cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Astrocyte activation in vivo during graded photic stimulation

Astrocytes have important roles in control of extracellular environment, de novo synthesis of neurotransmitters, and regulation of neurotransmission and blood flow. All of these functions require energy, suggesting that astrocytic metabolism should rise and fall with changes in neuronal activity and that brain imaging can be used to visualize and quantify astrocytic activation in vivo. A unilateral photic stimulation paradigm was used to test the hypothesis that graded sensory stimuli cause progressive increases in the uptake coefficient of [2-14C]acetate, a substrate preferentially oxidized by astrocytes. The acetate uptake coefficient fell in deafferented visual structures and it rose in intact tissue during photic stimulation of conscious rats; the increase was highest in structures with monosynaptic input from the eye and was much smaller in magnitude than the change in glucose utilization (CMRglc) by all cells. The acetate uptake coefficient was not proportional to stimulus rate and did not correlate with CMRglc in resting or activated structures. Simulation studies support the conclusions that acetate uptake coefficients represent mainly metabolism and respond to changes in metabolism rate, with a lower response at high rates. A model portraying regulation of acetate oxidation illustrates complex relationships among functional activation, cation levels, and astrocytic metabolism.
In vitro biomechanical analysis of a new lumbar low-profile locking screw-plate construct versus a standard top-loading cantilevered pedicle screw-rod construct: technical report.

OBJECTIVE: A standard top-loading lumbar pedicle screw-rod system is compared with a pedicle screw-plate system with smaller-diameter screws, more medial entry, and lower profile to assess the relative stability, strength, and resistance to fatigue of the 2 systems. METHODS: Seven human cadaveric specimens were studied with each surgical construct. Nondestructive, nonconstraining pure moments were applied to specimens to induce flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation while recording L5‐S1 motion optoelectronically. After initial tests, specimens were fatigued for 10 000 cycles and retested to assess early postoperative loosening. Specimens were then loaded to failure in hyperextension. RESULTS: The standard screw-rod construct reduced range of motion to a mean of 20% of normal, whereas the screw-plate construct reduced range of motion to 13% of normal. Differences between systems were not significant in any loading mode (P > 0.06). The 14% loosening of the screw-rod system with fatigue was not significantly different from the 10% loosening observed with the screw-plate system (P > 0.15). Mean failure loads of 30 Nm for screw-rod and 37 Nm for screw-plate were also not significantly different (P = 0.38). CONCLUSION: Posterior fixation at L5‐S1 using the low-profile screw-plate system offers stability, resistance to fatigue, and resistance to failure equivalent to fixation using a standard cantilevered pedicle screw-rod system.
2012 Special Issue: Connectivity and thought: The influence of semantic network structure in a neurodynamical model of thinking

Understanding cognition has been a central focus for psychologists, neuroscientists and philosophers for thousands of years, but many of its most fundamental processes remain very poorly understood. Chief among these is the process of thought itself: the spontaneous emergence of specific ideas within the stream of consciousness. It is widely accepted that ideas, both familiar and novel, arise from the combination of existing concepts. From this perspective, thought is an emergent attribute of memory, arising from the intrinsic dynamics of the neural substrate in which information is embedded. An important issue in any understanding of this process is the relationship between the emergence of conceptual combinations and the dynamics of the underlying neural networks. Virtually all theories of ideation hypothesize that ideas arise during the thought process through association, each one triggering the next through some type of linkage, e.g., structural analogy, semantic similarity, polysemy, etc. In particular, it has been suggested that the creativity of ideation in individuals reflects the qualitative structure of conceptual associations in their minds. Interestingly, psycholinguistic studies have shown that semantic networks across many languages have a particular type of structure with small-world, scale free connectivity. So far, however, these related insights have not been brought together, in part because there has been no explicitly neural model for the dynamics of spontaneous thought. Recently, we have developed such a model. Though simplistic and abstract, this model attempts to capture the most basic aspects of the process hypothesized by theoretical models within a neurodynamical framework. It represents semantic memory as a recurrent semantic neural network with itinerant dynamics. Conceptual combinations arise through this dynamics as co-active groups of neural units, and either dissolve quickly or persist for a time as emergent metastable attractors and are recognized consciously as ideas. The work presented in this paper describes this model in detail, and uses it to systematically study the relationship between the structure of conceptual associations in the neural substrate and the ideas arising from this system's dynamics. In particular, we consider how the small-world and scale-free characteristics influence the effectiveness of the thought process under several metrics, and show that networks with both attributes indeed provide significant advantages in generating unique conceptual combinations.
Reframing Menstruation in India: Metamorphosis of the Menstrual Taboo With the Changing Media Coverage

In this study I hypothesize metamorphosis of the menstrual taboo by examining the image and perception shifts of two social taboos-HIV/AIDS and homosexuality-from estranged taboos to embraced social issues. Trends identified in their media framing and respective image shifts were applied to menstruation in India. Based on my understanding of theory, topic, and geographical location, I construct a metamorphosis. I contribute the hypothesized final stage of metamorphosis, and explain how framing is likely instrumental in bringing about these changes.
Renin in differential diagnosis of hypertension

Renin is a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the kidney. Techniques for the direct measurement of renin content of human blood are not available at the present time. Two of the best known causes of remediable hypertension can be diagnosed from abnormalities in renin activity and aldosterone production. In renovascular hypertension, renin secretion is increased because of impaired glomerular perfusion. The renin activity assay, when applied in a carefully controlled fashion, is a useful screening test for treatable causes of hypertension.
Time resolved separation and recombination of carrier distributions in graphene

Employing the technique of time-resolved photoemission allowed the measurement of carrier distributions in graphene. An initial separation followed by an eventual coalescence of the distributions was directly observed for the first time.
Career Services for Graduate and Professional Students

Career services tailored to the needs of graduate and professional students constitute an important strategy for fostering student success. Career services can help graduate and professional students explore careers outside academe, prepare for academic and nonacademic job searches, and make the transition from graduate school to professional positions.
A controlled, iterative synthesis and the electronic properties of oligo[(p-phenyleneethynylene)-alt-(2,5-siloleneethynylene)]s.

An introductory series of conjugated siloleneethynylene co-oligomers has been prepared from a key 2-chloro-5-iodosilole intermediate via site-specific cross-coupling reactions. The tetramer (9) and pentamer (10) both exhibit absorption maxima matching those of the corresponding silole copolymers. Extinction coefficients for the oligomers in this series are large, and in the case of the pentamer (10) the value exceeds 180 000 M-1 cm-1. The compounds all emit in the visible region with the greatest quantum efficiencies being 8.97 × 10-2 (monomer) and 2.99 × 10-2 (pentamer).
Improving hospital evacuation planning using simulation

Hospital evacuation in the event of a hurricane is a complex and unpredictable process. Recent natural disasters have called attention to the importance of a timely evacuation plan. The success of an evacuation greatly depends on developing and evaluating alternative plans. However, there is no standard approach to address the issues of a hospital evacuation. This research describes the development of a simulation model and initial analysis to assess the effectiveness of an evacuation plan given different scenarios and resources.
Laparoscopic interventions in lymphoma management.

The widespread use of laparoscopy has been made possible by the exponential improvements in imaging technology as well as the development of specialized instruments. Although the use of laparoscopy for procedures such as cholecystectomy has become commonplace, its applicability in the management of malignancies remains in evolution. The role of the surgeon in the care of the patient with lymphoma is limited mostly to obtaining a diagnosis. Laparoscopy can play a significant role in the care of the patient requiring accurate intra-abdominal staging. The staging procedure is conducted in a fashion identical to the open procedure, including multiple liver biopsies, a splenectomy, and multiple lymph node biopsies. Patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma almost never require staging, and laparoscopy may play a role in obtaining tissue for diagnosis in a small fraction of patients. Patients with Hodgkin's disease who have diffuse disease (stages III and IV) never need staging because they will all receive chemotherapy. Likewise, patients with limited disease (stage I) are usually treated with radiation therapy alone. Some patients with stage II disease will require surgical staging, which should be performed laparoscopically. The laparoscopic approach to this procedure may afford benefits to the patient including decreased hospitalization, morbidity, and reduced delays in obtaining definitive treatment.
INFLUENCE OF CITRIC ACID CYCLE INTERMEDIATES ON THE IN VITRO METABOLISM OF CORTICOSTEROIDS IN ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY

Numerous studies designed to determine the role of ascorbic acid in adrenal cortex function have employed parameters such as urinary corticosteroids, urinary 17-ketosteroids, liver glycogen, and blood leukocytes as indices of adrenal activity. In many cases these observations were interpreted without regard to possible alterations in corticosteroid metabolism by the tissues of the ascorbic acid deficient animal, or in changes in the target organs in this condition. In recent work we pointed out that ascorbic acid nutrition influences the metabolism of the side-chain, and the Δ4,3-ketone structure of the nucleus, of cortisone and desoxycorticosterone. It was shown that in vitro preparations of liver slices of ascorbic acid-deficient animals metabolize greater amounts of the 17-hydroxyl,- 20,21-ketol grouping than do control liver tissues (Bacchus, 1953a). With employment of a superior technique it was also shown that ascorbic acid excess derpresses the metabolism of the side chain,
Coverant conditioning through a self-management application of the Premack principle: Its effect on weight reduction

Abstract To evaluate Homme's contention that coverants (cognitive behaviors) incompatible with overeating can be reinforced through a self-management application of the Premack principle, 96 women students between 20 per cent and 30 per cent overweight were randomly assigned to one of four individual counseling programs. After 8 weeks the mean weight differences for Treatment 1 (delayed control), Treatment 2 (information and encouragement), Treatment 3 (scheduled coverants), and Treatment 4 (reinforced coverants) were 0·02, -3·13, -2·72 and -5·66 pounds respectively. Analysis of covariance with pretreatment weight as the covariate revealed that Treatment 4 produced more weight loss than Treatment 1, (p
Quincy Wright's contribution to the study of war: a preface to the second edition

Man's history has long been a story of struggle against suffering and death. This struggle began when hunger and illness were no longer accepted as irresistible and foreordained by fate when men began to act against them. Today millions of men and women in medical work and medical research carry on this struggle against death. But today war is a greater threat to human life than famine or disease. And in the entire world only a few hundred or thousand men and women are engaged in serious professional research on what causes war and on how war could be abolished. Nothing less than this the understanding of war and the possible ways to its abolition-is on the agenda of our time. War usually has differed from simple murder in that it has been large-scale, highly organized, long prepared in advance, and carried out with more costly and effective equipment, and in that it has killed more widely and with less foresight and discrimination. Moreover, war has been considered legitimate by many millions in most countries, who have seen it as good and right, or as a necessary means to a good end, or at least as a normal, expectable
Design and operation of plasma arc air heater for re-entry simulation

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe, and to indicate the possible operating range of, a new unit which employs unique multiply-overlapped electrodes operating on the re-entrant rail accelerator principle. It has been developed to simulate re-entry conditions and the inlet conditions of air-breathing propulsion devices.
The Hall Effect in Yttrium, Lanthanum, Cerium, Praseodymium, Neodymium, Gadolinium, Dysprosium, and Erbium

The Hall effect has been studied from 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 20.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in metallic yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium. The ferromagnetic rare earth metals, gadolinium, dysprosium, and erbium have been studied quantitatively only above their respective Curie temperatures with gadolinium being measured to 350\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The measurements have been made at many temperatures using an alternating current method. Yttrium, lanthanum, gadolinium, and erbium are found to have negative Hall effects at all temperatures studied. Cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium show positive Hall effects throughout the temperature range investigated. Dysprosium metal exhibits a negative Hall effect from 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K down to about 130\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, but below that temperature the effect is positive. This reversal is interpreted as being due to a change in the sign of the extraordinary Hall effect. The Hall coefficient of cerium is found to go through a thermal hysteresis loop in a manner similar to the electrical resistivity and other properties. Values for the ordinary Hall coefficients are obtained where necessary from the temperature variation of the Hall effect. The Hall coefficients are used to calculate for each metal the effective number of carriers, ${n}^{*}$, (${n}^{*}=\frac{1}{\mathrm{Ne}{R}_{0}}$), on a simple one-band model. In addition, the two-band model, assuming electron conduction in the $5d$ band and hole conduction in the $6s$ band, is used to understand the positive effect in three of the metals and to obtain curves for the number of holes in the $6s$ band as a function of the ratio of $d$-electron mobility to $s$-hole mobility. No ordered change in the magnitude and sign of the effect along the rare earth series is observed.
K-Shell and L-Shell Emission Spectra from Hot, Dense 130 fs Laser-Produced Plasmas

Summary form only given. Recent K-shell and L-shell X-ray spectroscopy measurements from mid-Z plasmas heated by a 130 fs, 400 nm laser beam focused at an irradiance of 1015-2times1017 W cm-2 are reported. The main objective is to generate and study hot, Te~300 eV, dense, ne~10 cm-3 , thermal plasmas in slab or thin buried layer targets under well-characterized conditions. The use of thin layer targets buried under carbon overcoats allows the study of tamped optically thin plasmas heated primarily by thermal electron conduction. Density and temperature gradients inside the layer are also minimized. Line emission diagnostics are studied that potentially can be extrapolated to higher energy plasmas. Our initial experiments have shown that an unexpectedly strong Cu K-alpha fluorescence signal indicates that significant laser energy is coupled into hot electrons at progressively higher laser irradiance corresponding to an Ilambda2 above ~4times1015 W mum2 cm-2. A simultaneous measurement of THot is required to determine the absorption mechanism as well as the plasma conditions. The laser plasma X-ray emission is studied with a suite of X-ray diagnostics: a time-integrated flat crystal, RbAP (001) spectrometer, and a RbAP (001) von Hamos curved crystal spectrometer with an 500 fs X-ray streak camera are used to study X-ray line emission in the 5-10 Aring wavelength range. A hard X-ray detector using multiple Ross filter pairs is used to determine the hard X-ray continuum emission and K-alpha X-ray emission for 5-100 keV
1523 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN APNEA AND GASTROESOPHAGEAL J REFLUX (GER) TO THE UPPER ESOPHAGUS IN NEONATES

In some infants, apnea and bradycardia (A&B) may be associated with GER, presumably because gastric contents come into contact with the larynx and its chemoreceptors or because aspiration occurs. We studied 22 infants in our NICU who had no demonstrable GER, severe BPD or pneumonia. All had A&B. Simultaneous recordings of heart rate, chest wall impedence, nasal air flow and esophageal pH at the level of the 1st or 2nd thoracic vertebra were obtained for 6 or 12 hours. Two infants were eliminated because of pH probe malfunction. Results: All but two infants had some reflux episodes but no associated A&B spells were found. In the absence of specific clinical signs, GER is unlikely to be a cause of apnea in most infants.
Prediction of mode specificity in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions using the Sudden Vector Projection model

Abstract Mode specificity in the cycloaddition of 1,3-dipoles to ethene and ethyne is investigated with the newly proposed Sudden Vector Projection (SVP) model, which attributes the promoting ability of a reactant mode to its projection onto the reaction coordinate at the transition state. The SVP model revealed that dipole bending and translational modes have large components in the reaction coordinate, consistent with the recent direct dynamics studies. It further identified several other promoting modes. The success of the SVP model is encouraging as it requires no dynamics calculations, and as a result it can be applied to many reactions.
Effect of intercalate desorption on the two- dimensional structure of graphite-bromine

Abstract By single crystal X-ray diffraction, the desorption of stage-2 C 7 Br to an overall stoichiometry of C 35 Br was found to result in a change in the inplane structure while the in-plane unit cell was maintained. The nearest-neighbor distances between the bromine atoms are 2.29, 2.43, 2.10 and 3.48 A. The last distance is considerably larger than corresponding one (2.86 A) before desorption. The small distance of 2.10 A suggests that the atoms may be in two layers or two phases, indicating that desorption decreased the in-plane bromine concentration to half of that of stage-2 C 7 Br.
Nanoscale Measurements of Water Loss during Desiccation of Biological Cell Suspensions

There is an urgent need to protect and conserve the endangered species of the world. Desiccation, or the phenomenon of anhydrobiosis, offers the attractive possibility of low cost, long term storage of reproductive tissues and cells from endangered species at ambient temperatures. Biophysical optimization of anhydrobiosis procedures requires dynamic and accurate quantification of the rate of moisture loss during a prescribed desiccation protocol. Engineered microstructures can serve as a multifunctional and highly sensitive method to measure the rate of moisture loss. This study presents a novel ultrasound based (resonant) mass sensor to quantify water loss during a drying process by measuring the corresponding shift in the resonant frequency of a micromachined vibrating structure. To model the proposed ultrasound based sensor, we performed a static (stress) and dynamic (frequency change with change in imposed mass) analysis. The results suggest that by tailoring the dimension of the vibrating element appropriate sensitivity can be achieved.
Local or systemic metronidazole with scaling and root planing does not increase clinical attachment level

Local or systemic metronidazole with scaling and root planing does not increase clinical attachment level
Understanding the functional consequences of synaptic specialization: insight from the Drosophila antennal lobe

Synapses exhibit diverse functional properties, and it seems likely that these properties are specialized to perform specific computations. The Drosophila antennal lobe provides a useful experimental preparation for exploring the relationship between synaptic physiology and neural computations. This review summarizes recent progress in describing synaptic properties in the Drosophila antennal lobe. These studies reveal that several types of synapses in this circuit are highly specialized, and that these specializations are in some cases under tight regulatory control. These synaptic specializations can be understood in terms of the computational features they confer on the circuit. Specifically, many of these properties appear to promote odor detection when odor concentrations are low, while promoting adaptive gain control when odor concentrations are high.
Incremental Value of Live/Real Time Three‐Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiography in the Assessment of Right Ventricular Masses

This case series demonstrates the incremental value of three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3D TTE) over two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (2D TTE) in the assessment of 11 patients with right ventricular (RV) masses or mass-like lesions (three cases of RV thrombus, one myxoma, one fibroma, one lipoma, one chordoma, and one sarcoma and three cases of RV noncompaction, which are considered to be mass-like in nature). 3D TTE was of incremental value in the assessment of these masses in that 3D TTE has the capacity to section the mass and view it from multiple angles, giving the examiner a more comprehensive assessment of the mass. This was particularly helpful in the cases of thrombi, as the presence of echolucencies indicated clot lysis. In addition, certainty in the number of thrombi present was an advantage of 3D TTE. Also, sectioning of cardiac tumors allowed more confidence in narrowing the differential diagnosis of the etiology of the mass. In addition, 3D TTE allowed us to identify precise location of the attachments of the masses as well as to determine whether there were mobile components to the mass. Another noteworthy advantage of 3D TTE was that the volumes of the masses could be calculated. Additionally, the findings by 3D TTE correlated well with pathologic examination of RV tumors, and some of the masses measured larger by 3D TTE than by 2D TTE, which was also validated in one case by surgery. As in the case of RV fibroma, another advantage was that 3D TTE actually identified more masses than 2D TTE. RV noncompaction was also well studied, and the assessment with 3D TTE helped to give a more definitive diagnosis in these patients.
NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION STUDY OF THE Ho--Fe SYSTEM.

The magnetic properties of intermetallic compounds in the Ho-Fe system have been investigated. Neutron diffraction analyses have been carried out on HoFe2, Ho6Fe23 and Ho2Fe17 over a large range of magnetic reflections. The magnetic moments of the Fe atoms are found to be localized and not dependent on the rare earth amount in the alloys as has been found previously in Co or Ni intermetallic compounds. The moment values of Ho and Fe are in good agreement with the measured spontaneous magnetization assuming a ferrimagnetic model. The decrease of Curie temperature, 610 °K, 560 °K and 325 °K respectively, with increasing iron concentration is discussed in terms of coordination number and interatomic distances between the Fe atoms, according to the Neel-Slater theory.
Peritoneal Fluid Analysis in Ponies after Abdominal Surgery

Ten student surgery ponies were subjected to exploratory laparotomy. Abdominal paracentesis was performed preoperatively and daily postoperatively for 6 days, then the ponies were euthanatized and necropsied. Initial baseline peritoneal fluid parameters were within established reference limits. Postoperatively, the total leukocyte count and total protein in the peritoneal fluid rose and remained elevated for the 6 days of the study. Complete blood counts (CBCs) were performed preoperatively and on days 1 and 4 postoperatively. On day 1, a stress leukogram with a mild inflammatory component developed, but by day 4, the CBCs were within normal limits. The mean plasma fibrinogen levels, which were determined daily, peaked on day 4.
Establishment of complete and mixed donor chimerism after allogeneic lymphohematopoietic transplantation : recommendations from a workshop at the 2001 Tandem Meetings of the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry and the American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation

Abstract Approaches to the measurement of lymphohematopoietic chimerism have evolved from laboratory research to important clinical tools. However, there has been no logical, consistent, and uniform set of recommendations for the measurement of chimerism in clinical transplantation. The National Marrow Donor Program and the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry (IBMTR) sponsored a workshop to discuss the use of chimerism analysis after allogeneic transplantation. The workshop was organized in an effort to make reasonable recommendations regarding laboratory techniques, the types of specimens to be studied, and the frequency of analysis. The panel recommended the following guidelines: 1. Chimerism analysis should use sensitive, informative techniques. At present, short tandem repeats (STR) or variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) analysis is the approach most likely to give reproducible informative data. 2. Peripheral blood cells are generally more useful than bone marrow cells for chimerism analysis. 3. Lineage-specific chimerism should be considered the assay of choice in the setting of nonmyeloablative and reduced-intensity conditioning. 4. The use of T-cell depletion, nonmyeloablative or reduced-intensity conditioning, or novel graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylactic regimens warrants chimerism analysis at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, because interventions such as donor lymphocyte infusions may depend on chimerism status. 5. In nonmyeloablative transplantation, the early patterns of chimerism may predict either GVHD or graft loss. Therefore, more frequent (every 2-4 weeks) peripheral blood analysis may be warranted. 6. For nonmalignant disorders, chimerism generally should be measured 1, 2, and 3 months after transplantation. Interventions to enhance donor engraftment must be considered on a disease-specific basis in relation to concurrent GVHD and, ultimately, clinical rationale. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2001;7(9):473-85.
Specific heat and resistivity of iron near its Curie point

The specific heat and the temperature derivative of electrical resistivity of Fe have been measured simultaneously using an ac technique. The results for Fe demonstrate that the magnetic specific heat and the temperature derivative of the magnetic contribution to the resistivity are proportional both above and below the Curie point. The critical exponents are found to be $\ensuremath{\alpha}={\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\ensuremath{-}0.120\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$.
Littorina neglecta Bean, a morphological form within the variable species Littorina saxatilis (Olivi)?

The morphological variation of Littorina saxatilis and L. neglecta on a microscale (vertical transects down a shore) and on a geographical scale (Northeastern Atlantic) was examined to see if the sampled snails could be consistently separated into two groups on morphological criteria. Size, shell form and shell banding pattern, subopercular pattern and size at maturity were recorded for 21 samples from different shore levels (barnacle zone — usual habitat of L. neglecta, low littoral fringe and high littoral fringe — usual habitat of L. saxatilis) in Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Isle of Man and Wales. A multivariate approach (principal component analysis) was applied to analyse 14 quantitative shell characters. Between-shore variation in shell shape of samples from similar levels was generally larger than within-shore variation of samples from different levels, while size of snails was consistently smaller in barnacle zone compared to littoral fringe samples. The frequency of snails with qualitative characters, used in earlier studies to define L. neglecta, differed between samples from the littoral fringe and the barnacle zone at each site (except at the Swedish site), but the differences between geographical areas were generally larger. The results indicate that snails fitting earlier descriptions of L. neglecta are present in the barnacle zone in Iceland, Norway, Isle of Man and Wales, but that this form is not clearly distinguishable from L. saxatilis. Snails with intermediate shapes were common and, furthermore, the qualitative and the quantitative characters used to define L. neglecta were not closely coupled. No snails of L. neglecta form were found at the Swedish site, yet shape differences over the intertidal gradient were greatest at this site.
Effects of single and multiple flavonoids on BCRP-mediated accumulation, cytotoxicity and transport of mitoxantrone in vitro.

Purpose The objective of our study was to investigate the effect of single and multiple flavonoids on the accumulation and cytotoxicity of mitoxantrone in BCRP-overexpressing breast cancer cells and on the transport of mitoxantrone in BCRP-expressing normal cells.
Phenotypic and functional characteristics of BM-derived DC from NOD and non-diabetes-prone strains.

We compared BM-derived DC from NOD with DC from non-diabetes-prone strains. NOD myeloid progenitors cultured in GM or GM + IL-4 yielded lower numbers of DC than similar cultures from other strains. NOD GM + IL-4 DC produced lower amounts of IL-12 p70 following CD40 ligation or LPS stimulation in the presence of IFN-γ than DC from other strains, although similar levels of IL-6 and NO were produced by all strains. The low amounts of IL-12 p70 produced by GM + IL-4 DC are despite a more mature DC phenotype observed in NOD mice. The low DC number could diminish the ability of DC to stimulate immunoregulatory T cells. Furthermore, the differentiation/maturation of DC from myeloid progenitors is altered, reflecting disorders in the function of these cells in NOD BM.
THE CIRCULATION OF ASCITIC FLUID : INTERCHANGE OF PLASMA AND ASCITIC FLUID PROTEIN AS STUDIED BY MEANS OF C14-LABELED LYSINE IN DOGS WITH CONSTRICTION OF THE VENA CAVA

After plasma containing labeled plasma protein has been given intraperitoneally to dogs with experimental ascites a steady and rather rapid movement takes place of the labeled protein into the circulating blood. When plasma containing labeled plasma protein has been injected intravenously into the ascitic dog the labeled protein steadily disappears from the circulating blood and appears promptly and steadily in the ascitic fluid. The period of complete exchange or turnover in either instance is measured in days (2 to 7), but many factors enter in and make for variation. Lysine labeled with radio carbon is incorporated into the plasma proteins by feeding the donor dog. These experiments emphasize the ready exchange of proteins in the plasma with those in the ascitic pool and vice versa. This exchange may be termed circulation of ascitic protein.
Evaluating Fieldwork and a Targeted Curriculum on Urban Counselor Trainees’ Self-Efficacy

This study explored counseling trainees’ development of self-efficacy within an urban high school practicum experience. The following two research questions were addressed: (a) Did a field placemen...
Acute effects of routine firefighting on lung function.

We undertook a study to determine the acute effects of routine firefighting on lung function and the relationship between these acute effects and nonspecific airway responsiveness. For 29 firefighters from a single fire station, we calculated the concentration of methacholine aerosol that caused a 100% increase in specific airway resistance (Pc100). Over an 8-week period we than measured FEV1 and FVC in each firefighter before and after each 24-hr workshift and after every fire. From 199 individual workshifts without fires, we calculated the mean +/- 2 SD across-workshift change in FEV1 and FVC for each firefighter. Eighteen of 76 measurements obtained within 2 hr after a fire (24%) showed a greater than 2 SD fall in FEV1 and/or FVC compared to two of 199 obtained after routine workshifts without fires (1%; p less than .001). On 13 of 18 occasions when spirometry decreased significantly, we obtained repeat spirometry (postshift) 3-18.5 hr after fires, and on four of these occasions FEV1 and/or FVC were still more than 2 SD below baseline. Decrements in spirometry occurred as often in firefighters with high Pc100s as in those with low Pc100s. In two firefighters in whom FEV1 and FVC fell by more than 10% after fires, we repeated measurements of methacholine sensitivity, and it was increased over the prestudy baseline. These findings suggest that routine firefighting is associated with a high incidence of acute decrements in lung function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Dynamics of flexible systems with partial lift-off

The dynamic behaviour of a simplified model of a multi-storey building, supported by an elastic foundation and allowed to uplift, is examined. The building is modelled by an n-degree-of-freedom oscillator, while the foundation is represented by a viscously damped two-spring model which permits uplift. This model has been shown in previous studies to be an accurate approximation to the more realistic but more complex Winkler foundation. Approximate values for the characteristic frequencies of the interacting system are presented and a simple, first-mode solution is developed. The response of the system is non-linear and the apparent fundamental period increases with the amount of lift-off. In contrast to the first mode of the superstructure which participates strongly in the interaction, the second and higher modes of the building are not affected significantly by either the interaction with the soil or the uplift. The study shows that lift-off results in larger rocking motion of the structure, but it is not clear from the analysis and the example whether the interfloor displacements are consistently increased or decreased, since this appears to depend on the properties of the system and the excitation.
Model of wide-angle optical field propagation using scalar diffraction theory

A generalized nonparaxial theoretical framework based on the scalar diffraction theory is developed to describe the propagation of an optical field through a linear optical system with quasi-monochromatic spatially incoherent illumination. Software implementation of this theoretical framework on single and multiple processor platforms was developed and simulated results of the imaging process through optical aberration-corrected optics are presented for both in-focus and out-of-focus imaging, validating the first-order nonparaxial model.
Correction: Multiclass classification of microarray data with repeated measurements: application to cancer

A correction to Multiclass classification of microarray data with repeated measurements: application to cancer by KY Yeung and RE Bumgarner. Genome Biology 2003, 4:R83
Eye diagram measurements and equalization with Real-time Burst Sampling

Real-time Burst Sampling provides a new tool for characterization and equalization of high speed data. 40 Gbps eye measurement and equalization with more than 100 times higher sampling throughput than sampling scopes is demonstrated.
Analog implementations of sampling detectors

The motivation for pursuing analog implementations of sampling detectors is presented. Two implementations, a Viterbi detector and a decision feedback equalizer, are described in detail at the block-diagram level. The issues of importance in the design of analog sampling detectors are discussed, and some circuit designs are presented. The concomitant problems of analog equalization and timing recovery are briefly addressed. >
Fine-Grain, End-to-End Security for Web Service Compositions

Web service composition introduces two research challenges to end-to-end integrity and confidentiality of information flow. First, component services need the ability to selectively read or modify information flows. Second, component web services may or may not be trusted by all participants in the same degree. Existing specifications such as WS-security provide fine-grained signatures and encryption for pair-wise interactions, but insufficient support for end-to-end security properties in open environments. Using an electronic prescription application, we illustrate the need for an enhanced framework for providing end-to-end security properties. We then describe a fine-grained, security framework, called WS-FESec, that leverages WS-security to support flexible preservation of end-to-end integrity and confidentiality in web service compositions. Finally, we discuss WS-FESec's support for the lattice model of secure information flow and show how it can be employed to preserve end-to-end security properties in the electronic prescriptions application.
Defending human enhancement technologies: unveiling normativity

Recent advances in biotechnologies have led to speculations about enhancing human beings. Many of the moral arguments presented to defend human enhancement technologies have been limited to discussions of their risks and benefits. The author argues that in so far as ethical arguments focus primarily on risks and benefits of human enhancement technologies, these arguments will be insufficient to provide a robust defence of these technologies. This is so because the belief that an assessment of risks and benefits is a sufficient ethical evaluation of these technologies incorrectly presupposes that risk assessments do not involve value judgements. Second, it presupposes a reductionist conception of ethics as merely a risk management instrument. Each of these assumptions separates ethical evaluation from discussion and appraisal of ends and means and thus leaves important--indeed, essential--ethical considerations out of view. Once these problematic assumptions are rejected, it becomes clear that an adequate defence of human enhancement technologies requires more than a simple balance of their risks and benefits.
Testosterone therapy in women: Myths and misconceptions

Although testosterone therapy is being increasingly prescribed for men, there remain many questions and concerns about testosterone (T) and in particular, T therapy in women. A literature search was performed to elucidate the origin of, and scientific basis behind many of the concerns and assumptions about T and T therapy in women. This paper refutes 10 common myths and misconceptions, and provides evidence to support what is physiologically plausible and scientifically evident: T is the most abundant biologically active female hormone, T is essential for physical and mental health in women, T is not masculinizing, T does not cause hoarseness, T increases scalp hair growth, T is cardiac protective, parenteral T does not adversely affect the liver or increase clotting factors, T is mood stabilizing and does not increase aggression, T is breast protective, and the safety of T therapy in women is under research and being established. Abandoning myths, misconceptions and unfounded concerns about T and T therapy in women will enable physicians to provide evidenced based recommendations and appropriate therapy.
Setting Clinical Exposure Levels of Concern for Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) Using Mechanistic in vitro Assays

Severe drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains a major safety issue due to its frequency of occurrence, idiosyncratic nature, poor prognosis, and diverse underlying mechanisms. Numerous experimental approaches have been published to improve human DILI prediction with modest success. A retrospective analysis of 125 drugs (70 = most-DILI, 55 = no-DILI) from the Food and Drug Administration Liver Toxicity Knowledge Base was used to investigate DILI prediction based on consideration of human exposure alone or in combination with mechanistic assays of hepatotoxic liabilities (cytotoxicity, bile salt export pump inhibition, or mitochondrial inhibition/uncoupling). Using this dataset, human plasma Cmax,total ≥ 1.1 µM alone distinguished most-DILI from no-DILI compounds with high sensitivity/specificity (80/73%). Accounting for human exposure improved the sensitivity/specificity for each assay and helped to derive predictive safety margins. Compounds with plasma Cmax,total ≥ 1.1 µM and triple liabilities had significantly higher odds ratio for DILI than those with single/dual liabilities. Using this approach, a subset of recent pharmaceuticals with evidence of liver injury during clinical development was recognized as potential hepatotoxicants. In summary, plasma Cmax,total ≥ 1.1 µM along with multiple mechanistic liabilities is a major driver for predictions of human DILI potential. In applying this approach during drug development the challenge will be generating accurate estimates of plasma Cmax,total at efficacious doses in advance of generating true exposure data from clinical studies. In the meantime, drug candidates with multiple hepatotoxic liabilities should be deprioritized, since they have the highest likelihood of causing DILI in case their efficacious plasma Cmax,total in humans is higher than anticipated.
Motivations and Differential Participation in a Community Currency System: The Dynamics Within a Local Social Movement Organization1

Community currency is an understudied, alternative social movement. These local networks are grassroots, collective efforts to form an alternative market with the hopes of empowering the economically marginalized and building social capital. Original data collected from members of a local currency system are employed to investigate their motivations to join and the congruence between motivating factors and various forms of participation. Four categories of motivations are identified and multivariate models are estimated to assess which are the most salient predictors of differential participation. The results provide some support for the congruence hypothesis. As Knoke (1988) predicted, member motivations play a role in shaping forms of participation. This evidence is used to draw larger implications for social movement research.
Effects of Early Season Nitrogen on Grass-Clover Swards in the Northeastern USA

and mineralization) are temperature dependent (Nannipieri et al., 1985; O’Conner, 1974; Van Berg et al., 1981). Grass–legume pastures that rely on biologically fixed N are often Thus, grazing in the spring can be delayed until temperaN deficient in the spring. Early season N applications to grass–clover pastures can help overcome this deficiency. Our objective was to test tures increase to the minimal level needed to provide the effects of early season N application and harvest height on total adequate fixed N for plant growth. dry matter (DM) yield and clover fraction of a grass–clover sward in The poor spring growth of white clover–grass pastures the northeast USA. The study was conducted for 3 yr (1996–1998) at has been well documented in the UK and New Zealand the Russell Larson Agricultural Research Center in Rock Spring, PA (Frame and Boyd, 1986; Field and Ball, 1978). To over(4048N, 7752W; 330 m above sea level). The soil on the site is a come this period of poor growth, researchers have deHagerstown silt loam (Typic Hapludalf, fine, mixed, mesic). The effect veloped programs of spring N applications to white
Evaluating the Evidence Base for the Use of Home Telehealth Remote Monitoring in Elderly with Heart Failure

Information and communication technology offers promise for better coordination of care for patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINHAL databases were searched for evidence on remote monitoring of patients with heart failure (HF). The search was restricted to randomized controlled trials using either automated monitoring of signs and symptoms or automated physiologic monitoring. For this review, telephone-based monitoring of signs and symptoms was not considered remote monitoring. Studies were also excluded if they did not present outcomes related to healthcare utilization. Nine studies met selection criteria, with interventions that varied greatly. Four three-arm studies directly compared the effectiveness of two different interventions to usual care. Six of the nine studies suggested a 27%-40% reduction in overall admissions. Two two-arm studies demonstrated a 40%-46% reduction in HF-related admissions while two other three-arm studies showed similar trends; however, this was not statistically significant. Three of nine studies suggested a significant reduction in mortality (30%-67%) and three studies showed significant reduction in healthcare utilization costs. Two studies suggested a 53%-62% reduction in bed days of care. Two studies showed significant reduction in the number of Emergency Department visits. Three two-arm studies and one three-arm study demonstrated significant overall improvement in outcomes with use of telemonitoring. Available data suggest that telemonitoring is a promising strategy. More data are needed to determine the ideal patient population, technology, and parameters, frequency and duration of telemonitoring, and the exact combination of case management and close monitoring that would assure consistent and improved outcomes with cost reductions in HF.