cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimizing the management of secondary zygomatic fracture deformities. Aesthetic and functional considerations.

A clinical analysis of the malar area is presented with an emphasis on properly utilizing osteotomies and implants to maximize the aesthetic and functional results of residual zygomatic deformities.
The effects of polyuridylic acid on phenylalanine incorporation by subcellular fractions from carbon tetrachloride-poisoned rat liver

1. Ribosomes and microsomes isolated from the livers of rats that had received carbon tetrachloride 1hr. previously had decreased endogenous capacity to incorporate amino acid. 2. The capacity of the isolated structures to respond to a synthetic messenger, polyuridylic acid, and to incorporate phenylalanine was investigated. 3. It was found that ribosomes from carbon tetrachloride-treated animals, prepared with detergent and at high ionic strength, could be restored to the same specific activity as control particles with polyuridylic acid but that these particles required more Mg2+ in the incubation mixture. 4. Microsomes could also be stimulated to control activities with polyuridylic acid, but had a narrow optimum range of Mg2+ concentration. 5. Microsomes prepared from poisoned animals could be preprogrammed with polyuridylic acid to a significantly greater degree than could control particles, and this response was greater with increasing Mg2+ concentrations. These data suggested that in carbon tetrachloride poisoning the messenger–ribosome interaction had been altered. 6. Attempts to deprogramme particles from control and treated animals resulted in decreased endogenous activity of both particles and a decreased capacity for the treated particles to be restored with the synthetic messenger. 7. It is suggested that two effects are present in carbon tetrachloride poisoning, namely an alteration of the messenger–ribosome interaction and an increased lability of the ribosome, as either separate or related events.
A review of drugs in development for the personalized treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma remains a highly morbid and fatal disease, with poor survival rates among patients with advanced and recurrent disease. Recent advances in next generation sequencing, targeted therapeutics, and precision medicine trials are expanding treatment options for head and neck cancers; thus greater awareness of this rapidly evolving field is important.Areas covered: Recent next-generation sequencing studies in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, targeted therapy clinical trials involving head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.Expert commentary: This review discusses the current state of head and neck cancer treatment, and considerations and implications for the incorporation of personalized medicine and targeted therapy for head and neck cancers in a dynamic clinical landscape.
“More Deadly than the Male”: The Women’s War in the British Imagination

The accounts of Britons who confronted the women in December 1929 and suppressed their movement contain a number of striking elements that recur throughout their letters, reports, and testimonies before the Birrell Gray and Aba commissions. Perhaps the most puzzling is the failure of officials to mention the single most glaring feature of the disturbances—that they were undertaken exclusively by women—until after the massacre at Opobo. Another emerges from the imagery the men used to describe the threat they experienced at the hands of the women—that of being “swamped” by a “mass” of uncontrollable, shrieking, frenzied women, described alternately as Furies, Amazons, prostitutes, harridans, and viragoes. We think these phenomena are linked to one another, and that they stand at the heart of our ability to understand the behavior of colonial and military officers and the worldview that gave rise to their violent responses.
The Development of Theory and Treatment with Substance Abusing Female Juvenile Offenders

Little is known regarding the specific treatment needs of those female juvenile offenders with a history of substance abuse. While social scientists have advanced distinct theories regarding adolescent substance use and juvenile delinquency, minimal work has been conducted to integrate or link these two. In attempting to further explore their interrelationships, this article will review and incorporate the relevant theoretical and practice milestones in three areas: (1) substance abuse and women, (2) substance abuse and adolescents, and (3) substance abuse and juvenile delinquency, leading to the development of new theory and practice relevant to the female substance abusing juvenile offender population. The authors propose some practice considerations for current interventions with this population and discuss implications for future research and exploration.
Lensless Imaging: A computational renaissance

The basic design of a camera has remained unchanged for centuries. To acquire an image, light from the scene under view is focused onto a photosensitive surface using a lens. Over the years, the photosensitive surface has evolved from a photographic film to an array of digital sensors. However, lenses remain an integral part of modern imaging systems in a broad range of applications.
Corpus Callosum Size in Tourette’s Syndrome

The size of the corpus callosum (CC) in Tourette’s syndrome (TS) and ADHD was determined by analysis of MRI data in 77 children and adolescents, aged 6 to 16 years, including 27 controls, at the Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
Quantification of chrysolaminarin from the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum

Abstract We have established a protocol that allows for parallel quantification of three carbohydrate pools in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. This method utilizes a series of extraction and digestion steps followed by the employment of the 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone (MBTH) reducing sugar assay. Comparing carbohydrate content between hydrolyzed and non-hydrolyzed soluble extracts enables quantification of soluble, nonreducing carbohydrate. The latter fraction contains chrysolaminarin as verified by 1H NMR and monomer composition of the purified glucan. We applied this method to investigate carbon partitioning in two experiments. We observed the accumulation of chrysolaminarin during the day and near complete consumption in the dark, supporting its role for fueling heterotrophic metabolism at night. We then observed little change in chrysolaminarin accumulation or consumption during nitrogen starvation, a condition that is known to increase the cellular content of the biofuel precursor triacylglycerol. Overall, this method improves the resolution of major carbohydrate pools in diatoms, complementing physiological and systems biology studies interested in exploring diatom metabolism.
Seasonal shifts in sex ratios are mediated by maternal effects and fluctuating incubation temperatures.

Summary 1.Sex-specific maternal effects can be adaptive sources of phenotypic plasticity. Reptiles with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) are a powerful system to investigate such maternal effects because offspring phenotype, including sex, can be sensitive to maternal influences such as oestrogens and incubation temperatures. 2.In red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta), concentrations of maternally derived oestrogens and incubation temperatures increase across the nesting season; we wanted to determine if sex ratios shift in a seasonally concordant manner, creating the potential for sex-specific maternal effects, and to define the sex ratio reaction norms under fluctuating temperatures across the nesting season. 3.Eggs from early and late season clutches were incubated under a range of thermally fluctuating temperatures, maternally derived oestradiol concentrations were quantified via radioimmunoassay, and hatchling sex was identified. We found that late season eggs had higher maternal oestrogen concentrations and were more likely to produce female hatchlings. The sex ratio reaction norm curves systematically varied with season, such that with even a slight increase in temperature (0.5°C), late season eggs produced up to 49% more females than early season eggs. 4.We found a seasonal shift in sex ratios which creates the potential for sex-specific phenotypic matches across the nesting season driven by maternal effects. We also describe, for the first time, systematic variation in the sex ratio reaction norm curve within a single population in a species with TSD. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Potential Clinical Application of a Monoclonal Antibody to a Tumor Associated Glycoprotein (TAG-72)

Monoclonal antibody (MAb) B72.3, generated using a membrane-enriched fraction of cells from a mammary carcinoma metastasis, recognizes a high molecular weight glycoprotein complex of approximately 220,000 to 400,000d, termed TAG (Tumor-Associated Glycoprotein) 72 (1,2). MAb B72.3 has a high degree of selective reactivity for human breast carcinomas versus normal adult tissues. For example, using the immunoperoxidase technique on formalin-fixed tissue sections and radioimmunoassays on cell extracts, MAb B72.3 reacts with approximately 40–46% of primary breast carcinomas and 62% of metastatic breast lesions while no reactivity was observed with a variety of normal human tissue. Ninety-four percent of effusion specimens from breast cancer patients contained tumor cells which express TAG-72, while no reactivity of MAb B72.3 was observed with mesothelial cells or macrophages in benign or malignant effusions. Analysis of the reactivity of MAb B72.3 to sections of formalin-fixed breast carcinomas and to the MCF-7 breast carcinoma cell surface demonstrated heterogeneity of expression of TAG-72. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with recombinant human leukocyte interferon (IFN-alpha A) enhanced the detection of TAG-72 in a dose-dependent manner, and reduced the amount of 125I-labeled MAb B72.3 required to bind 1000 cpm to MCF-7 cells by more than 20-fold. The results demonstrate a highly specific tumor antigen which is expressed selectively on human carcinoma cells versus adult normal tissue. Furthermore, these results indicate that (a) MAb B72.3 can be used to detect occult adenocarcinoma cells in human tissues and (b) biological response modifiers, such as IFN-alpha A may be used to alter the tumor cell surface antigenic phenotype and perhaps enhance the utility of MAb B72.3 in the immunodetection and therapy of breast cancer.
Rising longitudinal trajectories in suicide rates: The role of firearm suicide rates and firearm legislation

Firearms account for approximately half of all US suicide deaths each year despite being utilized in only a small minority of suicide attempts. We examined the extent to which overall suicide rates fluctuated relative to firearm and non-firearm suicide rates across a period of 16years (1999-2015). We further tested the notion of means substitution by examining the association between firearm suicide rates and non-firearm suicide rates. Lastly, we examined the extent to which the presence of specific laws related to handgun ownership previously shown cross-sectionally to be associated with lower suicide rates (universal background checks, mandatory waiting periods) were associated with an attenuated trajectory in suicide rates across the study period. As anticipated, whereas decreases in firearm suicide rates were associated with decreases in overall suicide rates (b=0.46, SE=0.07, p<0.001), decreases in firearm suicides were not associated with off-setting increases in suicides by other methods (b=-0.04, SE=0.05, p=0.36). Furthermore, the absence of universal background check (b=0.12, SE=0.05, p=0.028) and mandatory waiting period (b=0.16, SE=0.06, p=0.008) laws was associated with a more steeply rising trajectory of statewide suicide rates. These results mitigate concerns regarding means substitution and speak to the potential high yield impact of systematically implemented means safety prevention efforts focused on firearms.
What Do Students Feel about Learning Programming Using Both English and Their Native Language

Programming is taught in India using English as the medium of instruction to students whose native language is not English. This places a high cognitive load on students who learn programming for the first time and who are not very proficient in English. Our study aims at finding out what the students feel if their native language is used along with English for teaching programming. As a part of our study, we taught linked list, a basic concept in programming, to two groups of undergraduate students for a week in Tamil Nadu, India. We used English to teach one group of students and English and Tamil (the native language in Tamil Nadu) to teach the other group. Our intervention consisted of 3 lectures and 1 live-coding session. We collected qualitative data by means of an open-ended feedback from the students. The analysis of this feedback shows that students have expressed positive sentiments about our bilingual teaching methodologies.
Development and Evaluation of Assessments for Counseling Professionals

It is imperative that counselors understand how to critically evaluate assessments before using them to make clinical decisions. This evaluation can be conducted through integrating the 5 sources of validity. Each source of validity is discussed, along with methods to appraise psychometric quality, throughout this special issue.
Investigating the Role of Problem Severity and Channel Publicness on the Sophistication of Support-Seeking Messages on Social Network Sites: A Replication Study

Oh and LaRose (2016) contended that problem severity and channel publicness shape support seekers’ goals, time spent composing messages, and the sophistication of those messages. The current study ...
Economics Pursuing the Mold of Evolutionary Biology: “Accident” and “Necessity” in the Quest to make Economics Scientific

Efforts to ground economics as a science have long been based upon an alignment of it with the physical or natural sciences. Leon Walras championed a model drawn from physics; Alfred Marshall saw a closer relationship with biology. These models tend to emphasize the centrality of foundational concepts like maximization and equilibrium. As an alternative basis for such an alignment, one might look to methodology rather than content. In particular, the distinction between “accident and necessity,” advanced by Jacques Monod in evolutionary biology, bears a striking resemblance to the tension between the idiographic and the nomothetic raised by economists. Ultimately, notwithstanding the recent efforts by Paul Krugman, Paul David and Brian Arthur to bridge the gap between the “accidents” of history and the “necessity” of economic rule-making, economics continues to fall short, limiting the discipline's ability to form what Thorstein Veblen called an “evolutionary science.”
Towards the Re-identification of individuals in data files with non-common variables

Record linkage is used to establish relationships between records of two different data files. In this work, record linkage is studied for files that correspond to the same set of individuals but that do not share a common set of variables. Under this circumstance, classical techniques can not be applied. We present an approach to this problem based on clustering techniques and knowledge integration ones. In this way, common underlying structures in both files can be detected and re-identification is possible. This approach is based on some basic assumptions that are made explicit in this work.
Management of Brain Metastases

Brain metastases are among the most feared complications of cancer. Improved systemic therapy has resulted in improved survival for patients with metastatic cancer and a rise in incidence of brain metastases, often as a sole site of failure. In this setting, both the efficacy and toxicity of brain metastasis treatment are of even greater importance. While treatment paradigms remain controversial, recent survival and neurocognitive outcomes data have led to a greater emphasis on stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), and a diminished use of whole-brain radiotherapy both in the initial and recurrent setting. SRS has also proven to be a viable alternative to surgical resection among select patients. As the number of patients and the number of lesions and sessions per patient increases, the comfort and logistics of treatment are of increasing importance. The emergence of image-guided frameless radiosurgery has provided a robust technique for safe and effective treatment of brain metastases with improved patient comfort and treatment logistics.
Path to Clinical Trials: Trial Design, Development of the Clinical Product, and Safety Concerns in the Implementation of Clinical Trials

The path to an IND from conception of a potentially promising mode of treatment to a clinical trial is often not fully understood. This chapter attempts to provide a template from early considerations, through safety concerns and product development. The regulatory agencies play a major role in this process and are often accessible to advise researchers about specific issues that may be relevant in the planning phase. The message from this chapter is that if researchers want to pursue clinical translation, it should be considered even before any preclinical studies are done. This will save both time and funds and avoid duplication and modifying previous experiments that showed promise but had not satisfied regulatory requirements. The preclinical studies must consider the vector used in gene delivery, dosing, and safety issues that are applicable to clinical trial. Taking advantage of opportunities to explore toxicity to the fullest for later presentation to regulatory agencies is an important consideration. The pre-IND meeting with the FDA is a pivotal step to get to a clinical trial and will provide a template to follow in preparation and planning for the IND. All of the agencies that are critical to the translation process are fully described in this chapter for fulfilling commitments to bring promising experiments from the laboratory to the clinic.
Repetitive Finger Movement and Dexterity Tasks in People With Parkinson's Disease

BACKGROUND. Little is known regarding how repetitive finger movement performance, an assessment of bradykinesia (slowness of movement), is related to fine-motor dexterity tasks in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD). OBJECTIVE. This pilot study examined the relationship between the performance of fine-motor dexterity tasks and repetitive finger movement in people with PD. METHOD. Forty-six participants with PD completed an acoustically cued repetitive finger movement task (1–3 Hz). Movement amplitude, movement rate difference, and coefficient of variation were obtained for each tone rate. Participants also completed a buttoning and Purdue pegboard assembly task. Buttoning time and number of assemblies were recorded. RESULTS. A significant association was found between movement rate difference and movement rate difference coefficient of variation and buttoning performance in which higher movement rate and higher variability were associated with slower buttoning times. No significant associations between any of the repetitive finger movement outcome measures and Purdue pegboard assembly performance were revealed. CONCLUSION. Changes in movement amplitude and movement rate may influence fine-motor dexterity tasks differently. Thus, it is important to consider the quantitative assessment of both movement rate and movement amplitude because they may indicate differential clinical applications in the treatment of people with PD.
NARRATIVE RECONSIDERATIONS OF TEACHING AS NEGOTIATED CURRICULUM FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE AND EQUITY

Curriculum is negotiated in intricate ways through various forms of interactions between teachers and students, among students, or via acts of mentoring. Attending to the details of the experiences and interactions of such negotiations within the construct of narrative deliberation may prove to be illuminating in terms of understanding top-down and bottom-up influences on teaching and learning. In this article, we discuss the findings of a narrative inquiry into Education professors’ experiences of these forms of curricular interaction in higher education. We underscore socially just and equitable curriculum development through engagement with teacher education students. We further reflect on mentoring as an outgrowth of teaching that might serve to sustain curriculum negotiation from an equity and social justice vantage.
Management of osteoarthritis - biological approaches: current concepts

Osteoarthritis is a major cause of disability and decreased quality of life in millions of patients and costs billions of dollars annually to treat. The current treatment options for osteoarthritis include weight loss, activity modification, anti-inflammatory medications, steroid intra-articular injections, lubricating hyaluronic acid injections and arthroplasty for end-stage cases. There has been interest in recent decades in identifying biological treatment modalities to slow the progression of the disease and preserve native joints. Biologics including platelet-rich plasma, bone marrow aspirate concentrate and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells are among the most commonly investigated treatments. Existing literature demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties of orthobiologics, butno treatment has clearly demonstrated significant joint preservation properties, including the ability to reverse progression of osteoarthritis. What is more clear is that these injection treatments have been shown in the majority of studies to be safe. Research is ongoing to identify optimal indications, preparations, compositions, safety profiles and clinical outcomes of biological therapies. This article will review the current evidence of biologics for treatment of osteoarthritis and recent statements made by orthopaedic subspecialty groups on this important topic.
Poly (ADP-ribose) induces α-synuclein aggregation in neuronal-like cells and interacts with phosphorylated α-synuclein in post mortem PD samples

Abstract Background Poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) is a negatively charged polymer that is biosynthesized by Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and regulates various cellular processes. Alpha-synuclein (αSyn) is an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) that has been directly implicated with driving the onset and progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The mechanisms by which αSyn elicits its neurotoxic effects remain unclear. Recent findings indicate that one of the key processes driving PD pathology are oligomeric species of αSyn. Furthermore, it is well established that the main components of Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs) in PD patients are aggregated hyperphosphorylated (S129) forms of αSyn (pαSyn). Methods We used biochemical and immunofluorescence-based assays to explore if PARP-1 enzymatic product (PAR) drives the conversion of monomeric αSyn into aggregated assemblies. We performed quantitative measurements using in situ proximity ligation assays (PLA) on a transgenic murine model of α-synucleinopathy (M83-SNCA*A53T) and post-mortem PD/PDD patient samples to characterize PAR-pαSyn interactions. Additionally, we used bioinformatic approaches and site-directed mutagenesis to identify PAR-binding regions on fibrillar αSyn. Results Our studies show that elevated intracellular levels of PAR promote the transition of αSyn into higher molecular weight forms. We report that PAR-pαSyn interactions are predominant in pathological states. Moreover, we confirm that the interactions between PAR and αSyn involve electrostatic forces between negatively charged PAR and lysine residues on the N-terminal region of αSyn. Conclusions PAR plays a critical role in the early stages of monomeric αSyn aggregation, thereby attributing to PD pathogenesis. Based on our results, we report that PAR seeds monomeric αSyn aggregation and directly interacts with phosphorylated αSyn in conditions that are pathologically relevant to PD.
Effects of Dapagliflozin on Epicardial Fat Thickness in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity

OBJECTIVE Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness is a marker of visceral fat and an emerging therapeutic target. Dapagliflozin, a selective sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, improves glucose control and induces moderate weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dapagliflozin has recently been shown to reduce cardiovascular risk. Nevertheless, whether dapagliflozin could reduce EAT thickness is unknown. METHODS This hypothesis was tested in a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in 100 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2 and a hemoglobin A1c level ≤ 8% on metformin monotherapy. Individuals were randomly assigned to 2 groups to receive additional dapagliflozin up to 10 mg once daily or to remain on metformin up to 1,000 mg twice daily. Ultrasound-measured EAT thickness was measured at baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks. RESULTS In the dapagliflozin group, EAT decreased by 20% from baseline to 24 weeks, by 15% after 12 weeks, and by 7% between 12 and 24 weeks, respectively (P < 0.01 for all), whereas in the metformin group, there was a significant but smaller EAT reduction. There was no statistically significant correlation between EAT and body weight changes. CONCLUSIONS Dapagliflozin causes a rapid and significant EAT reduction that could be independent of weight loss.
Chapter 2 – Geometrical Optics

Publisher Summary Geometrical optics views light as particles of energy traveling through space. The trajectory of these particles follows along paths that are called rays. This chapter elucidates the derivation of the laws of geometrical optics, namely reflection and refraction, using a simple axiom known as Fermat's principle. Fermat's principle states that the path a ray of light follows is an extremum in comparison with the nearby paths. This is therefore an extremum principle from which one can trace the rays in a general optical medium. Based on the laws of reflection and refraction, this chapter introduces a matrix approach to analyze ray propagation through an optical system. The chapter then describes a method to recover geometrical optics by taking the limit in which the wavelength of light approaches zero. In addition, it discusses refraction between two media with different refractive indices, that is, possessing a discrete inhomogeniety in the simplest case. Finally, the chapter explains how matrices may be used to describe ray propagation through optical systems comprising a succession of spherical refracting or reflecting surfaces all centered on the same axis, which is called the optical axis.
Variation of goiter rate of children aged 8 to 10 from 1997 to 2011 in Chongqing

Objective To find out the variation of total goiter rate of children aged 8 to 10 in Chongqing.Methods The survey data of goiter examination of children aged 8 to10 were collected from the surveillance results of iodine deficiency disorders in 1997,1999,2002,2005,2009 and 2011.Overall situation of goiter rate was analyzed as a whole.Gender,age and geographical distribution were also analyzed.Results The highest goiter rate of children aged 8 to 10 was 23.75％(285/1200) in 1999 and the lowest was 5.52％(73/1322) in 2011 (by B ultrasound) in Chongqing,and there was a significant difference between years (x2 =303.59,P ＜ 0.01),with descending trend(x2trend =14.25,P ＜ 0.01).From 1997 to 2011,the difference of goiter rate between sexes was not statistically significant(all P ＞ 0.05).There was no significant difference of the rate among all age groups except 2009 (x2 =6.31,P ＜ 0.05) between different years (all P ＞ 0.05).The proportion of county with goiter rate higher than 10％ was 83.33％(25/30),100.00％(30/30),93.33％(28/30),26.67％(8/30),5.00％(2/40),and 6.67％ (2/30),respectively,in those years.Compared between different counties,except in 1997 (x2 =164.33,P ＜ 0.01) and 1999 (x2 =51.40,P ＜ 0.01),the difference of goiter rate in 2002,2005,2009 and 2011 was not statistically significant(all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The total goiter rate of children has a declining trend from 1997 to 2011 in Chongqing. Key words: Child; Goiter; Surveillance ; Chongqing
Surface Nanoscale Axial Photonics (SNAP) Microresonator: A New Platform for Quantum Frequency Conversion and Squeezing Generation

We introduce a new approach for quantum frequency conversion of narrowband optical signals by four-wave mixing in a surface nanoscale axial photonics (SNAP) microresonator. We also discuss a SNAP-based scheme for generating amplitude-squeezed light.
The interconnectedness between cultural humility and broaching in clinical supervision: working from the multicultural orientation framework

The necessity for clinical supervisors to engage in multicultural competent supervision has proven crucial in practice. Yet, the implementation of foundational tenets of multicultural sensitive sup...
Hydro-ecological Controls on Soil Carbon Storage in Subtropical Freshwater Depressional Wetlands

Several ecological factors, including hydrology, soil type, and vegetation, influence wetland soil carbon (C) storage, but the relationship among these factors is complex making it difficult to evaluate the potential for increased C storage in natural and restored systems. This study investigated the relationship between hydrologic variables, wetland plant communities, and wetland soil C storage in the upper 50 cm of soil in three wetland community types (bay swamp, cypress swamp, freshwater marsh) in a hydrologically restored subtropical landscape in central Florida, USA. Mean water table depth relative to ground elevation was a better predictor than hydroperiod of surface soil C stock and was positively related to soil C stock in marshes. However, the overall effect of water table depth was small and was often outweighed by other factors including wetland vegetation type and local site conditions. Bay swamps had the highest soil C stock, followed by cypress swamp, marsh, and upland ecotone, respectively. This study highlights the importance of understanding the interplay among multiple factors that drive variation in soil C stock within and among wetland types in these landscapes, and the importance of deeper soil layers to wetland soil C storage at the landscape scale.
Beyond the Pandemic: Leveraging Rapid Expansions in U.S. Telemental Health and Digital Platforms to Address Disparities and Resolve the Digital Divide

The COVID-19 pandemic illuminated persistent health disparities faced by underserved ethnic minorities, immigrants, and refugee communities across the U.S. Simultaneously, expanded telemental health coverage enabled physically-distanced care, lowering the risk of COVID-19 transmission, while potentially yielding a welcomed, secondary outcome: increasing accessibility for harder-to-reach populations (1). Telehealth, or telemental health (TMH) when pertaining to mental health care and treatment, is “the use of electronic information and telecommunication technologies to support long-distance clinical health care, patient and professional health-related education, public health, and health administration” (2). We discuss how TMH reduces pre-existing barriers to service utilization while possibly worsening others, such as the digital divide excluding those with lower technological literacy from fully benefitting from telemedicine. Yet, we are also at a unique moment in U.S. history to leverage political momentum in response to the pandemic to increase digital connectivity for diverse populations (3).
Grid Reliability Through Clean Energy

Energy policy is at a critical turning point. To counteract potentially catastrophic climate change, we must rapidly transition to clean energy. At the same time, we must ensure the reliability of an increasingly vulnerable electricity grid. In the wake of recent high-profile power failures, both policymakers and politicians have asserted that there is an inherent tension between the aims of clean energy and grid reliability. But continuing to rely on fossil fuels to avoid system outages will only exacerbate reliability challenges by contributing to increasingly extreme, climate-related weather events. These extremes will disrupt the power supply, with impacts rippling far beyond the electricity sector. Reducing carbon emissions by transitioning to clean energy is the only way to maintain a reliable grid going forward. This Article shows that much of the perceived tension between clean energy and reliability is a failure of law and governance that results from the United States’ siloed approach to regulating the electric grid. Energy regulation is, we argue, siloed in three directions—among substantive responsibilities (clean energy versus reliability); across jurisdictions (federal, regional, state, and sometimes local); and along a public-private continuum of actors. This segmentation renders the full convergence of clean energy and reliability goals nearly impossible: reliability-focused organizations operating within their silos routinely counteract climate policies—often inadvertently, but sometimes more deliberately—when making decisions about how to keep the lights on. Similarly, legal silos often cause states and regional organizations to neglect valuable opportunities for collaboration. Despite the challenges posed by this disaggregated system, conceptualizing the sphere of energy reliability as siloed across these dimensions unlocks new possibilities for reform. We do not propose to upend energy law silos or make energy institutions wholly public. Rather, we argue for calibrated reforms to U.S. energy law and governance that shift authority within and among the silos to integrate the twin aims of low-carbon, reliable energy. Across the key policy areas of electricity markets, transmission planning and siting, reliability regulation, and regional grid governance, we assess changes that would integrate climate and reliability imperatives; balance state, regional, and federal jurisdiction; and reconcile public and private values. We believe this approach to energy law reform offers a holistic and realistic formula for a cleaner, more reliable grid.
Saliency-Guided Deep Learning Network for Automatic Target Delineation in Post-Operative Stereotactic Partial Breast Irradiation.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) To accommodate an efficient clinical workflow in partial breast irradiation (PBI), fast, accurate and automated target delineation is desired. In this study, we develop a saliency-based deep learning segmentation (SDL-Seg) algorithm by incorporating prior domain knowledge for automatic gross tumor volume (GTV) delineation in post-op breast irradiation. MATERIALS/METHODS Our approach incorporates saliency information into a deep learning model U-Net for target delineation. The level of saliency of image regions are described as how likely that region would attract physicians' visual attention. The visual saliency maps were generated using the surgical clip's location identified on CT images. A distance-transformation coupled with a Gaussian filter were then adopted to convert markers' locations to probability maps. The CT images and the corresponding probability maps form a two-channel input for the first convolution layer of the segmentation network. Such design forces the model to encode the location-related features guiding the network to focus on regions with high saliency levels and suppresses low saliency regions. The dataset used for model training, validation and testing (19:5:5) is comprised of 145 prone CT images from 29 post-operative breast cancer patients, who had implanted markers and received 5-fraction PBI regimen on GammaPod. We used the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), 95 percentile Hausdorff distance (HD95) and average symmetric surface distance (ASD) to assess segmentation results by SDL-Seg and compared it with those generated by basic U-Net. RESULTS Our model achieves mean (standard deviation) of 76.4% (2.7%), 6.76 (1.83) mm, and 1.9 (0.66) mm for DSC, HD95, and ASD, respectively, outperforming basic U-Net by 13.8%, 1.63 mm, and 0.9 mm. For all 5 testing cases, the saliency-guided U-Net showed increased DSC compared to basic U-Net. Table1, demonstrates the DSC results for 5 test cases using our SDL-Seg and basic U-Net. CONCLUSION We developed a deep learning model integrating visual saliency information into the network for GTV delineation. Results demonstrate that SDL-Seg outperforms basic U-Net and is a promising approach for efficient and accurate target delineation in PBI. Such real-time delineation tool is highly desired by the on-line treatment planning workflow, such as GammaPod.
A combination of capecitabine and thalidomide in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

4142 Background: Based on the single-agent efficacies observed in phase II trials (Cancer 2004;101:578–586 and Cancer 2005;103:749–755), a pilot trial with a combination of oral capecitabine and th...
The Wall Effect in Orthogonal Stagnation Flow

The kinematic boundary condition has a profound effect on the velocity field in a flow channel. This effect will be studied with respect to an extensional rheometer of planar extensional flow.
The Mosaics of the Cappella Palatina in Palermo

Discussion of the mosaics of Norman Sicily has long centered on the question of the respective shares of Byzantine and local masters in their actual execution. In these investigations, which have led different scholars to widely different results, insufficient attention has been paid to the problems posed by the general Byzantine affinities of these mosaics, which are, after all, undeniable. Is it not significant that an artistic form so peculiarly “Byzantine” should have been adopted by a Western dynasty which was in almost perpetual conflict with the Eastern Empire and which was, in fact, in its time one of Byzantium's most formidable rivals? Is it not also worth investigating how the Normans were able to use in their churches iconographic patterns which had been invented for Greek sanctuaries and were bound up with orthodox theology and liturgy through many intricate ties of symbolism? Transferred to an alien setting could these iconographic themes amount to more than purely superficial imitations? Or ...
Vertical distribution of algal productivity in open pond raceways

Abstract In this paper we report a method for experimental measurement of photosynthetic productivity as a function of simulated depth in open pond raceways for algae cultivation. Knowledge of the depth dependence of photosynthetic productivity aids in designing ponds with optimal depth with respect to biomass productivity and capital and operating costs. To simulate depth, we (i) measured irradiance attenuation coefficients of liquid algal cultures as a function of wavelength in the range of 400 to 700 nm, (ii) reproduced the magnitude and spectral content of the irradiance that would exist at various depths within open ponds using a programmable LED array, and (iii) measured photosynthetic rate as oxygen evolution under irradiances corresponding to various depths. We report the depth distribution of photosynthetic rate in simulated 20 cm deep ponds of the green alga Chlorella vulgaris and the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis at a biomass concentration of 0.19 g dry biomass per liter (g/l). Under an incident irradiance corresponding to full sunlight, the compensation depth for Chlorella was 12 cm. Below this depth, net oxygen consumption due to respiration had a magnitude equal to 15% that of the total oxygen production above the compensation depth. For Spirulina, negative net oxygen production was not observed at any depth, but the top 13 cm of the pond accounted for 90% of its total oxygen production. These productivity cross-sections, in addition to knowledge of the dependence of capital and operating costs on pond depth, enable the design of open ponds for optimal depth for maximum return on investment.
Naïve Forecasting with Regression

In some circumstances, managers want to estimate the trend, or stable level of growth in performance, in order to produce a longer term forecast. Regression allows estimation of trend, using the time period as the independent variable. Forecasting based on trend is naive, because the focus is not on understanding why performance varies across time periods, but only on forecasting what future performance would look like if the future performance resembled past performance.
Dual Use of Bladder Anticholinergics and Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Long-Term Functional and Cognitive Outcomes

OBJECTIVES To determine the cognitive and functional consequences of dual use of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChIs) and the bladder anticholinergics oxybutynin or tolterodine.
The Sámi People: Traditions in Transition

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Veli-Pekka Lehtola Translators: Linna Weber Muller-Wille Year: 2005 Pages: 144 Publisher: University of Alaska Press ISBN: 1-889963-75-5 (soft cover). Prices: $27.95 USD(soft cover).
Learning from an early start but late end epidemics via an incidence rate restricted bivariate distribution and data analysis

Background: An ideal expectation of public health administrators or field medical workers is to have a late start and quick ending of any epidemic. Instead, when an epidemic starts early but ends late, it is where much can be learned from the incidences. A case in point for discussion in this article is the pattern of 2009 H1N1 epidemic. Methods: With a parameter to portray an existing health environment as a deterrent for an epidemic like H1N1 to outbreak in any location at a week, a bivariate distribution is created and is used to analyze the data for a learning so that it helps to prevent a too long prevailing future epidemic. This new distribution is named Incidence Rate Restricted Bivariate Distribution (IRRBGD). Statistical properties of IRRBGD are derived and illustrated using 2009 H1N1 incidences in all five continental regions (Africa, Asia, Europe, Americas, and Oceanic) across on earth. Results: The Asian continent, compared to other four continental regions, had most vulnerability for H1N1 incidences. The odds for no H1N1 to occur is lowest only in Oceanic among the four continental regions, namely Africa, Europe, Americas, and Oceanic. Since the beginning of the year 2009 with 52 weeks, the week number, Y in which the H1N1 appeared first and the number, X of weeks the H1N1 continued on in a region are consistently highly correlated in all five continental regions. Conclusions: From the data analyses of 2009 H1N1 incidences, no continental region is risk free with respect another round of H1N1 epidemic in future. The medical community and public healthcare administrators ought to identify the common and region specific unique deterrents of the epidemic like H1N1. The impact of such deterrents to H1N1 is captured in our model and analysis. By increasing the deterrent level, the outbreak of an epidemic like H1N1 could be delayed, according to our model and data information.
Defensive Environmentalists and the Dynamics of Global Reform

Preface Acknowledgments 1. Introduction 2. Meta-narratives of environmental reform 3. Globalization, tight coupling, and cascading events 4. Partitioning resources, preserving resources 5. Advantaging offspring, limiting offspring 6. Choosing foods, saving soils 7. Removing rubbish, recovering resources, and creating inequalities 8. Saving money, conserving energy 9. Focusing events, altruistic environmentalism, and the environmental movement 10. A sustainable development state 11. Conclusion: defensive environmentalists, sustainable development states, and global reform References.
Dynamic Beam Shaping Using a Dual-Band Electronically Tunable Reflectarray Antenna

An electronically reconfigurable dual-band reflectarray antenna is presented in this paper. The tunable unit cell, a ring loaded square patch with a single varactor diode connected across the gap between the ring and the patch, is modeled using both a full-wave solver and an equivalent circuit. The parameters of the equivalent circuit are calculated independently of the simulation and experiment using analysis techniques employed in frequency-selective surfaces (FSSs). The reflection phase of the proposed unit cell is shown to provide an excellent phase range of 335° in F-band and 340° in S -band. Results from the analysis are used to design and build a ${10}\times {10}$ element reflectarray antenna. The high tuning phase range of each element allows the fabricated reflectarray to demonstrate a very broad steering range of up to $\pm\, 60^{\circ}$ in both frequency bands.
The effects of dietary fiber on gastrointestinal motor function

For normal individuals and probably for persons with diverticular disease, dietary fiber affects stool bulk and decreases transit time. The unproven rationale for the use of fiber in irritable colon and diverticular disease assumes that these diseases are the result of increased intraluminal pressure caused by excessive segmentation over a period of years. In short-term experiments, certain fibrous materials do decrease intraluminal pressures, usually in response to a stimulus such as food but sometimes under resting conditions as well. It seems likely that the physical and probably chemical characteristics of fiber influence the motor responses of the alimentary tract. Anecdotal testimonials to the merits of fiber abound, but firm evidence that even wheat bran, the most commonly studied fiber, is effective is difficult to obtain. Controlled clinical trials have been attempted and to date have given conflicting results. Careful studies using a number of well-defined fibrous materials are urgently required to determine the physiological mechanisms of action of different fibers on gastrointestinal motor activity.
The dynamics of flight-initiating jumps in the common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus.

Desmodus rotundus, the common vampire bat (Phyllostomidae: Desmodontinae), exhibits complex and variable terrestrial movements that include flight-initiating vertical jumps. This ability is unique among bats and is related to their unusual feeding behavior. As a consequence of this behavior, the wing is expected to have design features that allow both powered flight and the generation of violent jumps. In this study, high-speed cine images were synchronized with ground reaction force recordings to evaluate the dynamics of jumping behavior in D. rotundus and to explore the functional characteristics of a wing operating under competing mechanical constraints. The pectoral limbs are responsible for generating upward thrust during the jump. The hindlimbs stabilize and orient the body over the pectoral limbs. The thumbs (pollices) stabilize the pectoral limb and contribute to extending the time over which vertical force is exerted. Peak vertical force can reach 9.5 times body weight in approximately 30 ms. Mean impulse is 0.0580+/-0.007 N s (mean +/- s.d., N=12), which accelerates the animal to a mean take-off velocity of 2.38+/-0.24 m s-1. A model of the muscular activity during jumping is described that accounts for the characteristic force output shown by these animals during flight-initiating jumps.