cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender Trouble at Abu Ghraib

This essay explores the controversy spawned by the release, in April, 2004, of the photographs taken by U.S. military personnel at the Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad. Its particular concern is with photographs that depict American servicewomen engaged in various forms of abusive conduct against Iraqi prisoners. In its opening half, the essay examines and criticizes the responses to these photographs offered, first, by right-wing commentators and, second, by American feminists, most notably Barbara Ehrenreich. All read these photographs as a referendum on feminism and, more particularly, its commitment to the cause of gender equality; and all do so, I argue, on the basis of a naive understanding of gender. In its latter half, accordingly, the essay offers a more adequate understanding of gender, one loosely grounded in the work of Judith Butler and the concept of performativity. Referencing various official interrogation manuals, as well as the investigative reports released in the wake of this scandal, the essay employs this concept in offering a more adequate account of the gendered import of the deeds depicted in the Abu Ghraib photographs. It concludes by arguing that what is important about these photographs is neither whether the perpetrators of the exploitation they depict are male or female, nor whether the deeds they portray somehow compromise the feminist quest for gender equality. Rather, what is important are the multiple ways in which specifically gendered practices, which can be detached from the bodies they conventionally regulate, are deployed as elements within a more comprehensive network of technologies aimed at disciplining prisoners and so confirming their status as abject subjects of U.S. military power.This essay has its origins in a roundtable titled “Gender Relations in the Age of Neo-Liberalism,” which was conducted in conjunction with the 2005 meeting of the Western Political Science Association. I wish to thank the other participations on that roundtable, Jane Bayes, Mary Hawkesworth, and Judith Hicks Stiehm, as well as Paul Apostolidis, Renee Heberle, Jinee Lokaneeta, Jeannie Morefield, Aaron Perrine, Kari Tupper, and three anonymous reviewers for their comments on earlier drafts of the essay.
Convex sets of some doubly stochastic matrices

Abstract Let Ω denote the set of all n by n doubly stochastic matrices. Let t be a real number such that 1 t ⩾ 1 n and let m be a real number such that 1 m ⩽ 1 − 1 t . The set Ω s = {A ϵ Ω : 1 m ⩽ a ij ⩽ 1 t , 1 ⩽ i, j ⩽ n} is the convex hull of the matrices in Ω s having as many largest entries, namely, 1 t , as possible in each row and column while filling out the remaining entries with the value 1 m and if necessary at most one entry in each row and column which has a value between 1 m and 1 t .
Implementation and outcomes of recommended folic acid supplementation in Mexican-American women with prior neural tube defect-affected pregnancies.

Abstract Background Upon discovering an NTD incidence rate of 27/10,000 in a Texas border county, the Texas Department of Health initiated folic acid intervention for prevention of recurrent NTDs in this predominantly Mexican-American population. This paper describes compliance of this population with USPHS folic acid recommendations and the impact of supplementation on pregnancy outcomes. Methods Based upon information from active surveillance, field teams personally contacted women having NTD-affected pregnancies to enroll them in FA intervention. Enrollees were provided FA at home visits at 3-month intervals throughout the project. Results Of 405 women identified with NTD-affected pregnancies, 299 (73.8%) enrolled in the intervention. One hundred ninety-three pregnancies occurred among 138 women. FA supplementation of 0.4 mg/day or more occurred during the last month preconception in 161 (83.4%) of the 193 pregnancies. No NTDs were detected in the 130 livebirths to women who received supplementation nor were NTDs detected in the 23 supplemented women who experienced pregnancy loss. Conclusions Supplementation was successful in preventing recurrent NTDs in Mexican-American women.
Comments on symmetry principles and 1/f noise

Abstract A variety of situations which rigorously display 1/ f noise are discussed. Although observable they are all uncoupled from the free energy, and therefore also from the usual experimental arrangements, as a consequence of fundamental symmetry principles.
The Tenebrionidae of California: A Time Sensitive Snapshot Assessment

Due to a diversity of habitats and its geologic history, the US state of California hosts a spectacular assemblage of darkling beetle species (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). In addition to being part of the California Floristic Province, one of 34 global biodiversity hotspots identified by Conservation International, California also has additional areas which are parts of the Great Basin, Mojave, and Sonoran deserts. California is divided into nine floristic regions. Each region is assessed in terms of faunal composition and endemism. A “snapshot” of our present knowledge of the Tenebrionidae indicates that 447 currently recognized species, representing 108 genera, occur in California of which one hundred and ninety are endemic. California is compared to other nearby regions in diversity and endemism. An analysis of currently valid species vs a more realistic species account based on unpublished records of likely synonyms and known species yet to be described in the scientific literature is presented. The California Floristic Region, rather than other more arid parts of California, has the highest number of total and endemic species. Because of their high diversity and endemism, tenebrionids could potentially provide a valuable tool for monitoring the environment for conservation purposes.
Robust charge and magnetic orders under electric field and current in multiferroic LuFe 2 O 4

We performed elastic neutron-scattering measurements on the charge and magnetically ordered multiferroic material ${\text{LuFe}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{4}$. An external electric field along the [001] direction with strength up to 20 kV/cm applied at low temperature $(\ensuremath{\sim}100\text{ }\text{K})$ does not affect either the charge or magnetic structure. At higher temperatures $(\ensuremath{\sim}360\text{ }\text{K})$, before the transition to three-dimensional charge-ordered state, the resistivity of the sample is low, and an electric current was applied instead. A reduction in the charge and magnetic peak intensities occurs when the sample is cooled under a constant electric current. However, after calibrating the real sample temperature using its own resistance-temperature curve, we show that the actual sample temperature is higher than the thermometer readings, and the ``intensity reduction'' is entirely due to internal sample heating by the applied current. Our results suggest that the charge and magnetic orders in ${\text{LuFe}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{4}$ are unaffected by the application of external electric field and current, and previously observed electric-field and current effects can be naturally explained by internal sample heating.
Efficiency and redistribution in dynamic mechanism design

The emerging area of dynamic mechanism design seeks to achieve desirable equilibrium outcomes in multi-agent sequential decision-making problems with self-interest. Here we take the goal of maximizing social welfare. We start by extending the characterization result of Green & Laffont [1977] to a dynamic setting, defining the dynamic-Groves class of dynamic mechanisms and showing that it exactly corresponds to the set of mechanisms that are efficient (social welfare maximizing) and incentive compatible in an ex post equilibrium. The dynamic-VCG mechanism of Bergemann & Valimaki [2006] is a dynamic analogue of the static VCG mechanism and is efficient, incentive compatible, and individual rational in an ex post equilibrium; we use our characterization result to show here that it is also revenue maximizing among all dynamic mechanisms with these properties. In other words, dynamic-VCG maximizes the payments required of the agents and thus, while perhaps desirable for an auctioneer seeking high revenue, is in fact worst when maximizing agent utility is the goal. We then build on recent work on static redistribution mechanisms (see [Cavallo, 2006]) to design a dynamic redistribution mechanism for multi-armed bandit settings (e.g., the repeated allocation of a single good) that returns much of the revenue under dynamic-VCG back to the agents, while maintaining the same efficiency, incentive compatibility, individual rationality, and no-deficit properties. We conclude with a numerical analysis, demonstrating empirically that this redistribution mechanism typically comes close to perfect budget balance.
Pacemaker syndrome in a patient with DDD pacemaker for long QT syndrome.

A patient with long QT syndrome was treated with bela blockers and had a permanent DDD pacemaker implanted. The lower rate was set to 85 beats/min because this provided the best shortening of QT interval at the lowest paced heart rate. The atrioventricular (AV) delay was programmed to 250 msec to allow native AV conduction. Patient returned complaining of symptoms suggestive of pacemaker syndrome. EGG during one of these episodes showed AV sequential pacing. Doppler echocardiography of hepatic vein flow suggested atrial contraction against a closed tricuspid valve. Endocardial electrogram telemetry demonstrated ventriculoatrial (VA) conduction with the retrograde atrial electrogram falling within the atrial re/ractory period and thus was not sensed. The following atrial stimulus did not capture because of the atrial refractoriness. Ventricular pacing proceeded after the programmed AV delay. Reprogram-ming the AV delay to 200 msec restored AV synchrony by allowing the atrial stimulus to capture by placing it outside of the refractory period of the atrium. No further symptoms reported during six months of follow-up.
Long-term health monitoring of an advanced polymer composite bridge

A long-term, structural health monitoring system has been designed and installed on the firs polymer composite bridge to be built in Delaware. The system is designed to monitor and record strains and deflections of the bridge, and the temperature and humidity of the surrounding area. Two types of information are gathered, 'monitor' data and 'event' data. The monitor data records very slow gradual changes in the bridge behavior, while the event data captures the bridge response due to truck loads. The system has been on- line since June, 1998. Sample result are presented in the paper of event and monitor data. The event data shows that the transverse strain of the deck is greater than the longitudinal strain, by a factor of about 1.5, and that the absolute deflection of the deck at mid-span is due mostly to the deflection of the edge girder. Monitor data from a one month period is presented that shows the thermal variations in strain due to daily temperature changes, and the gradual, changes due to the average daily temperature. The long-term monitoring system should provide valuable data for assessing the long-term performance and durability of this unique polymer composite bridge.
A large-deviation analysis for the maximum likelihood learning of tree structures

The problem of maximum-likelihood learning of the structure of an unknown discrete distribution from samples is considered when the distribution is Markov on a tree. Large-deviation analysis of the error in estimation of the set of edges of the tree is performed. Necessary and sufficient conditions are provided to ensure that this error probability decays exponentially. These conditions are based on the mutual information between each pair of variables being distinct from that of other pairs. The rate of error decay, or error exponent, is derived using the large-deviation principle. The error exponent is approximated using Euclidean information theory and is given by a ratio, to be interpreted as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for learning. Numerical experiments show the SNR approximation is accurate.
Tests of behavioral-economic assessments of relative reinforcer efficacy II: economic complements.

This experiment was conducted to test the predictions of two behavioral-economic approaches to quantifying relative reinforcer efficacy. The normalized demand analysis suggests that characteristics of averaged normalized demand curves may be used to predict progressive-ratio breakpoints and peak responding. By contrast, the demand analysis holds that traditional measures of relative reinforcer efficacy (breakpoint, peak response rate, and choice) correspond to specific characteristics of non-normalized demand curves. The accuracy of these predictions was evaluated in rats' responding for food or water: two reinforcers known to function as complements. Consistent with the first approach, predicted peak normalized response output values obtained under single-schedule conditions ordinally predicted progressive-ratio breakpoints and peak response rates obtained in a separate condition. Combining the minimum-needs hypothesis with the normalized demand analysis helped to interpret prior findings, but was less useful in predicting choice between food and water—two strongly complementary reinforcers. Predictions of the demand analysis had mixed success. Peak response outputs predicted from the non-normalized water demand curves were significantly correlated with obtained peak responding for water in a separate condition, but none of the remaining three predicted correlations was statistically significant. The demand analysis fared better in predicting choice—relative consumption of food and water under single schedules of reinforcement predicted preference under concurrent schedules significantly better than chance.
The role of topical antibiotic prophylaxis for intravitreal injections.

intraocular isolates using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115 (3):357-361. 10. Speaker MG, Milch FA, Shah MK, Eisner W, Kreiswirth BN. Role of external bacterial flora in the pathogenesis of acute postoperative endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology. 1991;98(5): 639-649, discussion 650. 11. Apt L, Isenberg S, Yoshimori R, Paez J. Chemical preparation of the eye in ophthalmic surgery, III: effect of povidone-iodine on the conjunctiva. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102(5):728-729. 12. Schmitz S, Dick H, Krummenauer F, Pfeiffer N. Endophthalmitis in cataract surgery: results of a German survey. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(10): 1869-1877. 13. Speaker MG, Menikoff JA. Prophylaxis of endophthalmitis with topical povidone-iodine. Ophthalmology. 1991;98(12):1769-1775. 14. Grimes SR, Mein CE, Trevino S. Preoperative antibiotic and povidone-iodine preparation of the eye. Ann Ophthalmol. 1991;23(7):263-266. 15. Hwang DG, Schanzlin DJ, Rotberg MH, Foulks G, Raizman MB. A phase III, placebo controlled clinical trial of 0.5% levofloxacin ophthalmic solution for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87(8):1004-1009. 16. Isenberg SJ, Apt L, Yoshimori R, Khwarg S. Chemical preparation of the eye in ophthalmic surgery, IV: comparison of povidone-iodine on the conjunctiva with a prophylactic antibiotic. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;103(9):1340-1342. 17. Lichtenstein SJ, Rinehart M. Efficacy and safety of 0.5% levofloxacin ophthalmic solution for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis in pediatric patients. J AAPOS. 2003;7(5):317-324. 18. Schwab IR, Friedlaender M, McCulley J, Lichtenstein SJ, Moran CT. A phase III clinical trial of 0.5% levofloxacin ophthalmic solution versus 0.3% ofloxacin ophthalmic solution for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Ophthalmology. 2003; 110(3):457-465. 19. Ta CN, Egbert PR, Singh K, Shriver EM, Blumenkranz MS, Mino de Kaspar H. Prospective randomized comparison of 3-day versus 1-hour preoperative ofloxacin prophylaxis for cataract surgery. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(11):2036-2041. 20. De Kaspar HM, Chang RT, Shriver EM, et al. Three-day application of topical ofloxacin reduces the contamination rate of microsurgical knives in cataract surgery: a prospective randomized study. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(7):13521355. 21. Aiello LP, Brucker AJ, Chang S, et al. Evolving guidelines for intravitreous injections. Retina. 2004; 24(5)(suppl):S3-S19. 22. Ta CN. Minimizing the risk of endophthalmitis following intravitreous injections. Retina. 2004; 24(5):699-705.
Effect of the levels of dissolved oxygen on the expression of recombinant proteins in four recombinant Escherichia coli strains.

Four recombinant strains ofEscherichia coli were examined for the effects of the dissolved oxygen level on the level of biomass, the plasmid content, and the level of recombinant protein at the stationary phase of batch growth. Strains JM101/pYEJ001, and TB-1/pYEJ001 (encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase), and strain TB-1/p1034, and TB-1/pUC19 (encoding β-galactosidase) were grown at the constant dissolved oxygen levels of 0, 50, and 100% air saturation, as well as in the absence of dissolved, oxygen control. The biomass of all strains under constant aerobic conditions was 12–36 times higher than that under anaerobic conditions, but was the same as or slightly higher than that without dissolved oxygen control. The plasmid content in all strains under anaerobic conditions was 2.9–11.7 times higher than that under aerobic conditions. The optimal dissolved oxygen concentration for the specific activity of recombinant proteins was dependent upon the strain. In no strain were constant aerobic conditions optimal. However, because of the effect on biomass, controlled aerobic conditions were optimal for the volumetric activity of recombinant protein in all but one strain.
Plasma cyclic adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate (AMP) levels in acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract Plasma cyclic adenosine 3′5′-monophosphate (AMP) levels were measured in 44 patients with acute myocardial infarction, 33 patients with other cardiac and noncardiac diseases and 20 normal volunteers. The normal range of cyclic AMP was 4 to 16 picomoles/ml. The 35 surviving patients with acute myocardial infarction tended to have a slightly increased level of plasma cyclic AMP during the first 24 hours with a subsequent return to normal; the 9 nonsurvivors had abnormally high levels of cyclic AMP. An inverse correlation was found between cyclic AMP levels and stroke work index, and plasma cyclic AMP levels were of equal or better prognostic value than stroke work index. Plasma cyclic AMP levels were in the normal range in patients without acute myocardial infarction. Thus, very high levels of plasma cyclic AMP, found in patients with fatal myocardial infarction, appear to have clinical significance.
Increasing the frequency of T-cell precursors specific for a cryptic epitope of hen-egg lysozyme converts it to an immunodominant epitope.

Summary Efforts to understand the mechanisms that govern how immunodominant T-cell epitopes are selected from protein antigens have focused mostly on differences in the efficiency of processing and presentation of peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) complexes by antigen-presenting cells, while little attention has been directed at the role of the T-cell repertoire. In this report, the influence of the T-cell repertoire on immunodominance was investigated using transgenic mice that express the β chain from a T-cell receptor specific for a cryptic Ek restricted epitope of hen-egg lysozyme, HEL85-96. In these mice, the frequency of HEL85-96-specific T-cell precursors is increased 10–20-fold over non-transgenic mice. Transgenic mice respond as well as non-transgenic controls to intact HEL, even though they respond poorly or not at all to a variety of other antigens, including the dominant H-2k restricted epitopes of HEL. Following immunization with native HEL, the only HEL peptide that could recall a response in vitro in the transgenic mice was HEL85-96. Therefore, this normally cryptic epitope is the sole immunodominant epitope in the transgenic mice, and this alteration in immune response is due solely to an increase in the frequency of specific T-cell precursors. An analysis of four additional H-2k restricted cryptic epitopes of HEL suggests that three are similarly limited by T-cell frequency, and that only one is consistent with a defect in efficient antigen presentation. This indicates that there are at least two different types of cryptic epitopes, one in which crypticity is caused by inefficient processing or presentation, and another in which the frequency of specific T-cell progenitors is limiting.
Music Enhances Spatial-Temporal Reasoning: Towards a Neurophysiological Basis Using EEG:

Motivated by predictions from the structured trion model of the cortex, based on Mountcastle's columnar organizational principle, behavioral experiments have demonstrated a causal short-term enhancement of spatial-temporal reasoning in college students following listening to a Mozart Sonata (K.448) but not in control conditions. An EEG coherence study reported presence of right frontal and left temporoparietal activity induced by listening to the Mozart Sonata, which carried over into the spatial-temporal tasks in three of the seven subjects. In this paper, we present further predictions from the trion model and discuss how the new SYMMETRIC analysis method can be used in EEG recordings to help determine the neurophysiological basis of specific music enhancing spatial-temporal reasoning. We conclude with potential clinical applications of major significance.
Linear forest patterns in subalpine environments

Studies of feedback between ecological pattern and process can benefit from the analysis of visually striking patterns, as they may reveal underlying processes and clarify the relative role of exog...
Measuring the Consequences of Using Diverse Supplier Evaluation Teams: A Performance Frontier Perspective

This article focuses on the postperformance evaluation of a supplier set by a buyer evaluation team. It explores the use of data envelopment analysis and the assurance region technique to measure the impact that conforming or disparate evaluation teams can have on the perception of supplier performance. As a result, this work makes the case for moving the notion of performance scorecards usage to the next level. For researchers the work demonstrates the case for dual accountability and the construction of performance frontiers motivated by an actual setting using many of the important dimensions discussed in the empirical literature. For managers, the work demonstrates one way of action-based decision making in performance management that recommends courses of action in the buyer–supplier interface. Several other practice-based interpretations for managers are also discussed.
A stereo matching paradigm based on the Walsh transformation

Describes a new feature-based stereo matching technique which exploits the Walsh transformation. The established matching strategy adopts and integrates the fundamental steps of the stereo vision problem: (a) detecting and locating feature points, (b) searching for potential matches, (c) validating a match through a global consistency check, and (d) determining the disparity of the matched feature points. The unique representation of stereo images into Walsh-based attributes unites the aforementioned steps into an integrated process which yields accurate disparity extraction. It is shown that the first and second Walsh attributes are used as operators approximating the first and second derivatives for the extraction and localization of feature points. The complete set of these attributes are then used as matching primitives contributing equally to the decision-making process and providing relevant information on both the characterization of a potential match and its validation through a consistency check. Computer results using images of varying complexities prove the soundness and the relatively fast processing time of this stereo matching technique. >
Restraint of the G2/M transition by the SR/RRM family mRNA shuttling binding protein SNXAHRB1 in Aspergillus nidulans.

Control of the eukaryotic G2/M transition by CDC2/CYCLINB is tightly regulated by protein–protein interactions, protein phosphorylations, and nuclear localization of CDC2/CYCLINB. We previously reported a screen, in Aspergillus nidulans, for extragenic suppressors of nimX2cdc2 that resulted in the identification of the cold-sensitive snxA1 mutation. We demonstrate here that snxA1 suppresses defects in regulators of the CDK1 mitotic induction pathway, including nimX2cdc2, nimE6cyclinB, and nimT23cdc25, but does not suppress G2-arresting nimA1/nimA5 mutations, the S-arresting nimE10cyclinB mutation, or three other G1/S phase mutations. snxA encodes the A. nidulans homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hrb1/Gbp2; nonessential shuttling messenger RNA (mRNA)-binding proteins belonging to the serine-arginine-rich (SR) and RNA recognition motif (RRM) protein family; and human heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein-M, a spliceosomal component involved in pre-mRNA processing and alternative splicing. snxAHrb1 is nonessential, its deletion phenocopies the snxA1 mutation, and its overexpression rescues snxA1 and ΔsnxA mutant phenotypes. snxA1 and a second allele isolated in this study, snxA2, are hypomorphic mutations that result from decreased transcript and protein levels, suggesting that snxA acts normally to restrain cell cycle progression. SNXAHRB1 is predominantly nuclear, but is not retained in the nucleus during the partially closed mitosis of A. nidulans. We show that the snxA1 mutation does not suppress nimX2 by altering NIMX2CDC2/NIMECYCLINB kinase activity and that snxA1 or ΔsnxA alter localization patterns of NIMECYCLINB at the restrictive temperatures for snxA1 and nimX2. Together, these findings suggest a novel and previously unreported role of an SR/RRM family protein in cell cycle regulation, specifically in control of the CDK1 mitotic induction pathway.
Total Ionizing Dose and Single Event Effects Hardness Assurance Qualification Issues for Microelectronics

The radiation effects community has developed a number of hardness assurance test guidelines to assess and assure the radiation hardness of integrated circuits for use in space and/or high-energy particle accelerator applications. These include test guidelines for total dose hardness assurance qualification and single event effects (SEE) qualification. In this work, issues associated with these hardness assurance test guidelines are discussed. For total dose qualification, the main test methodologies used in the U.S. and Europe are reviewed and differences between the guidelines are discussed. In addition, some key issues that must be considered when performing total dose hardness assurance testing are addressed. Following these discussions we review some emerging issues relevant to SEE device qualification that are not covered in present SEE test guidelines. The hardness assurance implications of these issues are addressed.
The Changing Epidemiology of Pediatric Endocarditis

The epidemiology of infective endocarditis (IE) appears to be related to changes in the management of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and the virtual disappearance of rheumatic heart disease. To better understand these changes, we divide the history into: I. The pre-surgical era, II. The early years of CHD surgical intervention, correlated with introduction of antibiotics, III. The modern era of cardiac interventions. Microbiologic changes include an early predominance of viridans streptococci and an overtaking by staphylococci. Additionally, there have been advances in imaging that allow earlier detection of IE and a reduction in IE-related mortality.
Strategic challenges faced by the e-commerce entrepreneur: the case of online bookselling

Contrary to popular belief, the e-commerce entrepreneur faces significant strategic challenges in setting up an economically feasible business on the internet. Using the example of online bookselling, this paper explores the nature of those strategic challenges, some of which cut across industries, and others that are peculiar to the rivalry and structure of the industry segment the entrepreneur is entering.
Multirate digital filters for symbol timing synchronization in software defined radios

This paper describes the use of a polyphase filterbank to perform the interpolations required for symbol timing synchronization in a sampled-data receiver. The polyphase filterbank possesses advantages over architectures based on separate matched and interpolation filters. Interpolations are realized by filterbank index selection and a separate interpolating filter following the matched filter is not required. Maximum likelihood timing synchronization techniques can be easily incorporated into the polyphase filter bank in a natural way. An M-stage polyphase filterbank with input data sampled at approximately N samples/symbol can be used in a loop that operates at MN samples/symbol, N samples/symbol, or 1 sample/symbol. When operating at 1 sample/symbol, auxiliary control must also be included to adjust the clocking of data into the filter bank to account for small differences in the sample clock and N times the data clock. Examples are presented to illustrate loop performance and control.
Protein Expression Profiling of the Drosophila Fragile X Mutant Brain Reveals Up-regulation of Monoamine Synthesis

Fragile X syndrome is the most common form of inherited mental retardation, associated with both cognitive and behavioral anomalies. The disease is caused by silencing of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (fmr1) gene, which encodes the mRNA-binding, translational regulator FMRP. Previously we established a disease model through mutation of Drosophila fmr1 (dfmr1) and showed that loss of dFMRP causes defects in neuronal structure, function, and behavioral output similar to the human disease state. To uncover molecular targets of dFMRP in the brain, we use here a proteomic approach involving two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis analyses followed by mass spectrometry identification of proteins with significantly altered expression in dfmr1 null mutants. We then focus on two misregulated enzymes, phenylalanine hydroxylase (Henna) and GTP cyclohydrolase (Punch), both of which mediate in concert the synthetic pathways of two key monoamine neuromodulators, dopamine and serotonin. Brain enzymatic assays show a nearly 2-fold elevation of Punch activity in dfmr1 null mutants. Consistently brain neurochemical assays show that both dopamine and serotonin are significantly increased in dfmr1 null mutants. At a cellular level, dfmr1 null mutant neurons display a highly significant elevation of the dense core vesicles that package these monoamine neuromodulators for secretion. Taken together, these data indicate that dFMRP normally down-regulates the monoamine pathway, which is consequently up-regulated in the mutant condition. Elevated brain levels of dopamine and serotonin provide a plausible mechanistic explanation for aspects of cognitive and behavioral deficits in human patients.
The Pace Report

T he 1996 PACE Conference and Workshop was held Labor Day weekend [September 2, 1996] in Phoenix, Arizona. At this annual meeting, Section and Society PACE representatives and other IEEE and USAB leaders meet to discuss issues relating to PACE, USAB, and IEEE-USA. The next few PACE columns will summarize some of the discussions from this conference. The articles are meant to make AP-S members aware of some of the broad professional activities of the IEEE. This first column discusses some of the activities of the IEEE-USA Technology Policy Council, and is excerpted from an article by Jim H. Turner, Jr., a Staff Member on the Committee on Science in the US House of Representatives.
Analysis of plant phosphatidylcholines by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) for the quantitative determination of phospholipid (PL) molecular species has been problematic, due primarily to the formation of multiple signals (corresponding to the molecular ion and other adducts) for some classes of PL. For example, analysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) yielded signals that corresponded to protonated and sodiated molecules in the MALDI spectrum. The resulting spectral overlap among various molecular species (e.g. [PC(16:0/18:2) + Na] and [PC(18:2/18:3)]) made it impossible to ascertain their relative amounts using this technique. Other spectral ambiguities existed among different structural isomers, such as PC(18:1/18:1) and PC(18:0/18:2). We determined that molecular species could be resolved by MALDI-TOFMS by first removing the polar head (e.g. phosphocholine) from the phospholipid to effect production of only the sodiated molecules of the corresponding diacylglycerols (DAGs). Analysis of the resulting spectrum allowed unequivocal determination of the molecular species profile of PC from potato tuber and soybean. Estimation of fatty acid composition based on the molecular species determined by MALDI-TOFMS analysis agreed with that from GC-FID analysis. Post-source decay (PSD) was used to resolve standard isomers of PC (e.g. 18:1/18:1 vs. 18:0/18:2). Our results indicated that PSD is a useful approach for resolving structural isomers of PL molecular species. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of Lossy Compression on Neural Response Characteristics extracted from High-Density Intra-cortical Implant Data

In this paper we examine the impact of lossy wavelet compression on the information contained within high- density microelectrode array neural recordings. We have previously reported on the ability of our hardware architecture to perform under the constraints imposed by implantable hardware, as well as on its performance from a compression and signal distortion standpoint. Here we extend that work by examining the amount of information that is lost from the recorded data as a result of the finite precision integer arithmetic and thresholding operations inherent in our system. One method commonly used for the classification and sorting of recorded extracellular action potentials is principal component analysis. This technique is used to statistically obtain the most significant attributes of the spikes, thereby allowing for more accurate classification. We use the separability of the resultant clusters as a measure of the information content within the data, and present the results of simulations demonstrating the impact of various hardware design parameters on this separability.
It Is Not Just a Game

An overall view of the development of gaming and simulation is presented. This includes a consideration of some observations on what had been predicted and what happened, as well as some predictions concerning the future. Stress is given to prediction based on what is technically feasible and prediction based on the sociopolitical environment. It is suggested that âto planâ is an irregular verb with four tenses: the past imperfect, the present unclear, the future perfect, and finally, the future probable.
Carcinoma of the Esophagus Arising in Patients with Prior Exposure to Radiotherapy

Malignant degeneration in tissue exposed to radiation was first reported in 1902 [1]. Subsequently, cancer in survivors of atomic bomb explosions has been well documented [6, 7]. Radiation exposure is recognized as a potential risk factor for esophageal carcinoma, and has been seen in patients previously exposed to radiotherapy for benign and malignant diseases of the mediastinum, head and neck, and spine [2–5].
The value of closely spaced scalp electrodes in the localization of epileptiform foci: A study of 26 patients with complex partial seizures

Twenty-seven patients with complex partial seizures were studied electrographically utilizing a large number of closely spaced scalp electrodes around the epileptogenic focus. Skull roentgenograms were made with the electrodes in place in order to relate the electrode positions to underlying brain anatomy. Field distribution maps were constructed from reference montages employing the closely spaced electrode set. Electrodes other than 10-20 were maximal most often and the single electrodes most often maximal were D9-D10, anterior temporal in location. This method of localization is of help in the evaluation of patients with complex partial seizures who may be surgical candidates.
Parallel time-frequency analysis

Conventional time-frequency analysis methods are generally too computationally intensive for real-time implementation. A relatively new method based on a dynamic state-space model is inherently a real-time method and can be implemented in parallel processing. It has O(n) computational complexity per signal sample, where n is the number of frequencies in the analysis. Its offered concurrency allows only sublinear speedup with parallel digital implementations, but linear speedup with a partially analog implementation. >
Activation of GSK-3 and phosphorylation of CRMP2 in transgenic mice expressing APP intracellular domain.

Amyloid precursor protein (APP), implicated in Alzheimer's disease, is a trans-membrane protein of undetermined function. APP is cleaved by γ-secretase that releases the APP intracellular domain (AICD) in the cytoplasm. In vitro studies have implicated AICD in cell signaling and transcriptional regulation, but its biologic relevance has been uncertain and its in vivo function has not been examined. To investigate its functional role, we generated AICD transgenic mice, and found that AICD causes significant biologic changes in vivo. AICD transgenic mice show activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and phosphorylation of CRMP2 protein, a GSK-3β substrate that plays a crucial role in Semaphorin3a-mediated axonal guidance. Our data suggest that AICD is biologically relevant, causes significant alterations in cell signaling, and may play a role in axonal elongation or pathfinding.
Emerging paradigms for understanding fatness and diabetes risk

It is widely accepted that increasing adiposity is associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. The predominant paradigm used to explain this link is the portal/visceral hypothesis. This hypothesis proposes that increased adiposity, particularly in the visceral depots, leads to increased free fatty acid flux and inhibition of insulin action via Randle’s effect in insulin-sensitive tissues. Recent data do not entirely support this hypothesis. As such, two new paradigms have emerged that may explain the established links between adiposity and disease.
Freudian Defense Mechanisms and Empirical Findings in Modern Social Psychology: Reaction Formation, Projection, Displacement, Undoing, Isolation, Sublimation, and Denial

Recent studies in social psychology are reviewed for evidence relevant to seven Freudian defense mechanisms. This work emphasizes normal populations, moderate rather than extreme forms of defense, and protection of self-esteem against threat. Reaction formation, isolation, and denial have been amply shown in studies, and they do seem to serve defensive functions. Undoing, in the sense of counterfactual thinking, is also well documented but does not serve to defend against the threat. Projection is evident, but the projection itself may be a by-product of defense rather than part of the defensive response itself. Displacement is not well supported in any meaningful sense, although emotions and physical arousal states do carry over from one situation to the next. No evidence of sublimation was found.
Adaptive ANOVA decomposition of stochastic incompressible and compressible flows

Realistic representation of stochastic inputs associated with various sources of uncertainty in the simulation of fluid flows leads to high dimensional representations that are computationally prohibitive. We investigate the use of adaptive ANOVA decomposition as an effective dimension-reduction technique in modeling steady incompressible and compressible flows with nominal dimension of random space up to 100. We present three different adaptivity criteria and compare the adaptive ANOVA method against sparse grid, Monte Carlo and quasi-Monte Carlo methods to evaluate its relative efficiency and accuracy. For the incompressible flow problem, the effect of random temperature boundary conditions (modeled as high-dimensional stochastic processes) on the Nusselt number is investigated for different values of correlation length. For the compressible flow, the effects of random geometric perturbations (simulating random roughness) on the scattering of a strong shock wave is investigated both analytically and numerically. A probabilistic collocation method is combined with adaptive ANOVA to obtain both incompressible and compressible flow solutions. We demonstrate that for both cases even draconian truncations of the ANOVA expansion lead to accurate solutions with a speed-up factor of three orders of magnitude compared to Monte Carlo and at least one order of magnitude compared to sparse grids for comparable accuracy.
A minimalist approach to fragment‐based ligand design using common rings and linkers: Application to kinase inhibitors

We present a novel method for stepwise scaffold assembly that integrates fragment-by-fragment ligand design approaches with high-throughput virtual library screening (COREGEN). As an extension of our earlier studies of common features present in drug molecules, we investigate the hypothesis that most pharmaceutically interesting ligands can be expressed in terms of the ring-linker frameworks that comprise them. Analysis of 119 published kinase inhibitors from at least 18 different targets illustrates that a basis set of 4 rings and 8 linkers is sufficient to describe approximately 90% of ring and linker occurrences, respectively. A similar result was derived from a larger set of approximately 40,000 kinase inhibitors from curated patents. A method for ring-linker-based assembly of scaffold libraries that uses experimental information to guide the placement of anchor fragments is validated using a set of reported kinase inhibitors of Bcr-Abl, Cdk2, and Src. In every case, the predominant structural motif of reported ligand cores is reproduced and variations are suggested. To underscore generality of this approach, a novel scaffold for a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective ligand is proposed.
Land Redistribution/Restitution in South Africa: A Model of Multiple Values, as the Past Meets the Present

This article investigates support for redistributive land policy in contemporary South Africa. From a large survey conducted in 2004, the author assesses whether contemporary policy preferences reflected egocentric instrumentalism – direct and immediate profit from redistributive policies – or symbolic justice – non-instrumental concern for contemporary and historical injustices against groups. Analysis of the data decidedly favours the symbolic justice hypothesis. Land redistribution is a symbolic issue for most black South Africans, grounded in values connected to land as a symbol and in concern for the historical injustices of apartheid and colonialism. Because land policy preferences are so strongly associated with concerns for historical injustices against groups, the land issue remains volatile and resistant to ‘simple’ economic solutions. Land is thus an example of historical injustices colliding with demands for contemporary fairness.
Timber! Felling the loblolly pine genome

Conventional short read sequences derived from haploid DNA were extended into long super-reads enabling assembly of the massive 22 Gbp loblolly pine, Pinus taeda, genome.
Enhanced absorption in two-dimensional materials via Fano-resonant photonic crystals

The use of two-dimensional (2D) materials in optoelectronics has attracted much attention due to their fascinating optical and electrical properties. However, the low optical absorption of 2D materials arising from their atomic thickness limits the maximum attainable external quantum efficiency. For example, in the visible and near-infrared regimes monolayer MoS2 and graphene absorb only ∼10% and 2.3% of incoming light, respectively. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the use of Fano-resonant photonic crystals to significantly boost absorption in atomically thin materials. Using graphene as a test bed, we demonstrate that absorption in the monolayer thick material can be enhanced to 77% within the telecommunications band, the highest value reported to date. We also show that the absorption in the Fano-resonant structure is non-local, with light propagating up to 16 μm within the structure. This property is particularly beneficial in harvesting light from large areas in field-effect-transistor based graph...
EXPRESSION AND MODULATION OF EMBRYONIC MALE‐KILLING IN DROSOPHILA INNUBILA: OPPORTUNITIES FOR MULTILEVEL SELECTION

Organisms and the symbionts they harbor may experience opposing forces of selection. In particular, the contrasting inheritance patterns of maternally transmitted symbionts and their host's nuclear genes can engender conflict among organizational levels over the optimal host offspring sex ratio. This study uses a male-killing Wolbachia endosymbiont and its host Drosophila innubila to experimentally address the potential for multilevel selection in a host-symbiont system. We show that bacterial density can vary among infected females, and that females with a higher density have a more female-biased offspring sex ratio. Furthermore, bacterial density is an epigenetic and heritable trait: females with a low bacterial load have daughters with a lower-than-average bacterial density, whose offspring then experience less severe male-killing. For infected sons, the probability of embryonic mortality increases with the bacterial density in their mothers. The frequency distribution of Wolbachia density among individual D. innubila females, and therefore the dynamics of infection within populations of these flies, results both from processes affecting the growth and regulation of bacterial populations within cytoplasmic lineages and from selection among cytoplasmic lineages that vary in bacterial density. Estimates of effective population size of Wolbachia within cytoplasmic lineages and of D. innubila at the host population level suggest that selection among cytoplasmic lineages is likely to overwhelm the results of selection within lineages.
Absorption Characteristics of Multilayered Thin Lithium Bromide (LiBr) Solution Film

In this study, an alternative absorber design suitable for the plate-and-frame absorber configuration is introduced. The design utilizes a fin structure installed on a vertical flat plate to produce a uniform solution film and minimize its thickness and to continuously interrupt the boundary layer. Using numerical models supported by experiments employing dye visualization, the suitable fin spacing and size and wettability are determined. The solution flow thickness is measured using the laser confocal displacement measurement technique. The new surface structure is tested in an experimental absorption system. An absorption rate as high as 6×10−3 kg/m2s at a driving pressure potential of 700 Pa is achieved, which is considerably high in comparison with conventional absorption systems. The effect of water vapor pressure, solution flow rate, solution inlet concentration, cooling water inlet temperature and solution inlet temperature on the absorption rate is also investigated. The proposed design provides a potential framework for development of highly compact absorption refrigeration systems.Copyright © 2015 by ASME