cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cloning and complementation analysis of the "Frizzy" genes of Myxococcus xanthus

Fruiting-body formation in Myxococcus xanthus involves the aggregation of cells into raised mounds, where they sporulate. "Frizzy" mutants fail to aggregate into mounds, but rather aggregate into "frizzy" filaments (D.R. Zusman 1982). The frizzy mutations (frz) were found to be genetically linked. The region of DNA carrying the frz genes was cloned in Escherichia coli by selecting for the kanamycin resistance element present on a transposon Tn5 insertion linked to the frz genes. Phage P1 mediated transduction of the cloned DNA into M. xanthus frizzy mutants showed that the cloned DNA could complement the frz mutations. The cloned DNA was analyzed by isolating and characterizing new Tn5 insertions at short intervals within the M. xanthus DNA and by constructing in vitro deletions. The mutated DNA was then transduced into M. xanthus where the cloned DNA became integrated into the bacterial chromosome as gene replacements or as merodiploids. The gene replacement strains allowed us to define the limits of the frz region, since Tn5 insertions in the frz genes resulted in the frizzy phenotype. The merodiploid strains allowed us to perform complementation analyses. Using appropriate crosses, we were able to identify 5-6 frz complementation groups on 7.5 kb of cloned DNA. One of the complementation groups was separated from the others by 1.4 kb of DNA, whereas the others were contiguous. The different frz loci behave as separate transcriptional groups although interactions between some of the gene products are indicated.
Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents among bovine mastitis pathogens isolated from North American dairy cattle, 2002–2010

Approximately 8,000 isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, isolated by 25 veterinary laboratories acros...
Flagellar Movement: A Sliding Filament Model: An explanation is suggested for the spontaneous propagation of bending waves by flagella

A sliding filament mechanism appears to provide the most satisfactory basis for a simple feedback mechanism for the control of bend propagation and bend initiation by flagella, and is supported by strong experimental evidence. A computer simulation of the movements of a flagellar model based on the sliding filament mechanism demonstrates that this mechanism offers a sufficient explanation for the automatic generation of flagellar bending waves. Further computer simulation studies may provide insight into questions such as the applicability of the sliding filament mechanism to the generation of the more complicated asymmetrical bending patterns of cilia, and the control of the bending pattern by interaction between several sliding filament systems within a flagellum.
Cow’s milk and intestinal blood loss in late infancy ☆ ☆☆ ★

Abstract Objectives: Young infants commonly show occult intestinal blood loss when fed cow’s milk, but in older infants blood loss may be less common. This study examined intestinal blood loss in response to cow’s milk feeding in normal 7 ½-month-old and 12-month-old infants. Study design: Infants (n = 62) were fed formula for 1 month and then pasteurized cow’s milk for 2 months. Stools were collected for quantitative determination of hemoglobin. Iron nutritional status was assessed. Results: Infants fed cow’s milk from 7 ½ months of age showed a significant increase in guaiac-positive stools and in stool hemoglobin concentration. These effects were largely limited to those infants who had been breast fed early in life. Infants fed cow’s milk from 12 months of age at baseline had greater stool hemoglobin concentrations than 7 ½-month-old infants, but cow’s milk produced no significant increase. In neither age group did cow’s milk affect iron nutritional status. Conclusion: The response to cow’s milk is attenuated in infants aged 7 ½ months compared with younger infants. By 12 months of age, the response has disappeared entirely. We conclude that the gastrointestinal tract of healthy infants gradually loses its responsiveness to cow’s milk. (J Pediatr 1999;135:720-6)
Lay theory of healing in Northwestern New Spain

Abstract Northwestern New Spain experienced not only a territorial and a spiritual conquest, but a medical conquest. This medical conquest came from a tradition, established after the conquest of central New Spain, that had fused classical medicine of the Old World with medicine of indigenous groups, in the writings of European doctors and scientists as well as graduates of Mexican colleges. The medical conquest of Sonora was accomplished by laymen, explorers and missionaries who carried the theory of healing resulting from these syncretic processes into the northern lands, adding new materials that they learned from indigenous peoples there. When the Indians were ill with epidemic disease or injuries, they were cared for by missionaries brought up on European domestic medicine. The theory of illness and its cure held by the lay healers became predominantly that of the conquest culture [1]. The conquerers', missionaries' and colonists' interpretations of native plant, animal and mineral remedies that they learned from northwestern native medicine were colored by their own concepts of disease and healing, resulting in an epistemology which continues to guide lay or domestic medicine not only in Sonora but also in the rest of the American Mexican west today.
Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Assay for Discovery of Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Methyl-CpG Binding Domain Protein 2

Methylated DNA binding proteins such as Methyl-CpG Binding Domain Protein 2 (MBD2) can transduce DNA methylation alterations into a repressive signal by recruiting transcriptional co-repressor complexes. Interfering with MBD2 could lead to reactivation of tumor suppressor genes and therefore represents an attractive strategy for epigenetic therapy. We developed and compared fluorescence polarization (FP) and time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET)-based high-throughput screening (HTS) assays to identify small-molecule inhibitors of the interaction between the methyl binding domain of MBD2 (MBD2-MBD) and methylated DNA. Although both assays performed well in 96-well format, the TR-FRET assay (Z' factor = 0.58) emerged as a superior screening strategy compared with FP (Z' factor = 0.08) when evaluated in an HTS 384-well plate format. Using TR-FRET, we screened the Sigma LOPAC library for MBD2-MBD inhibitors and identified four compounds that also validated in a dose-response series. This included two known DNA intercalators (mitoxantrone and idarubicin) among two other inhibitory compounds (NF449 and aurintricarboxylic acid). All four compounds also inhibited the binding of SP-1, a transcription factor with a GC-rich binding sequence, to a methylated oligonucleotide, demonstrating that the activity was nonspecific. Our results provide proof of principle for using TR-FRET-based HTS to identify small-molecule inhibitors of MBD2 and other DNA-protein interactions.
Fatty acid and long chain base composition of adrenal medulla gangliosides.

Five ganglioside fractions from bovine adrenal medulla were analyzed with respect to their fatty acid and long chain base compositions. The five fractions included two hematosides and three hexasamine-containing species, the latter having chromatographic properties comparable to the major gangliosides of brain. The fatty acid compositions of all five were similar: 22∶0 was the most abundant, but significant amounts of 16∶0, 18∶0, 24∶0 and 24∶1 were also present. No hydroxy fatty acids were detected. The principal long chain base in each fraction was 4-sphingenine (sphingosine), with lesser amounts of the C16 and C17 homologues. Minor quantities of the corresponding saturated bases were also detected. These were identified by two gas liquid chromatography methods: (a) trimethylsilyl ether derivatives, (b) aldehydes formed by periodate oxidation of the long chain bases. No 4-eicosasphingenine (C20-sphingosine), characteristic of brain gangliosides, was found in any of the fractions. The results demonstrate that gangliosides of the adrenal medulla show tissue specificity in fatty acid and long chain base composition which is independent of carbohydrate structure.
Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Paracellular Permeability of Intact Monolayers with Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells were induced to form intact monolayers in cell culture inserts, using combinations of extracellular matrix (ECM) components and growth factors (GFs). Progressive formation of intact monolayers was monitored using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and passage of paracellular permeability (PP) markers. The mES cells were initially inoculated on inactivated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) plus leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). At 75% confluence, cells were passaged in the absence of MEF and LIF to stimulate formation of rounded multicellular aggregates (MA). After 4 days, cultures containing MA were transferred to culture inserts coated with ECM components only, and grown in the presence of selected individual GFs. An additional 10-14 days revealed confluent monolayers with TEER values of 500-700 ohms cm2 (Omega cm2). Monolayers grown on inserts coated with ECM components, such as fibronectin or collagen-IV, in the presence of epidermal growth factor or keratinocyte growth factor in the medium, yielded the highest TEER measurements when compared to cultures grown without GFs or ECM. Acute cytotoxicity (AC) studies with confluent monolayers of mES cells in 96-well plates indicated that there is a high correlation (R2=0.91) between cell viability and TEER for 24-h exposure time. Also, decrease in TEER is inversely proportional with increase in PP of markers. In comparison to standardized Registry of Cytotoxicity (RC) data and TEER measurements, MTT IC50 values for mES cells are lower. Thus, at equivalent concentrations for the same chemicals, cell viability decreases before the integrity of the monolayer is compromised. This system represents a novel approach for the manipulation of mES cells toward specific intact monolayers, as an in vitro model for biological monolayer formation, and most importantly, for applications to cytotoxicity testing.
Therapeutic efficacy of glucan in a murine model of hepatic metastatic disease

Glucan, a particulate beta-1,3-polyglucose immunomodulator, was evaluated for its ability to modify hepatic metastases and survival in mice with reticulum cell sarcoma. Sarcoma M5076 cells were injected subcutaneously (1 X 10(5) cells) into syngeneic C57BL/6J male mice. On Day 20, histopathological studies indicated the presence of hepatic micrometastases. At this time, glucan (0.45 mg per mouse) or dextrose was administered intravenously. Therapy was continued at 3-day intervals up to Day 50. By Day 36 postchallenge, the glucan-treated group, when compared to the control group, showed a marked decrease in hepatic metastases, both grossly and histopathologically. A significant inhibition in the growth of the primary tumor also occurred. Plasma clearance of bromosulfophthalein measured on Day 36, denoted that glucan therapy maintained hepatic parenchymal cell functional integrity, while a 4-fold impairment in bromosulfopthalein removal was observed in control mice. Glucan-treated mice showed a 28% (p less than 0.05) long-term survival. In contrast, control mice showed a 100% mortality by Day 42 postchallenge. Studies to evaluate the mechanism of the anti-metastatic action of glucan indicated that 8 days after glucan administration, isolated hepatic macrophages were significantly more cytotoxic to sarcoma cells in vitro than were normal Kupffer cells. At this time, the cytotoxic activity of peritoneal and splenic macrophages from glucan-treated mice were unaltered. Additionally, co-incubation of particulate glucan with diverse populations of normal or tumor cells in vitro indicated that glucan exerted a direct cytostatic effect on sarcoma and melanoma cells and, in contrast, had a proliferative effect on normal spleen and bone marrow cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Affirmative action decisions: when ignorance is bliss

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show how various organizational justifications for hiring decisions influence the beneficiary's perceptions of fairness. Specifically, the paper investigates the relative impacts of no justification, affirmative action justification and justifications based on attempts to improve organizational creativity.Design/methodology/approach – Participants were asked to read several vignettes in which the justification for the hiring decisions was manipulated. Fairness perceptions were then assessed for each scenario. Paired‐sample t tests were used to test hypotheses.Findings – The paper finds that perceptions of both procedural and distributive justice appeared to follow a common theme across Hispanic and African American subgroups where the hiring decision was perceived to be fairer when no justification was provided. Hiring decisions based on affirmative action and diversity programs designed to promote creativity were perceived as less fair by both African Americans a...
Modulation of oyster (Crassostrea virginica) hemocyte immune function by copper, as measured by luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence

Abstract The release by oyster ( Crassostrea virginica ) hemocytes of reactive oxygen intermediates, thought to be involved in host antimicrobial defense mechanisms, is stimulated by phagocytosis. This can be quantified by luminol-augmented chemiluminescence (LCL). Exposure of the hemocytes to sublethal concentrations of copper will produce a dose-dependent suppression of LCL. The results indicate that copper is a potential environmental immunotoxicant for mollusks, imparing the ability of the cells to mount a typical protective response.
Lymphoepithelioma of the larynx

is a neoplasm most commonly seen in the nasopharynx, but it has also been reported in the nasal cavity, thymus, base of tongue, and parapharyngeal area. Lymphoepithelioma arising in the larynx is unusual; only 10 cases are reported in the medical literature. We present a lymphoepithelioma of the larynx, a review of the literature, and recommendations for management of these unusual lesions. To our knowledge, this is the first case of lymphoepithelioma of the larynx in which Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes have been identified.
Seasonal and Diurnal Variations of Total Gaseous Mercury in Urban Houston, TX, USA

Total gaseous mercury (THg) observations in urban Houston, over the period from August 2011 to October 2012, were analyzed for their seasonal and diurnal characteristics. Our continuous measurements found that the median level of THg was 172 parts per quadrillion by volume (ppqv), consistent with the current global background level. The seasonal variation showed that the highest median THg mixing ratios occurred in summer and the lowest ones in winter. This seasonal pattern was closely related to the frequency of THg episodes, energy production/consumption and precipitation in the area. The diurnal variations of THg exhibited a pattern where THg accumulated overnight and reached its maximum level right before sunrise, followed by a rapid decrease after sunrise. This pattern was clearly influenced by planetary boundary layer (PBL) height and horizontal winds, including the complex sea breeze system in the Houston area. A predominant feature of THg in the Houston area was the frequent occurrence of large THg spikes. Highly concentrated pollution plumes revealed that mixing ratios of THg were related to not only the combustion tracers CO, CO2, and NO, but also CH4 which is presumably released from oil and natural gas operations, landfills and waste treatment. Many THg episodes occurred simultaneously with peaks in CO, CO2, CH4, NOx, and/or SO2, suggesting possible contributions from similar sources with multi-source types. Our measurements revealed that the mixing ratios and variability of THg were primarily controlled by nearby mercury sources.
''Relining'' of thoracic aortic stent grafts for patients presenting with rupture/impending rupture.

OBJECTIVES: To report a series of patients following thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) presenting with rupture, who were effectively treated with TEVAR relining. METHODS: Five patients who underwent repeat TEVAR in an urgent fashion were identified. Chart review was performed to identify demographics, device type, aneurysm characteristics, and postoperative course. RESULTS: Mean time to relining procedure was 5.8 (range 2-10) years. All patients had ≥3 device components originally placed. Mean size of the original aneurysm was 7.2 cm (range 6.6-8). All patients underwent relining with proximal and distal extension with immediate technical success. At a mean follow-up of 1.3 years, there was no evidence of endoleak and no patients required repeat intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Complete relining with proximal and distal extension was effective in treating patients presenting with rupture. These findings suggest that proximal and distal landing zones provided, relining should be considered the initial management strategy in patients s/p TEVAR re-presenting with rupture.
Correlation of symptom criteria with perception thresholds during rectosigmoid distension in irritable bowel syndrome patients.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Due to a lack of reliable biological markers, the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is based on symptom criteria. The possible physiological correlates of these criteria are not known. Our aims were to identify correlations of currently used IBS symptom criteria with distinct alterations in visceral perception. METHODS: Forty-two IBS patients (51% women) with a mean age of 39.5 ± 1.4 yr, were included; 64% of patients were recruited from advertisement and 36% were clinic referrals. Patients completed a bowel symptom questionnaire, which included the Rome criteria and symptom severity ratings. Rectal discomfort thresholds were evaluated in all patients and in 19 controls, using a nonbiased tracking protocol consisting of phasic rectal balloon distensions before (PreTh) and after (PostTh) repetitive, high-pressure sigmoid distensions. We assessed the effect of each Rome criteria and symptom severity on PreTh and PostTh. RESULTS: IBS symptom severity was reported as moderate in 38.1% and as severe in 61.9% of patients. Overall, lower thresholds were observed in IBS patients than in controls (PreTh: 28.2 ± 1.7 vs 36.3 ± 2.8 mm Hg, p CONCLUSION: Although a decrease in rectal discomfort thresholds after sigmoid stimulation is seen in IBS regardless of specific symptoms, baseline and postsigmoid stimulation thresholds are lower in IBS patients with constipation-related symptoms.
A Conserved Protein Motif Is Required for Full Modulatory Activity of Negative Elongation Factor Subunits NELF-A and NELF-B in Modifying Glucocorticoid Receptor-Regulated Gene Induction Properties

NELF-B is a BRCA1-interacting protein and subunit (with NELF-A, -C/D, and -E) of the human negative elongation factor (NELF) complex, which participates in RNA polymerase II pausing shortly after transcription initiation, especially for synchronized gene expression. We now report new activities of NELF-B and other NELF complex subunits, which are to attenuate glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated gene induction, reduce the partial agonist activity of an antagonist, and increase the EC50 of an agonist during nonsynchronized expression of exogenous and endogenous reporters. Stable knockdown of endogenous NELF-B has the opposite effects on an exogenous gene. The GR ligand-binding domain suffices for these biological responses. ChIP assays reveal that NELF-B diminishes GR recruitment to promoter regions of two endogenous genes. Using a new competition assay, NELF-A and NELF-B are each shown to act independently as competitive decelerators at two steps after the site of GR action and before or at the site of reporter gene activity. A common motif in each NELF was identified that is required for full activity of both NELF-A and NELF-B. These studies allow us to position the actions of two new modulators of GR-regulated transactivation, NELF-A and NELF-B, relative to other factors in the overall gene induction sequence.
Polypedilum (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Egypt with description of a new species

Abstract A survey of chironomid midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) conducted from September 1997 to October 1999, covering all major geographical zones in Egypt, resulted in the capture of five species of the genus Polypedilum Kieffer. Three of these species are new records, while one new species, Polypedilum (Uresipedilum) marsafae, is described from male and female imagines. The Egyptian list of Polypedilum Kieffer is updated to include 11 species. A key to the male imagines is presented. New distributional data for the species encountered are also given.
Lessons from the first hypertext digital library, the NLS/Augment Journal system, a hypertext management system (HMS)

Doug Engelbart's (1962; 1984) NLS system introduced working hypertext in the early 1960s. The NLS link had a syntax similar to today's HTTP uniform resource locators (URLs). NLS links pointed to specific files in specific directories on specific machines. This created a loose hyperbase, that is, an unmanaged collection of linked documents. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Engelbart's team at Stanford Research Institute added a formal hypertext digital library, the Journal system. The Journal system added a management layer to the hyperbase. The Journal system used a new approach to locating documents. Instead of asking for a document by location, you asked for it by accession number. The Journal system managed the physical retrieval from disk or archive tape. This paper discusses the Journal system and suggests how its managed approach to retrieval can be extended to provide richer tools for document access. In this expanded approach, access will be made through a hyperbase management system (HMS) which will not only hide the document location but will also provide new search tools and new types of links among managed documents described in the HMS's document information base (DIB). This approach would require a new type of URL, the managed URL.
Giant magneto resistive sensing of critical power system parameters

Several experimental and computational attempts to sense and measure the most critical electromechanical operating parameters of power system are conducted in the laboratory. In this paper, power system parameters such as load current (I), partial discharge (PD), corona discharge (CD), capacitive charging current (CCC), and applied high voltage (HV) are under investigation. The objective is to optimize the utilization of some newly developed, low cost, and commercially available hardware sensors and equipment. The hardware includes some novel elements such as, giant magneto resistive (GMR) current/magnetic field sensors. All components are contained around power conductors in a specially designed, none-magneto equipotential cylindrical structure (NECS) prototype. Objectives are being met to manipulate GMR to sense I and HV. From the experimental results and feasibility calculations, GMR sensors are found to maintain their known wide linearity range and accuracy. The manipulations to measure I include: distance, current, bias, and orientation alterations. The manipulations of sensing PD, CD, CCC, and HV include the utilization of a sensitive GMR earth field sensor to measure the short circuited CCC through the NECS prototype.
Flow Past a Flat Plate With a Vortex/Sink Combination

An attempt was made to model the so called leading edge vortex which forms over the leading edge of delta wings at high angles of attack. A simplified model was considered, namely that of a two-dimensional, inviscid, incompressible steady flow around a flat plate at an angle of attack with a stationary vortex detached on top, as well as a sink to simulate the strong spanwise flow. The results appear to agree qualitatively with experiments. A comparison was also made between the lift and the drag of this model and the corresponding results for two classical solutions: (1) that of totally attached flow over the plate with the Kutta condition satisfied at the trailing edge only: and (2) the Helmholtz solution of totally separated flow over the plate.
A graph theoretical approach for predicting common RNA secondary structure motifs including pseudoknots in unaligned sequences

Motivation: RNA structure motifs contained in mRNAs have been found to play important roles in regulating gene expression. However, identification of novel RNA regulatory motifs using computational methods has not been widely explored. Effective tools for predicting novel RNA regulatory motifs based on genomic sequences are needed. Results: We present a new method for predicting common RNA secondary structure motifs in a set of functionally or evolutionarily related RNA sequences. This method is based on comparison of stems (palindromic helices) between sequences and is implemented by applying graph-theoretical approaches. It first finds all possible stable stems in each sequence and compares stems pairwise between sequences by some defined features to find stems conserved across any two sequences. Then by applying a maximum clique finding algorithm, it finds all significant stems conserved across at least k sequences. Finally, it assembles in topological order all possible compatible conserved stems shared by at least k sequences and reports a number of the best assembled stem sets as the best candidate common structure motifs. This method does not require prior structural alignment of the sequences and is able to detect pseudoknot structures. We have tested this approach on some RNA sequences with known secondary structures, in which it is capable of detecting the real structures completely or partially correctly and outperforms other existing programs for similar purposes. Availability: The algorithm has been implemented in C++ in a program called comRNA, which is available at http://ural.wustl.edu/softwares.html
When Hollywood Was Right: How Movie Stars, Studio Moguls, and Big Business Remade American Politics

An established authority on modern American conservatism and a prolific scholar in the field of American political history, Donald Critchlow tackles a prominent but little understood subject in his...
Insulin secretory deficiency and glucose intolerance in Rab3A Null mice

Insulin secretory dysfunction of the pancreatic beta-cell in type-2 diabetes is thought to be due to defective nutrient sensing and/or deficiencies in the mechanism of insulin exocytosis. Previous studies have indicated that the GTP-binding protein, Rab3A, plays a mechanistic role in insulin exocytosis. Here, we report that Rab3A(-/-) mice develop fasting hyperglycemia and upon a glucose challenge show significant glucose intolerance coupled to ablated first-phase insulin release and consequential insufficient insulin secretion in vivo, without insulin resistance. The in vivo insulin secretory response to arginine was similar in Rab3A(-/-) mice as Rab3A(+/+) control animals, indicating a phenotype reminiscent of insulin secretory dysfunction found in type-2 diabetes. However, when a second arginine dose was given 10 min after, there was a negligible insulin secretory response in Rab3A(-/-) mice, compared with that in Rab3A(+/+) animals, that was markedly increased above that to the first arginine stimulus. There was no difference in beta-cell mass or insulin production between Rab3A(-/-) and Rab3A(+/+) mice. However, in isolated islets, secretagogue-induced insulin release (by glucose, GLP-1, glyburide, or fatty acid) was approximately 60-70% lower in Rab3A(-/-) islets compared with Rab3A(+/+) controls. Nonetheless, there was a similar rate of glucose oxidation and glucose-induced rise in cytosolic [Ca(2+)](i) flux between Rab3A(-/-) and Rab3A(+/+) islet beta-cells, indicating the mechanistic role of Rab3A lies downstream of generating secondary signals that trigger insulin release, at the level of secretory granule transport and/or exocytosis. Thus, Rab3A plays an important in vivo role facilitating the efficiency of insulin exocytosis, most likely at the level of replenishing the ready releasable pool of beta-granules. Also, this study indicates, for the first time, that the in vivo insulin secretory dysfunction found in type-2 diabetes can lie solely at the level of defective insulin exocytosis.
Narrow-band low-loss multi-mode spectral filtering for free-space optical receivers

Free-space optical filtering technologies suitable for high-sensitivity photon-counting receivers are described. Important performance metrics include low 0.5 dB insertion loss, and low noise-equivalent-bandwidths of 7.7 pm and 62 pm at 1064 nm over a large 1000 nm operational range.
Spatial Biographies of Children's Consumption Market Places and Spaces of Childhood in the 1930s and Beyond

Drawing upon historical research, contemporary academic treatments of children's geographies and some preliminary observations of a few `children's' retail settings in the USA, this article concentrates on building an analytic of commercialized children's spaces. An account of the construction of retail departments specifically for children in USA clothing stores in the 1930s offers an insight into two intersecting spatial dimensions: aspirational and proprietary spaces. These, in turn, inform how versions of the `child consumer' shape, and have been shaped by, spatially situated market considerations.
An agarose–acrylamide composite native gel system suitable for separating ultra-large protein complexes

An agarose-acrylamide composite native gel (CNG) system has been developed for separating protein complexes of ultra-large molecular sizes (over 500kDa) and for analyzing protein-protein interactions in their native states. Various native gel conditions were explored and techniques were improved to facilitate the formation and performance of the CNG system. We demonstrate here that the CNG technique is capable of resolving a complex of RNA polymerase II and an associated factor from the free components, which had not been previously achieved with other methods. Furthermore, this CNG electrophoresis can be conveniently coupled to second-dimension sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for identification of protein components within discrete complexes separated during the CNG run. The CNG technique is particularly suitable for capturing dynamic protein-protein interactions as exemplified here by the formation and demonstration of RNA polymerase II-Fcp1 complex.
An analysis of the application and enrollment processes for in-state and out-of-state students at a large public university

Abstract This paper extends prior work by jointly modeling the application and enrollment decision for in-state and out-of-state freshmen at a large public university. Two separate empirical analyses use individual and aggregate time-series data for the University of Oregon to estimate and compare the responsiveness of applicants and enrollees to person-specific and time-specific variation in the net price. The results show that prior studies may understate student price responsiveness by separately focusing on the application or enrollment decision. Moreover, the elasticity estimates are found to differ for in-state and out-of-state students and can be sensitive to whether the price variation occurs across individuals or over time.
Costs of phenotypic plasticity.

Abstract: Phenotypically plastic organisms display alternative phenotypes in different environments. It is widely appreciated that possessing alternative phenotypes can affect fitness. However, some investigators have suggested that simply carrying the ability to be plastic could also affect fitness. Evolutionary models suggest that high costs of plasticity could constrain the evolution of optimal phenotypes. However, costs (and limits) of plasticity are primarily hypothetical. Little empirical evidence exists to show that increased plasticity leads to reduced growth and development, leads to increased developmental instability, or limits the ability of organisms to produce more extreme phenotypes. I used half‐sib families of larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) reared in outdoor mesocosms to examine how tadpoles altered behavioral, morphological, and life‐historical traits in response to larval dragonfly predators (Anax longipes). The predators induced lower activity and the development of relatively large...
Endovascular Management vs Intravenous Thrombolysis for Acute Stroke Secondary to Carotid Artery Dissection: Local Experience and Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND Little is known regarding the endovascular management of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) related to carotid artery dissection (CAD). OBJECTIVE To report our interventional experience in AIS from CAD and to compare it with conservative treatment of CAD with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) via systematic review. METHODS Retrospective analysis of consecutive high-grade steno-occlusive CAD with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) >5 and ≤12 hours of last seen normal from 2 tertiary centers. A systematic review for studies on IVT in the setting of CAD via PubMed was performed for comparison. RESULTS Of 1112 patients treated with endovascular interventions within the study period, 21 met the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 52.0 ± 10.9 years, 76% were male, NIHSS was 17.4 ± 5.8, 52% received IVT before intervention, and 90% had tandem occlusions. Mean time from last-known-normal to puncture was 4.8 ± 2.1 hours and procedure length 1.8 ± 1.0 hours. Stents were used in 52% of cases, and reperfusion (modified Treatment in Cerebral Ischemia 2b-3) achieved in 95%. No parenchymal hemorrhages were observed and 71% achieved good outcome (90-day modified Rankin Scale 0-2). The literature review identified 8 studies concerning thrombolysis in the CAD setting fitting inclusion criteria (n = 133). Our endovascular experience compared with the pooled IVT reports indicated that, despite presenting with higher NIHSS (17 vs 14; P = .04) and experiencing a longer time to definitive therapy (287 vs 162 minutes; P < .01), patients treated intra-arterially had similar rates of symptomatic cerebral/European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study-parenchymal hematoma 2 hemorrhage (0% vs 6%; P = .43) and good outcomes (71% vs 52%; P = .05). CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence that the endovascular management of AIS in the setting of CAD is a feasible, safe, and promising strategy.
Gravimetric Analysis for Determining the Resin and Rubber Content of Guayule

Abstract The method presented provides a fast and sufficiently accurate method for determining the resin and rubber contents of guayule. Although it does not provide definitive or “absolute” values that presumably can be obtained with sophisticated instrumentation, it is well suited for agronomic developmental studies at the field station level.
Improved Density Functional Description of the Electrochemistry and Structure−Property Descriptors of Substituted Flavins

The energetics of electrochemical changes have been investigated for several substituted flavins with the M06-L density functional. The reduction potentials for one- and two-electron reductions of these molecules have been determined and the results are consistent with experimental findings with a mean unsigned error of only 42 mV. It is especially noteworthy that the M06-L density functional makes a significant difference in the computed free energy of the first reduction of lumiflavin, which produces a neutral semiquinone. We also investigate the effects of flavin ring substituents on the geometries, charge distributions, reduction potentials, pKa’s, ionization potentials, electron affinities, hardnesses, softnesses, electrophilic powers, and nucleophilicities.
Ulnar nerve latency at above-elbow stimulation: a complementary tool for segmental conduction velocity across the elbow.

ABSTRACTObjective:The purpose of this study was to obtain the latency norms of ulnar nerve stimulating at 10 cm above the elbow as a complementary test of the segmental conduction velocity criteria used in the American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine guideline for ulnar neuropathy at the e
Plasma Prolactin Levels in Maturing Intact and Cryptorchid Male Rats: Development of Stress Response

In order to determine the possible role of the seminiferous tubules in the regulation of prolactin secretion during sexual development, male rats were rendered cryptorchid at 22 days of age, and thereafter different groups of animals were decapitated at 8-10 day intervals between Day 32 and Day 70. Cryptorchid rats showed destruction of the germinal epithelium accompanied by increased plasma FSH and, to a much lesser extent, increased plasma LH titers. Nevertheless, plasma prolactin levels were similar to those of intact controls throughout the entire period studied. Plasma prolactin titers in intact controls remained uniformly low from Day 20 to Day 70, contrasting with previous reports in which increasing prolactin levels have been observed during sexual development. To determine the reason for this apparent discrepancy, a longitudinal experiment was conducted in which intact and cryptorchid male rats were bled every 10 days from Day 30 to Day 70, following a 3-min period of exposure to ether fumes. The prolactin response to this stress increased markedly with age. A similar pattern of prolactin was observed in a cross-sectional study in which different groups of intact animals were bled following a 3-min period of ether exposure, at ages ranging from 20 to 70 daysmthe results indicate that unlike FSH secretion, prolactin secretion is not controlled by the seminiferous tubules. In addition, they suggest that the pattern of increasing plasma prolactin previously described in the developing male rat is at least in part caused by an age-dependent increase in responsiveness of prolactin to stress.
Recently Introduced Parasites of Three Important Forest Insects

Three forest insects—the European pine-shoot moth ( Rhyacionia buoliana Schiff.), the larch case bearer ( Coleophora laricella Hbn.), and the birch leaf-mining sawfly ( Phyllotoma nemorata Fall.)—have recently become so injurious in New England that the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine is attempting the introduction of their parasitic enemies from Europe. W. F. Sellers, who is stationed at Budapest, Hungary, has charge of the collection and shipment of these parasites to America, and in this country they are received and cared for at the Melrose Highlands, Mass., station. The discussion is divided into three parts, each part dealing with one of the host species.
Effect of excess degradable intake protein on early embryonic development, ovarian steroids, and blood urea nitrogen on days 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the estrous cycle in mature ewes.

Two trials were conducted to determine whether feeding excess degradable intake protein (DIP) during a synchronized estrous cycle and the first 5 d after breeding alters early embryonic development, ovarian steroids, or BUN concentrations in ewes. Ewes were group-fed in Trial 1 (T1) and individually fed in Trial 2 (T2) either 100 (control; T1, n = 15; T2, n = 12) or 200% (high-protein; T1, n = 16; T2, n = 12) of the NRC protein recommendation for maintenance during a synchronized estrous cycle until surgery in the next cycle. Ampullae (AMP), isthmi (IST), and uterine horns (UT) of high-protein and control ewes were removed on d 2 (T1), 3 (T2), 4 (T1), or 5 (T2) after breeding. In T1, jugular blood samples were taken once daily starting on d 2 of the synchronized cycle, and in T2 on d 2, 9, 15, 16, and 17, and in both trials from estrus (d 0) to the day of surgery. Ampullae, IST, and UT flushings were examined microscopically for the presence of embryos, embryo condition, and embryo cell number. There was no trial x treatment interaction (P > or = 0.10), so data for both trials were pooled. Concentrations of BUN were higher (P 0.10) between treatments. During the first 5 d of the next cycle, estradiol-17beta concentrations were lower (P = 0.06) in high-protein-fed than in control ewes. Progesterone increased (P < 0.05) to higher concentrations by d 5 in high-protein-fed ewes than in control ewes. More (P < 0.05) embryos were found in AMP of high-protein-fed ewes than in AMP of control ewes on d 4. Fewer (P = 0.05) embryos were found in UT of high-protein-fed ewes than in UT of control ewes on d 4. More embryos were found in UT of high-protein-fed ewes than in UT of control ewes on d 5. Fewer (P = 0.05) embryos were found in IST of high-protein ewes than in the IST of control ewes on d 5. Embryos of high-protein-fed ewes had more (P < 0.05) cells than embryos from control fed ewes on d 5. Feeding ewes excess DIP protein during an estrous cycle and the first 5 d after breeding initially impeded embryo transport; thereafter, embryo transport and development through the oviduct was accelerated.
Interval enclosures for reachable sets of chemical kinetic flow systems. Part 1: Sparse transformation

Computing reachable sets for continuous-stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) under uncertainty is crucial for designing efficient model-based control strategies or developing robust process monitoring protocols. This paper, the first in the three-part series, develops a linear transformation to project the dynamics of a CSTR reaction system onto a transformed state space. The proposed transformation is invertible, and leads to a “sparse” system representation in the transformed state space – a property crucial for the methods developed to compute reachable sets of CSTR reaction systems. The second and third papers in this series discuss how the transformation developed here can be used to compute effectively outer interval approximations to the reachable sets of CSTR reaction systems. To this effect, two new bounding methods – direct and indirect-bounding methods – are proposed in the second and third paper, respectively, to compute tight interval enclosures for the reachable sets of CSTR reaction systems. Several numerical examples are also provided to demonstrate efficacy of the proposed direct and indirect-bounding methods.
Flooded two-phase flow dynamics and heat transfer with engineered wettability on microstructured surfaces

Flooding caused by excessive droplet feeding on heat dissipation area periodically occurs for droplet-based thermal management, including spray cooling and electro-wetting. The conventional highly wettable texture of surfaces, which is designed for thin film evaporation, has negligible effect on improving thermal performance during flooding. This work examines a combination of micro-pillar structures and engineered wettability that aims to improve the liquid-vapor phase change intensity and heat dissipation rate during flooding. Numerical simulation has been made to investigate the thermal and dynamic impact of the proposed combination structure on boiling and evaporation, with control variables of pillar height and pillar array density. A transient 3-D volume-of-fluid (VOF) model has been developed to analyze behaviors of bubble growth, coalescence, and departure processes. Parameters including volumetric liquid-vapor mass transfer rate, heat source temperature and heat transfer coefficient are examined. The results indicated the structured surface can reduce bubble sizes and enhance bubble departure rates. The optimized value of pillar height exists. The pillar height has more impact on cooling enhancement than pillar array density when the increased solid-liquid interface area was kept the same.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Drosophila Spatiotemporally Integrates Visual Signals to Control Saccades

Summary Like many visually active animals, including humans, flies generate both smooth and rapid saccadic movements to stabilize their gaze. How rapid body saccades and smooth movement interact for simultaneous object pursuit and gaze stabilization is not understood. We directly observed these interactions in magnetically tethered Drosophila free to rotate about the yaw axis. A moving bar elicited sustained bouts of saccades following the bar, with surprisingly little smooth movement. By contrast, a moving panorama elicited robust smooth movement interspersed with occasional optomotor saccades. The amplitude, angular velocity, and torque transients of bar-fixation saccades were finely tuned to the speed of bar motion and were triggered by a threshold in the temporal integral of the bar error angle rather than its absolute retinal position error. Optomotor saccades were tuned to the dynamics of panoramic image motion and were triggered by a threshold in the integral of velocity over time. A hybrid control model based on integrated motion cues simulates saccade trigger and dynamics. We propose a novel algorithm for tuning fixation saccades in flies.
ONTOGENY OF Nk-1+ NATURAL KILLER CELLS

Publisher Summary Recent experiments have demonstrated Nk-1 antigen to be specific for murine NK cells capable of lysing lymphoma targets. The protein A-SRBC rosette assay was used in a study described in the chapter to monitor the proportion of Nk-1+ cells in tissues of mice and induction assays were performed with interferon to look for precursors of Nk-1+ cells. About 18% of Nk-1+ cells were found in fetal thymus on day 14 of gestation, but these Nk-1+ cells were transient and became undetectable on day 16. Contrary to Nk-1+ cells, Thy-1+ cells were continuously found in thymus from day 14 of gestation until birth. The increase of Nk-1+ cells after IF induction suggests the existence of a precursor of Nk-1+ cells. Based on ontogenetic data, splenic Nk-1 antigen is detectable earlier than other NK associated antigens, namely, Thy-1, Qa 2,3, and Qa 4,5 antigens. There was no increase in Nk-1+ cells in the PNA-fraction after IF induction, and only enhanced lytic activity was observed.
Management of postoperative heparin rebound following cardiopulmonary bypass.

Postoperative heparin rebound was investigated in 50 adult patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass with the use of the Hepcon heparin analyzer. Prior to bypass each patient received 2 mg / kg of heparin. During bypass, the activated clotting time (ACT) was utilized to assess the need for additional heparin to maintain the value between 300 and 400 seconds. The average amount of heparin given was 160 mg. Once cardiopulmonary bypass was terminated the Hepcon unit was employed to determine the actual amount of active circulating heparin and to calculate the dose of protamine sulfate. The average amount of protamine administered intraoperatively was 200 mg. The overall mean ratio of protamine-to-heparin was 1.25:1. Once hemostasis was achieved, no circulating heparin was measured with the Hepcon unit, and the ACT value had returned to its baseline, the incisions were closed and the patients were transferred to the intensive care unit. One hour later a blood sample was obtained and analyzed by the Hepcon unit for any heparin rebound. We found that 26 patients (52%) had circulating heparin and required an additional dose of protamine, averaging 70 mg. Drainage from the thoracotomy tubes averaged 400 cc in the first 24 hours, and a mean of 2 units of packed cells was infused. Three patients (6%) did not require any blood transfusions. The use of the Hepcon unit has produced a safe and expedient method of analyzing and neutralizing active circulating heparin in patients following cardiopulmonary bypass. It is a useful adjunct in blood conservation because it reduces excessive postoperative blood loss associated with heparin rebound.
The evolution of cooling rings

Abstract Observations suggest that heat loss to the atmosphere causes an important modification of the density structure of warm core rings. In this study, f-plane and beta-plane models of rings under a cooling atmosphere are examined in order to provide a dynamic framework for the interpretation of ring observations. The idealizations in these models include the use of layered models, zero potential vortldty in the ring and initially motionless lower layers. It is shown that both ring structure and propagation are affected by cooling.