cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mouse current vocalization threshold measured with a neurospecific nociception assay: the effect of sex, morphine, and isoflurane.

Sine-wave electrical stimulation at frequencies 2000, 250, and 5 Hz to respectively evaluate Aβ, Aδ, and C sensory neurons has recently been added to the armamentarium used to evaluate sensory neurons. We developed an automated nociception assay using sine-wave stimulation methodology to determine current vocalization threshold in response to 2000, 250, and 5 Hz and examine the effects of sex, analgesics, and anesthetics in mice. At baseline, males had significantly higher mean current vocalization thresholds compared with female mice at 2000, 250, and 5 Hz (p ≤ 0.019). By 1 h after intrathecal injections of morphine there were significant increases in current vocalization threshold percent changes from baseline that varied with doses (p = 0.0001) and frequency used (p 250 Hz (p 2000 Hz (p = 0.0002). Forty-five minutes after exposure, there were no effects of isoflurane on current vocalization thresholds at any frequency. Therefore, our findings suggest that this automated nociception assay using sine-wave stimulation in mice, can be valuable for measurements of the effects of sex, opioids, and anesthetics on the response to electrical stimuli that preferentially stimulate Aβ, Aδ, and C-sensory fibers in vivo. This investigation suggests the validation of this assay and supports its use to examine mechanisms of nociception in mice.
Cyclodextrins Deliver FA to Membranes Rapidly while Maintaining a Low Concentration of Unbound FA in Water

Cyclodextrins (CDs) have a polar surface and a hydrophobic cavity that can bind and solubilize long chain fatty acids (FA), while remaining soluble in water. In this study we tested the usefulness of CD for acting as a FA donor to model membranes (egg-PC vesicles). We employed i) fluorescein phosphatidylethanolamine (FPE) to detect changes in membrane surface potential when FA anions adsorb to the outer membrane leaflet ii) entrapped pyranine to measure changes in pH after FA diffusion (flip-flop) across the lipid bilayer and iii) ADIFAB to measure the concentration of unbound FA in water. Upon mixing of oleic acid (OA)/CD complexes with vesicles containing either FPE or pyranine, OA rapidly dissociated from CD, bound to the membrane and underwent flip-flop within 1s (online experiments). In the presence of vesicles, CD maintained the concentration of unbound OA in water low, at almost the same levels measured with albumin. In stopped-flow fluorometry, the mixing of OA/CD with vesicles produced a single exponential decrease in the fluorescence of FPE and pyranine (t1/2 < 50 ms). These kinetics reflect the FA dissociation from CD since FA binding to the membrane and flip-flop are very fast (t1/2 < 10 ms). The delivery of OA by CD was faster than those observed with lipid vesicles (t1/2 = 100 ms) and albumin (t1/2 = 200 ms). Thus, CD is an excellent vehicle to FA and deliver FA to membranes very rapidly while maintaining a low concentration of unbound FA.
EMG‐torque relationships during isokinetic dynamometer exercise

Fluctuations during the initial segment of torque recordings with isokinetic dynamometers have been attributed to impact artifacts and the relationship of contracting muscles to this period is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate patterns of muscle activity during the period of isokinetic dynamometer compliance. Nine female track athletes were tested in extension and flexion at 1.75 rad.s‐1 (100 deg.s‐1 and 6.98 rad.s‐1 (400 deg.s‐1) on an isokinetic dynamometer. Subjects performed 5 trials of extension of the leg immediately followed by flexion. Data were collected from two sets of surface electrodes attached to the biceps femoris and vastus lateralis muscles of the right thigh of each subject simultaneous with the torque and joint position signals from the dynamometer. In the first part of the analysis, a strong relationship was shown to exist between the IEMG slope variables and the measured torque output at both speeds of movement for extension and flexion. The proportion ...
Statistical Correlation Between the Crankshaft’s Speed Variation and Engine Performance—Part II: Detection of Deficient Cylinders and Mean Indicated Pressure Calculation

The goal of this two-part paper is to develop a methodology using the variation of the measured crankshaft speed to calculate the mean indicated pressure (MIP) of a multicylinder engine and to detect cylinders that are lower contributors to the total engine output. The statistical model of a harmonic component of the engine tongue developed in the first part of the paper is used to achieve this goal. The analysis of the half-order components of the gas pressure torque permits to identify distinct phase angle domains of the resultant torque vector that are specific for the deficiencies of given cylinders. Based on the rigid-body model of the crankshaft, these phase angle domains are correlated to the phase angle domains of the half-order component of the crankshaft speed. Then, the phase angle of the half-order component of the measured crankshaft speed will identify the deficient cylinder. The amplitude of the first major harmonic component of the measured crankshaft speed is correlated to the corresponding harmonic order of the gas pressure torque and is used to calculate the MIP of the engine. The accuracy limits of this software dynamometer are also presented.
Computations of multi-fluid flows

Abstract Full numerical simulations of three-dimensional flows of two or more immiscible fluids of different densities and viscosities separated by a sharp interface with finite surface tension are discussed. The method used is based on a finite difference approximation of the full Navier-Stokes equations and explicit tracking of the interface between the fluids. Preliminary simulations of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability and the motion of bubbles are shown.
A test of the withdrawal theory for ellis fluids

The Ellis withdrawal theory is shown to be a eubstantial improvement for predicting film thickness as compared to the previous theory for pseudo-plastic fluids. The two-term Ellis power-law theory ie shown to be a good approximation to the Ellis theory. The relative deviations between data and Ellis theory become larger at lower speeds. On demontre que la thhree du retraet d'Ellis conetitue un progres important realise pour la prediction de I'ipaisseur d'une pellicule, si on la compare P la thiorie prdcidente pour lee fluides pseudo-plastiques. On indique que la thdorie de la loi d'dnergie d'Ellis P deux termes se rapproche d'une manidre satisfaisante de la therie d'Ellis. Lee dcarts relatifs entre lee risultats trouvis et la theorie d'Ellis s'accroissent lorsque la vitesse diminue.
Experimentation or observation? Of the self alone or the natural world?

One important lesson of Roberts' target article may be potentially obscured for some by the title's reference to “self-experimentation.” At the core of this work, the key investigative resource is sustained and systematic observation, not experimentation, and it is deployed in a fashion not necessarily restricted to self -examination. There is an important reminder here of a strategically important, but neglected, relationship between observation and experiment.
What Makes a Generalist Physician

To the Editor. —The article by Dr Rivo and colleagues1contains several basic flaws in the analyses of training components for generalist physician skills. Had the authors contacted the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the Residency Review Committee, or the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology to obtain accurate data, their conclusions most certainly would have been different. Based on review of our educational objectives,2obstetrics and gynecology training programs meet 89% of the competencies required. It is of interest, for example, to note that Rivo and colleagues gave a yes to general pediatrics and internal medicine for management of common gynecological problems when in a recent article3it was noted that few pediatricians or internists perform these examinations. On the other hand, they gave a no to continuity of care for obstetrics and gynecology because a specific length is not designated in the Residency Review
Leibniz and the Wind Machines

Abstract Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz visited the Harz Mountains more than thirty times and spent almost three full years there between 1680 and 1686. His aim was to install wind machines for draining the Harz silver mines. Despite Leibniz’s best efforts—his commitment bordered on obsession—the enterprise ultimately failed. There is still disagreement about exactly what happened. Biographers and historians have mostly asserted that Leibniz, a universal genius dedicated to the greater good of science and society, was thwarted by stubborn mining officials. Historians of mining, on the other hand, have generally sided with the “professionals” in the Hannoverian mining administration. This essay investigates Leibniz’s wind machine project and the narratives it has spawned. Using both Leibniz’s published correspondence and unpublished memoranda from the Clausthal mining office, it attempts to answer a series of questions: Was Leibniz thwarted by the mining office? Was he an outsider or an insider? An amateur or a...
Angiotensin I as a dipsogen: efficacy in brain independent of conversion to angiotensin II.

Abstract Angiotensin I or II injected into preoptic or anterior hypothalamic areas, or intraventricularly, evoked water drinking in rats. Neither vehicle controls nor SQ 20,881 (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor) produced drinking. SQ 20,881, which inhibits the conversion of angiotensin I to II, did not suppress the drinking evoked by either angiotensin I or II even at inhibitor/angiotensin ratios of 100:1. The results indicate the possibility that brain receptor sites underlying the dipsogenic response to angiotensin II are responsive to angiotensin I as well, or that additional sites are responsive to angiotensin I.
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of N‐Aryl‐N′‐Carboalkoxy Guanidines by the Mitsunobu Reaction of Fmoc‐Guanidines

Abstract A new method for the solid‐phase synthesis of N‐aryl‐N′‐carboalkoxy guanidines is described. Aromatic amines were reacted with Fmoc‐isothiocyanate to provide Fmoc‐thioureas, which were coupled with Rink amide resin to provide the corresponding resin‐bound Fmoc‐guanidines. Subsequent Mitsunobu alkylation with a variety of alcohols delivered N‐aryl‐N′ carboalkoxy guanidines in good to high purity after resin cleavage.
Estimate of the risk in radiation therapy due to unwanted neutrons

The integral dose of accelerator-produced leakage neutrons to patients undergoing high-energy photon therapy is estimated and compared to other sources of integral dose. The leakage neutron component contributes about 5 g rad (1 rad=10/sup -2/ Gy) for a typical treatment course of 5000 rad. When averaged over a 70-kg tissue volume, the corresponding dose amounts to only 0.36 rad. From this, the risk of inducing fatal malignancies by leakage neutrons is estimated to be about 50 x 10/sup -6/ per year following treatment. This is compared to other risks to which the patient is unavoidably exposed, and it is argued that the unwanted neutrons pose such small additional risk that regulatory intervention is not warranted. This assessment is performed without reference to neutron RBE or quality factor.
Global familiarity of visual stimuli affects repetition-related neural plasticity but not repetition priming

In this study, we tested the prediction of the component process model of priming [Henson, R.N. (2003). Neuroimaging studies of priming. Prog Neurobiol, 70 (1), 53-81] that repetition priming of familiar and unfamiliar objects produces qualitatively different neural repetition effects. In an fMRI study, subjects viewed four repetitions of familiar objects and globally unfamiliar objects with familiar components. Reliable behavioral priming occurred for both item types across the four presentations and was of a similar magnitude for both stimulus types. The imaging data were analyzed using multivariate linear modeling, which permits explicit testing of the hypothesis that the repetition effects for familiar and unfamiliar objects are qualitatively different (i.e., non-scaled versions of one another). The results showed the presence of two qualitatively different latent spatial patterns of repetition effects from presentation 1 to presentation 4 for familiar and unfamiliar objects, indicating that familiarity with an object's global structural, semantic, or lexical features is an important factor in priming-related neural plasticity. The first latent spatial pattern strongly weighted regions with a similar repetition effect for both item types. The second pattern strongly weighted regions contributing a repetition suppression effect for the familiar objects and repetition enhancement for the unfamiliar objects, particularly the posterior insula, superior temporal gyrus, precentral gyrus, and cingulate cortex. This differential repetition effect might reflect the formation of novel memory representations for the unfamiliar items, which already exist for the familiar objects, consistent with the component process model of priming.
Allelic exchange in Actinomyces oris with mCherry fluorescence counterselection

Described here is a method for facile generation of markerless gene deletion mutants of Actinomyces oris. Homologous integration of a nonreplicative vector carrying a gene exchange cassette into the bacterial chromosome was selected for by using mCherry fluorescence and resistance to kanamycin. Completion of allelic replacement was counterselected for by using loss of fluorescence.
Response of pocket gophers (Geomys) to late Quaternary environmental change on the Edwards Plateau of central Texas

Fossils of pocket gophers (Geomys) recovered from Hall's Cave, Texas, comprise a large sample of specimens spanning the late Pleistocene through Holocene. Statistically adequate sample sizes, a well-constrained chronology and independent palaeoenvironmental data allowed for the testing of both taxonomic change and predictions of ecophenotypic change in the dentary of Geomys. A time-transgressive reduction of diastema length (DL) in Geomys was predicted based on known, regional palaeoenvironmental changes and known ecophenotypic response in the closely related genus, Thomomys. Statistical evaluation suggests that although DL in Geomys is correlated to tooth row length (TRL), changes in DL may reflect an independent ecophenotypic response. Testing was hampered by the inadequacy of TRL as a diagnostic feature of most Geomys from Texas. A statistical test using coefficient of variation revealed the presence of multiple species of Geomys in some stratigraphic levels. Reduced local richness of Geomys to a singl...
Effect of oral zinc therapy in cirrhosis.

In 15 subjects with cirrhosis receiving oral zinc therapy at a dose of 90 mg. daily for 3 mo., no clinical response could be detected when comparison was made with control periods. In 12 subjects with cirrhosis, reduced serum zinc levels were observed, confirming previous studies. At variance with these results was the reduced urinary excretion of zinc. In 10 patients with cirrhosis a 1-wk. course of zinc elevated the serum zinc levels significantly but did not affect urinary excretion.
Operation of p-n Junction Photodetectors in a Photon Flux Integrating Mode

A technique for operating a p-n junction photodiode in a photon flux integration mode is described. In this mode the p-n junction is charged to a reverse voltage (less than its breakdown voltage) and then open-circuited. The voltage across the junction, with zero incident illumination, will decay at a rate that is independent of junction area. Time constants in the order of seconds may be achieved with silicon planar structures at room temperature. Under illumination, the rate of decay of charge depends linearly on the intensity of the incident illumination, so that the total charge removed is proportional to the time integral of illumination. Operation of p-n junction photodiodes is analyzed for this mode and boundary conditions are established. A practical structure utilizing this mode of operation is discussed. This structure makes use of the nearly ideal switch characteristics of an insulated gate field-effect transistor to periodically sample a photodiode. Advantages offered by this device structure include 1) linear dependence of signal charge on light intensity over several orders of magnitude; 2) electronically controllable sensitivity; 3) ease of integration into arrays for image sensing.
Concentrations and composition profiles of parabens in currency bills and paper products including sanitary wipes

Parabens (alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid) are widely used as antimicrobial preservatives in personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and foodstuffs. Although parabens have been reported to be used as antimicrobials in certain types of papers (e.g., wet sanitary or hygiene wipes), little is known about the occurrence of these compounds in paper products. In this study, we determined the concentrations of six paraben analogs, methyl (MeP), ethyl (EtP), propyl (PrP), butyl (BuP), benzyl (BzP), and heptyl parabens (HepP), in 253 paper products divided into 18 categories, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). At least one of the six parabens was detected in almost all (detection rate: 98%) paper samples, and the total concentrations (∑PBs; sum of six parabens) ranged from 1.85 to 3,220,000 ng/g (geometric mean (GM): 103; median: 55.1 ng/g). Sanitary wipes contained very high concentrations of ∑PBs (GM: 8300 ng/g). Paper currencies, tickets, business cards, food cartons, flyers, and newspapers contained notable concentrations of ∑PBs, and the GM concentrations in these paper categories were on the order of a few tens to thousands of nanograms per gram. One source of parabens in paper products is the use of these chemicals as antifungal agents. MeP and PrP were the predominant analogs, accounting for approximately 62% and 16% of the total concentrations of parabens, respectively. On the basis of measured concentrations and frequency of handling of paper products, we estimated the daily intake (EDI) of parabens through dermal absorption. The GM and 95th percentile EDI values were 6.31 and 2050 ng/day, respectively, for the general population. Among the paper categories analyzed, sanitary wipes contributed to the majority (>90%) of the exposures.
Liquid crystal cladded metallo-dielectric and all-dielectric frequency selective surfaces for broadband tunable optical filters and planar negative index optics

We demonstrate how liquid crystal cladded metallo-dielectric and all-dielectric frequency selective surfaces (FSS) can perform as broadband tunable optical filters and planar negative index optical materials. Structures are designed using a genetic algorithm technique that takes into account the specifics of nanofabrication techniques to maximize the effective optical material response and minimize losses as the birefringent nematic liquid crystal (NLC) overlayer is tuned.
A General Probabilistic Model for Improving Key Assignment in Wireless Networks

We study the problem of establishing secure communication channels in resource-constrained wireless networks using key predistribution. Pairwise communication channels between nodes are secured using link keys which are established as a function of cryptographic seeds predistributed to each node. We propose a general model for seed assignment which regulates the number of nodes sharing each seed. In addition, we provide a general model for wireless network connectivity where communication is restricted by both radio range and an independent pairwise relationship. We provide probabilistic analysis for network connectivity and resilience to node capture in terms of our seed assignment and network connectivity models. Finally, we provide a numerical example demonstrating how the proposed approach reduces key wastage while maintaining resilience to node capture of prior results.
Oximetry with the NMR signals of hemoglobin Val E11 and Tyr C7.

The NMR visibility of the signals from erythrocyte hemoglobin (Hb) presents an opportunity to assess the vascular PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) in vivo to gather insight into the regulation of O2 transport, especially in contracting muscle tissue. Some concerns, however, have arisen about the validity of using the Val E11 signal as an indicator of PO2, since its intensity depends on tertiary structural changes, in contrast to the quaternary structure changes associated with relaxed (R) and tense (T) transition during O2 binding. We have examined the Val E11 and Tyr C7 signal intensity as a function of Hb saturation by developing an oximetry system, which permits the comparative analysis of the NMR and spectrophotometric measurements. The spectrophotometric assay defines the Hb saturation level at a given PO2 and yields standard oxygen-binding curves. Under defined PO2 and Hb saturation values, the NMR measurements have determined that the Val E11 signal, as well as the Tyr C7 signal, tracks closely Hb saturation and can therefore serve as a vascular oxygen biomarker.
Ultrastructure of Ditrichomonas honigbergii N. G., N. Sp. (Parabasalia) and Its Relationship to Amitochondrial Protists

Ditrichomonas honigbergii n.g., n. sp. is a small trichomonad flagellate that has three emergent flagella arising from four basal bodies, a parabasal apparatus (single dictyosome with associated striated flagellar rootlets), a microtubular axostyle, a short undulating membrane, and hydrogenosomes. Cultures of D. honigbergii were isolated from the sediments of a freshwater lake and there is no known metazoan host. Cells form walled cysts with internalized flagella and go through all phases of the life cycle (excystment, binary division, encystment) without any perturbations to the culture medium. Ditrichomonas honigbergii is capable of ingesting and digesting bacteria by phagocytosis. These facts suggest that D. honigbergii may be a free-living inhabitant of oxygen-reduced environments
A reconfigurable 2× / 2.5× / 3× / 4× SC DC-DC regulator for enhancing area and power efficiencies in transcutaneous power transmission

A reconfigurable 2× / 2.5× / 3× / 4× switched-capacitor DC-DC regulator for transcutaneous power transmission is presented in this paper. The proposed power stage enables the regulator to maintain high power efficiencies under different input voltages caused by coupling variations. A fixed on-time regulation scheme is developed to minimize the switching power loss and to achieve small output ripple voltages of the regulator. Implemented in a standard 0.35-µm n-well CMOS process, the proposed regulator delivers a maximum output current of 10 mA and achieves the peak power efficiency of 82%. When the input voltage varies by 1.6 V, the power efficiency of the proposed regulator can be improved by 40% compared to that of the fixed-ratio 4× counterpart. The output ripple reaches 0.5% of the output voltage.
Quality through Collaboration: The Future of Rural Health

Committee on the Future of Rural Health Care Board on Health Care ServicesWashington, DC: Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press, 2004267 pp., US $35.96In 2001, the Institute of Medicine (IO...
Radiation-pumped C vi lasing scheme

A broadband, steady-state photoexcitation and photoionization pumping scheme is presented for hydrogenlike C plasmas. Gain in the Balmer-α transition of C vi is generated by a photoionization and three-body recombination process that is capable of an inversion density of the order of 0.1% of the total C vi density. This is achieved when an initially neutral C gas is exposed to the soft-x-ray radiation of a Ti target that is heated by a 1012-W/cm2 frequency-doubled Nd-laser beam for a C-gas density of approximately 5 × 1018 cm−3. Under these conditions a gain of up to 10 cm−1 is predicted at a wavelength of 182 A over the entire volume of a plasma column with a diameter of 100 μm.
Inner core attenuation from short-period PKP(BC) versus PKP(DF) waveforms

SUMMARY Differential waveform analysis provides an excellent tool for studying the attenuation properties of the top of the inner core. We analyse 108 PKP(BC) versus PKP(DF) waveforms from Global Digital Seismograph Network (GDSN) verticalcomponent seismograms to constrain the frequency and depth dependency of Qa in this region. We use both frequency- and time-domain techniques. In the timedomain method, the BC phase is mapped onto the DF phase using an attenuation band operator. The mapping operator is parameterized by the upper and lower cut-off frequencies of the absorption band, the time shift required to align these two phases, and t*, the integrated effect of Q;’ in the top of the inner core. In the frequency-domain analysis, multitaper spectral estimation is used to compute the complex spectrum of the two phases. The shape of the amplitude spectrum of the spectral ratio between these two phases gives an estimate of en. Similar results are obtained from frequency- and time-domain analysis but t he Qa obtained from frequency-domain analysis is approximately 20 per cent greater than the value obtained from time-domain analysis. We prefer the frequency-domain results since they are not affected by the presence of noise at higher frequencies. Apparent Qa values exhibit considerable scatter with no clear frequency or depth dependence. We find that the average value of Qa in the top of the inner core is about 360 which is consistent with previous body wave studies but differs by a factor of two from values obtained from studies of the decay of free oscillations.
Molecular thermodynamics: Opportunities and responsibilities

Abstract In chemical engineering, most applications of molecular thermodynamics have been based on various forms of the van der Waals theory of fluids augmented by chemical equilibria and by concepts from other, by-now classical, theoretical concepts such as the Flory-Huggins model for polymers and the Debye-Huckel theory for electrolyte solutions. “Extended” van der Waals theory remains a promising method for contributing to the solution of contemporary engineering problems. While modern developments in the theory of fluids are impressive, as yet, they have had only limited impact on engineering practice, in part, because of the widening communication gap between those who do statistical mechanics and those who design and develop chemical processes and products. To realize the large potential utility of molecular thermodynamics, both classical and modern, researchers must not only exhibit more willingness to reduce their work to practice but also to exhibit multidimensionality, i.e., to relate molecular thermodynamics to other chemical engineering disciplines such as mass and heat transfer, nucleation and chemical kinetics. While the future success of molecular thermodynamics will be enhanced by progress in its own narrow domain, the promising possibilities of applied molecular thermodynamics depend crucially on its integration within the wider domain of chemical technology.
Computing the American Way: Contextualizing the Early US Computer Industry

Drawing on work from business, social, and labor history, this article reinterprets the early domestic US computer industry in its broader economic and political context. Contrary to popular imagination, the early computer industry emerges as one devoted primarily to government business, liberal in its political leanings, and with a paternalist corporate culture profoundly shaped by the threat of unionization.
A stable hybrid adaptive algorithm with periodic sampling and gain adjustment

In this article a hybrid algorithm for model reference adaptive control of single-input single output systems is presented. The control structure involves a continuous time as well as a discrete time part, instead of being all discrete or all continuous as in previous approaches. The system is sampled periodically at a frequency F, and knowledge of bounds on the plant parameters enables us to determine a bound F* such that the closed loop system is stable whenever F > F*.
Caught in the act: revealing the metastatic process by live imaging

The prognosis of metastatic cancer in patients is poor. Interfering with metastatic spread is therefore important for achieving better survival from cancer. Metastatic disease is established through a series of steps, including breaching of the basement membrane, intravasation and survival in lymphatic or blood vessels, extravasation, and growth at distant sites. Yet, although we know the steps involved in metastasis, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of dissemination and colonization of distant organs are incompletely understood. Here, we review the important insights into the metastatic process that have been gained specifically through the use of imaging technologies in murine, chicken embryo and zebrafish model systems, including high-resolution two-photon microscopy and bioluminescence. We further discuss how imaging technologies are beginning to allow researchers to address the role of regional activation of specific molecular pathways in the metastatic process. These technologies are shedding light, literally, on almost every step of the metastatic process, particularly with regards to the dynamics and plasticity of the disseminating cancer cells and the active participation of the microenvironment in the processes.
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) for clinically localized prostate cancer: the Georgetown University experience

Background: Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) delivers fewer high-dose fractions of radiation which may be radiobiologically favorable to conventional low-dose fractions commonly used for prostate cancer radiotherapy. We report our early experience using SBRT for localized prostate cancer. Methods: Patients treated with SBRT from June 2008 to May 2010 at Georgetown University Hospital for localized prostate carcinoma, with or without the use of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), were included in this retrospective review of data that was prospectively collected in an institutional database. Treatment was delivered using the CyberKnife W with doses of 35 Gy or 36.25 Gy in 5 fractions. Biochemical control was assessed using the Phoenix definition. Toxicities were recorded and scored using the CTCAE v.3. Quality of life was assessed before and after treatment using the Short Form-12 Health Survey (SF-12), the American Urological Association Symptom Score (AUA) and Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) questionnaires. Late urinary symptom flare was defined as an AUA score ≥ 15 with an increase of ≥ 5 points above baseline six months after the completion of SBRT. Results: One hundred patients (37 low-, 55 intermediate- and 8 high-risk according to the D’Amico classification) at a median age of 69 years (range, 48–90 years) received SBRT, with 11 patients receiving ADT. The median pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was 6.2 ng/ml (range, 1.9-31.6 ng/ml) and the median follow-up was 2.3 years (range, 1.4-3.5 years). At 2 years, median PSA decreased to 0.49 ng/ml (range, 0.1-1.9 ng/ml). Benign PSA bounce occurred in 31% of patients. There was one biochemical failure in a high-risk patient, yielding a two-year actuarial biochemical relapse free survival of 99%. The 2-year actuarial incidence rates of GI and GU toxicity ≥grade 2 were 1% and 31%, respectively. A median baseline AUA symptom score of 8 significantly increased to 11 at 1 month (p= 0.001), however returned to baseline at 3 months (p= 0.60). Twenty one percent of patients experienced a late transient urinary symptom flare in the first two years following treatment. Of patients who were sexually potent prior to treatment, 79% maintained potency at 2 years post-treatment. (Continued on next page)
Interactions Between Chemical and Mechanical Defenses in the Plant Genus Bursera and Their Implications for Herbivores

Traditionally, plant defenses have been divided into two main categories: chemical and mechanical defenses. The first category includes a variety of substances that are toxic, repellent, or that render plant tissues indigestible to animals. In the second category are a series of physical barriers to avoid being eaten. These include structures such as spines, trichomes, and hard, very sticky, or smooth surfaces. Studies dealing with either one of these two kinds of defenses typically assume they are independent of each other and that their actions on herbivores are additive (Dussourd and Denno, 1991; Farrell et al. , 1991; Becerra, 1994 b ). Yet, in some plants, structures such as glandular trichomes and secretory canals are combinations of mechanical and chemical deterrence that may interact to entrap insects in sticky and toxic secretions (Southwood, 1986; Howe and Westley, 1988; Becerra, 1994 a ). In this article we report an investigation of plant secretory canals and their relationship with plant chemistry in the genus Bursera . We present data suggesting an interaction between the mechanical and the chemical components of this defense. Also we present data which suggest that the interaction between these components has profound repercussions on how Bursera 's herbivores defend themselves against their predators. Many species of plants produce secretions such as resins, latices, gums, and mucilages stored under pressure in networks of canals throughout the cortex of the stems and in the leaves, where they follow the vascular bundles (Fahn, 1979; Metcalfe and Chalk, 1983). Latex and resin canals occur in more than 35,000 species (Farrell et al. , 1991). When such plants are damaged, there is an immediate release of fluids from injured tissues, often in copious quantities. In many species, canals transport antiherbivore repellents and toxins. For example, canals in some Apiaceae store …
A reliance on agricultural land values in conservation planning alters the spatial distribution of priorities and overestimates the acquisition costs of protected areas

A common focus for conservation planning is to identify locations for siting potential protected areas, something that requires estimates for the costs of setting up these areas and benefits for biodiversity of doing so. When cost data are not available over relevant scales, conservation planners commonly rely on proxy data that they hope will estimate conservation costs. Here, we assessed how accurately agricultural land values, a commonly used proxy for cost data in conservation planning, estimate the actual acquisition costs of protected areas, focusing on a case study from the central and southern Appalachians. We compared plans based on cost estimates derived from different sources and that involved different levels of spatial aggregation to understand how a reliance on these estimates would impact conservation planning. We found that the average agricultural land value in a county did not accurately predict the acquisition costs of protected areas in that county. This lack of accuracy was a result of choosing agricultural land values as a proxy for acquisition costs, and not spatial averaging. A reliance on agricultural land values risks diverting limited funds for establishing protected areas away from parcels that offer the greatest return-on-investment. It would also lead a conservation organization to overestimate the budget needed to protect a given number of species. Our findings highlight the importance of incorporating data on how much protected areas actually cost in future conservation planning studies.
The Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Modern World: Trends and Straining Regimes

In the modern world, the most lethal weapons are not necessarily limited to the most economically advanced states. Technologies that were once available only to first-order powers, like uranium enrichment, gene splicing and the freeze-drying of microbes, are now within the grasp of less developed states such as North Korea, Iran and others. Increasing demand for nuclear power and the expanding possibilities of biological research and development could lead more states to acquire dual-use capabilities that can be applied to either a civilian or military programme. The worldwide transition from a bipolar security dynamic to a unipolar and now increasingly a multipolar dynamic has led states to emphasise regional security agendas that may make access to weapons of mass destruction more attractive. At the same time, the international regimes put in place to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction are straining under the influence of these forces. This chapter will examine these broad trends that may influence the spread of weapons of mass destruction in the coming years.
European Works Councils and SE Works Councils in 2015. Facts and figures

In 2016 it will be 20 years since the first European Works Councils (EWC) directive came into force in the EU. In the same year, the European Commission is planning an evaluation of the EWC recast directive that will undoubtedly lead to debate on the need for further review of European regulation of EWCs. The year 2015 also marks the fifteenth anniversary of adoption of the EU directive on workers’ involvement in the European Company (SE).This publication provides a broad selection of key figures on the basic characteristics of EWCs and SE WCs and the companies in which they operate. It covers both the demographics (e.g. development over years, establishment, sectoral distribution, etc.) as well as selected aspects of content analysis of agreements (composition, competences, meetings, facilities and resources). The book provides food for thought about the importance of this European institution, its potential effects on the Europeanisation of industrial relations, and its future development. The statistical data provide insight for practitioners (works council members, trade union coordinators, experts, trainers) and stakeholders into the distinctive features and characteristics of EWCs and SE WCs.
Outcomes of Patients Who Have Do Not Resuscitate Status prior to Being Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit

Admission of patients who have do not resuscitate (DNR) status to an intensive care unit (ICU) is potentially a misallocation of limited resources to patients who may neither need nor want intensive care. Yet, patients who have DNR status are often admitted to the ICU. This is a retrospective review of patients who had a valid DNR status at the time that they were admitted to an ICU in a single hospital over an eighteen-month period. Thirty-five patients met the criteria for inclusion in the study. The primary reasons for admission to the ICU were respiratory distress (54.2%) and sepsis (45.7%). Sixteen (45.7%) of the patients died, compared to a 5.4% mortality rate for all patients admitted to our ICU during this period (p < 0.001). APACHE II score was a significant predictor of mortality (18.5 ± 1.3 alive and 23.4 ± 1.4 dead; p = 0.038). Of the 19 patients discharged alive, 9 were discharged home, 5 to hospice, and 4 to a post-acute care facility. Conclusions. Patients who have DNR status and are admitted to the ICU have a higher mortality than other ICU patients. Those who survive have a high likelihood of being discharged to hospice or a post-acute care facility. The value of intensive intervention for these patients is not supported by these results. Only a minority of patients were seen by palliative care and chaplain teams, services which the literature supports as valuable for DNR patients. Our study supports the need for less expensive and less intensive but more appropriate resources for patients and families who have chosen DNR status.
Compact Add/Drop Filters using Etched Beam Splitter and Total Internal Reflection Mirrors

We present compact optical add-drop filters based on etched beam splitters and total internal reflection mirrors in weakly guiding GaAs/Al0.9Ga0.1As waveguides. Resonator with circumference of 70 μm have 11.5 nm FSR and 4.2 dB ER.
Homogeneous hydride formation path in α-Zr: Molecular dynamics simulations with the charge-optimized many-body potential

Abstract A path for homogeneous γ hydride formation in hcp α-Zr, from solid solution to the ζ and then the γ hydride, was demonstrated using molecular static calculations and molecular dynamic simulations with the charge-optimized many-body (COMB) potential. Hydrogen has limited solubility in α-Zr. Once the solubility limit is exceeded, the stability of solid solution gives way to that of coherent hydride phases such as the ζ hydride by planar precipitation of hydrogen. At finite temperatures, the ζ hydride goes through a partial hcp-fcc transformation via 1 3 〈 1 1 ¯ 00 〉 slip on the basal plane, and transforms into a mixture of γ hydride and α-Zr. In the ζ hydride, slip on the basal plane is favored thermodynamically with negligible barrier, and is therefore feasible at finite temperatures without mechanical loading. The transformation process involves slips of three equivalent shear partials, in contrast to that proposed in the literature where only a single shear partial was involved. The adoption of multiple slip partials minimizes the macroscopic shape change of embedded hydride clusters and the shear strain accumulation in the matrix, and thus reduces the overall barrier needed for homogeneous γ hydride formation. This formation path requires finite temperatures for hydrogen diffusion without mechanical loading. Therefore, it should be effective at the cladding operating conditions.
The Direct Response of Chaoborus astictopus to Light (Diptera: Gulicidae)

Chaoborid midges are an important component of the profundal bottom fauna in many of the world's lakes and reservoirs. As a result of their prevalence, many studies and observations have concerned these organisms (See Cook 1963 for review). Of especial interest to aquatic biologists over the years has been the behavioral characteristic exhibited by the older midge larvae of migrating from the bottom mud, where they spend the day, to the open water at night. Since this movement is coincidental with day and night, the obvious conclusion has been reached that the larvae are negatively phototactic (Berg 1937, Wood 1956).
An SEM analysis of neural crest migration in the mouse

The cellular morphology and migratory pathways of the trunk neural crest are described in normal mouse embryos, and in embryos homozygous for Patch in which neural crest derivatives develop abnormally. Trunk neural crest cells initially appear in 8 1/2-day embryos as a unique cell population on the dorsal neural tube surface and are relatively rounded. Once they begin to migrate the cells flatten and orient somewhat tangentially to the neural tube, and advance ventrad between the somites and neural tube. At the onset of migration neural crest cells extend lamellipodia onto the surface of the tube while detaching their trailing processes from the lumenal surface. The basal lamina on the dorsal neural tube is discontinuous when cell migration begins in this region. As development proceeds, the basal lamina gradually becomes continuous from a lateral to dorsal direction and neural crest emigration is progressively confined to the narrowing region of discontinuous basal lamina. Cell separation from the neural tube ceases concomitant with completion of a continuous basement membrane. Preliminary observations of the mutant embryos reveal that abnormal extracellular spaces appear and patterns of crest migration are subsequently altered. We conclude that the extracellular matrix, extracellular spaces and basement membranes may delimit crest migration in the mouse.
Identification of Diverse Mycoviruses through Metatranscriptomics Characterization of the Viromes of Five Major Fungal Plant Pathogens

ABSTRACT Mycoviruses can have a marked effect on natural fungal communities and influence plant health and productivity. However, a comprehensive picture of mycoviral diversity is still lacking. To characterize the viromes of five widely dispersed plant-pathogenic fungi, Colletotrichum truncatum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Diaporthe longicolla, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a high-throughput sequencing-based metatranscriptomic approach was used to detect viral sequences. Total RNA and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) from mycelia and RNA from samples enriched for virus particles were sequenced. Sequence data were assembled de novo , and contigs with predicted amino acid sequence similarities to viruses in the nonredundant protein database were selected. The analysis identified 72 partial or complete genome segments representing 66 previously undescribed mycoviruses. Using primers specific for each viral contig, at least one fungal isolate was identified that contained each virus. The novel mycoviruses showed affinity with 15 distinct lineages: Barnaviridae, Benyviridae, Chrysoviridae, Endornaviridae, Fusariviridae, Hypoviridae, Mononegavirales, Narnaviridae, Ophioviridae, Ourmiavirus, Partitiviridae, Tombusviridae, Totiviridae, Tymoviridae, and Virgaviridae. More than half of the viral sequences were predicted to be members of the Mitovirus genus in the family Narnaviridae, which replicate within mitochondria. Five viral sequences showed strong affinity with three families (Benyviridae, Ophioviridae, and Virgaviridae) that previously contained no mycovirus species. The genomic information provides insight into the diversity and taxonomy of mycoviruses and coevolution of mycoviruses and their fungal hosts. IMPORTANCE Plant-pathogenic fungi reduce crop yields, which affects food security worldwide. Plant host resistance is considered a sustainable disease management option but may often be incomplete or lacking for some crops to certain fungal pathogens or strains. In addition, the rising issues of fungicide resistance demand alternative strategies to reduce the negative impacts of fungal pathogens. Those fungus-infecting viruses (mycoviruses) that attenuate fungal virulence may be welcome additions for mitigation of plant diseases. By high-throughput sequencing of the RNAs from 275 isolates of five fungal plant pathogens, 66 previously undescribed mycoviruses were identified. In addition to identifying new potential biological control agents, these results expand the grand view of the diversity of mycoviruses and provide possible insights into the importance of intracellular and extracellular transmission in fungus-virus coevolution.
CRISPR guide RNA design for research applications

The rapid rise of CRISPR as a technology for genome engineering and related research applications has created a need for algorithms and associated online tools that facilitate design of on-target and effective guide RNAs (gRNAs). Here, we review the state of the art in CRISPR gRNA design for research applications of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, including knockout, activation, and inhibition. Notably, achieving good gRNA design is not solely dependent on innovations in CRISPR technology. Good design and design tools also rely on availability of high-quality genome sequence and gene annotations, as well as on availability of accumulated data regarding off-targets and effectiveness metrics.
Theory of Quantum Beats and Emission Dynamics from Molecules

The theory and experimental study of molecular emission is of fundamental and applied significance. New interesting problems arise as more state-of-the-art technique for producing molecules in well isolated state (e.g., by supersonic jet cooling) and more sophisticated laser excitation sources are developed. Figure 1 shows a typical level scheme involved. The ground singlet state is radiatively coupled to the excited singlet state, but not to the manifold of triplet excited states. Depending on the density of these triplet states (which are coupled to the excited singlet by spin-orbit interactions), the emission from the molecules (from the coupled singlet-triplet excited states) may be classified roughly into the “small”, the “intermediate” or the “statistical” limitsl defined by YTρT ≪1, YTρT≤ 1 and YTρT≫ 1, respectively, where YT is the decay rate (line-width) of the triplet and ρT is the density of the triplet levels).