cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low natural gas prices and the financial cost of ramp rate restrictions at hydroelectric dams

Abstract Peaking hydroelectric dams that employ variable, stop-start reservoir releases can have adverse impacts on downstream river ecosystems. Efforts to mitigate these impacts have relied predominantly on the use of ramp rate restrictions, which limit the magnitude of hour-to-hour changes in reservoir discharge. Ramp rate restrictions shift hydropower production towards less valuable off-peak hours, imposing a financial penalty on dam owners that is a function of the “spread” (difference) between peak and off-peak electricity prices. This study examines how low natural gas prices in the U.S. have reduced the cost of implementing ramp rate restrictions at dams by narrowing the peak/off-peak price spread. Significantly lower costs of ramp rate restrictions could open new opportunities for improving environmental flows at dams, including the “purchase” of more natural streamflow patterns by downstream stakeholders, a type of arrangement for which there is growing precedent. We also explore the role that uncertainty in the cost of ramp rate restrictions could play in precluding downstream stakeholders from forming these types of agreements with dam owners. Results suggest that financial “collar” contracts could mostly eliminate inter-annual variability in the net cost of restrictions and provide those purchasing more natural flows with greater certainty.
The new technological developments of UHV AC power transmission equipment

The UHV AC power transmission technology has developed quickly in China in the recent years, for which the main power equipment are most important. This paper summarizes recent technological developments of China's main UHV AC power equipment, including transformer, gas-insulated metal-enclosed switchgear (GIS), gas-insulated metal-enclosed transmission line (GIL), series compensation device and arrester, by introducing their use in UHV projects and related research. As for transformer, the insulation design for the UHV transformer, the control of leakage flux and temperature rise for large capacity UHV transformer, and the structure design of the disassembling UHV transformer are introduced. For GIS, the design for the UHV breaker with breaker capacity of 50 kA and 63kA, and the new generation are discussed respectively. For GIL, the key technology of the test line such as the long-pipe design, the built-in basin insulator, the design of support insulator and its application in the Sutong Comprehensive Tunnel Project are introduced. For series compensation, the composition and parameters of devices, and the spark gap technology are introduced. For arrester, the key technology of traditional UHV arrester and its development recently, and the development of controllable arrester are introduced. The future development of these equipment are also discussed in the paper.
Development and mapping of microsatellite markers from transcriptome sequences of European hazelnut ( Corylus avellana L.) and use for germplasm characterization

Microsatellite markers, also known as simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, are useful in genetics and plant breeding for marker-assisted selection, cultivar fingerprinting, and kinship studies. They were previously developed for European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) from enriched libraries, inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) fragments, and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequences. This study utilized the ‘Jefferson’ transcriptome sequence to develop microsatellite markers for hazelnut. Microsatellites were mined from the transcriptome sequence and aligned with the corresponding genomic sequence using a BLASTN search, and primers were designed from the genomic sequence. From a total of 1432 identified microsatellites, 382 primer pairs were designed for repeats with motifs of three base pairs or longer and at least five repeats, and a few di-repeat sequences. The primers were initially screened for polymorphism with a set of 24 C. avellana accessions, and those that were polymorphic were characterized using a set of 63 accessions. One hundred nine polymorphic microsatellite markers that generated one or two fragments per accession were characterized, with AAG, AGC, and ACT being the most common motifs. Two additional SSR primer pairs generated three PCR products in a few accessions. Of the 109 loci, 53 were placed on the linkage map of the mapping population OSU 252.146 × OSU 414.062, and 22 were assigned to linkage groups using alternate segregating populations. A dendrogram constructed from the SSR fingerprints at the 109 new marker loci mostly showed clustering of accessions from similar geographic origins and confirmed the tremendous amount of genetic diversity present within C. avellana. These markers will be useful for fingerprinting, marker-assisted selection, and genetic studies in hazelnut.
Stress transfer in nanocomposites enabled by poly(methyl methacrylate) wrapping of carbon nanotubes

Abstract Good dispersion and interfacial interaction of carbon nanotubes in polymer matrices are important to effectively achieve mechanical reinforcement in nanocomposites. Previously, it was shown that poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) helically wraps around single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), and thus prevents SWNT bundling. In this work, influence of PMMA-wrapped SWNTs on tensile properties of PMMA/SWNT composites and stress transfer from the matrix to the nanotubes were studied. The tensile modulus and tensile strength of the PMMA-wrapped SWNT nanocomposite buckypapers made by vacuum filtration are 5.9 and 3.7 times that of the SWNT buckypaper without PMMA wrapping, respectively. Stress transfer in SWNTs was determined by monitoring G′ Raman band shift during nanocomposite film tensile deformation. Results showed that during tensile deformation, PMMA-wrapped SWNTs in the nanocomposite buckypapers experienced up to 1 GPa stress, while negligible stress was observed in the SWNT buckypaper without PMMA wrapping. Solvent-cast nanocomposite films under tensile deformation, and with SWNT loading between 0.1 and 10 wt%, PMMA-wrapped SWNTs experience stress as high as 3.1 GPa, while nanocomposites made without PMMA wrapping experience only about half of this stress value. The improved tensile properties are a result of improved CNT dispersion and enhanced interfacial stress transfer achieved via PMMA wrapping of SWNTs. A new Raman band peak was observed at 2276 cm−1 in PMMA-wrapped nanocomposites. Dynamic mechanical properties of various nanocomposites were also studied and reported.
Direct molecular simulation of nonequilibrium dilute gases

This paper summarizes research performed over the past decade on the direct molecular simulation of dilute gas flows. Similar to the molecular dynamics method, a potential energy surface is the sol...
Autonomous Vehicles and Energy Impacts: A Scenario Analysis

Abstract Autonomous vehicles will have tremendous impact on our cities and regions. This rapidly emerging technology will affect the transport system in its entirety including changes in energy consumption; increased safety, climate change impacts, efficiency of transport operations and the platooning of trucks carrying freight. Primary questions remain. What are reasonable expectations of the impact of autonomous and connected vehicles on travel demand, energy consumption, and emissions? Can vehicle to vehicle communication have a significant impact on congestion and vehicle movements that will result in smoother traffic flow and accompanying reductions in energy and emissions? What policies and regulations guiding the operation of autonomous and connected vehicles will be enacted and to what extent will autonomous vehicles penetrate the market over what time period? This article attempts to identify and quantify the impact of autonomous vehicles on energy through development of scenarios that gauge the potential range and contribution of this emerging technology. The scenarios reflect an assessment of the state of practice and current research conducted in both the public and the private sector. Three scenarios are examined in details including energy impacts based on partial or full automation and personal versus a shared vehicle future for autonomous vehicles. There are numerous possible scenarios that may unfold but each will have to be responsive to our multimodal transport system with an objective to optimize modal, technological, financial and energy resources now and in the future.
A Versatile Carbon Nanotube-Based Scalable Approach for Improving Interfaces in Li-Ion Battery Electrodes.

Resistive interfaces within the electrodes limit the energy and power densities of a battery, for example, a Li-ion battery (LIB). Typically, active materials are mixed with conductive additives in organic solvents to form a slurry, which is then coated on current collectors (e.g., bare or carbon-coated Al foils) to reduce the inherent resistance of the active material. Although many approaches using nanomaterials to either replace Al foils or improve conductivity within the active materials have been previously demonstrated, the resistance at the current collector active material interface (CCAMI), a key factor for enhancing the energy and power densities, remains unaddressed. We show that carbon nanotubes (CNTs), either directly grown or spray-coated on Al foils, are highly effective in reducing the CCAMI resistance of traditional LIB cathode materials (LiFePO4 or LFP and LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2 or NMC). Moreover, the CNT coatings displace the need for currently used toxic organic solvents (e.g., N-methy...
Endoscopic and Pathologic Resolution of Chronic Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Induced Diaphragm-Like Colonic Strictures and Ulceration

The chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has steadily increased and, as a result, adverse effects have become more common. Isolated case reports have documented diaphragm-like colonic strictures and ulceration as the result of NSAID use. We report a unique case of this rare side effect with documented endoscopic and histologic healing of multiple proximal diaphragm-like colonic strictures and ulceration months after simple discontinuation of NSAID therapy.
Die Justiz und die richterliche Funktion

„Gerechtigkeit ist der Zweck des Staates“, schrieb Hamilton im Federalist, „sie ist es immer gewesen, und man wird so lange danach streben, bis dieser Zweck erreicht ist, oder bis die Freiheit bei diesem Streben verlorengeht.“ Die Gerechtigkeit ist oft als der vornehmste oder gar als der einzige „ideale“ Zweck des Staates dargestellt worden. Dies ist die Ansicht Piatos, wie er sie besonders in seinem „Staat“ darlegt. Dieser grosartige Dialog, vielleicht Piatos groster, tragt den Untertitel: „oder uber die Gerechtigkeit“. Aber meinen Plato und der Federalist ein und dieselbe „Gerechtigkeit?“
Gram-Schmidt Orthonormalization

This chapter develops the Gram-Schmidt process that takes a set of k linearly independent vectors and returns an orthonormal set of k vectors that spans the same subspace. The algorithm begins with the first vector, normalizes it, and then determines the remaining orthonormal sequence by successively subtracting from the next vector in the original sequence the projections of it onto the already computed orthonormal sequence. The difference is orthogonal to all the previously generated vectors, and the algorithm normalize it. There are two versions of the process, classical Gram-Schmidt (CGS) and modified Gram-Schmidt (MGS). During the execution of CGS, the generated vectors are often not quite orthogonal, due to rounding errors. This loss of orthogonality is particularly bad. The computation also yields poor results when some of the vectors are almost linearly dependent. For these reasons, it is said that the classical Gram-Schmidt process is numerically unstable. MGS performs better by subtracting projections off one at a time instead of all at once. By maintaining inner products and norms in a matrix R , Gram-Schmidt generates the reduced QR decomposition of a matrix, A = QR , m ≥ n , with A having full rank. There are two versions, the classical and the modified Gram-Schmidt QR decomposition. The modified version performs better. A stability analysis determines that the error in orthogonality of the vectors depends on the condition number of the matrix, making Gram-Schmidt method less stable than other methods covered in later chapters. There are many applications for the QR decomposition, particularly for the computation of eigenvalues and the solution of linear least-squares problems. In this chapter, it is shown how to use the QR decomposition to compute the absolute value of a determinant and a basis for the range of a matrix with linearly independent columns.
Considerations in the Treatment of Insomnia

Insomnia is a condition that affects nearly everyone at some time, but about one third of the population suffers from the problem chronically (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, & Healey, 1979; Kales & Kales, 1984). It is the most common sleep-related complaint and is associated with a wide variety of psychiatric and physical disorders (Bixler et al., 1979; Bixler, Kales, & Soldatos, 1979; Kales & Kales, 1984). The alleviation of insomnia is a major concern for public health practitioners, but the available treatments, as they are usually prescribed and implemented, are unreliable and often ineffective. To treat the complaint of insomnia effectively, practitioners must be aware of the variety of causes and manifestations of this complaint and its psychosocial effects. Too often a unidimensional prescriptive approach is taken without adequate consideration of the causes or effects of the problem itself. This approach is marginally effective at best and can lead to more serious or counterproductive results exacerbating the original problem unnecessarily.
DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL HYDROCARBON-IN-WATER MONITOR: I. Concept Feasibility Demonstration

Publisher Summary Oil, at present, is one of the main sources of energy necessary to power the industries, to provide lubricants, and to yield many petroleum products that have innumerable uses in the everyday living. All of these are essential for the national well-being and security. However, accidents, negligence, and mechanical failures result in wasteful and harmful discharges of oil to the water environment. The largest source of oil pollution is associated with spill incidents involving transportation by tankers, river barges, pipelines, trucks, and rail tank cars. As the huge volumes of crude and refined oil products transported by sea far exceed the combined tonnage of all other commodities, a fractional-percent spill of the total volume can be sizeable in cost, energy loss, and damage to the environment. As the discharge of oils into surface waters remains one of the serious and continuing water problems, the monitoring of discharged petroleum products is an important necessity for energy and resource conservation and for environmental improvement.
Low-temperature tolerance in land plants: Are transcript and membrane responses conserved?

Abstract Plants’ tolerance of low temperatures is an economically and ecologically important limitation on geographic distributions and growing seasons. Tolerance for low temperatures varies significantly across different plant species, and different mechanisms likely act in different species. In order to survive low-temperature stress, plant membranes must maintain their fluidity in increasingly cold and oxidative cellular environments. The responses of different species to low-temperature stress include changes to the types and desaturation levels of membrane lipids, though the precise lipids affected tend to vary by species. Regulation of membrane dynamics and other low-temperature tolerance factors are controlled by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Here, we review low-temperature induced changes in both membrane lipid composition and gene transcription across multiple related plant species with differing degrees of low-temperature tolerance. We attempt to define a core set of changes for transcripts and lipids across species and treatment variations. Some responses appear to be consistent across all species for which data are available, while many others appear likely to be species or family-specific. Potential rationales are presented, including variance in testing, reporting and the importance of considering the level of stress perceived by the plant.
Convulsive Therapy in Depression: A Neurohumoral and Neuroendocrine Theory

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the importance of convulsive therapy in depression. When convulsive therapy was introduced, the effects of insulin on brain function were just being recognized, and the first theories emphasized the effects of the shock therapies on hypothalamic functions. As the applications and the theories of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) became focused on other systems, ECT was seen to increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and to alter the metabolism of some minerals, notable calcium. Neurohumoral effects are profound. The early studies were indirect, inferring from the effects of intravenous epinephrine and subcutaneous methacholine on blood pressure. Thus, the responsivity to these neurohumoral stimulants was reduced in depression and was reversed by ECT. Plasma levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine were elevated by ECT. Turnover and synthesis of serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine increased, and both spinal fluid and brain levels of these neurohumors increased with treatment. These changes were accompanied by increases in tyrosine hydroxylase and monamine oxidase. Recent studies have found that serotonin, 5-HIAA, and typtrophan increase with ECS, suggesting that the turnover of 5-HT is increased.
Various Approaches to Open Removal of Inferior Vena Cava Filters.

Background Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters may lead to complications of IVC filter placement including strut migration and caval erosion into adjacent organs. While percutaneous techniques for removal are preferred, in certain cases, this is not possible, and open retrieval is necessary. We present outcomes of 4 different approaches to 6 cases of open IVC filter retrieval. Methods We included 6 patients who underwent open IVC filter retrieval at our institution from 2013 to 2018. Case Reports Of the 6 patients, only one patient had a prior retrieval attempt that was unsuccessful. Four patients presented with abdominal pain alone due to erosion into the duodenum. One patient presented with back pain due to strut erosion into the vertebral body. One patient presented with abdominal and back pain due to erosion into the duodenum, aorta, and vertebral body, and one patient presented with chest pain due to strut migration and perforation of the left ventricular wall with development of pericardial tamponade. Five patients underwent computed tomography scans and were deemed irretrievable percutaneously. One patient had an attempted but failed percutaneous attempt. Various approaches were used to remove the filters. All patients underwent either a midline or subcostal incision for exposure of the IVC. In 3 patients, after the IVC was clamped and the filter was removed, the cavotomy was repaired primarily. In one patient, the IVC was repaired using a bovine pericardial patch because it was scarred down and primary repair would have narrowed the lumen. In one patient, without clamping the IVC, the struts were cut at the point that protruded out of the IVC into the adjacent organs and sutured in place on the IVC wall. In one patient, the hook of the IVC filter protruded out of the IVC, and a snare was used to capture the filter, whereas a purse string suture was applied to repair the venotomy. One patient required sternotomy and retrieval of a strut from the left ventricle with primary repair, as well as an open retrieval of the IVC filter, which were performed separately. All patients had resolution of symptoms after removal with no morbidity or mortality. Conclusions While open IVC filter retrieval is rarely required, various approaches can be successfully and safely used for retrieval with low morbidity.
Can a Sovereign Protect Investors from Itself? Tribal Institutions to Spur Reservation Investment

A bilateral danger of underperformance exists when two parties sink investments with payoffs dependent on the behavior of the other. There are five general categories of defense against that danger: (1) Legal action against a misbehaving co-investor; (2) Reliance on a reputation for non-opportunistic behavior; (3) Agreement by the party with the less substantial reputation to modify the relative payouts, thus paying the partner a risk premium; (4) Vertical integration that makes a partnership unnecessary; and (5) Forgoing the opportunity altogether. A sovereign can be sued only if it permits that outcome, and must invest in a reputation that assures the partner that it will permit suit. Thus, for a sovereign the first two categories merge. Such a reputation can arise from a history of successful meritorious suits by aggrieved co-investors. But many tribal reservations are small and poor, offer few attractive investment opportunities, and hence exhibit thin histories on point. Consequently they more often pay high risk premiums than similar non-tribal investors, more often vertically integrate where others rely on experts, and more often forego potentially valuable investments altogether. We explore ways to ameliorate those disadvantages and thus improve returns from assets held by or on reservations.
Nucleosomal proofreading of activator–promoter interactions

Specificity in transcriptional regulation is imparted by transcriptional activators that bind to specific DNA sequences from which they stimulate transcription. Specificity may be increased by slowing down the kinetics of regulation: by increasing the energy for dissociation of the activator-DNA complex or decreasing activator concentration. In general, higher dissociation energies imply longer DNA dwell times of the activator; the activator-bound gene may not readily turn off again. Lower activator concentrations entail longer pauses between binding events; the activator-unbound gene is not easily turned on again and activated transcription occurs in stochastic bursts. We show that kinetic proofreading of activator-DNA recognition-insertion of an energy-dissipating delay step into the activation pathway for transcription-reconciles high specificity of transcriptional regulation with fast regulatory kinetics. We show that kinetic proofreading results from the stochastic removal and reformation of promoter nucleosomes, at a distance from equilibrium.
The Farm in the Sky

“Can a city produce most of its own food and recycle most or all of its own wastes? I believe the answer is yes. In fact, I know the answer is yes.” Dr. Dickson Despommier sets out to prove this claim in his groundbreaking—no, sky-breaking—2010 treatise on the agriculture of the future, The Vertical Farm. It is possible, and economically practical, he argues, to raise all the food the city needs in complexes of skyscrapers, each floor stacked with trays of growing plants, light regulated to give those plants just what they need for photosynthesis, their roots bathed (or sprayed) with nutrient solution, harvested when mature and taken fresh to the customer, (starting with high-end restaurants). Cities need much food; a large city would have many such complexes; and all food this side of cattle and sheep can be grown right there.
The Claimant, the Readers, and the Crowd

The claim in August 2010 by Dr. Vinay Deolalikar of HP Labs to have proved P not equal to NP, which would solve one of the million-dollar Clay Millennium Prize Problems, commanded the attention of much of the world mathematical community. The popular press also picked up the larger story of people coming together to review Deolalikar’s paper during twelve intense days, communicating via comments in several blogs, and primarily in “Godel’s Lost Letter and P=NP.” Ken Regan tells the story of his and Dick Lipton’s role in hosting, summarizing, and rolling with these Internet events, and what lessons they hold for future mass scientific collaboration.
Toward Stable Room-Temperature Polaritonic Devices

Self-assembled organic molecules of cyanine dye are proposed for room-temperature, low-cost scalable polaritonic devices after first result of stabilized photoluminescence of solid-state film and polariton emission from metallic microcavities achieved through integration of hygroscopic stabilizers.
Reirradiation for Locoregional Recurrent Breast Cancer

Abstract Purpose Reirradiation poses a distinct therapeutic challenge owing to risks associated with exceeding normal tissue tolerances and possibly more therapeutically resistant disease biology. We report our experience with reirradiation for locoregional recurrent or second primary breast cancer. Methods and Materials Between 1999 and 2019, all patients with breast cancer treated with repeat breast/chest wall radiation therapy (RT) at our institution were identified. Adverse events were assessed using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v5.0. Fisher exact, Mann-Whitney rank-sum, and unpaired t tests were used for statistical analysis. Freedom from locoregional recurrence and distant metastasis as well as overall survival were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Seventy-two patients underwent reirradiation. Median prior RT dose, reirradiation dose, and cumulative dose were 60 Gy (interquartile range [IQR], 50-60.4 Gy), 45 Gy (IQR, 40-50 Gy), and 103.54 Gy2 (IQR, 95.04-109.62 Gy2), respectively. Median time between RT courses was 73 months (IQR, 29-129 months). Thirty-four patients (47%) had gross residual disease at time of reirradiation. Course intent was described as curative in 44 patients (61%) and palliative in 28 (39%). Fifty-two patients (72%) were treated with photons ± electrons and 20 (28%) with protons. With a median follow-up of 22 months (IQR, 10-43 months), grade 3 adverse events were experienced by 13% of patients (10% acute skin toxicity and 3% late skin necrosis). Time between RT courses and reirradiation fields was significantly associated with the development of grade 3 toxicity at any point. Proton therapy conferred a dosimetric advantage without difference in toxicity. At 2 years, locoregional recurrence-free survival was 74.6% and overall survival was 65.5% among all patients, and 93.1% and 76.8%, respectively, among curative intent patients treated without gross disease. Distant metastasis-free survival was 59.0% among all curative intent patients. Conclusions Reirradiation for locoregional recurrent breast cancer is feasible with acceptable rates of toxicity. Disease control and survival are promising among curative intent reirradiation patients without gross disease.
Student Ability, Confidence, and Attitudes Toward Incorporating a Computer into a Patient Interview

Objective. To improve pharmacy students’ ability to effectively incorporate a computer into a simulated patient encounter and to improve their awareness of barriers and attitudes towards and their confidence in using a computer during simulated patient encounters. Design. Students completed a survey that assessed their awareness of, confidence in, and attitudes towards computer use during simulated patient encounters. Students were evaluated with a rubric on their ability to incorporate a computer into a simulated patient encounter. Students were resurveyed and reevaluated after instruction. Assessment. Students improved in their ability to effectively incorporate computer usage into a simulated patient encounter. They also became more aware of and improved their attitudes toward barriers regarding such usage and gained more confidence in their ability to use a computer during simulated patient encounters. Conclusion. Instruction can improve pharmacy students’ ability to incorporate a computer into simulated patient encounters. This skill is critical to developing efficiency while maintaining rapport with patients.
A study of state social studies coordinators׳ views of the Common Core

Abstract This study focused on the state-level implementation of the Common Core English Language Arts (CC-ELA) standards and the implications for state education department personnel in social studies. Researchers employed a mixed methods approach to data collection and analysis asking the following research questions: (1) How do state-level social studies coordinators understand the obligations and implications of the CC-ELA standards for social studies? and (2) What benefits and challenges do they anticipate the CC-ELA standards offer to social studies educators? Findings from the survey and interviews offer a glimpse into the thinking of social studies coordinators. The findings clustered around four assertions: (1) Coordinators were generally supportive of the CC-ELA standards, ( 2) CC-ELA is changing the way social studies is enacted at the state level, (3) Coordinators were cautiously optimistic about the impact of CC-ELA on elementary social studies, and (4) Coordinators were consistently positive about the impact of CC-ELA on secondary social studies. The positive views of the CC-ELA standards, however, appeared to do little to mitigate the challenge that the state coordinators face as they translate the standards and teach them to social studies teachers across their states.
Fuzzy Dynamic Systems: An Application of Fuzzy Associative Memory with An Intermediate Layer

The concept of energetic stability is applied to analyze a fussy dynamic system. To eliminate the effect of fussiness, the multi-layered fussy associative memory is proposed and utilized for implementing fussy systems. This theoretical development presented here enables us to measure the performance of the designed fussy control rules. As an illustrative example, two control rule bases developed by two different experts to regulate a linear process are employed to describe their stability properties.
Attention-Based Segmentation on an Image Pyramid Sequence

This paper proposes a computational model of attention-based segmentation in which a sequence of image pyramids of early visual features is computed for a video sequence and a repetition of selective attention and figure-ground segmentation is performed on the sequence for object perception through successive segment development with mergence of concurrent segments. Attention is stochastically selected on a multi-level saliency map that is called a visual attention pyramid and segmentation is performed on Markov random fields which are dynamically formed around foci of attention. A set of segments and their spatial relation are stored in a visual working memory and maintained through the repetitive attention and segmentation process. Performances of the model are evaluated for basic functions of the vision system such as visual pop-out, figure-ground reversal and perceptual organization and also for real-world scenes which contain objects designed to attract attention.
Relationship Abstractions for an Effective Hypertext Design: Augmentation and Globalization

Data abstractions, i.e., aggregation and generalization, are useful for representing complex objects effectively. They provide high level semantic constraints as well as extend the capabilities of entity description in the E-R model. However, corresponding concepts of relationship abstraction are not directly available, particularly in hypertext systems.
Studying the flow field in a hydrocyclone with no forced vortex: Part I: average velocity

Abstract On the basis of some new understanding of the forced vortex in hydrocyclones, a new type of hydrocyclone with no forced vortex has been developed. In this paper, the three-dimensional characteristics of both new and conventional cyclones, measured by LDA (laser doppler anemometer), are reported in detail. It is shown that the newly developed hydrocyclone has higher tangential velocity and lower radial velocity than the conventional type, and, therefore, a smaller separation size.
Multi-Source Information Acquisition with Optional Stopping

An optional stopping experiment was performed in which the subject had to decide not only how much information to gather prior to making a two-choice decision, but also which of three information sources to consult. The cost of consulting these sources was varied systematically, with each source having a known, fixed diagnosticity. Two loss structures were used: (1) penalty for miss = penalty for false alarm, and (2) penalty for miss = 3 × penalty for false alarm. Results indicated subjects bought too little information relative to an optimal Bayesian model. The subjects indicated a reluctance to expend the resources required to obtain the best information available. Although subjects responded to the loss variables in the appropriate direction, they did not respond with sufficient magnitude to be mathematically optimal. Future research areas are suggested.
Comparative diel oxygen cycles preceding and during a Karenia bloom in Sarasota Bay, Florida, USA

Abstract The diel change in dissolved oxygen concentrations were recorded with an automated incubator containing a pulsed oxygen sensor in Sarasota Bay, Florida. The deployments occurred during a ‘pre-bloom’ period in May to June 2006, and during a harmful algal bloom dominated by Karenia brevis in September 2006. The diurnal (daylight) increase in dissolved oxygen concentrations varied from 16 to 104 μmol O 2 l −1 with the corresponding nocturnal decrease in oxygen varying from 16 to 77 μmol O 2 l −1 . Nocturnal respiration consumed 42–113% of the diurnal net oxygen production with the minimum and maximum during the pre-bloom period. Hourly production rates closely followed fluctuations in irradiance with maximum rates in the late morning. Hourly oxygen utilization rates (community respiration) at night were highest during the first few hours after sunset.
Optimized conditions for transgenesis of the ascidian Ciona using square wave electroporation

The protochordate Ciona has recently become an important model organism for the study of developmental gene regulation, in part because transient transgenic embryos can be produced rapidly and reliably using electroporation. Published methods are currently for the use of electroporation devices delivering exponentially decaying pulses. However, some workers have advocated the use of square wave electroporation devices for eukaryotic transgenics. This paper presents results of experiments to find optimal conditions for the use of square-wave electroporation in the ascidian Ciona. In the present analysis, a single pulse of 90 msec duration at 63–75 V/cm was found to give an optimal balance of a high proportion of cells transformed with the transgene, and a low level of abnormal development. Forty micrograms of DNA per electroporation is sufficient for effective visualization of reporter gene expression, although doses up to 100 μg provide higher proportions of transformed cells. In side-by-side comparison with exponential pulse electroporation, square wave pulses give similar penetrance of transgene expression, along with lower proportions of embryos with abnormal development at higher amounts of input DNA.
Chemical and thermal stimuli have short-lived effects on the retzius cell in the medicinal leech.

During the appetitive phase of feeding, hungry leeches detect a prey by the integration of signals perceived by different sensory systems. Earlier reports suggested that chemical or thermal sensory stimulation of the lip was associated with increased afferent activity in cephalic nerves connecting the lip to the central nervous system. These authors further suggested that this activity was relayed to Retzius cells in segmental ganglia, which then released serotonin to initiate and control all aspects of feeding behavior. In this study, we show that chemosensory or thermal activation of the lip lasting for at least 5 min produces a distinct signal in the cephalic nerves consisting of action potentials of low amplitude. These small amplitude signals are clearly distinguishable from the large action potentials evoked by mechanosensory stimuli applied to the same area of the lip. Both types of sensory stimuli also evoke an increase in the firing frequency of the Retzius cells in segmental ganglia. However, the response recorded in the nerves and the Retzius cells during a maintained stimulus is not constant but decreases with an exponential time course. These results agree with our earlier observations on a semi-intact feeding preparation in which we showed that the firing frequency of the Retzius cell decreased as soon as the leech began to ingest its meal. Therefore, our data provide further evidence suggesting that it is unlikely that heat or chemical cues maintain the Retzius cell in an active state throughout the consummatory phase of feeding.
Lift on an oscillating ellipsoid of revolution

A theoretical and experimental investigation of the lift and moment on an -f- ellipsoid of revolution performing small heaving oscillations has been carried out The maximum circulatory lift coefficient measured was 0 035, about half the value obtained in steady flow at the same maximum angle of attack and Reynolds number Also, a phase lag of 20° in the buildup of the lift was observed The maximum pitching moment was reduced by 16% from the value predicted by potential theory The circulatory lift was calculated theoretically by estimating the net vorticity discharged into the main body of the fluid from the boundary layer at any instant of time This component of lift is caused by a vector circulation on a control surface surrounding the body and its wake The total lift was obtained by adding to the circulatory lift two additional components that depend on acceleration and are associated with the "apparent mass" of the body A a cp ij,k n p RN t
World Affairs and U. S. Race Relations: A Note on Little Rock

We hear a great deal nowadays about the effect of American race relations on American standing in world affairs. Little heed is given to the reverse effect, i.e., the impact of world affairs on American race relations. Yet it is clear that the matter is more than one-sided and that the process is one of interaction. These notes set forth some questions that arose in the first phase of an inquiry into this subject at Little Rock. Of the impact of U. S. racism abroad, we now all know that every outbreak of race conflict in this country is carried large on the world's news circuits. Little Rock was certainly the most heavily reported U. S. story abroad in 1957, and it began when the echoes of the Till murder trial, Clinton, the Autherine Lucy case, and the Montgomery bus boycott had barely died away. Such events also get heavy coverage in the American press, but some news of American race affairs is even more fully reported abroad. One of my recent informants said: "Why I have sent my wife clippings from Hongkong papers about things she had never even seen in the papers here in Washington." We know this newly-enlarged intercontinental interest in American race relations exists for it beats down on us in great waves every time the issue arises in visible form, and nowadays hardly an American traveller anywhere in the world can fail to run into some of it. We know it is strong, for it obviously moves people to high feeling in many places, and for many different reasons-some obvious, some not so obvious. And this is about all we do know. No one, it seems, has yet sorted out either the facts or the reasons. We know that the Communists use the issue as a handy stick with which to beat the American beasts-the demonstrators who tore at the Nixons in Caracas came shouting "Little Rock! Little Rock!"--but this is mostly effect, not cause. The stick is there for them to use, so is a fair-sized herd of real American beasts, and so are the emotions ready to be exploited. They come spontaneously into play quite without Communist help in many places and often among people well beyond the reach of Communist manipulation.
Abstract A78: MUC1 drives c-Met-dependent migration and scattering

The transmembrane mucin MUC1 is overexpressed in most ductal carcinomas, and its overexpression is frequently associated with metastatic progression. MUC1 can drive tumor initiation and progression via interactions with many oncogenic partners, including β-catenin, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Src. The decoy peptide PMIP (Protein transduction domain MUC1 Inhibitory Peptide) has been shown to inhibit the tumor promoting activities of MUC1 in breast and lung cancer, including cell growth and invasion, and its usage suppresses metastatic progression in mouse models of breast cancer. To further characterize the reduced metastasis observed upon PMIP treatment, we performed motility assays and observed that PMIP inhibits cell motility of breast cancer cells. To determine the mechanism by which PMIP inhibits motility, we evaluated changes in global gene transcription upon PMIP treatment, and identified a number of genes with altered expression in response to PMIP. Among these genes is the metastatic mediator, c-Met, a transmembrane tyrosine kinase that can promote cell scattering, migration and invasion. To further investigate the role of c-Met in MUC1-dependent metastatic events, we evaluated the effects of MUC1 expression and EGFR activation on breast cancer cell scattering, branching and migration. We found that MUC1 strongly promoted all of these events and this effect was further amplified by EGF treatment. Importantly, the effect of MUC1 and EGF on these phenotypes was dependent upon c-Met activity. Overall, these results indicate that PMIP can block the expression of a key metastatic mediator, further advancing its potential use as a clinical therapeutic. Citation Format: Teresa M. Horm, Benjamin G. Bitler, Derrick M. Broka, Jeanne Louderbough, Joyce A. Schroeder. MUC1 drives c-Met-dependent migration and scattering. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A78.
Effect of dietary calcium and phosphorus on mineral metabolism and acid-base balance in Blue Duiker antelopes

Abstract Sixteen adult, male Blue Duiker antelopes were fed a basal diet with four levels of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P): 0.5:0.4%, 0.8:0.8%, 0.8:0.4% and 1.25:0.4% for four months. Time × treatment interactions existed for serum Ca, P, Cl, and urine K, Na, and P. Feed consumption was different by age; older males consumed more feed regardless of treatment. Blood bicarbonate was lowest in the high-Ca-low-P group and highest in the low-Ca-low-P group. Volumetric urine clearance data indicated a significant elevation in Ca clearance for older males, differences between treatments, and trends for P intake over time. P clearance was highest in the high-P treatment group and showed a relationship to Ca intake, with the low-Ca-low-P group having higher serum P values and slightly higher phosphorus clearance than the high-Ca-low-P diet. No consistent difference by age or treatment was found for clearance of K. Clearance of Na, Cl, and creatinine showed differences by treatment, and Na and Cl clearance were positively correlated with intake. It appears that adult, male Blue Duiker respond to different dietary levels of Ca, P and other minerals with altered serum and/or urinary concentrations of these elements. Unlike domestic ruminants, Blue Duiker serum P levels are affected by Ca intake and their serum Ca concentration is not decreased by increasing P intake. Volumetric urine clearance data appear to be valuable in this species to help understand Ca and P homeostasis and dietary balance of minerals. From these experiments the Ca: P ratio of 0.5%:0.4% appears to be best suited for these animals. However more experiments are required to elucidate exact requirements for dietary Ca and P.
The Effect of Chloromycetin and Sulfaquinoxaline on Fowl Cholera in Turkeys

ABSTRACT FOWL cholera, caused by Pasteurella multocida, is one of the oldest of the poultry diseases. It affects nearly all species of poultry and often results in severe economic losses to both chicken and turkey growers. The course of the disease in turkeys is usually acute, symptoms being absent or appearing a few hours before death. Losses may be considerable if diagnosis and treatment are delayed. Darby (1944), and Dorsey and Harshfield (1953) have presented information covering the different aspects of this disease. According to Delaphane (1945), Kiser et al. (1947), and Alberts and Graham (1948), sulfonamides have been found to be of some value in controlling fowl cholera in chickens. McNeil and Hinshaw (1948) found streptomycin prevented mortality if the antibiotic was injected before or at the time of infection. The purpose of this work was to determine if chloromycetin in the feed or injected intramuscularly and sulfaquinoxaline given in . . .
Nonlinear Control of Dynamic Systems Using Single Multiplicative Neuron Models

The paper presents an approach to nonlinear control of dynamic systems using artificial neural networks (ANN). A novel form of ANN, namely, single multiplicative neuron (SMN) model is proposed in place of more traditional multi-layer perceptron (MLP). SMN derives its inspiration from the single neuron computation model in neuroscience. SMN model is trained off-line, to estimate the network weights and biases, using a population based stochastic optimization technique, namely, particle swarm optimization (PSO). Both off-line training and on-line learning of SMN have been considered. The development of the control algorithm is illustrated through the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) implementation of DC motor speed control in LabVIEW environment. The controller based on SMN performs better than MLP. The simple structure and faster computation of SMN have the potential to make it a preferred candidate for implementation of real-life complex control systems.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Structure of the PHD zinc finger from human Williams-Beuren syndrome transcription factor.

The PHD (plant homeo domain) is a ∼50-residue motif found mainly in proteins involved in eukaryotic transcription regulation. The characteristic sequence feature is a conserved Cys4-HisCys3 zinc binding motif. We have determined the solution structure of the PHD motif from the human Williams-Beuren syndrome transcription factor (WSTF) protein. The domain folds into an interleaved zinc finger which binds two Zn2+ in a similar manner to that of the RING and FYVE domains. The structure reveals a conserved zinc-binding core, together with two variable loops that are likely candidates for interactions between the various PHD domains and their specific ligands.
Ursolic acid protects diabetic mice against monocyte dysfunction and accelerated atherosclerosis

Aims Accelerated atherosclerosis is a major diabetic complication initiated by the enhanced recruitment of monocytes into the vasculature. In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of the phytonutrients ursolic acid (UA) and resveratrol (RES) in preventing monocyte recruitment and accelerated atherosclerosis.