cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploration of an adaptive training regimen that can target the secondary memory component of working memory capacity.

The dual-component model contends that work- ing memory (WM) capacity consists of two components. The first is a flexible attention component that involves the active maintenance of a limited amount of information in primary memory (PM), and the second is a controlled re- trieval component that involves a cue-dependent search of secondary memory (SM) for information that has been lost from PM. Recent evidence has suggested that the adaptive WM training regimen known as "Cogmed-RM" is not opti- mally designed, because it only targets PM abilities, not SM abilities. The present study was conducted to investigate whether Cogmed-RM could be modified to target SM abil- ities by decreasing the recall accuracy threshold that defines individual ability during training. The main findings sug- gested that the SM component of WM capacity could be targeted by lowering the recall accuracy threshold. The present findings are important because they suggest that adaptive training regimens can be designed that selectively target specific components of WM capacity, and they raise the possibility that the potency of existing training regimens can be increased.
Hospital collaboration with public safety organizations on bioterrorism response.

Objective. To identify hospital characteristics that predict collaboration with public safety organizations on bioterrorism response plans andmass casualty drills. Methods. The 2003 and2004 Bioterrorism andMass Casualty Supplements to the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey examined collaboration with emergency medical services (EMS), hazardous materials teams (HAZMAT), fire departments, andlaw enforcement. The sample included 112 geographic primary sampling units and1,110 hospitals. Data were weighted by inverse selection probability, to yield nationally representative estimates. Characteristics included residency andmedical school affiliation, bed capacity, ownership, urbanicity andJoint Commission accreditation. The response rate was 84.6%. Chi-square analysis was performed with alpha set at p < 0.05. Logistic regression modeling yielded odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Results. During a bioterrorism incident, 68.9% of hospitals would contact EMS, 68.7% percent law enforcement, 6...
On estimating Weibull modulus by moments and maximum likelihood methods

The effect of true Weibull modulus and sample size on Weibull modulus estimated by moments and maximum likelihood methods was investigated. Results indicated that the value of true Weibull modulus had no effect on estimated modulus for the maximum likelihood method, and a strong effect for the moments method, especially when sample size was less than 30. In addition, the distribution of Weibull modulus estimated by both methods was investigated using the modified Anderson–Darling statistics for goodness of fit. It was found that the distribution was not normal, lognormal, 3-parameter Weibull, or 3-parameter log-Weibull for the maximum likelihood method, as reported in previous studies. For the moments method however, the distribution of normalized Weibull moduli was found to be lognormal for sample sizes of 40 and above. The other three distributions showed a significant level of lack-of-fit at all sample sizes.
Motoric Mediation in Children's Paired-Associate Learning: Effects of Visual and Tactual Contact.

Abstract The manipulation of unseen object pairs has been shown to facilitate the paired-associate learning of 5-year-olds, and has been interpreted as supporting Piaget's contention that mental imagery is based in the overt activity of the child. In the present study, we examined the child's ability to generate memory-enhancing interactions between object pairs when either visual contact with the objects, tactual contact, or both were absent. The paired-associate performance of each of these activity groups (Visual-Tactual, Visual-No Tactual, No Visual-Tactual, and No Visual-No Tactual) was compared with corresponding control groups which received imagery instructions, but had no opportunity to manipulate the object pairs. Rated quality of overt manipulation was lowered by the absence of tactual contact with the objects, but not by the absence of visual contact. Quality of manipulation was positively related to amount of facilitation of paired-associate performance. These results demonstrate the kindergarten child's relative inability to produce ongoing thematic activity when this activity is physically separated from the objects involved.
Helmholtz and the British scientific elite: From force conservation to energy conservation

This article discusses the close relationship that developed during the 1850s and 1860s between Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–94), one of the leading German scientists during the second half of the nineteenth century, and the British scientific elite generally. It focuses especially on the importance of the law of conservation of energy to both sides of that relationship as the law emerged and became popularized. In presenting this Anglo-German relationship, the article relates Helmholtz’s friendships or acquaintanceships with numerous members of the British elite, including William Thomson, John Tyndall, Henry Enfield Roscoe, Michael Faraday, Edward Sabine, Henry Bence Jones, George Gabriel Stokes, James Clerk Maxwell, Peter Guthrie Tait, George Biddell Airy and James Thomson. It suggests that the building of these social relationships helped create a sense of trust between Helmholtz and the British elite that, in turn, eased the revision of the understanding of the law of conservation of force into that of energy and consolidated its acceptance, and that laid the personal groundwork for Helmholtz’s future promotion of Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory in Germany and for Anglo-German agreements in electrical metrology.
Assessing After-School Programs as Contexts for Youth Development

Educators, policy makers, and funders increasingly argue that structured afterschool activities can provide youth with valuable supports for development. Studies assessing the impact of particular ...
Resampling QTL effects in the QTL sign test leads to incongruous sensitivity to variance in effect size.

Allelic effects at quantitative trait loci (QTL) between lineages are potentially informative for indicating the action of natural selection. The QTL Sign Test uses the number of + and − alleles observed in a QTL study to infer a history of selection. This test has been constructed to condition on the phenotypic difference between the two lines in question. By applying the test to QTL data simulated under selection, we demonstrate that conditioning on the phenotypic difference results in a loss of power to reject the neutral hypothesis and marked sensitivity to variation in locus effect magnitude.
Perceptualization of scientific data

In this paper we discuss data exploration as a particularly difficult case within the general problem of data visualization. We describe (1) a novel graphic technique for displaying multidimensional data visually and (2) an auditory display integrated with the visual display that allows us to represent multidimensional data in sound. The visual/auditory display employs an "iconographic" technique that seeks to exploit the spontaneous perceptual capacity to sense and discriminate texture. Structures in data to be analyzed can appear, both visually and aurally, as distinct textural regions and contours when the data are represented iconographically. Sound can be used to reinforce the visual presentation or to augment the dimensionality of the visual display. The immediate focus of the work reported here is to investigate how best to transform data into perceptible visual and auditory textures, that is, how best to "perceptualize" the data. A key problem we discuss is deciding which fields of a multidimensional data set should be represented in the visual domain and which in the auditory domain. This activity is part of the University of Lowell's Exploratory Visualization (Exvis) project, a multidisciplinary effort to develop new paradigms for the exploration and analysis of data with high dimensionality.
DETECTION BY IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS OF ANTIGEN IN SERA OF PATIENTS WITH PNEUMOCOCCAL BACTERÆMIA

Abstract Pneumococcal antigen was detected in sera from patients with acute pneumonia and bacteraemia by immunoelectrophoresis against an antiserum containing antibodies against 82 pneumococcal types. This method, if sufficiently refined, could be a useful tool for a rapid diagnosis of causative organisms in bacterial infections.
Glucagon, insulin, growth hormone, and some blood metabolites during energy restriction ketonemia of lactating cows.

Abstract Six Holstein cows were sampled hourly for 24h for plasma concentrations of hormones and metabolites. Cows were sampled at about 2 wk prepartum, at 3 wk postpartum, during a ketonemia induced by feed restriction to 54% of ad libitum intake, and after a recovery period. They were fed long alfalfa hay prepartum and a complete mixed diet postpartum. The onset of lactation caused concentrations of growth hormone, glucagon, acetoacetate, β -hydroxybutyrate, and total amino acids of plasma to increase and those of glucose and insulin to decrease. Feed restriction exacerbated changes at 3 wk postpartum except for total amino acids and glucagon, which both decreased to prepartal concentrations. Resumption of ad libitum feeding caused most hormones and metabolites to return to prepartum concentrations. Diurnal variations in response to feeding twice daily were most evident for growth hormone, free fatty acids, and total amino acids. The 3-wk postpartum and ketonemic periods gave the greatest responses to feeding. Molar ratios of insulin to glucagon and insulin to growth hormone tended to decrease at 3 wk postpartum and decreased further in ketonemia, demonstrating hormonal adaptations to decreased energy intake during lactation. Lactation ketonis results from more than severe energy deficit.
Using euler partitions to edge color bipartite multigraphs

An algorithm for finding a minimal edge coloring of a bipartite multigraph is presented. The algorithm usesO(V1/2ElogV + V) time andO(E + V) space. It is based on a divide-and-conquer strategy, using euler partitions to divide the graph. A modification of the algorithm for matching is described. This algorithm finds a maximum matching of a regular bipartite graph with all degrees 2n, inO(E + V) time andO(E + V) space.
Experiences with a cinefluorographic method for measuring ventricular volume

Abstract The development of cineroentgenographic methods for following changes in left ventricular, and other chamber volumes has been reviewed. Since injections of contrast media and repeated exposure to radiation are to some extent hazardous, and since cineroentgenographic methods can never provide data for more than a small number of consecutive cycles, they cannot be considered ideal. The ideal method would require no injection, would subject the subject to no hazard, and should be applicable for long periods of time, regardless of the position or activity of the subject. To date, no such system has been devised. For the foreseeable future, carefully designed multiplane cineroentgenographic methods, combined with scanning devices for digitizing data obtained from film images, offer the greatest promise despite inherent defects.
Matrix metalloproteinase activity synergizes with α2β1 integrins to enhance collagen remodeling

Abstract Cell–matrix interactions transmit a wealth of information about the extracellular environment. In return, a variety of responses from the cell are initiated by changes in the matrix. One such response involves the positive regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by α2β1 integrin attaching to a specific extracellular matrix component, collagen. This study explores the relationship between mechanical and biochemical functions of α2β1 integrins as it pertains to regulating matrix remodeling. To understand this relationship, the individual influences of MMP activity and α2β1 integrin function on collagen gel contraction were studied. We have observed little evidence of mutual participation in matrix remodeling by the α2β1 integrin and MMP activity in cell models where α2 is minimally expressed. In cells expressing high levels of α2, we see an increase in gel contraction that is enhanced by MMP activity. Measuring tension as it builds within the gel reveals that α2β1 integrin presence correlates with force output but is insensitive to MMP activity. These data strongly suggest that α2β1 regulates collagen gel remodeling through multiple simultaneous mechanisms including force generation and modulation of MMP activity.
From Marx to Bonger: Socialist Writings on Women, Gender, and Crime

Contemporary socialist criminologists concentrate their analysis of crime on production relations, ignoring the co-determination of reproduction and thus the role gender plays in crime by men and women. The author argues that this omission has occurred by reason of the theoretical work of Marx and Engels, as well as other socialist “criminologists” of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The importance of the paper lies in its demonstration that the questions raised by these early socialist theoreticians are inadequate for developing a comprehensive theory of crime.
Laparoscopic management of tubal ectopic pregnancy in obese women.

Abstract Objective To study the surgical morbidity associated with the laparoscopic management of tubal ectopic pregnancy in an overweight population compared with a lean population. Design Retrospective study. Setting An academic tertiary referral obstetrics and gynecology center. Patient(s) One hundred seventeen patients in two groups, lean (n = 90; body mass index ≤ 30) and obese (n = 27; body mass index >30) who had pathology-confirmed tubal ectopic pregnancies that were managed laparoscopically. Each group was subdivided into a laparoscopically managed group and a group in which laparoscopy was converted to laparotomy. Intervention(s) None. Main outcome measure(s) Operative time, blood loss, and complications of laparoscopic surgery as well as causes of conversion from laparoscopy to laparotomy, in obese compared with lean women, with ectopic pregnancy. Result(s) There was no significant difference in gestational age; β-hCG level; or history of previous surgeries, ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease, or endometriosis or in any of the studied outcomes (conversion rate, blood loss, and operative time) between the lean and obese groups or their respective subgroups except for operative time between obese women who underwent laparotomy, which was significantly longer when compared with the case of lean women who underwent laparotomy. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were comparable between the lean and obese groups, and all complications occurred in the completed-laparoscopy group. Conclusion(s) Laparoscopic management of tubal ectopic pregnancy does not appear to significantly increase surgical morbidity in obese patients.
THE PLACE OF FAITH IN A WORLD OF FACT

. The relation of religion and science is presented in terms of the interrelationship of domains generated within a reflexive real world concept by status assignment. The domain of religion is articulated by the concepts of ultimacy, totality, and eternity, which are boundary conditions on all status assignments. The domain of science is a status assignment, that of determining the facts and constraints of the real world, and is articulated by the concepts of empiricism, objectivity, and order. The interrelationship of domains is illustrated by examining the concepts of order, disorder, entropy, evil, freedom, creation, and resurrection.
The effect of heat on bovine lens proteins.

La chaleur est capable de precipiter les proteines du cristallin bovinβ etγ, alors que l'alpha cristallin n'est pas precipite a des temperatures allant jusqu'a 100 °C. Cette constatation semble etre en relation avec la formation de ponts disulfures moleculaires.
IgG Antibody Response of Localized Juvenile Periodontitis Patients to the 29 Kilodalton Outer Membrane Protein of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

Levels of serum IgG antibody to the 29 kilodalton outer membrane protein of A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 in sera of periodontally healthy subjects and localized juvenile periodontitis patients were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The 29 kDa protein was isolated by solubilization of an octylglucoside-NaCl insoluble fraction by incubation at ambient temperature in 20 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.5, containing 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. The isolated protein migrated on SDSpolyacrylamide gels with an apparent molecular mass of 29 kDa following incubation in sample buffer at ambient temperature. However, the protein migrated with an apparent molecular mass of 34 kDa following incubation in sample buffer at 100° C for 10 minutes. Geometric mean IgG antibody titers to the 29 kDa protein were significantly higher in sera from LJP subjects than in sera obtained from periodontally healthy subjects. Twentytwo of 35 LJP sera (63%) had antibody titers > 2 standard deviations from the mean ti...
Creativity Training: Management Tool for High School Department Chairmen.

In all, seventy-four high school department chairmen were tested with a battery of three instruments: the Problem List Questionnaire, the Problem Situations Test, and the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (Verbal Forms) . The battery yielded seven scores for each individual. The experimental group (48 Ss) then participated in an intensive 8-week workshop program in creative thinking and problem-solving that had been specifically designed for secondary school department heads. A control group of twenty-six did not participate. After the program, all seventy-four Ss were retested with the battery. Analysis of covariance yielded significant differences (p < .01) on six of the seven sets of scores. All differences were in favor of the experimental group. Workshop participants earned higher scores in “quantity” of ideas produced–and such ideas were rated higher in “usefulness,” “originality,” and “flexibility of thinking.”
Effects of ethanol on threshold and duration of amygdaloid kindled seizures

Susceptibility to amygdaloid kindled seizures in rats was examined after injections of isotonic saline or.8 g/kg or 1.6 g/kg ethanol. Ethanol produced a dose-dependent increase in threshold for Stage 4-5 seizures and decreased seizure duration. Thresholds for Stage 1-3 seizures were also elevated by ethanol.
Effect of gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors on shoot regeneration from hypocotyl explants of Albizzia julibrissin

Hypocotyl explants of Albizzia julibrissin were placed on Gamborg's B5 medium supplemented with various levels of paclobutrazol, uniconazole, prohexadione calcium, or GA3. Callus formation was evident within one week after placement of the explants on the culture media. Green nodule-like structures protruded from the distal end of the explants within 10 days and developed into shoots within a month. These shoots readily formed adventitious roots when placed on fresh culture medium. All three of the gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors increased shoot formation compared to the control. The number of shoots per explants was increased 107, 79, and 168% by 0.3–0.4 μM paclobutrazol, uniconazole, and prohexadione calcium, respectively. In contrast to the gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors, GA3 decreased shoot formation. These results indicate that modification of gibberellin status can have a strong impact on the number of shoots formed.
Fuel System Pressure Increase for Enhanced Performance of GDi Multi-Hole Injection Systems

The progressive trend towards the GDi engine downsizing, the focus on better fuel efficiency and performance, and the regulatory requirements with respect to the combustion emissions have brought the focus of attention on strategies for improvement of in-cylinder mixture preparation and identification and elimination of the sources of combustion emissions, in particular the in-cylinder particulate formation. This paper discusses the fuel system components, injector dynamics, spray characteristics and the single cylinder engine combustion investigation of a 40 [MPa] capable conventional GDi inwardly-opening multi-hole fuel injection system. It provides results of a study of the influence of fuel system pressure increase between 5 [MPa] to 40 [MPa], in conjunction with the injector static flow and spray pattern, on the combustion characteristics, specifically the particulate and gaseous emissions and the fuel economy. The combustion data shows the marked effect of fuel pressure increase on reduction of the combustion emissions and improvement of fuel consumption. It also illustrates an influence of the injector specifications that is evident at all system pressures.
Collective Memory and the End of Occupation: Remembering (and Forgetting) the Liberation of Paris in Images

This article analyzes images commemorating the liberation of Paris from 10 French daily newspapers to explore how collective memory is displayed in war-related anniversary journalism. The article argues that collective memory of the liberation 60 years after the fact favored conceptions of France as its own heroic liberator, crowding out visual information about the German enemy and French collaborators, and the role of U.S. troops. In addition, the article argues that a lack of detail about when and where photographs were made and journalists’ heavy use of celebration visuals have the potential for influencing future collective memories about a key event in French history.
Implementation of Unit-Based Interventions to Improve Teamwork and Patient Safety on a Medical Service

In a prior study involving 2 medical units, Structured Interdisciplinary Rounds (SIDRs) improved teamwork and reduced adverse events (AEs). SIDR was implemented on 5 additional units, and a pre- versus postintervention comparison was performed. SIDR combined a structured format for communication with daily interprofessional meetings. Teamwork was assessed using the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (score range = 0-100), and AEs were identified using queries of information systems confirmed by 2 physician researchers. Paired analyses for 82 professionals completing surveys both pre and post implementation revealed improved teamwork (mean 76.8 ± 14.3 vs 80.5 ± 11.6; P = .02), which was driven mainly by nurses (76.4 ± 14.1 vs 80.8 ± 10.4; P = .009). The AE rate was similar across study periods (3.90 vs 4.07 per 100 patient days; adjusted IRR = 1.08; P = .60). SIDR improved teamwork yet did not reduce AEs. Higher baseline teamwork scores and lower AE rates than the prior study may reflect a positive cultural sh...
Ethnic Differences in Cellular Ions and Transport

B ECAUSE the cellular regulation of sodium and other ions has been implicated in the pathogenesis and maintenance of hypertension, the study of ion transport has captured the attention of many researchers interested in the pathophysiology of hypertension. Several investigators have proposed that sodium metabolism by the kidney, not sodium intake, is the critical issue underlying the observed differences in the prevalence and characteristics of hypertension between blacks and whites in the United States. I Evaluation of racial/ethnic phenotypic differences in ion transport has provided data that suggest mechanisms by which a genetic or environmental factors may contribute to the twofold excess of hypertension in US blacks compared with whites. A caveat inherent in the interpretation of studies of racial differences relates to the genetic admixture of populations in the United States. Despite this limitation, however, certain trends have become apparent. Assessment of black/white differences in intracellular cations has pointed to sodium as the cation that is most consistently abnormal. Sodium interacts with other cations, notably calcium, and various cellular transport systems to increase vascular reactivity, often considered the basic pathway to essential hypertension. The primary mechanism proposed by a number of investigators whereby hypertension develops in this setting is that higher intracellular sodium increases activity of the sodium-calcium exchanger (Fig 1), thereby increasing intracellular calcium. The net effect is to enhance responsiveness to vasoactive
UNMAGNETIZED SHEATH WAVES

Plasmas bounded with metal walls have sheaths at their edges near the walls, along which electrostatic waves may propagate. We build on a long history of dielectric-bounded plasma waves, e.g., relating transverse (or series) resonances to cut-off frequencies of our sheath waves. We present kinetic simulations (PIC-MCC), confirming the dispersions and that the edge waves perturbed densities and potentials are largest at the edge; those of the body waves are largest in the body, all as if the two sets of waves are guided along their respective regions.
An analysis of the effect of glutethimide on REM density

A non barbiturate hypnotic, glutethimide (Doriden), was administered to nine normal Ss in either 500 or 1000 mg doses just prior to their bedtime. Various measures of eye movement density during subsequent rapid eye movement (REM) sleep periods showed significant decreases from baseline to drug nights, and increases from baseline and drug nights to drug withdrawal nights. The hypothesis that decreases and increases in the percentage of stage REM sleep (as a function of glutethimide administration and withdrawal, respectively) are accompanied by concomitant decreases and increases in REM densities was supported.
Inference procedures for the linear failure rate model

Maximum likelihood and least-squares-type estimation of the linear failure rate (LFR) distribution are studied for type II censored samples. It is shown that a particular structural property of the LFR greatly facilitates application of the EM algorithm for computing the MLE's. Also, an apparently ad hoc method, which rests on maximization of a pseudolikelihood, is shown to produce the MLE's. A finite-sample exact confidence procedure is developed as an alternative to the existing MLE-based large-sample procedure that suffers from poor coverage probabilities even in moderately large samples. Also, asymptotic efficiencies of the least-squares-type estimates relative to the MLE's are derived. Numerical computations show that these can be quite low in many cases.
Measles virus-polypeptide specificity of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response in multiple sclerosis

Abstract Some patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have been shown previously to have a reduced capacity to generate measles virus (MV)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). The mechanism of this reduction is not understood. Possiblities include sequestration of MV-CTLs within the central nervous system (CNS), abnormalities in regulation of this response (e.g., suppression), a defect in the T-cell repertoire of MS patients and a defect in the induction or maintenance of the CTL response to MV. To examine these possibilities, the CTL response to three purified polypeptides of MV (hemagglutinin (HA), fusion (F), and nucleocapsid (NC)) was studied in eight helathy controls and 14 patients with multiple sclerosis. A defect in the response to two polypeptides of the virus (HA and NC) was found in the MS patients with reduced MV-CTL response. The response to F was also reduced but to a lesser extent. Limiting dilution analysis of the MV polypeptide-specific CTL response indicated that suppression is an unlikely cause for the reduction in CTL activity. The lymphoproliferative response to MV, HA, F, and NC was comparable in three MS patients and three controls examined. Together, the results of these studies indicate that the reduced MV-CTL response in MS patients was not due to a defect in the T-cell repertoire or sequestration due to cross-reactivity with a single myelin antigen. More likely mechanism include abnormalities in the induction or maintenance of the MV-CTL response or sequestration within theCNS due to recognition of MV antigens.
Poly(benzyloxy ethyl methacrylate): preparation by free radical polymerization and by group transfer polymerization; with subsequent debenzylation to form poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)

Abstract Poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBMA) was prepared by free radical polymerization (FRP), and by group transfer polymerization (GTP). Benzyloxy ethyl methacrylate (BOEMA) monomer was prepared by esterification of methacryloyl chloride with 2-benzyloxy ethanol. High vacuum and Schlenk based strategies for purification of BOEMA, prior to polymerization by GTP, were developed, and poly(2-benzyloxyethyl methacrylate) — PBOEMA — was prepared by FRP and by GTP. BOEMA proved much less reactive towards GTP than BMA. Supported palladium (Pd) based catalyst systems were acquired and prepared, and tested for efficacy as debenzylating agents for the benzyl ester substituents in PBMA — to form poly(methacrylic acid), and the benzyl ether substituents in PBOEMA — to form poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). It was found that PBMA could be debenzylated with greater efficiency than PBOEMA. As expected, the efficiency of debenzylation of these polymers on supported Pd catalysts was an inverse function of polymer molecular weight, and was considerably less than that expected for small molecule benzyl esters and benzyl ethers. A supported Pd catalyst, able to completely debenzylate high molecular weight PBOEMA, was developed. A Pd based catalyst system, prepared in situ as a polymer-supported colloid, proved to be equally effective as a debenzylating agent for high molecular weight PBOEMA.
Hybridization between Arctostaphylos viscida and A. canescens in Oregon

Evidence of natural hybridization betweenArctostaphylos viscida andA. canescens in southwestern Oregon was obtained from morphological studies of field populations. Hybridization occurs where populations ofA. viscida andA. canescens meet in areas where serpentine and nonserpentine soils abut. At these contacts,A. viscida forms large populations only on serpentine andA. canescens only on nonserpentine. Most of the indentifiable hybrids survive on either transitional or nonserpentine soils. The small proportion that are found on serpentine are considered to be backcrosses toA. viscida. The hybrid plants are similar to several putative species maintained in the standard floras, and it is suggested that these no longer be given taxonomic recognition.
Matrix completion problems for pairs of related classes of matrices

Abstract For a class X of real matrices, a list of positions in an n×n matrix (a pattern) is said to have X-completion if every partial X-matrix that specifies exactly these positions can be completed to an X-matrix. If X and X0 are classes that satisfy the conditions any partial X-matrix is a partial X0-matrix, for any X0-matrix A and e>0, A+eI is a X-matrix, and for any partial X-matrix A, there exists δ>0 such that A−δ I is a partial X-matrix (where Ĩ is the partial identity matrix specifying the same pattern as A) then any pattern that has X0-completion must also have X-completion. However, there are usually patterns that have X-completion that fail to have X0-completion. This result applies to many pairs of subclasses of P- and P0-matrices defined by the same restriction on entries, including the classes P/P0-matrices, (weakly) sign-symmetric P/P0-matrices, and non-negative P/P0-matrices. It also applies to other related pairs of subclasses of P0-matrices, such as the pairs classes of P/P0,1-matrices, (weakly) sign-symmetric P/P0,1-matrices and non-negative P/P0,1-matrices. Furthermore, any pattern that has (weakly sign-symmetric, sign-symmetric, non-negative) P0-completion must also have (weakly sign-symmetric, sign-symmetric, non-negative) P0,1-completion, although these pairs of classes do not satisfy condition (3). Similarly, the class of inverse M-matrices and its topological closure do not satisfy condition (3), but the conclusion remains true, and the matrix completion problem for the topological closure of the class of inverse M-matrices is solved for patterns containing the diagonal.
Immunologic Studies of Poisonous Anacardiaceae: Oral Desensitization to Poison Ivy and Oak urushiols in Guinea Pigs

Poison ivy and oak urushiols or their components were compared with the respective esterified derivatives for efficacy in oral desensitization of Hartley guinea pigs sensitized to urushiols. The esterified derivatives produced a significantly greater degree of hyposensitization than did free urushiol counterparts. Suppression produced by esterified urushiols was of longer duration than that produced by free urushiols. Groups of sensitized guinea pigs were given high (100 mg/kg) or low (10 mg/kg) doses of a mixture of acetylated, saturated urushiol congeners over a 1-, 2-, or 3-week period. High doses produced a greater degree of hyposensitization regardless of the dosage schedule used. Low doses did not produce significant hyposensitization unless given over a shorter (1 week) schedule. Large single booster doses (33 mg/kg/week) of the acetate derivatives produced a rebound in responsiveness when given, 2 weeks following the last dose of the initial series, to animals hyposensitized with 10 mg/kg. No such rebound in sensitivity occurred in animals given a series of high initial doses.
The Effects of Age on Continuous Learning in the Radial Maze

Abstract Winter, J. C. The effects of age on continuous learning in the radial maze. Physiol Behav 61(4) 609–612, 1997.—Two groups of male Fischer 344 rats were trained in 1 session per day on a series of tasks in a food-reinforced radial maze. The younger group (n = 10) was 3 months old at the start of these experiments; the older group (n = 10) was 21 months old at the start. Following acclimation to the maze, subjects were trained successively on an 8-arm task (8A1) in which entry into all arms was reinforced and a 4-arm task (141) in which only entry into arms 1 through 4 was reinforced. The 8-arm task was then repeated (8A2) and followed by a second 4-arm task (581) in which only entry into arms 5 through 8 was reinforced. The criterion for moving from one task to the next in the sequence was 3 consecutive sessions in which no more than 1 error was made. Comparison of the groups revealed that the younger rats required significantly fewer sessions and made fewer errors before reaching criterion performance in tasks 141, 8A2, and 581. The 2 groups did not differ in their mean rate of responding. The present data indicate that the use of a series of tasks that require continuous learning in a positively reinforced radial maze will permit continued differentiation of young and old rats. This approach may prove useful in the assessment of interventions in the process of age-related cognitive decline.
The influence of chain constraints on the kinetics of oriented crystallization under low stress

Abstract The kinetics of strain-induced crystallization of swollen, crosslinked polyethylene fibres have been measured under low draw conditions (α = 1.2 or 1.4) using dynamometry in combination with birefringence. Crosslinking was carried out in dicumyl peroxide to produce a range of chemical and trapped entanglement concentrations. Avrami analysis showed that transformation proceeds by heterogeneous nucleation followed by one-dimensional growth of c-axis oriented crystallites. Growth rates and the size of the corresponding critical nuclei show a strong dependence on crosslink density and entanglement concentration at high crosslink concentration. When entanglement concentration is comparable to the crosslink concentration, the effects of the two constraints become indistinguishable. The latter observation is in line with published results for flow-induced crystallization under comparably low stress levels showing that growth rates are relatively insensitive to entanglement concentration. At higher crosslink concentrations, growth rate decreases in a non-linear fashion indicating potential thermodynamic as well as mobility effects. A physical model illustrates the role of chain constraints on the kinetics of oriented crystallization.
An Ecological Politics of Everyday Life: Placing Flesh on Whitehead's Process Philosophy in Search of "Green" Possibilities

This paper highlights the significance of embodied, non-representational knowledge for understanding nature as a process (rather than a state). It begins by discussing Alfred North Whitehead's "first philosophy", out of which arises his profoundly original process ontology. Working from this alternative ontology, the paper then extends these insights "up" to the realms of knowledge, practice, and the corporeal poetics of everyday life. In doing this, discussion centers on what the author refers to as an ecological politics of everyday life. The paper concludes by briefly discussing a case where such a politics of the flesh is already underway.
Ectodermal-Neural Cortex 1 Down-Regulates Nrf2 at the Translational Level

The transcription factor Nrf2 is the master regulator of a cellular defense mechanism against environmental insults. The Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response is accomplished by the transcription of a battery of genes that encode phase II detoxifying enzymes, xenobiotic transporters, and antioxidants. Coordinated expression of these genes is critical in protecting cells from toxic and carcinogenic insults and in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. Activation of the Nrf2 pathway is primarily controlled by Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), which is a molecular switch that turns on or off the Nrf2 signaling pathway according to intracellular redox conditions. Here we report our finding of a novel Nrf2 suppressor ectodermal-neural cortex 1 (ENC1), which is a BTB-Kelch protein and belongs to the same family as Keap1. Transient expression of ENC1 reduced steady-state levels of Nrf2 and its downstream gene expression. Although ENC1 interacted with Keap1 indirectly, the ENC1-mediated down-regulation of Nrf2 was independent of Keap1. The negative effect of ENC1 on Nrf2 was not due to a change in the stability of Nrf2 because neither proteasomal nor lysosomal inhibitors had any effects. Overexpression of ENC1 did not result in a change in the level of Nrf2 mRNA, rather, it caused a decrease in the rate of Nrf2 protein synthesis. These results demonstrate that ENC1 functions as a negative regulator of Nrf2 through suppressing Nrf2 protein translation, which adds another level of complexity in controlling the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
Atmospheric Contributions to Forest Nutrient Cycling

: The atmosphere is a significant source of plant nutrients that partially replenishes losses due to timber harvesting. The relative importance of wet and dry deposition depends upon the specific nutrient and site. Nitrogen in bulk precipitation (wetfall and dryfall) is equivalent to at least 70 percent of the nitrogen incorporated annually in above-ground woody tissues of some temperate hardwood forests. Atmospheric sources of calcium and potassium supply between 20 and 40 percent of the nutrients sequestered in woody increments. Annual nutrient inputs in bulk precipitation can exceed removals associated with sawiog harvest over a rotation period. Atmospheric inputs of nitrogen are only slightly less than hydrologic losses immediately after timber harvesting. The deposition of nutrients is highly variable in both time and space; interpretations of nutrient inputs and forest management impacts require quantification of inputs for a variety of ecosystems over long periods of time.
Autoimmunity and microbiota

Environment (physical insults, toxins, nutrition and microorganisms) influences development of autoimmune diseases. Pathogenic, pathobiotic and commensal microorganisms contribute to disease progression in genetically susceptible hosts. Germ-free animals or defined-microbiota colonized animals are valuable tools for understanding microbial influences on autoimmunity, especially if they could be genetically modified. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) susceptible NOD mice were used as an autoimmunity model to test the role of microbiota in disease development and we have determined that microbiota manipulates innate immune system affecting T1D progression.In addition, we found that metabolic changes affecting T1D pathogenesis work indirectly through microbiota. Thus, genetics, microbiota, metabolism and likely dietary challenges, can all affect development of autoimmune diseases.
Social history and issues in human consciousness : some interdisciplinary connections

This book deals with the connections and possible avenues for further research on the connections between history and psychology. The direct focus is on three major topic areas: religious ecstasy, literacy and emotion. It presents historically-oriented discussions behavioural scientists have only recently engaged in. It thus encourages a new sense of interdisciplinary exchange, particularly in the areas of the history of mentalities and the history of religion. The book also raises larger issues of theory.
How gold nanoparticles have stayed in the light: the 3M's principle.

Simultaneous advances in making, measuring, and modeling noble metal (plasmonic) particles—designated as the 3Mʼs principle—have led to a perfect storm in discoveries and applications of gold nanoparticles. Three articles in this issue of ACS Nano illustrate this concept. First, exquisite control over gold nanorod length and diameter and testing of fundamental ideas are presented. Second, gold nanorods as localized surface plasmon resonance sensors to monitor the kinetics of antibody−antigen binding are reported. Third, strategies to prepare gold nanoshell substrates to enhance Raman scattering and infrared absorption are proposed. In this Perspective, we discuss how these reports fit into current challenges in plasmonics and how the prospects of localized surface plasmons will continue to shine when the right applications are revealed.
Ego mechanisms of defense and personality psychopathology

It is often not just life stress but also a person's idiosyncratic response to life stress that leads to psychopathology. Thus, despite problems in reliability, the validity of defenses makes them a valuable diagnostic axis for understanding psychopathology. By including a patient's defensive style as part of the diagnostic formulation, the clinician is better able to comprehend what seems initially most unreasonable about the patient and to appreciate what is adaptive as well as maladaptive about the patient's defensive distortions of inner and outer reality. Clinical appreciation of the immature defenses (e.g., hypochondriasis, fantasy, dissociation, acting out, projection, and passive aggression) is particularly useful in classifying and caring for individuals with personality disorders.
The gene clusters ARC and COR on chromosomes 5 and 10, respectively, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae share a common ancestry.

Abstract The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains two clusters of eight genes each on chromosome 10 and 5, denoted, respectively, the COR and ARC regions. The genes in the COR region include TRS1 (a tRNASer gene), ANB1, CYC1, UTR1, UTR3, OSM1, tRNAGly and RAD7 whereas the genes in the ARC region include TRS2 (a tRNASer gene), TIF51A, UTR5, ANP1, RAD23, UTR4, CYC7 and UTR2. We have performed a physical analysis of the ARC region, including determining DNA sequence of the 7529 nucleotides; the open reading frames; the size and orientation of the transcripts; and the phenotypes resulting from deletions or gene disruptions. The ARC region was systematically compared to the COR region which was previously described. The gene pairs CYC1-CYC7 and ANB1-TIF51A were previously shown to be, respectively, approximately 80% and 90% identical. tRNASer genes, TRS1 and TRS2, are located in both clusters 953 nt and 344 nt downstream of ANB1 and TIF51A , respectively. Some of the other gene pairs of these clusters are related in function and share only short segments of similarity distributed within the regions. The best alignment based on amino acid and nucleotide sequences indicates that the ARC and COR regions are ancestrally related by a duplication, a transposition, and a single rearrangement, followed by extensive divergence. These comparisons allowed an evaluation of distantly related sequences not obviously revealed by standard computer analysis. Surprisingly, the alignment suggested that a translated region of the ARC ANP1 gene and the COR tRNAGly gene are ancestrally related. Also translated regions of the COR gene RAD7 share similarities with both of the two adjacent ARC genes, ANP1 and RAD23. Five examples of simple repeated amino acid and DNA sequences occurred in the ARC region but none in the COR region. We suggest that these repeated sequences played a role in the divergence of ARC genes.
Dietary calcium intake and Renin Angiotensin System polymorphisms alter the blood pressure response to aerobic exercise: a randomized control design

Dietary calcium intake and the renin angiotensin system (RAS) regulate blood pressure (BP) by modulating calcium homeostasis. Despite similar BP regulatory effects, the influence of dietary calcium intake alone and combined with RAS polymorphisms on the BP response following acute aerobic exercise (i.e., postexercise hypotension) has not been studied. Thus, we examined the effect of dietary calcium intake and selected RAS polymorphisms on postexercise hypotension. Subjects were men (n = 50, 43.8 ± 1.3 yr) with high BP (145.3 ± 1.5/85.9 ± 1.1 mm Hg). They completed three experiments: non-exercise control and two cycle bouts at 40% and 60% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Subjects provided 3 d food records on five protocol-specific occasions. Dietary calcium intake was averaged and categorized as low (<880 mg/d = LowCa) or high (≥ 880 mg/d = HighCa). RAS polymorphisms (angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion, ACE I/D; angiotensin II type 1 receptor, AT1R A/C) were analyzed with molecular methods. Genotypes were reduced from three to two: ACE II/ID and ACE DD; or AT1R AA and AT1R CC/AC. Repeated measure ANCOVA tested if BP differed among experiments, dietary calcium intake level and RAS polymorphisms. Systolic BP (SBP) decreased 6 mm Hg after 40% and 60% VO2max compared to non-exercise control for 10 h with LowCa (p < 0.01), but not with HighCa (p ≥ 0.05). Under these conditions, diastolic BP (DBP) did not differ between dietary calcium intake levels (p ≥ 0.05). With LowCa, SBP decreased after 60% VO2max versus non-exercise control for 10 h among ACE II/ID (6 mm Hg) and AT1R AA (8 mm Hg); and by 8 mm Hg after 40% VO2max among ACE DD and AT1R CC/CA (p < 0.01). With HighCa, SBP (8 mm Hg) and DBP (4 mm Hg) decreased after 60% VO2max compared to non-exercise control for 10 h (p < 0.05), but not after 40% VO2max (p ≥ 0.05). SBP decreased after exercise compared to non-exercise control among men with low but not high dietary calcium intake. Dietary calcium intake interacted with the ACE I/D and AT1R A/C polymorphisms to further modulate postexercise hypotension. Interactions among dietary calcium intake, exercise intensity and RAS polymorphisms account for some of the variability in the BP response to exercise.
Routine clinical practice effectiveness of the Glidescope in difficult airway management: an analysis of 2,004 Glidescope intubations, complications, and failures from two institutions.

Introduction: The Glidescope video laryngoscope has been shown to be a useful tool to improve laryngeal view. However, its role in the daily routine of airway management remains poorly characterized. Methods: This investigation evaluated the use of the Glidescope at two academic medical centers. Electronic records from 71,570 intubations were reviewed, and 2,004 cases were indentified where the Glidescope was used for airway management. WeanalyzedthesuccessrateofGlidescopeintubationinvarious intubationscenarios.Inaddition,theincidenceandcharacterof complications associated with Glidescope use were recorded. PredictorsofGlidescopeintubationfailureweredeterminedus