cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Far-infrared surface emissivity and climate

Presently, there are no global measurement constraints on the surface emissivity at wavelengths longer than 15 μm, even though this surface property in this far-IR region has a direct impact on the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and infrared cooling rates where the column precipitable water vapor (PWV) is less than 1 mm. Such dry conditions are common for high-altitude and high-latitude locations, with the potential for modeled climate to be impacted by uncertain surface characteristics. This paper explores the sensitivity of instantaneous OLR and cooling rates to changes in far-IR surface emissivity and how this unconstrained property impacts climate model projections. At high latitudes and altitudes, a 0.05 change in emissivity due to mineralogy and snow grain size can cause a 1.8–2.0 W m−2 difference in the instantaneous clear-sky OLR. A variety of radiative transfer techniques have been used to model the far-IR spectral emissivities of surface types defined by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program. Incorporating these far-IR surface emissivities into the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario of the Community Earth System Model leads to discernible changes in the spatial patterns of surface temperature, OLR, and frozen surface extent. The model results differ at high latitudes by as much as 2°K, 10 W m−2, and 15%, respectively, after only 25 y of integration. Additionally, the calculated difference in far-IR emissivity between ocean and sea ice of between 0.1 and 0.2, suggests the potential for a far-IR positive feedback for polar climate change.
The effects of a cysteinyl leukotriene antagonist (ONO-1078) on antigen-induced responses in allergic sheep.

The cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4/D4/E4) are putative mediators of asthma. In this study we used sheep allergic to Ascaris suum antigen to examine the effects of a novel orally active cysteinyl LT antagonist, ONO-1078, on antigen-induced early and late responses, airway inflammation, post challenge (24 h) airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and mucociliary clearance. Airway responses to antigen were determined by measuring specific lung resistance (SRL) before and for 8 h after challenge, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was used to estimate airway inflammation, and airway responsiveness was measured by determining the carbachol dose that increased SRL by 400% (PC400). We also used a radiographic technique to measure the antigen-induced change in tracheal mucus velocity (TMV), a marker of mucociliary clearance. In two trials separated by at least 21 days, sheep were treated once with ONO-1078 (30 mg/kg, p.o.) and once with placebo (0.5% methylcellulose), 2 h before and 4 h after antigen challenge. Treatment with ONO-1078 (n = 7) provided 40% protection (p < 0.10) against the peak early increase in SRL, resulted in a more rapid reversal of the early response, and provided 96% protection against the peak late (6–8 h) increase in SRL. ONO-1078 also inhibited the AHR 24 h after challenge. In the drug trial, PC400 was unchanged as compared to pre-challenge, whereas in the placebo trial, PC400 was decreased 1.4-fold (p < 0.05). Treatment however, did not affect BAL cell numbers or differential. Antigen challenge caused a reduction in TMV (n = 7) which was less severe in the drug trial as compared to the placebo trial, but this difference was not significant. These results confirm our previous findings that the cysteinyl LT contribute to the antigen-induced early and late bronchial responses and the AHR that follows on the days after antigen challenge in allergic sheep. Our results do not support a major role for the cysteinyl LT in the airway inflammatory cell influx or the antigen-induced changes in TMV in this animal model.
Sub-cycle AC Stark shift

By probing the optical Stark shifts induced by a few-cycle laser field using isolated attosecond pulses in a transient absorption scheme, we uncover a sub-cycle-laser-induced AC Stark shift in excited states of the helium atom.
Melnikov theory for finite-time vector fields

Melnikov theory provides a powerful tool for analysing time-dependent perturbations of autonomous vector fields that exhibit heteroclinic orbits. The standard theory requires that the perturbed vector field be defined, and bounded, for all times. In this paper, Melnikov theory is adapted so that it is applicable to vector fields that are defined over sufficiently large, but finite, time intervals. Such an extension is desirable when investigating Lagrangian trajectories in fluid flows under the effect of viscous perturbations; the resulting velocity field can only be guaranteed to be close to the unperturbed velocity field, corresponding to the inviscid limit, for finite times. Applications to transport in the viscous barotropic vorticity equation are given.
Perceptually driven interactive geometry remeshing

Visual patterns on the surface of an object, such as two dimensional texture, are taken into consideration as part of the geometry remeshing process. Given a parameterized mesh and a texture map, the visual perceptual properties of the texture are first computed using a visual discrimination metric. This precomputation is then used to guide the distribution of samples to the surface mesh. The system automatically distributes few samples to texture areas with strong visual masking properties and more samples to texture areas with weaker visual masking properties. In addition, due to contrast considerations, brighter areas receive fewer samples than do darker surface features. Because of the properties of the human visual system, especially visual masking, the artifacts in the rendered mesh are invisible to the human observer. For a fixed number of polygons, this approach also improves the quality of the rendered mesh since the distribution of the samples is guided by the principles of visual perception. The utility of the system is demonstrated by showing that it can also account for other observable patterns on the surface, besides two dimensional texture, such as those produced by bump mapping, lighting variations, surface reflectance, and interreflections.
Bayesian analyses of seasonal runoff forecasts

Forecasts of seasonal snowmelt runoff volume provide indispensable information for rational decision making by water project operators, irrigation district managers, and farmers in the western United States. Bayesian statistical models and communication frames have been researched in order to enhance the forecast information disseminated to the users, and to characterize forecast skill from the decision maker's point of view. Four products are presented: (i) a Bayesian Processor of Forecasts, which provides a statistical filter for calibrating the forecasts, and a procedure for estimating the posterior probability distribution of the seasonal runoff; (ii) the Bayesian Correlation Score, a new measure of forecast skill, which is related monotonically to theex ante economic value of forecasts for decision making; (iii) a statistical predictor of monthly cumulative runoffs within the snowmelt season, conditional on the total seasonal runoff forecast; and (iv) a framing of the forecast message that conveys the uncertainty associated with the forecast estimates to the users. All analyses are illustrated with numerical examples of forecasts for six gauging stations from the period 1971–1988.
Mars Science Laboratory Interplanetary Navigation

The Mars Science Laboratory, also called Curiosity, is a rover mission that launched on 26 November 2011 and landed on Mars 6 August 2012 in Gale Crater. The main challenges for the interplanetary navigation of the mission were to deliver the spacecraft to the correct interface point above the atmosphere of Mars and to accurately tell the spacecraft where it was as it entered the atmosphere. The spacecraft used guidance during its descent to Mars before the deployment of the parachute in order to minimize landing dispersions, resulting in a smaller landing zone that was closer to terrain of high scientific interest. This required an accurate delivery of the spacecraft to the entry interface and an update of the spacecraft state at entry, which was used to initialize the descent guidance system. Orbit determination during cruise was very accurate, being able to predict the line-of-sight position of the spacecraft after one week to within a few meters during the final weeks of approach. The spacecraft hit t...
Sensory quality of cooked long-grain rice as affected by rough rice moisture content, storage temperature, and storage duration.

ABSTRACT The effects of postharvest conditions (i.e., rough rice moisture content, storage temperature, and storage duration) on sensory quality of one longgrain rice cultivar grown in Arkansas (Cypress) were evaluated using a professional descriptive sensory panel. Eight textural (adhesion to lips, hardness, cohesiveness of mass, roughness of mass, toothpull, particle size, toothpack, and loose particles) and six flavor attributes (overall rice impression, sulfur, starch, grainy, metallic, and cardboard) were identified as most important in describing the sensory characteristics of cooked Cyress rice. Postharvest conditions had significant effects on rice sensory quality, and regression models illustrated the effects of each postharvest variable and their interactions.
Predictors of Subjective Memory Complaint in Cognitively Normal Relatives of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease

The authors utilized a family-based, case-control study to identify factors predicting subjective memory complaint in relatives of Alzheimer's disease patients. The authors ascertained 1,499 cognitively healthy relatives of Alzheimer's disease patients at 15 centers, who contributed demographic and medical information, including self-assessment of memory. First-degree relatives of Alzheimer's disease patients reported subjective memory complaint more than spouses of Alzheimer's disease patients. Relatives with past depression symptoms endorsed subjective memory complaint more than those without such history. Clinicians counseling family members of Alzheimer's disease patients who express subjective memory complaint should first evaluate cognition. If cognition is intact, depression should be considered.
Phases of the mentor relationship.

The mentor relationship can significantly enhance development in early adulthood and also in the midcareer stage of the more experienced individual. A conceptual model derived from an intensive bio...
ANISOTROPY DUE TO BEDDING—A COMPUTER STUDY*

Bedding on a scale small in comparison to the wavelength results in transverse isotropy. On the other hand, anisotropy has been observed in the field, particularly with horizontally polarized shear waves. In this article velocity data from 23 wells are used to estimate the resulting transverse isotropy and to compare these data with anisotropy observations reported in the literature. Since the well data were compressional velocity (or rather transit time) only, the corresponding shear velocity data were estimated on the basis of a reasonable—though arbitrary—assumption of Poisson's ratio. Actual densities were used wherever they were available; for the remainder of the data, density was assumed to be constant throughout the averaging interval. The anisotropy data estimated on this basis were generally considerably smaller than the observational data that have been reported in the literature. Although both the above assumptions—functional dependence of Poisson's ratio on transit time and constant density—tend to underestimate anisotropy, and although 23 wells is but a small subset of all available data, it appears unlikely that bedding alone could cause anisotropy of the magnitude reported.
Layer-by-layer assembly of thin film oxygen barrier

Abstract Thin films of sodium montmorillonite clay and cationic polyacrylamide were grown on a polyethylene terephthalate film using layer-by-layer assembly. After 30 clay–polymer layers are deposited, with a thickness of 571 nm, the resulting transparent film has an oxygen transmission rate (OTR) below the detection limit of commercial instrumentation (
Hypersensitivity of xeroderma pigmentosum cells to dietary carcinogens

Abstract Xeroderma pigmentosum patients, in addition to ultraviolet-induced skin cancers, have an increased prevalence of neoplasms occuring in sites shielded from ultraviolet radiation. We postulated that these internal neoplasms might be related to ingestion of dietary carcinogens. As model dietary carcinogens, we studied the tryptophan pyrolysis products, 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1) and 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2). These dietary compounds bind to DNA and are highly mutagenic and carcinogenic. Cytotoxicity of these compounds was examined in cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines from xeroderma pigmentosum patients in complementation groups A, B, C, D and E and the variant form and from normal donors. All xeroderma pigmentosum lymphoblastoid cell lines showed a greater reduction in viable cell concentration than the 2 normal lymphoblastoid cell lines following addition of Trp-P-1 or Trp-P-2 (5 μg/ml) to the culture medium. Possible differences in cellular activation of these compounds were overcome by treating the cells with rat-liver microsome-activated Trp-P-2. There was a greater reduction in viable cell concentration in the xeroderma pigmentosum group A and D cells than in the normal lymphoblastoid cell lines after treatment with activated Trp-P-2. These data suggest that the xeroderma pigmentosum DNA-repair system is defective in repairing Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2 induced DNA damage in addition to being defective in repairing ultraviolet-induced DNA damage. Thus xeroderma pigmentosum patients may be at increased risk of toxicity from some dietary carcinogens.
Endothelial dysfunction is associated with left ventricular mass (assessed using MRI) in an adult population (MESA)

Endothelial dysfunction is associated with left ventricular mass (assessed using MRI) in an adult population (MESA)
Opposing effects of prepubertal low- and high-fat n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid diets on rat mammary tumorigenesis

To determine whether dietary fat intake during childhood affects the later risk of developing breast cancer, we fed prepubertal rats between post-natal days 5 and 25 a low (16% energy) or high-fat (39% energy) diet composed mainly of n-6 or n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) originating either from corn oil or menhaden oil, respectively, in the ratios of 16-17:1 (n-6 PUFA diets) or 2-3:1 (n-3 PUFA diets). We also examined whether changes in risk are associated with perturbations in biological processes previously linked to fatty acid intake and breast cancer. Mammary tumorigenesis was induced by treating 50-day-old rats with the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. When compared with the reference low-fat n-6 PUFA diet, prepubertal exposure to the low-fat n-3 PUFA diet decreased, whereas a high-fat n-3 PUFA diet increased mammary tumor incidence; the high-fat n-6 PUFA diet had no effect. Both the low and high-fat n-3 PUFA diets induced mammary epithelial differentiation by reducing the number of terminal end buds (TEBs) and increasing the presence of lobulo-alveolar structures. They also increased lipid peroxidation and reduced cyclooxygenase-2 activity. Prepubertal exposure to the low-fat n-3 PUFA diet increased apoptosis, determined using TUNEL assay, and reduced cell proliferation, determined using PCNA staining. In marked contrast, prepubertal exposure to the high-fat n-3 PUFA diet induced cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in the TEBs and lobular structures. The latter is consistent with the finding that pAkt, a survival factor that inhibits apoptosis, was elevated in their mammary glands. In summary, although prepubertal exposure to a low-fat n-3 PUFA diet reduced later mammary tumorigenesis in rats, high levels of this fatty acid can have adverse effects on the prepubertal mammary gland and increase subsequent breast cancer risk.
CT findings in pediatric blunt intestinal injury

Trauma is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Computed tomography examinations play an important role in the management of patients with major trauma. Though abdominal trauma is less common compared to head injuries, the associated morbidity and mortality are substantial. It is easier to diagnose solid abdominal injuries than intestinal or mesenteric injuries on CT examinations. However, recognition of bowel injury is very important as a delay in diagnosis increases the morbidity and mortality. Hence, with every CT of the abdomen and pelvis, the radiologist must look for signs of bowel and mesenteric injury. This pictorial review presents various CT findings of blunt intestinal injury in children.
Education and Employment in Rural Alaska

SUMMARY The history of my work experience in rural Alaska suggests the value of combining academic and field experience in community psychology with employment in graduate school. Twelve years of employment in rural Alaska leading to my present position with a rural Alaska Native Health organization is briefly reviewed. It is concluded that graduate students should examine, carefully and openly, their choices in preparing a path for applied community psychology employment.
Economic Management and Economic Development in Peru and Colombia

List of Tables - List of Figures and Maps - Preface - A Historical Perspective (1): Colombian Coffee Entrepreneurship and the State - A Historical Perspective (2): Peruvian Export-led Underdevelopment - The End of the Golden Age of Import Substituting Industrialisation - The Velasco Years in Peru: Discontinuity with some Change? - Peru: Return to Orthodoxy 1976-85 - The Apra Alternative, 1985-9 - Colombia 1967-70: Change with some Continuity? - Colombia in the 1970s: The Coffee Boom and 'Liberalisation' - Colombia in the Rough Seas of the 1980s - In Conclusion: Macromanagement, Distribution and Welfare - References
Anisotropic spin-lattice relaxation of deuterated hexamethylbenzene

Abstract The anisotropic spin-lattice relaxation of deuterated hexamethylbenzene (HMB-d18) was measured at −36 and 70°C. The anisotropy is due to the anisotropic sixfold reorientation of the molecule about its hexad axis, and a model is presented to explain quantitatively the anisotropy, considering only single-particle relaxation. The temperature dependence of T1 was measured, and the activation energy and correlation time for the sixfold reorientation were determined.
The influence of perceptions of practice characteristics: An examination of agricultural best management practice adoption in two Indiana watersheds

Abstract Agricultural best management practices (BMPs), or conservation practices, can help reduce nonpoint source pollution from agricultural lands, as well as provide valuable wildlife habitat. There is a large literature exploring factors that lead to a producer’s voluntary adoption of BMPs, but there have been inconsistent findings. Generally, this literature has not examined specific attributes of BMPs that may affect acceptability to farmers and ultimately adoption. To address these limitations, a qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews with farmers was conducted to determine which characteristics make four common BMPs more or less acceptable to agricultural producers. Interviews were conducted with forty-five producers in two watersheds in Indiana, USA. The producers were asked about their use of these conservation practices and the reasons behind their decisions. This study outlines the perceived characteristics of each conservation practice that are most important in either facilitating or impeding adoption of those practices. Results indicate that perceived high levels of relative advantage (e.g., reduced inputs, time-savings, and on-farm and environmental benefits), compatibility (with farm system and needs of producer), and observability (observing practice’s advantages) are most important in increasing adoption of conservation practices. Low levels of perceived relative advantage and incompatibility of practices were found to be most important in non-adoption of conservation practices. Perceived risk and complexity associated with specific practices were only found to limit adoption for a few practices, though it was an important barrier for conservation tillage. In order to increase adoption, conservation promoters should focus on raising awareness of the on-farm and financial benefits, the environmental benefits, and compatibility of conservation practices with current farm operations.
Use of the mechanistic case diagramming technique to teach the biopsychosocial-cultural formulation to psychiatric clerks.

Objective: Biopsychosocial-cultural formulation is an essential skill for medical students to become familiar with during their psychiatry clerkship. The authors describe their use of mechanistic case diagramming to demonstrate to students, in a single teaching session, how to construct a biopsychosocial-cultural formulation, and they present results of an evaluation of the session’s effect on students. Methods: Questionnaires exploring students’ views and understanding of biopsychosocial-cultural formulation were administered to 16 students before and after teaching sessions. Results: Significant increases were observed after the teaching sessions in self-reported understanding of and comfort with presenting a biopsychosocial-cultural formulation and in ratings of the importance of showing linkages between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Conclusions: The technique of mechanistic case diagramming may be a useful approach for teaching biopsychosocial-cultural formulation.
The effects of survey modality on adolescents' responses to alcohol use items.

Background We examined differences in response to self-reported alcohol use items by survey mode, whether self-report differences were the result of modality effects or self-selection, and whether these differences varied across the treatment and control arms of a preventative intervention trial. Methods Data from an existing alcohol prevention trial were used to estimate the effect of survey modality on adolescent's self-reported alcohol use at ages 17 to 18. Estimates were derived from regression models controlling for self-reported alcohol use during 8th grade, measured using a single survey modality, as well as time invariant selection factors. Results No statistically significant survey modality effects were found. No differential effects of survey modality were observed by assigned intervention group. Conclusions We provide initial evidence that adolescent alcohol prevention trials may use multiple survey modalities when necessary to increase response rates without harming interpretation of intervention effects.
How Does Atomic Structure Affect Electron Clouds? A Guided-Inquiry NMR Laboratory for General Chemistry

In a guided-inquiry laboratory experience, students encounter data that give them the opportunity to discover a concept on their own. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and inquiry-based pedagogy are used to guide general-chemistry students to the concept of electronegativity and periodic trends. The chemical shift of hydrogen vicinal to a test atom is used as a proxy for the “thickness” of the electron cloud around that atom, and the test atom is changed across the periodic table (C, N, O, and F) and down the periodic table (F, Cl, Br, and I). By examining the spectra, students learn that the more protons in the nucleus of an atom, the thinner the cloud on an adjacent atom when comparing atoms in the same row of the periodic table, but this trend does not hold when going down the periodic table. Although the students acquire spectra during the lab period, students at institutions without access to an NMR spectrometer could explore prerecorded spectra in a classroom or dry-lab activity.
The Future for High Temperature Materials and Coatings in the New Millennium

The planning of research has recently taken a new direction. Longer-range research needs are now being identified by a technique called 'Road Mapping'. This replaces the former division between short-range problem-directed evolutionary research and long-range more fundamental research determined by the inspiration of the individual investigator. The Road Map method attempts to identify long range scenarios - how the world will look in 2025, 2050 or 2100 - and determines what technologies will be critical in their attainment. This is done by first attempting to reach consensus among a group of people with different backgrounds, specializations, and interests; and the scenarios are movable, in the sense that as developments proceed, the visions may also change. Once the scenarios are identified, the technical barriers to their attainment can also be identified, and the dates by which each must be surmounted can also be estimated. These are called 'destinations'. This allows the research needed to be prioritized, in the sense that the nearer destinations should receive the most immediate attention - akin to a critical path analysis. Finally, this process allows the planning of research programs in the near term, of the order of the next five years. This approach is exciting, because it is the first method that allows long-range research planning to be done in a manner which allows the community to recognize its relevance. It also provides a tool that allows the termination of research programs that are not heading towards a critical destination. Roadmapping approaches are now widely used in the United States and Europe. Both EPRI and the U.S. Department of Energy have been conducting high-level Road Map studies related to the future of energy, and to some extent have identified relatively high-level destinations. The next stage, which looks at the challenges to individual enabling technologies, is just starting. In this paper, the main features of the current Road Maps relevant to power generation systems will be discussed, and some indications of the anticipated critical challenges for high-temperature materials will be given.
Three-Month-Olds Prefer Speech to Other Naturally Occurring Signals

Human infants show a preference for listening to speech, but little is known about how infants listen to other naturally occurring sounds. Here, we test infants' listening bias for speech against a range of naturally occurring sounds that share properties of speech to varying extents and we aim to better characterize the speech properties that attract infant attention. We compared 3-month-olds' listening patterns for five types of sounds: nonnative speech, rhesus macaque vocalizations, human noncommunicative vocalizations, human communicative nonspeech vocalizations, and environmental sounds. Across three experiments, 3-month-olds preferred speech to the other four types of sounds. The set of acoustic properties we measured—pitch, peak amplitude, nonzero-root mean square amplitude, frequency difference and amplitude variance—did not predict infant looking time. Our results demonstrate that young infants attend selectively to speech over many other naturally occurring stimuli, an important tool for learnin...
Nanopillar Arrays of Glassy Carbon by Anodic Aluminum Oxide Nanoporous Templates

This letter presents a method for making nanopillar arrays of glassy carbon. Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) nanopores on aluminum were used as templates and furfuryl alcohol (FFA)-based resin was used as filling precursor. The templates and nanopillars were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). It was found that the dimensions of the nanopores and the heating scheme of carbonization are important for making pillar arrays.
Time Estimation Abilities of College Students with ADHD.

Objective: To evaluate the time estimation abilities of college students with ADHD on a novel, complex task that approximated academically oriented activities. Method: Totally 20 college students with ADHD were compared to a sample of 20 non-ADHD students. Both groups completed a task, and scores were obtained for time to complete the task, errors made, prospective time estimate, confidence in estimate, and retrospective time estimate. In addition, scores were calculated for the difference between prospective estimate and actual time as well as the difference between retrospective estimate and actual time. Results: Controlling for cognitive ability, the ADHD participants were significantly different from the non-ADHD participants on all dependent measures except confidence and errors. Conclusion: College students with ADHD showed retrospective time estimation difficulties that may be related to academic functioning in the college setting. (J. of Att. Dis. 2010; XX(X) 1-XX)
General characteristics of the forward glory energy oscillations in heavy ion scattering

Abstract Analytic expressions are derived for the period and amplitude of the energy oscillations associated with nuclear forward glory scattering. It is found that the amplitude increases with energy as E 1 4 whereas the period behaves approximately as E 3 2 / ln E . Several numerical examples are worked out.
Inhibition of limb regeneration in the axolotl after treatment of the skin with actinomycin D.

In this experiment actinomycin D was used to explore the action of the wound epidermis on underlying tissues during limb regeneration. In axolotl forelimbs the skin was removed from the elbow to the shoulder. Skin from the right limbs was soaked for three hours in actinomycin D (5.0 or 10.0 μg/ml 0.6% NaCl). For controls, skin from left limbs was soaked in 0.6% NaCl for the same period of time. Each piece of skin was orthotopically replanted, and both limbs were amputated through the treated skin, proximal to the elbow. After an initial healing period, the control limbs regenerated normally. Except for a slightly paler color, limbs bearing actinomycin-treated skin were indistinguishable from the controls, both grossly and histologically, during the first week following amputation. While the control limbs formed early blastemas, no grossly visible evidence of regeneration was apparent in the experimental limbs, but histologically some dedifferentiation was occurring. Normally three to four digits were seen in the control regenerates before blastemas appeared on the experimental limbs. By 35–40 days blastemas had appeared on most experimental limbs. These developed very rapidly, and within a short time many of them had attained levels of development close to the controls. Actinomycin D temporarily suppresses formation of the apical epidermal cap and the subsequent aggregation of dedifferentiated cells into a blastema. When the effect wears off, an apical cap forms and the dedifferentiated cells quickly organize into a blastema and begin to differentiate.
Relationships between laboratory and pilot‐scale combustion of some chlorinated hydrocarbons

Incineration de dechets dangereux au cours d'un processus a 2 etapes: reactions tres rapides dans une zone de flamme et reactions plus lentes dans une zone postflamme (decomposition thermique a haute temperature). Determination du rendement de decomposition de 5 composes modeles: chloro-1 pentane, tetrachloro-1,1,2,2ethane, trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene et trichloro-1,2,4 benzene
Time-reversed adapted-perturbation (TRAP) optical focusing onto dynamic objects inside scattering media

The ability to steer and focus light inside scattering media has long been sought for a multitude of applications. At present, the only feasible strategy to form optical foci inside scattering media is to guide photons by using either implanted or virtual guide stars, which can be inconvenient and limits the potential applications. Here we report a scheme for focusing light inside scattering media by employing intrinsic dynamics as guide stars. By adaptively time-reversing the perturbed component of the scattered light, we show that it is possible to focus light to the origin of the perturbation. Using this approach, we demonstrate non-invasive dynamic light focusing onto moving targets and imaging of a time-variant object obscured by highly scattering media. Anticipated applications include imaging and photoablation of angiogenic vessels in tumours, as well as other biomedical uses.
Low temperature thermal and electrical properties of chemical-vapor-deposited Nb3Ge

Abstract Heat capacity measurements from 4 K to 32 K are presented for chemical-vapor-deposited Nb 3 Ge with a superconducting transition temperature of 21.2 K. A search for evidence of a lattice transformation in heat capacity, resistivity, and temperature derivative of resistivity, reveals no anomalies up to 65 K.
The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 and rural training supported by Medicare graduate medical education funds.

: The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 promised a number of changes in medical education to benefit rural communities. The changes suggested that physician training would be more available in rural communities, programs training physicians for work in rural communities would be better supported, and residency programs would be allowed to be separate from hospitals. The regulations developed by the Health Care Financing Administration to implement the act are reviewed in the context of these expectations. Limitations in the regulations indicate that rural communities will see little benefit from this legislation. This article is a commentary on the expectations and reality of the effects of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 on rural training supported by Medicare.
Embryo transfers between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice: Examination of a maternal effect on ethanol teratogenesis.

Genetic factors influence Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) in both humans and animals. Experiments using inbred and selectively bred mouse stocks that controlled for 1) ethanol dose, 2) maternal and fetal blood ethanol levels, and 3) fetal developmental exposure stage, show genotype can affect teratogenic outcome. Other experiments distinguish the teratogenic effects mediated by maternal genotype from those mediated by fetal genotype. One technique to distinguish maternal versus fetal genotype effect is to utilize embryo transfers. This study is the first to examine ethanol teratogenesis - fetal weight deficits and mortality, and digit, kidney, and vertebral malformations - in C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) fetuses that were transferred as blastocysts into B6 and D2 dams. We hypothesized that, following maternal alcohol exposure, B6 and D2 fetuses gestating within B6 mothers, as compared to D2 mothers, will exhibit a higher frequency of malformations. On day 9 of pregnancy, females were intubated (IG) with either 5.8 g/kg ethanol (E) or maltose dextrin (MD). Other females were mated within strain and treated with either ethanol or maltose, or were not exposed to either treatment. Implantation rates were affected by genotype. Results show more B6 embryos implanted into D2 females than B6 females (p<.05; 47% vs 23%, respectively). There was no difference in the percentage of D2 embryos implanting into B6 and D2 females (14% and 16%, respectfully). Litter mortality averaged 24% across all experimental groups. Overall, in utero ethanol exposure reduced mean litter weight compared to maltose treatment (E=1.01 g; MD=1.19 g; p<.05); but maltose exposed litters with transferred embryos weighed more than similarly treated natural litters (1.30 g vs 1.11 g; p<.05). Approximately 50% of all ethanol exposed B6 fetuses exhibited some malformation (digit, vertebral, and/or kidney) regardless of whether they were transferred into a B6 or D2 female, or were naturally conceive
Charge collection and SEU from angled ion strikes

Charge collection and SEU from angled ion strikes are studied using three-dimensional simulation. The physics of charge collection in unloaded diodes and transistors is explored, as is the angular dependence of upset threshold in CMOS SRAMs. The simulation results are compared to analytical models for charge collection. Modeling fundamental transport in SRAMs, the true effective LET relationship is computed and used to analyze experimental heavy-ion data. Impacts on SEU test methodology are discussed.
Ethics and services marketing

The area of services marketing is a highly crucial one for potential ethical violations. The services industry, which drives over two-thirds of our national economy, is about to experience severe changes due to increasing competition. The temptation to make ethical compromises will pose a dramatic threat to the business climate. We review conceptual approaches to the field of marketing ethics and conclude that existing models often lack an important component which affects ethical decision-making. That component includes the interorganizational variables: the primary task environment, including immediate customers and suppliers to the buyer and seller; the secondary task environment, comprised of suppliers and customers to the immediate suppliers and customers, competitors, and regulatory agencies, and the macro-environment, those broader forces which impinge on the activities in the primary and secondary task environments. We suggest various propositions for circumstances under which unethical behavior is likely to occur within the interorganizational domain. The overarching framework is that of service industries in an increasingly competitive environment.
Effect of interventions in salvaging left ventricular function in acute myocardial infarction: A study of intracoronary streptokinase

Abstract The ability of intracoronary streptokinase (STK) infused early in acute myocardial infarction (MI) to salvage left ventricular (LV) function was studied in 52 patients who underwent contrast angiography immediately after STK and 6 ± 7 weeks later. Ten nonrevascularized patients had no lysis or reocclusion. Of 42 patients with thrombolysis, 22 with optimal reperfusion underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to prevent rethrombosis (STK + CABG group) and 20 did not (STK group). Motion was measured at 100 chords around the left ventricle and expressed in standard deviations (SD) from the normal mean. Hypokinesia was computed as the mean motion of chords in the infarct artery territory and hyperkinesia on the opposite wall was similarly computed. Hypokinesia improved ≥ 1 SD/chord in 9 STK + CABG patients (41%), 8 STK patients (30%) (p = not significant versus STK + CABG) and 0 nonrevascularized patients. However, the ejection fraction did not change because it was normal in acute MI despite severe hypokinesia due to hyperkinesia on the opposite wall, and a subsequent decrease in hyperkinesia masked significant improvement in hypokinesia. It is concluded that regional wall motion must be measured to adequately assess the effect of therapeutic interventions on LV function. Early thrombolysis in acute MI results in improved LV function. The main benefit of CABG is to prevent rethrombosis.
Past or present? Relative contributions of developmental and adult conditions to adult immune function and coloration in mallard ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos )

Developmental conditions affect adult physiological processes and phenotypic traits, including those associated with both survival and reproduction. Carotenoids are molecules that generate sexually attractive coloration, and these pigments are acquired throughout life and can affect antioxidant capacity and immunocompetence of young and old animals. However, few studies have tracked carotenoid status and condition during development and into adulthood to understand how ontogeny affects later-life health and coloration of both males and females. We reared male and female mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) from hatch to adulthood, measured circulating carotenoid titers and body condition (i.e., size-adjusted body mass) throughout development, and assessed adult immune function and integumentary carotenoid-based beak and foot coloration. We found that adult immune function (wing web swelling response to phytohemagglutinin; PHA) in males was positively correlated with body condition during the growth period of development, rather than adult condition, and similarly that both male and female beak coloration was associated with developmental, rather than adult, body condition. We also found associations between coloration and health during adulthood; males with more carotenoid-rich beaks (a sexually attractive feature) tended to have a more robust adult PHA response and a greater antibody response to a novel antigen, while females with less carotenoid-rich beaks had greater antibody responsiveness at adulthood. In addition, male beak color changed over the course of the 24-h PHA test in proportion to the degree of PHA swelling. However, intensity of foot coloration (a trait of unknown sexual significance) was not associated with any condition, carotenoid, or immune metric for males or females. Taken together, our findings implicate key developmental components to the expression of both survival- and reproduction-related traits at adulthood, but that for a dynamic trait like beak color, there are also important adult conditions that can alter signal expression.
Solvent-free MALDI-MS for the analysis of biological samples via a mini-ball mill approach

An efficient, low sample load mini-ball mill (MBM) sample preparation procedure was developed for solvent-free MALDI analysis of peptides and proteins. Picomole sample amounts can be handled conveniently, with 30 s grinding times being sufficient. Matrix purity and molar analyte/matrix ratios are not as critical as with methods employing solvent. Ammonium salt is employed for protonation of the peptide and suppression of sodiation. This strategy allows for peptide mapping and other biochemical manipulations to be performed prior to MBM sample preparation and mass analysis. The analysis of bovine serum albumin (66 kDa) yielded good results, indicating that higher molecular weight proteins are accessible. A semi-solvent-free strategy by the MBM sample preparation method is also described.
Properties of two clostridial flavodoxins

Abstract 1. 1. Flavodoxins have been purified from Clostridium pasteurianum and Clostridium MP and their properties examined. Clostridium MP flavodoxin, like flavodoxins from C. pasteurianum and Peptostreptococcus elsdenii, has a molecular weight of about 14 000, it contains 1 molecule of FMN, and it replaces ferredoxin as an electron carrier in the phosphoroclastic oxidation of pyruvate. The two clostridial proteins have different amino acid compositions. 2. 2. The absorption spectra of flavodoxins from Clostridium MP and C. pasteurianum are very similar. Both proteins are reduced by irradiation with visible light in the presence of EDTA, NADPH in the presence of ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (EC 1.6.99.4), hydrogen in the presence of hydrogenase (EC 1.12.1.1), and Na2S2O4. At half reduction, high yields of the blue neutral flavin semiquinone are obtained. Clostridium MP flavodoxin, like P. elsdenii flavodoxin, is completely reduced by 1 mole of Na2S2O4. C. pasteurianum flavodoxin is initially reduced by a small excess of Na2S2O4, but the reduced protein slowly reoxidizes to give a mixture of semiquinone and fully reduced flavodoxin. The extent of this reoxidation depends on the Na2S2O4 concentration and on pH. Extinction coefficients for the three oxidation-reduction states of the flavodoxins have been determined. 3. 3. The oxidation-reduction potential ( E 1 ) for the couple flavodoxin semiquinone-fully reduced flavodoxin is −0.399 V and −0.419 V at pH 7 and 25° for Clostridium MP and C. pasteurianum flavodoxins, respectively. The oxidation-reduction potential ( E 2 ) for the couple oxidized flavodoxin-flavodoxin semiquinone is −0.092 V and −0.132 V at pH 7 and 25° for Clostridium MP and C. pasteurianum flavodoxins, respectively. The effects of pH on E 1 suggest that an ionization occurs at about pH 6.7 in the fully reduced forms of these proteins. Potentiometric titrations with P. elsdenii flavodoxin have confirmed earlier results which indicated that this flavodoxin also is reduced in two 1-electron oxidation-reduction steps. 4. 4. FMN is displaced from the flavodoxins by low concentrations of phenylmercuric acetate. The rate of this reaction increases with flavodoxins from C. pasteurianum, P. elsdenii and Clostridium MP, respectively, and a correlation is drawn between the observed rate and the cysteine content of the protein.
Post-transcriptional mechanisms contribute to the suppression of the ErbB3 negative regulator protein Nrdp1 in mammary tumors

The ErbB2 and ErbB3 receptor tyrosine kinases act synergistically to promote cellular properties associated with tumor development. Previous studies indicate that endogenous ErbB3 protein is markedly elevated in mouse mammary tumors induced by transgenic ErbB2 overexpression. However, this occurs in the absence of elevated ErbB3 transcript, indicating that post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms play crucial roles in suppressing ErbB3 protein in normal tissue. Our previous studies also demonstrate that protein levels of Nrdp1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets ErbB3 for degradation, are markedly suppressed in tumors from ErbB2 transgenic animals relative to normal tissue. Here we demonstrate that transgenic expression of Nrdp1 cDNA in the mouse mammary gland is not sufficient to suppress elevated ErbB3 levels or tumor initiation and growth in ErbB2 transgenic mice. Unexpectedly, Nrdp1 protein is absent in tumors from Nrdp1/ErbB2 bigenic mice, and real time PCR analysis indicates that Nrdp1 protein levels are suppressed post-transcriptionally. Nrdp1 protein is more resistant to proteasome-dependent degradation when exogenously expressed in cultured MCF10A nontransformed human breast epithelial cells than in breast tumor cells. These observations indicate that mammary tumors use potent post-transcriptional mechanisms to suppress Nrdp1 protein levels and that protein destabilization may play a central role in Nrdp1 loss in tumors.
Buyer–seller networks with demand shocks and intermediation

We present a model in which buyers and sellers use links to trade with each other. Each seller produces a good which can be one of two types. Buyers are ex ante identical but receive specification or valuation shocks after the links are formed. We show that efficient networks are stable and that severing a link in an efficient network results in a higher price for the buyer but a lower price for the seller. We also examine network intermediation when sellers (buyers) form links sequentially. When sellers form links sequentially, the first seller becomes an intermediary and shares links with other sellers; this makes all sellers better off. However, when buyers form links sequentially, buyers may or may not share links. If links are shared multiple intermediaries result.
Networks with attitudes

Does connectionism spell doom for folk psychology? I examine the proposal that cognitive representational states such as beliefs can play no role if connectionist models—interpreted as radical new cognitive theories—take hold and replace other cognitive theories. Though I accept that connectionist theories are radical theories that shed light on cognition, I reject the conclusion that neural networks do not represent. Indeed, I argue that neural networks may actually give us a better working notion of cognitive representational states such as beliefs, and in so doing give us a better understanding of how these states might be instantiated in neural wetware.