cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A method for the transformation of cyclic ketones to homologous α,β-unsaturated ketones

Abstract The addition of dichlorocarbene to enol acetates of cyclic ketones can be carried out efficiently in many cases using the neutral trihalomethyl phenyl mercury reagents. Since enol acetates of definite structures are readily prepared, the method provides a convenient first step to a ring enlargement sequence which can be carried out under basic conditions.
An improved method for extraction and determination of prostate concentrations of endogenous androgens.

Abstract Our published method for determination of prostate concentrations of endogenous androgens has been modified to increase the precision, sensitivity and reliability. A more efficient tissue homogenizer (Tekmar) was used instead of the VirTis-driven blades. Silica gel adsorption of androgens in the solvent extract and subsequent separation from nonpolar lipids by selective solvent extraction in a batch process in tubes was substituted for column elution. Time, solvent and blanks were decreased. Cyproterone acetate, as a more reliable, internal relative RF marker on thin-layer chromatography (t.l.c.), replaced medrogestone. With increased sensitivity, better precision and ability to homogenize smaller tissue masses, our method was also suitable for scaling down from 1-g to biopsy-size (50 mg) specimens. The method appears to be quantitatively adequate for dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the most concentrated and biologically significant androgen in prostate, but present measurements of androstanediol ( 1 3 as concentrated as DHT in benign prostatic hypertrophy) are at least semi-quantitative.
Protecting Agriculture: The Legal Basis of Regulatory Action in Florida.

ABSTRACT The Division of Plant Industry of the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services of Florida is empowered to protect the state's agriculture from both introduction and intrastate movement of pests. This responsibility is shared by similar regulatory agencies of the federal government and other states. The legal basis of such regulatory action, police power and eminent domain, is reviewed. The regulatory processes by the State of Florida of two important citrus pests, the burrowing nematode and Asiatic citrus canker, are presented. It was concluded that Florida's regulatory power to take property is of great importance to the agricultural industry and to Florida's economy. This power must be exercised within the constitutional limitation that “no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due processes of law.” However, the imminence of an emergency may justify state action without a prior hearing or just compensation of valueless items.
Functional correlates of neurosecretion in the rhynchobdellid leech, Theromyzon rude

Abstract The neurosecretory system of the brain of the duck leech, Theromyzon rude , was studied with the light microscope and its possible relationship to reproduction was examined by standard endocrinological techniques. The neurosecretory system consists of paraldehyde fuchsin-positive α-cells and acidophilic β-cells. The α-cells were divided into three subclasses, of which the α 1 - and α 2 -cells appear to be stages in the secretory cycle of a single cell type. The α-cells were found to show an annual cycle of cytological changes: an increase in stainable materials is observed in the α-cell bodies and axons in spring. This increase reaches a peak in April; it then decreases to a low in December. The β-cells are separable into β 1 -cells, β 2 -cells, and β (4) -cells. The β 1 -cells appear to be stages in the secretory cycle of a single cell type; their secretion is proteinaceous. The phospholipid “secretion” of the β (4) -cells is in reality composed of masses of mitochondria, as is demonstrated by mitochondrial techniques and ultrastructural studies. The reproductive cycle of Theromyzon is initiated in the summer of one year and completed in the late spring of the following year. A correlation was observed between the cycle of α-cell stainability and the reproductive cycle, with changes in the amount of stainable materials visible in the cell bodies and axons preceding by brief intervals changes in the reproductive status of the animals. Exposure to constant light or constant darkness affects both reproductive rate and the pattern of α-cell activity. Dark-exposed animals appear to reproduce normally, and their neurosecretory system shows a normal pattern. Constant light-exposed animals reproduce at a reduced rate, and changes are observed in the α-cells of their brain, including the appearance of signet-ring forms. Brain ablation in winter results in a disintegration of stage 4 spermatogemmae in the testis; earlier and later stages appear unaffected. A tropic factor from the brain is suggested, which is required for normal maintenance and further development of the stage 4 spermatogemmae. In the ovary, brain removal in winter prevents maturation of ova; brain removal in summer does not affect the later stages of oogenesis nor the mature ova. Implants of viable brains, containing apparently normal neurosecretory cells, do not remedy the deficiencies in spermatogenesis and oogenesis caused by brain removal. This does not eliminate the possibility that the tropic influence from the brain is hormonal in nature; it may be that sensory input responsible for hormone release is the missing factor. The effects of brain removal on atrial gland activity and the influence of ovariectomy on the neurosecretory system are also considered.
Experimental Characterization of Compact Heat Exchangers With Short Flow Lengths at Simulated Elevated Altitudes

This paper presents experimental pressure drop and heat transfer results of compact heat exchangers made with plain rectangular fins of short flowlengths tested with air at very low Reynolds numbers. Experiments were performed at sea level and at simulated elevated altitudes up to 25,298 m (83,000 ft). From the experimental results, the additional pressure drop of the air caused by the developing boundary layers and the hydrodynamic entrance length were determined. An equation was produced that predicted the average Nusselt number of the air, which significantly decreased with nondimensional length. The experimental results varied with respect to the aspect ratio of the rectangular duct and nondimensional length, which is inversely related to the Reynolds number.
Improving breast cancer diagnosis with computer-aided diagnosis

Rationale and Objectives. The purpose of this study was to test whether computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) can improve radiologists' performance in breast cancer diagnosis. Materials and Methods. The computer classification scheme used in this study estimates the likelihood of malignancy for clustered microcalcifications based on eight computer-extracted features obtained from standard-view mammograms. One hundred four histologically verified cases of microcalcifications (46 malignant, 58 benign) in a near-consecutive biopsy series were used in this study. Observer performance was measured on 10 radiologists who read the original standard and magnification-view mammograms. The computer aid provided a percentage estimate of the likelihood of malignancy. Comparison was made between computer-aided performance and unaided (routine clinical) performance by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and by comparing biopsy recommendations. Results. The average ROC curve area (A z ) increased from 0.61 without aid to 0.75 with the computer aid ( P P = .0006) and 6.0 fewer biopsies for cases with benign lesions ( P = .003). This improvement corresponded to increases in sensitivity (from 73.5% to 87.4), specificity (from 31.6% to 41.9%), and hypothetical positive biopsy yield (from 46% to 55%). Conclusion. CAD can be used to improve radiologists' performance in breast cancer diagnosis.
Application of a generalized residual model to frequency domain modal parameter estimation

Residuals have long been used in frequency domain parameter estimation methods to model the influence of out-of-band modes but, typically, as a fixed set of no more than two or three terms. Recently, a systematic approach to the use of residual polynomials has led to the development of a generalized residual model. The use of a generalized residual model with rational fraction polynomial frequency domain parameter estimation methods allows the contribution of out-of-band modes to be included without increasing the model order and creating additional computational poles. Of particular interest is the use of the generalized residual for single-degree-of-freedom (s.d.o.f.) techniques, which generally do not consider the residual effects and suffer accordingly. With the use of generalized residuals, it becomes possible to properly account for nearby modes and also extract accurate residues with an s.d.o.f. algorithm. The development of the generalized residual polynomial model is outlined and a new s.d.o.f. frequency domain algorithm with generalized residuals is developed.
Opioid analgesics and rates of fatal drug poisoning in the United States

Objective To determine whether the variability in rate of sale of prescription opioid analgesics is related to the variability in rates of drug poisoning mortality among states in the United States in 2002. Methods Drug poisoning deaths were defined as unintentional deaths or those of undetermined intent whose underlying cause was coded to "narcotics" (X42) or "other and unspecified" drugs (X44) in the National Vital Statistics System. Per capita sales of ten opioid analgesics from the Drug Enforcement Administration and combined sales in morphine equivalents were correlated with drug poisoning mortality rates by state using multivariate linear regression. Regression coefficients between mortality rates and sales rates were adjusted for race (percent white, percent black) and age (percent aged 24 years or younger, and percent aged 65 years and older). Results There was over a ten-fold variability in sales of some opioid analgesics. Combined sales ranged 3.7-fold, from 218 mg per person in South Dakota to 798 mg per person in Maine. Drug poisoning mortality varied 7.9-fold, from 1.6/100,000 in Iowa to 12.4/100,000 in New Mexico. Drug poisoning mortality correlated most strongly with non-OxyContin® oxycodone ( r =0.73, p r =0.68, p r =0.66, p Conclusions The extent of opioid analgesics use varies widely in the United States. Variation in the availability of opioid analgesics is related to the spatial distribution of drug poisoning mortality by state.
On the photosensitivity of the circadian time-sense in Drosophila pseudoobscura

Abstract In populations of the fruitfly Drosophila pseudoobscura reared at constant temperature, first under continuous light, and then transferred to continuous darkness, pupal eclosion occurs in bursts at 24-hr intervals. A brief pulse of light resets the phase of this circadian rhythm by up to ± 12hr, depending on its energy and when it is given. The graphed dependence resembles a lattice of helicoidal surfaces. A new finding here detailed is that this rhythm's susceptibility to resetting by pulses of 10 2 to 10 4 ergs/cm 2 deviates systematically from the strict 24-hr periodism observed with more energetic stimuli: the clock oscillation becomes more sensitive to phase-resetting by light the longer it has been kept in the dark. In three days the sensitivity increases more than tenfold. This recovery process can be retarded by exposure to 10 7 erg/cm 2 . These observations are compatible with (i) a linear kinetic model involving a bleachable pigment which very slowly regenerates in darkness, or (ii) any of a diversity of models involving a non-periodic—e.g. damped—circadian oscillation. In either case, the saturation of the phase-resetting response by stimulus energies below 10 4 erg/cm 2 cannot be attributed to quantitative removal of the pigment.
On the existence and implications of an inverse folding code in proteins.

Abstract The existence of a code relating the set of possible sequences at a given position in a protein backbone to the local structure at that location is investigated. It is shown that only 73% of 4-C alpha structure fragments in a sample of 114 protein structures exhibit a preference for a particular set of sequences. The remaining structures can accommodate essentially any sequence. The structures that encode specific sequence distributions include the classical "secondary" structures, with the notable exception of planar (beta) bends. It is suggested that this has implications as to the mechanism of folding in proteins with extensive sheet/barrel structure. The possible role of structures that do not encode specific sequences as mutation hot spots is noted.
Oral spit tobacco: addiction, prevention and treatment

The prevalence of smokeless tobacco is significant and reaches as high as 17% past month use in white males aged 18-25. Smokeless tobacco use is of concern because of the potential for addiction and the associated negative health consequences. This article reviews the basis for addiction to smokeless tobacco, examining the nicotine content in smokeless tobacco products, pharmacokinetics, psychoactive effects, tolerance, and withdrawal. It also explores the negative health consequences which include a number of oral pathologies and increased cardiovascular risk factors. Furthermore, it examines the factors associated with the initiation of smokeless tobacco use, and the current prevention programs that address these factors. Current smokeless tobacco treatment approaches are also discussed as well as predictors for abstinence. Finally, the future directions are discussed in light of the limited amount of research that has been conducted in the smokeless tobacco area, particularly related to prevention and treatment.
Proton magnetic resonance spectra of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside tetranitrate and β-cellobiose octanitrate

Abstract The 1 H-n.m.r. spectra of methyl β- d -glucopyranoside tetranitrate and β-cellobiose octanitrate have been obtained with a 220-MHz spectrometer operated in the Fourier-transform mode. Interpretation of the spectra from first-order analysis is presented. The chemical shifts and coupling constants of all protons in these two molecules have been calculated with the LAOCN 3 computer program. The simulated spectra obtained with the KOMBIP program are given.
Randomized trial of "slow" versus "fast" feed advancements on the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants.

Abstract Objective: To determine whether the rate of feed advancement affects the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Study design: Prospective randomized controlled trial involving 185 formula-fed infants with birth weight 501 to 1500 g and gestational age ≤34 weeks. Infants were randomized into 2 groups: "slow" (n = 98), who received 15 cc/kg/d increments (a 10-day schedule to full feeds) and "fast" (n = 87), who received 35 cc/kg/d increments (a 5-day schedule to full feeds) of Similac Special Care 20 cal/oz. Feeds were increased only if well tolerated as defined by a protocol. Results: The incidence of NEC (Bell stage ≥II) was similar in both groups (slow 13% and fast 9%, P = .5). The incidence of perforation (Bell stage III) was also similar in both groups (slow 4% and fast 2%, P = .8). Feeds were started at a comparable postnatal age in both groups (median age: slow 5 days and fast 4 days, P = .9). Although the neonates in the fast group attained full enteral intake earlier (median days [25th and 75th percentiles]: slow 15 [12, 21] and fast 11 [8, 15], P P P = .3) Conclusions: A greater than twofold difference in the rate of feed advancement from 15 cc/kg/d to 35 cc/kg/d did not affect the incidence of NEC ≥ stage II. Factors other than feed advancement appear to be more important in the pathogenesis or progression of NEC. (J Pediatr 1999;134:293-7)
Progress in development and application of integrated fiber-optic subsystems

During the past year, there has been a major expansion in the utilization of fiber-optic data links for computerindustrial applications. The component design approaches that are used are different from those in telecommunication systems and range from discrete electro-optical transducer elements to integrated transmit- receive (T-R) modules incorporating custom integrated circuits, internal optical line coding, and integral single-fiber connectors for use with arbitrary data formats.1,2
Effect of sources of nitrogen on yield and nitrogen absorption of potatoes

In tests with sources of N, (NH4)2SO4, when banded in the soil, usually resulted in highest tuber yield. Yields with Nitroform and sulfur-coated urea were similar to each other, and somewhat less than those from urea. Application of Aqua Humus, a humic acid derivative, in addition to several sources of N, had no significant effect on yields. Nitrogen absorption was highest from (NH4)2SO4, as measured by NO3 content of the petioles or total N absorption by the entire plant. There was little difference in N absorption from Nitroform and sulfurcoated urea. These materials did not result in increased N absorption by plants during late growth. In Kern County experiments, about 80% of the N from (NH4)2SO4 and urea had nitrified and leached from the fertilizer band by 40 days after application. At 80 days after application, half of the N from Nitroform was still in place. In an experiment at Davis on a heavier soil, Nitroform had a slower rate of N release than sulfur-coated urea, followed in order by (NH4)2SO4 and urea.
Void free bonding of large silicon dice using gold-tin alloys

The successful bonding of large (6 mm*10 mm) silicon dice on alumina substrates with Au-Sn eutectic using a particular bonding technique is described. The bonding quality was examined by a scanning acoustic microscope having a resolution of 25 mu m and it was found that nearly perfect bondings have been achieved. Use of Au-Sn alloy rather than Au-Si resulted in not only lower processing temperature but also lower stress on the dice. This is confirmed by simple stress analysis. The die-bonded specimens endured 40 cycles of thermal shock between -196 degrees C (liquid nitrogen) and +160 degrees C (boiling cyclohexanol) without cracking or bond degradation despite the significant mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients between silicon and alumina. Storage tests at -196 and 250 degrees C also do not induce cracking or bond degradation. Pull test results indicate that the bondings are stronger than the silicon dice themselves. >
Scheduling Scholarship: Promoting Faculty Engagement in Two-Year Colleges

Campuses can reinvigorate faculty by helping them make time for sustained, in-depth professional development. Scheduling scholarship in the form of on-going, long-term faculty learning communities (FLCs) link work in the classroom with research and reflection. The benefits of FLCs to two-year colleges include decreased isolation, intellectual stimulation, institutional problem-solving, professional credentials through scholarship, and promoting scholarly teaching. At our two-year college, we offer a variety of FLCs; anecdotally, they are received positively. In order to illustrate the impact of FLCs on the participants’ professional lives, we surveyed faculty who have been in these groups about their satisfaction and the impact that FLCs had on their workload. Overall, our survey revealed that faculty were quite positive about their FLC experiences, and they indicated that these enhanced their teaching and other professional responsibilities. This finding is consistent with surveys about faculty developme...
Progressive facial hemiatrophy following cervical sympathectomy in the rat.

Abstract Unilateral cervical sympathectomy of the month-old rat produced a condition simulating progressive facial hemiatrophy during a postoperative period of 2–4 months. While the gross extent of the lesion produced varied, the histological appearance was uniform; adipose tissue alone was diminished. Osseous, muscular and vascular structures of the facial skull appeared unaltered under these experimental conditions. No evidence of a neurotrophic influence on either the growth or maintenance of bone form was found. The mechanism of production of the adipose atrophy remains unknown.
Improved algorithm for all pairs shortest paths

We present an improved algorithm for all pairs shortest paths. For a graph of n vertices our algorithm runs in O(n3(log log n/log n)5/7) time. This improves the best previous result which runs in O(n3(log log n/log n)1/2) time.
Urinary and Fecal Incontinence After Bariatric Surgery

Morbidly obese women have markedly high rates of urinary and fecal incontinence. Weight loss reduces prevalence and severity of urinary incontinence; however, the effect of weight loss on fecal incontinence is unknown. The aim of this study was to document the prevalence of urinary and fecal incontinence in subjects who underwent bariatric surgery and associated weight loss. We mailed a detailed survey to all 404 adults who underwent bariatric surgery at the University of Wisconsin prior to May 2006. Type and severity of urinary and fecal incontinence was obtained using previously validated questionnaires. Perceived effect of surgery on bowel and bladder function was also assessed. Forty-eight percent (193) of the surveys were returned. Urinary incontinence was reported in 72% of the women, 39% of whom perceived improvement after surgery. Only 21% of the men reported urinary incontinence. In contrast, fecal incontinence was common in both men and women; 48% of the women and 42% of the men reported liquid stool incontinence and 21% of the women and 30% of the men reported solid stool incontinence. Fifty-five percent of the women and 31% of the men with fecal incontinence perceived worsening after surgery. Women with diarrhea were four times more likely to report fecal incontinence (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, women who perceived worsening of diarrhea after surgery were significantly more likely to have fecal incontinence (P = 0.003). Both fecal and urinary incontinence were common after bariatric surgery. Risk factors for fecal incontinence in women after bariatric surgery include diarrhea and worsening of diarrhea; we suggest that such surgery may uncover prior weaknesses in the continence mechanism.
Ellipsis and discourse coherence

VP-ellipsis generally requires a syntactically matching antecedent. However, many documented examples exist where the antecedent is not appropriate. Kehler (2000, 2002) proposed an elegant theory which predicts a syntactic antecedent for an elided VP is required only for a certain discourse coherence relation (resemblance) not for cause-effect relations. Most of the data Kehler used to motivate his theory come from corpus studies and thus do not consist of true minimal pairs. We report five experiments testing predictions of the coherence theory, using standard minimal pair materials. The results raise questions about the empirical basis for coherence theory because parallelism is preferred for all coherence relations, not just resemblance relations. Further, strict identity readings, which should not be available when a syntactic antecedent is required, are influenced by parallelism per se, holding the discourse coherence relation constant. This draws into question the causal role of coherence relations in processing VP ellipsis.
Secondary Prevention in Heart Failure

Although most recent investigations into sudden cardiac death prevention in heart failure patients have been focused on primary prevention, secondary indications for defibrillators and medical therapy remain vitally important in this complex patient group. Antiarrhythmic therapy is currently used primarily as adjuvant therapy to implantable defibrillators. Secondary prophylaxis defibrillator trials have shown clear benefit in preventing recurrent sudden cardiac death, despite concern over inappropriate shocks and the potential detrimental effects of appropriate shocks. Device programming for secondary prophylaxis can help ameliorate these issues. This article discusses these issues as well as the continued underuse of defibrillators in specific populations.
On the integral closure of a half-factorial domain

A half-factorial domain (HFD), R, is an atomic integral domain where given any two products of irreducible elements of R: α1α2⋯αn=β1β2⋯βm then n=m. As a natural generalization of unique factorization domains (UFD), one wishes to investigate which “good” properties of UFDs that HFDs possess. In particular, it has been conjectured that the integral closure of a half-factorial domain is again a HFD (see Non-Noetherian Commutative Ring Theory, Mathematics and its applications, Vol. 520, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2000, pp. 97–115. for example). In this paper we produce an example that demonstrates that the integral closure of a HFD does not even have to be atomic. We shall investigate the failure of this conjecture closely and highlight some cases where the conjecture does indeed hold.
Electrospray cone-jet breakup and droplet production for electrolyte solutions

The production of charge droplets via the electrospray of an electrolyte is experimentally and theoretically found to be a Coulombic fission phenomenon that occurs when induced space charge at the microjet interface reaches a critical density as the charge separation approaches the Bjerrum length. The field surrounding the cone is dominated by the Taylor harmonic, which is responsible for inducing space charge within an interfacial Debye layer, such that the jet breakup length and plume angle are strong functions of both the ionic strength and interfacial surface tension.
Deformation and magnetization of the Hudson Valley, eastern New York: Results of a study of calcite twinning and anisotropy of magnetic remanence in the Onondaga Limestone

Abstract Results of a study of calcite-twin analysis and anisotropy of anhysteretic remanent magnetization (AARM) for the Onondaga Limestone in the Hudson Valley Fold and Thrust belt (HVB), raise questions about the deformation history of this area and the nature of AARM. Two bedding parallel shortening directions are inferred from calcite twinning: one normal to HVB fold axes, NW-SE to ENE-WSW, and the other at high angles to this direction, NNE-SSW to N-S. Two hypotheses are put forward to explain the inconsistent shortening direction: (1) even during the initial stages of folding and thrusting in the HVB, deformation was three-dimensional in character; (2) the HVB developed synchronous with Main phase Alleghanian deformation. AARM results are consistent with the magnetic anisotropy being in part caused by the deformation associated with folding and thrusting. This is a surprising result because the magnetization is presumably of diagenetic origin, and it was acquired after folding.
Carbon tetrachloride and the sorbitol pathway in the diabetic mouse.

Abstract 1. 1. Sorbitol dehydrogenase activity and the hepatic and serum concentrations of sorbitol, glucose and fructose were quantified in diabetic mice. 2. 2. Blood glucose concentrations were increased over 300% by diabetes and were decreased toward normal after insulin-treatment. 3. 3. Hepatic sorbitol concentrations ranged from 7–15 μmol/g and were highest in uncontrolled diabetic mice. 4. 4. Hepatic concentrations of fructose and sorbitol were not affected by insulin administration. 5. 5. Challenge with carbon tetrachloride (25 μl/kg i.p.) did not alter concentratiions of glucose, sorbitol or fructose in blood or liver. 6. 6. Sorbitol dehydrogenase activity in blood was increased similarly in normal, diabetic and insulin-treated diabetic mice after CCl4 administration. 7. 7. The data indicate that sorbitol did not accumulate in diabetic mice, and that induction of diabetes did not increase the susceptibility of mice to CCl4 hepatotoxicity as occurs in rats.
110 k superconductivity in crystallized Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O glasses

Abstract Superconducting transition temperatures near 110 K are observed in the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system with the nominal compositions Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca 3 Cu 4 O x and Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca 4 Cu 5 O x . Electrical resistivity, magnetization, and X-ray diffraction data are reported. Also discussed is the effect of heat treatment on the thermodynamic behavior of the superconducting phases in the rapidly quenched glasses.
Reference to shared past events and memories

Abstract This conversation analytic study examines how speakers make reference to events and memories they presume to be shared by their co-participants. By analyzing recognition checks with ( do you ) remember X in American English, this paper focuses on how remembering is elicited and how reference problems are resolved by participants in everyday talk. In terms of sequence organization, recognition checks with remember are found in pre-sequences and incidental sequences as part of a larger action. The reference to the past event may be embedded in the do you remember X construction, or it may follow it in a separate turn or TCU. Furthermore, ( do you ) remember recognition checks occur in different action environments, which include counter-challenges, claim-backing situations, and direction-giving environments. They serve to establish common ground among participants and to mark epistemic territories and knowledge domains. Therefore, this study discusses the role of epistemics as reflected in the use of recognition checks with remember to support claims, and to elicit uptake and confirmation from participants.
Neurological Manifestations of Infective Endocarditis: A Review

Neurological complications are seen in patients with bacterial endocarditis and their incidence has not changed with the advent of antibiotics. Patients with abnormal neurological signs have a grave prognosis. Neurological sequelae of bacterial endocarditis are most often due to septic embolization producing ischemia and/or suppuration, resulting in infarction, hemorrhage, meningoencephalitis, or abscess. Clinical findings vary with the portion of the nervous system affected. The diagnosis should be suspected in the febrile patient with neurological signs of acute onset, the young patient with hemiplegia, the older patient with sudden changes in mentation, or the patient of any age with multifocal neurological signs. Diagnostic measures should include a careful history and physical examination, blood cultures and lumbar puncture where not contraindicated. Treatment is based on therapy of the bacterial endocarditis with bactericidal drugs, and therapy of intracerebral lesions with drugs that penetrate the ...
Matching input with output helps balance management system components

Abstract How do we design input for management tools to really help managers manage? In approaching a manager's domain of responsibility as a system, we consider three essential system components: the management tools, the manager, and his or her operation. The manager and operation are collectively the user of the tools. Both the interface between the management tool and manager and the interface between the management tool and operation are critical for successfully understanding and designing those tools. In practice, the user deals with both interfaces at once. Information systems designers and designers of other management tools don't consider input formats as crucial to management tool design. They should! Because input and output are often iterative, matching the formats improves system balance. A balanced system implies successful management tools. For a strategic-, tactical-, operational-, or clerical-level endeavor, the best portrayal format will differ. Also, individual managers choose formats to support decision making. We must help the user translate between the basis for the decision and the effect of the resulting action. The measured changes in the operation are best translated as information if those changes are formatted consistently with the basis for the decision the changes reflect. A database application for a federal government budget office shows the importance of the concept. The manager generates his or her output format. The output format dictates the input format. For the wide variety of users on the system, there is an equally wide variety of information portrayal formats. Each user has individual needs from the system and preferences for interfacing with the system but shares tools, data, and information. True data or information sharing requires this concept. When looking at a domain of responsibility as a generalist, we define conditions for successful management tools. These conditions show input format design to be connected to and equally important to output design and influential on the success of the manager. Information specialists who design those tools must build in the same conditions.
The pressure tensor of an inhomogeneous fluid

The pressure tensor of an inhomogeneous fluid is important for understanding the nature of surface tension and its relationship to curvature. The pressure tensor depends on the specification of certain path integrals so that several forms are of interest each differing in the path along which the integrals are computed. We report the transformation of the Irving-Kirkwood pressure tensor in spherical geometries. The purpose of these transformations is to obtain forms suitable for application in computer simulations. This paper is a formulation of the Tsai method in terms of the Schofield and Henderson contour integral expression for the pressure tensor.
Uncovering a Hidden Distributed Architecture Behind Scale-free Transcriptional Regulatory Networks

Numerous studies in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have shown that, under standard growth conditions, less than 20% of the protein-coding genes are essential for survival. This suggests that biological systems have evolved to have a high degree of robustness to mutational disruptions that can affect the majority of their genes. This mutational robustness could arise either due to redundancy, i.e. direct backup, or due to distributed architecture, i.e. indirect backup where multiple genes contribute to the functioning of a process in the system. Despite clear evidence for direct backup, the prevalence of indirect backup is poorly understood. In this study, we reveal the existence of a hidden distributed architecture behind the scale-free transcriptional regulatory network of yeast by applying a unique network transformation procedure and show that the network is tolerant even to mutations that disrupt regulatory hubs. Contrary to what is generally accepted, our observation that hubs can be lost or replaced in evolution suggests that this hidden distributed architecture behind scale-free networks protects the overall transcriptional program of the organism from mutations affecting major regulatory hubs. We show that the distributed architecture has been provided by an unexpectedly large number of coordinating partners for any regulatory protein. On the basis of these findings, we propose that the existence of such architecture can allow organisms to explore the adaptive landscape in changing environments by providing the plasticity required to reprogram levels of expression of specific genes that may enhance survival. Thus, an "over-engineered" backup system in the form of distributed architecture is likely to be a major determinant of the "evolvability" of the gene expression in organisms faced with environmental diversity.
PVN infusion of GLP-1-(7—36) amide suppresses feeding but does not induce aversion or alter locomotion in rats

Intracerebroventricular infusion of glucagon-like peptide-1-(7—36) amide (GLP-1) reduces feeding in rats, an effect that could be localized to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Intrac...
Nutrition in chronic disease management in the elderly.

Older Americans experience chronic disease at rates well above other segments of our society. Rates of health services use are also 2 to 3 times that of younger age groups. The most rapidly growing segments of America's aging population are also its most nutritionally vulnerable—women, minorities, and those 85 years of age and older. The routine incorporation of nutrition screening and intervention into chronic disease management protocols will lower healthcare services usage, decrease healthcare costs, help relieve the burden of human suffering experienced by older Americans with chronic disease, and improve quality of life for our nation's elders.
Characteristics of spoilage-associated secondary cucumber fermentation.

Secondary fermentations during the bulk storage of fermented cucumbers can result in spoilage that causes a total loss of the fermented product, at an estimated cost of $6,000 to $15,000 per affected tank. Previous research has suggested that such fermentations are the result of microbiological utilization of lactic acid and the formation of acetic, butyric, and propionic acids. The objectives of this study were to characterize the chemical and environmental conditions associated with secondary cucumber fermentations and to isolate and characterize potential causative microorganisms. Both commercial spoilage samples and laboratory-reproduced secondary fermentations were evaluated. Potential causative agents were isolated based on morphological characteristics. Two yeasts, Pichia manshurica and Issatchenkia occidentalis, were identified and detected most commonly concomitantly with lactic acid utilization. In the presence of oxygen, yeast metabolic activities lead to lactic acid degradation, a small decline in the redox potential (Eh, Ag/AgCl, 3 M KCl) of the fermentation brines, and an increase in pH to levels at which bacteria other than the lactic acid bacteria responsible for the primary fermentation can grow and produce acetic, butyric, and propionic acids. Inhibition of these yeasts by allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) resulted in stabilization of the fermented medium, while the absence of the preservative resulted in the disappearance of lactic and acetic acids in a model system. Additionally, three Gram-positive bacteria, Lactobacillus buchneri, a Clostridium sp., and Pediococcus ethanolidurans, were identified as potentially relevant to different stages of the secondary fermentation. The unique opportunity to study commercial spoilage samples generated a better understanding of the microbiota and environmental conditions associated with secondary cucumber fermentations.
Vibrational spectroscopy: a tool being developed for the noninvasive monitoring of wound healing

Wound care and management accounted for over 1.8 million hospital discharges in 2009. The complex nature of wound physiology involves hundreds of overlapping processes that we have only begun to understand over the past three decades. The management of wounds remains a significant challenge for inexperienced clinicians. The ensuing inflammatory response ultimately dictates the pace of wound healing and tissue regeneration. Consequently, the eventual timing of wound closure or definitive coverage is often subjective. Some wounds fail to close, or dehisce, despite the use and application of novel wound-specific treatment modalities. An understanding of the molecular environment of acute and chronic wounds throughout the wound-healing process can provide valuable insight into the mechanisms associated with the patient's outcome. Pathologic alterations of wounds are accompanied by fundamental changes in the molecular environment that can be analyzed by vibrational spectroscopy. Vibrational spectroscopy, specifically Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, offers the capability to accurately detect and identify the various molecules that compose the extracellular matrix during wound healing in their native state. The identified changes might provide the objective markers of wound healing, which can then be integrated with clinical characteristics to guide the management of wounds.
Coordination Control of a Human/Manipulator System

In this paper, a new type of coordination called operator manipulator coordination control (OMCC) is developed. A primary goal is the development of technology to constitute a robotic human assist system to allow an individual worker to accomplish tasks with which the size of the workpiece is too large or heavy for an unassisted worker to handle. Implicit in the human assisted scheme is force feedback and control. In OMCC, an H-infinity optimal controller integrates the system and the human operator with explicit force control. Since the human operator is modeled as a time-varying environment, the control method has the effect of robustfying the closed loop system performance to the disturbances applied by the human operator. The experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm.
TrkB Agonists Ameliorate Obesity and Associated Metabolic Conditions in Mice

Mutations in the tyrosine kinase receptor trkB or in one of its natural ligands, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), lead to severe hyperphagia and obesity in rodents and/or humans. Here, we show that peripheral administration of neurotrophin-4 (NT4), the second natural ligand for trkB, suppresses appetite and body weight in a dose-dependent manner in several murine models of obesity. NT4 treatment increased lipolysis, reduced body fat content and leptin, and elicited long-lasting amelioration of hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia. After treatment termination, body weight gradually recovered to control levels in obese mice with functional leptin receptor. A single intrahypothalamic application of minute amounts of NT4 or an agonist trkB antibody also reduced food intake and body weight in mice. Taken together with the genetic evidence, our findings support the concept that trkB signaling, which originates in the hypothalamus, directly modulates appetite, metabolism, and taste preference downstream of the leptin and melanocortin 4 receptor. The trkB agonists mediate anorexic and weight-reducing effects independent of stress induction, visceral discomfort, or pain sensitization and thus emerge as a potential therapeutic for metabolic disorders.
Using Language Sampling to Measure Language Growth

Abstract This article illustrates how speech-language pathologists (SLPs) can use language sampling and growth curve modeling (GCM) to examine the language growth rates of English Language Learners. GCM data on language samples provides SLPs with powerful, new tools to evaluate actual progress over time instead of relying on single, static measurement endpoints to determine typical development.
Collaborative Authoring on the Web: Introducing WebDAV.

Norme WebDAV, pour la gestion des contenus Web de Internet, des intranets et des extranets: utilisation de cette norme pour effectuer un travail en cooperation sur Internet
A non-slewing opamp for oversampled converters

In this paper we present circuit design and simulation results for a non-slewing opamp. The non-slewing behavior of this op amp is particularly well suited for oversampled sigma-delta converters and can be exploited to reduce the bandwidth requirements for such converters. The technique presented is general and can be applied to most op amp topologies. To validate our technique design results for an example opamp are also included in the paper.
964PIMPACT OF BODY MASS INDEX ON OUTCOMES AFTER AUTOLOGOUS HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION

ABSTRACT Aim: Obesity is an increasingly prevalent problem worldwide, even in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In the setting of HSCT, obesity may contribute to poorer outcomes due to excess inflammation, comorbidities, and lack of standard chemotherapy dosing resulting to more toxicity or decreased curative outcomes. We aimed to investigate the association of Body Mass Index (BMI) to overall survival and treatment-related complications in autologous HSCT recipents. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed outcomes of 130 recipients of autologous HSCT for multiple myeloma (n = 126) and amyloidosis (n = 4) in our institution from 2006 to 2012. We categorized patients by BMI as normal ( Results: For conditioning regimen, 122 patients received melphalan (mel) 200 mg/m2, 5 received mel 140 mg/m2, 1 received mel 100 mg/m2 and 2 received busulfan/cyclophosphamide. 32 (25%) patients had a BMI of Conclusions: Overweight and obesity were not associated with worse overall survival after autologous HSCT for multiple myeloma and amyloidosis. However, a BMI >25 was associated with more GI toxicity and a BMI >30 was associated with increased incidence of AKI. Further investigation is warranted to elucidate the cause/s of the observed associations. Disclosure: All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
Musings on Models and the Genius of Jens Rasmussen

Two well-known Rasmussen models, the skill-rule knowledge (SRK) paradigm and the abstraction hierarchy, are compared to well-known models in both physics and psychology. Some of the latter are quantitative and make explicit predictions; some are qualitative, such as the Rasmussen models, being more useful for provoking thought about the relevant issues. Each of the Rasmussen models is evaluated with respect to six-attribute model taxonomy recently introduced by the author. The SRK model is shown to characterize modern automation as well as human behavior, with computer and physical devices exhibiting the a skill-based, rule-based and knowledge-based properties, and with monitoring and intermittent intervention by a human supervisor. A further suggestion is that the Rasmussen abstraction hierarchy could be applied not only to systems such as air traffic control but also to general situations of living.
Affective Aporetics: Complementary Contradictions in the Interpretation of Friedrich Nietzsche

In 1971, Wolfgang Muller-Lauter introduced his study of Nietzsche as an investigation into the history of modern nihilism in which “contradiction” forms the central thread of the argument. For Muller-Lauter, the interpretive task is not to demonstrate the overall coherence or incoherence of Nietzsche’s philosophy, but to examine Nietzsche’s “philosophy of contradiction.” Against those such as Karl Jaspers, Karl Lowith and Martin Heidegger, Muller-Lauter argued that contradiction is the foundation of Nietzsche’s thought, and not a problem to be corrected or cast aside for exegetical or political purposes. For Muller-Lauter, contradiction qua incompatibility (not just mere opposition) holds a key to Nietzsche’s affective vision of philosophy. Beginning with the relationship between will to power and eternal recurrence, in this paper I examine aspects of Muller-Lauter’s account of Nietzsche’s philosophy of contradiction specifically in relation to the counter-interpretations offered by two other German commentators of Nietzsche, Leo Strauss and Karl Lowith, in order to confirm Muller-Lauter’s suggestion that contradiction is indeed an operative engine of Nietzsche’s thought. Indeed contradiction is a key Nietzschean theme and an important dynamic of becoming which enables the subject to be revealed as a “multiplicity” ( BGE §12) and as a “fiction” (KSA 12:9[91]). Following Muller-Lauter’s assertion that for Nietzsche the problem of nihilism is fundamentally synonymous with the struggle of contradiction experienced by will to power, this paper interprets Nietzsche’s philosophy of contradiction in terms of subjective, bodily life (rather than in terms of logical incoherences or ontological inconsistencies). Against the backdrop of nihilism, the “self” (and its related place holder the “subject”), I will argue, becomes the psycho-physiological battlespace for the struggle and articulation of “contradiction” in Nietzsche’s thought.
Dental Variation in Black Carib Populations

Many recent studies have demonstrated that tooth size and morphology may be used to assess population affinities among groups that have experienced varying degrees of microdifferentiation (Bailit et al., 1968; Bailit, 1975; Baume and Crawford, 1978; Boyd, 1972; Crawford et al., 1975; Friedlaender, 1975; O’Rourke, 1916a,b; O’Rourke and Crawford, 1976, 1980; Sofaer et al., 1972). While the dental traits themselves may be evolutionarily somewhat more conservative than simpler genetic polymorphisms, their relative ease of collection, permanence, and traditional importance in macroevolutionary studies make them an important and appropriate data base from which to evaluate trends in microevolution.