cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting the health-related values and preferences of geriatric patients.

Background Those who must make health care decisions on behalf of persons who lack decision-making capacity often have too little information. The purpose of this study was to determine whether and to what degree sociodemographic factors, social support, religious involvement, and functional status served as predictors of the health-related values and preferences of geriatric patients. Methods A retrospective chart review involving 178 cognitively intact patients enrolled at a geriatric clinic at a university medical center was conducted. Patient variables included age, race, sex, marital status, years of education, participation in formal religious activities, self-reported functional status, and adequacy of social and family support. These were compared with responses to a modified version of the Values History questionnaire, an established method of evaluating patient values that includes advance directives. Results Patients were likely to value quality (82%) over quantity of life (18%) and the ability to think clearly (64%) over 13 other specific health-related values. They were likely (93%) to want to be taken to a hospital emergency department on losing consciousness or becoming confused. Seventy-eight percent expressed a desire to be resuscitated using cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and 76% expressed a preference for use of a respirator, if necessary. Most (85%) considered a permanent vegetative state to be worse than death. High functional status predicted a preference for quality of life over length of life and the perception of a persistent vegetative state as worse than death (positive predictive value = 89%). Persons with better social and family support were more likely to accept treatment with CPR or a respirator and less likely to consider a permanent vegetative state to be worse than death. No single patient factor was strong enough to increase the probability of a particular value or preference by more than 17% above baseline. Conclusions Sociodemographic and functional status variables are relatively weak predictors of personal values and directives. This reinforces the importance of routinely eliciting patient values and preferences and of updating the information, particularly following changes in functional status or family support. Baseline information regarding the health-related values and preferences of this primary care geriatric clinic population may provide valuable information about the values and preferences of decisionally impaired older patients.
Beverage marketing in retail outlets and The Balance Calories Initiative.

Abstract We quantified the placement and promotion of beverages in groceries, supermarket and convenience stores in the communities targeted by The Balance Calories Initiative, a campaign launched by the top three American beverage companies to help Americans reduce consumption of sugar from beverages by 20% by 2025. The companies promised to drive interest in low- and no-calorie beverages through promotional efforts such as product placement, featured merchandising, couponing and other incentives, with more intensive efforts in low-income communities in communities in Alabama, Mississippi, and Southern California. We also measured two comparison communities not specifically targeted by The Balance Calories Initiative, observing 69 retail outlets in 5 localities in 2016–2017. We found that sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) were the most common beverage in all outlets, and the brands of the companies pledging changes in marketing strategies the most dominant. SSBs were placed in an average of 25 separate locations in groceries vs. 15 for low/no-calorie beverages and 11 for water. No differences were noted between East LA stores observed 2 years after the initiative vs. stores in the North Mississippi Delta, Montgomery or the comparison stores. Given prior evidence that exposure to point-of-sale displays influences purchases, reducing the number and location of displays of SSBs should be considered to reduce SSB consumption.
Rapid Quantification of Monoclonal Antibody Titer in Cell Culture Harvests by Antibody-Induced Z-ELP-E2 Nanoparticle Cross-Linking.

Existing assays for the quantification of monoclonal antibody (mAb) cell culture titer often require expensive instruments or reagents and may be limited by the low-throughput or tedious protocols....
The primary considerations and image guided diagnosis of an infected urachal cyst in a pediatric patient.

Abstract Urachal cyst is a rare condition that is typically asymptomatic and will often have symptomatology that is misdiagnosed or missed. A urachal cyst occurs in 1 out of 5000 live-births, but is only clinically relevant in 1 out of 150,000 of the population often as an incidental finding. The urachus is the embryological remnant of the allantois, which connects the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus, and usually fully obliterates to become the median umbilical ligament. Urachal defects are uncommon and cysts are usually asymptomatic until infection results. An infected cyst may present mimicking a wide range of intra-abdominal and pelvic disorders, and accurate diagnosis is often delayed. Children may present with umbilical discharge; adults often have hematuria. Computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound are ideally suited for demonstrating urachal remnant diseases; however, infected urachal cysts commonly display increased echogenicity with ultrasoundsography and thick-walled cystic or mixed attenuation with CT. Drainage and excision of the urachal remnant is the definitive treatment.
In-Situ Grain Resolved Stress Characterization During Damage Initiation in Cu-10%W Alloy

The evolution of stress during damage initiation and accumulation in a two-phase alloy consisting of a ductile copper (Cu) matrix with a randomly dispersed brittle tungsten (W) phase was studied using multiple non-destructive experimental probes. Neutron diffraction measurements were performed to examine the macroscopic strain partitioning between the two phases during a uniaxial tension test. The same material was then examined with high-energy x-ray diffraction microscopy (HEDM) and micro-computed tomography ($$\mu \hbox {-CT}$$) measurements to monitor micromechanical field evolution. The neutron diffraction data indicated a redistribution of load between the Cu and W phases as deformation proceeds. Using HEDM to monitor individual grain micromechanical behavior, an increase followed by decrease in hydrostatic stress and a similar stress triaxiality behavior were found to occur in a subset of W grains. These same W grains were found to be in close proximity to voids observed via tomography at later stages of deformation. From these observations, we conclude that high stress triaxiality development in the W particles leads to decohesion of the interface between the Cu and W phases. The debonded regions eventually grew and coalesced with neighboring voids leading to material failure.
Low-Cost Virtual Reality Headsets Reduce Perceived Pain in Healthy Adults: A Multicenter Randomized Crossover Trial

Objectives: Recent studies have established the usage of virtual reality (VR) to help alleviate acute and chronic pain. VR technology can be cost prohibitive and cheaper alternatives are desired. I...
American Indian Social Work Students: Factors that Influence Success in Graduate School

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Many barriers exist for American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) students pursuing advanced degrees. The Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis has a higher than aver...
Education in Theory and Practice: Derrida’s Enseignement Supérieur

This essay analyzes Derrida’s questioning of the relationship between “Theory and Practice” in his recently published seminar of 1976–1977 of this same title. It traces Derrida’s reading of this relationship in Marx and Marxism, beginning with various interpretations (such as Althusser’s) of the famous line from Marx’s “Theses on Feuerbach,” “Philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways; what is important is to transform it.” The essay tries to argue that Derrida’s reading of theory and practice in Marx should be used in the end to reread Derrida himself and so rethink the relationship between theory and practice in deconstruction and, especially, in pedagogy. After tracking the places where Derrida’s seminar, first presented in Paris to help prepare students for the 1977 agregation exam in philosophy on the theme of “Theory and Practice,” repeated, overlapped with, or anticipated many prior and subsequent treatments of similar themes in Derrida’s published works, the essay concludes that no seminar—and Derrida’s seminars are exemplary in this regard—can be restricted to the time in which they are given but are always, like Derrida’s “specters of Marx,” non-contemporaneous with themselves, in a word, “out of joint.”
The additive effects of oil exposure and hypoxia on aerobic performance in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus).

Abstract Aerobic scope, the difference between standard metabolic requirements and maximum metabolic capacity, is considered a particularly important metric influencing ecological success in fishes. Crude oil exposure can impair cardiorespiratory function in fishes, which reduces maximum metabolic rate, aerobic scope, and may impair ecological performance. Oil exposure is not the only environmental stressor that can affect aerobic scope, especially in areas affected by crude oil spills. Hypoxia (low dissolved oxygen) is also known to constrain maximum metabolic rate, yet there has been little effort to explore how hypoxia may influence the magnitude of metabolic injury following oil exposure. Therefore, our goal was to investigate the effects of acute oil exposure and hypoxia on the metabolic performance of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), an economically important fish common in the Gulf of Mexico. Here, sub-adult red drum were exposed to crude oil for 24 h before being exposed to hypoxic conditions following exhaustive exercise. Our results show that hypoxia exposure combined with crude oil exposure results in significantly reduced aerobic scope, which was additive compared to the reductions caused by each stressor alone. We also quantified hypoxia tolerance among treatments following exposure, and our results showed no changes to hypoxia tolerance among individuals, regardless of exposure to hypoxia or oil. These data offer insight into the metabolic constraints facing fishes exposed to oil while concurrently subjected to hypoxia, a notable climate change stressor.
Lack of Correlation Between Subjective and Objective Measures of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Call for a Novel Validated Assessment Tool.

Background. Objective measures including the DeMeester score, lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure, acid exposure time, and body mass index (BMI) are used to determine gastroesophageal reflux ...
Anthropogenic Decline of African Dust: Insights From the Holocene Records and Beyond.

African dust exhibits strong variability on a range of time scales. Here we show that the interhemispheric contrast in Atlantic SST (ICAS) drives African dust variability at decadal to millennial timescales, and the strong anthropogenic increase of the ICAS in the future will decrease African dust loading to a level never seen during the Holocene. We provide a physical framework to understand the relationship between the ICAS and African dust activity: positive ICAS anomalies push the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) northward and decrease surface wind speed over African dust source regions, which reduces dust emission and transport. It provides a unified framework for and is consistent with relationships in the literature. We find strong observational and proxy-record support for the ICAS-ITCZ-dust relationship during the past 160 and 17,000 years. Model-projected anthropogenic increase of the ICAS will reduce African dust by as much as 60%, which has broad consequences.
Activity of Alzheimer's γ-secretase is linked to changes of interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITM) in innate immunity.

The activity of γ-secretase is critical to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). How its activity is regulated is intriguing and highly important for any AD therapy that focuses on reduction of toxic amyloid peptides and amyloid deposition in patients. Recently, interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) has been identified as a novel regulator of γ-secretase through a specific interaction. This commentary highlights this exciting study and provides an updated link of γ-secretase activity to innate immunity through IFITM3.
Energy-entropy relation for asymptotically Lifshitz spacetimes with universal horizons

We numerically solve for $2+1$ asymptotically Lifshitz universal horizon solutions in Ho\ifmmode \check{r}\else \v{r}\fi{}ava-Lifshitz gravity for dynamical exponents $z=2$ through $z=16$. We find that for all $z$ there is a thermodynamical first law. Furthermore, we find that the energy-entropy relation or Smarr formula expected for a thermal state in a two-dimensional Lifshitz field theory, $E=\frac{2}{z+2}TS$, is also satisfied for universal horizons, including the correct $z$ scaling.
Twenty Years of Radiation Therapy of Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarinoma: Internal or External? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Purpose Both external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and selective-internal radiation therapy (SIRT) are implemented to treat unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of EBRT and SIRT in managing iCCA through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods PubMed and Cochrane database were queried to search for studies published from January 2000 toJune 2020 without language restrictions. Median survival time, overall survival, and radiological response were extracted. Secondary outcomes such as complication rates, predictors of survival, and downstage to surgery were pooled. Patient-level survival data were obtained to generate Kaplan-Meier survival graph. Pooled outcomes were analyzed with a random-effect model. Results Twenty-nine and 20 studies including 732 and 443 patients from the SIRT and EBRT groups were included in the present study. From initial radiation treatment, the median survival time for patients who underwent SIRT and EBRT were 12.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.8-14.6) and 13.6 (95% CI: 11.1-16.0) months, respectively. As first-line therapy, the median survival time was 36.1 (95% CI: 20.6-39.5) months for SIRT and 11.0 (95% CI: 9.3-13.6) months for EBRT. Both radiation modalities were effective in downstaging initially unresectable iCCA to surgery (SIRT: 30.5%; EBRT: 18.3%). Patients in the SIRT group encountered more post-embolization abdominal pain (6.9 vs. 2.2%), ulcer (1.0 vs. 0.5%), nausea (1.6 vs. 0.7%), anorexia (5.9 vs. 0%), thrombocytopenia (7.3 vs. 6.0%), hyperbilirubinemia (5.2 vs. 2.1%), and hypoalbuminemia (13.2 vs. 3.3%), whereas EBRT was associated with higher rates of anemia (0.6 vs. 7.5%) and neutropenia (6.5 vs. 11.0%). Conclusions Both EBRT and SIRT were safe and effective in treating unresectable iCCA. However, available evidence was highly heterogeneous regarding patient population, limiting fair comparison between 2 radiation modalities. Future high-quality comparative studies are warranted.
Comparative cladistics: identifying the sources for differing phylogenetic results between competing morphology-based datasets

Competing morphology-based phylogenetic analyses are routinely compared and evaluated only by a posteriori phylogenetic topology and group support, with little or no analysis of a priori data sourc...
Effects of agronomic practices on the timeline of Heterodera glycines establishment in a new location

How soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) adapts when introduced into a new location under tillage, rotation and crop treatments is unknown. SCN race 3 (Hg Type 0) was introduced into a sandy loam field at more than 4000 eggs (100 cm 3soil) −1and observed over 6 years under till and no-till, and either maize ( Zea mays; C), SCN race 3 resistant soybean ( Glycine max; R) or susceptible soybean (S) monocrop, or RCRC and SCSC rotations. While SCN population density was lower in no-till than in tilled treatments, and highest in S and lowest in C or RC rotations, it was detected at less than 1 cyst (100 cm 3soil) −1. This suggests a prolonged phase of decline from the introduced levels. The interaction effects of tillage, rotation and/or time on SCN suggest that outcomes vary by agronomic practice and time, providing agro-biologically-based understanding of SCN establishment in a new location.
Americanizing the West: Race, Immigrants, and Citizenship, 1890-1930

The arrival of immigrants on America's shores has always posed a singular problem: once they are here, how are these diverse peoples to be transformed into Americans? The Americanization movement of the 1910s and 1920s addressed this challenge by seeking to train immigrants for citizenship, representing a key element of the Progressives' "search for order" in a modernizing America. Frank Van Nuys examines for the first time how this movement, in an effort to help integrate an unruly West into the emerging national system, was forced to reconcile the myth of rugged individualism with the demands of a planned society. In an era convulsed by world war and socialist revolution, the Americanization movement was especially concerned about the susceptibility of immigrants to un-American propaganda and union agitation. As Van Nuys convincingly demonstrates, this applied as much to immigrants in the urbanizing and industrializing West as it did to those occupying the ethnic enclaves of cities in the East. In Americanizing the West he tells how hundreds of bureaucrats, educators, employers, and reformers participated in this movement by developing adult immigrant education programs - and how these attempts contributed more toward bureaucratizing the West than it did to turning immigrants into productive citizens. He deftly ties this history to broader national developments and shows how Westerners brought distinctive approaches to Americanization to accommodate and preserve their own sense of history and identity. Van Nuys shows that, although racism and social control agendas permeated Americanization efforts in the West, Americanizers sustained their faith in education as a powerful force in transforming immigrants into productive citizens. He also shows how some westerners - especially in California - believed they faced a "racial frontier" unlike other parts of the country in light of the influx of Hispanics and Asians, so that westerners became major players in the crafting of not only American identity but also immigration policies. The mystique of the white pioneer past still maintains a powerful hold on ideas of American identity, and we still deal with many of these issues through laws and propositions targeting immigrants and alien workers. Americanizing the West makes a clear case for regional distinctiveness in this citizenship program and puts current headlines in perspective by showing how it helped make the West what it is today.
Isomorphism of lattices of recursively enumerable sets

Let w = {0,1,2,...}. , and for A C w, let EA be the lattice of subsets of w which are recursively enumerable relative to the "oracle" A. Let (EA)* be EA/_, where I is the ideal of finite subsets of w. It is established that for any A, B C w, (EA)* is effectively isomorphic to (EB)* if and only if A' = T B', where A' is the Turing jump of A. A consequence is that if A' =T B', then EA EB. A second consequence is that (EA)* can be effectively embedded into (EB)* preserving least and greatest elements if and only if A' <T B'.
The biosynthesis and catabolism of galactosaminoglycans.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the structure of galactosaminoglycans (GalAGs) , their roles in biology and medicine, GalAG biosynthesis, their in vivo cellular degradation, and analytical biotechnologies pertinent to the study of GalAGs. The study of biological phenomena, from the molecular to the tissue level, has evolved substantially as scientists have focused on the emerging paradigm of extracellular regulation of cell function. GAG polysaccharides are attached to a protein core and are impelled to the cell surface and into the extracellular space. The cell surface machinery at the cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) interface acts as a complex battery of regulators that dynamically modulates outside cues from diverse signaling molecules. Specifically, GAGs govern signaling molecules by controlling their effective concentration and state at the cell surface. The extensive variation in GalAG composition based on core protein or tissue localization is so pronounced that GalAG production processes must be closely examined to further develop a context for their bioregulatory roles.
Facilitation of tiger moths by outbreaking tussock moths that share the same host plants

1. Ecologists have argued about the commonness and strength of interspecific competition between insect herbivores, but facilitation between herbivores has received much less consideration. We previously found that when two species of folivorous caterpillars co-occurred on a shared host plant, feeding by early season tiger moth caterpillars reduced the growth and reproduction of later season tussock caterpillars. However, densities of tussock caterpillars in summer were positively correlated with densities of tiger moth caterpillars the following spring. 2. In this study, we experimentally manipulated numbers of feeding tussock caterpillars and found that they facilitated tiger moth caterpillars. 3. The depth of the litter layer beneath host lupine bushes was positively correlated with the number of tussock caterpillars feeding on each bush. Experimental additions of litter beneath lupine canopies during summer resulted in increased numbers of tiger moth caterpillars in the following spring, indicating a causal role of litter. Litter potentially provides food, habitat and protection from desiccation and predation. We failed to find evidence that tussock caterpillars facilitated tiger moth caterpillars by mechanisms independent of litter. 4. Our study demonstrates that facilitation may operate between insect herbivores, across life-stages through indirect interactions that are non-trophic. Facilitation operated by a novel mechanism, the accumulation of litter which was a by-product of feeding by one species was valuable to a second species. Facilitation persisted in time and space far beyond the creation of litter by tussock caterpillars which should be considered important ecosystem engineers from the point of view of tiger moths. Facilitations that involve habitat modification may generally connect species that do not interact directly or trophically, and have not previously been considered to affect one another.
Global Price Fixing

The Economics of Price Fixing.- Anticartel Laws and Enforcement.- The Citric Acid Industry.- The Citric Acid Conspiracy.- Economic Impacts of the Citric Acid Cartel.- The World Lysine Industry.- The Lysine Conspiracy.- Economic Effects of the Lysine Cartel.- The Global Vitamins Industries.- The Vitamins Conspiracies.- Effects of the Vitamins Cartels.- U.S. Government Prosecutions.- Antitrust Prosecutions Outside the United States.- The Civil Suits.- The Business of Fighting Cartels.- Global Price Fixing: Summing Up.
X-Ray Properties of Galaxies in a Multi-Wavelength Setting

X-ray observations give us a direct view of galaxian components that would otherwise remain unknown. Such are the end products of stellar evolution, the hot component of the interstellar medium, and phenomena related to nuclear activity. Here a few examples are presented of how the X-ray data can be used to constrain galaxy evolution and structural properties, when used together with data from other observational windows.
A molecular correlate of memory and amnesia in the hippocampus

Memory consolidation in humans and other species is profoundly disrupted by lesions of either the medial temporal lobes or regions of the thalamus1,2,3. It has been proposed that these structures regulate the neuronal gene expression necessary for long-term memory4. Evidence suggests that long-term memory formation requires the activity of members of the cAMP response element (CRE) binding protein (CREB) transcription factor family5,6, and that CRE-regulated genes are expressed in the hippocampus in response to inhibitory avoidance training7,8. Here we show that lesions of the fornix, a massive fiber bundle connecting the hippocampus with the septum and hypothalamus, specifically disrupt both consolidation of inhibitory avoidance memory and CREB-mediated responses in the hippocampus. We propose that inputs passing through the fornix regulate this memory consolidation by regulating CREB-mediated gene expression in hippocampal neurons.
Nucleic Acid Concentrations in Normal Human Plasma

Utilizing a simple, rapid, and inexpensive modification of a fluorometric method, we determined the normal concentrations of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) in human blood plasma of healthy individuals. DNA concentrations (13.9 ± 3.7 mg/ liter) were in excellent agreement with those reported by other methods. However, the RNA concentrations (144 ± 22 mg/liter) we found were higher than previously reported values, possibly because ribonuclease activity is more inhibited in this fluorometric method.
Biological Effect of Synthetic Methyl Sterculate on the Fatty Acid Distribution in the Yolks of Chicken eggs

Abstract Naturally occurring sterculic acid triglycerides, cyclopropenoid compounds found in cottonseed oil feeds and oil extracts of various plant seeds, have been found to have important biological effects on chickens (Phelps et al., 1965). In general, these effects are changes in growth, egg storage characteristics, laying habits, degeneration of various organs, and a composition disturbance in the egg (Phelps et al., 1965, and Altschul et al., 1958). One specific effect is a shift in the distribution of fatty acids in egg yolk. There is a decrease in the concentration of the unsaturated oleic fatty acid and an increase in the saturated stearic acid (Evans et al., 1961). Various explanations of inhibition of enzymes or molecule functional groups in fatty acid metabolism, have been advanced for producing this effect (Kircher, 1964). A synthetic methyl sterculate has been made in our laboratory (Schlosser et al., 1968). Feeding chickens with this synthetic material was . . .
Diarrhea of unknown origin

Abstract A study of the treatment and diagnosis of diarrhea of indeterminate origin shows that much work remains to be done. The term colitis should be reserved solely for conditions in which there is demonstrable inflammation of the colon. At present, the term has come to be indiscriminately used and often is productive of much mental distress to patients. The types of diarrhea considered here were those occurring in this particular series of cases. Further work may decide that such groups as the faulty digestion of fat, deficiency diarrhea, and sprue may be in one large group. Suggestions are made for the treatment of acute diarrhea, especially the type which occurs postoperatively or in conjunction with intercurrent respiratory infection. The word diet is objectionable in view of so many widespread eccentric articles and advertisements that are now existent. The patient should be impressed with the importance of proper and adequate foods. As a routine, colonie irrigations are condemned. Treatment by vaccine in certain types of indeterminate diarrhea may prove of value. Further work must yet be done on this phase of the problem.
Lengths and Diameters of Peripheral Arterial Vessels in the Living Animal

Measurements of the length, diameter, and number of branches of arterial vessels were made from a distributing artery to the capillaries in a living bat. From the values so obtained, cross-sectional areas in various portions of the arterial bed were calculated. An almost linear decrease in the diameters of successively smaller vessels was found. There was also a linear relationship in the calculated total cross-sectional areas formed by the various vessels. The results are not in agreement with similar reports made by others using measurements from vessels in a fixed preparation.
Searching for and making meaning after breast cancer: prevalence, patterns, and negative affect.

This study describes the prevalence and patterns of searching for meaning in the aftermath of breast cancer and asks how the search relates to made meaning and emotional adjustment. Women (n = 72) reported their level of searching for meaning, made meaning and negative affect at multiple time points in the first 18 months after breast cancer treatment. Over time, four search for meaning patterns emerged: continuous (44%), exiguous (28%), delayed (15%) and resolved (13%). Just over half of the participants reported having made meaning at early and late time points. A higher level of searching for meaning was unrelated to made meaning, but was associated with a higher level of negative affect in longitudinal analyses controlling for baseline levels. Women who engaged in an ongoing, unresolved search for meaning from baseline to follow-up also had a significantly higher level of negative affect at follow-up than women who infrequently or never engaged in a search for meaning over time. These analyses reveal that: a) there is great variability in the prevalence and pattern of searching for meaning in the aftermath of breast cancer, and b) searching for meaning may be both futile and distressing.
Xylem of early angiosperms: Novel microstructure in stem tracheids of Barclaya (Nymphaeaceae)

Pit membranes of stem tracheids of all recognized species of Barclaya, an Indomalaysian genus of Nymphaeaceae, were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pit membranes of the tracheids are composed of two thick layers, both constructed of fibrils much larger than those of tracheary elements of angiosperms other than Nymphaeaceae. The outer (distal) layer, which comprises the continuous primary wall around the tracheids, is spongiform, perforated by porosities of relatively uniform size, and confined to or most prominent on end walls of stem tracheids. The second layer consists of thick widely spaced fibrils that are oriented axially and are laid down proximally (facing the cell lumen) to the first (outer) layer, although continuous with it. These axial fibrils are attached at their ends to the pit cavities. This peculiar microstructure is not known outside Nymphaeaceae except in Brasenia and Cabomba (Cabombaceae, Nymphaeales), and has not been previously described for Barclaya. The longitudinally oriented threads and strands in perforation plates of secondary xylem of wood and stems of a variety of primitive woody angiosperms (e.g., Illicium) are not homologous to the pit membrane structure observed in stem tracheids of Barclaya, which, like other Nymphaeaceae, has only primary xylem and no perforation plates. The tracheid microstructure reported here is different from pit structures observed in any other group of vascular plants, living or fossil. The tracheid stem microstructures of Barclaya and other Nymphaeaceae appear to be a synapomorphy of Nymphaeaceae and Cabombaceae, and need further study with respect to ultrastructure and function.
Early Black Migration and the Post-emancipation Black Community in Cabell County, West Virginia, 1865–1871

West Virginia's formation divided many groups within the new state. Grievances born of secession inflamed questions of taxation, political repre - sentation, and constitutional change, and greatly complicated black aspira- tions during the state's formative years. It must be remembered that in 1860 the black population in the Virginia counties comprising the current state of West Virginia totaled only 5.9 percent of the general population, with most found in the western Virginia mountain region. 1 Moreover, long-standing attitudes on race and slavery held great sway throughout Appalachia. As historian John C. Inscoe notes, "southern mountaineers were first and foremost southerners and they viewed slavery and race not unlike those of their yeoman or even slaveholding counterparts elsewhere in the South." 2 Thus, the quest by the state's black residents to achieve the full measure of freedom in the immediate post-Civil War years faced formidable challenges. This essay builds upon the voluminous works studying the historic movement of black people in immediate post-emancipation America, and focuses on southern West Virginia where the state's largest contingent of black residents resided among the state's largest contingent of former slave owners and southern sympathizers. 3 To meet the mandates for statehood recognition established by President Lincoln, the state's legislators were forced to rectify a particularly troublesome conundrum: how to grant citi- zenship to the state's black residents as well as to its former Confederates. While both populations eventually garnered the rights of citizenship, the fact that a significant number of southern West Virginia's black residents departed the region suggests that the political gains granted to them were not enough to stem the tide of out-migration during the state's formative years, from 1863 to 1870. In the mid-1860s, Collis P. Huntington's decision to construct the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad from Richmond, Virginia, through the
Role of IL‐10 in Inflammation: Studies Using Cytokine Knockout Micea

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) inhibits the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines known to be involved in fever, including IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. We hypothesized that IL-10 modulates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever in mice. Body temperature was measured by biotelemetry. Swiss Webster mice injected with recombinant murine IL-10 (rmuIL-10) were resistant to fever induced by a low dose of LPS (100 micrograms/kg, i.p.) and to the hypothermic and febrile effects of a high (septic-like) dose of LPS (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.). Injection of rmuIL-10 alone had no effect on afebrile body temperature of Swiss Webster mice. IL-10 knockout mice showed an exacerbated and prolonged fever in response to a low dose of LPS (50 micrograms/kg, i.p.) compared to their wild-type counterparts. These data support the hypothesis that IL-10 acts as an endogenous cryogen during LPS-induced fever in mice.
Normal Vibrations and Friction Under Harmonic Loads: Part I—Hertzian Contacts

Nonlinear vibrations at a Hertzian contact are studied by the perturbation technique known as the method of multiple scales. As a result of the nonlinear Hertzian stiffness, the average normal contact deflection during oscillations is smaller than the static deflection under the same average load
The generation of kilometer scale irregularities in equatorial spread F

Two rockets launched into spread F during March 1983 show that the intermediate-scale spectrum of density irregularities sometimes exhibits a knee near 1 km scale length. This result confirms previous reports which are reviewed. Two different nonlinear theories of spread F turbulence are studied here and shown to be consistent with the experimental spectra when the knee is observed. Also, the existence or nonexistence of the knee may be effected by two linear mechanisms: the injection of kilometer scale turbulence at the steepened walls of spread F bubbles and the nonlocal role of the compressible E region in the development of spread F. This spectral feature, which seems to be associated with the most turbulent state of equatorial spread F, has not yet been identified in computer simulations.
Hormonal regulation of 18S RNA, leptin mRNA, and leptin release in adipocytes from hypothyroid rats.

Abstract The present studies were designed to examine the regulation of leptin release in primary cultures of adipocytes from fed hypothyroid rats incubated with hormones for 24 hours. Leptin release was increased in the presence of dexamethasone, while the decrease in leptin mRNA content over a 24-hour incubation was reduced by dexamethasone. Dexamethasone did not affect the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA or 18S RNA content of adipocytes. Insulin increased leptin release by adipocytes in both the absence and presence of dexamethasone. Although insulin also prevented the loss of leptin mRNA, this effect was less than that observed for GAPDH mRNA or 18S RNA content. In isolated adipocytes, the loss of almost half the 18S RNA content over a 24-hour incubation was prevented in the presence of insulin but not oxytocin or epidermal growth factor (EGF). The specific β 3 catecholamine agonist Cl 316,243 inhibited the effects of dexamethasone on leptin release and leptin mRNA accumulation, as did EGF, without affecting 18S RNA content. Oxytocin inhibited the increase in leptin release due to dexamethasone without affecting leptin mRNA levels. These data indicate that although dexamethasone and insulin are positive regulators of leptin release, only dexamethasone specifically prevented the loss of leptin mRNA in cultured rat adipocytes. In contrast, insulin, but not dexamethasone, prevented the marked loss in 18S RNA observed over a 24-hour incubation of rat adipocytes.
Application of a statistical bootstrapping technique to calculate growth rate variance for modelling psychrotrophic pathogen growth

Abstract The inherent variability or ‘variance’ of growth rate measurements is critical to the development of accurate predictive models in food microbiology. A large number of measurements are typically needed to estimate variance. To make these measurements requires a significant investment of time and effort. If a single growth rate determination is based on a series of independent measurements, then a statistical bootstrapping technique can be used to stimulate multiple growth rate measurements from a single set of experiments. Growth rate variances were calculated for three large datasets ( Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua , and Yersinia enterocolitica ) from out laboratory using this technique. This analysis revealed that the population of growth rate measurements at any given condition are not normally distributed, but instead follow a distribution that is between normal and Poisson. The relationship between growth rate and temperature was modeled by response surface models using generalized linear regression. It was found that the assumed distribution (i.e. normal, Poisson, gamma or inverse normal) of the growth rates influenced the prediction of each of the models used. This research demonstrates the importance of variance and assumptions about the statistical distribution of growth rates on the results of predictive microbiological models.
Early cellular disruption and phagocytosis in photically-induced retinal degeneration.

Albino rats kept at normal body and room temperature develop a progressive retinal degeneration when exposed to ordinary animal room intensities of fluorescent light. Early changes at the light microscope level include stratification of the inner and outer segments of the receptor cells, followed by rapid fragmentation of these elements. Concurrently, cells not usually seen in control retinas invade the outer plexiform and receptor cell layers. These cells, which are first seen after 60 hours of light exposure, resemble microglia and are apparently phagocytic in function, since cytoplasmic inclusions can be detected. Attempts to mark these cells with intraocular India ink or with intraperitoneal trypan blue were unsuccessful. Removal of cellular debris after degeneration of the receptor cells was followed by gliosis in the area of the retina between the bipolar nuclei and the remnants of the pigment cell layer. The extensive retinal damage occurring after fragmentation and removal of the outer segments was irreversible when animals were removed from continuous light and placed into cyclic lighting.
Prolidase deficiency: Report of a second case with quantitation of the excessively excreted amino acids

The second documented case of prolidase deficiency is presented. Clinical manifestations include chronic otitis media and sinusitis, dermatitis, and splenomegaly. Prolidase is undetectable in the white blood cells of the patient and near or less than the lower range of normal in each parent. The peptide chromatographic pattern of the urine is similar to that of the previously reported patient with prolidase deficiency. The quantity of amino acids excreted in urine per 24 hours is at least three times that of the upper range of normal (of these same amino acids) for the patients age group. More than 80% of the total amino acids excreted are in peptide form. The proline-to-hydroxyproline ratio suggests that the dipeptides are the catabolic products of other proteins in addition to collagen.
Myth and American politics

Accumulating tensions call into question the sustainability of the American political system, which ultimately depends on public faith in the justifying myth. This article takes sus- tainability as a policy problem, and attempts to reconstruct the significance of recent, scattered events in American politics from the standpoint of central theory in the policy sciences. The resulting construct emphasizes the significance of intellectuals in the decision processes of modern society and the continuing task of the policy sciences.
Failure Mechanisms in Nuclear Power Plant Piping Systems

Article de synthese sur les mecanismes de rupture des tuyauteries des centrales nucleaires afin de modifier les sections III et XI du code de calcul ASME concernant la conception des recipients sous pression et des chaudieres.
How to be realistic about folk psychology

Abstract Folk psychological realism is the view that folk psychology is true and that people really do have propositional attitudes, whereas anti‐realism is the view that folk psychology is false and people really do not have propositional attitudes. We argue that anti‐realism is not worthy of acceptance and that realism is eminently worthy of acceptance. However, it is plainly epistemically possible to favor either of two forms of folk realism: scientific or non‐scientific. We argue that non‐scientific realism, while perhaps unpopular among philosophers of mind, is a distinct form of realism from scientific realism, and that it is not yet knowable whether scientific or non‐scientific realism is true. We also outline how adopting realism, but remaining neutral between scientific and non‐scientific realism, offers fresh insights into such topics as instrumentalism, supervenience, the language of thought hypothesis, and elimin‐ativism.
Exploring Superintendent Leadership in Smaller Urban Districts Does District Size Influence Superintendent Behavior

Much of the existing literature on urban school reform focuses on how the relatively small number of our nation's largest urban districts are approaching school reform with these objectives in mind...
SUMO: The Glue that Binds

Two articles in a recent issue of Molecular Cell (Shen et al., 2006; Lin et al., 2006) demonstrate that noncovalent interactions between the SUMO moieties of SUMO-modified PML, and SUMO binding motifs on PML and other PML nuclear-body-associated proteins, affect the assembly of PML nuclear bodies and the recruitment of proteins in and out of these subnuclear structures.
Cerebrospinal fluid from human immunodeficiency virus--infected individuals facilitates neurotoxicity by suppressing intracellular calcium recovery.

Neurologic decline associated with penetration of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into the central nervous system is thought to be due, in large part, to inflammation and local secretion of neurotoxic substances. To examine the cellular processes that mediate neurotoxicity in vivo, the authors evaluated the ability of neurons to maintain intracellular calcium homeostasis in the presence of toxic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (CSFtox) collected from a subset of HIV-infected individuals. Exposure of rat neural cultures to CSFtox resulted in a gradual increase in intracellular calcium in neurons (+63%), microglia (+251%), and astrocytes (+52%). Pretreatment of neural cultures with CSFtox resulted in an exaggerated calcium response to a brief pulse of glutamate and a >90% suppression of the rate of recovery of intracellular calcium. Attempts to model the deficit using inhibitors of calcium transport across endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial, or plasma membrane indicated that blockade of the plasma membrane sodium/calcium exchanger was best able to reproduce the deficits seen during exposure to CSFtox. Because the inability of cells to maintain calcium homeostasis would lead to exaggerated responses from a wide variety of stimuli, therapeutics designed to facilitate calcium transport from the cell may provide more comprehensive and effective intervention than strategies targeted to specific receptor pathways.
Pediatric Multicenter Evaluation of the Verigene Gram-Negative Blood Culture Test for Rapid Detection of Inpatient Bacteremia Involving Gram-Negative Organisms, Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases, and Carbapenemases

We evaluated the investigational use only (IUO) version of the rapid Verigene Gram-negative blood culture test (BC-GN), a microarray that detects 9 genus/species targets (Acinetobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli/Shigella spp., Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens) and 6 antimicrobial resistance determinants (blaCTX-M, blaKPC, blaNDM, blaVIM, blaIMP, and blaOXA) directly from positive blood cultures. BC-GN was performed on positive BacT/Alert Pediatric FAN and Bactec Peds Plus blood cultures with Gram-negative organisms at two tertiary pediatric centers. Vitek MS (bioMerieux, Durham, NC) was used to assign gold standard organism identification. The Check MDR CT-102 microarray (Check Points B.V., Wageningen, Netherlands) was used as an alternative method for detecting resistance determinants. In total, 104 organisms were isolated from 97 clinical blood cultures. BC-GN correctly detected 26/26 cultures with Acinetobacter spp., P. aeruginosa, and S. marcescens, 5/6 with Citrobacter spp., 13/14 with Enterobacter spp., 23/24 with E. coli, 2/3 with K. oxytoca, 16/17 with K. pneumoniae, and 0/1 with Proteus spp. BC-GN appropriately reported negative BC-GN results in 8/13 blood cultures that grew organisms that were not represented on the microarray but failed to detect targets in 3/5 cultures that grew multiple Gram-negative organisms. BC-GN detected 5/5 and 1/1 clinical blood cultures with blaCTX-M and blaVIM. All 6 results were corroborated by Check MDR CT-102 microarray testing. The Verigene BC-GN test has the potential to expedite therapeutic decision making in pediatric patients with Gram-negative bacteremia. Sensitivity was satisfactory but may be suboptimal in mixed Gram-negative blood cultures.