cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of Moving Target and Localization of Clutter Using Doppler Radar on Mobile Platform

This letter explores the possibilities of detecting a moving target and localizing clutter using nonstationary Doppler radar. The detection of a moving target, particularly a human, has many potential applications in the fields of surveillance and rescue. In dangerous environments, Doppler radar can be used to effectively collect information about the surroundings, even through walls. However, a moving platform makes the detection of a moving target complicated due to Doppler shift caused by the clutter. We analyze the pattern of the Doppler shift due to clutter over time and develop a linear regression model that describes this pattern. The location of clutter can be estimated by the model with the time history of the measured Doppler shifts. Although the pattern from clutter follows the mathematical model, the pattern from a moving target does not, resulting in a high-percentage root-mean-square (RMS) fitting error. On the basis of the percentage RMS fitting error, a moving target is differentiated from clutter.
A study of ultrafast extrinsic photoconductivity vs wavelength in ErAs:GaAs photoconductive switches

Extrinsic photoconductivity in an ErAs:GaAs photoconductive (PC) switch is studied as a function of wavelength from 1535 nm to 1793 nm and 2516 nm to 3293 nm; which corresponds to photon energies of 0.69 to 0.81 eV (0.48 to 0.57 UG) and 0.37 to 0.49 eV (0.26 to 0.35 UG). A gradual decline is seen in photoconductive response vs wavelength in the higher energy range, and practically no response in the lower energy range. Also, a series of local peaks is seen in the higher range, suggesting that the absorption is associated with quantum-dot-to-band electron transitions. This is an important step in understanding the new method of creating THz sources from ultrafast extrinsic photoconductivity.
Integrated image compression and detection for minelike objects

The need is described for a system-level integrated treatment of compression and detection methods and several issues are raised. Compression detection examples are provided as a first step in this direction and to illustrate the concepts.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The hematologists' Maltese Falcon.

Insights into cell stage–specific effects will shed light on pathogenesis and more successful therapies of BCR-ABL+ leukemias. In this issue of Blood , Schemionek and colleagues use a conditional BCR-ABL transgenic mouse model to identify properties of the CML-initiating cell.[1][1] The Knights
The efficiency of clinical trial designs for predictive biomarker validation.

Background The rapid advance of molecular genetic technology and of molecular diagnostics companies have set the stage for a new era in personalized treatments. Biomarkers such as gene expressions may be integrated into the anatomically based tumor-node-metastasis staging system to provide information for risk stratification and treatment selection. With the assumption that preliminary results show evidence that a biomarker has predictive value, the marker-based designs are geared to assess the purported predictive value in a clinical trial.Purpose In this article, we compared the efficiency of the traditional design, which does not involve a biomarker, to several alternative designs in terms of the sample size required in each trial.Methods We first derived the variance formulas for the two-sample t-tests under the various designs when the biomarker assay is imperfect, and then conducted numerical and simulation studies to evaluate the performance of the various designs. Results Based on numerical and si...
Evidence for all-or-none preperceptual processing in perceptual set

“Set” is known to improve the accuracy of report of the stimulus attributes for which Ss are set to respond. The set may produce this effect by acting on either preperceptual or postperceptual processes, or both. To elucidate the manner by which set produces its effect, this paper explores the consequences of two assumptions concerning set (1) On any given trial, a S is either “set” or “not set”: (2) if “set” by the stimulus information. S’s perception of the stimulus actually improves, whereas, if “not set” by the stimulus reformation, the S’s report correctness is improved by an independent interaction of stimulus and set information on a response process. Evidence is provided for both these assumptions. In addition. It is argued that only set given before stimulation can affect a perceptual process.
The SMN–SIP1 Complex Has an Essential Role in Spliceosomal snRNP Biogenesis

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an often fatal neuromuscular disease that has been directly linked to the protein product of the Survival of Motor Neurons (SMN) gene. The SMN protein is tightly associated with a novel protein, SIP1, and together they form a complex with several spliceosomal snRNP proteins. Here we show that the SMN-SIP1 complex is associated with spliceosomal snRNAs U1 and U5 in the cytoplasm of Xenopus oocytes. Antibodies directed against the SMN-SIP1 complex strongly interfere with the cytoplasmic assembly of the common (Sm) snRNP proteins with spliceosomal snRNAs and with the import of the snRNP complex into the nucleus. Thus, the SMN-SIP1 complex is directly involved in the biogenesis of spliceosomal snRNPs. Defects in spliceosomal snRNP biogenesis may, therefore, be the cause of SMA.
A method for determining the metabolites of thiamine in urine.

Abstract A method is described for the assay of urine containing thiamine as well as the pyrimidine and thiazole moieties of the vitamin. When the assay solution is incubated with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in a thiamine-free medium, these substances are quantitatively converted to thiamine. The resulting suspension may then be assayed by the thiochrome method using a procedure which eliminates the interference of N′-methylnicotinamide. It is then possible to measure accurately the excretion of intact thiamine as well as the pyrimidine and thiazole derived from the ingested vitamin. A comparison of the metabolite excretion of human subjects on equivalent intakes of the vitamin reveals that the values found by this method are 3–4 times higher than those found by the yeast fermentation method.
Engineering complex systems.

The emergent properties of complex systems are far removed from the traditional preoccupation of engineers with design and purpose.
A measure of the gambling response-set in objective tests

A formula is developed for measuring the gambling response-set or utility for risk in objective tests in which the testees are apprised of the application of a correction for guessing. Some implications of this measure for test theory and construction are discussed briefly.
Transient expression of S-100β immunostaining in developing thalamus and somatosensory cortex of rat

Serotonin is thought to affect the development of barrel fields in somatosensory cortex of rat and transient expression of the serotonin transporter has been reported in relevant thalamic (ventral posterior) and cortical (layer IV of parietal) regions in support of this. Much of the developmental role of serotonin is mediated by release of the neurotrophic protein S-100beta. The current work was thus undertaken to determine if S-100beta also shows a transient expression pattern in thalamus and barrel fields. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were examined immunocytochemically for S-100beta expression on postnatal days (PD) 1, 7, 15 and 22. Expression of S-100beta selectively peaked in the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus at PD 7, and in layer IV of the parietal cortex from PD 7 to 15, in a 'barrel-like' pattern. Our findings suggest that S-100beta could indeed be the mediator of serotonin's effects on barrel field formation.
Capacity of the regular polyhedra

A new numerical value for the capacitance of each of the regular polyhedra is presented, obtained by employing a finite difference technique. In addition, a method is applied to the solutions of two of the polyhedra, the tetrahedron and the cube, to compute point-wise error estimatesa posteriori. Special considerations are discussed which are required to facilitate the computations of the solutions and the error estimates on these polyhedral domains, which exhibit extensive grid irregularities near the boundaries. An important feature of the error analysis method applied is that the results do not require the solution of a higher order h or p version.
Tetrahydrobiopterin in Striatum: Localization in Dopamine Nerve Terminals and Role in Catecholamine Synthesis

The hydroxylase cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin, and its biosynthetic system are localized in dopaminergic nerve terminals in the striatum. This conclusion is based on the nearly equivalent loss of tyrosine hydroxylase and tetrahydrobiopterin and its initial biosynthetic enzyme, guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase, after injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the substantia nigra. The role of the hydroxylase cofactor in the regulation of dopamine synthesis is reassessed.
Sleep Diaries of Vietnam War Veterans With Chronic PTSD: The Relationships Among Insomnia Symptoms, Psychosocial Stress, and Nightmares

Impaired sleep and nightmares are known symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the veteran population. In order to assess prospectively the sleep disturbances in this population, sleep diaries are an effective way to obtain information over an extended period of time. In this investigation, a sample of veterans (N = 105) completed daily sleep diaries for a 6-week period. Greater PTSD severity and nightmare-related distress were correlated with more awakenings, shorter duration of sleep, longer sleep latency, and greater frequency of nightmares. Perceived frequency of daytime stressors was associated with an increased number of nightmares, nightmare-related distress, and longer sleep latency. The use of sleep diaries in future investigations may allow targeted treatments for veteran populations with PTSD and sleep disturbances.
Phi-feature inflection and agreement: An introduction

The linguistic literature abounds with discussions of phi-feature inflection. The formalist tradition has, in a variety of ways, approached this phenomenon predominantly in terms of an agreement relationship between two terms of a syntactic structure—for instance, the subject and the finite verb (typically showing agreement for person and number), or the object and a past participle (which, e.g. in the Romance languages, may agree for number and gender, but not for person). But not all these agreement relationships affect all phi-features equally, which raises the question of whether there is to be a unified approach to phi-features in general. And two terms that can entertain an agreement relationship for certain phi-features do not seem to engage in such agreement every time they might be expected to so do. On the surface, plural subjects can co-occur with singularly inflected finite verbs, and vice versa; and sometimes a subpart of the subject seems to control the selection of the inflection on the finite verb, in so-called ‘attraction’ cases. These kinds of phenomena give rise to an in-depth exploration of the nature and reality of agreement relationships, including the possibility of an analysis treating phi-featural properties as autonomous vis-a-vis one another, assigned to each term separately, not under agreement. This special issue brings together a collection of papers and commentaries reflecting on these matters in various ways. In this introduction, I set the stage for the discussion to follow.
100 Gb/s-class parallel optical interconnects for high productivity computing systems

The paper reviews the recent results from 100 Gb/s-class parallel interconnects for high productivity computing systems (HPCS) and examines these critical areas as they apply to parallel 850 nm VCSEL based interconnects
Measurements in the thick axisymmetric turbulent boundary layer near the tail of a body of revolution

Detailed measurements of pressure distributions, mean velocity profiles and Reynolds stresses were made in the thick axisymmetric turbulent boundary layer near the tail of a body of revolution. The results indicate a number of important differences between the behaviour of a thick and a thin boundary layer. The thick boundary layer is characterized by significant variations in static pressure across it and an abnormally low level of turbulence. The static-pressure variation is associated with a strong interaction between the boundary layer and the potential flow outside it, while the changes in the turbulence structure appear to be a consequence of the transverse surface curvature. In order to predict the behaviour of the flow in the tail region of a body of revolution it is not therefore possible to use conventional thin-boundary-layer calculation procedures.
Assessing Readiness to Change among Clients Seeking Help for Hypersexual Behavior

Mental health professionals may erroneously assume that clients seeking help for hypersexual behavior are ready to begin working on their issues at the outset of treatment. Prochaska and DiClemente (e.g., 1983, 1984) proposed the transtheoretical model (TTM) stages of change to advance their belief that clients move through several stages when attempting to alter specific target behaviors. If a clinician gets ahead of a client by administering interventions that are improperly matched with the client's readiness to change, treatment may be prematurely terminated or high levels of resistance may be encountered during therapy. In this study, clients (N = 67) who were referred for treatment in a specialty outpatient clinic for hypersexual behavior completed the Sexual Compulsivity Scale (Kalichman et al., 1994; Kalichman & Rompa, 1995, 2001) and the Stages of Change Scale (McConnaughy, DiClemente, Prochaska, & Velicer, 1989; McConnaughy, Prochaska, & Velicer, 1983). The data collected from these measures rev...
Probing Allosteric Binding Sites of the Maize Endosperm ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase

Maize (Zea mays) endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is a highly regulated enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in starch biosynthesis. Although the structure of the heterotetrameric maize endosperm AGPase remains unsolved, structures of a nonnative, low-activity form of the potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum) AGPase (small subunit homotetramer) reported previously by others revealed that several sulfate ions bind to each enzyme. These sites are also believed to interact with allosteric regulators such as inorganic phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA). Several arginine (Arg) side chains contact the bound sulfate ions in the potato structure and likely play important roles in allosteric effector binding. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis was applied to the corresponding Arg residues in both the small and large subunits of maize endosperm AGPase to determine their roles in allosteric regulation and thermal stability. Steady-state kinetic and regulatory parameters were measured for each mutant. All of the Arg mutants examined—in both the small and large subunits—bound 3-PGA more weakly than the wild type (A50 increased by 3.5- to 20-fold). By contrast, the binding of two other maize AGPase allosteric activators (fructose-6-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate) did not always mimic the changes observed for 3-PGA. In fact, compared to 3-PGA, fructose-6-phosphate is a more efficient activator in two of the Arg mutants. Phosphate binding was also affected by Arg substitutions. The combined data support a model for the binding interactions associated with 3-PGA in which allosteric activators and inorganic phosphate compete directly.
BLAST: at the core of a powerful and diverse set of sequence analysis tools

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) is one of the most heavily used sequence analysis tools available in the public domain. There is now a wide choice of BLAST algorithms that can be used to search many different sequence databases via the BLAST web pages (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/). All the algorithm-database combinations can be executed with default parameters or with customized settings, and the results can be viewed in a variety of ways. A new online resource, the BLAST Program Selection Guide, has been created to assist in the definition of search strategies. This article discusses optimal search strategies and highlights some BLAST features that can make your searches more powerful.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23, Parathyroid Hormone, and 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D in Surgically Treated Primary Hyperparathyroidism

OBJECTIVE To determine whether fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) contributes to the hypophosphatemia of primary hyperparathyroidism. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirteen adult patients with primary hyperparathyroidism had serum collected before and after parathyroidectomy for analysis of inorganic phosphorus, calcium, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1α,25[OH] 2 D), parathyroid hormone (PTH), FGF23, creatinine, and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP). Patients were recruited between July 24, 2003, and February 11, 2004. RESULTS Before surgery, patients had elevated serum calcium and PTH concentrations. Serum phosphorus concentrations were in the low-normal range. The FGF23 concentrations were not elevated in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism compared with healthy controls. Within 24 hours of surgery, serum calcium, PTH, 1α,25 (OH) 2 D, and BSAP concentrations were lower ( P >.002 for all) and phosphorus concentrations were higher ( P =.003) than in the preoperative state. The FGF23 concentrations were similar 1 day and 6 weeks after surgery. The FGF23 concentrations did not correlate with serum phosphorus, calcium, PTH, 1α,25 (OH) 2 D, creatinine, or BSAP concentrations in the preoperative or postoperative state. CONCLUSION Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of serum phosphorus concentrations in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Fibroblast growth factor 23 does not appear to play a role in phosphorus homeostasis in patients with surgically treated primary hyperparathyroidism.
The simulation of hypnosis: Why, how, and what it means.

Abstract The use of the real-simulating model with a “blind” hypnotist as a quasi-control for hypnosis research is discussed. The advantages and limitations of the procedure are set forth and the kind of problems for which it is appropriate are outlined. The nature of inferences that may legitimately be drawn from findings using this model are discussed. It is pointed out that, though it has been shown that Ss are able to simulate successfully and can deceive highly trained hypnotists, this observation does not challenge the reality of S's experience nor does it question the genuineness of hypnosis. Furthermore, in most contexts, simulation does not occur spontaneously and ought not to preoccupy either the therapist or the investigator.
Human Genetic Disorders of Axon Guidance

This article reviews symptoms and signs of aberrant axon connectivity in humans, and summarizes major human genetic disorders that result, or have been proposed to result, from defective axon guidance. These include corpus callosum agenesis, L1 syndrome, Joubert syndrome and related disorders, horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis, Kallmann syndrome, albinism, congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 1, Duane retraction syndrome, and pontine tegmental cap dysplasia. Genes mutated in these disorders can encode axon growth cone ligands and receptors, downstream signaling molecules, and axon transport motors, as well as proteins without currently recognized roles in axon guidance. Advances in neuroimaging and genetic techniques have the potential to rapidly expand this field, and it is feasible that axon guidance disorders will soon be recognized as a new and significant category of human neurodevelopmental disorders.
Housing affordability and investments in children

Abstract This paper uses the 2004–2009 Consumer Expenditure Surveys to examine whether housing affordability affects expenditures on children in families with income at or below 200% of the poverty line. After accounting for selection using propensity score matching, estimating effects using nonlinear GLM, and performing sensitivity tests, we find that child enrichment expenditures have an inverted U-shaped relationship with housing cost burden, our measure of housing affordability. This result is similar to the concave pattern of the association between housing cost burden and measures of children’s cognitive achievement in reading and math. Thus, child expenditures, particularly for enrichment, may be one mechanism by which housing affordability affects children’s cognitive outcomes. The inflection point for enrichment spending occurs at roughly the 30% housing cost-to-income ratio, the longstanding rule-of-thumb for defining housing affordability.
Binary and Ternary Atomic Layers Built from Carbon, Boron, and Nitrogen

Two-dimensional (2D) atomic layers derived from bulk layered materials are very interesting from both scientific and application viewpoints, as evidenced from the story of graphene. Atomic layers of several such materials such as hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and dichalcogenides are examples that complement graphene. The observed unconventional properties of graphene has triggered interest in doping the hexagonal honeycomb lattice of graphene with atoms such as boron (B) and nitrogen (N) to obtain new layered structures. Individual atomic layers containing B, C, and N of various compositions conform to several stable phases in the three-component phase diagram of B-C-N. Additionally, stacking layers built from C and BN allows for the engineering of new van-der-Waals stacked materials with novel properties. In this paper, the synthesis, characterization, and properties of atomically thin layers, containing B, C, and N, as well as vertically assembled graphene/h-BN stacks are reviewed. The electrical, mechanical, and optical properties of graphene, h-BN, and their hybrid structure are also discussed along with the applications of such materials.
Hierarchy and subsidy-stress as a theoretical basis for managing environmentally sensitive areas

Abstract Although there has been considerable research and development in the management of specific natural resources and public lands containing multiple resources, relatively little progress has been made concerning management of privately owned resources through land-use planning at the local level of government. This paper examines the issue of local government policies and capabilities in land-use planning for privately owned environmentally sensitive areas (ESAs) in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Environmentally sensitive areas are defined as landscape elements vital to long-term maintenance of biological diversity, soil, water, and other natural resources, especially as they relate to human health, safety, and welfare, both on-site and in a regional context. Three studies are used in a stepwise manner (i.e. watershed, state, and region) to examine the relationship between the legal structure of ESA management and ecological theory. When viewed collectively, these studies show that although there is a political basis for regulating ESAs, attempts at regulation lack a theoretical and applied basis in systems thinking and ecological science. To begin forging a stronger linkage between the political and scientific basis for ESA planning, two major ecological theories relevant to ESA management, hierarchy and subsidy-stress, are reviewed. These theories, when used in concert, are shown to be applicable in making objective choices concerning privately held ESAs in the Pacific Northwest, providing both qualitative and quantitative models. Hierarchy theory can provide guidelines for ESA planning by linking biophysical processes and patterns directly to appropriate scales of political jurisdiction; it can be used to better define the local, state, and federal government partnerships needed to achieve sustainable landscapes. Subsidy-stress theory can be used to set specific performance standards needed for the regulation of ESA uses. As a result of our three-step approach at different geographic scales, four requisites for improving ESA planning are described: (1) definitions for natural resources should be standardized between regional districts, counties, states, and provinces; (2) replicative methods for ESA inventories which include natural communities and ecosystem processes should be used; (3) a common environmental information system should be available to land-use planners; (4) the expertise to apply such information should be available. The basis for these four items is found in the ecological systems theories of hierarchy and subsidy-stress.
The Banting Memorial Lecture 1978. Clinical and etiologic heterogeneity of idiopathic diabetes mellitus.

We have chosen to discuss the clinical and etiologic heterogeneity of diabetes in man, since in recent years there has been an accumulation of evidence from many centers, including our own, that idiopathic or primary diabetes mellitus is not a single disease entity. What we call diabetes mellitus appears to consist of a number of heterogeneous syndromes characterized by a continuum of metabolic changes secondary to insufficient insulin action and by various tissue changes referred to as the chronic complications of diabetes.
Corporeal Poetics of Sacred Space: An Ethnography of Jum’ah in a Chapel

This article presents an ethnography of makeshift worship space for the minority Muslim community of a university campus and neighborhood in a Midwestern city in the United States. It uncovers how Muslim congregational worship is conducted in this provisional site, which bears competing symbols of Christian worship, to explore how the body plays an active role in perceiving space through rearrangement, reorientation, and auditory inscription. It explores how space is zoned to correspond with boundaries of (im)purity toward the symbolic maintenance of the sacred. In addition, it discusses the play of distance in space along the center to the periphery as spatial markers that correspond with positions of authority and membership. Finally, this article discloses how a lack of ownership of space conditions the disposition of a minority religious community within the larger secular and national landscape.
Seizure Action Plans and Health Care Utilization

Investigators from University of Utah School of Medicine studied the impact of a seizure action plan (SAP) on pediatric patients with epilepsy by measuring health care utilization as an outcome measure.
Roles and assessment methods for models of sensor data exploitation algorithms

The modern battlespace is populated with a variety of sensors and sensing modalities. The design and tasking of a given sensor is therefore increasingly dependent on the performance of other sensors in the mix. The volume of sensor data is also forcing an increased reliance on sensor data exploitation and content analysis algorithms (e.g., detecting, labeling, and tracking objects). Effective development and use of interconnected and algorithmic (i.e., limited human role) sensing processes depends on sensor performance models (e.g., for offline optimization over design and employment options and for online sensor management and data fusion). Such models exist in varying forms and fidelities. This paper develops a framework for defining model roles and describes an assessment process for quantifying fidelity and related properties of models. A key element of the framework is the explicit treatment of the Operating Conditions (OCs - i.e., target, environment and sensor properties that affect exploitation performance) that are available for model development, testing data, and model users. The assessment methodology is a comparison of model and reference performance, but is made non-trivial by reference limitations (availability for OC distributions of interest) and differences in reference and model OC representations. A software design of the assessment process is also described. Future papers will report assessment results for specific models.
Modeling retinal degenerative diseases with human iPS-derived cells: current status and future implications.

Over the past two decades, advancing techniques for genetic analysis and concerted efforts by scientists and clinicians have led to the identification of a remarkable number of genes involved in re...
Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of a series of geometrically constrained 5-HT2A/2C receptor ligands

In studies of the SAR of phenethylamine-type serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists, substituted conformationally constrained tetrahydronaphthofurans were designed to investigate the optimal conformation of the 2-aminoethyl moiety. These compounds were tested using in vitro assays for affinity at 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C receptors. The benzofuran-containing analogues, 6a and 6b, had significantly higher affinity for the 5-HT receptors tested than did the benzodihydrofuran-containing compounds, 4a, 4b, 5a, and 5b. The most potent compound (8-bromo-6-methoxy-4,5-dihydro-3H-naphtho[1,8-bc]furan-5-yl)aminomethane, 6b, had Ki values for displacement of [125I]-DOI from 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C cloned rat receptors of 2.6 and 1.1 nM, respectively. Despite their high affinity, the compounds of this naphthofuran series lacked high intrinsic activity at the 5-HT2A receptor as measured using the phosphoinositide hydrolysis assay. The most potent compound in vitro, 6b, was tested in the two-lever drug discrimination assay in ...
A mixed time-scale algorithm for distributed parameter estimation : Nonlinear observation models and imperfect communication

The paper considers the algorithm NLU for distributed (vector) parameter estimation in sensor networks, where, the local observation models are nonlinear, and inter-sensor communication is imperfect, in the sense, that the network links fail randomly and inter-sensor transmission is quantized. The paper introduces the class of separably estimable observation models, which generalizes the notion of observability in centralized linear estimation to distributed nonlinear estimation. We show that the NLU algorithm leads to consistent and asymptotically unbiased estimates of the parameter at each sensor for separably estimable observation models. In other words, the sensors reach consensus almost sure (a.s.) to the true parameter value. The algorithm NLU is a mixed time scale stochastic algorithm, characterized by two different decreasing weight sequences associated with the consensus and innovation updates. The analysis of the NLU algorithm, thus, does not follow under the purview of standard stochastic approximation, making the analysis developed in the paper of independent theoretical interest.
Early diagnostics and therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease--how early can we get there?

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major threat for the rapidly aging world population. AD is the leading cause of dementia and a major cause of death in developed countries. The disease puts a tremendous practical, emotional and financial burden on individuals and governments. Clinicians and researchers in the AD field face great challenges: the pathophysiological processes that cause AD are not well understood, definite diagnosis of AD requires autopsy, and therapeutic options are limited to treating the symptoms rather than the cause of the disease. Nevertheless, new insights into the earliest events that lead to development of AD increase hope that reliable diagnostics and efficacious therapies may emerge.
Regional Maximum Entropy Theory of Vortex Crystal Formation

Experiments on pure electron plasmas have found that the decay of 2D turbulence can lead to spontaneous formation of “vortex crystals,” which are symmetric arrays of strong vortices within a background of weaker vorticity. In this paper we show that these vortex crystals can be described as regional maximum fluid entropy states. The theory explains the observed patterns of the vortex crystals as well as the vorticity distribution of the background. [S0031-9007(98)06133-X] PACS numbers: 52.35.Ra, 05.45. + b, 47.15.Ki, 47.32.Cc The free relaxation of turbulence in inviscid, incompressible 2D fluids is an active area of research, with applications to geophysical and astrophysical flows. The evolution of these fluids is described by the 2D Euler equation ›t v1 v ?= v › 0, where vsr, td › ˆ z ?=3
DNA‐binding proteins as site‐specific nucleases

Summary DNA-binding proteins can be converted into site-specific nucleases by linking them to the chemical nuclease 1,10-phenanthroline-copper. This can be readily accomplished by converting a minor groove-proximal amino acid to a cysteine residue using site-directed mutagenesis and then chemically modifying the sulphydryl group with 5-iodoacetamido-1,10- phenanthroline-copper. These chimeric scission reagents can be used as rare cutters to analyse chromosomal DNA, to test predictions based on high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray crystal structures, and to locate binding sites of proteins within genomes.
Multifunctional nanorods for gene delivery

The goal of gene therapy is to introduce foreign genes into somatic cells to supplement defective genes or provide additional biological functions, and can be achieved using either viral or synthetic non-viral delivery systems. Compared with viral vectors, synthetic gene-delivery systems, such as liposomes and polymers, offer several advantages including ease of production and reduced risk of cytotoxicity and immunogenicity, but their use has been limited by the relatively low transfection efficiency. This problem mainly stems from the difficulty in controlling their properties at the nanoscale. Synthetic inorganic gene carriers have received limited attention in the gene-therapy community, the only notable example being gold nanoparticles with surface-immobilized DNA applied to intradermal genetic immunization by particle bombardment. Here we present a non-viral gene-delivery system based on multisegment bimetallic nanorods that can simultaneously bind compacted DNA plasmids and targeting ligands in a spatially defined manner. This approach allows precise control of composition, size and multifunctionality of the gene-delivery system. Transfection experiments performed in vitro and in vivo provide promising results that suggest potential in genetic vaccination applications.
The Present and Future of Forensic Psychiatry

Forensic psychiatry is alive and well. The Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (AAPL) has almost 2,000 members, and there are 1,467 board-certified psychiatrists who have added qualifications in forensic psychiatry. The American College of Forensic Psychiatry has 250 members, and the American Academy
Adiposity Is Associated with Gender-Specific Reductions in Left Ventricular Myocardial Perfusion during Dobutamine Stress

Background Obesity and visceral adiposity are increasingly recognized risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Visceral fat may reduce myocardial perfusion by impairing vascular endothelial function. Women experience more anginal symptoms compared to men despite less severe coronary artery stenosis, as assessed by angiography. Women and men have different fat storage patterns which may account for the observed differences in cardiovascular disease. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the relationship between visceral adipose tissue distributions and myocardial perfusion in men and women. Methods Visceral and subcutaneous fat distributions and myocardial perfusion were measured in 69 men and women without coronary artery disease using magnetic resonance imaging techniques. Myocardial perfusion index was quantified after first-pass perfusion with gadolinium contrast at peak dose dobutamine stress. Results We observed inverse relationships between female gender (r = -0.35, p = 0.003), pericardial fat (r = -0.36, p = 0.03), intraperitoneal fat (r = -0.37, p = 0.001), and retroperitoneal fat (r = -0.36, p = 0.002) and myocardial perfusion index. Visceral fat depots were not associated with reduced myocardial perfusion at peak dose dobutamine in men. However, in women, BMI (r = -0.33, p = 0.04), pericardial fat (r = -0.53, p = 0.02), subcutaneous fat (r = -0.39, p = 0.01) and intraperitoneal fat (r = -0.30, p = 0.05) were associated with reduced myocardial perfusion during dobutamine stress. Conclusions Higher visceral fat volumes are associated with reduced left ventricular myocardial perfusion at peak dose dobutamine stress in women but not in men. These findings suggest that visceral fat may contribute to abnormal microcirculatory coronary artery perfusion syndromes, explaining why some women exhibit more anginal symptoms despite typically lower grade epicardial coronary artery stenoses than men.
Recurrent copy number variants associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Variability in the incidence and severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) among premature infants suggests that genetic susceptibility plays a role in pathogenesis. An assessment of copy number variants (CNV) in BPD subjects may help to identify loci that harbor genetic susceptibility factors. We conducted a retrospective analysis of clinical DNA microarray data from our institution. We identified 19 BPD subjects, and 2 controls groups (full-term and preterm) with no lung-related disease. We reanalyzed raw data from each of these subjects to identify recurrent CNV loci in BPD subjects. We identified three loci (at 11q13.2, 16p13.3, and 22q11.23–q12.1) with recurrent CNV in BPD subjects. The frequency of these CNV was significantly higher in BPD subjects when compared with at least one control group. We interrogated 21 genes residing within the recurrent CNV regions for development-associated changes in expression. Fifteen genes demonstrated significant changes in expression between the pseudoglandular and canalicular stage in human lungs, a time commensurate with birth at highest risk for BPD. We also identified pathways represented by the genes present within the recurrent loci. These data identify novel loci that may harbor genes contributing to the genetic susceptibility of BPD.
Abstract 5209: The roles of Notch signaling in the development of non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer related deaths in the United States, accounting for 29% of all cancer deaths. Approximately 85% of all lung cancers are of non-small cell histology. Although current therapies have marginally improved survival and quality of life for patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC), this remains a nearly universally fatal disease. New approaches to drug development and further studies of the biology of this disease are critically needed. We hypothesized that high level Notch signaling would define a subpopulation of NSCLC cells with markedly elevated clonogenic potential, and that inhibition of Notch signaling could inhibit NSCLC tumorigenesis. To test these hypotheses and to define the potential utility of Notch inhibitors in NSCLC, we have evaluated the temporal and spatial activation of Notch signaling in a murine model of NSCLC tumorigenesis, evaluated a dominant negative transgenic mouse model, and are assessing whether Notch activation correlates with clonogenic and tumorigenic potential in human NSCLC lines. Down regulation of Notch signaling using a selective γ-secretase inhibitor (Mrk 003; Merck) was evaluated in three NSCLC cell lines (NCI-H1299, and -H1435). Cells were incubated for 96 hours with Mrk 003 at concentrations ranging from 0.1uM to 10.0μM. After 96 hours, a 60% suppression of Hes 1 expression was observed. In conjunction with these studies we have created a double transgenic model, LSL-K-rasG12D × DNMAML (dominant negative mastermind) mice. Expression of the DN-MAML gene results in inhibition of the Notch pathway. We administered adenoviral CRE intranasally to these mice and generated intraparenchymal lung tumors in both KRAS and KRAS/DN-MAML mice. Surprisingly, and in contrast to our hypothesis, tumor burden was not decreased in the double transgenic model relative to the Kras control group. Mastermind-1 may have effects other than regulation of Notch signaling, including a possible interaction with p53 that is being currently explored, and which may explain these surprising findings. Characterization of highly clonogenic progenitor populations in NSCLC, and definition of the roles of Notch pathway regulators in tumorigenesis, may aid in the development of more effective therapeutics. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5209. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5209
Behavior therapy for pediatric trichotillomania: Rationale and methods for a randomized controlled trial

Abstract There is a dearth of knowledge on trichotillomania in youth, which is particularly problematic given that trichotillomania typically develops in childhood or early adolescence. Early identification and treatment may prevent adult morbidity and impairment. This paper presents the rationale, design, and methods of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) that will investigate the efficacy of behavior therapy (BT) vs. supportive counseling (SC) for youth (ages 10–17) with trichotillomania (TTM). This study seeks to replicate and extend findings from a smaller RCT which compared BT to a minimal attention control condition and indicated an advantage for BT. Participants will be randomized to BT or SC. After eight weeks of treatment, participants in the BT condition will enter an eight week maintenance phase and participants in the SC condition will be offered BT. The primary aim is to examine the effect of treatment on TTM symptom reduction at post-treatment. Secondary aims include evaluation of the maintenance of BT gains through a naturalistic follow-up phase, predictors of acute and long-term response to BT (including psychiatric comorbidity, initial severity, family psychopathology, and pulling subtype), and the efficacy of BT for patients who initially receive SC, and to benchmark those outcomes against those achieved by patients who are initially randomized to BT. Given how little research has been devoted to pediatric TTM and its treatment, this study represents an essential step in identifying and implementing efficacious treatments for youth with TTM.
Effect of Methylhistamine and Hydroxyethylglyoxaline on Gastric Secretion and Blood Pressure in the Dog

Conclusions(1) Methylhistamine and histamine are equally potent in stimulating the gastric glands to secrete acid. (2) Methylhistamine and histamine cause a similar fall in the blood pressure in the dog. (3) Hydroxyethylglyoxaline has no effect upon gastric secretion and blood pressure in the dog.
180 ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EARLY CHILDHOOD AND FAMILY RISK FACTORS AND CHILDHOOD MENTAL HEALTH.

Purpose In children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), (1) examine risk factors and parent/caregiver (P/G) perceptions of their children from pregnancy through childhood and (2) evaluate the relationship between these risk factors and perceptions and later childhood mental health. Methods Thirty families whose children had community-diagnosed ADHD were randomly selected from a group of children attending an ADHD camp. The child age range was 6 to 11 years, mean 8.7 ± 1.6. The parental age range was 31 to 65 years, mean 43.0 ± 8.7. In a retrospective interview, the P/G completed an Early Experience Survey (EES) and Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA) evaluating risk factors associated with ADHD in pregnancy, toddlerhood, and childhood. P/Gs answered questions from the Behavior Assessment System for Children-Parent (BASC-P) regarding childhood depression and poor social skill. Children answered questions from the BASC-Child (BASC-C) regarding social stress and self-esteem. Results Data were analyzed using linear regression and analysis of variance. Pregnancy risk factors (maternal alcohol, drug, or tobacco use) were not predictors of BITSEA behavior problems (BBPs) but were significant predictors for poor social skills (p = .02). EES predictors for BBPs were delayed walking (p = .001), delayed fine motor skills (p = .01), and infant feeding problems (p = .02). Behavior difficulty in infancy (colic, irritability, easy frustration, and poor cuddling) predicted BBPs (p = .03). Other EES predictors for BBPs were toddlerhood aggression (p = .001) and chronic illness (p Conclusions Early and current family and child risk factors are associated with significant behavior problems in older children with ADHD. Screening children with these risk factors in infancy and toddlerhood may help detect children at risk of later mental health problems.
Study on tuberculosis prevention effects with Rifapentine for positive PPD reaction

Objective:To reveal prevention effects with Rifapentine for cases with PPD positive reaction.Methods: To group randomly into two team treated with Rifapentine and Isoniazide for three months respectively,and follow-up the incidence of active tuberculosis.Results: The acceptable rate was 81.84%,the rate of adverse drug reactions(ADR) was 6.74%,the active tuberculosis incidence was 2.96‰ during two years,the protective rate was 87.61%,the index of effectiveness was 8.07 for Rifapentine.The acceptable rate was 69.14%,the rate of adverse drug reactions was 14.09%,the active tuberculosis incidence was 4.26‰ during two years,the protective rate was 82.17%,the index of effectiveness was 5.61 for Isoniazide.There were significant difference between Rifapentine and Isoniazide group.Conclusion: It was feasible and effective that cases of PPD positive reaction were treated with Rifapentine instead of Isoniazide for three month preventing tuberculosis.
Calculating Radar Cross Section of Helicopter

Radar Cross Section(RCS) is an important parameter which reflects scattering characteristic of an object.In usual cases,a radar target may have rotations or small vibrations or other high-order in addition to mass translation,which is called micro-motion.In this paper,the main purpose is to discuss RCS of helicopter with blade rotating.Using Visualization method which is realized by integrating modeling of objects with computing scattering characteristic also has some merits such as more mutual,the specific method is integrating GRECO(graphical electromagnetic computing) in to CAD(computer aided design) modeling software which is more efficient comparing with the traditional method,calculating RCS of helicopter′s main part,then obtain RCS of helicopter under micro-motion by adding modulation.At last,Illustrative numerical results of the helicopter monostatic RCS are presented,which are designed in a fixed angle range.
Psychological interviewing as a method of personology: a sample interview with a mental hospital patient.

Sj~mmary.-Through a long and leisurely open-ended interview the author explored the psychological background and outlook of patients at a New England state hospital. Believing firmly that a psychological life hisrory and a full record of the patient's response to open-ended questions, conducted by a psychologist, can give something which no medical history can give, he developed this method over a number of summers. Essential to the method is the use of very broad orientation questions which draw out the early memories, the growth and early maturiry of the individual patient, his or her present outlook, hopes, likes, dislikes, and expectaions and plans regarding the future. 40 of these taperecorded and typed interviews are available. One was selected for publication here to show the general dimensions of the methods used. The entire material is available to rhe interested scholar.