cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Source Region of High and Low Speed Wind during the Spartan 201-05 Flight

The large-scale coronal magnetic fields of the Sun are believed to play an important role in organizing the coronal plasma and channeling the high and low speed solar wind along the open magnetic field lines of the polar coronal holes and the rapidly diverging field lines close to the current sheet regions, as has been observed by the instruments aboard the Ulysses spacecraft from March 1992 to March 1997. We have performed a study of this phenomena within the framework of a semi-empirical model of the coronal expansion and solar wind using Spartan, SOHO, and Ulysses observations during the quiescent phase of the solar cycle. Key to this understanding is the demonstration that the white light coronagraph data can be used to trace out the topology of the coronal magnetic field and then using the Ulysses data to fix the strength of the surface magnetic field of the Sun. As a consequence, it is possible to utilize this semi-empirical model with remote sensing observation of the shape and density of the solar corona and in situ data of magnetic field and mass flux to predict values of the solar wind at all latitudes through out the solar system. We have applied this technique to the observations of Spartan 201–05 on 1–2 November, 1998, SOHO and Ulysses during the rising phase of this solar cycle and speculate on what solar wind velocities Ulysses will observe during its polar passes over the south and the north poles during September of 2000 and 2001. In order to do this the model has been generalized to include multiple streamer belts and co-located current sheets. The model shows some interesting new results.
Transglutaminase-2 mediates calcium-regulated crosslinking of the Y-box 1 (YB-1) translation-regulatory protein in TGFβ1-activated myofibroblasts.

Myofibroblast differentiation is required for wound healing and accompanied by activation of smooth muscle α-actin (SMαA) gene expression. The stress-response protein, Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) binds SMαA mRNA and regulates its translational activity. Activation of SMαA gene expression in human pulmonary myofibroblasts by TGFβ1 was associated with formation of denaturation-resistant YB-1 oligomers with selective affinity for a known translation-silencer sequence in SMαA mRNA. We have determined that YB-1 is a substrate for the protein-crosslinking enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) that catalyzes calcium-dependent formation of covalent γ-glutamyl-isopeptide linkages in response to reactive oxygen signaling. TG2 transamidation reactions using intact cells, cell lysates, and recombinant YB-1 revealed covalent crosslinking of the 50 kDa YB-1 polypeptide into protein oligomers that were distributed during SDS-PAGE over a 75-250 kDa size range. In vitro YB-1 transamidation required nanomolar levels of calcium and was enhanced by the presence of SMαA mRNA. In human pulmonary fibroblasts, YB-1 crosslinking was inhibited by (a) anti-oxidant cystamine, (b) the reactive-oxygen antagonist, diphenyleneiodonium, (c) competitive inhibition of TG2 transamidation using the aminyl-surrogate substrate, monodansylcadaverine, and (d) transfection with small-interfering RNA specific for human TG2 mRNA. YB-1 crosslinking was partially reversible as a function of oligomer-substrate availability and TG2 enzyme concentration. Intracellular calcium accumulation and peroxidative stress in injury-activated myofibroblasts may govern SMαA mRNA translational activity during wound healing via TG2-mediated crosslinking of the YB-1 mRNA-binding protein.
Productivity and technology in Nepal

Abstract This study uses plant level data from the census of manufacturing establishments to examine the production technology and labor productivity of foreign and domestic firms in Nepal. The results show that the capital intensity in foreign firms is higher than that in domestic firms. The statistical results also imply that foreign firms have higher labor productivity. A simultaneous equation model suggests that foreign firms are technically not more efficient than domestic firms. In fact, analysis indicates that foreign firms are technically less efficient. The foreign firms may have derived their competitiveness from capital intensive technology that is found to be one of the major factors to boost labor productivity.
Northern Bounty: A Celebration of Canadian Cuisine

(1996). Northern Bounty: A Celebration of Canadian Cuisine. Journal of the Association for the Study of Food and Society: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 9-10.
Simplified technique for the removal of a fixed partial denture

Summary A simplified method of removing a fixed partial denture has been described. The principle of the Class I or II lever systems is used to deliver force along the path of withdrawal. Carefully applied, this technique may permit removal of a restoration with minimal trauma to the prosthesis and supporting teeth. Where reasonable pressure fails to dislodge the restoration, it should be sacrificed rather than risk permanent damage to the abutment.
HPV DNA Testing of the Residual Sample of Liquid-Based Pap Test: Utility as a Quality Assurance Monitor

HPV DNA testing of the residual sample volume of liquid-based Pap tests has been recommended as a way to determine the appropriate follow-up for women who have equivocal results in routine clinical screening. A major aspect of quality assurance in the cytopathology laboratory consists of correlation of smear interpretation with biopsy or conization results as mandated by CLIA '88. However, the use of histology as the gold standard suffers from similar problems of subjectivity and sampling as the Pap smear. In this study we explore the potential use of HPV DNA testing of the residual volume from the ThinPrep® Pap Test™ (Cytyc Corporation, Boxborough, Massachusetts) as a substitute gold standard in quality assurance monitoring of a cervical cytology screening program. The residual samples from 397 ThinPrep® Pap cases were retrospectively analyzed for high-risk HPV DNA using the Hybrid Capture II™ technique. Sensitivity (71.8%), specificity (86.5%), predictive value of positive (77.1%) and negative (82.9%) ThinPrep® Pap interpretations were calculated on the basis of HPV DNA results for 266 cases classed as either squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) or negative. Overall, there was agreement between the two tests in 80.8% of cases (Cohen's kappa =.59). The percentage of HPV DNA-positive cases interpreted as atypical squamous cells of uncertain significance (ASCUS) was 43.7%, and the percentage of negative cases was 17.1%. We believe that this approach is an objective adjunct to the traditional quality assurance protocol, with the added benefit that it includes cases interpreted as negative, as well as abnormal cases that do not come to biopsy.
Finite Element study of fracture initiation in flaws subject to internal fluid pressure and vertical stress

Abstract Hydraulic fracturing is a method used routinely in oil and gas exploitation and in engineered geothermal systems. While used frequently, there are many aspects of hydraulic fracturing, such as the direction of propagation of the newly-created fractures, which are not very well understood. Even though it is known that the local stress field plays a fundamental role in the orientation of the new fractures, there may be other factors, such as the geometry of the existing fractures and the magnitude of the hydraulic pressure applied, that may play a major role in the path that a new fracture follows when pressurized. The main goal of this study is to numerically analyze the effect of the ratio between a vertical load, or stress, and the hydraulic pressure applied in existing flaws on the stress field in the vicinity of the flaw tips. For that purpose, a double flaw geometry 2a-30-30 was modeled in the Finite Element code ABAQUS, and different vertical loads and internal flaw pressures were applied to the model. The variation of the maximum principal stresses and maximum shear stresses around the flaw tips were analyzed and related to fracture initiation. The study showed that the ratio between the water pressure applied in the flaws and the vertical load/stress (WP/VL) plays a crucial role in the magnitude and shape of the stress field around a flaw tip, and therefore in the location of tensile and shear fracture initiation. As WP/VL increases, the location of initiation of new tensile fractures shifts from the upper face of the studied flaw towards the region right ahead of the flaw tip; simultaneously, the location of initiation of new shear fractures shifts from the region ahead of the flaw tip to the upper face of the analyzed tip.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Magnetic Susceptibilities of Alloys of V with Al

Nuclear magnetic resonance properties of the ${\mathrm{V}}^{51}$ and ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}$ isotopes and magnetic susceptibilities are reported for V-Al alloys in the body-centered cubic region up to 40 at.% Al in V and in the intermetallic compound ${\mathrm{V}}_{5}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{8}$. In the bcc solid solution region the ${\mathrm{V}}^{51}$ Knight shift increases slightly from 0.567% in pure V to 0.586% in the 40 at.% Al alloy. The ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}$ shift is negative, increasing from -0.038% at 5 at.% Al to -0.031% at 40 at.% Al. The magnetic susceptibility decreases monotonically from 287\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ emu/mole for pure V to 160\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ emu/mole for 35 at.% Al in V. These data, together with measured values of the electronic specific heat, are used to evaluate the various contributions to the Knight shift and susceptibility. It is shown that essentially all of the ${\mathrm{V}}^{51}$ Knight shift is the result of orbital paramagnetism, and that the latter accounts for most of the measured susceptibility in these alloys. The data support a band model in which the electrons in the $s\ensuremath{-}p$ band have little or no interaction with the $d$ band of the transition metal.
Cover art description.

The cover image is a painting entitled “Gazebo” by artist Mark Rimland. This work is currently part of the MIND (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute Collection at the University of California Davis. Born in 1956, Mr. Rimland resides in San Diego, California. He has been diagnosed with autism. Mr. Rimland has gained international acclaim for his work as both an artist and illustrator of children’s books.
Social stratification and life chances: An interactive learning strategy for criminal justice classes

Social class is an important issue that must be taken into consideration when examining crime and criminal behavior in the United States. Social class is often viewed as a critical factor that influences the motivation to commit criminal activities. This article describes an interactive exercise that helps students better understand how social class may influence deviant and/or criminal behavior as a response to wanting to maintain status quo (particularly those in middle to upper class levels), economic hardships (that may occur at various class levels), the lack of social power, income inequality, or the lack of resources.
An efficient shape representation scheme using Voronoi skeletons

Abstract This paper describes an efficient shape representation scheme using Voronoi skeletons. This paper makes the following significant contributions. First a new algorithm for the construction of the Voronoi diagram of a polygon with holes is described. The main features of this algorithm are its robustness in handling the standard degenerate cases (colinearity of more than two points; co-circularity of more than three points), and its ease of implementation . The algorithm has been fully implemented and tested on a variety of test inputs. Second, the Voronoi diagram of a polygon is used to derive accurate and robust skeletons for planar shapes . The shape representation scheme using Voronoi skeletons possesess the important properties of connectivity as well as Euclidean metrics. Redundant skeletal edges are deleted in a pruning step which guarantees that connectivity of the skeleton will be preserved.
A collective remembrance of George Clinton Andrews, Jr (1891-1978).

George Clinton Andrews, Jr was born on November 26, 1891 in Tarrytown, New York, into a family with a historic connection to the region and the country. This pedigree was one he wholeheartedly embraced and endeavored to have others appreciate throughout his life. He was a direct descendant of George Clinton, Brigadier General of the American Revolutionary Army, first Governor of New York, and former Vice President of the United States under Jefferson and Madison. In fact, Andrews was known to begin his daily routine with a cup of tea and an English muffin while sitting at the Clinton campaign table from the Revolutionary War. After receiving a BA degree from Cornell University in 1912, he pursued a career on Wall Street. The persistent stress of the job, along with his lack of success, resulted in a stomach ulcer that ultimately required admission to the hospital. It was during this time in the hospital that he developed an interest in medicine. Because of World War I, he was able to pursue an accelerated course of study and graduated with an MD from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University in 1919. His medical training continued with an internship at The Presbyterian Hospital in New York City from 1919 to 1920, and a preceptorship with George Miller MacKee, MD, at the Skin and Cancer Hospital from 1920 to 1925. It was during his time with Dr. MacKee that he developed his interest and skills in x-ray and radium therapy. Dr Andrews would rely
A MEMS differential dielectric sensor for continuous glucose monitoring

We present a MEMS affinity glucose sensor that measures glucose concentrations via glucose-induced changes in the dielectric properties of a synthetic polymer. The sensor involves no mechanical moving parts for structural simplicity, and uses differential measurements for effective rejection of environmental interferences, thereby enabling accurate glucose detection. Our in-vitro and in-vivo experimental data demonstrate that this sensor can potentially be used for highly stable continuous glucose monitoring in diabetes care.
Predicting Future Antisocial Personality Disorder in Males from a Clinical Assessment in Childhood.

It is essential to identify childhood predictors of adult antisocial personality disorder (APD) to target early prevention. It has variously been hypothesized that APD is predicted by childhood conduct disorder (CD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or both disorders. To test these competing hypotheses, the authors used data from a single childhood diagnostic assessment of 163 clinic-referred boys to predict future APD during early adulthood. Childhood Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) CD, but not ADHD, significantly predicted the boys' subsequent APD. An interaction between socioeconomic status (SES) and CD indicated that CD predicted APD only in lower SES families, however. Among children who met criteria for CD, their number of covert but not overt CD symptoms improved prediction of future APD, controlling for SES.
Influence of metal–support interaction in Pt/C on CO and methanol oxidation reactions

Abstract We report the synthesis and spectro-electrochemical characterization of platinum black and carbon-supported platinum with varying amounts of carbon support for fuel cell applications. The structural aspects of the carbon-supported Pt-catalysts were studied using XRD, HRTEM and XPS. The broad XRD peaks indicated the presence of nanoparticles of Pt, which was well complemented by the HRTEM studies. The valence states and the variation of the binding energy with respect to the particle size of the electrocatalysts were elucidated by XPS studies. The metal–support interaction in these carbon–platinum electrocatalysts and their influence on the oxidation of CO and methanol are also reported. The nanosturucture nature of the catalysts and its influence on the methanol oxidation are related and discussed.
Evaluation of four geomembrane-mounted PV systems for land reclamation in Southern Arizona

We describe four different photovoltaic (PV) systems that are deployed around Tucson Arizona on geomembranes to test the feasibility of converting mine tailings and landfills into solar energy generating sites. Differences between these deployed systems include: two types of geomembrane materials, two different module anatomies, and two different locations. We explain the different module mounting techniques that are unique to mine tailing sites. We also describe several failures that occurred during the first two years of operation. We present and validate predictions for the operating temperature of these systems and their associated electrical performance. We find PV modules mounted on light-colored thermoplastic with shielded wiring operate at lower temperatures, are more structurally stable, and have fewer wiring failures.
Phase diagram of the two-dimensional Anderson-Hubbard model.

We study the ground state of the two-dimensional Anderson-Hubbard model using a quantum real space renormalization group method. We obtain the phase diagram near half filling. The system is always insulating with disorder. At half filling, the system undergoes a transition from a gapless (Anderson) insulator to an incompressible (Mott-Hubbard) insulator as the interaction [ital U] reaches a critical value [ital U][sub [ital c]]. Away from half filling, the insulating phase is always gapless and is found to be controlled by the Anderson fixed point at half filling. This result is similar to that obtained in the corresponding one-dimensional system and suggests strongly the importance of the electron-electron correlation in this gapless insulating phase.
Effect of advancing age on cost and outcome of coronary artery bypass grafting

Abstract The clinical and billing records of 250 patients (173 men and 77 women) undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting between 1987 and mid-1990 were retrospectively reviewed to determine charges and clinical results as related to age. Patients were stratified by age into five groups of 50 consecutive patients each: group 1, less than 50 years of age; group 2, 50 to 59 years; group 3, 60 to 69 years; group 4, 70 to 79 years; and group 5, 80 years or older. The groups were compared in regard to perioperative clinical variables, long-term follow-up, and total charges. Group 5 had significantly more postoperative complications than the other four groups ( p p p p p
Level structure of 20 Na near the proton threshold

The excitation energies of states in20Na near the proton threshold have been measured with the20Ne(3He, t)20Na charge exchange reaction. The possible implications of these states for the stellar reaction rate of19Ne(p,γ)20 Na are discussed.
Intruder detection in public space using suspicious behavior phenomena and wireless sensor networks

Automatic detection of intruders in a public space is an important requirement for the safety of innocent citizens. Recently suspicious behavior based automatic detection models are proposed to address this problem. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is adopted in the implementation and the evaluation of these models. In this paper we propose a WSN-based trajectory enhanced graphical model to detect the intruders in public space. In our model a supervised learning approach is used to estimate the threshold for speed parameter of the suspicious and unsuspicious tracks. The threat levels are increased when a person's trajectory deviates from an unsuspicious track, where it is closer to a suspicious track. Suspicious behavior of a person is detected using a threat level parameter that depends on the speed and direction of the subject. We show using the synthetic data that, the model is capable of detecting human intruders based on the suspicious behavior, and it is worth applying the model to real data sets and investigate its performance further.
A Low-Temperature Cell for Laser Raman Spectroscopy on Condensed Films and Nonvolatile Solids

The low-temperature cell described here is designed for laser Raman instruments (such as the Spex Ramalog) with 90° viewing and the beam entering the sample chamber from the bottom.1 It yields Raman spectra under conditions which are analogous to those of the popular Wagner-Hornig low temperature infrared cell.2 Thus, full advantage may be taken of the complementary nature of Raman and infrared spectra.
Actual Minds, Possible Worlds

Preface PART 1: TWO NATURAL KINDS 1. Approaching the Literary 2. Two Modes of Thought 3. Possible Castles PART 2: LANGUAGE AND REALITY 4. The Transactional Self 5. The Inspiration of Vygotsky 6. Psychological Reality 7. Nelson Goodman's Worlds 8. Thought and Emotion PART 3: ACTING IN CONSTRUCTED WORLDS 9. The Language of Education 10. Developmental Theory as Culture Afterword Appendix: A Reader's Retelling of "Clay" by James Joyce Notes Credits Index
Development of solid state arc-free socket for DC distribution system

DC distribution systems have become more appealing in recent years due to its higher energy efficiency. They have already been applied in data centers, commercial buildings, electrical vehicles charger stations and DC micro grid systems, etc. However, electrical arcing is a common phenomenon in DC applications. Arcing and the related potential for fire and electric shock is the main safety problem in DC applications. In this paper, a totally arc-free socket is proposed and developed by embedding a solid state device. It is designed to handle various load conditions. In addition, over temperature and over current protection features have been embedded for realizing trip functions for each single outlet. Simulation and experimental results based on 380V DC, which is a common medium voltage applied in data centers and DC micro grids, has been discussed.
Correlation of hepatocellular proliferation with hepatocarcinogenicity induced by the mutagenic noncarcinogen: Carcinogen pair—2,6- and 2,4-diaminotoluene

Abstract 2,4-Diaminotoluene (2,4-DAT) and 2,6-diaminotoluene (2,6-DAT) are equally genotoxic in the Ames/ Salmonella assay and are both readily absorbed, metabolized, and excreted and metabolites of both compounds are mutagenic with metabolic activation. However, there are marked differences in the results of chronic rodent bioassays with these two compounds. 2,4-DAT is a potent hepatocarcinogen whereas 2,6-DAT failed to produce an increased incidence of tumors in any tissue even when administered at a dose higher than that of 2,4-DAT. In an effort to elucidate the source of these apparently discordant results, the present studies were designed to determine the effects of these two chemicals on cell proliferation in the liver when administered at the dose levels comparable to those used in the original bioassays. This study utilized repeated oral dosing, osmotic minipumps to deliver bromodeoxyuridine (BrDU) for 8 days, and immunohistochemistry to quantitate BrDU incorporation into hepatic DNA. CCl 4 (0.4 ml/rat, single ip dose) or vehicle control groups were included as positive and negative controls, respectively. The degree of cell proliferation was quantified by the labeling index from at least 1000 hepatocytes. Results from the control studies indicate that approximately 1.1% of the hepatocytes from vehicle-treated animals replicated during the exposure period whereas approximately 50% replicated in the positive controls. The carcinogen 2,4-DAT produced a dose-dependent increase in cell proliferation of approximately 10% and 20% in livers of animals exposed to 12.5 and 25.0 mg/kg/day, respectively, whereas the noncarcinogen 2,6-DAT produced no increase in cell turnover compared to vehicle control following treatment with 25.0 or 50.0 mg/kg/day. These results indicate a positive correlation between increased cell proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis induced by these two isomers of diaminetoluene.
Bayesian covariance estimation and inference in latent Gaussian process models

Abstract This paper describes inference methods for functional data under the assumption that the functional data of interest are smooth latent functions, characterized by a Gaussian process, which have been observed with noise over a finite set of time points. The methods we propose are completely specified in a Bayesian environment that allows for all inferences to be performed through a simple Gibbs sampler. Our main focus is in estimating and describing uncertainty in the covariance function. However, these models also encompass functional data estimation, functional regression where the predictors are latent functions, and an automatic approach to smoothing parameter selection. Furthermore, these models require minimal assumptions on the data structure as the time points for observations do not need to be equally spaced, the number and placement of observations are allowed to vary among functions, and special treatment is not required when the number of functional observations is less than the dimensionality of those observations. We illustrate the effectiveness of these models in estimating latent functional data, capturing variation in the functional covariance estimate, and in selecting appropriate smoothing parameters in both a simulation study and a regression analysis of medfly fertility data.
Quality and sweetness of baked custards made with lactose-reduced milks

Lactose concentrations of lactose-reduced and hydrolyzed lactose-reduced milk (12.1, 4.9 g/L milk, respectively) were significantly lower (p .05) among the control, lactose-reduced, and hydrolyzed lactose-reduced baked custards.
Intrinsic properties of larval zebrafish neurons in ethanol.

The behavioral effects of ethanol have been studied in multiple animal models including zebrafish. Locomotion of zebrafish larvae is resistant to high concentrations of ethanol in bath solution. This resistance has been attributed to a lower systemic concentration of ethanol in zebrafish when compared with bath solution, although the mechanism to maintain such a steep gradient is unclear. Here we examined whether the intrinsic properties of neurons play roles in this resistance. In order to minimize the contribution of metabolism and diffusional barriers, larvae were hemisected and the anterior half immersed in a range of ethanol concentrations thereby ensuring the free access of bath ethanol to the brain. The response to vibrational stimuli of three types of reticulospinal neurons: Mauthner neurons, vestibulospinal neurons, and MiD3 neurons were examined using an intracellular calcium indicator. The intracellular [Ca2+] response in MiD3 neurons decreased in 100 mM ethanol, while Mauthner neurons and vestibulospinal neurons required >300 mM ethanol to elicit similar effects. The ethanol effect in Mauthner neurons was reversible following removal of ethanol. Interestingly, activities of MiD3 neurons displayed spontaneous recovery in 300 mM ethanol, suggestive of acute tolerance. Finally, we examined with mechanical vibration the startle response of free-swimming larvae in 300 mM ethanol. Ethanol treatment abolished long latency startle responses, suggesting a functional change in neural processing. These data support the hypothesis that individual neurons in larval zebrafish brains have distinct patterns of response to ethanol dictated by specific molecular targets.
Factor price equalization and a factor offer analysis of international trade

Abstract This paper presents a general equilibrium analysis of international trade which exploits the univalence condition of the factor price equalization theorem to derive such concepts as factor trade indifference curves, factor offer curves, and factoral terms of trade in the factor space, parallel to the traditional development in the commodity space. The analysis accommodates some instances of variable factor supplies. It also serves to synthesize the comparative statics of factor growth in the standard two-factor as well as the multi-factor models of trade.
The contribution of marital quality to the well-being of parents of children with developmental disabilities.

Background This study examines the contribution of the marital relationship to the well-being of both mothers and fathers of children with developmental disabilities. Parent well-being is conceptualized in terms of mental health, parenting stress and parenting efficacy. Methods These analyses are based on data from  families participating in the Early Intervention Collaborative Study, an ongoing longitudinal investigation of the development of children with disabilities and the adaptation of their families. Multidimensional assessment techniques were used to collect data from married mothers and fathers and their child with a disability. Mother and father data were analysed separately using parallel hierarchical regression models. Results For both mothers and fathers, greater marital quality predicted lower parenting stress and fewer depressive symptoms above and beyond socio-economic status, child characteristics and social support. In relation to parenting efficacy, marital quality added significant unique variance for mothers but not for fathers. For fathers, greater social support predicted increased parenting efficacy. Child behaviour was also a powerful predictor of parental well-being for both mothers and fathers. Conclusion The findings support the importance of the marital relationship to parental well-being and illustrate the value of including fathers in studies of children with developmental disabilities.
Longitudinal wave‐velocities in the Mississippi Valley

An investigation of the seismicity in the Mississippi Valley near St. Louis was undertaken by the author. The plan of the investigation was to study the records of near earthquakes as recorded at St. Louis and its affiliated stations. The shocks were soon sifted down to six, from which the data were to be taken. The epicenters as previously determined were accepted as approximately correct. The observed phases were plotted as arrival-times against calculated distances for each earthquake and a least-squares solution made for each. Three average index-velocities were determined. They are 6.03, 6.33, and 7.7 3 km per second, respectively. The calculated distances were then corrected on the basis of the average velocity in the upper layer and an epicentral time for each earthquake, determined from the least-squares solution for the velocity-curve in the upper layer.
Substrate pathways which guide growing axons in Xenopus embryos.

Optic axons from eyes transplanted to hindbrain and spinal cord (i.e., non-optic areas) in Xenopus embryos reproducibly follow a particular pair of continuous tracts, the external sensory tract and the internal sensory tract. The course of the external sensory tract may coincide with the course of the general somatic afferent tracts (i.e., the ascending and descending tracts of nerve V, the tract of Lissauer, and the Rohon-Beard cell tracts). The course of the internal sensory tract parallels that of the external sensory tract but runs more medially. Transplanted optic axons follow the same tracts regardless of where along the neural axis the axons have entered the CNS. What kind of developmental cues guide these optic axons? It is unlikely that the guidance cues are organized as spatial coordinates, rather it appears that the optic axons of these two tracts are guided along pre-existing substrate routes. We have called these routes substrate pathways. Substrate pathways may be a device normally used for organizing fiber tracts in the developing nervous system.
Mitochondrial Import and Accumulation of α-Synuclein Impair Complex I in Human Dopaminergic Neuronal Cultures and Parkinson Disease Brain

α-Synuclein, a protein implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD), is thought to affect mitochondrial functions, although the mechanisms of its action remain unclear. In this study we show that the N-terminal 32 amino acids of human α-synuclein contain cryptic mitochondrial targeting signal, which is important for mitochondrial targeting of α-synuclein. Mitochondrial imported α-synuclein is predominantly associated with the inner membrane. Accumulation of wild-type α-synuclein in the mitochondria of human dopaminergic neurons caused reduced mitochondrial complex I activity and increased production of reactive oxygen species. However, these defects occurred at an early time point in dopaminergic neurons expressing familial α-synuclein with A53T mutation as compared with wild-type α-synuclein. Importantly, α-synuclein that lacks mitochondrial targeting signal failed to target to the mitochondria and showed no detectable effect on complex I function. The PD relevance of these results was investigated using mitochondria of substantia nigra, striatum, and cerebellum of postmortem late-onset PD and normal human brains. Results showed the constitutive presence of ∼14-kDa α-synuclein in the mitochondria of all three brain regions of normal subjects. Mitochondria of PD-vulnerable substantia nigra and striatum but not cerebellum from PD subjects showed significant accumulation of α-synuclein and decreased complex I activity. Analysis of mitochondria from PD brain and α-synuclein expressing dopaminergic neuronal cultures using blue native gel electrophoresis and immunocapture technique showed the association of α-synuclein with complex I. These results provide evidence that mitochondrial accumulated α-synuclein may interact with complex I and interfere with its functions.
Automated detection of regions of interest for tissue microarray experiments: an image texture analysis

Recent research with tissue microarrays led to a rapid progress toward quantifying the expressions of large sets of biomarkers in normal and diseased tissue. However, standard procedures for sampling tissue for molecular profiling have not yet been established. This study presents a high throughput analysis of texture heterogeneity on breast tissue images for the purpose of identifying regions of interest in the tissue for molecular profiling via tissue microarray technology. Image texture of breast histology slides was described in terms of three parameters: the percentage of area occupied in an image block by chromatin (B), percentage occupied by stroma-like regions (P), and a statistical heterogeneity index H commonly used in image analysis. Texture parameters were defined and computed for each of the thousands of image blocks in our dataset using both the gray scale and color segmentation. The image blocks were then classified into three categories using the texture feature parameters in a novel statistical learning algorithm. These categories are as follows: image blocks specific to normal breast tissue, blocks specific to cancerous tissue, and those image blocks that are non-specific to normal and disease states. Gray scale and color segmentation techniques led to identification of same regions in histology slides as cancer-specific. Moreover the image blocks identified as cancer-specific belonged to those cell crowded regions in whole section image slides that were marked by two pathologists as regions of interest for further histological studies. These results indicate the high efficiency of our automated method for identifying pathologic regions of interest on histology slides. Automation of critical region identification will help minimize the inter-rater variability among different raters (pathologists) as hundreds of tumors that are used to develop an array have typically been evaluated (graded) by different pathologists. The region of interest information gathered from the whole section images will guide the excision of tissue for constructing tissue microarrays and for high throughput profiling of global gene expression.
Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of cyclic ketones using Fe containing MCM-48 cubic mesoporous materials

Abstract Iron containing cubic mesoporous MCM-48 materials were prepared by a modified Stober synthesis method. These materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen isotherms, diffuse-reflectance UV–Vis spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. These materials exhibited high catalytic activity towards the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of cyclic ketones using benzaldehyde and molecular oxygen. The Fe-MCM-48 mesoporous materials showed excellent recyclability and the integrity of the cubic phase was preserved after the catalytic activity.
Anticonvulsant response in a case of anorexia nervosa and bipolar disorder associated with right‐sided brain injury

The authors present a case of anorexia nervosa and subsequent mania both preceded by remote right-sided head injury in a young man. In spite of the apparent lark of neurologic sequelae in this case, metabolic brain imaging revealed persistent cerebral physiologic dysfunction in the right hemisphere. Furthermore, both anorexic and affective syndromes resolved with anticonvulsant treatment. The authors suggest that anorexia and bipolar affective disorder in this patient may be linked to right-sided cerebral dysfunction
Some consequences of a fracture criterion for oriented polymers based on electron spin resonance spectroscopy

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, which is able to monitor covalent bond rupture during polymer fracture, has provided an experimental basis on which to construct an atomistic fracture model which takes proper cognizance of the distribution of stress over the material's internal structure. Using a computer model developed by DeVries and Lloyd, estimations of times to fracture were obtained for several different temperatures, stresses, and stress rates. The predicted rupture times agreed satisfactorily with experimental observations, which indicates the practical utility of the ESR-based model. Further, the effective activation parameters which result when the Zhurkov macroscopic fracture model is correlated with the ESR predictions provide an insight as to the role of the internal stress distribution in determining the kinetics of the fracture process.
Electron‐cyclotron maser radiation from a relativistic loss‐cone distribution

A relativistic analysis of the electron-cyclotron maser instability in a loss-cone distribution is presented, extending the treatment of Lau and Chu (1983) to include the effects of finite k-perpendicular (as encountered in laboratory tandem-mirror devices with mean energies in excess of 50 keV). The results are presented in graphs, and it is found that the k-perpendicular effects are significant, so that emission perpendicular to the magnetic field is associated with most rapid growth of the instability. The persistence of the instability when the ratio of the plasma frequency to the electron-cyclotron frequency is less than 0.1 is demonstrated, and the factors which need to be accounted for in applying the results to actual mirror devices are indicated.
Ego‐threatening classroom communication: A factor analysis of student perceptions

(1970). Ego‐threatening classroom communication: A factor analysis of student perceptions. The Speech Teacher: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 43-48.
Glucose sensor based on organic thin film transistor using glucose oxidase and conducting polymer

Abstract An organic thin film transistor (OTFT)-based glucose sensor, with a channel consisting of glucose oxidase enzyme (GOx) immobilized with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene–poly(styrene-sulfonate) (PEDOT–PSS) conducting polymer film, has been investigated. GOx was immobilized on PEDOT–PSS conducting polymer film using a simple cost effective spin-coating technique, and was entrapped in the polymer matrix during electrochemical polymerization. Subsequently, the sensor was encapsulated within a cellulose acetate membrane to prevent dissolution of GOx and PEDOT–PSS matrix in glucose solution (glucose in DI water). The resulting device characteristics were determined using a Keithley electrical measurement system. A linear increase in the OTFT drain current was observed resulting from the increase in glucose concentration. The sensitivity of the developed glucose sensor was determined to be 1.65 μA per 1 mM of glucose concentration. A linear range of response was found from 1.1 to 16.5 mM of glucose, with a response time of 10–20 s. The results obtained are indicative that the reported OTFT-based glucose sensor retains the enzyme bioactivity and can be applied as a glucose biosensor.
Stimulus control during chronic reduction of cholinesterase activity

Abstract Inhibition of cholinesterase activity to below 40 per cent of normal by the anticholinesterase diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) produced deficits in motor function and response inhibition. Chronic administration of DFP resulted in the development of tolerance of motor function. However, measures of single alternation acquisition after this time showed that this behavior was still disrupted suggesting that tolerance of response inhibition had not occurred. The magnitude of disruption depended on the experimental conditions with punishment of intertrial responding attenuating the deficit. This finding implied that the amount of disruption was a function of the precision of stimulus control over the behavior.
SIR 2003 film panel case 2: tumor emboli to the common iliac arteries.

A 58-year-old male smoker presented with fevers and chills. Chest radiograph demonstrated an upper lobe abscess with an associated mass. Subsequent chest computed tomography is shown. The patient underwent bronchoscopy, which produced washings with malignant cells. Mediastinoscopy and upper lobectomy with mediastinal lymph node dissection were performed. In the immediate postoperative setting, the patient developed acute bilateral lower extremity pain. Emergent bilateral lower extremity arteriography was performed.
An assessment of the impact of counterfeiting in international markets: The piracy paradox persists

Abstract This paper investigates recent trends in counterfeiting in the international marketplace. The primary objectives of this paper are to provide the international manager with (1) an overview of the legal framework that governs the protection of intellectual property rights, primarily against pirates; (2) a review of different anti-counterfeiting strategies; and (3) a summary of distinct labeling techniques used to distinguish between the “real” versus “fake” good.
Mr imaging and spectroscopy applications of lanthanide complexes with macrocyclic phosphonate and phosphonate ester ligands

Ligands derived from the macrocycle, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, with differing side-chain chelating arms form complexes with the bivalent lanthanide cations that are both thermodynamically stable and kinetically inert. This short review article is intended to introduce the reader to a few potential biomedical applications of various lanthanide complexes formed with macrocyclic ligands derived from the cyclen. TmDOTP5- has proven to be quite useful as a NMR shift reagent (SR) for biological cations, capable of resolving intra- and extracellular 23Na signals in the in vivo rat kidney, liver, heart and skeletal muscle. Lanthanide complexes of the monoester derivatives of DOTP have lower net charge and differing hydrophobicities, depending upon the length of the alkyl sidechains. These complexes are handled differently in rats, with the tetra(ethyl ester) complexes clearing via renal excretion and the tetra(n-butyl ester) complexes via biliary excretion. The tetra(trifluoroethyl ester) complexes are handled more like the n-butyl ester complexes than the ethyl ester complexes. High resolution 19F NMR spectra of the latter complexes reveal that six diastereomers are present in solution at nearly equal concentrations.
A principal components analysis of market interest rates in The Netherlands, 1962–1970

Abstract This paper reports about a principal components analysis of 20 Dutch market interest rates. We found that on the money market 96% of total variation is explained by the first principal component and 2% by the second one. On the capital market these percentages are 90 and 8. The main conclusions are: (1) the first component identifies the true interest rate, while the second and third component are related to risk and the rate of inflation. (2) The textbook distinction between money and capital markets does not show up. (3) The use of many interest rates in macro models has only a limited economic meaning.
Consumer perceptions of environmental marketing claims: an exploratory study

This paper reports the results of research which examined consumer perceptions of 10 environmental claims: degradable, biodegradable, no CFCs, safe for the environment, environmentally friendly, compostable, recycled, pre-consumer waste, post-consumer waste, and recyclable. Implications for policy makers and future research are identified.
Incorporating manufacturing lead times in joint production-marketing models: A review and some future directions

In many industries the pricing of a product over time can be used to manage demand for the product. Lead time, or promised delivery time is often a significant factor in price negotiations. However, the production planning literature has largely treated pricing decisions as exogeneous while focusing on the allocation of production capacity between products over time. On the other hand, the marketing literature has generally ignored the effects of capacity constraints and focused on the effects of pricing.
Emerging uses for pediatric hematopoietic stem cells

Many new therapies are emerging that use hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. In this review, we focus on five promising emerging trends that are altering stem cell usage in pediatrics: (i) The use of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, autologous or allogeneic, in the treatment of autoimmune disorders is one. (ii) The use of cord blood transplantation in patients with inherited metabolic disorders such as Hurler syndrome shows great benefit, even more so than replacement enzyme therapy. (iii) Experience with the delivery of gene therapy through stem cells is increasing, redefining the potential and limitations of this therapy. (iv) It has recently been shown that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can be cured by the use of selected stem cells. (v) Finally, it has long been postulated that HSC-transplantation can be used to induce tolerance in solid-organ transplant recipients. A new approach to tolerance induction using myeloid progenitor cells will be described.
Superinfection by strains of tobacco streak virus

Abstract Eight selected strains of tobacco streak virus varied in their reactions in cross-protection tests. Of the 28 possible pairs of strains, eight reciprocally protected tobacco against each other, eight unilaterally protected, and with 12 pairs, neither member protected against the other. When infected tobacco was susceptible to superinfection it was less susceptible than healthy tobacco except with two of the strains, which reduced susceptibility very little. Susceptibility to other viruses was retained, however. The capacity of strain WC to superinfect was not increased by selection. Nonsuperinfecting strains added to superinfecting inoculum decreased lesion numbers. Top particles seemed not to function in superinfection. The determinant for superinfection was carried in bottom particles in heterologous mixtures. Recombination of superinfecting capacity and lesion type occurred upon superinfection with heterologous mixtures of middle and bottom particles.