cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potent inhibitory effects of a type four receptor-selective somatostatin analog on rat insulin release

Abstract A total of 5 somatostatin (SS) receptors have been characterized, cloned, and transfected into various cell types which have recently been used to discern peptide ligands displaying high degrees of selectivity for binding to types 2, 3, and 4. These have now allowed us to examine which receptor(s) is involved in SS inhibition of glucose-stimulated rat pancreatic insulin release. The type 4 selective ligand, DC-23-99, which had little affinity for receptor types 1, 2, or 5, was at least equipotent to SS in preventing insulin release. In contrast, the type 3 selective peptide, DC-25-20, was totally devoid of inhibitory effects. Peptides, such as NC-8-12,which have extremely high affinity for type 2 receptors but far less for types 1, 3, 4 and 5,were considerably less potent than SS in this assay. Thus, 2 major inhibitory physiological functions of SS on GH (type 2) and insulin release appear to be mediated by entirely different receptor types.
Altruism, reciprocity and health: A social experiment in restaurant choice

Abstract We used an experimental game to determine whether people imitate restaurant choice, reciprocate food gifts, and thus spread health choices. We randomly paired 138 subjects and recorded their decision to give or keep restaurant vouchers and their choice of restaurant. The majority (83.3%) chose an unhealthy restaurant if their randomly assigned partner chose an unhealthy restaurant. Similarly, 77.8% chose a healthy restaurant if their partner did (p = 0.005). The altruistic were more likely to choose a healthy restaurant (p = 0.017). In sum, restaurant choice is influenced by reciprocity. A cycle of projection, gifting and reciprocation may explain the social dynamics of food choice. We propose policies that capitalize on people’s tendency towards altruism and imitation.
Well-Posedness of a Model for Structural Acoustic Coupling in a Cavity Enclosed by a Thin Cylindrical Shell

A fully coupled mathematical model describing the interactions between a vibrating thin cylindrical shell and enclosed acoustic field is presented. Because the model will ultimately be used in control applications involving piezoceramic actuators, the loads and material contributions resulting from piezoceramic patches bonded to the shell are included in the discussion. Theoretical and computational issues lead to the consideration of a weak form of the modeling set of partial differential equations (PDE's) and through the use of a semigroup formulation, well-posedness results for the system model are obtained.
C2-3 facet joint "pseudo-fusion": anatomic basis of a normal variant

Objective. To identify the anatomic basis for apparent C2–3 facet joint fusion (pseudo-fusion) on lateral cervical spine radiographs. Design and patients. The studies of 81 consecutive blunt trauma patients who had both plain radiographs and a CT scan of the upper cervical spine were reviewed. The C2–3 facet joints were evaluated on lateral cervical spine radiographs and graded ”normal” (category 1), ”indistinct” (category 2), or ”fused” (category 3), relative to the C3–4 level. The accompanying CT scans were reviewed for the presence of fusion and the angle of orientation of the facet joints relative to the axial and coronal planes. Results. In category 1 (”normal”), the C2–3 facet joints were oriented nearly parallel to the true coronal and axial plane. In category 2 (”indistinct”), both the C2–3 facet joints were oriented obliquely to the true coronal and axial planes. In category 3 (”fused”), the C2–3 facet joints were also oriented obliquely, but at a steeper angle than in category 2. Head tilt/rotation caused a change in category rating in 5 of 81 cases (6.2%). Conclusion. The appearance of C2–3 facet joint fusion (pseudo-fusion) on lateral cervical spine radiographs may be a normal anatomic variant. This ”pseudo-fusion” is due to the oblique orientation of these facet joints relative to the X-ray beam and is usually unaffected by patient position.
Sensitivity of a class of distributed parameter control systems

A sensitivity matrix is defined as a measure of trajectory deviations to small parameter variations of both open and closed loop controlled nonlinear parabolic and first-order hyperbolic systems. In general the parameters may enter through the system equations or the boundary conditions and may be time or spatially dependent. The introduction of a positive measure of the sensitivity, the norm of the sensitivity matrix, into the performance index is shown to be effective in limiting the trajectory deviations due to the parameter variations. The open and closed loop control of a double pipe heat exchanger is analyzed with the open loop problem solved by an approximate procedure. The sensitivity reformulation is successful in reducing trajectory sensitivity, however at the cost of decreased overall performance.
Research on Machining Simulation of Ultra High-Speed Grinding Machine Tool Based on Web

The future development of the manufacturing is using VR technology to make the machining simulation before the actual machining process made. The machining simulation of Ultra High-speed Grinding Machine Tool is researched in this paper. Firstly, using UG/NX software and VRML, the geometric modeling of machine tool is modeled. Secondly, through using Java and Javascript language, the operation and display of machining process of ultra high-speed grinding are realized. The main technologies include NC codes compiling, collision detection and material removal. Thirdly, the example of machining simulation using virtual ultra high-speed grinding machine tool can be obtained in the paper. Compared to other CNC machining simulation methods, the method in the paper has reality display, rich features, a good man-machine interaction, etc., and it does not rely on expensive CAD/CAM software. The system files generated by the machining simulation have the small size and can be transferred on the network easily.
SOME ENVIRONMENTAL AND FAMILIAL CORRELATES AND ANTECEDENTS OF HYPERACTIVITY

Based on a theoretical perspective combining social and organic approaches to the etiology of hyperactivity, research was conducted via parent interview on 492 children from a representative population of more than 5000 school children. Data analysis suggests that each of four areas of familial influence—Achievement Press, Provisions for General Learning, Parent-Child Interaction, and Family History and Characteristics—have possible implications in the labeling of a child as hyperactive.
Toward understanding the interaction between structure and function: an echocardiographic story.

Theleftventricleisanamazing structure,capable ofejecting$60%of its contents at high pressure, then filling at very low pressure in a fraction of a second. Remarkably, this high ejection fraction can be accomplished despite the fact that each myocyte is capable of contracting by only about 15%, no matter where it is in the myocardium. Yet, this uniform 15% myocyte shortening leads to $20% shortening in the longitudinal and circumferential directions and 40% to 50% wall thickening radially. The ellipsoidal shape of the ventricle also dictates a tremendous (up to fourfold) transmural gradient in longitudinal and circumferential shortening. 1 The only way that sarcomeric shortening can be uniform in such a geometry is not by myocytes’ working in isolation but by their being organized into sheets going
Schottky-limit barrier heights for CO-coated metal clusters on GaAs(110)

This letter discusses band bending induced by the deposition of metal clusters coated with onto GaAs(110). The layer of CO between the metallic clusters and the undisrupted semiconductor simulates a metal‐insulator‐semiconductor junction. The observed barrier height shows Schottky‐limit‐like dependence on the work function of the metal.
The lipid-class spectrum and fatty-acid content of the boll weevil egg.

Abstract 1. 1. Lipids from eggs of the boll weevil ( Anthonomus grandis Boheman; Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were fractionated into individual classses by a combinated fo silicic acid and Florisil column chromatography. Triglycerides were the predominant fraction, and accounted for more than 70 per cent of the neutral lipid matter. 2. 2. The fatty acid content of adult males and females and eggs resembles that of the diet when dietary fat content is high. Female feeding on low fat diets deposit lipids in the egg yolk which contain principally those fatty acids that the adult can synthesize from non-lipid components.
Steady Expiratory Flow-Pressure Relationship in a Model of the Human Bronchial Tree

Static pressure differences across a human bronchial tree model were obtained for steady expiratory flows of several gases producing Reynolds numbers (Re1) in the bronchus carrying the entire flow (first bronchus) between 150 and 50,000. The model was constructed from an air-dried lung and was complete to bronchi about 2 mm in diameter. Dimensionless static pressure plotted against Re1 consolidated the data on a single curve, phenomenologically described by an equation of the form: delta Ps/delta Pd1 = A + B Re1 where delta P d1 is a pressure drop for Poiseuille flow, Velocity profile measurements at two sites along the first bronchus for laminar and turbulent flows indicate a dependence on the latter and distance from the first junction. Loss in total pressure was computed and may result from both frictional dissipation and changes in momentum flux associated with development of velocity profiles near the junctions. An average loss in total pressure within a single bronchus was calculated after making several simplifying assumptions, and this result may be useful in modeling both the resistance of the entire bronchial tree and the more complex phenomenon of maximal expiratory flow.
C. elegans SIRT6/7 homolog SIR-2.4 promotes DAF-16 relocalization and function during stress.

FoxO transcription factors and sirtuin family deacetylases regulate diverse biological processes, including stress responses and longevity. Here we show that the Caenorhabditis elegans sirtuin SIR-2.4—homolog of mammalian SIRT6 and SIRT7 proteins—promotes DAF-16–dependent transcription and stress-induced DAF-16 nuclear localization. SIR-2.4 is required for resistance to multiple stressors: heat shock, oxidative insult, and proteotoxicity. By contrast, SIR-2.4 is largely dispensable for DAF-16 nuclear localization and function in response to reduced insulin/IGF-1-like signaling. Although acetylation is known to regulate localization and activity of mammalian FoxO proteins, this modification has not been previously described on DAF-16. We find that DAF-16 is hyperacetylated in sir-2.4 mutants. Conversely, DAF-16 is acetylated by the acetyltransferase CBP-1, and DAF-16 is hypoacetylated and constitutively nuclear in response to cbp-1 inhibition. Surprisingly, a SIR-2.4 catalytic mutant efficiently rescues the DAF-16 localization defect in sir-2.4 null animals. Acetylation of DAF-16 by CBP-1 in vitro is inhibited by either wild-type or mutant SIR-2.4, suggesting that SIR-2.4 regulates DAF-16 acetylation indirectly, by preventing CBP-1-mediated acetylation under stress conditions. Taken together, our results identify SIR-2.4 as a critical regulator of DAF-16 specifically in the context of stress responses. Furthermore, they reveal a novel role for acetylation, modulated by the antagonistic activities of CBP-1 and SIR-2.4, in modulating DAF-16 localization and function.
Infrared dielectric behaviour of polypyrrole doped with tosylate

Abstract Measurements of Reflection (R) and Transmission (T) for polypyrrole tosylate in the far infrared (10–200 cm−1) were performed. The dielectric constants are determined from these measurements through manipulation of the Fresnel equations. The magnitude and dispersive nature of the complex index of refraction is described as a function of conductivity. The applicability of these materials to new optical devices is demonstrated through the significant change in conductivity realizable by suitably reducing the oxidized film. Further evidence for alternative conduction mechanisms is given by the failure of the Drude free carrier model to fit our dielectric data in the 10–100 cm−1 region. An application exploiting the large real part of the index of refraction and relatively low loss observed in the microwave region is discussed.
Field Instrumentation and Performance Monitoring of Rigid Pavements

This paper reviews some of the past instrumentation and performance measuring used by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to develop its rigid‐pavement design procedures, and it will consider two areas where future studies could improve our understanding of rigid pavement performance. Results of instrumental model tests and full‐scale traffic tests gave confidence in the Westergaard edge‐loaded analytical model to calculate design stresses. This model has been the backbone of the design concept for more than 40 years, and it continues to serve the Corps well. Also, performance measurements of joints developed the concept of joint load transfer that allowed more economical design of pavements and that also defined standards of joint design. There are still challenges facing the Corps, where instrumentation and performance measurements in the field can help develop better design standards. The actual effects of temperature and moisture gradients on rigid‐pavement performance and bonding in rigid‐pavement overl...
Selective lymphadenectomy in patients with Merkel cell (cutaneous neuroendocrine) carcinoma.

Background: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive cutaneous tumor with a propensity for local recurrence, regional and distant metastases. There are no well-defined prognostic factors that predict behavior of this tumor, nor are treatment guidelines well established.
Focused ultrasound facilitated thermo-chemotherapy for targeted retinoblastoma treatment: a modeling study.

Abstract Retinoblastoma is the most common type of intraocular tumors in children. Currently, with early detection and improved systemic chemo-adjuvant therapies, treatment paradigm has shifted from survival to globe salvation/vision preservation. The objective of our work has been to explore the possible application of focused ultrasound (FUS) for targeted drug delivery in the posterior pole retinoblastoma. Specifically, theoretical models were implemented to evaluate the feasibility of using FUS to generate localized hyperthermia in retinal tumor areas, for potential triggering the chemotherapeutic agent deployment from heat-sensitive drug carriers. In-vitro experiments were conducted in tissue-mimicking phantoms with embedded excised rabbit eyes to validate the reliability of the modeling results. After confirming the reliability of our model, various FUS transducer parameters were investigated to induce maximal hyperthermia coverage in the tumor, while sparing adjacent eye structures (e.g. the lens). The evaluated FUS parameters included operating frequency, total acoustic power, geometric dimensions, transducer f-number, standoff distance, as well as different pulsing scenarios. Our modeling results suggest that the most suitable ultrasound frequency for this type of treatments was in the range of 2–3.5 MHz depending on the size of retinoblastoma. Appropriate transducer f-number (close to 1) and standoff distance could be selected to minimize the risks of over-heating undesired regions. With the total acoustic power of 0.4 W, 56.3% of the tumor was heated to hyperthermic temperature range (39–44 °C) while the temperature in lens was maintained below 41 °C. In conclusion, FUS-induced hyperthermia for targeted drug delivery may be a viable option in treatments of juxta-foveal or posterior pole retinoblastomas. Future in-vivo studies will allow us to determine the effectiveness and safety of the proposed approach.
System Dynamics Modeling of Porous Media

A wide range of engineering problems involve porous media modeling. General porous media models are highly nonlinear, geometrically complex, and must account for energy transfer between fluid and solid constituents normally modeled in distinct Lagrangian and Eulerian reference frames. Combining finite element discretization techniques with bond graph methods greatly simplifies the model formulation process, as compared to alternative schemes based on weighted residual solutions of the governing partial differential equations. The result generalizes existing numerical models of porous media and current network thermodynamics/bond graph theory.
Proliferative and Cytotoxic Responses of Human Cord Blood T Lymphocytes Following Allogeneic Stimulation

Abstract On the basis of the success of recent cord blood transplants, we undertook a comparison of the proliferative and cytotoxic potential, following allogeneic stimulation, of E-rosetted T cells from cord blood or adult peripheral blood (PB3) or bone marrow (BM). The magnitude of the proliferative response of cord blood (CB) T cells to alloantigen was greater than or equal to that of adult PB or BM T cells. Proliferation following culture with IL-2, IL-4, or IL-7 produced a similar result. In contrast, the cytotoxic activity in 10 20, or 30 mixed leukocyte culture of CB T cells was minimal, typically less than 20% at an effector:target ratio of 100:1. Cytometric analysis of CB T cell populations before and after culture with allostimulation demonstrated similar ratios of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in cultures of CB and adult T cells. Down-regulation of CD45RA antigen expression, a measure of CD4+ cell activation, was comparable in adult and CB cultures. Activation of CD8+ CTL effectors was assessed by the acquisition of CD28 antigen expression. After culture, a smaller proportion of CD8+CD28+ effector cells was present in CB cultures as compared to adult T cell cultures. Thus, following in vitro priming with alloantigen CB T cells generate a vigorous proliferative response yet produce little antigen-specific cytotoxicity. This diminished cytotoxicity may, in part, be related to the low incidence of graft vs host disease thus far noted in human CB transplants.
Presence of Asthma with Night-time Asthma Symptoms is Associated with Impaired Health-Related Quality of Life in Children

Few studies have compared health-related quality of life between asthmatic and healthy children. This study used data from a cross-sectional survey of parents'/guardians of 406 children residing in rural areas. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate association between a categorical outcome variable (No asthma/No asthma symptoms; night-time asthma symptoms only; asthma diagnosis without night-time asthma symptoms; and asthma diagnosis with night-time asthma symptoms) and health-related quality of life indicators. Presence of night-time asthma symptoms among children with asthma was significantly associated with reduced health-related quality of life adjusting for other covariates. Children who had asthma without any night-time asthma symptoms did not have reduced health-related quality of life. Proper control of night-time asthma symptoms may help increase health-related quality of life in children.
Fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus density relationships in waste discharges and receiving waters

(1976). Fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus density relationships in waste discharges and receiving waters. C R C Critical Reviews in Environmental Control: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 349-369.
Role of Nesiritide in Decompensated Heart Failure

Nesiritide is a human brain type natriuretic peptide. The addition of nesiritide, a balanced venous and arterial dilator for the treatment of decompensated heart failure, is the first intravenous (IV) therapy developed in the past decade. Nesiritide binds to receptors in the kidneys, vasculature, and other organs to produce vasodilation and natriuresis. These effects act to reduce ventricular filling pressures and rapidly improve symptoms of heart failure. Nesiritide reduces pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and pulmonary artery pressure, improves the cardiac index, and has minimal effects on heart rate. The limiting side effect of nesiritide is dose-related hypotension. It should not be used in patients with suspected or measured low filling pressures or patients with baseline hypotension. Current literature supports the efficacy of nesiritide; however, there are very few outcome data demonstrating the superiority of nesiritide over conventional therapy. Because this vasodilator does not require hemodyn...
Science Signaling Podcast: 16 February 2010

This is a conversation with George Hajishengallis about a Research Article published in the 16 February 2010 issue of Science Signaling.
AGE-DEPENDANT VARIATION IN FUNCTION OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN RATS

Proopiomelanocortins (POMC) secreted concomitantly with ACTH may be involved in control of adrenal growth and function with changing needs for POMC peptides during development. This might explain an increased ACTH response to stress, which was found in 2-4 week old, compared to adult rats. Therefore, the sensitivity of the adrenal to ACTH was compared between prepubertal (pp)(25 days) and young adult (ya)(70 days) rats. In vivo: In dexamethasone-blocked rats, corticosterone (c) 20 min after 25 ng ACTH1-24/100 g bw i.v. was significantly higher (50.3±2.1 ng%) in pp compared to ya rats (41.0±1.8 ng%). In contrast, 5 ng ACTH/100 g bw could not stimulate c in pp (4.8±1.6 ng%), but markedly in ya (30.8±1.7 ng%). For a comparable c-response in pp rats, 10 ng of ACTH/100 g bw was reguired. In vitro, cells prepared by collagenase dispersion from inner zones of the adrenal cortex, revealed similar results: 1 pg of ACTH elicits a significant response in ya, but 5 pg are needed in pp rats. ED50 was correspondingly increased from 2×10−12 to 1×10−11 M. Maximal responses were similar and dose response curve parallel. This suggests a protective mechanism against an over-production of c, due to large amounts of ACTH released with other POMC-peptides needed for adrenal growth in prepubertal animals.
CYTOLOGIC AND METABOLIC EFFECTS OF PROSTAGLANDINS ON RAT SKIN

The cellular and metabolic effects of exogenous prostaglandins E 1 , E 2 , and F 2 2α (PGE 1 , PGE 2 , and PGF 2α ) were studied in the skin of rats by using scintillation counting, autoradiography, electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Radioactivity measurements demonstrated that prostaglandins of the E series induced a marked increase in the incorporation of [ 3 H]leucine, [ 3 H]thymidine, [ 3 H]uridine, and [ 3 H]proline in the rat skin, mostly at 1 hr, whereas PGF 2α inhibited this phenomenon. Light microscopic autoradiography revealed an increased incorporation of [ 3 H]leucine in the cytoplasm of hyperplastic epidermis of PGE-treated rats; also, the incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine, [ 3 H]uridine, and [ 3 H]proline was significantly increased over the epidermal nuclei, nucleoli, and the collagen fibers of PGE-treated rats. Electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural changes of the epidermal cells and fibroblasts following PGE administration, including an increase in polyribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, keratohyaline granules, and enlarged intercellular spaces; PGF 2α induced advanced cytolysis and cell disintegration, with increased lysosome formation. Scanning electron microscopy showed hypertrophied collagen fibers in PGE-treated rats; however, a disruption and disintegration of collagen fibers occurred in PGF 2α -treated rats. The level of PGE 1 in the skin of treated rats was markedly elevated as compared to those of controls. These findings demonstrate that prostaglandins are potent regulators for the epidermal cell ultrastructure and metabolism as well as for collagen synthesis.
Bergman Projections and Operators on Hardy Spaces

We show that “Toeplitz like” operators of the formTsuf=Ps(uf), wherePsis a weighted Bergman projection, are bounded on the Hardy spacesHp, for 1⩽p<∞ for certain “symbols”udefined on the unit disk. In particular,Tsuis bounded ifuis of the formu=h+Gμwherehis a bounded harmonic function andGμis the Green potential of a Borel measureμsatisfying the condition that (1−|z|) dμ(z) is a Carleson measure. Ifuis of the formu=h+Gμwhereμis a positive measure then these two conditions are also necessary thatTsube bounded onHp. We also consider the cases 0<p<1.
An analysis of the relationship of systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and smoking to 14-year mortality in the Chicago Peoples Gas Company Study- II. Coronary and cardiovascular-renal mortality in two competing risk models.

Abstract This paper is the second of two dealing with newly developed statistical techniques for relating risk factors to heart disease and mortality for use with data from prospective epidemiological studies. The first paper introduced an exponential-Weibull model, which is contrasted with the multiple logistic function using the relationship of systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and cigarette smoking to death from all cases in 1233 white males from the Chicago Peoples Gas Company Study. This model utilizes individual survival time as the primary variable, with the risk factors treated as covariates. The present paper introduced two competing risk models for use with cause specific mortality. These two models are the logistic discrimination model, an extension of the multiple logistic function to the problem of multiple endpoints, and an exponential-Weibull model which is the competing risk analog of the model given in [1]. These two models are compared with one another and with the multiple logistic function, utilizing the relationships of systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and cigarette smoking to 14-yr mortality from both cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease in this cohort of 1233 men. The two competing risk models are shown to provide stronger relationships between the risk factors and cause specific mortality than are obtainable with the multiple logistic function, although the estimated probabilities calculated from the multiple logistic function do not differ markedly from those of the other two models until one reaches the upper end of the distribution of risk. The exponential-Weibull model and the logistic discrimination model are comparable in their assessment of the strength of the relationships of the variables of the two causes of death, and in the probabilities calculated from the estimated coefficients. However, the exponential-Weibull model can be used to estimate the probability of death for any time period, while the logistic discrimination model can be used only for the period for which the coefficients are estimated.
On attenuation of waves produced in visco‐elastic materials

A solution to the problem of wave motion produced when a pressure pulse is applied to the interior surface of a spherical cavity in a visco-elastic medium is obtained. Comparison with the elastic case indicates that viscosity significantly reduces the amplitude of the displacement in the vicinity of the wave front and decreases the velocity of propagation of the wave. In the addendum, a pressure-time pulse defined by a function of the form P (t) = Pζt exp (-ζt) is applied to the cavity wall and a solution of the differential equations of motion is obtained using the theory developed in the main body of the paper. Since all values of the parameter ζ are admissible, pressure-time pulses of arbitrary form may be represented by superposing individual pulses of the above form corresponding to different values of ζ. Terminology—The following symbols are used. r, α, θ = spherical coordinates defined by: the surfaces of spheres, r = constant; radial planes perpendicular to some plane through the origin, α = constant; and right circular cones with vertices at the origin, θ = constant σ = stress ϵ = strain G = elastic modulus of rigidity λ = elastic Lame constant defined by Eν/(l + ν) (l ‐ 2ν) where E is the modulus of elasticity and ν is Poisson's ratio K = coefficient of viscosity analogous to G μ = coefficient of viscosity analogous to λ Δ =cubical dilatation u = displacement t = time variable δ = cavity radius ρ = density a = acceleration ∇2 = Laplacian
Effects of alcohol on lectin binding affinity in rat gastric mucosa.

Fluoresceinated lectins were employed to qualitatively evaluate cell surface carbohydrates, with and without ethanol exposure, in rat stomach mucosae. Rats received 1 ml of saline, or 50% or 100% ethanol orally. After 30 min, tissue samples of the glandular stomach were retrieved, cryosectioned, and incubated with one of a panel of lectins. Another set of sections was preincubated with neuraminidase to remove sialic acid residues. Qualitative evaluation of lectin binding showed that although several different sites stained, concanavalin A was the only lectin to stain the extracellular matrix, and soybean agglutinin the only lectin to stain chief cells. Neuraminidase preincubation enhanced lectin binding to both stained and previously unstained sites. Ethanol, both 50% and 100%, produced changes in both neuraminidase-treated and untreated tissues, increasing the specific binding of concanavalin A, Ulex europaeusagglutinin I, and wheat germ agglutinin, while decreasing Helix pomatiaagglutinin and soybean agglutinin. These results suggest that ethanol can, through unknown mechanisms, alter carbohydrate binding affinity.
Coupling between catalytic sites and the proton channel in F1F0-type ATPases

F1F0-type ATPases catalyse both ATP-driven proton translocation and proton-gradient-driven ATP synthesis. Recent cryoelectronmicroscopy and low-resolution X-ray studies provide a first glimpse at the structure of this complicated membrane-bound enzyme. The F1 part is roughly globular and linked to the membrane-intercalated F0 part by a narrow stalk domain, which contains the gamma-, delta- and epsilon-subunits along with domains of the b-subunit of the F0 part. Here, we review evidence that conformational and positional changes in the gamma- and epsilon-subunits provide the coupling between catalytic sites and proton translocation within the F1F0 complex.
Multi-group cancer outlier differential gene expression detection

It has recently been shown that cancer genes (oncogenes) tend to have heterogeneous expressions across disease samples. So it is reasonable to assume that in a microarray data only a subset of disease samples will be activated (often referred to as outliers), which presents some new challenges for statistical analysis. In this paper, we study the multi-class cancer outlier differential gene expression detection. Statistical methods will be proposed to take into account the expression heterogeneity. Through simulation studies and application to public microarray data, we will show that the proposed methods could provide more comprehensive analysis results and improve upon the traditional differential gene expression detection methods, which often ignore the expression heterogeneity and may loss power. Supplementary information can be found at http://www.biostat.umn.edu/~baolin/research/orf.html.
The beliefs, motivations, and expectations of parents who have enrolled their children in a genetic biorepository.

The beliefs, motivations, and expectations of parents who have enrolled their children in a genetic biorepository
Toward a foundational typed assembly language

We present the design of a typed assembly language called TALT that supports heterogeneous tuples, disjoint sums, and a general account of addressing modes. TALT also implements the von Neumann model in which programs are stored in memory, and supports relative addressing. Type safety for execution and for garbage collection are shown by machine-checkable proofs. TALT is the first formalized typed assembly language to provide any of these features.
Interior estimates for nonconforming finite element methods

Interior error estimates are derived for a wide class of nonconforming finite element methods for second order scalar elliptic boundary value problems. It is shown that the error in an interior domain can be estimated by three terms: the first one measures the local approximability of the finite element space to the exact solution, the second one measures the degree of continuity of the finite element space (the consistency error), and the last one expresses the global effect through the error in an arbitrarily weak Sobolev norm over a slightly larger domain. As an application, interior superconvergences of some difference quotients of the finite element solution are obtained for the derivatives of the exact solution when the mesh satisfies some translation invariant condition.
Systems of Oppression, the Globalization of Neoliberalism and NAME's Calls to Action

Our biggest regrets are not for the things we have done but for the things we haven't done.—Chad Michael Murray (n.d.)Multicultural education (MCE) since its conceptualization more than 40 years ag...
Spin-injection spectra of CoFe/GaAs contacts: Dependence on Fe concentration, interface, and annealing conditions

Spin injection from Co${}_{70}$Fe${}_{30}$ and Fe contacts into bulk GaAs(001) epilayers is studied experimentally. Using nonlocal measurements, the spin polarization of the differential conductance is determined as a function of the bias voltage applied across the injection interface. The spectra reveal an interface-related minority-spin peak at forward bias and a majority-spin peak at reverse bias and are very similar, but shifted in energy, for Co${}_{70}$Fe${}_{30}$ and for Fe contacts. An increase of the spin-injection efficiency and a shift of the spectrum correlate with the Ga-to-As ratio at the interface between CoFe and GaAs.
Cortisol Decreases Bone Formation by Inhibiting Periosteal Cell Proliferation

We tested the hypothesis that the inhibitory effect of cortisol on bone growth is primarily on the periosteum. Fetal rat calvaria were maintained in organ culture, labeled with radioactive proline or thymidine, and then dissected to separate periosteum from the osteoblast-rich central bone. There was a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of thymidine incorporation into DNA in the periosteum which was significant at 24 h. These observations were further supported by decreases in the dry weight and DNA content of the periosteum at 96 h. Incorporation of thymidine and proline into the central bone were decreased only at 96 h. Pulse-chase studies using a high concentration of cortisol (10(-6) M) indicated that increased cell attrition may also play a role in the inhibitory effect of cortisol. We propose that the primary effect of cortisol on bone growth is an inhibition of proliferation of the periosteal cells which give rise to osteoblasts. The subsequent decrease in the incorporation of proline into the central bone may be the consequence of this inhibition.
Heuristic optimization method for cellular structure design of light weight components

Additive manufacturing can be used to produce structures which would be impossible to manufacture using traditional manufacturing processes. One application of this technology is for fabrication of customized, light-weight material called mesoscale lattice structure (MSLS), which is a type of cellular structure with dimensions in the range of 0.1 to 10 mm. The problem to be addressed in this paper is how to efficiently synthesize MSLS with thousands of struts and, hence, thousands of design variables. A heuristic optimization method is presented for efficiently synthesizing large MSLS on complex shaped parts that reduces the multivariate optimization problem to a problem of only two variables. The heuristic is based on the observation that the stress distribution in a MSLS will be similar to the stress distribution in a solid body of the same overall shape. Based on local stress states, unit cells from a predefined unit-cell library are selected and sized to support those stress states. In this paper, the method is applied to design a strong, stiff, and light-weight Micro Air Vehicle fuselage. Weight savings are demonstrated as a result.
Neurons that program what to do and in what order.

Abstract In this issue of Neuron , Lu et al. (2002) describe the activity of single neurons in the SEF of monkeys, an oculomotor area of the frontal lobe, during the performance of stereotyped sequences of saccades. The monkey had to look at one of two identical stimuli, but the only way to choose the "correct" stimulus was to learn and remember its position in each presentation of the sequence. SEF neurons could do it.
Developmental Dysplasia of Hips Treated by Open Reduction

Twelve hips in eleven infants with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) treated by open reduction were reviewed. According to Graf's classification ultrasonographically there was one type D hip, seven type III hips and four type IV hips. Magnetic resonance imaging showed that all 12 limbuses were interposed between the acetabulum and femoral head. The shape of limbuses on magnetic resonance imaging represent the complexities of developmental dysplasia of the hips more clearly than ultrasonographic classifications. Two types of DDH resulted in open reduction. The first type had iatrogenic complexities and the second type teratologic. The former type of DDH was derived from missed diagnosis at the time of examination of newborn hips or inadequate usage of the Pavlik harness in the course of treatment. Conservative treatment is effective for this type of hip by addressing the given problems; however, open reduction may be more effective for the latter type of DDH because of complexities.
THE CONTROL OF RESPONDING BY SOUNDS: UNUSUAL EFFECT OF REINFORCEMENT

Naive rats were trained to respond on one lever in the presence of noise bursts from one speaker and on a second lever in the presence of noise bursts from a second speaker. The speakers were mounted behind the levers. When responding on the lever adjacent to the sounding speaker was reinforced, control developed within fewer than five trials. When responding on the nonadjacent lever was selectively reinforced, responding on the lever adjacent to the sounding speaker increased in probability for several sessions. Naive rats were trained to respond on the nonadjacent lever following preexposure to the sound. Responding on the lever adjacent to the sounding speaker increased in probability, showing that novelty was not responsible for the effect. Naive rats were run on automaintenance procedures in which there was no explicit pairing of sound and magazine operation, 100% pairing of sound and magazine operation, or magazine operation following 40% of sound presentations. None of the rats acquired the response of approaching and sniffing the sounding speaker, indicating that sound-magazine pairing was not responsible for the effect.
The Autonomy of Weak States: States and Classes in Primary Export Economies

State autonomy is often viewed as the result of the culture, ideological coherence, or class background of the state bureaucra- cies, and of institutional characteristics that ensure state effectiveness. This view has several problems: it assumes what has to be explained, makes it difficult to understand changes in state autonomy, and tends to make autonomy the characteristic of strong, core states. This paper calls for a new approach to study state autonomy, one in which power is a character- istic of a relationship, not of actors or organizations (Emerson 1962), and uses this approach to examine changes in state-class relationships based on taxation during the mid 1930s in Bolivia. The paper then argues that state autonomy depends on the relative costs of state policies and on the avail- ability of political allies to the state vis-a-vis the opposing economic elite. This approach allows us to specify the power dependence of the state on a given class, the conditions under which that relative dependence changes in favor of the state, and is applicable to both weak and strong states.
Coordinated control and information architecture

Coordinated control of vehicle formations is the motivating problem. The key idea is the use of Model Predictive Control (MPC) as a localized control law to connect the overall formation control performance and the inter-vehicle communication quality. The working problem is a simple 1-D vehicle formation with noisy channels. The measure of information quality is the covariance of the state estimates. A special form of MPC is used, which absorbs the estimate covariance into its probabilistically posed no-collision constraints. The resulting control law is deterministic and is adapted to the information quality.
The anti-politics of health reform: household power relations and child health in rural Senegal

This article employs ethnographic evidence from rural Senegal to explore two dimensions of health sector reform. First, it makes the case that health reforms intersect with and exacerbate existing social, political, and economic inequalities. Current equity analysis draws attention to the ways that liberal and utilitarian frameworks for health reform fail to achieve distributive justice. The author's data suggest that horizontal power relations within households and small communities are equally important for understanding health disparities and the effects of health reform. Second, the article explores how liberal discourses of health reform, particularly calls for 'state-citizen partnerships' and 'responsiblization', promote depoliticised understandings of health. Discourses associated with health reform paradoxically highlight individual responsibility for health while masking the ways that individual health practice is constrained by structural inequalities.
A Possible 20th-Century Slowdown of Southern Ocean Deep Water Formation

Chlorofluorocarbon-11 inventories for the deep Southern Ocean appear to confirm physical oceanographic and geochemical studies in the Southern Ocean, which suggest that no more than 5 x 10(6) cubic meters per second of ventilated deep water is currently being produced. This result conflicts with conclusions based on the distributions of the carbon-14/carbon ratio and a quasi-conservative property, PO(4)(*), in the deep sea, which seem to require an average of about 15 x 10(6) cubic meters per second of Southern Ocean deep ventilation over about the past 800 years. A major reduction in Southern Ocean deep water production during the 20th century (from high rates during the Little Ice Age) may explain this apparent discordance. If this is true, a seesawing of deep water production between the northern Atlantic and Southern oceans may lie at the heart of the 1500-year ice-rafting cycle.
Evaluating the Instructional Efficacy of Computer-Mediated Interactive Multimedia: Comparing Three Elementary Statistics Tutorial Modules

This study evaluated three tutorial modules, equivalent in content but different in mode of presentation, for introducing elementary statistics concepts. In a single session, fifty-seven college st...
Underinsurance and Adolescent Immunization Delivery in the United States

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to explore the association of being underinsured and receiving doses at a health department clinic (HDC) with not receiving all recommended adolescent vaccine doses. METHODS: A total of 5657 adolescents, 13 to 17 years of age, were sampled in the National Immunization Survey-Teen in 2006–2007. RESULTS: A total of 63.9% of all adolescents were covered by private health insurance. Among privately insured adolescents, ∼31.3% were underinsured. Compared with fully insured adolescents, underinsured adolescents were more likely to receive doses at an HDC for tetanus-diphtheria toxoids/tetanus toxoids-reduced diphtheria toxoids-acellular pertussis vaccine (25.1% vs 6.2%; P P P P P P CONCLUSION: Underinsured adolescents who receive doses at an HDC have lower rates of vaccination coverage than do fully insured adolescents.
Using Microcomputers to Train Teachers of the Handicapped

Research has indicated the basic instructional and behavior management skills needed for effective teaching of pupils who need remedial or special education. Notwithstanding this research, teacher training programs seldom if ever provide optimal practice of and feedback on these skills. Progress in teacher training is impeded by practical difficulties in providing systematically planned and controlled experiences with children. Microcomputer simulation of pupils offers one means of addressing some of the practical problems of teacher training. A simulation is described and general findings to date are summarized. Anticipated developments and potential benefits are discussed.
Access to Health and Health Care: How Race and Ethnicity Matter

Racial and ethnic disparities in health are multifactorial; they reflect differences in biological vulnerability to disease as well as differences in social resources, environmental factors, and health care interventions. Understanding and intervening in health inequity require an understanding of the disparate access to all of the personal resources and environmental conditions that are needed to generate and sustain health, a set of circumstances that constitute access to health. These include access to health information, participation in health promotion and disease prevention activities, safe housing, nutritious foods, convenient exercise spaces, freedom from ambient violence, adequate social support, communities with social capital, and access to quality health care. Access to health care is facilitated by health insurance, a regular source of care, and a usual primary care provider. Various mechanisms through which access to health and access to health care are mediated by race and ethnicity are discussed; these include the built environment, social environment, residential segregation, stress, racism, and discrimination. Empirical evidence supporting the association between these factors and health inequities is also reviewed. Mt Sinai J Med 77:166–177, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Parole: Corpse or Phoenix?

For most of the twentieth century, the federal government used an indeterminate sentencing system at the front end of the correctional process and a parole system at the back end in order to determine when an offender should be released from prison. In 1984, Congress sought completely to revise the federal sentencing and correctional processes. Congress adopted a mandatory sentencing guidelines system in order to restrain the discretionary sentencing authority that federal courts traditionally had enjoyed. Congress rejected an advisory guidelines system because Congress believed that such a process would not eliminate the sentencing disparities that had plagued the federal criminal justice system for decades. Because the new mandatory guidelines would both regularize the sentencing decision and determine when a prisoner would be released, Congress repealed the federal parole laws as being unnecessary. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the new system over separation of challenges in Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361 (1989), and parole seemed to have passed into history. Sixteen years later in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), however, the Court held that the same mandatory sentencing guidelines system upheld in Mistretta violated a defendant’s rights under the Sixth Amendment Jury Trial Clause. Booker and later decisions have made the federal sentencing guidelines advisory. The problem is that Congress rejected an advisory guidelines system and would not have repealed the parole laws if the federal sentencing process did not strictly constrain district courts’ sentencing authority. One of the consequences of the Booker decision, accordingly, is that federal sentencing now is susceptible to the same disparities that Congress sought to remedy with mandatory determinate sentencing guidelines in 1984. The article discusses the question whether the Booker decision has breathed new life into the federal parole laws now that the condition precedent for their repeal, adoption of a mandatory sentencing guidelines system, is no longer in effect.