cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Color Marking of the Striped Cucumber Beetle (Diabrotica Vittata Fab.) and Preliminary Experiments to Determine its Flight

The wide spread depredations of the striped cucumber beetle, including both its feeding injuries and its role in the transmission of bacterial wilt and mosaic of the cucurbits, have been estimated to damage the crop to the extent of $3,000,000 to $5,000,000 a year in the United States. Many of the recognized control measures in the past have been of little or no value in killing the beetle, and their virtue as repellents has depended upon repeated applications to the growing crops because the beetles are constantly flying from field to field. This project was undertaken to find the limits of the powers of flight of the beetle and its g'l'l1t'ral habits as to flight. After experiments with various dyes and coloring substances covering a period of three years, the most successful material for marking has been found to be six parts, by volume, of denatured alcohol (denatured with methyl alcohol), four parts of commercial, cut shellac, the mixture colored with a saturated solution of various anline dyes in alcohol. This material may be sprayed on the beetles with an atomizer. It dries quickly; adheres well to the body of the insect; retains its color indefinitely; and does not appear to interfere in anyway with the normal functions of the insect. During the summer of 1922 three lots of beetles totaling 25,786 individuals, were marked and released. Of these, 49 were recovered after an average interval of 4½ days. They flew an average distance of one-half mile, five flying over a mile each. This project is to be continued during the season of 1923.
Increased [3H]glutamate receptor binding in aged rats.

Na-independent [3H]glutamate binding to rat hippocampal membranes increases progressively as a function of age. The increased binding represents an increased number of binding sites without changes in their apparent affinity for glutamate. However, [3H]glutamate binding, measured with a saturating concentration of calcium does not change at various ages. This does not reflect a change in the apparent affinity of calcium ions to stimulate [3H]glutamate binding, but a decrease in their maximal stimulatory effect. These results are discussed in relationship to age-related chages in certain physiological and behavioral functions.
A Review of the Differential Reflectivity Technique of Measunng Rainfall

A review is presented of a technique that uses dual-polarization radar to measure rainfall rate and other precipitation parameters. Special emphasis is placed on those factors that limit the potential accuracy of the method through their effects on the theoretical and empirical relationships between rainfall parameters and radar measurables. These factors include variations in the form of the raindrop size distribution, uncertainties in the relationship between equivalent spherical diameter and axial ratio of the drops, and others. It is shown that when account is taken of such factors, the results of field experiments are in very good agreement with the theory.
Differential subcellular localization of Ror tyrosine kinase receptors in cultured astrocytes.

Ror1 and Ror2 belong to a family of tyrosine kinase receptors that are highly conserved among species. They are expressed throughout the organism, including the central nervous system. In the present study, we analyzed the expression and subcellular localization of Ror1 and Ror2 in astrocytes by means of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and immunocytochemistry. Our results indicated that both Ror1 and Ror2 are readily detectable in cultured astrocytes. They also showed that Ror1 and Ror2 are associated with different components of the cytoskeleton. While Ror1 co-localized with F-actin along stress fibers, Ror2 partially co-localized with microtubules. In addition, our results suggest that Ror1 and Ror2 undergo different posttranslational modifications in cultured astrocytes. Ror1 is highly glycosylated in these cells. In contrast, no glycosylation was detected in Ror2. Taken together, these results suggest distinct roles for these tyrosine kinase receptors in astrocytes. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Emergency department care for victims of sexual offense.

Purpose. Emergency department (ED) care for sexual offense victims was studied and compared with national treatment guidelines. Methods. This retrospective study analyzed data from the 2003 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. ED visits were selected based on the reason for the patient’s visit, diagnosis, and cause of visit. ED visits were evaluated as two subgroups: rape or sexual assault and molestation or other sexual offense. Data were analyzed to determine whether certain screening procedures were performed, including pregnancy testing, HIV serology testing, urinalysis, cervical or urethral culture, and urine culture. Medication codes for each patient visit were examined to determine if antibiotics, antiretrovirals, emergency contraceptives, anxiolytics, analgesics, or antiemetics were provided. Results. In 2003, there were 251,762 ED visits for a sexual offense; 179,149 of these were for sexual assault or rape and 72,613 for molestation or other sexual offense. Nearly 70% of visits did not involve the prescribing of antibiotic therapy, and during only 6.7% of visits was appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis, as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, provided. For female victims age 12 years or older, pregnancy tests were performed during 36.7% of visits for sexual assault or rape and 6.7% of visits for molestation or other sex crimes. Only 13% of sexual assault or rape victims received HIV serology testing. Sufficient care was provided during only 20.4% of all visits for sexual offense victims. Conclusion. The majority of victims of a sexual offense in the United States in 2003 did not receive sufficient care in the ED in accordance with national treatment guidelines.
Stabilization of technetium-99m—d,l-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (99mTc—d,l-HMPAO) using gentisic acid

Abstract Technetium-99m- d,l -hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime ( 99m Tc- d,l -HMPAO) is a neutral, lipophilic chelate formed from a kit (Ceretec TM ; Amersham International plc, U.K.) by stannous reduction of 99m TcO − 4 . In vitro stability of this tin-reduced radiopharmaceutical is limited requiring administration ⩽ 30 min following formulation. Gentisic acid (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid; GA), an antioxidant and free radical scavenger used to stabilize the low-tin skeletal phosphonate radiopharmaceutical, was employed to stabilize the 99m Tc- d,l -HMPAO kit. GA (1 mM) was shown to stabilize 99m Tc- d,l -HMPAO but its effect was highly pH dependent with optimum utility occurring at or near neutral pH. Biodistribution studies in rats at 15 s and 30 min post injection show no change by the addition of GA.
male associations in a solitary mongoose

Etude des associations sociales, principalement de mâles, chez Herpestes sanguineus. Cette etude a long terme rapporte les observations concernant les differentes interactions entre les individus de cette espece
Aerosol Synthesis of Aluminum Nitride Powders

We describe a new laboratory-scale aerosol process for producing AIN powder. A two-stage reactor design is used. In the first stage, triethyl aluminum (TEA = AI(CC 2 H 5 ) 3 ) and NH 3 react to form an aerosol adduct in a laminar flow diffusive mixing zone. The aerosol then enters the furnace stage, where it is converted to AIN. We have examined the influence of the major operating variables (e.g., inlet TEA concentration, reactor residence time, and furnace temperature) on the particle size and distribution, yield, and efficiency. For example, increasing the TEA concentration from 0.12 to 1.30 µmol/cm 3 causes an increase in the mean particle diameter (from 0.07 to 0.13 Pim), a slight increase in polydispersity (from 0.31 to 0.43), and a decrease in yield efficiency (from 90% to 73%). In contrast, decreasing the reactor residence time (by increasing the flow rate) has little effect on mean particle diameter, but causes a significant increase in yield efficiency (approaching 100%). The overall behavior of the reactor suggests a model in which the particle size distribution of the final product is determined primarily by the aerosol formation steps in the mixing stage (i.e., nucleation, growth, and coalescence), while the composition and crystallinity of the product are determined by furnace conditions.
The Ethics of Marketing to Vulnerable Populations

An orthodox view in marketing ethics is that it is morally impermissible to market goods to specially vulnerable populations in ways that take advantage of their vulnerabilities. In his signature article “Marketing and the Vulnerable,” Brenkert (Bus Ethics Q Ruffin Ser 1:7–20, 1998) provided the first substantive defense of this position, one which has become a well-established view in marketing ethics. In what follows, we throw new light on marketing to the vulnerable by critically evaluating key components of Brenkert’s general arguments. Specifically, we contend that Brenkert has failed to offer us any persuasive reasons to think that it is immoral to market to the vulnerable in ways that take advantage of their vulnerability. Although Brenkert does highlight the fact that the specially vulnerable are at greater risk of being harmed by already immoral marketing practices (e.g., deception, manipulation), he fails to establish that the specially vulnerable are a unique moral category of market clients or that there are special moral standards that apply to them. Moreover, even if Brenkert’s position were theoretically defensible, the practical implications of his position are far less tenable than he suggests. If our criticisms are sound, then Brenkert and others who endorse his position are seriously mistaken regarding how one can permissibly market products to vulnerable populations, and, in addition, they have improperly categorized certain morally permissible marketing practices as being immoral.
Endoscopic Management of Barrett’s Esophagus: Advances in Endoscopic Techniques

Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a well-known premalignant condition that can be associated with the development of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. In the past, esophagectomy was the standard treatment for patients with BE with high grade dysplasia (HGD) and early cancer (EC). However, esophagectomy is not necessarily the only treatment response to HGD and EC anymore. Over the past decade, a number of endoscopic therapies have been developed for management of BE. These include endoscopic mucosal resection, thermal ablation techniques that use laser irradiation, multipolar electrocoagulation, argon plasma coagulation, photodynamic therapy, and the recently developed cryotherapy and radiofrequency ablation.
Which way to go? — Analysis of gaming revenue enhancement approaches for Macau

This paper analyzes different approaches used by casinos to encourage gaming participation and raise gaming revenue and discusses their implications for Macau's casino operations. Different from Las Vegas, Macau is a day-trip market dominated by risk-taking players. To improve its gaming operation results, Macau may consider increasing maximum bet limits, raising subjective winning probability, and adjusting game holds as gaming revenue enhancement strategies. The Las Vegas-style comp-centered casino promotion should be avoided.
On the Processivity of DNA Replication

In this paper we describe the nature and importance of processive enzymatic reactions in biological processes. A model is set up to describe the processive synthetic process in DNA replication, and...
Adults thinking the way we think children think, but children don’t always think that way: A study of perceptual salience and problem solving

Adults and third-grade children were given a series of tasks requiring the use of cognitive operations associated with traditional conservation problems. While the adults showed an inability to solve the critical problem in the series, the children solved it easily except in the case when the irrelevant information was made highly salient. These results were interpreted as supporting an account emphasizing perceptual change rather than traditional cognitive change accounts of the development of problem solving.
Regulation of Th17 cell differentiation and EAE induction by MAP3K NIK.

Th17 cells play an important role in mediating autoimmune diseases, but the molecular mechanism underlying Th17 differentiation is incompletely understood. We show here that NF-κB–inducing kinase (NIK), which is known to regulate B-cell maturation and lymphoid organogenesis, is important for the induction of Th17 cells. NIK-deficient naive CD4 T cells are attenuated in the differentiation to Th17 cells, although they are competent in committing to the other effector lineages. Consistently, NIK knockout mice are resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a disease model that involves the function of Th17 cells. This phenotype was also detected in Rag2 knockout mice reconstituted with NIK-deficient T cells, confirming a T-cell intrinsic defect. We further show that NIK mediates synergistic activation of STAT3 by T-cell receptor and IL-6 receptor signals. NIK deficiency attenuates activation of STAT3 and induction of STAT3 target genes involved in Th17-commitment program. These findings establish NIK as an important signaling factor that regulates Th17 differentiation and experimental autoimmune encephalitis induction.
Attitudes of deaf individuals towards genetic testing

Recent advances have made molecular genetic testing for several forms of deafness more widely available. Previous studies have examined the attitudes of the deaf towards genetic testing, including prenatal diagnosis. This study examines the attitudes of deaf college students towards universal newborn hearing screening, including molecular testing for specific forms of deafness, as well as the utilization of genetic test results for mate selection. We found that there may be differences in the attitudes of deaf individuals who associate closely with the deaf community (DC), and those who have equal involvement with both the deaf and hearing communities (EIC). The majority perceived newborn hearing screening for deafness to be helpful. However, more members of the EIC than the DC groups support newborn testing for genes for deafness. While there was reported interest in using genetic testing for partner selection, most participants reported they would not be interested in selecting a partner to have children with a specific hearing status. The results of this study point out important differences that genetic professionals should be aware of when counseling deaf individuals.
Precise arrangement of factor-binding sites is required for murine CD4 promoter function

The control of CD4 expression is linked to the signaling events that mediate T-cell development and is directly dependent on the CD4 promoter. The CD4 promoter does not contain functionally redundant sites: all four factor-binding sites must be intact to achieve wild-type activity. Here we demonstrate that the precise position of three factor-binding sites relative to each other is essential for promoter activity, indicating that they function together as an inseparable cassette for assembly of the transcription initiation complex. Small changes in either phasing or distance between any two sites in this cassette leads to complete abrogation of promoter function. In addition, we demonstrate that one of the factors that bind the promoter cassette is not present in CD8 SP T(C) cells. Thus, this factor is a candidate for mediating the relative subclass specificity of CD4 promoter function in activated CD4 SP T(H) cells.
Human thymic epithelial cells produce TGF-β3 and express TGF-β receptors

TGF-beta affects proliferation, differentiation and maturation of T cells; however, the effect of TGF-beta on thymic stromal cells has not been characterized. To better understand the role of TGF-beta in T cell development, we determined whether TGF-beta is present in the human thymus, and identified stromal cells that express TGF-beta receptors and respond to TGF-beta. We demonstrate that primary cultured human thymic epithelial cells (TEC) express TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2 and TGF-beta 3, as well as TGF-beta type I receptor (T beta RI) (ALK-5) and TGF-beta type II receptor (T beta RII) transcripts. In vitro, epidermal growth factor (EGF) increases transcript levels of TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 3 and T beta RII, suggesting that EGF may modulate TGF-beta responses in TEC; however, TGF-beta 2 and T beta RI transcript levels were not affected. We also detect TGF-beta 3 and T beta RII protein in association with keratin-positive TEC in vitro and in vivo. TEC culture supernatants contain TGF-beta 3 as detected by Western blots and, upon heat and acid activation, display growth inhibitory activity on the CCL-64 cells that is neutralized by anti-TGF-beta mAb treatment. We further demonstrate that TGF-beta 1 increases leukemia inhibitory factor transcript levels in TEC, indicating that TEC express functional TGF-beta receptors. Thus, we have shown in the human thymus that TEC produce TGF-beta 3 and express T beta RI and T beta RII. The data suggest that TGF-beta is present in the human thymus and may indirectly affect T cell development by regulating TEC cytokine production.
Use of the 4MAT system in engineering education

The authors examine the application of a learning cycle to engineering education. The learning cycle was patterned after B. McCarthy's (1987) 4MAT system and was based on elements of learning style theory from the work of D.A. Kolb (1984). The cycle provides a simple model which may be applied by all faculty, independent of their particular teaching styles, to improve and enhance engineering education. It is concluded that students who are guided through the learning cycle are exposed to a wider variety of learning experiences and increased opportunities for self-discovery and independent thinking. In addition, the learning cycle provides a rational basis for faculty, who may have hesitated to bring creativity into the classroom, to expand activities beyond the traditional lecture. In the authors' experience, application of the learning cycle in the engineering classroom leads to renewed enthusiasm for the educational process and a greater commitment to teaching and learning. >
Compton scattering in the ALS booster

Femtosecond X-ray pulses may be generated by 90/spl deg/ Compton side scattering of a short visible laser beam by a well-focused relativistic electron beam. A proof-of-principle experiment is underway using the ALS linac. From this experiment an X-ray pulse of 10/sup 5/ photons with a duration of 230 fs in a bandwidth of 10% at 10 Hz is expected. In this paper we explore using the ALS booster instead to increase the average X-ray flux. To generate the small beam size we plan to radiation damp electrons by accelerating them to 600 MeV and decelerate quickly to 50 MeV before intra-beam scattering can increase the beam size. We can achieve a vertical emittance of <5x10/sup -9/ m-rad. With a small modification of the booster lattice it is possible to focus the beam to a vertical beta function of /spl beta//sub y/*=10 cm. By reflecting the incident laser pulse many times we expect to be able to obtain an increase of the average X-ray flux.
THE AMBIGUITIES OF TECHNOLOGY

A blurb on the back of this slim volume denotes Thomas Hughes as "more than his generation's most eminent historian of technology . . . he is also what the French call a moraliste." The author of this blurb, herself a leading historian of technology, calls this book "the culmination of a lifetime of thinking about technology as an expression of human values." Nobody who knows Tom Hughes and his work could disagree. Hughes's attitude toward technology is mature, balanced, thoughtful, and informed. His erudition is enviable. For Hughes, technology is above all something that we do. It espouses, as he notes (5), a view that emphasizes creativity and control. Hughes sees technology above all as people in action: craftspeople, mechanics, and engineers using tools and designs to create a human-built world, something artificial that nature did not intend. Action is conditioned by society, its norms, values, institutions, and incentives. The Baconian position that before controlling nature we need to know it, to recognize its regularities and patterns, is less central to his position than are politics and ideology. Much of this book is a historiographic essay, in which Hughes surveys major trends in thinking about technology and in what philosophers and social critics have written about what it does to us. Architects and artists are also discussed at
Assessing Exposure to Violence in Urban Youth

This study reports on the development of a structured interview, My Exposure to Violence (My ETV), that was designed to assess child and youth exposure to violence. Eighty participants between the ages of 9 and 24 were assessed. Data from My ETV were fit to a Rasch model for rating scales, a technique that generates interval level measures and allows the characterization of both chronic and acute exposure. Results indicated that the fit statistics for six scales, covering both lifetime and past year victimization, witnessing of violence, and total exposure, were all good. These scales were found to have high internal consistency (r = .68 to .93) and test-retest reliability (r = .75 to .94). Evidence of construct validity was provided by the item analysis, which revealed a theoretically sensible ordering of item extremity, and also by analysis of bivariate associations. As expected, younger subjects generally reported less exposure to violence than did older subjects, males reported more exposure than did females, African-American subjects reported higher levels of exposure than did White subjects, violent offenders reported more exposure than did non-offenders, and those living in high crime areas reported more exposure than did those residing in low crime areas. Future areas of investigation and the potential contribution to studies of antisocial behavior and post-traumatic stress disorder are discussed.
The melt hollow fiber spinning process: steady‐state behavior, sensitivity and stability

The rheology of the melt hollow fiber spinning process is examined in the thin filament limit. The resulting thin filament equations are also applicable to single-phase and two-phase extensional flows. Using a novel numerical solution procedure, the sensitivity of the fiber spinning equations to material property and process variations is investigated. Fiber geometry is directly controlled by the mass flowrates of the core and clad fluids while the spinline tension is most strongly influenced by clad viscosity. A maximum can occur in the clad stress profile if a core liquid is used and the ratio of core to clad viscosity increases greatly with temperature. Isothermal spinning of high viscosity clad liquids with either a core gas or liquid is unstable for draw ratios greater than 20.2 as found for solid fibers.
Application of europium(III) chelate-dyed nanoparticle labels in a competitive atrazine fluoroimmunoassay on an ITO waveguide.

Abstract We have demonstrated the use of an optical indium tin oxide (ITO) (quartz) waveguide as a new platform for immunosensors with fluorescent europium(III) chelate nanoparticle labels (Seradyn) in a competitive atrazine immunoassay. ITO as a solid surface facilitated the successful use of particulate labels in a competitive assay format. The limit of detection in the new nanoparticle assay was similar to a conventional ELISA. The effect of particle size on bioconjugate binding kinetics was studied using three sizes of bioconjugated particle labels (107, 304, and 396 nm) and a rabbit IgG/anti-IgG system in a 96-well plate. A decrease in particle size resulted in faster binding but did not increase the assay sensitivity. Flux calculations based on the particle diffusivity prove that faster binding of the small particles in this study was primarily due to diffusion kinetics and not necessarily to a higher density of antibodies on the particle surface. The results suggest that ITO could make a good platform for an optical immunosensor using fluorescent nanoparticle labels in a competitive assay format for small molecule detection. However, when used in combination with fluorescent particulate labels, a highly sensitive excitation/detection system needs to be developed to fully utilize the kinetic advantage from small particle size. Different regeneration methods tested in this study showed that repeated washings with 0.1 M glycine–HCl facilitated the reuse of the ITO waveguide.
Resources Within Reason: A place to discover good, inexpensive materials for providing effective services to very young children and their families

Each issue will review resources that cost $50 or less on a different aspect of early intervention. This issue features materials that promote effective community-based teamwork et collaboration.
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gynecologic tract: A Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) clinical document

article i nfo Article history: Received 27 January 2011 Objective. Neuroendocrine tumors of the gynecologic tract are rare, and pose a significant clinical challenge because of the tumor heterogeneity and lack of standardized guidelines for treatment. This manuscript summarizes the available literature concerning these tumors in an effort to provide the clinician a framework from which to guide patient management.
What is learnable in manually coded English sign systems

It has been suggested that manual sign systems designed to represent English are unlearnable because they are not natural languages. In order to examine this premise, the present study examines reading achievement and expressive English skills of 13 profoundly deaf students, aged 7;1 to 14;8, who were educated using only a manually coded English (MCE) sign system. Linguistic structures selected for analysis were designed to reflect unique characteristics of English, as well as those common to English and American Sign Language, and to obtain a broad picture of English skills. Results showed that the deaf students had expressive English skills comparable to a hearing control group for some features of English that reflected syntactic and lexical skills. They showed substantial deficits in inflectional morphological skills that were not predictive of the complexity of their language. The results reveal which aspects of MCE appear to be learnable and which appear problematic for deaf students.
A probabilistic iterative architecture for classification

A classification architecture that uses probabilistic representation of support and conditionalization and expectation for updating belief is presented. The updating is guided by a utility function that determines the type of information to be acquired. Expected entropy is used as the utility measure. The three major components of a classification system are the representation of the domain information, the evidence, and the support updating paradigm. The representative of domain knowledge and evidence is described. A general overview of the classification architecture is given. The computations and assumptions required in this iterative method are presented. A detailed example illustrating the generation of support based on the acquisition of one item of evidence is given. >
The distribution of branchial carbonic anhydrase and the effects of gill and erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase inhibition in the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity was assayed in lysed erythrocytes and in branchial cytoplasm, mitochondria and microsomes of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Branchial CA activity was highest in the cytoplasmic fraction, but activity was very low in mitochondria and microsomes. Erythrocyte CA activity was over four-fold greater than that in the gills. Intact animals were injected with the CA inhibitors acetazolamide and benzolamide. Slow, intra-arterial injection of both inhibitors elicited transient side effects of apnoea, bradycardia and hypoxaemia. Acetazolamide and benzolamide induced a mixed but primarily respiratory acidosis. The onset and the time course of the acidosis were correlated with the inhibition of erythrocyte CA; acetazolamide acted faster because it is more freely diffusible than benzolamide. The acid-base disturbance in the blood reached its maximum after 2 h; compensation was delayed until 24 h, when CA inhibition began to disappear. We conclude from these results that there is very little, if any, membrane-associated CA in the gill, and that the branchial enzyme is not quantitatively important in directly converting plasma HCO3- to CO2 for excretion. Rather, CO2 excretion is accomplished via the traditional chloride shift, followed by intracellular dehydration of HCO3- by erythrocyte CA. These results also suggest that branchial cytoplasmic CA inhibition might impair ion transport processes that are used to compensate blood acid-base disturbances and thus delay compensation of the respiratory acidosis.
Introduction to Iron Works…The John Beard Memorial Symposium

The Department of Nutritional Sciences at The Pennsylvania State University hosted a symposium entitled "Iron Works…The John Beard Memorial Symposium" in University Park, PA, on November 2, 2009. This one-day scientific symposium was held in honor of the late John Beard and was organized by Jere Haas, Shannon Kelleher, Terry Etherton, James Connor, and Gordon Jensen. The goal of the symposium was to discuss iron biology from a translational approach, encompassing molecular regulation, functional consequences of iron deficiency on neurophysiology and cognition through international and domestic interventions, and public health policy. Elizabeth Theil reviewed the biochemical regulation of iron homeostasis with a specific emphasis on ferritin, including its potential role as a dietary source of iron. James Connor discussed neuropsychological tests that, when coupled with imaging data, help identify brain regions that accumulate iron, which may be related to cognitive decline in the elderly. Betsy Lozoff shared her thoughts on effects of early iron deficiency on the brain and behavioral outcomes. Laura Murray-Kolb examined the functional consequences of iron deficiency in women of reproductive age. Rebecca Stoltzfus explored current interventions targeted at improving iron status in women and children in low-income countries. The scientific symposium closed with a discussion by Sean Lynch on the importance of understanding the effects of bioavailability on iron nutrition and the importance of integrating strategies to improve iron nutrition with other health measures, economic and social policies addressing poverty, as well as trade and agriculture.
Effects of sonic vibrations on the rate of absorption of carbon dioxide in gas bubble-beds

The effect of sonic vibrations of frequencies 20–2000 c/s on the rate of absorption in water of carbon dioxide by a countercurrent bubble-type absorber has been measured in terms of KLa. Increases in KLa of up to 70% have been observed for the expenditure of relatively small amounts of sonic power. By determining the bed density and the average bubble diameter in the bed as a function of frequency, it has been possible to show that the effect of sound is primarily to increase the number of bubbles present without affecting their diameter appreciably. The effects of temperature and bed height on the performance at various frequencies are also evaluated.
Resolvin E1 Regulates Inflammation at the Cellular and Tissue Level and Restores Tissue Homeostasis In Vivo

Resolvin E1 (RvE1) is a potent proresolving mediator of inflammation derived from omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid that acts locally to stop leukocyte recruitment and promote resolution. RvE1 displays potent counter-regulatory and tissue-protective actions in vitro and in vivo. Periodontal disease is a local inflammatory disease initiated by bacteria characterized by neutrophilmediated tissue injury followed by development of a chronic immune lesion. In this study, we report the treatment of established periodontitis using RvE1 as a monotherapy in rabbits compared with structurally related lipids PGE2 and leukotriene B4. PGE2 and leukotriene B4 each enhanced development of periodontitis and worsened the severity of disease. Promotion of resolution of inflammation as a therapeutic target with RvE1 resulted in complete restoration of the local lesion, and reduction in the systemic inflammatory markers C-reactive protein and IL-1. This report is the first to show that resolution of inflammation by a naturally occurring endogenous lipid mediator results in complete regeneration of pathologically lost tissues, including bone. The Journal of Immunology, 2007, 179: 7021‐7029.
Fathead minnow steroidogenesis: in silico analyses reveals tradeoffs between nominal target efficacy and robustness to cross-talk

Interpreting proteomic and genomic data is a major challenge in predictive ecotoxicology that can be addressed by a systems biology approach. Mathematical modeling provides an organizational platform to consolidate protein dynamics with possible genomic regulation. Here, a model of ovarian steroidogenesis in the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, (FHM) is developed to evaluate possible transcriptional regulation of steroid production observed in microarray studies. The model was developed from literature sources, integrating key signaling components (G-protein and PKA activation) with their ensuing effect on steroid production. The model properly predicted trajectory behavior of estradiol and testosterone when fish were exposed to fadrozole, a specific aromatase inhibitor, but failed to predict the steroid hormone behavior occurring one week post-exposure as well as the increase in steroid levels when the stressor was removed. In vivo microarray data implicated three modes of regulation which may account for over-production of steroids during a depuration phase (when the stressor is removed): P450 enzyme up-regulation, inhibin down-regulation, and luteinizing hormone receptor up-regulation. Simulation studies and sensitivity analysis were used to evaluate each case as possible source of compensation to endocrine stress. Simulation studies of the testosterone and estradiol response to regulation observed in microarray data supported the hypothesis that the FHM steroidogenesis network compensated for endocrine stress by modulating the sensitivity of the ovarian network to global cues coming from the hypothalamus and pituitary. Model predictions of luteinizing hormone receptor regulation were consistent with depuration and in vitro data. These results challenge the traditional approach to network elucidation in systems biology. Generally, the most sensitive interactions in a network are targeted for further elucidation but microarray evidence shows that homeostatic regulation of the steroidogenic network is likely maintained by a mildly sensitive interaction. We hypothesize that effective network elucidation must consider both the sensitivity of the target as well as the target's robustness to biological noise (in this case, to cross-talk) when identifying possible points of regulation.
Real-Time PCR Assays of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Defining the Major Brucella Clades

Members of the genus Brucella are known worldwide as pathogens of wildlife and livestock and are the most common organisms of zoonotic infection in humans. In general, brucellae exhibit a range of host specificity in animals that has led to the identification of at least seven Brucella species. The genomes of the various Brucella species are highly conserved, which makes the differentiation of species highly challenging. However, we found single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in housekeeping and other genes that differentiated the seven main Brucella species or clades and thus enabled us to develop real-time PCR assays based around these SNPs. Screening of a diverse panel of 338 diverse isolates with these assays correctly identified each isolate with its previously determined Brucella clade. Six of the seven clade-specific assays detected DNA concentrations of less than 10 fg, indicating a high level of sensitivity. This SNP-based approach places samples into a phylogenetic framework, allowing reliable comparisons to be made among the lineages of clonal bacteria and providing a solid basis for genotyping. These PCR assays provide a rapid and highly sensitive method of differentiating the major Brucella groups that will be valuable for clinical and forensic applications.
The Detection of Induced Recessive Lethal Mutations in Mice

In order to best assess the genetic risks to humans of environmental factors, investigations of their effects in mammalian systems will be necessary. For the forseeable future most such studies will be conducted on laboratory animals, and in particular, because of the large body of existing information on its biology and genetics, the laboratory mouse.
The Vestibular System

The vestibular system detects the static position of the head with respect to gravity, and two types of head movements: linear acceleration in a particular direction and angular (rotational) acceleration. This information is the key to maintaining balance and for controlling eye movements to compensate for movement of the head. The receptors that are responsible for detecting head position and the various types of movement are located in the vestibular labyrinth in the middle ear. Information from the receptors is conveyed to the brain via the vestibular component of the eighth nerve. In what follows, we first consider the mechanoelectrical transduction system in the vestibular labyrinth and then the central pathways that mediate vestibular function.
Foliar Chemistry and Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), Herbivory on Pure American Chestnut, Castanea dentata (Fam: Fagaceae), and a Disease-Resistant Hybrid

We investigated herbivore suitability, foliar chemistry, and seedling growth of blight-susceptible pure American chestnut, Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh., and a blight-resistant Chinese chestnut, Castanea mollisima Blume × American chestnut hybrid, using supplemental fertilizer and ectomycorrhizal inoculation to affect nutrient availability and nutrient uptake, and the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), to measure herbivore suitability. Gypsy moth performance was best on fertilized hybrid seedlings, and was lowest on untreated American chestnut seedlings. Foliar carbohydrates were greatest, and tannin levels were lowest, in mycorrhizae-inoculated American chestnut. Foliar nitrogen was also high in mycorrhizal American chestnut, and was equivalent to that found in fertilized seedlings of both species. American chestnut seedlings had greater height and diameter growth than hybrids, regardless of soil amendments. Our results suggest that blight resistance may exact a cost in plant growth and productivity for this chestnut hybrid, and may enhance plant suitability for a generalist herbivore. Additionally, enhanced gypsy moth performance on blight-resistant chestnut hybrids has implications with respect to the restoration of chestnut to eastern deciduous forests, because intense herbivore pressure could compromise seedling growth and survival, and play a role in sustaining potentially damaging gypsy moth populations. The implications of this work within the context of current theories addressing herbivore–plant relations are discussed.
Techniques And Strategies For Use Of Case Studies In Marketing Management And Strategic Marketing Management Courses

Marketing case studies provide context for analysis and decision-making designs in different business situations, companies, and industries. In most marketing courses, students use cases about actual companies to practice strategic marketing analysis and to gain some experience in the tasks of crafting and implementing marketing strategy. A case sets forth, in factual manner, the events and organizational circumstances surrounding a particular marketing managerial situation. The purpose of this paper is to look at why case studies are used, problems using them and recommendations using standard and innovative methodologies for using them effectively.
Aliens, Aliases, Surrogates and Familiars: The Family in Jhumpa Lahiri's Short Stories

In this essay, I argue that alienation and familiarity serve as mobile matrices for understanding the affectively experienced impact of transnational migration in certain of Jhumpa Lahiri's short stories. While we may think of alienation as a precondition of migrant identity, it is a condition that is familiar to most of us in different contexts. How does alienation, thus plurally conceived, figure in the experience of migrants, producing the relay between heimlich/unheimlich experiences? Moreover, in the socio-cultural context of globalisation, how does transnational migration challenge conventional notions of family, a word associated with notions of familiarity and filiation that are seemingly antonymous to the idea of alienation? These are the questions I set out to answer, concluding that the ‘family’ is always a unit composed by its very hauntings, surrogates, and absences.
Unaufgebohrter Tibiamarknagel (UTN)

Zusammenfassung Die Resultate der Multizenterstudie bestatigen den unaufgebohrten Tibiamarknagel (UTN) als ein hervorragend geeignetes Implantat zur Behandlung von offenen und geschlossenen Tibiafrakturen mit kompromittierter periostaler Blutversorgung. Der Einsatz des UTN erfordert die sorgfaltige Planung des Eingriffs anhand der Rontgenbildanalyse und unter Berucksichtigung des Weichteilschadens. Der im Vergleich zum Hohlnagel geringere Nageldurchmesser verringert den selbst zentrierenden Effekt des Nagels im Markrohr. Daher mussen (insbesondere fur sehr distale Tibiafrakturen) sehr hohe Anspruche an die Frakturreposition und die korrekte Wahl der Einschlagstelle gestellt werden. Distale Tibiafrakturen erfordern daruber hinaus obligat die 3-fache distale Verriegelung des Nagels. Zur Erhohung der Stabilitat der Versorgung sollte eine zusatzliche Fibulafraktur bei identischem Frakturniveau bei distaler oder mehrfragmentierter Tibiafraktur additiv stabilisiert werden.
Flight Response of the Rice Water Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to Simulated Habitat Conditions

The flight response of parthenogenic female rice water weevils, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, to various simulated habitats and substrate types was investigated in the greenhouse. Study insects were obtained following flight from natural overwintering sites. Simulated habitats were dry soil, moist soil, flooded soil, moist soil with rice, and flooded soil with rice. Substrate types were dry fine soil, dry cloddy soil, dry soil with emergent vegetation, dry soil with a slender dowel, and flooded soil. Dry, moist, and flooded habitat conditions without rice were associated with greater flight initiation than the flooded condition with emergent rice. The flight response from moist soil with rice was variable. Flight initiation was generally >50% in each of the nonflooded substrate types. No flight activity was detected from the flooded soil substrate.
A Role of Grasshoppers in a Shortgrass Prairie Ecosystem

The impact of grasshoppers on rangeland forage production, especially during years of high population levels, has been well documented by previous authors (Pfadt 1949, Nerney 1960, Putnam 1962). Most of this work, however, has concerned itself with measuring reductions in yield of various herbage species and/or grassland communities. With the recent surge of the concept of the ecosystem and its resultant impact upon ecological research (Watt 1966, Van Dyne 1969), it has become increasingly essential for research workers to adopt more holocoenotic approaches to the analyses of these relationships. Such is especially the case if the role of insects in ecosystem function is to be investigated. This study has taken unpublished data and examined them in the context of determining what is the most “important” ecological effect that grasshoppers have on the structure and function of a shortgrass prairie eco-system
95 CATECHOLAMINE-INDUCED LEUKOCYTOSIS IN ACUTE HYPOGLYCEMIC STRESS.

Background Our previous study confirmed the well-known phenomenon of leukocytosis in hyperglycemic crises, without obvious infection. We hypothesized that stimulation of sympathetic nervous system, secondary to any acute stress, would be a possible mechanism. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to create the stress of hypoglycemia by insulin-induced hypoglycemic test and evaluate the stimulation of sympathetic nervous system and leukocytosis. Materials and Methods Thirteen healthy subjects (age from 20-32 years) without cardiovascular diseases or metabolic syndrome or acute infection were selected. Hypoglycemia was induced by IV injection of 0.1 unit of insulin/kg of body weight. The levels of counterregulatory hormones (cortisol, growth hormone, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and ACTH) and white blood cells were measured at 0, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 240 minutes. The means ± SD were calculated for all continuous variables. A two-tailed p value Results During the test, no severe adverse effects were detected. The mean nadir of hypoglycemia was 38.23 ± 19.9 mg/dL in 30 minutes. The highest levels of cortisol, growth hormone, and ACTH were detected in 60 minutes. For norepinephrine and epinephrine, the highest levels were in 45 minutes. By applying Pearson correlation method, leukocytosis in 60 and 120 minutes were significantly associated with the rising of norepinephrine and was also associated with rising cortisol in 45 minutes (p values were .0034 and .021, respectively). Conclusion Our results demonstrated that the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system secondary to the acute stress of hypoglycemia is responsible for significant leukocytosis in our study.