cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of diagnostic methodology on the sensitivity of the TRH stimulation test for depression: A literature review

Abstract The authors review over 50 reports comparing test sensitivity of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test using either DSM-III or Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) criteria for depression. Ten reports with a total of 410 patients and 458 test results were analyzed that met specific criteria for diagnosis for the TRH test. The sensitivity for depression with the TRH test in the DSM-III reports was 34.8% compared with six RDC reports in which the sensitivity was 51% (X 2 10.41, p two methods for diagnosis in future clinical research in order that this type of comparison can be undertaken in the same patients. This will help in future modifications and revisions of the DSM.
Defect Structures in YBa2Cu3O7−x Produced by Electron Irradiation

Defect structures in YBa2Cu3O7−x produced by electron irradiation at 300 K were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Threshold energies for the production of visible defects were determined to be 152 keV and 131 keV (+ 7 keV) in directions near the a and b (b>a) axes (both perpendicular to c, the long axis in the orthorhombic structure), respectively. During above threshold irradiations in an electron flux of 3×1018 cm-2 s-1, extended defects were observed to form and grow to sizes of 10–50 nm over 1000 s in material thicknesses 20–200 nm. Such low electron threshold energies suggest oxygen atom displacements with recoil energies near 20 eV. The observation of movement of twin boundaries during irradiation just above threshold suggests movement of the basal plane oxygen atoms by direct displacement or defect migration processes. Crystals irradiated above threshold were observed after about 24 hours to have transformed to a structure heavily faulted on planes perpendicular to the c axis.
New CFE for system approximation

A continued fraction expansion (CFE) which can be used to obtain an approximant of a high-order linear system is presented. Application of the CFE results in a reduced-order model which retains the control theoretic properties of the original plant. >
Buckling and postbuckling analysis of thick composite cylindrical shells under hydrostatic pressure

Thick composite-layered shells under hydrostatic pressure are analyzed for buckling and postbuckling response using axisymmetric solid elements. The numerical approach is based on p-version finite elements in conjunction with appropriate trigonometric functions. Particular attention is given to the evaluation of interlaminar stresses in the postbuckling range. The postbuckling response is determined using an asymptotic approach. It is found that layered shells with Z (the modified Batdorf parameter) < 1000 are imperfection-sensitive with respect to local buckling; shells with relatively small radius to thickness ratios develop significant interlaminar shearing stresses, of the order of 50% of the buckling pressure, for buckling displacements of the order of one-tenth of the shell thickness. Together, the imperfection-sensitivity and the high inter-laminar stresses can precipitate failure before the classical critical pressures are reached. These factors must be considered along with the potential for interaction of local and overall buckling in optimally designed, stiffened shell configurations. Numerical analyses demonstrate the effectiveness of the p-version approach in achieving rapid convergence of the buckling pressures, the imperfection-sensitivity parameter and the magnitude of interlaminar stresses. Wherever possible, comparisons have been made with results available currently in the literature. It is found that for long shells (Z> 1000), the Donnell type formulations can seriously underestimate the buckling pressures. The present formulation based on three-dimensional nonlinear elasticity offers an accurate, powerful and yet computationally effective means of analysis of thick shells.
The rotational dependence of purely vibrational anharmonic resonances

Abstract Despite the fact that purely vibrational anharmonic resonances are diagonal in all rotational quantum numbers, it is now recognized that there may be a slight rotational dependence of the off-diagonal matrix element and that such dependence has important effects on the vibration-rotation spectrum. The effect has previously been treated empirically and numerical estimates obtained for the J -dependent terms in the Fermi resonances in a number of linear triatomic molecules. The calculation of these J -dependent terms using first-order anharmonic wavefunctions is now described and the results are compared with the experimental values in the cases of CO 2 and CS 2 .
Surface and interface behaviors of (La0.8Sr0.2)xMnO3 air electrode for solid oxide cells

Abstract In solid oxide cell operation, the stoichiometry of the air electrode is an important factor for its interaction with electrolyte and interconnect and long-term cell performance. In this study, tri-layer samples of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ)/(La 0.8 Sr 0.2 ) x MnO 3 (LSM)/AISI 441 stainless steel are made and thermally treated in dry air atmosphere at 800 °C for 500 h. The air electrode composition is varied by changing the x value in (La 0.8 Sr 0.2 ) x MnO 3 from 0.95 to 1.05 (LSM95, LSM100, and LSM105). The LSM composition segregation, YSZ/LSM/AISI 441 interfacial interaction, and the reaction of volatile chromium species with the LSM surface are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Surface segregation of Sr and La are detected for all the LSM samples. Cr deposition is found across the LSM surface. For the LSM95 sample, Sr-containing compound leads to a high Cr content at the YSZ/LSM interface. For the LSM105 sample, on the other hand, the enrichment of La at the YSZ/LSM interface hinders the Cr deposition, leading to a very low Cr content. The mechanisms of LSM elemental surface segregation and Cr deposition are discussed.
The effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on reversal learning using a simple visual discrimination task in rhesus monkeys

The purpose of this research was to determine if adult animals that were exposed to cocaine prenatally would be able to adapt to changes in the rules of reinforcement for a simple discrimination task. Treatment groups included 0.0, 1.0, and 3.0 mg cocaine/kg/day and an escalating-dose group that began treatment at 3.0 mg cocaine/kg/day, after which the dose was increased by 0.5 mg cocaine/kg/day every 2 weeks throughout the pregnancy. All animals performed a color and position discrimination task for food reinforcers for approximately 6 years before the present study. For this task, subjects were presented with colored stimuli that determined the correctness of subsequent position choices: left for red or yellow and right for blue or green. At 7 years of age, the rules for obtaining reinforcement were reversed. Animals exposed to all doses of cocaine showed impaired reversal performance. Further, animals exposed to the escalating doses of cocaine continued to show this impairment for over 285 sessions (about 21/2 years). The number of sessions required by subjects to master these contingency changes indicated that, using a task with which they have an extensive history, cocaine-exposed animals have greater difficulty in adapting to important changes in their environment.
Absent Audiences: Youth Identity Formation in Preparations for Performance

This article explores the use of audiences in preparation for public presentation by an urban youth organization in Camden, New Jersey (U.S.). Camden is an impoverished city with few opportunities for youth. The organization, a hybrid of youth development, technology, business, and college preparation, prepared youth for good jobs or college. Public presentations were a main participation structure. In preparing for them, youth used the imagined responses of audiences as a way of developing their work. They also used the real responses of previous audiences as they considered how best to represent their work and themselves. Absent audiences were deeply connected to their thought processes for their presentations in radio shows, to Web design clients, and to audiences for digital storytelling festivals. These audiences also influenced the ways in which the youth constructed their own identities, moving from the categories of victim or urban youth to expert.
Evaluation of cell penetrating peptides fused to elastin-like polypeptide for drug delivery

Translocation through the plasma membrane is a major limiting step for the cellular delivery of macromolecules. Several cell penetrating peptides (CPP) have been demonstrated to efficiently internalize various molecular cargo to targets inside eukaryotic cells. In this study, the efficiency and mechanism of cellular uptake of the CPPs penetratin, Tat, and MTS fused to elastin-like polypeptides (CPP-ELP) were evaluated. Elastin-like polypeptides are biopolymers with features that make them useful as polymeric carriers for the delivery of therapeutics. Therefore, improving efficiency of cellular uptake by fusing ELPs to CPPs and understanding the mechanism of their cellular internalization could contribute to development of new therapeutic approaches. Flow cytometry and confocal fluorescence microscopy were used to elucidate the mechanism of CPP-ELP uptake. The internalization of all CPP-ELPs was impaired dramatically at 4 °C, under ATP depletion conditions, and with hyperosmolar sucrose, implicating involvement of an endocytic pathway for CPP-ELP internalization. Penetratin was identified as the most effective CPP for delivering ELP. Finally, in order to demonstrate the potential of CPP-ELP for drug delivery, a fusion polypeptide was made containing penetratin, ELP, and a peptide derived from the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. This polypeptide was shown to inhibit proliferation of SKOV-3 and HeLa cells by slowing their growth rate.
Sex Differences in Self-Disclosure during an Interview.

(1979). Sex Differences in Self-Disclosure during an Interview. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 107, No. 2, pp. 281-282.
Effects of marginal zinc deficiency on microtubule polymerization in the developing rat brain.

One of the possible mechanisms that has been proposed to underlie the deleterious effects of zinc deficiency on brain development is an impairment in the normal formation of the cytoskeletal network. In the current study, in vivo microtubule polymerization was characterized in brain supernatant fluids, from 20-d-old pups whose dams were fed diets containing control (50 μg zinc/g) or marginal levels of zinc (10 μg zinc/g) throughout pregnancy and lactation. Pup brain and body weights were similar between the groups; however, plasma zinc concentrations were lower (27%) in pups fed the marginal zinc diet than in controls. Tubulin concentrations in 100,000g brain supernates were similar between the groups; however, tubulin polymerization in the brain supernates was significantly lower in pups fed the marginal zinc diet compared to controls. Primarily, the early events of polymerization were affected; the lag period of the reaction was doubled, and the initial velocity was slower (26%) in supernates from pups fed the marginal zinc diet than in controls. These findings support the idea that some of the negative effects of marginal zinc deficiency on brain development and function may be mediated by an alteration in microtubule formation.
The distinction between living and dead plant tissue: viability tests in cold hardiness research

Abstract Central to the study of plant cold hardiness is a suitable method of measuring viability following exposure to a freezing stress. No single viability test has been found that will work for all types of plant material or under all types of experimental conditions. Viability tests commonly used in cold hardiness studies are herein reviewed relative to a search for the method best suited for individual research goals. Although time-consuming and qualitative in nature, tissue browning and survival ratings are still generally used as controls for quantitative measurements due to their reliability and ability to predict post-stress plant performance.
With number of preexposures constant latent inhibition increases with preexposure CS duration or total CS exposure

Abstract In three experiments using the conditioned suppression procedure with rats, we gave nonreinforced preexposures of a conditioned stimulus (CS) at a rate of two per day for 10 days. For different groups, the CS duration was 0, 1, 12, or 120 s in Experiments 1 and 2, or was 0, 1, 12, 120, or 720 s in Experiment 3. For all groups, the CS duration was 120 s during conditioning when it was paired twice a day with an electric grid shock unconditioned stimulus. In all three experiments, conditioning was most retarded in the group that received the longest duration of CS during preexposure and thus the greatest total exposure to the CS. The results supported the conclusion that latent inhibition (LI) increases as a function of CS duration/total exposure during preexposure when the number of preexposures and CS duration during conditioning are held constant. The results are shown to be inconsistent with most theories of LI but consistent with at least two other theoretical views.
In vitro dephosphorylation of α-crystallin is dependent on the state of oligomerization

Abstract αA- and αB-crystallin, members of the small heat shock protein family, are present in lens cell extracts as large aggregates. Both α-crystallins are found partially phosphorylated. This study tests the ability of five phosphatases (protein phosphatase PP1, PP2A, PP2B, alkaline and acid phosphatases) to dephosphorylate αA- and αB-crystallin in vitro. Activity of a phosphatase was dependent on the size of the aggregate. Each of the phosphatases tested showed different specificity and efficiency towards αA- and αB-crystallins, which depended on the oligomeric state of the α-crystallin aggregate. Alkaline phosphatase dephosphorylated both αA- and αB-crystallin. The reaction was faster when α-crystallin was in a tetrameric form. PP2A dephosphorylated primarily αA-crystallin but only after the conversion of α-crystallin to tetramers. PP1 and PP2B did not dephosphorylate either αA- or αB-crystallins present as large aggregates but could not be tested on the lower molecular weight form of αA-crystallin. Acid phosphatase dephosphorylated both αA- and αB-crystallin. The results suggest that an important relationship exists between the structure of α-crystallin and its level of phosphorylation in the cell.
Plasma cyclic AMP response to calcitonin: a potential clinical marker of bone turnover.

Abstract A noninvasive marker of bone turnover would be useful in predicting which patients are at risk of rapid bone loss and in monitoring response to therapy. Calcitonin (CT)-induced hypocalcemia correlates with bone turnover but has not been a clinically useful test because changes in serum calcium are small, and test duration is long. CT rapidly increases plasma cAMP levels. We conducted studies in rats and in man to characterize the origin of this rise, and to determine its suitability as a potential clinical marker of bone resorption. Administration of CT to rats resulted in a prompt and sustained rise in plasma cAMP. This effect was not blunted by nephrectomy and was greater in calcium-deprived rats with increased bone resorption. Thus, it appears to reflect CT action on bone An intramuscular injection of 100 units salmon CT elevated plasma cAMP in 18 normal men and women. This effect was observed by 20 min after injection and persisted over 2 h. Although basal levels of plasma cAMP were similar in healthy postmenopausal women and men, the response to CT was greater in women. The response of women with hyperparathyroidism was greater than that of normal women, and the response of pagetic men was greater than that of normal men. The rise in plasma cAMP following CT is rapid and easily measured and appears to correlate with the state of bone remodeling. Additional studies will be required in osteoporotic subjects with high and low remodeling activity before the clinical utility of this test can be determined.
Substrate Stereoselectivity of Human Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) are two heme-containing enzymes that catalyze the oxidative cleavage of tryptophan (Trp) to N-formyl-kynurenine, the initial and rate-limiting step of the kynurenine pathway. Although IDO and TDO catalyze the same reaction, they exhibit distinct structural and functional features. TDO plays an important role in regulating homeostatic serum Trp concentrations, whereas IDO is involved in a wide spectrum of immune related pathophysiologies. It has been shown that immune cells express IDO to suppress pathogen growth by depleting the local Trp concentration and by producing cytotoxic metabolites. Ironically, IDO produced in the placenta and by cancer cells has also been implicated in inhibiting the proliferation of immune cells by similar mechanisms. To study the substrate-protein interaction in human IDO (hIDO), as compared to human TDO (hTDO), we have constructed and studied three mutants of hIDO, including S167H and F226Y (in which the two critical amino acids in the active site were mutated to mimic TDO), as well as trIDO (in which the N-terminal domain absent in TDO was truncated). The structural and enzymatic properties of each mutant were systematically examined with optical absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopies. The data were evaluated against the wild type hIDO and hTDO. It was concluded that: (1) the mutation of F226 to Tyr changes the substrate stereoselectivity to be “TDO-like”; (2) the mutation of S167 to His causes the inactivation of IDO; and (3) the N-terminal domain of IDO is critical for Trp binding and activity. These studies will be discussed in the context of the dioxygen chemistry carried out by these two important heme-containing enzymes.
The influence of decodability in early reading text on reading achievement: a review of the evidence

The purpose of this review is to synthesize the existing research on decodability as a text characteristic examining how reading decodable text impacts students’ reading performance and growth. The results are organized into two sections based on the research designs of the studies: (1) studies that described student performance when reading texts of varying decodability levels, and (2) studies that compared the reading performance of students after participation in a treatment that manipulated decodable text as an independent variable. Collectively the results indicate that decodability is a critical characteristic of early reading text as it increases the likelihood that students will use a decoding strategy and results in immediate benefits, particularly with regard to accuracy. The studies point to the need for multiple-criteria text with decodability being one key characteristic in ensuring that students develop the alphabetic principle that is necessary for successful reading, rather than text developed based on the single criterion of decodability.
Detection of biological activity in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with central nervous system tumors

Tumor markers for brain tumors are important for initial diagnosis and monitoring of treatment. We used a modification of the phagokinetic track assay, which measures the migration of cells across a coverslip that is coated with colloidal gold, to assess whether the CSF from patients with brain tumors and other non-neoplastic neurological disorders altered the migration of Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts. We found that CSF from patients with brain tumors stimulated the migration activity at a significantly higher level than did CSF from patients without tumors (mean migration activity: 65 ±9% for CSF from 113 patients with brain tumors; 14±4% for 44 patients with non-neoplastic CNS disease; and 9 ±1.2% for 54 patients with metabolic or other disorders). Thus the ability of CSF to stimulate migration of 3T3 cells appears to be a promising approach to detecting, understanding and following the activity of brain tumors.
The β-tubulin gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana: preferential accumulation of the β1 transcript in roots

The genome of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. was shown to contain a beta-tubulin gene family consisting of at least seven distinct genes and/or pseudogenes. Genomic clones of five different beta-tubulin genes and/or pseudogenes have been isolated and partially characterized. The complete nucleotide sequence of one A. thaliana beta-tubulin gene, designated beta 1, has been determined. A comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence of the A. thaliana beta 1-tubulin with the predicted sequences of beta-tubulins of animals and protists indicated that this plant beta-tubulin shows a high degree of homology with other beta-tubulins. However, the beta 1-tubulin contains a novel single amino acid insertion at position 41. The A. thaliana beta 1-tubulin gene is transcribed, as shown by RNA blot hybridization and S1 nuclease analyses. A 3'-noncoding gene-specific probe was used to examine the expression of the beta 1-tubulin gene in leaves, roots, and flowers by blot hybridization analyses of total RNA isolated from these tissues. The results showed that the transcript of the beta 1 gene accumulates predominantly in roots, with low levels of transcript in flowers, and barely detectable levels of transcript in leaves. A second genomic clone was shown to contain two essentially identical beta-tubulin coding sequences in direct tandem orientation and separated by 1 kb.
Zeolites for fixation of cesium and strontium from radwastes by thermal and hydrothermal treatments

Abstract Several zeolites, minerals commonly used in radioactive waste decontamination, were heated in air up to 1000 °C for 4 h or heated hydrothermally at 300 °C for 4 weeks under a confining pressure of 300 bar after loading with Cs or Sr to determine the extent and nature of Cs and Sr fixation. Cs-loaded zeolites leached with 0.1 v KC I solution indicated that clinoptilolite, chabazite, erionite, and mordenite fixed only 7% to 26% of their Cs after heat treatment up to 800 °C. However, analcite and phillipsite fixed 84% and 81% of their Cs by heat treatments to only 200 and 500 °C, respectively. The fixation in analcite may be attributed to its dehydration, while in phillipsite the fixation is attributed to its transformation to Cs-feldspar-type phase at 500 to 800 °C. At 1000 °C, all the zeolites seem to be very effective in Cs fixation by forming cesium aluminosilicate minerals. Partially Cs-loaded phillipsites also fixed substantial fractions of their Cs by heat treatment in air as a result of the formation of the feldspar phase. Hydrothermal treatment of Cs-loaded zeolites resulted in the formation of pollucite with phillipsite, erionite, and chabazite and thus fixed Cs. All the Sr-loaded zeolites when leached with KCl were found to fix Sr by thermal treatment at 350 °C and fixed substantial fractions by treatment at 600 °C. For example, at 600 °C clinoptilolite, mordenite and erionite fixed 91%, 93%, and 73%, respectively, of the original Sr present in the samples. Analcite and phillipsite were also very effective in Sr fixation just as they were in Cs fixation. Analcite and phillipsite fixed 86% and 91% of their Sr by heat treatment to 420 and 600 °C, respectively. The fixation of Sr by phillipsite was probably due to its transformation to celsian. Hydrothermal treatment of Sr-loaded phillipsite, clinoptilolite, and mordenite also resulted in substantial Sr fixation. These results show that analcite and phillipsite fix the greatest fractions of Cs and Sr at the lowest temperature of treatment. Between analcite and phillipsite, the latter has the greatest capacity and selectivity for Cs and Sr when used in decontaminating radioactive waste solutions and, therefore, phillipsite may be ideally suited for radioactive waste decontamination followed by thermal or hydrothermal treatment to fix the sorbed Cs and Sr.
Assuring Electronics Reliability: What Could and Should Be Done Differently

The following “ten commandments” for the predicted and quantified reliability of aerospace electronic, and photonic products are addressed and discussed: 1) The best product is the best compromise between the needs for reliability, cost effectiveness and time-to-market; 2) Reliability cannot be low, need not be higher than necessary, but has to be adequate for a particular product; 3) When reliability is imperative, ability to quantify it is a must, especially if optimization is considered; 4) One cannot design a product with quantified, optimized and assured reliability by limiting the effort to the highly accelerated life testing (HALT) that does not quantify reliability; 5) Reliability is conceived at the design stage and should be taken care of, first of all, at this stage, when a “genetically healthy” product should be created; reliability evaluations and assurances cannot be delayed until the product is fabricated and shipped to the customer, i.e., cannot be left to the prognostics-and-health-monitoring/managing (PHM) stage; it is too late at this stage to change the design or the materials for improved reliability; that is why, when reliability is imperative, users re-qualify parts to assess their lifetime and use redundancy to build a highly reliable system out of insufficiently reliable components; 6) Design, fabrication, qualification and PHM efforts should consider and be specific for particular products and their most likely actual or at least anticipated application(s); 7) Probabilistic design for reliability (PDfR) is an effective means for improving the state-of-the-art in the field: nothing is perfect, and the difference between an unreliable product and a robust one is “merely” the probability of failure (PoF); 8) Highly cost-effective and highly focused failure oriented accelerated testing (FOAT) geared to a particular pre-determined reliability model and aimed at understanding the physics of failure anticipated by this model is an important constituent part of the PDfR effort; 9) Predictive modeling (PM) is another important constituent of the PDfR approach; in combination with FOAT, it is a powerful means to carry out sensitivity analyses (SA), to quantify and nearly eliminate failures (“principle of practical confidence”); 10) Consistent, comprehensive and physically meaningful PDfR can effectively contribute to the most feasible and the most effective qualification test (QT) methodologies, practices and specifications. The general concepts addressed in the paper are illustrated by numerical examples. It is concluded that although the suggested concept is promising and fruitful, further research, refinement, and validations are needed before this concept becomes widely accepted by the engineering community and implemented into practice. It is important that this novel approach is introduced gradually, whenever feasible and appropriate, in addition to, and in some situations even instead of, the currently employed various types and modifications of the forty year old HALT.
An Elusive Bullet in the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Rare Case of Bullet Embolism in the Gastrointestinal Tract and a Review of Relevant Literature

Bullet embolism within the gastrointestinal system is extremely rare. Such bullet injuries are infrequently covered in the general literature, but the surgeon should be aware of the phenomenon. Smaller caliber bullets are more common in civilian gunshot wound (GSW) events. These bullets are able to tumble through the gastrointestinal tract and cause perforation of the intestinal lumen which is small enough to be easily missed. Bullets retained in the abdominal cavity should not be dismissed as fixed and should be carefully monitored to ensure that they do not embolize within the bowel and cause occult lesions during their migration. We present a unique case wherein a bullet caused a minute perforation in the small bowel, before migrating to the distal colon, which resulted in late presentation of sepsis secondary to peritonitis.
The Council on Anthropology and Education as a Crossroad Community: Reflections on Theory-Oriented and Practice-Oriented Research

ture. As might be expected in this postmodern era, my reflections blend public and personal experiences. Some of my reflections have focused on conversations within the CAE. I have heard many colleagues express the view, in one form or another, that our field needs revitalization. In these discussions, colleagues have expressed differing opinions concerning our relationships with cultural anthropology and with educational research and practice. Some CAE members urge us to strengthen our connections with theory and research in cultural anthropology; others contend that we should strengthen our connections with practitioners. Often, these are treated as competing goals. Other reflections have focused on my students' research related to anthropology and education. In a graduate school of education, these students are primarily midcareer practitioners, most of whom continue to work full-time while pursuing graduate work. Some of my doctoral students have used anthropological theory and research for their dissertations, and have done solid and interesting work. However, because many continue as practitioners after earning their doctorates, very few have published from their dissertations. Masters-level research, too, is rarely shared beyond the class for which it is conducted. If, as I suspect, these patterns occur elsewhere, I wonder what is being lost to the field.
Vitamin B6 Metabolism by Human Liver

The B6 vitamers (pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxal) are primarily metabolized in liver to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) and the deadend catabolite 4-pyridoxic acid. We have built on the elegant early work of Snell and others to describe the activities of the human liver enzymes responsible for vitamin B6 metabolism and to develop a model of the relative rates of these interconversions in vivo. This model is consistent with changes in plasma B6 after a load, the clearance of different vitamers (e.g., pyridoxine versus pyridoxal), and with the low plasma PLP in patients with cirrhosis. Because cirrhotics were found to be capable of PLP synthesis, we have used oral supplementation with pyridoxine to restore plasma PLP to the normal range, and have evaluated the effects of this intervention on amino acid metabolism. No significant differences were observed in plasma or urinary clearance of methionine (or cystathionine) after an oral load, nor in amino acid clearance from circulation after a protein load for cirrhotic patients before and after restoration of normal plasma PLP. Hence, the abnormal metabolism of vitamin B6 does not appear to be an important factor in the deranged amino acid metabolism in this disease. Nonetheless, this approach may be generally useful in assessing the importance of PLP in other abnormalities.
Concepts of citrate production and secretion by prostate: 2. Hormonal relationships in normal and neoplastic prostate

A unique and major function of prostate secretory epithelial cells is to synthesize, accumulate, and secrete extraordinarily high levels of citrate. This function is regulated by testosterone and by prolactin. Concepts of the mechanisms of hormonal regulation are presented. The relationship of testosterone and prolactin to the origin and homologies of different prostate cell lines is described. The metabolic differentiation of citrate and non-citrate producing prostate secretory epithelial cells is discussed. Concepts of the pathogenesis of prostatic neoplasms are presented based on hormonal, metabolic, and homologous relationships associated with citrate production. Characterization of normal and neoplastic secretory epithelial cells by their citrate function is emphasized. The urgency and necessity for research relating to all aspects of prostate citrate production in normal and pathological prostate are emphasized.
Solvation Dynamics in Dipolar−Quadrupolar Mixtures: A Computer Simulation Study of Dipole Creation in Mixtures of Acetonitrile and Benzene

We present here the results of molecular dynamics simulation of solvation dynamics (SD) in benzene, acetonitrile, and their mixtures corresponding to three sets of acetonitrile mole fractions, xac = 0.20, 0.50, and 0.75, at temperature and densities appropriate for ambient conditions. The change in solute−solvent interactions triggered by solute electronic S0 → S1 excitation is represented as dipole creation in a benzene-like solute. We find that both solvent components are active participants in the SD event, with electrostatic interactions of the dipolar solute with quadrupolar benzene molecules making an important contribution to the solvation mechanism and the steady-state Stokes shift in the fluorescence spectrum. Our model solute is preferentially solvated by acetonitrile in its S1 state and the enhancement in the local acetonitrile concentration contributes significantly to the solvation time scale, especially in the benzene-rich mixture, where this process becomes considerably slower than the solv...
Isolation of source and receiver statics and scale factors in waveform inversion of marine refraction data

In this paper I present a method that uses multiple ocean bottom instruments to separate variations in seismic amplitudes and travel times caused by near-source topography and variable source amplitudes from similar variations related to the overall one-dimensional seismic structure. The results indicate that the standard correction for topography, sediment thickness, and source size can be improved with this method, reducing uncertainties in the velocity solution.
Tell Me a Story of Jesus: Teaching as Storytelling and Four Recent Short Histories of Christianity

Abstract. Offering a review of four short introductory books on Christianity, this essay discusses how introductory textbooks, and introductory religion courses more generally, are like storytelling. Books by Lindberg, Tomkins, Norris, and Woodhead are reviewed with an emphasis on their classroom use. These books share several things in common – most notably, each is a “short,” popular text. Dealing with the topic of Christianity in abbreviated form presents certain challenges and possibilities in the task of teaching. After examining these short histories, the essay reflects on several questions that emerge: When should we use textbooks in college classrooms? What are the goals that teachers have in the use of textbooks? How do textbooks define the subject matter of a course? And finally, how do teachers use texts to aid in telling a story in the classroom?
Cancer Survivorship: Rethinking the Cancer Control Continuum

Objectives The implications of the changing face of cancer survivors and the survivorship experience for health promotion are explored. Data Sources National Cancer Institute and Office of Cancer Survivorship, and research and journal articles. Conclusion Health promotion has become one of the most rapidly expanding topics of interest in the broader arena of survivorship research. Implications for Nursing Practice Nurses have been vital champions for a holistic or ‘whole person’ approach to cancer care and are uniquely positioned to play a central role in ensuring that we deliver on the promise of a valued future life for each cancer survivor and family member alive. Promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors is one of those roles.
Wind Tunnel Experiments on Cooling Tower Plumes: Part 1—In Uniform Crossflow

Measurements of velocity and temperature field and flow visualization results are reported for an ideal case of a cooling-tower plume in the presence of a uniform crossflow for various velocity ratios, densimetric Froude numbers, and Reynolds numbers. As the Reynolds number increases, turbulent structures appear, which have vorticity of the same sign as the partner vortices in the low Reynolds number case. The measurements showed that there is a strong interaction between the bending plume or jet and the wake of the cooling tower, which is basically responsible for the downwash effect. The latter is generally quite strong at low velocity ratios and high Reynolds numbers. High turbulence intensities are produced in the wake of the tower for a distance of 6 to 8 diameters. The plume is diluted faster as the velocity ratio increases and buoyancy decreases. In the wake region of the stack dilution increases with increased buoyancy.
Commutators of composition operators with adjoints of composition operators on weighted Bergman spaces

For linear-fractional self-maps ϕ and ψ of the unit disc &#x1d53b;, where at least one of ϕ and ψ is a non-automorphism, we show that the commutator is non-trivially compact on the weighted Bergman space if and only if either ϕ and ψ are both parabolic or ϕ and ψ are both hyperbolic, with associated conclusions about their fixed points in each case. In the automorphism case, we show that this commutator is compact if and only if both ϕ and ψ are rotations.
ANALYSIS OF ROCKBOLT REINFORCEMENT USING BEAM‐COLUMN THEORY

A simple analytical procedure that applies classical beam-column theory for evaluating passive rockbolt roof reinforcement is presented in this paper. The analytical model is derived from first principles and is capable of modelling any number of reinforcing bolts. Each rockbolt is modelled as a linear spring and the model allows for non-uniform bolt spacing. In this study the rock beam is assumed to be isotropic and linearly elastic for the sake of simplicity. However, the analytical model can be extended to include anisotropic rockmass as well as inelastic material behaviour. The solution to the coupled set of governing equations is obtained by using a simple numerical solution procedure. The results from the analytical model indicate that the critical buckling load of a rock beam is strongly influenced by the ambient rock modulus. For salt-rock excavations the rock modulus typically declines with time due to various phenomena, and a diminished modulus could seriously compromise roof stability. The other main conclusion of this study is that rockbolts loose their effectiveness in restraining a roof beam once its critical buckling load is approached. In such a situation, increasing bolt stiffness does not improve its reinforcing action on a roof beam but it enhances the possibility of bolt failure due to anchor pull-out.
Gainsharing: A technique to improve management-employee relations and mine productivity

Abstract The intent of this article is to discuss a potentially cost-effective means of increasing mine production through improved management-employee relations. This article will specifically examine one particular technique—gainsharing. This involves two fundamental elements. The first is a working committee of personnel from the workforce and management whose primary purpose is to evaluate suggestions from employees on ways of improving the work or production process. An additional and equally important objective is to develop a trusting relationship between the employees and management through this two-way communication network. The second element of the gainsharing technique is a bonus plan in which employees are paid a bonus based on the amount of production increase over a base level for a prescribed time period. The key to a successful gainsharing plan, or to any other human factor management program or technique, is to establish a trusting and open relationship between employees and management. This technique must be “a way of life” for management and not just an attempt to increase productivity. The gainsharing plan is an excellent initial technique for developing this trusting relationship because it develops a communication network which shows employees that they have an input into the company's success, and that management is willing to listen and reward them as a group for their ideas and efforts.
Telecommunications antennas for the Juno Mission to Jupiter

The Juno Mission to Jupiter requires a full sphere of coverage throughout its cruise to and mission at Jupiter. This coverage is accommodated through the use of five (5) antennas; forward facing low gain, medium gain, and high gain antennas, and an aft facing low gain antenna along with an aft mounted low gain antenna with a torus shaped antenna pattern. Three of the antennas (the forward low and medium gain antennas) are classical designs that have been employed on several prior NASA missions. Two of the antennas employ new technology developed to meet the Juno mission requirements. The new technology developed for the low gain with torus shaped radiation pattern represents a significant evolution of the bicone antenna. The high gain antenna employs a specialized surface shaping designed to broaden the antenna's main beam at Ka-band to ease the requirements on the spacecraft's attitude control system.
Microgap Multicavity Fabry–Pérot Biosensor

This paper presents a microgap multicavity Fabry-Perot interferometric sensor fabricated by wet etching and fusion splicing of single-mode optical fibers. The temperature dependence of the optical thickness measurement of self-assembled thin films can be compensated by extracting the temperature information from the multiplexed temperature sensor. Experimental results demonstrate that thin-film characteristics under temperature variations can be examined accurately. The high-temperature sensitivity of the temperature sensor also enables biosensing under temperature variations. This greatly improves the flexibility in sample handling and provides the opportunity to investigate temperature effects in biological applications.
Cyclooxygenase-2-dependent lymphangiogenesis promotes nodal metastasis of postpartum breast cancer.

Breast involution following pregnancy has been implicated in the high rates of metastasis observed in postpartum breast cancers; however, it is not clear how this remodeling process promotes metastasis. Here, we demonstrate that human postpartum breast cancers have increased peritumor lymphatic vessel density that correlates with increased frequency of lymph node metastases. Moreover, lymphatic vessel density was increased in normal postpartum breast tissue compared with tissue from nulliparous women. In rodents, mammary lymphangiogenesis was upregulated during weaning-induced mammary gland involution. Furthermore, breast cancer cells exposed to the involuting mammary microenvironment acquired prolymphangiogenic properties that contributed to peritumor lymphatic expansion, tumor size, invasion, and distant metastases. Finally, in rodent models of postpartum breast cancer, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition during the involution window decreased normal mammary gland lymphangiogenesis, mammary tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis, tumor cell invasion into lymphatics, and metastasis. Our data indicate that physiologic COX-2–dependent lymphangiogenesis occurs in the postpartum mammary gland and suggest that tumors within this mammary microenvironment acquire enhanced prolymphangiogenic activity. Further, our results suggest that the prolymphangiogenic microenvironment of the postpartum mammary gland has potential as a target to inhibit metastasis and suggest that further study of the therapeutic efficacy of COX-2 inhibitors in postpartum breast cancer is warranted.
James C. Scott, Two Cheers for Anarchism: Six easy pieces on autonomy, dignity, and meaningful work and play. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013. xxvi + 198 Pages. USD $24.95 (cloth)

Two Cheers for Anarchism: Six easy pieces on autonomy, dignity, and meaningful work and play by James C. Scott is reviewed.
Predicting body composition from anthropometry in pre-adolescent children.

The objectives of this paper were to: a) evaluate the accuracy and precision of previously published pediatric body composition prediction equations and b) develop additional prediction equations from a large, heterogeneous group of Caucasian (na 133) and African-American (na 69) children. The combined cohort of 202 children included a wide range of ages (4.0 ‐ 10.9 y), weights (14.0 ‐ 70.8 kg), fat mass (FM: 1.2 ‐ 28.5 kg) and percent body fat (% body fat: 6.2 ‐ 49.6%). Skinfold measurements were obtained using a Lange caliper and body fat was measured with a Lunar DPX-L densitometer. The previously published equations of Slaughter et al and Goran et al did not accurately predict body fat. The entire cohort was randomly divided into two sub-groups for purposes of deriving and cross-validating a new prediction equation. In stepwise regression analysis in the development group (na 135), weight, triceps skinfold, gender, ethnicity and abdominal skinfold estimated FM measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) with a model R 2 of 0.95. The new prediction equation was cross-validated in the control group (na 67) and each ethnic and gender subgroup. We conclude that a) the equations of Slaughter etal and Goran etal did not accurately predict FM in a heterogeneous group of children and b) a new anthropometric prediction equation is proposed that may provide accurate estimates of FM in both Caucasian and African-American children aged 4 ‐ 10 y with a wide range of FM and body composition.
A range algorithm for ground penetrating radar

A range-to-target algorithm for application to targets which exhibit a crude hyperbolic wiggle trace is described. The current practice is to use the apex time of the hyperbolic response together with an estimate of the propagation velocity to furnish the range. This new algorithm minimizes a difference function over a velocity search interval to provide the range. Examples for a variety of media, targets, range, and operating frequency are given for both simulated data and actual field data provided by others. Generally, the range is within 5% of the true value when known, or is consistent with values furnished by others.
Mechanisms of Signal Transduction from Receptors of Type I and Type II Cytokines

Cytokines play pivotal roles in regulation of immune responses. Signaling proteins involved in cytokine signal transduction pathways can be potential targets of toxins causing aberrant immune responses. Binding of cytokines to their specific receptors induces activation of signal transduction pathways. In this review, an overview of the cytokine/cytokine receptor system, signaling pathways activated by cytokine receptors, their regulation mechanisms, pathological conditions caused by aberrant cytokine signaling, and issues to be elucidated in the near future is provided.
Characterization of the Wilson disease gene encoding a P-type copper transporting ATPase: genomic organization, alternative splicing, and structure/function predictions

Wilson disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper transport. Disease symptoms develop from the toxic build-up of copper primarily in the liver, and subsequently in the brain, kidney, cornea and other tissues. A candidate gene for WD (ATP7B) has recently been identified based upon apparent disease-specific mutations and a striking amino acid homology to the gene (ATP7A) responsible for another human copper transport disorder, X-linked Menkes disease (MNK). The cloning of WD and MNK genes provides the first opportunity to study copper homeostasis in humans. A preliminary analysis of the WD gene is presented which includes: isolation and characterization of the 5'-end of the gene; construction of a genomic restriction map; identification of all 21 exon/intron boundaries; characterization of extensive alternative splicing in brain; prediction of structure/function features of the WD and MNK proteins which are unique to the subset of heavy metal-transporting P-type ATPases; and comparative analysis of the six metal-binding domains. The analysis indicates that WD and MNK proteins belong to a subset of transporting ATPases with several unique features presumably reflecting their specific regulation and function. It appears that the mechanism of alternative splicing serves to regulate the amount of functional WD protein produced in brain, kidney, placenta, and possibly in liver.