cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PREPARATION OF LIPOPROTEINS CONTAINING CATION-DEPENDENT ATPASE.

Abstract 1. 1. Methods for the isolation of Na + , K + and Mg 2+ activated ATPases from a variety of tissues are described. The use of mannitol rather than of sucrose appears to be of decisive importance in some instances such as that of liver. 2. 2. Preparations obtained by this method show extremely high degrees of stimulation in the presence of Na + and K + , together with Mg 2+ , when compared to activity in the presence of Mg 2+ alone. Stimulations of between 500 and 700% are commonly obtained. 3. 3. Upon floatation of the preparations in high-density sucrose solutions, activity was recovered in material at the top of the tubes, implying that the ATPase system is a lipoprotein. 4. 4. Preparations from different tissues exhibit differing sensitivities to strophanthin-G, in agreement with sensitiveness of the parent tissues. In every instance, it can be shown that inhibition by strophanthin-G varies inversely as the K + concentration of the system. 5. 5. It can be shown that the brain lipoprotein splits p -nitrophenyl phosphate reaction. 6. 6. Labelling of the ATPase systems of brain and liver shows that 32 P passes from [ 32 P]ATP into phosphoproteins in the system. Na + accelerates this passage. In the presence of Na + and K + together, the radioactivity of the phosphoprortein is greatly reduced.
Non-contact photoacoustic tomography and ultrasonography for tissue imaging

The detection of ultrasound in photoacoustic tomography (PAT) and ultrasonography (US) usually relies on ultrasonic transducers in contact with the biological tissue. This is a major drawback for important potential applications such as surgery and small animal imaging. Here we report the use of remote optical detection, as used in industrial laser-ultrasonics, to detect ultrasound in biological tissues. This strategy enables non-contact implementation of PAT and US without exceeding laser exposure safety limits. The method uses suitably shaped laser pulses and a confocal Fabry-Perot interferometer in differential configuration to reach quantum-limited sensitivity. Endogenous and exogenous inclusions exhibiting optical and acoustic contrasts were detected ex vivo in chicken breast and calf brain specimens. Inclusions down to 0.5 mm in size were detected at depths well exceeding 1 cm. The method could significantly expand the scope of applications of PAT and US in biomedical imaging.
Biocompatibility of silicon‐based electrode arrays implanted in feline cortical tissue

The passive biocompatibility of silicon-based electrode arrays was studied in feline cortical tissue. Three types of arrays were used: uncoated, coated with polyimide, and coated with polyimide over an adhesion promoter. Fifteen arrays were implanted for 24 h to determine early tissue reaction to the implantation procedure, and twelve arrays were implanted for 6 months to determine structural and material biocompatibility. Edema and hemorrhage were present around the short-term implants, but involved less than 6% of the total area of the tissue covered by the array. With chronic implants, leukocytes were rarely present and macrophages were found around roughly one-third of the tracks. Remnants of foreign material from the electrodes could be identified in less than 10% of the tracks. Gliosis was found around all tracks, forming an annulus between 20 and 40 microns thick. A capsule was not always present, and never exceeded a thickness of 9 microns. These results suggest that the implantation procedure produces limited amounts of tissue damage, and that the arrays are biocompatible. However, the arrays insulated with polyimide over a primer had significantly greater involvement of macrophages, gliosis, and capsule formation than uncoated arrays and arrays insulated with polyimide without printer, perhaps indicating a reaction to aluminum oxide in the primer.
Demonstration of a factor in fraction I of reticulocyte lysates necessary for the steady state accumulation of ubiquitin conjugates of des-75-76-ubiquitin.

Abstract Addition of des-75-76-ubiquitin (ubiquitin lacking its two C-terminal glycine residues) to reticulocyte lysates leads to the inhibition of proteolysis and the formation of conjugates between it and native ubiquitin, as demonstrated by the incorporation of both 125 I-labeled des-75-76-ubiquitin and 125 I-labeled ubiquitin into these conjugates. Conjugate formation is blocked by methylation of the amino groups of des-75-76-ubiquitin, consistent with the concept that the conjugates represent attachment of the ubiquitin α-carboxyl group to amino groups of des-75-76-ubiquitin. The lack of significant direct competition for conjugate formation by typical ubiquitinatable proteolysis substrates or by des-73-76-ubiquitin, together with differences in conjugate formation between des-73-76-ubiquitin and des-75-76-ubiquitin demonstrated earlier, indicates that the enzyme involved recognizes the ubiquitin sequence as a substrate for ubiquitination. Increasing concentrations of native ubiquitin first increase and then reduce the steady state level of conjugates of the des-75-76-protein, the inhibitory effects of high concentrations consistent with competition by native ubiquitin for conjugate formation. Upon fractionation of reticulocyte lysates, a factor essential to the net synthesis of conjugates of des-75-76-ubiquitin was demonstrated to be present in Fraction I and to behave as a protein of molecular weight 38,000. The role in this system of a factor from Fraction I other than ubiquitin indicates that a novel pathway is involved.
A new M.I.T. graduate course: Analysis of urban service systems

This paper summarizes a new graduate course focusing on an area of very recent quantitative research: urban service systems (e.g., police and fire departments, emergency ambulance services, mass transit systems). At one level the course presents a unified study of geometrical probability, multiserver queuing theory, spatial location theory, scheduling and sequencing techniques, and relevant methods of simulation. At a second level students are asked to structure a comprehensive quantitative approach to a set of problems actually experienced by one agency, entailing interaction with the agency. This paper reviews the course as taught in the 1971 Spring Term and discusses applications in evaluating various types of urban technology.
On Perlite and on Railroads in Colorado

The journal SILICON covers all aspects of silicon-based materials. I have carried out research on silicon since 1979 and yet I am constantly amazed at the places that I come across references to this fine element and its compounds. This EDITORIAL is concerned with a citation on perlite and its production and transportation in Colorado, USA. The reference to perlite was located in a book that I had purchased in a public library “clearance” sale.
Signaling control of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR)

The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) plays a crucial role in the regulation of drug metabolism, energy homeostasis, and cancer development through modulating the transcription of its numerous target genes. Different from prototypical nuclear receptors, CAR can be activated by either direct ligand binding or ligand-independent (indirect) mechanisms both initiated with nuclear translocation of CAR from the cytoplasm. In comparison to the well-defined ligand-based activation, indirect activation of CAR appears to be exclusively involved in the nuclear translocation through mechanisms yet to be fully understood. Accumulating evidence reveals that without activation, CAR forms a protein complex in the cytoplasm where it can be functionally affected by multiple signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss recent progresses in our understanding of the signaling regulation of CAR nuclear accumulation and activation. We expect that this review will also provide greater insight into the similarity and difference between the mechanisms of direct vs. indirect human CAR activation.
Conversion between standard and low-alpha lead in solder bumping production lines

Soft-errors caused by lead in solder-bumping have been a concern for many years. The problem is of special concern for high-density interconnection applications requiring solder to be placed directly over active circuitry. In that situation, alpha particles emitted by radioactive lead cause soft-errors with no possibility of shielding circuitry. For optimal cost-effectiveness, though, not all solder bumped wafers require low-alpha lead. MCNC has developed a solder bumping facility with both a research branch at MCNC and a full-scale production facility at its spin-off, Unitive Electronics Inc. We present results here of our work in incorporating low-alpha lead as part of our solder bumping process. We describe the amount of cross-contamination measured when alternating plating baths of regular lead and low-alpha lead.
Regularized Quasi-Newton method for inverse scattering problems

We study the weak scattering case of a 3-D inverse scattering problem. The iterative sequence is defined in the framework of a Quasi-Newton method. Using the measurements of the scattering field from the carefully chosen set of directions, we are able to recover (finitely many) Fourier coefficients of the sought parameters of the model. In this method, the linearized (Born) approximation is just the first iteration, and further iterations improve the identification by an order of magnitude. A special regularization for the Frechet derivative's inverse provides a significant improvement in the algorithm's performance. Numerical experiments for the scattering from coaxial circular cylinders with exact data are presented.
Cyclic nucleotide regulation of oosporogenesis byLagenidium giganteum and related fungi

Abstract Incorporation of phosphodiesterase inhibitors into basal growth media limits the inducation of oosporogenesis by Lagenidium giganteum and related pythiaceous fungi. Cyclic AMP enhanced while cyclic GMP antagonized the effects of these compounds. Adenosine, guanosine, and their 5′-monophosphate derivatives acted primarily by reducing oospore maturation rather than induction. Asexual reproduction was generally promoted by cyclic AMP and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. It is suggested that cyclic nucleotides and sterols play a pivotal role in the induction of meiosis and that sterols and other factors affecting reproductive development by these fungi may act in part by regulating cellular cyclic nucleotide levels.
Population differentiation and genetic variation inform translocation decisions for Liatris scariosa var. novae-angliae, a rare New England grassland perennial

Abstract Augmentation of small rare species populations is sometimes suggested on genetic grounds. However, outbreeding depression via dilution of local adaptation or break-up of genomic coadaptation may occur. These effects depend on the causes of population divergence. Here, we compare genetic measures of population divergence in Liatris scariosa var. novae-angliae, a rare New England perennial. We measured GST, neutral marker subdivision, and QST, quantitative subdivision of propagule and juvenile plant traits. GST was relatively high. QST for leaf shape exceeded GST, indicating local adaptation, while QST for other traits fell within or below the GST range. Local adaptation appears low for juvenile traits, although the high GST cautions against translocation because of potential coadaptation. If translocation is still required, however, donor populations should contain high quantitative genetic diversity. We assess population size and allozyme diversity as predictors of quantitative genetic variation, but find these poor proxies for direct measurement.
Axionic Black Holes and Wormholes

Theories in which gravity is coupled to a Kalb-Ramond field are known to have black hole solutions characterized by the value of the conserved axion charge. The Kalb-Ramond field configuration for these black holes has vanishing field strength. The axion charge may be measured by an analog of the Aharanov-Bohm interference effect. The axion-charge to mass ratio may be arbitrarily large, as contrasted to the case of the Reissner-Nordstrom black hole where the electric-charge to mass ratio has an upper bound of one. The generic endpoint of semiclassical evaporation of an axionic black hole would therefore be an object of very large axion charge with mass of order the Planck mass. Axion charge also couples to Giddings-Strominger type instantons (wormholes) present in these theories. Instead of evaporating completely, therefore, it is likely that an axionic black hole will be swallowed by a wormhole, avoiding the appearance of a naked singularity. The loss of quantum coherence is a more subtle issue.
A Biographical Data Analysis of Career Patterns in Engineering.

Abstract This study focuses on an instrument that appears useful for career guidance or job assignment purposes — the Biographical Data Blank. Responses of three groups of engineers (holding research and development, management, and nonengineering positions) to a life history questionnaire were analyzed. Results indicate that groups could indeed be differentiated using response patterns. In addition, items defining these patterns were related to demands of actual career paths chosen.
The crystal structure of Haelll methyltransferase covalently complexed to DNA: An extrahelical cytosine and rearranged base pairing

Abstract Many organisms expand the information content of their genome through enzymatic methylation of cytosine residues. Here we report the 2.8 A crystal structure of a bacterial DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase (DCMtase), M. Haelll, bound covalently to DNA. In this complex, the substrate cytosine is extruded from the DNA helix and inserted into the active site of the enzyme, as has been observed for another DCMtase, M. Hhal. The DNA Is bound In a cleft between the two domains of the protein and is distorted from the characteristic B-form conformation at Its recognition sequence. A comparison of structures shows a variation In the mode of DNA recognition: M. Haelli differs from M. Hhal in that the remaining bases in its recognition sequence undergo an extensive rearrangement in their pairing. In this process, the bases are unstacked, and a gap 8 A long opens in the DNA.
Role of endogenous collagen synthesis in the adhesion of human skin fibroblasts

Abstract We have studied the role of collagen synthesis in the adhesion of human skin fibroblasts in vitro to various substrates. Pretreatment of the cells with ascorbic acid, a stimulator of collagen synthesis, increases the rate with which the cells attach to plastic surfaces and subsequently the cells are less readily released from attachment by trypsin. In contrast, cis -hydroxyproline, an inhibitor of collagen synthesis, increases the rate of trypsin-mediated cell detachment from plastic surfaces and decreases the rate of attachment to these surfaces. Such data demonstrate the importance of endogenous collagen production by cultured cells in maintaining cell adhesion to plastic surfaces.
Theory of resonant tunneling through an array of quantum dots

Abstract We investigate theoretically the resonant tunneling of electrons through a planar square array of GaAs spherical quantum dots buried in a Al x Ga 1−x As barrier between GaAs contacts. We show that the shape and width of the peak in the current density-voltage characteristic is a strong function of the quantum dot spacing and barrier height provided the dots are very closely spaced but that in general a characteristic typical of an isolated dot would be observed.
The biweight enumerator of self-orthogonal binary codes

Abstract Let C be a binary code of length n and let J C ( a , b , c , d ) be its biweight enumerator. If n is even and C is self-dual, then J C is an element of the ring R G of absolute invariants of a certain group G . Under the additional assumption that all codewords of C have weight divisible by 4, a similar result holds with a different group. If n is odd and C is maximal self-orthogonal, then J C is an element of a certain R G -module. Again a similar result holds if the codewords of C have weights divisible by 4. The groups involved are related to finite groups generated by reflections. In this paper the structure of these groups is described, and polynomial bases for the rings and modules in question are obtained. This answers a question posed in The Theory of Error- correcting Codes by F.J. MacWilliams and N.J.A. Sloane.
Mandarin tone recognition in acoustic and electric hearing.

Mandarin tone recognition can be achieved using either spectral cues or temporal cues. Although the pitch contour is the most salient cue for voice pitch perception × Liang, 1963; Abramson, 1978), temporal envelope cues such as amplitude contour, periodicity and duration also contribute significantly to Mandarin tone recognition (Liang, 1963; Fu et al., 1998; Fu and Zeng, 2000). Fu and colleagues (1998, 2000) showed that normalhearing listeners performed approximately 80% tone identification with only temporal envelope cues. However, no studies have been done on whether reliable Mandarin tone recognition could be achieved in the presence of noise. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative contribution of envelope and fine-structure cues in normalhearing and cochlear-implanted listeners to Mandarin tone recognition in quiet and in noise. We hypothesized that while the temporal envelope can support tone recognition in quiet, it is not adequate in noisy conditions. We further hypothesized that the temporal fine structure is required for tone recognition in noise.
In an empirical evaluation of the funnel plot, researchers could not visually identify publication bias.

Abstract Background and Objective Publication bias and related biases can lead to overly optimistic conclusions in systematic reviews. The funnel plot, which is frequently used to detect such biases, has not yet been subjected to empirical evaluation as a visual tool. We sought to determine whether researchers can correctly identify publication bias from visual inspection of funnel plots in typical-size systematic reviews. Methods A questionnaire with funnel plots containing 10 studies each (the median number in medical meta-analyses) was completed by 41 medical researchers, including clinical research fellows in a meta-analysis class, faculty in clinical care research, and experienced systematic reviewers. Results On average, participants correctly identified 52.5% (95% CI 50.6–54.4%) of the plots as being affected or unaffected by publication bias. The weighted mean percent correct, which adjusted for the fact that asymmetric plots are more likely to occur in the presence of publication bias, was also low (48.3 to 62.8%, depending on the presence or absence of publication bias and heterogeneous study effects). Conclusion Researchers who assess for publication bias using the funnel plot may be misled by its shape. Authors and readers of systematic reviews need to be aware of the limitations of the funnel plot.
Effect of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring on the diagnosis and cost of treatment for mild hypertension.

Abstract Detection of mild hypertension by a small number of casual blood pressures may be inaccurate for the determination of average blood pressure. Nonetheless, casual pressures remain the basis for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertensive patients. We compared casual and noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in a consecutive series of 60 subjects evaluated for possible mild hypertension on the basis of casual pressures. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed on days of usual activity. Correlations between casual systolic and average ambulatory systolic pressures or casual diastolic and average ambulatory diastolic pressures were not significant. Nearly half of the subjects had average ambulatory systolic pressures 130 85 mm Hg . This approach suggests that ambulatory blood pressure monitoring need not increase overall cost, if the results of this evaluation are used in the decision to treat.
On the equations for composite beams under initial stress

Abstract The composite beam consisting of a large number of alternating layers of two different elastic materials under initial stress is considered. The constituent layers are assumed to behave as Timoshenko beams under initial stress. With the aid of a smoothing operation, the composite beam is transformed into a macrohomogeneous beam with micro-structure. The equations of motion as well as the boundary conditions are derived by Hamilton's principle. A set of approximate equations is derived based in part on the distinctly differential rigidities of the two constituent materials. Flexural wave propagation and the stability of a composite beam are investigated by using the micro-structure beam theory, the approximate theory and the law of mixtures. Numerical examples are given.
Barebacking with Weber: Re-enchanting the rational sexual order

Sexual health discourses have become a defining part of many gay men’s sex lives. These discourses have effectively linked gay identity to HIV/AIDS discourses through telling most gay men how to rationally have sex and how to routinely get tested. However, some gay men who bareback – the choice often made not to use a condom – engage in condomless sex despite these larger discourses. Through using Weber’s theories on rationalization, I explicate how sexual health and HIV/AIDS discourses are calculable, efficient systems that are about protecting the public good. I show how this rationalized sexual health system disciplines pleasure and intimacy. Through this disciplining, I illuminate how sexual public health has disenchanted sex, specifically for some gay men, where some of these men who bareback may be attempting to find re-enchantment in this disenchanted sexual world. Through this Weberian framework, barebacking may be seen as an act that can allow for the re-exploration of personability, intimacy, eroticism and love.
The effects of feeding the direct-fed microbial, primalac, on growth parameters and egg production in single comb white leghorn hens

Two commercial strains of Single Comb White Leghorn hens, HyLine W-36 and DeKalb XL, were reared separately as pullet flocks in an enclosed, environmentally controlled brood-grow house with three banks of quad-deck cages (310 cm 2 per bird). There were 1,800 hens of each strain, which were divided into two groups, control feed and a direct-fed microbial (DFM) feed treatment. During the pullet-rearing phase to 18 wk of age, the DeKalb birds had greater parameters of growth and overall feed cost than the HyLine birds. The overall feed cost of the DFM treatment was $0.02 per bird greater than controls. However, the DFM-treated feed improved the livability of the DeKalb birds by 2.68%. At 18 wk of age, 3,528 hens were transferred to an enclosed, mechanically ventilated layer house. The two strains were placed in two differently sized quad-deck layer cages with seven birds per cage; the cage sizes were 35.56 cm x 60.96 cm (2,267.73 cm 2 or 310 cm 2 per bird) and 14 cm x 32 cm (2,890.32 cm 2 or 413 cm 2 per bird). There were a total of 144 replications with each strain and DFM treatment combination made up of 36 replications equally divided between the high and low density cages. At 70 wk of age, hens receiving the DFM treatment exhibited greater mean egg weights (61.72 g) and percentages of extra large eggs (XLE, 52.06%) compared to that of controls (61.12 g and 48.98%, respectively). The treatment of 310 cm 2 /hen DFM produced the least (P ≤ 0.05) large eggs; however, this treatment group produced the most (P ≤ 0.05) XLE. The use of DFM resulted in a shift from smaller to larger eggs. Regardless of density, the DFM hens had lower (P ≤ 0.05) feed cost (FC) compared to FC of the controls (a savings of $0.46/bird between the DFM and control in the 310 cm 2 /hen treatment and a $0.83 savings/bird between the DFM and control in the 413 cm 2 /hen treatment). It was concluded that PrimaLac can improve egg size and lower feed costs, regardless of the bird density used in the present study.
Challenges to born-digital institutional archiving: the case of a New York art museum

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to highlight the challenges to born-digital institutional archiving using a New York Archive Museum (NYAM) as a case. Design/methodology/approach – The digital record-keeping practices at NYAM were studied using three data sources: focus groups with staff, totaling 81 individuals, or approximately one-third of all staff; analysis of network file storage; and analysis of digital records in archival storage, or specifically removable media in acid-free archive boxes. Findings – This case study indicates that the greatest challenges to born-digital institutional archiving are not necessarily technological but social and cultural. Or rather, the challenge is getting individuals to transfer material to a digital archive so that it can undergo the technological transformations needed to ensure its long-term availability. However, transfer is impeded by a variety of factors which can be addressed through education, infrastructure development and proactive appraisal for perm...
Response of liquid metal fast breeder reactor containment to a hypothetical core meltdown accident

Abstract This paper presents an analysis of the response of the containment building of a 2500-MWt liquid metal fast breeder reactor to a hypothetical reactor core meltdown. Although not mechanistically justifiable, this type of event is chosen for analysis as a basis for risk assessments. Containment space atmosphere compositions, temperatures, pressures, and structural temperatures are calculated, based on decay energy release and chemical reactions associated with the incident. The CACECO containment analysis code, which was used to make the calculations, is described in detail. Results of the study show that by utilizing the passive heat absorption capability of structures normally present in containment design, reactor plant containment integrity can be maintained for more than a day, even for extreme hypothetical events.
Myocardial Cell Damage in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

We report two cases of Duchenne muscular dystrophy that presented with laboratory evidence of acute transient myocardial cell damage. The mechanism for development of cardiomyopathy associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy is not well understood, and this report raises the possibility that the progressive deterioration of cardiac function is punctuated by acute episodes of cell damage.
Optical contour mapping of cutting tool crater wear

Abstract An optical crater wear measuring technique is presented which provides complete information, both qualitatively and quantitatively, on the crater development. The technique is simple, accurate, and nondestructive. This optical contour mapping technique utilizes an objective lens with a narrow depth of field, making it possible to photograph directly the depth contours of the crater. A complete contour map can be compiled from which the crater volume can be approximated.
Organizational Learning, knowledge creation, problem formulation and innovation in messy problems

Abstract This paper attempts to bring the discussion about knowledge creation, innovation and organizational learning to a level that addresses how messy problems are addressed and how the organizations must integrate the viewpoints of the key decision-makers, establish a process for testing their assumptions, include the context including the environment design, and to allow innovation and creativity to enter the choice of actions. It builds on the literature of problem formulation, innovation, and experimentation and on the articles in this special issue.
Development of GABA-immunoreactive neuron patterning in the spinal cord.

In the frog Xenopus laevis, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-immunoreactive spinal cord neurons (Kolmer-Agduhr cells) formed a dispersed pattern within two columns on either side of the midline. The cellular pattern became established during embryonic and larval development. The GABA-immunoreactive cells are cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons that began to appear by 1.2 days (st 26) of development. This stage occurred shortly after neural tube closure (0.9 days, st 21) and followed the appearance of ultrastructural characteristics of CSF-contacting neurons. The pattern of GABA-immunoreactive cells emerged during embryogenesis, as their density increased. Each longitudinal column was heterogeneous, containing cells with and without GABA immunoreactivity. Spatial analysis at several embryonic and larval stages showed that the cells in each column formed a nonrandom, dispersed pattern even at early stages of differentiation. This one-dimensional pattern resembled that of dopamine-immunoreactive neurons, which are also located in the ventral spinal cord. The patterning of both cell types followed a different time course, but the ultimate spacing of the neurons remained comparable. These results suggested that the mechanism patterning the two cell types within the same region was similar but not identical and may involve related molecular mechanisms. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:1–11, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Single Audit Act of 1984: A Survey of Practitioners

The Single Audit Act of 1984 (SAA) attempted to strengthen Congress's control over disbursement and monitoring of federal funds intended for governmental and nonprofit entities. The SAA's primary agent of federal control is the auditor. This article examines the historical development of the SAA and discusses the results of a survey of auditors and accountants who are members of the Intergovernmental Auditing Forum. The survey addresses auditors' conception of the SAA and the auditor's role in achieving better control of federal disbursements.
Entrepreneurial strategy and the presence of small firms

A model is presented hypothesizing that the level of small-firm presence in any given industry emanates from the exogenous stock of entrepreneurial talent, a stochastic element of managerial and entrepreneurial talent, entry deterrence, and the entrepreneurial strategy deployed by small firms. Using data newly released by the U.S. Small Business Administration, the hypothesis is tested for a sample of 247 four-digit standard industrial classification industries, spanning the entire spectrum of firm sizes. We find that, consistently for all the measures of small-firm size and for all of the time periods used, the existence of entry deterrence and reliance upon innovative strategy explains a significant proportion of the variation in the presence of small firms.
Acute myelogenous leukemia: a human cell line responsive to colony-stimulating activity

A permanent human cell line that maintains the granulocytic characteristics of acute myelogenous leukemia cells has been established. The cells of this line form myeloid colonies in soft gel culture in the presence of human colony-stimulating activity. The cell line may be useful for studying human acute myelogenous leukemia and the mechanism of response to colony-stimulating activity.
Inscribing ethical space: Ten propositions on death, representation, and documentary

(1984). Inscribing ethical space: Ten propositions on death, representation, and documentary. Quarterly Review of Film Studies: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 283-300.
Field and current distributions and ac losses in a bifilar stack of superconducting strips

In this paper, I first analytically calculate the magnetic-field and sheet-current distributions generated in an infinite stack of thin superconducting strips of thickness $d$, width $2a⪢d$, and arbitrary separation $D$ when adjacent strips carry net current of magnitude $I$ in opposite directions. Each strip is assumed to have uniform critical current density ${J}_{c}$, critical sheet-current density ${K}_{c}={J}_{c}d$, and critical current ${I}_{c}=2a{K}_{c}$, and the distribution of the current density within each strip is assumed to obey critical-state theory. I then derive expressions for the ac losses due to magnetic-flux penetration both from the strip edges and from the top and bottom of each strip and I express the results in terms of integrals involving the perpendicular and parallel components of the magnetic field. After numerically evaluating the ac losses for typical dimensions, I present analytic expressions from which the losses can be estimated.
Friends and Foes: Media, Politics, and Tactics in the Abortion War

Political opportunities and threats are important to tactical choices. Yet, scholars have not examined how the political environment affects the tactical choices of social movement organizations in the media arena. In this article, I analyze how political threats and opportunities affect the media strategies and tactics of two reasonably successful and long-lived social movement organizations on opposite sides of the abortion debate, the Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA) and the National Right to Life Committee (NRLC), from 1980 to 2000. In particular, I examine how political shifts affect the tactics these groups use in response to their allies over time. I find that different social movement organizations respond to political opportunities and threats similarly. In times of political opportunity, groups remain silent on their allies' activities because silence distances their organizations from rancorous public debates and buttresses their political legitimacy. During political threats, groups cooperate with their allies in the media arena but they use public coalition work to advance their own political and media goals. Conceptually, this research broadens how we think about media tactics, which vary far more than scholars currently recognize, and deepens our understanding of coalition work and movement dynamics.
PI-3 kinase activity is required for epithelial-mesenchymal transformation during palate fusion.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) is the primary mechanism for the disappearance of medial edge epithelia (MEE) during palate fusion. This phenotype transition is highly regulated by growth factors, extracellular matrix, cell surface receptors, and a variety of intracellular signaling. Phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI-3) kinase regulates cytoskeleton reorganization, cell migration, and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta-regulated EMT. Therefore, we investigated the role of PI-3 kinase in EMT during palatal fusion in vitro. Palatal shelves from embryonic (E) 13.5 day mouse embryos were collected and cultured for up to 72 hr. A specific PI-3 kinase inhibitor, LY294002, was added to the medium at concentrations of 100 etaM, 1 microM, and 10 microM. The fate of midline epithelia was traced by carboxyfluorescence labeling and analyzed by confocal microscopy. Harvested tissues were also processed for immunohistochemical analysis of a specific marker for basal lamina (laminin). Palatal fusion stages were scored on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 equal to complete nonfusion and 5 equal to complete fusion. The mean fusion score (MFS) was calculated for each treatment group. Palatal shelves fused after 72 hr of culture in control and 100 etaM LY294002 inhibitor-treated groups, with MFS of 4.67 and 4.5, respectively. Laminin was absent in the midline and epithelia transformed into mesenchyme. However, when cultured palates were treated with 1 and 10 microM LY294002, MEE persisted in the midline and the basal lamina remained intact after 72 hr. The MFS was significantly less in the 1 and 10 microM LY294002-treated tissues at 2.08 and 1.33, respectively. Our results demonstrate that EMT during palatal fusion in vitro is dependent on PI-3 kinase activity.
An Investigation of the Physical Mechanism of Heat Transfer Augmentation in Boundary Layer Flows Subject to Freestream Turbulence

Water tunnel experiments have been performed to examine how large scale, high intensity freestream turbulence affects heat transfer through a laminar flat plate boundary layer. Time-Resolved Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (TRDPIV) was used to examine the flow field along with time-resolved heat transfer from the wall. The surface heat flux was measured with a newly developed thin-film sensor called the Heat Flux Array (HFA) capable of measuring heat flux at 10 locations at frequencies to 35 Hz. Freestream conditions were controlled using passive grids producing turbulence intensities of 5.5% with integral length scales of 2 and 3.5cm. This was shown to increase mean convective heat transfer coefficients by up to 15% with fluctuations to 40% above cases of very low freestream turbulence. It was also shown that fluctuations in heat flux convected at approximately half the freestream velocity.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
A PDE6A promoter fragment directs transcription predominantly in the photoreceptor.

Rod photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE6) is a key enzyme in the phototransduction cascade. Lines of transgenic mice were established to determine the spatial expression pattern directed by an upstream fragment of the PDE6A gene. RT-PCR analysis showed that three of four lines analyzed transcribed the transgene predominantly in the retina and weakly in brain. The line showing no transgene transcription did not contain an intact transgene. Transcription of the transgene in the three lines was found in retina and weakly in brain, but not in heart, kidney, liver, or lung. Transcripts were most predominant in the photoreceptors of the retina. These results demonstrate that a short segment of the upstream region of the PDE6A gene comprises a functional promoter that is most active in photoreceptors.
Comparison of atomic fluorescence power efficiencies for the helium-oxygen-acetylene and air-acetylene flames

Abstract Power efficiencies for five elements have been measured for the helium-oxygen-acetylene and air-acetylene flames. The increased power efficiencies found in this study for the helium-diluted flame, coupled with its enhanced atom-formation capabilities, suggest that lower atomic fluorescence detection limits should exist. However, in a comparison study with an air-acetylene flame using identical experimental conditions, a decreased atomic fluorescence signal-to-noise ratio was found for most elements in the helium-diluted flame. This decrease is ascribed to greater background emission noise in the hotter helium-diluted flame and decreased nebulization efficiency caused by the low density of the helium-containing nebulizer gas. A comparison of flame emission detection limits for the two flames confirms the increased sensitivity of the hotter helium-oxygen-acetylene flame, despite its lower nebulization efficiency.
1079 Gemcitabine plus cisplatin in non-small cell lung cancer: A phase II study

In view of the poor current treatment options for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), there is a clear need for new drugs and combination chemotherapy regimens in this disease. Single-agent gemcitabine has reproducibly produced objective response rates of 20%– 26%, in NSCLC in 5 studies worldwide. Cisplatin is a commonly used component of combination chemotherapy regimens in NSCLC. Cisplatin and gemcitabine have been shown to be synergistic in preclinical models. The Hoosier Oncology Group in Indiana conducted a phase II study using gemcitabine combined with cisplatin in metastatic NSCLC. Cisplatin 100 mg/m2 was administered on day I and gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 on days 1, 8 and 15 with cycles repeated every 4 weeks up to 6 courses. Thirty patients were entered from February to October 1994, and 26 patients are fully evaluable for toxicity, response and survival. Eligibility requirements included no prior chemotherapy, Kamofsky PS ≥ 80, measurable disease, and adequate renal, hepatic and bone marrow function. Radiotherapy was permitted at sites other than the measurable lesion(s). Patient characteristics were: 17 male, 9 female; median age, 62 years (range 37 – 74); median KPS 90. Histology 10 squamous, 10 adenocarcinoma, and 6 large cell. 21 of 26 patients had stage IV and 5 had stage IIIb disease. Eight patients received prior radiotherapy (2 CNS, I bone, 5 chest). Toxicity has primarily been haematological, with frequent need to omit doses of gemcitabine on days 8 and/or 15. There were 11 responses in 26 patients for an overall response rate of 42%, This is the highest response rate recorded in a Hoosier Oncology Group NSCLC study. We conclude that cisplatin plus gemcitabine is an active and well-tolerated regimen in advanced NSCLC. We plan to compare this regimen to single-agent cisplatin (100 mg/m2 every 4 weeks) in a phase III study.
Dipping into the cytosol to broaden the MHC class II peptide repertoire.

A new study by Zhou et al. (2005) in this issue of Immunity explores how cytoplasmic autoantigens gain access to the MHC class II antigen-processing pathway. Their experiments show that hsc70 and Lamp-2a mediate antigen transport into endosomal compartments for presentation by MHC class II.
Extracellular-regulated-kinase 5-mediated renal protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury

ERK5, a member of the mitogen activated protein kinase, expressed in the kidneys was smaller (∼80kDa) in apparent molecular mass compared to other organs (∼120kDa). A blocking peptide experiment confirmed that the ∼80kDa detected on Western blots was a specific band detected by the anti-ERK5 antibody. Expression of the known ERK5 variants ERK5a, b, c, and T confirmed that none of the known splice variants encoded for the renal-specific ∼80kDa protein. However, RT-PCR with primers targeting the potential splice sites did not reveal a novel transcript in the kidney. The smaller molecular mass of the kidney-specific ERK5-immunoreactive protein suggested that this cyto-protective molecule may not be fully functional in the kidneys. Lentivirus-mediated in vivo overexpression of full length ERK5 in the mouse kidneys provided protection against renal IR injury. The identity of the renal-specific ∼80kDa ERK5 remains unknown but a better understanding of the ERK5 expression and post-translational processing in the kidneys may reveal a novel strategy for renal protection.
Relation of intracytoplasmic inclusions in joint fluid leukocytes to anti-γG globulins

Anti γ globulin activities have been demonstrated by fluorescent staining in the inclusions of leukocytes of patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Other patients lacked such inclusions. The strong relationships in rheumatoid arthritis between staining for γ globulins and the seropositive state, and between presence of inclusions and lowered joint fluid complement activity, have been conformed. The mean levels of γA and γ globulins, but not of γG globulins, were higher in the joint fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis than in other patients.
The impact of European research ethics legislation on UK radiology research activity: a bibliometric analysis

Aim To determine whether there is evidence of a reduction in radiology research activity in the UK following the implementation of the European research ethics legislation, which came in to force in 2001 and has been widely criticised as an impediment to research. Materials and methods A bibliometric analysis was performed by searching PubMed for all first-author publications from UK departments of “radiology” or “medical imaging” between 1995 and 2007. Results were subcategorized into those papers published in the highest cited general radiology journals and by publication type: original research, reviews, and case reports. Results From 1995 to 2007 the total number of publications rose by 6.5% from 137 to 146 with the increase occurring in non-general radiology journals. Original articles fell from 18 in 1995 to 12 in 2003, but then rose to 24 by 2007 (33% rise). This dip was paralleled by a fall and then recovery in case report publications. The most dramatic change has been in the number of review articles, which has increased more than eightfold from seven in 1995 to 65 in 2007 to become the most common form of publication. Conclusion The overall number of original scientific articles, published by first-author UK radiologists, has increased slightly over the last 12 years despite a temporary fall associated with the introduction of new research ethics legislation.
Delta/Notch and Boss/Sevenless Signals Act Combinatorially to Specify the Drosophila R7 Photoreceptor

The R7 photoreceptor, a unique cell type within the Drosophila ommatidium, was initially proposed to be specified by two distinct signals from neighboring cells, one from the R8 photoreceptor and another from the R1/6 photoreceptor pair. The R8-to-R7 signal is the transmembrane ligand Bride of Sevenless (Boss), which is received by the receptor tyrosine kinase Sevenless (Sev) and transduced via Ras activation within the presumptive R7 cell. However, the identity of the R1/6-to-R7 signal has remained elusive. Here, we present evidence that the transmembrane ligand Delta (Dl), expressed by the R1/6 pair, activates the receptor Notch (N) in the presumptive R7 cell and constitutes the postulated R1/6-to-R7 signal required in combination with the Boss/Sev signal to specify the R7 fate.
Endoscopic Ultrasonographic Assessment of Gastric Polyps and Endoscopic Mucosal Resection

Gastric polyps refer to a heterogeneous group of epithelial- and subepithelial-based lesions that vary in histology and malignant potential. Although many gastric polyps have characteristic endoscopic appearances, their diagnosis, classification, and potential for malignant transformation are based on histologic evaluation. Therefore, all types of gastric polyps should be biopsied during the incident endoscopy. Mucosal-based polyps include fundic gland polyps, hyperplastic polyps, adenomatous polyps, and hamartomatous polyps. Inflammatory fibroid polyps may endoscopically appear similar to mucosal-based polyps but actually arise from the submucosa. Certain types of polyps are associated with genetic syndromes or potential precancerous conditions (gastric intestinal metaplasia and chronic atrophic gastritis). If dysplasia is present and the polyp is ≥2 cm or symptomatic, the polyp should be endoscopically resected with the aim of en bloc resection. There are limited data on the use of adjunctive endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in the evaluation of mucosal-based gastric polyps, and therefore, is not routinely employed in the management of these lesions. EUS is recommended for the evaluation of gastric subepithelial lesions.
Capsid protein and helper component-proteinase function as potyvirus cell-to-cell movement proteins

The role of bean common mosaic necrosis potyvirus (BCMNV) and lettuce mosaic potyvirus (LMV) proteins was investigated in terms of their capacity to function as viral movement proteins (MPs). Using Escherichia coli-expressed proteins and microinjection techniques, direct evidence was obtained that both the potyviral capsid protein (CP) and helper component- proteinase (HC-Pro) function in this capacity, in that both proteins (a) trafficked from cell to cell, (b) induced an increase in plasmodesmal size exclusion limit, and (c) facilitated cell-to-cell movement of viral RNA. CP and HC-Pro mutants were also produced and used in microinjection experiments. Mutations in the core region of the CP either impaired (single and double amino acid substitution mutants) or abolished (triple amino acid substitution mutant) cell-to-cell movement, as did C-terminal deletion mutants in HC-Pro. The BCMNV P1, CI, NIa, and NIb proteins did not exhibit viral MP properties, but NIa and NIb proteins were found to accumulate within the nuclei of injected cells. These results further establish the multifunctional nature of the potyvirus CP and HC-Pro.