cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical care nursing for older adults: pathophysiological and functional considerations

The aging of the population brings into health care practice, including ICUs, an increasing prevalence of people with chronic conditions with corresponding expectations of eventual decline in function. These age-related health problems, however, do not have a precise moment of onset, nor a single and unambiguous cause. By their nature, chronic conditions do not have an end that can be modified easily, and ordinarily, they are related to parameters other than physiology alone. Aged individuals often are distinguished as a medicalized cohort on the basis of sheer numbers of comorbidities and predisposition toward frequent hospitalizations, without regard for the potential for adaptation to life despite complex health factors. Some care providers, health economists, and bioethicists propose using the existence of chronic conditions and assumed physical decompensation asa valid basis for restricting individuals and groups, by means of rationing, from consideration for intensive care and treatment. In view of studies demonstrating that covert rationing of ICU resources to critically ill older patients already is taking place, there isa need to continue to examine institutional policies that permit care providers to act as gatekeepers, ostensibly with benign intent, but presumably without patients' knowledge or acceptance. On the other hand, there is evidence that older ICU patients do equally well as younger and middle-aged patients in terms of discharge from the hospital with subsequent recovery of function. Thus, age alone is not a useful marker for limiting access to ICUs. Rather, a comprehensive evaluation is the foundation for diagnostic accuracy and health care decision-making for older individuals. Assessment and maintenance of the older person's functional status are fundamental concerns of geriatric and critical care specialists. Evaluation of an individual's baseline abilities in physical, mental, social, and psychological spheres is necessary before limitation of care realistically can be considered. Intensive care unit hospitalizations for catastrophic or critical illness are not necessarily terminal events. Ongoing functional assessment will help to illuminate the impact of chronicity on an older person's capacity for self care, and may help to guide health care decision-making regarding use of critical care resources. Accordingly, assuring equitable access to essential intensive care services, devoid of concerns about age constraints, will help to ensure the autonomy that is central to older adults' achievement of a fulfilling and productive old age.
Mind or Virtue Western and Chinese Beliefs About Learning

Traditional research on human learning has neglected people's beliefs about learning, the role of culture in shaping those beliefs, and people's consequent learning behavior. Recent research provides evidence that cultural beliefs about learning are essential in influencing individuals' beliefs and their actual learning. This article reviews research on Western learning beliefs, which emphasize the mind, and Chinese learning beliefs, which emphasize personal virtue, as well as on the differences these beliefs produce in people's actual learning. Developmental evidence is also presented to show that the cultural influences begin early. Future research directions are discussed.
INTERSPECIFIC GENETICS OF MATE RECOGNITION: INHERITANCE OF FEMALE ACOUSTIC PREFERENCE IN HAWAIIAN CRICKETS

Abstract Female mating behavior plays a fundamental role in the divergent evolution of mate recognition systems that may lead to speciation. Despite this important role, the phenotypic and genetic bases of female mating behavior remain poorly understood. In this study, I examine the shape of the female acoustic preference function and estimate values for pulse rate preference in two species of Hawaiian crickets, Laupala kohalensis and L. paranigra. In addition, I examine how preference differences are inherited in hybrid crosses between these species. Females expressed unimodal preference functions and were generally more attracted to pulse rates characterizing their own species. Unimodal preference functions also characterized F1 and backcross generations, with hybrid females expressing preferences for intermediate pulse rates. Pulse rate preferences segregated in the backcross generation. Mean pulse rate preference matched mean pulse rate in both parental and hybrid generations. Based on F1 hybrids and ...
Localization of Tetracycline in Rat Parotid and Sublingual Glands

Tetracycline injected intravenously in rats is immediately concentrated in the parotid and sublingual glands. By use of fluorescence microscopy, the antibiotic can be visualized in acinar and duct cells, and in duct lumens. The fluorophore is largely eliminated from the glands within 24 hours.
Seminal fluid analysis in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome*

Prostatitis is a common cause of morbidity among adult men. There are more than 2,000,000 doctor visits per year in the United States, approximately half to urologists (Collins et al., 1998, J Urol 159:1224; Roberts et al., 1998, Urology 51:578; Krieger et al., 2003, Urology). The problem is that very few patients have obvious infections, or functional or structural abnormalities. The aim of this study is to examine our experience with seminal fluid analysis in this patient population, and to outline the potential utility of this examination in patient evaluation.
EON: A Component-Based Approach to Automation of Protocol-Directed Therapy

P rovision of, automated support for planning protocol-directed therapy requires a computer program to take as input clinical data stored in an electronic patient-record system and to generate as output recommendations for therapeutic interventions and laboratory testing that are defined by applicable protocols. This paper presents a synthesis of research carried out at Stanford University to model the therapy-planning task and to demonstrate a component-based architecture for building protocol-based decision-support systems. We have constructed general-purpose software components that (1) interpret abstract protocol specifications to construct appropriate patient-specific treatment plans; (2) infer from time- stamped patient data higher-level, interval-based, abstract concepts; (3) perform time-oriented queries on a time-oriented patient database; and (4) allow acquisition and maintenance of protocol knowledge in a manner that facilitates efficient processing both by humans and by computers. We have implemented these components in a computer system known as EON. Each of the components has been developed, evaluated, and reported independently. We have evaluated the integration of the components as a composite architecture by implementing T-HELPER, a computer-based patient-record system that uses EON to offer advice regarding the management of patients who are following clinical trial protocols for AIDS or HIV infection. A test of the reuse of the software components in a different clinical domain demonstrated rapid development of a prototype application to support protocol-based care of patients who have breast cancer.
Values of Fowler-Nordheim field emission functions: v(y), t(y), and s(y)

Abstract The functions v(y) and t(y) are useful in evaluating the Fowler-Nordheim field emission equation. The related function s(y) is used in examining the slopes of logarithmic plots of this equation. Six-place tables of v(y), t(y), and s(y) are presented for values of y from 0 to 1.0 inclusive, at intervals of 0.01.
Sparshott on how to take Aristotle seriously

Mesurant l'eclairage qu'apporte a la lecture d'Aristote le commentaire de l'«Ethique a Nicomaque» realise par F. Sparshott (in «Taking life seriously: a study of the argument of the Nicomachean Ethics», 1994), l'A. etudie certains passages du texte aristotelicien concernant: 1) le bien, 2) le sexisme, 3) la notion de logos, 4) la notion de vertu morale, 5) la question de la deliberation, 6) le debat sur l'interpretation de l'«Ethique a Nicomaque», 7) la notion de justice, 8) la notion d'akrasia, 9) la notion de philia, 10) la notion de plaisir et 11) la notion d'eudaimonia
English as a Third Language among China's Ethnic Minorities.

This paper examines the teaching and use of, as well as the attitude towards, English among China's ethnic minorities. Starting with a critique of China English, a term used with increasing frequency in the literature on World Englishes and English nativised in the Chinese context, the paper attempts to show that English has yet to find its way into most of the minority communities. After a brief introduction to the 55 ethnic minorities and their languages, it describes the slowly developing English Language Teaching (ELT) industry among their communities, in comparison with the widespread teaching and use of English in China's coastal regions. This is followed by a discussion of the contributing factors, including a lack of funding, a low perceived value of English, Chinese-minority language bilingual education and Chinese-only instruction, as well as the challenge of learning a linguistically distant third language. In conclusion, the paper argues that the nativisation of English is hardly seen among mi...
Dependence of Trichomonas vaginalis upon polyamine backconversion

Trichomonas vaginalis grown for 16 h in the presence of [(14)C]spermine formed a high intracellular pool of [(14)C]spermidine and a small but detectable pool of [(14)C]putrescine. When [(3)H]putrescine was added to the growth medium, a large intracellular pool of [(3)H]putrescine was found, but it was not further metabolized, confirming previous studies suggesting the absence of a forward-directed polyamine synthetic pathway in T. vaginalis. Spermidine:spermineN:(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) and polyamine oxidase enzyme activities were detected which collectively converted spermine to spermidine. Polyamine oxidase was localized in the hydrogenosome-enriched fraction, whereas SSAT was found predominantly in the cytosolic fraction. In the presence of saturating substrate, the trichomonad SSAT had an activity of 0. 39+/-0.09 nmol min(-1) (mg protein)(-1) (the mean of five analyses) and an apparent K:(m) for spermine of 1.7 microM. The enzyme was competitively inhibited by di(ethyl)norspermine with a K:(i) of 28 microM. Growth studies indicated that 50 microM di(ethyl)norspermine caused a 68% and 84% reduction in the intracellular concentrations of spermidine and spermine, respectively. The trichomonad polyamine oxidase required FAD as a cofactor and had an apparent K:(m) of 6.0 microM for N(1)-acetylspermine. The potential of bis(alkyl) polyamine analogues as antitrichomonad agents is discussed.
A Critical Assessment of as a Figure of Merit for Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts in Aqueous Electrolytes

Certain aspects of the interpretation of rotating ring-disk electrode, RRDE, data for the oxygen reduction reaction, ORR, in aqueous electrolytes have been examined. In particular, the classical mechanism proposed by Damjanovic et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 45, 4057 (1966)] predicts that at a fixed potential, a plot of the ratio of the disk to the ring currents for the ORR vs ω−1/2, where ω is the rotation rate of the disk, should be linear. According to this analysis, the slope of this line is proportional to k3/XH2O2 , where k3 is the rate constant for the reduction of solution phase hydrogen peroxide, H2O2(aq), and XH2O2 is the fraction of the disk current that generates H2O2(aq), the magnitude of which can be determined from the line intercept. Illustrations of this theoretical framework are provided for ORR data reported in the literature for experiments involving Pt-based electrodes and collected in our laboratories for Pt in aqueous acidic solutions. Critically emphasized is the need to perform ring-disk measurements at multiple rotations rates in order to determine reliable values of XH2O2 , which can be used as figures of merit for ranking the efficacy of ORR electrocatalysts. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0021506eel] All rights reserved.
Moral Pluralism, the Crisis of Secular Bioethics, and the Divisive Character of Christian Bioethics: Taking the Culture Wars Seriously

Moral pluralism is a reality. It is grounded, in part, in the intractable pluralism of secular morality and bioethics. There is a wide gulf that separates secular bioethics from Christian bioethics. Christian bioethics, unlike secular bioethics, understand that morality is about coming into a relationship with God. Orthodox Christian bioethics, moreover, understands that the impersonal set of moral principles and goals in secular morality gives a distorted account of the moral life. Therefore, Traditional Christian bioethics is separated from bioethics by a radical difference in paradigms.
Mid-term differences in right ventricular function in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia compared with controls.

Background Patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) may have abnormal lung development, which may cause detrimental effects on right ventricular (RV) function. This study aimed to determine if there are persistent echocardiographic differences in RV function in patients with CDH years after repair versus control patients.
Genetic Variation in Black Bears in Arkansas and Louisiana Using Microsatellite DNA Markers

In the 1950s and 1960s, translocation projects reintroduced black bears (Ursus americanus) from Minnesota and Manitoba to Arkansas and Louisiana. Today, several geographically disconnected populations exist in Arkansas and Louisiana, but their origins are unclear. Some populations may represent a separate subspecies, U. a. luteolus, which is federally protected. We characterized 5 microsatellite loci in 5 isolated populations in Arkansas and Louisiana and compared them with genotypes from Minnesota. Our data indicate that bears of the Ozark and Ouachita mountains of Arkansas, an inland area of Louisiana, and those of Minnesota are similar in overall genetic diversity and allele frequencies, consistent with these populations being wholly or mostly descended from bears from the reintroduction programs. In contrast, bears from southeastern Arkansas and the coastal region of Louisiana genetically are more restricted and homogeneous. Because they exhibit a limited set of genotypes found in the other black bear populations, they represent isolated fragments of a single North American black bear population. Furthermore, genetic distance estimates indicate that the bears in southeastern Arkansas are more genetically distinct from bears in Louisiana, which are currently federally protected.
Small intestinal intussusception secondary to a submucosal lipoma.

A woman with a medical history of mastectomy, thyroidectomy, and Hodgkin disease 10 years ago complained of intermittent abdominal pain for 9 to 12 months. Two days before admission, she had worsening of the pain and diminished bowel movements. Abdominal computed tomographic (CT) scan revealed a small bowel intussusception in the lower midabdomen (Figure 1, arrow). There was moderate small intestinal distention. The loops within the intussusception were thickened and presumed to be edematous. The origin of the intussusception was uncertain. The patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy and small bowel resection. The specimen consisted of a small intestinal segment with the intussusceptum telescoping into the intussuscipiens. Mucosa was edematous and hemorrhagic. The leading point was a polypoid mass, which measured 3.5 3 2.0 3 2.0 cm. The mass was firm and rubbery without ulceration. Cut surface revealed a yellowish, solid, homogeneous submucosal nodule (Figure 2), which microscopically was confirmed to be a lipoma. Intussusception is defined as the telescoping of a proximal segment of intestine, termed intussusceptum, into the distal intestinal loop, known as intussuscipiens.1,2 Intussusceptions may be enteroenteric, ileocolic, or colocolic.2 Although intussusception is a common cause of surgical emergencies in infants and children, it occurs relatively rarely in adults. A mechanical cause of intussusception is found in 90% of adults, but can be rarely demonstrated in infancy and early childhood.1 Known causes of intussusception in infants and children include lymphoma, lymphoid polyp, Meckel diverticulum, ectopic pancreas, acute appendicitis, leiomyoma, juvenile polyp, polyposis, enterogenous cyst, and duplication cyst. In 88% of infants and children, no definite cause for intussusception is found.1 Other possible causes include enlarged Peyer patches, viral infections, and trauma. Most cases of intussusception in adults are tumor related, with lipoma as the most common tumor. Other neoplasms include intestinal polyp, adenocarcinoma, leiomyoma, metastatic carcinoma, lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma, and melanoma.1,2 Additional causes include Meckel diverticulum, nonspecific ulcer, and ectopic pancreatic tissue.1
Abstract 236: Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Stimulate Re-endothelialization Through Protein Kinase C-delta-dependent Release Of CXCL7 and Recruitment of Circulating Angiogenic Cells

Objective: In response of injury, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) undergo proliferation, migration, as well as apoptosis. We have previously shown that gene transfer of a pro-apoptotic mediator protein kinase C-delta (PKCδ) reduces intimal hyperplasia. Subsequently, we showed that VSMCs are a rich source of chemokines. In this study, we explored whether VSMCs may play a role in regulation of re-endothelialization through PKCδ-dependent release of chemokines. Methods and Results: We constructed an adenovirus that expresses PKCδ under VSMC-specific SM22 promoter (AdPKCδ) and use it to drive PKCδ expression in VSMCs of injured rat carotid arteries. Compared to the empty vector (AdNull), AdPKCδ accelerated re-endothelialization, reflected by a larger area that was excluded of Evan’s blue (25.38±7.52% v.s 59.60±5.01%). Media conditioned by PKCδhigh VSMCs had no measurable effects on endothelial cell functions, including BrdU incorporation, transwell migration, scratch wound healing, and tube formation. In...
Primary Cilium-Autophagy-Nrf2 (PAN) Axis Activation Commits Human Embryonic Stem Cells to a Neuroectoderm Fate

Under defined differentiation conditions, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be directed toward a mesendoderm (ME) or neuroectoderm (NE) fate, the first decision during hESC differentiation. Coupled with lineage-specific G1 lengthening, a divergent ciliation pattern emerged within the first 24 hr of induced lineage specification, and these changes heralded a neuroectoderm decision before any neural precursor markers were expressed. By day 2, increased ciliation in NE precursors induced autophagy that resulted in the inactivation of Nrf2 and thereby relieved transcriptional activation of OCT4 and NANOG. Nrf2 binds directly to upstream regions of these pluripotency genes to promote their expression and repress NE derivation. Nrf2 suppression was sufficient to rescue poorly neurogenic iPSC lines. Only after these events had been initiated did neural precursor markers get expressed at day 4. Thus, we have identified a primary cilium-autophagy-Nrf2 (PAN) control axis coupled to cell-cycle progression that directs hESCs toward NE.
Religion as Opiate: Church and Revolution in Comparative Structural Perspective

Religion," Karl Marx wrote, "is the sign of the oppressed creature, the sentiment of a heartless world, and the soul of soul less conditions. It is the opium of the people."1 Does religion serve, as Marx claimed, to maintain the status quo by focusing the attention of the masses onto the spiritual dimension and by deflecting their gaze away from an awareness of social injustice? Today most students of church-state relations would agree that posing the question in this binary form can succeed only in muddying the waters of analysis. Rather, a specification of the structural conditions under which religion is more or less likely to be associated with political dissent may promise a more fruit ful avenue of inquiry. The present essay offers an initial concep tual framework for specifying the circumstances under which religion may be likely to play anti-change or pro-change roles in mass-based rebellions and what consequences flow from these differences in religious involvement. A careful reading of Marx's work reveals little truly anti-reli gious sentiment. Marx eschewed any labeling of religious faiths as merely repressive mechanisms operating to hide from the working class its true interests. Rather he explicitly noted that religion is not only the sigh of the oppressed creature, but ex presses real, not imagined, distress. Religion, he said, is far from an evil; it is an authentic, if usually mystified and unproductive,
Electromechanical instabilities in fiber-constrained, dielectric-elastomer composites subjected to all-around dead-loading

In this work we investigate the possible development of instabilities in a certain class of dielectric-elastomer composites (DECs) subjected to all-around dead electromechanical loading. The DECs consist of a dielectric elastomer matrix phase constrained to plane strain deformations by means of aligned, long, rigid dielectric fibers of elliptical cross-section that are also aligned but randomly distributed in the transverse plane. Two types of instabilities are considered: loss of positive definiteness (LPD), and loss of strong ellipticity (LE). LPD simply corresponds to the loss of local convexity of the homogenized electroelastic stored-energy function for the DECs and can be of two types depending on the resulting instability modes. When the modes are aligned with the ‘principal’ solution, the instability corresponds to a maximum in the nominal electric field, possibly followed by snapping behavior. Alternatively, when the modes are orthogonal to the principal solution, the instability corresponds to a...
A simple method of preparing protein-erythrocyte conjugates for hemagglutination tests.

SummaryA simple method has been described which allows firm coupling of a variety of proteins to tanned sheep erythro-cytes in the presence of formalin. Cells, so treated, agglutinate strongly and specifically with antibody; they also form suitable settling patterns and maintain specific reactivity and sensitivity for a full 2 weeks. Agglutination with immune rabbit sera with as little as 0.04 jug of antibody protein per ml serum was readily detected. The tannic acid-formaldehyde (TAF) test compared favorably with 2 other established hemagglutination procedures for detecting rheumatoid factor in 10 sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
MEASUREMENT OF SELECTION USING DISTANCE STATISTICS IN THE PREHISTORIC ORANG-UTAN PONGO PYGMAEUS PALAEOSUMATRENSIS.

A large collection of isolated teeth of the prehistoric orang-utan Pongo pygmaeus palaeosumatrensis from two caves in Sumatra has been analyzed using distance statistics to estimate selection intensities. When the characters are considered jointly, some differences are significant between worn and unworn teeth in antero-posterior and transverse diameters. The change in the entire dental complex could not be considered since the teeth were isolated specimens. Van Valen (1965a) has demonstrated significant selection intensity for unit characters using fossil collections, following the earlier work of Kurten (1953, 1957). Marcus (1964) suggested two multivariate procedures for measuring selection. One was through the use of Mahalanobis distance squared statistics (D2), and the other was a generalization of Haldane's (1954) formula. Distance is used here, and a lower bound for selection intensity is estimated using the graphs given by Van Valen (1965a). The intensities are low in every case (I, < .08). Kurten (1957) and Van Valen (1963a) reported both directional and stabilizing selection components. The mode of selection was directional in this study. No significant stabilizing selection was discovered. At one cave, Sibrambang, the selection for the large fossil subspecies is toward the smaller size and shape of the living form, while at the other cave, Lida Ajer, there was no significant selection. These effects may be explained in part by the difference in sex-ratio between juveniles and adults. MATERIALS Hooijer (1948) studied the large collection of prehistoric orang-utan teeth collected during the latter part of the 19th century by Eugene Dubois from caves in the Padang Highlands of central Sumatra. Measurements for the 3170 teeth are given in Hooijer (1948). On the basis of a study of the collection (including considerable biometrical analysis) Hooijer named a subspecies Pongo pygmaeus palaeosumatrensis "a larger and more simian form than the recent orang." Measurements for 80 specimens of the recent subspecies P. pygmaeus pygmaeus are also given in Hooijer's paper together with detailed analysis and comparisons of the collections. Antero-posterior and transverse diameters, and height-of-crown measurements are given for the unworn teeth and the first two measurements only for the worn teeth. The transverse diameter is unaffected by wear and in cases of appreciable intertooth wear the antero-posterior diameters were omitted (Hooijer, in litt.). All permanent teeth and six of the 10 deciduous teeth are represented. The specimens were apparently brought into the caves by porcupines who chewed up the less resistant jaws, leaving the isolated teeth. The fauna of the caves in addition to Pongo includes, Panthera tigris, Pantkera pardus, Acanthion brachyurus, Helarctos malayensis, Elaphas maximus, Tapirus indicus, and Rhinoceros sondaicus (Hooijer, 1948).
Cytokine upregulation of the antigen presenting function of acute myeloid leukemia cells.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells are malignant counterparts of normal myeloid pathway progenitors. Myeloid progenitors differentiate into professional antigen presenting cells (APC) under the essential influence of GM-CSF along with additional cytokines. Twelve cases of human AML were tested for ability to be differentiated toward a professional APC phenotype in short-term culture with addition of GM-CSF and the following recombinant proteins: TNFα, IL-4, CD40 ligand, Flt3 ligand and SCF. Significant upregulation of CD80 (B7–1) and enhancement of alloantigen presentation was seen with the addition of GM-CSF and TNFα alone or with additional cytokines. The combination of GM-CSF and TNFα, either alone or in combination with an additional cytokine, resulted in enhancing alloantigen presentation by at least two-fold over the media control group in 10/12 patients studied, and resulted in CD80 expression of greater than 15% in 11/12 patients studied. In AML cultures with GM-CSF and TNFα, coexpression of CD80 and either CD34 or an aberrant surface marker (CD56) was seen. In one case, sorted CD80+ cells retained a characteristic cytogenetic marker and CD34 expression, proving their derivation from an AML precursor. These studies verify other reports of in vitro differentiation of human AML precursors into enhanced APC, suggesting that this phenomenon could be utilized for immunotherapy strategies aimed at enhancing presentation of leukemia antigens to T cells.
Defoliation of Flourensia cernua (tarbush) with high-density mixed-species stocking

Abstract Interest in shrub use by livestock is increasing along with the rising demands placed on rangelands worldwide. Historically, Flourensia cernua (tarbush) has increased in the Chihuahuan Desert but receives limited use by cattle. Cattle, sheep and goats co-grazed eight 0.6 ha tarbush-dominated paddocks during two periods for up to nine days during two consecutive years. Cumulative tarbush defoliation across periods and years averaged 75.6%, with a mean increase of 9.3%/day ( P P P = 0.0345) 0.6 kg/hd in period 1, but the gain in period 2 was not significant ( P = 0.2934). During 1990, goats lost 3.1 kg/hd ( P = 0.0001) across periods. High-density mixed-species stocking of small areas for short time periods resulted in extensive tarbush use, primarily due to browsing by sheep and goats. Targeted use of tarbush for short time intervals may increase use of this highly nutritious forage and potentially serve as a form of biocontrol for this shrub.
Behold! The Pythagorean Theorem via Mean Proportions

(1986). Behold! The Pythagorean Theorem via Mean Proportions. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 422-422.
Intersections of Maximal Ideals in Semigroups

(1969). Intersections of Maximal Ideals in Semigroups. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 76, No. 5, pp. 503-509.
Impact of Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy on Overall Survival in Patients with Nonmetastatic Adrenocortical Carcinoma

Background Appropriate use of laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) for adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) remains controversial because complete resection with negative margins is the best chance for potential cure. This study compared the oncologic outcomes and overall survival (OS) of LA and open adrenalectomy (OA) for ACC. Study Design A retrospective analysis of the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) between 2010 and 2014 identified 423 European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors (ENSAT) stage I to III ACC patients who had LA (n = 137) or OA (n = 286). Outcomes and OS were compared between the 2 groups. Results Patients who underwent OA had more advanced stage disease (p = 0.0001), larger (≥5 cm) tumors (p Conclusions Use of LA may decrease OS in select patients with ACC. Because margin status remains the strongest predictor of mortality, caution should be used in selecting LA for patients with ACC.
Influence of Na+ intake on dopamine-induced inhibition of renal cortical Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase

The enzyme L-amino acid decarboxylase (L-AADC), found in abundance in rat proximal tubule cell cytosol, converts L-dopa to dopamine. Dopamine, in turn, suppresses proximal tubule sodium transport by inhibiting Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity. We sought to determine whether changes in dietary sodium intake in rats lead to adaptation of dopamine formation and dopamine-induced Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase inhibition. In rats on a high-salt (HS) diet, the maximal velocity (Vmax) of renal cortical L-AADC was 78 +/- 19% higher than that in rats on a low-salt (LS) diet. The Michaelis constant (Km) of the enzyme remained unchanged. In renal cortical tubule cell suspensions the L-dopa-induced inhibition of ouabain-sensitive oxygen consumption (QO2) was significantly greater in rats on HS diet than in rats on LS diet. Furthermore, L-dopa completely inhibited the nystatin-induced rise in QO2 in the HS but not in the LS group. Carbidopa, an inhibitor of L-AADC, abolished the L-dopa-induced inhibition of nystatin-stimulated QO2 in cells from HS rats and was without significant effect in cells from LS rats. L-Dopa-stimulated K+ efflux was greater in cells from HS rats at 28 +/- 1 nmol.min-1.mg protein-1, compared with 7 +/- 6 nmol.min-1.ng protein-1 in cells from LS rats. By contrast, ouabain-stimulated K+ efflux did not differ between the groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Functional classification of conduits for continent diversion

To facilitate rational surgical application of conduits leading from intestinal reservoirs, the mechanisms that maintain continence are classified and illustrated with 4 hydrodynamic principles: 1) sphincteric compression, achieved by decreasing the caliber of the conduit, 2) peristalsis, which conducts urine toward the reservoir, 3) equilibration of inside and outside pressure as gained by nipple formation or construction of a chamber, and 4) the flap valve principle, with configurations similar to those of ureteroneocystostomy. An additional contribution to continence comes from the seal produced by the inner softness of the mucosa.
Introduction to HTML

This chapter contains sections titled: What Do You Need to Get Started? How Does HTML Work? Basic Text Formatting External References Organizing Data Special Characters ]]>
Dress and the Discourses of the Mind

To understand the relationship between body and dress, and the connections among body, dress, thoughts, words, gestures, history, and mind, is to understand the epistemology that underlies Richardson’s use of dress as discourse in his novels. And the place to begin understanding these relationships is by comprehending how the majority of eighteenth-century English men and women, in particular, Samuel Richardson himself, understood the relationship between body and mind and between mind and soul.
Corporate Brand Value Shifting from Identity to Innovation Capability: from Coca-Cola to Apple

Corporate brand value, a key corporate asset, has traditionally relied on stakeholder interactions, heritage, and corporate identity. In dynamic fast clock-speed industries (information technology and consumer electronics), we note that brand values change dramatically within a few years based on their innovativeness. Using grounded theory approach and multi-case study method we examine how Apple, Samsung, Toyota, and Coca-Cola sustained their most valuable global brands while Kodak and General Motors eroded the same. Certain key dynamic innovative capabilities are identified as best practices. We conclude with implications for managers and future researchers, along with some limitations.
Degradation of the Mitotic Cyclin Clb3 Is not Required for Mitotic Exit but Is Necessary for G1 Cyclin Control of the Succeeding Cell Cycle.

B-type cyclins promote mitotic entry and inhibit mitotic exit. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, four B-type cyclins, Clb1–4, carry out essential mitotic roles, with substantial but incomplete overlap of function among them. Previous work in many organisms has indicated that B-type cyclin-dependent inhibition of mitotic exit imposes a requirement for mitotic destruction of B-type cyclins. For instance, precise genomic removal of the Clb2 destruction box (D box) prevents mitotic proteolysis of Clb2, and blocks mitotic exit. Here, we show that, despite significant functional overlap between Clb2 and Clb3, D-box-dependent Clb3 proteolysis is completely dispensable for mitotic exit. Removal of the Clb3 D box results in abundant Clb3 protein and associated kinase throughout the cell cycle, but mitotic exit occurs with close to normal timing. Clb3 degradation is required for pre-Start G1 control in the succeeding cell cycle. Deleting the CLB3 D box essentially eliminates all time delay before cell cycle Start following division, even in very small newborn cells. CLB3∆db cells show no cell cycle arrest response to mating pheromone, and CLB3∆db completely bypasses the requirement for CLN G1 cyclins, even in the absence of the early expressed B-type cyclins CLB5,6. Thus, regulated mitotic proteolysis of Clb3 is specifically required to make passage of Start in the succeeding cell cycle “memoryless”—dependent on conditions within that cycle, and independent of events such as B-type cyclin accumulation that occurred in the preceding cycle.
Keynote talk #3: Quantifying and extracting visual information from mobile devices

Due to advancement in minimization and mass-production, cameras are ubiquitously embedded in most of current mobile devices including phones, vehicles, robots, and augmentedreality displays. These mobile cameras are cheap and can gather in real-time large amounts of streaming data about the surrounding environment. Using an information-theoretic model of a streaming video captured by a mobile camera, we precisely characterize the information rates of this captured data. These results support a holistic approach that combines geometric reconstruction with semantic recognition for visual perception of dynamic environment. We then highlight several work in our group following this approach for extracting visual information from mobile devices including camera pose estimation, 3D environment mapping, and object localization and recognition.
Transplant Outcome in Acute Myeloid but Not Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Following T Cell Depleted Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation May Be Favorably Influenced by Early Recovery of NK Cells.

Between 05/1994 and 07/2005, 78 patients with acute leukemia (AML=49; ALL=29) received a T cell depleted stem cell transplant from an HLA-identical sibling, with 1–2 infusions of donor T cells on days 30–100. The conditioning regimen included 12–13.5 Gy total body irradiation (TBI) and cyclophosphamide (Cy) with or without fludarabine. Cyclosporine (CSA) was given as the sole GVHD prophylaxis after transplant. The stem cell source was peripheral blood in 75 and bone marrow in 3. The T cell dose ranged between 0.2 to 2 × 10 5 CD3+ cells/kg. AML and ALL patients were distributed equally among transplant regimen and T cell dose variations. The median CD34 cell dose was 5.4 × 10 6 cells/kg, (5.4 for AML, and 5.5 for ALL; p=0.50). Actuarial disease free survival (DFS), transplant related mortality (TRM) and relapse rate was 42±8, 20±6 and 40±9 % for AML and 22±10; 35±19 and 64±11% for ALL patients. The median day 30 post-transplantation lymphocyte count (LC30) for AML patients was 418/μl (31–2105) and 778/μl (265–3295) for ALL patients; p=0.063). In multivariate analysis, LC30 emerged as an independent risk factor for transplant outcome in AML but not ALL patients (see figure). In AML patients LC30 above median was associated with superior DFS, lower TRM and lower relapse. CD34 dose and LC30 were highly correlated for AML and ALL analyzed together or separately. Lymphocyte subset analysis of 20 post-transplant samples on day 30 identified a large proportion of CD56+16+ natural killer (NK) cells (median 44%, range 15–86%). Since early post-transplant NK cells are immature and unregulated by KIR-expression they may exert anti-host reactivity. The more favorable outcome for AML but not ALL patients achieving higher lymphocyte counts early post-transplant recapitulates the myeloid leukemia-restricted benefit from superior NK cell recovery observed in AML but not ALL recipients of mismatched T cell depleted stem cell transplants reported by Ruggeri et al (Blood.1999;94:333–9).
J-Force: Forced Execution on JavaScript

Web-based malware equipped with stealthy cloaking and obfuscation techniques is becoming more sophisticated nowadays. In this paper, we propose J-FORCE, a crash-free forced JavaScript execution engine to systematically explore possible execution paths and reveal malicious behaviors in such malware. In particular, J-FORCE records branch outcomes and mutates them for further explorations. J-FORCE inspects function parameter values that may reveal malicious intentions and expose suspicious DOM injections. We addressed a number of technical challenges encountered. For instance, we keep track of missing objects and DOM elements, and create them on demand. To verify the efficacy of our techniques, we apply J-FORCE to detect Exploit Kit (EK) attacks and malicious Chrome extensions. We observe that J-FORCE is more effective compared to the existing tools.
Soft Tissue Reconstruction Following Sacrectomy

Primary sacral tumors are uncommon and fortunately the majority are low-grade malignancies; however, without negative surgical margins, these tumors have a high predilection for local recurrence [1]. Thus, the goal of surgery is complete tumor extirpation. In order to obtain a negative margin, large soft tissue defects are created. Unfortunately, these large resections are prone to infection and complications. The utilization of immediate soft tissue reconstruction with myocutaneous flaps has allowed the surgeon to bring well-vascularized tissue into the resection area, obliterate dead space, and preserve abdominal domain.
Biomedical value chain traceability for innovation

This paper examines biomedical traceability and its importance for improving development, production, and use of drugs and medical devices. Biomedical traceability means that the flow of material and information within a biomedical product value chain can be followed from raw materials to patient outcomes. This paper uses data from a survey of biomedical manufacturing companies to show the gaps in the tracing of the flow of material and information within biomedical product value chains, highlight the relationships between biomedical traceability and product and process innovation, and offer recommendations for research and advancing innovation.
Feeling the sting of being a tattooed mother in the public eye

This chapter maps a process of corporeal pedagogy realizing differences in regional norms as a tattooed mother having recently relocated to a deeply conservative rural environment. The narrative recounts Coats’ experience of taking her children to a local grocery store with her tattoos visible for the first time since moving her family from a large city. In this new location, the grocery store serves as a site of public pedagogy, particularly in relation to surveillance and visibility. The author traces her corporeal awareness of patrons’ eyes on her body, witnessing them move away from her and recoil as she reached near them. The experience provided a sensual awareness, where her skin acted as an index of cultural difference, societal norms, and local desire.
Assessment of differences between near-surface air and soil temperatures for reliable detection of high-latitude freeze and thaw states

Abstract Near-surface air temperature and the underlying soil temperature are among the key components of the Earth's surface energy budget, and they are important variables for the comprehensive assessment of global climate change. Better understanding of the difference in magnitude between these two variables over high-latitude regions is also crucial for accurate detections of freeze and thaw (FT) states. However, these differences are not usually considered and included in current remote sensing-based FT detection algorithms. In this study, the difference between near-surface air temperature at the 2-m height and soil temperature at the 5-cm depth is assessed using ground-based observations that span a three-year period from 2013 to 2015. Results show noticeable differences between air and soil temperatures over temporal scales that range from diurnal to seasonal. The study also suggests that the ground-based upper layer soil temperature may be a better surrogate than the near-surface air temperature for the reliable detection of FT states at high-latitudes. Furthermore, the results from this study are particularly useful for better understanding the surface energy budget that ultimately drives the land surface processes that are embedded within weather and climate models.
Name It! Store It! Protect It!: A Systems Approach to Managing Data in Research Core Facilities.

As the capabilities of technology increase, so do the production of data and the need for data management. The need for data storage at many academic institutions is increasing exponentially. Technology is expanding rapidly, and institutions are recognizing the need to incorporate data management that can be available for future data sharing as a critical component of institutional services. The establishment of a process to manage the surge in data storage is complex and often hindered by not having a plan. Simple file naming—nomenclature—is also becoming ever more important to leave an established understanding of the contents in a file. This is especially the case as research experiences turnover from research projects and personnel. The indexing of files consistently also helps to identify past work. Finally, the protection of the data contents is becoming increasing challenging. As the genomic field expands, and medicine becomes more personalized, the identification of methods to protect the contents of data in both short- and long-term storage needs to be established so as not to risk the potential of revealing identifiable information. This is often something we do not consider in a nonclinical research environment. The need for establishing basic guidelines for institutions is critical, as individual research laboratories are unable to handle the scope of data storage required for their own research. In addition to the immediate needs for establishing guidelines on data storage and file naming and how to protect information, the recognition of the need for specialized support for data management supporting research cores and laboratories at academic institutions is becoming a critical component of institutional services. Here, we outline some case studies and methods that you may be able to adopt at your own institution.
Gene Rearrangements, Prokaryotic

Genes rearrange in bacteria, sometimes according to a developmental program. Examples described include genes encoding nitrogen fixation functions that rearrange during heterocyst differentiation in filamentous cyanobacteria and genes encoding transcription factors in sporulating bacilli. Other rearrangements described are considered to be stochastic; these involve inversions that turn genes on or off depending on the location of promoters with respect to the inversion sites.
Quantitative analysis of optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCT-A) in patients with non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) corresponds to visual function

Purpose Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is the most common cause of non-glaucomatous optic neuropathy in older adults. Optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCT-A) is an emerging, non-invasive method to study the microvasculature of the posterior pole, including the optic nerve head. The goal of this study was to assess the vascular changes in the optic nerve head and peripapillary area associated with NAION using OCT-A. Design Retrospective comparative case series. Methods We performed OCT-A in 25 eyes (7 acute and 18 non-acute) in 19 patients with NAION. Fellow, unaffected eyes were analyzed for comparison. Patent macro- and microvascular densities were quantified in the papillary and peripapillary regions of unaffected, acutely affected, and non-acutely affected eyes and compared across these groups according to laminar segment and capillary sampling region, and with respect to performance on automated visual field testing. Results In acutely affected eyes, OCT-A revealed a reduction in the signal from the major retinal vessels and dilation of patent superficial capillaries in the peripapillary area. By contrast, non-acutely affected eyes showed attenuation of patent capillaries. The peripapillary choriocapillaris was obscured by edema in acute cases, but was similar between non-acute and unaffected eyes. The degree of dilation of the superficial microvasculature in the acute phase and attenuation in the non-acute phase each correlated inversely with visual field performance. The region of reduced patent capillary density correlated with the location of visual field defects in 80% of acute cases and 80% of non-acute cases. Conclusions OCT-A reveals a dynamic shift in the superficial capillary network of the optic nerve head with strong functional correlates in both the acute and non-acute phases of NAION. Further study may validate OCT-A as a useful adjunctive diagnostic tool in the evaluation of ischemic optic neuropathy.
Social Equity Is a Pillar of Public Administration

AbstractIn this article, the authors respond to points raised by David Rosenbloom regarding our 2004 J-PAE article “Filling in the Skeletal Pillar: Addressing Social Equity in Introductory Courses in Public Administration.” We conclude with an operational definition of social equity for public administrators.