cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Motivational modes and learning in Parkinson's disease

Learning and motivation are intrinsically related, and both have been linked to dopamine. Parkinson's disease results from a progressive loss of dopaminergic inputs to the striatum and leads to impairments in motivation and learning from feedback. However, the link between motivation and learning in Parkinson's disease is not well understood. To address this gap, we leverage a well-established psychological theory of motivation, regulatory mode theory, which distinguishes between two functionally independent motivational concerns in regulating behavior: a concern with having an effect by initiating and maintaining movement (Locomotion) and a concern with establishing what is correct by critically evaluating goal pursuit means and outcomes (Assessment). We examined Locomotion and Assessment in patients with Parkinson's disease and age-matched controls. Parkinson's disease patients demonstrated a selective decrease in Assessment motivation but no change in Locomotion motivation, suggesting that Parkinson's disease leads to a reduced tendency to evaluate and monitor outcomes. Moreover, weaker Assessment motivation was correlated with poorer performance on a feedback-based learning task previously shown to depend on the striatum. Together, these findings link a questionnaire-based personality inventory with performance on a well-characterized experimental task, advancing our understanding of how Parkinson's disease affects motivation with implications for well-being and treatment outcomes.
Bourdieu’s Theory of Cultural Change: Explication, Application, Critique

Pierre Bourdieu's theory of cultural change is more powerful and comprehensive than other recent theories, which neglect one or another of the important dimensions of cultural markets. Bourdieu's theory conceptualizes both the supply and demand sides of the market, as well as specifying their interaction with external social factors. Two cases from American culture are developed to demonstrate the explanatory power of Bourdieu's theory of cultural change: the demise of tail fins in automobile design and the fall of modernism in architecture. These cases reveal, however, that Bourdieu's theory fails to account for the leveling of cultural hierarchies and the emergence of pluralized cultural fields. The general conditions for such leveling and pluralization are developed from a comparison of the two cases.
PROBABILISTIC DELAY MODEL AT STOP-CONTROLLED INTERSECTION

Operating conditions at stop‐controlled approaches to highway intersections depend, to a large extent, on the gap‐acceptance behavior of motorists. Several researchers have previously proposed and demonstrated the application of discrete‐choice modeling techniques for predicting gap‐acceptance probabilities. The work described in this paper has used logit modeling to predict the probability that a randomly chosen motorist will accept a given gap in the conflicting traffic stream based upon characteristics of the gap. This gap‐acceptance function is then used in a stochastic queuing model to predict vehicle delay. The specific methodology presented in this paper is applicable to right‐turning traffic at a T‐intersection. Evaluation of the methodology using an empirical data set suggests that the proposed analysis approach offers significant potential. Issues related to extending the applicability and generality of the proposed methodology are briefly discussed in the conclusions of this paper.
Neural substrates of visuospatial processing in distinct reference frames: Evidence from unilateral spatial neglect

There is evidence for different levels of visuospatial processing with their own frames of reference: viewer-centered, stimulus-centered, and object-centered. The neural locus of these levels can be explored by examining lesion location in subjects with unilateral spatial neglect (USN) manifest in these reference frames. Most studies regarding the neural locus of USN have treated it as a homogenous syndrome, resulting in conflicting results. In order to further explore the neural locus of visuospatial processes differentiated by frame of reference, we presented a battery of tests to 171 subjects within 48 hr after right supratentorial ischemic stroke before possible structural and/or functional reorganization. The battery included MR perfusion weighted imaging (which shows hypoperfused regions that may be dysfunctional), diffusion weighted imaging (which reveals areas of infarct or dense ischemia shortly after stroke onset), and tests designed to disambiguate between various types of neglect. Results were consistent with a dorsal/ventral stream distinction in egocentric/allocentric processing. We provide evidence that portions of the dorsal stream of visual processing, including the right supramarginal gyrus, are involved in spatial encoding in egocentric coordinates, whereas parts of the ventral stream (including the posterior inferior temporal gyrus) are involved in allocentric encoding.
Interfacial shear debonding problems in fiber-reinforced ceramic composites

Toughening of fiber-reinforced ceramic composites by fiber pullout relies on mode II debonding at the fiber/matrix interface. This mode II debonding has been analyzed using the strength-based and the energy-based criteria, in which the interfacial shear strength and the interface debond energy are respectively adopted to characterize the debonding behavior. Using the concept of Griffith theory, an effective circumferential defect at the interface is defined to account for the stress intensity due to the presence of the fiber in the matrix and the fiber-pullout geometry. This effective circumferential defect is then used to derive the relation between the interfacial shear strength and the interface debond energy. Also, the condition of interfacial debonding vs fiber fracture for a bridging fiber behind the crack tip is established using the energy-based criterion.
Comparison of peripheral and central nervous system sympatholytic actions of prazosin using the cat nictitating membrane.

Abstract Prazosin is a highly selective α1-adrenoceptor antagonist that decreases blood pressure by actions on both the peripheral and central (CNS) divisions of the nervous system. The present investigation was undertaken in an attempt to characterize the relative contribution of these two sympatholytic sites of action. Submaximal contractions of the nictitating membranes were evoked by electrical stimulation of the preganglionic cervical sympathetic nerve trunk and by stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus in anesthetized cats. In initial control experiments, phenoxybenzamine (0.1–3.0 mg/kg i.v.) produced an equivalent depression of evoked nictitating membrane responses from both peripheral and CNS sites of activation which suggests only a peripheral blocking action as well as functional equivalence of the intensity of CNS and peripheral nerve stimulation. In contrast, prazosin (3–300 μg/kg i.v.) caused a differential dose-related depression of the evoked responses with ED50s of 81.5 μg/kg (peripheral stimulation) and 12.5 μg/kg (CNS stimulation) respectively; P
94 GHz integrated horn monopulse antennas

A monolithic azimuthal monopulse antenna for 94-GHz applications has been developed. The structure consists of a single dipole suspended in one plane of an integrated horn cavity to obtain the sum pattern, and an antiparallel pair of dipoles suspended in a different plane of the same horn cavity to achieve the difference pattern. Pattern measurements of microwave models and on the millimeter-wave antennas show good agreement with theory and exhibit symmetry with a sharp -30-dB null at broadside for the difference antenna. Microwave model measurements show input impedances close to 50 Omega , with greater than -25-dB isolation between sum and difference antennas across a 10% bandwidth. >
Chemosensory identification of lizard-eating snakes in the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis (Squamata: Iguanidae)

Many antipredator behaviors function by hindering the ability of a predator to catch or consume prey once they are encountered. However, prey may also reduce predation risks by detecting predators before an encounter occurs. We tested the ability of the desert iguana (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) to detect and identify snake predators via chemoreception. Desert iguanas were exposed to chemicals from two sympatric snake species. The California kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula californiae), a species known to feed on lizards, was used as the predator stimulus, whereas the western shovel-nosed snake (Chionactis occipitalis), which feeds only on arthropods, served as a control for a general response to snake chemicals. Lizards were placed in terraria that previously housed live snakes or had been treated with distilled water or a pungent control. Overall tongue extrusion frequency and number of tongue extrusions prior to movement increased in response to chemicals from the California kingsnake but not in response to the western shovel-nosed snake. In addition, desert iguanas exhibited unusual slowness of movement and adopted a distinctive body posture in response to the predator stimulus. These results demonstrate that desert iguanas can detect chemical deposits from snakes and can discriminate between a snake species that feeds on lizards and one that poses no threat. In addition, the resulting low posture and slow movement may facilitate crypsis as the lizards attempt to gain information regarding the predator. Desert iguanas are herbivorous lizards and may use chemical cues to detect and avoid snake predators while foraging or when entering burrows.
Ion beam analysis of lithium-ion conducting amorphous electrolyte films

The Li/Si and Li/P ratios in 1–2 νm thick xLi2O: ySiO2: zP2O5 amorphous electrolyte films were determined by proton-ind gamma-ray emission analysis (PIGE) using a 4 MeV proton beam. These measurements were performed with the new IBA facility which has been installed at the University of Kentucky 7.5 MV, Model CN Van de Graaff accelerator. The nondestructive PIGE determination of the Li content of the films played an integral role in understanding this three component system as the PIGE measurements proved to be more reliable than either SIMS or ICP-AE analyses. The conductivity of the films was strongly dependent on the Li2O content; reduction of the Li2O content of the films resulted in large decreases in the mobility of the lithium ions.
Vulnerability Analysis of Power Grids With Line Switching

Vulnerability analysis of a power grid, especially in its static status, is often performed through solving a bi-level optimization problem, which, if solved to optimality, yields the most destructive interdiction plan with the worst loss. As one of the most effective operations to mitigate deliberate outages or attacks, transmission line switching recently has been included and modeled by a binary variable in the lower level decision model. Because this bi-level (or an equivalent min-max) problem is a challenging nonconvex discrete optimization problem, no exact algorithm has been developed, and only a few recent heuristic procedures are available. In this paper, we present an equivalent single-level reformulation of this problem, and describe a column-and-constraint generation algorithm to derive the global optimal solution. Numerical study confirms the quality of solutions and the computational efficiency of the proposed algorithm. Discussion and analysis of the mitigation effect of line switching are presented.
Magnetic Properties of Fully Bare and Half-Bare Boron Nitride Nanoribbons

We calculate the electronic structures of the fully bare and half-bare zigzag-edged boron nitride nanoribbons by using density functional theory. We find that the ground states of both the fully bare boron nitride nanoribbons and the boron nitride nanoribbons with a bare N edge and a H-terminated B edge are half-metallic. The alignment of the spin at the bare B edge is antiferromagnetic, while that at the bare N edge is ferromagnetic in the ground states of both the fully bare and half-bare zigzag-edged boron nitride nanoribbons. The H-terminated B or N edge of the half-bare zigzag-edged boron nitride nanoribbon exhibits no magnetism.
Impact of ozone and sulphur dioxide on soybean yield

Abstract Little dose-response information exists on the effects of chronic ozone (O3) and intermittent sulphur dioxide (SO2) exposures on the yield of important agricultural crops. Such information is needed for the refinement of estimates of air pollution-induced crop losses. Field-grown plants of two soybean cultivars (Glycine max L. Merr, ‘Amsoy-71’ and ‘Corsoy-79’) were exposed to incremental chronic doses of O3 for 7 h a day and/or intermittent SO2 fumigations (4 h a day, 3 days a week) from shortly after emergence until maturity. The O3 was removed by charcoal filtration or applied by addition of various constant amounts of O3 to the ambient O3 present in non-filtered-air open-top chambers. There were no cultivar differences in yield response to either O3 or SO2. There also was no indication of an O3 × SO2 interaction. The data suggest yield losses of 5–15% at ambient O3 concentrations (0·045-0·065 μl litre−1) and about 7% yield loss due to 0·10 μl litre−1 of SO2 in intermittent exposures. These loss estimates for O3 or SO2 were similar to those of previously published studies from different areas of the United States utilising different soybean cultivars.
Direct Measurement of 15N Chemical Shift Anisotropy in Solution

The magnitude and orientation of the 15N chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) tensors are determined for human ubiquitin in solution from 15N relaxation data at 600, 500, and 360 MHz. The analysis uses the model-independent approach [Fushman, D.; Cowburn, D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 7109−10] based on a ratio, η/R2, of the cross correlation (η) between 15N CSA and 15N−1H dipolar interaction and of the rate (R2) of 15N transverse relaxation. Since the η/R2 ratio does not contain any direct dependence on protein dynamics, the present approach is free from assumptions about overall and local motions. The 15N CSA values fall in the range −125 to −216 ppm, with the average value of −157 ± 19 ppm; the average angle between the NH bond and the unique principal axis of the 15N CSA tensor was 15.7 ± 5.0° (range 6−26°). The results indicate the importance of residue-specific 15N CSA for accurate analysis of dynamics from relaxation data, and provide access to the CSA in solution, which may be structurally useful.
A bridge to sandpile stability

Wet sand is more stable than dry sand, but exactly how this greater stability arises has been the subject of considerable discussion. Conflicting ideas are now unified by a hybrid theory that considers both surface and bulk properties of a sandpile.
Unusual Case Report: Nonpharmacologic Effects of Sildenafil

Sildenafil (Viagra), by virtue of its conflict-laden symbolic meanings, may be particularly likely to have psychosocial consequences, either therapeutic or disruptive. The author presents two cases of men in their mid-seventies who took sildenafil and who were admitted to a locked geropsychiatry unit because of homicidal ideation toward their wives that occurred while they were not under the direct effect of the drug. In one case, a wife's rejection of her husband's advances seemed to uncover many hidden resentments that they bore toward each other. In the other, sildenafil failed to restore potency to a patient with diabetes, and he developed a jealous delusion that his wife was having an affair.
Chikungunya, the Traveling Virus

Abstract Chikungunya virus is an arbovirus transmitted principally by the Aedes mosquitoes. An infection with the virus causes fever, severe arthralgias, and rash. The virus caused a large outbreak on the island of Reunion in the Indian Ocean in 2006, along with an outbreak in India. One of its vectors, Aedes albopictus , has established itself in southern Europe and the United States. With the vector in place, it was feared that outbreaks of chikungunya could occur outside the tropics in temperate climates. Travelers returning to Italy provided the source of virus in the summer of 2007, resulting in the first outbreak of this disease in Europe. This review will discuss the history of chikungunya infections, the roles of its vectors and globalization in its transmission, and preventative measures to control the effects of the virus.
FIBER PUSHOUT AND INTERFACIAL SHEAR IN METAL-MATRIX COMPOSITES

The mechanical response of a fiber/matrix interface is very important in determining the strength and the fracture behavior of metal-matrix composites. As a means of examining interfacial shear behavior, the use of the “thin-slice” fiber pushout test is becoming increasingly common. However, recent thin-slice pushout tests suggest interfacial failure processes depend not only on intrinsic factors (e.g., interfacial bond strength and toughness and matrix plasticity), but also on extrinsic factors (e.g., specimen configuration, thermally induced residual stresses, and the mechanics associated with the test). In light of these factors, this article briefly describes the contrasts in the mechanics of fiber pullout and fiber pushout. In addition, selected aspects of thin-slice fiber pushout behavior are examined to illustrate the physical nature of the interfacial shear response and its dependence on both intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
The Growing Role of Emergency Departments in Hospital Admissions

Growing use of U.S. emergency departments, cited as a key contributor to rising health care costs, has become a leading target of health care reform. Since 1993, emergency departments have played an increasing role in hospital admissions for almost all conditions.
Dimensional analysis of nerve models

Abstract General equations for (i) a uniform patch of nerve membrane, (ii) a continuous (unmyelinated) axon and (iii) a noded (myelinated) axon are analyzed using dimensional analysis. The original dimensioned equations are transformed to dimensionless equations. These equations contain dimensionless constants called similarity parameters which are functions of the physical constants or parameters of the system. (The similarity parameters are analogous to such quantities as the Reynolds number and Mach number used in fluid dynamics.) There is one similarity parameter for each of cases (i) and (ii), and four for case (iii). All dimensioned systems having the same values of all the similarity parameters form a similarity class. Once a quantity such as threshold stimulus or conduction velocity is computed for one member of any similarity class, the same quantity can be easily computed for any other member of the same class, by a simple formula containing the physical constants of the system, called a generating equation, or by an even simpler expression of proportionality, called a scaling relation.
Sterile water used for humidification in low-flow oxygen therapy: Is it necessary?

Currently it is standard practice in many acute care hospitals to use only sterile water in humidifier reservoirs for the delivery of low-flow oxygen therapy. This practice is based primarily on the Centers for Disease Control's 1982 "Guideline for the Prevention of Nosocomial Pneumonia." The present study was designed to investigate and compare the bacterial contamination of tap water and sterile water used to fill clean (nonsterile) disposable oxygen humidifier reservoirs. Disposable oxygen humidification reservoirs were assembled weekly according to standard protocol and regulated to deliver oxygen, 4 to 6 L/min, continuously for 5 consecutive days. Each of 48 reservoirs was filled with either tap water (24) or sterile water (24) and cultured daily. All disposable equipment was discarded after the final culture on the fifth day. An aliquot of water was obtained daily from each reservoir and plated to trypticase soy agar pour plates and to a matched trypticase soy broth. Bacterial growth was observed on trypticase soy agar pour plates from 54 (45.0%) of 120 sterile water reservoir cultures and from 38 (31.7%) of 120 tap water reservoir cultures (p greater than 0.05). Bacterial growth from the matched trypticase soy broth cultures was observed only from two sterile water reservoirs. The microorganisms identified from the sterile water reservoirs included Enterobacter agglomerans and Serratia and Bacillus spp. The use of tap water for low-flow oxygen humidification was determined to be safe at our hospital by the infection control committee. This procedural change contributed approximately $6000 to the cost reduction efforts of the respiratory therapy department.
Optimization of helium refrigerators and liquefiers for large superconducting systems

Abstract A general method for optimizing ideal Claude cycles with multiple expansion engines is presented for two types of engine arrangements. In one case, the inlet temperature of one engine is equal to the outlet temperature of another engine. In the second case, inlet and outlet temperatures of adjacent engines are independent of each other, the more general case which is sometimes used in practice. The optimizing technique is especially adapted to superconductive systems in which some of the helium vapour is used to cool electrical leads and mechanical support systems. The helium fraction to be returned to the refrigerator-liquefier vs the fraction to be used for other purposes is conventionally entered as a parameter which becomes part of the optimization technique.
Functional bundle branch block: discordant response of right and left bundle branches to changes in heart rate

Faster heart rates shorten refractoriness more in some tissues than in others. This study investigates whether faster heart rates shorten relative refractoriness more in the right than left bundle branch in humans. Premature atrial stimulation at 2 or more basic cycle lengths was performed in 314 patients with no evidence of atrioventricular conduction system disease. In 10 patients, both functional right and left bundle branch block (BBB) developed with premature atrial stimulation. Functional right BBB occurred at the longer basic cycle length, and functional left BBB at the shorter cycle length in 8 patients. In 2 patients functional right and functional left BBB were present at the same cycle length, but functional left BBB occurred at a shorter premature atrial coupling interval. For all patients, the mean functional right bundle branch relative refractoriness was 438 ms at a basic cycle length of 847 ms, and functional left bundle branch relative refractoriness was 357 ms at a cycle length of 622 ms (p less than 0.01). The HV interval was 45 +/- 15 ms at control and increased with functional left BBB to 77 +/- 19 ms (p less than 0.01), but not with functional right BBB. Thus, relative refractoriness of the right and left bundle branches are rate-dependent and discordant. At longer cycle lengths, relative refractoriness of the right bundle branch is greater than that of the left bundle branch, and at shorter cycle lengths relative refractoriness of the left bundle branch is greater than that of the right bundle branch. The relative refractory period curves "cross over" and can explain the presence of both functional right and left BBB in the same patient.
Differential skin conductance condition as a function of interstimulus interval

Three groups of Ss were given differential skin conductance classical conditioning trials at interstimulus intervals of.5, 3.5, and 6.7 sec. First-interval response performance was superior at the 3.5-sec ISI and second-interval response performance was superior at the 6.7-sec ISI. There appears, therefore, to be no single ISI function in SCR conditioning. In contrast to what happens with single-cue training, the conditional likelihood of a second-interval response was greater following the presence rather than the absence of a first-interval response. There was no evidence that the CS— acquired relative inhibitory properties, but the level of second-interval responding to CS CS— was approximately that of nonspecific response frequency and amplitude. This means that differential second-interval responding is almost exclusively a function of increased response levels to CS+.
Tryptophan content and fluorescence of cysts of Entamoeba invadens

Abstract Evidence is presented that cysts of Entamoeba invadens contain large amounts (approximately 4 · 10−5 μg) of a chemical entity whose ultraviolet absorption, fluorescence, oxidation and reaction with p-dimethyl-aminobenzaldehyde closely parallels that of a rare amino acid, tryptophan. Since previous work has shown that this entity lies within the cyst's Chromatoid Bodies (which contain ribosomes in regularly packed, helical arrays), the conclusion is reached that Chromatoid Bodies are cocrystals of tryptophan (in some form) and ribosomes.
Sulfur gases produced by the decomposition of sulfide minerals: Application to geochemical exploration

Abstract We have evaluated the potential application of sulfur gas analysis to exploration for buried sulfide mineral deposits by: (1) calculating by use of equilibrium thermodynamics, the relative abundances of gases that should be given off by decomposing sulfide minerals; and (2) determining experimentally the abundances of gases that are actually given off. The calculations indicate that the gases that should be given off by decomposing sulfide minerals are (in order of decreasing abundance) H 2 S, COS, CS 2 , CH 3 SH, (CH 3 ) 2 S 2 or SO 2 or S 2 (depending on Eh and pH). In contrast, our experiments show that decomposing sulfide minerals evolve only CS 2 and COS, in order of decreasing abundance. Pyrite produces the largest amounts of sulfur gas. Moist (rather than saturated) and non-sterile (rather than sterile) conditions enhance gas generation from pyrite, although no large difference appeared between sterile and non-sterile experiments for other sulfide minerals. These experiments indicate that the sulfur gases CS 2 and COS could be useful indicators of buried metal sulfide deposits.
Chronic Administration of Quinolinic Acid in the Rat Striatum Causes Spatial Learning Deficits in a Radial Arm Water Maze Task

Chronic intrastriatal administration of quinolinic acid (QA) in the rat produces a pattern of neurodegeneration similar to that seen in Huntington's disease (HD). Although these changes have been related to transient motor abnormalities, the effects of chronic QA administration on cognitive abilities have not been assessed. The present study investigated whether the striatal deterioration observed during chronic QA administration produces cognitive impairments in this animal model of HD by testing the effects of chronic administration of QA on spatial learning ability of rats in a radial arm water maze (RAWM) task. Rats were given bilateral implantation of a chronic dialysis probe apparatus which delivered either vehicle or QA (20 mM) into the striatum. Beginning 1 day after implantation, the rats were tested daily for 3 weeks in the RAWM. Nocturnal activity levels were also assessed at 1-, 3-, 5-, 7-, 14-, and 21-days following probe implantation. Results of behavioral testing indicated that chronic exposure to QA causes spatial learning deficits in the RAWM task with only a transient increase in activity levels. Collectively, these results suggest that chronic striatal exposure to QA mimics some aspects of the cognitive deficits observed in HD.
Thermal transport in graphene and effects of vacancy defects

We have performed molecular dynamics simulations to investigate phonon transport in graphene at 300 K with the Green-Kubo method. We show that the thermal conductivity (TC) of pristine graphene is $2903\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}93$ W/mK, and the out-of-plane phonon mode contribution is $1202\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}32$ W/mK. We further investigate thermal transport in graphene with different vacancy defect concentrations, and the TC shows that it is possible to achieve a maximum of a thousandfold reduction with a high defect density.
Oxidant stress regulatory genetic variation in recipients and donors contributes to risk of primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation

Objective Oxidant stress pathway activation during ischemia reperfusion injury may contribute to the development of primary graft dysfunction (PGD) after lung transplantation. We hypothesized that oxidant stress gene variation in recipients and donors is associated with PGD. Methods Donors and recipients from the Lung Transplant Outcomes Group (LTOG) cohort were genotyped using the Illumina IBC chip filtered for oxidant stress pathway genes. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) grouped into SNP sets based on haplotype blocks within 49 oxidant stress genes selected from gene ontology pathways and literature review were tested for PGD association using a sequencing kernel association test. Analyses were adjusted for clinical confounding variables and population stratification. Results Three hundred ninety-two donors and 1038 recipients met genetic quality control standards. Thirty percent of patients developed grade 3 PGD within 72 hours. Donor NADPH oxidase 3 ( NOX3 ) was associated with PGD ( P = .01) with 5 individual significant loci ( P values between .006 and .03). In recipients, variation in glutathione peroxidase ( GPX1 ) and NRF-2 ( NFE2L2 ) was significantly associated with PGD ( P = .01 for both). The GPX1 association included 3 individual loci ( P values between .006 and .049) and the NFE2L2 association included 2 loci ( P = .03 and .05). Significant epistatic effects influencing PGD susceptibility were evident between 3 different donor blocks of NOX3 and recipient NFE2L2 ( P = .026, P = .017, and P = .031). Conclusions Our study has prioritized GPX1 , NOX3 , and NFE2L2 genes for future research in PGD pathogenesis, and highlights a donor-recipient interaction of NOX3 and NFE2L2 that increases the risk of PGD.
The First Words Produced by Children in Bilingual English/Mandarin Chinese Environments.

The first words produced by children in bilingual environments where English and Mandarin Chinese are spoken were investigated. The goal was to determine if verbs would appear in the children's early productions, which would be consistent with the findings for the first words produced by children in monolingual Mandarin Chinese environments. A greater number of nouns than verbs were produced as children's first words in both English and Mandarin Chinese. Although nouns were produced in both English and Chinese, verbs were produced only in Mandarin Chinese.
Perioperative angioedema in a patient on long-term angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-Inhibitor therapy☆

setter’ ’ or the more trusted tribal healer. It is only when patients begin to have physical problems that prevent normal everyday functions, such as breathing and eating, or when a growth becomes so unsightly that they are no longer accepted among members of their group, that they will seek help at an organized medical institution. Thus, a slow-growing, benign tumor can grow to enormous size before being brought to the attention of a conventional doctor. This case illustrates a number of points regarding the growth potential of the intraoral lipoma. The patient gave an age of 45 years and stated that the swelling began 10 years previously. This could mean that the original lesion was present much earlier, but only started to cause problems at age 35 years. It would seem that the growth may have started as early as childhood, as evidenced by the severe maxillomandibular open bite deformity that developed to accommadate the large intraoral mass. Also in question is the original site of the lipoma. One would think that the site of origin would be the floor of the mouth or the tongue. If the original location was the tongue, then growth in the direction of least resistance through the floor of the mouth into the submandibular space could be easily explained and compared with that of a plunging ranula.’ However, the appearance of the dorsum of the tongue suggested that the lesion was invasive in nature and most likely represented an aggressive growth throughout the otherwise resistant musculature of the tongue. This growth could represent lipomatosis or an invasive lipoma, both of which show aggressive dissection of fat between muscle fibers and poorly circumscribed borders compared with the conventional lipoma.3 This case represents two distinctly separate microscopic and clinical types of intraoral lipoma. The first was well circumscribed, residing in the floor of the mouth, and was easily shelled out with little damage to vital contiguous structures. The second type was a more invasive intramuscular type that required a more aggressive surgical amputation of the tongue to a margin that was believed to be clear of the lesion.
P03-169 - Use of amisulpride in clozapine-resistant schizophrenic patients: Three case reports

Introduction It is generally accepted that Clozapine is the gold standard treatment in patients with treatment resistant schizophrenia. Large numbers of patients treated with Clozapine discontinue treatment for various reasons including severe side-effects and insufficient response. There is limited literature supporting the next-step treatment option following the discontinuation of Clozapine. Objectives The atypical antipsychotic Amisulpride as a next-step treatment option beyond Clozapine, is hypothesised to be useful in some patients due to its first pass metabolism which differs from other second generation antipsychotics. The authors present the clinical response from using Amisulpride in three Clozapine-resistant schizophrenic patients. Aims The authors aim to demonstrate the role of Amisulpride monotherapy in patients with schizophrenia who are resistant to, Clozapine. Method Three cases of individuals with residual psychotic symptoms despite Clozapine use and/ or with significant side effects precipitating discontinuation, are presented. They were changed to Amisulpiride and their response was evaluated by clinical assessment. Results Positive clinical results were obtained in all three patients, with improvement of psychotic symptoms and of some of the more common side effects of Clozapine. Conclusion The findings from these cases suggest that Amisulpride can be of benefit in treating Clozapine-resistant schizophrenic patients. Further, more structured trials are needed to understand these findings.
Three-dimensional full potential method for the aeroelastic modeling of propfans

A three-dimensional time dependent full potential aerodynamic analysis of single rotation propellers has been developed. The primary purpose of the code is to provide a capability of doing propfan aeroelastic analysis in the nonlinear transonic regime. A secondary purpose is to provide a validation of the unsteady lifting surface panel method that has been have developed. Results will be shown for steady state aerodynamic loading, unsteady aerodynamic response to forced aeroelastic deformations, and free aeroelastic response. Comparisons are made to experimental data and corresponding panel code results.
The Moderating Effect of CEO Power on the Board Composition–Firm Performance Relationship*

abstract Prior studies of the relationship between the composition of boards of directors and firm performance offer equivocal results. Drawing on agency and power circulation theories, we attempt to reduce this equivocality by asserting that CEO power moderates the relationship. Specifically, an outside director dominated board is needed to check a powerful CEO, but monitoring by other executives provides sufficient constraints on CEOs with low power. We used event study methodology to test the effects of the interaction between board composition and CEO power on stock market reaction to 73 unexpected CEO deaths. We found support for our theorizing among two of three sources of CEO power. Thus, although regulatory trends increasingly support outside director dominated boards, our findings indicate that this may not always benefit shareholders and that CEO power should be considered when constructing boards.
En recuerdo de Manuel Moreno Fraginals

Con la muerte del historiador cubano Manuel R. Moreno Fraginals a los ochenta anos el pasado mes de mayo, la profesion ha perdido una de sus voces mas singulares. Empresario, academico, abogado y revolucionario, la carrera de Moreno Fraginals abarca una variada gama de profesiones y paises. Con 22 anos obtuvo su titulo de Derecho en la Universidad de La Habana y poco tiempo despues se marcho a El Colegio de Mexico, donde se graduo en Historia en 1948. Volvio a Cuba al ano siguiente y durante un tiempo trabajo en la Biblioteca Nacional. En ese periodo comenzaron a aparecer sus primeras publicaciones sobre la historia nacional cubana. De esos primeros trabajos, el mas sobresaliente es su ensayo Jose Antonio Saco. Estudio y bibliografia , publicado en 1953. En los primeros anos cincuenta dejo por un tiempo su actividad academica y se convirtio en empresario en Venezuela, pero a raiz del triunfo de Fidel Castro en 1959 volvio a Cuba y se dedico ya totalmente a la investigacion historica.
Fluvial Loadings of Selected Organonitrogen and Organophosphorus Pesticides to Chesapeake Bay

The annual loads of nine organonitrogen and organophosphorus pesticides were determined from March 1992 to February 1993 above the fall lines of the Susquehanna, Potomac, and James Rivers, the three largest tributaries of Chesapeake Bay. Sampling at the fall lines of the three tributaries was conducted during base- and storm-flow hydrologic conditions, and surface water concentrations of the organo-N/P pesticides were measured using large-volume liquid−solid extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Annual loads of the organo-N/P pesticides were directly correlated with field application rates and stream discharge with the exception of alachlor, which had relatively low fall line loads in all three tributaries. The influxes of pesticides and other organic contaminants contributed by the tributaries are being compared with identified nonpoint sources in Chesapeake Bay. Keywords: Pesticides; loadings; fluvial transport; Chesapeake Bay
GLUT1 deficiency syndrome as a cause of encephalopathy that includes cognitive disability, treatment-resistant infantile epilepsy and a complex movement disorder.

Glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1) deficiency syndrome is caused by heterozygous mutations in the SLC2A1 gene, resulting in impaired glucose transport into the brain. It is characterized by a low glucose concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (hypoglycorrhachia) in the absence of hypoglycemia, in combination with low to normal lactate in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It often results in treatment-resistant infantile epilepsy with progressive developmental disabilities and a complex movement disorder. Recognizing GLUT1 deficiency syndrome is important, since initiation of a ketogenic diet can reduce the frequency of seizures and the severity of the movement disorder. There can be a considerable delay in diagnosing GLUT1 deficiency syndrome, and this point is illustrated by the natural history of this disorder in a 21-year-old woman with severe, progressive neurological disabilities. Her encephalopathy consisted of treatment-resistant seizures, a complex movement disorder, progressive intellectual disability, and deceleration of her head growth after late infancy. Focused evaluation at age 21 revealed GLUT1 deficiency caused by a novel heterozygous missence mutation in exon 7 (c.938C > A; p.Ser313Try) in SLC2A1 as the cause for her disabilities.
Cellulase activity of Trichoderma reesei (RUT-C30) on municipal solid waste

This work presents a preliminary investigation of Trichoderma reesei (RUT-C30) grown on municipal solid waste (MSW). Such a process offers the potential for inexpensive production of cellulase enzymes while reducing the waste stream to landfills. Cellulase enzyme activity for batch-culture growth on MSW compared favorably with growth on refined cellulosic substrates. Cellulase productivity in an initial fed-batch culture reached a maximum of 22 IFPU/L-h with a maximum activity of 1.5 IFPU/mL.
Esterase mediated hydrolysis of naphthyl esters, malathion, methoprene, and cecropia juvenile hormone in Culex pipiens pipiens☆

Abstract Larval homogenates of C. p. pipiens degraded α-naphthyl esters, malathion and Cecropia C 18 -juvenile hormone, but did not degrade methoprene (isopropyl-11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4,-dodecadienoate) or hydroprene (ethyl-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoate). Hog liver carboxylesterase (E.C.3.1.1.1) degraded all these compounds. On the basis of inhibition data obtained with a number of organophosphorus compounds and p- chloromercuriphenyl sulphonic acid, it is concluded that in C. p. pipiens larvae the esterase hydrolysing α-naphthyl esters and the esterase hydrolysing malathion are similar (B-esterase), and different from the esterase hydrolysing C 18 -juvenile hormone (A-esterase).
Electroelastic moduli of piezoelectric polycrystals with bulk and film textures

The effect of crystallographic texture on the electroelastic moduli of piezoelectric polycrystals has been studied using micromechanical modeling that makes use of the uniform field concept. An orientational averaging scheme has been developed for textured piezoelectric polycrystals, which, when combined with the conventional self-consistent approach, provides an estimate of the effective electroelastic moduli in terms of texture. In the special situation where the polycrystal exhibits a fiber texture, a class of uniform fields exist under certain crystal symmetries, so that the effective electroelastic moduli can be determined exactly. This is confirmed by the coincidence of the corresponding upper and lower bounds. Numerical results are presented for both cases and compared to known theoretical predictions where possible.
Focus on Grammar: A Basic Course for Reference and Practice

This text combines a clear presentation of grammar at a basic level with communicative practice. It provides guided practice of both form and meaning, for classroom or self-study, and also offers a testing programme for diagnosis and progress.
Use of Mutants to study the Electron Transport Pathway of Nitrate Reductase

NITRATE-INDUCIBLE TPNH (reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide) cytochrome c reductase is believed to participate in nitrate reduction for the following reasons: (1) Sorger1 and Kinsky and McElroy2 showed that it is induced and repressed simultaneously with nitrate reductase by the same specific inducers and repressors. (2) Kinsky and McElroy2 observed that cytochrome c competes with nitrate in purified preparations of nitrate reductase. (3) These investigators also found that inhibitors of TPNH cytochrome c reductase inhibit nitrate reductase. (4) They further observed that the ratio of TPNH cytochrome c reductase to nitrate reductase remains constant throughout a fifty to seventy-fold purification by two procedures. (5) Sorger1,3 and Pateman et al.4 found that mutants at a single locus, lacking nitrate reductase, also lack nitrate-inducible TPNH cytochrome c reductase. (6) Sorger5 noted that the ratio of TPNH cytochrome c reductase to nitrate reductase remains constant during heat inactivation (at 31.1° C and 42.3° C) of crude extracts made from induced mycelium.
Abstinent Opiate Abusers Exhibit Conditioned Craving, Conditioned Withdrawal and Reductions in both through Extinction

Summary Abstinent opiate abusers who have just completed a 30-day treatment program in a Therapeutic Community setting experience intense drug craving and may even experience subjective withdrawal signs/symptoms when exposed to drug-related stimuli. The described extinction procedures were effective in virtually eliminating conditioned craving and conditioned withdrawal signs/symptoms to drug-related stimuli within 20 hour-long treatment sessions (a 3-week inpatient stay). These findings are discussed in terms of the need to address conditioned opiate-related responses in the treatment of abstinent opiate abusers, as these responses may make the patient more vulnerable to relapse.
Citizen Engagement in Local Budgeting: Does Diversity Pay Dividends?

The literature on citizen engagement in budgeting suggests local governments can improve how they collect, interpret, and incorporate citizen input about resource allocation issues. However, at the moment, it is unclear whether that input, particularly from a more diverse citizenry, is more or less useful to managers. We address this question by examining how a variety of demographic and institutional factors affect manager perceptions of citizen engagement among a sample of 221 local governments in Michigan and Minnesota. The results suggest that the input managers perceive as useful tends to focus on community concerns rather than parochial concerns. We also find that community diversity associates with a clear trade-off, as managers in more diverse communities are more likely to perceive citizen input as focused on community-wide rather than parochial interests but less likely to view that input as useful in making budget decisions.
Test program generation for functional verification of PowerPC processors in IBM

A new methodology and test program generator have been used for the functional verification of six IBM PowerPC processors. The generator contains a formal model of the PowerPC architecture and a heuristic data-base of testing expertise. It has been used on daily basis for two years by about a hundred designers and testing engineers in four IBM sites. The new methodology reduced significantly the functional verification period and time to market of the PowerPC processors. Despite the complexity of the PowerPC architecture, the three processors verified so far had fully functional first silicon.
Long-term, high-dose benzodiazepine prescriptions in veteran patients with PTSD: Influence of preexisting alcoholism and drug-abuse diagnoses†

Databases from the New England Veterans Integrated Service Network were analyzed to determine factors associated with long-term, high-dose anxiolytic benzodiazepine prescriptions dispensed to patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and existing alcoholism and/or drug abuse diagnoses. Among 2,183 PTSD patients, 234 received the highest 10% average daily doses for alprazolam, clonazepam, diazepam, or lorazepam, doses above those typically recommended. Highest doses were more commonly prescribed to patients with existing drug abuse diagnoses. Among patients with PTSD and alcoholism, younger age, drug abuse, and concurrent prescriptions for another benzodiazepine and oxycodone/acetaminophen independently predicted high doses. Results indicate that for veteran patients with PTSD, alcoholism alone is not associated with high-dose benzodiazepines, but existing drug abuse diagnoses do increase that risk.
Quality Assessment of Systematic Reviews on Periodontal Regeneration in Humans

Background: Systematic reviews represent the highest form of evidence in the current hierarchy of evidence-based dentistry. Critical analysis of published systematic reviews may help to analyze their strengths and weaknesses and to identify areas that need future improvement. The aim of this overview is to determine and compare the quality of systematic reviews published in the field of periodontal regeneration using established checklists, such as the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) guidelines.Methods: A systematic search was conducted to retrieve reviews on periodontal regeneration in humans. A total of 14 systematic reviews were selected using a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two independent reviewers appraised the quality of the selected reviews using AMSTAR guidelines. Each article was given an AMSTAR total score, based on the number of AMSTAR criteria that were fulfilled. The quality of included reviews was further assessed using a checklist proposed in 2003.Results: Onl...