cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Key bundles and parcels: secure communication in many groups

We consider a system where each user is in one or more elementary groups. In this system, arbitrary groups of users can be specified using the operations of union, intersection, and complement over the elementary groups in the system. Each elementary group in the system is provided with a security key that is known only to the users in the elementary group and to the system server. Thus, for any user u to sccurely multicast a data item d to every user in an arbitrary group G, u first forwards d to the system server which encrypts it using the keys of the elementary groups that comprise G before multicasting the encrypted d to every user in G. Every elementary group is also provided with a key tree to ensure that the cost of changing the key of the elementary group, when a user leaves the group, is small. In [E. Jung, A.X. Liu, M.G. Gouda, Key bundles and parcels: secure communication in many groups, in: LNCS 2816, Group Communications and Charges, 2003], we introduced two methods for packing the key trees of elementary groups into key bundles and into key parcels. We also showed that packing into key bundles has the advantage of reducing the number of encryptions needed to multicast a data item to the complement of an elementary group, while packing into key parcels has the advantage of reducing the total number of keys in the system. In this paper, we present more details of key bundles and parcels: the algorithms that construct key bundles and parcels, and more simulation results comparing key bundles and parcels. We also discuss how to reconfigure key bundles and parcels when the user joins or leaves different elementary groups and how to balance the load among multiple servers.
Isolation and identification of prostaglandin PGB1 in growth cartilage.

Abstract Prostaglandin PGB 1 , and lesser amounts of other prostaglandin-like compounds, have been isolated from calf growth-cartilage by a series of chromatographic procedures. The major compound, present at about 3 ppm fresh weight, was identified as PGB 1 by comigration with authentic PGB 1 in a wide variety of thin-layer chromatographic solvent systems; as well as by infrared and UV spectroscopy, and by radioimmunoassay. The presence in cartilage of larger amounts of PGB 1 than the other kinds of prostaglandins may be due to a conversion of PGE 1 to PGB 1 in vivo,or perhaps during the extraction and isolation procedures.
Sex, Lies, and Stereotypes: Women and Interstitial Cystitis

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a relatively rare and poorly understood chronic bladder condition affecting 10 times more women than men. Symptoms of IC include urinary frequency, urgency, and suprap...
The sense of a link: hypermedia, hermeneutics, and the teaching of critical methodologies

Despite the often-celebrated affinities between hypertext and literary theory, the need persists for on-line learning environments that are effective in encouraging students of literature to explore the complex relationships among primary texts, critical methodologies, and theoretical frameworks. The CriticaLink project at the University of Hawaii seeks to produce a web-based hypermedia system for use in introductory courses in literary-critical methodology and literary theory. Through a presentation of CriticaLink, this article outlines a set of guiding principles for courseware development in literary studies. Taking up the key concept of the link as a distinguishing structural feature both of hypermedia and of the experience and analysis of literature, the essay identifies four senses of the link which literary studies courseware should address: (i) the phenomenological link between reader and text; (ii) the semantic, rhetorical, and thematic connections that produce poetic meaning; (iii) the methodological link between a framework of understanding and the object of knowledge; and (iv) the practical question of whether it makes sense to develop hypermedia materials for the teaching of literary-critical methods. Each of these domains suggests the potential of hypermedia to facilitate the teaching of various approaches to literary analysis, and at the same time poses serious challenges to hypermedia applications in this field.
Numerical Study of Nozzle Design on Cadmium Quenching Process in Thermochemical Splitting of Water

Three-dimensional liquid-gas flow with condensation during cadmium quenching process for hydrogen production was numerically simulated in order to effectively guide the design of solar decomposer and vapor quencher. The mixture model was selected for modeling the multiphase flow, and the two-equation RNG k-e model was used to model the turbulent flow and heat transfer. Numerical results including velocity, temperature, pressure, and mole fraction distributions were obtained for different nozzle designs. Numerical results showed that flow is relatively low in the decomposer and close to the bottom and the top inlets. The maximum velocity develops in the region near the entrance of the quenching nozzle as the nozzle angle is small. As the nozzle angle is large, the maximum velocity appears in the exit tube. Temperature, pressure and cadmium vapor distributions are also directly affected by the nozzle angle.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
TUMOR CELL HETEROGENEITY: IMPACT ON MECHANISMS OF THERAPEUTIC DRUG RESISTANCE

PURPOSE The aim of these studies was to determine whether chemotherapy-resistant tumor cell sublines derived from a single starting cell population with identical treatment protocols, have the same mechanism of resistance. METHODS AND MATERIALS Twelve cyclophosphamide-resistant sublines were derived from KHT-iv murine sarcoma cells by repeated exposures to 2, 4, or 8 microg/ml doses of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-OOHCP). To investigate possible mechanisms of resistance, glutathione (GSH) levels, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity were determined. In addition, studies with the GSH depletor buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) and the ALDH inhibitor diethylamino-benzaldehyde (DEAB) were undertaken. RESULTS Resistant factors to 4-OOHCP, assessed at 10% clonogenic cell survival, ranged from 1.5-7.0 for the various cell lines. Crossresistance to melphalan and adriamycin also were commonly observed. Increased GSH levels, GST activity and ALDH activity were detected in the sublines but not all exhibited the same pattern of biochemical alterations. The response to GSH and ALDH inhibitors also varied among the sublines; the resistance being reversible in some cell lines but not others. CONCLUSION The present results indicate that when resistant sublines are derived simultaneously from the same starting cell population, the observed mechanisms of resistance may not be the same in each of the variants. These findings support the hypothesis that preexisting cellular heterogeneity may affect mechanisms of acquired resistance.
Left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiovascular mortality by race and ethnicity.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular hypertrophy is a major independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. The contribution of left ventricular hypertrophy to racial and ethnic differences in cardiovascular mortality is poorly understood. METHODS: We used data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and from the National Death Index to compare mortality for those with an electrocardiographic (ECG) diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy to those without left ventricular hypertrophy separately for whites, African Americans, and Latinos. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to control for other known prognostic factors. RESULTS: ECG left ventricular hypertrophy was significantly associated with 10-year cardiovascular mortality in all 3 racial/ethnic groups, both unadjusted and adjusted for other known prognostic factors. The hazard ratio for this association was significantly greater for African Americans (2.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.55-3.42) than for whites and Latinos (1.32; 95% CI, 1.14-1.76 and 2.11; 95% CI, 1.35-3.30, respectively), independent of systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: ECG left ventricular hypertrophy contributes more to the risk of cardiovascular mortality in African Americans than it does in whites. Using regression of ECG left ventricular hypertrophy as a goal of therapy might be a means to reduce racial differences in cardiovascular mortality; prospective validation is required.
New Physics Searches with ATLAS

Highlights from new physics searches with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider are presented. Results are based on the analysis of data collected in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV corresponding to integrated luminosities of 1-5 fb 1 . No excess beyond the Standard Model expectations is observed.
Stabilization of bone marrow infiltration by metastatic breast cancer with continuous doxorubicin

Abstract Complete bone marrow infiltration with profound pancytopenia is very uncommon in breast cancer. Bone marrow metastasis can frequently occur following development of metastatic breast cancer. However, bone marrow failure as the herald of this disease is not typically seen. Very limited data exists as to the safest and most efficacious manner to treat patients with profound pancytopenia due to metastatic solid tumor involvement. In this case, the patient׳s thrombocytopenia was particularly worrisome, requiring daily platelet transfusions. There was also concern that cytotoxic chemotherapy would exacerbate the patient׳s thrombocytopenia and increase bleeding risk. The patient׳s dramatic response to chemotherapy with full platelet recovery is also highly unusual. For our patient, continuous doxorubicin successfully "unpacked" the bone marrow despite a low baseline platelet level, and without increasing the need for more frequent platelet transfusion or risk of catastrophic bleeding. Given the rarity of this presentation, it is currently unknown if the majority of similar patients experience near full recovery of hematopoietic function after initiation of appropriate systemic treatment for metastatic disease.
Efficiencies and costs of larval growth in different food environments (Asteroidea: Asterina miniata)

Abstract The ocean is a nutritionally heterogeneous environment. For feeding larval forms, food variability has significant consequences for growth and later recruitment success. In this study, the physiological and biochemical responses to a range of different food concentrations (unfed, 4, 20, and 40 algal cells μl− 1) were examined in larvae of the asteroid, Asterina miniata. Measurements of growth, protein synthesis rates, and the energetic cost of protein synthesis were made. Under conditions of rapid growth, protein comprised a larger percent (66%) of a larva's organic biomass compared to similar-aged, slower-growing larvae (26%). Larvae fed at the highest food concentration tested (40 algal cells μl− 1) had a protein depositional efficiency of 80% (± 16%), a value 3-fold higher than larvae fed 20 algal cells μl− 1 (28% ± 11%). Also, faster-growing larvae required 3-fold less energy per unit mass of protein growth. Larvae fed 40 algal cells μl− 1 deposited protein at a respiratory cost of 65 ± 11 pmol O2 h− 1 (μg protein)− 1; larvae fed 20 algal cells μl− 1 had a cost of 192 ± 47 pmol O2 h− 1 (μg protein)− 1. While there were differences in the cost to deposit protein (i.e., protein growth, the balance of synthesis and degradation), there were no differences in the energetic cost of protein synthesis for all food concentrations tested. The energetic cost of protein synthesis was fixed at 13.8 (± 0.92) Joules (mg protein synthesized)− 1 and was independent of developmental stage, growth rates, and large changes (58-fold) in protein synthesis rates. A major conclusion from this study is that larvae grown in high-food environments not only grew faster, but did so for considerably less energy. Defining the complex relationships of food availability and metabolic efficiency will provide more accurate predictions of larval growth under variable food conditions in the ocean.
Global Optimization of Large-Scale Generalized Pooling Problems: Quadratically Constrained MINLP Models

The generalized pooling problem is a generic way of identifying a topology containing sources nodes, intermediate storage tanks, and sinks when monitoring specific stream qualities is imperative. One important application domain of the generalized pooling problem is wastewater treatment. Choosing among the wide array of available wastewater treatment technologies is a combinatorially complex optimization problem that requires nonconvex terms to monitor regulated stream qualities about a treatment plant. In this work, we address five instantiations of the generalized pooling problem to global optimality by introducing (i) a quadratically constrained MINLP model formulation that reduces the number of bilinear terms, (ii) novel piecewise underestimation methods for the nonconvex bilinear terms to tighten the relaxation [Gounaris et al. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2009, 48, 5742−5766; Wicaksono and Karimi AIChE J. 2008, 54, 991−1008], and (iii) a branch-and-bound algorithm suited to address the combinatorial complex...
Kindling in spontaneous hypertensive rats.

Abstract Vasopressin is a neurohormone and neuromodulator with many effects on behavior. Rats lacking vasopressin have been found to develop kindled seizures more slowly with amygdala stimulation. In the present study the spontaneous hypertensive (SH) rat and rats from the parent strain, the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat received amygdala and pyriform kindling. The SH rat has been reported to have increased plasma vasopressin and increased brain vasopressin release. Plasma vasopressin, osmolality and hematocrit were also measured in blood samples obtained through chronic, indwelling catheters implanted in SH, WKY normal and Sprague-Dawley rats. SH rats were found to kindle with fewer afterdischarges than WKY normal rats with both amygdala and pyriform cortex stimulation. The total afterdischarge duration required to reac heach kindling stage was significantly shorter in the SH rat. Plasma osmolality and vasopressin were significantly higher in the SH rats compared to WKY normal rats and Sprague-Dawley rats. These findings provide additional evidence that vasopressin may influence the establishment of enduring behaviors such as kindled seizures.
Sexual differences in the anterior dentition in African primates.

A study was made of ranges of variation of the anterior dentition of various African nonhuman primates. Comparisons of the dentitions were made between different species and sex differences within each species were determined. Among the nonhuman primate groups studied were: Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus, Cercopithecus nictitans, Cercocebus albigena and Colobus badius. In monkeys the canine teeth of the males are considerably larger than those of the females. There are also considerable differences in size in the rest of the anterior dentition. In apes, and specifically only gorillas, distinct sex differences are only found in the maxillary canines. In the chimpanzees, sex differences in the dentition are much smaller and there is considerable overlap in the ranges of variation. There are no fundamental differences in the size of the rest of the anterior dentition in the apes. The present study shows that differences due to sex in the anterior dentition, excluding the canine, are not as great as has been considered. If we consider the fossil record of man, whose morphological complex includes a much reduced canine, the probability will be that sex differences in the rest of the dentition will be negligible. Given the fragmentary nature of the fossil record, it is, therefore, highly unlikely that the determination of the sex of any fossil hominid specimen can be accurately made based solely on the evidence of its dentition.
Mixed ligand complexes of iron(ii) as nonaqueous acid-base and aqueous oxidation-reduction indicators

Abstract The neutral mixed ligand complexes dicyano-bis-(1,10-phenanthroline)-iron(II) and dicyano-bis-(2.2'-bipyridine)-iron(II) are suitable indicators for the titration of various weak bases in nonaqueous solvents, They also serve as practical indicators for certain redox titrations in aqueous solutions; their applicability in the determination of primary aromatic amines is especially noteworthy. Formal potentials of the complexes in different concentrations of sulfuric acid are reported; the results confirm earlier findings that the neutral iron(II) complexes form stable protonated species.
Molecular basis of the VHL hereditary cancer syndrome

The von Hippel-Lindau hereditary cancer syndrome was first described about 100 years ago. The unusual clinical features of this disorder predicted a role for the von Hippel-Lindau gene (VHL) in the oxygen-sensing pathway. Indeed, recent studies of this gene have helped to decipher how cells sense changes in oxygen availability, and have revealed a previously unappreciated role of prolyl hydroxylation in intracellular signalling. These studies, in turn, are laying the foundation for the treatment of a diverse set of disorders, including cancer, myocardial infarction and stroke.
Phenoxthin as a reagent for the detection of small amounts of palladium.

Es wurde gefunden, das Phenoxthin (Di-o-phenylen-oxyd-sulfid) ein einfach anzuwendendes und sehr empfindliches Palladiumreagens fur Tupfelreaktionen ist. Das Reagens hat einen angenehmen Geruch und ist im Handel erhaltlich. Es ist auch leicht nachFriedel-Crafts aus Diphenyloxyd und Schwefel herzustellen.
Differential Regulation of Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome Substrates by the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The anaphase promoting complex (APC) targets proteins for degradation to promote progression through the cell cycle. Here we show that Clb5, an APCCdc20 substrate, is degraded when the spindle checkpoint is active, while other APCCdc20 substrates are stabilized, suggesting that APCCdc20 inhibition by the spindle checkpoint is substrate specific.
RNA Transcription from Immobilized DNA Templates

We describe an RNA transcription protocol based on the multiple reuse of solid-phase synthetic DNA templates. The templates are assembled onto streptavidin-coated agarose beads via a single 5'-terminal biotin located on the noncoding template strand. Transcription occurs in an aqueous buffered suspension containing solid-phase DNA, dissolved enzyme (T7 RNA polymerase), and nucleoside triphosphate substrates (NTPs). A direct comparison of solution and solid-phase templates under standard transcription conditions reveals similar initial reaction rates and overall yields. Immobilized templates store stably for periods of several months and are easily recovered by mild centrifugation. We demonstrate the successive reuse of these templates throughout 15 rounds of transcription. The templates remained active, although an incremental decay in transcription was observed beyond five rounds. Template activity was partially restored by supplementing the support-bound oligonucleotide with fresh coding-strand DNA. These findings indicate that multiple reuse of template is a viable strategy for reducing the amount of DNA template required in RNA transcription.
BIAS-3-A program for the nonlinear D.C. analysis of bipolar transistor circuits

A computer program for both analog and digital circuits that formulates and solves nonlinear equations for d.c. node voltages and transistor operating points is described. Temperature variations and dependence can be effectively simulated.
Recombination in Plant RNA Viruses

Owing to increased global travel of humans carrying plants and viral vec- tors, introduction of new agricultural practices in combination with climate changes, the emergence of new viruses and novel viral variants is a major, continuing threat to human health and welfare. RNA recombination is one of the major forces in increas- ing plant virus variability and adaptation to new hosts, often leading to emergence of new variants and resistance-breaking virus strains. RNA recombination can also increase the fitness of plant RNA viruses by repairing defective viral genomes or efficiently removing deleterious mutations that result from error-prone replication. The frequency of RNA recombination is affected by several factors, including the viral replication proteins and various features of the viral RNA templates involved.
Volterra series modelling of power conversion systems

The nonlinear control-to-output response of pulse-width-modulated (PWM) conversion systems is modeled via the Volterra functional series. The determination of the Volterra kernels in the transform domain is performed on a simplified state space model of the converter. The general system response was determined for the particular case of a two-tone excitation, which allowed the determination of the magnitudes of various harmonic and intermodulation frequency components in the output spectrum. For the frequency components of interest it was sufficient to only consider the first three Volterra operators. It was seen that the frequency components in the output spectrum have contributions from an infinite number of Volterra operators. Generally, the contribution diminishes with the order of the operator, such that the dominant contributions is attributed to the lowest order operator. It was seen that the magnitude (with an appropriate scaling factor and phase) of the Laplace transform of the lowest order Volterra kernel which contributes to the frequency component of interest. >
Immune-based therapies for cytomegalovirus infection

Immune fitness is critical in the pathogenesis and outcome of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. CMV disease is seen almost exclusively among individuals with an immature or defective immune system, such as patients with AIDS, transplant recipients and the developing fetus. These observations have generated interest in immune-based strategies for the management of CMV disease. Among the immune-based therapies that have been investigated in experimental and clinical settings are: passive immunotherapy with immunoglobulin; CMV vaccination; adoptive CMV-specific T-cell immunotherapy; and immune reconstitution strategies (HAART in AIDS patients, and a reduction in pharmacologic immunosuppression among transplant recipients). However, except for immune reconstitution strategies, there is no widely accepted immune-based strategy that is proven to be highly effective for CMV disease management. The benefits of immunoglobulins remain debated in an era when antiviral therapy is widely available. CMV vaccination and adoptive immunotherapy, on the other hand, remain experimental, but have had encouraging preliminary results.
BMP‐12 gene transfer augmentation of lacerated tendon repair

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 12 is a recently discovered member of the human BMP family. It is the human homolog of mouse growth/differentiation factor (GDF)-7. Previously we reported that injection of mesenchymal progenitor cells transferred with the BMP-12 gene into the muscles of nude mice induced tendon-like tissue formation. In this study, we further investigated the effect of BMP-12 gene transfer on tendon cells. We observed that adenovirus mediated in vitro BMP-12 gene transfer into chicken tendon cells increased type I collagen synthesis. No change in alkaline phosphatase activity was observed following BMP-12 gene transfer. We also determined that BMP-12 gene transfer into a complete tendon laceration chicken model resulted in a two-fold increase of tensile strength and stiffness of repaired tendons, indicating improved tendon healing in vivo. We conclude that BMP-12 gene transfer is a promising procedure for improving the tendon repair process.
Regulation of Ribosomal Protein Synthesis in Vibrio cholerae

We have investigated the regulation of the S10 and spc ribosomal protein (r-protein) operons in Vibrio cholerae. Both operons are under autogenous control; they are mediated by r-proteins L4 and S8, respectively. Our results suggest that Escherichia coli-like strategies for regulating r-protein synthesis extend beyond the enteric members of the gamma subdivision of proteobacteria.
Statistical Transfer Systems for French-English and German-English Machine Translation

We apply the Stat-XFER statistical transfer machine translation framework to the task of translating from French and German into English. We introduce statistical methods within our framework that allow for the principled extraction of syntax-based transfer rules from parallel corpora given word alignments and constituency parses. Performance is evaluated on test sets from the 2007 WMT shared task.
Influence of Salt on Properties of Liquid Yolk and Functionality in Mayonnaise

Abstract The effects of iodized sodium chloride (NaCl), uniodized NaCl, and potassium chloride (KCl) on viscosity, emulsification capacity, and functionality of fresh liquid yolk in mayonnaise were studied. Both salt type and level had a significant (P Both salt type and level had a significant (P Mayonnaise made with KCl had the lowest apparent viscosity, whereas that made with iodized NaCl had the highest apparent viscosity. There was a significant (P .05) difference in spread between mayonnaise made with KCl or iodized NaCl at the 10% level, and there was no significant (P>.05) difference in spread of mayonnaise made with uniodized NaCl or KCl at the 15% level of salt. Salt level had a significant (P Salt type and level affected mayonnaise stability . Mayonnaise made with uniodized NaCl had the highest mean stability, whereas that made with KCl had the lowest mean stability.
The Aztec Kings: The Construction of Rulership in Mexica History

This work proposes that Aztec dynastic history was recast by its 16th century recorders, not merely to glorify ancestors but to make sense out of the trauma of conquest and colonialism. "The Aztec Kings" takes into account the Aztec cyclical conception of time - which required that history constantly be reinterpreted to achieve continuity between past and present - and to treat indigenous historical traditions as symbolic statements in narrative form. Susan Gillespie focuses on the dynastic history of the Mexica of Tenochtitlan, whose stories reveal how "history" was used to construct, elaborate and rectify concepts concerning the nature of rulership and the cyclical nature of the cosmos, and how the Spanish conquest was projected deep into the Aztec past in order to make history accommodate that event. By demonstrating that most of Aztec history is nonliteral, she aims to shed light on Aztec culture and on the function of history in society. By relating the cyclical structure of Aztec dynastic history to similar traditions of African and Polynesian peoples, she introduces a broader perspective on the question of the function of history in society and on how and why history must change.
What Global Emission Regulations Should Corporations Support

In their role as political actors and lobbyists, corporations have responsibilities to help determine the existence and content of global regulations of pollutants. The ethical nature of those responsibilities is highly sensitive to the assumed normative framework. This paper compares several frameworks by modeling them as differently weighted versions of utilitarianism. Under a strict neoclassical approach, corporations have a narrow obligation to maximize profits, which generally entails opposing emission regulations. In contrast, a stakeholder approach as well as Marxian and common ethics approaches suggest that firms have an obligation to actively support sustainable emission regulations with the following properties major restrictions would be global rather than local global restrictions would apply in all cases of persistent emissions global restrictions would apply to non-persistent emissions as well, unless they have been affirmatively shown to be safe using reasonably persuasive scientific evidence safety thresholds would be set fairly restrictively, based on administrative models and rules of thumb, in light of existing scientific knowledge but without requiring full scientific justification long-run goals would include zero emission of persistent unsafe substances.
Surface analysis of Nb materials for SRF cavities

Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) cavities provide enhanced efficiency and reduced energy consumption in present-day particle accelerators. Niobium is the material of choice for SRF cavities due to its high critical temperature and critical magnetic field. In order to understand why certain treatments, especially a low temperature bake, improve performance, it is important to study Nb surface characteristics and identify elemental contaminants which may affect the performance of the cavity.1 Initial studies using SIMS and Focused Ion Beam (FIB) prepared specimens for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) have helped to characterize the Nb surface and measure the surface oxide layer thickness.2 C, N and O are of particular interest as interstitial contaminants and earlier studies suggested very high H concentration. In the present study, ion implants of C, N, O and deuterium (D) in Nb and Si were analyzed using SIMS. D was implanted to characterize H while avoiding interference from the high H background. The D implant was easily detectable in Si, but showed a constant value and no implant shape in Nb. This result implies either that D (and by implication, hydrogen) has a high mobility in Nb, or that there is movement of D due to the primary ion beam. Nevertheless, C, N, and O could be quantified using the ion implants. Depth profiles of polycrystalline and single crystal Nb samples were also obtained. While both types of Nb samples contained low C concentration, the single crystal Nb samples showed higher N and O content. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS UNDER SHEAR

The behavior of an electrorheological (ER) chain under a shear force is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Contrary to the conventional assumption that the ER chain under a shear force becomes slanted and breaks at the middle, we have found that there is symmetry breaking. When the shear strain is small, the chain becomes slanted with a space gap between the first and second particles (or between the last and next last particles). As the shear strain increases, the gap becomes wider and wider. When the shear strain exceeds a critical value, the chain breaks at the gap. The experiment also confirms that an ER chain under the shear breaks at either end, not at the middle. This symmetry breaking reflects the space's anisotropy, which is the result of the applied electric field.
A comparative analysis of the density of the SNOMED CT conceptual content for semantic harmonization

We designed a structure-based algorithmic method to support semantic harmonization.We defined a set of topological patterns across pairs of terminologies that are of different density.We explored how these topological patterns appear for a subset of UMLS terminologies, focusing on SNOMED CT.A human expert evaluated the method with a random sample generated by the algorithm. ObjectivesMedical terminologies vary in the amount of concept information (the "density") represented, even in the same sub-domains. This causes problems in terminology mapping, semantic harmonization and terminology integration. Moreover, complex clinical scenarios need to be encoded by a medical terminology with comprehensive content. SNOMED Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT), a leading clinical terminology, was reported to lack concepts and synonyms, problems that cannot be fully alleviated by using post-coordination. Therefore, a scalable solution is needed to enrich the conceptual content of SNOMED CT. We are developing a structure-based, algorithmic method to identify potential concepts for enriching the conceptual content of SNOMED CT and to support semantic harmonization of SNOMED CT with selected other Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) terminologies. MethodsWe first identified a subset of English terminologies in the UMLS that have 'PAR' relationship labeled with 'IS_A' and over 10% overlap with one or more of the 19 hierarchies of SNOMED CT. We call these "reference terminologies" and we note that our use of this name is different from the standard use. Next, we defined a set of topological patterns across pairs of terminologies, with SNOMED CT being one terminology in each pair and the other being one of the reference terminologies. We then explored how often these topological patterns appear between SNOMED CT and each reference terminology, and how to interpret them. ResultsFour viable reference terminologies were identified. Large density differences between terminologies were found. Expected interpretations of these differences were indeed observed, as follows. A random sample of 299 instances of special topological patterns ("2:3 and 3:2 trapezoids") showed that 39.1% and 59.5% of analyzed concepts in SNOMED CT and in a reference terminology, respectively, were deemed to be alternative classifications of the same conceptual content. In 30.5% and 17.6% of the cases, it was found that intermediate concepts could be imported into SNOMED CT or into the reference terminology, respectively, to enhance their conceptual content, if approved by a human curator. Other cases included synonymy and errors in one of the terminologies. ConclusionThese results show that structure-based algorithmic methods can be used to identify potential concepts to enrich SNOMED CT and the four reference terminologies. The comparative analysis has the future potential of supporting terminology authoring by suggesting new content to improve content coverage and semantic harmonization between terminologies.
A regional environmental data center model

A regional environmental data center is a facility for the centralization, integration, dissemination and analysis of a wide range of environmental data which otherwise remain isolated in the hands of the individual or organization collecting the data. The development and use of such facilities can reduce cost, errors and facilitate the integration of a variety of data sources into a more comprehensive and complete picture of areas of interest.
Correction of a Femoral Head Fracture Malunion with Surgical Dislocation of the Hip: A Case Report.

Femoral head fractures are uncommon injuries, but appropriate treatment is important to prevent posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Approximately 5% to 15% of posterior dislocations of the hip are associated with femoral head fractures1-3. Since the earliest description of a femoral head fracture in 18694, several case series have been published. However, no firm conclusions have been reached regarding optimal treatment. Historically, these fractures have been associated with poor functional outcomes5. To our knowledge, posttraumatic femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and surgical correction of a femoral head fracture malunion have not been reported in the literature. We report the case of a femoral head fracture that presented with a painful malunion secondary to an acquired, posttraumatic, cam-type FAI. The patient underwent malunion correction via surgical dislocation of the hip. He was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and he provided consent. An active twenty-eight-year-old male wrestling instructor presented with right hip pain. Five months previously, he had sustained a twenty-foot fall that resulted in a posterior dislocation of the hip. He had undergone closed reduction, and postreduction radiographs and a computed tomography (CT) scan had demonstrated an isolated femoral head fracture located anterosuperiorly relative to the fovea (Pipkin II). The physicians had opted to treat the fracture nonsurgically. The patient had been kept non-weight-bearing for three months, and he had then been allowed to progressively bear weight as tolerated; he had returned to full activities when the radiographs had shown a healed fracture. The patient, however, had continued to note groin pain with hip flexion. He also had described mechanical symptoms of “popping” and “catching.” On presentation to our office, the symptoms were moderate, persistent, activity-related groin pain in addition to limitations with hip flexion. The modified Harris hip score was 65. …
Identifying sincerity of effort based on the combined predictive ability of multiple grip strength tests.

Abstract Study Design Retrospective Cohort. Introduction Detecting sincerity of effort (SOE) of grip strength remains a frustrating and elusive task for hand therapists because there are no valid, reliable, or widely accepted assessments for identifying feigned effort. Some therapists use various combinations of different SOE tests in an attempt to identify feigned effort, but there is lack of evidence to support this practice. Purpose The present study examined the ability of a combination of three grip strength tests commonly used in the clinic to detect SOE: the five rung grip test, rapid exchange grip test, and coefficient of variation. A secondary purpose was to compare the predictive ability between the logistic and linear regression models. Methods Healthy participants (n = 146) performed the three SOE tests exerting both maximal and submaximal efforts. We compared the ability of two regression models, the logistic and linear models, to predict sincere versus insincere efforts. Results Combining the three tests predicted SOE better than each test alone. Yet, the full logistic model, which was the best predictor of SOE, explained only 42% of variance and correctly classified only 58% of the efforts. Conclusions Our findings do not support the clinical practice of combining these three tests to detect SOE. Level of Evidence Not applicable.
Aging, Atherosclerosis, and IGF-1

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is an endocrine and autocrine/paracrine growth factor that circulates at high levels in the plasma and is expressed in most cell types. IGF-1 has major effects on development, cell growth and differentiation, and tissue repair. Recent evidence indicates that IGF-1 reduces atherosclerosis burden and improves features of athero- sclerotic plaque stability in animal models. Potential mechanisms for this atheroprotective effect include IGF-1-induced reduction in oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, proinflammatory signaling, and endothelial dysfunction. Aging is associated with increased vascular oxidative stress and vascular disease, suggesting that IGF-1 may exert salutary effects on vascular aging processes. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive update on IGF-1's ability to modulate vascular oxidative stress and to limit atherogenesis and the vascular complications of aging.
Treatment of psoriasis with cytotoxic drugs

This review is an update on the use of cytotoxic drugs for psoriasis. Drugs reviewed include methotrexate, 6-thioguanine, hydroxyurea, azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and piritrexim.
Beam Characteristics in the LANPF Biomedical Channel

We report on techniques to determine the muon component in the pion therapy beams at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility biomedical channel. The objective is to provide input to the project's treatment planning code PIPLAN which uses measured beam data to generate dose distributions. In these data it is important to identify the particles emanating from the channel by type, i.e., pion, muon, or electron. Muons from decays in the latter portion of the channel form a large "halo" around the pion beam. As our pion field sizes have increased, this "halo" has become an increasingly larger fraction of the beam. Results from beam measurements and computer simulations are presented.
Topical-intracameral anesthesia without preoperative mydriatic agents for Descemet-stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty and phacoemulsification cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation.

We describe a technique for a new triple procedure comprising phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation followed immediately by Descemet-stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK). It is performed under topical anesthesia, with dilation accomplished using methylparaben-free lidocaine 1% with no added epinephrine. In a case series of 32 patients, adequate dilation was achieved and no patient reported significant intraoperative discomfort. No operative or postoperative complications were encountered, and visual rehabilitation was quick and satisfactory. Topical anesthesia eliminated the risks associated with retrobulbar and peribulbar blocks, as well as the risks associated with general anesthesia. Intracameral dilation with preservative-free lidocaine 1% provided adequate and short-lived dilation, alleviating the need for intraoperative pharmacologic constriction when transitioning from IOL implantation to DSAEK. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Identifying Gifted and Talented Students: Recurring Issues and Promising Solutions

ABSTRACT This article offers a set of recommended best practices in the identification of students who are gifted and talented. The article recommends that school psychologists gain familiarity with gifted children and their families, recognize the multiple manifestations of giftedness and the developmental nature of talent development, link identification to intervention, employ multiple assessment measures, include the assessment of motivation, consider social and emotional needs, and monitor the recommended interventions. The article also reviews recurring issues that adversely impact upon the provision of gifted services in the public schools. These issues include society not viewing the gifted as a high-priority special needs group, definitions of giftedness that vary across states, differing expert opinions on what giftedness represents, uncertainty about prevalence rates, under-representation of certain groups of gifted students, the role of creativity, and whether gifted education should be a part...
Private logical neighborhoods for wireless ad hoc networks

In wired networks routers are aware of all other routers to which they are directly connected. In contrast, in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) a mobile router (node) will not be aware of all nodes within its transmission range. While many MANET routing protocols have been proposed in the literature, only few of them mandate proactive neighborhood discovery protocols like the Internet message encapsulation protocol (IMEP), for identifying all neighbors within a reliable delivery neighborhood (RDN). We argue why it is especially important for secure routing protocols, which have the additional constraint of the need to "live with" non cooperative nodes, to go beyond simply mandating an RDN, by mandating a private logical neighborhood (PLN).
Editorial: Patient education by pharmacists

their conditions. 1 Patients may not have an understanding of how their medicines work, the time needed to achieve efficacy, recommended duration of therapy, possible side effects and their management, and other factors that may affect medication usage. One study reported that 39% of psychiatric inpatients felt that their treatment had not been clearly explained to them. 2 In another study of 69 patients with schizophrenia, 46% reported they had not been warned about potential side effects of the
Ecological analysis of the first generation of community clinical oncology programs.

Abstract OBJECTIVE. An ecological framework is proposed for assessing factors important to consider in allocating funds to promote sound performance of interorganizational programs. DATA SOURCE/STUDY SETTING. This framework is used to examine the first generation of Community Clinical Oncology Programs (CCOPs) funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) from 1983-1986 to coordinate clinical research activity at the local level. The research reported is based on secondary data collected for the Community Cancer Care Evaluation at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center. STUDY DESIGN. A repeated measures design was used to analyze differences in the level and patterns of CCOP productivity, a measure of the number of patients enrolled on NCI-approved Phase III trials. The predictive dimensions include (1) measures of environmental inputs (population density, organizational dominance, professional support, NCI funding); (2) measures of organizational inputs (number of hospitals, number of staff, number of physicians, NCI experience, clinical research experience); and (3) structural measures (functional specialization, administrative concentration). Predicted relationships were assessed using general linear models procedures. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS. Data obtained from NCI files were supplemented by interviews with NCI personnel and published statistics. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS. Funding level, clinical research experience, and number of staff are the most important predictors of patient enrollment. Clinical research experience has a positive relationship with patient enrollment and a negative association with changes in enrollment. The reversal is explained by the influence of the CCOPs that had the greatest amount of clinical research experience at the beginning of the program. CONCLUSIONS. The ecological approach provides a useful framework for understanding factors that should be considered in funding interorganizational programs and promoting their development. Most importantly, results suggest that a somewhat different approach is needed to initiate programs rather than to expand existing programs.
Hydrogen dilution on an undoped silicon oxide layer and Its application to amorphous silicon thin-film solar cells

Abstract This paper proposes the use of undoped hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon oxide (μc-SiO x :H) deposited on an n-μc-Si:H layer of amorphous silicon single-junction superstrate-configuration thin-film solar cells produced using 40 MHz very high frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We found that undoped μc-SiO x :H thin film under optimized hydrogen dilution conditions had high crystallinity, high conductivity, a wide optical band gap, and a high refractive index, which are advantageous properties in solar cells. However, deposition at higher hydrogen dilutions degraded the quality and optoelectronic properties of the films, because the morphology of the films changed from microcrystalline to amorphous. These results suggest that the use of an optimized undoped μc-SiO x :H layer improves a-Si:H thin-film solar cell performance through enhancement of the short-circuit current density J sc . The increased J sc can be attributed to an improved light-trapping capability in the long wavelength range, between 620 and 680 nm, as demonstrated by the external quantum efficiency. This technique also allows optimal conversion efficiency to be achieved. The results demonstrated that hydrogen dilution plays a dominant role in the improvement of film quality and solar cell performance; however, the tradeoff between refractive index and conductivity must be considered.
The American Dream? Anti-immigrant discourse bubbling up from the Coca-Cola ‘It’s Beautiful’ advertisement

This study applied discourse analysis to over 1500 publicly posted comments following the multilingual Coca-Cola ‘It’s Beautiful’ commercial which aired on 2 February 2014 (Super Bowl Sunday) acros...