cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Review of Semiconductor-Based Monolithic Optical Phased Array Architectures

Semiconductor-based monolithic optical phased arrays (OPA) enable optical beam-steering for lidar and 3D imaging, free-space optical communications, projection and 3D holographical displays, and neural probes among many other possible applications. This paper provides a review of OPA operating principles, architectures, key building blocks, and remaining research challenges.
Regulation of Neuroendocrine Plasticity by the RNA-Binding Protein ZFP36L1

Some small cell lung cancers (SCLCs) are highly sensitive to inhibitors of the histone demethylase LSD1. LSD1 inhibitors are thought to induce their anti-proliferative effects by blocking neuroendocrine differentiation, but the mechanisms by which LSD1 controls the SCLC neuroendocrine phenotype are not well understood. To identify genes required for LSD1 inhibitor sensitivity in SCLC, we performed a positive selection genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 loss of function screen and found that ZFP36L1, an mRNA-binding protein that destabilizes mRNAs, is required for LSD1 inhibitor sensitivity. LSD1 binds and represses ZFP36L1 and upon LSD1 inhibition, ZFP36L1 expression is restored, which is sufficient to block the SCLC neuroendocrine differentiation phenotype and induce a non-neuroendocrine inflammatory phenotype. Mechanistically, ZFP36L1 binds and destabilizes SOX2 and INSM1 mRNAs, two transcription factors that are required for SCLC neuroendocrine differentiation. This work identifies ZFP36L1 as an LSD1 target gene that controls the SCLC neuroendocrine phenotype and demonstrates that modulating mRNA stability of lineage transcription factors controls neuroendocrine to non-neuroendocrine plasticity.
Combined Rothia dentocariosa and Streptococcus viridans Corneal Ulcer in an Immunocompromised Patient

Keratitis is a very common condition seen by ophthalmologists. However, many factors can complicate the treatment of this depending on the causative organism and other patient comorbid conditions. The objective of this clinical case report is to highlight the treatment of keratitis caused by Rothia dentocariosa. It also looks at the unique considerations in keratitis presentations for patients immunocompromised by chemotherapy agents. Our patient is a 58 yo female undergoing chemotherapy with folinic acid, fluorouracil, irinotecan, and panitumumab who presented with several days of a red, painful right eye with mucous discharge. Cultures were positive for Rothia dentocariosa and Streptococcus viridans. The patient ultimately underwent a conjunctival flap procedure as medical therapy with proper oral and topical antibiotics failed to resolve keratitis. This case is unique as previously, only a couple of cases of keratitis caused by Rothia dentocariosa have been reported and none of those patients were immunocompromised nor failed antibiotic therapy.
Educating Lawyers for the Future Legal Profession

What today's law students do as lawyers will be profoundly affected by changes their clients experience. Clients are likely to face more global competition than earlier generations could imagine, and they are likely to value lawyers who understand the non-legal aspects of their problems. Tomorrow's lawyers are likely to have to be more specialized than their predecessors, and many will deliver services that are less personal, more commodity-like, and less financially rewarding. Legal education, in turn, faces challenges producing lawyers capable of functioning in that world. Future lawyers will have to be simultaneously more specialized and more capable of responding to change than were earlier generations. To meet these needs, entering students should be introduced to fundamental issues that cut across all fields, including more public law and international material than most students now encounter. Upperclass students should be given opportunities to specialize and study more non-legal subjects that will make them better able to understand clients' needs. Pressure to control costs, in turn, may lead to an increased use of technology to provide some of the instructional content.
Implementation and Evaluation

This chapter covers how to evaluate the impact of community-based system dynamics (CBSD) projects. It begins by discussing implementation within the context of the dual nature of community-based system dynamics. This is followed by an overview of some of the issues one needs to consider in evaluating group model building and CBSD.
Centrin-Based Contraction and Bacterial Flagella

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the centrin-based contraction and bacterial flagella. The Ca2+ spasmin/centrin system does not use adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for contraction, but it may be responsible for re-extension. The chapter discusses several related concepts, including spasmonemes and centrin-containing structures, prokaryote locomotion, and gliding and other movements. The discussion on spasmonemes and centrin-containing structures include correlation of contractility with spasmonemes and myonemes, striated rootlets, and occurrence and functions of centrin and related molecules. The mechanism for spasmoneme and centrin-based contraction cannot be explained by sliding. Coiling of 4-nm filaments or more basic molecular conformational changes may be involved in this type of contraction. Spasmins and centrins are polymers that appear to require only the binding of Ca2+ to change their lengths. The role of phosphorylation of centrin function is currently unknown. The energy for the rotation of bacterial flagella is derived from a transmembrane ion gradient, which is initially established by input of energy to set up the gradient. Although energy from ATP hydrolysis may be involved in setting up an electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane, ATP does not directly act on the rotation of bacterial flagella. Cell motility using the energy of ion gradients has yet to be demonstrated in eukaryotic cells. The molecular genetics of bacterial flagella and proteins involved in chemotaxis are well elucidated, but only in a few species of bacteria. Unlike eukaryotic cilia and flagella, bacterial flagella are rigid helical structures that are rotated in one direction by the rotary motor associated with the cell membrane. Details on the mechanism by which the motor is driven by the ion-motive force are still unclear. There are cell movements that are not explained by the four recognized motility systems. It may be that many of these will be shown to be governed by one of the known mechanisms, but there remains the possibility for the discovery of novel systems.
Stochastic H/sup /spl infin// identification: an iteratively weighted least squares algorithm

We present a novel problem formulation and algorithm for H/sup /spl infin// system identification based on a stochastic noise model and constrained model set to reduce the conservatism in deterministic noise models, and statistical inefficiency and computational complexity associated with high-order estimates. By establishing a connection between a minimax problem and a sequence of weighted least square problems, we show that the proposed stochastic, constrained problem can be solved with a computationally attractive and conceptually simple iteratively weighted least square (IWLS) identification algorithm. The IWLS procedure is based on a sequence of standard parametric weighted least square output error identification routines, where the weighting is updated via nonparametric estimation of the modeling error to asymptotically achieve the H/sup /spl infin// identification criterion. >
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AND HEALTH PERSPECTIVE: VICTIMS OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS IN JORDAN

Motor vehicle accident survivors who develop post-traumatic stress disorder have become an important health issue. Trauma resulting from Motor Vehicle Accidents has been attracting of increasing concern, with death from injuries is projected to reach 8.4 million in 2020 as compared to 5.1 million in 1990, particularly in developing countries including Jordan. A descriptive phenomenological approach was used for this study to identify and explore the lived experience of post-traumatic stress disorder of individuals who have been involved in a motor vehicle accident in Jordan. Seven themes were explicated from the participants’ transcripts of interview: feeling frustrated at a diminishing health status; struggling to maintain a state of independence; harboring feelings of not being able to recover; feeling discriminated against and marginalized by society; feeling ignored and neglected by health care professionals; feeling abandoned by family; moving toward acceptance through having faith in God. The current social services policies of the Jordanian Health Care System have given little credence to the health care needs of people with PTSD. As a result of this inattention, there is a noticeable lack of processes and protocols concerning care of the mentally ill and people with PTSD. The lack of policy direction has also led to a lack of health resources in this area including specialized clinics. Access to the limited services continues to place patients in vulnerable situations. Lack of policy direction has also impacted on access to health benefits. Presently, support of people with PTSD primarily falls to the family within Jordanian culture. Social support includes providing physical, emotional and financial assistance. Although change is taking place, it is slow and spasmodic.
Covenant nation: The politics of grace in early American literature

Covenant Nation: The Politics of Grace in Early American Literature by Justin M. Scott-Coe Claremont Graduate University: 2012 The argument of this dissertation is that a critical reading of the concept of "covenant" in early American writings is instrumental to understanding the paradoxes in the American political concepts of freedom and equality. Following Slavoj Žižek's theoretical approach to theology, I trace the covenant concept in early American literature from the theological expressions and disputes in Puritan Massachusetts through Jonathan Edwards's Freedom of Will and the essays of Ralph Waldo Emerson, showing how the covenant theology of colonial New England dispersed into more "secular" forms of what may be called an American political theology. The first chapter provides an overview of recent attempts to integrate theology and theory, specifically comparing Jacques Derrida and Žižek to better understand the latter's theology of materialism which relies on as well as informs the Reformed Protestant covenantal dichotomy of grace and works. The second chapter establishes the complicated architecture of the covenant concept within seventeenth-century New England Reformed Protestantism, and uses church membership transcripts along with Ann Hutchinson court trial documents to demonstrate how this inherently unstable theology created unintended slippage between God's grace and mankind's works, resulting in a theological formulation remarkably open to Žižek's analysis of political ideology. The third chapter demonstrates how Jonathan Edwards, through his ingenious counter-argument in Freedom of Will, provides a theoretical foundation for an uneasy but necessary alignment of the covenants of works and grace, releasing the subjunctive potential of grace to operate through history as a predeterminer of meaning and, potentially, freedom. In the last chapter, I argue that Emerson finally converts the covenant from a politically conceptualized theological framework for radical grace into a personal institutionalization of grace itself. Stanley Cavell's exploration of Emerson's "constitution" in light of the covenant motif demonstrates the political (im)possibilities inherent in America's self-conceptions of personal liberty and civic equality. In the end, complexities inherent in the concept of the covenant, especially its creative failure to control the radical nature of "grace," are determinative factors in our contradictory American egalitarian ideals. For Jo, a new beginning
A Note on Debt Reduction and Economic Efficiency

This note examines the efficiency gains that might result from market-based debt reduction and alternative uses of resources. It is argued that when a country`s expected output falls short of contractual claims on that output, private investment is drawn to activities that protect the investors` share of future output at the expense of activities that increase future output. Resources provided by a third party could reduce this gap through market-based debt reduction or by supporting government investment or consumption. Given considerable uncertainty about the efficiency returns of alternative uses of resources, it seems likely that an optimal strategy would include both debt reduction and government investment.
On 3-D target reconstruction from multiple 2-D forward-scan sonar views

We present a novel method for determining the 3-D shape of a target from multiple 2-D forward-look sonar images captured at known sonar poses. It enables both the 3-D localization and modeling of scene objects made from any material visible to the sonar. The method is based on the sequential carving of the non-target space based on projections onto various images, leaving the volume deemed to be occupied by the object of interest. While the estimation generally improves with information from new distinct views, the images acquired through sonar roll motions at only a few views, rather than circumnavigating the target, are critical for more precise reconstruction. Experimental results include computer simulations to assess the convergence properties of our approach for convex and concave polygons. Additionally, we demonstrate performance in experiments with real images of two amorphous coral rocks. Potential applications of our technique include target classification, recognition, re-acquisition and avoidance, as well as 3-D environmental mapping.
Best of both latency and throughput

This paper describes the tradeoff between latency performance and throughput performance in a power-constrained environment. We show that the key to achieving both excellent latency performance as well as excellent throughput performance is to dynamically vary the amount of energy expended to process instructions according to the amount of parallelism available in the software. We survey four techniques for achieving variable energy per instruction: voltage/frequency scaling, asymmetric cores, variable-size cores, and speculation control. We estimate the potential range of energies obtainable by each technique and conclude that a combination of asymmetric cores and voltage/frequency scaling offers the most promising approach to design a chip-level multiprocessor that can achieve both excellent latency performance and excellent throughput performance.
Reply: Reply to the comment on “surface temperature measurement of dielectric materials heated by pulsed laser radiation”

Abstract It is shown that the optical absorption of infrared radiation in an ultra-thin Pt film deposited on a glass or quartz substrate is very small.
Immunity to rotavirus in conventional neonatal calves

The local and systemic humoral immune responses to rotavirus were studied in six conventional neonatal calves. Attenuated bovine rotavirus was administered either orally or directly into an isolated intestinal loop. The parameters monitored were neutralizing rotavirus antibody in serum, immunofluorescent and neutralizing rotavirus antibody in intestinal loop washings, and rotavirus antibody-producing cells in intestinal mucosa. An antibody response was observed in the serum and intestinal secretions from one calf only. Viral replication was not detected in the isolated intestinal loop. Rotavirus antibody-producing cells were found in the intestinal mucosa of five calves. Double staining revealed that most of these cells produced antibody of the immunoglobulin A class. The conclusions were: (i) a previously described system to detect rotavirus antibody-producing cells can be used to study immune responses in neonatal calves, (ii) the class or subclass of antibody in rotavirus antibody-producing cells can be determined by double immunofluorescent staining, (iii) neonatal calves respond to rotavirus inoculation with a local immunoglobulin A response, and (iv) most of the rotavirus antibody-producing cells are located in the mucosa of the proximal small intestine. Images
The Negative Effects of Privilege on Educational Attainment: Gender, Race, Class, and the Bachelor's Degree†

Objective To show that in the contemporary United States, traditionally privileged categories of people—men, whites, and the super-rich—complete four-year college degrees at rates lower than their nonprivileged counterparts—women, nonwhites, and the “99 percent.” Methods Logistic regression and an educational transitions method are used on the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Waves 1 and 4) to predict, given college entrance, who completes a bachelor's degree. Results Women, the lower 99 percent of the income distribution, and when economic resources are present, nonwhites all complete college at higher rates than men, the richest 1 percent, and whites, respectively. In a final model, rich white men as a single category are shown to complete college less than everyone else. Conclusion As previously excluded categories of people have gained access to higher education, the privileged are shifting their reproduction strategies away from schooling.
Choosing to Favor Animals

The Human Use of Animals Case Studies in Ethical Choices. F. Barbara Orlans, Tom L. Beauchamp, Rebecca Dresser, David B. Morton, John P. Gluck. Oxford University Press, New York, 1998. 342 pp. $55. ISBN 0-19-511907-X. Paper, $26. ISBN 0-19-511908-8. This collection of papers is offered as an examination of how far it is ethically justifiable to harm animals in order to benefit humans. The reviewer finds the examination is not balanced, with many of the authors believing that such use of animals is morally wrong.
Cooking, Care, and Domestication: A Culinary Ethnography of the Tax Yong, Northern Thailand

Cooking, Care, and Domestication:. Culinary Ethnography of the Tax Yong, Northern Thailand. Ing-Britt Trankell. Uppsala Studies in Cultural Anthropology, 21. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University Press, 1995. 205 pp.
Staging sexuality through the familial, the performative and the activist: Bollywood’s queer repertoire in the twenty-first century

Bollywood’s queer representational project in the twenty-first century has mostly been understood through a focus on cinematic images and stories and in linear terms of the closet and coming out. This essay considers the idea of queer visibility in Bollywood in embodied terms through an analysis of two eminent filmmakers, Karan Johar and Onir. While Onir’s social advocacy films are an extension of his own openly gay position in Bollywood, Karan Johar as a mainstream, commercial filmmaker has consistently maintained a silence about his sexuality in the media. However, Johar’s queer performances on his chat show, at award shows and the All India Bakchod (AIB) Roast suggest the staging of sexuality in ambiguous and contingent terms without recourse to global identity labels of LGBT. Through an analysis of these performances, the essay argues that Bollywood’s textuality is far too rich and complex to be reduced to any singular logic of queer visibility.
Comparison of Matrix Methods for Elastic Wave Scattering Problems

In the last ten years several numerical methods have been developed for the solution of elastic wave scattering problems that have found application in quantitative flaw definition. Before the development of these methods, due to the complexity of Navier’s equation which governs wave motion in an elastic continuum, numerical results were available only for circular cylinders and spheres. The elastic wave equation is separable only in polar and spherical coordinates. For other geometries, three types of numerical methods have been developed. They were all originally developed for acoustic and electromagnetic problems governed by the scalar and vector wave equations respectively.
Examination of the Infant and Toddler

There is no single examination format that is appropriate for all children in the age group 1 month-3 years. Certain general approaches will assist in obtaining useful results, however.
A versatile stochastic model of a function of unknown and time varying form

Abstract Properties of a random walk model of an unknown function are studied. The model is suitable for use in the following (among others) problem. Given a system with a performance function of unknown, time varying, and possibly multipeak form (with respect to a single system parameter), and given that the only information available are noise perturbed samples of the function at selected parameter settings, then determine the successive parameter settings such that the sum of the values of the observations is maximum. An attempt to avoid the optimal search problem through the use of several intuitively reasonable heuristics is presented.
Novel and Fast Approach for Iris Location

Iris recognition is regarded as the most reliable and accurate biometric identification system. Speed and accuracy of iris location are required to achieve the success of iris recognition. This paper presents a new iris location algorithm to improve speed and accuracy. The first step is to detect a point inside the pupil using the method of minimum local block mean. Then the specialized boundary detection mask (SBDM) is employed to locate three points along the inner and outer iris boundaries. Finally, Thales' theorem is applied to find the hypotenuse that is a diameter of their circumcircle and then the circle parameters can be calculated. Based on the CASIA iris image database, experiment results show that the proposed method is superior to the existing approaches on the speed and precision of iris location.
The Farnesyl-diphosphate/Geranylgeranyl-diphosphate Synthase of Toxoplasma gondii Is a Bifunctional Enzyme and a Molecular Target of Bisphosphonates

Farnesyl-diphosphate synthase (FPPS) catalyzes the synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate, an important precursor of sterols, dolichols, ubiquinones, and prenylated proteins. We report the cloning and characterization of two Toxoplasma gondii farnesyl-diphosphate synthase (TgFPPS) homologs. A single genetic locus produces two transcripts, TgFPPS and TgFPPSi, by alternative splicing. Both isoforms were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, but only TgFPPS was active. The protein products predicted from the nucleotide sequences have 646 and 605 amino acids and apparent molecular masses of 69.5 and 64.5 kDa, respectively. Several conserved sequence motifs found in other prenyl-diphosphate synthases are present in both TgFPPSs. TgFPPS was also expressed in the baculovirus system and was biochemically characterized. In contrast to the FPPS of other eukaryotic organisms, TgFPPS is bifunctional, catalyzing the formation of both farnesyl diphosphate and geranylgeranyl diphosphate. TgFPPS localizes to the mitochondria, as determined by the co-localisation of the affinity-purified antibodies against the protein with MitoTracker, and in accord with the presence of an N-terminal mitochondria-targeting signal in the protein. This enzyme is an attractive target for drug development, because the order of inhibition of the enzyme by a number of bisphosphonates is the same as that for inhibition of parasite growth. In summary, we report the first bifunctional farnesyl-diphosphate/geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase identified in eukaryotes, which, together with previous results, establishes this enzyme as a valid target for the chemotherapy of toxoplasmosis.
Nonlinear fibre devices operating on multiple WDM channels

Operating principles and experimental testing results are reviewed for several multiple-WDM channel nonlinear fibre devices: optical clock recovery, 2R regenerator and dynamic residual dispersion compensator. (4 pages)
Unsteady heat transfer in laminar boundary layer over a flat plate

Abstract The thermal response of an incompressible, laminar boundary layer over a semi-infinite flat plate due to a step change in either the wall temperature or wall flux is investigated. A new analytical method of finding solutions valid for all times is presented. Results for wall flux or wall temperature transients are displayed graphically for Prandtl numbers ranging from 0·01 to 100. It is demonstrated that, for a restricted range of Prandtl number (0·72 to 100), the time required for the thermal layer to achieve steadiness varies inversely with the free stream velocity and directly with 1 3 power of the Prandtl number. For an ideal gas of constant Prandtl number with linear viscosity-temperature relation of the Chapman-Rubesin description, the incompressible results for both cases can be directly applied when the fluid properties are properly interpreted.
Subcellular Localization of Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme in Rabbit Lung

THE rapidity with which angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II1–5 suggests that the subcellular localization of the converting enzyme is important. Bakhle6 and Cushman and Cheung7 have demonstrated the particulate nature of this enzyme. Subcellular distribution studies and marker enzyme analysis indicate that converting enzyme activity in rabbit lung is most concentrated in the pellet sedimenting at between 1,000 and 25,000g (P2), subsequently characterized as the light and heavy mitochondrial fraction. To identify this fraction more fully, we have resuspended P2 and centrifuged it through a discontinuous density gradient, a procedure which separates converting enzyme activity from the mitochondria. Marker enzyme analysis and electron microscopy suggest plasma membrane as the major constituent of that fraction displaying highest specific activity of converting enzyme.
On the effective viscosity of pseudoplastic suspensions

An expression is developed that predicts the concentration dependence of the apparent viscosity of a concentrated pseudoplastic suspension. The result, which is an extension of the Frankel and Acrivos Newtonian suspension analysis, shows that the influence of particles concentration on the effective viscosity of pseudoplastic suspensions increases as the power law index of the suspension increases. Experimental data shows good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Short-term Costs for Long-term Benefits

ABSTRACT The financial and economic crisis that started simmering in 2007 and came to a full boil in late 2008 affected organizations of every kind, including independent research libraries large and small. Having just completed long-term, strategic planning, the Newberry Library found itself having to make big adjustments to carefully crafted plans, in just a few weeks. These remarks explore how the Newberry's response to this crisis, despite much institutional pain, has strengthened it considerably—and what some of its independent peers have done at the same time.
Carbon dioxide uptake studies in algae grown in water and deuterium oxide.

Abstract A procedure is described for studying carbon dioxide uptake in algae using C 14 - labeled sodium bicarbonate as the source of carbon dioxide. Actively dividing, water grown and deuterium oxide adapted, Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris were employed in these studies. Uptake comparisons were made over pH range 6 to 9 using appropriate buffer systems. Uptake was fairly constant in the range pH 6 to 8 for both the aqueous and deuterated algae. Above pH 8 uptake dropped markedly. In general, the deuterated algae showed between 10 and 30% lower uptake than ordinary algae. Greater chlorophyll content is associated with higher carbon dioxide uptake.
Anisotropy of Silica Aerogels Induced by Small Strain

We have performed optical birefringence measurements on isotropic aerogel samples grown with varying amounts of ammonia catalyst to determine the relationship between stress, strain, and transmitted light intensity, focusing on the regime of relatively small axial strain. We find that our samples exhibit a delayed onset of birefringence at ∼3 % strain, beyond which the transmitted intensity increases linearly, with a faster rate of increase for samples prepared with larger catalyst concentrations. We have also calculated the sound velocity from the slope of the stress-strain curve, and found an approximately linear increase with catalyst solution pH for samples of similar density. Samples of similar density also appear to exhibit a universal relationship between applied stress and transmitted intensity. We are not able to identify the mechanism for this unique behavior.
A method for separating DNA fragments by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide concentration gradient slab gels

Abstract Electrophoresis on slab gels containing a linear gradient of polyacrylamide concentration has been used to separate DNA fragments obtained by restriction of viral DNAs. A simple method of preparing gradient gels using a sucrose density-gradient mixer and preexisting slab gel apparatus is described. DNA fragments of molecular weights 7 × 10 4 –14 × 10 6 have been fractionated on gels of 3.5–7.5% and 2.5–7.5% acrylamide concentration. In addition to the wide range of fragment sizes which may be run on a single gel, a further advantage of the system is that much sharper bands are obtained compared to conventional constant concentration gels, thus improving resolution. In the molecular-weight range below 5 × 10 6 , for bands whose terminal velocities in the polyacrylamide concentration gradient approach zero, an approximately linear relationship holds between the logarithms of the molecular weights of the fragments and the logarithms of the distances they have migrated in the gel. Thus, by choosing a suitable upper limit to the concentration gradient, the gel system provides a method for estimating approximate molecular weights of unknown DNA fragments, by comparing their mobilities to known standards.
Recurrence times and periodicities in 4U 1608-52 as observed by Vela 5B

We report on the Vela 5B 10 year history of the soft X-ray transient 4U 1608-52, and on the characteristics of its soft X-ray outbursts. The Vela 5B satellite observed the four known outbursts in 1975, 1977, and 1979, and four new outbursts in 1970 and 1971, altering the recurrence pattern of outbursts from this source. One of the 1970 outbursts is symmetric in its intensity profile, while the two outbursts in 1971 have short exponential profiles separated by 80 days. Despite suggestive recurrence periods of approximately 85 and approximately 150 days evident in the time intervals between the outbursts, there is no single statistically significant recurrence time on which the outbursts recur consistently. In the 1970 symmetric event, there is evidence for a period of either 4.10 or 5.19 days. Drawing upon the analogy with SU Ursa Majoris dwarf novae, we suggest that the short period is orbital and any longer period would be associated with a precession period of the accretion disk.
Multiphase CO2 flow, transport and sequestration in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming, USA

Abstract Sequestration of anthropogenic “greenhouse gases” such as CO 2 is proposed as a means of reducing global warming. We tested the possibility of sequestering CO 2 in regional-scale aquifers in sedimentary basins, including residence time in possible aquifer storage sites and migration rates away from such sites. The example basin studied is the Powder River Basin, Wyoming. We calibrated regional scale rock properties in the Powder River Basin using surface heat flow observations. We determined advection by a regional-scale groundwater flow system in the basin can explain anomalously high surface heat flow not explained by conduction alone. Our study suggests that regional scale sedimentary basin aquifers are viable candidates for CO 2 sequestration for time-scales of 10 3 years.
On the mechanism of carbon tetrachloride toxicity--coincidence of loss of drug-metabolizing activity with peroxidation of microsomal lipid.

Abstract Lipoperoxidation in vitro of liver microsome preparations results in a coincidental loss of drug metabolism measured as aminopyrine demethylase activity. NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity, on the contrary, increased as peroxidative damage to the membrane progressed. These results suggest the effect of lipoperoxidation to be remote from the flavoprotein stage of the microsomal electron transport system. The addition of carbon tetrachloride, in amounts equivalent to that found after dosage, in vivo , to microsomal preparations protected from lipid peroxidation did not alter the enzymic action toward aminopyrine demethylation. Carbon tetrachloride administration is known to induce microsomal lipid peroxidation as well as depress the microsomal drug-metabolizing system. The fact that aminopyrine demethylase has been shown to be very sensitive to lipoperoxidative decomposition of the microsomal membrane supports the contention that carbon tetrachloride-induced inhibition of drug metabolism is a direct result of lipoperoxidative damage to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Variational Treatment of Warm Electrons in Nonpolar Crystals

Deviations from Ohm's law in nonpolar crystals are treated for weak fields by the variational method. A simple band structure is assumed. Scattering by both acoustical and optical phonons, and ionized impurities is included. It is shown that the influence of optical phonons on the field dependent mobility (${E}^{2}$ term where $E$ is the electrostatic field) is maximum for a temperature which corresponds approximately to the optical phonon energy. The field dependent mobility is highly sensitive to ionized impurity scattering as in the case of acoustical phonons alone. Finally, the convergence of the variational method is established in limiting cases using as a representation a set of polynomials which are orthonormal with respect to the collision operator. Extensive calculations are given for electrons in germanium and comparison with experiment is discussed.
Efficiency limitations for wide-band-gap chalcopyrite solar cells

Wide-band-gap chalcopyrite solar cells, most prominently Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) with high Ga content, have failed over the past years to achieve conversion efficiencies consistent with those achieved with lower Ga CIGS. Starting from a simple baseline (BL) case of a ZnO/CdS/CIGS solar cell, numerical modeling tools were used to investigate the effects of bulk and interface recombination for a broad range of absorber band-gap energies assuming that the Ga/In ratio primarily affects the conduction band. The model predicts that even very small interface recombination velocities limit the open circuit voltage, when the conduction band offset (CBO) between window and absorber layer is close to zero or is negative. This is the case for CdS/CIGS structures with absorber band gaps above 1.3–1.4 eV. The simulations further predict that surface phases or pinning of the Fermi level at the interface can inhibit interface recombination and hence lead to an improvement in cell efficiency. Conversion efficiency for all band-gap energies is calculated based on a generic window layer/absorber structure assuming that the band alignment can be arbitrarily chosen. The implication of this work is that, although the record CIGS efficiencies have been achieved with CdS window layers, CdS may not be the best window layer for wide-band-gap chalcopyrite solar cells. Our results agree very well with the reported record efficiency for CdS/CuInSe2, CdS/CdTe, CdS/CuGaSe2, and CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells.
Sources and technology for an atomic gravitational wave interferometric sensor

We study the use of atom interferometers as detectors for gravitational waves in the mHz–Hz frequency band, which is complementary to planned optical interferometers, such as laser interferometer gravitational wave observatories (LIGOs) and the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). We describe an optimized atomic gravitational wave interferometric sensor (AGIS), whose sensitivity is proportional to the baseline length to power of 5/2, as opposed to the linear scaling of a more conservative design. Technical challenges are briefly discussed, as is a table-top demonstrator AGIS that is presently under construction at Berkeley. We study a range of potential sources of gravitational waves visible to AGIS, including galactic and extra-galactic binaries. Based on the predicted shot noise limited performance, AGIS should be capable of detecting type Ia supernovae precursors within 500 pc, up to 200 years beforehand. An optimized detector may be capable of detecting waves from RX J0806.3+1527.
Effects of impurity scattering in metallic spin glasses

Abstract The effects of potential and spin orbit impurity scattering of conduction electrons on the transition temperature and order-parameter symmetry of metallic spin glasses is discussed. A transition from RKKY -driven Heisenberg behavior to an Ising-like situation occurs in the presence of spin orbit scattering. In the weak scattering regime, the spin glass transition temperature is unaltered by mean free path effects.
Robust Controller Design for Linear, Time-Varying Systems

This paper examines the design of controllers for linear, time-varying systems. A design procedure is presented that incorporates performance and robustness objectives into existing . H ∞ optimal control methods for time-varying systems. Design guidelines are derived for several basic performance and robustness objectives using a description of the frequency domain behaviour of a time-varying system. The frequency response is dependent on time as well as frequency. These guidelines reflect the frequency domain intuition gained from the timeinvariant case as well as the time dependence of the frequency domain behaviour of a time-varying system. Performance specifications are incorporated through the selection of time-varying weighting filters. Time-varying realisations for the weighting filters are obtained by interpolating between timeinvariant realisations. Results on the localised-intime behaviour of these realisations are derived to permit localised-in-time performance specifications. This procedure is analogous to the loop-shaping design procedure of McFarlane and Glover for timeinvariant systems.
Production of fishes in a subtropical blackwater ecosystem: The Okefenokee Swamp1

Etude de la productivite des trois especes de poissons dominant dans un marais acide de Georgie a vegetation de macrophytes: 171 kg de poids humide par ha −1 par an −1
Current-voltage characteristics through a single light-sensitive molecule

A light-sensitive molecular switch based on single azobenzene molecule has been proposed recently C. Zhang, M. H. Du, H. P. Cheng, X. G. Zhang, A. E. Roitberg, and J. L. Krause, Physical Review Letters 92, 158301 2004 . Here we investigate the stability of the molecular switch under finite bias. Using a firstprinciples method that combines the nonequilibrium Green’s function technique and density functional theory, we compute the current-voltage curves for both trans and cis configurations of the azobenzene molecule connected to two gold leads between bias voltages of 0 and 1 V. We find that the current through the trans configuration is significantly higher than that through the cis configuration for most biases, suggesting that the molecular switch proposed previously is stable under the finite bias. A negative differential conductance NDR is found for the cis configuration at 0.8 V. Analysis of the band structure of the leads and the molecular states reveals that the transmission through the highest occupied molecular orbital state of the molecule is suppressed significantly at this bias voltage, which causes the NDR.
Reconstruction of malicious internet flows

We describe a general-purpose distributed system capable of traceback of malicious flow trajectories in the wide area despite possible source IP spoofing. Our system requires the placement of agents on a subset of the inter-autonomous system (AS) links of the Internet. Agents are instrumented with a uniform notion of attack criterion. Deployed, these agents implement a self-organizing, decentralized mechanism that is capable of reconstructing topological and temporal information about malicious flows. For example, when the attack criterion is taken to be based on excessive TCP connection establishment traffic to a destination, the system becomes a traceback service for distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. As another special case, when the attack criterion is taken to be based on malicious payload signature match as defined by an intrusion detection system (IDS), the agents provide a service for tracing malware propagation pathways. The main contribution of this paper, is to demonstrate that the proposed system is effective at recovering malicious flow structure even at moderate levels of deployment in large networks, including within the present Internet topology.
A Comprehensive Quantitative Method for Prediction of Visual Performance Potential as a Function of Reference Luminance

This article describes the quantitative method for prediction of visual performance potential as a function of reference luminance which has been developed from the results of studies described in four earlier articles of the present series. The method involves two nonlinear transforms, the first relating visibility metrics to reference luminance for different task conditions, the second relating visual performance potential to visibility metrics. The new first transform metric designated visibility is introduced which will be useful in defining indices of visual effectiveness of lighting, namely equivalent reference luminance and equivalent reference illuminance. These indices may be used to evaluate lighting systems differing with respect to the level of task luminance they provide, the geometry and polarization of illuminance, and the degree to which the luminance of the visual field is uniform. Visibility level is a second metric of the first transform which may be used as an alternate to visibility. ...
Yersinia pestis evolution on a small timescale: comparison of whole genome sequences from North America.

Background. Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague, was responsible for several devastating epidemics throughout history and is currently of global importance to current public heath and biodefense efforts. Y. pestis is widespread in the Western United States. Because Y. pestis was first introduced to this region just over 100 years ago, there has been little time for genetic diversity to accumulate. Recent studies based upon single nucleotide polymorphisms have begun to quantify the genetic diversity of Y. pestis in North America. Methodology/Principal Findings. To examine the evolution of Y. pestis in North America, a gapped genome sequence of CA88-4125 was generated. Sequence comparison with another North American Y. pestis strain, CO92, identified seven regions of difference (six inversions, one rearrangement), differing IS element copy numbers, and several SNPs. Conclusions/Significance. The relatively large number of inverted/rearranged segments suggests that North American Y. pestis strains may be undergoing inversion fixation at high rates over a short time span, contributing to higher-than-expected diversity in this region. These findings will hopefully encourage the scientific community to sequence additional Y. pestis strains from North America and abroad, leading to a greater understanding of the evolutionary history of this pathogen.
Topological solitons in a hot and dense fermi gas

Abstract States with a fractional fermion number have been discovered in various relativistic field theory models, and in this paper the effects of a finite temperature and chemical potential are investigated. A general approach for the evaluation of the fermion number is developed and its various aspects are discussed; in particular the topological nature of the fermion number at finite temperature and chemical potential is revealed. The connection between the fermion number and the partition function of a hot and dense Fermi gas in the presence of a topologically nontrivial background is emphasized and the use of the fermion number as an order parameter is suggested. As an application, the solitons in the SU(2) × SU(2) Skyrme model are investigated, and it is suggested that the breakdown of the Skyrme model at high temperature and density can be related to the formation of a quark-gluon plasma in QCD. The critical values of the temperature and chemical potential are estimated in the adiabatic limit to be Tc ≈ 100–300 MeV and μc ≈ 300 MeV per quark.
CyPPA, a positive modulator of small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels, inhibits phasic uterine contractions and delays preterm birth in mice

Organized uterine contractions, including those necessary for parturition, are dependent on calcium entry through voltage-gated calcium channels in myometrial smooth muscle cells. Recent evidence s...
Disorienting race and education: changing paradigms on the schooling of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders

The introduction frames the state of the educational research on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) within two contexts—historical and conceptual—in order to develop intellectual and political paradigms that address their specific needs and interests. The historical section illustrates how the varying political status of AAPIs as immigrants, citizens, aliens, colonized nationals, refugees, and racial minority has shaped educational policies and programs. The conceptual section categorizes the multiple ways of researching and teaching race into pan‐ethnic, intersectional, comparative, and transnational frameworks. Situating and analyzing the work of the contributors in the special issue within historical and conceptual contexts demonstrates what the author considers as part and parcel of the overall project of ‘disorienting’. Disorienting is a dynamic and continuous process of negating, interrupting, and contesting dominant and normalized knowledge in order to transform the discourses and struct...
Cyclization of all-L-Pentapeptides by Means of 1-Hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole-Derived Uronium and Phosphonium Reagents.

Due to their restricted conformational flexibility, cyclic peptides are of great interest in connection with structure−activity relationships, especially the elucidation of bioactive conformations. For linear peptides that do not contain turn structure-inducing amino acid residues, the cyclization reaction may be an inherently improbable or slow process, and side reactions, such as cyclodimerization and epimerization at the C-terminal residue, may dominate. A number of 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole-based onium salts were examined for cyclization of thymopentin-derived pentapeptides and the results compared with data from more conventional coupling reagents. The azabenzotriazol-derived coupling reagents stood out as being the most effective by far. The cyclizations proceed extremely rapidly, and in contrast to other coupling reagents, C-terminal epimerization was generally less than 10%. C-terminal d-amino acid residues favor the formation of monocyclic pentapeptide rings. A similar effect was observed for ...
Size-dependent aerosol deposition velocities during BEARPEX'07

Abstract. Aerosol concentrations and 3-D winds were measured from 9 to 25 September 2007, above a pine forest in California. The measurements were combined using the eddy covariance (EC) technique to determine aerosol eddy fluxes as a function of particle diameter within the accumulation mode size range (0.25 μm≤Dp≤1 μm here). Measured heat and water vapor fluxes were utilized to correct the aerosol eddy fluxes for aerosol hygroscopic growth. The hygroscopic growth correction was necessary despite the low RH and relatively hygrophobic nature of the particles. Uncertainties associated with particle counting also were evaluated from the data. Aerosol deposition velocities (Vd = EC turbulent flux/mean particle concentration) during daytime were shown to vary from −0.2 to −1.0 cm s−1; the magnitude of particle Vd increases with friction velocity and particle diameter.