cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship of estrogen and progesterone receptors to clinical outcome in metastatic endometrial carcinoma: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study

Abstract Introduction The goal of this study was to explore the relationship between the expression of hormone receptors in metastatic endometrial tumors and clinical response to daily tamoxifen citrate and intermittent weekly medroxyprogesterone acetate. Study design Patients with measurable recurrent or advanced endometrial cancer were enrolled on a clinical trial, Gynecologic Oncology Group Study 119. A pretreatment tumor biopsy was obtained and subjected to immunohistochemical analyses. Estrogen receptor-α (ER-α) and progesterone receptor (PR) were assessed on frozen tissues, and PR isoforms A and B were detected on fixed tissues. The receptors were scored using a semi-quantitative HSCORE, with a cut off greater than 75 considered positive. Results Of the 60 eligible patients, 45 had evaluable tissues for all receptors. For ER, 40% of the cases were positive; for PR, 45% were positive. The sub-cellular distribution of PRA was exclusively nuclear, and 16% of the tumors demonstrated positive staining. PRB was nuclear and cytoplasmic, with 22% of the tumors staining for nuclear PRB and 36% of the tumors staining for cytoplasmic PRB. ER and PR from frozen tissues and PRA and cytoplasmic PRB from fixed tissues significantly decreased with increasing tumor grade. The co-expression of ER-α with PR from the frozen tissues ( r =0.68, p r =0.58, p Conclusion ER-α measured in metastatic endometrial carcinoma tissue prior to hormonal therapy was statistically significantly related to clinical response to daily tamoxifen and intermittent medroxyprogesterone acetate.
High-Fidelity Reconstruction and Computational Modeling of Metallic Microstructure

The end-objective of this research is to identify critical microstructural features in metals that precipitate plastic flow, and therefore, cause degradation of mechanical performance at higher scales. The material focus is a titanium alloy-β21s. The three-dimensional (3D) microstructure in the mesoscale range was obtained using serial sectioning, optical microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and computerized 3D reconstruction techniques. The reconstructed volumes, comprising hundreds of beta-Ti grains, provide information on morphology and crystallography. This data was used as input into 3D finite element models to analyze the spatial evolution of state variables, such as stress, strain and crystallographic slip under simple loading conditions. Single crystal hypoelasticity and the assumption of resolved shear stress causing crystal slip were used to represent microstructural material behavior. Evolution of plastic flow with applied loading was analyzed at grain boundary interfaces where most flow occurred. Rendering of large reconstructions into faithful but lean finite element meshes was identified to be the critical issue in simulating accurate material behavior near grain boundaries, establishing definite structure-property relationships at mesoscale and reducing the computational cost.© 2007 ASME
Effect of Base-Contact Overlap and Parasitic Capacities on Small-Signal Parameters of Junction Transistors

In a grown-junction transistor in which the base connection consists of an alloy contact, overlap on emitter and/or collector regions may produce appreciable capacity between emitter-base and collector-base terminals. The effect of such overlap capacity upon measured small-signal parameters at high frequencies is described briefly for both grounded-base and grounded-emitter operation. Typical experimental results are shown for two different parameters. Also, it is noted that interterminal parasitic capacities affect measured parameters in the same manner as do these overlap capacities.
VIBE: A VIRTUAL BIOMOLECULAR ENVIRONMENT FOR INTERACTIVE MOLECULAR MODELING

Abstract Virtual reality tightly coupled to high performance computing and communications ushers in a new era for the study of molecular recognition and the rational design of pharmaceutical compounds. We have created a Virtual Biomolecular Environment (VIBE), which consists of 1. (1) massively parallel computing to simulate the physical and chemical properties of a molecular system, 2. (2) the Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE) for immersive display and interaction with the molecular system, and 3. (3) a high-speed network interface to exchange data between the simulation and the CAVE. VIBE enables molecular scientists to have a visual, auditory, and haptic experience with a chemical system, while simultaneously manipulating its physical properties by steering, in real-time, a simulation executed on a supercomputer. We demonstrate the characteristics of VIBE using an HIV protease-cyclic urea inhibitor complex.
A positive MUSCL-Hancock scheme for ideal magnetohydrodynamics

We present a highly robust second order accurate scheme for the Euler equations and the ideal MHD equations. The scheme is of predictor-corrector type, with a MUSCL scheme following as a special case. The crucial ingredients are an entropy stable approximate Riemann solver and a new spatial reconstruction that ensures positivity of mass density and pressure. For multidimensional MHD, a new discrete form of the Powell source terms is vital to ensure the stability properties. The numerical examples show that the scheme has superior stability compared to standard schemes, while maintaining accuracy. In particular, the method can handle very low values of pressure (i.e. low plasma @b or high Mach numbers) and low mass densities.
Quantum computing: A topological route to error correction

Quantum computing is plagued by noise and small errors. An approach based on topological techniques reduces the sensitivity to errors and boosts the prospects for building practical quantum computers. See Article p.489 Quantum computation is more prone to error than are the processes involved in classical computers, so scalable quantum computing requires the fault-tolerant manipulation of the quantum bits or qubits that carry the information. One of the most promising methods for minimizing the rate of errors caused by qubit decoherence is topological error correction, which combines topological quantum computation with error correction. This paper reports the first proof-of-principle demonstration of topological error correction, using an eight-photon cluster state. This is an important demonstration, requiring state-of-the-art quantum optics technology.
Multi-con: exploring graphs by fast switching among multiple contexts

Focus+Context is a popular and effective technique for graph exploration. While previous works concentrate on studying how to display focal nodes with a single context, we argue that it is often difficult to select an optimal context for a complex graph exploration task in practice. In this paper, we propose Multi-Con, a technique to allow users viewing multiple contexts to explore graphs more effectively and efficiently. Our idea is to let users define multiple contexts to reveal different aspects of the graph and enable users to switch between these contexts quickly and interactively in a single view during exploration. Multi-Con provides two key features to ensure the effectiveness and efficiency when using multiple contexts for graph exploration. First, it can achieve good legibility when displaying foci with each context in limited viewing space. In addition, it allows users to switch between contexts smoothly and quickly. We have conducted a case study with social network data extracted from paper authorship relations on three major conferences in computer architecture and systems areas. The results have shown that Multi-Con can help users quickly learn the relationship between foci and the rest of the network in multiple aspects.
Microprocessor-based recognition of handprinted characters from a tablet input

Abstract This paper describes a highly efficient system for the recognition of handprinted English characters using a tablet-based input (mouse, graphics tablet, light pen, etc.). A major system constraint was the limiting of computational/storage resources to an 8-bit microprocessor using integer arithmetic only and no more than 32 kbyte of combined RAM/ROM. A hierarchical control structure exploits character/stroke features of varying degrees of complexity to achieve this efficiency. A binary decision tree uses simple features to rapidly reduce the set of candidate characters to a very small set. More complex features are used on a need-only basis to verify the correctness of a potential match. A top level character parser allows input of either a single character or a sequence of distinct characters.
Thermodynamics of bpti folding

A calorimetric study of the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) has been performed using the new generation of the adiabatic scanning microcalorimeters, operating in an extended temperature range of 5-130 degrees C. Precise measurements of the heat capacities of the native and unfolded states of BPTI show that the heat capacity change upon unfolding strongly depends on temperature; its value is maximal at about 50 degrees C and diminishes as the temperature is increased. The temperature dependencies of the enthalpy and entropy changes upon BPTI unfolding were found to be similar to those normally observed for other small globular proteins. The stability of BPTI has been correlated with its structure.
Budget Support Versus Project Aid: A Theoretical Appraisal*

Should donors interested in the effectiveness of developmental programmes rely on conditional budget support or on project aid? To answer this question, we present a model in which only a subset of developmental expenditures can be subject to conditionality. We show that budget support is preferable to project aid when the preferences of donors and recipients are aligned, and when assistance is small relative to the recipients' own resources. Furthermore, when donors cannot observe the recipient's type, they may impose higher levels of conditionality to separate committed governments from uncommitted ones.
Aeroelastic stability of coupled flap-lag-torsional motion of helicopter rotor blades in forward flight

A set of coupled periodic nonlinear differential flap-lag-torsional equations of blade motion is described which can simulate a blade having a precone, twist, distributed torsion, root torsion, torque offset, blade-root offsets, and offsets among the elastic axis, the aerodynamic center, and the blade cross-sectional center of mass. It is noted that the aerodynamic loads derived for these equations are applicable to cases of both hover and forward flight. The aeroelastic stability of a hingeless helicopter blade is investigated by linearizing the nonlinear differential equations of motion about a time-dependent equilibrium position of the helicopter in forward flight, using propulsion and moment trim procedures. A comparison of the results with those obtained previously for coupled flap-lag-torsional boundaries in hover indicates that aeroelastic-stability margins are degraded due to forward flight.
Assessing and enhancing computational literacy in basic web development

Web development offers a motivating context for learning about computation. My proposed studies aim to identify computational skills and concepts at play in basic web development, and investigate how they can be measured and supported.
Depth and age in the Cayman Trough

Abstract Caribbean plate boundaries are almost everywhere either strike-slip or convergent, so oceanic crust accreted at the spreading axis within the Cayman Trough provides information critical to determining the relative motions and tectonic interactions among the Caribbean and surrounding plates. The tectonic evolution of the Trough as inferred from magnetic anomaly identifications is not entirely compatible with either its crustal subsidence or the geological evidence for time of opening and rate of offset movement along the North American-Caribbean plate boundary. A close examination of basement topography and depth within the Trough suggests that the total opening of the Cayman Trough is about 1100 km and that this opening occurred in two stages. Crust generated by the present, ongoing stage of very slow spreading has extensive relief and shows a distinct increase of crustal depth with increasing distance from the spreading center. Crust generated by an earlier episode of faster spreading is characterized by reduced topographic relief and no appreciable differential subsidence, and is separated from the younger crust by distinct topographic breaks. The rate of spreading of the current slow spreading episode is15 ± 5mm/yr, based upon a new crustal subsidence curve which accommodates lateral as well as vertical cooling of the accreting slab. The Trough has opened at this rate for about 30 Ma. The rate of opening prior to 30 Ma cannot be determined with any reliability from crustal subsidence. A reexamination of magnetic anomalies in the central part of the Trough shows that these anomalies can be generated at a much slower spreading rate than previously thought. This revised interpretation of Cayman Trough evolution brings magnetic, subsidence and geological evidence into much better agreement.
Lyme disease and the peripheral nervous system

Lyme disease, the multisystem infectious disease caused by the tick-borne spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, causes a broad variety of peripheral nerve disorders, including single or multiple cranial neuropathies, painful radiculopathies, and diffuse polyneuropathies. Virtually all appear to be varying manifestations of a mononeuropathy multiplex. Diagnosis requires that the patient should have had possible exposure to the only known vectors, Ixodes ticks, and also have either other pathognomonic clinical manifestations or laboratory evidence of exposure. Treatment with antimicrobial regimens is highly effective. The mechanism underlying these neuropathies remains unclear, although interactions between anti-Borrelia antibodies and several peripheral nerve constituent molecules raise intriguing possibilities.
Setting the Public Health Agenda on Major Diseases in Sub‐Saharan Africa: African Popular Magazines and Medical Journals, 1981–1997

This study investigates changes in the amount of media coverage and in the framing of 5 major infectious diseases in Africa in 4 sub-Saharan African magazines and medical journals. During a 17-year period (1981–1997), HIV/AIDS, a stigmal disease, dominated the coverage from the early to the mid-1990s; however, there was a paucity of such news items in the early 1980s. Nonstigmal diseases, such as malaria and tuberculosis, received much less coverage in proportion to their occurrences. In popular magazines, AIDS was framed as a homosexual, deadly, and lethal disease—but not as such in medical journals. This article presents implications and strategic lessons of those findings for the agenda-setting role of sub-Saharan African media organizations and public health agencies. It also recommends norms for African media's reporting of health issues.
A community standard XML message format for sequencing-based typing data

An electronic messaging format has been developed and is proposed as a community standard. This format allows explicit representation of typing results for polymorphic immunogenetic gene systems such as killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor and human leukocyte antigen. Primary data in the form of Sequence Specific Oligonucleotide (SSO)/Sequence Specific Primer (SSP) reactivities and sequencing-based typing sequences can be linked with nomenclature-based results allowing complete representation of the permanent information.
Image Understanding using Sparse Representations

Image understanding has been playing an increasingly crucial role in several inverse problems and computer vision. Sparse models form an important component in image understanding, since they emulate the activity of neural receptors in the primary visual cortex of the human brain. Sparse methods have been utilized in several learning problems because of their ability to provide parsimonious, interpretable, and efficient models. Exploiting the sparsity of natural signals has led to advances in several application areas including image compression, denoising, inpainting, compressed sensing, blind source separation, super-resolution, and classification. The primary goal of this book is to present the theory and algorithmic considerations in using sparse models for image understanding and computer vision applications. To this end, algorithms for obtaining sparse representations and their performance guarantees are discussed in the initial chapters. Furthermore, approaches for designing overcomplete, data-adapted dictionaries to model natural images are described. The development of theory behind dictionary learning involves exploring its connection to unsupervised clustering and analyzing its generalization characteristics using principles from statistical learning theory. An exciting application area that has benefited extensively from the theory of sparse representations is compressed sensing of image and video data. Theory and algorithms pertinent to measurement design, recovery, and model-based compressed sensing are presented. The paradigm of sparse models, when suitably integrated with powerful machine learning frameworks, can lead to advances in computer vision applications such as object recognition, clustering, segmentation, and activity recognition. Frameworks that enhance the performance of sparse models in such applications by imposing constraints based on the prior discriminatory information and the underlying geometrical structure, and kernelizing the sparse coding and dictionary learning methods are presented. In addition to presenting theoretical fundamentals in sparse learning, this book provides a platform for interested readers to explore the vastly growing application domains of sparse representations.
Production of antibodies against feline leukemia and sarcoma viruses and the feline oncovirus-associated cell membrane antigen in strain 2 guinea pigs.

Abstract Cloned cell lines of guinea pig tumor induced by the Snyder-Theilen strain of feline sarcoma virus with feline leukemia virus subgroup C as helper, ST-FeSV (FeLV-C), have been established. The cell line releases high titers of ST-FeSV (FeLV-C) (10 3 −10 4 FFU/0.2 ml) and 1 log excess of FeLV-C. In vivo studies of one of the cell lines, GPTC C1 1 , showed that as little as 100 cells could induce tumors in weanling guinea pigs. The tumors progressively grew and eventually killed the animals within 23 days. Sera from guinea pigs carrying tumors contain antibodies to FeLV group-specific antigen, FeLV-C virus envelope antigen, and feline oncovirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA). The three groups of antibodies seem to be distinct as demonstrated in the absorption tests with appropriate antigens.
Effect of Precipitation on the Design of Radio Altimeters

Radio altimeters operating in the microwave region must distinguish between desired signals returned from the ground and undesired signals returned from precipitation. Calculation of the relative ground and precipitation returns for a 0.1 microsecond pulse-duration altimeter requiring 10 to 1 desired-undesired signal ratio indicates a minimum wavelength of about 2 cm may be used for reliable operation in heavy precipitation. Curves have been computed for minimum wavelength at a given altitude for fixed range to rain and for equal rain and ground ranges, for various beam widths. Minimum wavelengths as long as 20 cm are indicated for some conditions. Use of circular polarization may permit altimeter operation at wavelengths less than 2 cm, even with intense precipitation.
Hypnotherapy in a case of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

Abstract A 10-year-old girl in whom a diagnosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis was made by a rheumatologist responded minimally to large doses of salicylates and physical therapy over seven weeks. Three sessions of hypnotherapy were given. Despite resistance to the first session, questionable improvement ensued. At the time of the second session, one month after the first, the patient still had to be carried frequently by her mother. Four hours after the second session, she rode her bicycle, and was without pain, for the first time in 12 weeks. Two reinforcing hypnotherapy sessions were added. School work and social adjustment improved markedly. The child has remained well for the ensuing 31 months. Hypnotherapy appears to have initiated an attitudinal change, at a level sufficiently deep to accelerate remission.
α1-Antichymotrypsin is present together with the β-protein in monkey brain amyloid deposits

Abstract The recent finding that the serine protease inhibitor,α1-antichymotrypsin, is tightly associated with the amyloid deposits in brains of normal aged individuals and patients with Alzheimer's disease [Abraham C.R., Selkoe D.J. and Potter H. (1988)Cell52, 487–501], suggests a role for this inhibitor in the progressive deposition of brain amyloid in humans. We have used immunocytochemistry to detectα1-antichymotrypsin in the amyloid that accumulates in brains of aged monkeys, a naturally occurring animal model of Alzheimer-like neuropathology. In monkeys of increasing age, the earliestα1-antichymotrypsin immunoreactivity was found in cortical perivascular cells, before the appearance of either Thioflavin S-detectable amyloid deposits or β-protein reactivity in the vessel walls. Subsequently, amyloid deposits appeared in small meningeal blood vessels and cortical neuritic plaques. The oldest monkeys also showed microvascular amyloid in the cortical gray matter. Amyloid was never seen in white matter. The amyloid deposits in meningeal vessels were always positive for both β-protein andα1-antichymotrypsin, whereas in the cortex,α1-antichymotrypsin immunoreactivity seemed to appear somewhat later than that of β-protein. These findings demonstrate that two of the brain amyloid components of human senescence and Alzheimer's disease—the β-protein and the protease inhibitorα1-antichymotrypsin—are also present in the amyloid deposits of normal aged monkey brain. The extended molecular parallels between normal brain aging and Alzheimer's disease suggest that similar biochemical mechanisms may underlie progressive amyloid deposition in both situations.
In Situ Investigation of High Humidity Stress Corrosion Cracking of 7075 Aluminum Alloy by Three-Dimensional (3D) X-ray Synchrotron Tomography

In situ X-ray synchrotron tomography was used to investigate the stress corrosion cracking behavior of under-aged Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy in moisture. The discontinuous surface cracks (crack jumps) mentioned in the literature are actually a single continuous and tortuous crack when observed in three dimension (3D). Contrary to 2D measurements made at the surface which suggest non-uniform crack growth rates, 3D measurements of the crack length led to a much more accurate measurement of crack growth rates.
Millimeter- and submillimeter-wavelength spectra and molecular constants of HTO and DTO

The rotational spectrum of DTO and HTO in the ground vibrational state has been measured with high-resolution microwave techniques in the 50-700-GHz region. We have measured and assigned 41 transitions of DTO. Analysis of these data yielded the following rotation and distortion parameters of the Watson formulation (in MHz): $\mathcal{A}=410174.145\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.078$, $\mathcal{B}=172101.952\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.045$, $\mathcal{C}=199127.850\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.045$, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{J}=5.199034\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{J\mathrm{K}}=\ensuremath{-}15.50411\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015$, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{K}=180.31052\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010$, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{J}=1.941256\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0010$, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{K}=12.8893\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.012$. We measured 22 previously undetected transitions of HTO. Analysis of these, together with 26 lines already known, gave the following rotation and distortion parameters (in MHz): $\mathcal{A}=677849.040\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.170$, $\mathcal{B}=198197.489\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.128$, $\mathcal{C}=150462.412\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.128$, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{J}=5.212023\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{JK}}=48.52276\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{K}=271.27533\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06$, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{J}=1.414126\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0005$, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{K}=51.32833\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07$. The usual distortion-free rotational constants derived from these Watson constants are (in MHz): for DTO, ${A}^{\ensuremath{'}}=410160.3$, ${B}^{\ensuremath{'}}=172050.2$, ${C}^{\ensuremath{'}}=119 183.6$; and for HTO, ${A}^{\ensuremath{'}}=677 777.7$, ${B}^{\ensuremath{'}}=198 089.7$, ${C}^{\ensuremath{'}}=150 604.4$. The latter constants and corresponding ones previously obtained for other isotopic species of water were used to calculate substitutional structures of the molecule. The averages of the structural parameters thus obtained are 0.9577 \AA{} for the bond length and 104.66\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for the bond angle.
Coulomb form factors of collective E4 transitions in s-d shell nuclei

Abstract Coulomb form factors of E4 transitions in the s-d shell nuclei are discussed taking into account core-polarization effects due to hexadecupole giant resonances. The calculation has been performed within the framework of microscopic theory and gives a remarkably good agreement with experimental form factors both in the absolute strength and the q -dependence.
Is Paranoia a Defence against or an Expression of Low Self–Esteem?:

Paranoia has been hypothesized to be negatively correlated with self-esteem. However, hypotheses differ about how low self-esteem might produce paranoia. The paranoia as defense model views paranoia as a defensive reaction against low self-esteem. In contrast, the paranoia as expression model views paranoia in part as a reflection of low self-esteem. In the current study, paranoia was negatively associated with global explicit self-esteem, self- competence, self-liking and self-serving attributional style, but unassociated with implicit self-esteem as measured with the Implicit Association Test. In contrast, facets of narcissism, which also have been hypothesized to be associated with defensive self-processing, were associated with defensiveness. Overall, these results suggest that paranoia is better represented by the expression model. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward a more accurate view of human B-cell repertoire by next-generation sequencing, unbiased repertoire capture and single-molecule barcoding

B-cell repertoire analysis using next-generation sequencing has become a valuable tool for interrogating the genetic record of humoral response to infection. However, key obstacles such as low throughput, short read length, high error rate, and undetermined bias of multiplex PCR method have hindered broader application of this technology. In this study, we report several technical advances in antibody repertoire sequencing. We first demonstrated the ability to sequence antibody variable domains using the Ion Torrent PGM platform. As a test case, we analyzed the PGT121 class of antibodies from IAVI donor 17, an HIV-1-infected individual. We then obtained "unbiased" antibody repertoires by sequencing the 5'-RACE PCR products of B-cell transcripts from IAVI donor 17 and two HIV-1-uninfected individuals. We also quantified the bias of previously published gene-specific primers by comparing the repertoires generated by 5'-RACE PCR and multiplex PCR. We further developed a single-molecule barcoding strategy to reduce PCR-based amplification noise. Lastly, we evaluated several new PGM technologies in the context of antibody sequencing. We expect that, based upon long-read and high-fidelity next-generation sequencing technologies, the unbiased analysis will provide a more accurate view of the overall antibody repertoire while the barcoding strategy will facilitate high-resolution analysis of individual antibody families.
Social Entrepreneurship, Microfinance, and Economic Development in Africa

This paper analyzes the potential impact of social entrepreneurship, and especially microfinance, on development in Africa. Social entrepreneurship could play an important role in development. However, social entrepreneurship has limited potential for structural transformation and poverty alleviation, which calls into question the recent prioritization of social entrepreneurship. Furthermore, social entrepreneurship can undermine support for state-led development and democratic reforms that are the preconditions necessary for structural transformation and long-term, large-scale development. Thus, social entrepreneurship is best seen as a useful microeconomic strategy that can contribute to development in small ways, but that cannot possibly replace a democratic developmental state.
Existence of the Dielectric Constant in Rigid-Dipole Fluids: The Direct Correlation Function

The question of whether the dielectric constant e exists (is well defined) for a finite fluid system of rigid dipolar molecules is reconsidered and reformulated. It is found that this question can most simply be expressed in terms of the behavior of the position‐ and orientation‐dependent direct correlation function c(r1, ω1; r2, ω2). It is shown that e exists if c satisfies the following two conditions: (a) c∼−φ/ kT for |r1−r2| > σ, where φ is the dipole‐dipole potential and σ is a length which is large microscopically but small macroscopically. (b) c(r1, ω1; r2, ω2) is of the form c8(|r1− r2|)+ F(r1−r2):e(ω1) e(ω2) for |r1−r2| < σ, where e(ω) is the unit vector with orientation ω. An explicit (and new) expression for e in terms of c is automatically obtained; its applicability is ensured if the above conditions are satisfied. These results lend new intuition and insight into the question of the existence of e, and suggest a promising approach for future investigations of this question.
Quantitative Phase Imaging using Entangled Photons

We experimentally demonstrate quantitative phase imaging in a quantum light system. By imaging the accumulated intensities of entangled photon pairs at different focal planes, we reconstruct an unknown phase distribution using transport-of-intensity methods.
Electrophysiological and electron microscopic analysis of the vagus nerve of the pigeon, with particular reference to the cardiac innervation

The compound action potential components and their associated fiber contingents were investigated in the pigeon vagus nerve with a view toward identifying the vagal cardioinhibitory fibers. In the cervical vagus, the compound action potential evoked by electrical stimulation included four major components that conducted at 17.0-30.0 (A-wave), 8.0-14.5 (B2-wave) and 0.8-2.0 (C-wave) m/sec. Cardiac slowing was not elicited until activation of the Bl-wave, and the bradycardic response was maximal when this component was maximized. Electron microscopic analysis of the cervical vagus revealed myelinated fibers 1.1-6.8 micron in diameter and unmyelinated fibers 0.3-1.4 micron in diameter. A contingent of myelinated fibers approximately 2-4 micron in diameter apparently generated the Bl-wave, while the prominent unmyelinated fiber contingent (37%) accounted for the C-wave. Analysis of various vagal branches indicated that approximatley 20% of the cervical vagal fibers exit the main trunk between cervical and mid-thoracic levels, but few of these are the larger myelinated fibers greater than 2 micron in diameter. The upper abdominal vagus consists largely of unmyelinated and small myelinated fibers, and consequently the vast majority of larger myelinated fibers found in the cervical vagus exit between mid-thoracic and upper abdominal levels, presumably in the cardiac branches. Direct examination of the cardiac branches confirmed this. Thus, it is concluded that the Bl-wave of the compound action potential is uniquely associated with cardiac slowing, that this component is generated by myelinated fibers ranging from 2 to 4 micron in diameter, and that almost all such fibers are destined for the cardiac branches of the vagus.
Change and Stability in Self during the Transition to Retirement: An Intraindividual Study using P-technique Factor Analysis

This study determined the extent to which there was intraindividual change and stability in the self during the retirement transition, and examined the extent to which dimensions of variability were replicable across older adults. This study employed a single-subject design with multiple replications in order to examine interindividual similarities and differences in intraindividual change patterns. Data were collected from four people daily, beginning approximately one month prior to the retirement event and continuing until three months after the event. For each individual P-technique factor analyses showed three to four dimensions of variability. Stability in the self was also manifested, although there were large individual differences in the amount of stability exhibited. Although similar factors could be identified across individuals, the factors did not appear to be identical. The discussion focuses on the nature of change and stability in self when conceptualised and measured from an intraindividu...
In Vivo Reporter Labeling of Proteins via Metabolic Delivery of Coenzyme A Analogues

We demonstrate site-specific reporter labeling of proteins within live cells. By accessing the coenzyme A (CoA) metabolic pathway with a cell-permeable pantetheine analogue, we deliver CoA-bound reporter molecules for post-translational protein modification in vivo. These methods may be applied to natural product pathway manipulation as well as applications in conventional molecular and cellular biology.
Assessment of compressibility corrections to the k-epsilon model in high-speed shear layers

Two compressibility corrections to the standard k-e turbulence model are used with the Navier-Stokes equations to compute the mixing region between two streams of the same gas flowing under a variety of low- and high-speed freestream conditions. The model corrections are assessed by comparing 1) computed spread rates for a series of unconfined flows with data for a range of convective Mach numbers, and 2) velocity profiles for a confined flow
1193 RESTORATION OF LUNG PRESSURE-VOLUME (PV) CHARACTERISTICS WITH VARIOUS RATIOS OF DIPALMITOYL LECITHIN (DPL) AND PHOSPHATIDYL GLYCEROL (PG)

We have demonstrated that DPL is the most effective phospholipid in establishing alveolar stability when used in combination with unsaturated PG. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of different molar ratios of DPL/u-PG to restore the lung PV characteristics to normal. The surfactant (S) depleted adult rat lung model was used. For all PV curves the % of original total lung capacity (%TLC) at 5 cm H2O on the deflation limb was calculated. PV measurements were made three times on each lung: prior to depletion of S (mean 54.9%), after maximal removal of S by lung washing (mean 10.0%), and after the instillation of a 2 ml DPL/u-PG suspension into the trachea. DPL/u-PG suspensions were prepared by suspending various molar ratios of DPL and u-PG in saline and sonicated at 0°C. The concentration was 5 mg of Phospholipid/ml. The results for each of the different ratios of DPL/u-PG suspension were: 10/0, 26%; 9/1, 37%; 7/3, 39%; 5/5, 40%; 4/6, 26%. Surface tension measurements were made using a dynamic alveolar model. The minimum surface tensions (γ min. dynes/cm) were as follows: 10/0, 59; 9/1, 5; 7/3, 6; 5/5, 24; 4/6, 62; 0/10, 55. These findings indicate that DPL in combination with u-PG might be a good synthetic surfactant for the treatment of Respiratory Distress Syndrome if DPL is combined with u-PG in ratios of 9/1; 7/3 and 5/5.
Physical properties of three maxillofacial materials as a function of accelerated aging

Abstract This study compares the tensile strength, elongation, Shore-A hardness, and tear resistance of three silicone maxillofacial materials before and after aging to provide comparative data for evaluation of new or experimental elastomers. The materials evaluated were MDX-4-4210, Factor II (A-2186), and Cosmesil. Tests were conducted 24 hours after specimen preparation and were repeated after aging for 900 hours in a Weather-Ometer device. Five samples were made for each material under all test conditions. After testing, mean values were calculated for all materials under all test conditions and were compared by two-way analysis of variance and Tukey intervals at p ≤ 0.05.
Magnetic Studies on Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada

Five hundred km of continuous magnetic profiles obtained on the surface of Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, together with magnetic data on lake-bottom sediment samples and selected samples from nearby volcanic rocks, show that the Lake Tahoe basin is consistent with a fault-produced graben and that volcanic activity is confined along normal faults on the margins of the basin. A thick sequence of volcanic flows and numerous plugs north of the lake may be responsible for the northern closure of the Lake Tahoe basin, although we cannot preclude the presence of a granitic basement high in this area. Lake-bottom mounds are believed to be depositional or fault controlled. A large anomaly in the southern half of the lake is probably caused by a basement high.
Multichannel Bragg cells: compensation for acoustic spreading.

In some applications, the performance of multichannel Bragg cells is compromised by the spreading of the acoustic waves as they propagate; the spreading causes the signals in the channels to overlap. The overlapping can be significantly reduced by a spatial filter in a Fourier–image plane. The spatial filter is shown to be a cylindrical lens whose power is a function of the distance from the transducer. The effects of changes in the drive frequency as well as those of displacements of the filter are calculated. The reduction in the modulation transfer function as a function of propagation distance is calculated, and some bounds on the time–bandwidth product and the number of channels are dserived. In general, the overall performance can be improved by increasing the center frequency of the Bragg cell while keeping the bandwidth fixed.
Differential effects of condensed and hydrolyzable tannin on polyphenol oxidase activity of attine symbiotic fungus

The leaf-cutting antAtta cephalotes is a generalist herbivore of the neotropics and collects leaf material to cultivate a fungus. It appears that this fungus, a Basidiomycete, is responsible for the ability of the ants to utilize most of the available woody plant species. Tannins and other phenolics are ubiquitous secondary chemicals in woody plants, and Basidiomycete fungi produce enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase, that are capable of polymerizing and inactivating the phenolics. This study evaluates the effects of a condensed and a hydrolyzable tannin on the activity of polyphenoi oxidase and the growth of the fungus. I hypothesized that low concentrations of tannin would not inhibit polyphenol oxidase activity but high concentrations would inhibit the enzyme. Consequently, I predicted that only high concentrations of tannin would inhibit fungal growth. Laboratory assays with the fungus indicated that hydrolyzable tannin (tannic acid) and condensed tannin (quebracho tannin) differ in the mechanism of inhibition. Tannic acid does not inhibit polyphenol oxidase activity but does inhibit fungal growth. Quebracho tannin, however, inhibits both polyphenol oxidase activity and fungal growth. As predicted, both tannic acid and quebracho tannin primarily inhibit the fungus at high concentrations.
One-dimensional fluctuations and the chain-ordering transformation in Hg3-σAsF6*

The mercury ions in Hg3 — δAsF6 form arrays of interpenetrating infinite chains with a mean separation between ions which is incommensurate with the AsF6 sublattice. This structure leads to a number of quite remarkable properties. According to our present understanding, based mainly upon a recent series of neutron scattering experiments1 and related theoretical work2, the chains are essentially one-dimensional liquids at room temperature, and are free to flow down extremely narrow channels (~7.5 A in diameter) formed by the AsF6 sublattice. At about 120 K, the interchain coupling induces a cooperative freezing transition, which takes place in a quite unusual manner. The theory2 predicts that the first stage consists in the formation of an ion charge-density wave of wave vector d*. As the order develops, further charge-density waves with wave vectors nd* are generated harmonically, and their amplitudes grow until the whole assembly becomes an ordered lattice at low temperatures. A complete description of the evolution of long-range order in the chains involves a number of distinct physical processes which will be explored in more detail in subsequent sections. At high temperatures, the chains are essentially independent and they offer the possibility of studying the behavior of one-dimensional liquids.
Nucleation-controlled reactions and metastable structures

Abstract In materials systems subjected to large undercooling or high supersaturation conditions, crystal nucleation and growth limitations can expose alloy metastability due either to the suppression of an equilibrium phase or else by the formation of a kinetically favored metastable phase. For the case of amorphous phase formation during melt processing the kinetic control may be analyzed in terms of nucleation limitations or growth restrictions. Under nucleation control, crystallization may be bypassed in bulk volumes as the liquid is uniformly undercooled below the glass transition. Many metallic glasses require quenching for vitrification and often do not exhibit a readily resolved glass transition upon reheating. In these cases the marginal glass formation is related mainly to growth limitations. However, this same kinetic control also provides the foundation for the development of a high density (1022 m−3) of nanometer sized (20 nm) crystals during primary crystallization. Alternatively, during interface reactions, nucleation can be suppressed at early times by large concentration gradients that can promote amorphization and can expose several forms of metastability including conditions that apply to nanostructure size scales. With other synthesis routes based upon solid state alloying resulting from deformation, the kinetic pathways to glass formation can be altered to avoid primary nanocrystallization reactions in marginal glass forming alloys. These developments present intriguing opportunities for controlling microstructural evolution especially at the nanostructure size scale.
Rigor and practical usefulness of research in strategic management

This paper examines the rigor and usefulness of research programs in strategic management. Using a facet analysis technique, 23 research programs are examined on eight criteria reflecting their relative rigor and usefulness. Results show that this field has emphasized the practical usefulness of research results. Some research that is rigorous and has practical usefulness also exists in the field. Suggestions for generating more such research are discussed.
LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERS AND THEIR SPOUSES: COFFEE CONSUMPTION, MOOD, AND SLEEP REPORTS.

Locomotive engineers (train drivers) on irregular work schedules reported a general coffee consumption rate higher than that reported by a comparison sample of permanent shift factory workers. The present study examines the impact of this consumption on workday and non-workday sleep behaviour and mood ratings. Twenty-seven engineers and their spouses each completed daily logs for 30 consecutive days. Daily logs were then sorted into workday and non-workday categories. Workday sleep length was significantly shorter than non-workday sleep length for both engineers and spouses. For the engineers only, coffee consumption on workdays was higher than on non-workdays. This increased coffee consumption was correlated with longer sleep latency, increased negative mood, and decreased positive mood on both work and non-workdays. This was not true for spouses. These results may be related to a days-off carry-over effect of caffeine or a general consumption behaviour characteristic.
A production system model for the induction of mathematical functions

This article deals with cognitive or decision-making behavior of individual human beings—living systems at the organism level. College students were asked to induce mathematical functions that explained certain data. Unlike previous studies, subjects gathered their own data. As a result, most subjects searched a planning space rather than using the less efficient generate and test strategy observed earlier. Subjects selected data which were closely tied to the hypotheses they were considering at the time. The verbal protocols of one subject were analyzed in terms of Simon and Lea's (1974) General Rule Induction framework, and modeled in terms of a production system. The model achieved a good fit at a high level, but was less successful in explaining the details of the subject's performance. However, support was lent to both the Simon and Lea framework and to production system explanations of human cognition.
Classroom notes Two‐phase equilibrium: an example

A mathematically simple example of the partition coefficient computation from first (statistical mechanical) principles is given. The physical system represented approximates the partition of iodine between water and carbon tetrachloride phases. The example shows clearly how the chemical potential operates to determine concentrations in phase.
Detecting hardware trojans using backside optical imaging of embedded watermarks

Hardware Trojans are a critical security threat to integrated circuits. We propose an optical method to detect and localize Trojans inserted during the chip fabrication stage. We engineer the fill cells in a standard cell library to be highly reflective at near-IR wavelengths so that they can be readily observed in an optical image taken through the backside of the chip. The pattern produced by their locations produces an easily measured watermark of the circuit layout. Replacement, modification or re-arrangement of these cells to add a Trojan can therefore be detected through rapid post-fabrication backside imaging. We evaluate our approach using various hardware blocks where the Trojan circuit area is less than 0.1% of the total area and it consumes less than 2% leakage power of the entire chip. In addition, we evaluate the tolerance of our methodology to background measurement noise and process variation.
Observation of atomic wannier-stark ladders in an accelerating optical potential

We report observation of Wannier-Stark ladders with ultracold sodium atoms in an accelerating one-dimensional standing wave of light. Atoms are trapped in a far-detuned standing wave that is accelerated for a controlled duration. A small oscillatory component is added to the acceleration, and the fraction of trapped atoms is measured as a function of the oscillation frequency. Resonances are observed where the number of trapped atoms drops dramatically. The separation between resonant peaks is found to be proportional to the acceleration. We show that this resonant structure can also be understood as a temporal quantum interference effect. [S0031-9007(96)00369-9]