cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal and Spatial Disparities Among Bark Beetles, Predators, and Associates Responding to Synthetic Bark Beetle Pheromones: Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Wisconsin

The numbers and distributions of pine engraver, Ips pini (Say), predators, and secondary subcortical associates responding to racemic ipsdienol in Wisconsin were analyzed over 4 yr with regard to date, height in the canopy, and distance from the margin of previously killed trees. The largest difference in response patterns between predators and I. pini was in seasonal occurrence. Most I. pini were caught late in the season, whereas most predators were caught much earlier. Additional differences were observed in spatial distributions and time by space interactions. These results suggest that subtle behavioral or developmental (or both) shifts may allow some bark beetles to temporarily escape from predators that exploit scolytid pheromones as kairomones. Factors contributing to discrepancies between predator and prey trap catch can also be exploited in pest management. Semiochemically based control treatments can be scheduled to greatly reduce the proportion of beneficial insects caught without substantially reducing efficacy. Additionally, this information can be used to improve population estimates of predators and guide natural enemy introduction strategies.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone: the electromigration characteristics of the blood plasma expander.

Before the metabolic role of the blood plasma expander, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) can be studied by the technic of ionography, some fundamental ionographic characteristics of the polymer, per se, must be determined. This study is concerned with the influence of such variable factors as time, potential gradient, temperature, the pH of the buffer and its ionic strength on the mobility of the migrant when under the influence of an electrical field, and an attempt has been made to correlate them. This work, then, may serve as a basis for later investigations to be made on the combining power of PVP for certain physiologic products with which it comes into intimate contact when used as a plasma expander.
Next generation CFP modules

The details of two next generation CFP MSA modules, CFP2 and CFP4 are described. This includes size evolution, front panel port density, electrical I/O, mechanics, MIS, power, and support of SMF and MMF applications.
Comparison of suction capsule and endoscopic biopsy of small bowel mucosa.

Small bowel mucosal biopsy specimens were studied in 52 consecutive patients. Twenty-six patients underwent biopsy by a suction capsule and 16 patients by endoscopy using an 8-mm forceps. Additionally, 10 patients were asked to undergo biopsy by both techniques in the same morning. Material was obtained in 81% of attempts by suction and 100% by endoscopy. Tissue obtained was excellent in 58%, good in 28%, and poor in 14% of suction biopsy specimens. Corresponding grades for endoscopy were 65%, 31%, and 4%. The frequency of abnormal findings was not different by either technique. In the 10 patients who had both procedures, mean time to completion was 43min by suction and 12min by endoscopy. Intravenous premedication was used in endoscopy, and patient comfort was judged as excellent in 60% with endoscopy, whereas 60% judged suction biopsy as very uncomfortable. The mean fluoroscopy time of 3.9min necessary for suction biopsy was eliminated with endoscopy. Biopsy with an 8-mm forceps through the endoscope is the preferred way to obtain tissue from the proximal small bowel.
Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of high‐dose human α1‐acid glycoprotein infusion in the rat

The pharmacokinetics of high-dose human α1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) was studied in rats to determine the feasibility of using AAG to alter the tissue distribution of basic drugs. α1-Acid glycoprotein (2.2 g/kg) was administered iv to six male Holtzman rats over a period of 30 min, and serum AAG concentrations were measured by a specific radial immunodiffusion assay. The AAG concentrations were computer fit to a biexponential equation to generate pharmacokinetic constants for an open two-compartment model. The peak serum AAG concentration was 1830 ± 180 mg/dL at the end of infusion; > 20 times the normal value for rats. The central volume of distribution and steady state volume of distribution were 0.09 ± .02 and 0.15 ± 0.02 L/kg, respectively. Total body clearance of AAG was 0.065 ± 0.005 L/kg/h, and the terminal elimination half-life was 19.3 ± 1.5 h. The AAG administration was tolerated without adverse effect and did not alter systolic blood pressure, the electrocardiogram, creatinine clearance, weight gain, or survival. The results of the histologic examination of various tissues by light microscopy at 30 d post AAG treatment were normal. These data demonstrate that high doses of human AAG can be safely administered to rats and that they produce supraphysiologic serum AAG concentrations.
TU-C-224A-03: 4D-Image-Guided Treatment Planning Optimization for Management of Organ Motion in Radiotherapy Planning

The management of breathing‐registered IMRTtreatment planning is explored by direct incorporation of 4D images within the planning process. The movement of the voxels from one CT timeframe to another is “tracked” and modeled. A timestamp for each voxel is used to specify its position throughout the breathing cycle. A single treatment model incorporates planning constraints throughout multiple time periods. Robustness of the algorithm, plan quality, and potential clinical significance are evaluated. 4D‐CT scans of lung/liver cancer patients were acquired with different breathing phases(phases 0–9, 0:full‐inhale, 5:full‐exhale), Three treatment planning strategies are performed and compared. 1)Standard planning with a static PTV based on a single selected phase (control). 2)The Internal Target Volume (ITV) approach, where ITV is defined as the union of CTVs in all breathing phases. 3)Single‐stage‐4D‐image‐guided planning, where within a single treatment optimization model, planning constraints are incorporated on each voxel for each phase throughout the multiple‐phase period. Sophisticated computational optimization techniques are used to solve these models. For both lung/liver cases, the static‐PTV‐plan results in unacceptable PTV‐underdose. Compared to ITV‐pamns, 4D‐image‐guided‐plans offer good coverage and comparable min‐PTV‐dose; while in lung, it reduces normal‐lung‐mean‐dose by 20%, heart‐mean‐dose by 20%, and esophagus‐max‐dose by 15%; and in liver, it reduces normal‐liver mean‐dose by 15% and other normal‐tissue mean‐dose by 20%, with improved PTV‐conformity of 10%. 4D‐Image‐Guided treatment planningoptimization can provide good PTV‐coverage plans, improve PTV‐underdose, and significantly reduce dose to organs‐at‐risk, especially those organs in the proximity of the tumor. Evidence of morbidity reduction to organs‐at‐risk is observed. The challenge involves the ability to solve a large‐scale treatment planning problem. With sophisticated mathematical optimization modeling and computational strategies, such planning is possible and can be made available for clinical use. Clinical studies are needed to validate the importance of our approach to treatment outcome.
Data Assimilation in the Presence of Forecast Bias: The GEOS Moisture Analysis

We describe the application of the unbiased sequential analysis algorithm developed by Dee and da Silva (1998) to the GEOS DAS moisture analysis. The algorithm estimates the persistent component of model error using rawinsonde observations and adjusts the first-guess moisture field accordingly. Results of two seasonal data assimilation cycles show that moisture analysis bias is almost completely eliminated in all observed regions. The improved analyses cause a sizable reduction in the 6h-forecast bias and a marginal improvement in the error standard deviations.
Evidence for altered lesion-induced sprouting in the dentate gyrus of adult rats exposed to ethanol in utero

Abstract Quantitative computer-assisted image processing techniques were used to measure changes in the Timm sulfide silver histochemical staining in the dentate gyrus of rats exposed to ethanol during gestation and following unilateral entorhinal lesions as adults. Prenatal exposure to a liquid diet containing 35% ethanol derived calories (12.6±0.9 g/kg/day) had no effect on the size of either the inner or total molecular layers. However, prenatal ethanol exposure did affect afferent reorganization when animals were lesioned as adults. There was a significant increase in the width and area of the inner molecular layer compared to control rats with similar lesions. The increase was interpreted as an exaggerated post-lesion expansion of the commissural/associational fibers. This alteration of a stereotypic sprouting response was not a general effect; no change was observed in mossy fiber sprouting in the dentate gyrus. These findings suggest that heavy maternal ethanol consumption can have long-lasting consequences on the developing central nervous system, but that such effects are not common to every form of axon sprouting.
Studies on the Male Reproductive Toxicity of Freon 22

Freons have been used extensively as refrigerants and as propellants in household products, and yet their possible effects on male reproduction have received little attention. In the present study, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (nine weeks of age) were exposed to 50 000 ppm Freon 22, five hrs per day for eight weeks. The control group received filtered air at an identical flow rate. At the end of the eight week exposure period, body and organ weights, hematology, blood chemistry, plasma gonadotropins, and fertility parameters were not significantly different from controls, with the exception of serum cholesterol levels, which were slightly higher, and glucose and triglyceride levels which were lower. The weight of coagulating glands was also lower than those of controls, but did not interfere with fertility function.
Human MLH1 protein participates in genomic damage checkpoint signaling in response to DNA interstrand crosslinks, while MSH2 functions in DNA repair.

DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) are among the most toxic types of damage to a cell. For this reason, many ICL-inducing agents are effective therapeutic agents. For example, cisplatin and nitrogen mustards are used for treating cancer and psoralen plus UVA (PUVA) is useful for treating psoriasis. However, repair mechanisms for ICLs in the human genome are not clearly defined. Previously, we have shown that MSH2, the common subunit of the human MutSα and MutSβ mismatch recognition complexes, plays a role in the error-free repair of psoralen ICLs. We hypothesized that MLH1, the common subunit of human MutL complexes, is also involved in the cellular response to psoralen ICLs. Surprisingly, we instead found that MLH1-deficient human cells are more resistant to psoralen ICLs, in contrast to the sensitivity to these lesions displayed by MSH2-deficient cells. Apoptosis was not as efficiently induced by psoralen ICLs in MLH1-deficient cells as in MLH1-proficient cells as determined by caspase-3/7 activity and binding of annexin V. Strikingly, CHK2 phosphorylation was undetectable in MLH1-deficient cells, and phosphorylation of CHK1 was reduced after PUVA treatment, indicating that MLH1 is involved in signaling psoralen ICL-induced checkpoint activation. Psoralen ICLs can result in mutations near the crosslinked sites; however, MLH1 function was not required for the mutagenic repair of these lesions, and so its signaling function appears to have a role in maintaining genomic stability following exposure to ICL-induced DNA damage. Distinguishing the genetic status of MMR-deficient tumors as MSH2-deficient or MLH1-deficient is thus potentially important in predicting the efficacy of treatment with psoralen and perhaps with other ICL-inducing agents.
RETORT POUCH: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A BASIC PACKAGING CONCEPT IN TODAY'S HIGH TECHNOLOGY ERA

One indication of progress and maturity for a technological concept is that, in any introduction to discussion on the subject, descriptive details, characteristics, and founding principles can be minimized. The retort pouch is a multi-layer polymer-foil pouch used (Fig. 1) in lieu of the metal can or glass jar for shelf-stable foods or refrigerated or frozen foods. Although, from technological and commercial acceptance aspects, the retort pouch's applicability should be judged alone without comparison, the comparison with cans for preservation mode, frozen “boil-in-bag” items for end product utility, and to both for the cost-value relationship is inevitable.
Preparation and characterization of magnetically textured Y and DY 123 compounds

The authors prepared homogeneously (i.e through volume-textured material in comparison to sinter-forged samples where the texture is preferentially at the surface) c-axis-textured samples with approximately 200 mu Omega -cm resistivity at 100 K and approximately 88% density by aligning powders in a magnetic field and then sintering. Light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transport J/sub c/ measurements were used to characterize the samples. Longer sintering times improved the texture. Dilute suspensions in which particles did not touch could be very well aligned. Such samples, encased in epoxy, had 50% of
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of testosterone treatment in hypogonadal older men with subthreshold depression (dysthymia or minor depression).

OBJECTIVE Hypogonadism and subthreshold depression are common conditions in elderly men. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of testosterone treatment in older, hypogonadal men with subthreshold depression. METHOD A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted at a university-affiliated Veterans Affairs Medical Center among men aged 50 years or older (N = 33) with screening total testosterone levels of <or= 280 ng/dL and subthreshold depression (dysthymia or minor depression, according to DSM-IV). Recruitment for the study was conducted from November 2002 through May 2005. Participants received either 7.5 g of testosterone gel or placebo gel daily for 12 weeks, followed by a 12-week open-label extension phase during which all subjects received 7.5 g of testosterone gel. The primary outcome measure was the change in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) score from baseline to the end of the double-blind phase. Secondary outcome measures were remission of subthreshold depression (defined a priori as a HAM-D score <or= 7) and changes in the Hopkins Symptom Checklist depression scale, the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, and the short-form 16-item Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire. RESULTS At the end of the double-blind phase, testosterone-treated men had a greater reduction in HAM-D scores (p = .024) and a higher remission rate of subthreshold depression (52.9% vs. 18.8%, p = .041) than did placebo-treated men, but there were no differences in other secondary outcome measures between groups. At the end of the open-label phase, the testosterone group had sustained improvement, the control group improved, and there were no differences between groups in any outcome measures. CONCLUSION These results suggest that testosterone replacement may be efficacious treatment for subthreshold depression in older men with hypogonadism. Larger studies are needed to corroborate these findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00202462.
An Unsuspected Property of Natriuretic Peptides Promotion of Calcium-Dependent Catecholamine Release Via Protein Kinase G-Mediated Phosphodiesterase Type 3 Inhibition

Background—Although natriuretic peptides are considered cardioprotective, clinical heart failure trials with recombinant brain natriuretic peptide (nesiritide) failed to prove it. Unsuspected proadrenergic effects might oppose the anticipated benefits of natriuretic peptides. Methods and Results—We investigated whether natriuretic peptides induce catecholamine release in isolated hearts, sympathetic nerve endings (cardiac synaptosomes), and PC12 cells bearing a sympathetic neuron phenotype. Perfusion of isolated guinea pig hearts with brain natriuretic peptide elicited a 3-fold increase in norepinephrine release, which doubled in ischemia/reperfusion conditions. Brain natriuretic peptide and atrial natriuretic peptide also released norepinephrine from cardiac synaptosomes and dopamine from nerve growth factor–differentiated PC12 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. These catecholamine-releasing effects were associated with an increase in intracellular calcium and abolished by blockade of calcium cha...
Time-of-Flight Distance Measurements Using Smart Phones

An application of using time of flight (TOF) to measure distance between two wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes is explained. Both nodes are identical smart phones. Results show a large accuracy error (106m) but with several avenues for improvement. A discussion of the results and future work follows.
Educating ethically: Culture, commitment and integrity

In this paper, it is argued that the criticism of the Enlightenment project in education and the disappearance in the philosophy of education discourse of particular educational problems which confront practitioners has resulted in a philosophy of education which — as a kind of Spielerei — begs the question. To revitalize itself, philosophy of education must take up anew its perennial mission, one near to specific educational problems. In explaining how the “I” of the educator can be conceived after postmodernism, this study elaborates the concepts of “integrity” and “particularity” as relevant for education. Education itself is conceived as a personal relation with a real person that aids in developing individuality. It is concluded that this answer is an authoritative and authentic response from one individual to another within a particular situation.
Adult Endocardial Fibroelastosis Associated with Dextrocardia and Situs Inversus

The clinical and pathologic features of the first case of endocardial fibroelastosis in an adult, associated with dextrocardia and situs inversus, is reported. Difficulties in diagnosis are, evident. It is considered that the occurrence of this lesion in this patient is not, evidence of a congenital origin. Other intracardiac defects are rarely found associated with dextrocardia and situs inversus. The incidence of acquired heart disease in this group probably is no different from that in the general population. Endocardial fibroelastosis and its closely related entities in the adult may pose a difficult problem in differential diagnosis. The implications involved are realistic, since exploratory thoracotomy may be considered if constrictive pericarditis cannot be ruled out. This entity should be suspected in patients, particularly young adults, with progressive congestive failure where the etiology is obscure. Patients over 60 years of age with Stokes-Adams disease, in the absence of unequivocal evidence...
The Friends of the Music Library at Western Washington University

Abstract As budgets decline and the cost of acquisitions development rises, music librarians look for new and creative ways to continue to expand music library resources. This article discusses the history of Western Washington University's Friends of the Music Library and the successful methods it uses to raise money to purchase complete works of composers for the Music Library.
pH-Mediated Field Amplification On-Column Preconcentration of Anions in Physiological Samples for Capillary Electrophoresis

Two limitations of capillary electrophoresis (CE) are the low sample loadability of the capillary and an incompatibility with high ionic strength samples. Several strategies have been described to preconcentrate and lower the ionic strength of physiological samples prior to CE analysis. These have included both off-capillary and on-capillary approaches. We have previously described a version of on-column field-amplification stacking termed pH-mediated stacking. pH-mediated stacking was initially developed for the separation of cations. In this report, we describe the application of pH-mediated sample stacking to anions. In this method, an electrokinetic injection is used to introduce analyte anions into the CE system and simultaneously replace the sample matrix cations with ammonia from the background electrolyte. Base is then electrokinetically injected to neutralize the sample zone and create a low conductivity region across which the analyte anions will stack. Using this method, a sensitivity enhanceme...
Use of complementary therapies in patients with cardiovascular disease.

Previous studies have suggested that patients with chronic medical conditions use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) at a higher rate than the general population. Despite recent interest in CAM for cardiovascular disease, few data are available regarding patterns of use in patients with cardiovascular disease in the United States. This study used the 2002 National Health Interview Survey and analyzed data on CAM use in 10,572 respondents with cardiovascular disease. Among those with cardiovascular disease, 36% had used CAM (excluding prayer) in the previous 12 months. The most commonly used therapies were herbal products (18%) and mind–body therapies (17%). Among herbs, echinacea, garlic, ginseng, ginkgo biloba, and glucosamine with or without chondroitin were most commonly used. Among mind–body therapies, deep-breathing exercises and meditation were most commonly used. Overall, CAM was used most frequently for musculoskeletal complaints (24% of respondents who used mind–body therapies, 22% who used herbs, 45% who used any CAM). Mind–body therapies were also used for anxiety or depression (23%) and stress or emotional health and wellness (16%). Herbs were commonly used for head and chest colds (22%). Fewer respondents (10%) used CAM specifically for their cardiovascular conditions (5% for hypertension, 2% for coronary disease, 3% for vascular insufficiency,
Effect of tumour necrosis factor on cultured human melanoma cells

CARSWELL et al.1 described a tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in the sera of mice sensitised with BCG and injected with endotoxin. After intravenous injection of this serum into mice bearing a 7-d-old transplant of a tumour originally induced by methylcholanthrene, necrosis of the tumour began within 12–24 h. A similar response was found in mice bearing various other tumours. We have now found that both whole TNF serum and TNF partially purified from mouse serum2 inhibit the growth of a human melanoma cell line.
Fast ATOM Bombardment Mass Spectra of Nucleosides. Comparison with Electron Impact and Chemical Ionization Mass Spectra

Abstract The fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectra of the eight major nucleosides found in RNA and DNA, pseudouridine and 2′,3′-O-isopropylidene adenosine are described and compared to El, CI, and desorption chemical ionization (DCI) spectra reported in the literature or obtained in this laboratory. Bcty, cocltl nun FAB spectra are reported. The FAB spectra are simple and provide unambiguous molecular weight information along with structurally significant fragment ions. Mechanisms of ion formation are thought to closely parallel those suggested earlier to be operating in the CI mode. Advantages and disadvantages of FAB relative to the standard ionization modes are discussed.
Ranking User Influence in Healthcare Social Media

Due to the revolutionary development of Web 2.0 technology, individual users have become major contributors of Web content in online social media. In light of the growing activities, how to measure a user’s influence to other users in online social media becomes increasingly important. This research need is urgent especially in the online healthcare community since positive influence can be beneficial while negative influence may cause-negative impact on other users of the same community. In this article, a research framework was proposed to study user influence within the online healthcare community. We proposed a new approach to incorporate users’ reply relationship, conversation content and response immediacy which capture both explicit and implicit interaction between users to identify influential users of online healthcare community. A weighted social network is developed to represent the influence between users. We tested our proposed techniques thoroughly on two medical support forums. Two algorithms UserRank and Weighted in-degree are benchmarked with PageRank and in-degree. Experiment results demonstrated the validity and effectiveness of our proposed approaches.
Functoriality for the classical groups over function fields

Langlands' functoriality for generic representations from the split classical groups to an appropriate GL N is established. The functorial lift or transfer to GL N is obtained with the help of a converse theorem once the analytic properties of L-functions are studied using the Langlands-Shahidi approach. This paper is mostly devoted to understanding L-functions for the classical groups over a global function field, since the Langlands-Shahidi method has only been developed over number fields. To overcome many difficulties, stability of γ-factors under twists by highly ramified characters is used together with multiplicativity. Finally, by analyzing the image of functoriality, a proof of the Ramanujan conjecture for generic representations is obtained.
Etiology of stroke in Broca's aphasia.

We reviewed clinical and diagnostic data from 36 patients with Broca's aphasia due to stroke who were evaluated at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics between 1982 and 1989. The group consisted of 20 women and 16 men, aged 28-80 (median, 63.5; mean, 57.5). The presumptive cause of cerebral infarction was embolism in 15 patients (42%), atherothrombosis in 9 (25%), undetermined in 9 (25%), and "other" in 3 (8%). The ratios of women to men were 8:7, 3:6, 7:2, and 2:1, respectively. A majority of emboli were of presumed cardiac origin: atrial fibrillation, 7; prosthetic cardiac valve, 3; and recent myocardial infarction, 2. Eight of nine patients with atherothrombotic infarction had complete occlusion of the left internal carotid artery by duplex scan and/or angiography. Our data demonstrate (a) Broca's aphasia is frequently caused by cerebral embolism, (b) carotid occlusion can result in selective infarction of anterior language areas; and (c) women outnumbered men in our Broca's aphasia group. The latter finding is in contrast to a similar study of 38 patients with Wernicke's aphasia due to cerebral infarction studied at our institution, in which men outnumbered women 25 to 13, with most of the difference in the embolic and undetermined groups. Gender differences in types of aphasia might be due to a predilection for middle cerebral artery emboli to result in infarction of anterior language areas in women and posterior language areas in men.
Performance of cesium telluride photocathodes as an electron source for the Los Alamos Advanced FEL

Abstract The Los Alamos Advanced FEL was successfully operated with a Cs 2 Te photocathode driven by a frequency quadrupled Nd:YLF laser as the electron source. Lasing was achieved at 5–6 μm. Cs 2 Te photocathodes with quantum efficiencies of 15–18% at 251 nm were fabricated in an ultrahigh-vacuum chamber and transferred under high vacuum to the FEL. 263 nm light from the drive laser was focused to an 8 mm spot on the center of the photocathode. We estimated the operational lifetime of Cs 2 Te photocathodes to be at least 20 times that for K 2 CsSb photocathodes. We have found that the dark current, emittance of the extracted beam, and amount of charge extracted is sufficient for FEL applications.
Determinants of Military Strategy, 1903–1994: A Quantitative Empirical Test

Military strategy is centrally important to understanding the causes, conduct, and outcomes of war. Several foreign policy theories make predictions as to what military strategies a state will choose. This article presents the first quantitative, empirical tests of hypotheses of strategy choice. Analysis was conducted on a random sample of country-years taken from the population of all countries from the years 1903 to 1994. Military strategy is classified as being either maneuver, attrition, or punishment. Empirical findings reveal that democracies and industrialized states are more likely to choose maneuver strategies, and that a state's own experiences affect the likelihood of it choosing maneuver. Factors found not to affect strategy choice include terrain, the level of external threat, troop quality, whether a state is democratizing, whether a state is a mixed regime, whether a state is a military regime, and vicarious experiences.
Sedimentologic Observation and Stratigraphic Interpretation of the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) Manlius Formation along the Mohawk River Valley in Upstate New York: A Reply

Abstract Observations from nine measured sections through the lower Helderberg Group across upstate New York suggest that component rock units within the Manlius Formation extend laterally over 150 km across upstate New York, the most notable being a meter‐thick zone of microbial bioherms at the base of the formation. Overlying this zone of microbial bioherms is a 5–10‐m‐thick zone of wavy‐ and lenticular‐bedded ribbon rocks that grade up into microbial‐laminated mudstones that are, in turn, overlain by disrupted dolomitic mudstones deposited in playalike supratidal flats. The upper 10–15 m of the Manlius Formation comprises meter‐thick cycles of nodular‐bedded, stromatoporoid‐bearing thin sets that grade up into microbial‐laminated mudstones. Much of this succession of rock types is traceable across nearly the entire basin and strongly suggests that lower beds of the Manlius Formation do not pass laterally westward into, nor are they coeval with, the underlying Rondout Formation. This, in turn, necessita...
Technology as an Electronic Mentor: Scaffolding Preservice Teachers in Writing Effective Literacy Lesson Plans

A marked difference in the quality of reading lesson plans after early childhood education students were required to use the Unit Builder feature in a web-based productivity tool (TaskStream) prompted the design of a study to measure significant changes. A rubric was created that meshed the qualities of effective teachers of literacy and the elements of an effective lesson plan. Two researchers independently evaluated 32 lesson plans. Statistically significant differences in quality were found across all nine measures of effectiveness. It was concluded that technology, as a cognitive tool, positively scaffolded students as they learned about lesson planning in a content area and increased the effectiveness of their literacy plans.
Artificially Incubated Eggs

I HAVE been repeatedly informed by poultry-growers and market-men that hens raised from artificially incubated eggs were much less fertile than those produced in the natural way. My information has been derived from persons who did not even know each other. It occurs to me that if true it is a curious matter and worthy of some attention.
Charge-neutral morpholino microarrays for nucleic acid analysis

A principal challenge in microarray experiments is to facilitate hybridization between probe strands on the array with complementary target strands from solution while suppressing any competing interactions that the probes and targets may experience. Synthetic DNA analogs, whose hybridization to targets can exhibit qualitatively different dependence on experimental conditions than for nucleic acid probes, open up an attractive alternative for improving selectivity of array hybridization. Morpholinos (MOs), a class of uncharged DNA analogs, are investigated as microarray probes instead of DNA. MO microarrays were fabricated by contact printing of amino-modified probes onto aldehyde slides. In addition to covalent immobilization, MOs were found to efficiently immobilize through physical adsorption; such physically adsorbed probes could be removed by post-printing washes with surfactant solutions. Hybridization of double-stranded DNA targets to MO microarrays revealed a hybridization maximum at intermediate ionic strengths. The decline in hybridization at lower ionic strengths was attributed to an electrostatic barrier accumulated from hybridized DNA targets, whereas at higher ionic strengths it was attributed to stabilization of target secondary structure in solution. These trends, which illustrate ionic strength tuning of forming on-array relative to solution secondary structure, were supported by a stability analysis of MO/DNA and DNA/DNA duplexes in solution.
Simulating the performance of fixed-bed granular activated carbon adsorbers: Removal of synthetic organic chemicals in the presence of background organic matter

Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption is an effective treatment technology for the removal of synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs) from drinking water supplies. This treatment process can be expensive if not properly designed. Application of mathematical models is an attractive method to evaluate the impact of process variables on process design and performance. Practical guidelines were developed to select an appropriate model framework and to estimate site-specific model parameters to predict GAC adsorber performance. Pilot plant and field-scale data from 11 different studies were utilized to investigate the effectiveness of this approach in predicting adsorber performance in the presence of background organic batter (BOM). These data represent surface and ground water sources from four different countries. The modeling approach was able to adequately describe fixed-bed adsorber performance for the purpose of determining the carbon usage rate and process design variables. This approach is more accurate at predicting bed life in the presence of BOM than the current methods commonly used by practicing engineers.
Reply to “Spreadsheet Enhancement to Calculating the pI of Proteins”

This reply to Richard Sisinger’s letter confirms the usefulness of the suggested enhancement.
Introduction: The Major Histocompatibility Complex as a Communication Gene Complex

Abstract DISCUSSION The following papers review the diversity of known influences of the avian major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on a variety of biological parameters. As such, they will contribute to our understanding of the impact of this gene complex on avian species that are used both as animal models and as a food source of increasing agricultural significance. This introduction to the symposium papers will consider the MHC in a broad phylogenetic setting to provide an appropriate foundation for subsequent consideration of the avian MHC. Evidence from a variety of species suggests that the overall function of the MHC is that of communication and surveillance (Doherty and Zinkernagel, 1975). Communication events controlled by the MHC occur at multiple levels and can be divided into at least three categories: 1) molecular interactions usually at the level of the cell surface, 2) cellular cooperation in executing an immune response, and 3) organismal identity. In . . .
Bringing Down the Island: Rebellion, Colonial Hierarchy, and Individualized Leadership in Nuñez's novel Prospero's Daughter

"Bringing Down the Island: Rebellion, Colonial Hierarchy, and Individualized Leadership in Nunez's novel Prospero's Daughter" offers an analysis of Elizabeth Nunez's (2006) novel Prospero's Daughter and Aime Cesaire's A Tempest (1969), both of which draw upon multicultural tradition of European and Caribbean literatures, retelling Shakespeare's The Tempest (1611). The paper is concerned with the ways in which leadership has been transformed from the original story, through Cesaire's text, and into Nunez's. Each work acts as an agent of leadership in literary and social terms, attempting to enact paradigmatic shifts away from hierarchy and classification and toward individualized transformational leadership.
Examining the many dimensions of children’s popularity Interactions between aggression, prosocial behaviors, and gender

Using peer nomination data, this study explored predictors of popularity among 144 third- through eighth-grade students in a diverse urban school. Findings demonstrated that children were more likely to be nominated as popular by peers when they exhibited higher levels of prosocial behavior or aggression. Furthermore, a significant interaction between prosocial behavior and aggression predicted popularity. Children with high levels of peer-nominated aggression were more likely to be viewed as popular when they were also nominated by their peers for engaging in high levels of prosocial behavior. Lastly, findings suggested that the positive association between prosocial behavior and popularity was stronger for girls than boys. Implications and areas for future research are discussed.
Jöreskog, Karl Gustav (b. 1935)

Karl G. Joreskog (b. 1935) has enjoyed a long and distinguished career as a behavioral science statistician. He is best known for his creation (along with Dag Sorbom) of the LISREL computer program for data analysis for linear structural equation models (SEM). He has done much more. He has taught generations of social and behavioral scientists how to apply this approach to their own SEM problems, and this has changed the way many of us think about multivariate analysis. Keywords: statistical methods in psychology; testing in psychology; systems and networks
Development of Concept-Based Physiology Lessons for Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Students.

Physiology is a core requirement in the undergraduate biomedical engineering curriculum. In one or two introductory physiology courses, engineering students must learn physiology sufficiently to support learning in their subsequent engineering courses and careers. As preparation for future learning, physiology instruction centered on concepts may help engineering students to further develop their physiology and biomedical engineering knowledge. Following the Backward Design instructional model, a series of seven concept-based lessons was developed for undergraduate engineering students. These online lessons were created as prerequisite physiology training to prepare students to engage in a collaborative engineering challenge activity. This work is presented as an example of how to convert standard, organ system-based physiology content into concept-based content lessons.
Role Definition and Confidentiality in the Drug Treatment Process

This national survey found that responses to confidentiality boundaries were determined by role definition. The extent to which confidentiality was viewed as a necessity depended upon the job that the individual held. Those individuals dealing with the drug abuser from an apprehension and corrections standpoint tended to see confidentiality in a limited sense, feeling that it pertained only to background material and medical records. Those in counseling positions saw confidentiality in much broader terms, in both its scope of protection and importance to the counseling situation.
Propolis and its Active Component, Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE), Modulate Breast Cancer Therapeutic Targets via an Epigenetically Mediated Mechanism of Action.

Alternative remedies for cancer treatment is a multi-billion dollar industry. In particular, breast cancer (BC) patients use alternative and natural remedies more frequently than patients with other malignancies. Propolis is an example of a honeybee-produced naturopathic formulation, contents of which differ by geographic location. It is readily available, affordable, and in use safely since ancient times globally. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a major active component in propolis and is thought to be responsible for its varied properties, including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer. CAPE is effective in many models of human cancer, including BC as we have previously shown. CAPE affects genes associated with tumor cell growth and survival, angiogenesis and chemoresistance. We demonstrate that these are related in part to CAPE’s role as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, a class of drugs designated as epigenetic agents that modulate the activities of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. CAPE and propolis, cause an accumulation of acetylated histone proteins in MCF-7 (ER+) and MDA-MB-231 (ER-/PR-/Her2-) cells with associated decreases in ER and PR in MCF-7 cells, and upregulation of ER and decrease in EGFR in MDA-231 cells. In addition, these products reduced activated phosphorylated Her 2 protein in SKBR3 (Her 2 +) cells. Interestingly, propolis, when normalized for CAPE content, appears to be more potent than CAPE alone similarly to the greater effects of complete foods than isolated components. These data provide a potential mechanistic basis for one of the oldest naturopathic agents used in medicine and cancer treatment.
Broadband auditory stream segregation by hearing-impaired and normal-hearing listeners.

Purpose To investigate the effects of hearing loss on auditory stream segregation of broadband inharmonic sounds. Method Auditory stream segregation by listeners with normal and impaired hearing wa...
Within-child associations between family income and externalizing and internalizing problems.

Within-child associations between family income and child externalizing and internalizing problems were examined using longitudinal data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (2004a, 2004b; N 1,132). Variations in income effects were estimated as a function of whether families were poor, whether mothers were partnered, and the number of hours mothers and their partners were employed. On average, children had fewer externalizing problems during times when their families’ incomes were relatively high than during times when their families’ incomes were relatively low; the estimated benefits of increased income were greatest for children who were chronically poor. For both externalizing and internalizing problems, income was most strongly associated with problems when chronically poor children’s mothers were partnered and employed.
Profile-Based Dynamic Voltage Scheduling Using Program Checkpoints

Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) is a known effective mechanism for reducing CPU energy consumption without significant performance degradation. While a lot of work has been done on inter-task scheduling algorithms to implement DVS under operating system control, new research challenges exist in intra-task DVS techniques under software and compiler control. In this paper we introduce a novel intra-task DVS technique under compiler control using program checkpoints. Checkpoints are generated at compile time and indicate places in the code where the processor speed and voltage should be re-calculated. Checkpoints also carry user-defined time constraints. Our technique handles multiple intra-task performance deadlines and modulates power consumption according to a run-time power budget. We experimented with two heuristics for adjusting the clock frequency and voltage. For the particular benchmark studied, one heuristic yielded 63% more energy savings than the other. With the best of the heuristics we designed, our technique resulted in 82% energy savings over the execution of the program without employing DVS.
Mineralocorticoid Escape by the Kidney But Not the Heart in Experimental Asymptomatic Left Ventricular Dysfunction

Unlike healthy subjects, overt congestive heart failure cannot "escape" the sodium- and water-retaining actions of mineralocorticoid excess. It is undefined whether escape occurs in asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction (ALVD), which is characterized by preserved sodium homeostasis, natriuretic peptide activation, and normal circulating aldosterone. We hypothesized that, in ALVD, mineralocorticoid excess with exogenous deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) would overwhelm renal compensatory mechanisms, resulting in sodium and water retention, and promote renal and cardiac collagen deposition. ALVD was induced in 2 groups (N5 each) of dogs by tachypacing at 180 bpm. Urine was collected daily and blood drawn at baseline and days 2, 5, 8, and 11. One group served as control (ALVD), and the other received DOCA (ALVDDOCA) starting at day 2 of pacing. Urine flow and sodium excretion were unchanged in the ALVD group. In ALVDDOCA, urine flow and sodium excretion decreased on the first 2 days DOCA was given but normalized starting day 4. Urine flow and urinary cGMP excretion increased in ALVDDOCA after DOCA escape. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide, B-type natriuretic peptide, and cGMP increased equally in both groups. There were no differences in cardiorenal and hemodynamic parameters in an acute study on day 11. Although renal collagen area fraction was similar, left ventricular collagen area fraction in ALVDDOCA was significantly higher than in ALVD (3.30.4% versus 2.00.2%; P0.012). We conclude that ALVD can escape the sodium- and water-retaining effects of mineralocorticoid excess. Despite renal escape, increased left ventricular collagen deposition suggests that the heart but not the kidney failed to escape the tissue effects of DOCA. (Hypertension. 2007;50:481-488.)
Ngarrindjeri Wurruwarrin: A World That is, Was, and Will Be

Ngarrindjeri Wurruwarrin:. World That Is, Was, and Will Be. Diane Bell. North Melbourne: Spinifex Press, 1998. + 688 pp., photographs, maps, notes, chronology, bibliography, permissions, index.
Bounding the spectrum of large Hermitian matrices

Abstract Estimating upper bounds of the spectrum of large Hermitian matrices has long been a problem with both theoretical and practical significance. Algorithms that can compute tight upper bounds with minimum computational cost will have applications in a variety of areas. We present a practical algorithm that exploits k -step Lanczos iteration with a safeguard step. The k is generally very small, say 5–8, regardless of the large dimension of the matrices. This makes the Lanczos iteration economical. The safeguard step can be realized with marginal cost by utilizing the theoretical bounds developed in this paper. The bounds establish the theoretical validity of a previous bound estimator that has been successfully used in various applications. Moreover, we improve the bound estimator which can now provide tighter upper bounds with negligible additional cost.
Patterns of Male Breeding Color Variation Differ across Species, Populations, and Body Size in Rainbow and Orangethroat Darters

Sexually dimorphic coloration has been widely suggested to play a role in sexual selection and speciation. Animal colors can originate from several different biochemical pathways, which may underlie different patterns of selection and diversification. Darters of the speciose genus Etheostoma exhibit substantial diversity in male breeding coloration. We used digital photography and image software to comprehensively quantify male coloration in the Rainbow Darter (Etheostoma caeruleum) and the Orangethroat Darter (E. spectabile). Color traits differed across species, populations, and body sizes, with size differences contributing the most to individual color variation. The bluish colors were overall more strongly correlated with size than the reddish colors. Conversely, the reddish colors tended to be less correlated with size and better indicators of species and population identity. Finally, we determined that the bluish colored tissue contained a chromoprotein pigment, and that the reddish colored tissue c...