 and 850^∘C were necessary to form single-phase crystalline powders, as determined by XRD. Specimens were sintered from 1300 to 1400^∘C with dwell times from $$\frac{1}{2}$$ to 2 hrs. Results from SEM/EDS analysis showed the presence of a second phase in the samples fired in air or oxygen. The second phase was not detected by x-ray diffraction due to the small amount of material present. Samples fired in nitrogen had the lowest conductivity while those fired in oxygen had the highest. A composition of x = 0.5 resulted in the highest conductivity, 352 S/cm, at an operating temperature of 550∘C in air. High strontium additions (x = 0.9) lowered the linear shrinkage of LSF.
Formation of Ni[C4(CN)8] from the reaction of Ni(COD)2 (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) with TCNE in THF

The dissolution of Ni(COD)2 (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) into dichloromethane leads to decomposition and formation of a room temperature magnetic material, whereas the reaction of Ni(COD)2 and tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) in THF forms paramagnetic materials including NiII[C4(CN)8](THF)2·xTHF. These results are discussed in context with a recent report of a room temperature magnet based upon the reaction of Ni(COD)2 and TCNE in dichloromethane.
Linear-friction dissipators for truss structures

This paper is concerned with the dynamic response of truss structures containing linear- friction dampers. This type of passive energy dissipator shows different stiffness in loading and unloading, leading to triangular hysteresis loops under cyclic loading. The free and forced vibration responses of simple truss structures incorporating linear-friction dampers are analyzed. The harmonic linearization technique is used in combination with the modal strain energy method to estimate the response of truss structures with linear-friction dampers. The accuracy of this linearization technique is assessed in the context of truss structures in this paper. It is demonstrated that excellent accuracy is achieved using this linearization method.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Therapeutics of Aggression in Children

This paper examines the phenomenology, aetiology and therapeutics of childhood aggression that arises as part of a disruptive behaviour disorder. Phenomenology is discussed with an emphasis on treatment implications. Reviewed studies show that aggressive behaviour exhibits both episodicity and considerable individual stability. Aetiological theories are reviewed with emphasis on the interplay between biological and socio-environmental factors. Both factors are centrally involved in the development and treatment of aggression. A review of double-blind, placebo-controlled medication studies is presented. A computer-based, literature search using Medline and PsychInfo was conducted to locate all potentially relevant articles published in the past 20 years. It was found that there are various treatments available for reducing paediatric aggression including psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological treatments. There are data to support the use of psychostimulants, lithium and antipsychotics, while data for other agents are only beginning to accumulate. Various pharmacological treatments can reduce aggression in children. However, given the role of both biological and social factors in the development of aggression, multimodal treatment may ultimately provide maximal benefits.
An exponential method for the solution of systems of ordinary differential equations

An explicit, coupled, single-step method for the numerical solution of initial value problems for systems of ordinary differential equations is presented. The method was designed to be general purpose in nature but to be especially efficient when dealing with stiff systems of differential equations. It is, in general, second order except for the case of a linear system with constant coefficients and linear forcing terms; in that case, the method is third order. It has been implemented and put to routine usage in biological applications—where stiffness frequently appears—with favorable results. When compared to a standard fourth order Runge-Kutta implementation, computation time required by this method has ranged from comparable for certain nonstiff problems to better than two orders of magnitude faster for some highly stiff systems.
Mutagenic studies with acrylonitrile

Abstract The mutagenicity of acrylonitrile (vinyl cyanide, propenenitrile) has been demonstrated in the Ames Salmonella typhimurium /liver microsome assay system. Acrylonitrile, in the presence of a mouse liver homogenate produced mutations in the TA 1535, TA 1538 and TA 1978 strains. Exposure of the bacteria was achieved by spotting the acrylonitrile on a “lawn” of Salmonella, by shaking a reaction mixture consisting of bacteria, liver homogenate and acrylonitrile, and by exposing the homogenate and bacteria to an atmosphere containing the acrylonitrile. Mutagenesis by this latter method was observed at exposures as low as 57 ppm, less than three times the TLV of 20 ppm that is designated in the United States.
Characterizing aquatic ecological risks from pesticides using a diquat dibromide case study III. Ecological process models

The purpose of this study was to add to the set of risk characterization approaches developed in an earlier study beyond simple comparisons of exposure and effects (e.g., quotients, overlapping frequency distributions) through use of ecological models. These models were used to evaluate the ecological risks from diquat dibromide for individual Daphnia using an individual-oriented model, a population of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) using a demographic model, and ecological communities within a generic lake in Central Florida, USA, using the Comprehensive Aquatic Systems Model. The ecological models presented in this study more realistically address the potential risks posed by pesticides to individual organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystems than risk assessment methods based on simple comparisons of exposure and effects. The ecological impacts calculated by these models support the inference of minimal risks being posed by diquat dibromide to aquatic systems as concluded from previous empirical comparisons of exposure and toxicity data.
Transient radiation-induced absorption in laser materials

Transient radiation-induced absorption losses in laser materials have been measured using a pulsed nuclear reactor. Reactor pulse widths of 70 to 90 {mu}s and absorbed doses of 1 to 7.5 krad have been used. Transmission recovery times and peak absorption coefficients are given. Materials tested include LiNbO{sub 3}, GSGG, silica substrates, and filter glasses used in the laser cavity. The filter glasses are tested at discrete wavelengths in the range 440--750 nm. Lithium niobate , MgO doped LiNbO{sub 3}, GSGG, and the silica substrates are tested at 1061 nm.
Plant growth and reproduction along CO2 gradients: non‐linear responses and implications for community change

The effects of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations on natural plant communities will depend upon the cumulative responses of plant growth and reproduction to gradual, incremental changes in climatic conditions. We analysed published studies of plant responses to elevated CO2 to address whether reproductive and total biomass exhibit similar enhancement to elevated vs. ambient CO2 concentrations, and to assess the patterns of plant response along gradients of CO2 concentrations. In six annual plant species, mean enhancement at double ambient vs. ambient CO2 was 1.13 for total biomass and 1.30 for reproductive biomass. The two measures were significantly correlated, but there was considerable scatter in the relationship, indicating that reproductive responses cannot be consistently predicted from enhancement of total biomass. Along experimental CO2 gradients utilizing three concentrations, there was a great diversity of response patterns, including positive, negative, non-monotonic and non-significant (flat) responses. The distribution of response patterns differed for plants grown in stands compared to those grown individually. Positive responses were less frequent in competitive environments, and non-monotonic responses were more frequent. These results emphasize that interpolation of plant response based on enhancement ratios measured at elevated vs. ambient CO2 concentrations is not sufficient to predict community responses to incremental changes in atmospheric conditions. The consequences of differential response patterns were assessed in a simulation of community dynamics for four species of annual plants. The model illustrates that the final community composition at a future point in time depends critically on both the magnitude and the rate of increase of atmospheric CO2.
Production of abnormal proteins in E. coli stimulates transcription of ion and other heat shock genes

The product of the lon gene in Escherichia coli, protease La, plays an important role in the degradation of abnormal proteins. To determine whether the presence of abnormal proteins stimulates expression of this gene, we examined its transcription using a lon-lacZ operon fusion. After the cells synthesized large amounts of aberrant polypeptides (e.g. following incorporation of the arginine analog, canavanine, or production of incomplete proteins with puromycin, or induction of translational errors with streptomycin), these cells showed a two- to threefold increase in lon--lacZ expression. Furthermore, synthesis of a single cloned protein, e.g. human tissue plasminogen activator, caused a similar increase in lon transcription. This induction of lon by abnormal proteins requires the heat shock regulatory gene htpR and was not seen in htpR- cells. Under these various conditions, other heat shock proteins were also induced. Thus, the appearance of aberrant cell proteins may be a common signal under many adverse conditions for the induction of cell protease (or proteases) and other heat shock proteins.
Customer value exchange

This paper discusses the state of the US banking industry — its challenges and some of the common shortcomings of their current strategies — and presents compelling reasons why banks must re-formulate new strategies for growth and profitability focused on the customer. It proposes a framework, called the customer value exchange (CVE), as a potential solution that would enable banks to develop effective strategies tailored to their customers’ specific needs and perceptions of value, which are the drivers for profitability. This framework is organised into capabilities, which are explained in this paper. A sample process for how these capabilities are applied is provided with an emphasis on an iterative, dynamic refinement process. The iterative approach includes strategy, people, process, analyses and information that companies can integrate to yield higher value and exchange with the banks’ customers. The paper also presents a real company case study. This framework can be utilised by academics and industry practitioners of customer relationship programmes alike.
Giant infiltrative cavernous malformation: clinical presentation, intervention, and genetic analysis: case report.

Objective and importance Cavernous malformations can present in children with a sporadic course of repeated hemorrhage and enlargement, but they are rarely aggressive, infiltrative, or multilobar. We present the case of a young boy with a complex cavernous malformation that evolved during the course of a decade to encompass the majority of his right cerebral hemisphere. Clinical presentation A 16-month-old boy presented with seizures, and radiographic studies demonstrated a large cavernous malformation in his right frontal pole. During the next 10 years, his seizures became intractable, and he developed progressive left hand weakness and atrophy. His malformation infiltrated his entire right frontal lobe as well as portions of his right parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and deep gray matter structures. Intervention The patient underwent right hemicraniotomy and near total resection of the lesion. Pathological analysis revealed dilated, thin-walled vessels separated by small amounts of intervening astrogliotic brain consistent with cavernous malformation. The patient recovered to his baseline neurological condition and has had no seizure or hemorrhage since his operation. Genetic testing did not reveal mutations in either the CCM1 (KRIT1) or CCM2 (malcavernin) genes. Conclusion This case may represent an atypical variant of cavernous malformation best termed giant infiltrative cavernous malformation. Despite its unusual size, multilobar location, and aggressive infiltration, it can be managed effectively with standard surgical resection.
Molecular pathogenesis of thyroid cancer

A number of molecular abnormalities have been described in association with the progression from normal thyroid tissue to benign adenomas to well-differentiated and finally anaplastic epithelial thyroid cancer. These include upregulation of proliferative factors, such as growth hormones and oncogenes, downregulation of apoptotic and cell-cycle inhibitory factors, such as tumor suppressors, disruption of normal cell-to-cell interactions, and cellular immortalization. The progression model for thyroid carcinoma has not been proven, but evidence suggests that an evolutionary molecular process is involved, especially in the development of follicular thyroid cancers for which there are distinct intermediate phenotypes. We present a comprehensive evaluation of factors involved in thyroid tumorigenesis and attempt to describe preliminary attributes of a progression model. The organization of this model should also provide a template for the incorporation of new information as it is derived from large-scale genomic studies.
Corporate social and environmental responsibility in services: Will consumers pay for it?

Abstract Two studies investigate consumer awareness of and response toward socially and environmentally responsible practices in the hospitality industry. Results suggest that consumers exhibit more positive response toward establishments exhibiting higher levels of social responsibility, although many are uninformed of the extent to which the organizations they patronize engage in such practices. Most consumers are willing to incur a modest price increase while patronizing an organization that behaves in an environmentally and socially responsible fashion, but that willingness declines dramatically as the price premium escalates. Consumers with high involvement in and positive attitudes toward corporate social responsibility practices are most willing to pay a premium.
Framing, Motivated Reasoning, and Opinions about Emergent Technologies

How do individuals form opinions about new technologies? What role does factual information play in that process? We address these questions by incorporating two critical dynamics, typically ignored in extant work: competition between information and over-time processes. We present results from experiments on two technologies: carbon-nanotubes and genetically modified foods. We find that factual information is of limited utility—it does not have a greater impact than other background factors (e.g. values), it adds little power to newly provided arguments/frames (e.g., compared to arguments that lack factual information), and it is perceived in biased ways once individuals form clear initial opinions (e.g., there is motivated reasoning). Not only do our results provide insight into how individuals form opinions, over time, when presented with novel technologies, but they also bring together various distinct literatures including work on information, framing and motivated reasoning.
Studies of the furan-carbonyl photocycloaddition reaction: The determination of the absolute stereostructure of asteltoxin.

Abstract The absolute stereochemistry of (+)-asteltoxin has been determined by experiments that include the conversion of R- isopropylidene glyceraldehyde into the degradation product 2.
THE PRICE OF SERIALS IS EVERYBODY'S BUSINESS

In the library community no issue in recent years has been so contentious as the rising price of serials. Managing a serials collection in libraries has always been a difficult task—challenging in terms of definition, and in terms of tracking and keeping records. Lately, however, justifying increasing costs has become even more difficult. The publication of journal articles with titles such as “The Journal That Ate the Library” and “Periodical Price Escalation: A Library Response” dramatize the cost crisis that librarians face.
Novel roles for arrestins in the post-endocytic trafficking of G protein-coupled receptors

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest family of transmembrane signaling molecules in the human genome. As such, they interact with numerous intracellular molecules, which can act either to propagate or curtail signaling from the receptor. Their primary mode of cellular activation occurs through heterotrimeric G proteins, which in turn can activate a wide spectrum of effector molecules, including phosphodiesterases, phospholipases, adenylyl cyclases and ion channels. Active GPCRs are also the target of G protein-coupled receptor kinases, which phosphorylate the receptors culminating in the binding of the protein arrestin. This results in rapid desensitization through inhibition of G protein binding, as well as novel mechanisms of cellular activation that involve the scaffolding of cellular kinases to GPCR-arrestin complexes. Arrestins can also serve to mediate the internalization of certain GPCRs, a process which plays an important role in regulating cellular activity both by mediating long-term desensitization through down regulation (degradation) of receptors and by recycling desensitized receptors back to the cell surface to initiate additional rounds of signaling. The mechanisms that regulate the subsequent intracellular trafficking of GPCRs following internalization are largely unknown. Recently however, it has become clear that the pattern of receptor phosphorylation and subsequent binding of arrestin play a critical role in the intracellular trafficking of internalized receptors, thereby dictating the ultimate fate of the receptor. In addition, arrestins have now been shown to be required for the recycling of GPCRs that are capable of internalizing through arrestin-independent mechanisms. This review will summarize recent advances in our understanding of the roles of arrestins in post-endocytic GPCR trafficking.