cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Communication in reactive multiagent robotic systems

Multiple cooperating robots are able to complete many tasks more quickly and reliably than one robot alone. Communication between the robots can multiply their capabilities and effectiveness, but to what extent? In this research, the importance of communication in robotic societies is investigated through experiments on both simulated and real robots. Performance was measured for three different types of communication for three different tasks. The levels of communication are progressively more complex and potentially more expensive to implement. For some tasks, communication can significantly improve performance, but for others inter-agent communication is apparently unnecessary. In cases where communication helps, the lowest level of communication is almost as effective as the more complex type. The bulk of these results are derived from thousands of simulations run with randomly generated initial conditions. The simulation results help determine appropriate parameters for the reactive control system which was ported for tests on Denning mobile robots.
Inflammatory bowel disease, past, present and future: lessons from animal models

Accumulating data from animal models indicate that Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is mediated by a much more complicated mechanism than previously predicted. For example, the role of an individual molecule in the pathogenesis of IBD distinctly differs depending on several factors, including the fundamental mechanism of induction of the disease, the target cell type, the phase of disease, and the environment. Therefore, it has been difficult in the past to fully explain the complicated mechanism. Novel concepts have recently been proposed to further explain the complicated mechanism of IBD. In this review, we introduce past, current, and possible future concepts for IBD models regarding T helper (Th) 1, Th2, and Th17, antigen sampling and presentation, regulatory cell networks, NOD2, Toll-like receptors, bacteria/epithelia interaction, stem cells, autophagy, microRNAs, and glycoimmunology, and we also discuss the relevance of these new concepts, developed at the bench (in animal models), to the bedside.
Principal component analysis and dimensional analysis as materials informatics tools to reduce dimensionality in materials science and engineering

In engineering design, we are constantly faced with the need to describe the behavior of complex engineered systems for which there is no closed-form solution. There is rarely a single multiscale theory or experiment that can meaningfully and accurately capture such information primarily due to the inherently multivariate nature of the variables influencing materials behavior. Seeking structure-property relationships is an accepted paradigm in materials science, yet these relationships are often not linear, and so the challenge is to seek patterns among multiple length and time scales. In this paper, we present two separate but complementary examples of addressing the issue of high-dimensional data in materials science in the spirit of the intellectual focus of this new journal. The first example uses principal component analysis and the second example uses statistical analysis coupled to dimensional analysis. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company
The synthesis of β-D-galactopyranoside analogs that chelate lanthanide metal ions☆

Abstract The analogs of o -nitrophenyl β- D -galactopyranoside and -fucopyranoside, namely, 3-hydroxy-2-nitrophenyl β- D -galactopyranoside ( 5 ) and -fucopyranoside ( 6 ), respectively, were synthesized by Koenigs-Knorr reaction of the O -acetyl-glycosyl bromides with 2-nitroresorcinol and characterized by u.v. and n.m.r. spectroscopy. They chelate La 3+ ions, and their complexes with Gd 3+ , Eu 3+ , and Pr 3+ were compared by 100-MHz n.m.r. spectrometry to those obtained with diamagnetic La 3+ . The stability constants of the metal complexes in solution were measured by u.v. spectroscopy. Compound 5 is a substrate for β- D -galactosidase and both 5 and 6 bind specifically to lac repressor from Escherichia coli .
Crystallization Of Diamonds By Microwave Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition

Chemically vapor deposited diamond films have a potential for optical applications but so far only translucent films have been produced. The reason for the low transparency is considered to be related to the polycrystalline nature of the films and to defects. To elucidate the problem and indicate ways of improving film quality, the growth mechanism of CVD diamond must be understood. In microwave plasma assisted CVD the plasma is induced by microwaves in a mixture of hydrogen and methane. A high concentration of atomic hydrogen, much above the thermal equilibrium concentration, helps to prevent codeposition of graphite. The growth of diamond occurs in a narrow temperature range (900-1000°C) as a result of the interplay of several phenomena.
Some Fungi in the Forest Soils of Newfoundland

A study was made of the fungal population of acidic soils from six coniferous plantations in Newfoundland. Sixty fungi, belonging to 53 species and 25 genera, including 38 Fungi Imperfecti, 13 Phycomycetes, one Ascomycete, one Basidiomycete and seven sterile mycelia, were isolated. This is the first report of soil fungi from Newfoundland and includes several species hitherto not reported from boreal forests of Canada. The genera, in order of their frequency of isolation were Penicillium, Mor- tierella, Oidiodendron, Fusarium, Aspergillus, Mucor, Alternaria, Chryso- sporium, Cladosporium, Phialophora, Trichoderma, Rhizopus, Absidia, Aureobasidium, Cephalosporium, Colletotrichum, Cylindrocarpon, Crypto- coccus, Monilia, Myrothecium, Phoma, Verticillium, Cunninghamella, Chaetomium and Rhizoctonia. Soils from well drained to moist areas yielded a higher number of fungal species than those from dry areas.
Stimuli‐Responsive Porous Hydrogels at Interfaces for Molecular Filtration, Separation, Controlled Release, and Gating in Capsules and Membranes

A continuously growing area of controlled and tunable transport and separation of biomolecules and drugs has recently attracted attention to the structures which can be referred to as stimuli-responsive porous hydrogel thin films. Because of spatial constraints, swelling/shrinking of the hydrogel films results in closing/opening (or vice versa) of the film's pores. Such responsive systems can be used in the configuration of plane films or capsules. The combination of a low thickness (translating into a low hydrodynamic flow resistance and rapid response) with well-defined size and shape of pores (translating into better control of transport and separation), which can be closed, opened, or tuned by an external signal (allowing a large amplitude of changes in diffusivity of solutes in the thin film and a precise control of the pore size), makes these materials very attractive for a range of applications, such as molecular filtration, separation, drug delivery, sensors, and actuators.
Boundary layers with small departures from the Falkner-Skan profile

The description of a laminar boundary layer with a constant pressure gradient parameter β but with an initial velocity profile close to that given by the solution of the Falkner-Skan equation for that β, is shown to lead to an eigenvalue problem in much the same manner as prevails for the Blasius solution. However, it is found that only for β > β0, where β0 corresponds to the separation value, and for the upper branch solutions are the eigenvalues all positive and the flow spatially stable. The lower branch solutions involve negative as well as positive eigenvalues and are spatially unstable.
SPSB1 may have MET its match during breast cancer recurrence

Summary: Disease recurrence is the most common cause of death for patients with breast cancer, yet little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying this process. Using inducible transgenic mouse model systems, Feng and colleagues identified SPSB1 as a determinant of breast cancer recurrence by virtue of its ability to protect tumor cells from apoptosis through c-MET activation. Cancer Discov; 4(7); 760–1. ©2014 AACR . See related article by Feng et al., [p. 790][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/4/790?iss=7
Reducing the effects of large propagation delays on high speed IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD networks using collision truncation

A half duplex repeater is the cheapest method for connecting multiple hosts to an IEEE 802.3 Ethernet LAN. However, if we increase the data rate from 10 Mb/s Ethernet to 100 Mb/s Fast Ethernet, shared access via CSMA/CD becomes less efficient because of the resulting increase in size of the collision fragments. For example, in a typical star wired single repeater network with a diameter of 200 meters, upgrading from 10BASE-T to 100BASE-T increases the round trip delay from about 100 bit times to almost 500 bit times. Moreover, a further upgrade to 1000 Mb/s Gigabit Ethernet would increase the round trip delay to about 4000 bit times. We introduce a simple change to the handling of incoming signals at the repeater ports known as collision truncation, and show that it reduces the average duration of a collision by more than 50% for networks with large round trip delays. For the standard BEB Ethernet protocol operating at moderate load, collision truncation reduces the mean end to end network delay by more than 25% for 100 Mb/s Fast Ethernet and by more than 50% for 1000 Mb/s Gigabit Ethernet. For BLAM, collision truncation increases the maximum throughput by more than 10%, and reduces the mean end to end delay substantially under high load. Collision truncation requires no changes to the host network adapters, and its use is completely transparent to the hosts. The only behavioral change that is visible to the attached hosts is the illusion that the network diameter appears to have been reduced. The relative cost of adding collision truncation to a repeater is very small compared to upgrading to a frame level device, such as a bridge.
Status Resources and Behavioral Deviance as Contingencies of Societal Reaction

Four hypotheses concerning contingencies of the societal reaction are investigated for 5,016 21-64 year-old male first admissions to all state mental hospitals in one state between 1956 and 1965. Results support the status (marital) resource hypothesis of societal reactions as well as the hypothesis that degree of behavioral deviance is a significant contingency. Two other hypotheses, dealing with the interaction effects of status resources and behavioral deviance, also receive support. Research shows that social factors and not just psychiatric factors are important contingencies in mental hospitalization (see Scheff, c). The evidence includes the finding that an individual's status resources are significantly related to the way one is hospitalized, voluntarily or involuntarily (court committed) (Linsky, a, b; Rushing). For example, Rushing shows that involuntary commitment, in comparison to voluntary admissions, is higher for the never married, next for the disrupted-estranged (separated, divorced, and widowed), and least for the married. Rushing's (and Linsky's) findings are limited because pre-patients' behavior, which may also be a cause of societal reactions, is not taken into account. In this paper we will examine the relationship between marital resources and types of societal reaction controlling for patient behavior. One objective is to test more definitively the hypothesis that status resources are significant factors in societal reactions or types of hospitalization. Another is to show that marital resources interact with degree of behavioral deviance and that a sociological theory of societal reactions needs to incorporate the behavior of individuals and the interaction between behavior and status resources in its theoretical framework. Tests of four hypotheses are made. One, the status resource hypothesis, stipulates that coercive admission is negatively related to status (mari
Association of Structural Changes in the V2 and V3 Loops of the gp120 Envelope Glycoprotein with Acquisition of Neutralization Resistance in a Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Passaged In Vivo

The in vivo passage of a neutralization-sensitive, laboratory-adapted simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-HXBc2) generated a pathogenic, neutralization-resistant virus, SHIV-HXBc2P 3.2. SHIV-HXBc2P 3.2 differs from SHIV-HXBc2 only in 13 amino acid residues of the viral envelope glycoproteins. Here we used antibody competition analysis to examine the structural changes that occurred in the SHIV-HXBc2P 3.2 gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein. The relationships among the antibody epitopes on the conserved gp120 core of SHIV-HXBc2 and SHIV-HXBc2P 3.2 were similar. The third variable (V3) loop was more closely associated with the fourth conserved (C4) region and CD4-induced epitopes on the gp120 core in the HXBc2P 3.2 gp120 glycoprotein compared with the HXBc2 gp120 glycoprotein. Rearrangements of the second variable (V2) loop with respect to the CD4 binding site and associated epitopes were evident in comparisons of the two gp120 glycoproteins. Thus, the in vivo evolution of a neutralization-resistant virus involves conformational adjustments of the V2 and V3 variable loops with respect to the conserved receptor-binding regions of the gp120 core.
Development of Secondary Sex Characteristics in Male Rats after Fetal and Perinatal Cimetidine Exposure

□ Cimetidine has been reported to cause antiandrogenic effects in male pups of female rats receiving cimetidine during gestation. Because of conflicting reports of cimetidine causing permanent antiandrogenic effects in male rats, we studied the sexual development of male rats born to females receiving cimetidine. Water or water and cimetidine (194 mg/kg of body weight per day) were administered to pregnant rats from day 12 of gestation through weaning. A total of 130 male pups were studied. Testicular prostate gland/seminal vesicle weights, anogenital distance, serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels, and seminiferous tubule areas were compared between the two groups. Transfer of cimetidine across the placenta and though breast milk was confirmed by HPLC analysis of serum from female littermates at 0, 10, and 20 days of age. With the exception of a smaller anogenital distance (p
Adverse Cerebrovascular Effects of Intraarterial CO2 Injections: Development of an In Vitro/In Vivo Model for Assessment of Gas-based Toxicity

PURPOSE To assess whether and how CO 2 an cause ischemic injury in the central nervous system after internal carotid artery injection. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 14 adult pigs, both internal carotid arteries were catheterized via a transfemoral approach. One carotid artery served as control and the other was injected via a prototype gas injector with defined volumes and pressures of gas. Effects were assessed by clinical observation, repeated magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, histopathology, and vital staining. An in vitro flow circuit was used to model injection parameters. RESULTS Single injections of CO 2 did not produce persistent clinical symptomatology. In vitro conditions were created in which bubbles adhered to the tubing of the circuit, creating functional stenoses, or coalesced into larger bubbles that became trapped, thereby reducing flow and augmenting potential embologenic effects of subsequent injections. With in vitro–derived dual injection parameters, seven pigs underwent two sequential injections of CO 2 . All did well after the first injections, but all had adverse effects after the second injections, including involuntary tonic-clonic muscular movements, cardiopulmonary arrest, recurrent intractable seizure activity during recovery, hemorrhagic venous infarcts on gross and histopathologic examination, and blood–brain barrier breakdown on vital staining. MR imaging was not sensitive even after symptomatic intraarterial air injection. CONCLUSIONS Absence of adverse effects after single bolus injections in pigs does not prove the safety of intracranial CO 2 injections in human patients. Considering the possible deleterious effects of repeat intravascular injections in the highly sensitive system of the brain, it may be prudent for clinical application at other approved sites to let time pass between boluses sufficient to permit absorption of wall-adherent and coalescent bubbles that could cause gas embolic events.
WHAT DO MOTHERS KNOW? MATERNAL KNOWLEDGE OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT

Maternal knowledge of child development has been shown to affect how mothers raise their children and the environments they provide. This study examines maternal knowledge of child devel- opment and whether level of knowledge varies by content area. Additionally, this study explored maternal characteristics that predict knowledge levels globally and by content area. Low-income women (N 203) in the waiting room of an obstetricclinic( n 97) and pediatricclinic( n 106) in a southern state were asked to complete questionnaires on typical child development and demographic characteristics. Overall, women correctly answered 65% of the criterion-referenced knowledge questions. Mothers lacked the most knowledge about infant sleep patterns and developmental ability of 6-month-old infants. Ma- ternal education, race, number of children, and assistance with childcare were significantly related to maternal knowledge. Identifying gaps in maternal knowledge and characteristics that correspond to knowledge deficits provides insight into how best to tailor educational interventions for mothers. RESUMEN: Se ha demostrado que el conocimiento materno sobre el desarrollo del nino afecta la manera como las madres crian a sus ninos y el ambiente que ellas les proveen a sus hijos. Este estudio examina el conocimiento materno sobre el desarrollo del nino y si el nivel de ese conocimiento varia de acuerdo a las distintas areas de contenido. Adicionalmente, se exploran las caracteristicas maternales que predicen los niveles de conocimiento, globalmente y segun a de contenido. Se les pidioa unas mujeres (N203) de bajos recursos economicos, que estaban en la sala de espera de una clinica de obstetricia (n97) y una clinica pediatrica (n106), en un estado del sur, que completaran cuestionarios sobre el tipico de- sarrollo del nino y las caracteristicas demograficas. En general, las mujeres respondieron correctamente el 65% de aquellas preguntas de conocimiento que tienen criterio de referencia. Las madres no tenian suficiente conocimiento de los patrones de dormir del infante ni de las habilidades de desarrollo de los infantes a los seis meses de edad. La educacion materna, la raza, el numedo de hijos, asicomo la asistencia con el cuidado infantil fueron significativamente relacionados con el conocimiento materno. Los vacios que se identificaron en el conocimiento materno y las caracteristicas que corresponden a los deficits de conocimiento nos dan una base sobre la cual podemos moldear mejor las intervenciones educativas para las madres. RESUME ´ : Il a dejaeted eque les connaissances maternelles du developpement de l'enfant affectent la maniere dont les meres elevent leurs enfants et l'environnement qu'elles creent. Cette etude examine les connaissances maternelles du developpement de l'enfant et la facon dont le niveau de connaissances varie suivant le contenu. De plus, cette e a exploreles caracteristiques maternelles qui predisent les
Acceptance testing for the MICAS, a multi-vendor incremental approach to PACS.

ACCEPTANCE TESTING for a multi-vendor PACS system is significantly more complex than single vendor installation. The MICAS acceptance test program requires testing the interface between vendors hardware and software as well as each vendors hardware and software plus the infrastructure. The components and interfaces of MICAS that required testing included: • The interface between the radiology information system (IDXrad) and IDXview which includes the image manager, exceptions handler, the temporary archive plus query and retrieve, • The acquisition engines written by IDX for MR (GE), CT (GE) and the film digitizer (Howtek), • The interfacebetween IDXview and ImageLab's viewer software, Shared Vision, • The functionality of IDXview and Shared Vision, • The performance characteristics of IDXview and Shared Vision on the DEC Alpha workstations and Storage Works RAID arrays, • The performance characteristics of the monochrome and color monitors
Hematopoietic reconstruction: new approaches.

HSCs2 are capable of extensive, although finite, self-renewal and multiple differentiation potential. Normal hematopoietic demand, requiring the production of 4 X 10’ ‘ cells/day, is supported by 0.25-0.3 stem cell doublings per year (1, 2). Excessive proliferative demand placed on the HSC compartment by repeated cycles of chemotherapy or hematopoietic transplantation will increase HSC doubling and could, under extreme conditions, lead to HSC proliferative senescence after 50 doublings (3). The use of hematopoietic growth factors to counteract dose-limiting myelotoxicity has permitted chemotherapy dose intensification with shortening of intertreatment intervals. However, the initial rapid granulocyte recovery may mask accumulated damage to proliferating HSCs, which can manifest as prolonged cytopenia after three or four cycles of chemotherapy and/or defective ability to mobilize HSC into the circulation. A number of strategies have been developed to prevent stem cell damage. In animal models, IL-i protects HSCs from cyclophosphamide and radiation damage by up-regulation of aldehyde dehydrogenase and manganese superoxide dismutase (3, 4). TGF 3 has a reversible cycle inhibitory action on hematopoietic and intestinal crypt stem cells, protecting these cells from the toxic effects of cycle-active drugs (5). Retroviral vectors have been used to introduce drug-resistant genes into HSCs and progenitors, conferring resistance to taxol, Vinca alkaloids, and doxorubicin in the case of the multidrug-resistant (MDRJ) gene (6) and methotrexate in the case of a mutated dihydrofolate reductase gene (7). Currently, the most effective strategy for correcting a defective HSC compartment is autologous transplantation with bone marrow, PB, and umbilical CB. These three sources are rich in committed progenitor cells which may be lineage restricted to, for example, the CFU granulocyte, CFU megakaryocyte, or burst-forming unit erythroid lineages, or may be multipotent (CFU granulocyte-erythroid-megakaryocyte-macrophage). Such progenitors will rapidly differentiate to replace the depleted mature cell population; however, they lack the self-renewal capacity of HSCs and therefore will support
Stimulating bone growth using piezoelectric ultrasound transducers on the edentulous jaw

The objective of this experiment is to create a device that will maintain the integrity of the mandible and maxilla in edentulous patients. The absence of mechanical force on the bone induces resorption, increasing fracture risk. Ultrasound transducers will be used to simulate the mechanical stress normally induced by teeth through the propagation of ultrasound into the bone. As a result, the Wnt signaling molecular pathway, controlling bone growth, will be activated. This device consists of a mouthpiece containing transducers. It is powered by a flyback inductor circuit with a 9-Volt rechargeable power supply. The transducers are constructed from barium titanate, a piezoelectric material. The effectiveness of the transducers and the optimal transducer frequency are being determined through tests conducted on BatGal mice. The transducers are applied directly to the jaws of the mice once a day for ten minutes over a span of 30 days. Two trials are being conducted to ensure accuracy. The jawbones will be stained for the enzyme beta-galactosidase, which the mice have been genetically altered to synthesize when Wnt signaling occurs. The results from these tests can aid in determining the optimal frequency for an analogous human device.
Maternal HIV/AIDS Status and Neurological Outcomes in Neonates: A Population-Based Study

This study sought to examine the association between maternal HIV/AIDS infection and neonatal neurologic conditions in the state of Florida. We analyzed all births in the state of Florida from 1998 to 2007 using hospital discharge data linked to birth certificate records. The main outcomes of interest included selected neonatal neurologic complications, namely: fetal distress, cephalohematoma, intracranial hemorrhage, seizure, feeding difficulties, and other central nervous system complications. The sample size for this study was 1,645,515 records. All forms of substance abuse as well as cesarean section deliveries were more frequent in mothers with HIV/AIDS. Infants born to HIV-infected mothers showed higher proportions of feeding difficulties and seizures whereas HIV-negative mothers had a greater proportion of cases of fetal distress and cephalohematoma. Seizures and feeding difficulties are common among infants born to HIV/AIDS infected mothers. This population-based retrospective cohort study provides further understanding of the association between maternal HIV/AIDS status and neonatal neurological outcomes.
Detection of manmade objects

Hyperspectral imagers have the unique capability of doing both material identification and anomaly detection. However, hyperspectral imagers with hundreds of co-registered contiguous bands are difficult to field particularly if real-time processing is required. With judicious choice of bands, the anomaly detection performance of a multispectral sensor can rival that of hyperspectral sensors. In order to achieve this performance, the choice of multispectral bands relies on the presence of exploitable target or background spectral features. The universality of these features will determine the overall utility of a multispectral system. We have discovered that water vapor features in the SWIR (Short Wave InfraRed) can be used to distinguish manmade objects from natural backgrounds. As an example, we will show that two broad bands chosen to exploit these features make most manmade objects detectable in the presence of natural clutter with few false alarms.
The tectorial membrane of the lizard ear: Species variations

The forms of the tectorial membrane and its connections to the ciliary tufts of the hair cells have been studied in detail in 18 species of lizards and, less thoroughly, in three others. This group, which represents eight lizard families, exhibits three forms of tectorial membrane: a complete form that connects to all parts of the auditory papilla, an abbreviated form that makes this connection only in one limited region of the papilla, and a dendritic form in which the distal portion of the membrane subdivides into strands reaching all the hair cells. Sometimes the tectorial membrane connects directly with the tufts of the hair cells, but more often it makes this connection through intermediary structures. Seven types of such intermediary structures have been identified (if we include the sallet, which is not “intermediate” in a strict sense). Detailed descriptions are given of the various forms of tectorial membrane structures and their variations along the auditory papilla in 12 lizard species. The description for Iguana iguana is offered as representative of the iguanid pattern found in ten members of this family. Consideration is given to the functioning of the tectorial membrane, and also of the sallet, in the process of hair-cell stimulation.
Topoisomerase I Inhibitors: Chemical Biology

Topoisomerase I (Top1), an essential enzyme, produces a DNA single-strand break allowing DNA relaxation for replication. The enzymatic mechanism involves sequential transesterifications and the reaction is freely reversible. The Top1 reaction intermediate consists of enzyme covalently linked to DNA, thus a “cleavable complex”. Covalently bound Top1-DNA complexes can be recovered. Camptothecin analogs, topotecan and irinotecan, are approved Top1-targeted drugs. Gimatecan is a seven-position modified lipophilic camptothecin developed to provide rapid uptake and accumulation in cells and a stable Top1-DNA-drug ternary complex. Homocamptothecin replaces the metabolically labile camptothecin lactone with a more stable seven-membered β-hydroxylactone. Five-membered keto-analogs contract the lactone ring by removal of the oxygen to stabilize that region of the camptothecin structure. Non-camptothecins include edotecarin, an indolocarbazole that results in DNA C/T-G cleavage compared with T-G/A for camptothecins. Indenoisoquinolines identified as Top1 inhibitors by the “NCI 60-cell line COMPARE” analysis are in clinical development. Dibenzonaphthyridinone Top1 inhibitors have undergone extensive structure-activity examination and have entered Phase I clinical trial. Biomarkers are under investigation to predict clinical efficacy, to allow determination of drug targeting in vivo and to aid selection of patients most likely to benefit from Top1 inhibitor therapy. The goal of these efforts is clinically effective second generation Top1 inhibitors.
APPLICATION OF COMPOSITION PDF METHODS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF TURBULENCE-RADIATION INTERACTIONS

The composition probability density function (PDF) method is used to study radiating reactive 2ows. The method is able to treat turbulence–radiation interactions (TRI) in a rigorous way: many unclosed terms due to TRI in the traditional Reynolds-averaging process can be calculated exactly and all others can be accurately modeled by using the optically thin eddy approximation. The application of the method is demonstrated by considering a simpli7ed methane=air di8usion 2ame, which shows enhancement of the radiative 2uxes as a result of TRI. The importance of considering di8erent TRI terms is investigated, indicating that the absorption coe9cient–Plank function correlation is the most important. ? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Domain Independent Authorship Attribution without Domain Adaptation

Automatic authorship attribution, by its nature, is much more advantageous if it is domain (i.e., topic and/or genre) independent. That is, many real world problems that require authorship attribution may not have in-domain training data readily available. However, most previous work based on machine learning techniques focused only on in-domain text for authorship attribution. In this paper, we present comprehensive evaluation of various stylometric techniques for cross-domain authorship attribution. From the experiments based on the Project Gutenberg book archive, we discover that extremely simple techniques based on stopwords are surprisingly robust against domain change, essentially ridding the need for domain adaptation when supplied with a large amount of data.
McCain and Obama in 2008: Did the Press Pick a Side?

I examine the coverage of twelve distinct controversies during the 2008 presidential campaign in 51 U.S. newspapers. The issues I analyze are memorable, so newspapers have an incentive to report them. But half of these controversies reflected unfavorably on Senator Obama, while the other half was harmful for the public image of Senator McCain. This choice of well-known issues (from Reverend Wrigth to McCain's seven houses) allows me to look for evidence of ideology and spin bias (I find both) by checking what factors determine how many times a controversy is mentioned in a newspaper: I gather a sample of 5305 stories and check whether candidate endorsements or the Gentzkow-Shapiro slant index help predict newspaper bias.I find that "conservative newspapers" tended to makes references to Reverend Wright significantly less frequently than other newspapers. Another finding is that newspapers that endorsed Barack Obama reported controversies more frequently than newspapers that endorsed John McCain, regardless of which candidate was associated with the issue. Surprisingly, even events such as Obama's figure of speech "lipstick on a pig" was discussed more frequently on the pages of newspapers that endorsed him.
An Autoethnographic Account of Prosaic Entrepreneurship

In recent years, entrepreneurship scholars have begun studying entrepreneurship from social, prosaic, narrative, and discursive dimensions. These “new movement” approaches privilege both business and non-business perspectives. Research in this domain of inquiry seeks to account for the everyday and mundane practices of social actors that can be characterized as entrepreneurial; therefore, prosaic approaches can de-center the narrative of entrepreneurship as comprised solely of a group of elite entrepreneurs. While researchers are encouraged to describe entrepreneurship from a life-story perspective, few scholars have used a self-narrative approach to writing about entrepreneurship. In this article, I use autoethnography to provide a personal account of entrepreneurship. I reflexively interrogate the ways in which I have reproduced, disrupted, benefited from, and been hindered by the dominant enterprise discourses in the United States. A prosaic approach using self-narrative, as demonstrated, is already engaged in a process of re-storying entrepreneurship scholarship because it takes into account, among other things, the details of everyday entrepreneurial activity and is receptive to heterodox accounts (even stories that end in entrepreneurial failure).
On denying presuppositions

Strawson (in Mind 59:320–344, 1950; Theoria 30(2):96–118, 1964) argued that definite NPs trigger presuppositions as an aspect of their conventional meanings, and this semantic conception of presupposition triggers is incorporated into the binding theory of presuppositions (van der Sandt, in J Semant 9:333–377, 1992 and Geurts, in Presupposition and pronouns, 1999). The phenomenon of presupposition denials, however, presents a problem for the semantic conception of presupposition triggers, for in such denials the alleged semantic presuppositions seem to be “cancelled” by a negation operator. Geurts (in Language 74(2):274–307, 1998; Presupposition and pronouns, 1999) attempts to solve this problem by utilizing the binding theory’s allowance for local accommodation. Geurts’ proposal, however, is inadequate, primarily because Geurts formulates the binding theory within discourse representation theory (DRT), which makes no allowance for the illocutionary force of denial. Asher and Lascarides’ (in J Semant 15:239–299, 1998a; J Semant 15:83–113, 1998b; The logics of conversation, 2003) segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT), however, has the resources to account for the illocutionary force of denial. Utilizing a version of SDRT I demonstrate that the “cancelling” of a presupposition by echoic negation in presupposition denials crucially depends upon the denial of information that is pragmatically communicated by accommodation.
Degradation of TiSi2/n+-Polysilicon Interfaces Due to High Temperature Processing

Analytical results obtained from detailed Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS), Auger analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) of ~ 2000A TiSi2/n+ - polysilicon interfaces are reported for thermally annealed silicide samples and silicide samples subjected to further high temperature processing. The LPCVD polysilicon was heavily POCl3 doped at 900°C and TiSi2 was formed by rf sputtering 1000A Ti and forming the silicide using two successive thermal anneals at 600° C and 800° C in forming gas resulting in a silicide sheet resistance RSH of 1.45 Ω/☐. The high temperature process stability of the silicide - polysilicon interface was investigated by systematically stressing the polycide at process temperatures in the range of 700° C to 1100° C. The silicide was stable for temperatures up to 900° C; however, significant degradation in the silicide sheet resistance, phosphorus, silicon, and titanium redistribution, and agglomeration and film breakage of TiSi2 were observed at higher process temperatures.
An Investigation of the Reliability of the French Pictorial Test of Intelligence

AbstractAn Investigation utilizing ninety kindergarten and second grade students wan Initiated to assess the degree of reliability associated with the French Pictorial Test of Intelligence (PTI) and to study the level of difficulty and discriminative power of the Individual test Items. The test-retest correlations were .77 and .88 for the kindergarten and grade two samples, respectively, while split-half correlations ranged from .05 to .08. Sub-test Intercorrelations were quite high, In fact, much higher than those reported by French. Few items appeared to discriminate between the high-scoring and low-scoring subjects. The Items appeared to be arranged In ascending order of difficulty but while the Instrument appears to function adequately at the six-year level, the advisability for Its use at the eight-year level seemed subject to some doubt.
Loss of Aβ43 Production Caused by Presenilin-1 Mutations in the Knockin Mouse Brain

We recently reported that homozygous Presenilin-1 (Psen1) knockin (KI) mice carrying the familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) mutation L435F or C410Y recapitulate the phenotypes of Psen1(-/-) mice. Production and steady-state levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 are undetectable in KI/KI brains and reduced in KI/+ brains, though the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio is slightly increased in KI/+ brains. Moreover, the FAD mutation impairs synaptic function, learning and memory, and age-dependent neuronal survival in the adult brain. Here we extend our analysis of the effects of the L435F and C410Y mutations to the generation of Aβ43. Similar to Aβ40 and Aβ42, production of Aβ43 is undetectable in KI/KI brains and reduced in KI/+ brains. These results support our previous conclusions that the L435F and C410Y mutations cause loss of Presenilin function and γ-secretase activity, including impaired Aβ production in the brain. This Matters Arising Response paper addresses the Veugelen et al. (2016) Matters Arising paper, published concurrently in Neuron.
Analysis on Measles Surveillance in 2008 in Bengbu City

Objective To evaluate the status of measles surveillance system in Bengbu City,explore the prevention and control measures and provide evidence for making strategies for measles elimination in the future.Methods Data from investigation with questionnaire and data from immunization monitoring information management system were used to analyze and evaluate the surveillance status and the epidemiological characteristics of Measles by descriptive epidemiological method.Results According to the data from measles surveillance system,there were 432 suspected and 346 confirmed measles cases in 2008.The number of the cases from measles surveillance system was 15.81 percent less than that of internet-based reporting system.The reporting rate within 7 days,the investigating rate within 48 hours and the collection rate of adequate samples of the suspected measles cases were 97.92%,99.31% and 50.69% respectively.The measles incidence rate in 2008 was 10.15/lakh,increased dramatically than the rate in 2007(3.91/lakh).The natives accounted for 92.20% of the cases.The floating population accounted for 7.80%,and most of them were exotic cases.The proportions of measles cases aged 8 months reached 20.23%.Among the 346 cases,5.78% had measles vaccine immunization history,66.18% were not immunized,and 28.04% had unknown inoculation history.The proportions of measles cases aged 8~12 months and 1~2 years,who had specific inoculation history,reached 3.85% in the age of 8～12 months,12.28% in the age of 1~2 years respectively.In the 27 cases of floating population,the group aged 8～12 months and the group aged 2 years and above had unknown inoculation history.Conclusion The measles surveillance system should be improved to increase the sensitivity of the system and the timeliness of measles vaccine for school-age children.We should pay attention to the prevention and control of measles for floating population,and strengthen active consciousness.Meanwhile,we make a suggestion that the measles immunization procedure should be changed.
Manufacturing Applications of Multi-Scale Tribology

Manufacturing operations present extremely demanding applications of tribology. Elevated temperatures, high processing speeds, demanding surface finish and reliability requirements, and environmental considerations all play a role in determining tooling life and product quality. Tribological phenomena are important to the viability and optimization of most manufacturing processes, but relatively little attention has been paid to this subject compared to the efforts directed towards tribology in machine elements, for example.
Endothelium-derived relaxing factor responses in Doca-salt hypertensive rats

This study examined the contribution of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) to the susceptibility of uninephrectomized rats to deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension. N omega-nitro-L-arginine, a probe for EDRF, produced smaller increases (P < 0.001) in mean arterial pressures in anesthetized hypertensive DOCA-salt rats than in sham rats. Acute L-arginine administration (300 mg/kg body wt i.v.) failed to reduce pressure in anesthetized DOCA-salt rats. Chronic oral and intraperitoneal L-arginine did not lower pressure in conscious DOCA-salt rats with established hypertension, nor did it prevent hypertension when begun in prehypertensive DOCA-salt rats. Preconstricted aortic rings from DOCA-salt rats had attenuated relaxation to acetylcholine compared with sham rats. Rings L-arginine-treated DOCA-salt rats had responses similar to DOCA-salt rats. Relaxation to nitroprusside was not different between any rat group. Thus EDRF is attenuated in DOCA-salt hypertension. However, unlike several other hypertensive models, the blunted EDRF response cannot be overcome by provision of L-arginine. These data suggest synthesis or release of EDRF may be noncompetitively inhibited in DOCA-salt hypertension.
Moral Hazard and Moral Distress: A Marriage Made in Purgatory

Brunnquell and Michaelson (2016) may not have shifted a clinical ethics paradigm, but they've come close. They offer an important insight to understanding and addressing a phenomenon, moral hazard,...
A Mechanism for the Supersensitization of Pseudocyanine

AbstractA new mechanism of supersensitization in pseudocyanine is presented in which the supersensitizer plays an integral part in the primary optical process. It proposes the existence of a charge-carrier transfer excited state of a pseudocyanine molecule and supersensitizer molecule in contact. The excited optical electron of this state is bound by about 0.2 eV less than that of pseudocyanine. Analysis of the system by the statistical electron transfer model shows an increase in effectiveness of sensitization by an order of magnitude.
Degradation and modification of metallaboranes: Part 3. Reactions of the hexaborane(10) analogue nido-(PPh3)2(CO)OsB5H9 with bidentate phosphines containing a rigid backbone: formation of linked cluster systems

Abstract In the reaction between the osmahexaborane nido -(PPh 3 ) 2 (CO)OsB 5 H 9 ( 1 ) and the bidentate phosphines, [1,2-(PPh 2 ) 2 (CH 2 ) 2 ] and [1,3-(PPh 2 ) 2 (CH 2 ) 3 ] (abbreviated as dppe and dppp, respectively), two products are observed in each case. The major product, ( 4a ), [2,2,2-(PPh 3 ) 2 (CO)- nido -2-OsB 4 H 7 -3-(BH 2 ·dppe)] (or 4b –BH 2 ·dppp) is an osmapentaborane cluster with a BH 2 ·dppp group attached to the cage at a basal B(3) position and the distal end of the pendent bidentate phosphine donor is uncoordinated. In the other ( 5a ), [2,2-(PPh 3 ) 2 (CO)- nido -2-OsB 4 H 7 -η 2 -3,2-(BH 2 ·dppe)] (or 5b –BH 2 ·dppp) the uncoordinated phosphine present in 4a (or 4b ) has replaced a PPh 3 group on the osmium center. In an effort to avoid intramolecular substitution, bidentate phosphines of the type PPh 2 XPPh 2 {X=1,4-C 6 H 4 , (arphos), 1,4-CH 2 C 6 H 4 CH 2 (dppx), and Fe(C 5 H 4 ) 2 (dppf)}were used to preclude the formation of species 5 . However three products were obtained instead of just one. These were [2,2,2-(PPh 3 ) 2 (CO)- nido -2-OsB 4 H 7 -3-BH 2 ·PPh 2 XPPh 2 ] ( 6 ), a linked metallaborane system of the of the type [{2,2,2-(PPh 3 ) 2 (CO)- nido -2-OsB 4 H 7 -3-BH 2 ·PPh 2 } 2 X] ( 7 ) and a bis-borane adduct of the type [2,2,2-(PPh 3 ) 2 (CO)- nido -2-OsB 4 H 7 -3-BH 2 ·PPh 2 XPPh 2 ·BH 3 ] ( 8 ). This chemistry, which is seen for all the rigid backbone bases studied, is similar to that observed in reactions of phosphine bases with 1 which were described previously and is explained in terms of chemistry previously observed in studies of 1 .
Design of an Efficient High Power Microwave antenna

Efficient High Power Microwave radiating systems are required to extract high power microwaves from HPM devices. Efficiency of an HPM antenna can be improved by varying its physical shape and dielectric used in it. The most critical location in an HPM antenna is its interface from where microwave leaves and enters into the air. In this paper, the performance of an HPM antenna has been investigated as a function of its profile. It has been demonstrated that by adopting Gaussian beam distribution at the aperture of an horn antenna with an appropriate beam waist, the E-field intensity at the output window can significantly be reduced resulting into 29 % improvement in its gain. Thus, in general, improved characteristics of an HPM antenna can be achieved by adopting an appropriate horn profile, beam waist and dielectric.
Secular and race/ethnic trends in glycemic outcomes by BMI in US adults: The role of waist circumference.

Background For the same body mass index (BMI) level, waist circumference (WC) is higher in more recent years. How this impacts diabetes and prediabetes prevalence in the United States and for different race/ethnic groups is unknown. We examined prevalence differences in diabetes and prediabetes by BMI over time, investigated whether estimates were attenuated after adjusting for waist circumference, and evaluated implications of these patterns on race/ethnic disparities in glycemic outcomes. Methods Data came from 12 614 participants aged 20 to 74 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1988-1994 and 2007-2012). We estimated prevalence differences in diabetes and prediabetes by BMI over time in multivariable models. Relevant interactions evaluated race/ethnic differences. Results Among normal, overweight, and class I obese individuals, there were no significant differences in diabetes prevalence over time. However, among individuals with class II/III obesity, diabetes prevalence rose 7.6 percentage points in 2007-2012 vs 1988-1994. This estimate was partly attenuated after adjustment for mean waist circumference but not mean BMI. For prediabetes, prevalence was 10 to 13 percentage points higher over time at lower BMI values, with minimal attenuation after adjustment for WC. All patterns held within race/ethnic groups. Diabetes disparities among blacks and Mexican Americans relative to whites remained in both periods, regardless of BMI, and persisted after adjustment for WC. Conclusions Diabetes prevalence rose over time among individuals with class II/III obesity and may be partly due to increasing waist circumference. Anthropometric measures did not appear to account for temporal increases in prediabetes, nor did they attenuate race/ethnic disparities in diabetes. Reasons underlying these trends require further investigation.
Petrogenesis of Miller Range 07273, a new type of anomalous melt breccia: Implications for impact effects on the H chondrite asteroid

Miller Range 07273 is a chondritic melt breccia that contains clasts of equilibrated ordinary chondrite set in a fine-grained ( 3 GPa, possibly to ~15–19 GPa) and temperature (>1350 °C, possibly to ≥2000 °C). The higher pressures and temperatures would have involved back-reaction of high-pressure polymorphs to pyroxene and olivine upon cooling. Silicates outside of melt matrix have compositions that were relatively unchanged owing to brief heating duration.