cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mothers’ Perceptions of Family Health History and an Online, Parent-Generated Family Health History Tool:

Family health history (FHH) can identify families at increased risk for disease. Purpose. To learn mothers’ (1) perceptions of the benefits of FHH and (2) willingness to complete a FHH tool, My Family Health Portrait (MFHP). Methods. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with mothers recruited through Cincinnati Children’s Hospital. Deductive and inductive codes were developed. Results. A total of 25 mothers were interviewed. Perceived benefits included keeping the pediatrician informed (n = 12; 48%) and preventive screenings recommended based on FHH (n = 10; 40%). Participants had positive impressions of MFHP and felt that it was user-friendly (n = 17; 68%). Lack of FHH knowledge was the most common challenge to completing MFHP, but most respondents stated that they would be able to complete MFHP prior to their child’s medical appointment (n = 23; 92%). Conclusion. Mothers are interested in and may be motivated to complete a parent-generated FHH prior to a pediatric appointment. Future research ...
Acute glomerulonephritis without abnormality of the urine

A case is presented of a 12-year-old girl with many clinical and laboratory findings strongly suggestive of acute glomerulonephritis but with no abnormalities in the urine. The diagnosis was confirmed by renal biopsy. Type 3, group A β-hemolytic streptococcus was isolated from a throat culture and bactericidal tests suggested the presence in significant titer of homologous type 3 antibody in her serum.
Understanding spatial diagram structure: An analysis of hierarchies, matrices, and networks

Abstract diagrams are powerful tools for comprehension and problem solving in diverse contexts. Two studies examined the structural properties of (i.e., applicability conditions for) three interrelated spatial diagrams—hierarchies, matrices, and networks. College students from two groups with distinct educational backgrounds and learning histories—advanced computer science students and representative undergraduates—rated the diagnosticity of the hypothesized applicability conditions for each of the 3 diagrams. The results validated 24–26 of the 30 hypothesized applicability conditions and provided evidence regarding the relative importance, or diagnosticity, of the validated properties for each type of diagram. A different set of properties was identified as most highly diagnostic for each type of diagram, indicating that the three spatial diagrams are optimized to serve different representational functions: The matrix stores static information about the kind of relation that exists between pairs of items...
The Confusing Case of Budgetary Incrementalism: Too Many Meanings for a Single Concept

The first part of this paper reviews the meaning of the concept incrementalism to determine whether the enormous number of studies confirming or challenging the presence of budgetary incrementalism are analyzing the same phenomenon. I identify 12 distinct meanings of incrementalism in the literature. A pairwise analysis of these definitions shows that they have very little logical relation; a process incremental by one definition is not necessarily incremental by another. After reviewing the implications of this conclusion for future research about public budgeting, I argue that the most productive course would be to banish the term incrementalism from new scholarly literature, and instead, focus research on more specific characteristics of the budgetary process. The various distinct meanings of incrementalism suggest a preliminary set of such characteristics. The second part of the paper begins with an examination of the diverse methodologies used to assess empirically whether budgeting is incremental. T...
Sources of Variability in Rat Caries Studies: Weaning Age and Diet Fed During Tooth Eruption

A factorial design (2 × 2) was used to study the caries effect of two diets (starch based versus stock) fed to rat dams and their litters, and also of variations in the weaning age (19 versus 25 days). Higher and reproducible caries scores were obtained in rats which were fed a purified starch-based diet, weaned at 19 days of age, and subsequently given a cariogenic challenge.
Delivering effective children's services in the community: Reconsidering the benefits of system interventions

Abstract This article examines research on systems of care, which are acknowledged as the current dominant paradigm in the delivery of children's mental health services. The authors conclude that systems of care produce important system-level changes. Early results suggest that these systems changes do not impact clinical outcomes, however. One plausible explanation for this finding is that system interventions are too far removed from the actual delivered services, thereby limiting their potential impact. Moreover, numerous assumptions underlying the purported effectiveness of systems of care remain unvalidated. The authors propose that the primary direction to improving children's mental health services should be through effectiveness research, in contrast to continued large-scale investments in systems research and development. Recommendations are made for addressing methodological problems that researchers will confront and for developing policies encouraging future research on the effectiveness of children's mental health services.
High-temperature creep of yttrium-aluminium garnet single crystals

High-temperature creep in single crystals of Y3Al5O12 (YAG) was studied by constant strainrate compression tests. The creep resistance of YAG is very high: a stress of ~ 300 MPa is needed to deform at a strain rate of 10−6 (s−1) at a temperature as high as 1900 K (~0.84 Tm, (melting temperature)). YAG deforms using the 〈111〉 {1¯10} slip systems following a power law with stress exponent n ~ 3 and activation energy E* ~ 720 kJ mol−1. However, a small dependence of n on temperature and of E* on stress was observed. This stress-dependence of activation energy combined with the observed dislocation microstructures suggests that the high creep resistance of YAG is due to the difficulty of dislocation glide as opposed to the difficulty of climb. Present dislocation creep data are compared with diffusion creep data and a deformation mechanism map is constructed. Large transition stresses (2−3 GPa for 10 μm grain size) are predicted, implying that deformation of most fine-grained YAG will occur by diffusion creep.
Deep circulation in the northwest corner of the Pacific Ocean

Abstract We deployed for two years a line of nine current-meter moorings bearing instruments at depths of 2, 3, and 4 km running southeast of Hokkaido, to measure currents above the continental slope, Kuril Trench, and Hokkaido Rise. The mean flow was directed southwestward above the continental slope, northeastward above the trench and upper rise (except at one mooring), and westward onto the lower rise. The mean currents were highly barotropic, except above the continental slope, and unexpectedly swift (8 cm s−1 in the trench). The velocity pattern above the Hokkaido Rise is like that observed earlier above the Aleutian Rise at Long. 175°W, and may be due, as suggested for the latter, to varying topographic beta associated with the curvature of the bottom profile of the rise. Thermal-wind fields from three CTD sections along the mooring line, while consistent among themselves, were unlike the observed mean shear, and therefore useless for estimating mean transports. Estimates based on the direct current measurements alone, for depths greater than 2000 m, are 4×10 6 m 3 s −1 southwestward above the continental slope and 20×10 6 m 3 s −1 northeastward in the trench; but the former might be too small, the latter too large, by as much as 10×10 6 m 3 s −1 because of the relatively broad mooring spacing. These measurements, in combination with many others reported earlier, unequivocally describe swift deep southward flow along the inshore sides of the Izu-Ogasawara, Japan, and Kuril Trenches, and opposed flow along their offshore sides, as well as above their axes (except in the Izu-Ogasawara Trench). The southward flow may be, at least in part, the recirculation western-boundary current predicted for the northern North Pacific, although the oceanic geometry is different from, and more complicated than, that of the classic analytical predictive models. Reasons for the strong opposed flow are obscure. Water properties reveal that deep water spreads into the Izu-Ogasawara Trench, and probably into the Japan Trench as well, flows northward through the Kuril Trench, and, at least at some levels, around the northern end of the Emperor Seamount Chain to fill the long Aleutian Trench. This plus eastward flows through the Main Gap in the Emperor Seamount Chain and the passage between the Hess Rise and the Hawaiian Ridge seem to be the principal deep outflows from the Northwest Pacific Basin into the Northeast Pacific Basin. The Meiji Sediment Drift, lying along the eastern flank of the far northern Emperor Seamount Chain, is composed of material from the Bering Sea. To account for its deposition, we conjecture that the deep Kamchatka Current, presently carrying this material southward, splits at the latitude of the northernmost Emperors, one branch flowing eastward as a zonal jet, and continuing southward along the eastern flank of the Seamount Chain as a deep western-boundary current. Descriptive ambiguities and dynamical puzzles are considered.
Real Time Digital Subtraction and Enhancement of Video Pictures

Digitization and calculation on video pictures were accomplished in real time. Video pictures were subtracted and added in order to achieve an enhanced difference picture. The number n of video frames varied from 2 to 2048. Enhancement of signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio went nearly as VII, and S/N ratios of 1700:1 were obtained in about 1 min. A new design is presented to raise the digitizing rate from the present 180 kHz to 2.4 MHz in order to improve resolution. The application is to the measurement of solar magnetic fields, which are proportional to small differences between solar pictures of opposite polarization. A sensitivity increase of NTri and real time display will provide a possible solar flare warning system. Other applications are mentioned.
Medicaid matters: children's health and medicaid eligibility expansions

In the late 1980s, a series of federal laws were enacted which expanded Medicaid eligibility to more of the nation's children. States had a great amount of discretion in how fast and how far these expansions were implemented. As a result, there was great variation among the states in defining who was eligible for the program. This variation provides a rare opportunity to disentangle the effect of Medicaid from a child's socioeconomic status. Using data from the National Health Interview Survey, we address whether the Medicaid expansions improved the health and functional status of children. Econometric models were developed using fixed-effects regressions, and were estimated separately for white, black, and Hispanic children. White children experienced statistically significant reductions in acute health conditions and functional limitations. Black and Hispanic children showed some evidence of improved health conditions and functional status, but this evidence is inconclusive in the study sample. This may be due to differences in their access to appropriate health services or to the smaller sample size of minorities in each geographic area. The findings are also relevant to the implementation of the Children' Health Insurance Program (CHIP), the latest federal effort to expand access to health care to poor and near poor children. In many states, CHIP is being implemented in whole or in part through further Medicaid expansions. © 2002 by the Association for Policy Analysis and Management.
The N-terminal membrane occupation and recognition nexus domain of Arabidopsis phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase 1 regulates enzyme activity.

The type I B family of phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinases (PIPKs) contain a characteristic region of Membrane Occupation and Recognition Nexus (MORN) motifs at the N terminus. These MORN motifs are not found in PIPKs from other eukaryotes. To understand the impact of the additional N-terminal domain on protein function and subcellular distribution, we expressed truncated and full-length versions of AtPIPK1, one member of this family of PIPKs, in Escherichia coli and in tobacco cells grown in suspension culture. Deletion of the N-terminal MORN domain (amino acids 1–251) of AtPIPK1 increased the specific activity of the remaining C-terminal peptide (ΔMORN) >4-fold and eliminated activation by phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). PtdOH activation could also be eliminated by mutating Pro396 to Ala (P396A) in the predicted linker region between the MORN and the kinase homology domains. AtPIPK1 is product-activated and the MORN domain binds PtdIns(4,5)P2. Adding back the MORN peptide to ΔMORN or to the PtdOH-activated full-length protein increased activity ∼2-fold. Furthermore, expressing the MORN domain in vivo increased the plasma membrane PtdInsP kinase activity. When cells were exposed to hyperosmotic stress, the MORN peptide redistributed from the plasma membrane to a lower phase or endomembrane fraction. In addition, endogenous PtdInsP kinase activity increased in the endomembrane fraction of hyperosmotically stressed cells. We conclude that the MORN peptide can regulate both the function and distribution of the enzyme in a manner that is sensitive to the lipid environment.
It’s Still About the Power of Place

Against the claim that the uprisings in Egypt were driven by social media, this article argues that territorial place continues to be a fundamentally important aspect of political change—even within the realm of media. Two key arguments are made: first, that territoriality and place are integral to media networks and infrastructures themselves; and second, that media studies needs to give greater importance to such a geography. The author argues that while the uprisings displayed a shifting spatiality, it is nonetheless one that is rooted in real places and embodied practices.
Selective attention and distraction in context-interactive situations in children and adults

Abstract Many studies have established developmental differences in the ability to ignore irrelevant information in recall tasks, but few have examined changes in the ability to use contextually relevant information. In the present study, second-graders, sixth-graders, and college students were given cued recall tasks in which the target items for recall were embedded within word triplets. To vary the degree of processing, target (“odd”) words were either easy or hard to identify (e.g., “river, lake, canary” versus “hawk, eagle, canary”), and subjects were either told the target directly (read condition) or were first required to try to identify it themselves (oddity condition). To examine effects of processing time, trial duration was varied; to test the effects of perceptual distraction, words were presented in single (black) or mixed (black and red) colors. Results from three experiments suggest that attention to the context may profit target recall in situations where the context can be meaningfully related to the target, and adults seem both more able and more disposed than children to do context-interactive processing of stimulus information, while children seem disposed to base target selection on perceptual information. Perhaps because of these dispositions, adults seem vulnerable primarily to conceptual distraction while children are vulnerable to perceptual distraction. Distraction seemed related to the attentional effort devoted to processing target information.
The electromagnetic field of a guided Gaussian beam

Abstract An electromagnetic wave traveling along a dielectric slab between two parallel, plane conductors is analyzed for a special case that is particularly relevant to guided laser beams employed in integrated optics. The beam is assumed to have an approximate gaussian field dependence along the y -direction, defined to be transverse to the direction of propagation and to the normal to the conductor planes. Approximate expressions for the field in a well collimated beam are derived. Asymptotic approximations, valid far away from the focus of a beam that is not necessarily well collimated, are also derived. It is found that the TE and TM guided gaussian beams are not linearly polarized. This is unlike the case for the usual waveguide modes whose fields are constant along the y direction. It is also found that the guided gaussian beam must have a focus and that the divergence from focus is more rapid than for a similar gaussian beam in free space.
IN VITRO FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE RAT BLADDER REGENERATED BY THE BLADDER ACELLULAR MATRIX GRAFT

AbstractPurpose: To assess the response of rat urinary bladder regenerated by the homologous bladder acellular matrix graft (BAMG) to in vitro electrical and pharmacologic stimuli.Materials and Methods: In Sprague-Dawley rats, partial cystectomy (>50%) was performed, followed by BAMG augmentation cystoplasty. After 4 months, organ bath studies of tissue strips in 10 were used to compare the contractility of the BAMG regenerates and the corresponding host detrusor smooth muscle.Results: The BAMG regenerates exhibited contractile activity to electrical field stimulation and a qualitatively identical pattern of response to muscarinic, purinergic, alpha- and beta-adrenergic drug administration and nitric oxide. At 4 months after surgery, the maximum forces of contraction of the BAMG regenerates to carbachol stimulation amounted to close to 80% of the host bladder response. With electrical field stimulation, they equaled 44% and 62% of the host bladder response after 2.5 and 4 months, respectively. Histologica...
ARNON SOFFER, Rivers of Fire: The Conflict over Water in the Middle East (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999). Pp. 311. $69.00 cloth, $34.95 paper.

Arnon Soffer has written a comprehensive study covering the geo-politics of water conflict in the Middle East. Soffer's major contention is that the region is rapidly heading in the direction of environmental disaster because it is running out of water. Although he believes that regional cooperation, combined with the development of new water resources through nonconventional means—particularly desalination—is a possible solution to the problem, he is pessimistic about the likelihood of cooperation because of historical distrust among the nations involved in each basin conflict.
Viral Dynamics in HIV-1 Infection

We thank Alan Perelson for a critical reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by NIH grant AI28108.
A novel bacterial reversion and forward mutation assay based on green fluorescent protein

Abstract We report the first use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) for mutation detection. We have constructed a plasmid-based bacterial system whereby mutated cells fluoresce and non-mutated cells do not fluoresce. Fluorescence is monitored using a simple hand-help UV lamp; no additional cofactors or manipulations are necessary. To develop a reversion system, we introduced a +1 DNA frameshift mutation in the coding region of GFP and the resulting protein is not fluorescent in Escherichia coli . Treatment of bacteria containing the +1 frameshift vector with ICR-191 yields fluorescent colonies, indicating that reversion to the wild-type sequence has occurred. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to insert an additional cytosine into a native CCC sequence in the coding region of GFP in plasmid pBAD-GFPuv, expanding the sequence to CCCC. A dose-related increase in fluorescent colonies was observed when the bacteria were treated with ICR-191, an agent that induces primarily frameshift mutations. The highest dose of ICR-191 tested, 16 μ g/ml, produced a mutant fraction of 16×10 −5 and 8.8×10 −5 in duplicate experiments. The reversion system did not respond to MNNG, an agent that produces mainly single-base substitutions. To develop a forward system, we used GFP under the control of the arabinose P BAD promoter; in the absence of arabinose, GFP expression is repressed and no fluorescent colonies are observed. When cells were treated with MNNG or ENNG, a dose-dependent increase in fluorescent colonies was observed, indicating that mutations had occurred in the arabinose control region that de-repressed the promoter. Treating bacteria with 100 μ g/ml MNNG induced mutant fractions as high as 82×10 −5 and 40×10 −5 in duplicate experiments. Treating bacteria with 150 μ g/ml ENNG induced a mutant fraction of 2.1×10 −5 in a single experiment.
Secure wide area network access to CMS analysis data using the Lustre filesystem

This paper reports the design and implementation of a secure, wide area network (WAN), distributed filesystem by the ExTENCI project (Extending Science Through Enhanced National CyberInfrastructure), based on the Lustre filesystem. The system is used for remote access to analysis data from the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), and from the Lattice Quantum ChromoDynamics (LQCD) project. Security is provided by Kerberos authentication and authorization with additional fine grained control based on Lustre ACLs (Access Control List) and quotas. We investigate the impact of using various Kerberos security flavors on the I/O rates of CMS applications on client nodes reading and writing data to the Lustre filesystem, and on LQCD benchmarks. The clients can be real or virtual nodes. We are investigating additional options for user authentication based on user certificates.
An approximate solution of a variable-speed interception game in vertical plane and the accuracy evaluation

As a nonlinear two-player zero-sum perfect information differential game, the variable-speed minimum-time interception between a missile and an aircraft in vertical plane is analysed in this paper. A suboptimal solution in feedback form is obtained approximately by the technique of forced singular perturbation (FSPT). The accuracy of suboptimal feedback control strategies is evaluated by the "method of bounds". An illustrative example with the realistic aerodynamic and propulsion data shows the validity of the FSPT approximation for a medium-range interception.
A Public Health Campaign to Promote… “Growing Up Healthy”

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To integrate nutrition information into a public health education tool to be utilized by parents of young children and a variety of health care providers. Come see the new and unique tool that parents and providers are raving about. "Growing Up Healthy", a child health diary, is a part of the Massachusetts Bright Futures initiative to increase preventive primary care utilization. This diary was developed for parents to learn about important health issues and to record information about their own child's health up to six years of age. The goal of the tool is to empower parents to become better consumers of health care and nutrition information and to strengthen their skills in communicating with health care providers. The diary is used by both parents and health care providers, and serves to encourage continuity of care. "Growing up Healthy" formatted to be user-friendly and interactive, provides information on infant nutrition, child safety, developmental milestones, postpartum concerns, and referral resources for parents of infants and young children. Nutrition information is integrated throughout the diary and includes breast and formula feeding, introducing solid foods and the cup, food safety, preschool nutrition, maternal nutrition and fitness habits. The diary is available to parents through primary care physicians, birthing hospitals, community health centers and local WIC Programs. This project is part of the National Bright Futures initiative to develop a more preventive approach to pediatric care. The development of "Growing Up Healthy" is a collaboration between the Massachusetts Department of Public Health's, Bureau of Family and Community Health, and the United way of Massachusetts Bay, Success by 6 Campaign.
Physicochemical effects enhance surfactant transport in pulsatile motion of a semi-infinite bubble.

In this study, we investigate the sorption of pulmonary surfactant (Infasurf, Ony, Buffalo, NY) occurring at the air-liquid interface of a semi-infinite finger of air as it oscillates and progresses along a small rigid tube (1mminner diameter) occluded with a surfactant-doped solution of concentrations C=0.1,0.05,or0.01mg/mL. This simple experimental model of pulmonary airway reopening is designed to examine how altering the fluid flow field may lower reopening pressures and lead to a reduction in airway wall damage that is associated with the mechanical ventilation of an obstructed pulmonary system in airways of the deep lung with depleted endogenous and little exogenous surfactant. We analyzed a range of pulsatile flow scenarios by varying the oscillation frequency (0≤f≤1Hz), the oscillation flow waveform, and the steady flow rate (Qsteady=0.1or0.01mL/min). These experimental studies indicate that a high frequency (1 Hz, amplitude = 5 mm), fast-forward oscillation waveform superimposed onto a fast steady flow (0.1mL/min) substantially reduces mean reopening pressures (31%) as a consequence of the modified flow field and the commensurate increase in surfactant transport and adsorption. This result suggests that imposing high frequency, low amplitude oscillations during airway reopening will help to diminish ventilator-induced lung injury.
State Estimation in Distributed Parameter Systems via Least Squares and Invariant Embedding

The estimation of states in noisy dynamical systems is a problem whose solution is of significant importance in various scientific disciplines. Algorithms for filtering, smoothing and prediction estimates of lumped parameter system states have been derived by Kalman and Bucy [5], Bryson and Frazier [l], Cox [3], and Detchmendy and Sridhar [4]. The techniques utilized for generating these algorithms include orthogonal projection theory [5], maximum likelihood estimate [3], and the classical least squares error criterion combined with an invariant embedding technique [4]. The class of problems considered in these investigations were dynamical systems described by ordinary differential equations with additive disturbances. Also, statistical assumptions concerning the characteristics of the input disturbances were an integral part of the algorithm derivations in most cases. Many dynamical systems are distributed in space as well as time and are defined as distributed parameter systems. A general class of such systems are those defined by partial differential equations. Estimation algorithms for partial differential systems have been generated by Tzafestas and Nightingale [ll], Thau [lo], and Seinfeld [9]. Seinfeld [9] utilized the least squares estimation criterion and an approximation to the minimum value of the error criterion to generate an approximation to the optimal estimate for nonlinear partial differential equation systems.
Advanced constructional play with LEGOs among preschoolers as a predictor of later school achievement in mathematics

The research question asked was “Will those children ages three and four who have intensive play experiences in play‐based preschools and who can perform at high levels of LEGO building as constructional play also show high levels of mathematical achievement later in formal school settings?”. Thus, this study attempts to establish a correlation between the levels of LEGO play performance of young children and their later school (elementary, middle, and high school) achievement in mathematics. The predictor variables of levels of LEGO play, while controlling for IQ, and gender, were measured in Fall 1982 by testing a group of 3‐year‐old and 4‐year‐old preschoolers (n = 47), and later, longitudinal effects were examined after these same participants had completed high school (n = 37). The dependent or outcome variables obtained from the participants' school cumulative records included: (1) results from the California Achievement Test, (2) the grades in mathematics courses, and (3) higher mathematics courses...
Further evidence for anomalous size scaling of respiration in phytoplankton

Respiration per unit mass decreases as organism size increases among metazoans and heterotrophic unicells. The rate of decrease is described by a power function of organism mass; the exponent of the power function is 0.75 (Three-fourths Rule). Previously unanalyzed respiration rates for 11 species of phytoplankton ranging in size over four orders of magnitude show a size-scaling exponent of 1.13 (SE, ±0.15), which is statistically different from 0.75. This result confirms the result of an earlier study of eight phytoplankton species indicating that size scaling of respiration is absent or minimal in phytoplankton, in contrast to the pattern of heterotrophic unicells. The size-related range of respiration rates per unit mass across the full size spectrum of phytoplankton would be approximately 18–fold if respiration were scaled according to the Three-fourths Rule. If respiration does not scale with size or scales minimally with size, as suggested by present evidence, the size-related range of rates will be much smaller or negligible. The apparent anomaly of size scaling for phytoplankton respiration is potentially of great ecological and adaptive significance in unicellular algae.
Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity during the Physarum mitotic cycle

Abstract Ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17), the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine synthesis, appears in two physically and kinetically distinct states in Physarum polycephalum. In this study, the interconversion between these alternate enzyme forms, which may be functional in the control of polyamine synthesis, was examined throughout the naturally synchronous mitotic cycle of the multinucleate plasmodia of this myxomycete. By assaying plasmodial samples in selected concent-rations of the coenzyme, pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP), it was possible to detail the variations in each of these forms, as well as the pattern of increase in total assayable enzyme, through this cycle. These data suggest that ornithine decarboxylase enzyme synthesis is limited to a short period in early to mid S phase, whereas the state of activity of existing enzyme, which is regulated by a post-translational modification, varies in a more complex pattern. Variations in the active form of this enzyme are found to correlate closely with reported cell cycle changes in cGMP.
Characterization of nucleoside adducts of cis-2-butene-1,4-dial, a reactive metabolite of furan.

Furan is a hepatic toxicant and carcinogen in rodents. Its microsomal metabolite, cis-2-butene-1,4-dial, is mutagenic in the Ames assay. Consistent with this observation, cis-2-butene-1,4-dial reacts with 2‘-deoxycytidine, 2‘-deoxyguanosine, and 2‘-deoxyadenosine to form diastereomeric adducts. HPLC analysis indicated that the rate of reaction with deoxyribonucleosides was dependent on pH. At pH 6.5, the relative reactivity was 2‘-deoxycytidine > 2‘-deoxyguanosine > 2‘-deoxyadenosine whereas it was 2‘-deoxyguanosine > 2‘-deoxycytidine > 2‘-deoxyadenosine at pH 8.0. Thymidine did not react with cis-2-butene-1,4-dial. The primary 2‘-deoxyguanosine and 2‘-deoxyadenosine reaction products were unstable and decomposed to secondary products. NMR and mass spectral analysis indicated that the initial 2‘-deoxyadenosine and 2‘-deoxyguanosine reaction products were hemiacetal forms of 3-(2‘-deoxy-β-d-erthyropentafuranosyl)-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-6-hydroxy-7-(ethane-2‘ ‘-al)-9H-imidazo[1,2-α]purine-9-one (structure 2) an...
Surface core-level shifts for Ge(100)−(2 × 1)

Abstract Using surface-sensitive photoemission techniques, Ge 3d core-level binding energies for surface atoms of Ge(100)−(2 × 1) are found to be smaller than the bulk values by 0.41 eV. The surface atoms with shifted core-level binding energies correspond to one full (100) atomic layer. A surface core-exciton resonance is observed in the partial-yield measurements. The empty surface state involved in this excitonic transition, without binding-energy correction, is located at the valence-band maximum.
Zircon (U–Th)/He thermochronometry in the KTB drill hole, Germany, and its implications for bulk He diffusion kinetics in zircon

This study presents new down-hole zircon (U–Th)/He (ZrHe) ages, laboratory He diffusion measurements, and numerical thermal modeling of ZrHe ages from the Continental Deep Drilling Project (KTB) in Germany to investigate He diffusion kinetics in zircon in nature over geologic timescales and to test to applicability of laboratory-derived He diffusion kinetics. Single-grain laser (U–Th)/He ages, calculated using standard alpha-ejection correction procedures assuming homogenous parent-nuclide distribution, display a systematic decrease in ZrHe ages from ∼ 112 to < 1 Ma with increasing depth. Down-hole ZrHe results display consistent ages of ∼ 85 ± 15 Ma down to ∼ 4.7 km, in agreement with rapid Cretaceous cooling documented by previous thermochronometric studies from the KTB drill hole. Below ∼ 5 km, ZrHe ages systematically decrease in age and are completely reset (< 1 Ma) below ∼ 7.2 km. The temperature range (∼ 130–200 °C) in which ZrHe ages systematically decrease defines a well-behaved zircon helium partial retention zone (HePRZ). In addition, this study presents new, cycled step-heating experiments on zircon samples from the KTB drill hole. Results from these new KTB zircon diffusion experiments indicate an activation energy (Ea) of 160 kJ/mol and a frequency factory (Do) of 0.03 cm2 s−1 with an estimated closure temperature (Tc) of 181 °C, which are in excellent agreement with published He diffusion kinetics for zircon. To compare the ZrHe results and bulk diffusion kinetics, we modeled diffusion parameters using the well-established thermal history of the KTB drill hole. The computed zircon HePRZ for the KTB drill hole is consistent with observed down-hole ZrHe ages and published and KTB-specific laboratory-derived He diffusion kinetics. Our results from ZrHe analysis from the KTB drill hole suggest that He diffusion of zircon in nature may not be controlled by anisotropic diffusion behavior, but rather behaves in accordance with laboratory-derived diffusion kinetics. The observed ZrHe ages from the KTB drill hole are in excellent agreement with predicted ZrHe age data and underscore the validity and applicability of ZrHe dating as a reliable thermochronometer.
Ureteral endometriosis and coexistent urethral leiomyoma in a postmenopausal woman

We report the case of a postmenopausal woman with a synchronous obstructing intrinsic endometrioma of the left ureter and a coexistent periurethral leiomyoma. Endometriosis in postmenopausal women is a rare clinical entity usually associated with exogenous estrogen use. Urethral leiomyomas are also rare, with only 40 cases reported in the literature. Ovarian hormones are believed to influence the growth of leiomyomas. We report the genitourinary presentation of 2 separate disease entities with known hormonal influence in a postmenopausal woman receiving estrogen replacement therapy. We believe the patient's hormonal milieu affected the development of her concurrent pathology.
Casing Casemethod Methods

In this article the authors acknowledge the wide variety of case method approaches to conducting research as well as the numerous ways the technique is used as a teaching tool. They attempt to open up a dialogue between academics and discuss the various uses of the case method in order to establish a wider variety of educational techniques in management education. They authors relate their experience of sitting in on several classes where the teacher made use of the case method and discuss the differences and similarities they noticed. They discuss several of the different instructor styles they viewed such as the facilitator instructor, the coach instructor, the quarterback instructor and the demonstrator instructor.
Population Turnover in the English West Indies in the Late Seventeenth Century: A Comparative Perspective

The author presents estimates "of the geographic persistence of estate owners and managers in Barbados during 1673-1723....Estimated rates of out-migration from Barbados were low during the 1670s comparable in magnitude to those found in colonial New England towns but the rates rose considerably during the following decades. The initially low rates of out-migration might have been the result of the great profitability of sugar planting in early Barbados while the subsequent increase might have been due to the development of methods of plantation management that allowed estate owners to earn profits as absentees." A comment by Peter H. Lindert (pp. 237-9) is also included. (EXCERPT)
The other kin: Setting the course for research, policy, and practice with siblings in foster care

Abstract The preservation and maintenance of sibling relationships in child welfare settings have begun to come to the forefront of practice and policy considerations. While past research on families coming into contact with the child protective services system has largely focused on the parent–child relationship, an emerging body of literature indicates that the relationship between brothers and sisters cannot be ignored. This paper highlights recent and historical trends in the literature on siblings in foster care, reviews some of the legal issues surrounding conjoint sibling placement, proposes a constitutionally protected right of association among siblings in out-of-home care, and explores the multiple and complex methodological challenges facing researchers in this area.
The control networks of Mimas and Enceladus

A bundle-type analytical triangulation program is employed to compute control networks for Mimas, whose network encircles the satellite with 110 points measured on 32 Voyager 1 pictures, and Enceladus, whose network does not completely encircle the satellite and contains 71 points measured on 22 Voyager 2 pictures. Many of the control points are identified on illustrations and by name, and their coordinates are presented in tabular form. The analytical triangulation program was used to solve for the mean radii and three principal axes of best-fit ellipsoids. The mean radius of Mimas is 197 + or - 3 km, while that of Enceladus is 251 + or - 5 km.
Optimal Maintenance and Sale Age for a Machine Subject to Failure

A problem of optimal machine maintenance policy is studied. The value of the machine's output is independent of age, but the natural probability of machine failure increases with age. Preventive maintenance can be applied to reduce the probability of machine failure but a failed machine can only be junked. The machine may be sold at any time providing it is still effective. The problem is to select an optimal preventive maintenance policy for the period of ownership and a planned sale date at which the machine will be sold providing it has not yet failed. The optimal policy calls for a continuous nonincreasing maintenance rate, although not necessarily a decreasing rate of maintenance expenditure. The necessary condition for machine age at sale is critical in the determination of optimal maintenance policy. The necessary conditions for an optimal maintenance policy are shown to be sufficient as well. The novelty of the approach lies in the explicit distinction between the machine's “natural” failure rate and the actual failure rate resulting from selection of preventive maintenance policy.
Russia's Economic Transformation under Putin

A prominent specialist on the Russian economy presents a systematic account and analysis of Russia's economic transformation under President Vladimir Putin. The study covers the period from the financial crash of August 1998 through the years of spectacular growth leading to August 2004. The discussion encompasses the financial stabilization in the aftermath of the crash, the work of Putin's first economic team, the tax reform, tightened budgetary control, deregulation, land and judicial reforms, trade policies, the economic agenda for Putin's second term, and prospects for further economic reform. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: E60, E63, F13, H20, H60, P21. 1 figure, 2 tables, 57 references.
Crystalline Quality and Surface Morphology of 3C-SiC Films on Si Evaluated by Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging

Electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) has been utilized to evaluate the surface morphology and crystalline quality of 3C-SiC films grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on (100) and (111) Si substrates. ECCI in this study was performed using an electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) system equipped with forescatter diode detectors and mounted inside a commercial scanning electron microscope (SEM). This nondestructive method permits direct dislocation imaging through local fluctuations in forescattered electron yield attributable to lattice strain. Coordinated ECCI, SEM, and EBSD analysis of film surfaces allowed correlations between film orientation, surface morphology, and dislocation behavior. Evidence of lateral dislocations parallel to directions and atomic step pinning by dislocations was observed.
The Human Herpesvirus-7 (HHV-7) U21 Immunoevasin Subverts NK-Mediated Cytoxicity through Modulation of MICA and MICB

Herpesviruses have evolved numerous immune evasion strategies to facilitate establishment of lifelong persistent infections. Many herpesviruses encode gene products devoted to preventing viral antigen presentation as a means of escaping detection by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The human herpesvirus-7 (HHV-7) U21 gene product, for example, is an immunoevasin that binds to class I major histocompatibility complex molecules and redirects them to the lysosomal compartment. Virus infection can also induce the upregulation of surface ligands that activate NK cells. Accordingly, the herpesviruses have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms to prevent NK cell engagement of NK-activating ligands on virus-infected cells. Here we demonstrate that the HHV-7 U21 gene product interferes with NK recognition. U21 can bind to the NK activating ligand ULBP1 and reroute it to the lysosomal compartment. In addition, U21 downregulates the surface expression of the NK activating ligands MICA and MICB, resulting in a reduction in NK-mediated cytotoxicity. These results suggest that this single viral protein may interfere both with CTL-mediated recognition through the downregulation of class I MHC molecules as well as NK-mediated recognition through downregulation of NK activating ligands.
Parametric Variability Affecting 45 nm SOI SRAM Single Event Upset Cross-Sections

SEU simulation analyses of a commercial 45 nm CMOS SOI SRAM cell compared to test data highlight the need to better understand and account for variation in inter-cell hardness, and uncertainty in energy deposition in small sensitive volumes. Simulations indicate that operating voltage and body resistance have the largest impact on simulated cell hardness.
Bivalve network reveals latitudinal selectivity gradient at the end-Cretaceous mass extinction

Biogeographic patterns of survival help constrain the causal factors responsible for mass extinction. To test whether biogeography influenced end-Cretaceous (K-Pg) extinction patterns, we used a network approach to delimit biogeographic units (BUs) above the species level in a global Maastrichtian database of 329 bivalve genera. Geographic range is thought to buffer taxa from extinction, but the number of BUs a taxon occurred in superseded geographic range as an extinction predictor. Geographically, we found a latitudinal selectivity gradient for geographic range in the K-Pg, such that higher latitude BUs had lower extinction than expected given the geographic ranges of the genera, implying that (i) high latitude BUs were more resistant to extinction, (ii) the intensity of the K-Pg kill mechanism declined with distance from the tropics, or (iii) both. Our results highlight the importance of macroecological structure in constraining causal mechanisms of extinction and estimating extinction risk of taxa.
The Value Relevance of Nonfinancial Measures of Air Pollution in the Electric Utility Industry

This study examines the relation between the market value of equity and nonfinancial pollution measures (sulfur dioxide emissions) that capture firms' exposure to future environmental liabilities. ...
High contrast signal in a coherent population trapping based atomic frequency standard application

A polarization-selective method is developed for detecting a coherent-population-trapping (CPT) resonance signal in a vapor cell. The method uses a single laser beam with frequency modulation to induce CPT resonance and to control the AC Stark shift. The method provides a CPT resonance signal with a high contrast of 22%. Using this method, a CPT-based rubidium vapor cell frequency standard demonstrates a measured short-term stability of 1.4/spl times/10/sup -12//spl tau//sup - 1/2 /.
A Brief Alternative for Identifying Alcohol Use Disorders

This study sought to evaluate the clinical utility of a brief assessment interview in accurately classifying inmates manifesting an alcohol use disorder (AUD) based on a structured diagnostic assessment interview. Data were derived from routine clinical assessments of 7,672 inmates (89.6% male) incarcerated in the Minnesota Department of Corrections state prison system. An automated version of the Substance Use Disorder Diagnostic Schedule-IV (SUDDS-IV), which included a subset of the items comprising the Triage Assessment for Addictive Disorders (TAAD), was administered to all inmates from 2000 to 2003. Approximately 99% of the DSM-IV dependence and no diagnosis cases were appropriately classified by the TAAD. Although the TAAD identified nearly all cases with any diagnosis, 20%-24% of cases classified as abuse by the TAAD were found to be dependent by the longer instrument. Similar findings were noted when DSM-5 criteria were applied. The TAAD has the potential to provide a more clinically defensible means of identifying AUDs than brief screens when time constraints may preclude a comprehensive assessment. Limitations and implications for routine clinical practice are discussed.
The representation of planning strategies

An analysis of strategies, recognizable abstract patterns of planned behavior, highlights the difference between the assumptions that people make about their own planning processes and the representational commitments made in current automated planning systems. This article describes a project to collect and represent strategies on a large scale to identify the representational components of our commonsense understanding of intentional action. Three hundred and seventy-two strategies were collected from ten different planning domains. Each was represented in a pre-formal manner designed to reveal the assumptions that these strategies make concerning the human planning process. The contents of these representations, consisting of nearly one thousand unique concepts, were then collected and organized into forty-eight groups that outline the representational requirements of strategic planning systems.
Total assignment of the 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectra of dinaphtho[1,2‐b:1′,2′‐d]thiophene through the concerted use of two‐dimensional NMR techniques

The 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of dinaphtho[1,2-b:1′2′-d]thiophene (1), a sulfur-containing polynuclear heteroaromatic, have been totally assigned using a combination of two-dimensional NMR techniques. Techniques applied were standard proton-proton COSY, proton zero-quantum coherence (ZQCOSY, optimized to 7 Hz and to 1.75 Hz), proton double quantum coherence (DQCOSY, optimized to 7 Hz), broad-band decoupled (both dimensions) proton-carbon chemical shift correlation, long-range proton-carbon chemical shift correlation, and proton-carbon heteronuclear relayed coherence transfer. A comparison of these methods on 1 showed the most useful information concerning connectivities to be obtained from the zero-quantum coherence and long-range heteronuclear correlation experiments. A detailed critique of each type of experiment is given in the context of applications to polynuclear aromatics.