cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU‐FF‐J‐148: Comparison of the Intratumoral Distribution of Targeted and Non‐Targeted Cu‐67‐Carrying Composite Nanodevices (CNDs)

Purpose: To investigate the tumor distribution of angiogenic microvascular targeted and non‐targeted beta‐emitting Cu‐67‐carrying composite nanodevices (CNDs) using an in vivo mouse tumormodel.Method and Materials:Composite nanodevices (CNDs) are third‐generation “smart” nanoparticles synthesized from nanomaterials. We synthesized gold/dendrimer CND's (cRGD‐AuCND) with certain peptides molecules, which target the proteins expressed in tumor microvasculature. The same constructs, but without targeting molecules (AuCND) were used as control. Labeling was achieved by complexing known activities of the beta emitter Cu‐67 ions with the targeting and non‐targeting CNDs in solution. The solutions were introduced into a group of subcutaneous prostate‐tumor‐bearing mice via tail‐vein injections. Sections of the tumors were resected and exposed on autoradiographic film. Autoradiographs were also produced of an agarose gel standard containing various concentrations of the same Cu‐67 sample. These calibration films were digitized and analyzed using a threshold technique, and provided 32 regions of interest. Average pixel values of these regions were plotted versus the calculated number of beta events, and fit to a power law, to produce a sensitometric curve. Results: The regions of interest of the calibration films varied between a high signal of 57 and a low signal of 177, based on 8‐bit digital images.Images of tumor sections containing the targeted and non‐targeted CND were analyzed using the sensitometric curve. The average relative activity of beta decays corresponding to the targeted cRGD‐AuCND was 3.4 times higher than that of the non‐targeted AuCND. Conclusion: Based on analysis of autoradiographs, we have shown that targeted CND's are preferentially deposited in tumors. The relative activity of Cu‐67 in tumor tissue was a factor of 3–4 greater for the targeted cRGD‐AuCND than the non‐targeted AuCND. In combination with other tumorimage analysis techniques, these results will permit detailed quantitative intratumoral biodistribution and then microdosimetry of the nanodevices.
Occurence and Predictors of Short-Term Mental and Functional Changes in Older Adults Undergoing Elective Surgery Under General Anesthesia

The authors studied the cognitive, affective, and functional status of 172 mentally healthy patients, age 55 and older, who were undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia. Patients were interviewed before and after surgery; this report focuses on changes 1 month postoperatively. Authors compared the mental status and function of 190 nonsurgical patients of comparable age. Surgical patients showed a temporary functional decline. Linear regression predictors of affective, cognitive, and functional change at follow-up included demographics, baseline measures of mental status and function, surgery type, and intraoperative measures. Longer duration of anesthesia—but not type of surgery—predicted short-term decline in activities of daily living but not cognition or affect. Authors discuss results in the context of previous findings in which surgery had no impact on mental status or function at 10-month follow-up.
Anticoagulation for prevention of stroke

One of the important recent advances in stroke prevention is the demonstration that warfarin can substantially reduce the risk for stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). On average, patients with AF have a stroke risk of 4.5% per year. Anticoagulation reduces this to around 1.5% per year, a 70% relative risk reduction. The presence of additional risk factors, such as a recent stroke or transient ischemic attack, hypertension (particularly systolic hypertension), congestive heart failure, or diabetes, greatly increases stroke risk. Patients with any of these risk factors have a stroke risk of 8% per year or more. In contrast, patients under age 75 with none of these risk factors have a low risk for stroke (around 1% per year) when treated with aspirin. This risk stratification may help in identifying which patients with AF benefit most from anticoagulation. Anticoagulation has also been shown to prevent stroke in patients with other cardioembolic sources, including acute anterior wall myocardial infarction (particularly with echocardiographic evidence of thrombus), prosthetic heart valves, and dilated cardiomyopathies.
The effect of mechanical stimulation on the inherent E.M.F. of polar tissues

1. The effect of mechanical stimulation of a portion of the onion root is to reduce, or reverse the sign of, the inherent E.M.F. of the cells of the stimulated region. 2. The effect upon the inherent E.M.F. of a length of root including the stimulated region is dependent upon the direction of fall of potential across the latter. Stimulation of a region whose apical end is positive in the external circuit produces a fall of total potential, while stimulation of a region whose basal end is positive produces a rise in total potential. The effect is instantaneous in all cases. 3. There is no transmission of electrical effect from the stimulated region as shown by: (a) Absence of diphasic variation when stimuli are applied between the electrodes; (b) Absence of any effect when stimuli are applied outside the electrodes; (c) Adequacy of the quadrant electrometer to register the passage of impulses whose velocity does not exceed that of the slower waves recorded for Mimosa; (d) Existence of a negative condition in the stimulated cells as shown by moving the nearer electrode to include the stimulated region. 4. Lund's theory of the origin of bioelectric currents is shown to offer a simple and logical explanation of the facts.
Macromolecular docking restrained by a small angle X-ray scattering profile

While many structures of single protein components are becoming available, structural characterization of their complexes remains challenging. Methods for modeling assembly structures from individual components frequently suffer from large errors, due to protein flexibility and inaccurate scoring functions. However, when additional information is available, it may be possible to reduce the errors and compute near-native complex structures. One such type of information is a small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) profile that can be collected in a high-throughput fashion from a small amount of sample in solution. Here, we present an efficient method for protein-protein docking with a SAXS profile (FoXSDock): generation of complex models by rigid global docking with PatchDock, filtering of the models based on the SAXS profile, clustering of the models, and refining the interface by flexible docking with FireDock. FoXSDock is benchmarked on 124 protein complexes with simulated SAXS profiles, as well as on 6 complexes with experimentally determined SAXS profiles. When induced fit is less than 1.5A interface C(α) RMSD and the fraction residues of missing from the component structures is less than 3%, FoXSDock can find a model close to the native structure within the top 10 predictions in 77% of the cases; in comparison, docking alone succeeds in only 34% of the cases. Thus, the integrative approach significantly improves on molecular docking alone. The improvement arises from an increased resolution of rigid docking sampling and more accurate scoring.
Episodic memory for emotional and nonemotional words in schizophrenia

Deficits in the outward expression of emotion have long been recognised as a symptom of schizophrenia. However, recent research suggests that patients with schizophrenia may not have deficits in subjective emotional experience, in that they report experiencing intact levels of affect when presented with emotional stimuli. Relatively little is known about other aspects of emotional processing in schizophrenia, such as memory for emotionally valenced information, or how this might be related to either subjective emotional experience or facial emotion expressivity in schizophrenia. To address these questions, we administered an incidental‐encoding task for emotional verbal stimuli followed by recall and recognition tasks to 27 patients with schizophrenia and 28 healthy controls. Overall, patients demonstrated worse recall than controls, although they did not display worse recognition. Nonetheless, patients and controls displayed similar patterns of memory for emotional words in all tasks. However, patients w...
Saccharin inhibits guanylate cyclase activity: Possible relationship to carcinogenesis

Abstract Saccharin (2,3-dihydro-3-oxobenzisosulfonazole) decreased the activity of rat guanylate cyclase (E.C. 4.6.1.2) 60 to 75 percent in urinary bladder. Inhibition was also seen in kidney, liver, stomach, and lung. Since a number of mutagenic chemical carcinogens decrease guanylate cyclase activity, this effect of saccharin may account for its mutagenicity.
Limb fractures in patients with spinal cord injury

Limb fractures that occur late in patients with spinal paralysis are considered to be different enough to warrant variations in treatment. In the author's experience, treatment ensures that the functional level is unchanged when healing occurs. Treatment includes use of splints, made of soft materials, that are effective, inexpensive, safe, and allow for good healing. There is motion at the fracture site but, in the author's experience, healing occurs in all fractures except those at the femoral neck. Treatment with soft materials is the least expensive treatment method because it does not require hospitalization, surgery is not recommended, the bone is so soft and pathological that it does not hold firmly with internal fixation, rehabilitation is simplified.
Iron coordination chemistry of N-(bis(2-pyridyl)methyl)pyridine-2- carboxamide

Abstract The amidate function participates in the coordination chemistry of iron containing biomolecules such as the anti-tumor drug bleomycin and the enzyme nitrile hydratase. Our interest in amidate coordination prompted an investigation of the iron complexes of the potentially tetradentate ligand N-(bis(2-pyridyl)methyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide (HL). A number of complexes have been isolated and structurally characterized, including [FeII(L)2] (1), [FeIII(LOCH3)Br2(CH3OH)] (3), [FeIII 2(μ-OH)2(LOCH3)2Br2] (4), and [FeIII 4(μ-OCH3)2(LO)2Br6] (5). In these complexes L acts as a meridional tridentate ligand, as previously observed for the corresponding [Cu(L)Cl(CH3OH)] complex (Inorg. Chem. 39 (2000) 5326). In the cases of 3 and 4, the hydrogen of the tertiary carbon has been replaced by a methoxy group in the course of complex synthesis. In the case of 5, the tertiary hydrogen is replaced by hydroxide, and this oxygen and the dangling pyridine act as a bidentate ligand to a second iron ion. When the reaction of FeBr3 and HL was carried out in acetonitrile in the presence of base but in the absence of air, the ligand was cleaved into two pieces, affording [FeIIBr2(pyridine-2-carboxamide)(di-2-pyridylketone)] (6). It is proposed that the coordination of the amide nitrogen of HL to an iron(III) center as an amidate activates the α-CH bond and results in the oxidation of the α-CNamide bond to an imine.
Inflammation-induced up-regulation of protein kinase Cγ immunoreactivity in rat spinal cord correlates with enhanced nociceptive processing

Abstract Activation of various second messengers contributes to long-term changes in the excitability of dorsal horn neurons and to persistent pain conditions produced by injury. Here, we compared the time-course of decreased mechanical nociceptive thresholds and the density of protein kinase C γ immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn after injections of complete Freund's adjuvant in the plantar surface of the rat hindpaw. Complete Freund's adjuvant significantly increased paw diameter and mechanical sensitivity ipsilateral to the inflammation. The changes peaked one day post-injury, but endured at least two weeks. In these rats, we recorded a 75–100% increase in protein kinase C γ immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral superficial dorsal horn of the L4 and L5 segments at all time-points. Electron microscopy revealed that the up-regulation was associated with a significant translocation of protein kinase C γ immunoreactivity to the plasma membrane. In double-label cytochemical studies, we found that about 20% of the protein kinase C γ -immunoreactive neurons, which are concentrated in inner lamina II, contain glutamate decarboxylase-67 messenger RNA, but none stain for parvalbumin or nitric oxide synthase. These results indicate that persistent changes in protein kinase C γ immunoreactivity parallel the time-course of mechanical allodynia and suggest that protein kinase C γ contributes to the maintenance of the allodynia produced by peripheral inflammation. The minimal expression of protein kinase C γ in presumed inhibitory neurons suggests that protein kinase C γ -mediated regulation of excitatory interneurons underlies the changes in spinal cord activity during persistent nociception.
Theoretical considerations for THz SIS mixers

Bien que la theorie autorise des recepteurs supraconducteur-isolant-supraconducteur ayant une sensibilite voisine de la limite quantique jusqu'a 3THz en utilisant des supraconducteurs courants, les arguments de proportionnalite et les quelques resultats publies sur des recepteurs supraconducteur-isolant-supraconducteur fonctionnement a des longueurs d'onde voisines de 1 mm illustrent les problemes rencontres aux frequences les plus elevees
Flat crossed-coil detector for blood flow measurement using nuclear magnetic resonance.

A new flat crossed-coil nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) detector can be used to measure flood flow at many regions of the body, is introduced. It is compared, bothin vitro andin vivo, with the already proven cylindrical crossed-coil n.m.r. detector. Both detectors use a single high-field homogenous magnet. A single-sideband receiver reduces the effect of transmitter leakage into the receiver coil to allow the use of a high-level transmitter field. Preliminary application of the flat crossed-coil detector to the detection of cerebral blood flow is presented.
Monte Carlo Based Ray Tracing in CPU-GPU Heterogeneous Systems and Applications in Radiation Therapy

Monte Carlo based ray tracing (MCBRT) is the foundation of simulating the transport of particles in an inhomogeneous medium, and arises in different applications such as global illumination in graphics rendering and dose calculation in radiation therapy. Due to the computation intensive nature of MCBRT, GPUs have been extensively adopted to accelerate it. However, memory bandwidth becomes a new bottleneck for GPU-based implementations due to the lack of data locality in the MCBRT random memory access patterns. To tackle this issue and consequently improve performance of MCBRT, we present a new locality enhancing method, called LEMCBRT, on CPU-GPU heterogeneous systems. LEMCBRT is based on task partitioning and scheduling, which enhances both the spatial and temporal data locality by organizing random rays into coherent groups. We also develop a CPU-GPU pipeline scheme to reduce the overhead in such ray organization process. To show the applicability of our LEMCBRT method, we apply it to a dose calculation problem in radiation cancer treatment, achieving 6-8X speedup over the best-known GPU solutions on various clinical cases of radiation therapy.
Inhibitory potency of lithocholic acid analogs and other bile acids on glucuronosyltransferase activity in a colon cancer cell line

Abstract The effectiveness of analogs of lithocholic acid and other bile acids in inhibiting glucuronosyltransferase activity in a colon cancer cell line was measured in order to identify structural features critical for inhibition of the enzyme. Analogs of lithocholic acid with modifications of the side chain ( 2–7 ) were synthesized, in part, to study their inhibitory effects on glucuronosyltransferase activity. Bishomolithocholic acid ( 4 ) was synthesized from the iodo derivative ( 9 ) by a free radical Michael type reaction using tris (trimethylsilyl)silane as a free radical mediator. The effectiveness of analogs of lithocholic acid and other bile acids on glucuronosyltransferase activity in a colon cancer cell line was measured in order to identify structural features critical for the inhibition. Analogs of lithocholic acid ( 2–7 ) were synthesized with modifications of the side chain. Bishomolithocholic acid ( 4 ) was synthesized from the iodo derivative ( 9 ) by a free radical Michael type reaction-using tris (trimethylsilyl)silane as a free radical mediator.
Nicotine blocks angiotensin II inhibition of LTP in the dentate gyrus.

Abstract WAYNER, M.J., D.L. ARMSTRONG AND C.F. PHELIX. Nicotine blocks angiotensin II inhibition of LTP in the dentate gyrus. PEPTIDES 17(7) 1127–1133, 1996.—Angiotensin (ANG)-containing axons, terminals, and receptors have been found in the hippocampus. When angiotensin II (ANG II) is administered to the dentate gyrus, long-term potentiation (LTP) induction, in response to medial perforant path stimulation, is inhibited and it can be blocked by losartan, an ANG II AT1 receptor antagonist. ANG II has been shown to mediate impairment of the retention of an inhibitory shock avoidance response and to be involved in ethanol and diazepam inhibition of dentate gyrus LTP, all of which can be blocked by losartan. Nicotine acetylcholine receptors are found in the hippocampus and nicotine is involved in the enhancement of complex and important psychological functions that are mediated by the hippocampus; therefore, the possibility that nicotine prevents the ANG II inhibition of dentate granule cell LTP was examined. Nicotine pretreatment reduced ANG II inhibition of LTP induction in a dose-dependent manner. Mecamylamine blocked the nicotine antagonism of ANG II-induced LTP inhibition and normal LTP occurred, whereas hexamethonium was ineffective in blocking these central effects of nicotine. Nicotine by itself did not affect normal LTP under these conditions. Nicotinic blocking of the ANG II inhibition of a frequency dependent type of synaptic plasticity provides a function for central nicotinic receptors and a possible mechanism of action a) to explain the enhancement of learning and memory by nicotine, b) an explanation for tobacco smoking while drinking alcohol, and c) a possible basis for the excessive use of tobacco in depression and schizophrenia that supports a possible therapeutic use of nicotine in some mental disorders. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Inc.
A fluorine-mediated boron reducing agent — sodium tris(pentafluorophenoxy)borohydride. Preparation and reaction with selected organic compounds containing representative functional groups. Facile diastereoselective reduction of substituted cyclohexanones [1]

Abstract Addition of 3 equiv. of pentafluorophenol to a tetrahydrofuran (THF) suspension of sodium borohydride at 0 °C resulted in the rapid and quantitative formation of sodium tris(pentafluorophenoxy)borohydride (NaTPFPBH) with concurrent evolution of 3 equiv. of hydrogen gas. The reducing agent NaTPFPBH is stable at 0 °C for an extended period of time without having to remain in equilibrium with an alkali metal hydride. The approximate rate and stoichiometry of the reaction of excess pure NaTPFPBH with 41 selected compounds containing representative functional groups was examined in order to characterize the reducing agent for selective reductions. Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols evolved 1 equiv. of hydrogen slowly over a period of 24 h at 0 °C. Phenol also liberated hydrogen slowly and the reaction of hexylamine was very slow. Aldehydes and reactive ketones are reduced readily and quantitatively to yield the corresponding alcohols. Carboxylic acids generated hydrogen quantitatively without undergoing any further reduction. Esters, lactones and phthalides are essentially inert towards the reagent. Epoxides are not reduced by NaTPFPBH. Primary aliphatic and aromatic amides evolved hydrogen but no significant reduction occurred. Unlike sodium and potassium borohydrides, NaTPFPBH is very stereo- and regio-selective. 2-Methylcyclohexanone is reduced predominantly to the corresponding less stable isomer, cis -2-methylcyclohexanol. Switching the order of addition of sodium borohydride and pentafluorophenol to reduce substituted cyclohexanones gave the thermodynamically more stable alcohols with an equatorial hydroxy group. Cinnamaldehyde and 2-cyclohexen-1-one are reduced readily to cinnamyl alcohol and 2-cyclohexen-1-ol, respectively.
Aggression and substance abuse in bipolar disorder

Objectives: The goal of this retrospective study was to examine factors differentiating persons with bipolar disorder who did or did not have comorbid lifetime substance use disorders (SUD) at an index assessment. We also explored the chronology of onset of mood and SUD. Methods: We studied 146 subjects with DSM-defined bipolar disorder. Subgroups with and without lifetime SUD were compared on demographic and clinical measures. Results: Substance abuse disorders in this bipolar sample were associated with male sex, impulsive-aggressive traits, comorbid conduct and Cluster B personality disorders, number of suicide attempts and earlier age at onset of a first mood episode. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, male sex and aggression and possibly earlier age at mood disorder onset were associated with SUD. In those with or without SUD, the first mood episode tended to be depressive and to precede the onset of SUD. Conclusions: In persons with bipolar disorder, an earlier age of onset and aggressive traits appear to be factors associated with later development of comorbid SUD.
Experimental american leishmaniasis and chagas' disease in the brazilian squirrel monkey: Cross immunity and electrocardiographic studies of monkeys infected with Leishmania braziliensis and Trypanosoma cruzi

Abstract Pung O. J. , Hulsebos L. H. and Kuhn R. E. 1988. Experimental American leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease in the Brazilian squirrel monkey: cross immunity and electrocardiographic studies of monkeys infected with Leishmania braziliensis and Trypanosoma cruzi . International Journal for Parasitology 18 : 1053–1059. Adult, laboratory-bred squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri sciureus ) previously infected with either Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis or L. b. panamensis were challenge infected with blood-form trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi (Brazil strain). Monkeys previously infected with T. cruzi were challenged with stationary phase promastigote forms of L. b. braziliensis . Monkeys were examined during the course of challenge for evidence of infection, electrocardiographic alterations and parasite-specific antibody responses. T. cruzi epimastigotes were cultured from the blood of monkeys up to 3 months after challenge with this parasite. Unulcerated cutaneous lesions appeared and persisted in monkeys challenged with L. b. braziliensis . The formation of satellite lesions was observed in one monkey. Increased QRS intervals were not observed in T. cruzi challenged monkeys without prior cardiac irregularities and QRS left axis shifts were observed in only two of these monkeys. Elevated titers of parasite binding IgM and IgG specific for both T. cruzi and L. braziliensis were observed in all monkeys following challenge. These results indicate that prior infection with T. cruzi or L. braziliensis does not protect against heterologous challenge infection with these organisms. However, prior infection with Leishmania parasites may provide some protection against chagasic cardiopathies.
Assimilating airborne Doppler radar observations with an ensemble Kalman filter for convection-permitting hurricane initialization and prediction: Katrina (2005)

AbstractThrough a Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF)-based ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation system, the impact of assimilating airborne radar observations for the convection-permitting analysis and prediction of Hurricane Katrina (2005) is examined in this study. A forecast initialized from EnKF analyses of airborne radar observations had substantially smaller hurricane track forecast errors than NOAA’s operational forecasts and a control forecast initialized from NCEP analysis data for lead times up to 120 h. Verifications against independent in situ and remotely sensed observations show that EnKF analyses successfully depict the inner-core structure of the hurricane vortex in terms of both dynamic (wind) and thermodynamic (temperature and moisture) fields. In addition to the improved analyses and deterministic forecast, an ensemble of forecasts initiated from the EnKF analyses also provided forecast uncertainty estimates for the hurricane track and intensity.Also documented here...
GABAergic and cholinergic neurons exhibit high-affinity nerve growth factor binding in rat basal forebrain.

We have used dissociated, rat basal forebrain cultures to identify specific cell types that are potentially responsive to nerve growth factor (NGF). Expression of high-affinity NGF binding sites was examined. A subpopulation of cells containing choline acetyltransferase (CAT), the acetylcholine-synthesizing enzyme, exhibited high-affinity binding, employing combined immunocytochemistry and 125I-NGF radioautography. Unexpectedly, a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing cell group also expressed high-affinity binding. These cells that exhibit high-affinity binding appear to be neurons since they stain positively with the neuron marker, neuron-specific enolase, and negatively with the nonneuron marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein. Our observations suggest that NGF may regulate multiple brain systems and functions that have yet to be explored. Conversely, only subsets of cholinergic or GABA neurons expressed high-affinity binding, suggesting that these transmitter populations are composed of differentially responsive subpopulations.
Hostile school climates: explaining differential risk of student exposure to disruptive learning environments in high school

ABSTRACT Using data from a national sample of 10,061 African American, Hispanic, and White 10th graders, in 659 U.S. high schools, this study examines whether students in certain school contexts may be more likely to experience hostility in school that is detrimental to the overall learning environment. The results from the hierarchical linear models indicate that students are more likely to experience disruptive classrooms in large and high-poverty schools. Students also report feeling less safe in large and public high schools. Additionally, this study finds the effect of student characteristics on the likelihood of experiencing verbal bullying in school varies by school characteristics. The results suggest that high-achieving African American and Hispanic students are more at risk of verbal harassment within predominantly minority schools.
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity of murine cytomegalovirus-infected target cells allows for release of residual infectious virus

Although cell-mediated cytotoxicity effectively kills target virus-infected cells, no careful consideration has been given to the fate of infectious progeny virus contained within target cells following the cytolytic event. To address this issue with respect to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) pathogenesis, we developed a rapid semiquantitative assay for infectious MCMV based on expression of β-galactosidase using a LacZ-expressing recombinant MCMV. Simultaneous use of this assay in combination with a modified cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay revealed that cytotoxicity of MCMV-infected target cells mediated by MCMV-immune splenic cells does not lead to inactivation of intracellular infectious virus.
In Vitro Activity and Beta-Lactamase Stability of BL-S786 Compared with Those of Other Cephalosporins

In vitro activity of BL-S786, a new parenterally semisynthetic cephalosporin, was investigated against 570 bacterial isolates. BL-S786 inhibited most Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis , and Salmonella . It inhibited some Enterobacter and indole-positive Proteus , but it was less active against these later species than was cefamandole, cefuroxime, or cefoxitin. It was not active against Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , or Bacteroides fragilis . BL-S786 was the least active new cephalosporin tested against staphylococci and was less active than cephalothin against streptococcal species. The activity of BL-S786 was not altered by the type of assay medium nor by 50% serum. The size of the test inoculum altered the minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations for inhibition of some organisms, particularly those with Richmond type I β-lactamases. BL-S786 was not hydrolyzed by the R-factor-mediated, Richmond type III β-lactamase, but it was hydrolyzed by type I β-lactamases.
PROTEIN POLYMORPHISM AND GENIC HETEROZYGOSITY IN TWO EUROPEAN SUBSPECIES OF THE HOUSE MOUSE.

A recent survey (Selander and Yang, 1969) of electrophoretically demonstrable genetic variation in proteins in a population of wild house mice (Mus musculus) from Hallowell Farm, Ramona, California, provided a basis for estimating the proportion of polymorphic loci in the total genome. Of 40 loci controlling the 35 enzymes and non-enzymatic proteins studied, 30% were polymorphic, a proportion closely similar to those available for Drosophila pseudoobscura (Lewontin and Hubby, 1966) and for man (Harris et al., 1968; Lewontin, 1967). Because this estimate was based on an analysis of a single population assigned taxonomically to one subspecies (M. m. brevirostris) and derived from ancestral stocks introduced from Europe to North America within historical times (Schwarz and Schwarz, 1943), it seemed desirable to extend the investigation to additional populations and subspecies. In the present paper, we have surveyed electrophoretic protein variation in six samples representing two subspecies of the house mouse, M. m. musculus and M. m. domesticus, occurring in Denmark. Our objectives are to obtain estimates of total genic heterozygosity for comparison with that available for the California population, and to assess the overall degree of genetic difference between the two subspecies, utilizing the loci investigated as a representative sample of the total genome. A genetic comparison of the Danish populations should be of special interest to students of speciation, since M. m. musculus and M. m. domesticus are, in fact, evolutionary semispecies, having acquired many of the attributes of species rank (Mayr, 1963), including conspicuous morphological and behavioral differences. Despite the existence of a zone of allopatric hybridization between the two forms in central Jutland, there appears to be little gene flow between them (Ursin, 1952; and an investigation of protein variation in progress by Hunt). With the Danish material, we have the opportunity to estimate the degree of genetic difference attained by allopatric populations at the critical stage of speciation where coadapted genetic systems are closing and species are forming.
Coalescence production of H0's in p-A collisions

Abstract The possibility of producing the H-dibaryon (H 0 ) in proton-nucleus collisions is investigated. Quantitative estimates of the H 0 production rate in p-A collisions are obtained using the RQMD cascade model assuming the H 0 's are produced through coalescence of ΛΛ and ΞN pairs. The H 0 rapidity distribution is shown, and the impact of the kinematics of H 0 production in p-A collisions on existing and future experiments is discussed.
A reinvestigation of the mechanism of photoreduction of benzophenones by alkyl sulfides

Abstract The photoreduction of benzophenone and 4-carboxybenzophenone by dimethyl sulfide was examined in aqueous, mixed water—acetonitrile (1:1v/v) and acetonitrile solutions by the use of nanosecond laser photolysis. Bimolecular quenching rate constants were determined and were found to be in the range (1.5–4.6)×109 M−1s−1. Electron transfer from the sulfur atom to the triplet state of the benzophenones was found to be a primary photochemical step. This was established by the large values of quenching rate constants and by the observation of free radical ions, i.e. ketyl radical anions and (S∴S)+ radical cations of dimethyl sulfide in aqueous and mixed water-acetonitrile solutions. The overall quantum yields of photoproducts (ketyl radicals and ketyl radical anions) are low (Φtotalketyl=0.26 in aqueous solutions, are in the range 0.16–0.20 in mixed water-acetonitrile solutions, and decrease to less than or equal to 0.01 in pure acetonitrile), suggesting that back electron transfer within the charge-transfer complex to regenerate the reactants is the dominant process.
Exact Product Form Solution for Queueing Networks with Blocking

This work investigates closed queueing networks with blocking composed of two stations with multiple servers. Blocking occurs when a job wanting to enter a full station is forced to remain in its source station, thus blocking the source station until room is available at the destination station. This type of blocking is known as classical blocking. We show that, for a two-station closed queueing network with blocking, there exists an equivalent nonblocking network with the same state space structure. Utilizing this concept, we demonstrate that two-station closed queueing networks with blocking have product form solutions.
Upregulation of xCT by KSHV-encoded microRNAs facilitates KSHV dissemination and persistence in an environment of oxidative stress.

Upregulation of xCT, the inducible subunit of a membrane-bound amino acid transporter, replenishes intracellular glutathione stores to maintain cell viability in an environment of oxidative stress. xCT also serves as a fusion-entry receptor for the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Ongoing KSHV replication and infection of new cell targets is important for KS progression, but whether xCT regulation within the tumor microenvironment plays a role in KS pathogenesis has not been determined. Using gene transfer and whole virus infection experiments, we found that KSHV-encoded microRNAs (KSHV miRNAs) upregulate xCT expression by macrophages and endothelial cells, largely through miR-K12-11 suppression of BACH-1—a negative regulator of transcription recognizing antioxidant response elements within gene promoters. Correlative functional studies reveal that upregulation of xCT by KSHV miRNAs increases cell permissiveness for KSHV infection and protects infected cells from death induced by reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Interestingly, KSHV miRNAs simultaneously upregulate macrophage secretion of RNS, and biochemical inhibition of RNS secretion by macrophages significantly reduces their permissiveness for KSHV infection. The clinical relevance of these findings is supported by our demonstration of increased xCT expression within more advanced human KS tumors containing a larger number of KSHV-infected cells. Collectively, these data support a role for KSHV itself in promoting de novo KSHV infection and the survival of KSHV-infected, RNS-secreting cells in the tumor microenvironment through the induction of xCT.
Mencius on Human Nature: The Forms of His Religious Thought

HE question of the different forms of religious thought is an important and vexing one, but it has received surprisingly little attention, especially in relation to classical Confucian thought. This paper takes one of the more interesting theories of the forms of religious thought (Joachim Wach's), reformulates it substantially, and applies it to Mencius' reflections on human nature. Such an examination will, hopefully, contribute to a better understanding of both religious thought's forms and Mencius' ideas, particularly their religious aspects. A brief, general exposition of Wach's ideas is followed by an application of them to Mencius. Wach's account presents difficulties. It is more suggestive and evocative, if the pun is endurable, than it is clear, systematic, or even coherent. For example, massive questions are often answered in one cryptic sentence plus an ambiguous quote; six forms of theoretical expression are given on one page while seven are listed on another. Nevertheless, both Wach's overall vision and his specific perspective on religious thought are productive beginning points. His general scheme is that the "expression of religious experience falls under the three headings of theoretical expression, practical expression, and sociological expression. Everywhere and at all times man has felt the need to articulate his religious experience in three ways: conceptually; by action or practically; and in covenanting or sociologically."' Wach thinks that the three expressions interact
DISTINGUISHING PLANT TISSUES WITH MAGNETIC RESONANCE MICROSCOPY

Using magnetic resonance microscopy at 7 Tesla, spin-lattice relaxation times (Ti), spinspin relaxation times (T2), and spin densities (N(H)) of live squash stem tissues were measured in order to gain an understanding of live tissue water relations and to improve imaging protocols that allow the clear distinction of tissues. TI and N(H) differences among tissues were found to be much greater than T2 differences. Most tissues can be distinguished with high resolution T I weighted images. Sclerenchyma and vessel elements are more easily seen with N(H) weighted images because of the relatively low water content of sclerenchyma and high water content of vessel elements. This work demonstrates further improvements in the ability of MR microscopy to distinguish tissues and individual cells and also to make measurements regarding water status at the tissue and cellular level of live plants in a nondestructive manner.
Folate metabolism in humans

Several lines of evidence have linked flate metabolism to the expression of the fragile site at Xq27. Sutherland (1979) observed that expression of this marker depends on the composition of the culture medium and that deficiency of folic acid and thymidine promotes expression of the fragile site in lumphocytes, as does the addition of methotrexate. Several investigators (Glover, 1981; Tommerup et al, 1981) independently showed that expression of the fragile site can be elicited by adding 5-fluorodexyuridine, an inhibitor of thymidylate synthase to culture medium containing folic acid but not thymidine. Indeed, Lejeune (1981) has claimed sucessful treatment of males with fragile X syndrome, the administration of folic acid and folinic acid (5-formyltetrahydrofolate) leading to decreased expression of the Xq27 fragile site and greatly reduced aggressiveness. These and other studies have stimulated persons of diverse backgrounds to ocnfront complicated aspects of folate metabolism. The information that follows is intended to facilitate discusion and investigation in the context of the fragile X syndrome. The history of folic acid can be said t date from the description by Channing in 1842 of severe, rapidly progressive and sometimes fatal anemia of pregnancy. In a series of studies begun in 1930, Lucy Wills observed that the diets of mothers of premature infants in India were usually markedly deficient in a vitamin that later proved ot be folic acid. Folic acid was first isolated and specifically maned in 1941 by investigators who prepared it from spinach leaves. It was first synthesized in 1946 and given the chemical designation pteroylglutamic acid. Syntheitic folic acid is now prepard in commercial quantities but is an unnatural substance. Biologically active folates are derivatives of tetrahydrofolate (THF) shown in Fig. 1. The has three major components, namely, the pteridine ring, the p-aminobenzoate protion and an L-glutamyl residue. The similarity of the sulfonamides ot the aminobenzoate protion of THF is the basis for the lethal effects sulfonamides have on microorganinsms, this treatment interfering with synthesis of folates. THF is the parent compound of all biologically active folates and is simply folic acid reduced on the pteridine ring at positons 5,6, 7 and 8 (Fig. 1). Two protions of the THF molecule are especially important to its functions. The nitrogen atoms at positions 5 or 10 or both carry the substituents that make up the one-carbon pool. Of these compounds, 5-methylTHF is the main serum and tissue form of folate, while, in most tissues, there are in addition lesser amounts of 10-formylTHF and still smaller amounts of 5,10-methyleneTHF, THF itself and other folate compounds. Very few of these folates are stable enough to be useful under clinical and cell folinic acid or leucovorin. This stable folate can be prepared in large quantities and can be given t patients orally or parenterally.
A Parametric Frequency Increased Power Generator for Scavenging Low Frequency Ambient Vibrations

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and testing of a miniature electromagnetic inertial power generator for scavenging low-frequency non-periodic vibrations. A bi-stable mechanical structure is used to initiate high-frequency mechanical oscillations in an electromagnetic scavenger. Because of the fixed internal displacement of this architecture, power density is improved and miniaturization can be achieved, while accommodating large amplitude vibrations. The fabricated device generated a peak power of 288μW and an average power of 5.8μW from an input acceleration of 9.8m/s2 at 10Hz. The device operates over a frequency range of 20Hz. The internal volume of the generator is 2.1cm3 (3.7cm3 including casing), half of a standard AA battery.
Features of the thermodynamics of trivalent lanthanide/actinide distribution reactions by tri-n-octylphosphine oxide and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid.

A new methodology has been developed to study the thermochemical features of the biphasic transfer reactions of trisnitrato complexes of lanthanides and americium by a monofunctional solvating liga...
The accrual of land use history in Utah's forest carbon cycle.

AbstractThe out-of-control global carbon cycle is driven not only by greenhouse gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion but also from accelerated carbon cycling through human-impacted ecosystems....
Further studies on the diffusion of iodine and sulfathiazole from ointments.

The influence of various factors upon the diffusion of iodine and sulfathiazole from ointment bases was studied, using a method previously described. Specifically studied were the influence of concentration variance, alteration of emulsifier, and the effect of the contact surface under the conditions of the experiment. It is concluded that for each of the drugs studied there is a concentration below which optimum diffusion conditions are not realized, and above which increased concentration of the drug does not lead to a significant increase in diffusion rate. Variation of the emulsifier in a standard base did not significantly alter the diffusion rate. The surface of contact was shown not to retard the diesion of drug under the conditions of the experiment.
Klein Line on the Anteroposterior Radiograph Is Not a Sensitive Diagnostic Radiologic Test for Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis

Objective To correlate the amount of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) that results in an abnormality of the Klein line. In mild slips, the Klein line on the anteroposterior (AP) radiograph may remain normal, potentially leading to a delay in diagnosis and emphasizing the importance of obtaining a frog lateral radiograph in patients with a suspected SCFE. Study design A retrospective review of 55 patients with SCFE was performed from January 2004-March 2009. Of the 55 patients, 32 were missing radiographs and were excluded, leaving 23. The 23 sets of radiographs were reviewed. Results Of the 23 hips studied with SCFE, only 9 (39%) were able to be diagnosed on the AP radiograph using the classic definition of the Klein line. Twenty cases (87%) of SCFE were identified on the AP radiograph using the modified Klein line. All 23 cases (100%) of SCFE were identified on frog lateral radiographs. Conclusions Relying on the Klein line will fail to identify many mild or moderate slips. An AP and a frog lateral pelvic radiograph should be obtained in any child when an SCFE is suspected to accurately identify the disorder and to prevent delays in diagnosis.
Studies of cerebral β-hydroxybutyrate transport by carotid injection; effects of age, diet and injectant composition

Abstract Transport of β-hydroxybutyrate at the blood-brain barrier was studied by the carotid-injection technique of Oldendorf. β-Hydroxybutyrate permeability declined sharply with age (80–300 g rats) and, in adult rats, increased 5-fold during one week on a high fat diet. Acetoacetate and lactate permeabilities showed age and diet dependences which were similar in direction whereas DMO, urea and mannitol did not show age and diet dependent permeabilities. There was no apparent increase of β-hydroxybutyrate K m with age, so the decline of permeability was attributed to a decline of V max . β-Hydroxybutyrate permeability was inversely related to pH of the injectant in the alkaline range but not in the acid range, suggesting that the pH dependence reflected titration of a carrier rather than titration of the permeant. Permeability was independent of [Na + ], [K + ], [Cl − ] and [SO 2− 4 . Replacing a portion of the Na + with ammonium enhanced β-hydroxybutyrate uptake. This effect appeared to be due to trans alkalization, and was as expected of an A − /H + -symport or A − /H + -antipoport mechanism. Pyruvate, 4-hydroxy-α-cyanocinnamate and tetracaine inhibited, but SITS, DIDS, phloretin and methyl-isobutylxanthine did not. The data are consistent with transport by an A − /H + -symporter or A − /OH − -antiporter with properties similar to those found in erythrocytes and other cells. Induction of its activity during ketosis would spare carbohydrate both by favoring ketoacid uptake and by favoring lactate output.
Cloning and Partial Characterization of the Mouse Glutamine: Fructose-6-Phosphate Amidotransferase (GFAT) Gene Promoter

Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) is the enzyme that is rate limiting in the synthesis of glucosamine and hexosamines. Glucosamine has been proposed to contribute to the glucotoxicity of diabetes. Evidence that the gene encoding GFAT is transcriptionally regulated prompted us to clone and characterize its promoter. The position of the mouse GFAT promoter relative to the translational start site was located by primer extension and found to be 149 bp upstream of the translational start site. A 1.9 kb SacI fragment of the GFAT gene was found to contain the promoter and 88 bp of sequence downstream of the transcriptional start site. This promoter segment could drive expression of a luciferase reporter gene, could confer correct transcriptional initiation to the reporter and could confer the EGF-responsiveness previously observed in the native gene. The mouse GFAT promoter lacks a canonical TATA box and has several GC boxes within a highly GC-rich region. Deletional analysis of the promoter indicated that a proximal element extending to -120 relative to the transcriptional start site could confer reporter expression at a level of 57% of the 1.9 kb construct. Detailed analysis of this proximal region by DNase I footprinting, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and site-directed mutagenesis indicated that Sp1 binds to three elements in this proximal promoter segment and plays a vital role in regulation of transcription from this gene.