cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Late-Life Physical and Cognitive Activities Independently Contribute to Brain and Cognitive Resilience.

Background Active lifestyles are related to better cognitive aging outcomes, yet the unique role of different types of activity are unknown. Objective To examine the independent contributions of physical (PA) versus cognitive (CA) leisure activities to brain and cognitive aging. Methods Independent samples of non-demented older adults from University of California, San Francisco Hillblom Aging Network (UCSF; n = 344 typically aging) and University of California, Davis Diversity cohort (UCD; n = 485 normal to MCI) completed: 1) self-reported engagement in current PA and CA (UCSF: Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly and Cognitive Activity Scale; UCD: Life Experiences Assessment Form); 2) neuropsychological batteries; and 3) neuroimaging total gray matter volume, white matter hyperintensities, and/or global fractional anisotropy. PA and CA were simultaneously entered into multivariable linear regression models, adjusting for demographic characteristics and functional impairment severity. Results Brain outcomes: In UCSF, only PA was positively associated with gray matter volume and attenuated the relationship between age and fractional anisotropy. In UCD, only CA was associated with less white matter hyperintensities and attenuated the relationship between age and gray matter volume. Cognitive outcomes: In both cohorts, greater CA, but not PA, related to better cognition, independent of age and brain structure. In UCSF, CA attenuated the relationship between fractional anisotropy and cognition. In UCD, PA attenuated the association between white matter hyperintensities and cognition. Conclusions Although their specificity was not easily teased apart, both PA and CA are clearly related to better brain and cognitive resilience markers across cohorts with differing educational, racial, and disease statuses. PA and CA may independently contribute to converging neuroprotective pathways for brain and cognitive aging.
Investigating the Complexity of Developing STEAM Curricula for K-8 Students

With the movement towards attracting today’s young learners to STEM by emphasizing the arts and humanities in K-12 education, now reconceptualized as “STEAM,” how might we ensure that STEAM instruction does not follow the limited success of STEM? One way forward is to understand the process, challenges, and successes that teachers face when approaching STEAM teaching. We explore the process of designing and enacting STEAM curricula in rural and urban middle schools in the Southeastern USA in order to inform educators. After middle school teachers participated in professional development and in-school support throughout the academic year, we analyzed data from 4 years of research to determine how teachers negotiated STEAM instruction within the complexity of schooling. Our data included observations of STEAM lessons, surveys, teachers’ journal entries, teacher-designed STEAM teaching units, and participant interviews from 48 teachers across 15 middle schools. Using these data, we then developed an instructional model to help teachers in designing effective STEAM instruction. We identify various successes and challenges in classrooms where STEAM instruction was implemented. Specifically, these included creating relevant, problem-based scenarios, approaching transdisciplinary teaching, inclusion of the arts and humanities, meaningful technology integration, and negotiating standards and assessment in rigid school environments. By highlighting these successes and challenges from participants engaged in STEAM teaching, we suggest effective STEAM pathways for researchers, teacher educators, and practitioners.
The incidence of obese children with hypertension and heart damage

Objective To explore the occurrence of hypertension and heart damage of obese children.Methods We selected 516 cases of obese children as obese group,hospitalized from Jul 2008 to Oct 2010 in Shenyang Children's Hospital.We also selected 100 cases of normal weight children as control group at the same time.All enrolled children were measured blood pressure,cardiac ultrasound routinely.Results The systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure of obese group were higher than those of control group (P ＜ 0.05),the prevalence of hypertension of the obese group was 3.88 ％ (20/516).The left ventricular systolic function of all enrolled children were normal,the average thickness of 22 cases of the obese group whose left ventricular wall were thickened,was (0.93 ± 0.07) cm,and compared with the control group,the difference was not statistically significant (P ＞ 0.05).The left ventricular wall of 19 cases of obese children with hypertension were thickened,and that of 3 cases of obesity with normal blood pressure were thickened,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).The epicardial fat thickness of obese group was (3.372 ± 0.098) mm,compared with the control group,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜0.001).Conclusion The risk of hypertension in obese children was higher than non-obese children; obese children's epicardial fat thickness was significantly higher than normal weight children;the left ventricular wall of obese children combined with hypertension was thickening than that of normal blood pressure children. Key words: Obesity; Metabolic syndrome; Hypertension; Left ventricular hypertrophy; Epicardial fat thickness
Presidential Selection: Historical, Institutional, and Democratic Perspectives

In 2016, for the first time, neither major-party candidate for the presidency was viewed favorably by even half the electorate, suggesting strongly that our presidential nominating procedures stand in need of rethinking. In doing so, this chapter draws on three potential sources of guidance: history, institutional analysis, and democratic theory. A long and steady trend since the founding has produced a growing convergence between the selectorate – the body that does the nominating – and the electorate, the body that chooses the office-holder from among the nominees. Because the characteristics of the selectorate necessarily influence the qualities of the ultimate nominees, careful design of the selectorate can increase the likelihood that the grounds of choice will fall along axes thought to be democratically desirable. This effect, however, is diluted as the criteria which define the selectorate converge with those that define the electorate. Instead, convergence of the selectorate and electorate tends to result in negation of the benefits of purposeful institutional design. This in turn results in a kind of delegation of the criteria of choice to self-appointed individuals, groups, and candidates, who may not fully share the collective norms of democratic practice that in the end comprise the most significant and effective constraints on the behavior of participants in the nominating process. At the end of the day, efforts to reform the nomination process may be misplaced. What we may need more than institutional reform is a systematic effort to renew, justify, and strengthen democratic norms, an effort that by definition must take place not in the halls of legislatures or party bureaucracies, but deep in the terrain of civil society.
Comparison Study of Control Methods for Resonant Switched-Capacitor Converters

A new control method for step-down RSCCs is proposed to achieve full-range regulation for all loads. The proposed regulation method is applicable to RSCCs with different inductor locations. In addition to full-range voltage regulation, the operation principle and performance of two basic RSCCs are compared. The indirect RSCC features the advantage of ZVS turn-on for switches, even switch voltage stress and even diode voltage stress, while the direct RSCC provides ZCS turn-on for switches. Experimental results are presented to support the proposed full-range regulation method.
Psychosocial Challenges of Diabetes

Like other chronic illnesses in childhood, youth with T1D are frequently prone to a variety of challenges and stressors. In view of the never-ending burden of taking care of their diabetes, many youngsters with T1D are afflicted by a number of psychological disorders. A major focus of this chapter is to present how to identify problems with depression, suicidality, anxiety and disordered eating, as well as their treatments.
The association of adverse outcomes with pregnancy conception methods among low-risk term pregnancies

Objective To compare composite neonatal and maternal adverse outcomes among low-risk singleton pregnancies at 37–41 weeks among conception methods: spontaneously-conceived (SC) pregnancy; infertility medications and/or intrauterine insemination (IFM/IUI); and assisted reproductive technology (ART). Design Population-based retrospective cohort study. Setting US Vital Statistics datasets 2013–2017. Patient(s) Low-risk pregnancies (without hypertensive disorders, pregestational or gestational diabetes, or history of preterm birth) of women ≥20 years with nonanomalous singletons, who labored, delivered at 37–41 weeks, and had data on pregnancy conception method. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) The primary outcome was the composite neonatal adverse outcome (CNAO). The secondary outcome was the composite maternal adverse outcome (CMAO). Result(s) Of the 19.7 million deliveries during the study period, 54.0% (N = 10,676,184) met the inclusion criteria, with 99.0% (N = 10,573,741) being conceived spontaneously, 0.4% (N = 47,227) by IFM/IUI, and 0.5% (N = 55,216) by ART. The overall rate of CNAO was 6.68 per 1,000 live births. Compared with SC, the risk of CNAO was significantly higher among IFM/IUI (adjusted relative risk [aRR], 1.29; 95% CI, 1.18–1.41) and ART (aRR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.18–1.39). The overall rate of CMAO was 2.50 per 1,000 live births. Compared with SC, the risk of CMAO was significantly increased among IFM/IUI (aRR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.50–1.97) and ART (aRR, 2.40; 95% CI, 2.17–2.65). Conclusion(s) Among low-risk term singleton pregnancies, IFM/IUI and ART have modestly higher rates of adverse outcomes to maternal-neonatal dyad than SC.
An Investigation of the Organizational Impact of Computer Technology in Secondary Science Classrooms

This study investigated the organizational impact of computer technology on four secondary science teachers’ teaching actions using the construct of community of practice. The organizational impact of computer technology refers to teachers’ styles and creativity in constructing personally pertinent individual models of teaching when using computer technology: social participation structures. Analysis of data (observations and interviews) revealed three social participation structures that collectively orchestrated students’ science content learning: (1) students’ membership, (2) access to the structured tasks, and (3) confirmation of students’ learning of science concepts. This study indicated that the transformative potential of computer technology for teaching science is a complex interplay between social participation structures, institutional context, and teachers’ knowledge of what is good practice.
Economic implications of the modern treatment paradigm of glioblastoma: an analysis of global cost estimates and their utility for cost assessment.

Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor in adults. Standard of care includes maximal surgical resection of the tumor followed by concurrent chemotherapy and radiation. The treatment of ...
Optimal high-level descriptions of dynamical systems

To analyze high-dimensional systems, many fields in science and engineering rely on high-level descriptions, sometimes called "macrostates," "coarse-grainings," or "effective theories". Examples of such descriptions include the thermodynamic properties of a large collection of point particles undergoing reversible dynamics, the variables in a macroeconomic model describing the individuals that participate in an economy, and the summary state of a cell composed of a large set of biochemical networks. Often these high-level descriptions are constructed without considering the ultimate reason for needing them in the first place. Here, we formalize and quantify one such purpose: the need to predict observables of interest concerning the high-dimensional system with as high accuracy as possible, while minimizing the computational cost of doing so. The resulting State Space Compression (SSC) framework provides a guide for how to solve for the {optimal} high-level description of a given dynamical system, rather than constructing it based on human intuition alone. In this preliminary report, we introduce SSC, and illustrate it with several information-theoretic quantifications of "accuracy", all with different implications for the optimal compression. We also discuss some other possible applications of SSC beyond the goal of accurate prediction. These include SSC as a measure of the complexity of a dynamical system, and as a way to quantify information flow between the scales of a system.
Further evidence that pyrroloquinoline quinone interacts with the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor redox site in rat cortical neurons in vitro

In this study, we show that the essential nutrient pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ; 50 microM) regulates N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA; 10 microM) receptor activity primarily by reversing the increase in the frequency of openings of the receptor-associated ion channel after chemical reduction with dithiothreitol (DTT; 1 mM). Similar to other redox-active agents, PQQ (50-200 microM) had no effect on the single-channel conductance or arithmetic mean open time of NMDA-activated events. In other experiments, we observed that inhibitory effects of PQQ (50 microM) on NMDA (30 microM)-induced whole-cell responses could be abolished by prior N-ethylmaleimide (500 microM) alkylation of the putative thiol residues that likely comprise the redox site of the receptor. These results demonstrate that PQQ modulates the NMDA receptor by directly oxidizing its redox modulatory site.
Dissociation of the effects of epinephrine and insulin on glucose and protein metabolism.

The separate and combined effects of insulin and epinephrine on leucine metabolism were examined in healthy young volunteers. Subjects participated in four experimental protocols: 1) euglycemic insulin clamp (+80 microU/ml), 2) epinephrine infusion (50 ng.kg-1.min-1) plus somatostatin with basal replacement of insulin and glucagon, 3) combined epinephrine (50 ng.kg-1.min-1) plus insulin (+80 microU/ml) infusion, and 4) epinephrine and somatostatin as in study 2 plus basal amino acid replacement. Studies were performed with a prime-continuous infusion of [1-14C]leucine and indirect calorimetry. Our results indicate that 1) hyperinsulinemia causes a generalized decrease in plasma amino acid concentrations, including leucine; 2) the reduction in plasma leucine concentration is primarily due to an inhibition of endogenous leucine flux; nonoxidative leucine disposal decreases after insulin infusion; 3) epinephrine, without change in plasma insulin concentration, reduces plasma amino acid levels; 4) combined epinephrine-insulin infusion causes a greater decrease in plasma amino levels than observed with either hormone alone; this is because of a greater inhibition of endogenous leucine flux; and 5) when basal amino acid concentrations are maintained constant with a balanced amino acid infusion, epinephrine inhibits the endogenous leucine flux. In conclusion, the present results do not provide support for the concept that epinephrine is a catabolic hormone with respect to amino acid-protein metabolism. In contrast, epinephrine markedly inhibits insulin-mediated glucose metabolism.
Behavioral sensitization due to social defeat stress in mice: antagonism at mGluR5 and NMDA receptors.

Rationale Repeated administration of psychostimulants progressively augments the behavioral response to and increases self-administration behavior of these drugs. Experience of repeated intermittent social defeat stress episodes also leads to a sensitized locomotor response following psychostimulant challenge. Both metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors have been shown to be critical in the induction and expression of stimulant sensitization, but their role in sensitization due to social defeat stress remains unclear.
Electrical conductivity of UO2+x

Abstract Isothermal and isobaric conductivities of UO 2+x nave been measured as a function of oxygen pressure and temperature. Intrinsic disorder predominates at low-oxygen pressures. The pressure dependence of the conductivity can be expressed as σ = P O 2 1 2 in the intermediate oxygen pressure range in which more than one type of charge carrier predominate. At high oxygen pressures, it has been proposed that oxygen vacancy-interstitial trios in association with U +5 ions faciliate the fast transport of oxygen interstitials in the region.
Ends of the line for tmRNA-SmpB

Genes for the RNA tmRNA and protein SmpB, partners in the trans-translation process that rescues stalled ribosomes, have previously been found in all bacteria and some organelles. During a major update of The tmRNA Website (relocated to http://bioinformatics.sandia.gov/tmrna), including addition of an SmpB sequence database, we found some bacteria that lack functionally significant regions of SmpB. Three groups with reduced genomes have lost the central loop of SmpB, which is thought to improve alanylation and EF-Tu activation: Carsonella, Hodgkinia, and the hemoplasmas (hemotropic Mycoplasma). Carsonella has also lost the SmpB C-terminal tail, thought to stimulate the decoding center of the ribosome. We validate recent identification of tmRNA homologs in oomycete mitochondria by finding partner genes from oomycete nuclei that target SmpB to the mitochondrion. We have moreover identified through exhaustive search a small number of complete, but often highly derived, bacterial genomes that appear to lack a functional copy of either the tmRNA or SmpB gene (but not both). One Carsonella isolate exhibits complete degradation of the tmRNA gene sequence yet its smpB shows no evidence for relaxed selective constraint, relative to other genes in the genome. After loss of the SmpB central loop in the hemoplasmas, one subclade apparently lost tmRNA. Carsonella also exhibits gene overlap such that tmRNA maturation should produce a non-stop smpB mRNA. At least some of the tmRNA/SmpB-deficient strains appear to further lack the ArfA and ArfB backup systems for ribosome rescue. The most frequent neighbors of smpB are the tmRNA gene, a ratA/rnfH unit, and the gene for RNaseR, a known physical and functional partner of tmRNA-SmpB.
The theorems of Loewner and Pick

The study of the exact interpolation of quadratic norms in vector spaces depends in an essential way on the theory of monotone matrix functions developed by Loewner in 1934 [4]. This theory, in its turn, depends on Loewner’s solution of a problem of interpolation by rational functions of a certain class. The discussion of this latter problem is necessarily complicated, and Loewner’s text does not lend itself to ready reference. It has therefore seemed worthwhile to recast a portion of Loewner’s results in a form more suited to the applications we have in view. Our work, however, is not wholly derivative; none of our theorems are explicitly stated by Loewner and our arguments, which are of a more geometric character, are essentially different. The knowledgeable reader will note that our hypotheses are slightly stronger than Loewner’s and that our results are therefore also stronger. For the applications which we have in mind, Theorem III is the most important result; the proof of this theorem depends on all of the previously developed theory.
Admissible market data structures: A complete characterization

Abstract This paper characterizes the market data which, if observed by traders in a stochastic exchange environment, will permit the general existence of (rational) expectations equilibria. It is proved that if a trader observes and conditions his expectations on some nonconstant market data, he must observe at least the equilibrium price and his own equilibrium trade. Any data which do not satisfy this requirement, such as the price alone, or the price and the volume of trade, will fail to permit the existence of an expectations equilibrium for some otherwise well-behaved stochastic environment.
Charge transfer in rare earth oxide hybrid solar cells

Abstract Hybrid inorganic–organic solar cells typically combine a transition metal oxide and organic absorber to form the donor–acceptor pair. Here, we explore the use of a rare earth oxide to function as the inorganic component of a hybrid solar cell. Oxidized neodymium (Nd2O3) particles are combined with [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) to form the solar cell active layer. The short circuit current and open circuit voltage are both enhanced compared to pure PCBM. In addition, the photoinduced absorption decay rate increases, and photobleaching is observed. This provides evidence for charge transfer between the organic and rare earth inorganic components.
Characterization of serine/cysteine protease inhibitor α1‐antitripsin from meconium‐instilled rabbit lungs

We have recently purified from meconium-instilled rabbit lungs a novel serine proteinase inhibitor, with an apparent molecular mass of 50 kDa, which we assign to be α1-antitripsin. We hypothesize that serpin may attenuate pulmonary inflammation and improve surfactant function after meconium aspiration. α1-antitripsin is a member of the proteinase inhibitor (serpin) superfamily and inhibitor of neutrophil elastase, and it can be identified as a member of the family by its amino acid sequence due to the high degree of conserved residues. α1-antitripsin is synthesized by epithelial cells, macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils. Deficiency in α1-antitripsin leads to exposure of lungs to uncontrolled proteolytic attack from neutrophil elastase or other damaging factors culminating in lung destruction and cell apoptosis. We hypothesize that accumulation of α1-antitripsin in the lungs serves as a predisposed protection against meconium-induced lung injury. In this paper, we show how this knowledge can lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of MAS. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The social consequences of occupational injuries and illnesses.

Background Most outcome studies of occupational injuries and illnesses have tended to focus on direct economic costs and duration of work disability. Rarely have the broader social consequences of work-related disorders or their impacts on injured workers' families, coworkers, and community been investigated. This paper examines a wide range of social consequences including workers' psychological and behavioral responses, vocational function, and family and community relationships. Methods Literature review and development of conceptual framework. Results Complex and multifactorial relationships are described whereby occupational injuries and illnesses produce a variety of social consequences involving filing and administration of workers' compensation insurance claims, medical care experiences, domestic function and activities of daily living, psychological and behavioral responses, stress, vocational function, rehabilitation and return to work, and equity and social justice. Conclusion A research agenda is proposed for guiding future investigations in this field.
Phenotypic Correlations of Certain Turkey Egg Parameters

Abstract Pedigreed eggs from turkey hens were cut in half lengthwise with a small high-speed drill with a circular saw attachment. The membranes were peeled out of the shells and placed in an Allo Kramer shear press. The shells and membranes were measured for thickness using a paper thickness gauge. All eggs were weighed and measured for specific gravity. Hatchability was calculated from other eggs laid by the same hen. Hatchability was higher with a membrane of lower weight, with a higher pressure per gram required to shear the membranes and with a thinner membrane at the larger end of the egg. The membranes averaged 0.060, 0.040, 0.049 and 0.049 mm. in thickness at the larger end, the small end and the two sides of the egg, respectively. The correlation of hatchability with specific gravity and the measured shell thickness on the sides of the egg approached significance and was negative. The shell thickness averaged 0.385, 0.415, 0.370 and 0.373 mm. at the larger end, the small end and the two sides of the egg, respectively. Eggs which had thinner shells at the site where the poult emerges from the shell were inclined to have higher hatchability. The membrane and shell thickness in different areas of the egg were not greatly variable as was shown by the high correlations among the different areas of shell thickness and membrane thickness. Repeatability of the parameters measured were in the medium high range.
Use of SERI Surgical Scaffold for Soft-tissue Support in a Massive Weight Loss Patient.

Patients with histories of massive weight loss (MWL) often have compromised skin, as evidenced by stretch marks and stria. In a similar fashion to which obesity traumatizes the dermis, the increased load on the abdominal fascia compromises its mechanical strength and integrity. Although the use of mesh to add strength and contour to these patients is seldom described in the literature, the literature does describe weakened abdominal wall components as a known cause of hernias and bulges after abdominoplasties.1–5 Furthermore, obese patients have a higher risk of developing incisional hernias after abdominal surgery.6 This is a report of the first use of SERI Surgical Scaffold (SERI; Allergan, Inc.), a silk-based long-term bioresorbable scaffold, to provide soft-tissue support to the abdominal fascia. SERI is a 510(k)-cleared scaffold indicated for use as a transitory scaffold for soft-tissue support and repair where weaknesses exist. This report investigates the use of SERI to provide support and to enhance fascial integrity in a patient undergoing circumferential body lift.
Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection for capillary electrophoresis using membrane collection

. Abstract: Capillary electrophoresis CE is often limited by the need to measure nanoliter-volume, low-concentration analytes with selectivity and specificity. A . post-column chemiluminescence CL method is described in which the capillary effluent is collected on a membrane which has been coated with a peroxyoxalate . CL reagent, bis 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl oxalate. After the CE run, the CL reaction is initiated on the membrane by applying hydrogen peroxide, a scientific charge-cou- . pled device CCD camera images the resultant CL emission, and an electrophero- gram is reconstructed. This postcolumn detection scheme decouples the separation parameters from detection and allows longer lived CL reagents to be used with fast separations. As the reaction is catalyzed by imidazole, CL intensities and lifetimes resulting from imidazole- and non-imidazole-running buffers are compared. The postcolumn CL method is compared to on-line UV absorbance detection for a . mixture of dansylated amino acids, with limits of detection LODs of 1.5 m M1 3 . fmol and separation efficiencies of 170,000 plates. The ability to preserve the sample on the membrane allows several selective detection schemes to be em- ployed; the combination of postcolumn chemiluminescence and radionuclide detec- tion from a single electrophoretic separation is demonstrated. Q 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 10: 329)337, 1998
Disorders of the pharynx

Pharyngeal disorders are complex and difficult to treat. Disorders that lead to anatomic derangement, such as trauma and neoplasia, can significantly affect the function of this organ. Pharyngeal dysfunction can manifest as dysphagia, persistent palatal displacement, or exercise intolerance. Secondary complications are serious and life threatening and include aspiration pneumonia, weight loss, and death. Pharyngeal disorders that are only recognizable during strenuous exercise are difficult to diagnose and are treated with limited success, even though they are responsible for significant economic losses with performance animals.
Effects of the removal of adherent and phagocytic cells on the spleen cell lymphoproliferative response of tumor-bearing mice.

Cell-mediated immunity was investigated in two BALB/c mouse tumor systems using the lymphoblastogenesis test with phytohemagglutinin as the mitogen. This lymphoproliferative response was quantitated using the Stimulation Index (SI). There was little evidence for suppressor cell activity in cell mixing experiments in which spleen cells from #51 cell-injected mice were mixed with spleen cells from normal mice. Following macrophage removal by Sephadex G-10 columns and carbonyl iron ingestion, there were no significant changes in the SI values for spleen cells from the #51 cell-injected mice. In contrast, spleen cells from mice injected with H238 cells, a herpes virus-transformed cell line, had a significantly lower SI value than that of normal mice. Suppressor cell activity was demonstrated in cell mixing experiments in which spleen cells from H238 cell-injected mice were mixed with normal spleen cells. Removal of adherent cells from spleen cells from H238 cell-injected mice by Sephadex G-10 columns restored the SI value to that of normal mice. An increased SI value was also seen after removal of phagocytic cells by carbonyl iron. These results suggested that cells with the functional properties of macrophages played an important part in the immunosuppression observed in the H238 tumor system. Comparison of the two macrophage depletion methods suggested that another cell population was also involved in the suppressive effect. Results of immunofluorescent techniques with anti-Lyt-1 and anti-Lyt-2 monoclonal antibodies show these cells to be Ly 1−, Ly 2,3+ phenotypes of T-lymphocytes.
A low temperature expansion for classical $N$-vector models. II. Renormalization group equations

This paper continues the analysis of the low temperature expansions for classicalN-vector models started in [1]. A main part of it is a derivation of renormalization group equations and a construction of their solutions. To do this we have to introduce “a fluctuation integral” connected with a next renormalization transformation, and to make its preliminary analysis. The results of the paper are summarized in theorems stating that the renormalization transformation preserves the space of densitites, or actions described inductively in [1].
Differentiation of Mouse Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into a Multipotent Keratinocyte Lineage

Recent breakthroughs in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have provided a novel renewable source of cells with embryonic stem cell-like properties, which may potentially be used for gene therapy and tissue engineering. Although iPSCs have been differentiated into various cell types, iPSC-derived keratinocytes have not yet been obtained. In this study, we report the in vitro differentiation of mouse iPSCs into a keratinocyte lineage through sequential applications of retinoic acid and bone-morphogenetic protein-4 and growth on collagen IV-coated plates. We show that iPSCs can be differentiated into functional keratinocytes capable of regenerating a fully differentiated epidermis, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands in an in vivo environment. Keratinocytes derived from iPSCs displayed characteristics similar to those of primary keratinocytes with respect to gene and protein expression, as well as their ability to differentiate in vitro and to reconstitute normal skin and its appendages in an in vivo assay. At present, no effective therapeutic treatments are available for many genetic skin diseases. The development of methods for the efficient differentiation of iPSCs into a keratinocyte lineage will enable us to determine whether genetically corrected autologous iPSCs can be used to generate a permanent corrective therapy for these diseases.
[1-(2-Phenylethyl)-2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopentadienyl]- titanium Compounds. Synthesis and Their Use for the Syndiospecific Polymerization of Styrene

A series of monocyclopentadienyltitanium complexes containing the 1-(2-phenylethyl)-2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopentadienyl ligand (C5Me4CH2CH2Ph) have been synthesized and characterized. The reaction of C5Me4(SiMe3)CH2CH2Ph (2) with TiCl4 was used to synthesized the trichloro complex (C5Me4CH2CH2Ph)TiCl3 (3), the molecular structure of which was confirmed by an X-ray diffraction study. Compound 3 was further converted into (C5Me4CH2CH2Ph)TiMe3 (4). Reaction of the latter with 1 equiv of [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] was almost quantitative to give the “cationic” compound [(C5Me4CH2CH2Ph)TiMe2]+[B(C6F5)4]- (5). Complex 5 was thermally unstable in solution and very moisture sensitive. Compound 4 was readily hydrolyzed to [(C5Me4CH2CH2Ph)TiMe2]2(μ-O) (6) upon recrystallization in wet pentane. Structural data indicate intramolecular coordination of the phenyl group to titanium in compound 5, whereas there are no such indications for 3, 4, or 6. The catalytic performance for styrene polymerization of 3 activated with methylal...
The Tail Behavior of the Convolutions of Gamma Random Variables

Two sufficient conditions for comparing convolutions of heterogeneous gamma random variables in terms of star order are established. It is further shown that if the scale parameters of heterogeneous gamma random variables are more dispersed in the sense of majorization, then the convolutions are more dispersed according to the right spread order, which generalizes and strengthens the results in Diaconis and Perlman (1987), Kochar and Xu (2010) and Zhao and Balakrishnan (2009).
Review of exercise-induced asthma

Purpose: The purpose of this manuscript is to review the recent literature on exercise-induced asthma (EIA) and summarize the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition. Method: A review of the English language medical literature was performed to obtain articles on ETA. Results: The pathophysiology of EIA is not fully understood, but there are two theories: 1) the hyperosmolar theory and 2) the airway rewarming theory. In addition, there have been data to show that airway inflammation is present in some elite athletes, especially in cold weather sports. The diagnosis of EIA is usually straightforward in most patients, but a number of patients may have atypical symptoms and may be more difficult to diagnose. They may well need exercise testing or eucapnic voluntary ventilation testing. Most people respond to treatment with an inhaled beta agonist and or cromolyn before exercise, but some patients will also need other medications, including daily medications such as inhaled steroids. When treatment does not control the problem, then further diagnostic evaluation should be done to rule out conditions other than ETA, such as vocal cord dysfunction or cardiac or pulmonary problems. Conclusions: EIA is a condition that may occur in schoolchildren in gym class and also in Olympic athletes. The diagnosis and treatment is usually fairly straightforward, but at times it may be challenging. However, all patients should be followed to make sure that the correct diagnosis is made and to make sure that treatment is effective.
Stress Hormones, Th1/Th2 patterns, Pro/Anti-inflammatory Cytokines and Susceptibility to Disease

In general, stress has been regarded as immunosuppressive. Recent evidence, however, indicates that acute, subacute or chronic stress might suppress cellular immunity but boost humoral immunity. This is mediated by a differential effect of stress hormones, the glucocorticoids and catecholamines, on T helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 cells and type 1/type 2 cytokine production. Furthermore, acute stress might induce pro-inflammatory activities in certain tissues through neural activation of the peripheral corticotropin-releasing hormone-mast cell-histamine axis. Through the above mechanisms, stress might influence the onset and/or course of infectious, autoimmune/inflammatory, allergic and neoplastic diseases.
In Situ Spectroscopic Ellipsometry for Monitoring and Control of HgCdTe Heterostructures Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

A major advantage of vapor phase epitaxial growth techniques is their flexibility to produce Hg1−xCdxTe layers with difFerent compositions from one run to the next, as well as the flexibility to produce compositional heterostructures of Hg1−xCdxTe in one process step. To take full advantage of this flexibility, reliable, automated control must be introduced. To this end, a phase-modulated spectroscopie ellipsometer (SE) has been implemented for use as a contactless wafer state sensor. In this work SE was used to monitor in real-time the stoichiometry of epitaxial Hg1-4CdxTe during growth by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). SE has provided valuable information about the MBE growth process, by revealing even small fluctuations in x (± 0.002). In particular, SE has measured the compositional profiles of both LWIR/MWIR and MWIR/LWIR interfaces. Distinct profiles were revealed for interfaces created by abrupt changes in the CdTe effusion cell set-point and for interfaces created by ramping the cell temperature linearly. Ramping results in a smoothly graded interface, whose thickness may be pre-determined, though typically 2000 A. An abrupt set-point change results in a sharper transition (∼300 A) followed by oscillations in composition associated with the settling time of the cell (∼1500 A). The thickness of a CdTe passivation layer grown on a LWTR layer was determined. The current status of the SE will be reported through other illustrative examples which demonstrate its utility as a diagnostic tool and as a sensor for realtime, feed-back control of the MBE process.
The computational efficiency of non-linear frequency domain methods

This paper demonstrates efficient solver technologies applied to the non-linear frequency domain (NLFD) method. The basis of the NLFD method is to assume the time period of the solution's oscillation and to transform both the solution and residual using a discrete Fourier transform. An unsteady residual is formed in the frequency domain and iteratively driven to a negligible value. This method is amenable to many of the convergence acceleration techniques used for steady state flows including pseudo-local time stepping, implicit residual averaging, coarse grid viscosity and multigrid. This paper will address the implementation of these techniques such that convergence rates of the modified unsteady solver are equivalent to those of the original steady-state techniques.
Simulating carbon balance at treeline for krummholz and dwarf tree growth forms

Abstract Modeling vegetation systems has become one of the most powerful methods available for predicting the response of modern vegetation assemblages to future changes in climate. The alpine treeline is a landscape feature that is coupled to climate and is expected to change location with changes in climate. In the Rocky Mountains, treeline environments are dominated by two distinct growth forms. Dwarf trees are stunted trees that retain an arboreal growth form and krummholz are trees that have assumed a mat-like growth form. Models of treeline dynamics have not taken into account these differences. In this study, I investigate the effects of canopy type on carbon balances predicted using ATE-BGC. ATE-BGC is a forest process model that has been developed specifically for treeline environments. The canopies of dwarf trees and krummholz differ with regard to the vertical distribution of leaf area index (LAI) and light within the canopies. The thermal regimes of the two canopy types also differ vertically. These differences within and between canopy types have significant effects on simulated carbon balance. Dwarf tree canopies are simulated to have higher carbon balances for all leaf area index values above 4 and carbon balances for both canopy types decrease with increases in LAI. The incorporation of vertical changes in the thermal regime does not have a significant impact on carbon balance for either canopy type. The results show that canopy type is an important factor to consider when modeling the alpine treeline. The results also suggest avenues for future modification to the ATE-BGC model. The inclusion of a mechanism to allow for a physiognomic switch (dwarf tree to krummholz or krummholz to dwarf tree) would benefit future simulations of treeline response to climate change.
Vertex arboricity and maximum degree

Abstract The vertex arboricity of graph G is the minimum number of colors that can be used to color the vertices of G so that each color class induces an acylic subraph of cyclic subgraph of G . We prove results such as this: if a connected graph G is neither a cycle nor a clique, then there is a coloring of V ( G ) with at most ⌈ Δ ( G )/2 ⌉ colors, such that each color class induces a forest and one of those induced forests is a maximum induced forest in G . This improves prior results of Brooks (1941). Kronk and Mitchem (1974/75), and Lovasz (1966), and it is analogus to a result of Catlin (1976, 1979) on the chromatic number that improves Brooks' theorem.
Design and evaluation of a Twitter hashtag recommendation system

Twitter has evolved into a powerful communication and information sharing tool used by millions of people around the world to post what is happening now. A hashtag, a keyword prefixed with a hash symbol (#), is a feature in Twitter to organize tweets and facilitate effective search among a massive volume of data. In this paper, we propose an automatic hashtag recommendation system that helps users find new hashtags related to their interests. We propose the Hashtag Frequency-Inverse Hashtag Ubiquity (HF-IHU) ranking scheme, which is a variation of the well-known TF-IDF, that considers hashtag relevancy, as well as data sparseness. Experiments on a large Twitter data set demonstrate that our method successfully yields relevant hashtags for user's interest and that recommendations more stable and reliable than ranking tags based on tweet content similarity. Our results show that HF-IHU can achieve over 30% hashtag recall when asked to identify the top 10 relevant hashtags for a particular tweet.
Nanopore stochastic detection of a liquid explosive component and sensitizers using boromycin and an ionic liquid supporting electrolyte.

We report a rapid and sensitive stochastic nanopore sensing method for the detection of monovalent cations and liquid explosive components and their sensitizers. The sensing element is a wild-type α-hemolysin protein pore with boromycin as a molecular adaptor, while a solution containing an ionic liquid was used as the background electrolyte. The analyte−boromycin complexes showed significantly different signatures. Specifically, their event mean dwell times and amplitudes were sufficiently distinct to permit the convenient differentiation and even simultaneous detection of liquid explosive components in aqueous environments. In addition, the results also demonstrate that the usage of specific ionic liquid salt solutions instead of NaCl or KCl solution as supporting electrolyte provides a useful means to greatly enhance the sensitivity of the nanopore for some analytes in stochastic sensing.
Process window study with various illuminations for EUV lithography applications

EUV lithography has the ability to support 22 nm logic manufacturing and beyond. Similar to the DUV lithographic systems, partial coherence on EUV lithographic systems can have a big impact on process latitude for critical layers. Thus, it is important to understand the effect of partial coherence on EUV imaging systems. In this paper, process windows with various illumination settings are investigated. The experiments are conducted using the MET station at the Advance Light Source (ALS). In addition to the annular and dipole illuminations which reported in our last paper 1 , C-quad and Quad illuminations are used to explore the impact of the partial coherence on the process window. Even though the MET system has resolutions below 30nm dense lines, the exposures are targeted for 60nm, 50nm, and 45nm dense features due to the resist limitation. The experimental results are compared with simulation results using Intel's lithography modeling tool, I-Photo. Resist and aerial image threshold models are used for the comparison study. The experimental results correlate well with the resist based simulation results, but some discrepancies are observed for the aerial image threshold cases. We believe the discrepancies are due to the resist limitations. We found that the dipole shows the largest Depth of Focus for dense lines and spaces.
Organotropism of Breast Cancer Metastasis

Breast cancer causes mortality by metastasizing to a variety of vital organs, such as bone, lung, brain and liver. Effective therapeutic intervention of this deadly process relies on a better mechanistic understanding of metastasis organotropism. Recent studies have confirmed earlier speculations that metastasis is a non-random process and is dependent on intricate tumor-stroma interactions at the target organ. Both the intrinsic properties of breast cancer cells and the host organ microenvironment are important in determining the efficiency of organ-specific metastasis. Advances in animal modeling, in vivo imaging and functional genomics have accelerated the discovery of important molecular mediators of organ-specific metastasis. A conceptual framework of breast cancer organotropism is emerging and will be instrumental in guiding future efforts in this exciting research field.
LibraryPalooza: a marketing case study

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the elements of a successful marketing and outreach event for undergraduate students at a medium‐sized US research university.Design/methodology/approach – A case study of LibraryPalooza, an annual event held at the University at Albany since 2004, and attended by 1,500 students in 2010.Findings – Detailed planning and extensive partnerships on campus make for a successful and relatively inexpensive welcome event for new students, introducing them to library services and facilities.Originality/value – This paper provides a practical example of planning a major event marketing library resources to user constituencies.
Brain Aging Correlates: Retardation by Hormonal-Pharmacological Treatments

Mid-aged rats were either adrenalectomized and chronically maintained, or left intact and treated daily for a 9- to 10-month period with a potent analog of the peptide adrenocorticotropin (residues 4 to 9), which has some stimulant properties, or with the neural stimulant pentylenetetrazole. All three treatments reduced hippocampal morphologic correlates of brain aging (neuronal loss, glial reactivity). The pentylenetetrazole and peptide treatments also improved reversal learning. These results suggest that certain endogenous peptides, with stimulant properties, may also exert long-term, trophic effects on brain structure and function.
Impact of Volume Fraction and Size of Reinforcement Particles on the Grain Size in Metal–Matrix Micro and Nanocomposites

In metal–matrix micro and nanocomposites (MMCs and MMNCs), the presence and interactions of various strengthening mechanisms are not well understood, but grain boundary strengthening is considered as one of the primary means of improving the yield strength of composites. Owing to the importance of grain size on mechanical properties, it is necessary to be able to describe how incorporation of nanoparticles (NPs) in both powder metallurgy (PM) and solidification processing (SP) affects this critical property. In the present work, we provide a basis for an empirical equation that relates particle fraction and particle size to MMNC grain size for both PM and SP synthesis methods. The model suggests that NPs retard grain coarsening in PM MMNCs and also seems to describe the effect of reinforcement concentration on grain size in SP MMCs and MMNCs.