cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation of metal in the CH chondrites ALH 85085 and PCA 91467

Abstract Siderophile element distributions within individual metal grains in two CH chondrites, Allan Hills 85085 and Pecora Escarpment 91467, were measured by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Those metal grains that are zoned in Ni were also found to be zoned in other refractory siderophile elements, such as Ru, but not in Pd, which is not refractory but is highly siderophile. This pattern is consistent with an origin by condensation from a gas of approximately solar composition, but not with an origin by redox processes or fractional crystallization. The unzoned metal grains in CH chondrites were found to be frequently depleted in Ru but not in Pd, consistent with later stage condensation from a solar gas after removal of the zoned metal. Gold is inversely correlated with Ni in the unzoned metal grains, and mean Au abundances in zoned metal are always low. Both zoned and unzoned metal in CH chondrites could plausibly be produced from a thermostatically regulated nebula, followed by rapid removal of the zoned metal, and slower removal of the unzoned metal, both at temperatures near or above the condensation temperature of Au (∼1250 K). This is also consistent with the isolation temperatures inferred from silicate grains in CH chondrites by previous workers based on their volatile element inventories. The volatile siderophile Cu is enriched in the rims relative to the interiors of both zoned and unzoned grains, and is interpreted as the product of diffusion during low-grade thermal processing. The similarity of Cu distributions, and degree of kamacite/taenite exsolution, between zoned and unzoned metal in CH chondrites suggests that the two populations of metal experienced modest thermal metamorphism after they were brought together in the same environment, probably on the CH parent body. Fragmentation and size-sorting of the metal must have post-dated the Cu zoning, and may have occurred in a regolith on the CH parent body. The compositions of CH metal, like that of metal from QUE 94411 and HH 237, are consistent with a nebular origin, and may be the most primitive nebular materials (as distinct from presolar grains) sampled by chondrites.
Emergency department screening for syphilis in patients with other suspected sexually transmitted diseases.

Study objective: To evaluate targeted screening for syphilis among a high-risk group of emergency department patients. Study design and type of participants: During a four-month period, 260 patients with suspected sexually transmitted diseases other than syphilis had rapid plasma reagins drawn to determine the incidence of otherwise unsuspected syphilis. Results: Twenty-two patients (8%) had a reactive rapid plasma reagin. Of these, 16 (6%) also had a reactive FTA-ABS and were determined to have syphilis. The cost for screening was $104.90 for each patient with syphilis. Using Poisson regression to control for changing rates over time and for prior differences in rates of syphilis detection in the three hospitals involved in the study, it was determined that our intervention led to 2.4-fold as many cases identified as would have been expected considering prior rates and the increasing incidence of syphilis. Conclusion: Syphilis screening of this high-risk population in the ED is warranted.
Victimization of Individuals with Legal Blindness: Nature and Forms of Victimization

This article reports the results of a study of the forms of victimization experienced by individuals with legal blindness. Semi-structured interviews with 58 legally-blind persons were conducted. RESULTS reveal that individuals with legal blindness generally experience criminal victimization at rates consistent with the sighted population but, in some cases, experience certain forms of victimization at rates higher than the sighted population. Language: en
Effects of imipramine on schedule dependent and schedule induced behavior

Abstract Rats were reduced to 80% body weight and were exposed to an FI 1 min reinforcement schedule for 60 min daily until lever presses, licks, and water consumption stabilized for at least 10 days. In Experiment 1, animals were injected with 0.9% saline, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg/kg of imipramine in a counterbalanced design. In Experiment 2, following the return of all three measures to pre-injection baseline, the same animals were injected with 16 mg/kg of imipramine daily for 8 days. On Days 9 through 11 animals continued to be tested under the same conditions but imipramine was not administered. Results of Experiment 1 revealed a significant decrease in lever presses at 8 mg/kg and a decrease in lever presses and water intake at 16 mg/kg. Licks were not significantly different from saline baseline at any of the doses used. In Experiment 2, repeated administration of imipramine resulted in a significant decrease in lever presses from saline baseline on all days. Water intake was significantly depressed on Day 2 through 8. Licks were depressed on Days 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8. Animals did not show any tolerance to the repeated administration of the drug. Licks and water consumption were not significantly different from saline baseline on Days 9, 10 and 11. Lever presses returned to baseline on Day 10. These data indicate that imipramine produces differential and dose dependent effects on schedule dependent and schedule induced behavior.
Spatial variations of the décollement/protodécollement zone and their implications: A 3‐D seismic inversion study of the northern Barbados accretionary prism

We conducted a 3-D seismic inversion study to investigate spatial variations of physical properties of the decollement zone (DZ) and protodecollement zone (PDZ) under the northern Barbados accretionary prism. Significant spatial variations of physical properties were observed in the PDZ seaward of the thrust front from the inversion data. The density generally increases southward with a few localized low-density patches. A lower density commonly corresponds to a thicker PDZ, suggesting that the paleomorphology may at least partially control the variations of the physical properties. Similar low-density patches were also found in the DZ. These features may be inherited from those of the PDZ and enhanced after subduction through localized arrested consolidation. Under the prism toe, the density of the DZ increases landward. This trend may mainly result from shear-induced consolidation of the DZ but may also be related to landward increasing tectonic loading. Significant north–south differences in density and, thus, porosity and strength of the PDZ, are observed and these differences may continue into the DZ. A stronger DZ is likely responsible for a larger prism taper observed in the southern area of the prism toe. The larger taper, thus more horizontal shortening, coupled with a thinner sediment sheet above the PDZ in the southern area, may cause a relative retreat of the thrust front and a pronounced change in strike of the sequence thrusts south of seismic Line 690. The north–south differences may ultimately have originated in the approach of a structurally higher segment of the Tiburon Rise. The Tiburon Rise affects regional morphology and, thus, it controls the sedimentation and physical properties of the PDZ. It may also control sediment accumulation above the PDZ. Therefore, the sedimentational change induced by the structural high of the Tiburon Rise, in turn, resulted in structural change of the prism in the southern area.
Microfluorimetry of cells stained with fluorescent antibody.

Abstract 1. 1. The amount of fluorescein bound to protein was determined by spectrophotometric and fluorimetric measurements of free dye occurring in the dialysate of a labeled conjugate, using the labeling compound, fluorescein isothiocyanate, as a standard. Two samples of fluorescein and one of fluorescein amine were unsuitable as standards for this purpose. 2. 2. The amount of bound dye could also be determined by spectrophotometric comparison of the conjugate with fluorescein isothiocyanate solutions. 3. 3. The average value for bound fluorescein was 54 μg of dye per mg protein when the initial reaction mixture contained 100 μg of dye per mg of protein. When the initial mixture contained 50 μg of dye per mg of protein, the average amount bound was 23.8 μg. 4. 4. The fluorescence of bound fluorescein isothiocyanate was about 10 per cent of that of the free dye in buffered saline solution. 5. 5. Microfluorimetry of individual coliform bacteria showed that the average amount of antibody protein reacting with a cell was 1.15 × 10−7 μg carrying 3.25 × 10−9 μg of fluorescein.
A numerical method for acoustic normal modes for shear flows

Abstract The normal modes and their propagation numbers for acoustic propagation in wave guides with flow are the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of a boundary value problem for a non-standard Sturm-Liouville problem. It is non-standard because it depends non-linearly on the eigenvalue parameter. (In the classical problem for ducts with no flow, the problem depends linearly on the eigenvalue parameter.) In this paper a method is presented for the fast numerical solution of this problem. It is a generalization of a method that was developed for the classical problem. A finite difference method is employed that combines well known numerical techniques and a generalization of the Sturm sequence method to solve the resulting algebraic eigenvalue problem. Then a modified Richardson extrapolation method is used that dramatically increases the accuracy of the computed eigenvalues. The method is then applied to two problems. They correspond to acoustic propagation in the ocean in the presence of a current, and to acoustic propagation in shear layers over flat plates.
Mallee model for mammal communities of the early Cenozoic and Mesozoic

Abstract Mallee is an endemic Australian woodland and shrubland of semi-arid, summer–dry regions between dry woodland and desert shrubland. In other parts of the world, such as Africa and the Americas, such climatic regions support grassland ecosystems. Using Australian and African climofunctions and models gives very different reconstructions of paleoclimate (subhumid versus perhumid) and paleovegetation (woodland versus rainforest) for North American fossil mammal faunas before Cenozoic evolution of grassland ecosystems. Modern mammal faunas of Africa and Australia have different ecological spectra of taxonomic units, body size, feeding, and locomotion of species of mammals on precipitation gradients. Gradients in proportions of such categories yield transfer functions for mean annual precipitation from percent species of Artiodactyla or Macropodidae, percent species of moderately large animals (45–180 kg), percent species of arboreal mammals, and percent species of grazers. These transfer functions can be applied to fossil mammal faunas to estimate paleoprecipitation in Africa, Australia and North America. Modern transfer functions match well paleoprecipitation estimates based on depth to calcic horizons in paleosols at the same localities in Kenya and inland Australia back through the Miocene. For fossil mammal faunas of the Rocky Mountain region of North America, African transfer functions fail, but Australian transfer functions predict paleoprecipitation back to the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary (66 Ma). Furthermore, modern mallee soils investigated in this study closely match Cretaceous to Eocene paleosols of the Rocky Mountains. Extinct mallee-like vegetation, such as pori woodlands of Kenya and cunhaka woodlands (newly defined) of the Rocky Mountains better explains the dominance of small, nocturnal, insectivorous, arboreal mammals of Paleogene and Mesozoic mammal faunas, than comparisons with African grassland or rainforest faunas.
Ethanol dehydrogenation with a palladium membrane reactor : An alternative to Wacker chemistry

The use of a membrane reactor offers the possibility of shifting the extent of reaction beyond the normal equilibrium position by continuously depleting one of the products. One such case is the de...
Prospective randomized comparison of biphasic waveform tilt using a unipolar defibrillation system.

Background: A unipolar defihrillation system using a single right ventricular (RV) electrode and the active shell or container of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator situated in a left infraclavicular pocket has been shown to be as efficient in defibrillation as an epicardial lead system. Additional improvements in this system would have favorable practice implications and could derive from alterations in pulse waveform shape. The specific purpose of this study is to determine whether defibrillation efficacy can be improved further in humans by lowering biphasic waveform tilt. Methods: We prospectively and randomly compared the defibrillation efficacy of a 50% and a 65% tilt asymmetric biphasic waveform using the unipolar defibrillation system in 15 consecutive cardiac arrest survivors prior to implantation of a presently available standard transvenous defibrillation system. The RV defibrillation electrode has a 5-cm coil located on a 10.5 French lead and was used as the anode. The system cathode was the active 108 cm2 surface area shell (or “CAN”) of a prototype titanium alloy pulse generator placed in the left infraclavicular pocket. The defibrillation pulse derived from a 120-μF capacitor and was delivered from RV ± CAN, with RV positive with respect to the CAN during the initial portion of the cycle. Defibrillation threshold (DFT) stored energy, delivered energy, leading edge voltage and current, pulse resistance, and pulse width were measured for both tilts examined. Results: The unipolar single lead system, RV ± CAN, using a 65% tilt biphasic pulse resulted in a stored energy DFT of 8.7 ± 5.7 J and a delivered energy DFT of 7.6 ± 5.0 J. In ail 15 patients, stored and delivered energy DFTs were < 20 J. The 50% tilt biphasic pulse resulted in a stored energy DFT of 8.2 ± 5.4 J and a delivered energy DFT of 6.1 ± 4.0 J;P = 0.69 and 0.17, respectively. As with the 65% tilt pulse, all 15 patients had stored and delivered energy DFTs < 20 J. Conclusion: The unipolar single lead transvenous defibrillation system provides defibrillation at energy levels comparable to that reported with epicardial lead systems. This system is not improved by use of a 50% tilt biphasic waveform instead of a standard 65% tilt biphasic pulse. (PACE 1995; 18:1369–1373)
Orbital ordering and exchange interaction in the manganites

The microscopic origin of the exchange interaction in manganites is studied by solving an electronic model Hamiltonian for the Mn-O-Mn triad. It is shown that the magnetic structure of ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{x}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ is correctly described within an electronic Hamiltonian model, provided that the appropriate orientation of the $\mathrm{Mn}{(e}_{g})$ orbitals induced by the Jahn-Teller effect is taken into account. The Jahn-Teller distortions of the ${\mathrm{MnO}}_{6}$ octahedra control the orientation of the ${e}_{g}$ orbitals in the crystal, which in turn is shown to determine the sign of the magnetic exchange. Electron hopping involving the $\mathrm{Mn}{(t}_{2g})$ orbitals is found to be important in certain situations, for instance, it can cause a sign change in the exchange interaction, from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic, as a function of the Mn-O-Mn bond angle. All our results are obtained by exact diagonalization of the model Hamiltonian, either by direct diagonalization or by diagonalization using the Lanczos method, if the Hamiltonian is too big, and are rationalized using results of the fourth-order perturbation theory. The exchange interactions (signs and magnitudes) of the end members ${\mathrm{LaMnO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{CaMnO}}_{3}$ as well as of the half-doped compound, ${\mathrm{La}}_{1/2}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{1/2}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3},$ are all described correctly within the model.
The Conserved Serine-Tyrosine Dipeptide in Leishmania donovani Hypoxanthine-guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase Is Essential for Catalytic Activity

Crystal structures of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) proteins have implied that the translocation of a flexible loop containing a highly conserved Ser-Tyr dipeptide is necessary for the protection of the proposed oxocarbonium ion transition state of the enzyme (Eads, J. C., Scapin, G. T., Xu, Y., Grubmeyer. C., and Sacchettini, J. C. (1994) Cell 78, 325-334; Schumacher, M. A., Carter, D., Roos, D. S., Ullman, B., and Brennan, R. G. (1996) Nature Struct. Biol. 3, 881–887). An essential role for this Ser-Tyr dyad in HGPRT catalysis has now been verified biochemically and genetically for the Leishmania donovani HGPRT employing a combination of protein modifying reagents and site-directed mutagenesis. Incubation of HGPRT with either tetranitromethane or diethyl pyrocarbonate inactivated the enzyme completely, and peptide sequence analysis revealed that tetranitromethane treatment modified the Tyr residue within the Ser95-Tyr96 dipeptide. Analysis of site-directed mutants confirmed that both amino acids were vital for phosphoribosylation activity. Mutant HGPRTs, S95A, S95E, Y96F, and Y96V, exhibited dramatic reductions in their catalytic capabilities of 2–3 orders of magnitude, whereas HGPRTs containing conservative substitutions, S95C and S95T, displayed only a 2–3-fold decrease in kcat. Km values for the substrates of the forward and reverse reactions were largely unchanged for all HGPRT constructs, except for a 4–5-fold decrease in the Km value of the Y96F and Y96V mutants for phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. Expression of L. donovani hgprt constructs in Escherichia coli indicated that wild type and S95T HGPRTs complemented bacterial phosphoribosyltransferase deficiencies, whereas the S95A and S95C mutants complemented weakly, and the S95E, Y96F, and Y96V HGPRT did not support bacterial growth. These data authenticate that the Ser-Tyr dipeptide that is conserved among all members of the HGPRT family is essential for phosphoribosylation of purine nucleobases by HGPRT.
Qualitative errors in laminated composite plate models

The presence of ‘qualitative’ errors, i.e. errors that misrepresent the sign or direction of deformation in a problem, is identified in laminated composite plate elements. The errors are found to be due to the presence of parasitic shear terms introduced when an element is formed using incompatible polynomials. Although these modelling errors can be removed from four-node elements with reduced order Gauss quadrature integration, they cannot be removed from eight-node elements by this method. However, procedures based on a physically interpretable notation are available to remove these errors from individual elements with any number of nodes. The procedures for correcting the laminated composite plate elements can be used to remove parasitic shear and spurious zero energy modes from other types of elements. Three examples are used to demonstrate the developments.
Doubly stochastic matrices with dominant p-minors

It has been shown that if A is an n×n doubly stochastic matrix, and if the permanent of A is minimal with respect to all n×n doubly stochastic matrices, then per A(i|j) per A for all i,j=1,…,n . It is conjectured that if A is doubly stochastic and if per A for all i,j=1,…,n, then either A=Jn , the matrix in which every entry is l/n, or, up to permutations of rows and columns, , where Pn is a full cycle permutation matrix. The resolution of this conjecture in the affirmative would settle the famous van der Waerden conjecture concerning permanents of doubly stochastic matrices. Results in this paper confirm the former conjecture under certain restrictions on the matrix A.
Can Patients Evaluate the Quality of Hospital Care

We have found that patients have distinct opinions about many components of hospital care, but that little recent work has identified those components important to today's patients in the United States. Investigators have constructed reproducible scales to obtain evaluations. Patient evaluations of the interpersonal features of hospital care are influenced by interventions that physicians or nurses identify as "higher" quality of care. We do not know if patient reports and ratings of specific aspects of care accurately reflect the effects of hospital care on health outcomes--the quality standard that public agencies and payers may consider the most important. However, patient evaluations of nursing care and medical care are independently related to patients' overall satisfaction, overall assessments of quality, and intentions to recommend and return to the same hospital. More studies are needed to clarify whether other components of hospital care also contribute to these ratings and intentions and, if so, how much. Nonresponse bias affects patient surveys, making patient ratings of care in each sample more favorable than the population mean; we do not know how this affects conclusions of surveys that compare hospitals or treatments. Few studies have compared how different methods affect the reproducibility and accuracy of patient reports and ratings. Practical issues may be the most important obstacles for users of patient ratings, particularly regarding whether potential users will be able to interpret results and accept them. Finally, no comprehensive instrument or survey method in the published literature has been tested enough to be recommended as a reproducible, accurate, and interpretable quality measure: a few do, however, appear worthy of further testing.
Shop operating characteristics curves for shop control

A graphical method is proposed as a tool for evaluating the impact of different control rules or different shop configurations upon shop performance. The shop operating characteristics curve simultaneously displays indices for the throughput rate, the flow time, and the level of work-in-process. The method of constructing and applying the shop operating characteristics curve is illustrated using several examples. The invariance property of the curve also is discussed.
Thucydides and Plato on Democracy and Trust

For a variety of reasons, the problem of political trust has become an important issue within contemporary democratic theory, especially within theories of deliberative democracy. This article argues that contributions from classical political philosophy-specifically Thucydides' representation of the Mytilenean debate and the Platonic dialogue, Protagoras-can enrich that discussion. The paper suggests that deliberative democratic theory's treatment of political trust raises a series of questions that the perspective does not fully acknowledge or engage. It then offers intersecting readings of these two classical works that, I suggest, make constructive contributions on three fronts. First, they clarify the goodness of political trust in democratic regimes. Second, they under-score the need to focus on the substantive outcomes as well as on the procedural arrangements of deliberative democracy. Third, they clarify the dependence of warranted trust on certain forms of virtue. The conclusion is not that deli...
The Role of Interfacial Layers in the Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids: A Renovated Maxwell Model

Nanofluids, a new class of solid/liquid suspensions, offer scientific challenges because their measured thermal conductivity is one order of magnitude greater than predictions. It has long been known that liquid molecules close to a solid surface form layered solid-like structures, but little is known about the connection between this nanolayer and the thermal properties of the suspensions. Here, we have modified the Maxwell equation for the effective thermal conductivity of solid/liquid suspensions to include the effect of this ordered nanolayer. Because this ordered nanolayer has a major impact on nanofluid thermal conductivity when the particle diameter is less than 10 nm, a new direction is indicated for development of next-generation coolants.
Address block location on envelopes using Gabor filters: supervised method

The authors have implemented a texture-based supervised segmentation method to identify potential destination address blocks in envelope images. Texture features are computed by using a set of even symmetric Gabor filters. A one-layer neural network classifier is used to classify pixels into text and non-text categories using four texture features. The authors also present a simple heuristic to select the correct destination address block from among several candidates identified. The method works well on several envelope images. >
Military communications satellite system multiplies UHF channel capacity for mobile users

The mobile user objective system (MUOS) will be the successor to the Navy's UFO satellite communications system. One MUOS proposal relies on a constellation of GEO spacecraft that uses non-processing repeaters and multiple spotbeams for worldwide Earth-coverage. UHF frequency reuse greatly increases the number of narrowband voice/data channels available to mobile units. A key design element is the large antenna reflector with an area of 1250 square meters.
Characterization of and correction for artifacts in linogram MRI

Chemical shift differences, field inhomogeneity, and gradient nonlinearity result in artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging. Three artifacts are characterized for linogram imaging and it is shown that, based on computer simulations and theory, linogram MRI behaves similarly to 2DFT. A correction technique similar to a scheme for 2DFT imaging based on the Dixon technique and coordinate transform methods is proposed. The algorithm is applied to correct for field inhomogeneity and gradient nonlinearity-induced artifacts in both simulations and images of a clinical phantom. The results show good correlation with the theory. It is concluded that linogram imaging offers certain attractive features of both 2DFT and PR imaging techniques, and is a potentially viable alternative to PR imaging in the presence of field inhomogeneity.
Fibroblastic osteosarcoma of the mandible

Osteosarcoma of the mandible is a rare lesion. We report the case of a 16-year-old male who developed a fibroblastic osteosarcoma at the site of a wisdom tooth extraction. The lesion followed an aggressive course of recurrence and diffuse disseminated osteosarcomatosis. We speculate on the causal factors that resulted in this rapid course.
Heterologous expression in Tritrichomonas foetus of functional Trichomonas vaginalis AP65 adhesin

Trichomonosis, caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, is the number one, nonviral sexually transmitted infection that has adverse consequences for the health of women and children. The interaction of T. vaginalis with vaginal epithelial cells (VECs), a step preparatory to infection, is mediated in part by the prominent surface protein AP65. The bovine trichomonad, Tritrichomonas foetus, adheres poorly to human VECs. Thus, we established a transfection system for heterologous expression of the T. vaginalis AP65 in T. foetus, as an alternative approach to confirm adhesin function for this virulence factor. In this study, we show stable transfection and expression of the T. vaginalis ap65 gene in T. foetus from an episomal pBS-ap65-neo plasmid. Expression of the gene and protein was confirmed by RT-PCR and immunoblots, respectively. AP65 in transformed T. foetus bound to host cells. Specific mAbs revealed episomally-expressed AP65 targeted to the parasite surface and hydrogenosome organelles. Importantly, surface-expression of AP65 in T. foetus paralleled increased levels of adherence of transfected bovine trichomonads to human VECs. The T. vaginalis AP65 adhesin was stably expressed in T. foetus, and the data obtained using this heterologous system strongly supports the role of AP65 as a prominent adhesin for T. vaginalis. In addition, the heterologous expression in T. foetus of a T. vaginalis gene offers an important, new approach for confirming and characterizing virulence factors.
High-power LCI grinding mill drive under faulty conditions

Mining plants present harsh operating conditions because locations at high altitude in the mountains, with large temperature variations and dusty environment, that can affect the integrity of the electronics producing loss of reliability with undesirable effects on safety and production. This paper presents a problem and corresponding solution related with a mining issue, where a 6.6 kV fed load-commutated-inverter (LCI) drive is employed for driving a 6500 Hp-grinding mill. In the last time, the drive has shown a variety of faulty conditions causing several downtimes and the concern of the staff. The drive has a control system with hybrid technology comprising analogue and digital components, which was installed in year 1991 with a history of few operational problems. Recent failures have shown a different and complex nature. Because the employed technology has not an intelligent diagnostics system integrated to the distributed control system (DCS) of the plant, it is a challenging task to understand the origin of the problems. A study was carried out in order to find the causes of the failures. A procedure based on a theoretical and experimental approach was developed in order to establish hypothesis for finding the roots of the problem. Among other factors, the study indicated that a lost of firing pulses of the machine converter was the most likely reason for a commutation failure. Simulated results and measurements confirmed that hypothesis. Therefore, overcurrents caused by failure in the pulses pattern of machine side converter were detected and a focalised search in specific printed boards allowed the finding of defects and remedial actions could be taken.
Minimally strong digraphs

Dirac (2) and Plummer (5) independently investigated the structure of minimally 2-connected graphs G, which are characterized by the property that for any line x of G, G–x is not 2-connected. In this paper we investigate an analogous class of strongly connected digraphs D such that for any arc x, D–x is not strong. Not surprisingly, these digraphs have much in common with the minimally 2-connected graphs, and a number of theorems similar to those in (2) and (5) are proved, notably our Theorems 9 and 12.
Influence of eye and head position on the vestibulo-ocular reflex

For the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) to function properly, namely to ensure a stable retinal image under all circumstances, it should be able to take into account varying eye positions in the orbit and varying orientations of the head with respect to the axis about which it is rotating. We tested this capability by quantifying the gain and the time constant of the horizontal component of the VOR during rotation about an earth vertical axis when the line of sight (optical axis) was moved out of the plane of head rotation — either by rotating the eyes up or down in the orbit or by pitching the head up or down with respect to earth-horizontal. In either case the gain of the horizontal component of the VOR was attenuated precisely by the cosine of the angle made between the optical axis and the plane of head rotation. Furthermore, if the head was pitched up or down but the eye rotated oppositely in the orbit so as to keep the line of sight in the plane of head rotation the gain of the horizontal component of the VOR was the same value as with the head and eyes both straight ahead. In contrast, the time constant of the VOR varied only as a function of the orientation of the head and not as a function of eye position in the orbit. During rotation about an earth vertical axis, the time constant was longest (about 18 s) when the head was pitched forward to place the lateral canals near earth-horizontal and shortest (about 11 s) when the head was pitched backward to place the vertical canals near earth-horizontal. Finally, since during rotation in yaw the pattern of stimulation of the lateral and vertical semicircular canals varies with different head orientations one can use measurements of the horizontal component of the VOR, under varying degrees of pitch of the head, to calculate the relative ability of the lateral and vertical semicircular canals to transduce head velocity.
An American Paradox: The Emergency Detention Act of 1950

T HE UNITED STATES currently is maintaining a group of six internment camps which will receive the thousands of persons who are to be apprehended and detained in the event of an internal security emergency. Congress in 1951 appropriated funds to rehabilitate and maintain abandoned Second World War facilities for this purpose. James V. Bennett, Director of the Federal Prison System, reassured a Congressional committee last year that the camps are ready for use. Future detainees may find themselves looking through barbed wire fences from former prisoner-of-war camps at Florence, Arizona, or El Reno, Oklahoma. Former Army installations at Avon Park, Florida; Tule Lake, California; Wickenburg, Arizona; and an ordinance depot at Allenwood, Pennsylvania, have also bieen set aside as detention facilities. It has been estimated that these camps could accommodate 12,000 to 15,000 persons. This would not seem an excessive capacity in view of the F.B.I.'s latest estimate of 22,663 "hard core" members of the Communist Party in the United States. The program whereby thousands of persons-regardless of American citizenship-will be arrested and interned on an administrative finding that there exists reasonable cause to believe they might engage in espionage or sabotage, is detailed in the Emergency Detention Act of 1950. This is the story of how that legislation found lodgment in the American statute books. It is an effort, also, to contribute to the understanding of some of the practical problems and theoretical implications stemming from the effort in a free society to cage human beings, without trial, and in consequence of their political beliefs and associations. In the spring of 1950, when dangers to domestic security represented by such names as Hiss. Fuchs. and Conlon were the siih[ 20 ]
Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase causes cell death through a protein kinase B (PKB)-dependent mechanism and growth arrest through a PKB-independent mechanism.

Purpose To identify whether inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) causes apoptosis through inhibition of protein kinase B (PKB), implicating PKB as an important therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Methods and materials After treatment with the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, proliferation and apoptosis of the prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP, were measured by cell cycle analysis and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. To test the hypothesis that inhibition of PKB is responsible for the LY294002-induced apoptosis, LNCaP cells expressing a constitutively active form of PKB were generated. Results Treatment of LNCaP cells with the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, caused inactivation of PKB, growth arrest, and apoptosis. LY294002-induced apoptosis was increased in the absence of serum. The G1 growth arrest was associated with an increase in p27 kip1 expression. Cells expressing constitutively active PKB were protected from apoptosis induced by LY294002, but not from the G1 growth arrest induced by PI3K inhibition. Conclusion These data suggest that PKB activity regulates apoptosis, but not G1 arrest, and identify PKB as a potential critical target for cancer therapy. Targeted therapy against kinases might complement more conventional therapies, including androgen suppression for prostate cancer.
A Meta-Analysis of Research on Inoculation Theory

A meta-analysis of 54 cases testing the effectiveness of inoculation theory at conferring resistance and examining the mechanisms of the theory was conducted. The analyses revealed inoculation messages to be superior to both supportive messages and no-treatment controls at conferring resistance. Additionally, the results revealed refutational same and refutational different preemptions to be equally effective at reducing attitude change. However, the data were not consistent with some predictions made in narrative reviews of inoculation. No significant increase in resistance as a function of threat or involvement was found. Further, instead of a curvilinear effect for delay on resistance, the point estimates from our meta-analysis revealed equivalent resistance between immediate and moderate delays between inoculation and attack, with a decay in resistance after two weeks.
Reliability study of the laminate-based flip-chip chip scale package

The just about chip size package (JACS-Pak) design was developed for portable product applications. The package elements are solder bumped die, an epoxy underfill resin with inorganic filler, a low cost double-sided, semi-rigid epoxy glass or flex substrate, and solder ball terminals. This paper focuses on the board level reliability of the JACS-Pak package and benchmarks it with respect to standard ball grid array (BGA) packages, such as the glob top-BGA (GT-BGA) and the over molded pad array carrier (OMPAC). The samples (packages solder reflow attached to PCBs) are subjected to the liquid-to-liquid thermal shock testing from -55 to 125/spl deg/C at a rate of 5.8 cycles per hour. The results are compared to the thermal fatigue performance of standard 196 I/O GT-BGA and the 1.5 mm pitch OMPAC package. In addition, temperature cycling, temperature-humidity bias (THB), high temperature storage life (HTSL), and autoclave reliability tests were performed on the JACS-Pak package with excellent results.
Route and length of therapy of acute uncomplicated hematogenous osteomyelitis: do we have the answers yet?

Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHOM) is not uncommonly encountered in hospitalized pediatric patients, occurring in 1 in 5000 children per year or 1% of pediatric hospitalizations.1 There are published data regarding the length of antibiotic therapy, with many studies supporting an initial short intravenous (IV) course of therapy followed by an oral course of several weeks. Le Saux2 performed a systematic review that supported short-course IV therapy for AHOM. Peltola3 published the largest prospective study to date addressing treatment of AHOM, which supported short-course IV therapy followed by oral therapy for a total of 20 days. However, in practice, it is not so straightforward. It is not unusual for practitioners to recommend a long IV course of therapy, even in the face of an uncomplicated case of AHOM. Uncomplicated AHOM has been variably defined, but in general it would refer to osteomyelitis in a patient with <14 days of symptoms, no underlying medical conditions, and infection not associated with trauma and not requiring extensive surgical intervention3–6. This review synthesizes the available literature and addresses 2 clinical questions: (1) Is it reasonable to use short-course IV therapy in uncomplicated AHOM in pediatric patients? and (2) What is the appropriate total duration of therapy for uncomplicated AHOM in pediatric patients? AHOM is defined as <2 weeks of clinical symptoms with associated laboratory and imaging findings characteristic of AHOM and without any source for exogenous spread to the bone, such as may occur with penetrating trauma. The Pub Med and Google Scholar databases were used to conduct searches. Google Scholar was used to aid in finding open-access articles that might not be listed in PubMed. The search followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.7 Google scholar search terms included “osteomyelitis …
Covert Bias in Evaluation of Physical Therapist Students' Clinical Performance

Background and Purpose. Physical therapist education programs rely on physical therapy practitioners to evaluate the performance of students during clinical affiliations. The purpose of this study was to determine whether covert bias exists in the evaluative judgments of physical therapy practitioners. Subjects. A convenience sample of 83 physical therapists attending the fall conference of the Florida Physical Therapy Association was selected. The subjects, 31 men and 52 women (73 white, 3 black, and 7 Hispanic), had a mean age of 41.5 years (SD=8.2, range=26–73). Methods. Four female physical therapist students (1 white, 1 Hispanic, 1 Asian, and 1 black) were videotaped reciting identical scripts about a patient's status. Each subject was randomly assigned to one of four groups and read a case study about the patient, viewed one videotape, and rated the student's presentation on a form developed by the researchers. Results. The white, Hispanic, and Asian students received higher ratings than the black student on two factors: clarity of presentation and overall rating. The white and Hispanic students received a higher rating than the black student on maintaining interest. The white and the Asian students received a higher rating than the black student on communication of appropriate information. The white student received a higher rating than the black student on organization of information. Conclusion and Discussion. The black student consistently received low ratings, indicating that racial or ethnic bias may influence the opinions of physical therapy practitioners. These results justify further exploration of the effect of race and ethnicity on student evaluation in the clinic.
Occupancy of both sites on the thyrotropin (TSH) receptor dimer is necessary for phosphoinositide signaling

The thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor signals via Gs to produce cAMP and via Gq/11 to produce inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate, which is degraded to inositol monophosphate (IP1; phosphoinositide signaling). The potency of TSH for cAMP signaling is higher than for phosphoinositide signaling, and it was suggested that there are “spare receptors” for cAMP signaling. In a human embryonic kidney macrophage scavenger receptor-expressing (HEK-EM) 293 model system, there are no spare receptors, but the cells still exhibited 100-fold differences in potencies. Dose responses for TSH-stimulated dissociation of prebound 125I-TSH (negative cooperativity; EC50=70 mU/ml), which requires TSH binding to both sites of the TSH receptor (TSHR) homodimer, and TSH-stimulated IP1 production (EC50=50 mU/ml) were indistinguishable. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) using tagged receptors showed that TSHR formed homodimers and heterodimers with two binding-deficient mutant TSHRs, L252P and C41S. When L252P or C41S was expressed with TSHR, that is, when TSHR/L252P or TSHR/C41S heterodimers could only bind one TSH, TSH-stimulated IP1 production was decreased relative to cAMP production. The slopes of linear regression analyses comparing fold stimulation by TSH of IP1 vs. cAMP production were 0.044 ± 0.0047, 0.0043 ± 0.0041, and 0.0059 ± 0.0014 for cells expressing TSHR alone, TSHR and L252P, or TSHR and C41S, respectively. We suggest that TSHR coupling to phosphoinositide signaling is dependent on binding 2 molecules of TSH to TSHR homodimer, causing a conformational change allowing coupling to Gq/11.—Allen, M. D., Neumann, S., Gershengorn, M. C. Occupancy of both sites on the thyrotropin (TSH) receptor dimer is necessary for phosphoinositide signaling.
The Rising Incidence of Rotator Cuff Repairs

Background Rotator cuff repairs (RCRs) have become increasingly common. Several studies have shown variation in the indications for this procedure. We chose to track the incidence of RCRs in New York State (NYS) from 1995 to 2009. We hypothesized that after the introduction of the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code 29827 for arthroscopic RCR, there would be a significant increase in the rate of RCRs performed in NYS. Materials and methods The NYS Department of Health's Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) database was queried for reported RCRs between the years 1995 and 2009. Using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification procedural code 83.63 and CPT codes 23410, 23412, 23420, and 29827, we collected and analyzed data on RCR procedures. Results A total of 168,780 RCRs were performed in NYS from 1995 to 2009. In 1995, the population incidence of RCRs was 23.5 per 100,000. In comparison, in 2009, the population incidence was 83.1 per 100,000, an increase of 238% ( P Conclusions There has been a notable increase in the volume of RCRs performed in NYS. In addition, after the introduction of CPT code 29827 in 2003, the increase in the incidence of RCRs became significantly more pronounced.
Incorporating Environmental Considerations in Pest Control Advice for Farmers

This article develops a model for incorporating environmental quality objectives into pest control advice provided to farmers by agricultural agencies. The model relies on existing institutions and current pest management decision practice and its use has potential for improvements in farm profit as well as environmental quality.
Approximate optimal adaptive control for weakly coupled nonlinear systems: A neuro-inspired approach

This paper proposes a new approximate dynamic programming algorithm to solve the infinite-horizon optimal control problem for weakly coupled nonlinear systems. The algorithm is implemented as a three-critic/four-actor approximators structure, where the critic approximators are used to learn the optimal costs, while the actor approximators are used to learn the optimal control policies. Simultaneous continuous-time adaptation of both critic and actor approximators is implemented, a method commonly known as synchronous policy iteration. The adaptive control nature of the algorithm requires a persistence of excitation condition to be a priori guaranteed, but this can be relaxed by using previously stored data concurrently with current data in the update of the critic approximators. Appropriate robustifying terms are added to the controllers to eliminate the effects of the residual errors, leading to asymptotic stability of the equilibrium point of the closed-loop system. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach for a sixth-order dynamical example. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Six-coordinate Iron(II) and Cobalt(II) paraSHIFT Agents for Measuring Temperature by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Paramagnetic Fe(II) and Co(II) complexes are utilized as the first transition metal examples of 1H NMR shift agents (paraSHIFT) for thermometry applications using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). The coordinating ligands consist of TACN (1,4,7-triazacyclononane) and CYCLEN (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) azamacrocycles appended with 6-methyl-2-picolyl groups, denoted as MPT and TMPC, respectively. 1H NMR spectra of the MPT- and TMPC-based Fe(II) and Co(II) complexes demonstrate narrow and highly shifted resonances that are dispersed as broadly as 440 ppm. The six-coordinate complex cations, [M(MPT)]2+ and [M(TMPC)]2+, vary from distorted octahedral to distorted trigonal prismatic geometries, respectively, and also demonstrate that 6-methyl-2-picolyl pendents control the rigidity of these complexes. Analyses of the 1H NMR chemical shifts, integrated intensities, line widths, the distances obtained from X-ray diffraction measurements, and longitudinal relaxation time (T1) values allow for the partial...
Albumen Embedding and Individual Mounting of One or Many Mammalian Ova on Slides for Fluid Processing

For studies of ova with the light or electron microscope, as well as for autoradiographic and histochemical studies, these cells need to be sectioned. The handling of individual, often hard-to-obtain, cells through fluid processing by micropipettes is time-consuming and can easily cause damage or loss of valuable specimens. A number of interesting methods have been described for handling ova or free-floating cells. In these methods cells are commonly handled in containers with fine-mesh, wire cloth bottoms, when a number of cells are involved. Unfortunately they all require special equipment not readily or easily available (Buchanan 1965; Rinaldi et al. 1966; Izquierdo 1967; Shands 1968). In our method, egg white provides a supporting matrix for mouse ova and allows one or several specimens to be mounted on a slide.