cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The helicase DDX41 senses intracellular DNA mediated by the adaptor STING in dendritic cells

The recognition of pathogenic DNA is important to the initiation of antiviral responses. Here we report the identification of DDX41, a member of the DEXDc family of helicases, as an intracellular DNA sensor in myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs). Knockdown of DDX41 expression by short hairpin RNA blocked the ability of mDCs to mount type I interferon and cytokine responses to DNA and DNA viruses. Overexpression of both DDX41 and the membrane-associated adaptor STING together had a synergistic effect in promoting Ifnb promoter activity. DDX41 bound both DNA and STING and localized together with STING in the cytosol. Knockdown of DDX41 expression blocked activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase TBK1 and the transcription factors NF-κB and IRF3 by B-form DNA. Our results suggest that DDX41 is an additional DNA sensor that depends on STING to sense pathogenic DNA.
Lucy Hooper, William Blake, and “The Fairy’s Funeral”

The American poetess and abolitionist Lucy Hooper (1816-1841) was the first North American to publish a poem inspired by Blake’s prophetic imagination, “The Fairy’s Funeral” (1833), which transforms the famous anecdote about Blake witnessing a fairy funeral into a visionary lyric. This essay provides a brief introduction to Hooper, perhaps best-known as the subject of Whittier’s elegy “On the Death of Lucy Hooper” (1841), situates her in a literary milieu of British Romantic poets that includes Hemans, Landon, Byron and Clare, discusses how an American poetess from Brooklyn might have learned about Blake and his work, and reads “The Fairy’s Funeral” as a critique of Blake’s often violent representation of fairies and flowers.
INTERACTION OF AGGREGATED γ-GLOBULIN WITH B LYMPHOCYTES

Specific binding of aggregated gamma-globulin to a subpopulation of lymphocytes was demonstrated. This subpopulation was identified as the Ig-staining or B lymphocytes. The binding was irreversible and independent of complement, pH, temperature, protein content of the medium, and divalent cations. Aggregates of large size were needed for optimal visualization. Evidence was obtained that the site on the lymphocyte membrane responsible for binding aggregates was distinct from surface Ig.
Early Intervention for Children with Intellectual Disabilities: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects*

The field of early intervention is vibrant, generating expectations that systematic, comprehensive, experientially based interventions will alter developmental trajectories and prevent secondary complications. In this article, the existing knowledge base in the field is reviewed. It emphasizes the importance of an overall developmental framework, what is known through intervention science and the emergence of guiding principles for programme design and development. This is followed by a discussion of future prospects for improving early intervention outcomes in four areas. First, the importance of designing studies that provide information about carefully defined subgroups is discussed. This issue of specificity of outcomes is crucial in order to determine boundaries for effectiveness and to direct attention to areas of special concern. Second, prospects for translational research are discussed with particular reference to our knowledge of the core developmental processes affected. Third, the need to focus on the increasingly apparent mental health and social competence difficulties of even young children with intellectual disabilities is considered. Finally, the complex problems and potential solutions associated with the transfer of model intervention programmes to communities as part of early intervention systems are described.
Tropospheric ionization and aerosol production: A model study

[1] Recent observations of ultrafine aerosol production in the atmosphere support the hypothesis of ions acting as nucleation agents. We use a numerical model of ion-induced aerosol formation based on experimental cluster ion thermodynamics to study the production of ultrafine aerosol in the troposphere and its response to variations in background ionization. An analytical model is used to explain the findings. Our results show a considerable ultrafine particle and surface area production due to ion-induced nucleation. Both particle and surface area production readily respond to variations in ionization, such as resulting from the modulation of the galactic cosmic ray intensity by the 11 year solar cycle. However, this response may be positive or negative, depending on ambient conditions. We explain the mechanism responsible for this behavior. The large particle production seen in our simulations suggests that ion-induced nucleation is an important atmospheric process, which may promote the solar cycle signal to the troposphere.
Predisposition to and Late Onset of Upper Airway Obstruction following Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Therapy

Angioedema of the face and neck is a rare but potentially fatal complication of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) use. We retrospectively reviewed five cases of ACEI angioedema seen at our institution over the past 2½ years. Four of the cases occurred with enalapril and one with lisinopril. Onset of symptoms varied from two days to ten months. Importantly, three of the five patients had been receiving medication three months or longer, suggesting clinicians must consider this complication during long-term administration of these agents. Three of the five patients were markedly obese, had a history of previous face and neck surgery, or had been intubated in the past. Thus, we propose that previous manipulation or trauma pf the upper airway, perhaps resulting in airway narrowing, may represent a risk factor for upper airway obstruction secondary to ACEF-induced angioedema.
Coronavirus leader-RNA-primed transcription: an alternative mechanism to RNA splicing.

Many viral and cellular mRNA species contain a leader sequence derived from a distant upstream site on the same gene by a process of RNA splicing. This process usually involves either nuclear functions or self-splicing of RNA molecules. Coronavirus, a cytoplasmic RNA virus, unfolds yet another mechanism of joining RNA, which involves the use of a free leader RNA molecule. This molecule is synthesized and dissociates from the template RNA, and subsequently reassociates with the template RNA at down-stream initiation sites of subgenomic mRNAs to serve as the primer for transcription. This leader-primed transcriptional process thus generates viral mRNAs with a fused leader sequence. A similar mechanism might also operate in the mRNA transcription of African trypanosomes.
Plasma Antioxidants, Genetic Variation in SOD2, CAT, GPX1, GPX4, and Prostate Cancer Survival

Background: Antioxidants may reduce risk of aggressive prostate cancer, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in antioxidant genes may modify this association. Methods: We used Cox proportional hazards regression to examine circulating prediagnostic alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and lycopene; SNPs in SOD2 (n=5), CAT (n=6), GPX1 (n=2), GPX4 (n=3); and their interactions and risk of lethal prostate cancer among 2,439 men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study and Physicians' Health Study. Results: We observed 223 events over a median follow-up of 10 years. Higher alpha-tocopherol levels were associated with lower risk of lethal prostate cancer (hazard ratio (HR) 3rd v. 1st quartile (Q): 0.51; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.30, 0.89; HR 4th v. 1st Q: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.41, 1.13; p-trend: 0.02). Men homozygous for the less common allele (G) at rs3746165 in GPX4 had a 35% lower risk of lethal prostate cancer compared to men homozygous for the more common allele (A) (HR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.99). Among men homozygous for the less common allele in rs3746165, high gamma-tocopherol levels were associated with a 3.5-fold increased risk of lethal prostate cancer (95% CI: 1.27, 9.72; p-value: 0.02; interaction p-value: 0.01). Conclusions: Among men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer, higher circulating prediagnostic alpha-tocopherol may be associated with lower risk of developing lethal disease. Variants in GPX4 may be associated with risk of lethal prostate cancer, and may modify the relation between gamma-tocopherol and prostate cancer survival. Impact: Circulating tocopherol levels and variants in GPX4 may affect prostate cancer progression.
Surgical indications and outcomes of tympanostomy tube removal.

Summary Objective: To evaluate factors affecting perforation healing in children with surgical removal of retained tympanostomy tubes. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 82 pediatric patients (111 ears) who underwent surgical tube removal at a tertiary care pediatric hospital from 1/1/1999 to 12/31/2001. Patients included 47 males and 35 females with an age range of 2–15 years (average age, 6.8 years and median, 6 years). The length of intubation ranged from 12 months to 108 months (average, 44.6 months). The indications for removal included: prolonged intubation (61.3%), otorrhea or recurrent infection (21.6%), obstruction (7.2%), tube in middle ear (6.3%), enlarging perforation (2.7%), and in preparation for future cochlear implant surgery (9.9%). Interventions included removal of tympanostomy tubes and techniques for encouraging perforation closure. Seventy-six percent of the ears had a technique used to encourage healing. These techniques included freshen edges (11.8%), Gelfoam ® or Gelfilm ® (14.1%), Gelfoam ® and/or Gelfilm ® with freshened edges (50.6%). The main outcome measure was perforation healing. Chi-square statistical analysis were used to determine the statistical significant of observations. Results: Overall closure rate for all patients available for follow up was 87.0%, regardless of technique used to encourage healing. There was no statistically significant difference between the average intubation time in ears that healed (44 months), versus those with persistent perforation after removal (42 months). There was no statistical significant difference in closure rate based on patient age. When tubes were removed for prolonged intubation, 87.0% closed. If the indication was otorrhea or recurrent infections, 93.0% healed. Conclusions: The overwhelming majority of patients who undergo surgical removal of tubes will show complete tympanic membrane healing independent of technique at time of removal, duration of intubation, patient age, or indication for removal.
Treatment of Clostridium difficile-Associated Disease

Clostridium difficile infection is an increasing burden to the health care system, totaling more than $1 billion/year in the United States. Treatment of patients with C difficile infection with metronidazole or vancomycin reduces morbidity and mortality, although the number of patients that do not respond to metronidazole is increasing. Despite initial response rates of greater than 90%, 15%–30% of patients have a relapse in symptoms after successful initial therapy, usually in the first few weeks after treatment is discontinued. Failure to develop specific antibody response has recently been identified as a critical factor in recurrence. The review discusses the different management strategies for initial and recurrent symptomatic C difficile infections.
Disciplining Students With Disabilities: What Principals Should Know

Principals must be aware of legal considerations regarding the disci plinary exclusion of students with disabilities, especially given the controversy surrounding these exclusions and the potential legal impli cations and complexities.
Collaborative commerce through Web-Based Information Integration technologies

There is a great potential for the establishment of Web-Based Information Integration (WBII), to help people share information on the Internet, especially in B2B and B2C applications. This integration of internal systems brings employees from the many seemingly separate areas of retail, catalogue, online, finance, distribution, merchandising and training to function as a total systems integrated system. With collaborative commerce becoming a necessity, executives will begin emphasize ways in that people and institutions can cooperate to reach common goals. These processes are conceptually mapped into a series of three phases, with applications, strategies and case studies of each used to illustrate the major points of the models presented.
Low voltage of the QRS waves in the electrocardiogram, with especial reference to lead IV

Analysis was made of 300 cases showing low voltage of the QRS complexes of the elecrtrocardiogram. Three groups of 100 cases each were compared with one another; Group 1 having low voltage of QRS in the classical leads but normal voltage in the precordial (fourth) lead, Group 2 having low voltage of QRS in the fourth lead alone, and Group 3 having low QRS complexes in all four leads. Evidence of heart disease was found in only 57 per cent of the entire series, and only 47 per cent of the group with low voltage in the chest lead alone had evidence of heart disease. Generalized debilitating diseases, changes in the position of the heart, series, and only 47 per cent of the group with low voltage in the chest lead alone had evidence of heart disease. Generalized debilitating diseases, changes in the position of the heart, and changes in the conductivity of adjacent tissues seemed to be important factors in the production of low voltage of the QRS complexes. Furthermore, the thickness of the chest wall and the position of the precordial electrode influenced the voltage of QRS in Lead IV. Heart disease was of no greater relative importance than extracardiac factors in cases showing extreme reduction in ARS voltage (for instance, 0.3 mv. or less). However, in such cases the responsible factor was likely to be more obvious than in cases with moderate degrees of low voltage. Analysis of the literature likewise indicates the importance of the factors mentioned above. Even in the patients with considerable heart disease, fluctuations in the voltage, with changes in the state of compensation, suggested that the heart lesions were of less importance than the secondary manifestations of heart failure in the production of lowered potential. Ten per cent of the entire series showed no evident explanation of any sort for the occurrence of low voltage, being apparently healthy normal persons in every respect. Our study indicates that the solitary finding of low voltage of the QRS complexes is of little or no diagnostic value regarding the presence or absence of heart disease or of any other trouble. The wider use of electrocardiograms on normal people outside of hospitals will probably show a higher incidence of low voltage than the literature suggests at present.
Testing for Crossover of Two Hazard Functions Using Gail and Simon's Method

Crossover of two hazard functions is sometimes called qualitative nonproportionality where the hazard ratio could be >1 in some time intervals but <1 in some other intervals. Investigators often wish to know whether a beneficial treatment effect exists over a long period of time (i.e., no crossover). This information is important for the management of safety and efficacy of a new treatment in long-term use. Also, if crossover occurs, the commonly used statistical methods, such as Cox proportional hazards model or linear rank tests, may not be appropriate. Graphical display may be used to visually examine whether there are crossovers in the observed hazard functions. A relevant question is whether the observed crossover of two hazard functions is due to chance variation. In this article, we propose a class of tests for crossover of two hazard functions. The study follow-up period is divided into nonoverlapping time intervals, and the weighted linear rank statistic, including logrank and generalized Wilcoxo...
THE SOURCE OF THE MICROORGANISMS IN THE LUNGS OF NORMAL ANIMALS.

It has been possible to show that the lungs of such animals as the calf, rabbit, guinea pig, white rat, and white mouse are readily invaded by organisms. The most frequent types observed in cultures from the border of the lungs have been streptothrix, molds, and bacteria of the Bacillus subtilis group. These forms originate in certain dry food stuffs (hay and straw). By withholding or moistening these materials it has been possible to diminish the number of organisms in the lungs. When these materials have been supplied to mice whose lungs under usual conditions contain only a few organisms, the number of positive cultures increases and is comparable with those of the larger animals. The bronchial lymph glands of all guinea pigs examined developed, in 66⅔ per cent of the tubes, organisms similar to those obtained from the lungs.
The persistence of the R.A. Fisher-Sewall Wright controversy

This paper considers recent heated debates led by Jerry A. Coyne and Michael J. Wade on issues stemming from the 1929-1962 R. A. Fisher-Sewall Wright controversy in population genetics. William B. Provine once remarked that the Fisher-Wright controversy is central, fundamental, and very influential. Indeed, it is also persistent. The argumentative structure of the recent (1997-2000) debates is analyzed with the aim of eliminating a logical conflict in them, viz., that the two “sides” in the debates have different aims and that, as such, they are talking past each other. Given a philosophical analysis of the argumentative structure of the debates, suggestions supportive of Wade’s work on the debate are made that are aimed, modestly, at putting the persistent Fisher-Wright controversy on the course to resolution.
Greenland mass balance from GRACE

[1] We use 22 monthly GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) gravity fields to estimate the linear trend in Greenland ice mass during 2002–2004. We recover a decrease in total ice mass of 82 ± 28 km3 of ice per year, consistent with estimates from other techniques. Our uncertainty estimate is dominated by the effects of GRACE measurement errors and errors in our post glacial rebound (PG) correction. The main advantages of GRACE are that it is sensitive to the entire ice sheet, and that it provides mass estimates with only minimal use of supporting physical assumptions or ancillary data.
Consumer response to tobacco smoke in service settings

Establishing smoking policies which accommodate customers' smoking preferences is a major problem for restaurants, bars, hotels, and other firms in the service industry. This study is based on the premise that tobacco smoke can be considered a component of both the physical and ambient retail service environment. Because of legal and ethical concerns, the presence or absence of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in two types of eating facilities (bar and fine dining restaurant) was operationalized by the presentation to respondents of photographs which pictured customers in a setting where smoking was either present or absent. The success of this method of manipulation of the treatment variable was assessed with a thought listing procedure. Thought listing responses indicate that both treatments (type of facility and smoking policy) were adequately conveyed by the photographs. Results indicate that cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses were all negatively affected by the presence of tobacco smoke. The conclusion is that managers who permit smoking in their facilities risk losing non-smoking patrons while smokers are little affected by either the presence or absence of smoke. The major contributions of this study include both the exploration of tobacco smoke as part of the retail service environment for eating establishments and the use of thought listings as a manipulation check for variables which were manipulated through use of photographs depicting the treatment conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A discriminant analysis of information systems effectiveness: categorical dependent variables of DSS impact

A large sample of 936 vessel accident cases occurring between 1979 and 1987 on the Lower Mississippi River were cluster analyzed to generate four groups relatively unique in their respective attribute values. The attributes used to cluster the accidents included participation in the U.S. Coast Guard's New Orleans Vessel Traffic Service (NOLA-VTS), type of accident, river stage, traffic level, system utilization (total vessel movements which were VTS-supported), accident location, weather conditions, and time of accident. The four-group cluster solution resulted in logical groupings, given the realities of navigating the Lower Mississippi River. The four groups resulting from the cluster analysis were characterized as Group 1: Danger Zone, one hundred percent NOLA-VTS participants whose accidents occurred primarily on the most dangerous part of the river; Group 2: Bad Conditions for Good Navigators, characterized by a high rate of participation and unserious accidents occurring in treacherous navigating conditions; Group 3: Probably Preventable, characterized by low participation rates and serious accidents occurring in not the worst navigating conditions; and Group 4: Accidents That Shouldn't Have Happened, characterized by zero participation and serious accidents occurring in reasonable navigating conditions.
Concomitant Use of Carbamazepine and Rifampin in a Patient With Mycobacterium avium Complex and Seizure Disorder.

Objectives. To report a probable interaction between rifampin and carbamazepine, likely leading to a seizure, and to review conflicting reports regarding this interaction. Case Summary. A 55-year-old female was treated with carbamazepine 200 mg 3 times daily for grand mal seizures, with excellent control. A 6-hour postdose carbamazepine concentration was 10.7 µg/mL (therapeutic range = 4-10 µg/mL). After she was diagnosed with pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex, she received rifampin 300 mg twice daily, ethambutol 800 mg daily, and clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily. At first clinic visit, rifampin was changed to 600 mg daily, and clarithromycin was replaced with azithromycin 250 mg daily. A 4-hour postdose carbamazepine concentration was 7.1 µg/mL. Two weeks later, the patient experienced a seizure (no carbamazepine concentration reported at that time), but admitted to missing doses of carbamazepine. After experiencing 2 more seizures, the patient stopped taking rifampin. Subsequently, the carbamazepin...
Auxiliaries: To's company

In a 1982 paper in the journal Glossa, Pullum outlined a set of arguments for treating English infinitival to as a defective auxiliary verb. Twenty years later, in his entry on infinitival constructions in The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (CGEL, 2002), Huddleston argues that several distributional facts about auxiliaries fit poorly with this hypothesis. He proposes, on the basis of significant structural parallels, that to is a subordinator (complementizer). I show that Huddleston's arguments constitute a flawed analysis in CGEL's otherwise superb coverage of English descriptive grammar, and that the facts run strongly counter to his claims, often falling out independently from generalizations about auxiliaries that Huddleston overlooks. Several of these points were anticipated in Pullum's paper, but recent research on an idiosyncratic auxiliary-specific pattern of English nonrestrictive relative clause formation provides a powerful new argument in support of the auxiliary claim. In this respect, as in all others, the assignment of to to the class of auxiliaries provides the simplest and broadest account of its syntactic behavior.
Targeted therapies for the treatment of leukemia.

Abstract Objectives To review novel targeted therapies for the treatment of leukemia. Data sources Professional journals, books, and government publications. Conclusion Nonspecific cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents provide marginal therapeutic benefit and significant toxicity when used in the treatment of leukemia. There is a tremendous need for new therapies with increased efficacy and decreased adverse effects. Advances in molecular science, genetics, and immunology, along with improved laboratory technology, have led to the discovery of unique targets integral to the growth and proliferation of malignant cells which are providing the foundation for the development of a new generation of antitumor agents. Implications for nursing practice Nurses must be prepared to educate patients, administer novel therapies, and manage side effects.
A Theory of Ring-Stiffened Cylinders

5»6 The method of Hoff is to express the stress in the cylin­ der and in the ring as Fourier series in the angle. Then the total strain energy is calculated as a function of the Fourier coefficients. According to the variational principle of Castigliano the equilibrium state is deter­ mined by minimizing the strain energy. This mini­ mization process leads Hoff to an infinite set of simul­ taneous linear equations for the Fourier coefficients. Fortunately it proves possible to solve these equations by a step-by-step process. The stresses are then found by summing a sufficient number of terms of the Fourier series. The Hoff analysis is found to give good agree­ ment with experiment.5 In a previous note the writer followed the basic as- sumptions of the Hoff treatment, but Fourier series were not employed.7 Instead, classical methods of the calculus of variations were used to obtain the Euler differential equation. The Euler equation is an eighth order ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients.** The independent variable is the angle, and the dependent variable is the bending moment in the ring. The Fourier series method is then seen to be merely a special way of solving the Euler differential equation. An advantage of the differential equation approach to the problem is greater flexibility; thus there is no difficulty in taking into account a stiffening ring having variable cross section. The only difference in this case is that one of the coefficients of the differential equation becomes variable rather than constant. The solution of the differential equation can then be obtained by use of digital or analog computers. In HofFs treatment it is supposed that the applied forces lie in the plane of the ring. In a recent report, J. Adachi was concerned with the stress problem of the ring-stiffened cylinder when the applied forces are perpendicular to the plane of the ring.8 Adachi ideal­ ized the problem by supposing that it was sufficient to consider an end-stiffened flat sheet. He indicates the desirability of having a theory avoiding this idealiza­ tion. In this paper a general approach is developed which permits the applied force to have an arbitrary direction. Also the assumptions on the properties of the ring are relaxed. Thus in the Hoff treatment only flexure in the plane of the ring was taken into account. It was assumed that the ring was perfectly flexible perpendicu­ lar to its plane. In the present theory account is taken of flexure perpendicular to the plane and torsion as well as flexure in the plane. The theory is again based on Castigliano's principle. The strain energy is taken to consist of five separate terms resulting from shear stress r in the cylinder, nor­ mal stress a parallel to the axis of the cylinder, bending moment L perpendicular to the plane of the ring, torsional moment M of the ring, and bending moment N in the plane of the ring. The Euler equations re­ sulting may be written as two ordinary differential equations of the seventh order relating the moments MzndN.
8 – Detection, enumeration and identification of environmental microorganisms of public health significance

This chapter focuses on the detection and enumeration topics related to the sanitary microbiology of the receiving waters. The chapter also discusses the examples of alternate indicators. In recent years, the environmental pathogens, such as mycobacteria and Campylobacter , have been the cause for public health concern. Even though clostridia are fermentative saprophytes, they are commonly associated with the food-borne diseases in humans—owing to their ubiquity, the high temperature tolerance of their spores, and their ability to elaborate extremely potent endotoxins. Because Cryptosporidium oocysts are resistant to chlorination, it is suggested that the C. perfringens shouldbe used as an indicator of the drinking water treatment. C. jejuni is most frequently associated with the campylobacteriosis infections in humans. Recovery of cells from the natural waters is hindered by slow growth rates, competitive background microbiota low numbers, and possible non-culturability. Due to the complexities for detection of Campylobacter spp. from environmental samples, many applications of molecular methods based on PCR exist for its detection in poultry, feces, environmental waters, and sewage.
Children’s Testimony About a Stressful Event: Improving Children’s Reports

AbstractAge differences in children's ability to recount a stressful event were explored, as were several ways to improve children's reports. Seventy 3- to 7 year olds were videotaped while receiving inoculations at a medical clinic. It was predicted that multiple interviews would maintain memory and strengthen resistance to sugges-tion. It was also predicted that social support would ease intimidation and thus lessen children's suggestibility. To test these predictions, children were inter-viewed either once after a 4-week delay or twice, following 2- and 4-week delays, and under either "reinforcing" or "nonreinforcing" conditions. Age differences in answers to specific and misleading questions and in performance on a photo identification task were prevalent. However, multiple interviews and reinforce-ment supported more accurate reports. Training was effective in reducing false identifications on the photo identification task, especially for older children. Children's accuracy was unrelated to parental ratings of the stressfulness of the event. Our findings have implications for the testimony of child victim witnesses and for child-adult reconstruction of a child's past history. (Psychology)
The Hydrothermal Synthesis of KzMnO2 in the Presence of Citric Acid

KxMnO2 exhibits a layered structure that provides attractive properties as a cathode material for secondary Li batteries. Therefore, in the present study, our attention was paid to the hydrothermal preparation of highly homogenous KxMnO2 in presence of citric acid. Out X-ray diffraction and SEM studies indicated that the final product markedly change the phase and morphology on vary the concentration of citric acid. The prepared products have also studied with the help of TGA and DTA. EDS and DCP made the chemical analysis of the compounds. The impedance data of the materials were explained in terms of the compounds formed.
Staged compilation

Traditional compilers compile and optimize files separately, making worst-case assumptions about the program context in which a file is to be linked. More aggressive compilation architectures perform cross-file interprocedural or whole-program analyses, potentially producing much faster programs but substantially increasing the cost of compilation. Even more radical are systems that perform all compilation and optimization at run-time: such systems can optimize programs based on run-time program and system properties as well as static whole-program properties. However, run-time compilers (also called dynamic compilers or just-in-time compilers) suffer under severe constraints on allowable compilation time, since any time spent compiling steals from time spent running the program. None of these compilation models dominates the others: each has unique strengths and weaknesses not present in the other models.We are developing a new, staged compilation model which strives to combine high run-time code quality with low compilation overhead. Compilation is organized as a series of stages, with stages corresponding to, for example, separate compilation, library linking, program linking, and run-time execution. Any given optimization can be performed at any of these stages; to reduce compilation time while maintaining high effectiveness, an optimization should be performed at the earliest stage that provides the necessary program context information to carry out the optimization effectively. Moreover, a single optimization can itself be spread across multiple stages, with earlier stages performing preplanning work that enables the final stage to complete the optimization quickly. In this way, we hope to produce highly optimized programs, nearly as good as what could be done with a purely run-time compiler that had an unconstrained compilation time budget, but at a much more practical compile time cost.We are building the Whirlwind optimizing compiler as the concrete embodiment of this staged compilation model, initially targeting object-oriented languages. A key component of Whirlwind is a set of techniques for automatically constructing staged compilers from traditional unstaged compilers, including aggressive applications of specialization and other partial evaluation technology.
Laser interferometry in shock-wave research

The various laser-interferometer instrumentation techniques which have been applied to the study of plane-stress-wave propagation in solids are reviewed and discussed. The capabilities and limitations of present systems are described.
Global Aircraft Dynamics Using Piecewise Volterra Kernels

Evaluating global aircraft dynamic behavior by Volterra theory as an efficient nonlinear approximation method is investigated. In previous research, Volterra theory is implemented to evaluate the system behavior in a selected local region of the state space, which restricts the ability to capture the aircraft behavior while moving from one flight region to another. The current research presents a global piecewise Volterra kernel approach. The approach utilizes sub-model Volterra kernels to build global kernels. A novel kernel strength index is proposed to determine the number of required terms in each sub-model. A piecewise interpolation is then employed to switch between the sub-models. An approximate nonlinear pitch-plunge model for the F-18 was used to assess the proposed approach. A set of experimental simulations is conducted to verify the capability of the proposed model in capturing the dynamic behavior of the aircraft. The approach is compared with a global linear approach while employing the nonlinear simulation as the benchmark.
Fluorescence and electroluminescence quenching evidence of interfacial charge transfer in poly (3-hexylthiophene): graphene oxide bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices.

We present electrochemical studies of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets and demonstrate the fluorescence and electrogenerated chemiluminescence quenching capability of GO nanosheets that are transferr...
EXPERIMENTAL HEPATIC SIDEROSIS FOLLOWING PORTACAVAL SHUNT.

SummaryTo determine the role of portacaval shunts in the development of hepatic siderosis, rats were subjected to end-to-side and side-to-side portacaval shunts. Hepatic siderosis developed only in rats with end-to-side shunts, while visible liver cell damage and cirrhosis were absent. It is concluded that shunting of the portal blood flow per se results in hepatic siderosis, even in the absence of cirrhosis.
Access and Finance Issues: The University of Alabama’s Education Policy Center

Established in the 1920s, the Education Policy Center (EPC) is the oldest center or institute at The University of Alabama. Our work centers on four interrelated areas: (a) access and finance of public higher education, (b) college completion, (c) Pell Grants, and (d) rural community colleges. As place-based institutions with service delivery areas typically assigned by state law/statute or regulations (Friedel, Killacky, Katsinas, & Miller, 2014), given the emphasis on place-based solutions following the 2009 and 2010 White House Memoranda on Place-Based Policies, why haven’t the United States Departments of Education and Agriculture funded research on rural community colleges? As long as the discredited urbanicity definition continues to be used in Washington, America’s 553 rural community colleges will likely operate well below the radar screen, and an important national asset will be underutilized. Since the last major foundation-funded rural community college program ended in 2002 when the Ford Found...
TNBC vs non-TNBC: A retrospective review of differences in mean age, family history, smoking history, and stage at diagnosis.

Purpose This study was designed to compare mean age, ethnicity, smoking history, family history of breast cancer, and stage at diagnosis in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) vs non-TNBC at an inner city university program. Methods We reviewed data in our tumor registry on patients seen between January 2000 and December 2005, and identified a total of 445 patients with various subtypes of breast cancers. Of these, 342 patients met our study criteria. Thirty-nine patients had TNBC and 303 had non-TNBC. Results The mean age at diagnosis was 59.87 ± 15.67 years for TNBC and 60.09 ± 13.98 years for non-TNBC (P=.9272). TNBC was more common in black than in white patients (58.97% vs 35.90%; OR, 2.755; P=.004), and non-TNBC was more common in white than in black patients (57.76% vs 39.27%). There was not a statistically significant difference in past or present smoking between the TNBC and non-TNBC patients (20.51% vs 27.72%; P=.4385). Family history of breast cancer was not statistically related to TNBC status: a positive family history was reported in 30.77% of TNBC patients vs 33.33% of non-TNBC patients (P=.8384), no family history was reported in 51.28% of TNBC patients vs 51.82% of non-TNBC patients, and family history was unknown in 17.95% of TNBC patients vs 14.85% of non-TNBC patients. Pathologic stage at the time of diagnosis was as follows for TNBC vs non-TNBC patients: stage 0, 15.79% vs 11.37% (P=.4332); stage I, 34.21% vs 30.98% (P=.6890); stage II, 28.98% vs 37.25% (P=.3205); stage III, 18.42% vs 17.25% (P=.8591); and stage IV, 3.63% vs 3.14% (P=.8651). Conclusion We found that in our patient population, black women were significantly more likely to have TNBC than non-TNBC, and white women were more likely to have non-TNBC than TNBC.
Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence Assay to Probe Folded G Protein-Coupled Receptors

Continued advances in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) structural biology and biochemistry depend in part on strategies to stabilize these polytopic membrane proteins in purified systems. New methods to measure properly folded GPCRs are needed to facilitate the identification of suitable conditions and ensure sample quality. Most GPCRs do not contain an intrinsic reporter on their functionality, so probes must be introduced. Here, we describe a fluorescence-based approach to quantitatively measure the chemokine receptor CCR5 with labeled antibodies. The assay is exceptionally sensitive and high-throughput. We detail procedures to label antibodies, characterize the system, and process data. We also describe several useful applications, including optimization of incorporation into nanoscale apolipoprotein bound bilayers (NABBs or nanodiscs), measurement of receptor stability, and competition binding assays.
Evidence for Urothelial Cell Activation in Interstitial Cystitis

AbstractBladder biopsy samples from 17 interstitial cystitis patients and 20 controls were evaluated for urothelial cell activation using a panel of monoclonal antibodies to HLA-DR, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, interleukin 1 α and tumor necrosis factor α. Urothelial cells in the majority (13 of 16, 81%) of the biopsies from patients with interstitial cystitis showed increased expression of HLA- DR, while fewer samples were positive for intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (3 of 16, 19%), interleukin 1 α (2 of 17, 12%) or tumor necrosis factor α (1 of 15, 7%). No urothelial cell expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, interleukin 1 α or tumor necrosis factor α was detected in the controls, and only 1 of 20 control samples contained HLA-DR positive urothelial cells. These results suggest that an unusual type of cellular activation is present in interstitial cystitis. In vitro studies with cultured normal urothelial cells indicated that cells activated with γ interferon and tumor necrosis factor ...
Acute Tubular Necrosis in a Patient With Myeloma Treated With Carfilzomib.

Carfilzomib is a selective proteasome inhibitor approved in 2012 for the treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. It was developed with the aim of achieving improved safety profile and greater efficacy in patients who failed conventional treatments. A phase II trial for single-agent carfilzomib analyzed safety data in 526 treated patients and reported a rise in serum creatinine in 127 (24.1%) patients.1 In 73.2% of these 127 patients, the rise in serum creatinine was attributed to the carfilzomib with no other precipitating event identified.1 These data suggest that carfilzomib may be a cause of acute kidney injury (AKI), although the mechanism has not been determined. There have been several case reports providing evidence of AKI secondary to carfilzomib.2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Two recent reports describe thrombotic microangiopathy associated with carfilzomib administration, although causality was not definitively established.4, 5 To our knowledge this is the first case report of biopsy-proven acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in a patient with multiple myeloma who was treated with carfilzomib.
Imperial decline and collapse, 1707–1720

Failure to assign fully productive jagirs strained the loyalties and reduced the effectiveness of members of the nobility and the corps of mansabda. These strains in the imperial fabric found expression in the most important political crises to occupy Bahadur Shah: disaffection of the Rajputs, growing militancy among the Sikhs and Jats in the north, and continuing Maratha insurgency in the south. The tenth Sikh Guru, Govind Singh, who had supported Bahadur Shah in the war of succession, joined the royal entourage as the emperor marched to confront Kam Bakhsh in the Deccan. By mid-1718 the enmity between emperor and minister, barely concealed beneath rigid Mughal norms of court civility and decorum, erupted as the balance of power began tilting toward the Sayyids. For over a decade, instability and weakness caused by the bitter conflicts over the throne wrenched at imperial authority and efficiency.
Experimental and finite element evaluations of debonding in composite sandwich structure with core thickness variations

An important failure mode in sandwich structures is the debonding between the core and facesheet, which can destroy the load capacity of the structure. This work addressed the critical interfacial ...
High speed liquid adsorption chromatography in criminalistics. II. The separation of heroin, O 6 -monoacetylmorphine and morphine.

A new method is described for the separation, tentative identification and quantitation of Heroin, 0 6 -Monoacetylmorphine HCl (6-MAM HCl) and Morphine utilizing high pressure liquid adsorption chromatography. The analysis is rapidly performed, requires little sample preparation, provides two independent criteria for identification, and the separated components can be collected in a pure state for further analysis.
Upscaling chemical reactions in multicontinuum systems: When might time fractional equations work?

Abstract It may often be tempting to take a fractional diffusion equation and simply create a fractional reaction-diffusion equation by including an additional reaction term of the same form as one would include for a standard Fickian system. However, in real systems, fractional diffusion equations typically arise due to complexity and heterogeneity at some unresolved scales. Thus, while transport of a conserved scalar may upscale naturally to a fractional diffusion equation, there is no guarantee that the upscaling procedure in the presence of reactions will also result in a fractional diffusion equation with such a naive reaction term added. Here we consider a multicontinuum mobile-immobile system and demonstrate that an effective transport equation for a conserved scalar can be written that is similar to a diffusion equation but with an additional term that convolves a memory function and the time derivative term. When this memory function is a power law, this equation is a time fractional dispersion equation. Including a first-order reaction in the same system, we demonstrate that the effective equation in the presence of reaction is no longer of the same time fractional form. The presence of reaction modifies the nature of the memory function, tempering it at a rate associated with the reaction. Additionally, to arrive at a consistent effective equation the memory function must also act on the reaction term in the upscaled equation. For the case of a bimolecular mixing driven reaction, the process is more complicated and the resulting memory function is no longer stationary in time or homogenous in space. This reflects the fact that memory does not just act on the evolution of the reactant, but also depends strongly on the spatio-temporal evolution and history of the other reactant. The state of mixing in all locations and all times is needed to accurately represent the evolution of reactants. Due to this it seems impossible to write a single effective transport equation in terms of a single effective concentration without having to invoke some approximation, analogous to a closure problem. For both reactive systems simply including a naive reactive term in a fractional diffusion equation results in predictions of concentrations that can be orders of magnitude different from what they should be. We demonstrate and verify this through numerical simulations. Thus, we highlight caution is needed in proposing and developing fractional reaction-diffusion equations that are consistent with the system of interest.
Influence of site and soil properties on the DRIFT spectra of northern cold-region soils

We investigated the influence of site characteristics and soil properties on the chemical composition of organic matter in soils collected from a latitudinal transect across northern cold-region through analysis of diffuse reflectance Fourier transform mid infrared (DRIFT) spectra of bulk soils. The study included 119 soil samples collected from 28 sites including tundra, boreal forest, grassland, and coastal rainforest ecosystems. Organic, mineral, and cryoturbated soil horizons, both seasonally and perennially frozen, representing a variety of depths and edaphic conditions were examined. The amount and chemical composition of organic matter, as well as site and soil properties, exerted a strong influence on the DRIFT spectra. The spectra were highly sensitive to the extent of organic matter decomposition, enabling the ordination of organic (Oi, Oe and Oa) horizons. Differences in absorbance intensity for several spectral bands indicated that Oi horizons contained greater abundance of relatively fresh residues, phenolic-OH compounds, aliphatic compounds, and carbohydrates. In contrast, Oa horizons had a greater presence of amide groups, aromatics, CC bonds, carboxylates and carboxylic acids. Another significant factor differentiating these horizons was the incorporation of clays and silicates into the Oa horizons. Calculated ratios of characteristic spectral bands showed a clear trend of increasing decomposition from Oi to Oe to Oa. The DRIFT spectra were related to many site/soil attributes including land cover type, parent material, and associated factors, such as permafrost presence/absence, drainage class, horizon depth, bulk density, cation exchange capacity, and pH. A single DRIFT spectral band was identified that might be used in future studies to quickly estimate the organic carbon, total nitrogen, and carbon:nitrogen ratios of northern soils. Our results demonstrate that the information contained in DRIFT spectra of soil integrates the quantity and chemical composition of soil organic matter with soil properties and highlights the potential for using this information to assess the degradation state of organic matter stored in northern cold-region soils.