cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oral nitroglycerin paste did not lower pulmonary capillary pressure during treadmill exercise

Summary We hypothesised that 22.5 mg of oral nitroglycerin would cause pulmonary vasodilation and therefore decrease pulmonary capillary pressure in horses during strenuous exercise. Six horses were assigned to exercise twice, once with no medication (control) and once with nitroglycerin (22.5 mg orally) in random order. Horses were exercised for 3 min each at 75, 90 and 100% of maximal heart rate (HRmax) with a 2 min period of walking between each period of exertion. Pulmonary artery and oesophageal pressures were recorded continuously. Subsequent analysis was carried out on the pulmonary arterial pressure signal with the oesophageal pressure subtracted, hence pulmonary vascular pressures reported in this paper approximate transmural pressures. Pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure, pulmonary capillary pressure, heart rate and arterial blood gas tensions were determined for each level of exercise. Pulmonary arterial wedge and pulmonary capillary pressures were determined from the pulmonary artery waveform after dynamic occlusion of a branch of the pulmonary artery. The resulting decay in pulmonary artery pressure was submitted to an exponential curve fitting and the amplitude at the moment of occlusion on this curve was recorded as pulmonary capillary pressure. The effects of nitroglycerin on the various parameters were evaluated using a 3-way ANOVA blocked on horse treatment, and exercise intensity, followed by Tukey's multiple comparison procedure. Resting pulmonary artery pressure decreased from mean ± s.e. 34.0 ± 5.5 mmHg to 24.0 ± 3.9 mmHg 5 min after administration of nitroglycerin (P<.05) but there were no significant effects on pulmonary capillary or wedge pressures. Nitroglycerin at this dose resulted in no significant differences in pulmonary artery, pulmonary capillary, and pulmonary wedge pressure, heart rate, arterial oxygen tension or arterial carbon dioxide tension at 75, 90 and 100% of HRmax. This dose of nitroglycerin does not appear significantly to protect the pulmonary vascular bed from exercise-induced hypertension. These data do not support the use of this dose of oral nitroglycerin in the prevention of EIPH.
Estimating Properties of Autoregressive Forecasts

Abstract Forecasting requires estimates of the error of prediction; however, such estimates for autoregressive forecasts depend nonlinearly on unknown parameters and distributions. Substitution estimators of mean squared error (MSE) possess bias that varies with the underlying model, and Gaussian-based prediction intervals fail if the data are not normally distributed. This article proposes methods that avoid these problems. A second-order Taylor expansion produces an estimator of MSE that is unbiased and leads to accurate prediction intervals for Gaussian data. Bootstrapping also suggests an estimator of MSE, but it is approximately the problematic substitution estimator. Bootstrapping also yields prediction intervals, however, whose coverages are invariant of the sampling distribution and asymptotically approach the nominal content. Parameter estimation increases the error in autoregressive forecasts. This additional error inflates one-step prediction mean squared error (PMSE) by a factor of 1 + p/T, wh...
Sputter-deposited medium-temperature solid oxide fuel cells with multi-layer electrolytes

Abstract The deposition, interfacial impedances, and characteristics of solid oxide fluel cells (SOFC) with thin-film multi-layer electrolytes are described. The cell layers — a 1 μm thick AgYSZ cermet cathode, a 15 to 20 μm thick NiYSZ anode — were deposited on porous alumina by reactive magnetron co-sputtering of metal tartgets in ArO 2 mixtures. The effect of adding Y-stabilized Bi 2 O 3 (YSB) and Y-doped CeO 2 (YDC) layers at the ytria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte surfaces was investigated. The open circuit voltage of the H 2 /H 2 O (3%), NiYSZ / electrolyte / AgYSZ, air fuel cells tested at 750°C was 0.78—0.85 V, less than expected theoretically, indicating some porosity in the electrolyte layers. The cell resistance was 4.5 Ω cm 2 for a YSZ electrolyte, due mainly to the electrode interfacial resistances, and the maximum power density was 35 mW / cm 2 . Adding a 60 nm-thick YSB layer at the YSZ/AgYSZ interface reduced the air electrode resistance from ≈1.4 to 0.45 Ω cm 2 , leading to an increase in the maximum power density to ≈50 mV/cm 2 . Adding a 100 nm-thick YDC layer at the NiYSZ/ YSZ interface further increased the maximum power density to 110 mW/cm 2 at a cell resistance of 1.6 μ cm 2 . The three-layer YSB/YSZ/YDC electrolyte thus resulted in a factor-of-three increase in power density over a YSZ electrolyte.
Exact solution for charge solitons in two coupled one-dimensional arrays of small tunnel junctions.

An exact solution for the potential profile of two coupled one-dimensional arrays each with m junctions with equal junction capacitances C, equal stray capacitances ${\mathit{C}}_{0}$, and equal coupling capacitances ${\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is presented. Analytical expressions for the total free energy as well as the injection threshold voltage ${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{t}}$ of various charge solitons (an electron-hole pair, a single charge soliton, or a combined electron-hole pair and a single charge soliton) are derived. For m=3, we find that in the weak coupling regime (${\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{c}}$\ensuremath{\ll}C) single electron transport dominates, in contrast with existing results [D. V. Averin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2818 (1991)], and other differences are also found in the ${\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{c}}$\ensuremath{\gg}C limit. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Lactation Studies. VIII. Relation of Percentage of Complementary Milk, among Other Factors, to Milk Production

Abstract Data collected on 62 cows of Holstein and Jersey breeding were analyzed to determine how well the inherent capacity of an animal to produce milk can be estimated from percentage of complementary milk and other variables related to production. A multiple correlation of total production, with percentage of complementary milk, maximum production, and days to maximum production of 0.83, was found in the intrastation, intrabreed variation. Several other variables did not contribute significantly in explaining variation in total production between animals. A simple correlation of 0.69 was found between the predicted production based on maximum production, percentage of complementary milk, and days to maximum production, and actual production compared to a correlation of 0.72 between actual productions in two consecutive years. It is suggested that the prediction of total yield of milk in a lactation from data collected early in lactation may be valuable in culling animals in breeding programs on dairy farms.
SU-F-BRCD-09: Total Variation (TV) Based Fast Convergent Iterative CBCT Reconstruction with GPU Acceleration.

Purpose: To improve image quality and reduce imagingdose in CBCT for radiation therapy applications and to realize near real‐time image reconstruction based on use of a fast convergence iterative algorithm and acceleration by multi‐GPUs. Methods: An iterative image reconstruction that sought to minimize a weighted least squares cost function that employed total variation (TV) regularization was employed to mitigate projection data incompleteness and noise. To achieve rapid 3D image reconstruction (< 1 min), a highly optimized multiple‐GPU implementation of the algorithm was developed. The convergence rate and reconstruction accuracy were evaluated using a modified 3D Shepp‐Logan digital phantom and a Catphan‐600 physical phantom. The reconstructed images were compared with the clinical FDK reconstruction results. Results: Digital phantom studies showed that only 15 iterations and 60 iterations are needed to achieve algorithm convergence for 360‐view and 60‐view cases, respectively. The RMSE was reduced to 10−4 and 10−2, respectively, by using 15 iterations for each case. Our algorithm required 5.4s to complete one iteration for the 60‐view case using one Tesla C2075 GPU. The few‐view study indicated that our iterative algorithm has great potential to reduce the imagingdose and preserve good image quality. For the physical Catphan studies, the images obtained from the iterative algorithm possessed better spatial resolution and higher SNRs than those obtained from by use of a clinical FDK reconstruction algorithm. Conclusions: We have developed a fast convergence iterative algorithm for CBCTimage reconstruction. The developed algorithm yielded images with better spatial resolution and higher SNR than those produced by a commercial FDK tool. In addition, from the few‐view study, the iterative algorithm has shown great potential for significantly reducing imagingdose. We expect that the developed reconstruction approach will facilitate applications including IGART and patient daily CBCT‐based treatment localization.
Astrocyte processes label for filamentous actin and reorient early within the optic nerve head in a rat glaucoma model.

Purpose. To determine if astrocyte processes label for actin and to quantify the orientation of astrocytic processes within the optic nerve head (ONH) in a rat glaucoma model.
The Consolidation of Laminate Composites

A general mathematical model wich allows for three dimensional flow, and one dimen sional consolidation of the composite, is developed. The model assumes that the fibers make up a deformable, nonlinear elastic network. The resin flow is modelled using Darcy's Law for an anisotropic porous medium, with a resin of time varying viscosity. The general case is then solved for two important molding situations: 1) Compression Mold ing, and 2) Bleeder Ply Molding.
Deficit of Temporal Dynamics of Detection of a Moving Object During Egomotion in a Stroke Patient: A Psychophysical and MEG Study

To investigate the temporal dynamics underlying object motion detection during egomotion, we used psychophysics and MEG with a motion discrimination task. The display contained nine spheres moving for 1 second, eight moved consistent with forward observer translation, and one (the target) with independent motion within the scene (approaching or receding). Observers's task was to detect the target. Seven healthy subjects (7HS) and patient PF with an infarct involving the left occipital-temporal cortex participated in both the psychophysical and MEG study. Psychophysical results showed that PF was severely impaired on this task. He was also impaired on the discrimination of radial motion (with even poorer performance on contraction) and 2D direction as well as on detecting motion discontinuity. We used anatomically constrained MEG and dynamic Granger causality to investigate the direction and dynamics of connectivity between the functional areas involved in the object-motion task and compared the results of 7HS and PF. The dynamics of the causal connections among the motion responsive cortical areas (MT, STS, IPS) during the first 200 ms of the stimulus was similar in all subjects. However, in the later part of the stimulus (>200 ms) PF did not show significant causal connections among these areas. Also the 7HS had a strong, probably attention modulatory connection, between MPFC and MT, which was completely absent in PF. In PF and the 7HS, analysis of onset latencies revealed two stages of activations: early after motion onset (200–400 ms) bilateral activations in MT, IPS, and STS, followed (>500 ms) by activity in the postcentral sulcus and middle prefrontal cortex (MPFC). We suggest that the interaction of these early and late onset areas is critical to object motion detection during self-motion, and disrupted connections among late onset areas may have contributed to the perceptual deficits of patient PF.
Treatment Guidance from the Blood

Animal tumor models derived from human lung cancer cell lines have provided insights into oncogenic alterations, treatment response, and resistance mechanisms. Advanced techniques using matched normal lung, tumor, and post-treatment tumor specimens from non–small-cell lung cancer cases have aided the development of more potent and better tolerated molecularly targeted therapeutics. However, small-cell lung cancer has yet to capitalize on these developments. This aggressive malignancy, which accounts for ~15% of lung cancers, carries one of the highest mutation burdens of any tumor type. Although small-cell lung cancer is initially highly responsive to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy—with response rates more than double that seen in non–small-cell lung cancer—at the time of progression, response rates to second-line regimens may be less than half that achieved in non–small-cell lung cancer. Limited access to adequate tissue specimens has hindered advances in this challenging disease. Small-cell lung cancer generally presents with rapidly growing central chest masses that are diagnosed by means of bronchoscopic biopsy, yielding small cytologic specimens. Moreover, patients with small-cell lung cancer have the highest smoking burden of any lung cancer subtype, rendering their normal lung tissue more prone to complications from attempts to pursue more generous core needle specimens. Cases almost never undergo repeat biopsy at the time of progression. In what may mark a major step forward for these patients, Hodgkinson et al. have reported the successful generation of tumors in animal models using circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from patients with small-cell lung cancer. Specifically, they obtained blood samples from six patients with chemotherapy-naive advanced small-cell lung cancer, enriched for CTCs, and then injected these cells into the flanks of severe combined immunodeficient mice. Histologic and genomic analyses of these CTC-derived explants resembled those of matched clinical specimens. Treatment efficacy of standard platinum-etoposide chemotherapy in the animal models mirrored that observed clinically in the corresponding patient. Moving forward, “liquid biopsy” through the analysis of CTCs offers key opportunities for individual patient care and the field of thoracic oncology more broadly. Serial monitoring of CTC molecular phenotype could be used for future treatment decision-making. Blood samples pre- and post-relapse could be used to generate models to provide insight into small-cell lung cancer biology, mechanisms underlying resistance, and potential new druggable targets. Such advances are long overdue. C. L. Hodgkinson et al. , Tumorigenicity and genetic profiling of circulating tumor cells in small-cell lung cancer. Nat. Med. 10.1038/nm.3600 (2014). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nm.3600.html
Treatment of angina pectoris with a new monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pivalylbenzhydrazine

Abstract Pivalylbenzhydrazine was administered to forty patients over a period ranging from one to ten months in maintenance doses of 50 to 300 mg. per day. The majority required 100 to 200 mg. daily for therapeutic effect. Excellent results were obtained in nineteen (47.5 per cent), good or fair results in fourteen (35 per cent), and no effects in four (10 per cent). This is similar to the results obtained with isocarboxazid, though the latter appeared to be a better analeptic agent. No serious side effects or toxicities have been noted clinically or in the laboratory, particularly as related to orthostatic hypotension or hepatitis, neither of which was observed. A study of the effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors on trace metals in humans is now being made. Preliminary results indicate elevation of serum manganese, copper and aluminum, but no effect on zinc, lead and iron. We have found pivalylbenzhydrazine to be an effective and apparently safe agent in the treatment of angina pectoris.
An algorithm for solving the equations of monotone non‐linear resistive networks

An algorithm related to the PQ theorem is given for solving the equations of a large class of monotone non-linear resistive networks. the algorithm converges to a solution whenever a solution exists, while it produces an unbounded sequence of iterates if there is no solution.
Effects of hydrochlorothiazide and dietary sodium restriction on calcium metabolism in corticosteroid treated patients.

Abstract The effect of treatment with hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) and dietary sodium restriction on calcium economy in glucocorticoid-treated patients was investigated. Fractional 47 Ca intestinal absorption (FCaA) and fractional urinary calcium excretion (FCaEx) were measured in six normal individuals and in ten patients receiving glucocorticoids for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease before and after 60 days of treatment with a 50 mEq sodium diet and HCT 50 mg twice daily. FCaA was significantly decreased in glucocorticoid-treated patients (27.5 ± 4.3%) when compared to normal individuals (41.8 ± 2.8%, p These data suggest that dietary sodium restriction and HCT therapy may improve total body calcium economy in glucocorticoid-treated patients by increasing intestinal calcium absorption and decreasing urinary calcium excretion.
A mid-Mesozoic extension across Central Asia?

Although relatively little is known about basin formation north of the Himalayas, recent stratigraphic studies of several sedimentary basins (Tarim, Dzhungaria, Tsaidam) have demonstrated a common pattern of subsidence in post-Triassic times1. All these basins show rapid subsidence concurrent with the onset of Himalayan orogenesis, presumably reflecting both tectonic loading and increased sediment supply. Before that time, however, subsidence curves have the characteristic ‘concave-up’ shape of rifted-margin sedimentary environments2. Although data from these basins are not sufficiently detailed to justify a more thorough investigation, the Tadjik Depression, a sedimentary basin comprising the southwestern portion of the Soviet republic of Tadjikistan (Fig. 1), contains a continuous and relatively well documented record of post-Jurassic sedimentation, analysis of which suggests deposition in a rifted-margin environment, on crust thinned by ∼50%.
PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES FOR INJECTOR CYCLOTRONS

Abstract Available evidence on performance to be expected from injector cyclotrons is collected and reviewed. On the basis of this information, estimates are made of current, spot size, angular divergence, energy spread and duty cycle for the extracted beam of possible 40 MeV and 200 MeV injector cyclotrons.
Development of an efficient aerodynamic shape optimization framework

Although many efforts have been made to develop an aerodynamic shape optimization (ASO) framework, iterative grid generation of the complex configuration within the optimization loop has still been a critical barrier. In this paper, an efficient ASO framework is developed by integrating a parametric grid generator, an optimization toolkit, and a flow solver. A geometry-grid template toolkit is developed to address the need to produce a large number of grids in a timely manner for the parametric design study. An object-oriented optimization toolkit that allows a flexible and extensible interfacing with user-specific codes is used. An in-house full Navier-Stokes flow solver is developed and used in the framework. Code integration is achieved using a black-box interface with script files. Two ASO applications and their optimum solutions are presented to demonstrate the success of this framework.
Solution to the Avogadro constant challenge.

The winner of the Avogadro constant challenge (publishedin issue 397/1) is:Martin J.T. Milton, National Physical Laboratory,Teddington, UKThe award entitles the winner to select a Springer bookof his choice up to a value of €75.Our Congratulations!The Avogadro constant has long been defined as the numberof molecules of a substance in a gram molecular weight [1].In a modern parlance, it is a fundamental physical constantrepresenting the number of entities comprising 1 mol. It isclear that any modification to the definition of macroscopic(kilogram) or microscopic mass scales (atomic mass) willaffect the numerical value of the Avogadro constant. Thedefinition of kilogram has remained unaltered since thevery first Conference Generale des Poids et Mesures inSeptember of 1889, when it was declared that theinternational prototype of the kilogram “shall henceforthbe considered to be the unit of mass,” not so with thedefinition of the atomic mass scale. In 1803/1805, JohnDalton established the first atomic mass scale in whichhydrogen was assigned A
A sandwich assay to detect and characterize syngeneic anti-idiotypic antibodies to murine anti-HLA and tumor associated antigen monoclonal antibodies

The parameters of a sandwich assay to analyze syngeneic polyclonal and monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies to murine anti-HLA and anti-human melanoma associated antigen monoclonal antibodies have been characterized. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the sandwich assay has been compared with that of assays widely used to characterize anti-idiotypic antibodies, i.e., the binding assay to F(ab')2 fragments of monoclonal antibodies and the radioimmunoassay. The latter is more sensitive than the sandwich assay when monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies are tested, but less sensitive when anti-idiotypic antisera are analyzed. Both assays are less sensitive than the binding assay to F(ab')2 fragments of monoclonal antibodies.
Optimal synthesis of coded wavefronts for ultrasonic pulse-echo imaging

Waveform synthesis for pulse-echo medical ultrasonic imaging, in conjunction with post-beamforming filtering, will undoubtedly play an important role in defining the ultimate quality of the next generation of medical ultrasonic imaging. Two important applications that will rely heavily on appropriate waveform synthesis are contrast- assisted imaging and multi-modal high-speed imaging with parallel processing of multiple image lines using coded excitation and filterbank reconstruction. In this paper, we address the issue of beam-space waveform synthesis using ultrasound phased arrays typically used in medical pulse- echo imaging applications. Simulation and experimental results will be presented to illustrate the role of the transducer aperture and bandwidth characteristics in the waveform synthesis. Furthermore, we generalize the concept of point-spread function (PSF) to allow for the post- beamforming filter-based image reconstruction. We show experimentally that these PSFs serve as a reliable predictor of the image quality for multi-modal pulse-echo imaging systems employing post-beamforming filter-based reconstruction. Combined with a computationally efficient Fourier-based method for their derivation, these PSFs thus serve as a powerful tool in the design and optimization of coded waveforms for pulse-echo imaging applications. A description of the waveform synthesis algorithm will be given along with illustrative examples using computer simulations and experimental results from tissue-mimicking phantoms.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
What is the role for improved long-term antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention?

Abstract Background Coronary stent placement has replaced balloon angioplasty as the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) method of choice, primarily because of its lower restenosis rate. Compared with aspirin (ASA) monotherapy or ASA plus warfarin, the ticlopidine and ASA combination is superior in reducing thrombotic events after stenting. Clopidogrel plus ASA appears to be at least as effective as ticlopidine and ASA. Intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors effectively prevent periprocedural thrombotic complications, but their short duration of action and parenteral dosing don't allow for long-term protection. This review aimed to answer how long after PCI with a stent patients are at risk for recurrent thrombotic events and what the optimal way to prevent them is. Results Classically, ASA has been prescribed indefinitely, whereas adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonists have been discontinued after 2 to 4 weeks. However, the Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) trial found that long-term dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and ASA was more effective than ASA alone in preventing major cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome, including those treated with PCI. Conclusion Results from additional ongoing studies are needed to clarify the role of long-term dual oral antiplatelet therapy in preventing ischemic events in patients who have undergone PCI.
Enterprise modeling for database specification and design

Abstract This paper presents a framework for modeling an enterprise in terms of its organizational activities, its forms usage and flow, and its data abstractions. These three components help relate real-world events and operations to the underlying database structures that support the organization's information systems. The enterprise model captures organizational dynamics by means of events, states, and their temporal and causal relationships. Organizational information flows are represented by forms, operations on forms, and the flow of forms. Data abstractions associated with organizational activities and forms are used to obtain database structures. Organizational business functions are modeled as a collection of communicating activities. Each activity is represented by collection of views performed at logical workstations. Views operate on forms, and when the work associated with the form has been completed, that form is routed to another view for further processing. The data abstractions associated with views can be integrated to obtain a conceptual database schema., A formal enterprise grammar is presented for view specification. A mini-case is presented to demonstrate the enterprise model.
A test for pure or apparent ideology in congressional voting

A politician's preferences do matter. He is not simply a captured agent speaking only for his constituent's interests. Some latitude exists for him to shirk his responsibility to serve his constituents' interests and to cast votes consistent with his own personal ideology. More important to our understanding and modeling of voting behavior, shirking for ideological consumption is seen to increase with age once a threshold of about 53 years old is reached. Shirking is not a phenomena of the politicians' final term in office, rather it likely exists in every term and begins to increase significantly two terms prior to the expected horizon. Sixty percent of the sample of senators were seen to exhibit increasing ideological consumption with age. Other studies have attempted to distinguish the investment and consumption components of ideological measures by more appropriately characterizing the constituent interest variables (Peltzman, 1984) or purifying the ideological variable (Kalt and Zupan, 1988; Kau and Rubin, 1979). Of course, one might always ask, are the variables now properly characterized and completely pure? This paper takes a different approach. It shows that the ideological measure, as an explanatory tool, increases in importance with age. Our explanation is that there is a true ideological component imbedded in the measure and politicians do, in fact, shirk their constituents' interests to engage in ideological consumption. Because an approaching horizon lowers its price, ideological consumption increases with age.
Theoretical aspects of energy–range relations, stopping power and energy straggling of protons

Abstract The Bragg–Kleeman rule R CSDA = AE 0 p provides a connection between the initial energy E 0 of a proton and the range R CSDA in a medium, if the continuous-slowing-down approximation (CSDA) is assumed. The rule results from a generalized (nonrelativistic) Langevin equation; its integration also yields information on the residual energy E ( z ) or d E ( z ) / d z of a proton at position z. A relativistic extension of the generalized Langevin equation leads to the formula R CSDA = A ( E 0 + E 0 2 / 2 Mc 2 ) p . Since the initial energy E 0 of therapeutic protons satisfies E 0 ⪡ 2 Mc 2 , relativistic contributions can be treated as correction terms. Besides this phenomenological aspect, a complete integration of Bethe–Bloch equation (BBE) is presented, which provides the determination of R CSDA , E ( z ) , d E ( z ) / d z and works without any empirical parameters. The results of these different methods are compared with Monte Carlo calculations (GEANT4). Since the energy transfer from proton to the environmental atomic electrons regarded in the CSDA-framework has to account for local fluctuations, an analysis of the Gaussian convolution and the Landau–Vavilov distribution function is performed on the basis of quantum-statistical mechanics. The Landau tail can be described as a Hermite polynomial correction of a Gaussian convolution.
Language and Public Memorial: `America's Concentration Camps'

Museums and exhibits that present `history' offer largely visual versions of collective narratives to a broad audience. Yet language can play a critical role in these versions of the past and, like the histories themselves, the language can become controversial. For example, the title of an exhibit on the Japanese-American internment in World War II-`America's Concentration Camps' - was disturbing to American Jews who associated `concentration camps' with their experience in the Holocaust. This article shows how linguists can assist in resolving such controversies: after becoming familiar with what actually happened to those involved in the controversy, they can offer discourse analyses (a) of the conflictual language itself; (b) of its resolution (in this case, a footnote on the brochure accompanying the exhibit); and (c) of the role of referring terms in collective narratives and public memorial.
Fatigue crack propagation behavior of titanium alloys 6242S and 5621 S at elevated temperature

The influence of test environment on the fatigue crack propagation performance of titanium alloys Ti-6A1-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-O. 1Si (6242S) and Ti-5A1-6Sn-2Zr-0.8Mo-0.25Si (5621 S) was investigated at 450 °C. The results show that the crack propagation resistance of 6242S and 5621S was reduced in air compared to that in vacuum at a loading frequency of 0.17 Hz. A similar environmental behavior was observed when a one-minute hold period was included in the fatigue cycle. Both alloys exhibited excellent creep-fatigue resistance at 450 °C as little effect of hold time was observed. Overall, the fatigue crack propagation resistance of 6242S was found to be slightly superior to that of 5621S. These results are discussed in terms of the effects of thermal-mechanical history and microstructure on the fatigue crack propagation characteristics of titanium alloys.
Untersuchungen über den Mineralhaushalt nach Zufuhr von Hypophysenhinterlappensubstanz

Unter dem Einflus von Hypophysenhinterlappensubstanz findet eine abnorme Kalium-Natrium- und Chlorausschwemmung statt, die auch wahrend der Diuresehemmung zu einer negativen Bilanz im Mineralhaushalt fuhren kann. Die Ausscheidung von Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphor, Schwefel und Stickstoff bleibt weitgehend unbeeinflust.
Cover Picture: Direction‐Dependent Homoepitaxial Growth of GaN Nanowires (Adv. Mater. 2/2006)

GaN nanowires with vastly different morphologies depending upon their growth direction can be produced by direct nitridation and vapor transport of Ga in disassociated ammonia, report Sunkara and co-workers on p. 216. Nanowires grown along the c-direction develop hexagonal-prism island morphologies, while wires grown along the a-direction form uniform, belt-shaped morphologies. A “ballistic” phenomenon involving the 1D transport of adatoms on the non-polar surfaces of GaN nanowires is proposed to explain the prismatic island morphologies.
BACKFLOW STRUCTURE OF STEADY AND UNSTEADY SEPARATING TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS

Recent LDA measurements in unsteady separating turbulent boundary layers by the authors have revealed some new information on the phase-ensemble-averaged backflow behaviour. In the large-amplitude unsteady flows studied, very large backflow velocities exist in the detached flow at some phasees of the oscillation cycle. In some cases even grater than the freestream velocity. The Reynolds shearing stress and turbulence-energy production near the wall in the backflow region are not negligible at these phases. Under such conditions Simpson's backflow velocity profile model is not applicable and a normal turbulent boundary-layer type of structure appears to be present in the phase-ensemble-averaged near-wall backflow. These new features of backflow are discussed and a new concept of a re-entrainment velocity of the backflow into the outer region downstream flow is introduced.
Long-term efficacy and safety of iloperidone: an update

Schizophrenia is a devastating neuropsychiatric disease with a worldwide prevalence of approximately 0.5%–1%. Since many patients do not achieve adequate symptom relief from available agents, alternate pharmacotherapeutic approaches are needed. In this context, iloperidone was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of schizophrenia. This paper first reviews its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles, emphasizing their clinical relevance. Next, it summarizes the literature on its acute and maintenance efficacy, safety, and tolerability. It then considers pharmacogenetic data which may help to predict response and risk of cardiac arrhythmias with this agent. Finally, it critically positions iloperidone relative to other first- and second-generation antipsychotics.
Performance of Factor Mixture Models as a Function of Model Size, Covariate Effects, and Class-Specific Parameters.

Abstract Factor mixture models are designed for the analysis of multivariate data obtained from a population consisting of distinct latent classes. A common factor model is assumed to hold within each of the latent classes. Factor mixture modeling involves obtaining estimates of the model parameters, and may also be used to assign subjects to their most likely latent class. This simulation study investigates aspects of model performance such as parameter coverage and correct class membership assignment and focuses on covariate effects, model size, and class-specific versus class-invariant parameters. When fitting true models, parameter coverage is good for most parameters even for the smallest class separation investigated in this study (0.5 SD between 2 classes). The same holds for convergence rates. Correct class assignment is unsatisfactory for the small class separation without covariates, but improves dramatically with increasing separation, covariate effects, or both. Model performance is not influe...
Supplementation with apple juice can compensate for folate deficiency in a mouse model deficient in methylene tetra hydrofoate reductase activity

Folate insufficiency promotes developmental as well as age-related disorders of the nervous system. The C677T variant of 5′,10′ methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR; which utilizes folate to regenerate methionine from homocysteine) displays reduced activity, and therefore promotes functional folate deficiency. Mice heterozygously lacking this gene (MTHFR+/− mice) represent a useful model for analysis of the impact of MTHFR deficiency and potential compensatory approaches. Since consumption of apple products has benefited mouse models subjected to dietary and/or genetically-induced folate deficiency, we compared the impact of supplementation with apple juice on cognitive and neuromuscular performance of mice MTHFR+/+ and +/− mice with and without dietary folate deficiency. Mice were maintained for 1 month on a standard, complete diet, or a challenge diet lacking folate, and vitamin E and containing a 50g iron/500g total diet as a pro-oxidant. Additional groups received apple juice concentrate (AJC) diluted to 0.5% (vol/vol) in their sole source of drinking water. MTHFR+/− mice demonstrated significantly impaired cognitive performance in standard reward-based T maze and the non-reward-based Y maze tests as compared to MTHFR+/+ when maintained on the complete diet; supplementation with AJC improved the performance of MTHFR+/− to the level observed for MTHFR+/+ mice. Maintenance for 1 month on the deficient diet reduced the performance of both genotypes in both tests, but supplementation with AJC prevented these reductions. MTHFR+/+ and +/− displayed virtually identical neuromuscular performance in the standard paw grip endurance test when maintained on the complete diet, and displayed similar, non-significant declines in performance when maintained on the deficient diet. Supplementation of either diet with AJC dramatically improved the performance of both genotypes. The findings presented herein indicate that supplementation with AJCs can compensate for genetic as well as dietary insufficiency in folate in a murine model of genetic folate compromise, and support the notion that dietary supplementation may be more critical under conditions of latent genetic compromise.
Antibodies as tailor-made chiral selectors for detection and separation of stereoisomers

Increasing understanding of the stereoselectivity of drug actions has caused regulatory agencies to establish guidelines for the development of stereoisomeric drugs and to demand that manufacturers specify their stereochemical purity. The detection and separation of chiral compounds by direct methods requires the availability of suitable host molecules that can discriminate between their stereoisomers. Although it has been known for almost a century that antibodies of high stereoselectivity can be raised against virtually any molecule, this class of proteins has only recently found wider application as chiral selectors in analytical techniques. This article reviews the use of stereoselective antibodies for the detection of stereoisomers in immunoassays and sensors, and for their extraction and separation in chiral immunoaffinity chromatography.
Trunk Tissue Creep Can Increase Spine Forces During a Subsequent Lifting Task

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS Results from the current study show evidence of an adverse effect of prolonged trunk flexion on spine loads during consecutive lifting tasks. The time-dependent methodology introduced here can enhance task assessment based on the duration of flexion exposures. More generally, results demonstrate the importance of considering prior trunk exposures when assessing risk factors for lifting tasks. The proposed solution incorporates “time” as an independent variable, in addition to lifting weight and posture, to better assess spinal loads and maximum lifting capacity based on prior loadings. The current results also suggest that existing ergonomic guidelines or biomechanical models that do not incorporate the viscoelasticity of soft tissues or time-dependent neuromuscular alterations may underestimate spine forces and potential injury risk in some circumstances. To account for this, especially when assessing spine forces during lifting after exposure to prolonged flexion, additional sa...
The Latina advantage: gender, race and political success

Despite the increasing growth in the Latino population in the USA and the growing importance of the Latino vote, very little research has examined politically relevant gender differences in the Lat...
Surface-Modified and Internally Cationic Polyamidoamine Dendrimers for Efficient siRNA Delivery

A novel internally quaternized and surface-acetylated poly(amidoamine) generation four dendrimer (QPAMAM-NHAc) was synthesized and evaluated for intracellular delivery of siRNA. The proposed dendrimer as a nanocarrier possesses the following advantages: (1) modified neutral surface of the dendrimer for low cytotoxicity and enhanced cellular internalization; (2) existence of cationic charges inside the dendrimer (not on the outer surface) resulting in highly organized compact nanoparticles, which can potentially protect nucleic acids from degradation. The properties of this dendrimer were compared with PAMAM-NH2 dendrimer, possessing surface charges, and with an internally quaternized charged and hydroxyl-terminated QPAMAM-OH dendrimer. Atomic force microscopy studies revealed that internally charged and surface neutral dendrimers, QPAMAM-OH and QPAMAM-NHAc, formed well-condensed, spherical particles (polyplexes) with siRNA, while PAMAM-NH2 resulted in the formation of nanofibers. The modification of surfa...
The influence of calcium-free media on the electrical properties of the isolated toad lens

Abstract Anterior and posterior faces of toad lenses were isolated in a glass chamber and a glass electrode impaled into the fibers. The potential differences (p.d.) and electrical resistances of each surface and of the whole lens were measured before and after replacing the 1 m m -Ca-rich bathing solutions with a Ca-free 1 m m -EGTA Ringer. Ca-free anterior bathing solution reduced the p.d. only across the anterior face from 67 to 51 mV and the anterior face resistance from 331 to 304 Ω/cm2. The changes were reversible within 35 min. Ca-free posterior bathing solution reduced the p.d. across the posterior face from 49 to 36 mV and posterior face resistance from 440 to 364 ohm. cm2. These changes also were reversible. The effects on the translenticular p.d. were the algebraic addition of the effects on the individual surfaces: Ca-free Ringer's solution on the posterior side increases p.d. and short-circuit current by making the posterior barrier (in series with the epithelium) more permeable. Ca-free Ringer's solution on the anterior side reduces p.d. and short-circuit current by making the anterior side barrier more permeable and shunting out the Na pump located in the lens epithelium. In the absence of Na in the bathing solution, removal of Ca from the anterior solution reduced the anterior face p.d. by 14 mV and the electrical resistance from 407 to 351 ohm.cm2. Removal of Ca from the posterior bathing solution (in the absence of Na) reduced the posterior face p.d. by 13 mV and the electrical resistance from 439 to 353 ohm.cm2. It is concluded that the effects of free Ca across the anterior face is mainly due to an increase in Na permeability. The effects of free Ca across the posterior face is due to an increase in permeability not only to Na but to other ions in the solution.
Stability of Cephalosporins in Horse Serum

The antibiotic activity of cephalothin, cephaloridine, cephalexin, cephaloglycin, cefazolin, and cefamandole was determined after storage for up to 30 days in horse serum at −10 and 4°C. Cephalothin, cefamandole, cefazolin, and cephalexin were stable for at least 30 days at −10°C, whereas cephaloridine lost 29% of its initial activity and cephaloglycin lost more than 50%. Cefamandole, cefazolin, and cephalexin could only be stored for 3 days at 4°C without significant loss in activity, whereas cephalothin, cephaloridine, and cephaloglycin could be stored for only 1 day. Repeated freezing and thawing had a detrimental effect on the stability of cephaloridine.
Multiplex Holography: Some New Methods

Afocal cylindrical lens systems and their prismatic equivalents are used in the formation of multiplex holograms. They introduce the desired, controlled astigmatism, and they assist the low f number final cylindrical lens in the formation of a strip hologram. In addition, a line source and a broad source fringe system applied to the hologram-making process can result in improved signal-to-noise ratios.
Deviants or Consenting Adults: A Human Rights Approach to Defining and Controlling Deviant Behavior

This article examines the concept of deviance within a human rights perspective. The current debate over the need for consent, and the difficulty inherent in attempting to reach a consensus regarding definitions of deviance, are discussed. The positivist and subjectivist-constructionist approaches to defining deviance are outlined and critiqued. It is concluded that both of these models are inadequate for defining deviance and that a more objective approach is required which reflects society’s interests, while also protecting individuals from the tyranny of the majority. This conclusion leads to the development of a new model of deviance which incorporates human rights into the method for defining deviance. This model rests on the argument that there is a crucial difference between behaviors which are undesirable and those which are unacceptable. It is further argued that only unacceptable behaviors should be prohibited and that behaviors which are merely undesirable should be tolerated and regulated. A model is elaborated in which five criteria are posited as a methodology for determining whether particular behavior is deviant and/or whether it should be controlled through criminal sanctions.
Minor Parties in Plurality Electoral Systems

Present research on minor party performance consists largely of single-country studies or pooled studies including a raft of widely varying electoral systems. This study examines the topic from a cross-national perspective, but is limited to democratic polities with single-member districts and first-past-the-post rules. An original dataset is compiled including 217 elections drawn from 37 countries and several historical eras. Five political-institutional factors are explored: (1) federalism, (2) presidentialism, (3) electoral system institutionalization, (4) party organization, and (5) electoral volatility. The evidence suggests that major party hegemony is more complete in polities with unitary constitutions, parliamentary executives, long-enduring electoral systems, strong party organization and low electoral volatility.
Acute massive digoxin overdose: Survival without use of digitalis-specific antibodies

Abstract Acute massive digoxin overdose may result in life-threatening arrhythmias, with reported mortality of up to 20% prior to the introduction of digltalis-specific antibodies. Digitalis-specific Fab antibody fragments remain under experimental protocol and are not widely avallable. Interpretation of serum digoxin levels and indications for the use of Fab are not clearly established. The authors report a case of massive digoxin overdose in an 18-month-old child with the highest reported digoxin level (48 ng/ml) with which a victim survived without the need for Fab administration. She developed only mild manifestations of digitalls intoxication, and her serum potassium never exceeded 5.2 mEq/l. Her course may be explained by the distribution kinetics of digoxin, which follows a two-compartment model, and the relatlve resistance of children to digitalis intoxication. This case emphasizes the need for better criteria than the digoxin level for the administration of Fab. The serum potassium concentration, which is usually elevated in acute type digitalis intoxication, may be a better predictor of the need for Fab in acute massive digitalis ingestion.
Lack of genetic association among coat colors, progressive retinal atrophy and polycystic kidney disease in Persian cats:

An inherited form of progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is recognized in Persian cats; however, the prevalence of PRA in the breed has not been determined. Breeders suggest that cats from only brown (‘chocolate’) or Himalayan (‘pointed’) lines are at risk for PRA, suggesting the disease is not widespread. This study was designed to evaluate whether PRA in Persian cats is associated with three coat colors, including chocolate, or with a highly prevalent inherited disease in this breed – polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Sixty related cats were evaluated for PRA by ophthalmic examination and genetically typed for PKD and the mutations that cause coat color variants in agouti, brown and color (producing the pointed coloration in Himalayan). No associations were identified among any of the traits, including between PRA and chocolate. These data suggest that PRA is not limited to cats with chocolate coat coloration and breeders and veterinarians should be aware that the prevalence of the disease may be higher than currently claimed.