cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduced‐fat Cheddar cheese from a mixture of cream and liquid milk protein concentrate

Reduced-fat Cheddar cheese (RFC) was manufactured from standardized milk (casein/fat, C/F ∼ 1.8), obtained by (1) mixing whole milk (WM) and skim milk (SM) (control) or (2) mixing liquid milk protein concentrate (LMPC) and 35% fat cream (experimental). The percentage yield, total solid (TS) and fat recoveries in the experimental RFC were 22.0, 63.0 and 89.5 compared to 9.0, 50. 7 and 87.0 in the control RFC, respectively. The average % moisture, fat, protein, salt and lactose were 40.7, 15.3, 32.8, 1.4 and 0.07%, respectively, in the experimental cheese and 39.3, 15.4, 33.0, 1.3 and 0.10%, respectively, in the control cheese. No growth of nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) was detected in the control or the experimental cheeses up to 3 months of ripening. After 6 months of ripening, the experimental cheese had 10 7 cfu NSLAB/g compared to 10 6 cfu/g in the control. The control cheese had higher levels of water-soluble nitrogen (WSN) and total free amino acids after 6 months of ripening than the experimental cheese. Sensory analysis showed that the experimental cheeses had lower intensities of milk fat and fruity flavours and decreased bitterness but higher intensities of sulphur and brothy flavours than in the control cheese. The experimental cheeses were less mature compared to the control after 270 days of ripening. It can be concluded from the results of this stuck that LMPC can he used in the manufacture of RFC to improve yield, and fat and TS recovery. However, proteolysis in cheese made with LMPC and cream is slower than that made with WM and SM.
Anuloaortic Ectasia as a Late Complication Following Repair of Coarctation of the Aorta

Disability and death from aortic dissection or rupture and from aortic valvular dysfunction are known to occur late following repair of coarctation of the aorta. Two cases herein described illustrate successful surgical repair of anuloaortic ectasia in 2 patients nineteen and twenty-five years after repair of congenital aortic coarctation. These observations, together with previously reported experience, suggest the presence of an intrinsic weakness of the aortic wall, perhaps a part of a congenital diathesis that includes bicuspid aortic valve and coarctation of the aorta.
Association of haplotypes of manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) with lung cancer risk

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA 3126 Tobacco smoke produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage DNA, proteins, and lipids, eventually leading to cancer. Genetic variation in quenchers of ROS may therefore contribute to lung cancer risk. Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (SOD2) catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide radicals (a major form of ROS) into hydrogen peroxide and plays an important protective role against oxidative stress in lung tissues. Previous lung cancer association studies of SOD2 focused on one coding polymorphism, and results were not consistent across various populations. To comprehensively evaluate the role of genetic variation of SOD2 in lung cancer risk, we used data from the International HapMap project (CEPH genotypes) to assess linkage disequlibrium and choose tagSNPs that represent the common genetic variation in people with European ancestry. Three tagSNPs were identified in one block of high linkage disequilibrium that spans the entire SOD2 gene and 5 kb promoter region. The three tagSNPs were genotyped in 401 white lung cancer cases and 605 white controls using TaqMan genotyping assays and the ABI 7900 HT Sequence Detection System. Five-percent of samples were repeated for duplicate genotyping and there was 100% concordance of these quality controls with the original genotype call. Haplo.stats was used to estimate haplotype frequencies using the EM-algorithm and to perform the haplotype association analysis, adjusting for known covariates (age, gender, and pack-years). The genotype and haplotype frequencies matched previous estimates from HapMap Caucasians (CEPH). These haplotypes were not associated with lung cancer risk in an initial haplotype association test of all lung cancer histologies. However, the TCG haplotype (~6% in controls) is protective against adenocarcinoma ( p -value =0.02) when stratifying subjects by histology, and in light-smokers ( p -value = 0.01) when stratifying by median pack-years among smokers. This protective effect is most significant when examining light-smokers with adenocarcinoma ( p -value = 0.005); in fact none of these cases (n=61) has the TCG haplotype. This study indicates that genetic variants of SOD2 may be protective against risk for adenocarcinoma, particularly in light-smokers.
Surgery and hormone therapy trends in octogenarians with invasive breast cancer

Abstract Background There has been a trend toward minimizing surgery in elderly women with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. Methods Using the National Cancer Data Base, we selected 95,357 women ≥80 years with invasive, ER+ breast cancer. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to analyze trends in surgery and hormone therapy. Results From 2004 to 2012, 90% of women were treated with surgery first and 10% were treated with primary nonoperative management. Of those undergoing nonoperative management, 72% received endocrine therapy and 27% had no treatment. The rate of primary nonoperative treatment doubled from 7% in 2004 to 14% in 2012. Multivariate logistic regression adjusted for patient, facility, and tumor factors identified more advanced clinical stage, older age, African-American race, and treatment at Academic facilities as independent predictors of receiving primary nonsurgical management. Conclusions There has been an increase over time in primary nonoperative management of ER+ breast cancer in octogenarians.
An Interpretive View of an Institutional Process: Measuring Effectiveness and Changeability of the Cooperative Extension Service

variables may be impossible. In the present context, it was assumed that the rate of change in gross value of farm products sold and outputinput ratios in agriculture were dependent variables reflecting the effectiveness of extension; and the total extension budget per farm, the number of extension agents per farm, and the budget per agent were independent. Relationships between variables were first tested using nine pairs of states representing a wide range of values of farm products sold and a wide geographic dispersion.2 Intrapair comparisons from the 1935-40 period showed that high extension inputs yielded higher ratios of change in gross value of farm products sold in only three pairs of states. In three pairs, a lower input associated with a higher growth rate; and in three pairs, results were inconclusive. In the 1950-54 period, three pairs associated higher input with higher growth rates and six pairs associated higher inputs with lower growth rates. Perhaps, extension's effectiveness is declining. The 48 continental states were then ranked with reference to the rate of change in gross values of farm products sold as a percentage of the average rate for all 48 states. Quartiles within this distribution were com1 Agricultural Economics Contribution Number 373, Economics and Sociology Con
Recovery of herpes simplex virus from rabbit brain nine months after inoculation.

Summary1. An infectious agent was recovered from the central nervous system of a rabbit which had been inoculated 9 months previously with Herpes simplex virus and which had suffered 3 acute relapses of the disease. The virus recovered exhibited characteristics identical with those of the original virus. 2. A second instance of virus recovery 4 months after inoculation is reported.
Estimating Nitrogen Mineralization of Composted Poultry Manure, Organic Fertilizers, and Green Manure Crops for Organic Sweet Corn Production on a Sandy Soil Under Laboratory Conditions

Organic sweet corn (Zea mays) production is challenging for growers because of the high nitrogen (N) requirements of sweet corn and the relatively low N content of organic soil amendments. Total N supplied and rate of mineralization throughout the growing season are two important aspects in determining the optimal N management program. Green manure (GrM) crops, composted manures, and commercially available organic fertilizers are used to manage N in organic production systems. Using a combination of these tactics can optimize N while minimizing cost. In this study, we used combinations of composted poultry manure (CPM) and two organic fertilizers (one high N and one with a balance of nutrients) with three GrM crops [rye (Secale cereale), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), and pea (Pisum sativum)] in a loamy sand soil for a 112-day laboratory incubation study. Total plant available N (PAN) was quantified at six times throughout the 16 weeks to determine total N mineralized and rate of N release from each of the management programs. The CPM and the high N organic fertilizer mineralized completely within the first 6 weeks of the study, while only 65% of the other organic fertilizer mineralized by the end of the study. Total N mineralized from pea grown as a GrM for 48 days was comparable to the amount of N mineralized from rye suggesting that pea as a GrM crop should not receive an N credit in field production on a sandy soil. Significant quantities of PAN were mineralized from alfalfa residue, the equivalent of 80 lb/acre, although this is not sufficient for sweet corn production. The combination of alfalfa and the high N organic fertilizer provided sufficient N for sweet corn production and the mineralization rate closely matched sweet corn need. The release of N from CPM, even in combination with GrM crops, was asynchronous with sweet corn crop need.
Hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors. Uses in combination with standard chemotherapeutic regimens and in support of dose intensification.

Background. Three hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors (CSF) are currently approved for clinical use and several more are being used in clinical trials. These factors have impressive quantitative and/or functional effects on their respective target cell lines, but their best clinical uses have not been defined. Methods. The literature regarding the use of CSF in standard chemotherapy is reviewed data and from early Phase I-II studies the use of granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) in support of dose intensification without progenitor cell replacement are presented
Seasonal influence of environmental variables and artificial aeration on Escherichia coli in small urban lakes

This study investigated patterns of Escherichia coli in urban lakes in Lubbock, Texas. Specific objectives were to (1) document seasonal patterns in abundance of E. coli over a 3-year period, (2) identify environmental factors, including effects of migratory geese and artificial aeration devices that may influence E. coli abundance, and (3) determine if E. coli abundance over time was similar for individual lakes. Water samples were collected monthly for 36 months from six lakes, three of which contained artificial aeration devices (fountains). Regression models were constructed to determine which environmental variables most influence E. coli abundance in summer and winter seasons. Escherichia coli is present in the lakes of Lubbock, Texas year-round and typically exceeds established bacterial thresholds for recreational waters. Models most frequently contained pH and dissolved oxygen as predictor variables and explained from 17.4% to 92.4% of total variation in E. coli. Lakes with fountains had a higher oxygen concentration during summer and contained consistently less E. coli. We conclude that solar irradiation in synergy with pH and dissolved oxygen is the primary control mechanism for E. coli in study lakes, and that fountains help control abundance of fecal bacteria within these systems.
Influencing South African Politics

Robben Island was like Oxford or Cambridge to the British…. I think that the ruling class in this country miscalculated. And they often said it. They said the Portuguese did not put them together. If they scattered us about all over the country they would be no single concentration but here they concentrated us on one spot with the cream of the leadership there. So, Robben Island was bound to be a big core in South Africa. Going to Robben Island was like going to University…. The harsh treatment on Robben Island produced leaders tempered in that fire of struggle and it produced very capable theoreticians who would argue their case and could map up [strategies for the struggle]. Some of the premiers are from Robben Island … Tokyo Sexwale … Raymond Mhlaba, and some of them are in the House of Assembly. Robben Island did produce part of the leadership of this country. [Robben Island] has been a sort of graduate school for revolutionaries, where raw youths who have rallied school boycotts have discussed technique with elderly founders of the armed struggle…. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, many Robben Island prisoners began to return to the mainland after finishing their sentences. Such released prisoners formed a peculiar sort of alumni association, schooled in concrete cells and taught by tenured faculty of lifetime maximum-security prisoners.
Using Mistreatment to Persist Academically.

This study demonstrates adult women college students overcoming challenges due to mistreatment in order to succeed academically. Asking each participant to tell her life story allowed the researche...
Behavioral and Pharmacological Treatment of Compulsive Sexual Behavior/Problematic Hypersexuality

The present article summarizes the available evidence to date on the pharmacological and behavioral treatment of compulsive sexual behavior/problematic hypersexuality and provides two case vignettes to illustrate potential approaches to treating different presentations of problematic sexual behavior in patients. To date, some evidence supports the use of several medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and naltrexone, as well as certain therapy techniques, including marital therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. Unfortunately, little controlled research has been conducted or reported on optimal treatments for patients struggling to manage their problematic sexual behavior. Limited evidence for some options has been reported, but additional controlled, blinded research will be necessary to improve the specificity and quality of available care.
Inputs and Internal Cycling of Nitrogen to a Causeway Influenced, Hypersaline Lake, Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA

Nitrogen inputs to Great Salt Lake (GSL), located in the western USA, were quantified relative to the resident nitrogen mass in order to better determine numeric nutrient criteria that may be considered at some point in the future. Total dissolved nitrogen inputs from four surface-water sources entering GSL were modeled during the 5-year study period (2010–2014) and ranged from 1.90 × 106 to 5.56 × 106 kg/year. The railroad causeway breach was a significant conduit for the export of dissolved nitrogen from Gilbert to Gunnison Bay, and in 2011 and 2012, net losses of total nitrogen mass from Gilbert Bay via the Causeway breach were 9.59 × 105 and 1.51 × 106 kg. Atmospheric deposition (wet + dry) was a significant source of nitrogen to Gilbert Bay, exceeding the dissolved nitrogen load contributed via the Farmington Bay causeway surface-water input by >100,000 kg during 2 years of the study. Closure of two railroad causeway culverts in 2012 and 2013 likely initiated a decreasing trend in the volume of the higher density Deep Brine Layer and associated declines in total dissolved nitrogen mass contained in this layer. The large dissolved nitrogen pool in Gilbert Bay relative to the amount of nitrogen contributed by surface-water inflow sources is consistent with the terminal nature of GSL and the predominance of internal nutrient cycling. The opening of the new railroad causeway breach in 2016 will likely facilitate more efficient bidirectional flow between Gilbert and Gunnison Bays, resulting in potentially substantial changes in nutrient pools within GSL.
REGULATION OF PHOSPHOPYRUVATE SYNTHESIS IN NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL STATES

ABSTRACT Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) occurs in hepatic cytosol and mitochondria of most mammalian species. The cytosolic enzyme responds adaptively to physiological conditions that vary the rate of gluconeogenesis. It is inhibited in vivo by quinolinic acid, either administered directly or produced in the liver from administered tryptophan. Cytosolic PEPCK is maximally active with the nucleotide substrate complexed with Mg 2+ and a trace amount of divalent transition metal salt (Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , Cd 2+ ). The activity of the cytosol enzyme is increased 3 to 5 fold by incubation with Fe 2+ prior to assaying for activity. Quinolinic acid inhibits purified, cytosolic PEPCK in the presence of Fe 2+ but not in the presence of Mn 2+ or in the absence of divalent transition metal salts. This indicates that Mn 2+ is not the natural activator of cytosolic PEPCK and that Fe 2+ may be. When purified, the cytosolic PEPCK loses its response to Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , and Cd 2+ , but Mn 2+ is as effective as with the crude enzyme. Liver and kidney cytosol contain a protein that permits Fe 2+ in μM concentrations to stimulate pure cytosolic PEPCK 3 to 5 fold. This protein (PEPCK Ferroactivator) has no influence on PEPCK in the absence of Fe 2+ . It completely overcomes the inhibition exerted on pure PEPCK by P i (K i = 50 μM) in the presence of Fe 2+ . A rabbit antibody to pure rat liver ferroactivator was used to develop a radioimmunoassay for ferroactivator protein. Comparison of radioimmunoassayable ferroactivator protein with ferroactivator activity as determined by the activation of pure PEPCK demonstrates that ferroactivator exists in active and inactive forms. Fasting increases the liver content of ferroactivator protein 50% above the control value. The alloxan diabetic rat has twice the normal amount of ferroactivator and insulin treatment causes this to return to normal amounts in a few hours. 3-Aminopicolinic acid (3-AP), a structural analog of quinolinic acid, is a hyperglycemic agent. It mimics ferroactivator in that it permits Fe 2+ to activate purified PEPCK 3 to 5 fold. When administered to fasted rats, 3-AP rapidly produces hyperglycemia and increases the conversion of [ 14 C]alanine or [ 14 C]lactate to [ 14 C]glucose. It has no effect on the conversion of [ 14 C]glycerol or [ 14 C]xylitol to glucose, nor on glucose utilization. 3-AP increases hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate, 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate 4 to 7 fold. Blood plasma insulin is elevated several fold. The data indicate that 3-AP-induced activation of PEPCK causes blood glucose homeostasis to escape from the normal controls. These findings are relevant to the understanding of hyperglycemia in diabetes.
When Intent Makes All the Difference in the World: Economic Sanctions on Iraq and the Accusation of Genocide

The U.N. Security Council responded to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait with a comprehensive regime of sanctions. This Article examines the claim that the highly planned policy contains elements of genocide and critically examines the international legal definition of genocide and its central requirement of specific intent. It argues that the conception of genocide contained in the 1948 Genocide Convention ignores whole categories of atrocities, exculpating certain actors who have committed acts of massive human destruction and removing the acts themselves from the sphere of moral judgment and accountability. The Article describes the devastating human costs that the Security Council and the United States have knowingly imposed upon the people of Iraq through the sanctions regime. It suggests that because the policy is justified with claims of international peace and security or denials of moral agency, it cannot meet the Genocide Convention’s requirement of specific intent. Drawing upon the work of philosophers such as Arendt and Nietzsche, the Article concludes by charging the Security Council and the U.S. Government with something that will not fit within the Genocide Convention at all, something best described by Plato’s concept of “perfect injustice,” which occurs when atrocities are made at once invisible and good.
Agricultural reforms and production in China: Changes in provincial production function and productivity in 1978–2015

Abstract A series of fundamental and market-oriented reforms since 1978 have dramatically reshaped China's agricultural sector, which had been sluggish during the socialist period. Besides productivity growth and efficiency changes, the shape of the production function may also transform rapidly over time. Moreover, the four segments in agriculture (farming, forestry, animal husbandry, and fisheries) have different production processes and techniques, so the aggregated production function of agriculture may vary across provinces. Compared with existing studies, which usually assume a fixed production function, this paper allows a varying coefficient production function that can better capture the structure change in the six reform periods over the past four decades. The empirical results show that the labor elasticity is decreasing, the fertilizer and machinery elasticities are increasing, and the land elasticity has a U-shaped curve across time. Moreover, technology and inputs are leading the growth alternatively in different reform periods.
Trials and Tribulations of Assessing New Imaging Protocols: Combining Vasodilator Stress With Exercise

Abstract Among all patients referred for stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), a substantial proportion in contemporary practice cannot exercise. Another group of patients are those who are thought to be able to achieve an adequate workload with treadmill (or bicycle) exercise but do not achieve at least 85% of maximum predicted heart rate without developing symptoms. There has been substantial interest and literature on the adjunctive use of vasodilator stress during the same visit to generate best-quality results for patients who do not exercise adequately. Current American Society of Nuclear Cardiology Guidelines recommend the possible use of vasodilator stress agents to supplement exercise in those patients who do not achieve target heart rate. However, optimal timing of administration is not clear. Herein, we summarize literature to date on the combination of vasodilator and exercise stress testing in light of the recently published Exercise to Regadenoson in Recovery Trial (EXERRT).
A novel temperature swing adsorption process for natural gas purification: Part I, model development

Abstract This article investigates a novel TSA-based gas separation cycle that uses a microchannel monolith with a hollow polymer-adsorbent matrix coated along the inner walls of each microchannel. CO2 is removed from CH4 by passing impure feed gas through the microchannels, followed by a sequential flow of desorbing hot liquid, cooling liquid, and purge gas through the same microchannels. This configuration is expected to augment the heat and mass transfer to the adsorbent due to direct contact between the transfer fluid and the adsorbent layer, and also reduce the overall system size due to flow of the working and coupling fluids through the same microchannels. In this Part I of a two-part study, computational models are developed to study the relevant fluid dynamics, heat transfer, and mass transfer in each process. Parametric studies are conducted to determine the optimum microchannel geometry and adsorbent and heat transfer fluid (HTF) materials. The process is expected to purify up to two orders of magnitude greater gas throughput compared to bed-based designs. In the accompanying paper, Part II, a comprehensive process performance map and optimization of energy requirements for the process are discussed.
Interference and Missing Contact Footprinting

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses interference and missing contact footprinting. The interference and missing contact techniques for probing DNA-protein interactions differ from other footprinting methods as they involve modification of the DNA before addition of the protein of interest, rather than measuring protection of a DNA region by bound protein from a reagent that would otherwise attack that sequence. The interference and missing contact approaches may not always lend themselves to analysis of multiprotein complexes, because a modification that obstructs binding of one of the proteins may prevent the binding of the other participants as well. The combination of interference and missing contact techniques provides a wealth of detail about DNA-protein interactions that may not be accessible by other footprinting-type methods. The interference and missing contact methods have helped to elucidate the properties of numerous purified DNA-protein systems. Nevertheless, the interference and missing contact techniques provide a wealth of valuable data, which often will form the basis for future studies on DNA-protein complexes of interest.
Adolescent Girl's Coping With an STD: Not Enough Problem Solving and Too Much Self-Blame

Abstract Study Objective: Approximately three million teenagers are infected with an STD each year. The ways in which an adolescent girl copes with an STD may have implications for future risk and for psychological adjustment. The purpose of the current study was to compare whether coping with an STD was similar to coping with other stressors. Setting: Urban, hospital-based adolescent medicine clinic. Design and Participants: Sixty-seven girls with a mean age of 15.9 (sexual debut was 13.8) yr completed the KIDCOPE in response to both an STD acquisition and an interpersonal stressor within the previous 6 months. Results: Problem solving was used less often, and self-blame was used more often, in response to an STD acquisition. Frequency of use of self-blame was not correlated with perceived helpfulness. Conclusions: These findings suggest that clinicians need to help adolescent girls manage STD acquisition from the perspective of problem solving rather than self-blame.
Response to Dr. Osmond’s Comments

Dr. Osmond has taken issue with our tests of the adrenochrome hypothesis on the thesis that injected epinephrine may not behave like endogenous epinephrine and because our studies were made on blood and urine. However, the adrenochrome hypothesis postulated that circulating epinephrine released by the adrenal medulla was oxidized to adrenochrome. Injecting it into the blood would seem to be an appropriate test of the hypothesis. It is rather odd that Dr. Osmond should now discount studies based upon examination of blood and urine since he and Hoffer had earlier claimed that adrenochrome was present in the blood of schizophrenic patients and was excreted in their urine. Altschule, whom Hoffer cites in support of the hypothesis, found adrenochrome in urine.
Partial Validation of the Sleep Health Construct in the Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Questionnaire.

Sleep health is postulated as a multi-dimensional construct comprised of sleepiness/alertness, timing, duration, efficiency, and satisfaction. New questionnaires for its measurement have been proposed. We performed secondary data analyses and analyzed responses on a widely used, well-established sleep questionnaire to determine whether the construct might be detectable with an existing questionnaire. Healthy men (n = 7604) aged 55–75 completed the six-item Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Questionnaire (MOSSQ) at baseline in a large, randomized clinical trial [the Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE) trial). Two components clearly emerged from a Principal Components Analysis, suggesting that both sleep disturbance and sleep satisfaction are differentiated by the MOSSQ. Selected elements of sleep health are accessible with relatively few questionnaire items. Widespread previous usage of the MOSSQ in both descriptive and interventional research suggests that many previously collected databases could address at least two components of this construct.
Higher- or Usual-Volume Feedings in Infants Born Very Preterm: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objective To determine whether higher-volume feedings improve postnatal growth among infants born very preterm. Study design Randomized clinical trial with 1:1 parallel allocation conducted from January 2015 to June 2018 in a single academic medical center in the US. In total, 224 infants with a birth weight 1001-2500 g born at Results Growth velocity increased among infants in the higher-volume group compared with the usual-volume group (mean [SD], 20.5 [4.5] vs 17.9 [4.5] g/kg/d; P Conclusions In infants born very preterm weighing 1001-2500 g at birth, higher-volume feedings increased growth velocity, weight, head circumference, length, and mid-arm circumference compared with usual-volume feedings without adverse effects. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov ; NCT02377050.
Comparative analysis of the survey results of iodine deficiency disorders between high-risk areas in Chongqing and in Linzhi of Tibet in 2007

Objective To investigate iodine deficiency disorders(IDD) in Chongqing and Linzhi, and to provide scientific basis for IDD control and prevention. Methods According to the national program developed in 2007, investigation was conducted in Chengkou and Wuxi county in Chongqing municipality, and Linzhi, Bomi,Milin and Langxian county in Linzhi prefecture. Five towns were sampled in Linzhi county, and 3 in other counties.In each town, one township primary school and two village primary schools were selected to inspect thyroid by B ultrasound and palpation, and urinary iodine of children aged 8 to 10 years was tested in these schools. Meanwhile,2 villages were selected in each town for test of salt iodine level and urinary iodine of childbearing age women and search cretin cases. Results Three hundred and forty families in Chongqing and 915 families in Linzhi were investigated. The coverage of iodized salt in Chongqing was 98.82%(336/340), which was significantly higher than that in Linzhi[66.34%(607/905), x2 = 139.56, P ＜ 0.01]. Goiter rate of children in Chongqing was 9.27%(89/960) by palpation and 8.34% (61/731) by B ultrasound, while goiter rate of children in Linzhi was 7.80%(102/1308) by palpation and 5.53% (69/1248) by B ultrasound. The difference of goiter rate by palpation between Chongqing and Linzhi was not statistically significant (x2 = 1.37, P ＞ 0.05 ). But goiter rate of children by B ultrasound in Chongqing was higher than that in Linzhi (x2= 5.51, P ＜ 0.05). In Chongqing, the median urinary iodine was 319.15 μg/L, and 345.75 μg/L in Chengkou county and 281.39 μg/L in Wuxi county. In Linzhi prefecture, the median urinary iodine was 189.81 μg/L, and 207.81 μg/L in Linzhi county, 161.12 μg/L in Bomi county, 131.83 μg/L in Milin county and 334.60 μg/L in Langxian county. The median urinary iodine in childbearing women were 248.42 μg/L in Chongqing and 121.25 μg/L in Linzhi. The median urinary iodine in Chongqing both in children and women were higher than those in Linzhi. No new cretin case was found in these two areas. Conclusions Goiter rate in high risk areas of IDD in Chongqing and Linzhi has decreased to less than 10%.No new cretin case is found in these areas. It can be concluded that the work of control and prevention is effective.There is excess iodine in Chongqing. In Linzhi county and Langxian county, iodine is excess in children and deficient in women. Further investigation should be conducted to find out the reason. Population iodine is excess in Bomi and Milin counties. The concentration of salt iodine should be decreased in Chongqing. In Linzhi prefecture,adding iodine measures should be adjusted based on further investigation. Key words: Iodine; Deficiency disorders; Goiter, endemic; Salts; Urine
“Try Not to Make Waves”: Managing Gender Discrimination in Outdoor Recreation

The presence of women in male-dominated settings, such as outdoor adventure recreation, is received with suspicion, whereby they must demonstrate competence before they are accepted and treated as ...
Automated inter-patient seizure detection using multichannel Convolutional and Recurrent Neural Networks

Abstract We present an end-to-end deep learning model that can automatically detect epileptic seizures in multichannel electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. Our model combines a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BLSTM) network to efficiently mine information from the EEG data using a small number of trainable parameters. Specifically, the CNN learns a latent encoding for each one second window of raw multichannel EEG data. In conjunction, the BLSTM learns the temporal evolution of seizure presentations given the CNN encodings. The combination of these architectures allows our model to capture both the short time scale EEG features indicative of seizure activity as well as the long term correlations in seizure presentations. Unlike most prior work in seizure detection, we mimic an in-patient monitoring setting through a leave-one-patient-out cross validation procedure, attaining an average seizure detection sensitivity of 0.91 across all patients. This strategy verifies that our model can generalize to new patients. We demonstrate that our CNN–BLSTM outperforms both conventional feature extraction methods and state-of-the-art deep learning approaches that rely on larger and more complex network architectures.
The Integrated Instrumental Variables Estimator: Exploiting Nonlinearities for Identi…cation of Linear Models

A new estimator for linear models with endogenous regressors and strictly exogenous instruments is proposed. The new estimator, called the In- tegrated Instrumental Variables (IIV) estimator, only requires minimal assump- tions to identify the true parameters, thereby providing a potential robust alter- native to classical Instrumental Variables (IV) methods when instruments and endogenous variables are partially uncorrelated (i.e. weak identi…cation holds) but are nonlinearly dependent. The IIV estimator is simple to compute, as it can be written as a weighted least squares estimator and it does not require to solve an ill-posed problem and the subsequent regularization. Monte Carlo evidence suggests that the IIV estimator can be a valuable alternative to IV and opti- mal IV in …nite samples under weak identi…cation. An application to estimating the elasticity of intertemporal substitution highlights the merits of the proposed approach over classical IV methods.
Reference-Dependence in Multi-Location Newsvendor Models: A Structural Analysis

We propose a behavioral theory to predict actual ordering behavior in multi-location inventory systems. The theory rests on a well-known stylized fact of human behavior: People's preferences are reference-dependent. We incorporate reference-dependence into the newsvendor framework by assuming that there are psychological costs of left-overs and stock outs. We also hypothesize that the psychological aversion to leftovers is greater than the disutility for stock outs. We then experimentally test the proposed theory in both the centralized and decentralized inventory structures using subjects motivated by substantial nancial incentives. Consistent with the proposed theory, actual orders exhibit the so-called pull-to-center bias and the degree of bias is greater in the high-pro t margin than in the low-pro t margin condition. These systematic biases are shown to eliminate the risk pooling bene t when the demands across store locations are strongly correlated. Since the proposed model nests the standard inventory and ex-post inventory error minimization theories as special cases, one can systematically evaluate the predictive power of each alternative using the generalized likelihood principle. We structurally estimate all three theories using the experimental data and the estimation results strongly suggest that the proposed behavioral theory captures actual orders and pro ts better. We also conduct two experiments to validate the behavioral model by manipulating the relative salience of the psychological costs of leftovers versus that of stock outs to alleviate the pull-to-center bias.
Risk of Drinking-water Outbreaks of Cryptosporidiosis in Humans Caused by Cattle in Watersheds

There are at least two genotypes of Cryptosporidium paruum in nature-one that has only been isolated from humans (the H genotype) and one that has been isolated from a large range of mammals, including cattle and humans (the C genotype). By virtue of their presence in watersheds and the potential for water contamination with manure, cattle have often been implicated as a source of oocysts for human outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis. A recent review of drinking-water outbreaks in North America indicated that none in the United States and only one in British Columbia, Canada were associated with the C genotype. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine prevalence of C. paruum genotypes Hand C in dairy herds in the New York City Watershed (NYCW) and illustrate the risk posed by cattle to water-drinkers in this area.
The Physical Performance Of The Actor Within The Shows Of Anas Abdul Samad ( the play silence as the cry as a model)

The body has the ability to effect the audience in the the theatrical show , since he or she is transmitter , sender , seen and viewer of the humanitarian discourse as well the the images and connotations of the theatrical show, it is a tool of communication that substitutes for millions of spoken words, the modern schools of direction focused on the body language of the actor and gave it prominence in depicting facts by different connotations. The researcher studies the physical performance of the actor throughout focusing on the connotational dimensions of the body within the theatrical show , as well as the positioning of performative body within the modern schools of direction depending on the theatrical show (Rebuke ) of the Iraqi director ( Anas Abdul Samad ) , in which he forms the theatrical speech through depending on the body of the actor that holds symbols and connotations to build the show form.
Methods for Obtaining Infective Nucleic Acids

A prerequisite for the experimental study of transfection methods is the availability of good methods for preparing infective viral nucleic acids. Ideally, the viral nucleic acid preparations should (a) contain naked undegraded molecules of viral nucleic acid at high concentration, (b) be free of substances capable of inactivating the viral nucleic acid, and (c) be free of substances capable of interfering in any way with any of the transfection methods being studied.
The Nature of Computer Science

We begin by surveying the field of computer science, projecting some future developments, and placing the field in context in academia and society. In Section 2.1, we describe the scope of the field we consider to be computer science. In Section 2.2 we make some projections about the kind of computing we may be doing ten years hence. On the basis of these projections, we predict some of the issues the field must face over the next decade and some of the changes we must anticipate.
Altered Conformational Effects of Naturally Acetylated Histone f2al (IV) in f2al-Deoxyribonucleic Acid Complexes CIRCULAR DICHROISM STUDIES

Abstract The glycine-arginine-rich (f2al) histone from calf thymus was separated into its naturally occurring nonacetylated, monoacetylated and di- and/or triacetylated subfractions. Reconstituted complexes of calf thymus DNA with each of these subfractions were examined by means of circular dichroism. Significant differences in conformational properties were found. With f2al containing e-N-acetyllysine at residue 16, the circular dichroism changes characteristic of nonacetylated f2al-DNA complexes in 0.14 m NaF were nearly abolished. Multiacetylated f2al caused a different type of circular dichroism change when incorporated into complexes with DNA. These observations indicate that the monoacetylated f2al histone is less effective than nonacetylated in producing conformational distortions of DNA, which may be relevant for a mechanism of genetic regulation or for the control of chromatin structure.
Preservice Teacher’s Use of Service-Learning in Applying Educational Theory to Classroom Practice

A study was performed to ascertain whether service-learning projects performed by preservice teachers help them apply educational theory to classroom practice during field experiences and as in-service teachers. This study found that: (1) preservice teachers should perform service-learning projects prior to other education courses; (2) participation in service-learning projects improved performance on a measure of learning theories and developmental theories; (3) earlier student involvement in servicelearning resulted in more practical applications of theory. Students involved in service-learning projects that emphasize criticism of theory had a stronger understanding of its relation to their teaching style. Finally, students participating in problem-based projects made closer connections between theories learned during coursework and methods employed in the field. The results of the study are reviewed as they relate to the teaching of educational psychology and developmental coursework for preservice teachers.
The Insurance Hypothesis: The Case of KPMG's Audit Clients

Although many have argued that independent audits implicitly provide clients with a form of insurance (the insurance hypothesis), there is limited empirical evidence to support the existence and magnitude of this function. In August of 2005, after months of intense negotiations and discussions, KPMG entered into a settlement agreement with the Department of Justice, which ended widespread speculation of an impending federal indictment against the audit firm and the notion that the firm would suffer the same fate as Arthur Andersen. We argue that the circumstances surrounding the settlement provide a natural setting to test the insurance value provided by auditors. Our results show that, while BIG 4 non-KPMG client firms earn insignificant abnormal returns, KPMG client firms earn significantly positive abnormal returns during the days surrounding news of the settlement. We show that these positive abnormal returns vary cross-sectionally, and are more pronounced for KPMG client firms in greater financial distress and for those subject to greater litigation risk.
EBT reactor characteristics consistent with stability and power balance requirements

This paper summarizes the results of a recent EBT reactor study that includes both ring and core plasma properties and consistent treatment of coupled ring-core stability criteria and power balance requirements. The principal finding is that constraints imposed by these coupling and other physics and technology considerations permit a broad operating window for reactor design optimization. A number of concept improvements are also proposed that are found to offer the potential for further improvement of the reactor size and parameters.
Cross-Sectional Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Mn-Doped GaAs: Theory and Experiment

We report first-principles calculations of the energetics and simulated scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images for Mn dopants near the GaAs (110) surface, and compare the results with cross-sectional STM images. The Mn configurations considered here include substitutionals, interstitials, and complexes of substitutionals and interstitials in the first three layers near the surface. Based on detailed comparisons of the simulated and experimental images, we identify three types of Mn configurations imaged at the surface: (1) single Mn substitutionals, (2) pairs of Mn substitutionals, and (3) complexes of Mn substitutionals and interstitials.
Uncertainity Analysis of Relative Density

The discussion notes that the credibility of relative density results is no better or worse than that of any other routine soil test provided that the tests are performed faithfully in accordance with the standard test procedures, and provided that these test procedures are sufficiently well defined and prevent significant variations in performance. Individual laboratories might find satisfactory relationships between SPT and relative density. Figures showing actual field densities plotted against SPT in nature and compacted dune sand are presented. A quarter of a century of use of the Earth Manual SPT procedures have resulted in buildings settling predictably in a satisfactory manner. The authors reply to the comments made by the discussers, and note that due to the nature of the equation used, the small uncertainities associated with the measuring of maximum, minimum and inplace dry densities are amplified considerably when calculating the relative density. This is true even when the uncertainity associated with the inplace dry density is neglected. When the latter is considered, the uncertainity in the relative density is considerably larger. Comments on the errors in the SPT value evaluation made by de Mello are noted.
I’ve wanted a BMW since I was a kid: An exploratory analysis of the aspirational brand.

Although aspirational brands are commonly referred to in the business literature, no consistent definition exists for the term. Further, aspirational brand is often used interchangeably with the term luxury brand. This study aims to conceptually define the term aspirational brandand delineate it from the well-established term luxury brand. A sample of 452 consumers were asked to provide five examples of luxury and aspitational brands. Responses from Baby Boomers and Millennials, males and females, and high-income and low-income consumers were compared. By asking a diverse group of consumers to provide examples of the two types of brands, we provide quantifiable evidence for the existence of two related but separate concepts. Sixty three percent more brands were named as aspirational than as luxury, lending support to the notion that a consumers classification of a brand as aspirational is more a function of internal influences than his or her classification of a brand as luxury. Further, differences were found between Millennials and Baby Boomers, men and women, and upper and lower income participants in terms of which brands they consider to be aspirational.
NLP-supported decision-making

One way to think about what decision-making will be like in the future is to look at it in terms of the potential combinatorial power of adaptive, intelligent agents with the significant accomplishments of the burgeoning Natural Language Processing (NLP) capabilities of today in technologies that will significantly impact human decision-making, decision support systems, and potentially fully automated decision making.
Magenetic Polarity Sequence of the Upper Triassic Kayenta Formation

The Kayenta Formation near Moab, Utah, contains four normal and four reversed intervals of polarity. These eight polarity intervals occur in approximately 100 m of medium- to finegrained sediment. Because this type of sediment may indicate more rapid deposition, it appears that polarity changes were more frequent in Late Triassic time than in the Early Triassic. The mean pole for the Kayenta Formation is lat 61.9° N., long 74.4° E. (δ p = 3.7°, δ m = 7.1°), and lies on the western edge of other published Triassic poles. Poles for individual polarity zones are distributed in elongate fashion on a great circle, similar to distributions observed in other Triassic formations. This may indicate a long-term variation of the pole during Triassic time.