cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simplified ChIP-exo assays.

ChIP-seq and ChIP-exo identify where proteins bind along any genome in vivo. Although ChIP-seq is widely adopted in academic research, it has inherently high noise. In contrast, ChIP-exo has relatively low noise and achieves near-base pair resolution. Consequently, and unlike other genomic assays, ChIP-exo provides structural information on genome-wide binding proteins. Construction of ChIP-exo libraries is technically difficult. Here we describe greatly simplified ChIP-exo methods, each with use-specific advantages. This is achieved through assay optimization and use of Tn5 tagmentation and/or single-stranded DNA ligation. Greater library yields, lower processing time, and lower costs are achieved. In comparing assays, we reveal substantial limitations in other ChIP-based assays. Importantly, the new ChIP-exo assays allow high-resolution detection of some protein-DNA interactions in organs and in as few as 27,000 cells. It is suitable for high-throughput parallelization. The simplicity of ChIP-exo now makes it a highly appropriate substitute for ChIP-seq, and for broader adoption. While ChIP-exo is low noise and highly informative regarding genome-wide binding proteins, libraries are difficult to construct. Here the authors present a simplified ChIP-exo method for high-resolution detection of interactions.
Optimizing the Performance of Microsurfacing Treatments in Flexible Pavements and Assessing Its Effects on Moisture Damage

Louisiana’s $6.3 million microsurfacing program is amongst the largest microsurfacing programs in the United States. As microsurfacing seals the road surface, the effectiveness of this treatment in...
Harmonic Analysis and Discontinuous Groups in Weakly Symmetric Riemannian Spaces With Applications to Dirichlet Series

In The following lectures we shall give a brief sketch of some representative parts of certain investigations that have been undertaken during the last five years. The center of these investigations is a general relation which can be considered as a generalization of the so-called Poisson summation formula (in one or more dimensions). This relation we here refer to as the " trace-formula."
Fluorescein based optical detection of oral pH (Conference Presentation)

We have developed a new tool to measure the acid production by plaque oral bacteria. Many species of oral bacteria metabolize sugars in food and produce organic acids that demineralize the dental enamel leading to the formation of cavities. Measuring the acidity level before and after a sugar rinse can indicate the susceptibility of an individual to tooth decay and location of active caries. In a case study on two subjects, a non-contact optics-based pH device was able to track pH before and after a sugar rinse. The fiber optic probe measures acidity level in difficult to access dental locations such as occlusal pits and fissures based on changes in the spectral fluorescence profile of fluorescein (FL) dye. Fiber coupled 420 nm LED excites 200uM aqueous FL solution in the mouth. The fluorescence spectrum in 450-650 nm range is obtained using an adjacent fiber optic cable coupled to a spectrometer. Chemometric analysis of endmember dianion and anion species using least-square fitting is performed to determine the pH of the FL absorbed into the extracellular region of the oral biofilm. Other unwanted noise, like background light and auto-fluorescence in the range of 450-650 nm is removed before calculating biofilm pH. Using this device in a darkened room on two subjects, we were able to measure resting pH (before a sugar rinse) and track time dependent change in pH (after a sugar rinse) in the range of pH 4-7 paving the way for first clinical optical pH measurement in the mouth.
Prevalence of Journal Clubs: A Survey of Clinical Pastoral Education Residencies in the United States.

Journal clubs are an established and effective method of promoting research literacy and evidence-based practice in the medical field. However, their use in clinical pastoral education (CPE) reside...
Supporting and enhancing NICU sensory experiences (SENSE): Defining developmentally-appropriate sensory exposures for high-risk infants

Abstract Introduction There is evidence to support the use of positive sensory exposures (music, touch, skin-to-skin) with preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), but strategies to improve their consistent use are lacking. The Supporting and Enhancing NICU Sensory Experiences (SENSE) program was developed to promote consistent, age-appropriate, responsive, and evidence-based positive sensory exposures for the preterm infant every day of NICU hospitalization. Methods A systematic and rigorous process of development of the SENSE program included an integrative review of evidence on sensory exposures in the NICU, stakeholder feedback, expert opinion, and focus groups. Results SENSE implementation materials consist of parent education materials, tailored doses of sensory exposures for each postmenstrual age, an infant assessment of tolerance, bedside logs and implementation considerations for integrating the SENSE program into the NICU. Discussion Research is needed to evaluate the SENSE program as an implementation strategy and to assess its impact on parent and infant outcomes.
Total-Ionizing-Dose Effects, Border Traps, and 1/ f Noise in Emerging MOS Technologies

Subthreshold leakage currents and threshold-voltage shifts due to total-ionizing-dose (TID) irradiation are reviewed briefly for highly scaled devices in emerging MOS technologies. When isolation oxides of digital and analog MOS devices and ICs exhibit satisfactory performance, failure doses often are 100 krad(SiO2) to 1 Mrad(SiO2) or higher. Oxygen vacancies in SiO2 and/or high-K gate dielectrics and/or O-vacancy complexes with hydrogen are typically the dominant border traps before and after irradiation. Low-frequency noise measurements can provide significant insight into effective border-trap microstructures, densities, and energy distributions, especially when combined with complementary measurements and density-functional theory calculations. Illustrative examples are presented for past, present, and emerging MOS technologies with SiO2 and/or high-K gate dielectrics. These include FinFETs, MOS devices with alternative channels to Si, MOS devices based on 2-D materials, and SiC MOS devices. Traps in regions of MOS isolation oxides under strong gate control can also contribute to low-frequency noise, especially for multifinger, multiedge devices irradiated to high doses. The effects of defects on the 1/ $f$ noise of GaN-based HEMTs and thin metal lines are illustrated for comparison.
Postmortem Lung Findings in a Patient With Asthma and Coronavirus Disease 2019.

Asthma is increasingly recognized as an underlying risk factor for severe respiratory disease in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), particularly in the United States. Here, we report the postmortem lung findings from a 37-year-old man with asthma, who met the clinical criteria for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and died of COVID-19 less than 2 weeks after presentation to the hospital. His lungs showed mucus plugging and other histologic changes attributable to asthma, as well as early diffuse alveolar damage and a fibrinous pneumonia. The presence of diffuse alveolar damage is similar to descriptions of autopsy lung findings from patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and the absence of a neutrophil-rich acute bronchopneumonia differs from the histologic changes typical of influenza. The relative contribution of mucus plugging to his hypoxemia is unknown.
Problems in Paradise: Low Wages and the Well-Being of Hawaiians:

Hawaii is used as a case study to examine the impact of wages related to the real cost of living (COL). Hawaii’s US$10.10 minimum wage is below the COL based on the federal Supplemental Poverty Mea...
Nanophotonic Quantum Network Nodes Based on Epitaxial Rare-Earth on Silicon Heterostructures

We present the development of nanophotonic quantum nodes based on an epitaxial 167Er3+:Y 2 O 3 on silicon platform. Slot photonic crystal cavities with an ultra-small mode volume enable coupling to individual erbium qubits at the telecom wavelength.
Microstrip Ferrite Circulator Design With Control of Magnetization Distribution

This article presents a study of the impact of different external magnetic bias field (MBF) distributions on Y-junction microstrip ferrite circulator performance. By using magnetostatic, full-wave, and circuit commercial simulation tools for a circular ferrite disk, several permanent magnet (PM) configurations are investigated for unsaturated and nonuniform bias conditions. Eigenmode simulations are used to analyze the circulator bandwidth over a range of MBF intensities. We show in simulations and experiments that different bias conditions can result in an operating frequency range from 1.5 to 7GHz using the same 9.7-mm-diameter commercial ferrite disk resonator.
Autonomous Vehicle Decision Making and Urban Infrastructure Optimization

Highly mobile populations can quickly overwhelm an existing urban infrastructure as large numbers of people move into the city. The urban road networks having been constructed for less traffic will quickly become congested leading to diffusion of traffic and a greater spread of congestion as secondary roads are increasingly utilized. Further unwanted and potentially fatal consequences such as increased accident, stress, driver anger, and road rage will increase. Traditional methods of addressing the growth in traffic density would include increasing lane count and construction of new roads, and can be costly. Yet traditional responses do not take into account the growing number of connected vehicles and soon, possible autonomous vehicles will interact with human-driven cars. In considering a driving population of autonomous vehicles, we identify an increased range of possible traffic management strategies for collaborative experiences. The vehicles themselves can operate according to their own goals and the urban infrastructure can also be enhanced to a greater degree of self-management. This paper will explore the ideas, techniques and approach behind creating an Agent Based Modelling environment to support the interaction of autonomous vehicles with a smarter urban infrastructure. Procedural content generation (PCG) and agent based modelling concepts will be applied in establishing the modelling framework.
From the Bestiary: Political Section

Dick Whitehouse might or might not have been born blind. He is definitely blind by the time we get to see him. He is a young adult. He has a skinny, brush-haired dog named Fritz. They're separable by night (Fritz sleeps where he pleases), but not by day. Day means up and ready for Fritz, tramping about with Dick. Though he isn't conscious of it, Dick likes to tramp; in fact it's what he does naturally. For a blind fellow neighborhoods are both much the same (sidewalks and curbs) and very different (sounds and smells), but never different enough to be unique. It's advisable to have sight if it's uniqueness you're after, but without sight you gain a lot because there's no call to get sentimental over things. So for example Dick Whitehouse tramped from place to place to place, neighborhood to neighborhood, freely, at ease. As great travelers have said, you start by being a stranger everywhere, end by being a stranger nowhere. Or was it at home nowhere? No matter. With Fritz, Dick tramped. Fritz was a biter. Except for Dick, he bit anything that he came near, that came near him, or that he bumped into. Dick didn't discourage this, after he found it served to enlarge his free space, give him more room. He made up a joke, which he told nobody: "I've got a biting-eye dog." Often the one bitten, or the one accompanying the one bitten, wanted to bash Dick for it, but saw that Dick was blind, and most of us can't go much beyond that "Take off your glasses!" business, though we're learning from movies and TV and I'm not sure the Dicks of tomorrow are going to be that safe. Even Dick Whitehouse, maybe forging through minority neighborhoods, began to feel himself not entirely safe from reprisal over Fritz's biting everybody, so he developed a smile. Or what he took to be a smile, after asking for a description of one. He found it tiring to his face muscles, but he did it, he used it. Probably a lot more than he had to, because he was never able to be certain when it was necessary. A lady who sold them hamburgers told Dick, after he started smiling, that he and Fritz were becoming look-alike. The statement meant nothing to Dick. What nobody told him, but he
Proactive Detection of Higher-Order Software Design Conflicts

Software architects who collaboratively evolve a software model rely on version control systems (VCSs) to synchronize their individual changes to the model. However, with the current generation of software model VCSs, architects remain unaware of newly arising conflicts until the next synchronization, raising the risk that delayed conflict resolution will be much harder. There are existing tools that proactively detect analogous conflicts at the level of source code. However, it is challenging to directly use them for software models because those tools are constructed to manage code-level rather than model-level changes. Furthermore, no empirical data is currently available regarding the impact of proactive conflict detection on collaborative design. In this paper, we report on our design-level proactive conflict detection research, which specifically targets a class of higher-order conflicts that do not prevent merging but do violate a system's consistency rule. We present FLAME, an extensible, operation-based collaborative software design framework that proactively detects conflicts. We also present a user study result involving FLAME conducted with 42 participants. The study indicated that the participants who used FLAME were able to create higher quality models in the same amount of time, and to detect and resolve higher-order conflicts earlier and more quickly.
Social Security Reform: Does Privatization Still Make Sense?

The issue of Social Security reform is of critical if not unrivaled importance — and not just because the program is headed for insolvency as the baby boomers enter retirement. Lawmakers continue to introduce Social Security reform legislation, some proposing far-reaching structural changes including personal accounts. An important motivation is that America’s demography and economy have evolved to such an extent that the program no longer provides social insurance benefits as effectively as it once did, but instead, economic losses from its tax and benefit rules are continuing to accumulate. The longer that reforms are delayed, the larger will be the net economic harm that Americans must endure.On balance, Social Security appears to be a regressive tax-transfer system and provides minimal wage insurance. Many of its features, especially the extreme complexity of its tax and benefit rules, weaken and mask the link between payroll taxes and benefits to induce large economic losses from dislocations to participants’ labor market choices. The program over-provides longevity insurance, with benefits commencing well in advance of the time when work abilities are depreciated and participants approach the end of their expected lifetimes. By providing benefits to retirees in excess of their past contributions, Social Security transfers resources from younger and future generations toward older ones in the form of annuities. These features stimulate consumption during retirement to reduce national saving, capital formation, and prospective economic growth.Social Security’s approaching insolvency implies that someone must bear an adjustment cost. The larger the adjustment cost imposed on today’s older generations, the smaller the burden on younger and future generations, improving their ability to save for their own retirements. Transcending this zero-sum policy trade-off, however, requires a transition to a system with personal accounts. Personal accounts will not improve the program’s solvency directly, but would help generate new resources by strengthening the link between “contributions” and benefits, thereby reducing dislocations of individual labor-supply choices. At a minimum, personal accounts could be an effective mechanism for sequestering from government spending additional resources intended to reduce Social Security’s unfunded obligations.Following the theme of Harvard Law School’s symposium on Government Privatization and Outsourcing held in the winter of 2012, this paper discusses the financial mechanics involved in privatizing Social Security, its potential contribution toward improving Americans’ retirement security, and the problems that may emerge from such a structural change to the program.
Myelin Lipids and Proteins: Structure, Function, and Roles in Neurological Disorders

The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the lipids and proteins in myelin, which will serve as a foundation for other chapters in this section that cover neuroimmunogical aspects of disorders affecting myelin. The structure and functions of lipids and proteins of myelin are summarized. Other proteins localized in associated glial membranes, which have important roles in the formation and maintenance of myelinated axons, are also described. Finally, the roles of lipids and proteins as target antigens in the immunological aspects of demyelinating diseases are discussed. Keywords: multiple sclerosis; myelin; myelin-associated glycoprotein; myelin basic protein; myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; neuropathy; oligodendrocyte; protein zero; proteolipid protein; Schwann cell
Cloning the beta-hexosaminidase genes.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the author's experience in cloning the β-hexosaminidase genes based on a polysome immunopurification approach. In this procedure, metabolically active cells are cracked open and polysomes—the cell's protein synthesis machinery—are isolated. The polysome contains an attached polypeptide chain in the process of translation that can be used as a tag for isolation of the β-hexosaminidase messenger RNA (mRNA) using specific antibodies. The isolated polysomes can be dissociated and the recovered mRNA reverse transcribed in cDNA for cloning. A drawback in the approach was that the antibodies were made against the human enzyme. The approach was to prepare two hybridization probes— one was a β-hexosaminidase- “enriched” probe made from the highly purified polysomal mRNA preparation, and the other was a β-hexosaminidase-“depleted” probe made from the polysomal mRNA preparation with the β-hexosaminidase mRNA removed. In addition to the identification of mutations, the cloned β-hexosaminidase sequences were fundamental for the elucidation of important structural and functional features of the enzyme. The cloning of the β-hexosaminidase genes has stimulated great progress in understanding the defects underlying Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) and the molecular biology of the β-hexosaminidase system.
The Games Analysis Intervention as a Method of Decreasing Feminine Play Patterns of Emotionally Disturbed Boys

Abstract The effectiveness of a therapeutic motor development program in reducing feminine play preferences of emotionally disturbed boys was investigated in 22 male children, ages 9 to 11. The motor development program was based on the games analysis model, a framework from which any movement game can be analyzed and structured by the teacher and students to account for the individual motoric needs of the game participants. The experimental condition included (1) instruction from a teacher in the games analysis process; (2) assessment of each boy's motor skills in throwing, catching, striking, kicking, running, and jumping; and (3) playing vigorous games designed to account for the current stages of motor development by the boys. In the second condition (control), emotionally disturbed boys with feminine play preferences were instructed in a traditional elementary school physical education program. Pretest-posttest assessment of the boys' feminine games choices indicated that the experimental group decre...
Removal of organics from water in an aeration basin: A mathematical model

Abstract A mathematical model was developed to describe the removal of volatile organic compounds from drinking water in aeration basins. The model was used to simulate removal under a range of expected treatment conditions using the Continuous Systems Modeling Program. Results indicated that temperature and air-to-water ratio are the major factors influencing the removal of chloroform from water in an aeration basin. Bubble diameter was a lesser factor while liquid residence time had the smallest effect of the variables examined.
Laboratory observations and mathematical modeling of colloid-facilitated contaminant transport in chemically heterogeneous systems

[1] In the work reported here, I examine colloid-facilitated solute transport through a natural porous medium that exhibits grain-scale heterogeneity in chemical composition. I conducted six column experiments using the contaminant hydroxyatrazine (HA) and either homogeneous clay-colloid suspensions or mixtures of clay colloids and dissolved organic matter. The transport of colloids composed of illite and montmorillonite, although not conservative, is only slightly affected by rate-limited mass transfer reactions with the oxide-coated aquifer material. Coinjection of HA with monomineralogic suspensions of illite colloids produces modest increases in effluent concentrations of HA relative to experiments performed with colloid-free influent solutions. Montmorillonite colloids have a much higher capacity to bind HA than illite colloids and substantially increase the transport rate of HA in the column experiments. Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA) does not strongly complex aqueous phase HA, but its addition to column influent mixtures that contain HA and montmorillonite suppresses HA adsorption to the clay colloids and promotes a decline in HA mobility. A model for colloid-facilitated transport, formulated to account for nonuniformity in the kinetics of colloid deposition and HA adsorption, closely describes HA transport in experiments performed with monomineralogic clay-colloid suspensions, heterogeneous suspensions made of both illite and montmorillonite, and mixtures of montmorillonite and SRHA.
Safety and Value of Thoracentesis in Medical ICU Patients

The objective of this study was to determine the safety and value of thoracentesis in an ICU, Thoracentesis is a safe procedure for critically ill patients, even those on mechanical ventilators, and usually confirms the suspected diagnosis. However, thoracentesis revealed an unexpected diagnosis that changed management in 12% of patients. Repeat or contralateral thoracentesis is indicated when either the clinical course is inconsistent or may represent a complication of the original diagnosis.
Electronic packaging reliability in automotive applications

The design methodology for reliable electronic packaging for automotive electronic applications is discussed. Sources of reliability problems are also discussed. Examples are given to illustrate the features of several key interconnects in hybrid, thick-film devices in which material selection and design are critical. Some examples of reliable design models are given. >
Hard Bargaining in the Classroom: Realistic Simulated Negotiations and Student Values

Empirical research into the negotiation practices of lawyers shows that “hard bargaining,” including at least some unethical conduct, is an inescapable fact of a lawyer's life. To prepare students for legal practice, negotiation instructors must expose them to hard bargaining in the classroom. In doing so, however, instructors should be sensitive to the moral and ethical values of their students, so that the classroom experience does not unduly pressure students to compromise their values. The simulation is the primary tool of negotiation instruction. By selecting and manipulating simulations, a negotiation instructor can expose students to a wide range of negotiating behaviors, from distributive negotiations marked by the use of power tactics to value-creating negotiations in which participants must consider many interests and collaborative strategies predominate. With that flexibility, however, comes the potential for classroom exercises to pressure students, in ways both subtle and overt, to adopt behaviors that feel uncomfortable. In this article, I examine the use of simulations to teach different types of negotiating behavior, including hard bargaining. Referring to a number of widely available simulations, I suggest ways to focus student attention on three dimensions of negotiation behavior — the issues over which the parties are bargaining, the objectives the parties seek, and the tactics the parties use to achieve their objectives — in order to push students to reflect on their own negotiation behaviors and to prepare for the tactics of others. I assess the potential for simulations to pressure students to compromise their values, and I conclude with my own thoughts on the goals of a negotiation course.
Soil microbial biomass influence on growth and biocontrol efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum

Abstract Hyphal growth and biocontrol efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum may depend on its interactions with biotic components of the soil environment. Effects of soil microbial biomass on growth and biocontrol efficacy of the green fluorescent protein transformant T. harzianum ThzID1-M3 were investigated using different levels of soil microbial biomass (153, 328, or 517 μg biomass carbon/g of dry soil). Hyphal growth of T. harzianum was significantly inhibited in soil containing 328 or 517 μg biomass carbon/g of dry soil compared with soil containing 153 μg biomass carbon/g. However, when ThzID1-M3 was added to soil as an alginate pellet formulation, recoverable populations of ThzID1-M3 varied, with the highest populations in soil containing 517 μg biomass carbon/g. When sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were added to soils (10 sclerotia per 150 g soil) with ThzID1-M3 (20 pellets per 150 g soil), colonization of sclerotia by ThzID1-M3 was significantly lower in the soil containing the highest level of biomass. Addition of alginate pellets of ThzID1-M3 to soils (10 pellets per 50 g) resulted in increased indigenous microbial populations (total fungi, bacteria, fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., and actinomycetes). Our results suggest that higher levels of microbial soil biomass result in increased interactions between introduced T. harzianum and soil microorganisms, and further that microbial competition in soil favors a shift from hyphal growth to sporulation in T. harzianum , potentially reducing its biocontrol efficacy.
Optical Coherence Tomography in Barrett's Esophagus

The incidence of Barrett's-related adenocarcinoma of the esophagus continues to increase at an alarming rate. Studies to date show great promise for optical coherence tomography (OCT) in screening, surveillance, and guiding management of Barrett's esophagus. With continued innovation in rapid, accurate scanning systems, such as volumetric laser endomicroscopy or optical frequency domain imaging, advanced OCT seems likely to have an important impact. The next few years are likely to see the initiation of large clinical studies that will define the extent and significance of this impact.
Soybean Tolerance to Water-Saturated Soil and Role of Resistance to Phytophthora sojae

There are differences among soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes for tolerance to water-saturated soil conditions. Phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora sojae (M.J. Kaufmann and J.W. Gerdemann) is problematic for soybean when the soil is excessively wet. Our objectives were (i) to determine if genotype- by-environment (G x E) interactions existed for yield between water-saturated (irrigated) vs. control (nonirrigated)environments using 37 soybean genotypes; and (ii) to determine whether resistance and/or partial resistance to P. sojae was associated with tolerance to water-saturated soil conditions. The G x E was significant between the water-saturated treatment and control, Some genotypes that yielded well under control conditions did not yield well under saturated conditions. Based on yield, we identified eight genotypes that were tolerant and eight genotypes that lacked tolerance to water-saturated soil conditions. These 16 genotypes were evaluated for resistance and partial resistance to Phytophthora using three virulence phenotypes. Those genotypes that were tolerant to water-saturated soil conditions possessed either a major gene or good partial resistance to P. sojae. We concluded that resistance to P. sojae was an important factor that increased tolerance to water-saturated soil, but that unknown other genetic factors were also important.
Comparison of five different methods for measuring biodegradability in aqueous environments

The biodegradabilities of five different organic compounds of environmental concern: aniline, benzaldehyde, ethylene glycol, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), andp-nitrophenol, were measured using five different procedures: the BOD, Shake Flask, CO2 Evolution, and Activated Sludge tests and a test developed by Gledhill (1975). Aniline, benzaldehyde, and ethylene glycol were metabolized rapidly in all the tests. However NTA andp-nitrophenol degraded relatively rapidly in some and slowly or not at all in others. The reason for these inconsistencies are evaluated relative to the physical, chemical, and biological conditions inherent in each test. The applicability of results from such tests to predicting the biodegradability of a chemical in the environment is also discussed.
A social contract for the coal fields: the rise and fall of United Mine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement Fund. [Review of: Mulcahy, R.P. A social contract for the coal fields: the rise and fall of United Mine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement Fund. Knoxville: U. of Tennessee Pr., 2000].

This is a book that deserves a wider readership than its title might suggest. More than a narrow history concerning health and pension benefits received by one union, it touches on nearly every issue that has been raised concerning health care and social-security reform. Richard Mulcahy accomplishes this feat through a clearly written narrative history that seldom strays from its basic story line. The story involves the founding, development and demise of medical coverage provided by the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) Welfare and Retirement Fund. Furthermore Mulcahy provides what might be called a revisionist historical assessment of John L. Lewis, president of the UMWA; specifically that his regime might not have been the “Corrupt Kingdom” described by William Finley ( The Corrupt Kingdom. The Rise and Fall of the United Mine Workers . New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972).
Polar rain gradients and field-aligned polar cap potentials

[1] ACE SWEPAM measurements of solar wind field-aligned electrons have been compared with simultaneous measurements of polar rain electrons precipitating over the polar cap and detected by DMSP spacecraft. Such comparisons allow investigation of cross-polar-cap gradients in the intensity of otherwise-steady polar rain. The generally good agreement of the distribution functions, f, from the two data sources confirms that direct entry of solar electrons along open field lines is indeed the cause of polar rain. The agreement between the data sets is typically best on the side of the polar cap with most intense polar rain but the DMSP f's in less intense regions can be brought into agreement with ACE measurements by shifting all energies by a fixed amounts that range from tens to several hundred eV. In most cases these shifts are positive which implies that field-aligned potentials of these amounts exist on polar cap field lines which tend to retard the entry of electrons and produce the observed gradients. These retarding potentials undoubtedly appear in order to prevent the entry of low-energy electrons and maintain charge quasi-neutrality that would otherwise be violated since most tailward flowing magnetosheath ions are unable to follow polar rain electrons down to the polar cap. In more limited regions near the boundary of the polar cap there is sometimes evidence for field-aligned potentials of the opposite sign that accelerate polar rain electrons. A solar electron burst is also studied and it is concluded that electrons from such bursts can enter the magnetotail and precipitate in the same manner as polar rain.
THE RECOVERY OF VACCINE VIRUS AFTER NEUTRALIZATION WITH IMMUNE SERUM

1. When vaccine virus and its specific antiserum are brought together, no evidence of stable union between them can be determined by the experimental methods employed. 2. A definite relationship exists between the degree of dilution of a neutral vaccine virus-antiserum mixture and the size of the lesion produced by endermic inoculation of rabbits of any given dilution.
Online characterization of particles and gases with an ambient electrospray ionization source.

Methods for online characterization and quantification of gas- and particle-phase species greatly facilitate the study of aerosol particle formation and reaction mechanisms. An online method for aerosol analysis has been developed by altering a conventional electrospray ionization mass spectrometer to direct the aerosol flow through the nebulizing gas inlet. Interaction between the aerosol and electrospray droplets produces ions that are subsequently analyzed by MS or MS/MS with a quadrupole ion trap mass analyzer. Performance is assessed using both particle-phase (cesium iodide, glycine) and gas-phase (dimethylamine, dimethylnapthylamine) analytes as well as a secondary organic aerosol (SOA) produced by ozonolysis of α-pinene. Analyte signal intensity is strongly dependent on solubility in the electrospray solvent, suggesting that the predominant ionization mechanism involves extraction of the analyte into the electrospray droplets. For gas-phase analytes, gas-phase charge transfer also appears to play a...
The Cherokee Syllabary: A Writing System In Its Own Right

Informally recognized by the tribal council in 1821, the 86-character Cherokee writing system invented by Sequoyah was learned in manuscript form and became widely used by the Cherokee within the span of a few years. In 1827, Samuel Worcester standardized the arrangement of characters and print designs in ways that differed from Sequoyah’s original arrangement of characters. Using Worcester’s arrangement as their sole source of evidence, however, scholars and Cherokee language learners have misunderstood the syllabary by viewing it through an alphabetic lens. Drawing on 5 years of ethnohistorical research, this article opens with a brief history of Sequoyah’s invention to show the ways Worcester’s rearrangement bent the Cherokee writing system to the orthographic rules of the Latin alphabet, thus obscuring the instrumental logics of the original script. Next, a linguistic analysis of the Cherokee writing system is presented in an effort to recover its instrumental workings. Adding a new perspective to res...
The encoding versus the external storage hypothesis in note taking

Abstract College students ( N = 85) read a passage in which each sentence had been normatively assessed as to its importance to the overall meaning of the passage. Students expecting an essay examination took notes on sentences of higher structural importance than those anticipating a multiple choice test, even though there was no difference in the number of notes taken or in total test performance. The students took notes on 31% of the passage sentences and such notes were of high structural importance value. Most importantly, note taking seemed to serve as both an encoding device and as an external storage mechanism, with the latter being the more important function. The external storage function not only led to enhanced recall of the notes, but also facilitated the reconstruction of other parts of the passage.
Large thymic tumor simulating pericardial effusion.

A case of a 20 year old man with a large thymic tumor simulating a pericardial effusion is reported. This tumor, by its position, size and "fluidity," mimicked a pericardial effusion so well that it was only at surgery that a definitive diagnosis could be made. Upon removal of the mass recovery has been complete.
Stability of sequences generated by nonlinear differential systems

A local stability analysis is presented for both the analytic and numerical solutions of the initial value problem for a system of ordinary differential equations. It is shown that, using a proper choice of Liapunov function, a connected region of stable initial values of both the analytic solution and the one-leg k-step numerical solution can be approximated. Attention is given to the example of the two-dimensional problem involving the stability of the longitudinal equations of motion of a gliding jet aircraft.
Photoresponse and nonequilibrium properties of a superconductor–normal-metal point contact

We report measurements of the photoresponse of superconductor--normal-metal point contacts (SNPC's) between electrochemically etched W whiskers (tip radius 10--200 nm) and bulk superconducting Ta immersed in superfluid He at 1.8 K. These observations are shown to be well described by a model in which the incident light induces an increase in the effective electron temperature of the irradiated W tip, and a nonequilibrium quasiparticle density in the Ta resulting in a decrease in the superconducting gap. The resulting optically induced current increment through the contact manifests itself as a photoresponse voltage across the contact, and can be computed from the BTK conductance theory of ballistic low-barrier SNPC's. The effect is used in this work to probe the increase in effective electron temperature of the nanoscale metal tip induced by the incident light; this temperature is shown to vary with laser power as ${T}_{\mathrm{eff}}^{3}\ensuremath{-}{T}_{\mathrm{He}}^{3}{=aI}_{\mathrm{laser}},$ an effect that follows from a previously unobserved heat conduction mechanism in which the nanoscale dimension of the tip plays an important role. The photoresponse also provides a direct observation of destruction of superconductivity in the vicinity of the contact at sufficiently large currents through the contact.
RARE ACQUIRED NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS IN TWO PATIENTS ON LONG-TERM HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (hGH) THERAPY

RARE ACQUIRED NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS IN TWO PATIENTS ON LONG-TERM HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (hGH) THERAPY
A continuous and direct assay to monitor leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 activity.

Abstract Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a multi-domain enzyme displaying activities of GTP hydrolase and protein threonine/serine kinase in separate domains. Mutations in both catalytic domains have been linked to the onset of Parkinson’s disease, which triggered high interest in this enzyme as a potential target for drug development, particularly focusing on inhibition of the kinase activity. However, available activity assays are discontinuous, involving either radioactivity detection or coupling with antibodies. Here we describe a continuous and direct assay for LRRK2 kinase activity, combining a reported peptide sequence optimized for LRRK2 binding and an established strategy for fluorescence emission on magnesium ion chelation by phosphorylated peptides carrying an artificial amino acid. The assay was employed to evaluate apparent steady-state parameters for the wild type and two mutant forms of LRRK2 associated with Parkinson’s disease as well as to probe the effects of GTP, GDP, and autophosphorylation on the kinase activity of the enzyme. Staurosporine was evaluated as an inhibitor of the wild-type enzyme. It is expected that this assay will aid in mechanistic investigations of LRRK2.
Chemical prevention of growth reduction caused by supraoptimal temperatures in Arabidopsis thaliana

Abstract In attempts to prevent the detrimental effects of supraoptimal temperatures, biotin, sucrose, malic acid, and the growth retardant phosfon-S were individually added to the agar suspension on which Arabidopsis thaliana plants were grown aseptically under both optimal and supraoptimal temperature regimes. Biotin induced increases over the untreated plants of 54 per cent in fresh weight and 66 per cent in dry weight at supraoptimal temperatures, while the corresponding biotin-induced increases over the untreated plants in fresh and dry weights at optimal temperatures were 38 and 15 per cent, respectively. Addition of 1 per cent sucrose induced 58 per cent increases in fresh and 70 per cent in dry weights of plants grown under supraoptimal temperatures, while under optimal temperature conditions, sucrose actually reduced the fresh weight 12 per cent and had only a slight (2 per cent) promotive effect on dry weights. Phosfon-S increased the fresh and dry weight 30 per cent and 16 per cent respectively, under supraoptimal temperatures and 27 and 9 per cent under the optimal temperatures. Malic acid caused a reduction in both fresh and dry weights under both temperature regimes. However, malic acid treatment was found to increase the number of seed pods, seeds, and the number of secondary roots. The size of seed pods and seeds was greatly increased by malic acid treatment under both temperature conditions.
Low-energy electron diffraction as a direct identification technique: Atomic structures of Ag- and Li-induced Si(111)-(√3 × √3 )R30°

Quantitative low-energy electron-diffraction (LEED) IV spectra analyses of Ag, Li, and metastable clean (\ensuremath{\surd}3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}3 )R30 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} Si(111) reveal that striking similarities in the LEED spectra are due to common scattering blocks of substrate atoms while the metal atoms are adsorbed at open sites on the Si lattice. This leads to the use of LEED IV spectra as a characterization method. For the (\ensuremath{\surd}3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}3 )R30 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} phases of Li and Ag on Si(111), it is found that both structures can be described by a modified honeycomb-chained-trimer model. The main structural element consists of Si trimers and Si atoms in the deeper reconstructed layers. A counterexample is provided by Si(111)-(\ensuremath{\surd}3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}3 )R30 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-Au for which the IV spectra are very different from those of the other three systems because the common scattering block is absent.
Desiccated quiescent somatic embryos of orchardgrass for use assynthetic seeds

Somatic embryos of orchardgrass became quiesent when desiccated to 13% water. Twelve percent germinated after 21 d of desiccated storage at 23° C and 4% developed into green plants. During desiccation, embryos decreased in size, became yellowish and brittle, and their outer walls collapsed. Within 15 min after imbibition, they rapidly enlarged and were indistinguishalbe from nondesiccated embryos. These results suggest that somatic embryos may be engineered to function as synthetic seeds for mass propagation.
Shape design modelling using fully automatic three-dimensional mesh generation

Abstract A modeling approach based upon solid design primitives is demonstrated. A preliminary set of primitives is developed which can be assembled into complete solid models that are defined in terms of a small set of design parameters. Design variables are accessible through a formal relational databasem, thus making it possible to modify the design interactively or through an automated design system. A new fully automatic 3-D mesh generation capability is introduced. This capability automatically discretizes 3-D surfaces and solids utilizing only a geometric description. The importance of accurately representing surface geometry is stressed. It is observed that the most accurate finite element solution results are required on the surface of a part, making it necessary to precisely represent curved faces, edges and vertices. Two realistic design examples are presented in which it is shown that the mesh generation process is very efficient, taking just 79 seconds to generate 3700 solid elements.
Effect of oral iron therapy on the upper gastrointestinal tract. A prospective evaluation.

This study assesses the effect of oral iron therapy on the upper gastrointestinal tract and fecal occult blood testing. Fourteen healthy volunteers completed a checklist of gastrointestinal symptoms, underwent endoscopy and biopsy of the stomach and duodenum, and supplied a fresh stool sample for Hemoccult and HemoQuant testing. They then took ferrous sulfate 325 mg per os tid for two weeks and had the same evaluation repeated. Gastrointestinal symptoms were rated by the patients on a scale of 0–3, endoscopic findings were numerically scored (0–4), and the biopsies were graded blindly. Thirteen other healthy volunteers took ferrous sulfate 325 mg per os tid for one week and had Hemoccult testing of stool at days 0 and 7. All subjects developed dark stools, and significant nausea and diarrhea were noted (0.1±0.1 to 0.9±0.3, P<0.05 for both symptoms). Only 1/27 had a questionably trace-positive Hemoccult test (two observers disagreed) and no significant difference was seen in HemoQuant testing (1.4±0.5 to 1.8±0.7 mg Hblg). A significant increase was seen in endoscopic abnormalities in the stomach (0.1±0.1 to 1.5±0.3, P=0.003), consisting of erythema, small areas of subepithelial hemorrhage, and, in two subjects, erosions. Biopsies showed no significant change after iron therapy. We conclude that (1) oral ferrous sulfate rarely causes Hemoccult-positive stools, and patients with positive Hemoccult tests on iron therapy require further evaluation; and (2) oral iron may cause mild endoscopie abnormalities in the stomach which are of uncertain clinical significance.
Photorearrangement in a Semiquinone to Yield an Unusual 1,3-Carbon/Carbon Interaction and Spin Delocalization

Solutions of 1,4-bis(dihydroquininyl)-anthraquinone {(DHQ)2AQN} in either hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) or liquid ammonia undergo a photoinduced electron transfer from the solvent to the (DHQ)2AQN. The resulting anion radical {(DHQ)2AQN•-} yields coupling to the six (3 sets of 2 equivalent) protons on the anthraquinone moiety upon EPR analysis. The same anion radical can be generated via alkali metal reduction in tetrahydrofuran. Further exposure of the HMPA solution to visible light causes the anion radical to undergo a conformational change. The photorearranged product allows delocalization of spin into the γ proton on the sp3 hybridized alkoxy carbon. In NH3(liq) and THF, hydrogen bonding and ion association prevents this photorearrangement, respectively.
Simultaneous Measurements of EUV and Soft X-Ray Solar Flare Emission

Broadband sensors aboard the Naval Research Laboratory’s SOLRAD 11 satellites measured solar emission in the 0.5 to 3 A, 1 to 8 A, 8 to 20 A, 100 to 500 A, 500 to 800 A, and 700 to 1030 A bands between March 1976 and October 1979. Measurements of EUV and soft X-ray emission from a large number of solar flares were obtained. Although solar flare measurements in the soft X-ray bands are continuously made and used as a standard of a flare’s geophysical significance, direct measurements of flare EUV emission are quite rare. We present measurements of the X-ray and EUV emission from several flares with special emphasis on the relative EUV response associated with flares in different categories determined by 1 to 8 A soft X-ray flux. An example of a flare exhibiting an impulsive (nonthermal) phase is included.
Seminoma in male aged seventy-three

This is a report of a seventy-three-year-old male found to have a seminomatous tumor of his left testicle. This may represent the oldest reported case of pure seminoma. Men of all ages should have careful palpation of the testicles as part of a physical examination.