cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gaming experience affects the interpretation of ambiguous words

Rodd et al. (2016) report that recreational rowers' acquisition of sport-related terminology affected their interpretation of words that have both rowing-related and non-rowing-related meanings (e.g., crab). The extent to which the rowing- and non-rowing-related meanings were accessible to the participants depended on experiential factors, such as how long the participant had been a rower, and how long it had been since they last rowed. We present two experiments that attempt to replicate these findings with another group of hobbyists, namely video game players. Experiment 1 examined the differences in word meaning choice between gamers and non-gamers. Participation in video-gaming lead to participants generating more gaming-related word meanings in a word association task. Experiment 2 further examined the effects of video gaming experience on the lexical representation of gaming-related words. Participants who had spent more years as gamers were more likely to produce gaming-related word meanings in a word association task. The effect of time spent gaming was no longer significant when we took into account whether the participant engaged with video-game related media (such as YouTube channels or gaming-related message boards). This finding helps us to refine our understanding of the results reported by Rodd et al. (2016), suggesting that it may not be the time spent in an activity that affects the interpretation of ambiguous words, but rather the specific exposure to activity-related vocabulary.
Empire, sociality, and political economy in colonial Bengal

How to conceptualize the broad dissemination of economic concepts in colonial South Asia? This article uses an essay by a mid-nineteenth-century Bengali, Peary Chand Mittra, as a point of departure to approach this problem in South Asian historiography. In the first part, the essay locates the conditions of possibility for Mittra's political-economic analysis of Bengal's agrarian social order within an imperial and commercial space of extended interdependencies. The aim is not to explain the specificity of Mittra's politics so much as to highlight his recourse to political-economic concepts to ground his analysis. In the second part, the essay suggests that the grounding of political economy's colonial histories within histories of imperial space needs to be supplemented by closer attention to new normative impulses and aspirations emerging directly from agrarian society in the region. This second emphasis provides better grounds for grasping the depth and durability of political economy's reach into political and ethical claims across social space in the Subcontinent in the twentieth century. It thus broaches the necessity of subaltern histories of political economy.
Network Connectivity Game

We investigate the cost allocation strategy associated with the problem of providing service /communication between all pairs of network nodes. There is a cost associated with each link and the communication between any pair of nodes can be delivered via paths connecting those nodes. The example of a cost efficient solution which could provide service for all node pairs is a (non-rooted) minimum cost spanning tree. The cost of such a solution should be distributed among users who might have conflicting interests. The objective of this paper is to formulate the above cost allocation problem as a cooperative game, to be referred to as a Network Connectivity (NC) game, and develop a stable and efficient cost allocation scheme. The NC game is related to the Minimum Cost Spanning Tree games and to the Shortest Path games. The profound difference is that in those games the service is delivered from some common source node to the rest of the network, while in the NC game there is no source and the service is established through the two-way interaction among all pairs of participating nodes. We formulate Network Connectivity (NC) game and construct an efficient cost allocation algorithm which finds some points in the core of the NC game. Finally, we discuss the Egalitarian Network Cost Allocation (ENCA) rule and demonstrate that it finds an additional core point.
Research Interrupted: A Reflection on Digitizing Sarah Sophia Banks’s Collections and Access to Ephemeral Materials

In this reflection, we consider the interruptions to archival research caused by COVID-19 and share some of the challenges we have faced moving forward with our digital project on Sarah Sophia Banks’s ballooning scrapbook. We address some of the problems of archival access and explore potential solutions offered by digitized ephemeral materials. In light of recent scholarship that establishes ephemera as a Romantic-era technology that mediates our relationship to public knowledge and media, we highlight the scholarly opportunities available through digital interfaces and tools.
Alcohol use and cognitive performance: a comparison between Greece and the United States.

OBJECTIVES To examine associations between alcohol use and cognitive performance among older adults in Greece and the United States, and assess potential differences due to differing drinking practices in the two countries. METHODS Data came from Hellenic Longitudinal Investigation of Aging and Diet (HELIAD) and National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform Dataset (NACC). We examined those aged 65-90 years at baseline who had no cognitive impairment and complete data for cognitive and alcohol use variables (N = 1110 from HELIAD; N = 2455 from NACC). We examined associations between current alcohol use and frequency of such use with cognitive performance on various cognitive tasks stratified by gender. RESULTS In NACC, use of alcohol was associated with better cognitive performance. Men drinkers performed better than non-drinkers on Trail A (standardized mean 0.07 vs. -0.24, p<.001), Trail B (0.06 vs. -0.19, p=.001), and women drinkers performed better on Trail A (0.04 vs. -0.09, p=.016), Trail B (0.04 vs. -0.10, p=.005), verbal fluency (Animals: 0.05 vs. -0.13, p<.001; Vegetables: 0.04 vs. -0.09, p=.027), and MoCA (0.03 vs. -0.08, p=.039). In HELIAD, fewer differences were seen with only women drinkers exhibiting better performance than non-drinkers on the Boston Naming Task (0.11 vs. -0.05, p=.016). In general, more frequent drinkers performed better on cognitive tasks than less frequent drinkers, although this was only statistically significant in the NACC dataset. CONCLUSION While drinking alcohol may be associated with better cognitive performance across both the US and Greece, more research is needed to assess the cultural factors that may modify this association.
Abstract 202: Involvement of neuronal high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in Angiotensin II-mediated neuronal-microglial interaction

We have demonstrated that activation of microglia in the autonomic brain regions, primarily in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), is critical in the development and establishment of hypertension. Neuroimmune synaptic communication is implicated in activating microglia and inducing neuroinflammation in many neuropathophysiological diseases. Specifically, HMGB1 secreted by neurons is a critical mediator in neuroimmune crosstalk. Thus we hypothesized that HMGB1 is a key regulator involved in microglia activation in Ang II-induced hypertension. Neuronal and microglial cells in primary culture were established for this study. Effect of Ang II on microglial movement was recorded and quantified by time-lapse microscopy and video analysis. In addition, the expression, translocation and secretion of HMGB1 in neurons were measured by qPCR, Western blot and immunocytochemistry. Ang II treatment of neuronal-microglial co-culture resulted in a 5-fold increase of microglial migration towards neurons, which was completely abolished by treatment with 1 μM Losartan, an Ang II receptor type 1 antagonist. The presence of neurons was found to be essential for microglial movement since Ang II failed to induce these effects in the absence of neurons. Neurons express high levels of HMGB1, which was predominantly localized in the nucleus. Ang II treatment resulted in a time-dependent translocation of nuclear hMGB1 into the cytoplasm and ultimately into the medium. Both translocation and release of Ang II-induced HMGB1 was blocked by Losartan. Furthermore treatment of microglia with 500ng/ml recombinant HMGB1 caused ~2 fold increase of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β). The importance of HMGB1 is further underscored by our observation that its protein level was increased ~2 fold in the PVN but not in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) or rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) of the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) compared with the normotensive WKY rats. Taken together, these observations suggest that Ang II primarily activates the neuronal AT1R to increase the expression, cytosolic translocation and release of HMGB1. The released HMGB1 primes microglial activation and release of cytokines, two key events in neuroinflammation in hypertension.
Apoptotic cell-treated dendritic cells induce immune tolerance through specifically facilitating development of CD4+ effector memory T cells (IRC10P.408)

CD4 + memory T cells play an important role in induction of autoimmunity and chronic inflammatory responses. However, regulatory mechanisms of CD4 + memory T cell-mediated inflammatory responses are poorly understood. Here we showed that apoptotic cell-treated dendritic cells inhibit development and differentiation of CD4 + effector and central memory T cells in vitro and in vivo . Simultaneously, i.v. transfer of apoptotic T cell-induced tolerogenic dendritic cells can block development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an inflammatory disease in central nervous system of C57BL/6J mouse. However, our results imply that it is effector memory CD4 + T cells, not central memory CD4 + T cells which play a major role in chronic inflammatory responses in mice with EAE. I.v. transfer of tolerogenic dendritic cells induced by apoptotic T cells leads to immune tolerance through specifically blocking development of CD4 + effector memory T cells compared with results of EAE control mice. Our results reveal a new mechanism of apoptotic cell-treated dendritic cell-mediated immune tolerance in vivo .
Development of Antimicrobial Peptides as Therapeutic Agents

Classical antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) replication, or by modifying metabolism. Bacteria can resist antibiotics as a result of chromosomal changes (mutation or inductive expression of a latent chromosomal gene) or the exchange of genetic material via plasmids and transposons. As this chapter will discuss, antibiotics are rendered inactive by three major mechanisms: (1) antibiotic inactivation by destruction or modification, (2) prevention of access of the antibiotic to the target, and (3) alteration of the target site of the antibiotic. Bacteria have a remarkable ability to overcome each new reagent synthesized as a potential classical antibiotic. Consequently, the current priority is the development of alternative drugs and/or the isolation of native molecules that would allow the consistent and proper control of pathogen-caused diseases. Keywords: antimicrobial peptides (AMPS); antibiotics; a-helical AMPs; cyclic β-sheet AMPs
Worker training and education in occupational safety and health: A report on practice in six industrialized western nations: Part three of a four-part series

During 1980, a study was conducted of worker training and education in occupational safety and health in Canada, Great Britain, Sweden, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the United States. This article is the first in a four-part series of the findings of this study. Part one discusses the genesis of the study and the study design, reports on the training requirements of the occupational safety and health legislation in each of the six countries, and considers the implications of this legislation for worker training and education. Part one also includes information on how each country is organized to carry out worker training and education in occupational safety and health. Part two will review the role perceived for worker training and education as an injury and illness countermeasure and will identify the major training sources and the role of each. Part three will report on course design, construction, delivery, evaluation, and costs. Part four will provide synopses of worker training and education for selected subsets of the worker population, e.g., migrant workers, nonorganized workers, employees of small business establishments, and employees of the federal or central government. Worker training and education programs will also be discussed for the following industries: construction, marine cargo handling (longshoring), and petroleum refining and related industries.
Anaphora resolution in slot grammar

We present three algorithms for resolving anaphora in Slot Grammar: (1) an algorithm for interpreting elliptical VPs in antecedent-contained deletion structures, subdeletion constructions, and intersentential cases; (2) a syntactic filter on pronominal coreference; and (3) an algorithm for identifying the binder of an anaphor (reflexive pronoun or the reciprocal phrase "each other"). These algorithms operate on the output of a Slot Grammar parser, and, like the parser, they run in Prolog. The VP anaphora algorithm implements an S-structure analysis of VP ellipsis that we argue provides a more unified and empirically motivated treatment of VP anaphora resolution than analyses that attempt to interpret elliptical VPs at a level of logical form. Each algorithm can operate independently of the others, and we have incorporated each into an integrated anaphora resolution component. The interpreted elliptical VP structures that the VP anaphora algorithm produces provide the input to the two NP anaphora resolution procedures. The integrated anaphora resolution component provides a powerful syntactically driven module for generating partially interpreted representations that can serve as input to semantic and discourse interpretation systems.
Finite Element Analysis of Residual Stress in Plasma‐Sprayed Ceramic

Residual stress in a ZrO2-Y2O3 ceramic coating resulting from the plasma spraying operation is calculated. The calculations were done using the finite element method. Both thermal and mechanical analysis were performed. The resulting residual stress field was compared to the measurements obtained by Hendricks and McDonald. Reasonable agreement between the predicted and measured moment occurred. However, the resulting stress field is not in pure bending.
An efficient cost‐effective protocol for automated fluorescent‐DNA sequencing

A simple and cost-effective method is described to sequence double-stranded DNA (< 100 ng) using a very small amount of fluorescent sequencing mix (one-tenth of manufacturer-recommended amount). The modification has significant advantages over conventional protocols and can be used to sequence, using a single sequencing kit, at least ten times the number of samples. This modified method also removes the post-reaction cleaning protocol and can be used for direct loading of samples on gels after completion of sequencing reactions. The accuracy of DNA sequencing data from analysis of 700 to 750 nucleotides is greater than 98.5%.
Architecture of the flagellar rotor

Rotation and switching of the bacterial flagellum depends on a large rotor-mounted protein assembly composed of the proteins FliG, FliM and FliN, with FliG most directly involved in rotation. The crystal structure of a complex between the central domains of FliG and FliM, in conjunction with several biochemical and molecular-genetic experiments, reveals the arrangement of the FliG and FliM proteins in the rotor. A stoichiometric mismatch between FliG (26 subunits) and FliM (34 subunits) is explained in terms of two distinct positions for FliM: one where it binds the FliG central domain and another where it binds the FliG C-terminal domain. This architecture provides a structural framework for addressing the mechanisms of motor rotation and direction switching and for unifying the large body of data on motor performance. Recently proposed alternative models of rotor assembly, based on a subunit contact observed in crystals, are not supported by experiment.
Validating a monte carlo model of the university of wisconsin nuclear reactor with operational data

A model of the University of Wisconsin Nuclear Reactor has been developed using MCNP5. Benchmarking of the model has centered on available reactor operations data from the original loading of the current TRIGA Fuel Life Improvement Program core, including control element differential worth curves and axial flux maps. By simulating the experimental measurement procedure for control element worth, integral worth values obtained for three control blades are within 6% of measured values. The comparison of simulated and measured axial thermal flux profiles suggests the need to improve the definition of the core temperatures and detailed isotopics. Future plans include modeling full-power (1 MW), high-temperature operation and burnup calculations to obtain current fuel definitions.
Regulation of glycosphingolipid glycosyltransferase by low density lipoprotein receptors in cultured human proximal tubular cells.

We have shown previously that low density lipoproteins (LDL) suppressed the synthesis of lactosylceramide in normal human proximal tubular cells, but stimulated such synthesis in proximal tubular cells from LDL receptor negative subjects (Chatterjee, S., Clarke, K., and Kwiterovich, P.O., Jr. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 13474-13479). To understand the mechanism(s) of this effect of LDL, we have studied here the effects of LDL on the activity of UDP-GalCer:beta-galactosyltransferase (GalT-2). Maximum suppression (70-80%) of the activity of GalT-2 in normal proximal tubular cells at 37 degrees C occurred at a LDL concentration of 25 micrograms/ml medium. Such suppression was not observed either when the cells were incubated with LDL at 4 degrees C, or when the cells were preincubated with leupeptin, followed by incubation with LDL at 37 degrees C. High density lipoproteins and fetuin did not suppress the activity of GalT-2 in normal proximal tubular cells. In contrast LDL modified by reductive methylation (M-LDL, 100 micrograms/ml) stimulated the activity of GalT-2, approximately 3-fold. The effects of LDL and M-LDL were not related to their glycosphingolipid content. Much less suppression and stimulation of the activity of GalT-2 in proximal tubular cells by LDL and M-LDL, respectively, was found in normal human skin fibroblasts, Chinese hamster ovary cells, and bovine smooth muscle cells, suggesting that the LDL-mediated effect may be tissue-specific. In cells grown to very high density, the activity of the LDL receptor is decreased, and there was less suppression of GalT-2 activity by LDL. In normal proximal tubular cells, LDL stimulated the activity of UDP-Gal:LacCer, alpha-galactosyltransferase activity, UDP-Gal:LcOse3Cer, beta-galactosyltransferase, and CMP-NeuAc:LacCer,alpha-sialyltransferase activity but did not alter the activity of sulfotransferase. In conclusion, LDL that entered the normal proximal tubular cells via the LDL receptor-mediated pathway decreased GalT-2 activity, an effect that was dependent upon the binding, internalization, and degradation of receptor-bound LDL. In contrast LDL that entered normal or LDL receptor-negative proximal tubular cells via an LDL receptor-independent pathway failed to suppress GalT-2 activity, and led to a stimulation of LacCer synthesis.
Inpatient rehabilitation in persons with multiple myeloma-associated fractures: an analysis of 8 consecutive inpatient admissions.

As a result of the aging of the U.S. population and diagnostic advancements, the incidence of cancer has risen from 400 per 100,000 in 1975 to 475 per 100,000 in 2005. With early identification and treatment, however, the 5-year mortality for all cancers has decreased dramatically from 65% in the 1950s to 35% today [1]. The increased incidence and survivorship have heightened the interest in cancer rehabilitation, from management of neuromuscular complications and musculoskeletal pain to guiding cancer treatments based on anticipated impact on function. The issue of residual performance is especially pertinent because many people with early-stage cancers can look forward to a normal or near-normal life expectancy [2]. Understanding the pathology and stage of disease at presentation is crucial to maximize patient performance and quality of life (QOL) [3]. Specifically, hematologic malignancies in the United States account for 10% of all new cancers. Multiple myeloma (MM) represents 15% of those hematologic cancers, with an annual incidence of approximately 4 per 100,000 to 6 per 100,000 new diagnoses in the United States each year [4]. Given the myriad of complications resulting from MM and its treatment, including fracture, one might assume that many patients require inpatient rehabilitation at some point during the course of their disease. However, limited information is available on the role of inpatient rehabilitation in persons with MM. The purpose of this article is to provide insight into the common impairments, medical complications and management, and functional outcomes based on 8 consecutive cases of persons with MM and pathological fractures who were cared for at an inpatient rehabilitation unit.
Energy Loss of Swift Proton Clusters in Solids

Energy-loss measurements in transmission experiments on carbon and gold foils with \ensuremath{\sim} 100-keV/nucleon ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}$ beams reveal that protons moving in spatially correlated clusters have effective charge numbers significantly larger than unity. The theory traces the origin of this effect to the coherent dynamic response of the target electrons due to the vicinage of particles in tight clusters and, in linear response approximation, predicts quantitatively the observed enhanced energy loss of proton clusters.
BOVINE TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 RESPONSES

The Th1/Th2 paradigm has provided a useful framework for understanding the observed bias in immune responses that are often dominated by either cell-mediated or humoral responses, and for devising therapeutic strategies to stimulate T cell- or antibody-mediated immunity. However this paradigm is an oversimplification of a much more complex immunoregulatory network. Studies with bovine Th cell clones and immunoregulatory cytokines support this viewpoint. This paper highlights the progress that has been made in defining type 1 and type 2 responses in cattle. Evidence is presented for the presence of different subtypes of antigen-specific Th cell clones of cattle which constitute a spectrum of cell phenotypes, and for cytokine-mediated regulation of Th cell responses that differs from that observed in mice. The majority of over 60 parasite antigen-specific Th cell clones coexpress IL-4 and IFN-gamma, and polarized cytokine profiles were rarely observed. Furthermore, IL-2 and IL-10 expression was not restricted to IFN-gamma or IL-4-producing cells, respectively. This lack of coordinate regulation of "Th1" and "Th2" cytokines strengthens the emerging viewpoint that Th1 and Th2 responses, per se, do not typify the immune response to most pathogens. In addition, we provide evidence that major regulatory cytokines, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-12, do not selectively exert their negative (IL-4 and IL-10) or positive (IL-12) effects on Th1-like cells.
A knowledge‐based design approach for injection molding of plastic balls

Many firms have begun to recognize the promise and potential offered by knowledge-based systems (KBSs) to their design and manufacturing processes. KBSs incorporate the problem solving heuristics of human experts to solve difficult problems in various problem domains. A knowledge-based approach is proposed here for the computer-aided design of injection molded parts. The proposed KBS contains acquired knowledge of mold design alternatives and the assessment criteria for these designs. It employs this knowledge and user-entered problem characteristics to assist in the selection of a mold design for specific requirements. The rule-based KBS was developed using the 1st Class KBS development shell. In addition, the associated computer-aided design system is described in some detail, along with areas for future research.
The reactor production of Rb84 from strontium

The reactor production of Rb84 by the Sr84(n,p)Rb84 reaction was measured, and millicurie amounts were found to be readily obtainable from isotopically enriched Sr84 targets. The fission-neutron cross-section for this reaction is reported here to be 0.0056 barn. The Rb84 was separated from the strontium targets by a previously unreported ion exchange method utilizing Bio-Rex-70 cation exchange resin. The Rb84 products were found to be free of detectable radiocontaminants.
Community opinion concerning airport noise-abatement alternatives

Abstract In the present study we examined (1) community opinion of airport noise-abating alternatives and (2) the influence of perceived control on attitudes concerning noise-abatement policies and annoyance toward aircraft noise. We proposed that residents who perceive themselves as having little control over aircraft noise exposure would express higher levels of annoyance than residents who believe they have some degree of control. Furthermore, residents with low levels of perceived control would be less favorable toward proposed noise-abatement alternatives. Survey results collected from 239 households within the 65 CNEL contour of a community airport in Southern California support these hypotheses. Findings indicate strong public support for noise abatement and strong opposition to land-use alternatives. In addition, residents' perceptions of control in the airport planning and management process are significantly related to their annoyance with noise and their opinions about noise management policies.
Methane adsorbed on graphite. IV. Multilayer growth at low temperature

The structure of methane films on a smooth graphite substrate has been simulated along an isotherm (T=25 K) by use of canonical ensembles. The coverage was sequentially increased in small increments from 0.90 to 4.2 (\ensuremath{\surd}3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}3 ) monolayers. Comparisons are made with simulations of argon adsorbates, recent laboratory experiments, and analytical calculations. The results indicate the first and second methane layers are not mutually commensurate for all but the highest coverage in this range, but, for the same conditions, argon layers are mutually commensurate. The incommensurate first and second layers modulate each other to form an interesting new structure where the unit cells in each of the layers have become oblique. The structural distribution functions suggest the compressive stresses in multilayer films are better described by a pressure tensor with radial and vertical components which are decreasing functions of the height above the substrate. Comparisons are made to results from Ar/graphite and ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}$/Au(111) systems.
Effects of aeration on 2,3-butanediol production from glucose by Klebsiella oxytoca

Abstract Higher cell concentrations and greater 2,3-butanediol production were observed in aerobic cultures of Klebsiella oxytoca than with anaerobic cultures. The concentration of butanediol inhibitors such as ethanol and lactic acid are partially suppressed by adequate aeration-agitation. Excessive aeration-agitation leads to the formation of acetoin and acetic acid at the expense of butanediol. With 94.3 g/ l of glucose in the media, aerobic batch cultures produced 38.1 g/ l butanediol with complete substrate use and a productivity of 0.39 g/ l /h.
Transforming men into mice: the Nadeau-Taylor chromosomal breakage model revisited

Although analysis of genome rearrangements was pioneered by Dobzhansky and Sturtevant 65 years ago, we still know very little about the rearrangement events that produced the existing varieties of genomic architectures. The genomic sequences of human and mouse provide evidence for a larger number of rearrangements than previously thought and shed some light on previously unknown features of mammalian evolution. In particular, they reveal extensive re-use of breakpoints from the same relatively short regions. Our analysis implies the existence of a large number of very short "hidden" synteny blocks that were invisible in comparative mapping data and were not taken into account in previous studies of chromosome evolution. These blocks are defined by closely located breakpoints and are often hard to detect. Our result is in conflict with the widely accepted random breakage model of chromosomal evolution. We suggest a new "fragile breakage" model of chromosome evolution that postulates that breakpoints are chosen from relatively short fragile regions that have much higher propensity for rearrangements than the rest of the genome.
Dose-response kinetics of genetic effects induced by 250-kVp X-rays and 0.68-MeV neutrons in mature sperm of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Mature sperm from Drosophila melanogaster males that had been irradiated with several doses of 0.68-MeV neutrons or 250-kVP X-rays, were tested for the presence of translocations, sex-linked recessive lethal mutations and dominant lethal mutations. The data support the conclusions that: ( 1 ) neutrons induce all these effects by the action of single proton tracks; ( 2 ) some X-ray induced translocations and dominant lethals are produced by single electron tracks while the remainder are produced by at least two tracks; ( 3 ) X-ray-induced recessive lethal mutations are produced by single electron tracks. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for all the effects was > 1.
Impact of sediments on wear performance of critical sliding components of hydrokinetic devices

Abstract The work discussed here is a continuation of the study presented in [1], in which a customized test apparatus was presented that was capable of conducting tribological related experiments on sliding components commonly used in hydrokinetic devices such as bearings, drive shaft and seals. The wear on critical sliding components introduces unnecessary clearances which can significantly reduce the performance and reliability of hydrokinetic devices. In the previous study [1], four types of bearings, namely Vesconite, CIP, Feroform T814, and Poly Crystalline Diamond (PCD) coated bearings were tested for 60 h in clean water. The data showed that PCD bearings outperformed polymer based bearings in terms of wear and frictional resistance. In the present study, the same set of bearings were tested for 60 h in fresh sedimented water. The experimental data revealed that PCD bearings had higher wear resistance as compared to its polymer based counterparts. In addition to wear on bearing surface, a significant amount of wear on the drive shaft was observed. These results reveal that (in addition to high wear resistant polymer bearings) a surface hardened shaft may increase the longevity of bearing-shaft assembly in sedimented water.
Water‐Seeded Rice Cultivars Differ in Ability to Interfere with Watergrass

The repeated use of a limited number of herbicides has led to the development of resistant weed species in California rice (Oryza saliva L.). Competitive rice cultivars could help reduce herbicide dependency and decrease selective pressure for resistance. We conducted field experiments to determine if differences in competitive ability existed between two semidwarf cultivars of water-seeded rice. Cultivars M-202 and A-301 were grown on Stockton clay soil at two seed rates (84 and 168 kg ha 1 ) in 1996 and four seed rates (56, 112, 168, and 224 kg ha -1 ) in 1997. Molinate (S-ethyl hexahydro-1H-azepine-1-carbothioate) and propanil [N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propanamide] were used to control a mixed infestation of watergrass [Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch, E. phyllopogon (Stapf) Koss] in 1996 and 1997, respectively. Molinate (0 and 4.5 kg a.i. ha -1 ) was applied in 1996, and propanil (0, 1, 2 and 4 kg a.i. ha -1 ) was applied in 1997. M-202 was taller, produced more leaf dry weight, had greater light interception, and reduced watergrass biomass more than A-301 in both years of the study. The more competitive M-202 also had higher yields than A-301 under weedy and weed-free conditions. Watergrass growth was not affected by rice seed rates in either year. This study suggests that herbicide rates could be reduced and weed control could be improved if more competitive cultivars were developed for water-seeded rice.
The Perils of Coalition War

Balkan Breakthrough: The Battle of Dobro Pole, 1918. By Richard C. Hall, (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2010), xv + 217 pp. $27.95 cloth. This book is a moderately well-written but tho...
All-Optical Phase-Preserving Amplitude Regeneration Using Coherent Nonlinear Wave Mixing

We propose and demonstrate an all-optical tunable phase-preserving scheme for amplitude regeneration of amplitude modulated signals and phase modulated signals based on coherent optical nonlinear wave mixing using HNLF.
Organization and Development of the Instrument Department at Edwin I. Hatch Nuclear Plant

Developing an effective instrument department is an important part of a safe and reliable nuclear power plant. Plant Edwin I. Hatch, the first nuclear generating station in the Georgia Power system, presented problems unique in the Company for establishment and operation of its instrument shop. The initial organization of the shop was based on the Company's fossil power plants with expected man power estimated from the previous nuclear startups of other utilities. The construction testing program was mainly performed by the Production Department requiring temporary technical services to meet the work loads prior to and during initial fuel loading of the reactor. The testing requirements listed in the Plant Technical Specifications had grown from those of earlier nuclear plants taking more personnel to operate the surveillance program. Engineering changes in the shop necessitated restructuring the organization with the most experienced technicians providing direct supervision. Implementation of a comprehensive testing program for the plant instrumentation required the use of a computer and an extensive training program to provide the efficiency needed to manage it. This paper presents the problems encountered during the development of the instrument department and the methods used to resolve them.
Optimal Placement and Sizing of Distributed Generation in Smart Distribution System

This paper solves the distributed generation (DG) planning problem. Firstly, multiple-objective functions have been formed with the consideration of minimum line loss, minimum voltage deviation and maximal voltage stability margin. Secondly, the proposed improved NSGA-II algorithm has been described in detail to solve the multi-objective planning problem. An improved Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II has been proposed for optimal planning of multiple DG units in this paper. Experiment has been made on the IEEE 33-bus test case with the consideration of multiple DG units. The computational result and comparison indicate the proposed algorithm for optimal placement and sizing of DG in distribution system is effective.
Effects of 1-GeV uranium ion irradiation on vortex pinning in single crystals of the high-temperature superconductor YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − δ

We report magnetoresistance measurements of the effects of 1-GeV uranium ion irradiation on a clean, untwinned single crystal of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}.$ In order to isolate the effects of irradiation, we masked one region of the crystal from the radiation so that it would retain its original characteristics. The columnar defects created by the irradiation dramatically alter the shape of the irreversibility line. In addition, the pinning anisotropy of the vortices is reversed by the irradiation. We estimate the pinning energy from the depinning angle and compare it to the pinning energy measured in twinned single crystals. We show that the onset of pinning from the columnar defects occurs very close to the zero-field superconducting transition temperature, well into the vortex liquid state. In addition, measurements across the boundary between the irradiated and unirradiated regions directly demonstrate that the dissipative behavior of vortex flow due to the Lorentz force is similar to the dissipation of two resistors in series for this geometry.
A Simplex-Like Algorithm for the Continuous Modular Design Problem

This paper derives an efficient solution procedure for solving the continuous version of the Evans modular design problem. The Kuhn-Tucker conditions are used to derive a dual problem that can be solved easily and whose dual variables indicate which equations should be tight. The technique retains a free-basic solution throughout so that fast solution routines can be employed that are quite similar to those for transportation problems. Computational experience shows that this technique works well on very large problems. We therefore have provided a solution technique for solving a nonlinear problem that has applications to various aspects of the design process.
A welcome to Drosophila olfaction.

Obaid Siddiqi's vision, creativity, and generosity have had a profound effect on the lives of many young scientists. I am privileged to have been among them.Seymour Benzer introduced us, under ausp...
Liquid particles in atmospheric haze

Abstract Relatively dense air pollution haze was sampled by means of simple modifications of the jet impactor and the electrostatic precipitator. Microscopic observation indicates that the visible pollution consists mainly of stable liquid aerosol particles. It is suggested that these droplets are similar in composition to the smaller condensation nuclei commonly found in industrial urban atmospheres.
Improved streambank countermeasures: the Des Moines River (USA) case study

AbstractIn the Midwestern USA, bank erosion is a common hazard due to the high erodibility of the bank soils. In this paper, an improved methodology aimed at identifying the optimal countermeasures to control bank erosion was developed and applied in two sites of the Des Moines River (USA). In situ flow measurements, bed bathymetry and soil properties were collected for providing boundary conditions and parameters of the two-dimensional, depth-averaged hydrodynamic finite element surface water modeling system (FESWMS) model. The model was used to compare the hydraulic performances of four streambank countermeasures: riprap lining (referred to as S1); a series of barbs (S2); alternating barbs and spurs (S3); and the combination of barbs with lining (S4). A key feature of FESWMS was its ability to simulate the wetting/drying conditions of mesh elements, which allowed the simulations of unsubmerged or partially submerged structures for different hydraulic conditions. This research showed that the combination...
Structure‐mechanical property relationships in ethylene methacrylic acid copolymers and their salts

A dynamic mechanical study has been made of an ethylenemethacrylic acid copolymer containing 4.1 mole per cent of methacrylic acid units and its sodium, lithium and calcium salts. On the basis of the results and related physical chemical studies it is proposed that the structures of the ionized copolymers consist of three distinct phases—a crystalline polyethylene phase, an amorphous polyethylene phase, and an ionic phase consisting of ionic domains. It is further proposed that the unionized acid copolymer consists of two phases—a crystalline polyethylene phase and an amorphous phase consisting of polyethylene crosslined with hydrogen bonded, carboxylic acid dimers.
Unresolved Questions, Research Issues and Future Directions in Central Auditory Processing Disorders in Children

The previous articles of this special issue have provided insight on various perspectives of Central Auditory Processing (CAP) evaluation and remediation. We hope to further broaden the reader's knowledge and interest in CAP disorders in children by identyfying unresolved issues and research needs. The issues and needs are an outgrowth or the previous sections in this publication, our search of the literature, and our own involvement in the quagmire that has become CAP disorders in children. Areas which will be discussed in this section are: (1) Early identification through screening; (2) Relationship between test battery results and auditory behaviors; (3) Relationship between test battery results and therapy planning, and (4). New assessment procedures.
Sexual Self‐Control and Male Condom‐Use Outcome Beliefs: Predicting Heterosexual Men's Condom‐Use Intentions and Behavior1

A model of condom-use intentions and behavior that we previously developed for women was replicated and extended with heterosexual men (n = 203 M age = 20.1 years). The general determinants of intentions to use condoms were consistent for men and women. The predictors of general condom attitudes and condom-use self-efficacy differed across gender. Male condom-use outcome beliefs and sexual self-control emerged as predictors of sexually experienced mens condom attitudes and self-efficacy respectively. In a 3-month follow-up intentions and sexual self-control predicted condom-use behavior. These findings have implications for specificity vs. generality in the correlates of common behaviors across groups the study of gender differences in condom use and the development of intervention content targeted to specific populations. (authors)
Particulate organic carbon fluxes: compilation of results from the 1995 US JGOFS Arabian Sea Process Study: By the Arabian Sea Carbon Flux Group

Abstract Organic carbon fluxes in the Arabian Sea were measured as a function of depth, season and distance from the coast of Oman. We present here a compilation of measurements of primary production, water-column export flux and sediment accumulation of organic carbon over a full annual monsoon cycle on a 1500-km transect from the coast of Oman toward the central Arabian Sea. This represents an integration of measurements spanning one day (primary production) to 1000 yr (sediments) and gives a broad overview of organic carbon removal and remineralization in the highly productive, seasonally varying region of the northern Indian Ocean. Organic carbon fluxes decreased from the surface to the sediments by a factor of 500–10,000, with the largest rates of change in the upper ocean and at the sediment–seawater interface. Organic carbon fluxes generally decreased with distance offshore, with the largest gradient between surface and seafloor being at the offshore station. Sediment accumulation rates of organic carbon differed by a factor of 40 between nearshore and offshore, while primary productivity varied only by a factor of 2. The decrease in carbon flux with depth that occurs between the deepest traps and the sediment becomes a greater proportion of the total loss with increasing distance from shore. Thus, the influence of processes at the sediment–water interface on the proportion of primary productivity preserved in the sediment increases offshore relative to upper water column processes. Carbon fluxes changed greatly with season, with highest fluxes during the Southwest Monsoon. Export fluxes varied more with season than primary productivity or mid-water fluxes.
Succession Planning in Oncology Nursing: A Professional Must-Have

The average age of the active nursing force in the United States is approaching 50 years (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). Nurses are retiring at a rapid rate; 55% of respondents to one survey indicated a plan to retire in the next seven years (Sverdlik, 2012). Of the survey participants, 13% held an administrative or management position and 44% were aged 55 years or older (Sverdlik, 2012). The age demographic of active oncology nurses mirrors that of the national nursing force. Of the 33,323 active members of the Oncology Nursing Society who indicated an age range on their membership application, 15,735 (47%) self-identified as aged 50 years or older (see Figure 1). At a time when many are planning for retirement, their respective employers are scrambling to fill open positions. With no clear vision or plan in place, many healthcare organizations will struggle to meet the ongoing needs of communities they serve. The challenge is to develop programs that identify, develop, motivate, and transition younger nurses to available positions.
RETRIEVAL TIME IN SHORT‐TERM MEMORY

Two experiments were performed in order to test the hypothesis that the time taken to remember a recently presented verbal item depends on whether the item is retrieved from primary (immediate post-perceptual) or from secondary (relatively long-term) memory. The results indicate that retrieval from primary memory takes significantly less time than retrieval from secondary, and that an item available in both stores is retrieved from the former (after a relatively short delay).
Avoiding bevacizumab related gastrointestinal toxicity for recurrent ovarian cancer by careful patient screening

Abstract Objectives. Bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against vascular endothelial growth factor, has demonstrated activity in recurrent ovarian carcinoma. An incidence of bowel perforation of 11% was reported in a recent phase II trial. A prior study from our institution demonstrated frequent (26%) transmural bowel wall involvement from ovarian cancer among patients who undergo intestinal resection at initial surgery. Since the initial report of this complication, we have limited bevacizumab treatment to patients without: 1)clinical symptoms of bowel obstruction 2)evidence of rectosigmoid involvement on pelvic exam 3)bowel involvement on CT scan. Methods. Patients with advanced recurrent ovarian cancer treated with single agent or combination bevacizumab therapy (15 mg/kg every 21 days) were retrospectively identified. All patients met the above criteria of no apparent bowel involvement. Toxicity was accessed using standard criteria. Objective tumor assessments and CA-125 Rustin Criteria were used to measure response and progression. Response to therapy was stratified by the presence or absence of bulky disease. Results. Twenty-five patients (21 primary ovarian cancers; 4 primary peritoneal) had received a median of 5 (range 2–12) prior chemotherapy regimens and 3 (range 1–6) prior platinum containing regimens. All patients were platinum resistant prior to bevacizumab therapy. Ten patients (40%; 95% CI: (27%, 63%)) received a median of 4 cycles (range 1–24) of bevacizumab as a single agent and 15 patients (60%; 95% CI: (41%, 77%)) received bevacizumab in combination with cytotoxic therapy. Only 4 patients (16%; 95% CI: (6%, 35%)) had bulky disease (defined as any one lesion >5 cm) prior to bevacizumab. The overall response rate (partial response) was 28% (7 patients; 95% CI: (14%, 48%)) with a 20% (2 of 10 patients; 95% CI: (5.7%, 51%)) and 33% (5 of 15 patients; 95% CI: (15%, 58%)) response rate with bevacizumab as single agent therapy and as combination therapy, respectively. Stable disease occurred in 40% (10 patients; 95% CI: (23%, 59%)) overall, with 30% bevacizumab alone (3 of 10 patients; 95% CI: (11%, 60%)) and 47% (7 of 15 patients; 95% CI: (25%, 70%)) when in combination. The median overall survival was 9.6 months (approximate 95% CI: (7.7, ∞). There were no cases of bowel perforation or other grade 3/4 toxicities. Grade 1 and 2 toxicities included proteinuria in 7 patients (36%; 95% CI: (14%, 48%)) and hypertension in 3 patients (12%; 95% CI: (4.2%, 30%)). Conclusion. Bevacizumab demonstrates activity in recurrent platinum resistant ovarian cancer. No bowel perforations were demonstrated in our patient cohort. Such life threatening intestinal complications may be avoidable by careful patient selection even in a heavily pretreated patient population.