cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oral vinzolidine as therapy for Kaposi's sarcoma and carcinomas of lung, breast, and colon/rectum.

Vinzolidine, a semisynthetic vinca alkaloid, was studied as oral therapy in 30 patients with Kaposi's sarcoma, non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer. Substantial variations in morbidity were observed among the patients, some patients receiving doses up to 45 mg/m2 without toxicity while others had severe hematologic toxicity at doses as low as 25 mg/m2. Nausea/vomiting and diarrhea also occurred. Responses were seen in two of 11 patients with Kaposi's sarcoma but not in other patients. Unpredictable severe hematologic toxicity led to early closure of this study. The heterogeneity of patient tolerance may relate to variable oral drug biovailability, and it is conceivable that vinzolidine could be administered more safely by the IV route.
Investigation and modification of molecular structures with the nanoManipulator

Abstract The nanoManipulator system adds a virtual reality interface to an atomic force microscope (AFM), thus providing a tool that enables the user not only to image but also to manipulate nanometer-sized molecular structures. As the AFM tip scans the surface of these structures, the tip–sample interaction forces are monitored, which in turn provide information about the frictional, mechanical, and topological properties of the sample. Computer graphics are used to reconstruct the surface for the user, with color or contours overlaid to indicate additional data sets. Moreover, by means of a force-feedback pen, which is connected to the scanning tip via software, the user can touch the surface under investigation to feel it and to manipulate objects on it. This system has been used to investigate carbon nanotubes, fibrin, DNA, adenovirus, and tobacco mosaic virus. Nanotubes have been bent, translated, and rotated to understand their mechanical properties and to investigate friction on the molecular level. AFM lithography is being combined with the nanoManipulator to investigate the electromechanical properties of carbon nanotubes. The rupture forces of fibrin and DNA have been measured. This article discusses how some of the graphics and interface features of the nanoManipulator made these novel investigations possible. Visitors have used the system to examine chromosomes, bacterial pili fibers, and nanochain aggregates (NCAs). Investigators are invited to apply to use the system as described on the web at http://www.cs.unc.edu/Research/nano/doc/biovisit.html.
Atmospheric Radon and Dust, Air Mass Trajectories and Meteorological Conditions over the Greenland Sea

It has been suggested1 that a capacity to monitor the atmospheric spread of dust clouds, particles and gases from all sources is essential before the effects upon climate, vegetation and the human and animal populations can be surveyed. Such a monitoring capacity is almost non-existent in the remote Arctic areas and especially over the Arctic seas. This is deplorable, because the very clean atmospheric conditions in the Arctic make it possible to detect relatively small changes, for instance in atmospheric aerosol concentrations, which would go unrecognized in the mid-latitudes.
Making state agency data more widely useful: the Iowa policy and planning data project

Abstract This paper describes the scope, historical development, and accomplishments of the Iowa Policy and Planning Data Project (IPPDP). Inspired both by a mandate for state agencies to share their data resources for greater efficiency and by the research needs of economic development planners, the IPPDP is a cooperative effort of several Iowa government departments and units of Iowa State University. Its original long-term goal, the creation of a data dictionary, was soon set aside; however, substantial progress has been made toward its short-term goal, the development of a prototype online catalog of data files held in state agencies and offices, despite such obstacles as the limited development of cataloging standards and the reluctance of many agencies to commit the time necessary to document their holdings. More recent Project initiatives include a series of workshops to help policy analysts and planners locate relevant information on the Internet and the development of an online information server to make state-collected data readily available to community planners. The IPPDP represents a “virtual library” approach to making government data resources—many of them unpublished—more widely available.
Analysis and HPLC fractionation of urine from patients with cystic fibrosis, chronic lung diseases and normal controls

The amounts of creatinine, protein, carbohydrate and sialic acid in the urine of 19 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), 12 normal controls and 11 pathological controls with chronic lung disease have been determined. The mean creatinine excretion levels of the total CF group as well as the CF subgroups are significantly decreased when compared to normal controls but comparable to pathological controls. Mean urinary protein levels appear to be increased in patients with CF compared to normal controls and pathological controls but the increased levels resulted from factors (e.g., presence of diabetes mellitus) other than CF. No significant differences were found in amounts of total carbohydrate and sialic acid in urine and fractionated urinary preparations for the total group of nondiabetic patients with CF when compared to both normal and pathological controls. HPLC fractionation of low Mr (less than 10,000 Daltons) urinary preparations indicated the presence of an unknown peak in all of the antibiotic-treated CF patients, 43% of CF patients on low or no medication, 17% of the normal controls and 9% of the pathological controls. The present results illustrate the importance of including appropriate pathological controls and dividing patients with CF into subgroups according to clinical factors and types of therapy employed.
On overall properties of smart piezoelectric composites

A micromechanics model based on periodic microstructure is developed to predict the overall properties of piezoelectric composites. Analytic estimates of the overall elastic, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties of two-phase piezoelectric composites are obtained with the aid of equivalent inclusion method and Fourier series expansion. The special case of piezoelectric materials containing periodically distributed cracks is briefly discussed.
Evaluation of UBC‐94 Provisions for Seismic Design of RC Structural Walls

Abstract New provisions for seismic design of reinforced concrete structural walls were incorporated into the 1994 version of the Uniform Building Code. The new provisions are based on the use of a displacement‐based design methodology, which is a significant departure from prior codes. The format of the UBC‐94 provisions offer significant advantages over previous design formats, with both simplified and detailed design approaches. As is the case with any significant code change, proper application of the new provisions requires a thorough understanding of the design methodology used to develop the provisions as well as its limitations. Given these needs, an overview of displacement‐based and the UBC‐1994 requirements is provided. The methods employed in UBC‐94 to estimate the maximum displacement response are found to significantly underestimate maximum displacement; therefore, direct application of the provisions could lead to unconservative designs. Recommendations to address this shortcoming, as well ...
Superhero, Instructor, Optimist: FEMA and the Frames of Disaster in Hurricanes Katrina and Rita

Using framing theory to examine hundreds of press releases posted to the Web by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), this study asserts that FEMA provided useful information on survival and assistance, but that the organization emphasized good deeds and optimism while essentially ignoring social, political, and cultural issues that publicly defined the hurricanes and damaged FEMA's image.
Climatology and Interannual Variability of Wave, Mean-Flow Interaction in the Southern Hemisphere

Abstract The climatology and interannual variability of wave–mean flow interaction in the Southern Hemisphere (20–80°S, 0–55 km) is described for the winter months of June–September based on a sample of four years, 1979–82. The stratospheric jet stream shifts downward and poleward over the course of the winter in response to seasonal variations in thermal forcing. The shift occurs at different times in different years, however, so that the months of July and August show substantial interannual variability of monthly mean zonal winds. The poleward and downward shift of the jet axis in an individual year is usually abrupt and occurs in association with a burst of upwardly propagating planetary waves. The driving of the mean flow in the stratosphere generally has a dipolar structure with easterly accelerations near 40°S and westerly accelerations in polar latitudes. The structure of the wave driving is consistent with the structure of the observed mean flow accelerations.
Evolutionary studies of Atriplex: chromosome races of A. confertifolia (Shadscale)

Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. and Frem.) S. Wats., a species endemic to western United States, occurs as 2n, 4n, 6n, 8n and lOn chromosome races. In the Great Basin, diploids occur altitudinally above the upper Ievels of Pleistocene lakes; the polyploids are in valley bottoms and sides. Diploids are larger in all respects than tetraploids, hexaploids, and octoploids. Decaploids are the most robust of all. Diploids can be distinguished in early seedling stages by having broader leaves and shorter internodes than polyploids. Polyploid plants are currently produced sporadically in natural populations and appear to be easily generated by unreduced gametes. Most polyploid populations in the Great Basin apparently arose recently and erupted into extensive stands because ofthe sudden availability of large, relatively uniform dsmains provided by the disappearance of Pleistocene lakes. ATRIPLEX CONFERTIFOLIA (TORR. AND FREM.) S. WATS. (shadscale) is abundant in the Intermountain Region of western United States, from central Arizona and southwestern California to southern and eastern Montana (Fig. 1). It dominates thousands of acres in Utah, Nevada New Mexico, Wyoming, southeastern California, northern Arizona, southwestern Arizona and western Colorado. Outlying populations are found near Post, Garza County, Texas, west of Pima, Graham County, Arizona, eastern Montana and western North and South Dakota but it is mostly a Great Basin endemic. Although easily distinguished from all other species of Atriplex by its thorny branches, unsculptured, ovate, two-winged fruiting bracts and broad, ovate leaves (Fig. 2), it is highly variable between populations, particularly in size diffierences of these and other attributes. Some of the vanation may be due to plastic responses to environmental variables but the majority of it appears to be genetic, coming mostly from polyploidy and from introgression from other species.
Comparative Genomics and Structure Prediction of Dental Matrix Proteins

Non-collagenous matrix proteins secreted by the ameloblasts (amelogenin) and odontoblasts (osteocalcin) play important roles in the mineralization of enamel and dentin. In this study, comparative genomics approaches were used to identify the functional domains and model the three-dimensional structure of amelogenin and osteocalcin, respectively. Multiple sequence analysis of amelogenin in different species showed a high degree of sequence conservation at the nucleotide and protein levels. At the protein level, motifs (a sequence pattern that occurs repeatedly in a group of related proteins or genes), conserved domains, secondary structural characteristics, and functional sites of amelogenin from lower phyla were similar to those of the higher-level mammals, reflecting the high degree of sequence conservation during vertebrate evolution. Osteocalcin, produced by both odontoblasts and osetoblasts, also showed sequence similarity between species. Three-dimensional structure predictions developed by modeling of conserved domains of osteocalcin supported a role for glutamic acid residues in the calcium mineralization process.
The DNA cleavage reaction of topoisomerase II: wolf in sheep's clothing

Topoisomerase II is an essential enzyme that is required for virtually every process that requires movement of DNA within the nucleus or the opening of the double helix. This enzyme helps to regulate DNA under- and overwinding and removes knots and tangles from the genetic material. In order to carry out its critical physiological functions, topoisomerase II generates transient double-stranded breaks in DNA. Consequently, while necessary for cell survival, the enzyme also has the capacity to fragment the genome. The DNA cleavage/ligation reaction of topoisomerase II is the target for some of the most successful anticancer drugs currently in clinical use. However, this same reaction also is believed to trigger chromosomal translocations that are associated with specific types of leukemia. This article will familiarize the reader with the DNA cleavage/ligation reaction of topoisomerase II and other aspects of its catalytic cycle. In addition, it will discuss the interaction of the enzyme with anticancer drugs and the mechanisms by which these agents increase levels of topoisomerase II-generated DNA strand breaks. Finally, it will describe dietary and environmental agents that enhance DNA cleavage mediated by the enzyme.
An Efficient Copper-Catalyzed Microwave-Assisted S-Arylation Towards the Synthesis of 8-Arylsulfanyl Adenines.

Optimized conditions are developed for the different types of substrates to prepare the pharmaceutically important title compounds in moderate to good yields.
Shoulder-to-shoulder research with children: Methodological and ethical considerations:

This paper presents a methodological study with children where two different interview methods were utilized: the walk-around (a form of mobile interview) and the shoulder-to-shoulder. The paper reviews the methodological aspects of the study then provides a brief review of the history of methods employed in research with children. Finally the paper considers issues around conducting research with children in the areas of data generation, interview environment, power, and participant engagement. Throughout the article, narrative interludes, and the author’s personal reflections as parents and researchers are provided space for thought and narrative glimpses into the research experience.
Ultrahigh-current ion accelerators

Abstract The production of more intense high-energy ion beams has always been an important objective in accelerator technology, both in linear and in circular machines. Some of the more recent developments in this field are discussed with particular emphasis on experiments which can be done with ultrahigh-current ion beams. These include high precision nuclear measurements, the determination of very small cross sections and several applications in other fields.
Dispelling Late-Night Myths News Consumption among Late-Night Comedy Viewers and the Predictors of Exposure to Various Late-Night Shows

This article explores two largely untested assumptions that dominate popular and scholarly examinations of the “late-night comedy audience.” The first assumption is that young people are tuning in to late-night comedy programs instead of the news. The second assumption is that there is one monolithic “late-night audience.” Using data from both the 2004 Pew Research Center Political Communications Study and the 2004 National Annenberg Election Survey, this article provides evidence that challenges these two assumptions, illustrating that young people are tuning in to late-night comedy in addition to—rather than in the place of—news and that the audiences of various late-night comedy programs have distinct sociodemographic and political profiles
Human DNA Polymerase ε Colocalizes with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen and DNA Replication Late, but Not Early, in S Phase

DNA polymerase e (pol e) has been implicated in DNA replication, DNA repair, and cell cycle control, but its precise roles are unclear. When the subcellular localization of human pol e was examined by indirect immunofluorescence, pol e appeared in discrete nuclear foci that colocalized with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) foci and sites of DNA synthesis only late in S phase. Early in S phase, pol e foci were adjacent to PCNA foci. In contrast to PCNA foci that were only present in S phase, pol e foci were present throughout mitosis and the G1 phase of cycling cells. It is hypothesized from these observations that pol e and PCNA have separate but associated functions early in S phase and that pol e participates with PCNA in DNA replication late in S phase.
The state of personalized treatment for anxiety disorders: A systematic review of treatment moderators.

Abstract Introduction The aim of this review was to synthesize findings for moderators of treatment outcome across adult anxiety disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Methods Twenty-four papers that compared two or more active treatments (at least one of which was a form of cognitive behavioral therapy [CBT]) were identified and organized into five treatment comparison categories (distinct psychotherapy combinations, CBT full package vs. single components, CBT vs. augmented CBT, CBT delivery methods, and CBT vs. pharmacotherapy). Sixty-three distinct baseline moderators were tested across seven categories (symptom severity, comorbid emotional disorders or emotional reactivity, cognitive maintenance factors, behavioral maintenance factors, personality traits and disorders, sociodemographic factors, and biological factors). Results Few consistent treatment moderators were identified. All studies testing quadratic effects found at least one significant non-linear moderator or predictor effect. In addition, the majority of studies had methodological problems and limitations, demonstrating the need for future methodological improvements. Conclusion Limited conclusions can be drawn about how to match anxiety disorder patients to treatment. A strong need to improve the methodological consistency and rigor of treatment moderator studies was identified. A series of recommendations for moderation analyses are proposed in order to strengthen future studies and facilitate replication efforts.
Proliferation and distribution of cells that transiently express a catecholaminergic phenotype during development in mice and rats.

Abstract Cells that transiently express a catecholaminergic phenotype have previously been shown to appear in the rat gut during development. In the present study the immunocytochemical demonstration of the enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH), were used as markers to examine tissues of rats and mice for catecholaminergic cells. The simultaneous radioautographic demonstration of labeling of identified catecholaminergic cells by tritiated thymidine was used to assess their ability to proliferate. Transient catecholaminergic cells were not limited to rat gut. They were also found in the gut of the mouse where they were present by 10 days' gestation and disappeared before Day 13. Similar cells were found in the mouse kidney, the mantle layer of the sacral spinal cord, and the dorsal mesentery. In mice, transient catecholaminergic cells contained TH but did not react with antiserum to DBH. Transient catecholaminergic cells in the rat gut and other locations synthesized DNA. We conclude that transient catecholaminergic cells (1) occur in both rat and mouse embryos, although the cells of mice may not contain DBH; (2) appear in other organs as well as the gut; (3) are able to proliferate. The ultimate fate of these cells remains to be demonstrated.
Evaluation of a Lecture Recording System in a Medical Curriculum.

Recently, the Medical University of South Carolina adopted a lecture recording system (LRS). A retrospective study of LRS was implemented to document the students' perceptions, pattern of usage, and impact on the students' grades in three basic sciences courses (Cell Biology/Histology, Physiology, and Neurosciences). The number of accesses and length of viewings of the recordings were recorded per week for each student and correlated with the grades in each of the three courses. Attendance records were not available. The results showed considerable variability in the use of the LRS by both faculty and students during the entire semester and across all three courses, including week to week variations. Data indicated that 30% of the students did not use the LRS at all with 41% of the students using it very little (less than 10 times for a total of 131 recordings). Specific patterns of usage were identified for each of the three courses throughout the semester, with an increase in access prior or during examination weeks. However, the statistical analysis showed that there was no correlation between the final grades and the usage of LRS. Finally, a survey of the students' perception showed that 74% agreed/strongly agreed that the recordings were useful with 6% disagreeing/strongly disagreeing and 11% undecided. This study showed that the use of LRS might be a viable alternative for students unable to attend lecture due to circumstances such as illness but that more research is needed to truly understand the best pedagogical use of LRS. Anat Sci Educ. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.
Ten simple rules to win a Nobel Prize.

It is remarkable how many students, young faculty, and even senior faculty hanker after a Nobel Prize. Somehow, they think that it is possible to structure their scientific careers so that the culmination will bring this much sought-after honor. Some even think that as a Nobel laureate myself, I may have the key to success—some secrets that I can share and so greatly improve their odds of success. Unfortunately, I must begin by disappointing everyone. There is only one path that should be followed. It is summed up in Rule 1, but some of the other Rules may prove helpful—or if not helpful, then at least amusing. 1. Never Start Your Career by Aiming for a Nobel Prize Don’t even hope for it or think about it. Just focus on doing the very best science that you can. Ask good questions, use innovative methods to answer them, and look for those unexpected results that may reveal some unexpected aspect of nature. If you are successful in your research career, then you will make lots of discoveries and have a very happy life. If you are lucky, you will make a big discovery that may even bag you a prize or two. But only if you are extraordinarily lucky will you stand any chance of winning a Nobel Prize. They are very elusive.
Bilingualism and jargonaphasia: Is there a connection?

Abstract This paper explores the notion that bilingualism may predispose a posterior aphasic to developing a jargonaphasia. The plausibility of this prediction is based on two assumptions: (1) that jargon reflects a decoupling of phonological representations and representations of meaning; and (2) that bilingualism promotes a decoupling of phonological representations and meaning representations. The paper describes aphasic jargon in its various forms, distinguishing it from paraphasic and stereotypic speech. It then presents a microgenetic explanation of language processing with particular reference to jargon production, and shows how this model applies to language processing in the bilingual. The argument presented is that the conceptual system of the bilingual can be encoded in the features of either one of two linguistic systems, and consequently, the processing routines from conceptual to phonological form are likely to be less automatic for the bilingual. If jargon represents a failure of a given conceptual representation to be realized in a phonological representation, it is more likely to occur in bilinguals, in whom the processing routines have not achieved the same level of automaticity as in monolinguals. It is also suggested that since it is only at the conceptual level that the language systems of the bilingual are unified, the issue of automaticity of processing routines will not distinguish between monolinguals and bilinguals beyond the interface between that level and the lexical semantic level and that there will be no difference between monolinguals and bilinguals with respect to the encoding of lexical representations into phonological forms.
Anticipated vs. Experienced Workload: How Accurately Can People Predict Task Demand?:

The NASA-TLX subjective workload assessment is typically used immediately following a participant's performance in an experimental task to assess the workload experienced. However, it is sometimes necessary to assess the anticipated workload of a task before the task is actually performed. This study compares the workload assessments of participants who performed two minimally invasive surgical training tasks to participants who only saw descriptions of the two tasks. Results showed that participants who were asked to rate the anticipated workload underestimated the overall workload required for the "cannulation" task, while overestimating the overall workload required for the rope task. Interactions between task type and condition also were found in three of the NASA-TLX subscales (mental demand, effort, and frustration). Overall, the reliability of participants' prediction of the difficulty depended on the task being evaluated and the particular measure of difficulty that was being assessed. In general, physical facets of workload appeared to be more accurately assessed than cognitive facets. Language: en
Importance of post-implant dosimetry in permanent prostate brachytherapy.

Objective Post-implant dosimetry has become the gold standard for implant evaluation and it is recommended that it be performed on all patients undergoing prostate brachytherapy. The technique, results and correlation with clinical outcomes will be presented. Methods The method and outcomes of post-implant dosimetry are explored by outlining the experience at the Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, as well as reviewing the literature. The most accurate time to perform post-implant dosimetry is 1 month after implant. Computed tomography (CT)-based dosimetry is currently the best available technique for performing this analysis. The technique involves taking 3-mm abutting CT slices throughout the implanted area. The prostate and normal structures are outline on the CT slices. These structures are recreated in three dimensions. Dose volume histograms (DVH) are created and allow the dose to these organs to be quantified. Results The relationship between dosimetric findings and clinical outcomes has been established. The dose delivered to 90% of the prostate on DVH (D90) has been correlated to prostate-specific antigen (PCA) control and post-treatment biopsy results. D90 values of >or=140Gy have been associated with improved biochemical control and lower positive post-treatment biopsy results. Doses derived from the dosimetric analysis to prostate, urethra and rectum have been correlated with the development of acute and chronic urinary morbidity, sexual potency and rectal morbidity. Future initiatives involve performing dosimetric calculations intraoperatively at the time of the implant. Conclusions Post-implant CT-based dosimetry is an essential component of prostate brachytherapy. It is the only method of assessing the actual dose delivered to the prostate and normal surrounding structures. Future development in post-implant and intraoperative dosimetry will continue to improve permanent prostate brachytherapy as a safe an effective treatment for prostate cancer.
Computational Relativistic Astrophysics Using the Flow Field-dependent Variation Theory

We present our method for solving general relativistic nonideal hydrodynamics. Relativistic effects become pronounced in such cases as jet formation from black hole magnetized accretion disks which may lead to the study of gamma-ray bursts. Nonideal flows are present where radiation, magnetic forces, viscosities, and turbulence play an important role. Our concern in this paper is to reexamine existing numerical simulation tools as to the accuracy and efficiency of computations and introduce a new approach known as the flow field-dependent variation (FDV) method. The main feature of the FDV method consists of accommodating discontinuities of shock waves and high gradients of flow variables such as occur in turbulence and unstable motions. In this paper, the physics involved in the solution of relativistic hydrodynamics and solution strategies of the FDV theory are elaborated. The general relativistic astrophysical flow and shock solver (GRAFSS) is introduced, and some simple example problems for computational relativistic astrophysics (CRA) are demonstrated.
A review of conceptual models explaining the effects of child sexual abuse

Based on clinical experience and empirical literature demonstrating that child sexual abuse (CSA) often results in initial and long-term adverse outcomes, researchers have explored why such problems occur. Specifically, starting in the mid 1980s and continuing into the 1990s, several authors proposed conceptual models to explain the negative effects of CSA. Such models have been based on diverse theoretical premises. The purpose of the present article is to provide a general summary review of various conceptual models. Following the review, the current state of the literature on this topic is discussed, as are suggested future directions for research.
Adsorption and desorption of HCl on a single-crystal α-Al2O3(0001) surface

Abstract The adsorption and desorption of HCl on a single-crystal α-Al 2 O 3 (0001) surface were examined using laser-induced thermal desorption (LITD) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) techniques. α-Al 2 O 3 (0001) is a model for the surface of Al 2 O 3 exhaust particles generated by solid rocket motors. HCl adsorption on these Al 2 O 3 particles may alter the surface reactivity and affect heterogeneous atmospheric chemistry. Absolute HCl surface coverages on α-Al 2 O 3 (0001) were determined using calibrated HCl LITD signals. The reactive sticking coefficient for HCl adsorption on α-Al 2 O 3 (0001) at 298 K was S ∼10 −3 at the lowest HCl coverages. The HCl reactive sticking coefficient decreased nearly exponentially with HCl coverage. The HCl coverage saturated at Θ HCl =1.0×10 14 molecules cm −2 after HCl exposures of >2×10 9 L. HCl desorption from the α-Al 2 O 3 (0001) surface occurred over a wide temperature range from 300 to 650 K. This broad temperature range suggests a distribution of surface sites with different binding energies. HCl desorption was investigated versus HCl coverage by annealing an α-Al 2 O 3 (0001) surface that was previously saturated by a large HCl exposure. These results confirmed a wide range of binding energies and suggested that surface diffusion between the adsorption sites must be negligible. Additional HCl desorption results versus HCl coverage, prepared by varying the HCl exposure, revealed that HCl adsorption randomly fills the adsorption sites independent of their binding energies. Modeling of the HCl desorption results was consistent with surface binding energies that ranged from 19 to 36 kcal mol −1 . These adsorption and desorption results predict that α-Al 2 O 3 rocket exhaust particles will be partially covered with a stable HCl adlayer at stratospheric temperatures and pressures.
Variational multiscale stabilized FEM formulations for transport equations: stochastic advection-diffusion and incompressible stochastic Navier-Stokes equations

An extension of the deterministic variational multiscale (VMS) approach with algebraic subgrid scale (SGS) modeling is considered for developing stabilized finite element formulations for the stochastic advection and the incompressible stochastic Navier-Stokes equations. The stabilized formulations are numerically implemented using the spectral stochastic formulation of the finite element method (SSFEM). Generalized polynomial chaos and Karhunen-Loeve expansion techniques are used for representation of uncertain quantities. The proposed stabilized method is then applied to various standard advection-diffusion and fluid-flow examples with uncertainty in essential boundary conditions. Comparisons are drawn between the numerical solutions and Monte-Carlo/analytical solutions wherever possible.
Control and pricing in stochastic networks with concurrent resource occupancy

Concurrent resource occupancy pervades most engineering and service systems. For example, a multi-leg plane trip requires seat reservation on several connecting flights; a configure-to-order product demands the simultaneous processing of all its components; a file transfer on the Internet needs band-width on all the links along its route from source to destination. The object of our study is a network with stochastic concurrent occupancy of resources. The network can be physical (e.g., a telecommunication network), or virtual (e.g., the Worldwide Web), or relational (e.g., the bill of materials of a product, representing its configuration of all components); and both the demand/order arrivals and their processing times required of the resources are stochastic. Our goal is to do revenue optimization in the network through two decisions: (a) pricing: to determine the price charged to each job class and its dynamic adjustment over time; and (b) resource control: to regulate the distribution of resources among the job classes, in particular, when to accept/reject a job and from which class.Below, we highlight a new fixed-point approximation for a network operating under a set of thresholds that control the access of jobs from each class. With this fixed-point approximation, the resource control problem takes the form of setting the optimal thresholds, which can be formulated and solved as a linear program. To determine the optimal prices then amounts to solving another set of optimality equations on top of the linear program. Furthermore, we can show that our approach via solving optimization problems based on the fixed-point approximation is optimal in some asymptotic sense.
The acceptability of the female and male condom: a randomized crossover trial.

Although studies have assessed the acceptability of male and female condoms comparative trial data are lacking. A sample of 108 women in stable relationships recruited from an urban reproductive health clinic were randomly assigned to use 10 male or female condoms followed by use of 10 of the other type. A nurse provided instruction in correct method use. Demographic information was collected in a baseline questionnaire; acceptability data were collected in follow-up and exit questionnaires and coital logs. Nonparametric and chi-square statistics were used to analyze measures of the methods relative acceptability. Bowkers test of symmetry was adapted to test the null hypothesis of no difference in acceptability between condom types. Participants used 678 female and 700 male condoms. Although neither method scored high on user satisfaction measures the 63 women completing the study protocol preferred the male condom to the female condom for ease of application or insertion ease of removal general fit feel of the condom during intercourse and ease of penetration. Participants reported that their partner also favored the male condom although women generally appeared to like this method more than their partner did. In a direct comparison between the methods at the end of the study women generally judged male condoms superior on specified preference criteria. Across a range of criteria the female condom was less acceptable than the male condom to most women and their partners. Although both types had low acceptability they are needed and valid methods of pregnancy and disease prevention. That neither rated high on user satisfaction measures underscores the need for more barrier methods that women and men can use. (authors)
Hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction associated with soy product consumption

Previous research has focused on the beneficial effects of soy and its active ingredients, isoflavones. For instance, soy consumption has been associated with lower cardiovascular and breast cancer risks. However, the number of reports demonstrating adverse effects of isoflavones due to their estrogenlike properties has increased. We present the case of a 19-y-old type 1 diabetic but otherwise healthy man with sudden onset of loss of libido and erectile dysfunction after the ingestion of large quantities of soy-based products in a vegan-style diet. Blood levels of free and total testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were taken at the initial presentation for examination and continuously monitored up to 2 y after discontinuation of the vegan diet. Blood concentrations of free and total testosterone were initially decreased, whereas DHEA was increased. These parameters normalized within 1 y after cessation of the vegan diet. Normalization of testosterone and DHEA levels was paralleled by a constant improvement of symptoms; full sexual function was regained 1 y after cessation of the vegan diet. This case indicates that soy product consumption is related to hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a combination of decreased free testosterone and increased DHEA blood concentrations after consuming a soy-rich diet. Hence, this case emphasizes the impact of isoflavones in the regulation of sex hormones and associated physical alterations.
How drought looks from space

Abstract A large portion of the most productive world agricultural areas, are susceptible to drought. Mitigation drought consequences requires efficient drought monitoring. Satellite data proved to be a good source of information for drought monitoring. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which manages operational meteorological satellites, has recently designed a new AVHRR‐based Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) which has been shown to be a good tool for drought detection and tracking. This paper present the developed algorithm and some results of drought monitoring and validation.
Lipogenesis in liver and adipose tissue of the domestic cat (Felis domestica)

1. 1. Production of fatty acids, CO2 and glycerol from glucose and acetate was determined in slices of liver and adipose tissue taken from mature cats. 2. 2. Acetate was the predominant carbon source for de novo fatty acid synthesis in both liver and adipose tissue. 3. 3. Fatty acid synthesis occurred at much greater rates in adipose tissue than in liver. 4. 4. Relative lipogenic capacity (ratio of production of long-chain fatty acids and glycerol to oxidation of substrates) was 20 times greater in adipose tissue than in liver with both substrates.
Effect of Hypotonic and Hypertonic Ringer on Isotonic and Isometric Contraction of Muscle

SummaryWhen muscle is treated with hypotonic Ringer an increased height of contraction is obtained from a constant stimulus with an isotonic lever but if an isometric lever is used it shows there is no increased tension developed by the muscle. Hypertonic solutions lead to decreased height of contraction and decreased tension.
Fate of Bacterial DNA during Uptake by Barley and Tobacco Protoplasts

Summary Protoplasts enzymatically isolated from barley and tobacco leaves took up bacterial DNA, generally as a linear function of time (0–6 hr) and DNA concentration (0–200 µ g/ml). Damaged protoplasts very rapidly saturated with large amounts of DNA and most of them had to be removed before data could be accurately evaluated. Di- and polyvalent cations enhanced uptake, but only at the expense of increased protoplast damage. Under the conditions employed, efficiency of protoplast regeneration was not significantly altered by exogenous DNA after uptake or after addition to culture medium. Protoplast associated bacterial DNA was not decreased by washing with a 10-fold excess of unlabeled DNA or by DNase treatments. Nuclei, isolated after DNA uptake, contained 60–80 % of the protoplast associated exogenous DNA. About 80 % of DNA taken up by protoplasts was degraded after a 4 hr uptake period; however, the remaining 20 % was of average gene size (5–10 × 10 5 daltons) and, therefore, of potential significance to host gene expression.
Product energy distribution of hydroxyl radicals in O(1D2)+HCl→OH+Cl

Abstract Reaction of electronically excited oxygen atoms with HCl yields highly vibrationally and rotationally excited OH displaying the propensity for Π (A′) λ sublevel production characteristic of reactions in which the rotation plane of the OH product coincides with the plane of a triatomic intermediate complex. Because the rotational distribution differs significantly from that expected from direct HLH′ abstraction, the reaction probably proceeds via the HOCl(1A′) surface that favors formation of the OH diatomic. The vibrational distribution agrees with that previously observed by infrared chemiluminescence; earlier observation of OH (X2Π) using LIF could not be confirmed.
Anticonvulsants in sports: ethical considerations.

Abstract Objective Antidoping codes in sport are intended to deter and sanction athletes using performance-enhancing agents while promoting an even playing field for all competitors. Although the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC) permits anticonvulsants in general, harmonization of antidoping permits an international sport federation (IF) to prohibit specific medications within that IF. The anticonvulsants levetiracetam, tiagabine, and lamotrigine may pose ethical dilemmas and could be considered violations of antidoping codes. Method This study is a literature review with analysis. Results Lamotrigine, with antiglutamatergic and sodium channel properties, is FDA-approved for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder, in addition to its use in the treatment of major depression, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia. Tiagabine, a selective GABA reuptake inhibitor, has mood-stabilizing and anxiolytic properties. Levetiracetam, whose unique mechanism involves the modulators β-carboline and zinc, has anxiolytic and mood-stabilizing properties. Anxiolytics, antidepressants, and antipsychotics are banned in archery; under strict liability, all three anticonvulsants violate WADC/IF for that specific sport and could result in disqualification unless therapeutic use exemptions (TUEs) are obtained. Ethical issues regarding the use of anticonvulsants by athletes and the need to obtain TUEs are addressed. Conclusion The WADC with harmonized IF policies are meant to prevent doping by athletes, but not appropriate medical treatment. When anticonvulsants have other psychotropic properties, ethical issues arise. Athletes should list all medications taken with diagnoses, obtain TUEs as indicated, and contact the appropriate IF or Olympic organization to determine the status of the proposed medication (banned, restricted, nonbanned). Further, clinicians should be knowledgeable regarding these issues when treating athletes.
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in feces and plasma of normal subjects and patients with colorectal carcinoma.

Large quantities of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were detected by the radioimmunoassay method and confirmed by the column chromatography and immunodiffusion methods in the bowel contents from nine subjects: two healthy volunteers, two patients with colostomies and one with ileostomy free of disease, three patients with colostomies who had metastases outside the gastrointestinal tract, and one patient with carcinoma of the rectum (in place) before resection. The quantities of CEA in the intestinal contents did not correlate with the plasma levels. This may indicate that CEA could be present in large amounts in the normal epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and does not appear conspicuously in blood until abnormal conditions develop.
Marginal Abatement Costs and Marginal Welfare Costs for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions: Results from the EPPA Model

Marginal abatement cost (MAC) curves, relationships between tonnes of emissions abated and the CO2 (or greenhouse gas (GHG)) price, have been widely used as pedagogic devices to illustrate simple economic concepts such as the benefits of emissions trading. They have also been used to produce reduced-form models to examine situations where solving the more complex model underlying the MAC is difficult. Some important issues arise in such applications: (1) Are MAC relationships independent of what happens in other regions?, (2) are MACs stable through time regardless of what policies have been implemented in the past?, and (3) can one approximate welfare costs from MACs? This paper explores the basic characteristics of MAC and marginal welfare cost (MWC) curves, deriving them using the MIT Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis model. We find that, depending on the method used to construct them, MACs are affected by policies abroad. They are also dependent on policies in place in the past and depend on whether they are CO2-only or include all GHGs. Further, we find that MACs are, in general, not closely related to MWCs and therefore should not be used to derive estimates of welfare change. We also show that, as commonly constructed, MACs may be unreliable in replicating results of the parent model when used to simulate GHG policies. This is especially true if the policy simulations differ from the conditions under which the MACs were simulated.
Sample size and grouping of data for length-frequency analysis

Abstract A modified Bhattacharya method was used to analyze simulated length-frequency distributions in four different sample sizes (100, 200, 500 and 1000) and 20 interval sizes (2, 3, …, 20 and 50 mm). The relationships between optimum interval size, sample size, range and various biological characteristics were investigated. Life history characteristics ranging from a small, short-lived, fast-growing, high-mortality clupeid- or engraulid-type fish to a large, long-lived, slow-growing, relatively low-mortality lutjanid- or sparid-type fish were represented. Although the number of modes identified was generally small, results indicated that the best interval size for grouping the data was a function of sample size and biological parameters such as variability of length at age, recruitment pattern, growth rate and maximum size. Sample sizes > 1000 are required in order to identify more than half the modes in a typical distribution. These results suggested that life history characteristics should be taken into account when designing sampling strategies for length-frequency-based analyses. The proportion of modes identified can be increased by regrouping the data using a range of class interval sizes.
Experimental plan and design of two experiments for graphite irradiation at temperatures up to 1500 °C in the target region of the high flux isotope reactor

Abstract Two irradiation capsules have been designed for the target region of the high flux isotope reactor (HFIR). The objective is to provide dimensional change and physical property data for four candidate next generation nuclear plant (NGNP) graphites. The capsules will reach peak doses of ∼1.59 and ∼4.76 dpa, respectively, at temperatures of 900, 1200, and 1500 °C.
Water Associated with Whey Protein Investigated by Pulsed NMR

Proton longitudinal relaxation rates were determined for whey protein powders and suspensions of solids concentration between 0.01 and 2.0 g solids/g water. Data showed three hydration regions. The relationship between relaxation rate and solids content was investigated for each region. The two-state model with fast exchange was applied to the dilute suspensions and the high-solids regions. This allowed identification of polymer water and free water states in dilute suspensions and also identification of polymer water and capillary water in high-solids preparations. For intermediate-solids mixtures the two-state model was extended to three water states: polymer, capillary and free. These models enabled calculation of the amount of each water state associated with whey protein at a given moisture content.