cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictive Dynamic Digital Holography

Digital holography has received recent attention for many imaging and sensing applications, including imaging through turbulent and turbid media, adaptive optics, three-dimensional projective display technology and optical tweezing. It holds several advantages over conventional imaging and wavefront sensing, chief among these being significantly fewer and simpler optical components and the retrieval of complex field. A significant obstacle for digital holography in real-time applications, such as wavefront sensing for high-energy laser systems and high-speed imaging for target tracking, is the fact that digital holography is computationally intensive; it requires iterative virtual wavefront propagation and hill-climbing algorithms to optimize sharpness criteria. This research demonstrates real-time methods for digital holography based on approaches for optimal and adaptive identification, prediction, and control of optical wavefronts. The methods presented integrate minimum-variance wavefront prediction into dynamic digital holography schemes to accelerate the wavefront correction and image sharpening algorithms. Further gains in computational efficiency are demonstrated in this work with a variant of localized sharpening in conjunction with predictive dynamic digital holography for real-time applications. This "subspace correction" method optimizes sharpness of local regions in a detector plane by parallel independent wavefront correction on reduced-dimension subspaces of the complex field in a spectral plane.
Applications of computational fluid dynamics in fish and habitat studies

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is defined as a branch of fluid mechanics that solves fluid flow problems using numerical algorithms and methods. Using CFD to model water and contaminants transport in rivers, lakes, and coastal areas can significantly improve our understanding to manage these hydrodynamic systems. In this paper, 111 studies have been reviewed on different aspects of CFD application in ecohydrology that include: flow simulation and pressure distribution, sediment transport, hyporheic zone, fish habitat and temperature distribution. In general, three-dimensional models are reported to be more capable than two-dimensional models to predict flow features and have been used more recently due to their ability to capture secondary flow. Two-dimensional models with secondary flow correction terms are acceptable and are being used as well. Discretization techniques and turbulence closures are also reported with comparisons. In general, majority of the studies were focused on flow and sediment transport; however, our knowledge about temperature distributions in near-bed regions and pool-riffle structures is limited and can be the subject of future studies.
Subaxial (C3–C7) Cervical Spine Fractures

Management of the spine trauma patient requires thorough neurologic and radiographic evaluation. While a majority of spine traumatic conditions can be managed non-operatively, high index of suspicion must be maintained to avoid missing critical injuries that could lead to immediate or delayed neurologic deterioration.
The Past is Ever Present: Transnationalism Old and New – Italian and Mexican Immigrants in the US

The paper focuses on what is old and what is new in transnationalism by analyzing extraterritorial attempts of the Italian and Mexican governments. During the large southern/ eastern European immigration to the US from 1890 to the 1920s, Italian immigrants reached 24 percent of the immigrant wave. Mexican documented and undocumented immigrants from the 1980s until 2010s made up 30 percent of the immigrant wave almost a century later. Transnational immigrants live in a country in which they do not claim citizenship rights and claim citizenship rights in a country they do not live in. Therefore migration and immigrant policies challenge both sending and receiving states. Foreign governments are limited in the policies and practices that they can enforce. A comparison of state policies from Italy and Mexico challenges the fact that transnationalism is significantly different and new.
Thermocapillary convection due to imposed interfacial heating in the presence of magnetic field

Marangoni convection arises when the surface tension of the fluid varies spatially due to accompanying temperature gradients along the interface, which can occur in various ways. In the case of nonuniform surface heat fluxes imposed due to incident beams from power sources, Marangoni convection can be induced within heated liquid pools formed during melting in a number of material-processing applications. In this work, we develop a physical model and study the thermocapillary flow generated due to an imposed surface heat flux with a specified spatial variation. Furthermore, we incorporate the effect of applying a magnetic field to investigate its influence on the structure of such unique class of surface tension-driven flows. New similarity solutions are developed for the thermocapillary convection due to an imposed interfacial heat flux variation specified as $$\mathop q\nolimits _0 \mathop x\nolimits ^{n + 1} $$ , where x is the surface coordinate and $$ \mathop q\nolimits _0 $$ is a parameter representing the magnitude of the incident power. Numerical results are obtained and the structure of the Marangoni convection for various sets of the characteristic parameters, such as the power-law exponent n, Prandtl number Pr and a magnetic interaction parameter M, are studied. In particular, it is found that with the increasing n, i.e., considering sharper variations in the surface heat flux profiles, the Marangoni convection is promoted. Conversely, with the increasing M, the magnitudes of the thermocapillary convection velocity are decreased, thereby demonstrating the damping effect of the magnetic field.
Abstract 243: Impact of Dual Health Care System Use on Quality of Warfarin Anticoagulation in Atrial Fibrillation

Background. Warfarin anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation (AF) requires routine INR blood testing, usually performed by a single anticoagulation clinic or provider. Regular INR testing improves INR control, and monthly INR testing and adequate time in INR therapeutic range are endorsed quality and performance measures. However, many Veterans with cardiovascular disease use VA and Medicare (MC) services concurrently. We therefore evaluated the association of outpatient dual health care system use with process measures of warfarin management. Methods. Using linked VA and MC inpatient, outpatient, drug prescription, and laboratory claims, we identified MC Part A/B eligible, non-MC Advantage, Veterans age ≥ 65 with prevalent atrial fibrillation or flutter who were prescribed warfarin from the VA (index date) between 1/1/2004 and 12/31/2008. The primary predictor was the degree of dual use for INR testing, expressed as the fraction of outpatient INRs obtained in the 12 months post-index date that occurred in Medicare (MC/[VA+MC]). The outcomes were 1) the INR monitoring rate (INRMR), expressed as the proportion of calendar months±6 days in which an INR was performed (consistent with AHA/ACC performance measures) and 2) VA-based time in INR therapeutic range of 2.0-3.0 (TTR). Results. We identified 394,854 patients (age 77.2 ± 6.1 years; 1.4% female) with AF and VA-issued warfarin meeting inclusion criteria. Of these, 43.3% used VA only for INR testing, 16.6% used MC only, and 39.1% used both VA and MC. Compared to patients who used VA only, dual health care system users were older and had higher CHADS2 and comorbidity index scores. Compared to patients with VA-only care, the proportion of patients with adequate achievement of performance measures (INRMR = 1.0 or TTR ≥ 60) varied by degree of dual use (p Conclusion: More than half of Veterans age ≥ 65 with AF and VA-issued warfarin receive outpatient INR testing in MC. Dual health care system use is associated with lower achievement of process measures of quality of anticoagulation care, which could affect outcomes of stroke, hemorrhage and death.
An autonomous control framework for advanced reactors

Abstract Several Generation IV nuclear reactor concepts have goals for optimizing investment recovery through phased introduction of multiple units on a common site with shared facilities and/or reconfigurable energy conversion systems. Additionally, small modular reactors are suitable for remote deployment to support highly localized microgrids in isolated, underdeveloped regions. The long-term economic viability of these advanced reactor plants depends on significant reductions in plant operations and maintenance costs. To accomplish these goals, intelligent control and diagnostic capabilities are needed to provide nearly autonomous operations with anticipatory maintenance. A nearly autonomous control system should enable automatic operation of a nuclear power plant while adapting to equipment faults and other upsets. It needs to have many intelligent capabilities, such as diagnosis, simulation, analysis, planning, reconfigurability, self-validation, and decision. These capabilities have been the subject of research for many years, but an autonomous control system for nuclear power generation remains as-yet an unrealized goal. This article describes a functional framework for intelligent, autonomous control that can facilitate the integration of control, diagnostic, and decision-making capabilities to satisfy the operational and performance goals of power plants based on multimodular advanced reactors.
Chronological catalog of reported lunar events

Chronological catalog of reported lunar events or temperature changes on moon recorded between 1540 and 1967.
Sequence Evolution of Mitochondrial DNA in Humans and Chimpanzees: Control Region and a Protein-Coding Region

Complete primary structures for the major non-coding region of 13 human and two chimpanzee mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) were determined by direct sequencing via the polymerase chain reaction and compared to published sequences for one other human and two other chimpanzees. The human mtDNAs were chosen to represent the deepest branches found in a genealogical tree relating the restriction maps of 182 types of mtDNA. With the four chimpanzee sequences as outgroups, it was possible to place a root on the tree relating the human sequences. This root is consistent with the idea of an African origin for human mtDNA but does not rule out alternative hypotheses. Our sequences confirm a previous finding that the probability of substitution varies greatly among sites in the control region, some sites being so variable that they have probably changed many times since chimpanzees and humans had a common ancestor. In addition, our results show that the pattern of substitution in the control region has diverged since chimpanzees and humans had a common ancestor. These two observations may help to explain why it is hard to root the human tree with chimpanzee sequences as well as to determine the time of common ancestry for humans using the control region. Therefore, sequences were also obtained for a more slowly-evolving part of mtDNA, viz an 896-bp segment which includes parts of the genes for NADH dehydrogenase subunits 4 and 5. They show that the extent of divergence among humans in this segment of mtDNA is less than 3/79 of that between humans and chimpanzees. This result reinforces estimates based on restriction mapping that the last common ancestor of the humans sampled existed less than 200,000 years ago.
Epithelial-Extracellular Matrix (Cell-ECM) Interactions in Hydra

As a member of the Phylum, Cnidaria, hydra is organized a simple gastric tube with a head and foot pole. The entire body wall of hydra is organized as a epithelial bilayer with an intervening extracellular matrix (ECM). The major components of hydra ECM are highly conserved and reflect those seen in vertebrate systems. These components include laminin, collagen type IV, and a fibrillar collagen that is similar to a vertebrate type I/II class. The supramolecular organization of hydra ECM is seen as two basal lamina containing laminin and collagen type IV (one associated with the basal plasma membrane of the ectoderm and endoderm) with a central interstitial-like matrix containing fibrillar collagens. Because of the unique biophysical properties of hydra ECM, decapitation of hydra (or any wound to the bilayer) results in retraction of the matrix from the wound site. While the epithelial bilayer will seal within one hour, the matrix remains retracted resulting in a bilayer lacking an intervening ECM. This triggers an upregulation of matrix component mRNA within 3 hours of wounding and de novo biogenesis of hydra ECM that is completed within 24–72 hours from the initial time of decapitation or wounding. While the ECM of hydra is symmetrical (two basal laminin to the periphery of the central interstitial matrix), the synthesis of matrix components from the epithelium is asymmetrical. For example, laminin is secreted from the endoderm while collagen type IV and hydra fibrillar collagen (Hcol-I) are both secreted from the ectoderm. The timing of matrix component secretion is also irregular in that laminin and collagen type IV are secreted and integrated within the newly forming basal lamina within 6–12 hours of decapitation or wounding while fibrillar collagen is not secreted until at least 24 hours.
Albert Einstein and his mentor Max Talmey. The seventh Charles B. Snyder Lecture.

While he was a student at the Munich medical school, Max Talmey strongly influenced the education of Albert Einstein. Their association occurred during five years of Einstein’s second decade. They lost contact for many years after each left Munich. Talmey emigrated to the United States and practiced medicine, mainly ophthalmology, in New York City. He made significant contributions to medicine, to the popularization of Einstein’s work, and to the development of international languages. The relationship of Talmey and Einstein was rekindled when Einstein visited and later moved to the United States.
INTRACELLULAR SELECTION FOR PLASMIDS THAT CARRY GENES FOR HUMAN INSULIN

Publisher Summary Plasmids may be lost from bacterial hosts that are cultured without selection for plasmid-retention unless the plasmid encodes an active partition function to insure distribution to each progeny at cell division. This is particularly true for certain chimeric plasmids that incorporate foreign genes into vectors derived from Col El-like plasmids. Plasmids coding for chains of human insulin can be lost from virtually the entire population when Escherichia coli (E. coli) K12 strains harboring the plasmids are propagated under nonselective conditions. Alternative selection schemes are necessary to force retention of these recombinant plasmids without continuous exposure to antibiotics. This chapter presents the feasibility of constructing an intracellular conditionally lethal system whereby loss of the plasmid from any progeny cell results in the death of that cell.
Gender Differences in Predictors of HIV Testing Among African American Young Adults.

The primary aim of this study was to examine gender differences in predictors of past HIV test behavior among young African Americans. Data from (n = 190) young adults participating in an evidenced-based safer sex behavioral intervention were analyzed. Participants completed measures of previous HIV testing, HIV test attitudes, HIV knowledge, HIV test behavior, and HIV risk behaviors. A series of t tests and chi-square tests were performed to assess gender differences in these variables. Multivariate logistic regressions were performed to examine the influence of HIV test attitudes, knowledge of where to get tested, and HIV risk behaviors on having previously been tested for HIV. Overall, approximately 58% of the sample had been previously tested for HIV. There were significant differences between groups on HIV risk factors (i.e., number of sexual partners), such that men reported a significantly higher number of sexual partners in the past 3 months. Men also reported more negative HIV testing attitudes compared with women. Predictors of past HIV testing differed by gender. Negative attitudes about HIV testing were associated with significantly lower odds of past HIV testing among men, but this was not a significant predictor of testing among women. Older age was significantly associated with greater odds of past HIV testing among women, but not among men. Understanding gender differences in predictors of HIV testing can provide important information for clinicians, counselors, and others working to increase rates of HIV testing among young Black/African American adults.
Patterns of PCB exposure among Akwesasne adolescents: The role of dietary and inhalation pathways.

Abstract Aim The objective of this study is to determine if consumption of fish and other dietary elements are related to the serum PCB levels of a group of adolescents. A dietary pattern approach is used to provide a more complete dietary exposure profile rather than a single food/group approach. Additionally, dietary patterns are examined in relation to traditional PCB groupings as well as derived PCB congener profiles. Participants/setting and methods The sample is comprised of 246 Mohawk adolescents between the ages of 10–16.9 years of age residing at the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation. Food frequency data was collected and serum PCB levels were (101 congeners) quantitated during a cross-sectional study investigating adolescent exposure to environmental pollutants. Results Principal component analysis identified four dietary patterns: “well-rounded” “snacks and sweets” “fruits and vegetables” “fish and dairy” and four PCB congener profiles: “1248-like”, Persistent/“1260-like”, “mono-ortho”, and “1254-like”. In a multiple regression models, the “fish and dairy” dietary or traditional PCB determinants (age, sex, prior breastfeeding, BMI, pattern) were each predictors of one or more of three of the identified PCB congener profiles. However, the “1248-like” pattern was not related to either dietary pattern or any of the typical PCB determinants, suggesting an alternative source/exposure pathway for this congener profile. Conclusion Even relatively low levels of fish consumption within the composite dietary matrix of adolescents at Akwesasne remains a pathway of exposure to postnatally acquired PCBs. In addition, there is evidence of an unidentified, perhaps airborne, exposure pathway that warrants further attention as this congener profile accounted for 50% of the total variance within the adolescents' serum PCB levels.
Who Pays for the â€œSocial Costâ€ of Labor?

Although the minimum wage is one of the most commonly researched subjects, its treatment by economists has remained inadequate and led to misconceptions regarding its role in modern society. This philosophical piece offers a rebuttal to the conventional merit-based objection to the minimum wage and puts forward alternative lenses through which the moral appeal of the minimum wage should be (re-)evaluated. We argue that our evolutionary heritage can help us demystify the persistent popular support behind the minimum wage laws. In our framework, the minimum wage laws will be viewed as instrumental in meeting the â€œbasic needsâ€ of those who are offering productive contributions. The approach taken in this paper will supplement and modify old institutionalist framework and equip it with proper moral foundations.
The Tafamidis Drug Development Program: A Translational Triumph.

The announcement at the 2018 European Society of Cardiology meeting regarding the results of the phase III ATTR-ACT (Safety and Efficacy of Tafamidis in Patients with Transthyretin Cardiomyopathy, [NCT01994889][1]) clinical trial [(1)][2], which showed that treatment with tafamidis was associated
Theta-Band Functional Connectivity and Single-Trial Cognitive Control in Sports-Related Concussion: Demonstration of Proof-of-Concept for a Potential Biomarker of Concussion.

Objectives This report examined theta-band neurodynamics for potential biomarkers of brain health in athletes with concussion. Methods Participants included college-age contact/collision athletes with (N=24) and without a history of concussion (N=16) in Study 1. Study 2 (N=10) examined changes over time in contact/collision athletes. There were two primary dependent variables: (1) theta-band phase-synchronization (e.g., functional connectivity) between medial and right-lateral electrodes; and (2) the within-subject correlation between synchronization strength on error trials and post-error reaction time (i.e., operationalization of cognitive control). Results Head injury history was inversely related with medial-lateral connectivity. Head injury was also related to declines in a neurobehavioral measure of cognitive control (i.e., the single-trial relationship between connectivity and post-error slowing). Conclusions Results align with a theory of connectivity-mediated cognitive control. Mild injuries undetectable by behavioral measures may still be apparent on direct measures of neural functioning. This report demonstrates that connectivity and cognitive control measures may be useful for tracking recovery from concussion. Theoretically relevant neuroscientific findings in healthy adults may have applications in patient populations, especially with regard to monitoring brain health. (JINS 2019, 25, 314-323).
Photo-induced DNA interstrand cross-links formed by a coumarin-modified nucleoside.

Coumarins are a class of naturally occurring compounds that have been shown to form photochemical DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs). However, study of a coumarin base has not been explored. Using ...
Impact of Science and Technology on the Early Years

Reviews contributions that have been and will be made by science and technology in reducing the handicaps experienced by blind and visually impaired individuals. The contributions are examined in t...
To Mask or Not to Mask?: Balancing Privacy with Visual Confirmation Utility in Activity-Oriented Wearable Cameras

Activity-oriented cameras are increasingly being used to provide visual confirmation of specific hand-related activities in real-world settings. However, recent studies have shown that bystander privacy concerns limit participant willingness to wear a camera. Researchers have investigated different image obfuscation methods as an approach to enhance bystander privacy; however, these methods may have varying effects on the visual confirmation utility of the image, which we define as the ability of a human viewer to interpret the activity of the wearer in the image. Visual confirmation utility is needed to annotate and validate hand-related activities for several behavioral-based applications, particularly in cases where a human in the loop method is needed to label (e.g., annotating gestures that cannot be automatically detected yet). We propose a new type of obfuscation, activity-oriented partial obfuscation, as a methodological contribution to researchers interested in obtaining visual confirmation of hand-related activities in the wild. We tested the effects of this approach by collecting ten diverse and realistic video scenarios that involved the wearer performing hand-related activities while bystanders performed activities that could be of concern if recorded. Then we conducted an online experiment with 367 participants to evaluate the effect of varying degrees of obfuscation on bystander privacy and visual confirmation utility. Our results show that activity-oriented partial obfuscation (1) maintains visual confirmation of the wearer's hand-related activity, especially when an object is present in the hand, and even when extreme filters are applied, while (2) significantly reducing bystander concerns and enhancing bystander privacy. Informed by our analysis, we further discuss the impact of the filter method used in activity-oriented partial obfuscation on bystander privacy and concerns.
Depression and anxiety symptoms in bereaved caregivers of patients with advanced cancer.

11623Background: Caregivers of patients with advanced cancer experience substantial caregiving burden and psychological distress during the illness course. However, data on depression and anxiety s...
Superconductivity in Ba 1 − x K x BiO 3

Superconductivity in ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{BiO}}_{3}$ is studied within the framework of Eliashberg theory using a model of the electron-phonon interaction, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}^{2}$F(\ensuremath{\omega}). The model is based upon molecular-dynamics calculations of the phonon density of states, which are in good agreement with inelastic-neutron-scattering experiments. The function \ensuremath{\alpha}(\ensuremath{\omega}) is constructed using information from electron-tunneling experiments. Our model is constructed with the premise that the electron-phonon coupling constant \ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\approxeq}1 and that strong electron-phonon coupling exists for high-energy (30--60 meV) phonon modes. Superconducting properties of the material at zero and finite temperatures are calculated and compared with experiments.
Beer Street: Gin Lane. Some Views of 18th-Century Drinking

In response to measures taken by the British government to encourage the production of spirits distilled from home-grown cereals, the consumption of gin in England rose from 527,000 gallons in 1685...
Characteristics of CFRP/PU foam and GFRP/PU sandwich beams having initial debond between facesheet and core

In the present investigation, we present, the flexural characteristics of carbon fiber reinforced polymer/polyurethane foam and glass fiber reinforced polymer/polyurethane foam sandwich beams having partial debonding between facesheet and core that acts interfacial degradation and hinders the load transfer between facesheets and core. An initial pre-crack between core and face sheet is created by placing a Teflon sheet at the interface on one end of the beams during the manufacturing of sandwich beams. A comparative analysis is carried out to study the effect of using CFRP and Eglass prepregs as face sheet material on such sandwich beams. The flexural behavior of GFRP/PU sandwich beams having initial debond is characterized and analyzed under both three- and four-point loadings. Lastly, the effect of varying the support span length on the flexural response of CFRP/PU sandwich beam having initial debond is also investigated. It was found that the degraded sandwich beams having woven CFRP facesheets have slightly higher stiffness and peak load level as compared to the sandwich beam having cross ply GFRP facesheets. GFRP/PU foam sandwich beam showed higher ductile behavior prior to progressive failure of the sandwich beam. It was observed that the crack tip of the implanted interfacial debond acts as a medium to trigger the interfacial damage followed by the shear failure of the core due to the progression of the initial crack into the core.
Match: Comparing Images

After the rendering phase is complete, two images are available: the sensor image and the predicted image. The matching phase of Render-Match-Refine (RMR) is formulated in terms of the difference in pixel values between these two images. This difference or error indicates the quality of the set of scene parameters used to render the prediction. A low error indicates a good alignment of the objects to the imagery. A high error indicates an incorrect alignment. In this manner, the error measure provides insight into when one set of scene parameters provides a better explanation of the sensor image than another set.
The use of penile plethysmography in a medicolegal evaluation.

Since the pioneering research of Masters and Johnson [1], it has been widely recognized that sexual arousal in the human male and female is associated with a clear pattern of physiological changes. During the first part of the sexual response cycle both men and women demonstrate a vasocongestive reaction in the genital organs. In the healthy adult male a penile erection is caused by the vascular engorgement of the spongy corpora of the penis [2]. In fact, the penis contains three cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue: the corpora cavernosa are the two dorsal cylinders, and the corpus spongiosum is the ventral cylinder through which passes the urethra. Each of these cylinders is composed of many small compartments separated by bands of smooth-muscle tissue. The arterioles supplying blood to these tissues are derived from the internal pudendal artery. Contractions of the muscles at the base of the penis appear to play a minimal role in the normal process of erection.
Software product proposals in a computer science course for non-majors

Proposals for software products can be used to structure and motivate a variety of topics in an introductory computer science course for non-majors. This concept was inspired by the author's experiences in industry and in developing a capstone project course. This paper begins by discussing some of the challenges presented by courses for non-majors. It then outlines a written proposal for a software product. Finally, it describes ways in which this concept could be integrated into different types of courses.
Branching time temporal logic

Many important parallel computer programs exhibit ongoing behaviour that is characterized naturally in terms of infinite execution traces, which can be organized into “branching” trees, and which reflect the high degree of nondeterminism inherent in parallel computation. In this paper, we give a systematic account of Branching Time Temporal Logics, which provide a formal system for describing and reasoning about the correct behaviour of such programs. Several systems of branching time temporal logic that have appeared in the literature are presented, and significant related issues such as their axiomatizations, and decision procedures for their satisfiability and model checking problems are discussed. The applicability of their axiomatizations to formulate deductive systems of these temporal logics to reason about the correctness of concurrent programs is then described as is that of their decision procedures to the tasks of mechanical synthesis and verification. A comparison of the relative expressive power of these systems of branching time temporal logic is also presented, and their ability to specify important correctness properties of programs, including those that involve fairness, is discussed. Moreover, their expressiveness is related to both, the expressiveness of corresponding linear time temporal logics, as well as that of other standard formalisms such as the monadic second-order theory of many successors and finite-state tree automata. Finally, a comparison is undertaken between branching time temporal logics and linear time ones, particularly with respect to their adequacy for such applications as specifying and reasoning about the correctness of concurrent programs.
Musical Scales and Brightness Evaluations: Effects of Pitch, Direction, and Scale Mode

A common form of synesthesia and nonsynesthetic cross-modal matching involves an association of visual brightness and auditory frequency, and the form of this association was studied in nonsynesthetic observers who rated the perceived brightness of ascending and descending musical scales drawn from four modes (natural, melodic, and harmonic minor modes, and major modes [including both relative and parallel major scales]). The descending harmonic minor mode was rated as darker than the descending natural/melodic minor mode. Ascending minor and major modes were rated as brighter than descending minor and major modes. In addition, musical keys that started on a higher pitch were rated as brighter than musical keys that started on a lower pitch. No consistent differences in ratings of brightness were found between musically experienced and musically inexperienced participants. The data are consistent with previous findings and suggest that more global aspects of pitch height, pitch distance between subsequent notes, and pitch contour (i. e., the direction of pitch movement), rather than mode or key per se, influence ratings of the brightness of musical stimuli, and suggest recent use of "brightness" as a descriptor of or synonym solely for timbre may not be appropriate.
Island and island‐like marine environments

Islands are pieces of land entirely surrounded by sea on which terrestrial and marine organisms live as little as a few metres apart. Yet, in contrast to terrestrial species, marine species have attracted little attention in studies of island theory. The experimental and conceptual origins of this dichotomy date back to the 1970s, although the apposition has softened in the early 2000s, in part a consequence of phylogeographic analyses and the discovery of new marine environments. Here, I explore the possible range of island and island-like settings in the marine realm and find good evidence, albeit in short supply, for integrating marine with terrestrial perspectives during the current transition from equilibrium to general dynamic models of island biogeography. This integration of marine systems into island theory will be facilitated by three advances: (1) development of many descriptive marine studies to reduce the current deficit, (2) design of rigorous comparative studies within and across realms, and (3) modification of conceptual models to unite seemingly disparate situations, for example describing islands in terms of ecological–evolutionary processes. Marine island biogeography is in its infancy; it may present situations that are uncommon in the existing literature, but not rare in nature, and thus contribute substantially to the new dynamic outlook on a half-century-old theme.
Molecular pathology in the diagnosis and treatment of non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas

The non-Hodgkin's lymphomas encompass a wide spectrum of hematologic neoplasms that exhibit different clinical and biological features. Lymphomas classically have been initially assessed based on their cytologic and histologic features. Morphology alone is often inadequate as similar appearing neoplasms may be immunophenotypically and molecularly heterogeneous. Molecular diagnostic methods can provide an additional level of testing that not only helps refine diagnoses but can provide prognostic information. New methods are being refined that may provide information to establish precise diagnostic profiles, provide targets for therapy and provide more sensitive methods for monitoring the success of treatment. Molecular methods will be increasingly utilized and eventually required as the accepted method of diagnosis and for monitoring the disease. Understanding of the molecular abnormality and the pathogenesis of the neoplasm hopefully will lead to therapeutic intervention aimed at the specific molecular defect or its product. The molecular pathology of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas is discussed.
A kinetic study of the alkaline transitions in cytochrome c peroxidase.

Abstract Cytochrome c peroxidase undergoes a complex series of transitions between pH 8 and 14. Seven distinct spectral transitions occur between 4 ms and 24 h after exposure to alkaline pH. The fastest transition occurs within the mixing time of a stopped-flow instrument and converts the native high-spin ferric form of the enzyme to a low-spin form which may be the hydroxy complex of the enzyme. An apparent p K a of 9.7 ± 0.2 relates the native and initial alkaline form of the enzyme. Three other low-spin enzyme forms are evident from the experimental data prior to denaturation of the enzyme and complete exposure of the heme to the solvent. The final denaturation process occurs with an apparent p K a of 10.3 ± 0.3.
Alu's dimeric consensus sequence destabilizes its transcripts

The effect that different regions of the Alu consensus sequence have upon the stability and accumulation of its RNA polymerase III (Pol III) directed transcripts was determined by transiently overexpressing Alu deletion and chimeric constructs in human 293 cells. Transcripts of the left Alu monomer are more stable than those of the full-length consensus sequence and any additional 3' sequence beyond the left monomer destabilizes the resulting transcript. Neither the middle A-rich region nor the 3' A-rich tail specifically affect the stability of Alu transcripts. However, the right monomer is inherently less stable than corresponding left monomer transcripts. Alu's dimeric structure and sequences peculiar to the right monomer each limit the stability and steady state accumulation of its transcripts. A host requirement to rapidly metabolize Alu RNA or restrict its abundance may have selected for these two features of the Alu consensus sequence.
The initiation and growth of adiabatic shear bands

Abstract A simple version of thermo/viscoplasticity theory is used to model the formation of adiabatic shear bands in high rate deformation of solids. The one dimensional shearing deformation of a finite slab is considered. For the constitutive assumptions made in this paper, homogeneous shearing produces a stress/strain response curve that always has a maximum when strain and rate hardening, plastic heating, and thermal softening are taken into account. Shear bands form if a perturbation is added to the homogeneous fields just before peak stress is obtained with these new fields being used as initial conditions. The resulting initial/boundary value problem is solved by the finite element method for one set of material parameters. The shear band grows slowly at first, then accelerates sharply, until finally the plastic strain rate in the center reaches a maximum, followed by a slow decline. Stress drops rapidly throughout the slab, and the central temperature increases rapidly as the peak in strain rate develops.
Fusiform bacilli and vincent's spirilla in infections of impacted molars

T HOMAS L. GILMERl in 1901, in lectures to the Senior Class at North western University, discussed involvement of partially erupted third molars. “Many lower third molars cause trouble from the fact that they do not fully erupt. Its antagonist may be fully erupted; mastication bruises the gum and this with sept.ic matter under the operculum causes very painful and sometimes dangerous conditions. The inflammation may subside, only to return at a subsequent time. In these cases,‘if I value the tooth, I consider it good practice to cut away the operculum of gum after the inflammation is under control. To control this I wash out the pus and other material contained in the pocket with pyrozone. If there is much pain, I take the crystals of muriate cocaine and grind them in 95 per cent solution of carbolic acid, and apply a small quantity of this under t,he operculum; this gradually relieves the pain. If it does not, I use hot water externally and if necessary, anodynes internally. “Some texts teach removal of the second molar, thereby permitting the third molar to move forward and gain sufficient room for eruption. This may be expedient in some cases, but if it were possible I should prefer the removal of the third molar. ” It was a few years later that Gilmer described a disease of the gums which he termed “acute ulcerous gingivitis,” which has since been discussed very widely and under many names, such a,s, “trench mouth,” “ulceromembranous gingivitis, ’ ’ and “ Vincent ‘s gingivitis. ’ ’ Soon after publishing a description of the disease and outlining his treatment, the bacteriologic studies made at Gilmer’s suggestion by Weaver and Tunicliff established the fact that the fusiform bacillus and associated spirochetes were the active organisms. These organisms had been previously described by Plaut and Vincent in 1896 and 1898, but their presence in gingival infection had not been specifically mentioned. Most writers on the subject of Vincent’s infection of the mouth agree that (1) Vincent’s infection may be found in and about the soft tissue flaps of unerupted or partially erupted teeth, (2) when Vincent’s infection is present it is caused by the fusiform bacillus and Vincent’s spirillum, (3) the use of oxidizing drugs in general is a desirable method of treatment. Miller2 suggests that the primary incubation zones are gingival flaps about partly erupted lower third molars. Zemsky” states that there are many ideal environments in the mouth for the growth of Vincent’s organisms, such as deep gingival crevices and pockets around partly erupted teeth. Disraeli4 includes tissue flaps covering unerupted teeth as areas of lowered resistance favorable to the development of Vincent’s infection. The many references to infection about the overlying gum flap of unerupted and partially erupted teeth indicates that these infections are common,
Multimodal sensor fusion for personnel detection

Proposed herein is a framework between disparate multiple sensing modalities with correlated biometrics between the orthogonal modalities to aide in actor identification and discrimination within a particular defined scene. For the purposes of detection and classification, there are advantages and disadvantages to using either seismic or ultrasonic-sensing modalities individually to detect, identify, and classify successfully a subject to some degree. The seismic modality provides a clean, separable set of results for walkers close to the sensor but in general fails to be as successful at a larger stand-off due to ground wave attenuation and provides only some level of detection. The ultra-sonic modality provides stronger detection results from a greater stand-off distance in direct comparison to the seismic sensor due to higher fidelity of the signal. However, the resulting signature is harder to separate into individual walk-cycle events due to the broadband nature of the ultrasonic profile. In light of the advantages and disadvantages, it is desirable to utilize the capabilities of both sensors to create a framework for a robust singular solution for detection, identification, and classification of the actor(s) within the scene. In this particular case, data fusion techniques such as Hidden Markov Models and Dempster Shafer Theory provide a framework and methodology for exploiting each modality in an optimized and complementary fashion. In a probabilistic sense, this means that the chance of a successful detection is increased through a decision model that uses both the seismic and ultrasonic detection results to detect a target with high confidence.
Observations on small‐angle interference maxima in synthetic organic polymers

Off-meridian small-angle x-ray interference maxima and multiple orders of small-angle interference maxima have been observed for certain synthetic high polymer fibers including polythene, polyamides, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyvinyl alcohol. The observations indicate that the ordering of the structures responsible for small-angle diffraction may be two- or three-dimensional rather than one-dimensional and that such ordering must extend over larger volumes of space than previously published data would indicate. The fibers must be given relaxation treatments to form the structures that result in small-angle maxima except for polythene in which they appear merely on orientation. The relaxation treatments increase the crystallite size as shown by large-angle pictures and modify the positions and shapes of the small-angle maxima. An increase in the degree of relaxation increases the intensity of the interference and increases the magnitude of the interplanar spacing except for polyvinyl alcohol, in which the interplanar spacing is not affected. Samples of 66 nylon, which varied in molecular weight from 26,000 to 200,000 gave identical small-angle interference patterns within the limits of accuracy.
Space calibration of standard solar cells using high-altitude balloon flights

Space short circuit current calibrations on solar cells, using high altitude balloon flights
Urinary Incontinence symptom scores and urodynamic diagnoses

The aim of this study was to determine whether scores on two validated urinary incontinence symptom scales predicted eventual urodynamic diagnoses. Two hundred ninety-three patients undergoing multi-channel urodynamic testing rated their symptoms of urinary incontinence and/or pelvic organ prolapse (POP), using the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire, the Urogenital Distress Inventory, and an obstructive symptom subscale from the long form of the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire. Among the 202 (69%) patients without advance-stage POP, increasing scores on scale items related to stress and urge incontinence predicted increasing frequency of the diagnoses of genuine stress incontinence (GSI) and detrusor instability, respectively. Among the 91 (31%) patients with advance-stage POP, there was no association. Among all patients with GSI, the presence of intrinsic sphincter deficiency could not be predicted by responses to the symptom scales. Scores on the symptom scales were inadequate predictors of eventual urodynamic diagnoses, especially among women with advance-stage POP.
SAS probit analysis for cadmium mortality.

Abstract In the quantitation of heavy metal effectiveness it is useful to compute the median lethal dose (LD50) to the exposed population. The computerized Statistical Analysis System (SAS) of probit analysis is particularly useful in analyzing dose-response data because it is more accurate than the graphical methods currently in use and, in addition, provides fiducial limits with its estimates. Acute and chronic cadmium mortalities of young adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were determined by the SAS probit analysis. When male and female rats were administered comparable doses of cadmium chloride, based on individual body weights, males were more susceptible. A plausible explanation for this greater sensitivity of males to the heavy metal is testicular necrosis. The acute LD50 (30 days) value for males was 5.99 mg Cd/kg body wt, with 95% fiducial limits of 4.71-7.54 mg Cd/kg body wt, as compared to 7.13 (5.18-8.85) mg Cd/kg body wt for females. When multiple (chronic doses of cadmium were injected, LD50 (30 days) values were 4.25 (3.42-5.05) mg Cd/kg body wt and 5.14 (4.42-5.92) mg Cd/kg body wt for males and females, respectively. Values calculated 30 days after the last injection (at Day 60) were 3.38 (2.61-4.05) mg Cd/kg body wt and 4.65 (4.00–5.25) mg Cd/kg body wt for males and females, respectively. Chronic LD values indicate an increase in effectiveness of dose as time of injections was protracted.
Phase ordering in bulk uniaxial nematic liquid crystals

The phase-ordering kinetics of a bulk uniaxial nematic liquid crystal is addressed using techniques that have been successfully applied to describe ordering in the $\mathrm{O}(n)$ model. The method involves constructing an appropriate mapping between the order-parameter tensor and a Gaussian auxiliary field. The mapping accounts for both the geometry of the director about the dominant charge 1/2 string defects and biaxiality near the string cores. At late times $t$ following a quench, there exists a scaling regime where the bulk nematic liquid crystal and the three-dimensional O(2) model are found to be isomorphic, within the Gaussian approximation. As a consequence, the scaling function for order-parameter correlations in the nematic liquid crystal is exactly that of the O(2) model and the length characteristic of the strings grows as ${t}^{1/2}$. These results are in accord with experiment and simulation. Related models dealing with thin films and monopole defects in the bulk are presented and discussed.