cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of T3 mediated T-cell proliferation by Ca2+-channel blockers and inhibitors of Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent kinase.

The potential roles of Ca2+ ions in the response of T lymphocytes to stimulation with monoclonal antisera to the T3 antigen were investigated by means of pharmacological agents that predominantly inhibit the flux of C a2+ ions into cells (verapamil, nifedipine) or the activity of C a2+-dependent kinases (trifluoperazine, polymyxin B). As assessed by uptake of [3H]thymidine. proliferation induced with anti T3-recombinant IL-2 at 72 h was inhibited by >80% in the presence of nifedipine at 50 μM, and almost completely arrested (>95% inhibition) with the other agents at the same concentration. Further quantitative assays of the effects of polymyxin B and trifluoperazine on C-kinase labelling of exogenous substrate showed a major reduction with both agents, but inhibition was substantially greater with polymyxin B that with trifluoperazine (IC50= 14 and 70 μM respectively). These results were confirmed by qualitative assessment of C a2+/phospholipid-dependent phosphorylation of endogenous substrates, which demonstrated major phosphoproteins of MW 56,000. 52.000, 43,000. and 20,000, and dose-dependent reduction in labelling in the presence of polymyxin B. Similar results were obtained under more physiological conditions in intact cells labelled with 32P orthophosphate. These findings indicate several possible roles for C a2+ in T cell activation, and several possible levels of activity, including modulation of calmodulin-dependent kinases and effects on C a2+/phospholipid-dependent kinases and C a2+ channels.
The Essence of Therapy: What Is Essential for a Therapeutic Engagement and Psychic Change to Take Place and What Model/Models Explain It Best?

Two patients in long-term intensive psychotherapy, both engaged at a deep transference level, are compared. The author explores two questions: First, “What is essential for a therapeutic process to take place?”; and second, “What contemporary theoretical models are useful in conceptualizing that process?” Six clinical/theoretical categories are delineated: (1) the quality of attachment to the therapist, (2) the nature of the transference, (3) interpretation, (4) patient and therapist personal attributes and life circumstances that facilitate and inhibit the process, (5) the responsibilities of both patient and therapist, and (6) how to conceptualize growth and what criteria to use to determine whether it has occurred. The final section discusses the self psychological theories that best explain these two patients: Kohut (selfobject theory and the nuclear self); Stern and the Boston Process Change Study Group (implicit relational knowing); Lachmann and Beebe (co-constructed interactions); and Shane, Shane,...
Cosmic gamma-ray background from type ia supernovae reexamined : Evidence for missing gamma rays at MeV energy

The observed cosmic $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray background at $\ensuremath{\sim}\mathrm{MeV}$ has often been attributed to Type Ia supernovae (SNIa). Since SNIa is close to a standard candle, one can calculate the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray intensity of SNIa integrated over redshifts fairly accurately, once the evolution of the SNIa rate is known. The latest SNIa rate measured at $z\ensuremath{\lesssim}1.6$ [Dahlen et al., Astrophys. J. 613, 189 (2004)] indicates that the previous calculations of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray background consistently overestimated the SNIa rate. With the new rate, we find that the SNIa contribution is an order of magnitude smaller than observed, and thus new population(s) of sources should be invoked.
Nasal Floor Augmentation for the Reconstruction of the Atrophic Maxilla: A Case Series

Purpose The severely atrophic edentulous maxilla imposes a challenge for dental implant rehabilitation. Nasal floor augmentation (NFA) is a method of augmenting bone height in the anterior maxilla. Autogenous bone has been commonly used as a graft material. Because of variations in results and lack of insufficient studies reporting the use of bone substitutes to graft the nasal floor, this study aims to evaluate the survival and success of dental implants placed in nasally grafted maxillae with osteoconductive bone substitutes. Materials and Methods Six patients with completely edentulous maxillae and inadequate height in the anterior to support implants underwent NFA. The nasal floor was exposed through an intraoral approach and grafted with osteoconductive bone graft substitutes. Twenty-four dental implants were placed, restored with a bar-retained implant-supported overdenture after a traditional healing period, and followed up after prosthetic loading. Patient satisfaction was evaluated with a questionnaire, and responses were expressed on a visual analog scale from 1 to 10. Bone levels were quantified radiographically based on a score ranging from 1 to 3, where 3 represented the highest bone support. Implants were evaluated for thread exposure and soft tissue health and were considered successful if the following criteria were met: absence of mobility; lack of symptoms; bone score of 3; and healthy peri-implant soft tissue without thread exposure. Results The age of patients ranged from 48 to 84 years, with a mean of 71.2 years. Three patients underwent NFA and simultaneous implant placement, whereas the other 3 had a mean healing period of 6.5 months before implant placement. Post-loading follow-up ranged from 4 to 29 months, with a mean of 14.2 months. The implant survival rate was 100%, with no complications. Ninety-three percent of the responses to the treatment satisfaction questionnaire had a score of 7 or greater. Bone scores ranged from 2 to 3, with 87.5% of implants having a score of 3 and 12.5% having a score of 2. None of the implants had a bone score of 1. Conclusions The use of osteoconductive bone substitutes for NFA, as shown in this small case series, is a reliable method for reconstruction of the anterior atrophic maxilla for implant-supported overdentures.
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) dictates osteogenic and/or chondrogenic lineage commitment of mesenchymal stem cells under dynamic compression

Elucidating the intracellular signaling cascades which lead to differentiation programs can be a daunting but necessary task. Even more so when the nature of the differentiating stimuli can elicit different biochemical responses yet achieve the same functional outcome. In the field of cartilage and bone regeneration the importance of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway has been a controversial issue as of late. Whether differentiation results from a soluble chemical induction or a microenvironmental cue on the cells seems to have a determining effect on the role that this pathway plays in ultimate cell fate. Here we explore the role of the ERK1/2 pathway on the mechanical induction of chondrogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). The cells were encapsulated in fibrin gel scaffolds and subjected to a dynamic mechanical compression stimulus previously demonstrated to induce chondrogenic differentiation of the cells with and without the addition of PD98059, a selective inhibitor for the ERK1/2 pathway. Samples were then analyzed by RT-PCR and histochemical staining for markers of both chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation. Our results show that dynamic compression induces the chondrogenic differentiation of the cells and that inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway completely abolishes this chondrogenic response. On the other hand, inhibition of ERK1/2 under dynamic compression augments the osteogenic response of the cells and significantly increases their expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen type I (COLI) and osteocalcin (OCN) (P<0.05). These results were confirmed by the histochemical staining where dynamically compressed samples show staining for sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) while the inhibited and compressed samples show no sGAG but present positive staining for microcalcifications. These results would suggest that the activation of ERK1/2 can determine the ultimate cell fate between the chondrogenic and osteogenic programs in cells stimulated under dynamic unconfined mechanical compression.
An algebraic approach for incremental maintenance of materialized XQuery views

Modern data sources, including structural and semi-structural sources, often export XML views over base data, and at times may materialize their views by storing the XML query result to provide faster data access. It is typically more efficient to maintain a view by incrementally propagating the base changes to the view than by re-computing it from scratch. Techniques for the incremental maintenance of relational views have been extensively studied in the literature. However, the maintenance of views created using XQuery is as of now unexplored. In this paper we propose an algebraic approach for incremental XQuery view maintenance. In our approach, an update to the XML source is transformed into a set of well defined update primitives which are propagated through the XML algebra tree. This algebraic update propagation process generates incremental update primitives to be applied to the result view. We briefly discuss our XQuery view maintenance system implementation. Our experiments confirm that incremental view maintenance is indeed faster than re-computation.
Identification of γ-methylglutamic acid in Lathyrus maritimus

Abstract From Lathyrus maritimus seeds a non-protein amino acid has been isolated by ion-exchange chromatography and identified as erythro -γ-methyl- l -glutamic acid. The compound is estimated to constitute about 0·5 and 1 per cent of the dry matter of L. maritimus and L. aphaca seeds, respectively.
Mutations of phage P22 affecting phage DNA synthesis and lysogenization.

Two temperature-sensitive mutants of phage P22, ts18.1 and ts12.1, are described which have recessive DNA-negative phenotypes. At high temperature they fail to synthesize phage DNA. In mixed infection with the two mutants or either mutant and wild-type phage, DNA synthesis and phage production are normal. In addition, under non-permissive conditions, these mutants fail to lysogenize and show dominant integration-negative phenotypes. They do not complement for lysogenization in mixed infection and each of these mutants interferes with lysogenization by wild type. At low temperature each mutant shows normal phage production and normal frequencies of lysogenization. These mutant lysogens are stable at high temperature. The data suggest the requirement for common functions for genome replication and prophage integration. The mutations are closely linked and map just to the right of the c region in map positions analogous to genes O and P of phage λ.
Magnetic resonance imaging in ophthalmoplegic migraine of children

Purpose: To present 2 children with ophthalmoplegic migraine and characteristic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings post enhancement with gadopentetate dimeglumine diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA). Methods: Two patients, ages 3 years and 7 years, underwent MRI during the acute phases of a recurring oculomotor palsy. MRI was repeated several weeks later as symptoms resolved. Results: In both cases, enhancement and thickening of the cisternal segment of the oculomotor nerve were present at initial presentation. Ophthalmoplegia resolved spontaneously in 1 child and after steroid treatment in the other. Both postresolution MRIs demonstrated decrease in enhancement and thickening of the third nerve. Conclusions: The enhancing, thickened lesion identified on MRI in our patients may represent an inflammatory process similar to Tolosa-Hunt syndrome occurring in the interpeduncular segment of the oculomotor nerve. Patients with ophthalmoplegic migraine may, therefore, benefit from the use of steroids. MRI of the brain post enhancement is a useful adjunct in the diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmoplegic migraine and should be considered as part of a workup of ophthalmoplegic migraine in children. (J AAPOS 2001;5:307-10)
Testing the Multiple Supernovae versus Gamma-Ray Burst Scenarios for Giant H I Supershells

The energy source of the giant H I supershells in nearby galaxies and in our own is still an unsettled issue. Proposed scenarios for production of near-complete ringlike supershells are multiple supernovae (SNe) and γ-ray bursts (GRBs). In the late phase of evolution it is difficult to tell these models apart. We show that, if a supershell has been powered by multiple SNe, peculiar metal abundances should be found in the medium within the bubble. We present line diagnostics that could detect such unusual abundances, such as unusually high ratios of [O]/[Fe] and [Ne]/[Fe]. Among ions of the same element, a higher enhancement is expected in lines from a high-ionization state than in lines from a low-ionization state. Identification of the energy source of H I supershells would set strong constraints on the rates and energetics of GRBs, as well as on their location within a galaxy.
Terminal Nerve Distribution to the Urethra and Bladder Neck: Considerations in the Management of Stress Urinary Incontinence

AbstractPurpose: Recent reports have suggested an increased incidence of intrinsic sphincter dysfunction, most of which seems to appear following the failure of a previous, usually vaginal, surgical repair. Our studies attempt to define more precisely the neuroanatomical relationships that exist in the region of the bladder neck and proximal urethra, and between the urethra and anterior vaginal wall.Materials and Methods: We dissected the pelves of adult female cadavers and step sectioned them at 4 mm. intervals. Several staining methods were used on each section to identify and document the position of the nerves and vascular structures between the vaginal wall and urethra.Results: A rich plexus of blood vessels and nerves with ganglia is located between the vaginal wall, and the proximal urethra and bladder neck. The greatest concentrations of nerves are in the 4 o'clock and 8 o'clock positions but nerve fibers are identified throughout the loose areolar tissue planes through which vaginal surgery for s...
State-Space Modeling of Cyclical Supply, Seasonal Demand, and Agricultural Inventories

The production of certain agricultural products follows an alternate bearing pattern of large and small crops. Many agricultural products also experience seasonal shifts in demand. Such patterns present a natural opportunity for profitable inventories. This paper applies state-space modeling techniques to the problem of modeling cyclical patterns in supply and demand and presents an application to the determination of inventory levels for such agricultural products using linear quadratic control.
An Unusual Cause of Diarrhea in an Immunocompromised Patient

Question: A 64-year-old man with a history of chronic hepatitis C and alcoholic cirrhosis underwent orthotopic liver transplantation 4.5 months prior. His course was complicated by moderate acute cellular rejection and he was maintained on tacrolimus 2mg twice daily, sirolimus 5 mg/d, prednisone 25 mg/d, and mycophenolate mofetil 1000 mg twice daily (quadruple immunosuppression). Soon after initiation of quadruple immunosuppression, he was transferred to our hospital for 3 weeks of watery, nonbloody diarrhea. He denied nausea or vomiting. The patient did not have any other relevant medical history. On presentation, physical examination was significant for mild, diffuse abdominal tenderness without rebound or guarding. Laboratory workup was notable for thrombocytopenia (platelets 56,000/mL), metabolic acidosis (bicarbonate 14 mmol/L), acute renal failure (creatinine 4.2 mg/dL), and normal liver function tests. Stool culture, ova and parasites, and Clostridium difficile toxin were negative. A colonoscopy was performed, which showed multiple large, shallow ulcers (Figures A and B). Histology revealed colonic mucosa with ulceration, granulation tissue, and mild acute inflammation. Cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus immunostains were negative. While in the hospital, the patient developed new generalized tonic clonic seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed a peripherally enhancing mass in the left frontal lobe measuring 3.2 3.1 3.3 cm concerning for an abscess. What is the diagnosis and what would be the next diagnostic step? Look on page 697 for the answer and see the GASTROENTEROLOGY web site (www.gastrojournal.org) for more information on submitting your favorite image to Clinical Challenges and Images in GI.
Controlled delivery of testosterone propionate suppresses fertility in treated females and induces prenatal androgenization in female offspring without phenotypic masculinization

Four experiments were conducted on the controlled delivery of testosterone propionate in cattle and sheep. Blood testosterone concentrations were more consistent across time when silicone implants were used for delivery than when compressed pellets were used for delivery. Heifers with high testosterone concentrations were infertile. Female offspring born to heifers exposed to a consistent delivery of testosterone propionate, beginning before and continuing throughout gestation, had normal female phenotype. Prenatally androgenized females were at least as fertile as untreated heifers. Combined, the four experiments demonstrate that 1) testosterone suppresses fertility of treated females, and 2) phenotypic masculinization and sterility of female offspring can be avoided when androgens are delivered prenatally by controlled release implants regardless of stage of gestation when treated.
A model for interfacing geometric modeling data with rapid prototyping systems

Rapid prototyping processes are becoming viable techniques for integrating product design and manufacturing cycles. These processes have the potential to achieve maximum designer-user interaction harmonizing the initial specifications with final operational requirements of a product. Rapid prototyping processes often begin with the creation of a model using a CAD modeler. This model is then sliced to generate data about successive layers which are then constructed one layer at a time by various processes depending on the rapid prototyping method. Currently, slicing is performed on a tessellation of the CAD model which is an approximation of the model itself. There are few problems that are at the heart of this technique, including the numerical inaccuracies resulting from round-off errors due to manipulating non-integer data, as well as the dependence on proprietary algorithms for generating the slice data. These numerical problems are reflected in the quality of the surface finish of the final product. This paper presents a technique for interfacing the CAD model with the rapid prototyping process which bypasses the surface modeling by tessellation and the approximations to the actual geometry that are inherent in this process and in the subsequent slicing of the model. The technique presented is based on slicing the model directly using its complete geometric representation. This technique represents an advancement over the currently used slicing methods and provides the means for generating smoother surface finish.
MHD simulation of mass injection: A mechanism for the formation of active region loops

A two-dimensional nonlinear MHD numerical code is used to simulate the formation and dynamic evolution of active regions loops subjected to mass injections at the footpoints. The UV and X-ray signatures of the plasmas are also calculated. It is found that it is possible to form loops in a low beta plasma that occurs in the solar active regions.
Oxygen-Controlled Three-Dimensional Cultures to Analyze Tumor Angiogenesis

Tumor angiogenesis is controlled by the integrated action of physicochemical and biological cues; however, the individual contributions of these cues are not well understood. We have designed alginate-based microscale tumor models to define the distinct importance of oxygen concentration, culture dimensionality, and cell–extracellular matrix interactions on the angiogenic capability of oral squamous cell carcinoma, and have verified the relevance of our findings with U87 glioblastoma cells. Our results revealed qualitative differences in the microenvironmental regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion in three-dimensional (3D) culture. Specifically, IL-8 secretion was highest under ambient conditions, whereas VEGF secretion was highest in hypoxic cultures. Additionally, 3D integrin engagement by RGD-modified alginate matrices increased IL-8 secretion independently of oxygen, whereas VEGF secretion was only moderately affected by cell–extracellular matrix in...
Preliminary study on the expression and the significance of S-phase kinase associated protein 2 in atypical ductal hyperplasia and breast cancer

OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship of high S-phase kinase associated protein 2 (Skp2) expression with the characteristics of breast cancer.
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its therapeutic potential in breast and gynecologic cancers

Abstract Objective. The relationship between the apoptotic pathway and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising area of scientific interest for cancer researchers. TRAIL-receptor-activating agents have demonstrated favorable in vitro and in vivo activity for the treatment of several malignancies including breast and gynecologic cancers. Methods. This article reviews the available peer-reviewed literature and our own institution's experience with specific TRAIL-receptor-activating agents. Emphasis was placed on the apoptotic/TRAIL mechanism, preclinical evaluation, and phase I studies in various malignancies. Results. Preclinical and early phase I studies indicate that these novel agents are safe with enhanced target specificity for malignancy. When these targeted agents are combined with conventional chemotherapy drugs or radiation therapy, they appear to increase cell death over single-agent modalities. Conclusions. TRAIL-receptor-activating agents represent an exciting new class of targeted therapies that hold promise to improve the treatment of women with breast and gynecologic malignancies.
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Part I: Review of Basic Diagnostics and Plasma–Particle Interactions: Still-Challenging Issues Within the Analytical Plasma Community

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has become a very popular analytical method in the last decade in view of some of its unique features such as applicability to any type of sample, practically no sample preparation, remote sensing capability, and speed of analysis. The technique has a remarkably wide applicability in many fields, and the number of applications is still growing. From an analytical point of view, the quantitative aspects of LIBS may be considered its Achilles' heel, first due to the complex nature of the laser–sample interaction processes, which depend upon both the laser characteristics and the sample material properties, and second due to the plasma–particle interaction processes, which are space and time dependent. Together, these may cause undesirable matrix effects. Ways of alleviating these problems rely upon the description of the plasma excitation-ionization processes through the use of classical equilibrium relations and therefore on the assumption that the laser-induced ...
Piecemeal learning of an unknown environment

We introduce a new learning problem: learning a graph by piecemeal search, in which the learner must return every so often to its starting point (for refueling, say). We present two linear-time piecemeal-search algorithms for learning city-block graphs: grid graphs with rectangular obstacles.
McKeown esophagogastrectomy for esophageal carcinoma after free jejunal graft

Several well-described options exist for reconstruction after total esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma. We present the case of a patient who was treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus; the patient had undergone treatment with neoadjuvant chemoradiation and free jejunal transfer for a cervical esophageal tumor 13 years earlier. Through a three-field approach, esophagectomy and reconstruction with a cervical gastrojejunal anastomosis were performed.
Framework for solvation in quantum Monte Carlo

Employing a classical density-functional description of liquid environments, we introduce a rigorous method for the diffusion quantum Monte Carlo calculation of free energies and thermodynamic averages of solvated systems that requires neither thermodynamic sampling nor explicit solvent electrons. We find that this method yields promising results and small convergence errors for a set of test molecules. It is implemented readily and is applicable to a range of challenges in condensed matter, including the study of transition states of molecular and surface reactions in liquid environments.
Mathematical modeling of integrin dynamics in initial formation of focal adhesions

Cellular motility is an important function in many cellular processes. Among the key players in cellular movement are transmembrane receptor proteins called integrins. Through the development of a mathematical model we investigate the dynamic relationship between integrins and other molecules known to contribute to initial cellular movement such as extracellular ligands and intracellular adhesion proteins called talin. Gillespie’s stochastic simulation algorithm was used for numerical analysis of the model. From our stochastic simulation, we found that most activity in our system happens within the first five seconds. Additionally we found that while ligand-integrin-talin complexes form fairly early in the simulation, they soon disassociate into ligand-integrin or integrintalin complexes, suggesting that the former tertiary complex is less stable than the latter two complexes. We also discuss our theoretical analysis of the model and share results from our sensitivity analysis, using standardized regression coefficients as measures of output sensitivity to input parameters.
Scoot: an object-oriented toolkit for multimedia collaboration

The Synchronous Collaborative Object-Oriented Toolkit (SCOOT) provides reliable real-time multimedia collaboration for geographically separated participants. SCOOT does this by synchronizing application states and ensuring reliable shared tool control. It is designed to provide this functionality while minimizing the modifications to application code, the impact on a developer's design style and level of effort, and on an application's structure. SCOOT extends the end-user's working style by providing a continuum of collaboration styles, ranging from informal to formal.
Integrating NEPA, environmental permitting, and contracting actions into a DOD hazardous waste treatment facility construction project to successfully meet budget and schedule

Environmental managers responsible for high-profile Department of Defense (DOD) construction projects entailing National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and environmental permitting requirements must constantly monitor cost and schedule. For numerous interrelated reasons, NEPA and environmental permitting are the initial critical path activities and are constantly scrutinized by higher management levels, as they have the potential to significantly affect life-cycle budgets and schedule if mismanaged. Maintaining effective management vigilance is therefore required to ensure environmental actions remain on schedule and support projected contract award dates and submitted budgets. This article provides some insights into how to integrate NEPA, permitting, contracting, and budgeting to achieve and maintain success from project inception to conclusion. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long wavelength infrared, molecular beam epitaxy, HgCdTe-on-Si diode performance

In the past several years, we have made significant progress in the growth of CdTe buffer layers on Si wafers using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) as well as the growth of HgCdTe onto this substrate as an alternative to the growth of HgCdTe on bulk CdZnTe wafers. These developments have focused primarily on mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) HgCdTe and have led to successful demonstrations of high-performance 1024×1024 focal plane arrays (FPAs) using Rockwell Scientific’s double-layer planar heterostructure (DLPH) architecture. We are currently attempting to extend the HgCdTe-on-Si technology to the long wavelength infrared (LWIR) and very long wavelength infrared (VLWIR) regimes. This is made difficult because the large lattice-parameter mismatch between Si and CdTe/HgCdTe results in a high density of threading dislocations (typically, >5E6 cm−2), and these dislocations act as conductive pathways for tunneling currents that reduce the RoA and increase the dark current of the diodes. To assess the current state of the LWIR art, we fabricated a set of test diodes from LWIR HgCdTe grown on Si. Silicon wafers with either CdTe or CdSeTe buffer layers were used. Test results at both 78 K and 40 K are presented and discussed in terms of threading dislocation density. Diode characteristics are compared with LWIR HgCdTe grown on bulk CdZnTe.
Amniotic basement membrane: A barrier to neutrophil invasion

Abstract Polymorphonuclear neutrophils activated by N -formylmethionyl-leucylphenylalanine are able to cross the human amnion as shown by Russo et al. (1981). With the same technique, we added polymorphonuclear neutrophils to either the epithelial or stromal surface of the amnion. The lower compartment of the incubation chamber contained 10 −8 mol/L of N -formylmethionyl-leucylphenylalanine. Of 24 amnion tested, only one showed polymorphonuclear neutrophil permeation. Ultrastructural observations indicated that the basal lamina and the zona reticularis of the basement membrane acted as barriers to polymorphonuclear neutrophil invasion. Recent studies indicate that the basal lamina and the zona reticularis of the basement membrane contain collagen type V. No data support the existence of collagenase of polymorphonuclear neutrophil origin that cleaves collagen type V. If enzymatic degradation of extracellular matrix components play a role in polymorphonuclear neutrophil invasion, it is possible that type V collagen acts as a barrier to polymorphonuclear neutrophil invasion in the human amnion.
Increased myocardial calcium cycling and reduced myofilament calcium sensitivity in early endotoxemia.

Abstract Background: Mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction during endotoxemia are multiple and their targets uncertain. This study tested the hypothesis that endotoxin (LPS) induces abnormal calcium-activated contractile force in the heart. Methods: Adult rabbits were given LPS intravenously; 2 hours later hearts were studied in the Langendorff mode. Measurements included peak developed pressure (PDP), myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), high-energy phosphates by 31P-NMR, and beat-to-beat intracellular calcium (Cai) by fluorescence spectroscopy. Myofibrillar calcium sensitivity was assessed from the relationship of PDP to Cai and the rate of diastolic Cai removal (τCa) was quantified. Results: Force-calcium relationships were markedly depressed in LPS hearts despite increased Cai. MVO2 was increased in parallel with increased Cai. Taken together, these data denote myofilament calcium insensitivity and mechanical inefficiency. τCa was markedly prolonged in LPS hearts, indicating impaired calcium reuptake and/or extrusion. High-energy phosphates and intracellular pH were unaffected by LPS; however, inorganic phosphate (Pi) was significantly increased. Dobutamine further increased Cai and MVO2 in LPS hearts without significantly improving calcium-activated force. Pyruvate, an inotrope that reduces Pi, significantly improved contractility in LPS hearts. Conclusions: Endotoxemia rapidly induced futile calcium cycling and reduced myofibrillar calcium sensitivity. This state was resistant to β-agonist inotropic stimulation; inotropes that normalize the calcium-force relationship may be more effective. (Surgery 1999;126:231-8.)
Computerized design and generation of cycloidal gearings

The generation and design of cycloidal (trochoidal) gearings that have found application in Wankel engine, Root's blowers and pumps are considered. The paper covers the following topics: (i) generation and geometry of planar cycloidal gearings and rotors of screw Root's blowers, and (ii) improved design that allows to avoid profile and surface singularities. Computer programs in support to proposed analytical solutions have been developed. Numerical examples that illustrate the developed theory are represented.
Determination of trace elements in photoresists used in the fabrication of submicron VLSI

Chloride ion and several metals in submicron VLSI grade photoresists have been determined at their trace levels. Chloride ion was determined by potentiometric argentometric titration of standard silver nitrate solution in acetone. Good recovery was obtained for as low as 2μg of total chloride, including those attributed to blank and sample, in the titration cell. In the determination of trace metals, we made comparison between two methods, namely, flame AAS preceded by dry ashing of the photoresist and the direct analysis using graphite furnace AAS without sample digestion. In the latter method, oxygen ashing was employed. Analytical results for iron and zinc by the two methods were comparable.
Self-condensation of activated dinucleotides on polynucleotide templates with alternating sequences

Substantial quantities of the alternating polymers poly(U-G) and poly(C-A) have been prepared and used as templates for the self-condensation of ImpApC, ImpCpA, ImpGpU and ImpUpG. It is found that the condensation of ImpGpu and ImpUpG on poly(C-A) is efficient, the condensation of ImpCpA on poly(U-G) is moderately efficient, while the condensation of ImpApC on poly(U-C) proceeds poorly. In many cases, the product is predominantly 3'-5'-linked. These reactions demonstrate unequivocally, for the first time, that template-directed reactions occur in double-helical structures. Furthermore, they describe for the first time a pair of reactions in which each of two complementary polymers facilitates the synthesis of the other. The prebiotic significance of these findings is discussed.
A Zero-Crossing Discriminator with Picosecond Time Slewing

A zero-crossing type of discriminator with a very wide dynamic range and a short dead-time is described. When used with a 56 AVP photomultiplier with a linear dynode resistor chain, a light amplitude variation of at least 125:1 may be accommodated. The relative time shift of the output discriminator pulse is then only 200 p.s.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, MOTOR DEVELOPMENT AND SELF-CONCEPT: RACE AND AGE DIFFERENCES

To investigate the effect of organized physical activity on the development of specific motor skills (body coordination and self-concept) of elementary age children, 344 children from the ethnic origins, black and white, were administered the Schilling Body Coordination Test and the Martinek-Zaichkowsky Self-concept Scale for Children. Motor development (body coordination) and self-concept scores were significantly higher for the group who participated in the physical activity program than for controls who did not. There was a linear trend in motor skill improvement, with Grades 2, 3, 4, and 5 showing significantly higher gains than Grade 1. The self-concept scores indicated a significant decline for Grades 3, 4, and 5. There were no significant differences between blacks and whites. A two-way interaction was found between grade and race in motor development, with blacks demonstrating lower mean scores than whites in Grade 2 but higher mean scores in Grade 5. Correlations between self-concept and motor development were non-significant.
A preliminary harmonic spline model from Magsat data

A preliminary main field model for 1980 derived from a carefully selected subset of Magsat vector measurements, using the method of harmonic splines, is presented. This model (PHS /80/) for preliminary harmonic splines is the smoothest model (in the sense that the rms radial field at the core surface is minimum) consistent with the measurements (with an rms misfit of 10 nT to account for crustal and external fields as well as noise in the measurement procedure). Therefore PHS (80) is more suitable for studies of the core than models derived with the traditional least squares approach (e.g., GSFC /9/80/). A comparison is conducted of the characteristics of the harmonic spline spectrum, topology of the core field and especially the null-flux curves (loci where the radial field is zero) and the flux through patches bounded by such curves. PHS (80) is less complex than GSFC (9/80) and is therefore more representative of that part of the core field that the data constrain.
19. The design and use of living snow fences in North America

Abstract Living snow fences are rows of trees and shrubs planted to control snow along land transportation routes, and which have the potential to (1) provide snow control, (2) enhance wildlife habitat, (3) provide winter livestock protection, (4) furnish environmental beautification and (5) offer long-term economic benefits. Disadvantages include the difficulty of establishment on some sites, the length of time to reach serviceable height, the high initial cost as compared to some structures, the degree of maintenance during the establishment period and the amount of land required. Primary features of living snow fence location and design include (1) distance from road, (2) length, (3) species, (4) number of rows, (5) spacing and (6) wildlife components. Each of these is discussed at length. Maintenance, which is the effort required to obtain satisfactory survival and growth, can present a number of problems in arid regions with limited precipitation. In such areas, issues which must be dealt with include irrigation, weed control, and protection from grazing livestock, big game animals, rodents, hot, dry winds and grasshopper damage. Solutions to these problems are discussed.
PFA implies ADL(ℝ)

In this paper we shall prove Theorem 0.1. Suppose there is a singular strong limit cardinal κ such that □ κ fails; then AD holds in L(R) . See [10] for a discussion of the background to this problem. We suspect that more work will produce a proof of the theorem with its hypothesis that κ is a strong limit weakened to ∀α ω Todorcevic [23] has shown that if the Proper Forcing Axiom (PFA) holds, then □ κ fails for all uncountable cardinals κ. Thus we get immediately: It has been known since the early 90's that PFA implies PD, that PFA plus the existence of a strongly inaccessible cardinal implies AD L (ℝ) and that PFA plus a measurable yields an inner model of AD ℝ containing all reals and ordinals. As we do here, these arguments made use of Tororcevic's work, so that logical strength is ultimately coming from a failure of covering for some appropriate core models. In late 2000, A. S. Zoble and the author showed that (certain consequences of) Todorcevic's Strong Reflection Principle (SRP) imply AD L (ℝ) . (See [22].) Since Martin's Maximum implies SRP, this gave the first derivation of AD L (ℝ) from an “unaugmented” forcing axiom.
Antigen Retrieval Using pH 3.5 Glycine-HCI Buffer or Urea Solution for Immunohistochemical Localization of Ki-67

A new antibody (MIB-1) has been described, permitting the demonstration of Ki-67 proliferation antigen in paraffin sections. However, satisfactory results were obtained only after subjecting tissue sections to microwave based antigen retrieval in citrate buffer solution. Other buffer solutions produce equivalent or better results and also permit use of the original Ki-67 antibody, which hitherto has been considered ineffective for paraffin sections.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) coatings for controlled drug release. I. Preparation and characterization of pharmaceutically acceptable materials

The basic technology for forming crosslinked elastomers by the end linking of low molecular weight hydroxyl-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) was modified to make it suitable for preparing coatings for controlled drug release. The requirements for this application included establishing conditions for the end linking that did not require the usual toxic tin or platinum catalysts; preparation of emulsions of small PDMS network particles that had extensive shelf-lives and that could be coalesced into cohesive thin films or coatings; and the determination of the conditions to make such coatings pinhole free, mechanically robust, and of sufficient thermal stability for coating procedures at elevated temperatures. The approach taken consisted of preparing water-based emulsions of the PDMS with sodium lauryl sulfate and restriction of the pH of the system to the acidic range with HCl. Evaporation of water from the emulsions resulted in elastomeric free-standing films of the PDMS that were characterized using stress–strain isotherms in elongation and equilibrium swelling in toluene, both at room temperature. The mechanical properties of the films were found to improve with an increasing molar ratio of HCl/TEOS and an increase in the amount of TEOS (giving increased degrees of crosslinking). Conditions for the optimization of the thermal stabilities as gauged by thermogravimetic analysis were established, including beneficial effects from the introduction of the crosslinks. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the predominant morphology was void-free films with very small, homogeneously dispersed silica particles from the hydrolysis of some of the TEOS. Additional work should be facilitated by the mechanisms for the crosslinking suggested by the experimental results. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 658–666, 2003
A PDF Dispersion Model for Buoyant Plumes in the Convective Boundary Layer

Abstract A probability density function (PDF) dispersion model is presented for buoyant plumes in the convective boundary layer (CBL), where the mean concentration field C is obtained from the PDFs py and pz of tracer particle position in the lateral y and vertical z directions. The py is assumed to be Gaussian, whereas the pz is derived from the the vertical velocity PDF, which is skewed. Three primary sources contribute to the modeled C field: 1) the “direct” or real source at the stack, 2) an “indirect” source to account for the slow downward dispersion of lofting plumes from the CBL top, and 3) a “penetrated” source to treat material that initially penetrates the elevated inversion but later fumigates into the CBL. Image sources are included to satisfy the zero-flux conditions at the ground and the CBL top. Comparisons between the modeled crosswind-integrated concentration fields Cy and convection tank data show fair to good agreement in the lower half of the CBL. In particular, the Cy profiles at the...
Surface orientational order at liquid-vapor interfaces induced by dipole-image-dipole interactions.

Highly dipolar molecules become orientationally ordered in the vicinity of a surface due to the electrostatic interaction with their image dipoles. We study this orientational order ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}$ at the noncritical liquid-vapor interface of critical $\mathrm{dipolar}+\mathrm{nonpolar}$ mixtures using ellipsometry. The dipolar molecules, which are strongly desorbed from the interface, possess an orientational order which is well described by ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{-}{t}^{2\ensuremath{\beta}}{D}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}(z/\ensuremath{\xi}),$ where $t=|T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}|{/T}_{c}$ is the reduced temperature relative to the critical temperature ${T}_{c},$ ${D}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ is a universal function of the distance z and the surface correlation length $\ensuremath{\xi}={\ensuremath{\xi}}_{o+}^{s}{t}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\nu}},$ while $\ensuremath{\beta}=0.328$ and $\ensuremath{\nu}=0.632$ are standard critical exponents. The dipoles, which are preferentially oriented parallel to the surface, are repelled by their image dipoles, where ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{o+}^{s}g{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{o+}^{b}$ (the bulk correlation length amplitude).
Government subsidies to private spending on public goods

This paper examines how the size of an efficient subsidy varies with the amount of free-riding and the presence of distorting taxation. Ironically, the existence of free-riding, where some individuals make no voluntary contribution at all, reduces the size of an efficient subsidy and makes a subsidy more attractive compared to direct taxation. For the gain to be significant, the number of donors must be extremely few in number. Even when the gains from a subsidy relative to direct taxation are small, a subsidy may dominate direct taxation because it can reveal an efficient level of the public good. The analysis distinguishes between traditional public goods such as national defense, and what I call transfer public goods, where members of society care about the consumption of a particular group in society such as the poor. I generalize the Samuelson (1954) results to derive conditions for efficiency in providing transfer public goods.
Appendicitis in preschool aged children: Regression analysis of factors associated with perforation outcome

Abstract Objectives Apply multivariate regression analysis to determine the significance of clinical variables for perforation outcome of a large series of preschool aged children with appendicitis. Methods Retrospective case review of 180 consecutive children Results This age group accounted for only 9% of all cases of pediatric appendicitis at our institution during the study period. Perforation rate was inversely proportional to patient age, occurring in 100% aged 1 day; and 93% when > 2 days. One-quarter with perforation had a prior recent medical evaluation with an alternative diagnosis rendered preappendicitis diagnosis. The mean duration of hospitalization was four times longer in those with perforation [8 days] vs no perforation [2 days]. Univariate analysis showed each of the following factors was significantly associated with perforation outcome: younger patient age, female gender, prior medical visit Conclusions Although relatively uncommon in this age group, appendicitis is frequently associated with delayed diagnosis and perforation outcome. Risk for perforation is directly proportional to increasing duration of symptoms. Clinicians must maintain a high index of suspicion for this condition in these younger children, as early diagnosis is essential to maximizing outcome.
Dual Mode of Glucagon Receptor Internalization: Role of PKCα, GRKs and β-arrestins

Glucagon levels are elevated in diabetes and some liver diseases. Increased glucagon secretion leads to abnormal stimulation of glucagon receptors (GRs) and consequent elevated glucose production in the liver. Blocking glucagon receptor signaling has been proposed as a potential treatment option for diabetes and other conditions associated with hyperglycemia. Elucidating mechanisms of GR desensitization and downregulation may help identify new drug targets besides GR itself. The present study explores the mechanisms of GR internalization and the role of PKCα, GPCR kinases (GRKs) and β-arrestins therein. We have reported previously that PKCα mediates GR phosphorylation and desensitization. While the PKC agonist, PMA, did not affect GR internalization when tested alone, it increased glucagon-mediated GR internalization by 25–40% in GR-expressing HEK-293 cells (HEK-GR cells). In both primary hepatocytes and HEK-GR cells, glucagon treatment recruited PKCα to the plasma membrane where it colocalized with GR. We also observed that overexpression of GRK2, GRK3, or GRK5 enhanced GR internalization. In addition, we found that GR utilizes both clathrin- and caveolin-mediated endocytosis in HEK-GR cells. Glucagon triggered translocation of both β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2 from the cytosol to the perimembrane region, and overexpression of β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2 increased GR internalization. Furthermore, both β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2 colocalized with GR and with Cav-1, suggesting the possible involvement of these arrestins in GR internalization.