cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The red blood cell participates in regulation of the circulation by producing and releasing epoxyeicosatrienoic acids

Red blood cells (RBCs) have an important function in regulation of the circulation by producing and releasing epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) in response to a low O₂ environment such as encountered in the cardiac microcirculation during exercise. RBCs, in their role as sensors of low pO₂, release ATP and critical lipid mediators, the EETs. Both cis- and trans-EETs are synthesized and stored in RBCs and are hydrolyzed by soluble epoxide hydrolases (sEH). The trans-EETs differ from cis-EETs in their higher vascular potencies and more rapid metabolism by sEH. Thus, inhibition of sEH results in greater trans-EET levels and increased positive vascular effects of trans-EETs vs cis-EETs. The trans-EETs are responsible for a significant decline in the elevated blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat on treatment with a sEH inhibitor to raise EET levels. We predict that trans-EETs and cis-EETs will occupy important therapeutic roles in a broad spectrum of diseases and abnormal physiological conditions such as that resulting from high salt intake and hypertension.
Computer-assisted perception aids pulmonary nodule detection

We have been monitoring the eye fixations of radiologists in order to identify why errors occur in the detection of pulmonary nodules. From these studies we have concluded that most errors are due not to overlooking, but to failure to report nodules that have been fixated by the eyes, often for prolonged gaze durations. Observers visually attend to the nodule, perhaps even apply decision criteria, but falsely decide that it is not the target of search. Because omission errors are associated with clusters of eye fixations having prolonged gaze durations, visual dwell can be used to predict the locations of potentially-missed nodules. A computer-assisted perception (CAP) algorithm has been developed to localize potential lung nodules based on measuring the durations of clusters of eye fixations during search for nodules. In an experiment to test the effectiveness of CAP, observers' eye-position was recorded during initial image reading. This was followed by CAP which consisted of playing back the highlighted locations of prolonged dwells indicating sites of potentially-missed nodules. The observers evaluated each CAP site for nodules and revised their initial decisions. For comparison, the same observers read the images a second time, after a two- month interval, without CAP in a counterbalanced design. The CAP condition resulted in a 16 percent increase in detection performance (AFROC) compared to the non-CAP condition.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The syntaxin family of vesicular transport receptors

Syntaxins A and B are nervous system-specific proteins implicated in the docking of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic plasma membrane. A family of syntaxin-related proteins from rat has been identified that shares 23%-84% amino acid identity. Each of the six syntaxins terminate with a carboxy-terminal hydrophobic domain that anchors the protein on the cytoplasmic surface of cellular membranes. The syntaxins display a broad tissue distribution and, when expressed in COS cells, are targeted to different subcellular compartments. Microinjection studies suggest that the nervous system-specific syntaxin 1A is important for calcium-regulated secretion from neuro-endocrine PC12 cells. These results indicate that the syntaxins are a family of receptors for intracellular transport vesicles and that each target membrane may be identified by a specific member of the syntaxin family.
Competitive enhancement of HGF-induced epithelial scattering by accessory growth factors.

Abstract HGF signaling induces epithelial cells to disassemble cadherin-based adhesion and increase cell motility and invasion, a process termed epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT plays a major role in cancer metastasis, allowing individual cells to detach from the primary tumor, invade local tissue, and colonize distant tissues with new tumors. While invasion of vascular and lymphatic networks is the predominant route of metastasis, nerves also can act as networks for dissemination of cancer cell to distant sites in a process termed perineual invasion (PNI). Signaling between nerves and invasive cancer cells remains poorly understood, as does cellular decision making that selects the specific route of invasion. Here we examine how HGF signaling contributes to PNI using reductionist culture model systems. We find that TGFβ, produced by PC12 cells, enhances scattering in response to HGF stimulation, increasing both cell–cell junction disassembly and cell migration. Further, gradients of TGFβ induce migratory mesenchymal cells to undergo chemotaxis towards the source of TGFβ. Interestingly, VEGF suppresses TGFβ-induced enhancement of scattering. These results have broad implications for how combinatorial growth factor signaling contributes to cancer metastasis, suggesting that VEGF and TGFβ might modulate HGF signaling to influence route selection during cancer progression.
Swimming: The ‘Ideal’ Sport for Nineteenth-century British Women

The nineteenth-century history of swimming has predominantly been portrayed as a history of male participation, with claims that women were marginalized from the sport and never able to be involved at the same level as men. However, this article will highlight that far from marginalizing women the unique qualities of swimming enabled it to develop into the ‘ideal’ and arguably first modern, urban sport for British women. The article will draw upon two nineteenth-century ideologies which surrounded the female body and health; firstly, the ideology of female bodily incapacity and secondly, the socially constructed ideology of correct feminine behaviour. These ideologies directly influenced perceptions about the female body and health and also curtailed the development of sport for women. Nevertheless, by analysing evidence gathered from nineteenth-century texts, newspapers and women's magazines this article will suggest that swimming was an exception. Three specific qualities enabled the promotion and toler...
The transfer and wear of nylon and CuS-nylon composites: Filler proportion and counterface characteristics

Abstract This work was done as a follow-up of an earlier study which showed that CuS as the filler in nylon was very effective in reducing the wear of nylon. The aspects investigated were the variation of wear with the filler proportion in CuS-nylon composite and the wear of nylon and its composite with counterface surface roughness and materials. It was found that 35 vol.% CuS as the filler was most effective in reducing the wear of nylon. The wear rate of unfilled nylon increased with the increase in surface roughness Ra, from 0.04 to 0.3 μm but that of the composite did not change with the increase in Ra from 0.04 to 0.11 μm. The wear rates of both the unfilled and filled nylons were considerably higher for sliding against glass counterfaces than against tool steel disks. The differences in wear rates with the counterface roughness and materials are examined in terms of the transfer film characteristics. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies revealed the presence of Cu in the transfer film of CuS-nylon composite, thereby indicating the decomposition of CuS during sliding conditions. This decomposition played a role in bonding between the composite transfer film and counterface materials.
How a Dummy Replaces a Student's Test and Gets an F (Or, How Regression Substitutes for t tests and ANOVA)

Summary Using dummy variables, this note offers a convenient illustration to demonstrate that regression can replace both the one-factor analysis of variance and the two-population t test with independent random samples. The exercise also helps to develop students’ intuition regarding regression coefficients.
"Modern medical science and the divine providence of god": rethinking the place of religion in postwar U.S. medical history.

Drawing on a large cache of letters to John and Frances Gunther after the death of their son as well as memoirs and fiction by bereaved parents, this essay challenges the assumptions of secularization that infuse histories of twentieth-century American medicine. Many parents who experienced the death of children during the postwar period relied heavily on religion to help make sense of the tragedies medicine could not prevent. Parental accounts included expression of belief in divine intervention and the power of prayer, gratitude for God’s role in minimizing suffering, confidence in the existence of an afterlife, and acceptance of the will of God. Historians seeking to understand how parents and families understood both the delivery of medical care and the cultural authority of medical science must integrate an understanding of religious experiences and faith into their work.
Absence of platelet activating factor (PAF) mediated platelet aggregation: A new platelet defect

The failure of normal human platelets to aggregate in response to platelet activating factor (PAF) has not been previously observed. We report here the first case of a patient whose platelets did not aggregate to PAF on multiple occasions.
Raman Spectra of Van der Waals Dimers in Argon

A continuous band structure resembling an unresolved pure rotation band was observed in the Raman spectrum of high-purity gaseous argon. The wavelength corresponding to the peak of the band structure shifts with temperature in agreement with the theoretical shift of the pure rotation band of a diatomic molecule. The value of the rotational constant is in good agreement with that derived from data on the second virial coefficient for argon.
What can paired measurements of Th isotope activity and particle concentration tell us about particle cycling in the ocean

The ability of paired measurements of thorium isotope activity and particle concentration to constrain rate constants of sorption reactions and particle dynamics in the ocean is examined. This study is motivated by GEOTRACES and other sampling programs where Th and particle data are gathered in various oceanic environments. Our approach relies on inversions with a model of trace metal and particle cycling in the water column. First, the model is used to simulate vertical profiles of (i) the activity of three Th isotopes (228,230,234Th) in the dissolved phase, small suspended particles, and large sinking particles, and (ii) the concentration of small and large particles. The simulated profiles are then subsampled and corrupted with noise to generate a pseudo data set. These data are combined with the model with arbitrary values of rate constants of Th adsorption, Th desorption, particle sinking, particle remineralization, and particle (dis)aggregation in an effort to recover the actual values used to generate the data. Inversions are performed using a least-squares technique with varying assumptions about data noise, data sampling, and model errors. We find that accurate and precise recovery of rate parameters is possible when all data have a relative error of less than 20%, vertical sampling is dense enough to resolve activity and concentration gradients, and model errors are negligible. Estimating cycling rates from data with larger errors and (or) at locations where model assumptions are not tenable would remain challenging. On the other hand, the paired data set would improve significantly the relative precision of rate parameters compared to that of prior estimates (⩾100%), even with current data uncertainties and significant model errors. Based on these results, we advocate the joint measurement of all three Th isotopes, 228Ra, and particles collected by in situ filtration within GEOTRACES and other sampling programs targeted at the study of particle processes in the ocean.
New vortex state in the presence of a long Josephson junction

Abstract It is shown that there are two vortex states for the configuration of an Abrikosov vortex in the presence of a long Josephson junction. One state, dubbed `conventional', carries one magnetic-flux quantum Φ 0 , as does the generating Abrikosov vortex. The second and new vortex state entails in addition to the generating vortex two Josephson vortices with opposite polarity to that of the generating-vortex and its magnetic flux is − Φ 0 . As a function of the vortex core and Josephson junction–plane distance, the accompanying pinning potentials are quasi-degenerate in the near proximity to the Josephson junction plane, where the conventional-vortex-state pinning potential is the lower. Conditions facilitating the experimental observation of the new vortex state and a specific signature are briefly discussed.
Avoiding Taxes at Any Cost: The Economics of Tax-Deferred Real Estate Exchanges

This study examines the role tax-deferred exchanges play in the determination of reservation and transaction prices in U.S. commercial real estate markets. Taxpayers face significant time constraints when seeking to complete a delayed tax-deferred exchange. In a perfectly competitive market, a weakened bargaining position would not affect the transaction price. However, in illiquid, highly segmented commercial real estate markets, the exchanger may be required to pay a premium for the acquired property relative to its fair market value. Using a unique and rich dataset of commercial property transactions, we find that tax-motivated exchange buyers pay significantly more, on average, than non-exchange investors for their apartment and office properties, all else equal. Moreover, these average price premiums generally exceed the tax deferral benefits investors obtain by the use of a tax-deferred exchange. This result is robust to a number of alternative specifications. Thus, for many investors the pursuit of tax avoidance comes at a steep price.
An interpolation formula for harmonic functions on the set of integers

Abstract If u is an entire harmonic function of exponential type less than π satisfying u(n, 0) = uy(n, 0) = 0 for all integers n, then it follows from a result of Zeilberger that v is identically zero. The main result in this article is to give a series representation of any entire harmonic function u of exponential type τ ≤ π with u(x, 0) and uy(x, 0) in Lp(−∞, ∞), for some p > 0, in terms of the values u(n, 0) and uy(n, 0), n = 0, 1,…. A method of construction of a basis is given. This technique can be extended to other related problems.
Scientists and Technocratic Ideology

Technocratic ideology, which emphasizes the need for technical experts to dominate society's leadership positions, has periodically been a subject of political and academic debate. In order to help locate the principal carriers of this ideology today, I surveyed a population of highly educated technical professionals. The most technocratic individuals in this sample had many occupational advantages, but were dissatisfied with their careers. Technocratic thought did not appear to be a managerial ideology but a form of protest most acceptable to individuals with high aspirations that had been thwarted. The rejection of technocratic thinking in this sample by those who seemed closest to policy-making suggests the slim likelihood of eventual rule by experts. A paradoxical feature of governance in the contemporary United States is its reliance on two contradictory principles: mass participation and specialized expertise. The right of all citizens to take part in government, directly or through elected representatives, is an important ideal of American society. Yet governing a technologically advanced society requires many technical specialists whose methods and activities are ordinarily invisble and incomprehensible to laymen. This paradox assures controversy over the amount of political power the society should allocate to experts. In this article, I attempt to locate the members of a community of experts who feel that persons with specialized, technical skills and training should replace society's traditional leadership, an ideology students of political thought often refer to as technocracy. The present inquiry focuses on research scientists, a class of professionals whose most eminent members often influence important governmental decisions. Technocratic beliefs are far from universal among the scientists studied here; only those with a few definite occupational characteristics embrace the ideology. Identifying the principal carriers of technocratic thought illustrates the relation between occupation
Structure and function of the mammalian egg zona pellucida.

The zona pellucida is a thick extracellular coat that surrounds all mammalian eggs and preimplantation embryos. The zona pellucida supports communication between oocytes and follicle cells during oogenesis; protects oocytes, eggs, and embryos during development, and regulates interactions between ovulated eggs and free-swimming sperm during and following fertilization. Mutant females that produce eggs that lack a zona pellucida are infertile. The functions of the zona pellucida during fertilization now can be ascribed to certain of its glycoproteins. Here we describe some aspects of zona pellucida structure and function as they relate to mammalian fertilization. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 285:251-258, 1999.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Hand in Solid Organ Transplant Patients

ASSH Disclaimer: The material presented in this CME activity is mad ASSH for educational purposes only. This material is not intended to r methods or the best procedures appropriate for the medical situation rather it is intended to present an approach, view, statement, or opin that may be helpful, or of interest, to other practitioners. Examinees a in this medical education activity, sponsored by the ASSH, with fu awareness that they waive any claim they may have against the ASSH f information presented. The approval of the US Food and Drug Adminis for procedures and drugs that are considered experimental. Instrum discussed or reviewed during this educational activity may not yet h approval.
Massive verapamil overdose complicated by noncardiogenic pulmonary edema

We describe two cases of pulmonary edema, bradycardia, and hypotension associated with massive verapamil overdose. A noncardiogenic etiology of the pulmonary edema was indicated in one patient by normal thermodilution cardiac output and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, and in the other patient by a normal echocardiogram. We hypothesize that calcium channel blocker overdose predisposes patients to develop pulmonary edema.
The epithelium of Rana pipiens excretes H+ and NH+4 in acidosis and HCO−13 in alkalosis

Abstract 1. 1. In vivo frog skin excretes NH+4 and the excretion is increased by a metabolic acidosis. 2. 2. Frog skin excretes H+ in NH4C1 induced acidosis. 3. 3. Frog skin excretes HCO−3 in NaHCO3 induced alkalosis. 4. 4. Some comparisons of rates of excretion of the above substances between skin and the urinary tract are reported.
When the mother is a child: the impact of child marriage on the health and human rights of girls

Child marriage (marriage before age 18 years) is an internationally recognised health and human rights violation disproportionately affecting girls, globally. Although the practice of girl child marriage has decreased substantially over the past 20 years,1,–,3 it remains strikingly pervasive in some world regions, particularly South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa where up to 50–70% of girls in some countries are married prior to age 18 years2. However, the practice is not limited to these areas of the world. Parts of Latin America and Eastern Europe report rates of child marriage greater than 10–20% among females,2 and even high development nations see some cases of child marriage.4 Currently, over 60 million women and girls worldwide are affected by child marriage.1 2 Although girl child marriage is a global concern, a review of the literature on this phenomenon (see online appendix for methods) documents clear social vulnerabilities that heighten risk for child marriage at national and individual levels. Studies consistently show that marriage of minor aged girls is more likely to occur in rural and impoverished areas with low access to healthcare1,–,3 5,–,15; regional conflict and instability further exacerbate these vulnerabilities.16 17 However, the primary contextual factor heightening risk for girl child marriage is gender inequity, often characterised, at least in part, by lower access to education and employment opportunities for females relative to males.1 4 5 17 Across national contexts, it is the poorest and least educated girls who are most vulnerable to early marriage,1,–,3 5,–,15 18 and even among girls receiving an education, early marriage appears to impede continuation of that education.19 Expanding on this issue of gender inequity …
Engineering Properties and Moisture Susceptibility of Silty Clay Stabilized with Lime, Class C Fly Ash, and Cement Kiln Dust

A laboratory study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of different percentages of hydrated lime, class C fly ash (CFA), and cement kiln dust (CKD) as soil stabilizers. Cylindrical specimens were compacted and cured for 28 days in a humidity room having a constant temperature and controlled humidity. At the end of the curing period, specimens were tested for resilient modulus ( Mr ) , modulus of elasticity ( ME ) , and moisture susceptibility using tube suction test. The study revealed that the values of Mr , ME , and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) for the stabilized specimens increased with the increase in the amount of the stabilizing agent. It was also found that the increase in Mr , ME , and UCS values varies with the type of stabilizing agents. The CKD-stabilized specimens exhibited a higher increase in Mr , ME , and UCS values than the corresponding values of lime- and CFA-stabilized specimens. Additionally, CKD-stabilized specimens exhibited the least moisture susceptibility in term...
Changing patterns in the cycles in short-term interest rates

Abstract Short-term interest rates in the United States from 1950 to 1974 moved through seven cycles to successively higher peaks. This paper examines the events before and after each peak in the context of four types of structural changes that developed during this period: (1) the changes in the private financial structure that Minsky has described as a trend toward systematic fragility; (2) the growing inelasticity of the liquidity preference function; (3) the development of liability management techniques by commercial banks; (4) the deterioration of the linkage between the monetary base and the money supply.
Transient Pressure Measurements by Recess-Mounted Transducers

Recess-mounted diaphragm-type pressure transducers are often used in measuring transient pressures. When the rise time of the source pressure is very fast, ringing of the transducer may occur. This study investigates the ringing of such a transducer numerically and experimentally for the purpose of developing a general method to recover transient source pressures. The approach is based on modeling the transient hydraulics of the measurement system. Favorable comparisons between the recovered pressure traces with those measured by a flush-mounted transducer were obtained. The proposed method makes recess-mounted transducers viable for measuring rapidly changing pressures in both liquid and gaseous media.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Fruits of Wetherellia and Palaeowetherellia (?Euphorbiaceae) from Eocene sediments in Virginia and Maryland

The Eocene sediments of southern Maryland and adjacent Virginia have yielded multilocular fruits assignable to the extinct generaWetherellia Bowerbank andPalaeowetherellia Chandler. This is the first report of their co-occurrence in one deposit.Wetherellia has previously been reported from the Eocene of southern England and West Germany (two species), whilePalaeowetherellia has been reported from the Eocene and possibly latest Cretaceous of Egypt (one species). APalaeowetherellia-like fruit has been reported from the Eocene of southeastern North America.Wetherellia marylandica comb. nov. andPalaeowetherellia species are described; new information is provided for the previously established speciesWetherellia variabilis andW. dixonii. The familial assignment of both genera is reviewed.Palaeowetherellia is most similar to fruits of the tribe Hippomaneae of the Euphorbiaceae, whileWetherellia finds counterparts in the Euphorbiaceae and the Meliaceae. While the exact affinities ofWetherellia are difficult to resolve through comparison to modern fruits, the similarity ofWetherellia andPalaeowetherellia might suggest that the former is more likely euphorbiaceous than meliaceous. The discovery of these New World members of both genera reinforces the importance of floristic exchange across the North Atlantic in earliest Tertiary time.
Ion-Selectivity Filter Interactions in KCSA from 1D 87Rb+ NMR

In K+ channels, permeation/selectivity and gating at the selectivity filter are all intimately influenced by the energetics and dynamics of ion-protein interactions. Specific contacts between carbonyl groups and the permeant ion define its high selectivity although the high transport rate suggests that ion-binding interactions must have rather small energies.Binding constants for alkali cations have been reported for several K+ channels. However, it is difficult to determine equilibrium constants for weakly bound systems, and there are large discrepancies in these values. One-dimensional NMR has the unique ability to directly report binding interactions between ions and their binding pocket, as the case for studies of potassium coordination in gramicidin. Here we carried out 1D 87Rb+NMR (a spin 3/2 ion with adequate natural abundance) in bicelle-reconstituted full-length KcsA to study ion interactions at the K+ selectivity filter.Using chemical shift and linewidth analysis, we developed a simple two-state model that adequately reproduces the data at higher ion concentration (>10 mM). However, predicted values deviate from observed data at lower millimolar concentrations, suggesting a more complex mechanism of interaction. Two factors are considered: the presence of two binding sites as well as filter conformational changes in ion-depleted complexes. In addition, a Kon rate of approximately 108 M-1 s-1 was estimated with our model, in overall agreement with the fast rate of permeation in ions channels. Our ability to measure the relationship between ion concentration and the chemical shift and linewidth experimentally and recapitulate the findings with a simple two state model suggests that this technique could be valuable in studying the dynamics of a variety of permeant ions and may improve our understanding of interactions between ion and the K+ channel selectivity filter.
Mechanism of Hydride Abstraction by Cyclopentadienone-Ligated Carbonylmetal Complexes (M = Ru, Fe)

Cyclopentadienone-ligated ruthenium complexes, such as Shvo's catalyst, are known to oxidize reversibly alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds. The mechanism of this reaction has been the subject of some controversy, but it is generally believed to proceed through concerted transfer of proton and hydride, respectively, to the cyclopentadienone ligand and the ruthenium center. In this paper we further study the hydride transfer process as an example of a coordinatively directed hydride abstraction by adding quantitative understanding to some features of this mechanism that are not well understood. We find that an oxidant as weak as acetone can be used to re-oxidize the intermediate ruthenium hydride without catalyst re-oxidation becoming rate-limiting. Furthermore, C–H cleavage is a significantly electrophilic event, as demonstrated by a Hammett reaction parameter of ρ = –0.89. We then describe how the application of our mechanistic insights obtained from the study have enabled us to extend the ligand-directed hydride abstraction strategy to include a rare example of an iron(0) oxidation catalyst.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
The Neuropathology of South American Mummies

Few studies of intracranial mummified brain tissue have been undertaken. This is because of the infrequency in which preserved human central nervous system tissue is encountered and the scarcity of available mummies from different parts of the world. This study undertook a systematic analysis of 15 naturally mummified human brains from 1000 B.C. to 1500 A.D. excavated from the deserts of northern Chile. Gross examination revealed relatively well-preserved dura mater, cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and spinal cord in several cases. Five cases showed evidence of intracranial disease. Three cases had evidence of external injury. One case revealed subarachnoid and one case revealed intracerebral hemorrhage. Samples of central nervous system tissues were taken for further analysis. The samples were rehydrated and processed for structural analysis by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopy of the brain parenchyma revealed an eosinophilic staining background with vascular structures but few cellular elements present. The dura mater demonstrated normal dural architecture consisting of collagen fibrils. Electron microscopy did not clearly demonstrate individual neurons or axonal processes. Bundles of collagen fibrils with typical periodicity were clearly seen in the dura mater. The examination of ancient human central nervous system tissues reveals normal and abnormal neuroanatomy.
BG-1 OVARIAN CELL LINE: AN ALTERNATIVE MODEL FOR EXAMINING ESTROGEN- DEPENDENT GROWTH IN VITRO

Examination of estrogen-responsive processes in cell culture is used to investigate hormonal influence on cancer cell growth and gene expression. Most experimental studies have used breast cancer cell lines, in particular MCF7 cells, to investigate estrogen responsiveness. In this study we examined an ovarian cancer cell line, BG-1, which is highly estrogen-responsive in vitro. This observation, plus the fact that the cells are of ovarian rather than mammary gland origin, makes it an attractive alternative model. 17β-Estradiol, epidermal growth factor, and insulin-like growth factor induced proliferation of BG-1 and MCF7 cells. Viability was dependent on these growth factors in BG-1 cells, but not in MCF7 cells. Therefore, we examined the differences between these two cell lines with respect to estrogen and growth factor receptors. BG-1 cells have twice as many estrogen receptors as MCF7 cells, and BG-1 cells have higher insulin-like growth factor-1 and epidermal growth factor receptor levels than MCF7 cells. This may also explain why BG-1 cells proliferate 56% more robustly in serum and show more serum dependence in culture. In both BG-1 and MCF7 cells, epidermal growth factor receptor number is low ( MDA-MB-435>HBL100). In conclusion, BG-1 cells are an excellent model for understanding hormone responsiveness in ovarian tissue and an alternative for examining estrogen receptor-mediated and insulin-like growth factor-1/epidermal growth factor/estrogen cross-talk processes because of their sensitivity to these factors.
Collective judgment predicts disease-associated single nucleotide variants

In recent years the number of human genetic variants deposited into the publicly available databases has been increasing exponentially. The latest version of dbSNP, for example, contains ~50 million validated Single Nucleotide Variants (SNVs). SNVs make up most of human variation and are often the primary causes of disease. The non-synonymous SNVs (nsSNVs) result in single amino acid substitutions and may affect protein function, often causing disease. Although several methods for the detection of nsSNV effects have already been developed, the consistent increase in annotated data is offering the opportunity to improve prediction accuracy. Here we present a new approach for the detection of disease-associated nsSNVs (Meta-SNP) that integrates four existing methods: PANTHER, PhD-SNP, SIFT and SNAP. We first tested the accuracy of each method using a dataset of 35,766 disease-annotated mutations from 8,667 proteins extracted from the SwissVar database. The four methods reached overall accuracies of 64%-76% with a Matthew's correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.38-0.53. We then used the outputs of these methods to develop a machine learning based approach that discriminates between disease-associated and polymorphic variants (Meta-SNP). In testing, the combined method reached 79% overall accuracy and 0.59 MCC, ~3% higher accuracy and ~0.05 higher correlation with respect to the best-performing method. Moreover, for the hardest-to-define subset of nsSNVs, i.e. variants for which half of the predictors disagreed with the other half, Meta-SNP attained 8% higher accuracy than the best predictor. Here we find that the Meta-SNP algorithm achieves better performance than the best single predictor. This result suggests that the methods used for the prediction of variant-disease associations are orthogonal, encoding different biologically relevant relationships. Careful combination of predictions from various resources is therefore a good strategy for the selection of high reliability predictions. Indeed, for the subset of nsSNVs where all predictors were in agreement (46% of all nsSNVs in the set), our method reached 87% overall accuracy and 0.73 MCC. Meta-SNP server is freely accessible at http://snps.biofold.org/meta-snp .
Are Asian American Employees a Model Minority or Just a Minority

This literature review note attempts to review and import from Asian American studies into organizational behavior key aspects of the Model Minority Thesis literature as it relates to workforce diversity. The supportive and critical perspectives on the Model Minority Thesis are explored. On the supportive side, it is argued that Asian Americans are a Model Minority: too successful to be considered a disadvantaged minority. Supporters want other minority groups to emulate Asian Americans and to eliminate affirmative action. Critics disaggregate the statistics used by proponents and find a bimodal distribution; some Asian Americans are economically well off but run into a glass ceiling, whereas others are disadvantaged.
Carbonate Facies Patterns and Oil Shale Genesis in Eocene Green River Formation, Fossil Basin, Wyoming: ABSTRACT

Facies patterns and associated vertical sequences of kerogenous carbonates (oil shales) of the Green River Formation in Fossil basin, Wyoming, provide new insights into the deposition of oil shale. Unique to Fossil basin is a facies pattern consisting of kerogen-rich calcimicrite at the basin's depocenter succeeded laterally by laminated calcimicrite, bioturbated calcimicrite, and End_Page 432------------------------------ finally calcareous siliciclastics. This same pattern occurs cyclically as a vertical sequence with oil shale at the base. The calcimicrites at the depocenter increase in dolomite content dramatically in the upper third of the section, and oil shale units become more widespread. There is an accompanying increase in saline minerals as well as zeolites indicating hypersalinity. Bioturbation is absent from both oil shale and dolomicrites. The marginal bioturbated facies are always dominated by calcimicrite, even in the upper third of the section. Well-preserved fossil fish occur in kerogen-rich calcimicrites, but never in dolomicrites. The facies patterns and vertical sequences in Fossil basin are interpreted as being deposited in a closed-basin occupied by a lake with an ephemeral and hypersaline hypolimnion that underwent frequent vertical fluctuations that affected large areas of the lake bottom. The "transgression-regression" of the hypolimnion over large areas of lake bottom was possible because of a low topographic gradient on the lake bottom. Deposition of oil shale occurred within the denser, cooler, and hypersaline hypolimnion waters--laminated calcimicrite in a zone of chemocline fluctuation--and bioturbated calcimicrite was deposited in fresher nearshore zones. Kerogen-rich carbonates became more widespread in the later stages of the lake when it evolved into a shallow hypersaline lake. This suggests that kerogen deposition was controlled by high salinity rather than anoxic conditions. It is concluded that the carbonate facies patterns, vertical sequences, and oil shale genesis required a dynamic and fluctuating lake as well as a fluctuating chemocline level in a closed basin with a low topographic gradient. This differs from the static, anoxic, and deep basin model frequently postulated for Green River Formation oil shale deposition. End_of_Article - Last_Page 433------------
Veno-occlusive disease of the liver after chemotherapy for rhabdomyosarcoma: case report with a review of the literature.

We describe the case of a 3-year-old girl who developed veno-occlusive disease of the liver while receiving chemotherapy for parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma. After suffering lethargy and oral mucosal bleeding for one day, the patient exhibited a sudden weight gain and refractoriness to platelet transfusions. Symptoms rapidly worsened with elevation of liver enzymes, bleeding diatheses, and respiratory failure. An ultrasound scan of the liver demonstrated reversed flow in the portal vein. Maximal supportive care, including tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation, was required. The patient gradually recovered with no respiratory and minimal neurological sequelae. Veno-occlusive disease of the liver should be considered in children receiving chemotherapy who develop weight gain, a sudden drop in platelet count and derangement of liver enzymes. Aggressive supportive measures should be instituted if necessary, as patients surviving the acute phase can expect to make a full recovery. © 1995 Wi1ey-Liss, Inc.
Influence of cohort, time and age variables on animistic thinking in adulthood

The influence of cohort, time, and age factors on animistic thinking was investigated. Two groups of subjects (70–90 years old and 60–69 years old) evaluated objects as ‘living’ or ‘dead’ and were classified into Piaget’s animism stages. Comparisons of the 70–90 year olds with subjects of a similar age range tested in the 1940s, revealed few differences in percentages of animistic thinkers. However, cohort and time differences may have been responsible for the differences found in the attributes used to evaluate objects. The results are discussed with regard to Gutmann’s model of ego development.
Potentiation and Overshadowing in Pavlovian Fear Conditioning

The present experiments addressed a fundamental discrepancy in the Pavlovian conditioning literature concerning responding to a target cue following compound reinforced training with another cue of higher salience. Experiment 1 identified one determinant of whether the target cue will be overshadowed or potentiated by the more salient cue, namely contiguity between compound CS termination and US presentation. Overshadowing and potentiation were observed with delay and trace procedures, respectively. Experiments 2-3 contrasted elemental and configural explanations of potentiation. Both experiments supported a configural account. Experiments 3 and 4, by manipulating prior learning experiences to bias subjects to encode the same compound elementally or configurally, demonstrated decreased potentiation and overshadowing, respectively. Overall, these experiments demonstrate potentiation with non-taste stimuli and identify one variable that determines whether overshadowing or potentiation will occur. Moreover, they show that prior experiences can determine how a compound is encoded and are compatible with the idea of flexible encoding as a principle of information processing.
Commercial Plans in Medicaid Managed Care: Understanding Who Stays and Who Leaves

Although the rapid increase in Medicaid managed care during the early 1990s attracted commercial plans to the program, by the late 1990s commercial plan participation in Medicaid had begun to decli...
Napalm: An American Biography. By Robert M. Neer. (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2013. Pp. 352. $29.95.)

Rarely in history does the development of a weapon of war have a clear parentage and birth date. Napalm does. Louis Fieser and his elite chemistry team gave the world napalm on July 4, 1942, on a H...
Endometrial carcinoma presenting as a large inguinal mass

Patients with endometrial cancer usually present with vaginal bleeding. A case of endometrial cancer presenting as an asymptomatic, large, inguinal mass is reported. This unusual clinical picture and its management are discussed.
Commodity own rates, real interest rates, and money supply announcements☆

Abstract This paper develops a measure of the real interest rate that is based on commodity own rates - the rate at which one can contract to exchange units of a commodity today for units of the commodity in the future. We use this measure to study the impact of money supply announcements on the real interest rate. We find that money shocks have little effect on one- and three-month real interest rates. However, there is a strong positive relation between money shocks and six- and twelve-month real interest rates.
Ganglioside-basic protein interaction: protection of gangliosides against neuraminidase action.

The ability of acidic phospho- and sphingolipids to interact with basic proteins was studied by double diffusion analysis. The phospholipids, tri- and diphosphoinositide, and the sphingolipid, sulfatide, interacted with myelin basic protein as evidenced by precipitin line formation. Of the sialoglycosphingolipids (gangliosides) tested, only the myelin-specific monosialoganglioside, GM41 , formed a precipitin line with myelin basic protein. In addition, myelin basic protein retarded the activity of Clostridium perfringens neuraminidase against GM4 and the disialoganglioside, GD1b. Examination of purified rat brain myelin suggested the presence of a neuraminidase activity intrinsic to myelin. This finding, in concert with ganglioside-myelin basic protein complexes which selectively protect against neuraminidase, may provide a physiological explanation for the simplified ganglioside pattern found in myelin.
Prevalence and impact of substance use among emerging adults with serious mental health conditions.

Topic This critical review of the literature integrates findings across varied literatures and identifies areas for continued study on the prevalence, correlates, and impact of substance use (alcohol and illicit drugs) on social role functioning among emerging adults with serious mental health conditions. Purpose This population is of interest because of high comorbidity rates between substance use and serious mental health conditions and the added difficulties posed by their co-occurrence during the transition to adulthood. This critical review presents the epidemiology of substance use in emerging adults with serious mental health conditions compared to emerging adults without these conditions, as well as what is known about predictors and consequences of substance use in this population. Sources used PsychINFO and PubMed along with relevant published literature. Results This review summarizes what is known about the impact of these co-occurring problems on the transition of emerging adults from school and training environments to adult work roles. Though this group presents with unique challenges, few programs have been developed to address their specific needs. This paper synthesizes what is known empirically about approaches with this population, discussing those that might be useful for emerging adults with comorbid serious mental health conditions and substance use problems, particularly in supporting their educational and vocational development. Conclusions and implications for practice Emerging adults with co-occurring serious mental health conditions and substance use problems are underserved by current mental health systems. Recommendations focus on how to promote mental health and social role functioning through comprehensive intervention programs that provide continuity of care through the transition to adulthood.
ESTIMATES OF IN SITU RATES OF NITROGEN UPTAKE BY TRICHODESMIUM SP. IN THE TROPICAL ATLANTIC OCEAN1

Using the ‘“N technique, the uptake rates of three inorgauic nitrogen sources by Trichoclemnium sp, occurring in the tropical Atlantic Ocean were measured. The uptake of ammonia was greatest followed by nitrate and molecular nitrogen. At some locations, assimilation of molecular nitrogen was considerable. The highest rate measured was 0.32 fig N liter-‘hr-‘, which is comuarable to rates mcasurcd during nitrogen-Eixing blue-green &gae blooms in’lakcs.
Rank-based outlier detection

We propose a new approach for outlier detection, based on a ranking measure that focuses on the question of whether a point is ‘central’ for its nearest neighbours. Using our notations, a low cumulative rank implies that the point is central. For instance, a point centrally located in a cluster has a relatively low cumulative sum of ranks because it is among the nearest neighbours of its own nearest neighbours, but a point at the periphery of a cluster has a high cumulative sum of ranks because its nearest neighbours are closer to each other than the point. Use of ranks eliminates the problem of density calculation in the neighbourhood of the point and this improves the performance. Our method performs better than several density-based methods on some synthetic data sets as well as on some real data sets.
A modified extra-anatomic route for revascularization of the lower extremity

Abstract Occasionally, the standard medical approach to the popliteal trifurcation and tibial vessels is unusable because of infection in the area. When urgent revascularization is required, an alternative approach must be found. This report describes such an approach, with the use of a lateral tunnel from the calf to the groin and a posterior access to the tibial vessels. This technique was used successfully in our case. (J V ASC S URG 1986;4:303-4.)
The blood-retinal barrier in Berlin's edema.

Abstract: The pathogenesis of Berlin's edema is uncertain; but one possible factor is breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier. The authors evaluated 10 affected patients with the use of vitreous fluorophotometry and fluorescein angiography. The aqueous humor dye concentration was elevated in the affected eye, compared with the unaffected eye. The means and standard deviations of the posterior vitreous penetration ratios of the involved and uninvolved eyes were 1.36 ± 0.66 and 1.45 ± 0.67 X 10-6 min-1, respectively; there was no statistically significant difference. The angiograms showed no leakage in either eye. It seems unlikely that disruption of the blood-retinal barrier could be a major pathophysiologic factor in this condition without leading to abnormalities on either test. The authors recommend using the term “commotio retinae” until there is more conclusive evidence that the blood-retinal barrier is abnormal. RETINA 7:233-236, 1987
Mechanism of NO decomposition over Cu-ZSM-5

In the preceding Letter Shelef [1] has proposed a mechanism for NO decomposition involving coordinatively unsaturated Cu2+ sites on which NO molecules are chemisorbed in the gem-dinitrosyl form. At reaction temperature this complex is supposed to decompose into N2 and O2 without involving a redox process. That such a process is feasible has been pointed out by Moser [2]. Shelef cited several reasons in support of this view and others that have led him to think that a cyclic redox mechanism is not operative. These arguments are countered herein and some new data are presented showing the infrared spectra of surface species recorded under in situ reaction conditions.