cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Harmonics and core losses of permanent magnet DC motors controlled by chopper circuits

The impact of chopper control on armature current harmonics and core losses of permanent-magnet DC motors is analyzed. A computer-aided two-dimensional finite-element method is used to analyze the magnetic field and obtain the nonlinear parameters of the machine. The armature current waveforms are predicted from the machine system network analysis at different chopping frequencies and decomposed into their AC and DC components. These currents with their ripple contents are further used in the field analysis to compute the core losses of a 1.2 hp permanent-magnet DC motor at different operating conditions. In addition to the numerical analysis, supporting experimental work was carried out for verification of some of the results. It is found that armature current harmonics can lead to significant increases in core losses. >
Comparative interoperability project: configurations of community, technology, organization

In this paper we describe the methods, goals and early findings of the research endeavor 'Comparative Interoperability Project' (CIP). The CIP is an extended interdisciplinary collaboration of information and social scientists with the shared goal of understanding the diverse range of interoperability strategies within information infrastructure building activities. We take interoperability strategies to be the simultaneous mobilization of community, organizational and technical resources to enable data integration. The CIP draws together work with three ongoing collaborative scientific projects (GEON, LTER, Ocean Informatics) that are building information infrastructures for the natural sciences.
An elitist distributed particle swarm algorithm for RF IC optimization

An RF IC optimization methodology based on an elitist distributed particle swarm optimization algorithm is presented. By including a Pareto ranking mechanism and elitism in the algorithm, design alternatives and tradeoff information are provided with high efficiency. Post-optimization Monte-Carlo simulations are performed to assess first-order yield performance and aid in the selection of the final design. The approach is validated through the synthesis of a 5.2GHz direct-conversion front-end in 180nm CMOS.
Familie der Poxviren

Die Poxviridae sind eine grose Familie, zu der 6 Genera gehoren. Diese Genera werden auf der Grundlage gemeinsamer Antigene bei den jeweiligen Poxviren gebildet; auserdem besitzen alle Poxviren ein gemeinsames Nucleoprotein(NP)-Antigen. Fur die Taxonomie der Poxviren wird auch ihre Fahigkeit zur genetischen Rekombination verwendet.
Nursing professional attire: probing patient preferences to inform implementation.

OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to increase understanding of patient perceptions of nursing professional image, appearance, and identification to inform implementation of professional clinical attire.BACKGROUND:There is growing evidence of patient preference for and organizational implementation
Associated Production of Λ K at the Σ K Threshold

The reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Lambda}+K$ has been studied in the liquid-hydrogen bubble chamber at the threshold energy for the reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Sigma}+K$. The differential cross section for $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ production has been found to be $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d\ensuremath{\Omega}}=50\ensuremath{-}10 cos\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{-}25 {cos}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{-}51 {cos}^{3}\ensuremath{\theta}+56 {cos}^{4}\ensuremath{\theta}$ \ensuremath{\mu}b/sr with a total cross section of 0.67\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 mb. The $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$'s produced are nearly completely polarized normal to the production plane, and their decay is characterized by $|\ensuremath{\alpha}\overline{P}|=0.60\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$. Two leptonic $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ decays have been identified giving a rate for the leptonic decay consistent with one in a thousand. An unsuccessful attempt has been made to detect cusp-like effects. This attempt has failed because of the presence of high angular momentum states in the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}K$ production process.
Research Challenges in Parallel and Distributed Simulation

The parallel and distributed simulation field has evolved and grown from its origins in the 1970s and 1980s and remains an active field of research to this day. A brief overview of research in the field is presented. Future research topics are explored including areas such as problem-driven simulation of large-scale systems and complex networks, exploitation of graphical processing unit hardware and cloud computing environments, predictive online simulation for system management and optimization, power and energy consumption in mobile platforms and data centers, and composition of heterogeneous simulations.
Evaluation on the Fourth Round of the Global Fund for Anti-tuberculosis Programme in Hubei

Objective To analyze and review the effect of the Global Fund for anti-tuberculosis Programme 4th Round executed in Hubei.Methods The project implementation effect in Hubei was analyzed after the collection and procession(with software SPSS 11.0) of data(TB monthly and quarterly reports) from July 2005-June 2010.Such assessing indexes included: medical service seeking rate in suspected cases,internet reporting rate,successful transferring rate,successful tracking rate,total treatment rate,contribution rate.Results The Global Fund TB Programme 4th Round covered all the cities,counties and districts in Hubei;medical service seeking rate in suspected cases increased from 2.17‰ to 3.42‰;Internet reporting rate by the general hospitals increased from 56.55/100 000 to 90.72/100 000;75% reached the overall programme goals.The general hospitals had great contribution in case finding,their contribution rates in finding active tuberculosis,smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis and negative pulmonary tuberculosis cases increased by 44.97%、23.73% and 37.00%,respectively,and still showed an upward trend.Conclusion The programmme implementation strengthened the cooperation between TB institutions and general hospitals,increased the case finding rate and enhanced the implementation of TB control plan of Hubei.
Effects of conjugated polymer incorporation on the morphology and energy harvesting of solution-processed, phthalocyanine-based thin films

Abstract Here, we investigate the morphology, spectral absorption bandwidth and energy transfer in solution-processed, phthalocyanine-based thin films blended with conjugated polymer materials with complementary absorption bands. Unary, binary, and ternary solutions of the solution- processable phthalocyanine derivative 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(octyloxy)-29H,31H-phthalocyanine (Oct-Pc) and the conjugated polymers poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PFO) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) were used to prepare sub-55-nm-thick unary-phase and blended thin films. Spectroscopic analysis shows that absorption band full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) values increase from between 60 nm and 160 nm for the individual materials to greater than 450 nm for the composite ternary-blend thin film due to the complementary bandgap energies and spectral absorption bands of the constituent materials. Additionally, photoluminescence and transient absorption measurements show very efficient transfer of excited-state energy in the wider band-gap materials (donors) to the narrower band-gap material (acceptor). Resonant energy or charge transfer occurs with efficiencies between 90% and 100% for the various blends. Atomic-force microscopy and grazing-incidence, wide-angle X-ray scattering data indicate that P3HT and Oct-Pc exhibit the poorest blending. This correlates with the lowest donor photoluminescence quenching efficiency due to the extended separation of the P3HT chains from Oct-Pc molecules. However, addition of a relatively small fraction of PFO disrupts Oct-Pc crystallinity and enables improved mixing and energy transfer between P3HT and Oct-Pc.
The Everyday Politics of Being a Student in South Africa

Over the past year, a student movement that has come to be known as "Fallism" has swept South Africa. Student protests under the banner "Rhodes Must Fall" advocated the removal of a statue of Cecil Rhodes and the "decolonization" of the University of Cape Town and peer institutions; subsequent protests have demanded that "Fees Must Fall" at universities across the country. This article examines the history and historiography of student politics in 20th century South Africa, at this time when both unresolved tensions and nostalgic visions of past struggles are pressing up urgently against the present. Student politics has long been a major topic for South African scholars. Indeed, in the wake of 1976, many historians conceived of the history of black education in South Africa simply as the history of student protest. The study of resistance has remained integral to the field. Yet since the end of apartheid in 1994, the ways that historians look at student politics has been changing, in three interconnected ways. The first is our attention to political imagination — tending not only to possibilities that were embraced as key organizing strategies, but also (and more so) to possibilities that fizzled in their time, to fail or to reemerge later, in new forms. This interest flows from the circumstances of our present: like historians working elsewhere in post-colonial Africa, many of us are disappointed with how things turned out. We have ever-growing analytical distance to ask questions impossible at the height of anti-apartheid struggle, and the technological capabilities to access many obscure sources more quickly. These same factors explain a second shift in our field: we are seeing the spaces of politics differently. We are moving beyond familiar narratives of student resistance because we are looking not only at the campuses that played emblematic roles in the making of African nationalism and anti-apartheid struggle. We are also looking at stranger places — such as an elite mission school for African girls that thrived during segregation and apartheid, or a rural art school created by the apartheid government. These new vantage points enable us to see different political actors — for whom education was clearly a question of power, but a question with many different answers than those that an earlier generation of scholarship would have led us to expect.
Paracrine and Autocrine Factors Involved in the Regulation of the Release of Human Decidual Prolactin and Human Placental Lactogen

During pregnancy, the decidua and placenta synthesise and secrete several protein hormones that have identical or nearly identical chemical and biological properties to protein hormones synthesised and secreted by the pituitary gland and other tissues. For example, human decidual tissue synthesises and releases protein hormones that are identical to pituitary prolactin1 and ovarian relaxin.2 The placenta synthesises and releases hCG and hPL which have striking chemical and biological similarities to LH and to growth hormone and prolactin, respectively.3 Nevertheless, despite the striking similarities between these hormones, the regulation of the synthesis and secretion of the protein hormones from the decidua and placenta is different from that of the pituitary protein hormones. Pituitary prolactin, growth hormone and most protein hormones are stored in large secretory granules, but ultrastructural and biochemical studies indicate that decidual prolactin4 and hPL5 are localised in the post-microsomal supernatants of decidual and placental tissue homogenates.
Tumor Angiogenesis and Novel Vascular Endothelial Receptor (VEGFR)-Specific Small Molecule Inhibitors

The knowledge related to angiogenesis has grown exponentially over the past few decades with the recognition that angiogenesis is essential for numerous normal and pathological processes. Very importantly, angiogenesis is required for the growth and metastasis of solid tumors in human beyond the size of 1–2 mm³ (Arap et al. 1998; Folkman 1990, 1995). Angiogenesis is the process of developing buds and outgrowth of capillaries from existing blood vessels that are derived as extensions due to hypoxia or other forms of signaling that occurs in the microenvironment that surrounds a tissue or tumors. On the other hand neovascularization is defined as the formation of functional microvascular network with red blood cell perfusion. Angiogenesis is required for invasive tumor growth and metastasis and therefore constitutes an important step in the control of cancer progression. In general vascular tumors are severely restricted in their growth potential because of the lack of a blood supply. To achieve the new blood vessel formation, endothelial cells must first escape from their stable location by breaking through the basement membrane, and this degradation is associated with migration of endothelial cells out of the vascular channel toward the angiogenic stimulus. During this process, the subendothelial basement membrane, a dense meshwork of collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans are proteolytically disrupted to allow formation of new capillaries. Though it is an integral component of normal processes such as reproduction and wound healing, angiogenesis is known to play an important role in other pathological processes ranging from tumor growth and metastasis to inflammation and ocular diseases. During angiogenesis tumor cells exploit their microenvironment by releasing cytokines and growth factors to activate normal, quiescent cells around them and initiate a cascade of events that quickly becomes dysregulated. For example, tumor cell-released vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates the sprouting and proliferation of endothelial cells and thereby play a crucial role in neovascularization of solid tumors (Leung et al. 1989). The expression of VEGF has been shown to correlate with the density of microvessels in various tumors and exhibit higher metastatic ability (Folkman 1995; Leung et al. 1989; Toi et al. 1994). Therefore, inhibition of angiogenesis triggered by VEGF or other factors is accepted as a valuable approach to cancer therapy.
8 – Power System Operation and Control

This chapter deals with the explanation of power system operation and control. The primary objective of power system operation is delivering power to consumers meeting strict tolerances on voltage magnitude and frequency. The operation control problems naturally divide into the control of voltage magnitudes or the voltage control issues and the control of system frequency or the frequency control problems. Because a power system is an interconnected, large system spread over a geographically wide network, operation of the large system is complex. The controls are built to exploit the inherent time-scale and structural properties of the system. This chapter focuses on the frequency control problem as an example of power system controls. It also presents a brief introduction to the control called the automatic generation control or the load frequency control. A power system must generate sufficient power at all times to meet the load demand from the grid. The amount of load connected to the system varies significantly based on seasonal and time-of-day considerations. The cost of producing power at different generators also varies from plant to plant, depending on the efficiency of plant design and fuel costs at the generator location. Optimal power flow formulation and frequency control of power systems is also examined.
Maximizing data return for the Europa lander: A trade study in the application of CCSDS protocols

In support of NASA, Caltech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and The Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory are studying concepts for two missions to explore Europa: a multiple flyby spacecraft and a surface lander. This paper analyzes the use of packetized, multi-hop, multi-path communications protocols for the Europa lander concept and assesses their potential for reducing power requirements while increasing data return. Analysis includes three protocols standardized by the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS): the CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP), the Bundle Protocol (BP), and the Licklider Transmission Protocol (LTP). A spacecraft may implement a networking stack of one or more of these protocols, with each of these stacks exhibiting different strengths and weaknesses. We present heuristic and analytical methods for evaluating protocol performance including a priori computations of protocol overheads, Monte-Carlo analysis across bit error rates and packet sizes, and high fidelity simulations. Quantitative metrics such as retransmission efficiency, packet overhead, and end-to-end transaction duration characterize individual protocol options. Qualitative metrics such as cost of ownership, mission operations complexity, and computational processing load characterize the mission impacts of various networking stacks. We generate results using anticipated mission link characteristics, data volumes, and network geometries and provide recommendations relating to the value of software protocols and multi-protocol networking stacks. Results demonstrate that each candidate protocol combination can be tuned to within 15% of optimal performance over links of up to 10−4 bit error rate, although achieving this efficiency with solely CFDP incurs up to 800% greater computational processing load versus the other stacks. We conclude multiprotocol stacks separate concerns when optimizing performance for multiple stakeholders. A CFDP/BP/LTP networking stack solves a joint optimization problem where CFDP can be tuned for onboard data operations, BP can be used to provide standardized priority and store-and-forward operations, and LTP can be tuned for retransmission and acknowledgement. This approach enables efficient end-to-end communications for the Europa lander concept that maximizes data return with minimal power requirements.
Eliminating Disparities in Health Care Through Quality Improvement

This chapter discusses the role of quality improvement (QI) as a vehicle for eliminating racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Disparities in health and disparities health care are not synonymous. The latter represents only one of many contributors to disparities in health. Furthermore, healthcare disparities result from a complex constellation of patient, provider, organizational, and community/societal factors. Tackling inequities in health care requires addressing the predominant cause for a particular healthcare disparity. This can be done through well-designed quality improvement interventions. Such interventions can potentially reduce healthcare disparities through either targeted or universally applied strategies. The former specifically targets minority patients within a healthcare organization or targets organizations that serve largely minority patients. The latter applies quality improvement activities to all patients in the expectation that the intervention disproportionately benefits minorities. A range of quality improvement tools exist to improve care to minorities. Review of available evidence shows that it is possible to reduce, if not eliminate, disparities in health care using these tools. However, doing so requires a concerted commitment on the part of health plans and insurance payers to adequately fund such efforts. Health reform legislation and better tracking of healthcare disparities may spur progress towards the elimination of healthcare disparities.
Plant Immunization-Mechanisms and Practical Implications

On a recent trip to New York City I spent an extremely pleasant morning at the Pierpont Morgan Library examining their fine collection of art, old books and manuscripts. In a gallery showing the work of Jacob Jordaens (1593–1678) I noticed a painting depicting a scene from Aesop’s fables in which a satyr is passing the time of day with peasants at a village inn. The satyr is astounded that a peasant first blows on his hands to warm them and then on his spoonful of porridge to cool it. The scene is used to illustrate the moral that those who blow first hot and then cold are not to be trusted. In preparing this chapter I fear that I will play the part of the peasant blowing hot and cold. Whether what I say can be trusted is for the reader and posterity to decide.
The Evasive Initial

For decades, and especially since the end of the 1930’s, I had under my observation the verbal behavior displayed by a polyglot of my generation. In his handwritten notes and blueprints for his own use, he was repeatedly committed to one, single, unconscious deviation from current spelling usages; namely, he was inclined to omit the first letter of a word, whatever its length or make-up, as well as inclined to leave out the first cipher of a number expressed by several figures. In the latter case, the initial figure was easily forgotten; hence, such a record as 311 happened to be erroneously interpreted as eleven, and thus led the writer to miscalculations. These evasions of the initial took place in any of the western languages he used—English, French, German, Czech, and Polish, as well as in Russian with its modified cyrillic script. Such agraphic mishaps, although rare, have been well attested to in verbal pathology, and they demanded careful observation and explanation.
The molecular basis of experience-dependent motor system development.

Neurons in the vertebrate nervous skystem acquire their mature features over an extended period in prenatal and early postnatal life. The interaction of the organism with its environment (“experience”) has been shown to profoundly influence sensory neuron development. Approximately, over the past two decades, it has become increasingly clear that motor system development is also experience dependent. Glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype have been implicated in both sensory and motor system experience-dependent development. An additional molecular mechanism involves the GluA1 subunit of the 2-amino-3-(5-methyl-3-oxo-1,2-oxazol-4-yl)propanoic acid (AMPA) subtype glutamate receptors. GluA1-dependent development operates in an NMDA-R-independent manner and uses a distinct set of signaling molecules. The synapse-associated protein of 97 kDa molecular weight (SAP97) is the key. A deeper understanding of how experiences guide motor system development may lead to new ways to improve function after central nervous system insult.
Physiology and Anesthesia for Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery

Learn relevant cardiovascular physiology and common pathologic conditions. Understand the anesthetic considerations for cardiac surgery. Learn thoracic physiology and anesthetic considerations for thoracic surgery.
Recursion Schemes and Generalized Interpretations (Extended Abstract)

This paper investigates some of the underlying axioms allowing the fixpoint-semantics approach to hold for tree-like recursion schemes. The notions of scheme and interpretation are generalized. The axioms satisfied by "algebraic theories" are shown to be adequate for the definition of the notion of an interpretation. It is also shown that in order to provide the semantics of arbitrary finite recursion schemes, rational algebraic theories are insufficient and it is necessary to introduce a new class of "recursion-closed" algebraic theories. Finally, free recursion-closed algebraic theories are shown to exist.
Physiologic and motor conditioning and generalization in children with minimal brain dysfunction.

Twenty-six children diagnosed as having minimal brain dysfunctions (MBD) were compared with 26 controls in a conditinoing and generalization procedure. Skin resistance, heart rate, and muscle action potentials were monitored throughout. Success involved learning which of two tones signalled the accessibility of a penny. Whereas 92 per cent of controls reached the criterion of five successive correct responses, only 62 per cent of MBD’s did. Further, a third of the MBD’s were so maladaptive as to force procedural variations, while only a few minor irregularities occurred with the controls. Quality of performance was related to age, intelligence, and ability to discriminate and remember tones. Controls were more physiologically reactive than MBD’s, especially in skin resistance. Physiologic differentiation of the two tones was significant in both groups of children and appeared concurrently with motor differentiation. The only evidence of physiologic generalization was in the SR data of controls. The possibility that defective arousal structures, or defective coupling of arousal structures and other perceptual and motor structures, could account for the decreased physiologic reactivity, short attention spans, and poor concentration ofsome MBD’s is discussed. This research, in conformity with other laboratory studies of the brain, indicates that motivational as well as cognitive defects may be organically based.
Effect of Dried Plum on Bone Biomarkers in Men

Male osteoporosis remains an underdiagnosed and undertreated condition, and overall, treatments for osteoporosis in men are less defined than in women. Although several animal studies have demonstrated bone-protective effects of dried plum, no human study has evaluated the effect of dried plum on bone metabolism in men. For this purpose, we are conducting a randomized controlled clinical study to test the hypothesis that the daily inclusion of 100 g dietary dried plum will positively influence serum and urinary markers of bone metabolism in men and will prevent bone loss. All study participants (n = 66) are receiving 500 mg elemental calcium plus 400 IU vitamin D3 daily. Blood and urine samples (baseline, 3, and 6 months) are assessed for bone biomarkers. Physical activity and dietary confounders are examined as potential covariates. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP-5b), a marker of bone resorption, decreased at 3 months in dried plum group (P = 0.006). These results confirm the findings of male animal studies and the ability of 100 g dried plum to inhibit bone resorption in men.
Cancer-Related Pain: Understanding Genetic Influences and Determining Implications for Practice

Pain can be highly variable and unpredictable. Genetics may be key to identifying pain mechanisms that control the intensity, duration, and physiologic response in individuals with chronic pain. Pharmaco-genomics and precision medicine are permitting advances in pain control with analgesic drugs that have increased effectiveness and lead to decreased side effects. Knowledge of genetic variations related to how and why patients experience pain will aid in identifying those at risk, provide a better understanding of the phenomenon of pain, and possibly lead to innovative therapies to control pain.
Helmsman: fast and efficient mutation signature analysis for massive sequencing datasets

The spectrum of somatic single-nucleotide variants in cancer genomes often reflects the signatures of multiple distinct mutational processes, which can provide clinically actionable insights into cancer etiology. Existing software tools for identifying and evaluating these mutational signatures do not scale to analyze large datasets containing thousands of individuals or millions of variants. We introduce Helmsman, a program designed to perform mutation signature analysis on arbitrarily large sequencing datasets. Helmsman is up to 300 times faster than existing software. Helmsman’s memory usage is independent of the number of variants, resulting in a small enough memory footprint to analyze datasets that would otherwise exceed the memory limitations of other programs. Helmsman is a computationally efficient tool that enables users to evaluate mutational signatures in massive sequencing datasets that are otherwise intractable with existing software. Helmsman is freely available at https://github.com/carjed/helmsman .
Returning to the mission? Journalists after jail

ABSTRACTA growing number of journalists across the world are in prison for practicing their profession in ways that antagonise regimes, militaries, oligarchs, and other powerful interests. There ha...
The Emotional Approach Coping Scales in Chinese: Validation, Psychometric Properties, and Measurement Invariance:

American and Chinese literatures on emotion-focused coping show inconsistent associations with distress, attributable to criterion contamination problems with measures. This problem was remedied by the American Emotional Approach Coping (EAC) scales, which are not confounded with distress; however, there is no Chinese counterpart. The EAC is of theoretical interest for exploring cross-cultural models of psychological and physical health since it allows one to measure emotion processing (theoretically lowering distress) without emotion expression (maintaining collectivist group harmony). In the present study, the EAC scales were translated into Chinese and their factorial, criterion, and discriminant validity as well as measurement invariance of the two versions were examined in 353 Chinese and 491 Americans. Previous validational findings for American EAC scales were replicated and configural and metric invariance demonstrated, supporting the comparable reliability and validity of the Chinese EAC scales. Chinese showed fewer gender differences than Americans.
The Long-Term Effects of International Student Teaching Placements: Implications for Policy and Practice in Higher Education

There is scant literature involving studies with classroom teachers who previously student taught abroad to determine the lasting effects of student teaching abroad, if any, on their careers and teaching. Were the benefits anticipated by student teachers who student taught abroad the actual benefits that teachers who student taught abroad experienced? This studied attempted to fill this gap by interviewing a university coordinator of an abroad student teaching program and alumni of the program who are now practicing educators and providing recommendations for university international student teaching programs.
Chapter 7 – Qualitative Physics: Past, Present, and Future

Publisher Summary Qualitative physics is concerned with representing and reasoning about the physical world. The goal of qualitative physics is to capture both the commonsense knowledge of the person on the street and the tacit knowledge underlying the quantitative knowledge used by engineers and scientists. The key to qualitative physics is to find ways to represent continuous properties of the world by discrete systems of symbols. One can always quantize something continuous, but not all quantizations are equally useful. One way to state the idea is the relevance principle: The distinctions made by a quantization must be relevant to the kind of reasoning performed. This chapter describes what qualitative physics is, why one should be doing it, and where it came from. It discusses some open problems in qualitative physics.
Water Scarcity in the Face of Hurricanes: Improving the Resilience of Potable Water Supplies in Selected Florida Counties

Hurricanes threaten drinking water supplies in Florida through problems such as contamination and shortages. The purpose of this research was to review management policies addressing potable water ...
Regulation of Glycopeptide Hormone Synthesis in Cell Culture

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the ectopic production of hormones and other proteins by neoplastic cells that appear to be the result of activation of genetic loci not normally expressed in cells from which the tumor has derived. Cell and tissue culture provide a relatively simple system for investigating the regulation of gene expression. Neoplasia may be regarded as aberrant cellular differentiation whereby normally repressed genetic loci are activated. Fetal antigens and isozymes associated with embryological development are often expressed in neoplastic cells. Ectopic isozymes are isozymes found in the course of embryonic development that are present in tumor tissue but not in the tissue of tumor origin. The recognition that between 6% and 13% of all carcinomas are associated with high serum concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin makes this glycopeptides hormone a particularly valuable tumor marker. The data suggest that understanding the details of the chromatin cycle and the mechanisms by which various compounds, for example butyrate, modify the chromatin cycle may provide important insights on the regulation of gene expression.
Vibrational densities of states for glassy se-ge alloys by neutron scattering

Densities of states for vibrational excitations in Se 1–x Ge x glasses with 0≤x≤0.33 have been determined by neutron scattering methods. The low-energy portions of the spectra exhibit floppy modes which rapidly diminish in number with Ge addition. The results are discussed in terms of rigidity percolation, and correspondence with other experimental properties.
Estimating the probability of events that have never occurred : When is your vote decisive?

Abstract Researchers sometimes argue that statisticians have little to contribute when few realizations of the process being estimated are observed. We show that this argument is incorrect even in the extreme situation of estimating the probabilities of events so rare that they have never occurred. We show how statistical forecasting models allow us to use empirical data to improve inferences about the probabilities of these events. Our application is estimating the probability that your vote will be decisive in a U.S. presidential election, a problem that has been studied by political scientists for more than two decades. The exact value of this probability is of only minor interest, but the number has important implications for understanding the optimal allocation of campaign resources, whether states and voter groups receive their fair share of attention from prospective presidents, and how formal “rational choice” models of voter behavior might be able to explain why people vote at all. We show how th...
Drill-mounted video guidance for orthopaedic trauma surgery.

Purpose: Percutaneous fracture fixation is a challenging procedure that requires accurate interpretation of fluoroscopic images to insert guidewires through narrow bone corridors. We present a guidance system with a video camera mounted onboard the surgical drill to achieve real-time augmentation of the drill trajectory in fluoroscopy and/or CT. Approach: The camera was mounted on the drill and calibrated with respect to the drill axis. Markers identifiable in both video and fluoroscopy are placed about the surgical field and co-registered by feature correspondences. If available, a preoperative CT can also be co-registered by 3D-2D image registration. Real-time guidance is achieved by virtual overlay of the registered drill axis on fluoroscopy or in CT. Performance was evaluated in terms of target registration error (TRE), conformance within clinically relevant pelvic bone corridors, and runtime. Results: Registration of the drill axis to fluoroscopy demonstrated median TRE of 0.9 mm and 2.0 deg when solved with two views (e.g., anteroposterior and lateral) and five markers visible in both video and fluoroscopy-more than sufficient to provide Kirschner wire (K-wire) conformance within common pelvic bone corridors. Registration accuracy was reduced when solved with a single fluoroscopic view ( TRE = 3.4 mm and 2.7 deg) but was also sufficient for K-wire conformance within pelvic bone corridors. Registration was robust with as few as four markers visible within the field of view. Runtime of the initial implementation allowed fluoroscopy overlay and/or 3D CT navigation with freehand manipulation of the drill up to 10 frames / s . Conclusions: A drill-mounted video guidance system was developed to assist with K-wire placement. Overall workflow is compatible with fluoroscopically guided orthopaedic trauma surgery and does not require markers to be placed in preoperative CT. The initial prototype demonstrates accuracy and runtime that could improve the accuracy of K-wire placement, motivating future work for translation to clinical studies.
Studies in a Murine Granuloma Model of Instilled Carbon Nanotubes: Relevance to Sarcoidosis

Poorly soluble environmental antigens, including carbon pollutants, are thought to play a role in the incidence of human sarcoidosis, a chronic inflammatory granulomatous disease of unknown causation. Currently, engineered carbon products such as multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) are manufactured commercially and have been shown to elicit acute and chronic inflammatory responses in experimental animals, including the production of granulomas or fibrosis. Several years ago, we hypothesized that constructing an experimental model of chronic granulomatosis resembling that associated with sarcoidosis might be achieved by oropharyngeal instillation of MWCNT into mice. This review summarizes the results of our efforts to define mechanisms of granuloma formation and identify potential therapeutic targets for sarcoidosis. Evidence is presented linking findings from the murine MWCNT granuloma model to sarcoidosis pathophysiology. As our goal was to determine what pulmonary inflammatory pathways might be involved, we utilized mice of knock-out (KO) backgrounds which corresponded to deficiencies noted in sarcoidosis patients. A primary example of this approach was to study mice with a myeloid-specific knock-out of the lipid-regulated transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) which is strikingly depressed in sarcoidosis. Among the major findings associated with PPARγ KO mice compared to wild-type were: (1) exacerbation of granulomatous and fibrotic histopathology in response to MWCNT; (2) elevation of inflammatory mediators; and (3) pulmonary retention of a potentially antigenic ESAT-6 peptide co-instilled with MWCNT. In line with these data, we also observed that activation of PPARγ in wild-type mice by the PPARγ-specific ligand, rosiglitazone, significantly reduced both pulmonary granuloma and inflammatory mediator production. Similarly, recognition of a deficiency of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) lipid transporter ABCG1 in sarcoidosis led us to study MWCNT instillation in myeloid-specific ABCG1 KO mice. As anticipated, ABCG1 deficiency was associated with larger granulomas and increased levels of inflammatory mediators. Finally, a transcriptional survey of alveolar macrophages from MWCNT-instilled wild-type mice and human sarcoidosis patients revealed several common themes. One of the most prominent mediators identified in both human and mouse transcriptomic analyses was MMP12. Studies with MMP12 KO mice revealed similar acute reactions to those in wild-type but at chronic time points where wild-type maintained granulomatous disease, resolution occurred with MMP12 KO mice suggesting MMP12 is necessary for granuloma progression. In conclusion, these studies suggest that the MWCNT granuloma model has relevance to human sarcoidosis study, particularly with respect to immune-specific pathways.
Simple Training Strategies and Model Scaling for Object Detection

The speed-accuracy Pareto curve of object detection systems have advanced through a combination of better model architectures, training and inference methods. In this paper, we methodically evaluate a variety of these techniques to understand where most of the improvements in modern detection systems come from. We benchmark these improvements on the vanilla ResNet-FPN backbone with RetinaNet and RCNN detectors. The vanilla detectors are improved by 7.7% in accuracy while being 30% faster in speed. We further provide simple scaling strategies to generate family of models that form two Pareto curves, named RetinaNet-RS and Cascade RCNN-RS. These simple rescaled detectors explore the speed-accuracy trade-off between the one-stage RetinaNet detectors and two-stage RCNN detectors. Our largest Cascade RCNN-RS models achieve 52.9% AP with a ResNet152-FPN backbone and 53.6% with a SpineNet143L backbone. Finally, we show the ResNet architecture, with three minor architectural changes, outperforms EfficientNet as the backbone for object detection and instance segmentation systems.
Extension of an exponential light-curve gamma-ray burst pulse model across energy bands

A simple mathematical model of gamma-ray burst(GRB) pulses in time, suggested by Norris et al., is extended across energy. For a class of isolated pulses, two fit parameters appear to be effectively independent of energy. Specifically, statistical fits indicate that pulse amplitude A and pulse width τ are energy dependent, while pulse start time and pulse shape are effectively energy independent. These results bolster the pulse start and pulse scale conjectures of Nemiroff and add a new pulse shape conjecture which states that a class of pulses all have the same shape. The simple resulting pulse counts model is P(t, E) =A(E) exp[ −t/τ(E) −τ(E)/t], where t is the time since the start of the pulse. This pulse model is found to be an acceptable statistical fit to many of the fluent separable Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) pulses listed by Norris et al. Even without theoretical interpretation, this cross-energy extension may be immediately useful for fitting prompt emission from GRB pulses across energy channels with a minimal number of free parameters.
Appropriate use criteria for SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging: Are they appropriate for women?

Several studies have reported that women are more likely to receive inappropriate SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), suggesting gender disparity in AUC determination. We investigated the impact of gender on the diagnostic and prognostic utility of AUC. We analyzed a multi-site prospective cohort of 1511 consecutive patients (43.5% women) who underwent outpatient, community-based SPECT-MPI. Subjects were stratified into gender groups and appropriateness subgroups, and followed for 27 ± 10 months for cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and coronary revascularization. Women were more likely to receive inappropriate MPI (60.7% vs 33.8%, P < .001). Irrespective of appropriateness, women were less likely to have an abnormal MPI (6.1% vs 14.9%, P < .001), even after adjusting for clinical covariates [odds ratio = 0.40 (95% confidence interval = 0.26-0.60), P < .001]. Irrespective of appropriateness, women were at lower risk for MACE (composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, or coronary revascularization) after adjusting for clinical and imaging covariates [hazard ratio = 0.49 (95% confidence interval = 0.28-0.86), P = .01]. There was no interaction between gender and appropriateness group as a determinant of abnormal MPI or MACE (interaction P values ≥ .26), indicating that female gender was associated with similar relative risk of an abnormal MPI and MACE irrespective of appropriateness group. Abnormal MPI was similarly predictive of increased hazard of MACE in both genders, regardless of appropriateness (interaction P values ≥ .46). In this multi-site cohort, there was no demonstrable gender-based differential impact of AUC on the diagnostic or prognostic utility of SPECT-MPI. The study validates the methods used in determining risk in the AUC algorithm and endorses the widespread application of AUC in men and women.
Initial experience using continuous intravenous treprostinil to manage pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with end-stage liver disease.

Summary Treprostinil is a prostacyclin analog and has been used on idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). There is only limited clinical experience using treprostinil to manage PAH in patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD). We report three ESLD patients with PAH, who were treated with continuous intravenous treprostinil. A 59-year-old woman with ESLD secondary to alcoholic hepatitis had portopulmonary hypertension with mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) of 44 mmHg and transpulmonary gradient (TPG) of 23 mmHg. Treprostinil at 45 ng/kg/min for 6 months decreased mPAP to 23 (TPG to 8). A 53-year-old man had ESLD secondary to alcoholic hepatitis with PAH caused by multiple pulmonary embolisms (mPAP of 32 and TPG of 23). Treprostinil at 36 ng/kg/min for 3 months decreased mPAP to 23 and TPG to 14. Both patients underwent uneventful liver transplantation. A 48-year-old man had ESLD secondary to hepatitis C and portopulmonary hypertension with mPAP of 60 and TPG of 44. Two years after intravenous treprostinil at 106 ng/kg/min, his mPAP decreased to 44 and TPG to 30. These results demonstrate that for a selected group of ESLD patients with PAH, a continuous intravenous infusion of treprostinil appears to be safe and effective.
Gender, Markets, and the Expansion of Women's Education at the University of Pennsylvania, 1913–1940

In the fall of 2001, with posters, tote bags, speakers, and balloons, the University of Pennsylvania launched its celebration of “125 Years of Women at Penn.” Exhibits illustrating the experiences of women students appeared around campus and on the Web, while banners trumpeting the contributions of Penn women waved from lightposts. On the first weekend in November, the University dedicated a four-foot seal marking the “Women's Walkway” in the center of campus and praised the tens of thousands of women who helped shape the University into what it is today. The festive anniversary, more than two years in the making, celebrated, in the words of University Trustee Judith Berkowitz, “the foresight of a great university to take in women when others did not.” The legacy of women at Penn was important to remember, Berkowitz added, because “it's very empowering to know your history.”
Novette, a Short Wavelength Laser-Target Interaction System

The construction of Novette began in September of 1981 with the deactivation of the Argus laser. This winter, Novette’s on-target laser energy at 0.53 µm will exceed 10 kJ in pulse lengths of 1.0 to 5.0 nsec.
Factors affecting survival of test bacteria in sea water: marine bacteria, test bacteria and solid surfaces

1. The antibacterial activity of raw sea water varied considerably during incubation of successive inocula ofEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, andSerratia marinorubra. In most cases inactivation of second inocula was stronger than that of first ones. However, withS. aureus, contradictory results were obtained also. 2. The bactericidal effect of filter-sterilized sea water was strengthened by inactivated cells ofEscherichia coli andStaphylococcus aureus. Contradictory findings were obtained from autoclaved sea water. 3. Inactivation of test bacteria was greatly influenced by solid surfaces. In most cases, the kill ofEscherichia coli andStaphylococcus aureus in raw and sterile-filtered sea water was stronger at increased surface/volume ratios than under standard conditions. More rapid inactivation of these test strains in sterile-filtered, than in raw, sea water occurred more often at enlarged ratios of solid surface per unit volume. The survival ofSerratia marinorubra was positively affected by solid surfaces. 4. It is concluded that changes in nutritive conditions occurring during the experiments are more important in regard to antibacterial activity of sea water than production of harmful matter by marine bacteria.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Non-ischemic Cardiomyopathies: A Pictorial Essay

Non-ischemic cardiomyopathies are defined as either primary or secondary diseases of the myocardium resulting in cardiac dysfunction. While primary cardiomyopathies are confined to the heart and can be genetic or acquired, secondary cardiomyopathies show involvement of the heart as a manifestation of an underlying systemic disease including metabolic, inflammatory, granulomatous, infectious, or autoimmune entities. Non-ischemic cardiomyopathies are currently classified as hypertrophic, dilated, restrictive, or unclassifiable, including left ventricular non-compaction. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMRI) not only has the capability to assess cardiac morphology and function, but also the ability to detect edema, hemorrhage, fibrosis, and intramyocardial deposits, providing a valuable imaging tool in the characterization of non-ischemic cardiomyopathies. This pictorial essay shows some of the most important non-ischemic cardiomyopathies with an emphasis on magnetic resonance imaging features.