cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bilateral Congenital Vocal Cord Paralysis: A 16-Year Institutional Review

Objective To review the management and outcome of bilateral congenital true vocal cord paralysis in 22 patients treated over a 16-year period and to review the role of tracheostomy in these patients. Design Retrospective chart review. Setting Pediatric tertiary hospital. Patients Twenty-two pediatric patients diagnosed with bilateral congenital true vocal cord paralysis. Interventions Flexible or rigid diagnostic evaluation, tracheostomy, and vocal cord lateralization procedures. Main outcomes measures Vocal cord recovery and decannulation. Results With a mean follow up of 50 months, 15 of 22 patients (68%) with bilateral vocal cord paralysis required tracheostomy for airway securement. Of the 15 tracheotomized patients, 10 were successfully decannulated (8 had spontaneous recovery, whereas 2 required lateralization procedures). Eleven of these patients with tracheostomy had comorbid factors, including neurologic abnormalities (midbrain/brainstem dysgenesis, Arnold-Chiari malformation, global hypotonia, and developmental delay). Of the 7 patients not requiring tracheostomy, 6 recovered vocal cord function (86%). Conclusion In our series of 22 patients with bilateral vocal cord paralysis, 14 had spontaneous recovery of function. Patients managed with tracheostomy were noted to have a high incidence of comorbid factors. In this series, recovery rates were found to be higher in nontracheostomized patients than in tracheostomized patients. Patients can be carefully selected for observation versus tracheostomy at the time of diagnosis based on underlying medical conditions.
Microsomal activation of fluoranthene to mutagenic metabolites

Abstract The in vitro metabolism of fluoranthene (FA) was assessed by incubating 3-[3H]FA, the synthesis of which is described, with rat hepatic microsomal enzymes. Several metabolites including the FA 2,3-diol, FA 2–3,-quinone, 3-OH-FA, 1-OH-FA, and 8-OH-FA were isolated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and identified by comparison of chromatographic properties and uv-visible spectra with those of synthetic standards. The major metabolite produced over the FA concentration range studied (23–233 μ m ) was FA 2,3-diol, accounting for 29–43% of the total extractable metabolites. This diol was characterized further by high-resolution mass spectroscopy and H-NMR and determined to be identical in structure to the trans-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrofluoranthene. The FA 2,3-diol, syn and anti 2,3-diol-1,10b-epoxides, FA 2,3-quinone, and FA 7,8-diol were all shown to be mutagenic toward Salmonella typhimurium TM677. The FA 1,10b-diol and syn and anti FA 1,10b-diol-2,3-epoxides were not mutagenic. The epoxide hydrolase inhibitor, 3,3,3-trichloropropylene oxide, markedly reduced the mutagenic potency of FA while concurrently inhibiting FA 2,3-diol production but not overall FA metabolism. These results suggest that a major metabolic activation pathway of FA resulting in the production of mutagenic species involves the formation of the FA 2,3-diol and the subsequent oxidation of this diol to a FA 2,3-diol-1,10b-epoxide. Another minor activation pathway with mutagenic endpoints may involve the formation of the 7,8-diol.
Heat Transfer in Fixed Beds at Very Low (<4) Tube-to-Particle Diameter Ratio

New heat transfer measurements are reported for packings of full and hollow cylinders in tubes over a tube-to-particle diameter ratio (N) range of 1.8−5.6. Both high and low thermal conductivity packings were used. These results are analyzed in conjunction with previously-reported data for spheres in the range 1.13 < N < 6.4 and data for cylinders and rings in the range 5.2 < N < 6.9 to provide a comprehensive picture of heat transfer in the region of very low N (< 4) and a comparison to data at higher N. Single-phase heat transfer correlations are critically evaluated with regard to their dependence on N, to determine whether their range of applicability extends to N < 4. The effective radial thermal conductivity kr and wall heat transfer coefficient hw depend on N less strongly for full and hollow cylinders than they do for spheres. For spheres, there is evidence of high rates of radial heat transfer as N approaches unity, and the bed behaves as a single pellet string, but for 2 ≤ N ≤ 4, kr is highly de...
Mice deficient in the orphan receptor steroidogenic factor 1 lack adrenal glands and gonads but express P450 side-chain-cleavage enzyme in the placenta and have normal embryonic serum levels of corticosteroids

Abstract The orphan nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) is expressed in the adrenal cortex and gonads and regulates the expression of several P450 steroid hydroxylases in vitro. We examined the role of SF-1 in the adrenal glands and gonads in vivo by a targeted disruption of the mouse SF-1 gene. All SF-1-deficient mice died shortly after delivery. Their adrenal glands and gonads were absent, and persistent Mullerian structures were found in all genotypic males. While serum levels of corticosterone in SF-1-deficient mice were diminished, levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were elevated, consistent with intact pituitary corticotrophs. Intrauterine survival of SF-1-deficient mice appeared normal, and they had normal serum level of corticosterone and ACTH, probably reflecting transplacental passage of maternal steroids. We tested whether SF-1 is required for P450 side-chain-cleavage enzyme (P450scc) expression in the placenta, which expresses both SF-1 and P450scc, and found that in contrast to its strong activation of the P450scc gene promoter in vitro, the absence of SF-1 had no effect on P450scc mRNA levels in vivo. Although the region targeted by our disruption is shared by SF-1 and by embryonal long terminal repeat-binding protein (ELP), a hypothesized alternatively spliced product, we believe that the observed phenotype reflects absent SF-1 alone, as PCR analysis failed to detect ELP transcripts in any mouse tissue, and sequences corresponding to ELP are not conserved across species. These results confirm that SF-1 is an important regulator of adrenal and gonadal development, but its regulation of steroid hydroxylase expression in vivo remains to be established.
On the multiplicity of jigsawed bases in compact and countably compact spaces

Abstract We investigate when countable multiplicity of jigsawed bases and similar collections on sets of various sizes implies metrizability in compact and countably compact spaces.
Replication of Low Density Electroformed Normal Incidence Optics

Replicated electroformed light-weight nickel alloy mirrors can have high strength, low areal density (<3kg/m2), smooth finish, and controllable alloy composition. Progress at NASA MSFC SOMTC in developing normal incidence replicated Nickel mirrors will be reported.
On the meaning and use of a capacity concept

The author eurveya and interprets previoue attempts to define and measure capacity, and analyses the uee of the capacity concept in economic models.
Induction of stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) by fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) in FGF-2-/- microvascular endothelial cells requires prolonged activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases-1 and -2 (ERK-1/2).

Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play key roles in vascular remodeling. Because FGF-2 controls a number of proteolytic activities in various cell types, we tested its effect on vascular endothelial cell expression of MMP-3 (stromelysin-1), a broad-spectrum proteinase implicated in coronary atherosclerosis. Endothelial cells (EC) from FGF-2-/- mice are highly responsive to exogenous FGF-2 and were therefore used for this study. The results showed that treatment of microvascular EC with human recombinant FGF-2 results in strong induction of MMP-3 mRNA and protein expression. Upregulation of MMP-3 mRNA by FGF-2 requires de novo protein synthesis and activation of the ERK-1/2 pathway. FGF-2 concentrations (5-10 ng/ml) that induce rapid and prolonged (24 h) activation of ERK-1/2 upregulate MMP-3 expression. In contrast, lower concentrations (1-2 ng/ml) that induce robust but transient (<8 h) ERK-1/2 activation are ineffective. Inhibition of ERK-1/2 activation at different times (-0.5 h to +8 h) of EC treatment with effective FGF-2 concentrations blocks MMP-3 upregulation. Thus, FGF-2 induces EC expression of MMP-3 with a threshold dose effect that requires sustained activation of the ERK-1/2 pathway. Because FGF-2 controls other EC functions with a linear dose effect, these features indicate a unique role of MMP-3 in vascular remodeling.
Energy vs Power Relationship for Lithium Ion Cells over a Broad Range of Temperatures and Power Densities

We provide an analysis of batteries subject to controlled power operation on both charge and discharge over the temperature range of -30 to 45°C, consistent with vehicle drive events. The method we develop is applied to a high-power lithium ion cell, thereby allowing us to obtain parameters and overall characteristics useful for (i) representing the battery in vehicle models and (ii) providing a quantitative means of comparing and classifying battery systems. The current and voltage histories are modeled during the constant power discharge, and Ragone plots (energy vs power) as well as discharge and charge times are analyzed. The equations employed are based on an equivalent circuit comprising a parallel resistor-capacitor combination in series with a resistor and the open-circuit potential source. The circuit element values are dependent on temperature and independent of the current and potential. Model calculations are compared with experimental data. Good agreement is obtained for temperatures ranging from 0 to 45°C. More work is needed to clarify phenomena below 0°C.
Enhanced Identification of Postoperative Infections among Inpatients

We evaluated antimicrobial exposure, discharge diagnoses, or both to identify surgical site infections (SSI). This retrospective cohort study in 13 hospitals involved weighted, random samples of records from 8,739 coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) procedures, 7,399 cesarean deliveries, and 6,175 breast procedures. We compared routine surveillance to detection through inpatient antimicrobial exposure (> 9 days for CABG, > 2 days for cesareans, and > 6 days for breast procedures), discharge diagnoses, or both. Together, all methods identified SSI after 7.4% of CABG, 5.0% of cesareans, and 2.0% of breast procedures. Antimicrobial exposure had the highest sensitivity, 88%-91%, compared with routine surveillance, 38%-64%. Diagnosis codes improved sensitivity of detection of antimicrobial exposure after cesareans. Record review confirmed SSI after 31% to 38% of procedures that met antimicrobial surveillance criteria. Sufficient antimicrobial exposure days, together with diagnosis codes for cesareans, identified more postoperative SSI than routine surveillance methods. This screening method was efficient, readily standardized, and suitable for most hospitals.
Uncertainty management in rule-based information extraction systems

Rule-based information extraction is a process by which structured objects are extracted from text based on user-defined rules. The compositional nature of rule-based information extraction also allows rules to be expressed over previously extracted objects. Such extraction is inherently uncertain, due to the varying precision associated with the rules used in a specific extraction task. Quantifying this uncertainty is crucial for querying the extracted objects in probabilistic databases, and for improving the recall of extraction tasks that use compositional rules. In this paper, we provide a probabilistic framework for handling the uncertainty in rule-based information extraction. Specifically, for each extraction task, we build a parametric exponential model of uncertainty that captures the interaction between the different rules, as well as the compositional nature of the rules; the exponential form of our model follows from maximum-entropy considerations. We also give model-decomposition techniques that make the learning algorithms scalable to large numbers of rules and constraints. Experiments over multiple real-world extraction tasks confirm that our approach yields accurate probability estimates with only a small performance overhead. Moreover, our framework supports incremental pay-as-you-go improvements in the accuracy of probability estimates as new rules, data, or constraints are added.
An Approach to the Approximate Solution of the Ionosphere Absorption Problem

A series of parabolic approximations has been obtained for portions of the Chapman distribution and its product with the collisional frequency. By their use, an improved approximate solution has been found for the "true" and the group height of reflection, and for the absorption in the region, under conditions of (1) vertical incidence, (2) wave frequency greater than the maximum collision frequency and less than the critical frequency for the region, and (3) with the earth's magnetic field neglected. These improved analytic approximations are compared with the usual parabolic approximation and with numerical approximations obtained by other workers.
Authentication and authorization protocol security property analysis with trace inclusion transformation and online minimization

A major hurdle of formal analysis of protocol security properties is the well-known state explosion - a protocol system usually contains infinitely many or a formidable number of states. As a result, most of the analysis resorts to heuristics, such as state space pruning. Given the temporal property of authentication and authorization protocols, we introduce trace inclusion transformation of protocol specification to reduce significantly the state space. We further cut down the number of states by online minimization for obtaining a model of a manageable size for a formal and rigorous analysis. However, the two state space reduction procedures may result in false negative and false positives. We show that our trace inclusion transformation and online minimization do not introduce any false negative. On the other hand, we design an efficient algorithm for ruling out all the possible false positives. Therefore, our analysis is sound and complete. For a case study, we analyze OAuth, a standardization of API authentication protocols. Our automated analysis identifies a number of attacks in the original specification, including the one that has been detected. We also analyze the second version of OAuth and prove it is secure if the API interface is secure.
Use of Dynamic Simulation to Converge Complex Process Flowsheets

Most senior design courses include a component of steady-state process simulation in the synthesis and analysis of a process flowsheet. Many of the processes developed have recycle streams. One of the most challenging aspects of developing and using a steady-state simulation of a process with recycle is the convergence of the recycle loops, which requires the solution of a very large number of simultaneous nonlinear algebraic equations. Despite the fact that all commercial process simulation software products have sophisticated convergence algorithms, convergence is all too frequently not achieved. In many flowsheets, the user spends an inordinate amount of time and energy trying to find a way to attain convergence: changing the maximum number of iterations, trying different algorithms (Wegstein, Broyden, Newton, etc.), changing error tolerances and the like. The purpose of this paper is to suggest an alternative approach that uses a dynamic simulation of the process to converge to a steady state. The basic idea is not new. Relaxation algorithms have been around for decades. However, there are two recent developments that make this approach more practical and effective. The first is the availability of commercial dynamic simulators to accomplish the job. The second is an easily applied plant-wide control procedure, which is one of the prerequisites of any dynamic simulation. The suggested procedure is to develop the steady-state flowsheet with the recycle loops "open", adjusting operating conditions and design parameters until the assumed values of the "tear streams" are reasonably close to the calculated values. Then the simulation is converted into dynamic form with the necessary dynamic sizing parameters supplied (column diameters, surge-drum sizes, etc.). Finally the recycle loops are connected, the plant-wide control structure is applied and the dynamic simulation is run out to steady-state conditions. The proposed method is illustrated in an example (the dimethyl ether process).
Risk factors associated with denture stomatitis in the United States.

Background: This study reports denture stomatitis (DS) prevalence from a large USA probability sample from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994 (NHANES III). Methods: Oral examinations were performed on 3450 individuals 18–90+ years of age (mean: 59.2; SD: 0.50 years), 57.7% male and 42.3% female. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted for DS using sociodemographic, denture quality, blood analytes, alcohol and tobacco use, history of diabetes, and current antibiotic use as covariates. Odds ratios (OR), adjusted for other covariates in each model (AOR) are presented. Results: Of 3450 removable denture wearers, 963 (27.9%) had DS. DS prevalence was associated with wearing maxillary (AOR: 6.20) and mandibular (AOR: 5.21) complete dentures continuously; smoking ≥15 cigarettes day (maxillary complete: AOR = 1.31; mandibular complete: AOR = 1.50; maxillary partial: AOR = 2.04); vitamin A deficiency (mandibular complete: AOR = 5.97; maxillary partial: AOR = 5.67; mandibular partial: AOR = 24.42). Maxillary dentures with inadequate relines had approximately half the OR of DS than those with adequate relines (maxillary complete: AOR = 0.42; mandibular complete: AOR = 0.50). Conclusions: Denture stomatitis prevalence is associated with the amount of tissue covered by dentures, low vitamin A levels, cigarette smoking, and constant denture wear.
The Humanbecoming Leading-Following Model

The purpose of this paper is to set forth a humanbecoming leading-following model that challenges the traditional notion of leadership. The model is a guide to living leading-following with a focus on human dignity and freedom where power is with the constituents of situations.
Generic programming and high-performance libraries

Summary form only given. Generic programming is an attractive paradigm for developing libraries for high-performance computing because of the simultaneous emphases placed on generality and efficiency. In this approach, interfaces are based on sets of specified requirements on types, rather than on any particular type, allowing algorithms to interoperate with any data type meeting the necessary requirements. These sets of requirements, known as concepts, can specify syntactic as well as semantic requirements. Although concepts are fundamental to generic programming, they are not supported as first-class entities in mainstream programming languages, thus limiting the degree to which generic programming can be effectively applied. We advocate better syntactic and semantic support for concepts and describe some straightforward language features that could better support them. We also briefly discuss uses for concepts beyond their use in constraining polymorphism.
Challenges in geriatric oral health research methodology concerning caregivers of cognitively impaired elderly adults

Little is known about oral health care behaviors of community-dwelling, cognitively impaired elderly (CIE) persons. Few studies have been conducted regarding the actual provision of oral care for CIE persons or the attitudes and concerns about oral health among their caregivers. The CIE person's ability to perform self-care decreases over time, and the role of the caregiver in daily oral care becomes increasingly important. The purpose of this pilot study was to explore the attitudes toward oral health and identify related concerns among caregivers who care for community-dwelling CIE persons. Caregivers were surveyed by means of a self-administered, mailed questionnaire. To maintain confidentiality, an intermediary was used for recruitment and data collection. Overall, 148 caregivers were invited by an intermediary to participate in the survey; only 21 (14%) consented to participate and returned the questionnaire. This paper discusses some of the numerous methodological challenges identified when an attempt was made to survey care-givers' attitudes toward and barriers to providing oral care for a dependent CIE.
The Integration of Low-k Dielectric Material Hydrogen Silsesquioxane (HSQ) with Nitride Thin Films as Barriers

HSQ (hydrogen silsesquioxane) is one of the promising low-k materials used in VLSI technology as an intra-metal dielectric to reduce capacitance-related issues. Like any other dielectrics, the integration of HSQ in multilevel interconnect schemes has been of considerable importance. In this study, the compatibility of HSQ with different nitride barrier layers, such as PVD and CVD TiN, PVD TaN, and CVD W2N, has been investigated by using a variety of techniques. The refractory metal barriers, Ti and Ta, are also included for a comparison. The degradation of HSQ films indicates a strong underlying barrier layer dependence. With CVD nitrides or refractory metals as barrier, HSQ exhibits a better structural and property stability than that with PVD nitrides. The possible mechanisms have been discussed to account for these observations.
Religion and the decision to donate organs: Exploring the potential role of religious leaders

The two-step flow model of communication (Katz, 1957) suggests opinion leaders obtain critical information from the mass media and, in turn, communicate this information to interpersonal contacts such as friends, family and co-workers. It is suggested that religious leaders (RLs) may serve as opinion leaders on the topic of organ donation by debunking donation myths, promoting donation during worship services, or communicating the benefit of donation to families faced with the opportunity to participate in living or cadaveric donation. The current study examined the personal knowledge, experiences, and willingness to communicate about organ donation in a sample of RLs (N = 59) in Rochester, New York. Structured interviews were conducted in summer and fall of 2009 with a random sample of RLs. Results indicate a disparity between RLs' expressed personal support for donation and their engagement in donor registration. Approximately one-quarter of RLs have spoken about donation during a religious service and many indicate their knowledge is not sufficient to discuss organ donation in detail. Results elaborate on how RLs may be trained to serve as opinion leaders in the promotion of organ donation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell wall genomics in the recombinogenic moss physcomitrella patens

The growing interest in cellulosic ethanol as a sustainable biofuel has focused attention on modifying plants and plant cell walls in particular so that they can serve as a more effective feedstock for ethanol production. A substantial effort is now underway to develop methods that can increase the efficiency of cellulose breakdown by chemical or enzymatic pretreatments in order to generate fermentable sugars. This approach is leading to novel technologies for preprocessing and cell wall digestion, and the identification, selection, and production of enzymes with improved properties for industrial application (for example, heat stable hydrolytic enzymes).
Clinical and prognostic significance of 3q26 rearrangements and other chromosome 3 abnormalities in chronic myelogenous leukemia in era of tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Chromosome 3q26.2 abnormalities in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), including inv(3)/t(3;3) and t(3;21), have been studied and are associated with a poor prognosis. Their prevalence, response to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment and prognostic significance in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) are largely unknown. In this study we explored these aspects using a cohort of 2013 CML patients in the era of TKI therapy. Chromosome 3 abnormalities were observed in 116 of 2013 (5.8%) cases. These cases were divided into five distinct groups: A, inv(3)(q21q26.2)/t(3;3)(q21;q26.2), 26%; B, t(3;21)(q26.2;q22), 17%; C, other 3q26.2 rearrangements, 7%; D, rearrangements involving chromosome 3 other than 3q26.2 locus, 32%; and E, gain or loss of partial or whole chromosome 3, 18%. In all, 3q26.2 rearrangements were the most common chromosome 3 abnormalities (50%, groups A-C). 3q26.2 rearrangements emerged at different leukemic phases. For cases with 3q26.2 rearrangements that initially emerged in chronic or accelerated phase, they had a high rate of transformation to blast phase. Patients with 3q26.2 abnormalities showed a marginal response to TKIs treatment and no patients achieved a long-term sustainable response at cytogenetic or molecular level. Compared to other chromosomal abnormalities in CML, patients with 3q26.2 rearrangements had a poorer overall survival. The presence or absence of other concurrent chromosomal abnormalities did not affect survival in these patients, reflecting the predominant role of 3q26.2 rearrangements in determining prognosis. Interestingly, although heterogeneous, chromosome 3 abnormalities involving non-3q26.2 loci (groups D, E) also conferred a worse prognosis compared with changes involving other chromosomes in this cohort.
Cytochrome P-450- and peroxidase-dependent activation of procarbazine and iproniazid in mammalian cells.

Metabolism of hydrazine derivatives, procarbazine and iproniazid, to reactive free radical intermediates has been studied using spin-trapping techniques in intact human promyelocytic leukemia (HL60) and mouse hepatic cell lines. While HL60 cells have been shown to contain both myeloperoxidase and cytochrome P-450 enzymes, the hepatic cell line shows only cytochrome P-450 activity. Both peroxidases and cytochrome P-450 have been reported to catalyze biotransformation of hydrazines. Procarbazine and iproniazid were rapidly metabolized in these cell lines to methyl and isopropyl radicals, respectively. However, in HL60 cells, procarbazine was metabolized by myeloperoxidase while iproniazid was metab olized mostly by the cytochrome P-450 system. In the hepatic cells, both of these compounds were metabolized by the P-450 system.
Insider Selling, Earnings Management, and the 1990s Bubble

Large equity grants, the hallmark of 1990s executive compensation, allegedly contributed to the 1990s stock bubble by making managers especially sensitive to stock performance and leading them to inflate earnings. Regarding these heretofore untested claims, we show that earnings are inflated before insiders sell stock, and both insider selling and earnings management surged during the bubble. Furthermore, a firm’s return over the 30 months after the market’s peak is negatively associated with its cumulative abnormal accruals during the bubble. More specifically, firms in the top quartile of abnormal accruals during the bubble experience an average monthly stock price correction of about –1.44% (i.e., an average cumulative abnormal return of about −35.4%) over the 30 months of the correction period, relative to a benchmark portfolio of firms matched on size, book-to-market, and return momentum. Moreover, the association between abnormal accruals and post-bubble abnormal returns is significantly stronger for firms whose insiders were stock sellers during the bubble than for firms whose insiders were buyers.
In Situ Ellipsometry of Ge Clusters and Ultrathin Films

The evolution of the nanostructure of a-Ge sputter-deposited onto naturally oxidized c-Si and disordered carbon substrates is characterized by in situ ellipsometry, with the focus of attention being on the initial stage when clusters are in evidence. The structural data deduced from ellipsometry are reproducible, are a sensitive function of the preparation parameters, and are also consistent with data deduced from less sensitive Auger electron spectroscopy. The information provided by ellipsometry is of critical importance in studying the effects of average size on the electronic and vibrational properties of clusters by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Other structural probes of clusters for this system, including transmission electron microscopy, have failed to yield reliable results due to the small cluster size.
The Novella in Arabic: a Study in Fictional Genres

Before broaching the main topic of this study, there seem to me to be two general issues involving terms in the title which need to be addressed: The one concerns nomenclature, the other the question of genres. A certain vagueness colors most attempts at definition of the term “novella,” something which seems the result of both the way in which the term has developed and the considerable differences of opinion among critics. Thus the Oxford English Dictionary seems to reflect the relatively recent interest in the genre in the English-speaking world by not including the word at all in the main part of the dictionary and by defining it in the Supplement as “a short novel (as in the stories of Boccaccio's Decameron).” As Howard Nemerov points out, however, “the term ‘short novel’ is descriptive only in the way that the term ‘Middle Ages’ is descriptive—that is, not at all, except with regard to the territory on either side.” The index to the English translation of Todorov's Poetics of Prose lists: Novella, see Tale. Such entries as these do at least convey to us the notion that the novella operates somewhere along a fictional spectrum, the two poles of which are the novel and the short story, but that is all.
Understanding Roles of Social Media in Academic Engagement and Satisfaction for Graduate Students

Research indicates positive effects of social media on academia and education. However its main populations have been faculty, teachers, high school or college students, and its primary context has been a course or classroom. We realized that there exists a lack of studies on how Ph.D. (broadly graduate) students use social media for academic purposes and how its use is associated with academic motivation, engagement, and satisfaction, which are salient factors for the success of their graduate degrees and life. Based on the survey responses from 91 current Ph.D. students, our study results highlight that (1) students mainly use social media for broadcasting and keeping up with up-to-date academic and research information; yet, making connections and developing professional networks is one of the primary reasons, and (2) social media use is positively associated with their academic engagement and satisfaction. We discuss implications and future work of our study.
Survey on Antibody Levels of Measles and Rubella Among Healthy Population in Chengmai County

Objective To analyze the antibody levels of measles and rubella among healthy people in Chengmai County.Methods All healthy individuals in Chengmai County were randomly sampled to detect measles and rubella IgG antibody levels.Results The positive rates for the antibodies against measles and rubella in the age group of 1-13 years were the highest,with the positive rates of 95.00% and 99.50%,respectively.Measles and rubella IgG antibody levels of infants aged 6 months were the lowest,and the positive rates were 42.00% and 17.00%,respectively.There were statistically significant differences in the positive rates for the antibodies against measles and rubella between the age group of 1-13 years and infants aged 6 months(P0.01).The positive rate of rubella IgG antibody in adult group and the positive rates for the antibodies against measles and rubella in middle school group were all significantly lower than those of primary school group(P0.01).The positive rates for the antibodies against measles and rubella in neonates were 70.00% and 60.00%,respectively.There were statisti-cally significant differences in the positive rates for the antibodies against measles and rubella of the vaccinated group between before and after the vaccination(P0.01);moreover,measles and rubella IgG antibody levels reached the standard of immunological barrier after the vaccination.Conclusions People aged 6 months and 14 years are more susceptible in Chengmai County.It is necessary to take various measures to prevent measles and rubella according to different age groups.
Varicella antibody level of children aged 2-7 years old in Baoshan district of Shanghai

[Objective]To observe the immune effect and immune persistence of varicella vaccine,provide the reference for the immunoprophylaxis of varicella control.[Methods]455 children aged 2-7 years old in Baoshan district of Shanghai were selected,which included the children had varicella vaccine immunization history or not.The blood samples of peripheral finger were collected,and the antibody levels were detected and compared.The differences of vaccines and years of immunization in children with immunization history were compared.[Results]The antibody level of children without immunization history increased gradually with increasing age.The antibody level of children with immunization history was significantly higher than that of 2-4 years old and 4-6 years old children without immunization history(t=14.439 and t=3.050,both P0.01).There was no significant difference in antibody level of children between the domestic and imported vaccine.The antibody level of children decreased with increasing years of immunization,and the difference was significant(F=4.529,P0.05).The positive rate decreased from 78.10% of 1 year after inoculation to 66.06% of 3 year after inoculation and 65.12% of 5 year after inoculation,and there was no significant difference in antibody level between 3 year and 5 year after inoculation(χ2=5.061,P0.05).[Conclusion]The varicella vaccine can provide good immune protection.The domestic and imported vaccines have similar effect.The antibody level decreases significantly 3 year after inoculation,so it is suggested that another 1 dose of varicella vaccination should be performed 3 year after first-dose to improve the protective effect.
Aldose reductase catalyzes the oxidation of naphthalene-1, 2-dihydrodiol for the formation of ortho-naphthoquinone

The oxidation of naphthalene-1,2-dihydrodiol (ND) to o-naphthoquinone (NQ) in the lens is believed to be responsible for the formation of cataracts in naphthalene-fed rats. Studies using either recombinant rat lens (RLAR) or human muscle aldose reductase (HMAR) incubated in vitro with ND in the presence of NAD(P) verified that aldose reductase (EC 1.1.1.21) is the dihydrodiol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the oxidation of ND to NQ. Kinetic studies of Vmax/Km indicated that RLAR catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidation of ND with an optimal pH of 9.0. The corresponding activity of HMAR was lower than that of rat enzyme. The metabolite produced by the incubation of RLAR with ND in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol and NAD in 20 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, was isolated by C18 reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The elution profile showed the formation of a new peak that was identical with a peak generated when NQ was incubated under the same condition. The metabolite in both peaks was identified as 4-(2-hydroxyethylsulfanyl)-1, 2-dihydro-1,2-naphthalenedione (HNQ) by 1H and 13C NMR analyses using homonuclear correlation spectroscopy, heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence, and heteronuclear shift correlations via multiple bond connectivities as well as infrared analysis. HNQ is readily autoxidized to 2,3-dihydro-1-oxa-4-thia-9,10-phenanthrenedione. The stoichiometry of 1:1 between the consumption of ND and the formation of NADH for the formation of HNQ implies that rat lens aldose reductase catalyzes a 2e- oxidation of ND to yield the corresponding ketol, which is autoxidized to NQ.
Startup energy storage technologies for the building level: A review

The integration of renewable energy at the building level is increasing in popularity but brings many challenges. Energy storage, or batteries, is a potential solution to these challenges, but no currently available technology is objectively the best battery. This paper reviews promising startup company energy storage technologies at the building level, and organizes them into the following categories: cheaper, better, and greener. The amount of funding, which could be an indicator of future success, is also reviewed. Six energy storage technologies and funding for the respective startup companies were reviewed. The technologies reviewed were all found to have both advantages and disadvantages, and Aquion Energy's "green" battery was found to have received the most funding. However, with recent policy trends and a quickly moving startup culture, the energy storage industry will most likely see more activity with new technologies and companies emerging quickly.
The Next Generation: Harriet Martineau’s Literary Reviews for the Monthly Repository

When Mary Wollstonecraft called herself “the first of a new genus,” she probably did not yet see the shape the new classification would take. Yet her metaphor fits in more ways than one. Not only did Wollstonecraft represent a departure from past limitations on women’s participation in the literary profession, but she exemplified a “first” that was soon followed by a “second” and a “third,” new members of the species emerging singly at first, but by the early 1830s, the period that traditionally marks the beginning of the Victorian age, in increasing numbers. In her introduction to a special issue of Victorian Periodicals Review devoted to women contributors, D. J. Trela affirms that from the 1830s onward, some time before George Eliot’s significant role in the Westminster Review, increasing numbers of women worked as editors and critics. Trela argues that while Eliot’s contribution has been used “to allege that it is only the exceptional woman who could break into and successfully dominate periodical literature and fiction, the scores of less prominent but nonetheless successful women who were able to earn a living writing and editing are more important in demonstrating a pattern that became more prominent as the Victorian age advanced.”1 The early reviewing of one of these women writers, Harriet Martineau, illuminates features of women’s participation in the culture of criticism between the end of Barbauld’s known reviewing and the first years of the Victorian era when the period of interest to Trela and her colleagues begins.
Performing Ireland: A Performative Approach to the Study of Irish Culture

Ireland is known for its performances: its storytelling, its music-making, its celebrations. Scholars who have researched these performative genres in the past have largely been concerned with their verbal aspects and have documented them as texts, although the sense of performance was always present in the work of such giants as folklorist Sean O Suilleabhâin and others. In the 1970s, folklore as a scholarly discipline engaged the performance qualities of folklore directly, recognizing that stories are told, songs are sung, and celebrations and rituals are enacted.1 Still, Ireland remains stereotyped as a verbal culture, despite the obvious nonverbal components of music and dance, for instance. In contrast, in the six counties of Northern Ireland, life takes a more obviously visual turn: Belfast and Derry are known for the murals that adorn countless gable-end walls; thousands of parades a year punctuate everyday life, and public displays of flags have been highly contested. In total, traditional culture all across the island of Ireland (including the more emergent events mentioned above) shares qualities of performance that serve to put on display issues to do with politics and society, including gender, modernization, globalization, colonialism, and history, among others.
Pioglitazone is equally effective for diabetes prevention in older versus younger adults with impaired glucose tolerance.

To determine the efficacy of pioglitazone to prevent type 2 diabetes in older compared to younger adults with pre-diabetes. Six hundred two participants with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were randomized in double blind fashion to placebo or pioglitazone for diabetes prevention in the ACT NOW study (NEJM 364:1104–1115, 2011). Cox proportional hazard regression was used to compare time to development of diabetes over a mean of 2 years between older (≥61 years) and younger participants. We compared effects of pioglitazone versus placebo on metabolic profiles, inflammatory markers, adipokines, β cell function (disposition index), insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index), and body composition by ANOVA. Diabetes incidence was reduced by 85 % in older and 69 % in younger subjects (p = 0.41). β cell function (disposition index) increased by 35.0 % in the older and 26.7 % in younger subjects (p = 0.83). Insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) increased by 3.07 (5.2-fold) in older and by 2.54 (3.8-fold) in younger participants (p = 0.58). Pioglitazone more effectively increased adiponectin in older versus younger subjects (22.9 ± 3.2 μg/mL [2.7-fold] vs. 12.7 ± 1.4 μg/mL [2.2-fold], respectively; p = 0.04). Younger subjects tended to have a greater increase in whole body fat mass compared to older subjects (3.6 vs. 3.1 kg; p = 0.061). Younger and older subjects had similar decreases in bone mineral density (0.018 ± 0.0071 vs. 0.0138 ± 0.021 g/cm2). Younger and older pre-diabetic adults taking pioglitazone had similar reductions in conversion to diabetes and older adults had similar or greater improvements in metabolic risk factors, demonstrating that pioglitazone is useful in preventing diabetes in older adults.
Variability of Tibial Tray Rotation: How Accurate Are Our Most Reliable Methods? Rotational Verification With the Use of Intraoperative Sensors

Introduction Post-operative clinical outcomes of TKA are dependent on a multitude of surgical and patient-specific factors. Malrotation of the femoral and/or tibial component is associated with pain, accelerated wear of the tibial insert, joint instability, and unfavorable patellar tracking and dislocation. Using the transepicondylar axis to guide implantation of the femoral component is considered to be an accurate anatomical reference and is widely used. However, no gold standard currently exists with respect to ensuring optimal rotation of the tibial tray. Literature has suggested that implantation methods, which reference the tibial tubercle, reduce positioning outliers with more consistency than other anatomical landmarks. Therefore, the purpose of this evaluation is to use data collected from intraoperative sensors to assess the true rotational accuracy of using the mid-medial third of the tibial tubercle in 98 TKAs. Methods The data for this evaluation was retrieved from 98 consecutive patients who underwent primary TKA from the same highly experienced surgeon. Femoral component rotation was verified in every case via the use of the Whiteside line, referencing the transepicondylar axis, and confirming appropriate patellar tracking. Tibial tray rotation was initially established by location of the mid-medial third of the tibial tubercle. Rotational adjustments of the tibial tray were evaluated in real-time, as the surgeon corrected any tibiofemoral incongruency and tray malpositioning. The initial and final angles of tibial tray rotation were captured with intraoperative video feed, and recorded. A z-test of differences between pre- and post-rotational correction was performed to assess the statistical significance of malrotation present in this cohort. Results All patients in this study received a primary TKA, using the mid-medial third of the tibial tubercle to dictate tibial tray rotation. After the sensor-equipped tibial insert was implanted, it was shown that 63.1% of patients exhibited unfavorable rotation. Of those patients, 70% were shown to have internal rotation; 30% were shown to have external rotation. The average malrotation of the tibial tray deviated from a neutral position by 6.3° ± 4.3°, ranging from 0.5° to 19.2°. The z-test of differences yielded a p-value Discussion Malrotation in TKA isassociated with poor clinical outcomes. While no gold standard anatomic landmark currently exists for positioning the tibial tray, the mid-medial third of the tibial tubercle is widely used as a reference. However, the data from this evaluation demonstrates that, not only is this landmark insufficient for establishing optimal rotation (p
Bleeding Control Using Hemostatic Dressings: Lessons Learned

Based on lessons learned, many military battlefield trauma advances ultimately transition to enhance civilian trauma care. However, even with major strides to enhance battlefield hemorrhage control, it is unclear how effectively these techniques and products are being translated to civilian trauma. The purpose of this brief review is to present the evidence of current hemostatic product effectiveness, determine the evidence for transitioning of this technology to prehospital civilian application, and provide recommendations about potential use in the wilderness/austere setting. It is concluded that there is adequate evidence of hemorrhage control effectiveness in both military and civilian preclinical studies and clinical case series. The Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care recommends implementing approved hemostatic dressings as one part of a comprehensive hemorrhage control training and clinical management program. These recommendations for hemostatic dressings use by public safety and laypersons should be applied in acute transport urban settings or during prolonged care in austere environments.
The Humans That We Are: Prison Poetry Tour Narrative.

Poet Caits Meissner shares her reimagined book tour, bringing free writing and collaborative reading workshops to spaces of incarceration around the country.
Exploring the Challenges of Incorporating Social Media Marketing Strategies in the Restaurant Business

The purpose of this study is to explore the adoption, challenges, and current uses of social media in small restaurants. Past research in this area is scarce, and most focuses on larger establishme...
Microorganisms and ocean global change.

The prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms that drive the pelagic ocean's biogeochemical cycles are currently facing an unprecedented set of comprehensive anthropogenic changes. Nearly every important control on marine microbial physiology is currently in flux, including seawater pH, pCO2, temperature, redox chemistry, irradiance and nutrient availability. Here, we examine how microorganisms with key roles in the ocean carbon and nitrogen cycles may respond to these changes in the Earth's largest ecosystem. Some functional groups such as nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and denitrifiers may be net beneficiaries of these changes, while others such as calcifiers and nitrifiers may be negatively impacted. Other groups, such as heterotrophic bacteria, may be relatively resilient to changing conditions. The challenge for marine microbiologists will be to predict how these divergent future responses of marine microorganisms to complex multiple variable interactions will be expressed through changing biogeography, community structure and adaptive evolution, and ultimately through large-scale alterations of the ocean's carbon and nutrient cycles. This Review Article examines how microorganisms that have key roles in the ocean carbon and nitrogen cycles may respond to anthropogenic changes in the Earth's marine ecosystems.