cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Legumes in Farming Systems in Mediterranean Climates

Agriculture in the Mediterranean region contrasts sharply from agriculture in the other four distant regions with Med climates, due to its ancient nature in ancient cultures. All winter food and forage legumes of major utility evolved in the Mediterranean/West Asian region but have become more important outside the region. The Mediterranean legumes can become much more useful in their homelands with greater research and development effort focused especially on nitrogen budgets in agrosystems combined with watershed management to reduce overall ecosystem degradation. The major opportunity is in developing an integration with cereals and animals, in a rainfed key system patterned after the Australian experience. Intercropping of food legumes with cereals spaced at lower density in appropriate strips should be explored. Research on the nitrogen budget in all systems needs more focus on actual gains to either inter or rotational crops that really are attributable to N-fixation by the legume. Small gains can be made under irrigation for the higher priced grain legumes and for alfalfa and berseem with further breeding for disease/pest resistance, N-fixation rates and yield. Biological value of food and feed grain legume protein is low and there are many toxicities also. Improvement is needed through better supported and better integrated breeding programs involving different disciplines. This is especially important if any winter grain legume is to compete in stability of yield and in quality in the large markets for animal rations.
Alcohol Use Trajectories in Two Cohorts of U.S. Women Aged 50 to 65 at Baseline

OBJECTIVES: To examine drinking trajectories followed by two cohorts of older women over 8 to 10 years of follow-up. DESIGN: Longitudinal analyses of two nationally representative cohorts using semiparametric group-based models weighted and adjusted for baseline age. SETTING: Study data were obtained from detailed interviews conducted in the home or by telephone. PARTICIPANTS: One cohort included 5,231 women in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) aged 50 to 65 in 1996; the other included 1,658 women in the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) aged 50 to 65 in 1995. MEASUREMENTS: Both cohorts reported any recent drinking and average number of drinks per drinking day using similar but not identical questions. HRS women completed six interviews (one every other year) from 1996 to 2006. NLS women completed five interviews from 1995 to 2003. RESULTS: All trajectory models yielded similar results. For HRS women, four trajectory groups were observed in the model based on drinks per day: increasing drinkers (4.9% of cohort), infrequent and nondrinkers (61.8%), consistent drinkers (25.9%), and decreasing drinkers (7.4%). Corresponding NLS values from the drinks per day model were 8.8%, 61.4%, 21.2%, and 8.6%, respectively. In 2006, the average number of drinks per day for HRS women in the increasing drinker and consistent drinker trajectories was 1.31 and 1.59, respectively. In 2003, these values for NLS women were 0.99 and 1.38, respectively. CONCLUSION: Most women do not markedly change their drinking behavior after age 50, but some increase their alcohol use substantially, whereas others continue to exceed current recommendations. These findings underscore the importance of periodically asking older women about their drinking to assess, advise, and assist those who may be at risk for developing alcohol-related problems. Language: en
Studying the Effect of Class Imbalance in Ocean Turbine Fault Data on Reliable State Detection

Class imbalance is prevalent in many real world datasets. It occurs when there are significantly fewer examples in one or more classes in a dataset compared to the number of instances in the remaining classes. When trained on highly imbalanced datasets, traditional machine learning techniques can often simply ignore the minority class(es) and label all instances as being of the majority class to maximize accuracy. This problem has been studied in many domains but there is little or no research related to the effect of class imbalance in fault data for condition monitoring of an ocean turbine. This study makes the first efforts in bridging that gap by providing insight into how class imbalance in vibration data can impact a learner's ability to reliably identify changes in the ocean turbine's operational state. To do so, we empirically evaluate the performances of three popular, but very different, machine learning algorithms when trained on four datasets with varying class distributions (one balanced and three imbalanced) to distinguish between a normal and an abnormal state. All data used in this study were collected from the testbed for an ocean turbine and were under sampled to simulate the different levels of imbalance. We find here, as in other domains, that the three learners seemed to suffer overall when trained on data with a highly skewed class distribution (with 0.1% examples in a faulty/abnormal state while the remaining 99.9% were captured in a normal operational state). It was noted, however, that the Logistic Regression and Decision Tree classifiers performed better when only 5% of the total number of examples were representative of an abnormal state (the remaining 95% therefore indicating normal operation) than they did when there was no imbalance present.
Raging hormones in plants.

The strigolactones, a known class of plant metabolites, have now been shown to constitute the long-sought hormone that suppresses lateral branch formation. These hormones are synthesized from a carotenoid precursor in the roots and transported to the shoots.
The influence of reserpine on nitrogen metabolizing enzymes in chick liver

Abstract Reserpine, a Rauwolfia alkaloid, was shown to increase activity of the hepatic nitrogen metabolizing enzymes xanthine dehydrogenase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, and tyrosine aminotransferase, when administered orally to young chicks. Using immunochemical techniques, this increase in xanthine dehydrogenase was shown to result from an enhanced de novo enzyme synthesis. The response pattern of the three enzymes to reserpine follows the same pattern to induction by high dietary protein suggesting that a common mode of action may be involved in the regulation of these enzymes. α-Adrenergic blockers, phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine, effectively prevented the increased enzyme activities caused by administration of reserpine.
Dynamics and metal ion binding in the U6 RNA intramolecular stem-loop as analyzed by NMR.

The U6 RNA intramolecular stem–loop (ISL) is a conserved component of the spliceosome, and contains an essential metal ion binding site centered between a protonated adenine, A79, and U80. Correlated with protonation of A79, U80 undergoes a base-flipping conformational change accompanied by significant helical movement. We have investigated the dynamics of the U6 ISL by analyzing the power dependence of 13C NMR relaxation rates in the rotating frame. The data provide evidence that the conformational transition is centered around an exchange lifetime of 84 μs. The U80 nucleotide displays low internal mobility on the picosecond time-scale at pH 7.0 but high internal mobility at pH 6.0, in agreement with the global transition resulting in the base of U80 adopting a looped-out conformation with increased dynamic disorder. A kinetic analysis suggests that the conformational change, rather than adenine protonation, is the rate-limiting step in the pathway of the conformational transition. Two nucleotides, U70 and U80, were found from chemical shift perturbation mapping to interact with the magnesium ion, with apparent Kd values in the micromolar to millimolar range. These nucleotides also displayed metal ion-induced elevation of R1 rates, which can be explained by a model that assumes dynamic metal ion coordination concomitant with an induced higher shielding anisotropy for the base 13C nuclei. Addition of Mg2+ shifts the conformational equilibrium toward the high-pH (base-stacked) structure, accompanied by a significant drop in the apparent pKa of A79.
Dual Use of VA and Non-VA Services Among Primary Care Patients with Depression

Background Depression treatment requires close monitoring to achieve optimal, long-term control. Use of multiple sources of health care can affect coordination and continuity of treatment for depression.
Statistics and Political Science

Abstract To judge from articles and research notes in seven political science journals published over a two-and-one-half year period ending in the summer of 1970, political science has markedly increased in its reliance on quantitative data and statistical and mathematical techniques. Thus the percentage of quantitative articles in the American Political Science Review has risen from 12 percent to 65 percent, in a 25-year period, while use of “more powerful” techniques has risen from less than 1 percent to 53 percent. Statisticians' attention is directed to the difficulties associated with political science data.
Graded potential wells with quasi-uniform charge distribution

Abstract We report on the growth and the characterization of several quasi-three-dimensional electron systems as realized in modulation-doped graded potential wells. We study the charge distribution, the subband structure, and the electronic properties of the samples by means of capacitance-voltage techniques as well as by the investigation of the cyclotron resonance at low temperatures. The results of our investigations are fed back into the growth conditions, which leads to the production of symmetrical, quasi-uniform charge distributions with three-dimensional properties.
Photometric determination of ruthenium with 3-nitroso-2,6-pyridinediol

A highly sensitive photometric method has been developed for the determination of ruthenium. The method is based on the purple colored complex formed when ruthenium is heated with 3-nitroso-2,6-pyridinediol (NPD) in slightly acidic solution. The molar absorptivity of the purple complex is 2.6 · 104l.mole−1,cm−1. The reaction ratio is 3∶1 reagent to ruthenium.
The effects of layer properties on shear disturbance propagation in skin

The effects of the stratum corneum and dermis on shear wave propagation along the skin surface was investigated using a mathematical model. The skin was modeled as two distinct viscoelastic layers, one representing the stratum corneum and the other representing the dermis. The layers were supported by a semi-infinite visco-elastic half-space representing the subcutaneous fat. Physical and mechanical properties of the materials in the model were determined from the literature and from our own experimental measurements. Although the stratum corneum is very thin (12-15 microns), results showed that it could have a strong effect on the wave propagation due to its high stiffness relative to the dermis. Results of the analysis are discussed with respect to an experimental procedure used to determine age-related changes in mechanical properties of skin.
Effects of 9-aminoacridine on bacteriophage T4 deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis☆

Abstract When 9-aminoacridine is included in the culture medium of Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage T4, various effects upon the fate of radioactively labeled intracellular phage DNA as examined by various sedimentation studies are observed. The rates of production of mature phage particles and a replicative intermediate form of DNA are much more severely affected than the gross rate of DNA synthesis. 9-Aminoacridine disturbs the normal function of the replicative process to yield large amounts of newly synthesized, small T4 DNA fragments and appears to block release of parental DNA from the replicative complex. The presence of a 9-aminoacridine resistance marker in the infecting phage relieves the inhibition both of the final packaging step, and in part, the malfunctioning of the earlier replicative steps. DNA synthesis is necessary for production of viable phage after 9-aminoacridine (at optimum concentration) is removed from the culture medium at 20 minutes after infection. The size, of the small DNA fragments produced when 9-aminoacridine is present is dependent upon the concentration of the drug and as development progresses, the later fragments more nearly approach the size of phage DNA. Part of this DNA appears to be utilized in subsequent replication when 9-aminoacridine is removed from the culture medium. The effect of 9-aminoacridine upon phage DNA packaging is distinct from that upon the production of normal replicating DNA within the cell.
A pharmacological method to estimate the pKi of competitive inhibitors of agonist uptake processes in isolated tissues

An equation is derived from a mathematical model (proposed by Furchgott) which, under certain circumstances, estimates the pK I (-log dissociation constant) of a competitive inhibitor of agonist uptake by utilizing the sensitization of isolated tissues, to the substrate-agonist, by uptake inhibition. The method is theoretically more sound and appears to be improved by the use of potency-ratios of the substrate-agonist and an agonist which is not a substrate for the uptake process since this allows for the detection and correction of receptor and toxic effects of uptake inhibitors. The pK I values of cocaine, desmethylimipramine and imipramine for the neuronal uptake of norepinephrine were estimated by this method in guinea-pig tracheae and left atria. Also, the pK I values for 17 β-oestradiol, corticosterone, clonidine and metanephrine for the extraneuronal uptake of isoproterenol were estimated in guinea-pig tracheae (and cat left atria for 17 β-oestradiol). All estimates were consistent with literature pK I values obtained biochemically with radiolabelled substrates.
Saving paper with switchable ink

Abstract An oxazine auxochrome and a carbazole chromophore can be integrated within the same covalent skeleton to generate a halochromic molecular switch. Upon addition of acid, the oxazine ring opens to bring the carbazole fragment in conjugation with a 3 H -indolium cation. This structural transformation shifts the main absorption of the carbazole chromophore from the ultraviolet to the visible region and, as a result, is accompanied by the appearance of an intense red color. This species can be formulated into an ink to print colored patterns on conventional paper. Upon treatment with base, however, the oxazine ring closes to restore the initial colorless state and erase the printed pattern. In fact, the very same sheet of paper can be recycled for multiple printing and erasing steps. Thus, this structural design for switchable inks can evolve into viable operating principles to enable innovative printing technologies and reduce drastically paper consumption.
Human somatic PTPN11 mutations induce hematopoietic-cell hypersensitivity to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a lethal disease of young children characterized by hypersensitivity of hematopoietic progenitors to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Mutations in PTPN11, which encodes the protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp-2, are common in JMML. We hypothesized that PTPN11 mutations induce hypersensitivity of hematopoietic progenitors to GM-CSF and confer increased GM-CSF–stimulated phospho–extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) levels. To test this hypothesis, the wild-type (WT) and 3 mutant Ptpn11 cDNAs (E76K, D61V, and D61Y) were transduced into murine bone marrow cells to examine GM-CSF–stimulated granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming unit (CFU-GM) growth, macrophage progenitor proliferation, and activation of the Ras signaling pathway. Expression of the Shp-2 mutants induced progenitor cell hypersensitivity to GM-CSF compared with cells transduced with vector alone or WT Shp-2. Macrophage progenitors expressing the Shp-2 mutants displayed both basal and GM-CSF–stimulated hyperproliferation compared with cells transduced with vector alone or WT Shp-2. Consistently, macrophage progenitors transduced with the Shp-2 mutants demonstrated constitutively elevated phospho-Erk levels and sustained activation of phospho-Erk following GM-CSF stimulation compared with vector alone or WT Shp-2. These data support the hypothesis that PTPN11 mutations induce hematopoietic progenitor hypersensitivity to GM-CSF due to hyperactivation of the Ras signaling axis and provide a basis for the GM-CSF signaling pathway as a target for rational drug design in JMML.
Negro-Caucasoid differences in permanent tooth emergence at a constant income level

Abstract Three-thousand, eight-hundred and sixty-eight low-income American Negro boys and girls showed systematic permanent advancement in tooth emergence compared with 5788 low-income boys and girls of European ancestry. Further matched to within $160 per-capita yearly income, the Negro boys and girls evidenced a 0.30 standard deviation emergence advancement of non-uniform or “patterned” nature, with the greatest temporal difference for the mandibular lateral incisors (0.72–0.73 S.D.) in both sexes.
Development of volatile sulfur compounds in heat-shocked and pasteurized milk cheese

The development of volatile sulfur compounds in heat-shocked and pasteurized milk cheese was studied over a period of 20 months. The concentration of volatile sulfur compounds was determined using a headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detection method. The standard curves were prepared in the cheese matrix and two internal standards were used for quantification. The result showed that hydrogen sulfide and, dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) only increased in the initial stage of cheese aging and reached a plateau, whereas methanethiol (MeSH), dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) continued to develop as the cheese aged. Cheddar cheese made from heat-shock milk developed higher concentrations of MeSH, DMS, DMDS, and DMTS than the cheeses made from pasteurized milk. It was postulated that lower heat treatment would preserve some of the native bacteria in the milk, and enhance volatile sulfur development in cheeses made from heat-shocked milk.
Sidekick: AP aggregation over partially overlapping channels

The uncoordinated deployment of many high-bandwidth 802.11a/g/n access points (APs) in urban areas offers the potential for WLANs to be a strong complement to cellular networks in providing ubiquitous connectivity. However, given that the bandwidth of the backhaul links connected to these APs is often an order-of-magnitude lower than that of the WLAN channel, aggregating the throughput from multiple APs is often necessary in order for the client to achieve an acceptable level of network performance. In this paper, we present Sidekick — a simple and novel AP aggregation protocol that exploits effective communication between 802.11a/g/n nodes on partially overlapping channels to attain high aggregate throughput in the face of dynamic WLAN and backhaul link conditions. Sidekick is built upon Aileron, which provides an extremely reliable and low-overhead control channel over which the APs and clients can coordinate the aggregation process. The use of such a control channel over partially overlapping channels enables Sidekick to quickly respond to varying bandwidth availability and probe for new transmission opportunities with little overhead. Our evaluation results indicate that Sidekick can make more than 30% improvement in throughput over FatVAP in a variety of situations.
Immigrant Motherhood and Transnationality in Jhumpa Lahiri's Fiction

This essay won the 2006 Literature Compass Graduate Essay Prize, Twentieth Century & Contemporary Section. This article argues that Jhumpa Lahiri's novel The Namesake offers motherhood as a site of agency for negotiating a transnational identity for the postcolonial female subject in diaspora. Lahiri shows how traditional gender roles – often considered subordinate in the postcolonial context in their appropriation by nationalist agendas – can be read as a source of empowerment when translated into the context of middle class immigrant life in America. The Namesake depicts the cultural and national fluidity offered by this status: the immigrant mother, a central character in this novel, is able to preserve the Indian traditions that link her to her homeland while simultaneously benefiting from the privileges afforded by American citizenship in order to ensure a successful future for her American-born children. An Indian matriarch living in the suburbs of Boston, she does so through the careful negotiations she makes for her family on a daily basis in response to the often conflicting demands of traditional Bengali culture and the pressure to become an assimilated American. Although in the context of Western feminism it may seem contradictory that it is through the role of wife and mother that a subjectivity which transcends any fixed national identity is achieved, this reading of Lahiri's novel is informed by the arguments of transnational feminists who resist any essentializing understanding of female emancipation. This article concludes that immigrant women from the so-called ‘third world’ need to be understood not only in the context of their particular national histories, but also through the manner in which they appropriate these histories in forging individual identities in America. Lahiri's The Namesake provides the occasion for such a discussion within ethnic American literary studies, especially as this field continues to engage with postcolonial and transnational paradigms.
Expression of ribosomal protein L22e family members in Drosophila melanogaster: rpL22-like is differentially expressed and alternatively spliced

Several ribosomal protein families contain paralogues whose roles may be equivalent or specialized to include extra-ribosomal functions. RpL22e family members rpL22 and rpL22-like are differentially expressed in Drosophila melanogaster: rpL22-like mRNA is gonad specific whereas rpL22 is expressed ubiquitously, suggesting distinctive paralogue functions. To determine if RpL22-like has a divergent role in gonads, rpL22-like expression was analysed by qRT-PCR and western blots, respectively, showing enrichment of rpL22-like mRNA and a 34 kDa (predicted) protein in testis, but not in ovary. Immunohistochemistry of the reproductive tract corroborated testis-specific expression. RpL22-like detection in 80S/polysome fractions from males establishes a role for this tissue-specific paralogue as a ribosomal component. Unpredictably, expression profiles revealed a low abundant, alternative mRNA variant (designated 'rpL22-like short') that would encode a novel protein lacking the C-terminal ribosomal protein signature but retaining part of the N-terminal domain. This variant results from splicing of a retained intron (defined by non-canonical splice sites) within rpL22-like mRNA. Polysome association and detection of a low abundant 13.5 kDa (predicted) protein in testis extracts suggests variant mRNA translation. Collectively, our data show that alternative splicing of rpL22-like generates structurally distinct protein products: ribosomal component RpL22-like and a novel protein with a role distinct from RpL22-like.
The Cat and the Cloud: ACT for LGBT Locus of Control, Responsibility, and Acceptance

Advocating acceptance, committed action, and value-guided behavior over experiential avoidance, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) may aid lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) clients affected by hetero/homonormative social pressure. By conceptualizing LGBT paradigms of internal/external control/responsibility (IC-IR; EC-IR; IC-ER; EC-IR), ACT may be adapted to a myriad of multicultural worldviews. This article presents locus of acceptance as the attributed worth of internal/external cues perceived necessary by the client to achieve self-acceptance. Recognizing visibility and isolation as recurrent LGBT issues, locus of acceptances balances identity as individual (internal acceptance) with identity as community (external acceptance).
The Hidden Curriculum Re-examined

The hidden cumculum consists of implicit values taught and learned through the process of schooling. The first & on of this paper describes theoretical and methodological approaches to research in this area, drawing examples from general education literature. The second section reviews research related to the hidden cumculum in physical education. The final section proposes a model for feminist analysis of the hidden curriculum in sport and physical education.
Reduced serotonergic immunoreactive fibers in the forebrain of alcohol-preferring rats.

Our previous study indicated that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) immunoreactive fiber densities were decreased in specific areas of the brain in alcohol-preferring rats (P) when compared with alcohol-nonpreferring rats (NP). The results of our current study show that there are quantitative and qualitative differences in 5-HT innervation in other selected regions of the forebrains of P rats. The 5-HT fiber density in the brains of young adult P and NP rats was measured by immunocytochemistry and quantitative image analysis. A routine error of two-dimensional quantitation of nerve fiber was addressed and an adjustment was made. The amount of 5-HT fibers was significantly lower in CA4 and fasciola cinereum of the dorsal hippocampus, caudate-putamen, and hypothalamus of the P as compared with NP rats (unpaired Student's t tests). In examining the fiber types, we found that, in the frontal cortical and hippocampal regions, where normally fine 5-HT fibers with small varicosities and thick 5-HT fibers with large varicosities coexist, fewer fine 5-HT fibers were seen in P rats as compared with NP rats the fine fibers are known to be vulnerable to abusive drugs. These observations indicate that (a) there are quantitative differences in 5-HT innervation or that the 5-HT in some 5-HT fibers is reduced to a level undetectable by immunocytochemistry, and (b) the fine 5-HT fibers are specifically reduced to a greater degree in the selected brain regions of P rats when compared with that of NP rats. The involvement of the 5-HT system in the alcohol abuse is discussed.
Enhanced survival of gamma-irradiated Escherichia coli following pretreatment with dithiothreitol.

SummarySurvival of three strains of Escherichia coli K12 was studied with respect to radiation protection by dithiothreitol (DTT). The three strains compared were AB2462 recA, AB2470 rec21 and their DNA repair-competent prototype, AB1157. The strains were incubated in 10 mmol dm−3 DTT for 60 min and allowed an expression period for SOS functions to appear which may have been induced by DTT. Following the expression period the DTT-incubated cells and incubated control cells were irradiated. When AB1157 cells were pretreated with chloramphenicol (200 µg cm−3) for a period of 30 min prior to addition of the induction media no increase in survival was seen. When catalase (0·1 mg cm−3) was added to the AB1157 cells prior to the induction media a decrease in the degree of induction was noted with an enhancement ratio (ER) of 0·893 (ER−1 = 1·12). Furthermore, DTT-treated AB2462 and AB2470 demonstrated no increase in survival when compared to control cells. In radiation experiments on either strain of E. coli wit...
Laboratory Evaluation of Insecticides as Contact Sprays Against Adult House Flies

Of 81 insecticides tested in the laboratory as contact sprays against a suceptible and a resistant strain of house flies, Musca domestica L., only Stauffer B-10341 (O -Ethyl methy]phosphonothioate O -ester with p -hydroxybenzoni- trile); Bay 62863 (2,3-Dihydro -2 -methyl -7 - benzofuranyl methylcarbamate); CELA K-41 ( O - (4-Bromo-2,5-dichloro- phenyl) O -methyl ethylphosphonothioate); Stauffer B- 10095 ( O -Ethyl (ch]oromethyl) phosphonothioate O-ester with p -hydroxybenzonitrile); mecarbam; and Bay 78182 ( O,O .Diethyl phosphorothioate O -ester with ( O -chloro phenyl) glyoxylonitrile oxime) were more effective against both strains than the standard ronnel when compared on the basis of LC50values. Also, 16 other insecticides were more effective than ronnel against the resistant strain but less effective than ronnel against the susceptible strain. None of the 22 were so effective against the resistant strain as against the susceptible strain.
The kilA operon of promiscuous plasmid RK2: the use of a transducing phage (λpklaA‐1) to determine the effects of the lethal klaA gene on Escherichia coli cells

The kil-kor regulon of promiscuous plasmid RK2 includes the replication initiator gene trfA and several potentially host-lethal kil loci (kilA, kilB, kilC, kilE), whose functions may be involved in plasmid maintenance or broad host range. The kilA locus consists of a single operon of three genes (klaA, klaB, klaC), each of which is lethal when expressed from the klaA promoter in the absence of repressors encoded by korA and korB. In this study, we examined the effects of the unregulated klaA gene on the host cell. Bacteriophage lambda was used to construct a transducing phage (lambda pklaA-1) that allows efficient introduction of the klaA gene into Escherichia coli. Cells lacking korA and korB (to allow uncontrolled expression of klaA) and expressing lambda repressor (to prevent phage lytic growth) are killed by lambda pklaA-1. Cell death is dependent on the klaA structural gene, independent of the SOS system of the host, and is prevented by the presence of korA and korB. lambda pklaA-1 was used to synchronously infect cells lacking korA and korB to determine the effects of klaA on the cells over time. The earliest effects, visible at two hours post-infection, are inhibition of growth of the culture, formation of elongated cells, and striking changes in the appearance of the outer membrane. After four to five hours, the viability of the culture declined sharply and macromolecular synthesis ceased. The distinct class of early events is consistent with the hypothesis that the KlaA polypeptide interacts with a specific target in the host cell.
Strategic Plan Intensity: Effectiveness in Different Contexts

Mintzberg has severely criticised the current state of strategic planning practices (1994). So thorough was his condemnation of planning, plans and planners that Peters, in a brief review of Mintzberg's work, offered a eulogy to strategic planning as we know it, “Rest In Peace” (1994). However, after arguing convincingly against the effectiveness of strategic planning in all situations, Mintzberg does suggest that there may be situations or certain contexts in which strategic planning is beneficial (1994).
Host immune response to mosquito-transmitted chikungunya virus differs from that elicited by needle inoculated virus

Background Mosquito-borne diseases are a worldwide public health threat. Mosquitoes transmit viruses or parasites during feeding, along with salivary proteins that modulate host responses to facilitate both blood feeding and pathogen transmission. Understanding these earliest events in mosquito transmission of arboviruses by mosquitoes is essential for development and assessment of rational vaccine and treatment strategies. In this report, we compared host immune responses to chikungunya virus (CHIKV) transmission by (1) mosquito bite, or (2) by needle inoculation. Methods and Findings Differential cytokine expression was measured using quantitative real-time RT-PCR, at sites of uninfected mosquito bites, CHIKV-infected mosquito bites, and needle-inoculated CHIKV. Both uninfected and CHIKV infected mosquitoes polarized host cytokine response to a TH2 profile. Compared to uninfected mosquito bites, expression of IL-4 induced by CHIKV-infected mosquitoes were 150 fold and 527.1 fold higher at 3 hours post feeding (hpf) and 6 hpf, respectively. A significant suppression of TH1 cytokines and TLR-3 was also observed. These significant differences may result from variation in the composition of uninfected and CHIKV-infected mosquito saliva. Needle injected CHIKV induced a robust interferon-γ, no detectable IL-4, and a significant up-regulation of TLR-3. Conclusions This report describes the first analysis of cutaneous cytokines in mice bitten by CHIKV–infected mosquitoes. Our data demonstrate contrasting immune activation in the response to CHIKV infection by mosquito bite or needle inoculation. The significant role of mosquito saliva in these earliest events of CHIKV transmission and infection are highlighted.
Continuous exposure to brain-derived neurotrophic factor is required for persistent activation of TrkB receptor, the ERK signaling pathway, and the induction of neuropeptide Y production in cortical cultures

We have previously demonstrated that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) induces persistent neuropeptide Y (NPY) production in cortical cultures in an ERK1/2-dependent manner. In some studies, it was shown that BDNF leads to the downregulation of TrkB receptor and some of its downstream responses, whereas in others it does not. We examined whether the BDNF requirement for induction of persistent NPY production correlates with that for induction of phosphorylation of TrkB and ERK1/2. Continuous 24-h exposure to BDNF led to a 2- to 3-fold increase in NPY production (maximal level). While 1 h of BDNF exposure induced NPY production at a half maximal level, 8 h was required for induction of a maximal level. BDNF-induced NPY production was completely inhibited by co-exposure to TrkB-Fc fusion protein (TrkB extracellular domain fused to Fc) and partially inhibited by TrkB-Fc added 1 h after BDNF; TrkC-Fc did not do so. Activation of TrkB receptor was analyzed at two potential tyrosine phosphorylated sites, the activation loop and the Shc binding. BDNF led to coordinated phosphorylation of the two sites that persisted for 6-8 h, and this was not associated with changes in the content of TrkB protein. The presence of BDNF throughout the 6- to 8-h period was required for the persistent phosphorylation of TrkB and ERK1/2. Thus, continuous BDNF activation of TrkB is required for persistent activation of the ERK1/2 pathway and induction of NPY production. We propose that, within the time frame analyzed in this study, BDNF does not lead to the downregulation of TrkB receptor or of the biological responses leading to NPY production.
An Introduction to a Modern Academic Business Library

This article is aimed at faculty members who have not kept up with the business library's changing environment. Many of them misguidedly think that all information is now in electronic format. This is simply not the case. About 50% of reference questions are still answered with paper resources. The difficulty lies in determining which format or media answers which questions. The article reviews major paper resources as well as multimedia, on-line, and CD-ROM resources. Also addressed are different kinds of searches, effective methods of searching, and the distinction between electronic catalogs and indexes.
An empirical test of monopoly behaviour: an application to the Hardwood case

(1988). An empirical test of monopoly behaviour: an application to the Hardwood case. Applied Economics: Vol. 20, No. 8, pp. 1115-1127.
Differences between ward's and UPGMA methods of cluster analysis: Implications for school psychology

Abstract This investigation compares the efficacy of two methods of cluster analysis, the unweighted pair-groups method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) and Ward's method. Two hundred students who were referred by their classroom teachers for psychological evaluations were grouped together on the basis of measures of intelligence, achievement, and social adjustment by both clustering methods. Evaluation of the adjusted Rand statistic indicated that the two solutions had little in common. The comparison suggested that the UPGMA method yielded the more efficacious groupings. This determination was based on evaluation of the output, in the form of a dendogram, or “tree,” with respect to individual children, on a comparison of the cophenetic correlation coefficient generated by each method, and finally on the results of two separate discriminant analyses using the grouping solution of each method as the criterion and the original variables that entered into the cluster analysis as the predictors. The UPGMA solution was judged more appropriate with respect to how indicidual children were grouped. UPGMA yielded a higher cophenetic correlation than Ward's method, indicating less distortion between the input into the clustering method and the output. The two separate discriminant analyses indicated that the groups formed by UPGMA were statistically more distinct than those formed by Ward's method. Implications, both specific and general, for the praxis of school psychology are discussed.
Energy efficient computing in nanoscale CMOS: Challenges and opportunities

Future computing systems spanning exascale supercomputers to wearable devices demand orders of magnitude improvements in energy efficiency while providing desired performance. The system-on-chip (SoC) designs need to span a wide range of performance and power across diverse platforms and workloads. The designs must achieve robust near-threshold-voltage (NTV) operation in nanoscale CMOS process while supporting a wide voltage-frequency operating range with minimal impact on die cost. Circuit and design technologies need to overcome the challenges posed by device parameter variations, supply noises, temperature excursions, aging-induced degradations, workload and activity changes, and reliability considerations.
Justice Sandra Day O'Connor: The Framers' “First Woman”

Sandra Day O'Connor's appointment to the Supreme Court was a historic stride in American women's slow but determined march towards full equality. At our nation's birth, Abigail Adams urged her husband and other members of the Continental Congress to “Remember the Ladies” in their new government.1“We know better than to repeal our Masculine systems,” John Adams replied only half jokingly.2 More than two centuries would pass before a woman donned Supreme Court robes to help interpret the United States Constitution.
Jet quenching in lepton nucleus scattering

Two mechanisms for attenuation of produced hadrons in 10–100 GeV deep inelastic lepton-nucleus (lA) reactions are contrasted and compared to data: (1) independent quark fragmentation followed by final state intranuclear cascading and (2) string-flip fragmentation. We find that contrary to previous estimates, the observed suppression of low-momentum secondaries is substantially greater than can be accounted for by the first mechanism. The second mechanism, which involves a strong nuclear modification of quark fragmentation up to jet energies ∼ 10–20 GeV, appears to be more consistent with the available data.
Antioxidant enzymes in the macular retinal pigment epithelium of eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Abstract PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that neovascular age-related macular degeneration is related to oxidative stress involving the macular retinal pigment epithelium. This study investigated, as a function of age, levels of enzymes that defend tissues against oxidative stress in the macular retinal pigment epithelium of human eyes with this disease. METHODS: Surgical specimens of macular choroidal neovascular membranes from eyes with age-related macular degeneration and the macular regions of whole donor eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration or without evident ocular disease were studied by quantitative electron microscopic immunocytochemistry with colloidal gold–labeled second antibodies. Relative levels in retinal pigment epithelium cell cytoplasm and lysosomes were determined of five enzymes believed to protect cells from oxidative stress, as well as levels of the retinal pigment epithelium marker cytoplasmic retinaldehyde-binding protein, for comparison with the enzymes. RESULTS: Copper, zinc superoxide dismutase immunoreactivity increased and catalase immunoreactivity decreased with age in cytoplasm and lysosomes from macular retinal pigment epithelium cells of normal eyes and eyes with age-related macular degeneration. Cytoplasmic retinaldehyde-binding protein immunoreactivity showed no significant relationship to age or the presence of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Glutathione peroxidase immunoreactivity was absent from human retinal pigment epithelium cells. Both heme oxygenase-1 and heme oxygenase-2 had highly significantly greater immunoreactivity in retinal pigment epithelium cell lysosomes than in cytoplasm, differing from the much greater cytoplasmic immunoreactivity of the other proteins studied. This immunoreactivity decreased with age, particularly in the lysosomes of retinal pigment epithelium cells from eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. These decreases were of borderline significance ( P = .067 for heme oxygenase-1; P = .12 for heme oxygenase-2) when eyes with age-related macular degeneration were compared with normal eyes by multivariable logistic regression. CONCLUSIONS: The high heme oxygenase-1 and heme oxygenase-2 lysosomal antigen levels in macular retinal pigment epithelium cells of eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration suggest that oxidative stress causes a pathologic upregulation of these enzymes. Increased lysosomal disposal may indicate that the reparative functions of these enzymes are accompanied by deleterious effects, necessitating their rapid removal from the cell. The much higher heme oxygenase-1 and heme oxygenase-2 antigen levels in macular retinal pigment epithelium cells from younger individuals suggest that protective mechanisms against oxidation and, hence, presumably to the development of age-related macular degeneration, decrease with age.
Success changes the problem: why ventricular fibrillation is declining, why pulseless electrical activity is emerging, and what to do about it.

Abstract Background: Programs for research and practice in resuscitation have focused on identification and reversal of ventricular fibrillation (VF). While substantial progress has been achieved, evidence is accumulating that clinical death is less likely to be caused by fibrillation now than in the 1960s and 1970s. Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) has emerged as the most common rhythm found in arrests in the hospital and is rapidly rising in pre-hospital reports. Purpose: To identify the magnitude of changes occurring, search for potential explanations from population and clinical epidemiology and present the data available regarding etiology and treatment of PEA. Data Sources: Synthesis of material from population epidemiology, clinical epidemiology, animal and human research on VF and PEA. Conclusions: VF is a manifestation of severe, undiagnosed coronary artery disease (CAD). Rates of death from CAD increased from rare in 1930 to become the most common cause of death in the US. CAD death rates peaked in the early 1960s and had declined over 50% by the late 1990s. Primary and secondary prevention, early diagnosis and aggressive, successful treatment have contributed to this decline. PEA is a brief phase in clinical death that occurs after losses in consciousness, ventilatory drive and circulation but before decay to asystole; survival rates are poor. PEA is a common stage in clinical death from any of a variety of tissue hypoxic/anoxic insults. Research on PEA is needed; 50 years of attention to CAD and VF have resulted in improved survival and changed the disease spectrum. Similar attention to animal and clinical research on PEA may have the potential to improve survival.
Language behavior therapy: A derivative of social behaviorism

It is suggested (1) that a personality level is necessary in behavioral theory, (2) that the individual learns enduring personality repertoires that determine his general behavior, (3) that language is composed of several separately learned but intermeshed personality repertoires that are the underlying constituents of personality constructs like intelligence, self-concept, and so on, (4) that personality repertoires can be modified by language means, according to learning principles, and (5) that behavior therapy must begin to include analyses of personality repertoires and methods of changing such repertoires. Some of the language repertorie are described as are ways by which problems can be treated through the language behavior therapy methods outlined. This provides a theoretical framework for considering certain traditional psychotherapy practices in behavioral terms as well as for broadening behavior therapy theory, research, and practice. The present approach thus aims at unification of traditional personality and psychotherapy theory with learning theory, with the latter providing the basic principles. The general, unified theory is called social behaviorism.
On the decriminalization of drugs

(2003). On the decriminalization of drugs. Criminal Justice Ethics: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 30-33.
Organ and species specific differences in cytoskeletal protein profiles of cultured microvascular endothelial cells

Abstract 1. 1. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting techniques we systematically document the structural diversity of cytoskeletal proteins in tight and leaky cultured microvascular endothelial cells (MEC). Bovine pulmonary and eel rete mirabile MEC primarily express cytokeratins 8 and 19. Cytokeratins 8 and 18 were found to be prominent in rat pulmonary MEC. Bovine retinal MEC contained cytokeratins 8, 18 and 19. Bovine adrenal MEC contain vimentin as their sole intermediate filament protein. 2. 2. Four principal actin isoforms were resolved in micro/macrovascular endothelial cells as well as in vascular smooth muscle cells. Retinal pericytes expressed three principal actin isoforms. 3. 3. These results indicate that MEC are diverse, highly differentiated cells displaying a large repertoire of cytoskeletal protein profiles suited for specific tissue functions.
Deficiencies in oxygen, carbon and chlorine (n, n′γ) cross sections and their impact on nuclear based inspection systems

Abstract Large discrepancies have been found among the various nuclear libraries, mainly in the production cross sections and angular distributions of gamma-rays following neutron interactions. These data are required for the design and application of contraband inspection systems based on neutron irradiation techniques. As a result of these discrepancies experiments were conducted to correct and complement the required data. Cross section evaluations of carbon, oxygen and chlorine are reviewed and compared with existing and the new experimental data.
Turbulent Mixing within Tropopause Folds as a Mechanism for the Exchange of Chemical Constituents between the Stratosphere and Troposphere

Abstract Evidence is presented which illustrates the role of jet stream-frontal zone clear air turbulence (CAT) as a mechanism for the exchange of air and chemical trace constituents between the stratosphere and the troposphere. Three-dimensional air motion sensing instrumentation and fast-response ozone and condensation nuclei analysers on board research aircraft permit the quantitative evaluation of the turbulent flux of chemical constituents across the tropopause. The observations reveal that tropopause folds are mixing regions whose chemical characteristics lie somewhere in between those of the troposphere and the stratosphere. The temporal changes of ozone and condensation nuclei brought about through the vertical flux divergence of these quantities suggest that turbulent mixing processes are of first-order importance as a mechanism for stratospheric-tropospheric exchange in the vicinity of jet stream-frontal zone-associated topopause folds.