cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Introduction to Translational Informatics and the Future of Knowledge-Driven Healthcare

Emergent and multidisciplinary research paradigms have fundamentally transformed biomedical science and the delivery of clinical care. This shift has been manifested in a number of ways, including the rapid growth and increasing availability of high-throughput bio-molecular instrumentation and analysis platforms, innovative clinical research programs intended to accelerate the exchange of knowledge between various stakeholders, efforts to deliver precision or personalized healthcare informed by the unique molecular phenotypes of patients, and a growing focus on patient-centered research that occurs at the point-of-care and beyond. A common theme spanning such transformative changes is the use of rigorous and systematic approaches to the collection, management, integration, analysis, and dissemination of large-scale and heterogeneous data sets. Unfortunately, the absence of well-established theoretical and practical frameworks intended to address such needs remains a major impediment to the realization of a translational and knowledge-driven healthcare system, in which the best possible scientific evidence is used to inform the care of every patient. In this vacuum, the development of integrative clinical or translational research paradigms is significantly limited by the propagation of both data and expertise silos. In this and subsequent chapters of this book, we will present a broad framework and specific examples of how the deep integration of biomedical informatics with both biomedical research and clinical care delivery is essential to overcoming such barriers and achieving the benefits of a knowledge-based approach to the delivery of high-performance, quality, safe, and individually tailored healthcare.
Extemporaneous Speaking: Organization Which Inheres.

An approach to organizing extemporaneous speeches based on questions inherent in the nature of explanation and speculation is described and recommended as an alternative to the superimposition on a...
Animal Models of Inherited Electrophysiologic Diseases

Animal models of cardiac arrhythmias are an increasingly important source of understanding for the mechanisms associated with human disease. In the study of future potential therapies for cardiac arrhythmias, the most appropriate animal models need to be identified in order to have clinical significance in treating human electrophysiologic disorders (1). With appropriate models, there is a logical progression from preclinical experimental research to clinically relevant human protocols. There have been many useful animal models in the study of human cardiovascular disease. Cardiac hemodynamics have long been studied using animal models, and recently there have been many new models of cardiovascular electrophysiology emerging in the research arena. Examples of large-animal (dog, sheep, goat) and small-animal (mouse, rabbit) models of cardiac electrophysiologic abnormalities have become well documented in the medical literature. With the recent advances in genetic and molecular biological techniques, genetically manipulated animals have become increasingly relevant models for human cardiovascular disease (2, 3).
β-Blockade for Angina and Arrhythmias

The pathophysiology of angina, including coronary atherosclerosis and vasospasm, is reviewed. Coronary spasm seems more prevalent than previously believed. Precipitating factors for angina include transiently increased myocardial oxygen demand, episodic coronary artery spasm and factors causing temporary decrease in coronary blood flow. The prognosis for angina based on the Framingham study indicates a yearly mortality of 4%, but high and low- risk subgroups can be defined on the basis of anatomy (extent of coronary artery disease and/or ventricular dysfunction), physiology (extent of exercise tolerance), symptomatology, and perhaps therapy. Drug therapy for angina is reviewed, and the controversies over long term reduction of risk factors for atherosclerosis are discussed.
Intelligent Maintenance System Application to Glue Dispensing Machine

The tiny hole at the needle distal of the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Dispenser is frequently blocked due to the impure glue or clotted glue. Although many research studies have been performed for Intelligent Maintenance System (IMS), few of them are relevant to the discussion on the result of the process in this respect. For the most part, the downtime of a packaging production line occurs in the glue dispensing process. This paper is related to the feasibility study for the IMS application on the glue dispensing machine. It not only possesses the capability of self-diagnosis and self-improvement by employing effective data learning, but also ensures the equipment works safely for a long time. To implement such a diagnosis system, the raw data is collected directly from the images with the cameras on the equipment, and these data provided for the Back-Propagation Neural Network system to learn. The Back-Propagation Neural Network system is applicable to predicate these kinds of failure problems. The feasibility study of forming a knowledge exploration and intelligent decision-making system by making use of the theory of the Back-Propagation Neural Network system, it can be discussed through a case study.
The Eden Decision Model

Individuals with developmental disabilities have tremendous needs and often require intensive, lifelong intervention (Schopler & Mesibov, 1983) in such diverse areas as self-care and related life skills, functional communication skills, social skills, independent living skills (e.g., bill paying), and the use of adaptive work or mobility devices. Behavioral and educational methods of training have been found to be most effective in this effort (Schopler, Mesibov, & Baker, 1982). In addition, there is often the need to reduce certain dangerous or problematic behaviors.
Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury in military veterans is associated with increased neuropsychological intra-individual variability

Abstract Although across-test intra-individual variability (IIV), or dispersion, has been shown to be a valuable marker of neurological health in a variety of clinical samples, IIV has not been well examined in the context of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). In the present study, we examined measures of IIV in military Veterans with and without a history of mTBI. Secondly, we examined how measures of IIV relate to traditional indices of mean cognitive performance, TBI characteristics, and neuropsychiatric symptoms in mTBI. Participants included 120 Veterans (67 mTBI, 53 military controls [MCs]) who completed a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Two dispersion indices were calculated using 13 norm-referenced variables: an average standard deviation (ASD) score and a maximum discrepancy (MD) score. Compared to MCs, Veterans with a history of mTBI demonstrated greater IIV as indicated by the MD index after adjusting for relevant demographic variables, PTSD symptoms, and mean-level cognitive performance (p = 0.027; ηp2 = 0.043), and there was a trend finding in the same direction for the ASD index (p = 0.091; ηp2 = 0.025). Among the mTBI participants, the two IIV indices were positively correlated with each other (p 0.05). However, higher ASD scores were positively related to lifetime number of mTBIs, such that greater cognitive variability was observed in Veterans with a history of multiple mTBIs (i.e., ≥3 mTBIs; p = 0.037, r = 0.255). Overall, our results demonstrate that Veterans with mTBI show greater IIV relative to MCs, and that repetitive mTBI is associated with increased cognitive performance variability. Findings indicate that, in the context of mTBI—which is considerably heterogeneous in nature—measures of dispersion may be more appropriate indicators of cognitive dysfunction when compared to traditional mean neuropsychological scores, especially in those with remote mTBI histories. Future longitudinal studies are needed to further establish the long-term clinical implications and brain-based correlates of these findings.
Rolling Dynamics of Nanoscale Elastic Shells Driven by Active Particles.

Self-propelled elastic shells capable of transducing energy to rolling motion could have potential applications as drug delivery vehicles. To understand the dynamics of the nanoscale size elastic s...
CICERO AS OVERLIVER

Aside from his actual exile, Cicero describes himself as an exile and overliver in two other stressful periods: during the civil war of 49 and during life at Rome under Caesar's autocracy. Scholars have long noted the exile imagery in Cicero's letters of 46–45, but not in those of 49. Also unnoticed is the image of the overliver, well known from epic and tragedy, who, shamed by a single event, feels he has lived too long yet cannot escape life. In the first two periods, Cicero also deftly employs the themes and figures of lamentation to underline his distress and his liminal state as an overliver and to rebut Atticus' criticism of his self‐pity. This self‐presentation, sustained over three lengthy and traumatic episodes of Cicero's life, contrasts with his occasional assumption of literary 'exempla' for his own behaviour.
An ensemble approach to GEFCom2017 probabilistic load forecasting

Abstract We present an ensembling approach to medium-term probabilistic load forecasting which ranked second out of 73 competitors in the defined data track of the GEFCom2017 qualifying match. In addition to being accurate, the ensemble method is highly scalable, due to the fact that it had to be applied to nine quantiles in ten zones and for six rounds. Candidate forecasts were generated using random settings for input data, covariates, and learning algorithms. The best candidate forecasts were averaged to create the final forecast, with the number of candidate forecasts being chosen based on their accuracy in similar validation periods.
A pollination network of Cornus florida

A POLLINATION NETWORK OF CORNUS FLORIDA By James H. Lee, Master of Science. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2014. Director: David Chan, Associate Professor, Dept. of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics. From the agent-based, correlated random walk model presented, we observe the effects of varying the parameter values of maximum insect turning area, δmax, density of trees, ω , maximum pollen carryover, κmax, and probability of fertilization, Pκ , on the distribution of pollen within a population of Cornus florida (flowering dogwood). We see that varying δmax and κmax changes the dispersal distance of pollen, which greatly affects many measures of connectivity. The clustering coefficient of fathers is maximized when δmax is between 60◦ and 90◦. Varying ω does not have a major effect on the clustering coefficient of fathers, but it does have a greater effect on other measures of genetic diversity. Lastly, we compare our simulations with randomly-placed trees with that of actual tree placement of C. florida at the VCU Rice Center, concluding that in order to truly understand how pollen is distributed within a specific ecosystem, specificity in describing tree locations is necessary.
Cyborg Insects Could Someday Save Your Life

A tiny cockroach no bigger than a large paper clip scurries across the floor of my bio-engineering lab at the University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, USA. It is a robot-roach hybrid, a hardwired biological insect, a cyborg if you will, and its future high-tech brethren may one day save your life. The use of insects as platforms for small robots has an incredible number of useful applications from search and rescue to national defense.
The Study of Mask Crosstalk Defects from Developer and Etching

Photomasks constitute a critical part of the electronic circuit device manufacturing processes. A photomask morphs into design patterns of devices through a lithographic process. Any defects on a photomask will cause repeating defects in circuits lead to yield loss. However, most of defects generated in mask fabrication processes have been mainly created during each unit process. A different formation mechanism defect which formed between processes to processes was studied in detail and different from previous defects.In this paper, we introduced two different defects formed at mask making stage. The phenomenon was believed the Crosstalk defect between develop to etch process is considered to after develop residue chemical reaction to dry etching plasma component generation ammonium salts as defect source. To recover the defects, the first one used the longer and strong rinse to remove the salt as far as possible and the second one used the optimized etch recipe by change bias power to minimum the formation of salts. The long-term monitor data showed the defects counts could be reduced from hundreds defects to less than 15 counts.
Directed Nanoparticle Assembly through Polymer Crystallization

Nanoparticles can be assembled into complex structures and architectures by using a variety of methods. In this review, we discuss recent progress of using polymer crystallization (particularly polymer single crystals, PSCs) to direct nanoparticle assembly. PSCs have been extensively studied since 1957. Mainly appearing as quasi-two-dimensional (2D) lamellae, PSCs are typically used as model systems to determine polymer crystalline structures, or as markers to investigate the crystallization process. Recent research has demonstrated that they can also be used as nanoscale functional materials. Herein, we show that nanoparticles can be directed to assemble into complex shapes by using in situ or ex situ polymer crystal growth. End-functionalized polymers can crystallize into 2D nanosheet PSCs, which are used to conjugate with complementary nanoparticles, leading to a nanosandwich structure. These nanosandwiches can find interesting applications for catalysis, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and nanomotors. Dissolution of the nanosandwich leads to the formation of Janus nanoparticles, providing a unique method for asymmetric nanoparticle synthesis.
Effects of electrical image forces on salt dissolved in water

It will be shown that for a solution of salt dissolved in water in contact with a metallic or dielectric wall, the concentration of salt ions (both positive and negative) near the wall can be large enough to exceed the salt's solubility limit, as a result of electrical image charge forces. In addition, since the dielectric constant of water increases from 2.1 at the wall to 81 at about 1 nm from a solid wall, there will be an attractive image potential near the plane on which this increase of the dielectric constant occurs. Such large ion concentrations could possibly be used in water desalination.
Mentalism vs physicalism: a comment on Hammarberg and Fowler

Abstract: Two questions arising from the ongoing debate between Robert Hammarberg and Carol Fowler are dealt with in this paper. (1) Are coarticulation and phonological assimilation distinct processes? (2) Are phones and phonological segments physically definable entities? We conclude that the first question is still open, and we outline the type of evidence that would bear on it. However, we suggest that the opposition between coarticulation and phonological assimilation is best recast as an opposition between effects with “mental cause” and those with “physical cause.” Moreover, we argue that the burden of proof falls on those who want to argue for a distinct class of assimilation which has “physical cause.” We find that the second question falls within the domain of theory evaluation. We argue that Hammarberg’s view (segments are solely mental) is preferable to Fowler’s (segments are both mental and physical) on three counts. (1) Historically, the “mentalist” view in linguistics supplanted the “physicalist” view because the latter could not account for all relevant observations. (2) The non-physical nature of linguistic entities in general would lead us to expect a priori the non-physical nature of segments. (3) The assumption of physical segments within the articulatory mechanism does not resolve any pressing problems in linguistics or speech science.
Platelet-refractoriness and the clinical impact in leukemia population at a metropolitan academic cancer center.

Thrombocytopenia is a common problem in the oncology population and it can be related to cancer and its treatments as well as other etiologies [1]. Oncology patients that frequently require platele...
Highly tunable bioadhesion and optics of 3D printable PNIPAm/cellulose nanofibrils hydrogels

A hybrid poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm)/cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) hydrogel composite was fabricated by inverted stereolithography 3D printing to provide a new platform for regulating lower critical solution temperature (LCST) properties and thus tuning optical and bioadhesive properties. The phenomena of interest in the as-printed PNIPAm/CNF hydrogels may be attributed to the fiber-reinforced composite system between crosslinked PNIPAm and CNFs. The optical tunability was found to be correlated to the micro/nano structures of the PNIPAm/CNF hydrogel films. It was found that PNIPAm/CNF hydrogels exhibit switchable bioadhesivity to bacteria in response to CNF distribution in the hydrogels. After 2.0 wt% CNF was incorporated, it was found that a remarkable 8°C reduction of the LCST was achieved relative to PNIPAm hydrogel crosslinked by TEGDMA without CNF. The prepared PNIPAm/CNF hydrogels possessed highly reversible optical, bioadhesion, and thermal performance, making them suitable to be used as durable temperature-sensitive sensors and functional biomedical devices.
Thermochemistry of cation disordered Li ion battery cathode materials, (M′ = Nb and Ta, M′′ = Mn and Fe)

High temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry studies on (M′ = Nb5+, M′′ = Mn3+ and Fe3+ and x = 0.20, 0.30 and 0.40) oxides and a new family of Ta containing Li excess disordered cathode materials, (M′ = Ta5+, M′′ = Fe3+ and x = 0.20, 0.30 and 0.40), synthesized by a rapid quenching method, are reported in this study. The enthalpies of formation determined from high temperature calorimetry studies reveal that the stability of compounds increases with the increasing Li content per formula unit. The reaction between more basic Li2O and acidic transition metal oxides results in the more negative enthalpies of formation for these compounds. The work reveals that the formation enthalpy term plays a more important role in the stabilization of such disordered Li ion materials at room temperature whereas configurational entropy along with lattice entropy (vibrational and magnetic) contributes to the stabilization at high temperature from which the samples are quenched.
The Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter Interacts with Subunit c of the ATP Synthase of Trypanosomes and Humans.

ABSTRACT Mitochondrial Ca2+ transport mediated by the uniporter complex (MCUC) plays a key role in the regulation of cell bioenergetics in both trypanosomes and mammals. Here we report that Trypanosoma brucei MCU (TbMCU) subunits interact with subunit c of the mitochondrial ATP synthase (ATPc), as determined by coimmunoprecipitation and split-ubiquitin membrane-based yeast two-hybrid (MYTH) assays. Mutagenesis analysis in combination with MYTH assays suggested that transmembrane helices (TMHs) are determinants of this specific interaction. In situ tagging, followed by immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence microscopy, revealed that T. brucei ATPc (TbATPc) coimmunoprecipitates with TbMCUC subunits and colocalizes with them to the mitochondria. Blue native PAGE and immunodetection analyses indicated that the TbMCUC is present together with the ATP synthase in a large protein complex with a molecular weight of approximately 900 kDa. Ablation of the TbMCUC subunits by RNA interference (RNAi) significantly increased the AMP/ATP ratio, revealing the downregulation of ATP production in the cells. Interestingly, the direct physical MCU-ATPc interaction is conserved in Trypanosoma cruzi and human cells. Specific interaction between human MCU (HsMCU) and human ATPc (HsATPc) was confirmed in vitro by mutagenesis and MYTH assays and in vivo by coimmunoprecipitation. In summary, our study has identified that MCU complex physically interacts with mitochondrial ATP synthase, possibly forming an MCUC-ATP megacomplex that couples ADP and Pi transport with ATP synthesis, a process that is stimulated by Ca2+ in trypanosomes and human cells. IMPORTANCE The mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) is essential for the regulation of oxidative phosphorylation in mammalian cells, and we have shown that in Trypanosoma brucei, the etiologic agent of sleeping sickness, this channel is essential for its survival and infectivity. Here we reveal that that Trypanosoma brucei MCU subunits interact with subunit c of the mitochondrial ATP synthase (ATPc). Interestingly, the direct physical MCU-ATPc interaction is conserved in T. cruzi and human cells.
Lifetime Methamphetamine Use Disorder and Reported Sleep Quality in Adults Living with HIV

This study evaluated whether a history of lifetime methamphetamine (MA) use disorder increases risk for poor sleep quality in people with or without HIV infection (HIV+/HIV−). Participants (n = 313) were stratified into four groups based on HIV status and lifetime MA use disorder diagnosis [HIV+/MA+ (n = 84); HIV+/MA− (n = 141); HIV−/MA+ (n = 16); and HIV−/MA− (n = 72)] and compared on global sleep outcomes using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Significant differences on global sleep were observed between HIV+/MA+ and HIV+/MA− groups, but not between the HIV− groups. Follow-up multiple regression analyses within the HIV+ subgroups examined global sleep scores as a function of MA status and clinical covariates, including those related to HIV disease and demographics. HIV+ individuals with a history of MA use disorder evidenced significantly poorer sleep quality and were more likely to be classified as problematic sleepers than those without a lifetime disorder. This was independent of depressed mood, body mass index, and viral suppression while on treatment. Poorer reported sleep quality among HIV+/MA+ was associated also with multiple adverse functional outcomes, including greater objective cognitive impairment, unemployment, clinical ratings of functional impairment, and self-reported cognitive difficulties, decreased independence in activities of daily living, and poorer overall life quality. Interventions to avoid or curtail MA use in HIV+ individuals may help protect sleep quality and improve functioning.
Response to: 'Relation between cartilage loss and pain in knee osteoarthritis' by Wu et al and 'Changes in synovitis and bone marrow lesions may not mediate the effect of cartilage loss on joint pain in osteoarthritis' by Cashin et al.

Our paper1 was primarily focused on the small effect that preventing cartilage loss has on pain reduction. In an additional analysis, we noted that synovitis change mediated a small percentage of that effect, an effect that was not statistically significant. Cashin et al 2 suggested that our mediation results should be interpreted based on whether the 95% CIs for the indirect or mediation effects overlapped with the null (ie, was statistically significant). Like the American Statistical Association and leading methodology experts, we oppose drawing a binary conclusion based on whether a threshold is statistically significant. Crossing an arbitrary significance threshold does not convey the presence or absence of a ‘real’ effect. …
Evaluating the Benefits of Flying Wind-Optimal Trajectory Inside the Pacific Airspace

It has been shown that flights can potentially achieve a significant amount of fuel burn reduction by flying the wind-optimal trajectories. This study estimates the benefits of flying the wind-optimal trajectory in the Pacific airspace using a simulation approach. Using the forecast of the 2020 traffic in the airspace, we found that airlines can save about 14,600 flight hours and 14 million gallons of fuel by using the wind-optimal trajectories inside the airspace. Depending on the Jet-A fuel price, the monetary value of the fuel savings ranges from 13 million dollars to 30 million dollars. There will also be a significant reduction in the workload of air traffic controllers and pilots.
Ambiguities in the definition of local spatial densities in light hadrons

The relationship between the matrix element of a local operator and the Fourier transform of the associated form factor fails for systems such as the nucleon where its intrinsic size is of order its Compton wavelength. Although one can conceive of an intrinsic charge density distribution in the proton, there does not seem to be an unambiguous way to define, compute, or measure it precisely.
SU-E-T-759: To Replan Or Not To Replan for Each Fraction Using Inverse Optimization for Multichannel Vaginal Cylinder

Purpose: This study investigates whether replanning each fraction for vaginal cuff HDR therapy using a multichannel cylinder (MC) and brachytherapy inverse optimization (BIO) provides dosimetric benefits to organs-at-risk (OAR). The goal was to appropriately cover the target and limit dose to OAR, as well as evaluate dosimetric changes for each fraction, while doing this in a timely and cost effective manner. Methods: From an initial selection of 57 patients that were treated with 3 fractions using a MC and BIO, a subset of n=12 patients was selected based on the criterion that one plan was used for all 3 fractions. A simulation CT was acquired prior to each fraction. CT scans for fractions 2 and 3 were fused to the initial CT. Contours for the bladder and rectum were manually drawn on CTs for all 3 fractions, and the clinical treatment volume (PTVeval) was defined. Cylinders were reconstructed using applicator modeling library, influencing time and cost effectiveness. Planning objectives were at least 95% prescription dose to 95% (D95%) of target volume and limiting high dose to OAR. Dose to 2 cm3 (D2cc) for each OAR was analyzed using a t-test. Results: This study concentrated on comparing 2cm3 of highest dose to OAR (D2cc), for each fraction for the plans that were used to treat all 3 fraction. Based on statistical analysis, using the initial plan for fractions 2 and 3 resulted in approximately 6% change to the highest D2cc of the bladder (p=0.03). Conclusion: Performing CT fusion and contours of each OAR on each fraction allows objective plan evaluation and supports decision making on the necessity of replanning based on improved dose sparing for OAR. Future studies will investigate the effects of replanning on maximum dose (D0.1cc) using the same physician-drawn OAR contours to avoid subjectivity.
Critical Points under Symmetries

As we have mentioned briefly in Section 4.1, the central idea behind the the so-called Lusternik-Schnirelman theory is to obtain critical values of a given functional ϕ ∈ C1 (X, ℝ) as minimax (or maximin) values of ϕ over suitable classes Ak of subsets of X, $$ c_k = \mathop {\inf }\limits_{A \in \mathcal{A}} \mathop {\sup }\limits_{x \in A} \phi \left( x \right), k = 1,2, \ldots , $$ where, originally, the classes A k were based on the topological notion of category of Lusternik-Schnirelman.
Guest Editors' message: American College of Physicians, Hawai'i Chapter, Annual Meeting 2014.

Residents in an internal medicine residency program “flipped the classroom” in a series of learner-centered activities which included the creation of a medical student interest group, a continuing medical education symposium, and a journal supplement focused on wilderness medicine topics in Hawai‘i and Asia Pacific. The project encompassed both scholarly activities (discovery, integration, application, and teaching) as well as scholarship (writing for publication). The project advanced the professional formation of residents by developing competencies and producing outcomes that are key features of the ACGME Next Accreditation System.
Don’t Blame Crawford or Bryant : The Confrontation Clause Mess Is All Davis ’s Fault

In Michigan v. Bryant, a dying victim lying in a parking lot provided responding officers with the identity of the man who shot him. In determining whether the subsequent use of the deceased declarant’s statement at trial violated the Confrontation Clause, the Bryant Court applied the testimonial versus nontestimonial analysis established in the Court’s previous decision, Crawford v. Washington. Holding that testimonial hearsay covered statements involving past events, while nontestimonial statements were directed at an “ongoing emergency,” the Bryant Court applied a multi-factor, totality of the circumstances analysis and found that the deceased declarant’s identification had been directed at the ongoing emergency. As such, the hearsay statement was nontestimonial and, accordingly, outside the protection of the Confrontation Clause.Bryant, was roundly (and deservedly) criticized by all commentators, who unanimously accused the Court of making a shambles of Confrontation Clause jurisprudence. To an extent, Crawford also shared the commentator’s blame. But for the authors of this article, it is the Court’s Confrontation Clause analysis in Davis v. Washington, a case involving a 911 call, which is truly to blame for the debacle that is Bryant; for Davis carelessly equated “nontestimonial” with a decontextualized, commonplace notion of an “ongoing emergency.” That was the mistake that led to Bryant. As this article will demonstrate, the issue for purposes of Confrontation Clause analysis in cases like Davis and Bryant is not whether or not there exists an ongoing emergency in some general sense; but rather whose emergency it is. If the emergency is the government’s, then any statements made by citizens to help the government address that emergency are testimonial. If the emergency is one in which a citizen is seeking the government’s help (regardless of whether or not it’s also the government’s emergency), any statements by the citizen are nontestimonial.
Mathematical classification of tight junction protein images

We present the rationale for the development of mathematical features used for classification of images stained for selected tight junction proteins. The project examined localization of zonula occludens-1, claudin-1 and F-actin in a model epithelium, Madin-Darby canine kidney II cells. Cytochalasin D exposure was used to perturb junctional localization by actin cytoskeleton disruption. Mathematical features were extracted from images to reliably reveal characteristic information of the pattern of protein localization. Features, such as neighbourhood standard deviation, gradient of pixel intensity measurement and conditional probability, provided meaningful information to classify complex image sets. The newly developed mathematical features were used as input to train a neural network that provided a robust method of individual image classification. The ability for researchers to make determinations concerning image classification while minimizing human bias is an important advancement for the field of tight junction cellular biology.
Studies of nondefective adenovirus 2-simian virus 40 hybrid viruses. IV. Characterization of the simian virus 40 ribonucleic acid species induced by wild-type simian virus 40 and by the nondefective hybrid virus, Ad2 + ND 1 .

Ad2(+)ND(1), a nondefective adenovirus 2 (Ad2)-simian virus 40 (SV40) hybrid virus, has been previously shown to contain a small segment of the SV40 genome covalently linked to Ad2 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The SV40 portion of this hybrid virus has been characterized by relating the SV40-specific ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequences transcribed from the Ad2(+)ND(1) DNA to those transcribed from the DNA of SV40 itself. RNA-DNA hybridization-competition studies indicate that the SV40 component of Ad2(+)ND(1) consists of some, but not all, of that part of the SV40 genome which is transcribed early, i.e., prior to viral DNA replication, in SV40 lytic infection.
The significance of sodium and potassium in gastric secretion. A review of the problem.

Summary This paper traces the development of present knowledge about the sources of Na and K in pure gastric secretion. K concentration in secretion induced by single or tandem histamine injections (dog and man) varies considerably, independently of acidity, volume-rate, and Na concentration. Immediately after injection, the K time curve rises above the preinjection level to a peak at least 3 times the concentration in plasma, then decreases to levels sometimes as low as 1 mEq. per L. In many such experiments this curve manifests a characteristic undershooting of its downward arm. Five hypotheses concerning the origin of gastric K are considered. One of these is based on numerous observations concerning the reversible release of K by various tissues following histamine, vagal, and vagomimetic stimulation. Thus it has been reported that time curves for plasma K concentration, following histamine injection, show an undershooting similar to that in the curves for gastric juice K; also, stomach and intestinal tissues may contribute more to these variations in plasma K than the cells of other organs. The mode of entry of such released K, whether directly into the secretion-by diffusion or active transport-or indirectly via interstitial fluid, is not yet evident.
Fuzzy knowledge-based system for performing conflation in geographical information systems

The major advantage of geographical information systems(GIS) is their ability to efficiently manage geographical data. GIS have the ability to accomodate various types of geographical data from multiple sources. Thus, a challenging problem facing GIS is the ability to effectively integrate geographical utilize the various types of geographic data. The process by which these different information sources are merged in order to yield a more comprehensive dataset is referred to as conflation. In this paper, we describe how a fuzzy knowledge-based system can be utilized in accomplishing this task.
The Art and Science of SmallTalk

Some Advice on Getting Started. An Introduction to Objects. An Introduction to Smalltalk. The Smalltalk Language. The Smalltalk Development Environment. The Smalltalk Class Library. The Collection Classes. The Dependency Mechanism. The MVC Architecture. Pluggability and Adaptors. THE ART OF SMALLTALK. Introduction to the Art of Smalltalk. Designing for Smalltalk. Coding in Smalltalk. Using the Development Tools. Debugging Smalltalk Code. Managing Smalltalk Projects.
Voxels on fire [computer animation]

We introduce a method for the animation of fire propagation and the burning consumption of objects represented as volumetric data sets. Our method uses a volumetric fire propagation model based on an enhanced distance field. It can simulate the spreading of multiple fire fronts over a specified isosurface without actually having to create that isosurface. The distance field is generated from a specific shell volume that rapidly creates narrow spatial bands around the virtual surface of any given isovalue. The complete distance field is then obtained by propagation from the initial bands. At each step multiple fire fronts can evolve simultaneously on the volumetric object. The flames of the fire are constructed from streams of particles whose movement is regulated by a velocity field generated with the hardware-accelerated Lattice Boltzmann Model (LBM). The LBM provides a physically-based simulation of the air flow around the burning object. The object voxels and the splats associated with the flame particles are rendered in the same pipeline so that the volume data with its external and internal structures can be displayed along with the fire.
Performance analysis of two parallel game-tree search applications

Game-tree search plays an important role in the field of artificial intelligence. In this paper we analyze scalability performance of two parallel game-tree search applications in chess on two shared-memory multiprocessor systems. One is a recently-proposed Parallel Randomized Best-First Minimax search algorithm (PRBFM) in a chess-playing program, and the other is Crafty, a state-of-the-art alpha-beta-based chess-playing program. The analysis shows that the hash-table and dynamic tree splitting operations used in Crafty result in large scalability penalties while PRBFM prevents those penalties by using a fundamentally different search strategy. Our micro-architectural analysis also shows that PRBFM is memory-friendly while Crafty is latency-sensitive and both of them are not bandwidth bound. Although PRBFM is slower than Crafty in sequential performance, it will be much faster than Crafty on middle-scale multiprocessor systems due to its much better scalability. This makes the PRBFM a promising parallel game-tree search algorithm on future large-scale chip multiprocessor systems.
Environmental Considerations in Highway Planning

The research utilizes standard statistical methods to test a priori hypotheses concerning relationships between the influence of environmental information on planning outcomes and aspects of planning that are grouped in each of the following categories: organizational design, attitudes of planners, coordination with other agencies and the public, and timing of environmental studies and coordination. Results provide insights into the historical evolution of environmental considerations in highway planning and identify important restrictions on efforts being made to obtain and evaluate environmental information. Findings support the position that environmental information generated by early and extensive coordination with other agencies and the public exerts a relatively strong influence on planning outcomes in studies. Specific activities designed to increase the effectiveness of planning teams and to enhance the generation of environmental information are identified.
Pharmacokinetics of Theophylline in Children With Asthma

The pharmacokinetics of theophylline following intravenous injection of aminophylline, 4 mg/kg of body weight, were determined in 30 children with asthma and in 6 normal adult volunteers. The average total clearance of theophylline was 87 ml/hr/kg in the children and 57 ml/hr/kg in the adults. The biologic half-life of theophylline in the children ranged from 1.42 to 7.85 hours, reflecting mainly pronounced interindividual differences in the elimination rate constant of the drug. There was no significant difference between the children and adults with respect to the distribution rate constants and apparent volumes of distribution of theophylline, but the elimination rate constant of the drug was considerably higher in children than in adults. Thus, children eliminate theophylline more rapidly on the average than do adults and also show pronounced interindividual differences in the elimination of the drug. Compared to adults, children tend to require relatively larger amounts of theophylline per day and the doses may have to be given at shorter intervals of time.
The Disclosure of Environmental Capital Expenditures: Evidence from the Electric Utility Sector in the USA

This research provides evidence that companies may disclose environmental capital expenditures to inform investors of a proactive environmental strategy. For a sample of electric utilities in the USA, the results show that companies with lower rates of emissions of three greenhouse gases are more likely to report amounts of environmental capital expenditure. These companies also have higher overall capital spending intensity and better financial performance. Therefore, the results support voluntary disclosure theory arguments, rather than legitimacy theory arguments. Firms with superior performance may disclose environmental capital spending to send a strong signal to investors of commitment to improvement of environmental performance and to differentiate themselves from competitors. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Histomorphometric bone properties of sexually immature and mature White Leghorn hens with evaluation of fluorochrome injection on egg production traits.

White Leghorn hens were injected i.p. with fluorochromes beginning at 18, 37, and 43 wk of age. Sections of the right femur were collected in ethanol and formalin approximately 2 wk later. Dynamic and static bone variables were determined in both age groups, and the effects of fluorochrome injection on egg production was assessed in the older hens. Fluorochrome bone labeling was nontoxic. Injection of fluorochrome did not affect BW or feed consumption in either age group or egg production traits in laying hens. Fluorochrome labeling was found in the femoral cortex of sexually immature hens. The mineral apposition rate of the periosteal surface was 3.08 micrometers/day and of the osteonal surface was 2.69 micrometers/day. No uptake of fluorochrome label was observed on the periosteal or osteonal surfaces of cortical bone of laying hens. Sexually mature hens had decreased femoral cortical widths, less percentage cortical bone, and more cortical endosteal surface than sexually immature hens. The diffuse labeling of the medullary bone of laying hens indicated active medullary bone mineralization. The central area of the femur cross-section inside of the cortex was examined. Sexually mature hens had less bone area, more bone perimeter, and more bone perimeter covered by osteoclasts in the lamellar cancellous and medullary bone compared with sexually immature hens. Results indicated that the development of osteopenia in hens with the onset and progression of lay may be related to increased resorptive surface of bone and loss of structural and nonstructural bone.
Forest fuel reduction alters fire severity and long-term carbon storage in three Pacific Northwest ecosystems

Two forest management objectives being debated in the context of federally managed landscapes in the U.S. Pacific Northwest involve a perceived trade-off between fire restoration and carbon sequestration. The former strategy would reduce fuel (and therefore C) that has accumulated through a century of fire suppression and exclusion which has led to extreme fire risk in some areas. The latter strategy would manage forests for enhanced C sequestration as a method of reducing atmospheric CO2 and associated threats from global climate change. We explored the trade-off between these two strategies by employing a forest ecosystem simulation model, STANDCARB, to examine the effects of fuel reduction on fire severity and the resulting long-term C dynamics among three Pacific Northwest ecosystems: the east Cascades ponderosa pine forests, the west Cascades western hemlock-Douglas-fir forests, and the Coast Range western hemlock-Sitka spruce forests. Our simulations indicate that fuel reduction treatments in these ecosystems consistently reduced fire severity. However, reducing the fraction by which C is lost in a wildfire requires the removal of a much greater amount of C, since most of the C stored in forest biomass (stem wood, branches, coarse woody debris) remains unconsumed even by high-severity wildfires. For this reason, all of the fuel reduction treatments simulated for the west Cascades and Coast Range ecosystems as well as most of the treatments simulated for the east Cascades resulted in a reduced mean stand C storage. One suggested method of compensating for such losses in C storage is to utilize C harvested in fuel reduction treatments as biofuels. Our analysis indicates that this will not be an effective strategy in the west Cascades and Coast Range over the next 100 years. We suggest that forest management plans aimed solely at ameliorating increases in atmospheric CO2 should forgo fuel reduction treatments in these ecosystems, with the possible exception of some east Cascades ponderosa pine stands with uncharacteristic levels of understory fuel accumulation. Balancing a demand for maximal landscape C storage with the demand for reduced wildfire severity will likely require treatments to be applied strategically throughout the landscape rather than indiscriminately treating all stands.
Very Large Area 2048 And 4096 CCD Image Sensors

The design and performance of two very high resolution CCD imagers will be described. Both devices utilize a 7.5 micron pixel and are fabricated with three-level polysilicon to achieve high yield. Dynamic range, charge transfer efficiency, spectral response and successful imagery are demonstrated.
One-way image transmission and reconstruction through a thick aberrating medium by use of volume holography

We describe a method of transmitting two-dimensional images through a severe (thick) phase-aberrating medium. Critical components of the method are to determine and to store the spatial impulse responses (point-spread functions) of the aberrator that correspond to all the pixels of the input image plane. We accomplish this by a set of angularly multiplexed volume holograms that stores complete characteristics of the aberrator. The key advantage of our method is that it can correct for any random phase aberration, not just for exp(iΦ)-type (thin) aberrations as is the case for most of the previous efforts. In our experimental demonstration we successfully transmit and reconstruct an image through a multimode fiber, using LiNbO3 as the holographic medium.
Effects of Extended Prepupal Storage Duration on Adult Flight Physiology of the Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

The alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata (F.), is a solitary, cavity-nesting bee and is the primary pollinator for alfalfa seed production. Bee management practices include cold storage during the prepupal stage. Fluctuating thermal regimes during cold storage increases survival of cold storage and allows a doubling of the cold storage period with no decrease in survival. However, survival, characterized as successful adult emergence, is not qualitative. In this study, we determined whether extended storage affects adult bee respiration or flight physiology. We overwintered bees for a single winter (current management protocol) or for 12 mo longer (extended storage). We used resting and tethered flight metabolic rates and resting critical PO2 (the oxygen partial pressure below which metabolism can no longer be sustained) as indices of adult bee quality. We found no significant differences in body mass, resting or flight metabolic rates, or critical PO2 between the two groups. Together these data indicate that extended storage of M. rotundata produces bees of similar respiratory capacity and flight ability. These findings could increase the use of M. rotundata as an alternative pollinator, allowing for extended storage to time adult emergence with early blooming crops.