cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detergents for Extraction, Purification, and Reconstitution of G Protein-Coupled Membrane Receptors

G protein-coupled membrane receptors (GPCR) are, perhaps, the most important signaling molecules for the transfer of external signals to the cell interior. The rhodopsin-like receptors are the largest class of GPCR. They are integral membrane proteins with seven transmembrane helices, including not only receptors for vision, but also receptors for neurotransmitters, chemokines, neuropeptides, cannabinoids, lysolipids, prostaglandins, histamines, and odorants, just to mention a few. A still rather limited number of rhodopsin-like GPCR have been successfully overexpressed in various expression systems, solubilized with the help of detergents, purified in quantities up to milligrams, and reconstituted into lipid bilayers for functional and structural studies. Every one of those steps requires the use of detergents. Detergents are also used for crystallization of GPCR, although this will not be subject of my presentation. All GPCR are known to be highly vulnerable to denaturation while solubilized with detergents. The successful laboratories have spent years optimizing experimental conditions to increase yield of purified GPCR. A significant fraction of this process is identifying proper detergents for work with a particular GPCR. Most of this expertise was gained by trial and error. By now, patterns in the use of detergents have emerged that are applicable to more than one of the GPCR. In my talk, I will present experience gained with rhodopsin and the recombinant, type II cannabinoid receptor at my laboratory, but will also review literature on the use of detergents for other GPCR. I hope that my attempt of summarizing practical observations on GPCR and detergent use will stimulate discussions that eventually lead to a more purposeful selection of detergents in the future.
The Two-Way Street of Acculturation, Discrimination, and Latino Immigration Restrictionism

Existing research concludes that acculturation converges Latino immigration policy views with those of AngloAmericans. Yet, polls show few Latinos support restricting immigration. This article reconciles these statements with theory and evidence. I argue acculturation is part of a broader give-and-take process, the two-way street in which the contrast between expected and perceived treatment by the receiving community shapes whether or not Latino acculturation leads to restrictionism and “convergence” with Anglos. Regression analysis of survey data shows that perceived group discrimination, but not perceived individual discrimination or Latino within-group discrimination, moderates the link between acculturation and support for restrictive policy.
Strong dependence of ultracold chemical rates on electric dipole moments

We use the quantum threshold laws combined with a classical capture model to provide an analytical estimate of the chemical quenching cross sections and rate coefficients of two colliding particles at ultralow temperatures. We apply this quantum threshold model (QT model) to indistinguishable fermionic polar molecules in an electric field. At ultracold temperatures and in weak electric fields, the cross sections and rate coefficients depend only weakly on the electric dipole moment $d$ induced by the electric field. In stronger electric fields, the quenching processes scale as ${d}^{4(L+\frac{1}{2})}$ where $Lg0$ is the orbital angular-momentum quantum number between the two colliding particles. For $p$-wave collisions ($L=1$) of indistinguishable fermionic polar molecules at ultracold temperatures, the quenching rate thus scales as ${d}^{6}$. We also apply this model to pure two-dimensional collisions and find that chemical rates vanish as ${d}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ for ultracold indistinguishable fermions. This model provides a quick and intuitive way to estimate chemical rate coefficients of reactions occuring with high probability.
Bacterial dna sequences in prostate tissue from patients with prostate cancer and chronic prostatitis.

Purpose: Although bacterial genetic material has been detected in prostate tissue from patients with various disorders, the prevalence of these organisms is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that bacterial detection rates differ between patients with prostate cancer and those with the chronic prostatitis/pelvic pain syndrome.Materials and Methods: Sterile prostate biopsies were obtained during radical retropubic prostatectomy from 107 patients with prostate cancer and using a perineal approach from 170 with the chronic prostatitis/pelvic pain syndrome. Numerous controls were also evaluated. Bacterial ribosomal encoding DNA (165 rDNA) sequences were detected using a polymerase chain reaction assay. Selected positives were cloned, sequenced and compared with DNA databases.Results: Bacterial DNA sequences were detected in 21 (19.6%) of 107 patients with prostate cancer compared to 79 (46.4%) of 170 with chronic prostatitis (p <0.0001). These bacteria included urogenital pathogens, other described microorgani...
A study of some rhodium(II) acetate adducts

Abstract Several rhodium(II) acetate adducts have been prepared and their spectral and thermal properties investigated. The ligands used to form the adducts were water, diethylsulfide, dimethylsulfoxide, pyridine, triethylarsine, ammonia, and the ethyl and methyl amines. The spectral transitions of the adducts in the visible region were dependent on the nature of the ligand forming the adduct. The thermal properties of the adducts were studied using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry.
Membrane potentials of human fibroblast strains in culture

With a simple technique, the membrane electro-physiology of mammalian fibroblasts in tissue culture can be explored with micro-electrodes. Measured in complete, serum-containing medium, the mean membrane potential for human diploid cell strains in between 70 and 75 millivolts.
Flap lift and repair of postoperative laser in situ keratomileusis complications at the slitlamp

We describe a technique to treat flap complications after laser in situ keratomileusis while seated at the slitlamp biomicroscope. After topical anesthesia is applied to the cornea, a blunt corneal spatula is used to reflect the flap only to the extent necessary for epithelial debridement. A corneal rake or spatula is then used to remove retained epithelial cells from the stromal bed and underside of the flap. The epithelium is then debrided 1.0 mm to 2.0 mm outside the flap gutter. The increased depth perception with a slit beam greatly improves visualization and identification of the presence of residual epithelial cells or leftover debris after scraping. The slit beam also aids in proper repositioning of the flap after the procedure. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
A theoretical framework for texture parameterization

Zhu, S. C., Wu, Y. & Mumford, D. (1998). Filters, random fields and maximum entropy (FRAME): Towards a unified theory for texture modeling. International Journal of Computer Vision 27, 107-126 REFERENCES EXTREME TEXTURES There are 16 extremes of the binary 2x2 block probabilities that allow for maximum-entropy extension. The textures that have zero second-order correlation (purple background) are extreme examples of the textures shown above. Textures with nonzero second-order correlations can be grouped into isodipole families (each background color), within which local second-order statistics are identical. Within each of these families, discrimination is strong.
Induction of intestinal rotavirus-specific antibodies in respiratory, but not gut, lymphoid tissues following mucosal immunization of mice with inactivated rotavirus.

Intranasal (i.n.), but not oral, immunization of mice with inactivated rotavirus induces protection against challenge. To understand the mechanisms by which i.n. immunization with inactivated rotavirus evokes protective immunity, we examined the site of rotavirus-specific B cell activation and the origins of intestinal IgA-secreting B cells following i.n. inoculation of mice with inactivated rhesus rotavirus. We found that (1) i.n., but not oral, inoculation induced partial protection after challenge; (2) i.n., but not oral, inoculation induced production of rotavirus-specific IgM, IgA, and IgG by intestinal lymphoid tissues; and (3) after i.n. inoculation, nasal-associated lymphoid tissues (NALT) and bronchial lymph nodes (BLN) were the sites of initial production of rotavirus-specific antibodies. These studies indicate that after inoculation with inactivated rotavirus, virus-specific effector B cells may be more easily activated in respiratory, compared to intestinal, lymphoid tissues. Additional studies are needed to determine if these observations are due to fundamental differences in the microenvironment of NALT and BLN compared to Peyer's patches or are a function of the anatomic differences between the respiratory and the gastrointestinal tracts.
Adipostatins A–D from Streptomyces sp. 4875 inhibiting Brugia malayi asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase and killing adult Brugia malayi parasites

Adipostatins A–D from Streptomyces sp. 4875 inhibiting Brugia malayi asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase and killing adult Brugia malayi parasites
Quantifying the dispersion of discrete inclusions in composites using continuum theory

Abstract A novel and robust method for quantifying the quality of dispersion of discrete inclusions in a composite was recently introduced. The method quantifies dispersion based on the minimum amount of work required to move the inclusions such that they are in a fully uniform state. As the new dispersion quantification method is founded on a physical thermodynamic framework, it is distinct from previously developed methods that have strictly a mathematical and statistical basis. However, implementation of the new method is computationally expensive for domains consisting of many inclusions. In this paper, the novel dispersion quantification method is recast in terms of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics in order to make use of diffusion models, which makes possible the quantification of dispersion considering domains with many inclusions. To demonstrate the practicality of the new approach, the dispersion of carbon nanofibers in an aqueous solution is analyzed.
Longitudinal Effects of Communication Training on Caregivers of Persons with Alzheimer's Disease

Nineteen caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD) who participated in a training program designed to improve their communication skills with their family members were compared to a control group (n = 18) on seven questionnaires at entry, post-training, six months, and 12 months. These self-reports measured affect (positive and negative), depression, health, general hassles, communication hassles, and knowledge of AD. Effects of training on these measures were examined over time. The training group showed decreased communication hassles and increased knowledge of AD. No significant changes were found for the control group. Overall the training group showed less negative affect. However, when socioeconomic status was used as a covariate, this difference was no longer significant.
Sex dependence of aldosterone response in rats.

Abstract The dose/response relationship of aldosterone as measured by the urinary Na + K + ratio was significantly different in male and female adrenalectomized rats: the males showing a greater physiologic response to aldosterone than females. This sex dependence also existed when the components of the physiologic response, antinatriuresis and kaliuresis, were determined individually. The correlation is made between the higher physiologic response to aldosterone and the greater metabolism of aldosterone in male rats.
Spectral extinction coefficients of soot aggregates from turbulent diffusion flames

The spectral extinction coefficients of soot aggregates were studied in the fuel-lean (overfire) region of buoyant turbulent diffusion flames. Extinction measurements were carried out in the wavelength region of 0.2-5.2 μm for flames fueled with acetylene, propylene, ethylene, and propane, burning in air. The present measurements were combined with earlier measurements of soot morphology and light scattering at 0.514 μm in order to evaluate the spectral soot refractive indices reported by Dalzell and Sarofim (1969), Let and Tien (1981), and Chang and Charalampopoulos (1990). The specific extinction coefficients and emissivities were predicted based on Rayleigh-Debye-Gans theory for polydisperse fractal aggregates, which has been recently found to be the best approximation to treat optical cross sections of soot aggregates. The results indicated that available refractive indices of soot do not predict the spectral trends of present measurements in the ultraviolet and infrared regions. Soot complex refractive index was inferred to be m = 1.54 + 0.48i at 0.514 μm, which is surprisingly in best agreement with the values reported by Dalzell and Sarofim (1969). Additionally, specific extinction coefficients of soot aggregates varied with wavelength as λ -0.83 from the visible to the infrared. Finally, soot refractive indices were found to be relatively independent of fuel type for the visible and infrared spectral regions over the H/C ratio range of 0.08-0.22.
Effective antiplatelet therapy does not prolong transgenic pig to baboon cardiac xenograft survival

: Background: Microvascular thrombosis is a prominent characteristic of delayed xenograft rejection, therefore the effects of antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel on long-term cardiac xenograft function was investigated in a heterotopic pig-to-baboon cardiac transplant model. Methods: Donor hearts from human CD46 transgenic pigs were transplanted heterotopically to baboons. The recipients received immunosuppression that included tacrolimus, sirolimus, corticosteroids, anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody and TPC, an α-galactosyl-polyethylene glycol conjugate. In group 1 (n = 9) in addition to immunosuppression, the recipients received combination therapy consisting of aspirin (80 mg/day) and clopidogrel (75 mg/day) beginning 2 days after transplant and continuing until cessation of graft function. Antiaggregatory efficacy was evaluated by platelet aggregation assay. In group 2 (n = 9) antiplatelet drugs were not given. Results: Functional assays confirmed inhibition of platelet aggregation in group 1 suggesting sufficient systemic effects of the treatment. However, anticoagulant therapy did not result in significant prolongation of xenograft function (group 1: median survival 22 days, range 15 to 30 days; group 2: median survival 15 days, range 4 to 53 days). Histologic analysis at rejection revealed no difference in the level of platelet containing thrombi between the groups. Conclusions: Inhibition of platelet aggregation by a combination of aspirin and clopidogrel did not have a significant impact on the length of xenograft survival or on the development of microvascular thrombosis in this pig-to-primate model.
Effects of wavelength range on the simultaneous quantitation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons with absorption spectra

Abstract The study described was designed to evaluate the use of carefully selected wavelength ranges to improve the accuracy of results when multiwavelength absorption data are used to quantity components in mixtures. Mixtures of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons were used as test samples. It is shown that in some cases narrow wavelength ranges can yield substantially improved results relative to broad wavelength ranges. Such improvement is most likely when the component of interest is present in low concentration relative toother components with similar absorptivities and when the component of interest has fine structure in a limited region of the spectrum. Results for components with fine structure throughout broad regions of the spectrum are not likely to be improved by selection of a narrow range that emphasizes just one of the regions of fine structure. However, careful selection of such a region seldom degrades results.
Distribution of gap junctions in dog and rat ventricle studied with a double-label technique

To assess the distribution of gap junctions in relation to the cardiac myocyte surface in paraffin sections of dog and rat ventricle, the sarcolemma was labeled with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA1) and gap junctions were labeled with antibodies to cardiac muscle gap junction protein connexin43. WGA labeled all of the myocyte sarcolemma, including that in intercalated discs and transverse tubules. Sarcolemmal WGA labeling was often interrupted at the sites of gap junctions, which were found both at the extreme ends of myocytes and along the length of adjacent myocytes. Small gap junctions predominated at plicate transverse portions of the intercalated disc; larger and sometimes ribbon-like gap junctions predominated at longitudinal portions. The longitudinal portions of the intercalated disc often extended over multiple sarcomere lengths, with ribbon-like gap junctions and linear arrays of smaller gap junctions arranged in parallel overlying successive sarcomeres. Morphometric study showed that ribbon-like gap junctions were relatively infrequent in both dog and rat left ventricular epimyocardium, and that animals with larger myocytes tended to have smaller gap junctions. In dog left ventricular epimyocardium, neither myocytes nor their larger gap junctions were randomly oriented with respect to perimysial separations; myocytes were usually somewhat flattened with their maximal diameters parallel to the separations, whereas large gap junctions were least often oriented parallel or perpendicular to the separations. Overall, the data indicate that myocyte geometry influences gap junction size and distribution; the double-label technique is ideally suited for the further exploration of that influence.
Pathological findings in a patient with Fabry disease who died after 2.5 years of enzyme replacement

We describe the postmortem findings of a 47-year-old man with Fabry disease, an X-linked glycolipid storage disorder, who was on enzyme replacement therapy with recombinant α-galactosidase A for more than 2 years. The patient had widespread atherosclerotic coronary artery disease that culminated in a massive acute myocardial infarction. Atherosclerotic lesions were seen in the right and left coronary systems, aorta, and the basilar artery. Typical Fabry cardiomyopathy and glomerular nephropathy were found. With the exception of vascular endothelial cells, extensive glycolipid storage deposits were seen in all vascular and nonvascular cells and organ systems. We conclude that, at least in this patient, repeated infusions with α-galactosidase A over a prolonged period did not appreciably clear storage material in cells other than vascular endothelial cells. These findings also illustrate accelerated atherosclerosis in susceptible patients with Fabry disease.
A visible transparent electroluminescent europium doped gallium oxide device

Abstract Beta phase gallium oxide thin ﬁlms deposited by pulsed laser deposition are efﬁcient hosts for rare earth metals such as europium. In thisstudy europium doped gallium oxide deposited on glass substrates is used to make red (611nm) electroluminescent devices that are transparentto the visible spectrum. The conducting electrodes used are indium tin oxide (ITO), and a novel indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) layer alsodeposited by pulsed laser deposition. The origin of the red emission is the 5 D 0 to 7 F 2 transition and is consistent with photoluminescence andcathodoluminescence results. The turn on voltage of the device is about 45V ac, and the device appears to be robust, operating at elevated voltageswithout degradation.© 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Electroluminescence; Gallium oxide; Europium; Phosphor 1. Introduction There is a long history of the investigation of phosphormaterials with applications ranging from ﬂuorescent lighting,to cathode ray tubes, to electroluminescent devices for displayapplications [1]. Typically for electroluminescent based devicessulﬁde based phosphors such as ZnS:Mn are widely used due totheir high efﬁciency. However in comparison with oxide basedphosphors, sulﬁde based materials have poor chemical stabilitywithregardtomoistureandobtainingefﬁcientredemissionfromsulﬁdebasedmaterialshasbeendifﬁcult[2].Thepoorefﬁciencyof oxide based materials has been attributed to low hot electroncurrent densities but Xiao et al. [3] has pointed out that in oxidematerials with an open tunnel crystal structure such as galliumoxide the electron transport is promoted resulting in higher hotelectron current densities such that efﬁcient optical emissioncan be obtained. In the past few years there has been increasinginterest in the use of wide band gap oxides such gallium oxideas a host material for rare earth dopants [4–6]. Initial demon-strations of electroluminescent based devices using Eu:Ga
Validity of self-designated therapeutic orientation.

Summa~y.-Comparison of self-designation and scale designation for therapeutic orientation supports the validity of self-designation for psychoanalytic and behavior therapists. The validity is more limited for other broadly defined orientations, such as humanistic. The present paper is a methodological note regarding the manner of selecting therapists to reflect accurately their therapeutic orientation. In a previous smdy of the relation between therapeutic orientation and personality factors, therapists were divided into three distinct groups of behavioral, psychodynamic, and humanistic based on self-designation (Tremblay, Herron, & Schultz, 1986). While an exclusive choice was required to be included in one of these groups to ensure the belief on the therapists' part rhat they indeed belonged in the group of their choice, the specifics of the orientations were not explored. In a more recent study of the relationship between therapists' orientation and defensive styles, the Therapist Orientation Questionnaire (Sundland & Barker, 1962) was used to provide a more detailed description of orientation (Ginot, Herron, & Sitkowski, 1986). Subjects were also asked to self-designate their orientation as psychoanalytic, humanistic, or behavioral. The scores on the Therapist Orientalion Questionnaire and the subjective categorization were subsequently compared. A cluster analysis of the therapists' scores on the 11 facrors of the Therapist Orientation Questionnaire resulted in three clusters. From the total sample of 169, 45 were in the first cluster, containing the factors of Social Adjustment, Interruptive-Active, No Innate Drive toward Health, Secure Therapist, and Learning Process. This cluster suggesred a behavioral orientation. The second cluster, indicative of a humanistic approach, had 55 therapists and the factors of Expressive Techniques, Feeling Awareness, Personal Involvement, and Therapist's Personality Crucial. The third cluster had the factors of Psychoanalytic and Against Marathons and Physical Contact, with 69 therapists, and was designated Psychoanalytic. A significant association (x4: = 103.08, p < .001) was found between the clusters and the self-labeled orientations. Of the 94 therapists designating themselves as Psychoanalytic 61 were in the Psychoanalytic cluster, with 25 of the 40 therapists describing themselves as Humanistic appearing in the Humanistic cluster, and 28 of the 35 self-designated Behavior therapists in the Behavioral cluster.
Blinking of Quantum Dot Probes in Single Membrane Molecule Rotation Measurements

Asymmetric quantum dots (QD) provide non-bleaching probes of the rotation of individual cell surface proteins. We have conducted imaging measurements of individual 2H3 cell Type I Fce receptor rotation on timescales down to 10 ms per frame. We have also used time-tagged single photon counting measurements of individual QD to examine μs timescales, though such rapid timescales are limited by QD emission rates. In both approaches we calculate the time-autocorrelation functions (TACF) for fluorescence polarization fluctuations. Decays of these fluctuations extend into the ms timescale, as implied by time-resolved phosphorescence anisotropy results. Effects of cell treatments such as receptor crosslinking suggest that this slow decay may be a property of the membrane itself, perhaps reflecting large-scale fluctuations of mesoscale membrane regions. However, depending on instrumental parameters used in data analysis, polarization fluctuation TACFs can contain a contribution from the intensity fluctuation TACF arising from QD blinking. Such QD blinking feed-through is extremely sensitive to these analysis parameters which effectively change slightly from one measurement to another. We discuss approaches based on the necessary statistical independence of polarization and intensity fluctuations to guarantee removal of a blinking-based component from rotation measurements. Supported by NSF grant MCB-1024668.
Gauss-Newton estimation of parameters for a spatial autoregression model

Abstract Estimation of (α, β)′ in the doubly geometric model Zij = αZi − 1, j + βZi, j − 1 − αβZi − 1, j − 1 + ɛ cases (i) α = 1,¦β¦
An improved snow hydrology for GCMs. Part 1: snow cover fraction, albedo, grain size, and age

A new, physically-based snow hydrology has been implemented into the NCAR CCM1. The snow albedo is based on snow depth, solar zenith angle, snow cover pollutants, cloudiness, and a new parameter, the snow grain size. Snow grain size in turn depends on temperature and snow age. An improved expression is used for fractional snow cover which relates it to surface roughness and to snow depth. Each component of the new snow hydrology was implemented separately and then combined to make a new control run integrated for ten seasonal cycles. With the new snow hydrology, springtime snow melt occurs more rapidly, leading to a more reasonable late spring and summer distribution of snow cover. Little impact is seen on winter snow cover, since the new hydrology affects snow melt directly, but snowfall only indirectly, if at all. The influence of the variable grain size appears more important when snow packs are relatively deep while variable fractional snow cover becomes increasingly important as the snow pack thins. Variable surface roughness affects the snow cover fraction directly, but shows little effect on the seasonal cycle of the snow line. As an applicaion of the new snow hydrology, we have rerun simulations involving Antarctic and Northern Hemisphere glaciation; these simulations were previously made with CCM1 and the old snow hydrology. Relatively little difference is seen for Antarctica, but a profound difference occurs for the Northern Hemisphere. In particular, ice sheets computed using net snow accumulations from the GCM are more numerous and larger in extent with the new snow hydrology. The new snow hydrology leads to a better simulation of the seasonal cycle of snow cover, however, our primary goal in implementing it into the GCM is to improve the predictive capabilities of the model. Since the snow hydrology is based on fundamental physical processes, and has well-defined parameters, it should enable model simulations of climatic change in which we have increased confidence.
Design of a High-g Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Structure

In 1997, Draper and MIT commenced a collaborative project with the objectives of reducing the risk, cost and time associated with obtaining reconnaissance data. The Wide Area Surveillance Projectile, or WASP, is a small autonomous flyer, which is launched contained in an artillery shell, and then deployed over the battlefield to capture images. The focus of this paper is the structural design of the WASP vehicle, and the manufacturing of components capable of surviving launch loads of 15,000g’s. All of these pieces need to be as light weight and durable as possible; therefore they are manufactured in advanced composite materials.
The Thermostatic Model of Responsiveness in the American States

Does the thermostatic model exist in the states? Using a unique data set on state spending preferences on education and welfare, I find evidence of dynamic policy representation and dynamic public responsiveness, but with important qualifications. As state support for spending on education or welfare increases, state expenditures increase, but only for states that are highly professional and, presumably, able to accurately gauge the preferences of residents. In other states, legislators are responding to national policy sentiment instead of specific state opinion. I find no evidence that initiative states are more responsive to state opinion. Empirical evidence for dynamic public responsiveness is more consistent across model specifications. As state expenditures on education or welfare increase, state preferences for additional spending decrease, even after controlling for federal expenditures. Finally, I find that policy representation and public responsiveness in the states are conditional on issue saliency. The results provide a more nuanced understanding about the degree of dynamic representation and responsiveness in the states and the thermostatic model more generally.
Uranium-series Disequilibria in Mid-ocean Ridge Basalts: Observations and Models of Basalt Genesis

Mid-ocean ridges account for more than 75% of the annual magmatic output of planet earth and are a critical piece of the plate tectonic model. Understanding the mantle melting process beneath ridges is essential for discerning basic physical and chemical processes of the earth. For instance, ridges play an intrinsic role in the geochemical flux balance for many elements on the earth and provide a tectonic framework for investigating the physical process of solid mantle flow. Ridges are also the simplest tectonic regime to study the mantle melting process because interactions with the lithosphere are thought to be minimal. Yet major questions remain about the rates and timescales of melt transport and solid mantle flow. Because uranium series (U-series) nuclides are sensitive to processes occurring at timescales similar to their half-lives (e.g., Allegre and Condomines 1976; McKenzie 1985), U-series disequilibria can provide constraint on the velocities of ascending melts and upwelling solid mantle as well as constraint on the depth of melting beneath mid-ocean ridges. This chapter begins with a brief introduction to the most important decay series nuclides for studying melting processes. Next, I discuss analytical issues involved with measuring U-series disequilibria in mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB), including sample preparation and instrumental techniques. I summarize the observations of U-series disequilibria in MORB to date and applications of U-series data to geochronology of MORB. Geochemical data bearing on the issue of secondary contamination are used to argue that the majority of U-series disequilibria observed in MORB reflect the melting process and do not reflect alteration processes. Given the observation of disequilibria, geochemical models for MORB genesis are described and assessed for their ability to realistically explain the disequilibria observations. Finally, I discuss the interpretations of the combined U-series models and observations and relate these to constraints on MORB genesis …
Measurement geometry strategies for super-resolution image reconstruction with multiple steerable sub-imagers

Using a set of low resolution images with sub-pixel shifts to reconstruct a high resolution less aliased image requires both interleaving of the image samples at the effectively higher sampling rate and deconvolution of the blur introduced by pixel sensor averaging. When measurement noise is low and knowledge of sub-pixel shift values is accurate, resolution improvement is limited primarily by the number of low resolution shifted images. However, at noise levels characteristic of typical image sensors, additional low resolution images are needed for noise reduction. If the relative shifts from a steerable array are not known precisely, estimating the shifts of the aliased images is required, and errors in shift positions may cause significant reconstruction errors. This paper considers the effects of both noise and position estimation errors when the temporal acquisition rate for the low resolution images is higher than the needed production rate of high resolution images so an over-determined image set can be used to reduce noise. In this context implications of measurement strategies on interpolation and restoration components of reconstruction are explored.
A high accuracy FDTD algorithm to solve microwave propagation and scattering problems on a coarse grid

If the spatial variation of electric permittivity and magnetic permeability is "small" Maxwell's equations can be approximated by the scalar wave equation in each field component. We introduce a new high-accuracy second order finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm to solve the scalar wave equation on a coarse grid with a solution error less than 10/sup -4/ that of the conventional one. The computational load at each grid point is greater, but it is more than offset by a large reduction in the number of grid points needed, as well as by a reduction in the number of iterations. Also boundaries can be more accurately characterized at the subgrid level. Although optimum performance is achieved at a fixed frequency, the accuracy is still much higher than that of a conventional FDTD algorithm over "moderate" bandwidths. >
Contemporary Primatology in Anthropology: Beyond the Epistemological Abyss

In this article, I articulate what I call an “informed primatology,” exploring how primatologists’ study populations and the sociocultural and political contexts in which we work have shaped research in anthropological primatology. One particularly salient context is the disciplinary context: that is, how primatology relates to and is informed by the broader discipline of anthropology. In a 1999 Annual Review of Anthropology piece titled “Whither Primatology?,” anthropologist Peter Rodman wrote “not only is there a lack of common interest, there is a wide epistemological abyss between sociocultural anthropology and primatology.” I aim here to demonstrate otherwise. To do so, I make three main arguments. First, I argue that primatology has actually embraced and benefitted from the humanist tradition of reflexivity, thereby demonstrating an epistemological affinity between primatology and sociocultural anthropology. Second, I demonstrate how the increasingly anthropogenic context in which primate populations live has resulted in two critical developments for anthropological primatology: an expanding theoretical landscape and a concern (one shared with sociocultural anthropology) with the human–environment interface. Last, I explore how applied primatology (e.g., primate conservation) can learn from recent scholarship on the anthropology of conservation.
THE MENTAL HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF TERRORISM : IMPLICATIONS FOR EMERGENCY MEDICINE PRACTITIONERS

Emergency physicians are likely to be first-line responders in any local or regional terrorist event. In addition to preparing for the potential physical conditions and injuries that are associated with terrorism, they should be aware of the behavioral and mental health implications as well. It is helpful to be familiar with the characteristics that predict who may be at increased risk for mental illness after such events and how they may be identified in an Emergency Department setting. Although most people in the general population with behavioral conditions stemming from a terrorist event can be expected to recover spontaneously within several months, other individuals are at increased risk of developing more debilitating mental health conditions that have been associated with post-terrorist and disaster environments. Screening tools are available to help emergency practitioners identify them and refer patients for more formal psychiatric evaluation and potential interventions to facilitate and speed the recovery process.
Base Rates of WAIS-R Qualitative Information for Persons 75 Years and Older:

Base rates of WAIS-R qualitative errors for normal persons 75 years and older were provided for Picture Arrangement, Block Design, and Digit Symbol subtests. A second sample of cognitively impaired elderly was used for comparison. Most errors were rare and occurred in less than 5% of the normal subjects. In contrast, some errors such as placing the Picture Arrangement cards vertically and skipping numbers on Digit Symbol were manifested relatively frequently. Although persons with cognitive dysfunction tended to commit more qualitative errors, only four errors occurred significantly more frequently for persons with brain dysfunction. Interpretation of qualitative errors for elderly persons must be done cautiously and they should not be considered pathognomonic of chronic, diffuse brain impairment.
Can I find what I'm looking for?

In recent years, search engine research has grown rapidly in areas such as algorithms, strategies and architecture, increasing both effectiveness and quality of results. However, a very important aspect that is often neglected is the user interface. In this work we analyzed the interfaces of several popular search tools from the user's point of view, and collected individual feedback in order to determine whether it is possible to improve interface design.
Developing engineering design software using hypercard

The Hypercard software, recently introduced for the Apple Macintosh computers, has attracted a lot of attention. The literature portrays it as a sophisticated information management system. Most applications written using this software are business oriented. This paper examines its potential as a tool for developing sophisticated engineering design applications. Basic concepts of Hypercard and its associated programming language, called HYPERTALK, are presented. Details are given for the development of a stack for design of axially loaded steel columns. Based on this experience, it is concluded that Hypercard offers an ideal environment for developing highly interactive design modules requiring relatively less “number crunching.” The overall development time is reduced dramatically.
Multimegawatt relativistic harmonic gyrotron traveling-wave tube amplifier experiments

The first multimegawatt (4 MW, /spl eta/=8%) harmonic (/spl omega/=s/spl Omega//sub c/, s=2,3) relativistic gyrotron traveling-wave tube (gyro-twt) amplifier experiment has been designed, built, and tested. Results from this experimental setup, including the first ever reported third-harmonic gyro-twt results, are presented. Operation frequency is 17.1 GHz. Detailed phase measurements are also presented. The electron beam source is SNOMAD-II, a solid-state nonlinear magnetic accelerator driver with nominal parameters of 400 kV and 350 A. The flat-top pulsewidth is 30 ns. The electron beam is focused using a Pierce geometry and then imparted with transverse momentum using a bifilar helical wiggler magnet. The imparted beam pitch is a /spl alpha//spl equiv//spl beta//sub /spl perp////spl beta//sub /spl par///spl ap/1. Experimental operation involving both a second-harmonic interaction with the TE/sub 21/ mode and a third-harmonic interaction with the TE/sub 31/ mode, both at 17 GHz, has been characterized. The third-harmonic interaction resulted in 4-MW output power and 50-dB single-pass gain, with an efficiency of up to /spl sim/8% (for 115-A beam current). The best measured phase stability of the TE/sub 31/ amplified pulse was /spl plusmn/10/spl deg/ over a 9-ns period. The phase stability was limited because the maximum RF power was attained when operating far from wiggler resonance. The second harmonic, TE/sub 21/ had a peak amplified power of 2 MW corresponding to 40 dB single-pass gain and 4% efficiency. The second-harmonic interaction showed stronger superradiant emission than the third-harmonic interaction. Characterizations of the second- and third-harmonic gyro-twt experiments presented here include measurement of far-field radiation patterns, gain and phase versus interaction length, phase stability, and output power versus input power.
Responses to a Picture-Object Sorting test by two Groups of Moderately Retarded Children

SummaryThis investigation evaluated 2 groups of mentally retarded institutionalized Ss on a picture-object sorting task. Ss included 60, mentally retarded institutionalized residents ranging in CA from 10.3–31.8; MA 4.0–7.2; and IQ 22–54. These two groups were matched on CA, MA, and IQ and paired on perceptual functioning on the basis of Gellner Classifications. 30 Ss were classified as Auditory Autonomic-major difficulties in abstraction and in word comprehension and 30 did not have this classification. 35 colored pictures illustrating a variety of situations were administered with 30 small toy objects to be sorted for each picture. 15 objects applied and 15 were not suitable. (1050 total objects sorted per S). Results showed that the Auditory Autonomic Ss performed less well on this type task. Implications in terms of concept formation and the Gellner theory were discussed.
Curvelet decomposition for detection of cylindrical targets.

Curvelets are a multiscale system with very high directional sensitivity. A new detection algorithm is herein described which operates on a curvelet decomposition of acoustic imagery. The algorithm detects the presence of cylindrical targets through a statistical mapping of curvelet coefficients. The coefficients are calculated as an inner product between image features and a curvelet basis element. The similarity in appearance between cylindrical targets and curvelet basis elements yield an accurate detection algorithm with a very low false alarm rate.
Sam splint for wrap and immobilization of snakebite.

Figure 1. Demonstrates the use of a single Sam splint in wrap and immobilization of a lower extremity. A, Left lower extremity. The 2 black marks on the dorsum of the foot indicate the fang marks and the site of envenomation. B, The lower extremity is wrapped to above the knee with a compression bandage. C, Using a single Sam splint, the splint is placed behind the leg. The foot is placed in a neutral position. The knee is placed in a comfortable position. D, A second wrap is applied external to the splint holding the splint firmly in place. E, Wrap and immobilization are complete. Figure 2. An alternate and perhaps more stable immobilization is achieved using 2 Sam splints. A, The first Sam splint is placed over the wrap on the medial side of the leg. It extends above the knee and wraps around the dorsum of the foot. B, A second Sam splint is applied on the lateral aspect and is also wrapped around the dorsum and up the medial aspect. C, An additional wrap is applied external to this, holding it in position and completing the wrap and immobilization. Wrap and immobilization as a lymphatic retardant (pressure-immobilization) was described and promoted by S. K. Sutherland for the management of Australian elapid snakebite.1–4 Its use has been expanded to most elapid bites with theoretical concern expressed for viperid bites and bites by those elapids with substantial proteolytic activity. The pressure component of the technique is readily achieved with numerous commercially available elasticized compression dressings such as Ace wrap (Medline Industries, Mundelein, IL) or Coban (3M, St Paul, MN). The immobilization portion is not always readily available. An IV board will serve the purpose, but as most bites occur on the lower extremities, a longer, thicker, often-unavailable leg board is required. An IV board is made of inexpensive materials, materials that deteriorate with sun, heat, and time. As most bites occur in the wilderness, one might think a stick would do, but it is difficult to find a straight stick of the right proportions, particularly in times of distress. The Sam splint (The Seaberg Company, Inc, Newport, OR) is a light, foam-covered strip of aluminum. It is designed as an extremity splint for skeletal injury. It is readily available in first-aid and wilderness medical kits. The 36-inch splint is probably the single most versatile of the Sam splints. The figures that follow demonstrate its potential for use in pressure-immobilization. Absent field experience, it appears to be an ideal material. Figure 1 demonstrates the use of a single Sam splint in the wrap and immobilization of a lower extremity. Figure 2 demonstrates the use of 2 Sam splints in the wrap and immobilization of a lower extremity.
Location Authentication Methods for Wireless Network Access Control

Location-based service provisioning is of great interests to wireless Internet service providers. However, the essential mechanism, location authentication, can easily become the target of network hackers for free-riding and attacks. We identify two aspects for improvements at the network providers to enforce location authentication for network access control location-based key distribution and run-time location verification, and propose solutions to enforce network access control based on location, which we refer to as LENA (Location-Enforced Network Access). First, we designed a location authentication and authorization protocol based on Diffie-Hellman algorithm, which securely authenticates the location claims of mobile wireless devices, and distributes shared keys for data encryption purpose. Secondly, we employ a mobility management protocol to guarantee that the mobile devices are physically at where they claim to be when they access the network. These two steps can separately enforce location based network access control, or be combined. LENA climinates the dependence on expensive hardware devices in order to localize the mobile devices, and solves a couple of possible attacks to the system. The computations, communication, and the memory requirement are evaluated and validated using simulations.
Change in level of physical activity and risk of all-cause mortality or reinfarction: The Corpus Christi Heart Project.

Background —The role of physical activity (PA) in reducing the risk of all-cause mortality or reinfarction after a first myocardial infarction (MI) remains unresolved, particularly for minority populations. The association between change in level of PA and risk of death or reinfarction was studied in 406 Mexican American and non-Hispanic white women and men who survived a first MI. Methods and Results —MI patients were interviewed at baseline and annually thereafter about PA, medical history, and risk factors of coronary heart disease. Change in level of PA after the index MI was categorized as (1) sedentary, no change (referent group), (2) decreased activity, (3) increased activity, and (4) active, no change. Over a 7-year period, the relative risk (95% CI) of death was as follows: 0.21 (0.10 to 0.44) for the active, no change group; 0.11 (0.03 to 0.46) for the increased activity group; and 0.49 (0.26 to 0.90) for the decreased activity group. The relative risk of reinfarction was as follows: 0.40 (0.24 to 0.66) for the active, no change group; 0.22 (0.09 to 0.50) for the increased activity group; and 0.93 (0.59 to 1.42) for the decreased activity group. Conclusions —These findings are consistent with a beneficial role of PA for Mexican American and non-Hispanic white women and men who survive a first MI and have practical implications for the management of MI survivors.
Constellation design for color-shift keying using billiards algorithms

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have the potential to replace traditional devices in a variety of lighting applications, offering the possibility of simultaneous modulation for communications. One modulation method, color-shift keying (CSK), has been recently proposed specifically for red/green/blue (RGB) LEDs. We examine the design of CSK signaling constellations for an additive white Gaussian noise channel, incorporating the common requirement that the RGB LED outputs a specific, possibly time-varying, perceived color. In particular, we equate this design problem to that of disk packing and employ modified billiards algorithms that rely on the “thermodynamic” settling of the disks to obtain constellation points with good minimum distance. Simulation results are presented that illustrate the design approach.