cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of dictionary-based approaches to automatic repeating melody extraction

Automatic melody extraction techniques can be used to index and retrieve songs in music databases. Here, we consider a piece of music consisting of numerical music scores (e.g. the MIDI file format) as the input. Segmentation is done based on the tempo information, and a music score is decomposed into bars. Each bar is indexed, and a bar index table is built accordingly. Two approaches were proposed to find repeating patterns by the authors recently. In the first approach, an adaptive dictionary-based algorithm known as the Lempel Ziv 78 (LZ-78) was modified and applied to melody extraction, which is called the modified LZ78 algorithm or MLZ78. In the second approach, a sliding window is applied to generate the pattern dictionary. It is called the Exhaustive Search with Progressive LEngth algorithm or ESPLE. Dictionaries generated from both approaches need to be pruned to remove non-repeating patterns. Each iteration of either MLZ78 or ESPLE is followed by pruning of updated dictionaries generated from the previous cycle until the dictionaries converge. Experiments are performed on MIDI files to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms. In this research, we compare results obtained from these two systems in terms of complexity, performance accuracy and efficiency. Their relative merits and shortcomings are discussed in detail.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Between-groups factorial designs: analysis and interpretation.

The last four columns discussed the analysis of singlefactor designs, which included only one independent and one dependent variable. However, many studies have some analyses with more than one independent variable. In this column, we introduce an example of a study with a second between-groups independent variable, discuss the advantages of analyzing more than one independent variable at a time, and demonstrate how between-groups factorial designs are analyzed and interpreted. Between-groups designs are distinguished by each participant’s being included in only one group in the study. In the next column, we continue our discussion of factorial designs by introducing a repeated-measures independent variable as the second independent variable, creating a mixed design.
Iron-Induced Oxidative Stress Modulates Olfactory Learning and Memory in Honeybees

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative stress tends to increase with environmental stress, aging, and age-related diseases resulting in progressive neuronal dysfunction. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether or not oxidative stress can be induced into the antennal lobes of the honeybee brain by injecting ferrous ammonium citrate (FAC). Proboscis Extension Reflex conditioning procedure was used to assay subjects' responses to odorants for evaluating the effect of oxidative stress on the olfactory learning and memory. FAC-induced inhibitory effect on olfactory learning and memory was dose-and time-dependent. Injections of reduced glutathione (GSH) into the antennal lobes before FAC treatment blocked oxidative stress-mediated inhibitory effect. Injections of VK-28 prior to FAC treatment overcame oxidative stress-mediated inhibitory response. However, injections of GSH into the antennal lobes prior to mianserin/dsRNA treatment did not reverse octopamine receptor disruption-mediated inhibitory response. These results indicate that normal cellular redox is crucial for olfactory processing, and chelation of iron prevents ROS-mediated oxidative stress. Furthermore, octopamine receptor disruption, and FAC-mediated oxidative stress confer two independent mechanisms that impair olfactory learning and memory in honeybees.
A real-time treatment guidance system for pleural PDT

Intrapleural photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used as an adjuvant treatment with lung-sparing surgical treatment for mesothelioma. In the current intrapleural PDT protocol, a moving fiber-based point source is used to deliver the light and the light dose are monitored by 7 detectors placed in the pleural cavity. To improve the delivery of light dose uniformity, an infrared (IR) camera system is used to track the motion of the light sources. A treatment planning system uses feedback from the detectors as well as the IR camera to update light fluence distribution in real-time, which is used to guide the light source motion for uniform light dose distribution. We have reported previously the success of using IR camera to passively monitor the light fluence rate distribution. In this study, the real-time feedback has been implemented in the current system prototype, by transferring data from the IR camera to a computer at a rate of 20 Hz, and by calculation/displaying using Matlab. A dual-correction method is used in the feedback system, so that fluence calculation can match detector readings. Preliminary data from a phantom showed superior light uniformity using this method. Light fluence uniformity from patient treatments is also shown using the correction method dose model.
Pseudo-Inverse Based Iterative Learning Control for Linear Nonminimum Phase Plants with Unmodeled Dynamics*

Learning control is a very effective approach for tracking repetitive processes. In this paper, the stable-inversion based learning controller as presented in (Ghosh, J. and Paden, B., 1999, ‘‘Iterative Learning Control for Nonlinear Nonminimum Phase Plants with Input Disturbances,’’ in Proc. of American Control Conference; Ghosh, J. and Paden, B., 1999, ‘‘A pseudo-inverse based Iterative Learning Control for Nonlinear Plants with Disturbances,’’ in Proc. of 38th Conference on Decision and Control.) is modified to accommodate linear nonminimum phase plants with uncertainties. The design of the learning controller is based on the computation of an approximate inverse of the nominal model of the linear plant, rather than its exact inverse. The advantages of this approach are that the output of the plant need not be differentiated and also the plant model need not be exact. A low pass zero-phase filter is used in the iteration loop to achieve robustness to plant uncertainty. The structure of the controller is such that the low frequency components of the trajectory converge faster than the high frequency components. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1789540#
Can We Predict Underreported Energy Intake And Evaluate Nutritional Status Accordingly

Abstract Energy expenditure (EE) was measured using the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique in this cross-sectional study of children with equal numbers of blacks and whites; boys and girls; with a wide range of body weights. Food records were kept for the entire 8-day study with nutritionists monitoring school lunch food consumption to improve the accuracy of parent-assisted, student-kept records. Reported energy intake (REI) and other nutrient information were derived from these records. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with the general linear models procedure. Post hoc t-tests were used to determine differences between means. Underreporting (EE - REI) was significant for black children (950±200kcal; p=0.0002). and there was a tendency for underreporting in white children (320±160kcal; p=0.0626). When students were divided into tertiles of body fat, the fattest group had the greatest underreporting of energy intake (1040±240 kcal; p
Angiotoxicity and atherogenicity of cholesterol oxides

Cholesterol in the diet can readily autoxidize and be absorbed and transported in plasma lipoproteins. Cholesterol oxides can also be endogenously produced in tissues via free-radical-induced reactions. Some cholesterol oxides, notably cholestane-3 beta, 5 alpha, 6 beta-triol and 25-hydroxycholesterol, have been shown to cause injury to vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, to alter LDL receptor function, to enhance cholesteryl ester accumulation, to inhibit prostacyclin production, and to induce experimental atherosclerosis alone or in combination with cholesterol. An epidemiological study examining relationships between atherosclerosis and plasma levels of cholesterol oxides as independent risk factors may provide additional insights regarding the roles of cholesterol oxides in atherogenesis.
Enantioselective oxazaborolidine reduction of ketones containing heteroatoms

Abstract Ketones which contain heteroatoms, particularly nitrogen, can be enantioselectively and catalytically reduced with chiral oxazaborolidines in the presence of excess borane.
Morphology of the Inferior Frontal Gyrus in Developmentally Language-Disordered Adults

The inferior frontal gyrus has traditionally been considered an important cortical region for language and may be important for understanding developmental language disorders. The morphology of the inferior frontal gyrus, as it appeared on T1-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, was evaluated using a classification system that distinguished between seven basic morphological variants of the gyral and sulcal patterns in this region. This classification scheme was applied to the MRI scans of 41 neurologically normal adult subjects. To examine the relation between sulcal morphology and subject status, these subjects were sorted first by family history for developmental language disorders and then resorted by expression of behavioral signs consistent with a diagnosis of this disorder as determined by standardized testing. Morphological types that included an extra sulcus in the inferior frontal gyrus were statistically associated with the behaviorally based classification of subjects, but not with a positive family history for developmental language disorders. Because gyral patterns are prenatally determined, this finding is consistent with the theory that altered prenatal development contributes to the expression of a developmental language disorder.
Relative susceptibility to blister rust caused by Cronartium flaccidum of several species of pine

At Florence, Italy, several species of pine were experimentally infected with blister rust. Inoculations were carried out on 3 and 15 months-old seedlings. After antificial and natural inoculation, Brutia, Aleppo, Austrian, Swiss mountain, Maritime and Italian stone pine showed pyenia and aecia. Spotted seedlings of Ponderosa pine showed only mycelium of C. flaccidum in needle and stem tissues. The exotic species seemed to have a very high degree of resistance to blister rust.
Methods of Evaluating the Potential Usefulness of Selected Litter Materials

Abstract The usefulness of peanut shells, pine bark, ground cobs, wood shavings, and cane pomace as litter materials in roaster production was evaluated under laboratory and growing house conditions. All five materials differed significantly in the amount and rate of moisture exchange. Cane absorbed the largest amount of moisture per unit of dry weight followed by shavings, cobs, shells, and bark. Moisture evaporated per unit of dry weight was highest in peanut shells followed by shavings, bark, cane, and cobs. When compared by grams of moisture absorbed per hour, cobs were followed by cane, bark, shavings, and shells. Particle size of bark and shells averaged about 30 percent less than the others throughout the study in the growing house. Shells and cobs underwent significantly greater percent reduction in particle size. The smaller particle sized materials absorbed less total moisture and released it faster under drying conditions in both the growing house and under laboratory tests. Certain laboratory tests will indicate the possible usefulness of a material for poultry litter prior to rearing birds on it.
Power control algorithms for mobile ad hoc networks

Abstract Power control algorithms are an important consideration in mobile ad hoc networks since they can improve network capacity and lifetime. Existing power control approaches in ad hoc network basically use deterministic or probabilistic techniques to build network topology that satisfy certain criteria (cost metrics), such as preserving network connectivity, minimizing interference or securing QoS constraints. In this paper, we will provide a survey of the various approaches to deal with power control management in mobile ad-hoc wireless networks. We will classify these approaches into five main approaches: (a) Node-Degree Constrained Approach, (b) Location Information Based Approach, (c) Graph Theory Approach, (d) Game Theory Approach and (e) Multi-Parameter Optimization Approach. We will also focus on an adaptive distributed power management (DISPOW) algorithm as an example of the multi-parameter optimization approach which manages the transmit power of nodes in a wireless ad hoc network to preserve network connectivity and cooperatively reduce interference. We will show that the algorithm in a distributed manner builds a unique stable network topology tailored to its surrounding node density and propagation environment over random topologies in a dynamic mobile wireless channel.
Chemical Stability of Antioxidant‐Washed Beef Heart Surimi During Frozen Storage

Beef heart surimi was prepared in the presence or absence of propyl gallate and blended with or without cryoprotectants (sucrose, sorbitol). Samples were stored at -15, -29, and -70°C for 0.2, 2, 4, 12, 26 and 52 wk to observe oxidative changes in lipids (TBARS and dienes) and proteins (sulfhydryl, carbonyl, surface hydrophobicity, and myosin ATP-ase). Lipid and protein oxidation was minimal at -70°C. The freeze-thaw process caused lipid and protein oxidation in control samples at - 15 and -29°C. Oxidation increased rapidly after 4 wk. Propyl gallate inhibited lipid oxidation but was ineffective against protein changes. After 12 wk, cryoprotectants promoted lipid and protein oxidation in the absence of propyl gallate.
The ecology of algal biodiesel production

Sustainable energy production represents one of the most formidable problems of the 21st century, and plant-based biofuels offer significant promise. We summarize the potential advantages of using pond-grown microalgae as feedstocks relative to conventional terrestrial biofuel crop production. We show how pond-based algal biofuel production, which requires significantly less land area than agricultural crop-based biofuel systems, can offer additional ecological benefits by reducing anthropogenic pollutant releases to the environment and by requiring much lower water subsidies. We also demonstrate how key principles drawn from the science of ecology can be used to design efficient pond-based microalgal systems for the production of biodiesel fuels.
Does Quick to Blame Mean Quick to Anger? The Role of Agreeableness in Dissociating Blame and Anger

Two studies investigated agreeableness, the accessibility of blame, and their potential interactive effects on anger. To measure the chronic accessibility of blame, a choice reaction time task was created that required participants to classify words as blameworthy or not. It was found that for individuals low in agreeableness, blame accessibility was positively related to anger and arguments during the course of daily life, hostile feelings during the course of a semester, and anger in response to a short video involving a blameworthy action. This same straightforward relationship between the accessibility of blame and anger did not characterize those high in agreeableness. The results suggest that agreeableness plays an important role in facilitating (low agreeableness) or inhibiting (high agreeableness) the link between accessible blame and anger.
Preparing your intensive care unit to respond in crisis: considerations for critical care clinicians.

Objective:In recent years, healthcare disaster planning has grown from its early place as an occasional consideration within the manuals of emergency medical services and emergency department managers to a rapidly growing field, which considers continuity of function, surge capability, and process c
Abstract 2456: TGF-Beta regulates tumor ECM remodeling and progression to metastasis

To understand how loss of TGF-β signaling in cancer cells promotes tumor progression, we are evaluating modifications to the extracellular matrix in TGF-β type II receptor KO mammary tumors. Previous work from our lab supports a stromal expansion and increased TGF-β availability in PyMT tumors lacking TGF-β signaling in the epithelium. This expansion is characterized by increased activated fibroblasts, collagen deposition, and MDSC infiltration. We hypothesize that the increased TGF-β availability and fibroblast activation in TGF-β receptor II knock out tumors will also lead to increased ECM remodeling. Crosslinking of collagen fibers increases the overall stiffness of affected tissue providing the mechanical force necessary for tumor cell migration and invasion. Lysyl oxidase is a potent extracellular enzyme that crosslinks collagen and elastin fibers. The study of human breast cancer cell lines shows that HIF-1a upregulates lysyl oxidase in highly invasive cells and treatment with a lysyl oxidase inhibitor significantly decreases cellular invasion. Past work also supports TGF-B driving lysyl oxidase expression in the stroma of many tissue types. The interaction between the TGF-β secreted by infiltrating myeloid cells and stromal fibroblasts has yet to be elucidated and the combination of these effects on ECM remodeling and tumor metastasis will be the focus of this study. In this study we utilize transgenic mice which express PyMT under a mammary epithelial specific promoter, MMTV, and have the type II TGF-β receptor conditionally deleted from mammary epithelial cells. Prior to tumor palpation, we see an increase in collagen deposition as well as tissue tensile strength indicating a higher degree of collagen crosslinking. In PyMT tumors originating from the RII KO mammary glands, we see an increased deposition of collagen as well as an increased expression of lysyl oxidase. In our model, both in vitro and in vivo evidence supports stromal expression of lysyl oxidase by fibroblasts. Increased levels of stromal lysyl oxidase are correlated with increased levels of available TGF-β in the RII KO tumors which is primarily derived from infiltrating myeloid cells. Upon inhibition of lysyl oxidase activity during development of PyMT tumors in vivo, we observe a dramatic decrease in the ability of the cells to metastasize primarily through a loss of the ability to intravasate into the circulation. These results suggest that loss of the TGF-β type II receptor in mammary carcinoma cells promotes invasion through increases in lysyl oxidase activity and tissue stiffness. Future studies will focus on cellular response to variability in tissue stiffness and how the changes relate to in vivo tumors and their ability to enter the blood stream. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2456. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2456
A novel approach incorporating sildenafil in the management of symptomatic neonates with Ebstein's anomaly.

The neonatal presentation of Ebstein’s anomaly is a distinct cyanotic lesion for which little can be done other than to maintain ductal patency or perform palliative surgery if improvement does not occur. We report two cases in which sildenafil was introduced to assist previously failed attempts at weaning of prostaglandin.
The Influence of Location on Local Attitudes Toward Community Conservation on Mount Kilimanjaro

Interaction of communities and land managers can have unpredictable effects, and it is often unclear whether local attitudes toward conservation are representative of broad, local sentiments or result from interactions with land managers. By comparing three communities with similar social, cultural, and economic backgrounds yet different exposure to land managers, this article examines the impact of the Mount Kilimanjaro Community Conservation Service (CCS) on attitudes of local residents. A survey, administered to 92 randomly selected households in three villages on Mount Kilimanjaro, showed that residents with the most exposure to CCS had higher expectations of receiving benefits from the park, were more likely to think officials directly benefit, and were less willing to speak openly about their interaction with the land. While all villages rated the importance of conservation highly, the differences between attitudes show some negative results from community/park interactions, while positive results f...
Adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix: management and outcome.

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study was to review the management and outcome of patients with adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix and to evaluate the significance of endocervical cone margin status in these patients. Methods. A retrospective review of records between January 1988 and December 1996 identified 40 patients with adenocarcinoma in situ on cone biopsy for whom complete information was available. The median follow-up was 38 months. Results. The mean age was 37 years, and the mean parity was 1.3. Fifty-three percent of the patients had prior abnormal cervical cytology. The initial Pap smear that led to the patient's referral was abnormal in 39 (98%). Initial cervical biopsies showed adenocarcinoma in situ and/or glandular dysplasia in 28 (70%), squamous dysplasia in 2 (5%), chronic inflammation in 2 (5%), and no pathologic changes in 2 (5%) patients. Initially no biopsies were performed in 3 (7.5%) patients and the results of 3 (7.5%) biopsies were unknown. Subsequently, all patients had cone biopsies. The endocervical margins were positive for glandular abnormalities in 24% of cold knife cones (CKC), 75% of LEEPs, and 57% of laser cones. The ectocervical margins were positive for squamous and/or glandular abnormalities in 8% of CKCs, 13% of LEEPs, and 57% of laser cones. ECCs above the cone were obtained in 28 patients, and only 1 (3%) was positive. The definitive treatment was hysterectomy in 27, repeat cone in 5, and no additional therapy in 8 patients. The pathology showed residual disease in 44% of treated patients. From 16 cone biopsies with negative margins who had subsequent treatment, there was residual disease in 5 (31%) specimens (1 adenocarcinoma in situ, 1 mild glandular dysplasia, 3 glandular atypia). From 16 cones with positive margins who had subsequent treatment, there was residual disease in 9 (56%) specimens. The patients with negative ECCs above the cone regardless of margin status had residual disease in 58% of treated specimens. Conclusion. Women with adenocarcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix had residual disease in 31% of cases with negative margins in cone biopsies and/or with negative ECCs and in 56% of cases with positive endocervical margins. LEEP cones had higher rate of positive endocervical margins (75%) compared to CKC (24%) and laser cone (57%). If maintaining reproductive capacity is desired, we would recommend CKC; however, this does not guarantee absence of the disease.
DaCache: Memory Divergence-Aware GPU Cache Management

The lock-step execution model of GPU requires a warp to have the data blocks for all its threads before execution. However, there is a lack of salient cache mechanisms that can recognize the need of managing GPU cache blocks at the warp level for increasing the number of warps ready for execution. In addition, warp scheduling is very important for GPU-specific cache management to reduce both intra- and inter-warp conflicts and maximize data locality. In this paper, we propose a Divergence-Aware Cache (DaCache) management that can orchestrate L1D cache management and warp scheduling together for GPGPUs. In DaCache, the insertion position of an incoming data block depends on the fetching warp's scheduling priority. Blocks of warps with lower priorities are inserted closer to the LRU position of the LRU-chain so that they have shorter lifetime in cache. This fine-grained insertion policy is extended to prioritize coherent loads over divergent loads so that coherent loads are less vulnerable to both inter- and intra-warp thrashing. DaCache also adopts a constrained replacement policy with L1D bypassing to sustain a good supply of Fully Cached Warps (FCW), along with a dynamic mechanism to adjust FCW during runtime. Our experiments demonstrate that DaCache achieves 40.4% performance improvement over the baseline GPU and outperforms two state-of-the-art thrashing-resistant techniques RRIP and DIP by 40% and 24.9%, respectively.
Constitutional Quandaries and Critical Elections

In his book on Liberalism against Populism, William Riker argued that Lincoln's success in the 1860 election was the culmination of a long progression of strategic attempts by the Whig coalition of commercial interests to defeat the `Jeffersonian-Jacksonian' Democratic coalition of agrarian populism. Riker adduced Lincoln's success to his `heresthetic' maneuver to force his competitor, Douglas, in the 1858 Illinois Senate race, to appear anti-slavery, thus splitting the Democratic Party in 1860. Riker also suggested that electoral preferences in 1860 exhibited an underlying `chaotic' preference cycle. However, these accounts do not explain why the slavery question became paramount in 1858-60. I suggest here that US politics, from 1800 to 1858, can be interpreted in terms of a single land-capital axis that sustained the pre-eminence of an agrarian coalition, first created by Jefferson, of both slave interests and free labor. Lincoln's strategy in 1858-60 was to persuade free labor in the northern and weste...
Experimental feeding of DDE and PCB to female big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus)

Twenty‐two female big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) were collected in a house attic in Montgomery County, Maryland. Seventeen were fed mealworms (Tenebrio molitor larvae) that contained 166 ppm DDE; the other five were fed uncontaminated mealworms. After 54 days of feeding, six dosed bats were frozen and the remaining 16 were starved to death. In a second experiment, 21 female big brown bats were collected in a house attic in Prince Georges County, Maryland. Sixteen were fed mealworms that contained 9.4 ppm Aroclor 1254 (PCB). After 37 days, two bats had died, four dosed bats were frozen, and the remaining 15 were starved to death. Starvation caused mobilization of stored residues. After the feeding periods, average weights of all four groups (DDE‐dosed, DDE control, PCB‐dosed, PCB control) had increased. However, weights of DDE‐dosed bats had increased significantly more than those of their controls, whereas weights of PCB‐dosed bats had increased significantly less than those of their controls. During s...
Cyclin E in centrosome duplication and reduplication in sea urchin zygotes

When protein synthesis is completely blocked from before fertilization, the sea urchin zygote arrests in first S phase and the paternal centrosome reduplicates multiple times. However, when protein synthesis is blocked starting in prophase of first mitosis, the zygote divides and the blastomeres arrest in a G1-like state. The centrosome inherited from this mitosis duplicates only once in each blastomere for reasons that are not understood. The late G1 rise in cyclin E/cdk2 kinase activity initiates centrosome duplication in mammalian cells and its activity is needed for centrosome duplication in Xenopus egg extracts. Since the half-time for cyclin E turnover is normally ∼1 h in sea urchin zygotes, the different behaviors of centrosomes during G1 and S phase arrests could be due to differential losses of cyclin E and its associated kinase activities at these two arrest points. To better understand the mechanisms that limit centrosome duplication, we characterize the levels of cyclin E and its associated kinase activity at the S phase and G1 arrest points. We first demonstrate that cyclin E/cdk2 kinase activity is required for centrosome duplication and reduplication in sea urchin zygotes. Next we find that cyclin E levels and cyclin E/cdk2 kinase activities are both constitutively and equivalently elevated during both the S phase and G1 arrests. This indicates that centrosome duplication during the G1 arrest is limited by a block to reduplication under conditions permissive for duplication. The cytoplasmic conditions of S phase, however, abrogate this block to reduplication. J. Cell. Physiol. 217: 626–631, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mapping of deletions in a non-essential region of the phage T4 genome.

Many T4 r II deletions extend past the right-hand boundary of the r IIB cistron into a region of the genome which appears dispensible for growth on Escherichia coli B or K12 ( λ ). We have isolated RNA homologous to the DNA segment which is missing from a deletion mutant thought to extend farthest into the dispensible (D) region; this deletion-specific RNA was then hybridized with DNA samples of different deletion mutants suspected to extend some distance into region D. Since the percentage of RNA hybridized with DNA of a given deletion mutant should be inversely proportional to the length of the missing DNA segment, the hybridization data have yielded a crude map of the right-hand boundaries of r II deletions in region D. Independent isolates of nitrous acid-induced deletions, which were found to start at the same site in the r IIA cistron, were found to end mostly near the same site in the D region. We have interpreted this finding to imply an involvement of two partially homologous DNA regions in the formation of large deletions.
GEOGRAPHERS AND POLICY-MAKING: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE FAILURE OF THE NEW JERSEY DUNE MANAGEMENT PLAN*

The case of a New Jersey dune management plan demonstrates that geographers can initiate environmental policy by formulating and proposing meritorious plans. An evaluation of the plan's rejection shows the complexity of policy-making and indicates that failure to adopt useful plans may be due to distortion of information or misunderstanding of the original plan. In order to avoid failure, geographers should participate in the entire policy-making sequence and should encourage the participation of the public who will be affected by the plan.
Simultaneous assay by mass fragmentography of vanillyl mandelic acid, homovanillic acid, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenethylene glycol in cerebrospinal fluid and urine.

Abstract A sensitive and specific method is described for the simultaneous determination of vanillyl mandelic acid (VMA), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenyl ethylene glycol (MHPG) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and urine, using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The catecholamine metabolites, each labelled with three deuterium atoms on the methyl group in the 3 positions, are used as internal standards. The procedure, quantified by measuring the relative amounts of the endogenous protium (H) and the added deuterated (D) form of a major fragment of the trifluoroacetyl derivative of each compound, offers the advantages of determining, in a single sample, small amounts of these O-methylated metabolites of the catecholamines. VMA, which hitherto has not been positively identified and quantified in CSF was easily determined by this method.
Differences by Sex, Ear, and Sexual Orientation in the Time Intervals between Successive Peaks in Auditory Evoked Potentials

Auditory evoked potential (AEP) data from two studies originally designed for other purposes were reanalyzed. The auditory brainstem response (ABR), middle-latency response (MLR), and long-latency response (LLR) were measured. The latencies to each of several peaks were measured for each subject for each ear of click presentation, and the time intervals between successive peaks were calculated. Of interest were differences in interpeak intervals between the sexes, between people of differing sexual orientations, and between the two ears of stimulation. Most of the differences obtained were small. The largest sex differences were for interval I → V in the ABR and interval N1 → N2 of the LLR (effect sizes > 0.6). The largest differences between heterosexuals and nonheterosexuals were for the latency to Wave I in both sexes, for the interval Na → Nb in females, and for intervals V → Na and Nb → N1 in males (effect sizes > 0.3). The largest difference for ear stimulated was for interval N1 → N2 in heterosexual females (effect size ∼0.5). No substantial differences were found in the AEP intervals between women using, and not using, oral contraceptives. Left/right correlations for the interpeak intervals were mostly between about 0.4 and 0.6. Correlations between the ipsilateral intervals were small; i.e., interval length early in the AEP series was not highly predictive of interval length later in the series. Interpeak intervals appear generally less informative than raw latencies about differences by sex and by sexual orientation.
Carrageenan induced suppression of chicken lymphocyte proliferation

Mitogenic responsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of chickens was suppressed by either pretreatment with or addition to the culture medium of various concentrations of carrageenan (CGN). Pretreatment for 1 hr significantly suppressed response to Concanavalin A (Con A) and Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) but did not affect Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) induced stimulation. Extension of the pretreatment period to 4 hrs suppressed response induced by all three mitogens. On the other hand, addition of carrageenan to the culture medium caused a dose-dependent suppression of PHA and Con A mediated response, but the effect on stimulation due to PWM was equivocal. In addition, low concentrations of CGN were weakly mitogenic to PBL and splenic lymphocytes.
Influence of the glass transition on solvent self-diffusion in amorphous polymers

The free-volume theory of diffusion is used to analyze the temperature dependence of solvent self-diffusion coefficients both above and below the glass transition temperature at concentrations removed from the pure polymer limit. The glass transition can have a pronounced effect on the temperature dependence of solvent self-diffusion coefficients at small solvent concentrations, but the theory predicts a decreased effect of the transition on the diffusion process with increasing solvent concentration.
Functional studies of in vitro rat distal colon before and after restitution

Abstract Background . Epithelial injury occurs in many acute and chronic diseases of the colon and from simple mechanical and chemical injury in the normal colon. Because epithelial repair is so important, we developed a highly reproducible, entirely in vitro model of restitution in rat distal colon. Methods . The mucosal surface of colon mounted in Ussing chambers was exposed to 1.5 mol/L NaCl (hypertonic saline, HS) for 10 minutes. Transepithelial potential difference, electrical resistance, and short-circuit current were used to measure return of electrophysiologic characteristics of the tissue during recovery from injury. Recovery of the barrier to transepithelial movement of large molecules was assessed by measuring mannitol and inulin permeability. Na + and Cl − absorption and forskolin-induced Cl − secretion were used as indicators of functional recovery of the colonic mucosa after HS injury. Morphologic evaluation of tissues was performed by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Results . HS treatment caused marked increases in mannitol and inulin permeability together with exfoliation of colonocytes from the surface and upper crypts, leaving long stretches of denuded basal lamina. Epithelial continuity was morphologically reestablished in 30 to 60 minutes, concomitant with return of permeability to control levels. Potential difference, electrical resistance, and short-circuit current decreased with injury and then gradually recovered, although not to preinjury level. Net Na + and Cl − absorptions, present in undamaged tissues at approximately equivalent rates, decreased after restitution. Forskolin-stimulated Cl − secretion, present before injury, was abolished after restitution. Conclusions . These studies describe a highly reproducible in vitro model of injury and restitution of a fully organized epithelium of rat distal colon. Although morphologic continuity and barrier properties recover after extensive superficial mucosal injury, the surface is repopulated by cells displaying transport properties and ultrastructural characteristics distinct from the surface epithelium of undamaged tissues.
Persistent High Inequality as an Endogenous Political Process

At the same time that the world has reached unprecedented prosperity, issues of economic inequality have attained great political salience. In the wake of the 2008 global financial crisis, there are major differences in opinion regarding the responsibility of the United States and other wealthy countries and what the proper response should be. In July 2008, the Doha round of negotiations at the WTO broke down after developing countries could not reach an agreement with wealthy countries on agricultural trade. The IMF is under pressure to reform its governance to provide better representation to middle-income and poor countries. And development experts admonish the world about the growing gap between the world's affluent countries and “the bottom billion” (Collier 2007). It used to be that economic-development strategies would target economic growth and “let the rising tide lift all ships.” Now, there is growing concern that growth be inclusive in order to make optimal use of societal resources and mitigate the political volatility that results when substantial segments of societies are excluded from the benefits of development.
Molecular Evidence for Divergent Breeding Groups of Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) in Tributaries to Western Lake Erie

Abstract Molecular evidence from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) supports the existence of genetically different spawning groups of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) among the Maumee, Sandusky, and Grand rivers that flow into Lake Erie. Three separate regions of the mtDNA molecule (the D-loop region, the NADH dehydrogenase 3, 4, and 4L genes, and the 12S and 16S rRNA genes) from female walleye eggs were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction technique. Amplifications were digested with nine different four base cutting restriction endonucleases and were resolved on 9% polyacrylamide gels. The D-loop and the NADH genes produced RFLPs, revealing a total of eight different haplotypes. The frequencies of haplotypes within the Maumee River spawning walleye were significantly different from the haplotypes within the Sandusky River. Frequencies of the haplotypes within the Grand River spawning walleye were not statistically different from those of the Maumee or Sandusky rivers. These results support the hypothesis that the Maumee and Sandusky River spawning walleye are members of two different breeding groups. The molecular identification of these walleye breeding groups may help in future fisheries management decisions.
Option Pricing on Multiple Assets

Since 1973, the Black–Scholes formula has been used in financial markets to price financial derivatives such as options. In the classical Black–Scholes model for the market, the following type of mix is assumed or postulated: in the simplest case, it consists of an essentially riskless bond and a single risky asset. Hence, certainty mixed with uncertainty: safe vs risky! Here we consider more complex products where each component in a portfolio entails several variables with constraints. This leads to elegant models based on multivariable stochastic integration, and describing several securities simultaneously [Etheridge, A Course in Financial Calculus, Cambridge University Press, UK (2002), Jiang, Mathematical Modeling and Methods of Option Pricing, Higher Education, Beijing, China (2003)] and [Broadie, Detemple, Math. Financ. 7:241–286 (1997)]. We derive a general asymptotic solution in a short time interval using the heat kernel expansion on a Riemannian metric. We then use our formula to predict the better price of options on multiple underlying assets. We then apply our method to the case known as the two-color rainbow option, i.e., the special case of the model with two underlying assets. This asymptotic solution is important, as it explains hidden effects in a class of financial models.
Analysis of variant selection in friction‐stir‐processed high‐strength low‐alloy steels

Variant selection in friction-stir-welded high-strength low-alloy steels has been studied using the electron backscatter diffraction and prior austenite (PA) reconstruction techniques described in previous papers. A hypothesis for variant selection has been proposed based on grain-boundary interfacial energy and misorientation. This study focuses on austenite 〈111〉 boundaries with a two-dimensional approach. Results indicate that variant selection is strongly dependent on misorientation. Certain PA misorientations produce combinations of variants that minimize the interfacial energies between a ferrite nucleus and a neighboring austenite grain, and between adjoining ferrite nuclei along the boundary between two PA grains. PA grains that exhibit a 60° 〈111〉 misorientation between them satisfy both these conditions for a combination of variants. These PA boundaries exhibit strong variant selection. As a result, the density of these boundary types influences the overall variant selection. Additionally, variant selection is more prevalent in small PA grains (<150 µm), which is probably a result of limited intragranular nucleation. Nearly all variants are present in larger PA grains.
A diabetogenic polypeptide from hog and sheep adenohypophysis similar to that found in lipoatrophic diabetes.

Abstract A polypeptide possessing physical and biological properties similar to that excreted in the urine by patients with lipoatrophic diabetes was previously isolated from bovine adenohypophysis. A similar principle has now been obtained from the anterior lobes of hog and sheep pituitaries by the same procedures of isolation. The material from these animals also induces hyperglycemia and insulin resistance both in humans and dogs. The substance exhibits no similarity in physicochemical properties to either growth hormone or prolactin. Its presence in the pituitary gland of all three species of animals so far studied suggests that the peptide is a naturally occurring substance but its physiological significance is unknown. Its physicochemical and biological similarity to the urinary polypeptide found in lipoatrophic diabetes suggests a relationship.
Synthesis and Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalytic Property of Platinum Hollow and Platinum-on-silver Nanoparticles

Pt-on-Ag bimetallic nanoparticles were prepared based on a heterogeneous nucleation and growth method. Interestingly, platinum hollow nanoparticles could be obtained by selectively removing the silver cores from Pt-on-Ag nanoparticles. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis with a high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscope (HAADF-STEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize these nanostructures. The observation that Pt hollows can be produced from Pt-on-Ag nanoparticles through the dissolution of Ag metal cores indicates that particle-on-particle nanodendrites were most likely derived from the products formed through the Stranski−Krastanov (SK) growth. The carbon-supported Pt hollow catalysts, which possessed much higher catalytic activity in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) than the Pt-on-Ag nanoparticles, were also better than a commercial Pt catalyst (E-tek, 20% Pt). The nanometer-sized textures of th...
Opportunistic flooding in low-duty-cycle wireless sensor networks with unreliable links

Intended for network-wide dissemination of commands, configurations and code binaries, flooding has been investigated extensively in wireless networks. However, little work has yet been done on low-duty-cycle wireless sensor networks in which nodes stay asleep most of time and wake up asynchronously. In this type of network, a broadcasting packet is rarely received by multiple nodes simultaneously, a unique constraining feature that makes existing solutions unsuitable. Combined with unreliable links, flooding in low-duty-cycle networks is a new challenging issue.In this paper, we introduce Opportunistic Flooding, a novel design tailored for low-duty-cycle networks with unreliable wireless links and predetermined working schedules. The key idea is to make probabilistic forwarding decisions at a sender based on the delay distribution of next-hop nodes. Only opportunistically early packets are forwarded using links outside the energy optimal tree to reduce the flooding delay and redundancy in transmission. To improve performance further, we propose a forwarder selection method to alleviate the hidden terminal problem and a link-quality-based backoff method to resolve simultaneous forwarding operations. We evaluate Opportunistic Flooding with extensive simulation and a test-bed implementation consisting of 30 MicaZ nodes. Evaluation shows our design is close to the optimal performance achievable by oracle flooding designs. Compared with improved traditional flooding, our design achieves significantly shorter flooding delay while consuming only 20% ~ 60% of the transmission energy in various low-duty-cycle network settings.
Ontogeny of Langerhans cells in human embryonic and fetal skin: expression of HLA-DR and OKT-6 determinants

Langerhans cells (LCs) have been identified in human skin by 10 weeks estimated gestational age (EGA), but it was not known when they first enter the epidermis or acquire HLA-DR, OKT-6, and ATPase reactivity. We assayed for LCs in human embryonic and fetal skin by using immunolabeling and histochemical techniques on epidermal sheets. HLA-DR+ and ATPase+ LCs were present in the epidermis by 6-7 weeks EGA, the youngest tissue examined. Most LCs were OKT-6- until about 12 weeks EGA when they underwent a dramatic increase in OKT-6 reactivity. Although LC densities between 50-100 days were statistically similar (100 cells/mm2 of epidermis), LCs early in development were smaller, less dendritic, and phenotypically heterogeneous. We conclude that LCs migrate into the epidermis during the first trimester and resemble the adult phenotype by the second trimester, long before the immune system is fully activated.
Boundary Effects in Laminar Mixed Convection Flow Through an Annular Porous Medium

This study addresses the Brinkman-extended Darcy model (Brinkman flow) of a laminar mixed-convection flow in an annular porous region. The primary objective of the present study is to help clarify the conditions under which the Brinkman term can be neglected in this flow without producing an unacceptable error. The simple geometry considered and the closed-form nature of the solution are advantageous in the demonstration of the importance of the wall effect. The results of this study can also be used in the evaluation of the accuracy of the numerical computations in more complex non-Darcian annular flows in the limiting case of the fully developed flow.
A study of the accuracy of hydrocolloid impressions

T H t< H~~DROCOLLOID or Sears’ impression technique has contributed considerably to the accuracy oi crown and bridge practice. It is undoubtedly an important step in the progress of technical dentistry. Much research has been completed in this field, and remarkable contributions have been made. For the most part, however, the quantitative studies have been concerned with the materials themselves, and fen accurate tneasurements have been made of the actual impressions. James1 has studied the effect of various variables in their influence on the fit of the gold casting on a stone die constructed from hydrocolloid impressions with various materiaIs. *Mthough this work is outstanding in its contribution from a practical standpoint, no quantitative measurements were made. In this research, the accuracy oi an impression of a model prepared for a one-tooth bridge has heen studied quantitatively.