cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of pairing an anesthesiology rotation with the general surgery clerkship: positive impact on surgical and perioperative education.

Background The use of an anesthesiology rotation in the realm of surgical education is not very well studied. Several studies show the importance of an anesthesiology rotation in the grand scheme of undergraduate medical education. However, its importance in perioperative medicine and surgical education is not very well understood. This study attempts to look at this relationship and determine whether or not a temporal relationship between this anesthesiology rotation and a surgical rotation is important. Methods I used an online survey tool to survey medical students who took the anesthesiology rotation (required rotation) in 2014 and 2015 (when rotation was coupled to surgical rotation) and compared those data to the data of students who took the rotation in 2016 (when the rotation was not coupled to surgery). I asked several questions looking at the importance of the anesthesiology rotation to surgical education and to perioperative medicine. Results Having a required anesthesiology rotation appears to add value to the general surgery rotation in undergraduate medical education. Furthermore, when this rotation is paired with the general surgery rotation, it appears that the students learn more about perioperative medicine than when the rotation is paired with other "advanced" rotation. Conclusion The pairing of anesthesiology with a general surgery rotation does indeed improve the perioperative medicine education and knowledge of students. Students appreciate having a week of anesthesiology with the surgical rotation, and they note that it adds value to the general surgery rotation.
Variability Characteristics And Test Selection In Herdlevel Nutritional And Metabolic Profile Testing

Blood concentrations of nutrients, metabolites, and hormones are animal response factors of potential usefulness in nutritional and metabolic assessment. Many variability factors other than nutrition, however, can influence these values under diagnostic conditions in practice. Appropriate strategies of sample collection and test selection can minimize non-nutritional sources of variation while maximizing nutritional effects.
An Investigation into the Feasibility of Spoken Clinical Question Answering

Spoken question answering for clinical decision support is a potentially revolutionary technology for improving the efficiency and quality of health care delivery. This application involves many technologies currently being researched, including automatic speech recognition (ASR), information retrieval (IR), and summarization, all in the biomedical domain. In certain domains, the problem of spoken document retrieval has been declared solved because of the robustness of IR to ASR errors. This study investigates the extent to which spoken medical question answering benefits from that same robustness. We used the best results from previous speech recognition experiments as inputs to a clinical question answering system, and had physicians perform blind evaluations of results generated both by ASR transcripts of questions and gold standard transcripts of the same questions. Our results suggest that the medical domain differs enough from the open domain to require additional work in automatic speech recognition adapted for the biomedical domain.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Free and Bound Water Fractions in Normal Lenses

Proton NMR relaxation times T, and T2 were determined for normal lenses excised from sexually mature animals from seven different species. Lenses were immersed in physiological buffer during measurements, and suppression methods were employed to null the buffer signal. This enabled selective analysis of lenticular water. Observed relaxation times were correlated with protein and water content. At 37 °C and 1.89 Tesla, single-exponential spin-lattice relaxation was observed, but spin-spin relaxation was found to be double-exponential. It was shown that the short-T2 fraction is proportional to protein concentration; this fraction was attributed to water bound to protein. The long-T2 fraction was attributed to free lenticular water. The amounts of free and bound water thus obtained were used in the spin-lattice relaxation rate equation for rapid exchange in a two-component system to calculate the magnitudes of the two corresponding T] relaxation components. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30:23612369,1989 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is potentially a sensitive tool for noninvasive monitoring of the physiological state of the lens and other biologic materials. Information such as pH,1 levels of organophosphate metabolites,2 the state of water, 3"7 and intracellular sodium content8 can be obtained using NMR. We are seeking sensitive *H NMR parameters that will enable normal and pathological states of a lens to be distinguished. Studies of in vitro lenses are being conducted in order to develop techniques useful for evaluating the factors in the development and prevention of cataract. Lenses typically contain approximately 33% pro
Cefotetan-Induced Hemolytic Anemia: Case Series and Review.

Purpose:To raise awareness of cefotetan-induced hemolytic anemia, a known rare but serious side effect that occurred in 5 patients at our medical center.Summary:Five cases of cefotetan-induced hemo...
Designing Feedback Controllers for Human-Prosthetic Systems Using H ∞ Model Matching

Prosthetic hands are important tools for improving the lives of upper limb amputees, yet most devices lack the ability to provide a sense of touch back to the user. Recent improvements have been made in electromyography (EMG) prosthesis control as well as in biologically relevant tactile sensors to provide sensory feedback to amputees through nerve stimulation. However, sensory feedback has been designed heuristically, which can lead to either unnatural sensations or to excessive feedback that bothers the user. In this study, we apply optimal control techniques to synthesize sensory feedback to the user, and to synthesize the conversion from EMG to an actuation command to the prosthesis. Specifically, we construct a feedback control system architecture and solve the $H_{\infty }$ model matching problem to make the closed-loop user-prosthetic system to behave like a pre-specified ideal system in response to elemental inputs (e.g. impulse, step, etc). We design feedback controllers assuming that human and prosthetic components behave in a linear fashion as a proof-of-concept, and the closed-loop system is able to match ideal systems that are slow, fast and that have both slow and fast dynamics (like healthy humans).
When chemotherapy fails: Emotionally charged experiences faced by family caregivers of patients with advanced cancer.

Abstract Objective To explore family caregivers’ emotional experiences while caring for patients with advanced cancer and navigating distressing information, awareness of dying, and difficult decisions. Methods Qualitative descriptive study of semi-structured interviews with 92 bereaved caregivers of patients with advanced cancer. Interviews explored caregivers’ experiences as patients transitioned out of active cancer treatment and neared the end of life. Results Included in caregivers’ characterization of this transition time were three particularly emotionally charged experiences. The first occurred when caregivers felt jolted into awareness that patients were dying.They were startled to realize that patients would die sooner than expected; some expressed frustration that they had not been adequately warned. In the second, caregivers felt conflicted when involved in decisions that pitted patients’ preferences against what caregivers felt patients needed, resulting in ambivalence, guilt, and grief. Thirdly, caregivers who felt they did their best for patients expressed fulfillment and gratitude. Conclusion Caregivers of patients with advanced cancer face unique, emotionally charged experiences that can lead to distress and affect care at the end of life. Practice implications Awareness of these situations may help oncology teams to provide sufficient guidance and support, partner with caregivers to clarify patients’ needs, and deliver higher quality care.
Evaluation of Clinical and Safety Outcomes Following Uncontrolled Tacrolimus Conversion in Adult Transplant Recipients

PURPOSE To compare clinical and safety outcomes of transplant recipients converted between different tacrolimus formulations to those patients who remained on a single formulation in an outpatient environment. METHODOLOGY This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study at a large tertiary care medical center with an associated institutional outpatient pharmacy system. Adult transplant recipients with institutional pharmacy refill from August 1, 2009, to May 31, 2016, were assessed. Patients were allocated into four separate groups: Group (A) innovator tacrolimus (no conversion), Group (B) generic tacrolimus (no conversion), Group (C) single conversion (from innovator to single generic or from generic to innovator tacrolimus), and Group (D) multiple conversions. Index date was either the date of first tacrolimus product conversion (Groups C and D) or a pre-specified post-transplant time (Groups A and B). RESULTS Overall, 100 patients were included in the analysis, 63% were male, 62% were Caucasian, and 59% were renal transplant recipients. When compared between groups, linear trends in dose-normalized tacrolimus levels were similar in the pre-index date period (p=0.52) and in the post-index date period (p=0.08). When groups were compared individually, linear trends in dose-normalized tacrolimus levels were significantly different pre- versus post-index date for Group B (p=0.008). There were no differences in the linear trends of dose-normalized tacrolimus levels across the other groups (p>0.05 for all). After the index date, 43% of patients across all groups required tacrolimus dose modification with no differences by group (p=0.32). Allograft function and hospitalizations were similar across all groups. CONCLUSIONS Conversion between tacrolimus generic formulations has been suggested to be unsafe. This study demonstrates that switching tacrolimus products in post-transplant recipients does not alter dose-normalized tacrolimus trough concentrations, renal or hepatic function, pathology, or hospitalizations.
Thematic Trends of Effective Leadership Practices for MSIs Through the Prism of an Anti-deficit Perspective

This chapter reflects on the importance of continuing to examine leadership at MSIs through an anti-deficit perspective and highlights five themes across the chapters that are exemplars of effective leadership practices of MSIs.
The Charlie Hebdo Affair in the Journalistic Field of the United Kingdom

This chapter is concerned with journalist conceptualizations of the Charlie Hebdo terrorist attack within the context of the geography of freedom of expression of the establishmentarian regime of the United Kingdom. It explores how the main public and private media of the multicultural British journalistic field dealt with the tensions spawned by Charlie Hebdo’s exercise of its human right to satirize religion in the monocultural, secular republican context of France. The question addressed is how the major media outlets in the multicultural British journalistic field used their editorial independence to manage the tension between the human right of freedom of expression—specifically, the journalistic right to illustrate news of the Charlie Hebdo terrorist attack with relevant Charlie Hebdo Mohammed cartoon images—and Islamic injunctions against visual representations of Prophet Mohammed.
Development of Micro-LEDs and Applications

Since our invention in 2000 [1–4], microLED has emerged as a promising technology for a range of applications. MicroLED can provide much higher brightness levels than those of LCD and OLEDs. Therefore, microLED arrays are ideal for self-emissive microdisplays [3–9] and ultrahigh brightness and resolution large flat panel displays [9]. Moreover, with high turn on/off speed, micro-LEDs and microdisplays appear to be the most suitable technology for the emerging three-dimensional (3-D) and augmented reality/virtual reality (AR/VR) applications.
Rare infection in patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with adalimumab

Mycobacterium haemophilum is a rare pathogen, predominately present in the immunocompromised population. It is especially studied in HIV and haematological malignancy patients. Given its unique living conditions, it is often difficult to establish its diagnosis, but it is often suspected by its classic association with ulcerating skin findings. Our case is unique in that our patient is immunocompromised by his rheumatoid arthritis treatment, and presented without any skin lesions, but was found to have this rare pathogen causing a constellation of unusual symptoms.
Freedom to Post or Invasion of Privacy? Analysis of U.S. Revenge Porn State Statutes

Sexting is a common behavior with studies reporting that 49% of adults have admitted to sending an intimate image and/or video of themselves to a romantic partner. The literature suggests that sexu...
Apparatus design for measuring of the strain dependence of the Seebeck coefficient of single crystals

We present the design and construction of an apparatus that measures the Seebeck coefficient of single crystals under in situ tunable strain at cryogenic temperatures. A home-built three piezostack apparatus applies uni-axial stress to a single crystalline sample and modulates anisotropic strain up to 0.7%. An alternating heater system and cernox sensor thermometry measure the Seebeck coefficient along the uniaxial stress direction. To demonstrate the efficacy of this apparatus, we applied uniaxial stress to detwin single crystals of BaFe2As2 in the orthorhombic phase. The obtained Seebeck coefficient anisotropy is in good agreement with previous measurements using a mechanical clamp.
On My Own Terms: Motivations for Self-Treating Opioid-Use Disorder With Non-Prescribed Buprenorphine

Abstract Introduction The opioid overdose crisis in the United States has prompted an expansion of treatment services, including pharmacotherapy with buprenorphine. However, many people who use illicit opioids (PWUIO) self-treat their opioid-use disorder (OUD) with non-prescribed buprenorphine (NPB) in lieu of attending formal treatment. The present study aims to qualitatively understand motivations of people who are self-treating their OUD with NPB. Methods Qualitative study designed to supplement and contextualize quantitative findings from natural history study of buprenorphine diversion, self-treatment, and use of substance use disorder treatment services. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, systematically coded and analyzed via Iterative Categorization. Study Setting The Dayton, Ohio metropolitan area in the midwestern United States; a site previously characterized as high impact in the national opioid overdose crisis. Participants Sixty-five individuals (35 men and 30 women) who met the DSM-5 criteria for OUD (moderate or severe) and had used NPB at least one time in the six months prior to their intake interview. Results Participants described four key motivators for self-treating with NPB: perceived demands of formal treatment, the desire to utilize non-prescribed buprenorphine in combination with a geographic relocation, to self-initiate treatment while preparing for formal services, and to bolster a sense of self-determination and agency in their recovery trajectory. Conclusions Use of NPB is a recognized self-treatment modality among PWUIO, with some PWUIO transitioning into sustained recovery episodes or enrollment in formal treatment. Understanding the motivations for opting out of treatment is crucial for improving forms of care for people with OUD.
The Epidemiology, Impact, and Diagnosis of Micronutrient Nutritional Dermatoses Part 2: B-Complex Vitamins.

Abstract Nutritional dermatoses are traditionally taught in the context of developing countries, famine, population displacement, and limited access to healthcare. In the United States, nutritional dermatoses may be underdiagnosed and lead to increased morbidity and utilization of hospital resources. These findings underscore the need for providers in developed nations to be able to identify these deficiencies. Dermatologists play a critical role in the diagnosis and management of nutritional deficiencies as they often present with cutaneous findings. Part two of this review series will focus on the epidemiology, impact, manifestations, and diagnosis of B-complex vitamins that can present with cutaneous findings, including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, and biotin.
Abstract P6-13-04: Metformin for the treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

BACKGROUND: Each year about 60,000 new cases of breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) are diagnosed in the United States. DCIS significantly increases the risk of invasive breast cancer. To reduce this risk, tamoxifen is offered to patients with ER-positive DCIS in the adjuvant setting. In contrast, no adjuvant therapy exists for ER-negative DCIS. Metformin is a frontline therapy for type 2 diabetes and its safety and side effect profiles are well documented. Preclinical, epidemiologic, and retrospective data all support an antitumor effect of metformin in breast cancer. Metformin may act via activation of AMP kinase (AMPK), a sensor of cellular energy, which in turn inhibits mTOR activity and shuts down global protein synthesis. Previous data from our group showed that metformin treatment is associated with a higher rate of pathologic complete response in diabetic breast cancer patients receiving preoperative chemotherapy. In the current study, using preclinical models, we explored the effects of metformin in DCIS and its progression to invasive breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND METHODS: We tested the anti-tumor activity of metformin in terms of proliferation and invasion using both DCIS cell lines and a mouse intraductal (MIND) transplantation model previously developed by us. The latter involves intraductal injection of human DCIS cells into mouse mammary glands, and importantly recapitulates the progression of DCIS to invasive cancer seen in human breast cancer. Western blot and immunofluorescent staining for AMP kinase, mTOR, and other relevant targets, as well as flow cytometry, were used to investigate mechanism. RESULTS: Metformin significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in all DCIS cell lines tested. In the mouse model, using metformin at a dose that is readily achievable in human patients, metformin significantly reduced the tumor burden in terms of median number of ducts filled, from 11 to 2 using DCIS.com cells (p CONCLUSION: Metformin inhibits the growth of DCIS and its progression to invasive breast cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first reported evidence of metformin’s anti-tumor activity in DCIS. Our data support the exciting prospect of developing metformin clinically for the treatment of DCIS. Citation Format: Atreyi Dasgupta, David G Edwards, Frances S Kittrell, Susan G Hilsenbeck, Daniel Medina, Sao Jiralerspong. Metformin for the treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-13-04.
Making a Great Man, Moses: Sustenance and Augmentation of the Self through God as Selfobject

This study examines how external support can enhance an individual’s capability and allow him or her to become a greater man or woman. I propose that one surpasses one’s own natural ability when the self is augmented by selfobjects, allowing one to function on a level that could not have been achieved otherwise. The question of how we can become a greater woman or man thus necessitates the consideration of self-augmenting communal resources in the form of selfobject experiences. Drawing on Heinz Kohut’s self psychology, I closely examine the dynamic among self-state, external environment as selfobjects, and self-performance utilizing notions that I call self-preservation, self-loss, and selfobject-augmentation. I then apply these understandings from self psychology as a hermeneutical lens to interpret Moses’s life as depicted in the Scripture and to demonstrate God’s function as a selfobject providing selfobject-augmentation that turns an ordinary man into a great man. More specifically, God’s functioning as a selfobject strengthens Moses enough to allow him to overcome narcissistic injuries that manifest in shame and rage and ultimately to achieve greater things than what he had been capable of achieving by himself.
Cutting Edge: Regulation of T Cell Trafficking and Primary Immune Responses by Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 1

Signaling by sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) through its receptor S1P1 has recently been shown to promote thymocyte egress. In the periphery, S1P1 is expressed on naive T cells but lost upon T cell activation. To determine the significance of S1P1 down-regulation and function of S1P1 in peripheral T cells, we developed transgenic mice that constitutively express S1P1 in T cells. Mature T cells from these mice exhibited enhanced chemotactic response toward S1P, and preferentially distributed to the blood rather than secondary lymphoid organs. S1P1-transgenic mice showed significant delay in the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and had defective contact hypersensitivity reaction and local Ag-induced responses. These impairments were associated with reduced numbers of Ag-activated T cells in the draining lymph nodes. Our studies demonstrate that S1P1 signaling affects systemic trafficking of peripheral T cells and immune responses and highlight that levels of S1P1 expression represent an important mechanism of immune regulation.
Rank-based frame classification for usable speech detection in speaker identification systems

The performance of a speaker identification (SID) system degrades substantially when there is a mismatch between the training and testing conditions. Discriminating between temporal sections of speech signals which are speech-like (SID usable) and noise-like (SID unusable) while only retaining frames labeled SID usable can augment SID performance substantially. In this paper, a novel labeling system for SID usable and SID unusable frames is presented for a GMM based SID system. This is motivated by a control experiment demonstrating that very high SID accuracies are theoretically achievable by removing frames that contribute more to the scores of competing speakers rather than the true speaker. To blindly identify these SID usable and unusable frames, the Mahalanobis distance and an ensemble of decision tree classifiers (with boosting) were trained on a dataset which was different from the enrollment database for the SID system. The classifier based techniques yielded improvements over the base speaker identification system (all frames used) in all cases when the speech signal was corrupted with additive white or additive pink noise.
Cesium and oxygen coadsorption on LaB 6 single crystal surfaces . I. Work function change

Abstract The coadsorption properties of Cs and oxygen on LaB6 (100) and (110) have been investigated using Auger electron spectroscopy and the FERP method of work function measurement. It is found that adsorption of Cs on the clean surfaces results in work function minima φm of 1.97 and 1.88 eV for the (100) and (110) surfaces, respectively, whereas Cs adsorption onto the surfaces with preadsorbed oxygen results in φm values of 1.35 and 1.47 eV. Auger data suggest that oxygen adsorbs preferentially at B sites but that La surface atoms are involved in the bonding. Oxygen precoverage increases the ionic character of the Cs bond as well as the Cs coverage at φm. At room temperature there is no evidence of multilayer Cs adsorption. The work function/coverage relationships are compared with two different models.
Particle swarm optimization of miniaturized quadrature reflection phase structure for low-profile antenna applications

A new terminology, quadrature reflection phase structure (QRPS), is defined. Without applying traditional methods, such as effective circuit modeling, a parallel PSO/FDTD (particle swarm optimization/finite difference time-domain) algorithm is utilized to determine a QRPS topology based on its reflection phase characteristics. The optimized QRPS has miniaturized dimensions and provides good performance in a surface wave antenna application. The parallel PSO/FDTD algorithm has the potential to be promising in more complicated QRPS/EBG designs, by exploiting the robustness of the PSO kernel, the accuracy of a full-wave simulator and faster computation due to its parallel implementation.
EntityRank: searching entities directly and holistically

As the Web has evolved into a data-rich repository, with the standard "page view," current search engines are becoming increasingly inadequate for a wide range of query tasks. While we often search for various data "entities" (e.g., phone number, paper PDF, date), today's engines only take us indirectly to pages. While entities appear in many pages, current engines only find each page individually. Toward searching directly and holistically for finding information of finer granularity, we study the problem of entity search, a significant departure from traditional document retrieval. We focus on the core challenge of ranking entities, by distilling its underlying conceptual model Impression Model and developing a probabilistic ranking framework, EntityRank, that is able to seamlessly integrate both local and global information in ranking. We evaluate our online prototype over a 2TB Web corpus, and show that EntityRank performs effectively.
Implementing regular tree expressions

Regular tree expressions are a natural formalism for describing the sets of tree-structured values that commonly arise in programs; thus, they are well-suited to applications in program analysis. We describe an implementation of regular tree expressions and our experience with that implementation in the context of the FL type system. A combination of algorithms, optimizations, and fast heuristics for computationally difficult problems yields an implementation efficient enough for practical use.
A comprehensive review of diagnostic imaging technologies to evaluate the retina and the optic disk

Ophthalmic imaging has undergone a revolution over the past 20 years with increasingly efficient and high-definition modalities now available. The use of wide-field retinal angiography, fundus autofluorescence, state-of-the-art spectral domain, and enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography has proven to be effective in this field. This comprehensive review is devoted to retinal and optic disk imaging modalities and their clinical implications. It is based on the published literature in the field of ophthalmic imaging with a focus on recent advances. Ophthalmic imaging plays a crucial role in the management of patients with both isolated retinal disease and systemic diseases with ocular manifestations. Evolving technology enables imaging of ocular disease in vivo, facilitating objective assessment of disease progression and response to treatment. These latest technical improvements in ophthalmic imaging are now a part of standard ophthalmic assessment in academic centers and most private practices. In the coming years, further advances may improve diagnostic sensitivity and enable cost-effective screening of large populations.
Evaluating automatic parallelization for efficient execution on shared-memory multiprocessors

We present a parallel code generation algorithm for complete applications and a new experimental methodology that tests the efficacy of our approach. The algorithm optimizes for data locality and parallelism, reducing or eliminating false sharing. It also uses interprocedural analysis and transformations to improve the granularity of parallelism. Although the individual components of the algorithm have been published previously, their coordination is unique to this paper. For experimental validation, we do not attempt to parallelize “dusty deck” programs where many have tried and failed. Instead, we collect programs where the users tried to achieve excellent parallel performance. We apply our optimizations to sequential versions of these programs, i.e., the compiler was required to use its analysis and algorithms to parallelize the program and could not rely on user assertions that for example, a loop is parallel. With this metric, our algorithm improves or matches hand-coded parallel programs on shared-memory, bus-based parallel machines for eight of the nine programs in our test suite.
Bioavailability and chemotherapeutic activity of clofazimine against Mycobacterium avium complex infections in beige mice following a single implant of a biodegradable polymer

We have studied the bioavailability of clofazimine following administration of a single dose of the drug in the biodegradable polymer polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA). We compared the levels of clofazimine achieved in the liver with single implants with those obtained with daily oral treatment. Even though the levels achieved with implants were much lower than those obtained after daily oral treatment, they were higher than the MIC of clofazimine for Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Experimental studies in beige mice after infection with MAC strain 101 showed similar reductions in cfu counts, after both single dose polymer and daily oral treatment. Macroscopically, hyperpigmentation giving an orange-yellow colour to all visceral organs, was seen in animals after daily oral treatment but not in those animals that received polymer implants.
Differential Privacy for Classifier Evaluation

Differential privacy provides powerful guarantees that individuals incur minimal additional risk by including their personal data in a database. Most work in differential privacy has focused on differentially private algorithms that produce models, counts, and histograms. Nevertheless, even with a classification model produced by a differentially private algorithm, directly reporting the classifier's performance on a database has the potential for disclosure. Thus, differentially private computation of evaluation metrics for machine learning is an important research area. We find effective mechanisms for area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve and average precision.
Robust Approach to Discrete Network Designs with Demand Uncertainty

A discrete network design problem under demand uncertainty is considered. It is assumed that the future travel demand for each origin-destination (O-D) pair can take on nominal or one of several other values, where the probabilities of occurrence of these values are unknown. However, the vector of O-D demands realized for the network must belong to an uncertainty set, a set that allows demands for a group of O-D pairs to deviate from their nominal values simultaneously. A robust counterpart of deterministic discrete network design is formulated as a mathematical program with complementarity constraints under the Wardropian user equilibrium conditions. The algorithm proposed for the problem terminates in a finite number of iterations and converges to a global optimum solution under certain conditions. Numerical results that use two networks from the literature empirically demonstrate that the algorithm is effective and has the potential to solve realistic problems.
Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiac Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Insights and Evidence to Improve Outcomes

Abstract More than 1.3 million percutaneous interventions (PCIs) and 400,000 coronary artery bypass graft procedures for cardiac revascularization are performed in the United States annually. Although restoring blood flow is the best method for reducing the extent of heart muscle damage after myocardial infarction (MI), reperfusion of ischemic myocardium itself can be injurious. Reperfusion-related complications after PCI for MI and coronary artery bypass grafting include myocardial stunning, the no-reflow phenomenon, reperfusion arrhythmias, and lethal cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, which results in irreversible injury and death of cardiomyocytes. Identified mechanisms that contribute to IR injury include adenosine triphosphate depletion, oxidative stress, inflammation, and intracellular calcium ion overload. At present, although multiple modalities targeting these and other IR injury mechanisms have been tested, effective, proved approaches are lacking, and the need to develop cardioprotective agents to reduce infarct size in patients with MI and prevent perioperative MIs in patients who undergo heart surgery remains unmet. Several pharmacotherapies that have shown promise in preclinical studies, such as MC-1, cariporide, and pexelizumab, have failed to live up to that promise in phase III clinical trials, highlighting the need for clinically relevant, disease-specific models for translating experimental data to efficacy in patients. The development of new pharmacologic agents also will depend on a better understanding of the underlying cellular and subcellular mechanisms of IR injury. This interactive program highlights novel investigational approaches to protection against IR injury. Online Access: http://cmeaccess.com/cme/ajc_cir_program/ . This CME Multimedia Activity is also available through the Web site of The American Journal of Cardiology ( http://www.ajconline.org ). Click on the Multimedia tab at the top of the Homepage, and select CME Multimedia Activities to access this program through the Journal Homepage.
Effect of coatings on oxidation of Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo foil

The viability of using coated Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo foils at 620°C in air was established through mechanical and thermogravimetric testing. Weight-grained and oxygen embrittlement were significantly reduced by the coatings. The residual tensile elongation of coated specimens was 2.5 times that of uncoated specimens. Comparison depth-profiling with X-ray diffraction verified the reduction of oxygen solid-solution in the α-phase for a selection of coated specimens.
Taking Ethical Disability Seriously

Aristotle's ethical theorizing contains resources for explaining what I call ‘ethical disability’. In theories such as Kant's and Mill's it is important that criteria of right action be accessible to anyone. Aristotle's moral psychology yields a plausible account of how they are not available to everyone. Unless a correct appreciation of good is part of the agent's second nature, the agent will not recognize ethical requirements, and will not have the resources to alter his judgments. Often, bad action is not a matter of agents' flouting or violating criteria of right action that they recognize, but is a matter of agents' regarding as choiceworthy things that are in fact no good, and the agents are unable to appreciate this because of their vices. However, on the Aristotelian view, this is not a condition that diminishes responsibility, because of how voluntariness is interpreted. Some of the views of Susan Wolf and Bernard Williams are discussed in the development of this view of the moral landscape.
Basic Problems of Coupled Thermoelasticity with Thermal Relaxation and Pre-Stress: Aspects Observed in Exact and Asymptotic Solutions

Some 1- and 2-D dynamic problems of coupled thermoelasticity in an unbounded solid, half-space and slab are treated. The problems are basic, and have been addressed in the literature. This treatment considers (possibly finite) pre-stress and both Fourier and thermal relaxation models, and generates analytical results from exact solutions or inversions of asymptotic expressions for exact transform solutions. The results illustrate the role of wave speeds in solution behavior, how pre-stress affects these speeds, and how the models themselves define solution behavior, especially near wave fronts.
Prevalence of incidental findings in trauma patients detected by computed tomography imaging

Abstract Study Objective The primary intention of spiral computed tomography (SCT) in trauma patients is to identify significant injuries. However, unanticipated information is often discovered. We hypothesize that SCT often identifies clinically significant incidental findings in trauma patients. Methods This was a retrospective protocol chart review of consecutive adult trauma patients seen at a level I trauma center. A complete SCT was defined as computed tomography imaging of the head, cervical spine, chest, abdomen, and pelvis, thoracic, and lumbar spine. Incidental findings were classified into 2 categories: type 1, which requires urgent evaluation, and type 2, which requires informing the patient but does not mandate urgent follow-up. Results We reviewed 3246 patient charts and 3092 met inclusion criteria. Type 1 findings were reported in 990 (32.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 30.4%-33.7%) patients. Type 2 findings were found in 1274 (41.2%; 95% CI, 39.5%-42.9%) patients. Female sex (odds ratio, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.16-1.65) and older age (odds ratio, 2.61; 95% CI, 2.33-2.93) were independently associated with a higher prevalence of type 1 findings. There were 631 incidental findings concerning for neoplasm, which included 196 pulmonary nodules, 99 liver, 36 renal, 23 brain, and 11 breast masses. Conclusions A significant number of trauma patients evaluated with SCT are diagnosed with potentially serious incidental findings. For long-term care and medicolegal concerns, physicians need to inform patients of these incidental findings and the need for further evaluation.
Film cooling subject to bulk flow pulsations: effects of blowing ratio, freestream velocity, and pulsation frequency

Abstract Bulk flow pulsations, in the form of sinusoidal variations of static pressure and streamwise velocity, are investigated as they affect film cooling from round, simple angle holes in a turbulent boundary layer. Such pulsations are important to turbine airfoils and end walls in gas turbine engines because similar pulsations are induced by potential flow interactions and passing families of shock waves. Distributions of adiabatic film cooling effectiveness, iso-energetic Stanton number ratio, and film cooling performance parameter are presented for different pulsation frequencies, blowing ratios, freestream velocities, and hole length-to-diameter ratios. A correlation is given for the onset of protection reduction as it depends upon these parameters. The most important reductions to film cooling protection result as the pulsation frequency increases at the smallest length-to-diameter ratio and smallest blowing ratio tested.
TRIM5 alpha drives SIVsmm evolution in rhesus macaques.

The antagonistic interaction with host restriction proteins is a major driver of evolutionary change for viruses. We previously reported that polymorphisms of the TRIM5α B30.2/SPRY domain impacted the level of SIVsmm viremia in rhesus macaques. Viremia in macaques homozygous for the non-restrictive TRIM5α allele TRIM5Q was significantly higher than in macaques expressing two restrictive TRIM5alpha alleles TRIM5TFP/TFP or TRIM5Cyp/TFP. Using this model, we observed that despite an early impact on viremia, SIVsmm overcame TRIM5α restriction at later stages of infection and that increasing viremia was associated with specific amino acid substitutions in capsid. Two amino acid substitutions (P37S and R98S) in the capsid region were associated with escape from TRIM5TFP restriction and substitutions in the CypA binding-loop (GPLPA87-91) in capsid were associated with escape from TRIM5Cyp. Introduction of these mutations into the original SIVsmE543 clone not only resulted in escape from TRIM5α restriction in vitro but the P37S and R98S substitutions improved virus fitness in macaques with homozygous restrictive TRIMTFP alleles in vivo. Similar substitutions were observed in other SIVsmm strains following transmission and passage in macaques, collectively providing direct evidence that TRIM5α exerts selective pressure on the cross-species transmission of SIV in primates.
The effects of certain psychotropic agents on the conditioned emotional response behavior pattern of the albino rat.

The conditioned emotional response (CER) testing procedure was utilized as a drug screening test. Two control compounds, chlorpromazine and reserpine, and one experimental compound 5-(O-methoxyphenoxy-methyl)-2-oxazolidinone, were tested in various doses in the CER program. None of the drugs produced an attenuation of the “anxiety” response in the rat. It would appear that the CER program, as presented in this study, is not suitable as a screening procedure for the evaluation of potential ataractic agents.
EVALUATION OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT INDICES FOR STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELS

Discusses how current goodness-of-fit indices fail to assess parsimony and hence disconfirmability of a model and are insensitive to misspecifications of causal relations (a) among latent variables when measurement model with many indicators is correct and (b) when causal relations corresponding to free parameters expected to be nonzero turn out to be zero or near zero. A discussion of philosophy of parsimony elucidates relations of parsimony to parameter estimation, disconfirmability, and goodness of fit. AGFI in LISREL is rejected. A method of adjusting goodness-of-fit indices by a parsimony ratio is described. Also discusses less biased estimates of goodness of fit and a relative normedfit index for testing fit of structural model exclusive of the measurement model. By a goodness-of-fit index, in structural equations modeling, we mean an index for assessing the fit of a model to data that ranges in possible value between zero and unity, with zero indicating a complete lack of fit and unity indicating perfect fit. Although chi-square statistics are often used as goodness-of-fit indices, they range between zero and infinity, with zero indicating perfect fit and a large number indicating extreme lack of fit. We prefer to call chi-square and other indices with this property lack-of-fit indices. For a recent discussion of both lack-of-fit and goodness-of-fit indices, see Wheaton (I 988). In this article we evaluate the use of goodness-of-fit indices for the assessment of the fit of structural equation models to data. Our aim is to review their rationales and to assess their strengths and weaknesses. We also consider other aspects of the problem of evaluating a structural equation model with goodness-of-fit indices. For example, are certain goodness-of-fit indices to be used only in certain stages of research (a contention of Sobel & Bohrnstedt, 1985)? Or, how biased are estimates of goodness of fit in small samples? What bearing does parsimony have on assessing the goodness of fit of the model? Can goodness-of-fit indices focus on the fit of certain aspects of a model as opposed to the fit of the overall model? For example, to what extent do current goodness-of-fit indices fail to reveal poor fits in the structural submodel among the latent variables because of good fits in the measurement model relating latent variables to manifest indicators? We describe a goodness-of-fit index now
Limacina helicina shell dissolution as an indicator of declining habitat suitability owing to ocean acidification in the California Current Ecosystem

Few studies to date have demonstrated widespread biological impacts of ocean acidification (OA) under conditions currently found in the natural environment. From a combined survey of physical and chemical water properties and biological sampling along the Washington–Oregon–California coast in August 2011, we show that large portions of the shelf waters are corrosive to pteropods in the natural environment. We show a strong positive correlation between the proportion of pteropod individuals with severe shell dissolution damage and the percentage of undersaturated water in the top 100 m with respect to aragonite. We found 53% of onshore individuals and 24% of offshore individuals on average to have severe dissolution damage. Relative to pre-industrial CO2 concentrations, the extent of undersaturated waters in the top 100 m of the water column has increased over sixfold along the California Current Ecosystem (CCE). We estimate that the incidence of severe pteropod shell dissolution owing to anthropogenic OA has doubled in near shore habitats since pre-industrial conditions across this region and is on track to triple by 2050. These results demonstrate that habitat suitability for pteropods in the coastal CCE is declining. The observed impacts represent a baseline for future observations towards understanding broader scale OA effects.
A New Era of Minimal Effects? The Changing Foundations of Political Communication

The great thinkers who influenced the contemporary field of political communication were preoccupied with understanding the political, social, psychological, and economic transformations in modern industrial society. But societies have changed so dramatically since the time of these landmark contributions that one must question the continuing relevance of paradigms drawn from them. To cite but a few examples, people have become increasingly detached from overarching institutions such as public schools, political parties, and civic groups, which at one time provided a shared context for receiving and interpreting messages. What are the implications of this detachment on how people respond to media messages? Information channels have proliferated and simultaneously become more individualized. Is it still relevant to conceive of ‘‘mass media’’ or has that concept been made obsolete by audience fragmentation and isolation from the public sphere? Does this new environment foreshadow a return to a time of minimal effects? If we are looking at a new minimal effects era, how can we distinguish it from the last such period? Retracing some of the intellectual origins of the field may help us identify the fundamental changes in society and communication technologies that are affecting the composition of audiences, the delivery of information, and the experience of politics itself. In particular, we are concerned with the growing disjuncture between the prevailing research strategies and the sociotechnological context of political communication, which may give rise to unproductive battles over findings (Donsbach, 2006). To the extent that research paradigms fail to reflect prevailing social and technological patterns, the validity of results will be in serious question. Consider just one case in point: the famous earlier era of ‘‘minimal effects’’ that emerged from studies done in the 1940s and early 1950s (Klapper, 1960). The underlying context for this scholarship consisted of a premass communication media system and relatively dense memberships in a group-based society networked through political parties, churches, unions, and service organizations (Putnam, 2000). At this time, scholars concluded that media messages were filtered through social reference processes as described in the two-step flow model proposed by Katz and Lazarsfeld (1955; Bennett & Manheim, 2006). Although the classic study by Lang