cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patchwork Adoption of ICTs in Latin America

This paper presents the idea of patchwork adoption, which refers to the coexistence of obsolete and state of the art technologies at the same time. Factors such as lower and unequal distribution of income, education, wired infrastructure, experience with information and communication technologies (ICTs), as well as the fact that most applications are designed and developed in high income countries, limits the ability of companies and the population at large to adopt the most recent technologies more broadly. The problem is not only that these economies are poorer but also that they experience greater disparity of income, wealth, and education. In terms of infrastructure cellular phones experienced an explosion but the low level of wired infrastructure in Latin America currently affects the adoption of more advanced ICTs that incorporate broadband. The design of systems and well as the quality standards that guide their development are also aimed at advanced economies. This has forced developers in Latin America to develop standards that fulfill their needs under limited resources. All of these factors lead to a patchwork adoption that contrasts with the familiar s-shape adoption that high income countries experience. The role of government, as explained in the Brazilian case, can help to expand the use of these technologies and perhaps reduce the inequalities.
Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of a p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase isozyme gene from Pseudomonas fluorescens

A gene encoding for a putative isozyme of p-hydroxy-benzoate hydroxylase (PHBH) has been isolated from Pseudomonas fluorescens (ATCC 13525). A comparison of the translated amino acid sequence with that of the known PHBH from P. fluorescens revealed that the new enzyme contains 3 additional amino acids and has 73% absolute homology to the previously known enzyme; conservation of secondary and active-site structures implied that the isozyme and known enzyme share the same general tertiary structure. Subsequent expression of the isozyme in Escherichia coli produced an enzyme with a specific activity about half that of the previously characterized PHBHs from P. fluorescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; in addition, somewhat weaker binding affinities for both NADPH and p-hydroxybenzoate were observed. Speculations are made on the reason for the existence of the isozyme, which does not appear to be expressed routinely in P. fluorescens.
Discussion of Measuring and Motivating Quantity, Creativity, or Both

Kachelmeier, Reichart, and Williamson [2008] (hereafter, KRW) is a refreshing departure from the usual "that which gets measured and rewarded gets done" study. In a cleverly designed experiment, KRW ask participants to create rebus puzzles during a 20-minute time period. A rebus puzzle uses pictures, letters, and/or numbers to represent words or parts of words. An exemplar rebus puzzle is "sta4nce," which means "for instance." KRW inform experimental participants that both the quantity of rebus puzzles constructed as well as the creativity of each puzzle are valued. The latter construct is measured by a group of 11 business doctoral students who rate the creativity of each puzzle on a l-to-10 scale. KRW manipulate, between subjects, the type of compensation scheme at four levels: (1) fixed wage, (2) payment based on the quantity of puzzles generated, (3) payment based on the average creativity rating received, and (4) payment based on weighted productivity, which equals the number of puzzles generated multiplied by the average creativity rating. Consistent with theory and intuition, experimental participants working under the quantity incentive generate the most puzzles. Likewise, experimental participants working under the creativity incentive have the highest
Emotions, stress, and maternal motivation in primates

Recent research conducted with nonhuman primates confirms that adaptive emotional processes, such as maternal attraction arousability and maternal anxiety arousability, enhance and sustain female motivation to interact with infants, invest in them, and protect them during the postpartum period. Changes in these emotional processes, and concomitant changes in maternal motivation, facilitate the reduction and eventual termination of maternal investment associated with infant weaning. Although laboratory studies of rodents and socially deprived rhesus monkeys have suggested that nulliparous females are neophobic and find infant stimuli aversive, recent primate research indicates that neophobia or aversion to infant stimuli do not occur in females with normal developmental experience. Furthermore, although some rodent and human studies have shown that lactation is accompanied by physiological hyporesponsiveness to stress, other studies of rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans indicate that mothers are highly vulnerable to stress and that stress-induced dysregulation of emotions can interfere with maternal motivation and parenting behavior. It is possible that some aspects of the emotional and experiential regulation of maternal motivation and parental behavior are different in different mammalian species. However, variation in the environments in which subjects are tested and in their developmental experience may also be responsible for the some discrepancies between the results of different studies.
Two-Photon-Coincidence Fluorescence Spectra of Cavity Multipolaritons: Novel Signatures of Multiexciton Generation

In a simulation study, we show that correlated two-dimensional frequency-resolved fluorescence spectra of a quantum dot in a microcavity provide a sensitive probe for the distribution of multiexcitons. Polariton couplings lead to a fine structure of Rabi multiplets that allow us to resolve otherwise overlapping features of the different multiexcitons. These may be used to probe multiexciton generation.
Spontaneous leukemia in germfree AK mice.

SummaryLymphatic leukemia developed spontaneously in “germfree” AK mice. The characteristics of disease were the same as those observed in the conventional control AK mice. The data indicate that the leukemia agent was transmitted to progeny by congenital route(s).
An oblique plantar incision aids deformity correction in surgical treatment of paediatric curly toes.

1268-7731/$ – see front matter 2013 European Foot and Ankle Society. Published b http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2013.01.001 Surgical treatment consists of division of the flexor tendon bundle of FDL and FDB to the toe while protecting the neurovascular structures. Classically this has been described via a longitudinal or transverse incision [2]. We use an oblique incision from medial and distal to lateral and proximal as demonstrated in Fig. 1. The reason for orienting the incision this way is that as the scar contracts it can counteract the
An aseismic slip pulse in northern Chile and along‐strike variations in seismogenic behavior

We use interferometric synthetic aperture radar, GPS, and seismic observations spanning 5 to 18 years to reveal a detailed kinematic picture of the spatiotemporal evolution of fault slip in a region corresponding to the 30 July 1995 M_w 8.1 subduction zone megathrust earthquake in northern Chile. In a single area, we document a complex mosaic of phenomena including large earthquakes, postseismic afterslip with a spatial distribution that appears to be tied to variations in coastal morphology, and a completely aseismic pulse that may have triggered a M_w 7.1 earthquake on 30 January 1998. In contrast to simple models of fault slip behavior, this spatial heterogeneity indicates that frictional parameters on the fault do not have a systematic transition with depth and also vary rapidly along strike. The low amount of afterslip from the M_w 8.1 earthquake relative to other similar events suggests that postseismic behavior may be modulated by the amount of sediment subducted.
Electronic structure of the water-oxidation catalyst [(bpy)2(OHx)RuORu(OHy)(bpy)2]z+: weak coupling between the metal centers is preferred over strong coupling.

High-level DFT calculations indicate that the singlet ground state of the water-oxidizing blue Ru dimer [(bpy)2(OH2)RuIIIORuIII(OH2)(bpy)2]4+ is not due to a strong coupling of the excess electrons from each of the low-spin d5 RuIII centers across the Ru−O−Ru moiety, as has been assumed to date. Instead, broken symmetry orbital calculations suggest that a weak antiferromagnetically (AF) coupled singlet state is energetically more favorable by 10−35 kcal/mol. Experimentally observed redox potentials can only be reproduced if antiferromagnetic coupling is invoked.
Gastrin inhibition of the pyloric sphincter.

Pyloric sphincter responses to intraduodenal stimuli were measured on 10 normal subjects before and during pentagastrin administration, and after endogenous gastrin was released from the antral mucosa. Normally, intraduodenal hydrochloric acid, sodium oleate, and hypertonic amino acids each significantly increased the pyloric sphincter pressure. Both the intravenous administration of pentagastrin and endogenous gastrin released from the antral mucosa inhibited the pyloric responses to intraduodenal stimuli.
Cloning and Characterization of the Human Corticotropin-Releasing Factor-2 Receptor Complementary Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Two CRF receptor subtypes (CRF1 and CRF2 receptors) with distinct brain localizations and pharmacological profiles have recently been cloned and characterized. For the CRF2 receptor subtype, at least 2 splice forms with different 5'-coding sequences (CRF2 alpha and CRF2 beta) have been identified in rat. In this article, we report the genomic structure and the corresponding complementary DNA (cDNA) sequence of the human CRF2 receptor. The gene coding for human CRF2 receptor consists of at least 12 exons and spans approximately 30 kilobases. The cDNA sequence in the protein-coding region is 94% identical to that of the reported rat CRF2 alpha receptor. At present, there is no evidence for the existence of a CRF2 beta receptor homolog in humans. The encoded receptor is 411 amino acids in length and is 70% identical to the human CRF1 receptor, with least sequence homology in the N-terminal extracellular domain (47% identical). Cells transfected with the full-length human CRF2 receptor cDNA responded to rat/human CRF and sauvagine by increasing the intracellular cAMP level, with EC50 values of approximately 20 and 1 nM, respectively. The CRF- and sauvagine-induced accumulation of intracellular cAMP could be competitively inhibited by the CRF receptor antagonist D-Phe-CRF. This pharmacological profile was comparable to that of the rat CRF2 alpha receptor. The relative abundance of the CRF2 receptor messenger RNA appears to be lower in humans than in rats for the tissues studied thus far.
Inferential stereomorphology of human brain lesions

I very much appreciated the invitation to contribute a paper to this Symposium on Applications of Human Biostereometrics, as it provides a valuable opportunity for me to take a fresh look at a problemâ""the cerebral localisation of psychological function"â"in which I have been interested for many years. This interest grew out of considerations of the clinically important problem of how we should go about the task of relating the form of the changes in human behavior consequent upon damage to the human brain following, say, head injury, to the form of the changes in brain morphology which constitute that damage, and related issues.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
For MutY, It's All about the OG

MutY and its human ortholog, MUTYH, repair a specific form of DNA damage: adenine mis-paired with the oxidatively modified form of deoxyguanosine, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine. In a recent issue of Chemistry & Biology , Brinkmeyer et al. utilized mutant forms of MutY to reveal the critical residues in MutY that are required for this selectivity and specificity.
132 ACTION POTENTIAL CHANGES IN CARDIOMYOPATHIC TURKEYS

Arrhythmias are commonly observed in turkey poults(TK) inbred for congestive cardiomyopathy(CCM). We examined the possibility that alterations of transmembrane action potentials(AP) in left(LV) and right ventricular(RV) muscle fibers from CCM TK might contribute to development of arrhythmias. Resting membrane potential (RMP), AP amplitude, maximum rate of AP phase O(dV/dt max) and APD90 in LV tissue (35°C) from CCM hearts as a group did not differ significantly vs control(Con) hearts; APD50, however, was reduced in myopathic LV (201±6(SE) msec vs 228±9 in Con, P<0.05). In RV tissue, RMP was increased (P<0.01), and both APD50 (186±5 msec vs 206±4 in Con, P<0.01) and APD90 (208±4 msec vs 228±3 in Con, P<0.01) were shortened in CCM hearts. Since severity of cardiac dilation and hypertrophy may vary in CCM TK, the effects of hypertrophy on AP characteristics were examined. The only AP characteristic which distinguished LV tissue from CCM hearts with significant hypertrophy (ie 80% increase in heart/body wt ratio) from LV tissue in CCM TK without hypertrophy, was a reduced dV/dt max in the former (98±6 vs 274±26 V/sec, P<0.01). On the other hand, dV/dt max in hypertrophied and Con RV were similar while APD50 and APD90 in hypertrophied RV were shortened (174±7 vs 202±6 msec, P<0.01; 193±6 vs 224±5 msec, P<0.01). In summary, this study has identified AP abnormalities in ventricular muscle cells which may be associated with the occurrence of arrhythmias in this model of congestive cardiomyopathy.
New scheme for polarimetric glucose sensing without polarizers

Polarimetric glucose sensing is a promising method for noninvasive estimation of blood glucose concentration. Published methods of polarimetric glucose sensing generally rely on measuring the rotation of light as it traverses the aqueous humor of the eye. In this article, an interferometer is described that can detect polarization changes due to glucose without the use of polarization control or polarization analyzing elements. Without polarizers, this system is sensitive to optical activity, inherent to glucose, but minimally sensitive to linear retardance, inherent to the cornea. The underlying principle of the system was experimentally verified using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. A detection scheme involving amplitude modulation was simulated, demonstrating sensitivity to clinically relevant glucose concentrations and an acceptable error due to time varying linear birefringence of the cornea using Clarke Error Grid Analysis.
Axions from SN1987A.

The process of axion emission from SN 1987A by nucleon-nucleon axion bremsstrahlung is investigated based on neutrino observations. The results indicate that the axion luminosity must be less than about 10 to the 53rd erg/s if: (1) axions couple very weakly (with an axion mass of less than about 0.75 x 10 to the -3rd); or (2) axions couple strongly enough to be trapped and radiated from an axion sphere with T sub a of less than about 8 MeV (with an axion mass of greater than about 2.2 eV). Axion trapping is found to occur for axion masses of greater than about 0.016 eV.
Eradicating Domestic Violence in the African American Community A Literature Review and Action Agenda

Though all cultural, religious, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic groups experience domestic violence, people of color continue to be largely ignored in domestic violence literature. African Americans sustain serious and lethal injuries as a result of domestic violence. Domestic violence poses a grave threat to the preservation of African American families and communities. In an effort to create an agenda for further discussion, this article provides a critical analysis of the current literature on domestic violence in the African American community, identifies gaps in knowledge, and discusses an action agenda to help eradicate domestic violence.
Visual Perceptions and Observations of an Aphakic Surgeon

A surgeon analyzes his perception following removal of cataracts and repair of a retinal detachment. His conclusions are: aphakic eyes perceive ultraviolet light, the optic disc is perceived as a point rather than a space the size of the disc, a certain minimal similarity of light intensity on the two retinas is necessary for fusion of images, reduction telescopes can be made by a combination of contact lenses and trifocals which balance the image size in unilateral aphakia, the visual angle of cataract glasses may be only 56° but is perceived as 90° with a 22° blind sector, a patient can observe the progress of his own cataract by looking through a pinhole, and the optimal prescription for contact lenses in aphakia is with acute vision provided at 75 cm. rather than at 5 or 6 m.
Growth of Various Bacteria on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and N-2–Fluorenylacetamide

Several heterotrophic bacteria grew in nutrient broth medium containing high concentrations (10−5 M) of the potent carcinogenic compounds, benz[a]pyrene, 3-methylcholanthrene or N-2–fluorenylacetamide. They were capable of metabolizing the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to smaller molecules and utilized these compounds as the sole source of carbon and energy. Identification of the metabolites formed from benz[a]pyrene revealed that the major metabolite (3-hydroxybenz[a]pyrene) of mammalian systems did not accumulate in any of these cultures when the standard fluorometric assay was used. Benz[a]pyrene metabolism profiles with high-pressure liquid chromatography also exhibited no accumulation of any metabolites (hydroxy, quinone and diol derivatives).
Mid-holocene climate and the hemlock decline: the range limit of Tsuga canadensis in the western Great Lakes region, USA

Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) expanded rapidly across Upper Peninsula Michigan from ~6500 to 5500 cal. yr BP, followed by a sudden decline of hemlock pollen percentages that lasted over 1000 years. Hemlock declined throughout its range, apparently due to insect/pathogen outbreaks, which may have been affected by regional climatic shifts. Modern analogues were used to reconstruct submillennial climatic trends from fossil pollen sites spanning the western range limit of hemlock. Reconstructions from eight sites inside the range of hemlock at the time of the decline (5400 cal. yr BP) are compared with eight sites outside the range, which should be independent of variation in hemlock pollen percentages and the non-climatic effects of insects/pathogens. Expansion of hemlock before the decline occurred at a time of increasing precipitation and January temperature. Long-term precipitation averages stabilized at ~5500 cal. yr BP and remained fairly constant throughout the period of low hemlock abundance. Jan...
Rates of convergence of random walk on distance regular graphs

When run on any non-bipartite q-distance regular graph from a family containing graphs of arbitrarily large diameter d, we show that d steps are necessary and sufficient to drive simple random walk to the uniform distribution in total variation distance, and that a sharp cutoff phenomenon occurs. For most examples, we determine the set on which the variation distance is achieved, and the precise rate at which it decays.
A simulation based methodology for evaluating product design and process configurations

Abstract The steady increase in the pace of innovation and new product development, market segmentation, shorter competitive life cycles, and rapid replacement or modification of design has led to an increasing demand for flexibility in manufacturing process configuration and operation. The lack of sufficient integration between product design and process capability often results in suboptimization of resource utilization and manufacturing system throughput. The effective design of manufacturing systems involves factors, both technical and qualitative in nature. This paper describes (1) a simulation based method for evaluating product design, material selection, and process configuration and capabilities, and (2) procedures for incorporating qualitative factors in the evaluation process.
Electronic Structure and Optical Absorption of Liquid Sodium

Motivated by the experimental observation of Mayer and co-workers that the marked structure which occurs in the optical absorption of alkali metals persists into the liquid state, numerical calculations of the eigenstates and optical conductivity of liquid sodium have been performed to investigate whether the main peak in the liquid interference function $a(K)$ gives rise to a liquid analog of the interband transition. The formalism of Faber has been applied, using a pseudopotential due to Animalu and Heine and an interference function due to Ashcroft and Lekner. The peak in $a(K)$ leads to an enhancement of the absorption at high frequencies, but is too wide to give any definite threshold or structure.
Satellites monitor the weather from 22,300 miles in space

We rely on weather forecasts for everything from planting crops to deciding how to dress. With the help of weather satellites, such as GOES, meteorologists have improved their ability to predict weather events. Patricia Viets looks at the impact of GOES and the optics involved.
Pathology of germ cell tumors in children

Germ cell tumors may be defined as those tumors arising from a primitive germ cell. These tumors have the potential for differentiating along several disparate lines (Figure 1). l-3 The primitive germ cell may proliferate as a pure germ cell tumor, which is variously labeled as seminoma in the testis, dysgerminoma in the ovary, or germinoma in extragonadal sites. Alternatively, the totipotential primitive germ cell may develop as a benign mature teratoma, an immature teratoma of uncertain malignant potential, or a malignant tumor. In children, the malignant tumors are either pure germ cell tumors, embryonal carcinomas, or tumors manifesting extraembryonic features, such as yolk sac tumors and, occasionally, choriocarcinomas. Rarely, a teratoma may contain malignant neural elements. However, teratomas containing malignant epithelial components, such as seen in squamous cell carcinomas or adenocarcinomas, occur only in adults. In children, the malignant potential of malignant germ cell tumors is quite varied. Germinomas are the least aggressive, and teratomas with malignant neural elements (neuroblastoma) are the most aggressive forms of this tumor.4 Yolk sac tumors can usually be controlled by combination chemotherapy. Combination chemotherapy may also be effective in embryonal carcinomas in children, but the numbers are too small for statistical assessment.4.s
African American English: An Overview

Abstract This article presents a summary of African-American English (AAE) for the speech-language pathologist. An overview of research on AAE and of the specific linguistic characteristics of AAE ...
Multiple Scattering and Energy Transfer of Seismic Waves—Separation of Scattering Effect from Intrinsic Attenuation II. Application of the Theory to Hindu Kush Region

In order to separate the scattering effect from intrinsic attenuation, we need a multiple scattering model for seismic wave propagation in random heterogeneous media. In paper I (Wu, 1985), radiative transfer theory is applied to seismic wave propagation and the energy density distribution (or the average intensity) in space for a point source is formulated in the frequency domain. It is possible to separate the scattering effect and the absorption based on the measured energy density distribution curves. In this paper, the data from digital recordings in the Hindu Kush region are used as an example of application of the theory. We also discuss two approximate solutions of coda envelope in the time domain: the single scattering approximation and the diffusion approximation and discuss the relation with the frequency domain solution. We point out that in only two cases can the apparent attenuation be expressed as an exponential decay form. One is the dark medium case, i.e., when B o ≫ 0.5, where B o = ŋ s /(ŋ s + ŋ a ) is the seismic albedo, ŋ s is the scattering coefficient, ŋ a is the absorption coefficient. In this case the absorption is dominant, the apparent attenuation b can be approximated by the coherent wave attenuation b = ŋ s +ŋ a The other case is the diffuse scattering regime, i.e., when B o ≫ 0.5 (bright medium) and R≫ L s ,t ≫ τs, where R and t are the propagation distance and lapse time, L s and τ s are the scattering lengths (mean free path) and scattering time (mean free time), respectively. However, in this case the envelope decays with a rate close to the intrinsic attenuation, while the intensity decreases with distance with a coefficient b≈d 0 (ŋ a +ŋ s ) ≈ d s ŋ s where d o d s are the diffusion multipliers (0 1).
Hypercalcemia in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: a case report and literature review.

Objective. We here report a patient with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma with hypercalcemia likely due to elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Methods. We present a clinical case and a summary of literature search. Results. A 57-year-old man, recently diagnosed with a left renal mass, for which a core biopsy showed renal cell carcinoma, was admitted for hypercalcemia of 11.0 mg/mL He also had five small right lung nodules with a negative bone scan. Both intact parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide were appropriately low, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was elevated at 118 pg/dL. The patient’s calcium was normalized after hydration, and he underwent radical nephrectomy. On the postoperative day 6, a repeat 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was 24 pg/mL with a calcium of 8.1 mg/dL. Pathology showed a 6 cm high-grade urothelial carcinoma with divergent differentiation. We identified a total of 27 previously reported cases with hypercalcemia and upper tract urothelial carcinoma in English. No cases have a documented elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D level. Conclusion. This clinical course suggests that hypercalcemia in this case is from the patient’s tumor, which was likely producing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Considering the therapeutic implications, hypercalcemia in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma should be evaluated with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.
Self-patterned Nano Structures in Structurally Gradient Epitaxial La0.5Ba0.5CoO3 Films

Abstract Highly epitaxial La 0.5 Ba 0.5 CoO 3 (LBCO) thin films with sharp interface and a thickness of 200 nm were epitaxially grown on (001) SrTiO 3 substrates using pulsed laser deposition. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction analysis revealed that the films have a triple-layered structure. The first layer, close to the film/substrate interface, has a thickness of ~ 6 nm and is a defect free single crystal disordered cubic structure (a = 3.882 A) which has a lattice mismatch of − 0.59% with respect to the substrate. The second layer which dominates the film structure has a single crystal disordered cubic structure (a = 3.854 A) which has a lattice mismatch of − 1.31% with respect to the substrate. The third layer located on the top of the film has a thickness of several nanometers and consists of 112-type ordered tetragonal structure. The cubic structures in the first and second layer have an orientation relationship of (001) LBCO // (001) STO and LBCO // STO with respect to the substrate. Self-patterned 3-dimensional nano structures with a dimension range from 2 to 10 nm were formed in the second and third layers. These nano structures were formed by the enclosure of anti-phase boundary planes which are parallel to the {100} of the cubic structure. Epitaxial LBCO thin films with such nano structures are hard ferromagnetic with a large coercive field value and magnetoresistance effect value (~ 24%), and exhibit semiconductor behavior at temperatures
Publication bias in entrepreneurship research: An examination of dominant relations to performance

Abstract Publication bias (PB) exists when the published literature is not representative of the population of studies. PB has largely been ignored or dismissed in entrepreneurship research as there is a general belief that only fields entrenched in dominant theoretical paradigms are capable of suffering from PB. We tested this presumption by re-analyzing the results of 15 systematic reviews (i.e., meta-analyses) of entrepreneurial antecedents and firm performance. Using three different tests, we found some degree of PB in all but three of these analyses. Our results belie the contention that entrepreneurship is immune to PB.
Quadratic differentials and closed string vertices

Abstract Existence theorems for quadratic differentials on Riemann surfaces are used to explore the possible structure of local vertices in closed string field theory. The cell decomposition of the moduli space of the three-holed sphere is studied in some detail, and the problem of obtaining a single covering of moduli space is investigated.
The Role of Motivational and Persuasive Message Factors in Changing Implicit Attitudes Toward Smoking

The current work examined the extent to which nicotine level affects the receptiveness of cigarette smokers to a compelling (strong) or a specious (weak) antismoking, public service announcement (PSA). The combination of nicotine loading (i.e., having just smoked a cigarette) and a strong antismoking PSA led to significantly more negative implicit evaluations of cigarettes; however, explicit evaluations were not changed by nicotine level or PSA quality. Smokers’ implicit evaluations of cigarettes were affected only by compelling PSAs when they had recently smoked but not when they were nicotine deprived or when they viewed weak PSAs. Because implicit evaluations of cigarettes predict deliberate smoking-related decisions, it is important to understand which factors can render these implicit evaluations relatively more negative.
Preference Assessment for Application of the Premack Principle

Summary.-The efficacy of employing verbal choice or reinforcement-menu choice as an indicator of free-operant play preferences was assessed in 22 second grade Ss by employing all three preference measures over 10 daily sessions. The correspondence of choice via menu or verbal preference indices with freeoperant measures of response preference did not exceed chance. Intersubject agreement on free-operant rank orders of five classes of toy play for males and females was nor evidenced; although intrasubject reliabiliry in operant choice behavior for the first and last sessions was significant for all five toy classes. The implications of these findings for defining preferred or high probability events in classroom applications of the Premack principle is discussed. In recent years, Premack's ( 1965 ) definition of reinforcement has found increasing favor in applied classroom research. Simply stated, a high probability (or preferred event) can be used contingently to strengthen a low probability (or non-preferred) event. One problem faced by a teacher who tries to employ the Premack principle is that of choosing a method of determining students' response probabilities or preferences in a naturalistic setting. Premack ( 1963) recommends a "free-operant" procedure in which S is allowed to engage in a variety of activities with unlimited access. Percent time spent in the activities or response frequencies can then be used as an index for rank ordering S's preferences. Experimentally, the "free-operant" method has been challenged by laboratory studies with animals (Polidora & Schneider, 1964) and with kindergartenaged Ss (Schutz & Naurnoff, 1964) where comparisons of "free-operant" rankings with paired-comparison orderings were found to be inconsistent. Premack (1963), on the other hand, has found that the ordinal relations among four activities performed by laboratory animals were analogous to those obtained independently for the same four events. Although some researchers employ the "free-operant" method of defining response preferences, this procedure introduces practical problems for the classroom reacher who is rarely free to collect systematic observations of unrestricted student activities. Addison and Homme (1966) developed the Reinforcement Event (RE)
In defence of a Radical Millianism

In order to by-pass immaterial historical bickering I shall stipulatively mean by ‘Radical Millianism’ just this much more than what Katz in his recent article in The Philosophical Review , ‘Names without Bearers’ (for short, NWB), means by the unqualified term, ‘Millianism’; namely, whereas Katz means by ‘Millianism’ that theory of proper names (proper nouns) which holds that proper names (nouns) ‘have no linguistic meaning,’
Ultraviolet dynamical symmetry breaking and a model of grand unification

Abstract We study the possibility that dynamically generated, symmetry-breaking fermion self-energies persist out to the momentum scale of grand unification, and that significant and calculable contributions to the gauge meson masses come from integrals over the fermion self-energies in the region of high momentum. As an example, we discuss a model based on SU(8) that appears phenomenologically acceptable.
Anomalous conductivity effects in (Na,K) mixed crystals of the β-Al2O3 type

Abstract Anomalous behavior has been observed in the ionic conductivity of (Na,K) mixed crystals of the alkali gallates and aluminate of the β-Al2O3 type fast ion conductors. The conductivity goes through a minimum at some intermediate composition as a consequence of a maximum in the activation energy, and is most pronounced in the (Na,K)-β-gallate, followed by (Na,K)-β-Al2O3 and (Na,K)-β“-gallate. The effect is similar to the well-known “mixed alkali effect” in glasses. A second anomaly consisting of a pronounced increase in conductivity over about a 70° temperature range, without any permanent change in activation energy, was observed for some compositions of (Na,K)-β“-gallate.
The effects of conditioned taste aversions on the acquisition and maintenance of schedule-induced polydipsia

Conditioned taste aversions produced a moderate, but transient, suppression of schedule-induced polydipsia. This suppression was greater and longer lasting when rats were offered a choice between water and the previously poisoned solution on the polydipsia baseline. A final experiment demonstrated that taste aversions were more effective in suppressing schedule-induced consumption when superimposed on a developing schedule-induced drinking baseline as opposed to a stable pattern of schedule-induced drinking. It was suggested that schedule-induced polydipsia is insensitive to conditioned taste aversions. This conclusion was discussed in terms of schedule-induced alcohol consumption and its potential as an animal model of alcoholism.
Spark plasma sintering of silicon nitride/silicon carbide nanocomposites with reduced additive amounts

Abstract The spark plasma sintering technique was used to consolidate amorphous Si–C–N powder to obtain polycrystalline Si 3 N 4 /SiC ceramic composites. With decreasing additive content, the consolidation of the materials became increasingly dependent on solid-state sintering. The microstructure underwent a transition from a microcrystalline matrix with nanocrystalline second phase (micro–nano) to a nanocrystalline matrix with nanocrystalline second phase (nano–nano) when the yttria content was lowered to 3 wt.%.
Conditioning hemicellulose hydrolysates for fermentation: Effects of overliming pH on sugar and ethanol yields

Overliming is an effective way of conditioning to reduce the toxicity of hydrolysates generated from pretreatment of lignicellulosic biomass for ethanol production. In this work, a range of target overliming pH values from 9 to 11 was studied, and xylose fermenting Zymomonas mobilis strain 8b was used to evaluate the fermentability of overlimed corn stover hemicellulose hydrolysate. pH 11 overlimed hydrolysate was highly fermentable, but xylose losses were the greatest at this condition. Based on ethanol yield and fermentative xylose conversion, pH 10-conditioned hydrolysate produced the best results, 75% xylose utilization and 76% ethanol yield. This condition also produces the highest overall ethanol yield based on total sugars available in the unconditioned hydrolysate, 70%. Overall mass balance closures were very good averaging between 97 and 100% for all experiments. Calcium and sulfur mass balance closures ranged from 75 to 90% and indicated that approximately 50% of the calcium ends up in the gypsum cake, which is calculated to be approximately 63% gypsum. Overall result shows that the pH of the overliming process is the key factor for improving hydrolysate fermentability but too high a pH destroys some of the available sugars and reduces overall ethanol yield. Thus, it is critical to keep the overliming pH as low as possible while making the hydrolysate fermentable.
Work-life benefits and organizational attachment: Self-interest utility and signaling theory models

Abstract This study examines two competing theoretical explanations for why work-life policies such as dependent care assistance and flexible schedules influence organizational attachment. The self-interest utility model posits that work-life policies influence organizational attachment because employee use of these policies facilitates attachment. The signaling model posits that these policies facilitate attachment indirectly through perceived organizational support. Regression analyses explored both models using a sample of 286 full time employees. Results supported both the signaling model and the self-interest utility model. For women, the availability of work-life benefits influenced organizational attachment irrespective of use, and these effects were mediated by support perceptions, consistent with the signaling model. In contrast, the self-interest model was also supported for men only. Specifically, the availability and use of flexible schedules interacted in predicting affective commitment among men such that flexible schedule availability was positively related to commitment only when use was high and negatively related to commitment when use was low. Dependent care assistance and schedule flexibility also interacted in predicting affective commitment, turnover intentions, and perceived organizational support, suggesting that the effect of policy implementation may depend on what other policies are already offered by the organization. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for theory and organizational practice.
Calcium-activated force in a turkey model of spontaneous dilated cardiomyopathy: adaptive changes in thin myofilament Ca2+ regulation with resultant implications on contractile performance.

Abstract Using saponin skinned fibers, we investigated whether decreased myofilament calcium responsiveness and contractile activation may in part contribute to heart failure in an animal model of idiopathic spontaneous cardiomyopathy (SCM). We addressed the question as to whether there are adaptive changes at the level of the thin myofilaments in turkey poults with SCM. The calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ]) required for 50% activation ([Ca 2+ ] 50% ) was 0.80±0.12 μ m ( n =12) vs. 0.76±0.08 μ m ( n =12) and the Hill coefficient was 1.98±0.20 ( n =12) vs. 2.14±0.38 ( n =12) for control and SCM muscles respectively. Maximal Ca 2+ -activated force was not different between control fibers and fibers from failing hearts (3.83±0.88 g/mm 2 vs. 3.65±0.39 g/mm 2 ). These data indicate there are no differences in calcium-activation between fibers from control and failing myocardium. The effects of caffeine, an agent that increases myofilament Ca 2+ sensitivity, were also studied. Addition of 10 m m caffeine resulted in a 0.06 pCa unit leftward shift of the force-pCa relationship in control hearts and 0.14 pCa units in SCM hearts. Caffeine (30 m m ) increased force by 26±2.1% ( n =7) in control fibers and 44.5±8.7% ( n =8) in myopathic fibers at a pCa of 6.0. The increased responsiveness of muscles from failing hearts to caffeine indicates adaptive changes at the level of the thin myofilaments. Addition of dibutyryl-3′,5′-cyclic-Adenosine Monophosphate (D-cAMP) resulted in a 0.21 pCa rightward shift on the calcium axis to higher intracelluar calcium concentrations in control myocardium and 0.38 pCa units in SCM failing myocardium. The muscles were also sinusoidally oscillated at frequencies ranging between 0.01 and 100 Hz. In this analysis the frequency at which dynamic stiffness is minimum is taken as a measure of cross-bridge cycling rate. In control muscles, the frequency of minimum stiffness (f min ) was 1.20±0.11 ( n =4) whereas it was 0.71±0.08 Hz ( n =4) in myopathic muscles. The addition of 10 μ m D-cAMP shifted f min from 1.20±0.11 Hz to 1.68±0.09 Hz (Δ= 0.48 ±0.06) in control fibers whereas in SCM fibers it caused greater shift of f min from 0.71±0.08 Hz to 1.73±0.08 Hz (Δ= 1.02 ±0.07). This differential effect of D-cAMP indicates adaptive changes at the level of the myofilaments. Our studies indicate that adaptive changes at the level of the thin myofilaments can potentially alter the “apparent” calcium-force relationship in failing myocardium and contractile performance, and that failing myocardium has the potential to generate similar levels of force as normal non-failing myocardium.
The manual stress test may not be sufficient to differentiate ankle ligament injuries.

Abstract Objective . To assess the accuracy of stress tests (anterior drawer, talar tilt) in the diagnosis of lateral ligament injuries. Design. Stress tests were performed in vitro, and rotation and displacement of the calcaneus relative to the tibia were measured. Background. Stress tests are commonly used to diagnose ankle injuries. However, it is controversial as to whether stress tests can accurately differentiate between isolated anterior talofibular ligament injuries and combined anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligament injuries. Methods. Stress tests were performed in vitro under three conditions with both ligaments intact, after sectioning the anterior talofibular ligament, and after sectioning the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligament. Motion of the calcaneus relative to the tibia was measured in neutral and in 20° of plantarflexion at the ankle. Results . There were statistically significant differences among cadavers, examiners and positions. There was a difference between isolated anterior talofibular ligament sectioning and combined anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligament sectioning in lateral tilt but not in anterior displacement. In contrast, a difference was found between intact and anterior talofibular ligament sectioned specimens in anterior displacement but not in lateral tilt. However the differences were not great enough to differentiate between the two conditions. Conclusions . Each of the stress tests provides reasonable hindfoot displacement but neither is sufficient for accurate diagnosis of specific ligament involvement due to the large amount of individual variation. Relevance Many clinicians rely on stress tests to diagnose lateral ligament injuries and to assess the extent of anatomic disruption. This in vitro study has demonstrated poor correlation between clinical stress tests and the degree of ligamentous disruption.
A model for fluid accumulation and flow in a three-dimensional porous medium

In this paper, we present a model describing the accumulation and passage of fluid through a domain @W comprising a porous medium. There is an inflow through a portion of the boundary as well as an outflow through a separate part of the boundary. The model consists of an initial value problem governing the growth of the region saturated with fluid and an elliptic boundary value problem describing the flow of the fluid within that region. The model is tested using field data obtained from the drainage of a highway roadbed.
Challenges in Evaluating Health Communication Campaigns: Defining the Issues

Although there have been many advances in the design and implementation of health communication campaigns, there have been fewer developments in campaign evaluation. The current article closely examines the state of the field of outcome evaluation of health communication campaigns. First, research designs recommended for use in outcome evaluation of campaigns are discussed. Next, reviews of the campaign literature are consulted to examine what designs are actually used in practice. Two commonly used designs, the posttest-only and pretest-posttest designs, are then discussed in greater detail, in particular to point out their methodological weaknesses. Finally, challenges to rigorous evaluation of communication campaigns are discussed and questions related to potential solutions are posed.
A Support Vector Approach to Censored Targets

Censored targets, such as the time to events in survival analysis, can generally be represented by intervals on the real line. In this paper, we propose a novel support vector technique (named SVCR) for regression on censored targets. SVCR inherits the strengths of support vector methods, such as a globally optimal solution by convex programming, fast training speed and strong generalization capacity. In contrast to ranking approaches to survival analysis, our approach is able not only to achieve superior ordering performance, but also to predict the survival time very well. Experiments show a significant performance improvement when the majority of the training data is censored. Experimental results on several survival analysis datasets demonstrate that SVCR is very competitive against classical survival analysis models.
Combined resection of the liver and the inferior vena cava for hydatid disease

Hydatid disease can result in cystic liver disease. If a conservative treatment fails, these cysts require resection. Involvement of the inferior vena cava requiring resection for hydatid disease is unusual. We present a case of hydatid disease with complete caval obstruction and resultant portal hypertension that required combined liver resection and inferior vena cava replacement.
Hardness of heat treated electroless nickel

Abstract The hardness measurements of electroless nickel-phosphorus deposits are reported for compositions of 2.8–12.6 wt.% phosphorus. The hardness measurements were made on as-plated samples and after heat treatments covering a wide range of time and temperature. As-plated hardness decreases with increasing phosphorus content up to 7–8 wt.% and then remains constant. After 9 hours at 200 °C, the hardness decreases with increasing phosphorus. Heat treatments at 400 °C and above result in hardnesses that depend on composition, time of heat treatment, and temperature of heat treatment. Qualitatively, the relationship is what one would expect for precipitation hardening.