cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
L1 CAM expression in the superficial dorsal horn is derived from the dorsal root ganglion.

The cell adhesion molecule L1 is highly expressed on embryonic axons and may play a role in axonal outgrowth and fasciculation. Generally only low levels of L1 are found in adult spinal cord except for intense labeling in Lissauer's tract, in laminae I–II, and on dorsolateral funicular axons. In this study we determine the source of L1 immunoreactivity in the dorsal spinal cord, the presence of L1 expression on sprouting axons, and the effect of exercise on L1 expression. We determined the source of L1 immunoreactivity in the superficial dorsal horn by performing acute unilateral rhizotomies (T12–L4) in adult rats. This resulted in a marked decrease in L1 expression in Lissauer's tract and laminae I–II on the deafferented side. The peptidergic and nonpeptidergic small-diameter primary afferent markers, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and the lectin IB4 respectively, closely correlated with L1 expression and also decreased dramatically after rhizotomy. Considering its developmental role, we asked whether L1 was expressed on sprouting axons following chronic rhizotomy. L1 and CGRP, but not IB4, were detected on sprouting axons. Lastly, we investigated the effect of exercise on L1 expression by giving animals with chronic rhizotomies free access to an exercise wheel. After extensive exercise, L1, CGRP, and IB4 expression levels were unchanged compared with those of sedentary chronic animals. Combined, these data demonstrate that the dorsal root ganglia is a major source of L1-positive axons in the superficial dorsal horn, that both L1 and CGRP identify sprouting axons following rhizotomy, and that exercise does not upregulate L1 expression. J. Comp. Neurol. 485:267–279, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analyses reveal fine scale geographic structure in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Gulf of Mexico

There is a need for biological information to support current stock designations of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Gulf of Mexico. The existence of many inshore, resident “communities” raises questions as to the relationship these dolphins may hold with dolphins inhabiting neighboring inshore and coastal areas. In this study, population subdivision was examined among four resident, inshore bottlenose dolphin stocks (Sarasota Bay, FL, Tampa Bay, FL, Charlotte Harbor, FL and Matagorda Bay, TX) and one coastal stock (1–12 km offshore) in the Gulf of Mexico. Evidence of significant population structure among all areas was found on the basis of both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequence data and nine nuclear microsatellite loci. Estimates of relatedness showed no population contained a significantly high number of related individuals, while separate AMOVAs for males and females indicated that both sexes exhibit a significant level of site philopatry. Results presented here provide the first genetic evidence of population subdivision between the coastal Gulf of Mexico and adjacent inshore areas along the central west coast of Florida. Such strong genetic subdivision is surprising given the short geographical distance between many of these areas and the lack of obvious geographic barriers to prevent gene flow. These findings support the current, separate identification of stocks for bottlenose dolphins inhabiting the eastern coastal and inshore areas of the Gulf of Mexico.
Stability and localization of rapid shear in fluid‐saturated fault gouge: 1. Linearized stability analysis

Field observations of major earthquake fault zones show that shear deformation is often confined to principal slipping zones that may be of order 1–100 μm wide, located within a broader gouge layer of order 10–100 mm wide. This paper examines the possibility that the extreme strain localization observed may be due to the coupling of shear heating, thermal pressurization, and diffusion. In the absence of a stabilizing mechanism shear deformation in a continuum analysis will collapse to an infinitesimally thin zone. Two possible stabilizing mechanisms, studied in this paper, are rate-strengthening friction and dilatancy. For rate-strengthening friction alone, a linear stability analysis shows that uniform shear of a gouge layer is unstable for perturbations exceeding a critical wavelength. Using this critical wavelength we predict a width for the localized zone as a function of the gouge properties. Taking representative parameters for fault gouge at typical centroidal depths of crustal seismogenic zones, we predict localized zones of order 5–40 μm wide, roughly consistent with field and experimental observations. For dilatancy alone, linearized strain rate perturbations with a sufficiently large wavelength will undergo transient exponential growth before decaying back to uniform shear. The total perturbation strain accumulated during this transient strain rate localization is shown to be largely controlled by a single dimensionless parameter E, which is a measure of the dilatancy of the gouge material due to an increase in strain rate.
Approximate diagonalization of variable-coefficient differential operators through similarity transformations

Approaches to approximate diagonalization of variable-coefficient differential operators using similarity transformations are presented. These diagonalization techniques are inspired by the interpretation of the Uncertainty Principle by Fefferman, known as the SAK Principle, that suggests the location of eigenfunctions of self-adjoint differential operators in phase space. The similarity transformations are constructed using canonical transformations of symbols and anti-differential operators for making lower-order corrections. Numerical results indicate that the symbols of transformed operators can be made to closely resemble those of constant-coefficient operators, and that approximate eigenfunctions can readily be obtained.
Chemotaxis of bacteria in glass capillary arrays. Escherichia coli, motility, microchannel plate, and light scattering

Random and directed motility of bacterial populations were assayed by monitoring the flux of bacteria through a microchannel plate (a porous glass plate comprising a fused array of capillary tubes) separating two identical stirred chambers. Cells, washed free of growth medium by a new filtration method, were added to one chamber at a low density. Their number in the other chamber was determined from the amount of light scattered from a beam of a laser diode and recorded on a strip chart. Diffusion coefficients were computed from fluxes observed in the absence of chemical gradients, and chemotaxis drift velocities were computed from fluxes observed in their presence. Cells migrated through tubes of diam 10 microns more rapidly than through tubes of diam 50 microns, suggesting that the straight segments of their tracks were aligned with the axes of the smaller tubes. Mutants that are motile but nonchemotactic could be selected because they move through the microchannel plate in the face of an adverse gradient. Weak chemotactic responses were assessed from ratios of fluxes observed in paired experiments in which the sign of the gradient of attractant was reversed. Studies were made of wild-type Escherichia coli and mutants that are nonmotile, tumblely, smooth-swimming, aspartate-blind, or defective in methylation and demethylation. Chemotaxis drift velocities for the latter mutants (cheRcheB) were quite small.
ILLICIT INSCRIPTIONS: REFRAMING FORGERY IN ELIZABETH GASKELL'S RUTH

Forgery is now considered an offence of the greatest magnitude;… In proportion, therefore, as a nation increases in wealth by buying and selling, it will magnify the criminality of a fraud by which buying and selling may be checked. The change of opinion will show itself in the penal laws, and in the not less deterrent force of social reprobation.—Luke Owen Pike, History of Crime in England (1876)
Surface Roughness and Lubricant Depletion on a Magnetic Storage Disk

It is widely believed that surface roughness of magnetic storage disks plays an important role in retaining the lubricant layers on the disks. Descriptions of the surface asperities of the disks, however, are so complex that it would be necessary to draw upon statistical techniques for an adequate representation. The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the effect of surface roughness on lubricant retention by methods of stochastic simulation
In Vitro Oocyte Maturation and Preantral Follicle Culture from the Luteal-Phase Baboon Ovary Produce Mature Oocytes

Female cancer patients who seek fertility preservation but cannot undergo ovarian stimulation and embryo preservation may consider 1) retrieval of immature oocytes followed by in vitro maturation (IVM) or 2) ovarian tissue cryopreservation followed by transplantation or in vitro follicle culture. Conventional IVM is carried out during the follicular phase of menstrual cycle. There is limited evidence demonstrating that immature oocyte retrieved during the luteal phase can mature in vitro and be fertilized to produce viable embryos. While in vitro follicle culture is successful in rodents, its application in nonhuman primates has made limited progress. The objective of this study was to investigate the competence of immature luteal-phase oocytes from baboon and to determine the effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on baboon preantral follicle culture and oocyte maturation in vitro. Oocytes from small antral follicle cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) with multiple cumulus layers (42%) were more likely to resume meiosis and progress to metaphase II (MII) than oocytes with a single layer of cumulus cells or less (23% vs. 3%, respectively). Twenty-four percent of mature oocytes were successfully fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and 25% of these developed to morula-stage embryos. Preantral follicles were encapsulated in fibrin-alginate-matrigel matrices and cultured to small antral stage in an FSH-independent manner. FSH negatively impacted follicle health by disrupting the integrity of oocyte and cumulus cells contact. Follicles grown in the absence of FSH produced MII oocytes with normal spindle structure. In conclusion, baboon luteal-phase COCs and oocytes from cultured preantral follicles can be matured in vitro. Oocyte meiotic competence correlated positively with the number of cumulus cell layers. This study clarifies the parameters of the follicle culture system in nonhuman primates and provides foundational data for future clinical development as a fertility preservation option for women with cancer.
Linear controlled amnesic immittance elements and networks

Construction of linear voltage-controlled resistors and conductors using i.e. multipliers is demonstrated. Experimental results from a network of such elements corroborates the realisation of nonlinear amnesic driving-point and transfer curves by systematic synthesis. Applicability of linear network sensitivity calculations to such networks is experimentally verified.
Cytogenetics and molecular genetics of ovarian cancer.

Genetic alterations identified in human ovarian tumors by conventional banding, fluorescence in situ hybridization, comparative genomic hybridization, chromosome microdissection, loss of heterozygosity, chromosome microcell–mediated chromosome transfer, and microarray gene expression analysis are summarized and correlated. The significance of these findings with respect to pathologic classification and clinical application are discussed. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PROSTATE EPITHELIAL DIFFERENTIATION IS DICTATED BY ITS SURROUNDING STROMA

Prostate epithelial differentiation is dictated by its surrounding stroma which determines androgen induced growth responsiveness and expression of specific secretory proteins in normal prostate gland. During neoplastic progression, organ specific stroma has been shown to determine the rate of neoplastic progression from androgen-dependent to androgen-independent and metastatic states. Although growth factors and extracellular matrix are recognized as important contributors to prostate epithelial growth, hormonal responsiveness, and neoplastic progression, the exact mechanism of intercellular communication between stromal and epithelial cells remains undefined. In addition to the importance of defining the reciprocal interaction between stromal and epithelial interaction in the prostate, clonal interaction between two dissimilar prostate epithelial cells is also recognized to contribute to disease progression. In this review, we summarized recent advances made in delineating molecular mechanisms underlying stromal epithelial interaction and clonal interaction between androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells in vivo and in culture. Understanding cellular interaction between prostate epithelium and its surrounding stroma could help us in developing metastatic models of prostate carcinogenesis. This concept will allow us to define epithelial-specific markers, markers induced as the result of stromal-epithelial interaction, and stroma-associated markers. These markers together will assist us in diagnosing, preventing, prognosing and treating prostate cancer more efficaciously in the future.
Structure and Activity of Human Mitochondrial Peptide Deformylase, a Novel Cancer Target

Peptide deformylase proteins (PDFs) participate in the N-terminal methionine excision pathway of newly synthesized peptides. We show that the human PDF (HsPDF) can deformylate its putative substrates derived from mitochondrial DNA-encoded proteins. The first structural model of a mammalian PDF (1.7 A), HsPDF, shows a dimer with conserved topology of the catalytic residues and fold as non-mammalian PDFs. The HsPDF C-terminus topology and the presence of a helical loop (H2 and H3), however, shape a characteristic active site entrance. The structure of HsPDF bound to the peptidomimetic inhibitor actinonin (1.7 A) identified the substrate-binding site. A defined S1' pocket, but no S2' or S3' substrate-binding pockets, exists. A conservation of PDF-actinonin interaction across PDFs was observed. Despite the lack of true S2' and S3' binding pockets, confirmed through peptide binding modeling, enzyme kinetics suggest a combined contribution from P2'and P3' positions of a formylated peptide substrate to turnover.
Data fusion and evidence accumulation for land mine detection using the Dempster-Shafer algorithm

In this paper, an architecture for multisensor data fusion and evidence accumulation for landmine detection and discrimination is presented. Evidential and discriminatory information about the buried object such as shape, size, depth, and material, chemical or electromagnetic properties is obtained from different sensor and sensor algorithms. A streamlined assimilation of these varied information from dissimilar and non-homogenous sensor and sensor algorithms is presented. Information theory based pre-processing of the data and subsequent unsupervised clustering using Dignet architecture is used to capture the underlying structure of the information available from different sensors. Sensor information is categorized into type, size, depth, and position data channels. Each sensor may provide one or more of this information. Type data channel provides any relevant discriminatory characteristics of the buried object. A supervised feed-forward neural network is used to learn the causality between the cluster information and the evidence of a given class of the buried object. Size, depth and phenomenology input are used as control gating input for the neural network mapping. The supervisory feedback is provided by the output of the global sensor fusion system and accommodates both autonomous and human assisted learning. Dempster-Shafer evidential reasoning is used to accumulate different evidence from sensor channels and thus to detect and discriminate between different types of buried landmine and clutter. Performance of fusion architecture and Dempster-Shafer reasoning is studied using simulated data. For the simulated data noisy images of regular and irregular shapes of different objects are produced. Fourier descriptor, moment invariant and Matlab shape features are used to define the shape information of the objects. Evidence accumulation is done using shape and size information form each of the algorithms.
Water stress, temperature, and light effects on the capacity for isoprene emission and photosynthesis of kudzu leaves.

Kudzu (Pueraria lobata (Willd) Ohwi.) is a vine which forms large, monospecific stands in disturbed areas of the southeastern United States. Kudzu also emits isoprene, a hydrocarbon which can significantly affect atmospheric chemistry including reactions leading to tropospheric ozone. We have studied physiological aspects of isoprene emission from kudzu so the ecological consequences of isoprene emission can be better understood. We examined: (a) the development of isoprene emission as leaves developed, (b) the interaction between photon flux density and temperature effects on isoprene emission, (c) isoprene emission during and after water stress, and (d) the induction of isoprene emission from leaves grown at low temperature by water stress or elevated temperature. Isoprene emission under standard conditions of 1000 μmol photons·m-2·s-1 and 30°C developed only after the leaf had reached full expansion, and was not complete until up to two weeks past the point of full expansion of the leaf. The effect of temperature on isoprene emission was much greater than found for other species, with a 10°C increase in temperature causing a eight-fold increase in the rate of isoprene emission. Isoprene emission from kudzu was stimulated by increases in photon flux density up to 3000 μmol photons·m-2·s-1. In contrast, photosynthesis of kudzu was saturated at less than 1000 μmol·m-2·s-1 photon flux density and was reduced at high temperature, so that up to 20% of the carbon fixed in photosynthesis was reemitted as isoprene gas at 1000 μmol photons·m-2·s-1 and 35°C. Withholding water caused photosynthesis to decline nearly to zero after several days but had a much smaller effect on isoprene emission. Following the relief of water stress, photosynthesis recovered to the prestress level but isoprene emission increased to about five times the prestress rate. At 1000 μmol photons·m-2·s-1 and 35°C as much as 67% of the carbon fixed in photosynthesis was reemitted as isoprene eight days after water stress. Leaves grown at less than 20°C did not make isoprene until an inductive treatment was given. Inductive treatments included growth at 24°C, leaf temperature of 30°C for 5 h, or witholding water from plants. With the new information on temperature and water stress effects on isoprene emission, we speculate that isoprene emission may help plants cope with stressful conditions.
A novel PET tumor delineation method based on adaptive region-growing and dual-front active contours

To more accurately and precisely delineate a tumor in a 3D PET image, we proposed a novel, semi-automatic, two-stage method by utilizing an adaptive region-growing algorithm and a dual-front active contour model. First, a rough region of interest (ROI) is manually drawn by a radiation oncologist that encloses a tumor. The voxel having the highest intensity in the ROI is chosen as a seed point. An adaptive region growing algorithm successively appends to the seed point all neighboring voxels whose intensities>=T of the mean of the current region. When T varies from 100% to 0%, a sharp volume increase, indicating the transition from the tumor to the background, always occurs at a certain T value. A preliminary tumor boundary is determined just before the sharp volume increase, which is found to be slightly outside of the known tumor in all tested phantoms. A novel dual-front active contour model utilizing region-based information is then applied to refine the preliminary boundary automatically. We tested the two-stage method on six spheres (0.5–20ml) in a cylindrical container under different source to background ratios. Comparisons between the two-stage method and an iterative threshold method demonstrate its higher detection accuracy for small tumors (less than 6ml). One patient study was tested and evaluated by two experienced radiation oncologists. The study illustrated that this two-stage method has several advantages. First, it does not require any threshold-volume curves, which are different and must be calibrated for each scanner and image reconstruction method. Second, it does not use any iso-threshold lines as contours. Third, the final result is reproducible and is independent of the manual rough ROIs. Fourth, this method is an adaptive algorithm that can process different images automatically.
The open parks network

The goal of the Open Parks Network (OPN) is to create a portal that connects park managers, researchers, policy makers, and citizens to each other and to valuable cultural resources related. Led by Clemson University in collaboration with the National Parks Service and Purdue University, OPN is designed to provide a virtual community of professionals in parks and protected areas with the tools, resources, and knowledge base they need to conduct intensive research, perform their jobs duties effectively, and share information with colleagues and users on an international scale. To date, 80,000 of 200,000 archival images and 500,000 out of 2 million bound pages have been digitized from various parks, and a beta version of the platform will be available for demonstration in March 2013. The project includes the integration of a Fedora repository with the Joomla! content management system with extensions to enable GIS functionality, expose metadata as Linked Data and for harvest using OAI-PMH, and enable users to create their own custom collections.
Electron Microscopic Identification of Viruses Associated with Poult Enteritis in Turkeys Grown in California 1993–2003

Poult enteritis (PE) is one of the most common diseases seen in young turkey flocks. Since 1993, more than 1800 cases of suspected PE have been submitted for examination by negative stain electron microscopy; this has involved more than 2400 individual results, because in many cases more than one virus was identified; at least 1500 individual results were positive for viruses. Viruses have been identified in poults as young as 3 days and up to 9 wk of age. The most commonly found viruses are rotavirus-like viruses and small round viruses ranging from 15 nm to 30 nm, either alone or in combination. Reovirus, birnavirus, and adenovirus have also been detected. There has been no evidence to suggest the presence of coronaviruses. This report summarizes our findings.
A comparioson of nonparametric unweighited and length-biased density estimation of fibres

Two sampling procedures used to estimate the distribution of the length of textile fibres are studied . Estimators of the density function of fibre length and the asymptotic propertiesof these estimators are discussed. Simulations were undertaken to compare mean square errors of the estimators for various saniple sizes.
CO2 Laser Ablation Impulse Generation with Polymer Propellants

2in atmospheric air. A transversely excited atmospheric CO2 laser operating at 10:6 � m with approximately 100 ns pulse length and about 3–20 J output pulse energy was used to ablate prepared polymer samples with single pulses of laser energy. Measurements of parameters such as ablated mass per spot area � ,
COLLABORATIVE SYSTEM ENGINEERING APPROACH TO AN EVOLUTIONARY OCEANIC SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is in the process of developing significant new capabilities in the Oceanic Air Traffic Management (ATM) System in response to the increasing demand on the system and the needs of the users of the oceanic air traffic management system. The FAA has planned for an evolutionary approach to the oceanic system development with a series of successive “Builds” adding new operational capabilities. The Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD) at The MITRE Corporation is providing the system engineering support to the FAA in this effort. One of the major components of the R&D system engineering process is the generation/validation of operational concepts and requirements for the successive Builds. A second, equally important, element is the requirements tracking/traceability process to ensure that the system evolution does indeed provide the operational capability to the users/operators/maintainers of the system. This paper describes some innovative measures (including the use of CASE tools) for the life cycle of the evolution of the Oceanic ATM System.
The Hemodynamic and Metabolic Interrelationships in the Activity of Epinephrine, Norepinephrine and the Thyroid Hormones

The hemodynamic and metabolic effects of a total sympathetic block and of the infusion of l-epinephrine or l-norepinephrine were studied in 27 euthyroid dogs and in 31 thyroid-fed dogs. The physiologic changes produced by increased concentrations of the thyroid hormones were abolished by preventing the reflex release of epinephrine and norepinephrine with a total sympathetic block. The inotropic, chronotropic and calorigenic effects of l-epinephrine and of l-norepinephrine were found to be increased by thyroid feeding. It is concluded that there is a dynamic interrelationship between the thyroid hormones and those of the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerve endings. The hemodynamic and metabolic changes of thyrotoxicosis are not the result of the isolated activity of the thyroid hormones, but rather are due to the physiologic effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine, as augmented by the thyroid hormones. Studies indicate that l-norepinephrine is the predominant mediator of the changes produced by thyroi...
BoltzCONS: dynamic symbol structures in a connectionist network

Abstract BoltzCONS is a connectionist model that dynamically creates and manipulates composite symbol structures. These structures are implemented using a functional analog of linked lists, but BoltzCONS employs distributed representations and associative retrieval in place of a conventional memory organization. Associative retrieval leads to some interesting properties, e.g., the model can instantaneously access any uniquely-named internal node of a tree. But the point of the work is not to reimplement linked lists in some peculiar new way; it is to show how neural networks can exhibit compositionality and distal access (the ability to reference a complex structure via an abbreviated tag), two properties that distinguish symbol processing from lower-level cognitive functions such as pattern recognition. Unlike certain other neural net models, BoltzCONS represents objects as a collection of superimposed activity patterns rather than as a set of weights. It can therefore create new structured objects dynamically, without reliance on iterative training procedures, without rehearsal of previously-learned patterns, and without resorting to grandmother cells.
Exploratory models of the Earth's thermal regime during segregation of the core

Some simple exploratory theoretical models of the thermal effects of core segregation have been investigated, assuming an initially homogeneous earth and including convective heat transport through a 'parameterized convection' approximation. The results indicate that either (1) mantle temperatures 30% or more above present values may have resulted from the gravitational energy released during core segregation, (2) the earth retained very little of its accretional energy, (3) core segregation lasted for one billion years or more, or (4) the earth accreted heterogeneously. Option 3 seems to be precluded by terrestrial lead isotope data, and the alternatives each raise substantial questions concerning the mechanics, chemistry, and petrology of the earth's early history. There is no recognized evidence for the early hot phase of option 1, and option 4 implies, among other things, an analogous early hot phase. Although it has not been favored, option 2 may be viable.
A transmission electron microscopy study of particulate concentrations in seven individual snowflakes

Abstract An electron microscope analysis of seven individual snowflakes, which were collected over a six-hour period and allowed to dry upon collodion support films, showed the particle concentration to increase with elapsed time of snowfall, reach a maximum at 3 4 of the duration, and to essentially stabilize thereafter. The size of the particles ranged from less than 0.01 μm to 4.5 μm in diameter, with average particle size first increasing then decreasing with elapsed time of snowfall. The particle concentration in individual snowflakes was observed to be roughly 5 times greater than that observed previously in individual raindrops in the same geographic area, and there was no evidence of asbestiform fibers.
The interfacial free energies of solid chromium, molybdenum and tungsten

Abstract The average surface free energies, γsv, of chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten have been measured at 0.6 to 0.8 of the absolute melting temperature, TM, by multiphase equilibrations with liquid tin or silver in tantalum-gettered argon. With grain-boundary groove angles measured by interferometry and stylus profile tracing, the respective values were 1700 ± 360, 1750 ± 390, and 1810 ± 630 ergs/cm2. Similar values for molybdenum were obtained from an analysis of the kinetics of grain-boundary grooving. Ratios involving the high-angle grain boundary, solid-liquid, and solid- foreign metal vapor interfacial free energies and γsv were consistent with theoretical considerations. The presence of surface active impurities was predicted on the basis of a positive temperature coefficient, dγ sv d T . Values of the order of +0.6 erg/cm2/ °C were calculated from the temperature dependence of grain boundary groove angles from which it was found that the relative grain boundary free energy, γ ss γ sv decreased from ~0.5 at 0.5 TM to ~0.35 at 0.95 TM. In the case of molybdenum, grain boundary groove angles were insensitive to environments ranging from 10−9 Torr residual pressure to 1.0 Torr of nitrogen. Indications of surface impurities during equilibration were given by Auger electron spectroscopy which revealed carbon and sulfur on molybdenum at 0.65 TM under ultra-high vacuum conditions. Adjusting the surface free energy values to the melting points and dividing by the surface tension of the corresponding liquid, γlv, resulted in γ sv γ lv ratios above unity, as predicted by Skapski's broken bond model.
Development of fine structural damage to alveolar and capillary lining cells in oxygen-poisoned rat lungs.

Rats were exposed to 98.5% oxygen at 765 torr for 6–72 hr. The pulmonary changes were investigated by electron microscopy and by morphometric methods. A progressive thickening of the air-blood barrier, from the normal 1.5 to 3 µ after 3 days, was due primarily to enlargement of the interstitial space by accumulation of edema which was replaced secondarily by cells and fibrin. This was accompanied by destruction of about 50% of the capillaries. Morphometric data allowed an estimate of the degree of impairment of lung function. The primary cellular damage was located in endothelial cells which underwent cytoplasmic changes and, finally, fragmentation. In contrast, the damage to the epithelial lining of alveoli was relatively scarce compared to the extensive endothelial changes. This pertained even to severely damaged lungs with 65% of the alveoli obliterated by a heterogeneous exudate. Possible causes for this apparently different reaction of epithelium (the first target cell) and endothelium to toxic oxygen effects are discussed.
Cross-Language Information Propagation for Arabic Mention Detection

In the last two decades, significant effort has been put into annotating linguistic resources in several languages. Despite this valiant effort, there are still many languages left that have only small amounts of such resources. The goal of this article is to present and investigate a method of propagating information (specifically mention detection) from a resource-rich language into a relatively resource-poor language such as Arabic. Part of the investigation is to quantify the contribution of propagating information in different conditions based on the availability of resources in the target language. Experiments on the language pair Arabic-English show that one can achieve relatively decent performance by propagating information from a language with richer resources such as English into Arabic alone (no resources or models in the source language Arabic). Furthermore, results show that propagated features from English do help improve the Arabic system performance even when used in conjunction with all feature types built from the source language. Experiments also show that using propagated features in conjunction with lexically derived features only (as can be obtained directly from a mention annotated corpus) brings the system performance at the one obtained in the target language by using feature derived from many linguistic resources, therefore improving the system when such resources are not available. In addition to Arabic-English language pair, we investigate the effectiveness of our approach on other language pairs such as Chinese-English and Spanish-English.
Teachers' perceptions of the effects of a scientific literary course on subsequent learning in biology

Five teachers were interviewed as to their perceptions of the effect of an intervention to teach scientific literacy on learning in subsequent biology courses. The sample consisted of 450 students who had a literacy course in ninth grade and had completed tenth-grade biology. At the end of the academic year the biology teachers were interviewed and asked to compare the biology students who had the literacy course to students they had taught in earlier years. The biology teachers concluded that the literacy course did have an effect on students' subsequent ability to learn biology. The strength of the effect varied according to level of biology. Students had a better understanding of the nature of science and better laboratory and process skills. They were also better at analyzing data. The advanced and intermediate biology students were more creative, more likely to take risks, and engage in hypothetical thinking than other groups of students that the teachers had taught. Although the purpose of the literacy course was to teach literacy skills the advanced students retained a substantial amount of content material that was applicable to biology.
Polymer coating of vanadium oxide nanowires to improve cathodic capacity in lithium batteries

Vanadium oxide is a promising next generation cathode material in lithium-based batteries because of its high theoretical energy density. To address the shortcomings of V2O5, which include poor electrical conductivity and stability upon cycling, a core–shell structure consisting of high aspect ratio V2O5 nanowires coated with electroactive polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized. The two step solution-based process involved a facile hydrothermal synthesis of one dimensional V2O5 and subsequent in situ polymerization on the active material surface. Conformal coatings of PANI were achieved at a range of compositions (21–51% by weight) by altering the polymerization conditions. The composite nanowire structure was shown to benefit cycle stability, demonstrating a 90% improvement in discharge capacity over the uncoated wires after 40 cycles at increasing rates of charge. Improvements in rate capability were also correlated with increasing percentages of PANI in the composite, where the 51% PANI composite demonstrated a 57% increase in capacity over an uncoated sample at the high rate of 440 mA g−1 (1 C). Here, we present evidence from galvanostatic cycling experiments that an electroactive polymer coating can enhance the underlying capacity of a cathode material.
Accidental Acetaminophen Overdose Results in Liver Transplant During Second Trimester of Pregnancy: A Case Report

Acetaminophen overdose is the most rapidly growing cause of fulminant hepatic failure in Western countries. Pregnant women are counseled that acetaminophen is safe during pregnancy and an alternative to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications. This report describes a case of acetaminophen overdose during the second trimester of pregnancy with resultant fulminant hepatic failure requiring liver transplantation. The fetus was previable at the time of liver transplantation, and methods to preserve viability during and after transplantation are discussed. Despite the best attempts of the team, the fetus expired. The challenges and outcomes of fulminant hepatic failure in pregnancy are discussed in detail.
Experimental Study of Tsunami Generation by Three-Dimensional Rigid Underwater Landslides

Large scale, three-dimensional, laboratory experiments are performed to study tsunami generation by rigid underwater landslides. The main purpose of these experiments is to both gain insight into landslide tsunami generation processes and provide data for subsequent validation of a three-dimensional numerical model. In each experiment a smooth and streamlined rigid body slides down a plane slope, starting from different initial submergence depths, and generates surface waves. Different conditions of wave nonlinearity and dispersion are generated by varying the model slide initial submergence depth. Surface elevations are measured with capacitance gauges. Runup is measured at the tank axis using a video camera. Landslide acceleration is measured with a microaccelerometer embedded within the model slide, and its time of passage is further recorded at three locations down the slope. The repeatability of experiments is very good. Landslide kinematics is inferred from these measurements and an analytic law of motion is derived, based on which the slide added mass and drag coefficients are computed. Characteristic distance and time of slide motion, as well as a characteristic tsunami wavelength, are parameters derived from these analyses. Measured wave elevations yield characteristic tsunami amplitudes, which are found to be well predicted by empirical equations derived in earlier work, based on two-dimensional numerical computations. The strongly dispersive nature and directionality of tsunamis generated by underwater landslides is confirmed by wave measurements at gauges. Measured coastal runup is analyzed and found to correlate well with initial slide submergence depth or characteristic tsunami amplitude.
Viral evolution in deep time: lentiviruses and mammals

Lentiviruses are a distinctive genus of retroviruses that cause chronic, persistent infections in mammals, including humans. The emergence of pandemic HIV type-1 (HIV-1) infection during the late 20th century shaped a view of lentiviruses as ‘modern' viruses. However, recent research has revealed an entirely different perspective, elucidating aspects of an evolutionary relationship with mammals that extends across many millions of years. Such deep evolutionary history is likely to be typical of many host–virus systems, fundamentally underpinning their interactions in the present day. For this reason, establishing the deep history of virus and host interaction is key to developing a fully informed approach to tackling viral diseases. Here, I use the example of lentiviruses to illustrate how paleovirological, geographic and genetic calibrations allow observations of virus and host interaction across a wide range of temporal and spatial scales to be integrated into a coherent ecological and evolutionary framework.
The world's technical journal literature: An estimate of volume, origin, language, field, indexing, and abstracting

A quantitative estimate is made of the magnitude of the world's scientific and technical journal literature problem. Using a number of basic sources of statistical information, a composite picture is established to show such things as the total volume, linguistic and national origins, breakdown by subject field, and degree of coverage by the abstracting and indexing services.
Martin Luther King's “Letter from Birmingham Jail” as Pauline epistle

Martin Luther King's “Letter from Birmingham Jail” is an apostolic epistle in the Pauline tradition. Following the conventions of black American Protestantism, King discovered in St. Paul a type for himself and in St. Paul's letters a literary form that he could apply to modern situations. Like the Pauline letters, King's “Letter” depends heavily on scriptual allusions and may be seen as not only a letter but also as a sermon.
Searchers for a new energy source: Tesla, Moray, and Bearden

The work of three leaders in the search for a new energy source, spanning a full century, is examined. Nikola Tesla, T. Henry Moray, and Thomas E. Bearden, among others, have claimed the existence of another source of energy besides those presently in use. This source is the energy contained in apparently empty space. The concepts of each of the three are discussed. >
Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging of the Pancreas: A Needle-Based Approach

A novel, high-resolution, needle-based optical coherence tomography (OCT) device for improving the ability to detect early epithelial dysplasia in solid tissues/organs in vivo is currently in development. An instrument capable of real-time imaging of tissue microstructures in vivo could improve the ability to detect pathologic conditions such as dysplasia, and consequently improve patient outcomes. OCT is an emerging technology that can perform real-time cross-sectional imaging of tissue structures at micron-scale resolution in vivo. OCT has been shown to be effective in the imaging of luminal epithelium, capable of detecting epithelial dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus, and colonic polyps. However, OCT imaging depth with conventional probes is limited to the luminal surface (approximately 1-2 mm). The development of a technology and device that enables high-resolution, real-time imaging of solid tissues beyond 1- to 2-mm deep at or near the cellular level in vivo could improve the diagnosis of diseases of the pancreas and other solid organs.
Chemical beam epitaxy for high-efficiency InP solar cells

Abstract The aim of this work is to develop thin InP solar cells for space applications from more mechanically resistant, lighter, and cheaper substrates. In this paper we present the development of a p+/nn+ solar cell structure with a very thin emitter layer. A thin emitter helps to increase the collection of carriers generated by high energy incident photons from the solar spectrum. Moreover, the use of a p+/nn+ structure should improve the radiation resistance of this already radiation resistant technology. A remarkable improvement of high energy photo-response is shown for these CBE-grown very thin emitter InP solar cells. The ability to obtain a very high p-type InP doping level by using CBE avoided the sheet resistance increase that degrades the I–V characteristic even for emitters only 400 A thick. It is also shown that the photo-response of thin base layers is reduced, and that more than 2.4 μm thick base layers are necessary for a better collection of near InP band gap photons.
Asymptotic Behavior of an Analytically Solvable Nova Model

We formulate an analytically solvable version of the nova model and obtain the $s$ dependence of single- and two-particle inclusive distributions. The nature of the singularity in the two-particle distribution at ${x}_{1}={x}_{2}=0$ and numerical predictions for National Accelerator Laboratory energies are discussed.
A fast algorithm to compute the -line through points inside a helix cylinder

In the context of helical cone-beam CT, Danielsson et al. discovered that for each point interior to the cylindrical surface containing a given helix, there is exactly one line segment passing through the point which intersects two points less than one turn apart on the helix. This segment is called a π-line. A new constructive algebraic proof of this result is presented along with a fast algorithm to compute the endpoints of the 71-line through an arbitrary point in the interior of the helix cylinder. This proof exposes the geometry of the decomposition of a cylinder interior as a disjoint union of π-lines.
Phase II pilot study of single-agent etirinotecan pegol (NKTR-102) in bevacizumab-resistant high grade glioma.

Patients with recurrence of high-grade glioma (HGG) after bevacizumab (BEV) have an extremely poor prognosis. Etirinotecan pegol (EP) is the first long-acting topoisomerase-I inhibitor designed to concentrate in and provide continuous tumor exposure throughout the entire chemotherapy cycle. Here we report results of a Phase 2, single arm, open-label trial evaluating EP in HGG patients who progressed after BEV. Patients age >18 with histologically proven anaplastic astrocytoma or glioblastoma (GB) who previously received standard chemo-radiation and recurred after BEV were eligible. A predicted life expectancy >6 weeks and KPS ≥ 50 were required. The primary endpoint was PFS at 6-weeks. Secondary endpoint was overall survival from first EP infusion. Response was assessed by RANO criteria. Single agent EP was administered IV every 3 weeks at 145 mg/m2. Patients did not receive BEV while on EP. 20 patients (90 % GB) were enrolled with a median age of 50 and median KPS of 70. Three patients with GB (16.7 % of GB) had partial MRI responses. 6-week PFS was 55 %. Median and 6-month PFS were 2.2 months (95 % CI 1.4–3.4 months) and 11.2 % (95 % CI 1.9–28.9 %) respectively. Median overall survival from first EP infusion was 4.5 months (95 % CI 2.4–5.9). Only one patient had grade 3 toxicity (diarrhea with dehydration) attributable to EP. Hematologic toxicity was mild. Three patients had confirmed partial responses according to RANO criteria. These clinical data combined with a favorable safety profile warrant further clinical investigation of this agent in HGG.
Critically Ill Cancer Patients are not Consistently Hypercoagulable after Craniotomy

Recent reports using thrombelastography have suggested that neurosurgical patients develop a hypercoagulable state in the postoperative period. Since venous thromboembolism is a potentially life threatening complication in these patients, we studied a similar population in our institution. We conducted a prospective pilot study to evaluate postoperative coagulation changes in critically ill cancer patients after craniotomy. Data collected included demographics, diagnoses, severity of illness, all hematological information (coagulation tests included conventional and TEG), therapies, and complications. Analysis included descriptive statistics, and multivariate regression analysis. Eleven patients were included in the study. Mean age was 52 ± 17 years, BMI 28 ± 6.5, APACHE II and SOFA scores were 11.18 ± 5.0 and 3.82 ± 1.6 respectively. The Coagulation Index (CI), which is derived from the measured values of R, K, MA, and alpha angle was 1.22 ± 3.5, R 4.2 ± 1.6, K 2.0 ± 2.1, MA 60.78 ± 5.97, and alpha angle 66.88 ± 14.9; while the Thrombodynamic Potential Index (TPI), which is derived from the measured values of K and MA only was 32.48 ± 21. The CI correlated significantly with R, K, alpha angle, MA, TMA, TPI, PMA, E, A30 and A60 but not with the PTT, INR, or SOFA and APACHE II scores. One patient was hypocoagulable by CI and TPI values; in contrast, nine patients were hypercoagulable by TPI but only one by CI. There were no cases of VTE. Hypercoagulability as defined by the CI was not a common finding in this study. Although the TPI indicated hypercoagulability in a large number of patients, we do not believe it is a good tool to assess the patient’s clotting status or predictor of thrombosis because in contrast to the CI, it does not take into account the enzymatic portions of the clotting cascade. A larger TEG study is warranted to determine the clinical significance of these changes in this and other populations.