cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multifrequency and broadband optical antennas

Traditional optical components have many drawbacks such as bulky size and suffering from the diffraction limits. In order to solve these problems, optical antennas have been proposed recently. It overcomes the constraints imposed by conventional optical devices, allowing unprecedented control of light-matter interactions within sub-wavelength volume. Up until now, almost all of the existing optical antennas can only operate at single fixed frequency. This has highlighted the need for designing optical antennas covering multiple working frequencies or broad frequency band to achieve more design and application flexibility. Motivated by this factor, in this paper, we design and investigate new optical antennas with multi-frequency and broadband operations. Specifically, we investigate several optical antenna topologies to introduce multiple resonant peaks. Potential candidate designs include the stepped-junction optical antenna, and the multi-junction optical antenna. Moreover, based on the concept of multiple-pair nano-dimer structure, broadband optical antennas are investigated, which can further enable us to control light over broad spectrum.
Ultrastructure of galactogen in the albumen gland of Helix pomatia.

The gastropod albumen gland produces a secretion containing galactogen, a galactose polysaccharide. The albumen gland of Helix pomatia is a compound tubular organ composed of centrotubular cells and secretory cells that form large PAS-positive globules. The formation and content of these globules were studied with the electron microscope. In the Golgi zone, small vesicles containing a homogeneous matrix coalesce to form secretory droplets. The secretory droplets enlarge and accumulate a granular component of 200 A particles identified as galactogen on the basis of comparison with isolated negatively stained galactogen. Other ultrastructural features of centrotubular cells and secretory cells are described.
Biodegradation of mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under aerobic and nitrate-reducing conditions

Contaminated sites often contain complex mixtures of aromatic compounds. This complex mixture and the system's redox condition may influence biodegradation patterns. In this study, the biodegradation of PAHs in varying mixture combinations by a pure culture of Pseudomonas putida strain KBM-1 under aerobic conditions showed that the presence of naphthalene (2-ringed PAH) stimulated phenanthrene (3-ringed PAH) degradation five-fold and pyrene (4-ringed PAH) degradation two-fold. However, the presence of phenanthrene inhibited pyrene degradation. Similar degradation patterns were observed under anaerobic, nitrate-reducing conditions; though the degradation rates were typically slower. For example, phenanthrene and pyrene degradation required 2–3 longer times to approach non-detectable levels under nitrate-reducing conditions. In contrast, the time to attain non-detectable levels using a different strain, Pseudomonas stutzeri SAG-R, was similar under both conditions. The results show the importance of improving our understanding of how to extrapolate single substrate biodegradation data obtained under aerobic conditions to multi-substrate situations in aerobic and anaerobic environments.
Tinker: a relational agent museum guide

A virtual museum guide agent that uses human relationship-building behaviors to engage museum visitors is described. The computer animated agent, named “Tinker”, uses nonverbal conversational behavior, empathy, social dialogue, reciprocal self-disclosure and other relational behavior to establish social bonds with users, and encourage continued interaction and repeated visits. Tinker describes exhibits in the museum, gives directions, and discusses technical aspects of her own implementation. Tinker also recognizes returning visitors through biometric analysis of their hand shapes and dialogue cues. Results from two experiments using Tinker are described. In the first, 29 returning visitors are randomized to interact with the agent with the biometric identification turned on or off. In the second experiment, 1,607 visitors are randomized to interact with versions of Tinker that have relationship-building behavior turned on or off. Results indicate that the use of relational behavior leads to significantly greater engagement by museum visitors, measured by session length, number of sessions, and self-reported attitude, as well as learning gains, as measured by a knowledge test, compared to the same agent that does not use relational behavior. Implications for museum exhibits and intelligent tutoring systems are discussed.
Features on initial computed tomography scan of infarcts with a cardiac source of embolism in the NINDS Stroke Data Bank.

The lack of valid criteria for the clinical diagnosis of cardiogenic embolism is a major problem in both patient care and research. The aim of this study was to identify features on the initial computed tomogram of the brain that discriminate between patient groups with and without a cardiac source of embolism. To gain insight into the neuroradiological features relevant to the diagnosis of cardiac embolic stroke, we studied the initial computed tomogram of the 1,267 patients with ischemic stroke and such a scan in the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Stroke Data Bank.We analyzed the initial computed tomographic data from 1,267 patients with ischemic stroke in the NINDS Stroke Data Bank. Based solely on the presence of cardiac sources of embolism, we defined groups with high (n = 244), medium (n = 165), and low (n = 858) risk for cardiogenic embolism and compared the features on the initial computed tomogram among these three groups.Patients in the high-risk group were signi...
Discussion of “Investigation of Flow through Orifices in Riser Pipes” by P. D. Prohaska, A. A. Khan, and N. B. Kaye

The referenced manuscript is a very useful contribution to the scientific literature because it describes the variation of Cd across a variety of parameters for a riser outlet commonly employed within stormwater systems. The authors conducted an excellent investigation of the discharge through orifices in riser pipes, but the area (A) used to calculate discharge in the orifice equation is not clearly defined. The manuscript states that the holes are cut with a bit, so it is assumed that A is the area of the bit (we will use the term Ab to distinguish the bit area), but this is not the area of the hole, because the hole perimeter formed by a circular bit drilling into a curved surface appears as a three-dimensional ellipsoid instead of a circle. If the actual orifice area encountered by the flowing water could be described, we hypothesize that it might be better correlated to flow than Ab. We can define two distinct areas that describe a hole cut perpendicularly by a circular bit into the center of a round pipe. The first describes an outer surface (Ao) and is equivalent to the area of pipe removed by the bit (Fig. 1). The second describes an inner surface (Ai) that curves into the riser (Fig. 1). Ao and Ai are always larger than Ab, but they approach the value of Ab as d=D approaches zero. Both Ao and Ai share a common perimeter described by Stockie (1998) as
Inhibitory effects of sildenafil on gastric motility and gastric slow waves in dogs

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sildenafil on gastric motility and gastric slow waves in dogs. The study was performed in healthy dogs and composed of three experiments. The first experiment was designed to study the effects of sildenafil on gastric emptying and gastric slow waves. The second experiment was used to investigate the effects of sildenafil on gastric tone. The third experiment was used to study the effects of sildenafil on postprandial antral contractions. (i) Sildenafil did not alter gastric emptying of liquid. (ii) Sildenafil had no effects on dominant frequency and percentage of normal gastric slow waves. The dominant power of gastric slow waves was, however, significantly reduced with sildenafil (P < 0.02). (iii) Fasting gastric volume with sildenafil was significantly higher than that at baseline (P < 0.0005) or in the control session (P < 0.002). However, the postprandial gastric volume was not altered with sildenafil. (iv) Sildenafil inhibited gastric antral motility. The contraction index was 338.5 ± 39.99 at baseline and 122.5 ± 20.3 after the injection of sildenafil (P = 0.003). Sildenafil inhibits fundic tone and antral motility but does not seem to delay gastric emptying of liquid in dogs. The amplitude but not the frequency or regularity of the gastric slow wave is inhibited by sildenafil.
Temperature dependence of the calcium paradox in the isolated working rat heart: Discrepancy between functional recovery and enzyme release ☆ ☆☆

Abstract We studied the effects of brief (2 min) acalcemic perfusion at various temperatures in isolated working rat hearts. Recovery of aortic flow, coronary flow and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were measured upon reperfusion at 37°C. With acalcemic perfusion at 37°C, there was complete absence of functional recovery and impaired coronary flow. Acalcemic perfusion at 15°C and below resulted in complete recovery of function and coronary flow. Acalcemic perfusion between 20 and 30°C resulted in partial recovery of function and complete recovery of coronary flow. In contrast to this relationship of functional recovery to temperature, LDH release occurred only at 37°C. Thus, functional recovery does not correlate well with enzyme release over a range of acalcemic perfusion temperatures.
Read-through translation

Abstract Ribosomes occasionally overlook the termination signal on mRNA and continue translation beyond it. There is now evidence that this apparent error by ribosomes is necessary to produce certain important proteins.
Activity-specific ecological niche models for planning reintroductions of California condors (Gymnogyps californianus)

Abstract Ecological niche models can be a useful tool to identify candidate reintroduction sites for endangered species but have been infrequently used for this purpose. In this paper, we (1) develop activity-specific ecological niche models (nesting, roosting, and feeding) for the critically endangered California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) to aid in reintroduction planning in California, Oregon, and Washington, USA, (2) test the accuracy of these models using empirical data withheld from model development, and (3) integrate model results with information on condor movement ecology and biology to produce predictive maps of reintroduction site suitability. Our approach, which disentangles niche models into activity-specific components, has applications for other species where it is routinely assumed (often incorrectly) that individuals fulfill all requirements for life within a single environmental space. Ecological niche models conformed to our understanding of California condor ecology, had good predictive performance when tested with data withheld from model development, and aided in the identification of several candidate reintroduction areas outside of the current distribution of the species. Our results suggest there are large unoccupied regions of the California condor’s historical range that have retained ecological features similar to currently occupied habitats, and thus could be considered for future reintroduction efforts. Combining our activity-specific ENMs with ground reconnaissance and information on other threat factors that could not be directly incorporated into empirical ENMs will ultimately improve our ability to select successful reintroduction sites for the California condor.
A Reaction to Guru of Gurus

This essay reacts to Teo-Dixon and Monin's logological analysis of guru of gurus Peter Drucker's work, emphasizing five texts from 1955-2002. Their analysis focuses on how much Drucker differentiated between leaders (leadership) and managers (management) in his earlier and later writings and the degree to which leadership moved toward becoming a “god term,” argued to be the ultimate for a concept. The current author then analyzes what other literature tells us and provides a summary comparison between Teo-Dixon and Monin's logological analysis of Drucker and his own analysis (nonlogological) of the other literature. He concludes from the comparison that Drucker has tended to move away from managers and leaders being the same, though not entirely; and in the other literature has found an increasing number of instances where they are the same, and more and more instances where they are not. Also, leadership and sometimes management are moving toward being a god or at least superman term.
Equilibrium and stop-flow kinetic studies of fluorescently labeled DNA substrates with DNA repair proteins XPA and replication protein A.

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a crucial pathway in the maintenance of genome stability requiring at least two dozen proteins. XPA and RPA have essential roles in the damage recognition step of NER. To better understand the mechanism of their interactions with DNA, we utilized equilibrium and stop-flow kinetic approaches with fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides. Fluorescein is a bona fide NER lesion because a circular plasmid with a single defined fluorescein was repaired by efficient extracts from Xenopus oocyte nuclei. Single-stranded and double-stranded oligonucleotides 5‘-labeled with fluorescein were used in the subsequent studies. Oligonucleotide fluorescence was quenched upon specific binding to full-length recombinant Xenopus XPA (xXPA) and/or human RPA. The binding was highly sensitive to the buffer conditions. Analysis of equilibrium binding data with ds DNA and xXPA revealed a single dissociation constant (Kd) of 24.4 nM. Stopped-flow kinetic experiments were described by a first-order ...
Chloro complexes of copper(I) and copper(II) in dimethyl sulfoxide

Abstract The chloro complexes of copper(I) and copper(II) in dimethyl sulfoxide have been studied. The copper(I) complexes have been examined by several potentiometric methods, and the copper(II) complexes by spectrophotometry and by different potentiometric techniques. The stepwise formation constants for CuCl and CuCl2− are 106.0±0.2 and 106.2±0.2, and those obtained for CuCl+; CuCl2; CuCl3−; and CuCl42− are 104.4±0.1; 103.0±0.1; 104.0±0.5; and 102.0±0.1.
Development of austempered ductile cast iron (ADI) with simultaneous high yield strength and fracture toughness by a novel two-step austempering process

Austempered ductile cast iron (ADI) has emerged as a major engineering material in recent years because of its excellent mechanical properties. These include high strength with good ductility, good wear resistance and fatigue strength. It is therefore considered as an economical substitute for wrought or forged steel in several structural applications especially in the automotive industry. In this investigation, a low-manganese nodular cast iron with a predominantly pearlitic as-cast structure was processed by a novel two-step austempering process. Two batches of samples were prepared. All the specimens were initially austenitized at 927°C (1700°F) for 2 h. The first batch of samples were processed by conventional single step austempering process at several temperatures such as 260°C (500°F), 273°C (525°F), 288°C (550°F), 316°C (600°F), 330°C (625°F), 343°C (650°F), 357°C (675°F), 371°C (700°F), 385°C (725°F) and 400°C (750°F) for 2 h, whereas the second batch of samples were processed by two-step austempering process. These samples were initially quenched to the following austempering temperatures, i.e. 260°C (500°F), 273°C (525°F) 288°C (550°F), 316°C (600°F), 330°C (625°F), 343°C (650°F), 357°C (675°F) and 371°C (700°F), and while being kept at these temperatures in a salt bath, the temperature of the salt bath was raised by 14°C (25°F) per hour for 2 h. The effect of this two-step austempering heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the material was examined and compared with the samples processed by conventional single step austempering process. Test results show a significant improvement in mechanical properties and fracture toughness of the material as a result of the two-step austempering process.
Preferential sulfonylation of methyl 2,6-di-O-mesyl-α-D-glucopyranoside

Abstract When equimolar ratios of mesyl chloride and methyl 2,6-di- O -mesyl-α- D -glucopyranoside were allowed to react in pyridine and the product resolved by preparative t.l.c., the 2,6-di-, 2,3,6-tri-, 2,4,6-tri-, and 2,3,4,6-tetra-mesyl esters were obtained in (0.5–0.6):1:(4–5):(1-2-1.4) molar ratio. Benzoylation of either the isolated 2,4,6-tri- O -mesyl ester or, more conveniently, the mixture from monomesylation gave the crystalline methyl 3- O -benzoyl-2,4,6-tri O -mesyl-α- D -glucopyranoside ( 8 ). As both of these trimesyl esters ( 7 and 8 ) are unreported, isolation of the benzoate established the 2,4,6-ester arrangement, and the 2,3,6-triester was prepared by standard methods. Treating methyl α- D -glucopyranoside with 3 molar equivalents of mesyl chloride and, subsequently, with 1 molar equivalent of benzoyl chloride, proved a convenient method for preparing the 3- O -benzoyl derivative in moderate yield. Monotosylation of methyl 2,6-di- O mesyl-α- D -glucopyranoside was not so definitive as mesylation, but a molar ratio of 1:2.8 for the 3- O -tosyl:4- O -tosyl product was derived from n.m.r. data. This work, when combined with literature reports, establishes that, in methyl α- D -glucopyranoside, the reactivity toward sulfonylation is 6-OH>2-OH>4-OH>3-OH.
Satellite microphysical retrievals for land-based fog with validation by balloon profiling

Abstract Digital data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Advanced very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite instrument provides multispectral images in visible near-infrared and thermal infrared wave bands, which have been utilized to develop retrieval techniques for estimating the droplet effective radius and optical depth of land-based fog. The retrieval methods are based on multiple scattering calculations that simulate the increased near-infrared absorption by fog layers with increasing droplet size and liquid water path. The AVHRR thermal window channels are utilized to remove the effects of thermal emission in the near-infrared band. New instrumentation and field sampling methods have been developed for obtaining detailed vertical profiles of fog droplet size distributions and thermodynamic conditions in fog decks. The in situ measurements derived from the field observations were employed to test the satellite retrieval techniques. Intercomparison shows a close correspo...
Levodopa-induced dyskinesias in parkinsonian monkeys: Relationship to extent of nigrostriatal damage

The relationship between severity of dopa-induced parkinsonian symptoms and the latency and severity of dopa-induced dyskinesias was studied in monkeys exposed to the toxin MPTP. Levodopa and D-2 receptor agonist-induced dyskinesias appeared early, between 2 and 12 days after initiation of dopa therapy in severely parkinsonian animals. In these animals, it was difficult to find a dose of L-dopa which had beneficial effects clinically and no dyskinesia-producing effects. These animals were all found to have massive (greater than or equal to 95%) striatal dopamine loss. A monkey with mild parkinsonian symptoms never developed dyskinesias similar to those produced in the severely affected animals. Stereotypies could be induced in this animal with excessively high doses of L-dopa or the dopamine D-2 receptor agonist, LY-171555. These movements were controlled by reducing the drug dose. This animal had less severe striatal dopamine loss (less than 80%) than the former group of monkeys. These results suggest that dopa dyskinesias in parkinsonian monkeys may be related to the extent of damage sustained by the nigrostriatal system.
Contextual Condition and Sightsinging Achievement of Middle School Choral Students

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of harmonic context on the sightsinging skill of middle school choral music students. A nonrandomized control-group pretest-posttest design with one between-group (treatment method) and two within-group (trial and test context) factors was used. The treatment method used three harmonic contexts: (a) melody only, (b) piano harmony, and (c) vocal harmony. The trial condition had two levels (pretest and posttest), and the test context condition had four levels: (a) melody-only, (b) piano-harmony, (c) vocal harmony/upper with the melody in the higher of two voices, and (d) vocal harmony/lower with the melody in the lower of two voices. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant differences for the test context and trial main effects and for the trial by treatment group interaction; subjects obtained the highest sightsinging scores when tested in a melody-only context. Because of the significant interaction between trial and treatment group, one-wa...
The Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers equation

Abstract The time evolution and stability of the shock solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers equation are studied numerically. It is found that nonanalytic initial data satisfying the boundary conditions of the problem evolve asymptotically into the steady-state shocks predicted by a time-independent analysis. Like Burgers' equation, the Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers equation has a unique shock profile; this analogy suggests that the Kortewegde Vries-Burgers shocks are stable against small perturbations, while the numerical experiments suggest further that the shocks are stable even when subject to large perturbations.
Hamster kidney cell cultures in laboratory aspects of epidemiologic studies on Japanese B encephalitis virus.

SummaryComparative neutralization tests on 24 sera from residents of Indonesia carried out both in adult mice and in HKC cultures gave essentially identical results. Comparative isolation attempts using field collected mosquitoes, early mouse passages from field isolates and human brain tested in HKC cultures and suckling mice showed the in vitro indicator system to be as sensitive and possibly more sensitive to the presence of minimal amounts of virus. The implications of these findings were discussed for immediate application in public health laboratories.
Raised cosine approximation signalling technique for reduced simultaneous switching noise

A new technique for reducing noise crosstalk due to inductive effects in high-speed switching environments is presented. A signalling scheme based on raised cosine approximation (RCA) pulses is used to achieve gradual buffer turn on without any speed penalties. A new current-mode RCA line driver is proposed and incorporated in a 16 bit 1 Gbit/s off-chip transmitter. Simulation results based on TSMC 0.25 /spl mu/m show ground bounce noise reduction greater than 40%.
Magnetic resonance imaging of pediatric head and neck cystic hygromas

We retrospectively reviewed the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of eight pathologically proved cystic hygromas in seven pediatric patients. All lesions showed multiple cysts, best depicted on T2-weighted images (T2WI). Six of the eight lesions had well-defined borders. Fluid-fluid levels were visualized in seven of eight lesions, with very high signal intensity of the upper fluid on T2WI. On T1-weighted images, all lesions showed a mean signal intensity greater than that of muscle (1.6 times) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; 4.04 times) and less than that of fat (0.5 times). On T2WI, the mean signal intensity was greater than that of CSF (1.8 times), muscle (9.45 times), and fat (2.54 times). Chemical analysis of the cystic fluid from one lesion showed high lipid content and hemorrhage, consistent with the preoperative and in vitro MRI findings on the fluid from the same patient. Lesion anatomic distribution showed frequent posterior triangle involvement; however, the epicenter of 75% of the lesions was outside the posterior triangle. Only one lesion had involvement limited to the posterior triangle. There was equal distribution of right and left sides and no midline lesion. Seven lesions displaced the sternocleidomastoid muscle laterally, whereas one displaced it posteriorly, with no evidence of muscle infiltration. Only those patients with submucosal involvement (two of seven) had respiratory symptoms. Gadolinium provided no additional information with regard to diagnosis or extent of involvement. Our experience indicates that MRI is useful in the diagnosis and treatment planning of cystic hygromas.
A comparison of two approaches for hint generation in programming tutors (abstract only)

Intelligent tutoring systems have been shown to significantly aid in student learning without requiring extensive instructor intervention. One feature of intelligent tutors is their ability to provide hints to students who get stuck, but the production of hints by hand is prohibitively expensive. Hint Factory (Stamper et al., 2008) is a domain-independent technique for generating hints from interaction graphs. In this work, we explore approaches for creating graphs that represent interactions in an educational programming game called BOTS. We use data from seven programming puzzles that contain a total of 1100 interactions with the game. We believe that we can begin by seeing what works in the small language of a programming game to inform how we can scale the techniques for "real" languages in "real" tutors.
The role of focal nerve ischemia and Wallerian degeneration in peripheral nerve injury producing hyperesthesia.

BACKGROUND A new model of pain associated with an experimental peripheral mononeuropathy has stimulated interest in mechanisms of pain and their structural correlates in peripheral nerve, the site of the experimental lesion. METHODS The pathology of the neuropathy was studied and the results correlated with alterations in nerve blood flow and with the behavioral response to heat applied to the foot. The focal neuropathy was created by loosely tying several ligatures around rat sciatic nerve, which produces hyperesthesia in the ligated limb in 3-5 days. The neuropathology was striking with epineurial and endoneurial vascular stasis, edema, and extensive nerve fiber injury in the ligated segment noted at 1 week after ligation. RESULTS Nerve blood flow was reduced significantly in the ligated segment during the development of the hyperesthesia response, suggesting that changes in nerve blood flow caused by the ligature compression of the epineurial vessels contributes to the nerve fiber injury and pathophysiology of the model. To further test this hypothesis, the epineurial vasculature was removed from 1-cm lengths of rat sciatic nerve, which reduces nerve blood flow by 58%, and by ligation of the ipsilateral femoral artery, which focally reduces nerve blood flow by 70%, and the behavioral response to heating of the paw was evaluated at 1 week. Crush injury was used as a positive control creating Wallerian degeneration without a substantial reduction in nerve blood flow. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that ischemia is an important initial pathogenic mechanism in the hyperesthesia associated with the loose ligature pain model, in so far as it produces Wallerian degeneration and axonal injury. Modest degrees of ischemia producing only demyelination did not produce significant hyperesthesia.
1,2‐dithiole‐3‐thione and its structural analogue oltipraz are potent inhibitors of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene‐DNA adduction in female Sprague‐Dawley rats

Dithiolethiones are currently one of the most promising classes of cancer chemopreventive agents that exhibit anti-tumorigenic properties at numerous organ sites against several classes of carcinogens. In the current study, we examined the effects of 2 dithiolethiones, 1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T) and its structural analogue oltipraz, on DNA adduction induced by the potent mammary carcinogen dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DBP) in vivo. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were provided dietary D3T and oltipraz (500 ppm each) for 1 week followed by a single intragastric dose of DBP (8 μmol/kg body weight) and killed 5 days later. D3T inhibited DBP-DNA adduction from 78% to 82% in all tissues examined, while oltipraz was equally effective in the lung and liver but less effective in the mammary glands, inhibiting DBP-DNA adduction by nearly 60%. These data coupled with their broad anti-tumor specificity support the use of D3T and oltipraz as cancer-preventive agents in clinical trials. Int. J. Cancer 91:132–136, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Arthroscopic treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus with correlation of outcome scoring systems.

Abstract Purpose: The goal of this study was to perform a retrospective review of arthroscopically treated osteochondral lesions of the talus (OCLTs) to determine their outcome and to analyze the correlation of 3 subjective outcome scoring systems for the ankle. Methods: Between 1985 and 1999, 37 arthroscopic debridement or subchondral drilling procedures were performed on 33 ankles to treat OCLTs. The charts of these patients were reviewed for general demographic, preoperative, surgical, and postoperative information. Patients were sent a questionnaire that included 3 subjective outcome scoring systems: the Martin Score questionnaire; the Berndt and Harty scale; and the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) question. Twenty-eight people responded to the questionnaire. Twenty-four patients reported a history of trauma. There were 17 lesions on the medial aspect of the talus, 10 laterally, and 1 centrally. The lesions were classified according to their arthroscopic appearance. There were 7 stage I, 2 stage II, 10 stage III, and 9 stage IV lesions. After all data were analyzed, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient ( r ) and correlation of determination ( r 2 ) were performed among the 3 outcome scales. Results: The mean follow-up time was 66 months (range, 6-169 months). Outcome results varied according to the scoring system. Using the Berndt and Harty scale, 13 (46%) patients had good, 13 (46%) fair, and 2 (8%) poor results. According to the Martin Score, 1 patient (4%) had excellent, 10 (35%) good, 9 (32%) fair, and 8 (29%) had poor results. According to the SANE score, 5 patients (18%) had excellent, 8 (29%) good, 9 (32%) fair, and 6 (21%) had poor results. Seventeen patients reported some form of pain at follow-up examination. Analysis of variables, including age at operation, stage of the lesion, length of follow-up, and previous surgery revealed no statistical significance. All 3 scales showed positive correlations. Based on these outcome data, the Berndt and Harty scale showed good correlation with both the SANE and the Martin outcome systems ( r =. 81 and r =. 69, respectively). The Martin Score showed moderate correlation with the SANE outcome system ( r =. 57). Conclusions: The outcome results for our patient population were not as successful as has been previously reported. Our analysis showed positive correlation among the 3 subjective outcome systems. However, it remains difficult to compare these data with previous results secondary to the variety of outcome measures employed by previous reports in the literature. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 19, No 4 (April), 2003: pp 360–367
A novel synthesis approach for active leakage power reduction using dynamic supply gating

Due to exponential increase in subthreshold leakage with technology scaling and temperature increase, leakage power is becoming a major fraction of total power in the active mode. We present a novel low-cost design methodology with associated synthesis flow for reducing both switching and active leakage power using dynamic supply gating. A logic synthesis approach based on Shannon expansion is proposed that dynamically applies supply gating to idle parts of general logic circuits even when they are performing useful computation. Experimental results on a set of MCNC benchmark circuits in a predictive 70nm process exhibits improvements of 15% to 88% in total active power compared to the results obtained by a conventional optimization flow.
The Academic Gap: An International Comparison of the Time Allocation of Academically Talented Students

Despite growing concern about the need to develop talent across the globe, relatively little empirical research has examined how students develop their academic talents. Toward this end, the current study explored how academically talented students from the United States and India spend their time both in and out of school. Indian students reported spending roughly 11 more hours on academics than their U.S. peers during the weekend in both STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) and non-STEM topics. U.S. students reported spending about 5.4 more hours than their Indian peers on nonSTEM academics during the week, leaving an approximately 7-hour-a-week academic gap between U.S. and Indian students. Additionally, U.S. students reported using electronics over 14 hours per week more than their Indian peers. Indian students also reported having control over a greater proportion of their time during the week than U.S. students did. Generally, there were far more cross-cultural differences than gender differences. These results inform discussions on how academically talented students develop within educational systems as well as what each culture supports in and out of school.
Modulation of recombinant small-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels by the muscle relaxant chlorzoxazone and structurally related compounds.

Using the patch clamp technique we investigated the effects of the centrally acting muscle relaxant chlorzoxazone and three structurally related compounds, 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone (1-EBIO), zoxazolamine, and 1,3-dihydro-1-[2-hydroxy-5-(triflu oromethyl)phenyl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2 H -benzimidazol-2-one (NS 1619) on recombinant rat brain SK2 channels (rSK2 channels) expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells. SK channels are small conductance K+ channels normally activated by a rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration; they modulate the electrical excitability in neurons and neuroendocrine cells. When applied externally, chlorzoxazone, 1-EBIO, and zoxazolamine activated rSK2 channel currents in cells dialyzed with a nominally Ca2+-free intracellular solution. The activation was reversible, reproducible, and depended on the chemical structure and concentration. The order of potency was 1-EBIO > chlorzoxazone > zoxazolamine. Activation of rSK2 channels by chlorzoxazone, 1-EBIO, and zoxazolamine declined at higher drug concentrations. Zoxazolamine, when applied in combination with chlorzoxazone or 1-EBIO, partially inhibited the rSK2 channel current responses, suggesting a partial-agonist mode of action. 1-EBIO failed to activate rSK2 channel currents when applied to excised inside-out membrane patches exposed to a Ca2+-free intracellular solution. In contrast, 1-EBIO activated rSK2 currents in a concentration-dependent manner when coapplied to the patches with a solution containing 20 nM free Ca2+. NS 1619 did not activate rSK2 channel currents; it inhibited rSK2 channel currents activated by the other three test compounds or by high intracellular Ca2+. We conclude that chlorzoxazone and its derivatives act through a common mechanism to modulate rSK2 channels, and SK channel modulation in the brain may partly underlie the clinical effects of chlorzoxazone.
Mesoscale Dynamics of the Near-Dryline Environment: Analysis of Data from COPS-91

Abstract A technique is introduced using surface data from triangular networks of adjacent mesonet stations to estimate the terms in the horizontal equation of motion at anemometer level (10 m) on either side of the dryline in the southern plains of the United States. Data from an instrumented surface mesonetwork in the Texas panhandle and western and central Oklahoma during the Cooperative Oklahoma Profiler Studies (COPS-91) field program were employed for this purpose. East of the dryline and surface pressure trough the vertical-mixing term had a component normal and to the right of the surface wind in accord with Ekman theory; west of the dryline and surface pressure trough the vertical-mixing term had a component normal and to the left of the surface wind in disagreement with Ekman theory. It is suggested that disagreements with Ekman theory may be due to baroclinic effects in the boundary layer. It is also shown that during the day both the westward component of the pressure gradient force and the ea...
Prolonged Feeding of Ethanol to the Young Growing Guinea Pig. III. Effect on the Synthesis of the Myocardial Contractile Proteins

Prolonged ingestion of ethanol may lead to a cardiomyopathy, and studies in the experimental animal have demonstrated alterations in protein metabolism. These changes include depression of protein synthesis with acetaldehyde in the acute experiment, in vitro, and after chronic ethanol ingestion in vivo. The present studies were initiated to see if the inhibition of protein synthesis following prolonged ethanol ingestion involved myocardial contractile proteins. Newly weaned guinea pigs, weighing 350 g, were placed on a regimen of normal laboratory diet with 10% ethanol in the drinking water. Calorie-matched controls, drinking dextromaltose in the water, were simultaneously run. After 40 weeks of ingesting 10% ethanol in the drinking water, hearts from growing guinea pigs were removed and synthesis of myocardial contractile proteins (myosin heavy chains, light chains (LC1, LC2), actin, and tropomyosin) assayed in vitro with 3H-labeled amino acids. With aging, there was a decrease in the rates of synthesis of all the contractile proteins. After 40 weeks of ethanol ingestion, the synthetic rates of myosin heavy and light chains and tropomyosin were the same as in calorie-matched controls, but the synthetic rate of actin was significantly decreased by 20% (p less than 0.01). This decrease in actin synthesis may be the first indication of ultimate inhibition of synthesis of all the contractile proteins which may lead to myofibrillar disorganization and vacuolization reported after chronic ethanol ingestion.
Use of recombinant human erythropoietin and risk of severe retinopathy in extremely low-birth-weight infants.

Study Objectives. To evaluate the frequency and severity of retinopathy of prematurity in extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants who received recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO), and to compare the frequency of blood cell transfusions these infants required with a matched control group who did not receive rHuEPO. Design. Retrospective cohort analysis. Setting. Level III neonatal intensive care unit in a large academic medical center. Patients. One hundred thirty-eight ELBW infants who received rHuEPO and 138 ELBW infants who did not (control group) but who were matched by birth weight, gestational age, sex, and year of birth and who survived to the first ophthalmologic examination. Measurements and Main Results. The rHuEPO was started before the 8th day of life in 115 (83%) of the 138 infants. Stages III-V retinopathy of prematurity occurred with similar frequency in both groups of infants (rHuEPO group 19% [26 infants] vs control group 20% [27 infants], p>0.05). Infants in the rHuEPO group received fewer transfusions on average during their hospitalization compared with those in the control group (4.2 vs 6.1 transfusions, p<0.01). Conclusion. Use of rHuEPO for prevention or treatment of anemia of prematurity in ELBW infants does not increase the frequency of severe retinopathy of prematurity and reduces the number of transfusions.
Moving Out of Our Comfort Zones School Counseling/Counseling Psychology Partnerships

When I accepted this assignment, I was eager to read Romano and Kachgal’s (2004 [this issue]) article focused on a partnership between counseling psychology and school counseling. I have always been a big believer in cross-disciplinary collaborations. Such collaborations have been integral to my professional identity from the beginning. A good portion of my graduate school days was spent taking and teaching women’s studies courses. From its inception, women’s studies was rooted in cross-disciplinary commitments and partnerships. Women’s studies coursework in history, English, and sociology indirectly enhanced my understanding of psychology, its strengths and shortcomings. At the time, the faculty in psychology at the University of Washington were far behind the faculty in the other disciplines in exploring the gendered nature of knowledge production. This created an opportunity for me to become an instructor for several women’s studies courses (e.g., Psychology of Sex Differences and Psychobiology of Women) that I cotaught with biology faculty members for 3 years. These interdisciplinary teaching experiences grounded me early in collaborations across disciplines and gave me a unique platform from which to understand the disciplines of psychology and education as well as my own professional development.
A distributed opportunistic access scheme and its application to OFDMA systems

Multiuser systems can provide multiuser diversity gains by assigning channels to users with higher channel gains. To avoid the extensive information exchange with the access point for the uplink access in centralized approaches, we propose in this paper a distributed opportunistic access scheme. Through a judicious design of a novel backoff mechanism to utilize the channel information and reduce collisions, significant multiuser diversity gains are achieved. To a user, the higher the channel gain is, the smaller the backoff time-slot and, hence, the higher the access priority of that user is. In addition, for heterogeneous systems, our proposed scheme can realize multiuser diversity gains and achieve fairness among the users at the same time. Finally, we design two distributed opportunistic access schemes for OFDMA systems. Users contend on all sub-channels in the first scheme and only on several strongest sub-channels in the second scheme. Compared with traditional centralized OFDMA systems and other distributed access schemes, our proposed schemes reduce overhead and achieve a higher throughput.
Co-clustering Documents and Words Using Bipartite Isoperimetric Graph Partitioning

In this paper, we present a novel graph theoretic approach to the problem of document-word co-clustering. In our approach, documents and words are modeled as the two vertices of a bipartite graph. We then propose isoperimetric co-clustering algorithm (ICA) - a new method for partitioning the document-word bipartite graph. ICA requires a simple solution to a sparse system of linear equations instead of the eigenvalue or SVD problem in the popular spectral co-clustering approach. Our extensive experiments performed on publicly available datasets demonstrate the advantages of ICA over spectral approach in terms of the quality, efficiency and stability in partitioning the document-word bipartite graph.
AIMING TO RESTORE FORESTS: EVALUATION WITH SER CRITERIA

Abstract The Society for Ecological Restoration Primer on Ecological Restoration (SERPER) states, “Ecological restoration is an intentional activity that initiates or accelerates the recovery of an ecosystem with respect to its health, integrity, and sustainability” and attempts to return an ecosystem to its historic condition. There are questions, however, about whether changing environmental conditions such as global climate change, invasive species (including pests and diseases), human-altered disturbance regimes, and widespread land-use changes will allow return to historic conditions, what constitutes naturalness, and whether restoration should incorporate continuing management. Active, intentional management (AIM) is a conservation approach that emphasizes a full range of active and passive management techniques to manage important ecological and hydrologic processes to conserve biodiversity; reconcile conflicts over management of natural resources; and provide various goods, ecological services, an...
Homogeneous catalysis of the water-gas shift reaction by rhodium complexes in aqueous substituted pyridine solutions

Abstract Described are quantitative studies of the water-gas shift reaction (WGSR) catalysis by homogeneous solutions of RhCl3 in aqueous pyridine and other substituted pyridine solutions. This system is a stable, moderately active catalyst displaying turnover frequencies for hydrogen production (TF(H2)) of about 102 moles H2 per mole Rh per day for [Rh] = 0.01 mol 1−1,P(CO) = 0.9 atm and T = 100 °C with an Ea value of ~11.5 kcal mol−1 deg−1. The TF(H2) values were first order in P(CO) but displayed a complex dependence on [Rh]. The latter behavior can be explained in terms of the presence of mononuclear and dinuclear rhodium complexes in the catalysis solution, both active for the WGSR but the former being the more active. In situ IR and 13C NMR spectroscopic studies confirm the presence of dimeric complexes with bridging carbonyls. These data are discussed in terms of potential catalysis cycles, and it is concluded that formation of dihydrogen is the probable rate-limiting step.
Identification of a neurogenic sublineage required for CNS segmentation in an Annelid

In embryos of leeches (phylum Annelida), metameric structures arise sequentially from a germinal plate comprising the descendants of five pairs of embryonic stem cells called teloblasts. It has been shown that transverse stripes of cells expressing ht-en (a homolog of engrailed, a Drosophila segment polarity gene), arise in the germinal plate prior to the appearance of segmental ganglia and that, in the main neurogenic lineage (derived from the N teloblasts), the stripe of cells expressing ht-en demarcates the boundary between prospective segmental ganglia. Previous lineage-tracing experiments had suggested that the clones of nf and ns primary blast cells in the N lineage are confined to within segmental borders. This conclusion was called into question by the observation that the cells expressing ht-en do not appear to be at the very posterior edge of the nf clone, from which they arise. To resolve this issue, we have injected individual primary blast cells with fluorescent lineage tracers; we find that cells in the nf clone actually straddle two adjacent ganglia. Moreover, using photoablation techniques, we find that the nf clone is required for proper morphogenesis of the segmentally iterated central nervous system (CNS).
Discovery and Properties of Quantized Vortices in Helium II

This article contains a brief review of the discovery and properties of quantized vortices in Helium II.