cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dam-lake Operation to Optimize Fish Habitat

The existence of dams cannot be ignored. The dam-lake formed due to the construction of a dam can be considered an integrated part of the natural watershed. A question which must be answered is how to operate a dam-lake so that the negative impacts of the dam on the natural flow system are reduced and at the same time the intended purposes of the dam are efficiently met. Among many aquatic species, the fish species are probably the most highly impacted species by the construction of a dam. As a result of the dam, fish habitat can decrease resulting in low productivity to no productivity at all for some fish species. This paper presents a methodology to develop a dam-lake operation model to maximize fish habitat. This study considered the physical habitat of smallmouth bass in its adult life. The operation model is developed by linking one-dimensional hydraulics model HEC-2 and dam-lake simulation model HEC-5 with a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm, the Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (SFLA). The computation of physical habitat, which is a function of habitat suitability index and some hydraulic parameters, is coded within the optimization algorithm. The model has been successfully applied to an unnamed dam-lake in the northeast of the U.S. The fish habitat for smallmouth bass in its adult life stage increases as the water surface in the dam-lake increases. Some recommendations to improve the model are discussed in the conclusions section.
Effects of Singular and Combined Dietary Deficiencies of Selenium and Vitamin E on Fingerling Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Selenium and vitamin E interrelationships in the nutrition of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were investigated in a 26-wk experiment. A purified basal diet alone or supplemented with 0.2 mg/kg selenium, 50 mg/kg vitamin E or both was fed to fingerling channel catfish in aquaria. Combined deficiencies of selenium and vitamin E caused suppressed growth, anemia, severe myopathy, exudative diathesis and death. Singular deficiencies of either selenium or vitamin E did not produce any of these deficiency signs. Catfish fed selenium-deficient diets with or without supplemental vitamin E had reduced glutathione peroxidase activity and elevated glutathione transferase activity in liver. Vitamin E deficiency in catfish caused elevated ascorbic acid-stimulated lipid peroxidation of hepatic microsomes, which was unaffected by selenium supplementation. The results indicate that there is a significant interaction between selenium and vitamin E in the nutrition of the channel catfish.
Research on VoIP traffic detection

VoIP usage is rapidly growing due to its cost effectiveness, dramatic functionality over the traditional telephone network and its compatibility with public switched telephone network (PSTN). Internet service providers (ISPs) and telecommunication authorities are interested in detecting commercial usage of VoIP to either block or prioritize it. In this paper we propose taxonomy of existing VoIP detection techniques. Basic 4 types of techniques are used to detect VoIP traffic i.e. Port-based techniques, signature-based techniques, pattern-based techniques, and statistical analysis-based techniques. This paper mainly focuses on the basic methodology, usage, advantages and disadvantages, and comparative study of these techniques.
Goldman Sachs: The 10,000 Women Initiative (TN)

Goldman Sachs' five-year, $100 million philanthropic initiative to provide practical business and management education to 10,000 women around the globe recently celebrated its first anniversary and over 1,200 women were either enrolled in, or graduated from sponsored certificate programs. The case describes the conception, development and implementation of the initiative and outlines some key strategic decisions facing the firm as they roll-out the program over the coming years. These include: how to organize the network of schools that deliver the educational services, how to determine the best outside partners to provide additional services for the women entrepreneurs, how to best assess the impact of the program, and finally the extent to which the initiative provides contributions to the long-term strategy of the firm.
Bite force patterns along the tooth row in anthropoid primates (918.15)

Models of biting mechanics have formed the basis for understanding how bite force is distributed along the tooth row, and play a major role in the interpretation of variation in facial morphology in both extant and extinct primates. However, the pattern of predicted force distribution differs depending on the model used. While simple lever models predict a steady increase in bite force as the bite point moves distally along the tooth row (e.g., Gysi, 1921; Smith, 1978), constrained lever models that address the weakness of the temporomandibular joint to tensile loading-which may impact biting on posterior teeth in some mammals-predict that forces will plateau (Greaves, 1978) or decrease (Spencer, 1999) with more posterior bites. Experimental studies have variously supported the predictions of both simple and constrained lever models. To determine whether biomechanical models would predict similar bite force patterns in primates with varying skull morphologies, I measured the facial skeletons of over 200 a...
Age differences in risk: : Perceptions, intentions and domains

Although it is commonly assumed that older people are more cautious and risk averse than their younger counterparts, the research on age differences in risk taking is mixed. While some research has found that older adults are less risk seeking, other research has found the opposite or no differences. One explanation is that age differences vary across risk domains. In two studies, we surveyed three adult age groups ranging in age from 18 to 83 on their risk perceptions and intentions of risky behaviors across several domains. Our studies showed that compared with young adults, older adults tend to see more risk in behaviors in health and ethical domains but less risk in behaviors from the social domain. A similar pattern occurred for participants' intentions of engaging in the risky behaviors. Older adults rated risky behaviors from health and ethical domains as less enjoyable and less likely to produce gains than young adults, whereas they rated risky behaviors from the social domain as more enjoyable, less unpleasant, and less likely to produce losses than young adults. These results suggest that age differences in risk preferences may vary across domains and may result from differing motivations
It's different to give than to receive: predictors of givers' and receivers' reactions to favor exchange.

The present research examines episodes of favor exchange among peer employees. We posit that favor receivers' and favor givers' commitment to their exchange relationships with one another will be accounted for by different factors. As predicted, in 2 different organizational contexts, receivers' commitment to their relationships with givers was found to be more related to their judgments of the givers' interactional justice when performing the favor, whereas givers' commitment to their relationships with receivers was shown to be more associated with their judgments of the favorability of the outcomes associated with the favor that they performed. The implications of these findings for how givers and receivers can better manage favor exchange, and hence their relationships with each other, are discussed.
DETERMINATION OF ACID-SOLUBLE THIOLS AND DISULFIDES IN TRANSPLANTED ANIMAL TUMORS.

Abstract The concentration of acid-soluble thiols and disulfides was measured in the deproteinized supernatant fractions of homogenates of seven transplanted mouse tumors and two rat tumors. Disulfides were determined after reduction to thiols with sodium borohydride in alkaline medium. Levels of both the reduced and oxidized forms of acid-soluble sulfur-containing peptides were of a similar magnitude. Certain details of the preparation of tissue samples were examined. Homogenization in an acid medium in the presence of high concentrations of sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate is required to preserve the endogenous thiols from auto-oxidation. Reduction of disulfides with sodium borohydride must precede deproteinization to obtain high degrees of recovery of added oxidized glutathione standards. Reduction with zinc in an acid medium resulted in much lower and irregular recovery. Saturation with ammonium sulfate of tissue samples to be deproteinized did not improve the recovery of added internal standards of glutathione. Deproteinization of tissue samples with perchloric or sulfosalicylic acids produced superior results compared with samples deproteinized with metaphosphoric or trichloroacetic acids.
Plasmacytoid bladder cancer: variant histology with aggressive behavior and a new mode of invasion along fascial planes.

Objective To examine differences in disease progression and nature of tumor invasion that may lead to more accurate expectations of tumor behavior and improved management options for plasmacytoid variant (PCV) histology urothelial bladder cancer patients. Methods Using the Indiana University Bladder Cancer Database, we conducted a retrospective analysis of patients undergoing radical cystectomy from 2008 to June 2013 to identify patients with PCV, micropapillary variant (MPV), or nonvariant (NV) histology and either positive ureteral margins (+UM), paravesical surgical margins (+PSM), or lymph node (+LN) involvement. Pearson's chi-squared test and analysis of variance were used for descriptive analysis. Results Of 510 patients who met inclusion criteria, 30 had +UM on final pathology. The incidence of +UM in NV patients was 17 of 457 (3.7%), in MPV 5 of 28 (17.9%), and in PCV 8 of 25 (32.0%) ( P Carcinoma in situ on the luminal margin was noted for all cases, except in 5 of the 8 PCV patients with +UM, in whom retrograde longitudinal invasion along the subserosal and adventitia was noted. +PSM and +LN were significantly higher for both PCV (28.0%, 72.0%) and MPV (10.7%, 64.3%) than NV (2.6%, 18.6%, P Conclusion PCV exhibits a unique pattern of spread along the ureter. This proposes a new mode of invasion along the fascial sheath. The incidence of +PSM and +LN liken PCV to the known aggressive MPV, and in conjunction with the increased incidence of +UM, may lead to a paradigm shift, with surgeons and pathologists being more vigilant with surgical margins.
Extended and Sequential Delivery of Protein from Injectable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels

Thermoresponsive hydrogels are attractive for their injectability and retention in tissue sites where they may serve as a mechanical support and as a scaffold to guide tissue remodeling. Our objective in this report was to develop a thermoresponsive, biodegradable hydrogel system that would be capable of protein release from two distinct reservoirs – one where protein was attached to the hydrogel backbone, and one where protein was loaded into biodegradable microparticles mixed into the network. Thermoresponsive hydrogels consisting of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and biodegradable methacrylate polylactide (MAPLA) were synthesized along with modified copolymers incorporating 1 mol% protein-reactive methacryloxy N,hydroxysuccinimide (MANHS), hydrophilic acrylic acid (AAc), or both. In vitro, bovine serum albumin (BSA) release was studied from hydrogels, poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles, or microparticles mixed into the hydrogels. The synthesized copolymers were able to gel below 37°C and release protein in excess of 3 months. The presence of MANHS and AAc in the copolymers was associated with higher loaded protein retention during thermal transition (45% vs 22%) and faster release (2 months), respectively. Microspheres entrapped in the hydrogel released protein in a delayed fashion relative to microspheres in saline. The combination of a protein-reactive hydrogel mixed with protein-loaded microspheres demonstrated a sequential release of specific BSA populations. Overall, the described drug delivery system combines the advantages of injectability, degradability, extended release, and sequential release which may be useful in tissue engineering applications.
Incentives to enhance the effects of electromyographic Feedback Training in stroke patients

The use of monetary incentives to enhance the effects of electromyographic(EMG) feedback training was studied in five stabilized stroke patients with hemiplegia. The study was divided into Baseline, EMG Feedback Training, Feedback Training Plus Incentives, and Follow-Up treatment conditions. Integrated EMG activity was recorded simultaneously from the anterior tibialis and medial gastrocnemius muscles during relaxation and dorsiflexion of the affected foot. Patients were instructed to try to increase anterior tibialis EMG activity while decreasing EMG activity in the medial gastrocnemius. Range of motion was measured both prior to and immediately following the Baseline and Feedback Training conditions. Results suggested that(a) EMG feedback training produced greater EMG control and range of motion than did unassisted practice, and(b) the addition of monetary incentives may enhance the effects of feedback training, possibly through its effect on patient motivation.
The Case for Cablinasian: Multiracial Naming From Plessy to Tiger Woods

This article advocates for the interdisciplinary use of critical race theory and critical rhetorical theory in communication to analyze racialized language and to evaluate the cultural and political significance of new racial discourses in the United States. The article examines the dissenting opinion in Plessy v Ferguson (1896) and the congressional hearings on the Tiger Woods Bill (1997), two key instances of public debate over multiracial categories. The article then turns to Tiger Woods' term “Cablinasian” and the possibilities of an alternative and contestory multiracial nomenclature, shifting the critique away from Woods' celebrity or politics and toward the legal history and rhetorical potential of the word itself.
Reaction of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase with micellar substrates. Effect of particle sizes.

Abstract Micellar, discoidal complexes were prepared from l -α-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) or egg phosphatidylcholine (egg-PC), cholesterol, and human apolipoprotein A-I by the cholate dialysis method. Reaction mixtures containing from 70:7:1 to 500:50:1, PC/cholesterol/apolipoprotein A-I (mol/mol) were fractionated by gel-filtration into various complex fractions. The isolated DPPC complexes ranged in size from 103 to 380 A in diameter, and in composition from 70:7:1 to 470:45:1, PC/cholesterol/ apolipoprotein A-I (mol/mol), respectively. In contrast, the isolated egg-PC complexes only ranged in size from 105 to 214 A in diameter, and in composition from 65:5:1 to 153:17:1, PC/cholesterol/apolipoprotein A-I (mol/mol), respectively. Measurements of fluorescence wavelength maxima and fluorescence polarization of tryptophan residues of apolipoprotein A-I, in both series of complexes, revealed uniform spectral properties for all the egg-PC containing complexes. The DPPC complexes, on the other hand, had maxima in the fluorescence parameters for complexes with diameters around 200 A. When reacted with purified human lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, either at constant apolipoprotein A-I or at constant lipid concentration, all egg-PC complexes had very similar reaction rates, but the DPPC complex series exhibited major differences in reactivity. Minima in reaction rates occurred for DPPC complexes around 200 A in diameter, and optimal rates were observed with the small discoidal complexes (110 A in diameter). These reaction rates correlate well with the apolipoprotein A-I fluorescence properties and indicate that the apolipoprotein structure, reflected at the interface with phosphatidylcholine, may be the most important factor in determining complex reactivity with lecithin: cholesterol acyltransf erase.
Isocurvature mechanism for structure formation

We examine a novel mechanism for structure formation involving initial number density fluctuations between relativistic species, one of which then undergoes a temporary downward variation in its equation of state and generates superhorizon-scale density fluctuations. Isocurvature decaying dark matter models (iDDM) provide concrete examples. This mechanism solves the phenomenological problems of traditional isocurvature models, allowing iDDM models to fit the current CMB and large-scale structure data, while still providing novel behavior. We characterize the decaying dark matter and its decay products as a single component of ``generalized dark matter''. This simplifies calculations in decaying dark matter models and others that utilize this mechanism for structure formation.
Allergic Reactions to Parenteral Beta-lactam Antibiotics in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis

Certain antibiotics, particularly piperacillin, have been reported to be associated with a high incidence of allergic reactions in patients with cystic fibrosis. We initiated a study to determine the relative frequency of allergic reactions, ie, drug-induced fever and rash, to parenteral beta-lactam antibiotics in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Charts of 111 patients were reviewed for each hospitalization to assess allergic reactions. Of 90 evaluable patients, 26 patients developed one or more allergic reactions to beta-lactam antibiotics. The number of allergic reactions per number of patients receiving specific antibiotics were carbenicillin (4/56), mezlocillin (7/42), piperacillin (11/31), ticarcillin (1/20), cefazolin (0/24), ceftazidime (1/35), imipenem/cilastatin (4/16), and nafcillin (3/36). The mean time to onset of drug-induced fever or of rash was 9.1 days. As a group penicillins had a higher frequency of allergic reactions than cephalosporins. The frequency of reactions was greatest with acylaminopenicillins (mezlocillin and piperacillin) and imipenem/cilastatin. The results of this study indicate that in addition to piperacillin, mezlocillin and imipenem/cilastatin may be associated with a high incidence of allergic reactions in patients with CF.
Environmental heat stress modulates thyroid status and its response to repeated endotoxin challenge in steers.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate in cattle, the effects of acute exposure to a heat stress (HS) environment on the status of the pituitary (thyrotropin, TSH)–thyroid (thyroxine, T 4 )–peripheral tissue T 4 deiodination (type 1 5'-deiodinase [D1]; triiodothyronine [T 3 ]; reverse-triiodothyronine [rT 3 ]) axis, and the further response of this pituitary–thyroid–peripheral tissue axis (PTTA) to perturbation caused by the induction of the proinflammatory innate immune state provoked by the administration of gram-negative bacteria endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]). Ten steers (318 ± 49 kg body weight) housed in controlled environment chambers were subjected to either a thermoneutral (TN: constant 19°C) or HS temperature conditions (cyclical daily temperatures: 32.2°C–40.0°C) for a total period of 9 d. To minimize the effects of altered plane of nutrition due to HS, steers in TN were pair-fed to animals in HS conditions. Steers received 2 LPS challenges 3 d apart (LPS1 and LPS2; 0.2 μg/kg body weight, intravenously, Escherichia coli 055:B5) with the first challenge administered on day 4 relative to the start of the environmental conditioning. Jugular blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, and 24 h relative to the start of each LPS challenge. Plasma TSH, T 4 , T 3 , and rT 3 were measured by radioimmunoassay. Liver D1 activity was measured in biopsy samples collected before the LPS1 (0 h) and 24 h after LPS2. Before the start of LPS1, HS decreased ( P 4 (45.4%), and T 3 (25.9%), but did not affect rT 3 concentrations. In TN steers, the LPS1 challenge decreased ( P 4 and T 3 at 7 and 24 h. In HS steers, plasma TSH concentrations were decreased at 2 h only ( P 3 was decreased at 7 and 24 h ( P 4 concentrations were already depressed in HS steers at 0 h, LPS1 did not further affect the levels. Plasma rT 3 concentrations were increased in all steers at 4, 7, and 24 h after LPS1 ( P 4 , T 3 , and rT 3 during LPS2 mirrored those observed in LPS1; the responses in plasma TSH were of smaller magnitude than those incurred after LPS1. The LPS challenges reduced ( P 3 from T 4 in the liver is preserved. The data also suggest that LPS challenge further suppresses all components of the PTTA including liver T 3 generation, and these PTTA perturbations are more pronounced in steers that encounter a HS exposure.
Electrical characterization of a single cell electroporation biochip with the 2-D scanning vibrating electrode technology

Advancements in microfabrication technology have lead to the development of planar micro-pore electroporation technology. This technology has been shown to provide greater control in single cell manipulation, and electroporation which is independent from cell size. In this work we report direct and spatially resolved characterization of electric currents within a planar micropore electroporation biochip to better understand this phenomenon at the cellular level. This work was performed using a two-dimensional (2-D) vibrating probe (VP). Analysis of the spatial patterns of current density yielded a 4th order polynomial profile in the planes parallel to the biochip’s surface and a three parameter hyperbolic decay profile in the planes perpendicular to the chip surface. A finite element model was developed which correlates with actual measurements on the micropore. Preliminary VP current density measurements of electroporated HepG2 cells revealed a significantly high current density minutes after electroporation even with non-electroporative pulses. These results indicate that cells take a considerable amount of time for complete electrophysiological recovery and indicate the use of the VP as a cell viability indicator for optimized electroporation.
Effect of experimental parameters and image noise on the error levels in simultaneous velocity and temperature measurements using molecular tagging velocimetry/thermometry (MTV/T)

In this work, the effect of experimental parameters on the error levels associated with simultaneous measurement of displacement and temperature using Molecular Tagging Velocimetry/Thermometry (MTV/T) was quantified via simulated images. Images were simulated using Gaussian profile laser lines. Noise was added to the images using a uniform random distribution and a Gaussian random distribution to simulate electronic noise and shot noise, respectively. The results showed that the error levels in the displacement and temperature measurements were inversely related for most experimental parameters including the laser line thickness, fluid temperature and image delay times. It is concluded that the dynamic range of the technique depends on the flow speeds and temperatures and must be determined for each experiment individually. Error levels, for 95% confidence, were found to be better than 0.3°C for temperature and 0.2 pixels for displacement for typical real-world experimental parameters.
16S rRNA-Based Analysis of Microbiota from the Cecum of Broiler Chickens

The microbiota of the intestinal tract of chickens plays an important role in inhibiting the establishment of intestinal pathogens. Earlier culturing and microscopic examinations indicated that only a fraction of the bacteria in the cecum of chickens could be grown in the laboratory. Therefore, a survey of cecal bacteria was done by retrieval of 16S rRNA gene sequences from DNA isolated from the cecal content and the cecal mucosa. The ribosomal gene sequences were amplified with universal primers and cloned or subjected to temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE). Partial 16S rRNA gene sequences were determined from the clones and from the major bands in TTGE gels. A total of 1,656 partial 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained and compared to sequences in the GenBank. The comparison indicated that 243 different sequences were present in the samples. Overall, sequences representing 50 phylogenetic groups or subgroups of bacteria were found, but approximately 89% of the sequences represented just four phylogenetic groups (Clostridium leptum, Sporomusa sp., Clostridium coccoides, and enterics). Sequences of members of the Bacteroides group, the Bifidobacterium infantis subgroup, and of Pseudomonas sp. each accounted for less than 2% of the total. Sequences related to those from the Escherichia sp. subgroup and from Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, and Bifidobacterium spp. were generally between 98 and 100% identical to sequences already deposited in the GenBank. Sequences most closely related to those of the other bacteria were generally 97% or less identical to those in the databases and therefore might be from currently unknown species. TTGE and random cloning indicated that certain phylogenetic subgroups were common to all birds analyzed, but sequence data from random cloning also provided evidence for qualitative and quantitative differences among the cecal microbiota of individual birds reared under very similar conditions.
Structural characteristics of neurons in the feline hippocampus during postnatal ontogenesis.

Abstract Golgi studies of pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons of the kitten hippocampus were carried out to determine the maturational status of these elements in the neonatal period and the essential morphological changes observed postnatally. Hippocampal pyramidal neurons exhibit well developed apical and basilar dendrites as well as numerous spines and axon collaterals in the newborn kitten. Nonpyramidal neurons are also well developed in all layers of the hippocampus in the neonatal period. Modified basket pyramid cells of the stratum radiatum are commonly observed in the neonatal period. These elements have extensive dendritic systems which distribute in all layers. Their axons descend to the stratum pyramidale, bifurcate, and distribute among the basilar and apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons. The multilaminate characteristics of the stratum pyramidale in the neonatal kitten are clearly revealed in Golgi studies. Cell bodies of pyramidal neurons are frequently located at a level corresponding to elaborate dendritic systems of nonpyramidal neurons, whose cell bodies may be among the largest encountered in the immature hippocampus. Wide variations in dendritic morphology are evident in pyramidal neurons of neonatal and young kittens. This is particularly evident in relationships between soma and primary dendritic branch points. These and other observations are relevant to problems of the organization of inhibitory pathways and properties of neurons in immature hippocampus as discussed in the two succeeding reports of this series.
Assessing Practical Intelligence in Business School Admissions: A Supplement to the Graduate Management Admissions Test.

Abstract The Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) is the most widely used measure of managerial potential in MBA admissions. GMAT scores, although predictive of grades in business school, leave much of the variance in graduate school performance unexplained. The GMAT also produces disparities in test scores between groups, generating the potential for adverse impact in the admissions process. We sought to compensate for these limitations by adding measures of practical intelligence to the admissions process in an MBA program. We developed two approaches to measuring practical intelligence, one knowledge-based and the other skill-based. We administered the resulting measures to two samples of incoming MBA students (total N = 792). Across the two studies, we found that scores on both measures predicted success inside and outside the classroom and provided small, yet significant, increments beyond GMAT scores and undergraduate GPA in the prediction of variance in MBA performance. We further found that these measures exhibited less disparity across gender and racial/ethnic groups than did the GMAT. These findings, although preliminary, suggest the potential value of considering a broader range of abilities in admissions testing.
1550 nm high contrast grating VCSEL using proton-implant-defined aperture

We report an HCG VCSEL using a proton-implant-defined aperture operating at 1550 nm. The full laser structure is grown in a single epitaxial run, reducing fabrication complexity and cost, and is polarization stable by design.
Transition to Adult Care for Youth with Type 1 Diabetes

Emerging adults with type 1 diabetes are at risk for poor glycemic control, gaps in medical care, and adverse health outcomes. With the increasing incidence in type 1 diabetes in the pediatric population, there will be an increase in the numbers of teens and young adults transferring their care from pediatric providers to adult diabetes services in the future. In recent years, the topic of transitioning pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes to adult diabetes care has been discussed at length in the literature and there have been many observational studies. However, there are few interventional studies and, to date, no randomized clinical trials. This paper discusses the rationale for studying this important area. We review both observational and interventional literature over the past several years, with a focus on new research. In addition, important areas for future research are outlined.
Strategies for evaluation

Abstract Appropriate strategies for evaluations of family preservation programs are discussed in this paper. The case is made for randomized controlled experiments as providing the most credible effectiveness measures. The article also argues for considering changes in the well being of children and families as major criteria for successful treatment, with a corresponding lesser emphasis on placement avoidance. A distinction is made between “site” and “grand” strategies, the former being appropriate for local agencies and the latter for the national scene. “Site” strategies profitably may use simple one-factor experiments whereas “grand” strategies call for complex factorial experiments which test variations in family preservation programs as well as effectiveness with different kinds of clients.
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function

Biological diversity occurs at several hierarchical levels, from genes to individuals, from populations, species, communities, and ecosystems to landscapes. At each of these levels there are important relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem processes and between biodiversity and the ways in which ecosystems respond to disturbance and changing global conditions.
Voltage-Gated K+ Currents Regulate Resting Membrane Potential and [Ca2+]i in Pulmonary Arterial Myocytes

The membrane potential (Em) of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) regulates pulmonary arterial tone by controlling voltage-gated Ca2+ channel activity, which is a major contributor to [Ca2+]i. The resting membrane is mainly permeable to K+; thus, the resting Em is controlled by K+ permeability through sarcolemmal K+ channels. At least three K+ currents, voltage-gated K+ (KV) currents, Ca(2+)-activated K+ (KCa) currents, and ATP-sensitive (KATP) currents, have been identified in PASMCs. In this study, both patch-clamp and quantitative fluorescent microscopy techniques were used to determine which kind(s) of K+ channels (KV, KCa, and/or KATP) is responsible for controlling Em and [Ca2+]i under resting conditions in rat PASMCs. When the bath solution contained 1.8 mmol/L Ca2+ and the pipette solution included 0.1 mmol/L EGTA, depolarizations (-40 to +80 mV) elicited both KCa and KV currents. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ and increase of intracellular EGTA concentration (to 10 mmol/L) eliminated the Ca2+ influx-dependent KCa current. 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP, 5 to 10 mmol/L) but not charybdotoxin (ChTX, 10 to 20 nmol/L) significantly reduced KV current under these conditions. In current-clamp experiments, 4-AP decreased Em (depolarization) and induced Ca(2+)-dependent action potentials; this depolarization increased [Ca2+]i in intact PASMCs. Neither ChTX nor the specific blocker of KATP channels, glibenclamide (2 to 10 mumol/L), caused membrane depolarization and the increase in [Ca2+]i. However, pretreatment of PASMCs with ChTX enhanced the 4-AP-induced increase in [Ca2+]i.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Long-term results of endonasal endoscopic transsphenoidal resection of nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas.

BACKGROUND Several studies report early results of endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery; however, none discuss long-term outcome measures such as tumor recurrence rates and the need for additional surgical procedures. OBJECTIVE To discuss the long-term outcomes after endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas. METHODS This is a retrospective study. Patients were included only if they had at least 5 years of clinical and imaging follow-up after surgery. RESULTS Eighty patients met the study criteria. Grossly complete resection was achieved in 71% of patients. Knosp grade 0 to 2 tumors and tumor with volumes <10 cm were significantly more likely to have received a grossly complete resection. There were 7 recurrences (12%) in patients who had received grossly complete resections, with a mean time to recurrence of 53 months. Among the 23 patients who had subtotal resections, 11 (61%) progressed radiographically, and 3 (17%) had symptomatic progression. Knosp score, surgical and radiographic evidence of invasion, and preoperative visual deficits were predictive of recurrence in a univariate analysis, but Knosp grade was the only independent predictor in a multivariate analysis. Kaplan-Meier analysis projected a 10-year progression-free survival rate of 80% and 21% for patients with gross total resections and subtotal resections, respectively. CONCLUSION At the long-term follow-up, 12% of patients had recurrent tumors after grossly complete resection. Recurrent or residual tumors were treated with either repeat surgery or Gamma Knife radiosurgery. Rates of complete resection, postoperative surgical and endocrinological complications, and additional surgical procedures are similar to previously published reports after microscopic transsphenoidal surgery.
Axisymmetric states of an internally heated rotating annulus

A finite difference model is used to study the axisymmetric states of an internally heated annulus. Four different heating rates are used to obtain four distinct states of flow, which can be characterized by their heat transfer and loosely described as either conduction- or convection-dominated. The numerical results are interpreted through scale arguments, and by comparison with previous works on the traditional wall-heated annulus, two finite difference computations of which are included. The conduction temperature scale is found to be O( λ / k ) and the convection temperature scale t be O( λ 4/5 { v /(α gk 3 L 3 )} 1/5 where λ is the heat input; k , v are respectively the thermometric conductivity and kinematic viscosity; L is the width of the annulus, α the coefficient of thermal expansion and g the earth’s gravity. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1977.tb00712.x
Myocardial mechanics before and after ablation of chronic tachycardia

Chronic tachycardia has been shown to cause a congestive cardiomyopathy; however, previous methods of evaluating ventricular function are highly dependent on cardiac loading conditions. Mean velocity of fiber shortening and its relation to end-systolic wall stress (ESS) is a preload independent index of contractility that incorporates afterload. We reviewed 33 patients (aged 5 months to 20 years; mean 9.7 years) with ectopic atrial tachycardia (EAT) (n = 19), permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia (PJRT) (n = 12), or ventricular tachycardia (n = 2), who underwent nonpharmacological elimination of tachycardia ; 28 by radiofrequency ablation and 5 surgically. Ventricular function was evaluated by echocardiographic measurements of shortening fraction, mean velocity shortening corrected for heart rate (VcFc), and afterload as ESS. Contractility, expressed as the stress-velocity index, was determined by comparing the Ess/VcFc relation to the predicted normal VcFc for the measured ESS. Myocardial dysfunction was seen in 21 patients: 13 with EAT; 7 with PJRT; and 1 with ventricular tachycardia. In patients with EAT, the mean heart rate in tachycardia was significantly faster in those with dysfunction than in those without dysfunction (176.8 +/- 23.2 vs 136.7 +/- 28.2; P < 0.02). Of the 21 patients with dysfunction, full recovery was seen in 17 of 18 patients restudied after intervention (mean 17.5 +/- 17.6 weeks), and the remaining patient improved markedly, but did not normalize entirely. Dysfunction, seen in 64% of young patients with chronic tachycardia, was due to depressed myocardial contractility, and is generally reversible within 3 months of definitive therapy.
Quantization of Chern-Simons gauge theory with complex gauge group

The canonical quantization of Chern-Simons gauge theory in 2+1 dimensions is generalized from the case in which the gauge group is a compact Lie groupG to the case in which the gauge group is a complex Lie groupG ℂ. Though the physical Hilbert spaces become infinite dimensional in the latter case, the quantization can be described as precisely as for compact gauge groups and using similar methods. The special case in which the gauge group isSL(2,ℂ) gives a description of 2+1 dimensional quantum gravity with Lorentz signature and positive cosmological constant or with Euclidean signature and negative cosmological constant. While it is not clear whether there is a 1+1 dimensional conformal field theory related to these 2+1 dimensional models, there are natural, computable candidates for the central charge and the conformal blocks of such a hypothetical theory.
Pulse voltammetry at cylindrical electrodes : oxidation of anthracene

Abstract Linear scan (cyclic), staircase, square wave, and normal and reverse pulse voltammetry are used to characterize the response for anthracene oxidation at a platinum microcylinder electrode. It is shown that such electrodes are well-suited to kinetic studies. It is normally assumed that the oxidation of anthracene follows an ECE mechanism. However, it is shown, particularly by comparison of simulated data for reverse pulse voltammetry with experimental values, that the mechanism is DISPI. The rate constant for the following chemical reaction depends on the voltammetric time-scale, and thus the overall reaction is not yet completely characterized.
X-rays from accretion of red giant winds

X-ray observations of the late-type red giants Mira and R Aqr obtained with the Einstein Observatory are presented, and the general problems of white dwarf accretion from late-type giant winds is considered. The extremely low measured luminosities obtained for the two systems leads to the conclusion that the companions of Mira and R Aqr are most likely low-mass main sequence objects rather than white dwarfs as is usually assumed. The expected X-ray luminosities of true red giant/white dwarf systems are considered, and it is concluded that far too few have been detected if the canonical accretion scenario is adopted. A possible explanation of this situation in terms of grain-dominated Eddington-limited accretion is proposed.
Comparison of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice in food motivation and satiety

Demand functions describe the relationship between the consumption of a commodity and its mean or unit price. In the first experiment, we analyzed food demand in two strains of mice (C57BL/6 and DBA/2) that differ on several behavioral dimensions, but have not been examined extensively for differences in feeding and meal patterns. Mice worked for food pellets in a continuous access closed economy in which total intake and meal patterns could be measured. A series of fixed (FUP), variable (VUP), and progressive (PUP) unit price schedules were imposed. Under all schedules, DBA/2 mice consumed significantly more food than C57BL/6, a difference that was not attributable to disparity in body weight or weight gain. The higher intake of DBA/2 mice was due predominantly to larger meal size compared with C57BL/6, with no strain difference in meal frequency. In a second experiment, strain differences in meal size were not found to correlate with anorectic sensitivity to cholecystokinin (CCK) administration, or with c-Fos expression induced by CCK in PVN, AP and NTS. Thus, DBA/2 mice were motivated to sustain a higher daily food intake and meal size than C57BL/6 under the range of demand costs employed in the present work, but this strain difference is unlikely to be due to CCK action or responsiveness.
Phase I/II study of treatment of locally advanced (T3T4) non-oat cell lung cancer with high dose radiotherapy (rapid fractionation): Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study.

Abstract The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) completed a pilot study to test the feasibility of high dose of radiation therapy and its impact on tumor control and survival. From April 1, 1983 through May 1985, a total of 56 patients were treated on this protocol. All patients had locally advanced disease without distant metastases. The treatment regimen consisted of delivering 7500 cGy in 28 fractions over 5.5 weeks to the tumor, while the nodal bearing areas received 5040 cGy in the same period (daily dose to the mediastinum was 180 cGy; daily dose to gross tumor was 268 cGy). This is a considerably higher dose, with a TDF of 142 compared with a TDF of 92 (conventional fractionation of 6000 cGy in 6 weeks), which is the highest dose used in previous RTOG studies. Doses in this protocol (7500 cGy) was corrected for lung transmission whereas doses in prior RTOG protocols (6000 cGy) were uncorrected. Thus, after correction dose of 6600 cGy was calculated and coded for comparison. All short-term toxicities were acceptable, and the only major toxicity was one third-degree esophagitis in a patient with a follow-up of 12 months. Forty-four out of fifty-six patients received prescribed dose of irradiation. There were 17 complete responders and 15 partial responders, with an overall response rate of 32 out of 44 (72.70. At the time of this report, there were 9 patients alive (NED); 5 died without tumor; and the remainder died of tumor or unknown.
The interactive multisensor snow and ice mapping system

The interactive multisensor snow and ice mapping system (IMS) was developed to give snow and ice analysts the tools, on one platform, to inspect visually the imagery and mapped data from various sensor sources to determine the presence of snow and ice and to depict snow- and ice-covered areas on a map on a daily basis, in one hour or less. Snow and ice analysts in the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service have been creating weekly maps showing the extent of snow cover for the Northern Hemisphere since 1966 using visible imagery from polar-orbiting and geostationary satellites and surface observations as data sources. The current process is mostly manual and time-consuming, taking up to 10 hours to produce a map during the snow season. Where cloud cover precludes an unobstructed view of an area during the entire week, the analysis from the previous week is carried forward. Each week the analyst draws a new map by hand, then digitizes the extent of snow and ice cover using an 89 × 89 line grid overlaid on a stereographic map of the Northern Hemisphere. The hand-drawn map is photocopied and distributed and the digitized map is saved to a file for use in National Weather Service numerical models and for archival storage. IMS was designed and built to replace and improve this process by producing a more accurate and timely product.
The Tetrafluoroborate Salt of 4-Methoxybenzyl N -2-(dimethylamino)ethyl- N -nitrosocarbamate: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and DFT Calculations

The tetrafluoroborate salt of 4-methoxybenzyl N-2-(dimethylamino)ethyl-N-nitrosocarbamate was prepared in two steps, via the corresponding carbamate. Its crystal structure is monoclinic, space group P21/c. The unit cell dimensions are: a = 19.499(8) A, b = 5.877(3) A, c = 15.757(7) A, α = 90°, β = 110.019(7)°, γ = 90°, V = 1696.5(12) A3, Z = 4. The structure exhibits an unexpected, pseudo-gauche conformation with respect to the C2–C3 bond, due to a stabilizing hydrogen bond between the carbonyl oxygen (O1) and the hydrogen atom at the trialkylammonium center (H3n), with a distance between them of 2.37 A. DFT calculations on the cation (B3LYP/6-31 + G(d)) confirm that the hydrogen bond stabilized gauche conformation is the global minimum structure. This article describes the preparation, crystal structure and theoretical analysis of the tetrafluoroborate salt of 4-methoxybenzyl N-2-(dimethylamino)ethyl-N-nitrosocarbamate, the first reported N-nitrosocarbamate salt.
First report of Puccinia psidii caused rust disease epiphytotic on the invasive shrub Rhodomyrtus tomentosa in Florida.

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. (downy-rose myrtle, family: Myrtaceae), of South Asian origin, is an invasive shrub that has formed monotypic stands in Florida (3). During the winter and spring of 2010 through 2012, a rust disease of epiphytotic proportion was observed on young foliage, stem terminals, and immature fruits of this shrub in natural areas of Martin and Lee counties, Florida. Expanding leaves and succulent stems developed chlorotic flecks on the surface that developed into pustules and ruptured to discharge urediniospores. Symptomatic leaves and stems developed severe necrotic spots and resulted in tissue distortion, defoliation, and stem dieback. Based on symptoms and urediniospore morphology and dimensions (17.7 to 26.1 [22.1 ± 0.3] × 14.7 to 21.1 [17.7 ± 0.2] μm; n = 51) (4), the causal agent was identified as Puccinia psidii Winter; teliospores were not observed in samples since it does not produce these spore stages below 20°C ambient temperature (1). This identification was confirm...
Distress and disease status among patients with rheumatoid arthritis: roles of coping styles and perceived responses from support providers.

Previous research has shown that social support can have a beneficial impact on coping processes and psychological adjustment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The association of individual coping styles and perceived responses from others to one’s pain episodes with patients’ distress and disease status over time was investigated. The sample consisted of 42 middle-aged patients with RA who were predominantly White (98%), female (64%), and married (88%). Participants completed surveys and their rheumatologist completed clinical assessments of patient disease status at 2 time points over a 9-month period. Although punishing responses from others (e.g., getting irritated or angry when the patient is in pain) were perceived as relatively infrequent, they were associated with a patient coping style of focusing on and venting of negative emotion as well as elevated negative affect (NA). Findings also indicated that those who perceived punishing responses from close others and coped by venting negative emotions reported increased NA over time and were rated by their rheumatologist as having more severe RA disease status over time. Implications for psychosocial intervention and directions for future research are discussed.
Standards of Best Practice: Simulation Standard III: Participant Objectives

Abstract All simulation-based learning experiences begin with development of clearly written participant objectives, which are available prior to the experience. Participant objectives are the guiding tools for simulation. Objectives are essential to determine if the outcomes for simulation-based learning experience have been achieved. To meet participant objectives, identification of appropriate scenario, fidelity, and facilitation methods is crucial.