cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relationships between alcohol problems and well-being, work attitudes, and performance: are they monotonic?

Abstract Purpose. Investigators who have examined the relationship between work characteristics and off-the-job alcohol consumption or problems have typically assumed a linear or monotonic relationship (e.g., as work pressures increase, so do alcohol consumption and problems). In the present study, we examine this monotonicity assumption by investigating the nature of the relationships between alcohol problems and multiple demographic, work attitude, well-being, and work performance variables. Method. Survey data and data from company records were collected from a large sample of blue- and white-collar employees (N=2,279). Participation was voluntary, confidential, and compensated with a $20 payment. Results. Evidence for several different types of statistical relationships between alcohol problems and other variables were found through both analyses of variance (ANOVA) and covariance (ANCOVA). There were several variables that were linearly related to alcohol problems. There was also some support for a “threshold” effect where only the most problematic drinkers (2.6% of sample) showed declines on job attitude and general well-being indices. In some cases, those who drank but report no alcohol problems showed significantly more positive job and life attitudes than either those who abstained or those who had relatively more alcohol problems. Implications. We conclude that strict linearly based relationships might not necessarily explain the work-to-drink relationship most effectively.
A human SPT3-TAFII31-GCN5-L acetylase complex distinct from transcription factor IID.

In yeast, SPT3 is a component of the multiprotein SPT-ADA-GCN5 acetyltransferase (SAGA) complex that integrates proteins with transcription coactivator/adaptor functions (ADAs and GCN5), histone acetyltransferase activity (GCN5), and core promoter-selective functions (SPTs) involving interactions with the TATA-binding protein (TBP). In particular, yeast SPT3 has been shown to interact directly with TBP. Here we report the molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding a human homologue of yeast SPT3. Amino acid sequence comparisons between human SPT3 (hSPT3) and its counterparts in different yeast species reveal three highly conserved domains, with the most conserved 92-amino acid N-terminal domain being 25% identical with human TAFII18. Despite the significant sequence similarity with TAFII18, native hSPT3 is not a bona fide TAFII because it is not associated in vivoeither with human TBP/TFIID or with a TFIID-related TBP-free TAFII complex. However, we present evidence that hSPT3 is associated in vivo with TAFII31 and the recently described longer form of human GCN5 (hGCN5-L) in a novel human complex that has histone acetyltransferase activity. We propose that the human SPT3-TAFII31-GCN5-L acetyltransferase (STAGA) complex is a likely homologue of the yeast SAGA complex.
Medication-associated diethylene glycol mass poisoning: A review and discussion on the origin of contamination

Diethylene glycol (DEG), an extremely toxic chemical, has been implicated as the etiologic agent in at least 12 medication-associated mass poisonings over the last 70 years. Why DEG mass poisonings occur remains unclear. Most reports do not contain detailed reports of trace-back investigations into the etiology. The authors, therefore, conducted a systematic literature review on potential etiologies of these mass poisonings. The current available evidence suggests that substitution of DEG or DEG-containing compounds for pharmaceutical ingredients results from: (1) deception as to the true nature of certain ingredients by persons at some point in the pharmaceutical manufacturing process, and (2) failure to adhere to standardized quality control procedures in manufacturing pharmaceutical products intended for consumers. We discuss existing guidelines and new recommendations for prevention of these incidents.
Models of maar volcanoes, Lunar Crater (Nevada, USA)

Maar volcanoes are generally understood to be the result of highly energetic, explosive interaction between magma and water (groundwater or surface water). Two end-member conceptual models have been proposed to explain the dimensions (diameter, depth) of maar craters: (1) an incremental growth model, where a crater grows due to subsidence and ejection of debris over the course of many explosions, and the final size is an integrated result of multiple explosive events; (2) a model in which the dimensions of a maar crater are the result of the largest single explosion during the lifetime of the maar (major-explosion dominated model). In the latter case, the maar size can be used to estimate the energy and depth of the largest explosion, which in turn allows estimation of the magma mass involved. This paper describes Lunar Crater maar (Nevada, USA) and tests the two models as explanations for the characteristics of the volcano, in particular the major-explosion dominated model. This model implies magma mass and supply rates that are unrealistic, and the tephra at the maar do not contain key features observed in the ejecta at large single-explosion craters. The incremental growth model seems most suitable based upon geological evidence.
The value of communication in resource allocation decisions

. This article examines the value of communication in a setting in which the owner and the manager of a firm differentially share the costs and benefits of information acquisition. Absent communication, the optimal contract induces allocative distortions to enhance the information content (about whether the manager expended effort in searching for additional information pertinent to the allocation decision) of the observed output. Communication has value because it reduces the value of the information externality in the observed output and, thus, reduces allocative distortions. Hence, the results lend support to the use of accounting reports (e.g., budgets) and ex post monitoring of decisions (e.g., an internal audit) in managerial performance evaluation. However, unless the manager's search is observable, it is optimal to use the information in the observed outcomes in compensating the manager. This finding highlights that the optimality of observed resource allocation practices cannot be evaluated independently of the larger problem of motivating the manager to acquire pertinent information because the information acquisition and resource allocation problems cannot be decomposed. Resume. L'auteur examine la valeur de la communication dans un environnement dans lequel le proprietaire et le gestionnaire d'une entreprise partagent de facon differente les couts et les avantages de l'acquisition d'information. Si la communication est inexistante, le contrat optimal induira des distorsions dans l'affectation des ressources visant a augmenter le contenu en information (relativement a l'ampleur des efforts deployes par le gestionnaire pour obtenir de l'information supplementaire pertinente a la decision d'affectation) des resultats observes. La valeur de la communication reside dans le fait qu'elle reduit celle de l'exteriorite de l'information dans les resultats observes et, par consequent, diminue les distorsions dans l'affectation des ressources. Les resultats viennent donc appuyer l'utilisation des rapports comptables (les budgets, par exemple) et du controle a posteriori des decisions (la verification interne, par exemple) dans l'evaluation du rendement du gestionnaire. Toutefois, a moins que la recherche d'information par le gestionnaire ne soil observable, il est optimal d'utiliser l'information contenue dans les resultats observes pour decider de la remuneration du gestionnaire. Cette conclusion met en relief le fait que le caractere optimal des methodes observees d'affectation des ressources ne peut etre evalue isolement du probleme plus large de la motivation du gestionnaire a faire l'acquisition de l'information pertinente, les problemes d'acquisition d'information et d'affectation des ressources etant indissociables.
Slow Wave In Fluid-Filled Fractures: What is Missing In Biot¿s Theory?

Permeability values consistently demonstrate that measurements at field scale (hundreds of meters to kilometers) show an increase of several orders of magnitude compared to values obtained at laboratory scales. This behavior finds an explanation in a self-similar distribution of fractures in rocks, an explanation supported by the wide-scale applicability of the Gutenberg-Richter law for distribution of earthquakes and seismic emission. Dramatic changes in permeability suggest the predominant role of fractures in fluid-flow processes at field scales, and that at those scales we can neglect fluid flow in pores. This explains why classical Biot’s theory, while occasionally working well at laboratory scale, fails to describe the wave properties observed in the field—the interaction among fluid-filled fractures and an elastic, embedding matrix does not have the proper description. However, incorporation of matrix elasticity for fluid-filled fracture model leads to the existence of slow Stoneley guided waves with distinct dispersive properties. Phase velocity and attenuation of these waves are described by simple formulas in a general case of a viscous fluid. Stoneley guided waves carry most of energy and are capable of producing resonances in finite fractures at low frequencies. These resonances likely cause the strong nonlinear behavior of fluid reservoirs and may be a driving mechanism for fluid mobilization in rocks.
Role of the anterior hypothalamus-preoptic area in the regulation of reproductive behavior in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis: implantation studies.

Abstract Testosterone propionate and free testosterone implants placed in the anterior hypothalamus-preoptic area restored sexual behavior in castrated, sexually inactive Anolis carolinensis . Implants into other areas of the brain had no effect on male courtship behavior. Examination of secondary sex structures (renal sex segments) gave no indication of steriod leakage into peripheral plasma. It is concluded that the anterior hypothalamus-preoptic area is a primary site of androgen action in the mediation of sexual behavior in the male lizard, A. carolinensis .
A mechanism of void growth in the region of the plastic zone ahead of a crack-tip

The mechanism of void growth in the region of the plastic zone ahead of a crack tip proposed earlier is further developed. As a result of partial annihilation of lattice dislocations representing the plastic zone with elastic dislocations representing the void, ledge steps are formed on the void surface causing void growth. A detailed dislocation model of the mechanism of void growth is illustrated using both the discrete dislocation analysis and the continuous distribution method. The latter is particularly developed to provide the scaling methods, so that the results can be readily obtained for different sizes of the crack and the void as well as for different positions of the void with respect to the crack. Application of these results to void growth in the region of the plastic zone ahead of a crack tip subjected to alternating stresses and creep is also suggested.
Nations at War: A Scientific Study of International Conflict

Nations at War provides an explanation of war in international politics grounded on data-based, empirical research. The book classifies and synthesizes the research findings of over 500 quantitative analyses of war at the analytic level of the state, dyad, region, and international system. Because wars follow from political decisions, two basic decision-making models - the rational and the non-rational - are examined in relation to the explanatory framework of the volume. In addition, case analyses of two wars - the Iran/Iraq War (1980), and World War I (1914) - are provided as demonstrations of scientifically-based explanations of historical events. The primary structural factors responsible for the onset and seriousness of war are identified and the explanations are developed according to the scientific model of 'covering laws'. The conclusion presents a discussion of the potential for probabilistic conditional predictions of conflict within the context of war and peace studies.
Transient and Steady‐State Solute Transport Through a Large Unsaturated Soil Column

The use of steady-state models can sometimes reduce the computational resources and input data required for solution of transient transport problems. A large column experiment was performed to test whether solute transport parameters determined from a steady flow experiment may be used in transient, unsaturated flow and transport model predictions. Tritiated water and bromide were applied at a steady rate to the top of a 0.95 m diameter by 6 m deep soil column containing unsaturated soil. After 10 days, tracers were eliminated from the irrigation water. When the soil moisture content within the column ceased to change, another 10-day pulse of tritiated water and bromide was applied, followed by water without tracers. Transport model parameters were determined through optimization, using breakthrough curves observed at various depths. The tritiated water and bromide pulses lagged behind the wetting front during infiltration into the relatively dry soil. The bromide pulse moved 17–20% faster than the tritiated water pulse, because of anion exclusion. Breakthrough curves for the transient and steady-state experiments were similar. Because the solute fronts lagged significantly behind the moisture fronts, steady-state transport parameters, when used in a fully transient numerical model, fairly described the transport under transient conditions.
Synthesis of Epoxide Polymers of Steroidal Compounds

A series of twenty ethylene oxide and propylene oxide addition polymers of ursolic acid and some of its derivatives have been made and characterized. In addition, an ethylene oxide and propylene oxide polymer of cholic acid and ethylene oxide polymers of vitamin A, vitamin D 2 , vitamin E, cortisone, estradiol, and testosterone are reported. Attempts to prepare steroidal polymers with highly branched or crosslinked side chains by using glycidol and epichlorhydrin were unsuccessful. The most acceptable structures as determined from molecular weight and solubility data were determined. Percentage polyalkylene oxide content, solubilities, and molecular weight or chain length distributions are presented.
Effects of hunger and cul complexity on T-maze performance.

Summary.-The study was designed to test the hypothesis that persistent performance errors which cannot be attributed to incomplete Learning may be exploratory responses. As hypothesized, both latency and error scores were higher for Ss having access to the complex cul in the T maze ban Ss denied access, and Ss 22 hr. hungry performed better than Ss 10 hr. hungry. The data suggest however that hunger neither "inhibits" nor "facilirates" exploration but each drive source may elicit competing or complementary responses. Few st~ldies have been designed to clarify the role exploration plays in maze performance, though Harlow as early as ( 1959) suggested that persistent performance errors may be atuibuted to the "exploratory drive." Most learning experiments have been designed to minimize exploration, with the result thac errors, particularly those occurring during the acquisition phase, have largely been explained in terms of incomplete learning. Since most learning experiments have been terminated when an arbitrary criterion was reached, errors thac might occur after criterion have not been recognized as a problem to be explained. However, in some experiments (Harlow & Hicks, 1957; Kendrick, 1958), where trials have been continued beyond some commonly accepted criterion level of performance, it is evident thac errors continue to occur and may even increase. While such errors may be glibly explained by reference to the "exploracory drive," further information about the way this "drive" functions is needed. This study is an effort to obtain such information in order to clarify some of the relevant problems. For example, there is disagreement as to the role of stimulus novelty as a determinant of exploratory "drive" strength. Berlyne (1955, 1960) suggests that, if S is recently and frequently exposed to a stimulus, that stimulus loses its novelty and thus will not arouse the exploratory "drive." If this is true, then the exploratory "drive" should not be an important factor in the late stages of task performance, when novelty is at a minimum. Harlow (1959), however, attributes the errors occurring after many trials on the task to the functioning of the exploratory drive. There is also disagreement as to the effects of a homeostatic drive upon the exploratory drive. Montgomery (1953) suggests that the exploratory drive is inhibited by hunger. In contrast, other Es (Zimbardo & Miller, 1958) found thac hunger "facilitates" exploration in rats. Montgomery's 1953 data further suggest that stim~ilus novelty is dependent upon the homeostatic drive state pres
Shock compression of simple liquids: Implications for deuterium

Abstract This report summarizes research on shock-compressed liquids: argon, xenon, nitrogen, and hydrogen. The purpose is to illustrate the common thread that connects all of these studies with the recent work on deuterium.
Using simulation-optimization to construct screening strategies for cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Cervical screening is critical for preventing this type of cancer. Traditionally, screening strategies are evaluated from an economic point of view through cost-effectiveness analysis. However, cost-effectiveness analysis is typically performed on a limited number of de facto or predetermined screening policies. We develop a simulation-optimization model to determine the ages at which screening should be performed, resulting in dynamic, age-based screening policies. We consider three performance measures: cervical cancer incidence, the number of cervical cancer deaths, and the number of life years lost due to cervical cancer death. Using each performance measure, we compare our optimal, dynamic screening strategies to standard policies considered in the health screening literature that are static and predetermined. We also evaluate the anticipated impact of vaccinations for preventing cervical cancer. The strategies that are developed are compared to those used in practice or considered in the literature. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends one screening every 3 years, resulting in 14 scheduled lifetime screenings. Our dynamic screening strategies provide approximately the same health benefits as this but with four to six fewer scheduled screenings, depending on the performance measure considered. Our dynamic strategies also provide approximately the same health benefits as screening every 2 years, but with six to nine fewer scheduled screenings. The results suggest that dynamic, age-based cervical cancer screening policies offer substantial economic savings in order to offer the same health benefits as equally spaced screening strategies.
Are Facet Joint Bone Marrow Lesions and Other Facet Joint Features Associated With Low Back Pain? A Pilot Study

Objective To determine the frequency of facet joint (FJ) bone marrow lesions, high FJ periarticular signal intensity, and FJ effusions in a convenience sample of patients with axial low back pain (LBP). Design A cross-sectional pilot study with retrospective data collection. Setting Outpatient spine clinics. Patients Sixty-four adults with axial LBP scheduled to receive an FJ intra-articular corticosteroid injection. Methods Clinical data were abstracted from the medical record by 1 physician, who was blinded to results of the magnetic resonance imaging evaluations. A musculoskeletal radiologist blinded to clinical information performed standardized assessments of the L1-S1 spinal levels for FJ bone marrow lesions, effusions, and high periarticular signal intensity on lumbar magnetic resonance imaging, including short tau inversion recovery sequences. We calculated the frequency of these FJ features and used generalized estimating equations to examine side-specific associations between the location of FJ features and the side on which LBP was experienced. Results The sample included 64 participants with a mean (standard deviation) age of 59.9 ± 14.5 years. FJ bone marrow lesions were present in 64.1%, effusions in 70.3%, and high periarticular signal intensity in 65.6% of participants. All the features were most common at the L4-L5 level. These FJ features showed significant associations with the side on which LBP was experienced or statistical trends toward an association, with or without adjustment for age, gender, and body mass index. The strongest side-specific associations were seen for the number of bone marrow lesions (odds ratio [OR] 1.60 [95% confidence interval {CI},1.05-2.43]), any FJ effusion (OR 2.23 [95% CI, 1.02-4.85]), and the number of joints with high periarticular signal intensity (OR 1.75 [95% CI, 1.16-2.63]). Conclusions FJ bone marrow lesions, effusions, and high periarticular signal intensity were common in this sample of patients with axial LBP and substantially more frequent than in prior reports from unselected samples of patients with or without radicular pain. These FJ features demonstrate side-specific associations with LBP. Further study of associations between these FJ features and LBP are warranted.
The Ecole des Beaux-Arts: Toward a Gendered History

The question, raised by a male student in my twentieth-century architecture course, was simple: "What happened to women in architecture at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts after Julia Morgan?" The answer, I found, is not. But first, why is it important? That women constitute half the human population is obvious, that excluding women from the Ecole des Beaux-Arts (purported to be open to all students of merit between fifteen and thirty years of age) challenged the logic of universal rights held by the French Republic and contradicted the claim of equality and justice for all, is less so. To address the problem, I would like to begin by quoting an essay by renowned historian Keith Thomas, "New Ways in History" in the Times Literary Supplement , October 2006. Discussing changes in the historian's profession over the past forty years and the broadening of its perspective by drawing on other disciplines such as geography, art history, literary theory, and linguistics, Thomas pointed out the impact of poststructuralism and postmodernism in generating debate about knowledge of the past, and the transparency of facts versus constructed versions of the past. Historians today, he noted, are pragmatic and critical of their sources; they know sources do not mirror reality, that certain "facts" are contestable, and that events look different to different observers. But they also know that some things in the past really did happen, and that historians can often find out what they were. Referring to the rise of feminism in the 1970s, which led to a fundamental reassessment of how history should be written, Thomas concluded, "Above all, it has become mandatory for all historians to consider the gender aspect of their topic, whatever it may be, with the strong implication that not to do so is as much a moral failure as …
Temporal evolution of radar echoes associated with mesospheric dust clouds after turn-on of radio wave heating

[1] The initial perturbation of polar mesospheric summer echoes PMSEs during radio wave heating provides significant diagnostic information about the charged dust layer associated with the irregularity source region. Comparison between the results of computational models and the observation data can be used as a tool to estimate charged dust layer parameters. An analytical model is developed and compared to a more accurate computational model as a reference to investigate the possibilities for diagnostic information as well as insight into the physical processes after heater turn-on. During radio wave heating of the mesosphere, which modifies the background electron temperature, various temporal evolution characteristics of irregularity amplitude may be observed which depend on the background plasma parameters and the characteristics of the dust layer. Turn-on overshoot due to the dominant electron charging process and turn-on undershoot resulting from the dominant ambipolar diffusion process, that can occur simultaneously at different radar frequencies, have been studied. The maximum and minimum of the electron density irregularity amplitude and the time at which this amplitude has been achieved as well as the decay time of irregularity amplitude after the maximum amplitude are unique observables that can shed light on the physical processes after the turn-on of the pump heating and to diagnose the charged dust layer. The agreement between the computational and analytical results are good and indicate the simplified analytical model may be used to provide considerable insight into the heating process and serve as the basis for a diagnostic model after heater turn-on. Moreover, the work proposes that conducting PMSE active experiments in the HF and VHF band simultaneously may allow estimation of the dust density altitude profile, dust charge state variation during pump heating, and ratio of electron temperature enhancement in the irregularity source region.
Administrative reform in developing countries: A comparative perspective

This study investigates administrative reform in seven Arab states, delineates common problems and describes general tendencies via content analysis of official statements. The study deals with reform in three major phases: defining administrative problems and needs; developing strategies for reform; and developing instruments of action for implementation. Appraisal of reform efforts discloses mediocre results based on a poor implementation record attributable to incongruities of methods and objectives of reform. Among such incongruities are the conventional limitations of bureaucracy, the copying of Western administrative rationality in form if not in substance, and insufficient attention paid to traditional, cultural, religious, and political contexts of administration. Recognizing the difficulties involved in conceptualizing and implementing reform in any society, the analysis offers several recommendations to improve the outcome of reform efforts, among them: encouraging employee involvement in reform decisions; improving collected diagnostic data; providing special training for employees responsible for managing reform; soliciting unwavering political commitment; developing incentive systems; and replacing the piecemeal approach with reliance on a systems perspective.
Tanikolide, a toxic and antifungal lactone from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula.

A new brine-shrimp toxic and antifungal compound, tanikolide 1, has been isolated from the lipid extract of a Madagascan collection of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. The structure of tanikolide was determined by spectroscopic methods, relying heavily on 2D NMR spectroscopy. The absolute configuration at C-5 of tanikolide was established as R by oxidizing the primary alcohol to an acid and analyzing the corresponding (R)- and (S)-PGME amide derivatives by 1H NMR.
Geometric concerns pertaining to applications of statistical tests in the atmospheric sciences

Abstract This paper is concerned. with the application of well-known statistical methods (e.g. matched-pairs t-test, two-sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance and significance test of Pearson's correlation coefficient) in the atmospheric sciences. This concern results from the fact that these statistical methods are based on a complex nonintuitive geometry which does not correspond with the perceived Euclidean geometry of the data intended to be analyzed. The real and artificial examples of this paper demonstrate how these commonly used statistical methods yield conclusions which may contradict rational interpretations by investigators. The geometric problem underlying these well-known statistical methods is their dependence on a peculiar distance measure defined between all pairs of measurements (this distance measure does not satisfy the triangle inequality condition of metric spaces, e.g., the familiar Euclidean space). Alternative statistical methods are suggested which overcome this geometric p...
The making of a masterpiece: Stephan Crane's the red badge of courage

The following study considers the changes in Stephen Crane's grammatical style as he revised his draft of The Red Badge of Courage into the final manuscript. It is an offshoot of a more extensive examination of the role syntax plays in the development of Crane's stylistic artistry and its consequences for Crane as a writer. 1 The data for the larger study were narrative-descriptive passages (total words: 39 807), drawn from the entire spectrum of Crane's prose fiction, which received close grammatical analysis with computer assistance. 2 From the final manuscript of The Red Badge of Courage, passages totaling 6 780 words were included in this study. Although critics generally acclaim The Red Badge as Crane's major work and have thoroughly studied many of its aspects such as theme, characterization, and imagery, its process. of composition has been neglected. Until recently, indeed, analyzing that process was impossible. But now, with recent publication of the holograph facsimile of The Red Badge draft along with the final manuscript, 3 it seems both feasible and appropriate to compare these two documents to see what they can reveal in microcosm about Crane's evolving style. Chosen for analysis were draft passages corresponding to manuscript passages used in the larger study. The draft passages comprise 1 853 words in 142 sentences; the manuscript passages 4 400 words in 302 sentences. 4 The wide discrepancy in numbers is attributable partly to Crane's additions as he revised his draft but mostly to missing draft leaves.
Unions and the U.S. Comparative Advantage

Analysis of data covering 134, three-digit (SIC) manufacturing industries from the mid-sixties to the mid-eighties undermines the claim that unions are responsible for altering the composition of U.S. trade flows. Heavily unionized industries are not found to have lost any more to imports nor gained any more in exports than comparable U.S. industries. On the other hand, industrial concentration appears to be a significant disadvantage.
Variational theorem for vector-mean-field theories of statistical transmutation

We examine the validity of vector-mean-field theory (VMFT) for statistical transmutation on large lattices with a high density of particles per site (1/2 and 1/4). We take as a difficult test case the representation of hard-core bosons as fermions plus attached flux tubes. We use a variational Monte Carlo method to test the variational properties of the mean-field ground-state wave function against the predictions of the VMFT. We find a discrepancy of order 1 in the thermodynamic limit. This leads us to postulate that a better formulation on a lattice may be that of a renormalized vector-mean-field theory. We show that the renormalization coefficients can be understood by an analysis of the phase fluctuations (whose magnitude we estimate) of the long-range gauge interaction. These phase fluctuations are of order \ensuremath{\pi} on the lattice (thus leading to a breakdown of VMFT on the lattice) while they vanish in a continuum formulation. We give a detailed discussion of the qualitative differences of VMFT on the lattice versus the continuum. In particular, we examine the effect of having lines of zeros (lattice) versus points of zeros (continuum) for the nodes of the many-body wave function. In addition, a remarkable variational theorem is discovered for the ground-state wave function of the VMFT.
ACTIVELY ANIMATED ANIMALS Animal Locomotion

![Figure][1] `Bright-flaming, heat-full fire, The source of motion.' Gullaume de Salluste du Bartas Locomotion is one of the true hallmarks of animal biology. The ability to self-propel the body and move it large distances without reliance on external forces from wind, waves, or currents
Improving Ion Mobility Measurement Sensitivity by Utilizing Helium in an Ion Funnel Trap

Ion mobility instruments that utilize nitrogen as buffer gas are often preceded by an ion trap and accumulation region that also uses nitrogen, and for different inert gases, no significant effects upon performance are expected for ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) of larger ions. However, we have observed significantly improved performance for an ion funnel trap upon adding helium; the signal intensities for higher m/z species were improved by more than an order of magnitude compared to using pure nitrogen. The effect of helium upon IMS resolving power was also studied by introducing a He/N2 gas mixture into the drift cell, and in some cases, a slight improvement was observed compared to pure N2. The improvement in signal can be largely attributed to faster and more efficient ion ejection into the drift tube from the ion funnel trap.
An advection/diffusion model for222Rn transport in near-shore sediments inhabited by sedentary polychaetes

Abstract A porewater solute transport model is proposed to explain the dissolved radon distributions in four profiles from a near-shore, marine site. The macro-infauna at the site is dominated by Clymenella torquata , a sedentary deposit feeding polychaete that actively irrigates its burrow. The model includes both an advective component that takes into account the (e.g.) C. torquata mechanism of burrow irrigation as well as enhanced diffusion-like transport brought about by mobile infauna. Because it explains the existence of subsurface radon minima with a constant source function and is based on the known irrigations habits of C. torquata , the model provides good fit to observed radon profiles and may be applicable to other solutes that display depth dependent minima. Sediment advection velocities, individual burrow irrigation rates, and enhanced diffusion coefficients are estimated based on a minimization of chi-squared for model fits to the 222 Rn data of each profile. The net advection velocity ranged from 0.19 to 0.91 cm d −1 , and enhanced diffusion ranged from 13 to 30 times effective molecular diffusion. These values are comparable to those determined by previous investigators using other transport models in similar sediments. The range of burrow irrigation rates (0.16–0.78 ml/h/individual) is somewhat lower than the average rate for C. torquata that had been determined in the laboratory.
THE DNA CONTENT OF COLD-TREATED CHROMOSOMES.

A microphotometric and autoradiographic analysis of DNA metabolism in control and cold-treated chromosomes of Trillium erectum was undertaken. No measurable reduction in DNA (Feulgen) amounts was found following cold treatment nor was there a detectable synthesis of DNA during the disappearance of the cold segments when allowed to recover at room temperature in the presence of 3H-thymidine. We have concluded that (1) our data do not support the “labile DNA” hypothesis, and (2) cold segments arise by a process of localized uncoiling.
Efficiency of different equation solvers in cokriging

Abstract When the system of equations for cokriging is written in matrix form the sample-sample covariance matrix may be considered either as an mn × mn matrix of scalar entries, where n is the number of sample locations and m is the number of variables, or as an n × n matrix whose entries are m × m matrices. Similarly, the point-sample covariance matrix may be considered as m column vectors or as a single column whose entries are m × m matrices. The formulation in the original program assumed that the submatrix structure should be preserved, but this is not necessary. The scalar matrix formulation allows for the use of a standard Gaussian elimination to reduce the matrix to diagonal form or for reduction to upper triangular form together with back substitution. Both methods result in significant reductions in computing time.
916. Genetically Modified Mesenchymal Stem Cells Expressing Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Develop a Cartilage Phenotype

INTRODUCTIONAcute cartilage injury and subsequent osteoarthritis are a debilitating and common syndrome in the aging population. Transplantation of MSCs to joints has been successfully used in small animal models. However, in extensive defects the application of MSCs improved defect filling with only fibrous tissue. Enhancing chondrogenesis of the MSCs by TGF-β1 gene transduction before transplantation may provide the impetus for better quality cartilaginous repair.MATERIALS AND METHODSAadenovirus vector encoding equine TGF-β1 (AdTGF-β1) was used to transfect MSCs. Monolayer cultures were transduced with AdTGF-β1, AdGFP, or no virus. Monolayers were pelleted after 24 hours, and 15 pellets harvested at 2, 7, 14, and 21 days. Chondrogenesis was determined by qPCR assessment of TGF-β1, aggrecan, coll IIA, and coll IIB gene expression. Medium was assayed for PG and TGF-β1. Confirmation of pellet chondrogenesis was made by HandE architecture, collagen II elaboration on immunohistochemistry, and toluidine blue PG staining.RESULTSPCR indicated AdTGFβ1 transfected MSCs expressed TGF-β1 RNA (Fig1Fig1), which induced markers of chondrogenic differentiationincluding aggrecan, and collagen types IIA and IIB (Figs 2Figs 2). Aggrecan expression was significantly enhanced on day 2. Immuno analysis detected collagen type II as early as 2 days after beginning aggregate cultures. This phenomenon continued through day 21, with intense collagen type II as the predominant collagen on day 21 (Fig 2Fig 2).Fig. 1View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint SlideFig. 2View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint SlideCollagen type I immuno analysis showed collagen type I deposition throughout all time periods, with increases under the influence of TGF-β1.DISCUSSIONSignificant increases in TGF-β1 expression were induced in AdTGF-β1 transduced MSC cells. Chondrogenic response was reflected in collagen type IIA and IIB expression which were significantly increased on day 7, 14 and 21. Longer term cultures showed a preponderance of collagen type IIB expression. Combined with morphologic evidence of strong chondrogenic condensation, these data provide molecular, histological and immunohistochemical evidence for substantial in vitro chondrogenic differentiation of equinebone-marrow derived MSCs. Based on these results AdTGF-β1 treated MSCs may be a robust source of chondrocytes for use in cartilage repair.
Fundamental Considerations of Power Limits of Transmission Systems

At this time the power limit of transmission lines is a live subject and presents such complications as to require very careful analysis. The paper points out the essential features to be considered in a study of the problem, and calls attention to some out-standing results of an experimental investigation of the subject with a view to clarifying some of the points that have been under discussion in the past two years. It is shown that the problem of stability is not necessarily confined to long-distance, high-voltage transmission, but may be present in any system where the impedance of the transmitting circuit is high compared with the load to be carried. While the impedance of the transmission line and transformers plays an important part in establishing the breakdown point of a system, the characteristics of synchronous apparatus with the method of voltage regulation used are of equal importance. It is shown that the synchronizing power of synchronous apparatus is largely dependent upon the field excitation at the time excess load is applied, that field excitation is determined by the circuit conditions under steady load, and, in order to provide for increase of excitation with increasing loads of considerable magnitude, some automatic means of controlling the field is essential. The rate at which mechanical load in large quantities can be added to a system is limited on account of the necessity of change in angular displacement between the generators and receiving bus; this changing angle-requires relative speed change, which takes time.
Successful whole body hyperthermia for cancer.

Abstract It is suggested that whole body hyperthermia at 40° C with immune therapy using recombinant human tumor necrosis factor at about 3.5 million units per week at experimentally determined intervals could eliminate cancer cells.
The dissociation of the surface architecture described by enhanced lectin agglutinability and the transformed phenotype expressed as anchorage independence.

Using a series of cold-sensitive variants of chemically transformed BHK-21 cells, revertants to the normal phenotype derived from a dimethylnitrosamine transformed clone of BHK-21 as well as revertants to the normal phenotype derived from polyoma transformed BHK-21 cells we have demonstrated that the surface phenotype described by enhanced agglutinability with Con A and WGA can be dissociated from the transformed phenotype described by anchorage independence (growth in semisolid medium). Specifically we have demonstrated that the surface characteristic of enhanced agglutinability may be found in a variety of cell lines which fail to display an ability to grow in agar. Our work clearly shows that the two phenotypes described are not concomitantly controlled and tends to suggest that the phenotype of enhanced lectin agglutinability may be dissociated from the transformed phenotype.
Time-optimal output transitions for minimum phase systems: A frequency domain approach to post-actuation

The fundamental minimum-time optimal output transition (OOT) problem is formulated in the frequency domain for systems with minimum phase stable or asymptotically stable transfer functions. The optimal post-actuated control is first solved for in the time-domain. Determination of the optimal post-actuated control is then shown to be equivalent to canceling both the zeros and poles of the system transfer function. Parameterizations of the control are proposed and solved for in closed-form for both large and small displacements of a system transfer function with a first-order zero and rigid-body dynamics. The proposed approach is then applied to a benchmark output tracking problem and an improvement in transition time is demonstrated when compared to the traditional state-to-state transition (SST) approach to determining the minimum-time control.
Major gene effects on exercise ventilatory threshold: the HERITAGE Family Study.

This study investigates whether there are major gene effects on oxygen uptake at the ventilatory threshold (V˙o 2 VT) and theV˙o 2 VT maximal oxygen uptake (VT%V˙o 2 max), at baseline and in respon...
Effect of fluoride, calcium and phosphorus on periosteal surfaces

A method for estimating periosteal bone-mineralizing surface was developed and applied to swine fed 2 mg of fluoride/kg of body weight/day for about 10 months. Added fluoride interacted significantly with calcium and phosphorus deficiency. Mineralizing surface was greatly reduced, whereas when calcium and phosphorus were adequate, added fluoride greatly increased mineralizing surface. Scanning electron microscope observations of bone disclosed loss of longitudinal orientation of fibers and irregular porous surfaces in bone from fluoride-fed animals.
Optical smart-pixel-based Clos crossbar switch

We present the design of an optically interconnected Clos crossbar switch that uses three smart-pixel devices. This optical Clos architecture is also well matched to a space–wavelength switch that arbitrarily permutes data streams between wavelength-division multiplexed channels on an array of fibers. We have designed a hybrid complementary metal-oxide semiconductor–self-electro-optic device (CMOS–SEED) crossbar smart-pixel array for use in a 16-channel optical Clos switch. The crossbar devices also have an 8 × 8 array of multiple-quantum-well diodes that can be configured electrically as modulators with eight bit planes of randomly addressable local memory or as receivers with adjustable gain and threshold. We show that the current hybrid-SEED technology should support a 1024-channel Clos switch operating at 500 Mbits/s per channel if pixel power consumption can be reduced.
Characterization of marginal zone B cell precursors

Selection of recently formed B cells into the follicular or marginal zone (MZ) compartments is proposed to occur by way of proliferative intermediates expressing high levels of CD21/35 and CD23. However, we show that CD21/35(high) CD23(+) splenocytes are not enriched for proliferative cells, and do not contribute substantially to the generation of follicular B cells. Instead, ontogenic relationships, steady-state labeling kinetics, and adoptive transfer experiments suggest that CD21/35(high) CD23(+) splenocytes serve primarily as precursors for MZ B cells, although their developmental potential seems to be broader and is influenced by environmental cues that are associated with lymphopenia. Furthermore, CD21/35(high) CD23(+) splenocytes share several key functional characteristics with MZ B cells, including their capacity to trap T-independent antigen and a heightened proliferative response to LPS. These observations challenge previous models of peripheral B cell maturation, and suggest that MZ B cells develop by way of CD21/35(high) CD23(+) intermediates.
Canonical Perspective Image (CPI) Algorithm

A Canonical Perspective Image (CPI) Algorithm has been developed to obtain iteratively, a unique silhouette of an object corresponding to a given resting flat or face. The geometric properties of this unique silhouette can be used to determine the position and orientation of the object resting on a flat surface.
Validation and Tuning of the CMS Full Simulation

The CMS simulation, based on the Geant4 toolkit, has been operational within the new CMS software framework for more than four years. The description of the detector, including the forward regions, has been completed. A detailed investigation of detector positioning and material budget is underway using collision data. Detailed modelling of detector noise has been performed and validated with the collision data.
2010 SSS Presidential Address: The Devolution of Risk and the Changing Life Course in the United States

Recent patterns of labor exit in late life in the United States are increasingly heterogeneous. This heterogeneity stems from diverse employment careers that are emerging in the workplace where job security is declining. Individuals' structural locations in the labor market expose them to diverse risks for employment and income security at older ages. Among those risks are access to institutional mechanisms for retirement saving and the requirement to assume full responsibility for decisions about retirement savings that involve market risks. The spread of these individualized pressures to invest in retirement has elevated the importance of financial literacy in the 21st century. Late employment careers and patterns of financial literacy are studied in this article using the premier U.S. longitudinal dataset from the National Institute of Aging, the Health and Retirement Study initiated in 1992, which is linked to restricted Social Security earnings records that extend over several decades. These merged data afford the opportunity to observe continuous work histories in this sample from 1981 through 2006 to identify latent trajectories of employment in late life. In addition, a supplementary module attached to the 2004 wave of the HRS provides valuable information on the financial literacy of subgroups. The work-retirement trajectories and financial literacy patterns observed reflect persistent patterns of inequality amplified by modern risks in the labor market.