cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 10 Neuropsychological Analyses of Surgical Skill

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a systematic study of nonverbal cognitive and motor abilities that identify important dimensions of variability among surgery residents and define precursors of superior technical ability. The four goals of the research program are: (1) to develop an effective criterion index of surgical performance; (2) to identify neuropsychologic measures of cognitive, perceptual, and motor skills related to operative technique but unrelated to measures of academic achievement; (3) to evaluate the relative importance of these abilities in accounting for variation among residents; and (4) to compare the efficiency of neuropsychological variables with academic indices in the prediction of surgical performance. A battery of psychological and neuropsychological tests to index five areas of nonverbal abilities, which might bear some relationship to operative skill including psychomotor abilities, perceptual abilities, perceptuomotor abilities, spatial memory, and stress tolerance. The results show that pure motor ability is not the critical factor in surgical proficiency. Rather, relatively innate, nonverbal, perceptually-based cognitions about complex spatial information appear to play a more central role in the operating room.
Visualizing Human-Environment Interactions: Integrating Concepts and Techniques from HCI, Human Factors and Media Psychology

As architecture becomes increasingly integrated with information technology, we need to envision new approaches for architectural visualization. In this paper, we describe an evolving approach for architectural visualization that integrates affordable virtual reality tools, motion capture technology and psychophysiological measurement tools. We start by tracing the development and validation of our two virtual reality labs. Next, we describe our current attempts at visualizing embodied interaction and the use of behavioral agents for simulating human-environment interaction. We conclude by discussing our current work and future directions, particularly our idea to integrate psychophysiological tools for measuring cognitive and affective responses to these information rich environments.
Serendipity: A Delightful Surprise that Requires Insight

Since serendipity is the focus of this column, its definition is explored first. Then, qualitative and quantitative research methodologies are compared as to how they handle such unexpected findings. Next, the nature of complex adaptive systems is discussed. Here it is suggested that modifications to extant quantitative methodologies, including the incorporation of serendipitous findings, are requisite to explain the nature of dynamic ever-evolving systems.
Application of a sub-cell FDTD algorithm for modeling thin radomes covering microstrip patch antennas

The finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is widely used for radiation and scattering problems in electromagnetics. For modeling thin structures, the standard scheme that uses a uniform cell-size grid requires excessive simulation time and memory requirements. One solution to the problem of modeling thin structures is to use a sub-cell FDTD algorithm and use special update equations in the fields in the region of interest. We study the application of the sub-cell method to the modeling of thin radomes covering microstrip arrays in space based applications. The ability to model dielectric radomes that are thin relative to cell-size in FDTD is an important aspect in predicting the accurate resonant frequency in microstrip antennas. Simulation results are compared with existing results in the literature and also with measurement.
Formaldehyde and photoactivatable cross-linking of the periplasmic binding protein to a membrane component of the histidine transport system of Salmonella typhimurium.

Abstract The histidine permease of Salmonella typhimurium consists of four protein components, one located in the periplasm and three in the cytoplasmic membrane. Genetic evidence indicated that the periplasmic protein interacts with the membrane proteins during transport. We have utilized two different methods to demonstrate that the periplasmic protein cross-links specifically to one of the membrane components, the Q protein. Formaldehyde, a water-soluble permeant molecule was used in vivo. Sulfosuccinimidyl 6-(4'-azido-2'-nitrophenylamino)hexanoate, a photoactivatable cross-linking reagent, was used in vitro in a reconstituted membrane vesicle system. Furthermore, we show that a mutant periplasmic protein, capable of binding substrate but not transporting it, is defective in cross-linking to the membrane protein, indicating this interaction to be a crucial step in the mechanism of transport.
Control of the NASA Langley 16-foot transonic tunnel with the self-organizing map

A predictive, multiple model control strategy is developed based on an ensemble of local linear models of the nonlinear system dynamics for a transonic wind tunnel. The local linear models are estimated directly from the weights of a self-organizing map (SOM). Multiple self-organizing maps collectively model the global response of the wind tunnel to a finite set of representative prototype controls. These prototype controls partition the control space and incorporate experiential knowledge gained from decades of operation. Each SOM models the combination of the tunnel with one of the representative controls, over the entire range of operation. The SOM based linear models are used to predict the tunnel response to a larger family of control sequences which are on the representative prototypes. The control which corresponds to the prediction that best satisfies the requirements on the system output is applied as the external driving signal. Each SOM provides a codebook representation of the tunnel dynamics corresponding to a prototype control. Different dynamic regimes are organized into topological neighborhoods where the adjacent entries in the codebook represent the minimization of a similarity metric which is the essence of the self organizing feature of the map. Thus, the SOM is additionally employed to identify the local dynamical regime, and consequently implements a switching scheme that selects the best available model for the applied control. Experimental results of controlling the wind tunnel, with the proposed method, during operational runs where strict research requirements on the control of the Mach number were met, are presented.
A source of polarized protons

The design, construction and test of a source of polarized protons for the Minnesota linear accelerator will be described. The principle used is to separate the spin states mJ = + 12and mJ = − 12 in a hydrogen atomic beam by deflection in a strong inhomogeneous magnetic field. The selected component (mJ = + 12) passes adiabatically into a weak field region (forming states F = 1, mF = 1, 0), where it is ionized by electron bombardment. Protons are extracted, accelerated and scattered from various targets. The asymmetry after a single scattering is measured and allows a determination of the beam polarization, if the analyzing power of the scatterer is known. The source itself produces a direct current of 3 × 10−8 A of protons with a polarisation of 15%∗∗∗
Spatial and temporal scales of local equilibrium in dynamic fluid-rock systems

The assumption of local equilibria (LEQ) is common when calculating the consequences of chemical interactions between a flowing fluid and host rock. LEQ is a good approximation if an initial disequilibrium condition relaxes to an equilibrium state over a distance and time period that is less than the spatial and temporal scales-of-interest. These scales-of-interest depend on the particular problem under investigation and include the hundreds of meters scale for field investigations, the sub-meter scale for laboratory investigations and the sub-crystal scale. The computational step size and grid block size define the scales-of-interest for the computer experimentalist. An equation representing the scale-of-interest and describing advective, diffusive and dispersive transport coupled with irreversible heterogeneous reaction is derived and analytically solved for a single component (silica), monomineralic (quartz), one-dimensional system. The time, teq, and distance, leq, required for an impulse of fluid, initially undersaturated with respect to quartz, to relax to equilibrium is calculated for a wide range of reactions rates and transport conditions. teq and leq are reaction rate dominated for small scales-of-interest and for reaction rates that are fast relative to advection rates; this occurs in most natural environments with elevated temperatures. teq and leq are independent of reaction rate for large scales-of-interest and for slow reactions relative to advection; this is characteristic of sedimentary basins and man-made processes. Typically, teq ≈ 1 year and leq ≈ 10 m for sedimentary basins; teq ≈ 3 days and leq ≈ 10 mm for host rocks in magmahydrothermal systems; teq ≈ 10 hours and leq = 250 μm for regional metamorphic environments; teq ≈ 1 year and leq ≈ 100 m for injection wells; teq ≈ 700 years and leq ≈ 75 km for laboratory core flow experiments. These values depend on the specifics of each environment and can vary over orders of magnitudes. LEQ is a good approximation if teq and leq are less than the scales-of-interest. This analysis, though quantitative, is only approximate because it does not include the effects of competing heterogeneous reactions. These effects result in over-estimation of teq and leq for low temperature silicate environments and under-estimation of teq and leq for high temperature environments.
Hv1 Proton Channel Opening Is Preceded by a Voltage-independent Transition

The voltage sensing domain (VSD) of the voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 mediates a H+-selective conductance that is coordinately controlled by the membrane potential (V) and the transmembrane pH gradient (ΔpH). Allosteric control of Hv1 channel opening by ΔpH (V-ΔpH coupling) is manifested by a characteristic shift of approximately 40 mV per ΔpH unit in the activation. To further understand the mechanism for V-ΔpH coupling in Hv1, H+ current kinetics of activation and deactivation in excised membrane patches were analyzed as a function of the membrane potential and the pH in the intracellular side of the membrane (pHI). In this study, it is shown for the first time to our knowledge that the opening of Hv1 is preceded by a voltage-independent transition. A similar process has been proposed to constitute the step involving coupling between the voltage-sensing and pore domains in tetrameric voltage-gated channels. However, for Hv1, the VSD functions as both the voltage sensor and the conduction pathway, suggesting that the voltage independent transition is intrinsic to the voltage-sensing domain. Therefore, this article proposes that the underlying mechanism for the activation of Hv1 involves a process similar to VSD relaxation, a process previously described for voltage-gated channels and voltage-controlled enzymes. Finally, deactivation seemingly occurs as a strictly voltage dependent process, implying that the kinetic event leading to opening of the proton conductance are different than those involved in the closing. Thus, from this work it is proposed that Hv1 activity displays hysteresis.
How do emotion and motivation direct executive control

Emotion and motivation have crucial roles in determining human behavior. Yet, how they interact with cognitive control functions is less understood. Here, the basic elements of a conceptual framework for understanding how they interact are introduced. More broadly, the 'dual competition' framework proposes that emotion and motivation affect both perceptual and executive competition. In particular, the anterior cingulate cortex is hypothesized to be engaged in attentional/effortful control mechanisms and to interact with several other brain structures, including the amygdala and nucleus accumbens, in integrating affectively significant signals with control signals in prefrontal cortex. An implication of the proposal is that emotion and motivation can either enhance or impair behavioral performance depending on how they interact with control functions.
Recent results in adaptive array detection

Some recent results in the theory of adaptive array detection are presented. Detection curves are given for various detection algorithms. These detection algorithms are suitable for nulling out noise or interference sources in which the noise statistics are to be estimated from target- free data. They share the constant false alarm rate property, so that their false alarm rate can be set without knowledge of the noise covariance matrix. Also considered is a detection algorithm employing diagonal loading.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Chemical clocks on the basis of rotating waves. Measuring irrational numbers from period ratios

Abstract An ink-jet printer is utilized to generate catalyst-loaded patterns such as circles, triangles, and squares on polysulphone membranes. These patterns define excitable domains for the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction in which rotating waves can be initiated. The resulting wave propagation is exploited for the implementation of chemical clocks with stable period ratios. Based on this approach the irrational numbers π , √2, and the golden mean are measured with a relative error of 0.1−0.2%.
Exploring alternative ovarian cancer biomarkers using innovative nanotechnology strategies

Our increased understanding of ovarian cancer’s blueprints (mediated by DNA and RNA) and behavior (mediated by proteins) points to wide differences across patients that cannot be depicted by histology alone. Conventional diagnosis usually entails an adequate tissue biopsy, which limits serial testing. There is thus a motivation to shift towards easier to obtain clinical samples (e.g., ascites or blood). In response, investigators are increasingly leveraging alternative circulating biomarkers in blood or proximal fluids and harnessing novel profiling platforms to help explore treatment-related effects on such biomarkers in serial fashion. In this review, we discuss how new nanotechnologies we developed intersect with alternative ovarian cancer biomarkers for improved understanding of metastases and therapeutic response.
Renal regulation of phosphorus excretion.

Four male patients with apparently normal phosphorus metabolism and renal function were studied during a metabolic balance regimen and then given oral phosphorus supplements. In all cases there was an increase in the level of serum phosphorus, filtered phosphorus and urinary phosphorus. By the end of second 24-hour period, phosphorus excretion had become stabilized. Similar, but opposite responses followed withdrawal of the phosphorus supplements. Tubular response significantly affected phosphorus excretion in less than half of the studies, and in only 1 patient did it assume the major regulatory function. In several instances there were pronounced changes in the filtration rate; the tubular reabsorption, as a derived function, was more closely related to this change than to the variation in phosphorus intake. The parathyroid hormone appears to regulate renal function in response to sustained rather than transient variations in the dietary phosphorus load
Optical confinement factor in waveguide electroabsorption modulators: design and measurement

In this paper, we show that optical confinement factor (/spl gamma/) can be a powerful design tool for optimizing the total performance of waveguide electroabsorption modulator, provided the material design is also optimized. In particular, a small-/spl gamma/, large-core waveguide design not only reduces the fiber-to-fiber insertion loss, but also improves the robustness of the waveguide mode, as shown by the experimental measurement of /spl gamma/ as a function of applied voltage for two types of waveguides. >
Origins of Neutrino Events with Three Muons

The experimental observation of events in neutrino scattering with three outgoing muons presents a potential challenge to SU/sub 2/ x U/sub 1/ gauge models, depending on the source of such events. In this paper a comprehensive study is reported of four possible modes of trimuon production (hadronic, mixed, leptonic, and trident modes). Background sources are expected to be significant and will have to be separated from other sources. Attention is also given to two trimuon events with extraordinarily energetic muons.
Spindle cell lipoma of the oral cavity. Report of a rare intramuscular case with fine needle aspiration findings.

Background Spindle cell lipoma (SCL) is a benign neoplasm characterized by a mixture of mature fat, bland spindle cells and wiry collagen in a variably myxoid background. Oral SCLs are rare, and only four cases of intramuscular SCL exist in the literature. We report the first case of intramuscular SCL of the oral cavity with fine needle aspiration (FNA) findings. Case A 61-year-old woman presented with a 3-cm mass in the right gingivobuccal sulcus. Papanicolaoustained FNA smears were hypocellular and contained loose collections of spindle cells in a myxoid background, numerous mast cells, rare capillary fragments and portions of skeletal muscle. The spindle cells had mild nuclear enlargement, focal nuclear irregularities, rare intranuclear inclusions and occasional small nucleoli. No lipoblasts or mitoses were identified. There was intermingling of the spindle cells with the skeletal muscle fragments. Conclusion Intraoral SCL is a rare lesion but should be considered in the differential for a benign spindle cell neoplasm in the oral cavity. Clues to diagnosis on cytology include mature fat, bland spindle cells, a myxoid background and mast cells.
Identification of a cold receptor reveals a general role for TRP channels in thermosensation

The cellular and molecular mechanisms that enable us to sense cold are not well understood. Insights into this process have come from the use of pharmacological agents, such as menthol, that elicit a cooling sensation. Here we have characterized and cloned a menthol receptor from trigeminal sensory neurons that is also activated by thermal stimuli in the cool to cold range. This cold- and menthol-sensitive receptor, CMR1, is a member of the TRP family of excitatory ion channels, and we propose that it functions as a transducer of cold stimuli in the somatosensory system. These findings, together with our previous identification of the heat-sensitive channels VR1 and VRL-1, demonstrate that TRP channels detect temperatures over a wide range and are the principal sensors of thermal stimuli in the mammalian peripheral nervous system.
Nickel(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) binding properties and cytotoxicity of tripodal, hexadentate tris(ethylenediamine): analogue chelators

Three tripodal hexamine chelators based on cis,cis-1,3,5-triaminocyclohexane (tach) have been synthesized and their aqueous coordination chemistry with Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) is reported. The chelators have a 2-aminoethyl pendant arm attached to each nitrogen of tach, specifically 'tachen'(N,N',N''-tris(2-aminoethyl)cyclohexane-cis,cis-1,3,5-triamine), and two with S,S,S-chiral pendant arms, 'tachpn'(N,N',N''-tris(2-aminopropyl)cyclohexane-cis,cis-1,3,5-triamine) and 'tachbn'(N,N',N''-tris(2-amino-3-phenylpropyl)cyclohexane-cis,cis-1,3,5-triamine. These chelators complex Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) in aqueous or aqueous/methanolic medium. The crystalline products [M(II)L](X)2 are isolated, where M = Ni(II), Cu(II) or Zn(II), L = tachen, tachpn or tachbn, and X = ClO4-. Crystallographic study of selected tachpn and tachbn complexes shows the chelate arms are constrained in a Lambda(deltadeltadelta) configuration about M(II), which is attributed to their chirality. Solution UV-vis spectroscopy of the Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes indicates six-coordination and little effect of the pendant arm substitution on ligand-field strength. The single exception is [Cu(tachbn)]2+, whose spectrum is consistent with five-coordination in solution. The cytotoxicities of tachen, tachpn and tachbn toward cultured cancer cells is in the order tachen < tachpn < tachbn < tachpyr, where tachpyr is the aminopyridyl chelator N,N',N''-tris(2-pyridylmethyl)cyclohexane-cis,cis-1,3,5-triamine. The cytotoxicity difference is attributed to an order of increasing lipophilicity, tachen < tachpn < tachbn.
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 R132H mutation is not detected in angiocentric glioma.

Abstract Mutations of isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 gene ( IDH1) , most commonly resulting in replacement of arginine at position 132 by histidine (R132H), have been described in World Health Organization grade II and III diffuse gliomas and secondary glioblastoma. Immunohistochemistry using a mouse monoclonal antibody has a high specificity and sensitivity for detecting IDH1 R132H mutant protein in sections from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. Angiocentric glioma (AG), a unique neoplasm with mixed phenotypic features of diffuse glioma and ependymoma, has recently been codified as a grade I neoplasm in the 2007 World Health Organization classification of central nervous system tumors. The present study was designed to evaluate IDH1 R132H protein in AG. Three cases of AG were collected, and the diagnoses were confirmed. Expression of mutant IDH1 R132H protein was determined by immunohistochemistry on representative formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections using the antihuman mouse monoclonal antibody IDH1 R132H (Dianova, Hamburg, Germany). Known IDH1 mutation–positive and IDH1 wild-type cases of grade II to IV glioma served as positive and negative controls. All 3 patients were male, aged 3, 5, and 15 years, with intra-axial tumors in the right posterior parietal-occipital lobe, right frontal lobe, and left frontal lobe, respectively. All 3 cases showed characteristic morphologic features of AG, including a monomorphous population of slender bipolar cells that diffusely infiltrated cortical parenchyma and ensheathed cortical blood vessels radially and longitudinally. All 3 cases were negative for the presence of IDH1 R132H mutant protein (0/3). All control cases showed appropriate reactivity. IDH1 R132H mutation has been described as a common molecular signature of grade II and III diffuse gliomas and secondary glioblastoma; however, AG, which exhibits some features of diffuse glioma, has not been evaluated. The absence of mutant IDH1 R132H protein expression in AG may help further distinguish this unique neoplasm from diffuse glioma.
Thermal Processing of Vegetables Increases Cis Isomers of Lutein and Zeaxanthin

Carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, found in fruits and vegetables, comprise the macula pigment of the eye. These carotenoids exist in plants as the all-trans geometric form; however, in human plasma, cis isomers of these carotenoids have also been identified. Thermal processing can induce carotenoid trans to cis isomerization. The aim of this research was to determine if thermal processing induces isomerization of lutein and zeaxanthin and to quantify the extent of this reaction. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to separate and quantitate geometric isomers of lutein and zeaxanthin. Isomers were tentatively identified by UV-visible absorbance spectra, comparison of retention times to those of isomerized standards using C(30) chromatography, and mass spectrometry. Thermal processing increased the percent cis isomers of lutein and zeaxanthin up to 22 and 17%, respectively. Further studies are needed to consider the physiological impact of consuming carotenoid isomers in processed vegetables.
How Nature Harvests Sunlight

It is through photosynthesis that Earth's biosphere derives its energy from sunlight. Photosynthetic organisms—plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria—have developed efficient systems to harvest the light of the Sun and to use its energy to drive their metabolic reactions, such as the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugar. The ubiquitous green color of plants is testimony to the key molecular participant in the light harvesting of plants, chlorophyll. More hidden in this respect, but no less widespread, is a second participating molecule, carotenoid. In green leaves, the color of the carotenoids is masked by the much more abundant chlorophylls, whereas in ripe tomatoes or the petals of yellow flowers, the carotenoids predominate. Chlorophyll molecules exist in slightly different chemical structures in various photosynthetic organisms, as chlorophyll a or b in plants or algae, and as bacteriochlorophyll a or b in photosynthetic bacteria. Molecules such as chlorophyll and carotenoid that absorb light and i...
Preferences of Individuals in Committed Relationships About Premarital Counseling

Premarital educational and counseling programs provide one way of addressing many of the risk factors associated with couple distress and divorce. Unfortunately, few couples who are offered premarital programming engage in the programs offered. This study examined preferences for premarital programming in a sample of individuals in committed relationships who intended to marry the current partner. Results suggested that premarital counseling conducted by a therapist and of short duration, following engagement, was most preferred. The most preferred topics/contents were related to communication and conflict resolution.
Calvin-Benson cycle and sulphide oxidation enzymes in animals from sulphide-rich habitats

The role of sulphide oxidation-driven production of reduced carbon in the nutrition of animals adapted to life in sulphide-rich habitats such as the deep-sea hydrothermal vents and intertidal mudflats has been a topic of recent interest1–4. Chemoautotrophic sulphide-oxidizing bacteria have been isolated from samples of sulphide-rich vent water5–8, and it has been suggested that these could provide a food source for filter-feeding animals that live at the vents. The recent discovery of prokaryotic cells9 and activities of sulphide-oxidizing enzymes (which generate reducing power and ATP) and Calvin—Benson cycle enzymes10 within the trophosome tissue of the large vestimentiferan tubeworm of the vents, Riftia pachyptila Jones (Phylum Pogonophora)11 suggests that sulphide-oxidizing chemoauto-trophic bacteria exist in a symbiotic relationship with at least this vent species. This discovery led us to measure enzyme activities associated with sulphide oxidation, the Calvin-Benson cycle and nitrate reduction in a variety of other vestimentiferan tube-worms and bivalve molluscs which occur in sulphide-rich habitats. All the vestimentiferan worms and several of the molluscs were found to contain these enzymatic activities, suggesting that the putative animal-bacterial symbiosis first described in Riftia pachyptila may be of widespread occurrence in species living in environments offering simultaneous access to sulphide and oxygen.
Effect of Yttrium and Lanthanum on the Final-Stage Sintering Behavior of Ultrahigh-Purity Alumina

Final-stage sintering has been investigated in ultrahigh-purity Al2O3 and Al2O3that has been doped individually with 1000 ppm of yttrium and 1000 ppm of lanthanum. In the undoped and doped materials, the dominant densification mechanism is consistent with grain-boundary diffusion. Doping with yttrium and lanthanum decreases the densification rate by a factor of ˜11 and 21, respectively. It is postulated that these large rare-earth cations, which segregate strongly to the grain boundaries in Al2O3, block the diffusion of ions along grain boundaries, leading to reduced grain-boundary diffusivity and decreased densification rate. In addition, doping with yttrium and lanthanum decreases grain growth during sintering. In the undoped Al2O3, surface-diffusion-controlled pore drag governs grain growth; in the doped materials, no grain-growth mechanism could be unambiguously identified. Overall, yttrium and lanthanum decreases the coarsening rate, relative to the densification rate, and, hence, shifted the grain-size-density trajectory to higher density for a given grain size. It is believed that the effect of the additives is linked strongly to their segregation to the Al2O3grain boundaries.
Analysis of an Axially-Directed Antenna Exciting an Infinite Conducting Tube

A numerical solution to an integral equation is developed (via the moment method) for the current induced on an axially-directed antenna in the presence of an infinitely long, perfectly conducting tube where the antenna can be either inside or outside the tube. The special case of a cylindrical antenna residing coaxially within the conducting tube is treated as is the more general off-axis case. The salient properties of the part of the integral equation kernel due to the presence of the infinite tube are highlighted since this term contains an infinite series of Sommerfeld-type integrals with complicated integrands. Attention is given to the efficient numerical evaluation of this term in light of the various singularities which exist on the path along which the integral is evaluated. Techniques which accelerate the convergence of the series are presented for the case where the antenna is very near the tube's surface. Data for the current induced on the antenna are presented for various cases where the an...
Gasshuku: Off-Campus Training in the Japanese School.

This article describes and analyzes off-campus training called gasshuku in Japanese middle and high schools. It shows how Japan's cultural themes and values are created and re-created in the school. Gasshuku, with its highly structured events to regiment young students, functions as an initiation cere- mony or rite of passage into adulthood in today's industrial Japan. TheJapanese school as seen through gasshuku embodies the “trinity” of education: family (discipline), school (knowledge), and church (morals).
Surge Characteristics of Two-Winding Transformers

THE object of this paper is to show the performance of transformers with two windings in the rapid-transient state when surges develop in their conductors. On the one hand, we will determine the characteristic constants for traveling waves, as surge-impedance and wave velocity, from the data of the transformer. On the other hand, we will consider the rapid interaction of the primary and secondary windings, with different numbers of turns, which for travelling waves is very different from the coupling under quasi-steady-state conditions.1,2,3 In a previous paper11 it is shown that the propagation of traveling waves of moderate frequency in coils and windings is similar to the propagation in smooth lines and that the values of surge-impedance and traveling-velocity of such waves can be derived from the total self-inductance and the total ground-capacitance of the windings under steady state conditions. Furthermore, very steep parts of incident waves, corresponding to the highest frequencies, are cut off and converted within the winding into a flattened front, the length of which depends on the internal capacitance between the turns or coils. In this paper these results for moderate frequencies will be used but the influence of internal capacitances for very high frequencies will not be considered, as this would only obscure the principal objective of the paper.
Preliminary x-ray analysis of the crystalline complex between poypeptide chain elongation factor, Tu, and GDP.

DURING protein synthesis in bacteria, aminoacyl tRNA is transported to the ribosome complexed with a protein elongation factor Tu (EF-TU) and GTP1–3. In the ribosome the aminoacyl tRNA is positioned onto its appropriate codon, GTP is hydrolysed, and EF-Tu is released as a stable complex with GDP. The EF-Tu·GDP complex is then reconverted to EF-Tu·GTP by means of another soluble protein, EF-Ts. Transfer factors analogous to EF-Tu but with different physical properties have also been isolated from eucaryotic systems. The EF-Tu·GDP complex has been purified to homogeneity from Escherichia coli4,5. The protein factor has a molecular weight around 40,000 and is composed of a single polypeptide chain. It forms a stable 1 : 1 complex with GDP which has a dissociation constant of 3 × 10−9 M4. In the purification of EF-Tu from E. coli, needle shaped microcrystals have been reported4,5 on addition of ammonium sulphate; these crystals were too small for X-ray diffraction analysis, however. Here we report the preparation of large crystals of an EF-Tu·GDP complex and describe their preliminary analysis by X-ray diffraction.
High-affinity and selective dopamine D3 receptor full agonists

We have designed, synthesized and evaluated a series of new compounds with the goal to identify potent and selective D3 ligands. The two most potent and selective new D3 ligands are compounds 38 and 52, which bind to the D3 receptors with a Ki value of 10,000 times over the D1 receptors. Both 38 and 52 are full agonists with high potency at the D3 receptor in a D3 functional assay.
SAX-3 (Robo) and UNC-40 (DCC) regulate a directional bias for axon guidance in response to multiple extracellular cues

Axons in Caenorhabditis elegans are guided by multiple extracellular cues, including UNC-6 (netrin), EGL-20 (wnt), UNC-52 (perlecan), and SLT-1 (slit). How multiple extracellular cues determine the direction of axon guidance is not well understood. We have proposed that an axon's response to guidance cues can be modeled as a random walk, i.e., a succession of randomly directed movement. Guidance cues dictate the probability of axon outgrowth activity occurring in each direction, which over time creates a directional bias. Here we provide further evidence for this model. We describe the effects that the UNC-40 (DCC) and SAX-3 (Robo) receptors and the UNC-6, EGL-20, UNC-52, and SLT-1 extracellular cues have on the directional bias of the axon outgrowth activity for the HSN and AVM neurons. We find that the directional bias created by the cues depend on UNC-40 or SAX-3. UNC-6 and EGL-20 affect the directional bias for both neurons, whereas UNC-52 and SLT-1 only affect the directional bias for HSN and AVM, respectively. The direction of the bias created by the loss of a cue can vary and the direction depends on the other cues. The random walk model predicts this combinatorial regulation. In a random walk a probability is assigned for each direction of outgrowth, thus creating a probability distribution. The probability distribution for each neuron is determined by the collective effect of all the cues. Since the sum of the probabilities must equal one, each cue affects the probability of outgrowth in multiple directions.
Creation in Early Christian Polemical Literature: Irenaeus against the Gnostics and Athanasius against the Arians

The doctrine of creation out of nothing was conceptually sharpened as the Church Fathers engaged the cosmological views of their opponents. This article discusses the emergence of this doctrine in the second century, focusing on the polemic of Irenaeus against the Gnostics. For Irenaeus, creatio ex nihilo was already a part of the “rule of truth,” which provided a hermeneutical key to the scriptures. Irenaeus also used rational arguments to show that Gnostic cosmologies obscured, rather than explained the origins of the world. A different challenge arose in the fourth century, when Arius began to teach that the Son was created out of nothing, thereby treating the divine act of the generation of the Son analogously to the creating of the world. Athanasius of Alexandria introduced an important distinction by correlating the eternal generation of the Son with the divine essence and the creation of the world with the will of the Father.
The microsomal metabolism of benzo(a) pyrene phenols.

Abstract Analysis of repetitive scan difference spectra of incubation mixtures containing rat liver microsomes, 3- or 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, oxygen, and NADPH shows the formation of products with absorbance in the 400–450 nm region. Based on the chromatographic retention time, absorbance, and fluorescence spectra, the two major products of 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene metabolism may be diphenols. The existence of spectral intermediates which resemble phenols rather than quinones during the steady-state metabolism of 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene strongly indicates that either the major product is a diphenol which slowly oxidizes to yield 3,6-quinone and/or that an active quinone reductase exists in liver microsomes.
Genetic manipulations of mutant huntingtin in mice: new insights into Huntington's disease pathogenesis

This year (2013) marks the 20th anniversary of identification of the causal genetic mutation for Huntington's disease (HD), a landmark discovery that heralded study of the biological underpinnings of this most common dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder. Among the variety of model organisms used to study HD pathogenesis, the mouse model is by far the most commonly used mammalian genetic model. Much of our current knowledge regarding mutant huntingtin (mHtt)-induced disease pathogenesis in mammalian models has been obtained by studying transgenic mouse models expressing mHtt N-terminal fragments, full-length murine or human mHtt. In this review, we focus on recent progress in using novel HD mouse models with targeted mHtt expression in specific brain cell types. These models help to address the role of distinct neuronal and non-neuronal cell types in eliciting cell-autonomous or non-cell-autonomous disease processes in HD. We also describe several mHtt transgenic mouse models with targeted mutations in Htt cis-domains to address specific pathogenic hypotheses, ranging from mHtt proteolysis to post-translational modifications. These novel mouse genetic studies, through direct manipulations of the causal HD gene, utilize a reductionist approach to systematically unravel the cellular and molecular pathways that are targeted by mHtt in disease pathogenesis, and to potentially identify novel targets for therapy.
Religious minorities in Iran

List of illustrations List of tables Preface Acknowledgements Notes on transliteration and bibliography Glossary Introduction: an overview of politics and society 1. Ethnic anatomy and politics of non-Muslim minorities 2. The Assembly of Experts: debut in the year of destiny 3. Policy sphere of recognized religious minorities 4. Distinctions and designations as policy output 5. Prevalent responses of recognized religious minorities Conclusion: the perils of marginality Notes Bibliography Index.
Normal asymmetry of the planum temporale in patients with schizophrenia. Three-dimensional cortical morphometry with MRI.

BACKGROUND Abnormal cerebral anatomical lateralisation has been reported in schizophrenia and may implicate anomalous neurodevelopment in the aetiology of this disease. A popular recent hypothesis has predicted that such disturbances in normal lateralisation should be especially apparent in the morphology of the temporal lobes. METHOD A temporal cortical region lying in the plane of the Sylvian fissure--known as the planum temporale--exhibits pronounced leftward asymmetry in normal right-handed males. We compared lateralisation of the planum temporale in schizophrenic and control males using MRI surface-rendering morphometry of the supratemporal cortex. RESULTS Contrary to the lateralisation hypothesis, normal patterns of leftward planum asymmetry were detected in both the schizophrenic and control groups. Schizophrenics and controls also exhibited a predicted symmetry in the bilateral areas of Heschl's gyrus, a supratemporal cortical structure immediately anterior to the planum. CONCLUSION These data do not support the notion that neurodevelopmental mechanisms of cerebral asymmetry are abnormal in schizophrenia.
Toward autonomous driving: the CMU Navlab. II. Architecture and systems

For pt.1 see ibid., p.31-42 (1991). A description is given of EDDIE, the architecture for the Navlab mobile robot which provides a toolkit for building specific systems quickly and easily. Included in the discussion are the annotated maps used by EDDIE and the Navlab's road-following system, called the Autonomous Mail Vehicle, which was built using EDDIE and its annotated maps as a basis. The contributions of the Navlab project and the lessons learned from it are examined. >
Gas and solution phase NMR studies of N-ethylmorpholine intra- and intermolecular effects on ring inversion rate constants

Abstract Temperature dependent gas phase 1 H NMR spectra of N -ethylmorpholine are consistent with the following activation parameters for the ring inversion process: Δ G Δ = 47.7(0.3) kJ mol −1 , Δ H Δ = 47.1(2.3) kJ mol −1 , Δ S Δ = −1.9(4.9) J mol −1 K −1 , E act = 49.2(2.3) kJ mol −1 and A ∞ = 1.2(0.4) × 10 13 s −1 . Rate constants in the gas phase and in CDCl 3 solution are very similar while those obtained in CS 2 solutions are almost twice as large at corresponding temperatures. Rate constant obtained for a 1% solution of N -methylmorpholine in CDCl 3 , obtained in the present study and those previously obtained in the gas phase and CS 2 solutions show a similar trend. The observed phase and solvent dependent rate constants do not agree with predictions based on simple steric or dielectric considerations and may indicate that complex static and dynamic solvent effects are important in the liquid solutions.
Paternal alcoholism, negative parenting, and the mediating role of marital satisfaction

Given the documented association between paternal alcoholism and negative parenting behaviors, the purpose of this study was to examine longitudinally whether marital satisfaction mediates this relationship. Participants consisted of 197 families (102 without an alcoholic father, 95 with an alcoholic father) who were assessed at three time points: when children were 12, 24, and 36 months old. Results indicated that paternal alcoholism at 12 months was associated with decreased marital satisfaction at 24 months for both mothers and fathers. Marital satisfaction at 24 months in turn was associated with decreases in parental warmth and sensitivity at 36 months. Furthermore, marital satisfaction mediated the association between paternal alcoholism and parental warmth and sensitivity for both mothers and fathers. The implications of these findings for interventions for alcoholic families are discussed.
Energy dependence of expectation values in many-particle spectroscopy

Abstract Expectation values, locally averaged in energy, are given, by means of parametric differentiation on the state density, in terms of Hermite polynomials in (E−ξ) σ ; where ξ and σ are the spectrum centroid and width.
Creating Fuzzy Decision Algorithms Using Genetic Program Based Data Mining Program

A data mining procedure for automatic determination of fuzzy decision tree structure using a genetic program is discussed. A genetic program is an algorithm that evolves other algorithms or mathematical expressions. Methods of accelerating convergence of the data mining procedure including a new innovation based on computer algebra are examined. Experimental results related to using computer algebra are given. Comparisons between trees created using a genetic program and those constructed solely by interviewing experts are made. A genetic program evolved tree is shown to be superior to one created by hand using expertise alone. Finally, additional methods that have been used to validate the data mining algorithm are discussed.
Cholesterol Removal by Methyl-β-Cyclodextrin Inhibits Poliovirus Entry

Upon binding to the poliovirus receptor (PVR), the poliovirus 160S particles undergo a conformational transition to generate 135S particles, which are believed to be intermediates in the virus entry process. The 135S particles interact with host cell membranes through exposure of the N termini of VP1 and the myristylated VP4 protein, and successful cytoplasmic delivery of the genomic RNA requires the interaction of these domains with cellular membranes whose identity is unknown. Because detergent-insoluble microdomains (DIMs) in the plasma membrane have been shown to be important in the entry of other picornaviruses, it was of interest to determine if poliovirus similarly required DIMs during virus entry. We show here that methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), which disrupts DIMs by depleting cells of cholesterol, inhibits virus infection and that this inhibition was partially reversed by partially restoring cholesterol levels in cells, suggesting that MβCD inhibition of virus infection was mediated by removal of cellular cholesterol. However, fractionation of cellular membranes into DIMs and detergent-soluble membrane fractions showed that both PVR and poliovirus capsid proteins localize not to DIMs but to detergent-soluble membrane fractions during entry into the cells, and their localization was unaffected by treatment with MβCD. We further demonstrate that treatment with MβCD inhibits RNA delivery after formation of the 135S particles. These data indicate that the cholesterol status of the cell is important during the process of genome delivery and that these entry pathways are distinct from those requiring DIM integrity.
A model for madness

Dream consciousness: our understanding of the neurobiology of sleep offers insight into abnormalities in the waking brain.
Social identification and the use of marijuana.

The careful observations of Becker (1963), Blumer (1967), and Boughey (1967) have suggested that the use of marijuana is a behavior which is socially motivated, socially reinforced, and socially controlled. Not only is the drug obtained from others and smoked with others, but these “others” have the responsibility and power for teaching the rookie how to smoke it, how to enjoy it, and how the drug will be used or enjoyed in the future. What therefore becomes an interesting research question and the topic of this paper is the social character of persons who become recruited into drug-using circles as compared to the social character of those who do not, and why differences may arise.
Cystic fibrosis: recent advances in lung-directed therapies

Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is characterized by progressively worsening pulmonary infections, airway obstruction and ultimately early death. Current pharmacotherapeutic treatments can only alleviate the secondary symptoms associated with lung disease. Alternative therapeutic strategies are now being developed to target the CF gene defect at the molecular level. Preclinical and clinical trials are currently underway and early results strongly suggest that these strategies can be translated into an effective curative therapy for CF lung disease.
Developing heuristics for synchronous collaborative systems

Heuristic evaluation is widely used for single-user computer systems, but research is ongoing to find a valid set of heuristics that can be applied to synchronous multi-user, or collaborative, computing systems. I have derived a set of heuristics based on six theories and metaphors of collaborative system behavior. The heuristics are being validated through use and a planned experiment.