cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Region‐specific effects of N,N′‐dodecane‐1,12‐diyl‐bis‐3‐picolinium dibromide on nicotine‐induced increase in extracellular dopamine in vivo

Background and purpose: Systemic administration of N,N′-dodecane-1,12-diyl-bis-3-picolinium dibromide (bPiDDB), an antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) attenuated the nicotine-induced increase in dopamine levels in nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Experimental approach: Using in vivo microdialysis, we investigated the effects of local perfusion of the novel nAChR antagonist bPiDDB into the NAcc or ventral tegmental area (VTA) on increased extracellular dopamine in NAcc, induced by systemic nicotine. We also examined the concentration-dependent effects of bPiDDB on the acetylcholine (ACh)-evoked response of specific recombinant neuronal nAChR subtypes expressed in Xenopus oocytes, using electrophysiological methods. Key results: Nicotine (0.4 mg kg−1, s.c.) increased extracellular dopamine in NAcc, which was attenuated by intra-VTA perfusion of mecamylamine (100 μM). Intra-VTA perfusion of bPiDDB (1 and 10 μM) reduced nicotine-induced increases in extracellular dopamine in NAcc. In contrast, intra-NAcc perfusion of bPiDDB (1 or 10 μM) failed to alter the nicotine-induced increase in dopamine in NAcc. Intra-VTA perfusion of bPiDDB alone did not alter basal dopamine levels, compared to control, nor the increased dopamine in NAcc following amphetamine (0.5 mg kg−1, s.c.). Using Xenopus oocytes, bPiDDB (0.01–100 μM) inhibited the response to ACh on specific combinations of rat neuronal nAChR subunits, with highest potency at α3β4β3 and lowest potency at α6/3β2β3. Conclusions and implications: bPiDDB-Sensitive nAChRs involved in regulating nicotine-induced dopamine release are located in the VTA, rather than in the NAcc. As bPiDDB has properties different from the prototypical nAChR antagonist mecamylamine, further development may lead to novel nAChR antagonists for the treatment of tobacco dependence. British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 792–804; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707612; published online 3 December 2007
Spectroscopic and microscopic investigation of gold nanoparticle nucleation and growth mechanisms using gelatin as a stabilizer

A microscopic and spectroscopic investigation of the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) within gelatin is reported. The AuNPs were synthesized first by reducing tetrachloraurate ions (AuCl4−) by 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl] ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), mixing the HAuCl4/HEPES solution with gelatin solution and heating at different temperatures. The polymeric structure of gelatin stabilized the HAuCl4/HEPES/gelatin system and slowed the synthesis of AuNPs, enabling a time-dependent investigation. Based on the results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis and UV–Vis spectra, we identified three distinct stages involved in the synthesis of AuNPs. First, during the initial stage, the reduction of gold precursor occurred along with nucleation and growth, which resulted in a red-shift phenomenon of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak of AuNPs in UV–Vis spectra (size and size dispersion increase). Second, the LSPR peaks showed red-shift first and then blue-shift during the growth of AuNPs. The blue-shift might result from the diffusion-limited Ostwald-ripening mechanism. Third, as the supply of the growth species became lower, during the growth of AuNPs, a diffusion-limited Ostwald-ripening mechanism along with a blue-shift only phenomenon in UV–Vis spectra was observed. We also determined that slowing the synthesis process during the nucleation stage can prolong the nucleation time, which can generate larger AuNPs. The TEM analysis showed that higher heating temperature and longer heating time can lead to larger particles. By controlling the reduction (nucleation) time, heating time and temperature, AuNPs of size ranging from 5 to 17 nm can be synthesized.
Entropy and Arithmetic Quotients for Simple Automorphism Groups of Geometric Manifolds

Let G be a connected simple Lie group, and suppose G acts on a compact real analytic manifold M. Assume that G preserves a unimodular rigid geometric structure, for example a connection and a volume form. The aim of this paper is to describe the measure theoretic structure of such actions, when ℝ-rank(G)≥2.
Epitope-Specific Focusing of the Immune Response to a Minimized Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Analog

Minimized proteins have long been used to elicit an immune response to particular regions of a protein antigen. Most efforts to derive minimized proteins have employed synthetic peptide fragments. This approach works well for linear epitopes but poorly for conformational epitopes. Here we describe a homodimeric human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) analog that retains the conformation of related parts of hCG and elicits high affinity specific antibodies. This novel immunogen displays the tertiary structure of selected loops of the protein but lacks structures that could elicit potentially undesirable antibodies.
Thyroid hormone and DNA binding properties of A mutant c-erbAβ receptor associated with generalized thyroid hormone resistance

We have previously reported a family, Kindred A, with autosomal dominant generalized thyroid hormone resistance in which affected members were found to have a mutation in the carboxy-terminal domain of the c-erbA beta thyroid hormone receptor. In the current study, the thyroid hormone and DNA-binding properties of this mutant receptor were determined using c-erbA beta protein synthesized in vitro. Both the wild-type human placental c-erbA beta and Kindred A receptors bound [125I]-triiodothyronine, although the Kindred A receptor had decreased affinity for the hormone. The affinity for triiodothyronine was 4.5 x 10(9) M-1 and 2.3 x 10(10) M-1 for the mutant and wild-type receptors, respectively. No abnormality of DNA-binding was detected with the Kindred A receptor using a sensitive avidin-biotin DNA-binding assay with DNA fragments containing thyroid hormone response elements. The Kindred A mutant receptor which displays abnormal triiodothyronine-binding but normal DNA-binding activities in vitro acts as a dominant negative inhibitor of thyroid hormone action in man.
The role of lymphangiography in vulvar carcinoma

The records of all patients with vulvar carcinoma seen at Washington University School of Medicine between 1970 and 1983 were reviewed to determine the role of lymphangiography in the management of patients with vulvar malignancy. Forty-three patients were identified who had a preoperative lymphangiogram followed by radical vulvectomy and lymph node dissection. Thirty-two films were available for review. Seventy-seven sets of lymph nodes were obtained from the 32 patients. Overall diagnostic accuracy was 42 of 77 (54.5%), with a sensitivity of three of 19 (15.7%) and a specificity of 39 of 59 (66.1%). Corresponding values for inguinal nodes were 26 of 57 (45.6%), two of 16 (12.5%), and 24 of 41 (58.5%), respectively. Accuracy rates for pelvic nodes were 16 of 21 (76.2%) with a sensitivity rate of one of three (33%) and a specificity of 15 of 18 (83%). Negative scans were more likely to be accurate than positive scans, 88.6% versus 30%. While a negative lymphangiogram may be helpful in predicting the absence of metastases, its poor specificity limits its widespread usefulness.
Craniofacial divergence by distinct prenatal growth patterns in Fgfr2 mutant mice

Differences in cranial morphology arise due to changes in fundamental cell processes like migration, proliferation, differentiation and cell death driven by genetic programs. Signaling between fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) affect these processes during head development and mutations in FGFRs result in congenital diseases including FGFR-related craniosynostosis syndromes. Current research in model organisms focuses primarily on how these mutations change cell function local to sutures under the hypothesis that prematurely closing cranial sutures contribute to skull dysmorphogenesis. Though these studies have provided fundamentally important information contributing to the understanding of craniosynostosis conditions, knowledge of changes in cell function local to the sutures leave change in overall three-dimensional cranial morphology largely unexplained. Here we investigate growth of the skull in two inbred mouse models each carrying one of two gain-of-function mutations in FGFR2 on neighboring amino acids (S252W and P253R) that in humans cause Apert syndrome, one of the most severe FGFR-related craniosynostosis syndromes. We examine late embryonic skull development and suture patency in Fgfr2 Apert syndrome mice between embryonic day 17.5 and birth and quantify the effects of these mutations on 3D skull morphology, suture patency and growth. We show in mice what studies in humans can only infer: specific cranial growth deviations occur prenatally and worsen with time in organisms carrying these FGFR2 mutations. We demonstrate that: 1) distinct skull morphologies of each mutation group are established by E17.5; 2) cranial suture patency patterns differ between mice carrying these mutations and their unaffected littermates; 3) the prenatal skull grows differently in each mutation group; and 4) unique Fgfr2-related cranial morphologies are exacerbated by late embryonic growth patterns. Our analysis of mutation-driven changes in cranial growth provides a previously missing piece of knowledge necessary for explaining variation in emergent cranial morphologies and may ultimately be helpful in managing human cases carrying these same mutations. This information is critical to the understanding of craniofacial development, disease and evolution and may contribute to the evaluation of incipient therapeutic strategies.
A comparison of verbal and non-verbal reports of fragmenting visual Images

Sixty-eight Ss voluntarily restrained head, eye and blinking movements while viewing a luminous “HB” figure in a darkened room. All Ss were told that voluntary fixation would cause parts of the pattern to disappear; they were to report the parts that remained intact. Half of the Ss reported their disappearances verbally. The other half traced their disappearances on an outline “HB” figure. Results showed that the verbal method significantly favored the reporting of elements from the set H, h, B, b, 1, 11, +. These data suggest that response bias rather than perceptual organization may be responsible for the preponderance of meaningful disappearances noted in previous research.
Treatment of myositis ossificans traumatica in athletes

Myositis ossificans traumatica, although it is one of a number of heterotopic bone formation entities, is a specific lesion with a clearly recognized etiology and natural evolutionary pattern. Early conservative treatment with rest, elevation, and immobilization minimizes additional trauma and decreases the likelihood of incapacitating bone formation. Subsequently, active range of motion exercises progressing to resistive exercises usually effect a satisfactory recovery and return to full athletic participation. With this treatment regimen, few athletes will be left with significant functional impairment. However, surgery does have a definite role in the treatment of this condition and is indicated in those athletes who develop a large mass of mature lamellar bone which is painful and is associated with muscle weakness and a significant loss of joint motion. Four patients are presented in which surgery resulted in satisfactory recovery and return to full participation in football.
Specific detection of anti-idiotypic immune responses in cancer patients treated with murine monoclonal antibody.

Abstract Procedures are described for the specific detection in cancer patients' sera of human antibodies raised during the course of monoclonal antibody (MAb) immunotherapy against common and idiotypic determinants of monoclonal anti-colon carcinoma antibody 17-1A. The possible interference of serum factors in these assays other than human anti-murine immunoglobulin antibodies has been virtually excluded. Minimal detectable concentrations of antibody in the various assays ranged between 0.1 and 2.8 μg antibody per ml serum. Thirty-five of 41 patients who raised an immune response against the administered MAb produced anti-idiotypic antibodies in concentrations of up to 42 μg per ml serum. Anti-idiotypic antibodies persisted in the blood for up to 475 days following the administration of a single dose of MAb. A significant proportion of the anti-idiotypic antibodies were directed against the antigen-combining site of the MAb. The importance of these results in light of possible immunoregulatory functions of the anti-idiotypic antibodies is discussed.
Beneficial Effect of Immobilization On the Characteristics of A Spectrofluormetric Reagent For Aluminum

Abstract Rigid immobilization of 2,2′,4-trihydroxyazo-benzene on triazine modified cellulose is shown to extend the pH range over which this ligand forms a fluorescent complex with Al+3 In the nonimmobilized form a nonfluorescent two-to-one complex competes with the fluorescent one-to-one complex and is favored under neutral conditions. the substrate and immobilization linkage used here are demonstrated to be sufficiently rigid to inhibit the formation of the spectroscopically undesirable bis complex. This phenomenon increases the potential applicability of the ligand as a spectrofluorometric reagent for Al+3. This result should be generally applicable to other photometric reagents where the mono complex is the analytically desirable form and where the potential application of the reagent is to optical methods employing immobilized reagents.
The active site of yeast endo-polygalacturonase contains seven subsites

Abstract The rate of hydrolysis of oligomers by the endopolygalacturonase of yeast is in the order: heptamer > hexamer > pentamer > tetramer. This suggests that the active site accommodates at least 7 units. Since the heptamer disappears concurrently with the bulk of larger oligomers, the maximum number of units appears to be 7. The release of labelled (unsaturated, or 3 H labelled and reduced) end units from larger substrate is interpreted to indicate that the enzyme interacts with 3 saccharide units toward the reducing end from the bond to be broken, and with 4 units toward the non-reducing end. The relative affinities for the enzyme of saccharide units in various positions are unequal, as indicated by the very low relative rate of monomer production from the hydrolysis of hexamer and pentamer, and the apparently unequal probability of two other modes of hexamer hydrolysis [(tetramer + dimer) = 2.5 (trimer + trimer)].
Rapid QuEChERS Approach Using Novel Solid Phase Extraction for Insecticides in Lobster and Shellfish Tissue with Gas Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Novel, rapid, inexpensive, and simple QuEChERS extraction followed by phospholipid solid phase extraction was successfully developed and validated for the determination of methoprene, resmethrin, bifenthrin, cyhalothrin, and permethrin in lobster and shellfish tissues by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. This method is equivalent in final sample purity to the traditional gel permeation and open column chromatography sample preparation techniques, but has clear advantages due to reductions in time, labor, solvent use, and can be performed with minimal staff training. The proposed methodology was effectively applied to the analysis of North Atlantic lobster (hepatopancreas and muscle) and shellfish tissue. The linearity of the calibration curves for all analytes were R2 > 0.9991. The surrogate recoveries were 98.2 ± 18.0%, while the target compound recoveries, for fortified samples, were in the range of 62.0%–128.8% with RSD values <17.2% for all compounds. The detection limits for the analytes r...
Distributed semiconductor R-C network analysis for various electrode configurations☆

Abstract The impedance of a semiconducting sheet of arbitrary boundary overlaid by a gate capacitance is analyzed as a function of frequency; the contacts are the gate contact and an ohmic contact at the sheet boundary. General asymptotic expressions for low and high frequency capacitance and for high frequency resistance are given. The low frequency equivalent series resistance is characterized by a form factor which depends on the configuration of the contact and can be determined experimentally from the frequencies at which equivalent circuit parameters extrapolated from the low and high frequency regimes intersect. The theoretical solution for the impedance pertaining to a rectangular boundary is given. The dependence of the impedance on the external a.c. circuit termination to a second gate contact is discussed for the case that the semiconducting sheet is bounded by distributed gate capacitances at both sides.
Gastroprotective and antisecretory effects of ebrotidine.

This study was designed to assess the gastroprotective and secretory effects of ebrotidine, a novel H2-receptor antagonist, in humans. Two groups (A and B) of male subjects with normal gastric mucosa were used. Group A (six subjects) was treated for 3 days with either ebrotidine or placebo in a randomized, crossover study, and on the 4th day 100 ml of 50% ethanol was sprayed on the mucosa via an endoscope. Pretreatment with ebrotidine significantly reduced the endoscopic score of mucosal damage and deep hemorrhagic lesions caused by ethanol as compared with those in placebo-treated subjects. In group B (six subjects) the 24-h pH-metry was assessed with an intraluminal pH electrode placed in the gastric corpus and connected to portable recording apparatus. A single oral dose of ebrotidine (800 mg) caused a significant reduction in circadian acidity and resulted in a marked and significant inhibition of acid secretion for about 6h on administration. We conclude that ebrotidine is highly effective as a gastr...
Sucrase-alpha-dextrinase in the spontaneously diabetic BioBreed Wistar rat: altered intracellular carbohydrate processing.

Sucrase-alpha-dextrinase (S-D), a glycoprotein hydrolase in the border surface of the enterocyte, is altered in congenitally diabetic BioBreed Wistar (BB(d)) rats. Its intracellular assembly was examined in the current studies. Following pulse-chase experiments, S--D was specifically immuno-isolated from ER-Golgi and brush border membranes, and examined by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. While synthesis and co-translational glycosylation of an immature species, P(i), in the ER proceeded normally, post-translational maturation of the N-linked carbohydrate chains was altered in the BB(d) rat. The mature species, P(m), was 10 kDa larger in BB(d) than in normal rats, and approximately 25% of its N-linked chains remained immature. The difference in mass was attributed to an appreciably larger mass of the O-linked chains of P(m) in BB(d) rats. In vivo kinetics of intracellular assembly displayed a delay in the appearance of P(m) in Golgi (Wistar, 15 min; BB(d), 30--60 min). These experiments, revealing structural alterations in congenital diabetes suggest an important role for intracellular glycosylation in the orderly assembly and processing of brush border S-D in the enterocyte.
B-type natriuretic peptide and sepsis: it is not just the heart.

Several biomarkers have been described to correlate with the severity and mortality of sepsis-related illness [1]. The biomarkers can be by-products or may contribute directly to the pathogenesis or modulation of sepsis. The cause–effect relationship of biomarkers in sepsis and clinical outcome remains elusive. The B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is one of the biomarkers that are increasingly being measured in sepsis to predict clinical outcome.
Alcohol consumption reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury by species-specific signaling in guinea pigs and rats

We recently discovered that regular alcohol consumption reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury to the same degree as ischemic preconditioning in guinea pig hearts. Ischemic preconditioning, like this ...
Design of a nanosensor array architecture

This paper describes a nanowire sensor array architecture for high-speed, high-accuracy sensor systems. The chip has very simple processing elements (PEs) in a massively parallel architecture, in which each PE is directly connected to seven sensors. A sampling rate of 100 ns is enough to realized high-speed sensing feedback for electronic nose. We aim to create a very simple architecture, because a compact design is required ton integrate as many PEs as possible on a single chip. A widely used, easy to implement estimator-minimum distance classifier is introduced to realize the pattern recognition. A sample design is implemented in VHDL and has been simulated and synthesized using TSMC 0.25 standard cell library and a commercial 0.16 standard cell library.
Knee osteoarthritis, body mass index and pain: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative

Abstract Objective. This study aimed to determine whether BMI increases knee pain as measured from self-re-ported surveys even when controlling for OA severity as measured by osteophytes and joint space nar-rowing visible on X-rays.Methods. Data available through the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) were analysed, which included a sampleof 4769 individuals, to answer the above question regarding OA, excess weight and pain. OA severity wasassessed through baseline X-rays on right knees that were scored on a composite quasi-Kellgren andLawrence grade. Weight was assessed through BMI. Pain was assessed through self-reports of theWOMAC pain subset as well as a 30-day pain severity question based on a 0 10 scale. Data wereanalysed using SPSS and analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) were run to examine models adjusted forage, smoking, prior injury, pain medication and Heberden’s nodes. Critical alpha levels were set at 0.05.Results. The results reported here confirm that knee pain does increase with OA severity. However,ANCOVA multiple regressions with controls reveal that even when taking into account OA severity, indi-viduals with higher BMIs experience greater pain than individuals with lower BMIs.Conclusion. Weight loss may reduce knee OA pain even if the osteological symptoms are not treated.Key words: knee osteoarthritis, pain, body mass index.
Simulation of Thin-Film Damping and Thermal Mechanical Noise Spectra for Advanced Micromachined Microphone Structures

In many micromachined sensors the thin (2-10 thick) air film between a compliant diaphragm and backplate electrode plays a dominant role in shaping both the dynamic and thermal noise characteristics of the device. Silicon microphone structures used in grating-based optical-interference microphones have recently been introduced that employ backplates with minimal area to achieve low damping and low thermal noise levels. Finite-element based modeling procedures based on 2-D discretization of the governing Reynolds equation are ideally suited for studying thin-film dynamics in such structures which utilize relatively complex backplate geometries. In this paper, the dynamic properties of both the diaphragm and thin air film are studied using a modal projection procedure in a commonly used finite element software and the results are used to simulate the dynamic frequency response of the coupled structure to internally generated electrostatic actuation pressure. The model is also extended to simulate thermal mechanical noise spectra of these advanced sensing structures. In all cases simulations are compared with measured data and show excellent agreement - demonstrating 0.8 and 1.8 thermal force and thermal pressure noise levels, respectively, for the 1.5 mm diameter structures under study which have a fundamental diaphragm resonance-limited bandwidth near 20 kHz.
Increasing radiation from sentinel node specimens in pathology over time.

Previous studies have recommended no special precautions for radiation when handling sentinel node specimens in the pathology laboratory. We reviewed 7 years of data concerning radioactivity in 2,902 sentinel node and primary resection specimens received in our pathology laboratory. The percentage of specimens with greater than background radiation (≥0.2 mrem/h) rose from 6.3% to 34.8% from 2003 to 2009 (P < .001); specimens with more than 10 mrem/h rose from 0.0% to 9.3% (P < .001). Four specimens were measured at 100 mrem/h. While mastectomy followed by skin excisions for melanoma were the most common specimens to have radiation more than 2.0 mrem/h (32.2% and 27.3%, respectively), this level of radiation was found in all types of cases examined. The radiation dose administered to individual patients for specimens with more than 30 mrem/h was significantly higher than a sample of specimens with less than 0.2 mrem/h (n = 25 each; median, 1.3 and 1.0 mCi, respectively; P = .02). While the higher level of radiation we found correlates with increasing administered dose of radiation, other factors may also have a role. Routine measurement of radioactivity for all sentinel node specimens in the pathology laboratory is recommended.
Optimal Leverage in Real Estate Investment with Mezzanine Lending

Executive Summary. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the optimal leverage for the purpose of investing in real estate under the condition that borrowing in excess of a standard amount s...
A novel design of IEEE 802.15.3 MAC over UWB

In this paper, we introduce a novel design for the medium access control (MAC) layer of IEEE 802.15.3, which is defined for a high-rate WPAN system. We split the 802.15.3 MAC into two layers: upper layer MAC and lower layer MAC, according to the different timing requirements. Thus, our MAC implementation includes two main modules: (1) a 802.15.3 network interface card (NIC) which is responsible for only direct transmission/reception and other timing critical functions such as protocol accelerator; (2) a driver in operating system (OS) which is a flexible plug-in module and allows us to implement some non-timing-critical intelligent algorithms. The proposed approach has many advantages such as scalability, flexibility and low cost for chip vendors.
A Novel Subwavelength Transmission Resonance in Farby-Perot Resonator with Hyperbolic Metamaterials

We describe a novel zero-th order transmission resonance in a Fabry-Perot resonator with planar hyperbolic metamaterials. This resonance combines sub-wavelength light confinement with strong radiative coupling.
Context-dependent savings in procedural category learning

Environmental context can have a profound influence on the efficacy of intervention protocols designed to eliminate undesirable behaviors. This is clearly seen in drug rehabilitation clinics where patients often relapse soon after leaving the context of the treatment facility. A similar pattern is commonly observed in controlled laboratory studies of context-dependent savings in instrumental conditioning, where simply placing an animal back into the original conditioning chamber can renew an extinguished instrumental response. Surprisingly, context-dependent savings in human procedural learning has not been carefully examined in the laboratory. Here, we provide the first known empirical demonstration of context-dependent savings in a perceptual categorization task known to recruit procedural learning. We also present a computational account of these savings using a biologically detailed model in which a key role is played by cholinergic interneurons in the striatum.
Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome and Congenital Heart Defects: Presentation of an Additional 32 Cases

We read with interest the recent article in Pediatric Cardiology by Hills et al. [1]: Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome and Congenital Heart Defects: Presentation of an Additional 32 Cases. The authors are to be commended for their work, which sheds further light on the breadth and complexity of congenital heart disease (CHD) seen in patients with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EvC). We agree with the authors that the diagnostic precision afforded by the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium (PCCC) database is of great value in its application to EvC because such anatomic detail has not been provided in prior clinical reports. For a syndrome with a 60–70% incidence of CHD, the detailed focus on CHD in this paper is of value to pediatric cardiologists, cardiovascular surgeons, and other providers involved in the care of children with EvC. With respect to outcomes after CHD surgery for patients with EvC, however, some of the results described by Hills et al. [1] were unclear to us. We recently reported outcomes of CHD surgery for children with EvC during the recent era in a smaller, mostly Amish, population [2]. Similar to the findings by Hills et al. [1], we noted a relatively high incidence of systemic venous abnormalities (33%) in our study. However, and in seeming contrast to the data reported by Hills et al. [1], we found that CHD surgery for patients with EvC was associated with a postoperative mortality rate of 44%, with the deaths occurring at a median of 102 days (range, 25–149 days) postoperatively. This incidence is substantially higher than that reported in the study by Hills et al. [1], in which no postoperative deaths were reported. In our study, the majority of deaths were related to respiratory complications, presumably on account of the thoracic dystrophy that is a hallmark of EvC. It is unclear to us how Hills et al. [1] evaluated followup and postoperative mortality in their series of patients. A major limitation of the PCCC database is incomplete or missing follow-up data [3]. In the study by Hills et al. [1], therefore, what was the duration of the follow-up period? A shorter follow-up period (i.e., 30 days), used frequently to determine postoperative mortality, may not be sufficient to capture the true effect of CHD surgery on the respiratory system in EvC. Although we certainly support the concept of repair or palliation of CHD in patients with EvC, we stress that surgery for CHD in patients with EvC is a highrisk undertaking. In our study, substantial mortality was not the only notable finding. In addition, all those surviving surgery experienced postoperative respiratory morbidity (prolonged need for supplemental oxygen, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and tracheostomy). Those involved in the care of children with EvC must consider such data when making treatment decisions and counseling families.
Evolutionary principles of modular gene regulation in yeasts

Divergence in gene regulation can play a major role in evolution. Here, we used a phylogenetic framework to measure mRNA profiles in 15 yeast species from the phylum Ascomycota and reconstruct the evolution of their modular regulatory programs along a time course of growth on glucose over 300 million years. We found that modules have diverged proportionally to phylogenetic distance, with prominent changes in gene regulation accompanying changes in lifestyle and ploidy, especially in carbon metabolism. Paralogs have significantly contributed to regulatory divergence, typically within a very short window from their duplication. Paralogs from a whole genome duplication (WGD) event have a uniquely substantial contribution that extends over a longer span. Similar patterns occur when considering the evolution of the heat shock regulatory program measured in eight of the species, suggesting that these are general evolutionary principles. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00603.001
Theoretical and Practical Requirements for the Valid Measurement by Indicator-Dilution of Regurgitant Flow Across Incompetent Valves

A theory is presented for the measurement of regurgitant flow across an incompetent valve by injection of indicator distal to the valve and recording of time concentration curves proximal and distal to the valve. The conditions which must be met for valid measurements are examined and demonstrated by a functioning mechanical model of the heart. The method is valid regardless of the size of the residual volumes or degree of mixing with these volumes if a representative sample of the concentration of indicator in the blood moving across the valve in both directions is obtained.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel Weldments

An experiment was conducted to investigate the role of weld residual stress on stress corrosion cracking in welded carbon steel plates prototypic to those used for nuclear waste storage tanks. Carbon steel specimen plates were butt-joined with Gas Metal Arc Welding technique. Initial cracks (seed cracks) were machined across the weld and in the heat affected zone. These specimen plates were then submerged in a simulated high level radioactive waste chemistry environment. Stress corrosion cracking occurred in the as-welded plate but not in the stress-relieved duplicate. A detailed finite element analysis to simulate exactly the welding process was carried out, and the resulting temperature history was used to calculate the residual stress distribution in the plate for characterizing the observed stress corrosion cracking. It was shown that the cracking can be predicted for the through-thickness cracks perpendicular to the weld by comparing the experimental KISCC to the calculated stress intensity factors due to the welding residual stress. The predicted crack lengths agree reasonably well with the test data. The final crack lengths appear to be dependent on the details of welding and the sequence of machining the seed cracks, consistent with the prediction.
The Interdisciplinary Influence of Library and Information Science 1996–2004: A Journal-to-Journal Citation Analysis

Using citation data from Journal Citation Reports (JCR) 1996–2004, this research replicates Meyer and Spencer's analysis of other-field citations to Library and Information Science (LIS) journals from 1972 to 1994. After 1994, JCR added LIS journals emphasizing empirical, information science research and simultaneously dropped journals addressing the profession of librarianship. The newly added journals attract a broader interdisciplinary readership—a readership reflected in a 14 percent increase in other-field citations of the LIS journals. The LIS journals included in both this and the Meyer and Spencer research, a list dominated by titles frequently read and cited by others in the LIS discipline, have not received an equal increase in other-field citations.
An efficient optimal reconfiguration algorithm for FBRNs

We study a new network architecture called FBRN (FDDI-based reconfigurable network). An FBRN consists of multiple FDDI token rings and has the ability to reconfigure itself in the event of network faults. Thus, an FBRN has the potential to provide high available bandwidth even in the presence of numerous faults. Realization of this potential depends crucially on the choice of reconfiguration algorithm. We design and analyze a distributed reconfiguration algorithm for FBRNs. Our algorithm is optimal in the sense that it always produces a configuration that has the maximum available bandwidth possible for the given fault pattern. This algorithm has polynomial time complexity and hence can be efficiently implemented. We evaluate the algorithm's performance in terms of the available bandwidth in the network as a function of the number of faults.
IMMUNOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF VACCINE VIRUS : I. PREPARATION OF ELEMENTARY BODIES OF VACCINIA.

By means of differential centrifugation in the horizontal and angle centrifuges it is possible to obtain appreciable quantities of relatively pure elementary bodies of vaccinia. Such preparations of elementary bodies exhibit an extremely high titer of vaccine virus. The elementary bodies are specifically agglutinated by serum from rabbits immunized by means of injections of bacteria-free vaccine virus. Virus-free filtrates of dermal vaccine virus and of bacteria-free testicular vaccine virus contain a soluble substance or substances that is precipitated by antivaccinal sera.
Axonopathy and transport deficits early in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.

We identified axonal defects in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease that preceded known disease-related pathology by more than a year; we observed similar axonal defects in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease in humans. Axonal defects consisted of swellings that accumulated abnormal amounts of microtubule-associated and molecular motor proteins, organelles, and vesicles. Impairing axonal transport by reducing the dosage of a kinesin molecular motor protein enhanced the frequency of axonal defects and increased amyloid-β peptide levels and amyloid deposition. Reductions in microtubule-dependent transport may stimulate proteolytic processing of β-amyloid precursor protein, resulting in the development of senile plaques and Alzheimer's disease.
The Idea of Levels (Stufen) in the Philosophical Tradition

In the present chapter those elements of the philosophical tradition which may be said to involve a structure of levels are examined (7.1). The analysis begins with some miscellaneous remarks about several doctrines which seem to be of this kind (7.2–7.4). As for second intentions (the most suitable theme for comparison with Frege’s and contemporary logic’s levels), little research has been done which could serve as a starting point. After examining three important cases (Aquinas, Scotus, Ockham 7 51–7.53), I propose some general considerations about the usual manner of presenting second intentions in traditional textbooks (7.54). Although Nizolius’ contribution to second intentions seems to be unimportant, he is the only (known) “extensionalist” thinker of the philosophical tradition, and to this extent it was necessary to inquire whether he had classes of classes (7.55). In modern philosophy, second intentions and predicates of predicates no longer attract the attention of philosophers (7.56). Finally, Brentano’s views (7.57) are examined and the chapter is completed by a brief reference to Platonism and levels (7.58).
Presidential Address: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in the Era of Health Care Reform.

am honored by this opportunity to address my friends and colleagues in the Academy on the eve of my presiI dency. Guided by the belief that who we are determines the specifics of what we strive for in our professional lives, what I would like to do in the next few minutes is to discuss my priorities for the Academy in the context of my personal developmental pathway up to this point. For starters, a bit of biographical material is in order. I was the older of two children born to Ken and Beth Fritz, two Midwesterners who met during World War II, courted briefly, and then married for the rest of their lives. My father was a metallurgical engineer, a common profession in the steel-making towns of northern Ohio where he grew up. My mother was dissuaded from becoming a physician by the blatant sexism of her era, so she became a medical technician. She received her PhD in pathology as a re-entry woman when I was in the sixth grade, and she was on the research faculty at Albany Medical School until she retired. I always thought I would go into medicine; I took all of the prerequisites while I majored in American literature at Brown. What I never considered was psychiatry: essentially, I had never heard of it until, on a whim, I joined an interviewing class in the first year of medical school led by Dr. Paul Adler, a well-known Boston psychoanalyst. I was looking for an antidote to the 8-hour days of mind-numbing lectures, mindless memorizing, and passive learning. This elective fit the bill: it was real—real patients, real problems, and a real focus on empathy and understanding the unconscious. As the patients related their stories in the context of Dr. Adler’s skilled interviewing, our efforts to make sense of them were remarkably similar to studying American literature, and I was hooked. As I became convinced during medical school that psychiatry was the best fit for me, I was surprised by the push-back I encountered from attending physicians, people outside of medicine, and even some of my peers—although it is worth mentioning that almost 20% of my medical school class at Tufts in 1971 went into psychiatry. The very same disparaging and stigmatizing comments that I heard in the 1970s are still reported by today’s medical students: “Psychiatry is so unscientific.” “Psychiatrists are weird.” “Why waste a medical education?” The result: despite a crushing, current need for our services, only 4% to 5% of medical students enter psychiatric residencies. Any medical school that hits double digits stands out like a beacon.
What Is the Biological and Clinical Relevance of Fibrin

As our knowledge of the structure and functions of fibrinogen and fibrin has increased tremendously, several key findings have given some people a superficial impression that the biological and clinical significance of these clotting proteins may be less than earlier thought. Most strikingly, studies of fibrinogen knockout mice demonstrated that many of these mice survive to weaning and beyond, suggesting that fibrin(ogen) may not be entirely necessary. Humans with afibrinogenemia also survive. Furthermore, in recent years, the major emphasis in the treatment of arterial thrombosis has been on inhibition of platelets, rather than fibrin. In contrast to the initially apparent conclusions from these results, it has become increasingly clear that fibrin is essential for hemostasis; is a key factor in thrombosis; and plays an important biological role in infection, inflammation, immunology, and wound healing. In addition, fibrinogen replacement therapy has become a preferred, major treatment for severe bleeding in trauma and surgery. Finally, fibrin is a unique biomaterial and is used as a sealant or glue, a matrix for cells, a scaffold for tissue engineering, and a carrier and/or a vector for targeted drug delivery.
Thin Nanocolumnar Ge0.9Se0.1 Films Are Rapidly Lithiated/Delithiated

Thin films of amorphous nanocolumnar germanium subselenide Ge0.9Se0.1, with a lithiation/delithiation capacity of 1.2 Ahr g–1, retain a capacity of 0.8 Ahr g–1 when lithiated in 1.2 min and 0.5 Ahr g–1 when lithiated in 36 s. After 1000 cycles of 72 s lithiation/72 s delithiation, the films retain a capacity of 0.8 Ahr g–1. For delithiation in 3.3 s, the capacity is 0.9 Ahr g–1, and the specific delithiation current is 1.34 kA g–1 (kiloampere per gram).
How do health-maintenance organizations achieve their "savings"?

Abstract Health-maintenance organizations have been suggested as a way to stop spiraling medical costs. Although many of the arguments have been largely rhetorical, theoretical considerations suggest that the shift from fee for service to a fixed budget for the providers (physicians and hospitals) will result in substantial savings. Total costs (premium and out-of-pocket) for enrollees are 10 to 40 per cent lower than those for comparable people with health insurance. Enrollees in health-maintenance organizations have about as many ambulatory visits as comparison groups. Most of the cost differences are attributable to hospitalization rates about 30 per cent lower than those of conventionally insured populations. These lower hospitalization rates, in turn, are due almost entirely to lower admission rates; the average length of stay shows little difference. There is no evidence that health-maintenance organizations reduce admissions in discretionary or "unnecessary" categories; instead, the data suggest lo...
Interviewing Practices, Conversational Practices, and Rapport: Responsiveness and Engagement in the Standardized Survey Interview

"Rapport" has been used to refer to a range of positive psychological features of an interaction -- including a situated sense of connection or affiliation between interactional partners, comfort, willingness to disclose or share sensitive information, motivation to please, or empathy. Rapport could potentially benefit survey participation and response quality by increasing respondents' motivation to participate, disclose, or provide accurate information. Rapport could also harm data quality if motivation to ingratiate or affiliate caused respondents to suppress undesirable information. Some previous research suggests that motives elicited when rapport is high conflict with the goals of standardized interviewing. We examine rapport as an interactional phenomenon, attending to both the content and structure of talk. Using questions about end-of-life planning in the 2003-2005 wave of the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, we observe that rapport consists of behaviors that can be characterized as dimensions of responsiveness by interviewers and engagement by respondents. We identify and describe types of responsiveness and engagement in selected question-answer sequences and then devise a coding scheme to examine their analytic potential with respect to the criterion of future study participation. Our analysis suggests that responsive and engaged behaviors vary with respect to the goals of standardization-some conflict with these goals, while others complement them.
Collecting the Animals

A major hurdle for any research project in molecular ecology and evolution is first getting the animals (or their relevant tissues) into the laboratory. In other words, before conducting any protein or DNA analyses “at the bench,” the animals must be obtained from nature. Although this point may seem self-evident, it is worth emphasizing because collecting can be the most challenging aspect of a research enterprise, perhaps necessitating arduous fieldwork (sometimes in remote or dangerous locations) conducted over many days, weeks, or even months. Furthermore, the field technique(s) employed in a given project can be quite inventive, because each collecting method must be tailored to the idiosyncratic habits of the particular organisms being sought.
Designing, Packaging, and Delivery of High Titer CRISPR Retro and Lentiviruses via Stereotaxic Injection

Replication defective lentiviruses or retroviruses are capable of stably integrating transgenes into the genome of an infected host cell. This technique has been widely used to encode fluorescent proteins, opto- or chemo-genetic controllers of cell activity, or heterologous expression of human genes in model organisms. These viruses have also successfully been used to deliver recombinases to relevant target sites in transgenic animals, or even deliver small hairpin or micro RNAs in order to manipulate gene expression. While these techniques have been fruitful, they rely on transgenic animals (recombinases) or frequently lack high efficacy and specificity (shRNA/miRNA). In contrast, the CRISPR/Cas system uses an exogenous Cas nuclease which targets specific sites in an organism's genome via an exogenous guide RNA in order to induce double stranded breaks in DNA. These breaks are then repaired by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), producing insertion and deletion (indel) mutations that can result in deleterious missense or nonsense mutations. This manuscript provides detailed methods for the design, production, injection, and validation of single lenti/retro virus particles that can stably transduce neurons to express a fluorescent reporter, Cas9, and sgRNAs to knockout genes in a model organism.
Measurement and Correlation of Densities and Dynamic Viscosities of Perfluoropolyether Oils

The densities and dynamic viscosities of five different polydisperse perfluoropolyethers (PFPE) were measured at atmospheric pressure over the combined temperature range 263.15–373.15 K. For one PFPE being considered as a high-temperature high-pressure viscosity standard reference material, measurements were made on two separate samples to examine the lot-to-lot variability in density and viscosity; significant variability was observed only for the viscosity data. Experimental data were correlated as a function of temperature. A simple quadratic equation was used for density, while three equations (DIPPR, VFT, and Waterman) were applied to the viscosity data. The DIPPR equation represented the viscosity data with deviations approximately an order of magnitude lower than the other two equations.
Child Welfare and Delinquency: Examining Differences in First-Time Referrals of Crossover Youth within the Juvenile Justice System

i Acknowledgements ii List of Tables iv Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Review of Literature 3 Chapter 3: The Current Study 7 Chapter 4: Methods 9 Chapter 5: Results 15 Chapter 6: Discussion 27 References 33