cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat Losses of Large White Turkeys—6 to 36 Days of Age

Abstract The sensible and evaporative heat losses of turkeys are needed to determine the supplemental heat and ventilation requirements for turkey housing. The heat losses of Large White male turkeys from 6 to 36 days of age were determined for a 24-hour period with a continually measuring partitional calorimeter. The metabolizable energy intakes and body weight gains of the turkeys were also determined. The heat losses of the turkeys were measured at recommended environmental temperatures and at 5.56° C. above and 5.56° C. below the recommended temperatures with a lower limit of 23.89° C. The recommended temperature started at 35.00° C. for 1 week of age and was decreased 2.78° C. per week to 23.89° C. The sensible heat loss per unit body weight for the turkeys tested at the recommended environmental temperatures and at 5.56° C. below the recommended remained fairly constant with increasing age, but the sensible heat loss for turkeys tested at 5.56° C. above the recommended increased with increasing age. The evaporative heat loss per turkey at the recommended temperatures and at 5.56° C. above and 5.56° C. below the recommended remained fairly constant with increasing age.
How content and co‐viewers elicit emotional discomfort in moviegoing experiences: Where does the discomfort come from and how is it handled?

Summary: Although watching movies is typically enjoyable, they also can elicit discomfort. The present studies investigated what makes some moviegoing experiences emotionally uncomfortable. Using autobiographical memory (Study 1) and scenarios/ vignettes methodology (Study 2), young adults remembered watching a movie that had made them uncomfortable or responded to scenarios about watching a particular type of movie with particular co-viewers (e.g. violent movie with one’s spouse). Movies eliciting discomfort were most often dramas (39%) or comedies (26%). Discomfort most often arose from content, particularly fairly explicit sex or violence, and secondarily from the presence of co-viewers. Often the two interacted, for example, being uncomfortable watching explicit sex with one’s parents. In terms of dealing with the discomfort, women were overall more direct and men more avoidant. A sizable minority was glad they had seen the film, in spite of the discomfort, and was open to seeing it again. Arguing from converging evidence, these different methodologies produced consistent results. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. People generally watch movies because they enjoy them and are entertained (Vorderer & Hartmann, 2009). Sometimes, however, they end up not enjoying a film as much as they had anticipated and may even be quite uncomfortable watching a particular movie. The present studies explored this type of
Direct stimulation of respiratory enzyme activity by crustacean eyestalk extract

Abstract Crustacean eyestalk extract stimulated the activity of cytochrome oxidasem succinic dehydrogenase and malic dehydrogenase of oyster mantle homogenate systems.
Characteristics of multiple forms of the acidic triacylglycerol lipase(s) of canine cardiac myocytes

Abstract Acidic lipase activity was extracted by digitonin treatment from particulate fractions prepared from isolated adult canine myocytes. Both methylumbelliferyloleate (MUO) and trioleoylglycerol were hydrolyzed with an apparent K m of 13 and 135 μM, respectively. The primary products of trioleoylglycerol lipolysis were oleic acid and 1,2-dioleoylglycerol. Hydrolysis of either MUO or triacylglycerol was stimulated in vitro by the addition of cardiolipin or Triton X-100. Triton X-100 alone was sufficient for maximal stimulation of MUO hydrolysis, but cardiolipin further stimulated triacylglycerol lipolysis in the presence of an optimal concentration of Triton X-100. Cardiolipin increased the V max without altering the K m for trioleoylglycerol. Upon gel filtration chromatography the 4-methylumbelliferyloleate and triacylglycerol lipase activities eluted in regions consistent with molecular weights of approx. 47000 and 55000, respectively. Chromatofocusing revealed predominantly one form of acidic 4-methylumbelliferyloleate hydrolase (p I approx. 6.3), whereas acidic triacylglycerol lipase activity eluted continuously in the pH gradient from 7.2 to 4.3 with no clearly predominant peak of activity. Two forms of both 4-methylumbelliferyloleate and triacylglycerol lipase were eluted from columns of carboxymethyl Bio-Gel at pH 5.7; one form of each lipase activity was not bound and another form of each lipase was eluted with 50–60 mM KCl. The non-bound forms of each lipase were indistinguishable from their respective carboxymethyl-bound forms on the basis of pH dependency or kinetically (similar K m ). The nonbound and carboxymethyl-bound peaks of lipolytic activity differed in the ratios of 4-methylumbelliferyloleate hydrolase to triacylglycerol lipase activity. The results suggest that the cardiac myocyte contains multiple forms of acidic lipase, and that the catalytic units primarily responsible for the hydrolysis of methylumbelliferyl esters and triacylglycerols may not be identical.
Time domain modeling of pulse propagation in non-isotropic dispersive media

Acoustic pulse propagation requires the inclusion of attenuation and its causal companion, dispersion when propagation is through a non-ideal fluid medium. For acoustic propagation in a linear medium, Szabo [T.L. Szabo, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 96 (1994) 491-500] introduced the concept of a convolutional propagation operator that plays the role of a casual propagation factor in the time domain. The resulting modified wave equation is solved via the method of finite differences. One aspect of the acoustic field that is of interest to researchers is the monostatic-backscattered field. This field which by definition is small compared to the forward-propagated field is challenging to isolate. Since the numerical grid is of finite size, the received signal has the possibility of being contaminated with spurious reflections coming from the walls of the computational grid even if absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) are imposed. Therefore, a robust highly accurate absorbing boundary condition is developed. In addition, the finite difference description of the modified wave equation is developed having fourth-order accuracy in both time and space.
A practical introduction to data structures and algorithms analysis, Java edition

Data Types Abstract Data Type (ADT): a definition for a data type solely in terms of a set of values and a set of operations on that data type. Each ADT operation is defined by its inputs and outputs. Encapsulation: hide implementation details A data structure is the physical implementation of an ADT. • Each operation associated with the ADT is implemented by one or more subroutines in the implementation. Data structure usually refers to an organization for data in main memory. File structure: an organization for data on peripheral storage, such as a disk drive or tape. An ADT manages complexity through abstraction: metaphor. [Hierarchies of labels] [Ex: transistors → gates → CPU. In a program, implement an ADT, then think only about the ADT, not its implementation]Data Type (ADT): a definition for a data type solely in terms of a set of values and a set of operations on that data type. Each ADT operation is defined by its inputs and outputs. Encapsulation: hide implementation details A data structure is the physical implementation of an ADT. • Each operation associated with the ADT is implemented by one or more subroutines in the implementation. Data structure usually refers to an organization for data in main memory. File structure: an organization for data on peripheral storage, such as a disk drive or tape. An ADT manages complexity through abstraction: metaphor. [Hierarchies of labels] [Ex: transistors → gates → CPU. In a program, implement an ADT, then think only about the ADT, not its implementation]
Einstein and the quantum theory

This is an account of Einstein's work and thoughts on the quantum theory. The following topics will be discussed: The light-quantum hypothesis and its gradual evolution into the photon concept. Early history of the photoelectric effect. The theoretical and experimental reasons why the resistance to the photon was stronger and more protracted than for any other particle proposed to date. Einstein's position regarding the Bohr-Kramers-Slater suggestion, the last bastion of resistance to the photon. Einstein's analysis of fluctuations around thermal equilibrium and his proposal of a duality between particles and waves, in 1909 for electromagnetic radiation (the first time this duality was ever stated) and in January 1925 for matter (prior to quantum mechanics and for reasons independent of those given earlier by de Broglie). His demonstration that long-known specific heat anomalies are quantum effects. His role in the evolution of the third law of thermodynamics. His new derivation of Planck's law in 1917 which also marks the beginning of his concern with the failure of classical causality. His role as one of the founders of quantum statistics and his discovery of the first example of a phase transition derived by using purely statistical methods. His position as a critic of quantum mechanics. Initial doubts on the consistency of quantum mechanics (1926-1930). His view maintained from 1930 until the end of his life: quantum mechanics is logically consistent and quite successful but it is incomplete. His attitude toward success. His criterion of objective reality. Differences in the roles relativity and quantum theory played in Einstein's life. His vision regarding quantum theory in the context of a unified field theory. His last autobiographical sketch, written a few months before his death, concluding with a statement about the quantum theory, a subject to which (by his own account) he had given more thought than even to general relativity.
Spin content of the bosonic string

Abstract A new form is derived for the generating function, χ [ λ ] ( x ) = Σ n =0 ∞ x n χ n [ λ ] , which counts the number of times, χ n [ λ ] , that the irreducible O( D − 1) rotation group representation [λ] appears at the n th mass level for the bosonic string. The derivation goes through for arbitrary old spatial dimensions, D − 1 = 2 v + 1. Simplifications of the results are noted for large v and the relation to a previously obtained formula for χ [ λ ] ( x ) is explained.
Hydrogen bonding between aromatics and cationic amino groups

Abstract The proximity of cationic amino groups to aromatic rings in proteins as a motif has been used to interpret specificity, structural and conformational stability, and even catalytic activity in biological systems. To quantify these interactions, ammonium cation-aromatic ring complexes have been geometry-optimized using the 3-21G basis set at the Hartree-Fock level. Final binding energies are obtained from single-point RHF and MP2/6-31G * level calculations at the 3-21G optimized geometries. The cation species include NH 4 + , CH 3 NH 3 + , and (CH 3 ) 4 N + , and the aromatic systems (models for amino acid side-chains) consist of benzene, toluene (phenylalanine), paramethylphenol (tyrosine) and 4-methylindole (tryptophan). Twenty-five distinct complex geometries are obtained which can be represented by ten generic structures. The MP2 binding energies at the 3-21G optimized geometries compare very well with experiment. Special binding sites at the electronegative atoms (oxygen in paramethylphenol and nitrogen in 4-methylindole) are also found. The effect of basis set and theoretical level on the calculated results is tested and discussed. A reduced variational space binding energy component analysis of the ammonium-benzene complex shows the binding energy to have similar contributions from electrostatic (including exchange repulsion), polarization, and charge transfer terms. Comparison with potassium ion/ benzene shows similar binding energy but significantly different binding energy components.
METabolic Adaptations in the Tumor MYCroenvironment

In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Yuneva et al. (2012) use mouse cancer models to characterize tumor nutrient metabolism in vivo. This study suggests that the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells is not only determined by the mutational status of specific oncogenes but is also influenced by the cell of origin and tumor microenvironment.
The Regulus occultation light curve and the real atmosphere of Venus

An inversion of the light curve observed during the July 7, 1959, occultation of Regulus by Venus leads to the conclusion that the light curve cannot be reconciled with models of the Venus atmosphere based on spacecraft observations. The event occurred in daylight and, under the subsequently difficult observation conditions, it seems likely that the Regulus occultation light curve is marred by a systematic errors in spite of the competence of the observers involved.
Velocity effects in transverse mode liquid propellant rocket combustion instability

Analytical and experimental studies have confirmed the application of the pressuresensitive combustion time lag to transverse as well as longitudinal modes of high-frequency combustion instability in liquid propellant rocket engines. However, a recent series of tests at Princeton University has demonstrated that an additional combustion rate sensitivity must be considered in the transverse mode case. In the present paper, an extension of the theory of transverse mode combustion instability, which includes linearized velocity effects, is described. Fluctuations of the radial and tangential velocity components are assumed to influence the combustion process rates in a manner analogous to that previously proposed by Crocco for pressure perturbations. A physical mechanism is suggested in the enhancement of the reactant mixing, which can be affected by the transverse components of the gas velocity. The analysis predicts that the tangential velocity perturbation may have a strong destabilizing effect on spinning tangential modes but will have no effect on standing modes. The radial velocity fluctuation is shown to have a smaller but significant influence. Experimental verification of the predicted effects has been obtained for a fuel-on-oxidizer impinging doublet injector pattern and for like-on-like injection using close spacing (0.1 in.) of the liquid spray fans.
The interaction of O2− with water

Abstract Ab initio calculations at the 4–31 + G level have been carried out for the interaction of F − , O 2 − , and Cl − with H 2 O. Computation of the binding energies gave reasonable agreement with hydration energies. The O 2 − (H 2 O) system was also investigated at the 6-31 + G ★★ level including Moller-Plesset perturbation theory to second order. The strength of O 2 − binding to H 2 O is intermediate to that of F − and Cl − with H 2 O.
High-pressure molding and carbonation of cementitious materials

Bulk carbonation of cements can have several beneficial effects, including permeability and porosity reduction, increased compressive strength, and pH reduction. Using supercritical and near-critical CO2, we examined both in-situ molding processes and postsetting treatments of cement mixtures, including those with fly ash, cement slag, and reactive silica. Specimens were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (for carbonate content), pH by a contact method, and porosity measurements such as N2 adsorption and water absorption. Surface carbonation was almost instantaneous for cured cements using supercritical CO2, and rapid bulk carbonation of forms several millimeters thick could be effected using in-situ molding. Carbonation by supercritical CO2 formed a dense layer of interlocking CaCO3 crystals in minutes. The best way to rapidly carbonate large cement forms was to harden them in a mold under CO2 pressure; these materials cured at an acc...
Self-compassion, Achievement Goals, and Coping with Academic Failure.

Two studies examined the relationship between self-compassion, academic achievement goals, and coping with perceived academic failure among undergraduates. Selfcompassion entails being kind to oneself in instances of failure, perceiving one’s experiences as part of the larger human experience, and holding painful feelings in mindful awareness. Study 1 (N = 222) found that self-compassion was positively associated with mastery goals and negatively associated with performance goals, a relationship that was mediated by the lesser fear of failure and greater perceived competence of self-compassionate individuals. Study 2 confirmed these findings among students who perceived their recent midterm grade as a failure (N = 110), with results also indicating that self-compassion was positively associated with emotion-focused coping strategies and negatively associated with avoidance-oriented strategies.
Encoding interval in short-term memory

Twenty S's were assigned to each of two conditions of a short-term memory study. In one condition (control) all items were presented visually at a standard presentation interval of 2.05 sec. In the other condition syllables were presented at intervals corresponding to their pronunciation latencies averaging at 2.05 sec, but with a range from 1.02 sec for the easiest to pronounce trigram to 4.09 sec for the most difficult to pronounce trigram. The variation of presentation interval reduced differences in recall between easy- and difficult-to-pronounce items by reducing the number of errors made on the difficult items while having no effect on the easy-to-pronounce items.
A domain model of WWW browsers

Domain analysis is the process of identifying and organizing knowledge about some class of problems to support the description and solution of those problems, WWW (World Wide Web) browsers was chosen as the domain to illustrate two different levels of domain analysis. In this work we illustrate a problem oriented domain analysis on the navigational features of WWW browsers and a solution oriented domain analysis on WWW browser caching.
To be or not to be (ethnic): Public vs. private expressions of ethnic identification differentially impact national inclusion of White and non-White groups

Many pluralistic nations are witnessing vigorous debate about multiculturalism. In the U.S., Americans generally embrace principles of ethnic diversity but dislike minorities who express strong ethnic identification. Two experiments examined this seeming contradiction by differentiating between ethnic identity expressed in private vs. public by non-White and White individuals. Then we tested whether individuals' identity expressions differentially affected perceivers' construal of their entire ethnic group as legitimately American. Results indicated that at a conscious level, White and non-White ethnic groups were held to the same standard and construed as significantly less American when members expressed their ethnic identity publicly vs. privately. However, at an unconscious level, a double standard emerged: non-White ethnic groups were implicitly rejected as less American if members expressed ethnic identity publicly, while White ethnics were implicitly accepted as legitimate Americans regardless of where they expressed ethnic identity.
Flexural creep of an in Situ-toughened silicon carbide

Flexural creep behavior is reported for an in situ-toughened SiC between 1100° and 1500°C in four-point bending. The flexural creep rate of this SiC, sintered with aluminum, boron, and carbon (ABC-SiC), exhibits linear stress dependence, low apparent activation energy, and low incidence of cavitation and dislocation production. Most grain boundaries in this ceramic contain 1–5 nm intergranular films. The creep rate is consistent with a grain-boundary transport mechanism involving diffusion along the grain-boundary film-SiC interfaces. The microstructure and grain boundaries have been examined using transmission electron microscopy to assess possible changes during creep, particularly in relation to the applied stress direction.
Changing age distribution of the blood donor population in the United States.

BACKGROUND: The American Red Cross has been maintaining a research database of all blood donors. Such a database provides a unique opportunity for monitoring changes over time in donor and donation patterns. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Changes in age distribution among blood donors were analyzed through comparison of the volunteer donor population in 1996, 1999, 2002, and 2005, before and after adjustment for demographic changes of the general population in the United States. RESULTS: Donations by repeat donors 50 years or older as a proportion of total donations increased from 22.1 percent in 1996 to 34.5 percent in 2005, or 1.4 percent per year, whereas donations from repeat donors of 25 to 49 years decreased from 49.1 percent in 1996 to 37.1 percent in 2005, or 1.3 percent per year. After adjusting for general population trends, the effective number of donors decreased by more than 10 percent in female and male repeat donors of age 20 to 49 years and male first-time donors of age 25 to 49 years from 1996 to 2005; female and male repeat donors of age 25 to 39 years decreased by greater than 40 percent. Prevalence rates of major infectious disease markers decreased by 3.3 percent or more per year for first-time donations and by 6.4 percent or more per year for repeat donations. CONCLUSION: The aging patterns of blood donors suggest the need for improved recruitment and retention in the young adult and middle-aged groups. A severe shortage of blood and blood components may be forecast in the foreseeable future unless offset by significant increased supply or reduced usage of blood and blood components.
Comorbidity of Juvenile Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder with Disruptive Behavior Disorders

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the full spectrum of psychiatric comorbidity in juvenile obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in a naturalistic manner when no exclusionary criteria are used for sample selection. Method Consecutive referrals to a specialized pediatric OCD clinic were evaluated by means of structured diagnostic interviews and rating scales. No exclusionary criteria were used for sample selection. Findings were compared with those of previously published reports of juvenile OCD. Results Compared with previous studies, our sample of juveniles with OCD had high rates of comorbidity not only with tic, mood, and anxiety disorders but also with disruptive behavior disorders. Conclusions Our findings indicate that in the naturalistic setting, juvenile OCD is heavily comorbid with both internalizing and externalizing disorders. The presence of such a complex comorbid state has important clinical and research implications and stresses the relevance of limiting exclusionary criteria in studies of juvenile OCD.
Antecedents of mothers' emotional and cognitive responses to infant distress: The role of family, mother, and infant characteristics

The antecedents of mothers' emotional and cognitive responses to infant distress were examined. Participants were 67 mothers and their infants. Mothers completed questionnaires assessing their experiences in the family of origin and current marital relationships both pre- and postnatally and their coping strategies prenatally. Infant temperament was observed at 6 months, and mothers were interviewed about their emotional and cognitive responses to infant distress 2 years later to assess their emotional competencies (i.e., accurate identification of negative emotions, emotion efficacy, emotional responses to infant distress, and emotion goals). A childhood history of emotional rejection was negatively associated with empathy and efficacy and positively associated with negative emotions. The association between childhood history and some emotional competencies was moderated by current marital dysfunction, engaged coping, and positive intervening relationships. Maternal marital styles and coping strategies and infant temperament correlated with emotional competencies. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed from an attachment theory perspective.
In vivo interleukin-2 gene therapy of established tumors with herpes simplex amplicon vectors

In vivo cytokine gene transfer may greatly simplify autologous tumor vaccine production. Herpes simplex viral amplicon vectors (HSV) are efficient gene-transfer vehicles and may overcome many limitations of prior gene-transfer methods. The interleukin-2 (IL-2) and β-galactosidase genes (lac) were inserted into an HSV amplicon vector and tested in a subcutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of lung origin to determine the efficiency of in vivo gene transfer and the utility of such a direct gene-transfer approach in cancer therapy. Gene transfer and expression were assessed by histochemical staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Growth of injected tumors as well as non-injected tumors remote from the site of injection was assessed. Assessment of lymphocytic infiltrates into tumors was performed by immunohistochemistry. Survival was recorded. Direct in vivo injection of established tumors with a HSVil2 resulted in efficient gene transfer and production of IL-2 in the injected tumor but not at tumors remote from the sites of injection. There was a significant suppression of growth of the tumors injected with HSVil2 (P < 0.01) when compared with tumors injected with HSV without il2. Of note, growth of tumors remote from sites of HSVil2 injection was also retarded and treatment was associated with a significant (P < 0.05) improvement in survival. Direct intratumoral administration of HSV amplicon vectors can result in efficient transfer of cytokine genes and have antitumor efficacy. HSV vectors are therefore potentially useful agents in such in vivo gene-therapy strategies and simplify cytokine antitumor gene-therapy strategies.
A proposed investigation of vening meinesz anomalies

To deduce the size, shape, and density of the anomalous masses which produce the Vening Meinesz belts of negative gravity-anomalies is an important problem. This calculation has been carried out by Vening Meinesz [see 1 of “References” at end of paper] for a profile from Java to Christmas Island and by Jung [2] for a profile across the Nares Deep and also for one across East Timor. The present paper considers the possibility of increasing the accuracy of this calculation in future work. Three possibilities are discussed.
Accounting for the risk of extreme outcomes in an integrated assessment of climate change.

Abstract The potential for climate catastrophes, represented by ‘fat-tailed’ distributions on consequences, has attracted much attention recently. To date, however, most integrated assessment models have either been largely deterministic or deterministic with ex-post sensitivity analysis. The conclusions of such analyses are likely to differ from those employing models that accurately characterize society’s joint preferences concerning time and risk, especially when distributions are fat-tailed. Using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model adapted from Nordhaus’s DICE model, we show that failing to accurately account for risk can lead to substantial underestimation of the net benefits of greenhouse gas abatement. A robust finding of our analysis is that a lenient ‘policy ramp’ emissions reduction strategy is preferable over a more aggressive strategy—such as that advocated by the Stern Review—only if the model does not account for uncertainty about the climate system, the carbon cycle and economic damages, and specifies a consumption discount rate that is counterfactually higher than the historical global weighted average cost of capital of 4.0%. In the debate over uncertainty and time discounting, our results imply that what matters most in climate change assessment is the inclusion and particular specification of uncertainty rather than the precise choice of discount rate.
Utility of Assimilating Surface Radiometric Temperature Observations for Evaporative Fraction and Heat Transfer Coefficient Retrieval

Recent advances in land data assimilation have yielded variational smoother techniques designed to solve the surface energy balance based on remote observations of surface radiometric temperature. These approaches have a number of potential advantages over existing diagnostic models, including the ability to make energy flux predictions between observation times and reduced requirements for ancillary parameter estimation. Here, the performance of a recently developed variational smoother approach is examined in detail over a range of vegetative and hydrological conditions in the southern U.S.A. during the middle part of the growing season. Smoother results are compared with flux tower observations and energy balance predictions obtained from the two-source energy balance model (TSM). The variational approach demonstrates promise for flux retrievals at dry and lightly vegetated sites. However, results suggest that the simultaneous retrieval of both evaporative fraction and turbulent transfer coefficients by the variational approach will be difficult for wet and/or heavily vegetated land surfaces. Additional land surface information (e.g. leaf area index (LAI) or the rough specification of evaporative fraction bounds) will be required to ensure robust predictions under such conditions. The single-source nature of the variational approach also hampers the physical interpretation of turbulent transfer coefficient retrievals. Intercomparisons between energy flux predictions from the variational approach and the purely diagnostic TSM demonstrate that the relative accuracy of each approach is contingent on surface conditions and the accuracy with which LAI values required by the TSM can be estimated.
Trichostatin A up-regulates human papillomavirus type 11 upstream regulatory region-E6 promoter activity in undifferentiated primary human keratinocytes.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) gene expression in squamous epithelia is differentiation dependent in benign patient lesions and in organotypic raft cultures of primary human keratinocytes (PHKs). Using the lacZ reporter in raft cultures, we previously showed that this transcriptional regulation of the HPV type 11 (HPV-11) enhancer-promoter located in the upstream regulatory region (URR) appears to have resulted from coordination between the transcription transactivators AP1, Oct1, and Sp1 in differentiated upper strata and the repressor C/EBP in proliferating basal cells. We report here that trichostatin A, a specific inhibitor of histone deacetylase, dramatically stimulated reporter gene activity from the wild-type HPV-11 URR or the C/EBP mutation in PHKs grown in undifferentiated submerged cultures. In epithelial raft cultures, up-regulation occurred predominantly in basal and parabasal strata; this effect was promoter specific, as expression of the lacZ reporter gene driven by the murine leukemia virus long terminal repeat (LTR), the keratin 14 promoter, or the involucrin promoter was not altered, nor was expression of endogenous keratin 10 and profilaggrin affected. However, the responses were not cell type or species specific, as identical results were observed for both HPV-11 URR- lacZ and LTR- lacZ in murine retrovirus producer cell lines of fibroblast origin.
DC/sup 2/ scheduling for aperiodic tasks in strongly partitioned real-time systems

The strongly partitioned real time system (SP-RTS) provides temporal and spatial partitioning for its integrated real time applications. The SP-RTS architecture adopts a two-level hierarchical scheduling mechanism. In the lower level, multiple partitions (applications) are dispatched under a cyclic scheduling, whereas, in the higher level, multiple periodic tasks of each partition are scheduled according to a fixed priority algorithm. The authors focus on designing algorithms for online scheduling of aperiodic tasks in the SP-RTS environment. The Distance Constraint guaranteed Dynamic Cyclic (DC/sup 2/) scheduler that is proposed uses these basic operations: Left Sliding (LS), Right Putting (RP), and Compacting. These operations dynamically schedule aperiodic tasks within a distance-constrained cyclic schedule. We show that the dynamic applications of these operations do not violate the distance constraint characteristics of a partition cyclic schedule. In addition, the slack time calculation of these dynamic operations can be applied for scheduling hard aperiodic tasks. With the simulation studies, we observed that the DC/sup 2/ can result in a significant performance enhancement in terms of the average response time of soft aperiodic tasks and the acceptance rate for hard aperiodic tasks.
From Patient to Consumer in the Medical Marketplace

Commerce can be defined as an exchange of goods and services using money as the medium for the exchange. People engage in commerce to make money. It has the potential to remain morally neutral. But when the emphasis on making money becomes the goal or value that directs the process, rather than the value of the endeavor itself, things can become distorted. Making money as a primary goal is understood and recognized for the venture capitalist, but it is less attractive when identified as the goal of medical care. Society, or at least medical practitioners, hold their profession to duties beyond the pursuit of personal gain. Medical duties toward beneficence, justice, and respect for autonomy are deemed far too important to be distracted by the desire for financial reward. Any conduct that seems to place the physician's self-interest above that of the patient's reduces the respect and moral authority claimed by the profession.
Nkrumah's Theory of Underdevelopment: An Analysis of Recurrent Themes

In recent years tremendous concern has been expressed about the problems of what had first been identified as “backward,” then euphemistically “underdeveloped” or “undeveloped,” and now more positively “developing” or “emerging” areas. A wealth of factual and theoretical studies has been produced, attempting to view the problems of underdevelopment broadly and to construct a conceptual framework by which we might comprehend the apparently complex phenomena occurring in those regions. In spite of this growing scholarly interest, and without attempting to minimize the contribution of those who are laboring in this as yet untapped field, it is this writer's contention that too few studies have been undertaken which examine and analyze the views of those individuals most influential in shaping the future of the emerging states—the national political leaders.
Interventions Acquisition and Generalization of Social Skills in Elementary-Aged Children with Learning Disabilities

The generalization of specific social skills to new environments/situations by elementary-aged students with learning disabilities was the primary focus of this study. During the spring semester of 1985, training in the learning disabilities resource room, including a discussion and verbal rehearsal of appropriate skill use and positive consequences of using the specific social skill appropriately, was initiated. Once the subject became proficient in the skill of interest, attempts to establish the skill outside the resource room were initiated (training sufficient exemplars). Reinforcement in the form of systematic attention was delivered in the new environments by teachers and parents. During the fall semester of 1985 each of the subjects was again observed with respect to the behaviors of interest. All subjects manifested generalization of the social skills to the new environments.
Implications of Lag Time Concept in the Oxidation of LDL

Oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The most common technique for measuring the oxidation of lipoproteins is the continuous measurement of the formation of conjugated diene at OD 234 nm. The concept of "lag time", derived from such measurements, has been used to test the efficacy of various antioxidants for their ability to inhibit the oxidation of LDL. This review will elaborate on some of the factors that might affect the lag time.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Effector CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein Homologous Protein (CHOP) Regulates Chronic Kidney Disease–Induced Vascular Calcification

Background Cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and vascular calcification are a major cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recently, the long-awaited results of the Study of Heart and Renal Protection trial were reported. This large randomized clinical trial found that an extensive cholesterol-lowering therapy through the combination of simvastatin and ezetimibe significantly reduced cardiovascular diseases in a wide range of patients with CKD. However, the mechanism by which this cholesterol-lowering therapy reduces CKD-dependent vascular diseases remains elusive. The objective of the present study was to determine the contribution of the oxysterol-induced pro-apoptotic transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) on the pathogenesis of CKD-dependent cardiovascular diseases through endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling. Methods and Results CKD increased levels of serum oxysterols such as 7-ketocholesterol in human patients and ApoE−/− mice. Treatment with simvastatin plus ezetimibe strongly reduced levels of serum oxysterols and attenuated CKD-dependent atherosclerosis, vascular cell death, vascular calcification, and cardiac dysfunction. This therapy also reduced aortic endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by CKD. The short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of CHOP and activating transcription factor-4 in vascular smooth muscle cells attenuated oxysterol-induced mineralization, osteogenic differentiation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In addition, CHOP deficiency protected ApoE−/− mice from CKD-dependent vascular calcification, cardiac dysfunction, and vascular cell death. Conclusions These data reveal that the cholesterol-lowering therapy of simvastatin plus ezetimibe attenuates CKD-dependent vascular diseases through a reduction of oxysterol-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress. CHOP plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of CKD-dependent vascular calcification.
Chronic label-free volumetric photoacoustic microscopy of melanoma cells in three-dimensional porous scaffolds

Visualizing cells in three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds has been one of the major challenges in tissue engineering. Most current imaging modalities either suffer from poor penetration depth or require exogenous contrast agents. Here, we demonstrate photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) of the spatial distribution and temporal proliferation of cells inside three-dimensional porous scaffolds with thicknesses over 1 mm. Specifically, we evaluated the effects of seeding and culture methods on the spatial distribution of melanoma cells. Spatial distribution of the cells in the scaffold was well-resolved in PAM images. Moreover, the number of cells in the scaffold was quantitatively measured from the as-obtained volumetric information. The cell proliferation profile obtained from PAM correlated well with what was obtained using the traditional 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.
The Science of Emotional Intelligence

This article provides an overview of current research on emotional intelligence. Although it has been defined in many ways, we focus on the four-branch model by Mayer and Salovey (1997), which characterizes emotional intelligence as a set of four related abilities: perceiving, using, understanding, and managing emotions. The theory provides a useful framework for studying individual differences in abilities related to processing emotional information. Despite measurement obstacles, the evidence in favor of emotional intelligence is accumulating. Emotional intelligence predicts success in important domains, among them personal and work relationships.
Simulation of Contaminates Around the Solid Immersion Lens in a Near-Field Optical Recording System

Accurate predictions of contamination in next-generation optical storage drives are paramount when active gap control is employed. In near-field recording devices, the read/write interface can be on the order of 20-30 nm, which means that the gap could be quite susceptible to contamination. Predictive modeling approaches for studying the behavior of contaminates in nanoscale hydrodynamic interfaces are needed. Here, we present such a model. The interface consists of a flat disk surface translating under a solid immersion lens (SIL) of hemispherical geometry. We present the computational modeling simulation results for nano-scale contaminates around the near-field SIL. The simulation shows that the discrete contaminates actually circumnavigate the SIL/disk interface during operation. We identify and discuss the external influences on the discrete contaminate particle behavior
AN ELEMENTARY TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION

We provide a systematic study of the trigonometric equation Atana + B sinb = C. In particular, the classical example tan 3� 11 + 4sin 2� 11 = p 11, appears in a natural form p 11. A second proof involving Gaussian sums is also discussed.
Development and Evaluation of Analytical Techniques for Total Chlorine in Used Oils and Oil Fuels

A current EPA regulation prohibits the sale for burning in nonindustrial boilers of used oils and oil fuels contaminated above specified levels with total chlorine. Analytical techniques for determining total chlorine were evaluated to provide regulatory agencies and the regulated community with appropriate chlorine test methods. The techniques evaluated included oxygen bomb combustion followed by chemical titrations or ion chromatography, instrumental microcoulometry, field test kits, an instrumental furnace/specific ion electrode determinator, a device based on the Beilstein reaction, and x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. These techniques were subjected to interlaboratory testing to estimate their precision, accuracy, and sensitivity. Virgin and used crankcase oils, hydraulic and metalworking oils, oil fuels and oil fuel blends with used oils were tested. The bomb techniques, one of the test kits, microcoulometry and all but one x-ray analyzer were found to be suitable for this application. The chlorine furnace and the Beilstein device were found to be inapplicable at the levels of interest. The second test kit is being modified at this time.
Yeast Mitochondrial RNase P RNA Synthesis Is Altered in an RNase P Protein Subunit Mutant: Insights into the Biogenesis of a Mitochondrial RNA-Processing Enzyme

Rpm2p is a protein subunit of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast mitochondrial RNase P, an enzyme which removes 5' leader sequences from mitochondrial tRNA precursors. Precursor tRNAs accumulate in strains carrying a disrupted allele of RPM2. The resulting defect in mitochondrial protein synthesis causes petite mutants to form. We report here that alteration in the biogenesis of Rpm1r, the RNase P RNA subunit, is another consequence of disrupting RPM2. High-molecular-weight transcripts accumulate, and no mature Rpm1r is produced. Transcript mapping reveals that the smallest RNA accumulated is extended on both the 5' and 3' ends relative to mature Rpm1r. This intermediate and other longer transcripts which accumulate are also found as low-abundance RNAs in wild-type cells, allowing identification of processing events necessary for conversion of the primary transcript to final products. Our data demonstrate directly that Rpm1r is transcribed with its substrates, tRNA met f and tRNAPro, from a promoter located upstream of the tRNA met f gene and suggest that a portion also originates from a second promoter, located between the tRNA met f gene and RPM1. We tested the possibility that precursors accumulate because the RNase P deficiency prevents the removal of the downstream tRNAPro. Large RPM1 transcripts still accumulate in strains missing this tRNA. Thus, an inability to process cotranscribed tRNAs does not explain the precursor accumulation phenotype. Furthermore, strains with mutant RPM1 genes also accumulate precursor Rpm1r, suggesting that mutations in either gene can lead to similar biogenesis defects. Several models to explain precursor accumulation are presented.
Transport of a partially-neutralized ion beam in a heavy-ion fusion reactor chamber

In a heavy-ion driven, inertial confinement fusion power plant, a space-charge dominated beam of heavy ions must be transported through a reactor chamber and focused on a 2-3 mm spot at the target. The spot size at the target is determined by the beam emittance and space charge, plus chromatic aberrations in the focusing lens system and errors in aiming the beam. The gain of the ICF capsule depends on the focal spot size. We are investigating low density, nearly-ballistic transport using an electromagnetic, r-z particle-in-cell code. Even at low density (n/spl ap/5/spl times/10/sup 13/ cm/sup -3/), beam stripping may be important. To offset the effects of stripping and reduce the space charge, the beam is partially charge neutralized via a pre-formed plasma near the chamber entrance. Additional electrons for charge neutralization come from ionization of the background gas by the beam. Simulations have shown that stripping can greatly increase the spot size; however, partial neutralization can offset most of this increase.
Basins of Attraction for Electronic Neural Networks

We have studied the basins of attraction for fixed point and oscillatory attractors in an electronic analog neural network. Basin measurement circuitry periodically opens the network feedback loop, loads raster-scanned initial conditions and examines the resulting attractor. Plotting the basins for fixed points (memories), we show that overloading an associative memory network leads to irregular basin shapes. The network also includes analog time delay circuitry, and we have shown that delay in symmetric networks can introduce basins for oscillatory attractors. Conditions leading to oscillation are related to the presence of frustration; reducing frustration by diluting the connections can stabilize a delay network.
Plasma arginine-vasopressin following experimental stroke: effect of osmotherapy

Neurohumoral responses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemia-evoked cerebral edema. In a well-characterized animal model of ischemic stroke, the present study was undertaken to 1) st...
Earth-Based Radar Studies of Planetary Surfaces And Atmospheres

Radar has been used as a remote sensing tool since 1946 when the first echoes from the moon were detected by ground-based radar systems. Since then the sensitivity of our most powerful radar systems has increased by a factor of about 1012, and radar studies of Mercury, Venus, Earth's moon, Mars, the Galilean moons of Jupiter, the rings of Saturn, and a dozen asteroids have been made. Specific studies range from simple measurements of distance or reflectivity to detailed maps or images of reflectivity, altimetry, and various other model parameters. This paper presents a short review of the more recent observations, and summarizes current research activities associated with each body. An attempt is made to anticipate the observational data set that should be available during the next decade. Such data will be useful for remote sensing applications, either directly or combined with data from other programs. The usefulness of the radar data is also dependent upon theoretical models that explain the observed scattering. Such models often are dependent upon parameters that are not measurable by radar. Likewise, models that predict other physical measurements may be influenced by parameters that are easily measured by radar. Thus many more exciting applications of radar data should become apparent as further observations are made by other techniques and as models are developed to explain the observed quantities.