cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The classification of the dynamic behavior of continuous stirred tank reactors—influence of reactor residence time

Abstract The dynamic behavior of the continuous stirred tank reactor is analysed and classified for a variable reactor residence time. Although earlier work, treating the bifurcation to limit cycles and steady states with changing Damkohler number, yields a complete description of the problem, the evolution of multiple steady states and limit cycles is much more bizarre as the reactor residence time varies. In addition, it is the reactor residence time which is most easily varied experimentally so that the present results are more readily compared with experiment. Plots are given to show the influence of system parameters on the reactor behavior.
Characterizations of the Existence of Equilibria in Games with Discontinuous and Non-quasiconcave Payoffs

This paper characterizes pure-strategy and dominant-strategy Nash equilibrium in non-cooperative games which may have discontinuous and/or non-quasiconcave payoffs. Conditions called diagonal transfer quasiconcavity and uniform transfer quasiconcavity are shown to be necessary and, with conditions called diagonal transfer continuity and transfer upper semicontinuity, sufficient for the existence of pure-strategy and dominant-strategy Nash equilibrium, respectively. The results are used to examine the existence or non-existence of equilibrium in some well-known economic games with discontinuous and/or non-quasiconcave payoffs. For example, we show that the failure of the existence of a pure-strategy Nash equilibrium in the Hotelling model is due to the failure of an aggregator function to be diagonal transfer quasiconcave—not the failure of payoffs to be quasiconcave, as has been elsewhere conjectured.
Does This Emergency Department Patient Have a Penicillin Allergy

Methods Data Sources An English-language MEDLINE search from 1996 to 2000 was conducted, and the bibliographies were reviewed for additional references. Study Selection Original studies describing the accuracy or precision of skin testing in the diagnosis of an immunoglobulin E–mediated penicillin allergy were included. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria; 4 studies compared clinical history with skin test results in patients with and without a history of penicillin allergy. Data Extraction and Synthesis Confidence intervals for the likelihood ratios of having a positive skin test result, given a positive history of penicillin allergy, and having a negative skin test result, given a history of no penicillin allergy, were compared. Sensitivity and specificity for a history of penicillin allergy versus skin testing were also presented.
Disparity detection within Panum's fusional areas.

Abstract Objective measurement of human cyclofusional response was carried out, using a binocular recording technique. Decreasing stimulus size was found to result in an increased cyclofusional range. The results suggest that in the case of torsionally disparate retinal-images it is not the angle of displacement between the two images of the stimulus but the disparity introduced by the stimulus that the fusional mechanism primarily responds to. The implications of this result on disparity detection within Panum's fusional areas is discussed in the light of recent neurophysiological and psychophysical evidence.
Variegated Cutworm: Leaf Consumption and Economic Loss in Peppermint

Mean total consumption of peppermint foliage for Peridroma saucia (Hubner) instars 3-6 was 2.3± 1.2, 7.2± 2.5, 31.5± 5.0, and 133.6± 25.4 cm2, respectively. Total consumption of 174.4 cm2 was equivalent to 26.7 peppermint leaves. Instars 5–6 consumed 94.5% of the total foliage consumed during development of instars 3–6 (25.3 leaves). Mean number of days for development of instars 3–6 was 3.2±0.4, 3.9±0.4, 4.8±0.9, and 10.0±2.0, respectively. Peppermint plant samples (1000 cm2 soil surface area) were used to estimate mean leaf size (6.5± 1.4 cm2), total leaf area/1000cm2 (6247± 1105 cm2, and mean oil yield/1000cm2 (0.8±0.1 ml). It was estimated that 0.9 5th and 6th instars /1000 cm2 would cause 2.4% defoliation which was equivalent to the economic injury level for variegated cutworm on peppermint based on an oil value of $dollar;22/kg and a total cost of insecticide treatment of $dollar;45/ha.
312 NEUROENDOCRINE EVALUATION OF A PATIENT WITH KEARNS SAYRE SYNDROME (KSS)

In Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) (progressive external ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary retinal degeneration, and heart block) the growth failure and delayed sexual maturation have not previously been studied in detail. We investigated a 15½ year old boy with KSS. A CAT scan revealed loss of the basal ganglia and of cere-bellar white matter. His bone age was 10 years. An OGTT was abnormal at 120 and 180 minutes (161 and 164 mg/dl respectively). The IV GTT was normal: K value 2.31. Thyroid function was normal in the basal state; following TRH, the TSH and prolactin responses were normal, but the T4 had not increased by 90 minutes. The growth hormone response was normal to both insulin and glucagon. The plasma cortisol and ACTH showed normal diurnal variation; after release from metapyrone block, neither the plasma cortisol nor the 17-OH excretion increased appropriately, although the ACTH response was normal. The LH, FSH and testosterone were normal for his BA; following three days of high dose HCG, the testosterone did not increase. After water deprivation, the urinary osmolality was 1011 mosm/kg. Thus in our patient with KSS there is evidence to suggest lack of functional reserve or end organ unresponsiveness of the thyroid, adrenal and testis; hypothalamic-pituitary function appears to be intact to provocative stimuli.
Facilitating Medication Adherence in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

This article reviews adherence to medication in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients from the perspective of nurse and social worker authors. It reviews data on patient adherence and offers practical, evidence-based strategies that health-care providers can use to facilitate adherence. In addition, it examines how emerging MS therapies may affect patient adherence and associated interventions. To promote adherence, interventions need to incorporate new and creative approaches. A proactive approach includes assessing patient needs and lifestyle before the start of medication and selecting the most appropriate disease-modifying therapy for each individual patient. Including multidisciplinary expertise and services in the treatment plan can be part of a comprehensive, holistic approach to helping patients and families. Optimization of health-care provider roles is likely to facilitate improved adherence.
Microstructures of the scales formed on zircaloy-4 in steam at elevated temperatures

The ZrO2scales formed on Zircaloy-4 PWR tubes during corrosion in steam in the temperature range of 1000–1300°C have been found to contain a metallic phase that is relatively rich in Sn. The precise composition of the metallic phase has not been determined. Most of the metallic phase is located in a line of metallic particles, which is oriented parallel to the alloy-scale interface and located near the center of the scale. The exact morphology of the scale on either side of the particle line has not been identified. The oxide between the metallic particles and the scale-steam interface contains very little Sn, except for a narrow zone adjacent to the scale-steam interface, which was formed in the beginning of the reaction. It appears that the scale between the metallic particles and the alloy-scale interface consists of thin columnar grains of ZrO2with a very fine metallic phase probably located at the ZrO2grain boundaries. The experimental evidence presently available indicates that the metallic phase exists in the scales at the reaction temperature. If the metallic particles were rich enough in Sn, then a liquid metallic phase would exist in the oxide during the reaction. Kinetic studies demonstrate that these particles move with respect to the scale-steam interface toward the center of the alloy during the course of the oxidation reaction. It appears that the presence of the line of metallic particles could, under certain conditions, markedly influence the mechanical properties of the oxide scales formed on Zircaloy-4.
Disparate distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in four sub-Saharan African countries

Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) places a substantial health burden on Africa. Here, we investigated genetic diversity of HBV variants circulating in 4 countries of sub-Saharan Africa using archived samples. In total, 1492 plasma samples were tested from HIV-infected individuals and pregnant women, among which 143 (9.6%) were PCR-positive for HBV DNA (Cote d’Ivoire, 70/608 [11.5%]; Ghana, 13/444 [2.9%]; Cameroon, 33/303 [10.9%]; and Uganda, 27/137 [19.7%]).
Intrusion tolerance and anti-traffic analysis strategies for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks face acute security concerns in applications such as battlefield monitoring. A central point of failure in a sensor network is the base station, which acts as a collection point of sensor data. In this paper, we investigate two attacks that can lead to isolation or failure of the base station. In one set of attacks, the base station is isolated by blocking communication between sensor nodes and the base station, e.g. by DOS attacks. In the second attack, the location of the base station is deduced by analyzing data traffic towards the base station, which can lead to jamming and/or discovery and destruction of the base station. To defend against these attacks, two secure strategies are proposed. First, secure multi-path routing to multiple destination base stations is designed to provide intrusion tolerance against isolation of a base station. Second, anti-traffic analysis strategies are proposed to help disguise the location of the base station from eavesdroppers. A performance evaluation is provided for a simulated sensor network, as well as measurements of cryptographic overhead on real sensor nodes.
Quantitative Analysis by the Point-Centered Quarter Method

This document is an introduction to the use of the point-centered quarter method. It briey outlines its history, its methodology, and some of the practical issues that inevitably arise with its use in the eld. Additionally this paper shows how data collected using point-centered quarter method sampling may be used to determine importance values of dierent species of trees and describes several methods of estimating plant density and corresponding condence intervals. This paper is a signicant revision of a 1999 online document intended for student use at Hobart and William Smith Colleges. A number of individuals elsewhere found the earlier version helpful and had additional questions that I have tried to address in this revision.
Direct And Default Policies In The Transformation Of Public Housing

ABSTRACT:In the course of 60 years, public housing has been transformed from the mixed gender institution envisioned by its proponents to housing occupied primarily by unmarried women. This paper proposes that the transition is due to more than the feminization of the poverty population. It also can be attributed to a combination of direct and default government policies. Among direct policies affecting the composition of public housing are site selection decisions, eligibility criteria, and welfare regulations. Among the default policies contributing to higher rates of poverty among women are lack of child support enforcement, absence of a proactive national family policy, and women’s limited access to military benefits. The author offers suggestions for ways in which public housing might be more responsive to its contemporary status as a gendered space.
Breaking the feedback loop of a class of /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ A/D converters

/spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulation is the currently successful technique used to perform high resolution analog-to-digital conversion. In spite of its practical success, its theoretical signal analysis has remained limited because a /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator contains of a feedback loop that includes a nonlinear operation, i.e., the amplitude discretization or quantization. The feedback allows us to use oversampling to compensate for the limitations of the quantizer in resolution and in precision, which are typical of analog circuits. However, because of the lack of signal analysis, it is still not clear how much resolution of conversion can be gained as a function of the oversampling. We show that for a large class of /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulators, the feedback loop theoretically yields an equivalent feedforward signal flow graph, at least for constant inputs. This is possible thanks to remarkable modulo properties of these modulators. This equivalence can be asymptotically extrapolated to time-varying inputs with increasing oversampling. Although the exact components of the equivalent graph are not currently known in general, the theoretical structure of the feedforward graph is sufficient to point out misconceptions in the current knowledge on the final resolution of an nth-order /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator. Specifically, except when the modulator is "ideal", the global resolution of conversion increases by n bits per octave of oversampling, instead of the currently believed rate of n+(1/2) bits/octave.
Age 21 Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Title I Chicago Child-Parent Centers

We conducted thefirst cost-benefit analysis of afederally financed, comprehensive early childhood program. The Title I Chicago Child-Parent Centers are located in public schools and provide educational andfamily support services to low-income children from ages 3 to 9. Using data from a cohort of 1,539 program and comparison-group children born in 1980 who participate in the Chicago Longitudinal Study, measures of program participation were significantly associated with greater school achievement, higher rates of high school completion, and with significantly lower rates of remedial education services, juvenile delinquency, and child maltreatment. Economic analyses indicated that the measured and projected economic benefits of preschool participation, school-age participation, and extended program participation exceeded costs. In present-value 1998 dollars, the preschool program provided a return to society of $7.14 per dollar invested by increasing economic well-being and tax revenues, and by reducing public expenditures for remedial education, criminal justice treatment, and crime victims. The extended intervention program (4 to 6 years of participation) provided a return to society of $6.11 per dollar invested while the school-age program yielded a return of $1.66 per dollar invested. Findings demonstrate that an established public program can provide benefits thatfar exceed costs. Key elements of CPC program effectiveness include an instructionalfocus on literacy, opportunities for intensive parent involvement, and implementation by well-trained staff within a single administrative system.
Hydrophilic acid ointments for the debridement of burns

Abstract A number of readily wetted powders for the formation of acid‐containing ointments are described. These ointments were formulated for use in the chemical debridements of burns. Several were found to be as effective as pyruvic acid‐starch paste mixtures originally employed. Methods of preparation, assay procedures, and data on the stability of several ointments are reported.
Characterizing ultra-thin matching layers of high-frequency ultrasonic transducer based on impedance matching principle

The quarter-wavelength (/spl lambda//4) acoustic matching layer is a vital component in medical ultrasonic transducers, which can compensate for the large acoustic impedance mismatch between the piezoelectric material and the human body. At high frequencies (/spl sim/100 MHz), the /spl lambda//4 matching layers become extremely thin, and the characterization of their properties becomes very challenging. We report a method to measure the phase velocity and attenuation of ultra-thin layers using the /spl lambda//4 matching principle, in which the acoustic impedance of the thin layer is between the substrate and water. The method has been successfully used to characterize epoxy films on glass substrate. The experimental results show good agreement in the phase-velocity measurement between our proposed method and the conventional ultrasonic spectroscopy method, but the attenuation measurement is sensitive to the properties of the substrate and water medium as well as the alignment of the sample.
Extraneous Grain Boundary Dislocations in High Angle (110) Twist Boundaries in Gold

An analysis of extraneous grain boundary dislocations (GBDs), having strong Burgers vector components normal to the boundary, is presented for high angle (110) twist boundaries in the f.c.c. structure in the vicinity of coincidence site orientations. The formation of such GBDs and their interactions with twist GBD arrays are studied; experimental evidence for their existence in thin film gold bicrystals is presented. Observed arrays of extraneous GBDs are interpreted as tilt subboundaries arising from small misorientations about axes lying in the (110) boundary plane. Eine Analyse von „fremden” Korngrenzenversetzungen (GBD) mit starker Komponente des Burgersvektors senkrecht zur Grenze wird fur Groswinkel-(110)-Drehgrenzen in der k.f.z.-Struktur in der Nahe von Koinzidenz-Orientierungen durchgefuhrt. Die Bildung solcher GBD und ihre Wechselwirkungen mit Drehgrenzenversetzungsanordnungen werden untersucht und der experimentelle Nachweis ihrer Existenz in Dunnschicht-Goldbikristallen gefuhrt. Beobachtete Anordnungen von GBD werden als Kipp-Kleinwinkel-Korngrenzen interpretiert, die von kleinen Fehlorientierungen um Achsen herruhren, die in der (110)-Grenzebene liegen.
Precomputed ambient occlusion for character skins

Figure 1: Time-lapse screen capture showing ambient occlusion values calculated in real-time. We present a single-pass hardware accelerated method to compute ambient occlusion values in real-time on dynamic character skins. Ambient occlusion at a point is the cosine weighted integral of the visibility function. Assuming the scene is enclosed in a spherical area source light, ambient occlusion corresponds to the amount of light that will reach each point. Unfortunately, computing ambient occlusion is time-consuming. It requires sampling the hemisphere around each point to determine visibility. Our method takes a data driven approach to approximating ambient occlusion in real-time. It builds a set of linear functions over several subsets of poses, then produces the ambient occlusion using a blend of these functions. Because we are using linear functions our output is smooth, fast to evaluate, and easy to implement in a vertex or fragment shader. Several researchers have examined precomputation of illumination. [Sloan et al., 2005] used spherical harmonics to compress low-frequency transfer functions at points on a static mesh. This method handles a wide range of low-frequency phenomena. However, it is limited to local changes in geometry, and does not handle the type of deformation seen in character animation. [James and Twigg, 2005] precompute illumination data at several points in state space, then blend this data as they deform the mesh. Our method is similar, but we provide a means to minimize error variance within local regions of state space. Recently, [Bunnell, 2005] proposed a multi-pass method for calculating ambient occlusion in real-time. This method makes approximations to the shape of elements, and error is dependent on the number of passes. Ambient occlusion is a function of vertex positions, which in turn are functions of the character’s joint angles. Therefore, ambient occlusion for character skins is also a function of joint angles. It is desirable to represent this function linearly, because linear functions can be computed easily in hardware. Unfortunately, ambient occlusion can change nonlinearly over a wide range of poses. The key observation of our method is that ambient occlusion changes smoothly for small changes in joint angles. Rather than building one large linear function, our method builds several linear functions, each local to a dierent region of pose space. These
Convergent evolution of coenzyme M biosynthesis in the Methanosarcinales: cysteate synthase evolved from an ancestral threonine synthase.

The euryarchaeon Methanosarcina acetivorans has no homologues of the first three enzymes that produce the essential methanogenic coenzyme M (2-mercaptoethanesulfonate) in Methanocaldococcus jannaschii . A single M. acetivorans gene was heterologously expressed to produce a functional sulfopyruvate decarboxylase protein, the fourth canonical enzyme in this biosynthetic pathway. An adjacent gene, at locus MA3297, encodes one of the organism9s two threonine synthase homologues. When both paralogues from this organism were expressed in an Escherichia coli threonine synthase mutant, the MA1610 gene complemented the thrC mutation, whereas the MA3297 gene did not. Both PLP (pyridoxal 5′-phosphate)-dependent proteins were heterologously expressed and purified, but only the MA1610 protein catalysed the canonical threonine synthase reaction. The MA3297 protein specifically catalysed a new β-replacement reaction that converted L-phosphoserine and sulfite into L-cysteate and inorganic phosphate. This oxygen-independent mode of sulfonate biosynthesis exploits the facile nucleophilic addition of sulfite to an α,β-unsaturated intermediate (PLP-bound dehydroalanine). An amino acid sequence comparison indicates that cysteate synthase evolved from an ancestral threonine synthase through gene duplication, and the remodelling of active site loop regions by amino acid insertion and substitutions. The cysteate product can be converted into sulfopyruvate by an aspartate aminotransferase enzyme, establishing a new convergent pathway for coenzyme M biosynthesis that appears to function in members of the orders Methanosarcinales and Methanomicrobiales. These differences in coenzyme M biosynthesis afford the opportunity to develop methanogen inhibitors that discriminate between the classes of methanogenic archaea.
Quantum dot FRET linker probes for highly sensitive DNA methylation detection

DNA methylation is an important cancer biomarker, but improving the detection sensitivity of DNA methylation remains a challenge for various types of biological samples. Here, we describe a novel quantum dot (QD)-based method using FRET linker probes (FLPs) that further increases the sensitivity of detection of DNA methylation patterns. This method relies on removing the background noise resulting from PCR inefficiencies. Compared to conventional non-specific QD-FRET detection, we demonstrate the improved detection of DNA methylation by fluorescence detection in bulk and with single molecule resolution.
Phage shock protein C (PspC) of Yersinia enterocolitica is a polytopic membrane protein with implications for regulation of the Psp stress response

Phage shock proteins B (PspB) and C (PspC) are integral cytoplasmic membrane proteins involved in inducing the Yersinia enterocolitica Psp stress response. A fundamental aspect of these proteins that has not been studied in depth is their membrane topologies. Various in silico analyses universally predict that PspB is a bitopic membrane protein with the C terminus inside. However, similar analyses yield conflicting predictions for PspC: a bitopic membrane protein with the C terminus inside, a bitopic membrane protein with the C terminus outside, or a polytopic protein with both termini inside. Previous studies of Escherichia coli PspB-LacZ and PspC-PhoA fusion proteins supported bitopic topologies, with the PspB C terminus inside and the PspC C terminus outside. Here we have used a series of independent approaches to determine the membrane topologies of PspB and PspC in Y. enterocolitica. Our data support the predicted arrangement of PspB, with its C terminus in the cytoplasm. In contrast, data from multiple independent approaches revealed that both termini of PspC are located in the cytoplasm. Additional experiments suggested that the C terminus of PspC might be the recognition site for the FtsH protease and an interaction interface with PspA, both of which would be compatible with its newly proposed cytoplasmic location. This unexpected arrangement of PspC allows a new model for events underlying activation of the Psp response, which is an excellent fit with observations from various previous studies.
You Cannot Step Into the Same River Twice When Power Analyses Are Optimistic

Statistical power depends on the size of the effect of interest. However, effect sizes are rarely fixed in psychological research: Study design choices, such as the operationalization of the dependent variable or the treatment manipulation, the social context, the subject pool, or the time of day, typically cause systematic variation in the effect size. Ignoring this between-study variation, as standard power formulae do, results in assessments of power that are too optimistic. Consequently, when researchers attempting replication set sample sizes using these formulae, their studies will be underpowered and will thus fail at a greater than expected rate. We illustrate this with both hypothetical examples and data on several well-studied phenomena in psychology. We provide formulae that account for between-study variation and suggest that researchers set sample sizes with respect to our generally more conservative formulae. Our formulae generalize to settings in which there are multiple effects of interest. We also introduce an easy-to-use website that implements our approach to setting sample sizes. Finally, we conclude with recommendations for quantifying between-study variation.
Investigations of Irregularities in Remote Plasma Regions by Radio Sounding: Applications of the Radio Plasma Imager on Image

The Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) on the IMAGE mission operates like a radar by transmitting and receiving coherent electromagnetic pulses. The RPI is designed to receive mirror-like (specular) reflections and coherent scatter returns. Long-range echoes of electromagnetic sounder waves are reflected at remote plasma cutoffs. Thus, analyses of RPI observations will yield the plasma parameters and distances to the remote reflection points. The RPI will employ pulse compression and spectral integration techniques, perfected in ground-based ionospheric digital sounders, in order to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio in long-range magnetospheric sounding. When plasma irregularities exist in the remote magnetospheric plasmas being probed by the sounder waves, echo signatures may become complicated. Experience in ionospheric sounding under such conditions indicates that sounding echo strengths can actually be enhanced by the presence of irregularities, and groundbased sounding indicates that coherent detection techniques can still be employed. In this paper we investigate the conditions that will allow coherent signals to be detected by the RPI and the signatures of scattering to be expected in the presence of multi-scale irregularities. Sounding of irregular plasma structures in the plasmasphere, plasmapause and magnetopause are also discussed.
Surgical margins after needle-localization breast biopsy

Abstract Background : The use of needle-localization breast biopsy (NLBB) for the early diagnosis of breast cancer is common. The therapeutic adequacy of tumor-free margins following NLBB is unknown. We hypothesized that the presence of residual tumor after reexcision (mastectomy, tylectomy, or quadrantectomy) does not depend on the margin status following NLBB. Patients and methods : Retrospective cohort analysis was performed on 890 consecutive NLBBs executed between January 1990 and June 1994. Patients with invasive breast neoplasia were divided into two groups based on the tumor margins after NLBB. Group 1 were the women with positive margins, and group 2 had negative margins. Breast specimens after reexcision were reviewed for evidence of residual invasive carcinoma. Results : Invasive neoplasia was present in 107 patients (12%). Surgical margins and definitive records of care were avaliable for 96 of them (90%). All 45 patients in group 1 and 38 (75%) of 51 patients in group 2 underwent reexcision of the initial biopsy site ( P = 0.36). Residual invasive carcinoma was present in 10 patients (22%) in group 1 and 3 (8%) in group 2 ( P = 0.13). Conclusion : Invasive breast neoplasia diagnosed by NLBB requires reexcision regardless of tumor margins to achieve complete local surgical eradication of tumor.
Effects of Lateral Inhibition on Fluctuations of the Impulse Rate

Inhibition from neighboring eccentric cells has an effect on the variability of firing of a given eccentric cell. The reduction in the average impulse rate which is caused by inhibition decreases the variance of the impulse rate. However, this reduction of the average rate increases the coefficient of variation of the impulse rate. Inhibitory synaptic noise should add to the low frequency portion of the variance spectrum of the impulse rate. This occurs because of the slow time course of inhibitory synaptic potentials. As a consequence, inhibition decreases the signal-to-noise ratio for low frequency modulated stimuli.
Realizing throughput guarantees in a differentiated services network

This paper discusses techniques for achieving desired throughput guarantees in the Internet that supports a differentiated services framework. The diff-serv framework proposes the use of different drop precedences to achieve service guarantees over the Internet. However, it has been observed that the drop precedences by themselves cannot achieve the desired target rates because of the strong interaction of the transport protocol with packet drops in the network. This paper proposes and evaluates a number of techniques to better achieve the throughput guarantees in such networks. The proposed techniques consider: modifying the transport protocol at the sender; modifying the marking strategies at the marker; and modifying the dropping policies at the router. It is shown that these techniques improve the likelihood of achieving the desired throughput guarantees and also improve the service differentiation.
Comments on the Proposed Regulations on Disguised Payments for Services

On July 23, 2015, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and Treasury Department (Treasury) issued proposed regulations under section 707(a)(2)(A) of the Internal Revenue Code (the Code) relating to disguised payment-for-services transactions between partnerships and partners. These are my comments on the proposed regulations.My overall conclusions are as follows. I support the proposed regulations and urge that they be finalized as quickly as possible with some relatively minor clarifications. The proposed regulations are faithful to the statutory text, legislative purpose, and legislative history of section 707(a)(2)(A). Furthermore, the proposed regulations represent a very reasonable approach to the necessary task (given the clear statutory directive in section 707(a)(2)(A)) of distinguishing between disguised payments for services, on the one hand, and bona fide partnership allocations and distributions, on the other hand. I also support the positions explained in the preamble regarding the government’s view of the current scope of Rev. Proc. 93-27 and the stated intention to revise Rev. Proc. 93-27 to carve out profits interests received in lieu of fixed fees.I believe that the proposed regulations could be improved by making the following clarifications, both of which I believe are fully consistent with the language and spirit of the proposed regulations: 1) Specifically address, in the preamble or the regulations themselves, so-called “cashless contribution” fee waiver structures.2) Recognize that general partner flexibility and discretion may affect the level of real risk taken on by service providers. In addition, I recommend that the rationale behind the intention to modify the Rev. Proc. 93-27 safe harbor be explained. It appears that the rationale is that profits interests received in lieu of fixed fees can typically be easily valued by reference to the foregone fees, which makes perfect sense.
P-340: Promoter hypermethylation of progesterone receptor isoform B (PR-B) in endometriosis

The physiological effects of progesterone (P) is mediated by two isoforms of progesterone receptors (PRs): PR-A and PR-B. Progestins have long been used in the treatment of endometriosis but unfortunately the relief of pain is relatively short-term. In addition, about 9% of women with endometriosis simply do not respond to progestin therapy due to reasons unknown. In fact, a general tendency for relative progesterone resistance within eutopic and ectopic endometrium of women with endometriosis and the downregulation of PR-B, but not PR-A, in endometriosis have been noted. Since promoter hypermethylation is well-documented to be associated with transcriptional silencing, we sought to determine the methylation status of the PR-A and PR-B promoter regions in the epithelial component of endometriotic implants using a combination of laser capture microdissection (LCM), methylation specific PCR, and bisulfite sequencing. We found that the promoter region of PR-B, but not PR-A, is hypermethylated in endometriosi...
The PHQ-15: validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms.

OBJECTIVE Somatization is prevalent in primary care and is associated with substantial functional impairment and healthcare utilization. However, instruments for identifying and monitoring somatic symptoms are few in number and not widely used. Therefore, we examined the validity of a brief measure of the severity of somatic symptoms. METHODS The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a self-administered version of the PRIME-MD diagnostic instrument for common mental disorders. The PHQ-15 comprises 15 somatic symptoms from the PHQ, each symptom scored from 0 ("not bothered at all") to 2 ("bothered a lot"). The PHQ-15 was administered to 6000 patients in eight general internal medicine and family practice clinics and seven obstetrics-gynecology clinics. Outcomes included functional status as assessed by the 20-item Short-Form General Health Survey (SF-20), self-reported sick days and clinic visits, and symptom-related difficulty. RESULTS As PHQ-15 somatic symptom severity increased, there was a substantial stepwise decrement in functional status on all six SF-20 subscales. Also, symptom-related difficulty, sick days, and healthcare utilization increased. PHQ-15 scores of 5, 10, 15, represented cutoff points for low, medium, and high somatic symptom severity, respectively. Somatic and depressive symptom severity had differential effects on outcomes. Results were similar in the primary care and obstetrics-gynecology samples. CONCLUSIONS The PHQ-15 is a brief, self-administered questionnaire that may be useful in screening for somatization and in monitoring somatic symptom severity in clinical practice and research.
Experiences with the New Antibiotic Gentamicin

In 1963 gentamicin, a new antibiotic, was reported as being active against most pathogenic bacteria [1, 2]; yet in spite of numerous publications regarding its efficacy this antibiotic is not available for use in the United States [3-5]. In view of this delay, the purpose of this report is 2-fold: first, to present data that suggests that gentamicin is indeed a valuable and safe antibiotic urgently needed by many patients; second, to show methods of gathering data about antibiotics that can be used in the face of the many problems that now exist in the clinical evaluation of new drugs [6]. Time lapses such as occurred in getting gentamicin to the bedside might be reduced for other new antibiotics if these meth-
The Sums of the Dihedral and Trihedral Angles in a Tetrahedron

(1952). The Sums of the Dihedral and Trihedral Angles in a Tetrahedron. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 59, No. 6, pp. 370-371.
Eye-Specific Measurement of the Microstructure and Biomechanics of the Human Lamina Cribrosa

Loss of vision in glaucoma, one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, is due to damage to the axons of cells that transmit visual information from the retina to the brain [1]. This damage is believed to initiate in the lamina cribrosa (LC), a specialized structure in the back of the eye. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the main risk factor for the development of glaucoma, yet the mechanisms by which an elevated IOP leads to loss of vision are not understood. This is, in part, because measuring directly the effects of IOP on the LC is very challenging. Thus most of what is known about the structure of the LC and of the effects of IOP on it has been determined from indirect measures or from analysis of histological samples. Histological analysis, however, is problematic because it susceptible to artifacts, such as shrinkage and warping.© 2012 ASME
The Mars 2001 balloon design

In late 1995, a study was initiated at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) for a 2001 Mars Aerobot/Balloon System (MABS) Study. Participants included NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Wallops Flight Facility (WFF), Lockheed Martin Aeronautics (LMA), the French Space Agency (CNES) Toulouse Space Center, NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), and Space Dynamics Laboratory (SDL) plus numerous industrial partners. The purposes of the study were to: 1) determine technical feasibility of a long duration 2001 mission, 2) formulate a baseline concept, 3) identify pre-project technology requirements and, 4) develop a preliminary cost, schedule and plan. The study scope included definition and identification of mission concept technical issues including science instruments, gondola, balloon system design, entry vehicle and cruise spacecraft design, and launch vehicle performance considerations. The study effort concluded that the MABS mission is feasible based on conservative assumptions on environmental and technical readiness provided early and significant NASA investment in balloon system technology is initiated. The design approach, assumptions and results of the balloon system design are presented. Background In the mid-1980's, the French and the Soviets began studying a Martian Aerostat mission for the 1994 Mars opportunity. The system design concept eventually evolved into a 6 micron thick mylar balloon which would be pressurized during the day, descending to the surface during the night \ At night, the balloon would rest on the surface on a guiderope or "landing snake" suspended from the gondola. The mass of the landing snake on the surface relieved negative buoyancy so that the gondola did not touch the ground. The next day as the gas warmed and developed positive
Effect of methotrexate polyglutamates on thioguanine nucleotide concentrations during continuation therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia with mercaptopurine

Methotrexate is widely administered with mercaptopurine, a prodrug requiring activation into thioguanine nucleotides (TGN) to exert antileukemic effects. In vitro, methotrexate enhances TGN formation, but in vivo, such enhancement has yet to be demonstrated. We investigated whether TGN concentrations were related to methotrexate concentrations in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who received a weekly intravenous methotrexate (40 mg/m(2)) dose combined with daily mercaptopurine (75 mg/m(2)). A total of 141 erythrocyte TGN concentrations were measured with erythrocyte methotrexate polyglutamates (MTX-PG) concentrations in 87 patients. Average TGN concentrations ranged from 137 to 958 pmol/8 x 10(8) cells (median 389), average total MTX-PG concentrations (MTX- PG(1-7)) from 0.60 to 97.7 pmol/10(9)cells (median 29), and average long chain polyglutamate concentrations (MTX-PG(5-7)) from 0 to 8.35 pmol/10(9) cells (median 2.43). Higher TGN concentrations correlated with higher MTX-PG(5-7) concentrations (P = 0.002). These data support the practice of administering methotrexate with mercaptopurine during continuation therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Contamination level of vibrio parahaemolyticus of shellfish and its risk assessment in Yantai coast

Objective To master the contamination level of vibrio parahaemolyticus of shellfish in breeding, production process and retail link, to assess the risk of V. parahamolylicus infecting shellfish. Methods The vibrio parahaemolyticus infection was detected according to GB 4789.7-2008. The risk of vibrio parahaemolyticus from shellfish was assessed on the basis of swift quantitative microbiological risk assessment. Results The contamination percent of VP of shellfish in breeding, production process and retail link was 4.71%, 5.56% and 15.79%, the infection risk of retail heated shellfish potentially leaded to 5.53 ×10-5case/copy and pathogenic risk was 5.53×10-6case/copy. The incidence was 2.4×10-5during a year, the potential risk was highest from July to September, incidence was 1.8×10-5. Conclusion The shellfish in breeding, processing and retail link is infected by VP at Yantai coast, autochthonous microorganism and cross-contamination in breeding, processing, retail, storage and transportation are the main sources, VP in retail shellfish has high pathopoiesia risk.
Application of microgrid technology in active distribution network

Various types of distributed energy sources and energy storage devices,as the microgrid cluster,are connected to the distribution grid to form a smart power generation-distribution-consumption network,which realizes the interaction of energy and information among microgrids,distribution network and loads for the multivariate complement. As the best business mode,the development trend of active distribution network in smart grid is to achieve the active control and management of distributed resources. Different issues of the active distribution network with microgrid cluster are studied as the research objects,such as grid structure,planning,control scheme,operating mode,comprehensive benefits,etc.,the superiorities of applying the microgrid technology in active distribution network are analyzed,and its research direction is proposed.
Genetic Selection of Solubility-Enhanced Proteins Using the Twin-Arginine Translocation System

The expression of heterologous proteins in robust hosts such as Escherichia coli is often plagued by the tendency of the protein of interest to misfold and aggregate. To engineer and improve the folding properties of virtually any protein of interest, the quality control process inherent to the bacterial twin- arginine translocation (Tat) pathway can be exploited. The Tat pathway preferentially transports folded substrates across the inner membrane of E. coli with remarkable quality control that can provide selection pressure for protein folding and solubility. By fusing desired proteins to the N-terminus of mature TEM-1 β-lactamase and using an N-terminal signal peptide to target the fusion to the Tat pathway, it is possible to perform genetic selections for folded, soluble proteins. Here, we present a method for exploiting the folding quality control process associated with the Tat pathway for engineering folding-enhanced proteins.
The Interplay of Emotion Regulation and Sales Experience in Salesperson Conflicts: Evidence from an Emerging Economy

ABSTRACTIt is human nature that personal interactions are often charged with emotions and laden with conflicts. Workplace encounters are not immune from this reality. Despite this, few studies have examined ways to reduce interpersonal conflict in the workplace. This study examines the interpersonal impact of emotion regulation on salesperson relationships with stakeholders. Using structural equation modeling, results of the analysis showed that salesperson's regulation of emotions was negatively related to interpersonal conflict with co-workers as well as with customers; and positively impacted customer-oriented sales behaviors. The results also support the moderating role of selling experience in the relationship between emotion regulation and interpersonal conflict with customers. That is, the negative relationship between regulation and conflict with customers is stronger for salespeople with lower sales experience. These findings put forward important managerial implications with regard to the recrui...
The d = 1, O(N ≥ 3) rotor models

This and the following chapter are at a more advanced level, and some readers may wish to skip ahead to Chapter 14. In Chapter 11 we studied the O( N ) quantum rotor model in the large- N limit for a number of values of the spatial dimensionality, including d = 1. We noted that the results provided an adequate description of the static properties when d = 1 for N ≥ 3. This is justified in the present chapter where we obtain a number of exact results for the same static observables. We also noted that the large- N limit did a very poor job of describing dynamical properties at nonzero temperatures. This is repaired in this chapter by simple physical arguments that lead to a fairly complete (and believed exact) description of the long-time behavior. Some of the discussion in this chapter is specialized to the O( N = 3) model, which is also the case of greatest physical importance; the properties of the O( N > 3) models are very similar, and many of our results are quoted for general N . Of the remaining cases, the d = 1, N = 1 model has already been considered in Chapter 10, and study of the d = 1, N = 2 model is postponed to Section 20.3.
CIEclopedia: Profiling distinguished society leaders

CIEclopedia is a who’s who website database for comparative and international education. It was established in 2006 as an initiative of Teachers College, Columbia University. The project was supported by the Comparative and International Education Society (OES) and was launched on the occasion of the Society’s 50th anniversary celebrations. lhis chapter explores the nexus between CIEclopedia and OES leadership. It commences with a brief introduction on the nature and role of who’s who publications. It then gives a history of CIEclopedia, explores developments over time, and takes stock of achievements after a decade of existence.
Reliable product-service supply chains for repairable products

Abstract A mathematical model is developed for integrated flow planning in forward and after-sales supply chains of a company supplying repairable product-warranty packages to markets. Ignoring their interactions, these two supply chains are usually planned separately in literature. We consider demand- and supply-side variations in pre- and after-sales demands and qualified outflow of the SCs’ facilities. We show that to neutralize the impact of variations, orders should be amplified by moving from the downstream to the upstream of chains. Results of an example from the gear industry show what interdependencies exist between the company’s retail price, service levels, and warranty strategies.
Military ethics of Xunzi: Confucianism confronts war

Confucius and Mencius intentionally refrained from further discussing military actions because of their consistent belief of ethical governance, thus creating a theoretical gap. This study explores...