cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlation between solution and gas-phase protein conformation: H/D exchange, IRMPD, and ESI FT-ICR MS

Infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) of the hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchanged 12+ charge state of gas-phase bovine ubiquitin was performed on a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. The H/D exchange of the 12+ charge state revealed two distinct isotopic distributions indicating the presence of at least two distinct conformations of the 12+ charge state. Following H/D exchange, IRMPD was used to dissociate the conformations. The fragments clearly showed little or no deuterium scrambling as evidenced by a nonstatistical distribution of deuterium incorporation. Analysis of the deuterium incorporation for the five most abundant fragment ions indicated a slow exchanging region of the fast exchanging conformation that corresponds to a stable (beta) - sheet observed by NMR in alcoholic solutions. The data suggest that protection of the amide hydrogens in the (beta) -sheet may result in the observed slow exchange rate and provides further evidence for the retention of secondary structure in gas phase.
Spaces of protest: gendered migration, social networks, and labor activism in West Java, Indonesia

Abstract This article examines the gender geography of labor activism through a comparative investigation of two communities in West Java, Indonesia. Based on in-depth interviews and a survey of workers carried out in 1995, 1998, and 2000 in the two sites, it explores the place-specific meanings attached to migrants’ social networks and gender relations, and their roles in mediating the gendered patterns of labor protest in the two villages. Previous analyses of labor protest in Indonesia have occluded scales and processes that are critical to understanding how gender dynamics are linked to the geography of protest. By contrast, attention to the gender- and place-based contexts of women’s activism illustrates the complex interactions between migrants’ local interpretations of gender norms, social network relations, household roles, state gender ideology, and global neo-liberal restructuring. Through examining these interactions, gender is conceptualized as ontologically inseparable from the production of specific activist spaces, rethinking the uni-directional spatial logic and deterministic views of gender and place put forth in theories of the New International Division of Labor.
The Success of Companion Animal Management Programs: A Review

In the early 1970s, a surge of interest in and attention to pet overpopulation led to a revamping of animal control programs around the country and to the promotion of an approach known as LES (legislation, education, sterilization). Concern about pet overpopulation and the killing of healthy animals in shelters continues to be high, but little is known about the effectiveness of LES over the past few years. The present paper reviews the available data and concludes that the pet overpopulation problem has improved in the last ten to fifteen years with only 10% of the national dog and cat population being euthanized in shelters today as compared to 20% in 1973. The data are insufficient to determine which of legislation, education, or enforcement has been the most important factor. Questions are, however, raised about the effectiveness of a sterilization program in the absence of good animal control.
THE ROLE OF CONSCIOUSNESS AS MEANING MAKER IN SCIENCE, CULTURE, AND RELIGION

. Two hundred years ago, Friedrich Schleiermacher took critical issue with Immanuel Kant's intellectual notion of intuition as applied to human nature (Wellmon 2006). He found it necessary to modify—“hermeneutically,” as he said—Kant's notion of anthropology by enabling it to include as human the new and strange human tribes Captain Cook found in the Pacific South Seas. A similar hermeneutic move is necessary if physics is to include the local contextual empirical syntheses of relativity and quantum physics. In this hermeneutical revision the synthesis is formed around the notion of a Hilbert Vector Space as the universal grammar of physics, adding to it the dynamic of the Schrodinger equation, and representing empirical “observables” by projection operators that map the subspaces of definite measurable values. Among the set of observable projection operators, some pairs share the same subspace, commute with one another, and share a common laboratory setting. Other pairs do not share this property and are described as being mutually complementary. Complementary symmetries introduce into the discursive language of physics the commonsense notion of contextuality. The new synthesis, proposed by Eugene Wigner, John von Neumann, and (in his own way) Paul Dirac, brought physics into the community of common language and established it as a work of general human achievement.1
Effect of x-ray source filtration on dose and image performance of CT scanners

X‐ray source filtration as a means to reduce patient dose while maintaining image quality was investigated for CT scanners. The CT values, their variances for various materials, and the surface dose to a cylindrical phantom were calculated for different filter thicknesses and composition as well as for different tube potentials. Thermoluminescent dosimetry indicated that the maximum dose could be predicted by calculation with an accuracy of 10% (±2 s.d.). The product of the variance of the CT values times surface dose was used to establish the appropriate thickness and composition of the filter, a figure of merit that was independent of dose and noise when the sole source of noise was Poisson statistics. This analysis indicated that source filter materials with an atomic number from 29 to 40 are optimum, and if aluminum is used, the minimum thickness, at 120 kVp, should be 4 mm.
Syngas chemical looping gasification process: Bench‐scale studies and reactor simulations

The syngas chemical looping process co-produces hydrogen and electricity from syngas through the cyclic reduction and regeneration of an iron oxide based oxygen carrier. In this article, the reducer, which reduces the oxygen carrier with syngas, is investigated through thermodynamic analysis, experiments, and ASPEN Plus® simulation. The thermodynamic analysis indicates that the countercurrent moving-bed reducer offers better gas and solids conversions when compared to the fluidized-bed reducer. The reducer is continuously operated for 15 h in a bench scale moving-bed reactor. A syngas conversion in excess of 99.5% and an oxygen carrier conversion of nearly 50% are obtained. An ASPEN Plus® model is developed which simulates the reducer performance. The results of simulation are consistent with those obtained from both the thermodynamic analysis and experiments. Both the experiments and simulation indicate that the proposed SCL reducer concept is feasible. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Pupil-sparing third nerve palsy associated with sildenafil citrate (Viagra).

PURPOSE: To report unilateral pupil-sparing third nerve palsy after use of sildenafil citrate (Viagra). METHOD: Case report. RESULTS: A 56-year-old man with a history of tobacco abuse was treated for erectile dysfunction. Viagra, 50 mg, was taken once without adverse effect. Three weeks later, the patient took a second dose of Viagra (50 mg); 36 hours later he experienced a complete pupil-sparing third nerve palsy. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, blood glucose level, magnetic resonance imaging, and magnetic resonance angiography were normal. CONCLUSION: In a patient with microvascular disease, use of sildenafil may be associated with pupil-sparing third nerve palsy.
Risks of clinically significant upper gastrointestinal events with etodolac and naproxen: a historical cohort analysis.

Background & Aims: Etodolac is a generic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Previous in vitro studies have shown that etodolac is a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 with selectivity in between that of other COX-2 inhibitors such as celecoxib and rofecoxib. However, there are no outcomes data assessing clinically significant upper gastrointestinal (CSUGI) events with etodolac. Methods: A historical cohort study was performed at the Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center in which 16,286 veteran patients (5596 patient-years) received etodolac or naproxen during a 3-year period without concurrent use of other ulcerogenic drugs other than low-dose aspirin. The primary outcome was the CSUGI event rate of the etodolac and naproxen groups without concomitant low-dose aspirin. Results: The incidence of CSUGI events was .78% and .24% for naproxen and etodolac, respectively. In the NSAID-naive subset, the incidence of CSUGI events was .99% and .24% for naproxen and etodolac, respectively. Compared with naproxen, etodolac was associated with a reduction in upper gastrointestinal events, corresponding to an odds ratio of .39 (95% confidence interval, .20–.76; P = .006). Concomitantly used low-dose aspirin increased event rates with naproxen 2-fold and etodolac 9-fold. Hence, there was no significant difference in gastrointestinal event rates between etodolac and naproxen when low-dose aspirin was taken concomitantly. Conclusions: Etodolac is a generic COX-2 selective inhibitor that reduces CSUGI events compared with the nonselective NSAID naproxen. However, concomitant use of low-dose aspirin negates the gastrointestinal safety advantages of etodolac.
Complete intergenic and flanking gene sequences from the genome of vesicular stomatitis virus

Abstract Plasmids containing vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) mRNA sequences were used to obtain sequences corresponding to the 3′ termini of VSV mRNAs and to generate primers that were used to sequence through the genomic RNA regions joining the NS, M, G and L genes. Together with the sequence of the N-NS junction (McGeoch, 1979) these results provide the complete set of VSV intergenic and flanking gene sequences. Extensive homologies were found among the four junctions of the five VSV genes. These regions have the common structure (3′)AUACUUUUUUUNAUUGUCNNUA(5′), in which N indicates three variable positions in the 23 nucleotide sequence. The first eleven nucleotides of this sequence are complementary to the sequence (5′)…UAUGAAAAAA…(3′) which occurs at the mRNA-poly(A) junction in each mRNA. These sequences presumably signal polyadenylation of each mRNA. Dinucleotide spacers (CA or GA) whose complements do not appear in the mRNAs follow the polyadenylation signals and constitute the intergenic regions. Immediately after these dinucleotides are the sequences complementary to the 5′ terminal sequences on each mRNA, (5′)AACAGNNAUC(3′). Transcription events at these junctions, and the locations of possible promoter sequences preceding them, are discussed in terms of models of VSV transcription. Important features of VSV mRNA structure, including the location of a secondary ribosome binding site at an out-of-frame AUG codon in the N mRNA and the sequences of the M and G mRNAs preceding their ribosome binding sites, are also considered.
Phytoremediation of arsenic by two hyperaccumulators in a hydroponic environment

Phytofiltration involves the use of plants to remove toxic compounds from water. Arsenic is an element of considerable environmental and toxicological interest because of its potential deleterious effects upon human health. In this research, a laboratory-constructed hydroponic system was employed to characterize phytofiltration for the uptake of arsenic and macronutrients by two arsenic hyperaccumulators, Pteris cretica cv Mayii (Moonlight fern) and Pteris vittata (Chinese brake fern). Arsenic was shown to preferentially accumulate in the leaves and stems of P. cretica cv Mayii compared to roots. The amounts of the macronutrients calcium and phosphorous absorbed were compared for control plants (growth solution) and plants exposed to arsenic(III) (growth solution and arsenic(III)). Significant differences in the concentration levels of the macronutrients were observed in roots, stems, and leaves between the control and arsenic-exposed plants. The arsenic contents of entire P. vittata plants exposed to hydroponic solutions containing arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) were compared, and no significant difference was observed.
Dynamic depletion mode: An E/D MOSFET circuit method

This paper will describe the dynamic use of depletion-mode devices resulting in improved performance in MOSFET enhancement/depletion circuits. The method - DDM - applies to the design of logic, memory and driver circuits.
Control of Nonlinear Stochastic Systems: Model-Free Controllers versus Linear Quadratic Regulators

Classical linear controllers are widely used in the control of nonlinear stochastic systems and thus there is concern about the ability of the controller to adequately regulate the system. An alternative approach to cope with such systems is to avoid the need to build the traditional "open-loop" model for the system. Through the avoidance of model, controllers can be built for arbitrarily complex nonlinear systems via neural-networks trained by simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation so that only the output error (between the plant and target outputs) is needed. In this paper, we discuss basic characteristics and limitations of both approaches and formally analyze this comparison in the case of linear quadratic regulators. The comparison is illustrated numerically on a simulated nonstationary multiple input, multiple output wastewater treatment system with stochastic effects.
Intracellular Localization of the Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group A Protein

Abstract Mutations in the Fanconi anemia (FA) complementation group A ( FANCA ) gene leads to bone marrow failure, developmental abnormalities and cancer predisposition. To map the intracellular site of FANCA, we constructed a plasmid vector which linked in-frame the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP cDNA) to the 5′ end of the FANCA cDNA (pDAS-3). We studied the expression of pDAS-3 in the FANCA mutant fibroblast cell line (GM6914). MMC sensitivity of pDAS-3 transfected cells was comparable to wild-type fibroblasts. The resulting fluorescence pattern in the stable pDAS-3 cell line expressing the fusion protein was primarily nuclear. EGFP-selected cells (lacking FANCA) remain hypersensitive to MMC and maintained a cytoplasmic fluorescence pattern. Using deletion mutants of pDAS-3, a nuclear localization domain was identified at the amino terminus of the polypeptide. Western blot results of FANCA protein confirmed the presence of FANCA in nuclear fractions and FANCA protein levels did not vary during cell cycling. This nuclear trafficking of FANCA should guide future work in defining the function of this protein.
Central venous cannulation in infants and children: a comparison of internal and external jugular vein approaches

Summary We prospectively evaluated success rate and complications associated with 436 internal (IJ) and external (EJ) jugular approaches to central venous cannulation in 377 paediatric patients. Variables studied included the route of insertion, success rate, cannulation time, intraoperative and postoperative catheter-related complications. The overall success rate and the frequency of complications were higher with the IJ than with the EJ approach. Cannulation with the EJ approach was more successful in older patients than in younger ones, making EJ a more attractive route for central venous cannulation in older children. While the inconsistent final position of the catheter tip makes EJ a less reliable technique for central venous pressure monitoring, it does not limit its usefulness for infusion of vasoactive drugs. If monitoring of filling pressures is desired, the IJ approach is a better choice, despite its higher risk of complications.
Information-theoretic inequalities in additive combinatorics

We review recent developments that adopt an information-theoretic approach to the study of sumset inequalities in additive combinatorics.
Substance abuse among physicians: a survey of academic anesthesiology programs.

UNLABELLED Efforts to reduce controlled-substance abuse by anesthesiologists have focused on education and tighter regulation of controlled substances. However, the efficacy of these approaches remains to be determined. Our hypotheses were that the reported incidence of controlled-substance abuse is unchanged from previous reports and that the control and accounting process involved in distribution of operating room drugs has tightened. We focused our survey on anesthesiology programs at American academic medical centers. Surveys were sent to the department chairs of the 133 US anesthesiology training programs accredited at the end of 1997. There was a response rate of 93%. The incidence of known drug abuse was 1.0% among faculty members and 1.6% among residents. Fentanyl was the controlled substance most often abused. The number of hours of formal education regarding drug abuse had increased in 47% of programs. Sixty-three percent of programs surveyed had tightened their methods for dispensing, disposing of, or accounting for controlled substances. The majority of programs (80%) compared the amount of controlled substances dispensed against individual provider usage, whereas only 8% used random urine testing. Sixty-one percent of departmental chairs indicated that they would approve of random urine screens of anesthesia providers. IMPLICATIONS This survey indicates that the frequency of controlled substance abuse among anesthesiologists has changed little in the past few years, despite an increase in the control and accounting procedures for controlled substances as well as increased mandatory education.
Energy of a tachyon in a magnetic field

Abstract The energy levels of a charged tachyon in a magnetic field are obtained and the restrictions imposed on the ground state level for a given magnetic field are discussed. The possibility of observing transitions between these magnetic energy levels is discussed.
Epidemiology, biology, and chemoprevention of aerodigestive cancer.

Cancers of the aerodigestive tract are a major cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Long term survival rates for these epithelial cancers have not improved substantially in the past 20 years despite intensive efforts to improve the prevention and therapy of these diseases. Therefore, new approaches are needed. One new investigative approach is chemoprevention, the chemical prevention of cancer. Chemoprevention studies in the upper aerodigestive tract have focused on the reversal of premalignant lesions and the prevention of second primary tumors. These chemoprevention efforts have resulted from an understanding of the multistep nature of epithelial carcinogenesis and the diffuse epithelial injury that results from carcinogen exposure. Ongoing research efforts are attempting to define these processes. The interaction between carcinogen exposure and host susceptibility in the development of cancers of the aerodigestive tract is being evaluated (e.g., with an assay of chromosomal sensitivity to the clastogen bleomycin). This review discusses several new aspects of the epidemiology, biology, and chemoprevention of aerodigestive tract carcinogenesis.
Temporal changes in the diazotrophic bacterial communities associated with Caribbean sponges Ircinia stroblina and Mycale laxissima.

Sponges that harbor microalgal or cyanobacterial symbionts may benefit from photosynthetically derived carbohydrates, which are rich in carbon but devoid of nitrogen, and may therefore encounter nitrogen limitation. Diazotrophic communities associated with two Caribbean sponges, Ircinia strobilina and Mycale laxissima were studied in a time series during which three individuals of each sponge were collected in four time points (5:00 AM, 12:00 noon, 5:00 PM, 10:00 PM). nifH genes were successfully amplified from the corresponding gDNA and cDNA pools and sequenced by high throughput 454 amplicon sequencing. In both sponges, over half the nifH transcripts were classified as from cyanobacteria and the remainder from heterotrophic bacteria. We found various groups of bacteria actively expressing the nifH gene during the entire day-night cycle, an indication that the nitrogen fixation potential was fully exploited by different nitrogen fixing bacteria groups associated with their hosts. This study showed for the first time the dynamic changes in the activity of the diazotrophic bacterial communities in marine sponges. Our study expands understanding of the diazotrophic groups that contribute to the fixed nitrogen pool in the benthic community. Sponge bacterial community-associated diazotrophy may have an important impact on the nitrogen biogeochemical cycle in the coral reef ecosystem.
Gene expression response to cisplatin treatment in drug-sensitive and drug-resistant ovarian cancer cells

The molecular pathways activated in response to acute cisplatin exposure, as well as the mechanisms involved in the long-term development of cisplatin-resistant cancer cells remain unclear. Using whole genome oligonucleotide microarrays, we have examined the kinetics of gene expression changes in a cisplatin-sensitive cell line, A2780, and its cisplatin-resistant derivative, ACRP. Both sensitive and resistant cell lines exhibited a very similar response of p53-inducible genes as early as 16 h after treatment. This p53 response was further increased at the 24-h time point. These experiments identify p53 as the main pathway producing a large-scale transcriptional response after cisplatin treatment in these cells containing wild-type p53. Consistent with a role for the p53 response in cisplatin sensitivity, knockdown of the p53 protein with small interfering RNA led to a twofold decrease in cell survival in the resistant cells. In addition, our analysis also allowed the identification of several genes that are differentially expressed between sensitive and resistant cells. These genes include GJA1 (encoding connexin 43 (Cx43)) and TWIST1, which are highly upregulated in cisplatin-resistant cells. The importance of Cx43 in drug resistance was demonstrated through functional analyses, although paradoxically, inhibition of Cx43 function in high expressing cells led to an increase in drug resistance. The pathways important in cisplatin response, as well as the genes found differentially expressed between cisplatin-resistant and -sensitive cells, may represent targets for therapy aimed at reversing drug resistance.
Abundances of isotopes in planetary atmospheres

Carbon and oxygen isotopes show no large anomalies on Venus (no more than 10-15%) or Mars (less than 5%); the high value of N-15/N-14 found on Mars is explained by nonthermal escape of nitrogen. The isotopes of nonradiogenic noble gases in the atmosphere of Mars exhibit abundance patterns similar to those in the primordial component of meteoritic gases and in the earth's atmosphere. This implies that gas fractionation took place in the inner solar nebula prior to planet formation. The relatively high value of Xe-129 on Mars emphasizes its deficiency on earth, implying a difference in accretion histories of volatiles for the two planets. In the outer solar system, normal isotope ratios for nitrogen and carbon on Jupiter, and for carbon on Saturn are found, but precision is low (+ or - 15% at best). Controversy exists about the correct value of D/H, with current estimates ranging from 2.3 plus or minus 1.1 to 5.1 plus or - 0.7 times 10 to the minus 5th. Planetary missions planned for the next few years should add considerably to the quantity and quality of these data.
Cardioprotective mechanisms of PKC isozyme-selective activators and inhibitors in the treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury ☆

Current treatment for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is aimed at limiting the duration of ischemia by either mechanical (balloon catheters) or enzymatic (thrombolytics) means to disrupt the occlusion. While these treatments are effective in limiting the duration of ischemia, no therapeutic treatment is currently available to prevent ischemic injury and to reduce reperfusion injury, which occurs after these interventions. The development of rationally designed PKC isozyme-selective regulator peptides has permitted investigation into the role of specific PKC isozymes in ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Based on these studies, it is now evident that epsilon and deltaPKC have distinct temporal and opposing roles in regulating myocardial damage induced by IR. Activation of epsilonPKC before ischemia protects the heart by mimicking preconditioning, whereas inhibition of deltaPKC during reperfusion protects the heart from reperfusion-induced damage. These cardioprotective effects have been observed in isolated cardiomyocytes, isolated perfused hearts and in vivo in all species tested including mouse, rat and pig and may provide the basis for future therapeutic agents. Having established the efficacy of PKC isozyme-specific regulators in reducing IR injury, the next challenge is to outline the molecular mechanisms regulated by delta and epsilonPKC isozymes that result in enhanced tolerance to IR. In this review, we discuss progress that has been made in establishing cytoprotective mechanisms, which arise as a consequence of epsilonPKC activation or deltaPKC inhibition, and how they may lead to protection in the setting of myocardial ischemia reperfusion.
A physical model for the electrical hysteresis of thin-film ferroelectric capacitors

Abstract A mathematical model for the electrical hysteresis of ferroelectric thin-film capacitors based on the Landau free energy theory is presented. The hysteresis of a single ferroelectric crystallite is derived from free energy considerations. The hysteresis of a polycrystalline material is obtained by accounting for the spatial distribution and the structural phase of the crystallites. The hysteresis functions for the tetragonal and rhombohedral phases are derived. The model is a true expression of the polarization of a ferroelectric material based on physical principles, not a curve-fitting algorithm. The electrical history of the ferroelectric is explicit in the calculation of the polarization. It is therefore capable of simulating complex behavior such as arbitrary waveforms and sub-hysteresis loops.
Composition, Structure, and Disturbance History of Old-growth and Second-growth Forests in Adirondack Park, New York

Old-growth forests with 300- to 400-year-old trees are uncommon in the eastern United States, but forests that regenerated after anthropogenic disturbance are widespread. I compared patterns of species composition, size structure, and disturbance in old-growth, hemlock-dominated forests with those characteristics of post-fire, second-growth forests in the Adirondack Mountains in northern New York to document the persistence of historical events. The species in the old-growth canopy were shade-tolerant, and the canopy species of the 90-year-old secondary forests were shade-tolerant or shade-intolerant, depending on the stand. The old-growth forests had more larger stems and fewer smaller stems per 0.1 ha than the second-growth forests. From tree-ring widths I reconstructed the disturbance chronology of the stands. The decadal rate of canopy turnover for the 50-yr. period from 1930 to 1979 in old growth (3.1-4.5%) was not significantly different from the disturbance rate in second-growth forest (3.5-4.1%). ...
Footprint analysis of estrogen receptor binding to adjacent estrogen response elements

Abstract Quantitative DNase I footprinting assays were employed to simultaneously measure the amount of estrogen receptor (ER) bound to each site in constructs containing multiple estrogen response elements (EREs). These assays revealed identical, high affinity ER-ERE binding, K d of approximately 0.25 nM, for estradiol-liganded ER (E 2 -ER), 4-hydroxytamoxifen liganded ER (4-OHT-ER), tamoxifen aziridine liganded ER (TAz-ER), and unliganded dimeric ER, for each ERE in constructs containing up to four tandem EREs. Increasing concentrations of ER resulted in the same pattern of occupancy for each ERE, whether or not the site was located near other EREs. Similarly, the presence or absence of E 2 , 4-OHT, or TAz ligand did not change ER-ERE interaction. Since activated ER-ERE binding affinity is identical, whether ER is liganded or unliganded, ligand cannot regulate ER-ERE binding affinity. These results support the hypothesis that ligand-dependent conformational changes primarily determine how ER interacts with components of the transcription initiation complex that mediate gene transactivation. In addition, footprint assays revealed that, following ER binding, an AT-rich site adjacent to the ERE becomes hypersensitive to DNase I digestion. This sequence may be easily or intrinsically bent, assisting in recruiting ER to ERE sites.
Contesting privilege with right: the transformation of differentiated citizenship in Brazil

This paper suggests that new understandings of rights associated with right to the city movements in many cities around the world are subverting special treatment rights (understood as privilege) and the systems of differentiated citizenship that support them. To make this case, it examines the Brazilian formulation of differentiated citizenship as a telling historical example of a politics of difference based on a combination of universal membership and special treatment rights. It argues that by denying the expectation of equality and emphasizing that of compensatory equity in the distribution of rights, Brazilian citizenship became an entrenched regime of legalized privileges and legitimated inequalities. This paper then analyzes the insurgence of an urban citizenship in the poor peripheries of Brazilian cities since the 1970s, which promotes new kinds of contributor rights, the text-based rights, and the right to rights. It ends with a discussion of the entanglements and contradictions of these formul...
Design of experiments for linear regression models when gradient information is available

Abstract When it is expensive to compute a function value via numerical simulation, obtaining gradient values simultaneously can improve model efficiency. This paper considers the design problem for linear regression models fitted using both function and gradient data. A theoretical upper bound is derived on the scaled integrated mean squared error in terms of the discrepancy of the design, and this bound can be used to choose designs that are both efficient and robust under model uncertainty. Low discrepancy designs are those whose empirical distribution functions match a fixed target distribution. Numerical experiments show that for lower degree polynomial models and for models with many interactions, low discrepancy designs approximating the arcsine distribution are superior. On the other hand, for higher degree polynomial models and those with fewer interactions, low discrepancy designs approximating the uniform distribution are superior.
Chimeric dopamine-norepinephrine transporters delineate structural domains influencing selectivity for catecholamines and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium

Abstract The dopamine (DA) and norephinephrine (NE) transporters demonstrate important differences in their selectivity for catecholamines and the parkinsonism-inducing neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), yet their primary sequences and predicted topology are strikingly similar. To delineate discrete structural domains contributing to pharmacologic and kinetic differences between the DA and NE transporters, a series of recombinant chimeras was generated by a restriction site-independent method and expressed in mammalian cells. Functional analyses of the chimeras delineate two discrete regions spanning the first through the third transmembrane domains (TM1-3) and TM10-11 that contribute to differences in their apparent affinities for DA, NE, and MPP+. These studies also suggest that TM2-3 of the DA transporter have a role in selectively increasing the rate of DA uptake as compared with NE. TM4-8 of the DA transporter may influence the relative rate with which MPP+ is taken up into cells and could contribute to its selective toxicity in neurons expressing the DA transporter. These structure-function studies using chimeras of members of the superfamily of Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent transporters provide a framework for identifying the specific structural or regulatory determinants contributing to substrate recognition and translocation by the DA and NE transporters.
Mobile triage team in a community disaster plan

Experience has shown poor predisaster planning, inadequate communication and the absence of an on-scene commander to be common and recurring problems during disaster rescue efforts. A mobile onscene triage team (MOTT) operating in Sacramento has demonstrated the following advantages: immediate access; mobility; coordinated evacuation, treatment, and disposition of mass causalty victims; control of facility overload, and appropriate initial disposition to definitive care facilities. The advantages realized with this approach arise from greater community awareness and participation in a coordinated plan for medical care in disasters.
Youth sport as a component of organized afterschool programs

Organized afterschool programs have received increased attention over the past two decades because of changes in family demographics and in society's structures for supervising and socializing youth. The number of afterschool programs has been rapidly expanding to meet the increased need. However, not all youth in need are being reached, and the programs that are being created are loosely connected. The authors present several advantages of more fully integrating sport and afterschool activities. There are well-documented positive effects of physical activity and sports participation on physical and psychosocial youth outcomes, especially if those programs are implemented with these points in mind. Promoting healthy lifestyles and preventing obesity are also important federal- and state-level policy priorities. Finally, physical activity and fitness and sport participation are linked with improved cognitive functioning and greater academic achievement, two desired outcomes of many afterschool programs. The authors note, however, that many youth sports programs designed to enhance positive youth development will not succeed without more attention focused on improving them, because they do not use best practices and principles of afterschool and youth sports programs. The authors focus on best practice ideas in four areas that are essential to the successful intersection of youth sport and afterschool programming: setting a clear mission, programming with appropriate content, staff training, and research and evaluation or frequent assessments. They illustrate best practices in each of these areas using program descriptions and provide recommendations for strengthening the connections among afterschool programs, sports, and physical activity.
Least-cost network evaluation of centralized and decentralized contributions to global electrification

Abstract The choice between centralized and decentralized electricity generation is examined for 150 countries as a function of population distribution, electricity consumption, transmission cost, and the cost difference between decentralized and centralized electricity generation. A network algorithm is developed to find the shortest centralized transmission network that spans a given fraction of the population in a country. The least-cost combination of centralized and decentralized electricity that serves the country is determined. Case studies of Botswana, Uganda, and Bangladesh illustrate situations that are more and less suited for decentralized electrification. Specific maps for centralized and decentralized generation are presented to show how the least-cost option varies with the relative costs of centralized and decentralized generation and transmission cost. Centralized and decentralized fractions are calculated for 150 countries. For most of the world's population, centralized electricity is the least-cost option. For a number of countries, particularly in Africa, substantial populations and regions may be most cost-effectively served by decentralized electricity.
How long should patients be kept non-weight bearing after ankle fracture fixation? A survey of OTA and AOFAS members

Abstract Background Ankle fractures are common injuries treated routinely by orthopaedic surgeons. A variety of different post-operative protocols have been described with differing periods of non-weight bearing after surgery. The aim of this study was to identify how patient injury characteristics and medical comorbidities contribute to the period of non-weight bearing chosen by orthopaedic surgeons after open reduction and internal fixation of rotational ankle fractures. Methods A cross sectional expert opinion survey was administered to members of the AOFAS as well as OTA to determine how long they would instruct patients to be non-weight bearing after open reduction and internal fixation of ankle fractures. Three different injury characteristics were described: supination external rotation type 4 equivalents, bimalleolar, and trimalleolar patterns. These patterns were combined with three different medical statuses: young and healthy, older and healthy, and older with significant medical comorbidity. Respondents selected how long they would keep the patient non-weight bearing after surgery for each of the potential scenarios. Finally, they were directly asked which factors they felt affected their decision about length of time to keep patients non-weight bearing. Results Seven hundred and two surgeons (31%) responded to the survey. The average time of non-weight bearing selected varied from 4.9 (±3.1) weeks for in young, healthy patients with SER4 equivalent injuries to 7.6 (±6.0) weeks for older patients with medical comorbidities with trimalleolar fractures. Responses had a high degree of heterogeneity, but both injury pattern and medical status were significant predictors of non-weight bearing period ( p Conclusions There is significant variation among orthopaedic surgeons when selecting period of non-weight bearing after fixation of ankle fractures, with both injury pattern and medical comorbidity playing a role in decision of time to keep patient non-weight bearing. Further research further evaluating the relationship between these factors and safe periods of non-weight bearing could help identify patients that may benefit from earlier mobilization, and improve surgeon's comfort with early mobilization. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level V.
Stimulating change in engineering education

It is generally agreed that major changes are necessary in engineering education, mainly for three reasons. First, the role of the engineer is changing markedly. Second, advances in technology are altering educational methods. Third, today's students are seeking active roles in the operation of the university. What is needed is a program incorporating experimentation, flexibility, and feedback, such as an honors program of the type now functioning at the University of Illinois. The Illinois program, which is described in this article, by definition exists for honor students. However, it has proved to be a stimulus for change in the entire undergraduate program of the college.
Kinetic and equilibrium Fe isotope fractionation between aqueous Fe(II) and Fe(III)

Abstract Equilibrium and kinetic Fe isotope fractionation between aqueous ferrous and ferric species measured over a range of chloride concentrations (0, 11, 110 mM Cl−) and at two temperatures (0 and 22°C) indicate that Fe isotope fractionation is a function of temperature, but independent of chloride contents over the range studied. Using 57Fe-enriched tracer experiments the kinetics of isotopic exchange can be fit by a second-order rate equation, or a first-order equation with respect to both ferrous and ferric iron. The exchange is rapid at 22°C, ∼60–80% complete within 5 seconds, whereas at 0°C, exchange rates are about an order of magnitude slower. Isotopic exchange rates vary with chloride contents, where ferrous-ferric isotope exchange rates were ∼25 to 40% slower in the 11 mM HCl solution compared to the 0 mM Cl− (∼10 mM HNO3) solutions; isotope exchange rates are comparable in the 0 and 110 mM Cl− solutions. The average measured equilibrium isotope fractionations, ΔFe(III)-Fe(II), in 0, 11, and 111 mM Cl− solutions at 22°C are identical within experimental error at +2.76±0.09, +2.87±0.22, and +2.76±0.06 ‰, respectively. This is very similar to the value measured by Johnson et al. (2002a) in dilute HCl solutions. At 0°C, the average measured ΔFe(III)-Fe(II) fractionations are +3.25±0.38, +3.51±0.14 and +3.56±0.16 ‰ for 0, 11, and 111 mM Cl− solutions. Assessment of the effects of partial re-equilibration on isotope fractionation during species separation suggests that the measured isotope fractionations are on average too low by ∼0.20 ‰ and ∼0.13 ‰ for the 22°C and 0°C experiments, respectively. Using corrected fractionation factors, we can define the temperature dependence of the isotope fractionation from 0°C to 22°C as: 10 3 ln α Fe(III)-Fe(II) = [0.334 ± 0.032]*10 6 T 2 − 0.88 ± 0.38 where the isotopic fractionation is independent of Cl− contents over the range used in these experiments. These results confirm that the Fe(III)-Fe(II) fractionation is approximately half that predicted from spectroscopic data, and suggests that, at least in moderate Cl− contents, the isotopic fractionation is relatively insensitive to Fe-Cl speciation.
Recurrent retrograde intussusception after roux-en-Y gastric bypass: intussusception reduction by the transhepatic approach.

was removed at laparoscopy, it had adhered to a scarred loop of ilium. The remainder of the Bird’s Nest filter remained within the IVC and was not removed. After surgery, the patient was pain-free (1). Ford et al (2) described symptomatic pancreatitis following IVC wall perforation by a Celect IVC filter (Cook) (2). The patient’s symptoms were ameliorated after removal of the filter. Arabi et al (3) described two patients who presented with abdominal pain after caudal migration of their retrieval-optional IVC filters with associated caval penetration. These patients’ pain improved after removal of the filters. Nutting and Coldwell described the placement and immediate removal of a TrapEase IVC device placed as a temporary IVC filter (4). The filter was placed before thrombectomy and thrombolysis of an IVC thrombus. They removed the filter in a fashion similar to that described in the present report, by using slings to stretch the filter and release it from the wall and capturing the filter with a sheath to remove it. Venbrux et al (5) described the removal of a TrapEase IVC filer 1 year after it was placed. A permanent IVC filter had been placed in a trauma patient, who, in retrospect, would have been better served by a retrieval-
Pattern of dipyrone exposure in Texas, 1998 to 2004.

Introduction Dipyrone is an analgesic and antipyretic agent. The purpose of this study was to describe the pattern of dipyrone exposures reported to poison centers.
An Improvement to the Method of Integral Relations

Abstract An improvement to the Method of Integral Relations (MIR) using orthonormal weighting functions is described. The method is applied to two test problems in boundary layer flow for which similarity solutions exist. The improved method is written for arbitrary order and it is shown to give close agreement with the similarity solutions as the order is increased.
Technical note: CT determination of the mineral density of dry bone specimens using the dipotassium phosphate phantom

Recent studies have demonstrated the potential application of computed tomography (CT) in research into bone density. Clinical studies of bone density using CT commonly employ a dipotassium phosphate phantom to calibrate measurements of mineral density. Designed for in vivo studies, the use of this phantom requires that bones be scanned while immersed in and permeated by fluids or soft tissues similar to water in X-ray attenuation coefficient. However, this condition may not always be met in anthropological applications, which often involve rare and fragile specimens. This study compares mineral density values calculated for a sample of bones scanned—at the same sites—in air and in water. The results indicate that, when scanned in air, the mineral density of trabecular bone is dramatically underestimated, while that of cortical bone is slightly overestimated. We present a linear regression equation to correct this error but recommend that, when possible, researchers calculate their own regressions based on their specific scanning conditions. Am J Phys Anthropol 103:557–560, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A modified procedure for the determination of loukocyte alkaline phosphatase

Abstract Although the determination of serum alkaline phosphatase in a glycine buffer is a standard procedure, this buffer is totally unsuitable for assaying the leukocyte enzyme. The leukocyte enzyme is almost totally inhibited by preincubation in 0.1 m glycine for 5 minutes; hence the reaction is not linear with time when run in this buffer. A satisfactory assay for the leukocyte enzyme employing 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol buffer is outlined.
An Interperiod Network Storage Location-Allocation (INSLA) model for rail distribution of ethanol biofuels

Abstract In response to the US federal renewable fuels standards, new ethanol plants of varying sizes are being established in the US. The transportation challenge is to decide on how best to move raw materials to these existing and new ethanol plants, and to ship the fuel from the ethanol plants to markets around the country. In this paper, we extend the Interperiod Network Storage Location–Allocation (INSLA) model formulation into a Rail-INSLA model to address the transportation/transshipment issues associated with the rail distribution of ethanol biofuels that include: transporting less than unit train quantities from each plant, developing new sidings at ethanol plants to accommodate a unit train, and determining the optimal number and locations for carrier operated terminals for the agglomeration of less than unit train size shipments into unit train shipments.
DNA and RNA Synthesis by Fertilised, Cleavage Arrested Sea Urchin Eggs

Eggs of Lytechinus variegatus which have been fertilised and maintained at 10° C do not undergo segmentation, but do replicate DNA. It has been found that RNA synthesis is initiated in these eggs following a period of DNA synthesis resulting in amounts of DNA/egg comparable to those amounts found in late blastulae (1000 genome equivalents). The RNA synthesised has been studied by autora-diographic and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. RNAse-sensitive grains appear in autoradio-graphs of cleavage-arrested eggs exposed to tritiated uridine beginning two days after fertilisation at 10° C. Incorporation of labelled uridine into the 18 and 25 s region of sucrose gradients parallels the appearance of acid-insoluble radioactivity in the uridine autoradiographs. Localisation of the RNA in the autoradiographs was shown to be in close association with Feulgen-positive areas of the egg periphery. Since differentiation is generally thought to involve changing patterns of transcription of the zygote genome, transcription patterns in the absence of cleavage and normal morphogenesis is of considerable interest. The study of molecular events occurring in a time span during which there is no cell division may have bearing on the role of cell division in differentiation.