cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 4342: Inhibition of radiation-enhanced cell adhesion in breast cancer cells by ROS scanvenger

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Ionizing radiation (IR) therapy is one of the main therapies to treat breast cancer, but accumulating evidence suggests that IR is potentially associated with increased invasion and metastasis. A great increase in breast cancer cell adhesion to fibronectin after high dose α-radiation was observed in our group, and it accompanied with ROS boost. However it is not known whether ROS increase related to the cell adhesion increase after α-radiation. In this report, we showed that the increased cell adhesion to fibronectin was reduced by ROS scavenger L-NAC by 21.8% after α-radiation, but was not affected by H2O2 scavenger, catalase or by cNOS inhibitor, L-NAME with 24 h treatment. We then determined that the cell adhesion inhibition after α-radiation involve reduced ROS, and reduced vinculin expression and integrin activation after treating with L-NAC for 24 h. However, a short-term, 1 h pre-IR followed by 2 h post-IR, treatment of L-NAC promotes ROS production and has no effect on cell adhesion at 24 h post-IR. These results suggest that L-NAC long-term treatment could potentially have an impact on breast cancer metastasis by inhibiting the ROS and cell adhesion. These results suggest that to inhibit IR-induced breast cancer adhesion, an uninterrupted treatment of L-NAC may be required. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4342. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4342
The Diffusion of Mercury in Purified KCl and the Effect of OH− on Diffusion

The diffusion of mercury into both purified and hydroxide doped Kci was studied. The high vapor pressure of HgCI2 required modification of the usual technique to assure constant boundary conditions. The very low solubility of mercury made accurate determination of diffusion parameters difficult. Mercury diffuses into purified KCI over the temperature range from 449 to 549 °C in accordance with the relation Ds = 8.18 × 10−5 exp (−0.57 eV/kT). Over this same temperature range the free energy of association for the mercuric ion-cation vacancy complex varies from 0.75 to 0.80 eV, an abnormally large value for this type of association. The presence of OH- causes extreme distortion of the concentration-distance curve by forming a maximum in mercury concentration well away from the surface of the crystal. The maximum is thought to arise from the formation of the mercuric ion-hydroxide ion compound identified optically in earlier studies. Es wird die Diffusion von Quecksilber in reinem und mit Hydroxid dotiertem KCI untersucht. Der hohe Dampfdruck von HgCl2 erfordert eine Modifizierung der gewohnlichen Technik. um konstante Grenzbedingungen zu sichern. Die sehr niedrige Loslichkeit von Quecksilber macht eine genaue Bestimmung der Diffusionsparameter schwierig. Im Temperaturbereich von 449 bis 549 °C diffundiert Quecksilber in gereinigtem KCI in uberein-stimmung mit der Beziehung D, = 8,18 × 10−5 exp (−0,57 eV,/kT). Im gleichen Temperaturbereich variiert die freie Energie der Assoziation fur Quecksilberion-Kationenleerstellen-Komplexe von 0,75 bis 0,80 eV, ein anomal groBer Wert fur diesen Typ von Assoziation. Die Anwesenheit von OH- verursacht eine extreme Stijrung des Konzentrations-Abstands-Verlaufs, indern ein Maximum der Quecksilberkonzentration in einigem Abstand von der Oberflache des Kristalls auftritt. Es wird angenommen, das das Maximum von der Bildung der Quecksilberion-Hydroxidion-Verbindung herruhrt, die in fruheren Arbeiten optisch identifiziert wourde.
The relation of dynamic elastic moduli, mechanical damping and mass density to the microstructure of some glass-matrix composites

Dynamic elastic moduli and mechanical damping were measured with the PUCOT (piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator) technique at room temperature for ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) of the following compositions: PRD-166 (fibres)/N51A glass (matrix), PRD-166 fibres coated with SnO2/glass, Nextel 480 fibres/glass, Nextel 480 fibres coated with SnO2/glass, and Nextel 480 fibres coated with BN/glass. The fibres were continuous, and the volume fractions varied from 0.24 to 0.43. Some of the mechanical-property measurements correlated with the thickness of one of the coating materials, and with microstructural observations of the misorientation angle of the fibres and normalized fibre length. With increasing volume fractions of fibres, the fraction of broken fibres increased. For the PRD-166/glass and PRD-166/SnO2/glass, a substantial fraction of the fibres were misoriented by angles of up to 15 °. Assessments were made of the measured properties in terms of the rule of mixtures and other theoretical estimations.
Ventricular septal motion and left ventricular dimensions during abnormal ventricular activation

To determine the effect of abnormal ventricular activation on ventricular septal motion, left ventricular endocardial motion and left ventricular dimensions, 12 patients with normal motion were studied with echocardiography during incremental pacing of the right ventricular apex, outflow and inflow regions. Three types of abnbrmal ventricular septal motion were seen: The type I pattern was characterized by an early rapid preejection posterior ventricular septal motion followed by another posterior systolic motion that lasted throughout ejection, both of which were associated with septal thickening. In the type II pattern an early rapid preejection posterior ventricular septal motion was followed by an anterior ejection motion; the latter was not accompanied by septal thickening. The type III pattern consisted of an early preejection posterior ventricular septal motion followed by a mid and late systolic posterior motion; the latter motion extended through diastole. During right ventricular apical pacing, 8 of 11 patients showed a type I pattern, 1 a type II pattern and 2 a normal septal motion. During right ventricular outflow pacing, seven of nine patients showed a type II pattern, one a type III pattern and one a type I pattern. During right ventricular inflow pacing, eight of nine patients showed a type II pattern and one a type III pattern. At faster pacing rates patterns of types I and III changed to a type II pattern (five patients). End-diastolic dimensions decreased significantly during incremental right ventricular pacing when compared with those during sinus rhythm. End-systolic dimensions decreased significantly only during right ventricular apical and outflow pacing at maximal rates. In the seven patients who had pacing from all three sites, the decrease in left ventricular dimensions did not significantly differ when the three pacing sites were compared. These findings suggest that (1) abnormal ventricular septal motion during right ventricular pacing (induced left bundle branch block patterns) is dependent on the sequence of ventricular activation; (2) ventricular septal motion during right ventricular outflow and inflow pacing is similar to that seen in spontaneous left bundle branch block, whereas the pattern of septal motion during right ventricular apical pacing is different from that of spontaneous left bundle branch block; and (3) changes in left ventricular dimension are dependent on ventricular pacing rate but independent of pacing site.
Genetic stratigraphy of the Gunnedah Basin, NSW

A genetic approach to stratigraphic analysis which recognizes clastic sediments as facies components of sedimentary basins was applied to the Permo‐Triassic Gunnedah Basin sequence. The genetic units of widespread correlatability are unified by a common origin and deposited during discrete episodes of genera! tectonic, climatic and/or base level stability. Such units are the fundamental time stratigraphic increments of the basin‐fill and form the most logical basis for lithostratigraphic subdivision. Six depositional episodes and their stratigraphic products, the depositional systems, are recognized from detailed analysis of drill core and geophysical well logs within the Gunnedah Basin. Contrasts of regional extent in the gamma and neutron logs proved essential to the delineation of the depositional systems. The onset of sedimentation in the basin is recorded by alluvial and lacustrine deposition of the Leard‐Maules Creek alluvial/lacustrine system. The basin was then inundated by a regional transgressio...
Nashi Devushki: Gender and Political Youth Activism in Putin's and Medvedev's Russia

In Russia, as elsewhere, hegemonic ideas about gender are invoked in the political realm. This article explores some of the gendered ways in which political youth organizations voice their criticism of and support for the Putin-centered regime. Interviews and a wide range of mass media sources, including blogs and YouTube videos, as well as the scholarly literature are used to look at political youth group actions and rhetoric on both sides of the Kremlin. The focus is on how gender is used by political youth groups as an organizing principle for exhibiting or with holding support for state leaders and opposition leaders.
Calcium Regulation of Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide mRNA Abundance in SH‐SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cells

Second messenger regulation of gene expression provides a mechanism by which neurons can transduce environmental stimuli into long-term changes in the expression of molecules involved in neuronal signaling. We have investigated calcium-dependent induction of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) mRNA and compared it with induction of VIP mRNA by cyclic AMP. Depolarization with 60 mM KCl or exposure to the calcium ionophore A23187 increases VIP mRNA levels in SH-SY5Y cells. The increase in VIP mRNA content in response to Ca2+ mobilization is slow, independent of adenylate cyclase activation, and requires de novo protein synthesis. The increase in VIP mRNA content in response to elevation of cyclic AMP levels by forskolin/isobutylmethylxanthine is independent of Ca2+ influx and does not require new protein synthesis. The mRNA for the transcription factors ATF-3, c-fos, c-jun, junB, and zif/268 is induced by A23187. Of these, ATF-3 showed the greatest relative induction by A23187 compared with induction by forskolin/isobutylmethylxanthine.
Tunable molecular distortion in a nickel complex coupled to a reversible phase transition in the crystalline state

The six-coordinate coordination complex trans-[Ni(cyan-{kappa}N){sub 2}(NH{sub 3}){sub 4}] has been characterized in the solid state by X-ray and neutron diffraction at temperatures ranging from 11 to 298 K, by electronic spectroscopy over the temperature range 14--297 K, and by magnetic susceptibility measurements from 1.8 to 300 K. At room temperature the observed space group if Fmmm, although there is reason to believe that at a finer level of distinction it is really Cmcm approximating Fmmm. The nickel center lies on a site of apparent point symmetry mmm. At lower temperatures, the space group is unambiguously Cmcm without appreciable change in the unit cell parameters, and the molecule lies at a site of m2m symmetry. The shape of the molecule changes smoothly with temperature variations from room temperature down to about 140 K, in a behavior characteristic of second-order phase transformations. The molecular shape varies, but by lesser amounts, below 140 K. Possible causes of this phenomenon are discussed. The increase in intensity on cooling of some of the bands observed in the polarized crystal spectrum of the complex is consistent with the change in the molecular structure. Bonding parameters derived from the transition energies indicate that the cyanurate produces amore » very weak ligand field, which is consistent with the long metal-ligand bond to this ligand. The magnetic properties of the solid display Curie-Weiss behavior through the temperature range of the most pronounced molecular shape changes, but antiferromagnetic interactions become significant below 50 K, with antiferromagnetic ordering at 2.61 K. The propagation pathways for the magnetic interactions are inferred.« less
Human Papilloma Virus and Cervical Cancer Education Needs among HIV-Positive Haitian Women in Miami

Abstract Background Haitian immigrant women, the largest growing Black ethnic group in Miami, experience the highest rates of cervical cancer and account for one of the largest populations diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in South Florida. Using community-based participatory research methods, we conducted a pilot study to examine human papilloma virus (HPV)/cervical cancer knowledge and identify intervention preferences among HIV positive Haitian women. Methods Community health workers conducted three focus groups with 21 HIV-positive Haitian women. All sessions were conducted in Haitian Kreyol, digitally recorded, and subsequently interpreted and transcribed into English. The first focus group assessed HPV/cervical cancer knowledge, the second session explored HPV/cervical cancer considerations specific to HIV-positive women, and the third focus group discussed HPV/cervical cancer screening and intervention preferences. Data analysis was guided by a grounded theory approach. Findings Our sample had limited HPV/cervical cancer knowledge. Misconceptions about screening, transmission, and treatment were common. Participants felt that stigma by providers impacted negatively the care they received and that stigma by the community diminished social support. Strong support for culturally tailored interventions to improve HPV/cervical cancer knowledge was expressed. Although no participants had participated in research previously, all were willing to participate in future trials. Conclusions There is critical need for culturally relevant interventions to improve HPV/cervical cancer knowledge among HIV-positive Haitian women.
Central Corneal Endothelial Cell Density and Central Corneal Thickness in Ocular Hypertension and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

In order to assess the effect of increased intraocular pressure on the corneal endothelium, we classified 254 patients into four groups: Group 1, those with normal intraocular pressures; Group 2, those with untreated ocular hypertension; Group 3, those with treated ocular hypertension; and Group 4, those with primary open-angle glaucoma. One eye of each patient underwent specular microscopy and pachymetry. The eyes in the four groups did not differ significantly as to central corneal endothelial cell density or central corneal thickness. These measurements were not related to sex, race, or intraocular pressure (P > .12 in all cases). Increasing age was associated with a decrease in central corneal endothelial cell density (P = .0001), but was not associated with a change in central corneal thickness (P = .22). There was no significant relationship between the use of topical ocular hypotensive medications and central corneal endothelial cell density (P = .38) or central corneal thickness (P = .07) in patients with ocular hypertension or primary open-angle glaucoma. Neither uncomplicated peripheral iridectomy nor trabeculectomy produced significant changes when preoperative measurements were compared to measurements made 12 weeks postoperatively (P > .30 in all cases). Two eyes with flat anterior chambers following trabeculectomy had substantial decreases in central corneal endothelial cell density.
A double spike for osmium analysis of highly radiogenic samples

Abstract Geologic samples containing highly radiogenic Os (molybdenites and low-level, highly radiogenic (LLHR) samples) have no internal means by which to correct for mass fractionation during isotopic measurement by mass spectrometry. We describe a double spike for use with highly radiogenic samples, created by combining isotopically enriched 188 Os and 190 Os. Spiking molybdenite and other highly radiogenic minerals with this tracer allows for a fractionation correction, as well as a more reliable determination of common Os relative to analysis using single spikes. The precise isotopic composition of the double spike is determined by a calibration against natural Os, in which two separate measurements are necessary: one each for the pure double spike and the spike–standard mixture. An estimate of the true composition of the spike is obtained by least squares approximation, and the errors are obtained by Monte Carlo methods. Sample analyses are then much more straightforward than the calibration because isotopic compositions of all components are known a priori. Results obtained with a mixed Re-double Os spike demonstrate an improved reproducibility over individual 185 Re and 190 Os spikes. For an Archean in-house molybdenite standard we now observe a reproducibility of 0.08%. The ability to make a fractionation correction is essential for Os measurements made by ion counting. With the double Os spike, young samples and those with low Re contents (i.e., LLHR) can now be accurately analyzed. The 188 Os– 190 Os double spike also allows a determination of the common Os contents of highly radiogenic samples. Common Os is poorly determined for ancient samples with high concentrations of 187 Os, which fortunately are not sensitive to estimates of common Os. Common Os can be reasonably well determined for younger samples and those with low Re contents. We report a common Os concentration of 0.4±0.1 ppb for an 11 Ma molybdenite. Consideration of common Os content is important for age determination of young samples and LLHR samples, and is not possible by other published means of Os analysis.
Production of charmed meson pairs in electron--positron annihilation

Production of charmed meson pairs of J/sup P/ = 0/sup -/ and 1/sup -/ is examined near the threshold. Production cross sections are parametrized by a quark model of a broken SU(8) symmetry. The charmed hadron production is dominated by (0/sup -/,1/sup -/) pairs, and D* anti D* production comes out to be much too small to reproduce the higher peak in the recoil mass spectrum against D/sup 0/ (anti D/sup 0/) through reflection. A few experimental measurements are pointed out that will clarify the origin of the higher peak of the recoil mass spectrum.
Extracting seismic core phases with array interferometry

Seismic body waves that sample Earth's core are indispensable for studying the most remote regions of the planet. Traditional core phase studies rely on well-defined earthquake signals, which are spatially and temporally limited. We show that, by stacking ambient-noise cross-correlations between USArray seismometers, body wave phases reflected off the outer core (ScS), and twice refracted through the inner core (PKIKP^2) can be clearly extracted. Temporal correlation between the amplitude of these core phases and global seismicity suggests that the signals originate from distant earthquakes and emerge due to array interferometry. Similar results from a seismic array in New Zealand demonstrate that our approach is applicable in other regions and with fewer station pairs. Extraction of core phases by interferometry can significantly improve the spatial sampling of the deep Earth because the technique can be applied anywhere broadband seismic arrays exist.
The Interaction of Achievement Motivation, Task Difficulty, and Confidence-Enhancing Information in Producing Conformity Behavior

(1971). The Interaction of Achievement Motivation, Task Difficulty, and Confidence-Enhancing Information in Producing Conformity Behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 233-242.
Optical Interconnect Technology; Photons Based Signal Communication

With the scaling of technology towards nanometer regime interconnection between different components, devices and circuits has become the main performance bottleneck Radical alternatives beyond the boundary of traditional metal interconnect need to be developed to support the signal communication in very high-speed circuits. Optical interconnect is one possible option, which introduces the concept of photon based communication in integrated circuits. This paper surveys the limitations of traditional interconnects, and the prospects and challenges of optical interconnect. It also explores various other future interconnect techniques like 3D-interconnect, RF or wireless interconnect, and makes a comparison with the optical interconnect to find the best possible interconnection that can be used at nanometer level and which helps to achieve the 100 GHz frequency of operation land mark.
Towards constructing a typology of corporate leadership

The intricate typology of Western business leaders is presented in the economic literature of today in a rather sporadic and atomized way. In the present work I attempt to deduce from a single model the various types of business leaders. I put together a matrix of the possible types of a firm's leadership. One axis represents the degree of subjectivity of the decisions made by the leader. The other dimension reflects the extent of the limitations imposed upon the leader by the internal rules of the organization in elaborating and implementing decisions. The degree of subjectivity is denoted by the following three methods: Belief, aesthetic, and scientific. The extent of the leader's limitations is expressed as either strong, moderate, or weak. Variety of leadership types reflects the relative degree of subjectivity in the evaluation of his decisions as well as the severity of the limitations imposed upon him. The above matrix shows both the existing types of leaders (such as administrators, managers, etc.) as well as the new ones (for instance, navigators). This approach may help reveal the deficit in the types of leaders needed to overcome the increasingly complicated tasks of developing and implementing innovative ideas.
LINEAR VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF FRANKFURTERS

Normal creep and stress relaxation experiments were performed on seven commercial brands of frankfurters. A nonlinear procedure was used to determine the model best fitting the data for each test. Re assumption of linear viscoelasticity was tested by the equivalence of model parameters. Results showed fankfurters to be linear viscoelastic materials at strain levels up to 3.8%.
Interdisciplinary Design Experience for the Masses

The Architectural Engineering Department (ARCE) at California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly) is one of the few ABET accredited engineering programs in the United States that exists outside a college of engineering. Housed in the College of Architecture and Environmental Design (CAED), ARCE resides with the departments of Architecture (ARCH), Construction Management (CM), Landscape Architecture (LA), and City and Regional Planning (CRP). The college has a 60 year tradition of interdisciplinary collaboration at the lower division levels. In order to enhance the collaboration of disciplines at the upper division levels, the college has recently committed to providing an upper division interdisciplinary experience for every student in the form of an interdisciplinary team oriented, project based five unit studio laboratory. The challenges in creating and executing such an upper division interdisciplinary course are immense and fall into three major areas: institutional, logistical and pedagogical. Institutional issues include support from the university and multiple department heads. Logistical issues range from finding open time within the multiple departments to offer the course to the seemingly mundane tasks of ensuring all students are in the correct location at the correct time. Pedagogically, the course needs a unified and integrated approach that must be agreed to and implemented by a team of professors. Traditionally professors work as individuals and team teaching of this magnitude is a paradigm shift that requires a significant time and mental commitment. This paper addresses these three challenge areas: institutional, logistical and pedagogical. It discusses the specific issues, both good and bad, associated with this course and how they were addressed.
Calcification in the soft tissues of the chest after thoracotomy

We have observed soft-tissue calcification of the chest in 4 of 54 patients following thoracotomy in the neonatal period for a Blalock-Taussig or a Blalock-Hanlon procedure. The time of appearance ranged from 2 weeks to 11 months. This calcification is similar to myositis ossificans in having a traumatic origin. In one of the patients, it resolved spontaneously.
Androgen Deprivation by Activating the Liver X Receptor

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed and the second leading cause of cancer death in men. The androgens-androgen receptor signaling plays an important role in normal prostate development, as well as in prostatic diseases, such as benign hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Accordingly, androgen ablation has been the most effective endocrine therapy for hormone-dependent prostate cancer. Here, we report a novel nuclear receptor-mediated mechanism of androgen deprivation. Genetic or pharmacological activation of the liver X receptor (LXR) in vivo lowered androgenic activity by inducing the hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase 2A1, an enzyme essential for the metabolic deactivation of androgens. Activation of LXR also inhibited the expression of steroid sulfatase in the prostate, which may have helped to prevent the local conversion of sulfonated androgens back to active metabolites. Interestingly, LXR also induced the expression of selected testicular androgen synthesizing enzymes. At the physiological level, activation of LXR in mice inhibited androgen-dependent prostate regeneration in castrated mice. Treatment with LXR agonists inhibited androgen-dependent proliferation of prostate cancer cells in a LXR- and sulfotransferase 2A1-dependent manner. In summary, we have revealed a novel function of LXR in androgen homeostasis, an endocrine role distinct to the previously known sterol sensor function of this receptor. LXR may represent a novel therapeutic target for androgen deprivation, and may aid in the treatment and prevention of hormone-dependent prostate cancer.
Immunity to Pre-1950 H1N1 Influenza Viruses Confers Cross-Protection against the Pandemic Swine-Origin 2009 A (H1N1) Influenza Virus

The 2009 H1N1 influenza virus outbreak is the first pandemic of the twenty-first century. Epidemiological data reveal that of all the people afflicted with H1N1 virus, 60 y old have pre-existing neutralizing Abs against the 2009 H1N1 virus. This finding suggests that influenza strains that circulated 50-60 y ago might provide cross-protection against the swine-origin 2009 H1N1 influenza virus. To test this, we determined the ability of representative H1N1 influenza viruses that circulated in the human population from 1930 to 2000, to induce cross-reactivity to and cross-protection against the pandemic swine-origin H1N1 virus, A/California/04/09. We show that exposure of mice to the 1947 virus, A/FM/1/47, or the 1934 virus, A/PR/8/34, induced robust cross-protective immune responses and these mice were protected against a lethal challenge with mouse-adapted A/California/04/09 H1N1 virus. Conversely, we observed that mice exposed to the 2009 H1N1 virus were protected against a lethal challenge with mouse-adapted 1947 or 1934 H1N1 viruses. In addition, exposure to the 2009 H1N1 virus induced broad cross-reactivity against H1N1 as well as H3N2 influenza viruses. Finally, we show that vaccination with the older H1N1 viruses, particularly A/FM/1/47, confers protective immunity against the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus. Taken together, our data provide an explanation for the decreased susceptibility of the elderly to the 2009 H1N1 outbreak and demonstrate that vaccination with the pre-1950 influenza strains can cross-protect against the pandemic swine-origin 2009 H1N1 influenza virus.
Stress and the Elderly Convict

Forty inmates ranging in age from 63 to 80 were tested and interviewed to determine the degree to which they perceived the prison environment as stressful. They were compared on measures of anxiety, anger, and curiosity with a group of younger inmates and with a standardization group. Their responses on these measures were similar to those of the younger inmates but significantly different from those of the standardization group. The interview, designed to assess the subjects reactions to incarceration, indicated that these older inmates tend to create afacade of adjustment. This normal appearance, which results from a denial and suppression of their feelings, masks their stress and anger. This phenomenon of adjustment tends to inhibit development of programs to cope with this problem.
Global synchronization for optimistic parallel discrete event simulation

A number of optimistic synchronization schemes for parallel simulation rely upon a global synchronization. The problem is to determine when every processor has completed all its work, and there are no messages in transit in the system that will cause more work. Most previous solutions to the problem have used distributed termination algorithms, which are inherently serial; other parallel mechanisms may be inefficient. In this paper we describe an efficient parallel algorithm derived from a common “barrier” synchronization algorithm used in parallel processing. The algorithm's principal attraction is speed, and generality—it is designed to be used in contexts more general than parallel discrete-event simulation. To establish our claim to speed, we compare our algorithm's performance with the standard barrier algorithm, and find that its additional costs are not excessive. Our experiments are conducted using up to 256 processors on the Intel Touchstone Delta.
JUSTIFICATION AND THE RIGHT TO BELIEVE

Some philosophers have attempted to utilize the conceptual tools of ethics in order to understand epistemology. One instantiation of this understands justification in terms of having a certain kind of epistemic right, namely, a right to believe. In variations of this theme, some hold that justification involves having the authority to believe, or being entitled to believe. But by examining the putative analogies between different versions of rights and justification, I demonstrate that justification should not be understood as having a right to believe.
The role of groundwater pumping and drought in shaping ecological futures for stream fishes in a dryland river basin of the western Great Plains, USA

Across the western Great Plains of North America, groundwater pumping for irrigated agriculture is depleting regional aquifers that sustain streamflow for native fishes. We investigated linkages between groundwater pumping from the High Plains Aquifer and stream fish habitat loss at multiple spatial scales during spring and summer 2005–2007 in the Arikaree River, eastern Colorado, USA. Monthly low-altitude flights showed that flowing reaches were reduced from about 65 to ⩽15 km by late summer, and long permanently dry segments in the lower basin prevent recolonization. Drying occurred rapidly during summer within three 6·4-km river segments, and patterns in habitat connectivity varied among segments owing to hydraulic conductivity. Most refuge pool habitats dried completely or lost more than half their volume, disconnecting from other pools by late summer. On the basis of these empirical habitat data, and historical groundwater and streamflow data, we constructed a MODFLOW model to predict how groundwater pumping will affect water table levels and fish habitat under three future scenarios. Under the most conservative scenario, we predicted that only 57% of refuge pools will remain in 35 years (2045), nearly all isolated in a 1·7-km fragment of river. A water balance model indicated that maintaining current water table levels and refuge pools for fishes would require a 75% reduction in groundwater pumping, which is not economically or politically feasible. Given widespread streamflow declines, ecological futures are bleak for stream fishes in the western Great Plains, and managers will be challenged to conserve native fishes under current groundwater pumping regimes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Annual, Seasonal, and Regional Variability in Diet of Atlantic Croaker ( Micropogonias undulatus) in Chesapeake Bay

Atlantic croaker is one of the most abundant demersal fish in Chesapeake Bay. Until recently, when substantial declines in abundance have occurred, high biomass supported elevated fisheries landings. Therefore, study of the diet of Atlantic croaker is important to understand its own dynamics and its role in the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. Patterns in the diet of croaker varied annually, seasonally, and spatially, but were not strongly correlated with any measured environmental variables. Although the majority of the diet of croaker consisted of polychaetes and other benthic items, about 20% of the croaker diet by weight consisted of anchovy and other fishes. Croaker consumption of anchovy is likely a result of crepuscular feeding that has not been captured in previous studies that sampled during the day and with bottom trawls. Thus, croaker influences both the benthic and pelagic components of the Chesapeake Bay food web and incorporating such diel patterns in diet may increase the reliability of fishery ecosystem models.
Sequence Analysis of the Genome of the Neodiprion sertifer Nucleopolyhedrovirus

The genome of the Neodiprion sertifer nucleopolyhedrovirus (NeseNPV), which infects the European pine sawfly, N. sertifer (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), was sequenced and analyzed. The genome was 86,462 bp in size. The C+G content of 34% was lower than that of the majority of baculoviruses. A total of 90 methionine-initiated open reading frames (ORFs) with more than 50 amino acids and minimal overlapping were found. From those, 43 ORFs were homologous to other baculovirus ORFs, and 29 of these were from the 30 conserved core genes among all baculoviruses. A NeseNPV homolog to the ld130 gene, which is present in all other baculovirus genomes sequenced to date, could not be identified. Six NeseNPV ORFs were similar to non-baculovirus-related genes, one of which was a trypsin-like gene. Only one iap gene, containing a single BIR motif and a RING finger, was found in NeseNPV. Two NeseNPV ORFs (nese18 and nese19) were duplicates transcribed in opposite orientations from each other. NeseNPV did not have an AcMNPV ORF 2 homolog characterized as the baculovirus repeat ORF (bro). Six homologous regions (hrs) were located within the NeseNPV genome, each containing small palindromes embedded within direct repeats. A phylogenetic analysis was done to root the tree based upon the sequences of DNA polymerase genes of NeseNPV, 23 other baculoviruses, and other phyla. Baculovirus phylogeny was then constructed with 29 conserved genes from 24 baculovirus genomes. Culex nigripalpus nucleopolyhedrovirus (CuniNPV) was the most distantly related baculovirus, branching to the hymenopteran NeseNPV and the lepidopteran nucleopolyhedroviruses and granuloviruses.
Public health interventionists, penny capitalists, or sources of risk?: assessing street syringe sellers in Hartford, Connecticut.

Improved access to sterile syringes decreases risks related to blood-borne transmission of HIV and hepatitis among injection drug users (IDUs). While syringe exchange programs and pharmacy sales of over-the-counter syringes have received considerable attention from researchers and interventionists during the past decade, little is known about informal economy street syringe sellers. In Hartford, CT, as well as other regions throughout the United States a large percentage of IDUs utilize street sellers to facilitate their injection activities. A qualitative and ethnographic study was conducted in Hartford between 1999 and 2001 to help elucidate the public health risks and benefits of street syringe sellers.
Regulation of Energy Balance in the Golden Hamster

This selective review of structure and function of hamster gastrointestinal tract is presented on the assumption that peculiarities of this system hold the clue to peculiarities of hamster feeding and energy regulation. Where information on the golden hamster was not available, data from closely related species are substituted. The hamster gastrointestinal tract is outlined in Fig. 1. Not shown in Fig. 1 are the mouth region with cheek pouches and salivary glands. Hamsters have internal cheek pouches as do some squirrels, three other genera of true hamsters, and three genera of African Muridae and African gerbil. They use pouches to transport food. Pouches are highly vascular and can be used as a site for endocrine gland homografts (Handler and Shepro, 1968).
Mechanisms for (mis)allocating scientific credit

Scientific communities confer many forms of credit --- both implicit and explicit --- on their successful members, and it has long been argued that the motivation provided by these forms of credit helps to shape a community's collective attention toward different lines of research. The allocation of scientific credit, however, has also been the focus of long-documented pathologies: certain research questions are said to command too much credit, at the expense of other equally important questions; and certain researchers (in a version of Robert Merton's Matthew Effect) seem to receive a disproportionate share of the credit, even when the contributions of others are similar.Here we show that the presence of each of these pathologies can in fact increase the collective productivity of a community. We consider a model for the allocation of credit, in which individuals can choose among projects of varying levels of importance and difficulty, and they compete to receive credit with others who choose the same project. Under the most natural mechanism for allocating credit, in which it is divided among those who succeed at a project in proportion to the project's importance, the resulting selection of projects by self-interested, credit-maximizing individuals will in general be socially sub-optimal. However, we show that there exist ways of allocating credit out of proportion to the true importance of the projects, as well as mechanisms that assign credit out of proportion to the relative contributions of the individuals, that lead credit-maximizing individuals to collectively achieve social optimality. These results therefore suggest how well-known forms of misallocation of scientific credit can in fact serve to channel self-interested behavior into socially optimal outcomes.
Translocations, the predominant cause of total sterility in sons of mice treated with mutagens.

Histological and cytological analyses of the testes were carried out in 42 sterile sons of males treated in the spermatozoal or spermatid stage with 250 mg/kg ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) alone or after prefeeding with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT); or treated with 200 R X-rays. Of the 42 sterile males, 17 had some mature spermatids, nine were blocked at diakinesis, 15 were blocked in pachytene, and one lacked spermatogenic cells altogether, having Sertoli cells only. Mitotic (spermatogonial) metaphases could therefore be analyzed in 41 of the males and meiotic configurations in 26.—(1) None of the males showed abnormalities in chromosome number, such as monosomy, trisomy, or mosaicism for either of these conditions. Certain classes of chromosome abnormalities that have been found associated with male sterility in other investigations, namely trisomies, XXY's, and X-autosome translocations, are not expected from treatment of 19A + Y cells when F1 males are studied. (2) A very high percentage of the sterile males carried translocations. Direct meiotic evidence for this was found in 22 of the animals. In addition, 11 of the 16 that were blocked (or virtually blocked) in pachytene, and thus could be analyzed in mitosis only, consistently showed one abnormally short chromosome (or, one short plus one long), which presumably had resulted from unequal exchange (or sizable deficiency). Of the meiotically detected translocation males, 1 carried a T(A;Y), 17 had single autosomal translocations, and 4 had multiple autosomal rearrangements involving three, four, four, and six breaks, respectively. In addition, three males showed failure of X-Y pairing. (3) Translocations that cause sterility, rather than partial sterility, in males appear to be those in which at least one of the breaks occurs close to one end of a chromosome. The mitotic and meiotic evidences for this were found to be correlated. (4) It is proposed that many cases of induced F1 male sterility may be the result of position effects produced when paracentromeric regions are translocated to euchromatic regions of certain other chromosomes. Since many translocations that produce partial sterility in the female cause complete sterility in the male, the male must be assumed to be more susceptible to disturbances of fertility by the postulated mechanism. (5) There is evidence that EMS, especially in the lower dose range, more often breaks chromosomes near one of their ends than does X-irradiation.
The International Organization of Anthropology

THIS survey of the international organization of the science was prepared initially as a workpaper for the Committee on International Anthropology of the Division of Anthropology and Psychology, National Research Council.1 It was later circulated at the Committee's suggestion to a number of anthropologists in the United States with interest in the international facets of the science. In turn, as a result of requests that the materials be made widely available, they are presented here. The prime object is to evoke interest and raise questions relating to the participation of American anthropologists in crossnational affairs of the science. The Committee on International Anthropology, at its initial meeting in the fall of 1957, discussed in a preliminary way the international organization of anthropology with a view to uncovering ways and means of strengthening United States participation. It was realized, however, that the members did not have the necessary background information. The Committee office subsequently corresponded with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in Paris and with other agencies which could supply relevant data. The writer also took the opportunity to make a sabbatical trip abroad in 1957-58 in order to discuss problems of international organization with scholars in a number of countries in Europe, south Asia, and the south Pacific. Various anthropologists in and outside the Committee supplied useful information, and library materials relating to the international organization have been examined. The concern in this paper will be primarily with nongovernmental scholarly organizations, but references will be made in passing to international governmental bodies which sometimes act as their sponsors, give financial subventions, or otherwise encourage their work. It will also be understood that this is a personal statement, and not a formal report on this topic by the Committee. Undoubtedly most familiar to American anthropologists are the various international Congresses. Central here is the International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, founded in 1933, and meeting every four years. (The Sixth Congress will be held in Paris, July 31 to August 7, 1960.) This body has as parent the International Congress of Anthropology and Prehistoric Archaeology, founded at La Spezia in 1865. At its Basle meeting in 1932 the decision was made to divide its activities between two Congresses, one for the Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, spoken of here, the other for the Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences, to be noted later. Additionally, there are a number of other Congresses which deal with topics or regions and which draw anthropologists to their meetings; in some in-
Replicative Fitness of Protease Inhibitor-Resistant Mutants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

The relative replicative fitness of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) mutants selected by different protease inhibitors (PIs) in vivo was determined. Each mutant was compared to wild type (WT), NL4-3, in the absence of drugs by several methods, including clonal genotyping of cultures infected with two competing viral variants, kinetics of viral antigen production, and viral infectivity/virion particle ratios. A nelfinavir-selected protease D30N substitution substantially decreased replicative capacity relative to WT, while a saquinavir-selected L90M substitution moderately decreased fitness. The D30N mutant virus was also outcompeted by the L90M mutant in the absence of drugs. A major natural polymorphism of the HIV-1 protease, L63P, compensated well for the impairment of fitness caused by L90M but only slightly improved the fitness of D30N. Multiply substituted indinavir-selected mutants M46I/L63P/V82T/I84V and L10R/M46I/L63P/V82T/I84V were just as fit as WT. These results indicate that the mutations which are usually initially selected by nelfinavir and saquinavir, D30N and L90M, respectively, impair fitness. However, additional mutations may improve the replicative capacity of these and other drug-resistant mutants. Hypotheses based on the greater fitness impairment of the nelfinavir-selected D30N mutant are suggested to explain observations that prolonged responses to delayed salvage regimens, including alternate PIs, may be relatively common after nelfinavir failure.
Presidential Personality: Not Just a Nuisance

Few systematic studies of US uses of force treat the inherent attributes of presidents as the key causal factors; nonetheless, the fact that individual leaders matter is evident to the public, the media, and foreign policymakers in other countries. This study advances the development of First Image explanations of conflict by empirically investigating the relationship between presidential personality and the variation surrounding foreign policy decision making. The importance of this type of variance has been understudied in international relations, and the consistency of leaders' policy decisions has important strategic implications for interstate conflict. Relying on Big Five measures of US presidents' personality traits, we find that leaders who have a high tendency toward Excitement Seeking are more likely to use force to carry out their foreign policy objectives, while those who are more Open to Action exhibit a greater variance around their foreign policy decision making. In sum, the personality traits of individual leaders influence not only the choices they make, but the consistency of their choices, which has important consequences for US foreign policy.
Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies: Agent‐Based Modeling of Social and Spatial Processes.

Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies: Agent-Based Modeling of Social and Spatial Processes. Timothy K. Kohler and George J. Gumerman New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. 398 pp.
CAN MARKOV CHAIN MODELS MIMIC BIOLOGICAL REGULATION

A fundamental question in biology is whether the network of interactions that regulate gene expression can be modeled by existing mathematical techniques. Studies of the ability to predict a gene's...
USE OF DUNG PILES BY THE SIDE-BLOTCHED LIZARD (UTA STANSBURIANA)

Abstract Lizards that use perches may respond positively to structural features added to the landscape. Here, I describe preliminary observations of side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana) using dung piles of cattle as perches in an area where cattle were recently introduced in northwestern Utah. During timed surveys along transects, 89% of lizards were located on top of dung piles versus 11% on the ground. Dung piles might be used by lizards for basking or for feeding if invertebrate prey are attracted to dung. However, based on field observations, the best explanation for this behavior is that elevated positions atop dung piles enhance visibility for detection of prey while potentially reducing heat load. These findings support the notion that adding structural elements to the environment might improve habitat quality for certain lizards.