cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alkaline Lavas in the Volcanic Front of the Western Mexican Volcanic Belt: Geology and Petrology of the Ayutla and Tapalpa Volcanic Fields

The Plio-Quaternary Ayutla and Tapalpa volcanic fields in the INTRODUCTION volcanic front of the western Mexican Volcanic Belt (WMVB) In a widely accepted model of subduction zones, fluidcontain a wide variety of alkaline volcanic rocks, rather than only fluxed mantle peridotite begins to melt at a depth of calc-alkaline rocks as found in many continental arcs. There are >100 km, and some of this melt rises to form the volcanic three principal rock series in this region: an intraplate alkaline series front of the arc (e.g. Davies & Stevenson, 1992; Arculus, (alkali basalts and hawaiites), a potassic series (lamprophyres and 1994). As a result, magma erupted at the volcanic front trachylavas), and a calc-alkaline series. Phlogopite-clinopyroxenite can provide information about conditions in the sub-arc and hornblende-gabbro cumulate xenoliths from an augite minette mantle and the nature of the fluids and melts being lava flow have orthocumulate textures. The phlogopite-clinopyroxenite released and generated there. The great diversity of mafic xenoliths also contain apatite and titanomagnetite and probably volcanic rocks produced in the western Mexican Volcanic formed by accumulation of minerals fractionated from an augite Belt (WMVB) (e.g. Allan et al., 1991) is due in part to minette more primitive than the host. The intraplate alkaline series different amounts and types of fluids fluxing the mantle is probably generated by decompression melting of asthenospheric wedge. However, the majority of the diverse basic mantle as a result of corner flow in the mantle wedge beneath the magmas have erupted within tectonic depressions, makarc. Alkaline magmas may be common in the WMVB as a result ing it unclear whether the unusually diverse compositions of prior metasomatism (during Tertiary Sierra Madre Occidental are an intrinsic characteristic of the subduction magmagmatism) of the Mexican sub-arc mantle. Generation of the more matism or have been amplified by extension. Lavas from evolved andesites and dacites of the calc-alkaline series is due to the volcanic front of the WMVB have been studied in either combined assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) the Tepic, San Sebastian, Los Volcanes, and Mascota or magma mixing. The preponderance of alkaline and hydrous lavas regions in the north (Nixon et al., 1987; Verma & Nelson, in this region demonstrates that these lava types are the norm, rather 1989; Righter et al., 1995; Carmichael et al., 1996) and than the exception in western Mexico, and occur in regions that are also in the Sayula and Colima regions in the south (Luhr not necessarily associated with active rifting. & Carmichael, 1981; Allan & Carmichael, 1984).
Investment Behavior in the United States Textile Industry

Investment behavior in the United States textile industry in the postwar period was examined. In addition to the influence of liquidity restraints, the two main components of investment—investment for expansion and investment for replacement or modernization—were considered. Both cross-section and time series data were utilized. The results for time series data confirmed the hypothesis that capital-labor substitution was an important determinant of investment. Result for both cross-section and time series analyses indicated that depreciation expense, either by itself or in conjunc tion with cash flow, had a significant influence on investment. The importance of liquidity constraints indicates that government policies affecting the availability of funds to the textile industry are likely to have a significant im pact on investment decisions.
Trouble in Store: Probes, Protests and Store Openings by Wal-Mart, 1998-2007

Wal-Mart has increasingly become the target of protests over its scale, manifested as contention over specific expansions. Often, the protests are local and led by local organizations, and as a result, chains face uncertainty whether local activists will organize a protest. We suggest that chain stores respond to this uncertainty through a "test for protest" approach. They use low-cost probes that take the form of proposals to open a store. They then withdraw if they face protests, especially when the contexts of those protests make them more costly, either in terms of legislative barriers, consumer demand, or encouragement of protests elsewhere. Wal-Mart is more likely to open stores that are particularly profitable, even if they are protested, and in such cases, they also make larger donations to community causes. We find broad support for our predictions. Our uncertainty-based account of protests as signals stands in sharp contrast to full-information models which predict that protests should be rare miscalculations.
Purification of Male Guinea Pig Kidney 17β-Hydroxy-C19-Steroid Dehydrogenase

Cytosol from adult male guinea pig kidneys was fractionated with streptomycin sulfate and ammonium sulfate and then subjected to chromatography on Sephadex G-75, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and CM-Sephadex C-50 consecutively. The active fractions from Sephadex G-75 chromatography exhibited three isoenzymes on gel electrophoresis. DEAE-Sephadex chromatography of this fraction gave three peaks of enzyme activity. Two ofthe peaks had identical electrophoretic mobilities and the third peak exhibited three enzyme bands;the slowest moving had the same mobility as those of the first two peaks. CM-Sephadex removed the residual inactive proteins in the three peaks but only partially separated the isoenzymes of the third peak. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was 31,000. Treatment of the enzyme with various concentrations of urea suggested the presence of at least two types of internal binding which are essential for enzyme activity. The enzyme activity could not be regenerated after inactivation by 0.1% sodium d...
Influence of Fatty Acid Precursors, Including Food Preservatives, on the Growth and Fatty Acid Composition of Listeria monocytogenes at 37 and 10°C

Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen that grows at refrigeration temperatures and increases its content of anteiso-C(15:0) fatty acid, which is believed to be a homeoviscous adaptation to ensure membrane fluidity, at these temperatures. As a possible novel approach for control of the growth of the organism, the influences of various fatty acid precursors, including branched-chain amino acids and branched- and straight-chain carboxylic acids, some of which are also well-established food preservatives, on the growth and fatty acid composition of the organism at 37 degrees C and 10 degrees C were studied in order to investigate whether the organism could be made to synthesize fatty acids that would result in impaired growth at low temperatures. The results indicate that the fatty acid composition of L. monocytogenes could be modulated by the feeding of branched-chain amino acid, C(4), C(5), and C(6) branched-chain carboxylic acid, and C(3) and C(4) straight-chain carboxylic acid fatty acid precursors, but the growth-inhibitory effects of several preservatives were independent of effects on fatty acid composition, which were minor in the case of preservatives metabolized via acetyl coenzyme A. The ability of a precursor to modify fatty acid composition was probably a reflection of the substrate specificities of the first enzyme, FabH, in the condensation of primers of fatty acid biosynthesis with malonyl acyl carrier protein.
Long-term preservation of myocardial energetic in chronic hibernating myocardium

We previously reported that the myocardial energetic state, as defined by the ratio of phosphocreatine to ATP (PCr/ATP), was preserved at baseline (BL) in a swine model of chronic myocardial ischem...
Higher approximations in boundary-layer theory Part 2. Application to leading edges

The general analysis of Part 1 is applied to the calculation of the second-order viscous and thermal boundary layers for the axisymmetric stagnation point, unsymmetric plane stagnation point, and cusped leading edge at ideal incidence. The second-order effect upon heat transfer is found usually to be of the order of one-third of that for skin friction.
Developing consciousness: fetal anesthesia and analgesia

Fetal anatomic study demonstrates that, by 20 weeks gestation, the requisite cytoarchitecture believed to be necessary for consciousness (eg, the thalamus and associated subcortical structures) and its proper connections are in place and accompanied by a coordinating electroencephalogram (EEG) rhythm. Given the structural and functional integrity of these portions of the brain, it is reasonable to conclude that consciousness is at least possible from this point in fetal development. If a more stringent threshold for continuous EEG activity is required, then it would appear that by 30 weeks gestation, consciousness is possible. If we are to accept that consciousness is possible by 20 weeks (or, more conservatively, 30 weeks), then it also would appear possible that fetuses could experience something approximating “pain.” The mere possibility of consciousness and an experience of pain (however rudimentary) would appear to mandate the provision of appropriate anesthesia and analgesia to fetuses undergoing surgical intervention.
On taming the evaluation monster: toward holistic assessments of transformational training effects

The unique training effects arising from highly complex, ambiguous, or personally involving simulations, games, experiential exercises, and educational programs are referred to here as transformational. Such training can have a dramatic impact on the whole individual, but this impact often eludes assessment through conventional measurement methods. This article presents results from two transformational training settings. The method employed is the holistic projective differential (PD) technique that provides both quantitative and qualitative results. The PD is versatile and can be a valuable addition to the tools presently available for evaluating and assessing a wide variety of transformational simulations, games, and experiential exercises.
Perceived Social Support and HIV/AIDS Medication Adherence Among African American Women

HIV/AIDS incidence is increasing more quickly among women than any other segment of the population. The typical woman with HIV/AIDS is young, in her late 20s, economically challenged, and of childbearing age. Adherence to HIV therapies is critical if patients are to achieve and maintain virologic suppression. The author recruited HIV/AIDS-infected African American women from an outpatient clinic to investigate the women's perceptions of social support and how it affected their medication adherence. She collected data through tape-recorded interviews using a semistructured guide and journaling over a 2-week period. Facilitators of adherence included supportive family members and having young children. Barriers to adherence included perceived stigma, feeling unloved or uncared for, relationship turbulence, and having a husband who was also HIV positive. Although participants reported being "fairly" satisfied with the quality of support they received, emotional support and often instrumental support were most desired and wanted.
Introduction to the Science of Recruitment and Retention Among Ethnically Diverse Populations

Recruitment and retention of research participants is evolving with the changing demographics of the American population, in particular its growing diversity. The cultural–historical background and sociopolitical conditions of each diverse group poses unique challenges in developing successful recruitment and retention methods and strategies. This critical collection of articles demonstrates important theoretical and conceptual frameworks that seek to address the shortcomings of previous models of recruiting diverse populations. Understanding the key components of cultural distinctions, such as values and beliefs, community cohesion, and collective history, has proven to be instrumental in reaching out to these diverse groups. This important strategy has allowed researchers to overcome the barriers that have been fostered in the past and has built the trust necessary to move forward into an inclusive approach to aging research. Not to be overlooked, an important factor to achieving success in recruitment and retention of diverse populations is having access to resources that allow for ongoing connection with research participants.
Influence of a reovirus-antibody complex vaccine on efficacy of Marek's disease vaccine administered in ovo.

Abstract SUMMARY. Two experiments determined the influence of an experimental reovirus-antibody complex vaccine on Marek's disease virus (MDV) vaccine when used in ovo. Designs were the same except that specific-pathogen-free (SPF) broiler eggs were used in Experiment 1 and commercial broiler eggs with maternal antibodies against reovirus were used in Experiment 2. At 18 days of incubation, embryos were separated into four groups and inoculated with either diluent, MDV vaccine, reovirus-antibody complex vaccine, or a combination of reovirus-antibody complex and MDV vaccine. At 5 days of age, half the chickens in each group were challenged with MDV. At 7 wk old, all were euthanatized, weighed, and examined. At 7 days of age, remaining chickens in each group were challenged with reovirus. At 21 days old, chickens were euthanatized and weighed. No vaccine adversely affected hatchability or posthatch mortality in SPF or commercial chickens. There were no significant differences in protection against reovirus ...
Pooled ORF Expression Technology (POET) Using Proteomics to Screen Pools of Open Reading Frames for Protein Expression

We have developed a pooled ORF expression technology, POET, that uses recombinational cloning and proteomic methods (two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry) to identify ORFs that when expressed are likely to yield high levels of soluble, purified protein. Because the method works on pools of ORFs, the procedures needed to subclone, express, purify, and assay protein expression for hundreds of clones are greatly simplified. Small scale expression and purification of 12 positive clones identified by POET from a pool of 688 Caenorhabditis elegans ORFs expressed in Escherichia coli yielded on average 6 times as much protein as 12 negative clones. Larger scale expression and purification of six of the positive clones yielded 47–374 mg of purified protein/liter. Using POET, pools of ORFs can be constructed, and the pools of the resulting proteins can be analyzed and manipulated to rapidly acquire information about the attributes of hundreds of proteins simultaneously.
Phase imaging without 2π ambiguity by multiwavelength digital holography

We present a phase-imaging method with an axial range that can in principle be arbitrarily large compared to the wavelength and does not involve the usual phase unwrapping by detection of phase discontinuity. The method consists of the generation and combination of two phase maps in a digital holography system by use of two separate wavelengths. For example, we reconstructed the surface of a spherical mirror with approximately 10-nm axial resolution and an axial range of approximately 3 microm.
Improving SNR estimation for autonomous receivers

A method by which a popular signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) estimator can be reconfigured to yield improved performance is proposed. The reconfiguration consists of partitioning the symbol interval into a larger (but even) number of subdivisions than the two that have been traditionally suggested for this estimator but still processing the observables in successive pairs. The optimum number of subdivisions is shown to depend on the SNR range in which the true SNR lies; however, we also show that these SNR regions can be significantly widened with very little loss in performance. Most important is the fact that with this reconfiguration, the SNR estimator tracks the Cramer-Rao bound on the variance of the estimator over the entire range of SNR values.
Melt-Processable Syndiotactic Polystyrene/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites

Monoalkyl- and dialkyl-imidazolium surfactants were used to prepare organ- ically modified montmorillonites with markedly improved thermal stability in comparison with their alkyl-ammonium equivalents (the decomposition temperatures increased by ca. 100 °C). Such an increase in the thermal stability affords the opportunity to form syndio- tactic polystyrene (s-PS)/imidazolium-montmorillonite nanocomposites even under static melt-intercalation conditions in the absence of high shear rates or solvents. Upon nano- composite formation, s-PS exhibited an improvement in the thermal stability in compari- son with neat s-PS, and the -crystal form of s-PS became dominant. This crystallization response agrees with previous studies of s-PS/pyridinium-montmorillonite hybrids and is tentatively attributed to a heterogeneous nucleation action by the inorganic fillers. © 2003
Translating across macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic levels: the role of instructor facilitation in an inquiry-oriented physical chemistry class

In physical chemistry classrooms, mathematical and graphical representations are critical tools for reasoning about chemical phenomena. However, there is abundant evidence that to be successful in understanding complex thermodynamics topics, students must go beyond rote mathematical problem solving in order to connect their understanding of mathematical and graphical representations to the macroscopic and submicroscopic phenomena they represent. Though traditional curricular materials such as textbooks may provide little support for coordinating information across macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic levels, instructor facilitation of classroom discussions offers a promising route towards supporting students' reasoning. Here, we report a case study of classroom reasoning in a POGIL (process-oriented guided inquiry learning) instructional context that examines how the class coordinated macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic ideas through classroom discourse. Using an analytical approach based on Toulmin's model of argumentation and the inquiry-oriented discursive moves framework, we discuss the prevalence of macroscopic, submicroscopic and symbolic-level ideas in classroom reasoning and we discuss how instructor facilitation strategies promoted reasoning with macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic levels of representation. We describe one sequence of instructor facilitation moves that we believe promoted translation across levels in whole class discussion.
Active Flow Control for NACA 6-Series Airfoil at Re = 64,200

Earlier research for the NACA 64 3 -618 airfoil has shown that lift-curve and stall behavior change noticeably when the chord Reynolds number is reduced significantly below its design value. For the same airfoil and a Reynolds number based on chord of Re = 64, 200, separation control by pulsed vortex generator jets and a two-dimensional volume forcing that was motivated by a plasma actuator were investigated. Pulsed vortex generator jets with moderate jet velocities and the two-dimensional volume forcing were found to introduce coherent spanwise structures that are highly effective for separation control. A linear stability analysis of the time-averaged flow showed that spanwise disturbances are amplified by an instability mechanism, which explains why both control strategies are highly efficient. Angled pulsed vortex generator jets with large jet velocities were found to introduce streamwise vortices and to result in earlier transition. Although the control is highly effective, it is not very efficient, as streamwise vortices are not supported by the flow.
Motion Compensation for Synthetic Aperture Radar

A generalized motion compensation approach applicable to all SAR modes, i.e., strip mapping (side-looking or squint), spotlight (or telescope) mapping, and Doppler beam sharpened mapping (DBS), is described. The basic concept is the formation for unit vector ? and the slaving of the real illuminating antenna and the processed synthetic antenna to this unit vector. The amount of motion compensation which is required is developed in terms of transfer curves for the main motion reduction paths, i.e., translational, rotational (lever arm), and real antenna stabilization. The transfer curves are obtained by dividing the expected motion spectrum by the required sensitivity spectrum. The most critical motion reduction path for typical parameters is shown to be the translational path. The lever arm and real antenna stabilization paths are less critical, but must also be implemented.
Experimental analysis of monogamy in the Caribbean cleaner goby, Gobiosoma evelynae

To investigate factors promoting monogamy, we studied the reproductive behaviour and ecology of the monogamous Caribbean cleaner goby at two sites near St Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. We assessed mate fidelity and the amount of time required to acquire a new mate in experimentally widowed males and females. We also measured behavioural responses of pair members and single females to experimentally introduced conspecific intruders of both sexes. Finally, we evaluated the distribution of suitable habitat relative to existing goby territories. We found that pairs often separated due to males abandoning females and moving to a new territory, that most widowed fish soon acquired a new mate, and that there was strong aggression towards large same-sex intruders. We also found an abundance of suitable, unoccupied habitat. We conclude that pairs are maintained by intrasexual aggression that is related to both mate availability and other resources, such as high-quality, food-rich cleaning stations. Combined with observations of frequent pair separation, interterritory male movement, and relatively rapid remating by both sexes, these results suggest a complex mating system that is best classified as serial monogamy.  2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Interrole Conflict as a Function of Life Stage, Gender, and Gender-Related Personality Attributes

The purpose of the present study was to examine the amount and type of interrole conflict experienced by women and men at different life stages. A battery of questionnaires, including a demographic questionnaire, a role conflict scale, and the Bern Sex Role Inventory was administered to 244 married adults. The sample was primarily Caucasian. Overall, the impact of life stage, gender, and gender-related personality factors on interrole conflict was differentially influenced by the type of conflict assessed. Both women and men experienced the highest amount of conflict involving parent roles during the peak child-rearing years. In addition, employed men experienced a higher degree of interrole conflict between professional versus self roles than employed women. Married men experienced more spouse versus self role conflict than married women. Finally, instrumentality and interpersonal sensitivity proved to be two important predictors of interrole conflict above and beyond life stage and gender effects. Results are discussed in the context of societal changes towards traditional women and men's roles.
Unveiling the crucial intermediates in androgen production.

Ablation of androgen production through surgery is one strategy against prostate cancer, with the current focus placed on pharmaceutical intervention to restrict androgen synthesis selectively, an endeavor that could benefit from the enhanced understanding of enzymatic mechanisms that derives from characterization of key reaction intermediates. The multifunctional cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) first catalyzes the typical hydroxylation of its primary substrate, pregnenolone (PREG) and then also orchestrates a remarkable C17–C20 bond cleavage (lyase) reaction, converting the 17-hydroxypregnenolone initial product to dehydroepiandrosterone, a process representing the first committed step in the biosynthesis of androgens. Now, we report the capture and structural characterization of intermediates produced during this lyase step: an initial peroxo-anion intermediate, poised for nucleophilic attack on the C20 position by a substrate-associated H-bond, and the crucial ferric peroxo-hemiacetal intermediate that precedes carbon–carbon (C-C) bond cleavage. These studies provide a rare glimpse at the actual structural determinants of a chemical transformation that carries profound physiological consequences.
Data confidentiality challenges in big data applications

In this paper, we address the problem of data confidentiality in big data analytics. In many fields, much useful patterns can be extracted by applying machine learning techniques to big data. However, data confidentiality must be protected. In many scenarios, data confidentiality could well be a prerequisite for data to be shared. We present a scheme to provide provable secure data confidentiality and discuss various techniques to optimize performance of such a system.
Improving reordering performance using higher order and structural features

Recent work has shown that word aligned data can be used to learn a model for reordering source sentences to match the target order. This model learns the cost of putting a word immediately before another word and finds the best reordering by solving an instance of the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). However, for efficiently solving the TSP, the model is restricted to pairwise features which examine only a pair of words and their neighborhood. In this work, we go beyond these pairwise features and learn a model to rerank the n-best reorderings produced by the TSP model using higher order and structural features which help in capturing longer range dependencies. In addition to using a more informative set of source side features, we also capture target side features indirectly by using the translation score assigned to a reordering. Our experiments, involving Urdu-English, show that the proposed approach outperforms a state-of-theart PBSMT system which uses the TSP model for reordering by 1.3 BLEU points, and a publicly available state-of-the-art MT system, Hiero, by 3 BLEU points.
Generalizing a closed-form correlation model of oriented bandpass natural images

Building natural scene statistic models is a potentially transformative development for a wide variety of visual applications, ranging from the design of faithful image and video quality models to the development of perceptually optimized image enhancing techniques. Most predominant statistical models of natural images only characterize the univariate distributions of divisively normalized bandpass image responses. Previous efforts towards modeling bandpass natural responses have not focused on finding closed-form quantative models of bivariate natural statistics. Towards filling this gap, Su et al. [1] recently modeled spatially adjacent bandpass image responses over multiple scales; however, they did not consider the effects of spatial distance between the bandpass samples. Here we build on Su et al.'s model and extend their closed-form correlation model to non-adjacent distant bandpass image responses over multiple spatial orientations and scales.
Studies on thermal sedation in suppression of the symptoms of tetanus toxin.

Conclusions1. Contrary to reports indicating that “cold blooded” creatures are not susceptible to tetanus toxin, the desert iguana is susceptible and for temperature studies is an excellent experimental animal.2. Lowering of temperature markedly prolongs life in the desert iguana inoculated with tetanus toxin. From Van't Hoffs Law one would expect a slowing down of the effects of the toxin at lower temperatures.3. There is a tremendous field awaiting study on the effects of altering bodily temperature on the course of disease, especially where toxic factors are concerned.
Continuous-Flow Aerobic Oxidation of Primary Alcohols with a Copper(I)/TEMPO Catalyst

A scalable, continuous-flow process has been developed to implement a homogeneous CuI/TEMPO catalyst system for aerobic oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes. This catalyst system is compatible with a wide range of alcohols bearing diverse functional groups. A dilute oxygen source (9% O2 in N2) is used to avoid flammable oxygen/organic mixtures. Residence times in the heated reaction zone can be as low as 5 min with activated (e.g., benzylic) alcohols. The method has been demonstrated with nine different alcohols, including one up to 100 g scale. This flow-based catalytic method exhibits significant advantages for aerobic oxidation of alcohols, including substantially shorter residence times and broader substrate scope relative to a Pd-catalyzed method that we reported recently.
The Pedagogical Value of an Integrated Approach to Legal Research Instruction: Overcoming Student Resistance to the Use of Print Sources and Striking a Balance That Instills an Appreciation of the Strengths and Weaknesses of Both Print and Online Sources

The ABA Legal Technology Survey Reports from 2006 to 2012 reported that, on average, 51% of attorneys “regularly” used print materials. Given the propensity of law students to default to online research, this article describes the results of a three-year longitudinal study of an integrated approach to teaching first-year legal research. This approach required students conduct legal research tasks both online and in print sources, and to evaluate their experience. The objective of this approach was to transform the legal research experience from a “treasure hunt” into a much higher level of engagement based on Benjamin Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning.
Investigation on the differences between predicted lifetime of propellant carton and actual lifetime of motor propellant grain

The differences between predicted lifetime of the propellant carton and actual lifetime of the motor propellant grain were analyzed from four aspects of curing condition, storage condition, stress condition and predicted method. By using correction factors, stress simulation test and ageing dynamics methods, the approaches to reduce the differences were put forward to improve accuracy of predicted lifetime.
Analysis of Wideband Multilayered Sinusoidally Modulated Metasurface

A leaky wave propagates through an interface between two different media while shedding electromagnetic waves into one of the media. A sinusoidally modulated metasurface is one such kind of a radiator that is implemented on a dielectric covered ground plane. There has been extensive research to improve the radiation characteristics of this metasurface. One of the properties of such a leaky-wave antenna (LWA) is the angular variation of its major lobe as a function of frequency, which restricts the usable bandwidth of the antenna. This letter presents a detailed analysis of the bandwidth enhancement of the metasurface by employing multilayered dielectric substrates on the ground plane, thus increasing the range of scan angle.
Abstract 1781: Ethnic disparity in pediatric leukemia relapse

Background: Leukemia is the most prevalent pediatric malignancy, representing 25% of all cancer diagnoses among children. Despite recent substantial improvements in therapy that have dramatically increased survival, 10-20% of cases develop relapse and become refractory to treatment. Although racial/ethnic disparity in survival is well documented, limited knowledge currently exists on the disparity in relapse. The objective of this study was to compare the risk of pediatric leukemia relapse between Hispanic Whites and non-Hispanic Whites. Methods: The study included children ( Results: The study included 66 Hispanic Whites and 202 non-Hispanic Whites. The median age for both groups was 7 years. However compared to non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanic Whites were more likely to be males (59% vs 53%), to have government insurance (71% vs 35%) and had a shorter median follow up time (52 vs 66 months). Approximately 15% of Hispanic Whites developed relapse compared to only 5% non-Hispanic Whites. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed a difference in relapse between the two groups (log-rank p = 0.006). After adjusting for age at diagnosis, gender and type of insurance, Hispanic Whites were three times more likely to develop relapse compared to non-Hispanic Whites (HR = 3.1, 95%CI = 1.2-8.0, p = 0.02). Conclusion: Although the findings of this study suggest that ethnic disparity in pediatric leukemia may exist, our findings are limited by the inability to control for potential confounders such as medication adherence, timing of diagnosis, white blood cells at diagnosis and minimal residual disease. Future studies should further investigate this racial/ethnic disparity. Citation Format: Mirinda Gillespie, Greg Hale, Ernest K. Amankwah. Ethnic disparity in pediatric leukemia relapse. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1781.
Parasitic Nematode Immunomodulatory Strategies: Recent Advances and Perspectives

More than half of the described species of the phylum Nematoda are considered parasitic, making them one of the most successful groups of parasites. Nematodes are capable of inhabiting a wide variety of niches. A vast array of vertebrate animals, insects, and plants are all identified as potential hosts for nematode parasitization. To invade these hosts successfully, parasitic nematodes must be able to protect themselves from the efficiency and potency of the host immune system. Innate immunity comprises the first wave of the host immune response, and in vertebrate animals it leads to the induction of the adaptive immune response. Nematodes have evolved elegant strategies that allow them to evade, suppress, or modulate host immune responses in order to persist and spread in the host. Nematode immunomodulation involves the secretion of molecules that are capable of suppressing various aspects of the host immune response in order to promote nematode invasion. Immunomodulatory mechanisms can be identified in parasitic nematodes infecting insects, plants, and mammals and vary greatly in the specific tactics by which the parasites modify the host immune response. Nematode-derived immunomodulatory effects have also been shown to affect, negatively or positively, the outcome of some concurrent diseases suffered by the host. Understanding nematode immunomodulatory actions will potentially reveal novel targets that will in turn lead to the development of effective means for the control of destructive nematode parasites.
Continuous Home Care Reduces Hospice Disenrollment and Hospitalization After Hospice Enrollment.

Abstract Context Among the four levels of hospice care, continuous home care (CHC) is the most expensive care, and infrequently provided in practice. Objectives To identify hospice and patient characteristics associated with the use of CHC and to examine the associations between CHC utilization and hospice disenrollment or hospitalization after hospice enrollment. Methods Using 100% fee-for-service Medicare claims data for beneficiaries aged 66 years or older who died between July and December 2011, we identified the percentage of hospice agencies in which patients used CHC in 2011 and determined hospice and patient characteristics associated with the use of CHC. Using multivariable analyses, we examined the associations between CHC utilization and hospice disenrollment and hospitalization after hospice enrollment, adjusted for hospice and patient characteristics. Results Only 42.7% of hospices (1533 of 3592 hospices studied) provided CHC to at least one patient during the study period. Patients enrolled with for-profit, larger, and urban located hospices were more likely to use CHC (P Conclusion Although a minority of patients uses CHC, such services may be protective against hospice disenrollment and hospitalization after hospice enrollment.
Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis (UEDVT)

Upper extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis (UEDVT) is frequent in the hospital, especially in the intensive careunit. It often complicates the placement of central venous catheters (CVC), notably peripherally inserted central(PICC) lines. Despite a lower rate of pulmonary embolism, UEDVT is as fatal as lower extremity DVT. This is due to its strong association with cancer. Symptoms are often absent, but systematic screening is not recommended. The best prophylaxis is good central catheter management. Pharmacological prophylaxis has questionable effectiveness in the prophylaxis of CVC-associated UEDVT. Compression ultrasonography is the first line diagnostic tool. Treatment is anticoagulation for at least 3 months. A causative central line should be removed as soon as clinically possible. Infrequently, patients with the thoracic outlet syndrome can get an effort related primary UEDVT. It is also known as the Paget-Schroetter syndrome. Along with anticoagulation, surgical referral for decompression of the thoracic outlet is then necessary. The current state of evidence on UEDVT is rather poor, due to the absence of large randomized controlled trials.
Renal Replacement Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury: Controversies and Consensus

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication among critically ill patents, and 5% of intensive care unit (ICU) patients require initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT). In recent years, clinical trials have provided evidence-based guidance for some important aspects of RRT management in patients with AKI, such as dialysis dosing and approaches to anticoagulation in patients undergoing continuous RRT. However, there remain many areas of uncertainty, and delivery of RRT in the ICU requires clinical judgment, flexibility, and an understanding of dialysis principles. This article reviews the components of RRT prescription and provides an update on best practices.
Intentionality: Value Apart from the Machine [Last Word]

In this issue, we acknowledged that technologies are not merely aids to human activity, but powerful forces acting to shape, or reshape, our world. We surveyed a future with robots. We contemplate the advantages of indefatigable humanoids with enhanced physical capability to care for the more vulnerable members of society. Yet, we also perceive the threats of dehumanization when activities done by empathetic human caregivers are offloaded to thinking machines who cannot share in our grief, heartache, or pain. Our peers also drew our attention to the dangers of constant time-stress, and the frenetic pace of a high speed, high-pressured, 24/7 connected world. We perceive how easy it is for us to be lulled into technological somnambulism. Our peers also cautioned us to guard against the overreach of technological determinism. We were reminded; even if technologies significantly influence our world, technology does not predominantly determine our cultural values or social structures.
Control of aged automotive selective catalytic reduction systems for consistent performances

Abstract This paper develops a consistent emission control method for automotive selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems against variant aging conditions. SCR systems have been widely adopted on Diesel vehicles to reduce tailpipe NOx emissions thanks to their superior performance compared with other aftertreatment technology. While fresh SCRs have a high NOx removal efficiency, their NOx reduction performances will be significantly impaired as they get aged. To maintain the consistent emission performance of a SCR system over its entire duty life, it is necessary to design a robust and adaptive control method of SCR against the aging effects and ensure the consistent NOx reduction capability especially when SCR runs towards its end of life cycle. A control strategy that includes an ammonia coverage ratio tracking controller and a reference generator is derived and validated in simulation environment to account for various SCR aging conditions. The simulation results of US06 test cycle show that the proposed control strategy is able to maintain a consistent emission reduction performance under different aging conditions without generating excessive ammonia slip.
Crosstalk between Receptor and Non-receptor Mediated Chemical Modes of Action in Rat Livers Converges through a Dysregulated Gene Expression Network at Tumor Suppressor Tp53.

Chemicals, toxicants and environmental stressors mediate their biological effect through specific modes of action (MOAs). These encompass key molecular events that lead to changes in the expression of genes within regulatory pathways. Elucidating shared biologic processes and overlapping gene networks will help to better understand the toxicologic effects on biological systems. In this study we used a weighted network analysis of gene expression data from the livers of male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to chemicals that elicit their effects through receptor-mediated MOAs (aryl hydrocarbon receptor, orphan nuclear hormone receptor or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha) or non-receptor-mediated MOAs (cytotoxicity or DNA damage). Four gene networks were highly preserved and statistically significant in each of the two MOA classes. Three of the four networks contain genes that enrich for immunity and defense. However, many canonical pathways related to an immune response were activated from exposure to the non-receptor-mediated MOA chemicals and deactivated from exposure to the receptor-mediated MOA chemicals. The top gene network contains a module with 33 genes including tumor suppressor TP53 as the central hub which was slightly up-regulated in gene expression compared to control. Although there is crosstalk between the two MOA classes of chemicals at the Tp53 gene network, more than half of the genes are dysregulated in opposite directions. For example, Thromboxane A Synthase 1 (Tbxas1), a cytochrome P450 protein coding gene regulated by Tp53, is down-regulated by exposure to the receptor-mediated chemicals but up-regulated by the non-receptor-mediated chemicals. The regulation of gene expression by the chemicals within MOA classes was consistent despite varying alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase liver enzyme measurements. These results suggest that overlap in toxicologic pathways by chemicals with different MOAs provides common mechanisms for discordant regulation of gene expression within molecular networks.
Tactile conditioning of an autonomic and somatic response in young infants

Tactile classical conditioning of an autonomic reflex (pupillary dilation and constriction) and a somatic response (eyeblinking) was attempted in two separate experiments with one-month-old infants. The tactile CS was effective for conditioning eyeblinking but was ineffective for elaborating conditional pupillary reflex dilation or constriction. These differences were related to the interaction between stimulus and response in infant conditioning and the source of nervous system innervation of the CR as it relates to conditionability.
Impact of Time Correlated Mode Mismatch on Markov Jump Linear System State Estimation

State estimation in Markov jump linear systems has garnered interest for decades with a majority of the proposed strategies relying on mode-based Kalman filters. It has been shown that a mode-based Kalman filter is optimal if the discrete state is known at each time. However, in practical applications, there are situations where the mode information is inaccurate due to communication link failures or cyber-attacks. This letter addresses this issue by quantifying the bias resulting from mode mismatches in a mode-based Kalman filter. Specifically, we consider the scenario wherein the mode mismatch error is correlated across time and modeled via a Markov chain. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the statistical convergence of bias dynamics are derived. The relationship between bias dynamics and the transition probabilities associated with the mode mismatch Markov chain are quantified. The main results presented in this letter provide new insights on the fidelity in discrete state knowledge needed to maintain the performance of a mode-based Kalman filter.
Bilirubin Production from Erythroid Sources

A major portion of bilirubin is produced from catabolism of hemoglobin following red cell destruction. Information regarding erythrocyte degradation has been derived primarily from studies of hemolytic states, as the mechanism of red cell aging remains uncertain (1). Deformability of the red cell membrane is prerequisite for their passage through the sinusoids of various organs (2). Increased membrane rigidity or fragmentation (3) leads to red cell sequestration in the reticuloendothelial system (RES) or intravascular lysis. Hemoglobin and heme released into the plasma are carried to liver parenchymal cells by two plasma proteins, haptoglobin and hemopexin respectively. Bilirubin formation from hemoglobin liberated during erythrocyte breakdown occurs in cells of the RES and hepatocytes (4).
Proteomics in Pancreatic Cancer Translational Research

Proteomics, especially quantitative proteomics, has been emerging as a powerful tool in pancreatic cancer research, providing a unique avenue to investigate malignancy-associated molecular alterations at a functional level. Proteomics studies have been carried out to investigate a variety of pancreatic cancer specimens, including pancreatic tissue, blood, pancreatic juice, and cyst fluid as well as isolated cells, from individuals with pancreatic cancer and other benign diseases. The specific aims of these studies range from understanding the mechanism of pancreatic tumorigenesis to biomarker discovery for improved diagnosis and therapy. A wealth of information describing the proteome alterations associated with pancreatic cancer and related diseases have become available, offering new insights on pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying pancreatic cancer. Moreover, the advances in quantitative proteomics technology, including mass spectrometry, separation technologies, and sophisticated bioinformatics tools provide novel approaches to therapeutic target discovery and pancreatic cancer detection.
High Temperature Calorimetry of MCM-41

Summary Thermochemical stability of pure-silica MCM-41 molecular sieves(pore size 2.5-5 nm) was studied by high temperature solution and transposed temperature drop calorimetry at 977 K. Though the pore size varies by approximately 2 nm(almost a factor of 2), there are minimal differences in enthaply among these structures both at 977 and 298 K. At 298 K they are destabilized by less than 15 kJ/mol relative to quartz, which implies an energy only about 1 kJ/mol higher than siliceous zeolite Y, whose pore size is 0.74 nm. Results are compared with those for other microporous silicas and implications for structure/stability relations are discussed.
Super-Flexible Ecosystems: Innovating by Recycling

How does the Silicon Valley ecosystem maintain the pace of innovation and entrepreneurial creativity? How does it adapt to the ups and downs of business cycles and innovation loops? How does it nurture the relentless entrepreneurial spirit? How does it remain super-flexible? The principle of “recycling” may be one piece of this complex puzzle. It describes how talent, ideas, products, and technologies are re-blended, reconfigured, re-packaged, re-purposed, and ultimately “recycled”. Recycling, we propose, is the cornerstone of the adaptation process in Silicon Valley. It enables the ecosystem to harness “failures”, to learn from setbacks, and to become re-vitalized in the process. The “recycling” lessons of Silicon Valley may be useful for other entrepreneurial hubs around the world, and for established global corporations that have to continuously innovate by introducing new products and services.