cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sixteenth-century patronage at St Mark's, Venice *

The chapel of St Mark's in Venice occupied a prominent place in the musical life of most of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, so that a Venetian writer could justly remark: ‘The chapel of these Lords is thought to be among the best in the world, and [singers] have come to serve from France and Spain.’ Yet, in spite of its importance in the history of Western music, our knowledge of its development and organisation is far from complete and contains large gaps. It will suffice to point out that we know a lot more about the Gabrielis – organists – than we do about Zarlino in his capacity as maestro and composer, that the first modern study of the chapel, barely eight years old, is the recent Vespers at St Mark's by James Moore, and that the venerable Storia della musica sacra nella gia cappella ducale di S. Marco in Venezia by Francesco Caffi, the only comprehensive study of the subject, has, in default of more modern work, been reprinted several times in recent years. The situation is gradually improving, with several new studies on music in Venice and at St Mark's already available or in preparation, but one of the issues not yet treated adequately is the question of patronage at St Mark's and of the social and economic status of its singers.
Vulvar melanoma reconsidered.

Background. Melanoma of the vulva has traditionally been treated with radical vulvectomy and bilateral inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy. Cutaneous nonvulvar melanoma has been successfully treated with local excision with selective therapeutic regional node dissection. Methods. A retrospective analysis of 16 patients with primary malignant melanoma of the vulva who underwent surgery from 1973 to 1988 at Indiana University Hospital was conducted. The purpose of this analysis was to determine if less radical surgery, such as that performed for cutaneous nonvulvar melanoma, might be adopted for patients with vulvar melanoma without compromising 5-year survival results. Results. Surgical therapy included radical vulvectomy with bilateral inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy (n = 11), radical vulvectomy alone (n = 1), and wide local excision (n = 4). Treated International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (1971) stages included I (n = 12), II (n = 3), and III (n = 1). The median age of the patients was 59 years (range, 29–79 years). The median depth of invasion according to the Breslow method was 3 mm (range, 0.1–8 mm). Patients were observed for a median of 24 months (range, 3–143 months). The Kaplan-Meier 5-year survival estimate was 30%. There were nine recurrences: five distant, one central, one nodal, and two mixed. A median depth of 0.9 mm (range, 0.1–1.75 mm) was noted in those who remained disease-free versus 4.6 mm (range, 3–8 mm) in those who experienced a recurrence (P < 0.01). None of the patients with lesion depths of 1.75 mm or smaller experienced a recurrence, whereas all of those with lesion depths larger than 1.75 mm suffered a recurrence (P = 0.0004). Conclusions. Patients with lesion depths of 1.75 mm or smaller may be treated with wide local excision. Patients with greater lesion depths are at high risk for the development of distant metastases. The patients with well-lateralized lesions may be equally well served with a less morbid procedure deferring therapeutic node dissection until there is a regional recurrence. Cancer 1993; 72:143–6.
Reading comprehension performance and laterality: Evidence for concurrent validity of dichotic, dichhaptic and EEG laterality measures

EEGs were recorded while 55 boys read and answered questions about passages. Concurrent validity between parietal alpha ratios obtained from these recordings and dichotic/dichhaptic scores supports their utility as measures of lateral processing. The evidence was particularly strong between right hand advantage for dichhaptically presented sequential patterns and left hemispheric activity while answering. Results also indicate that coefficients for dichotically presented digits and alpha ratios during silent reading are indices of receptive laterality and measure the deployment of lateral structures rather than degree of structural laterality. This supports a dynamic rather than static model of lateral processing during receptive language.
Optimizing an ANSI C interpreter with superoperators

This paper introduces superoperators, an optimization technique for bytecoded interpreters. Superoperators are virtual machine operations automatically synthesized from smaller operations to avoid costly per-operation overheads. Superoperators decrease executable size and can double or triple the speed of interpreted programs. The paper describes a simple and effective heuristic for inferring powerful superoperators from the usage patterns of simple operators.The paper describes the design and implementation of a hybrid translator/interpreter that employs superoperators. From a specification of the superoperators (either automatically inferred or manually chosen), the system builds an efficient implementation of the virtual machine in assembly language. The system is easily retargetable and currently runs on the MIPS R3000 and the SPARC.
Confocal imaging of microglial cell dynamics in hippocampal slice cultures.

Methods are described for imaging the cellular dynamics of microglia in live mammalian brain slice cultures. Brain slices prepared from developing rat hippocampus are cultured for up to 2 weeks by the roller tube or static filter culture technique, stained with one or more fluorescent dyes, and imaged by scanning laser confocal microscopy. One of several cell type-specific or nonspecific fluorescent dyes can be used independently or in combination to label cells in live brain tissues. The fluorescently conjugated plant isolectin GSA-IB4 is useful for identifying microglia and for following their structure, movement, and proliferation. Live and dead neurons and glia can be distinguished using membrane-permeant and -impermeant fluorescent nucleic acid dyes. Nonspecific fluorescent lipids such as DiIC18 can be used as a vital stain to label populations of endocytic and phagocytic cells. Using multichannel confocal imaging, tissue slices that are single-, double-, or triple-labeled can be imaged in the living state in two or three spatial dimensions as well as in time. This provides a means for investigating the cell-cell interaction and dynamic behavior of microglia and other cell types in live brain tissues cultured under various physiological conditions.
The Corsican Brothers and the Legacy of its Tremulous “Ghost Melody”

Audiences for stage plays, like audiences for narrative film, rarely remember much about the music, only whether or not it was appropriate to the dramatic genre. The “Ghost Melody” represents one specific case of nineteenth-century music for melodramatic theatre that lingered in the minds of audiences long afterward. It appeared in the original French production of The Corsican Brothers (1850) and carried over into British and American stage productions. Always coupled with special scenic effects, it worked as a persuasive tool to help suspend disbelief. The melody with its setting represents a specific type of melodramatic music, one used for the supernatural appearance of a deceased loved one. Its effect resonates in the music of other stage plays and in music composed to films of a similar genre.
Integrated design flows - a battered EDA slogan or true challenge for tool development and algorithmic research

Summary form only for tutorial. The design of complex integrated systems faces a growing number of challenges from two frontiers. First, the increasing unpredictability of the progressing semiconductor manufacturing process requires new analysis and optimization approaches that utilize comprehensive modeling of process uncertainties for driving a novel, variation-aware design optimization flow. Second, the increasing system complexity demands new specification methods at higher levels of abstraction that can support efficient architectural exploration, functional verification, and implementation flows. Both challenges require a tight integration of the overall design tool flow resulting in a departure from traditional sequencing of point-tools. In this presentation we discuss a number of these problems in detail and outline possible approaches to their solutions. We further address their impact on algorithmic design and tool integration and discuss new opportunities for academic researchers to help overcome these challenges.
The Stress-response protein prostate-associated gene 4, interacts with c-Jun and potentiates its transactivation

The Cancer/Testis Antigen (CTA), Prostate-associated Gene 4 (PAGE4), is a stress-response protein that is upregulated in prostate cancer (PCa) especially in precursor lesions that result from inflammatory stress. In cells under stress, translocation of PAGE4 to mitochondria increases while production of reactive oxygen species decreases. Furthermore, PAGE4 is also upregulated in human fetal prostate, underscoring its potential role in development. However, the proteins that interact with PAGE4 and the mechanisms underlying its pleiotropic functions in prostatic development and disease remain unknown. Here, we identified c-Jun as a PAGE4 interacting partner. We show that both PAGE4 and c-Jun are overexpressed in the human fetal prostate; and in cell-based assays, PAGE4 robustly potentiates c-Jun transactivation. Single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer experiments indicate that upon binding to c-Jun, PAGE4 undergoes conformational changes. However, no interaction is observed in presence of BSA or unilamellar vesicles containing the mitochondrial inner membrane diphosphatidylglycerol lipid marker cardiolipin. Together, our data indicate that PAGE4 specifically interacts with c-Jun and that, conformational dynamics may account for its observed pleiotropic functions. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating crosstalk between a CTA and a proto-oncogene. Disrupting PAGE4/c-Jun interactions using small molecules may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for PCa.
A Pilot Study of an Inspection Framework for Automated Usability Guideline Reviews of Mobile Health Applications

Usability is of significant importance for any interactive software. In the mobile domain, applications face more challenges to deliver good experiences to end users due to the characteristics and usage of mobile devices in ubiquitous computing contexts. The situation may be exacerbated for mobile health applications since the target population or domain may impose even stricter usability requirements.Heuristic Evaluation (HE) or guideline review has proven itself to be an effective approach among many usability evaluation methods. Organizing heuristic evaluation by usability professionals, however, can be costly and time consuming, particularly for frequent prototype updates generated by fast iterations. Manual inspection by human experts also suffers from scalability issues as mobile applications often need to run on a diverse set of hardware platforms.To help find potential usability problems at an early stage and reduce the workload of human usability experts, we propose an inspection framework to conduct automated guideline reviews of mobile health applications. The inspection framework is based on the Health Information Management Systems Society (HIMSS) usability guidelines for mHealth applications. First, we translate the high level descriptions of usability guidelines into operationalized metrics that can be measured by software. Second, we demonstrate the translation is meaningful by providing detailed analysis of suggested metrics and real-world case studies. We hope this framework can be used to enforce a minimum bar for the usability of mobile health applications and further adapted when new products in the field are developed.
Magnesium Manganese Oxide Nanoribbons: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Application

A todorokite-type magnesium manganese oxide molecular sieve material with a morphology of nanoribbons has been synthesized using a combination of techniques consisting of a sol−gel process to synthesize a nanosized tetraethylammonium manganese oxide layered material, an ion-exchange method to prepare a thin-film Mg−buserite (Mg−OL-1) precursor, and a hydrothermal reaction to transform the Mg−buserite to nanoribbonlike Mg−todorokite (Mg−OMS-1) material. The transformation of the Mg−buserite thin films to Mg−todorokite nanoribbons has been studied using XRD and TEM. XRD data indicate that the structural transformation of Mg−OL-1 to Mg−OMS-1 is completed after hydrothermal heating at 150 °C for about 40 h and at 200 °C for less than 8 h. TEM data show that the nanoribbons form at an early stage of the hydrothermal treatment, followed by the appearance of lattice fringes. TEM data also indicate that the well-formed nanoribbonlike crystals have a uniform tunnel dimension along the a axis and a long-range-order...
Ultrastructural changes in chick cerebellum induced by vitamin E deficiency.

Focal lesions were induced in the cerebellum by feeding chickens a diet high in unsaturated fats and deficient in vitamin E. Ultrastructurally, the lesions consisted of central and peripheral zones. The central zone was characterized in the cortex and white matter by enlargement of the intercellular space, swelling of astrocytes, vacuolization of oligodendrocytes, ballooning of nerve fibers, degenerative changes in small blood vessels, and extravasation of plasma and blood cells. The peripheral zone was characterized by enlargement of the intercellular space in the white matter, swelling of astrocytes in the cortex, and the accumulation of dark bodies in the endothelium of small blood vessels. The results suggest that this nutritional encephalopathy is caused by alterations in the permeability of the vascular bed due to the dietary stress of unsaturated fatty acids in the absence of vitamin E.
A form for referees in theoretical computer science

1. Accept: The paper should be accepted in its current form without further debate. 2. Accept, advise changes: The paper is acceptable, but there are some changes that would improve the manuscript. Acceptance need not be contingent on these changes. 3. Accept contingent on changes: The paper is acceptable contingent on some changes being made. If the Editor can verify that these changes have indeed been made, a second round of refereeing may not be necessary. 4. Revise and re-referee: The authors should be invited to submit a revised manuscript. A second round of refereeing is strongly recommended. 5. Combine with simultaneous paper: The results were discovered more or less simultaneously by others. It is recommended that all of the researchers involved pool their resources and produce a single paper. 6. Cannot be refereed properly: Full refereeing was not possible due to major technical and/or presentational difficulties. The authors must address these problems and resubmit the paper. 7. Paper not publishable in this journal: The paper may be suitable for publication, but not in this journal. Reasons may include scope, interest, or quality. 8. Paper not publishable: The paper is not publishable in any form in any journal.
Eating self-efficacy: Development of a short-form WEL

Self-efficacy for eating is an important predictor of the successful adoption and maintenance of weight management behaviors. The Weight Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire (WEL) is a commonly used measure of eating self-efficacy consisting of 20-items and five situational factors. The aim of this study was to develop a short-form WEL (WEL-SF) for use in clinical practice and research. Factor analysis methodology was used with a sample of obese patients (N=1012) seeking weight loss treatment to develop the WEL-SF. The hypothesis was that the WEL would contain highly correlated items within the factors, and consequently could be shortened with minimal loss of clinically important information. Results revealed a one-factor solution. Given this unexpected finding, factor analysis was abandoned and alternative selection criteria were implemented. WEL-SF items were selected based upon: (1) lack of a ceiling effect for individual items, (2) high variability in patient responses, (3) lack of a strong correlation with other WEL items, (4) strong correlation with total WEL score, and (5) clinical judgment regarding importance and interpretability of individual items. These criteria resulted in an 8-item measure. The correlation between the WEL-SF total score and WEL total score was extremely strong, with a Pearson's r value of 0.968 and corresponding r(2) value of 0.937. Based on these findings, the 8-item WEL-SF appears to be a psychometrically valid measure of eating self-efficacy that accounts for 94% of the variability in the original version.
TERRAIN CORRECTION CHARTS FOR TRANSITION FROM HAMMER CHARTS TO HAYFORD-BOWIE CHARTS

Two systems of terrain corrections are used for gravity surveys in the United States. For detailed gravity surveys, the terrain corrections are made with the Hammer charts, which extend out to a radius of about 13.6 miles. The Hammer charts emphasize the effect of local terrain. In large regional surveys it is advisable to use the Hayford-Bowie charts. These charts cover the entire surface of the earth. Recently it has been found desirable, in specific instances, to incorporate the results of local surveys into larger surveys. In order to avoid repeating the terrain correction of the local surveys it is necessary to be able to convert from one system of terrain corrections to the other. Nine conversion zones have been completed and are presented in tables. The essentials of this paper are found in Table II. The relationship of the two sets of zones is shown in Table I.
How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry - Vol. 52 - N° 11 - p. 1220-1221
Generation of Recombinant Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 1 Vaccine Candidates by Importation of Temperature-Sensitive and Attenuating Mutations from Heterologous Paramyxoviruses

Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) is a significant cause of respiratory tract disease in infants and young children for which a vaccine is needed. In the present study, we sought to attenuate HPIV1 by the importation of one or more known attenuating point mutations from heterologous paramyxoviruses into homologous sites in HPIV1. The introduced mutations were derived from three attenuated paramyxoviruses: (i) HPIV3cp45, a live-attenuated HPIV3 vaccine candidate containing multiple attenuating mutations; (ii) the respiratory syncytial virus cpts530 with an attenuating mutation in the L polymerase protein; and (iii) a murine PIV1 (MPIV1) attenuated by a mutation in the accessory C protein. Recombinant HPIV1 (rHPIV1) mutants bearing a single imported mutation in C, any of three different mutations in L, or a pair of mutations in F exhibited a 100-fold or greater reduction in replication in the upper or lower respiratory tract of hamsters. Both temperature-sensitive (ts) (mutations in the L and F proteins) and non-ts (the mutation in the C protein) attenuating mutations were identified. rHPIV1 mutants containing a combination of mutations in L were generated that were more attenuated than viruses bearing the individual mutations, showing that the systematic accretion of mutations can yield progressive increases in attenuation. Hamsters immunized with rHPIV1 mutants bearing one or two mutations developed neutralizing antibodies and were resistant to challenge with wild-type HPIV1. Thus, importation of attenuating mutations from heterologous viruses is an effective means for rapidly identifying mutations that attenuate HPIV1 and for generating live-attenuated HPIV1 vaccine candidates.
Real-Time Logic Verification of a Wireless Sensor Network

Monitoring and control of systems using a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) play a significant role in rapid automated response to events. Automation drives the necessity to check the system correctness due to the critical nature of the operations (i.e. military, air traffic management). The motes in a WSN are event-driven systems. The evolution of the system can be captured by discrete and continuous dynamics modeled using hybrid systems. This leads to the development of a trajectory, allowing for verification of logical correctness that responds to dynamics. We propose a formal modeling paradigm using temporal logics to verify the system, developed modularly as a set of interacting hybrid automata. The method formulates the specifications and checks for satisfaction. The models are implemented using UPPAAL, a real time verification tool.
Comparison of soil moisture and meteorological controls on pine and spruce transpiration

Transpiration is an important component of the water balance in the high elevation headwaters of semi-arid drainage basins. We compare the importance of soil moisture and meteorological controls on transpiration and quantify how these controls are different at a ponderosa pine site and a spruce site in the Jemez river drainage basin of northern New Mexico, a sub-basin of the Rio Grande. If only soil moisture controls fluctuations in transpiration, then simple hydrologic models focussed only on soil moisture limitations are reasonable for water balance studies. If meteorological controls are also critical, then more complex models are required. We measured volumetric water content in the soil and sap velocity, and assumed that transpiration is proportional to sap velocity. Ponderosa sap velocity varies with root zone soil moisture. Nearly all of the scatter in the ponderosa sap velocity–soil moisture relationship can be predicted using a simple model of potential evapotranspiration (ET), which depends only on measured incident radiation and air temperature. Therefore, simple hydrologic models of ponderosa pine transpiration are warranted. In contrast, spruce sap velocity does not clearly covary with soil moisture. Including variations in potential evapotranspiration does not clarify the relationship between sap velocity and soil moisture. Likewise, variations in radiation, air temperature, and vapour pressure do not explain the observed fluctuations in sap velocity, at least according to the standard models and parameters for meteorological restrictions on transpiration. Both the simple and more complex models commonly used to predict transpiration are not adequate to model the water balance in the spruce forest studied here. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bias in Cross-Sectional Analyses of Longitudinal Mediation: Partial and Complete Mediation Under an Autoregressive Model

Maxwell and Cole (2007) showed that cross-sectional approaches to mediation typically generate substantially biased estimates of longitudinal parameters in the special case of complete mediation. However, their results did not apply to the more typical case of partial mediation. We extend their previous work by showing that substantial bias can also occur with partial mediation. In particular, cross-sectional analyses can imply the existence of a substantial indirect effect even when the true longitudinal indirect effect is zero. Thus, a variable that is found to be a strong mediator in a cross-sectional analysis may not be a mediator at all in a longitudinal analysis. In addition, we show that very different combinations of longitudinal parameter values can lead to essentially identical cross-sectional correlations, raising serious questions about the interpretability of cross-sectional mediation data. More generally, researchers are encouraged to consider a wide variety of possible mediation models beyond simple cross-sectional models, including but not restricted to autoregressive models of change.
Efflux of bilirubin into plasma following hepatic degradation of exogenous heme.

SummaryIn rats, unconjugated [3H]BR appeared in plasma within 10 min and reached a maximum concentration 60-90 min after intravenous administration of trace amounts of [3H]heme. Total hepatectomy virtually abolished plasma heme disappearance and markedly reduced the early plasma appearance of [3H]BR, thereby confirming the central role of the liver in plasma heme disposal and the hepatic origin of BR derived from it. In heterozygous Gunn rats, which have reduced BR UDP glucuronyltransferase activity, results were similar to those in normal rats. This indicates that the efflux of BR from liver to plasma did not result from BR production exceeding the hepatic BR conjugating capacity. After simultaneous injection of trace amounts of [14C]ALA (to label endog-enously synthesized hepatic heme) and [3H]heme, both [14C]- and [3H]BR appeared in plasma with strikingly similar temporal profiles. The results of these studies show directly that a considerable proportion of BR derived from hepatic heme passes to the pl...
A review of the efficacy of dietary polyphenols in experimental models of inflammatory bowel diseases

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis presently have no cure and are treated with anti-inflammatory drugs or monoclonal antibodies targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines. A variety of rodent models have been used to model chronic and acute colitis. Dietary polyphenols in foods and botanicals are of considerable interest for prevention and treatment of colitis. Many dietary polyphenols have been utilized for prevention of colitis in rodent models. Berries, green tea polyphenols, curcumin, and stilbenes have been the most extensively tested polyphenols in rodent models of colitis. The majority of polyphenols tested have inhibited colitis in rodents, but increasing doses of EGCG and green tea, isoflavones, flaxseed, and α-mangostin have exacerbated colitis. Few studies have examined combination of polyphenols or other bioactives for inhibition of colitis. Translating polyphenol doses used in rodent models of colitis to human equivalent doses reveals that supplemental doses are most likely required to inhibit colitis from a single polyphenol treatment. The ability to translate polyphenol treatments in rodent models is likely to be limited by species differences in xenobiotic metabolism and microbiota. Given these limitations, data from polyphenols in rodent models suggests merit for pursuing additional clinical studies for prevention of colitis.
Exploring the outcome of genetic modifications of glycosylation in cultured cell lines by concurrent isolation of the major classes of vertebrate glycans

In the preceding article (Manzi,A.E., Norgard-Sumnicht,K., Argade,S., Marth,J.D., van Halbeek,H. and Varki.A. [2000] GLYCOBIOLOGY:, 10, 669-688), we reported a comprehensive approach for the extraction, fractionation, and isolation of all of the major classes of sugar chains (glycans) from vertebrate tissues. Here we apply this "Glycan Isolation Protocol" to a variety of cultured mammalian cell lines, including two wild-type Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines and some of their genetically modified variants that were predicted or known to have defined abnormalities in the biosynthesis of one or more classes of glycans. We also use this approach to characterize clone 489, a new derivative of the GAG-deficient CHO clone pgsA-745, in which sulfation has been restored by transfection of a wild-type CHO cDNA library. By metabolically labeling the cell lines with [6-(3)H]glucosamine we were able to monitor the recovery of all major classes of glycans. The results allow us to reach several conclusions: first, the protocol described in the preceding paper is further validated by finding good recovery of total radioactivity and appropriate distribution of label in the correct glycan classes in the fractions from a variety of cell lines; second, the amount of radioactivity recovered in free glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) lipids is remarkably high when compared to that found in GPI anchors, with the former being the dominant form in some cells; third, cells with known genetic mutations in specific glycosylation pathways are shown to have the expected changes in the distribution of recovered radioactivity in the appropriate fractions; fourth, the N- and O- glycans recovered via the protocol are of adequate quality to demonstrate marked differences in their structural profiles and/or content; fifth, the protocol can pick up unexpected differences of glycan classes not predicted to be affected by the primary defect; finally, the reappearance of sulfation in the novel clone 489 is not due to restoration of GAG sulfation, but rather due to the new expression of sulfation in the fraction enriched in N- and O-linked glycopeptides. These results demonstrate the power of this comprehensive approach for the concurrent exploration and profiling of the different major classes of glycans in cells.
Preharvest factors affecting appearance

Abstract The appearance of fresh fruits and vegetables is a primary criterion in making purchasing decisions. Product appearance is characterized by size, shape, form, color, condition and absence of defects. A wide range of preharvest factors can modulate the appearance of the harvested product. These include: (1) biological factors (pathological, entomological, animal); (2) physiological factors (physiological disorders, nutritional imbalances, maturity); (3) environmental/cultural factors (e.g. climate, weather, soils, water relations, light intensity); (4) mechanical damage; (5) extraneous matter (growing medium, vegetable matter, chemical residues); and (6) genetic variation and aberrations. Creating and/or maintaining production conditions that minimize undesirable product appearance is essential. While field grading during harvest is utilized to eliminate a significant portion of product with substandard appearance, minimizing the occurrence of inferior product can significantly increase net profit.
Chemotherapy of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

A multiplicity of antineoplastic agents are active in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In addition to a high order of responsiveness following single drug therapy, combination chemotherapy is usually even more efficacious in inducing complete remissions. The utility of the Rappaport classification for clinicians lies primarily in its ability to categorize patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma into favorable and unfavorable prognostic groups. Favorable histology lymphomas include the nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic, mixed histiocytic lymphocytic and diffuse well-differentiated lymphoma. Since the natural history of these diseases is quite long, it is difficult to evaluate the impact of chemotherapy on survival. Thus, disease-free survival appears to be the more useful parameter in the evaluation of any new program. It is difficult to demonstrate an advantage for aggressive therapy in the treatment of favorable histology lymphomas. Prospective trials have not provided evidence to indicate that more intensive therapy will result in improved survival. In the unfavorable histology lymphomas such as diffuse histiocytic lymphoma and Burkitt's lymphoma, the results of combination chemotherapy are more dramatic and appear to have resulted in long-term disease-free survival. A significant fraction of these patients are probably cured as a result of this treatment. Effective regimens include the C-MOPP Program and BACOP both of which have resulted in approximately 50% complete remission rate with 30 to 40% disease-free long-term control. The demonstration that high dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue is capable of achieving responses in unfavorable histology lymphoma that is refractory to previous therapy has resulted in its inclusion with BACOP in the primary management of these patients. In addition, high dose methotrexate is capable of entering the cerebrospinal fluid in concentrations that are cytotoxic to tumor cells, thus providing a potential prophylaxis against central nervous system involvement as well as nonmarow suppressive therapy for systemic disease. Using this regimen, the complete remission rate is approximately 75% in patients with unfavorable histology lymphoma and at the present time only one out of 30 patients has relapsed in the central nervous system.
Agents for analysis and design of complex systems

The paper describes how intelligent agents can simulate human operators to aid in the analysis and design of complex systems. The paper presents two examples of adapting the Crew Activity Tracking System (CATS) to function as an intelligent agent. The first is a model-based design application in which CATS agents perform the task of air traffic controllers in order to test a new operational concept. The second concerns human error analysis, in which a coordinated team of CATS agents represents a flight crew and aircraft destroyed due to a controlled flight into terrain. The paper also discusses issues regarding the development of task model-based agents that make plausible, human-like errors and use such agents.
Improving CISC instruction decoding performance using a fill unit

Current superscalar processors, both RISC and CISC, require substantial instruction fetch and decode bandwidth to keep multiple functional units utilized. While CISC instructions can sometimes provide reduced fetch bandwidth requirements, they are correspondingly more difficult to decode. A hardware assist, called a fill unit, can dynamically collect decoded microoperations into a decoded instruction cache. Future code fetches to those locations can be satisfied out of this cache and thus bypass the decoding logic. This approach is investigated using the Intel x86 architecture, and a speedup of approximately a factor of two over a P6-like decoding structure is seen for the three SPEC benchmarks investigated. This design is accompanied by a microengine-register allocation and renaming scheme that prevents the increased supply of microoperations from placing excessive demands on the normal register renaming hardware.
Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pharmacodynamic Biomarker Study of Sorafenib in Metastatic Renal Carcinoma

Purpose Sorafenib is an antiangiogenic agent with activity in renal cancer. We conducted a randomized trial to investigate dynamic contrast magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) as a pharmacodynamic biomarker. Patients and Methods Patients were randomly assigned to placebo or 200 or 400 mg twice per day of sorafenib. DCE-MRI was performed at baseline and 4 weeks. DCE-MRI parameters, area under the contrast concentration versus time curve 90 seconds after contrast injection (IAUC90), and volume transfer constant of contrast agent (Ktrans) were calculated for a metastatic site selected in a blinded manner. Primary end point was change in Ktrans. Results Of the 56 assessable patients, 48 underwent two MRIs; 44 MRIs were assessable for study end points. Mean Ktrans log ratios were 0.131 (standard deviation [SD], 0.315), −0.148 (SD, 0.382), −0.271 (SD, 0.499) in placebo, 200- and 400-mg cohorts, respectively (P = .0077 for trend) corresponding to changes of +14%, −14%, and −24%. IAUC90 log ratios were 0.041 (SD...
Coordinate transcriptional regulation of the three fibrinogen subunit genes by glucocorticoids in cultured primary liver cells from Xenopus laevis

Xenopus laevis primary hepatocytes in culture are induced by glucocorticoid hormones to synthesize and secrete fibrinogen. The increase in production of the protein is preceded by a 10-to 30-fold elevation of the mRNAs coding for the three fibrinogen subunits, A alpha, B beta, and gamma. To analyze the mechanisms underlying this coordinate control of independent genes in a common regulatory network, we show here that the steroid hormone induced simultaneous activation of transcription of the three fibrinogen subunit genes. Using an optimized transcription run-on assay for nuclei from Xenopus primary liver cells, we demonstrate that glucocorticoids rapidly stimulated transcription of the A alpha fibrinogen subunit gene by 15- to 20-fold, the B beta gene by 5- to 10-fold, and the gamma gene by 5- to 15-fold. The three genes exhibited a highly concerted response to the hormone, in which maximal stimulation occurred by 30 min and was maintained for at least 16 h. Blocking new protein synthesis before hormone ...
The importance of studying metadiscourse

This essay focuses on metadiscourse, a name for elements of texts that convey meanings other than those that are primarily referential. The essay provides some theoretical background to the study of metadiscourse, briefly reviews a taxonomy of metadiscourse, and explores four reasons why the study of metadiscourse is interesting and important: (a) Such study shows how intricately structured language is; (b) Such study opens up intriguing questions about ethics and language use; (c) Such study reveals differences in how metadiscourse is used in similar texts in different languages; (d) And such study provides reasons why metadiscourse deserves a special place in second-language instruction.
The Impact of the CPI Revision on 2001 Inflation Adjustments Affecting Individual Taxpayers

On September 27, 2000, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) announced that revisions in Consumer Price Index (CPI) data for the January-through-August 2000 period would be necessary. The revisions correct an error discovered in the software used to calculate the residential rent and owner's equivalent rent components of the index. The revised data, which were released on September 28, 2000, affect the initial estimates of 2001 inflation adjustments to the individual income tax system published in Tax Notes, Sept. 25, 2000, p. 1659. This report supplements the previous article by identifying items changed by the CPI revision.
Isolating Epithelial and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Populations from Primary Tumors by Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting

Transgenic mice that express conditional reporters allow for the isolation of specific cell lineages. These cells can be further stratified by gene expression and collected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for further analysis. Using Cre-recombinase (Cre) technology we have generated a transgenic mouse line termed PKCY in which all pancreatic epithelial cells and therefore all pancreatic cancer cells are constitutively labeled with yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). We have used immunofluorescent staining for E-cadherin to divide the YFP(+) tumor population into epithelial cells (E-cadherin positive) and cells that have undergone an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT; E-cadherin negative). This protocol describes how to prepare a tumor sample for FACS, with an emphasis on separating epithelial and EMT populations. These cells can then be used for a number of applications including, but not limited to, the generation of cell lines, gene-expression analysis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) or RNA sequencing, DNA sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and western blots.
Synthesis of Size-Classified Silicon Nanocrystals

We report the synthesis of size-classified silicon nanocrystals by applying differential mobility analysis to an originally polydisperse aerosol of ultrafine silicon crystallites. Using the described technique, the average nanocrystal size can be tuned by simply adjusting an electric field. Samples of uncoagulated silicon nanocrystals have been obtained and size control has been achieved within 15–20% in the 2-10 nm size regime.
Advances on Hydrothermal Synthesis of Morphology Controllable Nanometer CeO_2

As one of the widely used liquid-phase technique to synthesize nanomaterials, the hydrothermal approach has attracted significant interest on preparing morphology controllable nanometer CeO2 due to its unique advantage in this respect. This review describes the recent development on the synthesis of morphology and structure tailored nanometer CeO2, and points out that the formation mechanism of various morphology CeO2 accordingly led by the solution reaction system needs to be further investigated. Moreover, the field of hydrothermal synthesis of particular morphology CeO2-based mixed oxide is urged to be expanded on account of the potential application when a variety of dopant are introduced.
Lithium purification from aqueous solutions using bioinspired redox active melanin membranes

The separation of lithium from magnesium ions in salt brines is an important step in producing raw lithium for prospective use in electrochemical storage systems. Liquid–liquid extraction of Mg2+ ions from Li+ ions is challenging because of comparable thermodynamic behavior in aqueous solutions. Removing Mg2+ ions from brines using consumable ion-exchange membranes is also a challenging prospect due to poor chemical selectivity and compromised sustainability. Here, we propose the use of redox-active catechols in the form of melanin pigments for selective removal of Mg2+ ions from aqueous solutions. Synthetic melanin films are oxidatively polymerized on stainless steel meshes from aqueous solutions of dopamine precursors to create electrochemically functionalized polydopamine membranes. The binding selectivity of redox-active catechol-bearing polydopamine melanin for Mg2+ ions in aqueous solutions was measured as a function of electrochemical cycling. The binding kinetics of Mg2+ ions to polydopamine pigments was measured. Mg2+ ions binding selectivity to polydopamine in mixed aqueous solutions containing both Li+ and Mg2+ ions were also measured. Additionally, the equilibrium binding concentrations of Mg2+ ions to polydopamine were achieved very rapidly (<1 min). Redox-active polydopamine membranes therefore show promise as functional materials for the separation of Mg2+ and Li+ ions in aqueous solutions. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Identification of High-Momentum Top Quarks, Higgs Bosons, and W and Z Bosons Using Boosted Event Shapes

At the Large Hadron Collider, numerous physics processes expected within the standard model and theories beyond it give rise to very-high-momentum particles decaying to multihadronic final states. Development of algorithms for efficient identification of such ``boosted'' particles while rejecting the background from multihadron jets from light quarks and gluons can greatly aid in the sensitivity of measurements and new particle searches. This paper presents a new method for identifying boosted high-mass particles using event shapes in Lorentz-boosted reference frames. Variables calculated in these frames for multihadronic jets can then be used as input to a large artificial neural network to discriminate their origin.
Vitamin D receptor genotype and breast cancer in Latinas (United States)

Objective: Polymorphism in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene has been associated with variation in bone mineral density and with prostate cancer risk. The purpose of this study was to determine whether polymorphism in the VDR gene may also influence breast cancer risk.
Anemia for the Primary Care Physician

Anemia denotes a reduced red blood cell (RBC) mass from any cause. The causes of anemia are numerous and due to decreased (or abnormal) erythropoesis, shortened RBC life span, or blood loss. The most common etiology of anemia is iron deficiency. A judicious work up of anemia includes evaluating the reticulocyte count and peripheral smear. The severity of illness of a patient with anemia is determined by the degree of anemia and the seriousness of the underlying disorder. Management of patients with hereditary and hemolytic anemias should involve a hematologist.
Neural Stem Cell–Based Anticancer Gene Therapy: A First-in-Human Study in Recurrent High-Grade Glioma Patients

Purpose: Human neural stem cells (NSC) are inherently tumor tropic, making them attractive drug delivery vehicles. Toward this goal, we retrovirally transduced an immortalized, clonal NSC line to stably express cytosine deaminase (HB1.F3.CD.C21; CD-NSCs), which converts the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU).Experimental Design: Recurrent high-grade glioma patients underwent intracranial administration of CD-NSCs during tumor resection or biopsy. Four days later, patients began taking oral 5-FC every 6 hours for 7 days. Study treatment was given only once. A standard 3 + 3 dose escalation schema was used to increase doses of CD-NSCs from 1 × 107 to 5 × 107 and 5-FC from 75 to 150 mg/kg/day. Intracerebral microdialysis was performed to measure brain levels of 5-FC and 5-FU. Serial blood samples were obtained to assess systemic drug concentrations as well as to perform immunologic correlative studies.Results: Fifteen patients underwent study treatment. We saw no dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) due to the CD-NSCs. There was 1 DLT (grade 3 transaminitis) possibly related to 5-FC. We did not see development of anti-CD-NSC antibodies and did not detect CD-NSCs or replication-competent retrovirus in the systemic circulation. Intracerebral microdialysis revealed that CD-NSCs produced 5-FU locally in the brain in a 5-FC dose-dependent manner. Autopsy data indicate that CD-NSCs migrated to distant tumor sites and were nontumorigenic.Conclusions: Collectively, our results from this first-in-human study demonstrate initial safety and proof of concept regarding the ability of NSCs to target brain tumors and locally produce chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res; 23(12); 2951-60. ©2016 AACR.
Matching Weights to Simultaneously Compare Three Treatment Groups: Comparison to Three-way Matching.

Background:Propensity score matching is a commonly used tool. However, its use in settings with more than two treatment groups has been less frequent. We examined the performance of a recently developed propensity score weighting method in the three-treatment group setting.Methods:The matching weigh
The Flushing Syndrome

One of the most striking features of carcinoid disease is the so-called flushing syndrome. Although many other manifestations associated with this disease, such as diarrhea, abdominal colic, vomiting, and loss of weight might be present, the flushing syndrome is specific of carcinoid disease. It is the most unpleasant and dramatic manifestation of this condition and its severity fully indicates the progress of carcinoid activity, and the increasing production of 5-HT by the carcinoid tissue. As Davies (1960) points out, the flushing syndrome appears in various degrees of severity.
Preface: Eleventh International Conference on Tritium Science and Technology

The Eleventh International Conference on Tritium Science and Technology (Tritium 2016) was held in Charleston, South Carolina, April 17–22, 2016. Tritium 2016 successfully continued a 36-year histo...
Promoting Evidence-Based Practice and Information Literacy through an Undergraduate Nursing Journal Club

In order to strengthen the evidence-based practice and information literacy curriculum in the Bachelor of Science in nursing (BSN) program, a nursing instructor and reference librarian collaborated to pilot an undergraduate nursing journal club as part of a nursing research course. Pre- and post-test surveys were administered to a cohort of pre-licensure students in their third year of study, who were enrolled in the course. Non-generalizable survey results showed that after students participated in several journal club sessions, they were more confident in their ability to locate and critique research. However, the students’ reading behaviors, workforce preparedness, and familiarity with research related to their clinical areas did not seem to improve at the conclusion of the activity. Additional research is necessary to determine what effect journal clubs have on student learning in the undergraduate nursing classroom.