cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intermediary protein metabolism in helminths. I. Transaminase reactions in Fasciola hepatica

Abstract 1. 1. An application of new techniques involving filter paper chromatography was made to a quantitative study of the transaminase systems in Fasciola hepatica . 2. 2.Studies were made of the α-ketoglutaric-glutamic acid transaminase reaction with various amino acids as amino group donors. Aspartic acid, isoleucine, leucine, and valine yielded high transaminase activity. Arginine, alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, methionine, and proline gave moderate to weak results. Results with tryptophan were questionable. Lysine and cystine produced no activity. 3. 3. Pyridoxal phosphate was shown to enhance transaminase activity with valine, alanine, phenylalanine, methionine and proline although the extent of this enhancement varied with the different amino acids. 4. 4. A brief comparison was made between the transamination reactions in Fasciola and those of other tissues.
6- And 7-Substituted 4H-Pyrido[1,2-a] pyrimidin-4-ones. Synthesis via the Acid-catalyzed Isomerization of 2-(Acetoacetamido)pyridines †

A novel procedure has been developed for converting a variety of substituted 2-(aceto-acetamido)pyridines into substituted 4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ones. The reaction involves an acid-catalyzed isomerization of the 2-(acetoacetamido)pyridine derivatives into the corresponding enamines, under conditions that permit the latter to undergo cyclization to the 4-one, in situ. The method has been employed to prepare a number of hitherto unknown 2,6- and 2,7-di- and 2,7,9-trisubstituted 4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ones.
Interaction between voids and grain boundaries in UO2 by molecular-dynamics simulation

Abstract This work uses atomic-level simulations to analyze the interactions of voids with a grain boundary (GB) in UO 2 , the ubiquitous fuel material for light water reactors. Specifically, the high-temperature interactions of a (3 1 0) Σ5 tilt GB structure with voids of diameter 1.8 nm are analyzed. We find that the GB tends to move towards the void when they are within a few nm of each other. With increasing temperature, GB migration from greater distances toward to the void is predicted to take place. Both GB pinning to the void and void dissolution at the GB take place. The atomic-level mechanisms and the energetics associated with these processes are characterized.
Uptake of adenovirus by intestinal absorptive cells of the suckling rat. II. The neonatal jejunum.

Light and electron microscopic analysis of adenovirus-infused ileal loops disclosed virus particles within the tubulo-vacuolar apparatus of absorptive cells. Tissue observed from five-minute loops contained virus particles largely within apical tubules and vesicular profiles. Similar particles were observed within cisternae and supranuclear vacuoles as well as within apical tubules in tissue samples from 10- and 15-minute loops. Loops maintained for 30 minutes demonstrated virions predominantly in the supranuclear vacuole of each absorptive cell. In no instance was a virion seen free within the cytoplasm or nucleus and none was apparent elsewhere in the mucosa. It appears that absorptive cells of the ileum are capable of sequestering exogenous virions and conveying them to established lysosomal bodies in the supranuclear cytoplasm. Here they may be either stored or degraded, thus impeding their progress to other intra- or extracellular locations. The possible significance of these findings is discussed in detail, and it is proposed that sequestration of ingested virions by the tubulo-vacuolar apparatus of the ileal absorptive cell may serve some protective function in the developing neonate. It is suggested that direct infusion of “purified” virus into intestinal loop preparations is an efficient means of observing virus-intestinal cell interactions in the living animal. This experimental model might prove effective in future studies of viral infection in the intestine, particularly if it is combined with both serological and morphological methods.
Dehydriding and re-hydriding properties of high-energy ball milled LiBH4 + MgH2 mixtures

Abstract Here we report the first investigation of the dehydriding and re-hydriding properties of 2LiBH4 + MgH2 mixtures in the solid state. Such a study is made possible by high-energy ball milling of 2LiBH4 + MgH2 mixtures at liquid nitrogen temperature with the addition of graphite. The 2LiBH4 + MgH2 mixture ball milled under this condition exhibits a 5-fold increase in the released hydrogen at 265 °C when compared with ineffectively ball milled counterparts. Furthermore, both LiBH4 and MgH2 contribute to hydrogen release in the solid state. The isothermal dehydriding/re-hydriding cycles at 265 °C reveal that re-hydriding is dominated by re-hydriding of Mg. These unusual phenomena are explained based on the formation of nanocrystalline and amorphous phases, the increased defect concentration in crystalline compounds, and possible catalytic effects of Mg, MgH2 and LiBH4 on their dehydriding and re-hydriding properties.
Thickness effects in birefringent coatings with radial symmetry

One method of determining the strains on the surface of a metal part is by the use of a birefringent coating. Because of the thickness of the coating, however, the observed fringe order depends not only on the surface strains but also on two other factors, namely, the curvature that the surface undergoes and the variation of strain acrose the thickness of the coating. These thickness effects have already been studied in a paper dealing with one dimensional variations in strain. In the present paper, the solution is extended to a two-dimensional deformation with radial symmetry. An experiment is described in which the surface strains produced by the impact of a bullet on a flat plate are determined from the birefringence of a surface coating taking into account the effects of strain gradients and curvature. The values of surface strain are compared with measurements made by means of a square grid inscribed on the metal surface. A procedure is suggested for determining an unknown surface strain having radial symmetry from the total birefringence of the surface coating when the change in curvature of the metal surface under load is known or can be determined separately.
[1.1.1.1.1]paracyclophane and [1.1.1.1.1.1]paracyclophane

Abstract The first syntheses of [1.1.1.1.1]paracyclophane ( 1 ) and [1.1.1.1.1.1]paracyclophane ( 2 ) are described, featuring a trifluoroacetic acid promoted Friedel-Crafts cycloalkylation as the final step.
Influence of finishing systems on hydrophilic and lipophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) in beef

The aim of this research was to: (1) develop a reliable extraction procedure and assay to determine antioxidant activity in meat products, and (2) assess the effect of beef finishing system (forage-finished: alfalfa, pearl millet or mixed pastures vs. concentrate-finished) on longissimus muscle antioxidant activity. The effect of extraction method (ethanol concentration and extraction time), protein removal, and sample preparation method (pulverization or freeze drying) were first evaluated to develop an antioxidant assay for meat products. Beef extracts prepared with low ethanol concentrations (20%) demonstrated higher hydrophilic ORAC. Protein removal prior to extraction reduced hydrophilic ORAC values. Sample preparation method influenced both hydrophilic and lipophilic ORAC, with pulverized samples containing higher hydrophilic and lipophilic ORAC values. Beef cattle finishing system (Forage: alfalfa, pearl millet, or natural pasture vs. concentrates) had little impact on muscle hydrophilic ORAC, but muscle from forage finished beef contained greater lipophilic ORAC. In addition, broiling of steaks reduced hydrophilic ORAC.
Rabbit Muscle Creatine Kinase: Consequences of the Mutagenesis of Conserved Histidine Residues†

Creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2) catalyzes the reversible conversion of creatine and MgATP to phosphocreatine and MgADP. In the absence of an X-ray crystal structure, we have used the sequence homology of creatine kinases and other guanidino kinases from a variety of sources to identify the conserved histidine residues in rabbit muscle CK, as well as to try to pinpoint a reactive histidine that has been implicated in the active site. This residue has been proposed to act as a general acid/base catalyst assisting in the phosphoryl transfer mechanism [Cook et al. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 1204-1210]. There are 17 histidine residues in rabbit muscle CK, and of these, only five have been conserved in all guanidino kinase sequences published to date [Muhlebach et al. (1994) Mol. Cell. Biochem. 133, 245-62]. In rabbit muscle CK, these residues are H96, H105, H190, H233, and H295. We have carried out site-specific mutagenesis of these five histidine residues, replacing each with an asparagine. Each of these mutants exhibited enzymatic activity but to varying degrees. The H105N, H190N, and H233N mutants displayed specific activities similar to that of the wild-type enzyme. H96N has high activity, but appears to be quite unstable, losing catalytic activity upon cell lysis by sonication and/or chromatographic steps involved in purification. H295N shows a significantly reduced catalytic activity relative to the native enzyme, due to marked decreases in kcat and the affinities for both substrates. Each of the five mutants is inactivated by diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEP), and inactivation is reversible upon incubation with hydroxylamine. However, only H295N shows a dramatically reduced rate of inactivation relative to native CK, consistent with H295 being the residue modified by DEP in the native enzyme. These intriguing results indicate that four of the conserved histidines (H96, H105, H295, and H233) are not essential for activity, and while H295 may be at the active site of CK, it is unlikely to play the role of a general acid/base catalyst.
Interseeding Forage Brassicas into Sweet Corn: Forage Productivity and Effect on Sweet Corn Yield

ABSTRACT Relay intercropping can increase nutrient cycling, cropping system diversity, and profitability, all factors that can contribute to agricultural sustainability. A frost-tolerant crop interseeded into sweet corn is an example of an opportunity for relay intercropping. Four forage brassicas (‘Premier’ kale, ‘Sparta’ rape, ‘Rondo’ turnip and ‘Forage Star’ turnip) were interseeded into ‘NK 199’ sweet corn at last cultivation (‘early’ interseeding) and at about blister stage of the corn (‘late’ interseeding) in 1993 and 1994. Our objectives were to determine the effect of interseeding on sweet com yield, and November dry-matter yields of brassicas. Corn ears and stover were harvested 2–3 Sept. 1993 and 12 Aug. 1994. Corn yields were not significantly affected by interseeding. Rondo turnip yielded more top (herbage) dry-matter than either kale or Forage Star turnip averaged across years and planting times. Total forage yield of the turnips (tops + roots) was similar to or higher than top yield of kale ...
The impact of age on outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease differs by relationship status

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a genetic condition that can lead to early-onset chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The objective of this study was to examine the impact of age on psychological and clinical outcomes among individuals with AATD-associated COPD. 468 individuals with AATD-associated COPD (age 32–84 at baseline) completed questionnaires at baseline, 1- and 2-year follow-up. Age was examined as a predictor of depression, anxiety, health-related quality of life, and breathlessness at all three time points using linear mixed models. Age was associated with anxiety (b = −0.09, SE = 0.02, p < 0.001) and health-related quality of life (b = −0.29, SE = 0.09, p < 0.001). Age also had a statistically significant interaction with relationship status when predicting depression, health-related quality of life, and breathlessness. Among individuals who were single, younger age was associated with more symptoms of depression (b = −0.08, SE = 0.03, p < 0.01), worse health-related quality of life (b = −0.61, SE = 0.16, p < 0.001), and more breathlessness (b = −0.023, SE = 0.009, p < 0.01) throughout the 2-year study. Age was not associated with these three outcomes among individuals who were married/part of an unmarried couple. Results suggest that individuals who develop a chronic illness at a young age, particularly those who are single, may be more likely to have worse psychological and clinical outcomes.
Salt damage in porous materials: how high supersaturations are generated

Abstract The current theory of crystal growth in pores has been further developed to include thermodynamics of real solutions for sodium sulfate and sodium chloride. This allows better quantification of the stresses developed by crystallization of these salts inside porous materials such as stone, brick or concrete. Results for sodium sulfate show that dissolution of its anhydrate produces supersaturations with respect to its decahydrate capable of generating tensile hoop stresses on the order of 10–20 MPa, largely in excess of the tensile strength of almost all stones. It also explains why, in the accelerated testing that involves cycles of impregnation and drying, all damage occurs during the impregnation and not the drying step. The situation in which crystallization is driven by evaporation is also discussed in light of understanding why sodium sulfate also induces more damage than sodium chloride during continuous capillary rise experiments. Results suggest that the classification of stone resistance to salt damage can change depending on the mode of supersaturation generation.
The partial responder to antipsychotic medications: Putting the pieces together

Abstract Published data regarding the efficacy of novel antipsychotic agents yield information about responders and nonresponders. However, the literature offers clinicians little guidance about the patient hidden above the efficacy curve, the patient with an incomplete response. In this article the issue of partial response is considered. Four strategies to use with patients who continue to have psychotic symptoms or symptoms of comorbid illnesses are described: nonpharmacologic interventions, changing the dose, changing the agent, and combination therapy. Anecdotal case reports illustrate the challenge of treating patients with a partial response.
Transient Myocardial Contrast After Initial Exposure to Diagnostic Ultrasound Pressures With Minute Doses of Intravenously Injected Microbubbles Demonstration and Potential Mechanisms

Background We have observed a transient but significant increase in myocardial contrast intensity with intravenously injected perfluorocarbon-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin (PESDA) microbubbles that occurs on initial exposure to pulsed ultrasound (transient-response imaging). The characteristics and magnitude of this response were examined in the present study. Methods and Results In 14 dogs, the myocardial contrast intensity produced by transient-response imaging (TRI) was compared with conventional 30-Hz imaging (CI) after a 0.005 to 0.030 mL/kg intravenous injection of PESDA. TRI was produced either by measuring myocardial contrast during triggered (1 pulse per cardiac cycle) ultrasound or by withholding real time ultrasound transmission until after microbubbles had entered the myocardium after intravenous injection. Both first-harmonic imaging (2.0 to 3.5 MHz) and second-harmonic imaging (2.0 to 2.5 MHz fundamental, 4.0 to 5.0 MHz received) were used. TRI produced over three times the anterior myo...
Changes in vocal intensity in Parkinson's disease following pallidotomy surgery

Summary The present study was designed to examine changes in vocal intensity following unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy (PVP) in a large sample of speakers with Parkinson's disease (PD) that exhibited a range of hypokinetic dysarthria. Twenty-five persons with PD were recorded using a variety of speech tasks, once prior to and once following PVP. The pre-PVP vocal SPL was subtracted from the post-PVP vocal SPL to derive a relative change in vocal SPL. Mildly dysarthric participants had significantly greater relative increases in vocal SPL following PVP than either moderately or severely dysarthric participants who had reduced vocal SPL following PVP. If future results follow those observed in the present data, mildly dysarthric Parkinson's patients may benefit most from unilateral PVP perhaps due to less overall destruction of the basal ganglia sensorimotor control circuits involved in oral facial functions, thus increasing the chances to observe improvements postsurgery.
Ontogenesis of object discrimination

This paper develops a mathematical model for results in the Freudian tradition on the unfolding of object discrimination. It is an axiomatic rendering of traditional and current psychoanalytic formulations. The theory of the instincts is presented in a structured fashion, leading to the result that the genital stage ideally achieves an optimal adaptive prototype. This is supported by computing a Shannon entropy on the instincts and demonstrating that the prototype reduces entropy (ideally) to 40% of its former maximal value. The model provides increasingly general, age-appropriate, definitions of reality sense.
Pyrolysis—fluorescence spectroscopy, pyrolysis—mass spectroetry and pyrolysis—liquid chromatography of linear and cross-linked polystyrenes

Abstract The pyrolysis of linear and cross-linked polystyrenes is studied using molecular fluorescence spectroscopy, high-performace liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV absorption and fluorescence emission detectors, and mass spectrometry. In common with many aromatic systems, polystyrene pyrolysis products show molecular fluorescence and also excimer emission. Styrene oligomers up to the dodecamer can be separated isocratically with isooctane eluent on a 10-μm alumina column. Pyrolysis of linear polystyrene in an enclosed system is shown by HPLC to yield primarily monomers; pyrolysis in a continuous-flow system produces monomers but in addition oligomers up to at least the heptamer. Stepwise pyrolysis—mass spectrometry substantiates the HPLC results in more detail, and also provides an indication of head-to-head microstructure in the predominantly head-to-tail polystyrene.
Decomposition and hybrid combustion of hydrazine, MMH and UDMH as droplets in a combustion gas environment

The combustion characteristics of monopropellant hydrazine, MMH and UDMH as droplets have been investigated at atmospheric pressure. In order to simulate combustion chamber conditions, droplet burning was observed in the combustion products of a flat flame burner. Gas temperatures in the range 1660–2530°K and oxygen concentrations of 0–42%, by mass, were employed at the droplet position. This allowed the observation of both decomposition and hybrid (monopropellant droplet combustion in an oxidizing medium) combustion. Both the supported droplet and porous sphere experimental techniques were employed to provide droplet diameters in the range 0.11–1.91 cm. The experimental mass burning rates increased with increasing droplet diameter, ambient temperature, and ambient oxygen concentration. As the droplet diameter increased, the influence of ambient conditions decreased, particularly for hydrazine. A simplified hybrid combustion model, postulating an infinitely thin decomposition flame surrounded by an infinitely thin oxidation flame, was developed to aid in correlating the data. This theory was found to correlate the present data, as well as that of other investigators, over a wide rantge of burning rates and experimental conditions.
Biofunctional membranes: an EPR study of active site structure and stability of papain non-covalently immobilized on the surface of modified poly(ether) sulfone membranes through the avidin-biotin linkage

Abstract Over the past few years the use of membrane-based bioreactors has become more widespread in various industrial processes. Membrane-based bioreactors or immobilized enzymes are one example of biofunctional membranes, defined as entities composed of biological molecules attached to micropores of polymeric membranes. Immobilized enzymes provide several advantages over their free soluble forms, including their relative ease of recoverability and reusability, their higher storage and thermal stability, and consequent lower costs. A detailed understanding of structure and function of enzymes upon immobilization is essential to develop a membrane bioreactor with optimal properties in order to get a best mix of enhanced stability/recoverability with minimal conformational changes at the active site of the enzyme. In this study, the high binding affinity between avidin and biotin has been utilized to create a non-covalent spacer for enzyme immobilization. NHS-LC-biotin, a derivative of biotin, was selected to enhance complex formation with the biotin-binding cleft of avidin. A sulfhydryl protease, papain (EC 3.4.22.2), was non-covalently immobilized onto the poly(ether)sulfone membrane via the avidin-biotin complex. Kinetic parameters for the amidase activity of non-covalently bound papain, using the substrate benzoyl arginine p-nitroanilide hydrochloride (BAPNA), were determined and the results were compared with those obtained from studies of papain in solution and papain directly immobilized onto the modified poly(ether)sulfone membrane. As expected, there was a decrease in the enzymatic activity upon direct immobilization. However, insertion of the avidin-biotin complex as a non-covalent spacer increased the apparent maximum enzymatic rate [Vmax(app)], and decreased the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant [Km(app)], relative to directly-immobilized papain. This non-covalently attached enzyme bioreactor also showed significat increase in stability and reusability as compared to the free enzyme. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin labeling techniques were used for the first time to characterize the active site conformational changes of an enzyme immobilized on poly(ether)sulfone membranes through the avidin-biotin complex. Two EPR spectral subpopulations were seen corresponding to the active and denatured forms of papain. This paper reports the studies of pH dependence, reusability and storage stability of biofunctional membranes using this non-covalent spacer. There was a good correlation between the active site conformational changes and the amidase activity of papain upon non-covalent immobilization onto the poly(ether)sulfone membrane. All these findings indicate that the EPR spin labeling technique shows great promise as a powerful method for studying enzyme systems immobilized on polymeric membranes.
HPV16 E6 oncoprotein stimulates the transforming growth factor-β1 promoter in fibroblasts through a specific GC-rich sequence

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) have been etiologically linked to human cervical cancer. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) is a cytokine which is a potent growth inhibitor of most epithelial, endothelial, lymphoid, and myeloid cells, but is mitogenic for mesenchymal cells and bone cells. In this study, we analyzed the effects of HPV 16 oncoproteins E6 and E7 on the TGF-beta 1 promoter. The results showed that the HPV 16 E6 significantly induced (sixfold) the TGF-beta 1 promoter activity while HPV 16 E7 showed no significant effect. The E6 effect was cell type-specific and was observed only in the fibroblast cell lines, not in epithelial cells. Promoter analysis revealed that a 9-bp sequence, GGGGCGGGG, representing the consensus Sp1-binding site between -109 and -100 of the TGF-beta 1 promoter, was the major target for E6-mediated transactivation. Mutation analysis of the E6 polypeptide showed that the retention of amino acids between 123 and 136 of the HPV 16 E6 protein was critical for the transactivation of the TGF-beta 1 promoter. Previous studies have shown that the adenovirus 12S E1A oncoprotein represses the TGF-beta 1 promoter by targeting an adjacent (-90 to -81) but different GC-rich sequence (TGGGTGGGG). These studies provide evidence that variant GC-rich promoter elements are not functionally identical and are differentially regulated by the DNA virus oncoproteins.
A quasi-conforming triangular laminated composite shell element based on a refined first-order theory

A “quasi-conforming” triangular laminated shell element based on a refined first-order shear deformation theory is presented. The Hu-Washizu variational principle, involving strain and displacement fields as variables, with stresses being considered as Lagrange multipliers, is used to develop the laminate composite shell element. Both strains and displacements are discretized in the element, while displacements alone are discretized at the boundary. The inter-element C 1 continuity is satisfied a posteriori in a weak form. Due to the importance of rotations and shear deformation in the geometrically non-linear analyses of shells, 7 degrees of freedom per node are chosen, viz. three displacements, two first-derivatives in the in-plane directions of the out-of-plane displacement, and two transverse shear strains at each node. To consider the effect of transverse shear deformation on the global behavior of the laminated composite shell, the Reissner-Mindlin first-order theory, with shear correction factors of Chow and Whitney, is adopted. The transverse shear stresses are obtained through the integration of the 3-D equilibrium equations; and the warping induced by transverse shear is considered in the calculation of the in-plane stresses to improve their accuracy. Numerical examples show that the element has good convergence properties and leads to highly accurate stresses.
Partial-Kelly Strategies and Expected Utility: Small-Edge Asymptotics

Partial-Kelly strategies, proposed because full-Kelly strategies that use log of fortune as utility were found to be too risky, are examined from the perspective of maximizing expected utility. The results are as follows: (1) there is no utility function that is independent of the risks it confronts and that exactly has partial-Kelly strategies as the optimal strategy; and (2) constant relative risk aversion utility, with the constant relative risk parameter equal to the reciprocal of the partial-Kelly parameter, is a good approximation to such a utility function, particularly when the investor's edge is small.
Cyclotomy and difference families in elementary abelian groups

By a (v, k, λ)-difference family in an additive abelian group G of order v, we mean a family (Bi ∣ i ∈ I) of subsets of G, each of cardinality k, and such that among the differences (a − b ∣ a, b ∈ Bi; a ≠ b; i ∈ I) each nonzero g ∈ G occurs λ times. The existence of such a difference family implies the existence of a (v, k, λ)-BIBD with G as a regular group of automorphisms. The multiplicative structure of finite fields is used here to construct difference families in their additive groups. It is proven that if q is a prime power and q > {12k(k − 1)}k(k−1), then there exists a (q, k, λ)-difference family in the elementary abelian group of order q iff λ(q − 1) ≡ 0 (mod k(k − 1)). Some extensions of known constructions and partially balanced designs are also discussed.
The role of censorship in minority influence

This study was conducted to determine the impact of censoring a minority who had argued persuasively against the majority. While there was no significant increase in minority influence when one-third of the minority's message was censored, the minority was more effective when two-thirds of its message was censored. The minority was most effective when two-thirds of its message was censored and when the minority was prevented from continuing to espouse its position. The results were explained by the theory of psychological reactance.
POINT: Clinical stage IA non–small cell lung cancer determined by computed tomography and positron emission tomography is frequently not pathologic IA non–small cell lung cancer: The problem of understaging

Objective There is an increase in interest in limited resection for clinical stage IA non–small cell lung cancer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the diagnosis of clinical stage IA non–small cell lung cancer when determined by both computed tomography and positron emission tomography scans and to determine factors associated with understaging. Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of patients with non–small cell lung cancer was performed. Patients with clinical stage IA cancer determined by preoperative computed tomography and positron emission tomography scan were reviewed. The influence of the following factors was analyzed with regard to accuracy of clinical staging: tumor size, location, histology, and positron emission tomography positivity. Results Of the 266 patients identified, cancer was correctly staged in 65%. Final pathologic stages also included IB (15%), IIA (2.6%), IIB (4.1%), IIIA (4.9%), IIIB (7.5%), and IV (.08%). Positive lymph nodes were found in 11.7% of patients. Pathologic T classification changed in 28.2% of patients. Cancer in patients with clinical tumor size greater than 2 cm (n = 68) was significantly more likely to be understaged than in patients with tumors 2 cm or less (49% vs 29%, P = .003). Cancer in patients with a positron emission tomography-positive (positron emission tomography +VE) primary evaluation (n = 218) was also more likely to be understaged (39% vs 15%, P = .001). Of patients with positron emission tomography +VE tumors greater than 2 cm, cancer was clinically understaged in 55%, compared with 32% for positron emission tomography +VE tumors 2 cm or less, and only 17% for positron emission tomography negative (−VE) tumors less than 2 cm. Conclusion Clinical stage IA lung cancer is frequently understaged in patients. Size greater than 2 cm and positron emission tomography positivity are risk factors for understaging. Limited resection should be undertaken with caution in such patients.
Bacterial interference by anaerobic species isolated from human feces.

Eighty-four anaerobic fecal isolates obtained from five healthy volunteers were tested for their ability to inhibit in vitro growth of eight species ofEnterobacteriaceae,four species of faculative gram-positive cocci, andPseudomonas aeruginosa.Forty-nine of the 84 anaerobic isolates (58 %) inhibited the growth of at least one indicator bacterium. Isolates ofBacteroidesandBifidobacteriumspp. were most consistently inhibitory. Anaerobic cocci and clostridia were infrequently inhibitory; eubacteria showed no inhibitory activity.Serratia marcescenswas the indicator most often inhibited; 54 % of all anaerobic isolates tested, all of nineBifidobacteriumisolates and 33 of 43Bacteroidesisolates inhibited this organism. No anaerobes inhibited the growth ofEscherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter diversus orStreptococcus faecalis.
Stability of Slow-Rusting Resistance to Puccinia asparagi and Managing Rust in Asparagus.

Abstract The stability of slow-rusting resistance to Puccinia asparagi in several asparagus cultivars was evaluated in two replicated field trials. Rust epidemics were monitored in each trial for 8 years spanning a period of 13 years (1983–1990 and 1987–1995). Inoculum of P. asparagi, an autoecious macrocyclic rust, originated each year as teliospores. In the first trial, the cultivars Jersey Titan, Jersey Centennial, Jersey Giant, Delmonte-361, and UC-157 had consistently lower area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values than Wash T2 and WSU-1. Cultivar Mary Washington was intermediate between the two groups of resistant and susceptible cultivars in 6 of 8 years. Jersey Titan consistently ranked number 1 for resistance with the lowest AUDPC values all 8 years. In the second trial, Jersey Giant, Delmonte-361, and UC-157 had consistently lower AUDPC values than Larac, Gynlim, Cito, Largo 17-3, and Franklim in each of 8 years. Jersey Giant, Delmonte-361, and UC-157 always ranked low (1, 2, or 3) fo...
Some tests of alternative urban population density functions

Abstract The purpose of this study is to test the usefulness of some alternative gross population density functions for urbanized areas. Two evaluation criteria are used; maximum explanatory power in standard regression analysis and accuracy in predicting total population in the urbanized area. It is concluded that the explanatory power of the negative exponential function can be improved upon in some cases by adding a quadratic distance term, but that population can be predicted more accurately if the quadratic term is omitted. Also, it is found that constraining the negative exponential function to predict population exactly reduces explanatory power by an insignificant amount.
The evolutionary genetics of canalization.

ABSTRACT Evolutionary genetics has recently made enormous progress in understanding how genetic variation maps into phenotypic variation. However, why some traits are phenotypically invariant despite apparent genetic and environmental changes has remained a major puzzle. In the 1940s, Conrad Hal Waddington coined the concept and term “canalization” to describe the robustness of phenotypes to perturbation; a similar concept was proposed by Waddington’s contemporary Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen. This paper reviews what has been learned about canalization since Waddington. Canalization implies that a genotype’s phenotype remains relatively invariant when individuals of a particular genotype are exposed to different environments (environmental canalization) or when individuals of the same single‐ or multilocus genotype differ in their genetic background (genetic canalization). Consequently, genetic canalization can be viewed as a particular kind of epistasis, and environmental canalization and phenotypic plast...
A partial survey of cybernetics in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.

In Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, the term “cybernetics” covers many diverse fields from biophysics to computer technology, from pattern recognition to mechanical translation, in fact all the aspects of technology and the supporting mathematical sciences which deal with information processing. This article presents one man's impression of the state of the art in the U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe, and thumbnail sketches of some of the leading practitioners.
Linguistic Diversity in the Workforce: Understanding Social Relations in the Workplace

The discussion in this paper focuses on the language rights of non-English and limited English-speaking workers in the U.S. workplace. By using Garcia v. Spun Steak as a heuristic tool, the argument is presented that English-only rules in the workplace silence non-English and limited English-speaking workers in the workplace. It is argued in the paper that English-only rules empower English-speaking workers in the workplace by curtailing the language rights of non-English and limited English-speaking workers. It is also argued that English-only rules force non-English and limited English-speaking workers to assimilate to a social identity that identifies them as American. Particular attention is placed in the paper on the need to implement practices in work organizations that support a diverse workforce.
Comparison of [99mTc]parabutyl-IDA and [99mTc]diethyl-IDA for imaging the hepatobiliary system in patients with hyperbilirubinemia

Abstract Animal and preliminary patient data suggest that [ 99 m Tc]parabutyl-IDA might be superior to [ 99 m Tc]diethyl-IDA in imaging the hepatobiliary system in patients with high blood bilirubin levels. A direct clinical comparison between these two agents was made in 14 patients. The total serum bilirubin range was 1.2−50.6 mg/dl (mean = 13.3 mg/dl) and the average time between studies was 2.0 days. Visual evaluation of all 14 paired studies showed [ 99 m Tc]parabutyl-IDA to be superior ( p 99 m Tc]diethyl-IDA was superior ( p p > 0.05) for [ 99 m Tc]diethyl-IDA to demonstrate the intrahepatic ducts better and to show an earlier intestinal arrival time. In the 7 patients who showed evidence of biliary excretion, both agents demonstrated excretion in 6 and only [ 99 m Tc]parabutyl-IDA in I (bilirubin: 50 mg/dl). We conclude that, in general, [ 99 m Tc]para-butyl has no clear advantage over [ 99 m Tc]diethyl-IDA even in patients with elevated bilirubins.
A method for finding the maximum of a function of several variables suitable for use on a programmable desk calculator

Abstract It is often useful to have a procedure for locating the point where a function of several variables attains its maximum value. Numerous computer programs have been developed to perform this task. However, most of these programs are not suitable for use on a desk calculator as they require more memory space for program storage and numerical data storage than is often available inthe limited memory of a desk calculator. A program which locates the maximum of a multivariate function and which is short enough to fit in the memory of a desk calculator is presented here.
Two Landscapes in Renaissance Rome

An Improbable patron and Italy's other esteemed Caravaggio are men whose names recall an unusual commission in Renaissance Rome.
Retroperitoneal metastatic spread of ovarian cancer

Abstract Four patients with ovarian cancer, after chemotherapy or combined immunochemotherapy, were found to have retroperitoneal disease at the time of second-look exploratory laparotomy, even though there was no evidence of intra-abdominal residual cancer. Ovarian cancer can metastasize to both the pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes, and therefore these areas must be evaluated in order to assess appropriately the true extent of disease in patients with ovarian cancer.
Effects of soil moisture on correlation lengths of scattered fields from bare ground

In this communication radar scattering data from bare ground having a range of surface roughness from 1.1 r.m.s. cm to 4.1 r.m.s. cm height and a range of soil moisture from 0.1 g/cm3 to 0.34 g/cm3 were analysed. It was shown that the representation of the data in terms of the nadir cross-section and an effective correlation parameter is effective in differentiating the effects of soil moisture and surface roughness through the frequency range of 1.1 GHz to 7.25 GHz.
Hydricity of transition‐metal hydrides and its role in CO2 reduction

The role of C-H bond formation in the reduction of carbon dioxide, mediated by metal and palladium phosphine catalysts is studied.
Chemical composition of five deciduous tree species in four-year-old, closely spaced plantations

Contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Mn in aboveground tree components of five deciduous species were determined in closely-spaced (0.9×0.6 m) 4-year-old plantations growing on a river terrace site in the Ohio Valley region of western Kentucky (USA). Species evaluated were: a hybrid poplar, American sycamore, European alder, river birch and green ash. The only significant difference in dry weight of tree components was greater bolebark biomass of the hybrid poplar. Total aboveground elemental content of N, K, Ca, and Mn varied significantly for some species. N content of green ash was significantly lower and K content of the hybrid poplar and Mn content of European alder were significantly greater compared with the other species. Ca contents of the hybrid poplar, American sycamore and European alder were significantly greater than those of other species. Based on the relationship between biomass production and nutrient content of the harvested biomass, it seems that on this and comparable sites, river birch is a preferred species in view of the lower potential nutrient removals in the harvested biomass.
The One-, Two- and Modified Two-Parameter Latent Trait Models: An Empirical Study of Relative Fit.

Latent trait procedures are being proposed for use in the construction and scaling of standardized achievement tests. These procedures, however, usually require rather strong assumptions that will not be met in any absolute way for data from such tests. The primary purpose of this study was to compare the relative robustness of the one-, two- and modified two-parameter latent trait logistic models for one specific standardized test. Responses of examinees in grades 9 (N = 944) and 12 (N = 650) to five subtests of the Iowa Tests of Educational Development were analyzed. The one-parameter model misfit substantially more items than either of the two models (% misfit 28-63% vs. at most 39%). The items identified as misfitting by the modified two-parameter model were slightly more uniformly distributed over a test's table of specifications than were the misfitting items identified by the other two models. These results suggest that of the three models studied, the modified two-parameter model may provide the b...
India and Southeast Asia : Indian Perceptions and Policies

Preface 1. India's Foreign Policy Framework and Strategic Perspective 2. Southeast Asia's Importance in Indian Foreign Policy: the Background 3. Southeast Asia in Indian Foreign Policy: Moving into the 1980s 4. India, China and Southeast Asia 4. India, China, and Southeast Asia 5. India, Indonesia, and Vietnam: Coincidence of Interests? 6. India, and the Kampuchean Issue 7. India, the Superpowers, and Southeast Asia 8. India and Southeast Asia: Concluding Remarks Index
Effect of Formant Frequency Onset Variation on the Differentiation of Synthesized /w/ and /r/ Sounds

The purpose of this study was to assess the use of psychophysical transformations for analyzing the differentiation of /w/ and /r/ sounds of children and adults. Stimuli from Adult and Child manifolds, consisting of 25 synthesized /Cej/-type utterances with different F2 and F3 onset frequencies, were presented in random order to eight naive subjects. Subjects rated the stimuli on a four-point scale between good /r/ and good /w/. Correlations between mel transformations and Bark transformations of the F3-F2 differences among the stimuli and their percent /r/ responses were close to or greater than .90. Predictions of percent /r/ responses derived from regression analyses based on mel transformations and Bark transformations of F3-F2 differences among stimuli indicated that some sounds identified as /w/ for /r/ substitutions could be differentiated from /w/ sounds. The category boundaries between /r/ and /w/ were estimated to be 5.0 Bark for adult stimuli and 5.7 Bark for child stimuli.
Recurrent infections and immune evasion strategies of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus causes purulent skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) that frequently reoccur. Staphylococal SSTIs can lead to invasive disease and sepsis, which are among the most significant causes of infectious disease mortality in both developed and developing countries. Human or animal infections with S. aureus do not elicit protective immunity against staphylococcal diseases. Here we review what is known about the immune evasive strategies of S. aureus that enable the pathogen's escape from protective immune responses. Three secreted products are discussed in detail, staphylococcal protein A (SpA), staphylococcal binder of immunoglobulin (Sbi) and adenosine synthase A (AdsA). By forming a complex with V(H)3-type IgM on the surface of B cells, SpA functions as a superantigen to modulate antibody responses to staphylococcal infection. SpA also captures pathogen-specific antibodies by binding their Fcγ portion. The latter activity of SpA is shared by Sbi, which also associates with complement factors 3d and factor H to promote the depletion of complement. AdsA synthesizes the immune signaling molecule adenosine, thereby dampening innate and adaptive immune responses during infection. We discuss strategies how the three secreted products of staphylococci may be exploited for the development of vaccines and therapeutics.
PARETO EXTRAPOLATION USING GROUPED INCOME DATA

. The distribution of above-median income groups can be described accurately by OLS regression of the Pareto distribution. The excellent fit of log-linear regression has led some researchers to conclude that extrapolated income measures in the open end of the distribution are reliable. The analysis of income distribution data for metropolitan areas reveals: (1) that OLS tends to consistently overestimate the number of families in the tail, and (2) that the overestimation can have serious implications for hypothesis testing.
Loading rate effects on cleavage fracture of pre-cracked CVN specimens: 3-D studies

Abstract Specimen size and loading rate effects on cleavage fracture of ferritic steels tested in the ductile-to-brittle transition region remain key issues for the application of pre-cracked Charpy specimens. This investigation employs 3-D, nonlinear finite element analyses to assess crack-front stress triaxiality in quasi-static and impact-loaded pre-cracked CVN specimens, with and without side grooves. Crack-front conditions are characterized in terms of the Weibull stress which reflects the statistical effects on cleavage fracture. These 3-D computations indicate that a less strict size/deformation limit, relative to the limits indicated by previous plane-strain analyses, is needed to maintain small-scale yielding conditions at fracture under quasi-static and impact loading conditions. For impact toughness values which violate these size/deformation limits, a toughness scaling methodology is described to remove the effects of constraint loss. The new scaling model also enables prediction of the distribution of quasi-static fracture toughness values from a measured distribution of impact toughness values (and vice versa). This procedure is applied to experimental data obtained from a CrNiMoV pressure vessel steel and accurately predicts quasi-static fracture toughness values in 1T-SE(B) specimens from impact-loaded, pre-cracked CVN specimens. These 3-D analyses also yield η-total values for use in impact testing to infer thickness average and mid-thickness J -values from measured work quantities.
Cryobiophysical characteristics of genetically modified hematopoietic progenitor cells

The freezing responses of hematopoietic progenitor cells isolated from normal donors and from donors with mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) were determined using cryomicroscopy and analyzed using theoretical models for water transport and intracellular ice formation. The cells from donors with MPS I used in this investigation were cultured and transduced with a retroviral vector for the alpha-l-iduronidase (IDUA) enzyme in preclinical studies for human gene therapy. The water transport and intracellular ice formation (IIF) characteristics were determined at different time points in the culture and transduction process for hematopoietic progenitor cells expressing CD34 antigen from donors with MPS I and from normal donors. There were statistically significant changes in water transport, osmotically inactive cell volume fraction, and permeability between cells from different sources (normal donors vs donors with MPSI) and different culture conditions (freshly isolated vs cultured and transduced). Specifically, Lpg and Ea increased after ex vivo culture of the cells and the changes in permeability parameters were observed after as little as 3 days in culture. Similarly, the IIF characteristics of hematopoietic progenitor cells can also be influenced by the culture and transduction process. The IIF characteristics of freshly isolated cells from donors with MPS I were statistically distinct from those of cultured and transduced cells from the same donor. The ability to cryopreserve cells which are cultured ex vivo for therapeutic purposes will require an understanding of the biophysical changes resulting from the culture conditions and the manner in which these changes influence viability.
Microstructure and Integrity of Thin Silicon Films on Sio2 after Immersion in 10:1 Buffered HF

The microstructure and integrity of thin silicon films on SiO 2 after immersion in 10:1 buffered HF solution were investigated by AES, AFM and TEM measurements. Silicon films of 30 nm - 50 nm thicknesses were deposited on 15 nm of thermal oxide by LPCVD using SiH 4 at 550 °C, 580 °C and 625 °C. These films were then treated with the HF for 15 seconds and characterized systematically. The data provided direct physical evidence for etching of gate oxide by the HF solution through defects (holes) in the 580 °C Si film.