cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two Approaches for Aggregation of Peer Group Topology in Hierarchical PNNI Networks

ABSTRACTWe propose two methods for aggregation of peer group topology in hierarchical ATM networks. Both proposed aggregation methods transform a given peer group into a star graph representation. Our first approach optimally preserves, in a least square sense, the original costs of routing through the peer group. Our second approach assigns a weighted vector to the nucleus of the Logical Group Node, which quantifies the error in the compact representation. The two schemes are dual, in the sense that the first is best suited for peergroups where traffic patterns are unpredictable, and the second is suited for peergroups where traffic patterns can be characterized. Both the proposed schemes are practical: For peer groups with nodes V, links E, and n border nodes B ⊂ V, the approaches run in O(n|V|log|V| + n|E|+ poly(n)) time. The size of the final representation is small (linear in the number of border nodes) and can be computed efficiently. The scalability of the proposed algorithms makes them well-suited...
Language equations over a one-letter alphabet with union, concatenation and star: a complete solution

Abstract This paper develops a theory of language equations over a one-letter alphabet where the operations involved in the equations are union, unrestricted concatenation and star. Several key theorems are proven and tied together to provide an algorithm which enables one to solve any equation of this type. An application of this result is a constructive proof of the well-known fact that any context-free grammar with only one terminal always generates a regular language.
Basic orbit properties of ions in a migma fusion device

Abstract The “Migma Cell” designed by Maglich is aimed at producing useful fusion power by storing deuterons in precessing, self-colliding orbits in a suitable magnetic field 1 ). We have undertaken a more thorough analysis of the basic orbit properties in such a device. Using equilibrium orbit and transfer matrix techniques, we have developed a computer code which calculates all the important properties of median plane orbits and of vertical focusing in the given magnetic field as a function of momentum. The results obtained for the same field as used by Maglich are presented, together with a discussion of their significance for beam injection and space-charge problems. In particular, our results show that inherent alternating-gradient effects increase the vertical focusing, but beyond a critical momentum value, the vertical oscillations become unstable because of overfocusing. Finally, some of the orbit data provided by Maglich are discussed and interpreted, along with his choice of magnetic field shape.
Silicic-acid uptake in diatoms studied with [(68)Ge]germanic acid as tracer.

Uptake of silicic acid in the diatoms Navicula pelliculosa and Nitzschia alba was studied, using the natural isotope, 28Si, or a radioisotope, 31Si. The rate of uptake of silicic acid was also determined by using [68Ge]germanic acid as a tracer of silicic acid. At a given silicicacid concentration in the growth medium, the fractions of [68Ge]germanic acid taken up followed closely the fraction of silicic acid taken up in the same time period. When the initial concentration of silicic acid was varied at a constant (trace) concentration of [68Ge]-germanic acid, the uptake of 68Ge followed the fraction of silicic acid removed, and not the absolute amount removed from the medium, at all silicic-acid concentrations. The usefulness of this approach in studying silicic-acid uptake is discussed.
Study of Raman signal from indium phosphide nanowire networks coated with gold

Indium phosphide (InP) nanowire networks coated with gold were characterized by Raman spectroscopy. First, InP nanowire networks were grown via metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on silicon substrates with gold catalyst. Subsequently, gold was deposited by thermal evaporation on the grown InP nanowire networks. Different nominal thicknesses of gold were deposited, and then the goal coated InP nanowire networks were annealed in vacuum. Raman spectroscopy was used to study the dependence of InP phonon modes on the thickness of the gold coating. The study shows the gold coating decreases the longitudinal optical phonon mode signal of InP as the thickness increases. Publisher’s Note: This paper, originally published on 19 September 2013, was replaced with a corrected/revised version on 18 October 2013. If you downloaded the original PDF but are unable to access the revision, please contact SPIE Digital Library Customer Service for assistance.
Stem cell- and scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches to osteochondral regenerative medicine

In osteochondral tissue engineering, cell recruitment, proliferation, differentiation, and patterning are critical for forming biologically and structurally viable constructs for repair of damaged or diseased tissue. However, since constructs prepared ex vivo lack the multitude of cues present in the in vivo microenvironment, cells often need to be supplied with external biological and physical stimuli to coax them toward targeted tissue functions. To determine which stimuli to present to cells, bioengineering strategies can benefit significantly from endogenous examples of skeletogenesis. As an example of developmental skeletogenesis, the developing limb bud serves as an excellent model system in which to study how osteochondral structures form from undifferentiated precursor cells. Alongside skeletal formation during embryogenesis, bone also possesses innate regenerative capacity, displaying remarkable ability to heal after damage. Bone fracture healing shares many features with bone development, driving the hypothesis that the regenerative process generally recapitulates development. Similarities and differences between the two modes of bone formation may offer insight into the special requirements for healing damaged or diseased bone. Thus, endogenous fracture healing, as an example of regenerative skeletogenesis, may also inform bioengineering strategies. In this review, we summarize the key cellular events involving stem and progenitor cells in developmental and regenerative skeletogenesis, and discuss in parallel the corresponding cell- and scaffold-based strategies that tissue engineers employ to recapitulate these events in vitro.
Business development and marketing within communities of social service clients

Abstract Many users of social services in the United States live on low incomes. Those who receive Social Security disability benefits or who qualify for Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) benefits have incomes below the poverty line. Social service users often also face social and economic exclusion because of stigmatized conditions, disabling limitations, and skill and knowledge deficits. They are like other low-income consumers in some ways, but face additional challenges. This article views specific social service user populations as identity communities. In identity communities, community members share salient identities. Shared identity also may result from social and economic exclusion, and/or social stigma. Identity communities may be geographically bounded or unbounded. In either case, they have their own economies, which may or may not be recognized and developed. Focusing on the identity community of people with severe mental-health conditions, this article describes a methodology for designing business development projects within that community. The study describes the development of a replicable and potentially scalable business model, and how it was implemented in one case. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of this market-based approach to meeting the needs of poor social service populations.
Non-Equilibrium Dynamics Contribute to Ion Selectivity in the KcsA Channel

The ability of biological ion channels to conduct selected ions across cell membranes is critical for the survival of both animal and bacterial cells. Numerous investigations of ion selectivity have been conducted over more than 50 years, yet the mechanisms whereby the channels select certain ions and reject others are not well understood. Here we report a new application of Jarzynski’s Equality to investigate the mechanism of ion selectivity using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of Na+ and K+ ions moving through the KcsA channel. The simulations show that the selectivity filter of KcsA adapts and responds to the presence of the ions with structural rearrangements that are different for Na+ and K+. These structural rearrangements facilitate entry of K+ ions into the selectivity filter and permeation through the channel, and rejection of Na+ ions. A mechanistic model of ion selectivity by this channel based on the results of the simulations relates the structural rearrangement of the selectivity filter to the differential dehydration of ions and multiple-ion occupancy and describes a mechanism to efficiently select and conduct K+. Estimates of the K+/Na+ selectivity ratio and steady state ion conductance for KcsA from the simulations are in good quantitative agreement with experimental measurements. This model also accurately describes experimental observations of channel block by cytoplasmic Na+ ions, the “punch through” relief of channel block by cytoplasmic positive voltages, and is consistent with the knock-on mechanism of ion permeation.
A fast algorithm for the symmetric eigenvalue problem

The symmetric eigenvalue problem is one of the most fundamental problems of computational mathematics. It arises in many applications, and therefore represents an important area for algorithmic research. It is also one of the first eigenvalue problems for which reliable methods have been obtained. It would be surprising therefore, if a new method were to be found that would offer a significant improvement in execution time over the fundamental algorithms available in standard software packages such as EISPACK [7]. However, it is reasonable to expect that eigenvalue calculations might be accelerated through the use of parallel algorithms for parallel computers that are emerging. We shall present such an algorithm in this paper. The algorithm is able to exploit parallelism at all levels of the computation and is well suited to a variety of architectures. However, a pleasant bonus of this research is that the parallel algorithm, even when run in serial mode, is significantly faster than the best sequential algorithm on large problems, and is effective on moderate size (order ≥30) problems when run in serial mode.
Estrogen stimulation of galanin gene expression and galanin-like immunoreactivity in the rat and its blockade by the estrogen antagonist keoxifene (LY156758)

Abstract Rat galanin (rGAL) gene expression is stimulated potently by 17β-estradiol in the anterior pituitary. Neuroendocrine tissue extracts of were purified by chromatography and analyzed for rGAL-like (-LI) immunoreactivity. Greater than 90% of rGAL-LI eluted at the same position as the synthetic rGAL standard in untreated anterior pituitary, median eminence and neurointermediate lobe tissues. Additional immunoreactive forms were detected in the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and MtT/W15 adenoma tissues, particularly after 17β-estradiol treatment. We examined rGAL and its encoding mRNA in the anterior pituitary of immature female rats after the injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG). One and two days after PMSG injection, serum 17β-estradiol increased 3-fold and 4-fold, respectively. This resulted in a surge of endogenous gonadotropin 2 days after PMSG. At this time, rGAL-encoding mRNA was increased 40-fold over controls. Three days after PMSG, there was a 6-fold increase in anterior pituitary and a 41% increase in plasma rGAL-LI concentrations. Plasma 17β-estradiol one day after injection of PMSG and the consequent anterior pituitary rGAL-LI concentrations 2 days later were positively correlated. This stimulation of rGAL and its encoding mRNA by PMSG was inhibited by treatment with the estrogen antagonist keoxifene (LY156758).
Metabolic interactions of 1,3-butadiene and styrene in male B6C3F1 mice.

Butadiene and styrene are a mixture of hazardous air pollutants found in the workplace of industries producing polymers such as styrene-butadiene rubber. Both butadiene and styrene require metabolic activation to exert their genotoxic effect; therefore metabolic interactions may influence their genotoxicity. Our objective was to quantitate potential metabolic interactions in mice exposed to a mixture of butadiene and styrene. The rate of metabolism of butadiene and styrene was estimated from the steady-state rate of uptake of the chemicals by male B6C3F1 mice exposed for 8 hr in a dynamic, whole-body inhalation system to 100 or 1000 ppm butadiene in combination with 0, 50, 100, or 250 ppm styrene. Styrene, styrene oxide, 1,2-epoxy-3-butene, and 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane concentrations in blood were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hr of exposure. As the styrene concentration in the mixture increased, the rate of butadiene metabolism was inhibited up to 48%. 1,2-Epoxy-3-butene blood concentrations were increased by approximately 1.5-fold; however, 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane blood concentrations were unaffected. Styrene uptake in the inhalation system was inhibited slightly by exposure with butadiene, but styrene blood concentrations increased significantly as the butadiene concentration in the mixture increased to 1000 ppm. Blood concentrations of styrene oxide increased approximately 1.6-fold for the 250-ppm styrene exposures when the butadiene concentration was increased from 0 to 1000 ppm. The data suggest that metabolic interactions occurred among the reactive metabolites (e.g., competition for detoxication pathways) as well as between butadiene and styrene in mice exposed to mixtures of butadiene and styrene. However, metabolic interactions were significant only at concentrations of butadiene and styrene higher than those typically observed in the workplace of industries producing polymers of butadiene and styrene.
Subharmonic buncher for the Los Alamos free-electron laser oscillator experiment

A high-efficiency, free electron laser, oscillator experiment is being conducted at Los Alamos National Laboratory. A buncher system has been designed to deliver 30-ps, 5-nC electron bunches to a 20-MeV standing-wave linac at the 60th subharmonic of the 1300-MHz accelerator frequency. The first 108.3-MHz buncher cavity accepts a 5-ns, 5-A peak current pulse from a triode gun. Following a 120-cm drift space, a second 108.3-MHz cavity is used, primarily to enhance the bunching of the trailing half of the bunch. A 1300-MHz cavity with 20-cm drift spaces before and after the cavity completes the beamline compo-nents. The bunching process continues into the linac's first three accelerating cells. Two thin iron-shielded lenses and several large-diameter solenoids provide axial magnetic fields for radial focusing.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Weyl group generating function that ought to be better known

Abstract Let W be a finite Weyl group with root system Φ, simple roots α1,…,αn, exponents e1,…,en, and index of connection ƒ. Let b1,…,bn denote the simple root coordinates for the sum of all positive roots, and for w ϵ W let l(w) denote the length and D(w) = {i: w−1αi ∑ wϵW q σ(w)−l(w) = ƒ · Π n i = 1 (1 − q bi ) (1 − q ei ) , where σ(w) = ∑iϵD(w)bi.
Magnetic strip cartridge for rotating-head file

A strip of magnetic tape is attached to a stiff nonmagnetic backing sheet so that it can lie flat and be contained in an envelope. When partially withdrawn from the envelope, a loop is formed from the strip. The loop can be wrapped around a rotating head assembly for writing and reading and can be moved along the axis of the rotating head to register a multiplicity of tracks. Experimental results project that a strip contained in an envelope, 76.2 × 254 × 2.54 mm (3 × 10 × 0.1 inch), can store at least 107bytes of data with a track-access time of less than 0.5 seconds.
Local spin-density calculations of anisotropic hyperfine constants in oriented free radicals

Abstract The isotropic and anisotropic proton hyperfine tensors in malonic and glutaconic acid radicals have been calculated from first principles, using the spin-polarized discrete variational Xα method (DVM). The calculated values are found to be in good agreement (≲20%) with the results of ESR and ENDOR experiments. The sensitivity of the hyperfine constants to molecular conformation has been examined by calculations at several different geometries.
MEASUREMENT AND ASSIGNMENT OF THE SIZE-DEPENDENT OPTICAL SPECTRUM IN CDSE QUANTUM DOTS

We use photoluminescence excitation to study the electronic spectrum of CdSe quantum dots ranging from \ensuremath{\sim}12 to \ensuremath{\sim}53 \AA{} in radius. We follow the size evolution of ten quantum dot absorption features. Comparison of the spectra with theoretical predictions allows us to confidently assign six of these transitions. We discuss the most likely assignments for the remaining four. We find that the ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{hS}3/2}$1${\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{e}}$ and ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{hS}1/2}$1${\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{e}}$ transitions dominate the spectra, accounting for half of the observed features. Our size-dependent data exhibit two strong avoided crossings, demonstrating the importance of valence-band structure in the description of the excited states. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Aerobic alcohol oxidation with cationic palladium complexes: Insights into catalyst design and decomposition

Aerobic alcohol oxidation catalyzed by the newly synthesized dimeric [(neocuproine)Pd(μ-OAc)]2(OTf)2 (1; neocuproine = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) proceeds under exceptionally mild conditions (room temperature, ambient air) compared to those required for the previously reported monomeric diacetate analogue (neocuproine)Pd(OAc)2 (2) and the monomeric ditriflate analogue (neocuproine)Pd(MeCN)2(OTf)2 (3). An unprecedented initial turnover frequency (TOFi) for such mild conditions (78 (Pd atom)-1 h-1) is observed with catalyst 1; however, competitive oxidation of a methyl group on the ligand to a carboxylate group results in catalyst inactivation. During the study of 1, we isolated for the first time [(neocuproine)Pd(μ-OH)]2(OTf)2 (4), a possible intermediate in the catalytic cycle, and we report its crystal structure and catalytic activity herein.
Determinants of bank failures in the US revisited

This study investigates factors influencing the bank failure rate in the United States over the period 1970 to 2007. The bank failure rate was found to be an increasing function of the unemployment rate, the average cost of funds, volatility of the S&P 500 Stock Index, and charge-offs as a percentage of outstanding loans and a decreasing function of the mortgage rate on new 30-year fixed-rate mortgages. The evidence implies also that the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act acted to reduce bank failures whereas the Riegle–Neal Interstate Banking Act of 1994 may inadvertently have (by increasing competition and/or increasing costs through branch bank expansion) induced increased bank failures.
The Relationship Among Support, Ethnic Identity, Career Decision Self-Efficacy, and Outcome Expectations in African American High School Students: Applying Social Cognitive Career Theory

This study examines the influence of two potential sources of strength (i.e., ethnic identity and parent/teacher support) on the cognitive variables of career decision self-efficacy and outcome exp...
Mitochondrial RNA turnover in the presence of cordycepin

Abstract Cordycepin inhibits mitochondrial specific RNA synthesis. In contrast to the drug's effect on the nucleolus, no short RNA molecules are produced. After inhibition, prelabeled 12-S and 21-S molecules decay with a 3-h half-life. The mitochondrial 4-S RNA appears stable. The kinetics of decay of mitochondrial specific protein synthesis resembles that of mitochondrial RNA.
Robust and Low Complexity Source Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Time Difference of Arrival Measurement

Wireless source localization has found a number of applications in wireless sensor networks. In this work, we investigate robust and low complexity solutions to the problem of source localization based on the time-difference of arrivals (TDOA) measurement model. By adopting a min-max approximation to the maximum likelihood source location estimation, we develop two low complexity algorithms that can be reliably and rapidly solved through semi-definite relaxation. Our approach hinges on the use of a reference sensor node which can be optimized according to the Cramer-Rao lower bound or selected heuristically. Our low complexity estimate can be used either as the final location estimation output or as the initial point for other traditional search algorithms.
Barley tolerance of Russian wheat aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) biotype 2 herbivory involves expression of defense response and developmental genes

The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), is an invasive insect pest that causes serious yield losses in bread wheat, Triticum aestivum L., durum wheat, T. turgidum L and barley, Hordeum vulgare L. Successful management of D. noxia has been achieved through resistant varieties via plant antixenosis (aphid non-preference), antibiosis (reduced aphid growth or fecundity), tolerance (plant compensatory growth after aphid feeding), or a combination of each. Previous phenotyping experiments revealed that plants of the variety Stoneham resist D. noxia damage via tolerance. In the present study, genes involved in upstream regulation of jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), auxin (AUX) and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthetic pathways were monitored using qRT-PCR in Stoneham and susceptible Otis barley plants after D. noxia biotype 2 feeding. Results indicate that D. noxia tolerance in Stoneham plants is related to greater constitutive expression of JA-, ET- and AUX-biosynthetic pathway genes than in susceptible Otis plants, suggesting the possibility of immediate plant adjustments due to the stress of D. noxia feeding. There was limited induction of genes in the ET-(ACCS) and IAA (TDC) pathways in Stoneham tissues after D. noxia feeding. JA pathway genes upregulated in Otis tissues after D. noxia infestation failed to successfully defend Otis plants. AUX and ABA transcripts in Otis may be associated with developmental collapses resulting from source and sink adjustment failures.
Condensation On and Evaporation From Radially Grooved Rotating Disks

Heat transfer coefficients on smooth plate rotating evaporator-condensers are reliably predicted by equation (2). Radial machine grooving of the condensing surface improves the heat transfer coefficient in filmwise condensation on this surface by reducing the resistance up to 65 percent. The overall coefficient was improved some 13 percent. Surfaces radially scratched by coarse sandpaper exhibited higher coefficients than smooth surfaces. Sanding the condensation side improved the overall coefficient about 8 percent, and sanding the evaporation side improved it about 10 percent. Care should be used in applying grooves to the evaporation side, however, as they increase the tendency toward local overevaporation and, hence, scale formation. Machined grooves on the evaporation side reduced overall coefficients.
THREE ELABORATIONS ON BERRY’S CONNECTION, CURVATURE AND PHASE

We discuss how symmetries and conservation laws are affected when Berry’s phase occurs in a quantum system: symmetry transformations of coordinates have to be supplemented by gauge transformations of Berry’s connection, and consequently constants of motion acquire terms beyond the familiar kinematical ones. We show how symmetries of a problem determine Berry’s connection, curvature and, once a specific path is chosen, the phase as well. Moreover, higher order corrections are also fixed. We demonstrate that in some instances Berry’s curvature and phase can be removed by a globally well-defined, time-dependent canonical transformation. Finally, we describe how field theoretic anomalies may be viewed as manifestations of Berry’s phase.
Fluorine-18 chemistry and its application to positron emission tomography

Abstract The decay properties of fluorine-18, t 1 2 = 110 min, 97% β+ emission, emax = 0.65 MeV, make it a near ideal tracer for use in positron emission transaxial tomography (PETT). The application of fluorine-18 has mainly been as a tracer in biologically active compounds in biomedical research. These include compounds where its position in the molecule is chosen to be biologically inactive, where its position is chosen to block a specific biochemical pathway or where it replaces fluorine-19 in the compound of interest. The synthetic challenges presented by working with no carrier added (NCA) or “carrier free” (CF) fluorine-18 have both similarities and differences from work with “normal” fluorination reactions. The broad scope of organofluorine chemistry is limited when dealing with fluorine-18 synthesis. The major factors to consider are the time scale of the synthesis, normally taking no longer than one to four hours for any single or multiple step procedure, the precursors available, they must have high specific activity and be readily preparable e.g. 18FF2, anhydrous H18F, aqueous 18F−, and the synthetic procedures which must result in yields adequate to the needs of the biomedical research. The lecture will cover the most useful preparative methods for the radionuclide and simple precursors, the precursor field in general, synthetic strategies utilizing the electrophilic or nucleophilic character of the labeled reagent, some specific examples such as the metabolic agent 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose, neuroreceptor ligand agents such as 18F-spiroperidol (spiperone) and others, 18F-labeled nucleosides, steroids, fatty acids and other compounds. Some examples of applications in biomedical research will be given and present and future challenges in research with this nuclide will be addressed in the context of its chemical and radiochemical properties.
AIDS mobilisation in Zambia and Vietnam: Explaining the differences

This article compares AIDS mobilisation in Zambia and Vietnam. It looks specifically at the goals of AIDS movements in the two countries, arguing that the Vietnamese movement has been more singular in its focus with its major objective being to achieve representation of people living with HIV (PLHIVs) in AIDS decision-making. In Zambia, the movement has had multiple agendas: human rights protection, biomedical interventions, and economic development for PLHIVs. Instead of assessing how well the two movements have met these goals, the authors use insights from the scholarship on AIDS mobilisation to analyse why these different objectives exist. They argue that epidemic type, movement identity, political culture, and economic, political, and external structures lead to this variation. Through its cross-regional examination of significantly different countries, this comparative case study contributes to knowledge of AIDS mobilisation.
Cell fate specification and differentiation in the nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans

Neuronal cell fates are specified by a hierarchy of events mediated by cell-intrinsic determinants and cell-cell interactions. The determination of cell fate can be subdivided into three general steps. First, cell fate is restricted by the cell's position in the animal. For example, neurons are specified along the anterior-posterior body axis through the action of the Hox genes lin-39, mab-5, and egl-5. Second, a decision is made to generate a particular cell type, such as the progenitor of a neurogenic lineage as opposed to that of an epidermal lineage. Among the genes that influence this decision is the proneural gene lin-32. Third, characteristics of a particular cell type are specified. For example, in a neurogenic lineage, a decision may be made to generate a specific neuron type such as a sensory or motor neuron. Genes that affect neuronal fate can act in different ways to influence the development of different types of neurons.
Critical reflections on child psychiatry

Child psychiatrists have claimed to represent the best interests of the child. This paper examines the evidence in support of this view. In addition, the paper examines the extent to which child psychiatrists have led the fight for the protection of the child's dignity, privacy, and personal integrity. The findings are discouraging and indicate that psychiatric intervention places the child's rights in double jeopardy. It is suggested that the child must be protected with judicial and other safeguards against psychiatric intervention.
Web searching in a multilingual world

Studies of three prototype Web search portals---in Chinese, Spanish, and Arabic---reveal how to best support non-English Web searching.
Cooperative behavior and social organization of the Swallow-tailed Manakin ( Chiroxiphia caudata )

The mating system of the Swallow-tailed Manakin (Chiroxiphia caudata) is a type of non-resource based polygyny in which males aggregate at traditional sites or leks to perform cooperative displays. Each lek and all its contained courts are used communally by a group of 4–6 males. Within the group a linear dominance hierarchy exists. Position in the hierarchy persists within and between years and at all courts and is inherited in linear sequence. The dominant male of the group behaves as a sentinel calling repeatedly from a high perch in an attempt to attract females to a court. When a female arrives, two or three males engage in a cooperative precopulatory dance, the Jump Display. This is followed by a Solo Precopulatory Display performed by a single male who, if successful, will copulate with the female. With rare exception, the dominant male performs all Solo Displays and all copulations. Display sequences that include both a Jump Display and Solo Precopulatory Display are more likely to lead to copulation than those consisting of only one part. Thus, the subordinates who help the dominant perform the dance are expending energy that increases his fitness without receiving any immediate benefit themselves. Several factors that may have contributed to the evolution of the mating system and cooperative displays of this species are considered.
Kinematics of fault-related folding in a duplex, lost river range, Idaho, U.S.A.

Abstract The Doublespring duplex, located in the Lost River Range of Idaho, is a Sevier age fault-related fold complex in massive limestones of the Upper Mississippian Scott Peak Formation. Folds within the duplex closely resemble fault-bend fold geometrics, with open interlimb angles and low-angle bed cut-offs. Narrow, widely spaced, bedding-parallel shear zones with well-developed pressure solution cleavage alternate with massive, relatively undeformed layers on fold limbs. Shear zones are developed only on the limbs of anticlines, and have similar but unique morphologies in each of three different folds. Incremental strain histories reconstructed from antitaxial fibrous overgrowths and veins within the shear zones constrain the kinematics of folding. Shear zones experienced distributed bedding-parallel simple shear (flexural flow) towards pins near axial surfaces, while adjacent massive layers experienced rotation through an externally fixed extension direction. The absence of footwall synclines and morphological differences in shear zones from adjacent folds suggest that faulting preceded folding. Kinematic histories of folds that have experienced different translational histories are identical, and are not compatible with strain histories predicted from previous kinematic models of fault-bend folding. Shear zone development and fiber growth is instead interpreted to have occurred during low amplitude fixed-hinge buckling in response to initial resistance to translation of the thrust sheet. Fault-bend folding with mobile axial surfaces occurred with translation of the thrust sheets once the initial resistance to translation was overcome and resulted in no penetrative strain.
Factors Associated With Antidepressant Choice

Previous studies have suggested that nonpsychiatrists tend to prescribe antidepressants (ADs) with the most side effects (SEs), whereas psychiatrists are more like/v to prescribe more ADs with fewer SEs. The authors used a questionnaire to examine the antidepressant prescribing pattern, conditions for which ADs were prescribed, and SEs of concern to physicians. Of those surveyed, the psychiatrists reported prescribing significantly more nortripzyline and desipramine, whereas the nonpsychiatrists prescribed more amitriptyline. The nonpsychiatrists were more likely to prescribe ADs for pain, and they were significantly less concerned with orthostatic hypotension. Possible lower dosing and level of concern about orthostatic hypotension may be related. Further study is proposed to assess other factors that might influence AD choice.
Promoting direct interspecies electron transfer with activated carbon

Granular activated carbon (GAC) is added to methanogenic digesters to enhance conversion of wastes to methane, but the mechanism(s) for GAC's stimulatory effect are poorly understood. GAC has high electrical conductivity and thus it was hypothesized that one mechanism for GAC stimulation of methanogenesis might be to facilitate direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) between bacteria and methanogens. Metabolism was substantially accelerated when GAC was added to co-cultures of Geobacter metallireducens and Geobacter sulfurreducens grown under conditions previously shown to require DIET. Cells were attached to GAC, but did not aggregate as they do when making biological electrical connections between cells. Studies with a series of gene deletion mutants eliminated the possibility that GAC promoted electron exchange via interspecies hydrogen or formate transfer and demonstrated that DIET in the presence of GAC did not require the electrically conductive pili and associated c-type cytochrome involved in biological interspecies electrical connections. GAC also greatly stimulated ethanol metabolism and methane production in co-cultures of G. metallireducens and Methanosarcina barkeri. Cells were attached to GAC, but not closely aggregated, suggesting little opportunity for biological electrical contacts between the species. GAC also enhanced methane production in samples from a methanogenic digester in which Methanosaeta were the predominant methanogens. The results demonstrate that GAC can promote DIET and suggest that stimulation of metabolism in methanogenic digesters can be attributed, at least in part, to the high conductivity of GAC providing better interspecies electrical connections than those that can be forged biologically.
No massless scalar adjoints for N=1, D=4 heterotic strings in the free fermionic formulation

Abstract Using the free fermionic formulation of four-dimensional heterotic superstrings with N =1 spacetime supersymmetry, we prove that the massless spectrum does not contain that transform as the adjoint representation of the gauge group. Some implications for model building are also discussed. We also show that no higher dimensional massless representations occur except possibly when the gauge group has an SU(9) or SO(16) factor. We discuss these two cases and their connection to the possible appearance of an E 8 factor.
Diagnostic Oligonucleotide Microarray Fingerprinting of Bacillus Isolates

A genome-independent microarray and new statistical techniques were used to genotype Bacillus strains and quantitatively compare DNA fingerprints with the known taxonomy of the genus. A synthetic DNA standard was used to understand process level variability and lead to recommended standard operating procedures for microbial forensics and clinical diagnostics.
Diversity of T-cell antigen receptor V beta gene utilization in advanced human atheroma.

Human atheromata contain T lymphocytes, but knowledge of the function and receptor specificity of these cells is limited. Immunohistochemical studies have established that T cells in advanced human carotid plaques express predominantly the alpha/beta form of the T-cell receptor (TCR). We then compared the use of variable region genes of the beta-chain (V beta) of the TCR for antigen by analysis of 14 carotid plaques and peripheral blood samples obtained at carotid endarterectomy. We used a direct approach that avoids isolation and culture of T cells. RNA extracted from lesions and peripheral blood mononuclear cells was reverse transcribed and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine rearrangements of 18 V beta sequences. PCR products were visualized on Southern blots using a probe internal to the PCR primers. Input cDNA from lesions and peripheral blood was adjusted to yield equivalent signals for a conserved region of the TCR beta-chain to permit comparisons. As expected, utilization of TCR V beta genes in peripheral blood cells was nonselective: an average of 17 of 18 V beta regions yielded signals (n = 14). Frequency of variable-region gene usage in lesions and blood was highly concordant: of 252 sequences tested (14 samples, 18 sequences per sample), 240 were identified in peripheral blood versus 207 in plaques. V beta genes 10 and 11 were not expressed in plaques, a significant difference when compared with peripheral blood (P = .0001 by chi 2). However, the remaining 16 genes showed no significant differences. This analysis indicates that T cells generally express a diverse pattern of V beta genes within complex human atheroma.
Age-Related Changes in the Episodic Simulation of Future Events

Episodic memory enables individuals to recollect past events as well as imagine possible future scenarios. Although the episodic specificity of past events declines as people grow older, it is unknown whether the same is true for future events. In an adapted version of the Autobiographical Interview, young and older participants generated past and future events. Transcriptions were segmented into distinct details that were classified as either internal (episodic) or external. Older adults generated fewer internal details than younger adults for past events, a result replicating previous findings; more important, we show that this deficit extends to future events. Furthermore, the number of internal details and the number of external details both showed correlations between past and future events. Finally, the number of internal details generated by older adults correlated with their relational memory abilities, a finding consistent with the constructive-episodic-simulation hypothesis, which holds that sim...
Alternative criteria for measuring estimator robustness

Intuitively pleasing criteria which allow the measurement of the robustness of an estimator are presented. Contrary to classical saddlepoint criteria, these methods are naturally quantitative and admit essentially arbitrary perturbations in the underlying joint distribution away from a nominal. The methods succeed by exploiting important geometric concepts such as curvature. >
Quiñónez: poeta, olvidado y porteño (literaturas regionales e imaginarios geoculturales en Chile)

Estudio que se propone una aproximacion a aquellos aspectos de la Balada de la Galleta Marinera, de Guillermo Quinonez (Valparaiso 1889-1982), que sustancian el modo en que se conforma el imaginario local (regional) en el imaginario "diferencial" del poeta. La indagacion se funda en una propuesta de reflexion sobre el estatuto de los imaginarios "geoculturales" regionales en su relacion con la literatura nacional hegemonica.
Determining the orientations of ocean bottom seismometers using ambient noise correlation

[1] The cross-correlation of multicomponent ambient seismic noise can reveal both the velocity and polarization of surface waves propagating between pairs of stations. We explore this property to develop a novel method for determining the horizontal orientation of ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) by analyzing the polarization of Rayleigh waves retrieved from ambient noise cross-correlation. We demonstrate that the sensor orientations can be estimated through maximizing the correlation between the radial-vertical component and the phase-shifted vertical-vertical component of the empirical Green's tensor. We apply this new method to the ELSC (Eastern Lau Spreading Center) OBS experiment data set and illustrate its robustness by comparing the obtained orientations with results from a conventional method utilizing teleseismic P and Rayleigh wave polarizations. When applied to a large OBS array, the ambient noise method provides a larger number of orientation estimates and better azimuthal coverage than typically is possible with traditional methods.
Building a microphysiological skin model from induced pluripotent stem cells

The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in 2006 was a major breakthrough for regenerative medicine. The establishment of patient-specific iPSCs has created the opportunity to model diseases in culture systems, with the potential to rapidly advance the drug discovery field. Current methods of drug discovery are inefficient, with a high proportion of drug candidates failing during clinical trials due to low efficacy and/or high toxicity. Many drugs fail toxicity testing during clinical trials, since the cells on which they have been tested do not adequately model three-dimensional tissues or their interaction with other organs in the body. There is a need to develop microphysiological systems that reliably represent both an intact tissue and also the interaction of a particular tissue with other systems throughout the body. As the port of entry for many drugs is via topical delivery, the skin is the first line of exposure, and also one of the first organs to demonstrate a reaction after systemic drug delivery. In this review, we discuss our strategy to develop a microphysiological system using iPSCs that recapitulates human skin for analyzing the interactions of drugs with the skin.
Failure of High-Dose Leucovorin To Improve Therapy With the Maximally Tolerated Dose of 5-Fluorouracil: A Murine Study With Clinical Relevance?

Almost all of the completed and ongoing phase III trials of the leucovorin/5-fluorouracil (LV/5-FU) combination have used either a single-agent 5-FU control arm in which the 5-FU was administered in a different schedule from the LV/5-FU arm or one in which the 5-FU was not at the maximally tolerated dose (MTD). Because both dose intensity and scheduling are known to affect drug activity, the LV/5-FU combination was evaluated in the preclinical CD8F1 murine model of advanced first-passage spontaneous breast tumors using the same dose (at MTD) and schedule for 5-FU alone and in the LV/5-FU combination arm. Overall, therapy with 5-FU at MTD was not improved by LV. Further, although the activity of 5-FU doses lower than the MTD could be increased by LV, the therapeutic result was comparable to that of single-agent 5-FU at MTD. In an evaluation with other modulators of 5-FU (e.g., uridine, PALA, methotrexate), therapy with various modulated 5-FU combinations at their MTD was not improved with LV. In conclusion, although LV can enhance the cytotoxicity of 5-FU in these in vivo preclinical studies, it does not confer enhanced selectivity to 5-FU, a conclusion at odds with many present clinical reports. Whether or not these murine findings have clinical relevance can be determined only by clinical trials designed with the MTD of 5-FU alone in the control arm, the MTD of 5-FU (or as close as tolerated) in the LV/5-FU arm, and identical schedules in both arms.
Come meet me at Ulduar: progression raiding in world of warcraft

In spite of decades of research on virtual worlds, our understanding of one popular form of virtual world behavior - raiding - remains limited. Raiding is important because it entails intense, high-risk, and complex collaborative behaviors in computer-mediated environments. This paper contributes to CSCW literature by offering a longitudinal analysis of raiding behavior using system data manually collected from the game world itself, comparing two raiding teams as they worked through the same content. Supplemented with interviews and chat transcripts, this research sheds light on what actually happens during raids across four different temporal scales: seconds, hours, days, and months. It also distinguishes between behaviors that are imposed by the system design and those chosen by players. Finally, it derives two viable raiding styles from the data.
Semantic category effects in second language word learning

The present study addresses a long-standing assumption in the field of applied linguistics: that presenting new second language (L2) vocabulary in semantically grouped sets is an effective method of teaching. Participants learned 32 new L2 labels for concepts from four different semantic categories in either a related or unrelated condition. At test, participants translated words in both translation directions. We found a semantic interference effect both during the encoding of information into memory and during the retrieval of information in translation. We discuss these findings in terms of theoretical models of L2 lexical representation and development, as well as in more practical terms of L2 curriculum design and vocabulary instruction.
Strategies to avoid head-disk instabilities due to adhesion in ultralow flying head-disk interfaces

Reducing the flying-height to sub-5 nm in hard disk drives is essential in achieving ultrahigh recording densities of the order of 1 Tbit/in/sup 2/. In order to minimize the risk of contact for such ultralow flying head-disk interfaces (HDIs), one needs to use extremely smooth disk and slider surfaces with RMS roughness values of the order of few ansgstroms. However, such super smooth interfaces are known to cause problems, such as strong attractive adhesive forces and, thus, catastrophic HDI crashes. In this paper, a systematic study specifically addressing strategies to minimize adhesion and, most importantly, to avoid head-disk instabilities or crashes due to adhesion is presented. The nonlinear adhesive forces are coupled with a nonlinear dynamic system model of the flying HDI, and a 3/sup 3/ full-factorial design of experiments is performed to investigate the effects of roughness and geometrical parameters on adhesion, flyability, and stability of ultralow sub-5-nm flying HDIs. Based on analysis of variance and corresponding response analyses, strategies to avoid the detrimental effects of adhesion on flying HDIs are proposed.
Compressed encoding for rank modulation

Rank modulation has been recently proposed as a scheme for storing information in flash memories. While rank modulation has advantages in improving write speed and endurance, the current encoding approach is based on the “push to the top” operation that is not efficient in the general case. We propose a new encoding procedure where a cell level is raised to be higher than the minimal necessary subset -instead of all - of the other cell levels. This new procedure leads to a significantly more compressed (lower charge levels) encoding. We derive an upper bound for a family of codes that utilize the proposed encoding procedure, and consider code constructions that achieve that bound for several special cases.