cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pedicle Reduction Osteotomy in the Upper Cervical Spine: Technique, Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Objective To present a case report of the correction of a degenerative cervical 45-degree kyphosis centered at C4 with a single stage PSO. Summary of Background Data Correction of a fixed cervical kyphosis is a surgical challenge that is frequently managed with a combination of anterior and posterior surgical procedures. An alternative the three stage operation is a single stage pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO). A PSO releases the posterior, middle and anterior columns of the spine by resecting the facet joints, pedicles, and a portion of the vertebral body at the apex of a kyphosis through a posterior approach. Methods This was a case report of a patient who had degenerative cervical 45 degree kyphosis and was corrected with a single stage pedicle subtraction osteotomy. We did a literature review to provide information on current techniques to treat these patients. Results With careful resection of the lateral mass and decompression of the vertebral artery by removal of the posterior margin of the foramen transversarium the upper cervical pedicles can be accessed and a PSO can be performed. The vertebral arteries were not obstructed or kinked with posterior reduction of the PSO in this case. Conclusions A closing wedge PSO is a useful tool for correcting fixed kyphotic deformities in the upper cervical spine. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the long-term outcomes in these patients.
Bounded Linear Operators in Non-Archimedean Banach Spaces

This chapter is devoted to basic properties of bounded linear operators on non-archimedean Banach spaces. The proofs of some of these basic results will be given. Special emphasis will be upon some of these classes of bounded linear operators including finite rank linear operators, completely continuous linear operators, and Fredholm linear operators.
Ultrasound-guided drainage and sclerosis of a cystic myometrial mass.

Adenomyosis is the diffuse presence of endometrial implants within the myometrium. Adenomyoma are less common focal implants, which rarely become cystic, and then manifest with dysmenorrhoea. Cysti...
The Role of Hemocytes in the Hawaiian Bobtail Squid, Euprymna scolopes: A Model Organism for Studying Beneficial Host-Microbe Interactions.

Most, if not all, animals engage in associations with bacterial symbionts. Understanding the mechanisms by which host immune systems and beneficial bacteria communicate is a fundamental question in the fields of immunology and symbiosis. The Hawaiian bobtail squid (Euprymna scolopes) engages in two known symbioses; a binary relationship with the light organ symbiont Vibrio fischeri, and a bacterial consortium within a specialized organ of the female reproductive system, the accessory nidamental gland (ANG). E. scolopes has a well-developed circulatory system that allows immune cells (hemocytes) to migrate into tissues, including the light organ and ANG. In the association with V. fischeri, hemocytes are thought to have a number of roles in the management of symbiosis, including the recognition of non-symbiotic bacteria and the contribution of chitin as a nutrient source for V. fischeri. Hemocytes are hypothesized to recognize bacteria through interactions between pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Colonization by V. fischeri has been shown to affect the bacteria-binding behavior, gene expression, and proteome of hemocytes, indicating that the symbiont can modulate host immune function. In the ANG, hemocytes have also been observed interacting with the residing bacterial community. As a model host, E. scolopes offers a unique opportunity to study how the innate immune system interacts with both a binary and consortial symbiosis. This perspective will recapitulate what is known about the role of hemocytes in the light organ association and offer future directions for understanding how these immune cells interact with multiple types of symbioses.
Microskills Training: A Model for Teaching Verbal Processing Skills in Music Therapy

Les chercheurs en musicotherapie ont suggere que le traitement verbal est largement integre dans la pratique de la musicotherapie, bien que la mise en œuvre specifique varie en fonction de l'approche therapeutique et du niveau de fonctionnement des clients. Les resultats des etudes de musicotherapie ont suggere que les clients trouvent le traitement verbal a la fois important et utile, mais le developpement des techniques de traitement verbal peut etre difficile pour les musicotherapeutes et les etudiants en musicotherapie. Etant donne la complexite des competences requises, l'inclusion d'un modele ou d'un cadre peut aider a concentrer et a organiser le developpement des competences. Un modele qui peut avoir une grande utilite parmi la pratique de la musicotherapie est le modele micro-competences (microconseils). Le miconseils repose sur des competences ethiques et culturelles, s'adresse aux competences de maniere hierarchique et peut etre combine avec un certain nombre d'approches theoriques. La recherche montre que ce modele a ete traduit avec succes dans 21 langues, utilise dans une gamme de professions d'aide, et a enseigne a la fois en formats traditionnelle et auto-instruction. Peut-etre le plus important, le modele se concentre initialement sur les competences necessaires a tous les musicotherapeutes, independamment de l'orientation theorique, puis progresse vers les competences necessaires pour faciliter efficacement les interventions de musicotherapie communes, comme la discussion chanson. La combinaison de ce modele avec d'autres elements de l'education musicotherapie peut mieux promouvoir le developpement des competences et guider les musicotherapeutes dans l'utilisation des competences.
How Do Obstetric and Neonatology Teams Communicate Prior to High-Risk Deliveries?

Background Improving communication in healthcare improves the quality of care and patient outcomes, but communication between obstetric and neonatal teams before and during a high-risk delivery is poorly studied. Study Design We developed a survey to study communication between obstetric and neonatal teams around the time of a high-risk delivery. We surveyed neonatologists from North America and asked them to answer questions about their institutions' communication practices. Results The survey answers revealed variations in communication practices between responders. Most institutions relied on nursing to communicate obstetric information to the neonatal team. Although a minority of institutions used a standardized communication process to summon neonatology team or to communicate in the delivery room, these reported higher rates of information sharing and greater satisfaction with communication between services. Conclusion Standardized communication procedures are an underutilized method of communication and have the potential to improve communication around high-risk deliveries.
Abstract 13586: Early Initiation of Oral Intake in Adult Patients After Cardiothoracic Surgery is Safe and Reduces Thirst: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial

Aim: Tradition-based care dictates that patients fast for several hours post-cardiothoracic (CT) surgery due to concerns for adverse events (nausea, vomiting, dysphagia, aspiration pneumonia), alth...
Policymakers Identify Priorities for PHSSR

A major goal for the health services research community is to provide evidence policymakers can use to improve the public’s health. However, it can be difficult to know what evidence policymakers want and how they decide what research to fund. In order to understand where policymakers turn for evidence and how they make funding decisions amid fiscal and political constraints, AcademyHealth conducted a 3-part Fireside Chat series in the spring of 2014. This editorial summarizes the evidence gaps identified, and provides strategies for communicating with decision makers.
Actions of norepinephrine in the cerebral cortex and thalamus: implications for function of the central noradrenergic system.

Norepinephrine (NE) has potent and long-lasting ionic effects on cortical and thalamic neurons. In cortical pyramidal cells, activation of β-adrenergic receptors results in an enhanced excitability and responsiveness to depolarizing inputs. This enhanced excitability is expressed as a reduction in spike frequency adaptation and is mediated by a marked suppression of a slow Ca++-activated potassium current known as IAHP. In the thalamus, application of NE results in the suppression of ongoing rhythmic burst activity and a switch to the single spike firing mode of action potential generation. This effect is mediated through an α1-adrenergic suppression of a resting leak potassium current, IKL, and through a β-adrenoceptor-mediated enhancement of the hyperpolarization activated cation current Ih. Together with the actions of other neuromodulatory neurotransmitters (i.e., acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin) these effects facilitate the switch of these neurons from a state of rhythmic oscillation and low excitability during drowsiness and slow-wave sleep to a state of increased excitability and responsiveness during periods of waking, attentiveness and cognition.
Nurturing culture in psychology: Conversations with Gustav:

Over the course of his long career, Gustav Jahoda was both a supporter and a trenchant critic of my efforts to elaborate a theory of culture and cognition. Toward the end of his life, he argued tha...
Neuroendocrine aging precedes perimenopause and is regulated by DNA methylation

Perimenopause marks initiation of female reproductive senescence. Age of onset is only 47% heritable suggesting that additional factors other than inheritance regulate this endocrine aging transition. To elucidate these factors, we characterized transcriptional and epigenomic changes across endocrine aging using a rat model that recapitulates characteristics of the human perimenopause. RNA-seq analysis revealed that hypothalamic aging precedes onset of perimenopause. In the hypothalamus, global DNA methylation declined with both age and reproductive senescence. Genome-wide epigentic analysis revealed changes in DNA methylation in genes required for hormone signaling, glutamate signaling, and melatonin and circadian pathways. Specific epignetic changes in these signaling pathways provide insight into the origin of perimenopause-associated neurological symptoms such as insomnia. Treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, a DNA-methyltransferase-1 inhibitor, accelerated transition to reproductive senescence/ whereas supplementation with methionine, a S-adenosylmethionine precursor, delayed onset of perimenopause and endocrine aging. Collectively, these data provide evidence for a critical period of female neuroendocrine aging in brain that precedes ovarian failure and that DNA methylation regulates the transition duration of perimenopause to menopause.
Nutrition Support Therapy During Critical Illness

Triggers leading to critical illness, including sepsis, respiratory failure, trauma, and burns, stimulate the metabolic response to stress. This response often leads to uncontrolled catabolism, which may culminate in a calorie deficit, proteolysis (and negative nitrogen balance), and anabolic resistance. Nutrition support was historically viewed as a means to reduce the calorie deficit and restore nitrogen balance. Today, nutrition, particularly enteral nutrition (EN), is viewed as a form of support therapy, a proactive means to preserve gut integrity, modulate inflammation, and maintain gut immunity. Unfortunately, the optimal dose and timing of nutrition support therapy is unknown. Some experts advocate for early and aggressive nutrition, while others maintain a “less is more” stance during the first week of critical illness. Since no two critically ill patients are alike, identifying which patients will benefit from early (and perhaps aggressive) nutrition support therapy is key. Validated scoring systems have emerged to guide the clinician in determining nutritional risk, or the risk of complications in critically ill adult patients who receive little to no nutrition. EN, for its non-nutritional benefits, is still preferred over parenteral nutrition (PN). PN is emerging as a safe and feasible alternative when EN is contraindicated or not tolerated. Since critical care survivors are often debilitated due to acquired loss of muscle mass, emerging observational data suggests protein may be the optimal macronutrient to target, irrespective of overall calorie goal. Clinicians should be aware of patient-, provider-, and institutional process-related barriers that may limit access to or impair nutrition delivery.
Reward activation in childhood predicts adolescent substance use initiation in a high-risk sample.

Abstract Background Substance use at an early age conveys substantial risk for later substance-related problems. A better understanding of early risk factors could result in more timely and effective intervention. This study investigated the predictive utility of the brain’s response to reward anticipation as a risk factor for early substance use initiation. Methods Participants were 34 children (25 male) at high risk for alcohol and other substance use disorders from a longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging study, scanned at a mean age of 10.5 years (SD = 1.2) when participants were substance-naive. We used a monetary incentive delay task to examine the hemodynamic response of the nucleus accumbens to gain and loss anticipation. Logistic regression was used to test the hypothesis that these brain response patterns would have predictive utility over and above early externalizing behaviors and family history of substance use disorder, two key risk factors for substance use problems, in differentiating those who initiated substance use before age 16 (n = 18) and those who did not (n = 16). Results Greater nucleus accumbens activation during monetary gain anticipation in childhood increased the likelihood of initiating substance use during early adolescence (p = .023). The model that comprised neural data in addition to early externalizing behaviors and family history showed significantly better fit than the model without neural data (χ22 = 7.38, p = .025). Conclusions Heightened gain anticipation activation in the nucleus accumbens may predispose individuals to early substance use, beyond the risk conveyed by other known factors.
Does Too Much News on Social Media Discourage News Seeking? Mediating Role of News Efficacy Between Perceived News Overload and News Avoidance on Social Media:

Drawing upon Bandura’s self-efficacy theory, this study conceptualizes “social media news efficacy” and examines how news efficacy connects perceived news overload on social media to news avoidance...
Appropriate Standards of Evidence for Education Policy Decision Making.

Education policy makers must make decisions under uncertainty. Thus, how they think about risks has important implications for resource allocation, interventions, innovation, and the information th...
Stable periodic solutions to Lambda-Omega lattice dynamical systems

Abstract In this manuscript we consider the stability of periodic solutions to Lambda-Omega lattice dynamical systems. In particular, we show that an appropriate ansatz casts the lattice dynamical system as an infinite-dimensional fast-slow differential equation. In a neighborhood of the periodic solution an invariant slow manifold is proven to exist, and that this slow manifold is uniformly exponentially attracting. The dynamics of solutions on the slow manifold become significantly more complicated and require a more delicate treatment. We present sufficient conditions to guarantee convergence on the slow manifold which is algebraic, as opposed to exponential, in the slow-time variable. Of particular interest to our work in this manuscript is the stability of a rotating wave solution, recently found to exist in the Lambda-Omega systems studied herein.
Relationships Between Adolescents' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Fears Related to HIV/AIDS.

AIMS To explore adolescents' knowledge, attitudes, and fears of HIV/AIDS and to examine relationships between these variables and demographic variables among female adolescents. BACKGROUND HIV/AIDS is one of the major public health concerns all around the world, including India. Although the prevalence of HIV infection is low, it is still considered a high risk among Indian youth because of low and inaccurate HIV/AIDs knowledge, low condom usage and unsafe sexual practice, and lack of access to information. METHODS A descriptive correlational design was used in this study. A convenience sample of 150 adolescents attending one of the girls' high schools completed demographic and HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitude questions in June 2018. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson-product-moment correlation coefficients. RESULTS The majority of adolescents had a moderate degree of HIV/AIDS knowledge, however; many of them still had misconceptions about modes of HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention of HIV infection. Most of the adolescents had fairly positive attitudes and beliefs toward people with HIV/AIDS. About three-fourths of the participants were afraid of getting HIV/AIDS. The total HIV/AIDS knowledge was positively correlated with age (r = 0.288, p < .000), fathers' education (r = 0.235, p < .003), fear of getting HIV infection (r = 0.222, p < .005), and discussion about sexually transmitted diseases with parents (r = 0.195, p < .01). CONCLUSION The findings indicate a need for educating students on HIV/AIDS, which can be accomplished by incorporating information regarding HIV transmission and prevention into their school curriculum. School-based educational program could be beneficial.
LGBT Experiences in Japan

The main focus of this chapter is participants’ experiences as LGBT individuals in Japan. About a half of them were not out of the closet while living in Japan for reasons typically related to the Japanese family and their concern over sekentei (public decency). Regardless of their being in the closet, many experienced a bullying, unfair treatment, or/and discrimination. Only a few took action or measures against the assailant(s). Participants’ assessment of Japanese attitudes toward LGBT individuals, their reasons for fleeing Japan, as well as why they chose their respective host country and their expectations are discussed. In addition, some of the major reasons no participants applied for or thought that their case might fit an LGBT refugee status are examined.
Nondiagnostic fine-needle aspirates of the pancreas: A root cause analysis.

Background Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of the pancreas is considered the primary and least invasive diagnostic method in the evaluation of pancreatic lesions. A nondiagnostic sample may trigger repeat FNA or a more invasive diagnostic procedure. The goal of this study was to identify the root causes of nondiagnostic samples. Methods We performed a retrospective review of FNAs of the pancreas categorized as nondiagnostic at our institution between 2008 and 2019. Medical records and slides were reviewed to identify the features described by imaging, rapid on-site evaluation, fluid chemistry, final cytology diagnosis, and final histology. A root cause analysis was performed using the Ishikawa (or fishbone) diagram and the 5 Whys method. Results A total of 30 cases were identified: 11 adenocarcinomas, 6 cases of pancreatitis, 4 intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, 3 serous cystadenomas, 3 neuroendocrine tumors, 1 mucinous cystic neoplasm, 1 retention cyst, and 1 case of Brunner gland hyperplasia. The root causes identified were: man in 8 cases, machine in 1 case, method in 17 cases, and material in 18 cases. In many cases, more than 1 root cause contributed to the problem. Conclusion Material related errors contributed to the majority of nondiagnostic results and were primarily related to fibrotic cancers, chronic pancreatitis, absence of diagnostic criteria of cystic lesions, and technically challenging cases. Only 1 major interpretation error was identified. Sampling and interpretive errors contributed equally to man-related causes. For mucinous cysts, neoplastic mucin was difficult to identify in liquid-based preparations. Pathologists tended to issue a nondiagnostic categorization when epithelial cells are lacking and particularly when the nature and radiological impression of the cyst was not communicated.
Management of Positive Margins After Resection of Primary Tracheal Malignancies

Tracheal resection and reconstruction remains the cornerstone of treatment for airway malignancies. The length of trachea that can be safely resected is limited by the need to create a well-vascularized, tension-free anastomosis and therefore microscopically positive surgical margins are not uncommon. For the two most common types of tracheal malignancies, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), the use of adjuvant RT therapy (RT) to enhance survival after resection is currently supported by most retrospective data. Studies specifically addressing even rarer low-grade primary tracheal tumors such as carcinoid and mucoepidermoid carcinoma are lacking. The low incidence of primary tracheal tumors poses a barrier to study the use of adjuvant therapy after tracheal resection for malignancy in a prospective fashion.
Elements to Successful Interpretation: A Multiple Case Study of Five National Parks:

The multiple case study described further investigates and identifies elements associated with successful interpretive programs through assessing what is perceived as important elements by interpre...
Treprostinil, a prostacyclin analog, ameliorates renal ischemia–reperfusion injury: preclinical studies in a rat model of acute kidney injury

Background Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major factor causing acute kidney injury (AKI). No pharmacological treatments for prevention or amelioration of I/R-induced renal injury are available. Here we investigate the protective effects of treprostinil, a prostacyclin analog, against renal IRI in vivo. Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to bilateral renal ischemia (45 min) followed by reperfusion for 1-168 h. Treprostinil (100 ng/kg/min) or placebo was administered subcutaneously for 18-24 h before ischemia. Results Treatment with treprostinil both significantly reduced peak elevation and accelerated the return to baseline levels for serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen versus I/R-placebo animals following IRI. I/R-treprostinil animals exhibited reduced histopathological features of tubular epithelial injury versus I/R-placebo animals. IRI resulted in a marked induction of messenger RNA coding for kidney injury biomarkers, kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and for pro-inflammatory cytokines chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, interleukin 1β, interleukin 6 and intracellular adhesion molecular 1 in animals treated with placebo only relative to sham controls. Upregulation of expression of all these genes was significantly suppressed by treprostinil. Treprostinil significantly suppressed the elevation in renal lipid peroxidation found in the I/R-placebo group at 1-h post-reperfusion. In addition, renal protein expression of cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 and caspase-3, -8 and -9 in I/R-placebo animals was significantly inhibited by treprostinil. Conclusions This study demonstrates the efficacy of treprostinil in ameliorating I/R-induced AKI in rats by significantly improving renal function early post-reperfusion and by inhibiting renal inflammation and tubular epithelial apoptosis. Importantly, these data suggest that treprostinil has the potential to serve as a therapeutic agent to protect the kidney against IRI in vivo.
The International System of Units, Traceability, and Calibration

Consistent and well-defined units, much like terminology, are critical in the comparison of measurement results and to the understanding of measurement uncertainty. This chapter provides a history of the International System of Units, or “SI,” and a modern description of its seven base units utilized throughout the majority of the world. These units include the second, the meter, the kilogram, the ampere, the kelvin, the mole, and the candela. Recent advancements in unit definitions are discussed, with an emphasis on redefinition using fundamental constants to achieve lower uncertainties. This chapter also describes calibration and traceability, important metrological concepts, along with calibration policies and standards.
Mortality and Outcomes of Pediatric Tracheostomy Dependent Patients

Objective: To describe clinical factors associated with mortality and causes of death in tracheostomy-dependent (TD) children. Methods: A retrospective study of patients with a new or established tracheostomy requiring hospitalization at a large tertiary children's hospital between 2009 and 2015 was conducted. Patient groups were developed based on indication for tracheostomy: pulmonary, anatomic/airway obstruction, and neurologic causes. The outcome measures were overall mortality rate, mortality risk factors, and causes of death. Results: A total of 187 patients were identified as TD with complete data available for 164 patients. Primary indications for tracheostomy included pulmonary (40%), anatomic/airway obstruction (36%), and neurologic (24%). The median age at tracheostomy and duration of follow up were 6.6 months (IQR 3.5-19.5 months) and 23.8 months (IQR 9.9-46.7 months), respectively. Overall, 45 (27%) patients died during the study period and the median time to death following tracheostomy was 9.8 months (IQR 6.1-29.7 months). Overall survival at 1- and 5-years following tracheostomy was 83% (95% CI: 76-88%) and 68% (95% CI: 57-76%), respectively. There was no significant difference in mortality based on indication for tracheostomy (p = 0.35), however pulmonary indication for tracheostomy was associated with a shorter time to death (HR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.04-3.4; p = 0.04). Among the co-morbid medical conditions, children with seizure disorder had higher mortality (p = 0.04). Conclusion: In this study, TD children had a high mortality rate with no significant difference in mortality based on indication for tracheostomy. Pulmonary indication for tracheostomy was associated with a shorter time to death and neurologic indication was associated with lower decannulation rates.
Manipulating the Narrative: Managerial Discretion in the Use of Plain English in Earnings Announcements

The SEC published A Plain English Handbook (PEH) with suggestions for making disclosures easier to process. We construct measures of GAAP metric (earnings and revenue) emphasis and readability in earnings announcements (EAs) that reflect the suggestions in the PEH. Using these measures, we find that managers make more favorable and more informative metrics easier to process (i.e., more prominent and readable), but that metric favorability plays a larger role than metric informativeness in explaining disclosure choices, suggesting managerial opportunism. Next, we test whether these relations differ for firms that disclose non-GAAP (NG) earnings versus firms that do not disclose NG earnings. We find that the relations between GAAP earnings favorability/informativeness and GAAP earnings Plain English measures weaken for NG disclosers. The weakened relations suggest that strategic use of Plain English in the discussion of GAAP metrics may substitute for NG earnings disclosures, which are subject to relatively greater regulatory scrutiny. Collectively, our evidence suggests that managers use the PEH tactics intended to clarify value-relevant information to clarify favorable information.
Redefining the Rule of Law: An Eighteenth-Century Case Study

Scholars who write about the relationship between law and empire tend to adopt one of two frameworks. The first describes imperial rule and the rule of law as fundamentally incompatible. The second praises empires — especially the British Empire — for exporting the rule of law to lands that lacked it. These competing approaches have very different political valences, but they agree in suggesting that colonial rule made no substantial contribution to today’s rule-of-law tradition. At best, the metropole exported a premade rule of law abroad; at worst, colonialism corrupted preexisting commitments to legality. But in neither case did imperial rule alter rule-of-law ideals. This Article argues, in contrast, that colonialism helped to reshape how Anglophones defined the rule of law. It begins by reconstructing two conceptions of legality in the eighteenth-century British Empire. At the start of that century, most Britons subscribed to what this Article calls the traditional conception of the rule of law. This conception aimed at a thick set of political, social, and economic ends, which proponents sought to advance through specific English institutions, such as juries. A second, thinner conception of legality — what this Article calls the modern rule of law — emerged in the second half of the eighteenth century. Like many rule-of-law theories today, the modern conception focused on abstract ideals, such as legal certainty, rather than particular institutions. Proponents of the modern rule of law aimed to provide a cosmopolitan standard that would transcend national and cultural boundaries. Although these two conceptions were often compatible, their differences became apparent in the 1770s, as politicians debated whether to extend English law to colonies with their own, preexisting legal traditions. Britain’s ultimate decision to embrace colonial legal pluralism encouraged commentators to embrace the newer, thinner conception, which was easier to reconcile with the growing diversity of the empire’s many legal systems. This debate over the colonial rule of law continues to shape our efforts to theorize the rule of law. Understanding the rule of law’s history also offers new insights into the potential utility of different versions of that concept today. More importantly, this Article shows how invoking the rule of law in everyday political debates can ultimately redefine the concept itself.
Is Less of an Unhealthy Ingredient Healthy or Unhealthy? Effects of Mere Co-occurrence and Quantitative Relations on Attribute Judgments

Abstract Research suggests that evaluative responses to an object can be jointly influenced by the mere co-occurrence of the object with a pleasant or unpleasant stimulus (e.g., mere co-occurrence of object A with unpleasant event B) and the qualitative relation of the object to that stimulus (e.g., object A starts vs. stops unpleasant event B). Expanding on these findings, the current research investigated effects of mere co-occurrence and quantitative relations (e.g., product A includes more vs. less of unhealthy ingredient B) on attribute judgments. Seven experiments obtained strong effects of quantitative relations and rather weak evidence for mere co-occurrence effects. Although processing conditions during encoding and judgment moderated effects of quantitative relations in a manner consistent with the predictions of extant theories, the evidence for predicted moderators of mere co-occurrence effects was mixed. The results are explained via a combination of propositional inferences during learning and selective retrieval during judgment.
The impact of smoke-free air laws and conventional cigarette taxes on cardiovascular hospitalizations.

Introduction Smoke-free air legislation and conventional cigarette taxes have long been used to reduce smoking initiation, prevalence, and conventional cigarette consumption. However, the extent to which these policies affect population health across a range of diagnoses and age groups remains less well understood. Methods Analyses use 2005-2014 hospital inpatient discharge data from up to 40 US states to estimate the effects of smoke-free air laws and conventional cigarette taxes on cardiovascular hospitalizations among working age and older adults. Results An increase in the percent of a county's population covered by smoke-free air laws yielded a significant decline of 2.4% (RR: 0.976, 95%CI: 0.954, 0.997) in acute cerebrovascular disease hospitalizations among older adults. Moreover, significant declines of 2.0% (RR: 0.980, 95%CI: 0.967, 0.994) and 2.8% (RR: 0.972, 95%CI:0.949, 0.996) in acute cerebrovascular disease were observed among older adults in the first year and subsequent years after smoke-free air legislation was implemented, respectively. Conventional cigarette taxes did not yield a significant change in acute cerebrovascular disease hospitalizations, nor did either tobacco control policy lead to a significant decline in acute myocardial infarction hospitalizations. Conclusions Smoke-free air laws play an important role in reducing adult cardiovascular hospitalizations. These findings confirm existing research on acute cerebrovascular disease outcomes, as well as the modest effects on acute myocardial infarction hospitalizations observed in state- and national-level analyses. Implications Current research at the local level finds smoke-free air laws yield 40% declines in acute myocardial infarction hospitalizations and 29% declines in acute cerebrovascular disease.State- and national-level analyses find smaller effects of smoke-free air laws, and largely omits analyses of working age adults. Existing research likely suffers from omitted variable bias, including state-level tobacco control funding and local-level conventional cigarette taxes. Using adult hospitalization data from up to 40 states, this study confirms existing evidence at the national and state level, and provides new evidence that smoke-free air laws significantly reduce acute cerebrovascular disease hospitalizations among older adults.
Inferior colliculus neurons that express the neuropeptide VIP project to auditory nuclei in the brainstem and thalamus. (P1.9-013)

Objective: To identify the distribution and projection of vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP+) cells in the inferior colliculus (IC). Background: The IC is the main hub in the central auditory system, serving a critical role in the ascending and descending auditory pathways. The IC contains three major subdivisions with different functions. The lateral cortex helps localize sounds in space. The dorsal cortex serves auditory attention and vigilance. The central nucleus is involved in the main pathway for sound perception1. We hypothesized that VIP+ cells represent a functional subtype of IC neurons. Design/Methods: We used seven mice genetically engineered to express cre-recombinase and a red fluorescent protein in VIP+ cells. Three mice were used to identify the distribution of VIP+ cells. Five mice were stereotaxically injected with a virus into the left IC for selective labeling of VIP+ cell projection patterns. Four weeks after surgery, mice brains were fixed and sliced horizontally, coronally, or sagittally. Brain sections were viewed on a fluorescence microscope. A computerized system was used to analyze the distribution of VIP+ cells in the IC and to track their projections to IC targets in other brain regions. Results: VIP+ cells are expressed in all three subdivisions of the IC with a majority of the cells being in the dorsal cortex of the IC (>70%). We also found that VIP+ cells project to most major outputs of the IC, contributing to both ascending and descending auditory pathways. Conclusions: VIP+ neurons could contribute to perception, vigilance, and attention. They could play a role in our ability to filter sounds, allowing us to wake up to our crying child but not to a loud truck. Disclosure: Dr. Edelbrock has nothing to disclose. Dr. Beebe has nothing to disclose. Dr. Goyer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Silveira has nothing to disclose. Dr. Roberts has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schofield has nothing to disclose.
Philosophy of the Film : Epistemology, Ontology, Aesthetics

Examines the overlap between film and philosophy in three distinct ways: epistemological issues in film-making and viewing; aesthetic theory and film; and film as a medium of philosophical expression.
A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease (Adams) Family: Expression and Potential Roles in the Developing Heart

The A Disintegrin And Metalloproteases (ADAMs) are a rather recently identified family of cell surface molecules which have a characteristic multidomain structure. The multiple domains found in these proteins include a metalloprotease domain that has been shown to proteolytically cleave extracellular matrix and cell surface proteins. These domains also include a disintegrin region which has been shown to participate in cell-cell binding in some cell types. Through these multiple functional domains, ADAMs have been shown to play roles in diverse developmental processes including cell-cell fusion and cell migration. The roles of these proteins in the developing cardiovascular system have not been examined. In the following discussion, we will summarize the current knowledge of these molecules in other systems and present novel data regarding their expression and potential function in the developing heart.
A review of learning rates for electricity supply technologies

A variety of mathematical models have been proposed to characterize and quantify the dependency of electricity supply technology costs on various drivers of technological change. The most prevalent model form, called a learning curve, or experience curve, is a log-linear equation relating the unit cost of a technology to its cumulative installed capacity or electricity generated. This one-factor model is also the most common method used to represent endogenous technical change in large-scale energy-economic models that inform energy planning and policy analysis. A characteristic parameter is the “learning rate,” defined as the fractional reduction in cost for each doubling of cumulative production or capacity. In this paper, a literature review of the learning rates reported for 11 power generation technologies employing an array of fossil fuels, nuclear, and renewable energy sources is presented. The review also includes multi-factor models proposed for some energy technologies, especially two-factor models relating cost to cumulative expenditures for research and development (R&D) as well as the cumulative installed capacity or electricity production of a technology. For all technologies studied, we found substantial variability (as much as an order of magnitude) in reported learning rates across different studies. Such variability is not readily explained by systematic differences in the time intervals, geographic regions, choice of independent variable, or other parameters of each study. This uncertainty in learning rates, together with other limitations of current learning curve formulations, suggests the need for much more careful and systematic examination of the influence of how different factors and assumptions affect policy-relevant outcomes related to the future choice and cost of electricity supply and other energy technologies.
The Final Years

The first International Congress of Mathematicians following the World War was held in Strasbourg, but neither it nor the 1924 congress in Toronto were truly international. From them had been excluded members from Germany, Bulgaria, Austria, and Hungary. But at the Toronto congress the delegates from the U.S.A. proposed that this restriction be removed, and this proposal was supported by Italy, Denmark, Holland, Sweden, Norway, and Great Britain. The difficulties were not entirely cleared up, but under the leadership of Salvatore Pincherle most of the obstacles were overcome at the 1928 congress in Bologna where, after the Italians, the Germans were the most numerous.
Executive insights on globalization: basis for strategic approaches to human resources management in the travel industry.

ABSTRACT Research on globalization and its business implications on the travel industry provide a framework from which human resources managers in the travel industry can plan and implement strategies for success in a global environment. Based on a descriptive survey of 118 senior level travel executives in 35 countries, the author gathered executive insights on the impact of globalization on business, communication, investment and finance, technology, and individual mindsets. Research findings point out to the evolving nature of business in a globalized environment and point out to necessary strategic adjustments in human resources management.
Using PVS to Prove Some Theorems Of David Parnas

David Parnas [13] describes some theorems representative of those encountered in support of certification of software for the Darlington nuclear reactor. We describe the verification of these theorems using PVS.
Process material management in the Space Station environment

The Space Station will provide a unique facility for conducting material-processing and life-science experiments under microgravity conditions. These conditions place special requirements on the U.S. Laboratory for storing and transporting chemicals and process fluids, reclaiming water from selected experiments, treating and storing experiment wastes, and providing vacuum utilities. To meet these needs and provide a safe laboratory environment, the Process Material Management System (PMMS) is being developed. Preliminary design requirements and concepts related to the PMMS are addressed, and the MSFC PMMS breadboard test facility and a preliminary plan for validating the overall system design are discussed.
Does weather matter? How rainfall affects credit risk in agricultural microfinance

Purpose – Small-scale farmers in developing countries are undersupplied with capital. Although microfinance institutions (MFIs) have become well established in developing countries, they have not significantly extended their services to farmers. It is generally believed that this is partly due to the riskiness of lending to farmers. The purpose of this paper is to combine original data from a Madagascan MFI with weather data to estimate the effect of rainfall on the repayment performance of loans granted to farmers. Design/methodology/approach – The basis of the empirical analysis is a unique data set of a commercial MFI in Madagascar and weather data provided by the German Meteorological Service. The repayment performance of loans granted to small-scale farmers is estimated using a two-step estimation approach based on linear probability models (LPMs) and a sequential logit model (SLM). Findings – The results reveal that an excessive amount of rain in the harvest period of rice increases the credit risk ...
Origins and Transport of Ions During Magnetospheric Substorms

We investigate the origins and the transport of ions observed in the near-Earth plasma sheet during the growth and expansion phases of a magnetospheric substorm that occurred on November 24, 1996. Ions observed at Geotail were traced backward in time in time-dependent magnetic and electric fields to determine their origins and the acceleration mechanisms responsible for their energization. Results from this investigation indicate that, during the growth phase of the substorm, most of the ions reaching Geotail had origins in the low latitude boundary layer (LLBL) and had alread@, entered the magnetosphere when the growth phase began. Late in the growth phase and in the expansion phase a higher proportion of the ions reaching Geotail had their origin in the plasma mantle. Indeed, during the expansion phase more than 90% of the ions seen by Geotail were from the mantle. The ions were accelerated enroute to the spacecraft; however, most of the ions' energy gain was achieved by non-adiabatic acceleration while crossing the equatorial current sheet just prior to their detection by Geotail. In general, the plasma mantle from both southern and northern hemispheres supplied non-adiabatic ions to Geotail, whereas the LLBL supplied mostly adiabatic ions to the distributions measured by the spacecraft.
Post-Conflict Recovery: Resource Mobilization and Peacebuilding

Societies embarked on the fragile transition from war to peace face enormous economic, social, and political challenges. In attempting to support this transition, the international community often provides substantial amounts of external assistance. This aid can play an important and constructive role in meeting pressing social needs and building a durable peace, but it would be naive to assume either that positive effects are the automatic result of good intentions or that donors are motivated entirely by the objective of peacebuilding. This paper reviews evidence on the impact of aid in “post-conflict” settings and offers suggestions for making aid more effective in supporting efforts to build a durable peace. Part I discusses how economic assistance and conditionalities can be realigned to better serve peacebuilding objectives. Part II considers the other side of the coin: how peacekeeping operations and peacebuilding assistance can better support economic recovery, in particular by helping to build state fiscal capacities. Finally, Part III examines the interests and incentive structures that shape the behavior of aid donors, suggesting that their actions can be part of the problem as well as part of the solution.
Wrestling with the Ox: A Theology of Religious Experience, by Paul Ingram

This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Theological Studies at Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theological Studies Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@lmu.edu. Repository Citation Fredericks, James L., "Wrestling with the Ox: A Theology of Religious Experience, by Paul Ingram" (1999). Theological Studies Faculty Works. Paper 5. http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/theo_fac/5
Photosensitization Mechanisms for Energy Storing Isomerizations.

The prospects for driving endoergic reactions of simple, relatively abundant, organic chemicals by photochemical means have been examined. Photoisomerization reactions which have some potential for storage of solar energy as latent heat in kinetically stable products are surveyed. Emphasis is placed on methods for the photosensitization of storage chemicals to visible light. Mechanisms include excited state complexation of isomerizable substrates through electron donor-acceptor attraction and conventional energy transfer photosensitization. Efficient isomerization of a norbornadiene derivative using the latter technique and photosensitizers absorbing past 500 nm is described. Factors controlling the efficiency of endothermic triplet energy transfer are outlined. The concept of “thermal upconversion” of the excitation energies of visible absorbing sensitizers is introduced, including a demonstration of improved quantum efficiency as a function of temperature for an isomerization which utilizes a very low energy sensitizer.
The Presence of Free-Living Amoebae in Portable and Stationary Eye Wash Stations

Portable and stationary eye wash stations were tested for the presence of free-living amoebae. Such amoebae may be found in potable waters, and at least one genera, the Acanthamoebae, can cause severe infections when introduced into traumatized eyes. Concentrates of filtrates of water from eye wash stations were placed on nonnutrient agar plates seeded with Escherichia coli. Resultant outgrowths of free-living amoebae, which were morphologically identified as mixtures of Hartmannella and Acanthamoebae, were inoculated intranasally into weanling mice. Subsequently, brain and lung tissues from injected mice were tested for amoebae as an indication of persistent infection. Acanthamoebae and Hartmannella were detected in some eye wash stations at each of four test sites. Both portable and stationary stations harbored Acanthamoebae. Some of the isolates caused persistent pulmonary infection but were not isolated from brain tissue. Flushing stationary eye wash stations temporarily reduced the number of stations positive for amoebae. Treatment of portable stations with 25 ppm of free chlorine also reduced the number of stations harboring amoebae but caused corrosion in some of the stations.