cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parameter estimation and validation of a tractor and single axle towed implement dynamic system model

Abstract Developing models and estimating model parameters for a tractor and implement system is important for rapid development and improvement of precision implement guidance systems. A dynamic model for a tractor with a towed implement was developed. This model contained a tire lateral force model with several parameters that are varying and difficult to measure accurately. Several field experiments were conducted to collect trajectory data for a tractor with a single axle grain cart. Data from these experiments were used to estimate the tire lateral force model parameters. Three different replicates of the experimental trajectories were collected with each of the step, random and chirp steering inputs. The data was collected at 4.5 m/s forward velocity in two different fields. A two-step optimization process was used to estimate the tire model parameters. First, the experimental data and a set of steady state model equations were used to estimate cornering stiffness parameters. Second, a prediction error minimization method and a dynamic model were used to estimate relaxation length parameters. The parameter estimation process was repeated with each replicate of the experimental data, and the individual estimates were combined using a weighted averaging method. The vehicle model responses with estimated parameters represented the system responses with reasonable accuracy. With the parameters estimated from three different trajectories, the RMSEs for trajectories of tractor and implement CGs varied from 0.05 to 0.83 m. The model-based frequency responses also closely matched with the experimental frequency responses.
Ultrastructure of Mumps Virus Replication in Organotypic Cultures of Hamster Choroid Plexus

Organotypic cultures of newborn hamster choroid plexus were inoculated with equal titre doses of newly isolated or hamster adapted strains of mumps virus. The ultrastructure of virus replication in choroid epithelial cells of the cultures was compared. No qualitative differences were observed; however, the adapted strain produced significantly greater numbers of virions and earlier destruction of the cultures. These findings are consistent with previous in vivo observations of the ultrastructure of the replication of these strains in the newborn hamster central nervous system. This in vitro study leads further support to the hypothesis that differences in the in vivo biological effects of the virus strains are primarily the result of virus-cell rather than virus-host interactions.
Inference in a multivalued logic system

Abstract A definition for the logical inference of one proposition based upon the assertion of some premise propositions in multivalued logics is introduced. Some of the properties of this definition are investigated. It is shown that it is a generalization of the concept of inference in binary logic.
Spoken dialogue management using probabilistic reasoning

Spoken dialogue managers have benefited from using stochastic planners such as Markov Decision Processes (MDPs). However, so far, MDPs do not handle well noisy and ambiguous speech utterances. We use a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP)-style approach to generate dialogue strategies by inverting the notion of dialogue state; the state represents the user's intentions, rather than the system state. We demonstrate that under the same noisy conditions, a POMDP dialogue manager makes fewer mistakes than an MDP dialogue manager. Furthermore, as the quality of speech recognition degrades, the POMDP dialogue manager automatically adjusts the policy.
Small-Step and Large-Step Color Differences for Monochromatic Stimuli of Constant Brightness*

Five observers made color-difference judgments by the method of triads. A triad (S: A,B) consisted of a standard stimulus S and two comparison stimuli, A and B. The observer reported which color difference appeared smaller, that between A and S or that between B and S. Triads were composed of monochromatic stimuli, adjusted to constant brightness for each observer. They contained both small color differences and ones that are markedly supraliminal. For any triad (S: A,B) it was assumed that the choice probability is an index of the relative sizes of the subjective differences (A,S) and (B,S). Estimated choice probabilities were converted to estimated distance measures by means of a scaling model based on assumptions about the observers’ judgmental task.The obtained distance estimates were compared with standard wavelength-discrimination data, with Wright’s data on slightly supraliminal color differences, and with the large-difference predictions of the Hurvich–Jameson HBS color specification system. While the present data cannot be regarded as providing definitive color-difference measures (even for the limited range of conditions employed) they nevertheless contribute to the development of a metric space representation combining discriminability and supraliminal similarity.
Heat Straightening Rolled Shapes

The process of heat straightening damaged rolled shapes is based on a logical extension of the straightening of plates. When damaged, some plate elements are bent about their strong axis, some about their weak axis, and some about both. The overall effect on a rolled shape is damage that is a combination of one or more of the following fundamental damage categories: (1) Category S denotes primary bending about the major or strong axis; (2) Category W denotes primary bending about the minor or weak axis; (3) Category T denotes torsion or twisting of a member about its longitudinal axis; and (4) Category L denotes localized damage to plate elements in the form of bulges, buckles, and crimps. The purpose of this paper is to examine the behavior of rolled shapes during heat straightening with the focus on Category S and Category W types of damage. For repair of such damage, simple heating patterns are used in combination. The use of vee, line, and strip heats are illustrated for both Category S and Category W damage. Over 300 heats were applied to 30 rolled shapes to document the behavior of heat-straightened angles, channels, and wide flange beams. The experimental data suggested that the amount of straightening during one heating cycle is a function of vee angle, magnitude of jacking force, shape of the cross section, and stress distribution due to jacking. A mathematical formula to predict the amount of straightening per heat was developed. The form of this formula was to modify the formula for a single plate element by including a load factor, shape factor, and stress factor. This approach produced reasonable agreement with the experimental data.
Rectosigmoidal colitis in common variable immunodeficiency disease.

A patient with common variable immuno-deficiency disease is described with severe colitis confined to the rectosigmoid region. Inflammation was extensive in the regions involved and exhibited a character that we believe is most unusual. Inflammation was transmural in the regions involved. Macrophages were the major inflammatory cells, and no granulomas or giant cells were seen. Although the disorder seemed distinct from either ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, the colitis responded favorably to oral azulfidine, prednisone, and to steroid enemas.
Increased umbilical cellular fibronectin concentrations are associated with a decreased prevalence of growth restriction in preeclampsia.

OBJECTIVE: Cellular fibronectin (cFN), a marker of endothelial activation, is elevated in maternal and cord blood in preeclampsia. We tested whether maternal or fetal cFN is related to fetal growth restriction in preeclampsia, in the context of gestational age at delivery. METHODS: Cellular fibronectin was measured in maternal and cord blood of 29 preclamptic women and their infants delivered at Magee-Womens Hospital at 25-41 weeks of gestation. Relationships among maternal and cord cFN, birth weight, birth weight percentile, and ponderal index were evaluated using Pearson correlation and regression analyses controlled for gestational age. RESULTS: Cord cFN was not significantly related to maternal cFN (r = -.34, P = .08) or gestational age (r = -.32, P = .09). The relationship of maternal cFN to cach index of infant size was not significant. By contrast, higher cord cFN predicted higher birth weight, birth weight percentile, and ponderal index (P <.05). CONCLUSION: Elevated maternal and cord cFN concentrations have been reported in pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia. This study assessed the relationship among maternal cFN, cord cFN, and indices of fetal growth in preeclampsia. Elevated cord cFN was associated with measures of better fetal growth.
Methemoglobin to cumulative nitric oxide ratio and response to inhaled nitric oxide in PPHN.

One-third of infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) do not respond to inhaled nitric oxide (iNO). If iNO is not delivered to the pulmonary vasculature because of parenchymal lung disease, it cannot interact with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin (MHb). To study the correlation between oxygenation response to iNO in infants with PPHN secondary to parenchymal lung disease and initial MHb% to cumulative NO exposure (ppm × hours) ratio (MHb/ΣNO). Retrospective chart review of neonates with PPHN secondary to parenchymal lung disease treated with iNO comparing non-responders (PaO2/FiO2 ratio<10 change with iNO) with responders (⩾10 change). Non-responders (n=16) had a PaO2/FiO2 of 83±48 (mean±s.d.) and decreased to 74±44 after iNO. PaO2/FiO2 increased from 70±48 to 151±63 with iNO among responders (n=36). The MHb/ΣNO ratio was low (0.024±0.012) among non-responders compared with responders (0.07±0.053, P<0.005). Inadequate oxygenation response to iNO is associated with lower MHb/ΣNO, suggesting suboptimal delivery of iNO to the pulmonary vasculature.
Transport and mixing of density in a continuously stratified shear layer

Scalar transport and mixing by active turbulence in a high Reynolds number inhomogeneous stratified shear layer are investigated using three-dimensional Direct Numerical Simulation. Two density profiles are considered: (i) two layers of homogenous fluid with different density, namely the two-layer case, and (ii) a continuously stratified background ambient, namely the Jd case. The evolution of the mixing layer includes shear instability, formation of Kelvin–Helmholtz rollers, transition to turbulence, fully developed active turbulence, and, finally, decay toward a laminar state. In the Jd case, internal gravity waves carrying momentum and energy are observed to propagate away from the shear layer. Although different during the initial evolution, the eddy diffusivity and mixing efficiency when plotted as a function of buoyancy, Reynolds number takes similar values between the two cases later in time during the stage when turbulence decays. During this stage, the mixing efficiency computed based on the buoy...
Effects of Flow Profile on Educed Acoustic Liner Impedance

This paper presents results of an investigation of the effects of shear flow profile on impedance eduction processes employed at NASA Langley. Uniform and 1-D shear-flow propagation models are used to educe the acoustic impedance of three test liners based on aeroacoustic data acquired in the Langley Grazing Flow Impedance Tube, at source levels of 130, 140 and 150 dB, and at centerline Mach numbers of 0.0, 0.3 and 0.5. A ceramic tubular, calibration liner is used to evaluate the propagation models, as this liner is expected to be insensitive to SPL, grazing flow Mach number, and flow profile effects. The propagation models are then used to investigate the effects of shear flow profile on acoustic impedances educed for two conventional perforate-over-honeycomb liners. Results achieved with the uniform-flow models follow expected trends, but those educed with the 1-D shear-flow model do not, even for the calibration liner. However, when the flow profile used with the shear-flow model is varied to increase the Mach number gradient near the wall, results computed with the shear-flow model are well matched to those achieved with the uniform-flow model. This indicates the effects of flow profile on educed acoustic liner impedance are small, but more detailed investigations of the flow field throughout the duct are needed to better understand these effects.
Characterization of bending CD errors induced by resist trimming in 65 nm node and beyond

Resist trimming is a technique that is often used to close the gap between line widths which can be repeatedly printed with currently available lithography tools and the desired transistor gate length. For the 65-nm node, the resist line width delivered at pattern is between 60 to 70 nm while the final transistor gate length is usually targeted between 35 to 45 nm. The 15 to 35 nm critical dimension (CD) difference can be bridged by resist trimming. Due to the stringent gate CD budget, a resist trimming process should ideally have the following characteristics: i) no degradation in CD uniformity; ii) no damage in pattern fidelity; iii) controllable CD trim rate with good linearity; and iv) no degradation in line edge roughness (LER) or line width roughness (LWR). Unfortunately, a realistic resist trimming process is never perfect. In particular, resist consumption and the resultant internal stress build-up during resist trimming can lead to resist line bending. The effect of bent resist lines is a higher post-etch CD and significantly degraded local CD uniformity (LCDU). In order to reduce resist bending CD errors (defined as the difference between the post-etch CD and the design CD due to resist bending after trimming) several useful procedures either in layout or in processes are presented. These procedures include: i) symmetrically aligning gates to contact pads and field connecting poly in the circuit layout; ii) enlarging the distance between contact pad (or field connecting poly) to active area within the limits of the design rules (DR) and silicon real estate; iii) adding assist features to the layout within the DR limits; iv) minimizing resist thickness; and v) applying special plasma cure before resist trim.
Transition Radiation Wakefields for a Beam Passing Through a Metallic Foil

A proposal for the LCLS has been made to generate a shorter light pulse by placing a spoiler foil in the middle of a compressor chicane: The foil has a small slot, which selects out the small fraction of particles passing through it (''target particles'') to lase [1],[2]. In this report, using the method of field matching, we obtain longitudinal and transverse impedances and wakefields for several models of the proposed LCLS spoiler foil. Our models have no slot. We consider the model of a pencil beam, and of a cylindrically symmetric, bi-Gaussian beam that is wider than it is long. Thirdly, we generate a Green function that allows us to consider asymmetric beams also. For target particles of the tilted, tri-Gaussian beam that is found at the LCLS spoiler location we obtain approximate analytical formulas and numerical results for wakefield kicks in the three directions. We find that the kicks, after correction using a simple dipole and quadrupole, are all within tolerances.
NMDA receptors have a dominant role in population spike-paired pulse facilitation in the dentate gyrus of urethane-anesthetized rats.

Abstract Paired-pulse facilitation was studied at the perforant path-granule cell synapses in the dentate gyrus of urethane-anesthetized rats. Extracellular field potentials comprising excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and population spikes (PSs) were used to compare facilitation of both responses at interpulse intervals between 10 and 1000 ms. In this model system EPSPs, produced at stimulus intensities well below the PS threshold, exhibited paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) at intervals less than 40 ms. Between 40 and 100 ms both responses were of equal size and from 200 to 1000 ms the second response exhibited paired-pulse depression (PPD). With higher stimulus intensities, PSs exhibited early (10–30 ms) and late (400–1000 ms) PPD and intermediate interval (40–200 ms) PPF. The enhanced PS amplitude during facilitation was accompanied by a modest decrease in EPSP slope and increase in PS latencies to onset and to peak. If PS amplitude was increased to the same extent by simply increasing stimulus intensity, an increase in EPSP slope and decrease in PS latencies to onset and peak were observed. Current source-density analysis revealed that the current sink generated by synaptic activation of granule cell dendrites was indistinguishable between control and facilitated responses up to the onset of the PS. However, the facilitated response exhibited a marked increase in the duration and amplitude of current flowing into the dendrites during the late phase of the EPSP. PPF of the PS was attenuated or blocked by the administration of the known NMDA receptor-ion channel blockers, MK-801, dextromethorphan and ketamine. The depressant effects of these pharmacological agents on facilitation shared the same time course as facilitation itself, peaking at 60 ms and lasting approximately 200 ms. These data suggest that facilitation in this situation is due to postsynaptic rather than presynaptic modulations, and is based upon an increase in the NMDA-mediated component of the evoked response. No increase in transmitter release, per se, could be demonstrated.
Learning New Principles from Precedents and Exercises.

Abstract Much learning is done by way of studying precedents and exercises. A teacher supplies a story, gives a problem, and expects a student both to solve a problem and to discover a principle. The student must find the correspondence between the story and the problem, apply the knowledge in the story to solve the problem, generalize to form a principle, and index the principle so that it can be retrieved when appropriate. This sort of learning pervades Management, Political Science, Economics, Law, and Medicine as well as the development of common-sense knowledge about life in general. This paper presents a theory of how it is possible to learn by precedents and exercises and describes an implemented system that exploits the theory. The theory holds that causal relations identify the regularities that can be exploited from past experience, given a satisfactory representation for situations. The representation used stresses actors and objects which are taken from English-like input and arranged into a kind of semantic network. Principles emerge in the form of production rules which are expressed in the same way situations are.
Finitely presented groups: The deficiency

If a group has finite presentations, on ni symbols and mii relators, its deficiency is the largest of the differences ni — mii, as i ranges over the natural numbers and the mii the corresponding numbers of relators for each presentation on ni symbols. It is natural to ask whether it is attained when ni is least. Types of groups are found for which this is the case. In general, the deficiency dn for given n is defined and studied, using a standard form of the presentation, suitably defined, and an isomorphism theorem. An upper bound is found for the deficiency d in terms of the “best” presentation on the fewest possible generators for a given group. It is further shown that the matter hinges on the question: Can the addition of a free factor of FM to M reduce the normal rank, the least number of words whose normal closure is M? An example in the last section shows that the answer is in the affirmative, but this does not decide the original problem because certain further conditions, somewhat involved to state, are not met. The condition is discussed in Section II. Some problems posed in other connections by other mathematicians are brought into context.
Effect of Pioglitazone on Circulating Adipocytokine Levels and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

We examined the effect of pioglitazone (PIO) on circulating adipocytokine levels to elucidate the mechanisms by which thiazolidinediones improve insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Twenty-three subjects with T2DM (age 54 ± 2 yr, body mass index 29 ± 1 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to receive placebo (n = 11) or PIO, 45 mg/d (n = 12), for 4 months. Before and after treatment, subjects received a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); euglycemic insulin clamp (40 mU/m2·min) with 3-3H-glucose; determination of fat mass (3H2O); and measurement of fasting glucose, free fatty acids (FFAs), leptin, adiponectin, and TNFα concentrations. After 4 months of PIO, fasting plasma glucose concentration (Δ = −2.7 mol/liter), mean plasma glucose during OGTT (Δ = −3.8 mol/liter), and hemoglobin A1c (Δ = 1.7%) decreased (P < 0.05 vs. placebo) without change in fasting or post-OGTT plasma insulin levels. Fasting FFAs (Δ = 168 μmol/liter) and TNFα (Δ = 0.7 pg/ml) concentrations decreased (P < 0.05 vs. pla...
Imaging properties of scanning holographic microscopy

Scanning heterodyne holography is an alternative way of capturing three-dimensional information on a scattering or fluorescent object. We analyze the properties of the images obtained by this novel imaging process. We describe the possibility of varying the coherence of the system from a process linear in amplitude to a process linear in intensity by changing the detection mode. We illustrate numerically the properties of the three-dimensional point-spread function of the system and compare it with that of a conventional imaging system with equal numerical aperture. We describe how it is possible, by an appropriate choice of the reconstruction algorithm, to obtain an ideal transfer function equal to unity up to the cutoff frequency, even in the presence of aberrations. Some practical implementation issues are also discussed.
Incipient melting of grain boundaries in Ni3Al alloys containing zirconium

Abstract Incipient melting due to thermal treatments has been investigated in three Ni 3 Al alloys containing various amounts of zirconium. The alloys were designated as continuous cast IC-50 sheet (Ni 77.82 Al 21.73 Zr 0.34 B 0.1 ), investment cast IC-50 rod (Ni 75.80 Al 23.47 Zr 0.54 B 0.19 ) and investment cast IC-218 billet (Ni 74.48 Al 16.98 Cr 8.02 Zr 0.51 B 0.10 ). Due to enrichment of Zr, which can form eutectic alloys with Ni, the inter-dendritic regions and grain boundaries in these alloys melted at temperatures lower than that at which the bulk melts. The incipient melting temperature of the grain boundary was determined by microstructural analysis after quick heating and quenching from various temperatures. The grain boundaries in as-cast IC-50 sheet, IC-50 rod and IC-218 ingot started to melt at 1250, 1150 and 1150 °C, respectively. To accommodate stresses due to quenching, the molten layer at the boundaries often opened up, producing cracks. The higher the nominal Zr content in the alloy, the lower the temperature at which the incipient melting took place. An annealing at 1100 °C for 5 h increased the incipient melting temperature of IC-50 sheet from 1250 to 1300 °C, probably due to homogenization of Zr. However, annealing IC-218 at 1100 °C for 23 h lowered it from 1150 to 1125 °C due to release of Zr from Zr-rich eutectic structures.
Allosteric Modulator ORG27569 Induces CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor High Affinity Agonist Binding State, Receptor Internalization, and Gi Protein-independent ERK1/2 Kinase Activation

The cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), a member of the class A G protein-coupled receptor family, is expressed in brain tissue where agonist stimulation primarily activates the pertussis toxin-sensitive inhibitory G protein (Gi). Ligands such as CP55940 ((1R,3R,4R)-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]-4-(3- hydroxypropyl)cyclohexan-1-ol) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol are orthosteric agonists for the receptor, bind the conventional binding pocket, and trigger Gi-mediated effects including inhibition of adenylate cyclase. ORG27569 (5-chloro-3-ethyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid [2-(4-piperidin-1-yl-phenyl)ethyl]amide) has been identified as an allosteric modulator that displays positive cooperativity for CP55940 binding to CB1 yet acts as an antagonist of G protein coupling. To examine this apparent conundrum, we used the wild-type CB1 and two mutants, T210A and T210I (D'Antona, A. M., Ahn, K. H., and Kendall, D. A. (2006) Biochemistry 45, 5606–5617), which collectively cover a spectrum of receptor states from inactive to partially active to more fully constitutively active. Using these receptors, we demonstrated that ORG27569 induces a CB1 receptor state that is characterized by enhanced agonist affinity and decreased inverse agonist affinity consistent with an active conformation. Also consistent with this conformation, the impact of ORG27569 binding was most dramatic on the inactive T210A receptor and less pronounced on the already active T210I receptor. Although ORG27569 antagonized CP55940-induced guanosine 5′-3-O-(thio)triphosphate binding, which is indicative of G protein coupling inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner, the ORG27569-induced conformational change of the CB1 receptor led to cellular internalization and downstream activation of ERK signaling, providing the first case of allosteric ligand-biased signaling via CB1. ORG27569-induced ERK phosphorylation persisted even after pertussis toxin treatment to abrogate Gi and occurs in HEK293 and neuronal cells.
The Uptake of DDT by Domestic Turkeys Ranged on Treated Clay Loam Soil

Abstract The accumulation of DDT in commercial turkeys and its persistence in soil over an 11-month period is described. Turkeys were ranged for 20 weeks on plots treated with 0, 11.2, 22.4, and 44.8 kg. DDT/hectare. Birds were sampled by slaughter at 4-week intervals and mesenteric fat was analyzed. Even though the variation in residues was greater than anticipated in some instances, it is evident that even after 4 weeks at the lowest DDT dosage that uptake was significant. The control birds in untreated plots but adjacent to DDT plots, accumulated DDT above the average background level thus demonstrating the difficulty of confining this pesticide to a given area.
Analytical Evaluation of Galvanic Anode Cathodic Protection Systems for Steel in Concrete

Abstract Increasing attention has been focused in recent years upon galvanic anode cathodic protection (CP) for corrosion control of steel in atmospherically exposed concrete. While effectiveness o...
A second generation model for regional-scale transport/chemistry/deposition

The regional-scale transport, chemistry and deposition of acidifying compounds, photochemical oxidants, and their precursors are analyzed using a second-generation Eulerian model. The important atmospheric processes are incorporated using chemical, dynamical and thermodynamical parameterizations having sufficient detail to accommodate boundary layer-free troposphere exchange in cloudy and cloud-free environments, and in-cloud and below-cloud wet removal and chemistry. Forty-one species are considered, many of which are also present in the liquid-drop phases. In the regional scale transport, the advected species are NO, NO2, SO2, SO−24, O3, HNO3, NH3, PAN, H2O2, HCHO, alkanes, C2H4, other olefins, aromatics, RCHO, ROOH, HNO2, RONO2 and RO2NO2. The model capabilities are illustrated by showing simulations in which non-precipitating clouds are present to absorb gas-phase species, chemically alter these, and then release them to the atmosphere.
Ulcerative Enteritis in Chickens: Coccidiosis and Stress as Predisposing Factors

Abstract Ulcerative enteritis (UE) was reproduced in two groups of 20, five-week old Leghorn pullets. The disease was initiated by exposure to a sublethal dose of coccidia followed on the 4th and 5th days by stress in the form of fasting and on the 4th, 5th and 6th days by inoculation with UE material obtained from Bobwhite quail which had clinical lesions of UE. When the chickens were inoculated with Eimeria brunetti or Eimeria necatrix 70% and 50% of them, respectively, developed lesions of UE.
New Solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell Equations from Old

Methods are discussed with which one may derive theorems which allow one to generate new solutions of the Einstein‐Maxwell equations from old ones. The old solutions used to generate new ones must admit at least one nonnull Killing vector and may be required to satisfy other conditions, depending on the theorem derived. Examples of derivable theorems are shown; these theorems are used in turn to show how generation of new solutions is accomplished. Examples of the latter are shown, such as generation of Brill or electrified NUT space from the Schwarzschild solution, generation of a new twisted Melvin universe from flat space, and generation of a new generalization of the Ozsvath‐Schucking metric. Possible physical interpretations, uses, and extensions of this type of theorem are discussed.
Mapping of hydrothermal alteration in the Cuprite mining district, Nevada, using aircraft scanner images for the spectral region 0.46 to 2.36µm

Color composites of Landsat Multispectral Scanner ratio images that display variations in the intensity of ferric-iron absorption bands are highly effective for mapping limonitic altered rocks but are ineffective for mapping nonlimonitic altered rocks. Analysis of 0.45- to 2.5-µm field and laboratory spectra shows that iron-deficient opalized rocks in the Cuprite mining district, Nevada, have an intense OH-absorption band near 2.2 µm, owing to their content of clay minerals and alunite, and that this spectral feature is absent or weak in adjacent unaltered tuff and basalt. Altered rocks in the district can be discriminated from unaltered rocks with few ambiguities by use of color-ratio composite images derived from multispectral (0.46 to 2.36 µm) aircraft data. In addition, some effects of mineralogical zoning can be discriminated within the altered area. Only variations in amounts of limonite can be discerned in shorter wavelength aircraft data, Landsat Multispectral Scanner bands, and color aerial photographs.
Genetics and large-bowel cancer.

There are a number of genetic disorders that predispose to the development of cancer of the colon. However, certain questions can be raised that when answered may give us further insight into the relationship of genetics and cancer of the colon: What is the relative frequency of the Gardner syndrome and of familial polyposis coli? Are there differences in the number and distribution of polyps in the two conditions? Are there subcategories within these two major recognizable disorders? Are there other hereditary polyposis states? What is the relation between age and the number of polyps, and does this vary from family to family? What is the behavior of familial polyposis, both in regard to the polyps and in regard to the development of cancer, in low bowel-cancer areas of the world? What percent of all bowel cancer is accounted for by these defined hereditary polyposis cases? Finally, what is the connection between gene and phene in the several forms of hereditary polyposis? What are, to invent a term parallel to Dr. Wynder's “metabolic epidemiology”, the “metabolic genetics?”
Elite Interlocks in Three U.S. Sectors: Nonprofit, Corporate, and Government

This study traces elite interlocks between the economic, political, and civil sectors of the United States in the late 1990s. We assess integration and fragmentation through analyzing patterns of overlap and interaction among influential organizations and leaders in these sectors. Network analyses are conducted with UCINET 5 on the Elite Directors Database, a new data set composed of the directors/trustees for the largest organizations in the business and nonprofit sectors in addition to individuals holding positions on federal advisory committees. The complete data set contains individuals holding 3,976 seats from 100 businesses, 109 nonprofit organizations, and 98 government committees. The network structure reveals substantial linkages between organizations and elites within and across the three sectors. Major corporations and their directors are the best integrated in the intersectoral networks. In spite of the tremendous growth of the nonprofit sector, nonprofit organization linkages fail to offer compelling evidence of elite pluralism in the United States.
A STUDY OF THE ANTISEPTIC PROPERTIES OF CERTAIN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.

This study of the inhibitive effect of aniline and some of its derivatives and of the triphenylmethane dyes on certain bacteria warrants the following tentative conclusions: 1. The composition and reaction of the medium exert a marked influence on the behavior of the antiseptic. The higher the concentration of organic nitrogenous compounds (peptone) in the medium, the lower is the effective concentration of the dye. The reaction of the medium modifies the specific action of the antiseptic, owing probably to an alteration in the bacterial cell. 2. The germicidal action of the compounds is a function of the benzene nucleus, the added elements or radicals, their number, and, in the case of the dyes, probably the quinoid structure of the nucleus. 3. As far as tested, the increase in the number of alkyl radicals increases the antiseptic power. Methyl green is an interesting exception to this rule, for the change of one of the nitrogens to the quaternary salt is accompanied by an almost complete loss in inhibitive action. 4. The antiseptic power is enhanced to a greater extent by an ethyl than a methyl group, and the second alkyl produces a proportionately greater increase than the first. It appears that the relative position of the introduced group may be a factor in determining the relative improvement in the effectiveness of the compound. 5. The introduction of a methyl group in the nucleus consistently enhances the inhibitive action of the compound and its alkyl derivatives. This is evident from a comparison of the action of aniline and its derivatives with that of toluidine and its corresponding derivatives. 6. The simple aniline derivatives, as well as the dyes, are more toxic for the Gram-positive than the Gram-negative bacteria. Of the former, Bacillus subtilis is more sensitive to the dyes than Staphylococcus aureus, while the reverse is true in the case of the aniline compounds. 7. The most marked specific selective effect is manifested by the triphenylmethane dyes. Bacillus aerogenes and Bacillus typhosus possess a higher resistance to these substances than Bacillus coli or Bacfflus dysenterice. The last is exceedingly sensitive. This partial specificity is apparently a function of the molecule as a whole.
Localization of motor cortex by MEG using a tremorometer

Abstract We demonstrate the utility of a tremorometer to determine where the continuously recorded MEG data should be segmented to create epochs for averaging. The averaged MEG data was used to localize motor cortex. Seven normal controls and five patients (1 with localization related epilepsy, 3 with Parkinson's disease, and 1 with a thigh muscle twitch) were monitored with a 148-channel MEG while performing motor tasks. Each was asked to lift a finger, or entire arm, in response to hearing the word “on”. Using the middle finger, each subject performed the task twice with each hand. A tremorometer (tri-axial accelerometer, FlexAble Systems, Fountain Hills, AZ) was taped to the middle finger while each subject lay supine in the shielded room. The z direction of the tremorometer was oriented vertically, with x direction in the right–left plane, and y direction in the forward–backward plane. In the one subject with a thigh muscle twitch, the tremorometer was taped over the active muscle with z direction oriented in a plane normal to the subject. Analogue outputs from all three directions were displayed simultaneously with the MEG data. Data were visually inspected to create epochs by selecting the peaks of the tremorometer signal in the z direction. Epochs were from 500 ms before to 500 ms after a peak. The peak amplitude of the tremorometer output indicated extent of movement. Forty trials were averaged and bandpass filtered 1–50 Hz. MR-FOCUSS was used to generate MEG cortical localization maps. The tremorometer signal indicated the onset of movement of the body part to which it was attached. In all subjects the motor cortex for third digit or arm movement was identified on the motor strip during voluntary movement, at approximately 120 ms prior to the maximum movement flexion as recorded by the tremorometer. For the subject with thigh muscle twitch the motor cortex associated with the upper leg was activated at 45 ms prior to the involuntary muscle twitch. The tremorometer has provided a useful means to assess the motor cortex from voluntary (finger and arm) movements and, in particular, from involuntary movements such as a muscle twitch in one patient.
Truly Justified Belief

I defend the view that justified belief is preferable to plain belief only because the former enhances the likelihood that the belief is true: call that sort of justification truth-linked. A collection of philosophical theories either state outright that this is not so, imply it via other doctrines, or adopt a notion of truth that renders the link innocuous. The discussion proceeds as follows. Issues and various positions are outlined, and needed qualifications are entered (parts I-III). We then note general shortcomings of all views rejecting the truth-link, and critically examine a powerful thought experiment underlying the rejection (part IV). In the final sections we explore two other challenges to the truth-link. First (part V), we consider forms of idealized justification theory that would imply the independence of justification from the relevant sort of truth conduciveness; next (part VI) we investigate a view, Pragmatism, which maintains that epistemic justification is sanctioned by ends other than a tendency towards truth.
A Student Perspective on How Online Discussions Should Be Graded

Grading discussions for quality and participation has been an area studied by researchers as the growth of online and distance learning has become a foundational component in academic environments. Research regarding assessment for online discussions has been in favor of employing and communicating specific rubrics for participation, as well as content and quality of postings supported by instructor feedback. The research regarding grading graduate student online discussions is not as definitive. In this study, students in four graduate level sections of the same course research, discuss, and finally determine the process as how face-to-face and online discussions will be graded. Through the discussion process, arguments and solutions change.
The practice of open adoption:Findings from a study of 1396 adoptive families☆

Abstract Adoption agencies, centers and attorneys are arranging and creating open adoptions in increasing numbers across the United States, but little is known about how widespread this practice is, or how adoptive families manage the day to day practice of openness. New evidence from a survey of 1,396 newly adoptive families in California sheds light on the practice of open adoption and shows that the majority of these adoptions are open in some form, and that many adoptive families are cautiously comfortable with post-placement contact. Open practices across transracial and relative adoptions are also explored.
Self-consistent tight-binding study of low-index titanium surfaces

We report development of a self-consistent tight-binding (SCTB) model for metallic titanium and its use to simulate relaxed, self-consistent low-index surfaces of hcp titanium. We find oscillations in atomic plane separation and electronic density as a function of depth below the surface that do not stabilize until the supercell slab used in the calculation is more than ten layers deep. The SCTB model can only give stable, structures and reasonable surface structures and energies if multipole (particularly dipole) moments are allowed to be induced at the atomic sites and if the first-principles data base includes calculations on short wave length (``frozen phonon'') distortions of the bulk unit cell.
Lessons in Spiritual Leadership from Kenyan Women.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explicate spiritual leadership lessons of beneficence, courage, hope and ubuntu/humanness that are derived from the experiences of women leaders in Kenya. The paper seeks to connect African data with existing literature on spiritual leadership, to demonstrate where African spiritual leadership is similar to, or different from, western conceptualizations of spiritual leadership.Design/methodology/approach – The study from which this paper is derived employed qualitative methods, specifically interviews with supplemental archival data and observations. Four major themes are explored: beneficence, courage, hope/forbearance and ubuntu/humanness as emerging from the women's leadership stories. These four themes are compared and contrasted against existing literature on spiritual leadership.Findings – It is found that beneficence, courage, and hope are comparable to existing western conceptualizations, whereas ubuntu is unique to the African context.Research limitations...
Primary Product of the Horseradish Peroxidase-Catalyzed Oxidation of Pentachlorophenol

Peroxidases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of various phenolic substrates by hydrogen peroxide. They are common enzymes in soil and are also available commercially, so that they have been proposed as agents of phenolic pollutant transformation both in the environment and in engineered systems. Previous research on the peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) has suggested that tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone (chloranil) is the principal product and that a considerable fraction of the PCP added to reaction mixtures appears to be resistant to oxidation. In experiments employing alternative methods of product separation and analysis, the authors found that both of these observations are artifacts of extraction and analytical methods used in previous studies. The major product of the horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of pentachlorophenol from pH 4--7 was 2,3,4,5,6-pentachloro-4-pentachlorophenoxy-2,5-cyclohexadienone (PPCHD), which is formed by the coupling of two pentachlorophenoxyl radicals.
Solving logic puzzles: from robust processing to precise semantics

This paper presents intial work on a system that bridges from robust, broad-coverage natural language processing to precise semantics and automated reasoning, focusing on solving logic puzzles drawn from sources such as the Law School Admission Test (LSAT) and the analytic section of the Graduate Record Exam (GRE). We highlight key challenges, and discuss the representations and performance of the prototype system.
Downstream channel changes after a small dam removal: Using aerial photos and measurement error for context; Calapooia River, Oregon

Dam removal is often implemented without adequate baseline monitoring to distinguish background variability from channel changes due to the removal. This study evaluated aerial photos as substitutes for multiple-year pre-removal field data to assess downstream channel changes associated with a small dam removal. The Brownsville Dam, a 2.1 m tall concrete dam on the Calapooia River, Oregon, was removed in 2007. We mapped bars and the low flow channel downstream from the dam and in an upstream control reach using aerial photos (1994–2008) and in the field prior to (2007) and following (2008) removal. The locations and magnitudes of changes in bar area and wetted width, relative to errors, indicate that downstream channel changes were a result of the removal. The maximum changes (−3520 ± 1460 m2 for bar area, 32 ± 8 m for wetted width) observed prior to dam removal with aerial photos were far downstream. In contrast, the maximum changes after removal were immediately below the dam (200 ± 90 m2 for bar area, −11 ± 3 m for wetted width), and small in the upstream control (−150 ± 130 m2 for bar area, 9 ± 4 m for wetted width). The dominant errors were photo specific: exposure error for spring to summer comparisons, position error for photos not processed for this study and identification error for small scale photos not scanned from film. We found aerial photos to be an acceptable but coarse substitute for multi-year pre-removal field data, and suggest best practices to minimize errors. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer-aided prognosis of neuroblastoma on whole-slide images: Classification of stromal development

We are developing a computer-aided prognosis system for neuroblastoma (NB), a cancer of the nervous system and one of the most malignant tumors affecting children. Histopathological examination is an important stage for further treatment planning in routine clinical diagnosis of NB. According to the International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification (the Shimada system), NB patients are classified into favorable and unfavorable histology based on the tissue morphology. In this study, we propose an image analysis system that operates on digitized H&E stained whole-slide NB tissue samples and classifies each slide as either stroma-rich or stroma-poor based on the degree of Schwannian stromal development. Our statistical framework performs the classification based on texture features extracted using co-occurrence statistics and local binary patterns. Due to the high resolution of digitized whole-slide images, we propose a multi-resolution approach that mimics the evaluation of a pathologist such that the image analysis starts from the lowest resolution and switches to higher resolutions when necessary. We employ an offline feature selection step, which determines the most discriminative features at each resolution level during the training step. A modified k-nearest neighbor classifier is used to determine the confidence level of the classification to make the decision at a particular resolution level. The proposed approach was independently tested on 43 whole-slide samples and provided an overall classification accuracy of 88.4%.
Frequency dependent decoupling of parallel excitable fibers

This paper studies traveling wave solutions for two coupled parallel excitable fibers with piecewise linear FitzHugh–Nagumo dynamics. Singular perturbation techniques are used to reduce the study of traveling waves to a Poincare map of a line segment to itself. The map is shown to have a very complicatedstructure, and there are correspondingly an infinite variety of (approximate) traveling wave solutions. The behavior of these traveling wave solutions depends strongly on the strength of coupling and the frequency of stimulus, leading to the conclusion that the fibers decouple under high frequency stimulus and weak coupling.