cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of evaporative heat loss during changes in plasma osmolality in the cat

1. The effects of intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline and distilled water into normally hydrated and dehydrated cats have been examined at both high and neutral ambient temperatures. 2. In hydrated cats measurements of body temperature (Tb) and evaporative heat loss (e.h.l.) show that infusion of 30% saline (1·5 ml./kg) at an ambient temperature of 38 °C, lowers e.h.l. by an average of 0·21 W/kg (P < 0·001) and elevates Tb by 0·43 °C (P < 0·01). 3. At 25 °C alterations in these two parameters were in the same direction, though not statistically different from pre-infusion levels (P > 0·05). 4. Infusion of distilled water (15 ml./kg) into dehydrated animals produced significant increases in e.h.l. (+0·35 W/kg, P < 0·001) and reductions in Tb (-0·45°C, P < 0·001) at 38 °C. No significant effects were observed at 25 °C. 5. Infusion of water into normally hydrated animals at 38 °C also significantly increased e.h.l. (+0·13 W/kg, P 0·05). 6. Local heating of the preoptic hypothalamic area in four animals indicated that hypertonic saline infusion into normally hydrated animals caused a reduction in the slope and displacement to the right of the relationship between hypothalamic temperature and e.h.l. 7. Conversely, water infusion into dehydrated animals increased the slope and shifted this relationship to the left. 8. These experiments provide evidence for an osmotic interaction in body temperature regulation which acts to alter the responsiveness of the hypothalamus to increasing temperature. This osmotic component may be an important factor in the alterations in thermoregulation seen in dehydrated animals.
Parasitism of mustelids by ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae), Maine and New Hampshire, U.S.A.

Ticks collected from mustelids from four counties in Maine and one in New Hampshire were identified after harvest. Of the 18 fishers Martes pennanti Erxleben, two mink Neovison vison Schreber, and one long-tailed weasel Mustela frenata Lichtenstein, 589 ticks were collected and identified. They were identified as, in order of abundance, Ixodes gregsoni Lindquist, Wu, and Redner (158 larvae, 189 nymphs, four adults), Ixodes cookei Packard (99 larvae, 77 nymphs, six adults), Ixodes scapularis Say (53 adults), Dermacentor variabilis Say (two nymphs), and Ixodes angustus Neumann (one nymph). Seasonally, all but the D. variabilis were collected in winter. This study reports the first record of adult I. scapularis from a M. pennanti in the northeastern United States.
Does interview date affect match list position in the emergency medicine national residency matching program match

Objective Some residency applicants believe that the date on which they interview with a residency program influences how the program ranks them in the National Residency Matching Program (NRMP). Therefore, the authors studied whether interview date affects match list position in the emergency medicine (EM) residency match. Methods Forty-four Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited EM residency programs participated in this multicenter study. The interview date and match list position were collected for each interviewee for the 1997-98 season. Programs were also asked about factors that might potentially bias interview date assignment. Statistical analyses were performed both with and without these programs included. Interview dates and match list positions were standardized into percentile date and percentile rank for each program and were compared using linear regression analysis. Scatterplots graphed interview date vs match list position. Two-sample t-tests compared interview dates for ranked and nonranked interviewees. Results Data were collected for 3,800 individual interviews; 14% of these resulted in unranked applicants. Twenty-three programs, representing 1,997 interviews, reported potential bias in their interview date assignment. Regression analysis revealed an R(2) of 0.018268 (correlation coefficient = 0. 1352, 95% CI = 0.0992 to 0.1617) for all programs, R(2) of 0.010626 (correlation coefficient = 0.1031, 95% CI = 0.0571 to 0.1485) for programs without reported potential bias, and R(2) of 0.02444 (correlation coefficient = 0.1563, 95% CI = 0.10887 to 0.20309) for programs with reported bias. Scatterplots revealed no linear correlation. Two-sample t-tests for all programs, and programs with and without reported bias showed no significant difference in average interview date for ranked and unranked interviewees (both with p > 0.2). Conclusion In this study, interview date for EM residency positions in the 1997-98 season did not affect match list position among ranked applicants. Moreover, interview date had nno effect on the decision to leave candidates unranked.
Integro-differential Schrödinger equation for dissipative tunnel junctions.

A phase-Hamiltonian approach to the mesoscopic quantum dynamics of tunnel junctions is proposed. This Hamiltonian, which contains charging and Josephson effects in addition to quasiparticle-induced dissipation, is nonlocal in the phase and gives rise to a nonlinear integro-differential Schrodinger equation reminiscent of the Hartree equation. This equation, which is valid into the strong-coupling limit, can be solved exactly in the case of normal tunnel junctions. Previous attempts to give a Schrodinger-equation treatment of these three processes were obtained in a slowly varying expansion in time derivatives of phase in which all terms higher than a certain order were dropped
Long-term cocaine self-administration under fixed-ratio and second-order schedules in monkeys.

Studies in rodents have demonstrated that increased access to cocaine can result in increases in drug intake per unit time. The present studies characterized long-term changes in cocaine self-administration associated with quantitatively and qualitatively different conditions of cocaine availability in monkeys. Separate groups of rhesus monkeys (n = 6/group) self-administered cocaine (0.2 mg/kg per injection) under a fixed ratio (FR) 30 schedule for 3 h twice daily for two consecutive days each week for 1 year, or responded under a second-order FR 10 (fixed interval 3-min:S) schedule of 0.2 mg/kg per injection cocaine during daily sessions. After 18 weeks, probe sessions were conducted once per week, in which responding was maintained under a fixed interval (FI) 30-min schedule in the presence of distinct stimuli. Weekly cocaine intakes under the FR schedule were stable in three subjects, but increased progressively in three monkeys over 1 year. In contrast, response rates under the second-order schedule were low and stable over time. Responding under the FI 30-min schedule was higher for monkeys in the FR group and pattern of responding was not indicative of FI performance, perhaps due to experimental history. These data suggest that increases in cocaine intake can be observed under ratio schedules in monkeys. The use of an FI 30-min “probe” to assess changes in “drug seeking” appeared to be influenced by experimental history. These data may aid in the development of behavioral models of cocaine abuse, which focus on the compulsive nature of drug taking.
Combination amphotericin B-rifampin therapy for pulmonary aspergillosis in a leukemic patient.

Pulmonary aspergillosis developed in a 62-year-old man with acute myelogenous leukemia. Therapy with amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine was begun. Synergy between amphotericin B and rifampin was demonstrated in vitro, and therapy with rifampin replaced 5-fluorocytosine. Progressive clearing of the pulmonary lesion ensued, suggesting in vivo efficacy as well. Further studies of patients utilizing this regimen are warranted.
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS) and their roles in breast cancer prevention

Tamoxifen has not only proved to be a valuable treatment for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, but is also a pioneering medicine for chemoprevention in high-risk pre- and postmenopausal women. Insights into the pharmacology and toxicology of tamoxifen have led to the recognition of selective ER modulators (SERMs) with estrogen-like actions in maintaining bone density and in lowering circulating cholesterol, but antiestrogenic actions in the breast. Raloxifene, a related SERM, is now available to treat osteoporosis and is also being tested as a preventive for breast cancer and coronary heart disease. Emerging knowledge about the action of SERMs will provide clues for the design of mechanism-based medicines.
Aerobactin production by a planktonic marine Vibrio sp

Production of siderophores by marine bacteria could potentially contribute to metal complexation by organic compounds in seawater. Direct isolation of planktonic marine bacteria on siderophore indicator plates showed that siderophore producers are present. The siderophore-producing organisms that could be detected on this medium were more numerous in the mixed layer than in deeper water at this sampling site. One strain (DS40M5) was characterized and found to be a marine Vibrio sp. A siderophore produced by Vibrio sp. DS40M5 is aerobactin, a compound not previously known from planktonic marine bacteria.
Modeling multiprocessor computer systems with unbalanced flows

A performance analysis methodology using certain aspects of queueing theory to evaluate computer system speed performance is presented. This methodology specifically focuses on modeling multiprocessor computer systems with unbalanced flows (i.e., number of transactions leaving a server is not the same as number of transactions entering that server) due to asynchronously spawned parallel tasks. This unbalanced flow phenomenon, which has a significant effect on performance, cannot be solved analytically by classical queueing network models.A decomposition method is applied to decompose the unbalanced flows. Formulae for open queueing networks with unbalanced flows due to asynchronously spawned tasks are developed. Furthermore, an algorithm based on Buzen's convolution algorithm is developed to test the necessary and sufficient condition for closed system stability as well as to compute performance measures. An average of less than four iterations is reported for convergence with this algorithm.A Study of the INFOPLEX multiprocessor data storage hierarchy, comparing this rapid solution algorithm with simulations, has shown highly consistent results. A cost effective software tool, using this methodology, has been developed to analyze an architectural design, such as INFOPLEX, and to produce measures such as throughput, utilization, and response time so that potential performance problems can be identified.
Helping others heal: burn survivors and peer support

Burns require psychosocial healing in addition to physical recovery as survivors face challenges such as scarring and altered appearance. An adjunct to interventions provided by social workers and other professionals is peer support from fellow burn survivors. But how do burn survivors view this intervention? This study examined a sample of burn survivors to learn about their views of peer support and the services of a national burn survivor organization. Outcome variables were explored relative to survivors' views of peer support to gauge its influence on psychosocial recovery. Findings suggest peer support is a promising resource in burn rehabilitation warranting further investigation.
Biosynthesis of Histones and Acidic Nuclear Proteins under Different Conditions of Growth

The incorporation of uniformly labeled L-lysine-C14 into the normal and regenerating rat liver, into Novikoff hepatoma histones, and into acidic nuclear proteins was studied. In rat liver, different histone fractions incorporate labeled lysine to a different extent. Such differences become less obvious in regenerating liver, and they are even less so in Novikoff hepatoma. In the hepatoma cells the ratio of the biosynthesized acidic nuclear proteins to histones was altered.
Cross-cultural comparison of attitudes toward welfare-state programs: Path analysis with log-linear models

Many studies to date regarding public support for welfare-state programs do not have an adequate theoretical model and fail to consider differences in public support for contributory vs. means-tested programs. Moreover, these studies seldom take into account cross-cultural variations. This study presents and tests the validity of a three-tier model in which socio-economic variables influence social ideologies which, in turn, differentially affect support for contributory and means-tested programs. Using comparable data from two countries — Israel and the United States — a path analysis with log-linear models is applied, indicating that, while important cross-cultural differences exist, the model is generally confirmed.
Transform domain communications and interference avoidance using wavelet packet decomposition

A recently proposed wavelet domain communication system (WDCS) using transform domain processing demonstrates enhanced interference avoidance capability under adverse environmental conditions. This work extends previous results by incorporating a wavelet packet based decomposition technique that permits demonstration of an M-ary orthogonal signaling capability and provides increased adaptability over a larger class of interference signals. The newly proposed WDCS and its response to various interference scenarios are modeled and simulation results obtained using MATLAB/sup /spl reg//. Bit error rate is the key metric for analysis and performance comparisons. Relative to the non-packet based system, the packet based WDCS provides improved/comparable bit error performance in several interference scenarios - single-tone, multiple-tone, swept-tone, and partial-band interference. The system was evaluated using an E/sub b//N/sub 0/ of 4.0 dB and interference energy-to-signal energy (I/E) ratios ranging from 0.0 dB to 16.0 dB. For binary, 4-ary, and 8-ary CSK data modulations, the packet based WDCS exhibited average interference suppression capabilities of 6.7, 9.2, and 12.0 dB, respectively.
Reconfiguration in heterogeneous mobile wireless sensor networks

We investigate reconfiguration in large-scale mobile wireless sensor networks. Consider a field of interest (FoI) divided into sub-regions, each of which has a distinct set of sensing requirements. Consider a mobile network consisting of nodes with heterogeneous sensing capabilities distributed within the FoI. We address the problem of reconfiguring the network at minimal cost so as to satisfy all sensing requirements while maintaining connectivity. We show that under certain conditions the problem may be decomposed into spatial and assignment sub-problems, and proceed to state a geometrical solution to the former and a mathematical programming approach to the latter. We state the resulting linear and convex integer programs, then develop an optimal decentralized solution algorithm to the convex program. Finally we proceed to evaluate average-case performance of our algorithm through simulation, concluding with a discussion of effective network design, solution approximation, and future directions for the problem.
Acute motor axonal neuropathy in a patient with prolonged CD4 depletion due to HIV: a local variant of macrophage activation syndrome?

Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy or Guillain-Barre syndrome is well recognized as a presenting feature of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroconversion and, to a lesser extent, as a complication of HIV infection, particularly immune reconstitution. Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) is much rarer in this setting. A case is presented of acute motor neuropathy, with features most consistent with AMAN in the setting of congenital HIV and prolonged non-compliance with antiretroviral treatment. The case throws new light on the pathogenesis of this condition. Macrophage activation is proposed as fundamental; the patient was predisposed by HIV as well as the use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and AMAN was then precipitated by a bacterial infection.
A circulant matrix based approach to storage schemes for parallel memory systems

We introduce a memory storage scheme allowing conflict-free parallel access to rows, columns, square blocks, distributed blocks, and positive and negative diagonals of two dimensional arrays. Unlike the existing schemes, the proposed scheme can be used for an arbitrary number of memory modules and an arbitrary size of the arrays. We develop a systematic procedure for the memory allocation based on a placement matrix constructed using circulant matrices. >
Polychromatic staining of plant cell walls by toluidine blue O

1. The polychromatic staining of plant cell walls by toluidine blue O is described and illustrated. 2. The effects of various common fixatives and the effects of the pH of the staining solution are evaluated. 3. Simple and rapid procedures are described for preparing stained temporary mounts of fresh material, or permanent mounts of embedded and sectioned material. 4. The relationship between the polychromatic staining observed and the lignification of the walls is discussed.
Effects of Sexual Intercourse Patterns in Time to Pregnancy Studies

Time to pregnancy, typically defined as the number of menstrual cycles required to achieve a clinical pregnancy, is widely used as a measure of couple fecundity in epidemiologic studies. Time to pregnancy studies seldom utilize detailed data on the timing and frequency of sexual intercourse and the timing of ovulation. However, the simulated models in this paper illustrate that intercourse behavior can have a large impact on time to pregnancy and, likewise, on fecundability ratios, especially under conditions of low intercourse frequency or low fecundity. Because intercourse patterns in the menstrual cycles may vary substantially among groups, it is important to consider the effects of sexual behavior. Where relevant and feasible, an assessment should be made of the timing and frequency of intercourse relative to ovulation. Day-specific probabilities of pregnancy can be used to account for the effects of intercourse patterns. Depending on the research hypothesis, intercourse patterns may be considered as a potential confounder, mediator, or outcome.
The Rate and Total Loss of Body Water on the Survival Time of Adrenalectomized Frogs.

SummaryAll frogs employed in this study may be conveniently divided into 4 groups (18-22 animals/group): the adrenalectomized frogs whose postoperative body weights were either controlled, to within ± 1.5 g of their individual pre-operative values, or uncontrolled; and the controls, both renal damaged and unoperated frogs. The individuals of each group were subjected to a constant dehydrating force and the resulting data were statistically analyzed with respect to the following points: a, the rate of loss and b, the total loss of body weight (water) and c, the duration of survival on exposure to a constant force of dehydration.1. A comparison of the difference between respective means of the 2 groups of adrenalectomized frogs shows no significance as regards the foregoing items a, b, and c. 2. Comparison between the 2 groups of controls (renal damaged and unoperated frogs) gives no significance with respect to items b and c, though it does for a. 3. A comparison between the respective means for either gro...
An exploratory study of the meaning of marriage for African Americans

Using specific tenets from symbolic interactionism as a frame, we asked 31 African Americans (18 women and 13 men) including students as well as nonstudents, across a variety of types of relationships and ages, what marriage meant to them. Two major themes, commitment and love, emerged from qualitative content analysis of the meaning of marriage. Other themes, including partnership/friendship, trust, family, and covenant, also emerged as themes, although less frequently. The overwhelming meanings of marriage were positive, with only a few negative instances (i.e., marriage as unnecessary and not fulfilling). Supportive qualitative data are presented for each theme. We discuss implications for the meaning of marriage for African Americans.
Targeting of DMinC/MinD and DMinC/DicB Complexes to Septal Rings in Escherichia coli Suggests a Multistep Mechanism for MinC-Mediated Destruction of Nascent FtsZ Rings

ABSTRACT The MinC protein is an important determinant of septal ring positioning in Escherichia coli. The N-terminal domain (ZMinC) suppresses septal ring formation by interfering with FtsZ polymerization, whereas the C-terminal domain (DMinC) is required for dimerization as well as for interaction with the MinD protein. MinD oscillates between the membrane of both cell halves in a MinE-dependent fashion. MinC oscillates along with MinD such that the time-integrated concentration of ZMinC at the membrane is minimal, and hence the stability of FtsZ polymers is maximal, at the cell center. MinC is cytoplasmic and fails to block FtsZ assembly in the absence of MinD, indicating that recruitment of MinC by MinD to the membrane enhances ZMinC function. Here, we present evidence that the binding of DMinC to MinD endows the MinC/MinD complex with a more specific affinity for a septal ring-associated target in vivo. Thus, MinD does not merely attract MinC to the membrane but also aids MinC in specifically binding to, or in close proximity to, the substrate of its ZMinC domain. MinC-mediated division inhibition can also be activated in a MinD-independent fashion by the DicB protein of cryptic prophage Kim. DicB shows little homology to MinD, and how it stimulates MinC function has been unclear. Similar to the results obtained with MinD, we find that DicB interacts directly with DMinC, that the DMinC/DicB complex has a high affinity for some septal ring target(s), and that MinC/DicB interferes with the assembly and/or integrity of FtsZ rings in vivo. The results suggest a multistep mechanism for the activation of MinC-mediated division inhibition by either MinD or DicB and further expand the number of properties that can be ascribed to the Min proteins.
Why PCs are fragile and what we can do about it: a study of Windows registry problems

Software configuration problems are a major source of failures in computer systems. In this paper, we present a new framework for categorizing configuration problems. We apply this categorization to Windows registry-related problems obtained from various internal as well as external sources. Although infrequent, registry-related problems are difficult to diagnose and repair. Consequently they frustrate the users. We classify problems based on their manifestation and the scope of impact to gain useful insights into how problems affect users and why PCs are fragile. We then describe techniques to identify and eliminate such registry failures. We propose health predicate monitoring for detecting known problems, fault injection for improving application, robustness, and access protection mechanisms for preventing fragility problems.
Reservation-based protocol for monitoring applications using IEEE 802.15.4 sensor networks

The IEEE 802.15.4 and Zigbee are protocols aimed at low-duty and low-power wireless sensor networks. Continuously monitoring applications such as applications of structural health monitoring could benefit from low power consumption of the IEEE 802.15.4 radio chips. However, existing implementation of IEEE 802.15.4 has limited applicability to 'proactive', high-traffic monitoring sensor networks with constant data streams. In this paper, a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) scheduler was designed and implemented to resolve issues with collisions and interference, bandwidth usage and delivery of low latency data in a healthy network and to significantly minimise power consumption by sensor nodes. These improvements maintained compatibility with non-TDMA aware nodes. This scheduler was simulated using Network Simulator-2 for different network scenarios that show a remarkable improvement in the network throughput. The proposed mechanism was also successfully tested and implemented in Wireless Intelligent Sensor and Actuator Network (WISAN).
MSSW and MSVW in a multilayered ferrimagnetic structure with an arbitrary orientation between two static magnetizations

A study of both magnetostatic surface wave (MSSW) and magnetostatic volume wave (MSVW) propagation in multilayered magnetic thin films with noncollinear magnetizations is presented. A YIG/GGG/YIG structure is used (YIG and GGG refer to yttrium iron garnet and gadolinium gallium garnet, respectively). The layered film is in the
PALMAR SKIN RESISTANCE AND SWEAT‐GLAND COUNTS IN DRUG AND NON‐DRUG STATES

Propantheline bromide, an anticholinergic blocking agent, was found to nullify all sizable changes in skin resistance. Betazole hydrochloride, a histamine isomer causing flushing of the skin, had no detectable effect on changes in skin resistance. Betazole hydrochloride did decrease the level of skin resistance, and it is possible that increased vasodilatation “pumps” more conductive (saline-like) substances into the skin. These results suggest that relatively rapid changes in skin resistance depend more upon sweat-gland activity than upon changes in the fluid content of the skin, without denying the importance of the latter. It may be that the level of skin resistance at any one time depends upon a combination of sweat-gland and vasomotor activities. Hence, as basal levels of skin resistance decrease, the relative magnitude of changes in skin resistance to stimuli also decreases (law of initial values).
Neuroprotection by inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases in a mouse model of intracerebral haemorrhage

Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is an acute neurological disorder without effective treatment. Mechanisms of acute brain injury after ICH remain to be clarified. Although a few studies suggested a detrimental role for the gelatinase matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in ICH, the relationship between MMP-9 activity and acute brain injury after ICH is not determined. In this study, we first examined the expression of gelatinases in vivo using a collagenase-induced mouse model of ICH. Gel zymography revealed that MMP-9 was activated and upregulated after ICH. In situ zymography showed that gelatinase activity was mostly co-localized with neurons and endothelial cells of the blood vessel matrix. Inhibition with a broad-spectrum metalloproteinase inhibitor GM6001 (100 mg/kg) ameliorated dysregulated gelatinase activity, neutrophil infiltration, production of oxidative stress, brain oedema and degenerating neurons. Functional improvement and a decrease in injury volume were also observed. We provide evidence that MMP-9 may play a deleterious role in acute brain injury within the first 3 days after ICH. Blockade of MMP activity during this critical period may have efficacy as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of acute brain injury after ICH.
Incontinence pessaries: size, POPQ measures, and successful fitting.

Introduction and hypothesis The aim of the study was to determine whether successful incontinence pessary fitting or pessary size can be predicted by specific POPQ measurements in women without advanced pelvic organ prolapse. Methods In a multicenter study, women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and POPQ stage ≤2 were randomized to three treatment arms: (1) incontinence pessary, (2) behavioral therapy, or (3) both. This study evaluates incontinence pessary size, POPQ measures, and successful fitting in the 266 women assigned to treatment arms 1 and 3. Results Two hundred thirty-five women (92%) were successfully fitted with an incontinence ring (n=122) or dish (n=113). Hysterectomy, genital hiatus (GH), and GH/total vaginal length (TVL) ratios did not predict unsuccessful fitting (p>0.05). However, mean TVL was greater in women successfully fitted (9.6 vs. 8.8 cm, p 0.05). Conclusions The vast majority of women with SUI can be successfully fitted with an incontinence pessary, but specific POPQ measures were not helpful in determining incontinence pessary size.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Specialized Reactions

The polymerase chain reaction is a technique that rapidly amplifies selected subsets of DNA or complementary DNA from initially complex biological mixtures. The efficiency of amplification or the sequence of the amplified material can then be examined for any of many purposes, including genotyping or the characterization of new genes, gene expression patterns, mutations or polymorphisms. Keywords: RACE-PCR; RT-PCR; molecular biology; polymorphisms; genotyping
An Update on the Management of Relapsed and Primary Refractory Hodgkin's Disease

With the use of combined modality therapy for early stage disease and a risk-adapted approach for advanced stage disease, nearly 90% of patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma are cured with initial therapy. However, in patients who have primary refractory or relapsed disease, high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation is the best curative option. The use of peripheral blood progenitor cells has decreased transplant related mortality to less than 3%; but long-term progression-free survival as increased minimally. Although prognostic factors have been used to tailor therapy in de novo Hodgkin's lymphoma their utility in the relapsed-refractory setting has not been exploited. This update will discuss these important prognostic factors and try to guide oncologists in treatment decisions in this setting.
Engineering synthetic bacteriophage to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Antibiotic resistance is a rapidly evolving problem that is not being adequately met by new antimicrobial drugs. Thus, there is a pressing need for effective antibacterial therapies that can be adapted against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Here, we engineered synthetic bacteriophage to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria by overexpressing proteins and attacking gene networks which are not directly targeted by antibiotics. By suppressing the SOS network, our engineered phage enhance bacterial killing by quinolone antibiotics by several orders of magnitude in vitro and significantly increase the survival of infected mice in vivo. Our synthetic phage design can be extended to target non-SOS gene networks and overexpress multiple factors to produce additional effective antibiotic adjuvants. In addition, our synthetic phage act as strong adjuvants for other bactericidal antibiotics, improve the killing of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and reduce the number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that arise from antibiotic-treated populations. This work establishes a novel synthetic biology platform for translating identified targets into effective antibiotic adjuvants.
Late Pleistocene and Holocene glaciation of the Fish Lake valley, northeastern Alaska Range, Alaska

We reconstructed a chronology of glaciation spanning from the Late Pleistocene through the late Holocene for Fish Lake valley in the north-eastern Alaska Range using 10 Be surface exposure dating and lichenometry. After it attained its maximum late Wisconsin extent, the Fish Lake valley glacier began to retreat ca. 16.5 ka, and then experienced a readvance or standstill at 11.6 � 0.3 ka. Evidence of the earliest Holocene glacial activity in the valley is a moraine immediately in front of Little Ice Age (LIA) moraines and is dated to 3.3-3.0 ka. A subsequent advance culminated at ca. AD 610-900 and several LIA moraine crests date to AD 1290, 1640, 1860 and 1910. Our results indicate that 10 Be dating from high-elevation sites can be used to help constrain late Holocene glacial histories in Alaska, even when other dating techniques are unavailable. Close agreement between 10 Be and lichenometric ages reveal that 10 Be ages on late Holocene moraines may
Signaling pathways involving adenosine A2A and A2B receptors in wound healing and fibrosis

Collagen and matrix deposition by fibroblasts is an essential part of wound healing but also contributes to pathologic remodeling of organs leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. Adenosine, a small molecule generated extracellularly from adenine nucleotides as a result of direct stimulation, hypoxia, or injury, acts via a family of classical seven-pass G protein-coupled protein receptors, A2A and A2B, leading to generation of cAMP and activation of downstream targets such as PKA and Epac. These effectors, in turn, lead to fibroblast activation and collagen synthesis. The regulatory actions of these receptors likely involve multiple interconnected pathways, and one of the more interesting aspects of this regulation is opposing effects at different levels of cAMP generated. Additionally, adenosine signaling contributes to fibrosis in organ-specific ways and may have opposite effects in different organs. The development of drugs that selectively target these receptors and their signaling pathways will disrupt the pathogenesis of fibrosis and slow or arrest the progression of the important diseases they underlie.
The effects of resistance exercise on cocaine self-administration, muscle hypertrophy, and BDNF expression in the nucleus accumbens

Abstract Background Exercise is associated with positive outcomes in drug abusing populations and reduces drug self-administration in laboratory animals. To date, most research has focused on aerobic exercise, and other types of exercise have not been examined. This study examined the effects of resistance exercise (strength training) on cocaine self-administration and BDNF expression, a marker of neuronal activation regulated by aerobic exercise. Methods Female rats were assigned to either exercising or sedentary conditions. Exercising rats climbed a ladder wearing a weighted vest and trained six days/week. Training consisted of a three-set “pyramid” in which the number of repetitions and resistance varied across three sets: eight climbs carrying 70% body weight (BW), six climbs carrying 85% BW, and four climbs carrying 100% BW. Rats were implanted with intravenous catheters and cocaine self-administration was examined. Behavioral economic measures of demand intensity and demand elasticity were derived from the behavioral data. BDNF mRNA expression was measured via qRT-PCR in the nucleus accumbens following behavioral testing. Results Exercising rats self-administered significantly less cocaine than sedentary rats. A behavioral economic analysis revealed that exercise increased demand elasticity for cocaine, reducing consumption at higher unit prices. Exercising rats had lower BDNF expression in the nucleus accumbens core than sedentary rats. Conclusions These data indicate that resistance exercise decreases cocaine self-administration and reduces BDNF expression in the nucleus accumbens after a history of cocaine exposure. Collectively, these findings suggest that strength training reduces the positive reinforcing effects of cocaine and may decrease cocaine use in human populations.
Onset of Cell Proliferation in the Shortened Gut: Rapid hyperplasia after jejunal resection

Early manifestations of cell proliferation were studied in the large and small bowel of young female rats after resection of the proximal one-third of the small bowel. On the 2nd day after resection, the absolute amounts of RNA and DNA increased in gut distal to the resection. As compared with values from sham-resected gut, nucleic acid levels in much of the distal small bowel and colon increased. Increased specific activity in DNA after injection of [3H]thymidine was present in the small bowel on the 2nd day. Changes were marked and persistent in midgut for 10 days, tending to be less intense and of shorter duration in segments progressively more distal. Compensatory cell proliferation in midgut occurs within 2 days of jejunectomy.
Prevalence survey of STD/AIDS in unlicensed prostitute in Chengguan District of Lanzhou City

Objective To understand the situation of sexually transmitted diseases(STD) in commercial sex workers(unlicensed prostitute) in entertainment places in Chengguan District of Lanzhou, Gansu Province, to provide a scientific basis for formulating interventions in unlicensed prostitute by analyzing influential factors. Methods One-to-one questionnaire was carried out in 702 unlicensed prostitutes from low, medium and high grade of entertainment places in Chengguan District,and simultaneously, detection for STD was performed. Results Among the 702 unlicensed prostitutes, rate was 57.98% for awareness of AIDS-related knowledge, and 84.33% for condom use in the latest service. Condom use each time in service in the last month accounted for 76.64%, condom use sometimes occupied 22.22%, and 1.14% of them never used condom.Positive rate of STD was 22.22%, including 5.98% of syphilis infection rate, 12.11% of Chlamydia trachomatis infection,and 4.13% of gonorrhea infection. Conclusions There are differences in awareness of knowledge about AIDS prevention,sexual behavior pattern, STD prevalence and consciousness of disease prevention, etc. among unlicensed prostitutes in various entertainment places in Chengguan District of Lanzhou City. AIDS intervention should be focused on unlicensed prostitutes, who are easier to get infection with STD and AIDS.
Controller hardware-in-loop testbed setup for multi-objective optimization based tuning of inverter controller parameters in a microgrid setting

A multi-objective optimization based inverter controller parameter tuning for a microgrid setup is proposed here. In order to facilitate easy transfer from tuned controller to actual inverter hardware, a real time digital simulator and FPGA based controller hardware-in-loop setup is employed for the tuning. Inverters used under such microgrid setup need to operate in different modes. This is due to the microgrids' need to connect and disconnect from the grid. Control setup used in both modes of operation will be tuned using the proposed controller hardware-in-loop setup and the optimization method. The results indicate that optimization based tuning can generate optimal gain values regardless of the mode of operation of the inverter.
Learning to 'think systems'

Nanoscience can play an important role in addressing a number of societal challenges, but, as Rein V. Ulijn and Elisa Riedo explain, research training needs to evolve.
Area dependence of chirped-pulse stimulated Brillouin scattering: Implications for stored light and dynamic gratings

Brillouin dynamic gratings have applications ranging from sensing to slow and stored light. When transform-limited pump pulses are used, the grating strength and the efficiency of light storage and retrieval are a periodic function of pulse area and can be zero for areas that are an integer multiple of π. In this paper the dependence of the dynamic grating strength and retrieval efficiency on pulse area is investigated for chirped pulses. It is found that the presence of chirp relaxes the requirement imposed on the pulse area that it be an odd multiple of π/2 for maximum efficiency. Analytical results are presented for the dependence of grating strength on the pulse area for both chirped and unchirped pulses. A comparison is made with the analogous process of adiabatic rapid passage in two-level atomic systems.
Automated Design Solutions for Fully Integrated Narrow-Band Low Noise Amplifiers

In this paper, we present accurate modeling and automated design solutions for narrow-band low noise amplifiers (LNA) in system-on-chip technology. We develop an analytical circuit model that captures the impact of integrated spiral inductor parasitics and transistor short channel effects. The LNA synthesis methodology leverages deterministic numerical nonlinear optimization techniques to simultaneously optimize both devices and passive components to yield integrated inductor values that are an order of magnitude less than those generated by traditional design techniques. When the optimized LNAs are simulated using Cadence SpectreRF, our methodology yields significant improvement in noise figure and gain over the values obtained using equation-based design techniques.
Hardware for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

K. W. Fishbein, PhD Facility Manager, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Unit, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, GRC 4D-08, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA J. C. McGowan, PhD Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Murray Hall 227, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402-5025, USA R. G. Spencer, MD, PhD Chief, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Unit, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, GRC 4D-08, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA CONTENTS
Results of the 2004 Association of Residents in Radiation Oncology (ARRO) Survey

Purpose: The aim of this study was to document adequacy of training, career plans after residency, use of the in-service examination, and motivation for choice of radiation oncology as a specialty. Methods and Materials: In 2004, the Association of Residents in Radiation Oncology (ARRO) conducted a nationwide survey of all radiation oncology residents in the United States. Results: The survey was returned by 297 residents (response rate, 54%). Of the respondents, 29% were female and 71% male. The most popular career choice was joining an established private practice (38%), followed by a permanent academic career (29%). Residents for whom a permanent academic career was not their first choice were asked whether improvements in certain areas would have led them to be more likely to pursue an academic career. The most commonly chosen factors that would have had a strong or moderate influence included higher salary (81%), choice of geographic location (76%), faculty encouragement (68%), and less time commitment (68%). Of respondents in the first 3 years of training, 78% believed that they had received adequate training to proceed to the next level of training. Of those in their fourth year of training, 75% believed that they had received adequate training to enter practice. Conclusions: Multiple factors affect the educational environment of physicians in training. Data describing concerns unique to resident physicians in radiation oncology are limited. The current survey was designed to explore a variety of issues confronting radiation oncology residents. Training programs and the Residency Review Committee should consider these results when developing new policies to improve the educational experiences of residents in radiation oncology.
Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Diagnosis and Management

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a prevalent condition with substantial individual and societal burden. In this article, we review the current status of understanding of HFpEF, focusing on the challenges and uncertainties regarding diagnosis and treatment. We then propose a scientific roadmap to facilitate research that may translate into improved clinical outcomes.
Integrated Child Psychotherapy

Integrated treatments are not new to child therapy; in fact, surveys have long indicated that child practitioners utilize techniques and procedures from a variety of theoretical sources in their clinical work with children (Koocher & Pedulla, 1977; Tuma & Pratt, 1982). Unfortunately, few of these integrated treatments have been evaluated, and many probably have not been replicated (Kazdin, 1996). This is not to say that integrated treatments are not useful. Instead, it points to the fact that child practitioners have typically been forced to construct integrated treatments based on the pragmatics of specific cases, rather than on the basis of empirical evidence supporting the effectiveness of particular treatment combinations. In this chapter, issues pertaining to psychotherapy integration with children will be placed in an empirical context. Given the paucity of research on combined treatments for children (Kazdin, 1996), it would be premature to advance an empirically based model of integrated child psychotherapy. However, the main aim of this chapter is to highlight what we do know from the empirical literature, and to clarify what we need to learn, in order to construct a framework for integrative child psychotherapy.
Room-temperature current blockade in atomically defined single-cluster junctions

Electric conductance through an atomic cluster shows signatures of a Coulomb blockade effect with an on/off ratio of ∼600.
Academic Identity: A Longitudinal Investigation of African American Adolescents’ Academic Persistence:

Adolescence is a vulnerable period for the development of academic identification and academic persistence, particularly among African American adolescents. The present study investigated how cultural assets (i.e., private regard and racial centrality) and academic assets (i.e., academic curiosity and academic self-esteem) influence African American adolescent boys’ (n = 109) and girls’ (n = 153) academic persistence over time. Additionally, we explored whether oppositional academic identity mediated the relationships between academic and cultural assets and academic persistence. Data were drawn from a cross-sectional longitudinal study. Results indicated significant direct effects of academic assets on academic persistence at Times 1 and 2 for boys and at Times 1, 2, and 3 for girls. Furthermore, oppositional academic identity mediated the relationship between boys’, but not girls’, cultural assets and academic persistence at Time 1. These findings have implications for understanding the role of assets i...
Lecture 3: Cognitive and Motivational Process Analysis of Tests, Tasks and Treatments

To move further toward improved theories of aptitude, the tests, tasks and treatments in which individual differences in aptitude are manifested must be analysed in detail. Also, since G, achievement motivation, and anxiety are usually prime candidates for aptitude in many performance situations, and since there is mounting evidence that these aptitudes interact, it is important that the analyses seek where possible to examine them jointly. This third lecture suggests some possibilities for analysis, including joint analysis where possible.
A case for low frequency single cycle multi hop NoCs for energy efficiency and high performance

As the number of cores in a multi-core system increase, network on-chip (NoC) latency and transmission energy scale unfavorably, since they are directly proportional to the number of hops traversed. Designers often have to trade-off energy to get lower latency (for instance long-distance bypass links with high-radix multi-stage routers) or latency to get lower energy (e.g., scaling down voltage and frequency of NoC routers and links). This work offers an alternate design-space for latency-energy optimization that has previously been unexplored, by harnessing the fact that lower frequency links can actually be used to transmit over longer on-chip distances within a cycle. We leverage a recently proposed micro-architecture that enables the construction of single-cycle multi-hop paths on the fly over a regular mesh network, and augment it with support for dynamic voltage and frequency scaling by decoupling router frequency from link frequency. In essence, we enable packets to traverse only wires from the source to the destination (as if it had a dedicated connection) only getting buffered at routers if necessary (at turns or due to contention). We address the synchronization challenges of multi-hop bypass setup signals in a multi-frequency domain and propose novel static/dynamic router and link frequency assignment techniques. Across synthetic as well as full-system benchmarks, we demonstrate reduced energy with similar or better run-times.