cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes of photorespiratory activity with leaf age

We have discovered that younger leaves do not exhibit the same large increase in photosynthesis as do older ones when the oxygen tension is lowered. This phenomenon was observed in various tobacco and citrus species and indicated less photo-respiration in young leaves. Activities of glycolate oxidase and of glyoxylate reductase were found to be significantly lower in younger leaves than in more mature ones from the same plant. Assays of glycolate content revealed the same trend. Levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase were only slightly higher in the younger leaves. This finding lessens the possibility of differing enzymatic pathways for CO(2) fixation. It is concluded that the small photorespiratory activity of young leaves can be attributed to a lower activity of the photorespiratory enzymes and perhaps also to a slightly higher rate of internal recycling of CO(2).
Nonlinear time series models for multivariable dynamic processes

Abstract Several paradigms are available for developing nonlinear dynamic input-output models of processes. Polynomial models, threshold models, models based on spline functions, and polynomial models with exponential and trigonometric functions can describe various types of nonlinearities and pathological behavior observed in many physical processes. A unified nonlinear model development framework is not available, and the search of the appropriate nonlinear structure is part of the model development effort. Various artificial neural network structures and nonlinear time series model structures are presented and illustrated by developing a model from data sets generated by a series of example systems. The use of a nonlinear model development paradigm which is not compatible with the types of nonlinearities that exist in the data can have a significant effect on model development effort and model accuracy.
Whole Trait Theory

Personality researchers should modify models of traits to include mechanisms of differential reaction to situations. Whole Trait Theory does so via five main points. First, the descriptive side of traits can be conceptualized as density distributions of states. Second, it is important to provide an explanatory account of the Big 5 traits. Third, adding an explanatory account to the Big 5 creates two parts to traits, an explanatory part and a descriptive part, and these two parts can be recognized as separate entities that are joined into whole traits. Fourth, Whole Trait Theory proposes that the explanatory side of traits consists of social-cognitive mechanisms. Fifth, social-cognitive mechanisms that produce Big-5 states should be identified.
Sensitivity of the kurtosis statistic as a detector of pulsed sinusoidal radio frequency interfer

Radio frequency interference (RFI) from anthropogenic sources in microwave radiometers detecting geophysical parameters is both common and insidious. As this RFI is always additive to the brightness, the presence of undetected RFI can bias the geophysical parameter retrieval. As radiometers have the most sensitive receivers operating in their band, low levels of RFI are both significant and difficult to identify. The kurtosis statistic is a tool being explored as a means of detecting low level RFI in microwave receivers. The performance of the kurtosis statistic as a detector of RFI is introduced.
HDAC inhibitors regulate claudin-1 expression in colon cancer cells through modulation of mRNA stability

Expression and cellular distribution of claudin-1, a tight junction protein, is dysregulated in colon cancer and its overexpression in colon cancer cells induced dedifferentiation and increased invasion. However, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying dysregulated claudin-1 expression in colon cancer remains poorly understood. Histone deacetylase (HDAC)-dependent histone acetylation is an important mechanism of the regulation of cancer-related genes and inhibition of HDACs induces epithelial differentiation and decreased invasion. Therefore, in this study, we examined the role of HDAC-dependent epigenetic regulation of claudin-1 in colon cancer. In this study, we show that sodium butyrate and Trichostatin A (TSA), two structurally different and widely used HDAC inhibitors, inhibited claudin-1 expression in multiple colon cancer cell lines. Further studies revealed modulation of claudin-1 mRNA stability by its 3'-UTR as the major mechanism underlying HDAC-dependent claudin-1 expression. In addition, overexpression of claudin-1 abrogated the TSA-induced inhibition of invasion in colon cancer cells suggesting functional crosstalk. Analysis of mRNA expression in colon cancer patients, showed a similar pattern of increase in claudin-1 and HDAC-2 mRNA expression throughout all stages of colon cancer. Inhibition of claudin-1 expression by HDAC-2-specific small interfering RNA further supported the role of HDAC-2 in this regulation. Taken together, we report a novel post-transcriptional regulation of claudin-1 expression in colon cancer cells and further show a functional correlation between claudin-1 expression and TSA-mediated regulation of invasion. As HDAC inhibitors are considered to be promising anticancer drugs, these new findings will have implications in both laboratory and clinical settings.
Temporal changes in a complex spectral profile.

The spectral properties of a complex stimulus (rippled noise) were varied over time, and listeners were asked to discriminate between this stimulus and a flat‐spectrum, stationary noise. The spacing between the spectral peaks of rippled noise was changed sinusoidally as a function of time, or the location of the spectral peaks of rippled noise was moved up and down the spectrum as a sinusoidal function of time. In most conditions, listeners were able to make the discriminations up to rates of temporal modulation of 5–10 cycles per second. Beyond 5–10 cps the rippled noise with the temporally varying peaks was indiscriminable from a flat (nonrippled) noise. The results suggest that for temporal changes in the spectral peaks of rippled noise, listeners cannot monitor the output of a single (or small number of) auditory channel(s) (critical bands), or that the mechanism used to extract the perceptual information from these stimuli is slow. Temporal variations in the spectral properties of rippled noise may relate to temporal changes in the repetition pitch of complex sounds, the temporal properties of the coloration added to sound in a reverberant environment, and the nature of spectral peak changes such as those that occur in speech‐formant transitions. The results are relevant to the general issue of the auditory system’s ability to extract information from a complex spectral profile.
Comparison of pharmacokinetics and safety of pegfilgrastim administered by two delivery methods: on-body injector and manual injection with a prefilled syringe

For patients with clinically significant risk of febrile neutropenia, pegfilgrastim administration should occur the day after myelosuppressive chemotherapy; however, a variety of factors may preclude patients from returning to the clinic the next day for pegfilgrastim administration, necessitating other strategies. This study compared the pharmacokinetics and safety of pegfilgrastim administered via an on-body injector applied to the subject’s skin versus manual injection using a prefilled syringe. Healthy subjects aged 18–50 years were randomized 1:1 to receive a single 6-mg subcutaneous pegfilgrastim dose from an on-body injector or a prefilled syringe. Blood for pharmacokinetic measurements was collected at baseline and prespecified time points after pegfilgrastim administration; safety was assessed throughout the 6-week study. Primary endpoints were maximum concentration (C max) and area under the concentration curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC0–inf). Secondary endpoints included safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity. Pegfilgrastim mean AUC0–inf values for the on-body injector (n = 125) and manual injection (n = 128) were 10,900 and 11,100 h ng/mL, respectively; mean C max values were 248 and 262 ng/mL, respectively. The least squares geometric mean ratios were 0.97 for C max and 1.00 for AUC0–inf; the corresponding 90 % CIs were within the prespecified range (0.80–1.25), indicating comparable pegfilgrastim pharmacokinetics between delivery methods. Treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) were similar between groups (injector, 86 %; manual, 85 %). Injector- or syringe-related AEs were more prevalent with the injector (13 %; manual, 4 %); none were serious. No pegfilgrastim-neutralizing antibodies were detected. Pegfilgrastim pharmacokinetics and safety were comparable between the on-body injector and manual injection groups.
Automated determination of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in human erythrocytes☆

Abstract An automated assay for the estimation of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in human erythrocytes has been devised. The present design allows the performance of thirteen analyses per hour. Samples are hemolysed by saponin in the flow system. Lateral interaction between consecutive samples is negligible and repeatability of analysis is excellent. The analytical values of the automated and manual procedures correlate strongly. In randomly selected, hospitalized patients the mean value of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity is significantly lower than that found in a normal population.
Comparative 32P-postlabeling analysis of exogenous and endogenous DNA adducts in mouse skin exposed to a wood-preserving waste extract, a complex mixture of polycyclic and polychlorinated chemicals

Wood preserving waste (WPW) sites contain numerous toxic compounds, including phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, and dibenzofurans. Previous in vitro and in vivo 32 P-postlabeling studies showed the induction of multiple carcinogen-DNA adducts by WPW extracts. We now have tested the hypothesis in a mouse skin bioassay that a WPW extract not only causes the formation of exogenous, xenobiotic-derived DNA adducts, but also alters the levels of endogenous DNA modifications. Skin DNA of female ICR mice treated topically with an organic WPW extract was found by 32 P-postlabeling to contain significantly increased levels of bulky oxidative DNA lesions (type II I-compounds), in addition to exogenous PAH-derived adducts. The mechanism of this increase is postulated to proceed through electrophilic quinoid compounds, which presumably were formed from phenols by chemical reactions of waste material or biologically by oxidative metabolism. On the other hand, the levels of another class of endogenous DNA adducts (type II-compounds) were reduced significantly in exposed skin DNA. This effect was explained by the presence of cytochrome P450 inducers in the extract. All three types of DNA alterations observed may play a significant role in carcinogenesis. Our results imply that in addition to exogenous carcinogen-DNA adducts, alterations of endogenous DNA modifications may need to be considered in evaluating carcinogenic risk from toxic chemical wastes and the effects of remediation measures.
A National Survey Reveals Public Skepticism About Research-Based Treatment Guidelines

Using research to develop treatment guidelines is one way to lower medical costs and improve care. However, findings from a national survey show that the public is skeptical about this approach. Specifically, the public finds arguments against establishing research-based treatment guidelines more convincing than arguments in favor of it. Our findings suggest that for evidence-based treatment guidelines to win public acceptance, the public needs to be reassured that guidelines would not lead to the limiting of access to beneficial care.
The 1,2,4-triazolyl cation: thermolytic and photolytic studies.

The generation of the 1,2,4-triazolyl cation (1) has been attempted by the thermolysis and photolysis of 1-(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate (2) and the thermolysis of 1- and 4-diazonium-1,2,4-triazoles, using mainly mesitylene as the trapping agent. Thermolysis of 2 gave mostly 1,2,4-triazole, together with 3-(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, 4-(1,2,4-triazol-4-ylmethyl)-2,6-dimethylpyridine, and 4-(2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl)-2,6-dimethylpyridine. Thermolysis of each of the diazonium salts in the presence of mesitylene again gave mainly triazole together with very low yields of 1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene and the corresponding -4-yl isomer in about the same ratio. On the other hand, photolysis of 2 in mesitylene gave mainly 1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene. A photoinduced electron transfer from mesitylene to 2 has been observed and preliminary laser flash photolyses of 2 and the corresponding 2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium salt have been ca...
Sex Differences in Patterns of Association Among Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphins

Patterns of association among bottlenose dolphins resident in Shark Bay, Western Australia were analyzed using party membership data. Parties contained an average of 4.8 individuals, but party size and composition were unstable. While these temporary parties often contained both males and females, long term consistent associations generally were between members of the same sex. The highest association coefficients, resulting from very frequent co-occurrence within parties were between males and between mothers and offspring. Males formed subgroups of two or three individuals who consistently associated with each other, and these were stable over periods of at least seven years in some cases. Male subgroups preferentially associated with particular other male subgroups. Females associated most consistently with other females, although not to the same extent as some males. Female associations were better described as a network rather than discrete subgroups. Male-female associations were generally inconsistent and depended in part on female reproductive state. Mothers and their offspring associated very consistently for at least 4 years.
Cardinality-constrained texture filtering

We present a method to create high-quality sampling filters by combining a prescribed number of texels from several resolutions in a mipmap. Our technique provides fine control over the number of texels we read per texture sample so that we can scale quality to match a memory bandwidth budget. Our method also has a fixed cost regardless of the filter we approximate, which makes it feasible to approximate higher-quality filters such as a Lanczos 2 filter in real-time rendering. To find the best set of texels to represent a given sampling filter and what weights to assign those texels, we perform a cardinality-constrained least-squares optimization of the most likely candidate solutions and encode the results of the optimization in a small table that is easily stored on the GPU. We present results that show we accurately reproduce filters using few texel reads and that both quality and speed scale smoothly with available bandwidth. When using four or more texels per sample, our image quality exceeds that of trilinear interpolation.
Cortical centralspindlin and Gα have parallel roles in furrow initiation in early C. elegans embryos

Evidence from various systems suggests that either asters or the midzone of the mitotic spindle are the predominant determinants of cleavage plane position. Disrupting spindle midzone formation in the one-cell Caenorhabditis elegans embryo, such as by using mutants of the centralspindlin component ZEN-4, prevents completion of cytokinesis but does not inhibit furrowing. However, furrowing is inhibited by the simultaneous depletion of ZEN-4 with either PAR-2 or Gα, which are required for asymmetric divisions. Through studies of other genes required for the presence of an intact spindle midzone containing microtubule bundles, we found that furrowing failed in the absence of PAR-2 or Gα only when centralspindlin was absent from the furrow. We also found spindle length or microtubule distribution did not correlate with furrow initiation. We propose that centralspindlin acts redundantly with Gα to regulate furrow initiation.
Democracy and Bureaucracy

Henry Richardson is mainly concerned in this book with reconciling the ideals of democracy with the needs of the modern state. This is a problem that has dogged political scientists and economists for over a century and philosophers have begun to take up the issue in the last decade. Richardson is one of the thinkers spearheading this new development and his book offers a highly sophisticated and valuable contribution to this discussion. The basic problem is fairly easy to lay out. The underlying rationale for democracy is that it is a way of treating citizens as free and equal under the circumstances of disagreement about substantive policy issues. Citizens disagree on what justice requires, what the common good is, and many other issues including how to balance the weights of the different considerations that ground law and policy. When citizens disagree in these ways it is important to make decisions in ways that treats each citizen with equal respect. This suggests that we ought to make collective decisions in such a way that citizens have an equal say in the decision making. Hence, each person is entitled to a vote, to equal opportunities to participate in discussion, and decisions must be made by some majoritarian process. These forms of democratic equality are necessary to the realization of the freedom and equality of citizens. The trouble is that the modern state requires for its proper functioning that there be a highly specialized division of labor in the process of decision making. The time, information and resources needed to make reasonable decisions about environmental, employment, fiscal and monetary policy (to name just a few) are immense. The need for a division of labor, however, involves the need for specialists making decisions about policy. Those in the bureaucracy will have to make controversial decisions because the legislature can at best make fairly vague and general legislative directives to be carried out by the bureaucracy and the bureaucracy will be left with the task of making these vague directives more specific. This task will inevitably involve the bureaucracy in the job of deciding on some of the ends that are to be achieved by the government. Hence, the system seems to be set up in a way that those in the bureaucracy have more power than other citizens to make decisions on con-
The evaluation of problem solving in science

As more emphasis is placed on teaching “problem solving” in science rather than the recall of specific information, problems of evaluation become more complex. Dr. Butts describes a “tab” test which may afford us a more valid measure of this complex behavior.
Realistic implementation of chiral magnetic wave in heavy ion collisions

A chiral magnetic wave (CMW) is a gapless collective excitation of chiral charges along the direction of magnetic field in the quark-gluon plasma that arises from the triangle anomaly of QCD. We perform a reliable study of the CMW in a realistic simulation of heavy ion collisions, and find that the CMW contributions to the charge-dependent elliptic flow of pions, $\ensuremath{\Delta}{v}_{2}\ensuremath{\equiv}{v}_{2}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}})\ensuremath{-}{v}_{2}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+})$, linearly depending on the net charge asymmetry ${A}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\equiv}({N}_{+}\ensuremath{-}{N}_{\ensuremath{-}})/({N}_{+}+{N}_{\ensuremath{-}})$ with a positive slope $r$, is comparable to the recent experimental results from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). We identify a ``freeze-out hole effect,'' which is a direct consequence of the propagation of the CMW during the realistic evolution of the fireball, as the dominant physics effect responsible for a sizable contribution from the CMW to the slope parameter $r$, and emphasize that a proper treatment of the freeze-out condition is crucial in any reliable computation of the CMW contribution to the slope parameter $r$. We also implement a chiral phase transition effect in our study, which illustrates the sensitivity of the results to chiral phase transition temperature, and suggest that the CMW can be an important probe of the QCD chiral phase transition. Our results on the impact parameter dependence compare well with the RHIC experiments. We also give predictions for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energy.
Henoch-Schönlein Syndrome Unusual Manifestations With Hydrops of the Gallbladder

Henoch-Schonlein Syndrome (HSS) is characterized by the presence of purpuric skin lesions, colicky abdominal pain, renal manifestations, and arthritis. We report a case complicated by several unusual manifestations, including hydrops of the gallbladder and extreme thrombocytosis. Gallbladder hydrops has been known to occur in association with several conditions including Kawasaki syndrome, scarlet fever, and leptospirosis, but no previous report of this occurring in a patient with HSS could be found. The hydrops in our patient resolved spontaneously without specific medical or surgical treatment.
Immunohistochemical evaluation of interface membranes from failed cemented and uncemented acetabular components.

Aseptic loosening of acetabular components is a primary factor compromising the long-term outcome of cemented and cementless total hip replacement. It is unknown whether the pathogenesis of the loosening process is identical for both types of fixation. The specific aim of this study was to determine whether there is a difference in the cellular and cytokine profiles of interface membranes removed from between the implant and the host bone from failed cemented (n = 5) and failed cementless acetabulae (n = 5). Routine histology and immunohistochemical evaluations were completed on each tissue specimen. The monoclonal antibodies used included those specific for cell types (macrophages, fibroblasts, T lymphocytes) and for cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α). The patients were all revised for loosening. The time to revision was significantly longer for the cemented group (16.6 yr; 13–21 range) than for the cementless group (8.9 yr; 4–13 range). In all cases, slides from each group stained positively for each of the cell types and cytokines evaluated. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated a predominance of macrophages and ubiquitous staining for the cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α within the membranes of both patient groups. The intensities of cytokine staining were similar for both patient groups. More regions of fibroblastic connective tissue were observed surrounding failed cementless components as compared to those of the cemented group. The clinical ramification of our findings is that, despite differences in the cellular composition of the periprosthetic membranes, the membranes from failed cemented and cementless implants contain cytokines, which have been shown to be capable of modulating the inflammatory response. These inflammatory mediators are likely to play a significant role in the development of osteolysis and prosthetic loosening. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 48: 889–898, 1999
Does the Welfare State Induce Risk-Taking?

Abstract In cross-national data on individual and country-level characteristics, the variance of log annual income is shown to correlate positively with indicators of redistribution. The database comes from the Panel Comparability (PACO) project, which provides uniquely comparable cross-national panel data, including both Eastern and Western Europe and the US. A random effects permanent income regression is used to estimate income variance. The variance estimates are then regressed on individual and country characteristics. The results indicate robustly that various measures of risk are higher in countries with a higher share of social spending in GDP. The evidence can be interpreted as support for the argument that the Welfare State encourages risk-taking and thereby economic growth.
Erratum to: Improved accuracy benchmarks of small molecules using correlation consistent basis sets

In the original publication of the article an incorrect conversion factor was used to convert the enthalpy of formation for CN (2Σ+) at 0 K to 298.15 K. The error appeared in Table 7. The correct ΔHf(298 K) should be 105.08 ± 0.16 kcal/mol (439.65 ± 0.04 kJ/mol). This compares to an Active Thermochemical Tables value of 105.16 ± 0.03 kcal/mol (440.001 ± 0.145 kJ/mol). The authors would like to thank Dr. John Simmie from the National University of Ireland for making us aware of the problem.
A stochastic computer model for heating and cooling loads

The authors review the concept of demand-side management, particularly in regard to utility intervention into the setpoint adjustment of customers' thermostats for heating and/or cooling loads. As part of a larger effort to develop a large simulation to evaluate performance of various management strategies, they have created a simple, realistic, easily implementable model for the temperature of a house having a heater/air-conditioner which is regulated by a thermostat and operates in an environment that contains random elements. Two models previously given in the literature are reviewed before giving the details of the model, the feature of which is that it is a stochastic model operating in discrete time. Computer results show good agreement with basic physical principles, and suggest that the probability distributions of on-time and off-time are negative binomial. It is concluded that this model will provide a useful tool in the evaluation of load-management strategies. >
Body Fat and Breast Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Women: A Longitudinal Study

Associations between anthropometric indices of obesity and breast cancer risk may fail to capture the true relationship between excess body fat and risk. We used dual-energy-X-ray-absorptiometry- (DXA-) derived measures of body fat obtained in the Women’s Health Initiative to examine the association between body fat and breast cancer risk; we compared these risk estimates with those for conventional anthropometric measurements. The study included 10,960 postmenopausal women aged 50–79 years at recruitment, with baseline DXA measurements and no history of breast cancer. During followup (median: 12.9 years), 503 incident breast cancer cases were diagnosed. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. All baseline DXA-derived body fat measures showed strong positive associations with breast cancer risk. The multivariable-adjusted HR for the uppermost quintile level (versus lowest) ranged from 1.53 (95% CI 1.14–2.07) for fat mass of the right leg to 2.05 (1.50–2.79) for fat mass of the trunk. Anthropometric indices (categorized by quintiles) of obesity (BMI (1.97, 1.45–2.68), waist circumference (1.97, 1.46–2.65), and waist : hip ratio (1.91, 1.41–2.58)) were all strongly, positively associated with risk and did not differ from DXA-derived measures in prediction of risk.
Problem-solving ability and comorbid personality disorders in depressed outpatients.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with poor problem-solving abilities. In addition, certain personality disorders (PDs) that are common among patients with MDD are also associated with limited problem-solving skills. Attempts to understand the relationship between PDs and problem solving can be complicated by the presence of acute MDD. Our objective in this study was to investigate the relationships between PDs, problem-solving skills, and response to treatment among outpatients with MDD. We enrolled 312 outpatients with MDD in an open, fixed-dose, 8-week fluoxetine trial. PD diagnoses were ascertained via structured clinical interview before and after fluoxetine treatment. Subjects completed the Problem-Solving Inventory (PSI) at both time points. We used analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) to assess relationships between PD diagnoses and PSI scores prior to treatment. Subjects were divided into three groups: those with PD diagnoses that remained stable after fluoxetine treatment (N=91), those who no longer met PD criteria after fluoxetine treatment (N=119), and those who did not meet criteria for a PD at any time point in the study (N=95). We used multiple χ2 analyses to compare rates of MDD response and remission between the three PD groups. ANCOVA was also used to compare posttreatment PSI scores between PD groups. Prior to fluoxetine treatment, patients with avoidant, dependent, narcissistic, and borderline PDs reported significantly worse problem-solving ability than did patients without any PDs. Only subjects with dependent PD remained associated with poorer baseline problem-solving reports after the effects of baseline depression severity were controlled. Patients with stable PD diagnoses had significantly lower rates of MDD remission. Across PD groups, problem solving improved as MDD improved. No significant differences in posttreatment problem-solving were found between PD groups after controlling for baseline depression severity, baseline PSI score, and response to treatment. Treatment with fluoxetine is less likely to lead to remission of MDD in patients with stable PDs. More study is needed to investigate causal links between PDs, problem solving, and MDD treatment response. Depression and Anxiety 23:496–501, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multiscale Modeling of Nano Tube Based Composites and Devices

Due to their unique structural, mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties [1], carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been proposed as ideal fibers for manufacturing the next generation of composite materials [2] with mechanical and thermal management applications. In addition, it has been demonstrated that CNT-based devices exhibit some interesting and unique characteristics, including a high oscillation frequency [3].
Disseminated Adenovirus Disease in Immunocompromised and Immunocompetent Children

A retrospective review of adenovirus infections at Texas Children's Hospital during 1990-1996 was performed to evaluate the epidemiology, clinical course, management, and outcome of disseminated adenovirus disease (DAD) in children. DAD with multiorgan involvement occurred in 11 (2.5%) of 440 adenovirus-infected patients. Six (54%) of the 11 were immunocompromised and 5 (45%) were immunocompetent. Mortality was 83% among the immunodeficient, 60% in the immunocompetent, and 73% overall. Two (28%) of the 7 patients receiving immunoglobulins with or without antivirals and 3 (75%) of the 4 not treated died of DAD. DAD was caused by particular serotypes (3, 5, and 7) and occurred at a younger age in immunocompetent children. Viremia and prolonged viral excretion were more common in the immunocompromised. Clinical features and outcome were similar in both groups. Prospective studies addressing the use of new antiviral agents, combination antiviral therapy, and preventive strategies are necessary to determine the optimal therapeutic approach for patients with DAD.
Pre-Diagnostic Leukocyte Genomic DNA Methylation and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Women

Background Abnormal one-carbon metabolism may lead to general genomic (global) hypomethylation, which may predispose an individual to the development of colorectal neoplasia.
A Dynamic Slack Management Technique for Real-Time Distributed Embedded Systems

This work presents a novel slack management technique, the service-rate-proportionate (SRP) slack distribution, for real-time distributed embedded systems to reduce energy consumption. The proposed SRP-based slack distribution technique has been considered with EDF and rate-based scheduling schemes that are most commonly used with embedded systems. A fault-tolerant mechanism has also been incorporated into the proposed technique in order to utilize the available dynamic slack to maintain checkpoints and provide for rollbacks on faults. Results show that, in comparison to contemporary techniques, the proposed SRP slack distribution technique achieves about 29 percent more performance/overhead improvement benefits when validated with random and real-world benchmarks.
Recent exposure to antimicrobials and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: the role of antimicrobial stewardship.

background. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are rapidly emerging worldwide. Control group selection is critically important when analyzing predictors of antimicrobial resistance. Focusing on modifiable risk factors can optimize prevention and resource expenditures. To identify specific predictors of CRE, patients with CRE were compared with 3 control groups: (1) patients with extendedspectrum b-lactamase (ESBL)‐producing Enterobacteriaceae, (2) patients with non-ESBL-containing Enterobacteriaceae, and (3) uninfected controls.
Regulation of somatic cell reprogramming through inducible mir-302 expression

Global demethylation is required for early zygote development to establish stem cell pluripotency, yet our findings reiterate this epigenetic reprogramming event in somatic cells through ectopic introduction of mir-302 function. Here, we report that induced mir-302 expression beyond 1.3-fold of the concentration in human embryonic stem (hES) H1 and H9 cells led to reprogramming of human hair follicle cells (hHFCs) to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. This reprogramming mechanism functioned through mir-302-targeted co-suppression of four epigenetic regulators, AOF2 (also known as KDM1 or LSD1), AOF1, MECP1-p66 and MECP2. Silencing AOF2 also caused DNMT1 deficiency and further enhanced global demethylation during somatic cell reprogramming (SCR) of hHFCs. Re-supplementing AOF2 in iPS cells disrupted such global demethylation and induced cell differentiation. Given that both hES and iPS cells highly express mir-302, our findings suggest a novel link between zygotic reprogramming and SCR, providing a regulatory mechanism responsible for global demethylation in both events. As the mechanism of conventional iPS cell induction methods remains largely unknown, understanding this microRNA (miRNA)-mediated SCR mechanism may shed light on the improvements of iPS cell generation.
Total Synthesis of the Potent Marine-Derived Elastase Inhibitor Lyngbyastatin 7 and in Vitro Biological Evaluation in Model Systems for Pulmonary Diseases.

Lyngbyastatin 7 (1) is a marine cyanobacteria-derived lariat-type cyclic depsipeptide of which the macrocyclic core possesses modified amino acids, including a featured 3-amino-6-hydroxy-2-piperidone (Ahp) moiety and a (Z)-2-amino-2-butenoic acid (Abu) moiety. The first total synthesis of 1 was successfully established via 31 steps, and the conditions of several crucial steps were optimized to ensure smooth operations. The previously reported structural assignment and elastase inhibitory activity of the isolated natural product were confirmed. According to the extensive in vitro biological evaluation, compound 1 displayed low nanomolar IC50 in blocking elastase activity and strong ability in protecting bronchial epithelial cells against elastase-induced antiproliferation and abrogating the elastase-triggered induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Its overall performance was superior over sivelestat, the only approved small molecule drug targeting elastase, which indicated its potential in deve...
Effect of enamel microabrasion on bacterial colonization.

PURPOSE To determine if microabraded surfaces inhibit Streptococcus mutans colonization. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten extracted molars were obtained and sectioned in half mesio-distally. The mesial side was treated with microabrasion (PREMA Compound). The distal surface was designated as the control site. A plastic tube was secured on each surface with resin composite, exposing a surface of 13.2 mm 2. S. mutans 10,499 was cultured in TSB-YE supplemented with 5% sucrose and 2.5% glucose was added to each secured site in addition to 50 microliters of cell suspension. Samples were incubated in a 5% CO2 chamber for 7 days at 37 degrees C. Samples were taken from each site, incubated with dextranase (75 micrograms 1 ml), sonicated, and vortexed to disrupt cellular aggregates as much as possible. Samples were then plated on Mitis-Salivarius agar using a spiral plating system. Enumeration of numbers of colonizing bacteria was achieved following standard spiral plating system methodology. RESULTS The mean for the microabraded group was 1.12 x 10(2) cfu/tooth and for the control it was 1.15 x 10(4). Analyzing the data revealed a significant difference (P = 0.0188).
Current Pulse Based Reference Electrodes Without Liquid Junctions

Reference electrodes with hydrophobic ion-doped polymeric membranes offer a promising alternative to reference electrodes with conventional salt bridges. This letter introduces the current pulse operation of liquid junction free reference electrodes. A brief current pulse is applied to a cation exchanger membrane, releasing a well-controlled amount of cations from the membrane into the sample and, thereby, determining the boundary potential of the sample/reference membrane interface. Measurements with ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) are performed relative to these reference electrodes immediately after the current pulse and exhibit the same Nernstian responses as typical for potentiometry, which is demonstrated with Cl– ISE measurements. The use of current pulse based reference electrodes avoids the sample sensitivity and clogging of conventional salt bridges and the often poorly controlled loss of bridge electrolyte into samples. Current mode measurements in serum over 2 days showed a much higher stabili...
CULTURAL VARIATION IN ADULT ATTACHMENT: THE IMPACT OF ETHNICITY, COLLECTIVISM, AND COUNTRY OF ORIGIN

Unlike many social psychological theories that are limited by the Western cultural context in which they were developed, attachment theory is an exception in that it has been examined across cultures. However, existing cross-cultural research on attachment is limited in scope: there is little to no research on how attachment distributions vary based on ethnicity and religion, and it remains unclear which aspects of culture influence attachment outcomes. The current study expands the body of research on attachment theory by examining attachment as a function of country of origin, ethnicity, religious denomination, individualism/collectivism, and acculturation. We assessed attachment in an ethnically and religiously diverse sample that encompassed over fifty countries of origin, and found that attachment patterns varied based on region of origin, collectivism, acculturation, and ethnicity. These findings have broad implications, both for clinical usage and for empirical cross-cultural understanding.
The Inscription of Regular Polygons

(1894). The Inscription of Regular Polygons. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 1, No. 10, pp. 342-345.
The detection of specific antibody formation to recall antigens after human bone marrow transplantation

The results of this study show that donor-derived immunity can be detected and persists in long-term survivors with and without chronic graft-v-host disease (GVHD) after human marrow grafting. Seventy-one marrow recipients (60 long-term and 11 short-term survivors) were studied for the presence of specific serum IgG antibodies to tetanus toxoid (TT), and 46 marrow recipients (35 long-term and 11 short-term) were tested for antibodies to diphtheria toxoid (DT) and measles virus after marrow grafting using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Of the 60 long-term survivors, 31 were healthy and 29 had chronic GVHD. None of the recipients were immunized to the test antigens postgrafting. Most long-term healthy recipients exhibited antibody titers to the recall test antigens, whereas only a minority of those with chronic GVHD had antibody titers to recall antigens. In healthy long-term recipients (greater than or equal to one year postgrafting) whose donors were immune to the test antigens, 25 of 31 had titers to TT, 11 of 17 had titers to DT, and 12 of 20 had titers to measles. In recipients with C-GVHD, 13 of 29 had titers to TT, six of 15 had titers to DT, and six of 15 had titers to measles virus. Within 100 days postgrafting, 11 of 11 had anti-TT titers, ten of ten had anti-DT titers, and seven of eight had antimeasles virus titers.
The Gendered Self-Help Reel: How Romantic Comedies Instruct Women on Dating Dos and Don’ts

On 22 June 2015, the Twitterverse erupted when ABC’s latest ‘bach-elorette’ had sex with one of her male suitors prior to the show’s pre-approved, pre-scripted timeline. Far from being a PG-rated reality TV program, the long-running show is well known for broadcasting a slew of make-out sessions and an entire episode devoted to speculating on whether the bachelor or bachelorette will have sex with any or all of his or her final three contestants in the fantasy suite. Yet when an episode aired revealing that Kaitlyn Bristowe, the show’s star, and repeat contestant, Nick Viall, had slept together at the close of their one-on-one date, Bristowe faced a wave of criticism from fans through social media. Over 70,000 tweets with the hashtag #TheBachelorette appeared in the 24 hours surrounding this episode and a vast majority of them were negative posts consisting of judgmental quips and derogatory slurs focusing on Bristowe’s sexual activity.1 These tweeters, the majority of whom were female, were quick to affix all the normal labels used to discuss so-called female promiscuity. Among the tamer tweets were chastising posts like this one: ‘Kaitlyn needs to learn how to keep it classy & not so trashy #TheBachelorette.’2
Validation of a Brief Structured Interview: The Children’s Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes (ChIPS)

Evidence-based assessment is important in the treatment of childhood psychopathology. While researchers and clinicians frequently use structured diagnostic interviews to ensure reliability, the most commonly used instrument, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children (K-SADS) is too long for most clinical applications. The Children’s Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes (ChIPS/P-ChIPS) is a highly-structured brief diagnostic interview. The present study compared K-SADS and ChIPS/P-ChIPS diagnoses in an outpatient clinical sample of 50 parent–child pairs aged 7–14. Agreement between most diagnoses was moderate to high between the instruments and with consensus clinical diagnoses. ChIPS was significantly briefer to administer than the K-SADS. Interviewer experience level and participant demographics did not appear to affect agreement. Results provide further evidence for the validity of the ChIPS and support its use in clinical and research settings.
Measuring cannabis consumption: Psychometric properties of the Daily Sessions, Frequency, Age of Onset, and Quantity of Cannabis Use Inventory (DFAQ-CU).

Objective We created the Daily Sessions, Frequency, Age of Onset, and Quantity of Cannabis Use Inventory (DFAQ-CU) because the current lack of psychometrically sound inventories for measuring these dimensions of cannabis use has impeded research on the effects of cannabis in humans. Method A sample of 2,062 cannabis users completed the DFAQ-CU and was used to assess the DFAQ-CU’s factor structure and reliability. To assess validity, a subsample of 645 participants completed additional measures of cannabis dependence and problems (Marijuana Smoking History Questionnaire [MSHQ], Timeline Followback [TLFB], Cannabis Abuse Screening Test [CAST], Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test Revised [CUDIT-R], Cannabis Use Problems Identification Test [CUPIT], and Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test [AUDIT]). Results A six-factor structure was revealed, with factors measuring: daily sessions, frequency, age of onset, marijuana quantity, cannabis concentrate quantity, and edibles quantity. The factors were reliable, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from .69 (daily sessions) to .95 (frequency). Results further provided evidence for the factors’ convergent (MSHQ, TLFB), predictive (CAST, CUDIT-R, CUPIT), and discriminant validity (AUDIT). Conclusions The DFAQ-CU is the first psychometrically sound inventory for measuring frequency, age of onset, and quantity of cannabis use. It contains pictures of marijuana to facilitate the measurement of quantity of marijuana used, as well as questions to assess the use of different forms of cannabis (e.g., concentrates, edibles), methods of administering cannabis (e.g., joints, hand pipes, vaporizers), and typical THC levels. As such, the DFAQ-CU should help facilitate research on frequency, quantity, and age of onset of cannabis use.
Comparison of a Native Clay Soil and an Engineered Clay used in Experimental Ceramic Pot Filter Fabrication

Ceramic pot filters (CPFs) have been shown to be an effective means of household water treatment in the developing world. The filters are typically made using local labor and locally available materials including clay soils and various burn out materials used to create porosity. Artisanal approaches may be used to manufacture the filters, and there have been efforts to improve CPF performance through laboratory studies. The importation of soil to make the filters may be highly regulated and could be cost prohibitive, so some researchers use commercially available clay to fabricate experimental filters. However, such efforts typically do not include a comparison of the engineered clay to native clay soil, nor do most studies compare the performance of experimental CPFs fabricated from engineered clay to CPFs made from native clay. This study compares mineralogical and geotechnical properties of a clay soil from Rabinal, Guatemala, used to produce CPFs in that country to an engineered clay developed for use in laboratory experiments. Flowrate is the primary quality control parameter used in CPF production, and performance testing indicated that experimental CPF flowrates were not necessarily a function of clay composition. However, engineered clay could be used as a surrogate for native soil with some limitations.
Imaging cellulose synthase motility during primary cell wall synthesis in the grass Brachypodium distachyon.

The mechanism of cellulose synthesis has been studied by characterizing the motility of cellulose synthase complexes tagged with a fluorescent protein; however, this approach has been used exclusively on the hypocotyl of Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we characterize cellulose synthase motility in the model grass, Brachypodium distachyon. We generated lines in which mEGFP is fused N-terminal to BdCESA3 or BdCESA6 and which grew indistinguishably from the wild type (Bd21-3) and had dense fluorescent puncta at or near the plasma membrane. Measured with a particle tracking algorithm, the average speed of GFP-BdCESA3 particles in the mesocotyl was 164 ± 78 nm min−1 (error gives standard deviation [SD], n = 1451 particles). Mean speed in the root appeared similar. For comparison, average speed in the A. thaliana hypocotyl expressing GFP-AtCESA6 was 184 ± 86 nm min−1 (n = 2755). For B. distachyon, we quantified root diameter and elongation rate in response to inhibitors of cellulose (dichlorobenylnitrile; DCB), microtubules (oryzalin), or actin (latrunculin B). Neither oryzalin nor latrunculin affected the speed of CESA complexes; whereas, DCB reduced average speed by about 50% in B. distachyon and by about 35% in A. thaliana. Evidently, between these species, CESA motility is well conserved.