cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slides, Slumps, Debris Flows, and Turbidity Currents

The world’s oceans and continental margins remain a research frontier because of their importance to petroleum exploration and their link to catastrophic submarine mass movements (geohazards). Sediment failures near the shelf edge are the common cause of gravity-driven downslope processes, such as slides, slumps, debris flows, and turbidity currents. Slumps and slides move downslope as a coherent mass. A slide moves on a planar glide plane and shows no internal deformation, whereas a slump moves on a concave-up glide plane and undergoes rotational movements causing internal deformation. A downslope increase in mass disaggregation results in the transformation of slumps into debris flows. Sediment in debris flows is transported as incoherent mass. Debris flows are characterized by plastic rheology and laminar state. With increasing fluid content, plastic debris flows tend to become fluidal turbidity currents. Turbidity currents are characterized by Newtonian (fluidal) rheology and turbulent state. In the world’s oceans, all four processes are important. Seismic profiles and bathymetric images of seafloor are useful for recognizing mass transport as a general category; however, distinguishing a specific process (e.g., slide from slump) requires detailed examination of sedimentological features in core and outcrop.
Why Does Corporate Governance Explain Credit Spreads

This study explores a number of alternative explanations for the relation between credit spreads and governance. These include the overinvestment story in Li (2007), the information quality story of Duffie and Lando (2001) and an information asymmetry hypothesis based on the findings in Ferreira and Laux (2007). First, we find an economically weak negative relation between overinvestment and CDS spreads. This is consistent with Li (2007). Second, we find that credit spreads are increasing in information imprecision, as measured by analyst forecast errors. This is consistent with the notion that poor governance increases firms' disclosure quality and thus decreases credit spreads by the channel suggested in Duffie and Lando (2001). However, neither overinvestment nor information quality appear to explain the relation between governance and credit spreads. Finally, we find that proxies for liquidity in the CDS market are strongly related to CDS spreads. More significantly, we find that in the presence of our CDS market liquidity variables, the G-index has neither an economically nor statistically significant relation to CDS spreads. We argue, based on the findings in Ferreira and Laux (2007), that this consistent with the notion that the increased information production associated with low G-index firms makes bond dealers reluctant to post quotes for these firms, thereby reducing the liquidity of the CDS market and raising the level of the CDS spreads.
Are animal models of vasculitis suitable tools

Several rodent models have been proposed for various forms of systemic vasculitis. The MRL-lpr mouse has been studied extensively as a model for systemic lupus erythematosus. Backcross experiments in combination with genetic linkage studies have firmly established that the phenotype of autoimmune disease is dependent on the combination of various background genes. It has also become apparent that environmental factors, particularly infections, modulate the disease phenotype. Specific interventions, such as the treatment of Brown Norway rats with agents resulting in polyclonal B cell stimulation or immunization with human myeloperoxidase and subsequent localized perfusion with neutrophil lysosomal extract and H2O2, have provided substantial insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to the development of vasculitis and glomerulonephritis. Even though the existing models may not exactly mirror any specific human disease, they offer reproducible, highly controlled conditions to answer specific questions about pathogenesis and novel therapeutic approaches.
Swimmer’s Shoulder

The shoulder is the joint most subjected to repetitive microtrauma in swimming. This results in clinical manifestations of subacromial encroachment. The anatomy, radiographic changes, clinical findings, and histopathology of this disease process are discussed. The role of conservative exercises used in prevention as well as the role of surgical decompression of the subacromial space is explained.
The effect of gastric augmentation on bladder function.

AbstractGastrocystoplasty was performed in 29 female and 14 male patients 1 to 23 years old (average age 11 years). Urodynamic studies were completed in 20 patients preoperatively and within 6 months postoperatively. When postoperative studies were compared with the preoperative evaluation, it was noted that overall capacity increased an average of 220% (range 20 to 750%). Compliance also improved dramatically postoperatively. Bladder pressures increased from a mean volume of 34% of capacity preoperatively to 73% of the post-augment capacity. The average maximum filling pressure decreased by 32%, from 57 to 39cm. water. Uninhibited contractions resolved completely in 6 of 10 patients who had them preoperatively. No one had uninhibited contractions postoperatively. Cyclical contractions of the stomach segment not exceeding 50cm. water developed in 6 patients.The gastric patch seems to be an adequate source for improving the dynamics of a poorly functioning detrusor muscle in most patients. When a diamond-s...
Effect of surface preparation of copper on spin-coating driven self- assembly of fullerene molecules

In this work, spin coating driven self-assembly of C60 fullerenes on copper based substrates has been investigated. In particular, the substrates investigated include chemically and thermally pre- treated copper, electropolished copper and graphene coated copper. Further, the dependence of spin-coating conditions involving solutions of fullerenes dissolved in toluene is examined. The investigations show that graphene coated copper offers the best ability to obtain rod-like self-assemblies of fullerene. For the graphene coated copper system, the shape of the rods remains independent of the rotation speed, while only the length of the self-assembled rods decrease as a function of rotation speed; however, on the other substrates, there is a transition from larger rod- like self-assembly at lower speeds to smaller agglomerates/islands at higher speeds. The stable formation of fullerene rods on graphene on copper is attributed to the graphene corrugations on copper, which serve as stable nucleation sites, from which the growth of rods occur, promoted by toluene. This ability to control the size of the fullerene rods in a systematic fashion provides new avenues for utilizing the rods as potential interconnects in integrated circuits. Display Omitted The formation of fullerene self-assemblies on copper based substrates was demonstrated using spin-coating.Size, shape and morphology of the fullerene self-assemblies strongly depend on copper surface preparation as well as spin-coating conditions.Fullerene rods can be obtained in a controllable fashion on graphene coated copper substrates with the spin-speed governing the size of the rods.
445. A Delectable Lentiviral Vector System for Testing Oncogene Addiction in Hematological Malignancies

Mouse models of hematological malignancies can be established by overexpressing oncogenes in hematopoietic cells followed by transplantation. It is often unclear whether the oncogene is only necessary for initiating the malignancies or if it is also required for maintenance, known as oncogene addiction. An addicted oncogene could then serve as target for therapy. We have developed a dual lentiviral vector system to distinguish these possibilities. We chose the oncogene LMO2 as our model because it is involved in a number of leukemias caused by gamma-retroviral vector insertion in gene therapy of SCID-X1 and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Our previous studies showed that overexpression of LMO2 using a gamma-retroviral vector in early thymic progenitors (ETP) caused a differentiation block at the DN2 stage of development and subsequent transplant of these cells gave rise to leukemia with 100% penetrance in mice. We inserted the LoxP sequence into the 3’ U3 region of a self-inactivating CL20 lentiviral backbone and subcloned a MSCV-LMO2-i-GFP expression cassette into the vector (Fig 1A) to make a CL20-tLMO2-i-GFP vector. To deliver Cre recombinase in an inducible fashion, we constructed a second lentiviral vector in which a MSCV-CreERT2-i-mCherry expression cassette is inserted. Vectors were made by transiently transfecting 293T cells and the unconcentrated titer of these vectors were 2E6 and 3E6 TU/ml, respectively. We first tested these vectors in NIH3T3 cells. NIH3T3 cells transduced with these two vectors were subsequently sorted for GFP+mCherry+ double positive cells. We then treated the cells with various concentrations of 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) to induce nuclear entry of Cre recombinase in order to delete the MSCV-LMO2-i-GFP expression cassette. Seven days later, 79.3% of the cells lost GFP expression in the group that was treated with 100nM 4-OHT (Fig 1B), indicating efficient cassette deletion. The loss of LMO2 protein is also confirmed by Western blot (Fig 1C). We then transduced ETP cells with the CL20-tLMO2-i-GFP vector and cultured the cells on an OP9-DL1 stroma expressing the Delta-like ligand DL1 to induce differentiation. At day 14, 90.5% of the transduced cells were blocked at the DN2 stage, demonstrating that this deletable lentiviral vector was able to express sufficient levels of LMO2 to induce the DN2 block (Fig 1D). These cells have been transplanted into sublethally irradiated Rag2-/-IL2rg-/- mice to establish the leukemia. One leukemia has been established with a GFP+ tumor, enlarged spleen of 0.534g and an erythroid phenotype as analyzed via flow cytometry. Tumor cells have been transduced with CreERT2 vector for secondary transplant and treatment with tamoxifen to establish whether LMO2 is required for tumor maintainence. In summary, we have established a dual lentiviral vector system that can be used conveniently to study oncogene addiction in hematological malignancies. View Large Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
The impact of child and family stressors on the self-rated health of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder: Associations with depressed mood over a 12-year period

Employing a cohort sequential design and multilevel modeling, the effects of child and family stressors and maternal depressed mood on the self-rated health of 110 mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder were assessed over a 12-year period when children in the study were 7–19 years old. Findings indicate a significant decline in self-rated health over time. In addition, child and family stressors, as well as maternal depressed mood, exerted significant between-persons effects on self-rated health such that mothers who reported more stressors and depressed mood across the study period were less likely to rate themselves in better health across that period. In addition, a significant within-person relationship between maternal depressed mood and self-rated health was found, indicating that at times when mothers reported higher levels of depressed mood than usual (their personal average across the study), they were significantly less likely to report better self-rated health. Finally, maternal depr...
THE INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRY CHANGES ON THE LOAD-DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF PLASTIC SOLIDS*

Summary A boundary value problem concerning the rates of stress and velocities constitutes the basis for the study of quasi-static deformations of plastic solids. In the present paper this problem and the associated criteria of uniqueness and stability are formulated with due regard to geometry changes for the simple case of plane curved beams. The formulation presented here contains the essential features of the general problem for plastic continua and it can be extended to apply to more complicated structures such as plates and shells.
Energizing Subject Guide Service with Web 2.0

This article will use LibGuides as an example to illustrate how a Web 2.0 platform can energize the subject guide service and give librarians an edge in expanding their roles. Topics to be discussed will include a brief introduction to LibGuides and its capabilities to energize subject guide creation, how it has been used by academic libraries, how it is used in Maxwell Library in expanding librarian's role, and finally its implications on librarianship.
NEURAL NETWORK BASED SELECTION OF DYNAMIC SYSTEM PARAMETERS

The present paper explores the use of a global response technique utilizing a neurocomputing paradigm to the solution of an inverse eigenvalue problem. For a given vibratory system, the problem is ...
A Replicable Evaluation Method of Social Entrepreneurship Centers and Programs

Prominent social entrepreneurship centers and programs in North America, Europe, and Asia are examined in terms of their position in the institutional structure, initial and additional funding, teaching initiatives, research achievements, and outreach activities. We computed performance by using a transparent coding scheme. Low correlations with institutional endowment and social entrepreneurship center/program performance offer evidence of discriminant validity of our ranking approach. Performance scores were used to rank-order social entrepreneurship centers/programs. Such an approach to examine social entrepreneurship center/program performance goes beyond the perception-based ranking instruments that popular magazines employ to evaluate subject-specific rankings. We examined data from 28 centers/programs and, in addition to an unweighted approach to ranking, we computed regression-weighted ranking of these centers/programs. The ranking instrument has strong discriminant validity and moderate inter-item reliability. With quickly growing numbers of centers/programs and associated faculty, additional attention and evaluation may be needed for related activities including role modeling, student mentoring by practitioners, and resultant social ventures. Implications for social entrepreneurship centers/programs, social entrepreneurs, social entrepreneurship scholars, and funders are discussed.
Interventions to Support Social Communication Skills

Social communication skills include the words and actions individuals use during social interactions. Evidence-based intervention programs and strategies to support the development of effective social communication skills are reviewed.
Social comparisons in eating disorder recovery: Using PhotoVoice to capture the sociocultural influences on women's recovery

Objective This qualitative study draws on a photo-elicitation method ("PhotoVoice") and semistructured interviews to examine the role of social comparison during the eating disorder (ED) recovery process. Method Thirty U.S. women in self-defined recovery, ages 18-35, used photography to capture personally meaningful social and cultural influences on their recovery, including factors supporting, and hindering their recovery process. Participants then shared these photographs with the research team, and described them in detail. Results Photographs and interviews were examined for social comparisons using thematic analysis, and two broad categories emerged: recovery-promoting and recovery-hindering comparisons. Across the 30 interviews, participants reported 143 recovery hindering comparisons and 100 recovery promoting comparisons. The vast majority of comparisons involved friends and media personalities, and took place in vivo or on social media platforms. The presence of "upward" and "downward" food and body comparisons that both support and hinder recovery suggests that social comparisons during the recovery process are more nuanced than previously known. Discussion The classically ascribed uses of comparison in social comparison theory do not appear to hold for women in ED recovery. Comparisons should be encouraged in treatment and interventions if and only if the comparisons are meant to support the recovery process.
Member-sponsored projects: a case study in a graduate operations management course

Client-sponsored projects are recognised as a powerful experiential learning tool in business education. However, instructors tend to avoid them due to a number of major obstacles. In order to overcome the shortcomings of traditional client-sponsored projects, we introduce a different type of client-sponsored project: member-sponsored group operations projects using a group member as the client. This article describes the structure of this project and how it was implemented in an MBA operations management core course and explains its distinctive features and strengths in comparison to traditional client-sponsored projects, from the instructors' perspective. The projects completed by the students, as well as the post-project face-to-face interviews with students, revealed that this pedagogical tool captures the nuances of immersion into an actual business environment. The projects enhanced students' learning and have major advantages, compared with traditional client-sponsored projects. This article concludes with the limitations of the study, implications for instructors and suggestions for future research.
Precision medicine for the discovery of treatable mechanisms in severe asthma

Although the complex disease of asthma has been defined as being heterogeneous, the extent of its endophenotypes remains unclear. The pharmacological approach to initiating treatment has, until recently, been based on disease control and severity. The introduction of antibody therapies targeting the Type 2 inflammation pathway for patients with severe asthma has resulted in the recognition of an allergic and an eosinophilic phenotype, which are not mutually exclusive. Concomitantly, molecular phenotyping based on a transcriptomic analysis of bronchial epithelial and sputum cells has identified a Type 2 high inflammation cluster characterized by eosinophilia and recurrent exacerbations, as well as Type 2 low clusters linked with IL-6 trans-signalling, interferon pathways, inflammasome activation and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathways. Systems biology approaches are establishing the links between these pathways or mechanisms, and clinical and physiologic features. Validation of these pathways contributes to defining endotypes and treatable mechanisms. Precision medicine approaches are necessary to link treatable mechanisms with treatable traits and biomarkers derived from clinical, physiologic and inflammatory features of clinical phenotypes. The deep molecular phenotyping of airway samples along with noninvasive biomarkers linked to bioinformatic and machine learning techniques will enable the rapid detection of molecular mechanisms that transgresses beyond the concept of treatable traits.
Ultrasound Elastography to Quantify Liver Disease Severity in Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease.

Objectives To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound elastography with acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) to detect congenital hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension in children with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Study design Cross-sectional study of 25 children with ARPKD and 24 healthy controls. Ultrasound ARFI elastography (Acuson S3000, Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc, Malvern, Pennsylvania) was performed to measure shear wave speed (SWS) in the right and left liver lobes and the spleen. Liver and spleen SWS were compared in controls vs ARPKD, and ARPKD without vs with portal hypertension. Linear correlations between liver and spleen SWS, spleen length, and platelet counts were analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to evaluate diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound ARFI elastography. Results Participants with ARPKD had significantly higher median liver and spleen SWS than controls. At a proposed SWS cut-off value of 1.56 m/s, the left liver lobe had the highest sensitivity (92%) and specificity (96%) for distinguishing participants with ARPKD from controls (receiver operating characteristic area 0.92; 95% CI 0.82-1.00). Participants with ARPKD with portal hypertension (splenomegaly and low platelet counts) had significantly higher median liver and spleen stiffness than those without portal hypertension. The left liver lobe also had the highest sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing subjects with ARPKD with portal hypertension. Conclusions Ultrasound ARFI elastography of the liver and spleen, particularly of the left liver lobe, is a useful noninvasive biomarker to detect and quantify liver fibrosis and portal hypertension in children with ARPKD.
The Green City

The contemporary intersectional feminist movement coheres around a vision of the green city as an urban center that integrates nonhuman nature in order to sustain a healthy and diverse human community. The green city topos germinated in the work of Lydia Maria Child, who drew on a prior tradition of feminist advocacy for women’s bodily access to open public space as she developed an environmental feminist analysis of sexism and capitalism. In antebellum print culture, cities were represented as dens of iniquity, but Child developed a powerful counter-image in her Letters from New-York. In these street dispatches she offers a subjunctive picture of New York as a patchy and complex ecosocial environment that is enlivened by surviving or restored pockets of nature as well as by promising examples of social diversity and cooperation. According to Child, modern cities physically prevent all classes of people from making restorative contact with the soil. She suggests that transforming a denatured society will involve redesigning the core space of capitalist modernity, the commercial city, in order to systematically integrate nature into our built environment.
Open-source 3D printed air-jet for generating monodispersed alginate microhydrogels

Abstract Open-source designs represent an attractive and new tool for research as it provides both affordable and accessible options to the lab environment. In particular, with the advent of new and cheap additive manufacturing technologies, the open-source design of lab hardware enables others to perform research that would be difficult otherwise. This manuscript describes an air-jet system designed to be open-source and simple to produce with 3D printing. The fully 3D printed air-jet was designed for the generation of hydrogel microbeads of a controllable size. Alginate microbeads were used as a working model, given that it has many promising research applications due to their injectability and highly reproducible properties. A fit definitive design of experiments was performed to determine critical factors affecting diameter, index of dispersity, and circularity of microbeads from this air-jet design. By regulating alginate concentration, air pressure, pump speed, and needle diameter could achieve control over microbeads size from 200-800 µm with low variance. Furthermore, we also demonstrate the potential probiotic research applications of the open-source air-jet through the encapsulation of bacteria in alginate microbeads with controllable degradation. The results of this study exhibit an open-source platform for making microscale biomaterials with controllable properties that can be achieved through budget 3D printers.
The influence of laterality, sex and family history on clubfoot severity.

Abstract Purpose Epidemiological studies on idiopathic clubfeet have shown a typical distribution consistent across ethnic groups: bilaterality in about 50% of cases and a male to female ratio of 2...
Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging as surveillance for subsequent malignancies in preadolescent, adolescent, and young adult survivors of germline retinoblastoma: An update.

Background Germline retinoblastoma (Rb) survivors are at lifelong risk for developing subsequent malignancies (SMNs). Optimal surveillance modalities are needed to detect SMN at an early stage in this high-risk cohort. We investigated the use of rapid whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) as a noninvasive screening modality in this cohort. Procedure WB-MRI was performed in asymptomatic preadolescent, adolescent, or young adult survivors of germline Rb from February 1, 2008 to December 31, 2018 at a tertiary cancer center. We calculated sensitivity and specificity of WB-MRI and rate of false-positive findings requiring additional evaluation. Results Overall, 110 WB-MRI were performed in 47 germline Rb survivors (51% female; median age at initial WB-MRI: 15.5 years [range 8-25.3]). Patients received 1-10 annual WB-MRI examinations (median: two). Thirteen patients had an abnormal WB-MRI; three findings were deemed to be likely benign and were not evaluated further. Ten patients required dedicated imaging and three required biopsy; two patients were diagnosed with localized high-grade osteosarcoma, while the other eight had benign findings. One patient was diagnosed with secondary osteosarcoma 3 months after normal WB-MRI. In total, there were 96 true negatives, 11 false positives, two true positives, and one false negative. The sensitivity of WB-MRI in this cohort was 66.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.2-96.0) and the specificity was 89.7% (95% CI, 83.6-93.7). Conclusions Based on our 10-year experience, surveillance WB-MRI appears to have limited utility as a surveillance modality for SMN in germline Rb survivors. Alternate screening modalities should be investigated.
Telemedicine in Pediatrics: Possibilities and Pitfalls

1. Angela L. Chandler, MD* 2. Jared C. Beavers, MD* 3. Richard Whit Hall, MD* 1. *University of Arkansas for Medical Science and Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock, AR Telemedicine has been defined as “the use of medical information exchanged from one site to another via electronic communications to improve a patient’s clinical health status.” The most common clinical application and the greatest potential of telemedicine lie in its ability to connect patients with providers in underserved areas with pediatric subspecialists, saving time and travel expenses for the patient while supporting community providers. Educational applications lie in the ability to connect academic with community practices, allowing bidirectional flow of information. Research applications include the ability to recruit patients and engage community providers as well as study an intervention’s usefulness in the community. Subsequently, telemedicine can be used to disseminate research findings. A growing area for telemedicine is commercially available direct access for patients, but this application will need modification. Barriers to wider adoption do exist, including technical issues, which are typically less significant, time demands and reluctance by providers, and reimbursement and political concerns such as licensing issues, which vary from state to state. Telemedicine provides an avenue to imbed general pediatric care in the community. Many programs have been able to implement telemedicine in schools, child care centers, summer camps, youth homes, and juvenile detention centers. Despite initial concerns regarding lack of communication with the primary care physician, telemedicine, when used in the context of the medical home, has significant advantages: enhanced patient satisfaction, cost savings, fewer emergency department visits, and less time off work for parents. Current subspecialty uses for telemedicine include pediatric dermatology, emergency medicine, intensive care, neonatology, cardiology, surgery, and psychiatry. The primary benefit for patients who receive pediatric subspecialty care via telemedicine is …
Challenge for Society of Scale and Speed of Technological Change

Let us imagine that it is 1895. Telegraphy and telephony are well established. Common forms of transportation include ships, canals, railroads, horses and horse drawn carts.
Abstract P520: Infarct Growth Rate is an Independent Predictor of Poor Outcome and Mortality After Mechanical Thrombectomy With Successful Reperfusion

Introduction: Despite treatment with mechanical thrombectomy (MT), some patients fail to regain functional independence at 90 days. The growth of the ischemic core varies across patients, and likel...
Echoes of Terrorism in Today’s U.S. Classrooms: A Re-Reading of Media Used to Teach about 9/11

Nearly 20 years after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on New York, Washington D.C., and Shanksville, PA there is a yearly ritual in a majority of US Schools. On the anniversary each year, teachers and students across the US learn about the attacks and memorialize the events. In many classrooms this is done through witnessing the events much like in 2001 for most of the world – through watching news or documentary footage of the events. In this article I use Hall’s concepts of encoding and decoding as well and socio-cultural theories to read these media representations both in the context of 2001 and again 20 years later to understand how these events are placed into broader narratives of US history. Many teachers today focus on the shock and horror of the events, an approach I argue is problematic as the affective response is emphasized over the historical context and consequences. Instead of using these media to foster collective memory, they could instead be viewed as primary sources to inquire into the historical context of the events and response in the form of the Global War on Terror. This approach would allow students to better understand the events leading to the attacks and the impact that the resulting responses by the US and other Western nations have had on their lives and the lives of others around the globe (e.g., Islamaphobia). After 20 years of conflict after these attacks it is time to both remember the victims of 9/11 as well as understand why it happened and the global toll of the response.
Bakhtin and the actor (with constant reference to Shakespeare)

The Bakhtin we know best is something of a lyricophobe and theatrophobe. This is surprising, since he loves the act of looking. His scenarios rely on visualized, collaborative communion. He cares deeply about embodiment. Does he care about the tasks that confront the actor? Not the improvising clown of carnival (carnival is theater only in the broad sense of performance art), but the trained artist who performs a play script on stage? In discussing these questions, this essay draws on two suggestive places in Bakhtin’s writing where he addresses the actor’s art. One is from the mid-1920s; the other (1944), is on Shakespearean tragedy. If Bakhtin has a theatrical imagination, it will be found here. His grasp of an actor “living in” to a role and his comments on the evolution of the European stage cast his better-known ideas of dialogue, comedy, seriousness and the sacred into unexpected perspective.
Double-Diffusive Convection

One of the distinguishing features of mixing in the ocean is that it is quite commonly unstable to double-diffusive instabilities. These arise because of the two orders of magnitude difference between the thermal conductivity of water and the diffusivity of dissolved salts, and the tendency of gradients of temperature and salinity to oppose one another in their effects on density. This leads to a number of counter-intuitive effects, such as up-gradient density fluxes, especially when heat and salt contrasts make nearly equal contributions to the vertical buoyancy structure. This situation contrasts with atmospheric mixing, where the two buoyancy-affecting elements of heat and humidity have nearly the same diffusivities.
Maldynia or Malocchio

In the editorial Chronification to Maldynia [1] in Pain Med. 2011;993–5, naming issues are raised. Suggesting that the adjective, chronic , should, by itself , label pain or other symptom complexes as diseases rather than disorders or states is in the arena of medical or medical insurance bureaucracy. Or, it may be thought to be a way to officially elevate the medical status of pain in all of its expressions. Maldynia is being proposed as the replacement for syndromes of chronic pain. It has the flavor of an attempt, again, to serve as this era's escape from full and open discussion of a major feature of the suffering processes, which accompany so many of these chronic pain …
Step-logic and the three-wise-men problem

The kind of resource limitation that is most evident in commonsense reasoners is the passage of time while the reasoner reasons. There is not necessarily any fixed and final set of consequences with which such a reasoning agent ends up. In formalizing commonsense reasoners, then, one must be able to take into account that time is passing as the reasoner is reasoning. The reasoner can then make use of such information in subsequent deductions. Step-logic is such a formalism. It was developed in [Elgot-Drapldn, 1988] to model the on-going process of deduction. Conclusions are drawn step-by-step. There is no "final" state of reasoning; the emphasis is on intermediate conclusions. In this paper we use step-logic to model the Three-wisemen Problem. Although others have formalized this problem, they have ignored the time aspect that is inherent in the problem: a correct assessment of the situation is made by recognizing that the reasoning process takes time and determining that the other wise men would have concluded such and such by now. This is an important aspect of the problem that needs to be addressed.
Diffraction Analysis of Two-dimensional Pupil Mapping for High-Contrast Imaging

Pupil-mapping is a technique whereby a uniformly-illuminated input pupil, such as from starlight, can be mapped into a non-uniformly illuminated exit pupil, such that the image formed from this pupil will have suppressed sidelobes, many orders of magnitude weaker than classical Airy ring intensities. Pupil mapping is therefore a candidate technique for coronagraphic imaging of extrasolar planets around nearby stars. Unlike most other high-contrast imaging techniques, pupil mapping is lossless and preserves the full angular resolution of the collecting telescope. So, it could possibly give the highest signal-to-noise ratio of any proposed s ingle-telescope system for detecting extrasolar planets. Prior analyses based on pupi l-to-pupil ray-tracing indicate that a planet fainter than 10 10 times its parent star, and as close as about 2�/D, should be detectable. In this paper, we describe the results of careful diffraction analysis of pupil mapping systems. These results reveal a serious unresolved issue. Namely, high-contrast pupil mappings distribute light from very near the edge of the first pupil to a broad area of the second pupil and this dramatically amplifies diffraction-based edge effects resulting in a limiting attainable contrast of about 10 5 . We hope that by identifying this problem others will provide a solution.
Production of zoogloea gum by Zoogloea ramigerawith glucose analogs

Zooglans with altered sugar composition were synthesized by Zoogloea ramigera by varying the glucose concentration and initial medium pH. The relative mol % of the sugar components, glucose and galactose, in the exopolymer made with 2% (w/v) glucose as the carbon source was 66 and 34%, respectively. By varying the glucose concentration and initial medium pH, the mol % ratios of glucose to galactose in zooglan ranged from 70 : 30 to 58 : 42. Also, glucose analogs, 3- O-methyl-D-glucose, 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, were used as a co-substrate with glucose to produce modified zooglans. The mol % ratios of glucose to galactose in exopolymers produced by co-feeding glucose analogs ranged from 70 : 30 to 9 : 91.
Tryptophan Synthetase β2 Subunit PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF THE PYRIDOXYL PEPTIDE FROM THE ESCHERICHIA COLI ENZYME

Abstract Radioactivity incorporated into an e-N-5'-phosphopyridoxyllysine residue of the β chain by reduction of the β2 holoenzyme with tritiated sodium borohydride appears in two tryptic peptides. These pyridoxyl peptides differ by only a single arginyl residue. As expected, tryptic digests of normal protein contain two peptides that together make up the pyridoxyl peptide region. The primary structure in this region was determined to be: [see PDF for sequence].
Gregor Mendel and the Laws of Evolution

A travers les travaux en botanique de Franz Unger, l'A. analyse la place des lois de Mendel dans la recherche botanique autrichienne du XIX e siecle
Laboratory Studies of Planetary Molecules and Ices: The Case of IO

The techniques of low temperature spectroscopy are applied here to analyze infrared observational data of 10 in the 2.0-5.0 μm range. The presence of solid H2S and traces of H2O in the SO2-dominant surface ices are derived from this analysis and it is suggested that CO2 clusters may as well be present near the surface of Io.
Infrared Observations of the Planets

Although infrared detectors were first trained on the planets many years ago, recent dramatic improvements in the sensitivity and sophistication of the instruments is resulting in surprising and fundamental discoveries. The inner planets and their satellites are in the process of a thorough exploration by spacecraft. However, it is the outer planets-so foreign from the earth—that hold the greatest fascination for many of us, and study of the infrared emission of these objects still depends largely on earthbased telescopes. Infrared observations are currently having a fundamental impact in a number of areas of outer solar system research. Four of these areas are discussed below—the nature of comets, the structure of the atmospheres of the outer planets, the surfaces of small bodies in the outer solar system, and the contraction history of the outer planets.
Long-term outcomes in breast cancer patients undergoing immediate 2-stage expander/implant reconstruction and postmastectomy radiation.

BACKGROUND: Breast reconstruction with tissue expander (TE)/permanent implant (PI) followed by postmastectomy radiation (PMRT) is an increasingly popular treatment for breast cancer patients. The long-term rates of permanent implant removal or replacement (PIRR) and clinical outcomes in patients treated with a uniform reconstructive surgery and radiation regimen were evaluated. METHODS: Between 1996 and 2006, 1639 patients with stage II-III breast cancer received modified radical mastectomy (MRM) at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. A total of 751 received TE placement at the time of mastectomy. Of these, 151 patients went on to receive chemotherapy and exchange of the TE for a permanent implant, followed by PMRT. Clinical outcomes and PIRR-free rates were estimated by Kaplan-Meier methods. Cox regression model was used to examine patient, disease, and treatment characteristics associated with PIRR. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 86 months (range, 11-161 months). The 7-year PIRR-free rate was 71% (38 PIRRs in 35 patients). The 7-year rate of PI replacement was 17.1% (21), and removal was 13.3% (17). Reasons for PIRR included infection (15); implant extrusion, shift, leak, or rupture (4); patient request (1), or multifactorial (17). On univariate analysis, no factor was significantly associated with PIRR. Two patients experienced local recurrence in the chest wall, both after 7 years. The 7-year distant metastasis–free survival rate was 81% and overall survival 93%. CONCLUSIONS: Favorable 7-year PIRR rates and clinical outcomes were achieved in a sizable cohort of patients treated with homogeneous sequencing, radiation, and reconstructive surgery and lengthy follow-up. Factors predictive for high risk of PIRR were not identifiable in this population. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
The Effect on Rats of Single Exposures to Crotonaldehyde Vapor

Abstract The previous limited acute toxicity data on crotonaldehyde vapor have been extended to include exposure varying from 5 minues to 4 hours. The lethal concentrations to rats were 3200 ppm for 5-minutes exposures, 1650 ppm for 10 minutes, 850 ppm for 15 minutes, 600 ppm for 30 minutes, 400 ppm for 1 hour, and 100 ppm for 4 hours. At concentrations above 1000. ppm a CNS effect is evident during exposure as well as pulmonary irritation postexposure. The odor is strong at 15 ppm and extremely obnoxious at 45 ppm. Levels of 45 ppm for a few seconds also produce a burning sensation of the conjunctivae; however, at 15 ppm no eye discomfort was noted. Single sublethal exposures of rats showed changes in pulmonary performance (rate of uptake of CO and ether) from concentration × time (CT) levels of 2000 ppm-minutes or above and at concentrations at least as low as 10 ppm. Histological manifestations typical of pulmonary irritation were still evident 3 days postexposure in rats exposed to CT levels of 8000 p...
Accounting for the Harm of Death

I defend a theory of the way in which death is a harm to the person who dies that (i) fits into a larger, unified account of harm (so that death is not a special kind of harm but is harmful in the same way that any harmful event is harmful); and (ii) includes an account of the time of death's harmfulness, one that avoids the implications that death is a timeless harm and that people have levels of welfare at times at which they do not exist.
Using asynchronous conferencing to promote critical thinking: two implementations in higher education

Asynchronous conferencing is emerging as a tool that can create opportunities for collaboration and support the inquiry process. This paper describes one such tool (ACT) designed within a specific pedagogical framework. The overall goal of ACT is to make cognitive processes visible and encourage reflection in students as they engage in critical thinking activities. This study examines the use of ACT within a graduate-level seminar and an upper-level undergraduate sociology course. The paper reports on the tasks assigned to the students, levels of participation, and ways in which special features of ACT helped support specific pedagogical goals in the two courses. Using ACT helped the instructors meet their goals; in both cases, they reported that students displayed better critical thinking skills than in past semesters. Most interesting was the use of labels; textual, color-coded tags associated with each message. Sets of labels defined by the instructors successfully facilitated specific student activities and promoted reflection.
Action at a Distance along a DNA

A number of ways are known by which an event at one location on a DNA molecule can affect an event at a distant location on the same molecule. Three classes of mechanisms are described for such distal actions: tracking or translocation of a protein along a DNA, the association of two proteins bound at separate sites to form a DNA loop in between, and distal interactions that are affected by the topology of the DNA. The basic characteristics of each type of mechanism are discussed in terms of the known physicochemical properties of DNA. The various modes of action at a distance are often interrelated. Examples include the formation of positively and negatively supercoiled DNA loops by tracking and the strong effects of DNA topology on looping.
Nonadiabatic Electron Transfer at Metal Surfaces

The present article treats the role of the density of electronic states ρ_F at the Fermi level of a metal in affecting the rate of nonadiabatic electron transfer. The rate constant k_(ET) is calculated for the electron transfer across an alkanethiol monolayer on platinum and on gold. The ρ_F of platinum is about 7.5 times that of gold, the difference being mainly due to the d band of Pt. In spite of this difference, the electron transfer rate constant k_(ET) calculated in the present paper increases only by a factor of about 1.8, instead of the factor of about 7.5 expected using ρ_F alone. Implications of these results for present and past experiments are described. Bands which are weakly coupled (e.g., the d-band of Pt in the present case) contribute much less to the rate constant than is suggested by their density of states ρ_F. Thereby, k_(ET) is approximately independent of ρ_F in two cases: (1) adiabatic electron transfer and (2) nonadiabatic electron transfer when the extra ρ_F is due to the d electrons. Experiments which can test the latter are discussed.
Asymptotic expansions for large elastic strain of a circular plate

Abstract A WKB-type asymptotic solution is developed for the equations governing large elastic deformation of a clamped circular plate under uniform pressure. The analysis, which neglects transverse shear strains, includes large displacements, rotations, and normal strains for a plate composed of a Mooney material. With the plate interior dominated by non-linear membrane action, the results indicate the existence of two types of edge boundary layers: a membrane-type layer, which develops as strains grow large, is contained within a wider, bending-type boundary layer. Results indicate a strong interaction between bending and stretching in the edge zone.
Mg doped GaN using a valved, thermally energetic source: enhanced incorporation, and control

Abstract A valved thermal cracker was used as the Mg dopant source for growing p-type GaN, and benefits of this device over conventional effusion cells are outlined. The thermally energetic Mg cracker source, with an independent, valved-flux control, was used to study the behavior of Mg incorporation into GaN. A mathematical model of the cracker's operation was derived for enhanced doping control. This enhanced control was demonstrated with abrupt and linear profiles of Mg doping. To observe effects of the thermal energy of the Mg flux on Mg incorporation, two cracking tip temperatures (which thermally energized the Mg flux) were investigated: one (900 °C) well above the melting point of Mg and one (625 °C) slightly below the melting point of Mg. Alternating Mg-doped and undoped GaN layers were grown at steps of increasing Mg flux, retaining a constant thermal energy, from below the saturation limit, to above the saturation limit. Results were analyzed and compared using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). For a constant measured Mg flux, the incorporated Mg increased by more than an order of magnitude when the Mg thermal source temperature was raised from 625 to 900 °C. This increased incorporation, along with other detailed SIMS observations, suggests a shift in the saturation point toward a lower flux as the thermal energetics of the beam are increased. The best sample grown with this new source had an average resistivity of 0.65 Ω cm, an average mobility of 8 cm 2 /Vs, and an average hole concentration of 1.2E18 cm −3 .
Effects of military exercise tasks and a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink on rifle shooting performance in two shooting positions

The effect of exercise, consumption of a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink and shooting position (standing vs. prone) on marksmanship accuracy and sighting time were measured in 27 experienced marksmen. Participants ‘dry-fired’ a laser equipped rifle simulator system at a 2.3 cm circular target at a distance of 5 m. Marksmanship was assessed under the following conditions: (1) at rest; (2) after completing a 14.7 km road march (10.4 km with a 21 kg pack); and (3) after a combined timed rock climb and 700 m uphill run. The road march reduced marksmanship accuracy and sighting time (p < 0.05) while the climb and uphill run did not affect marksmanship. Consumption of a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink did not preserve marksmanship accuracy after exercise. Shooting prone was significantly more accurate and faster than shooting from the standing position (p < 0.05). The effects of drinking a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink and performing heavy work on a subsequent fine motor-visual vigilance type task was studied. Implications are for the military, but also for industries whose work involves tasks that are both physically demanding and require precision (e.g. linemen working for the telephone company climbing a pole and then cutting a small single wire).