cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Celebrating a Nation’s heritage on music stamps: Constructing an international community

Stamps convey important visible messages about a state’s heritage and worldview. They are images or official visible products seen by those living within the state’s borders and those beyond. They also can be considered as “imagined communities,” as like festivals, holidays, or WWW pages, they represent attachments to and images of place. We investigate stamps as elements of visual culture by examining salient music themes and topics from several countries and then focus on the music stamps of Brazil, Hungary, and Senegal. In each case, we examine the number and variety of issues, the importance they place on musical instruments, composers and performers, and musical events.
An analysis of a two-dimensional dielectric covered corrugated antenna feed horn

The effect of placing a dielectric slab over a 90\deg corrugated feed horn is investigated. The feed horn is normally a circular waveguide with concentric grooves in the aperture plane. Here we simulate the 90\deg feed horn with a two-dimensional configuration which is a parallel-plate waveguidewith adjacent notches. The equivalence principle and modal analysis are used to formulate integral equations which are solved numerically by the method of moments. Numerical results for the input admittance are obtained with and without the corrugation and with and without the dielectric slab cover.
Turbulence in unmagnetized Vlasov plasmas

Abstract The classical technique of transformation and characteristics is employed to analyze the problem of strong turbulence in unmagnetized plasmas. The effect of resonance broadening and perturbation expansion are treated simultaneously, without time secularities. The renormalization procedure of Dupree and Tetreault [1] is used in the transformed Vlasov equation to analyze the turbulence and to derive explicitly a diffusion equation. Analyses are extended to inhomogeneous plasmas and the relationship between the transformation and ponderomotive force is obtained.
Spectroscopy of charge-transfer transitions in jet-cooled IBr

Abstract The A′(2) and A(1) states of IBr were detected in a free-jet expansion of IBr in Ar, where they were prepared by ArF laser irradiation. The υ″ = 0–5 progressions of the D′(2) ← A′ transition, and the v ″ = 0 and 1 progressions of the β(1) ← A(1) transition were observed and recorded for both 127 I 79 Br and 127 I 81 Br. Rotationally resolved excitation spectra were recorded for 31 bands of the D′ ← A′(2), υ′ ← υ″ = 1 progression, and band heads were measured at low resolution for an additional > 220 bands of this system and > 100 bands of the β ← A transition. Analyses of these spectra yield improved spectroscopic parameters for previously unobserved regions of all four electronic states, including the first characterization of the lowest v levels in the A′ and A states.
Morphology, agreement and working memory retrieval in sentence production : Evidence from gender and case in Slovak

Abstract The experimental studies presented in this paper exploit agreement attraction in order to examine the mechanisms underlying the production of subject–verb agreement in Slovak. Our experiments verify that the processes which specify the gender feature on past tense verbs are subject to interference from local nouns, and that the likelihood of interference from the local noun depends on the relative markedness of the subject phrase’s head and local noun gender. The results suggest that, unlike the asymmetries observed with the two-term opposition between singular and plural, the markedness asymmetries observed with the three Slovak genders are not explicable solely in terms of the under-specification (or default status) of the unmarked value. The results also indicate that the likelihood of attraction depends on the case form of the head and local noun. The effects relating to gender markedness and to grammatical case provide evidence that producing subject–verb agreement requires the retrieval of an agreement source from content-addressable working memory.
Dry season precipitation over the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor is more sensitive to deforestation than to greenhouse gas driven climate change

To prevent the loss of biodiversity in northern Central America, which is one of 34 global biodiversity hotspots, the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor, a network of protected parks and reserves has been proposed. While on-going deforestation to croplands and pastures outside the protected regions is likely to effect the dry season precipitation over the regenerated and extant forests in the proposed protected regions, global climate change driven precipitation changes may also be a significant factor, at least at some locations. This study compares the effects of land cover change to the effects of elevated greenhouse gas concentrations on precipitation in the proposed areas of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor network. Using 5 consecutive dry season simulations of the effects of land cover change that included dry, wet and normal years, and using statistically downscaled global climate model (GCM) precipitation from the fourth assessment report (AR4), a larger expanse of the proposed protected regions was found more sensitive to precipitation decreases due to land cover changes. Two specific protected regions however stand out: the Maya Highlands and some areas of the Maya lowlands that were more sensitive to global climate change driven precipitation decreases. In these protected regions it is likely that irrespective of local policies the climate change signal would dominate.
Conditions for overall planarity in membranes: Applications to multicomponent membranes with lamellar morphology

The coupling of geometric shapes and local composition in multicomponent membranes results in the formation of complex structures. These membranes can form structures that are planar at large length scales while retaining complex morphologies at smaller scales. We explicitly construct the overall planarity condition for membranes and identify it with the presence of an average tension at the membrane boundary with nonzero components only along the plane defined by the average height of the membrane. The explicit construction of the condition simplifies the analysis of morphologies of the planar membrane. We apply this method to the case of a bicomponent membrane with lamellar morphology. We determine the possible shapes of membranes, their stabilities and the thermodynamic equations of state satisfied by their intensive variables.
READABILITY OF THE MMPI

The validity of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is based on several tenets, one obviously being the ability of the subjects to read and understand the questions. The authors reasoned that anyone having not completed at least six successful years of schooling could be expected to have difficulty completing the MMPI (Hathaway & McKinley, 1943, 1970) . Many practicing clinicians and other professionals concerned with measurement of personality have noticed, however, that s u b jects of limited educational abilities but possessing higher than a sixth grade education also have difficulty reading and understanding the inventory questions (Dahlstrom, Welsh, & Dahlstrom, 1972). Obviously, there are many reasons why subjects might have difficulty reading and understanding inventory questions, not the least of which are problems interpreting the predicted readability of the inventory's questions, i.e., group form-566 questions. The authors maintained and corroborating researchers ( Hanes, 1953; Forbes & Cottle, 1953; Taylor & Graham, 1974) have supported the predicted levels of reading difficulty of the inventory at the reading skills expected of fifth and sixth graders. However, these predictions may possibly be inaccurate. This inaccuracy might be associated in part with the criteria for comprehension (generally referred to as the percentage of questions that a readability formula guarantees can be answered correctly about a textual sample) in the formulas used to support the contentions about readability made by the authors and previous researchers. The formulas only guaranteed 50% to 70% comprehension of the inventory questions. These percentages seem too low to maintain the validity of the inventory, with subjects of limited education particularly when one considers the percentages translate to a range of 283 to 427 questions comprehended successfully out of 566. Another p r o b lem is lack of information on how samples for analysis were drawn from the questions. (How many questions were used in the samples?) The inventory was analyzed for reading difficulty using readability formulas with various criteria for comprehension. This was done for two reasons. First, since as many texrual samples as could be drawn from the inventory were used (without repeating any question in a sample), this was an expanded replication of earlier MMPI readability research using different formulas but with similar 50% to 75% criteria. Second, an additional formula was added, one which used a 90% to 100% criteria. T o obtain specific and necessary readability formula variables, the MMPI questions were entered in a Natural Language Analysis Program for an aggregate of textual word occurrences and from this was generated a distribution of syllables.2 The computer data were combined with other specific variables in the formula and applied to the
Medical Education and Instructional Design.

The rising costs of medical care and the training of medical professionals has brought about circumstances which threatens the acceptable quality of medical care in the United States. Fewer medical...
The Association Between Perceptions of Distributive Justice and Procedural Justice With Support of Treatment and Support of Punishment Among Correctional Staff

Previous literature exploring the relationship between correctional officer orientations toward treatment and punishment is inconsistent at best. One rarely studied aspect is the influence of distributive and procedural justice on correctional staff support for treatment and punishment. For this study, ordinary least squares regression analysis of survey responses from 272 correctional officers revealed that distributive justice did not impact support for treatment or punishment. Procedural justice, however, was positively associated with support for treatment and negatively associated with support for punishment. Overall, the results of this study suggest further research in this area is needed.
Alteration of macrophage anti-tumor activity and transferrin receptor expression by exposure to dimethylnitrosamine in vivo.

Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), a potent immunomodulatory agent, produces its effects on cell-mediated immune reactions through alterations in macrophage production and/or macrophage maturation/differentiation from bone marrow stem cells. Macrophages obtained by the in vitro culture of bone marrow from animals exposed to DMN in vivo (bone marrow-derived macrophages, BMDM) demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity against L929 target cells. The enhanced cytotoxicity was also present in concanavalin A- and Corynebacterium parvum-elicited peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) obtained from DMN-exposed animals while thioglycollate-elicited PEC from DMN-exposed animals displayed no increase in their cytotoxic activity as compared to vehicle-exposed animals. However, treatment of thioglycollate-elicited PEC with interferon-γ induced cytotoxic activity in PEC obtained from DMN-exposed animals but not in PEC obtained from control animals. BMDM obtained from DMN-exposed mice also demonstrated an alteration in the kinetics of the expression of the membrane-associated transferrin-binding receptor (mTFR), a marker of the activational status of macrophages. BMDM from animals exposed to DMN in vivo exhibited maximal expression of mTFR on day 7 of culture in vitro as compared to day 5 for BMDM from vehicle-exposed animals. C. parvum- and concanavalin A-elicited PEC from DMN-exposed animals showed dose-related decreases in their expression of mTFR which were associated with their expected enhanced cytotoxicity. Likewise, thioglycollate-elicited PEC from DMN-exposed mice had dose-related decreases in mTFR expression and total transferrin-binding activity, suggesting a change in their state of activation. No alterations in mTFR expression were observed in splenic macrophages. BMDM cultured with T cell-derived lymphokines known to affect mTFR expression demonstrated enhanced expression of mTFR independent of changes in the cell cycle profiles. Furthermore, while lymphokines enhanced mTFR expression, there was no alteration in the kinetics of mTFR expression by BMDM obtained from DMN- or vehicle-exposed animals. These results support the hypothesis that DMN-induced alterations in macrophage hematopoietic differentiation/maturation are manifested in changes in macrophage function.
A note on computing competitive equilibria in linear models

Abstract A nonrecursive method is described for computing recursive competitive equilibria in linear models.
Adding Interpersonal Learning and Tacit Knowledge to March's Exploration-Exploitation Model

In his classic article on exploration and exploitation, March (1991) presented an agent-based model simulating learning within an organization. His model includes mutual learning between individual...
Thermolysis of nitroarenes : 2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexanitrostilbene

Abstract Combined analysis techniques, including DSC, manometry and Fourier-transform IR spectrometry, have been used to determine kinetic parameters and to gain insight into the mechanism of liquid-phase thermolysis for HNS (2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexanitrostilbene) between 320°C and 375°C. Complete pyrolysis did not occur in this temperature range. Thermolysis products were CO2, CO, N2 and a polymeric residue. The resulting stoichiometry for the overall reaction at completion was C14H6N6O12 → 3.3CO2 + 0.4CO+1.5N2 + H2O + C9.9H4.2N3O4.1 The calculated activation energies and frequency factors were as follows: 29.8 kcal mol−1 (125 kJ mol−1) and 108.8 s−1 from DSC data; and 29.4 kcal mol−1 (123 kJ mol−1) and 108.3 s−1 from manometric data. Real-time IR studies revealed the presence of CO−1, CO, HONO and NO2.
Patient satisfaction with the Diskhaler® and the Diskus® inhaler, a new multidose powder delivery system for the treatment of asthma

Abstract To evaluate patient satisfaction with two breath-actuated powder inhalers (Diskhaler ® and Diskus ® ), investigators asked patients to complete questionnaires as part of a randomized, double-masked, double-dummy, placebo-controlled study of fluticasone propionate powder (500 mg twice daily) in the treatment of chronic persistent asthma. At baseline, patients rated the importance of various inhaler attributes (ie, ease of use, ease of loading with medication, ease of holding and operating, ease of cleaning, and ease of telling how many doses of medication are left). After 2 weeks of placebo and 6 and 12 weeks of active therapy, patients rated the inhalers on these same attributes. They also rated their general satisfaction with the inhalers and how comfortable they were using them. After 12 weeks, patients also rated the durability and convenience of carrying each device and were asked to indicate which they preferred. Data were available from 213 patients. All seven inhaler attributes measured were considered important by the majority of patients (71% to 91%), contributing to the validity of the patient-rated performance assessments. After 12 weeks of use, 57% to 88% of patients expressed a high level of satisfaction with the performance of the Diskhaler on all attributes; a high level of overall satisfaction (72%) and comfort (79%) was reported with this inhaler. Patients rated the performance of the Diskus inhaler very favorably, with 76% to 96% expressing a high level of satisfaction on all attributes; a high level of overall satisfaction (87%) and comfort (85%) was reported with this inhaler. At end point, 61.4% preferred the Diskus inhaler, 25.4% preferred the Diskhaler inhaler, and 13.2% expressed no preference. These breath-actuated powder inhalers may be acceptable alternatives to traditional metered-dose inhalers for the treatment of patients with asthma.
Adaptive refinement-coarsening scheme for three-dimensional unstructured meshes

The paper describes the development and application of an adaptive algorithm for tetrahedral grids. An initial unstructured grid is adapted by employing local division, as well as deletion of the tetrahedral cells. The process is dynamic, and the adapted grid changes follow evolution of the solution. Adaptation of the cells consists of normal division of a tetrahedron into eight subcells, as well as directional division into two or four subcells. A major issue of such adaptive grid algorithms is elimination of hanging nodes that appear on the edges in the interface between the embedded and unembedded zones. A novel technique has been developed for treatment of such interface cells that can be applied to eliminate any possible hanging node configuration in a simple way. A special data structure based on octrees has been developed, which is flexible to handle all different types of cell division/deletion. Application cases include a moving source, as well as transonic flow around the ONERA M6 wing.
On irrotational motion past a rotating cylinder in a viscous heat-conducting fluid

Abstract An irrotational uniform flow of an incompressible, viscous and heat-conducting Newtonian fluid past a rotating circular cylinder is considered. It is shown that by constructing a thermodynamically admissible motion a relation between the angular velocity and the circulation round the cylinder is derived. The lift generated on the cylinder, known as the Magnus force, is obtained by applying the Kutta-Joukowski theorem with due consideration to the viscosity of the fluid. An hypothesis for the source of circulation in the fluid is also presented.
Coal swelling in straight-chain amines: evidence for specific site binding

Abstract Three coals were swollen in a series of straight-chain amines. The degree of swelling increased with increasing chain length of the amine. However, the molar quantity absorbed by each coal was nearly constant for all the amines. The results suggest that all the absorbed amine interacted with specific sites within the coal.
Larval wood frog (Rana [=Lithobates] sylvatica) development and physiology following infection with the trematode parasite, Echinostoma trivolvis.

article i nfo Parasites can potentially affect host energetics through a variety of mechanisms including diverting energy from host functions or eliciting energetically costly responses. In many systems energetic costs of parasite in- fection remain poorly defined. The widespread trematode Echinostoma trivolvis can cause mortality of and pathology in larval amphibians. However, physiological impacts of E. trivolvis infection have received limited attention. To evaluate the effects of E. trivolvis on larval amphibian survival, growth and development, we studied a wide range of infection intensity in wood frog, Rana (=Lithobates) sylvatica, tadpoles in laboratory experiments and outdoor mesocosms. To assess potential underlying physiological costs of infection, we measured tadpole energetics and phenotypic plasticity of the intestines as a compensatory mechanism to off- set increased energy costs. Survival was high in all tadpoles, but the highest infections decreased the growth and slowed the development of tadpoles raised in mesocosms and the laboratory. However, infections failed to elicit detectable energetic costs or phenotypic changes in intestinal size. The lack of energetic costs observed in our study emphasizes the complex and oftencontext-dependent nature of energetic costs of parasitism and sug- gests that other mechanisms, such as changes in host behavior, may contribute to sub-lethal effects on growth and development.
Contested Nationalisms; Negotiated Terrains: The Way Sikhs Remember Udham Singh ‘Shahid’ (1899–1940)

As many of us know, 1999 was a particularly important year for the Sikh community worldwide as it marked the three-hundredth anniversary of the Khalsa. The hype and fanfare which surrounded this milestone had of course drowned out reference to virtually all of that year's other Sikh events of note. These events may not have been as profound as Guru Gobind Singh's declaration of 1699, but they are still very important and denote landmarks in the history of the Sikh people. Originally presented at the 26th annual South Asia Conference at the University of Wisconsin at Madison held in October 1999 this paper has greatly benefited from the suggestions and criticisms of a number of friends and colleagues. Most significantly I appreciate the help and suggestions of Konrad Sadkowski, Christine Fenech, Hew McLeod, Stella Sandahl, Harish Puri, Sabinderjit Singh Sagar, Himadri Bannerjee, and the anonymous reviewer of this article selected by the editor of Modern Asian Studies.
Hyaluronan- and heparin-reduced silver nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties

Aims: Silver nanoparticles exhibit unique antibacterial properties that make these ideal candidates for biological and medical applications. We utilized a clean method involving a single synthetic step to prepare silver nanoparticles that exhibit antimicrobial activity. Materials & methods: These nanoparticles were prepared by reducing silver nitrate with diaminopyridinylated heparin (DAPHP) and hyaluronan (HA) polysaccharides and tested for their efficacy in inhibiting microbial growth. Results & discussion: The resulting silver nanoparticles exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and modest activity against Escherichia coli. Silver–HA showed greater antimicrobial activity than silver–DAPHP, while silver–glucose nanoparticles exhibited very weak antimicrobial activity. Neither HA nor DAPHP showed activity against S. aureus or E. coli. Conclusion: These results suggest that DAPHP and HA silver nanoparticles have potential in antimicrobial therapeutic applications.
A 1-GHz active phase shifter with a ferroelectric varactor

An active phase shifter circuit implemented with discrete components is reported. The tuning element, a ferroelectric varactor, is a parallel plate capacitor with Ba/sub 0.5/Sr/sub 0.5/TiO/sub 3/ (BST) as the dielectric. The circuit consists of two bipolar junction transistors coupled with a feedback network, which contains the varactor and thus produces a transfer function that can be varied with a control voltage. The active nature of the circuit allows for signal gain, while the BST varactor provides a high-Q tuning element. This represents an improvement over strictly passive phase shifters with ferroelectric elements. Circuit simulation results are presented and compared with measured data from the implemented system. The network, even with markedly nonideal transistors, can provide a true all-pass response over the frequency band of interest (200-1100 MHz). The measurement results demonstrate an analog tunability of about 100/spl deg/ with a gain variation of about 0.6 dB at I GHz when using a BST capacitor with a tunability of 2.75:1.
Capturing the 'First Moment of Truth': Understanding Unplanned Consideration andPurchase Conversion Using In-Store Video Tracking

In order to optimize their shopper marketing strategies, retailers and manufacturers are interested in understanding in-store drivers of unplanned spending. In particular, they are interested in understanding shopping behavior at the point of purchase, termed the “first moment of truth” (Inman et al. 2009). In this research, we present and test a conceptual framework of the shopping trip-level drivers of unplanned considerations and the point-of-purchase behavior drivers of conversion to unplanned purchases. We test our hypotheses in a field study where we employ video tracking to measure shoppers’ point-of-purchase behavior. We find that longer in-store travel distance and lower “shopping efficiency” are associated with more unplanned considerations. Further, we show that an unplanned consideration is more likely to turn into a purchase if a shopper (i) spends more time in consideration, (ii) engages in more product touches, (iii) views fewer product shelf displays, (iv) stands closer to the shelf, (v) references external information, and (vi) interacts with the store staff. Implications of these findings for research and shopper marketing are discussed.
Novel buckled shapes of free-standing mesoscopic beams

We discuss the observation of novel buckled shapes of free-standing mesoscopic beams fabricated using conventional electron-beam lithography and plasma etching. As the length-to-width aspect ratio of the beams is increased the buckled shapes become more complex. Based on analysis of beams in the low aspect ratio regime using a nonlinear elastic continuum model, we obtain an upper bound on the magnitude of the fundamental mode asymmetry and relate this to higher-order asymmetry. We also observe an electromechanical mode-mode transition using capacitively coupled gates.
The Relationship Between Tree Adjoining Grammars And Head Grammarst

We examine the relationship between the two grammatical formalisms: Tree Adjoining Grammars and Head Grammars. We briefly investigate the weak equivalence of the two formalisms. We then turn to a discussion comparing the linguistic expressiveness of the two formalisms.
Mass Property Estimation Using Coasting Maneuvers

Theproblem ofestimating themass properties of a spinning rigid body is considered. Theparameterestimation method allows determination of both the inertia matrix and the position of the center of mass. The regressor model constructed is nonlinear in measurements but linear in mass properties. It does not involve linearization of the rotational dynamics of a rigid body. Use of coasting maneuvers for inertia estimation is the main feature of the method. This improves inertia estimation, especially in the presence of long coasting phases. A geometrical interpretation of inertia estimation is also introduced. The optimal choice of body-e xed coordinate system and maneuver sequences for mass property estimation are recommended based on stochastic analysis of the method. The method proposed is tested on both simulated and actual on-orbit data.
How effective and efficient are multiobjective evolutionary algorithms at hydrologic model calibration

Abstract. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of state-of-the-art evolutionary multiobjective optimization (EMO) tools' relative effectiveness in calibrating hydrologic models. The relative computational efficiency, accuracy, and ease-of-use of the following EMO algorithms are tested: Epsilon Dominance Nondominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm-II (e-NSGAII), the Multiobjective Shuffled Complex Evolution Metropolis algorithm (MOSCEM-UA), and the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 (SPEA2). This study uses three test cases to compare the algorithms' performances: (1) a standardized test function suite from the computer science literature, (2) a benchmark hydrologic calibration test case for the Leaf River near Collins, Mississippi, and (3) a computationally intensive integrated surface-subsurface model application in the Shale Hills watershed in Pennsylvania. One challenge and contribution of this work is the development of a methodology for comprehensively comparing EMO algorithms that have different search operators and randomization techniques. Overall, SPEA2 attained competitive to superior results for most of the problems tested in this study. The primary strengths of the SPEA2 algorithm lie in its search reliability and its diversity preservation operator. The biggest challenge in maximizing the performance of SPEA2 lies in specifying an effective archive size without a priori knowledge of the Pareto set. In practice, this would require significant trial-and-error analysis, which is problematic for more complex, computationally intensive calibration applications. e-NSGAII appears to be superior to MOSCEM-UA and competitive with SPEA2 for hydrologic model calibration. e-NSGAII's primary strength lies in its ease-of-use due to its dynamic population sizing and archiving which lead to rapid convergence to very high quality solutions with minimal user input. MOSCEM-UA is best suited for hydrologic model calibration applications that have small parameter sets and small model evaluation times. In general, it would be expected that MOSCEM-UA's performance would be met or exceeded by either SPEA2 or e-NSGAII.
Application of Service Oriented Architecture to emulation of onboard processing satellite systems

With increased service demands on remote sensing and communication satellites researchers are considering equipping the next generation of satellite constellations with onboard computer systems capable of general purpose computing in space. This project focuses on the design of an emulator capable of using a local area network to emulate both the passing of data between satellites and to ground-based users and the execution of data processing applications. Because satellite constellations perform a wide variety of services, the emulator design incorporates Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) to allow the flexibility of running a variety of different software applications and to easily support new, as-yet designed applications. This emulator uses the Hypercast package of Java network interfaces and a modular programming structure for passing information and files between simulated satellite and user objects. The data routing is controlled through the use of the commercial software Satellite Toolkit (STK), which calculates all communication capability and quality information for any satellite constellation. The system is capable of passing any necessary data allowing for the design of a universal interface for how applications receive information and return results. Currently, this capability is tested using image capture/passing and image classification software both of which have proved successful applications on a Service Oriented Architecture system.
Modeling Quasi-Static Characteristics of Devices Consisting of Silicon, Dielectrics, and Conductors Based on Their Helmholtz Free Energy

Devices consisting of multiple distinct regions of semiconductor, dielectric, and conductor present special challenges to standard analysis methods. It is imperative to understand the interactions among these multiple regions because of their direct implication in device switching speed and power loss. We present a novel thermodynamic approach to modeling the quasi-static behavior of several devices including the trench-insulated gate bipolar transistor at a level of detail not otherwise available either experimentally or by standard methods. Our model is based on evaluating the thermodynamic Helmholtz free energy (F) of the device using parameterized trial functions for the electrostatic potential in each of its active regions. The resulting closed-form expressions for F are minimized using appropriate free parameters, yielding a variational solution of the system including the nonlinear effect of mobile charges constrained by either Boltzmann or Fermi-Dirac statistics. This solution is employed to extract the threshold voltage and to construct a terminal capacitance model by combining the internal capacitances distributed throughout the device. The model is then compared with measured terminal capacitance-voltage characteristics of some real devices to identify and interpret individual contributions. Our analysis reveals some characteristics of the interiors of the devices, which are not physically measurable.
Large-eddy simulation of a horizontal microjet in backward-facing step flow

Large-eddy simulation (LES) is used to study the flow over a backward-facing step interacting with a periodic array of streamwise microjets emanating from the step face. Averaged streamwise velocity profiles are in good agreement with experimental data. A well defined turbulent inlet profile for the microjet is found to be important to obtain correct streamwise normal fluctuations near the step. Relavively low flow jets, entering at a 45 angle to the step face, are shown to change the primary flow field and generate more shear compared to flow without the microjets.
Dead reckoning for a lunar rover on uneven terrain

This paper extends the classic dead reckoning approach to the case of a mobile robot moving on uneven terrain such as the lunar surface or a construction site. In addition to the wheel encoders employed in classical odometry, the approach uses accelerometer and gyroscopic sensors, routinely used in aviation but rarely found on contemporary mobile robots. The paper derives a complementary Kalman filter that fuses accelerometer and rate gyro data to increase the accuracy of dead reckoning on uneven terrain. The paper presents empirical demonstrations on the effectiveness of the new method with mobile robot traverses over crater ground.
A Test of Wikler's Theory of Relapse: The Frequency of Relapse Due to Conditioned Withdrawal Sickness

Wikler's theory of relapse was assessed by asking street addicts whether they had ever experienced conditioned withdrawal sickness during abstinence, and whether they had taken drugs and ultimately relapsed as a result. Of 40 addicts who had at least one period of abstinence outside of an institution, 11 (27.5%) reported having experienced symptoms of conditioned withdrawal. Even among the 11, however, conditioned withdrawal occurred infrequently, and the sickness was mild. Only two addicts took opiates as a result, and one relapsed. Conditioned withdrawal sickness therefore appears to be but a minor cause of relapse.
Thermo-viscous fingering of flow in a thin gap: a model of magma flow in dikes and fissures

Flow of a fluid with a strongly temperature-dependent viscosity in a finite-length slot is analysed as a model of magma flow in dikes. The slot walls are held at a fixed temperature, thus cooling and increasing the viscosity of the fluid as it moves along the gap. Poiseuille flow and temperature advection, averaged across the slot, are used to study the stability of this basic one-dimensional flow to lateral perturbations. A linear stability analysis shows that for sufficiently strong cooling and viscosity increase with decreasing temperature, the flow is unstable to a fingering instability. Warm fluid is focused into relatively fast flowing zones and suffers only modest cooling, while cold, slow flowing regions experience more cooling and an increase in viscosity, which acts to locally clog the slot. The necessary condition for instability is the presence of multiple solutions for velocity (fast, intermediate and slow branches) in the basic one-dimensional flow. The intermediate branch, where the thermal adjustment lengthscale is comparable to the slot length, is unstable and the analysis indicates that the instability continues onto the slow branch. The parametric regions of instability and the growth rates are dependent on the choice of boundary conditions at the slot entrance (i. e. the magma source): either uniform flux, or uniform pressure. The latter case is the more geophysically realistic and has the larger unstable region and growth rates. Numerical solutions of the nonlinear equations show that at finite-amplitude the hot, low-viscosity, fast-flowing fingers continue to speed up, while the slow, cold regions continue to cool and slow down. At the slot exit fluid issues from the gap in isolated hot, low-viscosity spouts separated by zones of cold, nearly still fluid. Application of the model to geophysical settings indicates that the instability is expected for realistic parameter values. The model may help explain the observed focusing of fissure eruptions.
ENTEROCYSTOPLASTY OR DETRUSOR MYECTOMY? COMPARISON OF INDICATIONS AND OUTCOMES FOR BLADDER AUGMENTATION

AbstractPurpose: We review our experience with enterocystoplasty and detrusor myectomy to delineate clinical indications and compare operative outcomes with both types of bladder augmentation.Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis of 61 patients who had undergone a total of 37 detrusor myectomies and 32 enterocystoplasties was performed. The patients were categorized into 6 diagnostic subsets representative of the clinical spectrum of indications for bladder augmentation.Results: For most clinical indications detrusor myectomy offered comparable success or significant improvement in bladder function without incurring the significant complication rate of enterocystoplasty.Conclusions: Detrusor myectomy is a safe, successful method of bladder augmentation for most clinical indications. Myectomy does not hinder subsequent creation of an enterocystoplasty.
Effect of food on the absorption of enteric‐coated aspirin: Correlation with gastric residence time

The Heidelberg capsule is an indigestible indicator of gastrointestinal pH, which was used to evaluate the relationship between gastric residence time (GRT) and variability in aspirin absorption from enteric-coated tablets. In a crossover study, eight healthy subjects (four men and four women) received an enteric-coated aspirin (648 mg) together with a Heidelberg capsule while fasting or with food (breakfast, followed 4 hours later by lunch). Salicylic acid and salicyluric acid concentrations in plasma and urine were measured by HPLC. The mean (±SD) GRT was significantly delayed by food (0.8 ± 0.5 vs. 5.9 ± 3.3 hours; P < 0.005). The mean (±SD) lag time (TL) and time to peak concentration (expressed as salicylic acid equivalents) were markedly prolonged after the fed regimen (2.7 ± 0.8 vs. 8.9 ± 3.7 hours [P < 0.005] and 8.3 ± 2.9 vs. 13.8 ± 4.5 hours [P < 0.025]). For the combined data from the fasting and fed evaluations, an excellent correlation existed between TL and GRT of the capsule (TL = 1.0 GRT + 1.95; n = 16; r = 0.94; P < 0.0001). Women demonstrated greater delays in GRT and TL than did men. The delay in aspirin absorption from an enteric-coated tablet is directly related to its GRT, which is gender related and greatly affected by food. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1987) 41, 11–17; doi:10.1038/clpt.1987.3
Mechanical characterization of graphite/epoxy nanocomposites by multi-scale analysis

Mechanical properties of nanocomposites consisting of epoxy matrix reinforced with randomly oriented graphite platelets were studied by the Mori–Tanaka approach in conjunction with molecular mechanics. Elastic constants of graphite nanoplatelets, which are the inclusion phase in the micromechanical model, were calculated based on their molecular force field. The calculated elastic constants compared well with both experimental data and other published theoretical predictions. The results of the Mori–Tanaka micromechanical analysis, using the graphite platelet moduli calculated by molecular mechanics, were found to be insensitive to the variation of out-ofplane modulus E3 and Poisson’s ratio m13. However, the nanocomposite modulus is sensitive to the in-plane modulus E1 and out-of-plane shear modulus G13 of the graphite platelets and less sensitive to the in-plane Poisson’s ratio m12 for its small range of variation under consideration. The calculations confirm that the modulus of the nanocomposites studied here is strongly dependent on the aspect ratio of the reinforcing particles, but not on their size. The predicted moduli compare favorably with experimental results of several nanocomposites with graphite particles of various aspect ratios and sizes. � 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A 21.5% efficient Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin‐film concentrator solar cell

Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells have been designed for operation under mildly concentrated sunlight. The absorber was deposited via a three-stage evaporation process that has consistently yielded high-performance one-sun devices. The device structure reported here was modified by reducing the thickness of the CdS window/buffer layer to enhance the short-circuit current at the expense of the open-circuit voltage. Operation of the devices under optical enhancement leads to significant increases in the voltage and fill factor. At 14 suns, the open-circuit voltage for this device was 736 mV, the fill factor was 80.5%, and the efficiency was 21.5%. This result represents the first report of a polycrystalline thin-film solar cell with an efficiency in excess of 20%. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A data-driven approach to discovering common brain anatomy

An atlas defines a common coordinate system to enable the comparison of data from different subjects. Key in the development of a brain atlas are the identification of a common coordinate system and the definition of a procedure for aligning an individual brain to the common coordinate system. The algorithms used for atlas construction to date have not sought to characterize residual anatomical variability after registration, and have sought to assign equal weight to each subject, rather than assessing their degree of commonality. Our new algorithm defines a common coordinate system by estimating the typical anatomical distribution of brain structures and characterizes the quality of alignment of each subject within the common coordinate system. Residual anatomical variability is quantitatively described by the extent to which the brain structures of an individual fail to match the typical anatomy. We have applied this to cohorts of 14 adult and 11 newborn brain segmentations and demonstrated the ability of the algorithm to distinguish groups of subjects in a clinically relevant application.
Interactive Image Repair with Assisted Structure and Texture Completion

Removing image defects in an undetectable manner has been studied for its many useful and varied applications. In many cases the desired result may be ambiguous from the image data alone and needs to be guided by a user's knowledge of the intended result. This paper presents a framework for interactively incorporating user guidance into the filling-in process, more effectively using user input to fill in damaged regions in an image. This framework contains five main steps: first, the scratch or defect is detected; second, the edges outside the defect are detected; third, curves are fit to the detected edges; fourth, the structure is completed across the damaged region; and finally, texture synthesis constrained by the previously computed curves is used to fill in the intensities in the damaged region. Scratch detection, structure completion, and texture synthesis are influenced or guided by user input when given. Results include removal of defects from images that contain structure, texture, or both structure and texture. Users can complete images with ambiguous structure in multiple ways by gesturing the cursor in the direction of the desired structure completion
Assaultive Adolescents: Family Decision‐Making Parameters

This article presents the results of a pilot study that investigated the family decision-making styles of families with a violent adolescent (17) and families with a normal adolescent (12). The results, utilizing an unrevealed differences family interactional test, showed that families with an assaultive teenager when contrasted with normal families had: (a) less agreement when making choices as a group; (b) less agreement between mother and violent son when making choices about activities; (c) sons who had less influence in the families' choice of activities; and, (d) mothers who "dictated" the families' decisions more often. The meanings of these findings and others are discussed by the authors as they relate to the problem of assaultive youths.
Faculty: Thy administrator's keeper? Some evidence

Abstract Colleges and universities face a principal-agent problem. There are information asymmetries over the actions chosen by administrators. Because non-profit constraints limit the financial stake of trustees there may be insufficient monitoring of administrators and, consequentially, shirking. It is conceivable that faculty will serve as “delegated monitors” given the proper incentives. Faculty monitoring will most likely benefit a university when: (1) monitoring costs are low and (2) administrators cannot impose significant punishment costs on faculty. The practices of organized faculty participation in governance and tenure naturally achieve such ends. Empirical evidence from a sample of colleges and universities in the United States supports the hypothesis that features of a faculty's employment have significant effects on a university's financial performance.
Effect of Seed Damage on Germination in the Common Vetch (Vicia sativa L.)

Abstract Larvae of the tortricid moths Cydia lunulana and C. nigricana feed inside developing pods of Vicia spp. (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) in North Yorkshire, England. In the common vetch Vicia sativa, larvae commonly consume or at least damage every single seed in the pod in which they develop. Seeds that are completely consumed cannot perpetuate the vetch species, but what about partially damaged seeds? Naturally damaged seeds were obtained from field-collected pods, and sorted into five categories: (1) no damage, (2) <10% damage (volume missing), (3) 10–25% damage, (4) 25–50% damage, and (5) 50–75% damage. Seeds were soaked and planted individually to monitor germination. While scarification of the seed coat of perfect seeds is beneficial to imbibition and germination, the percent of germination decreased with each successive damage category. That a substantial proportion of damaged seeds do germinate suggests that seed damage is not always a death sentence; but growing conditions in North Yorkshire a...
Brazilian Association for Research and Graduate Studies in Physical Therapy (ABRAPG-Ft)

Correspondence to: Rod. Washington Luis, km 235 – Caixa Posta 676 – CEP 13565-905 – Sao Carlos (SP), Brasil – E-mail: diretoria@abrapg-ft.org.br The Brazilian Association for Research and Graduate Studies in Physical Therapy (ABRAPG-Ft), founded on May 6, 2005, has already organized nine National Forums for Research and Graduate Studies in Physical Therapy, involving important themes and debates favoring the political, scientific and technological development of the field. With the participation of coordinators, professors and students of the Postgraduate Programs (PGPs) in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, ABRAPG-Ft has promoted these Forums and traditionally involved fomentation organs, especially the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and the Research Foundations (FAPES), but also segments and representations of the professional class, mostly the Federal Council of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (COFFITO) and the Regional Councils of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (CREFITOS). This also creates spaces for editorial boards of scientific journals of the field to meet. Among the approached themes, which are interesting for the development of the field, the criteria that guide the triennial evaluations are conducted by CAPES. Since its foundation, ABRAPG-Ft has also been concerned about the scientific development and the graduation of qualified human resources (Master and Doctoral degrees) in the field. Nowadays, 17 years after the creation of the first PGP in Physical Therapy in Brazil, there are 14 PGPs, out of which 9 have not only master Brazilian Association for Research and Graduate Studies in Physical Therapy (ABRAPG-Ft) Dirceu Costa