cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The automated factory: Justification and implementation

T he factory of the future seems finally to be realizing the longhoped-for production wonders of customized and diversified products. This factory also provides flexible processes that optimize resources; as a result, lead times are getting shorter, inventories are dropping, machine utilization is increasing, and quality, consistency, and performance are improving. All these results have already been achieved in the U.S. by firms utilizing various forms of factory automation. However, as the automated factory advances quite rapidly in the U.S., disillusionment with automation has surfaced. One technology after another has been denounced by users after reportedly failing as the long-sought cure-all. Disaffections started with materials requirements planning (MRP) and MRP II, moved to robots, and were even expressed in a study that found that 75 percent of the firms surveyed claimed not to have realized cost improvements from their computer-aided design (CAD) systems. Even flexiblemanufacturing systems (FMS) have been criticized for not living up to expectations. These problems lead to the following questions: What does this mean to management? Is the automated factory a fad? Should manufacturers avoid investment in new process technologies? What are the internal and external effects of these new technologies? What are the adaptation obstacles? How can we ensure a successful implementation of the automated factory? The following cases present instances in which American firms capitalized on the advantages of advanced manufacturing technologies. A firm can expect both external and internal benefits from an automated factory, but it can also find certain obstacles to adaptation. Certain steps, however, can aid in implementation and help derive the maximum benefit from the FMS investment.
Factors Influencing the Residential Location of Female Householders

Currently, 25% of all households are headed by females. Although 75% of all female householders are urban dwellers, few investigations have examined factors contributing to their centralization. This study focused on the dynamics of residential location among female householders living in one-person, two-or-more person family, and nonfamily configurations. A path model was designed and evaluated that examined the relationships among such variables as tract distance from the central business district (CBD), proportion of structures in the tract built before 1950, tract density, urban! suburban tract designation, median rent per tract, proportion of elderly householders and black householders per tract for each of the female householder groups. The results suggest that female-headed households live close to the CBD, in urban and densely populated tracts, in pre-1950 buildings, and in lower rent units and that socioeconomic and spatial organization factors impact differently on the residential location of ea...
The principal glucocorticoid binding macromolecule in hepatoma cells in culture is similar to corticosteroid binder II of rat liver cytosol.

Abstract Reuber H-35 hepatoma (H4-II-E-C3) and HTC cells are known to retain differentiated corticosteroid induced functions in cell culture and to bind corticosteroids to macromolecules in cytosol which subsequently enter the cell nuclear fraction. Using both cell types we have demonstrated the major macromolecular fraction in cytosol to have properties (elution position from DEAE columns, pI, 3 H-dexamethasone binding), very similar to those of rat liver corticosteroid Binder II which may be the hormone receptor.
Bistatic Doppler radar for vehicle speed determination

A monostatic Doppler radar can yield accurate vehicle speed measurements over a very limited angular extent. When applied to a multi-lane super-highway geometry, the area within which the vehicle must be confined for accurate measurement becomes quite small. A much larger areal extent for accurate measurement can be achieved by designing the radar system for bistatic operation. In this geometry the transmitter and receiver are on opposite sides of the multi-lane highway and both transmitting and receiving antenna beams are oriented towards the vehicle. A radiation leakage link is required between transmitter and receiver to provide a reference frequency signal. Examples are given to show the operational advantage of a bistatic radar compared to a monostatic radar.
Human erythrocyte membrane. Uptake of progesterone and chemical alterations.

Abstract The interaction of progesterone with hemoglobin-free membrane preparations from red cells obtained from blood of male and female donors has been investigated at time of collection of blood and after 42 days of storage. Alterations of some chemical components of such ghost membrane preparations have been analyzed. Progesterone shows a definite interaction with soluble protein components of the membrane, and the combining affinity is greater at 37 than at 4°. Differences are observed in the chemical composition and in the uptake of progesterone by membrane preparations obtained from fresh and 42-day-old blood of male and female donors. A great loss of phospholipid content and a significant loss of sialic acid occur in the membrane of red cells from blood of male donors after storage of 42 days under blood banking conditions.
THE EFFECT OF THYROIDECTOMY ON THE MORTALITY AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD CHANGES OF THE RAT SUBJECTED TO WHOLE BODY X-IRRADIATION*

The ability of the irradiated organism to repair the damage to its hemopoietic tissue plays a fundamental role in survival during the post-irradiation period. A study of those aspects of endocrine physiology which influence hemopoiesis is therefore of basic importance to this problem. The clinical and experimental evidence which implicates the thyroid hormone in hemopoiesis has been reviewed recently (Axelrod and Berman, 1951). Of particular interest in this regard is the experimental evidence obtained in the study of the anemia of hypophysectomized animals (Crafts, 1941). It has been shown that the anemia which follows hypophysectomy can be prevented by feeding a high protein diet with substitution thyroxine and testosterone proprionate therapy (Crafts, 1949). The mechanism by which thyroid hormone influences hemopoiesis is not known. Bomford (1938) has proposed that the thyroid hormone, and the pituitary gland by elaboration of thyrotropic hormone, influence the stimulus to erythropoiesis
Design space exploration of workload-specific last-level caches

Leakage power of last-level caches constitute a significant part of overall power consumption. Various circuit-level and technology-based methods have been proposed to reduce cache leakage. However, from a system designer's perspective, for a particular configuration and workload, it is not clear which method will be most effective. In this work, we make a detailed evaluation and comparison of cache energy reduction techniques. Our results show that when energy is very scarce and important, the best results are obtained with highly energy efficient Tunnel-FET caches. When the available energy increases and performance becomes a bigger concern, there is no single winner. While a small number of capacity sensitive workloads benefit from increased capacity of STT-RAM caches, latency sensitive workloads prefer solutions with smaller latency penalties such as drowsy caches.
Emissions of isoprenoids and oxygenated biogenic volatile organic compounds from a New England mixed forest

Fluxes of biogenic volatile organic compounds, including isoprene, monoterpenes, and oxygenated VOCs measured above a mixed forest canopy in central Massachusetts during the 2005 and 2007 growing seasons are reported. Mixing ratios were measured using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and fluxes computed by the disjunct eddy covariance technique. Isoprene was by far the predominant BVOC emitted at this site, with summer mid-day average fluxes of 5.3 and 4.4 mg m −2 hr −1 in 2005 and 2007, respectively. In comparison, mid-day average fluxes of monoterpenes were 0.21 and 0.15 mg m −2 hr −1 in each of these years. On short times scales (days), the diel pattern in emission rate compared well with a standard emission algorithm for isoprene. The general shape of the seasonal cycle and the observed decrease in isoprene emission rate in early September was, however, not well captured by the model. Monoterpene emission rates exhibited dependence on light as well as temperature, as determined from the improved fit to the observations obtained by including a light-dependent term in the model. The mid-day average flux of methanol from the canopy was 0.14 mg m −2 hr −1 in 2005 and 0.19 mg m −2 hr −1 in 2007, but the maximum flux was observed in spring (29 May 2007), when the flux reached 1.0 mg m −2 hr −1 . This observation is consistent with enhanced methanol production during leaf expansion. Summer mid-day fluxes of acetone were 0.15 mg m −2 hr −1 during a short period in 2005, but only 0.03 mg m −2 h −1 averaged over 2007. Episodes of negative fluxes of oxygenated VOCs, particularly acetone, were observed periodically, especially in 2007. Thus, deposition within the canopy could help explain the low season-averaged flux of acetone in 2007. Fluxes of species of biogenic origin at mass-to-charge ($m/z$) ratios of 73 (0.05 mg m −2 hr −1 in 2005; 0.03 mg m −2 hr −1 in 2007) and 153 (5 μg m −2 hr −1 in 2007), possibly corresponding to methyl ethyl ketone and an oxygenated terpene or methyl salicylate, respectively, were also observed.
Dimercaptan metal-binding agents influence the biotransformation of arsenite in the rabbit.

Abstract The urinary metabolites of sodium arsenite have been investigated in rabbits given sodium arsenite and water-soluble dimercaptans. Rabbits injected sc with NaAsO2 (1 mg As/kg) were given, im 1 hr later, either saline, 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS), meso-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), or N-(2,3-dimercaptopropyl)phthalamidic acid (DMPA) at 0.2 mmol/kg. Arsenic metabolites in urine collected from treated rabbits were isolated by combined anion-cation-exchange chromatography. Column fractions were acid-digested and analyzed for arsenic by direct hydride-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The relative amounts of inorganic arsenic, methylarsonate, and dimethylarsinate found in 0 to 24 hr urine of rabbits given only sodium arsenite agreed closely with those reported for human subjects given arsenite po. This finding suggests that the rabbit biotransforms arsenite in a manner very similar to that of man. The urinary excretion of total arsenic between 0 and 24 hr was elevated after dimercaptan administration, but urinary excretion of total arsenic between 0 and 48 hr was unaffected. This result indicates that the action of these dimercaptans occurs early after treatment. In addition, the dimercaptans influenced differently the amounts of the arsenic metabolites excreted in the urine between 0 and 24 hr. DMPS, DMSA, or DMPA increased arsenite excretion but decreased dimethylarsinate excretion. DMPS or DMPA treatment increased methylarsonate excretion but DMSA did not. Arsenate excretion increased after DMPS or DMSA treatment but was not affected by DMPA treatment. These results suggest that the dimercaptans, in addition to increasing arsenic excretion, also influence the biotransformation of arsenite to less toxic species. The different effects on the urinary excretion of arsenic metabolites suggest that these dimercaptan metal binding agents have mechanisms of action in addition to simple chelation of inorganic arsenic.
Scattering coefficient - hemoglobin concentration relation determined by frequency-domain spectroscopy during venous occlusion

We found correlation between reduced scattering coefficient and total hemoglobin concentration measured on muscles by the frequency-domain spectroscopy during venous occlusion protocol. This can be a useful parameter, which can be employed in clinical studies.
Perceptions of similarity and response to selected comparison targets in type 2 diabetes.

Objective: Social comparisons (i.e. self-evaluations relative to others) may affect motivation for diabetes self-care behaviours. Comparisons can have either positive or negative effects, but it is...
Emulation of dynamic wavefront disturbances using a deformable mirror

Boundary-layer turbulence resulting from uneven airflow around window interfaces can impact airborne laser communications (lasercom). In the focal plane, these distortions can produce fast jitter and beam break-up, posing challenges for tracking and communications. We demonstrate an experimental emulator that reproduces aircraft aero-optical distortions using a deformable mirror. This boundary-layer emulator resides in a hardware testbed that experimentally mimics air-to-space lasercom links in a controlled, laboratory environment. The boundary-layer emulator operates in the 1.55-μm band and accurately recreates aero-optical distortions at a rate of 2 kilo-frames per second.
The biological effects of CRP are not attributable to endotoxin contamination: Evidence from TLR4 knockdown human aortic endothelial cells

C-reactive protein (CRP) is the prototypic marker of inflammation and a strong predictor of cardiovascular events in humans. There are questions regarding the validity of the biological effects reported for CRP, in spite of adherence to rigorous control measures minimizing endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] contamination in these in vitro studies. In this study, we addressed the key question of endotoxin contamination in CRP preparations using Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) knockdown endothelial cells. Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) transfected with prevalidated TLR4 small interfering RNA (siRNA) and scrambled siRNA controls were challenged with pleural fluid-derived CRP or LPS for 12–16 h. Secreted interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, IL-8, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels and endothelial Nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity were determined. TLR4 knockdown in HAECs significantly decreased LPS-induced IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, whereas the stimulatory effects of CRP were similar in both scrambled control and TLR4 knockdown cells. Furthermore, CRP significantly stimulated PAI-1 levels in both control and TLR4-transfected cells and inhibited eNOS activity, whereas LPS effects were negated in TLR4-transfected cells. The data presented cogently demonstrate and further confirm that the biological effects of CRP on HAECs are independent of LPS and thus are attributable to native protein per se. This is the first study to positively authenticate the significance of earlier in vitro reports on CRP biological effects.
Laser-flash photographic studies of Er:YAG laser ablation of water

Photographic studies of pulsed infrared laser irradiation of a pure water target illustrate two aspects of mass removal: (1) surface evaporation, and (2) explosive vaporization. A pulsed Erbium:YAG laser provided radiation at a 2.9-micrometers wavelength for delivery to the target site and triggered a second visible laser (nitrogen/dye laser) for illumination of the target site for photography. A variable time delay between the Er:YAG and dye lasers allowed selection of the time of the photograph (>=1 microsecond(s) ). The photographs distinguish between (1) rapid surface evaporation when the energy deposition achieves high temperatures but does not supply the full enthalpy of vaporization, and (2) explosive vaporization of water when the entire enthalpy of vaporization has been provided by the laser pulse.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thermal comfort and sensation in men wearing a cooling system controlled by skin temperature.

Objective: The study was done to determine whether thermal comfort (TC), thermal sensation (TS), and subjective factors gauging environmental stress were negatively affected with different cooling methods in men exercising in chemical protective clothing. Background: Previous studies have reported that intermittent regional cooling improved the efficacy of cooling as compared with constant cooling (CC), but no studies have addressed whether there is any improvement in thermal comfort. Methods: Eight male volunteers exercised at moderate work intensity (425 W) in three microclimate cooling tests. The circulating fluid in the cooling garment was provided during exercise to the head (6% body surface area [BSA]), torso (22% BSA), and thighs (44% BSA) and manipulated under three methods: (a) CC, (b) pulsed cooling (PC), and (c) PC activated by mean skin temperature (Tsk) control (PCskin). TC and TS ratings were recorded every 20 min during the 80-min test. Results: TC and TS ratings were not different for PCsk...
Preventing Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) Seedling Establishment in the Northern Prairie Pothole Region

Abstract Controlled burns and grazing are being tested to manage invasive grasses in the Prairie Pothole region of the Northern Great Plains. These practices, however, may inadvertently promote saltcedar infestations from seed by opening the vegetative canopy. Saltcedar seedling establishment was investigated in greenhouse experiments using intact soil cores from one summit and three footslope sites in eastern South Dakota. Establishment tests were conducted in soil cores collected from treatment and control plots immediately after spring fire treatment (postburn) and in cores that contained peak cool- or peak warm-season vegetation, with or without clipping (simulated grazing treatment), to simulate vegetation conditions typical of saltcedar seed-shed in northern regions. Cores were seeded with 100 saltcedar seeds and subirrigated to maintain high soil water conditions, characteristic of the environment near potholes during late spring/early summer. Seedlings were counted during the first 3 wk to estimat...
Effects of Practice on Detection of Abnormalities in Chest X-Rays

The performance of radiology residents and staff radiologists in detecting and identifying abnormalities in chest x-rays was examined. 120 chest films were each read five times on five different sessions by each radiologist. Half of the films contained up to eight possible types of abnormality. Practice improved the detectability of abnormalities, as indexed by ROC-based measures, in both groups of readers. However, greater benefits of practice were noted for the residents than for the staff. Staff radiologists, but not the residents, had reporting criteria that were close to the optimal criterion for the diagnostic setting. Accuracy of disease identification also improved with practice in both groups. The results indicate that training and practice can lead to the stabilization of reporting criteria and improvement of diagnostic accuracy in chest x-ray diagnosis.
Static profile and dynamic behavior of COBOL programs

A measurement system for gathering a static profile and dynamic characteristics of COBOL programs at the source language level is described. Static and dynamic results are presented and discussed.
Hypercalcemia in a Neonate With Obstructive Uropathy

A female neonate was born at term to a healthy 20-year-old gravida I, para I mother. Prenatal ultrasonography showed a right multicystic dysplastic kidney and severe left hydronephrosis. Postnatal ultrasonography and mercaptoacetyltriglycine nuclear scan confirmed right multicystic dysplastic kidney and left hydronephrosis secondary to ureteropelvic junction obstruction. On day 7 of life pyeloplasty was performed because of the severity of hydronephrosis and renal failure (creatinine 1.6 mg./dl., normal for age 0.3 to 1) (part A of figure). A left nephrostomy tube was inserted due to secondary persistent obstruction in the immediate postoperative period. The patient had renal failure with an estimated clearance of 14 ml. per minute 1.73 m. more than a month in duration (part A of figure). On day 10 persistent hypercalcemia developed (normal 8.5 to 10.5 mg./dl). Extensive evaluation of this hypercalcemia did not reveal a cause. The patient was already on a formula low in calcium and did not receive calcium supplements. Vitamin D intoxication was excluded by normal levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (23.7 ng./ml., normal 8.9 to 46.7) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (15 pg./ml., normal 6 to 62). Intact parathyroid hormone was normal (57.6 pg./dl., normal 10 to 65). The urine calcium-to-creatinine ratio was normal at 0.14 (normal for age 0.2 to 0.4). She also had persistent hyperkalemia with a serum potassium of 5.9 to 6.8 mmol./l. (normal 3.5 to 5) and mild metabolic acidosis with serum bicarbonate between 17 and 21 mmol./l. (normal 20 to 27) and a normal anion gap. The diagnosis was type IV hyperkalemic renal tubular acidosis secondary to obstructive uropathy (normal anion gap metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia). The brief period of alkalosis occurred during clinically severe volume contraction with more than a 10% weight loss at age 3 weeks. With alkali therapy hyperkalemia, acidosis and hypercalcemia resolved and the patient gained weight. At 2 months after the initial presentation the patient had normal serum calcium (10.5 mg./dl.), phosphorus (4.8 mg./dl.), bicarbonate (24 mmol./l.) and potassium (4.5 mmol./l.).
Electrical Aspects of Foam Flotation: The Streaming Potential

Abstract Experimental verification of the existence of a streaming potential phenomenon in draining ionic surfactant foams is reported. The streaming potential is directly proportional to column length, inversely proportional to solution conductivity, and independent of gas flow rate over the ranges of parameters studied. The streaming potential is of opposite sign for sodium lauryl sulfate (anionic) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (cationic).
The Effect of Triethylenetetramine Dihydrochloride on the in vivo Susceptibility of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa to Gentamicin

A chelating agent, triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride (TRIEN dihydrochloride) increased the efficacy of gentamicin in vivo against a clinical isolate of P. aeruginosa, designated Ps 15. Mice which were inoculated with 10 × LD50 of Ps 15 and treated with doses of 2-16 mg of gentamicin per kg per day all died. However, treatment with 8 mg of gentamicin per kg body weight per day plus 30 mg of TRIEN dihydrochloride per day markedly reduced the mortality. The combined therapy also reduced the number of viable organisms that accumulated in the kidney during a 24-hour period post inoculation. When a dosage level of 8 mg of gentamicin was exceeded in the combined treatment regimen, all of the infected mice died, and a high concentration of endotoxin could be detected in the mouse sera by the limulus assay.
Periodic solutions of a class of hyperbolic equations containing a small parameter

Periodic solutions of hyperbolic equations containing small parameter by extending Cesari method for differential equations
History and reciprocity in Hegel's theory of the State

Hegel's logic provides a basis for an interpretation of his philosophy of history and political theory which avoids many of the difficulties that traditionally have been associated with his views, leaving us with a clear and useful model of modern political interaction. The unification of content and form provides for the inherently historicist features of the model, that resolve the traditional dichotomy of description and prescription by presenting the state as an historical process, developing through the opposition between the normative claims of its constituents and the determinate socio-political arrangements existing at any particular stage in its history. The discussion begins with a brif examination of Hegel's doctrines of the concept and the Idea, which it subsequently applies to an interpretation of his concepts of Sittlichkeit and the state
The Effect of Workload Reduction on the Quality of Residents’ Discharge Summaries

Background The completeness of hospital discharge summaries may reflect the overall quality of inter-professional communications. The effect of reducing resident workload on clinical performance is largely unknown.
Iterated Choquet expectations: A possibility result

Abstract Contrary to Yoo’s (1991) [Yoo, K.-R., 1991. The iterative law of expectation and non-additive probability measure. Economics Letters 37, 145–149] result, it is shown that the law of iterated expectations can be maintained in the class of Choquet expected utility preferences, even though beliefs are non-additive. Choquet integrals satisfy the law of iterated expectations on a fixed partition if and only if the unconditional capacity is additively separable among the events forming that partition, and the conditional capacity is derived by applying Bayes’ rule.
The effect of ball-milling on the thermal behavior of anatase-doped hematite ceramic system

High energy ball-milling methods were employed in the synthesis of anatase-doped hematite xTiO2(a) · (1−x)α-Fe2O3 (x = 0.1, 0.5, and 0.9) ceramic system. The thermal behavior of as obtained ceramic system was characterized by simultaneous DSC–TG. The pure anatase phase was found to be stable below 800 °C, but there is a 10.36% mass loss due to the water content. Two exothermic peaks on DSC curves of pure anatase indicate the different crystallization rates. The pure hematite partially decomposed upon heating under argon atmosphere. Ball-milling has a strong effect on the thermal behaviors of both anatase and hematite phases. For x = 0.1 and 0.5, there is gradual Ti substitution of Fe in hematite lattice, and the decomposition of hematite is enhanced due to the smaller particle size after ball-milling. The crystallization of hematite was suppressed as the enthalpy values decreased due to the anatase-hematite solid–solid interaction. For x = 0.9, most of the anatase phase converted to rutile phase after long milling time. The thermal behavior of xTiO2(a) · (1−x)α-Fe2O3 showed smaller enthalpy value of the hematite transformation to magnetite and anatase crystallization due to the small fraction of hematite phase in the system and hematite–anatase interaction, while the mass loss upon heating increased as a function of milling time due to more water content absorbed by the smaller particle size.
Markov random field models for quantifying uncertainty in subsurface remediation

Remediation of subsurface contamination by volatile organic compounds requires knowledge of the distribution of the contamination within the formation. To avoid the need for extensive sampling of the subsurface, here we present a Markov random field modeling approach where organic phase saturation is conditioned on the heterogeneous permeability of the domain. Estimation of the model parameters is accomplished using a Newton-type method in the context of a tractable pseudo-likelihood approximation to the true maximum likelihood objective function. Monte-Carlo analysis of samples drawn from this model indicate the potential utility of the approach for quantification of uncertainty for remediation design and assessment.
Chlorophyll-protein complexes from higher plants: a procedure for improved stability and fractionation.

Abstract An improved procedure for the electrophoretic fractionation of higher plant chlorophyllprotein complexes is described. Compared with currently used systems, it greatly reduces the amount of chlorophyll that is found unassociated with protein after electrophoresis and resolves four chlorophyll-protein complexes. The slowest migrating band has a red adsorption maximum at 674 nm or greater, contains chlorophyll a but not chlorophyll b, and has a molecular weight equivalency of 110,000. These properties are similar to the previously described CPI or P700-chlorophyll a-protein complex. The amount of the total chlorophyll in this material is increased by two to three fold over that present in the equivalent complex fractionated by previous procedures. The other three chlorophyll-protein complexes contain both chlorophylls a and b, and have molecular weight equivalencies of 80,000, 60,000, and 46,000. None of these complexes seems to correspond directly to the previously characterized light-harvesting chlorophyll a b -protein complex.
Potential of restoration and phytoremediation with Juncus roemerianus for diesel-contaminated coastal wetlands

Abstract Oil spills may considerably damage sensitive coastal wetlands. In this study, the tolerance limits of a dominant coastal salt marsh plant, Juncus roemerianus , to diesel oil and its phytoremediation effectiveness in wetland environments were investigated in the greenhouse. J. roemerianus was transplanted into salt marsh sediment contaminated with diesel fuel at concentrations of 0, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, and 640 mg diesel g −1 dry sediment. Plant stem density, shoot height, aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were detrimentally impacted at high oil dosages even 1 year after transplantation. Tolerance limits were estimated between 160 and 320 mg g −1 based on various plant variables. Importantly, J. roemerianus enhanced oil degradation; at the 40 mg/g diesel dosage, concentrations of residual total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the sediment planted with J. roemerianus were significantly lower than those of unplanted sediments 1 year after treatment initiation. Furthermore, concentrations of total targeted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n -alkanes in the J. roemerianus planted treatment were, respectively, about 3% and 15% of the unplanted treatment. Concentration reduction in all categories of hydrocarbons suggested that J. roemerianus effectively phytoremediated the diesel-contaminated wetlands.
Application of reaction-diffusion models to cell patterning in Xenopus retina. Initiation of patterns and their biological stability

We have examined the behavior of two reaction-diffusion models, originally proposed by Gierer & Meinhardt (1972) and by Kauffman, Shymko & Trabert (1978) , for biological pattern formation. Calculations are presented for pattern formation on a disc (approximating the geometry of a number of embryonic analgen including the frog eye rudiment), emphasizing the sensitivity of patterns to changes in initial conditions and to perturbations in the geometry of the morphogen-producing space. Analysis of the linearized equations from the models enabled us to select appropriate parameters and disc size for pattern growth. A computer-implemented finite element method was used to solve the non-linear model equations reiteratively. For the Gierer-Meinhardt model, initial activation (varying in size over two orders of magnitude) of one point on the disc's edge was sufficient to generate the primary gradient. Various parts of the disc were removed (remaining only as diffusible space) from the morphogen-producing cycle to investigate the effects of cells dropping out of the cycle due to cell death or malfunction (single point removed) or differentiation (center removed), as occur in the Xenopus eye rudiment. The resulting patterns had the same general shape and amplitude as normal gradients. Nor did a two-fold increase in disc size affect the pattern-generating ability of the model. Disc fragments bearing their primary gradient patterns were fused (with gradients in opposite directions, but each parallel to the fusion line). The resulting patterns generated by the model showed many similarities to results of “compound eye” experiments in Xenopus . Similar patterns were obtained with the model of Kauffman's group (1978) , but we found less stability of the pattern subject to simulations of central differentiation. However, removal of a single point from the morphogen cycle (cell death) did not result in any change. The sensitivity of the Kauffman et al. model to shape perturbations is not surprising since the model was originally designed to use shape and increasing size during growth to generate a sequence of transient patterns. However, the Gierer-Meinhardt model is remarkably stable even when subjected to a wide range of perturbations in the diffusible space, thus allowing it to cope with normal biological variability, and offering an exciting range of possibilities for reaction-diffusion models as mechanisms underlying the spatial patterns of tissue structures.
Lordship, kingship, and empire: The idea of monarchy 1400–1525: J.H. Burns (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), pp. 178, £25.00

(1993). Lordship, kingship, and empire: The idea of monarchy 1400–1525. History of European Ideas: Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 808-809.
Investigations on the chemistry of heparin V. Disaccharides obtained after partial hydrolysis

1. 1. The structure of the polysaccharide backbone of heparin was investigated by means of graded hydrolysis procedures. 2. 2. Desulfated acetamido heparin was partially hydrolyzed with acid and the products were fractionated on a cation exchange resin. This yielded glucosamine, disaccharides and a mixture of oligosaccharides. 3. 3. Two disaccharides were isolated as their acetamido derivatives. One of these was identified as 4-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-d-glucopyranoside)-d-glucopyranosyl-uronic acid and the other as 4-O-(d-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose. 4. 4. These results indicate that heparin contains alternating 1,4-linked units of glucosamine and glucuronic acid.
Process oriented guided inquiry learning (POGIL) for computer science

This paper describes an ongoing project to develop activities for computer science (CS) using process oriented guided inquiry learning (POGIL). First, it reviews relevant background on effective learning and POGIL, compares POGIL to other forms of active learning, and describes the potential of POGIL for CS. Second, it describes a sample POGIL activity, including the structure and contents, student and facilitator actions during the activity, and how activities are designed. Third, it summarizes current progress and plans for a NSF TUES project to development POGIL materials for CS. Finally, it discusses student feedback and future directions.
What the Sunspot Record Tells Us About Space Climate

The records concerning the number, sizes, and positions of sunspots provide a direct means of characterizing solar activity over nearly 400 years. Sunspot numbers are strongly correlated with modern measures of solar activity including: 10.7-cm radio flux, total irradiance, X-ray flares, sunspot area, the baseline level of geomagnetic activity, and the flux of galactic cosmic rays. The Group Sunspot Number provides information on 27 sunspot cycles, far more than any of the modern measures of solar activity, and enough to provide important details about long-term variations in solar activity or “Space Climate.” The sunspot record shows: 1) sunspot cycles have periods of 131± 14 months with a normal distribution; 2) sunspot cycles are asymmetric with a fast rise and slow decline; 3) the rise time from minimum to maximum decreases with cycle amplitude; 4) large amplitude cycles are preceded by short period cycles; 5) large amplitude cycles are preceded by high minima; 6) although the two hemispheres remain linked in phase, there are significant asymmetries in the activity in each hemisphere; 7) the rate at which the active latitudes drift toward the equator is anti-correlated with the cycle period; 8) the rate at which the active latitudes drift toward the equator is positively correlated with the amplitude of the cycle after the next; 9) there has been a significant secular increase in the amplitudes of the sunspot cycles since the end of the Maunder Minimum (1715); and 10) there is weak evidence for a quasi-periodic variation in the sunspot cycle amplitudes with a period of about 90 years. These characteristics indicate that the next solar cycle should have a maximum smoothed sunspot number of about 145 ± 30 in 2010 while the following cycle should have a maximum of about 70 ± 30 in 2023.
Taiwan's Early Childhood Preservice Teachers' Professional Beliefs.

Abstract The study examined, through six open-ended questions, the patterns of 298 Taiwanese early childhood preservice teachers' professional beliefs about teaching and learning. Content analysis and the grounded theory method were the predominant modes of data analysis. The data suggest that preservice teachers' beliefs can be categorized and organized systematically to construct useful patterns of interrelationships among belief components, such as teachers' roles, images of classroom practice, ways children learn, the reasons for schooling, children's needs, and student-teacher relationships.
A time dependent theory of crazing behavior in polymers

The development of crazing is not only a function of stress, but also a function of time. Under a simple state of tension, a craze opening displacement is closely associated with the viscoelastic behavior of the original bulk polymer medium in which individual crazes initiate and develop. Within each craze region, molecular orientation takes place when conditions permit, and a new phase of rearranged molecules governs its local behavior. Based upon a time‐dependent viscoelastic two‐dimensional model, using a computer program the craze opening displacement field has been calculated, time‐dependent craze length was also computed by taking into consideration the molecular orientation mechanism and large deformations in the craze region. Examples are given for simple viscoelastic media with simplified stress distributions. It is interesting to find out that the occurrence of crazing may be interpreted in terms of the stability or instability of the constitutive behavior of the bulk polymer.
Thallium imaging with single photon emission computed tomography

Evaluation of myocardial perfusion with thallium-201 SPECT has advantages over planar images. These advantages are related to better contrast of the images, lack of superimposition of normal and abnormal areas, and a three-dimensional representation of the site and extent of perfusion abnormalities (ischemia, scar, or both). For this reason, rotational tomography is superior to planar imaging in assessing the extent of coronary artery disease, in the detection of small infarcts, and for quantitative measurements. Several techniques have provided accurate quantitative data for infarct sizing both in animals and men. The ability to quantitate infarct size (or ischemia) will be extremely important in studies of myocardial salvage, risk stratification, and longitudinal studies to evaluate the effects of medical and surgical interventions.
Time-Dependent Capacity Increase of Piles Driven in the Puget Sound Lowlands

Piles driven in the Puget Sound Lowlands frequently exhibit a high magnitude of soil setup or gain in capacity over time. In fact, the energy associated with production pile driving hammers is often insufficient to fully mobilize pile toe bearing resistance during dynamic restrike testing. Due to the potential for significant increases in capacity, practitioners often must consider the uncertain trade-off between the potential for setup and time to restrike. This study presents the results of 76 pile case histories from the Puget Sound Lowlands that were dynamically monitored during end of drive (EOD) and begin of restrike (BOR). The setup time (i.e., time between EOD and BOR) ranged from 5.5 to 312.5 hours. Signal matching using CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program (CAPWAP) indicated that the majority of the piles experienced significant increases in shaft resistance. To assess setup, piles were grouped into three categories: closed-end steel pipe piles, open-end steel pipe piles, and solid concrete piles. The accuracy and uncertainty of the well-known Skov and Denver setup prediction model was evaluated using the mean bias, defined as the ratio of measured and predicted shaft resistance, and the coefficient of variation (COV), defined as the ratio of the standard deviation of the point biases to the mean bias. The Skov and Denver model exhibited considerable uncertainty (COV = 45 to 59 percent) when evaluated using the local database. Recalibration efforts made using a hyperbolic function and least squares regression resulted in a reduction of the COV to 29 to 32%. Based on considerable scatter in the setup ratio (i.e., ratio of BOR to EOD shaft resistance), it was determined that the behavior of setup over time could not be adequately captured by considering total shaft resistance. Therefore, setup due to the overall increase in shaft resistance between EOD and BOR was characterized in an initial effort to provide guidance for incorporating setup into pile design. Closed-end concrete piles exhibited the largest average setup ratio (3.92), followed by closed-end steel piles (2.37), and open-ended steel piles (2.26).
Radon Multiple Elimination, a Practical Methodology For Land Data

In land data acquisition, missing traces and irregular shooting geometry combined with high noise levels can introduce difficulties in every stage of data processing. Particularly for high fold data, the application of Radon transforms for multiple elimination becomes expensive and quite often can damage primary events. In order to overcome these obstacles a simple methodology for Radon multiple elimination is proposed. The effectiveness of the procedure is demonstrated with three case histories from the Arabian Peninsula, and the assumptions and limitations of the Radon transform are examined. It is also shown how the forward transform can be used as a continuous velocity analysis tool; the resulting high resolution velocity cube can provide additional insight at the final interpretation stage.
3-deoxy-d-manno-2-octulosonic acid (KDO) is a component of rhamnogalacturonan II, a pectic polysaccharide in the primary cell walls of plants

Abstract 3-Deoxy- d - manno -2-octulosonic acid (KDO), a sugar previously presumed to occur only as a glycosyl residue in polysaccharides produced by Gram-negative bacteria, was found to be a component of the cell walls of higher plants. In the form of the disaccharide α- l -Rha p -(1→5)- d -KDO, KDO was released by mild hydrolysis with acid from the purified cell wall polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II. KDO was shown to be present in purified cell walls of several plants, including dicots, a monocot, and a gymnosperm. Improved methods for detecting and quantitating KDO residues in polysaccharides were developed during this investigation.
Deliquescence-Induced Caking in Binary Powder Blends

In this study, moisture-induced caking of deliquescent crystalline powder blends was investigated. Physical mixtures of sugars and citric acid anhydrous showed significant cake formation when cycled above and below the mixture critical relative humidity. It was found that combinations of glucose and citric acid underwent efflorescence to form crystalline solid bridges while fructose and citric acid cakes contained amorphous material. In conclusion, the reduced deliquescence point in deliquescent solid mixtures was found to cause caking.
Concave 1-norm group selection

Grouping structures arise naturally in many high-dimensional problems. Incorporation of such information can improve model fitting and variable selection. Existing group selection methods, such as the group Lasso, require correct membership. However, in practice it can be difficult to correctly specify group membership of all variables. Thus, it is important to develop group selection methods that are robust against group mis-specification. Also, it is desirable to select groups as well as individual variables in many applications. We propose a class of concave [Formula: see text]-norm group penalties that is robust to grouping structure and can perform bi-level selection. A coordinate descent algorithm is developed to calculate solutions of the proposed group selection method. Theoretical convergence of the algorithm is proved under certain regularity conditions. Comparison with other methods suggests the proposed method is the most robust approach under membership mis-specification. Simulation studies and real data application indicate that the [Formula: see text]-norm concave group selection approach achieves better control of false discovery rates. An R package grppenalty implementing the proposed method is available at CRAN.
SSARES: Secure Searchable Automated Remote Email Storage

The increasing centralization of networked services places user data at considerable risk. For example, many users store email on remote servers rather than on their local disk. Doing so allows users to gain the benefit of regular backups and remote access, but it also places a great deal of unwarranted trust in the server. Since most email is stored in plaintext, a compromise of the server implies the loss of confidentiality and integrity of the email stored therein. Although users could employ an end-to-end encryption scheme (e.g., PGP), such measures are not widely adopted, require action on the sender side, only provide partial protection (the email headers remain in the clear), and prevent the users from performing some common operations, such as server-side search. To address this problem, we present secure searchable automated remote email storage (SSARES), a novel system that offers a practical approach to both securing remotely stored email and allowing privacy-preserving search of that email collection. Our solution encrypts email (the headers, body, and attachments) as it arrives on the server using public-key encryption. SSARES uses a combination of identity based encryption and bloom filters to create a searchable index. This index reveals little information about search keywords and queries, even against adversaries that compromise the server. SSARES remains largely transparent to both the sender and recipient.
Large eddy simulation of flow around a reverse rotating propeller

This paper studies the flow around a propeller rotating in the reverse direction in a uniform free stream. Large eddy simulation is used to study this massively separated flow at a Reynolds number of 480 000 and advance ratios , and . Simulations are performed on two grids; statistics of the loads and velocity field around the propeller show encouraging agreement between the two grids and with experiment. The impact of advance ratio is discussed, and a physical picture of the unsteady flow and its influence on the propeller loads is proposed. An unsteady vortex ring is formed in the vicinity of the propeller disk due to the interaction between the free stream and the reverse flow produced by the reverse rotation. The flow is separated in the blade passages; the most prominent is the separation along the sharp edge of the blade on the downstream side of the blade. This separation results in high-amplitude, transient propeller loads. Conditional averaging is used to describe the statistically relevant events that determine low- and high-amplitude thrust and side-forces. The vortex ring is closer and the reverse flow induced by propeller rotation is lower when the loads are high. The propeller loads scale with for and with for .
Practical considerations in the design of power system architectures for fault tolerant systems

Systems engineers are rarely well versed in the intricacies of detailed power circuit design. Power design engineers are rarely well versed in the intricacies of fault tolerant system design. As a result, the marriage of systems designers translating requirements to power designers in an attempt to develop a fault tolerant power architecture may render a product which is lacking the anticipated reliability its designers envisioned. Because subtle and latent faults are the nature of inadequacies in fault tolerant power systems, design flaws may not be discovered in the development phase. Continued unforeseen component overstress may reveal itself only upon system failure. Pitfalls can easily be overlooked if one is not familiar with abnormal operating modes resulting from faults. Fault tolerant power systems design requires knowledge of fault tolerance techniques, power electronics, analog electronics, component characteristics, and electromagnetic compatibility. Once design deficiencies are pointed out, they make perfect sense, but they are rarely intuitively obvious. This paper seeks to provide systems designers with an increased knowledge of implementing fault tolerance requirements so that potential problems are avoided. In doing so, common design flaws are pointed out, and practical solutions are suggested.