cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drain Amylase: A Simple and Versatile Method of Detecting Esophageal Anastomotic Leaks.

Abstract Background Anastomotic leak following esophagectomy is a significant cause of morbidity. Perianastomotic drain amylase is accurate in detecting leaks, but it is unclear whether its accuracy is affected by comorbid conditions, anastomotic method, or anastomotic location. We hypothesized that drain amylase would accurately discriminate leak in a variety of settings. Methods We reviewed 290 consecutive patients undergoing esophagectomy with gastric conduit reconstruction. Patient comorbidities, operative variables, and drain amylase were collected. The diagnosis of a leak was based on the level of intervention required, and was characterized as “clinically significant” if it required wound opening, endoscopic or surgical intervention. Receiver operating characteristic curves analysis was performed to determine the accuracy of amylase to detect leak for each patient variable. Results 53/290 (18.3%) esophagectomies had an anastomotic leak, of which 33/290 (11.4%) were clinically significant. Drain amylase was a strong predictor of anastomotic leak on postoperative days 3-7, regardless of patient comorbidities, location of anastomosis, or technique of anastomosis, but was less accurate in the diagnosis of leak in current smokers (AUC 0.530 vs 0.752, p= 0.006). A maximum drain amylase value no higher than 35 on postoperative 3, 4 or 5 was 88% sensitive in detecting leak at any point postoperatively. A value >=150 was 88% specific in diagnosing leak Conclusions Drain amylase is a versatile method for early detection of anastomotic leaks. Its accuracy is unaffected by neoadjuvant treatment, location or type of anastomosis or patient comorbidities, but may be less accurate in active smokers.
Pteropus poliocephalus (Gray-headed fruit bat, flying fox)

Karyotypes were prepared from skin biopsies of two animals at San Diego State University, stock cultures are frozen. The female karyotype is prepared with G-bands. Prominent secondary constrictions are present in the center of metacentric autosome, here placed last. The karyotype is similar to that of Peropus giganteus (Pathak).
Reasoning about Programs by Exploiting the Environment

A method for making aspects of a computational model explicit in the formulas of a programming logic is given. The method is based on a new notion of environment -an environment augments the state transitions defined by a program''s atomic actions rather than being interleaved with them. Two simple semantic principles are presented for extending a programming logic in order to reason about executions feasible in various environments. The approach is illustrated by (i) discussing a new way to reason in TLA and Hoare-style programming logics about real-time and by (ii) deriving the first TLA and Hoare-style proof rules for reasoning about schedulers.
The Ionization of Planetary Nebulae

The ionization of the most abundant elements in planetary nebulae has been determined for a number of models of nebulae at different epochs in their expansion. The values used for the temperatures and radii of the central stars and the sizes and densities of the shells have come from Seaton’s evolutionary sequence. The ionizing radiation field has been taken from model atmosphere calculations of the central stars by Gebbie and Seaton, and Bohm and Deinzer. Emission-line fluxes have been calculated for the models and compared with observations of planetary nebulae by O’Dell, Osterbrock’s group, and Aller and his collaborators. Results indicate that the central stars have strong He+ Lyman continuum excesses, similar to those predicted by Gebbie and Seaton. The mean abundance determinations for the nebulae made by Aller are confirmed, with the exception of nitrogen, which appears to be 3 or 4 times more abundant than his value. It is also seen that the electron temperatures of the nebulae are higher than previous theoretical determinations, providing better agreement with empirically derived values.
Noninvasive Fractional Flow on MRA Predicts Stroke Risk of Intracranial Stenosis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Fractional flow may identify hemodynamic effects and ischemic risk beyond percent stenosis of an artery. We hypothesized that diminished TOF-MRA signal intensity distal to an intracranial stenosis predicts stroke risk. METHODS TOF-MRA was acquired prospectively in the SONIA-WASID trials. The distal/proximal signal intensity ratio (SIR) was calculated from 3 mm regions of interest, blinded to outcome. Univariate and multivariate analyses included clinical variables, SIR, and invasive angiography measures to identify predictors for risk of stroke in the territory. RESULTS 189 patients with 50-99% symptomatic intracranial stenosis in SONIA-WASID had TOF-MRA available. In univariate analysis, the hazard ratio (HR) for stroke in the territory of the symptomatic artery with SIR < .9 was 5.2 (1.8, 15.3; P < .001) as compared to SIR ≥ .9. Multivariate analysis correcting for baseline systolic blood pressure, LDL, centrally measured percent stenosis, recency of symptoms, TICI and downstream collaterals, the HR for SIR < .9 was 10.9 (2.0, 58.9; P < .001). In those with <70% stenosis, a SIR < .9 maintained a significant association with recurrent stroke in the territory (P = .006), with a 2-year event rate of 17.3%. CONCLUSIONS Fractional flow assessed by TOF-MRA SIR may be a useful noninvasive tool to identify high-risk intracranial lesions. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL This trial was not registered because enrollment began prior to July 1, 2005.
Genetics of Plant Isozymes

The ability to observe allelic variation at isozyme loci has revolutionized research in the fields of biochemical genetics, population genetics, and evolution. This variation, called allozymic polymorphism, has been used in plants to examine genetic processes at every stage of the life cycle and to ascertain genetic diversity in all major crops as well as many other species. Yet the potential for using allozymes as genetic markers was not immediately predicted when isozyme variability was initially described (Hunter and Marker, 1957; Markert and Moller, 1959). In fact, the extent and prevalence of allozyme polymorphism was a rather disconcerting surprise to evolutionary biologists. Classical evolutionary theory had predicted that the most “efficient” form of an enzyme should, over time, become predominant in isolated populations, with an occasional rare allele produced through mutation. The discovery in many populations of relatively high levels of polymorphism at isozyme loci has forced a major reconsideration of evolutionary theory (Kimura and Crow, 1964; Koehn et al., 1983; Kimura, 1983).
Compressive and tensile stress in colloidal CdSe semiconductor quantum dots

Compressive and tensile stress in colloidal CdSe quantum dots (QDs) is examined using resonance Raman spectroscopy. We find that the dispersion of the longitudinal optical phonon mode with size does not follow theoretical calculations based on phonon confinement models. To account for these deviations, the presence of compressive or tensile stress in the QDs is proposed. The influence of surface reconstruction on QD behavior is evidenced by differences in hexadecylamine (HDA) and trioctylphospine oxide (TOP/TOPO) passivation. We find that CdSe QDs passivated by HDA exhibit compressive stress, while CdSe QDs passivated by TOP/TOPO exhibit tensile stress. Evidence is provided that the CdSe-HDA QD stress is directly to a passivant driven surface reconstruction effect.
Oxidation, Excretion, and Tissue Distribution of [26-14C] Cholesterol in Copper-Deficient Rats

The effect of copper deficiency on in vivo catabolism and excretion of [26-14C] cholesterol was studied in male rats. The study involved four treatments, namely, control, copper-deficient, control plus cholesterol, and copper-deficient plus cholesterol supplement. Significant elevations of serum ester and total cholesterol concentrations and reductions of serum free, ester, and total cholesterol specific activities were observed in rats fed the copper-deficient diets. In addition, a significant reduction of liver free cholesterol concentration was observed in rats fed the copper-deficient diets. Cholesterol supplementation significantly increased the concentrations of, and reduced the specific activities of, the different serum and liver cholesterol fractions. The only exception was that the liver free cholesterol concentration was not altered by cholesterol supplementation. The serum free cholesterol concentration was significantly increased and the specific activities of liver ester cholesterol were significantly reduced in rats fed the copper-deficient diet with no added cholesterol. The rates of oxidation and excretion of [26-14C] cholesterol were not influenced by dietary copper but were significantly increased by cholesterol supplementation. A shift of cholesterol from the liver to the serum pool appeared to be responsible for the hypercholesterolemia observed in copper deficiency.
A comparison of the solid-state structures of four crystallographically independent molecules of bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)dioxodimolybdenum(VI) oxide, [Cp*MoO2]2O

Abstract Two previously undisclosed polymorphs of [Cp*MoO2]2O have been crystallographically characterized: 1: monoclinic, P21/n, a 8.145(4), b 9.193(3), c 15.263(5) A, β 93.61 (3)°, V 1140.9(8) A3, Z = 2, R(F) = 4.78%; II, monoclinic, P21/n, a 9.434(3), b 16.872(5), c 14.157(4) A, β 97.19 (2)°, V 2235.7 (12) A3, Z = 4, R(F = 4.39%. A third polymorph (III, Z = 6) has recently been reported in two independent accounts [J.W. Faller and Y. Ma, J. Organomet. Chem., 340 (1980) 59; P. Leoni, M. Pasquali, L. Salsini, C. di Burgno. D. Braga and P. Sabatino, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., (1989) 155]. The existence of three polymorphs with four independent molecules containing six crystallographically independent, but chemically identical, Cp*Mo groups creates an unusual opportunity to examine the ranges of intramolecular bond parameters. Such knowledge is essential to a discussion of the extent to which intermolecular (crystal packing) factors affect these parameters. The MgOMo angle is found to vary from strict linearity (in 1 and II) to 172.7(3)° (in II). The range of terminal MoO distances exceeds the entire ranges seen in all previously known Mo(VI) structures containing MoO bonds.
The phylogeny of the Charadriiformes (Aves): a new estimate using the method of character compatibility analysis

Character state trees were devised for 70 mainly skeletal characters of 227 species of charadriiform birds. Character compatibility analysis (described herein) was used to determine the largest sets of mutually compatible characters in the data set. Largest sets of mutually compatible characters were chosen as the best estimators of the phylogenetic history of the order. Smaller and smaller monophyletic groups (as identified by previous analysis of the next larger monophyletic group) were analysed to find locally largest sets of mutually compatible characters until the cladistic information in the data set was exhausted. The results of these analyses indicate that the Charadriiformes consist of three phyletic lines (here treated as suborders): the Scolopaci, the Charadrii and the Alcae. The Scolopaci consist of the birds usually included in the families Jacanidae, Rostratulidae, Scolopacidae, Phalaropodidae and Thinocoridae. The Charadrii consist of two major phyletic branches: one leading to the Lari and the other to the line discussed below. The second branch of the Charadrii gives rise to five lineages: one which leads to Dromas, a second to Pluvianellus and Chionis, a third to Pluvianus and the Burhinidae, a fourth to the Glareolidae, and a fifth to the plovers, lapwings, oystercatchers, Ibisbill, avocets, and stilts. Evidence which supports these findings, that which contradicts them, and relationships in need of further study are discussed.
Phase transitions in a driven lattice gas at two temperatures

By suitably combining the uniformly driven lattice gas and the two-temperature kinetic Ising model, we obtain a generalized model that allows us to probe a variety of nonequilibrium phase transitions, including a type not previously observed. This new type of transition involves “longitudinally ordered” steady states, which are phase-segragated states with interface normalsparallel to the drive. Using computer simulations on a two-dimensional lattice gas, we map out the structure of the phase diagram, and the nature of the transitions, in the three-dimensional space of the drive and the two temperatures. While recovering anticipated results in most cases, we find one surprise, namely, that the transition from disorder to longitudinal order is continuous. Unless it turns out to be very weakly first order, this result is inconsistent with the expectation of field-theoretic renormalization group calculations.
The Development Of a Data Mart System At a Public Institution

This paper presents a case in which the College of Business (COB) at a state university in the southern United Sates has implemented an information system (IS) with a data mart. The system has been...
Linear scleroderma in children.

Background. Linear scleroderma is a cutaneous disease of unknown etiology. It most often affects children, who develop band-like lesions in an asymmetric distribution. The literature is reviewed as to the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment of linear scleroderma. Case Report. Six new cases of linear scleroderma in children are reported. Their ages ranged from 6 to 17 years, and five were girls. A 17–year-old girl had en coup de sabre. Multiple treatment modalities were used. All laboratory testing was negative. Conclusions. Linear scleroderma is a clinical diagnosis. The pathogenesis remains unknown. A consistently effective therapy has not been found, although diphenylhydantoin and ticlopidine hydrochloride should be evaluated in clinical trials.
Response to restrictive policies: Reconciling system justification and psychological reactance

Abstract Here we propose a dual process model to reconcile two contradictory predictions about how people respond to restrictive policies imposed upon them by organizations and systems within which they operate. When participants’ attention was not drawn to the restrictive nature of the policy, or when it was, but their cognitive resources were restricted, we found evidence supporting a prediction based on System Justification Theory: Participants reacted favorably to restrictive policies, endorsing them and downplaying the importance of the restricted freedom. Only when we cued participants to focus their undivided attention on the restrictive nature of the policy did we find evidence supporting a prediction based on psychological reactance: Only then did participants display reactance and respond negatively to the policies.
Covalently immobilized platelet-derived growth factor-BB promotes angiogenesis in biomimetic poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels

The field of tissue engineering is severely limited by a lack of microvascularization in tissue engineered constructs. Biomimetic poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels containing covalently immobilized platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) were developed to promote angiogenesis. Poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels resist protein absorption and subsequent non-specific cell adhesion, thus providing a "blank slate", which can be modified through the incorporation of cell adhesive ligands and growth factors. PDGF-BB is a key angiogenic protein able to support neovessel stabilization by inducing functional anastomoses and recruiting pericytes. Due to the widespread effects of PDGF in the body and a half-life of only 30 min in circulating blood, immobilization of PDGF-BB may be necessary. In this work bioactive, covalently immobilized PDGF-BB was shown to induce tubulogenesis on two-dimensional modified surfaces, migration in three-dimensional (3D) degradable hydrogels and angiogenesis in a mouse cornea micropocket angiogenesis assay. Covalently immobilized PDGF-BB was also used in combination with covalently immobilized fibroblast growth factor-2, which led to significantly increased endothelial cell migration in 3D degradable hydrogels compared with the presentation of each factor alone. When a co-culture of endothelial cells and mouse pericyte precursor 10T1/2 cells was seeded onto modified surfaces tubule formation was independent of surface modifications with covalently immobilized growth factors. Furthermore, the combination of soluble PDGF-BB and immobilized PDGF-BB induced a more robust vascular response compared with soluble PDGF-BB alone when implanted into an in vivo mouse cornea micropocket angiogenesis assay. Based on these results, we believe bioactive hydrogels can be tailored to improve the formation of functional microvasculature for tissue engineering.
DEVELOPMENTAL STUDY OF RECOGNITION OF ANTECEDENTS OF INFANT VOCALIZATIONS

Summary.-The identification of antecedents of infant vocalizations was asked of 321 children from 7 to 13 yr. of age. Four categories were used: pain, hunger, birth, and pleasure. All subjects performed at better than chance level, wirh older subjects performing as well as a prior sample of adults. The only significant variable found was age; older subjects performed better than younger subjects. It was concluded that children can reliably identify the antecedents of infant cries. According to Illingworth (1955) pediatric clinicians have long been able to recognize the cry of a sick infant and certain specific syndromes. The often cited Sherman study of infant cries (1927) found that nurses and psychology students could not reliably determine the antecedents of the cries. Sherman used hunger, restraint, pain, and sudden changes of posture. The findings of this study were well accepted and the general area was not further investigated until the work of Wasz-Hockert, Partanen, Vuorenkoski, Valanne, and Michelsson, in their 1964 study of identification and their later (1968) spectrographic and auditory analyses of infant cries. The findings to date indicate that mothers can identify their own infant by his cry (Formby, 1967) and that adults with varying degrees of child-care experience can reliably identify the antecedents of infant cries (Wasz-Hijckert, et al., 1964; Wasz-Hockert, et al., 1968). It appears that there may be some basic characteristics of infant vocalizations which would make them identifiable to individuals who are inexperienced with infants. A pilot study was conducted in which 30 junior medical students and 17 elementary and junior high school teachers were asked to categorize into four categories (pleasure, pain, hunger, and birth) 15 infant vocalizations from the Wasz-Hockert, et al. series of cries. These adults were able to recognize and categorize infant vocalizations at a probability considerably above chance. It appears that even young children may have the capacity to interpret and respond to nonverbal emotional expressions. As noted by Stone and Church (1957) a toddler coming upon another child in distress will frequently cry in "sympathy." Apparently the information transmitted by infant vocalization is such that it can be interpreted at a very young age. Perhaps prespeech infant vocalizations constitute a universal language that is learned quite early in life.
Are all successful renal transplants really successful

We previously described a small group of renal transplant recipients considered to have successful allografts statistically, but who did not benefit clinically. These were patients in whom the grafts survived greater than 6 months but less than 3 years. This expanded study evaluates 179 consecutive renal transplant recipients divided into three groups. Group 1 (n = 18), group 2 (n = 41), and group 3 (n = 120) have patients with graft survival less than 6 months, between 6 months and 3 years, and greater than 3 years, respectively. Mean age, cause of renal failure, HLA match, and immunosuppressive regimen were not statistically different in any group. The number of acute rejection episodes, number of hospitalizations, and number and seriousness of complications were significantly greater in group 2 patients compared with the other groups. Patients in group 2 experienced five times the number of acute rejections (P < 0.0001), three times the number of hospitalizations (P < 0.0001), and two times the number of complications (P < 0.0001) compared with group 3 patients. In conclusion, those transplant recipients whose grafts survived longer than 6 months but less than 3 years were the most unfortunate. They experienced repeated and serious complications and spent many days in the hospital at great expense. A study with more sensitive methods of detecting presensitization might impact on graft performance in the future.
Deoxycorticosterone(DOC) and 18Hydroxy DOC (18OHDOC) in Childhood

Plasma DOC and 18OHDOC and urinary tetrahydroDOC (THDOC),free DOC, and 18OHDOC (per m2/24h) were measured by radioimmunoassay in children with no endocrinopathies (age 6m-18yr). No hormonal differences were seen between the different age groups. The effects of dietary sodium changes, ACTH(60U/24h), and dexamethasone (2mg/24h),and the findings in 17- and 11-hydroxylase deficiencies are summarized below: Conclusions: 1)Plasma DOC and urinary THDOC,free DOC, and 18OHDOC remain constant throughout childhood. 2)DOC and 18-OHDOC are regulated mainly by ACTH. 3)Measurement of DOC and 18OHDOC is useful in the diagnosis of 17- and 11-hydroxylase deficiency. 4)Impaired 18-hydroxylation in 11-hydroxylase defect may indicate that 18- and 11-hydroxylation involve the same enzyme in the zona fasciculata.
Evidence of Selfing Hermaphroditism in the Clam Shrimp Cyzicus Gynecia (Branchiopoda Spinicaudata)

The branchiopods display a broad range of reproductive modes, including dioecy, hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis. An order within Branchiopoda, Spinicaudata or the “clam shrimp” are also reported to have all three of these breeding systems; yet parthenogenesis has only been inferred on the basis of a lack of males in several clam shrimp species. Herein we report a detailed analysis of the breeding system of one of these supposed parthenogenetic clam shrimp: Cyzicus gynecia (Mattox, 1950). A RAPD genetic analysis across a three state geographic range (New Jersey, Massachusetts, and New York) showed high levels of genetic differentiation among populations indicative of reproduction without males. Additionally, functional male gametes were found to be produced in a small region of the gonad located just posterior to the head. Thus, we posit that the purported parthenogenetic females of C. gynecia are instead functioning hermaphrodites that produce a small amount of sperm anteriorly in an ovotestis that they then use to fertilize their own eggs. These findings suggest that there are, in fact, no parthenogenetic species within Spinicaudata, but rather all “female” species are most likely self-compatible hermaphrodites.
Measurement of spectral correlation

Various methods for measurement/computation of spectral correlation functions for time series that exhibit cyclostationarity are described in a unifying theoretical framework. Some of these are amenable to digital hardware or software implementations, others are amenable to analog electrical or optical implementations, and other implementation types used for conventional spectral analysis are also possible. The interaction among reliability and temporal, spectral, and cycle resolutions is determined. Novel problems of computational complexity, cycle leakage and aliasing, cycle resolution, and cycle phasing are discussed. Sample spectral correlation functions are calculated with digital software for several simulated signals.
Internal structure, fault rocks, and inferences regarding deformation, fluid flow, and mineralization in the seismogenic Stillwater normal fault, Dixie Valley, Nevada

Outcrop mapping and fault-rock characterization of the Stillwater normal fault zone in Dixie Valley, Nevada are used to document and interpret ancient hydrothermal fluid flow and its possible relationship to seismic deformation. The fault zone is composed of distinct structural and hydrogeological components. Previous work on the fault rocks is extended to the map scale where a distinctive fault core shows a spectrum of different fault-related breccias. These include predominantly clast-supported breccias with angular clasts that are cut by zones containing breccias with rounded clasts that are also clast supported. These are further cut by breccias that are predominantly matrix supported with angular and rounded clasts. The fault-core breccias are surrounded by a heterogeneously fractured damage zone. Breccias are bounded between major, silicified slip surfaces, forming large pod-like structures, systematically oriented with long axes parallel to slip. Matrix-supported breccias have multiply brecciated, angular and rounded clasts revealing episodic deformation and fluid flow. These breccias have a quartz-rich matrix with microcrystalline anhedral, equant, and pervasively conformable mosaic texture. The breccia pods are interpreted to have formed by decompression boiling and rapid precipitation of hydrothermal fluids whose flow was induced by coseismic, hybrid dilatant-shear deformation and hydraulic connection to a geothermal reservoir. The addition of hydrothermal silica cement localized in the core at the map scale causes fault-zone widening, local sealing, and mechanical heterogeneities that impact the evolution of the fault zone throughout the seismic cycle.
Metacognitive control of action: Preparation for aiming reflects knowledge of Fitts’s law

Metacognitive control has been studied in intellectual skills but has not yet been studied in perceptual-motor skills. To probe metacognitive control in a perceptual-motor context, we developed a task in which participants chose the position of a cursor relative to two targets. One of the two targets was randomly erased. Participants tried to move the cursor into the remaining target within a limited amount of time. The target widths were varied, making the difficulty of moving to either target dependent on the chosen cursor position. Predictions were based on the assumption that participants could use an analogue of Fitts’s law to choose optimal positions. The fit between observed and predicted positions was excellent, suggesting that participants used information about movement speed-accuracy trade-offs to guide movement preparation. The findings suggest that metacognition applies to both perceptual-motor skills and intellectual skills, and that these two domains are more similar than traditionally assumed.
Low-Z impurity transport in DIII-D observations and implications

Impurity transport studies on DIII-D have revealed transport phenomena that are qualitatively consistent with that expected from turbulence transport theory in some cases and neoclassical transport theory in other cases. The transport model proposed here, which assumes that the total impurity transport is a linear sum of turbulence-driven transport and neoclassical transport, is shown to reproduce many of these observed features. This transport model is then applied to burn condition calculations, revealing that profile effects associated with neoclassical transport have a large effect on the maximum allowable impurity fraction in machines based on achieving neoclassical transport levels.
Culturally competent adaptation of cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychosis: cases of Orthodox Jewish patients with messianic delusions

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based treatment for various psychopathologies. CBT has also been used in psychosis, however relatively few articles deal with the culturally competent adaptation of CBT for psychosis, and none for the Orthodox Jewish population. We analysed cases of messianic delusion among Orthodox Jews, for whom we used a culturally competent adaptation of CBT. Our therapeutic work consisted of sorting out acceptable beliefs from delusions, and to acknowledge those acceptable beliefs. We recognised how patients themselves reframe their views when they become less delusional. We tried to accompany the patients in this reframing process. We advocate an approach in CBT where therapists can use a few culturally appropriate ideas taken from the patient's grossly delusional thinking, and help the patient reframe their frankly delusional thoughts into more culturally or socially accepted ideas.
Control of resources in broadband networks with quality of service guarantees

The design principles of resource control algorithms based on asynchronous time-sharing (ATS) are addressed, together with their interaction and cooperation in a wide area network environment, and a framework for evaluating the overall performance of the system is presented. The basic concepts of the ATS framework are presented, along with an overview of an architecture for joint scheduling and admission control. Scheduling mediates the low-level competition for service between cells of different classes; admission control regulates the acceptance or blocking of incoming traffic on a call-by-call basis. The performance of the scheduling algorithms is evaluated and the interaction between scheduling and admission control is quantified. A reference model for broadband networks is presented. >
Load sharing behavior in epicyclic gears: Physical explanation and generalized formulation

Abstract In an n planet epicyclic gear set, under ideal conditions, each path will carry an equal amount of torque and therefore can be designed to transmit only 1/ n of the input torque. However, earlier works have shown that such equal sharing of the input torque between the parallel paths is not realized in practical applications, due to the presence of manufacturing errors. While various aspects of the load sharing behaviors have been shown both through computational models and experiments, a physical understanding of the true nature of the load sharing behavior is still lacking. In this paper, a physical explanation will be provided for the basic mechanism causing the unequal load sharing phenomenon. Both floating (system with clearances) and non-floating systems will be treated. On the basis of the physical explanation, closed form non-dimensional equations that predict the planet to planet load sharing behavior in the presence of positional errors will be derived. Epicyclic systems having 3–6 planets will be specifically treated and generalized equations for systems having an arbitrary number of planets will be presented. The developed expressions will be validated by comparing their predictions with previously published predictions from a computational model and experimental data.
Control of an axisymmetric jet using vortex generators

The results of an experimental investigation on the effect of vortex generators, in the form of small tabs at the nozzle exit on the evolution of a jet, are reported in this paper. Primarily tabs of triangular shape are considered, and the effect is studied up to a jet Mach number of 1.8. Each tab is found to produce a dominant pair of counter‐rotating streamwise vortices having a sense of rotation opposite to that expected from the wrapping of the boundary layer. This results in an inward indentation of the mixing layer into the core of the jet. A triangular‐shaped tab with its apex leaning downstream, referred to as a delta tab, is found to be the most effective in producing such vortices, with a consequential large influence on the overall jet evolution. Two delta tabs, spaced 180° apart, completely bifurcate the jet. Four delta tabs stretch the mixing layer into four ‘‘fingers,’’ resulting in a significant increase in the jet mixing downstream. For six delta tabs the mixing layer distortion settles back to a three finger configuration through an interaction of the streamwise vortices. The tabs are found to be equally effective in jets with turbulent or laminar initial boundary layers. Two sources of streamwise vorticity are postulated for the flow under consideration. One is the upstream ‘‘pressure hill,’’ generated by the tab, which constitutes the main contributor of vorticity to the dominant pair. Another is due to vortex filaments shed from the sides of the tab and reoriented downstream by the mean shear of the mixing layer. Depending on the orientation of the tab, the latter source can produce a vortex pair having a sense of rotation opposite to that of the dominant pair. In the case of the delta tab, vorticity from the two sources add, explaining the strong effect in that configuration.
Magnetic resonance imaging of children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Eight children representing a spectrum of clinical states of biopsy-proven Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) underwent magnetic resonance (MR) scans to assess the degree of muscular involvement and disease progression. Five muscle groups (neck, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, thigh and calf) were evaluated. In each case, involved muscles were clearly demarcated. Image estimates of disease severity by degree of muscle involvement correlated well with clinical staging. In our experience MR is useful for assessment of disease stage, selection of appropriate muscles for biopsy and planning for courses of physical and rehabilitation therapy.
Mathematical analysis of density-dependent coevolution with interspecific competition

Abstract This study analyzes a four dimensional system of time-autonomous ordinary differential equations which models density-dependent coevolution with interspecific competition and with fitnesses exhibiting partial dominance. There are two competing populations, each possessing two alleles. If each homozygote fitness is a linear function of the competing population density, then using techniques of dynamical systems we show that a type of ecological and genetic exclusion occurs for a wide range of parameters. For these parameters, the asymptotic behavior of bounded solutions is determined by the genotype carrying capacities, and the asymptotic behavior of unbounded solutions is determined by the genotype growth rates. Numerically, there appear to be no nonequilibrium, compact invariant sets where all four alleles are present for any parameter combinations.
A Biomechanical Model of the Thumb That Effectively Replicates Endpoint Forces Produced by Human Subjects and Measured in Anatomical Specimens

Current biomechanical models of the thumb do not replicate either the maximum pinch forces produced via coordinated muscle actions by human subjects [1] or the magnitudes of the forces produced by individual muscles as quantified in cadaveric specimens [2]. However, compared to the literature, these models either underestimate the forces produced by human subjects [1] or overestimate the magnitudes quantified in cadaveric specimens [3, 4]. Specifically, the model developed by Valero-Cuevas et al (2003) was reported to be four times weaker than the endpoint forces produced during maximum effort by human subjects experimentally [1]. In contrast, Towles et al., (2008) reported simulated endpoint forces substantially greater than the forces produced by individual muscles in cadaveric experiments for six of nine muscles studied. [3]. Similarly, Goehler and Murray (2010) simulated the endpoint forces produced by individual extrinsic muscles and reported results that were approximately 60% larger than the forces measured in cadavers [4].Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Topologically based decision support tools for aircraft routing

This paper considers the problem of rapidly generating aircraft trajectories and providing visual tools for analyzing airspace in the presence of convective weather. When strong convective weather elements are present within an airspace, nominal operations are disrupted. Often, such disruptions result in the closure of arrival and departure routes, or major jetways. Partial recovery from disturbances can take the form of ground delay programs and diversions, re-routing of flights to adjacent airspaces, or utilization of other standard arrival and departure fixes. The work presented here proposes two decision support tools to aid air traffic controllers and managers in re-routing traffic. Starting from weather information, partitions of the airspace are constructed whose boundaries and junctions form a Voronoi graph. The graph is used for path planning and provides information on optimal routing policies. Furthermore, the partitions are also used to identify the set of reachable space by airplanes. A key feature of the tool is that a set of optimal solutions and/or informational content is provided, as opposed to simply providing a single optimal trajectory solution or output with limited informative content. The sets of optimal solutions are obtained by finding homotopy classes for flight routing, leading to greater flexibility in decision making. The central thesis of this paper is that graph-based and continuous trajectory-based path planning algorithms can provide the necessary information for strategic and tactical path planning through weather, and are thus well suited as decision support tools for enhancing air traffic management.
System identification via families of digital algorithms

Digital algorithms for the implementation of time domain identification techniques which are capable of coping with the stochastic nature of their data have been proposed and investigated. These algorithms may either employ recursive or non-recursive solution strategies and they appear to have a high noise-rejection performance and yield consistent and accurate results. Alain emphasis is given to families of recursive algorithms, which have a fast rate of convergence and are based upon an integral adaptation mechanism with constant or decreasing gains and may, or may not, include a proportional adaptation mechanism. The analysis procedure is presented in an integrated manner, and makes use only of input-output sampled time data of a linear system that consists of lumped parameter or distributed parameter elements with a finite number of modes included in the system response during or after an adequate period of excitation. Through a successive model-fitting procedure the best mathematical model, defined b...
Restoring Abundance through Higher Efficiency

This paper discusses public policy formation in terms of the social values of abundance, plentitude, and higher efficiency. It proposes an evolutionary framework for restructuring economic regulation for financial services consistent with those values.
Genetic control of CTL responses to AKR/Gross virus: effect of inheritance of Akv proviruses.

Our earlier observations suggested that the AKR/Gross leukemia virus-specific C57BL/6 cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) response was directed to Akv-1, but not Akv-3 or Akv-4, provirus-associated determinants. Based on these data, the present experiments were performed with various AKXL RI mouse strains of the responder H-2 b haplotype which had inherited different combinations of the Akv-1, −3, and −4 proviruses, to determine whether these strains were able to mount specific antiviral CTL responses. In a comparison with control responder C57BL/6 mice, a clear pattern emerged. Akv-negative mice of the AKXL-29 strain were fully responsive, but five other AKXL strains which had inherited the Akv-1 provirus failed to mount significant antiviral CTL responses (≦ 10% of control). In contrast, an Akv-1-negative but Akv-4-positive strain (AKXL-5) was partially responsive (approximately 24 % of the C57BL/6 control). These results were consistent with a direct relationship between the Akv-1 provirus and the nominal antigens recognized by antiviral CTL, and with an inverse correlation between in vivo expression of viral antigens by normal cells and the ability to generate antiviral CTL. The possible mechanisms accounting for this unresponsiveness are discussed along with the utility of this system for investigating the interactions of retroviruses with the immune system.
Incorporation of bomb-produced 14C into fish otoliths. An example of basin-specific rates from the North Pacific Ocean

Sagittal otoliths from juvenile Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) of known age were used to create a bomb-produced radiocarbon reference chronology for the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) by fitti...
An explicit finite-difference solution to the wave equation with variable velocity

Abstract An explicit method is formulated for solving the scalar wave equation using finite differences in isotropic, inhomogeneous media. Extrapolation from the known grid-plane to the unknown grid-plane is in depth so that the final result represents an image of the medium's true spatial structure. This image is often used to predict favorable locations for drilling into the earth. This paper determines equations for the depth differencing coefficients and the lateral differencing coefficients of a polynomial series solution to the wave equation.
Using Expanded QFD Matrix Analysis to Establish and Link Test Instrumentation to Customer Satisfaction Attributes

When reliability testing is performed, the focus is often on engineering metrics such as changes in part dimension or material properties that are of interest to the design engineer. This focus can result in missing failure or degradation conditions that affect customer satisfaction with the product. There is a need for a structured approach to plan the test, engineering metrics, and measurement system (instrumentation) on product or system attributes that contribute to customer satisfaction. This paper shows how a simple needs-metrics matrix (a common element used in Quality Function Deployment or QFD) can be expanded to serve as a structured tool to establish laboratory test instrumentation for objective measurements in a reliability test. This paper also shows how the matrix can be further expanded to include results of interim subjective evaluations. This expanded matrix can then be used to readily relate the results of reliability testing as well as subjective testing to potential impact on customer ...
CONTEXTUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE DYNAMIC MEASUREMENT OF TRUST IN WEB SITES ACROSS DOMAINS

The purpose of this study was to better understand user trust in web sites designed for different contexts; commerce, health and news. This research evaluated changes in trust ratings as users interacted with website elements. Differences in user trust ratings were observed between websites, which suggests that these changes in trust ratings are likely related to the website context. Therefore, people may develop different thresholds for trust based on concepts of usability, privacy, and content that are related to the website context. Finally, these results can also be used to inform the design of web sites to foster user trust in websites designed for different contexts. To cite this document: Onur Asan, Jennifer Perchonok, and Enid Montague, "Contextual differences in the dynamic measurement of trust in websites", International Journal of Cyber Society and Education, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 91-110, 2012. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/ijcse.969
Selenium NMR Spectroscopy as Versatile Probe of Selenoproteins

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is an essential biophysical technique due to its unsurpassed sensitivity to molecule's electronic and chemical structure. However, while NMR detection of carbon, nitrogen and protons is routine, biological 77Se NMR is not common. We develop 77Se solid and solution state NMR as a versatile spectroscopic method for examining the unique group of selenoproteins, thus allowing for an unprecedented record of the electronic structure of reactive enzymatic centers.77Se is a spin 1/2 nucleus with a pronounced chemical shielding response. It exhibits a high sensitivity to the local environment and molecular motion, thus rendering it an excellent spectroscopic reporter on bonding, geometry and electronic structure. It has great potential for characterization of enzymatic reactions in which selenium plays a role. For example, it enables direct detection of diselenide and selenenylsulfide bonds as well as ionization states. By utilizing recent advances in selenoproteins’ expression to uniquely insert 77Se in genetically engineered proteins, we demonstrate the detection of different chemical forms of 77selenocysteine in selenoproteins at a high magnetic field (14.1 T).
A Comparison of the Relative Effectiveness of Fin Aspect Ratio Under Natural Convective Heat Transfer With Top Mounted Fins

Mechanical engineers often design fins on metal enclosures to dissipate an internal heat load using natural convection. This paper gives the results of a series of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) studies, and, supporting calculations for the maximum temperature rise on a plate with a constant heat load of 100 watts applied to the bottom of the plate. Vertical fins are formed on the top surface of the plate. In this study, the horizontal dimensions and thickness of a square plate are held constant, while, the aspect ratio of the top surface fins are varied between studies. The aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of the height of the fin to the width of the base of the fin. The study compares aspect ratios from 1:1 to 40:1 with a constant base width. In addition, comparisons between 20:1 aspect ratio fins with the same height but with different fin counts due to changes in fin separation distances are compared. Closely spaced fins are not always the best solution for natural convection.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
VUV Radiometry with Hydrogen Arcs. 1: Principle of the Method and Comparisons with Blackbody Calibrations from 1650 Å to 3600 Å

A method is described that utilizes the continuum emission from a wall-stabilized arc discharge as a radiometric standard in the vuv. Ultimately, this standard will cover the wavelength range from 500 A to 3600 A. Results of a first experiment comparing this method to two other calibration methods in the region above 1650 A are presented. A calibrated tungsten strip lamp is used between 2500 A and 3600 A the method of blackbody limited lines is applied at two wavelengths in the vuv. The hydrogen arc method depends upon the fact that the continuum emission coefficient for a hydrogen plasma at typical arc temperatures of about 14,000 K is calculable to within a few percent since the essential spectroscopic constants, continuum absorption coefficients, and transition probabilities are exactly known. The accuracy of the method depends primarily on the capability of spatially resolving in an end-on measurement the nearly homogeneous plasma layers near the axis of the cylindrically symmetric arc column.
Design of Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Optimum Roll-Off and Droplet Impact Resistance

We study the wetting behavior of water droplets on superhydrophobic arrays of lithographically fabricated square posts. To determine the droplet wetting state, we measure static contact angles and compare the results to predictions for equilibrium Cassie and Wenzel states. Surprisingly, we find that roll-off angles are minimized on surfaces expected to induce Wenzel-like wetting in equilibrium. We argue that droplets on these surfaces are metastable Cassie droplets whose internal Laplace pressure is insufficient to overcome the energy barrier required to completely wet the posts. These metastable Cassie droplets show superior roll-off properties because the effective length of the contact line that is pinned to the surface is reduced. We develop a model that can predict the transition between the metastable Cassie and Wenzel regimes by comparing the Laplace pressure of the drop to the capillary pressure associated with the wetting energy barrier of the textured surface. In the case of impacting droplets the water hammer and Bernoulli pressures must be compared with the capillary pressure. Experiments with impacting droplets show very good agreement with this simple pressure-balance model. Together these models can be used to optimize texture design for droplet-shedding and droplet-impact resistant surfaces.Copyright © 2008 by ASME