cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel experimental and 3D multiphysics computational framework for analyzing deformation and failure of composite laminates subjected to water blasts

Abstract The load-carrying capacity of composite structures under water-based impulsive loads is studied in relation to different materials and loading conditions. The analysis focuses on the role of fiber orientation, fiber stiffness and angle of structure obliquity relative to load direction on the deformation and failure in monolithic carbon-fiber and glass-fiber/epoxy composite plates of similar mass and thickness. Structures are subjected to impulsive loads of different intensities generated using the Underwater Shock Loading Simulator (USLS), a novel projectile-impact-based impulsive loading facility. In-situ high-speed digital imaging is used to study the deformation and failure, focusing on the effects of load intensity, failure modes and material heterogeneity. The experiments are combined with fully dynamic 3D Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian (CEL) finite element simulations accounting for the effects of fluid-structure interactions (FSI) and in-ply and inter-ply cracking and failure. It is found that the carbon-fiber laminates provide higher blast resistance, but transmit a greater fraction of the incident impulse to the supports than the glass-fiber laminates. Damage through in-ply and inter-ply cracking in the carbon-fiber laminates is ∼25% of that in the glass-fiber laminates. Higher angles of load obliquity trigger localized deformation at multiple locations, leading to more extensive in-ply damage and progressively shear-dominated rupture.
Capillary Index Score and Correlation with Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Meta-analysis.

Background and Purpose The Capillary Index Score has been recently introduced as a metric for rating the collateral circulation of ischemic stroke patients. Multiple studies in the last five years have evaluated the correlation of good CIS with clinical outcomes and suggested the use of CIS in selecting patients for endovascular treatment. We performed a meta-analysis of these studies comparing CIS to clinical outcomes. Methods We conducted a computerized search of three databases from January 2011 to November 2015 for studies related to CIS and outcomes. A CIS = 0 or 1 is considered poor (pCIS) and a CIS = 2 or 3 is considered favorable (fCIS). Using random-effects meta-analysis, we evaluated the relationship of CIS to neurological outcome (modified Rankin scale score ≤ 2), recanalization, and post-treatment hemorrhage. Meta-regression analysis for good neurological outcome was performed adjusting for baseline NIHSS between groups. Results Six studies totaling 338 patients (212 with fCIS and 126 with pCIS) were included in the analysis. Patients with fCIS had higher likelihood of good neurological outcome (RR=3.03; 95% CI, 2.05-4.47; p<0.001) and a lower risk of post-treatment hemorrhage (RR= 0.38; 95% CI, 0.19-0.93; p=0.04) as compared to patients in the pCIS group. When adjusting for baseline NIHSS, patients with fCIS had a higher RR of good neurological outcome when compared to those with pCIS (RR=2.94; 95% CI, 1.23-7.00, P<.0001). Favorable CIS was not associated with higher rates of recanalization. Conclusions Observational evidence suggests that acute ischemic stroke patients with fCIS may have higher rates of good neurological outcomes compared to patients with pCIS, independent of baseline NIHSS. CIS may be used as another tool to select patients for endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
Modulation and Power Spectrum

Modulation is the process whereby message information is embedded into a radio frequency carrier. Such information can be transmitted in either the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the carrier, or a combination thereof. This chapter begins with the basis mathematical representation of digitally modulated signals. This is followed by a discussion of Nyquist pulse shaping, which is essentially for spectral control. Afterwards, the chapter considers a large number of digital modulation schemes that are commonly employed in wireless communication systems, including quadrature amplitude modulation, phase shift keying techniques, orthogonal modulation and variants, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, and continuous phase modulation. The chapter concludes with a thorough treatment of the power spectrum of the various digitally modulated waveforms considered in the chapter.
Tumor thrombus: incidence, imaging, prognosis and treatment

Intravascular tumor extension, also known as tumor thrombus, can occur in many different types of cancer. Those with the highest proclivity include Wilm’s tumor, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The presence of tumor thrombus markedly worsens prognosis and impacts treatment approach. Imaging plays a key role in its diagnosis. Endovascular methods also play a large role in treatment.
Nucleus accumbens GLT-1a overexpression reduces glutamate efflux during reinstatement of cocaine-seeking but is not sufficient to attenuate reinstatement.

Abstract Cocaine use disorder is a chronically relapsing disease without FDA-approved treatments. Using a rodent model of cocaine relapse, we and others have previously demonstrated that the beta-lactam antibiotic ceftriaxone attenuates cue- and cocaine-primed reinstatement of cocaine-seeking. Ceftriaxone restores cocaine-induced deficits in both system xc- and GLT-1 expression and function in the nucleus accumbens core (NAc). We recently demonstrated that restoration of GLT-1 expression in the NAc is necessary for ceftriaxone to attenuate reinstatement of cocaine-seeking. Here we used an adeno-associated virus (AAV) to overexpress GLT-1a in the NAc to investigate whether such restoration is sufficient to attenuate cue- and cocaine-primed reinstatement. Rats self-administered cocaine for two weeks and received injections of either AAV-GFAP-GLT-1a or AAV-GFAP-eGFP in the NAc following the last day of self-administration. Rats then underwent three weeks of extinction training (during which time transduction and expression occurred) before undergoing a cue- or cocaine-primed reinstatement test. Microdialysis for the quantification of glutamate efflux in the NAc was conducted during the cocaine-primed test. Rats that received AAV-GFAP-GLT-1a reinstated cue-primed cocaine-seeking in a similar manner as rats that received the control AAV-GFAP-eGFP. Upregulation of GLT-1a attenuated glutamate efflux during a cocaine-primed reinstatement test, but was not sufficient to attenuate reinstatement. We confirmed that GLT-1a upregulation resulted in functional upregulation of glutamate transport and expression, without affecting sodium-independent glutamate uptake, indicating system xc-was not altered. These results indicate that upregulation of NAc GLT-1 transporters alone is not sufficient to prevent the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking and implicate additional mechanisms in regulating glutamate efflux.
Who’s the Boss? The influence of incongruent status perceptions on team attitudes and outcomes

We develop theory and report the results of two studies using distinctly different samples and methodologies to question the assumption that status is homogenously perceived by members of a given t...
A Methodological Case Study with Mobile Eye-Tracking of Child Interaction in a Science Museum

The field of instructional design and technology (IDT) aims to understand the interactions occurring among people and learning resources during educational experiences to inform design. This article illustrates the utility of mobile eye-tracking for research with children as a tool for IDT researchers and practitioners. Mobile eye-tracking can collect precise information concerning the learners’ visual attention and interactions in authentic environments, unlike traditional eye-tracking using a laboratory or stationary computer. Mobile eye-tracking also can be used effectively in out-of-school settings where learners walk around and interact with diverse resources. By presenting a qualitative interaction analysis, we illuminate how mobile eye-tracking supports investigating explorations in a hands-on museum. The analysis shows patterns of visual and bodily interactions with exhibits and with family members. Implications include how mobile eye-tracking can contribute to a researcher’s understanding of the child’s idiosyncratic viewpoint to examine in detail learners’ interactions and educational resources’ affordances at various educational settings.
THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE PROTEIN DEPLETION ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOIRON IN RAT TISSUES

1. The distribution of Fe59 in plasma, bone marrow, erythrocytes, liver, and spleen was determined at specified intervals after single intravenous injections of the radioisotope into normal and protein-deficient rats. 2. In normal rats, injected radioiron followed the usual metabolic pathways; i.e., through bone marrow to erythrocytes, with small, consistent amounts to liver and spleen. 3. In protein-deficient animals normal Fe59 time-concentration relationships were disrupted completely. 4. Less iron was recovered from the tissues of protein-deficient rats than from normal animals. 5. Storage iron in liver and spleen was not conjugated with polysaccharide, even though tissue protein was seriously depleted.
Correction of Simultaneous Bad Measurements by Exploiting the Low-rank Hankel Structure

This paper studies the robust principal component analysis (RPCA) problem with the objective to decompose a low-rank matrix and a sparse error matrix from their algebraic summation. If all the measurements in one column are erroneous, existing RPCA methods cannot recover the actual data in that column without additional prior information. Motivated by power system monitoring and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging, low-rank Hankel matrices are recently exploited to characterize the additional correlations among columns besides low-rankness. Exploiting the low-rank Hankel property, this paper develops an alternating-projection-based fast matrix decomposition algorithm, which can accurately recover the low-rank matrix with provable guarantees when simultaneous bad measurements happen across multiple columns consecutively. Numerical results are reported to evaluate the proposed algorithm.
Metal‐Mediated Functionalization of Natural Peptides and Proteins: Panning for Bioconjugation Gold

Selective modification of natural proteins is a daunting methodological challenge and a stringent test of selectivity and reaction scope. There is a continued need for new reactivity and new selectivity concepts. Transition metals exhibit a wealth of unique reactivity that is orthogonal to biological reactions and processes. As such, metal-based methods play an increasingly important role in bioconjugation. This Review examines metal-based methods as well as their reactivity and selectivity for the functionalization of natural proteins and peptides.
Progress and plans for a U.S. laser system for the LISA mission

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center is developing a master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) laser transmitter for the ESA-led Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission. Taking advantage of our space laser experience and the emerging telecom laser technology, we are developing a full laser system for the LISA mission. Our research effort has included both master oscillator (MO) and power amplifier (PA) developments, and their environmental testing and reliability for space flight. Our current baseline for the MO is a low-mass, compact micro non-planar ring oscillator (m- NPRO) laser. The amplifier uses a robust mechanical design based on fiber components. We have performed laser system noise tests by amplitude- and frequency-stabilizing the PA output. We will describe our progress and plans to demonstrate a TRL 6 laser system, which is an essential step toward qualifying lasers for space applications, by 2021.
Heterogeneity in Response to Treatment of Adolescents with Severe Obesity: The Need for Precision Obesity Medicine.

Objective Treating pediatric severe obesity is challenging because of the complex biological, behavioral, and environmental factors that underpin the disease. The multifactorial etiology of obesity combined with the physiologic complexity of the energy regulatory system contributes to treatment variability. The goal of this secondary analysis of pooled data was to describe the degree of individual variation in response to various interventions among adolescents with severe obesity. Methods Data from three centers across the United States conducting either lifestyle (n = 53), pharmacotherapy (n = 40), or metabolic and bariatric surgery (n = 78) interventions were pooled. Inclusion criteria were severe obesity at baseline and at least one follow-up visit > 30 days after treatment start. Results Change in BMI following intervention ranged from -50.2% to +12.9%, with each intervention (lifestyle [range: -25.4% to 5.0%], pharmacotherapy [range: -10.8% to 12.9%], and metabolic and bariatric surgery [range: -50.2% to -13.3%]) exhibiting wide individual variation in response. Changes in cardiometabolic risk factors demonstrated similarly high variability. Conclusions Adolescents with severe obesity demonstrated a high degree of heterogeneity in terms of BMI reduction and cardiometabolic risk factor response across treatment modalities. Reporting individual response data in trials and identifying factors driving variability in response will be vital for advancing precision medicine approaches to address obesity.
Antimicrobial silver inhibits bacterial movement and stalls flagellar motor

Silver (Ag) has been gaining broad attention due to their antimicrobial activities and the increasing resistance of bacteria to commonly prescribed antibiotics. However, various aspects of the antimicrobial mechanism of Ag have not been understood, including how silver affects the motility of bacteria, a factor that is intimately related to bacterial virulence. Here we report our study on the antibiotic effects of Ag+ ions on the motility of E. coli bacteria using swimming and tethering assays. We observed that the bacteria slowed down dramatically when subjected to Ag+ ions, providing direct evidence showing that Ag inhibits the motility of bacteria. In addition, through tethering assays, we monitored the rotation of flagellar motors and observed that the tumbling frequency of bacteria increased significantly in the presence of Ag+ ions. Furthermore, the rotation of bacteria in the tethering assays were analyzed using hidden Markov model (HMM); and we found that Ag+-treatment led to a significant decrease in the tumbling-to-running transition rate of the bacteria, suggesting that the rotation of bacterial flagellar motors was stalled by Ag+ ions. This work provided a new quantitative understanding on the mechanism of Ag-based antimicrobial agents in bacterial motility.
Fragmentation pathways of odd- and even-electron N-alkylated synthetic cathinones

Abstract Three ionization techniques, isotopic labeling, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and multi-stage mass spectrometry (MSn) were used to analyze a series of N-alkylated synthetic cathinone derivatives and gain a deeper understanding of their fragmentation behavior during mass spectrometric analysis. The compounds analyzed represent 15 unique structures with common substitutions to the core synthetic cathinone structure, including substitutions to the aromatic ring and the number and types of N-alkyl functionalities. The analytical techniques employed include gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS), electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) with HRMS and direct analysis in real time tandem mass spectrometry (DART-MS/MS) with HRMS. These techniques cover a variety of forensic applications, including seized drug analysis, toxicological analysis and screening analysis, in local, state and federal laboratories. For collision-induced dissociation (CID) of protonated precursors, the spectra of 2° and 3° amines showed evidence for charge-remote and charge-directed fragmentation mechanisms. The 2° amines lost H2O as a dominant pathway whereas the 3° amines favored the formation of alkylphenones. As reported by others, CID of protonated N-alkylated cathinones containing 2° and 3°amines also provided an abundance of odd-electron product ions from the even-electron precursors. In contrast to the rearrangements observed in CID of protonated cathinones, EI fragmentation patterns were dominated by radical-directed cleavages to form iminium ions and charge-directed cleavages to form acylium ions. A comparison between the fragmentation behaviors of N-alkylated synthetic cathinones under all three ionization techniques enables a deeper understanding of N-alkylated synthetic cathinone fragmentation under varying instrumental setups.
Design and Development of an Integrated Software and Hardware System for the Measurement and Analysis of Partial Discharges

This paper entails the design and development of a Partial Discharge processing and analysis system (PDPAS) for the acquisition and analysis of partial discharges (PD) which can measure the phase ‘ $\Phi^{\prime}$ , charge magnitude ‘q’ and number of pulses ‘n’ occurring in a given AC power line cycle and plot them in a three dimensional plot $(\Phi,\mathbf{q},\mathbf{n})$ . The two channels of the digitizer are fed with the artificially generated AC sinusoidal reference signal and the simulated PD pulses which are sampled at 50 MSa/s and stored up to 8 Megabytes per channel. The acquisition and analysis programs are developed in LabVIEW. The system was tested with artificial PD pulses of both constant and variable magnitude (q) and phases $(\Phi)$ . The processing and analysis programs extracted relevant PD information such as the number (n), magnitude (q) and phase $(\Phi)$ of the PD pulses from the artificial PD pulses to plot a three dimensional $(\Phi,\mathbf{q},\mathbf{n})$ plot.
Depolymerization of Lignin into Monophenolics by Ferrous/Persulfate Reagent under Mild Conditions.

This study aimed to use a persulfate together with transition metal ions as the reagent to effectively depolymerize lignin into monophenolic compounds under mild conditions (ambient pressure, temperature <100 °C). The Box-Behnken experimental design in combination with the response surface methodology was applied to obtain optimized reaction conditions. The results showed that this reagent could depolymerize up to 99 % of lignin dimers to mainly veratraldehyde. This reaction also successfully depolymerized industrial lignins with a high yield of phenolic oils and monophenolic compounds. Quantum chemistry calculations using the density functional theory level indicated that the persulfate free radical attacks Cβ to break the β-O-4 bond of lignin through a five-membered ring mechanism. This mechanism using persulfate free radicals has a lower activation barrier than that using hydroxyl radicals. Gel permeation chromatography and 2D-NMR spectroscopy demonstrated the effective cleavage of the β-O-4 bonds of lignin after depolymerization.
Variable H13CO+ Emission in the IM Lup Disk: X-Ray Driven Time-dependent Chemistry?

We report the first detection of a substantial brightening event in an isotopologue of a key molecular ion, HCO+, within a protoplanetary disk of a T Tauri star. The H13CO+ rotational transition was observed three times toward IM Lup between 2014 July and 2015 May with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. The first two observations show similar spectrally integrated line and continuum fluxes, while the third observation shows a doubling in the disk-integrated line flux compared to the continuum, which does not change between the three epochs. We explore models of an X-ray active star irradiating the disk via stellar flares, and find that the optically thin H13CO+ emission variation can potentially be explained via X-ray-driven chemistry temporarily enhancing the HCO+ abundance in the upper layers of the disk atmosphere during large or prolonged flaring events. If the HCO+ enhancement is indeed caused by an X-ray flare, future observations should be able to spatially resolve these events and potentially enable us to watch the chemical aftermath of the high-energy stellar radiation propagating across the face of protoplanetary disks, providing a new pathway to explore ionization physics and chemistry, including electron density, in disks.
Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

In a manufacturing system, manufacturing processes are the operations through which raw materials are transformed into final products. Manufacturing processes use machines, tools, and labors to implement the transformation of materials. Design of manufacturing processes is generally complex since it involves in machines, tools, materials, and numerous operating parameters. A manufacturing process is evaluated comprehensively based on a number of conflict criteria such as cost, accuracy, productivity, flexibility, and adaptability. Traditional intuitive or experimental designs of manufacturing processes have their limitations in (1) exploring a wide scope of alternative processes and (2) ensuring the first-time-right for virtual design to physical implementation. In this chapter, computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is introduced to model and evaluate manufacturing processes in the virtual environment, the theory and enabling techniques of CAM are discussed, and the applications of CAM are explored in designs of materials, geometric dimensioning and tolerance (GD&T), designs and simulation of fixtures, molds and dies, machining processes, and machining programming.
Trends in opioid prescribing at outpatient visits for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.

Recent studies have demonstrated high rates of opioid prescribing among patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA).1,2 However, it is uncertain whether opioid prescribing patterns are changing over time. The objective of this study was to examine trends in opioid prescribing at outpatient visits for psoriasis and PsA in the United States (US).
Photocoagulation for retinal vein occlusion

The role of photocoagulation in retinal vein occlusion (RVO) has been studied since 1974. The most serious complications of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) are: (i) visual deterioration, most commonly due to macular edema, and (ii) the development of ocular neovascularization (NV), particularly neovascular glaucoma (NVG), with hazardous consequences for vision and even the eye itself. Before discussing the role of photocoagulation in the management of NV and macular edema in RVO, it is crucial to gain a basic scientific understanding of the following relevant issues: classification of RVO, ocular NV in RVO, and the natural history of macular edema and visual outcome of RVO. These topics are discussed. In CRVO, ocular NV is a complication of ischemic CRVO but not of nonischemic CRVO. Photocoagulation has been advocated to prevent and/or treat the development of ocular NV and NVG. Since NVG is the most dreaded, intractable and blinding complication of ischemic CRVO, the role of photocoagulation and its management are discussed. Findings of three randomized, prospective clinical trials dealing with photocoagulation in ischemic CRVO are discussed. The role of photocoagulation in the management of ocular NV and macular edema in BRVO, and three randomized, prospective clinical trials dealing with those are discussed. Recent advent of intravitreal anti-VEGF and corticosteroid therapies has drastically changed the role of photocoagulation in the management of macular edema and NV in CRVO and BRVO. This is discussed in detail.
Examining the impact of weight bias on the association between exercise identity and maladaptive exercise behaviors.

Abstract Objective Though exercise behaviors are typically viewed as health-promoting, certain forms of exercise (i.e., excessive exercise, unhealthy muscle-building behaviors) are considered maladaptive and are associated with negative physical and psychological outcomes. Psychosocial factors may put people at greater risk for engaging in maladaptive exercise. Based on deviance regulation theory, weight bias was examined as a potential moderator of the association between exercise identity and both excessive exercise and muscle-building behaviors. Design The current study is a secondary analysis of a larger data set investigating associations between athletic identity, exercise behaviors, and disordered eating behaviors. Hypotheses were examined using moderation testing in multiple linear regression. Main outcome measures Participants (N = 225, 50.2% female) completed the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory as a measure of maladaptive exercise. Results Controlling for sex, age, athlete status, and body mass index, weight bias moderated the association between exercise identity and both excessive exercise and muscle-building behaviors. Among individuals with high exercise identity, higher weight bias was associated with increased maladaptive exercise behaviors. Conclusion Individuals with higher exercise identity and higher weight bias may be at greatest risk of engaging in maladaptive exercise. Preventive interventions for maladaptive exercise behaviors may consider targeting exercise identity and weight bias.
Taxation of Autonomous Vehicles in Cities and States

Cities and states must shape tax policy to directly confront the range of impacts autonomous vehicles will have over the next several decades. Autonomous vehicles will hurt cities' and states' revenue base by potentially rendering the gas tax obsolete over time, reducing vehicle ownership and removing registration fees. However, there will be benefits to offset these losses. Autonomous vehicles are expected to decrease emissions overall and strengthen productivity. But much uncertainty surrounds whether vehicle miles traveled will increase on the nation's roads as children and the elderly gain newfound vehicular access. Cities and states could benefit from adopting improved tax policies to better reflect the future of transportation, including: (1) a vehicle miles traveled tax, (2) congestion pricing, and (3) a luxury tax. If these changes are not made, cities and states risk devastating effects on their budgets.
Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Depressive Symptoms, Anxiety, Stress, and Quality of Life in Family Caregivers of Persons Living with Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE This systematic review and meta-analysis examined effects of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) on depressive symptoms, anxiety, stress, and quality of life in family caregivers of people with dementia. METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted within the PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and SCOPUS databases to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Depending on I2 statistic values for heterogeneity, either a random effects model or fixed effects model was used. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to the types of control groups and MBIs. RESULTS 15 RCTs met the eligibility criteria. Meta-analyses showed medium to large effects of MBIs on depressive symptoms, anxiety, stress, and quality of life at the immediate posttest. Small to large effects of MBIs were found at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Future high-quality studies involving different types of MBIs and delivery modes are needed to better understand effects of MBIs on family caregivers of people with dementia and examine effective intervention features.
Developmental Neurobiology of the Leech

The leech CNS consists of a ventral chain of 32 segmentally iterated ganglia. The first four and last seven segmental ganglia are fused, constituting a rostral and caudal ganglionic mass, respectively. The rostral ganglionic mass, or subesophageal ganglion, is connected at its anterior end to a dorsally situated supraesophageal ganglion. Each segmental ganglion contains about 400 bilaterally paired neurons, as well as a few unpaired neurons. Their somata form a cortex around the outer surface of the ganglion. The neurons are monopolar; their processes project into a central neuropil, where they make synaptic contacts. From there, the processes of some neurons project to other ganglia via a connective nerve. Sensory and effector neurons project their processes to targets outside the CNS via segmental nerves, whose roots emerge from the lateral edge of the ganglion. In each ganglion, the neuronal somata are distributed over six cell packets, of which two form an anterior and two a posterior pair of lateral packets. The remaining two packets are unpaired, one lying anterior and the other posterior on the ventromedial aspect. Each cell packet contains one giant glial cell, whereas two giant glial cells are associated with the ganglionic neuropil. Additional giant glia are present in the interganglionic connective nerves.
Instructional testing through wireless handheld devices

In the educational field, students and faculty are looking for tools that may help to improve the learning process. Today's students, however, are usually too busy to follow a plan of study. Practice tests and questions are becoming an essential requirement of textbooks to allow the students to evaluate their current knowledge. Wireless access to the Internet has opened the door to a new range of computer applications, designed to satisfy the requirement of mobile users, equipped with a cell phone device. This paper describes the use of mobile devices as a medium for a self-evaluation tool complete with study guidelines feedback. Such an application is designed and implemented using many traditional Web methodologies, allowing a fast transition from the current wired Web system to the cell phone environment. This paper briefly discusses the Web tools used in such an implementation and presents an example of a test-feedback application appropriate for cell phone access.
The Presence of a Common Type of Subunit in Bovine Thyroid-stimulating and Luteinizing Hormones

Abstract Bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin, TSH) has been separated into two different subunits by gel filtration in ammonium bicarbonate solution after prior treatment with 1 m propionic acid. The two subunits, which have been designated TSH-α and TSH-β, resemble each other more closely in amino acid composition than do the two subunits of luteinizing hormone (LH, interstitial cell-stimulating hormone), CI and CII, but there are differences in the contents of aspartic acid, isoleucine, leucine, and tyrosine. Maps of the tryptic peptides and the biological properties of TSH-α and -β differ markedly. TSH-α and the CI chain of LH are closely related both in amino acid and carbohydrate composition; their peptide maps are also very similar. By themselves each subunit of TSH has little or no TSH activity, but activity is restored to about 50% of that of undissociated TSH by combining the two in equal amounts. The CI chain of LH can substitute fully for TSH-α in reconstitution of TSH activity, and other experiments indicate that TSH-α and the CII chain of LH will combine to form a hybrid active LH. TSH-β and CII differ markedly in amino acid composition and immunological properties, and do not appear to interact with each other. The data obtained, thus far, show that the TSH-α chain and the LH-CI chain have very similar or nearly identical primary structures. Thus, the different hormonal activities of TSH and LH have originated from the combination of this type of chain with one of two other peptide chains, TSH-β and LH-CII, respectively, whose amino acid sequences most probably differ considerably.
Genograms and African American Families: Employing Family Strengths of Spirituality, Religion, and Extended Family Network

This article explores how genograms can serve as a multigenerational assessment for understanding family functioning and family processes. First, the author discusses how genograms are useful when depicting significant cultural patterns, beliefs, values, traditions, and family strengths in African American families. Next, she describes an integrated genogram model that may help social workers and practitioners recognize and employ recognized culturally connected family strengths and resources for work with African American families. Finally, a specific example of an intergenerational family genogram illustrates how practitioners can focus on extended family networks, spirituality, and religion as family strengths and resources in African American families.
Hippocampal CA1 interneurons: an in vivo intracellular labeling study

Fast spiking interneurons in the CA1 area of the dorsal hippocampus were recorded from and filled with biocytin in anesthetized rats. The full extent of their dendrites and axonal arborizations as well as their calcium binding protein content were examined. Based on the spatial extent of axon collaterals, local circuit cells (basket and O-LM neurons) and long-range cells (bistratified, trilaminar, and backprojection neurons) could be distinguished. Basket cells were immunoreactive for parvalbumin and their axon collaterals were confined to the pyramidal layer. A single basket cell contacted more than 1500 pyramidal neurons and 60 other parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Commissural stimulation directly discharged basket cells, followed by an early and late IPSPs, indicating interneuronal inhibition of basket cells. The dendrites of another local circuit neuron (O-LM) were confined to stratum oriens and it had a small but high-density axonal terminal field in stratum lacunosum-moleculare. The fastest firing cell of all interneurons was a calbindin-immunoreactive bistratified neuron with axonal targets in stratum oriens and radiatum. Two neurons with their cell bodies in the alveus innervated the CA3 region (backprojection cells), in addition to rich axon collaterals in the CA1 region. The trilaminar interneuron had axon collaterals in strata radiatum, oriens and pyramidale with its dendrites confined to stratum oriens. Commissural stimulation evoked an early EPSP-IPSP-late depolarizing potential sequence in this cell. All interneurons formed symmetric synapses with their targets at the electron microscopic level. These findings indicate that interneurons with distinct axonal targets have differential functions in shaping the physiological patterns of the CA1 network.
Religiões transnacionais: a Igreja Católica Romana no Brasil e a Igreja Ortodoxa na Rússia

Este ensaio focaliza varios problemas atuais enfrentados pela Igreja Catolica Romana no Brasil e pela Igreja Ortodoxa Russa. As duas instituicoes e os problemas de cada uma sao tratados de maneira comparativa a partir de uma preocupacao do autor por religioes transnacionais contemporâneas. Palavras-chave: Igreja Catolica Romana; Brasil; Igreja Ortodoxa Russa; Religioes "transnacionais"
Reforming Science Teaching: What Research says about Inquiry*

Inquiry has a decades-long and persistent history as the central word used to characterize good science teaching and learning. Even at a time when a new word, constructivism, had entered the general educational lexicon as the descriptor of good education, the authors of the National Science Education Standards (NSES) chose to stay with inquiry and totally ignore the new word. But in spite of its seemingly ubiquitous use, many questions surround inquiry. What does it mean to teach science as, through, or with inquiry? Is the emphasis on science as inquiry, learning as inquiry, teaching as inquiry or all of the above? Is it an approach to science education that can be realized in the classroom or is it an idealized approach that is more theoretical than practical? Is it something that the “average” teacher can do, or is it only possible in the hands and minds of the exceptional teacher? What are the goals of its use? Does it result in greater or better learning? How does one prepare a teacher to utilize this type of science education? What barriers must be overcome to initiate such science education in the schools? What dilemmas do teachers face as they move to this form of science education? The list of questions goes on. They are of particular importance to people committed to the NSES and wanting to see these standards put into greater practice. Reformers from all categories—teachers, teacher educators, administrators, policy makers and members of the general public want to know what answers research has for such questions. Given the central role of teacher education in the process of educational reform, however, these questions are of particular interest to science teacher educators. Researchers’ pursuit of answers has resulted in an extensive literature. Defining the arena broadly, the number of studies is in the hundreds and probably more. This body of research literature is worth exploring, but it will be necessary to limit and focus. Since the NSES is at the center of current discussions of U.S. science education improvement, it is well to begin with that document and consider its use of inquiry. This beginning point, of course, does not imply that the NSES document is without problems or that is fully grounded in the latest research. It is well to remember that it is a political document, based on an attempt to find consensus among the various educational, scientific and public constituencies in the realm of science education. As a result of its wide usage, the language of the document is useful for our communication. Consideration subsequently can be given to how far research goes in answering the questions at hand. *This article is based on a commissioned paper prepared for the Center for Science, Mathematics and Engineering Education at the National Research Council.
Economic valuation of fruit and vegetable taste: issues and challenges

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the role of fruit and vegetable taste, as an attribute, from the economic and marketing perspectives. The practical, but plausible, assumption made in the chapter is that the majority of consumers of fresh produce do not distinguish between taste and flavor. Consequently, taste and flavor are used interchangeably although flavor is a relatively complex concept involving a combination of taste and aroma. In its broad interpretation, taste guides an individual's purchase decisions limited by the available income. Taste in its narrow interpretation is an attribute or a quality indicator; it cannot be separated from other characteristics of the product. A purchase of a product implies a purchase of a set of product attributes, one of them being taste. On occasion, taste, the attribute, sways the tastes of consumers causing a change in the marketplace. However, the attribute taste induces a change in tastes, interpreted as preferences in economics, through interaction with other attributes, for example, nutrient content or handling properties, such as convenience. Taste is an internal attribute long recognized as essential for consumer acceptance and repeated purchase, but is seldom included in economic analysis. Reasons for this encompass the difficulty to measure taste objectively in a non-destructive way and communicate this information to buyers prior to purchase.
FPGA based network intrusion detection using content addressable memories

In this paper, we introduce a novel architecture for a hardware based network intrusion detection system (NIDS). Current software-based NIDS are too compute intensive and cannot meet the bandwidth requirements of a modern network. Thus, hardware techniques are desired to speed up network processing. This paper introduces a FPGA based keyword match processor that can serve as the core of a hardware based NIDS. The keyword match processor's key feature is a cellular processor architecture that allows content addressable memory (CAM) to process variable sized keys. These CAMs allow us to perform intrusion detection signature lookup at line speed at rates well past 2 Gbps.
Dietary Sphingolipids in Colon Cancer Prevention

Complex sphingolipids (sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, gangliosides) are natural components of our diet, amounting to an approximate intake of 0.3-0.4g per day. In the intestinal tract, they are digested to the bioactive metabolites ceramide and free sphingoid bases. These metabolites regulate proliferation, survival and cell death, alter gene expression levels and modulate functions such as angiogenesis, migration and invasion. They also impact local and systemic inflammation, affecting both epithelial and immune cells. Thus, they are involved in the regulation of functions that contribute to cancer cell promotion, progression and metastasis. Here we review evidence that dietary or orally administered sphingolipids are beneficial in the prevention of colon and other cancers in rodent models, and discuss the molecular mechanisms and cellular targets in the complex tumor microenvironment of the colon. We also investigate factors that contribute to a permissive tumor microenvironment such as inflammation, obesity and the intestinal microbiota as potential novel targets of dietary sphingolipids in the prevention of colon cancer.
Minimum mean squared error time series classification using an echo state network prediction model

The echo state network (ESN) has been recently proposed as an alternative recurrent neural network model. An ESN consists of a reservoir of conventional processing elements, which are recurrently interconnected with untrained random weights, and a readout layer, which is trained using linear regression methods. The key advantage of the ESN is the ability to model systems without the need to train the recurrent weights. In this paper, we use an ESN to model the production of speech signals in a classification experiment using isolated utterances of the English digits "zero" through "nine." One prediction model for each digit was trained using frame-based speech features (cepstral coefficients) from all train utterances, and the readout layer consisted of several linear regressors which were trained to target different portions of the time series using a dynamic programming algorithm (Viterbi). Each novel test utterance was classified with the label from the digit model with the minimum mean squared prediction error. Using a corpus of 4130 isolated digits from 8 male and 8 female speakers, the highest classification accuracy attained with an ESN was 100.0% (99.1%) on the train (test) set, compared to 100% (94.7%) for a hidden Markov model (HMM). HMM performance increased to 100.0% (99.8%) when context features (first- and second-order temporal derivatives) were appended to the cepstral coefficients. The ESN offers an attractive alternative to the HMM because of the ESN's simple train procedure, low computational requirements, and inherent ability to model the dynamics of the signal under study.
Changing deliberative norms on news organizations' facebook sites

Comments posted to news sites do not always live up to the ideals of deliberative theorists. Drawing from theories about deliberation and group norms, this study investigates whether news organizations can affect comment section norms by engaging directly with commenters. We conducted a field study with a local television station in a top-50 Designated Market Area. For 70 political posts made on different days, we randomized whether an unidentified staff member from the station, a recognizable political reporter, or no one engaged with commenters. We assessed if these changes affected whether the comments (n = 2,403) were civil, were relevant, contained genuine questions, and provided evidence. The findings indicate that a news organization can affect the deliberative behavior of commenters.
The lithium superoxide radical: Symmetry breaking phenomena and potential energy surfaces

Abstract The two lowest electronic states of the lithium superoxide radical, LiO2, have been investigated using ab initio theoretical techniques, including RHF SCF, CISD, Davidson-corrected CISD [CISD + (Q)], UHF SCF, UMP2, UMP3, UMP4(SDTQ), spin-projected UHF and UMP, valence and extravalence CASSCF (CASSCF-v and CASSCF-π), and CISD based on CASSCF natural orbitals (CISD-π). Four basis sets ranging in quality from Li (9s4p/5s2p), O (9s5pld/5s3pld) to Li (10s5pld/6s4pld), O(11s7p2dlf/6s5p2dlf) were employed, these being designated TZP, QZ2P, QZ2P+R, and QZ2P+R+f. The investigation encompassed dissociation energies, relative energies of various conformations, geometrical structures, vibrational frequencies, infrared and Raman intensities, dipole moments, cubic force fields, vibration-rotation interaction constants, and symmetry breaking phenomena. The onset of spatial symmetry breaking in the electronic orbitals of the TZP RHF reference wavefunction for X 2A2 LiO2 leads to an irremovable singularity in the quadratic force constant for antisymmetric LiO stretching at the isosceles-triangle (C2v) geometry d(OO) = 1.3266 A and r(LiO) = 1.7737 A. This anomalous lowering of spatial symmetry from C2v to Cs, makes the two oxygen atoms inequivalent, and thus it becomes necessary to avert the symmetry dilemma in the reference wavefunction to provide unequivocal evidence for a C2v geometrical structure of X 2A2 LiO2 which is consistent with the ionic model. This task is achieved with the CASSCF-π and CISD-π wavefunctions, the latter yielding d(OO) = 1.3405 A, r(LiO) = 1.7937 A, ω1(a1) = 1263 cm−1, ω2(a1) = 740 cm−1, and ω3(b2) = 519 cm−1 at the C2v equilibrium geometry. Final proposals of d(OO) = 1.335 A, r(LiO) = 1.76 A, and D0(LiO2) = 62 kcal/mol are made for X 2A2 LiO2, as indicated by appurtenant studies of X 2ΠgO2−1 and X 2Π LiO. Improved predictions are thereby provided for gas-phase LiO, viz., re = 1.694 A ωe = 814 cm−1, ν0 = 798 cm−1, and D0(LiO) = 86 kcal/mol. The A 2B2 state of LiO2 is also predicted to have a C2v geometrical structure, d(OO) = 1.3497 A and r(LiO) = 1.8612 A being obtained at the TZP CISD level, and a final adiabatic excitation energy of Te = 16.7 kcal/mol is determined. A large differential correlation energy effect is found to be important in obtaining an accurate relative energy for the 2Π, C2∞v, LiOO linear structure, which is found to be a shallow minimum 22.2 kcal/mol above the X 2A2, C2v state with TZP CISD bond lengths of d(OO) = 1.3149 A and r(LiO) = 1.6341 A. Finally, 2Π LiO2 is connected to the X 2A2 and A 2B2 minima via two transition states of 2A″ and 2A′ symmetry, respectively, with interconversion barriers near 1.4 and 1.1 kcal/mol.
Multichannel Hadamard transform Raman microscopy

Spatial multiplexing is combined with multichannel detection in a Hadamard transform Raman microscope which provides 127 × 128 pixel images with 12 cm−1 spectral resolution. Spatial resolution of 0.6 μm per pixel has been achieved. A spatial multiplex advantage of better that 104 is demonstrated. Instrumental design details and spectroscopic images are presented.