cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relation of fall stream-flow to spring runoff

In the prediction of spring runoff from precipitation-records or snow-surveys, one of the factors which seems to require consideration is the amount of water held in ground-storage. The determination of the quantity of water in ground-storage is a difficult problem involving soil-sampling, measurements of ground-water wells, and measurements of the flow of small streams and springs. It has occurred to the writer that selected stream-flow records for either the late fall or early spring might provide a better index of the ground-water available for spring runoff than that obtained by other methods. This would involve a comparison of runoff in the fall with runoff in the spring, and might eliminate uncertainties in the relation of a reservoir-level in the fall with runoff in the spring. Such a method would be especially desirable because of the availability of stream-flow records. The discussion which follows is more an explanation of the method to be used than an attempt to develop an accurate formula for the prediction of spring runoff.
Native-Mode Self Test for Embedded Systems on a Chip

Advances in semiconductor technology have enabled the integration of digital, mixed-signal, and RF systems on a single chip. While systems on a chip (SoCs) offer many benefits in cost and performance, they pose significant challenges for testing after manufacture. Trends in technology as well as applications which pose problems for conventional test will be described. A novel approach which uses the computational resources of an SoC to test itself will be described as a way to deal with emerging test problems. Techniques to test the embedded digital, analog and RF modules in the SoC will be discussed. Results of simulations and measurements on prototype hardware show that the approach can predict the specifications of the modules with high accuracy, pointing towards a new direction for low-cost manufacturing test of future products.
The cell biology of a novel chromosomal RNA: chromosome painting by XIST/Xist RNA initiates a remodeling cascade

X chromosome inactivation begins when a novel chromosomal RNA (cRNA) from the imprinted mouse Xist or human XIST locus coats or "paints" one X chromosome in cis and initiates a cascade of chromosome remodeling events. Molecular cytological studies have proven invaluable for understanding the distinctive cellular behavior of this singular RNA involved in chromosome structure and regulation. While the detailed mechanism of XIST/Xist (X-inactivation Specific Transcript) RNA function remains largely unknown, recent advances provide new insights into the complex cellular factors which impact the RNA's localization to the chromosome, as well as the early events of chromosome remodeling that follow painting by Xist RNA. Because chromatin changes can be directly visualized on a silenced chromosome, X chromosome inactivation provides an advantageous model to investigate genome-wide heterochromatin formation and maintenance, with wide-ranging implications for normal cells and disease.
Measurement of Budding Yeast Growth Rate With MOSFET-Based Microfluidic Coulter Counters

Many bioassays are performed on an ensemble of cells and assay results depend crucially on the state of cells relative to one another. If the cells in the ensemble are disordered with respect to one variable, then the measurements that depend on that variable are confounded by averaging. One solution to this is to maintain the cell cycle synchrony for the cells in the ensemble. To do this, it is extremely important to accurately measure the cell growth rate. For example, the volume growth rate of budding yeast is closely linked to many aspects of the cell cycle. Therefore, investigation of the volume growth rate of budding yeast has become an appealing research topic because of its important implications in achieving cell cycle synchrony. In this paper, we report on applications of novel microfluidic sensing technique to measure the volume growth rate of individual budding yeast. We apply our recently developed MOSFET-based microfluidic Coulter counters to detect the volume of budding yeast when it is translocated through the sensing aperture forth and back, controlled by adjusting the direction of electroosmotic flow inside the microfluidic device. Our results indicate that because of the enhanced sensitivity of the MOSFET-based microfluidic Coulter counter, it is possible to measure the volume growth rate of individual budding yeast over its whole cell cycle. The measurement results clearly showed the volume growth of the individual budding yeast.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Immune surveillance and neoplasia—1 a minimal mathematical model

A deterministic predator-prey model is presented for describing the dynamics of a solid tumor in the presence of a specifically reactive lymphocyte population which is stimulated by, and antagonistic to, the tumor. The qualitative behavior of the solutions is developed and briefly compared to the results of transplantation experiments. Although the model is primitive, it leads to predictions that are in general agreement with observation and intuitive expectations. In particular, it is found that: (1) very low levels of transplanted tumor will not survive in the recipient. (2) At somewhat higher levels, tumor growth will be uncontrolled in the syngeneic recipient. However, immune intervention if early enough, can lead to control and elimination of the tumor. (3) At still higher levels of transplanted tumor, no amount of immune intervention will be effective in controlling the tumor. (4) If the recipients immune system is suppressed prior to transplantation, or is debilitated for any reason, the chance that the tumor will grow increases. (5) If the recipients immune system is stimulated prior to transplantation, the chance of tumor survival decreases. (6) The survival of the tumor is much more sensitive to changes in tumor parameters (for example, antigenicity) than in lymphocyte parameters. In addition it makes the unintuitive prediction that (7) There areisolated instances under which anincrease in the number of lymphocytes canincrease the chance of tumor survival.
Inhibition of Endothelial Cell Growth by Macrophage-like U-937 Cell-derived Oncostatin M, Leukemia Inhibitory Factor, and Transforming Growth Factor β1

Conditioned media were collected from phorbol ester-treated human macrophage-like U-937 cells and analyzed for the presence of inhibitors of endothelial cell (EC) proliferation. By a combination of ion exchange and reverse-phase liquid chromatography, three inhibitors were purified to homogeneity as ascertained by microsequencing of 14-17 N-terminal amino acids. These inhibitors were identified as oncostatin M (OSM), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1). The identities of the three EC growth inhibitors were confirmed by demonstrating that recombinant human OSM, LIF, and TGF-beta1 were inhibitory in the same concentration range. Inhibition of EC proliferation by OSM was a newly described property of this cytokine. OSM was the most potent inhibitor with a half-maximal inhibition by recombinant material of 0.15-.2 ng/ml compared with 0.6-0.9 and 0. 9-1.0 ng/ml for LIF and TGF-beta1, respectively. The three factors inhibited basal, vascular endothelial cell growth factor-stimulated, and fibroblast growth factor 2-stimulated EC proliferation. Interleukin-6 and ciliary neurotrophic factor, two cytokines related structurally to OSM and LIF, were not active as EC growth inhibitors. It was concluded that macrophage-like cells secrete a variety of potent EC growth inhibitors and that one of these, OSM, is among the most potent EC growth inhibitors yet reported.
Salt Intake, Asthma, and Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction: A Review

Despite the heterogeneous treatment options for patients with asthma, there remains a substantial burden of unaddressed disease, even with optimal treatment. Epidemiological studies indicate that patients frequently resort to complimentary and alternative therapies when being treated for asthma and other chronic health conditions. Changes in diet associated with the development of a more affluent lifestyle is one of the environmental factors considered to contribute to the increased prevalence of asthma in the past few decades. Dietary sodium in particular has been considered to be a dietary constituent implicated in this phenomenon. This article reviews the studies conducted that have questioned whether reducing dietary salt intake potentially improves pulmonary function and airway hyper-responsiveness in asthmatics, as well as studies evaluating dietary salt intake on the severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). The data presented supporting dietary salt restriction for reducing airway hyper-responsiveness in asthmatics is encouraging, though not clinically convincing. Studies conducted previously have been limited for a variety of reasons, including limitations related to the experiment and populations studied. However, in studies that evaluated the severity of EIB in asthmatic individuals and involved altered dietary salt intake, data have been more convincing. A low-sodium diet maintained for 1 to 2 weeks decreases bronchoconstriction in response to exercise in individuals with asthma. There are no data regarding the longer-term effects of a low-sodium diet on either the prevalence or severity of asthma or on EIB. As a low-sodium diet has other beneficial health effects, it can be considered a therapeutic option for adults with asthma, although it should be considered as an adjunctive intervention to supplement optimal pharmacotherapy, and not as an alternative.
Effects of canopy formation by floating and submergent aquatic macrophytes on the water quality of two shallow Pacific Northwest lakes

Abstract Dense mats of aquatic macrophytes partitioned the littoral zone of two shallow lakes in Washington State into different habitats of varying water quality. Horizontal distribution of dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH in the lakes was associated with the patchy distribution of aquatic macrophytes in the lake, and the vertical distribution of DO and pH was associated with the location of the canopy in the water column. Elevated concentrations of DO and pH were observed in the canopies of submergent species, while lower DO concentrations and pH were seen both in the canopies of floating-leaved species and in the sub-canopy water of both growth forms. Open water was mixed to a greater extent than within macrophyte beds, resulting in higher sub-surface DO concentrations than beneath either submergent or floating plant canopies. Diel changes in DO and pH were associated with the growth form of the macrophytes that formed the plant canopy. Diel pH and DO changes were significant within the canopy of the submergent species that formed in the near-surface waters. Diel changes were not seen in either the surface of floating-leaved macrophytes, or in the sub-canopy of either growth form. In Keevies Lake, in Western Washington, dense canopies of overlapping floating leaves of Brasenia schreberi Gmel. reduced summer surface and sub-canopy dissolved oxygen (DO) to −1 without significantly changing pH. In canopies of Potamogeton natans L., which has sub-surface, as well as floating leaves, the surface DO concentration was higher than in adjacent open water areas, but sub-canopy DO was as low as beneath B. schreberi canopies. In Bull Lake, in Eastern Washington, surface canopies of the submergent species, Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Myriophyllum exalbescens (Fern.) Jeps., regularly had DO concentrations of >30 mg 1 −1 and pH > 10. Beneath these canopies of submergent plants, DO of −1 was common at 0.25–0.50 m, and pH was typically 1–2 units lower than at the surface.
Does empirical moral psychology rest on a mistake

Many philosophers assume that philosophical theories about the psychological nature of moral judgment can be confirmed or disconfirmed by the kind of evidence gathered by natural and social scientists (especially experimental psychologists and neuroscientists). I argue that this assumption is mistaken. For the most part, empirical evidence can do no work in these philosophical debates, as the metaphorical heavy-lifting is done by the pre-experimental assumptions that make it possible to apply empirical data to these philosophical debates. For the purpose of this paper, I emphasize two putatively empirically-supported theories about the psychological nature of moral judgment. The first is the Sentimental Rules Account, which is defended by Shaun Nichols. The second is defended by Jesse Prinz, and is a form of sentimentalist moral relativism. I show that both of the arguments in favour of these theories rely on assumptions which would be rejected by their philosophical opponents. Further, these assumptions carry substantive moral commitments and thus cannot be confirmed by further empirical investigation. Because of this shared methodological assumption, I argue that a certain form of empirical moral psychology rests on a mistake.
Strategies for Successful Aging: A Research Update

Population aging is an enormous public health issue and there is clear need for strategies to maximize opportunities for successful aging. Many psychiatric illnesses are increasingly thought to be associated with accelerated aging, therefore emerging data on individual and policy level interventions that alter typical aging trajectories are relevant to mental health practitioners. Although the determinants and definition of successful aging remain controversial, increasing data indicate that psychiatric illnesses directly impact biological aging trajectories and diminish lifestyle, psychological, and socio-environmental factors that seem to reduce risk of morbidity and mortality. Many interventions designed to enhance the normal course of aging may be adjunctive approaches to management of psychiatric illnesses. We highlight recent data on interventions seeking to promote healthy aging, such as cognitive remediation, physical activity, nutrition, and complementary and alternative treatments for older people with and without psychiatric illnesses.
Incidence of low free T4 values in premature infants as determined by direct equilibrium dialysis.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of transient reductions in serum free T4 (FT4) in premature infants may be overestimated because certain FT4 analytical methods underestimate FT4 concentrations. Transient reductions of FT4 measurements have been reported in the majority of premature newborn infants. Direct equilibrium dialysis (DED) does not underestimate FT4 concentrations and is the best available technique to measure serum FT4 in the premature infant. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of low FT4 concentrations in premature infants using DED to measure FT4. DESIGN/METHOD: We measured FT4 by DED in infants with birth weight <1500 g. Infants were excluded if the following conditions were present: congenital anomalies or maternal thyroid disorders. Free T4 was measured at 14 days of life. Low FT4 was defined using a statistical definition of FT4 measurements <10.3 pmol/l (0.8 ng/dl). RESULTS: Free T4 was measured by DED in 114 infants. Low FT4 levels were seen in nine infants (7.9%). CONCLUSION: The incidence of low FT4 was much lower than previously reported when FT4 was measured using DED indicating that methodological issues are involved in the variability among estimates of the frequency of transient reduction in FT4.
Molecular Mechanisms of Viral and Host Cell Substrate Recognition by Hepatitis C Virus NS3/4A Protease

Hepatitis C NS3/4A protease is a prime therapeutic target that is responsible for cleaving the viral polyprotein at junctions 3-4A, 4A4B, 4B5A, and 5A5B and two host cell adaptor proteins of the innate immune response, TRIF and MAVS. In this study, NS3/4A crystal structures of both host cell cleavage sites were determined and compared to the crystal structures of viral substrates. Two distinct protease conformations were observed and correlated with substrate specificity: (i) 3-4A, 4A4B, 5A5B, and MAVS, which are processed more efficiently by the protease, form extensive electrostatic networks when in complex with the protease, and (ii) TRIF and 4B5A, which contain polyproline motifs in their full-length sequences, do not form electrostatic networks in their crystal complexes. These findings provide mechanistic insights into NS3/4A substrate recognition, which may assist in a more rational approach to inhibitor design in the face of the rapid acquisition of resistance.
Seismogenic structures along continental convergent zones: from oblique subduction to mature collision

We summarize seismogenic structures in four regions of active convergence, each at a different stage of the collision process, with particular emphases on unusual, deep-seated seismogenic zones that were recently discovered. Along the eastern Hellenic arc near Crete, an additional seismogenic zone seems to occur below the seismogenic portion of the interplate thrust zone—a configuration found in several other oblique subduction zones that terminate laterally against collision belts. The unusual earthquakes show lateral compression, probably reflecting convergence between the subducting lithosphere's flank and the collision zone nearby. Along oblique zones of recent collision, the equivalence between space and time reveals the transition from subduction to full collision. In particular, intense seismicity beneath western Taiwan indicates that along the incipient zone of arc–continent collision, major earthquakes occur along high-angle reverse faults that reach deep into the crust or even the uppermost mantle. The seismogenic structures are likely to be reactivated normal faults on the passive continental margin of southeastern China. Since high-angle faults are ineffective in accommodating horizontal motion, it is not surprising that in the developed portion of the central Taiwan orogen (<5 Ma), seismogenic faulting occurs mainly along moderate-dipping (20–30°) thrusts. This is probably the only well-documented case of concurrent earthquake faulting on two major thrust faults, with the second seismogenic zone reaching down to depths of 30 km. Furthermore, the dual thrusts are out-of-sequence, being active in the hinterland of the deformation front. Along the mature Himalayan collision zone, where collision initiated about 50 Ma ago, current data are insufficient to distinguish whether most earthquakes occurred along multiple, out-of-sequence thrusts or along a major ramp thrust. Intriguingly, a very active seismic zone, including a large (Mw=6.7) earthquake in 1988, occurs at depths near 50 km beneath the foreland. Such a configuration may indicate the onset of a crustal nappe, involving the entire cratonic crust. In all cases of collision discussed here, the basal decollement, a key feature in the critical taper model of mountain building, appears to be aseismic. It seems that right at the onset of collision, earthquakes reflect reactivation of high-angle faults. For mature collision belts, earthquake faulting on moderate-dipping thrust accommodates a significant portion of convergence—a process involving the bulk of crust and possibly the uppermost mantle.
A factor analytic study of the Metropolitan Readiness Test

Abstract The responses of 322 beginning first graders to the six subtests of the Metropolitan Readiness Test were factor analyzed. A single General Readiness factor appeared to best describe the instrument. Implications for use of the Metropolitan Readiness Test are briefly discussed.
Sex-role behavior and obedience to authority: A field study

Obedience by male and female subjects to male and female experimenters was investigated under various conditions of “perceived legitimacy.” The procedure involved an experimenter stopping a subject who was about to cross a street at a particular crosswalk, the subject was then instructed to cross at another designated location. The dependent variable was the level of obedience to these instructions. The four main factorial independent variables were the sex of the experimenter, the sex of the subject, and two conditions of “perceived legitimacy” (presence or absence of a “uniform,” presence or absence of an “explanation”). Significant results were obtained for the uniform and sex of subject main effects (more obedience with a uniform, more disobedience by females). Additional analyses indicated that “older” subjects disobeyed more often than “younger” ones, that “formally” dressed subjects disobeyed more often than “informally” dressed ones, and that ethnic minority group experimenters were disobeyed significantly more often than Caucasian experimenters. Significant interactions were also obtained, mainly due to the behavior of the younger men and the older women. Male and female experimenters were obeyed equally, in general. The results are discussed in relation to sex-role prejudice and discriminatory behavior.
MicroRNA gene expression in the mouse inner ear

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that function through the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway and post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression in eukaryotic organisms. While miRNAs are known to affect cellular proliferation, differentiation, and morphological development, neither their expression nor roles in mammalian inner ear development have been characterized. We have investigated the extent of miRNA expression at various time points throughout maturation of the postnatal mouse inner ear by microarray analysis. Approximately one third of known miRNAs are detected in the inner ear, and their expression persists to adulthood. Expression of such miRNAs is validated by quantitative PCR and northern blot analysis. Further analysis by in situ hybridization demonstrates that certain miRNAs exhibit cell-specific expression patterns in the mouse inner ear. Notably, we demonstrate that miRNAs previously associated with mechanosensory cells in zebrafish are also expressed in hair cells of the auditory and vestibular endorgans. Our results demonstrate that miRNA expression is abundant in the mammalian inner ear and that certain miRNAs are evolutionarily associated with mechanosensory cell development and/or function. The data suggest that miRNAs contribute substantially to genetic programs intrinsic to development and function of the mammalian inner ear and that specific miRNAs might influence formation of sensory epithelia from the primitive otic neuroepithelium.
Leveraging HFACS to Understand Medication Error in Emergency Medical Services (EMS): A Systemtic Review

Medication errors are prevalent in EMS settings, and can occur in as frequently as 21% of patient calls (Vilke et al.., 2006), significantly impacting patient care. However, even with the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), a widely accepted human factors error taxonomy, there is currently no widely accepted systematic method for organizing and understanding medication errors and its antecedents. The current effort seeks to synthesize the EMS medication error literature with the goal of extracting current themes and gaps to offer recommendations for which use of HFACS could to improve EMS medication error research. By leveraging HFACs and incorporating the emerging knowledge of EMS medication error, medication error can be better understood by practitioners and inform interventions aimed to target specific underlying issues.
Some patients with CFS may have an encephalopathy

Abstract In earlier work, we have shown that CFS patients with no history of psychiatric comorbidity comprise the group that has the most cognitive impairment and the most brain MRI abnormalities relative to healthy sedentary controls. These findings appeared to be meaningful in view of the fact that this group of patients had poorer physical function than patients with psychiatric comorbidity. Our inference was that patients in the “no-psych” group had an underlying encephalopathy. To further test this hypothesis, we did spinal taps in patients and healthy controls. Approximately 30% of the patients had slight elevations in either protein concentration and/or in white cell count in comparison to 0% of controls. The group with abnormal spinal fluid had a significantly lower rate of current depression than those with normal fluid. This result supported in part our use of psychiatric comorbidity (or its lack thereof) as a stratification strategy. We assayed for multiple cytokines in spinal fluid and explored various stratification strategies. While psychiatric comorbidity was not useful, we did find elevations in IL-10 in those patients with abnormal spinal fluid; the increased IL-10 could be a direct consequence of whatever process caused the abnormalities. Additionally, we found increased IL-8 in patients with a sudden, influenza-like illness onset. We also review studies on cerebral blood flow and symptom endorsement. The results of all these studies support the hypothesis that central neuro-immunological dysregulation could be involved in the pathophysiology of chronic fatigue.
Risk sensitive stochastic control and differential games

We give a concise introduction to risk sensitive control of Markov diffusion processes and related two-controller, zero-sum differential games. The method of dynamic programming for the risk sensitive control problem leads to a nonlinear partial differential equation of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman type. In the totally risk sensitive limit, this becomes the Isaacs equation for the differential game. There is another interpretation of the differential game using the Maslov idempotent probability calculus. We call this a max-plus stochastic control problem. These risk sensitive control/differential game methods are applied to problems of importance sampling for Markov diffusions.
Hypothalamic glucoreceptors—The influence of gold thioglucose implants in the ventromedial and lateral hypothalamic areas of normal and diabetic rats

Abstract The nature of the gold thioglucose (GTG) sensitivity of the glucoreceptors located in the ventromedial (VMN) and lateral area (LH) of the hypothalamus of normal and diabetic rats was investigated. The results indicate that the uptake of GTG by the glucoreceptors of the VMN is insulin dependent. Glucoreceptor cells in the LH appear to be sensitive to GTG. The LH damage is not insulin dependent and can be inhibited by 2-deoxy-D-glucose. The relation between these results and the glucostatic theory of appetite control is discussed.
Cavitation in creeping shear flows

Liquid failure has been observed in low Reynolds number (Stokes) shear flows where reduction of the hydrodynamic pressure should not occur. Cavitation in Stokes flows has implications in lubrication, polymer processing, and rheological measurements. Such cavitation can be predicted by a principal normal stress cavitation criterion (PNSCC). We present results of a direct experimental test of the PNSCC. Imaging of the cavitation events suggests that the cavitation is gaseous and originates from preexisting nuclei. Crevice-stabilized gas nuclei are assumed, and numerical simulations are used to investigate the cavitation event for a Newtonian liquid. The inception of cavitation from a preexisting nucleus, the persistence of suitable nuclei, and the growth and deformation of shed bubbles are considered. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Theory of photoelectron angular distributions in resonant multiphoton ionization

In this paper, we present the theory of photoelectron angular distributions in resonant multiphoton ionization that rigorously takes into account the saturation, ac Stark-shift, and the laser-linewidth effects. The influence of these effects on the distribution is incorporated through the coupling equations between the angle-resolved ionization probabilities and the (time-dependent) bound-state density-matrix elements. General expressions for the angular distributions are derived and several properties of these distributions are arrived at from these expressions. Finally, numerical results are presented to illustrate the effects of saturation, of ac Stark shifts, and of the laser line shape.
Jumpin' Jim Crow : southern politics from Civil War to civil rights

Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 3 Chapter 1: by Laura Edwards The Politics of Marriage and Households in North Carolina during Reconstruction 7 Chapter 2: by Elsa Barkely Brown Negotiating and Transforming the Public Sphere: African American Political Life in the Transition from Slavery to Freedom 28 Chapter 3: by Stephen Kantrowwitz One Man's Mob Is Another Man's Militia: Violence, Manhood, and Authority in Reconstruction South Carolina 67 Chapter 4: by Jane Daily The Limits of Liberalism in the New South: The Politics of Race, Sex, and Patronage in Virginia, 1879-1883 88 Chapter 5: by W. Fitzhugh Brundage White Women and the Politics of Historical Memory in the New South, 1880-1920 115 Chapter 6: by David F. Godshalk William J. Northen's Public and Personal Struggles against Lynching 140 Chapter 7: by Grace Elizabeth Hale "For Colored" and "For White": Segregating Consumption in the South 162 Chapter 8: by Nancy MacLean The Leo Frank Case Reconsidered: Vender and Sexual Politics in the Making of Reactionary Populism 183 Chapter 9: by Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore False Friends and Avowed Enemies: Southern African Americans and Party Allegiances in the 1920s 219 Chapter 10: by Bryant Simon Race Reactions: African American Organizing, Liberalism, and White Working-Class Politics in Postwar South Carolina 239 Chapter 11: by Kari Frederickson "As a Man, I Am Interested in States' Rights": Gender, Race, and the Family in the Dixiecrat Party, 1948-195O 260 Chapter 12: by Timothy B. Tyson Dynamite and "The Silent South": A Story from the Second Reconstruction in South Carolina 275 Afterwards Portraying Power by Edward Ayers 301 Reflections by Jacquelyn Dowd Hall 304 The Shoah and Southern History by Nell Irvin Painter 308 Contributors 311 Index 315
Union membership, economic rents, and migration behavior

This study represents an extension of the human capital paradigm as it relates to an individual’s decision to migrate. It differs from previous studies by incorporating union membership, a labor market variable, into the model. In effect, the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 granted a monopoly bargaining position to unions. The theoretical implication of a union’s monopoly bargaining position is that union wage levels will increase relative to nonunion wages. The increase of relative wages results in union membership granting a property right that possesses positive net present value and hence reduces an employed union member’s probability of migrating. Additionally, the supra-competitive remuneration of union members results in a surplus of labor supplied to union firms. Employers respond by using quality screening to hire workers from the larger labor pool. As a result, unemployed union members will on average possess higher levels of human capital, which will increase their probability of migrating above that of their unemployed nonunion cohorts.
Mutants defective in bacterial chemotaxis show modified protein phosphorylation

Abstract To examine the correlation between CheA phosphorylation and bacterial chemotaxis, CheA mutations leading to defects in chemotaxis were mapped and characterized. Mutant CheA proteins were tested in vitro for phosphorylation and were grouped into four classes: nonphosphorylated, partially phosphorylated, phosphorylated but not dephosphorylated by CheB and CheY, and phosphorylated and dephosphorylated. Nearly all the mutants were found to be defective in an aspect of phosphorylation. Furthermore, the mutant phenotypes were found to cluster in different regions of the cheA gene. We suggest that the CheA protein has three functional domains: one for interaction with CheB and CheY, a second for regulating phosphorylation and controlling the stability of the protein, and a third for receiving input signals regulating CheA activity.
Relationship Between Thrust-fault Ramps And Normal Faults: Results From Reflection Seismic Imaging And Finite-element Analysis

The Great Salt Lake basin in northern Utah is one of the largest, and perhaps the most continuously active, Tertiary basin in the eastern Basin and Range Province. Reflection seismic data from the basin show that the major basinbounding faults are listric in nature. Normal-fault reactivation of Sevier-age(?) thrust-fault ramps evident on the seismic data suggests that the maximum depth of penetration and soling of these listric faults may have been strongly controlled by these older structures. Viscoelastic finite-element modeling of reactivation of an older thrust fault demonstrates that a secondary synthetic normal-fault configuration is favored in viscoelastic-brittle rocks subjected to pure extension. Slip on the thrust-fault surface causes brittle failure of rocks in a region where synthetic secondary faulting can take advantage of the preexisting weakness. Slip along the newly formed synthetic fault leads to failure in a different region, where antithetic faulting will occur, resulting in the formation of a graben. Results from the interpretation of Great Salt Lake reflection seismic data show similar relationships.
Inhibition of spontaneous testicular Leydig cell tumor development in F-344 rats by dehydroepiandrosterone.

Abstract The incidence of spontaneous Leydig cell tumors of testis is very high in old F-344 rats. We have examined the effect of dehydroepi-androsterone (DHEA), a steroid hormone with antimitotic and anticarcinogenic properties, on spontaneous Leydig cell tumorigenesis. Fifteen-week-old male F-344 rats were fed a diet containing DHEA (0.45% w/w) for 84 weeks. At the termination of experiment none of the 13 rats had Leydig cell hyperplasia or Leydig cell tumors. All the eight control rats of comparable age had Leydig cell tumors. These findings suggest that DHEA is a potent inhibitor of spontaneous Leydig cell tumors of testis in aged rats.
Linking opioid-dependent hospital patients to drug treatment: Health care use and costs 6 months after randomization.

AIMS: To conduct an economic evaluation of the first 6 months' trial of treatment vouchers and case management for opioid-dependent hospital patients. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial and evaluation of administrative data. SETTING: Emergency department, wound clinic, in-patient units and methadone clinic in a large urban public hospital. PARTICIPANTS: The study randomized 126 opioid-dependent drug users seeking medical care. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomized among four groups. These received vouchers for 6 months of methadone treatment, 6 months of case management, both these interventions, or usual care. FINDINGS: During the first 6 months of this study, 90% of those randomized to vouchers alone enrolled in methadone maintenance, significantly more than the 44% enrollment in those randomized to case management without vouchers (P < 0.001). The direct costs of substance abuse treatment, including case management, was 4040 dollars for those who received vouchers, 4177 dollars for those assigned to case management and 5277 dollars for those who received the combination of both interventions. After 3 months, the vouchers alone group used less heroin than the case management alone group. The difference was not significant at 6 months. There were no significant differences in other health care costs in the 6 months following randomization. CONCLUSION: Vouchers were slightly more effective but no more costly than case management during the initial 6 months of the study. Vouchers were as effective and less costly than the combination of case management and vouchers. The finding that vouchers dominate is tempered by the possibility that case management may lower medical care costs.
Ion specific effects on phase transitions in protein solutions.

A recent Monte Carlo simulation determined the potential of mean force between two lysozyme molecules in various aqueous solutions [M. Lund et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 258105 (2008)]. The study involved a combination of explicit solvent and continuum model simulations and showed that there are significant ion-specific protein-protein interactions due to hydrophobic patches on the protein surfaces. In this paper we use the results of their study to determine the phase diagram for lysozyme for aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaI. Two of the three phase diagrams have a stable fluid-fluid critical point, while the third has a slightly metastable critical point. This results from a secondary extremum in the potential associated with a repulsive interaction. This repulsive interaction reduces the effective range of the attractive interaction and produces a metastable critical point. We compare the results of one of these phase diagrams with that for a model that includes ion-dispersion forces, but does not contain solvent structural effects.
Fast Electrostatic Force and Moment Calculations in Multibody-Based Simulations of Coarse-Grained Biopolymers

In molecular simulations, the dominant portion of the computational cost is associated with force field calculations. Herein, we extend the approach used to approximate long range gravitational force and the associated moment in spacecraft dynamics to the coulomb forces present in coarse grained biopolymer simulations. We approximate the resultant force and moment for long-range particle-body and body-body interactions due to the electrostatic force field. The resultant moment approximated here is due to the fact that the net force does not necessarily act through the center of mass of the body (pseudoatom). This moment is considered in multibody-based coarse grain simulations while neglected in bead models which use particle dynamics to address the dynamics of the system. A novel binary divide and conquer algorithm (BDCA) is presented to implement the force field approximation. The proposed algorithm is implemented by considering each rigid/flexible domain as a node of the leaf level of the binary tree. This substructuring strategy is well suited to coarse grain simulations of chain biopolymers using an articulated multibody approach.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Metabolism of isofenphos in southern corn rootworm

Abstract The metabolism of isofenphos was examined in adult and larval southern corn rootworm (SCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber. SCR adults and larvae were analyzed at specific time intervals after treatment with [ 14 C]isofenphos at the LD 10 dosage level. Most of the 14 C was recovered from the internal organic extract and excreta fractions. The major metabolic pathways of isofenphos in SCR included oxidative desulfuration of isofenphos to isofenphos oxon and hydrolysis of isofenphos oxon and/or parent isofenphos to isopropyl salicylate. Isofenphos penetrated approximately three times faster into larvae than into adults. A lower accumulation of toxic compounds inside the larvae, as a result of a faster metabolism (1.5 ×) and rapid elimination of the parent isofenphos, may explain why larvae are less susceptible than adults.
Environmental change and the ecology of infectious disease

More than half of all the infectious diseases that affect humans are zoonoses—pathogens naturally transmitted from animals. Because a substantial proportion of these diseases originate in wildlife, environmental context drives patterns of transmission. But despite the strong influence of environment on zoonotic pathogens, considerable uncertainty exists as to whether and how anthropogenic environmental change modulates disease risk.
Caregiver Stress Among Grandparents Raising Grandchildren: The Functional Role of Social Support

Abstract Drawing from family stress theory, this study examined the associations among caregiver stress, social support, and stress outcomes measured by life satisfaction and generativity among grandparents raising grandchildren. Social support was hypothesized to moderate the association between caregiver stress and stress outcome indicators. Using survey data from a non-probability sample of 133 grandparent caregivers with full-time responsibility of raising at least one grandchild, regression analysis demonstrated that caregiver stress is associated negatively with life satisfaction and generativity. Informal and formal social support was found to have a beneficial influence on stress outcomes that generalizes to grandparent caregiver participants regardless of the amount of stress they experience. Contrary to predictions, social support did not buffer the association between caregiver stress and life satisfaction nor the association between caregiver stress and generativity. A high degree of perceived...
The synthesis, structure and spectroscopic properties of the di- and tri-nuclear Ni(II) thiolate complexes

Abstract The anions [Ni2(edt)3]2− (edt = ethane-1,2-dithiolate) and [Ni3(edt)4]2− have been prepared by the reaction of Na2(edt) with NiCl2 · 6H2O and, with subsequent work-up, isolated as their [PPh4]+ salts. For the first time, the structure of di- and tri-nuclear NI(II) thiolates with identical ligands can be compared. The complex [PPh4]2[Ni2(edt)3] (1) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 - with unit cell parameters (at −152°C) a = 12.861(7), b = 21.057(14), c = 10.324(5)A, α = 96.03(3)°, β = 109.88(3)°, γ = 76.82(3)°, and Z = 2, while [PPh4]2[Ni3(edt)4] (2) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with (at −60°C) a = 13.713(3), b = 13.255(3), c = 15.754(5)A, β = 96.53(2)° and Z = 2. The structures were solved by direct methods and Fourier techniques from 4576 and 2671 diffractometer data, respectively, and refined to respective R values of 0.0552 and 0.0649. In the anion of1, one of the ligands provides two terminal thiolate-groups, and the other two each provide one terminal and one μ-thiolate-group such that each Ni(II) has an approximately square planar coordination geometry. The central NiS2Ni unit is not planar, being folded along the vector joining the two bridging sulphur atoms. The anion of2 is best considered as chelation of two identical [Ni(edt)2]2− units to a third, central Ni(II) atom. The anion has a crystallographically observed centre of symmetry, with the central nickel atom thus lying in a perfect plane formed by its four coordinated sulphur atoms. The outer two nickel atoms are approximately square planar and the Ni(NiS4)2 core exists in a chair conformation. Both of the anions described have short Ni ⋯ Ni distances [2.9414(22) in (1) and 2.8301(13)Ain (2)]. The structures and the spectroscopic properties achieved for these complexes are described and discussed herein.
Natural convection of high Prandtl number fluids with variable viscosity in a vertical slot

Abstract Natural convection of high Prandtl number fluids with temperature-dependent viscosity in a vertical slot with aspect ratio 15 is studied numerically. A four-parameter fit for the variable viscosity is adopted. The flow patterns and the critical Grashof numbers predicted are in good agreement with earlier experimental results of Chen and Thangam [J. Fluid Mech., 161, 161–173 (1985)]. The critical Grashof number is lower than the corresponding value obtained for the constant viscosity fluid, and it varies almost inversely with the Prandtl number. The viscosity stratification and the large vertical temperature gradient in the lower region of the slot cause the secondary cells to appear in the upper region of the central core at onset. The heat transfer rate is slightly smaller than that in constant property case as the viscosity variation becomes large.
Automatic segmentation of breast lesions on ultrasound

In this paper we present a computationally efficient segmentation algorithm for breast masses on sonography that is based on maximizing a utility function over partition margins defined through gray-value thresholding of a preprocessed image. The performance of the segmentation algorithm is evaluated on a database of 400 cases in two ways. Of the 400 cases, 124 were complex cysts, 182 were benign solid lesions, and 94 were malignant lesions. In the first evaluation, the computer-delineated margins were compared to manually delineated margins. At an overlap threshold of 0.40, the segmentation algorithm correctly delineated 94% of the lesions. In the second evaluation, the performance of our computer-aided diagnosis method on the computer-delineated margins was compared to the performance of our method on the manually delineated margins. Round robin evaluation yielded Az values of 0.90 and 0.87 on the manually delineated margins and the computer-delineated margins, respectively, in the task of distinguishing between malignant and nonmalignant lesions.
Toward understanding obstetrical outcome in advanced assisted reproduction: varying sperm, oocyte, and uterine source and diagnosis.

Objective To evaluate the obstetrical outcome measures of birth weight (BW) and length of gestation (GA) in singleton pregnancies from in vitro fertilization (IVF), donor egg (DE), and gestational carrier (GC) cycles. Design Retrospective data analysis. Setting Clinics. Patient(s) SART data set from the years 2004–2006. Intervention(s) The BW and GA of singleton pregnancies were compared in IVF, DE, and GA cycles. Main Outcome Measure(s) The BW and GA data were compared to evaluate the effects on these outcomes of the source of the egg, the uterus, or sperm or the primary reason given for treatment. Result(s) The mean BW and GA for DE cycles were 3,236 g and 37.4 weeks, respectively, which were less than those of IVF [3,265 g and 37.7 weeks]. GC BW was greater at 3,309 g with GA of 37.2 weeks. No difference was seen between donor or spouse sperm source; however, most female fertility–diagnosis cycles were associated with lower BW and GA than male factor–related cycles. Conclusion(s) Reduced BW and GA were observed for DE cycles versus IVF or GC cycles, suggesting that the uterine environment was more important to these outcomes than egg quality. Whereas altering the sperm source had no effect, female infertility diagnoses were associated with reductions in BW and GA.
Multivariate DPOAE metrics for identifying changes in hearing: Perspectives from ototoxicity monitoring

Distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) provide a window into real-time cochlear mechanical function. Yet, relationships between the changes in DPOAE metrics and auditory sensitivity are still poorly understood. Explicating these relationships might support the use of DPOAEs in hearing conservation programs (HCPs) for detecting early damage leading to noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) so that mitigating steps might be taken to limit any lasting damage. This report describes the development of DPOAE-based statistical models to assess the risk of hearing loss from cisplatin treatment among cancer patients. Ototoxicity risk assessment (ORA) models were constructed using a machine learning paradigm in which partial least squares and leave-one-out cross-validation were applied, yielding optimal screening algorithms from a set of known risk factors for ototoxicity and DPOAE changes from pre-exposure baseline measures. Single DPOAE metrics alone were poorer indicators of the risk of ototoxic hearing shifts than the best performing multivariate models. This finding suggests that multivariate approaches applied to the use of DPOAEs in a HCP, will improve the ability of DPOAE measures to identify ears with noise-induced mechanical damage and/or hearing loss at each monitoring interval. This prediction must be empirically assessed in noise-exposed subjects.
Chemical reactor models of optimal digestion efficiency with constant foraging costs

Abstract We develop quantitative optimization criteria for transient digestion processes in simple animal tracts that can be modeled by a semi-batch reactor or plug flow reactor. Specifically, we determine the residence time that optimizes the average net energy intake over the total residence time. The net energy is measured by the total energy intake, less the cost of foraging and digestion. Precise values for optimal residence times are presented for different chemical kinetics of substrate breakdown and of absorption. Both first-order kinetics and Michaelis–Menten kinetics are examined and compared, and it is determined how these residence times vary with foraging costs.