cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential effects of a visuospatial attention task on measures of postural control in young and older adults.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a visuospatial attention task on three measures of postural control in young and older adults. 20 young (19–36 years) and 20 older (67–91 years) adults performed a choice stepping response time (CSRT) task, a submaximal dorsiflexion force steadiness task, and quiet standing in 3 bilateral stances. All tasks were performed with and without a visuospatial (VS) attention task that involved visualizing a star moving within a 2 × 2 grid. CSRT increased with the addition of the VS task in both groups (p .084). The findings suggest that visuospatial attention differentially affects postural control in young and older adults and the effect is task-specific. These findings suggest the need to include stepping and force control tasks to further determine what role visuospatial attention plays in postural control.
An expanded molecular phylogeny of metaine spiders (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) with description of new taxa from Taiwan and the Philippines

Despite numerous phylogenetic analyses of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae, several relationships from the subfamily to species level are tenuous or unclear. One such example regards the validity and composition of the tetragnathid subfamily Metainae, which historically has mixed support and limited taxon sampling. Sequences for six genetic markers – 12S, 16S, 18S, 28S, cytochrome c oxidase I and histone H3 – were analysed for 78 taxa, including 10 that were completely new or with increased markers. Analysed in both maximum likelihood and Bayesian frameworks, we find good support for Metainae for the first time. The subfamily includes three previously described genera – Meta, Metellina and Dolichognatha – in addition to one described herein, Zhinu Kallal & Hormiga, gen. nov., from Taiwan. Also within Metainae, we synonymise Metellina with the monotypic Menosira and reaffirm the synonymy of Dolichognatha with Prolochus. Finally, we describe a new species of leucaugine tetragnathid from the Philippines, Orsinome megaloverpa, sp. nov., the second member of Orsinome to be placed in a phylogenetic context.
When good operations go bad: The additive effect of comorbidity and postoperative complications on readmission after pulmonary lobectomy.

Abstract Background Hospital readmission after major thoracic surgery has a marked effect on health care delivery, particularly in the era of value-based reimbursement. We sought to investigate the additive impact of comorbidity and postoperative complications on the risk of readmission after thoracic lobectomy. Methods We queried the Nationwide Readmission Database of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project between 2010 and 2014 for discharges after pulmonary lobectomy with a primary diagnosis of lung cancer. We compared 90-day all-cause readmission rates across the presence of Elixhauser comorbidities and postoperative complications. Adjusted logistic and linear regression, accounting for patient and hospital factors were used to calculate the mean change in readmission rate by the number of comorbidities and postoperative complications. Results A total of 87,894 patients undergoing pulmonary lobectomies were identified during the study period, of whom 15,858 (18.0%) were readmitted for any cause within 90 days of discharge. After adjusting for other factors, each additional comorbidity and postoperative complication were associated with a 2.0% and 2.7% increased probability of readmission, respectively (both P Conclusion Among patients with the lowest risk profile, there was an 11.7% readmission rate. Adjusting for other factors, each additional comorbidity and complication increased this rate by approximately 2.0% and 2.7%, respectively. These results demonstrate that the avoidance of postoperative complications may represent an effective mechanism for decreasing readmissions after thoracic surgery.
IPv6 alias resolution via induced fragmentation

Discovering router-level IPv6 topologies is important to understanding IPv6 growth, structure, and evolution and relation to IPv4. This work presents a fingerprint-based IPv6 alias resolution technique that induces fragmented responses from IPv6 router interfaces. We leverage the way in which IPv6 implements fragmentation to provide reliable inferences. We demonstrate perfect alias resolution accuracy in a controlled environment, and on a small subset of the production IPv6 Internet for which we have ground-truth. Internet-wide testing finds that over 70% of IPv6 interfaces probed respond to the test. Our promising results suggest a valuable technique to aid IPv6 topology discovery.
Wissen und Lernen

Die Informatik durchdringt alle Berufe in vielfaltiger und fundamentaler Weise und hat damit einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und die internationale Wettbewerbsfahigkeit. Der Umgang mit Information ist daher neben den traditionellen Kulturtechniken des Lesens, Schreibens und Rechnens eine weitere unverzichtbare Grundkompetenz geworden. Informatische Bildung ist der entscheidende Erfolgsfaktor der Zukunft. Dies erfordert die Entwicklung eines Gesamtkonzepts fur eine informatische Bildung, die alle Schulstufen, alle Schularten und alle Facher umfasst.
Research on Strategic Alliances in Biotechnology: An Assessment and Review

In a review of the large body of research on interorganizational ties in biotechnology, we dissect the complexities of forming and managing networks of interorganizational ties with respect to a firm's needs and aspirations, its choice of partners, and its choice of partnership governance forms. We review and evaluate the body of evidence demonstrating that a firm's ability to access knowledge and other resources, as well as to gain legitimacy, rests on its ability to manage its position in the network of interorganizational ties.
The Audit Profession: The US Sarbanes-Oxley Act

The SOX Act provides rules concerning the oversight of the auditors, the responsibility of corporate officers for the accuracy and completeness of corporate financial statements, the relationship between public company auditors and auditor-client, the enhancement of corporate financial statements disclosure, the enhancement of corporate governance standards. It extends the Securities and Exchange Commission powers, criminalizes auditing frauds, and protects whistleblowers against retaliation.
Prevalence of urinary symptoms in women with early-stage breast cancer and treatment with (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy.

e22098Background: Studies in breast cancer survivors suggest a high prevalence of urinary symptoms, often attributed to cancer therapy. The current observational study assessed urinary incontinence...
Trade liberalization and conditional accounting conservatism: evidence from import competition

This study examines the impact of import competition, an underexplored but integral component of trade liberalization, on conditional accounting conservatism. Existing literature offers conflicting arguments on the effect of import competition on conditional conservatism. Import competition may reduce the need for conditional conservatism through the disciplining role of competition in corporate governance. Conversely, faced with heightened import competition, firms may have greater business uncertainty and become more susceptible to agency costs, thus generating a higher demand for conditional conservatism from shareholders and creditors. Using a sample of manufacturing firm-years from 1977 to 2012, we find that firm-level import competition is significantly and positively associated with conditional conservatism. Moreover, we establish the causal effect of import competition on conditional conservatism by estimating instrumental variable regressions and employing a difference-in-differences specification of large tariff reductions. Our results are robust when further controlling for other proxies of product market competition. These findings contribute to the literature on competition and enhance our understanding of the impact of trade liberalization on financial reporting.
Modulation Doped FETs

Operation and technology of conventional and pseudomorphic modulation-doped field-effect transistors (MODFET s) based on conventional semiconductors, SiGe/Si heterostructures, and recently popularized III–V nitride semiconductors are treated. While conventional AlGaAs/GaAs MODFET represent the genesis of these highly successful devices, pseudomorphic MODFET s (PMODFET s) exhibit additional degrees of freedom in the choice of channel composition. This added degree of freedom has led to device structures that can be tailored to a particular application with significant improvement in performance. Experiments carried out with AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs and InAlAs/InGaAs/InP PMODFET s demonstrate that these devices are superior to their counterparts with lattice-matched channels. MODFET s with unprecedented performance, for instance, with a power gain of 7.3 dB at 140 GHz and a noise level of 1.4 dB in the 90-GHz range, are described. The advent of high-quality SiGe layers on Si substrates has paved the way to the exploration and exploitation of heterostructure devices in a Si environment. MODFET s based on the Si/SiGe have been achieved with extraordinary p-channel performance. With 0.25-μm gate lengths, the current gain cutoff frequency is about 40 GHz. When the gate length was reduced to 0.1 μm, the current gain cutoff frequency increased to about 70 GHz. Finally, owing to their large bandgaps, large high field electron velocity, large breakdown fields, large thermal conductivity, and robustness, wide-bandgap nitride semiconductors have paved the way to AlGaN/GaN MODFET s with superior power performance. CW power levels of about 6 W have been achieved at 10 GHz in devices with 1 mm gate periphery that are comparable to power densities extrapolated from smaller devices. When four of these devices were power combined in a single-stage amplifier, a CW output power of 22.9 W with a power-added efficiency of 37% was demonstrated at 9 GHz. On the noise figure front, a minimum noise figure for a 1-mm device of 0.85 dB with an associated gain of 11 dB at 10 GHz was obtained. Keywords: MODFET; AlGaAs/GaAs; AlGaN/GaN; SiGe/Si
Treatment of symptomatic intercostal heterotopic ossification after surgical stabilization of rib fractures: report of two cases and review of the literature

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the abnormal growth of bone in soft tissue outside of the usual skeletal anatomical locations. This condition should not be confused with metastatic or dystrophic calcification, both of which result from calcium deposition in soft tissues rather than from the transformation of primitive mesenchymal cells into osteogenic cells, resulting in the growth of true mature lamellar bone, as is seen in HO (1-3). HO can cause swelling, limitations in range of motion secondary to ankylosis, and pain secondary to peripheral nerve entrapment, all of which contribute to significant long term disability. Although the pathophysiology of HO is complicated and poorly understood, identifiable precipitants include traumatic musculoskeletal injuries (e.g., fractures, dislocations, orthopedic surgeries, etc.), central nervous system (CNS) injuries, and, rarely, genetic diseases (4). Orthopedic surgeries, including joint arthroplasty and surgical fixation of upper and lower extremity fractures, are some of the most widely reported operations linked to HO; however, to our knowledge, HO following fixation of traumatic rib fractures has not previously been reported in the literature.
“To Be a Man”: Progressive Masculinities in Lorraine Hansberry’s Cold War-Civil Rights Plays

This chapter reinterprets the most well-known civil rights play, A Raisin in the Sun (1959), arguing that playwright Lorraine Hansberry situates the fight for civil rights firmly within black left feminist politics. In her characterization of Walter Lee in Raisin and his later analog in the posthumous Les Blancs (1970), Hansberry challenges prevailing assumptions about black masculinity. By analyzing the scripts and production histories of these plays, along with Hansberry’s essays in The Village Voice, Burrell demonstrates how Hansberry opposed stereotypes propounded by white liberals like Norman Mailer, who cast black men as violent and hypersexual. Ultimately, Hansberry transformed enactments of black masculinity on the American stage, creating a space for progressive black masculinities.
Adolescent Behavioral Cancer Prevention in the United States: Creating a Composite Variable and Ranking States' Performance.

Preventive behaviors established during adolescence can reduce cancer throughout the life span. Understanding the combinations of multiple behaviors, and how these behaviors vary across states, is ...
A monolithic algorithm for the flow simulation of flexible flapping wings

It has been a challenge to simulate flexible flapping wings or other three-dimensional problems involving strong fluid–structure interactions. Solving a unified fluid–solid system in a monolithic m...
Interest Groups, Enlargement of the EMU and Labor Market Reform

Augmenting existing models studying incentives to reform labor market, we model labor unions not only as wage setters but also as lobbyists. Acting as interest groups they seek to push governments toward policies that are advantageous to their members. We find that as labor unions can more easily influence governments’ policy decisions, fewer labor market reforms will be implemented, which in turn raises unemployment and inflation, while leaving real wages unaffected. We identify the enlargement of the monetary union and lobbying labor unions as policy complementarities. Furthermore we show that intermediate values of conservatism in monetary policy making of the common central bank yield the worst welfare results for society. Finally, we argue that enlargement may lead to more lobbying.
Designing a Support Tool for API Debugging

Coding often relies on Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), yet APIs are hard to learn, use, and debug. Debugging is a notoriously difficult skill, and is made even more challenging by the complexities of APIs. Yet, little work has focused on support for debugging code that relies on an API. In this poster, we present an early design of debugging worked examples to support programmers in debugging an unfamiliar API. In our formative study, novices could access the information through a prototype tool. This works-in-progress presents preliminary data about programmers’ use of this tool and the implications for future work.
Thermoelectric Generator Analysis Through ANSYS and Matlab/Simulink

The gradual increase in the price of fossil fuel and their adverse impact on the environment, it is high time to think about renewable energy sources. Having a wide range of applications from mW to W power, thermoelectric generators (TEG) are extensively used as self-governing renewable energy sources. To predict the performances of TEG materials, simulation is a suitable option which gives us the notion about the characteristic behavior of that specific material under certain circumstances. In this paper, it has been designed TEG unit by using ANSYS and finally, the mathematical modeling of TEG has been represented by MATLAB/ Simulink to analyze the various parameters i.e. voltage, current and power in terms of changing the temperature gradient.
HiC-DC+: systematic 3D interaction calls and differential analysis for Hi-C and HiChIP

We present HiC-DC+, a software tool for Hi-C/Hi-ChIP interaction calling and differential analysis using an efficient implementation of the HiC-DC statistical framework. HiC-DC+ integrates with popular preprocessing and visualization tools, includes TAD and A/B compartment callers, and outperformed existing tools in H3K27ac HiChIP benchmarking as validated by CRISPRi-FlowFISH. Differential HiC-DC+ analysis recovered global principles of 3D organization during cohesin perturbation and differentiation, including TAD aggregation, enhancer hubs, and promoter-enhancer loop dynamics.
Characterization of adhesion between Limosilactobacillus reuteri and milk phospholipids by density gradient and gene expression

Abstract The benefits of fermented dairy products, in particular the presence of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and milk phospholipids (MPL), seem to correlate with positive effects on human health. We hypothesize that one aspect of this benefit is the adhesion of LAB to the milk fat globule membrane via the interaction of LAB and MPL. Our first objective was to present a method to characterize and quantify such adhesion and investigate its association with a physical test. Our second objective was to further analyze the mechanism of interaction by analyzing expression of 3 previously reported surface binding-promoting genes (MapA, Cnb, and CmbA). We categorized adhesion between MPL and LAB by observing the distribution of MPL in corresponding bacterial cultures. Our working hypothesis was that any interaction or adhesion between these 2 components would yield differences in the distribution of MPL. Out of 122 LAB tested, 27% showed what could be characterized as adhesion; 38% of these strains were Limosilactobacillus reuteri. Further characterization of adhesion was carried out using an reverse transcription quantitative-PCR experiment, which demonstrated that the relative expression level of CmbA was positively associated with that adhesion. In addition, supplementation of MPL caused overexpression of MapA and Cnb in L. reuteri OSU-PECh-37A and OSU-PECh-48. This study indicated strain-specific adhesion between MPL and LAB and suggested that CmbA, which encodes a surface protein, is a potential factor involved in that adhesion. A better understanding of interactions between MPL and LAB may contribute to the design of new functional products and improve the delivery of these bioactive ingredients to their target site of action.
Cavernous Malformation Surgery in the United States: Validation of a Novel International Classification of Disease, 10th Edition, Clinical Modification Code Search Algorithm and Volume-Driven Surgical Outcomes.

Objective The surgical decision-making process for cavernous malformation (CM) must weigh the risks of surgery against the burden of patient symptoms/hemorrhage and anticipated natural history. Here, we sought to internally validate an International Classification of Disease (ICD)-10 search algorithm for CM surgery to use to analyze a nationwide administrative database. Methods Institutional records were accessed to test the validity of a novel ICD-10 search algorithm for CM surgery. The algorithm identified patients with positive predictive value (92%), specificity (100%), and sensitivity of 55%. The algorithm was applied to extract our target population from the Nationwide Readmissions Database. Univariate and multivariable analyses were used to identify factors influencing patient outcomes. Results We identified 1235 operations for supratentorial (87%) or infratentorial (13%) CM surgery from the Nationwide Readmissions Database (2016–2017). The overall rate of adverse disposition and 30-day readmission were 19.7% and 7.5%, respectively. The rate of adverse disposition was significantly higher for infratentorial (vs. supratentorial cases) (34.3% vs. 17.6%, P = 0.001) and brainstem (vs. cerebellar) cases (55% vs. 28%, P = 0.03). Hospital case-volume percentile was associated with decreasing rates of adverse disposition (1–74th: 22%, 75th: 16%, 90th: 13%, 95th: 7%). Treatment at HVCs was also associated with shorter average length of stay (4.6 vs. 7.3 days, P Conclusions Our ICD-10 coding algorithm reliably identifies CM surgery with minimal false positives. Outcomes were influenced by patient age, clinical presentation, location of CM, and experience of institution. Centralization of care may improve outcomes and warrants further investigation.
Facilitators and barriers to PrEP use among straight and LGB young adults experiencing homelessness

Young adults experiencing homelessness (YAEH) are up to 12 times more likely to contract HIV than their housed peers. One important HIV prevention tool is pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), though fe...
Cost-minimization analysis of biweekly dosing of cetuximab and FOLFIRI compared with panitumumab and FOLFOX for first-line treatment of patients with KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer in the United States

To compare the cost of biweekly regimens of first-line (1L) treatments of cetuximab-folinic acid, fluorouracil, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) versus panitumumab-folinic acid, fluorouracil, and oxaliplat...
Attitudes and emotions as predictors of support for wolf management

Abstract Predictive models analyzing relationships among emotions, attitudes, behavioral intentions have inconsistently examined the implied logical flow of the concepts. This article examined two research questions. When general attitude and general emotional dispositions are predictors of support for specific wolf management actions: (a) should a direct effects, a partial mediation model, or a full mediation model be analyzed; and (b) should attitudes or emotions be the mediator? Data were obtained from a mail survey of Illinois residents (n = 2,634, response rate = 48%). Five structural equation models were examined. The partial mediation model with attitude as the mediator had the best fit, followed by the partial mediation model with emotion as the mediator. Both positive and negative emotions were more strongly related to support for wolf management than attitude. This may have occurred because a general attitude, as opposed to a specific attitude, was examined. This article examined behavioral intentions; future research should measure actual behaviors or reported behaviors.
R-CAV: On-Demand Edge Computing Platform for Connected Autonomous Vehicles

Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) have achieved significant improvements in recent years. The CAVs can share sensor data to improve autonomous driving performance and enhance road safety. CAV architecture depends on roadside edge servers for latency-sensitive applications. The roadside edge servers are equipped with high-performance embedded edge computing devices that perform calculations with low power requirements. As the number of vehicles varies over different times of the day and vehicles can request for different CAV applications, the computation requirements for roadside edge computing platform can also vary. Hence, a framework for dynamic deployment of edge computing platforms can ensure CAV applications’ performance and proper usage of the devices. In this paper, we propose R-CAV – a framework for drone-based roadside edge server deployment that provides roadside units (RSUs) based on the computation requirement. Our proof of concept implementation for object detection algorithm using Nvidia Jetson nano demonstrates the proposed framework's feasibility. We posit that the framework will enhance the intelligent transport system vision by ensuring CAV applications’ quality of service.
Modeling the individual for constitutional choice

This paper is about the use of the homo economicus behavioral model in the constitutional political economy research program. The paper argues that all existing arguments in defense of the behavioral model fail. These arguments are: the symmetry argument, the enterprise argument, the increasing costs argument, and the crowding out argument. As a result, those working in the constitutional political economy tradition are not justified in employing homo economicus, at least not until a new argument successfully defending the behavioral model is provided.
Moral Status, Moral Value, and Human Embryos: Implications for Stem Cell Research

[from The Oxford Handbook of Bioethics, edited by Bonnie Steinbock, Oxford University Press, 2007: 416-440.] This chapter begins with an introduction to the biology behind ESC research. Next I present briefly four views of moral status, based on four different criteria: biological humanity, personhood, possession of interests, and having a futurelike- ours (FLO). On two of these views (the person view and the interest view), embryos clearly lack moral status, but they most likely do not have moral status on the FLO account either. Only the biological humanity criterion combined with the view that life begins at conception results in the conclusion that very early extracorporeal embryos have full moral status, making ESC research that destroys embryos morally wrong. This explains why even some who are anti-abortion are not against ESC research: they do not view the very early, extracorporeal embryo as having the same moral status as the fetus. However, the morality of stem cell research is not completely determined by the question ofmoral status, for that issue, I argue, is not exhaustive of morality. Some entities, including human embryos, that do not have moral status nevertheless have moral value, and are entitled to respect. In the last section of the chapter, I give an account of what this respect requires and how it differs from Kantian respect. I conclude that the respect due to embryos is consistent with ESC research; that it is ethically acceptable to use either cloned embryos or spare IVF (in vitro fertilization) embryos; and that there are no ethical (as opposed to political) reasons that demand the development of alternative sources of human pluripotent stem cells.
SLIT Tablets for Polysensitized Allergic Rhinitis

Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) clinical trials demonstrate clinical efficacy and safety in patients with allergic rhinitis/rhinoconjunctivitis (AR). In 2014, the Unites States Food and Drug Administration approved two grass pollen SLIT tablets for the treatment of AR, as well as one short ragweed SLIT tablet. With the availability of single-allergen SLIT tablets for allergic individuals in the US, the question of how to treat the polysensitized AR patient has emerged among treating physicians. In fact, multiple efficacy studies have included polysensitized patients and generally report that patients demonstrate clinical improvement with SLIT tablet treatment. However, there are several factors that limit a thorough evidence-based approach to answering this clinically important question. Additional post-marketing effectiveness studies would be useful to bolster the current literature on SLIT tablets in the real world before thorough evidence-based conclusions are drawn regarding the role of SLIT tablets in treatment of the polysensitized patient.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS |[lpar]|CMV|[rpar]| INFECTIONS: GROUP DAY CARE |[lpar]|DC|[rpar]| AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS

A recent study found a high rate of CMV excretion among children in a group day care center (DCC) enrolling primarily children from middle income families, suggesting that the increasing use of group DC in this country could change the epidemiology of CMV. We studied 5 DCCs serving children of diverse backgrounds and examined CMV infection rates (IR) (viral excretion ± serology) in children >1 year of age, in relation to demographic and family data. DCCs 1-3 serve primarily children from middle income families, whereas, DCCs 4-5 enroll children from low income families. The IR for DCCs 1-3 was 47% (86/183) and 25% (25/98) for DCCs 4-5, P=0.0004. The sex distribution and median age for all 5 centers was similar. DCCs 1-3 were predominantly white, (86%); 50% of the children were breast-fed >1 month, and no child had >2 siblings. In DCCs 1-3 mean maternal and paternal ages were 30.1 years and 31.9 years, respectively; mean # of years of education were 15.5 and 16.9, respectively. DCCs 4-5 were predominately black (73%); less than 25% of the children were breast-fed >1 month, and 20% had >2 siblings. Mean maternal and paternal ages were 26.9 and 35.3 years, respectively; mean # of years of education was 12.4 and 12.2, respectively. Susceptibility (seronegative) to CMV of parents in DCCs 1-3 was 41% (75/182); 17% in DCCs 4-5 were susceptible (P=0.0008). For middle but not low income families, group DC results in the potentially troublesome combination of high IR among children with a high proportion of susceptible parents.
Experience with Techniques for Refining Data Race Detection

Dynamic data race detection is a critical part of debugging shared-memory parallel programs. The races that can be detected must be refined to filter out false alarms and pinpoint only those that are direct manifestations of bugs. Most race-detection methods can report false alarms because of imprecise run-time information and because some races are caused by others. To overcome this problem, race refinement uses whatever run-time information is available to speculate on which of the detected races should be reported. In this paper we report on experimental tests of two refinement techniques previously developed by us. Our goal was to determine whether good refinement is possible, and how much run-time information is required. We analyzed two sets of programs, one set written by others (which they had tested and believed to be race-free but which in fact had subtle races) and another set written by us (in which we introduced more complex races). We performed race detection and refinement on executions of these programs, and recorded both the global event ordering and an approximate ordering recorded without a global clock. We found that in all the programs written by others, accurate refinement was possible even without the global ordering. In the other programs, accurate refinement was also possible but required the global ordering. These results suggest that our techniques refine races accurately and lead a programmer directly to race-causing bugs. They also suggest that race-detection methods should record only enough information necessary for good refinement (either global or approximate event orderings), and this information depends on the severity of the races being debugged.
Cerebral angiomatosis; report of a case in an infant, with a review of the literature.

Summary The clinical history and autopsy findings are presented in a child with cerebral angiomatosis. The pertinent literature has been reviewed. General symptoms and signs of such lesions are paresis, epilepsy or convulsions, hemorrhage, less commonly chronic headache, mental deterioration, cranial bruits, visual field defects, diplopia due to sixth nerve paralysis, and symptoms secondary to increased intracranial pressure. Final diagnosis usually can be made by intracranial angiography. The treatment of choice is radical surgical excision or obliteration and should be carried out whenever feasible. The value of intracranial arterial ligation or incomplete removal of the anomaly may be questioned. Radiation is of no value.
Inhaled ozone as a mutagen. II. Effect on the frequency of chromosome aberrations observed in irradiated Chinese hamsters.

Exposure-adjusted break frequencies for chromosome aberrations produced in Chinese hamster circulating blood lymphocytes were the quantitative indicator of damage from 5 hrs of exposure to X-radiation and/or to ozone. Radiation produced 5.51 x 0.0001 breaks/cell rad for cells withdrawn 2 weeks after exposure, a reasonable value when compared with data from in vivo exposure of human lymphocytes and Chinese hamster bone marrow cells. Animals exposed to the two agents simultaneously exhibited more than 70% of the total breaks anticipated assuming the expected equal contributions to be additive. Extending to humans, at presently permitted levels, exposure to ozone would be much more detrimental than exposure to radiati*n.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF VEILLONELLA AND MORPHOLOGICAL CORRELATION OF AN OUTER MEMBRANE WITH PARTICLES ASSOCIATED WITH ENDOTOXIC ACTIVITY

Bladen, Howard A. (National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, Md.), and Stephan E. Mergenhagen. Ultrastructure of Veillonella and morphological correlation of an outer membrane with particles associated with endotoxic activity. J. Bacteriol. 88: 1482–1492. 1964.—Normal, phenol-water extracted, and lysozyme-treated Veillonella cells were embedded in Vestopal W, sectioned, and examined by electron microscopy. Normal cells as well as the phenol-water extract (endotoxin) were examined by negative and positive contrast techniques. In thin sections of normal cells, three separate structural entities were observed surrounding the protoplasm, and were referred to as the outer membrane, the solid membrane, and the plasma membrane. The outer membrane was a membrane composed of two dense layers (30 A) separated by a less-dense layer (20 A), and followed a convoluted and continuous path around the cell. The solid membrane appeared as a taut, dense structure 100 to 500 A wide, and was separated from the outer membrane by up to several hundred Angstroms. The plasma membrane was a unit-type membrane. After cells were treated with phenol-water, the outer membrane was absent, but the cells remained intact owing to the solid membrane. Observation of the phenol-water extract (endotoxin) revealed predominantly circular particles or discs which had approximately the same dimensions in height as the outer membrane had in width. Negatively stained whole cells showed similar structures on their surface. Lysozyme treatment of the cells did not affect the outer membrane; however, the solid membrane became diffuse and often disappeared, suggesting that the outer membrane and the solid membrane were separate structures. Images
Numerical simulation of heat transfer in loaded heat treatment furnaces

Heat transfer simulation within heat treatment furnaces is of great significance for the prediction and control of the ultimate microstructure, properties and dimensional stability of the workpieces and even the performance of furnaces. In this paper a set of models is proposed to solve heat transfer problems in a loaded furnace, including radiation, convection and conduction. Furthermore, a 3-dimensional algorithm based on finite difference method (FDM) is presented with a complete system for process simulation system. In the radiation module, view factor is calculated by direct integral method for all element pairs exposed to each other based on the blocking judgment. Combustion in gas-fired furnace and PID control are also included in the furnace model. The heat transfer models are integrated with furnace model to simulate the heating process of workpieces. Temperature distribution in workpiece and its variation with time are predicted by the system. An experiment is carried out for the validation of the system.
Subjective Rationality, Parenting Styles, and Investments in Children

I argue that a model in which parents act with subjective rationality is consistent with the evidence on parenting styles, investments, and child development described by Kalil (Chap. 5). By rationality, I mean that investment in children and parenting style choices can be explained by a model of optimization under constraints. By subjective, I mean that parents rely on their own assessments about the constraints in order to make choices. Data that motivate these assumptions and confirm the implications of the model are presented. The model generates new insights about policies to foster the development of children’s human capital.
Diagnosticity of cardiac modes of autonomic control elicited by simulated driving and verbal working memory dual-tasks

The present study investigated the diagnosticity of autonomic space for heart rate by elucidating psychological-physiological mappings in a dual-task driving simulation. Based on the results of previous studies, we predicted patterns of cardiac autonomic activity that would be elicited by dual-task driving with a verbal working memory side-task. The results generally supported the predictions made, and indicate that cardiac autonomic modes of control can be diagnostic with regard to the attentional processing resources used during task performance in the driving domain.
Reliability Optimization in the Design of Distributed Systems

The reliability of a distributed system depends on the reliabilities of its communication links and computing elements, as well as on the distribution of its resources, such as programs and data files. A useful measure of reliability in distributed systems is the terminal reliability between a pair of nodes which is the probability that at least one communication path exists between these nodes. An interesting optimization problem is that of maximizing the terminal reliability between a pair of computing elements under a given budget constraint. Analytical techniques to solve this problem are applicable only to special forms of reliability expressions. In this paper, three iterative algorithms for terminal reliability maximization are presented. The first two algorithms require the computation of terminal reliability expressions, and are therefore efficient for only small networks. The third algorithm, which is developed for large distributed systems, does not require the computation of terminal reliability expressions; this algorithm maximizes approximate objective functions and gives accurate results. Several examples are presented to illustrate the approximate optimization algorithm and an estimation of the error involved is also given.
Postponement Strategies for Channel Derivatives

The value of postponing product differentiation until final distribution for manufacturers who market a family of product derivatives through multiple channels is examined. A model is developed of a supply chain that distributes many short‐lived products through different channels. Using the model, we find the postponement is particularly valuable for managing short‐life products. Postponement increases distribution service levels while reducing costs and order fulfillment risk. Postponement is particularly valuable when there are many derivative products and forecast error is high. Trade‐off curves are presented, that allow managers to evaluate the benefits of investing in postponement strategies.
Review of carrier injection in the silicon/silicon-dioxide system

A variety of carrier injection mechanisms have been proposed for the silicon/silicon-dioxide system. The discussion primarily centres on injection phenomena observed in both VLSI and ULSI devices and the ability of the proposed models to fit experimental data. The basic physics of the carrier injection mechanisms is reviewed, including the energy band diagrams and the resulting gate currents due to carrier injection. Both the advantages as well as the limitations of these models are examined.< >
Clique optimization : a method to construct parsimonious ultrametric trees from similarity data

Clique optimization (CLOPT) is a clustering procedure that reduces similarity data,S, to a hierarchy of nested partitions modeled as an ordered sequence of clique sets. In the model,M, clique sets represent partitions in the hierarchy and are strictly ordered by a parameter, α. Applied as a threshold toM, α abstracts the corresponding clique set. Cliques, or completely connected components ofM, are the elements of these sets. The clique sets and their α's are determined by incrementally minimizing Σ(s ij − m ij )2 by a combination of divisive and agglomerative operations. Both operations search for optimal solutions in a restricted, 2-dimensional space of partitions. The first clique set abstracted by CLOPT is the single partition that is closest toS. CLOPT constructs models that compare favorably with HCS and it does so using fewer parameters.
Evaluating compiler technology for control-flow optimizations for multimedia extension architectures

This paper addresses how to automatically generate code for multimedia extension architectures in the presence of conditionals. We evaluate the costs and benefits of exploiting branches on the aggregate condition codes associated with the fields of a superword (an aggregate object larger than a machine word) such as the branch-on-any instruction of the AltiVec. Branch-on-superword-condition-codes (BOSCC) instructions allow fast detection of aggregate conditions, an optimization opportunity often found in multimedia applications. This paper presents compiler analyses and techniques for generating efficient parallel code using BOSCC instructions. We evaluate our approach, which has been implemented in the SUIF compiler, through a set of experiments with multimedia benchmarks, and compare it with the default approach previously implemented in our compiler. Our experimental results show that using BOSCC instructions can result in better performance for applications where the aggregate condition codes of a superword often evaluate to the same value.
Improved outcomes with a standardized feeding protocol for very low birth weight infants.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a standardized enteral feeding protocol for very low birth weight (VLBW) infants on nutritional, clinical and growth outcomes. Retrospective analysis of VLBW cohorts 9 months before and after initiation of a standardized feeding protocol consisting of 6–8 days of trophic feedings, followed by an increase of 20 ml/kg/day. The primary outcome was days to reach full enteral feeds defined as 160 ml/kg/day. Secondary outcomes included rates of necrotizing enterocolitis and culture-proven sepsis, days of parenteral nutrition and growth end points. Data were analyzed on 147 VLBW infants who received enteral feedings, 83 before (‘Before’) and 64 subsequent to (‘After’) feeding protocol initiation. Extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants in the After group attained enteral volumes of 120 ml/kg/day (43.9 days Before vs 32.8 days After, P=0.02) and 160 ml/kg/day (48.5 days Before vs 35.8 days After, P=0.02) significantly faster and received significantly fewer days of parenteral nutrition (46.2 days Before vs 31.3 days After, P=0.01). Necrotizing enterocolitis decreased in the After group among VLBW (15/83, 18% Before vs 2/64, 3% After, P=0.005) and ELBW infants (11/31, 35% Before vs 2/26, 8% After, P=0.01). Late-onset sepsis decreased significantly in the After group (26/83, 31% Before vs 6/64, 9% After, P=0.001). Excluding those with weight <3rd percentile at birth, the proportion with weight <3rd percentile at discharge decreased significantly after protocol initiation (35% Before vs 17% After, P=0.03). These data suggest that implementation of a standardized feeding protocol for VLBW infants results in earlier successful enteral feeding without increased rates of major morbidities.
Current management of metastatic melanoma.

Purpose. Metastatic melanoma and current treatments are reviewed. Summary. Despite the many advances in cancer treatment that have occurred over the last several decades, the prognosis for patients with advanced melanoma remains poor. The 5-year survival rate for patients with distant metastases is less than 10%. For these patients, surgery and radiation therapy are primarily used to palliate symptoms. Most patients with advanced melanoma receive systemic therapy. Single-agent cytotoxic chemotherapy with dacarbazine is the standard of care in community practice, although the response rate is generally low and few patients attain complete remission. Temozolomide is an orally active congener of dacarbazine that is at least as effective as dacarbazine when used as single-agent cytotoxic therapy. Low-dose extended temozolomide regimens may provide greater antitumor efficacy. Combinations of dacarbazine or temozolomide with other cytotoxic therapies have not markedly improved patient survival. Newer agents (e.g., lomeguatrib and decitabine) have been developed to overcome mechanisms of drug resistance. Biotherapy using high-dose interleukin-2 has been shown to induce durable responses lasting 5 years or more in some patients, although the overall response rate is not substantially better than that with dacarbazine. Interferon α is also used for the treatment of metastatic melanoma, despite lack of approval by the FDA for this indication. Some evidence suggests that combining chemotherapy and biotherapy agents (biochemotherapy) increases the rate of treatment response but does not significantly extend overall survival. Conclusion. New strategies are needed to improve treatment response rates and duration of overall survival in patients with metastatic melanoma.
Social movement unionism: from enthusiasm to delivery – a response to gay seidman

(2012). Social movement unionism: from enthusiasm to delivery – a response to gay seidman. South African Review of Sociology: Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 81-86.
Effect on Milk Yield of Moving Cows from Group to Group

Abstract One hundred three Guernsey cows were assigned randomly to two management regimes, Stratified and Control. Stratified contained 75% of the cows which were further allotted to three subgroups (High, Medium, and Low) according to 4% fat-corrected milk production and regrouped at 30-day intervals. The remaining 25% of the herd (Control) were managed in one group for the duration of the trial. Blended rations were offered to all groups with High and Control cows receiving rations designed to meet 110% of the requirements for the average production of their respective group. Medium and Low cows received rations based on 100% of the requirements for their average group production. Average daily milk weights were standardized for age and month of calving and summarized on all cows 5 days before and after each monthly regrouping date. Differences between means of average daily milk for the 5 days before and after regrouping were not significantly different from zero for the Control, High, Medium, or Low groups. The pooled mean difference for average daily milk between periods for all Stratified animals was not significantly different from the mean difference of the Control group.
Contagion in the Euro Area Sovereign Bond Market

In the last half-decade the European Monetary Union (EMU) has experienced a growing financial instability culminating with an extended sovereign debt crisis that has hit mostly the peripheral countries. Besides weak macroeconomic fundamentals, contagion phenomena in the government bond market damaged the countries more exposed to the financial stress. In this paper, the author investigates the issue of contagion applying to the financial field an innovative econometric technique, i.e., panel spatial regression. The paper documents: (i) the presence of contagion, in particular among peripheral countries; (ii) the changes in the magnitude of contagion in the different phases of the debt crisis; and (iii) the relevance of policy interventions in reducing the contagion effect in the EMU.