cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adhesive Bonding to Galvanized Steel: II. Substrate Chemistry, Morphology and Bond Failure Analysis

Abstract Galvanized substrate morphology, oxide layer chemistry, bond failure modes, failure loci, and bondline corrosion have been investigated for adhesive bonds to galvanized steel. Significant differences in surface morphology were observed between the relatively smooth surfaces of “hot-dipped” substrates and the considerably rougher texture of “electroplated” substrates. The hot-dipped substrates were also chemically heterogeneous, with significant amounts of Al, Mg, Ca, and Pb, in addition to Zn, constituting the surface layer. For electroplated substrates, on the other hand, Zn was the major constituent. It was concluded that, for a given adhesive, low strengths and poor bond durability generally correlated with the minimum surface roughness and maximum chemical heterogeneity of the hot-dipped substrates. Higher strengths, and better durability, on the other hand, were observed for electroplated substrates, which showed the greater roughness, as well as chemically the more uniform surface. Signific...
Oxidation of thymidylate synthase by inorganic compounds.

Thymidylate synthase from methotrexate-resistant Lactobacillus casei was rapidly and completely inactivated by low concentrations of permanganate, periodate, or potassium triiodide at 0°C. The enzyme was not inactivated to any appreciable extent by iodate, iodide, ferricyanate, iodosobenzoate, or hydrogen peroxide. The inactivation by permanganate was retarded by the substrate 2'-deoxyuridylate and, to a lesser extent, by phosphate. Titration of enzyme activity with permanganate showed that two moles of permanganate were required to completely inactivate one mole of thymidylate synthase.
Sequelae to hypnosis.

Abstract An interview sample of 120 university students yielded evidence that 15% had some kind of reaction to hypnosis that endured an hour or longer following an individual Form C session subsequent to group hypnosis. If those with short-term reactions lasting from 5 minutes to 1 hour are added, the number with some lingering effect rises to 31%. Although these symptoms following laboratory hypnosis were not found to be severe, their presence is of importance both for theoretical and practical reasons. Although as found in an earlier study, sequelae to hypnosis were more frequent among those with unpleasant reactions to earlier childhood anesthesia, the difference did not reach statistical significance.
Comparison of the action of light on ribosomal RNA synthesis in cabbage and mustard seedlings

We have compared the action of light on ribosomal RNA synthesis in mustard and cabbage seedlings, two of the most frequently used systems for the studies of anthocyanin synthesis. The level of RNA (both t-RNA and r-RNA) “stored” in mustard dry seeds is much lower than in cabbage dry seeds. The kinetics of RNA synthesis in cabbage and mustard seedlings exposed to light are very different: In cabbage seedlings, light produces no apparent stimulation of cytoplasmic r-RNA synthesis, while it does increase plastid r-RNA synthesis. On the other hand, in mustard seedlings, light promotes both cytoplasmic and plastid ribosomal RNA synthesis. Streptomycin, which inhibits chlorophyll formation and chloroplast development while having no effect (mustard) or enhancing (cabbage) anthocyanin synthesis in these two systems, is in both cases an effective inhibitor of plastid r-RNA synthesis, but not of cytoplasmic r-RNA synthesis.
Holland-style Measures of Congruence: Are Complex Indices More Effective Predictors of Satisfaction?

Abstract We explored the hypothesis that the greater the calculation complexity of a congruence index, the greater the likelihood that the index's scores predict level of job satisfaction. Five Holland-style congruence indices were computed for nine female and seven male occupational samples representing the six Holland types for each gender. Analyses for 12 samples did not identify any significant correlations between satisfaction and congruence. For the remaining four occupations and the composite data set, one to three congruence measures correlated significantly with satisfaction. Results indicated a very small relationship between congruence and satisfaction in these samples, which rendered immaterial comparisons of the efficacy of the congruence indices to predict satisfaction. Possible reasons for the small congruence–satisfaction correlations and other factors influencing satisfaction are discussed.
Failure to generate action potentials in newborn diaphragms following nerve stimulation.

Abstract Actions potentials were recorded intracellularly from single diaphragmatic fibers, in vitro, of newborn (3–10d, n = 18) and older (⩾ 21d, n = 10) rats using flexible microelectrodes. At 20 and 50 Hz phrenic nerve stimulation (1 s duration), action potential transmission failure was significantly higher in the newborn than in the older fibers. During the failure periods, small and highly variable depolarizations were observed which were most likely EPPs. These results show that failure of action potential transmission across the neuromuscular junction is more prevalent in the newborn, and we speculate that this failure is due to inadequatre release of neurotransmitter in newborn muscle fibers.
Simultaneous measurement of serum retinol, tocopherols, carotenes, and carotenoids by high performance liquid chromatography

An isocratic, high-performance liquid chromatography method is presented for the simultaneous analysis of retinol, tocopherols, carotenes, and other carotenoids. The method employs detection at two wavelengths (292 and 450 nm) and three internal standards, which are: retinyl acetate, alpha-tocopheryl acetate, and retinyl palmitate. The use of the internal standards is important for accurate quantitation, especially to correct for recovery of beta-carotene. The long-term (n = 81, over three months) precision of the method ranged from a coefficient of variation of 8.2% for retinol to 16% for lycopene. This assay system provides accurate, precise, and rapid analysis and is suitable for longitudinal and cross-sectional large-scale epidemiological studies of these vitamins.
Histopathologic Characterization of Chronic Radiofrequency Ablation Lesions for Pulmonary Vein Isolation

Objectives This study describes the histopathologic and electrophysiological findings in patients with recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) after pulmonary vein (PV) isolation who underwent a subsequent surgical maze procedure. Background The recovery of PV conduction is commonly responsible for recurrence of AF after catheter-based PV isolation. Methods Twelve patients with recurrent AF after acutely successful catheter-based antral PV isolation underwent a surgical maze procedure. Full-thickness surgical biopsy specimens were obtained from the PV antrum in areas of visible endocardial scar. Before biopsy, intraoperative epicardial electrophysiological recordings were taken from each PV using a circular mapping catheter. Results Twenty-two PVs were biopsied from the 12 patients 8 ± 11 months after ablation. Eleven of the 22 specimens (50%) revealed transmural scar, and 11 (50%) showed viable myocardium with or without scar. Each biopsy specimen demonstrated evidence of injury, most commonly endocardial thickening (n = 21 [95%]) and fibrous scar (n = 18 [82%]). Seven of the 22 specimens (32%) showed conduction block at surgery. Transmural scar was more likely to be seen in the biopsy specimens from the PVs with conduction block than in specimens from the PVs showing reconnection. However, viable myocardium alone or mixed with scar was seen in 2 specimens from PVs with conduction block. Conclusions PVs showing electrical reconnection after catheter-based antral ablation frequently reveal anatomic gaps or nontransmural lesions at the sites of catheter ablation. Nontransmural lesions are noted in some PVs with persistent conduction block, suggesting that lesion geometry may influence PV conduction. The histological findings show that nontransmural ablation can produce a dynamic cellular substrate with features of reversible injury. Delayed recovery from injury may explain late recurrences of AF after PV isolation.
The active site sequence of multiple forms of ficin.

Abstract The treatment of a salt-purified preparation of ficin with [1- 14 C]iodoacetate resulted in the formation of three major radioactive components which could be isolated by chromatography on CM—cellulose. Radioautography revealed an identical family of radioactive peptides to be present in a peptic digest or partial acid hydrolyzate of each of these components. Two of these peptides were isolated and found to have compositions which were compatible with the active site sequence previously reported for ficin [Wong and Liener, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 17 , 470 (1964)]. The buried thiol group of ficin was also labeled with radioactive iodoacetate and the sequence of amino acids surrounding it was shown to differ from that of the active SH group. Neither sequence, however, was in agreement with the one reported by Metrione et al. [ Arch. Biochem, Biophys. 122 , 137 (1967)] and possible reasons for the discrepancy are briefly considered.
An epidemiological study of the role of chrysotile asbestos fibre dimensions in determining respiratory disease risk in exposed workers

Background: Evidence from toxicological studies indicates that the risk of respiratory diseases varies with asbestos fibre length and width. However, there is a total lack of epidemiological evidence concerning this question. Methods: Data were obtained from a cohort mortality study of 3072 workers from an asbestos textile plant which was recently updated for vital status through 2001. A previously developed job exposure matrix based on phase contrast microscopy (PCM) was modified to provide fibre size-specific exposure estimates using data from a re-analysis of samples by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cox proportional hazards models were fit using alternative exposure metrics for single and multiple combinations of fibre length and diameter. Results: TEM-based cumulative exposure estimates were found to provide stronger predictions of asbestosis and lung cancer mortality than PCM-based estimates. Cumulative exposures based on individual fibre size-specific categories were all found to be highly statistically significant predictors of lung cancer and asbestosis. Both lung cancer and asbestosis were most strongly associated with exposure to thin fibres ( 10 μm) fibres were found to be the strongest predictors of lung cancer, but an inconsistent pattern with fibre length was observed for asbestosis. Cumulative exposures were highly correlated across all fibre size categories in this cohort (0.28–0.99, p values Conclusions: Asbestos fibre dimension appears to be an important determinant of respiratory disease risk. Current PCM-based methods may underestimate asbestos exposures to the thinnest fibres, which were the strongest predictor of lung cancer or asbestosis mortality in this study. Additional studies are needed of other asbestos cohorts to further elucidate the role of fibre dimension and type.
An Evaluation of an Anti-Lynching Organization

The Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching was an indigenous Southern social action group, active from 1931 to 1942. This paper describes the Association's program and attempts to evaluate its effectiveness using archival data. The author concludes that the Association was effective prior to 1937, primarily in preventing lynchings in rural counties and lynchings in which prisoners were taken from the custody of law officers. Data for the period after 1937 are contradictory.
Pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins regulate lymphoid lineage specification in multipotent hematopoietic progenitors

Lymphoid and myeloid lineage segregation is a major developmental step during early hematopoiesis from hematopoietic stem cells. It is not clear, however, whether multipotent progenitors (MPPs) adopt a lymphoid or myeloid fate through stochastic mechanisms, or whether this process can be regulated by extracellular stimuli. In this study, we show that lymphoid lineage specification occurs in MPPs before lymphoid lineage priming, during which MPPs migrate from the proximal to the distal region relative to the endosteum of the bone marrow. Lymphoid-specified MPPs have low myeloid differentiation potential in vivo, but potently differentiate into myeloid cells in vitro. When treated with pertussis toxin, an inhibitor of G protein–coupled receptor signaling, lymphoid-specified MPPs regain in vivo myeloid potential, and their localization is dispersed in the bone marrow. These results clearly demonstrate that specific microenvironments that favorably support lymphoid or myeloid lineage development exist at structurally distinct regions in the bone marrow.
Saving whilst Gambling: An Empirical Analysis of UK Premium Bonds

For over three centuries and across the globe, lottery-linked savings (LLS) programs have offered individuals the opportunity to save, and in lieu of paying traditional interest, have given savers periodic chances to win money or prizes. Despite their long history, LLS programs are relatively unstudied by scholars. In this paper, I detail an LLS program that the UK government has offered continuously since 1956, the UK Premium Bond (PB) program. PBs guarantee holders risk-free return of nominal principal. In aggregate, they pay a market-related return, distributed to holders each month by a lottery like mechanism. Premium bonds are popular savings vehicles in the UK. Over £31.1 billion of PBs were outstanding as of March 2006, and public reports suggest that they were held by between 22 percent and 40 percent of UK citizens. The 60.2 million residents of the UK had £517 invested in PBs per capita. If held in the banking sector, PB holdings would have accounted for 3.9 percent of household sterling deposits in UK financial institutions. LLS programs, such as PBs, are fascinating not just because of their size, but because of their appeal to nonsavers, especially low-income families. Mauro Guillen and Adrian Tschoegl (2002, reviewing LLS programs in Latin America, concluded: “The bankers we spoke with believe that [LLS] are especially successful with low income depositors, and in cases where there are lots of people outside the banking system.” In South Africa, a new LLS program raised over 1.2 billion rand and enrolled 750,000 participants across a wide spectrum of the economy in two years. In the United Kingdom, while PBs are held by about the same fraction of the population holding stocks, PBs have a stronger appeal to lower-income British households. PBs are held by a larger fraction of British households than are stocks and shares for all households, except those earning over £52,000 annually (Department for Work and Pensions 2007). Are PB holders saving, gambling, or engaging in both activities? This question is not just academic, because national laws and regulations in many countries bar private LLS programs on the basis that they are prohibited gambling activities. For example, in South Africa, the government has tried to shut down the popular LLS program mentioned above; in the United States, these programs would violate state lottery laws and federal banking regulations. In this paper, I analyze the time series of net sales of the PB program and conclude that the program appears to be a hybrid of gambling and savings, but with a clear savings element.
Gestational choriocarcinoma and thyrotoxicosis

A case of a 26-year-old woman with metastatic choriocarcinoma and clinical and biochemical thyrotoxicosis is described. This represents the eighth reported case of the association of choriocarcinoma and thyrotoxicosis. Serial monitoring of serum thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels correlated precisely with the beta sub-unit human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) level and the quantitation of host tumor burden. The development of a hypermetabolic syndrome in patients with choriocarcinoma may be due to secondary thyrotoxicosis from either the TSH-like activity of hCG or from the concomitant production of molar thyrotropin by the tumor.
A Conversation with Hans Bethe

A Nobel laureate in physics speaks candidly about C. C. Lauritsen, Robert Millikan, and a number of other prominent physicists he has known and worked with at Cornell University, the California Institute of Technology, and the University of Rome. Bethe also describes his first impressions of nuclear physics, the political climate in Italy in the 1930s, and the Rome school of physics.
Corrosion behavior of sensitized austenitic (AISI 304) stainless steel in aCO2 atmosphere

Abstract Studies on the oxidation behavior of sensitized austenitic AISI 304 stainless steel were carried out in moist and dry CO 2 and in CO 2 with traces of H 2 S in the temperature range 473–673 K. The reaction process resulted in parabolic kinetics. The oxidation rate was appreciably higher in CO 2 with H 2 S than in either the dry CO 2 or the moist CO 2 . A strongly adherent scale of the nature (Fe, Ni, Cr) 1−x O was found to form on the specimen surface in moist and dry CO 2 .
A novel 3-D model for cell culture and tissue engineering

A novel method of making microcapsules in a macrocapsule is demonstrated as a 3-D culture system in this article. Mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells as model cells were used in the 3-D culture space, and the cell viability and histological observation were conducted. Furthermore, Oct4 gene expression was evaluated for the undifferentiated status of mES cells in this 3-D model. The results showed that mES cells can grow in this 3-D model and retain their normal viability and morphology. This 3-D model allows mES cells to stay in the undifferentiated state better than 2-D culture systems. This work demonstrates a new 3-D tissue model which can provide an in vivo like microenvironment for non-differentiated mES cells with good immunoisolation. This approach may bridge the gap between traditional 2-D cell culture and animal models.
Multiscale analysis and modeling using wavelets

Measured data from most processes are inherently multiscale in nature owing to contributions from events occurring at different locations and with different localization in time and frequency. Consequently, data analysis and modeling methods that represent the measured variables at multiple scales are better suited for extracting information from measured data than methods that represent the variables at a single scale. This paper presents an overview of multiscale data analysis and empirical modeling methods based on wavelet analysis. These methods exploit the ability of wavelets to extract events at different scales, compress deterministic features in a small number of relatively large coefficients, and approximately decorrelate a variety of stochastic processes. Multiscale data analysis methods for off-line and on-line removal of Gaussian stationary noise eliminate coefficients smaller than a threshold. These methods are extended to removing non-Gaussian errors by combining them with multiscale median filtering. Multiscale empirical modeling methods simultaneously select the most relevant features while determining the model parameters, and may provide more accurate and physically interpretable models. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Jugular tubercle: morphometric analysis and surgical significance

Object Maximizing intradural exposure via the extreme lateral infrajugular transcondylar–transtubercular exposure (ELITE) approach depends on understanding the fundamental anatomy of the jugular tubercle (JT). Drilling the JT can maximize the extent of exposure achieved with the ELITE approach. Removing the JT is critical for optimizing access to the inferior and midclival areas, vertebrobasilar artery junction, and ventral pons and medulla. Methods In this cadaveric study, the individual structural variations in the JT were evaluated in 100 split occipital bones. The mean length of the JT was 1.65 ± 0.36 cm (range 1.2–3 cm); its mean width was 1.15 ± 0.16 cm (range 0.7–1.7 cm); and its mean thickness was 0.61 ± 0.15 cm (range 0.2–1 cm). The authors analyzed the difference in morphometric data with regard to right and left sides and found no statistically significant difference between the two sides. Furthermore, data from the morphometric study were compared with the results of 20 measurements obtained f...
Protein coding assignment of the S genes of the avian reovirus S1133

Abstract The protein coding assignments for each of the S genes of the avian reovirus S1133 have been determined. In vitro translation of RNA derived from individual S dsRNA genome segments demonstrated that the largest S gene, S1, codes for the smallest protein, σ c ; the σ A for σ A ; the S3 gene for σ C and the S4 gene for σ NS . No other gene products could be identified. By examination of appropriate reassortant viruses, these assignments were confirmed.
The effects of gender on processing advertising and product trial information

Consistent with past research and theory explaining gender differences in information processing, the empirical study reported here showed that men process two forms of marketing information (advertising and product trial) differently than women. Specifically, women are more sensitive to the comprehensiveness of the trial information, recognizing manipulated differences in trial diagnosticity. In contrast, men tend to use readily available information to form brand judgments and are less likely to notice that other attribute information is unavailable in the product trial.
On model matching problems of input-output switching systems

In this paper we consider the model matching problem where linear switched systems are involved. We focus on the worst-case l ∞ induced norm and consider the problem when the involved systems have independent or matched switching sequences. We show that a switched compensation which can switch independently of the plant has no advantage over an LTI compensation. Moreover, if the plant is strictly causal, even a switched compensation which has the same switching as the plant does not provide a better performance over an LTI compensation. We further generalize the results of [1] to MIMO systems and present an exact expression to compute the worst-case l ∞ induced norm. Using that, one can cast a class of model matching problems as a Linear Programming.
Characterization of metal ligand mutants of phenylalanine hydroxylase: Insights into the plasticity of a 2-histidine-1-carboxylate triad

The iron atom in the nonheme iron monooxygenase phenylalanine hydroxylase is bound on one face by His285, His290, and Glu330. This arrangement of metal ligands is conserved in the other aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase. A similar 2-His-1-carboxylate facial triad of two histidines and an acidic residue are the ligands to the iron in other nonheme iron enzymes, including the α-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases and the extradiol dioxygenases. Previous studies of the effects of conservative mutations of the iron ligands in tyrosine hydroxylase established that there is some plasticity in the nature of the ligands and that the three ligands differ in their sensitivity to mutagenesis. To determine the generality of this finding for enzymes containing a 2-His-1-carboxylate facial triad, the His285, His290, and Glu330 in rat phenylalanine hydroxylase were mutated to glutamine, glutamate, and histidine. All of the mutant proteins had low but measurable activities for tyrosine formation. In general, mutation of Glu330 had the greatest effect on activity and mutation of His290 the least. All of the mutations resulted in an excess of tetrahydropterin oxidized relative to tyrosine formation, with mutation of His285 having the greatest effect on the coupling of the two partial reactions. The H285Q enzyme had the highest activity as tetrahydropterin oxidase at 20% the wild-type value. All of the mutations greatly decreased the affinity for iron, with mutation of Glu330 the most deleterious. The results complement previous results with tyrosine hydroxylase in establishing the plasticity of the individual iron ligands in this enzyme family.
Biosynthesis of the benzoyl moiety of cocaine from cinnamic acid via (R)-(+)-3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid

Abstract trans -[3- 13 C, 14 C]Cinnamic acid and the N -acetylcysteamine thioester of [3- 13 C, 14 C]- trans -cinnamic acid served as precursors of the benzoyl moiety of cocaine when fed to intact Erythroxylum coca plants. The specific incorporation of the thioester into the benzoyl carbonyl group of cocaine was established by means of 13 C NMR spectroscopy. ( R)-( +)-[3- 14 C]-3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid was 11 times more effective than its ( S )-(-)-isomer as a precursor of the benzoyl moiety of cocaine. A chemical degradation of the cocaine indicated that all the 14 C was located on its benzoyl moiety. Thus, the stereochemistry of the hydroxy group in 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid, is the same as that in the coenzyme A esters of 3-hydroxy fatty acids which are intermediates in the β-oxidation of fatty acids.
Students’ perceptions of computer assisted instruction environment and their attitudes towards computer assisted learning

Summary The attitudes towards computer assisted learning and the perception of the difference between the computer assisted instruction environment and conventional classroom were measured for a group of 137 fifth‐graders enrolled in a computer assisted science instruction. Positive attitudes towards learning from computers were found. Perceptions of the students were in favour of the computer assisted instruction. Although in all scores boys tend to be slightly more positive, no significant differences were found between the sexes. Attitudes were correlated with perceptions; the cognitive dimension was most significantly correlated with the attitudes.
Changing Household Composition, Labor Patterns, and Fertility in a Highland New Guinea Population

Demography, the study of the characteristics of populations, is central to ecology. The size, distribution, and other characteristics of populations are assumed to reflect, respond to, and have an impact on other living things and the nonorganic factors that comprise the environment. However, when we study human populations, as Johnson demonstrates in this study of a Highland New Guinea community on which excellent demographic records have been kept over a period of time, we find that complex variables interact in complex ways to alter fertility. In this instance, Johnson tests a long-held belief that economic development results in a reduction in fertility. Presumably, this is a product of higher, more dependable family incomes, which depress the demand for labor and produce higher levels of health care, consequently lower infant and childhood mortality, as well as higher costs of investment in childrearing. In other words, since children are expected to survive, and to be expensive, families in the developed world plan to have fewer of them than families elsewhere, who anticipate high losses and need more children to work.
Row orientation effects on FR/R light ratio, growth and development of field-grown bush bean

Bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Tenderette) plants were grown in north-south (N-S) and east-west (E-W) rows under field conditions to test effects of row orientation on reflected far-red (FR) light patterns and on shoot size and edible bean productivity. Soil water and nutrients were adequate. Plants in N-S rows received slightly higher ratios of FR relative to red (R) light, because of heliotropic movement of the leaves. Plants in N-S rows partitioned more dry matter to shoots and edible green beans than those in E-W rows. We conclude that row orientation of broadleaf plants can affect the FR/R light ratio and the phytochrome-mediated regulation of plant development under field conditions.
The Impact of Regime Change on Public Policy: The Case of Spain

Does political regime matter? Parallel analyses of Spanish public expenditure and taxation policies under the authoritarian Franco regime and in the current democracy, as well as of decision-making processes under both regimes, based upon extensive in-depth interviews with relevant government officials from 1974 to 1996, indicate that political regime characteristics can have a profound impact on both policy processes and outputs. Ruling out a ‘socioeconomic’ explanation, the author concludes that striking aberrations in state spending and taxation policies in the early 1970s were systematic products of unusual features of Franquist policy-making processes, which were directly linked to the authoritarian nature of the regime itself. Subsequently, democratization has been accompanied by dramatic changes in both policy processes and outputs.
The Atmospheric Compensation Component of a Landsat Land Surface Temperature (LST) Product: Assessment of Errors Expected for a North American Test Product

The Landsat archive of thermal data (Landsats 4, 5 and 7) has gone through a rigorous calibration assessment and update. However, in order to be useful to most users the calibrated sensor reaching radiance must be corrected to surface temperatures by first compensating for atmospheric effects and then emissivity variations. The USGS is exploring the possibility of producing a LST product through a joint program with RIT (the atmospheric compensation component) and JPL (the emissivity compensation component). This paper addresses the atmospheric compensation component for an initial North American pilot study. In particular, the results of a comparison of retrieved water surface temperature (where emissivity is well known) and truth temperatures for over 800 sites are presented. The errors are broken down by cloud conditions with extremely good results for cloud-free conditions (errors less than 1 K). The results of the error assessment for North America by cloud class are presented along with a discussion of potential quality data for a LST product. An initial assessment of the LST errors observed for Landsat 8 bands 10 and 11 are also presented. The next steps on this effort include testing of a global atmospheric compensation approach and full integration of the atmospheric and emissivity compensation tools into an operational LST product.
Adaptive control of nonlinearly parameterized systems: the smooth feedback case

Studies global adaptive control of nonlinearly parameterized systems with uncontrollable linearization. Using a parameter separation technique and the tool of adding a power integrator, we develop a feedback domination design approach for the explicit construction of a smooth adaptive controller that solves the problem of global state regulation. In contrast to the existing results in the literature, a key feature of our adaptive regulator is its minimum-order property, namely, no matter how big the number of unknown parameters is, the order of the dynamic compensator is identical to one, and is therefore minimal. As a consequence, global state regulation of feedback linearizable systems with nonlinear parameterization is achieved by one-dimensional adaptive controllers, without imposing any extra (e.g., convex/concave) conditions on the unknown parameters.
Choosing the Appropriate Antithrombotic Agent for the Prevention and Treatment of VTE: A Case-Based Approach

Objective:To review the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in various patient populations and evaluate the agents available for the prevention and treatment of VTE using a case-based approach.Data Sources:A MEDLINE search (1995–July 2006) was conducted to identify relevant literature. Additional references were reviewed from selected articles.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Articles related to the prevention of VTE in orthopedic surgery, general surgery, and medically ill patients, as well as the treatment of VTE, were reviewed.Data Synthesis:Pharmacologic options for the prevention and treatment of VTE include warfarin, unfractionated heparin (UFH), low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH), and fondaparinux. Current guidelines support the use of warfarin, LMWH, or fondaparinux for VTE prophylaxis following lower limb major orthopedic surgery. For VTE prophylaxis in hospitalized medical patients or patients undergoing general surgery, use of UFH and LMWH is supported; however, recent data on fondaparinu...
Improved Legionella selective media by the addition of fluconazole : Results of in vitro testing and clinical evaluation

Overgrowth of yeast can occur on Legionella media containing the antifungal agent anisomycin, preventing the recovery of Legionella from clinical specimens. 34 strains of yeast—C. albicans (19), C. glabrata (9), C. krusei (2), C. tropicalis (2), C. parapsilosis (2)—were inoculated onto buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE) agar media containing fluconazole (80 mg/ ml) and anisomycin (40 mg/mL). None of the 34 yeast strains grew on this media and no inhibition of 24 strains of 10 Legionella species was observed. We and others have observed yeast overgrowth on Legionella selective media that can prevent the recovery of Legionella from clinical specimens (Blatt et al. 1993), even media containing anisomycin. Therefore, we conducted an in vitro study to determine the inhibitory effects of the addition of fluconazole to BCYE media on 34 yeast strains and 24 Legionella strains. A prospective study of the fluconazole media was also performed on consecutive sputum specimens from patients with communityacquired pneumonia.
Expression of a Novel Antimicrobial Peptide Penaeidin4-1 in Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) Enhances Plant Fungal Disease Resistance

Background: Turfgrass species are agriculturally and economically important perennial crops. Turfgrass species are highly susceptible to a wide range of fungal pathogens. Dollar spot and brown patch, two important diseases caused by fungal pathogens Sclerotinia homoecarpa and Rhizoctonia solani, respectively, are among the most severe turfgrass diseases. Currently, turf fungal disease control mainly relies on fungicide treatments, which raises many concerns for human health and the environment. Antimicrobial peptides found in various organisms play an important role in innate immune response. Methodology/Principal Findings: The antimicrobial peptide - Penaeidin4-1 (Pen4-1) from the shrimp, Litopenaeus setiferus has been reported to possess in vitro antifungal and antibacterial activities against various economically important fungal and bacterial pathogens. In this study, we have studied the feasibility of using this novel peptide for engineering enhanced disease resistance into creeping bentgrass plants (Agrostis stolonifera L., cv. Penn A-4). Two DNA constructs were prepared containing either the coding sequence of a single peptide, Pen4-1 or the DNA sequence coding for the transit signal peptide of the secreted tobacco AP24 protein translationally fused to the Pen4-1 coding sequence. A maize ubiquitin promoter was used in both constructs to drive gene expression. Transgenic turfgrass plants containing different DNA constructs were generated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and analyzed for transgene insertion and expression. In replicated in vitro and in vivo experiments under controlled environments, transgenic plants exhibited significantly enhanced resistance to dollar spot and brown patch, the two major fungal diseases in turfgrass. The targeting of Pen4-1 to endoplasmic reticulum by the transit peptide of AP24 protein did not significantly impact disease resistance in transgenic plants. Conclusion/Significance: Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of Pen4-1 in a perennial species against fungal pathogens and suggest a potential strategy for engineering broad-spectrum fungal disease resistance in crop species.
Spontaneous crystallinity loss of drugs in the disordered regions of poly(ethylene oxide) in the presence of water.

ABSTRACT The physical stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) formulated in the crystalline state may be compromised in the presence of excipients. In the present study, it is shown that at high relative humidity, several model crystalline drugs compacted into a matrix of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) may dissolve into the disordered regions of the polymer. The purpose of this project is to identify both the physicochemical properties of the API and the polymer which may lead to such a transformation and the mechanism of transformation. Crystalline drugs and PEO were physically mixed, compressed into tablets, and stored in a dessicator at 94% RH. The physical state of the drug and the polymer were determined using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. The solubility of each drug in PEG 400 was measured by ultraviolet spectroscopy, the thermal properties of each compound were measured using differential scanning calorimetry, and the amount of water sorbed into these systems from the vapor phase was determined by gravimetric analysis. A spontaneous loss of crystallinity was observed for many of the model drugs when stored at high relative humidity and in the presence of PEO. In the absence of PEO, no changes in the crystalline material were observed. However, the structure of PEO was dramatically altered when exposed to high relative humidity. Specifically, it was found that PEO undergoes a very slow deliquescence increasing the disordered fraction of the polymer which facilitates the “dissolution” of the crystalline drug into these disordered regions. The degree of transformation, estimated from Raman spectroscopy, was found to qualitatively correlate with the aqueous solubility of the compounds. It can be concluded that for the systems studied here, the phase stability of the polymer was compromised at high relative humidity and the polymer underwent deliquescence. The equilibrium phase of several of the crystalline drugs studied here was then altered as evidenced by a loss in crystallinity.
CHEMICAL REMOVAL OF BIOMASS FROM WASTE AIR BIOTRICKLING FILTERS: SCREENING OF CHEMICALS OF POTENTIAL INTEREST

A protocol was developed to rapidly assess the eAciency of chemical washing for the removal of excess biomass from biotrickling filters for waste air treatment. Although the experiment was performed on a small scale, conditions were chosen to simulate application in full-scale biotrickling filters. From 18 treatments with diAerent combinations and concentrations of chemicals, only washing with 0.4% (w/v) NaOH, 0.26 and 1.31% (w/v) NaClO and 11.3% (w/v) H2O2 resulted in a biomass removal significantly higher than treatment with pure water with wet biomass removal eAciencies of 50.2, 49.2, 77.0 and 69.0%, respectively. Biomass removal by H2O2 and NaClO was accompanied by complete loss of activity of unremoved biomass, whereas after treatment with NaOH low residual bio- logical activity was observed. However, treatment with NaOH resulted in generation of relatively large amounts of suspended solids (22.3% of dry biomass removed) and dissolved carbon (65.3% of C-bio- mass removed). NaClO was found to be the most promising reagent for biomass control in biotrickling filters because of its ability to remove large amounts of biomass and its low cost. # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
Navigating the Minefields of Publishing

From the perspective of a journal editor and experienced author, this chapter provides counsel on the “ins” and “outs” of publishing empirical research in peer-reviewed journals.
A MODEL FOR MASS TRANSFER IN OSCILLATING-CIRCULATING LIQUID DROPS†

Abstract Velocity vector computations based upon flow-visualization techniques have enabled the development of a detailed model for flow patterns in a droplet-continuum system typical of liquid-liquid solvent extraction. Experiments show that the streamlines for flow in and around circulating droplets which are forced into regular oscillation by a pulsing electric field can be modeled as the vectorial sum of low-Reynolds-number internal circulation (Hadamard flow) and an oscillatory streaming caused by the prolate-to-oblate ellipsoidal shape changes of the droplet (Dirichlet flow). The convective-diffusion equations have been derived and numerically solved for mass transfer from both circulating droplets (Hadamard flow) and oscillating-circulating droplets (mixed Hadamard-Dirichlet flow). The resulting rate of mass transfer from an oscillating-circulating droplet is significantly greater than that from the equivalent circulating droplet. The rate of mass transfer is dependent upon oscillation frequency an...
Mixing and Energetics of the Oceanic Thermohaline Circulation

Using an idealized tube model and scaling analysis, the physics supporting the oceanic thermohaline circulation is examined. Thermal circulation in the tube model can be classified into two categories. When the cooling source is at a level higher than that of the heating source, the thermal circulation is friction-controlled; thus, mixing is not important in determining the circulation rate. When the cooling source is at a level lower than that of the heating source, the circulation is mixing controlled; thus, weak (strong) mixing will lead to weak (strong) thermal circulation. Within realistic parameter regimes the thermohaline circulation requires external sources of mechanical energy to support mixing in order to maintain the basic stratification. Thus, the oceanic circulation is only a heat conveyor belt, not a heat engine. Simple scaling shows that the meridional mass and heat fluxes are linearly proportional to the energy supplied to mixing. The rate of tidal dissipation in the open oceans (excluding the shallow marginal seas) is about 0.9‐1.3 (31012 W); the rate of potential energy generated by geothermal heating is estimated to be 0.5 3 1012 W. Accordingly, the global-mean rate of mixing inferred from oceanic climatological data is about 0.22 3 1024 m2 s21. Using a primitive equation model, numerical experiments based on a fixed energy source for mixing have been carried out in order to test the scaling law. In comparison with models under fixed rate of mixing, a model under a fixed energy for mixing is less sensitive to changes in the forcing conditions due to climatic changes. Under a surface relaxation condition for temperature and standard parameters, the model is well within the region of Hopf bifurcation, so decadal variability is expected.
Composition and Properties of Hot-Pressed SiC-AIN Solid Solutions

High-density SiC-AIN compositions were fabricated from powder mixtures by hot-pressing in the 1700° to 2300°C temperature range. At 2100°C, a 2H solid solution was found from =35 to 100 wt% AlN. The single-phase solid solution samples had steep composition gradients of >10%/μm within the grains. Lattice parameters closely followed Vegard's law. For compositions with <35% AIN, multiphase assemblages were found. Increasing grain size was observed for increasing firing temperature for SiC and AIN. Grain size of the solid solutions was significantly smaller than for SiC or AIN fired to the same temperature. Microhardness values decreased linearly in the solid solution region with increasing AIN content. Flexural strengths of SiC and AIN decreased with increasing firing temperature and increasing grain size. The strengths of SiC, AIN, and the solid solutions were low for materials hot-pressed at 2100°C.
Republican Courts and Beyond: Early U.S. Political Culture

The once moribund field of early American political history has enjoyed a much needed revival over the past decade, thanks to the generous borrowing of interdisciplinary and transatlantic approaches from the realms of cultural anthropology, sociology, and European cultural and social history. American historians have embraced the tools of social and cultural analysis to produce the groundbreaking field of early American political culture. Amidst this vibrant political resurrection is an equally vibrant debate between early republic historians over whose political culture to emphasize: the masses or the elites? One approach has been to focus on the political culture of street theater and popular demonstrations, embracing the “history from below” perspective of social history. Other historians have chosen to examine the “republican courts” of America’s governing elite: presidents, first ladies, and other early political leaders, finding parallels with European monarchical rituals. Even if the historians employing these competing approaches struggle to find common ground, a reader who embraces these innovative studies on both sides of the debate will come away with a rich portrait of the early republic’s diverse and dynamic political culture.
Reproducibility of the mfERG between instruments

Purpose First, to examine both the reproducibility of the multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) recorded on different versions of the same instrument, and the repeatability of the mfERG recorded on a single instrument using two different amplifiers. Second, to demonstrate a means by which multicenter and longitudinal studies that use more than one recording instrument can compare and combine data effectively. Methods Three different amplifiers and two mfERG setups, one using VERIS™ 4.3 software (mfERG1) and another using VERIS™ Pro 5.2 software (mfERG2), were evaluated. A total of 73 subjects with normal vision were tested in three groups. Group 1 (n = 42) was recorded using two amplifiers in parallel on mfERG1. Group 2 (n = 52) was recorded on mfERG2 using a single amplifier. Group 3 was a subgroup of 21 subjects from groups 1 and 2 that were tested sequentially on both instruments. A fourth group of 26 subjects with diabetes were also recorded using the two parallel amplifiers on mfERG1. P1 implicit times and N1-P1 amplitudes of the 103 local first order mfERGs were measured, and the differences between the instruments and amplifiers were evaluated as raw scores and Z-scores based on normative data. Measurements of individual responses and measurements averaged over the 103 responses were analyzed. Results Simultaneous recordings made on mfERG1 with the two different amplifiers showed differences in implicit times but similar amplitudes. There was a mean implicit time difference of 2.5 ms between the amplifiers but conversion to Z-scores improved their agreement. Recordings made on different days with the two instruments produced similar but more variable results, with amplitudes differing between them more than implicit times. For local response implicit times, the 95% confidence interval of the difference between instruments was approximately ±1 Z-score (±0.9 ms) in either direction. For local response amplitude, it was approximately ±1.6 Z-scores (±0.3 μV). Conclusions Different amplifiers can yield quite different mfERG P1 implicit times, even with identical band-pass settings. However, the reproducibility of mfERG Z-scores across recording instrumentation is relatively high. Comparison of data across systems and laboratories, necessary for multicenter or longitudinal investigations, is facilitated if raw data are converted into Z-scores based on normative data.