cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on the inflammatory cytokine response and protein expression in A549 cells exposed to PM2.5 collected in the Baton Rouge–Port Allen industrial corridor of Southeastern Louisiana in 2005

Hurricanes Katrina and Rita hit the coast of Louisiana in 2005 and killed more than 2000 people. The two storms resulted in a significant spike in particulate matter (PM2.5) levels across the state of Louisiana. This report focuses on PM2.5 samples collected in 2005 from two monitoring sites in the neighboring cities of Baton Rouge and Port Allen, Louisiana. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) revealed the presence of PM2.5-adsorbed representative and Fenton-active transition metals. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses revealed the presence of 23 PAH compounds. Endotoxins were also detected. Metals and endotoxins were extracted with water. PAH were extracted with dichloromethane. In order to assess cytotoxicity, aqueous PM2.5 extracts were introduced to A549 Human Epithelial Lung Carcinoma Cells. Results indicated decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, with an LC50 of 235 µg/ml and 250 µg/ml, respectively, for the two sites featured here. Endotoxins alone were not cytotoxic. The concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and released LDH activity increased following exposure of A549 cells to aqueous PM2.5 extracts. Fluorescence microscopy revealed apoptotic and necrotic cell death mechanisms. ELISA revealed increased secretion of primary pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. Global PCR gene expression revealed up-regulation of proteins associated with the cytokine storm; e.g. interleukins, chemokines, and TNF-α. Global antibody microarray was consistent with an inflammatory response, with up-regulation of cytokines involved in the down-field activation of the caspase cascade and kinase pathways. The up-regulation of metal-redox sensitive transcription factors, NF-κβ and AP-1, is consistent with a cell death mechanism initiated by Fenton-active transition metal redox catalysis.
Paracrine Signaling through the JAK/STAT Pathway Activates Invasive Behavior of Ovarian Epithelial Cells in Drosophila

The JAK/STAT signaling pathway, renowned for its effects on cell proliferation and survival, is constitutively active in various human cancers, including ovarian. We have found that JAK and STAT are required to convert the border cells in the Drosophila ovary from stationary, epithelial cells to migratory, invasive cells. The ligand for this pathway, Unpaired (UPD), is expressed by two central cells within the migratory cell cluster. Mutations in upd or jak cause defects in migration and a reduction in the number of cells recruited to the cluster. Ectopic expression of either UPD or JAK is sufficient to induce extra epithelial cells to migrate. Thus, a localized signal activates the JAK/STAT pathway in neighboring epithelial cells, causing them to become invasive.
12. Primary immunodeficiency diseases.

Abstract Although primary immunodeficiency disorders are relatively rare, intensive investigation of these disorders has yielded a great wealth of understanding of basic immunologic mechanisms in host defense, inflammation, and autoimmunity. These advances have led to important developments for the treatment not only of the primary immunodeficiencies but also for patients with secondary immunocompromised states, autoimmune disorders, hypersensitivity, graft rejection, and graft versus host disease. Correction of a form of severe combined immunodeficiency represents the first true success of human gene therapy. This review introduces the major clinical manifestations of primary immunodeficiency disorders, along with descriptions of essential elements of the pathophysiology of those disorders that have been defined at the molecular level. Key concepts in treatment are also presented. It is critical for the practicing primary care provider and allergist to maintain an index of suspicion for immunodeficiency. Early diagnosis offers the best opportunity for reduced morbidity and survival and is critical for accurate genetic counseling. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111:S571-81.)
The Analysis of Transformed Data

Abstract Recently it was suggested (Bickel and Doksum 1981) that when data are used to select a transformation, the post-transformation analysis of those data may need to be modified considerably from standard form so as to allow for the selection. We argue that common sense and the work of Box and Cox (1964) point to a contrary conclusion. Our argument is based on considerations of parameter interpretation and subsequent Bayesian analysis, within the context of fitting normal-error linear models. Numerical examples are used to illustrate the main points.
Comparative toxicity of E4 deleted vectors expressing human ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) cDNA ♦ 730

Comparative toxicity of E4 deleted vectors expressing human ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) cDNA ♦ 730
Comments on "Detector relative efficiencies in the presence of Laplace noise" by M.I. Dadi and J.R. Marks II

In the above-titled paper (see ibid., vol.AES-23, p.568-82, July 1987) M.I. Dadi and J.R. Marks II studied the relative efficiencies of the Neyman-Pearson optimal detector with respect to the linear and sign detectors, for the detection of a constant signal in additive Laplace noise. By applying the central limit theorem, they derived expressions for three types of asymptotic relative efficiencies (AREs). However, as noted in the above paper, the Gaussian approximation to the sign detector fails to yield the correct asymptotic efficiency. The commenter derives the correct ARE of the optimal detector with respect to the sign detector for the Laplace noise. >
RCRA Assessment Plan for Single-Shell Tank Waste Management Area S-SX at the Hanford Site, Washington, Interim Change Notice 3

This ICN updates the assessment plan to reflect the current wells in the monitoring system and the current constituent list for WMA S-SX in compliance with RCRA assessment monitoring. This ICN supplements all previous ICNs. This document was prepared under the Groundwater Remediation and Closure Assessment Projects, and reflects the requirements of The Groundwater Performance Assessment Project Quality Assurance Plan (PNNL-15014).
The Pediatric Role in the Care of Children in Foster and Kinship Care

1. Moira Szilagyi, MD, PhD* 1. *Starlight Pediatrics, Rochester, NY. In September 2010, 408,425 children and adolescents resided in foster care. Recent legislation highlights an increasing focus on involving pediatricians in supporting children in foster care and defines specific requirements relevant to the role of pediatricians. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Understand the purposes of foster care and the problems associated with pre-placement childhood trauma and foster care placement. 2. Know the basics of how foster care systems work. 3. Recognize that children in foster care are by definition children with special health-care needs. 4. Understand that many children in foster care have behavioral problems that can lead to placement instability that, in turn, can exacerbate those problems. 5. Understand the physician’s role in foster care. Foster care is intended to provide a temporary haven for children during a time of family crisis when children are at imminent risk for harm. The goals of foster care are to promote child health, safety, permanency, and well-being. Foster care also has the mission of building on family strengths and providing birth parents with the services they need to reconnect (reunify) with their children. Because children fare best in stable and nurturing families, there has been an increased emphasis in the past decade on shortening the time to permanency through reunification, placement with relatives, and adoption. Foster care also has the obligation to prepare youth for independent living when none of these permanency options is possible. In some states, more than one third of children in foster care are in court-ordered (formal) kinship placements, arrangements in which the related (kin) caregiver may or may not be a certified foster parent. Even outside the child welfare …
“If I Don’t Have to Work Anymore,Who Am I?”: Job Loss and Collaborative Self-Concept Repair

Previous research on unemployment among managers and professionals has documented the experience of job loss as stressful because of both economic strain and the damage it does to valued identities and self-conceptions. Little research, however, has examined the processes through which displaced workers collectively attempt to repair this damage. Data from participant observation in four support groups, plus intensive interviews with twenty-two group members, are used to develop an analysis of the self-concept repair strategies used by these relatively privileged workers. Five main strategies are identified: (1) redefining the meaning of unemployment, (2) realizing accomplishment, (3) restructuring time, (4) forming accountability partnerships, and (5) helping others.These findings suggest that our understandings of how people cope with stressful life events need to take into account the social capital available to different groups. A second implication concerns our understanding of how the self-concept operates as a source of motivation.
FlowMap: an optimal technology mapping algorithm for delay optimization in lookup-table based FPGA designs

The field programmable gate-array (FPGA) has become an important technology in VLSI ASIC designs. In the past few years, a number of heuristic algorithms have been proposed for technology mapping in lookup-table (LUT) based FPGA designs, but none of them guarantees optimal solutions for general Boolean networks and little is known about how far their solutions are away from the optimal ones. This paper presents a theoretical breakthrough which shows that the LUT-based FPGA technology mapping problem for depth minimization can be solved optimally in polynomial time. A key step in our algorithm is to compute a minimum height K-feasible cut in a network, which is solved optimally in polynomial time based on network flow computation. Our algorithm also effectively minimizes the number of LUT's by maximizing the volume of each cut and by several post-processing operations. Based on these results, we have implemented an LUT-based FPGA mapping package called FlowMap. We have tested FlowMap on a large set of benchmark examples and compared it with other LUT-based FPGA mapping algorithms for delay optimization, including Chortle-d, MIS-pga-delay, and DAG-Map. FlowMap reduces the LUT network depth by up to 7% and reduces the number of LUT's by up to 50% compared to the three previous methods. >
Nonlinear control of an autothermal fuel reforming system

In this paper, a control oriented nonlinear model is developed for an autothermal reformer (ATR) based fuel process system. By trajectory planning for one of the system states, a coordinating control algorithm is proposed for the three input flow rates to track/regulate the temperature and hydrogen production of the ATR. Stability analysis is provided to show a local uniformly ultimately bounded tracking result.
A systematic review of adenotonsillectomy as a risk factor for childhood obesity.

Objective. Tonsillectomy is the most common major surgical procedure performed in children. There is evidence that tonsillectomy is associated with weight increase and may contribute to pediatric obesity. The study aimed to review the evidence that tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy is a risk factor for future obesity.Data Sources. Systematic literature search was performed using PubMed and Ovid.Review Methods. Systematic analysis of the literature from 1970 to 2009 on patients who underwent adenotonsillectomy (T&A) with preoperative and postoperative weight-based measurements.Results. Nine studies satisfied inclusion criteria. A total of 795 children were included. Preoperative weight ranged from normal to morbid obesity. In total, 656 children had demographic information recorded, and 53.35% of the children were male. Indication for surgery was not recorded in 336 patients. In 47.7% patients, the indication recorded was sleep-disordered breathing. The first group included 3 studies involving 12...
Lossless Compression of Dithered Images

In order to display high-bit resolution images on low-bit resolution displays, bit resolution needs to be reduced. This problem is vital especially for low-cost or small (mobile) devices. To untangle the bit reduction problem, special color quantization algorithms, called dithering, are employed on high-bit resolution images. The dithering process helps to remedy the problem, but it does not help much in terms of storage and transmission of images. To reduce storage needs and lower data transmission, numerous special compression techniques have been proposed in the last several decades. While the well-known compression algorithms, such as gzip, help lower image file sizes, usually, they are not adequate. To improve the compression gain, special compression techniques that take into account structure of image data must be developed. In this paper, we show that, when the pseudo-distance technique (PDT) is used for dithered images, it yields better compression results than GIF and PNG.
Radar measurements of snow: experiment and analysis

This paper considers two specific types of experiments conducted to improve the authors' understanding of radar backscatter from snow-covered ground surfaces. The first experiment involves radar backscatter measurements at Cand X-band of artificial snow of varying depths. The relatively simple target characteristics, combined with an exhaustive ground truth effort, make the results of this experiment especially amenable to comparison with predictions based on theoretical methods for modeling volume-scattering media. It is shown that both conventional and dense-medium radiative transfer models fail to adequately explain the observed results. A direct polarimetric inversion approach is described by which the characteristics of the snow medium are extracted from the measured data. The second type of experiment examined in this study involves diurnal backscatter measurements that were made contemporaneously with detailed measurements of the snow-wetness depth profiles of the observed scene. These data are used to evaluate the capability of a recently proposed algorithm for snow wetness retrieval from polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) measurements, which has hithertofore been applied only to data from very complex and extended mountainous terrains.
Clustered Mobility Model for Scale-Free Wireless Networks

Recently, researchers have discovered that many of social, natural and biological networks are characterized by scale-free power-law connectivity distribution and a few densely populated nodes, known as hubs. We envision that wireless communication or sensor networks are directly deployed over such real-world networks to facilitate communication among participating entities. Here nodes move in such a way that they exhibit scale-free connectivity distribution at any instance, which cannot be modeled by most of the prior mobility models such as random waypoint (RWP) mobility model. This paper proposes clustered mobility model (CMM), which facilitates in forming hubs in a network satisfying the scale-free property. We call this a scale-free wireless network (SFWN). In CMM, it is possible to control the degree of node concentration or non-homogeneity to easily assess the strengths and weaknesses of the scale-free phenomena. To the best of the authors' knowledge, there has been no such mobility model reported in the literature and we believe the proposed CMM can be usefully used to investigate the properties of the SFWNs that are likely to occur in a real deployment of wireless multihop and sensor networks. Another important feature of CMM is that it does not possess any unintended spatial and temporal characteristics found in other mobility models such as RWP. Finally, to highlight the difference between a SFWN and a conventional wireless network, extensive simulation study has been conducted to measure network capacities at the physical, link and network layers.
Modeling isothermal free-radical frontal polymerization with gel effect using free volume theory, with and without inhibition

Frontal Polymerization is a process that converts monomers into polymers by means of a propagating spatially localized reaction front. Such fronts exist with free-radical polymerization, where in the simplest case, a mixture of monomers and initiator is placed into a test tube and upon initiation of the reaction at one end of the tube, a self-sustained wave develops and propagates through the tube. Isothermal Frontal Polymerization (IFP), often referred to as interfacial gel polymerization, occurs due to the coupling of mass diffusion of the species and the gel effect. Utilizing the free volume theory of Vrentas and Duda for describing the self-diffusive behavior of the gel effect, we mathematically model and study this IFP process. We determine, both numerically and analytically, characteristics of the process including the propagation velocity of the reaction zone, the structure of the wave, and the distance traveled by the front before it breaks down due to reactions ahead of the front.
High-temperature vaporization of B2O3(l) under reducing conditions.

The vaporization of B2O3 in a reducing environment leads to the formation of both B2O3(g) and B2O2(g). Whereas the formation of B2O3(g) is well understood, many questions about the formation of B2O...
Potassium 4,4′-Bis(dinitromethyl)-3,3′-azofurazanate: A Highly Energetic 3D Metal–Organic Framework as a Promising Primary Explosive

Environmentally acceptable alternatives to toxic lead-based primary explosives are becoming increasingly important for energetic materials. In this study, potassium 4,4′-bis(dinitromethyl)-3,3′-azofurazanate, comprising two dinitromethyl groups and an azofurazan moiety, was synthesized and isolated as a new energetic 3D metal–organic framework (MOF). Several attractive properties, including a density of 2.039 g cm−3, a decomposition temperature of 229 °C, a detonation velocity of 8138 m s−1, a detonation pressure of 30.1 GPa, an impact sensitivity of 2 J, and friction sensitivity of 20 N make 4 a good candidate as a green primary explosive.
Development of An On-Chip Semiconducting Readout For Subsurface Optical Data

A preliminary device was investigated as a first step in making an on-chip electrical readout based on the semiconductor CdS for a novel 3-D optical data storage method. The optical data is stored in glass as subsurface nanometer size defects called voxels. These voxels display secondary harmonic generation (SHG) to 800 nm input light. The device begins with an indium tin oxide film on a glass substrate coated with a film of Al2O3. In this preliminary device the Al2O3 was patterned via optical lithography with a periodic array of 10 micron holes that were filled with electrodeposited CdS. X-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis were used to characterize the CdS. The device operation depends on the ability of the CdS with a bandgap of 2.4 eV to detect the 3.1 eV SHG light from the voxels while remaining unresponsive to 1.6 eV input light. The electrodeposited CdS was found to absorb 400 nm light at least a factor of 10 times greater than 800 nm light. Light to dark photocurrent ratios of 15 to 63 were observed from the CdS pillars using a 150 W xenon broadband light source. A light to dark ratio of about one was found when a long pass optical filter allowed only wavelengths above 750 nm. Thus the 10 micron CdS pillars have detected 400 nm light while rejecting the 800 nm input light.
Identification of the Optimum Relocalization Time in the Mobile Wireless Sensor Network Using Time-Bounded Relocalization Methodology

Contrary to the static sensor network that requires one-time localization, a mobile wireless sensor network (MWSN) requires an estimation of the optimum time to retrigger the localization of the network to accurately identify the sensor location after certain movements. However, triggering relocalization at predefined time intervals without proper consideration of the dynamic movement of sensors is insubstantial and results in poor resource management. In this paper, a new algorithm called time-bounded relocalization is proposed to identify the optimum relocalization time for the entire MWSN using the time-bounded localization method based on the analysis of the sensors' mobility pattern. In the proposed algorithm, the optimum retriggering time across the entire network can be calculated in two phases: local and global relocalizations. In the first phase, an island-based clustering method is used to estimate the local relocalization time. Next, the estimated local times are then used to decide on the optimum global relocalization time based on the statistical property of the estimated local times. For these calculations, a probabilistic model of the random waypoint (RWP) is selected. The soundness of the proposed algorithm is initially validated by deriving the probabilistic model of the optimum retriggering time, and its accuracy is checked by the Cramer–Rao lower bound (CRLB). The proposed algorithm is then extensively tested by computer simulation using practical network parameters, including the number of nodes, the size of the network, and various sizes of islands, depending on the sensor mobility, to yield the respective optimum relocalization time. The simulation results show that by using the identified optimum relocalization time, the location estimation error can be reduced by up to 32% for the RWP model, as compared with the case of using fixed relocalization time.
Tools for the Study of Verse

Closing remarks on the discussion of “Foundations of Verse” in this issue. A recurring topic, the use of instrumentation, is approached within a historical and methodological framework, with emphas...
Experimental Study of the Maximum Resolution and Packing Density Achievable in Sintered and Non-Sintered Binder-Jet 3D Printed Steel Microchannels

Developing high-resolution 3D printed metallic microchannels is a challenge especially when there is an essential need for high packing density of the primary metal. While high packing density could be achieved by heating the structure to the sintering temperature, some heat sensitive applications require other strategies to improve the packing density of primary metal. In this study the goal is to develop microchannels with high green (bound) or pack densities on the scale of 100–300 microns which have a robust mechanical structure. Binder-jet 3D printing is an additive manufacturing process in which droplets of binder are deposited via inkjet into a bed of powder. By repeatedly spreading thin layers of powder and depositing binder into the appropriate 2D profiles, complex 3D objects can be created one layer at time. Microchannels with features on the order of 500 microns were fabricated via binder jetting of steel powder and then sintered and/or infiltrated with a secondary material. The droplet volume of the inkjet-deposited binder was varied along with the print orientation. The resolution of the process, the subsequent features sizes of the microchannels, and the overall microchannel quality were studied as a function of droplet volume, orientation, and infiltration level.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotides Inhibit a Noninactivating K+ Current and Depolarize Adrenal Cortical Cells through a G Protein-Coupled Receptor

Bovine adrenal zona fasciculata (AZF) cells express a noninactivating K+ current (IAC) that sets the resting membrane potential and may mediate depolarization-dependent cortisol secretion. External ATP stimulates cortisol secretion through activation of a nucleotide receptor. In whole-cell patch clamp recordings from bovine AZF cells, we found that ATP selectively inhibited IACK+ current by a maximum of 75.7 ± 3% (n = 13) with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 1.3 μM. A rapidly inactivating A-type K+ current was not inhibited by ATP. Other nucleotides, including ADP and the pyrimidines UTP and UDP, also inhibited IAC, whereas 2-methylthio-ATP (2-MeSATP) and CTP were completely ineffective. The rank order of potency for six nucleotides was UTP = ADP > ATP > UDP ≫ 2-MeSATP = CTP. At maximally effective concentrations, UTP, ADP, and UDP inhibited IAC current by 81.4 ± 5.2% (n = 7), 70.7 ± 7.2% (n= 4), and 65.2 ± 7.9% (n = 5), respectively. Inhibition of IAC by external ATP was reduced from 71.3 ± 3.2% to 22.8 ± 4.5% (n = 18) by substituting guanosine 5′-O-2-(thio) diphosphate for GTP in the patch pipette. Inhibition of IAC by external ATP (10 μM) was markedly suppressed (to 17.3 ± 5.5%,n = 9) by the nonspecific protein kinase antagonist staurosporine (1 μM) and eliminated by substituting the nonhydrolyzable ATP analog 5-adenylyl-imidodiphosphate or UTP for ATP in the pipette. ATP-mediated inhibition of IAC was not altered by the kinase C antagonist calphostin C, the calmodulin inhibitory peptide, or by buffering the intracellular (pipette) Ca++ with 20 mM 1,2-bis-(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N, N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid. In current clamp recordings, ATP and UTP (but not CTP) depolarized AZF cells at concentrations that inhibited IAC K+ current. These results demonstrate that bovine AZF cells express a nucleotide receptor with a P2Y3 agonist profile that is coupled to the inhibition of IAC K+ channels through a GTP-binding protein. The inhibition of IAC K+ current and associated membrane depolarization are the first cellular responses demonstrated to be mediated through this receptor. Nucleotide inhibition of IAC proceeds through a pathway that is independent of phospholipase C, but that requires ATP hydrolysis. The identification of a new signaling pathway in AZF cells, whereby activation of a nucleotide receptor is coupled to membrane depolarization through inhibition of a specific K+ channel, suggests a mechanism for ATP-stimulated corticosteroid secretion that depends on depolarization-dependent Ca++ entry. This may be a means of synchronizing the stress-induced secretion of corticosteroids and catecholamines from the adrenal gland.
Epidemiological Analysis of Mumps in Chuanshan District,Suining city,Sichuan Province from 2005 to 2009

Objective To understand of epidemic features of mumps in Chuanshan District,Suining City and to provide scientific basis and suggestion for mumps control.Methods Analyzed the incidence of mumps in Chuanshan District from 2005 to 2009 and used descriptive epidemiology method.Results There were 2080 mumps cases in 2005-2009.The average incidence was 62.03/100 000.There were mumps in all the year and the peak of mumps Was from April to June.Male to female ratio Was 1.46:1,87.5%cases were in the 4-15 years old group.96.05% cases were children in school,in kindergarten and in community.Conclusion Effectively strengthen the vaccination of pre-school children and students,improved vaccination coverage,strengthen the monitoring of schools and kindergartens and other groups to Prevent outbreaks is a fundamental measure for prevention and control of mumps.
Model Correction and Affected Factors Analysis of Heat Transfer of Floor Heating System

High error in calculating the heat transfer of floor heating system can be introduced by existing models,considering the heat transfer of the floor slab and different temperature between interior wall and exterior wall.A modified calculation model of heat transfer of floor heating system was proposed.The influence of the interior or exterior wall and the floor slab are analyzed,and the disadvantages of zero heat-flux models is discussed.The affected factors of heat transfer of floor heating system were studied by using the new model.The results show that,(1) certain temperature is the best boundary condition between interior wall and exterior wall,for the case the temperature are different between interior wall and exterior wall,and high error can be introduced by zero heat-flux model;(2) heat radiation is the best boundary condition of under surface of floor slab.(3) the temperature growth of floor surface decrease,with increasing the diameter of pipeline.The temperature periodicity distribution of floor surface more clearly,with increasing the distance between pipelines or hot water temperature.The length of periodicity increases,with increasing the distance between pipelines.The swing length of periodicity increases,with increasing the hot water temperature.It is also found that it is important to floor surface layer material.
Harnessing Smartphone-Based Digital Phenotyping to Enhance Behavioral and Mental Health

Technology has a long track record of enabling and accelerating scientific discovery and innovation. Two prime examples are the telescope and the microscope; although these predate the industrial revolution, both can be found in today’s laboratories throughout the world and they remain at the center of our scientific endeavors. In a similar way, as scientists depend on these instruments for observing the natural world, most of us have come to depend on our smartphones as tools for organizing and navigating our daily lives. Our use of these devices generates, as a byproduct, a surprisingly rich tapestry of social and behavioral fingerprints. Given that these digital fingerprints reflect the lived experiences of people in their natural environments, with granular temporal resolution, it might be possible to leverage them to develop precise and temporally dynamic disease phenotypes and markers to diagnose and treat psychiatric and other illnesses.
Evaluation of Intramuscular 15(S)-15-Methyl Prostaglandin F2α Tromethamine Salt for Induction of Abortion, Medications to Attenuate side effects, and Intracervical Laminaria Tents*†

Sixty gravidas 8 to 20 menstrual weeks' gestation were studied to evaluate (1) the efficacy of intramuscularly administered 15(S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F 2 α tromethamine (15(S)-Me-PGF 2 α ) as an abortifacient; (2) the effectiveness of prochlorperazine and Lomotil for attenuation of vomiting and diarrhea; and (3) the practicability of augmenting this prostaglandin dose schedule with intracervical laminaria tents. Group I subjects received 250μg of 15(S)-Me-PGF 2 α intramuscularly every 2hours for the initial 24hours and 500μg for the next 24-hour period. Group II received the same dose schedule of prostaglandin and prearranged doses of prochlorperazine and Lomotil. Group III received the same dose schedule of prostaglandin after intracervical laminaria tents had been inserted, and prochlorperazine and Lomotil were administered by the prearranged dose schedule. It appears that (1) the 15(S)-Me-PGF 2 α was effective in inducing abortion; (2) a significant decrease in body temperature occurred; (3) the abortifacient effectiveness of this prostaglandin dose schedule was not altered by the regimen of prochlorperazine and Lomotil; (4) only diarrhea was significantly attenuated with the regimen of prochlorperazine and Lomotil; and (5) laminaria augmentation was not useful.
Designs and Algorithms to Map Eye Tracking Data with Dynamic Multielement Moving Objects

Design concepts and algorithms were developed to address the eye tracking analysis issues that arise when 1 participants interrogate dynamic multielement objects that can overlap on the display and 2 visual angle error of the eye trackers is incapable of providing exact eye fixation coordinates. These issues were addressed by 1 developing dynamic areas of interests AOIs in the form of either convex or rectangular shapes to represent the moving and shape-changing multielement objects, 2 introducing the concept of AOI gap tolerance AGT that controls the size of the AOIs to address the overlapping and visual angle error issues, and 3 finding a near optimal AGT value. The approach was tested in the context of air traffic control ATC operations where air traffic controller specialists ATCSs interrogated multiple moving aircraft on a radar display to detect and control the aircraft for the purpose of maintaining safe and expeditious air transportation. In addition, we show how eye tracking analysis results can differ based on how we define dynamic AOIs to determine eye fixations on moving objects. The results serve as a framework to more accurately analyze eye tracking data and to better support the analysis of human performance.
(Be)Coming and (Re)Membering Through Kitchen Based Learning as Sustainability: An Innovative Living Learning Systems Model for Higher Education

Higher education tends to situate sustainability epistemologically as transmissive education about and/or transactional education for sustainability. Sustainability educators argue that these approaches remain part of the dominant dualist and reductionist way of teaching and learning—a weak sustainability. What is needed is a transformative learning process as sustainability. Numerous sustainability educators and practitioners propose a strong sustainability supported by ecological relationality. In this chapter, I draw from ecological living systems principles (Capra in The hidden connections: a science for sustainable living. Anchor Books, New York, 2004) and relational agential realism (Barad in Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 10: 87–126, 2007) to illustrate an innovative pedagogical approach of the environmental sciences. Calling it kitchen-based learning it uses cooking, eating and sensing as a relational transformative learning process towards (be)coming and (re)membering social and ecological sustainability. A vision for tomorrow’s campus in higher education is to include innovation in pedagogy giving attention to how students learn as a process of educating as sustainably.
Implications of human evolution and admixture for mitochondrial replacement therapy.

Mitochondrial replacement (MR) therapy is a new assisted reproductive technology that allows women with mitochondrial disorders to give birth to healthy children by combining their nuclei with mitochondria from unaffected egg donors. Evolutionary biologists have raised concerns about the safety of MR therapy based on the extent to which nuclear and mitochondrial genomes are observed to co-evolve within natural populations, i.e. the nuclear-mitochondrial mismatch hypothesis. In support of this hypothesis, a number of previous studies on model organisms have provided evidence for incompatibility between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes from divergent populations of the same species. We tested the nuclear-mitochondrial mismatch hypothesis for humans by observing the extent of naturally occurring nuclear-mitochondrial mismatch seen for 2,504 individuals across 26 populations, from 5 continental populations groups, characterized as part of the 1000 Genomes Project (1KGP). We also performed a replication analysis on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes for 1,043 individuals from 58 populations, characterized as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP). Nuclear DNA (nDNA) and mtDNA sequences from the 1KGP were directly compared within and between populations, and the population distributions of mtDNA haplotypes derived from both sequence (1KGP) and genotype (HGDP) data were evaluated. Levels of nDNA and mtDNA pairwise sequence divergence are highly correlated, consistent with their co-evolution among human populations. However, there are numerous cases of co-occurrence of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes from divergent populations within individual humans. Furthermore, pairs of individuals with closely related nuclear genomes can have highly divergent mtDNA haplotypes. Supposedly mismatched nuclear-mitochondrial genome combinations are found not only within individuals from populations known to be admixed, where they may be expected, but also from populations with low overall levels of observed admixture. These results show that mitochondrial and nuclear genomes from divergent human populations can co-exist within healthy individuals, indicating that mismatched nDNA-mtDNA combinations are not deleterious or subject to purifying selection. Accordingly, human nuclear-mitochondrial mismatches are not likely to jeopardize the safety of MR therapy.
Symmetry reduction of ordinary finite difference equations using moving frames

The technique of equivariant moving frames is incorporated into the classical symmetry reduction method of ordinary finite difference equations. Using the recurrence relations for the finite difference invariants, computations are performed symbolically without relying on the coordinate expressions of the canonical variables and the difference invariants.
Assessing CYGNSS’s Potential to Observe Extratropical Fronts and Cyclones

AbstractThe Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) mission, launched in December 2016, is designed to estimate surface wind speeds over the global tropical oceans. Nevertheless, its orbit allows the constellation to view regions up to 40° latitude. As such, it is possible that CYGNSS will provide observations of a number of low-latitude extratropical cyclones and their associated fronts. In this study, one year of simulated CYGNSS specular point locations is combined with a database of objectively identified fronts and cyclones to assess the potential efficacy of CYGNSS for observing extratropical systems. It is found that, with the exception of regions poleward of warm fronts, the subset of locations in the simulated CYGNSS dataset nearly exactly matches the distribution of wind speeds and surface fluxes across frontal zones and near cyclone centers in the reanalysis database.
A conceptual chemical process for the recycling of Ce, Eu, and Y from LED flat panel displays

The popularity and rapid obsolescence of electronic devices and products leads to many of these items eventually ending up in various waste streams. Understanding the tradeoffs in processing end-of-life E-waste materials for reuse is an important part of informing decision-makers who are considering recovery and recycle of these materials. An example study presented here is the recovery and recycle of rare earth metals in the light emitting diodes (LED) found in the backlighting unit for liquid crystal displays (LCD) of flat panel televisions. A conceptual and defined commercial-scale process for recycling E-waste is described, including the recycle of rare earth elements from the LED module. Synthesis of a full process, from display dismantling to rare earth separation, is proposed based on engineering principles and fragmented literature. The synthesis defines a process flow diagram, complete with mass and energy transfer modeling. Such a detailed commercial scale process model for recycling rare earth elements provides an advance to the science. Rare earth elements are critically important, but are low-quantity materials in many electronic items. Providing a process model for their recycle is an essential first step towards a sustainability analysis, with social, economic, and environmental implications.
Comprehension First: Evaluating a Novel Pedagogy and Tutoring System for Program Tracing in CS1

What knowledge does learning programming require? Prior work has focused on theorizing program writing and problem solving skills. We examine program comprehension and propose a formal theory of program tracing knowledge based on control flow paths through an interpreter program's source code. Because novices cannot understand the interpreter's programming language notation, we transform it into causal relationships from code tokens to instructions to machine state changes. To teach this knowledge, we propose a comprehension-first pedagogy based on causal inference, by showing, explaining, and assessing each path by stepping through concrete examples within many example programs. To assess this pedagogy, we built PLTutor, a tutorial system with a fixed curriculum of example programs. We evaluate learning gains among self-selected CS1 students using a block randomized lab study comparing PLTutor with Codecademy, a writing tutorial. In our small study, we find some evidence of improved learning gains on the SCS1, with average learning gains of PLTutor 60% higher than Codecademy (gain of 3.89 vs. 2.42 out of 27 questions). These gains strongly predicted midterms (R2=.64) only for PLTutor participants, whose grades showed less variation and no failures.
Counselling Young Adults to Become Career Adaptable and Career Resilient

Career counselors are tasked with preparing young adults as they transition into the world of work and construct careers in a global, technological era. Newer career counseling strategies that emphasize career adaptability and resiliency are critical in this unstable, insecure socioeconomic and political climate. Furthermore, counselors must help young adults manage their expectations and anxiety due to the super saturation of information, career possibilities, and lifestyles they are exposed to due to the social media. In accordance with Career construction theory (2005), this chapter outlines four specific career adaptability domains: concern, control, curiosity, and confidence and how counselors can use narrative techniques to help clients develop the necessary attitudes, beliefs, and competencies for successful transitioning.
Upper Extremity Arterial Testing: The Diagnostic Criteria for the Physiologic Examination:

Upper extremity arterial disease is relatively uncommon compared with lower extremity disease, but presents a unique diagnostic challenge for physicians and technologists. It affects approximately 5–10% of the population. The most common causes of upper extremity arterial disease are atherosclerosis and embolic disease. Some common symptoms of upper arterial disease include dysesthesia, paresthesia, pallor, cold intolerance, ulceration, pain, or weakness in one or both extremities. The vascular system plays a vital role in the delivering of nutrients and clearing metabolic waste products from the peripheral tissues and also helps maintain an individual's systemic core temperature. In a majority of patients, the deep and superficial palmar arches provide the dominant blood supply to the hand. The arches are a continuation of the radial and ulnar arteries. These arches are typically connected in approximately 80% of patients. In order to accurately diagnose upper extremity arterial disease, a noninvasive up...
Genetics of Epilepsy in the Era of Precision Medicine: Implications for Testing, Treatment, and Genetic Counseling

Epilepsy is among the most common neurological diseases, affecting 65 million people worldwide. Recent revisions to the classification of epilepsies by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) reflect a growing awareness of genetic contributions to epilepsy. Research in epilepsy genetics has begun to look beyond gene discovery to the horizon of genotype-driven precision medicine. During the past 5 years, the advent of next-generation sequencing has led to exponential growth in the discovery of epilepsy-related genes. The yield of clinically available genetic tests for patients with epilepsy may be as high as 50%, particularly among patients with early-onset epileptic encephalopathy (EOEE). Among patients with early-life epilepsies who have a genetic diagnosis, de novo pathogenic variants are most frequently observed, and rates of somatic mosaicism among both patients and parents are higher than initially anticipated. Phenotypic heterogeneity is quite broad for many epilepsy-related genes, and genotype-phenotype correlations continue to prove complex and at times challenging. With a focus on early-life epilepsies, we review recent highlights from the literature regarding gene discovery, approaches to and outcomes of clinical genetic evaluation, and contemporary efforts toward precision treatment. We also address genetic counseling issues of relevance for this population.
Carbene Formation and Transfer at a Dinickel Active Site

The synthesis and reactivity of a dinickel bridging carbene is described. The previously reported [i-PrNDI]Ni2(C6H6) complex (NDI = naphthyridine–diimine) reacts with Ph2CN2 to generate a metastable diazoalkane adduct, which eliminates N2 at 60 °C to yield a paramagnetic Ni2(μ-CPh2) complex. The Ni2(μ-CPh2) complex undergoes carbene transfer to t-BuNC via an initial isonitrile adduct, which upon heating releases free t-BuNCCPh2. On the basis of this sequence of stoichiometric reactions, a catalytic carbene transfer reaction is demonstrated.
Intellectual History as a Tool of Philosophy

Because every historical account of anything is also a reflection upon it, every history is in a sense intellectual. Intellectual history proper is so in the further sense that it takes for its subject-matter the expressive and reflective products, processes and institutions of a society through intervals of time. These include the arts, the sciences, the political thought, the eschatological and everyday beliefs that are constitutive of the culture of the society as a civilization, namely, as a society with a certain quality to its survival. Eschatological and folk beliefs, though not always reflectively held, must be a concern of the intellectual historian because they are, along with other traditionary and created products, components of the climate of opinion of a society at given times. The intellectual historian cannot neglect the less reflective or apparently non-reflective products of a civilization without depriving himself of the contextualizing elements and dimension that make him more than a specialized historian of art or science, or a specialized political or religious historian.
Viral Outbreaks and Blood Clots

From time to time, epidemics of childhood diseases such as measles arise in cities around the country. Susceptible individuals fall victim to a contagious disease when they encounter others who are already infected. There is a whole class of problems in which two or more species interact that can be formulated mathematically in quite similar ways.
Erratum to: Deferration Effect on Structural Ferrous-Ferric Iron Ratio and CEC of Vermiculites and Soils

The printer regrets that in the References section on page 162 the first reference should read:
Photoelastic and holographic analysis of a turbine-engine component: Recently developed methods of holographic photoelasticity are combined with older methods and applied to the study of the failure of a jet-engine component

Isopachics obtained by holographic methods are combined with the isochromatics and isoclinics of a conventional photoelastic analysis to obtain a complete two-dimensional stress analysis of a highly critical region of a jet engine. The analysis of the disk/blade dovetail region of the third stage fan of a turbine engine shows a stress-concentration factor of 5.2 in the disk fillet and 4.8 in the blade fillet relative to the average stress in the neck section of the disk. The stress distribution along the edge of the blade fillet and on an interior line in the disk lug is also reported. Preliminary redesign of the disk fillet indicates that a 27-percent reduction in the fillet stress of existing third-stage disks is possible by remachining the relief area between the blade and disk lugs.
Methods for Assessing Corneal Opacity.

Purpose: Corneal opacity is a common clinical problem that directly impedes the cornea’s function of light transmission. Despite this, there are no standard means of quantifying opacity. The purpos...