cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dual Emitter Nano-Electrospray Ionization Coupled to Differential Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry for Shotgun Lipidomics

Current lipidomics workflows are centered around acquisition of large data sets followed by lengthy data processing. A dual nESI-DIMS-MS platform was developed to perform real-time relative quantification between samples, providing data required for biomarker discovery and validation more quickly than traditional ESI-MS approaches. Nanosprayer activity and DIMS compensation field settings were controlled by a LabVIEW program synced to the accumulation portion of the ion trap scan function, allowing for full integration of the platform with a commercial mass spectrometer. By comparing samples with short electrospray pulses rather than constant electrospray, the DIMS and MS performance is normalized within an experiment, as signals are compared between individual mass spectra (ms time scale) rather than individual experiments (min–hr time scale). The platform was validated with lipid standards and extracts from nitrogen-deprived microalgae. Dual nESI-DIMS requires minimal system modification and is compatib...
Peers and Delinquency

Human beings differ from other species in a number of important ways. They are, for example, a visually oriented species. They evaluate and interact with their environment primarily in terms of what they see rather than what they smell (as do canines), hear (as do bats), or touch (as do starfish). At birth, humans are among the most helpless creatures on earth because most of their brain development, unlike most other species, takes place after they are born. Without knowledge of this fact, it would be impossible to understand how humans develop in the first two decades of life. Human beings are also highly social animals (unlike, say, bears or tortoises). They enjoy and even crave the company of their own kind, and prolonged separation from human contact (as occurred in the first prisons, for example) can lead to insanity and suicide. The social nature of our species means that who we are and what we do at any particular moment depends in part on who we are with. We behave differently in the presence of a teacher than in the presence of our best friend or worst enemy. We are different people around a girlfriend or boyfriend than we are around a co-worker, minister, or police officer. This occurs not because we are deceitful creatures but because we have acquired role expectations from our culture that define how we are to behave around others (and they with us). We expect those we call “friends,” for example, to be loyal, honest, and intimate, and we are hurt or angry when they fall short. We expect our parents to put our interests above (or at least on par with) their own, and we can be crushed when they fail to do so.
The Decline of Calculus—The Rise of Discrete Mathematics

Calculus is one of the great triumphs of the human intellect. For this reason alone no educated person should be without some knowledge of it. When, in addition, you consider the panoply of intellectual and practical conquests of classical analysis, whose foundation is calculus, it is small wonder that calculus has been for so long the basis of all college mathematics study. It may well surprise the reader then that the purpose of this essay is to argue that the position of calculus in the college mathematics curriculum is ripe for change and, to a degree, decline.
Thrombus in Transit

Thrombus in Transit A 64-year-old man presented with shortness of breath and swelling of the right calf. Computed tomography of the chest showed thrombus in the right and left pulmonary arteries, and echocardiography showed a thrombus in the right ventricle (shown in a video).
The Establishment Clause and the Concept of Inclusion

This essay explores the existence of a concept of inclusion in the U.S. Supreme Court’s Establishment Clause doctrine. The essay uses Newdow v. U.S. Congress, the Ninth Circuit decision declaring the words “under God” in the Pledge of Allegiance unconstitutional, as a lens through which to assess the development of the paradigm of inclusion. Part I of the essay traces the development of inclusion in the Court’s Establishment Clause cases. Part II highlights the inconsistency between inclusion and ceremonial deism, a doctrine that recognizes a category of constitutionally acceptable references to religion such as “under God” in the Pledge and “In God We Trust” on the currency. In contrasting inclusion with ceremonial deism, Part II evaluates the relative claims of religious minorities and majorities. Part III argues that the practical application of inclusion as a doctrine tends to leave behind the related concept of tolerance upon which inclusion appears to be grounded.
Social cognitive interventions

Abstract In this chapter, we provide an overview of nonpharmacological interventions targeting social cognitive abilities in individuals with psychosis. In addition to describing proof-of-concept, along with single and multidomain interventions, we summarize the evidence base of these nonpharmacological interventions, with a focus on how they impact social cognitive measures. Psychosocial interventions that include social cognitive training as one component of a broader-based intervention (e.g., treatments such as those that concurrently target social skills, neurocognition, or metacognition along with social cognition), or that are augmented by additional treatments (e.g., oxytocin), are not included in this review, as the unique contribution of individual treatment components cannot be discerned. Psychosocial interventions that focus on related, yet somewhat different, skills (e.g., metacognition) are not included in this review. Interventions that focus on improving social function through methods other than social cognitive training are discussed in a separate chapter (Chapter 14).
3D-printed polymer composites with acoustically assembled multidimensional filler networks for accelerated heat dissipation

Abstract Polymer composites containing thermally conductive fillers show great promise in solving the overheating issue which is critical for electronic devices. Recent successes in developing functional polymer composites rely on the excellent filler property and heavy loading. Yet the intensive filler loading leads to challenges in manufacturing and composite properties. This study reports an alternative method for functional particle-polymer composite design and fabrication: instead of heavy loading, a small amount of filler composes highly concentrated multidimensional network functioning as active paths for heat dissipation in the polymer matrix. A novel 3D printing technique named acoustic field-assisted projection stereolithography realizes the fabrication of such composites. The local filler weight ratio in the network is > 7 times of the feedstock filler loading. With the same feedstock, the patterned composite exhibits >10 times higher efficiency in heat dissipation, compared to the uniform composite. With the same amount of fillers embedded, the patterned composite accelerates the heat dissipation twice than the uniform composite. Moreover, 3D filler network outperforms 2D network, showing that the higher network dimension is conducive to multidirectional heat transfer. With a low filler consumption while higher design flexibility, this new composite material design and manufacturing approach overcomes restriction caused by filler loading.
Exploring racial disparities of actionable mutations in gynecologic cancers.

e17098Background: Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) guides targeted therapy and clinical trial enrollment for patients with gynecologic malignancies. South Florida is a key region to explore biomark...
Mega-pixel time-of-flight imager with GHz modulation frequencies

We propose a novel time-of-flight imaging technique with GHz modulation frequencies using a regular CCD/CMOS sensor as the detector. Our proposed system can provide sub-mm depth resolution and megapixel level lateral resolution.
Nursing Unit Communication During a US Public Health Emergency: Natural Experiment.

Background: In the second half of 2014, the first case of Ebola virus disease (EVD) was diagnosed in the United States. During this time period, we were collecting data for the Measuring Network Stability and Fit (NetFIT) longitudinal study, which used social network analysis (SNA) to study relationships between nursing staff communication patterns and patient outcomes. One of the data collection sites was a few blocks away from where the initial EVD diagnosis was made. The EVD public health emergency during the NetFIT data collection time period resulted in the occurrence of a natural experiment. Objective: The objectives of the NetFIT study were to examine the structure of nursing unit decision-making and information-sharing networks, identify a parsimonious set of network metrics that can be used to measure the longitudinal stability of these networks, examine the relationship between the contextual features of a unit and network metrics, and identify relationships between key network measures and nursing-sensitive patient-safety and quality outcomes. This paper reports on unit communication and outcome changes that occurred during the EVD natural disaster time period on the 10 hospital units that had data collected before, during, and after the crisis period. Methods: For the NetFIT study, data were collected from nursing staff working on 25 patient care units, in three hospitals, and at four data collection points over a 7-month period: Baseline, Month 1, Month 4, and Month 7. Data collection was staggered by hospital and unit. To evaluate the influence of this public health emergency on nursing unit outcomes and communication characteristics, this paper focuses on a subsample of 10 units from two hospitals where data were collected before, during, and after the EVD crisis period. No data were collected from Hospital B during the crisis period. Network data from individual staff were aggregated to the nursing unit level to create 24-hour networks and three unit-level safety outcome measures—fall rate, medication errors, and hospital-acquired pressure ulcers—were collected. Results: This analysis includes 40 data collection points and 608 staff members who completed questionnaires. Participants (N=608) included registered nurses (431, 70.9%), licensed vocational nurses (3, 0.5%), patient care technicians (133, 21.9%), unit clerks (28, 4.6%), and monitor watchers (13, 2.1%). Changes in SNA metrics associated with communication (ie, average distance, diffusion, and density) were noted in units that had changes in patient safety outcome measures. Conclusions: Units in the hospital site in the same city as the EVD case exhibited multiple changes in patient outcomes, network communication metrics, and response rates. Future research using SNA to examine the influence of public health emergencies on hospital communication networks and relationships to patient outcomes is warranted.
RESPONSE: Finding a Blueprint for FIT Involvement in e-Consultations.

Electronic methods of specialty patient evaluation are a very promising tool to improve health care delivery. Electronic consultations (e-consultations) have been shown to improve timely access to specialty care, particularly in resource-constrained systems [(1)][1]. Thus, from the health care
More trouble for unitary quantum theory

Single-world unitary quantum theories imply that some measurements have results whose probabilities can not be calculated by the Born rule.
Contemplations and Ruminations of Methodological Error.

Purpose Journal articles in our field of oral and maxillofacial surgery are rife with case studies, cohort reviews, meta-analysis, basic science studies, surgical techniques, and anatomic studies. The data found in these studies often rely on multiple measurements by which the authors draw their conclusions. Accurate measurements play a critical role in the design of the study, which in turn affects the conclusion that the author is attempting to convey. Investigators must determine and develop the processes to determine the methodological errors associated with each project to help with determining the accuracy of these measurements. The aim of this study is to highlight some of the methodological errors contained in the material and methods in oral and maxillofacial surgery studies over the calendar years of 2018 and 2019 and how best to evaluate them. Materials and Methods The inclusion criteria involved articles that used measurements where discrepancies could exist such as clinical measurements, histological measurements, and radiological measurements. The number of specimens or subjects measured in each study was tabulated. Results Over the 2-year period considered, 744 articles were published, and 116 (15.6%) of them met the inclusion criteria. Of these articles, 37 (32%) reported a methodological error, while 79 (68%) did not. In addition, 31 (84%) of the articles with a methodological error were radiographic, while only 6 (16%) were not radiographic. Among the studies that reported methodological error, there were approximately 7 different types used with no rationale given for the choice. Conclusions We believe that it is important to ensure sound methods and materials, including a stated methodological error. An attempt at standardization will help to serve to enhance and strengthen the different research studies seen in our field.
The Status of Detainees from the Iraq and Afghanistan Conflicts

The paper is premised on the idea that the future course of international law will be impacted by the United States' ability to adhere to international treaties to which it is a signatory. Hence, the current administration bears a responsibility to avoid unwisely stretching, distorting, or avoiding the principles of international law for short-term gain in a manner that jeopardizes long-term sustainable policy. The United States should be wary of creating a dangerous precedent - not only for the world, but for itself. If the United States shirks from or misinterprets international legal principles, it leaves the forum open for other nations to avoid their responsibilities under international law. Similarly, the exceptions created by the United States to the applicability of the Geneva Conventions may be detrimental to the interests of United States military personnel in future conflicts. With this background, this Article focuses on the legal status of the detainees from Afghanistan and Iraq under the Geneva Conventions. The Article examines the Geneva Conventions' applicability to the war on terror and outlines the Convention status of the detainees. Secondarily, this Article reviews the restrictions against torture under the Convention on Torture and the Geneva Conventions. Further, the article analyzes whether the United States' alleged treatment of detainees of the war on terror violates the Geneva Conventions, the Convention on Torture, and customary international law. The article concludes that the United States' application of international conventions to the detainees of the war on terror threatens not only to jeopardize respect for the international rule of law, but to reduce its standing in the international community and to endanger its own military personnel captured by an enemy in future conflicts.
Racial/ethnic disparities in oropharyngeal cancer outcomes among males in the United States (2005-2016): A population-based retrospective cohort study.

e18576Background: The incidence of male oropharyngeal cancers (OPCa) has increased rapidly during the past two decades in the United States. Little is known regarding differences in OPCa incidence ...
Cadence (steps/min) and relative intensity in 21 to 60-year-olds: the CADENCE-adults study.

Heuristic cadence (steps/min) thresholds of ≥100 and ≥ 130 steps/min correspond with absolutely-defined moderate (3 metabolic equivalents [METs]; 1 MET = 3.5 mL O2·kg− 1·min− 1) and vigorous (6 METs) intensity, respectively. Scarce evidence informs cadence thresholds for relatively-defined moderate (≥ 64% heart rate maximum [HRmax = 220-age], ≥ 40%HR reserve [HRR = HRmax -HRresting, and ≥ 12 Rating of Perceived Exertion [RPE]); or vigorous intensity (≥ 77%HRmax, ≥ 60%HRR, and ≥ 14 RPE). To identify heuristic cadence thresholds corresponding with relatively-defined moderate and vigorous intensity in 21–60-year-olds. In this cross-sectional study, 157 adults (40.4 ± 11.5 years; 50.6% men) completed up to twelve 5-min treadmill bouts, beginning at 0.5 mph and increasing by 0.5 mph. Steps were directly observed, HR was measured with chest-worn monitors, and RPE was queried in the final minute of each bout. Segmented mixed model regression and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analyses identified optimal cadence thresholds, stratified by age (21–30, 31–40, 41–50, and 51–60 years). Reconciliation of the two analytical models, including trade-offs between sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and overall accuracy, yielded final heuristic cadences. Across all moderate intensity indicators, the segmented regression models estimated optimal cadence thresholds ranging from 123.8–127.5 (ages 21–30), 121.3–126.0 (ages 31–40), 117.7–122.7 (ages 41–50), and 113.3–116.1 steps/min (ages 51–60). Corresponding values for vigorous intensity were 140.3–144.1, 140.2–142.6, 139.3–143.6, and 131.6–132.8 steps/min, respectively. ROC analysis estimated chronologically-arranged age groups’ cadence thresholds ranging from 114.5–118, 113.5–114.5, 104.6–112.9, and 103.6–106.0 across all moderate intensity indicators, and 127.5, 121.5, 117.2–123.2, and 113.0 steps/min, respectively, for vigorous intensity. Heuristic cadence thresholds corresponding to relatively-defined moderate intensity for the chronologically-arranged age groups were ≥ 120, 120, 115, and 105 steps/min, regardless of the intensity indicator (i.e., % HRmax, %HRR, or RPE). Corresponding heuristic values for vigorous intensity indicators were ≥ 135, 130, 125, and 120 steps/min. These cadences are useful for predicting/programming intensity aligned with age-associated differences in physiological response to, and perceived experiences of, moderate and/or vigorous intensity. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02650258 . Registered 24 December 2015.
Trace width effects on electrical performance of screen-printed silver inks on elastomeric substrates under uniaxial stretch

This work investigates the origins of electrical performance degradation under uniaxial stretching of a silver filled polyurethane ink (DuPont PE 874) screen printed onto a thermoplastic polyurethane substrate. The ink develops surface ruptures at strains of only a few percent yet remains conductive through continued elongation. We identify increasing sensitivity to surface damage beyond 10% applied strain, ɛapp, as the trace width, w, is reduced from 2 to 0.1 mm. This lowers the threshold strain for open circuit failure, from approximately 180% for w = 2 mm down to 25% for w = 0.1 mm. The damage progression remains largely consistent across trace widths: surface cracks coalesce to form longer channels, which grow perpendicular to the direction of elongation. These channels both deepen and widen with increasing ɛapp and some become laterally linked. The evolution of the network of interlinked channels is not width dependent, but a width effect manifests as a result of the channels constituting a larger fraction of specimen width for narrower traces. In addition, the narrower traces exhibit reduced cross sections due to an edge taper—an artifact of the screen printing process—which attenuates ink thickness by as much as 50% for w = 0.1 mm.
Freud’s Conquest of the Dreamscape: Dynamics of Power in The Interpretation of Dreams and Dora

This chapter focuses on Freud’s reading of two dreams, the “specimen dream” in The Interpretation of Dreams and Dora’s first dream in Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria. The chapter argues that Freud’s colonization of the space of the dreamscape transforms the space into authoritarian psychoanalytic “territory.” With the specimen dream, Freud maps the general terrain of the dreamscape, understanding it as the site of a complex multiparty contestation between psychoanalyst, patient, and medical institutions and discourses. In the case of Dora’s first dream, Freud’s weaving of scientific methods and hermeneutical analysis aspires to total occupation of the dreamscape and represents a fully articulated expression of the authoritarian structure of psychoanalytic dream interpretation.
Founding team characteristics and the pursuit of social motives: A role theory perspective

Abstract There is increasing pressure for new ventures to engage in social initiatives. Yet, little is known about the new venture team dynamics that might lead entrepreneurs to commit to social engagement. Using a multinational sample of 5393 new ventures drawn from the Entrepreneurship Database Program, we use social role theory to hypothesize how founding team characteristics hold potential to inspire social motives in their ventures. Specifically, we find that founding teams with more women entrepreneurs, younger founding team members, and founding teams with greater education are positively associated with the pursuit of social motives in new ventures. Post hoc analysis exploring how participation in accelerator programs influences these relationships suggests participation in accelerator programs diminishes the pursuit of social motives by founding teams with more female team members – but has no effect on this pursuit by younger or more educated founding teams. Our findings shed light on how founding team characteristics associated with social roles in society predict the pursuit of social motives in new ventures.
An Analysis of the Effect of Lecture Capture Initiatives on Student-Athletes at an NCAA Division I Institution.

Student-athletes often miss class due to travel and competitions (Diersen, 2005; F. Wiseman, personal communication, September 30, 2010; Hosick, 2010; NCAA On-line, 2008; Rhatigan, 1984). Missing class is negatively associated with grades (Park & Kerr, 1990; Romer, 1993; Schmidt, 1983). Therefore, as classroom instruction time is replaced by athletic-related commitments, student-athletes may be negatively affected academically. As technological advancements continue to evolve, it is possible to mitigate the effects of missed class time. One such technology being employed in 2012 is lecture capture. This case study examined the academic effect of lecture capture on student-athletes at Big Time University using a mixed-method approach with an online questionnaire, individual interviews, and a focus group. Findings indicate that 52.7% (n=19) of student-athletes who participated in the questionnaire are accessing recorded lectures, 60% (n=18) reported lecture capture had made learning more enjoyable and 92.9% (n=39) reported that their grades had improved since having had access to recorded lectures. Additionally, participants reported preferring to have class recordings available, even if they choose not to watch them, as they provide a sense of security. Lastly, student-athletes reported to prefer physically being in the classroom and that recorded lectures should only be used as a supplement, not a replacement, for classroom lectures. Themes, implications, and areas for future research are discussed. v
WE‐G‐303‐04: Intrinsically Radiolabeled Nanoparticles: An Emerging Paradigm

Over the last decade, there has been a growing interest in applying nanotechnology to cancer detection, treatment, and treatment monitoring. Advances in nanotechnology have enabled the fabrication of nanoparticles from various materials with different shapes and sizes. Nanoparticles can be accumulated preferentially within tumors by either “passive targeting” through a phenomenon typically known as “enhanced permeability and retention” or “active targeting” in which nanoparticles are conjugated with antibodies or peptides directed against tumor and/or stromal markers. The tumor specificity of nanoparticles in conjunction with their unique physicochemical properties offers many novel strategies for cancer treatment and detection. For example, notable approaches in the radiation oncology setting include the use of gold nanoparticles for radiation response modulation of tumor or normal tissue and thermal ablation or hyperthermia treatment of tumors. Some of these approaches are currently being tested either on humans or on animals and, very likely, will become the clinical reality in the near future. Various computational and experimental techniques have also been applied to address unique research issues associated with nanoparticles and may become the standard tools for future investigations and clinical translations. Therefore, both clinicians and researchers may need to be properly educated about the basic principles as well as the promise of nanoparticle-based applications with regard to the future of cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. This symposium will familiarize the audience with the potential applications of nanoparticles in oncologic imaging and therapy using specific illustrative examples. The audience will be properly oriented by these illustrative examples to the multiple avenues for collaborative research amongst interdisciplinary teams of physicists, clinicians, engineers, chemists, and biologists in industry and academia. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the physical bases of gold nanoparticle applications for radiosensitization and x-ray fluorescence imaging 2. Understand the parameters that define gold nanoparticle-mediated radiosensitization in biological systems 3. Understand the potential of magnetic nanoparticle characterization of the microenvironment 4. Understand the various strategies for radiolabeling of nanoparticles and their applications S.C. and S.K. acknowledge support from MD Anderson Cancer Center, NIH (R01CA155446 and P30CA16672) and DoD (W81XWH-12-1-0198); J.W. acknowledges support from NIH (U54CA151662-01); W.C. acknowledges support from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, NIH (R01CA169365, P30CA014520, and T32CA009206), DoD (W81XWH-11-1-0644 and W81XWH-11-1-0648), and ACS (125246-RSG-13-099-01-CCE).
Aprendizaje de la matemática en la bimodalidad instruccional: Reflexiones desde el pensamiento complejo

The present paper is a documental review linked to critical analysis on references of varied instructional experiences that would lead to the generation of thoughts about the implications of the technologies of information and communication on the learning of mathematics, taking as paradigmatic base the perspective of complex thinking according to the proposal of the Plan of Graduality Progresivity (PGP). It is said that the experience in the learning of mathematics must follow a model of circular retroactive causality that is neither lineal nor unidirectional according to the principle of feedback through activities like tasks, formative online tests, discussion forums, interactive lessons, chats, among other, at the time that the subject executes self-balancing and self-reinforcing actions of the educational process. As a conclusion, the PGP constitutes a proposal for increasing the potential of the bimodality by presenting an approach adjusted to the educational requirements of the current society, enhancing the opening of spaces for the students to live satisfactory experiences related to mathematics.
Graphing confidence ellipses: An update of ellip for Stata 8

This paper describes an update of the ellip command for graphing confidence ellipses in Stata 8. Two of the most notable new features are the option to graph confidence ellipses around variable mea...
Biometric Evaluation of the Interaction Between Anticancer Agents and Multidrug-resistance Modulators

The objective of the study was to evaluate the interaction of multidrug-resistance modulators with anticancer agents using combination index analysis. In cancer chemotherapy, combinations of drugs and adjuvants are routinely used, and it is important to determine if the nature of the combined effect is additive, antagonistic, or synergistic. In recent years efforts have been made to identify compounds that can lower drug resistance in multidrug-resistant tumour cells. For the therapy of multidrug-resistant cancer, synergistic potentiation of the cytotoxic activity of anticancer drugs by compounds that modulate drug resistance is highly desirable. We have evaluated the nature of interaction between clinically used anticancer agents (doxorubicin and etoposide) and investigational modulators of multidrug resistance (dipyridamole and tamoxifen). Multidrug-resistant tumour cells, B16VDXR murine melanoma and MCF-7/ADR human breast carcinoma, were used as in-vitro models to evaluate the cytotoxicity of individual drugs or drug combinations using colony-formation assays. The nature of drug interactions was assessed using combination index analysis as a function of fraction affected (fraction of cells that did not survive drug treatment). Interactions were considered antagonistic when the combination index was greater than 1, additive when equal to 1, and synergistic when less than 1. For doxorubicin and dipyridamole as well as mitoxantrone and tamoxifen interactions, the combination index vs fraction affected plot indicated that both these drug combinations resulted in synergistic interaction for fraction affected values greater that 0.1. The etoposide and dipyridamole combination was synergistic over the entire range of cell kill. The combination index at the 50% level of cell kill (CI50), suggested that in B16VDXR cells the synergistic potentiation of cytotoxicity was markedly stronger for the etoposide and dipyridamole combination (CI50 = 0.25) relative to the synergy observed for the doxorubicin and dipyridamole combination (CI50 = 0.48). The CI50 for the mitoxantrone and tamoxifen combination was about 0.35. This study thus demonstrates the use of combination index analysis in the evaluation of the interaction between anticancer agent and multidrug-resistance modulators. Such biometric evaluations can help to identify drug combinations that result in synergistic potentiation of cytotoxicity against multidrug-resistant cells.
Utilities and solar energy: Emerging legal issues

Abstract As recently as 1978, discussion of utilities and their relationship to solar energy systems consisted largely of hypotheticals and speculation. Since that time the subject has undergone dramatic changes. Several substantial federal programs have been adopted, notably the Residential Conservation Service and the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act. Several states have initiated new programs. California, for example, has directed its largest utilities to finance 375,000 solar water heaters over the next three years, while North Carolina has ordered the state's utilities to finance the creation of an independent agency to promote the use of renewable energy. At a policy level, there is a growing consensus that utilities should undertake at least some conservation and solar programs. The questions have been narrowed but not resolved; utility programs will move forward, but their scope and content are still ill defined. This paper summarizes legal issues and decisions on utility programs and solar energy, with emphasis on recent developments. Some effort has also been made to identify issues that have not been discussed at length elsewhere.
Pressure-jump kinetics of bovine β-casein micellization

Abstract Two samples of highly purified bovine β-casein supplied to us by Dr. T.A.J. Payens of the National Institute for Dairy Research, Ede, The Netherlands, were studied over a range of concentration from just below the critical micelle concentration (CMC) to 0.46%, in 0.2 ionic strength phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), at 20 and 25 °C. The relaxation process studied by pressure jump using a 90° scattered light detector was also confirmed by the temperature-jump method. In the pressure-jump experiments, the process could be separated into two general time domains, with an approximate ratio of 10–25:1, a behavior reminiscent of that found for synthetic micellar systems. The faster relaxation process was still exhibited below the CMC, however. The concentration dependence of the faster relaxation time agreed very satisfactorily with predictions from the micelle model described in the companion paper.
Molecular, haematological and clinical studies of a silent β-gene C→G mutation at 6 bp 3' to the termination codon (+1480 C→G) in twelve Greek families

We report the clinical, haematological, biosynthetic and molecular data of 12 β-thalassaemia intermedia patients and their heterozygous parents, all of whom carried a rare C G mutation at nucleotide position 6 3′ to the termination codon (term. cd +6 C G) in the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of the β-globin gene (+1480 C G). This mutation has been reported previously in a single β-thalassaemia intermedia patient of Greek origin. The 12 patients of the present study had the clinical phenotype of mild non-transfusion-dependent thalassaemia intermedia, preserving haemoglobin levels around 9 g/dl and haemoglobin F levels < 25%. All were compound heterozygotes for the +1480 C G mutation and common severe β-thalassaemia mutations. The haematological parameters of heterozygotes with this mutation were within the normal range with the exception of a slightly raised α/non-α-globin chain synthesis (1.2–1.9). mRNA analysis demonstrated a 20–34% reduction in mRNA levels associated with the +1480 C G mutation compared to normal β-globin alleles. These findings confirm that the C G mutation at position 6 3′ to the termination codon is a mild β-thalassaemia mutation causing slight reduction in β-globin mRNA levels and β-globin chain synthesis. It becomes clinically relevant when co-inherited with a severe β-thalassaemia mutation in trans.
Multiscale Surfaces and Amontons’ Law of Friction

The theories of Archard, Greenwood, and more recently Persson all predict that the area of actual contact between two rough surfaces will be approximately proportional to the applied normal force, though these authors make different assumptions and approach the problem from different points of view. Here we discuss the nature of these approximations and show that the common conclusion follows from the multiscale nature of the surface profile. In particular, it is shown that whatever assumption is made about the nature of friction on the microscale, the macroscale frictional behaviour will always approximate Amontons’ law if the surface has sufficient multiscale content.
Comparisons of methods measuring fiber maturity and fineness of Upland cotton fibers containing different degrees of fiber cell wall development

Maturity and fineness are important physical properties of cotton fibers affecting qualities of fibers and yarns. A number of methods are used for measuring fiber maturity and fineness from develop...
Pathology of 219 human cadaver eyes with 1-piece or 3-piece hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses: Capsular bag opacification and sites of square-edged barrier breach

Purpose To assess capsular bag opacification and sites of initial posterior capsule opacification (PCO) in human cadaver eyes with square-edged 1-piece or 3-piece hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs). Setting John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Design Experimental study. Methods Eyes were immersed in 10% formalin after enucleation and had anterior segment scanning with very-high-frequency ultrasound (Artemis). After the eyes were sectioned at the equator, gross examination of the anterior segment was performed from the posterior aspect to assess capsular bag opacification, anterior capsule coverage of the IOL edge, and IOL fixation. Selected eyes had histopathologic examination. Results One hundred nineteen eyes with 1-piece IOLs and 100 with 3-piece IOLs were included in the analyses of capsular bag opacification. There was no difference in central ( P =.29) or peripheral ( P =.76) PCO. In 63 of 84 eyes with a 1-piece IOL and peripheral PCO, the optic–haptic junction was the site of initiation. In eyes with a 3-piece IOL, initial peripheral PCO was observed at nearly the same rate whether there was full 360-degree anterior capsulorhexis overlap of the optic or no overlap ( P =.13). In the latter, the site of PCO initiation was in areas lacking capsulorhexis coverage in 46% of eyes. Conclusions There was no difference in central or peripheral PCO between 1-piece and 3-piece hydrophobic acrylic IOLs. With 1-piece IOLs, PCO tended to start at the optic–haptic junctions. With 3-piece IOLs, full anterior capsule coverage did not produce a statistically significant benefit with respect to PCO prevention. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Foreign Mail Surveys: Response Rates Using Monetary Incentives

The cross-national researcher is cautioned about the possible consequences of using monetary incentives in foreign mail surveys. In this study, a US$1 incentive increased the response rate from Japanese business people, but decreased the response from Hong Kong.
A multi-cyclone sampling array for the collection of size-segregated occupational aerosols.

In this study a serial multi-cyclone sampling array capable of simultaneously sampling particles of multiple size fractions, from an occupational environment, for use in in vivo and in vitro toxicity studies and physical/chemical characterization, was developed and tested. This method is an improvement over current methods used to size-segregate occupational aerosols for characterization, due to its simplicity and its ability to collect sufficient masses of nano- and ultrafine sized particles for analysis. This method was evaluated in a chamber providing a uniform atmosphere of dust concentrations using crystalline silica particles. The multi-cyclone sampling array was used to segregate crystalline silica particles into four size fractions, from a chamber concentration of 10 mg/m3. The size distributions of the particles collected at each stage were confirmed, in the air, before and after each cyclone stage. Once collected, the particle size distribution of each size fraction was measured using light scat...
'It's not a choice, it's the way we're built': Symbolic beliefs about sexual orientation in the US and Britain

Heterosexual-identified Americans who believe that sexual orientation is immutable typically express more tolerant attitudes towards lesbians and gay men. Attribution theorists argue that this is because immutability beliefs reduce stigmatization. In two studies, 97 American and 72 British heterosexual-identified students reported their beliefs about the immutability and fundamentality of sexual orientation, their attitudes towards lesbians and gay men and their judgments about the values that those beliefs expressed. In both samples, tolerant attitudes and immutability beliefs were correlated only among participants who consistently judged that immutability beliefs would be expressed by more tolerant heterosexual persons. More condemning participants judged lesbian and gay people and heterosexual people to be more fundamentally different in both samples. I argue that links between immutability and tolerance depend more on social constructions of immutability beliefs as expression,; of tolerance and less on the attributional content of such beliefs than previous theorists have acknowledged. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
Place DMTS water-escape with direct placement or response information runs.

Abstract A two-choice, spatial delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) water-escape task has proved to be a valuable of assay of trial-dependent memory. The task involves giving rats trials consisting of a forced-choice information run and a free-choice test run that are separated by a 5-m retention interval. Two experiments were conducted to determine the importance of making a complete response (R), partial response (P), or no response (NR; direct placement on escape platform) during the information “run” on acquisition and the subsequent performance of the task. Most of the naive, male, Sprague–Dawley rats were capable of attaining a 90% correct choice criterion when trained with P or NR information runs, but rats trained with R information runs required fewer trials to attain criterion and had shorter escape latencies during the criterion trials. Rats in all three groups showed significant retention at retention intervals as long as 1 h. Rats overtrained on the task with R information runs were subsequently able to perform the task at above chance level, regardless of the type information run given on the trial, but performed more accurately on trials where they made P or R information runs. Thus, rats use and perform better on place DMTS when allocentric environmental and egocentric response-associated cues are both available.
viSNE enables visualization of high dimensional single-cell data and reveals phenotypic heterogeneity of leukemia

New high-dimensional, single-cell technologies offer unprecedented resolution in the analysis of heterogeneous tissues. However, because these technologies can measure dozens of parameters simultaneously in individual cells, data interpretation can be challenging. Here we present viSNE, a tool that allows one to map high-dimensional cytometry data onto two dimensions, yet conserve the high-dimensional structure of the data. viSNE plots individual cells in a visual similar to a scatter plot, while using all pairwise distances in high dimension to determine each cell's location in the plot. We integrated mass cytometry with viSNE to map healthy and cancerous bone marrow samples. Healthy bone marrow automatically maps into a consistent shape, whereas leukemia samples map into malformed shapes that are distinct from healthy bone marrow and from each other. We also use viSNE and mass cytometry to compare leukemia diagnosis and relapse samples, and to identify a rare leukemia population reminiscent of minimal residual disease. viSNE can be applied to any multi-dimensional single-cell technology.
Social experiments in economics

Economists have long faced the problem of how to measure the effect of changes in policy variables on the behavior of economic units. A variety of techniques have been used for this purpose in the past, including econometric models, simulation models of artificial populations, surveys of past behavior, and surveys with questions about behavior under hypothetical conditions. Each of these methods yields some approximation to the actual effects, how much is not clear, especially on a micro basis, since the true response remains unobservable. That it might be possible to measure these effects directly by the use of controlled experiments, as is so frequently done in fields such as biology and agriculture, seemed too far-fetched to merit serious consideration. Social experimentation does, however, just that. It seeks to measure the effects of changes in policy variables by applying these changes to human populations under conditions of controlled experimentation similar to that used in the physical and biological sciences. However, while controlled experiments in the physical sciences are usually designed to test the validity of an existing or proposed theory, social experiments are mainly employed to measure key effects of new or potential social programs. Theory still plays a key role, particularly in the economic experiments, as the conceptual framework for the measurement of the effects. A necessary condition for a social experiment is agreement on one or more policy objectives that are expected to lend themselves to being transformed into implementable programs. Ideally, experimentation should help formulate a program or to evaluate a proposed program. With this objective in mind,
Vacuolar Localization of Oligomeric α-Mannosidase Requires the Cytoplasm to Vacuole Targeting and Autophagy Pathway Components in Saccharomyces cerevisiae *

One challenge facing eukaryotic cells is the post-translational import of proteins into organelles. This problem is exacerbated when the proteins assemble into large complexes. Aminopeptidase I (API) is a resident hydrolase of the vacuole/lysosome in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The precursor form of API assembles into a dodecamer in the cytosol and maintains this oligomeric form during the import process. Vacuolar delivery of the precursor form of API requires a vesicular mechanism termed the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway. Many components of the Cvt pathway are also used in the degradative autophagy pathway. α-Mannosidase (Ams1) is another resident hydrolase that enters the vacuole independent of the secretory pathway; however, its mechanism of vacuolar delivery has not been established. We show vacuolar localization of Ams1 is blocked in mutants that are defective in the Cvt and autophagy pathways. We have found that Ams1 forms an oligomer in the cytoplasm. The oligomeric form of Ams1 is also detected in subvacuolar vesicles in strains that are blocked in vesicle breakdown, indicating that it retains its oligomeric form during the import process. These results identify Ams1 as a second biosynthetic cargo protein of the Cvt and autophagy pathways.
Mutants affecting vegetative cell orientation in Volvox carteri

Abstract The vegetative cells of Volvox are highly oriented with respect to each other and to the spheroid on which they occur. Mutants have been isolated which affect this orientation either directly or indirectly. Mutants affecting flagella (flg), including a temperature-sensitive mutant, demonstrate that flagella must be present during or following embryo inversion for proper cell orientation. Other mutants (eye) which have apparently functional flagella lead to the conclusion that the presence of functional flagella is not sufficient for proper cell orientation. These mutants also demonstrate the necessity of proper cell orientation for the phototactic motion of the spheroid.
PDE-based nonlinear diffusion techniques for denoising scientific and industrial images: an empirical study

Removing noise from data is often the first step in data analysis. Denoising techniques should not only reduce the noise, but do so without blurring or changing the location of the edges. Many approaches have been proposed to accomplish this; in this paper, we focus on one such approach, namely the use of non-linear diffusion operators. This approach has been studied extensively from a theoretical viewpoint ever since the 1987 work of Perona and Malik showed that non-linear filters outperformed the more traditional linear Canny edge detector. We complement this theoretical work by investigating the performance of several isotropic diffusion operators on test images from scientific domains. We explore the effects of various parameters such as the choice of diffusivity function, explicit and implicit methods for the discretization of the PDE, and approaches for the spatial discretization of the non-linear operator etc. We also compare these schemes with simple spatial filters and the more complex wavelet-based shrinkage techniques. Our empirical results show that, with an appropriate choice of parameters, diffusion-based schemes can be as effective as competitive techniques.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Characterization of acidic proteins in cell nuclei from rat brain by high-resolution acrylamide gel electrophoresis.

— Acidic proteins from cell nuclei of rat brain were evaluated by gel electrophoresis. By the use of a gel containing a high ratio of bis-acrylamide to acrylamide, 31 bands were demonstrated for this protein fraction. Gels without the high concentration of copolymer lacked the resolving power to separate these proteins. Because the number of bands present in the acidic protein fraction is greater than the number of histones present in cell nuclei, the suggestion that the acidic proteins play a role in genetic regulation seems reasonable.