cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bayesian Inference with Wavelets: Density Estimation

Abstract We propose a prior probability model in the wavelet coefficient space. The proposed model implements wavelet coefficient thresholding by full posterior inference in a coherent probability model. We introduce a prior probability model with mixture priors for the wavelet coefficients. The prior includes a positive prior probability mass at zero which leads to a posteriori thresholding and generally to a posteriori shrinkage on the coefficients. We discuss an efficient posterior simulation scheme to implement inference in the proposed model. The discussion is focused on the density estimation problem. However, the introduced prior probability model on the wavelet coefficient space and the Markov chain Monte Carlo scheme are general.
UWB signal detection based on sequence optimization for dense multipath channels

In this letter, we propose a novel approach to UWB waveform design based on sequence optimization for the multipath transmission channel. The transmit waveform is made up of a train of delayed and scaled pulses, the amplitudes of which can be represented by a real-valued sequence. The waveform results in substantial improvement in energy capture (and thus performance) over the traditional rake receiver and the more recently proposed transmitted reference approaches with a simple receiver structure. The design exploits the rich multipath structure of UWB channels allowing improved energy capture.
Sandwich-wire antenna

An approximate theoretical study of a sandwich-wire antenna is presented. The two outer conductors are in parallel and the center conductor is bent into triangular form with a period equal to the wavelength. The attenuation constant is obtained. The radiation pattern of an array consisting of a number of sandwich-wire antennas is evaluated. The theoretical results are compared with the existing experimental data.
Experimental methods of ethanol administration

Techniques are reviewed for the experimental feeding of alcohol, including a liquid diet procedure invented 25 years ago. This technique results in much higher ethanol intake than with other approaches. As a consequence, various complications observed in alcoholics can be reproduced in animal models. These include fatty liver, hyperlipemia, various metabolic and endocrine disorders, tolerance to ethanol and other drugs, physical dependence and withdrawal and, in the baboon, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Variations of the liquid diet formulation are compared, and adequacy of nutrition in terms of minerals, vitamins, lipotropes, carbohydrates and proteins is discussed. The importance of selecting proper controls is emphasized. The respective advantages of three standardized basic rat formulas are reviewed: (i) an all-purpose (35% fat) diet, comparable to the diet previously referred to as the "Lieber-DeCarli formula" and suitable for most experimental applications, particularly those intended to mimic the clinical situation in which the various effects of alcohol occur in the setting of hepatic changes characterized by a fatty liver; (ii) a low-fat diet comparable in all respects to the preceding diet but with a lower fat content, intended to minimize the hepatic changes, and (iii) a high-protein formula particularly useful in those circumstances in which an oversupply of dietary protein might be recommended (i.e. pregnancy). Variations of this technique, including continuous intragastric infusion, are also discussed. It is concluded that, for most experimental studies of chronic alcohol consumption, the liquid diet technique provides one of the most efficient tools to study the effects of ethanol under controlled nutritional conditions because it allows for alcohol consumption of clinical relevance and offers flexibility to adjust to special experimental or physiologic needs by allowing for various substitutions required for a particular experimental design, including changes in lipids, proteins or other dietary constituents. The technique also facilitates the comparison with controls by simplifying the pair feeding and is the best procedure available for the study of the toxic effects of alcohol and their interactions with deficiency or excess of various nutrients.
Uniform Spaces via Topological Groups and Non-Locality

Quantum mechanics is modeled on the dynamical perspective and this perspective is based on a local association of spacetime events. While dynamism has proven appropriate for the macroscopic domain, it is by its very nature at odds with the non-locality exhibited on small scales. In lieu of a top-down dynamical approach, I suggest a pregeometric program. Specifically, I suggest a spatio-temporal interpretation of the uniformities on the set underlying the groups of order four with the discrete topology. Heuristically, group order establishes scale, the uniformity establishes the spatio-temporal relationships between events, the topology establishes the resolution of spacetime events, and the algebra establishes correlations between spacetime events. Consequently, macroscopic phenomena (constructed on spacetime event systems of large order with coarse resolution) may be consistent with dynamism and its implicit locality, while harboring non-local microstructures (constructed on spacetime event systems of low order, requiring fine resolution).
Neoendothelialization of small-diameter polytetrafluoroethylene arterial grafts is not delayed by aspirin and dipyridamole

Abstract The effect of aspirin and dipyridamole on neoendothelialization of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was studied in the rabbit aortic graft model. Forty-three New Zealand white rabbits were allocated to receive a combination of aspirin 10 mg/kg/day and dipyridamole 10 mg/kg/day (n = 23) or placebo (n = 20). Both regimens began 3 days before insertion of PTFE aortic grafts (10 mm long and 3 mm internal diameter). Serum thromboxane B 2 concentration in the control group averaged 254 ± 22 ng/ml (±standard error of the mean) and 40 ± 23 ng/ml in the treatment group (p
[μ-N,N,N′,N′-Tetra­kis­(2-pyridyl­meth­yl)pentane-1,5-diamine]­bis­[dichlorido­copper(II)] sesquihydrate

In the title dinuclear copper complex, [Cu2Cl4(C29H34N6)]·1.5H2O, both CuII ions are coordinated in a slightly distorted square-pyramidal environment in which the N atoms of the dipicolyl­amine group and a chloride ligand form the basal plane. The apical position is occupied by a second chloride atom. The Cu—N distances involving the pyridine N atoms differ slightly from each other and the Cu—N distance involving the tertiary N atom is the longest. The apical Cu—Cl distance is elongated compared to its basal counterpart due to typical Jahn–Teller distortion. In the crystal structure, complex and water mol­ecules are linked via inter­molecular O—H⋯O and O—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds into chains along [001]. One of the water mol­ecules was refined with half occupancy.
Is Unemployment Insurable? Employers and the Development of Unemployment Insurance

In order to shed light on the recent debates that are reinterpreting the role played by organized employers in the development of modern social policy, this paper examines the origin of the system of contributory social insurance during the Weimar period. Contrary to 'laborist' accounts of the origin of the modern welfare state that view the working class as the most important protagonist behind the transition from 'assistance' to 'insurance' policies, this paper argues that employers' dissatisfaction with the means-tested system of unemployment assistance and employers' endorsement of an insurance solution to the risk of unemployment remained the decisive factor leading to the introduction of the insurance system during the Weimar period. Drawing on employers' deliberations and archival material, the paper reconstructs the process of preference formation of German employers. The significance of a sectoral conflict between employers of large and small firms about the organization of the 'risk pool' within the system of unemployment insurance is also highlighted. While the existing literature fails to characterize employers' preferences towards social policies and to explain the variation in the degree of employers' support for particular social policies, this paper does so. Firms' preferences towards social policies can be analyzed along three dimensions: ability of social policies to redistribute risks, locus of control within alternative policy arenas and the costs imposed by different social policies.
How It Came to Be: Carl O. Sauer, Franz Boas, and the Meaning of Anthropogeography

How It Came to Be: Carl O. Sauer, Franz Boas, and the Meaning of Anthropogeography. William W. Speth. Ellensburg, WA: Ephemera Press. 268 pp.
Psychiatric Drugs and Orgasm in the Human Female

(1985). Psychiatric Drugs and Orgasm in the Human Female. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 125-128.
Particle size distributions of aerosols formed by laser ablation of solids at 760 Torr

The size distributions of aerosol particles generated in N2 and O2 at ambient atmospheric pressure by repetitive excimer laser ablation of solids have been measured in quasi-steady-state from 10 nm to 1 μm diameter with a differential mobility analyzer (DMA). A light scattering technique extended the range of measurable sizes up to 20 μm, beyond the upper limit of sizes observed in the aerosol. Irradiation near focus was required to observe metal particles above 0.1 μm diameter. YBCO ceramic (YBa2Cu3O7) produced copious smaller particles with mild focusing. For an ablated polymer, PMMA, particulate production increased and the size distribution altered shape with continued energy deposition.
Both the RGS domain and the six C-terminal amino acids of mouse Axin are required for normal embryogenesis.

Axin is a negative regulator of canonical Wnt signaling, which promotes the degradation of β-catenin, the major effector in this signaling cascade. While many protein-binding domains of Axin have been identified, their significance has not been evaluated in vivo. Here, we report the generation and analysis of mice carrying modified Axin alleles in which either the RGS domain or the six C-terminal amino acids (C6 motif) were deleted. The RGS domain is required for APC-binding, while the C6 motif has been implicated in the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, but is not required for the effects of Axin on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, in vitro. Both mutant Axin alleles caused recessive embryonic lethality at E9.5–E10.5, with defects indistinguishable from those caused by a null allele. As Axin-ΔRGS protein was produced at normal levels, its inability to support embryogenesis confirms the importance of interactions between Axin and APC. In contrast, Axin-ΔC6 protein was expressed at only 25–30% of the normal level, which may account for the recessive lethality of this allele. Furthermore, many AxinΔC6/ΔC6 embryos that were heterozygous for a β-catenin null mutation survived to term, demonstrating that early lethality was due to failure to negatively regulate β-catenin.
Mycobacterium chelonae (M. chelonae Subspecies chelonae): Report of a Patient with a Sporotrichoid Presentation Who Was Successfully Treated with Clarithromycin and Ciprofloxacin

We describe a sporotrichoid presentation of infection with Mycobacterium chelonae (M. chelonae subspecies chelonae). The disease occurred in a patient receiving corticosteroid therapy and was cured by the use of clarithromycin and ciprofloxacin.
Diffraction by Crystalline Solids

Complex exponentials exp iα are ideal mathematical expressions for treating the interactions of waves. Multiplying a real vector of magnitude f by the complex exponential, exp iα, rotates the vector by the angle α in the complex plane, i.e., (see Fig. VIII.1) f · exp iα = f · cos α + i · f · sin α.
Coming to terms with organizational identification and commitment

The concepts of organizational identification and organizational commitment are examined in an effort to explicate both their interrelations and their distinctiveness. The essay establishes identification as a term referring to the “substance” of individual‐organizational relationships and commitment as referring to their form.
On goal recognizability in motion planning with uncertainty

Motion planning with uncertainty in control and sensing raises two basic issues, goal reachability and goal recognizability, which subtly interact. A partial analysis of this interaction is presented. It is shown that the capability of a motion command to recognize goal achievement is augmented by providing the termination condition of the motion command with the knowledge of the region in which the motion command is known to start (initial state) and the knowledge of the termination condition itself (final state). The increase in the recognition power of the termination condition is illustrated with a simple preimage construction example. The size of the preimage grows when one adds the initial and the final states in the knowledge of the termination condition. Although these results are preliminary it is expected that they will eventually help in the design of more powerful motion planners in the presence of uncertainty. >
An ultra-low emittance damping ring lattice and its dynamic aperture

A few of the problems in the design of an ultra-low-emittance damping ring are considered. It is pointed out that once the goals of low emittance and fast damping times are achieved in the linear lattice design, there remains the serious problem of the nonlinear beam dynamics. Low-emittance lattices usually have a small dynamic aperature due to the particularly strong sextupoles necessitated by the small average dispersion function. The dynamic aperature solution is to abandon the conventional interleaved sextupole scheme and to place sextupoles in pairs 180 degrees apart in betatron phase with no other sextupoles in between. The deleterious effect of the sextupole thickness can be partially corrected by octupolar fields. >
Evolution of News Frames During the 2011 Egyptian Revolution Critical Discourse Analysis of Fox News’s and CNN’s Framing of Protesters, Mubarak, and the Muslim Brotherhood

This study traces the evolution of U.S. news media frames of participants in the 2011 Egyptian Revolution, part of the Arab Spring. Critical discourse analysis reveals that CNN.com and FoxNews.com ...
HIV und AIDS

Es gibt beachtliche Forschungsarbeiten, die Stress und Depression sowohl akut wie auch chronisch mit veranderten endokrinen und immunologischen Reaktionen in Verbindung bringen (Irwin 2008). Von daher gibt es bei vielen Infektionskrankheiten uberzeugende Befunde fur psychoendokrinologische und psychoimmunologische Zusammenhange. Bei diesem Kapitel wird der Schwerpunkt auf die Erkrankung durch das humane Immundefi-zienzvirus (HIV ) gelegt, der Infektionskrankheit mit den uberzeugendsten psychoendokrinologischen und psychoimmunologischen Befunden (Leserman 2008; Cole 2008; Temoshok et al. 2008a).
Absorption Models to Examine Bioavailability and Drug–Drug Interactions in Humans

Human drug absorption studies are warranted in many situations. The development of modified release formulations, the evaluation of different formulations designed to improve bioavailability by enhancing solubility or permeability, the investigation of mechanisms of drug-drug/food interactions in the gastro-intestinal tract, and the determination of intestinal and biliary secretion in humans all require assessment of drug absorption/excretion in the human gastrointestinal tract. This chapter discusses in vivo approaches that can be used to assess absorption/bioavailability issues in the human gastrointestinal tract. The design and the application of remotely activated capsules and aspiration/perfusion catheters are reviewed, and the utility of human microdose studies is discussed. With the use of appropriate probes, these approaches also may be used to assess drug–drug or drug–food interactions, as well as interactions involving transporters and enzymes present in the gastrointestinal tract and/or the liver.
The Interactions Between Ergodic Theory and Information Theory

Information theorists frequently use the ergodic theorem; likewise entropy concepts are often used in information theory. Recently, the two subjects have become partially intertwined as deeper results from each discipline find use in the other. A brief history of this interaction is presented in this paper, together with a more detailed look at three areas of connection, namely, recurrence theory, blowing-up bounds, and direct sample-path methods.
Megestrol acetate versus tamoxifen in advanced breast cancer: 5-year analysis--a phase III trial of the Piedmont Oncology Association.

One hundred thirty-eight patients with recurrent or metastatic breast cancer were randomized to receive megestrol acetate 40 mg orally four times daily or tamoxifen 10 mg orally twice a day. Upon treatment failure patients were crossed over to the alternate treatment. Eligibility required that either the estrogen receptor (ER) or progesterone receptor (PR) be positive or that both values be unknown, and that the patients be at least 2 years post-spontaneous menopause or over 50 years of age. Pretreatment characteristics including performance status (PS), disease-free interval (DFI), receptor status, and prior treatment were similar for both groups. Only three patients had previous hormonal therapy while one third had prior chemotherapy. Objective response was determined using strict International Union Against Cancer (UICC) criteria. Seventeen of 61 patients achieved complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) on megestrol (28%) while 20 of 64 patients achieved CR or PR on tamoxifen (31%). Responses o...
Abstract TP217: Cerebrovascular Events in Glioma Patients Treated with Bevacizumab

Introduction: Bevacizumab, a humanized monoclonal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, was FDA approved in 2009 for progressive glioblastoma. Phase II clinical trials suggested an incr...
The Influenza Viruses and the Human Respiratory Tract

This paper has reviewed evidence concerning the changes brought about in the structure and function of the lower airways by influenza virus infections. Disposal of inhaled bacteria is believed to be hindered by the mechanical damage to the epithelium of the respiratory tract caused by the virus infection, and phagocytosis is inhibited as well. Alteration in the ventilation, particularly of the peripheral small airways, which has been found in previously healthy persons during and after influenza, may add to the obstruction of the airways in those with chronic bronchitis and emphysema during influenza and may be important in the genesis of these disorders. The immunological defense of the respiratory tract against the influenza viruses has been discussed briefly with reference to the best available means of enhancing this defense, particularly in individuals with chronic pulmonary disease.
Advanced acoustic assessment of small-scale military-style nozzles with chevrons

With the emergence of more powerful fighter aircraft, supersonic jet noise reduction devices are being intensively researched. Small scale measurements are a crucial step in evaluating the potential of noise reduction concepts at an early stage in the design process. With this in mind, the present study provides an acoustic assessment of small-scale military-style nozzles with chevrons. Comparisons are made between the present measurements and those made by NASA at moderate scale. Measurements made with baseline nozzles (without chevrons) show excellent agreement with NASA data establishing the accuracy of the scaling methodology. The effect of chevrons on supersonic jets is then investigated for cold jets, highlighting the crucial role of the jet operating conditions on the effects of chevrons on the jet flow and subsequent acoustic benefits. At low Reynolds numbers (small scale) the penetration of the chevrons in the jet flow is the most important chevron parameter in reducing the generated noise. A small scale heat simulated jet is investigated in the overexpanded condition and shows no substantial noise reduction from the chevrons. This is contradictory to moderate scale measurements. The discrepancy is attributed to a Reynolds number low enough to sustain an annular laminar boundary layer in the nozzle that separates in the over-expanded flow condition. Transition of the boundary layer to turbulent flow is induced with inner roughness of the nozzle and results in more noise reduction with the chevrons. The resulting effect is comparable to results from NASA, seemingly validating the hypothesis made that jets of too low Reynolds number cannot be used directly to observe and measure chevron noise reduction. These results are important in assessing the limitations of small scale measurements in this particular jet noise reduction method.
Psilopa leucostoma: The Role of Atriplex patula var. hastata in the Early Seasonal Establishment on Sugarbeets in the Northwest

We found the first (spring) generation of Psilopa leucostoma (Meigen), a leafminer, develops on Atriplex patula var. hastata (L.) Gray growing in sheltered and fairly humid locations, frequently in irrigation canals. At this time, the dry soil under unirrigated sugarbeets and the lack of a protective foliage canopy in young plants make sugarbeets a poor host until 6–8 wk after adults are present in warmer and more humid areas.
Design of IP Cores for MVB Network Link Layer Based on FPGA

Introduced the multifunction vehicle bus,and realized the design of IP cores for network link layer on the base of FPGA,which takes place of the chip for network link layer and achieved the good performance.
Dialect and Modernity in the 21st Century Sinophone Cinema

This essay explores the use of dialect in varieties of Chinese-language films in the early 21st century.These films address different audience.The dialects in it embody various conceptions of China,diverse cultural imaginary and identity-formation,and represent different level of modernity.These multi-dialectal phenomena reflect that there are diverse cultural identities and subjectivities in contemporary Chinese-language films.In consideration of this,it may be helpful to use the concept of "Sinophone Cinema" to describe contemporary Chinese-language films.
Comparison of observed and simulated spatial patterns of ice microphysical processes in tropical oceanic mesoscale convective systems

To equitably compare the spatial pattern of ice microphysical processes produced by three microphysical parameterizations with each other, observations, and theory, simulations of tropical oceanic mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model were forced to develop the same mesoscale circulations as observations by assimilating radial velocity data from a Doppler radar. The same general layering of microphysical processes was found in observations and simulations with deposition anywhere above the 0°C level, aggregation at and above the 0°C level, melting at and below the 0°C level, and riming near the 0°C level. Thus, this study is consistent with the layered ice microphysical pattern portrayed in previous conceptual models and indicated by dual-polarization radar data. Spatial variability of riming in the simulations suggests that riming in the midlevel inflow is related to convective-scale vertical velocity perturbations. Finally, this study sheds light on limitations of current generally available bulk microphysical parameterizations. In each parameterization, the layers in which aggregation and riming took place were generally too thick and the frequency of riming was generally too high compared to the observations and theory. Additionally, none of the parameterizations produced similar details in every microphysical spatial pattern. Discrepancies in the patterns of microphysical processes between parameterizations likely factor into creating substantial differences in model reflectivity patterns. It is concluded that improved parameterizations of ice-phase microphysics will be essential to obtain reliable, consistent model simulations of tropical oceanic MCSs.
Parametric Optimization of Thermoelectric Generators for Waste Heat Recovery

This paper presents a methodology for design optimization of thermoelectric-based waste heat recovery systems called thermoelectric generators (TEGs). The aim is to maximize the power output from thermoelectrics which are used as add-on modules to an existing gas-phase heat exchanger, without negative impacts, e.g., maintaining a minimum heat dissipation rate from the hot side. A numerical model is proposed for TEG coupled heat transfer and electrical power output. This finite-volume-based model simulates different types of heat exchangers, i.e., counter-flow and cross-flow, for TEGs. Multiple-filled skutterudites and bismuth-telluride-based thermoelectric modules (TEMs) are applied, respectively, in higher and lower temperature regions. The response surface methodology is implemented to determine the optimized TEG size along and across the flow direction and the height of thermoelectric couple legs, and to analyze their covariance and relative sensitivity. A genetic algorithm is employed to verify the globality of the optimum. The presented method will be generally useful for optimizing heat-exchanger-based TEG performance.
Cold Extrusion — Trebochemistry

Extrusion of starch in a single screw extruder and a capillary rheometer were studied at temperatures below 50°C to promote cooking of starch by mechanical (shear) energy input. Results show that at shear stress higher than 106 dyne/cm2, starch can be cooked, according to DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimeter) measurements, to a degree close to 80% depending on the residence time of the material in the extruder. We attribute this to mechanical (shear) energy, instead of thermal energy, initiated cooking. These extradates were not puffed, in addition to being cooked, the starch granules in the extrudate were also broken into smaller particles. When methionine (1 or 2% w/w) was mixed with starch and extruded, methional, propanethiol, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide and others were found in the extrudate which has a typical cooked potato flavor. A tribochemical mechanism involving free radical is proposed for the reactions leading to these compounds from methionine.
Sparse representation-based classification

Sparse representation classification based on orthogonal least squares proposed.Proposed method kernelized.Results in superior representation for the underlying classification task.Demonstrated methodology for hyperspectral image analysis. Spare representation of signals has received significant attention in recent years. Based on these developments, a sparse representation-based classification (SRC) has been proposed for a variety of classification and related tasks, including face recognition. Recently, a class dependent variant of SRC was proposed to overcome the limitations of SRC for remote sensing image classification. Traditionally, greedy pursuit based method such as orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) is used for sparse coefficient recovery due to their simplicity as well as low time-complexity. However, orthogonal least square (OLS) has not yet been widely used in classifiers that exploit the sparse representation properties of data. Since OLS produces lower signal reconstruction error than OMP under similar conditions, we hypothesize that more accurate signal estimation will further improve the classification performance of classifiers that exploiting the sparsity of data. In this paper, we present a classification method based on OLS, which implements OLS in a classwise manner to perform the classification. We also develop and present its kernelized variant to handle nonlinearly separable data. Based on two real-world benchmarking hyperspectral datasets, we demonstrate that class dependent OLS based methods outperform several baseline methods including traditional SRC and the support vector machine classifier.
Dynamic region-of-interest cone-beam CT for image-guided postmastectomy radiotherapy

The results from a single patient setup with simulated reconstruction results are presented as a proof of concept. For this patient it was decided that a roughly hemi-thoracic ROI would be ideal for providing sufficient information for patient setup and sparing the contralateral breast. AP aligned parallel chords were chosen for the reconstruction geometry. We found that by shifting approximately 7 cm both anteriorly and to the patient's left, we are able to image over approximately a 190 degree arc. The collision prediction model is shown in Figure 1. In Figure 3 the full data sinogram is shown with the data ranges required for a traditional full-fan/half-scan, a half-fan/full-scan and the proposed conformal ROI technique. A summary of results is given in Table I. Note that, with this patient setup, a typical half-fan/full-scan geometry would cause a patient collision. With a symmetric detector full-fan/half-scan geometry the collision could be avoided but would require an 82 cm wide detector, more then double what is on the current system.
Downregulation of a UDP-Arabinomutase Gene in Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) Results in Increased Cell Wall Lignin While Reducing Arabinose-Glycans.

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a C4 perennial prairie grass and a lignocellulosic biofuels feedstock. Saccharification and biofuel yields are inhibited by the plant cell wall’s natural recalcitrance against enzymatic degradation. Plant hemicellulose polysaccharides such as arabinoxylans structurally support and crosslink other cell wall polymers. Grasses have predominately Type II cell walls that are abundant in arabinoxylan, which comprise nearly 25% of aboveground biomass. A primary component of arabinoxylan synthesis is uridine diphosphate (UDP) linked to arabinofuranose (Araf). A family of UDP-arabinopyranose mutase/reversible glycosylated polypeptides (UAM/RGPs) catalyze the interconversion between UDP-arabinopyranose (UDP-Arap) and UDP-Araf. In switchgrass we knocked down expression of the endogenous PvUAM1 gene via RNAi to investigate its role in cell wall recalcitrance in the feedstock. PvUAM1 encodes a switchgrass homolog of UDP-arabinose mutase, which converts UDP-Arap to UDP-Araf. Each transgenic line contained between one to at least seven T-DNA insertions, resulting in some cases, a 95% reduction of native PvUAM1 transcript in stem internodes. Transgenic plants had increased pigmentation in vascular tissues at nodes, but were otherwise morphologically similar to non-transgenics. There was decreased cell wall-associated arabinose in leaves and stems by over 50%, but there was an increase in cellulose in these organs. In addition, there was a commensurate change in arabinose side chain extension. Cell wall lignin composition was altered with a concurrent increase in lignin content and transcript abundance of lignin biosynthetic genes in mature tillers. Enzymatic saccharification efficiency was unchanged in the transgenic plants relative to the control, but had increased glucose in cell walls. The increased glucose detected in stems and leaves indicates that attenuation of PvUAM1 expression might have downstream effects on starch, cellulose and xyloglucan biosynthesis. A decrease in cell wall-associated arabinose was expected, which was likely caused by fewer Araf residues in the arabinoxylan. The decrease in arabinoxylan may cause a compensation response to maintain cell wall integrity by increasing cellulose and lignin biosynthesis. In cases in which increased lignin is desired, e.g., feedstocks for carbon fiber production, down-regulated UAM1 coupled with altered expression of other arabinoxylan biosynthesis genes might result in even higher production of lignin in biomass.
Marijuana and Listing for Heart Transplant: A Survey of Transplant Providers.

Background— There is no consensus within the heart transplant community about whether patients who use marijuana should be eligible for transplant listing, but several states have passed legislation prohibiting marijuana-using patients from being denied transplant listing based on their use of the substance. Methods and Results— We conducted an independent, voluntary, web-based survey of heart and lung transplant providers to assess current practice patterns and attitudes toward marijuana use in patients with advanced heart failure being considered for transplant. A total of 360 heart transplant providers responded from 26 countries. Nearly two thirds of respondents (n=222, 64.4%) supported listing patients with advanced, end-stage heart failure for transplant who use legal medical marijuana. Significantly, fewer respondents (n=96, 27.5%) supported transplant listing for patients using legal recreational marijuana. The majority of providers currently make patients eligible for transplantation after a period of abstinence from marijuana (n=241, 68.3%). There were no differences between the proportion of respondents supporting transplant listing after stratification by profession or country/region. Most (78.4%) survey respondents from states with laws prohibiting marijuana-using patients from being denied transplant listing reported denying all marijuana-using patients or mandating abstinence before transplant listing. Conclusions— The majority of heart and lung transplant providers in our study sample supports the listing of patients who use medical marijuana for transplant after a period of abstinence. Communication and collaboration between the medical community and legislative groups about marijuana use in transplant candidates is needed to ensure the best patient outcomes with the use of scarce donor organs.
An approach for maintaining HIPAA-compliant databases for teaching and research

1253 Objectives The Privacy Rule for the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act became effective in 2001. The rule limits the use and dissemination of protected healthcare information (PHI) in patient medical records, and should be followed by healthcare entities involved in the missions of patient care, medical teaching or research. Our institutional requirements also prohibit, limit or regulate the use of computer files containing PHI. At the same time, there is an ongoing need to maintain databases containing at least some information about individual patients, for teaching files, research projects and other purposes. We have developed a database approach whose aims are 1) to facilitate research record-keeping, while 2) minimizing the risk of HIPAA-inappropriate sharing of PHI. Methods We use the commercial application FileMaker Pro (FMP) (FileMaker, Inc., Santa Clara, CA), which allows databases to be saved as custom, executable applications independent of FMP itself. Development of database fields, layouts and programmed functions is carried out on an access-restricted server, which also holds a single instance of the research database for each project. This instance contains limited-set PHI and other data elements necessary to describe each study subject, and this is where data entry occurs as the project proceeds. Snapshots of the database can be exported at any time, for dissemination to the project team. In the database snapshots, PHI is either excluded or coded in a way that cannot be un-coded to identify the patient, which satisfies the Privacy Rule and also enables the database copy to be freely carried on laptop computers or other portable devices, without the danger of unauthorized access to PHI. Results This database system is in use for several current research projects. The development process, program scripts to export a snapshot, and a database example will be shown. Conclusions After this presentation, attendees should 1) be familiar with the basic requirements of the HIPAA Privacy Rule, 2) understand the advantages of a HIPAA-compliant database, 3) know the steps for developing and using databases with FileMaker Pro. RESEARCH SUPPORT: none
Treatment of blepharospasm with apraclonidine.

Abstract Objective To describe improvement in blepharospasm with apraclonidine. Background Blepharospasm is a focal dystonia involving chiefly the orbicularis oculi and periocular muscles resulting in involuntary sustained eyelid closure. Botulinum toxin injection is the mainstay of treatment with meaningful improvement in over 85% of patients, but the effects often wear off within 3–4 months. Apraclonidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, which causes contraction of superior tarsal (Muller) muscle which may improve blepharospasm-related eyelid closure. We propose that apraclonidine may be a useful short-term treatment in patients with blepharospasm, particularly during wearing off from botulinum toxin injection. Methods Patients who had pre-mature wearing off of botulinum injection effect were evaluated before and after the administration of 2 drops of apraclonidine 0.5%–1% solution to each eye. Subjective patient impressions and examiner's impression of symptoms pre and post-apraclonidine administration were recorded. A blinded rater evaluated the videos and provided an independent assessment of the severity of symptoms pre- and post-administration, using a 0–4 scale. Results Our study included 7 patients (4 male) with a mean age of 61 years and mean duration of blepharospasm of 3.6 years. There was a subjective, albeit transient (about 2–4 h) improvement in blepharospasm reported by all patients and by the examiner. The mean severity scores, based on blinded video ratings, showed a reduction from of 3.4 pre-administration to 2.3 post-administration of apraclonidine ( p Conclusions Apraclonidine is a potentially useful medication for short term management of blepharospasm symptoms while awaiting botulinum toxin injection.
Abstract 328: Viral Anti-Atherogenic Proteins Alter Monocyte and Neutrophil Invasion in Mice and Bag3 Gene Expression

Aim Atherosclerosis is characterized by chronic inflammation and cell death (apoptosis). Serine protease inhibitors, or serpins, regulate inflammatory, thrombotic and apoptotic pathways. Poxviruses encode cross-class serpins that prevent host cell apoptosis. Serp-2, from Myxoma, reduces plaque, inflammation and apoptosis in animal models; CrmA, from Vaccinia, does not. Both serpins target Caspase 1 and Granzyme B, but the reasons for the differing effects in vivo are unknown. In prior research three Myxoma viral proteins, including Serp-2, reduced monocyte invasion, plaque growth, and aneurysm formation in ApoE-/- mice after angioplasty. These same proteins alter expression of a shared cohort of 48 apoptosis-related genes in human monocytes treated with camptothecin. This study assesses the effects of Serp-2 and CrmA on apoptotic gene expression in a mouse peritoneal inflammation model. Methods Mouse strains deficient for Granzyme B (GzmB, N=13) and Caspase 1 (Casp1, N=15) were compared to their respective background mice (C57Bl/6 and Nod, N=15 each) 18 hours after treatment with PMA and either Serp-2 or CrmA. RNA was isolated and analyzed by RT-PCR and normalized to GAPDH, then to the PMA-only treated control. Results Compared to human monocytes, mouse peritoneal exudates from knockout mice displayed differential alteration of BCL2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) in response to treatment with Serp-2 or CrmA. Serp-2 treatment reduced expression levels compared to CrmA treatment in GzmB (p=0.0267) and C57Bl/6 mice (p=0.0280). Casp1-/- mice treated with Serp-2 downregulate BAG3, expressing 9.7-fold less than Nod mice (p=0.0006), but CrmA had no significant effect in either strain. An associated differential migration of Ly6Chi and Ly6Ghi cells was also discovered in knockout mice with serpin treatments. Discussion One candidate gene found in human monocytes, BAG3, has reduced gene expression after Serp-2 treatment in mouse peritoneal exudates but increased by CrmA. BAG3 is known to alter cell migration and apoptosis, important to atherosclerotic progression. BAG3 is regulated by 3 myxomaviral proteins in human and mouse cells, underscoring a potential role as a lynchpin in viral protein anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways.
Institutional Development at Home and Abroad

N THE fourth point of his Inaugural Address of January 1949, President Truman announced a "bold new plan" for technical assistance to underdeveloped areas. Thus was born the so-called '"Point Four" concept which marked the beginning of a large scale effort on the part of the United States to help developing countries on a variety of fronts. In this paper I shall confine my remarks primarily to United States efforts to help with the development of institutions of higher education in the developing countries, more especially colleges of agriculture. However, much of what I have to say is equally applicable to governmental and other kinds of institutions and I shall occasionally use examples from these fields.
INFLUENCE OF NINETEENTH AND EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY RAILROAD ACCOUNTING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN ACCOUNTING THEORY

This article is concerned with the problems of nineteenth century railroad asset valuation. The article presents some legal reasons for the early use of depreciation and continues with specific illustrations of railroad financial statements in the 1840s. The article concludes by stating that many of the basic concepts of accounting theory such as disclosure, matching measurement of cash flow had origins in railroad accounting.
Sensitivity of expressive linguistic domains to surgery age and audibility of speech in preschoolers with cochlear implants.

Objectives: To determine whether relative delays among domains exist in the conversational use of vocabulary, syntax, and morphology by children with cochlear implants (CIs) and whether these were ...
The development of hypersensitiveness in man: I. Following intradermal injection of the antigen

Abstract 1.1. Repeated intracutaneous injections of guinea pig serum into man will sensitize him so that a subsequent injection will produce at first a delayed reaction of the tuberculin type and later an immediate reaction of the wheal and erythema type. 2.2. Artificial sensitiveness results more rapidly and more regularly from doses of the 1:10 dilution than from doses of the 1:100 or 1:1,000 dilutions. 3.3. Artificial sensitiveness is produced in nonatopic, normal persons to about the same extent and with about the same ease as in atopic patients. 4.4. Antibodies capable of transferring the sensitiveness locally to the skin of a normal recipient may be demonstrated when the degree of sensitiveness, as measured by skin test, is large but not otherwise. 5.5. "Flare" reactions are sometimes observed. 6.6. The relation between this artificial sensitiveness and natural sensitiveness is discussed.
Time restricted feeding improves circadian dysfunction as well as motor symptoms in the Q175 mouse model of Huntington’s disease.

Huntington's disease (HD) patients suffer from a progressive neurodegeneration that results in cognitive, psychiatric, cardiovascular, and motor dysfunction. Disturbances in sleep/wake cycles are common among HD patients with reports of delayed sleep onset, frequent bedtime awakenings, and fatigue during the day. The heterozygous Q175 mouse model of HD has been shown to phenocopy many HD core symptoms including circadian dysfunctions. Because circadian dysfunction manifests early in the disease in both patients and mouse models, we sought to determine if early intervention that improve circadian rhythmicity can benefit HD and delay disease progression. We determined the effects of time-restricted feeding (TRF) on the Q175 mouse model. At six months of age, the animals were divided into two groups: ad libitum (ad lib) and TRF. The TRF-treated Q175 mice were exposed to a 6-h feeding/18-h fasting regimen that was designed to be aligned with the middle of the time when mice are normally active. After three months of treatment (when mice reached the early disease stage), the TRF-treated Q175 mice showed improvements in their locomotor activity rhythm and sleep awakening time. Furthermore, we found improved heart rate variability (HRV), suggesting that their autonomic nervous system dysfunction was improved. Importantly, treated Q175 mice exhibited improved motor performance compared to untreated Q175 controls, and the motor improvements were correlated with improved circadian output. Finally, we found that the expression of several HD-relevant markers was restored to WT levels in the striatum of the treated mice using NanoString gene expression assays.
Elementary Newtonian Mechanics

In this chapter, we review some of the basic methods familiar from introductory physics for obtaining and solving the equations of motion for single particles and then systems of particles, with and without constraints on their motion.
Toll-like receptors and inflammatory bowel disease

The fundamental purpose of the innate immune system is to protect a host against pathogens. In this context, the innate immune system in the gastrointestinal tract is unique because of the numerous foreign organisms such as bacteria living within it. Intestinal epithelial cells are the interface between host and microbes. Only in the last few years with the discovery of TLRs, are we beginning to understand the delicate balance between an inflammatory response and tolerance to microbial flora. At least one mechanism involves careful regulation of TLR expression and function in the intestine. The risk, however, is having too little response and thereby pathogenic invasion. Through a better understanding of the innate immune response to commensal bacteria, we can develop targeted therapy for patients with IBD.
Analysis of Cross-Classified Data

Suppose we have a population wherein associated with each member of the population is characteristic from the set of r 1 characteristics \(c_{11},\ldots,c_{1r_{1}}\) and a characteristic from the set of r 2 characteristics \(c_{21},\ldots,c_{2r_{2}}\). For example, if the population is that of all adults (age 18 or over) in the United States, then characteristic 1 might be sex, so that r 1 = 2, c 11 = male, and c 12 = female, and characteristic 2 might be age, so that r 2 = 100, and c 21 = 18, c 22 = 19, …, C 2,100 = 117. We can associate with each member of the population the pair (i i , i 2), where i 1, denotes the index of characteristic 1 and i 2 denotes the index of characteristic 2 of that member.
Symmetry extensions of “neutrality”

For n≧3 candidates, a system voting vector W n specifies the positional voting method assigned to each of the 2 n −(n+1) subsets of two or more candidates. While most system voting vectors need not admit any relationships among the election rankings; the ones that do are characterized here. The characterization is based on a particular geometric structure (an algebraic variety) that is described in detail and then used to define a partial ordering “⇚” among system voting vectors. The impact of the partial ordering is that if W n 1 ⇚ W n 2, then W n 2 admits more kinds of (single profile) voting paradoxes than W n 1. Therefore the partial ordering provides a powerful, computationally feasible way to compare system voting vectors. The basic ideas are illustrated with examples that completely describe the partial ordering for n=3 and n=4 candidates.
Transition-metal-catalyzed decarbonylation of carboxylic acids to olefins: exploiting acyl C–O activation for the production of high value products

Transition-metal-catalyzed decarbonylation reactions of aliphatic carboxylic acids produce olefins via one carbon degradation. Recently, tremendous progress has been made in the development of new protocols for the synthesis of linear olefins by the formal acyl C–O activation mechanism of ubiquitous carboxylic acids. Various transition metals including nickel, palladium, iridium and iron have been shown to catalyze the reaction and achieve excellent yields and selectivity. The use of new ligand systems has resulted in unprecedented control of selectivity of elementary steps in the catalytic cycle. The development of new acyl precursors expands the access to α-olefins and offers promising perspectives for applications in preparative organic synthesis. In this article, we highlight the recent noteworthy developments in the transition-metal-catalyzed decarbonylation of carboxylic acids and discuss future challenges in this field.