cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geomicrobiology of Pyrite (FeS2) Dissolution: Case Study at Iron Mountain, California

Geomicrobiology of pyrite weathering at Iron Mountain, CA, was investigated by molecular biological, surface chemical, surface structural, and solution chemical methods in both laboratory and field-based studies. Research focused at sites both within and peripheral to the ore-body. The acid-generating areas we have examined thus far at Iron Mountain (solution pH 35 C) were populated by species other than Thiobacillus ferrooxidans . 16S rDNA bacterial sequence analysis and domain- and specieslevel oligonucleotide probe-based investigations confirmed the presence of planktonic Leptospirillum ferrooxidans and indicated the existence of other species apparently related to other newly described acidophilic chemolithotrophs. T. ferrooxidans was confined to relatively moderate environments (pH 2-3, 20-30 C) that were peripheral to the orebody. Dissolution rate measurements indicated that, per cell, attached and planktonic species contributed comparably in acid release. Surface colonizati...
Multi-criteria parameter estimation for the unified land model

We describe a parameter estimation framework for the Unified Land Model (ULM) that utilizes multiple independent data sets over the continental United States. These include a satellite-based evapotranspiration (ET) product based on MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) imagery, an atmospheric-water balance based ET estimate that utilizes North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) atmospheric fields, terrestrial water storage content (TWSC) data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), and streamflow ( Q ) primarily from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) stream gauges. The study domain includes 10 large-scale (≥10 5 km 2 ) river basins and 250 smaller-scale ( 4 km 2 ) tributary basins. ULM, which is essentially a merger of the Noah Land Surface Model and Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting Model, is the basis for these experiments. Calibrations were made using each of the data sets individually, in addition to combinations of multiple criteria, with multi-criteria skill scores computed for all cases. At large scales, calibration to Q resulted in the best overall performance, whereas certain combinations of ET and TWSC calibrations lead to large errors in other criteria. At small scales, about one-third of the basins had their highest Q performance from multi-criteria calibrations (to Q and ET) suggesting that traditional calibration to Q may benefit by supplementing observed Q with remote sensing estimates of ET. Model streamflow errors using optimized parameters were mostly due to over (under) estimation of low (high) flows. Overall, uncertainties in remote-sensing data proved to be a limiting factor in the utility of multi-criteria parameter estimation.
Biosynthesis of 7,8-Diaminopelargonic Acid, a Biotin Intermediate, from 7-Keto-8-Aminopelargonic Acid and S-Adenosyl-l-Methionine

Resting cells of Escherichia coli strain D302(bioD302) can synthesize 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid from 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid. The product of this aminotransferase reaction has been identified by paper chromatography and electrophoresis. Glucose enhances the vitamer yield twofold. Of the 19 amino acids tested as amino donors, only methionine proved to be significantly stimulatory. In cell-free extracts, however, methionine was completely inactive unless both adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and Mg2+ were present. S-Adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) was about 10 times more effective than methionine, ATP, and Mg2+. The optimal conditions for the reaction were determined, and substrate inhibition was found for 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid. It has been possible to eliminate certain impurities as amino donors in the commercial preparation of SAM and those that may arise in enzymatic reactions in which SAM is a substrate. The direct participation of SAM in the aminotransferase reaction seems a likely possibility.
Ruptured splenic abscess: a cause of pneumoperitoneum in a patient with AIDS

We encountered a case of pneumoperitoneum caused by a gas-forming splenic abscess in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Plain abdominal films and computed tomography demonstrated a large amount of free air. Pneumoperitoneum was eventually shown to represent gas liberated from fermentation by gas-forming organisms within the splenic abscess. Gas-containing necrotic tissue from the ruptured spleen mimicked the spillage of feces from colon perforation. The authors emphasize that a ruptured abscess should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute abdomen in an immunocompromised patient.
Student Apathy: A Comparative Study

If you have been concerned about growing student apathy, you may be reassured somewhat by this report.
Phosphorus release and retention by soils of natural isolated wetlands

Hydrological restoration of historically isolated wetlands may mitigate phosphorus (P) loss. The objectives of this study were to quantify P in soil, and to determine the effect of (1) soil characteristics on P release, and (2) antecedent soil hydrological conditions on P dynamics. Humic/fulvic acid bound P and residual P accounted for majority of P (>78%) in surface soils. Soils with highest nutrient status and labile P fractions released most P during initial flooding. Phosphorus dynamics during additional flooding were dependent on soil characteristics, antecedent soil hydrological conditions, and P levels in the water. Phosphorus retention varied between 0.3 and 8 mg m-2 d-1.
A high-sensitivity real-time acoustic imaging system for biomedical diagnosis

A real-time acoustic imaging system which is essentially the acoustic equivalent of the scanning electron-beam microscope is proposed. This system with piezoelectric detection is superior in theoretical performance to all the presently existing systems. A possible embodiment of such a system is described.
On the Cryptographic Value of The qth Root Problem

We show that, for a prime q and a group G, if ord(G) = q k r, k>1, and r is smooth, then finding a q th root in G, is equivalent to the discrete logarithm problem over G (note that the discrete logarithm problem over the group G reduces to the discrete logarithm problem over a subgroup of order q – see reference [5]). Several publications describe techniques for computing q th roots (see [3] and [1]). All have the stated or implied requirement of computing discrete logarithm in a subgroup of order q.
A numerically efficient technique for the method of moments solution for planar periodic structures in layered media

A numerically efficient technique for the calculation of the method of moments (MoM) impedance matrix is presented for planar periodic structures rendered in arbitrary triangular discretizations and embedded in layer media. The technique is based on the MoM applied to a mixed potential integral equation (MPIE) in conjunction with triangular-domain basis functions. Rapid convergence of the matrix elements is achieved with a hybrid spectral/spatial decomposition of Green's functions. Transformations of the spectral to spatial Green's functions for layered media are performed by using complex images. Examples demonstrating the numerical efficiency and accuracy of the method are given. >
A hierarchical decomposition methodology for multistage clock circuits

This paper describes a novel methodology to automate the design of the interconnect distribution for multistage clock circuits. We introduce two key ideas. First, a hierarchical decomposition of the layout divides the problem into a set of local Steiner-wired latch clusters (to minimize and balance local capacitance) fed globally by a balanced binary tree (to maximize performance). Second, we recast the global clock distribution problem as a simultaneous optimization of clock topology, clock segment routing, wiresizing, and buffering. The hierarchical decomposition reduces the problem complexity and allows use of more aggressive optimization techniques. Integration of the geometric and electrical optimizations likewise allows more aggressive performance goals. Experiments with an industrial design comprising over 16,000 latches demonstrate the efficiency of the approach: a complete clock distribution solution met a 200MHz cycle time specification with only 310ps of skew, met strict current density constraints, exhibited good delay matching across uniform wire width and device variations, and was completed in under 10 CPU hours.
Effect of Cold Shock after Thawing on Acrosomal Maintenance and Motility of Bovine Spermatozoa Frozen in Plastic Straws

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of thawing rate and post-thaw cold shock on survival of bull spermatozoa diluted in skim milk and packaged in .3-ml Continental U.S. straws. Average acrosomal maintenance and progressive spermatozoal motility during post-thaw incubation for 0, 3, and 6 h at 37 C were considerably higher for straws thawed rapidly in warm water at 3 5 C, whether or not exposed to cold shock at 5 C after thawing, than for straws thawed slowly in 5-C iced water. There was no evidence of cold shock damage when thawing time at 35 C was restricted (10 s) to prevent the temperature of the thawed semen from rising above 5 C. However, cold shock injury occurred when seminal temperature during thawing was permitted to rise above 5 C (23 and 35 C) before the straws were placed in iced water. Cold shock injury was more pronounced for acrosomal retention than for motility of sperm. Greatest damage to acrosomal maintenance occurred when the post-thaw temperature of the semen was lowered quickly from 35 to 5 C; retained acrosomes were reduced from 67.7% for control straws thawed at 35 C/80 s to 57.9% for straws plunged into a 5 C iced bath for 30 s after being thawed in the same manner. Regardless of thawing method, caution should be exercised to minimize the exposure of thawed straws and inseminating devices to cold.
Myopic policies and maxweight policies for stochastic networks

It is shown that stability of the celebrated MaxWeight or back pressure policies is a consequence of the following interpretation: either policy is myopic with respect to a surrogate value function of a very special form, in which the "marginal disutility" at a buffer vanishes for vanishingly small buffer population. This observation motivates the h-MaxWeight policy, defined for a wide class of functions h. These policies share many of the attractive properties of the MaxWeight policy: (i) Arrival rate data is not required in the policy, (ii) Under a variety of general conditions, the policy is stabilizing when h is a perturbation of a monotone linear function, a monotone quadratic, or a monotone Lyapunov function for the fluid model, (iii) A perturbation of the relative value function for a workload relaxation gives rise to a myopic policy that is approximately average-cost optimal in heavy traffic, with logarithmic regret. The first results are obtained for a completely general Markovian network model. Asymptotic optimality is established for a Markovian scheduling model with a single bottleneck, and homogeneous servers.
Rapid determination of particle velocity from space-time images using the Radon transform

Laser-scanning methods are a means to observe streaming particles, such as the flow of red blood cells in a blood vessel. Typically, particle velocity is extracted from images formed from cyclically repeated line-scan data that is obtained along the center-line of the vessel; motion leads to streaks whose angle is a function of the velocity. Past methods made use of shearing or rotation of the images and a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) to automatically estimate the average velocity in a temporal window of data. Here we present an alternative method that makes use of the Radon transform to calculate the velocity of streaming particles. We show that this method is over an order of magnitude faster than the SVD-based algorithm and is more robust to noise.
A method for fast time-domain simulation of networks with switches

A method for fast time-domain simulation of piecewise-linear networks with switches is described in this paper. The method is based on a discrete-time switch model that consists of a constant conductance in parallel with a current source. In each simulation step, the value of the current source is updated as a function of known network signals. The function takes one of two forms, depending on the state (on or off) of the switch. Since the system matrix is constant, regardless of the states of the switches, simulation time is essentially the same as for a linear, time-invariant network of the same complexity. The paper discusses selection of the model and simulation parameters. The simulation algorithm is described and an example is included. It is shown that the method is not only efficient but also quite general and void of convergence problems. Its primary application is for long-term transient simulation of power electronic systems such as switching power converters. >
Aeroelastic Model of Multisegmented Folding Wings: Theory and Experiment

Morphing-wing research has garnered much attention in the aerospace community over the last decade, and the folding wing is a promising concept that can improve aircraft performance over multiple types of missions. Several high-fidelity analyses of folding-wing aeroelastic stability have been published, but most analyses are specifi ct o certain wing planforms or a fixed number of wing segments. This paper presents a general aeroelastic model that predicts the flutter speed and flutter frequency of a folding wing with simplified geometry but with an arbitrary numberof wingsegments. Thebeam-theory structuralmodelandthe strip-theoryunsteadyaerodynamic modelare coupled using Lagrange’s equations. Three experimental models are constructed, and flutter tests are performed over a wide range of fold angles. The theoretical predictions for flutter speeds are within 10% of experimentally measured values for most configurations. In general, the results show that the essential physics of the problem is captured by the present first-principles model. Furthermore, data show that increasing the fold angle causes up to 30% increase in flutter speed, which has applications in extending the flutter boundaries of morphing aircraft.
Beyond singular values and loop shapes

The status of singular value loop-shaping as a design paradigm for multivariable feedback systems is reviewed. It shows that this paradigm is an effective design tool whenever the problem specifications are spacially round. The tool can be arbitrarily conservative, however, when they are not. This happens because singular value conditions for robust performance are not tight (necessary and sufficient) and can severely overstate actual requirements. An alternate paradign is discussed which overcomes these limitations. The alternative includes a more general problem formulation, a new matrix function mu, and tight conditions for both robust stability and robust performance. The state of the art currently permits analysis of feedback systems within this new paradigm. Synthesis remains a subject of research.
Acoustic Surface Wave Measurements of Surface Cracks in Ceramics

Acoustic surface wave techniques were devised for detecting and characterizing surface cracks in ceramics. These techniques detect cracks at least as small as 60 μm deep on polished samples. The crack detectability was diminished by surface grinding, because of a background effect, attributed to backscattering from surface microcracks. Preliminary experiments conducted on turbine blades indicated that the techniques can be applied to components of complex shape.
Zen and behavior analysis

Zen's challenge for behavior analysis is to explain a repertoire that renders analysis itself meaningless—a result following not from scientific or philosophical arguments but rather from a unique verbal history generated by Zen's methods. Untying Zen's verbal knots suggests how meditation's and koans' effects on verbal behavior contribute to Enlightenment and Samādhi. The concept of stimulus singularity is introduced to account for why, within Zen's frame of reference, its methods can be studied but its primary outcomes (e.g., Samādhi and Satori) cannot be described in any conventional sense.
Autophosphorylation and phosphotransfer in the Bordetella pertussis BvgAS signal transduction cascade

Abstract Expression of adhesins, toxins, and other virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis is under control of the BvgA and BvgS proteins, members of a bacterial two-component signal transduction family. BvgA bears sequence similarity to regulator components, whereas BvgS shows similarity to both sensor and regulator components. BvgA and the cytoplasmic portion of BvgS ('BvgS) were overexpressed and purified. 'BvgS autophosphorylated with the gamma-phosphate from [gamma-32P]ATP and phosphorylated BvgA. Kinetic analysis indicated that BvgA receives its phosphate from 'BvgS. Mutations in the transmitter, receiver, and C-terminal domains of BvgS were tested for activation of a BvgAS-dependent fhaB::lacZ reporter fusion in vivo and for autophosphorylation and phosphotransfer to BvgA in vitro. All mutations abolished activation of the fhaB::lacZ fusion. A point mutation in the transmitter (H729Q) prevented autophosphorylation of 'BvgS. In contrast to other characterized sensor proteins, autophosphorylation also required sequences in the 'BvgS receiver and C-terminal domains. A 'BvgS receiver point mutation (D1023N) had the novel phenotype of being able to autophosphorylate but unable to transfer the phosphate to BvgA. Autophosphorylation activity of the D1023N mutant protein was kinetically and chemically indistinguishable from wild-type 'BvgS despite an uncoupling of phosphotransfer from autophosphorylation. 'BvgS was shown to contain primarily amidyl phosphate and BvgA an acyl phosphate linkage. We present a model for a phosphorelay controlling virulence gene expression in B. pertussis.
HÖLDER CONDITIONS IN THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM

In the framework of Lebesgue integration and bounded sets of finite perime- ter, we present a straightforward proof of the divergence theorem for bounded vector fields satisfying Holder conditions on sets of appropriate Hausdorff measures. Given a compact BV set A ⊂ R n , the divergence theorem holds for every vector field v : A → R n that is continuous outside an H n−1 negligible set, and pointwise Lipschitz outside an H n−1 σ-finite set (9, Theorem 2.9). Since continuous and pointwise Lipschitz are extreme points of the scale represented by Holder conditions, it is natural to ask whether the divergence theorem remains valid under the following assumptions: for 0 <s< 1, the vector field v is pointwise Lipschitz outside an H n−1+s σ-finite (negligible) set E ⊂ A, and the s-Holder constant of v is zero (finite) at each x ∈ E. We use results of W.B. Jurkat (see Remark 2.5 below) to prove the divergence theorem which takes into account Holder conditions for all 0 ≤ s ≤ 1 simultaneously. One of the consequences, obtained by restricting the number s to 0 and 1, is a new and simpler proof of the divergence theorem cited above. Our starting point is the well-known divergence theorem for bounded BV sets and con- tinuously differentiable vector fields, which is assumed without proof. Modulo a few techni- calities resulting from the use of BV sets, the exposition is elementary. The crux of the proof involves only dyadic cubes. As an application, we present two theorems about integration by parts. Both are easy corollaries of the main result.
Improving Convergence in Hierarchical Matching Networks for Object Recognition

We are interested in the use of analog neural networks for recognizing visual objects. Objects are described by the set of parts they are composed of and their structural relationship. Structural models are stored in a database and the recognition problem reduces to matching data to models in a structurally consistent way. The object recognition problem is in general very difficult in that it involves coupled problems of grouping, segmentation and matching. We limit the problem here to the simultaneous labelling of the parts of a single object and the determination of analog parameters. This coupled problem reduces to a weighted match problem in which an optimizing neural network must minimize E(M, p) = Σαi Mαi Wαi(p), where the {Mαi} are binary match variables for data parts i to model parts α and {Wαi(P)} are weights dependent on parameters p. In this work we show that by first solving for estimates p without solving for Mαi, we may obtain good initial parameter estimates that yield better solutions for M and p.
The NR2B-specific interactions of polyamines and protons with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.

Abstract Many compounds exhibit NR2B-specific modulation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor, although their mechanism(s) of action are largely unknown. Using chimeric NR2A/NR2B subunits, we have located a region of NR2B (amino acids 138–238) which regulated glycine-independent polyamine stimulation. Mutation of glutamate 201 in this region affected stimulation by polyamines in the order E201D < E201A < E201N < E201R. The relief of proton inhibition of theN-methyl-d-aspartate-induced currents mediated by these mutant receptors correlated with the reduction in glycine-independent polyamine stimulation. Electrophysiological evidence with a triple mutant of NR2A further supports the hypothesis that polyamine stimulation may be linked to the relief of tonic inhibition by protons and demonstrates the crucial role of amino acids 200 and 201 in polyamine stimulation. Polyamines and protons, therefore, share common NR2B determinants.
Asymptotic performance of M-ary orthogonal signals in worst case partial-band interference and Rayleigh fading

It is shown that for worst-case partial-band jamming, the error probability performance (for fixed E/sub b//N/sub I/) becomes worse with increasing M for (M>16). The asymptotic probability-of-error is not zero for any E/sub b//N/sub I/(>ln 2), but decreases inverse linearly with respect to it. In the fading case, the error-probability performance (for fixed E/sub b//N/sub 0/) improves with M for noncoherent detection, but worsens with M for coherent detection. For large E/sub b//N/sub 0/ the performance of the Rayleigh fading channel asymptotically approaches the same limit as the worst case partial-band jammed channel. However, for values of M at least up to 4096, the partial-band jammed channel does better. While it is unlikely that an M-ary orthogonal signal set with M>1024 will be used in a practical situation, these results suggest an important theoretical problem; namely, what signal set achieves reliable communication. >
Integrating psychology and neuroscience: functional analyses as mechanism sketches

We sketch a framework for building a unified science of cognition. This unification is achieved by showing how functional analyses of cognitive capacities can be integrated with the multilevel mechanistic explanations of neural systems. The core idea is that functional analyses are sketches of mechanisms, in which some struc- tural aspects of a mechanistic explanation are omitted. Once the missing aspects are filled in, a functional analysis turns into a full-blown mechanistic explanation. By this process, functional analyses are seamlessly integrated with multilevel mechanistic explanations.
24 Rounds: Justices Scalia's and Stevens's Battle for America's Hearts and Minds

It is no secret that Justices Antonin Scalia and John Paul Stevens did not see eye to eye on many of the legal issues that came before the Supreme Court in the twenty-four terms they served on the bench together. The pair rarely agreed on how cases should be decided, with the back and forth between the two justices even becoming caustic on occasion. This rivalry represented more than a battle of wits between two rival intellectuals, however; Justices Scalia and Stevens were considered the leaders of the Court’s conservative and liberal wings, respectively, during a large portion of their tenures. This Essay compares the judicial "statistics" compiled by Scalia and Stevens during their time on the bench, and asks the question: can either of them claim victory in their decades-long battle? The statistics indicate that while both justices were both prolific writers, Stevens wrote far more opinions while they were both on the Court. Possibly as a result, he has been referred to more often over his career by name in federal court opinions. However, Scalia has attracted far more citations per opinion written, leaving the question of who "won" their judicial bout too close to call.
Critical Faith: Toward A Renewed Understanding of Religious Life and Its Public Accountability

(2003). Critical Faith: Toward A Renewed Understanding of Religious Life and Its Public Accountability. Ars Disputandi: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 213-218.
CPR High-order Discretization of the RANS Equations with the SA Model

In this article the correction procedure via reconstruction (CPR) high-order discretization is developed to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with the modified Spalart and Allmaras (SA) model. In this model, the r closure function depends on the distance to the nearest wall. To compute the distance of each solution point in the domain to the nearest curved polynomial wall boundaries, the CPR high-order discretization is extended to solve the Eikonal equation. To demonstrate this wall distance computation, one internal and three external flow geometries including a three-element high-lift configuration are considered to show the accuracy and efficiency of the present Eikonal solver. Additionally, the CPR discretization of the RANS equations with the SA model is demonstrated for turbulent flows over a flat plat and the NACA0012 airfoil. The results are compared to other benchmark simulations.
Structural Shifts in Southern Manufacturing, 1849–1899

In the decade prior to the Civil War, southern manufacturing was surprisingly similar to that of the non-South. In the latter portion of the nineteenth century, however, a wide divergence developed between that region and the rest of the nation.
Regional variations in brain gyrification are associated with general cognitive ability in humans

Searching for a neurobiological understanding of human intellectual capabilities has long occupied those very capabilities. Brain gyrification, or folding of the cortex, is as highly evolved and variable a characteristic in humans as is intelligence. Indeed, gyrification scales with brain size, and relationships between brain size and intelligence have been demonstrated in humans [1-3]. However, gyrification shows a large degree of variability that is independent from brain size [4-6], suggesting that the former may independently contribute to cognitive abilities and thus supporting a direct investigation of this parameter in the context of intelligence. Moreover, uncovering the regional pattern of such an association could offer insights into evolutionary and neural mechanisms. We tested for this brain-behavior relationship in two separate, independently collected, large cohorts-440 healthy adults and 662 healthy children-using high-resolution structural neuroimaging and comprehensive neuropsychometric batteries. In both samples, general cognitive ability was significantly associated (pFDR < 0.01) with increasing gyrification in a network of neocortical regions, including large portions of the prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal lobule, and temporoparietal junction, as well as the insula, cingulate cortex, and fusiform gyrus, a regional distribution that was nearly identical in both samples (Dice similarity coefficient = 0.80). This neuroanatomical pattern is consistent with an existing, well-known proposal, the Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory of intelligence [7], and is also consistent with research in comparative evolutionary biology showing rapid neocortical expansion of these regions in humans relative to other species. These data provide a framework for understanding the neurobiology of human cognitive abilities and suggest a potential neurocellular association.
A Review of the Urban Social Structure and Its Development in Western Countries

In this paper we review the nearly 60 years process of urban social areas structure research in Western countries with the eye of the factorial ecology. We straighten out the whole context of its development stages and characteristics, and think these valuable experiences are helpful to the contemporary China’s urban geography studies. The nearly 60 years process of urban social areas structure research can be divided into four phas- es: the first stage is that social areas concept was advanced and its research paradigm developed in 1950～1960; the second is many empirical cases accumulation stage in the 1960s to the late 1970s; in the third phase from the 1980s to the late 1990s, the scholars paid attention to the comparison and summary from the kinds of cases; and the fourth is diversified development stage since the late 1990s. Urban socio-spatial structure in Western countries has been extensively analyzed since the 1950s. Shevky and Bell (1949) initiated social area analysis in the study of Los Angeles and San Francisco. In China, there have been many studies of the social structure of major cities using the Fifth National Population Census data at the subdistrict (jiedao) level recently. Chinese scholars carried out research in the cities of Guangzhou, Beijing, Shanghai, Nanchang and so on, but the research fruits of urban social areas on China’s city are rather limited. Finally, this research puts forward some suggestions on the development and study of urban social geogra- phy in China. Compared with the numerous case studies based on factorial ecology in Western countries, our ur- ban social structure research should focus more on urban social analysis case studies, fortunately the Fifth Na- tional Population Census data is a good available research material to be used. Many comparable Chinese urban case studies based on factorial ecology would be helpful to summing up the characteristics of Chinese urban in- ternal structure and comparing with the Western classic models. At the same time, the spatiotemporal process analysis must be emphasized on these case studies, we could use some years of the National Population Census for instance the Third and the Fourth National Population Census data to rebuild the transformation of urban social areas after the reform and opening-up in the 1980s. Chinese urban social structure studies should be ex- tended. The reason and mechanism of urban social structure and its process in China are needed to go further to excavate. The authors suggest that Chinese urban researchers should combine the qualitative analysis with the quantitative analysis, use the result of the urban factorial ecology, summarize the characteristics of Chinese urban social structure, compare with the urban social structure in the western countries, and analyse the differences and resemblances of each other.
Neutrino quantum kinetic equations: The collision term

Neutrinos, produced copiously in the early universe and astrophysical sites, can be treated in kinetic transport theory, appropriately extended to include quantum effects related to spin and flavor. The paper by Blaschke and Cirigliano describes how neutrino interactions in environments containing neutrinos, charged leptons, and nuclei affect energy-transfer as well as flavor and spin decoherence.
Properties of threshold model predictions.

Estimation of genetic parameters and accuracy of threshold model genetic predictions were investigated. Data were simulated for different population structures by using Monte Carlo techniques. Variance components were estimated by using threshold models and linear sire models applied to untransformed data, logarithmically transformed data, and transformation to Snell scores. Effects of number of categories (2, 5, and 10), incidence of categories (extreme, moderate, and normal), heritability in the underlying scale (.04, .20, and .50), and data structure (unbalanced and balanced) on accuracy of genetic prediction were investigated. The real importance of using a threshold model was to estimate genetic parameters. An expected heritability of .20 was estimated to be .22 and .10 by a threshold model and a linear model, respectively. Accuracy increased significantly with a larger number of categories, a more normal distribution of incidences, increased heritability, and more balanced data. Even threshold models were shown to be more efficient with more than two categories (e.g., binomial). Transformation of scale did not accomplish the purpose intended.
Implementing and sustaining lean processes: the dilemma of societal culture effects

Lean processes allow the elimination of waste and the resulting improvements in productivity. However, implementing and sustaining lean processes are easier in some organisations than in others. There may be societal culture differences, as the successes in initial implementation in Japan have not been followed by global success. As organisations accelerate their lean efforts to gain or maintain competitive advantage, studying societal cultural effects seems timely. Understanding of the societal culture that the firm or subsidiary is operating in would be useful in determining how lean processes should lead the effort. Using the cultural dimensions developed by Hofstede, we examine the interconnection of societal culture and lean processes. For example, a societal emphasis on individualism is positively associated with a high level of lean process adoption, in terms of individual employee involvement, individual creativity and firm efficiency. A societal emphasis on high uncertainty avoidance is positivel...
Characterization of heat transfer enhancement and frictional losses in a two-pass square duct featuring unique combinations of rib turbulators and cylindrical dimples

Abstract Transient heat transfer experiments using liquid crystal thermography have been carried out on a two-pass square channel for testing several unique combinations of ribs and cylindrical dimples. Four different rib shapes, viz. 45° angled, V, W and M have been studied. In compound channels, the rib pitch accommodates cylindrical dimples arranged in the shape of the rib, hence following the direction of rib induced secondary flows. For each rib shape, three different configurations – rib alone, dimple alone and rib–dimpled compound cases were studied. The rib-height-to-channel hydraulic diameter ratio was 0.125 and rib-pitch-to-rib-height ratio was 16. The dimple-depth-to-print diameter ratio was 0.3. The experiments were carried out for a wide range of Reynolds number (19,500–69,000), covering a spectrum typically found in both land-based and air-breathing engines. A total of 52 experiments were carried out to measure detailed heat transfer coefficient on the bottom wall of the two-pass channel. A transient liquid crystal thermography technique was used for heat transfer measurement. Static pressure measurements were carried out to measure the overall pressure drop in the two pass channel. From globally averaged Nusselt number and overall pressure drop, thermal-hydraulic performance of the 13 configurations were determined, compared and analyzed. It has been observed that 45° angled and V compound configurations resulted in higher heat transfer augmentation as well as higher thermal hydraulic performance when compared with their corresponding ribs alone and dimples alone configurations.
Clinical Specular Microscopy of the Corneal Endothelium

Over the past several years, clinical examination of the corneal endothelium has progressed from a cursery examination of its specular reflection using a low power slit-lamp biomicroscope to high magnification specular microscopy. A variety of both contacting and non-contacting methods have been developed for observing the endothelium. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. For general clinical evaluation and photography of the endothelium, as opposed to special research studies, the Clinical Specular Photomicroscope is the ‘method of choice’ and will probably remain so for the forseeable future. The first figure shows a photograph of the instrument we used.
Phantom erection after amputation of penis. Case description and review of the relevant literature on phantoms.

Background Perception of a phantom limb is frequent after an amputation of an upper or lower extremity. Phantom penis is reported infrequently. Method Case description and literature review. Result The phenomenon of phantom penis followed total penectomy. Several aspects were unusual, particularly the existence with phantom only in the erect state, and associated recrudescence of a preoperative painful ulcer. General features of limb phantoms after amputation are reviewed including a resume of recent studies of cortical reorganization. The phantom process is analyzed looking for clues to the nature of the underlying neural organization. The puzzle of phantom pain is briefly touched on. Conclusion The development of the phantom is attributed to activity in the deafferented parietal sensory cortex.
Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with increased readmission in heart failure patients

Background Heart failure (HF) readmission rates have become an increasingly important quality metric since the advent of the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program. Despite many well-intentioned efforts to reduce readmissions, clinicians continue to struggle with the problem of high HF readmission rates. Hypothesis HF patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) will have higher burden of rehospitalization and mortality than HF patients without OSA. Methods Our study included 344 patient encounters (among 271 unique patients) with a diagnosis of HF from September 2014 through September 2015. Our primary endpoints were all-cause readmission within 30 and 90 days. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between OSA and readmission when accounting for potential confounders. Results The patients’ were 72 ± 10 years old, and predominantly white (76.2%) and male (99.4%). Among the 344 patient encounters, 247 (71.8%) had diagnosed coronary artery disease, 159 (46.2%) had atrial fibrillation, and 99 (28%) had obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Notably, patients with OSA had an elevated rate of readmission within 30 days (OSA: 30.3% vs no OSA: 19.6%, P = 0.037) and within 90 days (OSA: 57.6% vs no OSA: 36.3P < 0.01). Patients with OSA had increased risk of readmission within 90 days (odds ratio: 2.38, 95% confidence interval: 1.47-3.83, P < 0.01) even after adjustment for potential confounders of age, race, obesity, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Conclusions HF patients with OSA have an elevated rate of readmission compared to the general HF population, particularly within the first 90 days after discharge.
Abstract IA21: Translating evidence to action: Yourdiseaserisk.wustl.edu

Not very long ago scientific publication was viewed as the primary dissemination goal of scientific discovery. This viewpoint, however, has evolved substantially over the past 10 - 20 years. While scientific discovery and publication remain key to dissemination of findings, it is now often viewed as a single stage in the spectrum from discovery to the application of research results. The view of effective dissemination must now also include the practical world of policy makers, clinicians, health care organizations, and the public – groups that need good data and good tools to make informed decisions that drive individual, national, and global health. The development of health risk assessment and prevention tools can play a key role in doing this. And such development moves through three general translation stages – with each subsequent stage marked by greater difficulty to achieve. 1) Creation of accurate risk prediction calculation(s) from current evidence base. 2) Development of a practical, usable tool that incorporates the calculation(s) and provides actionable messages – for clinical, public policy, or public use. 3) Integration of risk prediction tools with the social, structural, and financial support for translating recommended action messages into actual action – whether we9re talking about doctors counseling patients, government representatives making health policy, or the public working to improve their own health. This process by necessity requires a multi-disciplinary approach – drawing on expertise from epidemiology, biostatistics, communication theory, coding, and design – among others. With the addition of precision medicine and big data to long-established data analysis techniques, the field of risk prediction is set to expand in coming years. Along with that expansion, it is important to assure that our efforts are valid, useful, reliable, and applicable. Citation Format: Graham A. Colditz. Translating evidence to action: Yourdiseaserisk.wustl.edu. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Improving Cancer Risk Prediction for Prevention and Early Detection; Nov 16-19, 2016; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017;26(5 Suppl):Abstract nr IA21.
A 100-Year Review: Mastitis detection, management, and prevention.

ABSTRACT Mastitis is the most frequent disease of dairy cows and has well-recognized detrimental effects on animal wellbeing and dairy farm profitability. Since the beginning of modern dairy farming, producers have sought effective methods to minimize the occurrence of mastitis in their herds. The objective of this paper is to review and highlight important advances in detection, management, and prevention of mastitis that have occurred since the first volume of the Journal of Dairy Science was published in 1917. Initial research efforts were directed at understanding the nature of pathogenic bacteria that were responsible for most intramammary infections. For decades, researchers worked to identify effective strategies to control mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus . To develop successful control programs, mastitis workers first had to identify mechanisms of infection, define the clinical and subclinical states of the disease, discover appropriate screening tests, determine likely points of exposure, identify pathogen-specific characteristics, and develop effective procedures for machine milking. Pioneering researchers eventually recognized that mastitis control was based on preventing new infections from occurring in healthy cows and reducing the duration that cows remained infected. Development of a control program that incorporated post-milking teat dipping, hygienic milking procedures, and strategic use of antibiotic therapy at dry-off resulted in widespread control of contagious pathogens. As herd management changed, researchers were tasked with defining control of mastitis caused by opportunistic pathogens originating from environmental sources. As mastitis pathogens have evolved, researchers have sought to define antimicrobial usage that will maintain animal wellbeing while minimizing unnecessary usage. During the last century, tremendous significant advances in mastitis control have been made but changing herd structure and more rigorous processor standards ensure that mastitis will remain an important subject focus of future research.
Cross-cultural communication with patients who use American Sign Language.

Background Although American Sign Language (ASL) is the third most commonly used primary language in the United States, physicians are often not adequately prepared for the challenges of conducting an interview with a deafpatient who signs. Methods A search of MEDLINE and PsychINFO databases for research on physician-patient communication and deaf people who use ASL was performed. Expert opinion helped guide discussion and recommendations. Results Few articles examined physician-patient communication involving ASL. Deaf people and their physicians report difficulties with physician-patient communication. Deaf people also report fear that their health care is substandard because of these difficulties. Conclusions Preparing residents and medical students for working with patients and families who communicate in ASL presents many opportunities for teaching about physician-patient communication. ASL is quite different from English, and users of ASL often have sociocultural norms that differ from those of the majority culture. In addition to learning how to communicate with patients and families across languages and cultures, students and residents can learn how to collaborate with interpreters and how low literacy impacts physician-patient communication. Opportunities to teach about family dynamics, disability issues, and nonverbal communication also present themselves when working with families with Deaf members. Physician-patient communication involving ASL is an area that is ready for further research.
Determination of Optimum Fuel Loadings in Pressurized Water Reactors Using Dynamic Programming

An iterative approach was adopted as the most practical method to search for an optimum fuel loading pattern in pressurized water reactors. A minimum peak-to-average power ratio was chosen as the o...
A Survey of Diseases of Peripheral Nerve, and Nerve Root

In chapter 2, we have already considered, the differential features of disease of muscle compared to disease of peripheral nerve compared to disease of the nerve root compared to central nervous system disease. Diseases of peripheral nerve and nerve root both represent, lower motor neuron disorders. In contrast to disorders of muscle, both involve, motor and sensory features. As we will discuss in greater degree, peripheral nerve disorders, may involve specific nerves in a local manner (mononeuropathies) or peripheral nerve in a more generalized manner (polyneuropathies). Mononeuropathies must be distinguished from radiculopathies. This distinction can be made based on the pattern of motor deficit, the pattern of deep tendon stretch reflex deficit, the pattern of sensory deficit and the distribution of pain.
Influence of substrate compliance on buckling delamination of thin films

A thin film subject to in-plane compressive stress is susceptible to buckling-driven delamination. This paper analyzes a straight-sided delamination buckle with a focus on the effects of substrate compliance, following earlier work by B. Cotterell and Z. Chen. The critical buckling condition, the energy release rate and the mode mix of the interface delamination crack are calculated as a function of the elastic mismatch between the film and substrate. The average energy release rate at the curved end of a tunneling straight-sided blister is also determined. The more compliant the substrate, the easier for the film to buckle and the higher the energy release rates. The effect becomes significant when the modulus of the substrate is appreciably less than that of the film. When the substrate modulus is comparable to that of the film, or higher, the usual assumption is justified to the effect that the film is clamped along its edges. When the substrate is very compliant the energy release rate at the curved front exceeds that along the straight sides.