cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drones And Airspace Management

Throughout the world, the initial response to the sudden rise in the number of unmanned aircraft has been for national, regional, and local authorities to establish "no-fly zones" oftentimes closing wide swaths of airspace with few opportunities to open the airspace once closed. This approach has not worked as we have witnessed law-abiding operators following these often ill-defined rules precluded from delivering the value of unmanned aircraft technology to society, while scofflaws ignore the law and continue to operate in places and ways that raise concerns for the public. In response to these trends, we have witnessed many in industry attempt to port the purely national model and preemptive approach of manned aviation regulation into the regulation of unmanned aircraft, usurping local rules and creating conflicts between drone operators and communities. Industry's approach, while understandable, will also fail as it does not recognize that drones provide their greatest value in close proximity to people and property and therefore the appropriate legal and regulatory structure must recognize the social and political concerns present in this airspace. The concerns in these airspaces are of a type that manned aviation has rarely had to deal with at scale. New models and experiments are underway globally which are demonstrating how a collaborative approach is preferable to both the preemptive approach offered by some in the industry and the restrictive approach followed by some authorities. This paper will outline why the two approaches explained above are failing and if continued will likely prevent the widespread adoption of drones and eventually autonomous systems conducting more advanced operations (such as BVLOS and flights over people). The paper will argue that a moderated approach focused on the delegation of certain airspace management legal and regulatory authorities, leveraging modern technologies such as unmanned traffic management and geoawareness is the best path towards rapidly opening airspace and enabling advanced operations.
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Donor Masks for Facial Transplantation.

BACKGROUND Face transplant teams have an ethical responsibility to restore the donor's likeness after allograft procurement. This has been achieved with masks constructed from facial impressions and three-dimensional printing. The authors compare the accuracy of conventional impression and three-dimensional printing technology. METHODS For three subjects, a three-dimensionally-printed mask was created using advanced three-dimensional imaging and PolyJet technology. Three silicone masks were made using an impression technique; a mold requiring direct contact with each subject's face was reinforced by plaster bands and filled with silicone. Digital models of the face and both masks of each subject were acquired with Vectra H1 Imaging or Artec scanners. Each digital mask model was overlaid onto its corresponding digital face model using a seven-landmark coregistration; part comparison was performed. The absolute deviation between each digital mask and digital face model was compared with the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS The absolute deviation (in millimeters) of each digitally printed mask model relative to the digital face model was significantly smaller than that of the digital silicone mask model (subject 1, 0.61 versus 1.29, p < 0.001; subject 2, 2.59 versus 2.87, p < 0.001; subject 3, 1.77 versus 4.20, p < 0.001). Mean cost and production times were $720 and 40.2 hours for three-dimensionally printed masks, and $735 and 11 hours for silicone masks. CONCLUSIONS Surface analysis shows that three-dimensionally-printed masks offer greater surface accuracy than silicone masks. Greater donor resemblance without additional risk to the allograft may make three-dimensionally-printed masks the superior choice for face transplant teams. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, V.
Ocular surface disease in dogs part 1: aetiopathogenesis and clinical signs

Dry eye disease (DED) is a commonly diagnosed disorder in small animals. It has been historically described as a quantitative or qualitative deficiency in tear production; however, the pathogenesis...
AI-based Power Control of an All-Electric Aircraft

The control of the power generation, distribution and utilization in an all-electric aircraft is challenging. In this paper, an AI-based control of the power source which could be a synchronous generator is proposed that provides stable power to the AC and DC loads in the aircraft. By classifying loads into clusters of varying voltage levels, the proposed control system performs real-time power management while still maintaining the safety of operation. The simulation results reveal that the proposed AI-based GCU control system provides comparable performance in power generation and distribution efficiency as compared to other automatic generator control methods.
CAPRIO: graph-based integration of indoor and outdoor data for path discovery

Recently, navigation and localization systems have emerged to support queries like the shortest distance in either indoor or outdoor with additional constraints. These systems, however, neither combine the indoor and outdoor information nor consider the external natural conditions like the weather that one may face across an outdoor path.In this demonstration paper we present CAPRIO, which proposes and implements a novel graph representation that integrates indoor and outdoor information to discover paths that personalize outdoor exposure while minimizes the overall path length. We also demonstrate how unifying the graph algorithms for indoor and outdoor navigation enables significant optimizations that would not be possible otherwise.
Vector Space and Matrix Methods in Signal and System Theory

The tools, ideas, and insights from linear algebra, abstract algebra, and functional analysis can be extremely useful to signal processing and system theory in various areas of engineering, science, and social science including approximation, optimization, parameter identification, big data, etc. Indeed, many important ideas can be developed from the simple operator equation A x = b by considering it in a variety of ways. If x and if b are vectors from the same or, perhaps, different vector spaces and A is an operator, there are three interesting questions that can be asked which provide a setting for a broad study.
Pain medicine: if we want to be surgeons, we must have surgical training

Pain medicine has become increasingly surgical in its focus. Our progression from medication management and conventional injections to advanced procedures and minimally invasive surgical management of chronic pain requires updated training paradigms. While some programs have adapted over time to
Multimodality Imaging of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

We aim to review the appearance of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) across the spectrum of imaging modalities used in common clinical practice. Changes in technology and clinical breast cancer screening patterns have impacted the imaging evaluation of DCIS. DCIS classically presents as asymptomatic calcifications in women undergoing screening mammography. The replacement of traditional 2D mammography with digital breast tomosynthesis has changed the typical appearance of screen-detected DCIS. Ultrasound is traditionally utilized to detect DCIS in women with clinical symptoms, but efforts to increase screening ultrasound rates for women with dense breasts makes it more important to identify the appearance of DCIS in asymptomatic women. Improvements in MRI technology have made MRI the most sensitive imaging modality to detect DCIS and define the extent of disease, which is increasingly important given greater utilization of MRI for high-risk screening and determination of extent of known disease. Finally, the emergence of active surveillance, or non-surgical management, for DCIS has increased the focus on presurgical identification of associated invasive cancer, with early results demonstrating promise via computer vision and deep learning approaches for this task. DCIS has a highly variable imaging appearance which is subject to changes in imaging technology and clinical management.
Birds, Bees, and Genetic Algorithms

This chapter is about the birds and the bees, but it’s probably not what you’re thinking! Let’s start with the backstory. Imagine that you’re a salesperson who needs to travel to a set of cities to show your products to potential customers. The good news is that there’s a direct flight between every pair of cities and, for each pair, you’re given the cost of flying between those two cities. Your objective is to start in your home city, visit each city exactly once , and return back home at lowest total cost. This is called the Traveling Salesperson Problem and it’s one of the most famous problems in computer science. For example, consider the set of cities and flights shown in Figure 14.1 and imagine that your start city is Aville. A tempting approach to solving the Traveling Salesperson Problem is to use an approach like this. Starting at our home city, Aville, fly on the cheapest flight. That’s the flight of cost 1 to Beesburg. (This is not yet the part about the bees.) From Beesburg, we could fly on the least expensive flight to a city that we have not yet visited, in this case Ceefield. From Ceefield, we would then fly on the cheapest flight to a city that we have not yet visited. (Remember, the problem stipulates that you only fly to a city once, presumably because you’re busy and you don’t want to fly to any city more than once - even if it might be cheaper to do so.) So now, we fly from Ceefield to Deesdale and from there to Eetown.
GDP-Linked Bonds: A Proposal Worth Looking Into

GDP-linked bonds (GLBs) have been the subject of recurrent debates among economists and financial market participants but no major debt office has so far decided to launch them. Issuers remain skeptical about the practical feasibility or desirability of these securities, citing potentially high risk premia and various technical issues, including GDP data integrity and revisions, moral hazard and adverse selection. Against this backdrop, we discuss the key features of these securities and we argue that technical difficulties can be resolved, especially if standardized terms are agreed at the international level and statistical offices agree to publish dedicated GDP series. From the standpoint of investors, GLBs would provide direct exposure to GDP growth of a country or basket of countries without running into the more complex valuation issues that characterize equities. Long-dated GLBs also have the interesting feature that their duration may offset the impact of changes in GDP growth expectations. For issuers, regular issuance of long-dated GLBs would gradually raise the share of liabilities indexed to GDP. In the event of a major economic downturn, the debt-to-GDP ratio would rise more moderately than if all debt consisted of conventional bonds. In the limit case of GLBs accounting for the whole stock of public debt and without a price floor, the debt-to-GDP ratio would not change at all apart from the cyclical change in the budget balance.
FlashRoute: Efficient Traceroute on a Massive Scale

We propose a new traceroute tool, FlashRoute for efficient large-scale topology discovery. FlashRoute reduces the time required for tracerouting the entire /24 IPv4 address space by a factor of three and half compared to previous state of the art. Additionally, we present a new technique to measure hop-distance to a destination using a single probe and uncover a bias of the influential ISI Census hitlist [18] in topology discovery.
Trajectories of Body Weight and Fat Mass in Relation to Incident Prediabetes in a Biracial Cohort of Free-Living Adults.

Objectives Obesity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D), but prospective data relating adiposity measures to incident prediabetes are scant. Methods The Pathobiology of Prediabetes in A Biracial Cohort study followed normoglycemic African Americans (AA) and European Americans (EA) with parental history of T2D for the primary outcome of incident prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) for 5.5 years. Serial assessments included anthropometry and body fat composition. We analyzed weight, body mass index (BMI), waist, total, and abdominal fat mass in relation to incident prediabetes risk. Results Of the 376 subjects enrolled (217 AA, 159 EA; mean age 44.2 years, BMI 31.4 kg/m2), 343 (192 AA, 151 EA) had evaluable follow-up data. A total of 101 (52 AA, 49 EA) developed prediabetes during follow-up. Progressors to prediabetes had a mean baseline weight of 90.0 ± 20.4 kg versus 82.9 ± 21.7 kg among nonprogressors (P = 0.0036). During 5.5 (mean 2.62) years of follow-up, the weight change among nonprogressors was 0.63 ± 6.11 kg compared with 2.54 ± 6.91 kg among progressors (ANOVA P = 0.0072). Progressors also showed greater increases in total fat (P = 0.0015) and trunk fat (P = 0.0005) mass than nonprogressors. Adjusted for age and sex, the significant predictors of incident prediabetes were BMI (P = 0.0013), waist (P Conclusions Among obese free-living offspring of parents with T2D, long-term normoglycemic status was associated with a weight gain of ~0.2 kg/y, whereas progression to prediabetes was associated with a weight gain of ~1 kg/y.
Does Machine Learning Amplify Pricing Errors in Housing Market? : Economics of ML Feedback Loops

Numerous ML pricing models (Zillow’s Zestimate, Redfin Estimate) have been deployed to make house sale price predictions. They appears to be independent and unbiased signal to resolve pricing friction in the housing market. These ML models – learn from live sale prices and influence the same sales simultaneously. This creates a Feedback Loop where the ML model is confounded by its own previous version. We theoretically show how this Feedback Loop creates a self fulfilling prophecy where ML over estimates its own prediction accuracy and market participants over rely on ML predictions. We use data from Zillow’s Zestimate to establish necessary primitives for the theoretical Feedback Loop phenomenon. We also structurally estimate seller payoffs under current and counterfactual ML regimes. We show that ML pricing, instead of alleviating, may widen payoff disparity in favor of sellers with greatest ability to price. This happens because ML lowers pricing Disagreement but adds pricing Bias, with both effects amplified under strong Feedback and high capacity ML.
Improved Oil Recovery in Fractured Reservoirs by Strong Foams Stabilized by Nanoparticles

Enhanced oil recovery in fractured reservoirs is challenging because injected fluids flow mainly through the fractures without displacing oil from the matrix. Foam can enable injection into the mat...
Regulation of Beta-Adrenergic Pathways in the Heart

Beta-adrenergic pathways are affected by several physiologic and pathologic processes involving the heart 1–29 (Table 1).
Should the Supreme Court Fear Congress

Over the past two years, Congress has considered proposals to strip federal courts of jurisdiction over same-sex marriage,1 the Pledge of Allegiance,2 judicial invocations of international law,3 the public display of the Ten Commandments,4 and legal challenges filed by “enemy combatants.”5 And while none of these proposals were enacted,6 some of them were approved by the House of Representatives.7 More striking, Congress expressed its disapproval of state court decision making in the Terri Schiavo case by expanding federal court jurisdiction.8 Specifically, rather than accept state court findings that Terri Schiavo, then in a persistent vegetative state,9 would rather die
Accurate and Efficient Structural Characteristic Feature Extraction for Clone Detection

Structure-oriented approaches in clone detection have become popular in both code-based and model-based clone detection. However, existing methods for capturing structural information in software artifacts are either too computationally expensive to be efficient or too light-weight to be accurate in clone detection. In this paper, we present Exas, an accurate and efficient structural characteristic feature extraction approach that better approximates and captures the structure within the fragments of artifacts. Exas structural features are the sequences of labels and numbers built from nodes, edges, and paths of various lengths of a graph-based representation. A fragment is characterized by a structural characteristic vector of the occurrence counts of those features. We have applied Exas in building two clone detection tools for source code and models. Our analytic study and empirical evaluation on open-source software show that Exas and its algorithm for computing the characteristic vectors are highly accurate and efficient in clone detection.
Coupled shape distribution-based segmentation of multiple objects

In this paper we develop a multi-object prior shape model for use in curve evolution-based image segmentation. Our prior shape model is constructed from a family of shape distributions (cumulative distribution functions) of features related to the shape. Shape distribution-based object representations possess several desired properties, such as robustness, invariance, and good discriminative and generalizing properties. Further, our prior can capture information about the interaction between multiple objects. We incorporate this prior in a curve evolution formulation for shape estimation. We apply this methodology to problems in medical image segmentation.
T lymphocytes promote the development of bone marrow-derived APC in the central nervous system.

Certain cells within the CNS, microglial cells and perivascular macrophages, develop from hemopoietic myelomonocytic lineage progenitors in the bone marrow (BM). Such BM-derived cells function as CNS APC during the development of T cell-mediated paralytic inflammation in diseases such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. We used a novel, interspecies, rat-into-mouse T cell and/or BM cell-transfer method to examine the development and function of BM-derived APC in the CNS. Activated rat T cells, specific for either myelin or nonmyelin Ag, entered the SCID mouse CNS within 3–5 days of cell transfer and caused an accelerated recruitment of BM-derived APC into the CNS. Rat APC in the mouse CNS developed from transferred rat BM within an 8-day period and were entirely sufficient for induction of CNS inflammation and paralysis mediated by myelin-specific rat T cells. The results demonstrate that T cells modulate the development of BM-derived CNS APC in an Ag-independent fashion. This previously unrecognized regulatory pathway, governing the presence of functional APC in the CNS, may be relevant to pathogenesis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, and/or other CNS diseases involving myelomonocytic lineage cells.
Enhanced-depletion-width GaInNAs solar cells grown by molecular-beam epitaxy

GaInNAs, potentially useful in a 4-junction GaInP/sub 2//GaAs/GaInNAs/Ge solar cell, suffers from very low minority-carrier collection lengths. To date, the currents available from GaInNAs solar cells are not high enough to increase the efficiency of a 3-junction device by adding this fourth junction. Here, we grow p-i-n GaInNAs solar cells by MBE with wide, intrinsic base layers and internal QE's near 1.0. If similar 1.0-eV GaInNAs junctions can be successfully integrated into the 3-junction structure, the resulting 4-junction cell would have a higher efficiency.
Data versus decision fusion for distributed classification in sensor networks

Sensor networks provide virtual snapshots of the physical world via densely distributed wireless nodes that can sense in different modalities. Classification of objects moving through the sensor field is an important application that requires collaborative signal processing (CSP) between nodes. Given the limited resources of nodes, a key constraint is to exchange the least amount of information between them to achieve desired performance. Two main forms of CSP are possible. Data fusion-exchange of low-dimensional feature vectors - is needed between correlated nodes. Decision fusion exchange of local likelihood values - is sufficient between independent nodes. Decision fusion is generally preferable due to its lower communication burden. We study CSP classification algorithms based on a Gaussian model for sensor measurements that provides a simple abstraction of node correlation and yields a simple characterization of the optimal maximum likelihood classifier. Two extreme sub-optimal classifiers are also considered: a data-averaging classifier that treats all measurements as correlated, and a decision-fusion classifier that treats them all as independent. Analytical and numerical results based on real data are provided to compare the performance of the three CSP classifiers. Our results indicate that the sub-optimal decision fusion classifier, that is most attractive in the context of sensor networks, is also a robust choice from a decision theoretic viewpoint.
Consultation, Follow-up, and Implementation of Behavior Management Interventions in General Education

This study examined general education teachers' implementation of behavior management interventions following consultation. Interventions were implemented for 8 elementary school students referred ...
A Unique Collision Tumor in Breast

Abstract We report an extraordinary case of a collision tumor consisting of invasive ductal carcinoma with adjacent malignant lymphoma presenting as a single mass in the breast. A 79-year-old woman presented with a breast mass. A core biopsy performed at an outside hospital was interpreted as medullary carcinoma. On review of the breast core biopsy, a diagnosis of a synchronous malignant lymphoma and invasive ductal carcinoma was rendered. The patient underwent lumpectomy and axillary dissection. The excised specimen revealed a 2.1-cm, moderately differentiated invasive ductal carcinoma, partially surrounded by malignant lymphoma with areas where both tumors were intermixed. All 27 axillary lymph nodes were extensively involved by lymphoma, and 1 lymph node demonstrated metastatic carcinoma. The morphology and results of immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and cytogenetic analysis were consistent with extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
Analytical gel chromatography of proteins.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the fundamental aspects of gel chromatography as they comprise a set of analytical techniques that a protein chemist may use. The unifying principles that underlie these techniques have been a major focus of interest. The chapter focuses on the two fundamental principles that underlie the use of gel chromatographic systems as analytical tools in protein chemistry: (1) partition coefficients depend on molecular size and shape in contrast to surface or charge properties. (2) Gel columns are linear chromatographic systems and can, therefore, be used for the analysis of nonlinear molecular phenomena such as those occurring in chemically reacting multicomponent systems. Although deviations from these two principles of ideal behavior are almost always present, their magnitude is almost always small. In addition, it is evident on both theoretical and experimental grounds that the group of techniques based on the partitioning of molecules into porous gel networks constitutes an extremely versatile and useful array of analytical tools for the studies of protein systems. It may be expected, therefore, that the application of these techniques will be extended to a much wider group of experimental systems.
A Comparison Of Role/Task/Environment Stress Experienced By Beginning Academic and Career-Technical Teachers In Southwestern Ohio Career-Technical Schools

This study investigated whether academic or career-technical teachers perceived greater role, task, and environmental stress in a career center setting. Participants were academic and career-technical teachers employed by a career center schools district in southwest Ohio. A total of 24 academic and 50 career-technical teachers, all of whom had fewer than 4 years of teaching experience, completed the Teacher Stress Measure Instrument. A subgroup of participants also completed discussions about their feelings surrounding the topic of teacher stress. Results indicated that careertechnical teachers reported greater role stress and task stress in the career-center setting, while academic teachers reported greater schoolenvironmental stress. The paper recommends that career-technical teacher preparation programs implement strategies and techniques to address the role and task stress factors identified in the study. Traditional academic teacher preparation programs need to incorporate additional information and teaching strategies for their students who teach in diverse employment settings, such as career centers and urban schools. (Contains 14 references.) (SM) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. A COMPARISON OF ROLE/TASK/ENVIRONMENT STRESS EXPERIENCED BY BEGINNING ACADEMIC AND CAREER-TECHNICAL TEACHERS IN SOUTHWESTERN OHIO CAREER-TECHNICAL SCHOOLS PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY
Achromatic triplet using holographic optical elements

An achromatic optical system can be made using three holographic optical elements. A very simple design scheme is presented, and the properties of the system are discussed.
Indirect Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Determination of Silicon by Peroxymolybdic Acid Method

Abstract Heteropoly chemistry is the basis for an indirect ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for silicon that has been developed. Molybdo-silicic acid is formed, extracted, and stripped by basic buffer solution. The resulting molybdate solution is acidified and reacted with hydrogen peroxide. The peroxymolybdic acid thus formed is equivalent to a specific amount of silicon and is measured at 330 nm. Conformity to Beer's law was observed for 0.1 to 3.2 p.p.m. of silicon. The effect of solution variables and diverse ions are reported.
Activity in rat nucleus tractus solitarius after recovery from sodium deprivation

Abstract Sodium depletion has powerful effects on ingestive behavior. Depleted rats consume NaCl avidly at first, but decrease their intake to normal levels as they restore their sodium balance. However, vestiges of the depletion experience are expressed as a more rapidly induced and robust sodium consumption when the rat is challenged with a second depletion. Thus, the salience of sodium to the rat is modified in a lasting manner by severe deprivation. Sodium depletion also causes changes in the responses of taste cells in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). In the present study, we examined whether gustatory-evoked responses in rat NTS continue to reflect the condition induced by sodium deprivation after sodium balance is restored. Single-unit recordings were made in response to 13 taste stimuli in two groups of rats: an experimental group that underwent 10–16 days of sodium deprivation followed by a 2-week recovery period, and a control group that never experienced deprivation. Experimental animals were tested for daily intake of 0.5 M NaCl before and after deprivation; they demonstrated a clear salt appetite only on the first day of the recovery period. Electrophysiological recordings revealed no significant differences between the two groups in response to any single stimulus. Neurons from each group of rats were categorized into three subtypes: sugar-sensitive, salt-sensitive, and nonsugar cells. A comparison of responses in these three subtypes offered no significant differences across groups. Thus, as rats restore depleted sodium levels following deprivation, the responsiveness of cells in the NTS also returns to a predeprivation state.
STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF "ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION PROJECTS"

Abstract The U.S. Department of Transportation's “Alcohol Safety Action Programs” were evaluated by comparing motor vehicle crash fatalities in a number of communities with such programs with fatalities in similar communities without programs. No evidence of program effectiveness was found.
Effect of urine flow rate on uric acid excretion in man.

The effect of alteration in rate of urine flow on renal excretion of uric acid was studied with 29 clearance studies in 12 subjects. Uric acid excretion was found to increase with increase in urine flow. The relative contributions of changes in reabsorption and secretion to the observed increment in urate excretion were estimated by measuring the decrement in urate excretion produced by pyrazinamide, an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion. On the basis of these studies, the increment in uric acid excretion occurring during increased urine flow was attributed almost entirely to enhanced tubular secretion of urate as long as substantial extracellular fluid volume expansion was avoided. Extracellular fluid volume expansion was associated with decreased tubular reabsorption of urate. Since stimulation of the tubular transport system for urate by water ingestion is considered unlikely, this study was interpreted as consistent with the existence of a second, postsecretory distal tubular reabsorptive site for urate. Variation in urine flow rate must be taken into account in the interpretation of studies of renal handling of uric acid in man.
Bidirectional electron transfer in photosystem I: accumulation of A0- in A-side or B-side mutants of the axial ligand to chlorophyll A0.

Photosystem I contains two potential electron transfer pathways between P700 and FX. These branches are made up of the electron transfer chain components A, A0, and A1. The primary electron accepto...
The Spectral Radiance of the Sun from 4μ to 5μ

The radiance of the solar disk was measured as a function of wavelength from 4.0 μ to 5.0 μ with a spectral radiometer system which was calibrated in terms of absolute radiance. The measurements were taken at an altitude of 31 km and, therefore, are relatively unaffected by the terrestrial atmosphere. The radiance values are presented at 0.1-μ intervals over the 1.0-μ range, and it is shown that the effective radiation temperature of the solar disk decreased from 5626°K ± 100°K at 4.0 μ to 5270°K ± 150°K at 5.0 μ. This result represents the only measurements which have been made of solar radiance vs wavelength beyond 2.5 μ so no direct comparison is available; however, the result fits with a single measurement which has been made at longer wavelengths.
Measurement of golf ball lie in various turfgrasses using digital image analysis.

Lie is the position in which a golf ball comes to rest following a stroke. Although the lie of a golf ball is an important factor affecting the play of the next stroke, there have been few attempts to measure this characteristic or determine how management practices, turfgrass species, or cultivars affect ball lie. The objective of this study was to develop and demonstrate a new technique using digital image analysis for measuring ball lie in various turfgrasses. The technique uses a stage that positions a digital camera at the top of a mowed turfgrass canopy and collects an image of a golf ball positioned at the same focal length in each frame. The image was then subjected to digital image analysis to determine the percentage of the golf ball that was visible above the canopy. The new technique was calibrated by positioning a golf ball at a defined height above the soil and also compared with another published technique, called Lie-N-Eye, for accuracy and ease of use. The image analysis technique could distinguish changes in ball height within a turfgrass canopy. In addition, collecting data with the technique was easier and faster compared with the Lie-N-Eye, the only other method of ball lie analysis available. However, the two devices produced data that were highly correlated. Two cultivar trials of bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) and zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) were evaluated using the technique, and significant differences among cultivars in both species were demonstrated.
Resonant coherent excitation of channeled ions

Abstract An effective Hamiltonian and rate equations for the electronic states of a channeled ion are derived. A rate constant for resonant coherent excitation consists of a Lorentzian resonance term added to a less rapidly varying term.
Combining superior alleles from two homozygous populations in a cross-fertilizing species.

The issue of incorporating the good alleles from two homozygous populations of a cross-fertilizing species into a single improved population was investigated assuming independent assortment, no epistasis, and either complete dominance (of the favourable or the unfavourable alleles) or additive genes. The selection limit in the foundation stock is a function of the effective population size (N), the proportion (x) contributed by the better source population (P1), the difference in relative fitness between single locus homozygotes and the proportion of loci (that will segregate in the foundation stock) fixed favourably in P1. In real life the last two of these are never known. We therefore focused on the response limits given x = 0·5, 0·75, 0·875 or the optimum value of x (which is a function of the other three parameters). Our general finding was that in situations where N is large enough so that a major portion of the potential can be achieved, the F2 population should be used as the foundation stock when the two source populations do not differ greatly in performance; but when one population performs considerably better than the other, the first backcross (but not second backcross) would be the choice.
Probable Maximum Precipitation in a Changing Climate: Implications for Dam Design

AbstractModern dams are overwhelmingly designed under the assumption of climatic stationarity by using a static design value known as probable maximum precipitation (PMP). Therefore, it is worthwhile to explore the impact of relaxing the assumption of stationarity and recalculating design PMP values by using currently practiced procedures enhanced by numerical modeling or observational climate trends. This study reports the findings of nonstationary PMP recalculations at three large dam sites in the United States (South Holston Dam in Tennessee, Folsom Dam in California, and Owyhee Dam in Oregon). The results indicate that currently accepted PMP values are significantly increased when future changes in dew points from observational trends or numerical models are taken into account. It is plausible that such future changes in these meteorological thresholds, had they been known among the engineering community when PMPs were designed, would have received the necessary attention regarding the future uncertai...
Supersonic jet atomic spectroscopy with flame atomization

The authors have recently shown that high-resolution laser spectra of flame-atomized samples can be obtained with a low-pressure sampling technique. They used a form of saturation spectroscopy to obtain Doppler-free spectra. Collision broadening was reduced to a negligible value by reducing the sample pressure to as low as 0.1 Torr. There were, however, sufficient velocity-changing collisions within the residual gas to produce strong background pedestals. Also, additional spectral lines due to crossover resonances were present, with background pedestals as well. Since these resonances occur midway between primary resonances, they produce no additional spectral information but instead are an unnecessary hindrance to quantitative high-resolution spectroscopy. The purpose of this note is to report an improved apparatus in which the sampled flame gases are measured in a supersonic expansion. Because of the low rate of velocity-changing collisions in the expansion, the authors can obtain spectra relatively free of the background pedestals previously observed. Furthermore, they can selectively detect the primary resonances and exclude some of the crossover resonances by spatially filtering the sample fluorescence. Thus, two major sources of potential interference in high-resolution spectral determinations, collision pedestals and crossover resonances, are removed. Hyperfine spectra of the sodium D/sub 1/ and D/sub 2/more » lines measured in a supersonic expansion are presented.« less
An Altitudinal Survey of Reproduction in Peromyscus Maniculatus

pools, and a few are known to have deposited 2 sets of eggs in a single season. The number of toads in the breeding population appears to he limited by a density dependent factor or factors. A place to burrow in which there is adequate moisture for survival is suggested as the limiting factor. The change from a drought regime to one of excess rainfall in 1957 may have shifted the level of operation of this presumed factor by increasing the number of potential "homes." REFERENCES Andrewartha, H. G. and L. C. Birch. 1954. The distribution and abundance of animals. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press. Blair, W. Frank. 1953. Growth, dispersal and age at sexual maturity of the Mexican toad (Bufo valliceps Wiegmann). Copeia 1953: 208-212. Nicholson, A. J. 1957. The self adjustment of populations to change. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 22: 153-173. Thornton, W. A. 1954. Population relations and isolation mechanisms in Bufo woodhousei and Bufo valliceps. Unpub. doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas.
Ionisation of cyanate ions in solution

Abstract The He(I) photoelectron spectra of the ions OCN − and SCN − in adiponitrile solution have sharp bands peaking at 8.3 and 7.1 eV. In acetonitrile solution, the N -methylpyridazinium salts possess UV/visible absorption bands at 4.16 (OCN − ), 3.64 (SCN − ) and 3.37 eV (SeCN − ); these are assigned as electron transfers from anion to cation. The conclusion is drawn that the near-UV absorption bands of the anions are caused by electron transfers to the solvent.
A Model of Sales Supervisor Leadership Behavior and Retail Salespeople's Job-Related Outcomes:

Retail salespeople play an important role in a retailer’s marketing mix, yet little empirical research has examined how retail managers might assist sales personnel in the performance of their jobs. This paper reports the results of a study that explored a causal model of sales supervisor “leadership behavior” and seven job-related outcomes of retail salespeople. Implications for retailers and researchers are provided.
The pathophysiology of prolonged periods of no enteral nutrition or nothing by mouth

Abstract Critically ill neonates hospitalized in intensive care units, especially those undergoing surgery, are often kept on parenteral nutrition for lengthy periods of time. While the prevailing thought is this practice minimizes the risk of gastrointestinal complications during the acute phase of illnesses such as necrotizing enterocolitis, receiving nothing per mouth (NPO) predisposes the neonate’s gut to the pathophysiological consequences of gut atrophy and luminal starvation. This paper describes the pathophysiology of NPO, discusses the potential clinical outcomes associated with the practice, and offers suggestions to minimize complications associated with prolonged periods of NPO.
Use of the rotating-electrode process in the fabrication of Cu-Nb composites

Description d'une technique d'atomisation pour l'elaboration des poudres metalliques. Etude theorique du procede de solidification et de la granulometrie moyenne des poudres
Maturation of the developing renal glomerulus with respect to basement membrane proteoglycans

Maturation of the developing renal glomerulus with respect to basement membrane proteoglycans. Maturation of extracellular matrices in relation to heparan sulfate proteoglycans was investigated during glomerular development. Antibodies directed against the core–protein (M r = 18,000) of the basement membrane heparan sulfate–proteoglycan were utilized. The IgG fraction of the antibodies was conjugated with either fluorescein or rhodamine or 125 I-iodine. The fluoresceinated and radioiodinated antibodies were given intravenously to three–day–old rats; their kidneys were obtained 6, 48, and 120 hours later and processed for immunohistochemical and tissue autoradiographic studies. At six hours (day 0), matrices of all the stages were labeled. The labeling was lowest in the vesicle stage and highest in the capillary stage. The autoradiographic grain–densities of vesicle, S-shaped, precapillary, and capillary stages were 10.62 ± 0.54, 7.44 ± 0.65, 11.37 ± 1.03, and 18.35 ± 1.97, respectively. After 48 hours (day 5), the grain–density for S-shaped body decreased from 7.44 ± 0.65 to 4.38 ± 0.61, while no appreciable change in the precapillary and capillary stages was observed. At this time interval, the fluorescein–labeled glomeruli were seen in the deeper cortex only. After 120 hours (day 8), the grain–density for the capillary stage decreased from 18.35 ± 1.97 to 2.82 ± 0.92. The double–labeling experiments included a second injection of rhodaminated antibody at 48 hours (day 5). In these experiments, newly developed glomeruli of varying stages were seen in the superficial cortex. With the use of double filters, the immature glomeruli in the superficial cortex and mature ones in the deeper cortex were visualized. These data indicate the following: (a) during development, there is a concomitant appearance of extracellular matrices and proteoglycans; (b) the concentration of proteoglycans, as measured in terms of absolute number of autoradiographic grains, seems to rise dramatically at the time of epithelial–mesenchymal cells interaction, that is, at the S-shaped body stage; and (c) removal of the antibody bound to the core–protein or, alternatively, the turnover of the core–peptide of proteoglycan appears to be of a few days' duration.
Endogenous Sex Hormones and Glucose Tolerance Status in Postmenopausal Women

Context: In postmenopausal women, endogenous estradiol (E2) and free testosterone (T) have been positively associated with glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes. Most studies have not examined these associations in a large group of postmenopausal women. Objective: The objective was to examine the association between endogenous sex hormones and glucose tolerance in postmenopausal women. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a cross-sectional study of 1973 postmenopausal women ages 45–84 yr, not taking hormone replacement therapy, in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis baseline examination. Main Outcome Measures: Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and diabetes were defined based on fasting blood sugar and/or treatment for diabetes. In women with normal glucose tolerance, insulin resistance was estimated using homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Results: Increasing quartiles of bioavailable T and E2 and decreasing quartiles of SHBG were associated with significantly increa...
Designing symmetric high-genus sculptures

In this paper, we present a procedure to construct a new family of symmetric high-genus sculptures. The procedure is not rigid and provides users a creative flexibility. With this procedure, users can easily create a wide variety of sculptures that still have a similar conceptual form.
Radiation-induced changes in taste acuity in cancer patients.

Abstract Changes in taste acuity were measured in 27 patients with various forms of cancer who received radiation to the head and neck region. In 9 of these patients (group I) measurements of taste acuity were made more than 1 year after completion of radiation therapy. In the other 18 patients (group II) taste measurements were made before, during and approximately I month after radiation therapy. Taste acuity was measured for four taste qualities (salt, sweet, sour and bitter) by a forced choice-three stimulus drop technique which measured detection and recognition thresholds and by a forced scaling technique which measured taste intensity responsiveness. In group II patients impaired acuity, as indicated by elevated detection and recognition thresholds, was observed approximately 3 weeks after initiation of radiotherapy. The bitter and salt qualities showed the earliest and greatest impairment and the sweet quality the least. Taste intensity responsiveness also was impaired in group II patients. As for thresholds, scaling impairment was most severe for bitter and salt taste qualities. Scaling impairment occurred before changes in either detection or recognition thresholds. Detection and recognition thresholds determined in group I patients also showed salt and bitter qualities were affected more severely than either sweet or sour qualities. Zinc administration to group I patients in an uncontrolled study suggested that zinc therapy may be useful in ameliorating taste impairment in some patients. These results suggest that taste loss may be a factor in the anorexia and weight loss that is observed commonly in patients who have undergone radiation treatment. Correction of this abnormality may be useful in aiding the nutritional status of these patients.
The sequence of an atriopeptigen: a precursor of the bioactive atrial peptides.

Abstract The high molecular weight fraction (atriopeptigen-APG) obtained by gel filtration chromatography of rat atrial extracts was fractionated by isoelectric focusing and reverse phase HPLC to obtain a pure APG. Purification of cyanogen bromide digests of the crude high molecular weight fraction resulted in the isolation of a single biologically active cyanogen bromide cleavage peptide. Sequence analyses of these peptides coupled with recent reports of sequence analyses of intermediate molecular weight atrial peptides ( Thibault, et al. (1984) FEBS Letters 167, 352–356, and Kangwa, et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 119, 933–940) provide the complete primary structure of an 111 residue APG.
Observations of “1000 °F embrittlement” in Ni-base superalloys

Abstract A dramatic increase in strength and significant loss in ductility was observed for material that was compressed 30%, exposed to 538 °C and tensile tested at room temperature (compared to as-compressed material). The effect was less dramatic at lower levels of cold work, and subsequent high temperature heat treatments were shown to restore ductility and decrease strength. The mechanism for this “1000 °F embrittlement” of highly deformed superalloys is still not known. Environmental embrittlement can be ruled out, since the vacuum results are the same as the air results. It is unlikely that this is the result of precipitation of a phase (carbides or other) on dislocations, since no differences were observed in the exposed and unexposed thin foil and extraction replica samples in TEM. Work is currently underway to investigate a possible role of solute atoms. The data presented here are not inconsistent with strain aging phenomena.
Nonparametric estimation of küllback-leibler divergence

In this letter, we introduce an estimator of Kullback-Leibler divergence based on two independent samples. We show that on any finite alphabet, this estimator has an exponentially decaying bias and that it is consistent and asymptotically normal. To explain the importance of this estimator, we provide a thorough analysis of the more standard plug-in estimator. We show that it is consistent and asymptotically normal, but with an infinite bias. Moreover, if we modify the plug-in estimator to remove the rare events that cause the bias to become infinite, the bias still decays at a rate no faster than . Further, we extend our results to estimating the symmetrized Kullback-Leibler divergence. We conclude by providing simulation results, which show that the asymptotic properties of these estimators hold even for relatively small sample sizes.
Infuse: a TDMA based reprogramming service for sensor networks

Programming or upgrading the software in sensor networks is one of the important problems since the sensors are often deployed in large numbers and in hostile environments. In this paper, we present infuse, a reliable over the air reprogramming service for sensor networks using time division multiple access (TDMA) protocol. In case of unexpected channel errors, a back pressure mechanism is used to ensure reliable propagation. Moreover, we show that infuse propagates code in a pipeline and in an energy-efficient manner.