cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of monetary policy at different stages of economic development

Abstract The effects of monetary policy vary significantly across countries. In particular, recent empirical work finds evidence of a Tobin effect in high income countries and a reverse Tobin effect in less developed economies. We present a neoclassical growth model where money is required for investment and consumption purposes. In contrast to standard cash-in-advance models, the reliance on cash is inversely related to the extent of capital formation. In this setting, we demonstrate that the effects of monetary policy depend on the level of development. In particular, inflation adversely affects capital formation at low levels of income because there is a high reliance on cash and a high cost of capital. By comparison, the financial system operates more efficiently in advanced countries. Consequently, monetary policy generates a Tobin effect.
Effect of Somatostatin on Plasma Glucose and Insulin Responses to Glucagon and Tolbutamide in Man

ABSTRACT To characterize further the mechanism by which somatostatin lowers plasma glucose levels in man, we studied its effect on glucagon-induced glycogenolysis in 6 normal subjects. Additionally, we examined the effect of somatostatin on glucagonand tolbutamide-stimulated insulin release. During infusion of somatostatin (250 μg iv bolus followed by a sustained infusion of 500 μg/hr), plasma glucose responses to glucagon (1 mg iv) exceeded those seen after glucagon administration alone. The resultant hyperglycemia (190–200 mg/100 ml) was unaffected by administration of tolbutamide (1 g iv) and persisted for 15 min after stopping the somatostatin infusion. Plasma insulin remained at basal levels throughout the infusion, despite administration of glucagon and tolbutamide (with coexistent hyperglycemia). Within 15 min after stopping the somatostatin infusion, plasma insulin rose abruptly and plasma glucose declined toward basal levels. These studies indicate that, in man: 1) the hypoglycemic effect of soma...
Voltage-sensing and substate rectification: Moving parts of connexin channels

The article by Bukauskas et al. (2002) in this issue of The Journal addresses several key issues in the structure–function of connexin channels, and suggests a structural link between voltage-sensitive gating and the charge in the pore. Previous work on connexin32 (Cx32) noted a correlation between the sign of voltage-sensing charges and the rectification of the subconductance state induced by movement of those charges. The present work investigates in detail the permeability properties of the subconductance state induced by voltage in channels composed of connexin43 (Cx43). The results impart generality to an intriguing structural relationship between voltage-dependent gating and modulation of pore charge selectivity. They also show how the single-channel gating physiology may relate to the molecular signaling function of connexin channels.
The relation of QRS amplitude to the frontal QRS axis and the heart-electrode distance.

The relation between QRS amplitude, QRS axis deviation and heart position was studied in 360 subjects, using the 12-lead EKG. The height of the V sub 6 R wave was used as the measure of QRS amplitude. The distance from the left lateral border of the heart was used to indicate heart position. The frontal and horizontal QRS axes were determined by noting the isoelectric limb and precordial leads, measured according to Schmitt's values.
The Geometry of the Minimum Cost Problem

In recent years considerable attention has been given to a class of linear control problems known as minimum effort problems. There are various approaches to the problem and many generalizations. In 1962, Neustadt [l] formulated the minimum effort problem, and in 1964 he extended this problem to a formulation in Lebesque spaces. Also in 1962, Reid [2] con- sidered a problem of this type and again the setting was in Lebesque spaces. Reid and Neustadt both attacked the problem by transforming the mini- mum norm problem to an equivalent finite moment problem. In 1966, Porter and Williams [3] formulated the minimum effort control problem in an abstract Banach space and applied classical techniques of functional analysis to analyze the problem. In [4], Minamide and Nakamura considered a problem which includes as special cases the minimum effort problems and a class of approximation problems. The method of Minamide and Nakamura is very geometric and informative. In this paper, we present a problem which is a direct generalization of Problem (P) in [4], and an existence result. The problem is formulated without any references to topological structure, and we prove the existence of an optimal solution by applying an affine separation theorem. We take this abstract approach for two reasons. The abstract approach is geometric and provides insight into the structure of the problem. Also, this geometric approach illustrates that affine separation is sufficient in many existence proofs while, in general, continuous supporting functionals are needed to discuss necessary conditions. Moreover, there is no requirement that the operators be continuous, and hence the results obtained may be applied without “solving” the “state equations.”
GPI Transamidase and GPI anchored proteins: Oncogenes and biomarkers for cancer

Cancer is second only to heart disease as a cause of death in the US, with a further negative economic impact on society. Over the past decade, details have emerged which suggest that different glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins are fundamentally involved in a range of cancers. This post-translational glycolipid modification is introduced into proteins via the action of the enzyme GPI transamidase (GPI-T). In 2004, PIG-U, one of the subunits of GPI-T, was identified as an oncogene in bladder cancer, offering a direct connection between GPI-T and cancer. GPI-T is a membrane-bound, multi-subunit enzyme that is poorly understood, due to its structural complexity and membrane solubility. This review is divided into three sections. First, we describe our current understanding of GPI-T, including what is known about each subunit and their roles in the GPI-T reaction. Next, we review the literature connecting GPI-T to different cancers with an emphasis on the variations in GPI-T subunit over-expression. Finally, we discuss some of the GPI-anchored proteins known to be involved in cancer onset and progression and that serve as potential biomarkers for disease-selective therapies. Given that functions for only one of GPI-T's subunits have been robustly assigned, the separation between healthy and malignant GPI-T activity is poorly defined.
Frequency and Spectrum of BRAF Mutations in a Retrospective, Single-Institution Study of 1112 Cases of Melanoma

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved vemurafenib to treat patients with metastatic melanoma harboring the BRAF c.1799T>A (p.V600E) mutation. However, a subset of melanomas harbor non-p.V600E BRAF mutations, and these data are of potential importance regarding the efficacy of current targeted therapies. To better understand the BRAF mutation profile in melanomas, we retrospectively analyzed data from 1112 primary and metastatic melanomas at our institution. The cohort included nonacral cutaneous (n = 774), acral (n = 111), mucosal (n = 26), uveal (n = 23), leptomeningeal (n = 1), and metastatic melanomas of unknown primary site (n = 177). BRAF mutation hotspot regions in exons 11 and 15 were analyzed by pyrosequencing or with the primer extension MassARRAY system. A total of 499 (44.9%) specimens exhibited BRAF mutations, involving exon 15 [497 (99.6%)] or exon 11 [2 (0.4%)]. p.V600E was detected in 376 (75.4%) cases; the remaining 123 (24.6%) cases exhibited non-p.V600E mutations, of which p.V600K was most frequent [86 (17.2%)]. BRAF mutations were more frequent in nonacral cutaneous (51.4%) than acral melanomas [18 (16.2%)] (P
Surface Potentials From the Region of the Atrioventricular Node and Their Relation to Dual Pathway Electrophysiology

Background—Clinical applications of the principles of dual atrioventricular nodal (AVN) electrophysiology in the treatment of AVN reentrant tachycardias rely on empirical findings, such as discontinued conduction curves or the presence of specific catheter-recorded signals. However, neither the shape of the conduction curve nor the surface electrograms have been validated as functionally related to the presence of slow or fast wavefronts. Methods and Results—We performed in vitro studies using 10 rabbit atrial-AVN preparations. A bipolar roving electrode was used to explore the endocardial surface of the triangle of Koch during programmed electrical stimulation. Microelectrodes were impaled in AVN cells to correlate surface and intracellular responses. In 7 preparations, a specific area near the compact cell region produced surface electrograms that were dissociated in 2 distinct components, with progressive shortening of prematurity. Similar dissociation was demonstrated during Wenckebach periodicity and...
Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors in rat spleen and brain: A shared communication network

The binding sites for [125I]-vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (125I-VIP) in rat spleen and brain were localized using autoradiography. High affinity VIP receptors are present in rat spleen, and competition studies reflect structure-activity relationship typical of VIP receptors elsewhere. In spleen, specific binding of 125I-VIP occurs on red pulp and, most abundantly, on the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) of white pulp. Unlabeled VIP competes for binding to both red pulp and white pulp, whereas secretin displaces binding to PALS more potently than to red pulp. This indicates that expression of VIP and/or secretin type receptors is limited to T lymphocytes of white pulp. In red pulp, VIP receptor bearing cells probably are monocytes/macrophages since this is the most abundant red pulp cell type. In the brain, VIP receptors are widely distributed with the highest densities occurring in "sensory" areas. Receptors are abundant in the olfactory bulb, thalamic nuclei, several cranial nuclei and the area postrema. High levels of 125I-VIP binding occurred on inner walls of blood vessels of the brain and spleen. The distribution patterns of receptors for "VIP-ergic signals" in brain and lymphoid tissue indicate interrelatedness of the two organ systems. This may serve as one biochemical rationale for a bio-psycho-social view of health and disease.
Performance Evaluation of Data Intensive Computing In the Cloud

Big data is a topic of active research in the cloud community. With increasing demand for data storage in the cloud, study of data-intensive applications is becoming a primary focus. Data-intensive applications involve high CPU usage for processing large volumes of data on the scale of terabytes or petabytes. While some research exists for the performance effect of data intensive applications in the cloud, none of the research compares the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) and Google Compute Engine (GCE) clouds using multiple benchmarks. This study performs extensive research on the Amazon EC2 and GCE clouds using the TeraSort, MalStone and CreditStone benchmarks on Hadoop and Sector data layers. Data collected for the Amazon EC2 and GCE clouds measure performance as the number of nodes is varied. This study shows that GCE is more efficient for data-intensive applications compared to Amazon EC2.
Dynamic Wavelet Neural Network for Nonlinear Identification of Highrise Buildings

: Recently, the authors presented a multiparadigm dynamic time-delay fuzzy wavelet neural network (WNN) model for nonparametric identification of structures using the nonlinear autoregressive moving average with exogenous inputs. Compared with conventional neural networks, training of a dynamic neural network for system identification of large-scale structures is substantially more complicated and time consuming because both input and output of the network are not single valued but involve thousands of time steps. In this article, an adaptive Levenberg–Marquardt least-squares algorithm with a backtracking inexact linear search scheme is presented for training of the dynamic fuzzy WNN model. The approach avoids the second-order differentiation required in the Gauss–Newton algorithm and overcomes the numerical instabilities encountered in the steepest descent algorithm with improved learning convergence rate and high computational efficiency. The model is applied to two highrise moment-resisting building structures, taking into account their geometric nonlinearities. Validation results demonstrate that the new methodology provides an efficient and accurate tool for nonlinear system identification of high-rising buildings.
The interaction of anions with native and phenylglyoxal-modified human serum transferrin

The interaction of various anions with human serum transferrin was investigated due to the concomitant binding of iron and a synergistic anion to form the transferrin-anion-iron complex. Two tetrahedral oxyanion oxidizing agents, periodate and permanganate, were found to partially inactivate transferrin when used at equimolar ratios of oxidizing agent to protein active sites. Hypochlorite, a strong oxidizing agent with little structural similarity to periodate and permanganate, had little effect on iron-binding activity when used at similar low molar ratios of reagent to transferrin active sites. Transferrin treated with a 3:1 molar ratio of periodate or permanganate to active sites lost 74 or 67% of its iron-binding capacity, respectively. The composition of the buffer affected the extent of transferrin inactivation by periodate and permanganate; for example, the extent of inactivation by periodate was threefold greater in a borate buffer than in a phosphate buffer. Comparative oxidations in buffer systems suggest the following order of affinity of three buffer anions for the apotransferrin metal-binding center: phosphate greater than bicarbonate greater than borate. The interaction of phosphate ions with the iron-transferrin complex was also examined due to the increased susceptibility to periodate inactivation of iron-saturated transferrin in phosphate buffer (M. H. Penner, R. B. Yamasaki, D. T. Osuga, D. R. Babin, C. F. Meares, and R. E. Feeney (1983) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 225, 740-747). The apparent destabilization of the iron-transferrin complex in phosphate buffer was found to be due to the competitive removal of iron by phosphate from the iron-protein complex. We found that phenylglyoxal-modified Fe-transferrin, with no loss of bound iron, was much more resistant to iron removal by phosphate and other competitive chelators.
Robust design optimization with bivariate quality characteristics

In robust design optimization, if Taguchi quality loss function is employed, its expectation is minimized. When multiple quality characteristics exist, their covariances appear in the expectation and usually require numerical integrations. In this work, we propose an analytical robust design approach without numerical integrations to problems with bivariate quality characteristics. The quality characteristics are assumed to be functions of independent normal random variables with small uncertainties. Because the uncertainties are small, the functions are linearized with good accuracy. Analytical equations are then derived for the expected quality loss. The approach is efficient because no numerical integrations are needed. It is applied to the robust synthesis of a four-bar linkage.
INTEGRATING FEMINIST EPISTEMOLOGIES IN UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH METHODS

In the past two decades, feminists and other science critics have challenged the basic premises of positivist social science. These critiques and the alternative epistemologies they underwrite have not been fully addressed, no less integrated, into our undergraduate methodology curriculum. This article examines the peculiar challenges encountered by teachers of research methods in this time of epistemological transition, ambivalence, and skepticism. Relying on Harding's concept of strong objectivity, this article argues that feminist critiques can be fully reconciled with empirical social science and suggests how this might be achieved within the context of the undergraduate curriculum.
Provenance-based prediction scheme for object storage system in HPC

Provenance, also known as lineage, is metadata that describes the history of an object [1], [2]. It reveals the detailed information about applications and data sets, which can be used to capture the system status. However, although there have been numerous research studies about the design and implementation of provenance systems [1], [3], to the best of our knowledge, there is no any I/O prediction system that uses such provenance information.
Hemophilus influenzae cellulitis

Abstract To define the clinical features of cellulitis due to Hemophilus influenzae type B, we reviewed the records of 78 children admitted to the hospital with cellulitis during a one-year period. Fifty-two children were afebrile (T H. influenzae . Twenty-six children were febrile, 19 with facial and seven with extremity lesions. H. influenzae type B was recovered from seven of the febrile children with facial cellulitis, and one with extremity involvement. The mean WBC count of children with disease due to this organism was 17,500/mm 3 . Both fever and a leukocytosis (WBC count > 15,000/mm 3 ) occurred more often in children with H. influenzae type B cellulitis than among those with infections due to other organisms.
Myocarditis: A Clinical and Pathologic Study of Forty-Five Cases

1. A series of 45 cases of myocarditis is presented as a clinical and pathological study. 2. A classification of myocarditis based on the clinical course, which is substantiated by pathological findings, is presented. 3. Multiplicity of etiology is discussed. In most instances, myocarditis occurs as a cardiac complication of another illness. 4. Congestive heart failure is the most common symptom complex. 5. Non-specific T-wave changes, frequently reversible, form the usual electrocardiographic findings. 6. Globose cardiac enlargement with reduced muscular excursion, also reversible in some instances, is the typical fluoroscopic cardiac contour. 7. The differential diagnosis, particularly in reference to pericarditis, rheumatic heart disease and coronary heart disease is discussed. 8. Conditions described by others as idiopathic cardiac hypertrophy, subintimal fibrosis, and nutritional heart disease may be considered to be variants of myocarditis. 9. Treatment at present consists of the management of the underlying etiological disease, bed rest, and supportive cardiac measures. 10. Clinical awareness of this entity will lead to a greater incidence of recognition and perhaps towards more effective therapeutic management.
Distinct Nuclear Localization and Activity of Tissue Transglutaminase

Tissue transglutaminase is a calcium-dependent transamidating enzyme that has been postulated to play a role in the pathology of expanded CAG repeat disorders with polyglutamine expansions expressed within the affected proteins. Because intranuclear inclusions have recently been shown to be a common feature of many of these codon reiteration diseases, the nuclear localization and activity of tissue transglutaminase was examined. Subcellular fractionation of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells demonstrated that 93% of tissue transglutaminase is localized to the cytosol. Of the 7% found in the nucleus, 6% copurified with the chromatin-associated proteins, and the remaining 1% was in the nuclear matrix fraction. In situ transglutaminase activity was measured in the cytosolic and nuclear compartments of control cells, as well as cells treated with the calcium-mobilizing agent maitotoxin to increase endogenous tissue transglutaminase activity. These studies revealed that tissue transglutaminase was activated in the nucleus, a finding that was further supported by cytochemical analysis. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that nuclear proteins modified by transglutaminase exhibited a discrete punctate, as well as a diffuse staining pattern. Furthermore, different proteins were modified by transglutaminase in the nucleus compared with the cytosol. The results of these experiments clearly demonstrate localization of tissue transglutaminase in the nucleus that can be activated. These findings may have important implications in the formation of the insoluble nuclear inclusions, which are characteristic of codon reiteration diseases such as Huntington's disease and the spinocerebellar ataxias.
Effect of olsalazine on sodium-dependent bile acid transport in rat ileum

Olsalazine (OLZ), a relatively new form of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), is being used for the treatment of colitis. A major side effect of olsalazine is diarrhea, reported in 12–25% of patients. One suggested mechanism for this side effect is enhanced ileal water and electolyte secretion. We propose that OLZ may also inhibit ileal bile acid (BA) transport, resulting in choleretic diarrhea. This would result in excess BAs reaching the colon, with consequent BA-induced secretory diarrhea. Therefore, we studied the effect of OLZ on rat ileal absorption of taurocholate. BA uptake was determined in rat ileal segments, everted sacs, brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV), andXenopus laevis oocytes. Segments and everted sacs were treated with 5 mM OLZ for 30 min prior to and throughout 10-min taurocholate (Tc) uptake. Terminal ileal BBMV were used to study the effect of OLZ on sodium-dependent bile acid uptake independent of cellular metabolism. Direct effects on the bile acid carrier were examined usingXenopus laevis oocytes expressing the cloned apical rat ileal BA transporter. In ileal segments 5 mM OLZ inhibited 10-min Tc uptake by 69.4±8.8% (P<0.01) (N=10 animals). Increasing concentrations of OLZ resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of Tc uptake. Ten-minute Tc uptake with 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, and 5 mM OLZ was inhibited by 13.5, 39.6, 49.7, and 70.5%, respectively. In BBMV, OLZ inhibited 45-sec Tc uptake in a dose-dependent manner but did not effect Na-dependentl-alanine uptake. Kinetic analysis revealed a noncompetitive inhibition by 2 mM olsalazine. Olsalazine, 5 mM, also inhibited Na-dependent uptake of Tc into oocytes, which expressed the rat ileal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (8.0±3.7 vs 2.6±2.0 pmol/oocyte/hr,P<0.001). OLZ inhibits sodium-dependent Tc uptake and transmucosal transport in the rat ileum in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibition is relatively specific, noncompetitive, and does not require intact cellular mechanisms. This effect of OLZ on ileal function may contribute to the diarrhea frequently observed with this drug.
Detection of venous air embolism in dogs by emission spectrometry.

Emission spectrometers provide alternative, relatively inexpensive methods for detecting the concentration of respiratory gas nitrogen. Mass spectrometers are accepted as reliable monitors of end-tidal nitrogen for detection of venous air embolisms. We evaluated an inexpensive emission spectrometer for detecting changes in nitrogen levels and compared it with a mass spectrometer for detecting increased endtidal nitrogen levels in dogs with venous air embolisms. During in vitro gas flow studies (helium; oxygen; helium/ oxygen mixtures; or 70% nitrous oxide/30% oxygen with 0, 1, 2, or 3% isoflurane), air boluses (0.01 to 5.0 ml) were injected into a gas flow circuit and outlet nitrogen levels were measured by a Collins 21232 emission spectrometer. Responses were greater after each bolus when helium rather than oxygen was the major diluent gas. During in vivo studies, 5 dogs were anesthetized, ventilated, denitrogenated, and given venous air embolisms (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 ml. kg-1) during oxygen and then during Heliox (20% oxygen:80% helium) breathing. End-tidal nitrogen increased approximately two-fold after venous air embolisms given during Heliox as compared with oxygen ventilation. In all 0.1-ml. kg-1 venous air embolisms end-tidal nitrogen increased when the emission spectrometer was used, but venous air embolisms less than 1.0 ml. kg-1 were not consistently detected by mass spectrometry. Emission spectrometry can be used to detect increased end-tidal nitrogen levels indicative of venous air embolism and may be a more sensitive detector than mass spectrometry. Its sensitivity and relatively low cost (one-eighth of a magnetic fixed-sector mass spectrometer) make it a great potential monitor for both clinical detection of venous air embolism and air embolism research.
Linear amplification by time-multiplexed spectrum

A new waveform processing technique for reducing intermodulation distortion (IMD) generated by an amplitude-modulated signal is presented. The technique eliminates amplifier-generated IMD by time-multiplexing portions of the signal spectrum prior to amplification. The input signal is described as a sum of sinusoidal signals. The peak-to-average ratio of the time-multiplexed amplifier input is lower than that of its non-multiplexed counterpart, but it contains spectral aliases at multiples of the switching frequency. Thus, the reduction in distortion of the desired amplified signal is achieved at the expense of momentarily widening the signal bandwidth. Following amplification, the desired signal is recovered using a bandpass filter which spreads the signal in time and narrows its bandwidth. An analytical expression for distortion reduction when amplifying two multiplexed carriers is developed along with measurements verifying the theory. Distortion reduction is demonstrated experimentally at 3.6 GHz for 2 20 multiplexed carriers, and linear recovery is demonstrated for four multiplexed carriers. The technique reduces third-order IMD by 8 22 dB in experimental measurements of three different amplifiers. The presented technique has the unique property of improving linearity without requiring feedback, feedforward cancellation or calibration.
Activation of muscarinic receptors in porcine airway smooth muscle elicits a transient increase in phospholipase D activity.

Phospholipase D (PLD) is a phosphodiesterase that catalyses hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to produce phosphatidic acid and choline. In the presence of ethanol, PLD also catalyses the formation of
An approach for mapping kinematic task specifications into a manipulator design

The reconfigurable modular manipulator system (RMMS) consists of modular links and joints which can be assembled into many manipulator configurations. This capability allows the RMMS to be rapidly reconfigured in order to custom tailor it to specific tasks. An important issue, related to the RMMS, is the determination of the optimal manipulator configuration for a specific task. In this paper, the authors address the problem of mapping kinematic task specifications into a kinematic manipulator configuration. For the design of 2 degrees-of-freedom planar manipulators, an analytical solution is derived. Since, for problems with more than 2 design parameters, analytical solutions become impractical, a numerical approach for the design of 6 degrees-of-freedom manipulators is developed. >
Test anxiety and its effect on the speed-accuracy tradeoff function

Test-anxious and non-test-anxious students performed a letter classification task under speeded and unspeeded conditions. The speed and accuracy of the students’ “same-different” judgments were analyzed to reveal effects of group, response deadline, and presence of an exam. Test-anxious students were found to respond slower than non-test-anxious students, and this group difference was not influenced by emphasis on speed or accuracy, or by the presence of an exam.
Partial purification and characterization of pentalenene synthase

Abstract Pentalenene synthase, an enzyme which catalyzes the cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate to the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon pentalenene, has been partially purified from the supernatant fraction of Streptomyces UC5319 by a combination of anion-exchange, hydroxylapatite, and gel-filtration chromatography. The molecular weight of the partially purified synthase was estimated by gel filtration chromatography to be 57,000 and the cyclase activity was shown to be associated with a major protein band among eight visible by nondenaturing polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. The K m for farnesyl pyrophosphate was 0.77 ± 0.21 μ m and the V max for the partially purified synthase was 287 ± 21 nmol of pentalenene/mg protein per hour. Cyclase activity required the presence of a divalent metal cation. Although either Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ could be used, Mn 2+ was inhibitory at concentrations above 2.5 m m . No other cofactors were required. Whereas neither product, pentalenene nor inorganic pyrophosphate, showed significant inhibition of cyclase activity at concentrations of ca 10 μ m , the combination of the two resulted in an approximate sevenfold increase in the apparent K m for farnesyl pyrophosphate, suggesting that both products can bind cooperatively at the active site to inhibit pentalenene synthase competitively.
Monoclinic RbD2PO4: Room temperature synthesis, chemical and structural stability upon heating

Abstract Monoclinic RbD 2 PO 4 polycrystals (DRDP) were synthesized via the room temperature crystallization of RbH 2 PO 4 (RDP) dissolved in D 2 O. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) data collected at T = 25 °C indicate that this deuterated compound crystallizes in spacegroup P2 1 /m with unit cell parameters a = 7.688 A, b = 6.192 A, c = 4.781 A and β = 109.02°, and is isomorphic with the intermediate-temperature phase of its hydrogenated counterpart RDP. We found no evidence of a previously reported [ Phase Transitions 80 , 17 (2007)] polymorphic phase transition in DRDP upon heating from room temperature to 210 °C. All lattice parameters vary smoothly within this temperature range, demonstrating that the P2 1 /m phase persists upon heating. In addition, the unit cell volume of monoclinic DRDP is ∼1% greater than that of its RDP polymorph at all temperatures between 150 °C and 210 °C, which indicates the absence of significant deuterium-hydrogen isotope exchange. Further heating to 240 °C leads to the thermal decomposition of the title compound via dehydration.
Watershed-scale response to agricultural diffuse pollution control programs in Vermont, USA

From 1979 to 1990, the LaPlatte River Watershed and the St. Albans Bay Watershed Rural Clean Water Program projects in Vermont (USA) sought to reduce sediment, nutrient, and bacteria loads to parts of Lake Champlain impaired by eutrophication. Best Management Practices (BMPs) to control diffuse sources of pollution from dairy agriculture were widely implemented through a voluntary program of technical assistance and cost-sharing by agencies of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Intensive water quality monitoring was undertaken to document water quality changes resulting from the land treatment programs, including studies of BMP effectiveness and long-term watershed-scale trend monitoring. Some BMPs significantly reduced edge-of-field pollutant delivery to surface waters. Phosphorus export from corn fields was up to 1500% higher where manure was winter spread and up to 15% of the phosphorus applied in winter-spread manure was lost in runoff. A vegetated filter strip retained more than 90% of sediment and nutrients in milking center waste and functioned effectively year-round. Watershed-level response, however, was not simply the sum of edge-of-field changes. Sediment concentration and export decreased in both project areas, but anticipated decreases in nutrient concentrations and loads did not occur. The most significant water quality trends observed were 50–75% reductions in indicator bacteria counts in all study watersheds. Factors contributing to the lack of general response in nutrient levels, recommendations for future agricultural pollution control projects, and implications for planning of diffuse source pollution control programs are discussed.
The ties that bind: Inter-clonal cooperation may help a fragile coral dominate shallow high-energy reefs

In Belize, shallow fore-reef buttresses are dominated byAgaricia tenuifolia Dana. The ecological importance of this fragile coral in such a high-energy environment may be explained in part by an unusual cooperative interaction between adjacent clones ofA. tenuifolia. The shallow buttresses are often composed primarily of many clones ofA. tenuifolia growing in close proximity. Surveys conducted at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, in 1986 and 1987 showed that intraspecific contacts between different clones are common and occur far more frequently than interspecific encounters with other sessile taxa. In contrast to many other corals, contacts between non-clonemates ofA. tenuifolia do not result in competitive interactions, tissue bleaching or death, or significantly altered patterns of colony growth. Instead, inter-clonal contact stimulates localized morphological changes in the skeletons of both corals directly beneath the contact interface, which tend to anchor the two corals against each other, making them more resistant to breakage and detachment. By mechanically stabilizing clusters of otherwise fragile corals, these cooperative interactions potentially enhance the long-term survivorship and hence the fitness of interactingA. tenuifolia clones.
Fast Grain Boundary: a FORTRAN-77 program for calculating the effects of retrograde interdiffusion of stable isotopes

Exchange of stable isotopes between coexisting minerals is recognized widely as an important factor in the interpretation of stable isotope geochemistry of plutonic and high-grade metamorphic rocks. Where retrogression has occurred without major recrystallization events, the rate limiting step for stable isotope exchange will be diffusion. The mathematics of diffusion are well known for many problems, but no analytical solution, including that for closure temperature, adequately describes the complex and highly variable controls of rate and mass balance that will dominate many diffusion processes in rocks. We have implemented a model describing diffusional exchange for rocks in which grain boundary diffusion is sufficiently rapid that a representative volume of rock (typically millimeter to centimeter) is able to have mutual equilibration of all grain boundaries for the time scale of cooling. This Fast Grain Boundary model explicitly links intracrystalline diffusion rates and abundances of all minerals in a rock, and allows study of the impact of rock type on stable isotope thermometry, retrogression, and zonation. The FORTRAN-77 program for the Fast Grain Boundary model presented here can be used with a personal computer to solve typical problems in minutes. Input includes the grain size(s), model abundance(s), diffusion coefficient, and fractionation factor for each constituent mineral, and a cooling rate for the rock. Output includes the diffusion profile and integrated (bulk) composition of every mineral in a rock, as well as the apparent temperatures that would be observed by applying bulk-mineral stable isotope thermometry to such a rock.
Some theorems concerning 2-dimensional Brownian motion

This paper consists of three separate parts(1) which are related mainly in that they treat different stochastic processes which arise in the study of plane brownian motion. §1 is concerned with the process R(t)=|Z(t)|, denoting the distance of the 2-dimensional separable Bachelier-Wiener process Z(t) =X(t)+iY(t) from the origin. We shall derive a law of the so-called strong type concerning the frequency of small values of R(t). This theorem disproves a conjecture of Paul Levy. In the next section we study the process θ(t) =arg Z(t). Results are obtained concerning the transition probabilities and absorption probabilities of θ(t). The limiting distribution of (2−1 log t) − 1 θ(t) is found to be the Cauchy distribution. This problem has also been considered by P. Levy, who showed that the distribution of θ(t) must have infinite variance. The two-sided absorption time is shown to be a random variable which has a finite nth moment if and only if the wedge which constitutes the absorbing barrier has an interior angle β<π/2n. In §3 we point out how plane brownian motion can be used to represent the Cauchy process. A theorem on brownian motion due to P. Levy is then used to gain information about the Cauchy process C(t). If −1 < C(0) = x <1 the probability that C(t)≧1 before C(t)≦−1 is found to be 1/2+π−1 sin−1 x.
LIBERATION FREQUENCY: The Free Radio Movement and Alternative Strategies of Media Relations

A crucial element of struggle for any social movement is the ability to convey its message to both movement participants and the broader public. Movements frequently deal with problems of reframing...
Stable models of superacceleration

We discuss an instability in a large class of models where dark energy is coupled to matter. In these models the mass of the scalar field is much larger than the expansion rate of the Universe. We find models in which this instability is absent, and show that these models generically predict an apparent equation of state for dark energy smaller than -1, i.e., superacceleration. These models have no acausal behavior or ghosts.
How Developers Visualize Compiler Messages: A Foundational Approach to Notification Construction

Self-explanation is one cognitive strategy through which developers comprehend error notifications. Self-explanation, when left solely to developers, can result in a significant loss of productivity because humans are imperfect and bounded in their cognitive abilities. We argue that modern IDEs offer limited visual affordances for aiding developers with self-explanation, because compilers do not reveal their reasoning about the causes of errors to the developer. The contribution of our paper is a foundational set of visual annotations that aid developers in better comprehending error messages when compilers expose their internal reasoning. We demonstrate through a user study of 28 undergraduate Software Engineering students that our annotations align with the way in which developers self-explain error notifications. We show that these annotations allow developers to give significantly better self-explanations when compared against today's dominant visualization paradigm, and that better self-explanations yield better mental models of notifications. The results of our work suggest that the diagrammatic techniques developers use to explain problems can serve as an effective foundation for how IDEs should visually communicate to developers.
Resonating Valence Bond Ground State in Oxygen-Functionalized Phenalenyl-Based Neutral Radical Molecular Conductors

We report the preparation, crystallization, and solid-state characterization of the first two members of a new family of spiro-bis(1,9-disubstituted phenalenyl)boron neutral radicals based solely on oxygen functionalization, and we show that this strategy significantly lowers the electrochemical disproportionation potentials (ΔE), in comparison with other spiro-bis(1,9-disubstituted phenalenyl)boron salts. In the solid state, these radicals pack in a continuous array of π−π-stacked phenalenyl units with very short intermolecular carbon···carbon contacts. These two radicals are among the most highly conducting neutral organic solids, with room temperature conductivities reaching 0.3 S/cm. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show that the radicals do not exist as isolated free radicals, and there is significant spin−spin interaction between the molecules in the solid state as expected from the crystal structures and the calculated band structures; the solid-state properties are best rationalized in terms o...
Drosophila lactate dehydrogenase and α-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase: Distribution and change in activity during development

Abstract In Drosophila larvae lactate dehydrogenase is found predominantly in muscles and to a lesser extent in imaginal disks and nervous tissue. Approximately half of the larval α-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase activity is found in fat body. Histochemically only the fat body stains intensely for α-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase, and the remaining activity may be uniformly distributed among the other larval tissues. On a per organism basis lactate dehydrogenase activity is twentyfold higher in larvae than in adults. α-Glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase activity is fivefold higher in adults than in larvae. The increase in α-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase activity and the decrease in lactate dehydrogenase activity occur during the latter half of metamorphosis and probably reflect the destruction of the larval musculature and the formation of the adult flight muscles.
Problem-solving instruction and problem-solving transfer : The correspondence issue

R. E. Mayer and M. C. Wittrock (1996) have raised the specificity-generality issue as it applies to the teachable aspects of problem-solving transfer. Simply put, do the instructional practices that foster more efficient acquisition-learning of problem-solving strategies automatically foster more efficient problem-solving transfer? On the basis of the present findings the answer is no. Four instructional conditions differing in levels of specificity produced different levels of acquisition. However, when the same students engaged in a delayed problem-solving task, comparable levels of problem-solving transfer performance were observed. In this case, a general approach to problem-solving instruction produced significantly poorer acquisition-learning performance but equally good problem-solving transfer performance. Results are discussed within the context of investigating prior knowledge (F. Dochy, M. Segers, & M. M. Buehl, 1999) and the identification of source memory (A. Koriat, M. Goldsmith, & A. Pansky, 2000) as a viable tool in this effort.
Update and New Developments in the Management of the Exsanguinating Patient

Definitive management of the exsanguinating patient continues to challenge providers in multiple specialties. Significant hemorrhage may be encountered in a variety of patient care circumstances. Over the past two decades, the vast majority of data and evidence regarding transfusion in the exsanguinating patient has been based upon the trauma literature, and a large amount of recent research has investigated this subject area. In addition to the care of trauma patients, the data which have emerged can also be extrapolated to the treatment of nontrauma patients undergoing transfusion for major hemorrhage. The concept of massive transfusion is an evolving paradigm, and numerous investigations have challenged old principles while creating new controversies. The current review will examine the latest developments in the management of patients with profound hemorrhage. The challenges of dealing with the "lethal triad" will be discussed, as will the various aspects of damage control and hemostatic resuscitation. The latest literature and controversy regarding massive transfusions and massive transfusion protocols will be elucidated with inclusion of data from recent military experiences. Finally, adjuncts including the most recent advances in hemorrhage control, identification of early predictors for massive transfusion, and utilization of pharmacologic and complementary factor agent therapy will be discussed.
The Politics of Threat: How Terrorism News Shapes Foreign Policy Attitudes

In this paper, I argue that the features of the media environment after 9/11, particularly the media’s emphasis on threatening information and evocative imagery, increased the public’s probability of supporting the policies advocated by political leaders, principally the president. Using the National Election Studies 2000–2004 panel and a controlled, randomized experiment, I demonstrate that citizens form significantly different foreign policy views when the information environment is emotionally powerful than when it is free of emotion, even when the factual information is exactly the same. Citizens concerned about terrorism are more likely to adopt the hawkish foreign policy views communicated in threatening news stories when that policy is matched with fear-inducing cues than when it is not. These findings suggest that the role of the media is broader than simply providing a conduit for elites to speak to the public; the media influences the public through their own means as well.
Three Essays in Public Finance

This dissertation comprises three essays in public finance. The first essay is a research of a theory of trading of club goods and its application to jurisdiction. The second essay comes out of an interest regarding household demand, poverty and public goods in developing countries. It is about food consumption in Jamaica. The third essay extends the theme of poverty, consumption, and government programs by analyzing one other public program—education. It applies survival analysis to estimate education duration in Jamaica.
Chemically induced reversion and suppression of methionine-1 alleles of Neurospora crassa

Abstract Nitrous acid (NA)-induced methionine-1 ( me-1 ) alleles of Neurospora crassa were tested for revertibility with the same mutagen, and with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), O -methylhydroxylamine (OMHA), nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), and a monofunctional acridine mustard (ICR-170). In addition to full reversions with nitrous acid (NA), both linked and unlinked suppressor mutations were induced. A survey of six of the alleles with all five chemical mutagens revealed all types of mutant lesions present: base-pair substitutions, gene deletions, and frameshift mutations.
Analysis of Boron in Borosilicate Glasses by Neutron Transmission

A rapid method for the determination of boron in borosilicate glasses by neutron transmission is developed. The glass sample is dissolved in 48% HF, placed in a polyethylene cell which is located near a Ra-Be neutron source. The neutron source and sample cell are embedded in a paraffin moderator. The attenuation of the neutron flux, which can be related to the boron concentration in the cell, is monitored with a BF/sub 3/ enriched B/sup 10/ proportional counter. Boron determinations can be made in approximately 40 minutes with an accuracy of plus or minus 1%. Owing to the low sensitivity (approximately 1 mg) the major diaadvantage of the method is the large sample size necessary. The method, however, is well suited for use as a quality control procedure. (auth)
Aesthetics as a Normative Science

It is well known that we owe the term ‘aesthetics’ in its philosophical sense to the 18th century German philosopher Alexander Baumgarten. The eighteenth century's interest in aesthetics, however, pre-dated the invention of the term. In 1725, Francis Hutcheson published an Inquiry into the Original of Our Idea of Beauty and Virtue. This may be said to be the first sustained and significant work in philosophical aesthetics as we now know it. Hutcheson's volume preceded Baumgarten's by 10 years, and within Scotland it inaugurated a series of philosophical writings on taste and beauty that continued for almost a century. Contributors included major philosophical figures like David Hume, Thomas Reid and Adam Smith, as well as influential figures less well known today such as Alexander Gerard, George Turnbull and Lord Kames.