cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2'-SUBSTITUTED META-TERPHENYLS AS BUILDING BLOCKS FOR CYCLOPHANES WITH INTRA-ANNULAR FUNCTIONALITY

Abstract 2′-Substituted m-terphenyls containing chloromethyl and/or thiomethyl groups at the 4,4″ or 3,3″ positions are used as building blocks for cyclophanes with intra-annular functionality. Syntheses are short and yields are good. The methodology, capable of wide structural variation, has been adapted to bi- and tricyclic cyclophanes.
Estimation of lateral hydrothermal flow distance from spatial variations in oceanic heat flow

Measured heat flow in young oceanic crust is generally less than predicted by lithospheric cooling models, even where thick sediments had been expected to isolate the crust from the ocean and hence eliminate hydrothermal heat transfer. At isolated sites with basement outcrops or topographic highs, however, heat flow sometimes exceeds the model predictions. It thus appears that water migrates and upwells at distant sites, hence transferring heat laterally. Simple estimates of the lateral flow distance can be made when heat flow data have adequate areal sampling. The data can be parametrized by distance from the presumed upwelling site, and integrated to estimate the area from which heat must be transferred. Along the Juan de Fuca ridge, the minimum effective lateral flow distances are 8 km for 3–5 Ma crust, and 2 km for younger (< 1 Ma) crust.
Symbolic computation of high order compact difference schemes for three dimensional linear elliptic partial differential equations with variable coefficients

We present a symbolic computation procedure for deriving various high order compact difference approximation schemes for certain three dimensional linear elliptic partial differential equations with variable coefficients. Based on the Maple software package, we approximate the leading terms in the truncation error of the Taylor series expansion of the governing equation and obtain a 19 point fourth order compact difference scheme for a general linear elliptic partial differential equation. A test problem is solved numerically to validate the derived fourth order compact difference scheme. This symbolic derivation method is simple and can be easily used to derive high order difference approximation schemes for other similar linear elliptic partial differential equations.
Estimating limiting age for pleistocene erosional surfaces in central Montana by uranium‐series dating of associated travertines

Travertine deposits overlie the highest Number 2 surfaces in central Montana and clasts of travertine occur in gravels on lower Number 2 surfaces. Dating these travertine deposits may provide limits on the ages of surfaces that record intervals of extensive erosion during Pleistocene time. Analysis of three travertine samples from the southeast side of The Park yield an average uranium-thorium age of 73 000 ±+M 7 000 years. Another sample from the west side of The Park is 320 000 (+ 160 000, − 70 000) years old. These results indicate that travertine deposits may have formed at several intervals. The surface beneath The Park travertine is older than about 320 000 years. Number 2 pediment gravels that contain travertine downslope from the oldest dated sample may be younger than about 320 000 years.
Geochemical fractionation during mass transfer from sea to air by breaking bubbles

Physico-chemical hydrodynamics of bubble-breaking and surface chemistry together will explain many of the anomalous ion-ratios reported for the marine component of atmospheric aerosols and precipitation. The “enrichment” of phosphate in bubble-produced aerosol from a solution containing radioactive P-32 and Na-22 is defined as E = (P-32/Na-22) aerosol/(P-32/Na-22) solution ? 1 and is positive for all solutions studied. Phosphate is always present in excess in drops from breaking bubbles. For jet drops, E lies between 0.01 and 10; for drops from film caps which have drained and lost nearly all of their bulk solution, E may rise as high as 1000. Phosphate is preferred to chloride as a counter-ion below positively-charged surfactants, and also seems to be bound to peptide-like uncharged materials. The mechanism is not specific for phosphate, but can be invoked to explain the enrichment of any constituent of marine aerosol whose absolute ionic potential is greater than Na + or Cl ? . DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1970.tb00510.x
Structural biology: Toward the ATP synthase mechanism

ATP synthase synthesizes and hydrolyzes ATP by a unique rotational mechanism. A new study elucidates an important step of the catalytic mechanism, the timing of the release of the reaction product Pi in ATP hydrolysis.
CHANGES IN THE RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF THE FOLLICLE STIMULATING AND LUTEINIZING HORMONES IN THE HYPOPHYSIS OF THE FEMALE RAT UNDER VARYING EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS1

Although the reciprocal relationship between the gonads and the hypophysis has been established, very little has been done to estimate the changes in the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and the luteinizing hormone (LH) content of the hypophysis under varying experimental conditions. Chemical separation and direct quantitative determinations of the two sex stimulating components in individual rat hypophyses is not feasible at the present time. However, there is an indirect method available for these measurements which is based on the fact that the size of the ovaries of the immature rat, injected with gonadotropic hormones, is proportional (within certain limits) to the amounts of FSH and LH administered (1). Whenever either of these hormones is the limiting factor in determining the size of the ovaries of the immature rat, in the presence of an excess of the other, an increase in this limiting factor will augment the size of the ovaries. Thus, by injecting constant excess amounts of either FSH or LH in...
Electroosmotic Flow in Nanoscale Parallel-plate Channels: Molecular Simulation Study and Comparison with Classical Poisson–Boltzmann Theory

Molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out for simple electrolyte systems to study the electrokinetically driven osmotic flow in parallel-plate channels of widths ∼10–120 nm. The results are compared with the classical theory predictions based on the solution to the Poisson–Boltzmann equation. We find that despite some of the limitations in the Poisson–Boltzmann equation, such as assumption of the Boltzmann distribution for the ions, the classical theory captures the general trend of the variations of the osmotic flow with channel width, as characterized by the mobility of the fluid in channels between ∼10 and 120 nm at moderate to low ion concentration. At moderate concentration (corresponding to relatively low surface potential), the classical theory is almost quantitative. The theory and simulation show more disagreement at low concentration, primarily caused by the high surface potential where the assumption of Boltzmann distribution becomes inaccurate. We discuss the limitations of the Pois...
Potent in vitro inhibitors of tyrosinase: metal-binding fractions of tobacco smoke condensate.

Abstract A fraction of tobacco smoke condensate (TSC) containing copper-binding agents was subjected to a classical functional group extraxtion, yielding basic, acidic, phenolic and neutral subfractions. Two of these fractions (the) acidic and the phenolic) contain potent in vitro inhibitors of mushroom tyrosinase. The mechanism of inhibition was studied in comparison with known copper-binding agents. The concentration of active inhibitors in the TSC fractions has been estimated using the Easson-Stedman method and is of the same order of magnitude as their titratable acidity. This procedure is therefore applicable in the determination of concentrations of enzyme inhibitors in unidentified mixtures of compounds. The TSC fractions exhibited noncompetitive inhibition with Ki values of 1.3 × 10−7 m (acidic fraction) and 9.3 × 10−8 m (phenolic fraction), similar in magnitude to Ki values found for the most potent of the inhibitors studied.
Policy studies within a feminist frame

Feminist scholarship seeks to identify and purge androcentric bias in traditional disciplines, to reshape dominant paradigms so that women's needs, interests, activities, and concerns can be analyzed and understood systematically, and to develop research methodologies that are neither gender-biased nor gender-blind. This essay provides an overview of feminist scholarship in the field of policy studies. In particular, it considers feminist studies of substantive policy domains and of the policy-making process, as well as feminist critiques of research paradigms, methods, and results that have structured policy studies for the past 50 years.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Frictional and Thermal Behavior in Oscillatory Sliding Line Contact

A model is developed to predict the thermal behavior of two sliding bodies undergoing oscillatory relative motion. The thermal model is capable of predicting the temperature rise distribution within the pin-bushing pair and the housing. The bodies geometrically form a pin-bushing configuration and the Hertzian line contact theory is used to approximate the contact pressure and the width. A quasi- three dimensional temperature model is developed by averaging the temperature in the axial direction. The resulting dimensionless heat equations and proper boundary conditions are solved by the finite element method. A series of dimensionless equations for use at the design stage is presented. A test rig capable of inducing oscillatory motion under heavy loading condition is used for measuring friction and temperature. The measured coefficient of friction history, which is curve fit as a function of time, is used in the simulations. The description of the test rig, modeling aspects, and the future extension of the research comprise the contents of this paper.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
High resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis of hydrogen behavior in SiO2/SiN/SiO2 films with thermal treatment

The distribution and behavior of hydrogen in a SiO2/SiN/SiO2 (ONO) film stack structure with thermal treatment were investigated by high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis. Hydrogen atoms were present in the poly-Si/top-SiO2 interface, SiN layer, and bottom-SiO2/Si-substrate interface. These hydrogen atoms decreased in number with annealing (1000 °C, 60 s) and spike annealing (1000 °C, about 1 s). However, when a SiN cap layer with hydrogen atoms was formed on a poly-Si/ONO film structure, hydrogen atoms in the ONO film did not decrease in number with spike annealing. It was considered that the SiN cap layer mainly performed a supply source of hydrogen into the ONO film during spike annealing, and that hydrogen atoms interdiffused between the SiN cap layer and the SiN layer of the ONO film. These results indicate that the amount of hydrogen in the ONO film can be controlled by annealing and the formation of a SiN cap layer.
Differences in chromatin thermal lability between thymic and splenic lymphocytes in intact and adrenalectomized rats detected by acridine orange microfluorometry.

Abstract The sensitivity of chromatin to thermal denaturation was compared between small lymphocytes from the thymus and spleen of intact and adrenalectomized rats. RNA was enzymatically removed from uniformly spread lymphocytes attached to glass slides in low density and chromatin denaturation effected by heating at 90 °C in a solution free of formaldehyde and sodium ions. The preparations were stained with acridine orange following acetylation. Fluorescence emission intensity of the nuclei in individual cells was measured at 530 and 590 nm and the ratio used as a relative index of chromatin denaturation. The data show that the chromatin of small thymus lymphocytes is generally more thermolabile than that of morphologically comparable cells of the spleen in both intact and adrenalectomized animals. This difference between cells of the same morphological type from the two lymphoid organs was not evident from measurements of the amount of dye bound by the cells without denaturation. Removal of the endogenous source of glucocorticoids resulted in an increase in the number of spleen lymphocytes with lower chromatin thermal stability but had no detectable effect on the population of thymus lymphocytes. The results are discussed in terms of the histological organization and immunological role of the thymus and spleen and in relation to the technical aspects of acridine orange microfluorometry as a sensitive cytochemical probe of chromatin structure.
The extreme point characterization of semi-infinite dual non-Archimedean balls

The extreme point characterization of the (l′)-ball of a generalized finite sequence space by Kortanek and Strojwas was accomplished only for real scalars and by continuity considerations. We show that no topology or continuity is needed as in Kortanek-Strojwas and that the characterization extends to weighted (l′)-balls with any ordered scalar field. We show a Chebyshev ball theorem is false since they haveno extreme points. Via generalizing the LIEP theorem, useful projections of the ball are proved convex hulls of their extreme points.
Optogenetic analysis of synaptic transmission in the central nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

A reliable method for recording evoked synaptic events in identified neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans would greatly accelerate our understanding of its nervous system at the molecular, cellular and network levels. Here we describe a method for recording synaptic currents and potentials from identified neurons in nearly intact worms. Dissection and exposure of postsynaptic neurons is facilitated by microfabricated agar substrates, and ChannelRhodopsin-2 is used to stimulate presynaptic neurons. We used the method to analyse functional connectivity between a polymodal nociceptor and a command neuron that initiates a stochastic escape behaviour. We find that escape probability mirrors the time course of synaptic current in the command neuron. Moreover, synaptic input increases smoothly as stimulus strength is increased, suggesting that the overall input-output function of the connection is graded. We propose a model in which the energetic cost of escape behaviours in C. elegans is tuned to the intensity of the threat.
Effect of Flavor Sorption On Adhesive and Cohesive Bond Strengths in Laminations

The effect of sorption of flavor volatiles on the adhesive and cohesive bond strength of multilayer laminations was investigated. Two polyester/polyolefin adhesive laminates coated with a polyvinylidene chloride-polyvinylchloride copoly mer were surface-exposed to lemon juice and a hot sauce product, as well as to food simulant systems at 45°C. Sorption of flavor volatiles resulted in delamination of both laminates following exposure to the respective food products. A Dynamic Headspace Concentrator, interfaced with Capillary Gas Chromatography, identified d-limonene as the primary component sorbed by the laminates upon exposure to lemon juice. Us ing Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis and Scanning Election Microscopy, adhesive bond failure with the linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) laminate was identified, while cohesive bond failure occurred within the ethylene vinyl ace tate copolymer (EVA) laminate Bond strength was quantified using a peel test Sig nificant reductions in bond strength oc...
Peripheral nerve pathway to the ciliary muscle.

Abstract The oculomotor nerve was sectioned intracranially on one side of a cynomolgus and two rhesus monkeys and nerve tissue from various positions distal to the lesion was examined using light and electron microscopy following fixation by perfusion 8, 9 and 10 days after operation respectively. Degeneration of ciliary ganglion terminals was observed subsequent to neurotomy but all ciliary nerve fibres were of normal appearance when examined at the level of the choroid. Ciliary muscle fibres and terminals were similarly unchanged but evidence of muscle fibre relaxation was seen. The results indicate that the peripheral accommodation nerve pathway shares the feature of a relay in the ciliary ganglion with the pupil constrictor pathway, contrary to the conclusions of Westheimer and Blair 1973.
Contraception and the Adolescent Female

Although most teenagers have some knowledge of birth control methods, most sexually active adolescents do not use one consistently. Some young women are too apathetic or irresponsible to use birth control, even if the method is available. However, most teenagers do not want to become pregnant. If factual information is given, the method is easily accessible and is acceptable to them, and if they have come to terms with their own sexuality, most young women will accept the responsibility of preventing an unwanted pregnancy.
A comparison of theE(3) and not-a-knot cubic splines

Abstract The algorithms and schemes of the cubic spline interpolation with two end conditions which do not require thederivative information at the end points are of great practical importance and have been included in several general purpose software libraries. The cubic spline with not-a-knot end conditions is one of them and it is implemented in the widely used IMSL and NAG software libraries. In this paper we compare theE(3) cubic spline with the not-a-knot cubic spline and we will show that theE(3) cubic spline is more accurate than the second one, and also, it has superconvergence properties which the not-a-knot cubic spline does not have. These superconvergence properties of theE(3) cubic spline can be used in different fields for better approximation.
Mechanisms of dopamine-induced cell death in cultured rat forebrain neurons: interactions with and differences from glutamate-induced cell death.

Injury to the brain, whether by ischemia or trauma, results in the uncontrolled release of many neurotransmitters, including glutamate and dopamine. Both of these neurotransmitters are neurotoxic in high concentrations, and the oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species generation has been implicated in the mechanism of neurotoxicity. In this study, we used cultured rat forebrain neurons to characterize cell death caused by exposure to dopamine and/or glutamate and to investigate potential acute mechanisms of toxicity. Dopamine exposure (250 μMfor 2 h) reduced cell viability to 34.3 ± 5.5% of untreated control 20 h later and increased the number of neurons with apoptotic morphology. The antioxidantN-acetylcysteine (100 μM) inhibited dopamine-induced toxicity and prevented the covalent binding of dopamine quinones to protein. In contrast, glutamate toxicity lacked the hallmark characteristics of apoptosis. When neurons were exposed successively to sublethal concentrations of dopamine and glutamate, cell viability at 20 h was reduced to 62.3 ± 5.2% of untreated control. Apoptosis was not evident, andN-acetylcysteine blocked the potentiating effect of dopamine on glutamate-induced toxicity. We used single-cell fluorescence assays to measure changes in intraneuronal glutathione, intraneuronal Ca2+, mitochondrial membrane potential, and DNA integrity as potential acute inducers of neuronal injury. While changes in these parameters could be demonstrated, none were identified as the sole acute inducer of cell death caused by dopamine. In summary, we have characterized a number of neuronal responses to lethal dopamine injury. Also, we have demonstrated that dopamine and glutamate can interactin vitroto potentiate cell death and that the potentiation appears to be induced by oxidative stress.
Framing effects in decisions with completely and incompletely described alternatives

Earlier research has shown that a variety of judgments depend upon how key sources of information are framed. Framing effects have been extended to include relative evaluations of stimuli with complete and incomplete information. The present study was designed to see if these effects are predictive of discrete choices and to isolate the locus of the framing effect. In Experiment 1 subjects were asked to indicate whether they would take each of a series of gambles described by payoff and probability information or by only one of these values. As predicted, subjects in the positive condition were more apt than subjects in the negative condition to take gambles when probability information was included, but not when it was missing. Subjects in Experiment 2 chose between gambles with complete and incomplete information. Consistent with the earlier findings, subjects in the positive condition were less apt than subjects in the negative condition to choose the gamble with missing probability information. Experiment 3 replicated the results of Experiment 2 while eliminating various psychophysical factors as causes of the framing effect. The way stimuli are framed appears to affect their subjective scale values and this determines both how they are responded to in an absolute sense and how they are compared to other stimuli.
On the Relation Between Saturated Conductivity and Capillary Retention Characteristics

Abstract. A simple closed-form expression relating saturated hydraulic conductivity to the van Genuchten capillary retention model parameters is derived. Application of this equation to an experimental data set shows reasonable agreement between measured and predicted saturated conductivity values. The proposed equation provides a consistent theoretical basis for estimating both saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity from statistical pore structure models.
Short-term adrenalectomy increases glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA in selective areas of the developing hippocampus.

Abstract In the central nervous system, adrenal steroids bind to two different types of corticosteroid receptors: glucocorticoid (GR) or mineralocorticoid (MR). In vitro biochemical and autoradiographic techniques have been used to infer GR and MR protein abundance in the hippocampus. Adrenalectomy (ADX) is routinely performed to measure the normal receptor number in absence of corticosterone (B), which would otherwise interfere with the binding reaction, The developing rodent has low basal B levels until the third week of life. We were interested in whether removal of circulating B may have a greater impact in the developing hippocampus than in the adult animal. In this study we examined the effect of a 14-h ADX on hippocampal GR and MR binding capacity (B max ) by standard binding techniques and on gene expression by in situ hybridization. ADX was performed on Day 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 28, 35, and 45 and on adult animals. GR B max increased from Day 6 to adult levels by Day 22 (d6 = 159.0 ± 27; d22 = 369.1 ± 43; a = 344.8 ± 23, fmol/mg protein ± SE). In contrast, MR B max had adult levels on Day 6 and increased above these until Day 45, when it decreased and approached adult concentrations (d6 = 83.2 ± 22; d45 = 123 ± 23; a = 76.9 ± 13, fmol/mg protein ± SE). The greatest absolute increase for both receptors occurred between Days 22 and 45 and correlated with increases in GR and MR gene expression. Moreover, age- and region-specific changes were evident in the developing hippocampus. In addition, the adult animal also exhibited an MR mRNA upregulation after 14 h of adrenalectomy. We propose extreme caution when interpreting GR and MR B max values obtained after short-term adrenalectomy in both adult and developing animals since upregulation of these genes is evident in this short time frame.
Laser-assisted patch clamping: a methodology

Laser microsurgery can be used to perform both cell biological manipulations, such as targeted cell ablation, and molecular genetic manipulations, such as genetic transformation and chromosome dissection. In this report, we describe a laser microsurgical method that can be used either to ablate single cells or to ablate a small area (1-3 microns diameter) of the extracellular matrix. In plants and microorganisms, the extracellular matrix consists of the cell wall. While conventional patch clamping of these cells, as well as of many animal cells, requires enzymatic digestion of the extracellular matrix, we illustrate that laser microsurgery of a portion of the wall enables patch clamp access to the plasma membrane of higher plant cells remaining situated in their tissue environment. What follows is a detailed description of the construction and use of an economical laser microsurgery system, including procedures for single cell and targeted cell wall ablation. This methodology will be of interest to scientists wishing to perform cellular or subcellular ablation with a high degree of accuracy, or wishing to study how the extracellular matrix affects ion channel function.
Gap junctional intercellular communication and connexin 43 expression in ovarian carcinoma.

Abstract Objectives: Gap junctions, which are composed of subunits termed connexins, are plasma membrane channels that link the interior of adjacent cells and permit cells to directly exchange small molecules and ions. Loss or dysfunction of gap junctions appears to be important in allowing cancer cells to escape growth regulation. In a previous study we showed that human ovarian surface epithelial cells exhibited extensive gap junctions and expression of connexin 43. These were nearly absent in human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell lines. To ensure that this variation was not artificially produced by culturing techniques, this study evaluated gap junctions and connexin 43 expressions in normal ovaries and in ovarian adenocarcinomas. Study Design: Specimens of normal ovaries and ovarian adenocarcinomas were obtained at the time of surgery and flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen. Connexin 43 immunostaining was performed on all specimens. Results: Among the 11 normal ovaries an average of 59% of the surface epithelium stained positively for connexin 43. In contrast, among the 10 ovarian adenocarcinomas only 19% of each specimen stained positively for connexin 43 ( P = .01). Conclusion: Similar to our studies on human ovarian surface epithelial cells and ovarian adenocarcinoma cell lines, surgical specimens of normal ovary exhibited extensive connexin 43 expression, whereas connexin 43 expression was nearly absent in ovarian adenocarcinomas. It thus appears that the previously reported loss of gap junctions and connexin 43 was actually associated with a neoplastic process, rather than being artificially induced in the laboratory. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:999-1000.)
Static Electric Problems in Tires

Abstract Since its advent about thirty years ago, the pneumatic tire has been remarkably improved to meet increasingly severe requirements. Improvements in motor vehicles, increased speed of travel and, in general, a more and more critical attitude on the part of the consumer, have introduced difficult problems for the rubber technologist. One of the more recent and unusual of these problems, introduced in part by the popularization of the automobile radio, has been the accumulation of static electrical charges on a moving car. At first difficulty was experienced mainly with radios in passenger cars. In some cases when the auto was stationary and the motor running, the program reception was clear and uninterrupted but, when the car was set in motion and driven for some distance, reception was seriously impaired by loud, intermittent static noises. Later, reports began to circulate of toll-bridge collectors receiving severe electrical shocks on touching any part of a car which had just pulled to a stop aft...
Evidence for oxygen adatoms on TiO2(110) resulting from O2 dissociation at vacancy sites

Abstract Annealing TiO2(110) in vacuum at high temperature (above about 800 K) generates oxygen vacancy sites that are associated with reduced surface cations. Numerous studies have shown that these sites can be oxidized by exposure to molecular oxygen, but the mechanism and temperature dependence of this oxidation process are not well understood. We present results that suggest low temperature ( 18 O 2 at 135 K followed by H 2 16 O at 135 K, indicate that the new water TPD state results from recombinative desorption, whereas no such effect is observed for the surface exposed to 18 O 2 at 700 K. The effect on water is also absent in TPD if the low temperature O2 treated surface is heated to 600 K prior to water adsorption at 90 K, suggesting that the oxygen adatoms desorb from the surface or diffuse into the bulk. We propose that at low temperatures, O2 dissociates at oxygen vacancies filling each defect site with one O atom and depositing a second O adatom at a five-coordinate Ti4+ site or that O2 interacts with surface hydroxyl groups resulting in O2 dissociation and the presence of the O adatom. The new dissociative water chemistry results from the interaction of water molecules with these oxygen adatoms. After high temperature (>600 K) O2 exposure, no dissociative water chemistry is observed, suggesting that these oxygen adatoms are not present on the surface. The presence of surface O adatoms may explain inconsistencies in the literature regarding the reactivity of water, and potentially other species, on TiO2(110). These results also detail the importance of sample preparation techniques on the chemistry which can occur at a solid surface.
Protein carboxymethylase and methyl-acceptor proteins in human platelets and erythrocytes

Abstract The subcellular distribution and characteristics of protein carboxymethylase (protein methylase II) and its methyl-acceptor proteins have been studied in human platelets and erythrocytes. Human platelets constitute a rich source of protein carboxymethylase with the majority of the active enzyme localized to the cytosol. In contrast, the highest specific activity of protein substrate(s) for the enzyme, i.e. methyl-acceptor proteins, appears to be associated with the particulate fraction containing indoleamine storage vesicles. Thrombin promotes a 60 per cent increase in the carboxymethylation of platelet protein after pulse labeling of the cells with [3H]methionine. Human erythrocytes also contain protein carboxymethylase which is localized almost entirely to the cytosol. Unlike platelet cytosol, erythrocyte cytosol appears to be devoid of methyl-acceptor proteins. Erythrocyte membrane ghosts, however, can be readily methylated and probably constitute the sole source of methyl-acceptor proteins in these cells.
Dependable, efficient, scalable architecture for management of large-scale batteries

Conventional battery management systems (BMSs) for electric vehicles (EVs) are designed in an ad hoc way, causing the supply of EVs to fall behind the market demand. A well-designed and combined hardware-software architecture is essential for the management of a large-scale battery pack that consists of thousands of battery cells as in Tesla Motors and GM Chevy Volt. We propose a Dependable, Efficient, Scalable Architecture (DESA) that effectively monitors a large number of battery cells, efficiently controls and reconfigures, if needed, their connection arrangement. DESA is monarchy-based and supports hierarchical, autonomous management of battery cells, where a global BMS orchestrates a group of local BMSs. A local controller on each local BMS autonomously manages an array of battery cells, and the global controller reconfigures the connectivity of such battery-cell arrays in coordination with the local controllers. Configuration of a battery system is controlled by three types of switch---called P-, S-, and B-switches---and an algorithm that changes the setting of these switches. Our evaluation results show that DESA effectively tolerates battery-cell failures by order of magnitude---while achieving service cost savings 7.4 times---more than a conventional BMS. This superior performance not only extends the battery life signifcantly, but also provides the flexibility in supporting diverse electric power demands from a growing number of on-board applications.
Work‐to‐School Mentoring: Childcare Center Directors and Teachers’ Return to School

As supervisors of preschool teachers, childcare center directors are well‐situated to mentor their staff to pursue higher education. Telephone interviews with 78 directors examined their role as mentors in encouraging preschool teachers to take college classes. Educational mentoring was shown to be distinct from career mentoring. Logistic regressions showed that the director’s educational mentoring of teachers and teachers’ aides was associated with greater college attendance, whereas career mentoring was related to less attendance. Furthermore, the director’s confidence staff members’ ability to complete an Associate’s degree promoted college enrollment. Finally, some directors appeared to be transformational leaders who created an education‐friendly climate for their entire staffs. These findings suggest that the workplace is an under‐researched, critical context for work‐to‐school mentoring.
Modeling Temperature and Strain Rate History Effects in OFHC Cu

Abstract In this paper, we report the modeling of a series of large strain deformation experiments on initially annealed OFHC Cu involving sequences of temperature, and strain rate (varying from quasi-static to dynamic). It is shown that equations-of-state with parameters determined using constant strain rate data from monotonic loading paths, although they employ instantaneous temperature and strain rate dependence, are insufficient to describe mechanical behavior. Macroscale internal state variable (ISV) viscoplasticity models, such as the Mechanical Threshold Stress (Follansbee, P.S., Kocks, U.F., 1988. A constitutive description of the deformation of copper based on the use of the mechanical threshold as an internal state variable. Acta Metall. 36, 81.) and BCJ–SNL (Bammann, D., Chiesa, M.L., Johnson, G.C., 1990a. A strain rate dependent flow surface model of plasticity. Sandia National Laboratory Report, SAND90-8227, Livermore, CA.) models, representative of a broad class of such models, are fit to the quasistatic isothermal and high strain rate (approximately adiabatic) data for compression and then predictions are compared to the experimental results for path sequence experiments. Implications for the representation of path history effects through the hardening, static and dynamic recovery functions are considered. A mesoscale polycrystal plasticity model with one and two slip system hardening variables is also examined in the context of sequence experiments.
An Isochronous Beam Recirculation Magnet System

The beam energy capability of an electron linear accelerator can be extended by using a magnetic transport system to return the beam after passing once through the accelerator, to the injector end and then "recirculating" the beam through the accelerating structure several times. The most important property of the transport system is that it be a good achromat, since operability requirements and beam loading transients usually require at least a few percent energy bandwidth over which the beam will successfully traverse the accelerator during recirculation. The system must also be nearly isochronous, with linear phase-energy correlation corresponding to not more than a fraction of an RF wavelength over a few percent bandwidth and with a small second-order phase-energy correlation coefficient. Such a system to be described in this paper has been designed and is currently under construction for the purpose of recirculating the beam of the 400 MeV Bates Linear Electron Accelerator.
The direct ultraviolet absorption spectrum of the 1Σ+g→ 1B2(1Σ+u) transition of jet‐cooled CS2

The absorption spectrum of the linear→bent 1Σ+g→1B2 (1Σ+u) transition of jet‐cooled CS2 is reported in the 47 750–53 200 cm−1 region. Adjustment of diluent gas composition enables the preparation of rotationally cold (<10 K)/vibrationally hot (≊300 K) and rotationally cold/vibrationally cold samples. The collapse of rotational envelopes on cooling facilitates the accurate determinations of frequencies and relative absorption intensities of transitions both from the zero point level and from excited vibrational levels of the ground electronic state. At 49 000–51 000 cm−1, in the region of the Franck–Condon maximum, a simple vibronic pattern emerges involving two upper state vibrational modes containing both stretching and bending contributions. In this region of the spectrum, the upper state rotational structure diverges from that of a nearly symmetric top and approaches that of the linear or quasilinear molecule. At higher energies, the vibronic structure grows in complexity, suggesting increased anharmon...
Measurement of dynamic cellular and sarcomere contractile properties from the same cardiocyte

Previous studies have examined the dynamic properties of either sarcomere or whole myocyte contractions, but never both from the same cell. Accordingly, the present study employed computer-assisted video microscopy to examine both myocyte and sarcomere contractile function from the same cardiocyte. Cardiocytes were enzymatically isolated from the left ventricles of canine hearts, placed in a thermostatically controlled chamber and contractions were elicited by field stimulation at 1 Hz. Myocyte contractions were imaged using modulation contrast at a final magnification of 1100X and sarcomere contractions were imaged using phase contrast at a final magnification of 5500X. Using a 240 Hz high scan rate CCD camera, and a video-based edge detection system synchronized with the camera video output, the myocyte and sarcomere motion data were digitized. The digitized myocyte and sarcomere motion data was analyzed by computer to obtain contractile indices which included: the resting length, percentage shortening, and the velocity of shortening. Upon electrical stimulation, the myocytes (n=28) contracted from a resting length of 155.30±4.37/unby 3.45±0.23% and the associated velocity of shortening was 57.77±3.60/un/s. The sarcomeres from these same cells shortened from an average resting length of 1.95±0.02μm by 0.17±0.01μm and the associated velocity of shortening was 1.75±0.09μm/s. In summary, this study demonstrated that the video-based edge detection technique could be easily adapted to measure both cell and sarcomere contractile performance from the same cardiocyte.
Analytical Validation of Protein-Based Multiplex Assays: A Workshop Report by the NCI-FDA Interagency Oncology Task Force on Molecular Diagnostics

Clinical proteomics has the potential to enable the early detection of cancer through the development of multiplex assays that can inform clinical decisions. However, there has been some uncertainty among translational researchers and developers as to the specific analytical measurement criteria needed to validate protein-based multiplex assays. To begin to address the causes of this uncertainty, a day-long workshop titled “Interagency Oncology Task Force Molecular Diagnostics Workshop” was held in which members of the proteomics and regulatory communities discussed many of the analytical evaluation issues that the field should address in development of protein-based multiplex assays for clinical use. This meeting report explores the issues raised at the workshop and details the recommendations that came out of the day’s discussions, such as a workshop summary discussing the analytical evaluation issues that specific proteomic technologies should address when seeking US Food and Drug Administration approval.
Shape parametrization for liquid-drop studies

We present a new method for defining axially symmetric shapes which is particularly appropriate for describing elongated and multineck configurations. This shape parametrization is used to describe the static properties of incompressible, charged liquid drops. In particular, we calculate the properties of binary-fission saddle points and compare these with results using other methods. We also present the geometrical properties and normal mode analyses of the two-and three-necked saddle-point families.
Solution to the Kohn-Sham equations using reference densities from accurate, correlated wave functions for the neutral atoms helium through argon.

We solve the Kohn-Sham equations using the Zhao-Parr constraint potential within the Levy constrained-search method. Accurate exchange-correlation potentials, orbital energies, and components of the total energy including the Kohn-Sham kinetic energy ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}}$, the kinetic-energy contribution ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ to the exchange-correlation energy, and the exchange-correlation energy are calculated for the neutral atoms He through Ar. Reference densities used in the Zhao-Parr constraint potential are calculated from accurate, correlated, nonrelativistic wave functions. The exchange-correlation potentials exhibit characteristic intershell peaks, one for the atoms Li through Ne and two for the atoms Na through Ar.
Effects of Negation on Adolescents' Class and Conditional Reasoning Abilities.

Sixty adolescents (30 boys and 30 girls) evaluated conclusions for deductive arguments embodying four principles of class reasoning and their logically equivalent isomorphs in conditional reasoning. The presence or absence of the negative "not" was varied systematically in the major premise of the arguments. The results indicated that (a) there was a lack of improvement during early adolescence in the ability to reason with both class and conditional reasoning arguments, (b) the difficulty of specific principles of inference varied according to both the type of reasoning and the location of negation in the major premise, and
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura — The Changing Therapeutic Landscape

Thrombopoietic agents represent a promising new therapeutic strategy for ITP that is refractory to second- and third-line therapies. Dr. Michael Bromberg describes the pathogenesis of this chronic disease and the evolution of therapeutic options.
Langevin modes analysis of myoglobin

Langevin modes describe the behavior of atoms moving on a harmonic potential surface subject to viscous damping described by a classical Langevin equation. We present applications to myoglobin. The Langevin modes are obtained from the gas-phase normal modes using a perturbation expansion. The friction matrix in the Langevin description is assumed diagonal thus ignoring hydrodynamic interactions. The diagonal elements, which are the atomic friction constants on each atom, are weighted according to the surface area accessible to the solvent. Time-dependence of the position and velocity correlation functions are calculated for the Fe atom buried inside the protein for varying values of the external solvent viscosity. Even for negligibly small values of the viscosity, the time correlation functions are overdamped and suggest a substantial damping component from the neighboring protein atoms. The effective friction seen by the Fe atom has contributions from both the solvent friction as well as the internal pro...
The Association of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection with Spontaneously Resolved Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Level of Viremia Among Injection Drug Users

This study aimed to investigate whether HIV and HIV-related factors are associated with spontaneously resolved hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and levels of hepatitis C viremia. Among 351 anti-HCV(+) injection drug users, with and without HIV infection, multivariate methods were used to evaluate whether HIV status and HIV viral load, CD4 T-cell count, and concurrent HIV antiretroviral therapy were associated with (1) spontaneously resolved HCV infection and (2) HCV RNA levels. In 186 HIV patients, decreased HCV resolution was independently associated with Black race and modestly associated with CD4 T-cell count <200 cells/ml. Among 310 patients with persistent HCV infection, higher HCV RNA levels were independently associated with HIV status but not with other HIV-related factors. HIV may be associated with persistent HCV infection in patients with low CD4 T-cell counts. Moreover, HIV is associated with increased HCV viral load, which may attenuate response to HCV antiviral treatment in coinfected patients.
Metalloporphyrin catalyzed oxidation of methyl yellow and related azo compounds

Abstract Fe(TDCPP)Cl catalyzes the oxidation of simple azo compounds including 4-phenylazoaniline, 4-(phenylazo)- N -methylaniline and 4-(phenylazo)- N , N -dimethylaniline (methyl yellow). Methyl yellow and 4-(phenylazo)- N -methylaniline are N -demethylated to form 4-phenylazoaniline prior to further oxidation. Oxidation of 4-phenylazoaniline generates a variety of products as a result of multiple reaction pathways occurring simultaneously. One pathway for the oxidation of 4-phenylazoaniline involves oxidative cleavage of the azo linkage while additional pathways result in modification of 4-phenylazoaniline without cleavage of the azo linkage. One of these additional reaction pathways includes the formation of an additional azo linkage to yield 1,4′-bis(phenylazo)azobenzene.
Using CFD to predict the behavior of power law fluids near axial-flow impellers operating in the transitional flow regime

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of flow in a mixing tank with a single axial-flow impeller was developed with the FluentTM software. The model consists of an unstructured hexagonal mesh (158,000 total cells), dense in the region from the surface of the impeller. The flow was modeled as laminar and a multiple reference frame approach was used to solve the discretized equations of motion in one-quarter of a baffled tank. A solution of 0.1% Carbopol in water, a shear-thinning fluid, was found to be clear enough to measure impeller discharge angles using laser Doppler velocimetry. This is the first time that impeller discharge angles have been reported in the literature for a shear-thinning fluid with a hydrofoil impeller. Rheological measurements indicated that the Carbopol solution can be characterized by the power law (K=9,n=0.2) under the range of shear conditions (0.1– expected near the impeller in the mixing tank. The CFD model accurately predicted the dependence of power number and discharge angle on Reynolds number (as predicted by Metzner and Otto), for an A200 (pitched blade turbine or PBT) and an A315 (Hydrofoil) impeller operating in the transitional flow regime (Reynolds numbers: 25–400) with glycerin and 0.1% Carbopol solutions. Subsequently, the results of a systematic CFD study with power law fluids indicated that the power number and discharge angle of an axial-flow impeller in the transitional flow regime depends not only on the Reynolds number (as determined by Metzner and Otto's method) but also on the flow behavior index n. Consequently, an alternative to Metzner and Otto's method was pursued. The results of converged CFD simulations indicate that the near-impeller “average shear rate” increases not only with increasing RPM (as proposed by Metzner and Otto), but also with decreasing flow behavior index (n) and discharge angle in the transitional flow regime. Considering this result, an improved method of estimating the power number and discharge angle for power law fluids in the transitional flow regime is proposed.
Networking capability, new venture performance and entrepreneurial rent

Purpose – Prior research suggests that insufficient networking capability of a firm (i.e. the capability to establish, maintain, and leverage ties, contacts and connections) poses a potential barrier to its growth, the causal logic of networking capability and firm performance has not been fully articulated and a clear link between network resources and networking capability, however, remains to be demonstrated. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Conceptually and theoretically, the paper emphasizes the importance of networking capability in network resources mobilization and deployment, innovation and rent-seeking and argues that the firm should build strong networking capability to creatively and artfully manage its networks to sustain its vitality. Findings – The paper builds a theoretical model relating networking capability, network resources, open innovation, and resulting new venture success and economic rents. The paper argues that new ventures should build and le...