cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple Surface Cracking and Its Effect on Interface Cracks in Functionally Graded Thermal Barrier Coatings Under Thermal Shock

The thermal fracture behavior in functionally graded yttria solubilized zirconia-NiCoCrAlY bond coat alloy thermal barrier coatings was studied using analytical models. The response of three coating architectures of similar thermal resistance to laser thermal shock tests was considered. Mean field micromechanics models were used to predict the effective thermoelastic and time-dependent (viscoplaslic) properties of the individual layers of the graded thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). These effective properties were then utilized in fracture mechanics analyses to study the role of coating architecture on the initiation of surface cracks. The effect of the surface crack morphology and coating architecture on the propensity for propagation of horizontal delamination cracks was then assessed. The results of the analyses are correlated with previously reported experimental results. Potential implications of the findings on architectural design of these material systems for enhanced thermal fracture resistance are discussed.
Cryoglobulinemia associated with Purtscher-like retinopathy.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report a case of Purtscher-like retinopathy in a young man with chronic hepatitis C–associated cryoglobulinemia. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 44-year-old Caucasian man with chronic hepatitis C developed sudden loss of vision in the left eye and abdominal pain. Ocular fundus examination revealed peripapillary cotton-wool spots and superficial retinal whitening in the macula. Systemic evaluation revealed markedly elevated rheumatoid factor, hypertension, and acute renal insufficiency. A renal biopsy demonstrated intravascular deposition of immunoglobulins IgG and IgM and complement consistent with type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. CONCLUSION: Clinicians should consider cryoglobulinemia in the differential diagnosis of a patient with Purtscher-like retinopathy and history of infection with hepatitis C.
Changes in anxiety-related behaviors and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in mice lacking the 5-HT-3A receptor

The serotonin-3 (5-HT-3A) receptor has been localized in limbic and brainstem structures that regulate anxiety-related behavior and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity, but its role in regulating anxiety-related behaviors is equivocal, and evidence for its role in regulating HPA activity is limited. Therefore, we used 5-HT-3A receptor knockout (KO) mice to further study these issues. Behavior in the elevated plus maze, open field, light-dark box and after Pavlovian fear conditioning was examined in addition to HPA activity under basal and acute stress conditions. Compared to age-matched adult male wild-type (WT) controls, adult male KO mice exhibited increased distance traveled in the open arms of the elevated plus maze, consistent with decreased measures of anxiety. There were no differences between the two genotypes in exploratory behavior in the open field or light-dark test. KO mice displayed enhanced fear conditioning indexed by fear-induced freezing behavior. KO mice displayed lower adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) responses to restraint or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, lower vasopressin mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and higher corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA in the central amygdala were observed in KO compared to WT mice. Therefore, deletion of the 5-HT-3A receptor revealed an important role for this receptor in regulating HPA responses to acute stress and a potential interaction between the 5-HT-3A receptor and CRH in the amygdala. Together, these data suggest that the 5-HT-3A receptor does not have a unitary role in the regulation of anxiety- and fear-related behaviors but has a potentially substantial role in the regulation of HPA activity.
NATURAL TRANSITION ORBITALS

A means of finding a compact orbital representation for the electronic transition density matrix is described. The technique utilizes the corresponding orbital transformation of Amos and Hall and allows a dramatic simplification in the qualitative description of an electronic transition.
Dissimilarities in Perseid meteoroids

— A shutter-chopped, direct photograph of a 1980 Perseid meteor is discussed in which no shutter breaks are apparent. Evidence is considered that it is indeed a Perseid and that the phenomenon is the result of an extraordinary fragmentation of the meteoroid. Tentative evidence is presented for the existence in 1980 of a second radiant from which the apparently unchopped meteor and a second meteor, also showing marked fragmentation, emanated. The fragmentation of these two meteors and the concentration of their radiant are consonant with the concept of their origin from recently released material from the nearby parent comet.
Response of Neonatology Training Programs to Current Challenges in Healthcare† 1917

Perceived surplus of subspecialists may decrease the availability of subspecialty trainees. In Subspecialty areas such as Neonatal - Perinatal Medicine which traditionally involves a substantial clinical workload such decreases in workforce could adversely impact the educational experience of the trainees if fewer trainees were required to carry increased clinical responsibilities. A survey of Fellowship Directors was conducted by electronic mail and Fax to assess the current clinical workload of Fellows with particular attention to on-call schedules and to explore the attitudes of Program Directors toward the role of Fellows in patient care delivery. Responses were received from 41/65 programs (63%) that were successfully contacted. The mean number of Fellows per program was 4.5 (range 1-12). Contrary to expectations, the majority of programs anticipated no change in the number of Fellows in 1998. Current on-call frequency ranged from 1/3 to 1/8 nights in the first year (mean 1/4.9), 1/4 to 1/15 (mean 1/6.3) in year 2 and 1/4 to none in the third year (mean 1/6.6 in programs with on-call responsibility in year 3). Twenty-five programs do not allow Fellows to provide more than 24-36 hours of continuous coverage (such as covering an entire weekend) because of issues related to provider as well as patient safety, while 6 allow such coverage occasionally at the election of the Fellows. Seven programs do so routinely, but generally indicated that this is not in-house coverage. Only 4 of 41 programs (10%) planned to increase on-call frequency if the number of Fellows in the program were to decrease, with 31 programs indicating that attending physicians would take up the additional workload. Other solutions included hiring outside “moonlighters”, nurse practitioners or junior faculty to cover the on-call vacancies. However, 25/41 programs (61%) indicated that they would (or do already) allow their Fellows to provide additional on-call coverage for extra compensation(in-house moonlighting). A solid majority of Program Directors felt that Fellow availability should not affect their clinical workload in order to avoid adverse effects on the learning process. However, the widespread practice of additional compensated voluntary clinical duties (moonlighting) may have just such consequences. Limits should be placed on the amount of such voluntary activity because of the potential for conflict between monetary compensation and the educational process.
Stress Corrosion of ASTM Grade-2 and Grade-12 Titanium in Simulated Rock Salt Brines at 83°C

Abstract Slow strain rate tensile tests were conducted on Grade-2 and Grade-12 titanium in simulated rock salt brines at about 83 C. The Grade-12 titanium studied showed superior mechanical properties compared to Grade-2 titanium, which were presumably due to smaller grain size and the presence of alloying elements and beta phase. Although neither metal showed obvious indications of stress corrosion cracking (SCC), the total elongation and reduction in area values showed some decrease. At the edge of the fracture surfaces in Grade-12 titanium specimens, a shear lip region was observed, but it was not related to the observed loss in ductility. Optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results are discussed to elucidate the fracture mechanism.
Differentiation in cellular slime moulds

Development and Differentiation in the Cellular Slime Moulds. Edited by P. Cappuccinelli and J. M. Ashworth. Pp xx+317. (Elsevier/North Holland: Oxford, New York and Holland, 1977.) Dfl. 79; $39.75
Synthesis of tRNA in cell-free extracts.

In studying the synthesis of macromolecules it has been of great importance to establish a system where the biosynthetic process is carried out in a cell-free extract. This approach makes it possible to interfere with various steps in the process and to isolate the intermediates.
2009 Special Issue: RKF-PCA: Robust kernel fuzzy PCA

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a mathematical method that reduces the dimensionality of the data while retaining most of the variation in the data. Although PCA has been applied in many areas successfully, it suffers from sensitivity to noise and is limited to linear principal components. The noise sensitivity problem comes from the least-squares measure used in PCA and the limitation to linear components originates from the fact that PCA uses an affine transform defined by eigenvectors of the covariance matrix and the mean of the data. In this paper, a robust kernel PCA method that extends the kernel PCA and uses fuzzy memberships is introduced to tackle the two problems simultaneously. We first introduce an iterative method to find robust principal components, called Robust Fuzzy PCA (RF-PCA), which has a connection with robust statistics and entropy regularization. The RF-PCA method is then extended to a non-linear one, Robust Kernel Fuzzy PCA (RKF-PCA), using kernels. The modified kernel used in the RKF-PCA satisfies the Mercer's condition, which means that the derivation of the K-PCA is also valid for the RKF-PCA. Formal analyses and experimental results suggest that the RKF-PCA is an efficient non-linear dimension reduction method and is more noise-robust than the original kernel PCA.
Crack tip and associated domain integrals from momentum and energy balance

Abstract A unified derivation of crack tip flux integrals and their associated domain representations is laid out in this paper. Using a general balance statement as the starting point, crack tip integrals and complementary integrals which are valid for general material response and arbitrary crack tip motion are obtained. Our derivation emphasizes the viewpoint that crack tip integrals are direct consequences of momentum balance. Invoking appropriate restrictions on material response and crack tip motion leads directly to integrals which are in use in crack analysis. Additional crack tip integrals which are direct consequences of total energy and momentum balance are obtained in a similar manner. Some results on dual (or complementary) integrals are discussed. The study provides a framework for the derivation of crack tip integrals and allows them to be viewed from a common perspective. In fact, it will be easy to recognize that every crack tip integral under discussion can be obtained immediately from the general result by appropriately identifying the terms in the general flux tensor. The evaluation of crack tip contour integrals in numerical studies is a potential source of inaccuracy. With the help of weighting functions these integrals are recast into finite domain integrals. The latter integrals are naturally compatible with the finite element method and can be shown to be ideally suited for numerical studies of cracked bodies and the accurate calculation of pointwise energy release rates along a curvilinear three-dimensional crack front. The value of the domain integral does not depend on domain size and shape — this property provides an independent check on the consistency and quality of the numerical calculation. The success of the J -based fracture mechanics approach has led to much literature on pathindependent integrals. It will be shown that various so-called path-independent integrals (including path and area integrals) are but alternate forms of the general result referred to above and do not provide any additional information which is not already contained in the general result. Recent attempts to apply these ‘newer’ integrals to crack growth problems are discussed.
House taken over by ghosts: culture, migration, and developmental cycle in a Moroccan family invaded by hallucinations

Cross-cultural practice requires an active blend of "knowing" and "not knowing" in regard to specific family cultures, representing an awareness of the risks of making cultural generalizations about behaviors that are idiosyncratic, and vice versa. The ways in which the unavoidable process of acculturation manifests itself in families are illustrated by a transcription and discussion of an actual consultation that took place in Belgium with a family of Moroccan immigrants in which one of the sons refused to retain culturally mandated roles in a social milieu that required changes in the family mores. Multiple hallucinations reported by different family members further seemed to complicate the matter. The present discussion emphasizes family
Immunomodulation of glioma cells after gene therapy: induction of major histocompatibility complex class I but not class II antigen in vitro.

OBJECTIVE: Acquired immunity has been demonstrated in Fischer rats bearing syngeneic 9L tumors after herpes simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase (TK) gene transfection and ganciclovir treatment. The nature of this immunity in rats and its relevance to the HSV TK/ganciclovir protocol for human subjects remain to be determined. In this study, levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I and II antigen expression were measured before and after HSV TK transfection, in an effort to document immunomodulatory changes caused by gene therapy. METHODS: Tumor cells from the 9L gliosarcoma cell line, three primary human glioma cultures, and the human glioma cell line U87 MG were transduced with HSV TK vector-containing supernatant from fibroblast-producing cells (titer of 5 x 10 6 colony-forming units/ml) and selected in G418 medium for neomycin resistance. Clones were pooled or individually selected for cell-killing assays with ganciclovir, to confirm TK expression (10 3 cells/well in a 96-well dish). Northern analyses using MHC Class I and Class II complementary deoxyribonucleic acid probes were performed on blots containing total ribonucleic acid from wild-type tumor cells and HSV TK transfectants. A β-actin complementary deoxyribonucleic acid probe served as an internal control. Cell surface expression was confirmed with flow cytometry. The induction of MHC Class I was tested for cycloheximide and genistein sensitivity. RESULTS: All cell cultures exhibited increases in MHC Class I but not MHC Class II expression, as determined by Northern analysis densitometry and flow cytometry. Cycloheximide treatment did not diminish the up-regulation of MHC Class I after retroviral transfection, implicating a signal transduction pathway that does not require ongoing protein synthesis. Genistein pretreatment of cell cultures did diminish the up-regulation of MHC Class I, implicating a tyrosine kinase in the signaling cascade. CONCLUSION: Induction of MHC Class I in rat and human glioma cells after HSV TK retroviral gene therapy is a primary effect that is dependent on tyrosine kinase activity. Specific immune responses generated after transfection may represent an important general side effect of gene therapy protocols. Elucidation of the mechanism of immunomodulation after gene therapy will likely yield safer and more effective clinical protocols.
Ribosomal RNA gene amplification by rolling circles

Abstract Previous work has raised the possibility that gene amplification in Xenopus laevis oocytes involves a rolling circle intermediate (Hourcade et al., 1973a,b). We have combined electron microscopy with autoradiography in order to examine the structure of replicating ribosomal DNA molecules. The frequency of lariats (the presumptive rolling circles) in unlabelled ribosomal DNA is about 1%. If only labelled molecules are scored after a six-hour pulse with radioactively labelled DNA precursors, the proportion of lariats increases to about 8.5%. After pulses of two hours or less, the frequency rises still further to about 18%. In pulse and pulse-chase experiments, the lariats display a labelling pattern that is consistent with a rolling circle model: (1) as the pulse length is increased the labelled region in the tail grows from the replication fork towards the free end of the tail; (2) after a pulse-chase the labelled region is displaced towards the free end of the tail and no label remains associated with the lariat circle. The frequency of labelled free circles is lower by 80% in pulse-chased DNA than in DNA that has not been chased. This suggests that most of the radioactive circles are derived from broken rolling circles. Cyclization of lariat tails could account for the remaining labelled circles.
Synthesis of Uniform Diameter Boron-Based Nanostructures Using a Mesoporous Mg-Al2O3 Template and Tests for Superconductivity

Mg incorporated mesoporous alumina with high surface area and narrow pore size distribution was prepared by the sol−gel method to use as a template for the synthesis of boron-based nanostructures by the CVD method. The mesoporous nature of the Mg−Al2O3 was confirmed by low-angle XRD and N2 adsorption analyses. The randomly ordered pores were observed by TEM. The growth of boron-based nanostructures, such as nanowires and nanotubes, over Mg−Al2O3 is evidenced by TEM analysis. Use of BCl3 as the boron source resulted in nanowires of around 20 nm in diameter and several micrometers in length. When using B2H6 as the boron source, the diameter of the obtained nanostructures was in the range 3−4 nm, reflective of the pore diameter of Mg−Al2O3. Further loading of Mg in the form of Rieke Mg by sonication over 1% Mg−Al2O3 resulted in the growth of straight nanotubes with a uniform diameter of 3−4 nm. The NEXAFS of the boron K-edge of purified boron-based nanostructures shows characteristic peaks for the existence ...
An O(nlogn) algorithm for finding minimal path cover in circular-arc graphs

Whether there exists a polynomial algorithm for the minimal path cover problem in circular-arc graphs remains open. In this paper, we present a polynomial time algorithm for finding a minimal path cover for a set of n arcs in a circular-arc model. Our algorithm takes O(nlogn) time.
Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia: A rare example of albumin polymorphism and its rapid molecular diagnosis

Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia (FDH) is the most common cause of euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia, although a rare example of albumin polymorphism. FDH is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and is characterized by enhanced binding of thyroxine to a mutant form of albumin, probably at Site 1, subdomain 11A. Previous laboratory tests of FDH have been cumbersome, rarely available, and required demonstration of anti-albumin precipitable T4, isoelectric focusing of serum for albumin in presence of labeled T4 and, occasionally, comparison of the concentrations of metabolites of T4 that have different binding affinities to the abnormal albumin. Recent studies have shown that the same mutation in the albumin gene that results in FDH has been found in 13 unrelated families. A G-->A transition in codon 218 of the albumin gene resulted in the replacement of arginine with histidine. An intragenic Sac-1 polymorphic site was found in association with the specific FDH mutation, suggesting a founder effect. FDH in our Hispanic family was confirmed by isoelectric focusing of serum. Results of thyroid function tests in our affected patients were typical for the phenotype: high total T4 and normal total T3. Genomic DNA was amplified by PCR using a mismatched oligonucleotide primer that produced a unique restriction site (Dra III) only if the DNA sample contained the mutation in codon 218: CGC (Arg) to CAC (His). In affected individuals of this family expression of the FDH phenotype was associated with the presence of His218 in one of the two alleles. Analysis linking the FDH mutation to the Sac-1 polymorphism in this family was not informative. DNA analysis is a rapid and simple method to diagnose FDH in individuals with euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia.
The Ehrenfest theorem and gas transport properties

Abstract It is shown that the momentum transfer theorem implies a rough correlation of the diffusion cross section with the slope of the intermolecular potential energy. This is a particular case of the collision Ehrenfest theorem which can be applied in like manner to all of the collision cross sections arising in kinetic theory, thus allowing a qualitative discussion of their dependence on the potential. As an example, relative to the diffusion cross section the viscosity has an increased sensitivity to the curvature of the potential.
Rotational correlation times and partition coefficients of a spin label solute in lecithin vesicles.

Abstract Di- tert -butylnitroxide dissolved in an aqueous suspension of egg yolk lecithin vesicles is distributed between the two phases. Partition coefficients of the nitroxide between the lipid and the water, calculated from the nitroxide electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra, decrease with decreasing temperature until approximately the freezing point of the solvent. Below this temperature the nitroxide is detected only in the lecithin. The rotational correlation times of the spin label present in the lecithin were calculated for the temperature range from +45 to −60 °C. At low temperatures, the EPR spectra are characteristic of a superposition of two spectra resulting from the nitroxide dissolved in the lipid in two environments with different rotational correlation times.
Treatment of Hypertension in Renal Disease

Experimental and clinical evidence are summarized that support the hypothesis that enhanced transmission of systemic hypertension to the adapted glomerulus in the setting of reduced nephron mass may be responsible for accelerated vascular and glomerular damage in the hypertensive stage of parenchymal renal disease in man. In experimental models of hypertension associated with reduced renal mass, the kidney appears to be damaged directly by transmission of pressure rather than primarily through vasoconstriction and ischemia. When hypertension is combined with models of glomerular disease, vascular and glomerular injury are aggravated. It is proposed that adaptive glomerular hemodynamic alterations which occur in parenchymal renal disease magnify the transmission of increased pressure and flows when hypertension supervenes. Accelerated vascular and glomerular damage and functional deterioration result. According to this hypothesis, control of systemic hypertension and minimization of hydraulic stress on the diseased glomerulus become critical to the management of chronic renal disease and the prevention of progressive renal insufficiency.
Masked, white coat and sustained hypertension: comparison of target organ damage and psychometric parameters

Masked hypertension is defined as low clinic and elevated out-of-clinic pressure (blood pressure, BP) assessed either by patients at home or by ambulatory monitoring. This study compared the cardiovascular status and psychometric characteristics of masked, white coat and sustained hypertensives. Three groups of consecutive subjects with masked (n=100, age 59+/-11 years), white coat (n=100, 60+/-10 years) and sustained hypertension (n=100, 60+/-11 years) diagnosed by ambulatory BP monitoring were compared. Masked hypertensives had higher educational level, exercised more frequently, received fewer drugs and sensed more responsibilities at work than at home. Their left ventricular hypertrophy indexes fall in-between those with white coat and sustained, the latter having the highest values. The estimated total cardiovascular risk was intermediate between white coat and sustained, whereas their cardiovascular morbidity and renal disease was higher than that of white coat and similar to sustained. Psychological profile analysis showed lower score for type-A personality and their mood behaviour in the hypomania-euthymia range compared with white coat and sustained hypertensives. The cardiovascular risk of masked hypertensives is higher than that of white coat and similar to sustained. Masked hypertensives have higher educational level, better physical training and different personality/mood pattern than white coat and sustained.
Cartilage grafts in dorsal nasal augmentation of traumatic saddle nose deformity: a long-term follow-up.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To document the long-term advantages and disadvantages of cartilage grafts used to correct traumatic saddle nose deformity. Additionally, to demonstrate functional improvement and cosmetic satisfaction with the use of this graft. Study Design: Retrospective chart review and prospective follow-up telephone survey of 20 patients after dorsal augmentation of saddle nose deformity secondary to trauma. Methods: This is a single-surgeon, single-institution investigation within an academic tertiary care medical center. All patients presented for correction of saddle nose deformity after trauma, and cartilage grafts were used for augmentation of the dorsum. Minimum postoperative follow-up period of 1 year was required. A modified and expanded Nasal Obstructive Symptoms Evaluation survey, which included questions pertaining to the appearance of their nose, was used to assess both functional and cosmetic changes after surgery. Results: Only 1 of the 20 patients was dissatisfied with the overall outcome. Three (15%) were extremely satisfied, 12 (60%) were very satisfied, three (15%) were somewhat satisfied, and one (5%) was indifferent. In terms of function, four (20%) experienced excellent relief in nasal obstruction, five (25%) moderate relief, four (20%) mild relief, and seven (35%) noted no difference. Regarding cosmesis, two (10%) noted excellent improvement, three (15%) moderate improvement, nine (45%) mild improvement, and five (25%) noted no significant change. One (5%) patient reported worsening due to tip edema. Mean follow-up time was 6.8 years. Conclusions: Autogenous cartilage grafts are useful in the correction of mild to moderate traumatic saddle nose deformity. The graft is readily available, preserves long-term structural stability, and achieves functional and cosmetic satisfaction in most patients. Laryngoscope, 2009
Speciality interests and career calling to medicine among first-year medical students.

The construct of calling has recently been applied to the vocation of medicine. We explored whether medical students endorse the presence of a calling or a search for a calling and how calling related to initial speciality interest. 574 first-year medical students (84 % response rate) were administered the Brief Calling Survey and indicated their speciality interest. For presence of a calling, the median response was mostly true for: ‘I have a calling to a particular kind of work’ and moderately true for: ‘I have a good understanding of my calling as it applies to my career’. For search for a calling, median response was mildly true: ‘I am trying to figure out my calling in my career’ and ‘I am searching for my calling as it applies to my career’. Mann–Whitney U (p < 0.05) results indicate that students interested in primary care (n = 185) versus non-primary care (n = 389) are more likely to endorse the presence of a calling. Students were more likely to endorse the presence of a calling rather than a search for a calling, with those interested in primary care expressing stronger presence of a calling to medicine.
Molecular characterization of the injury-induced aromatase transcript in the adult zebra finch brain

In the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), the aromatase gene is transcribed from one of two promoters resulting in two transcripts constitutively expressed in brain or ovary. These transcripts differ only in Exon 1 which lies in the 5' un-translated region (UTR). An inducible form of aromatase is expressed following brain injury in glia. Towards characterizing this transcript, we (a) examined the up-regulation of amplicons within the aromatase transcript using quantitative PCR (qPCR), (b) performed 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) on injured brain RNA and (c) sequenced the injury-induced aromatase transcript. qPCR suggested that inducible aromatase may contain a novel 3'UTR. However, neither 3' nor 5' RACE revealed novel UTRs in the injured telencephalon. We then sequenced aromatase from injured entopallium, a region that lacks detectable constitutive aromatase. Inducible aromatase was identical in sequence to the known neural aromatase transcript. These data suggest that injury-induced aromatase differs from ovarian, but is indistinguishable from neuronal aromatase. We suggest that an injury-specific signal in glia may modulate aromatase transcription. Alternatively, injury-induced aromatase transcription may be silenced under constitutive conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that documents the sequence of inducible aromatase in any vertebrate.
Strain differences in adrenal microsomal steroid metabolism in guinea pigs.

Abstract We recently reported that CYP2D16, a xenobiotic-metabolizing P450 isozyme, was expressed at higher levels in adrenal microsomes from inbred Strain 13 guinea pigs than in those from outbred English Short Hair (ESH) animals. Studies were done to determine if there also were strain differences in adrenal microsomal steroid metabolism. In both inner (zona reticularis) and outer (zona fasciculata plus zona glomerulosa) zone preparations of the adrenal cortex, 21-hydroxylase activities were greater in microsomes from ESH than from Strain 13 guinea pigs. By contrast, 17 α -hydroxylase activities were similar in the two strains. In both strains, 21-hydroxylase activities were greater in inner than outer zone microsomes, but the opposite was found for 17 α -hydroxylase activities (outer>inner). Northern and Western analyses revealed higher levels of CYP21 mRNA and protein in adrenals from ESH than Strain 13 guinea pigs, but there were no strain differences in CYP17 mRNA or protein concentrations. Despite the zonal differences in adrenal 17 α -hydroxylase and 21-hydroxylase activities, CYP17 and CYP21 mRNA and protein levels were similar in the inner and outer zones within each strain of guinea pig. The results demonstrate strain differences in microsomal steroid metabolism that are explained by differences in CYP21 expression. By contrast, the zonal differences in steroid hydroxylase activities may be attributable to post-translational mechanisms.
Risk of Therapy-Related Secondary Leukemia in Hodgkin Lymphoma: The Stanford University Experience Over Three Generations of Clinical Trials

Purpose To assess therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome (t-AML/MDS) risk in patients treated for Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) on successive generations of Stanford clinical trials. Patients and Methods Patients with HL treated at Stanford with at least 5 years of follow-up after completing therapy were identified from our database. Records were reviewed for outcome and development of t-AML/MDS. Results Seven hundred fifty-four patients treated from 1974 to 2003 were identified. Therapy varied across studies. Radiotherapy evolved from extended fields (S and C studies) to involved fields (G studies). Primary chemotherapy was mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP) or procarbazine, mechlorethamine, and vinblastine (PAVe) in S studies; MOPP, PAVe, vinblastine, bleomycin, and methotrexate (VBM), or doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) in C studies; and VbM (reduced dose of bleomycin compared with VBM) or mechlorethamine, doxorubicin, vinblasti...
Social dominance and mating activity in the tassel-eared squirrel (Sciurus aberti ferreus)

Abstract The behaviour of a wild population of tassel-eared squirrels was investigated from September 1969 to January 1971. Squirrels were live captured and marked for individual recognition. Adult squirrels were generally non-gregarious throughout the non-mating season. During the mating season (April and May) periodic bouts of sexual activity occurred involving interactions between an oestrous female and a group of socially ranked males. The most dominant male in each mating bout was first to copulate with the female. Aggressive behaviour in males was also positively correlated with the frequency of copulation. Male dominance hierarchies were characterized by non-linear arrangements and were relatively unstable over bouts. Certain males tended to be dominant in their own home areas with females from the same areas.
New clinical outcomes utilizing a 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser for lipolysis of the torso oblique region.

AbstractObjectives: The safety and efficacy of a 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser (Cynosure, Westford, USA) utilizing a 300-μm optical fiber and a 1-mm diameter micro-cannula were evaluated as a treatment for reduction in the appearance or elimination of unwanted fat in the lower back/flanks (‘love handles’). In addition, the use of the laser for tightening the skin and collagen regeneration in the area of lipolysis was assessed through biopsies. Methods: Ten subjects with unwanted flaccidity and fat deposits in the oblique region of the torso were enrolled in the study. Subjects underwent a single laser lipolysis treatment followed by aspiration of the treatment area. The total tumescence used, laser energy delivered, and tissue removed was recorded for each subject. All subjects had baseline photographs taken and their weight recorded prior to treatment. Pregnancy tests (if applicable) were performed prior to treatment as well. Three subjects had 4-mm biopsies taken at baseline and 6 months to evaluate collagen reg...
An improved version of the Kornyshev-Eigen-Wicke model for the diffuse double layer in concentrated electrolytes.

The Kornyshev-Eigen-Wicke model for the diffuse double layer in concentrated electrolytes has been improved in two ways. First, the role of the compressibility factor a0 has been included in the expressions for the electrochemical potentials of the component ions. As a result this quantity also appears in the equations for the potential drop across the diffuse layer, and its differential capacity. Second, an estimate is made of the ion atmosphere effect using the reciprocal of the thickness of the ionic atmosphere. It is shown that these changes result in considerable improvement in the estimates of the diffuse layer potential drop and differential capacity on the basis of Monte Carlo data.
An improved method for the determination of distribution coefficients.

Description rapide d'une methode d'etude in vitro du coefficient de distribution (D) d'un medicament entre une phase organique et une phase aqueuse. Chaque phase est analysee par HPLC. La methode est validee par des essais sur des medicaments dont la valeur du logD varient entre −2 et 4. Cette methode permet d'evaluer la lipophilie du medicament
Mechanistic implications of stereospecific 1,5-hydrogen-atom transfer in the formation of an unusual allene/enoate photoproduct

Abstract Irradiation of allene-enoate 1 affords alkyne 3 as the major photoproduct. Selectively deuterated analog d- 1 affords a single diastereomer on irradiation. This result supports a stepwise mechanism for enantioselective [2+2]-photocycloadditions involving a 1,4-biradical intermediate 2 which collapses to products more rapidly than it undergoes reversion to starting material, resulting in the observed high levels of asymmetric induction.
Probabilistic Analysis of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Based Hybrid Gas Turbine System

The emergence of fuel cell systems and hybrid fuel cell systems requires the evolution of analysis strategies for evaluating thermodynamic performance. A gas turbine thermodynamic cycle integrated with a fuel cell was computationally simulated and probabilistically evaluated in view of the several uncertainties in the thermodynamic performance parameters. Cumulative distribution functions and sensitivity factors were computed for the overall thermal efficiency and net specific power output due to the uncertainties in the thermodynamic random variables. These results can be used to quickly identify the most critical design variables in order to optimize the design and make it cost effective. The analysis leads to the selection of criteria for gas turbine performance.
Selective Alterations of White Matter Associated with Visuospatial and Sensorimotor Dysfunction in Turner Syndrome

Turner syndrome (TS) is a neurogenetic disorder characterized by impaired spatial, numerical, and motor functioning but relatively spared verbal ability. Results from previous neuroimaging studies suggest that gray matter alterations in parietal and frontal regions may contribute to atypical visuospatial and executive functioning in TS. Recent findings in TS also indicate variations in the shape of parietal gyri and white matter microstructural anomalies of the temporal lobe. Diffusion tensor imaging and structural imaging methods were used to determine whether 10 females with TS and 10 age- and gender-matched control subjects exhibited differences in fractional anisotropy, white matter density, and local brain shape. Relative to controls, females with TS had lower fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the deep white matter of the left parietal-occipital region extending anteriorly along the superior longitudinal fasciculus into the deep white matter of the frontal lobe. In addition, decreased FA values were located bilaterally in the internal capsule extending into the globus pallidus and in the right prefrontal region. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis showed corresponding white matter density differences in the internal capsules and left centrum semiovale. Tensor-based morphometry analysis indicated that the FA and VBM results were not attributable to differences in the local shape of brain structures. Compared with controls, females with TS had increases in FA values and white matter density in language-related areas of the inferior parietal and temporal lobes. These complementary analyses provide evidence for alterations in white matter pathways that subserve affected and preserved cognitive functions in TS.
Creating learning communities in the classroom

This chapter describes three approaches to creating classroom-based learning communities: interteaching; team-based learning; and cooperative learning in large, lecture-based courses.
Laser optogalvanic and fluorescence studies of the cathode region of a glow discharge

Various laser diagnostics are used to study the cathode-fall and negative-glow regions of a He glow discharge with a cold Al cathode. The electric field and absolute metastable densities are mapped and the gas temperature is measured over a range of current densities from a near-normal (173 V) to a highly abnormal (600 V) cathode fall. These measurements are analyzed to yield the current balance at the cathode surface, the ionization rate in the cathode-fall region, and the metastable production rate in the cathode-fall and negative-glow regions. The experimental results compare favorably with the results of Monte Carlo simulations. The density and temperature of the low-energy electron gas in the negative glow is determined by combining information from the experiments and Monte Carlo simulations.
Spectral Analysis of the Efficiency of Vertical Mixing in the Deep Ocean due to Interaction of Tidal Currents with a Ridge Running down a Continental Slope

Efficiency of mixing, resulting from the reflection of an internal wave field imposed on the oscillatory background flow with a three-dimensional bottom topography, is investigated using a linear approximation. The radiating wave field is associated with the spectrum of the linear model, which consists of those mode numbers n and slope values α, for which the solution represents the internal waves of frequencies ω = n ω 0 radiating upwrad of the topography, where ω 0 is the fundamental frequency at which internal waves are generated at the topography. The effects of the bottom topography and the earth’s rotation on the spectrum is analyzed analytically and numerically in the vicinity of the critical slopeαn ,θ c = arcsin (n 2 ω0 2 -f 2 / N 2 -f 2 ) 1/2 which is a slope with the same angle to the horizontal as the internal wave characteristic. In this notation, θ is latitude, f is the Coriolis parameter and N is the buoyancy frequency, which is assumed to be a constant, which corresponds to the uniform stratification.
Impact of renal artery multiplicity on outcomes of renal donors and recipients in laparoscopic donor nephrectomy

Abstract Objectives To review our laparoscopic donor nephrectomy experience to determine the impact of multiple renal arteries on renal donor and recipient outcomes. Multiple renal arteries can present a challenge during live laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. Methods During a 6-year period, 353 patients underwent laparoscopic donor nephrectomy and an equal number of patients underwent living-related renal transplantation. A retrospective chart review was performed to evaluate the renal donors and recipients associated with the laparoscopic procedure. Results Laparoscopic donor nephrectomies were associated with one renal artery in 277 cases (78.5%), two renal arteries in 71 cases (20.1%), and three renal arteries in 5 cases (1.4%). A left-sided procedure was most commonly performed in all three groups. The operative and renal allograft warm ischemia times increased with the number of renal arteries, but the differences were not statistically significant. The renal artery anatomy did not have a significant association with intraoperative blood loss, postoperative hospital stay, or complication rate in the donor group. Regarding the transplant recipients, renal artery multiplicity had no significant association with the complication rate, 1-year graft survival, or creatinine clearance levels at 1, 2, or 3 days or at 3, 6, or 12 months postoperatively. Conclusions With meticulous procurement and reconstructive transplantation techniques, the presence of multiple renal arteries in laparoscopic donor nephrectomy does not have a significant impact on the outcomes of the renal donors or recipients.
THE EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE ON THE MONKEY UTERUS AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF STEROIDAL HORMONES IN THE FORM OF DEANESLYPARKES PELLETS1

THE PURPOSES of the present investigation were twofold: (a) to compare the action of the hormone when compressed into hard pellets and placed under the skin with the same hormone administered by the more common method of injection in oil; (b) to determine the effect of androgens on the endometrium of mature rhesus monkeys under various conditions. At the colloquium on the physiology of reproduction held in Paris in 1937 under the auspices of the Singer-Polignac Foundation, Dr. Ruth Deanesly (1) reported on various methods employed by her to attain a continuous and prolonged, hence nearly natural physiological action of the fat-soluble hormones. Among these methods was included the direct implantation of the crystalline products. Dr. Gsschickter and the writer (2) had also previously used large crystals of estrone with some success.
Pseudoneoplastic lesions of the uterine cervix

The differential diagnosis of malignant and premalignant lesions of the uterine cervix includes numerous non-neoplastic conditions which may show overlapping morphological features. Recognizing these mimics is crucial in order to spare the patient unnecessary surgical procedures with potential side effects, as well as the psychosocial consequences associated with the diagnosis of HPV-infection and/or (pre)malignancy. This article reviews benign entities that may be mistaken for neoplastic lesions of the cervix. Conditions of the ectocervical squamous epithelium, the endocervical glandular epithelium and the cervical stroma are systematically discussed in the context of the respective (pre)malignant lesion that they may be confused with, including low and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, invasive squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma in-situ, various types of invasive adenocarcinomas, and sarcomas. Emphasis is placed on those features that help distinguish pseudoneoplastic lesions from true neoplasms, including clinical information, morphologic findings and ancillary studies.
Performance of supply-oriented family planning policy in Bangladesh: An examination

Abstract Using data from four nationally representative sample surveys conducted since 1968, this paper examines the performance of the family planning program of Bangladesh, which placed emphasis on its supply component. The very low contraceptive prevalence rate and the large gap between knowledge and use of contraceptive methods indicates the poor performance of the program. After discussing the probable reasons for such performance, the paper suggests accelarating the demand for contraceptives among the married women of Bangladesh through persuasion and by improving the existing contraceptive distribution system. This is required for increasing the use of family planning methods in the country.
Redundant state detection for dynamic symbolic execution

Many recent tools use dynamic symbolic execution to perform tasks ranging from automatic test generation, finding security flaws, equivalence verification, and exploit generation. However, while symbolic execution is promising, it perennially struggles with the fact that the number of paths in a program increases roughly exponentially with both code and input size. This paper presents a technique that attacks this problem by eliminating paths that cannot reach new code before they are executed and evaluates it on 66 system intensive, complicated, and widely-used programs. Our experiments demonstrate that the analysis speeds up dynamic symbolic execution by an average of 50.5×, with a median of 10×, and increases coverage by an average of 3.8%.