cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pediatric rumination subtypes: A study using high-resolution esophageal manometry with impedance.

BACKGROUND The differential diagnosis of intractable reflux in children includes rumination syndrome, but confirming the diagnosis using antroduodenal manometry is invasive, is costly, and requires anesthesia. High-resolution esophageal manometry with impedance (HRM-MII) overcomes these limitations, and the goal of this study is to validate the use of HRM-MII as a diagnostic tool for rumination and to describe the subtypes of pediatric rumination. METHODS We reviewed the HRM-MII tracings of 21 children presenting with symptoms of intractable reflux in whom rumination was being considered. Patients underwent a standard and post-prandial HRM-MII. Peak intraluminal esophageal pressures, baseline gastric and thoracic pressures, and the timing of the R wave relative to LES relaxations and bolus flow were recorded. Chi-square analyses were used for comparison of proportions and means were compared using t-tests or non-parametric equivalent. KEY RESULTS Forty-one (55.5%) primary and 33 (44.5%) secondary rumination episodes were seen. Three types of primary rumination were identified: i) LES relaxation without retrograde flow preceding the R wave (51% of episodes); ii) LES relaxation after the R wave (20% of episodes); and iii) R waves with no LES relaxation (29% of episodes). Eleven patients had rumination episodes with a peak gastric pressure <30 mm Hg. A total of 44 (60%) rumination episodes occurred during the standard HRM-MII, and 30 (40%) occurred during or after the meal. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES HRM-MII can accurately diagnose rumination in children. We identify three types of primary rumination which may provide insight into therapeutic response.
Co-evolution of organizational network and individual behavior: An agent-based model of interpersonal knowledge transfer

This study focuses on the co-evolution of informal organizational structures and individual knowledge transfer behavior within organizations. Our research methodology distinguishes us from other similar studies. We use agent-based modeling and dynamic social network analysis, which allow for a dynamic perspective and a bottom-up approach. We study the emergent network structures and behavioral patterns, as well as their micro-level foundations. We also examine the exogenous factors influencing the emergent process. We ran simulation experiments on our model and found some interesting findings. For example, it is observed that knowledgeable individuals are not well connected in the network, and our model suggests that being fully involved in knowledge transfer might undermine individuals' knowledge advantage over time. Another observation is that when there is high knowledge diversity in the system, informal organizational structure tends to form a network of good reachability; that is, any two individuals are connected via a few intermediates.
A June-July Census of Small Mammals on the Athi Plains, Kenya

Ecological studies of small mammals in East Africa are scarce. What little intensive work that has been undertaken centres on observations of habitat distribution and breeding cycles. Southern and Hook collected data on the distribution of Soricids and Murids in Uganda high forest (1963a) and later studied the reproductive condition of some insectivores and rodents of Uganda and Kenya (1963b). Delany (1964) summarized all quantitative work on small mammals in Africa south of the Sahara and added his own results from trappings in Uganda. The following superficial observations, the first on the Athi Plains, are presented merely as a guidepost for further investigations.
A phase I clinical study of HGS-ETR2, a fully-human monoclonal antibody to TRAIL-R2 in patients with advanced solid tumors

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 543 Background The Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2) death receptor is broadly expressed by human tumors. Activation of this receptor leads to cell death via the extrinsic apoptosis pathway. HGS-ETR2 is a fully human monoclonal antibody that is highly specific for TRAIL-R2, which it activates. HGS-ETR2 shows anti-tumor activity in a wide-range of human tumor xenograft models, both as a single agent and in combination with chemotherapeutic agents.This Phase I dose escalation study is designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of HGS-ETR2 in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Methods:Patients were treated with escalating doses of HGS-ETR2 IV once every 14 days. Results: To date, 11 patients have received 44 courses of HGS-ETR2 over 2 dose levels: 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg. No patients have experienced dose-limiting toxicities. Treatment-emergent events that were considered possibly related to study drug include fatigue (n=2), anxiety (n=1), confused state (n=1), hypertension (n=1), pyrexia (n=1), and stomatitis (n=1). The fatigue was classified as moderate (Grade 2); all other events were considered to be mild (Grade 1). HGS-ETR2 pharmacokinetics are linear across the 3-fold dose range evaluated. At the 0.1 mg/kg dose, the pharmacokinetics are characterized by a mean (SD) t1/2,z of 10 (4) days, CL of 6.86 (1.29) mL/day/kg, and V1 of 58 (11) mL/kg, which is slightly larger than the plasma volume. The 1.5 fold larger Vss of 85 (25) mL/kg indicates that HGS-ETR2 distributes outside the plasma compartment. Conclusions: HGS-ETR2, a specific TRAIL-R2 targeting agent, can be safely administered every 14 days at doses up to 0.3 mg/kg. Patient accrual to higher dose levels is ongoing.
Is the U.S. education system ready for CS for all

Insights from a recent Google-Gallup national research study seeking to better understand the context of K--12 CS education.
Open the black box and look inside: The frames and practices of analytical work

This study examines how users of analytical technologies “open up” these technologies and consider the assumptions that are embedded within. I ask the following question: what role do embedded assu...
Documenting the Evolution of Agrobiodiversity in the Archaeological Record: Landraces of a Newly Described Domesticate ( Polygonum erectum ) in North America

Relatively few farmers today actively maintain crop biodiversity, but for most of the history of agriculture this was the norm. Archaeobotanical analyses can reveal the processes that led to the evolution of crop biodiversity throughout the Holocene, an issue of critical importance in an era of climate change and agrobiodiversity loss. Indigenous eastern North Americans domesticated several annual seed crops, called the Eastern Agricultural Complex, beginning c. 1800 BC. Using population morphometrics, this paper reports new evidence for the evolution of a domesticated sub-species of one of these crops, erect knotweed (Polyongum erectum L.), and its subsequent diversification under cultivation. Morphometric analyses were conducted on archaeological erect knotweed populations spanning its ancient cultivated range, and these were directly dated to c. 1–1350 AD, anchoring the evolution of this crop in both time and space. Domesticated erect knotweed first appears c. 1 AD in the Middle Ohio Valley. A diachronic series of populations from western Illinois shows that this species was domesticated again c. 150–1000 AD. This study shows how agricultural knowledge and material were maintained and shared (or not) by communities during an important era in eastern North America’s history: when small communities were aggregating to form the earliest urban center at Cahokia, in the American Bottom floodplain. A distinctive landrace was developed by farmers in the American Bottom which is significantly different from cultivated populations in other regions. Subsequent Mississippian assemblages (c. 1000–1350 AD) indicate divergent agricultural communities of practice, and possibly the eventual feralization of erect knotweed. Archaeobotanical studies have a vast untapped potential to reveal interaction between communities, or their isolation, and to investigate the evolution of crops after initial domestication.
Kotarbiński, Tadeusz (1912–1998)

Tadeusz Kotarbinski's main areas of interest were praxiology and ethics, and secondarily formal logic, logical semantics and the history of logic. He called his philosophical approach ‘reism’ and “declared war against the hypostases of linguistic origin,” arguing that an ‘apparent name’ can only legitimately be used when the expression containing it can be translated into an expression containing only ‘genuine names.’ Kotarbinski was one of the first philosophers to consider the possibility of a three-valued logic.
Mohr Circle for Finite Strain

We are again concerned here with strain of lines lying in one of the principal planes of the strain ellipsoid. But we are now going to deal with strains of any magnitude, so that the Mohr circle for infinitesimal strain is no longer suitable. Fortunately there is another Mohr circle construction that works for large strains, and this is very useful in geology, where large strains are commonplace.
Nutritional regulations and legislation--past developments, future implications.

A behind-the-scenes account of how governmental agencies must operate in the ultimate interest of the public—in this case, with regard to nutritional regulations.
Catching the Culprits: Is Sarbanes-Oxley Enough

Catching the Culprits: Is Sarbanes-Oxley Enough discusses the fact that three major events occurred in the mid to late 1990s to make the securities fraud regulatory regime more lax. Those three events were: the elimination of a private right of action for aiding and abetting securities fraud, the passage of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the PSLRA) and the passage of Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act of 1998 (the SLUSA). My conclusion is that while the Sarbanes-Oxley Act does create certain safeguards for investors, it does not undo the harm that those three events of the 1990s caused. My article argues that what is needed is for aiding and abetting liability to be revived and for the harsh anti-liability provisions of the PSLRA and the SLUSA to be rescinded.
Impacts of oxo interactions within actinyl metal organic materials: highlight on thermal expansion behaviour

Physical properties of actinyl materials are influenced by the presence of oxo functional groups. Herein, we report large thermal expansion coefficients for a uranyl metal organic nanotube that switch from positive to negative upon dehydration. Different behaviour is observed in the neptunyl system due to variations in the oxo interactions.
Health Information Technology and Its Evolution in Australian Hospitals

Information technology has altered many aspects of our lives. Healthcare has accelerated its adoption primarily with the aim to reduce health system inefficiencies and improve the quality and safety of healthcare delivery. The burgeoning and seasoned medical administrator is likely to encounter more and more transformational programs where health information technology plays a significant role. This chapter focuses on key principles of a typical Electronic Medical Record (EMR) implementation, with a practical case study of Australia’s first fully integrated digital hospital at St Stephen’s Hospital Hervey Bay, from the perspective of a Chief Medical Information Officer. This will equip medical administrators with a base level of expertise to support these endeavours within their organisations and serve as a preliminary introduction to health information technology.
Incremental utility of an extended stroop task for identifying subtle differences in cognitive performance among healthy older adults.

The Stroop Color and Word Test is a test of processing speed, response inhibition, and executive functioning (EF). This project examined whether extending the Stroop Color-Word trial beyond the sta...
Abstract 5: Improved Quality of Life With Endovascular Therapy in the DEFUSE 3 Trial

Background: Little is known about the effect of endovascular therapy on patients’ quality of life. Using data from the randomized DEFUSE 3 trial, we aimed to assess if thrombectomy performed in the...
Student learning emotions in middle school mathematics classrooms: investigating associations with dialogic instructional practices

Emotions are central to how students experience mathematics, yet we know little about how specific instructional practices relate to students’ emotions in mathematics learning. We examined how dial...
Learning Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes Using Coupled Canonical Polyadic Decomposition

We propose a new algorithm for learning the model parameters of a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) based on coupled canonical polyadic decomposition (CPD). Coupled CPD for a set of tensors is an extension to CPD for individual tensors, which has improved identifiability properties, as well as an analogous simultaneous diagonalization (SD) algorithm for uniquely recovering the latent factors efficiently. We explain how to form a set of three-way tensors from the trajectory of a POMDP under a stationary memoryless policy, so that coupled CPD can be applied afterwards to recover the model parameters, with identifiability and computational guarantees.
Kernel Bandwidth Selection for SVDD: Peak Criterion Approach for Large Data

Support Vector Data Description (SVDD) provides a useful approach to construct a description of multivariate data for single-class classification and outlier detection with various practical applications. Gaussian kernel used in SVDD formulation allows flexible data description defined by observations designated as support vectors. The data boundary of such description is non-spherical and conforms to the geometric features of the data. By varying the Gaussian kernel bandwidth parameter, the SVDD-generated boundary can be made either smoother (more spherical) or tighter/jagged. The former case may lead to under-fitting, whereas the latter may result in overfitting. Peak criterion has been proposed to select an optimal value of the kernel bandwidth to strike the balance between the data boundary smoothness and its ability to capture the general geometric shape of the data. Peak criterion involves training SVDD at various values of the kernel bandwidth parameter. When training datasets are large, the time required to obtain the optimal value of the Gaussian kernel bandwidth parameter according to Peak method can become prohibitively large. This paper proposes an extension of Peak method for the case of large data. The proposed method gives good results when applied to several datasets. Two existing alternative methods of computing the Gaussian kernel bandwidth parameter (Coefficient of Variation and Distance to the Farthest Neighbor) were modified to allow comparison with the proposed method on convergence. Empirical comparison demonstrates the advantage of the proposed method.
Identifying UAV Swarm Command Methods and Individual Craft Roles Using Only Passive Sensing

Anti-drone technologies that attack drone clusters or swarms autonomous command technologies may need to identify the type of command system being utilized and the various roles of particular UAVs within the system. This paper presents a set of algorithms to identify what swarm command method is being used and the role of particular drones within a swarm or cluster of UAVs utilizing only passive sensing techniques (which cannot be detected). A testing configuration for validating the algorithms is also discussed.
Systemic Bevacizumab (Avastin) for Juvenile‐Onset Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis: A Systematic Review

OBJECTIVES Juvenile onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JORRP) can cause severe or disseminated disease. Surgical treatment may be inadequate. Systemic bevacizumab has shown initial success for severe JORRP. The objective of this systematic review was to assess usage, effectiveness, and safety of this treatment. METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for studies of humans with JORRP treated with systemic bevacizumab. Two researchers independently reviewed the studies to determine inclusion and aggregate data on patient characteristics, dosing protocols, treatment response, adverse events, and level of evidence. RESULTS Of 80 identified articles, 12 studies were included detailing 20 distinct cases. At a mean age of 12.8 years (range = 1-43 years) patients received initial dosing of 5 to 10 mg/kg of bevacizumab followed by ongoing doses at a mean 3-week intervals (range = 2-5 weeks). All patients had clinically significant disease reduction with reduced need for surgery. Six patients (30%) had complete response in at least one involved anatomic site. Eleven (55%) required no surgery after initiating treatment. There was recurrence in all four patients whose treatment was stopped, but had rapid improvement with treatment resumption. Six (30%) experienced mild or moderate adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Marked improvement in severe JORRP has been reported from systemic bevacizumab. Treatment protocols vary, and treatment discontinuation was not feasible in any reported patient. Based on currently available data, systemic bevacizumab can be considered for severe JORRP as it appears to be well tolerated and effective. A clinical trial could enhance the understanding of its safety and efficacy for this indication. Laryngoscope, 131:1138-1146, 2021.
A Special Thank You to the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Medical Education Community During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

ABSTRACT In light of the most competitive match in history, the plastic and reconstructive surgery application process is in the midst of unprecedented times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In-person visiting subinternships and interview processes have transitioned to online formats. The American Council of Academic Plastic Surgeons, program directors, coordinators, faculty, and residents have demonstrated an outstanding commitment to providing meaningful experiences for prospective applicants. The passion of the field of plastic and reconstructive surgery is palpable, and the innovative virtual experiences have resulted in the formation of a community despite the lack of in-person experiences.
Investigating the impact of in situ soil organic matter degradation through porewater spectroscopic analyses on marsh edge erosion.

Abstract Marsh edge erosion results in soil organic matter (SOM) loss from coastal wetlands and is differentially affected by wind waves, soil properties, and vegetation cover. The degradation of SOM may make the marsh edge susceptible to erosion. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of in situ biogeochemical degradations of SOM on marsh edge erosion using porewater spectroscopic analyses. Edge erosion was monitored at 12 transects in one of the highly eroding coastal basins of Louisiana. A total of 36 cores were collected at different distances from the edge of the marsh. Porewater was extracted and analyzed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and spectroscopic indicators. The north and west side had greater erosion rates (102.38 ± 5.2 cm yr−1) than east and south side (78.47 ± 3.3 cm yr−1). However, the north and east side had greater DOC and refractory carbon but less microbial activity indicating SOM degradation alone did not correlate to edge erosion. The intersecting trend between erosion rate and SOM degradation among four sides of the island indicates the complex nature of edge erosion drivers. The estuarine bottom indicators suggest the eroded SOM is not reburied but rather degraded and emitted back into the atmosphere as CO2, potentially contributing to global change. The coastlines projected to experience high sea-level rise in the coming century are vulnerable to losing a large amount of stored carbon in the absence of efficient mitigation measures.
Methods for Proteogenomics Data Analysis, Challenges, and Scalability Bottlenecks: A Survey

Big Data Proteogenomics lies at the intersection of high-throughput Mass Spectrometry (MS) based proteomics and Next Generation Sequencing based genomics. The combined and integrated analysis of these two high-throughput technologies can help discover novel proteins using genomic, and transcriptomic data. Due to the biological significance of integrated analysis, the recent past has seen an influx of proteogenomic tools that perform various tasks, including mapping proteins to the genomic data, searching experimental MS spectra against a six-frame translation genome database, and automating the process of annotating genome sequences. To date, most of such tools have not focused on scalability issues that are inherent in proteogenomic data analysis where the size of the database is much larger than a typical protein database. These state-of-the-art tools can take more than half a month to process a small-scale dataset of one million spectra against a genome of 3 GB. In this article, we provide an up-to-date review of tools that can analyze proteogenomic datasets, providing a critical analysis of the techniques’ relative merits and potential pitfalls. We also point out potential bottlenecks and recommendations that can be incorporated in the future design of these workflows to ensure scalability with the increasing size of proteogenomic data. Lastly, we make a case of how high-performance computing (HPC) solutions may be the best bet to ensure the scalability of future big data proteogenomic data analysis.
Study of Inventory Techniques in E-commerce Grocery to Minimize Out of Stock and Increase Customer Shopping Experience

Managing the inventory is very important in any online organization to minimize “out of stock” and give better customer experience. In this paper, we have researched how different inventory techniques are being applied to make sure all products are delivered to the customers when ordered and minimize out of stock and increase customer experience. When any customer comes to any of the online grocery portal or app and order, there is an expectation in terms of quality and get delivered all his products what he or she has ordered. To minimize the out of stock, make sure quality products are delivered to the customers both in case of FMCG and F&V and shopping experience of the customer is good via study of different inventory techniques.
Cell Cycle and Growth Control in Candida Species

This chapter describes the major Candida albicans morphologies and the current understanding of the cell biological and cell cycle features that distinguish them. It highlights recent insights into how cell cycle regulators influence the formation of hypha-specific cellular features in particular. Since morphogenesis and cell cycle regulation have been studied most extensively in C. albicans, the chapter primarily focuses on work in C. albicans. The important distinction between yeast and pseudohyphae is that pseudohyphae spend more time in G2 phase of the cell cycle than yeast cells , and they continue to elongate during this time. There has long been a controversy as to how pseudohyphae are related to true hyphae. Initial models suggested that yeast cells, pseudohyphae, and true hyphae reside along a continuum. Later, based on differences in cell cycle dynamics and subcellular structures, it was proposed that pseudohyphae and hyphae represent two distinct morphological states, with pseudohyphae being more like yeast form growth with respect to cell cycle progression and cell biological markers. Recent work has shed light on cell biological features associated with cell cycle progression in chlamydospores and is discussed in theis chapter. In the C. albicans genome sequence, there are three G1 cyclins (Ccn1, Cln3, and Hgc1) and two G2 or B-type/mitotic cyclins (Clb2 and Clb4) that are predicted to associate with Cdc28.
Accurately positioning functional residues with robotics-inspired computational protein design

Accurate positioning of functional residues is critical for the design of new protein functions, but has remained difficult because of the prevalence of irregular local geometries in active sites. Here we introduce two computational methods that build local protein geometries from sequence with atomic accuracy: fragment kinematic closure (FKIC) and loophash kinematic closure (LHKIC). FKIC and LHKIC integrate two approaches: robotics-inspired kinematics of protein backbones and insertion of peptide fragments, and show up to 140-fold improvements in native-like predictions over either approach alone. We then integrate these methods into a new design protocol, pull-into-place (PIP), to position functionally important sidechains via design of new structured loop conformations. We validate PIP by remodeling a sizeable active site region in an enzyme and confirming the engineered new conformations of two designs with crystal structures. The described methods can be applied broadly to the design of many new protein geometries and functions.
Designing Alert Systems in Takeover Transitions: The Effects of Display Information and Modality

In conditionally automated driving, in-vehicle alert systems can provide drivers with information to assist their takeovers from automated driving. This study investigated how display modality and information influenced drivers’ acceptance of the in-vehicle alert systems under different event criticality situations. We conducted an online video study with a 3 (information type) × 3 (display modality) × 2 (event criticality) mixed design involving 60 participants. The results showed that considering drivers’ perceived usefulness and ease of use, presenting why only information was not sufficient for takeovers as compared to what will only information and why + what will information. Participants reported higher ease of use in the combination of speech and augmented reality condition when compared to the speech only condition. High event criticality led to drivers’ lower perceived usefulness and more negative opinions of the displays. The findings have implications for the design of in-vehicle alert systems during takeover transitions.
Legitimacy and Contestation in Global Governance: Revisiting the Folk Theorem of International Institutions

Whether international institutions are seen as legitimate or not is important to whether they are able to exercise authority. An institution that is seen as legitimate finds it easier to gain acquiescence with its rules and decisions and so relies less on outright coercion. From the point of view of the organization therefore legitimacy is a useful property worth cultivating, defending, and deploying. Most studies of legitimacy in International Relations take the perspective of the ruling institution. In this article I turn the tables and consider global legitimacy with an eye on political controversy and opposition: how do legitimacy studies look if we begin by assuming a gap between what the people want and what rulers want?
After the Doctorate

This chapter gives an overview of Vienna’s academic life and the struggles for young scientists seeking an academic career in an extremely competitive environment. During this time of revolution in physics, with the theory of relativity and new ideas on thermodynamics and spectroscopy, Haas initially tried to maintain his course of combining historic with scientific interests. Although this failed, Haas developed a first model to combine the new concept of the energy quantum with spectroscopy. His goal was to give the Planck constant h a physical meaning in the framework of the atom model.
Chapter 6 Contractile and Cytoskeletal Proteins in Drosophila Embryogenesis

Publisher Summary In Drosophila and other organisms, force production and transmission for cell shape changes during development; such movements are an integral part of homeostasis and development. A molecular description of how forces are produced, by components of the cytoskeleton, and then transmitted to membranes are discussed in the chapter. This chapter generates a complete catalog of the molecular players that contribute to cell shape changes and investigates the signals that effect such changes at precise times and locations in a developing embryo. Drosophila offers new hope for solutions to these problems, as a consequence of powerful genetic and molecular genetic approaches that are uniquely developed in this organism among metazoans. The chapter discusses the progress in examining the primary structure of a cellular motor protein, conventional, nonmuscle myosin, and the examination of the role it plays in cell shape change in Drosophila and explains the analysis of other key components of the cytoskeleton and membrane skeleton, the spectrins, and a description of a new isoform of β-spectrin, βH. In Drosophila, spectrin polypeptides were first identified in an enriched fraction of high molecular-weight actin-binding proteins. By electron microscopy of platinum-shadowed specimens, a species in this heterogeneous fraction were found to be molecules, with amorphology, comparable to vertebrate spectrins. They appear to contribute to an anastomosing meshwork that provides mechanical support for the plasma membrane. Actin, myosin, and spectrins are key components of the membrane skeleton and cytoskeleton. This chapter discusses the movements of early embryogenesis— namely, pole cell formation, cellularization, and gastrulation —and cell shape change that requires remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, nonmuscle myosins are also discussed in the chapter.
Lead Poisoning Risk Determination in an Urban Population Through the Use of a Standardized Questionnaire

Background. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended using a five-item questionnaire at every regular office visit for all children 6 to 72 months of age to identify those at risk of high-dose exposure to lead. Objective. To determine how well the questionnaire identifies children with elevated lead levels. Research design. Comparison of results of the questionnaire, which is intended to identify children as being low-risk or high-risk for lead poisoning, with children9s blood lead levels. Setting. A pediatric continuity clinic located in a major teaching hospital in Rochester, NY. Patients. A consecutive sample of 476 children aged 6 to 72 months without a prior history of lead poisoning who were seen in the clinic in July and August 1992, and who had not had a lead screen in the previous 6 months (for those aged Measurements and main results. Fingerstick lead samples were obtained from all children, and those ≥15 µg/dL (0.72 µmol/L) were confirmed by subsequent venous lead determinations. Twenty-eight percent had blood lead levels ≥10 µg/dL (0.48 µmol/L), 8% had levels ≥15 µg/dL (0.72 µmol/L), and 5% had lead levels ≥20 µg/dL (0.96 µmol/L). According to responses on the questionnaire, 44% were initially classified as low-risk, and 43% were high-risk. In 13% risk could not be determined because one or more items on the questionnaire had not been answered or were answered equivocally, whereas all other items were answered "No." Children for whom risk could not be determined were presumed to be at high risk and were added to that category, resulting in 56% of the study population so designated. The questionnaire was moderately effective in identifying children with elevated lead levels. Seventy percent of children having lead levels ≥10 µg/dL (0.48 µmol/L) and 82% of children having lead levels ≥15 µg/dL (0.72 ≥mol/L) had been classified as high-risk by the questionnaire. Children classified as low-risk were very unlikely to have elevated lead levels. Eighty-one percent of low-risk children had lead levels Conclusions. In this clinical setting, in which children are largely urban, poor, and have a moderate to high risk of developing elevated lead levels, the CDC risk assessment questionnaire is effective in identifying children with elevated lead burdens. However, an abbreviated version of the questionnaire may be as effective as the complete questionnaire. Additional questions should be added to the questionnaire to improve its overall sensitivity, and the questionnaire should be tested in other settings to see if it is effective with children having different environmental exposures to lead.
Cardiomyopathy in an adult with Bartter's syndrome and hypokalemia. Hemodynamic, angiographic and metabolic studies

A case of an adult with Bartter's syndrome (hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular complex with hyperaldosteronism and hypokalemic alkalosis) is described; the patient had the unusual manifestation of cardiomyopathy, probably secondary to severe hypokalemia. Results of metabolic studies and kidney biopsy were consistent with Bartter's syndrome; angiographic and hemodynamic findings were abnormal. The cardiomyopathy was confirmed at autopsy after the patient's sudden death. Conclusions from this case are that severe hypokalemia can pose a serious threat both immediately in the form of dangerous arrhythmias and in the long term in the form of cardiomyopathy.
Red cell exchange in the pregnancy complicated by a major hemoglobinopathy

Abstract A new method of partial erythrocyte exchange for pregnancies complicated by a major hemoglobinopathy is described. The Haemonetics 30 Cell Separator allows efficient withdrawal and discard of the patient's erythrocytes. The patient's leukocytes, platelets, and plasma are conserved and returned with washed, compatible donor red cells which contain Hb AA. Three pregnant black women with significant hemoglobinopathies were treated by this modality during their pregnancies. Vaginal term deliveries were accomplished in each case. The method offers advantages in the efficiency of blood quantity displacement, patient comfort, adaptability to the patient with severe anemia, and the use of outpatient facilities. The method is suggested for use whenever a patient with an obstetrically significant hemoglobin variant needs transfusions of erythrocytes.
A Somewhat More Definite Article

Take a sentence containing an adverbial quantifier and an indefinite, and often you will be able to paraphrase it with a parallel sentence containing a determiner quantifier and no indefinite. For instance, take the sentences in ( 1 ) , where the adverbial quantifier is usually/ most of the time and the indefinite is a blue-eyed bear. You can roughly paraphrase these with (2), which contains the determiner quantifier most.
Common and uncommon sonographic features of papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Objective. To determine the relative frequency of various sonographic findings in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed the sonographic features in 55 patients with proven papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Sonographic features analyzed were echo texture, cystic change, margin, contour, presence of a peripheral halo, vascularity, and calcification pattern. Features were classified as common (≥35% of cases) or uncommon (<10% of cases). Combinations of features were also analyzed. Results. Common sonographic features of papillary carcinoma included hypoechoic texture (86%), microcalcifications (42%) or no calcifications (47%), well-defined margins (47%), and intrinsic hypervascularity (69%). Uncommon features included hyperechoic or mixed echo texture, cystic elements, irregular margins, hypovascularity, and coarse or peripheral calcifications. Of the 29 lesions that had calcifications, 20 (69%) had microcalcifications; 5 (17%) had coarse calcifications; and 1 had peripheral calcifications. In total, 54% of cases had at least 1 uncommon feature, and 11% had 2 or more uncommon features. Cystic carcinomas were rare and accounted for only 6% of lesions; all had hypervascular solid components. No carcinomas in our series were completely avascular. Conclusions. There is a broad spectrum of sonographic findings in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Half of the lesions in this series had at least 1 uncommon sonographic feature. Key words: head and neck neoplasms, sonography; sonography, Doppler studies; sonography, power Doppler studies; thyroid, biopsy; thyroid, neoplasms; thyroid, sonography.
Recombination between Sindbis virus RNAs.

The Sindbis virus RNA genome is divided into two modules - one coding for the nonstructural protein genes and the other coding for the structural protein genes. In our studies of recombination, the two parental RNAs were defective in different modules. Analysis of the recombinant RNAs demonstrated that the parental RNAs each contributed its intact module and that the crossovers occurred within the defective modules. The recombinational events giving rise to infectious virion RNAs could create deletions, rearrangements or insertions as long as they occurred outside of the functional module. These crossovers produced RNA genomes that contained two functional subgenomic RNA promoters.
Large area sail design concepts

Mission concepts to several hundred AU and beyond are under study at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The preliminary results of these mission studies have identified solar sails as one of the promising propulsion technologies for making these ambitious precursor and interstellar missions a reality. This paper presents solar and beamed energy sail design concepts to achieve the performance requirements identified in preliminary interstellar exploration technology roadmaps which include nearer-term interstellar precursor missions to several hundred AU and beamed power missions to Alpha Centauri and beyond. The baseline solar sail design for an interstellar probe (ISP) mission to the near-interstellar medium assumes an areal density of 1g/m/sup 2/ (including film and structure), and a diameter of /spl sim/410 m. Missions to the stars will require very large sails with areal densities approaching 0.1 g/m/sup 2/.
Synthetic Clay Excels in 90Sr Removal

Tests with actual ground water from Hanford site, and fundamental studies of 2Na+ → Sr2+ exchange equilibria revealed that a synthetic clay is extremely selective for 90Sr with a high capacity for uptake. Comparative studies with existing Sr selective ion exchangers clearly revealed that the present synthetic clay exhibited the best performance for 90Sr removal from actual ground water collected from three different locations at Hanford. This novel Sr ion sieve is expected to be useful for the decontamination of the environment after accidental release and contamination with 90Sr.
Adnexal carcinomas of the skin I. Eccrine carcinomas

The diagnostic identification of sweat gland carcinomas is hampered by their rarity and their histologic resemblance to various visceral tumors, leading to confusion with metastatic lesions. In this series, 14 cases of eccrine carcinoma in five male and nine female patients, ranging in age from 13 to 84 years, are described. Ten tumors strongly resembled infiltrating ductal adenocarcinomas of the breast, and were thus classified as ductal. Three had a prominent mucinous matrix, similarly explaining their categorization as mucinous carcinomas. Finally, one neoplasm was a classic eccrine porocarcinoma. Four patients with ductal eccrine carcinomas suffered metastasis, and a 50% mortality rate was observed among this group of ten cases. In contrast, only one of three mucinous carcinomas metastasized, although all of these lesions recurred locally, as did the single porocarcinoma. None of the latter four neoplasms proved fatal. The results of conventional special stains in these 14 cases are discussed, and histologic features that they shared, and which may be utilized in distinguishing eccrine carcinomas from benign sweat gland tumors, are presented.
Elastic constants of an anisotropic, nonhomogeneous particle-reinforced composite

Abstract Experimentally and theoretically, we studied the elastic constants of a particle-reinforced-composite wrought plate produced by powder-metallurgy methods. The particles, 30% by volume, consisted of single crystals of α-SiC with sizes near 5μm. The matrix consisted of 6061 Al alloy with original sizes up to 20 μm. By measuring ultrasonic-wave velocities using a pulse-echo method, we determined the complete nine-component elastic-constant tensor. Thermal-mechanical processing introduced orthotropic macroscopic elastic symmetry into the material. Besides the Voigt elastic constants, Cgg we report all the usual engineering elastic constants: Young moduli, shear moduli, Poisson ratios, and bulk modulus (reciprocal compressibility). The elastic stiffnesses show large negative departures from a rule-of-mixture: up to 42%. Large elastic anisotropies also occur: 13% in Young's modulus, 12% in shear modulus, and 13% in Poisson's ratio. Explanation of these physical-property peculiarities lies in the microstructure. SiC particles are distributed nonhomogeneously. With Al, they form an enriched “sea” that surrounds “islands” of Al. These nonspherical islands are aligned and produce anisotropy. Using wave-scattering methods and ensemble averaging, we develop a theory that predicts all the observed physical-property phenomena.
Seasonal changes in leaf antioxidant systems and xanthophyll cycle characteristics in Taxus x media growing in sun and shade environments

We examined differences between summer and winter in xanthophyll cycle-dependent energy dissipation and leaf antioxidant systems in needles of the overwintering evergreen Taxus x media cv. Tauntonii (Taunton yew) growing in both sun and shade environments in Saint Paul, Minnesota. During the winter, both sun and shade plants exhibited increases in the capacity for, and utilization of, xanthophyll cycle-dependent thermal energy dissipation. Winter needles showed decreases (sun needles) or no change (shade needles) in superoxide dismutase activity (EC 1.15.1.1), no change in ascorbate peroxidase activity (EC 1.11.1.11) and no change (sun needles) or increases (shade needles) in reduced ascorbate levels. Both sun and shade needles showed large increases in glutathione reductase activity (EC 1.6.4.2) and total glutathione levels during the winter, in addition to increases in levels of a-tocopherol. These results suggest an important photoprotective role during the winter for xanthophyll cycle-dependent energy dissipation and for the antioxidants glutathione and a-tocopherol. They suggest a less important photoprotective function of the enzyme-based water–water cycle in winter acclimation in the seasonally very cold environment of Minnesota.
LES CULS‐DE‐SAC OF ENLIGHTENMENT AESTHETICS: A METAPHILOSOPHY OF ART

: This article charts the rise and fall of the Modern System of the Arts and the failure of the aesthetic theory of art to define membership in the so-called system, which, instead, I argue, is and has been, for a long time, merely a historically evolved collection. Rather than endorsing the continued attempt to define Art with a capital A in terms of aesthetic experience, I recommend alternative lines of research for contemporary philosophers of the arts.
The role of synmetamorphic igneous rocks in the metamorphism and partial melting of metasediments, Northwest Adirondacks

Field and petrologic studies along the Adirondack Lowlands — Highlands boundary near Harrisville, NY, indicate that heat from the synmetamorphic intrusion of the Diana syenite complex (intrusion temperature of ∼1,050° C) played a major role in the local metamorphic thermal regime and was responsible for extensive partial melting of adjacent metasedimentary units (Major Paragneiss of Engel and Engel). Metamorphic temperatures inferred from two — feldspar and spinel — quartz assemblages decrease from 850–950° C along the Diana — metasediment contact to 650–700° C, 2–3 km away from the contact. Metamorphic pressures are 7±0.5 kb as determined from coexisting plagioclase — garnet — sillimanite — quartz, kyanite — sillimanite, and garnet — rutile — ilmenite — sillimanite — quartz (GRAIL). In the paragneiss, migmatites consisting of quartz — microcline perthite — sodic plagioclase leucosomes are generally concordant with the melanosome consisting of biotite — sillimanite — garnet — spinel — plagioclase ±corundum±cordierite. Qualitatively the amount of partial melt and occurrences of corundum-bearing assemblages decrease away from the Diana contact. Activity of H2O inferred from coexisting biotite — sillimanite — quartz — garnet — K-feldspar ranges from 0.01 to 0.17 and is five to ten times lower in corundum-bearing rocks.
AUTONOMIC ACTIVITY DURING SEXUAL AROUSAL

Autonomic activity was recorded from 16 male subjects as they read sexually stimulating material. The resulting physiological response patterns included increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressures, palmar conductance and number of galvanic skin responses. Heart and respiration rates remained relatively constant, and there was some indication of peripheral vasodilatation subsequent to initial constriction. The results suggest a differential change in the activity of both branches of the autonomic nervous system, in which neither the parasympathetic nor the sympathetic nervous system may be considered dominant.
Sulfur removal from diesel fuel-contaminated methanol

Methanol is considered to be a potential on-board fuel for fuel cell-powered vehicles. In current distribution systems for liquid fuels used in the transportation sector, commodity methanol can occasionally become contaminated with the sulfur in diesel fuel or gasoline. This sulfur would poison the catalytic materials used in fuel reformers for fuel cells. We tested the removal of this sulfur by means of ten activated carbons (AC) that are commercially available. Tests were conducted with methanol doped with 1 vol.% grade D-2 diesel fuel containing 0.29% sulfur, which was present essentially as 33-35 wt.% benzothiophenes (BTs) and 65-67 wt.% dibenzothiophenes (DBT). In general, coconut shell-based carbons activated by high-temperature steam were more effective at sulfur removal than coal-based carbons. Equilibrium sorption data showed linear increase in sulfur capture with the increase of sulfur concentration in methanol. Both types of carbons had similar breakthrough characteristics, with the dynamic sorption capacity of each being about one-third of its equilibrium sorption capacity. Results of this study suggest that a fixed-bed sorber of granular AC can be used, such as in refueling stations, for the removal of sulfur in diesel fuel-contaminated methanol.
The Effect of Schooling upon the Relationship between Clerical Aptitude and Interests

(1945). The Effect of Schooling upon the Relationship between Clerical Aptitude and Interests. The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 255-258.
The David L. Bassett stereoscopic atlas of human anatomy: developing a specialized collection within the stanford mediaserver digital library

We describe the creation of a specialized media collection in the Stanford MediaServer highlighting the David L. Bassett Stereoscopic Atlas of Human Anatomy. Previous reports have outlined the underlying architecture and features of the MediaServer developed to support biomedical media-based education 1,2. Here we focus on specific design principles and technical aspects of a focused project that may be beneficial to those developing digital media collections.
Renal dysfunction in heart failure is due to congestion but not low output.

Background Renal dysfunction in heart failure is thought to be due to poor perfusion of the kidney. Hypothesis We tested the hypothesis that passive congestion is more important than poor perfusion. Methods We retrospectively studied the data on 178 patients who underwent right heart catheterization for evaluation of heart failure and had serum creatinine (Cr) measured on the same day. Results Serum Cr and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) correlated with central venous pressure (r = 0.22, P = 0.001 and r = −0.55, P < 0.0001, respectively) and renal perfusion pressure (r = 0.21, P = 0.001 and r = 0.27, P = 0.015, respectively). Neither correlated with cardiac index or left ventricular ejection fraction. Serum Cr was significantly higher and GFR was significantly lower in the upper tertile of central venous pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure as well as in the lower tertile of renal perfusion pressure. Conclusions Renal dysfunction in heart failure is determined more by passive congestion than by low perfusion. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.