cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Residential Framing Accidents, Activities, and Task Demands

Framing contractors have the highest rate of nonfatal incidents among specialty contractors. This case study analyzes 654 safety incidents that occurred over a period of 5 1 2 years in a large residential framing company. Accident analysis and interviews with safety and production experts identify the high-risk tasks, the errors that lead to incidents, and the task factors that increase the likelihood of incidents. The analysis resulted in a framework of five task factors that increase the task demands: (1) working platform constraints; (2) ergonomic postures constraints; (3) material/load handling requirements; (4) tool use/accuracy requirements; and (5) difficulties due to external forces. The combined effect of these factors determines the task difficulty and the likelihood of incidents. The paper discusses safety measures to reduce the task demands of the high-risk tasks, as opposed to measures that reduce exposure or mitigate the consequences. Reducing task demands can reduce the likelihood of accid...
Erratum to The extremal codes of length 42 with automorphism of order 7 [Discrete Math. 190 (1998) 201-213]

This note corrects a mistake in the previous paper where some of the codes are missing and others are repeated. All [42, 21, 8] binary self-dual with an automorphism of order 7 are enumerated. Up to equivalence their number is 29.
Procedural sedation for fracture reduction in children with hyperactivity.

Objective: Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have a higher rate of more severe injuries than the general population. However, their ADHD may cause them to respond differently to procedural sedation required for treatment. The purpose of this article is to compare procedural sedation for children with and without ADHD. Methods: Retrospectively, 44 patients with ADHD and 41 controls sedated with fentanyl and midazolam for forearm-fracture reduction in the emergency department (ED) at a children's hospital were identified. Drug dosages, vital signs, and sedation scores were compared. Results: Drug dosages, vital signs, and sedation scores did not significantly differ between cases and controls. Mean ED visit duration was significantly longer for patients with ADHD than for controls as was sedation duration. Conclusions: Children with and without ADHD were equally sedated with the same total drug dosages. The differences in sedation duration and visit duration warrant further investigation.
Practical Management: Hamstring Muscle Injuries

INTRODUCTIONHamstring muscle injuries are the most common muscle injury in running and sprinting athletes, leading to significant pain, disability, and time lost from sports participation. 1–5 Persistent symptoms, slow healing, and a high rate of re-injury make hamstring injuries a frustrating occur
A meta-analytic examination of hardiness.

Hardiness, which is a multidimensional personality trait that is hypothesized to protect people from the effects of stress, has attracted considerable research attention during the last 30 years. The current study provides a meta-analytic review of hardiness. Specifically, we examined the relationships between the hardiness facets, the relationship between hardiness and other personality variables, as well as the relationships between hardiness and several hypothesized criteria, including stressors, strains, social support, coping, and performance. Our analyses generally suggest that hardiness is: (a) positively related to other personality traits that are expected to protect people from stress, (b) negatively related to personality traits that are expected to exacerbate the effects of stress, (c) negatively related to stressors, strains, and regressive coping, and (d) positively related to social support, active coping, and performance. Regression analyses suggest that hardiness is significantly related to important criteria after the effects of other personality traits (e.g., the Five Factor Model traits) are controlled.
Partially matched related donor peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation in paediatric patients adding fludarabine and anti-lymphocyte gamma-globulin

Partially matched related donor peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation in paediatric patients adding fludarabine and anti-lymphocyte gamma-globulin Twenty-one paediatric patients (11 males and 10 females) received a CD34-selected partially matched related donor transplant for malignant (16 cases) and non-malignant conditions (five cases). The average cell dose was 11.13 x 10(6)/kg. Fifteen of 16 patients with malignant conditions and one with non-malignant disease received total body irradiation plus cyclophosphamide. Three of 5 patients with non-malignant conditions and one with leukaemia, received busulphan plus cyclophosphamide. One patient with Fanconi anaemia received 100 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide. Fludarabine (25 mg/m(2)/day for 5 days) was administered prior to all these regimens. Additionally, anti-lymphocyte gamma-globulin (12.5 mg/kg/day) was administered from day -2 to day +2. Three (15%) patients failed to achieve complete chimaerism (CC). These patients received a second cell infusion. Two of them achieved CC. In the third patient, the percentage of donor cells was increased. The likelihood for engraftment was not related to the cell dose received. Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) occurred in nine patients but only one developed GVHD >grade II. Eight patients developed active viral infections, which resolved after treatment. Patients receiving cell doses higher than our average had a significantly faster CD3 and CD4 cell recovery and experienced a lower incidence of viral infections. After 480 +/- 255 days of median follow-up, 16/21 patients are alive and well and have CC. Three patients died of leukaemic relapse and a fourth from progression of his disease (adreno-leuko-dystrophy). We conclude that partially matched related donors are a feasible source of haemopoietic progenitor cells for transplantation for patients without matched familial or unrelated donors.
Prostate-seminal vesicle cancers induced in noble rats.

Susceptibility of Noble strain rats to induced cancers in the accessory sex glands was determined. Following an IV inoculation of methylnitrosourea plus three successive SC implants of testosterone propionate, early stage adenocarcinomas were observed in the seminal vesicles and anterior prostates, but not in the dorsolateral nor in the ventral lobes.
Wesley Robert Wells and the Civil Rights Congress Campaign

During its short existence (1946–55), the Civil Rights Congress (CRC) focused much of its attention on the racist practices of the American criminal justice system. As Gerald Home demonstrates, the CRC’s work in publicizing death penalty cases like those of Willie McGee, Rosa Lee Ingram, the Trenton 6, and the Martinsville 7 followed the grassroots tradition of protest established by the International Labor Defense on behalf of the Scottsboro Boys in the 1930s. To be sure, this continuity reflected the work of William L. Patterson, the African American Communist attorney who directed both organizations. Patterson’s signal contribution; namely, the use of mass popular pressure to supplement a legal strategy, clearly would be felt long after the demise of the International Labor Defense and the CRC, however. A case first taken up by the CRC, and later revived by the Black Panthers in the late 1960s, vividly illustrates the enduring potential of mass protest as the most effective means of combating racism in the criminal justice system. As seen in the following narration, neither courtroom activism nor executive goodwill would have saved Wesley Robert Wells from the California gas chamber or from a fate sometimes even more “cruel and unusual” than the death penalty.
Protecting Posted Genes: Social Networking and the Limits of GINA

The combination of decreased genotyping costs and prolific social media use is fueling a personal genetic testing industry in which consumers purchase and interact with genetic risk information online. Consumers and their genetic risk profiles are protected in some respects by the 2008 federal Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA), which forbids the discriminatory use of genetic information by employers and health insurers; however, practical and technical limitations undermine its enforceability, given the everyday practices of online social networking and its impact on the workplace. In the Web 2.0 era, employers in most states can legally search about job candidates and employees online, probing social networking sites for personal information that might bear on hiring and employment decisions. We examine GINA's protections for online sharing of genetic information as well as its limitations, and propose policy recommendations to address current gaps that leave employees’ genetic information...
Solid-model generation from measured point data

Abstract The paper addresses the issue of solid-model generation from coordinate-measuring machine (CMM) point data. All the surfaces of an object are measured, with some in different orientations, and transformations are performed on the point data to convert it into a consistent coordinate system in order for correct representations for all the surfaces to be obtained. A method based on the least-squares approach is used to fit quadric surfaces to the measured point data, resulting in an algebraic representation for each surface. Using the surface equations and the topology information from an original CAD solid model, the edges and vertices are found by the direct intersection of the corresponding fitted surfaces. Thus, a complete B-rep solid-model data structure is created for the measured object from the CMM point data. Theory, algorithms and examples are presented, with discussions on uncertainty issues in measurement, fitting and topology. The algorithms developed are useful for the inspection of manufactured components and assemblies, assembly fit-up analysis, uncertainty analysis and reverse engineering.
A review on active wind energy harvesting designs

This paper aims to review various designs and effects of vibrations generated by fluids, different bluff bodies, aeroelastic instabilities, and study the methods for harvesting their energies by means of piezoelectric materials. Wind based energy harvesting is increasingly pursued due to the ubiquitous nature of excitation source as well as the strong correlation with other types of excitation. Vortex-induced vibrations (VIV), as well as vibrations induced by bluff bodies, and the effect of their own shape on potential gains has been investigated. In addition, the effect of aeroelastic instability phenomenon such as fluttering and galloping on energy generation is investigated. The energy generation density of various methods is evaluated by comparing the gains of different approaches. The study results show that energy densities and peak power outputs vary widely depending on device configuration and instability phenomenon. Additionally, peak power output versus bandwidth varies greatly between the phenomena suggesting specialized applications for a given phenomenon. Through these study results, new research paths to move forward in this field are suggested when paired with the latest examples at active energy harvesting.
TU‐D‐BRC‐01: Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance of Patient Specific Daily Margins to Assess Interfraction Motion for Cervical Cancer Patients Undergoing IMRT Using Daily CBCT Imaging

Purpose: To analyze interfraction motion in cervical cancer patients based on repeated measures analysis of variance of patient‐specific daily uniform margins obtained using daily CBCTimaging.Methods and Materials: Ten cervical cancer patients (stage IB‐IVA) treated with IMRT were analyzed for this study. A CTV consisting of the regional lymph nodes, upper vagina, parametria, cervix and uterus was contoured on the planning CT and daily CBCTimages. Twenty‐five CBCT scans, corresponding to each fraction were planned and attempted for each patient. The acquired CBCTimages for all the fractions were rigidly registered to the planning CT with respect to bony anatomy. The initial planning CTV was then cast onto the registered daily CBCT and were modified to reflect changes due to organ motion and deformation. Patient‐specific daily margins covering 100% of daily CTV volumes were calculated. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the patient specific daily margins to quantify inter‐patient and intra‐patient variations in estimated margins. Mean values within the subjects were imputed for the missing fractions. F statistics was used to test the null hypothesis that day of the treatment or fraction number had no effect on daily margins. Results: Patient specific daily uniform margins were used to generate an ANOVA table. The data shows a grand mean of 15.3 mm among all patients and fractions which represents the estimate of the average population margin. In addition, the inter‐patient standard deviation in margins is 5.1 mm and intra‐patient standard deviation is 35.4 mm indicating that the variation between patients is significant. The F statistics (F = 0.654) was significant indicating that the day of the treatment or fraction number had no influence on margin. Conclusion: Margins varied substantially between patients indicating adaptive RT approaches are needed for the treatment of cervical cancer patients.
New formulation for derivatives of torsion angles and improper torsion angles in molecular mechanics: Elimination of singularities

A new set of formulae is developed for the derivatives of torsion angle energy terms and is introduced into the program CHARMM. These formulae, which are based on derivatives of the torsion angle itself, avoid the singularities introduced by use of the derivatives of the torsion angle cosine. The potential energy can include any differentiable function of the torsion angle and there is no need for a special treatment for cases where planar conformations are not extrema. The resulting code is simpler than the original version and yields correct derivatives in all practical situations. Because the minimum of the torsion energy can be at any angle, the functionality of the existing energy routines is generalized. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Color center lasers

Abstract Color centers in alkali halide crystals can be applied as high-gain active materials in tunable solid state lasers. When cryogenically cooled and optically pumped, these laser crystals have low threshold pump powers, relatively high output powers, and are smoothly tunable over a large fraction of their broad emission bands. Using various color center types and host lattices, the combined tuning range of color center lasers covers presently the near-infrared region from about 0.8 to 4 μm. In single-mode cw operation color center lasers have extremely narrow spectral line-widths; in mode-locked operation they can provide pulses with ultranarrow temporal widths. These properties make them very attractive for spectroscopic studies requiring high spectral or temporal resolution. This paper reviews the optical properties of the main laser-active color center types, the techniques used for their production, and their laser characteristics. Furthermore, a brief summary is given on the application of color center lasers.
Graphite Whiskers in CV3 Meteorites

Graphite whiskers (GWs), an allotrope of carbon that has been proposed to occur in space, have been discovered in three CV-type carbonaceous chondrites via Raman imaging and electron microscopy. The GWs are associated with high-temperature calcium-aluminum inclusion (CAI) rims and interiors, with the rim of a dark inclusion, and within an inclusion inside an unusual chondrule that bears mineralogy and texture indicative of high-temperature processing. Current understanding of CAI formation places their condensation, and that of associated GWs, relatively close to the Sun and early in the condensation sequence of protoplanetary disk materials. If this is the case, then it is a possibility that GWs are expelled from any young solar system early in its history, thus populating interstellar space with diffuse GWs. Graphite whiskers have been postulated to play a role in the near-infrared (near-IR) dimming of type Ia supernovae, as well as in the thermalization of both the cosmic IR and microwave background and in galactic center dimming between 3 and 9 micrometers. Our observations, along with the further possibility that GWs could be manufactured during supernovae, suggest that GWs may have substantial effects in observational astronomy.
Energy production, use and saving in a bioelectrochemical desalination system

This study experimentally and quantitatively investigated the energy benefit of a bioelectrochemical desalination system consisting of microbial desalination cells as pre-desalination units before electrodialysis (ED). The pre-desalination in an upflow microbial desalination cell (UMDC) could reduce ED energy consumption and desalination time by 45.3% and 25.0%, respectively. Both serial and parallel connections of three UMDCs achieved comparable performance in desalination and energy production. Direct charging in a serial connection transferred 86.6% of the energy from the UMDC system to a rechargeable battery, and 41.8% of the energy to an ultracapacitor, suggesting that ultracapacitors that are designed for quick charging may not be suitable for energy extraction from bioelectrochemical systems. About half of the stored energy in the rechargeable battery or ultracapacitor was lost during discharging to power the ED unit. The parallel connection aided by a DC-DC converter did not successfully charge either the rechargeable battery or the ultracapacitor.
Overview and Evolution of the LeRC PMAD DC Test Bed

Since the beginning of the Space Station Freedom Program (SSFP), the Lewis Research Center (LeRC) has been developed electrical power system test beds to support the overall design effort. Through this time, the SSFP has changed the design baseline numerous times, however, the test bed effort has endeavored to track these changes. Beginning in August 1989 with the baseline and an all DC system, a test bed was developed to support the design baseline. The LeRC power measurement and distribution (PMAD) DC test bed and the changes in the restructure are described. The changes includeed the size reduction of primary power channel and various power processing elements. A substantial reduction was also made in the amount of flight software with the subsequent migration of these functions to ground control centers. The impact of these changes on the design of the power hardware, the controller algorithms, the control software, and a description of their current status is presented. An overview of the testing using the test bed is described, which includes investigation of stability and source impedance, primary and secondary fault protection, and performance of a rotary utility transfer device. Finally, information is presented on the evolution of the test bed to support the verification and operational phases of the SSFP in light of these restructure scrubs.
Changes in Membrane Lipid Composition in Exponentially Growing Staphylococcus aureus During the Shift from 37 to 25 C

Lowering the temperature of growth of Staphylococcus aureus from 37 to 25 C decreased the growth rate and induced changes in the composition of the membrane lipids. Changes in lipid composition also occur in the transition between exponential and stationary growth phases at one temperature. To isolate the effects of lowering the temperature, exponentially growing S. aureus was abruptly switched from 37 to 25 C by transfer to cooler medium. Exponential growth continued at 25 C without a lag period but with a threefold increase in doubling time. In the period of exponential growth at suboptimal temperature, there was essentially no change in the fatty acid composition of the lipids, little change in the vitamin K2 composition with perhaps a slight increase in the total level, and essentially no change in the phospholipid composition, but a marked stimulation of the synthesis of the rubixanthins. Growth of cells at 25 C was much more sensitive to the inhibition of rubixanthin formation by mixed-function oxidase inhibitors than cells growing at 37 C, suggesting some function for the rubixanthins at suboptimal temperatures. The striking increases in the proportions of monoenoic fatty acids observed at lowered growth temperatures in many biological systems are not detected in S. aureus.
Tripole to the rescue [antennas]

Whether it is the Palm VIIx handheld organizer or the VV Kyocera Smartphone, people love the freedom offered by the wireless connectivity of these gadgets. However, what the wireless service providers try to downplay is the low-speed Internet connection necessitated by the congested radio channels in the cellular/PCS bands. Several strategies are being tried to deal with this problem. The present paper discusses increasing the channel capacity in a scattering environment by using dual-polarized radio signals (Andrews et al. 2001). The extra capacity arises because there are six distinguishable electric and magnetic states of polarization at a given point, rather than two as is usually assumed. A set of three collocated orthogonal dipole antennas ("tripoles") at both the transmitting and receiving sites can triple the data rate. Andrews et al. used this approach to transmit an image of a Joan Mire painting, sending the red, green, and blue components of the picture simultaneously via three electric polarization states. If three magnetic-dipole antennas were added to the system, three additional information channels would become available because, in a scattering environment, the three magnetic-field components would be uncorrelated with one another as well as with the electric-field components.
On the electrical conductivity of air inside buildings

Simultaneous measurements of the electrical conductivity of air inside and outside of buildings have been performed with continuously recording electronic instruments of high sensitivity and short time constant. It appears that the electrical conductivity, a measure of the natural ionization of air, is one atmospheric-electric parameter that can manifest itself inside occupied buildings without appreciable difference in physical character from outside values.
The core shadow zone boundary and lateral variations of the P velocity structure of the lowermost mantle

Abstract The recent determination of high-quality, short-period P-wave amplitude profiles near the core shadow zone for three source-receiver combinations allows an exploration of lateral variations in P velocity structure at the base of the mantle. Various radially symmetric models are tested by comparison of the data with amplitudes measured from generalized ray theory synthetics. The assumption necessary to justify one-dimensional modeling—that each of the profiles is most sensitive to scales of heterogeneity larger than the discrete regions sampled—is well supported by the coherence of the individual profiles. The observed amplitude versus distance profiles exhibit significant regional variations of the apparent shadow zone boundary, with as much as a 5° shift in onset distance, but it is possible to model the overall behavior using simple, regionally varying, positive P velocity gradients in the lowermost mantle. Velocity models with pervasive negative velocity gradients in the D″ layer are not consistent with the data. The modeling indicates that D″ velocities beneath the North Pole are ∼ 2% slower than those beneath the central Pacific, while velocities beneath the North Pacific are ∼ 1% faster. Although the simplest class of successful models begins to deviate from the PREM reference Earth model as much as 690 km above the core-mantle boundary, these models do not violate global mantle velocity constraints, and the theoretical slowness values calculated for the three models are consistent with slowness measurements for the same general regions. More complex, multiple-gradient lower mantle velocity structures with a thinner zone of lateral heterogeneity may be compatible with the P wave data, but such detailed structures cannot be resolved by our modeling (though bounds can be placed on viable structures). The strong lateral variations required by the data support the presence of compositional heterogeneity in D″, and the data require that at least in several locations the predominant P velocity gradients in D″ are positive.
Antibodies to Proteases and Exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis: Demonstration by Radioimmunoassay

Sera from 33 patients with cystic fibrosis and two pediatric patients being treated for chronic pulmonary infections not related to cystic fibrosis and six sera or serum pools from uninfected individuals were tested with a microtiter radioimmunoassay for reactivity against exotoxin A and two proteases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Exotoxin A was purified from a low-protease strain of P. aeruginosa and shown to have adenosine diphosphate-ribose transferase activity and mouse lethality. Proteases were purified from an isolate of P. aeruginosa from a patient with cystic fibrosis and had proteolytic activity against elastin and collagen in an assay employing dimethylated protein substrates. The antibody responses of the patients detected using 125I-labeled antibody to human immunoglobulin were correlated with clinical evaluations expressed as a composite score based on pulmonary findings, case histories, growth and nutrition, and chest X rays. Values in the radioimmunoassay for patients' sera were compared with those of a control serum pool and expressed as the ratio of counts per minute (cpm) in patient serum to the cpm in the control pool. Inverse correlations were found between these ratios for each of the pseudomonas exoproducts and clinical scores; highest ratios occurred in patients showing the lowest clinical scores. These results confirm that proteases and exotoxin A of P. aeruginosa are produced in cystic fibrosis pulmonary infections due to P. aeruginosa and suggest that they may serve as significant virulence factors in these chronic infectious states.
Link between aging and the nucleolus.

Our ancient ancesters recognized events of nature, like the sporadic appearance of comets and lightning, the periodic display of stars, planets, and the moon, and biological processes like birth, development, and aging. The rapid progress of science has formulated a firm basis for understanding many of these phenomena, but aging has remained a conspicuous exception. Recently, however, a concerted effort has been made to get at the scientific basis of what cellular and molecular events might cause aging. This perspective will begin with an introduction into new approaches being used to study aging. The main body will focus on two independent studies in a model system that both point to the cell as a probable unit of aging and the nucleolus as a key player in the aging process. Finally, these recent findings will be placed into a context of human aging, which considers a possible interplay between telomeres and the nucleolus, as well as the relationship between dividing and nondividing (postmitotic) cells. Background
REVISION OF THE STENODEMINI WITH A REVIEW OF THE INCLUDED GENERA (HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE: MIRINAE)

Abstract An argument is made for the monophyly of the tribe Stenodemini China 1943 based on a character discussion treating the pretarsus, metepisternal scent efferent system, external cuticular ultrastructure, male and female genitalia, metafemoral trichobothria, and external morphology of head and pronotum. As a result, a proposal is presented to subsume Pithanini Douglas and Scott 1865 with Stenodemini. A cladistic analysis of the nominate stenodemine genera based on 54 characters is conducted. The revised Stenodemini includes 32 genera. The following junior subjective generic synonyms are proposed: Notostiropsis Poppius 1914 = Ebutius Distant 1909; Penacoris Cavalho and Rosas 1966 = Stenodema Laporte 1832; and Trigonotyliscus Carvalho 1975 = Trigonotylus Fieber 1858. A lectotype is designated for Ebutius bellus Distant 1909. Chaetomiris Bliven 1973 is treated as a nomen dubium. A key to the genera and a diagnosis of each recognized genus of the reconstituted Stenodemini are presented. A list of ...
Over-the-Counter Δ5 Anabolic Steroids 5-Androsten-3,17-dione; 5-Androsten-3β, 17β-diol; Dehydroepiandrosterone; and 19-Nor-5-androsten-3,17-dione: Excretion Studies in Men

Studies of urinary steroids were performed in males after oral administration of 5-androsten-3,17-dione; 5-androsten-3β, 17β-diol; dehydroepiandrosterone; and 19-nor-5-androsten-3, 17-dione. 5-Androsten-3,17-dione; 5-androsten-3β,17β-diol; and dehydroepiandrosterone amplify most endogenous steroids, but to a lesser extent than their Δ 4 analogues do. Especially affected are androsterone, etiocholanolone, dehydroandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and isomeric 5-androstendiols. 5-Androsten-3,17-dione; 5-androsten-3β,17β-diol; and dehydroepiandrosterone elevate the urinary testosterone to epitestosterone (T/E) ratio by a factor of 2-3 a few hours after administration. This may cause a positive T/E test (> 6) for individuals with normal T/E ratios higher than 2. Most of the steroids return to their original concentrations in less than 24 h. Etiocholanolone and 5β-androstan-3α,17β-diol remain elevated for several days. A reduced androsterone to etiocholanolone (A/E) ratio may be an indication of Δ 5 steroids abuse. 19-Nor-5-androsten-3,17-dione has a similar effect, except that all metabolites in urine are 19-nor exogenous steroids. Identification criteria for 19-nor-5-androsten-3,17-dione may be the same as nandrolone, that is, detection of 19-norandrosterone and 19-noretiocholanolone. Specific abundant metabolites of 19-nor-5-androsten-3,17-dione are 19-nordehydroandrosterone and 19-nordehydroepiandrosterone. In the later stages of excretion, higher concentration of 19-noreticholanolone relative to 19-norandrosterone specifically indicates administration of 19-nor Δ 5 steroids.
There's Method in Our Madness: Interpersonal Attraction as a Multidimensional Construct.

Abstract The convergent validity and number of dimensions common to six measures of interpersonal attraction (three verbal and three nonverbal) were explored in this investigation. Convergent validity was found within verbal and nonverbal modes of measurement, but not between modes. No general factor was found to be common to the six measures of attraction. It was, therefore, concluded that method bias influences experimental results, threatening the comparability of results from research programs using different modes of measuring attraction. The results also question the assumption that social attitudes, such as attraction, are closely related to behavior, and imply that predictions derived from theories based on different modes of measuring attraction will have unequal utility.
On the determination of the physical origin of homochirality in life

There are many who believe that the observed molecular homochirality in all living things is actually required for life and must have preceeded it in the prebiotic medium. While the sign of the homochirality could be the result of chance, it is also possible that it is produced by the weak interactions being chirally broken. We consider three stages of this problem: (1) Fundamental interactions that may cause asymmetries; (2) Amplification and experimental tests of the effects through bifurcation processes; and (3) The possible influence of these effects on prebiotic molecules in pre‐solar system (dense) molecular clouds. We critically review the experimental evidence for chiral‐symmetry‐breaking effects and discuss a possible new round of experiments using powerful GaAs polarized RF electron guns.
A Bmp reporter with ultrasensitive characteristics reveals that high Bmp signaling is not required for cortical hem fate.

Insights into Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) functions during forebrain development have been limited by a lack of Bmp signaling readouts. Here we used a novel Bmp signaling reporter (“BRE-gal” mice) to study Bmp signaling in the dorsal telencephalon. At early stages, BRE-gal expression was restricted to the dorsal telencephalic midline. At later stages, strong BRE-gal expression occurred in neurons of the marginal zone and dentate gyrus. Comparisons to nuclear phospho-Smad1/5/8 (pSmad) and Msx1 indicated that BRE-gal expression occurred exclusively in neural cells with high-level Bmp signaling. BRE-gal responsiveness to Bmps was confirmed in reporter-negative cortical cells cultured with Bmp4, and both in vivo and in vitro, BRE-gal expression was switch-like, or ultrasensitive. In the early dorsal telencephalon, BRE-gal expression negatively correlated with the cortical selector gene Lhx2, indicating a BRE-gal expression border that coincides with the cortex-hem boundary. However, in Lhx2 null chimeras, neither BRE-gal nor nuclear pSmad increases were observed in ectopic hem cells. These findings establish BRE-gal as an ultrasensitive reporter of Bmp signaling in the dorsal telencephalon, imply that hem fate can be specified at different Bmp signaling intensities, and suggest that Lhx2 primarily regulates the responses to – rather than the intensity of – Bmp signaling in dorsal telencephalic cells.
Toward a Definition of Strategic Management for the Public Sector

The literature on strategic management for public policy and administration has developed without adequate theoretical grounding in regard to the nature of competition among public agencies, the arenas within which competition occurs, and the resources used in the competitive interactions. In this article I review relevant literature from business strategy, public policy, and bureaucratic politics to help construct a theoretical paradigm on which to build usable concepts of strategic management for public policy and administration.The author suggests the following vision of public sector strategic management: Agencies compete within a pluralist political universe composed of dynamic public policy subsystems whose members accumulate and use resources to advance the power and policy preferences of their agencies. Competition among public agencies is seen as offensive (pirating) or defensive (turf-protecting) and as intrasubsystem or intersubsystem in nature. The writings of Downs (1967) and Leontiades (1982...
Microstrip antenna developments at JPL

The in-house development of microstrip antennas, initiated in 1981, when a spaceborne lightweight and low-profile planar array was needed for a satellite communication system, is described. The work described covers the prediction of finite-ground-plane effects by the geometric theory of diffraction, higher-order-mode circularly polarized circular patch antennas, circularly polarized microstrip arrays with linearly polarized elements, an impedance-matching teardrop-shaped probe feed, a dual-polarized microstrip array with high isolation and low cross-polarization, a planar microstrip Yagi array, a microstrip reflect-array, a Ka-band MMIC array, and a series-fed linear arrays. >
IMPACT OF HURRICANES ON HABITAT OCCUPANCY AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF BEACH MICE

Recent increases in hurricane activity along the Gulf of Mexico lend urgency to understanding storm impacts on beach mice (Peromyscus polionotus) that occupy dune systems along this coast in Florida and Alabama. We documented changes in occupancy patterns of the Santa Rosa beach mouse (P. p. leucocephalus) from Hurricane Ivan and examined predictors of habitat use before and after the hurricane. The hurricane removed 68% of frontal dune area occupied by beach mice and only 15% of scrub dune area. Occupancy of frontal dunes by beach mice dropped from 100% before to the hurricane to 60% after the hurricane. Occupancy of scrub habitat was lower than occupancy of frontal dune habitat before the hurricane (,75% occupancy) and did not change with the hurricane. Occupancy of frontal dunes after the hurricane was influenced by percent cover of woody vegetation, dune height, and distance to nearest occupied dune. Probability of occupancy of scrub habitat was positively correlated with individual dune area and amount of surrounding dune habitat before and after the hurricane. Our study supports recent efforts to define scrub dunes as Critical Habitat for beach mice and points to the importance of enhancing dune height and reducing dune isolation in coastal restoration programs.
Effect of quercetin supplementation on maximal oxygen uptake in men and women

Abstract Quercetin is a naturally occurring flavonoid with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The effect of quercetin supplementation on maximal oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O2max) is unknown. The purpose of this investigation was to test the effects of quercetin supplementation on [Vdot]O2max in untrained, sedentary individuals. After baseline treadmill [Vdot]O2max testing, 11 participants (5 males, 6 females) ingested either placebo or quercetin-supplemented (1000 mg · day−1) food bars in a randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover research design. The participants ingested food bars for six consecutive mornings (5 days). On the sixth morning, participants underwent repeat [Vdot]O2max testing. After a 22 day wash-out, the participants repeated baseline [Vdot]O2max testing, daily consumption of the opposite food bars, and post-supplementation [Vdot]O2max testing. The condition × time interaction for [Vdot]O2max was non-significant when expressed in absolute (litres · min−1; P = 0.929) and ...
The Redeemed Old Head: Articulating a Sense of Public Self and Social Purpose

The notion of the “old head” has emerged as a formidable social type in studies of African American, low-income, urban communities. The term refers to men who have had stable work histories and who reflect “mainstream” values concerning work ethic and social conduct. This analysis broadens the category of old head by exploring the views of men whose life courses have taken different turns than have traditional old heads. Through an analysis of the view of two African American men on their life experiences and efforts to serve as mentors to younger people in their lives, this article delivers an argument about the redeemed old head. This figure is defined in partial contrast to sociological depictions of traditional old heads in that the redeemed old head has led a life of profligate activity as a youth, but now has on his mind the interests and prospects of younger people, some of whom are involved in such profligate activity themselves. Elements of symbolic interactionist theory are employed to make sense of how the redeemed old head conceives of his public self and argues for the limits and possibilities for service as a mentor.
From Coke to Coors: A Field Study of a Fat Tax and Its Unintended Consequences

Could taxes on soft drinks reduce obesity? To examine this, a six-month field experiment was conducted in a small American city where half of the households faced a 10% tax and half did not. The 10% tax resulted in a short-term (1-month) decrease in soft drink purchases, but there was no decrease in purchases over a 3-month or 6-month period. Moreover, in beer-purchasing households, this tax led to increased purchases of beer.
Enhanced nonlinear absorption in low-finesse metal-dielectric fabry-perot resonators

We report on the nonlinear optical properties of metal-dielectric Fabry-Perot resonators with broad spectral bandwidths in the visible, peak transmittance larger than 70 %, and a nonlinear absorption up to 20× larger than bulk ZnO.
Systematic observation of crisis center telephone interactions.

The development of a systematic, objective method of categorizing helper-helpee interactions as the first step in a predictive study is reported. Data on 100 initial suicidal telephone calls to three crisis intervention centers are generated from tapes of these calls. The 28,000 plus statements made in the calls are categorized into up to 8 categories in up to 11 levels. Descriptive data, including modal patterns, are presented. The importance of data rather than ratings is pointed out, and the Caller-Worker Interaction Program is recommended as a research and monitoring tool with relevance to worker training.
DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF RIDGEWAYIA (COPEPODA: CALANOIDA) FROM ANCHIALINE CAVES IN THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO

Two new calanoid copepods, Ridgewayia delfine sp. nov. and Ridgewayia tunela sp. nov., are described from anchialine caves in the Galapagos Archipelago. Details of the female genital segment and the female and male fifth legs help distinguish these species from each other and from other members of the same genus. The two new species belong to the Ridgewayia marki species-group, which are found predominantly in the Caribbean with one member in the Mediterranean and one in the Indo-West Pacific. These are the first species of Ridgewayia described from the Eastern Pacific. The volcanic origin of the Galapagos necessitates the dispersal of these ridgewayiids to the islands from other regions. It is currently thought that Ridgewayia is a relict from the Tethyan Sea and that members of the marki-species group crossed from the Caribbean into the Pacific during the circumtropical existence of this sea. The possibility remains that this crossover and colonization of the Galapagos occurred more recently while the Panama seaway remained open. It is clear that the current knowledge of the ridgewayiids is insufficient for a definitive conclusion. Further exploration is necessary to generate an exhaustive list of species of Ridgewayidae and their distribution.
Early English Restrictions to Travel

Through the centuries, scholars have been divided as to whether or not the subject was entitled by the common law to leave England. Fitz-Neal, Glanvill and Bracton, three of the earliest writers on the common law did not deal with the question. Fleta,1 and Britton,2 both writing about the time of Edward I maintain that the subject could only leave the country after securing the required licence from the monarch. Fitz-Herbert,3 writing in 1534 was of the opinion that the subject was at liberty to leave without a licence. Coke4 disagreed with Fitz-Herbert, while Hale5 and Blackstone,5a who followed him, found merit in Fitz-Herbert’s view. The early legal giants of the common law were divided.
Mathematics confidence, interest, and performance: Examining gender patterns and reciprocal relations

Abstract With data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998–1999, this study explores gender-related patterns in math attitudes and achievement. Following 7040 students from 3rd to 8th grades, we examined gender differences in math confidence, interest, and performance and examined relations among these variables over time. Results indicate that gender differences in math confidence are larger than disparities in interest and achievement in elementary school. Structural equation models show that math performance is a consistent predictor of later confidence and interest, and there is some evidence for a reciprocal relation between confidence and performance in middle school. Relations were generally similar for boys and girls. Results raise questions about the notion that early gender differences in math interest are a driver of disparities in later math outcomes and instead suggest that math interventions for girls should begin early and include attention to math confidence, in addition to achievement.
Testosterone Effect on Renin System in Rats

SummaryTestosterone, 2.5 mg/day, was administered for 21 days to groups of female rats ovariectomized at age 105 days, male rats orchidectomized at age 50 days, and male rats orchidectomized as 26-day-old weanlings. The three groups were sacrificed at 133, 78, and 75 days, respectively, at body weights ranging from 248 to 313 g. In the two male groups there was a significantly greater plasma renin activity in testosterone-treated animals (P < 0.01) than in untreated controls. Plasma renin concentration rose with treatment in all three groups but only in the older males was this increase statistically significant (P < 0.05). RS was unchanged with treatment, however, except in the youngest group of males (P 0.05). This could have been due to conversion of testosterone to estrogens. Plasma aldosterone was not significantly altered by testosterone treatment. These results suggest that testosterone stimulates secretion of renin in at least the young male rat. Since testosterone has previously been shown to sti...
Über Epithelformationen in den Nervenkulturen und ihre histogenetischen Potenzen.

Das in Gehirnkulturen in Form von Membranen oder soliden Inseln auftretende Epithel erweist sich als ein echtes Neuroepithel, dessen histogenetische Potenzen wieder zur Entfaltung gebracht werden konnen. Die Elemente dieses Epithels sind als Glioneurocyten im SinneHelds aufzufassen, sie konnen sich in Gliazellen und Neuroblasten umwandeln. Die Gliazellen treten in vitro haufig auf in Gestalt amoboider Wanderzellen, deren Entstehung aus den Epithelmembranen und Inseln nachgewiesen wird. Es sind keine mesodermalen Gebilde im SinneHortegas vorhanden. Potenz zur Rundzellbildung und Potenz zur Nervenstrukturbildung kennzeichnet also das Verhalten der beschriebenen Epithelbildungen in vitro. — Es gelingt, bis zum Ende des 3. Monates aus solchen Epithellagern spezifische nervose Differenzierung zeitweise zu erzielen. Dieser Prozes ist vorubergehend und nicht eine Dauererscheinung. Es bedarf besonderer Eingriffe und Veranderungen im Lebensraum der Kultur, um die nervose Differenzierung zu erhalten. Der Ruckschlag in ein schrankenloses Epithelwachstum, das sich durch auserordentliche Grose und Dichte der Wachstumszonen auszeichnet (bis zu 30 mm Durchmesser), erfolgt sehr leicht. In der oben beschriebenen Zuchtungstechnik und nach Anwendung der genannten Nahrboden haben wir ein vorlaufiges Mittel in der Hand, auch nach langerer Zeit nervose Ruckdifferenzierung zu erzielen. Die weitere und genauere physikalische und chemische Analyse der masgebenden ursachlichen Faktoren und auseren Bedingungen der nervosen Differenzierung ist Aufgabe kunftiger Untersuchungen.
Massive Subcutaneous Emphysema

The frightening appearance of the patient with massive subcutaneous emphysema belies the usual benignity of this condition. It is a manifestation of a large air leak, and therapy, if indicated, is directed toward correcting this defect. A better understanding of this complication will prevent needless and sometimes harmful therapeutic interference.
Critical Care Nurses’ Perceived Need for Guidance in Addressing Spirituality in Critically Ill Patients

Background The term spirituality is highly subjective. No common or universally accepted definition for the term exists. Without a clear definition, each nurse must reconcile his or her own beliefs within a framework mutually suitable for both nurse and patient. Objectives To examine individual critical care nurses' definition of spirituality, their comfort in providing spiritual care to patients, and their perceived need for education in providing this care. Methods Individual interviews with 30 nurses who worked in a critical care unit at a large Midwestern teaching hospital. Results Nurses generally feel comfortable providing spiritual care to critically ill patients but need further education about multicultural considerations. Nurses identified opportunities to address spiritual needs throughout a patient's stay but noted that these needs are usually not addressed until the end of life. Conclusions A working definition for spirituality in health care was developed: That part of person that gives meaning and purpose to the person's life. Belief in a higher power that may inspire hope, seek resolution, and transcend physical and conscious constraints.
The limits of defaults: why french fries trump apple slices

Background Healthy default food choices have been suggested as a way to encourage better nutrition without restricting choice. Will they work with children and their favorite foods?