cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystalline In–Ga–Zn–O Density of States and Energy Band Structure Calculation Using Density Function Theory

The density of states (DOS) and energy band structure of crystalline In–Ga–Zn–O (c-IGZO) and the impact of point defects on its electronic structure are investigated by first-principles calculations based on the density function theory. The calculated DOS showed that the p-orbitals of the oxygen atoms mostly contribute to the valance band maximum (VBM) of c-IGZO. The conduction band minimum (CBM) is dominated by s-orbitals of the Zn/Ga mixture atoms, while the In atoms have the largest spatial spread of wave function. Oxygen vacancies create fully occupied defect states within the band gap and serve as deep donors. Both hydrogen substitutions and interstitials act like shallow donors, and raise the Fermi level above the CBM. Oxygen split interstitials created fully occupied defect states above VBM, while oxygen octahedral interstitials create both occupied and unoccupied states, and may serve as acceptors.
Additive Hazards Models with Latent Treatment Effectiveness Lag Time

SUMMARY In many clinical trials for evaluating treatment efficacy, it is believed that there may exist latent treatment effectiveness lag times after which medical treatment procedure or chemical compound would be in full effect. In this paper, semiparametric regression models are proposed and studied for estimating the treatment effect accounting for such latent lag times. The new models take advantage of the invariant property of the additive hazards model in marginalising over an additive latent variable; parameters in the models are thus easily estimated and interpreted, while the flexibility of not having to specify the baseline hazard function is preserved. Monte Carlo simulation studies demonstrate the appropriateness of the proposed semiparametric estimation procedure. The methodology is applied to data collected in a randomised clinical trial, which evaluates the efficacy of biodegradable carmustine polymers for treatment of recurrent brain tumours.
Assessing the hemodynamic significance of coronary artery stenosis: Analysis of translesional pressure-flow velocity relations in patients☆

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to examine the relation among the angiographic severity of coronary artery lesions, coronary flow velocity and translesional pressure gradients. Background. Determination of the clinical and hemodynamic significance of coronary artery stenosis is often difficult and inexact. Angiography has been shown to be an imperfect tool for determining the physiologic significance of eccentric or irregular coronary lumen narrowing. Methods. Using a 0.018-in. (0.046 cm) intracoronary Dopplertipped angioplasty guide wire, spectral flow velocity data both proximal and distal to coronary stenoses were compared with translesional pressure gradient measurements and angiographic data obtained during cardiac catheterization in 101 patients. There were 17 patients with normal angiographic findings and 84 with coronary artery disease, with lesions ranging from 28% to 99% diameter narrowing. Patients with coronary disease were assigned to two groups on the basis of translesional gradients at rest. Group A (n = 56) had gradients <20 mm Hg, and Group B (n = 28) had gradients ≥20 mm Hg. Results. Proximal average peak velocity, diastolic velocity integral and total velocity integral were slightly but statistically lower in Group A; however, the distal average peak velocity and diastolic and total velocity integrals were all markedly (all p 30 mm Hg. Both patients had a very proximal lesion in a nonbranching right coronary artery. Conclusions. These data demonstrate that in branching human coronary arteries, a close relation exists between translesional hemodynamics and distal coronary flow velocity. Translesional coronary flow velocity is a new and easily applicable method for determining the hemodynamic significance of coronary artery stenoses that is superior to angiography and can be applied at the time of diagnostic catheterization. These data will provide a rational approach to making decisions on the use of coronary interventional techniques when angiographic findings are questionable.
Towards quantum transport for nuclear reactions

Nonequilibrium Green's functions represent a promising tool for describing central nuclear reactions. Even at the single-particle level, though, Green's functions contain more information that computers may handle in the foreseeable future. In this study, we investigate whether all the information contained in Green's functions is necessarily relevant when describing the time evolution of nuclear reactions. For this, we carry out mean-field calculations of slab collisions in one dimension.
Acute and Subchronic Toxicity of the Protease Inhibitor N-α-Tosyl-L-Lysyl-Chloromethylketone (TLCK) in Mice

ABSTRACTThe acute and subchronic toxicity of TLCK (N-α-tosyl-L-lysyl-chloromethylketone) was determined in mice using several different treatment regimens and several different strains of mice. The single dose LD50 was 59 mg/kg following intraperitoneal (ip) administration and was 64 mg/kg following subcutaneous administration to male Balb/c mice. When various doses (0,5,10,20,40 mg/kg) were administered ip to male Balb/c mice either two or three times per week for four weeks, mortality occurred in both regimens at the highest dose. Weight loss was recorded in all animals treated with 20 mg/kg. Histologic lesions in chronically treated mice were restricted to inflammation of the diaphragm and hepatic necrosis. No lesions were observed following administration of a single lethal dose. When TLCK was administered ip to males and females of 7 strains of mice, female NIH Swiss and female C57B1/6 mice were more resistant to TLCK-induced mortality than were males of the same strains. No other strain-related diff...
Plasma lactic dehydrogenase-elevating agent of mice: effect on levels of additional enzymes.

SummaryInfection of mice with the lactic dehydrogenase-elevating agent resulted in a 5–10 fold increase of lactic and isocitric dehydrogenases and a 2–3-fold elevation of malic dehydrogenase, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, phosphohexose isomerase and glutathione reductase in their plasma. Significant increases in enzyme activities were observed 2 days after infection and achieved maximum levels within 3–4 days. Infection with this agent had no effect on the levels of aldolase, alpha-glycerophosphate and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases, acid and alkaline phosphatases, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, and leucine amino peptidase.Elevations in enzymes of plasma in mice bearing sarcoma 180 differed both qualitatively and quantitatively from those resulting from infection with the agent. At the terminal stage of tumor development, lactic dehydrogenase was elevated 10-fold, isocitric and malic dehydrogenases, phosphohexose isomerase, aldolase, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, and glutathione reductase 2–5-...
Phytase effects on amino acid digestibility in molted laying hens

Two hundred sixteen previously molted Dekalb Delta Leghorn laying hens (78 wk of age) were utilized to determine the effect of phytase on the ileal digestibility of amino acids. The hens were randomly arranged in a 3 x 2 factorial to evaluate three diet types that were corn-soybean meal (C-SBM), C-SBM-meat and bone meal (C-SBM-MBM), and C-SBM-wheat middlings (C-SBM-WM) and two levels of phytase (0 or 300 U/kg of diet). Each treatment was administered to four replicates of nine hens per replicate. Hens were fed the experimental diets for 21 d, and daily egg production and feed intake were recorded. After 21 d, the hens were euthanized, and ileal contents were collected for amino acid and digestible energy determination. Egg production of the hens did not differ among the treatments (P > 0.05). A significant interaction between diet type and phytase level for Ala, Gly, Leu, and Met was observed. The interaction resulted because phytase numerically increased amino acid digestibilities for the C-SBM-MBM and C-SBM-WM diets, but phytase addition numerically decreased the amino acid digestibilities for the C-SBM diet. Diet type had a significant effect on digesibilites of most amino acids. The latter effect was due primarily to lower amino acid digestibilities for the C-SBM-MBM diet than the C-SBM-WM diet. Phytase had no significant affect on digestibility of any amino acid. Ileal digestible energy was significantly affected by diet type but not by phytase. In conclusion, diet type had a significant effect on apparent ileal amino acid digestibility and digestible energy, but phytase had no consistent effect.
Exponential DNA replication by laminar convection.

It is shown that laminar thermal convection can drive a chain reaction of DNA replication. The convection is triggered by a constant horizontal temperature gradient, moving molecules along stationary paths between hot and cold regions. This implements the temperature cycling for the classical polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The amplification is shown to be exponential and reaches 100 000-fold gains within 25 min. Besides direct applications, the mechanism might have implications for the molecular evolution of life. Here we show that a temperature sensitive chain reaction can be driven by the temperature oscillation of a laminar convection cell. The molecules of the reaction are cycled along conserved trajectories between hot and cold regions, establishing a chain reaction. In a chain reaction, a substrate gives rise to more than one product which is again a substrate of the reaction. Without restricting
Genetic mutations in chronic myelogenous leukemia: when to check and what to do?

Purpose of review The review will appraise the literature concerning ABL kinase domain mutations that has appeared over the last year and identify new questions, answers to old questions, and discuss new trends in clinical and laboratory based research. Recent findings A concise summary of European LeukemiaNet guidelines for kinase domain mutation studies was published this year. A new controversial topic emerged: the relevance of IC50 data to guide second-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. Although flaws in the methodology have been acknowledged, one group summarily rejected IC50 data and recommended that clinicians use individual patient comorbidities and drug safety profiles. The influence of kinase domain mutations on response to second-line and third-line TKI therapy was also published this year; unexpectedly, kinase domain mutations were found to have no effect on response or survival. However, the presence of a kinase domain mutation did influence survival following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Lastly, new findings from laboratories identified transcription factors BCL6 and STAT5 as potential new treatment targets. Summary The last 12 months has brought much attention to clinical management of patients with kinase domain mutations and identified a new controversy concerning IC50 data use in the clinic. Kinase domain mutations do not appear to influence response to second-line and third-line response to TKI therapy. New targets that do not directly involve BCR-ABL added potential new therapeutic approaches.
Social class and medical decisionmaking: a neglected topic in bioethics.

As part of an effort to look at “what differences make a difference” for bioethicists interested in clinical decisionmaking, Erik Parens, the editor of this special section, asked us to look at social class. When we began our research for this paper, we were surprised to find that although bioethicists have written much on social class and such macrolevel issues as access to healthcare and the distribution of scarce resources, and have paid some attention to the effects of class on patient-provider relationships, bioethicists have written little specifically that looks at the implications of social class for medical decisions in individual cases.
Structure of the glycopeptide storage material in GM1 gangliosidosis Sequence determination with specific endo- and exoglycosidases

Abstract 1. 1. An endo-β-galactosidase from Escherichia freundii , specific for the hydrolysis of desulfated keratan sulfate, quantitatively liberated a trisaccharide (GalGlcNAcGal) from a glycopeptide ( M r 1800) isolated from the liver of a patient with G M 1 (generalized) gangliosidosis. 2. 2. The remaining glycopeptide was susceptible to sequential digestion with purified β - N -acetylhexosaminidase and exo-β-galactosidase from Jack Bean meal. 3. 3. These and other studies established of the structure fo the stored glycopeptide to be: which probably represents the desulfated linkage region of skeletal keratan sulfate.
Sleep disorders in systolic heart failure: a prospective study of 100 male patients. The final report.

Abstract Background Heart failure is a highly prevalent disorder. The main aims of this study were to determine the prevalence, consequences and markers of sleep apnea and the periodic limb movements (PLMS) in heart failure. Methods and Results This is a prospective study of 100 of 114 consecutive eligible patients with heart failure and LVEF 30 PVC's, >1 couplets and >1 episodes of ventricular tachycardia/hour. In contrast, comparing heart failure patients with CSA to OSA, OSA patients were significantly obese (mean body weight 109±27 vs 78±18 kg) and had habitual snoring (83% vs 38%). Twenty percent of patient with heart failure had PLMS with an average index of 35 per hour. PLMS resulted in a mildly increased number of arousals (3.4±2 per hour). Conclusions 49% of male patients with systolic heart failure suffer from sleep apnea and 20% have PLMS. CSA occurs in about 37%, and OSA in 12% of patients. Habitual snoring and obesity are the hallmarks of OSA. In contrast, heart failure patients with CSA are commonly thin and mostly do not snore. Hallmarks of CSA are Class III New York Heart, artrial fibrillation, frequent nocturnal ventricular arrhythmias, low arterial PCO2 and LVEF
Structural studies of the ribosomes of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides

Abstract Ribosomes isolated from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides have a sedimentation coefficient at infinite dilution of 66s. Values of 45s and 29s were obtained for the ribosomal subunits. The two ribosomal subunits of this organism have different proportions of RNA and protein. The 45s has 62% RNA, 38% protein, and the 29s has 51% RNA, and 49% protein. It was found that the 29s subunit is structurally labile to both T 1 and pancreatic RNase whereas the 45s particle is relatively stable. 66s ribosomes exhibit diverse responses to RNase depending on both the mode of isolation and the presence of potassium chloride. Evidence is presented to show that different states of intraribosomal binding are responsible for the apparent stability of some and lability of other 66s ribosomes to RNase action. Polyuridylic acid binds both to the 29s subunit and to the 66s ribosome and protects these particles from the action of T 1 RNase. It is suggested that polyuridylic acid binds to 66s and 29s particles in a similar manner. Since the binding of polyuridylic acid protects against nuclease action, it is proposed that the structurally important RNA attacked by the nuclease is either associated with or part of the messenger binding site.
A review of isotopic composition as an indicator of the natural and anthropogenic behavior of mercury

Abstract There are seven stable isotopes of Hg that can be fractionated as a result of inorganic and organic interactions. Important inorganic reactions involve speciation changes resulting from variations in environmental redox conditions, and phase changes resulting from variations in temperature and/or atmospheric pressure. Important organic reactions include methylation and demethylation, reactions that are bacterially mediated, and complexing with organic anions in soils. The measurement of Hg isotopes by multi-collector-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) is now sufficiently precise and sensitive that it is potentially possible to develop the systematics of Hg isotopic fractionation. This provides an opportunity to evaluate the utility of Hg isotopes in identifying source processes, transport mechanisms, and sinks. New values are provided for, 201 Hg/ 198 Hg, 200 Hg/ 198 Hg, 199 Hg/ 198 Hg for three standard materials (IRMM-AE639, SRM 1641c, SRM 3133) that can be used to make inter-laboratory data comparisons, and these values are tabulated with published isotopic information. Overall, the isotopic data for these standards agree to approximately 0.2‰. The paper reviews Hg isotope studies that deal with hydrothermal ore deposits, sediments, coal and organic complexing.
Gamow and R -matrix approach to proton emitting nuclei

Proton emission from deformed nuclei is described within the nonadiabatic weak coupling model which takes into account the coupling to $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ vibrations around the axially symmetric shape. The coupled equations are derived within the Gamow state formalism. A new method, based on the combination of the $R$-matrix theory and the oscillator expansion technique, is introduced that allows for a substantial increase of the number of coupled channels. As an example, we study the deformed proton emitter $^{141}\mathrm{Ho}$.
Thymosin induces helper function in OKT3-positive, E-rosette-negative human cord blood T cells.

E-rosette-negative lymphocytes (TE-), which express monoclonal T-cell markers (OKT3+) were found in higher frequencies in humnn cord blood (CB) (30% by phenotype and 11.7% by sequential rosette isolation) than in adult peripheral blood lymphocytes (13% by phenotype and 3.7% by isolation). TE- cells had very low levels of 5′-nucleotidase. a lymphocyte maturational marker low in thymocytes. Like other CB T cells. TE- cells possessed marked suppressor capability. Irradiated TE- cells from two cord blood samples demonstrated helper activity tor Ig production hy adult B cells. In six cord blood samples, however, irradiated TE- cells lacked helper activity. When incubated with thymosin, these TE- cells became E- and differentiated into inducer-helper T cells. These observations confirm previous assumptions that CB T cells are not fully differentiated. Furthermore. T cells from different CB samples may be at various stages of ontogeny. We have also shown that thymosin fraction 5 is able to confer a new immunoregulatory function.
Change and Continuity: Experiences of Midwestern Snowbirds

This qualitative study examined lifestyles of older adults who migrate south in the winter. Interviews were conducted with 25 older adults (aged 60+) from the upper Midwest. Analyses revealed the following themes, including (a) snowbirds were flexible and adaptable to change, (b) there was continuity in personality, activity, and lifestyle, (c) friendships were established and maintained, (d) lifestyles were diverse, (e) health and safety considerations affected lifestyle, (f) internal and external forces shaped the snowbird experience, and (g) seasonal migration was developmental. Seasonal migration had a major impact in promoting quality of life and providing added meaning to the lives of these older adults. This study lent support for the concept of seasonal migration as an alternative to permanent migration (e.g., Smith & House, 2006), as well as McHugh and Mings’ (1996) circular life-course trajectory and place attachment. The snowbird experience can be explained as involving developmental change and...
New algorithms for mode shape estimation using measured data

Two signal-processing approaches for estimating a power systempsilas electromechanical mode-shape properties using time-synchronized phasor measurements are presented. The methods are termed the ldquocommunication methodrdquo and the ldquochannel matching method.rdquo The basic approach for each method is presented along with examples. A comparison is also made with the traditional Welch periodogram averaging approach. The examples include simulation results as well as measured data from the western North American power system.
Alcohol Consumption, Diabetes, and Coronary Disease An Epidemiological Perspective

Coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus are common, serious medical conditions, with diabetes being a serious risk factor for coronary events as well. Although some data suggest that mild to moderate alcohol consumption may be beneficial in preventing coronary events, there is natural concern about the safety of even moderate alcohol consumption for diabetics who suffer from increased risk of coronary disease and may seek to use alcohol therapeutically to decrease their risk. This important concern is addressed by Ajani et al in the current issue of Circulation .1 Alcohol consumption was defined by survey collected at baseline. Diabetes was considered to be present if the participant gave a history of diabetes or used insulin or other antidiabetic medication. Follow-up was ≈5.5 years, with mortality assessed from the National Death Index and cause of death confirmed from death certificates. The authors examined the outcomes of 87 938 US physicians, among whom there were 2790 diabetics. There were 850 deaths due to coronary heart disease, 717 in nondiabetics and 133 in diabetics. The effect of alcohol consumption on mortality was expressed as the relative risk, adjusted for other risk factors. Risk is the probability of an event. Relative risk is the risk of an event in a group with a risk factor divided by risk in the group without the risk factor. Thus, relative risks <1 mean the risk factor is actually protective. In the nondiabetics, the relative risks for coronary deaths, compared with those who drank no alcohol, were 1.02 for monthly, 0.82 for weekly, and 0.61 for daily consumers of alcohol. In the diabetics, the relative risks for coronary deaths, compared with those who drank no alcohol, were 1.11 for …
Sparse non-negative tensor factorization using columnwise coordinate descent

Many applications in computer vision, biomedical informatics, and graphics deal with data in the matrix or tensor form. Non-negative matrix and tensor factorization, which extract data-dependent non-negative basis functions, have been commonly applied for the analysis of such data for data compression, visualization, and detection of hidden information (factors). In this paper, we present a fast and flexible algorithm for sparse non-negative tensor factorization (SNTF) based on columnwise coordinate descent (CCD). Different from the traditional coordinate descent which updates one element at a time, CCD updates one column vector simultaneously. Our empirical results on higher-mode images, such as brain MRI images, gene expression images, and hyperspectral images show that the proposed algorithm is 1-2 orders of magnitude faster than several state-of-the-art algorithms.
Phase IIB Multicenter Trial of Vorinostat in Patients With Persistent, Progressive, or Treatment Refractory Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma

Purpose To evaluate the activity and safety of the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid) in persistent, progressive, or recurrent mycosis fungoides or Sezary syndrome (MF/SS) cutaneous t-cell lymphoma (CTCL) subtypes. Patients and Methods Patients with stage IB-IVA MF/SS were treated with 400 mg of oral vorinostat daily until disease progression or intolerable toxicity in this open-label phase IIb trial (NCT00091559). Patients must have received at least two prior systemic therapies at least one of which included bexarotene unless intolerable. The primary end point was the objective response rate (ORR) measured by the modified severity weighted assessment tool and secondary end points were time to response (TTR), time to progression (TTP), duration of response (DOR), and pruritus relief ( 3-point improvement on a 10-point visual analog scale). Safety and tolerability were also evaluated. Results Seventy-four patients were enrolled, including 61 with at least stage IIB disease. The ORR was 29.7% overall; 29.5% in stage IIB or higher patients. Median TTR in stage IIB or higher patients was 56 days. Median DOR was not reached but estimated to be 185 days (34 to 441). Median TTP was 4.9 months overall, and 9.8 months for stage IIB or higher responders. Overall, 32% of patients had pruritus relief. The most common drug-related adverse experiences (AE) were diarrhea (49%), fatigue (46%), nausea (43%), and anorexia (26%); most were grade 2 or lower but those grade 3 or higher included fatigue (5%), pulmonary embolism (5%), thrombocytopenia (5%), and nausea (4%). Eleven patients required dose modification and nine discontinued due to AE. Conclusion Oral vorinostat was effective in treatment refractory MF/SS with an acceptable safety profile.
Time evolution and hemodynamics of cerebral aneurysms

Cerebral aneurysm rupture is a leading cause of hemorrhagic strokes. Because they are being more frequently diagnosed before rupture and the prognosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage is poor, clinicians are often required to judge which aneurysms are prone to progression and rupture. Unfortunately, the processes of aneurysm initiation, growth and rupture are not well understood. Multiple factors associated to these processes have been identified. Our goal is to investigate two of them, arterial hemodynamics (using computational fluid dynamics) and the peri-aneurysmal environment, by studying a group of growing cerebral aneurysms that are followed longitudinally in time. Six patients with unruptured untreated brain aneurysms which exhibited growth during the observation period were selected for the study. Vascular models of each aneurysm at each observation time were constructed from the corresponding computed tomography angiography (CTA) images. Subsequently, models were aligned, and geometrical differences quantified. Blood flow was modeled with the 3D unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equation for a Newtonian fluid, and wall shear stress distribution and flow patterns were calculated and visualized. Analysis of the simulations and changes in geometry revealed asymmetric growth patterns and suggests that areas subject to vigorous flows, i.e. relative high wall shear stress and concentrated streamlines patterns; correspond to regions of aneurysm growth. Furthermore, in some cases the geometrical evolution of aneurysms is clearly affected by contacts with bone structures and calcifications in the wall, and as a consequence the hemodynamics is greatly modified. Thus, in these cases the peri-aneurysmal environment must be considered when analyzing aneurysm evolution.
On the towers of Hanoi problem with multiple spare pegs

We analyze a solution to a variant of the Towers of Hanoi problem, in which multiple spare pegs are used to move the disks from the source peg to the destination peg. We also discuss the interesting relation between the number of disks and the total number of disk moves when the number of spare pegs is a function of number of disks
The influence of cyclic strain on the differentiation of rat bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells to vascular smooth muscle

One of the major failings in vascular tissue engineering is the limited capacity of autologous differentiated cells to reconstitute tissues. A logical solution is the use of pluripotent stem cells, whose use in vascular treatments is yet to be fully realized. Although biochemical stimulation has been explored to differentiate bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells MeSCs to smooth muscle, the use of biomechanical forces in differentiation remains largely unexplored. We have begun preliminary investigations into the role of physiological levels of cyclic strain on MeSCs differentiation. Populations of cells were isolated from rat bone marrow by their adherence to tissue culture plastic. After 14 days in culture, the cells grew in colonies and the cells labelled positive for CD34, CD90 and CD117. Cells were cultured at sub-confluent levels and stimulated with 10% strain at 1 Hz for 7 days. Observations showed that cyclic strain inhibited proliferation and aligned the cells perpendicular to the direction of strain. In addition, cyclic stretch switched on vascular smooth muscle actin and h-calponin. These preliminary studies demonstrate the potential of physiologic biomechanical stimulation in the differentiation of MeSCs to cells of the vascular lineage, and this could have important implications for vascular tissue engineering.
Fiber coupled heterodyne interferometric displacement sensor

Space-based interferometers and large segmented reflectors will require precision metrology with nanometer accuracy for active control systems. This paper summarizes an experimental study of an optical heterodyne interferometer with resolution of about 3 nm. Optical signals are carried to and from the interferometer by optical fibers to avoid thermally loading the reflector panels. Heterodyne detection provides far greater precision than does traditional interferometry.
Fault tolerant ballistic missile defense: defining constraints

It is argued that a fault-tolerant ballistic missile defense (BMD) system must not increase the probability of accidental nuclear exchanges. This requirement is used to define three constraints for BMD systems: the deployment of any BMD system must be accompanied by deliberate steps to reduce the responsiveness of offensive nuclear weapons by all sides; a deliberate and assured lag time should be built into offensive nuclear systems to allow for real-time assessments of any BMD actions prior to the release of any offensive nuclear weapons; and BMD systems should not have the capacity to cause rapid losses to opposing BME system components or be vulnerable to rapid losses from opposing BMD systems. BMD efforts in both the United States and the Soviet Union are not likely to meet these constraints and therefore should not be considered fault-tolerant. A more limited BMD system is posited as a solution. >
EXTERNALISM AND INTERNALISM: A NEWMANIAN MATTER OF PROPER FIT

John Henry Newman's distinction between uncultivated (unreflective) and cultivated (reflective) dimensions of the illative sense in the Grammar of Assent resembles, to some extent, the current epistemological discussion about internalism and externalism. 1 The illative sense is principally a natural faculty of judgment, and it has both unreflective and reflective levels. The former kind of cognitive activity combines various phenomena without awareness of how things obtain, while the latter, as a result of appropriate training and the cultivation of complex assent (or a philosophical habit of mind), deciphers how various pieces of data hang together in light of one another. As I intend to show, working through this distinction has significant implications for the constructive task of developing a robust epistemology of cultivated judgment.
Status of the Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven Nucleon Decay Search

Progress in the construction and operation of the IMB ~ 10,000 ton water Cerenkov detector is discussed. Results from a brief (~ 40 hr) cosmic ray exposure are presented.
Neuropsychological findings in pediatric maltreatment: Relationship of PTSD, dissociative symptoms, and abuse/neglect indices to neurocognitive outcomes

Maltreated (n = 38), maltreated + posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; n = 60), and control youth (n = 104) underwent comprehensive neuropsychological testing. The two maltreated groups performed significantly lower on IQ, academic achievement, and nearly all of the neurocognitive domains than controls. Maltreated + PTSD performed significantly worse than maltreated youth without PTSD on a task in the visuospatial domain that assessed higher order visuoconstructive abilities. No group differences were evident on the fine motor domain. PTSD diagnosis duration negatively correlated with the visuospatial, and dissociation negatively correlated with the attention domain. Cumulative lifetime maltreatment types experienced negatively correlated with academic achievement. Sexual abuse negatively correlated with language and memory functions after controlling for other maltreatment types. These data support the adverse effects of maltreatment on neuropsychological functions in youth and suggest that all child protective services identified youth should be comprehensively examined for the integrity of their neuropsychological functioning and academic skills, regardless of the presence or absence of mental health symptoms.
Neoliberalism, Environmentalism, and Agricultural Restructuring in Morocco

Neoliberal restructuring in Morocco has been taking place for over twenty years. Beginning with a decade of structural adjustment, from the early 1980s to the early 1990s, parts of the public sector have been privatized, state services such as health care and education reduced, tariffs lowered and exports heavily promoted. In the dryland agricultural areas, a declensionist colonial environmental narrative has been appropriated to help justify and implement the neoliberal goals of land privatization and the intensification of agricultural production in the name of environmental protection. This paper contributes to areas of growing interest for geographers through an analysis of the underexplored relationship between neoliberalism and environmentalism, in the form of questionable environmental narratives, in Morocco. Land degradation in the dryland agricultural areas of Morocco is commonly blamed on overgrazing by local pastoralists despite existing documentation that suggests instead that ploughing of marginal lands and over-irrigation are the primary drivers of land degradation in the region. The deployment of this colonial environmental narrative of ‘native improvidence’ has facilitated an expansion of state power over collective rangelands under neoliberalism at the same time that government involvement has decreased in other sectors. The effects of neoliberalism in Morocco have been complex and thus the paper argues that current neoliberal reforms such as the Morocco–US free trade agreement need to be scrutinized carefully to prevent a further exacerbation of poverty as well as to prevent further land degradation in these areas.
ACTIVE AEROELASTIC CONTROL OF LIFTING SURFACES VIA JET REACTION LIMITER CONTROL

In this paper we present, the design and modeling of the novel nonlinear limiter control feedback control plant [Myneni et al., 1999; Corron et al., 2000; Corron & Pethel, 2002], applied for the first time here in an aeroelastic system, and actuated as a jet reaction torquer control of a wing with potentially chaotic dynamics. This study will provide a better understanding of the nonlinear dynamics of the open/closed-loop aeroelasticity of flexible wings with either steady or unsteady aerodynamic loads. The limiter control can be applied to either the plunging or pitching characteristic of the wing or to both of them. We show that the control can effectively suppress Limit Cycle Oscillations (LCO) and chaos well beyond the nominal flutter speed. This could lead to a practical implementation of the control mechanism on actual and future generation aircraft wings via implementation of a combination of propulsive/jet type forces, micro surface effectors and fluidic devices. Analysis of this control produced favorable results in the suppression of LCO amplitude and increased flutter boundaries for plunging and pitching motion. The limiting control has asymptotically zero power, and is simply implemented, making it a feasible solution to the problem of the chaotic dynamics of the oscillating airfoil.
Prices and Quality Effects in Cross-Sectional Demand Analysis

A conceptual clarification of the sources and meaning of cross-sectional price variability is used to motivate a theoretical and econometric framework for the estimation of cross-sectional demand functions. Quality effects are distinguished from supply-related price variability to identify cross-sectional demand for disaggregated food commodities. An empirical application using data from the 1977-78 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey indicates that parameter differences resulting from a failure to adjust cross-sectional prices for quality effects are likely to be small for relatively homogenous, disaggregated food commodities. In demand analysis with cross-sectional, household budget data, it is usually assumed that prices are constant (Allen and Bowley, Prais and Houthakker, George and King). Given this assumption, Engel functions are estimated where expenditure (or quantity) is regressed on income (or total expenditures), family size, and other demographic characteristics. The assumption that cross-sectional price effects are absent or are captured adequately by spatial and temporal dummy variables has not been evaluated empirically. Whether cross-sectional price effects can be treated in this manner has implications for the specification of cross-sectional demand functions as well as the estimation of Engel functions. There is a considerable literature on estimating price elasticities with cross-sectional data. Most of the applications utilize timeseries/cross-sectional data. Annual (or quarterly) household consumption surveys and
Ultra-thin compound semiconductor on insulator (XOI) for MOSFETs and TFETs

Due to their high electron mobility, III–V semiconductors are promising channel materials for future devices [1]. InAs is one such promising material; however, due to the small bandgap (E g ∼0.36 eV) bulk devices are not feasible. In addition, heteroepitaxial growth of thin layers on Si is challenging due to the inherent lattice mismatch. Here, we present a platform developed for integration of single-crystalline ultra-thin compound semiconductor layers on insulator (XOI)[2], resembling the conventional SOI substrates.
Direct GPU/FPGA Communication via PCI Express

Parallel processing has hit mainstream computing in the form of CPUs, GPUs and FPGAs. While explorations proceed with all three platforms individually and with the CPU-GPU pair, little exploration has been performed with the synergy of GPU-FPGA. This is due in part to the cumbersome nature of communication between the two. This paper presents a mechanism for direct GPU-FPGA communication and characterizes its performance in a full hardware implementation.
Movements and Survival of Juvenile Greater Sage-Grouse in Southeastern Idaho

Low recruitment has been suggested as a primary factor contributing to declines in greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) populations. We evaluated movements and survival of 58 radiomarked juvenile greater sage-grouse from 1 September (≥10 weeks of age) to 29 March (≥40 weeks of age) during 1997–1998 and 1998–1999 in lowland and mountain valley study areas in southeastern Idaho, USA. Juvenile sage-grouse captured in the mountain valley area moved an average of 2.2 km (20%) farther (x = 13.0 km, SE = 1.2 km) from autumn to winter ranges than juvenile grouse captured in the lowland area (x = 10.8 km, SE = 1.2 km). Ten of 11 deaths occurred from September to December. Fifty percent of deaths in the lowland population were attributable to human-related mortality including power-line collisions and legal harvest, while 33% and 17% of deaths were attributable to mammalian predators and unknown cause, respectively. All deaths in the mountain valley population were attributed to avian or mammalian predators. Survival was relatively high for birds from both populations, but was higher across years in the lowland (Ŝ = 0.86, SE = 0.06, n = 43) than in the mountain valley population (Ŝ = 0.64, SE = 0.13, n = 14). In our study juvenile sage-grouse that moved farther distances to seasonal ranges experienced lower survival than juveniles from a more sedentary population. Moreover, high juvenile survival in our study suggests that if low recruitment occurs in sage-grouse populations it may be due to other factors, especially poor nesting success or low early chick survival.
The effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on myeloid cells and its clinical applications

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a naturally occurring growth factor produced by several cell types in response to a variety of stimuli. GM-CSF has potent stimulatory effects on the growth and maturation of hematopoietic cells and has profound effects on mature circulating effector cells. Clinical applications of GM-CSF include ameliorating chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and enhancing hematopoietic recovery after bone marrow transplantation. This review evaluates the effect of GM-CSF on myeloid cells and its clinical applications.
Black Women And Sickle Cell Disease: Implications For Mental Health Disparities Research

This qualitative study sought to center the personal experiences of Black American women affected by Sickle Cell disease (SCD) within the broader policy discussion of mental health disparities. Previous research suggests that stress may serve as a trigger for painful episodes which may contribute to increased rates of psychiatric morbidity in this population. The sample consisted of 10 women who perceived disease related stress in various social settings. Data was collected via tape recorded interviews using a semi-structured interview guide. The findings shed light on the role of perceived social stressors as potential determinants of mental health disparities among SCD women. The development of a gender and race specific psychosocial screening instrument which measures the social correlates of stress in this population is warranted. Amelioration of the social conditions that place SCD women at risk for poor mental health outcomes should be the ultimate policy goal.
Fully printed and flexible piezoelectric based touch sensitive skin

A fully printed piezoelectric based touch sensitive skin has been successfully fabricated using screen printing technique. The device, consisting of a 4×4 array of printed sensors and interconnect lines, was fabricated on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, using silver (Ag) ink. Screen printed polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), as a piezoelectric layer, was sandwiched between the printed Ag top and bottom electrode metallization layers. The effective polarization of the printed piezoelectric PVDF layer was verified using capacitance-voltage analysis. Piezoelectric-voltage analysis demonstrated the capability of the device to generate voltage peaks as high as 10 V as well as the ability to turn on location based light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The response of the touch sensitive skin is analyzed and presented in this paper.
NT-08A NOVEL HIGH-THROUGHPUT MICROFLUIDIC DEVICE DESIGNED TO ACCELERATE THE DISCOVERY OF GLIOBLASTOMA-TARGETING LIGANDS FROM OBOC LIBRARIES

Molecular targeting using ligands specific to glioblastoma (GBM) markers has shown great promise for the early detection of the pathology and directed therapy of the disease. Although conventional screening strategies of combinatorial libraries have demonstrated great potential for the discovery of novel targeting ligands, it is usually challenging and immensely costly. High-throughput screening approaches that exploit the tendency of magnetic "prey" beads (2-microns) coated with the target protein to specifically associate with the larger peptide-coated "bait" library beads (90-microns) are inexpensive, and have significantly accelerated the identification of targeting probes from one-bead-one-compound (OBOC) libraries. Using this approach, our objective is to utilize magnetic beads coated with a GBM-specific target protein to screen and capture novel GBM-binding peptides from an OBOC library. To facilitate high-throughput separation of positive hit beads from the rest of the library, we implemented a microfluidic magnetic flow system of our own design. Here, we describe a miniature microfluidic device designed to divert library beads coated with magnetic beads from one laminar flow path to another using an external magnetic force. Microfluidic channels connected to two inlets and two outlets are built using soft lithography, with dimensions of 2cm x 0.6mm x 0.2mm (L x W x H). A negative mold is created using SU-8 photoresist, and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is poured onto the mold to fabricate the channels. A strong neodymium magnet is placed adjacent to the channel to pull positive magnetic beads from the source flow path into the collection flow stream, allowing these beads to exit through the collection outlet. This novel on-chip technology can facilitate screening of large OBOC libraries (> 1 million beads) with great accuracy in a matter of hours, paving the way for rapid and efficient identification of targeting ligands specific to pathological targets in brain cancer and other diseases.
A qualitative examination of Muslim graduate international students' experiences in the United States.

Although there has been an increase in enrollment of Muslim international students in college campuses in the United States over the past decade, few studies have examined the experiences of cultur...
Effect of Oxygen Content on Structures of Graphite Oxides

Graphite oxide was synthesized by the oxidation of graphite via a modified Hummers approach. The oxygen content of graphite oxide was tuned by changing the oxidation time. The saturated ratio of oxygen to carbon is 0.47. Furthermore, the effect of oxygen content on the structures of graphite oxide was evaluated by using SEM, TEM, XRD, Raman, FTIR, TG, TPD-MS, and nitrogen adsorption. It was found that the types of functional groups in graphite oxides, which are epoxy, hydroxyl, and carboxyl groups, were independent of oxygen content. However, the interplanar space and BET surface area of graphite oxide linearly increased with increasing O/C ratio. Furthermore, the structure of graphite can be easily and remarkably disordered even by partial oxidation.
Solvent-responsive properties of octadecyltrichlorosiloxane nanostructures investigated using atomic force microscopy in liquid.

An emerging challenge for nanoscale measurements is to capture and quantify the magnitude of structural changes in response to environmental changes. Certain environmental parameters can affect the nanoscale morphology of samples, such as changing the pH, solvent polarity, ionic strength, and temperature. We prepared test platforms of n-octadecyltrichlorosilane ring nanostructures to study surface morphology changes at the nanoscale in selected liquid media compared to dry conditions in air. Particle lithography combined with organosilane vapor deposition was used to fabricate nanostructures of regular dimensions. Multilayer nanostructures of OTS were used as a test platform for scanning probe studies of solvent-responsive properties where the sides of designed ring structures expose a 3D interface for studying the interaction of solvents with molecular side groups. In dry, ambient conditions, nanostructures of OTS were first imaged using contact mode atomic force microscopy (AFM). Next, ethanol or buffer...