cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The SIN Kinase Sid2 Regulates Cytoplasmic Retention of the S. pombe Cdc14-like Phosphatase Clp1

Cdc14-family phosphatases play a conserved role in promoting mitotic exit and cytokinesis by dephosphorylating substrates of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk). Cdc14-family phosphatases have been best studied in yeast (for review, see [1, 2]), where budding yeast Cdc14 and its fission yeast homolog Clp1 are regulated partly by their localization; both proteins are thought to be sequestered in the nucleolus in interphase. Cdc14 and Clp1 are released from the nucleolus in mitosis, and in late mitosis conserved signaling pathways termed the mitotic exit network (MEN) and the septation initiation network (SIN) keeps Cdc14 and Clp1, respectively, out of the nucleolus through an unknown mechanism [3-6]. Here we show that the most downstream SIN component, the Ndr-family kinase Sid2, maintains Clp1 in the cytoplasm in late mitosis by phosphorylating Clp1 directly and thereby creating binding sites for the 14-3-3 protein Rad24. Mutation of the Sid2 phosphorylation sites on Clp1 disrupts the Clp1-Rad24 interaction and causes Clp1 to return prematurely to the nucleolus during cytokinesis. Loss of Clp1 from the cytoplasm in telophase renders cells sensitive to perturbation of the actomyosin ring but does not affect other Clp1 functions. Because all components of this pathway are conserved, this might be a broadly conserved mechanism for regulation of Cdc14-family phosphatases.
$S^{3}A$ : A Secure Data Sharing Mechanism for Situational Awareness in The Power Grid

Power grids are complex systems whose security and reliability depend on the collaboration among all the concerning entities, including peer operators, government authorities, etc. Data sharing in the manner of centralizing the data of peer operators in a common data center is highly desirable and even necessary to the collaboration and, in particular, applications such as global situational awareness in response to critical events. However, due to the concerns about privacy and security of data, the operators are reluctant to outsource their data. Hence, we propose S3A, a mechanism that enables secure and efficient data sharing. The proposed scheme is demonstrated to achieve secure and unlinkable storage as well as fine-grained access control.
Transient analysis and burnout of high temperature superconducting current leads

Abstract The transient behaviour of high-temperature superconductor (HTS) current leads operated between liquid helium and liquid nitrogen temperatures is analysed for burnout conditions upon transition of the HTS into the normal state. Leads composed of HTS only and of HTS sheathed by pure silver or silver alloy are investigated numerically for temperature-dependent properties and analytically for temperature-independent properties. For lower values of shape factor (current density times length), the lead can be operated indefinitely without burnout. At higher values of shape factor, the lead reaches burnout in a finite time. With high current densities, the leads heat adiabatically. For a fixed shape factor, low current densities are desired to achieve long burnout times. To achieve a low helium boil-off rate in the superconducting state without danger of burnout, there is a preferred temperature dependence for thermal conductivity, and silver alloy sheaths are preferred to pure silver sheaths. However, for a given current density, pure silver sheaths take longer to burn out.
An ultrafast one-photon and two-photon transient absorption study of the solvent-dependent photophysics in all-trans retinal

Abstract Ultrafast transient absorption has been measured for all-trans retinal in hexane and ethanol with 150 fs time resolution. Excitation by one-photon absorption at 400 nm or two-photon absorption at 800 nm allows selection of the initially populated state. One-photon excitation leads to decays in 300 fs to 2 ps in hexane and about 2 ps in ethanol. On a longer time scale, intersystem crossing is observed in about 30 ps in both solvents even though the order of the two lowest excited singlet states is reversed. A model of the photophysics of all-trans retinal in both solvents is presented.
Vigorous Exercise, Fitness and Incident Hypertension, High Cholesterol, and Diabetes

ABSTRACTPurpose:Current physical activity guidelines are based in part on studies of cardiorespiratory fitness, however, the effects of fitness may differ from activity. Analyses were undertaken to determine the dose-response relationships of fitness to incident hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, a
Creating knowledge facilities for knowledge work in the academic library

Based on the work of a planning group of staff from across the library representing both technical and public services, a new facility called the Knowledge Navigation Center (KNC) opened. No positions were dedicated specifically to the KNC. Located in the Harland Hatcher Graduate Library, the center housed seven workstations and a mix of Macintosh and Windows platforms with an array of peripheral equipment. The initial software collection, all network mounted, included nearly 100 resources falling into several general categories: Internet tools form browsers to Web design software, imaging tools and multimedia design software, distance learning tools, presentation software, OCR and other tools for text applications, and GIS software and resources. In trying to define focus, and recognizing that no staff member could be expected to develop expertise in all the possible areas users might need, the planning group identified five main specialty areas: GIS, imaging and multimedia, text, distance learning/interactive technologies, and Internet tools. Publicity about the center stressed these five areas and attempted to convey a broad mission for the center in knowledge retrieval and creation.
Thermochemical and Kinetic Analyses on Oxidation of Isobutenyl Radical and 2-Hydroperoxymethyl-2-propenyl Radical

In recognition of the importance of the isobutene oxidation reaction in the preignition chemistry associated with engine knock, the thermochemistry, chemical reaction pathways, and reaction kinetics of the isobutenyl radical oxidation at low to intermediate temperature range were computationally studied, focusing on both the first and the second O2 addition to the isobutenyl radical. The geometries of reactants, important intermediates, transition states, and products in the isobutenyl radical oxidation system were optimized at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) and MP2(full)/6-31G(d) levels, and the thermochemical properties were determined on the basis of ab initio, density functional theory, and statistical mechanics. Enthalpies of formation for several important intermediates were calculated using isodesmic reactions at the DFT and the CBS-QB3 levels. The kinetic analysis of the first O 2 addition to the isobutenyl radical was performed using enthalpies at the CBSQB3 and G3(MP2) levels. The reaction forms a chemically activated isobutenyl peroxy adduct which can be stabilized, dissociate back to reactants, cyclize to cyclic peroxide-alkyl radicals, and isomerize to the 2-hydroperoxymethyl-2-propenyl radical that further undergoes another O2 addition. The reaction channels for isomerization and cyclization and further dissociation on this second O 2 addition were analyzed using enthalpies at the DFT level with energy corrections based on similar reaction channels for the first O 2 addition. The high-pressure limit rate constants for each reaction channel were determined as functions of temperature by the canonical transition state theory for further kinetic model development.
The millimeter and submillimeter spectrum of HO2: The effects of unpaired electronic spin in a light asymmetric rotor

Abstract An extensive data set for the transient species HO 2 was acquired in the spectral region between 150 and 550 GHz. The complex spectrum of this light asymmetric rotor with unpaired electronic spin and nuclear hyperfine interactions was analyzed and fit to within experimental uncertainty ( 2 over a wide range of states.
A photoelectron spectroscopic study of changes produced in CO adsorbed on the W(110) plane by electron impact

Abstract Photoelectron spectra for hv = 21.2 eV of virgin, β, and α-CO were measured. Spectra after electron impact to the point of disappearance of CO and CO + desorption indicate that a molecular entity very similar to virgin-CO remains on the surface and is gradually converted to β-like, i.e., dissociated CO. It was also shown that the spectrum of α-CO differs in important respects from that of virgin-CO.
The Social Role of Public Library Classifications

This paper seeks to understand the interaction between library knowledge organization practices and the social role of public libraries through an examination of the development of the Dewey Decimal and Soviet Library-Bibliographic classifications. I show that in spite of significant differences in the ideologies motivating the ontological design of the classifications themselves, the methods and motivations behind creating these classifications were very similar, whether the location was late nineteenth century America or early twentieth century Soviet Russia. Both classifications are highly instructive as snapshots of thinking contemporary to their creation, and in the Soviet Union, library classification was construed as one more layer in the process of information control and indoctrination in Marxism-Leninism. As products of a modern (as opposed to postmodern) intellectual climate, the overall tendency of these classifications to serve as a public common ground, a set of generally accepted knowledge principles, makes sense, however misguided any particular set of principles might have been. Today’s society, however, no longer wants or needs the kinds of unifying narrative that public library classifications speak to, raising questions as to how appropriate these modern classifications are for a postmodern world whose priorities have shifted radically in the last thirty years.
On the Gram-Schmidt orthonormalizatons of subsystems of Schauder systems

In one of the earliest monographs that involve the notion of a Schauder basis, Franklin showed that the Gram–Schmidt orthonormalization of a certain Schauder basis for the Banach space of functions continuous on [0, 1] is again a Schauder basis for that space. Subsequently, Ciesielski observed that the Gram–Schmidt orthonormalization of any Schauder system is a Schauder basis not only for C[0, 1], but also for each of the spaces L[0, 1], 1 ≤ p < ∞. Although perhaps not probable, the latter result would seem to be a plausible one, since a Schauder system is closed, in the classical sense, in each of the L-spaces. This closure condition is not a sufficient one, however, since a great variety of subsystems can be removed from a Schauder system without losing the closure property, but it is not always the case that the orthonormalizations of the residual systems thus obtained are Schauder bases for each of the L-spaces. In the present work, this situation is examined in some detail; a characterization of those subsystems whose orthonormalizations are Schauder bases for each of the spaces L[0, 1], 1 ≤ p < ∞, is given, and a class of examples is developed in order to demonstrate the sorts of difficulties that may be encountered. 1. In 1927 Schauder [9] presented a denumerable set of functions, defined and continuous on a closed, bounded interval, in terms of which every continuous function thereon defined has a unique series expansion that converges uniformly to the function. This idea, in a somewhat more restrictive form, had appeared in Faber’s [4] earlier study of the Haar orthogonal system; nevertheless, the members of the systems from which the series expansions are formed are commonly termed Schauder functions. A Schauder system is by no means an orthogonal family, but Franklin [5] showed that the Gram–Schmidt orthonormalization of a Schauder system is, again, a system of representation, or, in the current terminology, a Schauder basis for the continuous functions defined on the fundamental interval. Moreover, in his seminal studies of the Franklin systems, Ciesielski [2, 3] showed that these orthonormal systems are also Schauder bases for each of the L-spaces, 1 ≤ p < ∞, associated with the interval of definition, I. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 42C10.
Imaging Microglial Activation During Neuroinflammation and Alzheimer’s Disease

Microglial activation is an important pathogenic component of neurodegenerative disease processes. This state of increased inflammation is associated not only with neurotoxic consequences but also neuroprotective effects, e.g., phagocytosis and clearance of amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, activation of microglia appears to be one of the major mechanisms of amyloid clearance following active or passive immunotherapy. Imaging techniques may provide a minimally invasive tool to elucidate the complexities and dynamics of microglial function and dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Imaging microglia in vivo in live subjects by confocal or two/multiphoton microscopy offers the advantage of studying these cells over time in their native environment. Imaging microglia in human subjects by positron emission tomography scanning with translocator protein-18 kDa ligands can offer a measure of the inflammatory process and a means of detecting progression of disease and efficacy of therapeutics over time.
Pediatric median arcuate ligament syndrome: first report of familial pattern and transperitoneal laparoscopic release

Median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS) is a rare disorder resulting from luminal narrowing of the celiac artery by the insertion of the diaphragmatic muscle fibers. Surgical management entails division of the median arcuate ligament with or without celiac artery reconstruction. We are presenting an interesting case of a 16-year-old girl with postprandial abdominal pain and weight loss. Her mother also had MALS treated via open celiotomy with complete median arcuate ligament division and patch angioplasty of the celiac artery owing to persistent stenosis at our institution. After a diagnosis of MALS was confirmed in our patient, a transperitoneal laparoscopic release of the median arcuate ligament with skeletonization of the celiac artery and branch vessels was performed. The postoperative course was uneventful, and she was dismissed on postoperative day 2. She remains asymptomatic at 12-months follow-up. This represents the first report of a transperitoneal laparoscopic approach to MALS in an adolescent and the first report of a familial/generational component to MALS.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP-2 (PTPN11) in Hematopoiesis and Leukemogenesis

SHP-2 (PTPN11), a ubiquitously expressed protein tyrosine phosphatase, is critical for hematopoietic cell development and function owing to its essential role in growth factor/cytokine signaling. More importantly, germline and somatic mutations in this phosphatase are associated with Noonan syndrome, Leopard syndrome, and childhood hematologic malignancies. The molecular mechanisms by which SHP-2 mutations induce these diseases are not fully understood, as the biochemical bases of SHP-2 functions still remain elusive. Further understanding SHP-2 signaling activities and identification of its interacting proteins/substrates will shed light on the pathogenesis of PTPN11-associated hematologic malignancies, which, in turn, may lead to novel therapeutics for these diseases.
Preliminary Crystallographic Studies of Four Crystal forms of Serum Albumin

Several crystal forms of serum albumin suitable for three-dimensional structure determination have been grown. These forms include crystals of recombinant and wild-type human serum albumin, baboon serum albumin, and canine serum albumin. The intrinsic limits of X-ray diffraction for these crystals are in the range 0.28-0.22 nm. Two of the crystal forms produced from human and canine albumin include incorporated long-chain fatty acids. Molecular replacement experiments have been successfully conducted on each crystal form using the previously determined atomic coordinates of human serum albumin illustrating the conserved tertiary structure.
Rapid onset of delayed traumatic intracerebral haematoma with diffuse intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis.

A delayed traumatic intracerebral haematoma (DTICH) was seen in a patient with a moderately severe head injury and disseminated intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis (DICF) two hours after she had a normal computerized tomographic (CT) scan of the brain and five and one half hours after she was involved in a motor vehicle pedestrian accident. It is important to consider the diagnosis of DTICH in patients with head injuries who deteriorate clinically, especially if they have DICF.
Vulnerability to depression among adolescents: Implications for cognitive-behavioral treatment

A range of factors, including early experience, parent-child interaction patterns, biological factors, and life events, have been associated with the development of depression among adolescents. Relations between early experience, attachment insecurity, and later depression may be mediated by failures to develop adaptive social skills, the acquisition of maladaptive beliefs or schema, or neurochemical factors (such as altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to stress, and changes in serotonergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic systems). Prevention and treatment models that attend to the full range of developmental, cognitive, social, and biological factors associated with risk for depression are needed. Such models must account for observed increases in rates of depression during adolescence, as well as for gender differences in rates of depression that become apparent at that time. The Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS) treatment protocol attempts to systematically address cognitive, behavioral, and social factors associated with vulnerability for depression among youth. It is a developmentally sensitive, formulation-based treatment model.
Columnar Mesophases from Nondiscoid Metallomesogens: Rhodium and Iridium Dicarbonyl Diketonates

A series of nondiscoid rhodium and iridium dicarbonyl β-diketonate complexes have been shown to organize in columnar liquid crystal phases with hexagonal disordered structures (Colhd). The shape and dipolar attributes of these materials produce highly correlated antiparallel pairwise arrangements. This organization was investigated by X-ray diffraction and miscibility studies. The liquid crystallinity was found to be stabilized by decreasing the number of carbon atoms in the side chains, and single component room-temperature liquid crystals were developed. The nature of the metal is also important, and iridium mesogens exhibited higher clearing points than the analogous rhodium materials.
Torsional stress promotes the DNAase I sensitivity of active genes.

Abstract Active genes are known to have an altered chromatin structure that is preferentially sensitive to digestion with DNAase I. We find that when chicken red blood cells are incubated in media containing the topoisomerase II inhibitor novobiocin, the preferential DNAase I sensitivity of the active β-globin genes is reversed in vivo with as little as 20 min of drug treatment. Control experiments suggest that inhibition of a topoisomerase II is responsible for this alteration in active gene conformation. Reversal of DNAase I sensitivity can also be induced in vitro by partial cleavage of the nuclear DNA with staphylococcal nuclease. We propose that the altered structure around active genes is maintained by continuous DNA supercoiling and that in the absence of this superhelical tension active chromatin reverts to a less DNAase I-sensitive ground state.
Generation of sub-40 fs pulses at 20 GHz via repetition rate multiplication

Optical filtering of a stabilized 1 GHz optical frequency comb produces a 20 GHz comb with ~40 nm bandwidth (FWHM) at 960 nm. Pulse durations <40 fs with low residual amplitude modulation are achieved.
Is Popularity a Measure of Quality? An Analysis of Maven Components

One of the perceived values of open source software is the idea that many eyes can increase code quality and reduce the amount of bugs. This perception, however, has been questioned by some due the lack of supporting evidence. This paper presents an empirical analysis focusing on the relationship between the utilization of open source components and their engineering quality. In this study, we determine the popularity of 2,406 Maven components by calculating their usage across 55,191 open source Java projects. As a proxy of code quality for a component, we calculate (i) its defect density using the set of bug patterns reported by Find Bugs, and (ii) 9 popular software quality metrics from the SQO-OSS quality model. We then look for correlations between (i) popularity and defect density, and (ii) popularity and software quality metrics. In most of the cases, no correlations were found. In cases where minor correlations exist, they are driven by component size. Statistically speaking, and using the methods in this study, the Maven repository does not seem to support the "many eyeballs" effect. We conjecture that the utilization of open source components is driven by factors other than their engineering quality, an interpretation that is supported by the findings in this study.
Mid-IR laser oscillation via energy transfer in the Co:Fe:ZnS/Se co-doped crystals

Room temperature iron doped II-VI lasers have demonstrated broad band tunability between 3.5 and 6 μm with efficiency ~40%. However, these lasers require pump sources with a wavelength ~3 μm which could be selected only from a few available. Cobalt ions in the II-VI materials have strong absorption bands at 4 A 2 → 4 T 1 ( 4 P) and 4 A 2 → 4 T 1 ( 4 F) transitions located at ~0.75 and 1.5 μm, respectively. A number of different laser sources (including diode lasers) could be potentially used for cobalt excitation followed by energy transfer to iron ions. Here we report materials fabrication and study of energy transfer in Co:Fe:ZnS(ZnSe) crystals. Iron-cobalt co-doped samples were prepared using a two-stage post-growth thermal diffusion procedure with Fe concentrations of 8.5-19x10 18 cm -3 . Kinetics and photoluminescence spectra reveal energy transfer under cobalt excitation at 4 A 2 - 4 T 1 ( 4 F) transition by 1.56 μm radiation and 4 A 2 - 4 T 1 ( 4 P) transition by 0.7 μm radiation. Analysis shows effective energy transfer from 4 T 1 ( 4 F), 4 T 2 and 4 T 1 ( 4 F) Co 2+ energy levels to 5 T 2 excited level of Fe 2+ ions the first realization of Fe 2+ ions lasing at 3.6 μm and 3.8μm via Co-Fe energy transfer. Demonstrated effective Co 2+ →Fe 2+ energy transfer process could result in utilization of a more convenient laser pump sources for the Fe 2+ :II-VI lasers.
Remote Detection of Prairie Pothole Ponds in the Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota

A decadal-scale wet spell in the closed Devils Lake basin of North Dakota has resulted in increases in the elevation and extent of the basin's terminal lakes—Devils and Stump—as well as increases in the size and number of small prairie pothole ponds. Changes in lake surface area have been studied thoroughly, whereas the fluctuations in pond surface area have been virtually ignored. We use a subpixel classification technique in combination with a Landsat TM and ETM+ Band 5 (middle infrared; 1,550-1,750 nm) density slice to improve estimates of changes in the combined area of ponds in the basin for selected years between 1991 and 2002. The resulting information is a first step toward more accurate assessment of the impact of wetland flooding on the region.
Global Thermodynamic Atmospheric Modeling: Search for New Heterogeneous Reactions

This article demonstrates quantitatively how far reactions are from chemical equilibrium over the full space of a two-dimensional atmospheric model. This method could be used with data where an instrument-equipped aircraft measures numerous species simultaneously, An atmospheric reaction is displaced from equilibrium by solar radiation and relocation of species by atmospheric motions. One purpose of this study is to seek additional stratospheric or tropospheric gas-phase chemical reactions that might undergo heterogeneous catalysis. Hypothetical cases can be rapidly screened in terms of their thermodynamic potential to react under measured or modeled atmospheric conditions of temperature and local species concentrations. If a reaction is interesting, is slow in the gas phase, and has a high thermodynamic tendency to react, it is a good candidate for a laboratory study to seek a heterogeneous catalyst, if the reaction is thermodynamically unfavorable, there is no catalyst that can cause the reaction to occur. If a reaction is thermodynamically favored to occur but also endothermic, it will tend to be slow at stratospheric temperatures. We find, as expected, that four heterogeneous reactions important in causing the Antarctic ''ozone hole'' have high thermodynamic tendencies to occur under atmospheric conditions, but one of these is only weakly thermodynamicallymore » allowed in some regions of the atmosphere. The reaction of SO2 and HNO3 to form HONO has a high thermodynamic potential to occur, is a well-known laboratory reaction at ice temperature, and may occur in nitric acid-rich sulfate aerosols. Throughout the troposphere and stratosphere, we find that formaldehyde has an extremely high thermodynamic potential to reduce nitric acid. Formaldehyde is known to stick to and remain in sulfuric acid solution, where it adds water to form H2C(OH)(2). Near room-temperature H2C(OH)(2) reacts with nitric acid in a two-step mechanism to form two molecules of HONO, but the rate of this process under conditions of stratospheric sulfuric acid aerosols is unknown.« less
Mass spectra of sulfur compounds: alkyl thiophenoxyacetates and thiophenoxythioacetates

The mass spectra of some alkyl thiophenoxyacetates and S-alkyl thiophenoxythioacetates have been examined. Several rearrangement processes have been identified by high resolution mass measurement and isotopic labeling studies.
The Continuing Drama of the Semiconductor Interface

Studies on III—V compound semiconductor surfaces and metal interfaces are discussed. For GaAs and InP surfaces aqueous photowashing or chalcogenide coatings can significantly reduce surface state densities. For metal interfaces experimental conditions have been found which lead to metal work function dominated Schottky barrier heights to GaAs. Finally, using special epilayer samples of GaAs, AlGaAs and InGaAs containing a significant excess of As, more has been learned about the origin of the invariance of the interface Fermi level (pinning) commonly observed at III—V semiconductor interfaces. The excess As can form either a high density of point defects or a dispersion of elemental As clusters depending on the post growth annealing conditions. It has been found that the pinning effects of point defects are qualitatively different from those due to the clusters of elemental As. Specifically, when the excess As is in the form of As precipitates, the As forms a Schottky barrier whose barrier height is well characterized by the parameters of As work function and semiconductor electron affinity.
The Predictive Accuracy of Full-Rank Variables Vs. Various Types of Factor Scores: Implications for Test Validation:

A recent condemnation of the use of factor scores as predictors in multiple regression because of the loss in "predictive accuracy" incurred in reducing rank (Kukuk and Baty, 1979) was reexamined from the more important predictive perspective of replication predictive accuracy. Using a computer-based Monte Carlo procedure parallel to that employed in a recent comparison of various types of factor scores (Morris, 1979) the investigator compared the double cross-validation replication predictive accuracies of six types of factor scores with that of full-rank data by utilizing a data set from the literature in which classroom achievement was predicted from affective and cognitive variables. Prediction accuracy was significantly more accurate for each of the six types of factor scores than for full-rank data. Further, corroborative evidence was presented for the superiority of incomplete factor scores over the nonincomplete methods considered. Moreover, implications for reconsidering the sample size typically...
Peak/Plateau Strength in Nanoscale Multilayer Thin Films: Constrained vs Unconstrained Dislocation Nucleation

The peak/plateau strength of multilayer thin films is analyzed in terms of the stress to bow out a dislocation loop from an interface. Comparison of approximate analytic models to experimental data suggests that the bow out is “constrained” by nearby interfaces, at least for e-NbN/Mo and e-Ni/Cu films. Estimates of the interfacial pinning distance to form the bow out are ~20b for e-NbN/Mo and ~70b for e-Ni/Cu around peak/plateau strength (b is the magnitude of Burgers vector).
The plutonium–hydrogen reaction: SEM characterization of product morphology

Abstract The product morphology of the hydrogen reaction with plutonium near the visibly observable reaction front, which separates the hydrided zone from the unreacted metal zone, has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results indicate the existence of a mixed phase of metal and metal hydride, located some 20–30 μm ahead of the visibly hydrided-zone. The mixed phase regions are often located next to a grain boundary network and exhibit rays of hydride advancing toward the unreacted metal regions. Analysis indicates that hydrogen transport and therefore the hydriding reaction are preferable along the grain boundary network and defects in the metal structure rather than through a homogeneous intragrain reaction. Product fracture and formation of small hydride particles during hydriding are likely results of such inhomogeneous growth.
Spectrum Needs for Personal-Radio Services

The existing personal-radio service in the United States at 27 MHz, the Citizens Band (CB) Service, is plagued with problems that directly or indirectly stem from the service's spectrum allocation. The current allocation appears insufficient to meet growing demands imposed by a large service population, now estimated to be in excess of 20-million persons. In addition, its radio/television-interference properties and its susceptibility to "skip" propagation reduce the usefulness of the service and cause disruption of other services. Accordingly, the FCC's Personal-Radio Planning Group is now evaluating possible changes in the allocation and nature of personal radio. This analysis has involved an initial review of existing spectrum allocations in the 25-1215-MHz band. Those frequencies for which there is now sufficient demand, locations that would impose high relocation costs, and those that would pose severe television-interference potential have been eliminated from consideration, leaving a set of primary spectrum candidates. The suitability of these spectrum candidates for new or modifiled personal-radio services is being assessed so that a sound spectrum-allocation decision can be made.
Modeling and analysis of elution stage of biospecific adsorption in finite bath.

A model is developed and used to predict the dynamic behavior of the elution stage of biospecific adsorption (affinity chromatography) in a finite bath. Both nonselective and selective elution of monovalent adsorbates is considered. The model expressions account for film and pore diffusion resistances for the adsorbate(s) and the eluent, and various rate expressions for the desorption of the adsorbate from the adsorbate–ligand complex are constructed and studied. The results indicate that the duration of the elution stage depends significantly on the Sherwood number of the adsorbate and the rate of the interaction step between the ligand and the adsorbate relative to the diffusion of the adsorbate in the pore during elution. In nonselective elution, when the value of the effective pore diffusivity of the eluent is significantly larger than that of the adsorbate, the results suggest that it would be advantageous to use an initial eluent concentration in the finite bath that is only slightly higher than the critical eluent concentration in order to minimize the risk of product and ligand damage. In selective elution the amount of adsorbate recovered in the elution stage is greatly influenced by the initial concentration of the eluent and the equilibrium dissociation constants of the adsorbate–ligand and adsorbate–eluent complexes.
Epstein-barr virus lymphoproliferative diseases*

Summary Epstein-Barr virus LPDs occur in patients with defective immune surveillance. There are important interactions of cytokines and viral genes in these patients that promote the LPD. For those with congenital immune deficiencies, the best treatment is to restore their immune system to normal by bone marrow transplantation. In the cases of LPD after transplantation, decreasing the immune suppression is the first step. The efficacy of antiviral treatment of these patients remains controversial. Some patients benefit from a trial of α-interferon, but high-dose chemotherapy has been effective in those who have the most malignant forms of LPD.
Ion Beam Mixing of Sb Layers in Al

We have studied the atomic mixing of Sb layers in Al induced by irradiation with 110 keV Ar ions. Samples with 10 and 230 A Sb layers sandwiched in Al were made by sequential vacuum deposition and analyzed by backscattering spectrometry. The mixing was characterized by finding the increase, σ 2 , in the variance of the Sb signal in the backscattering spectra. For 10 A layers irradiated at 90 and 270 K, the profiles are Gaussian and σ 2 increases linearly with dose of implanted Ar ions. The mixing is essentially independent of temperature up to ∼ 290 K, where it increases sharply. For 230 A layers irradiated at 90 and 270 K, the profiles are approximately Gaussian but develop a flat top as the Al:Sb ratio approaches 1:1. At 90 K σ 2 increases monotonically with dose up to 3.6 × 10 16 Ar/cm 2 , but at 270 K it develops a plateau at a dose of ∼ 2.2 × 1016 Ar/cm 2 , which corresponds to Al:Sb = 1:1. No such plateau is observed at 90 K. Again, the mixing showed very little variation with temperature between 90 and 270 K, but rose abruptly above 300 K.
UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF POLITICALLY POPULAR SENTENCING POLICY: THE HOMICIDE PROMOTING EFFECTS OF “THREE STRIKES” IN U.S. CITIES (1980–1999)*

Research Summary: Using panel data from 188 large cities during 1980-1999, we examined the possible homicide promoting effects of "three-strikes" laws. RESULTS indicated that cities in states with three-strikes laws experienced short-term increases in homicide rates of 13% to 14% and long-term increases of 16% to 24% compared with cities in states without the laws. CONCLUSIONS: Our results emphasize the fact that rarely are the possible unintended negative consequences of policy directives considered and point to the need for policy makers to consider both intended and unintended consequences of policy directives before the directives are codified. Language: en
Combination of modafinil and d-amphetamine for the treatment of cocaine dependence: A preliminary investigation

Background: Two stimulant medications, modafinil and d-amphetamine, when tested individually, have shown safety and efficacy for treatment of cocaine addiction. We hypothesized that the combination of modafinil and d-amphetamine, at low doses, would show equivalent or greater benefit in reducing cocaine use compared to higher doses of each individual medication or placebo. Methods: Sixteen week, randomized, parallel-group design with four treatment arms comparing placebo to modafinil 400 mg; d-amphetamine 60 mg; modafinil 200 mg plus d-amphetamine 30 mg. Primary outcome variables, retention and cocaine use, were analyzed on the sample of 73 participants who received the first dose of the study medication. Results: Retention rates did not differ between groups and were generally low, with 40% remaining in treatment at week 12 and 20% at week 16. Participants receiving the combination of modafinil and d-amphetamine showed a trend of increased cocaine use over time with a corresponding low Bayesian probability of benefit (33%). Relatively better cocaine outcomes were observed in the placebo and d-amphetamine only groups. The study medications were generally well-tolerated with few adverse effects, yet rates of adherence were suboptimal (≤ 80%). Conclusion: Data from this preliminary investigation fail to provide evidential support for conducting a larger study of this dual-agonist medication combination for treatment of cocaine dependence.
Low-cycle fatigue analysis of a cooled copper combustion chamber

A three-dimensional finite element elastoplastic strain analysis was performed for the throat section of regeneratively cooled rocket engine combustion chamber. The analysis included thermal and pressure loads, and the effects of temperature dependent material properties, to determine the strain range corresponding to the engine operating cycle. The strain range was used in conjunction with OFHC copper isothermal fatigue test data to predict engine low-cycle fatigue life. The analysis was performed for chamber configuration and operating conditions corresponding to a hydrogen-oxygen chamber which was fatigue tested to failure at the NASA Lewis Research Center.
Symbolic Play: The Role of Substitutions in Pretence and Puzzle Games.

Summary. In a study of play activities, 60 middle-class children, ages 2.8–5.8 were tested on six object substitution tasks. Of these, three dealt with puzzle games and three with pretence games. On both sets of tasks the substitute objects ranged from suitable to highly unsuitable ones. The results indicated that object substitution on the pretence games was more extensive than the substitution of parts on the puzzle games. The selections on both games, however, were rule-governed and orderly in terms of the sequence and type of object selection, beginning with the most suitable ones and declining when only unsuitable ones were available.
Magneto-optical observation of the flux structure in superconducting lead films near the critical film thickness☆

Abstract High resolution magneto-optical studies of the flux structure in superconducting lead films have been performed near the critical film thickness where the transition from the intermediate to the vortex state occurs. The film thickness ranged between 0.7 and 9 μm. At intermediate magnetic fields the intermediate state was found to persist down to a film thickness of 0.7 μm, the smallest thickness investigated. At lower fields a liquid-like mixed state of multi-quanta flux tubes was observed which appeared to be stable over an increasing magnetic field range with decreasing film thickness.
Implications of Wear on Tanytarsus Mouth Parts

Larvae of Tanytarsus collected in Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho had a wide variation in amount of wear on labial teeth and mandibles. Those larvae with worn mouth parts were generally smaller in body length and located at 4.5-m depths. Individuals with unworn mouth parts were larger in body length and predominantly in 1.5 to 3.0-m depths. A larva collected in the process of molting revealed that the wear of the mouth parts was definitely related to age of an instar.
Employment Booms and Busts Stemming from Nonrenewable Resource Extraction

A nonrenewable resource extraction model is embedded within a lake model of industry-specific employment, where flows to (from) employment from (to) unemployment depend on the attachment (separation) rate. The attachment and separation rates vary with resource extraction, and the results, driven by the rate of extraction and the remaining resource stock, indicate that changes in the stationary employment level can be positive, negative, or zero. There is a range where the separation rate is decreasing (increasing) and the attachment rate is increasing (decreasing), and the change in employment is determined by the combined effect of these changes. Using data on coal production and employment in the U.S. as a guide, simple calculations provide a range of years beyond 2013 when it is expected that peak employment will be reached in the Marcellus Shale, and the results suggest that employment gains will likely continue for at least a decade. Keywords : Marcellus Shale; Shale gas; Nonrenewable resource; Employment; Lake model JEL Classifications : Q32; Q33; Q47
Creating a Motivational Climate to Foster Engagement in Physical Education

JOPERD • Volume 77 No. 8 • October 2006 R esearch in sport and exercise psychology offers several practical implications for teaching in physical education. Many theories of motivation have been used to guide teachers and researchers in their efforts to provide effective instruction in physical education. In fact, according to Roberts (2001), there are at least 32 distinct theories of motivation, so narrowing that volume of information into a concise but meaningful message is a challenge. Perhaps the best way to organize information from sport and exercise psychology that can be applied in physical education is to focus on how to structure the instructional climate in ways that will encourage all children to be actively engaged in learning the lesson content. From that perspective, fi ve key points emerge that physical education teachers can consider as they think about their teaching and the ways they can meet their students’ needs. The following paragraphs outline these key points and provide some background information to support them. These elements do not operate in isolation from one another, but form an interrelated network of factors that can serve as a foundation for effective teaching and learning.
A CYCLICAL APPEARANCE OF ANTIBODY-PRODUCING CELLS AFTER A SINGLE INJECTION OF SERUM PROTEIN ANTIGEN

After a single intravenous injection of rabbits with aggregated HuIgG, IgM- and IgG-plaque-forming cells (PFC) in both the spleens and peripheral blood of rabbits peaked 5, 13, and 21 days after injection, while almost no PFC could be detected on days 8 and 16. The available data suggest that the secondary peaks of PFC (days 13 and 21) resulted from stimulation of memory cells by persisting antigen that was localized in the germinal centers in the spleen. No such persistence of antigen occurred in the lymph nodes, and these lymphoid tissues did not exhibit secondary peaks of PFC. The identical kinetic patterns for IgM- and IgG-PFC indicate that the major portion of IgG-PFC did not result from IgM-secreting cells switching to IgG synthesis and secretion. The present data suggest that the antibody produced and present at the site of interaction between committed cells and antigen is responsible for the regulation of antibody synthesis to persisting antigens. Possible cellular events involved in both the regulation and an apparent synchronous appearance of antibody producing cells in the spleens of rabbits were presented.
A scalable on-chip jitter extraction technique

In this paper, we propose a method for extracting the spectral information of a multi-gigahertz jittery signal. This method utilizes existing on-chip single-shot period measurement techniques to sample and measure the period of multiple cycles of the multi-gigahertz periodic signal for spectral analysis. Since measurements are made on the period of multiple cycles, but not on the period of a single cycle, a lower-speed timing measurement circuitry can be used to measure a higher-speed signal. Therefore, the proposed solution is scalable for even higher-speed signals. This method does not require an external sampling clock, nor any additional measurement beyond existing techniques. Experimental results based on simulation show that this method can accurately estimate the sinusoidal and random jitters of a multi-gigahertz signal.
Impact of Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitor Treatment on the Rates of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in a Veterans Affairs Medical Center Patient Population

Objective:The objective of this study was to investigate whether the rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are higher in a veteran population prescribed phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors for erectile dysfunction compared to individuals not prescribed these medications.Methods:This retrospective cohort study included male veterans who filled at least 1 prescription for a PDE5 inhibitor at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2009. A comparator cohort of male veterans was matched for age and marital status.Results:A total of 10 154 subjects were evaluated. The number of unique subjects with confirmed STDs within the study period was not significantly different between the PDE5 inhibitor cohort and the comparator cohort (n = 8 vs 10, P = .638) nor was there a significant difference in the total number of STDs acquired (n = 8 vs 13, P = .267). Characteristics of subjects who contracted an STD included younger age, African American race, and single...
Cost-effectiveness of preoperative sestamibi scan for primary hyperparathyroidism is dependent solely upon the surgeon's choice of operative procedure.

Abstract Background: In 1991, a National Institutes of Health Consensus Panel stated that preoperative localization for primary hyperparathyroidism is not cost effective. Since then, the sestamibi scan has been applied to parathyroid disease with excellent results, even allowing unilateral exploration under local anesthesia. Study Design: A metaanalysis of the English literature over the past 10 years was performed to determine the collective sensitivity and specificity of sestamibi scanning to establish its utility in directing a unilateral procedure. The cost effectiveness of scanning all patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism was examined by determining the costs of seven operative technique–dependent variables that could be reduced with a limited procedure. Results: The average sensitivity and specificity of sestamibi were 90.7% and 98.8%, respectively, indicating its ability to guide an accurate unilateral exploration. The analysis of 6,331 patients showed that 87% had solitary adenomas. An average cost savings of $650 was demonstrated for a unilateral operation, which could be realized in as many as 90% (sestamibi sensitivity) of those with solitary adenomas. Conclusions: A preoperative sestamibi scan is specific enough in identifying solitary adenomas to allow unilateral exploration with a
Localization for Random Operators with Non-monotone Potentials with Exponentially Decaying Correlations

I consider random Schrodinger operators with exponentially decaying single site potential, which is allowed to change sign. For this model, I prove Anderson localization both in the sense of exponentially decaying eigenfunctions and dynamical localization. Furthermore, the results imply a Wegner-type estimate strong enough to use in classical forms of multi-scale analysis.
C-reactive protein and vein graft disease: evidence for a direct effect on smooth muscle cell phenotype via modulation of PDGF receptor-β

Plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration is a biomarker of systemic atherosclerosis and may also be associated with vein graft disease. It remains unclear whether CRP is also an important modu...