cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact dynamics of drops on thin films of viscoelastic wormlike micelle solutions

Abstract The impact dynamics of water drops on thin films of viscoelastic wormlike micelle solutions is experimentally studied using a high-speed digital video camera at frame rates up to 4000 frame/s. The composition and thickness of the thin film is modified to investigate the effect of fluid rheology on the evolution of crown growth, the formation of satellite droplets and the formation of the Worthington jet. The experiments are performed using a series of wormlike micelle solutions composed of a surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and a salt, sodium salicylate (NaSal), in deionized water. The linear viscoelastic shear rheology of the wormlike micelle solutions is well described by a Maxwell model with a single relaxation time while the steady shear rheology is found to shear thin quite heavily. In transient homogeneous uniaxial extension, the wormlike micelle solutions demonstrate significant strain hardening. The size and velocity of the impacting drop is varied to study the relative importance of Weber, Ohnesorge, and Deborah numbers on the impact dynamics. The addition of elasticity to the thin film fluid is found to suppress the crown growth and the formation of satellite drops with the largest effects observed at small film thicknesses. A new form of the splashing threshold is postulated which accounts for the effects of viscoelasticity and collapses the satellite droplet data onto a single master curve dependent only on dimensionless film thickness and the underlying surface roughness. Additionally, a plateau is observed in the growth of the maximum height of the Worthington jet height with increasing impact velocity. It is postulated that the complex behavior of the Worthington jet growth is the result of a dissipative mechanism stemming from the scission of wormlike micelles.
Nucleotide and divalent cation interactions with the (Na+ plus K+)-dependent ATPase.

Abstract With a brain microsomal ( Na + + K + -dependent ATPase preparation (EC 3.6.1.3) the apparent K i for the MgATP complex was 0.48 mM. Free ATP was a competitive inhibitor with a K i of 4.8 mM, whereas the apparent affinity for free Mg2+, determined by a Be2+ inactivation technique, was 0.8 mM. Free Mg2+ was also a weak non-competitive inhibitor to MgATP, with a K 1 of about 40 mM. Mg2+ antagonized the effects of the modifier oligomycin, and oligomycin reduced the apparent affiniy for Mg2+, consistent with their favoring alternative allosteric states of the enzyme. Inhibition by CaCl2 was “mixed”, in keeping with competitive inhibition by CaATP toward MgATP together with competition by Ca2+ at Na+-sites, also demonstrated. With the associated K+-dependent nitrophenylphosphate activity CaCl2 was a conventional competitor toward MgCl2. Examination of the effects of free Mg2+ indicated that reaction schemes proposing a cyclical addition to and release from the enzyme of Mg2+ must incorporate a cyclical change in affinity of at least four orders of magnitude. An alternative scheme is suggested with multiple substrate sites of differing affinity, only half of which may be hydrolytically active at a given time.
Orotic acid excretion during starvation and refeeding in normal men

The effects of acute food deprivation and subsequent refeeding on urinary orotic acid excretion were examined in nine healthy adult male subjects. During inpatient metabolic ward conditions, the volunteers were fed a nutritionally complete, pyrimidine- and purine-free diet for three days and subsequently underwent a ten-day fast followed by a ten-day period of refeeding by total parenteral nutrition. Mean daily excretion of 4.33 +/- 0.23 mg (2.77 +/- 0.12 mg/g creatinine) of orotic acid during the enterally fed state was significantly reduced (mean 46 +/- 5%) in all subjects during starvation. This reduction in the excretion of orotic acid during starvation is more likely related to a lowered rate of production and utilization. The starvation adaptation of orotate excretion occurred more rapidly than did the decrease in urinary nitrogen loss. All subjects showed an increase (mean 48 +/- 14%) in the excretion of orotic acid during the first day of refeeding which continued throughout the refeeding phase. A significant positive correlation was shown between the daily orotic acid excretion and nitrogen intake (r = 0.98) or protein balance (r = 0.83). The response to refeeding of acutely malnourished normal male is an increase in orotic acid excretion with a decrease in whole body protein catabolism.
LIQUID SLOSHING IN A CYLINDRICAL QUARTER TANK

With the increasing size of space vehicles and their larger diameter, both of which lower the natural frequencies of the propellants, the effects of propellant sloshing upon the stability of the vehicle are becoming more critical, especially since at launch usually a very large amount of the total mass is in the form of liquid propellant. With increasing diameter, the oscillating propellant masses and the corresponding forces increase. Furthermore, the nat- ural frequencies of the propellant become smaller and shift closer to the control frequency of the space vehicle. A relatively simple means of avoiding strong dynamic coupling of the propellant motion and the control system is represented by compartmentation of propellant containers with longitudinal walls. This results in smaller sloshing masses and larger natural frequencies. Free and forced liquid oscillations in form of translatory, pitching, and roll excitation have been determined for a cylindrical container of circular quarter cross sec- tion. The fluid was assumed to be irrotational, inviscid, and incompressible. The velocity potential of the liquid is obtained from the solution of Laplace's equation with linearized boundary conditions. Forces and moments of the liquid are obtained by integration of the pressure distribution along the container walls. The results of the theoretical studies com- pared with available experimental values are in good agreement.
Effect of CME on primary care and OB/GYN treatment of breast masses.

Introduction: CME program planners are being asked to move beyond assessments of knowledge to assessing the impact of CME on practice and patient outcomes. Methods: We conducted a pre-post analysis of administrative data from 107 physicians, nurse practitioners (NPs), or physician's assistants (PAs) who attended one or two continuing medical education (CME) programs (an in-person, mainly didactic session on breast complaints in women, or an individual mentorship with general surgeons) between August 2002 and March 2003. We examined associations between the number of trainings and attempted breast mass aspirations or general surgery referrals for breast masses; individual training and breast mass aspiration attempts or general surgery referrals; and provider type and attempted breast mass aspirations. Generalized linear mixed models were used to model dichotomous outcomes. Results: Clinicians who participated in individual trainings performed more breast mass aspirations after training (odds ratio (OR) 3.07, [95% confidence interval 1.10—8.54]). Participants who completed two trainings performed more breast mass aspirations after training (OR 2.33, [1.19—4.57]), while those who completed just one did not (OR 1.34, [0.39, 4.58]) but the effect started after the first training and did not strengthen after the second training. NPs and PAs attempted more aspirations after training (OR 6.1, [1.54, 24.1]), whereas physicians did not (OR 0.89 [0.36, 2.22]). Training was not associated with a change in referrals to general surgery. Referral appropriateness, pre-training readiness to change, and previous training in breast mass aspiration were not assessed. Discussion: Attempts to aspirate breast masses may increase after CME training. Individual training may be more effective than group training in increasing the likelihood of attempted aspirations.
Message effects on the perceptions of the fairness of gender-based affirmative action: A cognitive response theory-based analysis

The controversy surrounding the implementation of affirmative action interventions in organizations underscores the importance of understanding fairness perceptions of such policies. There is a need for research on the variables which influence evaluations of affirmative action policies and on whether the content of organizational communications can alter these evaluations. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of proaffirmative action and antiaffirmative action communications on fairness evaluations. Cognitive response theory was used as a framework for predicting reactions to pro- and antipreferential treatment messages and subsequent fairness perceptions. While the results indicated that cognitive responses added to the prediction of fairness judgments, initial attitude, and message content also had strong effects on the fairness judgments.
Construction Change: Likelihood, Severity, and Impact on Productivity

AbstractChange on construction projects is a regular occurrence and impedes project success for both the owner and the contractor. Many papers have been written about change, but few document its prevalence, severity, and impact on labor productivity in a reliable, quantitative way. The purpose of this paper is to help project owners, contractors, and other parties understand and benchmark their projects against a large set of construction projects. Data from two independent research studies are analyzed to quantify the impact of change on project cost, schedule, and productivity. The result is a set of curves and reference points that contrast the amount and likelihood of change with the amount and nature of its impact. One major finding of this study is that the ratio of final project costs to estimated project costs is substantially higher than conventionally thought. Previous reports hold that two-thirds of all projects should have fewer than 15% change. The equivalent number found in this study was 1...
Feminist ideology in the United States: Its development from 1966–70 as the indicator of a general social movement

The feminist ideology called attention to the fact that societies prepare women for the socio-economic roles they must fill and that in the United States an outdated biological determinism was creating value incongruence in the socialization of women. Because this biological conception existed throughout the legal, political, economic, and family structures, women were being discriminated against in all aspects of their lives.
The Net Orientation of Wall Microfibrils in the Outer Periclinal Epidermal Walls of Seedling Leaves of Wheat

Use of the dichroic stain chlor-zinc-iodine revealed that the net orientation of cellulose wall microfibrils in the outer paradermal wall of the epidermis of seedling wheat leaves is principally transverse in the extension zone. The net orientation of microfibrils changes abruptly to principally longitudinal at the end of cell elongation. The net angle of orientation of microfibrils in the extension zone was not a function of Rht-dosage (number of dwarfing alleles), and neither leaf extension rate nor estimated maximum relative elemental rate of elongation were functions of microfibril orientation. The results indicate that elongation rates are not regulated by the net angle of orientation of microfibrils and support the concept that leaf extension rate is regulated by the length of the extension zone.
Childhood Health and Human Capital: New Evidence from Genetic Brothers in Arms

Negative shocks to childhood health can have a lasting impact on the economic success of an individual by altering families' schooling investment decisions. This article introduces a new dataset of brothers serving in World War II and uses it to demonstrate that improvements in childhood health led to substantial increases in educational attainment in the first one-half of the twentieth century. By exploiting variation in health within families, the data show that this relationship between childhood health and educational attainment holds even after controlling for both observed and unobserved household and environmental characteristics.
Dancing through different worlds: An autoethnography of the interactive body and virtual emotions in ballroom dance

This article explores the nature of gendered and embodied interaction in American-style ballroom dance. Issues of femininity/masculinity, being subject-objects of the aesthetic gaze, and freedom and constraint are paramount to the exploration of what it means to do ballroom as both a competitive event and an art form. One of the aims of this piece is to use frame grabs from a dance video, as well as a streamed online version, to highlight the experience and expression of virtual emotions in ballroom (American-style) smooth and rhythm dances.
WE-D-BRB-09: Quality Assurance (QA) for Deformable Registration: Measures for Evaluating Displacement Fields in Clinical Settings

Purpose: Deformable registration is an essential tool in adaptive radiotherapy, as it accounts for anatomical changes during treatment. In recent years, research has focused on proposing different deformable registration algorithms and inter‐comparing their results in academic settings. We contend that finding an efficient method for quality assurance of deformable registration in clinical settings is crucial for a global acceptance of adaptive radiotherapy. This study proposes measures derived from computational fluid dynamics as a simple and efficient tool to quantify a displacement field. Method: Our aim was to develop quantitative metrics of registration quality designed for routine use that are algorithm‐independent, labor‐efficient, and accurately identify errors in a given displacement field. The quality assurance (QA) framework identifies unrealistic anatomical motion through vortexes in the displacement field as detected using the CURL operator and presented as a vortex map overlaid on the original anatomy for a quick identification of problematic regions. Regions of compression/expansion are identified through the determinant of the Jacobian matrix. The warp energy measure is proposed as a global measure of displacement field smoothness. Results: The new evaluation approach was tested on numerous inter and intra patient cases using both single and multi‐modality registration algorithms. The CURL operator quantitatively detected errors in the displacement field and identified problematic regions that were invisible to classical voxel‐based evaluation methods. Warping emerges above 1 indicated unrealistic displacement fields. Conclusions: The proposed QA framework for deformable image registration provides increased usability and accuracy in detecting unrealistic warping over classical registration assessment methods. It is computationally efficient and provides a valuable platform for the clinical acceptance of adaptive therapy in the future.
Rising Powers and the Regime for Development Finance

The 2013 BRICS summit in Durban, South Africa, attended by the leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, produced a joint declaration that simultaneously heralded a new “BRICS Development Bank” and demanded the reform of existing “international financial institutions to make them more representative and to reflect the growing weight of BRICS and other developing countries” (eThekwini Declaration 2013). As they had at previous summits, the BRICS demanded reform of “the prevailing global governance architecture” that was conceived over six decades ago. As Edward Mansfield (this issue) explains, international relations theory suggests that rising powers may seek to reform existing institutions or create new ones to challenge the prevailing system (Gilpin 1987; Hawkins, Lake, Nielson, and Tierney 2006). In the area of development finance, the BRICS appear to be attempting both. However, their rhetorical consensus obscures serious differences that make it unlikely we will observe sudden or substantial changes in the global development finance regime that was designed to set standards and enhance cooperation among Western donors. Further, while BRICS donors will become more important sources of development finance, they show little interest in joining the existing regime. ### Global Governance of Development Finance The current foreign aid regime is characterized by slowly evolving rules, norms, and principles that serve as aspirational best practices for donors. The body with primary responsibility for creating norms and helping members to implement policies consistent with these norms is the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD) Development Assistance Committee (DAC). Starting in the 1960s, the DAC convened Western donors in order to coordinate their foreign aid policies so that they might be collectively more effective and so that each donor government could monitor the behavior of other member states. While non-OECD countries did give foreign assistance from the 1960s through the 1990s (especially the Soviet Union, China, …
The Contours of Vegetation Change and Human Agency in Eastern Africa’s Great Lakes Region: ca. 2000 B.C. to ca. A.D. 1000

Elsewhere I have set forth a basic outline for charting histories of vegetation change through the use of paleoenvironmental data (Schoenbrun 1991). This essay builds on the previous one by laying out the contours of vegetation change and human agency in the Great Lakes region (Map 1) over the roughly three millennia after ca . 2000 BC. The history of the vegetation in eastern Africa's Great Lakes region brings into focus several important features of long-term environmental change—human action, climatic shift, and internal successional patterns. The primary sources for this history come from a variety of published palynological and limnological studies from Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zaire. Perhaps the most rewarding data for reconstructing climatic and vegetational change come from palynological studies. Pollen studies often reflect detailed changes in the constitution of plant communities, and their value for reconstructing the vegetational and climatic contexts for Holocene human history has provoked the development of a rigorous method for their analysis. Contemporary studies of plant community succession and human-vegetation relationships are a secondary source for the history of land clearance in the Great Lakes region. These works provide a means to determine the different imprints of human and climatic action on the paleoenvironmental record. In this study I combine the full range of paleoenvironmental evidence to reconstruct the form and pace of vegetation change. I focus on a part of eastern Africa famous for its great ecological diversity. One of the rewards of this endeavor is to demonstrate to paleoecologists, archaeologists, and historians alike the value of a truly interdisciplinary approach to environmental change.
Elevated liver enzymes in individuals with undiagnosed diabetes in the U.S.

Abstract Objective We investigated the association of diabetes diagnosis and medication type with liver injury in individuals with clinical diabetes. Methods We analyzed 2426 patients with clinical diabetes in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 1999 to 2008. Elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels were used as markers of liver injury. Participants were categorized into one of three categories: 1) clinical diabetes without physician’s diagnosis or diabetes medication; 2) diagnosed diabetes without diabetes medication; or 3) diagnosed diabetes with diabetes medication, further divided by classes of diabetes medications prescribed. We conducted logistic regression analysis to examine the relationship between diabetes diagnosis and medication type and elevated ALT and AST, adjusting for race/ethnicity, education, health insurance status, BMI category, alcohol consumption, physical activity, antihyperlipidemic agents, glycohemoglobin, C-reactive protein, viral hepatitis and liver disease. Results Participants with undiagnosed diabetes were more likely to have elevated ALT and AST levels (OR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.47, 2.42; OR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.46, 2.71, respectively). In contrast, there was no association between specific diabetes medication (i.e., sulfonylureas, biguanides/thiazolidinediones) and elevated ALT or AST levels among the treated. Our findings were confirmed in sensitivity analyses employing a lower threshold for ALT, and excluding individuals with viral hepatitis or liver disease. Conclusion We found that undiagnosed diabetes is associated with liver injury, compared to diagnosed diabetes with treatment. The effect of diabetes treatment on liver injury in individuals with diabetes remains uncertain.
Transport of cosmic rays in the solar corona

Cosmic ray particle transport in solar corona by drifting along current sheets separating discontinuous magnetic field structures
Performance characterization of a far-infrared, staggered wiggler

Abstract The performance of a staggered-array wiggler for the far infrared free-electron laser (FIRFEL) project at Stanford has been characterized analytically and experimentally. A 10.8 kG peak wiggler field was measured for a 2.0 mm gap and a 1.0 cm wiggler period at a 7.0 kG solenoid field. The wiggler field uniformity was investigated by the pulsed-wire technique, and measurements showed a 1.2% rms field variation over a 50 cm wiggler section. With fairly simple design schemes, studies indicate the velocity drift in a staggered wiggler can be eliminated.
Opium addiction among Indochinese refugees in the United States: characteristics of addicts and their opium use.

The Problem Opium addiction was prevalent in the United States from the early 1800s to the early 1900s, when about 250,000 opiate-dependent persons lived in the United States [1]. After the Narcotic Act of 1914, opium addiction essentially disappeared from the United States until it reappeared among Indochinese refugees during the last decade [2]. This paper reports on the demographic characteristics and opium use patterns in a group of Asian opium addicts presenting voluntarily for assessment and treatment.
Karmarkar's projective method for linear programming: a computational appraisal

Abstract Interest in linear programming has recently been intensified by the publication and discussion of a projective method algorithm that is not only polynomial in complexity, but is also claimed by its inventor (N. Karmarkar) to be 50–100 times faster than the simplex method. This paper provides a survey of interior methods, with special emphasis on the projective method from a computational viewpoint.
ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE CONFLICTS BETWEEN VENTURE CAPITALISTS AND CEOS: FROM INEQUITY PERCEPTIONS TO BEHAVIORAL INTENTIONS.

Based on a survey of 104 CEOs of VC-backed ventures, we unveil a positive relationship between insufficient VC support and cognitive conflicts subsequently leading to affective conflicts. We also establish that affective conflicts influence CEOs' intention to use different VCs in the future or to improve cooperation with present VCs.
U.V.-DOSAGE MEASUREMENT IN A GEOMETRICALLY COMPLEX SYSTEM WITH LIGHT-SENSITIVE PAPER. QUANTUM YIELD FOR SALMONELLA KILL IN EGG WHITE

— Simple measurement of germicidal (2537 A) u.v. in a geometrically complex system is described. The radiant energy incident upon thin egg white films in a rapidly spinning centrifuge was integrated over time periods with NBS light-sensitive paper. The radiant killing of contaminant Salmonella was found to be one microorganism per 1011 quanta absorbed by the medium.
THE USE OF ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING BY RURAL YOUTH AND ITS EFFECTS ON COMMUNITY ATTACHMENT

In recent years, an increasing amount of attention has been placed on improving access to Information and Communication Technology in the United States. With the rapidity at which broadband construction projects are dotting America, it is important to understand the social impacts of these infrastructural projects. One particularly salient issue is whether access to the Internet would decrease the involvement of youth in their home communities since youth and issues of talent retention are crucial to the long-term viability of rural communities. However, findings on this topic have been a mixed bag with some studies suggesting that the use of online social networking decreases community involvement while others have found that it may maintain or even increase community involvement. This study set out to clarify the conflicting findings and in the process, it has found support for both the displacement effect as well as an augmentation effect. The dual processes suggest that merely examining time spent on ...
Selective adhesion-molecule therapy and inflammatory bowel disease--a tale of Janus?

Although our understanding of the pathogenesis of the chief forms of inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis remains incomplete, progress is being made in identifying es...
CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM SCORE OFFERS ADDITIVE VALUE TO CORONARY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY FOR PREDICTION OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH SUSPECTED CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Added predictive ability of Agatston coronary artery calcium score (CACS) to coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) for prediction of adverse cardiovascular events has not been well described. A total of 805 patients without known history of coronary artery disease (CAD) who had chest pain
On the Equivalence of Questionnaire and Rating Data

Recent criticism of the equivalence of Cattell's basic personality factors (2) derived from questionnaire (Q) and behavior rating (L) domains invites prompt examination of relevant experimental data (1). The High School Personality Quiz (HSPQ) (3) was administered to a group of 43 girls (M age = 16.2; SD = 1.2) in a training school for juvenile delinquents. Each S was also rated by her cottage parent on the 42 bipolar traits of Cattell's "normal personaliry sphere." Trait ratings were combined into rating factor scores using Cattell's factor weights. Product-moment correlacions were then computed becween HSPQ and rating factor scores on 10 matching factors. The disappointingly low correlations, of which only those for Factors G, I, and J would meet a 5% significance criterion, are shown in Table 1.
Developmental regulation and cell-specific expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor splice variants in rat hippocampus

Abstract The present study demonstrates cell-specific and developmental regulation of 5′ and 3′ splicing of the N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor NR1 subunit within specific neuronal populations of the hippocampus. At birth, NR1 transcripts lacking exon 5 (encoding the amino-terminal splice cassette N1) exhibit mature patterns of labelling within the hippocampus, with high levels of expression in the CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus. In contrast, exon 5-containing (NR1 1XX ) transcripts are expressed at low levels until P8, at which time expression is prominent and essentially uniform in the CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus. Exon 5 expression increases at a faster rate in CA3 than in CA1 or dentate gyrus. By the third week postnatal (postnatal day P21), exon 5-containing transcripts exhibit a distinct gradient of labelling, with more intense expression in CA3, than in CA1 or dentate gyrus. By P21 pyramidal neurons of the CA1 and granule cells of the dentate gyrus express mainly NR1 0XX receptor messenger RNAs (lacking exon 5). Because splicing in of the N1 splice cassette confers greater current amplitude and enhanced potentiation by protein kinase C, these observations predict elevated levels of synaptic activity in the CA1 early in postnatal life, a time at which synaptic plasticity is enhanced. The carboxy-terminal splice cassettes C1 and C2 are regulated independently within the hippocampus. Whereas NR1 X11 (C1-, C2-containing) and NR1 X01 (C2 only) receptors exhibit high levels of expression in CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus, NR1 X00 receptors are expressed more intensely in pyramidal neurons of CA3. NR1 X10 receptor expression is very low in all cells and at all times examined, even in adults. Because splicing in of the C1 cassette is thought to regulate receptor targeting, clustering, and cytoskeletal interactions, N -methyl- d -aspartate receptors in the two hippocampal subfields may play differing roles in synaptogenesis and the formation of new neuronal contacts. Moreover, cell-specific patterns of NR1 X11 receptor messenger RNAs parallel those of NR1 0XX receptor messenger RNAs; and cell-specific patterns of NR1 1XX (N1-containing) receptor messenger RNAs parallels those of NR1 X00 (C1-, C2-lacking) receptor messenger RNAs throughout development. These observations suggest that NR1 100 receptors, which exhibits the greatest potentiation by protein kinase C, are likely to be important in CA1 during the second and third weeks postnatal. Cell-specific expression of NR1 splice variants undoubtedly contributes to functional diversity of N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor properties in neuronal populations within the hippocampus. Developmental regulation of NR1 splicing is likely to influence synaptic plasticity and the formation of new synaptic contacts. Moreover, findings from this study suggest that a change in NR1 splicing following a neurological injury could significantly alter glutamate pathogenicity in a particular population of cells.
A new synthetic approach to perfluorochemicals: Photofluorination with 100% fluorine in solution

Abstract Preparative liquid-phase direct perfluorination of organic compounds with elemental fluorine has not previously been developed, presumably owing to the occasional violence of the reaction and its tendency to give oligomers. We have devised a safe, effective technique based on controlled inverse addition of the organic substrate to a well-stirred saturated (about 0.02 M) solution of elemental fluorine in an unreactive solvent, accompanied by UV-irradiation. All work to date has been conducted in reactors constructed of Teflon, brass, copper and nickel, using F-hexane as the solvent, at a temperature of typically −5 to −20°C. 100% fluorine at atmospheric pressure is continuously supplied to maintain saturation; illumination is by a medium-pressure Hg arc in a sapphire immersion well. The substrates to be fluorinated are, in most cases, partly fluorinated amines and ethers derived from commercially-available F-olefins. Perfluorinated products are obtained without the accompanying isomerization usual in the electrochemical (ECF) process, in good yields and at fluorination rates also comparable to those reported in ECF reactors of similar volume. Typical results will be presented, along with supporting spectral data and physical properties.
The effect of catheter type and site on infection rates in total parenteral nutrition patients

Infections pose a major problem in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. Controversy continues concerning the effect of catheter type (triple-, double-, single-lumen, or pulmonary artery), insertion site (subclavian, internal jugular, or femoral vein), and the incidence of catheter-related infections. We retrospectively studied multi-lumen catheter use for total parenteral nutrition over a 6-month period in 192 patients, a total of 3334 catheter days. Nonintensive care unit catheters were inserted by the Nutrition Support Service, and intensive care unit catheters were inserted by the intensive care unit staff. All catheters were cared for using Nutrition Support Service protocols, with multi-lumen catheters changed every 7 to 10 days and pulmonary artery catheters changed every 4 days. Infections were determined by semiquantitative cultures (> 15 colonies/plate). The incidence of infections for triple-lumen catheters was 5 (subclavian), 17 (internal jugular), and 36% (femoral) respectively; total infection rate for triple-lumen catheters was 10%. Infection rates for pulmonary artery catheters were 4 (subclavian), and 6% internal (jugular site), respectively, the overall infection rate was 5%. There were no differences in infection rates at any site based on catheter type; however, when triple-lumen catheter sites were compared, the differences were significant (p < .001 vs subclavian, chi 2). Catheter duration was 7.8 days (subclavian),, 7.3 days (internal jugular), and 4.6 (femoral) days. These data suggest that the use of multi-lumen catheters for total parenteral nutrition is safe, that there is a benefit associated with the subclavian route, and that the femoral site should be avoided.
Laser diode systems and devices

The advantages of optical technology in communication and data storage are discussed. Laser diode construction and characteristics are described, and the demands made upon the diodes by these applications are briefly considered.
Ceramic solid electrolytes

Strategies for the design of ceramic solid electrolytes are reviewed. Problems associated with stoichiometric and doped compounds are compared. In the illustration of design principles, emphasis is given to oxide-ion electrolytes for use in solid-oxide fuel cells, oxygen pumps, and oxygen sensors.
A modified colorimetric method for phytic acid analysis in soybean

A quantitative, reproducible, and efficient phytic acid assay procedure is needed to screen breeding populations and support genetic studies in soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The objective of this study was to modify the colorimetric Wade reagent method and compare the accuracy and applicability of this new method in determining seed phytic acid content in soybean with three well-established phytic acid assay methods: anion exchange column (AEC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The CV for repeated measurements of a low phytic acid soybean mutant, CX1834-1-6, ranged from 1.8 to 4.2% (n = 5), indicating the results were precise and reproducible. Phytic acid content of 42 soybean genotypes as determined by this method showed a correlation of 93.7 to 96.6% with the measurements by AEC, HPLC, and NMR. According to analysis of covariance, using inorganic P content as a predictor, phytic acid P content in a given sample analyzed by the four assay methods can be estimated with four linear regression models at the α = 0.01 level. Compared with HPLC, AEC, and 31 P NMR, this modified colorimetric method is simpler and less expensive for assaying a large number of samples, allowing its effective application in breeding and genetic studies of low phytic acid soybean.
Anti‐colonial Chicana feminism

Abstract During the 1980s and 1990s, a critical mass of Chicana feminist scholars established a space and a voice to express an identity of opposition. This paper is an overview of Chicana Studies writings since 1991, emphasizing the pain, recovery, and celebration expressed by Chicana writers. In addition, and perhaps most importantly, I discuss the anti‐patriarchal, anti‐colonial challenges posed by Chicana theorists and feminists. I also confront the impacts of “internalized colonialism” that influence relations among Chicanas. Finally, I pose questions about the future writing agendas of Chicana feminists. An examination of Chicana feminist writings reveals the anti‐colonial features of her process of recovery and survival. The greatest potential value of Chicana feminist writing, especially certain lesbian writing, is “speaking secrets” to challenge the structure of power, the colonial patriarchy, and our participation in perpetuating it. The “collective good” continues as a dream and as a goal for t...
Diurnal variations of the fattening response to prolactin in the golden topminnow, Fundulus chrysotus

Fattening was induced in sexually mature golden topminnows, Fundulus chrysotus, by daily injections of prolactin or luteinizing hormone. However, the time of treatment was of fundamental importance. Whereas injectins given during the middle of a 16-hour photoperiod stimulated an increase in body weight and fat stores, injections given early in the light period caused a loss in body weight and lipid reserves. These results suggest that the phasing of diurnal rhythms of prolactin and/or luteinizing hormone release from the pituitary may be important in regulating the annual cycle of fat stores. Prolactin, alone, did not induce substantial fattening, if any at all, in hypophysectomized topminnows. Accordingly, the necessity for other pituitary factors at the midphotoperiod interval is apparent. In addition, the deoreases in the lipid and dry nonlipid components of hypophysectomized F. chrysotus by prolactin injections, early in the photoperiod or at midday, suggest there is at least one extra-hypophyseal factor which exhibits a diurnal periodicity affecting the responses to prolactin.
Terahertz emission from YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ thin films via bulk electric-quadrupole-magnetic-dipole optical rectification

We report the observation of terahertz emission from ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ thin films excited by 1.5-eV, 150-fs pulses in the absence of external electric or magnetic fields. This emission is characterized for optimally doped $\ensuremath{\delta}=0$ films and underdoped $\ensuremath{\delta}=0.5$ films, over a range of temperatures T, $4\mathrm{K}lTl300\mathrm{K},$ where the films change from superconductors to correlated metals. It exhibits a pronounced 4\ensuremath{\varphi} dependence with respect to the azimuthal angle \ensuremath{\varphi}. We demonstrate that this emission is generated by optical rectification due to the bulk electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole source terms. A model of this emission, assuming that the nonlinearity results from transport of carriers with different masses and relaxation times in the three crystallographic directions, is consistent with the data. A fit of the data to this model yields values for the anisotropic masses and relaxation times in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ thin films.
Characterization of an α‐Tubulin Gene of Cryptosporidium parvum

A gene encoding an α-tubulin of Cryptosporidium parvum was isolated and characterized. It had no introns, and encoded a 441-amino acid protein whose predicted ORF represented a typical α-tubulin protein with a MW of 50.5 kDa. This tubulin had an amino acid sequence similarity with Apicomplexa Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii higher than 88% and shared a number of conserved motifs.
INVOLVEMENT OF α-2-MACROGLOBULIN RECEPTOR IN CLEARANCE OF INTERLEUKIN 8–α-2-MACROGLOBULIN COMPLEXES BY HUMAN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES

The purpose of this study was to determine if interleukin 8 (IL-8) in complex with alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha-2-M) can be taken up by human alveolar macrophages. First, we demonstrated that human alveolar macrophages have receptors for alpha-2-M but not IL-8. The binding of(125)I-labeled alpha-2-M to the cells was specific and saturable, whereas(125)I-labeled recombinant human IL-8 (rhIL-8) did not bind to macrophages. However,(125)I-rhIL-8-alpha-2-M complexes bound to macrophages, and unlabeled alpha-2-M competed for the binding. We then cultured the cells in the presence of(125)I-rhIL-8-alpha-2-M complexes,(125)I-rhIL-8 alone or buffer for 24 h. Macrophages were lysed, and the released radioactivity measured. IL-8 concentrations in supernatants and cells were also measured using an IL-8 ELISA. When the macrophages were incubated with(125)I-rhIL-8-alpha-2-M complexes there was a significant amount of IL-8 associated with the cells. However, this was not the case when the cells were incubated with(125)I- rhIL-8 alone suggesting that only these complexes were taken-up by human alveolar macrophages. Furthermore, the clearance of complexes was specifically inhibited by a monoclonal antibody against the 515-kDa subunit of the alpha-2-M receptor (alpha-2-MR) but not by an isotopic mouse IgG1. The study shows an important clearance mechanism for IL-8 in the lung.
Selecting new miniature display technologies for head-mounted applications

Miniature image sources are now appearing in a variety of technologies that have the potential for application to military head mounted displays. These technologies take the form of emissive, transmissive, reflective, and scanning display configurations. Each of these technologies have particular characteristics that make them attractive for use in head mounted display systems. The diversity of military applications result in varying set of requirements that must be considered during the image source selection process. However, initial selection of a new technology for head mounted applications involves the evaluation of a few basic characteristics. A candidate technology should be adaptable to either direct-view or see-through display systems and have an appropriate size, resolution, luminance, and required power.
Phoria adaptation as a mechanism for maintaining good binocular coordination in normal subjects

Papers written about phoria adaptation often discuss the modification of eye alignment as evidence for mechanisms that compensate for changes in the oculomotor system due to development, disease and injury. While clinicians often encounter patients with diplopia or other signs of ocular misalignment, most people, in fact, have nearly perfect eye alignment even when viewing far targets with one eye occluded. Evidence that good eye alignment is the result of adaptive mechanisms can be seen with the binocular misalignment that results from the monocular patching of one eye in normal subjects for extended periods of time. We have tested extensively the ability of subjects to adapt the alignment of their eyes in various viewing conditions that present binocular disparities in the context of different version, vergence and head postures. Our conclusion from these studies is that one of the primary functions of phoria adaptive mechanisms is to manage the parsing of extraocular muscle forces during everyday viewing situations. The concept of Hering’s law of equal innervation is an oversimplification of a very complex process in which the relative participation of the twelve extraocular muscles needs to vary with the distance and eccentricity of the object of interest as well as the pitch and roll angles of the head. We note also that the problem of maintaining good coordination of the eyes is exacerbated with dynamic eye and head movements. I will review our work on the adaptation of vertical phoria and cyclophoria in relation to orbital eye position and head posture.
Moral Identity in Adolescence: Self and Other in Semantic Space

Through computational analysis of natural language responses, this exploratory study considered problems related to the assessment of adolescent moral identity. The matched sample was composed of 15 care exemplar and 15 comparison adolescents from ethnically and socioeconomically diverse urban neighborhoods. Participants were given a semi-structured interview based on a well-known study of adolescent moral identity (Hart & Fegley, 1995). Interview questions were designed to elicit representations of self and other. Participant responses were analyzed with the use of a computational language program. Findings indicated that care exemplar adolescents integrated parent and peer representations into actual selves, whereas comparison adolescents did not integrate other representations into actual selves. Contrary to expectations, care exemplar actual selves did not significantly incorporate the ideal self-representation. Implications for findings related to moral identity socialization and the efficacy of the ...
Asymmetric modulation and blockade of the delayed rectifier in squid giant axons by divalent cations

The effects of intracellular magnesium ions and extracellular calcium and magnesium ions on the delayed rectifier potassium ion channel, IK, were investigated from intracellularly perfused squid giant axons. Cao+2 and Mgo+2 both blocked IK in a voltage-independent manner with a KD of approximately 100 and 500 mM, respectively. This effect was obscured at potentials in the vicinity of the resting potential (approximately -60 mV) by a rightward shift of the steady-state IK inactivation curve along the voltage axis. The addition of either calcium or magnesium ions to the extracellular solution also produced the well known shift of the IK activation curve along the voltage axis. Cao+2 was approximately twice as effective in this regard as Mgo+2. The IK activation kinetics were slowed by Cao+2, but deactivation kinetics were not altered, as shown previously. Similar results were obtained with Mgo+2. The addition of magnesium ions to the intracellular perfusate shifted the activation curve along the voltage axis in the negative direction (without producing block) by approximately the same among as the Mgo+2 shift of this curve in the positive direction. Moreover, Mgi+2 substantially slowed the deactivation kinetics, whereas the effects of Mgi+2 on activation kinetics at strongly depolarized potentials were relatively minor. At modest depolarizations, Mgi+2 significantly reduced the delay before IK activation. These results are essentially the mirror image of the effects on gating of extracellular divalent cations.
Safety and Tolerability of N-Acetylcysteine in Cocaine-Dependent Individuals

A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover Phase I trial was conducted to assess the safety and tolerability of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) in healthy, cocaine-dependent humans. Thirteen participants attended a three-day hospitalization in which they received placebo or NAC. Subjects were crossed over to receive the opposite medication condition during a second three-day hospitalization, which occurred the following week. Across placebo and NAC conditions, only mild side effects were noted, and the number of subjects reporting side effects did not differ. There were trends for a greater reduction in withdrawal symptoms and craving within the NAC condition. These preliminary results suggest that NAC is well tolerated in healthy, cocaine-dependent individuals and may reduce cocaine-related withdrawal symptoms and craving.
Pyromellitic Diimide-Based Donor–Acceptor Poly(phenylene ethynylene)s

A series of donor–acceptor poly(phenylene ethynylene)s (PPEs) with N,N′-dialkylpyromellitic diimide (PMDI) as electron acceptor and various donor units are reported. Optoelectronic properties were investigated by UV/vis absorption and electrochemical measurements, revealing constant LUMO energies (∼−3.6 eV) across the series with HOMO energy levels governed by the donor monomers and optical band gaps from 2.30 to 1.50 eV. With a high volume fraction of solubilizing side chains, the polymers are soluble in common organic solvents, but solution NMR measurements and thermochromism in solution indicate aggregation due to additive intermolecular interactions between donor and acceptor units.
Regional Planning in Central Europe: Austria, the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, and Switzerland

The paper provides a systematic comparison of regional planning in four Central European nations. Despite different political ideologies and institutional arrangements for regional planning, it is argued that the countries' regional problems and regional planning goals, strategies, and measures have a number of similarities. An idealized regional planning ‘system’ is used to review the planning experience of each nation and to compare and contrast it to the others.