cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a latex agglutination test for the detection of Salmonella and Shigella spp. by using broth enrichment.

We evaluated the Bactigen Salmonella-Shigella Latex Agglutination Slide Test (Wampole Laboratories, Div. Carter-Wallace, Inc., Cranbury, N.J.) for detection of Salmonella and Shigella spp. in enrichment broth cultures (gram-negative broth incubated for 24 h) as part of the routine testing of stool samples. A total of 1,128 stool samples were screened by using this test. Of 29 samples culture positive for Salmonella spp., 25 were positive with the Salmonella test (sensitivity, 86.2%; specificity, 96.2%). Of four stool samples culture positive for Shigella spp., two were detected with the Shigella latex reagent. Overall, the Shigella test had a specificity of 99.2%. Testing of enrichment broth cultures after 24 h of incubation was more sensitive than was testing after 6 h of incubation. When used for direct culture identification, both reagents had a specificity of greater than 98.0%. We conclude that the Salmonella test may be useful as an enrichment broth screening test to detect Salmonella spp.; however, we cannot make any conclusions about the Shigella test because of the low number of culture-positive specimens in this study.
Assessment of arterial stiffness from pedal artery Korotkoff sound recordings: feasibility and potential utility

Brachial artery (BA) Korotkoff sound (KS) timing reflects arterial stiffness. We recorded pedal artery (PA) KS in 68 healthy subjects using an electronic stethoscope and electrocardiography. Intervals between QRS complex of the electrocardiogram and KS waveform peaks (termed the QKD interval) were measured for 60 seconds, averaged, and QKD velocity (v) calculated. Carotid-BA and carotid-PA pulse wave velocities (PWVs) were measured by applanation tonometry. Analyzable KS recordings were obtained from BA and PA in 100% and 92% subjects. PA QKDv decreased less than BA QKDv with progressive cuff inflation. At diastolic blood pressure + 20 mm Hg (maximal yield), BA QKDv was independently associated with weight and pulse pressure, whereas PA QKDv was related to weight and age. PA QKDv correlated with its corresponding PWV stronger than BA QKDv. In conclusion, PA KS is optimally recorded at diastolic blood pressure + 20 mm Hg; PA QKDv is correlated with age and better correlates with PWV than does BA QKDv. This technique may provide a simple arterial stiffness measure.
The role of the alkali metal in negative ion sputter sources

Abstract Differences in Cu − output when other alkali metals are substituted for cesium in the ANIS and UNIS sources arise primarily from variations in sputtering yields rather than surface work functions.
Extraction with emulsion liquid membranes in a hollow‐fiber contactor

Aqueous streams contaminated with heavy metal ions may be produced as effluents from industrial plants or during attempts to remediate solids loaded with heavy metals, such as contaminated soils. Metals of particular concern include copper, zinc, cadmium, nickel, mercury, lead, and chromium. An extraction system for heavy metals recovery from dilute waste streams, which can accomplish both extraction and stripping in one step, is an emulsion liquid membrane (ELM). The ELM extraction in a stirred contactor has two main disadvantages. On prolonged contact with the feed stream (greater than 10 min), the emulsion swells with water, increasing the internal-phase volume and in a stirred contactor the internal-phase contents leak into the feed stream because of membrane rupture. This work focuses on the use of microporous hollow-fiber contactors (HFC) as an alternate contacting method to direct batch/continuous dispersion of emulsion liquid membranes. This method of contact will retain the primary advantage that emulsion liquid membrane separations offer, namely, extraction and stripping in a single processing step which circumvents the limits of equilibrium inherent in conventional solvent extraction. However, because hollow-fiber membranes, by their design, allow for high surface area contacting without the high shear rates typically encountered with an agitator, thismore » will result in improved efficiency of extraction by reducing membrane swelling and leakage.« less
Model validation and performance analysis of regenerative solid oxide cells: Electrolytic operation

Abstract The use of regenerative, high temperature solid oxide cells (SOCs) as energy storage devices has the potential for round-trip efficiencies that are competitive with other storage technologies. The focus of the current study is to investigate regenerative SOC operation (i.e., working in both fuel cell and electrolysis modes) through a combination of modeling and numerical simulation. As an intermediate step, this paper focuses on the electrolysis mode and presents a dynamic cell model that couples the reversible electrochemistry, reactant chemistry, and the thermo-fluidic phenomena inside a cell channel. The model is calibrated and validated using available experimental and numerical data for button cells, single cells, and multi-cell stacks supplied with either steam or syngas. Parametric studies are also performed to show how the investigated parameters affect model validity. The results show that the present model can accurately simulate the electrolytic cell behavior, especially in the low current range, which is a favored operating point in practical systems. It is observed that improvements in stack-level model precision require further investigation to better represent the contact resistance of the stack components and to improve the estimation of the activation polarization throughout the operating envelope. It is also concluded that the CO 2 electrochemical reaction can be neglected when the concentration of the steam supplied to the cell is high enough to support the water–gas shift reaction.
Serial corneal endothelial cell loss with lathe-cut and injection-molded posterior chamber intraocular lenses.

We compared endothelial cell loss of patients implanted with lathe-cut posterior chamber lenses and those implanted with injection-molded lenses over a three-year postoperative period. Results were based on more than 2,500 measurements of corneal endothelial density. Although the technique of cataract extraction (anterior chamber phacoemulsification, posterior chamber phacoemulsification, or planned extracapsular extraction) significantly affected cell loss (P less than .01), the type of implant (lathe-cut or injection-molded) did not. Significant continuing endothelial cell loss did not occur during the first three postoperative years with injection-molded lenses. There was, however, a statistically significant 7% to 15% additional cell loss after surgery over the first two to three postoperative years with lathe-cut implants. There have been no cases of corneal endothelial decompensation developing after implantation of injection-molded or lathe-cut lenses. Because a standard field clinical specular microscope was used in this study, cell counting errors cannot be ruled out as a cause of these findings.
Bone marrow recovery and subsequent chemotherapy following radiolabeled anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen monoclonal antibody j591 in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Radioimmunotherapy has demonstrated efficacy with acceptable toxicity leading to approval in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, but has been slower to develop for the treatment of advanced solid tumors. Prostate cancer represents a good candidate for radioimmunotherapy based upon high exposure to circulating antibodies at common disease sites with a specific, highly expressed cell-surface antigen in prostate-specific membrane antigen. Four phase I and II trials utilizing 177Lu- or 90Y-J591 have been reported. Long-term toxicity and chemotherapy administration was analyzed. As expected, the only serious toxicity observed was myelosuppression. Grade 4 thrombocytopenia occurred in 33.3% without significant hemorrhage and grade 4 neutropenia occurred in 17.3% with 0.07% febrile neutropenia. Nearly all subjects (97.3%) recovered to grade 0 or 1 platelets and all had complete neutrophil recovery. The majority (81.3%) received chemotherapy at any time, with 61.3% receiving chemotherapy following radioimmunotherapy. Ten subjects underwent bone marrow biopsies at some point in their disease course following radioimmunotherapy for low counts; all had diffuse prostate cancer infiltration without evidence of myelodysplasia or leukemia. As expected, myelosuppression occurs following therapeutic doses of radioimmunotherapy for men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. However, toxicity is predictable and self-limited, with the majority of patients who do not refuse able to receive cytotoxic chemotherapy following radioimmunotherapy.
Professional Integrity in Clinical Research

In response to public concern over abuses in human medical experimentation, the dominant approach to the ethics of clinical research during the past 30 years has been regulation, particularly via institutional review board review and approval of scientific protocols and written consent forms. However, the effectiveness of regulatory mechanisms in ensuring the ethical conduct of clinical research is limited. Little attention has been devoted to the nature and role of professional integrity of physician investigators, a conscientious framework for guiding investigators in the socially important but morally complex activity of clinical research. Professional integrity is vital in forging an ethically sound relationship between investigators and patient volunteers, a relationship that differs in important ways from the patient-physician relationship in standard clinical practice. We examine critically 2 models of the moral identity of physician investigators, the investigator as clinician and the investigator as scientist; in neither of these 2 models can the physician investigator eliminate completely the moral conflicts posed by clinical research. The professional integrity of physician investigators depends on a coherent moral identity that is proper to the enterprise of clinical research. The roles of clinician and scientist must be integrated to manage conscientiously the ethical complexity, ambiguity, and tensions between the potentially competing loyalties of science and care of volunteer patients.
Evaluating Measurement Systems and Manufacturing Processes Using Three Quality Measures

Manufacturers and suppliers use quality measures calculated from dimensional data to make informed decisions regarding measurement systems and product quality. Many manufacturers and suppliers use the precision-to-tolerance ratio—scaling the standard deviation of gage error (σg) by the design tolerance—to approve a measurement system. Manufacturers and suppliers also use one or more measures of process capability, such as C p that scales the tolerance by the standard deviation of the product (σp), to approve a manufacturing process. A measure used to assess the ability for two parties to communicate via dimension data is the correlation in repeat measurements that we derive as a function of σg and σp. By plotting the precision-to-tolerance ratio and the correlation in repeat measurements on the σg and σp axes, acceptable and nonacceptable regions for measurement systems are defined. When we add C p (a measure of process capability) to the mix, a relationship between the three measures suggests a method fo...
East Central Europe: The Unhappy Heritage of Communist Mass Housing

One of the sad legacies of the totalitarian regimes of East Central Europe and the former Soviet Union is the sorry state of the numerous mass housing projects started after the World War II to combat an unending shortage of housing. The state construction companies, from the former East Germany to Russia, monopolized all aspects of residential production. Large-scale standardization, a limited number of available housing types without variety, and poor quality resulted in depressing rows of blocks of flats made out of concrete panels. The inhabitants of these socialist projects had at the time no other choice; unfortunately, they do not have any other choice even today. The continuing housing shortage does not allow a Pruitt-lgoe solution; the panel blocks cannot be demolished and replaced. Instead, solutions are sought for fixing, improving, recycling, adapting, and humanizing these drab, gray, uninspiring bedroom communities.This article is a case study of the Petrzalka housing project in the city of B...
Some special structural features of intracellular bacteriophage T7 concatemers.

Newly synthesized T7 DNA, formed after infection of Escherichia coli with T7 bacteriophage, is found in long linear molecules predominantly 1, 2 and 3 times the length of the mature molecule. Denaturation of the dimers and trimers and sedimentation of the single chains in alkali reveal unit-length single chains. The fractionation of concatemers broken by shearing on benzoylated, naphthoylated DEAE-cellulose columns reveals that all three length classes adhere to this material by virtue of single-chain regions that are spaced at intervals of about 12 μm, the length of one mature molecule. Annealing experiments with purified “middles” and partially digested mature phage DNA, demonstrate that the single-chain regions are located at the genetic terminals (that is, the XYZABC region) of the monomers and dimers. Studies with an exonuclease, and an endonuclease specific for single chains, reveal that “whiskers” (free-ended single chains) and “gaps” of some sort (a single-chain region having no free ends located in the interior of a double helix) are present. Models that accommodate our findings are shown. It seems likely that these structures are intermediates in the formation of new, mature-sized T7 DNA molecules. A test of likely mutants (those unable to break down concatemeric DNA into mature-size lengths) has turned up no obvious abnormalities in these intermediates. Besides elucidating the structure of T7 intermediates, we have developed techniques which should be generally useful in the study of small single-chain regions of any DNA.
Application of two indices of benthic community condition in Chesapeake Bay

SUMMARY The Chesapeake Bay Benthic Index of Biotic Integrity (B-IBI) and the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program’s Virginian Province Benthic Index (EMAP-VP BI) were applied to 294 sampling events in Chesapeake Bay and the results were compared. These estuarine benthic indices are intended to identify benthic invertebrate assemblages that have been degraded by low dissolved oxygen concentrations or high concentrations of chemical contaminants. The B-IBI includes several community measures and weights them equally using a simple scoring system that compares them against values expected for undegraded sites. It includes 11 measures of species diversity, productivity, indicator species and trophic composition. The EMAP-VP BI uses discriminant function coefficients to weight contributions of species diversity and the abundances of two indicator families. The two indices agreed on degraded or undegraded classifications for benthos at 81.3% of the sites. This level of agreement is within the level of accuracy achieved during index development and, therefore, may approach the limits that can be achieved. The indices were strongly associated (Pearson’s r ¼ 0.75). The B-IBI was more conservative than the EMAP-VP BI, classifying 72.7% of the disagreements as degraded. The 55 sites where the indices disagreed were distributed in different habitats throughout the Bay except polyhaline sand. Many of the classification disagreements were at sites with index values close to, but on opposite sides of, the degraded–undegraded thresholds, with 49.1% of the B-IBI values within 0.5 units and 81.8% within 1.0 units; the corresponding values for sites where both indices agreed were only 23.4% and 62.7%, respectively. The pattern for the EMAP-VP BI was similar, with 61.8% and 74.6% of disagreements and only 18.8% and 38.9% of agreements within 0.5 and 1.0 units of the threshold. Although the close agreement suggests that either index is suitable for evaluating the benthic condition, the B-IBI offers some additional advantages. Copyright # 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) in the stroma of breast carcinomas correlates with tumor recurrence

The 72-kDa (MMP-2, gelatinase A) and the 92-kDa (MMP-9, gelatinase B) matrix metalloproteinases have been associated with tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Immunohistological staining of MMP-2 and MMP-9, basal lamina collagen IV and TIMP-2 were performed on frozen sections of 83 invasive breast carcinomas. MMP-2 and MMP-9 were associated with neoplastic cell plasma membrane in 72% of cases and exhibited inter-tumoral variability of staining intensity. MMP-2 and MMP-9 staining was not correlated with presence of metastases at time of diagnosis or with disease outcome. TIMP-2 was detected in the peri-tumoral stroma and was present in 87% of cases. Residual benign breast tissue was negative for TIMP-2 staining. Neoplasms with diffuse TIMP-2 staining (24%) recurred significantly more frequently (75% recurred) than cases with focal (42% recurred) or absent (27% recurred) TIMP-2. Presence of collagen IV was negatively correlated with gelatinase staining. We conclude that up-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in breast tumor cells is reciprocally correlated to collagen IV staining. Clinical outcome, however, is more closely related to the presence of TIMP-2 than the corresponding MMPs. Enhanced TIMP-2 expression, therefore, may denote a stromal response to tumor invasion, indicative of aggressive behavior in a subset of breast carcinomas. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Diffusion of an Ionic Drug in Micellar Aqueous Solutions

Supramolecular carriers such as micelles can be used to noncovalently bind drug molecules for pharmaceutical applications. However, these carriers can fundamentally affect diffusion-based drug transport due to host-guest coupled diffusion. We report a ternary interdiffusion study on an ionic drug in aqueous micellar solutions. Specifically, high-precision Rayleigh interferometry was used to determine the four multicomponent diffusion coefficients for the potassium naproxenate-tyloxapol-water ternary system at 25 °C and pH 7. In addition, we have measured drug solubility as a function of tyloxapol concentration. These measurements were used to characterize drug-surfactant thermodynamic interactions using the two-phase partitioning model. Furthermore, we propose a novel model on host-guest coupled diffusion that includes counterions. We show that quantitative agreement between model and experimental diffusion results can be achieved if the effect of micelle solvation on transport parameters is included in the model. This work represents an essential addition to our previous diffusion study on a nonionic drug and provides guidance for the development of accurate models of drug diffusion-based controlled release in the presence of nanocarriers.
31P magnetization transfer studies in the monkey brain

The forward and reverse rates through the creatine-kinase (CK) catalyzed reaction, phosphocreatine + ADP+ H+ kf in equilibrium with kr creatine + ATP in the in vivo monkey brain were measured using the techniques of saturation transfer (ST) and inversion transfer (IT) 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Independent checks on the ST apparent longitudinal relaxation (tau) data could be obtained from the parameters determined from the IT analyses. At near-equilibrium it is assumed that the forward-to-reverse flux ratio lies close to 1.0. In the monkey brain the value for the forward-to-reverse flux ratio obtained is 1.37 +/- 0.26 calculated from ST with average tau values from IT initial slopes, a value which is not significantly different from unity. The present NMR data point to the CK reaction in the living monkey brain being maintained at or near equilibrium.
Kenaf extract affects germination and post-germination development of weed, grass and vegetable seeds

Metabolites produced by one organism can affect development of other organisms. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is used in products which put it in direct contact with other plants. This project was designed to determine whether kenaf plant extracts can affect germination and development of vegetable, grass and weed seeds. Frost-killed kenaf was chipped and either immediately frozen (weathered 0 months) or applied to the soil in mats in December and allowed to weather for 2 or 4 months. Kenaf samples, weathered from 0 to 4 months, were ground and soluble materials were extracted with distilled water. Seeds of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and annual Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) were exposed to 0, 16.7, 33.3, and 66.7 g/l of kenaf extract. Distilled water and three concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) were included as controls. After 7 days, total germination and hypocotyl and radicle lengths were determined. Extracts of kenaf weathered up to 4 months, especially at the highest concentration, reduced germination in pigweed by 50–70%. Germination in tomato and ryegrass was reduced by 30% when exposed to the highest concentration of unweathered kenaf. As length of time of weathering of kenaf increased, germination and length of most plants increased. This suggests that, over time, the detrimental compounds in kenaf were leached or otherwise changed so that they had no effect or became beneficial. Non-weathered kenaf or its extracts, may be employed to suppress weeds. Alternatively, weathered kenaf tissue or extracts may stimulate germination and post-germination development of existing economic crops.
Framework for stratigraphic analysis of Pliocene fossiliferous deposits at Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument, Idaho

Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument (HAFO), Idaho, is internationally significant for the vertebrate fossils from its hundreds of fossil localities spanning more than a million years of the Pliocene. This study establishes the background for comparisons among localities in the Glenns Ferry Formation within HAFO by describing the nature of the fossiliferous deposits, using published data to revise age estimates for HAFO localities, and relating the relative differences in elevation of the fossil-bearing localities to particular time horizons. Fossils from the anthills and blowout localities are considered to be essentially in situ stratigraphically. Species of modern harvester ants do gather fossils from more than the immediate area, but the maximum vertical movement is probably within the resolution of elevation possible at most HAFO localities. The microstratigraphy of blowout localities is described here for the first time, with vertebrate fossils derived exclusively from layers of about 12-cm thickness. Fossils recovered as surface float should be excluded from stratigraphic comparisons. Based on a combination of paleomagnetic and radioisotopic studies, the maximum age for the top of the Glenns Ferry Formation exposed at HAFO is estimated at 3.11 Ma, and the minimum age for the lowermost exposure is estimated at 4.18 Ma. It is improbable that strata of the Glenns Ferry Formation exist at HAFO that are younger than 3.04 or older than 4.29 Ma. Finally, using marker beds and published stratigraphic sections, the differences in elevation needed to compare localities in the Glenns Ferry Formation at HAFO against a generalized composite section are established. Fossil-bearing sites within this framework can be placed in proper stratigraphic context, and faunal change thereby can be evaluated more precisely.
Laminar Boundary Layer in Noncentered Unsteady Waves

wavehead. In general, e may be ^ 0. Thus a constant acceleration piston gives e > 0 for compression waves and e 0 for expansion waves and < 0 for compression waves; its magnitude increases monotonically from zero at the wavehead where x = — a0t and e = 0. Although the magnitude of e/a0t will typically be small, e itself is unrestricted.
A method for quantitatively estimating diffuse and discrete hydrothermal discharge

Submarine hydrothermal fluids discharge as undiluted, high-temperature jets and as diffuse, highly diluted, low-temperature percolation. Estimates of the relative contribution of each discharge type, which are important for the accurate determination of local and global hydrothermal budgets, are difficult to obtain directly. In this paper we describe a new method of using measurements of hydrothermal tracers such as Fe/Mn, Fe/heat, and Mn/heat in high-temperature fluids, low-temperature fluids, and the neutrally buoyant plume to deduce the relative contribution of each discharge type. We sampled vent fluids from the north Cleft vent field on the Juan de Fuca Ridge in 1988, 1989 and 1991, and plume samples every year from 1986 to 1991. The tracers were, on average, 3 to 90 times greater in high-temperature than in low-temperature fluids, with plume values intermediate. A mixing model calculates that high-temperature fluids contribute only ∼ 3% of the fluid mass flux but > 90% of the hydrothermal Fe and > 60% of the hydrothermal Mn to the overlying plume. Three years of extensive camera-CTD sled tows through the vent field show that diffuse venting is restricted to a narrow fissure zone extending for 18 km along the axial strike. Linear plume theory applied to the temperature plumes detected when the sled crossed this zone yields a maximum likelihood estimate for the diffuse heat flux of8.9 × 104 W/m, for a total flux of 534 MW, considering that diffuse venting is active along only one-third of the fissure system. For mean low- and high-temperature discharge of 25°C and 319°C, respectively, the discrete heat flux must be 266 MW to satisfy the mass flux partitioning. If the north Cleft vent field is globally representative, the assumption that high-temperature discharge dominates the mass flux in axial vent fields leads to an overestimation of the flux of many non-conservative hydrothermal species by about an order of magnitude.
Biofunctionalized, ultrathin coatings of cross-linked star-shaped poly(ethylene oxide) allow reversible folding of immobilized proteins.

Dense, ultrathin networks of isocyanate terminated star-shaped poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) molecules, cross-linked at their chain ends via urea groups, were shown to be extremely resistant to unspecific adsorption of proteins while at the same time suitable for easy biocompatible modification. Application by spin coating offers a simple procedure for the preparation of minimally interacting surfaces that are functionalized by suitable linker groups to immobilize proteins in their native conformations. These coatings form a versatile basis for biofunctional and biomimetic surfaces. We have demonstrated their advantageous properties by using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to study immobilized proteins under destabilizing conditions. Biotinylated ribonuclease H (RNase H) was labeled with a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) pair of fluorescent dyes and attached to the surface by a biotin-streptavidin linkage. FRET analysis demonstrated completely reversible denaturation/renaturation behavi...
From relations to practice in the empiricism of Gilles Deleuze

L'A. etudie la conception empirique des relations developpee par G. Deleuze dans le cadre de sa philosophie pratique et de sa «Logique des sens». Le concept de rhizome elabore avec F. Guattari illustre un aspect essentiel des implications sociales de la theorie des relations de Deleuze qui concerne la constitution active de l'existence humaine
A Cross-Cultural Examination of Fears of Death among Saudi Arabians:

This article examines the factor structure of an eight-dimensional fear of death scale (Hoelter's multidimensional fear of death scale), which was translated into Arabic and administered to a sample of Saudi Arabian students temporarily living in the United States. The factor structure obtained in the present study only partially supports the factor structure first obtained by Hoelter (1979) for a United States sample, which was later replicated by Walkey (1982) for a New Zealand sample. The usefulness of Hoelter's eight fears of death and dying subscales in relation to Arabic populations is discussed.
Uncovering the mechanisms of estrogen effects on hippocampal function.

Estrogens have direct effects on the brain areas controlling cognition. One of the most studied of these regions is the dorsal hippocampal formation, which governs the formation of spatial and episodic memory formation. In laboratory animals, most investigators report that estrogen enhances synaptic plasticity and improves performance on hippocampal-dependent cognitive behaviors. This review summarizes work conducted in our laboratory and others toward identifying estrogen’s actions in the hippocampal formation, and the mechanisms for these actions. Physiologic and pharmacologic estrogen affects cognitive behavior in mammals, which may be applicable to human health and disease. The effects of estrogen in the hippocampal formation that lead to modulation of hippocampal function include effects on cell morphology, synapse formation, signaling, and excitability that have been studied in laboratory mice, rats, and primates. Finally, estrogen may signal through both nuclear and extranuclear hippocampal estrogen receptors to achieve its downstream effects.
Gender Issues in the Effects of Exposure to Violence on Children

A number of studies have uncovered gender differences in the effects of exposure to family violence on children. However, little is known about how these differences come about, nor what their long-term implications are for development. The purpose of this paper is to review the existing research on gender differences in child witnesses to violence in the home, and to offer a conceptualization of the different developmental pathways to maladjustment for boys and girls. Attention to gender will contribute to our understanding of the effects of interparental violence on children. In addition, sensitivity to sex-roles will inform the development of intervention efforts that will address the particular appraisals, coping strategies, and adjustment problems of boys and girls.
Growth and renewal studies of the choanocyte population in Hymeniacidon sinapium (Porifera: Demospongiae) using colcemid and 3‐H thymidine

The choanocyte population of a marine sponge was studied determining the time course of Colcemid arrest and of tritiated thymidine uptake. Cells arrested by Colcemid accumulate at the rate of about 5.1 per 100 cells per hour. Cells labeled with tritiated thymidine accumulate at the rate of 5.5 cells per 100 per hour. The entire choanocyte population appears to be actively dividing with a mean cell cycle time of about 20 hours.
Joint interference and user association optimization in cellular wireless networks

In cellular wireless networks, user association refers to the problem of assigning mobile users to base station cells — a critical, but challenging, problem in many emerging small cell and heterogeneous networks. This paper considers a general class of utility maximization problems for joint optimization of mobile user associations and bandwidth and power allocations. The formulation can incorporate a large class of network topologies, interference models, SNR-to-rate mappings and network constraints. In addition, the model can applied in carrier aggregation scenarios where mobiles can be served by multiple cells simultaneously. While the problem is non-convex, our main contribution shows that the optimization admits a separable dual decomposition. This property enables fast computation of upper bounds on the utility as well as an efficient, distributed implementation for approximate local optimization via augmented Lagrangian techniques. Simulations are presented in heterogeneous networks with mixtures of macro and picocells. We demonstrate significant value of the proposed methods in scenarios with variable backhaul capacity in the femtocell links and in cases where the user density is sufficiently low that lightly-used cells can reduce power.
Enlargement of Congenital Hypertrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Photographs taken several years apart showed enlargement of areas of congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium in two patients. Slow growth of these lesions may be more common than has been thought, and should not be taken as evidence of malignancy.
Diisopropylfluorophosphate: Suppression of Ionic Conductance of the Cholinergic Receptor

When frog sartorius muscles were exposed to diisopropylfluorophosphate, the amplitude and half-decay time of the end-plate current decreased; the half-decay time became almost potential-independent and the equilibrium potential for the end-plate current was more negative than during control conditions. When the excess reagent was removed by washing so that only the phosphorylated acetylcholinesterase remained, the amplitude of the end-plate current was restored, while its half-decay time was markedly increased. These findings reveal that this organophosphate significantly affects the receptor-ionic conductance modulator complex in addition to its well-known anticholinesterase activity.
Monetary policy in a dollarized economy where balance sheets matter

Abstract Does the dollarization of liabilites and the resulting balance sheet vulnerability prevent monetary policy from serving its conventional countercyclical role? We study this question in a model of a small open economy in which domestic firms face an imperfect capital market, with risk premia depending on net worth as in Bernanke and Gertler [Am. Econ. Rev. 79 (1989) 14.]. In spite of the financial fragility channels present in the model, the conventional wisdom still holds: under a floating exchange rate, countercyclical monetary policy does help cushion the impact of foreign real shocks.
Distance estimates from paramagnetic enhancements of nuclear relaxation in linear and flexible model peptides.

Abstract The distance dependence of electron–nuclear dipole–dipole coupling was tested using a series of poly-L-proline based peptides of different length. The poly-proline based peptides were synthesized with a nitroxide spin label on the N-terminus and a tryptophan on the C-terminus, and paramagnetic enhancements of nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rates were measured for the aromatic protons on the tryptophan as a function of the number of proline spacers in the sequence. As expected, paramagnetic enhancements decrease with distance, but the distances deduced from the NMR relaxation rates were shorter than expected for every peptide studied compared to a rigid linear poly-L-proline type II helix structure. Calculations of cross-relaxation rates indicate that this difference is not the result of spin-diffusion or the creation of a spin-temperature gradient in the proton spins caused by the nitroxide. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to estimate dynamically averaged value of 〈 r −3 〉 2 . These weighted average distances were close to the experimentally determined distances, and suggest that molecular motion may account for differences between the rigid linear models and the distances implied by the NMR relaxation data. A poly-L-prolone peptide synthesized with a central glycine hinge showed dramatic relaxation rate enhancements compared to the peptide of the same length lacking the hinge. Molecular dynamics simulations for the hinged peptide support the notion that the NMR data is a representation of the weighted average distance, which in this case is much shorter than that expected for an extended conformation. These results demonstrate that intermoment distances based on NMR relaxation rates provide a sensitive indicator of intramolecular motions.
An IgG Anti‐IT Detected in a Caucasian American

An isoantibody was detected in the serum of a Caucasian with Hodgkin's disease. The antibody reacted strongly by the indirect antiglobulin test with all fetal cord cells but was negative or only weakly positive when tested with adult cells, including five examples of the rare adult i cells. Rhesus monkey and rabbit cells also failed to react. No autoagglutination was seen and the direct antiglobulin test was negative. The antibody sensitized cells optimally at 37 C, reacting with anti-IgG but not anti-IgM, anti-IgA or anti-complement antiglobulin reagents. It was not inhibited by human saliva, milk, or 2-mercaptoethanol. The specificity met the criteria set for anti-IT. It is unique among antibodies of this specificity since it is an IgG isoantibody, reacting optimally at 37 C by the indirect antiglobulin test, showing a marked difference in reaction between cord and adult cells and occurring in a Caucasian. This contrasts with the only other anti-IT antibodies described in the literature which are all cold autoagglutinins occurring in isolated populations (Melanesians and Yanomama Indians of Venezuela), showing only marginal differences between adult and cord cells.
Progressivism and the Doctrine of Natural Rights

This essay treats the Progressives' critique of the Founders' doctrine of natural rights. Natural rights had been attacked before the Progressive era—by proponents of the racial science of ethnology, advocates of philosophy of history, and followers of Charles Darwin—but the Progressives launched the most thoroughgoing and systematic critique in American history. The leading thinker conducting the critique was America's foremost philosopher John Dewey. His critique had five major points: (1) that America had entered an entirely new age of social and economic organization requiring a different political theory; (2) that all theoretical claims of truth, like natural rights, are relative to the age in which they were born and thrived; (3) that theoretical ideas serve the aims of different classes, with natural rights representing the economic and political interests of the emerging bourgeoisie; (4) that natural rights encouraged a diminished goal for human beings, emphasizing the fulfillment of individual self-interest rather a higher idea of human development and of social cooperation; and (5) that any metaphysical claim in politics is undemocratic by virtue of ascribing a standard of right that is prior to and higher than a decision of a democratic majority. The paper concludes by briefly sketching the influence that this critique had on the heirs of the Progressives, the modern liberals.
3-Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (EC 2.8.1.2): a simple assay adapted to human blood cells.

Abstract A product of cysteine catabolism, 3-mercaptopyruvate, is enzymatically degraded to sulfur and pyruvate by a sulfurtransferase (EC 2.8.1.2.) present in human red and white blood cells. A simple sulfurtransferase assay is reported which takes advantage of the fact that pyruvate is conveniently measured enzymatically by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) after the elimination of 3-mercaptopyruvate, also a substrate of LDH, by addition of N-ethylmaleimide. Sulfite is employed as sulfur acceptor, and conditions for a reproducible assay including data for preparation and storage of reactants, their assay, and their optimal concentrations are given. The apparent Km for sulfite is 6.5 · 10−3 M and for 3-mercaptopyruvate is 1.9 · 10−3 M. A reducing agent, in this assay dithiothreitol (Cleland's reagent), is essential for active transsulfuration. A normal metabolite, 3-mercaptopyruvate is reported elsewhere to have the capacity of producing polyploidy and chromosomal endoreduplication, a feature rendering it of interest in tumor metabolism.
The modern geoid and ancient plate boundaries

Abstract The non-hydrostatic geoid is dominated by three large anomalies: an area of high gravity potential in the equatorial Pacific; another stretching from Greenland through Africa to the southwest Indian Ocean; and a semi-continuous low region passing from Hudson's Bay through Siberia to India and on to Antarctica. None of these three high-amplitude (greater than 60 m) and long-wavelength anomalies corresponds to present-day plate boundaries. However, if the modern geoid is plotted over the positions of continents and plate boundaries at 125 Ma B.P. (reconstructed relative to hotspots) a strong correlation emerges. The modern geoidal low corresponds in position to the areas of subduction surrounding the Pacific 125 Ma ago. The geoidal high now centered on Africa is entirely contained within ancient Pangaea, and the equatorial Pacific high overlies the location of the spreading centers preserved in the magnetic anomalies of the central Pacific. The most plausible cause of the large geoidal undulations is lower mantle convection only weakly coupled to plate motions. The correspondence between modern geoid and ancient plate boundaries implies either that the coupling was much more intimate in the past, or that there is a lag of at least 100 Ma in response of the lower mantle to upper mantle conditions.
Perceptions of domestic abuse in same-sex relationships and implications for criminal justice and mental health responses.

Male and female university students (N = 171) read scenarios describing a domestic abuse incident that systematically varied the sex of victim and perpetrator to produce four between-participants conditions. Results were consistent with and extended previous findings about perceptions of heterosexual domestic abuse to include gay and lesbian domestic abuse. Findings suggest that participant perceptions of abuse in same-sex and heterosexual relationships are similar. Where they differ, the differences have significant implications: (a) participants considered male against female abuse to be more serious than same-sex domestic abuse, (b) participants were more likely to recommend that the victim press charges in male against female abuse than in same-sex domestic abuse, (c) participants perceived same-sex victims to be less believable than heterosexual victims, and (d) victim believability was correlated with sentencing recommendations. Implications for criminal justice and mental health intervention are considered. Directions for future research are outlined. Language: en
Thrombin-induced oxygen consumption, malonyldialdehyde formation and serotonin secretion in human platelets.

Abstract The relationship of a thrombin-induced burst in O 2 consumption to lipid peroxidation in washed human platelets was investigated by measuring malonyldialdehyde, a by-product of endoperoxide degradation in platelets. The ratio of O 2 consumed to malonyldialdehyde produced was approximately 7:1. Acetylsalicylate blocked the formation of malonyldialdehyde completely and partially inhibited the O 2 burst induced by thrombin. 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic acid inhibited the O 2 burst as well as the malonyldialdehyde formation completely. The release of [ 14 C]serotonin was not affected by either inhibitor.
Thermal Resistance Extraction of AlGaN/GaN Depletion-Mode HEMTs on Diamond

Thermal resistances of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) on polycrystalline diamond (with thermal conductivity >1500 W/m K) and on Si substrates are respectively extracted and compared. GaN HEMTs on diamond and on Si with the same device dimensions were fabricated and their direct-current (DC) characteristics were compared. Thermally-induced negative differential output resistance in the saturation region at DC was observed for GaN-on-Si HEMT but was negligible for the GaN-on-diamond device at comparable power densities, which is consistent with reduced thermal resistance. Thermal resistances of the HEMTs on Si and diamond substrates determined experimentally from analysis of I–V characteristics agree with estimates based on simulation.
Interaction of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 with the ς3A Subunit of the Adaptor Protein Complex-3 in Cultured Adipocytes

Signaling through the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase involves its autophosphorylation in response to insulin and the subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of substrate proteins such as insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1). In basal 3T3-L1 adipocytes, IRS-1 is predominantly membrane-bound, and this localization may be important in targeting downstream signaling elements that mediate insulin action. Since IRS-1 localization to membranes may occur through its association with specific membrane proteins, a 3T3-F442A adipocyte cDNA expression library was screened with non-tyrosine-phosphorylated, baculovirus-expressed IRS-1 in order to identify potential IRS-1 receptors. A cDNA clone that encodes sigma3A, a small subunit of the AP-3 adaptor protein complex, was demonstrated to bind IRS-1 utilizing this cloning strategy. The specific interaction between IRS-1 and sigma3A was further verified by in vitro binding studies employing baculovirus-expressed IRS-1 and a glutathione S-transferase (GST)-sigma3A fusion protein. IRS-1 and sigma3A were found to co-fractionate in a detergent-resistant population of low density membranes isolated from basal 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Importantly, the addition of exogenous purified GST-sigma3A to low density membranes caused the release of virtually all of the IRS-1 bound to these membranes, while GST alone had no effect. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that sigma3A serves as an IRS-1 receptor that may dictate the subcellular localization and the signaling functions of IRS-1.
The effects of boron derivatives on lipid absorption from the intestine and on bile lipids and bile acids of sprague dawley rats.

N,N-dimethyl-n-octadecylamine borane 1 at 8 mg/kg/day, tetrakis-u-(trimethylamine boranecarboxylato)-bis(trimethyl-carboxyborane)-dicopper(II) 2 at 2.5 mg/kg/day and trimethylamine-carboxyborane 3 at 8 mg/kg/day were evaluated for their effects on bile lipids, bile acids, small intestinal absorption of cholesterol and cholic acid and liver and small intestinal enzyme activities involved in lipid metabolism. The agent administered orally elevated rat bile excretion of lipids, e.g. cholesterol and phospholipids, and compounds 2 and 3 increased the bile flow rate. These agents altered the composition of the bile acids, but there was no significant increase in lithocholic acid which is most lithogenic agent in rats. The three agents did decrease cholesterol absorption from isolated in situ intestinal duodenum loops in the presence of drug. Hepatic and small intestinal mucosa enzyme activities, e.g. ATP-dependent citrate lyase, acyl CoA cholesterol acyl transferase, cholsterol-7-alpha -hydroxylase, sn glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase, phosphatidylate phosphohydrolase, and lipoprotein lipase, were reduced. However, the boron derivatives 1 and 3 decreased hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity, the regulatory enzyme for cholesterol synthesis, but the compounds had no effects on small intestinal mucosa HMG-CoA reductase activity. There was no evidence of hepatic cell damage afforded by the drugs based on clinical chemistry values which would induce alterations in bile acid concentrations after treatment of the rat.
ASPHALTENE AND RESID PYROLYSIS: EFFECT OF REACTION ENVIRONMENT

ABSTRACT Hondo and Maya vacuum resids and their isolated asphaltenes were pyrolyzed at 400, 425, and 450°C (752, 797, 842°F) for batch holding limes ranging from 20 to 180 minutes. Maltene, asphaltene, and coke product fractions were isolated by a solvent extraction sequence; gas yield was determined gravimetrically. Results were summarized in terms of a lumped reaction network. The variation of product yields, kinetics, and apparent activation energies with feedstock and asphaltene environment provided insight into asphaltene structure and thermal reaction pathways.