cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Regeneration

This chapter discusses regeneration of missing parts, which is one of the most remarkable of biological phenomena. It remains one that embodies a number of genuinely unsolved questions for each of which there is no real understanding of the visible events in terms of genes and molecules. The first of these is the nature of the permissive conditions for regeneration. Why do some structures regenerate, while other apparently similar structures in related species do not? The second is the problem of cell lineage: to what extent does regeneration occur from reserve cells or stem cells; and to what extent from dedifferentiation and reprograming of existing tissue cells? The third is the issue of how a complex pattern of structures can be regenerated. For example, both the stump and the regenerate of a salamander limb contains muscles and cartilages, but the pattern of muscles and cartilages that regenerates in the new hand is quite different from that which was present at the cut surface. There are some partial answers to these problems, and in due course they will doubtless be solved at a molecular level by experimental biology. In the meantime, a useful perspective can be obtained by considering the evolution of regeneration, or at least by comparing what is known about regenerative abilities across the animal kingdom.
CITRIS Report: The San Francisco Community Safety Camera Program - An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of San Francisco's Community Safety Cameras

This study evaluates the effectiveness of the City of San Francisco’s Community Safety Camera (CSC) program. Chapter 1 describes the origins of the CSC program and the City of San Francisco’s primary and secondary policy objectives for it, as expressed in the statements, technical choices, policies, and practices made by the Mayor’s Office, the City’s Board of Supervisors, the Police Commission, the San Francisco Police Department, and other entities and individuals that have played key roles in shaping the program as it exists today. Chapter 2 provides an empirical analysis of the CSC program’s effectiveness in deterring crime, particularly violent crime. Chapter 3 analyzes the effectiveness of the CSC program as a investigatory and evidentiary tool, and considers the program’s effectiveness in supporting the secondary objectives of facilitating community participation, oversight and accountability, and the protection of privacy and related interests. Chapter 4 considers the managerial and technical aspects of the system that span all objectives, based on our findings. Chapter 5 provides guidance and recommendations to the City for the CSC program based on its current objectives, and offers preliminary thoughts on possible alternatives the City may consider for the program.This report was sponsored by Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society at UC Berkeley.
Multiple nuclear ribonucleic acid polymerases during development of Dictyostelium discoideum.

Abstract DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity was extracted from nuclei of Dictyostelium discoideum at two stages in the life cycle: during exponential growth and during differentiation into fruiting bodies. The activity from both stages could be resolved into several fractions which differed in sensitivity to α-amanitin and in ionic requirements. No significant change in the proportions of the various fractions was found during development. Both polymerases I and II, isolated from either growing or differentiating cells, were found to prefer double-strand DNA of D. discoideum but could also use DNA from a variety of organisms to a lesser extent. No change in template specificity was observed during development. Polymerase II was purified to apparent homogeneity from both growing and differentiating cells and the subunit composition determined by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecyl sulfate. Five protein subunits were consistently observed with approximate molecular weights of 170,000, 150,000, 28,00o, 21,000, and 15,000. Although a 190,000 molecular weight subunit was observed in certain preparations from growing cells, it was not found to be an obligatory component of the enzyme. These studies suggest that the change in the pattern of transcription which occurs during development in D. discoideum may depend on factors other than alteration of RNA polymerase.
A parallel free-text search system with indexing

The present status of a parallel free-text search system on the Connection Machine that uses an indexing scheme is described. The system promises to be efficient when the database is a very large. The use of indexing resulted in the reduction of the search space, thereby making the performance of the system comparable to that of the fastest uniprocessor systems. >
Borch's Theorem

Borch's theorem, the most important application of utility theory and game theory in insurance, characterizes the set of Pareto optimal treaties in an exchange of risk among policyholders, insurers, or reinsurers. Concepts from game theory, such as the core or a value for bargaining games, narrow down the set of acceptable treaties. Keywords: risk exchange; Pareto optimality; quota-share; utility theory; game theory
Information Arcology and Data Explorations: Scientific Content for Multiple Learning Styles and Environments

The World Wide Web presents unprecedented challenges for educators and information providers. Educators are faced with an unprecedented amount of information and data providers are faced with unprecedented diversity of audience. In order to address these challenges, we must develop dynamic systems for structuring data to create information and for allowing users to incorporate that information into their own knowledge base. These systems must combine the classic discipline of Information Architecture with organic and interactive users, fusing Information Architecture and Interactive Systems to form a new discipline termed Information Arcology. We describe such a system built on a simple yet powerful content model that includes groups of pictures and descriptions. We then describe a number of presentations that can be derived from that model. These presentations can be used to support a wide variety of learning styles and environments. Functional examples are presented along with insights gained from using those examples in a Montessori classroom.
A synthetic light curve solution of the OAO-2 ultraviolet light curves of u Herculis

OAO 2 ultraviolet photometry of the eclipsing binary u Her is reported and interpreted. The light curve of u Her is found to be intrinsically variable, the variable light curve is rectified, and the adjusted light and color curves are plotted. A simultaneous solution to three adjusted OAO 2 light curves (at respective wavelengths of 3320, 1910, and 1550 A) is obtained by using the Roche model. The results indicate that the system is semidetached if the gravity darkening of the secondary is not significantly larger than expected. It is suggested that the primary is responsible for the variable light curve, that the monochromatic albedo of the secondary is very low at short wavelengths, and that the depth of primary eclipse is strongly dependent on the primary's limb darkening.
Shortest Data Description and Consistency of Order Estimates in Arma-Processes

In [1] we introduced a criterion for estimation of parameters based on the principle: Find the parameter values in a selected model capable of reproducing the observed sequence so as to minimize the number of bits it takes to describe the observed sequence. For this to make sense all the observed data points as well as the real-valued parameters must be suitably truncated to keep the description length finite.
3‐Benzyl‐3‐Methylpentanoic Acid

3-Benzyl-3-methylpentanoic acid reactant: 113 g. (106 ml., 1.0 mole) of ethyl cyanoacetate intermediate: ethyl sec-butylidenecyanoacetate intermediate: 155 g. (0.6 mole) of ethyl 3-benzyl-2-cyano-3-methylpentanoate intermediate: 93.6 g. (0.5 mole) of 3-benzyl-3-methylpentanenitrile byproduct: bibenzyl byproduct: ethyl sec-butylcyanoacetate product: 3-benzyl-3-methylpentanoic acid byproduct: 3-ethyl-3-methylhexanoic acid Keywords: addition, to CCCO and CCCN; condensation, carbonyl-active methylene condensations; condensation, carbonyl-active methylene condensations; decarboxylation; Grignard and related reactions; hydrolysis, esters and lactones; hydrolysis, nitriles; β-alanine; flasks, copper; flasks, stainless-steel; separator, barrett-type
Correlation between isoniazid resistance and superoxide reactivity in mycobacterium tuberculosis KatG.

Isoniazid is an antituberculosis prodrug that requires activation by the catalase-peroxidase (KatG) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The activated species, presumed to be an isonicotinoyl radical, co...
Identification of Acoustic and Gravity-wave Modes associated with Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances caused by Nuclear Explosions

NATURALLY occurring travelling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) have been detected and measured for about 30 yr, and Martyn1 suggested, about 17 yr ago, that they are propagating atmospheric gravity waves. Later a quantitative agreement was found between the observed speed distributions of TIDs and those that are expected theoretically for ducted acoustic-gravity waves. Furthermore, there is agreement between theory and the observed speeds of TIDs caused by a nuclear detonation at Novaya Zemlya2–4. Further data became available in 1967 when Breitling et al.5 published a summary of measurements made on nuclear tests in the Pacific area. Their data also agree with theory and are accurate enough to permit resolution of the fine structure in the acoustic modes.
Extraction of chlorocatechols from soil after acetylation

Abstract Polar chloroaromatic compounds (e.g., chloroguaiacols and chlorocatechols) tend to form strong sorption bonds with soil constituents. As a result, they escape analysis due to failure of conventional solvent extractions to recover these compounds from the soil. In this study, two variants of an extraction method based on direct acetylation of the chlorocompounds in soil was examined. They were compared with three other reported extraction methods. The extraction efficiency on 10 chloroaromatic compounds was tested. Improved recovery of chlorocatechols from soil (over 50%) by the in situ acetylating extractions was demonstrated.
MRI and cerebral venous thrombosis.

Abstract Difficulties in the diagnosis of cerebral thrombosis are due to the nonspecificity of symptoms and signs and the infrequent occurrence on computed tomography (CT) of direct signs of cerebral sinus thrombosis, i.e. the empty delta sign and cord sign. We present two patients, a 24/12-year-old girl with nephrotic syndrome, coma, papilledema, and hyperdensity along the sagittal sinus on CT; and a 34-year-old man with headaches, episodic visual loss, papilledema and a normal CT following posterior fossa craniotomy. On MRI, there was increased signal in sagittal and straight sinuses in the first patient, and in the lateral sinus in the second patient. The increased signal from clot, and the absence of signal from flowing blood, make MRI the procedure of choice for the initial diagnosis of cerebral sinus thrombosis.
Contact hypersensitivity to tixocortol pivalate

Abstract Background: Tixocortol pivalate is an established marker to topical corticosteroid allergy. The prevalence of tixocortol pivalate hypersensitivity is well established in Europe, where exposure to this corticosteroid as a therapeutic agent varies. In the United States, tixocortol pivalate is not commercially available and the prevalence of hypersensitivity to it is unknown. Objective: We investigated the prevalence of tixocortol pivalate hypersensitivity in our patch-tested population. We further characterized these patients by clinical background, other contact allergens, and the reactivity to other corticosteroids. Methods: Tixocortol pivalate has been incorporated in our standard 1-52 patch test series since November 1992. We reviewed the histories and patch test results in all patients tested with the standard 1-52 series from November 1992 to December 1996. Results: Of 1536 patch-tested patients, 45 had hypersensitivity to tixocortol pivalate. Dermatitis involving the face was the most common (14 patients). Of the 45 patients, 40 had another allergen identified on patch testing. Eighteen patients underwent further patch testing to an extended corticosteroid panel, and 14 had sensitivity to another steroid agent. Conclusion: The 2.9% prevalence of tixocortol pivalate hypersensitivity in our patch test population is within the range reported in Europe. Patients with tixocortol pivalate hypersensitivity tend to have other contact allergens on patch testing. Predisposing factors to tixocortol pivalate hypersensitivity include facial dermatitis and sensitivity to other contact allergens.(J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:691-5.)
An Evaluation of Latent Growth Models for Propensity Score Matched Groups

Because random assignment is not possible in observational studies, estimates of treatment effects might be biased due to selection on observable and unobservable variables. To strengthen causal inference in longitudinal observational studies of multiple treatments, we present 4 latent growth models for propensity score matched groups, and evaluate their performance with a Monte Carlo simulation study. We found that the 4 models performed similarly with respect to model fit, bias of parameter estimates, Type I error, and power to test the treatment effect. To demonstrate a multigroup latent growth model with dummy treatment indicators, we estimated the effect of students changing schools during elementary school years on their reading and mathematics achievement, using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten Cohort.
UNITED STATES COAST GUARD ARCTIC OIL-POLLUTION PROGRAM*

ABSTRACT With the burgeoning forecasts of oil production and transportation in the cold weather regions-especially Alaska-expectations of spills in the fragile and hostile arctic environment must increase. The Coast Guard, responsible for maritime pollution control, has stepped up its arctic pollution surveillance and response research and development Field experiments on the behavior of oil-one under summer conditions in 1970, and another under winter conditions in 1972-have been run. These indicated that oil spreads at a much slower rate under arctic conditions, and that it pooled on and under the ice. Oil is quickly covered by snow, but the resulting mulch is easily handled by mechanical means. Burning was always a readily available and effective alternate means of removal. Off-the-shelf equipment was evaluated in 1973, resulting in a number of conclusions concerning barriers and moorings, oil recovery systems, and personnel. Based on this field evaluation, there will be additional oil/ice tests of rec...
On the Product of Independent Complex Gaussians

In this paper, we derive the joint (amplitude, phase) distribution of the product of two independent non-zero-mean Complex Gaussian random variables. We call this new distribution the complex Double Gaussian distribution. This probability distribution function (PDF) is a doubly infinite summation over modified Bessel functions of the first and second kind. We analyze the behavior of this sum and show that the number of terms needed for accuracy is dependent upon the Rician k-factors of the two input variables. We derive an upper bound on the truncation error and use this to present an adaptive computational approach that selects the minimum number of terms required for accuracy. We also present the PDF for the special case where either one or both of the input complex Gaussian random variables is zero-mean. We demonstrate the relevance of our results by deriving the optimal Neyman-Pearson detector for a time reversal detection scheme and computing the receiver operating characteristics through Monte Carlo simulations, and by computing the symbol error probability (SEP) for a single-channel M-ary phase-shift-keying (M-PSK) communication system.
Failure to detect bovine viral diarrhea virus in necropsied farm-raised white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Pennsylvania

Between January 1 and December 31, 2005 gross and histologic examinations were performed on carcasses of 61 farm-raised white-tailed deer originating from Pennsylvania. Single-tube real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) for the detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV-1) and type 2 (BVDV-2) was performed on each animal. Virus isolation was performed on tissue samples from 25 of 61 animals. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of ear-notch skin to identify BVDV antigen was performed on each animal. All tissues samples tested negative for both BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 by real-time RT-PCR, virus isolation, and IHC. Gross or histopathologic lesions suggestive of BVDV infection were not detected. Results of this study suggest that BVD is not a common cause of mortality in farm-raised white-tailed deer in Pennsylvania.
High-resolution NMR of biological solids

Abstract Solid-state NMR experiments have recently provided a number of biochemical insights: motionally averaged 2 H lineshapes have shown that the motion of a backbone loop protecting a protein binding site is not ligand gated; isotropic 13 C chemical shifts of freeze-quenched enzyme—ligand intermediates have revealed mechanistic details of reaction pathways; multiple heteronuclear distance determinations have characterized the binding-site geometry of a 46 kDa noncrystalline enzyme complex; and homonuclear recoupling experiments have established that insoluble amyloid fibrils form a pleated β sheet.
Binary translation and architecture convergence issues for IBM system/390

We describe the design issues in an implementation of the ESA/390 architecture based on binary translation to a very long instruction word (VLIW) processor. During binary translation, complex ESA/390 instructions are decomposed into instruction “primitives” which are then scheduled onto a wide-issue machine. The aim is to achieve high instruction level parallelism due to the increased scheduling and optimization opportunities which can be exploited by binary translation software, combined with the efficiency of long instruction word architectures. A further aim is to study the feasibility of a common execution platform for different instruction set architectures, such as ESA/390, RS?6000, AS/400 and the Java Virtual Machine, so that multiple systems can be built around a common execution platform.
E. A. Milne, scientific revolutions and the growth of knowledge

(1974). E. A. Milne, scientific revolutions and the growth of knowledge. Annals of Science: Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 351-363.
Rapid on-site evaluation with dynamic telecytopathology for ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of head and neck nonthyroid lesions.

Background: Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) at the time of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (USGFNA) of head and neck lesion is essential for obtaining adequate samples and providing the preliminary diagnosis. We summarize our experience with ROSE of USGFNA on head and neck nonthyroid lesions using telecytopathology. Materials and Methods: Real-time images of Diff-Quik stained cytology smears were obtained at ultrasound suite with an Olympus DP-70 digital camera attached to an Olympus CX41 microscope, and transmitted via ethernet by a cytotechnologist to a cytopathologist in cytopathology laboratory who rendered a preliminary diagnosis. Live communication was conducted with Vocera voice communication system. The ultrasound suite was located on different floor from the cytopathology laboratory. Accuracy of ROSE via telecytopathology was compared with an equal number of cases that received ROSE, prior to introduction of telecytopathology, via conventional microscopy. Results: Rapid on-site evaluation was performed on a total of 116 USGFNA of head and neck nonthyroid lesions. The telecytopathology system and conventional microscopy was used to evaluate equal number of cases (58 each). Preliminary diagnoses of benign, atypical/suspicious for malignancy, and positive for malignancy were 72.4%, 17.2% and 10.3% for telecytopathology, and 69.0%, 10.3% and 20.7% for conventional microscopy. None of the cases were deemed unsatisfactory. The overall concordance between the preliminary and final diagnoses was 94.8% for telecytopathology and 98.3% for conventional microscopy and was not statistically significant (P = 0.309). The causes of discordant preliminary and final diagnoses were mainly attributed to availability of cell block and Papanicolaou-stained slides for review or flow cytometry results for lymphoma cases at the time of final sign out. Conclusions: Telecytopathology is comparable with conventional microscopy in ROSE of USGFNA of head and neck nonthyroid lesions.
Robotic mitral surgery: current and future roles.

Purpose of review Cardiac surgery, like other surgical fields, is evolving to a more minimally invasive approach. Robotic technology now allows complex mitral valve repairs to be carried out via small incisions with complete avoidance of a sternotomy. The purpose of this review is to assess the current role of robotics in the repair of the mitral valve, and to speculate as to what advances may be forthcoming. Recent findings Several groups have now confirmed that complex mitral valve repairs can be carried out robotically with early results comparable to open repair. Summary Endoscopic mitral repair has become a reality. With further technological advancements and continued clinical experience, this may become the standard approach for mitral valvuloplasty.
Thermal degradation of vinylidene chloride/vinyl chloride copolymers in the presence of N-substituted maleimides

As a consequence of their excellent barrier properties vinyl chloride/vinylidene chloride copolymers have long been prominent in the flexible packaging market. While these polymers possess a number of superior characteristics, they tend to undergo thermally- induced degradative dehydrochlorination at process temperatures. This degradation must be controlled to permit processing of the polymers. Three series of N-substituted maleimides (N-alkyl-, N-aralkyl, and N-aryl) have been synthesized, characterized spectroscopically, and evaluated as potential stabilizers for a standard vinyl chloride/vinylidene chloride (85 mass%) copolymer. As surface blends with the polymer, these compounds are ineffective as stabilizers. However, significant stabilization may be achieved by pretreatment of the polymer with N-substituted maleimides. The most effective stabilization of the polymer is afforded by N-aralkyl- or N-arylmaleimides, most notably, N-benzylmaleimide and N-p-methoxyphenylmaleimide.
Encryption algorithms made natural

Modern cryptographic algorithms such as DES, IDEA are very complex and therefore difficult to learn. Textbooks explain in detail how these algorithms work, but they usually do not explain why these algorithms were designed as they were. In this paper, we explain the why, which hopefully will make cryptographic algorithms easier to learn.
A feasibility assessment of the use of nanofluids to enhance the in-vessel retention capability in light-water reactors

Nanofluids, colloidal dispersions of nanoparticles, exhibit a substantially higher critical heat flux (CHF) compared to water. As such, they could be used to enhance the in-vessel retention (IVR) capability in the severe accident management strategy implemented by certain light-water reactors. It is envisioned that, at normal operating conditions, the nanofluid would be stored in dedicated storage tanks, which, upon actuation, would discharge into the reactor cavity through injection lines. The design of the injection system was explored with risk-informed analyses and computational fluid dynamics. It was determined that the system has a reasonably low failure probability, and that, once injected, the nanofluid would be delivered effectively to the reactor vessel surface within seconds. It was also shown analytically that the increase in decay power removal through the vessel using a nanofluid is about 40%, which could be exploited to provide a higher IVR safety margin or, for a given margin, to enable IVR at higher core power. Finally, the colloidal stability of a candidate alumina-based nanofluid in an IVR environment was experimentally investigated, and it was found that this nanofluid would be stable against dilution, exposure to gamma radiation, and mixing with boric acid and lithium hydroxide, but not tri-sodium phosphate.
EDUCATION, SOCIAL CREATIVITY, AND THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIETY

The evolution of society, the transcendence of existing social structures, and how society creates itself rests in a function of education. In this article the author examines education's work as that of social creativity. The need for pedagogies of “educate hope” and “imaginative possibilities” is explored. Social epistemology and social imaginary are discussed as dimensions of social creativity within the postmodern society. The aesthetic imperative in education is argued as important to developing the capacities and capabilities in youth to imagine alternative future possibilities of democratic society. The author concludes by examining the role of education in the evolution of society.
Two-sample tests and tests of fit

There is a close analogy between the problems of testing the hypothesis that two samples come from the same continuous population (the two-sample problem) and testing the hypothesis that a single sample comes from a completely specified continuous distribution (a test of fit problem). In an earlier paper, asymptotic distribution theory was developed for the test of fit problem, under both the hypothesis being tested and interesting alternatives. In this paper, essentially the same asymptotic theory is shown to hold for the two-sample problem. Applications are given.
Noninvasive quantification of human brain antioxidant concentrations after an intravenous bolus of vitamin C.

Until now, the lack of a means to detect a deficiency or to measure the pharmacologic effect in the human brain in situ has been a hindrance to the development of antioxidant-based prevention and treatment of dementia. In this study, a recently developed 1 H MRS approach was applied to quantify key human brain antioxidant concentrations throughout the course of an aggressive antioxidant-based intervention. The concentrations of the two most abundant central nervous system chemical antioxidants, vitamin C and glutathione, were quantified noninvasively in the human occipital cortex prior to and throughout 24 h after bolus intravenous delivery of 3 g of vitamin C. Although the kinetics of the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter and physiologic blood vitamin C concentrations predict theoretically that brain vitamin C concentration will not increase above its homeostatically maintained level, this theory has never been tested experimentally in the living human brain. Therefore, human brain vitamin C and glutathione concentrations were quantified noninvasively using MEGA-PRESS double-edited 1 H MRS and LCModel. Healthy subjects (age, 19–63 years) with typical dietary consumption, who did not take vitamin supplements, fasted overnight and then reported for the measurement of baseline antioxidant concentrations. They then began controlled feeding which they adhered to until after vitamin C and glutathione concentrations had been measured at 2, 6, 10 and 24 h after receiving intravenous vitamin C. Two of the twelve studies were sham controls in which no vitamin C was administered. The main finding was that human brain vitamin C and glutathione concentrations remained constant throughout the protocol, even though blood serum vitamin C concentrations spanned from the low end of the normal range to very high. Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrical noise in the intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging setting.

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) is a tool now commonly used in neurosurgery. Safe and reliable patient care in this (or any other) operating room setting depends on an environment, where electrical noise (EN) does not interfere with the operation of the electronic monitoring or imaging equipment. In this investigation, we evaluated the EN generated by the iMRI system and the anesthesia patient monitor used at this institution that impacts the performance of these two devices. METHODS: We measured the EN generated by our iMRI-compatible anesthesia patient monitor as detected by the EN analysis algorithm in our iMRI system. We measured the EN generated by our iMRI system during scanning as detected in the electrocardiogram (ECG) waveform of our patient monitor. We analyzed the effects on EN reduction and signal quality of the ECG noise filters provided in our iMRI-compatible anesthesia patient monitor. RESULTS: Our patient monitor generated EN that was detectable by the iMRI EN analysis algorithm; however, this interference was within the iMRI manufacturer's acceptable limits for an iMRI scan (<10% more than background system-level noise). In the clinical case analyzed, the iMRI generated a narrow-band low-frequency (20 Hz) relatively high-energy EN that interfered with the ECG signal of our patient monitor during an iMRI scan. This EN was correlated with the acoustic noise from the iMRI system during the scan and was associated with the radio frequency (RF) and magnetic gradient pulsations of the iMRI system. The integrity of the ECG waveform was nearly entirely lost during a scan. The filters of the ECG monitor diminished but did not entirely eliminate this 20 Hz interference. We found that the filters alter the morphology of the ECG signal, which may make it difficult to identify clinically relevant ECG changes. CONCLUSION: The EN generated by our anesthesia patient monitor is within acceptable limits for the iMRI system. The iMRI generates EN which renders the ECG unreadable in the most commonly used filter mode. The monitor's filters diminish this noise but also alter the morphology of the ECG waveform. The anesthesiologist must be cognizant of these technical compromises and recognize that adjusting the ECG filters on the monitor is required to obtain a useful ECG signal for patient monitoring during the iMRI scan but that the diagnostic value of the ECG will be reduced.
Age-related radiological imaging in children with acute pyelonephritis

Accurate diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis (APN) using clinical and laboratory parameters is often difficult in children. The aims of this retrospective study were twofold. Firstly, to correlate the clinical and laboratory manifestations of APN with the results of the dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scan in different age groups. Secondly, to compare the DMSA renal scan, renal ultrasonography (RUS), and voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) in patients with clinical APN. The DMSA renal scan was utilized as the gold standard for renal involvement. We determined the sensitivity of these tests in febrile urinary tract infections (UTI) in three age groups: group I less than 2 years; group II 2-8 years; group III older than 8 years. During the period January 1992 through December 1998, 222 children presented with a febrile UTI. All patients had a DMSA renal scan, 208 had contrast VCUG, and 163 had RUS. The clinical and laboratory manifestation of pyelonephritis correlated better with a positive DMSA renal scan in the older children than in the younger children; 85% of the DMSA renal scans were positive in group III; 69% in group II; 48% in group I (P 0.05). RUS did not correlate with a positive DMSA renal scan in any age group.
How to critique a published article.

Few replies get published. Many that do get published could be more effective. A reply can be effective only if it is published, readable, and credible. This article suggests guidelines for writing good replies. The guidelines begin with things to keep in mind—for example, that you might be wrong—and things to do before you begin to write. The latter include considering not responding, considering alternative viewpoints, and distancing yourself from the task. Things to do while writing include using the principle of charity, avoiding ad hominem and emotionally laden arguments, and keeping the rebuttal short. After completing the first draft, you should put it aside for awhile as well as get a second opinion. A good reply complements rather than discredits the argument of the target author.
The Pacifica Radio Archives

The Pacifica Radio Archives chronicle the political, cultural, and artistic movements of the mid-20th century through today. The archived radio programs include documentaries, performances, discuss...
Land Use and Reactive Nitrogen Discharge: Effects of Dietary Choices

Abstract Modern agriculture alters natural biological and geophysical processes, with magnitudes proportional to its spatial extent. Cultivation is also the main cause of artificially enhanced reactive nitrogen (Nr) availability in natural ecosystems. Sustainable food production should thus minimize Nr use while maximizing human-destined caloric output per acre. The authors demonstrate that it is possible to design realistic, nutritionally sound plant-based diets that require a quarter to a half of the Nr and a quarter to a third of the land the mean American diet’s animal-based portion does. Broad application of these findings (e.g., by incorporating environmental considerations into official dietary recommendations) would reduce food production’s environmental impacts dramatically.
The Duodenal lμ,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Receptor in Rats with Experimentally Induced Diabetes*

Studies in the rat with streptozotocin-induced diabetes of short and long duration revealed decreased circulat-ing lμ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] levels and an in-tact 1,25-(OH)2D3 duodenal cytosolic receptor with a sedimentation coefficient of 3.3S. Whereas no significant alterations in the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) were observed in the diabetic animals, the number of l,25-(OH)2D3-binding sites was increased in the animals with short term (235 ± 48 us. 100 ± 15 fmol/mg protein) and long term (521 ± 60 vs. 119 ± 15 fmol/mg protein) diabetes. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that alterations in intestinal calcium absorption previously observed in the diabetic state are due, at least in part, to dynamic relationships between circulating 1,25-(OH)2D concentrations and the number of intestinal l,25(OH)2D3-binding sites. (En-docrinology 113: 1721,1983)
Multiple Cardiac Tumors in the Fetus

An abnormal fetal heart rhythm was auscultated on routine examination in a 33-year-old mother whose past medical history was unremarkable. A first echocardiogram at 22.5+2 weeks noted a thickened nuchal fold and a mild to moderate amount of pleural effusion and ascites. The fetus was found to have a slow heart rate of 110 bpm and episodes of bigeminy. Several echogenic masses were noted (Figure⇓). The Doppler study confirmed that there was no obstruction to ventricular inflow or outflow or to the …
Analytical characteristics of near-infrared nonmetal atomic emission from a helium microwave-induced plasma

Abstract Relative emission intensities for several atomic lines of C, N, O, F, S, Cl and Br between 700 and 1200 nm in an atmospheric-pressure helium microwave-induced plasma are reported. For each element the most intense near-infrared lines are compared to the most intense u.v.-visible lines in terms of signal-to-background ratios and spectral interferences. The relative-intensity data are used to calculate excitation temperatures for each element.
Bibliography of Journal Articles in Social Psychology: Second Half 1975:

This bibliography updates four previous ones which may be obtained from JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology. The bibliography consists of 530 journal articles selected from 15 journals. The articles are arranged under 34 subject headings. Headings are arranged alphabetically; as are authors under each heading. For ease of use the articles are numbered consecutively 1-530. The number of articles under a heading varies from 2 to 44. The bibliography should be useful for courses and seminars emphasizing current literature.
Effects of nicotine on target biting and resident-intruder attack

Abstract The effects of acute administration of nicotine on target biting (defensive) and resident-intruder (offensive) attack of male mice were assessed. In the target biting procedure confined mice received tail shock on a fixed time, 2-min schedule. Under baseline conditions, biting attack directed toward an inanimate target occurred at three distinct rates. A high target biting rate (13.5 ± 3.8 bites/15 sec) followed shock delivery, an intermediate biting rate (9.6 ± 4.1 bites/15 sec) occurred during the inter-shock interval, and a low biting rate (1.0 ± 0.5 bites/15 sec) occurred during a tone stimulus which signalled the impending shock. Nicotine (administered IP, 15 min presession) reduced post-shock and inter-shock interval target biting in a dose-dependent manner (ED50 values estimated at 0.13 and 0.14 mg/kg, respectively) but exerted more variable effects on target biting during the tone. In the resident-intruder paradigm the same mice were exposed to an intruder introduced into its home cage for a 10-min test session. Under baseline conditions, residents directed 20 ± 3.2 biting attacks toward the intruder during the session with an average latency of 89 ± 40 sec to the first attack. Nicotine caused a dose-dependent decrease in this attack behavior (ED50 values estimated to be 0.48 and 0.49 mg/kg, respectively). These observations are interpreted to indicate that nicotine has an increased potency at reducing “defensive” aggression.
SEASONAL PATTERNS IN THE BELOWGROUND BIOMASS OF SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA (GRAMINEAE) ACROSS A TIDAL GRADIENT

Belowground biomass of two ht forms of the salt marsh cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, in a New England salt marsh exhibited a seasonal cycle. Biomass was highest in midsummer with no secondary peak in biomass corresponding with the autumn dieback of aboveground parts. Total annual biomass production and the maximum depth that living tissue penetrated into the substrate decreased with increasing tidal ht. Substrate characteristics (soil aeration, pH, nutrient levels) known to affect aboveground biomass of S. alterniflora also decreased with increasing tidal ht and may similarly affect belowground biomass across the same tidal gradient.
The influence of sex and handedness on the development of lateralization of nonlinguistic auditory processing

Abstract Sex influences lateralization of speech and developmental changes with regard to the influence of sex on lateralization of language have been demonstrated. Sex also influences lateralization of auditory nonspeech sounds as well. The present experiment was designed to study the influence of sex on lateralization of the processing of nonverbal sounds at different points during development. Younger and older right-handed children, and right-handed adults participated in verbal and nonverbal auditory tasks. The results of this experiment demonstrate that sex influences processing of both speech and nonspeech sounds. The developmental process of lateralization and the relation between speech and nonspeech processing will be discussed.
Lipopolysaccharide-induced c-jun NH2-terminal kinase activation in human neutrophils: Role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Syk-mediated pathways

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) respond to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through the up-regulation of several pro-inflammatory mediators. We have recently shown that LPS-stimulated neutrophils express monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), an AP-1-dependent gene, suggesting that LPS activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway in neutrophils. Previously, we have shown the activation of p38 MAPK, but not JNK, in suspended neutrophils stimulated with LPS but have recently shown activation of JNK by TNF-α in an adherent neutrophil system. We show here that exposure to LPS activates JNK in non-suspended neutrophils and that LPS-induced MCP-1 expression, but not tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or interleukin-8 (IL-8), is dependent on JNK activation. In addition, LPS stimulation of non-suspended neutrophils activates Syk and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Inhibition of Syk with piceatannol or PI3K with wortmannin inhibited LPS-induced JNK activation and decreased MCP-1 expression after exposure to LPS, suggesting that both Syk and PI3K reside in a signaling pathway leading to LPS-induced JNK activation in neutrophils. This Syk- and PI3K-dependent pathway leading to JNK activation after LPS exposure in non-suspended neutrophils is specific for JNK, because inhibition of neither Syk nor PI3K decreased p38 activation after LPS stimulation. Furthermore we show that PI3K inhibition decreased LPS-induced Syk activation suggesting that PI3K resides upstream of Syk in this pathway. Finally, we show that Syk associates with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) upon LPS stimulation further implicating Syk in the LPS-induced signaling pathway in neutrophils. Overall our data suggests that LPS induces JNK activation only in non-suspended neutrophils, which proceeds through Syk- and PI3K-dependent pathways, and that JNK activation is important for LPS-induced MCP-1 expression but not for TNF-α or IL-8 expression.
Excitation of giant resonances in 92 Zr by inelastic scattering of 115 MeV protons

The differential cross sections for the excitation of giant resonances in $^{92}\mathrm{Zr}$ have been measured in the angular range 14 to 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} by inelastic scattering of 115 MeV protons. The low energy octupole region ${E}_{x}=5\ensuremath{-}10.5$ MeV can be explained as due to excitation of $L=3$ and $L=4$ multipoles. The composition of the differential cross section for the giant resonance region (${E}_{x}\ensuremath{\simeq}10.5\ensuremath{-}20$ MeV) can be described in terms of the percentage energy-weighted sum-rule strength as \ensuremath{\simeq} 63% giant monopole resonance, \ensuremath{\simeq} 65% giant dipole resonance, \ensuremath{\simeq} 48% giant quadrupole resonance, and \ensuremath{\simeq} 20% $L=4$ resonance.
New vertical geodesy

Vertical geodesy is undergoing a revolution because of two factors. First, new precise three-dimensional position measurement techniques used over very long distances and based on extraterrestrial reference systems provide a new class and precision of geometric data previously unavailable for geophysical investigations. Second, physical models in tectonic theory for large earthquakes predict crustal distortions that violate the conventional assumptions used to interpret gravity and leveling data. Leveling and geometric elevation measurements are not directly comparable because the interpretation of leveling data is density-model dependent. Estimates of pre-1971 San Fernando earthquake elevation changes based on leveling of about 10 cm may be as much as 3 cm, or 40%, too large. Pre-1964 Niigata earthquake leveling surveys, previously used as confirmation of the dilatancy model, do not require dilatancy as an explanation and easily allow an alternative model with a subsurface density increase. Gravity is also not a dependable estimator of elevation change. But a combination of gravity with either leveling, if the dimensions of the distorted body are known or small, or geometric elevation measurements is essential for the determination of crustal density and strain changes. The 1965–1967 Matsushiro earthquake swarm leveling and gravity data show a significant dilatant strain of 0.6–1.8×10^(−4) if the proper model dimensions are used. This dilatant strain would be adequate to cause the observed drop in V_p/V_s, even if the crust were initially saturated prior to distortion. The combination of gravity, leveling, and the new geometric elevation measurements provides a useful parameter, gravitational potential, for the inversion of subsurface density distributions. Use of this parameter, defined as the free-air elevation anomaly, is illustrated for a nearly compensated mountain root structure and shows that this technique holds significant promise for the study of large, deep structures in the crust and upper mantle.
State of Art and Science in Sponsorship-Linked Marketing

This is a stock-taking paper in the area of sponsorship-linked marketing. First offered is a summary of the development of sponsorship as a mainstay of marketing communications. Arguments for the entrenchment of sponsorship in a new evolving indirect marketing mix are made. Progress in understanding the art of management and the science of communications measurement are then examined. Finally, a brief research agenda is described.
Identifying Major Techniques of Persuasion

(1985). Identifying Major Techniques of Persuasion. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 42-43.
Infrared spectrum of methyl azide-d3

Abstract The infrared spectrum of gaseous deutero-methyl azide (CD3N3) has been obtained and interpreted. All the fundamentals except those corresponding to the methyl wagging vibrations are reported. Comparison with the infrared spectrum of CH3N3 has led to numerous changes in the assignments for the latter. Fundamentals for CH3N3 are taken as follows: a', 3023, 2935, 2106, 1447, 1417, 1272, 1187 or 1132, 910, 666, 245; a'', 2962, 1447, 1036, 560, 126 cm−1.
The GUMP process for software maintenance and maintenance education

Software producing organizations attempt to improve their cost, schedule and quality performance by defining an organizational software process model. Educators try to teach their students the virtues of following such a process in software development and maintenance. But most software process models are proprietary so there are few readily available examples to help guide these efforts. This paper outlines the ‘Generic University of West Florida Maintenance Process (GUMP)’ which has been developed, used and refined over a period of almost two years in an educational setting. It describes the key maintenance process issues identified in this experience and the rationale for the solutions adopted in GUMP. As an academic tool, GUMP has greatly improved the learning experience in our project courses; two of our graduates have taken it as a starting point for developing a process for their employers. Full documentation for GUMP is publicly available on-line and may be copied and adapted as needed. GUMP is presented not as a ‘perfect’ process, but simply as a starting point that may be useful to either maintainers or educators as a point of reference for software process concepts.
Broadening the computer science curriculum

Too often, students in undergraduate computer science programs come to equate computer science with the "nuts and bolts" of the field---programming, data structures, algorithms, operating systems, programming languages and so forth. If we are to attract students to computer science and produce graduates who will excel in the profession, we must broaden our students' perspective on our discipline. In this paper, we examine an initiative that seeks to broaden the undergraduate computer science experience by introducing three new elements into the curriculum: a first-year experience that focuses on the challenges of computer science, a fourth-year experience that focuses on the initial stages of the software design process, and a student portfolio that unifies the existing curriculum, broadens its content, and provides us with a mechanism for assessing the growth of our students' technical and non-technical skills.
The computational complexity of maximization and integration

On montre que ces deux problemes de la theorie de la complexite de calcul, aussi bien, que les autres resolvant la maximisation et l'integration sont equivalents aux problemes de complexite de calcul discret naturel, dont la plupart ont deja beaucoup ete etudies
Computer-Assisted Learning in Urban Classrooms: The Impact of Politics, Race, and Class

This article uses data from 54 urban school districts to test hypotheses explaining the integration of computer technology into the classroom. Surprisingly, the authors find no statistically signif...