cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Write error rate in spin-transfer-torque random access memory including micromagnetic effects

Spin-transfer-torque (STT) random access memory (STTRAM) is considered to be one of the promising candidates for a non-volatile memory for improved scalability and access speed. Write error rate (WER) in an STTRAM is the probability that the free layer magnetization of the STTRAM bit does not flip when a write current is applied because of random thermal fluctuations. The WER needs to be below a certain acceptable limit for reliable write operation. Previously, WER have been studied using Fokker-Planck (FP) calculations for perpendicular bit [1] and using Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) simulations for the magnetization dynamics including a random thermal magnetic field and an STT term, for an in-plane bit with and without perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) [2]. These studies however assumed the free layer magnetization to be a macrospin, thereby neglecting the spatial variation in spin across the free layer (micromagnetic effects). Several important experimental observations related to WER in STTRAM have, however, been attributed to spatially varying spin-texture in the free layer magnet, for example, sub-volume excitations [3] and higher order spin wave modes related to branching of WER [4, 5].
The effect of hypotherxia on experimentally induced hemorrhagic pancreatic necrosis.

Summary 1.Pancreatic secretion in the dog following pilocarpine stimulation was markedly reduced by pancreatic hypothermia (15° to 23° C.) 2.The mortality rate for pancreatic necrosis evoked by injection of bile salts or duodenal juice into the pancreatic duct, or by the Shwartzman reaction, was enhanced slightly by use of systemic (25° to 30° C.) or local (15° to 23° C.) hypothermia. 3.Permeability of the cat esophagus to perfused human bile enriched with ox bile salts was not significantly altered by hypothermia (18° to 20° C).
The Delta Phi Method of Evaluating Overall Film Cooling Performance

Film cooling designs are often evaluated experimentally and characterized in terms of their spatial distributions of adiabatic effectiveness, η, which is the nondimensionalized form of the adiabatic wall temperature, Taw. Additionally, film cooling may alter the convective heat transfer coefficient with the possibility of an increase in h that offsets the benefits of reduced Taw. It is therefore necessary to combine these two effects to give some measure of the benefit of film cooling. The most frequently used method is the net heat flux reduction, which gives the fractional reduction in heat flux that accompanies film cooling for the hypothetical case of constant wall temperature. NHFR is imperfect in part due to the fact that this assumption does not account for the primary purpose of film cooling — to reduce the metal temperature to an acceptable level. In the present work we present an alternative method of evaluating film cooling performance that yields the reduction in metal temperature, or in the nondimensional sense, an increase in ϕ that would be predicted with film cooling. This Δϕ approach is then applied using experimentally obtained η and h/h0 values on a simulated turbine blade leading edge region. The delta-phi approach agrees well with the legacy NHFR technique in terms of the binary question of whether the film cooling is beneficial or detrimental, but provides greater insight into the temperature reduction that a film cooling design would provide an actual turbine component. For example, instead of giving an area-averaged NHFR = 0.67 (indicating a 67% reduction in heat flux through film cooling) on the leading edge region with M = 0.5, the Δϕ approach indicates an increase in ϕ of 0.061 (or a 61 K surface temperature decrease with a notional value of T∞ - Tc = 1000 K). Alternatively, the technique may be applied to predict the maximum allowable increase in T∞ against which a film cooling scheme could protect.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Formal verification of analog circuit parameters across variation utilizing SAT

A fast technique for proving steady-state analog circuit operation constraints is described. Based on SAT, the technique is applicable to practical circuit design and modeling scenarios as it does not require algebraic device models. Despite the complexity of representing accurate transistor I/V characteristics, run-time and problem scaling behavior is excellent.
Milled industrial beet color kinetics and total soluble solid contents by image analysis.

Abstract Industrial beets are an emerging feedstock for biofuel and bioproducts industry in the US. Milling of industrial beets is the primary step in front end processing for ethanol production. Milled beets undergo color change during juice extraction. A custom designed computer vision system for measurement of milled beet color kinetics, consisting of a digital camera, custom-designed non-reflective enclosure, and color calibration method was developed in the present study. Beet samples of five different total soluble solids (TSS) contents were prepared by washing with cold water for color kinetics measurement. An artificial neural network model was used for converting the red, green, and blue (RGB) values of the acquired sample images to L* a* b* values. Seven color parameters (L*, a*, b*, hue, chroma, browning index (BI), and total color change (ΔE)) were analyzed. Page, user-defined polynomial, and fractional conversion models gave better fits for the experimental data with color parameters than the zeroth order, first order, exponential, and Peleg kinetic models. Of the color parameters studied, L* (Page R2 > 0.99, user-defined polynomial R2 > 0.97, and fractional R2 > 0.93) and ΔE (Page R2 > 0.98, user-defined polynomial R2 > 0.94, and fractional R2 > 0.85) gave the best description for the color change kinetics of milled beets. Developed TSS prediction models from the color measurements based on Page model constant, kp with color parameter, L* gave good prediction (R2 = 0.99), also did the simple linear model based on direct color values (R2 = 0.98). Measurement and mathematical modeling of milled industrial beets color kinetics will serve as important quality assessment tool in processing the beets for various renewable fuel and products applications.
Location of abasic sites in oligodeoxynucleotides by tandem mass spectrometry and by a chemical cleavage initiated by an unusual reaction of the ODN with MALDI matrix

We describe two approaches employing electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) post-source decay (PSD) for determining the location of an abasic site in modified oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs). With MS/MS, we found both complementary fragment ions (a(n)' and w(n)') produced at the abasic site were predominant in the mass spectra and allowed the location to be determined. Under MALDI conditions, most ODNs carrying an abasic site are singly charged, and PSD gives predominately w(n)' ions at the abasic sites, revealing their location. We also describe another approach for identifying and locating abasic sites in model ODNs; namely, an "in situ" derivatization coupled with MALDI mass spectrometry (MS). In general, an ODN n-mer containing an abasic site at the m-th position from the 5-terminus can react with the matrix component, anthranilic acid, to form a Schiff base. The adduct upon MALDI breaks into 3' and 5' fragments (w(n-m), b(m), a(m), d(m-1)) at the abasic site, revealing its location. ESI MS methods are also applicable for detecting the hydrazone derivatives of abasic sites, and the fragmentation of hydrazones shows the location of the abasic site.
Tetrameric cell-surface MHC class I molecules.

PURIFIED major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules have been studied at high resolution by X-ray crystallography1; the structure is a complex of a single heavy chain, β2-microglobulin light chain and a tightly bound peptide moiety. We show here that complete MHC class I molecules are post-translationally assembled into tetramers (made up of four heavy chains and four β2-microglobulin units) and that this tetrameric species is expressed on the cell surface. The multivalent tetrameric structure of class I molecules can be reconciled with models of T-cell activation that invoke antigen-receptor crosslinking, as opposed to models that depend on an allosteric change.
Binding objects to scenarios of use

Abstract Scenarios are a natural and effective medium for thinking in general and for design in particular. Our work seeks to develop a potential unification between recent scenario-oriented work in object-oriented analysis/design methods and scenario-oriented work in the analysis/design of human-computer interaction. We illustrate this perspective by showing: (1) how scenario questioning can be used to systematically interrogate the knowledge and practices of potential users, and thereby to create object-oriented analysis models that are psychologically valid; (2) how depicting an individual object's point-of-view can serve as a pedagogical scaffold to help students of object-oriented analysis see how to identify and assign object responsibilities in creating a problem domain model; and (3) how usage scenarios can be employed to motivate and coordinate the design implementation, refactoring and reuse of object-oriented software.
Comparison of ultrasound and computed tomography in the detection of pancreatic malignancy

A retrospective analysis was performed on 102 patients who were examined by both ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT) for known or possible carcinoma of the pancreas. In 38% of the patients, ultrasonography was unsatisfactory due to overlying interfering intestinal gas or ascites, whereas only 2% of CT studies were unsatisfactory due to technical considerations. In comparing the two modalities, CT was found to be more accurate (96% CT vs. 84% US), and this became more significant when nondiagnostic studies were considered in evaluating accuracy (95% CT vs. 54% US). Because of the findings in this analysis, CT is recommended as the initial diagnostic imaging modality for the evaluation of possible pancreatic neoplasm.
The New Urban Revival in the United States

Urbanisation patterns in the United States have taken some unlikely turns over the past quarter of a century. After following fairly predictable trends in the 1950s and 1960s towards increased urban growth and westward movement, the nation experienced a 1970s 'counter-urbanisation' similar to that which occurred in many other developed countries (Champion, 1989; 1992). In the US, counter-urbanisation was associated with several redistribution reversals that were linked to both metropolitan size and region of the country. In assessing these reversals at great length, Frey and Speare (1988) concluded that the 1970s was a "transition decade" for population redistribution in the US. However, the term 'transition' did not refer as much to the specific geographical patterns of redistribution that had emerged, as it did to the changing social and economic contexts for urban and regional growth. The changing national industrial structure, the rise of the global economy and improvements in communications and production technologies, have changed the geography of opportunities across space and the ability of populations to respond to these changes. At the same time, the diffusion of 'urban' amenities to all parts of the country-including areas previously considered to be remote or rural-has expanded the location options for both employers and residents. More so than in the past, the population and economic growth of regions, metropolitan areas and small places are dependent on how successfully these areas can adapt to rapidly changing circumstances. Despite the realisation that the contexts for urban and regional redistribution had been altered, there was little consensus among scholars as to the form of urbanisation that would emerge in the 1980s and 1990s. With findings from the 1990 US census now in hand, the broad dimensions of the new urbanisation in the US can now be detected. Three of these dimensions appear to be significant and are likely to continue to characterise US urban growth for the next decade. First, there is a return to urbanisation-but not the urbanisation of the 1950s and 1960s. New patterns of urban growth and decline are faster paced. They reflect continuing shifts in industrial structure and favour areas with diversified economies, particularly those engaged in advanced services and knowledge-based industries. Over the 1980s, recreation and retirement centres also did well. However, many small and nonmetropolitan areas, particularly in the interior part of the country, fared poorly under the adverse period influences of the 1980s, and as a result of their dependence on less than competitive industries. Growth prospects for these areas are unstable, at best, unless they can diversify their economic bases. Hence,
Chords in wavelet projection transform space applied to aspect invariant pattern recognition

We describe a local projection transform that uses the discrete and continuous wavelet transforms to represent edge features over multiple scales. High order aspect invariant features are generated from chords in the transform space. A novel noise coding technique binds these features into a coherent pattern. This approach permits a reduction of the dimensionality of the information giving rise to lower processing requirements and thus permitting implementation of automatic target recognition (ATR) on conventional computer architectures.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comprehensive Proteomic Profiling of the Membrane Constituents of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strain

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an infectious microorganism that causes human tuberculosis. The cell membranes of pathogens are known to be rich in possible diagnostic and therapeutic protein targets. To compliment the M. tuberculosis genome, we have profiled the membrane protein fraction of the M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain using an analytical platform that couples one-dimensional SDS gels to a microcapillary liquid chromatography-nanospray-tandem mass spectrometer. As a result, 739 proteins have been identified by two or more distinct peptide sequences and have been characterized. Interestingly, approximately 450 proteins represent novel identifications, 79 of which are membrane proteins and more than 100 of which are membrane-associated proteins. The physicochemical properties of the identified proteins were studied in detail, and then biological functions were obtained by sorting them according to Sanger Institute gene function category. Many membrane proteins were found to be involved in the cell envelope, and those proteins with energy metabolic functions were also identified in this study.
Enhancement of dendrimer-mediated transfection using synthetic lung surfactant exosurf neonatal in vitro.

Pulmonary surfactants enhance adenovirus-mediated gene transfer but inhibit cationic liposome-mediated transfection in lung epithelial cells in vitro. This study examines the effect of the synthetic lung surfactant Exosurf on dendrimer-mediated transfection in eukaryotic cells. Exosurf significantly enhanced dendrimer-luciferase plasmid transfection in a number of cell lines and was very effective in primary cells. Luciferase expression increased up to 40-fold in primary normal human bronchial/tracheal epithelial cells (NHBE). FACScan analysis demonstrated that the transfection rate of the human T cell leukemia Jurkat cell line has significantly improved from 10 to 90% of cells at 24 h after transfection. Analysis of the components of Exosurf revealed that the nonionic surfactant tyloxapol was responsible for the enhancement of dendrimer-mediated gene transfer. The tyloxapol effect was due to increased cell membrane porosity and DNA uptake. Our results demonstrate that Exosurf and its component, tyloxapol, constitute a powerful enhancer for dendrimer-mediated gene transfer in vitro.
Staff Help Develop Cataloging Procedures

Involving the people who will use new procedures daily in developing those procedures is an important aspect of getting the most out of any system. Who better than the daily users of a system to develop and try out new ideas?
Reading Preferences of Urban Students in Grades Four Through Six.

AbstractThis study investigated the preferences of 597 fourth, fifth, and sixth grade pupils for illustrations, settings, and characters similar to and different from their own environment. A questionnaire was prepared with 15 forced choices, ail taken from modern realistic fiction books for children. Five choices were between illustrations and descriptions depicting either the stark, crowded conditions of inner-city living or uncrowded, pleasant conditions in urban or suburban areas. Another five choices were between descriptions of characters with positive and negative self-concepts. The last five choices were between descriptions of characters in positive and negative group interactions. Significant (.001) preferences were expressed for stories or books depicting middle-class settings, characters with positive self-concepts, and characters in positive group interactions. In analyzing the variables of grade, intelligence and sex, significant (.025) differences existed between grades. The results did not...
Conceiving of Pain

In this article we aim to see how far one can get in defending the identity thesis without challenging the inference from conceivability to possibility. Our defence consists of a dilemma for the modal argument. Either “pain” is rigid or it is not. If it is not rigid, then a key premise of the modal argument can be rejected. If it is rigid, the most plausible semantic account treats “pain” as a natural-kind term that refers to its causal or historical origin, namely, C-fibre stimulation. It follows that any phenomenon that is not C-fibre stimulation is not pain, even if it is qualitatively similar to pain. This means there could be phenomena that feel like pain but are not pain since they are not C-fibre stimulation. These possible phenomena can be used to explain away the apparent conceivability of pain without C-fibre stimulation. On either horn of the dilemma, the identity theorist has ample resources to respond to Kripke's argument, even without wandering into the contentious territory of conceivability and possibility.
Dynamic evolution of plasma facing surfaces in NSTX: Impact of impurities and substrate composition on fuel recycling

Abstract Understanding plasma/complex surfaces interactions in NSTX with liquid lithium on thin porous molybdenum substrate for the divertor, additional PFC surfaces such as carbon tiles, and the presence of gases and impurities require integrated implementation and the interplay of detail various physical processes. These include simultaneous and multiple ion species penetration and mixing, scattering, reflection, physical and chemical sputtering and/or compound formation, dynamic surface evolution/modification, thermal diffusion and segregation, and recombination/desorption of species in this multi-component surface composition. We enhanced our ITMC-DYN simulation package combining integrated models for studying the time-dependent dynamic surface evolution under impact of plasma particles to address all phenomena self-consistently. These phenomena include the effect of compounds formation and impurities, specific for NSTX design and conditions, the influence of Mo substrate porosity on Li erosion, mixing, and overall fuel recycling. Simulation results showed that formed lithium compounds, filling porous Mo, would reduce diffusion of deuterium into the bulk that will result in accumulation near the surface region. However, inclusion of a thin layer of impurity compounds on the surface would prevent hydrogen motion to surface and leads to a decrease in recombination and desorption rate.
Brain Enhancement in Tadpoles: Increased DNA Concentration after Somatotrophin or Prolactin

Frog tadpoles, injected with prolactin or somatotrophin during early stages when the brain cell population is rapidly increasing, exhibited marked increases over sham-injected controls in body weight, brain weight, and brain DNA, throughout subsequent development. Animals treated with somatotrophin attained the increase in brain DNA during the infection period. Prolactin had little effect during this period, but brain DNA accumulation continued at an accelerated rate over the next 15 days, when the rate of DNA increment normally declined. Patterns of incorporation of tritiated thymidine confirmed that both hormones increased DNA accumulation, suggesting increased cell proliferation rather than decreased cell death.
Glycogen synthesis from lactate in skeletal muscle of the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis.

The capacity of skeletal muscle to synthesize glycogen from lactate was tested in the iliofibularis muscle of the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Like other reptiles, Dipsosaurus accumulates significant lactic acid concentrations following vigorous exercise. After 5 min of progressively faster treadmill running at 35 degrees C (final speed = 2.2 km/h), blood lactate concentration increased over 14 mM, which decreased 11 mM after 2 h of recovery. Blood glucose concentration remained unchanged throughout at 8.6 +/- 0.46 mM. The role that muscle gluconeogenesis might play in the removal of post-exercise lactate was evaluated. Animals were run to exhaustion at 1.5 km/h on a treadmill thermostatted at 35 degrees C. Animals (n = 43) ran 6.9 +/- 0.75 min prior to exhaustion. Animals were sacrificed and iliofibularis muscles of both hindlimbs removed and stimulated at 2 Hz for 5 min, reducing twitch tension to 6% of prestimulus tension. Fatigued muscles were then split into red and white fiber bundles and incubated 2 h or 5 h at 35 degrees C in Ringer solution or in Ringer plus 20 mM lactate. In muscles tested in August, red fiber bundles incubated in lactate demonstrated a rate of glycogen synthesis of approximately 1 mg/(g muscle . h). In muscles tested in December, red fiber bundles synthesized glycogen at a reduced rate that was not statistically different than in fiber bundles incubated in Ringer solution without lactate. Glycogen synthesis from lactate was not evident in white fiber bundles in either August or December. The period of peak gluconeogenic capacity coincides with the field active season of Dipsosaurus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Database filter: optoelectronic design and implementation

The results of a successful demonstration of the selection module of an optoelectronic parallel-processing database filter is presented. The module utilizes 4 × 4 arrays of and and xor logic gates that respectively perform the functions of reducing the data fields and determining a match between the input data and a selection argument. The logic arrays were fabricated with InGaP/GaAs heterojunction phototransistors that drive vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL’s). The VCSEL’s provide the free-space optical interconnection between stages. The design of the system and the optical power budget are discussed.
Sezary's syndrome: T lymphocyte phenotyping of a skin biopsy using monoclonal antibodies.

Summary. By means of immunoperoxidase histochemistry through monoclonal antibodies, OKT3+ T cells were detected in the cutaneous lesion of a patient with Sezary syndrome. The majority of the infiltrating cells showed positive staining with OKT4 helper cell marker whereas a few OKT8+ cells were also seen. Many OKT6+ Langerhans' cells accumulated in the epidermis overlaying the dermal infiltrate.
Massive and Multiple Posttraumatic Nasal and Frontal Sinus Mucoceles

Canalis et al. in 19781 defined the term mucocele as “a chronic, expansile, cyst-like lesion of the paranasal sinuses which contains sterile, mucoid secretions and is limited by the mucosa of the a...
Hemodynamic responses of horses to anesthesia and surgery, before and after administration of a low dose of endotoxin.

Seven horses, which were part of an investigation of the effect of endotoxin administration on vascular reactivity, were anesthetized on two separate occasions for surgical excision of 4-cm sections of palmar digital artery and vein. On the first occasion, the horses were given an infusion of 1 L 0.9% NaCl solution intravenously (i.v.) just before induction of anesthesia (control); on the second occasion, the horses received an infusion of 1 L 0.9% NaCl containing Escherichia coli endotoxin, 0.1 microgram/kg (endotoxin). On both occasions, anesthesia was induced with xylazine, guaifenesin, and ketamine, and maintained with halothane in oxygen. Hemodynamic measurements were made with the horses under anesthesia immediately before beginning surgery (period 1), during skin incision (period 2), during dissection and excision of the vessels (period 3), during skin suturing (period 4), and after completion of surgery during bandaging (period 5). Hemoglobin concentration and mixed venous oxygen content were greater at all periods in horses that received endotoxin. Otherwise, there were no significant differences in hemodynamic parameters between control horses and horses administered endotoxin before beginning surgery (period 1). During surgery and bandaging, horses administered endotoxin had significantly higher heart rate (periods 3, 4, and 5), cardiac index (periods 3, 4, and 5), and oxygen delivery (periods 2, 3, 4, and 5) than did control horses, and mean arterial blood pressure (period 2) and systemic vascular resistance (periods 2, 3, 4, and 5) were less than in control horses. Compared with period 1, surgical stimulation in control horses was associated with increased mean arterial blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance (periods 2, 3, 4, and 5), but cardiac index and oxygen delivery were decreased (periods 3, 4, and 5).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nonlinear-time-series analysis of chaotic laser dynamics.

We report on the analysis of experiments on a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser with an intracavity frequency-doubling crystal. Three modes of the laser were excited in differing polarization configurations. The total intensity of infrared light was observed and then analyzed using methods of nonlinear-time-series analysis. We present clear evidence using global false nearest neighbors that when all polarizations are parallel, the intensity is chaotic with two positive Lyapunov exponents and the system can be embedded in dimension 7. The noise level in this operating condition, which we call type I chaos, is small. When one of the polarizations is perpendicular to the others, the intensity is again chaotic with positive Lyapunov exponents, but there is substantial noise in the signal of high dimensional origin, and no finite embedding dimension appears possible. We call this type II chaos. We suggest that the origin of this phenomenon is the intrinsic quantum noise associated with the generation of green light, which is 25 times more intense in the type II operating configuration than in the first. In past experiments with this system we have found that the type I chaos can be controlled to unstable periodic orbits while type II cannot. In each type of chaotic laser operation we use local false nearest neighbors to demonstrate that the local dimension of the dynamics is 7. This means seven differential equations can capture the full dynamics of these regimes of the laser. We evaluate local and global false nearest neighbors to support our conclusions and determine the Lyapunov spectrum of each type of chaotic behavior. The predictability of type II chaos is shown to be much less than that of type I, and we make local polynomial models in reconstructed-state space to demonstrate that we can predict rather well for type I chaos. Finally we suggest a fairly standard model for the interaction of the infrared light with the nonlinear frequency doubling medium and with a two-level of the active medium. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Expediting technology transfer with multimedia

Abstract Sociopolitical realities and changes in the economic structure demand that new products and processes be brought to the market place that will create new demands and hence generate well-paying jobs. Fortunately it is not necessary to rely entirely on new research and development (R&D) because a wide variety of prototypes have been developed in our National Laboratories. Thus, the latter could be spawning grounds for a wide variety of commercialization initiatives. Unfortunately, this is not occurring with sufficient alacrity because the existing technology transfer apparatus suffers from communications lethargy. As a corollary our National Laboratories are in jeopardy of atrophying because their defense functions are being reduced. They were built at great costs, sophisticated facilities were created and cadres of renowned researchers were nurtured. They should be preserved for a variety of reasons. In this article we describe how recent information technologies commonly called multimedia and virtual reality could be applied to expedite the technology transfer from the National Laboratories to the commercial sector. We first review major characteristics of technology transfer. Then we comment on why traditional approaches are unlikely to be successful. Finally, we propose a technological approach that can be put in place with minimum cost and effort because the basic components and techniques already exist.
The impact of extreme weather events on Salmonella internalization in lettuce and green onion

Abstract Salmonella internalization is an important issue in raw vegetable consumption because washing usually cannot remove or inactivate the internalized pathogens effectively. In this study, the impact of extreme weather events, drought and heavy rains, caused by climate change on the internalization of Salmonella Typhimurium was investigated. Two leafy green fresh produce, iceberg lettuce and green onion were chosen. Rhizosphere soil inoculation was conducted to mimic the contamination routes via soil and then root uptake. Most internalized S . Typhimurium were found in lettuce leaves and in the root portions of green onion under all three irrigation conditions (optimal, drought, storm). In general, high concentration of soil inoculation facilitated the internalization level in both lettuce and green onion. Under extreme weather conditions, the internalization of S . Typhimurium in lettuce occurred when the soil was contaminated with a high level of bacteria (8–9 log colony forming unit (CFU)/g soil) and under these conditions, the internalization level was higher than the lettuce grown at the optimal water condition, except with 8 log CFU/g contamination (storm). Under drought, the results showed high variation, but the level of internalization of S . Typhimurium in lettuce increased by 16 times (1.21 log CFU/g) and 27 times (1.43 log CFU/g) compared to the optimally irrigated group when the soil was contaminated with 8 log and 9 log CFU/g soil, respectively. Ten-fold increased internalization was observed in the over-irrigated lettuce leaves when the soil was contaminated with 9 log CFU/g soil. The green onion samples showed ~ 4 log CFU/g green onion of S . Typhimurium internalization when exposed to high level of contamination (> 7 log CFU/g soil), which is a much higher internalization rate than the lettuce (average 2–3 log CFU/g). However, from the green onion experiments, no apparent patterns of water stress that affect on the levels on the Salmonella internalization were observed.
In vitro evaluation of difloxacin (A-56619), A-56620, and other 4-quinolones against isolates from cancer patients

The in vitro activity of two new quinolones, difloxacin and A-56620, was compared with that of other quinolones against isolates obtained from bacteremic cancer patients. Both agents had a broad antimicrobial spectrum which included both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. A-56620 had lower MIC values against most organisms tested than difloxacin, and its activity was comparable to that of ciprofloxacin.
Difunctional derivatives of cyanoethylated hydroxystearate

The conversion of the nitrile function of methyl 12-(2-cyanoethoxy)-octadecanoate II to a series of carboxylic acid derivatives has been investigated, and a series of 12 diester derivatives has been prepared. Compound II undergoes decyanoethylation in alkaline medium, and II and its derivatives degenerate in acid medium to a mixture of Δ11 and Δ12 methyltrans-octadecenoates by a concerted process.
EXTINCTION CONDITIONS OF NON-PREMIXED FLAMES WITH FINE DROPLETS OF WATER AND WATER/NaOH SOLUTIONS

Interactions of fine droplets of water and water/NaOH solutions with a steady, laminar counterflow methane/air nonpremixed flame are investigated experimentally and numerically. A water atomizer generating a polydisperse distribution of droplet sizes with a median diameter of 20 lm is used in experiments with steady feed rate. Comparisons of the measured flame extinction condition as a function of droplet mass fraction in the air stream indicate a trend similar to that predicted previously using 20 lm monodisperse water droplets. The hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian numerical model previously developed is generalized to include polydisperse distribution of drop sizes; however, the differences seen between experiments and the numerical predictions at high water mass fractions could not be attributed to variation in size distribution alone. Present experiments support the conclusions of an earlier modeling work that on a mass basis, fine water mist can be as effective as the now-banned gaseous fire suppressant halon 1301. Inclusion of NaOH in water (up to 17.5% by mass) is shown to significantly enhance the fire suppression ability of water by complementing its thermal effects with chemical catalytic radical recombination effects of NaOH.
A semi-automated protein assay for cell cultures

A semi-automated modification of the protein determination procedure of O. H. Lowry, N. J. Rosebrough, A. L. Farr, and R. J. Randall (1951, J. Biol. Chem.193, 265–275) is described. The assay is well suited to the analysis of the protein of adherent cultured cells. The procedure is carried out in 96-well microtest plates on protein solutions of 50 μl or less, and can detect less than 0.5 μg of protein (equivalent to about 103 cultured cells). Optical densities are read and printed by an automatic microplate reader capable of processing 96 samples in less than 2 min.
Modified borehole jack method for elastic property determination in rocks

Modified Borehole Jack Method for Elastic Property Determination in Rocks This paper describes a method of determining thein-situ elastic properties of rock masses with friction-strain gauges and a lengthened borehole jack. The method involves impressing tangentially-oriented friction gauges on opposite quadrants of a borehole wall, while the remaining quadrants are loaded by the borehole jack with a unidirectional self-equilibrating pair of forces. The tangential normal strains generated at the borehole wall are thus measured concurrently with the loading. To determine the modulus of the rock mass, equations were developed relating the measured tangential normal strains and the applied ram pressures. Several factors which may influence the interpretation of data were thoroughly analyzed. It was shown that variations in the pressure distribution and area of plate-wall contact have negligible effects on the accuracy of data interpretation. End effects were minimized by lengthening the jack and carrying out strain measurements at the central region only where stresses and strains are homogeneous and plane strain conditions exist. The new method has the same desirable mechanical and operational features as the well-known Goodman-Jack method. Most important, however, its theoretical basis is exact with no estimated coefficients required in the reduction of observed data. While the method requires an ideal elastic material, it has a number of other applications for in-situ measurements besides modulus determination. The modified method could be utilized for determining linearity, anisotropy, inhomogeneity, tensile strength and, with an additional operation, the in-situ stress field.
Descartes: The probable and the certain

(1989). Descartes: The probable and the certain. History of European Ideas: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 384-385.
STOCHASTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WAVE GROUPS IN RANDOM SEAS - PART 2: FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF WAVE GROUPS

Abstract This paper presents a method to statistically predict the frequency of occurrence of wave groups for a given wave spectrum as the second part of a study on stochastic characteristics of wave groups in random seas. The probability function of the time interval applicable for wave groups is newly derived, and then a method to evaluate the frequency of occurrence in a specified time is developed by applying renewal theory. The results of numerical computations carried out using wave data measured in the North Sea show that the predicted frequency of occurrence of wave groups agrees well with those observed.
Macro-molecular data storage with petabyte/cm3 density, highly parallel read/write operations, and genuine 3D storage capability

Digital information can be encoded in the building-block sequence of macromolecules, such as RNA and single-stranded DNA. Methods of "writing" and "reading" macromolecular strands are currently available, but they are slow and expensive. In an ideal molecular data storage system, routine operations such as write, read, erase, store, and transfer must be done reliably and at high speed within an integrated chip. As a first step toward demonstrating the feasibility of this concept, we report preliminary results of DNA readout experiments conducted in miniaturized chambers that are scalable to even smaller dimensions. We show that translocation of a single-stranded DNA molecule (consisting of 50 adenosine bases followed by 100 cytosine bases) through an ion-channel yields a characteristic signal that is attributable to the 2-segment structure of the molecule. We also examine the dependence of the rate and speed of molecular translocation on the adjustable parameters of the experiment.
Effect of changes in handgun control laws on suicide rates.

Lester (1984) found that in the USA states with the strictest handgun control laws had the lowest proportion of suicides using guns for suicide. This note addresses the issue of whether a change in the handgun control law of a state has an immediate effect on the proportion of suicides using guns. According to Jones and Ray (1980), three states significantly strengthened their handgun control laws in the period 1964-1977: Maryland in 1966, South Carolina in 1973-1975 and Utah in 1973.:! The proportion of suicides using guns for suicide in the three years prior to the change and the three years after the change was calculated and compared to the proportions for the USA as a whole for the same periods. For Maryland, the proportion rose from 45.2% before the change in the handgun control law to 50.9% afterwards as compared to 46.6% and 50.4% for the USA. For South Carolina, the proportion dropped from 80.4% to 77.0% as compared to a rise of 51.5% to 55.8% for the USA. For Utah, the proportion rose from 60.6% to 61.3% as compared to 5 1.5% and 55.2% for the USA. There appears to be no consistent change in the proportion of suicides using guns in the 3-yr. period immediately after a strengthening in a state's handgun control law.
The Saving of the Elderly in Micro and Macro Data

Examination of household (micro) data on the elderly has generally concluded that they do not dissave significantly, whereas estimates using aggregate (macro) data have shown that the presence of a large elderly population leads to a lower saving rate. This paper shows that if interactions between generations are important, one would not expect these estimates to be the same. The paper presents new evidence that bequests are plausibly the source of this discrepancy. Examination of data from young households that have received or expect bequests confirms that bequests are indeed an important factor determining the saving of the young.
Three-Dimensional Application of Damas Methodology for Aeroacoustic Noise Source Definition

At the 2004 AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustic Conference, a breakthrough in acoustic microphone array technology was reported by the authors. A Deconvolution Approach for the Mapping of Acoustic Sources (DAMAS) was developed which decouples the array design and processing influence from the noise being measured, using a simple and robust algorithm. For several prior airframe noise studies, it was shown to permit an unambiguous and accurate determination of acoustic source position and strength. As a follow-on effort, this paper examines the technique for three-dimensional (3D) applications. First, the beamforming ability for arrays, of different size and design, to focus longitudinally and laterally is examined for a range of source positions and frequency. Advantage is found for larger array designs with higher density microphone distributions towards the center. After defining a 3D grid generalized with respect to the array s beamforming characteristics, DAMAS is employed in simulated and experimental noise test cases. It is found that spatial resolution is much less sharp in the longitudinal direction in front of the array compared to side-to-side lateral resolution. 3D DAMAS becomes useful for sufficiently large arrays at sufficiently high frequency. But, such can be a challenge to computational capabilities, with regard to the required expanse and number of grid points. Also, larger arrays can strain basic physical modeling assumptions that DAMAS and all traditional array methodologies use. An important experimental result is that turbulent shear layers can negatively impact attainable beamforming resolution. Still, the usefulness of 3D DAMAS is demonstrated by the measurement of landing gear noise source distributions in a difficult hard-wall wind tunnel environment.
Transient magnetic resonance imaging signal alterations in the brainstem after microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: We present a case of transient signal alterations along the brainstem path of the trigeminal nerve after microvascular decompression in a patient with trigeminal neuralgia. Such signal changes have been previously reported to represent infarction, but in our patient, they seemed to represent reactive neural and nuclear changes attributable to operative manipulation. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 43-years-old woman presented with gradually increasing, medicaly refractory recurrent trigeminal neuralgia 16 months after initial successful microvascular decompression for trigemina neuralgia. Report microvascular decompression resulted initially in complete pain relief, however, her pain suddenly returned on the 3rd postoperative day. Magnetic resonance imaging (MR) of this recurrent pain revealed new signal alterations along the brainstem path of the trigeminal nerve. Other than marked reduction in her trigeminal neuralgia, the patient has no postoperative alterations of trigeminal sensory or motor function. INTERVENTION: The patients residant postoperative trigeminal neuralgia was successfully treated with carbamazepine. Because of the absence of worrisome signs and symptoms corresponding to the MRI signal alterations, no additional therapy was elected. Follow-up MRI in 1 month resealed near-complete resolution of the postoperative signal alterations along the brainstem path of the trigeminal nerve. CONCLUSION: MRI signal alterations along the brainstem path of the trigeminal serve after microvascular decompression may be only reactive and do not always represent infarction. Depending on the clinical picture, observation may be all that is necessary in such cases.
Primary amenorrhea and absent uterus in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome

The classic clinical features in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome are congenital heart defects, hypocalcemia, immunodeficiency, learning, speech, and behavioral difficulties. The phenotype is highly variable and continues to expand. We present two cases of absent uterus and unilateral renal agenesis in females with the 22q11.2 deletion. Clinicians caring for these adolescents should be aware of the possibility of renal anomalies and Mullerian agenesis. The diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion may be considered in a female with Mullerian agenesis, particularly, in association with a history of learning difficulties and speech delay.
Guanine-Nucleotide Exchange Protein C3G Activates JNK1 by a Ras-independent Mechanism JNK1 ACTIVATION INHIBITED BY KINASE NEGATIVE FORMS OF MLK3 AND DLK MIXED LINEAGE KINASES

Recently we have reported that the adaptor protein Crk transmits signals to c-Jun kinase (JNK) through C3G, a guanine-nucleotide exchange protein for the Ras family of small G proteins. Transient expression of C3G in 293T cells induced JNK1 activation without a significant effect on extracellular signal-related kinase 1 (ERK1), whereas mSos1 activated equally both JNK1 and ERK1. Coexpression of the dominant negative form of Ras-N17 did not suppress C3G-induced JNK1 activation but reduced the activity of JNK1 induced by mSos1, suggesting that Ras is not required for JNK activation by C3G. Ras-independent activation of JNK was supported by the finding that C3G-induced JNK activation was not inhibited by the dominant negative forms of Rac or Pak, which are components of the signaling pathway from Ras leading to JNK activation. In contrast, C3G-induced JNK1 activation was strongly inhibited by coexpression of the kinase negative forms of the mixed lineage kinase (MLK) family of proteins, MLK3 and dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK). In addition, MLK3-induced JNK1 activation was found to be suppressed by the kinase negative form of DLK, which bound to MLK3. These results suggest that C3G activates JNK1 through a pathway involving the MLK family of proteins.
As Easy as Pie: Cooking Shows, Domestic Efficiency, and Postfeminist Temporality

This article examines how the media define women's experience of time in the postfeminist context through analysis of the popular Food Network program 30 Minute Meals. In a context in which women attempt to “have it all,” the media expose anxieties about and offer solutions for how women should balance home and work demands. Contemporary representations of domesticity on television present the home as radically affected by the temporal logic of the working world. By interrogating 30 Minute Meals's real-time narrative structure alongside the marketing strategies of stores like Crate and Barrel, this article argues that postfeminist media propose contradictory remedies to the contemporary “time crunch” in the form of rational and efficient time management and nostalgia for an imagined past in which women had endless amounts of time. Studying how the media represent women's time is crucial to understanding definitions of femininity and women's labor and leisure in the postfeminist context.
A slide test for detecting neutrophil‐associated complement components

Complement components deposited on neutrophils were detected by a new test that uses staphylococcal protein A and antisera against complement. Serum from three of 51 patients thought to have immune neutropenia deposited complement but not IgG on their own and normal neutrophils. Some cases of immune neutropenia may be caused primarily by complement-mediated neutrophil destruction.