cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emergency Room Validation of the Revised Suicide Trigger Scale (STS-3): A Measure of a Hypothesized Suicide Trigger State

BACKGROUND: The Suicide Trigger Scale (STS) was designed to measure the construct of an affective 'suicide trigger state.' This study aims to extend the inpatient setting validation study of the original Suicide Trigger Scale version 2 to the revised Suicide Trigger Scale version 3 (STS-3) in an acute psychiatric emergency room setting. METHODS: The 42-item STS-3 and a brief psychological test battery were administered to 183 adult psychiatric patients with suicidal ideation or attempt in the psychiatric emergency room, and re-administered to subjects at 1 year follow up. Factor analysis, linear and logistic regressions were used to examine construct structure, divergent and convergent validity, and construct validity, respectively. RESULTS: The STS-3 demonstrated strong internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.94). Factor analysis yielded a three-factor solution, which explained 43.4% of the variance. Principal axis factor analysis was used to identify three reliable subscales: Frantic Hopelessness, Ruminative Flooding, and Near-Psychotic Somatization (Cronbach's alphas 0.90, 0.80, and 0.76, respectively). Significant positive associations were observed between Frantic Hopelessness and BSI depression and anxiety subscales, between Ruminative Flooding and BSI anxiety and paranoia subscales, and Near Psychotic Somatization and BSI somatization subscales. Suicidal subjects with suicide attempt history had mean scores 7 points higher than those without history of suicide attempts. Frantic hopelessness was a significant predictor of current suicide attempt when only attempts requiring at least some medical attention were considered. CONCLUSION: The STS-3 measures a distinct clinical entity, provisionally termed the 'suicide trigger state.' Scores on the STS-3 or select subscales appear to relate to degree of suicidality in terms of severity of ideation, history of attempt, and presence of substantive current attempts. Further study is required to confirm the factor structure and better understand the nature of these relations. Language: en
Mechanism of interferon action activation of the human P1/eIF-2α protein kinase by individual reovirus s-class mRNAs: s1 mRNA is a potent activator relative to s4 mRNA

The ability of pure viral and cellular single-strand (ss) RNAs to activate the interferon-induced, double-stranded (ds) RNA-dependent P1/eIF-2 protein kinase purified from human amnion U cells was examined. In addition to the well-established activation of P1 kinase autophosphorylation in vitro by reovirus genome dsRNA, the P1 kinase was also efficiently activated by certain reovirus ssRNAs. The reovirus s1 mRNA was a potent activator of the kinase. By contrast, the reovirus s4 mRNA was a poor activator of the kinase. Likewise, adenovirus VAI RNA, transfer RNA, 5 S ribosomal RNA, and rabbit globin mRNA were not activators or were very poor activators of the purified P1/eIF-2 protein kinase. Analysis of hybrid ssRNAs produced between the reovirus s1 and s4 mRNAs revealed that both the 5' and the 3' portions of the s1 mRNA possessed nucleotide sequences capable of mediating kinase activation. Subsequent deletion analysis of the 5' portion of the s1 mRNA identified a 161-nucleotide region located between positions 416 and 576 which was sufficient for P1 kinase activation. Treatment of reovirus s1 mRNA transcripts with either ssRNA- or dsRNA-specific ribonucleases, but not with heat, destroyed the ability of s1 mRNA transcripts to activate the kinase. These results suggest that P1 kinase autophosphorylation in vitro may be selectively activated by individual ssRNAs in a differential manner, and that a secondary or higher-ordered ssRNA structure(s) may be important in mediating the activation.
Multiplicity distributions and rapidity gaps.

We examine the phenomenology of particle multiplicity distributions, with special emphasis on the low multiplicities that are a background to the study of rapidity gaps. In particular, we analyze the multiplicity distribution in a rapidity interval between two jets, using the herwig QCD simulation with some necessary modifications. The distribution is not of the ``negative binomial'' form, and displays an anomalous enhancement at zero multiplicity. Some useful mathematical tools for working with multiplicity distributions are presented. It is demonstrated that ignoring particles with ${\mathit{p}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$0.2 GeV/c has theoretical advantages, in addition to being convenient experimentally.
Optimization of multilayer Laue lenses for a scanning X‐ray microscope

Multilayer Laue lenses (MLLs) have demonstrated great capabilities for efficiently focusing hard X-rays down to the nanometer scale. Optimized use of MLLs in a scanning X-ray microscope requires careful consideration of a number of practical parameters other than resolution and efficiency in order to optimize the microscope's performance and scientific throughput. Here, relationships among the apodization effect owing to the presence of a beamstop, the monochromaticity requirement and the allowable working distance are discussed, as well as their impacts on the performance of the optics. Based on these discussions, optimal MLL schemes aiming at 10 nm resolution for a scanning X-ray microscope for the Hard X-ray Nanoprobe (HXN) beamline at National Synchrotron Light Source II are presented.
A gated-7T MRI technique for tracking lung tumor development and progression in mice after exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation.

A gated-7T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) application is described that can accurately and efficiently measure the size of in vivo mouse lung tumors from ∼0.1 mm3 to >4 mm3. This MRI approach fills a void in radiation research because the technique can be used to noninvasively measure the growth rate of lung tumors in large numbers of mice that have been irradiated with low doses (<50 mGy) without the additional radiation exposure associated with planar X ray, CT or PET imaging. High quality, high resolution, reproducible images of the mouse thorax were obtained in ∼20 min using: (1) a Bruker 7T micro-MRI scanner equipped with a 60 mm inner diameter gradient insert capable of generating a maximum gradient of 1000 mT/m; (2) a 35 mm inner diameter quadrature radiofrequency volume coil; and (3) an electrocardiogram and respiratory gated Fast Low Angle Shot (FLASH) pulse sequence. The images had an in-plane image resolution of 98 μm and a 0.5 mm slice thickness. Tumor diameter measured by MRI was highly cor...
How flexibility induces streamlining in a two-dimensional flow

Recent work in bio-fluid dynamics has studied the relation of fluid drag to flow speed for flexible organic structures, such as tree leaves, seaweed, and coral beds, and found a reduction in drag growth due to body reconfiguration with increasing flow speed. Our theoretical and experimental work isolates the role of elastic bending in this process. Using a flexible glass fiber wetted into a vertical soap-film flow, we identify a transition in flow speed beyond which fluid forces dominate the elastic response, and yield large deformations of the fiber that greatly reduce drag. We construct free-streamline models that couple fluid and elastic forces and solve them in an efficient numerical scheme. Shape self-similarity emerges, with a scaling set by the balance of forces in a small “tip region” about the flow’s stagnation point. The result is a transition from the classical U2 drag scaling of rigid bodies to a new U4/3 drag law. We derive an asymptotic expansion for the fiber shape and flow, based on the le...
Photonic interconnection network architectures using wavelength-selective spatial routing for chip-scale communications

The overall performance of modern computing systems is increasingly determined by the characteristics of the interconnection network used to provide communication links between on-chip cores and off-chip memory. Photonic technology has been proposed as an alternative to traditional electronic interconnects because of its advantages in bandwidth density, latency, and power efficiency. Circuit-switched photonic interconnect topologies take advantage of the optical spectrum to create high-bandwidth transmission links through the transmission of data channels on multiple parallel wavelengths; however, this technique suffers from low path diversity and high setup time overhead, which induces high network resource contention, unfairness, and long latencies. This work improves upon the circuit-switching paradigm by introducing the use of on-chip wavelength-selective spatial routing to produce multiple logical communication layers on a single physical plane. This technique yields higher path diversity in photonic interconnection networks, demonstrating as much as 764% saturation bandwidth improvement with synthetic traffic and as much as 89% improvement in execution time and energy dissipation for traffic from scientific application traces.
EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS UREA IN CONTROL OF PAIN FROM VASOOCCLUSIVE CRISES IN SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

The safety and efficacy of the use of urea for the clinical remission of painful crisis in Sickle Cell Anemia has been the subject of extensive investigations and controversy.
Microbial community development in a laboratory-scale nitrifying activated sludge system with input from a side-stream bioreactor treating digester supernatant.

Three laboratory-scale activated sludge treatment trains were operated to investigate the effect on biodiversity in plug flow (PFR) main-stream sewage treatment from input of biomass from side-stream reactors treating anaerobic digester supernatant. One train had a completely mixed (CSTR) side-stream reactor, one a PFR side-stream reactor, and the third train was a control that did not receive input from a side-stream reactor. Restriction endonucleases were used to digest polymerase chain reaction-amplified ammonia monooxygenase subunit A ( amoA ) genes in monthly samples from each reactor. Restriction fragment banding patterns from polyacrylimide gel electrophoresis indicated that the structure of the ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) populations in all five reactors stabilized by the fourth month of operation and then did not vary subsequently. Furthermore, a dendrogram generated using the Jaccard distance showed that the AOB in each side-stream reactor was most similar to the main-stream reactor in the same train indicating that the AOB population in the side-stream reactor exerts a strong influence on the population in the main-stream reactor. Sequencing results indicated that Nitrosomonas europea , an r-strategist, was the dominant AOB in the PFR side-stream reactor, while Nitrosomonas europea and Nitrosomonas marina , a marine bacterium, were strongly represented in the CSTR side-stream reactor.
Cortically induced thalamic plasticity in the primate somatosensory system

The influence of cortical feedback on receptive field organization in the thalamus was assessed in the primate somatosensory system. Chronic and acute suppression of neuronal activity in primary somatosensory cortex resulted in a striking enlargement of receptive fields in the ventroposterior thalamus. This finding demonstrates a dramatic 'top-down' influence of cortex on receptive field size in the somatosensory thalamus. In addition, this result has important implications for studies of adult neuronal plasticity because it indicates that changes in 'higher-order' areas of the brain can trigger extensive changes in the receptive field characteristics of neurons located earlier in the processing pathway.
Coating-induced wavefront aberrations

The coatings which are used on telescope mirrors and other optical interfaces can have a profound effect on the image quality formed by an optical system. This paper evaluates the defocus and astigmatism which are caused by the s- and p-phase shifts of coatings. These coating-induced wavefront aberrations are usually insignificant, but can, under certain circumstances, overshadow the geometric wavefront aberrations of the system. The wavefront aberrations induced by reflection-enhanced coatings on an f/1.5 Cassegrain telescope are numerically evaluated as an example.
Laboratory evaluation and interpretation of synovial fluid

Canine and feline joint disease can be a primary disorder limited to joints or a manifestation of multisystemic disease. Collection and analysis of joint fluid provides valuable information for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of diseases that affect the joint space. The cytologic recognition of the cellular components and infectious agents in synovial fluid categorizes the cell response and differentiates inflammatory and noninflammatory joint disorders. This information is supported by the cell counts, protein content, mucin clot test, bacterial culture, and serologic tests for infectious or immune-mediated disease. These results are integrated with the clinical history, physical examination, radiographic findings, and ancillary test results to arrive at a diagnosis and treatment plan.
Fractionation of ammonia nitrogen isotopes by ruminal bacteria in vitro

Fractionation of ammonia N isotopes was tested in vitro as ruminal ammonia N was labeled by addition of 15 N-ammonium sulfate enriched at 10.7 at.% (15N10) or 20.5 at.% (15N20) excess. Ruminal inoculum was obtained from a lactating dairy cow fed a 45% forage:55% concentrate diet (dry matter (DM) basis). Duplicate incubations were carried out for 6 h and vessels were sampled at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h. Total and individual VFA, acetate to propionate ratio, and ammonia concentration did not differ ( P> 0.05) between treatments. The 15 N-enrichment of bacterial N increased ( P< 0.001) with incubation time, but was not affected (P = 0.36) by the degree of enrichment of the ammonium sulfate. However, at the latter incubation hours, 15 N-enrichment of bacterial N was higher ( P< 0.05) for 15N20 than 15N10. The proportion of bacterial N originating from ammonia N was not affected (P = 0.81) by the 15 N source. At 15 N-enrichment levels considerably higher than natural abundance, fractionation of N isotopes by ruminal bacteria is negligible and does not significantly affect the reliability of 15 N as an N tracer in nutritional studies with ruminants. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
A large-scale simulation model of pandemic influenza outbreaks for development of dynamic mitigation strategies

Limited stockpiles of vaccine and antiviral drugs and other resources pose a formidable healthcare delivery challenge for an impending human-to-human transmittable influenza pandemic. The existing preparedness plans by the Center for Disease Control and Health and Human Services strongly underscore the need for efficient mitigation strategies. Such a strategy entails decisions for early response, vaccination, prophylaxis, hospitalization and quarantine enforcement. This paper presents a large-scale simulation model that mimics stochastic propagation of an influenza pandemic controlled by mitigation strategies. The impact of a pandemic is assessed via measures including total numbers of infected, dead, denied hospital admission and denied vaccine/antiviral drugs, and also through an aggregate cost measure incorporating healthcare cost and lost wages. The model considers numerous demographic and community features, daily human activities, vaccination, prophylaxis, hospitalization, social distancing, and hou...
In-plane resistivity study in a Cu⧸Ni superlattice

Abstract The in-plane electrical resistivity of a Cu/Ni superlattice made by sputtering is studied. We attribute the dependence of the resistivity and the temperature coefficient of the resistivity on the layer thickness, to the size effect for our samples that were made with similar interfaces. We also suggest that the physical properties arising from the interlayer coupling is not sensed by the in-plane resistivity measurements due to the domination of the size effect.
An Alternative to F. Y. M. Wan’s Single Equation for an Elastic Right Circular Conical Shell

In 1970, F. Y. M. Wan derived a single, complex-valued ordinary differential equation for an elastically isotropic right circular conical shell (“On the Equations of the Linear Theory of Elastic Conical Shells ,” Studies Appl. Math., 49, pp. 69–83). The unknown was the nth Fourier component of a complex combination of the midsurface normal displacement and its static-geometric dual, a stress function. However, an attempt to formally replace the Fourier index n by a partial derivative in the circumferential angle θ results in a partial differential equation, which is eighth order in θ. The present paper takes as unknowns the traces of the bending strain and stress resultant tensors, respectively, and derives static-geometric dual partial differential equations of fourth order in both the axial and circumferential variables. Because of the explicit appearance of Poisson ratios of bending and stretching, these two equations cannot be combined into a single complex-valued equation. Reduced equations for beamlike (axisymmetric and lateral) deformations are also derived.
Crystal multiplication in undercooled H2ONH4Cl solutions

Abstract A model for crystal multiplication of undercooled H 2 ONH 4 Cl solutions is proposed herein; this model is based on the operation of density inversion driven convection currents in the mushy zone which generate dendritic debris and carry them upward into the bulk undercooled liquid where they grow. A minimum permeability of the dendritic network to fluid flow is necessary before the density inversion driven convection cells can operate. Permeability increases with time. At very large undercooling and/or high cooling rate there is no time to reach this minimum permeability before completion of solidification and no crystal multiplication is observed.
A comparison of simulation techniques and algebraic techniques for verifying concurrent systems

Simulation-based assertional techniques and process algebraic techniques are two of the major methods that have been proposed for the verification of concurrent and distributed systems. It is shown how each of these techniques can be applied to the task of verifying systems described as input/output automata; both safety and liveness properties are considered. A small but typical circuit is verified in both of these ways, first using forward simulations, an execution correspondence lemma, and a simple fairness argument, and second using deductions within the process algebra DIOA for I/O automata. An extended evaluation and comparison of the two methods is given.
Chlorophyll arrangement in a bacteriochlorophyll protein from Chlorobium limicola

The three-dimensional structure of a chlorophyll-containing protein has been determined by X-ray crystallography and shown to consist of three identical subunits, each containing a core of seven bacteriochlorophylls arranged in an irregular fashion and enclosed within an envelope of protein.
Properties and morphology of nanocomposites based on styrenic polymers. Part I: Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers

Abstract For polymer/organoclay nanocomposites formed by melt processing, interactions between the polymer, montmorillonite surface, and surfactant determine any thermodynamic driving force for dispersion of the clay in the polymer. Interactions between poly(styrene- co -acrylonitrile) (SAN) and a single organoclay were probed by varying the SAN copolymer composition. Sample preparation was accomplished by melt processing on a microcompounder followed by injection molding. The level of mechanical reinforcement was observed to increase with acrylonitrile content. Digital analyses of TEM photomicrographs of core samples suggest an optimum in the aspect ratio of the particles at ∼38 wt% acrylonitrile; montmorillonite particles are much longer and thicker for the PS-based composites indicting poor exfoliation compared to the SAN-based composites. The melt viscosity of the SAN copolymers used in this work increased with AN content; experiments showed that varying melt viscosity independent of AN content can account for some improvement in reinforcement.
A guide to understanding and implementing risk evaluation and mitigation strategies in organ transplantation.

Objective—To review the components of the Congressional mandate for risk evaluation and mitigation strategies (REMS) managed by the Food and Drug Administration and assess their impact on health care providers practicing within the organ transplant arena.Data Sources and Extraction—A non-date-limited search of MEDLINE and EMBASE (January 2007-June 2012) was conducted by using the following search terms: risk evaluation and mitigation strategies, REMS, and organ transplant, including a query of the individual organs. Information from the Federal Register and the Food and Drug Administration was also evaluated.Data Synthesis—REMS are strategies implemented to manage known or potential risks associated with medications and to ensure ongoing pharmacovigilance throughout the life of a pharmaceutical product. Elements of REMS programs may consist of 3 levels: a medication guide, communication plan, and elements to assure safe use. A medication guide is used to help prevent serious adverse events, aid in patient...
A research model--forecasting incident rates from optimized safety program intervention strategies.

Abstract Introduction/Problem Property damage incidents, workplace injuries, and safety programs designed to prevent them, are expensive aspects of doing business in contemporary industry. The National Safety Council (2002) estimated that workplace injuries cost $146.6 billion per year. Because companies are resource limited, optimizing intervention strategies to decrease incidents with less costly programs can contribute to improved productivity. Method Systematic data collection methods were employed and the forecasting ability of a time-lag relationship between interventions and incident rates was studied using various statistical methods (an intervention is not expected to have an immediate nor infinitely lasting effect on the incident rate). Results/Summary As a follow up to the initial work, researchers developed two models designed to forecast incident rates. One is based on past incident rate performance and the other on the configuration and level of effort applied to the safety and health program. Researchers compared actual incident performance to the prediction capability of each model over 18 months in the forestry operations at an electricity distribution company and found the models to allow accurate prediction of incident rates. Impact on industry These models potentially have powerful implications as a business-planning tool for human resource allocation and for designing an optimized safety and health intervention program to minimize incidents. Depending on the mathematical relationship, one can determine what interventions, where and how much to apply them, and when to increase or reduce human resource input as determined by the forecasted performance.
Detection of unique transmural architecture of human idiopathic cardiomyopathy by ultrasonic tissue characterization.

BACKGROUND Noninvasive approaches to the evaluation of idiopathic cardiomyopathy are limited. Recent work from our laboratory has used quantitative ultrasound to define the three-dimensional structure of normal human myocardium and the myocardial remodeling associated with infarction. Our goal was to define the role of ultrasonic tissue characterization for detection of specific alterations in the three-dimensional transmural architecture of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured frequency-dependent backscatter from 22 cylindrical biopsy specimens from nine explanted fixed hearts of patients who underwent heart transplantation for idiopathic cardiomyopathy, seven specimens from normal portions, and 12 specimens of infarcted tissue from six explanted fixed human hearts. Consecutive transmural levels from each specimen were insonified with a 5-MHz broadband transducer. The dependence of apparent (uncompensated for attenuation) backscatter, B(f), on frequency (f) was computed from radiofrequency (rf) data as: magnitude of B(f)2 = afn, where n is an index that reflects in part the size of the dominant scatterers in myocardial tissue. Myofiber diameter and percentage fibrosis were determined at each transmural level for each specimen. For cardiomyopathic tissue, the frequency dependence of backscatter (n) increased progressively from epicardial to endocardial (0.02 +/- 0.37 to 1.01 +/- 0.12, p less than 0.05) levels in conjunction with a progressive decrease in myofiber diameter (29.5 +/- 0.9 to 21.4 +/- 0.6 microns, p less than 0.0001). In contrast, in tissue from areas of infarction, the frequency dependence decreased progressively from epicardium to endocardium (0.91 +/- 0.20 to 0.23 +/- 0.21, p less than 0.05) in conjunction with a progressive increase in the percentage of fibrosis (23.5 +/- 9.4% to 54.5 +/- 4.9%, p less than 0.005). Normal tissue exhibited no significant transmural trend for frequency dependence, myofiber diameter, or percentage fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate the presence of a heterogenous transmural distribution of scattering structures associated with human idiopathic cardiomyopathy and myocardial infarction that may be detected by ultrasonic tissue characterization. The divergence of these transmural trends for frequency dependence of backscatter reflects distinct mechanisms of structural heterogeneity for different pathological processes that comprise a transmural gradation of cell size and fibrosis for idiopathic cardiomyopathy and infarction, respectively.
Discontinuation Rates for Protease Inhibitor Regimens Containing Ritonavir 600 mg versus Ritonavir 400 mg Plus Saquinavir 400 mg

OBJECTIVE:A retrospective study was performed to determine whether twice-daily ritonavir 400 mg plus twice-daily saquinavir 400 mg (ritonavir 400/saquinavir 400) was better tolerated than ritonavir 600 mg twice daily (ritonavir 600). A secondary objective was to determine whether the rate of discontinuation due to therapeutic failure differed between the two ritonavir regimens.DESIGN:The study was a retrospective chart review. Data collected included ritonavir dose; length of ritonavir therapy; reason for discontinuation; HIV-1 RNA prior to and at discontinuation of ritonavir therapy; CD4+ count; and antiretroviral therapy prior to, concomitant with, and initiated after ritonavir therapy.SETTING:Patient charts were reviewed in a university teaching hospital clinic.PATIENTS:Patients were identified through a search of the pharmacy database from December 18, 1995, to December 18, 1997. Patients were >18 years old, but not restricted by gender or race.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The main outcome measures were freq...
Application of Krylov exponential propagation to fluid dynamics equations

An application of matrix exponentiation via Krylov subspace projection to the solution of fluid dynamics problems is presented. The main idea is to approximate the operation exp(A)v by means of a projection-like process onto a krylov subspace. This results in a computation of an exponential matrix vector product similar to the one above but of a much smaller size. Time integration schemes can then be devised to exploit this basic computational kernel. The motivation of this approach is to provide time-integration schemes that are essentially of an explicit nature but which have good stability properties.
Identification of central nervous system neurons that innervate the bladder body, bladder base, or external urethral sphincter of female rats: A transneuronal tracing study using pseudorabies virus

Transneuronal tracing techniques were used to identify the putative spinal and brainstem neurons involved in continence and voiding in the female rat. Pseudorabies virus, Bartha's K strain, was injected into either the external urethral sphincter, the bladder base, or the bladder body. After 3-5 days, the rats were perfused with fixative, and virus-labelled cells were identified by using immunohistochemistry. External urethral sphincter (EUS) injections resulted in labelling of pudendal motoneurons in the dorsolateral nucleus of L6. Putative spinal interneurons were found in the medial cord from T13 to S1 and in the lateral gray of T13-L2 and L5-S1. After both bladder base and bladder body injections, the majority of pseudorabies virus-labelled cells were found in the lateral gray and medial cord of L6-S1. A number of those found in the intermediolateral cell column resembled the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons; the remaining neurons in the lateral and medial gray were presumed to be interneurons. Very few pseudorabies virus-labelled cells were found rostral to T10. In the brainstem, transneuronally labelled cells were found in the parapyramidal medullary reticular formation, Barrington's nucleus, raphe magnus, raphe pallidus, subcoeruleus pars alpha, locus coeruleus, the A5 noradrenergic cell group, and ventromedial periaqueductal gray after all injection sites. Pseudorabies virus-labelled cells were also seen in the forebrain following the longest survival times; areas consistently labelled included the lateral hypothalamus, the parvocellular region of the paraventricular nucleus, and the medial preoptic area. These studies indicate that there is a substantial overlap of central nervous system neurons that innervate the EUS and the bladder in the female.
Head injuries in school-age children who play golf

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in children. We conducted a prospective study, which examined injury characteristics and outcomes of school-age children of 5.0–15.0 years (N = 10) who were admitted to hospital for a TBI. This study evaluated the role of age, gender, the Glasgow Coma Scale, mechanisms and severity of injury, and functional outcomes. Seventy percent of the children sustained a TBI from a fall. We also found that playing golf was associated with 40% of the TBIs, with three (30%) children being unrestrained passengers in a moving golf cart and another one (10%) was struck by a golf club. Injury awareness could have benefited or prevented most injuries, and school nurses are in the best position to provide preventative practice education. In golf-centric communities, prevention of golf-related injuries should include education within the schools.
Grafting of light‐activated antimicrobial materials to nylon films

Protoporphyrin IX and zinc protoporphyrin IX were grafted to the surface of nylon-6,6 films via an ethylene diamine bridge and a poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) scaffold. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that approximately 57% of the nylon surface was covered by PAA and approximately 6% of the carboxylic acid groups in PAA were grafted to the ethylene diamine derivative of protoporphyrin IX or its zinc salt.
Engineering energy services of the future by means of Dynamic Energy Control Protocols (DECPs)

In this paper we conjecture that revolutionary advances in future energy services are needed and that these are only possible by means of information technology (IT). To support this claim, we first briefly describe the fundamental needs for changing the ways energy services have been provided, and possible consequences resulting from not adopting qualitatively new paradigms. We next make the case why managing energy services of the future to meet such needs will only be possible when pursuing a systematic deployment of IT-based mechanisms for processing, delivering and consuming energy. We stress open R&D questions to which basic answers are needed in order to rip benefits of IT. Notably, a multi-disciplinary approach to modeling and simulating a cyber-physical system (CPS) comprising the physical energy grids, and its support communications, sensing, and computing cyber layers is essential. Designing regulatory policies for facilitating penetration of IT at the value is also viewed as one of the key R&D challenges. Finally, we introduce our vision of an IT-framework in support of dynamic energy control protocols (DECPs) and illustrate potential benefits from implementing DECPs.
Lessons learned from case studies of hazardous waste/chemical reactivity incidents

The treatment of hazardous waste poses some unique chemical reactivity hazard management challenges. Hazardous waste in the United States is regulated by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, typically due to potential environmental and health hazards. However, hazardous waste can also have chemical reactivity hazards associated with storage, handling, or mixing with other materials. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has been active in communicating chemical reactivity hazards to the regulated community and has identified numerous sources for additional information. The Center for Chemical Process Safety has also been very active in providing advisory materials and monographs on the safe management of chemical reactivity hazards. Other federal government agencies, such as the Chemical Safety Board and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, have also taken up the call for increased awareness of the hazards of unintentional chemical reactions. Despite these efforts, history of incidents indicates that reactive chemical hazards associated with hazardous waste still go overlooked. In this article, we review hazardous waste incidents through case studies and public sector reports through the lens of chemical reactivity hazard management. In each incident, inadvertent heating resulted in an unintended chemical reaction, and sufficient information existed or could have been obtained to identify the hazards. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 33: 395–398, 2014
Herpes simplex virus recombination vectors designed to allow insertion of modified promoters into transcriptionally "neutral" segments of the viral genome.

The use of recombinant viruses has been essential in investigation of the biology of herpes simplex virus (HSV). In this communication we describe a number of viral recombination vectors that we have generated for use in promoter structure/function analysis within the context of the HSV-1 genome. We have utilized two regions of the HSV genome that contain genes nonessential for replication in cultured cells—the glycoprotein C (gC or UL44) locus in the UL of the genome and the area encompassing the promoter and 5′ portion of the latency associated transcript (LAT) within the RL. The vectors were designed to allow insertion in either orientation within the loci to prevent an artifactual influence on promoters due to the site of insertion. Two different kinetic promoters were analyzed, those controlling expression of the γ UL38 and the β dUTPase genes, in both loci. All constructs tested displayed reporter gene mRNA expression with expected kinetics, and we conclude that there are no neighboring cryptic promoter elements that could interfere with expression studies using the vectors described.
A non-intrusive method to add finite element-based random variables to a probabilistic design code

Probabilistic design computer programs are usually tailored to a specific mechanics problem and do not involve general-purpose finite element analysis due to efficiency and simplicity concerns. However, as these design codes become more widespread, the capability to extend the applicability of the design code by considering additional finite element-based random variables become more desirable and important. This research describes a methodology such that additional finite element-based random variables can be considered without modifying the design code software, that is, the methodology is ''non-intrusive'' and existing software can be extended without access to the source code. Probabilistic sensitivity measures have been developed for both the original and additional random variables such that the significance of the random variables can be determined. Efficiency issues are addressed through the construction and subsequent verification using response surface methods. The methodology is general in that it can be applied to any probabilistic design code and any finite element model as long as the original and additional random variables are independent-there can be correlation within a group. The methodology is demonstrated using a probabilistic fatigue application whereby a probabilistic design code is integrated in an automated fashion with a commercial finite element program.
Relativistic effects in kaon photoproduction from 12C

Abstract Kaon photoproduction from 12 C is investigated in the framework of a relativistic impulse approximation using Dirac single-particle wave functions. Using plane waves for the kaons, the matrix elements are evaluated in momentum space. Relativistic effects, resulting mainly from the small components of the Dirac bound states, are found to be large and may be observable in future experiments.
A direct comparison of local dynamic stability during unperturbed standing and walking

Standing and walking are very different tasks. It might be reasonable, therefore, to assume that the mechanisms used to maintain the stability of standing and walking should be quite different. However, many studies have shown that postural stability measures can generally predict risk of falls, even though most falls occur during locomotor tasks and not during postural tasks. This suggests that there is at least some commonality among the mechanisms governing the control of both standing and walking. The present study was conducted to determine whether the postural stability either is or is not directly related to locomotor stability. Twenty healthy adults, age 18-73 years, walked on a motorized treadmill at their preferred walking speed for three trials of 5 min. They also stood on a force plate for three trials of 5 min. Both tasks were performed without imposing any additional external perturbations. The motion of each subject's trunk segment was recorded and described using a multi-dimensional state space defined in the same manner for both tasks. Local dynamic stability was quantified from the mean divergence over time of locally perturbed trajectories in state space, which was parameterized as a double exponential process. Divergence parameters were compared to determine the relationship between local dynamic stability during standing and walking. Standing and walking exhibited local dynamic stability properties that were significantly different (P 0.1). Divergence parameters were also compared to traditional center of pressure (COP) measures obtained from standing trials. COP measures were significantly correlated to local divergence parameters for standing, but not to those for walking. This study provides direct evidence that the mechanisms governing standing and walking stability are significantly different.
Applications of short wavelength radiation : Soft X-ray microscopy and EUV lithography

Short wavelength radiation, in the 1-20 nm wavelength range is discussed, with particular emphasis on applications to soft x-ray (SXR) microscopy and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation. In this paper we bring attention to the fact that these two applications require a wide variety of SXR/EUV sources, some with good spatial coherence, others largely incoherent; some at fairly high average power (tens of watts), others at rather low (microwatts) power; some at fixed wavelength, others tunable. These provide great opportunities for attendees of this workshop who represent the world's body of knowledge in this area. We give reference to recent papers to illustrate these points, and call attention to recurring publications where further opportunities and progress can be monitored.
The remarkable inefficiency of word recognition

Do we recognize common objects by parts, or as wholes? Holistic recognition would be efficient, yet people detect a grating of light and dark stripes by parts. Thus efficiency falls as the number of stripes increases, in inverse proportion, as explained by probability summation among independent feature detectors. It is inefficient to detect correlated components independently. But gratings are uncommon artificial stimuli that may fail to tap the full power of visual object recognition. Familiar objects become special as people become expert at judging them, possibly because the processing becomes more holistic. Letters and words were designed to be easily recognized, and, through a lifetime of reading, our visual system presumably has adapted to do this as well as it possibly can. Here we show that in identifying familiar English words, even the five most common three-letter words, observers have the handicap predicted by recognition by parts: a word is unreadable unless its letters are separately identifiable. Efficiency is inversely proportional to word length, independent of how many possible words (5, 26 or thousands) the test word is drawn from. Human performance never exceeds that attainable by strictly letter- or feature-based models. Thus, everything seen is a pattern of features. Despite our virtuosity at recognizing patterns and our expertise from reading a billion letters, we never learn to see a word as a feature; our efficiency is limited by the bottleneck of having to rigorously and independently detect simple features.
Oxygen isotope studies of early Precambrian granitic rocks from the Giants Range batholith, northeastern Minnesota, U.S.A.

Abstract Oxygen isotope studies of granitic rocks from the 2.7 b.y.-old composite Giants Range batholith show that: (1) δ(O 18 ) quartz values of 9 to 10 permil characterize relatively uncontaminated Lower Precambrian, magmatic granodiorites and granites; (2) granitic rocks thought to have formed by static granitization have δ(O 18 ) quartz values that are 1 to 2 permil higher than magmatic granitic rocks; (3) satellite leucogranite bodies have values nearly identical to those of the main intrusive phases even where they transect O 18 -rich metasedimentary wall rocks; (4) oxygen isotopic interaction between the granitic melts and their O 18 -rich wall rocks was minimal; and (5) O 18 /O 18 ratios of quartz grains in a metasomatic granite are largely inherited from the precursor rock, but during the progression — sedimentary parent → partially granitized parent → metasomatic granite → there is gradual decrease in δ(O 18 ) quartz by 1 to 2 permil.
Emerging issues and challenges in global staffing: a North American perspective

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) recognize that human resources play an important role in gaining a competitive advantage in today's highly competitive global business environment. While all aspects of managing human resources are important, staffing, continues to be an essential IHRM activity that helps MNEs in their need for coordination and control across widely dispersed units. As such, researchers and practitioners alike are interested in addressing the key issues and challenges in staffing the several types of employees that comprise the global or multinational workforce. We focus on three issues that have emerged in recent years regarding how MNEs staff their multinational workforce including: 1) managing different types of employee groups; 2) selection and management of employees posted to international assignments; and, 3) receptivity to international careers among early career individuals. We review these and then describe an empirical study conducted on the third issue.
Sex and Miscommunication in Sherwood Anderson's THE TEACHER

At the end of Sherwood Anderson's story “The Teacher,” George Willard tries to sort through the events of the day: the embrace he shared with Kate Swift before she pulled away from him, leaving him...
Tissue reaction to extracorporeal circulation and elective cardiac arrest

Tissue reaction to extracorporeal circulation and elective cardiac arrest by cross clamping of the aorta was studied in dogs with normal hearts by a combination of pathological methods (including histopathology and histochemistry of frozen and dried serial biopsies) as well as physiological and biochemical methods. Thirty dogs had biopsies of the left ventricle wall and the liver prior to extracorporeal circulation, after resuscitation from extracorporeal circulation with and without elective arrest and after a 6 hour recovery period. At the end of the experiments a complete autopsy was done. After 30 minutes arrest at 37°C, the hearts could be easily resuscitated. In spite of focal glycogen losses, they were able to support the circulation during the recovery period. After 45 minutes arrest at 37°C, the response was unpredictable. Greater amounts of glycogen lost from the myocardium indicated eventual failure of the heart. The failure of the resuscitated heart to support the circulation was attributed to a lack of substrate (glycogen). It was not due to structural alteration or changes in the local enzyme capacity as measured histochemically. The correlative patterns which appeared for all three modes of evaluation form the baseline for the application of the developed systemic analysis to experiments with longer recovery periods and to dogs with abnormal hearts.
Thermogravimetric analysis for boiling points and vapour pressure

A TGA instrument has been adapted for rapid measurement of boiling points and vapour pressure at temperatures from ambient up to 400°C and pressures from ambient down to 20 mm Hg. Samples were contained in sealed holders having a laser-drilled aperture. Several organic liquids in the 100 to 300 gMW range showed good agreement with reference vapour pressure data. Sample mass, heating rate, and use of inert diluents were important variables affecting accuracy of vapour pressure measurements.
Ageostrophic motions in the stratosphere from satellite observations

Geopotential height fields, based on high vertical resolution radiometer measurements, have been used to infer the circulation in the stratosphere from 100 to 1 mb, in the Northern Hemisphere, on a daily basis during February and March of 1979. Initial calculations were based on geostrophy in the traditional way. In addition to demonstrating the benefits of high vertical resolution, these calculations show that for the disturbed conditions present at this time, many of the terms in the momentum equation which were neglected would have made nonnegligible contributions to the balance of terms. In particular, the convergence of meridional wave flux can affect the zonally averaged meridional component of the momentum budget. Ageostrophic terms can affect the zonally varying part of the momentum budgets as well, although an accurate assessment of their importance is complicated by nonlinear proceses. These and other results suggest that studies using diagnostically derived winds should include a scale analysis of the momentum budget to verify that the approximations used are valid. Revised estimates have been made of both the zonally averaged and zonally varying components of the wind that include important ageostrophic contributions.
Nondestructive Characterization of Ceramic Composite Whiskers with Neutron Diffraction and Ultrasonic Techniques

A necessary step in the development of structural composites is the understanding and characterization of the bond between fiber and matrix, Questions regarding the mechanical properties of the optimum interfacial bond and how properties of the bond can be assessed nondestructively must be answered. In this paper we present some results of a program at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) in which the characterization and control of interfacial bonds in composites are being investigated. The General Purpose Powder Diffractometer (GPPD) at the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) at ANL has been employed to measure residual strains in a ceramic-ceramic composite by neutron diffraction techniques. From the residual strain measurements it is possible to calculate stresses at the fiber-matrix interface. The results of the residual strain experiment and the initial results from experiments in which ultrasonic techniques were used to assess whisker-matrix bonding are discussed in this paper.