cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The distribution of acetyl-CoA in specific areas of the CNS of the rat as measured by a modification of a radio-enzymatic assay for acetylcholine and choline.

— A rapid and sensitive enzymatic assay for measuring picomole quantities of acetyl-CoA, acetylcholine (ACh), and choline from the same tissue extract has been developed. After ACh and choline were extracted into 15% 1 N formic acid/85% acetone, the pellet was further extracted with 5% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) to remove the remaining acetyl-CoA. The two extraction solvents were pooled and lipids, organic solvents, and TCA were removed first by a heptane-chloroform wash followed by an ether extraction. In the acetyl-CoA assay, endogenous ACh and choline were removed by extractions with sodium tetraphenylboron in butenenitrile prior to the enzymatic reactions. The acetyl-CoA remaining in the aqueous phase was then converted enzymatically to labelled ACh in the presence of [Me-14C]choline using choline acetyltransferase. The unreacted labelled precursor was converted to choline phosphate by the enzyme choline kinase. The [14C]ACh formed from acetyl-CoA was extracted into sodium tetraphenylboron in butenenitrile and a portion of the organic phase containing the [14C]ACh was counted in a scintillation counter. Acetylcholine and choline were assayed from the same tissue extracts by a modification of the procedure by SHEA & APRISON (1973). Acetyl-CoA levels in rat whole brain when killed by the near-freezing procedure were found to be 5.50 ± 0.2 nmol/g. The content of acetyl-CoA was the same whether the rats were killed by the near-freezing method or by total freezing in liquid nitrogen. The levels of acetyl-CoA did not change with time after death when the tissue was maintained at a temperature of −10°C. In the same tissue extracts from rat whole brain killed by the near-freezing method, the content of ACh was 20.6 ± 0.7 nmol/g and choline 58.2 ± 1.2 nmol/g. Although reproducible, the level reported for choline is high when assayed under this condition. The content of choline however after total freezing was found to be 25.2 ± 2.0 nmol/g. The sensitivity (d. p. m. of sample twice blank) is 10 pmol for the acetyl-CoA assay and 25 pmol for the ACh and choline assays. The regional distribution of these three compounds in the brain of rats as well as the content of acetyl-CoA in heart, liver and kidney are presented.
Exploring the use of numerical relativity waveforms in burst analysis of precessing black hole mergers

Recent years have witnessed tremendous progress in numerical relativity and an ever improving performance of ground-based interferometric gravitational wave detectors. In preparation for the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (Advanced LIGO) and a new era in gravitational wave astronomy, the numerical relativity and gravitational wave data analysis communities are collaborating to ascertain the most useful role for numerical relativity waveforms in the detection and characterization of binary black hole coalescences. In this paper, we explore the detectability of equal mass, merging black hole binaries with precessing spins and total mass ${M}_{T}\ensuremath{\in}[80,350]{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$, using numerical relativity waveforms and templateless search algorithms designed for gravitational wave bursts. In particular, we present a systematic study using waveforms produced by the MayaKranc code that are added to colored, Gaussian noise and analyzed with the Omega burst search algorithm. Detection efficiency is weighed against the orientation of one of the black-hole's spin axes. We find a strong correlation between the detection efficiency and the radiated energy and angular momentum, and that the inclusion of the $\ensuremath{\ell}=2$, $m=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$, 0 modes, at a minimum, is necessary to account for the full dynamics of precessing systems.
Risk of Diabetes among Patients Receiving Primary Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer

Purpose: Androgen deprivation therapy may increase diabetes risk. As the benefits of primary androgen deprivation therapy for localized prostate cancer are controversial, and most prostate cancer survivors are of advanced age with comorbidities, it is important to determine if primary androgen deprivation therapy increases the risk of diabetes and to determine the susceptibility factors.Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 12,191 men diagnosed with incident localized prostate cancer during 1995 to 2008, age 35 to 100 years, and without diabetes or receipt of prostatectomy or radiation 1 year after diagnosis. Patients were enrolled in 1 of 3 managed health plans and followed through 2010. Primary androgen deprivation therapy was defined as androgen deprivation therapy within 1 year after diagnosis. Incident diabetes was ascertained using inpatient and outpatient diagnosis codes, diabetes medications and hemoglobin A1c values. We estimated primary androgen deprivation therapy ...
Analysis of the Physical and Chemical Factors Determining Compositional Variations in the MOCVD Growth of Indium Gallium Arsenide

We present an analysis of compositional variations in the growth of the compound semiconductor, InxGal-xAs, by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). A three dimensional transport model for fluid flow, heat, and mass transfer is solved using the finite element method. The Delta Lattice Parameter (DLP) model is used to describe the thermodynamics of the solid solution, and the Hertz-Langmuir equation is used to calculate the evaporation rate of indium from the growing crystal. Wall depletion is incorporated by allowing for explicit wall deposition of In vapor throughout the reactor. Comparison of model predictions with experimental observations by MOCVD of InGaAs in a horizontal reactor suggests that transport phenomena lead to composition variations across the substrate, and that solution thermodynamics have little effect on the InAs incorporation rate at a given deposition temperature. However, thermodynamic factors appear to influence the change in indium incorporation with growth temperature.
Medial versus lateral supraspinatus tendon properties: implications for double-row rotator cuff repair.

BackgroundRotator cuff repair retear rates range from 25% to 90%, necessitating methods to improve repair strength. Although numerous laboratory studies have compared single-row with double-row fixation properties, little is known regarding regional (ie, medial vs lateral) suture retention properties in intact and torn tendons.HypothesisA torn supraspinatus tendon will have reduced suture retention properties on the lateral aspect of the tendon compared with the more medial musculotendinous junction.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsHuman supraspinatus tendons (torn and intact) were randomly assigned for suture retention mechanical testing, ultrastructural collagen fibril analysis, or histologic testing after suture pullout testing. For biomechanical evaluation, sutures were placed either at the musculotendinous junction (medial) or 10 mm from the free margin (lateral), and tendons were elongated to failure. Collagen fibril assessments were performed using transmission electron microscopy.Res...
Relative adrenal insufficiency in the adult burn intensive care unit: a report of four cases.

The adrenal response to trauma and burn is well known and has been described [1–4]. This response, as measured by serum cortisol, is proportional to the severity of illness, in that very low or very high values are associated with increased mortality. It is thought that this elevation in the pituitaryadrenal-axis is an essential mechanism used to control the systemic inflammatory response induced by trauma or stress [5–8]. The term relative adrenal insufficiency (RAI) has been used to describe a patient whose cortisol level may be elevated from baseline, however, this elevation is still inadequate with respect to the intensity of the stressor. In one prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT), identification of patients with relative adrenal insufficiency, defined as an inadequate response to the 250 mg cosyntropin stimulation test, followed by a 7-day course of low dose hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone, significantly reduced the risk of death [9]. In two additional RCTs, treatment with steroids was shown to significantly reduce the time of shock reversal [10,11]. The burn population represents a unique subset of critically ill patients whose primary cause of late death is sepsis and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Scattered case reports of acute adrenal insufficiency in burn patients have been published and are usually the result of adrenal
Utility of immunohistochemical markers in differentiating benign from malignant follicular-derived thyroid nodules

Thyroid nodules are common among adults though only a small percentage is malignant, which can histologically mimic benign nodules. Accurate diagnosis of these thyroid nodules is critical for the proper clinical management. We investigated immunoexpression in 98 surgically removed benign thyroid nodules including 52 hyperplastic nodules (HN) and 46 follicular/Hurthle cell adenomas (FA), and 54 malignant tumors including 22 follicular carcinoma (FC), 20 classic papillary carcinoma (PTC), and 12 follicular variant papillary carcinoma (FVPC). The staining results showed that malignant tumors express galectin-3, HBME-1, CK19 and Ret oncoprotein significantly more than benign nodules. The sensitivity of these markers for the distinction between benign and malignant lesions ranged from 83.3% to 87%. The sensitivity of two-marker panels was not significantly different. Immunoexpression was usually diffuse and strong in malignant tumors, and focal and weak in the benign lesions. Our findings indicate that these immunomarkers are significantly more expressed in malignant tumors compared to benign lesions and may be of additional diagnostic value when combined with routine histology.
Quench protection circuits for superconducting magnets

In developing a scheme for the quench protection of the toroidal field (TF) and poloidal field (PF) superconducting magnets of the Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX), an extensive review was performed of the design options and their performance characteristics. The general results and conclusions of these studies are reported herein. For tokamak magnets which have low enthalpy compared to their stored energy, quench protection requires the discharge of the stored energy at location(s) external to the magnets, typically in discharge resistors. Such discharge requires the interruption of large DC currents and the insertion of resistors using suitable DC circuit breaking methods. Since protection of the magnets is a crucial function, the system must be ultra-reliable, and new techniques are necessary.
A 60 GHz Tunable Output Profile Power Amplifier in 65 nm CMOS

A fully integrated three-stage 60 GHz power amplifier with amplitude/phase compensation is realized in 65 nm CMOS. An adaptive feedback bias scheme with three control knobs is proposed to extend the linear operating region. At a supply voltage of 1 V, the fully differential amplifier achieves a linear gain of 15 dB and occupies a compact area of 0.056 mm2. It achieves a minimal Psat-P1dB separation of 0.6 dB by extending the P1dB by 8.5 dB. To our best knowledge, this is the smallest Psat-P1dB separation reported to date. With on-chip phase compensation, the output phase variation is reduced by 57%.
Bit cell aspect ratio: An SNR and detection perspective

Future gains in areal density may require using bit cells which have smaller width-to-length aspect ratios than have been customary in magnetic recording (15 to 20:1). Common thinking is that such squarer bits have a media signal-to-noise advantage. This conclusion depends on the SNR formulation used, e.g, raw voltage SNR vs. a timing window/jitter SNR. Despite this conundrum, it is found that (PR4) equalization transforms the voltage signal and noise in such a way that the equalized voltage SNR, like the raw timing window/jitter, favors squarer bits. The presence of significant electronic noise weakens this conclusion.
The rise in carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin concentration from repeated five second breath-hold maneuvers

The measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) raises the carboxyhemoglobin concentration in the blood, \[COHb]. The standard 10 s breath-hold technique increases [COHb] by about 0.7% per test, which results in a 1% decrease in DLCO for every 1% rise in [COHb\] (Respir Physiol, 1990, 81: 303-12). However, few data exist on the rate of increase in [COHb] or methemoglobin [METHb] from the modified Roughton and Forster one-step technique in which 0.28% CO and 40 to 50 ppm NO is inhaled simultaneously for 5 s. The combination of CO and NO inhaled together allows for determination of pulmonary capillary blood volume in a single breath-hold maneuver. Nine healthy subjects [24 (SD 4) yrs, hemoglobin concentration 13.2 (1.7) g/dL] performed repeated DLCO testing on two separate days. The days were randomized to provide either the standard 10 s breath-hold maneuver (0.30% CO), or the 5 s modified Roughton and Forster technique (0.28% CO, 55 ppm NO). Twenty-two 5 s breath-hold maneuvers, each separated by 4 min rest raised [COHb] to 11.1 (1.4)% and minimally raised the [METHb] to 0.8 (0.2)%. After the 22nd test, DLCO was reduced by 3.6 (2.9) mL/min/mmHg. This equates to a 0.44 (SEE 0.08)% increase in [COHb] per 5 s breath-hold maneuver and a concomitant 0.35 (SEE 0.31)% decrease in DLCO. Pulmonary diffusing capacity for nitric oxide (DLNO) was not altered after 22 tests. On another day, the 10 s single breath-hold maneuver increased [COHb] by 0.64 (SEE 0.13)% per test, and reduced DLCO by 0.40 (SEE 0.26)% per test. In conclusion, the 5 s modified one-step technique does not appreciably raise [METHb], and DLCO is only significantly reduced after 10 tests.
Evaluating the Effect of Medical Resident Work-Hour Reform on Hospital Productivity: 80 Hours Work Restriction on Medical Residents

This paper uses a two-year panel dataset on hospitals from the American Hospital Association (AHA) to evaluate the effect a policy change has on the marginal product of medical residents. A weighted 2SLS approach is used to estimate a semi-parametric production function. A policy restricting medical residents to work no more than 80 hours a week is found to result in a net loss of 14 inpatient days per resident annually, which is not statistically different from zero. In addition, the model presented in this paper performs better than past models when estimating first-order effects of inputs in the hospital production function.
Public versus Private: Not That Different, Not That Consequential

There are several differences between the public and private sectors which are referred to frequently in the public administration literature. However, there are few studies which verify these differences. This article reports the findings from a study of three “classic” differences between the public and private sectors that are relevant to public personnel management. It also examines the impact of these differences on employee motivation. The findings indicate that the classic differences do exist, but are not as substantial as the literature would lead one to believe. They also indicate the public-private differences do not have a substantial impact on employee motivation.
Culture and Aesthetics in Akachi Ezigbo's Fiction for Children

In the 21st century, the role of African children’s literature is pivotal in connecting the past, present and future generations through the expression and celebration of cultural heritage. For the African child, the world represents inherited challenges to success such as urbanization, migration and displacement, generational conflict, and tension between tradition and modernity. These realities collude with the ever- present barriers of race and class for African people. The creative artistry of Akachi Adimora Ezeigbo, explores these themes in her works. Her children’s literature reifies her commitment to African-centered and authentic literature that fulfills multiple roles in society. As a prolific writer across genres of poetry, the novel, and the short story, her literature for young readers is a connecting thread to oral traditions of storytelling for the purpose of acculturation and socialization of youth. The contribution of this genre to young readers is invaluable because literature, as a mirror of life, may convey didactic elements as well as aesthetic appeal to the young mind. This paper examines selected works of children’s fiction by Akachi Adimora -Ezeigbo to highlight conflict between tradition and modernity within an urban setting in Nigeria. Through the lens of childhood, the author has woven salient ideas about character formation, African values and cultural continuity. Children universally represent the future and writers for this audience have a commitment to use their craft in ways that foreground the preservation of African cultural integrity in a globalized world of fractured identity and misplaced values.
Polarization relaxation in PZT/PLZT thin film capacitors

Polarization relaxation in PZT and PLZT (with La concentration from 0% to 10%) thin film capacitors was characterized in the time range from 10 ns to 1000 s. It was found that at zero volt the polarization in PZT and PLZT thin films changes logarithmically with time, P(t) = blog(t) + P 0, and the polarization current density J(t) = dP(t)/ dt obeys the Curie-von Schweidler Law, J(t) = b. t−x , with n = 1 from 100 ns extending to 10 s. Over 10 s, the exponent n in the J-t relationship becomes less than 1. The coefficient b in the Q-t and J-t relationship at zero volt correlates strongly with the remanent polarization. La doping in PZT reduces remanent polarization and reduces relaxation.
From faces to hands: Changing visual input in the first two years.

Human development takes place in a social context. Two pervasive sources of social information are faces and hands. Here, we provide the first report of the visual frequency of faces and hands in the everyday scenes available to infants. These scenes were collected by having infants wear head cameras during unconstrained everyday activities. Our corpus of 143 hours of infant-perspective scenes, collected from 34 infants aged 1 month to 2 years, was sampled for analysis at 1/5 Hz. The major finding from this corpus is that the faces and hands of social partners are not equally available throughout the first two years of life. Instead, there is an earlier period of dense face input and a later period of dense hand input. At all ages, hands in these scenes were primarily in contact with objects and the spatio-temporal co-occurrence of hands and faces was greater than expected by chance. The orderliness of the shift from faces to hands suggests a principled transition in the contents of visual experiences and is discussed in terms of the role of developmental gates on the timing and statistics of visual experiences.
Medicalization as professional process : postwar trends in pediatrics

In the late 1950s American pediatricians began to place increased emphasis on psychosocial and behavioral issues in medical training and research. An intraprofessional movement for psychosocial pediatrics led to alterations in the specialty's stated jurisdiction. One explanation for the movement's origins is that demand for treating sick children was eroding; primary-care providers took up the delivery of behavioral services to avoid extinction. This paper shows that routinization of work, not market decline, preceded psychosocial pediatrics. Academicians rather than community practitioners spearheaded boundary expansion. The movement's major consequence appears to be a new division of labor between pediatricians and other health care professionals rather than increased pediatric treatment of children's psychosocial disorders.
Chromogenic reaction of a novel hemicyanine with aluminum ion and its application

Objective:To develop a spectrophotometric method for the determination of aluminum in drinking water.Method:A novel hemicyanine was synthesized firstly,then its chromogenic response toward aluminum ion was studied.Results:Under the optimized condition,the absorbance of this system at 513 nm is linear with the concentration of Al3+ in the range of 6.0 μg/L～100 μg/L.The linear equation of calibration curve was △A=0.00502+0.00463CAl3+ with a correlation coefficient of 0.9990.The detection limit was 3.8 μg/L.The average recoveries were in the range of 98%～104% and the RSD was less than 4.0%.Conclusion:This method is suited for the determination of aluminum in drinking water.
Abstract B1-55: Predictive modeling of drug sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer

Oncogenic lesions that arise during cancer progression provide an attractive target for chemical intervention strategies. The extreme molecular heterogeneity of tumors, however, makes it difficult to identify authentic intervention targets and to link patients to the most appropriate treatment. Current therapeutic strategies are also limited in the range of biology they are able to target. To confront this challenge, we have launched a full scale investigation to identify the genetic lesions that arise during cancer progression together with a computational approach to link novel compounds to these lesions. A panel of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines was screened with over 200,000 synthetic chemical compounds in a tiered HTS approach and with 4358 natural products fractions isolated from marine species. Iterative two sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests and regularized linear regression procedures were then used to link drug activity to the complexity of cancer genomes by systematically assigning enrollment biomarkers to each compound from measures of gene expression, gene mutation, gene copy number, and metabolomics datasets. These algorithms accomplish several tasks. First, they allow us to fit a mathematical model to each compound, which will enable us to predict sensitivities in untested cell lines and tumors. In addition, biomarkers that are specifying sensitivity to a compound could hint at a common, perturbed upstream or downstream biology in the sensitive versus resistant cells that will then allow us to extrapolate mechanism of action hypotheses for each of the uncharacterized compounds. Using this approach, we have found that new genetic vulnerabilities that are not currently actionable can be linked to novel chemicals. Experimental mechanism of action hypotheses can be derived from these chemical/biomarker relationships and were subsequently validated for a subset. Notably, we are also able to parse KRAS mutant cancers into multiple, distinct molecular subtypes defined by co-occurring mutations along with matched compounds. This indicates that KRAS lung cancers are representative of diverse mechanistic subtypes. Collectively, we are using this approach as a data driven way to parse mechanistic lung cancer subtypes as well as identify a mechanistically diverse cohort of therapies capable of contending with lung cancer heterogeneity together with enrollment biomarkers that can specify sensitivity. Citation Format: Elizabeth McMillan, Christopher DeSevo, Nathaniel Oswald, Jordan Hanson, Pei-Hsuan Chen, Ralph Deberardinis, Noelle Williams, John MacMillan, Bruce Posner, Michael White. Predictive modeling of drug sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Computational and Systems Biology of Cancer; Feb 8-11 2015; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(22 Suppl 2):Abstract nr B1-55.
Multiple personality : an issue for forensic psychiatry

The formulation of Multiple Personality (MP) as a distinctive entity by DSM-III while helpful clinically requires, at best, very rigid evaluatory criteria based on independent verification when used as a defense in a Court of Law. The use of the set of eight criteria developed by specialists are helpful guidelines. A case of MP disorder discovered under hypnosis by a psychiatrist and later on vehemently denied by the patient became the object of legal action as part of a malpractice suit. While some well-known experts consulted during treatment believed that she was a MP, the expert witnesses at the trial felt that the patient was not. As a mixed (borderline-histrionic) personality, the patient possibly might have dissociated under stressful life circumstances. The case raises serious issues about the role of auto-suggestion in mimicking MP. It questions the validity of the use of the diagnosis in Court. Legally only carefully evaluated independent data about incongruent past patterns of behavior suggesting alternate personality, can be considered reliable reference for the diagnosis.
Cora Du Bois: Anthropologist, Diplomat, Agent by Susan C. Seymour.

The photograph on the cover of Susan Seymour’s biography of anthropologist Cora Du Bois (1903–1991) presents an image of an intense woman, a cigarette hanging out of the corner of her mouth, lookin...
Effects of sustained loading and pre-existing cracks on corrosion behavior of reinforced concrete slabs

Abstract An experimental study was conducted to characterize the structural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs subjected to accelerated corrosion. Eighteen steel reinforced concrete slab specimens were cast for testing. Transverse cracks were formed in some of the test specimens by applying controlled amount of static loading. Sustained loading was maintained during the entire time of the corrosion process. Three different test conditions were induced: (i) specimens without pre-existing cracks and sustained loading, (ii) specimens with pre-existing cracks but no sustained loading, and (iii) specimens with pre-existing cracks and sustained loading. The crack patterns and crack widths were recorded for each specimen. The final mass loss and the ultimate load carrying capacity after achieving the desired corrosion level were also determined. The results highlight that un-corroded steel reinforced concrete slabs exhibit several bending-induced cracks transverse to the steel reinforcement with a ductile failure mode. Corroded specimens exhibit fewer but wider transverse cracks under bending loads and the failure mode is a brittle failure mode. Pre-cracked initial condition and sustained loading during the corrosion process have noticeable influence on the corrosion behavior of RC slabs. These conditions cause a larger reduction in ultimate load carrying capacity of such slabs compared to slabs subjected to corrosion when there are no cracks and the loading is not sustained in nature during the corrosion process. Ignoring this deleterious performance can lead to unsafe condition assessment.
3 Antagonists of the TOR pathway in animal cells

The TSC1 and TSC2 tumor suppressor genes were initially identified as human disease genes mutated in tuberous sclerosis, a syndrome characterized by the widespread development of benign tumors. TSC2 encodes a putative GTPase activating protein (GAP), while TSC1 encodes a novel protein containing two coiledcoil domains. Recent genetic studies in Drosophila have implicated Tsc1 and Tsc2 as negative regulators of TOR signaling in cell growth, with a loss of Tsc1/Tsc2 leading to increased cell size. In animal cells, loss of Tsc1/Tsc2 leads to an increase in S6K activity that is sensitive to rapamycin but resistant to amino acid starvation. Genetic and biochemical studies in Drosophila further identified Rheb, a member of the Ras superfamily GTPases, as a direct target of the GAP activity of Tsc2 that functions between Tsc1/Tsc2 and TOR. These exciting developments demonstrate that Drosophila is a powerful system to decipher the architecture of the TOR signaling network at molecular, cellular and organismal levels.
“It depends on your perspective”: Effects of stance and beliefs about intent on person perception

Researchers have noted the importance of investigating biases in the interaction process, including the argument that perceptions of people observing an interaction differ from the views of the interactants. The present study investigates this bias further by looking at how it co‐exists with beliefs about intentionality. Within the context of behavioral mirroring, both observational stance and beliefs about intent influenced the judgments people made about a person's character and behavior, as well as the relational messages the person sent to his/her interaction partner. Overall, people in interactions and those who were not induced to believe that another acted with intent rated their partners more favorably than did those who watched a videotape of the interaction and those who believed another mirrored nonverbal behaviors intentionally. The similarity between the ways in which observers and those who assumed the other acted with intent made their judgments suggests that both “biases” worked to instiga...
Timber price dynamics after a natural disaster: Hurricane Hugo revisited

Timber prices in the area struck by a natural disaster such as a hurricane or pest infestation are known to drop sharply immediately following the disaster, only to recover after about a year or so. Previous research attributes the rapid recovery to shifts in supply and demand curves. Our analysis suggests the more probable explanation is rotation in the curves. Supply and demand shifts come into play in the second and third years as rebuilding from the hurricane begins in earnest, and as timber inventory is rebuilt in response to elevated price expectations. But for the period in which price recovery occurs, model simulations based on data for Hurricane Hugo indicate the major causal factors of the observed price dynamics are curve rotation and trade with the surrounding undamaged region. Inventory-based supply shifts, the previously-identified causal factor, play a minor role in the observed price dynamics. Getting the causal factors right is important for predicting the price effects of forest inventory shocks, and for proper measurement of their welfare effects.
Repetition Through Iteration

Iteration is a type of repetition that, like recursion, involves repeating a task a certain number of times, or for every element in a list, or more generally until some condition is met. Iterative functions provide a means of carrying out these commonly performed tasks without having to explicitly create recursive functions. In general, any linear recursive function (a function with a single recursive call in each of its recursive cases) can be written using an iterative function. Most of the examples in this chapter are iterative versions of the functions written using recursion in Chapter 6. You should compare the iterative solutions to their recursive counterparts and decide which seems more natural to you.
Effect of conjugation on phase transitions in thermoresponsive polymers: an atomistic and coarse-grained simulation study

Using atomistic and coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we explain the shifts in lower critical solution temperature (LCST)-like phase transitions exhibited by elastin-like peptides (ELPs) upon conjugation to other macromolecules (e.g. collagen-like peptides or CLPs). First, using atomistic simulations, we study ELP oligomers with the sequence (VPGFG)6 in explicit water, and characterize the LCST-like transition temperature as one at which the ELP oligomers undergo a change in "hydration state". In agreement with past experimental observations of Luo and Kiick, upon anchoring ELP oligomers to a point to mimic ELP oligomers conjugated to another macromolecule, there is an apparent slight shift in the transition temperature to lower values compared to free (unconjugated) ELP oligomers. However, these atomistic simulations are limited to small systems of short ELPs, and as such do not capture the multiple chain aggregation/phase separation observed in experiments of ELPs. Therefore, we utilize phenomenological coarse-grained (CG) MD simulations to probe how conjugating a block of generic-LCST polymer to another rigid unresponsive macromolecular block impacts the transition temperatures at concentrations and length scales larger than atomistic simulations. We find that when multiple LCST polymer chains are conjugated to a rigid unresponsive polymer block, the increased local crowding of the LCST polymers shifts the transition marked by onset of chain aggregation to smaller effective polymer-polymer attraction energies compared to the free LCST polymer chains. The driving force needed for aggregation is reduced in the conjugates compared to free LCST polymer due to reduction in the loss of polymer configurational entropy upon aggregation.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Detection of Intraplaque Hemorrhage.

Carotid artery atherosclerosis is a major cause of ischemic stroke. For more than 30 years, future stroke risk and carotid stroke etiology have been determined using percent diameter stenosis based on clinical trials in the 1990s. In the past 10 years, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences have been developed to detect carotid intraplaque hemorrhage. By detecting carotid intraplaque hemorrhage, MRI identifies potential stroke sources that are often overlooked by lumen imaging. In addition, MRI can dramatically improve assessment of future stroke risk beyond lumen stenosis alone. In this review, we discuss the use of heavily T1-weighted MRI sequences used to detect carotid intraplaque hemorrhage. In addition, advances in cine imaging, motion robust techniques, and specialized neck coils will be reviewed. Finally, the clinical use and future impact of MRI plaque hemorrhage imaging will be discussed.
Frameworks for Adaptive Airport Planning and Techniques for a New Era of Planning

Airport planners, in determining the long-term development of an airport’s infrastructure, estimate future use of the airport by using two loose categories of methods: (a) peer group learning and (b) forecasting. In peer group learning, airport planners compare their airports with like airports and engage in peer-to-peer exchange of information about lessons learned from past experiences and technical and planning guidance. The blend of quantitative and qualitative methodologies can be a powerful tool for airport planners because the planners can validate their forecasts with the actual experiences at similar airports. In the current state of the aviation industry, airport planners must engage in peer group learning because the environment in which they are planning their airports is more volatile than it was previously; however, while forecasting has been well studied by scholars and airport planners, peer group learning has attracted relatively less attention. Given the role of peer group learning in ai...
Histological Analysis of the Nail Plate in the Diagnosis of Melanonychia and Other Nail Pigmentation

Melanocytic activation is a common cause of pigmentation of the nail plate and consists of melanin production without a proliferation of melanocytes. Melanocytic proliferations (lentigo, nevi, and melanoma) often produce a solitary longitudinal pigmented band. Other causes of nail plate pigmentation: pigmented squamous cell carcinoma, pigmented onychomatricoma, onychocytic matricoma, pigmented onychomycosis, and nail plate hemorrhage. Nail clipping can serve as a less invasive screening procedure for identifying the cause of nail plate discoloration. Fontana–Masson staining is useful in identifying melanin. Benzidine stain can be used to identify hemoglobin.
Acoustic and perceptual effects of amplitude and frequency compression on high-frequency speech.

This study investigated how six different amplification methods influence acoustic properties, and subsequently perception, of high-frequency cues in fricatives that have been processed with conventional full bandwidth amplification or nonlinear frequency compression (NFC)—12 conditions total. Amplification methods included linear gain, fast/slow-acting wide dynamic range compression crossed with fixed/individualized compression parameters, and a method with adaptive time constants. Twenty-one hearing-impaired listeners identified seven fricatives in nonsense syllables produced by female talkers. For NFC stimuli, frequency-compressed filters that precisely aligned 1/3-octave bands between input and output were used to quantify effective compression ratio, audibility, and temporal envelope modulation relative to the input. Results indicated significant relationships between these acoustic properties, each of which contributed significantly to fricative recognition across the entire corpus of stimuli. Recog...
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Participation and Emergency Food Pantry Use.

Abstract Objective To determine the association between Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation and pantry use. Design A pretest–posttest design that compared pantry use at program enrollment and after 6 months of participation while controlling for household, economic, and geographic characteristics. Setting Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Food Security Survey: a national telephone survey of SNAP new-entrant households conducted in 2011–2012. Participants A total of 3,191 households that completed baseline interviews and were still participating in SNAP approximately 6 months later. Main Outcome Measure Received emergency food from pantries in the past 30 days. Analysis Logistic regression analysis of pantry use with SNAP participation and time-varying household characteristics as independent variables. Statistical significance was assessed using t tests. The authors applied a Bonferroni adjustment to account for multiple comparisons performed. Results Participating in SNAP for 6 months was associated with a decrease in pantry use by 5.2 percentage points (P Conclusions and Implications Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefit allotments are sufficient for some households, but 76% of SNAP households that enter the program while using pantries continue to do so about 6 months later, which underscores the need to assess the adequacy of SNAP benefit allotments in ensuring access to sufficient food for a healthy, active life.
Sonographic appearance of left spermatic vein thrombosis simulating incarcerated inguinal hernia.

Abstract We report a case of exercise-induced spontaneous thrombosis of the left spermatic vein. The sonographic appearance mimicked an incarcerated left inguinal hernia by demonstrating a tubular, hypoechoic, noncompressible, cystic appearing inguinal mass with no flow evident on color Doppler imaging.
Divergent Pathways on the Road to Sustainability: A Multilevel Model of the Effects of Geopolitical Power on the Relationship between Economic Growth and Environmental Quality

The authors examine the effect of a country’s placement in the world system in 1960 on its ability to use wealth to mitigate environmental impacts. They use random-coefficients models to examine if...
The role of obesity in exceptionally slow US mortality improvement

Recent studies have described a reduction in the rate of improvement in American mortality. The pace of improvement is also slow by international standards. This paper attempts to identify the extent to which rising body mass index (BMI) is responsible for reductions in the rate of mortality improvement in the United States. The data for this study were obtained from subsequent cohorts of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–1994; NHANES continuous, 1999–2010) and from the NHANES linked mortality files, which include follow-up into death records through December 2011. The role of BMI was estimated using Cox models comparing mortality trends in the presence and absence of adjustment for maximum lifetime BMI (Max BMI). Introducing Max BMI into a Cox model controlling for age and sex raised the annual rate of mortality decline by 0.54% (95% confidence interval 0.45–0.64%). Results were robust to the inclusion of other variables in the model, to differences in how Max BMI was measured, and to how trends were evaluated. The effect of rising Max BMI is large relative to international mortality trends and to alternative mortality futures simulated by the Social Security Administration. The increase in Max BMI over the period 1988–2011 is estimated to have reduced life expectancy at age 40 by 0.9 years in 2011 (95% confidence interval 0.7–1.1 years) and accounted for 186,000 excess deaths that year. Rising levels of BMI have prevented the United States from enjoying the full benefits of factors working to improve mortality.
Seawater recirculation drives groundwater nutrient loading from a developed estuary shoreline with on-site wastewater treatment systems: Mobile Bay, USA

Previous studies have highlighted the influence of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) on the environmental condition of coastal waters worldwide. Here, we focus on the quantity and quality of SGD from a developed estuarine shoreline in Mobile Bay to investigate the effects of residential development, specifically on-site wastewater treatment, on coastal water quality. A variety of techniques including a hydrologic balance, Darcy calculations, seepage meter observations, and coastal water radon-222 surveys were employed to quantify fresh and total components of SGD under varying hydrometeorological scenarios. Samples of groundwater from shallow wells, SGD from seepage meters, and surface water were analyzed for dissolved nutrients throughout the year to determine nutrient sources and loadings to the Bay. Comparisons of SGD yielded by Darcy’s calculations with seepage meter and radon-222 observations revealed that fresh, meteoric groundwater contributes only a minor fraction (~ 7%) of total SGD, thereby suggesting that seawater recirculation is the dominant mechanism driving SGD. Total dissolved nitrogen loading averaged 1960 mmol d−1 per m shoreline for the duration of the study; however, total dissolved nitrogen loading supported by the fresh, meteoric SGD component was only 11.2 mmol d−1 per m shoreline (less than 1% of the total loading), despite the presence of on-site wastewater treatment systems. These results demonstrate the importance of SGD as a source of nutrients to Mobile Bay and suggest that nutrient loading from regeneration and remineralization processes in the subterranean estuaries can exceed that of groundwater nutrient transport from developed watersheds.
Skin reactions: X. Preseasonal treatment of hay fever by electrophoresis of ragweed pollen extracts into the skin: Preliminary report

Abstract The electrophoretic method of introducing certain allergens into the skin is a useful reproducible technique for transporting these allergens into the dermis. Giant ragweed, dwarf ragweed, and timothy extracts have been employed in this way. An electrophoretic unit of pollen dosage is defined. Giant and dwarf ragweed extracts have been used satisfactorily in the preseasonal treatment of a series of seven cases of hay fever by electrophoresis of the skin-reactive constituents. Analysis of undialyzed ragweed extract, using both the Philpot-Svensson and Longsworth techniques to estimate the amount of skin-reactive, unpigmented constituent present, has revealed that a very large amount of the unpigmented fraction is present in undialyzed extract of giant ragwee. We have, 7 therefore, been using undialyzed extracts in treatment experimentally since they are much simpler to prepare and less expensive. It is possible to introduce large quantities of skin-reactive material from undialyzed extracts by electrophoresis. Several patients treated preseasonally in this way in New York City have thus far (Aug. 27, 1940) had a satisfactory season.
Uncertainty in the Design of Non-prototypical Engineered Systems

Engineering design must be performed under conditions of uncertainty, some of which are obvious and some of which many engineers may never have consciously considered. The level of uncertainty for non-prototypical engineered systems is greater than for systems in which prototype testing is possible. In this paper we consider the uncertainties facing engineers who design non-prototypical engineered systems and some of the ways that those engineers manage uncertainties in a manner that allows design decisions to be made. Uncertainties are dealt with using codes of practice, in order to achieve minimum levels of safety, and quality control measures to minimize human error. The possibility of extreme, unpredictable events can only be dealt with by including engineering details into a system that make it more robust, but are not necessary by minimum standards. These additional engineering details may permit the system to withstand events that far exceed the design capacity.
Self Referral of Dialysis Patients

A newly appointed junior staff member of a large nephrology physicians group in a community hospital indicates his dissatisfaction with the system of referrals. He notes that after stabilizing newly evaluated kidney failure patients, continuing long-term care is arranged with one of several surrounding free standing dialysis units. The unit selected for transfer of the new patient is a proprietary facility owned by a partnership held by three of the senior renal staff members. The same physicians who referred the patient and own the unit then decide on the length of each dialysis treatment as well as other components of care such as whether or not to do nerve testing for a fee. Profits at this dialysis unit become the personal income of its owners. Concerned over abrogating his patient’s free choice, the junior nephrologist indicates his intention to resign from the group.
The Case for Evidence-Based Free Exercise Accommodation: Why the Religious Freedom Restoration Act is Bad Public Policy

After over twenty years, the Religious Freedom Restoration Act formula has proven itself to have three faults as a matter of public policy. First, the title is misleading, as the Supreme Court has repeatedly confirmed. Second, it was misleadingly presented as a benevolent law for religious actors who needed protection and whose actions were always benign. Third, its operative provisions contain legalistic, opaque text, which few can discern. The result is that the federal and state RFRAs, along with the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act, have yielded and continue to yield unintended, indeed unimaginable, consequences.
Gli2 is necessary for migration of ventral Neural Stem Cells to demyelinated lesions

SUMMARY Enhancing repair of myelin is an important therapeutic goal in many neurological disorders characterized by demyelination. In the healthy adult brain, ventral neural stem cells in the sub-ventricular zone are marked by Gli1 expression and do not generate oligodendrocytes. However, in response to demyelination they migrate to lesions and differentiate into oligodendrocytes. Inhibition of Gli1 further increases their contribution to remyelination. Gli1 and Gli2 are both transcriptional effectors of the Sonic Hedgehog pathway with highly conserved domains but the role of Gli2 in remyelination by ventral neural stem cells is not clear. Here we show that while genetic ablation of Gli1 in the ventral neural stem cells increases remyelination, loss of Gli2 in these cells decreases their migration to the white matter lesion and reduces their differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes. These studies indicate Gli1 and Gli2 have distinct, non-redundant functions in NSCs, including that Gli2 is essential for the enhanced remyelination mediated by Gli1 inhibition. They highlight the importance of designing specific Gli1 inhibitors that do not inhibit Gli2 as a strategy for therapies targeting the Shh pathway. Graphical Abstract