cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethical Progress as Problem‐Resolving

ELECTION night 2008 marked a historic moment in US history. Not only did the US elect its first African-American president, but it did so at a time when Jim Crow was still within living memory. At the time of President Obama’s birth the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was still three years away and his parents, a white woman and black man, were forbidden from marrying in much of the country. So juxtaposed, the election of Obama seems all the more remarkable as it was made possible by extraordinary moral and political change in a relatively short time. Many Americans, no doubt, spent election night reflecting on the ways that our society is clearly better today in comparison to fifty years ago. I take the public understanding of Obama’s election to be a story about ethical progress. But in bringing a philosophical outlook to this sort of story we must ask whether it is really compelling—is genuine ethical progress actually possible? What makes us think that the changes to our beliefs, values, and practices regarding race which have occurred since the time of Jim Crow are actually improvements and not mere changes of mind or taste? In what follows I want to vindicate our sense that events like the election of the first black President of the United States can indeed be ethically progressive by positing and defending a particular way of conceiving of progress in the domain of values. Before laying out my argumentative strategy, I want to discuss the motivation of such a project. Why should we focus on a notion of evaluative progress? Answers having to do with confidence in our own values and our ability to understand ourselves as having made and rectified ethical mistakes come quickly to mind. For instance, if we cannot vindicate the idea that some ethical values are better than others, then we seem to lose all ground for thinking that our current racially (more) egalitarian beliefs and practices are preferable to Jim Crow beliefs and practices.
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors regulate a group of transiently expressed genes in the developing brain.

Abstract Mammalian brain development requires the transmission of electrical signals between neurons via theN-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) class of glutamate receptors. However, little is known about how NMDA receptors carry out this role. Here we report the first genes shown to be regulated by physiological levels of NMDA receptor function in developing neuronsin vivo: NMDA receptor-regulated gene 1(NARG1), NARG2, and NARG3. These genes share several striking regulatory features. All three are expressed at high levels in the neonatal brain in regions of neuronal proliferation and migration, are dramatically down-regulated during early postnatal development, and are down-regulated by NMDA receptor function. NARG2 and NARG3 appear to be novel, while NARG1 is the mammalian homologue of a yeast N-terminal acetyltransferase that regulates entry into the Go phase of the cell cycle. The results suggest that highly specific NMDA receptor-dependent regulation of gene expression plays an important role in the transition from proliferation of neuronal precursors to differentiation of neurons.
An Efficient ATM Cell Transmission Scheme Over Mobile Cellular Networks

This paper proposes an efficient adaptive-rate scheme in conjunction with retransmission and code combining for transmission of ATM cells over mobile cellular networks. Wireless channel is characterized by block-fading Rayleigh distribution, where it is assumed to be invariant during each block of data and fading is assumed to be independent from one block to another. The proposed scheme provides a large dynamic range and yields very low cell-error rates at almost all channel conditions (low outage probability) with at most two retransmissions. This makes the scheme suitable for real-time applications, such as constant-bit-rate (CBR) applications intended for use in ATM circuit emulation mode l9r. Furthermore, it saves a considerable amount of power as compared to fixed rate schemes with the same spectral efficiency and outage.
Fresh and saline groundwater discharge to the ocean: A regional perspective

[1] Studies of groundwater flow in coastal aquifers often focus strongly on freshwater and investigate flow in a narrow (<5 km) zone surrounding the coastline. This work was designed to place coastal flow in a regional context and to compare fresh and saline submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) for regional flow systems. Numerical flow and transport models were developed to estimate SGD associated with topography-driven flow, seawater recirculation, and geothermal convection in a passive margin setting. Simulations were based on two cross sections of North Carolina, and sensitivity studies were used to explore the impact of varying hydraulic and transport parameters. Results suggest that saline flow associated with seawater recirculation and geothermal convection should be considered in studies of SGD. Studies limited to shallow topography-driven flow may be justified in using small study areas, but flow systems contributing to SGD may span at least 20 km surrounding the coast and continental slope.
The Verus Tool: A Quantitative Approach to the Formal Verification of Real-Time Systems

This work describes Verus, a new tool to be used in the formal verification of realtime systems. In Verus the designer specifies the system to be verified in a C-like language, and uses temporal logic model checking and quantitative timing analysis to verify its correctness. The information produced by our tool can help in verifying a real-time system in many ways. It not only assists in determining its correctness, but also provides insight into the behavior of the system. This allows for a better understanding of the system and in some cases it even suggests optimizations to the design.
High sensitivity 1H-NMR spectroscopy of homeopathic remedies made in water.

The efficacy of homeopathy is controversial. Homeopathic remedies are made via iterated shaking and dilution, in ethanol or in water, from a starting substance. Remedies of potency 12 C or higher are ultra-dilute (UD), i.e. contain zero molecules of the starting material. Various hypotheses have been advanced to explain how a UD remedy might be different from unprepared solvent. One such hypothesis posits that a remedy contains stable clusters, i.e. localized regions where one or more hydrogen bonds remain fixed on a long time scale. High sensitivity proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has not previously been used to look for evidence of differences between UD remedies and controls. Homeopathic remedies made in water were studied via high sensitivity proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A total of 57 remedy samples representing six starting materials and spanning a variety of potencies from 6 C to 10 M were tested along with 46 controls. By presaturating on the water peak, signals could be reliably detected that represented H-containing species at concentrations as low as 5 μM. There were 35 positions where a discrete signal was seen in one or more of the 103 spectra, which should theoretically have been absent from the spectrum of pure water. Of these 35, fifteen were identified as machine-generated artifacts, eight were identified as trace levels of organic contaminants, and twelve were unexplained. Of the unexplained signals, six were seen in just one spectrum each. None of the artifacts or unexplained signals occurred more frequently in remedies than in controls, using a p < .05 cutoff. Some commercially prepared samples were found to contain traces of one or more of these small organic molecules: ethanol, acetate, formate, methanol, and acetone. No discrete signals suggesting a difference between remedies and controls were seen, via high sensitivity 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The results failed to support a hypothesis that remedies made in water contain long-lived non-dynamic alterations of the H-bonding pattern of the solvent.
Utility of Physiological Time in Integrating Chemical and Biological Control of Greenhouse Whitefly

Encarsia formosa Gahan, a parasite of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), became established following release in 90% of the cages where the only whitefly scales present were ca. 265 D°>8.3°C old. In laboratory studies, there was no significant reduction in parasite emergence when black-parasitized scales (ca. 125 D°>12.7°C old) were treated with resmethrin (0.25 lb. AI/100 gal.). In greenhouse studies, there was a significant reduction in parasite emergence when black scales (ca. 125 D°>12.7°C old) were treated with either resmethrin (0.25 lb. AI/100 gal.) plus a spreader sticker or with resmethrin (0.25 lb. AI/100 gal.) alone. In the greenhouse study where only resmethrin was applied, the mean percent whitefly emergence was reduced by 71%, whereas the mean percent parasite emergence was reduced by only 27%. The parasites which emerged in the latter experiment were able to reproduce and thus continue the host-parasite interaction.
Chemical synthesis of dinitrodiphenylsulfone derivatives of ethanolamine and serine and its application to the study of neighbor analysis of amino-phospholipids in the erythrocyte membrane

The dinitrodiphenylsulfone derivatives of serine and ethanolamine have been prepared and their chromatographic and spectral properties are described. This cross-linking agent was used to determine the neighbor analysis of amino-phospholipids in the erythrocyte membrane. The results with erythrocyte ghosts show that at 50 μm probe 31–50% of the total phosphatidylethanolamine is cross-linked to itself and 10–12% of the phosphatidylethanolamine is cross-linked to phosphatidylserine. Approximately 10–12% of the phosphatidylserine is cross-linked to itself and 16–20% of phosphatidylserine is cross-linked to phosphatidylethanolamine. The cross-linking of amino-phospholipids of ghosts with difluorodinitrodiphenylsulfone (9 A span) is compared with cross-linking of these phospholipids by difluorodinitrobenzene (5 A span). It is important to use the same sample of ghosts for this type of study since biological variability was seen in ghosts prepared from different batches of stored blood.
Clinical significance of serum thermolysin-like metalloendopeptidase and its relationship to serum angiotensin converting enzyme in sarcoidosis.

A review of European data published before July 1986 and data from the authors' laboratory showed very similar activity of ciprofloxacin against gram-positive bacteria in all studies. Mean minimal inhibitory concentrations against 50 percent (MIC50) and 90 percent (MIC90) of staphylococcal strains were 0.32 and 0.59 mg/liter, respectively. The drug was equally active against staphylococcal strains resistant and susceptible to methicillin and/or gentamicin. The range of MIC50 and MIC90 values for Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium was between 0.25 and 1 mg/liter and 1 to 8 mg/liter, respectively. Ciprofloxacin inhibited group A and group B streptococci at concentrations of 0.5 to 2 mg/liter. Group C and G strains were less susceptible (MICs, 2 to 16 mg/liter). Penicillin-resistant and penicillin-susceptible pneumococci and the Viridans streptococci were inhibited by 0.5 to 4 mg/liter. MIC50 and MIC90 values of ciprofloxacin against Corynebacterium, including group JK, and anaerobic gram-positive cocci were 1 and 8 mg/liter, respectively, and against anaerobic gram-positive rods, were 2 and 16 mg/liter, respectively. Listeria monocytogenes strains were inhibited by 0.12 to 2 mg/liter. Ciprofloxacin showed bactericidal activity against staphylococci and streptococci in minimal bactericidal concentration tests and in killing kinetic studies. The in vitro activity of the drug was influenced neither by the method employed, by the medium used, by the pH of the medium, nor by the size of the inoculum. Resistance to ciprofloxacin developed in staphylococci in a step-wise manner. First-step mutants usually showed a fourfold to eightfold decrease in susceptibility. Contrary to the situation in gram-negative organisms, resistant mutants did not show reduced growth.
A recidivism analysis of Maryland's community probation program.

Abstract This study employed a type of quasi-experimental research design that compared a sample of offenders who underwent community supervision (HotSpot) with a matched sample of offenders who underwent “normal” probation supervision (presample) in Maryland. In addition to examining the recidivism pattern of both offender groups, specific attention was also devoted to the potential inhibiting effects of social bonds. Twelve months of recidivism information was collected to include both rearrest and technical violations. Results suggested that the survival distribution (for both rearrest and technical violation) of HotSpot probationers was not significantly different from the survival distribution for pre-HotSpot probationers. In addition, probationer's level of “stakes in conformity” served to inhibit both measures of recidivism, suggesting that offenders with more social bonds were less likely to incur a rearrest or citation for a technical violation. Theoretical and policy implications are highlighted, as are directions for future research.
Bacterial diarrhoea and its treatment

Morbidite importante provoquant des pertes de temps dans les pays developpes, mortalite importante dans les pays en voie de developpement. Les maladies et leur traitement different selon les germes responsables; Shigella, Salmonelloses autres que la typhoide, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, Yersinia, cholera, autres vibrions, diarrhee liee aux antibiotiques et colite pseudomembraneuse, diarrhee du voyageur
Kinetics of thermal decay of antigen E from short ragweed pollen

Abstract The rate of thermal decay of crude and purified preparations of antigen E from pollen of the short ragweed was determined at 4, 24 and 35 °C in the absence of preservative and in the presence of phenol, parabens or thimerosal. Arrhenius plots for the crude antigen preparations indicated the participation of two or more different processes, but the plot for the purified antigen illustrated a single process with an energy of activation of 16·4 kcal/mol. From the theory of absolute reaction rates, Δ H was calculated to be 14·9 ± 1·0 kcal/mol, and Δ S to be −13·3 ± 3·5 cal/deg/mol.
Articles You May Have Missed.

Background: Levamisole is a veterinary antihelminthic drug and a known cause of agranulocytosis. The Drug Enforcement Administration recently reported that 69% of cocaine coming into the United States contained levamisole as an added agent. A report from Canada associated human agranulocytosis with levamisole-contaminated cocaine. Research Question: Are unexplained cases of agranulocytosis in New Mexico and Washington State associated with cocaine contaminated with levamisole? Results: Twenty-one cases of unexplained agranulocytosis were reported in four states: New Mexico (eight), Arizona (one), Colorado (two), and Washington (ten). Nineteen patients admitted to crack and/or powder cocaine use. Five of these 19 patients had blood or urine testing for levamisole and four were found to be positive. Outcome was available for 19 patients: one died and 18 made a full recovery. In seven cases, there was at least one recurrence of agranulocytosis with repeated cocaine use. Critique: As a small, uncontrolled case series, a causal relationship between levamisole-contaminated cocaine and agranulocytosis has not been proved. The relatively short elimination half-life of levamisole may have limited the ability to confirm exposure, but the association between cocaine use and this rare condition is remarkable, especially in light of the DEA information. Implication for Toxicologists: Levamisole has joined a long list of cocaine adulterants that may act as secondary toxins. Toxicologists need to be aware of the possible reaction to levamisole and serve an active role in their community regarding continued surveillance, detection, management, and patient counseling.
Anomia in cerebral diseases

Abstract Naming performance was studied in demented patients, age-matched controls, left-hemisphere stroke patients with aphasia and right-hemisphere stroke patients. The experimental naming test compared four levels of perceptual difficulty and two language variables: word frequency and word length. Naming accuracy and error types were compared among subject groups. Perceptual difficulty influenced naming in the demented and right-hemisphere stroke patients, but not in aphasics and controls. Visual errors, likewise, characterized the former two groups. Semantically-related errors and circumlocutions characterized the naming of aphasic and demented patients, while phonemic errors were common only in aphasics. The results suggested differing patters of anomia in different patient groups.
Biodegradation kinetics of substituted phenolics: demonstration of a protocol based on electrolytic respirometry

Abstract Data from electrolytic respirometers were used to evaluate the kinetics of biodegradation of phenol, 4-chlorophenol, m -cresol, 2,4-dimethylphenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol through use of spreadsheets and nonlinear curve-fitting. The protocol is explained in detail. 4-Chlorophenol exhibited substrate inhibition kinetics and 2,4-dinitrophenol exhibited product inhibition kinetics. The others could be characterized by Monod kinetics. Values of the kinetic parameters describing biodegradation of each compound are presented.
Strategy-proofness, solidarity, and consistency for multiple assignment problems

We consider a problem of allocating indivisible objects when agents may desire to consume more than one object and no monetary transfers are allowed. We are interested in allocation rules that satisfy desirable properties from an economic and social point of view. In addition to strategy-proofness and Pareto efficiency, we consider consistency and two solidarity properties (replacement-domination and population-monotonicity). In most of the cases, these properties are satisfied only by serially dictatorial rules.
The Volatile Oil Composition of Fresh and Air-Dried Buds of Cannabis sativa

The composition of the steam-distilled volatile oil of fresh and air-dried, indoor-grown marijuana was studied by GC/FID and GC/MS. In all, 68 components were detected of which 57 were fully identified. Drying of the plant material had no effect on the qualitative composition of the oil and did not affect the ability of individuals familiar with marijuana smell to recognize the odor.
ReverseCloak: Protecting Multi-level Location Privacy over Road Networks

With advances in sensing and positioning technology, fueled by the ubiquitous deployment of wireless networks, location-aware computing has become a fundamental model for offering a wide range of life enhancing services. However, the ability to locate users and mobile objects opens doors for new threats - the intrusion of location privacy. Location anonymization refers to the process of perturbing the exact location of users as a cloaking region such that a user's location becomes indistinguishable from the location of a set of other users. A fundamental limitation of existing location anonymization techniques is that location information once perturbed to provide a certain anonymity level cannot be reversed to reduce anonymity or the degree of perturbation. This is especially a serious limiting factor in multi-level privacy-controlled scenarios where different users of the location information have different levels of access. This paper presents ReverseCloak, a new class of reversible location cloaking mechanisms that effectively support multi-level location privacy, allowing selective de-anonymization of the cloaking region to reduce the granularity of the perturbed location when suitable access credentials are provided. We evaluate the ReverseCloak techniques through extensive experiments on realistic road network traces generated by GTMobiSim. Our experiments show that the proposed techniques are efficient, scalable and provide the required level of privacy.
Vehicle acoustic classification in netted sensor systems using Gaussian mixture models

Acoustic vehicle classification is a difficult problem due to the non-stationary nature of the signals, and especially the lack of strong harmonic structure for most civilian vehicles with highly muffled exhausts. Acoustic signatures will also vary largely depending on speed, acceleration, gear position, and even the aspect angle of the sensor. The problem becomes more complicated when the deployed acoustic sensors have less than ideal characteristics, in terms of both the frequency response of the transducers, and hardware capabilities which determine the resolution and dynamic range. In a hierarchical network topology, less capable Tier 1 sensors can be tasked with reasonably sophisticated signal processing and classification algorithms, reducing energy-expensive communications with the upper layers. However, at Tier 2, more sophisticated classification algorithms exceeding the Tier 1 sensor/processor capabilities can be deployed. The focus of this paper is the investigation of a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) based classification approach for these upper nodes. The use of GMMs is motivated by their ability to model arbitrary distributions, which is very relevant in the case of motor vehicles with varying operation modes and engines. Tier 1 sensors acquire the acoustic signal and transmit computed feature vectors up to Tier 2 processors for maximum-likelihood classification using GMMs. In a binary classification task of light-vs-heavy vehicles, the GMM based approach achieves 7% equal error rate, providing an approximate error reduction of 49% over Tier 1 only approaches.
Small group-divisible designs with block size four

In this paper we study the group-divisible designs with block size four on at most 30 points. For all but three of the possible group types, we determine the existence or non-existence of the design.
Impact of a Foundation-Level MSW Research Course on Students' Critical Appraisal Skills

Evidence-based practice (EBP) has increasingly been put forth as a new paradigm of social work practice. One of the critical elements of EBP is the ability of consumers of research to be able to critically appraise research evidence. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the extent to which an introductory MSW research methods course affected student attitudes toward, and aptitude in, using research evidence. The study used a modified version of the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme instrument developed in the health care profession. Findings indicated that students reported an improvement in subjective attitude toward research. However, there was no significant change in students' ability to critically appraise research evidence.
Effects of vowel length and syllable structure on segment duration in Dutch

Abstract The present study concerns the durational properties of minimal Dutch word pairs containing long and short vowels as a specific case study of the mapping between phonological and phonetic notions of timing. In Experiment 1, duration of the postvocalic stop consonant in CV(:) Cen words did not vary as a function of preceding vowel length. Experiment 2 extended this finding to intervocalic stops in bisyllabic CV(:)Cen words. In Dutch, CV:Cen words contain a long vowel in syllable-final position, while CVCen words contain a short vowel followed by an arguably ambisyllabic consonant. Results from Experiment 2 indicated that the duration of the intervocalic consonant is not affected by the quantity of the preceding vowel or its differential status as a tautosyllabic or ambisyllabic consonant. An additional finding of Experiment 2 was that the duration of second-syllable [en] is inversely affected by the length of the vowel in the first syllable. Finally, Experiment 3 established that in CV(:)CCen words, C2 and, for most speakers, [en] were longer when preceded by a short vowel in the first syllable. These findings indicate that the presence of a short vowel results in a compensation of approximately 25 ms, which is distributed across the segments following that vowel. It is hypothesized that the postvocalic consonant in Experiments 1 and 2 did not participate in this compensation because the consonant is obligatory following short vowels. Thus, the factor affecting whether or not a postvocalic consonant exhibits compensatory behavior may be not so much ambisyllabicity versus tautosyllabicity but rather its obligatory versus optional status. Implications for models of phonetic and phonological timing are discussed.
The Application of Artificial Neural Network for the Prediction of the Deformation Performance of Hot-Mix Asphalt

The prediction of the deformation responses of Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) mixtures to loading conditions, which is a crucial component of the structural design of pavements, requires complex analytical models be determined through extensive laboratory testing and field validation. Those experiments generate a number of data, and the traditional statistical regression has been employed to analyze the data and to develop the prediction models. In terms of the behavior, HMA is categorized under the visco-elastic material, and in order to model this relation a non-linear regression must be adopted due the complexity of the HMA behavior. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a powerful modeling tool that is capable of capturing highly nonlinear functions. This paper describes how the ANN is trained to predict the responses of HMA, and a comparison with a conventional regression model is presented as well. In order to ensure the generality of the final neural network, the input/output training patterns are taken from different conditions and therefore the trained neural network is not limited to a specific condition. The final network is tested using a separate set of data that has not been used in training the ANN.
Novel Madin Darby canine kidney cell clones exhibit unique phenotypes in response to morphogens.

Novel Madin Darby Canine Kidney cell clones were isolated. These cell clones exhibit differential responsiveness to inducers of tubule or cyst formation in collagen gel culture: hepatocyte growth factor or inducers of intracellular cAMP formation, respectively. In gel culture, clone OR93.22.D6 forms cysts and responds with morphological transformation to both hepatocyte growth factor and prostaglandin E1, and is most typical of a previously described cell type except for its higher transepithelial electrical resistance. OR55.25.II20 forms tubules in culture, is unresponsive to hepatocyte growth factor, and forms prostaglandin-induced spherical cysts. OR55.28.V2 forms dense cell spheres under control conditions, is induced to form tubules by hepatocyte growth factor, and is unresponsive to prostaglandin. OR55.29 forms only cysts, and is the only clone to form domes in monolayer culture. Tubule formation induced by hepatocyte growth factor, in all clones except OR55.25.II20, is blocked by a neutralizing antibody. In defined medium, without hepatocyte growth factor or prostaglandin, OR55.25.II20 forms spontaneous tubules. This finding indicates that a tubulogenic serum factor is not responsible for the observed phenotype. Increasing prostaglandin concentrations lead to inhibition of tubule formation and increased cyst formation. This observation suggests that induction of intracellular cAMP formation negatively regulates tubule formation in these cells, and implies that cystogenesis may represent a “default pathway” for impaired tubulogenesis. These observations demonstrate that some facets of renal tubulogenesis may be independent of hepatocyte growth factor, and that care must be exercised when comparing biological studies utilizing different clones.
On the fate of methyl methacrylate in blood

The fate of methyl methacrylate in fresh human blood was investigated in vitro by using gas chromatography. It was found that methyl methacrylate is present in cells in concentrations twice as large as in plasma, but it disappears exponentially with time at a rate that is at least 10 times faster than that in cells. The rate constant in cells is very small or even zero. The half-life of methyl methacrylate in whole blood is 3 hr at 20 degrees C. Gas chromatography is a convenient method for the rapid determination of methyl methacrylate levels in blood.
The real city, the discursive city, the disappearing city: Postmodernism and urban sociology

Poststructuralist and postmodern theories have already had a considerable impact in anthropology, and mainstream sociology is beginning to consider the implications of these developments. A recent issue of a sociology journal is devoted to a "symposium on postmodernism," in which a radical rethinking of sociological theory is proposed (by Steven Seidman) and debated.' Somewhat ironically, the sociology of culture and the arts (my own field) has been slow to engage with critical work in the humanities (literary studies, film theory, and cultural studies), a reluctance that seems to perpetuate the disciplinary divide in the study of culture and to block a more productive collaboration between those interested in essentially the same project, namely a sociological analysis of the arts.2 But urban sociologists and urban theorists have been addressing these questions (notably David Harvey and Edward Soja, but also contributors to the journal Society and Space), and Michael Smith's article in this volume should be seen as part of the important project of rethinking both the city and urban studies from the point of view of postmodern theory.
Hispanic Test-Session Behavior on the Woodcock Johnson Psychoeducational Battery-Third Edition

This study examined potential differential examiner ratings for a large sample of self-identified Hispanics on the Woodcock Johnson Psychoeducational Battery—Third Edition (WJ-III) Test Session Observation Checklist (TSOC). Both between-group (Hispanics vs. non-Hispanics) and within-group analyses (Hispanics disaggregated by first spoken language, language spoken in the home, and mother's highest educational level) were conducted. Four research hypotheses were tested through 44 analyses. Most comparisons were not statistically significant, and across- and within-group differences had minimal influence in analyses that were statistically significant. The authors conclude that there is no compelling evidence of substantial systematic differences in examiner ratings of Hispanics' test-session behaviors on the WJ-III.
Children and youth in America : a documentary history

PART 5: Juvenile Delinquency 1. Inertia and Innovation in the Care of Juvenile Delinquents A. Continuing Problems B. New Approaches 2.The Federal Government and Juvenile Delinquency A. Juvenile Delinquency as a National Concern B. Congressional Action 3. The Juvenile Court and Legal Issues A. Debate over the Court B. Legal Rights of Delinquents PART 6: Health Care for Children Old Problems and Youth 1. Development of Federal-State Programs in the New Deal and World War 2 A. Maternal and Child Health and Crippled Children's Services in the Social Security Act B. Child Health in World War 2 and the Postwar Era 2. Health Problems and Services for Children and Youth Since World War 2 A. Progress and Problems B. Expansion of Federal--State Maternal and Child Health and Crippled Children's Programs C. additional Programs and National Research Institutes 3. Mental Health and Retardation A. Mental Health B. Mental Retardation PART 7: Education 1. The Roosevelt Era A. Education in Depression and War B. Theories of Education 2. Education of Children of Minority Groups: New Trends and Old Problems A. Educational Experiences of Black Children B. Outlawing School Segregation C. The Education of Indian Children 3. Education Adjusts to the Cold War A. The Issue of Loyalty B. The National Interest in Educational Improvement C. New Programs for Government 4. Education and Reform A. Federal Initiatives in Support of Education B. Desegregation of the Schools C. Church and State D. Higher Education E. Education of Handicapped Children Chronology: Event Relating to the History of the Health, Education, and Welfare of Children and Youth, 1933-1973 1868 Selected Bibiliography 1915 Index 1958 1987
Liquid-core waveguides for chemical sensing

A renewable reagent liquid core waveguide (LCW) chemical sensor which used a membrane material as both the sampling element and waveguiding component has been developed. Both aqueous and nonaqueous reagent chemistries were used. The aqueous chemistries were modified by using an ethylene glycol/water mixture (refractive index approximately equals 1.38) which allowed light to be guided inside the tubular membrane material. Several fluoropolymer membrane materials (e.g., PTFE, PFA, FEP) as well as temperature effects on waveguiding were also examined. Two different applications were used to demonstrate LCW chemical sensing. Ammonia was detected using a bromothylmol blue reagent while trichloroethylene (TCE) vapor was detected using the Fujiwara (a base catalyzed pyridine) reagent chemistry.
Natural history of metastatic renal cell carcinoma in patients who underwent consultation for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Abstract We characterized the natural history of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and identified prognostic factors among patients who did or did not undergo allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). A total of 99 patients (23 who underwent HSCT and 76 who did not) were included in the study. Overall survival rates were comparable between the HSCT and no-HSCT groups (excluding patients with poor performance status or brain metastasis from the latter group) at a median 17.4 months of follow-up (P = .92). In univariate analyses, Fuhrman's nuclear grade 4 (P = .05), high serum calcium (P = .002), or low hemoglobin levels (P = .02), 3 or more metastatic sites (P = .02), and
Gonadotropin Surge-Induced Up-Regulation of the Plasminogen Activators (Tissue Plasminogen Activator and Urokinase Plasminogen Activator) and the Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor Within Bovine Periovulatory Follicular and Luteal Tissue

This study examined the effect of the preovulatory gonadotropin surge on the temporal and spatial regulation of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), and uPA receptor (uPAR) mRNA expression and tPA, uPA, and plasmin activity in bovine preovulatory follicles and new corpora lutea collected at approximately 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 48 h after a GnRH-induced gonadotropin surge. Messenger RNAs for tPA, uPA, and uPAR were increased in a temporally specific fashion within 24 h of the gonadotropin surge. Localization of tPA mRNA was primarily to the granulosal layer, whereas both uPA and uPAR mRNAs were detected in both the granulosal and thecal layers and adjacent ovarian stroma. Activity for tPA was increased in follicular fluid and the preovulatory follicle apex and base within 12 h after the gonadotropin surge. The increase in tPA activity in the follicle base was transient, whereas the increased activity in the apex was maintained through the 24 h time point. Activity for uPA increased in the follicle apex and base within 12 h of the gonadotropin surge and remained elevated. Plasmin activity in follicular fluid also increased within 12 h after the preovulatory gonadotropin surge and was greatest at 24 h. Our results indicate that mRNA expression and enzyme activity for both tPA and uPA are increased in a temporally and spatially specific manner in bovine preovulatory follicles after exposure to a gonadotropin surge. Increased plasminogen activator and plasmin activity may be a contributing factor in the mechanisms of follicular rupture in cattle.
Concurrent aggregates (CA)

To program massively concurrent MIMD machines, programmers need tools for managing complexity. One important tool that has been used in the sequential programming world is hierarchies of abstractions. Unfortunately, most concurrent object-oriented languages construct hierarchical abstractions from objects that serialize — serializing the abstractions. In machines with tens of thousands of processors, unnecessary serialization of this sort can cause significant loss of concurrency.Concurrent Aggregates (CA) is an object-oriented language that allows programmers to build unserialized hierarchies of abstractions by using aggregates. An aggregate in CA is a homogeneous collection of objects (called representatives) that are grouped together and may be referenced by a single aggregate name. Aggregates are integrated into the object model, allowing them to be used wherever an object could be used. Concurrent Aggregates also incorporates several innovative language features that facilitate programming with aggregates. Intra-aggregate addressing aids cooperation between parts of an aggregate. Delegation allows programmers to compose an concurrent aggregate behavior from a number of objects or aggregates. Messages in CA are first class objects that can be used to create message handling abstractions (they handle messages as data). Such abstractions facilitate concurrent operations on aggregates. Continuations are also first class objects. In addition, programmers can construct continuations and use them just like system continuations. User constructed continuations can implement synchronization structures such as a barrier synchronization.
Isolation and characterization of fourteen novel putative and nine known target genes of the p53 family.

p53, a transcription factor, exerts its tumor suppressor activity by regulating a diverse array of genes involved in the control of the cell cycle, apoptosis, differentiation, and DNA repair. Previously, we and others have found that p53 contains multiple separate functional domains, each of which has a unique contribution to the activity of p53 in inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, probably via differential regulation of target genes. We and others have also found that the p53 family members, that is, p53, p63, and p73, are all capable of inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and regulate both common and unique target genes. Here, we used Affymetrix GeneChip assay and Northern blot analysis to determine whether some known target genes are regulated by various p53 mutants, which are active in inducing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, or both, and to identify novel target genes regulated by the p53 family. We found that various p53 functional domains control the induction of a target gene, which may...
Effect of gramicidin suspended in mineral oil on streptococci of bovine mastitis.

Gramicidin, an alcohol-soluble, water-insoluble substance extracted from cultures of an aerobic sporulating bacillus, has been found to exert a marked bactericidal effect against Gram positive microorganisms, both in vitro and in vivo.1 When injected by way of the cistern into infected quarters of cows suffering from mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae (Lancefield serological group B), gramicidin apparently cured a number of the infections.2The method originally used for the administration of gramicidin in the treatment of bovine mastitis consisted in diluting 60-240 mg of the bactericidal substance in 1000 cc of aqueous media and injecting this material into the cistern of the infected quarter. As reported earlier, this method of administration caused an intense swelling of the treated quarter, accompanied by a marked elevation of temperature. Although this reaction lasted only a few hours, it was severe enough to prevent repeated treatments on successive days.It has now been found that sterile m...
Solvatochromism in the aromatic ketone benzo[b]fluorenone

Abstract Spectroscopic studies on benzo[ b ]fluorenone (BF) solvatochromism in several pure aprotic and alcoholic solvents are reported. Fluorescence quenching was not observed in pure ethanol, unlike the related aromatic ketone 9-fluorenone (9-FL). Results in the more strongly hydrogen bonding alcohol 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) demonstrate fluorescence quenching, a red shift in emission, and indicate the presence of at least two ground state species in BF–TFE solutions. These results suggest BF has less ability to hydrogen bond with ethanol than 9-FL; this appears to relate to the difference in aromaticity between these two compounds.
Analysis of a loaded elliptical hole or crack in an anisotropic plane

Proposition de solutions explicites au probleme du trou, soumis a des forces et des moments concentres, dans une plaque anisotrope. Generalisation possible au cas d'un chargement quelconque
Tourism planning and power within micropolitan community development

The purpose of this research is to investigate the community planning processes associated with the development of a new and iconic attraction in a micropolitan community. The four sources of evidence in the case study research were communication with community leaders, planning documents, newspaper articles, and observations. Two hypotheses were formulated with the first phrased as planning for a proposed iconic tourist attraction is heavily swayed by power networks for immediate gains in economic development and was not being supported by the research. The rival hypothesis was phrased as planning for organic growth of selected recreational assets into tourist attractions is realized through collaborative power networks and public involvement based on long-term sustainability was supported. Analytic generalization applies to power networks, planning processes, and tourism integration in community development. The analyses contained two power networks termed iconic and integrative. An illustration incorpo...
Resveratrol regulates insulin-like growth factor-II in breast cancer cells.

IGF-II is a potent mitogen and inhibitor of apoptosis in breast cancer. Regulation of IGF-II is complex and includes inhibition by tumor suppressors, stimulation by oncogenes, and imprinting and hormonal regulation by estrogens. Resveratrol (RSV) is a phytoestrogen that displays estrogen-like agonistic and antagonistic activity. Recent studies have shown that RSV inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells and may represent a potent agent in chemopreventive therapy. Because 17-estradiol regulates IGF-II, we hypothesized that RSV may have a similar effect on IGF-II. The present study was designed to examine whether: 1) RSV modulates IGF-II in breast cancercells;2)regulationofIGF-IIbyRSVisdependentonthe ER status; and 3) IGF-II (not IGF-I) mediates RSV effects on breast cancer cells. Treatment of MCF-7 and T47D cells with RSV (10 6 M) caused stimulation of precursor IGF-II mRNA and protein; this effect was blocked by coincubation with 17estradiol (10 9 M). Cell growth stimulated by RSV (10 6 M) was blocked by addition of a blocking IGF-I receptor antibody, or the antiestrogen tamoxifen (10 7 M). In contrast, RSV treatment (10 4 M) inhibited IGF-II secretion and cell growth in MCF-7 and T47D cells. No increase in IGF-II levels is seen in estrogen receptor () MCF-10 cells, even though cell growth was inhibited by RSV 10 4 M and precursor IGF-II blocked the inhibitory effect of resveratrol. No change in IGF-I was observed with RSV treatment (10 6 to 10 4 M). Our study demonstrates that RSV regulates IGF-II and that IGF-II mediates RSV effect on cell survival and growth in breast cancer cells. (Endocrinology 146: 4224–4233, 2005)
Picomole-level mapping of protein disulfides by mass spectrometry following partial reduction and alkylation.

Abstract We have deduced the disulfide bond linkage patterns, at very low protein levels (
Heterotrophic nitrification by intestinal microorganisms.

From studies of nitrate balance in man and analyses of fecal and ileostomy samples,8 the possibility that nitrite and nitrate are formed de novo in the intestine, possibly by heterotrophic nitrification has emerged. This proposition significantly alters our previous conceptions of man's exposure to nitrite and suggests that nitrite may play a role in the cause of intestinal cancer. Heterotrophic nitrification has been demonstrated in various microorganisms. Our work has shown that intestinal heterotrophic microbial isolates from man are able to oxidize nitrogenous compounds to nitrite. These isolates include both procaryotes and eucaryotes.
A comparison of experiments and theory in the plastic bending of circular plates

Abstract Complete solutions of the theory of rigid/plastic bending of circular plates are compared with experimental evidence. Experiments were performed with mild steel plates. Experimental evidence consisted of load-deflection diagrams, etching patterns, mill-scale flaking patterns and deformed shapes.
The effect of thermomechanical processing on the properties of Fe–40 at.%Al alloy

Abstract The influence of compression deformation on microstructure of powder Fe–40 at.%Al alloy was investigated. Near micron-sized structure was produced by upsetting at 800 °C at a strain rate of 0.1 s−1 to a strain of 1.4. Room temperature compression tests showed that yield strength and fracture strength increased with decreasing grain size.
Slowly Digestible State of Starch: Mechanism of Slow Digestion Property of Gelatinized Maize Starch

The mechanism underlying the previously reported parabolic relationship between amylopectin fine structure, represented by the weight ratio of linear short chains [degree of polymerization (DP /= 13], and slowly digestible starch (SDS) content was investigated from the viewpoint of starch retrogradation and substrate susceptibility to enzyme hydrolysis. A maize mutant sample, termed "highest long-chain starch" (HLCS) representing group I samples with a higher proportion of long chains, showed a bell-shaped SDS pattern with retrogradation time, whereas insignificant changes in SDS were found for the sample termed "highest short-chain starch" (HSCS) representing group II samples with a higher proportion of short chains. This corresponded to results from X-ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry that showed a rapid increase of crystallinity and enthalpy for HLCS during retrogradation, but negligible changes for sample HSCS. Therefore, retrogradation was associated with SDS content for group I samples, but not for group II samples. Analysis of amylopectin fine structure, SDS content, retrogradation enthalpy, SDS material debranching profile, and hydrolysis pattern demonstrated, for group I samples, that linear branched chains of DP 9-30 of amylopectin may act as anchor points to slow the digestion of branced-chain fractions of DP > 30, which constitute the major slowly digestible portion, whereas for group II samples, it is the inherent molecular structure of amylopectin with a higher amount of branches and shorter chains that is not favorable for rapid enzyme digestion. The concept of a slowly digestible starch state (SDS state) that could be a chemical or physical entity is proposed to better describe the mechanistic underpinning of the slow digestion property of starches.
Dispersion, damping and confinement of propagating pulses in large space structures

Pulse propagations in large space structures caused by repeated pulse excitations are studied analytically (by using the Z-transforms) and numerically. It is found that resonance regimes can be generated not only by periodical, but also by non-periodical repeated pulses; the conditions for such regimes are derived. Special attention is paid to the dispersion of propagating pulses due to structural irregularities, to damping of pulses due to appropriate combination of elastic and viscous properties of joints between structural members, and to the protection of certain areas of Large Space Structures (LSS) from impacts provided by a pulse trapping effect.
Isolation and characterization of histone f1 in ribosomes

A protein has been isolated from purified cytoplasmic polysomes and ribosomes which appears to be histone fl based on its electrophoretic mobility, extraction properties, amino acid analysis, and color when stained with alizarin black in polyacrylamide gels.It was found in large and small polysomes, ribosomes, and ribosomal subunits. It remained attached to polysomes after treatment with 0.25 M NH4C1 or with 0.01 M EDTA in 0.2 M NaCl, which remove extraneously adsorbed proteins.