cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Olympics in divided Berlin? Popular culture and political imagination at the Cold War frontier

During the thaw (1963) after the Cuban missile crisis, West Berlin Mayor Willy Brandt proposed jointly-hosted Olympics on both sides of the Berlin Wall. Historians have dismissed this initiative as a propaganda stunt. It was not. Belying his reputation for realism, Brandt aimed to use popular culture and non-governmental organisations to ease the Cold War at its most dangerous flashpoint. The ensuing internal and public discourses illuminate how Brandt and his Eastern and Western opponents assessed the risks and rewards of a policy of cultural and political engagement. Amid the doubly-treacherous political terrain, only false starts permitted the architect of German–German detente to trace the boundary between the imaginative and the imaginary.
Specificity of Ertapenem Susceptibility Screening for Detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemases

Detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPCs) can be nonspecific, especially when KPCs are uncommon. We determined the positive predictive value and specificity of ertapenem resistance for KPC detection in 2,696 Enterobacteriaceae isolates. The positive predictive value and specificity of ertapenem resistance for KPC detection were 74% and 99.2%, respectively.
Instructional effects of a performance support system designed to guide preservice teachers in developing technology integration strategies

The purpose of this formative evaluation was to investigate the experiences of preservice teachers utilizing performance support system (PSS) technology to develop knowledge related to classroom technology integration. A PSS provides end users just-in-time support to perform various tasks. Because teachers have time constraints, a PSS can be used to support them with classroom technology integration. Both quantitative and qualitative data were used to answer the research questions. Qualitative data included focus group interviews and a perception questionnaire; these data were used to identify factors related to the participant' experiences. In addition, a pre- and post-knowledge test was administered to the preservice teachers ( n = 28) to study potential learning impact of a PSS for technology integration. Results showed that, although their learning improvement was not statistically significant, the participants reacted to PSS use positively, with caution. Based on the results, it is recommended that the PSS environment should be updated based on the feedback from the participants, and additional long-term studies should be conducted to validate the current findings. Practitioner Notes What is known about this topic Preservice teachers often lack technology integration skills., Preservice teachers often do not have the necessary support that can help them develop technology integration skills., Performance support systems (PSS) are known to provide just-in-time training and learning opportunities., What this paper adds Provides a framework for developing a PSS based on the principles of advance organizers., Provides support to further investigate the use of PSS for preservice and in-service teachers' professional development., Implications for practice and/or policy Institutions should investigate the effectiveness of using a PSS to support preservice teachers with technology integration issues., K-12 schools should investigate the effectiveness of using a PSS to support teachers with technology integration issues., Designers of PSS should incorporate appropriate learning theories in the design framework of a PSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Does Complementarity Promote or Hinder Client Change in Brief Therapy? A Review of the Evidence from Two Theoretical Perspectives

Two conceptual models, interpersonal personality theory (IPT) and relational control theory (RCT), have had long-standing influences on the science and practice of psychotherapy, undergirding many of the goals, strategies, and techniques commonly used in brief treatments for individuals and families. In both models, client-therapist complementarity figures prominently, but IPT and RCT theorists define the concept differently, with varying perspectives on its value in facilitating therapeutic change. Because of the conceptual differences and a wide array of research methods, the literature on complementarity is replete with confusing, contradictory results. To clarify the existing knowledge base and suggest directions for future study, 23 IPT and 19 RCT studies of observable client-therapist interactions in brief individual and family therapy were reviewed and contrasted. Although results do not consistently confirm either model the evidence tends to support IPT in the context of individual therapy and RCT...
The Express Broadcast Network: a network for low-latency broadcast of control messages

We present the Express Broadcast Network (EBN), a network used for quick and reliable broadcast of control messages in multicomputer networks. The EBN can be implemented with a single extra wire per network link and with minimal extra hardware at each routing node. However, it provides very fast broadcast mechanisms that take advantage of all redundancy in the network to deliver messages regardless of faulty network components. We present extensions of the basic network to include multiple-wire, multiple-bit, and bidirectional wire support, as well as describing basic methods of using the EBN for various applications. >
Hydraulic Design and Analysis of Labyrinth Weirs. II: Nappe Aeration, Instability, and Vibration

AbstractNappe behavior should be considered in the design of labyrinth weirs to ensure hydraulic optimization and to account for potential vibrations, pressure fluctuations, noise, and flow surging. Information regarding nappe aeration conditions (clinging, aerated, partially aerated, and drowned), nappe instability, and nappe vibrations for trapezoidal labyrinth weirs on a horizontal apron with quarter- and half-round crests (6°≤ sidewall angle ≤35°) is presented. Corresponding headwater ratio ranges and hydraulic behaviors associated with nappe aeration conditions are documented and discussed to aid in labyrinth weirs design, including design options directly related to nappe behavior (e.g., crest shape, crest roughness, vents, nappe breakers, notches, and staged cycles). The effects of artificial nappe aeration (a vented nappe) on nappe behavior and discharge capacity are also discussed, including recommended placements of nappe breakers.
MMEJ repair of double-strand breaks (director’s cut): deleted sequences and alternative endings

DNA double-strand breaks are normal consequences of cell division and differentiation and must be repaired faithfully to maintain genome stability. Two mechanistically distinct pathways are known to efficiently repair double-strand breaks: homologous recombination and Ku-dependent non-homologous end joining. Recently, a third, less characterized repair mechanism, named microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ), has received increasing attention. MMEJ repairs DNA breaks via the use of substantial microhomology and always results in deletions. Furthermore, it probably contributes to oncogenic chromosome rearrangements and genetic variation in humans. Here, we summarize the genetic attributes of MMEJ from several model systems and discuss the relationship between MMEJ and 'alternative end joining'. We propose a mechanistic model for MMEJ and highlight important questions for future research.
Shopping list perseveration

A 78-year-old woman was admitted for an acute confusional episode followed by loss of consciousness. When the episode began, she was …
RESPONSE OF DYKE TO OSCILLATING DIPOLE

A dyke of sulfide ore may be geophysically prospected by observing its electromagnetic response to a slowly oscillating magnetic dipole source. An excellent first approximation of the fields generated is obtained by considering the idealized case of a dyke of infinite conductivity and vanishing thickness in a vacuum. Surprisingly, this idealized problem can be solved exactly in terms of a newly discovered Green’s function for Laplace’s equation (in three dimensions) which is simply expressed in closed form. The magnetic scalar potential and the magnetic field are given for final results.
Modeling the Significance of Mechanical Interfaces to Fracture Propagation and Morphology – Geomechanical Models Derived from Outcrop Analysis

Subsurface fault and fracture networks are important fluid-flow pathways in low-permeability rocks. We characterize the nature of discontinuities in well-exposed, fine-grained, low-permeability Jurassic Carmel Formation that exhibits evidence of subsurface fracture propagation and fluid migration. We identify mechanostratigraphic units and document the effects mechanical variations due to lithologic changes have on the distribution and nature of fractures. Interfaces mark the boundary between mechanical units where fractures deflect, propagate across, or arrest depending on contrasts in mechanical properties, such as Young’s modulus. In this study we compare model results to outcrop fracture distribution to evaluate the effects that changes in mechanical unit thickness and associated variations in elastic moduli have on local strain and fracture distribution across locked mechanical interfaces. Studying the occurrence of, and changes in, outcrop fracture patterns and scaling these up for field-scale (kmscale) modeling is difficult due to the lack of direct correlation between outcrop observations and subsurface data. We bridge this correlation gap by first evaluating the meso-scale (mm-m) variability observed in outcrop and incorporate these observations into geomechanical models in order to identify the controlling properties in fracture propagation and morphology. In outcrop we observe variations in fracture densities from 1 to 18 fractures/meter and vein apertures that range from mm to cm in width. In outcrop fractures occur as calcite veins in the limestone rich facies of the Carmel Formation and in the shale facies are mineralized with calcite or gypsum and often have limonite alteration halos along the fracture margins. Fracture strike orientations parallel those in the underlying Navajo Sandstone and fault deformation bands. We incorporate this outcrop data with changes observed in dynamic Young’s modulus (E) within the basal 9 meters of the heterolithic Carmel Formation and upper 3 meters of the Navajo Sandstone. Changes in elastic moduli, such as dynamic Young’s modulus, which ranges from 17-34 GPa across interfaces within low permeability units, will ultimately influence fracture distributions and fluid behavior in the subsurface. Our characterization of rock strength variability is especially important for modeling the response of low permeability rocks to increased pore pressure, and is applicable to multiple geo-engineering scenarios such as exploitation of natural resources, waste disposal, and management of fluids in the subsurface. Our analyses provide analog fracture data for fine-grained mixed siliciclastic carbonate rocks and a dataset for better understanding the importance of heterogeneity in low permeability rocks.
In Memory of Theodore Rabinowicz (1919 – 1995)

Theodore Rabinowicz (1919–1995) was a prominent Swiss neuropathologist from Lausanne and Geneva with a sustained interest in the development of the neocortex during gestation, childhood and adulthood. Extending the cytoarchitectonic atlas work of Conel and von Economo and Koskinas, he generated important data on dynamic remodeling processes of the cerebral cortex in children and on neocortical neuronal migration and differentiation in premature infants from 17 to 32 weeks of gestation. In 1965, Th. Rabinowicz created an autonomous Neuropathology Division with state-of-the-art facilities serving expanded clinical, teaching and research functions at the University of Lausanne (Switzerland) which he directed until 1984. He continued his research efforts during retirement until his death on January 14, 1995 leaving a lasting legacy of kindness, scholarly work and inquisitiveness.
Preparation and Properties of Semisynthetic Flavoenzymes

Derivatives of 10-methylisoalloxazine have been used to alkylate the active site sulfhydryl group of the protein templates papain and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The resulting semisynthetic flavoenzymes have contrasting substrate specificity and stereoselectivity in the oxidation of 1,4-dihydronicotinamides. Furthermore, rate accelerations of 100 to 1000-fold are observed in the reactions of each of these catalysts with their optimal substrates compared to the analogous reactions with non-enzymatic model flavins. The success of these first generation catalysts suggests that the “chemical mutation” of existing tertiary structures holds great promise for the development of effective artificial enzymes.
Industry And Liquidity Effects In Corporate Investment And Cash Relationships

Prior studies find a positive relationship between a firm’s cash flow and investment, but researchers disagree over whether this finding can be attributed to financial constraints. In this paper we introduce two new ways to segment firms to test for differences in cash–investment relationships. Our findings suggest that relationships between internal cash and investment are more complex than prior studies assume. Internal liquidity plays a more important role in the investment process in some industries than in others. Attempts to generalize a theory for investment decisions based on internal cash holdings must account for differences in both industry and internal cash constraints.
The Psychological Synergistic Effects of Alcohol and Caffeine

Any substance that humans consume has some sort of psychological effect upon them. Generally, most people seek out the ones that can elicit feelings of comfort, pleasure, or the sense of improving one’s health. Yet, some individuals seek out various substances to dull one’s senses or to rouse them. Alcohol and caffeine can serve those purposes perfectly well. Together, the effects of caffeine and alcohol may have some impact upon the mind and behavior, which may be positive or negative. While the consumption of either type of drink in subsequent usage is not a new concept, the mixing of both beverages is a newer phenomenon, and the noticeable effects are causing physicians, health officials, and law and policymakers take notice and take action. Due to the newness of the concept, research upon the subject is only in its burgeoning stages, yet it is sure to develop subsequent studies in due time based upon its generation of consumers. An entire industry of caffeinated alcoholic beverages (CABs) has arisen in recent years, primarily targeting college-aged individuals and has seen widespread success among this population. This chapter will examine the psychological effects of alcohol and caffeine, who are the most likely users, its safety and health implications, current legislation in place and developing policy, and what the future of this type of consumption can have in coming years.
The Vital Role of Measurement Equivalence in Family Research

The construct is the most basic aspect of a theoretical model. Whether a construct is equivalent across groups or time is a vital consideration when testing theory. However, examining construct equivalence is often not well understood either conceptually or statistically. This article provides a conceptual and statistical overview of construct equivalence as well as a rationale for its increased use. An example of testing for equivalence is also provided. Three hundred 12-year-olds rated their mother and father on a scale of parental engagement. It was examined whether this scale demonstrated equivalence for both mothers and fathers. Equivalence tests found that strong equivalence was not met, and therefore mean comparisons are not justified. Theoretical and practical implications of measurement equivalence are discussed.
Benefits and work-schedule options in hospital pharmacy practice

Hospital pharmacy directors were surveyed to determine whether their departments offered specific family-related benefits and work-schedule options and how their attitudes about these options compared with those of female hospital pharmacists. Questionnaires were mailed to 300 randomly selected hospital pharmacy directors to collect the following information: vacancy rates and male:female ratios in hospital pharmacy positions, which of 13 selected benefits and work-schedule options were offered, barriers that prevented the other options from being offered, and attitudes about the listed options. The options included in the survey were selected because they represent ways of balancing home and work (e.g., maternity leave, job sharing, day care). The pharmacy directors' responses were compared with those from a similar survey of female hospital pharmacists. The usable response rate was 50.3%. Position vacancy rates ranged from 5.5% for directors to 35.8% for clinical supervisors. All full-time positions had an even distribution of men and women except for director and assistant or associate director positions. Of 13 options, only maternity leave, part-time schedules, and flexible schedules were offered by more than half of the hospitals. These three were also the only listed options that the respondents considered important in recruiting and retaining pharmacists. Barriers to offering other options included the perception that current benefits and work-schedule options were adequate, lack of staff coverage, lack of funds, and the perception that some positions are not compatible with alternative schedules. Respondents' ratings of the importance of the listed benefits and work-schedule options were significantly lower than ratings given by female hospital pharmacists in a separate survey.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Transcription Activator-like Effectors: A Toolkit for Synthetic Biology

Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) are proteins secreted by Xanthomonas bacteria to aid the infection of plant species. TALEs assist infections by binding to specific DNA sequences and activating the expression of host genes. Recent results show that TALE proteins consist of a central repeat domain, which determines the DNA targeting specificity and can be rapidly synthesized de novo. Considering the highly modular nature of TALEs, their versatility, and the ease of constructing these proteins, this technology can have important implications for synthetic biology applications. Here, we review developments in the area with a particular focus on modifications for custom and controllable gene regulation.
Intracranial pressure response to controlled cortical impact: An experimental study on a surrogate head

The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model is commonly used for replicating the trauma events. However, the impact parameters vary considerably among different laboratories, making the comparison of research findings difficult. The goal of this work is to quantify the intracranial pressure responses to the input parameters of the CCI device using a surrogate head, i.e., a gel-filled ping pong ball. Findings from this work could be used to better design CCI tests.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Co-Simulation of Risk Factors in Power Markets

This article proposes a simple but realistic model to co-simulate the time series of three risk factors: temperature, electricity load, and prices. In addition, the authors provide load serving entities with a quantitative analysis of an electricity price-volume joint risk; illustrate a hedging strategy using weather and electricity price derivatives; and price a tailor-made temperature contingent contract.
Nutrition 101: The Concept of Nutritional Status, Standards, and Guides for Nutrient Intakes, Eating Patterns, and Nutrition

This chapter provides an overview of tools for evaluating dietary intakes of individuals and provides dietary recommendations. Such recommendations have been given by government and other groups for over 100 years (Fig. 2.1). The chapter describes the concepts of dietary status, nutritional status, and the available methods for measuring them. The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI), the standards for nutrient intakes in the United States and Canada, are described and their multiple uses are discussed. Major us federal guidance related to nutrition is outlined. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, and recommendations to help guide Americans in altering their current intakes in more healthful directions are summarized. MyPlate (formerly MyPyramid and the Food Guide Pyramid), a guide that provides food-based recommendations based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the DRI, is described. The Healthy Eating Index (HEI), a simple scoring system for of evaluating overall dietary quality including balance, variety, and adequacy of intakes based on the DRI and the Dietary Guidelines is also discussed. Healthy People 2020, a set of national goals for promoting health and preventing disease that involve nutrition, is briefly mentioned. Finally, a new National Nutrition Research Roadmap for Federal human nutrition research 2016–2021 is briefly discussed.
Numerical modelling of design parameters for manufacturing polyester/glass composites by resin injection pultrusion

Resin Injection Pultrusion (RIP) is an automated, continuous process and is one of the most cost-effective methods for manufacturing composite materials with constant cross sections (such as rod stock, beams, channels and tubing). In the present work, a 3-D finite volume technique was developed to advance the liquid resin flow front through the fibre reinforcement in the injection pultrusion process. The objective of this study was to improve fibre reinforcement wet-out and thus the quality of the pultruded part in an injection pultrusion process. The complete wet-out of the dry reinforcement by the liquid resin depends on various design and process parameters. The design parameters explored in this study were the aspect ratio of the final composite, injection slot width, injection slot location from inlet of injection chamber, and location of the multiple injection ports. The numerical model simulates the flow of polyester resin through glass rovings and predicts the impact of the design (geometric) parameters on wet-out, resin pressure field, and resin velocity field. The location of the liquid resin flow front has been predicted for an injection slot, as well as for five discrete injection ports.
Titanium wound chambers for wound healing research

Standardized and reproducible animal models are crucial in medical research. Rodents are commonly used in wound healing studies since, they are easily available, affordable and simple to handle and house. However, the most significant limitation of rodent models is that the wounds heal by contraction while in humans the primary mechanisms of healing are reepithelialization and granulation tissue formation. The robust contraction results in faster wound closure that complicates the reproducibility of rodent studies in clinical trials. We have developed a titanium wound chamber for rodent wound healing research. The chamber is engineered from two pieces of titanium and is placed transcutaneously on the dorsum of a rodent. The chamber inhibits wound contraction and provides a means for controlled monitoring and sampling of the wound environment in vivo with minimal foreign body reaction. This technical report introduces two modalities utilizing the titanium chambers in rats: (1) Wound in a skin island model and, (2) Wound without skin model. Here, we demonstrate in rats how the "wound in a skin island model" slows down wound contraction and how the "wound without skin" model completely prevents the closure. The titanium wound chamber provides a reproducible standardized models for wound healing research in rodents.
Student pharmacist perceptions of therapeutic lifestyle change (TLC) counseling abilities and personal health status

Abstract Objective Although prevalent in medical literature, there are limited data on student pharmacists' ability to provide therapeutic lifestyle change (TLC) counseling. The objective of this study is to evaluate student pharmacists' perceived abilities for TLC counseling and to determine if there was any correlation related to the students' perceived personal health status. Methods A survey containing Likert questions about perceptions regarding TLC counseling, assessment questions on guidelines, and perceptions about personal health status was distributed electronically in February 2015 to all student pharmacists from first to fourth year at two pharmacy schools. Data analysis was completed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. The project was approved by both universities' institutional review boards. Results The survey was distributed to 1050 student pharmacists and 234 responded for a response rate of 22.3%. Greater than 70% of students reported confidence in providing general TLC counseling and this was not affected by weight of the patient; however, fewer students, 50%, were confident in providing tailored, patient-specific recommendations. Students performed well on assessment questions related to exercise and saturated fat intake; however, fewer students were able to correctly select recommended carbohydrate or sodium intake. Results show the majority of students (50–60%) report exercising and healthy eating; however, almost all students expressed a desire to improve personal health, weight, exercise, and eating habits. One correlation was significant, students with a higher BMI were associated with a greater desire to improve eating habits ( p = 0.015). Implications The subjective data from this research show the need to further objectively evaluate student health status as well as ability to provide appropriate TLC counseling. Student pharmacists need to be adequately trained to meet Healthy People 2020 and CAPE 13 objectives.
Immigrant perpetrators in the news: A terror management approach to resultant hostility, perceived vulnerability, and immigration issue judgment

ABSTRACTThis study found that mortality salience in TV news activated more hostile attitude toward the perpetrators and negative judgment on the immigration issue. Social group difference influenced news viewers’ immigration issue judgment, but did not affect their resultant hostility and perceived vulnerability. More negative attitudes emerged toward the immigration issue when immigrant perpetrators were portrayed negatively in the news. News viewers with exposure to mortality salience in TV news reported more negative toward immigrants. Exposure to mortality-related elements in TV news could lead to social conflicts that were viewed as a severe threat by U.S. government and policymakers.
Timing Fungicide Application Intervals Based on Airborne Erysiphe necator Concentrations

Management of grape powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) and other polycyclic diseases relies on numerous fungicide applications that follow calendar or model-based application intervals, both of which assume that inoculum is always present. Quantitative molecular assays have been previously developed to initiate fungicide applications, and could be used to optimize fungicide application intervals throughout the growing season based on inoculum concentration. Airborne inoculum samplers were placed at one research and six commercial vineyards in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Fungicide applications in all plots were initiated at the first detection of E. necator inoculum, and all subsequent fungicide application intervals were made based the grower’ standard calendar program or based on inoculum concentration. In adjusted-interval plots, fungicides were applied at the shortest labeled application interval when >10 spores were detected and the longest labeled application interval when <10 spores were detecte...
Osmotic Shifts, Cerebral Edema, and Neurologic Deterioration in Severe Hepatic Encephalopathy.

Objectives:We sought to determine the effect of acute electrolyte and osmolar shifts on brain volume and neurologic function in patients with liver failure and severe hepatic encephalopathy.Design:Retrospective analysis of brain CT scans and clinical data.Setting:Tertiary care hospital ICUs.Patients
Neuroimaging and Biology

Remarkably, the caverns of the mind are indeed shining beyond their portholes, though the terrain revealed sometimes appears new and strange. Being able to see inside the heads of living, thinking people has revolutionized the way human neuroscience is conducted and has captured the imagination of neuroscientists around the world. Our technological tools have developed so rapidly, however, that there is substantial uncertainty as to how they are best utilized. The promise of neuroimaging is unfulfilled, though a respectable downpayment has been made. The chapters in these two volumes provide a superb summary of past achievements and numerous insights regarding technical and experimental innovation. In this brief chapter, I will not attempt to summarize these chapters, but rather, offer some comments designed to place the field of neuroimaging in a larger scientific context, in particular, that of theoretical biology.
Failure Analysis of Stainless Steel Heat Exchanger Tubes in a Petrochemical Plant

A shell and tube heat exchanger had failed its four tubes after just over a year in service. One of these tubes was analyzed in this examination. This heat exchanger is used to transfer heat from steam on the shell side to slurry on the tube side. The tube material was made of SA 249 TP 304L, a standard specification for welded austenitic stainless steel tubes. A failure investigation was carried out on the leaked tubes by performing a number of examinations including visual and macroscopic examination, chemical analysis, metallographic examination, hardness testing and scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis. Results of the failure analysis showed that the leaked tubes of the heat exchanger had primarily experienced stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in the longitudinal direction caused by the combined effects of tensile stress and corrosion. Most of the stress-corrosion cracks initiated at multiple sites of the external surface of the tubes where corrosion pits and other surface defects were present. Formation of surface defects was most likely associated with some excessive contact and/or collision between tube and adjacent tubes or with baffles or other support in the heat exchanger. In the early stage, most of the cracks were not branched, but later continued by cracks branching in transgranular manner. Some of the trace elements found on the fracture surface deposit may have been responsible for the formation of corrosion pits and SCC on the tubes, acting either alone or in combination. In addition, at location close to the multiple parallel cracks in the longitudinal direction, the tube also experienced other multiple parallel cracks, but in its circumferential direction. None of these cracks had reached the internal wall of the tube.
Technologies for developing a smart city in computational thinking

Building a smart city involves almost all the aspects of social, economic, and technological issues. This paper gives a brief survey and overview of the latest technologies for building a smart city. It covers IoT, device as a service, service-oriented computing and cloud computing as the infrastructure, big data analysis and processing for data mining, and artificial intelligence. A visual programming language for IoT and robotics application development is also introduced, which offers a tool for architects and developers to define the applications using computational thinking and workflow of existing services and components.
Fault-assisted side-channel analysis of masked implementations

Masking is a side-channel countermeasure technique that uses random masks to split sensitive cryptographic variables into multiple shares. The side-channel leakage from individual shares does not reveal the sensitive variable because the random masks are secret. We propose a methodology to identify the generation and integration of random masks in cryptographic software by means of side-channel analysis. We then disable the randomizing effect of masking by targeted fault injection, and we break the masking countermeasure using first-order side-channel analysis. This attack is practically demonstrated on a RISC-V core for two different masked AES software implementations. We achieve full key recovery using 300 traces and 230 traces for a byte-level masked AES and a bit-sliced masked AES implementation respectively. The proposed attack methodology is independent of the cryptographic kernel. It targets the transfer of random masks into the masked cryptographic algorithm. This paper highlights the vulnerability of random number generation in masked implementations.
Is the partial credit model a Rasch model

A balance scale metaphor is offered as a tool for explaining the principles of measurement and for visualizing the internal structure of dichotomous and polytomous Rasch models. The balance scale metaphor is used to guide the derivation of a general polytomous Rasch model and to illustrate the additional assumptions subsequently required to derive the Andrich (1978) rating scale model (RSM) and the Masters (1982) partial credit model (PCM). The metaphor is used to present the argument that the RSM conforms to the rules of measurement, but the PCM has interactions implicit in its structure that violate specific objectivity and sufficiency of raw scores, which challenge its status as a Rasch model. Using the metaphor and a literal interpretation of the narrative description of the PCM by Masters (1982), a new version of the PCM is derived that does conform to the rules of measurement.
Fate of orthotopic corneal allografts in eyes that cannot support anterior chamber-associated immune deviation induction

Purpose. Corneal allografts placed in human eyes at high risk often fail, and immune rejection is thought to be a major pathogenic factor. To understand the immunologic factors responsible for rejection in this instance, the authors have created high-risk eyes in mice by inducing corneal neovascularization. The authors then examined the fate of orthotopic corneal grafts placed in these beds and assessed the development of donor-specific delayed hypersensitivity (DH) in recipient mice. Methods. Three interrupted sutures were placed in the central cornea of recipient BALB/c mice to induce corneal neovascularization. Two weeks later, when corneal vessels occupied more than two quadrants of the cornea, mice received orthotopic corneal grafts from donor mice expressing alloantigens encoded by major and minor histocompatibility loci. Corneal allografts were evaluated by slit-lamp examination after grafting, and recipient mice were examined at the time of the rejection to determine whether they had acquired DH to alloantigens expressed on the corneal grafts. Results. Compared to grafts placed in normal eyes, a much higher incidence of rejection was observed among corneal allografts placed in neovascularized eyes (96.7% versus 46.7%). Moreover, grafts in neovascularized beds were rejected much more swiftly (2 weeks versus >3 to 4 weeks). Rejection of corneal allografts in high-risk eyes coincided temporally with development of intense donor-specific DH, and the specificity of this immune response was directed solely at minor H antigens (not major histocompatibility complex-encoded antigens) on the graft. Conclusions. These results indicate that eyes rendered high risk by virtue of corneal neovascularization fail to provide immune privilege for orthotopic corneal allografts. In this circumstance, the grafts rapidly induce intense donor-specific DH that is readily detectable within 2 weeks of engraftment, at which time the grafts are acutely and universally rejected. The recipient DH response is directed exclusively at minor H antigens on the graft, which is consistent with the view that neovascularization creates graft beds in which recipient antigen-presenting cells infiltrate the graft and carry antigenic information by lymphatics to draining lymph nodes. In this manner, anterior chamber-associated immune deviation is avoided, and potentially allodestructive DH is promoted. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 ;36 :2176-2185.
Conformational Transitions in Polydiacetylene Solutions

Visible absorption, infrared absorption, Raman, and kinetic measurements are all strongly suggestive of a single-chain origin for the conformational transitions observed for polydiacetylenes in the solution phase, poly4BCMU and poly3BCMU being the prototypical examples. Intramolecular association between substituent groups on the polydiacetylene backbone has been assigned as the driving force for the transition; in the case of the BCMU polymers, hydrogen bonding provides the association mechanism. In this paper we review recent work on polydiacetylene solutions with emphasis on rheological and time-temperature dependent quasielastic light scattering measurements for poly4BCMU in the dilute-semidilute regime. Light scattering measurements during the coil-to-rod transformation (yellow-to-red color change) demonstrate that dramatic color changes take place without any measurable change in hydrodynamic radius, confirming the single-chain origin of the conformational change. On aging, aggregation is observed as an order-of-magnitude increase in hydrodynamic radius.
Labeling DNA with Stable Isotopes: Economical and Practical Considerations

Labeling DNA with stable isotopes to measure cell proliferation can be a technique as effective as 3H-thymidine labeling without the limitations imposed by using radioisotopes. Here, we investigated the relative efficiency of four nonradioactive precursors to DNA: [1-13C]-glycine, [1,2-13C2]-glycine, [U-13C]-glucose, and [U-13C, 15N]-thymidine. The efficiency of incorporation for each of these labeled precursors in HEP G2 cells in culture has been studied. When considering the actual costs of in vivo experiments in which large doses of labeled material are needed, economical constraints may play an important role in defining a practical method. Therefore, the economics of this process were also considered. Using the enrichment per dollar for whichever nucleoside had the highest incorporation in a given experiment, glycine is about five times more economical as a label than thymidine and eight times more economical than glucose in these cells.
Supramolecular strategies for protein immobilization and modification

Protein immobilization and modification are widely used techniques in the fields of chemical biology and biomaterials science. While covalent strategies based on small molecules are traditionally used, supramolecular chemistry offers numerous useful opportunities for guiding the modification locations on complex protein landscapes and introducing different degrees of reversibility into the products. In this opinion, we highlight recent advances in using supramolecular interactions, particularly host-guest chemistry, for controlling protein modification and immobilization. We discuss supramolecular strategies for protein-conjugate purification and capture, as well as for protein modification via host-guest interactions and metal coordination. Lastly, we address recent advances in utilizing supramolecular interactions to direct covalent protein modification. These examples of supramolecular chemical biology present opportunities to advance a wide range of applications, including proteomics and drug delivery.
Developing Simple Binder Indices for Cracking Resistance of Asphalt Binders at Intermediate and Low Temperatures

Oxidative aging causes hardening of asphalt binders and, consequently, contributes to deterioration of asphalt pavements. Non-load related cracking of asphalt pavements (i.e., transverse and block ...
Soviet year in space, 1989

Abstract The euphoria surrounding the maiden voyage of the Buran space shuttle seemed to evaporate in 1989, and the Soviet space programme entered a critical period of re-evaluation and self-criticism. Setbacks dogged the Mir, Phobos and other programmes, though there did not appear to be a launch failure throughout the year. Public debate was dominated by economic issues, though useful figures are hard to obtain.
Vandalism and Resistance in Republican Rome

As political unrest seethed in late Republican Rome, a series of violent acts were perpetrated against well-known buildings, public and private, by the people (the plebs) and their elected representatives, the tribunes. On the rare occasions when scholars mention these events, they tend to treat them as random, isolated acts of vandalism; conspicuously missing is any accounting for them in commentaries on Rome9s built environment. In Vandalism and Resistance in Republican Rome, Penelope J. E. Davies assesses these acts against a broad spectrum of political activism over the ages, as well as in the narrower context of contemporaneous politics, when strict, exclusionary norms governed the sponsorship of public architecture. She argues that the destructive acts were, in fact, deliberate, ideologically driven attempts by Rome9s less powerful to defy and circumvent the language of power established by the dominant class.
Horner’s Syndrome after Superficial Cervical Plexus Block

Ultrasound-guided nerve blocks are becoming more essential for the management of acute pain in the emergency department (ED). With increased block frequency comes unexpected complications that require prompt recognition and treatment. The superficial cervical plexus block (SCPB) has been recently described as a method for ED management of clavicle fracture pain. Horner’s syndrome (HS) is a rare and self-limiting complication of regional anesthesia in neck region such as brachial and cervical plexus blocks. Herein we describe the first reported case of a HS after an ultrasound-guided SCPB performed in the ED and discuss the complex anatomy of the neck that contributes to the occurrence of this complication.
Response to immune checkpoint inhibition and survival in BRCA-associated recurrent ovarian cancer.

2615Background: Alterations in the DNA mismatch repair pathway increase susceptibility to immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI). Tumors with BRCA-related DNA repair defects may have increased antigeni...
How Hydraulic Properties of Organic Matter Control Effective Liquid Permeability of Mudrocks

In organic-rich Mudrocks, porous organic matter embedded within mineral matrix along with inorganic pores forms a dual porosity–permeability (ϕ–k) system. How hydraulic properties of organic matter embedded in the mineral matrix contribute to bulk liquid flow however is not well understood. Using computational methods, Navier–Stokes equations are coupled with Brinkman equations for dual (ϕ–k) mineral matrix–organic matter domains obtained from a focused ion beam–scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) image set of an organic-rich Murdock and a series of idealized two-dimensional (2D) pore–organic matrix domains. Results of sensitivity analysis show that variations in organic matter permeability cause variations in effective permeability, which follow ‘S-shaped’ characteristics curve on log–log scale. Hydraulic coupling between the dual (ϕ–k) domains shows magnification of the coupled flow behavior when permeability of organic matter is on the same order as the permeability of the connected inorganic pores. The effect of coupled flow becomes negligible when the permeability of organic matter is 102 higher or lower than the permeability of the connected inorganic pores. The fraction of maximum change in magnitude of effective permeability (Im) is found to be exponentially dependent on organic matter–pore channel fraction (f), i.e., Im ∝ e0.77f, for 0 < f < 5. The maximum contribution of organic matter on bulk liquid flow and a large variation in fluid flow velocities are found to be dependent on both the proportion of organic matter and length scale of investigation, indicating that the µm-scale FIB-SEM domains are far from the scale of representative elementary volume (REV). This study, however, describes how the hydrodynamic coupling of dual ϕ–k porous media contributes to emergent bulk liquid flow in organic-rich Mudrocks, and likely in similar dual ϕ–k porous media encountered within engineered systems to the ones found in nature.
AI and the Global South: Designing for Other Worlds

This chapter is about the ways in which AI affects, and will continue to affect, the Global South. It highlights why the design and deployment of AI in the South should concern us. Towards this, it discusses what is meant by the South. The term has a history connected with the ‘Third World’ and has referred to countries that share post-colonial history and certain development goals. However scholars have expanded on, and refined, it to include different kinds of marginal, disenfranchised populations such that the South is now a plural concept - there are Souths. The risks of the ways in which AI affects Southern populations include concerns of discrimination, bias, oppression, exclusion and bad design. These can be exacerbated in the context of vulnerable populations, especially those without access to human rights law or institutional remedies. This Chapter outlines these risks as well as the international human rights law that is applicable. It argues that a human rights-centric, inclusive, empowering context-driven approach is necessary.
God and the Illegal Alien: United States immigration law and a theology of politics

Immigration reform is a prominent socio-political issue in American society. God and the Illegal Alien is a timely and fascinating text that interrogates how religion and law intersect and inform i...
Adding Individual Technical Standards to a Library Collection: A Case Study and a Proposed Workflow

Acquiring technical standards connects libraries with vendors who are very protective, legally and technologically, of their products. To conform to the technical restrictions placed on standards, ...
Health Risks Associated with Long-Term Finasteride and Dutasteride Use: It's Time to Sound the Alarm

5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) is the most potent natural androgen. 5α-DHT elicits a multitude of physiological actions, in a host of tissues, including prostate, seminal vesicles, hair follicles, skin, kidney, and lacrimal and meibomian glands. However, the physiological role of 5α-DHT in human physiology, remains questionable and, at best, poorly appreciated. Recent emerging literature supports a role for 5α-DHT in the physiological function of liver, pancreatic β-cell function and survival, ocular function and prevention of dry eye disease and kidney physiological function. Thus, inhibition of 5α-reductases with finasteride or dutasteride to reduce 5α-DHT biosynthesis in the course of treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or male pattern hair loss, known as androgenetic alopecia (AGA) my induces a novel form of tissue specific androgen deficiency and contributes to a host of pathophysiological conditions, that are yet to be fully recognized. Here, we advance the concept that blockade of 5α-reductases by finasteride or dutasteride in a mechanism-based, irreversible, inhabitation of 5α-DHT biosynthesis results in a novel state of androgen deficiency, independent of circulating testosterone levels. Finasteride and dutasteride are frequently prescribed for long-term treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men with BPH and in men with AGA. This treatment may result in development of non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD), insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes (T2DM), dry eye disease, potential kidney dysfunction, among other metabolic dysfunctions. We suggest that long-term use of finasteride and dutasteride may be associated with health risks including NAFLD, IR, T2DM, dry eye disease and potential kidney disease.
Ogre-faced spiders listen with their legs

![Graphic][1] The giant eyes on Deinopis spinosa spiders have earned them the apt if insensitive moniker ‘ogre-faced’ and are responsible for their remarkable ability to catch insects using nets spun between their forelegs. Sometimes, however, these spiders snag out-of-sight meals by