cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aqueous outflow pathway glycosaminoglycans

Abstract The acidic glycosaminoglycan distribution patterns of the aqueous outflow pathway, the iris-ciliary body, and sclera of the New Zealand Red rabbit were identified by analysis of the glycosaminoglycan moieties and by the use of zone electorphoresis. Alcian blue positive bands on cellulose acetate membranes were characterized by a determination of their electrophoretic mobility in two electrolyte systems and by a comparison to the electrophoretic mobility of standard reference glycosaminoglycans. To verify the identity of each band, specific glycosaminoglycan degrading enzymes were used to remove the glycosaminoglycans. Glycosaminoglycan samples equivalent to 5 μg uronic acid were treated with hyaluronate lyase, testicular hyaluronidase, chondroitin AC lyase and chondroitin ABC lyase. The glycosaminoglycans resistant to chondroitin ABC lyase were treated with nitrous acid and tested for solubility in cetyl pyridinium chloride. The scleral distribution pattern was hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate and hybrid dermatan sulfate-chondroitin sulfate. The aqueous outflow pathway and iris-ciliary body distribution patterns were hyaluronic acid, keratan sulfate, heparan sulfate and hybrid dermatan sulfate-chondroitin sulfate.
Inhibition of AKR leukemogenesis by SMX-1, a dualtropic murine leukemia virus.

Abstract Intrathymic injection of SMX-1, a dualtropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV) originally derived from Moloney murine leukemia virus stocks, protects AKR mice from developing MuLV-accelerated leukemia and spontaneous leukemia. Thymuses of SMX-1-injected mice show no change in weight, morphology, or thymocyte size, and quantitative expression of Thy-1 and Lyt-2 differentiation antigens is identical to control mice. The amplified thymic expression of MuLV-related antigens that occurs spontaneously in 6-month-old preleukemic AKR mice or that can be induced in young AKR mice by leukemogenic AKR dualtropic MuLV is prevented by SMX-1. It appears unlikely that the protective effect of SMX-1 is explicable in terms of cross-immunogenicity with transforming MuLV or transformed cells. As SMX-1 persists for long periods after intrathymic injection and does not alter levels of thymic ecotropic MuLV, SMX-1 may interfere with the generation, spread, or leukemogenicity of dualtropic MuLV that form de novo in AKR thymus during the late preleukemic phase. SMX-1 provides a way to probe the events leading to cell transformation in AKR mice.
The role of land-surface processes in modulating the Indian monsoon annual cycle

The annual cycle of solar radiation, together with the resulting land–ocean differential heating, is traditionally considered the dominant forcing controlling the northward progression of the Indian monsoon. This study makes use of a state-of-the-art atmospheric general circulation model in a realistic configuration to conduct “perpetual” experiments aimed at providing new insights into the role of land–atmosphere processes in modulating the annual cycle of precipitation over India. The simulations are carried out at three important stages of the monsoon cycle: March, May, and July. Insolation and SSTs are held fixed at their respective monthly mean values, thus eliminating any external seasonal forcing. In the perpetual May experiment both precipitation and circulation are able to considerably evolve only by regional internal land–atmosphere processes and the mediation of soil hydrology. A large-scale equilibrium state is reached after approximately 270 days, closely resembling mid-summer climatological conditions. As a result, despite the absence of external forcing, intense and widespread rains over India are able to develop in the May-like state. The interaction between soil moisture and circulation, modulated by surface heating over the northwestern semi-arid areas, determines a slow northwestward migration of the monsoon, a crucial feature for the existence of desert regions to the west. This also implies that the land–atmosphere system in May is far from being in equilibrium with the external forcing. The inland migration of the precipitation front comprises a succession of large-scale 35–50 day coupled oscillations between soil moisture, precipitation, and circulation. The oscillatory regime is self-sustained and entirely due to the internal dynamics of the system. In contrast to the May case, minor changes in the land–atmosphere system are found when the model is initialized in March and, more surprisingly, in July, the latter case further emphasizing the role of northwestern surface heating.
Simultaneous determination of Fe 3p spin-orbit and exchange splittings in photoemission.

Spin-resolved core-level photoemission data from the 3p level of ultrathin Fe films [1.4--5.1 monolayers (ML)] epitaxially grown on W(110) have been obtained. A nonlinear least-squares analysis, based on a one-particle Hamiltonian that simultaneously includes core-valence exchange and core-hole spin-orbit interactions, is developed. It is first tested on Fe 2p magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) photoemission spectra and shown to successfully describe the MCD asymmetry data. The model is then used to analyze our thin-film 3p data. With increasing film thickness the spin-orbit splitting (0.67\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 eV) remains constant (as expected), the exchange splitting increases from 0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.12 eV to 0.41\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 eV, the average Fe film magnetization (=1.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{B}}$ at 1.4 ML) increases, and the singularity index decreases. The analysis highlights the importance of simultaneously considering all relevant photoemission parameters in extracting meaningful values of the spin-orbit and exchange interactions.
Rat IGF-I cDNA's contain multiple 5'-untranslated regions.

Abstract DNA sequencing of several independent rat IGF-I cDNA clones has revealed three different 5′-untranslated region sequences which contain multiple, upstream, in-frame initiation codons. Use of these codons could generate N-terminal heterogeneity in IGF-I precursor proteins. One of these 5′-untranslated region sequences contains a 40-bp segment which is an inverted repeat of a region in the common 3′-untranslated region. The ends of the IGF-I mRNA corresponding to this cDNA could form a stable duplex structure. Such a complex could prevent ribosomal access to the AUG codons preceeding the coding region for the pre-pro-IGF-I peptide, suggesting the possibility of translational regulation of this form of IGF-I mRNA. The 3′-untranslated region inverted repeat sequence also is present in human and mouse IGF-I cDNA's, and, intriguingly, is more highly conserved than the rest of the 3′-untranslated region.
On the Assembly of Experimental Setups in Virtual Laboratory Environments

Recently, the prospects of virtual laboratory environments developed using commercial multi-player computer game engines and their associated software development kits for providing undergraduate engineering and science students with engaging and interactive laboratory experiences have started to be explored. There is a strong potential for such virtual laboratory environments to be readily accepted by today’s students who are accustomed to using advanced communication and entertainment technologies. While online laboratories based on either remotely operated hardware or pure software simulations are often criticized for lacking student interactivity and for being limited to the data collection and result analysis aspects of traditional hands-on laboratories, these shortcomings can be overcome with virtual laboratory environments implemented based on multi-player computer game engines. For instance, game engines allow one to include into the experimental procedure the assembly process of the experimental setups before carrying out any data collection. Furthermore, such virtual laboratory environments can facilitate and even force certain interactions by the students of a laboratory group. This paper discusses recent developments at Stevens Institute of Technology (SIT) that enable students to assemble laboratory equipment inside a virtual laboratory environment implemented using the “Source” game engine (1) and “Source” software development kit (2). In this environment, the students can interactively select and assemble components of laboratory hardware into complete experimental setups, which are subsequently used in experimental procedures. This assembly process can be performed in a cooperative fashion with multiple students collaboratively interacting with each other as well as with the experimental equipment. Such game-based educational tools are expected to find applications for teaching and training in a wide array of fields.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
An Analysis of Environmental and Genetic Factors Influencing Stomach-Worm Infestation in Sheep.

Faecal examination for Trichostrongyle eggs of ewes of known ages sired by two different rams were made weekly over a period of two months from September to November 1937. All data on the egg counts were quantitative. Though the numbers of ewes studied were somewhat limited, the results were consistent and indicate that at least three different factors influence the degree of stomach-worm infestation. The season of the year is the first variable. Age of the ewe is the second, although, in these data, age beyond 2 years 8 months ceased to be important. The third and most important variable influencing stomach-worm infestation is genetic constitution for resistance and susceptibility. Judging from these results, genetic selection should effectively change the degree of resistance or susceptibility in populations of sheep.
Ten years of Nature Physics: From spooky foundations

Quantum entanglement is as confounding as it is potentially useful. A paper in 2006 suggested that its utility might extend to making sense of a fundamental puzzle in statistical mechanics.
Differential expression of chemokines by human retinal pigment epithelial cells infected with cytomegalovirus.

PURPOSE. To evaluate the effects of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection on chemokine gene expression and secretion by human retinal pigment epithelial (HRPE) cell cultures. METHODS. HRPE cells were infected with HCMV (strain AD169) at an MOI of 5. Culture supernatants, collected at various postinoculation days, were used for the analyses of chemokines by ELISA. The steady state levels of chemokine and chemokine receptor mRNA were analyzed by RT-PCR. Effects of interferon and MOP-1 on HCMV replication in HRPE cells were evaluated by plaque assays. RESULTS. HRPE cells infected with HCMV exhibited characteristic cytopathic effects. The reduction in the levels of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 and -3 mRNA in HCMV-infected HRPE cells was observed in comparison to uninfected HRPE cells. In contrast, HCMV infection enhanced IL-8 mRNA levels, whereas regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) mRNA was not detectable in either control or infected HRPE cells. A significant decrease in MCP-1 (P < 0.01) and MCP-3 (P < 0.05), but a significant increase in IL-8 (P < 0.05), protein secretion was observed. Expression of the chemokine receptors CCR2, specific for MCP-1, and CXCR1 and CXCR2, specific for IL-8, were not altered by HCMV infection. Treatment of HRPE cultures with MCP-1 had no significant effect on HCMV replication in HRPE cells. CONCLUSIONS. HCMV infection in HRPE cells resulted in the modulation of MCP-1, MCP-3, and IL-8. Because chemokines facilitate the activation of leukocytes and their migration to the sites of inflammation, the modulation of chemokine production by the virus suggests a role for chemokines in immune evasion and/or immunopathogenesis of CMV retinitis.
Left ventricular endocardial irregularity: evaluation using epicardial echocardiography.

78-YEAR-OLD MAN with history of hypertension and a recent anterior myocardial infarction was admitted for further evaluation of a positive stress transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) study. His TTE revealed mild systolic dysfunction with an estimated ejection fraction (EF) of 45%. The anterior wall was hypokinetic, and the apical cap was thinned and akinetic. Cardiac catheterization revealed 3-vessel coronary artery disease with 75% stenosis of the proximal right coronary artery, 95% stenosis of the midcircumflex coronary artery, and 100% occlusion of the left anterior coronary artery. He was subsequently scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting and possible left ventricular reconstructive surgery (Dor procedure). After anesthetic induction, a routine transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) examination was performed that revealed a slightly dilated left ventricle (LV) with moderate systolic dysfunction (estimated EF of 35%). Spontaneous echo contrast (ie,
Nuclear RNA export.

Eukaryotic cells export several different classes of RNA molecule from the nucleus, where they are transcribed, to the cytoplasm, where the majority participate in different aspects of protein synthesis. It is now clear that these different classes of RNA, including rRNAs, tRNAs, mRNAs and snRNAs, are specifically directed into distinct but in some cases partially overlapping nuclear export pathways. All non-coding RNAs are now known to depend on members of the karyopherin family of Ran-dependent nucleocytoplasmic transport factors for their nuclear export. In contrast, mRNA export is generally mediated by a distinct, Ran-independent nuclear export pathway that is both complex and, as yet, incompletely understood. However, for all classes of RNA molecules, nuclear export is dependent on the assembly of the RNA into the appropriate ribonucleoprotein complex, and nuclear export therefore also appears to function as an important proofreading mechanism.
Method of Breast Cancer Presentation and Depressed Mood 1 Year After Diagnosis in Women with Locally Advanced Disease

Background Differences in psychological outcomes of breast cancer patients with locally advanced disease who presented with abnormal screening mammograms or palpable mass have not been reported.
A randomized, controlled study to evaluate the role of an in-home asthma disease management program provided by respiratory therapists in improving outcomes and reducing the cost of care

Background and purpose. Asthma management programs (AMP) may reduce costs and improve outcomes in patients with moderate to severe asthma. However, it is not known which personnel are best able to deliver such interventions and what settings are most effective. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of an in-home AMP provided by respiratory therapists (RTs) to an AMP provided by nurses (RNs) and to usual care (UC) provided in physician offices or clinics. Methods. Subjects (age 18–64) who had been admitted to the emergency department (ED) or hospital for acute asthma exacerbation were randomized to three groups: AMP-RT, AMP-RN or UC. The AMP groups received five () weekly home visits to provide assessment and instruction; the UC group was instructed to return to their physician for routine follow-up. Outcomes assessed at 6 months included hospitalizations, in patient days, hospitalization cost, ED visits and cost, clinic visits, pulmonary function, symptoms, health related quality of life (H...
Fitting the Two‐Stage Clonal Expansion Model Based on Exact Hazard to the ED01 Data Using SAS NLIN

The two-stage clonal expansion model is a popular model for carcinogenesis data. One common form of this model is based on the approximate hazard function. In certain situations, this formulation is not appropriate, and the exact hazard should be applied. However, the difficulty of implementing the model based on the exact hazard has deterred many from using it. This paper presents a program implementing the exact hazard model for piecewise constant dosing using SAS, a package that is readily available to most that are interested in this type of analysis. Also, an analysis of the ED01 data is presented using this program, and comparisons are made to an earlier analysis based on the approximate hazard. By allowing for an independent background tumor mechanism, an excellent fit to the bladder tumor incidence data was obtained.
Cache-aware affinitization on commodity multicores for high-speed network flows

For a given TCP or UDP flow, protocol processing of incoming packets is performed on the core that receives the interrupt, while the user-space application which consumes the data may run on the same or a different core. If the cores are not the same, additional costs due to context switches, cache misses, and the movement of data between the caches of the cores may occur. The magnitude of this cost depends upon the processor affinity of the user-space process relative to the network stack. In this paper we present a prototype implementation of a tool which enables the application processing and protocol processing to occur on cores which share the lowest cache level. The Cache-Aware Affinity Deamon (CAAD) analyzes the topology of the die and the NIC characteristics and conveys information to the sender which allows the entire end-to-end path for each new flow to be be managed and controlled. This is done in a light-weight manner for both uni- and bi-directional flows. Measurements show that for bulk data transfers using commodity multi-core machines, the use of CAAD improves the overall TCP throughput by as much as 31%, and reduces the cache miss rate as much as 37.5%. GridFTP combined with CAAD improves the download time for big file transfers by up to 18%.
Modified weak fusion model for depthless streaming of 3D videos

We propose a nonlinear fusion model to optimally reconstruct depth maps from monocular cues. The authors in [1] showed the effectiveness of estimating depth from individual cues, which saves bandwidth without compromising the quality. In this paper, we combine such depth map estimates as a Sensor Fusion problem. These depth map estimates are extracted from color, motion and texture structure of the scene. We address the combination of monocular cues as a nonlinear optimization problem with linear constraints. 2D and 3D objective quality metrics are used as reliability metrics. At first, we perform Particle Swarm Optimization based on PSNR to obtain an initial estimate for the linear weights. Then, we use these weights to perform Active-Sets based on 3VQM. We tested our approach on various video sequences with different monocular characteristics. Experimental results show that the quality of the rendered views based on combined depth maps is comparable to the quality of rendered views based on ground truth depth maps while the savings in bandwidth is up to 38:8%.
Ellipsometric study of amorphous selenium on vacuum-evaporated gold

Abstract Reflectivity measurements from thin vacuum-evaporated selenium films on gold substrates indicate a layer of selenium, adjacent to the gold and approximately 130 A in thickness, having optical properties significantly different from the remainder of the film. Two distinct variations from bulk selenium optical constants were observed, depending on the elapsed time from deposition of the selenium film. Thickness of the selenium was varied by using different amounts of selenium for deposition, or by sublimation in a vacuum system at pressures down to 2 × 10 −10 Torr. Reflectivity was measured in the vacuum cell by ellipsometry with a sensitivity of 0.005° in polarizer and analyzer settings. Optical constants were calculated by computer using exact reflectivity equations. Limits of physical realizability were used to determine thickness between 30 and 510 A, and wavelength variation of optical constants from 2400 to 6400 A.
Ternary Bismuth Chalcogenides for Thermoelectric Applications. Synthesis and Charge Transport Properties of New Compounds in the K-BI-S System.

KBi6.33S10and K2Bi8S13 were synthesized by the direct combination of K2S/Bi2S3 at high temperature (>700 °C). The reaction of K2S/3.3Bi2S3 at 800 °C revealed the presence of a new ternary sulfide KBi6.33S10 (I) (92% yield). The structure consists of blocks of Bi2Te3 and Cdl2-type units that are connected to form a three-dimensional network with K+ ions located in the channels that run along the b-axis. The same reaction but with a different ratio, at 750 °C, gave the new ternary sulfide K2Bi8S13 (II) (94% yield). The structure of the shiny rod-like crystals is closely related to that of I. As in I, it also consists of Bi2Te3 and Cdl2-type fragments that connect to form K+-filled channels. The two potassium atoms and one bismuth atom are disordered over three sites. Some preliminary electrical and optical properties of these materials are discussed.
Meckel's diverticulum causing intestinal obstruction

Meckel's diverticulum is an uncommon cause of acute abdominal pain and small bowel obstruction in adults. We present a case of a 31-yr-old man with recurrent vomiting and abdominal pain in whom the diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum was not suspected until CT of the abdomen revealed multiple fluid-filled, dilated loops of ileum with distal collapse after normal abdominal radiographs. We suggest that CT may be helpful when the diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum is suspected.
Rapid transport of internalized P-selectin to late endosomes and the TGN: roles in regulating cell surface expression and recycling to secretory granules.

Prior studies on receptor recycling through late endosomes and the TGN have suggested that such traffic may be largely limited to specialized proteins that reside in these organelles. We present evidence that efficient recycling along this pathway is functionally important for nonresident proteins. P-selectin, a transmembrane cell adhesion protein involved in inflammation, is sorted from recycling cell surface receptors (e.g., low density lipoprotein [LDL] receptor) in endosomes, and is transported from the cell surface to the TGN with a half-time of 20–25 min, six to seven times faster than LDL receptor. Native P-selectin colocalizes with LDL, which is efficiently transported to lysosomes, for 20 min after internalization, but a deletion mutant deficient in endosomal sorting activity rapidly separates from the LDL pathway. Thus, P-selectin is sorted from LDL receptor in early endosomes, driving P-selectin rapidly into late endosomes. P-selectin then recycles to the TGN as efficiently as other receptors. Thus, the primary effect of early endosomal sorting of P-selectin is its rapid delivery to the TGN, with rapid turnover in lysosomes a secondary effect of frequent passage through late endosomes. This endosomal sorting event provides a mechanism for efficiently recycling secretory granule membrane proteins and, more generally, for downregulating cell surface receptors.
Application of finite-difference methods to membrane-mediated protein interactions and to heat and magnetic field diffusion in plasmas

A robust finite-difference approach for solving physically distinct cross-disciplinary problems such as membrane-mediated protein-protein interactions and heat and magnetic field diffusion in plasmas is described for rectangular grids. Mathematical models representing these physical phenomena are fourth- and second-order partial differential equations with variable coefficients. The finite-difference coupled harmonic oscillators technique was developed to treat arbitrary aggregates of inclusions in membranes automatically accounting for their non-pairwise interactions. The method was applied to study the stabilization of ion channels in a cluster due to membrane-mediated interactions and to examine the effects of anisotropic membrane slope relaxation on the elastic free energy. To obtain contributions from heat and magnetic field diffusion, the splitting method for the physical processes has been used in the numerical solution of resistive magnetohydrodynamic equations. The fully implicit scheme is outlined, tested and applied to problems of the diffusive redistribution of magnetic field and heat in the plasma.
Feeding mechanics in primitive teleosts and in the halecomorph fish Amia calva

The mechanics of feeding in Salmo gairdneri and Hoplias malabaricus, two generalized predaceous teleosts, was studied using high-speed movies (200 frames per second). In Hoplias, the feeding mechanism is characterized by an extreme anterior swing of the maxilla and rapid depression of the hyoid occurring synchronously with mandibular depression and neurocranial elevation. A similar feeding sequence is observed in Salmo although the movements of the head are neither as extreme nor as rapid. The anterior swing of the maxilla, usually attributed to mandibular depression, increased when the ligamentous connection of the maxilla to the mandible was severed. A mechanical model of the jaw was constructed to elucidate the functional interrelationships of the neurocranium, maxilla and mandible. Films of the “holostean”Amia calva feeding show that the feeding mechanism is of a fundamentally different nature than that of primitive teleost fishes. Extreme anterior swinging of the maxilla occurs synchronously with jaw opening but branchiostegal expansion and hyoid depression only reach a maximum well after the jaws have begun to close. The existence of a highly efficient levator operculi—opercular series—mandible coupling is hypothesized on the basis of the rapid initial jaw opening. This pattern of feeding movements in Amia has necessitated a revision of current theories on the nature and significance of the “holostean”
Mechanism of renal necrosis induced by bromobenzene

Abstract Treatment of mice or rats with a single intraperitoneal dose of [ 14 C]-bromobenzene or [ 14 C]-chlorobenzene produced necrosis of the proximal convoluted renal tubules within 24–48 hr. The development of renal necrosis was associated with the covalent binding of substantial amounts of radiolabeled material to kidney proteins, and autoradiograms revealed that most of the covalently bound material was localized within the necrotic tubular cells. Prior inhibition of [ 14 C]-bromobenzene metabolism in vivo with piperonyl butoxide blocked both the necrosis and the binding, suggesting that the necrosis and binding are caused by a toxic metabolite. Studies on the metabolism and covalent binding of [ 14 C]-bromobenzene in hepatic and renal microsomes in vitro were compatible with the interpretation that the renal necrosis was caused by a metabolite formed in the liver and transported by the circulation to binding sites in the renal tubules.
The Energy Spectra of the Neutrons from the Disintegration of Fluorine, Boron and Beryllium by Alpha-Particles

By using an expansion chamber filled with hydrogen or methane at a pressure of about 15 atmospheres, range-distribution curves have been obtained of the recoil protons from Po-F, Po-B, and Po-Be neutrons. These curves revealed the presence of numerous groups of neutrons in the radiation from the three sources. In the case of Po-F five neutron groups were found. These were fitted into a disintegration scheme, made by assuming that the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle enters the nucleus through resonance levels and by using the energies of these levels, which are known from the disintegration of fluorine with proton emission. For Po-B eight groups were detected, but it was not possible to arrange a disintegration scheme. The maximum energy of the neutrons from Po-B was found to be 4.2 M.E.V., a value considerably higher than the previously accepted figure, 3.3 M.E.V. This value decreases the mass of the neutron calculated from the disintegration of ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}$ from 1.0067 to 1.0058. It is suggested that it is possible to explain the high value, 1.0098, obtained by Curie and Joliot from the disintegration of ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}$, by assuming that both ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}$ and ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}$ emit neutrons. If the maximum energy of the neutrons from ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}$ were about 7.5 M.E.V. it would bring this mass into agreement. Reasons are given for believing that at least 10 times as many neutrons come from ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}$ as from ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}$ so that there may be a few as yet undetected neutrons from ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}$ extending up to this energy. About 22 groups were found in the neutron emission of Po-Be. A possible scheme of disintegration is given.
Radiation and cladding modes as independent measurements of Bragg grating sensor integrity

This article presents the use of Bragg reflection and cladding mode measurements to independently measure axial strain and the integrity of a Bragg grating sensor. While the Bragg reflection is known to be sensitive to applied strain, the cladding modes are shown to be sensitive to expected damage within the sensor such as microcracking and debonding from the host structure. This phenomenon allows the intelligent self-testing of the Bragg grating sensor without additional instrumentation and permits the separate identification of sensor failure from the failure of the host structure. The growth of cladding modes during degradation of a Bragg grating is experimentally demonstrated in controlled tension tests with different fiber-host interface conditions.
The Use Of Desktop Computers For Education In Optical Design

ABSTRACTWe have developed an optical design program for the Hewlett- Packard 9815 desktop computer and used it in teaching an optical designlaboratory course. The program carries out most of the standardcalculations used in optical design programs, but is limited to optimization of third -order aberrations. This paper describes our experience in teaching this course, and gives some of the optical designexamples considered.INTRODUCTION For the past few years, we have offered a special course at the Institute of Opticsentitled "Optical Design Laboratory." Thepurpose of this course is to give studentswho are interested in optical design some"hands -on" experience in working with practical problems. Although much of the material in the course has been offered at the Institute for many years, it was here-tofore presented as part of our standard course on lens design, and the creation of aseparate laboratory has allowed us to expand the scope of our efforts considerably.
Pentobarbital-like effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists in mice.

Abstract The effects of the competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist 3−[(±)–2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl] propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP), and of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, dizocilpine (MK-801), were determined in mice trained to discriminate pentobarbital (20 mg/kg i.p.) from saline under a standard two-lever fixed-ratio 20 schedule of sweetened milk reinforcement. CPP substituted for pentobarbital; however, pentobarbital-lever responding was usually associated with decreases in response rates. Dizocilpine produced a maximum average of only 62% pentobarbital-lever responding, accompanied by a 50% decrease in response rates. These results suggest that pentobarbital-like discriminative stimulus effects are more likely to be produced by competitive than by noncompetitive NMDA antagonists. This extends previous observations in rats and provides further evidence for differences in the behavioral effects of competitive and noncompetitive NMDA antagonists and for an overap in the behavioral pharmacology of NMDA antagonists and classical CNS depressants.
Microdensitometer Optical Performance: Scalar Theory and Experiment

The scalar theory of microdensitometer performance developed in previous papers is revised and expanded to include coherent illumination. The central ideas of scalar microdensitometry are combined from several basic sources and summarized ; this paper serves as a convenient single source of microdensitometer theory. Eight distinct variations of instrument configuration and operation are identified, and the image characteristics and conditions for linear microdensitometry are developed for each. The concept of effective incoherence is summarized and discussed. Further consideration of the problems associated with aperture sizes, determination of the sampling aperture size and image vs sample scanning are presented. An experimental test program, carried out with the Mann-Data Microanalyzer, by experienced operators, under closely controlled conditions to test the theory, is reported. Among the conclusions is that the instrument manifests its best performance with overfilled optics and sample scanning, and that an increased reduction factor on the influx side would be useful with image scanning. Several fundamental problems surface during the course of the investigation. These are discussed and the need for further study in certain areas is emphasized.
Wake flow of single and multiple yawed cylinders

An experimental and computational study is performed of the wake flow behind a single yawed cylinder and a pair of parallel yawed cylinders placed in tandem. The experiments are performed for a yawed cylinder and a pair of yawed cylinders towed in a tank. Laser-induced fluorescence is used for flow visualization and particle-image velocimetry is used for quantitative velocity and vorticity measurement. Computations are performed using a second-order accurate block-structured finite-volume method with periodic boundary conditions along the cylinder axis
Investigating the Influence of Cultural Orientation and Innovativeness on ERP Adoption

AbstractThis study investigates the phenomena of cultural orientation, such as power distance and collectivism, and personal innovativeness in IT (as stable individual differences) as well as general computer self-efficacy (as a dynamic individual difference) in the context of the technology acceptance model (TAM) for ERP system adoption. One hundred and one survey questionnaire results of an international user group utilizing an ERP system developed by one of the largest IT solution providers in the world were analyzed using PLS. Power distance negatively affects computer self-efficacy and innovativeness positively affects computer self-efficacy, as expected. Computer self- efficacy and innovativeness affect ease of use, while collectivism affects usefulness. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings for global IT management are discussed.
4D maximum a posteriori reconstruction in dynamic SPECT using a compartmental model-based prior

A 4D ordered-subsets maximum a posteriori (OSMAP) algorithm for dynamic SPECT is described which uses a temporal prior that constrains each voxel's behaviour in time to conform to a compartmental model. No a priori limitations on kinetic parameters are applied; rather, the parameter estimates evolve as the algorithm iterates to a solution. The estimated parameters and time-activity curves are used within the reconstruction algorithm to model changes in the activity distribution as the camera rotates, avoiding artefacts due to inconsistencies of data between projection views. This potentially allows for fewer, longer-duration scans to be used and may have implications for noise reduction. The algorithm was evaluated qualitatively using dynamic 99mTc-teboroxime SPECT scans in two patients, and quantitatively using a series of simulated phantom experiments. The OSMAP algorithm resulted in images with better myocardial uniformity and definition, gave time-activity curves with reduced noise variations, and provided wash-in parameter estimates with better accuracy and lower statistical uncertainty than those obtained from conventional ordered-subsets expectation-maximization (OSEM) processing followed by compartmental modelling. The new algorithm effectively removed the bias in k21 estimates due to inconsistent projections for sampling schedules as slow as 60 s per timeframe, but no improvement in wash-out parameter estimates was observed in this work. The proposed dynamic OSMAP algorithm provides a flexible framework which may benefit a variety of dynamic tomographic imaging applications.
An intraoral technique for transoral rigid fixation of the sagittal split ramus osteotomy.

Rigid screw fixation and immediate or early mobilization of the mandible is often desired by surgeons and patients. The advantages and possible disadvantages of rigid fixation of the saga and 2) transoral oblique placement. These methods use either pretapped or self-tapping screw placement, and either a positional or a lag technique in bicortical fixation. The disadvantage of the transoral method is the difficulty in placing the screw hole at right angles to the bone, with the risk of torquing the segments. We have been using a technique that uses a contraangle hardpiece for intraoral placement of screws for rigid fixation of the SSRO. This technique has been used in more than 70 cases during the past 3 years without complications.
A flow modulation study of nickel–iron codeposition

Abstract Nickel–iron codeposition was studied by the method of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) impedance spectroscopy. Experiments were conducted in both the potentiostatic and galvanostatic modes. Low-frequency asymptotes of the phase shift of the two modes are in agreement with steady-state behavior. Changes in the spectra with agitation, bath chemistry and applied current density are presented. Simulations from a previous competitive adsorption theory applied now to EHD impedance are compared to the experimental data. The dependence of the spectra on experimental parameters is in fair agreement with model predictions. The model is able to predict a unique feature of the spectra; however the simulated variations in the EHD spectra are not completely consistent with experiment.
Tribological Characterization of Machining at Very Small Contact Areas

When machining miniaturized components, the contact conditions between the tool and the workpiece exhibit very small contact areas that are on the order of 10 ―5 mm 2 . Under these conditions, extremely high contact stresses are generated, and it is not clear whether macroscopic theories for the chip formation, cutting forces, and friction mechanisms are applicable. For this reason, the present investigation has focused on creating a basic understanding of the frictional behavior in very small scale machining processes so that evaluations of standard macroscale models could be performed. Specialized machining experiments were conducted on 70/30 brass materials using high-speed steel tools over a range of speeds, feeds, depths of cut, and tool rake angles. At each operating condition studied, the friction coefficient and the shear factor τ k were obtained. Based on the experimental results, it was determined that the standard macroscopic theory for analyzing detailed friction mechanisms was insufficient in very small scale machining processes. An approach that utilized the shear factor, in contrast, was found to be better for decoupling the physical phenomena involved. Utilizing the shear factor as an analysis parameter, the parameters that significantly influence the friction in microscale machining processes were ascertained and discussed.
Prevalence and Correlates of Physical Aggression During Courtship

A total of 95 males and 175 females provided information about whether they had engaged in or been victims of physical aggression in past and/or current dating relationships. Some 30% of the men and 32% of the women reported engaging in some form of physical aggression against a current steady dating partner. Additionally, 49% of the men and 26% of the women reported being the victims of their current dating partner's physical aggression. Length of the dating relationship was associated with men's physical aggression and their victimization was associated with decreased liking for their partners. Women's experiences with physical aggression in a dating relationship as both victims and aggressors were related to the length of the relationship, less liking for the partner, and less positive affect for the partner.
Command-Form Coverage for Testing Database Applications

The testing of database applications poses new challenges for software engineers. In particular, it is difficult to thoroughly test the interactions between an application and its underlying database, which typically occur through dynamically-generated database commands. Because traditional code-based coverage criteria focus only on the application code, they are often inadequate in exercising these commands. To address this problem, we introduce a new test adequacy criterion that is based on coverage of the database commands generated by an application and specifically focuses on the application-database interactions. We describe the criterion, an analysis that computes the corresponding testing requirements, and an efficient technique for measuring coverage of these requirements. We also present a tool that implements our approach and a preliminary study that shows the approach?s potential usefulness and feasibility.
The efficacy of fuzzy representations of uncertainty

Advocates of the theory of fuzzy sets as a system for representing uncertainty have based their case on five basic arguments. These are: 1) the reality hypothesis, which holds that imprecision is an inherent property of the world external to an observer; 2) the subjectivity hypothesis, which holds that probability is an exclusively objective measure of uncertainty, and that therefore subjective uncertainty can only be represented with fuzzy sets; 3) the behaviorist hypothesis, which claims that uncertainty systems should emulate rather than prescribe human behavior in the face of uncertainty; 4) the "probability as fiction" hypothesis, which claims that probability does not comprise a field of study in its own right; and 5) the superset hypothesis, which holds that fuzzy set theory includes probability as a special case and thus provides a richer uncertainty modeling environment. We discuss and criticize all five. We then criticize the argument that fuzziness represents a type of uncertainty distinct from probability, and also the inordinate complexity of fuzzy methods. We present a method for assessing the efficacy of fuzzy representations of uncertainty and apply this method in three examples. >
Fluctuation analysis of mitochondrial NADH fluorescence signals in confocal and two‐photon microscopy images of living cardiac myocytes

Summary A fluctuation analysis was performed on the reduced nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorescence signal from resting rabbit myocytes using confocal and two-photon microscopy. The purpose of this study was to establish whether any co-ordinated biochemical processes, such as binding, metabolism and inner mitochondrial membrane potential, were contributing to NADH signal fluctuations above background instrument noise. After a basic characterization of the instrument noise, time series of cellular NADH fluorescence images were collected and compared with an internal standard composed of NADH in the bathing medium. The coefficient of variation as a function of mean signal amplitude of cellular NADH fluorescence and bathing media NADH was identical even as a function of temperature. These data suggest that the fluctuations in cellular NADH fluorescence in resting myocytes are dominated by sampling noise of these instruments and not significantly modified by biological processes. Further analysis revealed no significant spatial correlations within the cell, and Fourier analysis revealed no coherent frequency information. These data suggest that the impact of biochemical processes, which might affect cellular NADH fluorescence emission, are either too small in magnitude, occurring in the wrong temporal scale or too highly spatially localized for detection using these standard optical microscopy approaches.
PHOTORECEPTIVE ABIOTROPHY OF THE RETINA IN THE ELKHOUND.

An idiopathic degeneration involving predominantly the photoreceptors of the retina occurs in the elkhound similar to that which has been reported in other breeds of dogs and analogous to that which occurs in mice and men. It is suggested that the term applied to the comparable condition in man, retinitis pigmentosa, is inappropriate. A preferred name is photoreceptive abiotrophy of the retina.Photoreceptive abiotrophy in the present eight cases appeared to be a mendelian recessive trait producing signs at 6–8 months of age consisting of night blindness, narrowing of the retinal vessels and extinction of the electroretinogram. Pathologically it consists of degeneration of the photoreceptive cells and paradoxic obliteration of the retinal capillaries. Electron microscopy reveals disorganization and fragmentation of the outer segments of the rods and cones and pleating of the inner surface of the pigment epithelium, long before any abnormality is detectable by light microscopy.The pathogenesis of photorecep...
Major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms, and bilateral hearing loss in hispanic adults.

Abstract Studies in non-Hispanic whites have documented higher rates of hearing loss in adults with depression versus those without depression. Data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to investigate associations between depression and bilateral hearing loss in Cuban-American, Mexican-American, and Puerto Rican adults 20–74 years of age. Pure tone thresholds were calculated by averaging thresholds obtained at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz separately for each ear. Hearing loss was defined as bilateral pure tone average threshold levels greater than 25 db. Lifetime history of a major depressive episode was assessed by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, and depressive symptoms were assessed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Schedule. Prevalence of overall hearing loss was consistently lower in Hispanics with a history of major depressive disorder than among those without such a history. Odds of hearing impairment was significantly greater among Puerto-Ricans reporting more depressive symptoms versus fewer symptoms. However, no such associations were found among Mexican-Americans or Cuban-Americans. In conclusion, despite the findings in Puerto Ricans with depressive symptoms short of major depression, hearing impaired Hispanics overall do not appear at increased risk of major depressive disorder.
Maurice Gamelin, Italy and the eastern alliances

(1991). Maurice Gamelin, Italy and the eastern alliances. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 428-441.
Long-Lived Bone Marrow Plasma Cells Are Induced Early in Response to T Cell-Independent or T Cell-Dependent Antigens

The signals required to generate long-lived plasma cells remain unresolved. One widely cited model posits that long-lived plasma cells derive from germinal centers (GCs) in response to T cell-dependent (TD) Ags. Thus, T cell-independent (TI) Ags, which fail to sustain GCs, are considered ineffective at generating long-lived plasma cells. However, we show that long-lived hapten-specific plasma cells are readily induced without formation of GCs. Long-lived plasma cells developed in T cell-deficient mice after a single immunization with haptenated LPS, a widely used TI Ag. Long-lived plasma cells also formed in response to TD Ag when the GC response was experimentally prevented. These observations establish that long-lived plasma cells are induced in both TI and TD responses, and can arise independently of B cell maturation in GCs.