cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
29 Si NMR study on the stoichiometry of the silicon clathrate Na 8 Si 46

The ${}^{29}\mathrm{Si}$ magic angle spinning NMR spectrum of ${\mathrm{Na}}_{8}{\mathrm{Si}}_{46}$ exhibits three resonances with large positive Knight shifts assigned to the inequivalent $(16i,$ $6c,$ and $24k)$ Si sites in the structure. The integrated intensities are in the ratio $[15.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3]:[6.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6]:[23.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5].$ Along with Rietveld refinement of site occupancies, this result demonstrates that the compound is the stoichiometric clathrate ${\mathrm{Na}}_{8}{\mathrm{Si}}_{46},$ rather than an intermetallic Zintl compound containing silicon vacancies. The result is important for interpreting superconducting and thermoelectric characteristics of members of the tetrelide clathrate family.
Placement and management of long-term central venous access catheters and ports

Recent developments in long-term central venous access devices, access techniques, and the management of complications are described. Factors used in selecting a device include the intensity and frequency of therapy and the preferences of the patient. Implantable ports and external catheters are available with valved (Groshong) and nonvalved catheters and with single or multiple lumens. Single- or dual-lumen, peripherally inserted central catheters and ports provide a smaller and less invasive alternative to central access. Sonographic guidance during central catheterization allows detection of venous abnormalities, increases the success rate, and decreases the number of complications. When occlusion of the jugular veins, subclavian veins, or superior vena cava prevents routine access, alternatives include translumbar or transhepatic cannulation of the inferior vena cava. Common complications of long-term access are catheter and venous thrombosis and catheter infection. Catheter thrombosis is treated by fibrinolysis. Daily administration of 1 mg of warfarin reduces the risk of thrombosis. An infected catheter can be diagnosed without catheter removal by comparison of quantitative blood cultures from the catheter and peripheral vein. Early recognition of catheter-related infection may save the catheter. Removal of an infected catheter depends on the nature of the offending agent, severity of infection, success of treatment, and degree of difficulty in obtaining alternative access.
An adequate operational semantics of sharing in lazy evaluation

We present Lazy-PCF+Shar, an extension of PCF, that deals with lazy evaluation and explicit substitutions to model the sharing engendered by the lazy evaluation strategy. We present a natural operational semantics for Lazy-PCF+Shar and show that it is equivalent to the standard fixed-point semantics. Sharing is modeled by explicit substitutions, which require a great deal of careful attention in the proof.
Automatic source code analysis of branch mispredictions

After over two decades of extensive research on branch prediction, branch mispredictions are still an important performance/power bottleneck for today's aggressive processors. In our prior work, to further understand the causes for mispredictions, we presented a source-code based classification of branch mispredictions extending the prior work on predictor-specific classification. Since source-code analysis by hand is very time-consuming and not possible in some cases, in this paper, we develop methods in order to automatically identify the data structures for each branch instruction, which allows detailed source-code analysis at run-time. We show that our run-time method can successfully provide source-code analysis and classify more than 99% of the branch mispredictions.
Strain-Based Assessment and Modeling for Low-Distortion Welding Procedure

In this article, the effect of gas metal arc welding (GMAW), pulsed gas metal arc welding (GMAW-P), and cold metal transfer (CMT) welding processes on angular distortion is investigated along with strain relaxation by removing weld deposits. Moreover, in order to investigate the behavior of the joint in terms of angular distortion, stress stretching (i.e., pressure model) is applied on welds via finite element analysis simulation to compensate weld shrinkage. In addition, a conceptual welding procedure using two different welding processes (i.e., deep-heat model) for filling the joint and strain relaxation of the weld, respectively, is investigated by a modeling approach. The joint type studied in all cases is a double-fillet welded Tee-joint.
Situational group counseling with disadvantaged youth

Male adolescents in a job training program for culturally disadvantaged youngsters were provided with 14 weeks of on-the-job situational group counseling (SGC) to supplement more conventional casework approaches. Interdisciplinary teams of group leaders met with work-training crews for discussions designed to facilitate exploration of issues relevant to the present life situations of the trainees. Trainees who met twice weekly showed greater improvement in job performance and in overall adjustment than did those meeting once per week, while control subjects who did not receive counseling showed less gain than either of the counseled groups.
Finite element method analysis of the influence of the skin effect, and eddy currents on the internal magnetic field and impedance of a cylindrical conductor of arbitrary cross-section

The finite element method (FEM) analysis allows the numerical computation of electromagnetic field, assuming a TEM mode of propagation, in term of magnetic vector potential, and taking into account the skin effect, the proximity effect, and the eddy currents. The results constitute the input of computation of the internal magnetic field and inductance, and other parasitic elements, with applications to integrated circuits, electric transmission lines, traces, and connectors.
Transmission of analog sources using unequal error protecting codes

The error correcting capability of the unequal error protecting (UEP) Codes is described in terms of correcting errors in specific digits of a codeword even though other digits may be decoded incorrectly. We investigate the overall distortion when these codes are applied to transmission of analog sources in a communication system. Simulation and analytic results indicate the performance improvement gained by using UEP codes for various sources and source encoding structures. >
An on-chip signal suppression countermeasure to power analysis attacks

There are several attacks that exploit the presence of side channels in hardware implementations of cryptographic algorithms to extract secret data. Differential power analysis (DPA) and simple power analysis (SPA) attacks sense the power consumption of the hardware to extract the secret cryptographic key. These attacks either directly examine the power traces or carry out statistical operations on the power traces obtained from the hardware while executing the cryptographic algorithm. This paper presents a circuit that can be added to crypto-hardware to suppress information leakage through the power supply pin side channel. We discuss the design, simulation results and the limitations of the suppression circuit. We show that this countermeasure significantly increases the number of power trace samples required to undertake a DPA attack. The countermeasure does not require any assumptions about the design of the hardware under protection.
Nearest Neighbor Methods

This article discusses nearest neighbor (NN) methods for the analysis of spatial point patterns and the analysis of field experiments. The distance from a point to its NN, or quantities derived from that distance, can be used to test whether the observed locations are a realization of a specific spatial point process. Edge effects, caused by recording data only within a bounded study area, can be important. When locations are marked (e.g.,by the species of plant), NN methods provide information on the relationship between the marks. NN methods for field experiments can be used to model local spatial variability. Keywords: event-to-event distance; point-to-event distance; spatial process; field experiments
Minimizing complexity in controlling a mobile robot population

The author addresses the problem of distributing a task over a collection of homogeneous mobile robots. In contrast to hierarchical methods, which assign a leadership hierarchy and a priori roles to different robots, the proposed approach attempts to detect and utilize the run-time group dynamics within the robot collective. The authors apply a distributed control approach both on the level of the individual robot and on the level of the colony. This choice involves a number of tradeoffs. The complexity of a traditional centralized planner is replaced by the complexity of inter-robot and inter-behavior dynamics. The authors explore methods for not only overcoming interference but utilizing those dynamics to achieve super-linear improvements in task performance. They report the results of testing this architecture on a collection of homogeneous mobile robots. The robots were tested on a number of tasks with a series of more intelligent and efficient local control strategies. >
Emotional Aging: Recent Findings and Future Trends

Contrasting cognitive and physical decline, research in emotional aging suggests that most older adults enjoy high levels of affective well-being and emotional stability into their 70s and 80s. We investigate the contributions of age-related changes in emotional motivation and competence to positive affect trajectories. We give an overview on the recent literature on emotional processing and emotional regulation, combining evidence from correlational and experimental, as well as behavioral and neuroscience studies. In particular, we focus on emotion-cognition interactions, including the positivity effect. Looking forward, we argue that efforts to link levels of emotional functioning with long-term outcomes, combining space- and time-sensitive measures of brain function, and developing interventions to improve life quality for older adults may further refine life-span theories and open promising avenues of empirical investigation.
The Philosopher's Attack on Morality

Morality has been getting a great deal of looking at in recent years by philosophers, theologians, psychologists, social scientists, journalists, and novelists, as well as by people, especially students, women, and young people, on the street. Much of this investigation has been aimed at redesigning morality or developing a 'new morality', and some of it at doing away with morality entirely and replacing it with something else, with the something elses ranging all the way from love, through religion, sincerity, authenticity, and doing one's own thing, to selfishness. New-moralism and amoralism seem to be widespread, the first often being seen as an antidote to the second. At any rate, many are convinced that morality, at least modern morality, Christian or non-Christian, has been based on a mistake, or on a number of mistakes, though there are different views about what these are. Among others, moral philosophers have also been looking at morality, especially in the form of an inquiry into its definition, meaning, or nature, and into its logic, categories, and justification, but usually with some aloofness from the fray, thinking of themselves rather as elucidating morality than as revising or replacing it, leaving the driving to others, or taking for granted that morality is essentially sound as it stands, though sometimes defending it or at least studying the logic of the question 'Why should I be moral?' One of the leaders in this inquiry has been Mrs Philippa Foot, who began with a paper entitled 'The Philosopher's Defence of Morality'.1 Recently, however, she has come to feel an 'uneasiness about morality', and has sought to 'open a debate which might lead us to consider changes in the way we talk about what is morally good or bad'.2 It would be better to say that she was reopening the debate or simply joining in it (as she herself also puts it), for the discussion is at least as old as Nietzsche, and Miss G. E. M. Anscombe had already reopened it in I958 with a resounding attack on 'modern' morality and moral philosophy, and a proposal that we 'jettison' the moral concepts we have been taking to be basic, 'if this is psychologically possible'.3 Now Mrs Foot has contributed two very
Exploiting faster-than-Nyquist signaling

Faster-than-Nyquist signaling introduces intersymbol interference, but increases the bit rate while preserving the signaling bandwidth. For sinc pulses, it has been established that with a small increase in the signaling rate beyond the Nyquist rate, there is no reduction in the minimum Euclidean distance for binary signaling. We generalize these observations to the family of raised-cosine pulses. The structure of the error events that reduce the minimum distance is examined, and constrained coding ideas are suggested that theoretically allow even faster signaling. Then we propose ways of achieving these gains practically by designing appropriate constrained codes and through equalization and iterative joint equalization and decoding (turbo equalization).
Mean field approximation using compound Gauss-Markov random field for edge detection and image restoration

A composed Gauss-Markov random field (CGMRF) model is used with mean field approximation for edge detection and image restoration. A set of iterative equations is presented for the mean values of the intensity field and both horizontal and vertical line processes. It is shown that if the CGMRF is isotropic, the same equations as those of Geiger and Girosi (1989) are obtained. How the proposed method is related to the graduated nonconvexity technique using CGMRF is shown. From an implementation point of view, the emphasis is on the use of an optimal step-descent method to get a robust algorithm. Edge detection and image restoration results from a noisy image are presented. >
Protein structure prediction by threading. why it works and why it does not

Abstract We developed a novel Monte Carlo threading algorithm which allows gaps and insertions both in the template structure and threaded sequence. The algorithm is able to find the optimal sequence-structure alignment and sample suboptimal alignments. Using our algorithm we performed sequence-structure alignments for a number of examples for three protein folds (ubiquitin, immunoglobulin and globin) using both “ideal” set of potentials (optimized to provide the best Z -score for a given protein) and more realistic knowledge-based potentials. Two physically different scenarios emerged. If a template structure is similar to the native one (within 2 A RMS), then (i) the optimal threading alignment is correct and robust with respect to deviations of the potential from the “ideal” one; (ii) suboptimal alignments are very similar to the optimal one; (iii) as Monte Carlo temperature decreases a sharp cooperative transition to the optimal alignment is observed. In contrast, if the template structure is only moderately close to the native structure (RMS greater than 3.5 A), then (i) the optimal alignment changes dramatically when an “ideal” potential is substituted by the real one; (ii) the structures of suboptimal alignments are very different from the optimal one, reducing the reliability of the alignment; (iii) the transition to the apparently optimal alignment is non-cooperative. In the intermediate cases when the RMS between the template and the native conformations is in the range between 2 A and 3.5 A, the success of threading alignment may depend on the quality of potentials used. These results are rationalized in terms of a threading free energy landscape. Possible ways to overcome the fundamental limitations of threading are discussed briefly.
Blood nitrite and nitrate concentration after oral and intravenous administration of glyceryl trinitrate in rabbits

Blood nitrite and nitrate concentrations were measured after oral and intravenous administration of glyceryl trinitrate at 1.0 mg./Kg. in rabbits. Nitrate and nitrite blood concentrations attained peak concentrations in 90–120 min. after oral administration and slowly returned to control levels. Nitrate and nitrite blood concentrations decreased slowly after intravenous administration of glyceryl trinitrate, then fell rapidly after 60 min. Blood nitrate concentrations were twice the blood nitrite concentrations 60 min. after either oral or intravenous administration of glyceryl trinitrate.
Needle-tissue interaction forces for bevel-tip steerable needles

The asymmetry of a bevel-tip needle results in the needle naturally bending when it is inserted into soft tissue. As a first step toward modeling the mechanics of deflection of the needle, we determine the forces at the bevel tip. In order to find the forces acting at the needle tip, we measure rupture toughness and nonlinear material elasticity parameters of several soft tissue simulant gels and chicken tissue. We incorporate these physical parameters into a finite element model that includes both contact and cohesive zone models to simulate tissue cleavage. We investigate the sensitivity of the tip forces to tissue rupture toughness, linear and nonlinear tissue elasticity, and needle tip bevel angle. The model shows that the tip forces are sensitive to the rupture toughness. The results from these studies contribute to a mechanics-based model of bevel-tip needle steering, extending previous work on kinematic models.
Accuracy and reliability of extubation decisions by intensivists.

BACKGROUND: Mortality increases when extubations fail. Although predictors of extubation failure have been evaluated, physicians' reasoning to extubate a patient has received minimal attention. We hypothesized that the accuracy and reliability of physicians' extubation decisions are low. METHODS: We sent surveys to 55 physicians in the divisions of pulmonary and critical care medicine of 3 teaching hospitals in Chicago, Illinois. The survey comprised 32 clinical vignettes of real patients who were extubated after they tolerated a spontaneous breathing trial (16 failed extubations). Unaware of the outcomes of extubation, the physicians were asked if they would extubate each patient, and to give reasons if they opted not to. We quantified the agreement between and accuracy of the physicians' decisions, determined the patient characteristics that influence the extubation decision, and described the tradeoffs leading to that decision. RESULTS: Completed surveys were obtained from 45 physicians (82%). The physicians postponed extubation in 37% of the cases. Agreement between any 2 physicians was fair (mean ± SD phi 0.34 ± 0.15) and was highest between attending physicians from the same institution (0.37 ± 0.15). In deciding to extubate a patient, 33% of the physicians relied on the breathing pattern on pressure support ventilation, 49% relied on the acid-base status, 13% relied on the mental status, and 8% relied on the amount of secretions. The accuracy of the physicians' extubation decisions was low (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.35). The sensitivity of the physicians identifying the patients who were successfully extubated was 57%, and the specificity was 31%. A model that comprises the same variables that influenced the physicians was more accurate in predicting extubation outcome (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.88). CONCLUSIONS: For a decision made on an almost daily basis in intensive care units, physicians' extubation decisions are inaccurate and only fairly reliable.
Magnetic bead-quantum dot assay for detection of a biomarker for traumatic brain injury

Current diagnostic methods for traumatic brain injury (TBI), which accounts for 15% of all emergency room visits, are limited to neuroimaging modalities. The challenges of accurate diagnosis and monitoring of TBI have created the need for a simple and sensitive blood test to detect brain-specific biomarkers. Here we report on an assay for detection of S100B, a putative biomarker for TBI, using antibody-conjugated magnetic beads for capture of the protein, and antibody-conjugated quantum dots for optical detection. From Western Blot, we show efficient antigen capture and concentration by the magnetic beads. Using magnetic bead capture and quantum dot detection in serum samples, we show a wide detection range and detection limit below the clinical cut-off level.
Landscape Scale Assessment of Floodplain Inundation Frequency Using Landsat Imagery

In large river ecosystems, the timing, extent, duration and frequency of floodplain inundation greatly affect the quality of fish and wildlife habitat and the supply of important ecosystem goods and services. Seasonal high flows provide connectivity from the river to the floodplain, and seasonal inundation of the floodplain governs ecosystem structure and function. River regulation and other forms of hydrologic alteration have altered the connectivity of many rivers with their adjacent floodplain – impacting the function of wetlands on the floodplain and in turn, impacting the mainstem river function. Conservation and management of remaining floodplain resources can be improved through a better understanding of the spatial extent and frequency of inundation at scales that are relevant to the species and/or ecological processes of interest. Spatial data products describing dynamic aspects floodplain inundation are, however, not widely available. This study used Landsat imagery to generate multiple observations of inundation extent under varying hydrologic conditions to estimate inundation frequency. Inundation extent was estimated for 50 Landsat scenes and 1334 total images within the Gulf Coastal Plains and Ozarks Landscape Conservation Cooperative (GCPO LCC), a conservation science partnership working in a 730 000-km2 region in the south central USA. These data were composited into a landscape mosaic to depict relative inundation frequency over the entire GCPO LCC. An analytical methodology is presented for linking the observed inundation extent and frequency with long-term gage measurements so that the outcomes may be useful in defining meaningful critical thresholds for a variety of floodplain dependent organisms as well as important ecological processes. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Effects of Sorghum Varieties on the Lesser Rice Weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) I. Oviposition, Immature Mortality, and Size of Adults

In this study, where sorghums were used that differed in seed size, hardness of the seeds, endosperm character, tannin content, and seed color, earlier findings are confirmed that corneous endosperm thickness is correlated with extent of weevil damage. The most drastic effect of sorghum varieties on production of subsequent weevil populations was due to relative grain hardness as it affected the oviposition rate: the harder the grain, the fewer were the eggs deposited. The one exception noted involved the waxy type sorgum, Texioca-54, which though hard-grained was very attractive for oviposition. Percent mortality was not significantly affected by the varieties used, so that first-generation emergence paralleled the oviposition findings. When sorghum varieties were mixed, oviposition preference was greatest for the largest seeds, least for the smallest ones. Further, the smaller the seeds, the shorter and lighter were the weevils that emerged. When the variety Sagrain was mixed with others, the high tannin content of its seed coat may have been a further deterrant to oviposition. Reduction of relative humidity below 83% resulted in separate and significant reductions in oviposition rates, and in the size and weight of the emergent weevils.
Cecal enlargement, cardiac output, and O2 consumption in germfree rats.

SummaryGerm free rats have cardiac output and O2 consumption values respectively 30% and 24% lower than found in comparable conventional rats. Surgical removal of the enlarged cecum typical for these animals resulted in cardiac output values similar to those obtained with conventional rats, while O2 consumption increased significantly to levels only slightly lower than seen in the conventional control group. No significant difference in body temperature was found between comparable groups of germfree and conventional rats.
Cloning of Tryptophan Genes of Brevibacterium lactofermentum, a Glutamic Acid-producing Bacterium

Five genes for tryptophan biosynthesis, trpE, trpD, trpC, trpB, and trpA of Brevibacterium lactofermentum, a coryne form glutamic acid-producing bacterium, were cloned as a 9.6 kb BamHl DNA fragment by colony hybridization. A previously cloned 1.2 kb Pst I DNA fragment containing a major part of the trpE gene was used as a probe. By complementation tests using the subclones of this 9.6 kb BamHl fragment and various tryptophan auxotrophs of B. lactofermentum and Escherichia coli, this fragment was found to contain a gene cluster composed of trpE, trpD, trpC, trpB, and trpA in this order. It suggests that genes for tryptophan biosynthesis in B. lactofermentum may be an operon.
ACTIVE CONTROL OF INLET DUCTS

Active flow control, via steady control jets, was implemented to improve the performance of a very aggressive (length to exit diameter ratio, L/D, of 1.5) inlet duct. The experiments were performed for a range of inlet Mach number from 0.2 to 0.45. A brand new facility was designed and built to enable various actuation methodologies as well as multiple measurement techniques. In the present work, a pair of steady control jets was placed in streamwise locations where flow was expected to separate. Static pressure measurements, along the upper and lower walls of the duct, were performed for various combinations of actuation. The forcing level of the control jets as well as combinations of jets, were tested. In addition, total pressure measurements were conducted at the Aerodynamic Interface Plane (AIP) to obtain the distribution of the pressure recovery. Flow control was shown to have a substantial effect, mainly on the lower wall. It was found to be more effective at the lower Mach number where the blowing ratio was higher (for the same mass flux ratio). The data suggest that using 2-D flow control to affect a flow field that is highly three-dimensional is not optimal, and as such a spanwise varying actuation should be implemented.
A Review of Recent Results on Single Crystal Metastable Semiconducfors: Crystal Growth, Phase Stability, and Physical Properties

Recent results on metastable semiconducting alloys, concerning in particular the growth of new Sn-based alloys (GaSb)1−x(Sn2)x and Gel−xSnx and the physical properties of (GaAs)1−x(Ge2)x and (GaSb)1−x(Ge2)x, are discussed. (GaSb)1−x(Sn2)x and Ge1−xSnx alloy films were grown with x-values as high as 0.20 and 0.15, respectively, well in excess of equilibrium Sn solid solubility limits (<1%) while epitaxial (GaAs)1−x(Ge2) and (GaSb)1−x(Ge2)x alloys were obtained on (100) GaAs at compositions ranging across the pseudobinary phase diagram. Low energy ion bombardment induced collisional mixing and preferential sputtering during film growth played a critical role in obtaining single phase alloys. An optimal ion energy, which depended on the ion flux and the alloy composition, was determined, allowing in most cases growth at temperatures T, sufficient for obtaining single crystal alloys on (100) GaAs and (100) Ge substrates. Decomposition of the Sn-based alloys occurred above a critical Ts-value via α-Sn-rich precipitates which were stable above the β-Sn melting point. X-ray diffraction, STEM, EXAFS, and Raman spectroscopy measurements, performed on single crystal (GaAs)1−x(Ge2)x and (GaSb)1−x(Ge2)x alloys, indicate that there is a transition in the long-range order from zincblende to diamond with increasing x while the short-range order remains perfect at all compositions, i.e. no V-V or III-Ill bonds are observed. These results are discussed in light of recent models which relate (GaAs)1−x(Ge2)x atomic structure to its band structure and optical properties.
Effect of acute pH change on mitochondrial glutamine transport.

The uptake of [3H]glutamine in submitochondrial particles (SMP) was measured at varying medium pH. Glutamine transport, but not glutamine binding, was inversely related to medium pH (range 6.5-8.5). Glutamine uptake was highest at medium pH of 6.5 (4.59 +/- 0.4 pmol.mg-1.30 s-1) and lowest at medium pH of 8.0 (1.99 +/- 0.3 pmol.mg-1.30 s-1). The effect of medium pH on glutamine transport was rapidly reversible. Changes in pH gradient (delta pH) had no influence on the rate of glutamine transport. Kinetics of mitochondrial glutamine transport was studied at pH 6.5 and 8.5 to further elucidate the mechanism by which pH alters glutamine transport. Glutamine concentration at half-maximal velocity ([S]0.5) was 9.07 and 13.32 mM at pH 6.5 and 8.5, respectively (P less than 0.02). The maximal velocity (Vmax) was 1,417.72 +/- 185.69 pmol.mg-1.15 s-1 at pH 6.5 and 910.95 +/- 192.85 pmol.mg-1.15 s-1 at pH 8.5 (P less than 0.01). Thus both the affinity and the Vmax of the transport system were enhanced in acidic pH. These data imply that intracellular pH has influence over glutamine transport into the mitochondrial matrix and, consequently, renal NH3 production. Glutamine delivery to the matrix via changes in cytosolic pH may be one of the regulators for ammoniagenesis during acute acid-base disorders.
Hybrid and Nitrogen Influence on Pearl Millet Production in Nebraska: Yield, Growth, and Nitrogen Uptake, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is a staple grain crop in the arid and semiarid regions of Africa and India, and a new grain crop in the USA. A 2-year field experiment was conducted near Mead, NE, in 1995 and 1996 on a Sharpsburg silty clay loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Typic Argiudoll) soil with approximately 29 g kg -t organic matter, 35 kg ha -1 NO 3 -N, and pH of 6.0. The objective was to determine the influence of hybrid and N on grain yield, dry matter accumulation and partitioning, and growth rates throughout the growing season. Nitrogen concentrations, uptake, and use efficiency were also determined. Treatments were a factorial combination of the pearl millet dwarf hybrids (59022A × 89-0083, 1011A × 086R, and 1361M × 6Rm) and N levels (0 and 78 kg ha -1 ) in a randomized complete block design. Two plants per plot were sampled at 2-wk intervals and partitioned into plant parts, dried, weighed, and analyzed for N concentration. Applied N increased grain yield by 0.4 to 0.5 Mg ha ', but had only a small effect on dry matter accumulation and partitioning. Hybrid differences were small for grain yield. Pearl millet dry matter accumulation increased cubically in both years, with maximum crop growth rates among hybrids ranging from 0.48 to 0.57 g m - 2 per growing degree day (GDD) in 1995 and ranging from 1.9 to 3.1 g m -2 GDD -1 maximum in 1996. The relative growth rate among hybrids declined from 0.012 to 0.020 g -1 m -2 GDD -1 in both years to near zero at physiological maturity. Nitrogen concentrations were higher during the vegetative stages and decreased with plant age. Applied N decreased N use efficiency for aboveground biomass (NUE 1 ) by 18 to 25 g DM g -1 N, and N use efficiency for grain (NUE 2 ) by 7 to 12 g grain g 1 N. Environmental variability due to years had a greater effect on yield, growth, and N levels than hybrid and applied N.
U.S. Citizen Children of Undocumented Parents: The Link Between State Immigration Policy and the Health of Latino Children

We examine Latino citizen children in mixed-status families and how their physical health status compares to their U.S. citizen, co-ethnic counterparts. We also examine Latino parents’ perceptions of state immigration policy and its implications for child health status. Using the 2015 Latino National Health and Immigration Survey (n = 1493), we estimate a series of multivariate ordered logistic regression models with mixed-status family and perceptions of state immigration policy as primary predictors. We find that mixed-status families report worse physical health for their children as compared to their U.S. citizen co-ethnics. We also find that parental perceptions of their states’ immigration status further exacerbate health disparities between families. These findings have implications for scholars and policy makers interested in immigrant health, family wellbeing, and health disparities in complex family structures. They contribute to the scholarship on Latino child health and on the erosion of the Latino immigrant health advantage.
Antigenicity of trophoblastic cells indicated by fluorescein technique

By the direct and indirect fluorescein technique, it was shown that mice trophoblastic cells are capable of expressing antigenic properties, both in vivo and in vitro. The absence of trophoblastic tissue antigenic activity during developing pregnancy was discussed. The possible use of immunologic methods in the control of trophoblastic tissue growth was suggested.
ROCCC 2.0

Riverside optimizing compiler for configurable computing (ROCCC) was started as a project at The University of California, Riverside in 2002. To put in a historical context: Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) were much smaller, and slower, then they are today (2015); Graphics processing units (GPUs) were used exclusively for graphics; reconfigurable computing was taking shape as a research area but not yet within the main stream of academic research, let alone in industrial production. However, multiple research projects had already demonstrated, many times over, the clear advantages and potentials of this nascent paradigm as an alternative that combines the re-programmability advantages of fixed data path devices (Central processing units (CPUs), Digital signal processors (DSPs) and GPUs) with the high speed of custom hardware (Application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs)). Within that time frame, the nearly exclusive focus of reconfigurable computing was on signal and image processing because of their streaming nature. Video processing was considered a future possibility to be realized when the size (area) and bandwidth capabilities of FPGAs got larger.
Abstract LB-074: Regression of duodenal neoplasia in familial adenomatous polyposis patients using COX and EGFR inhibition: A randomized placebo-controlled trial

The objective of this trial was to test the effect of a combination of COX and EGFR inhibition on duodenal adenoma progression in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). FAP is caused by mutations in the APC gene and is characterized by the development of hundreds of colorectal adenomas and colorectal cancer. FAP patients are also at increased risk for duodenal neoplasia with a ∼10% lifetime risk of duodenal carcinoma. Surgical and endoscopic management of duodenal neoplasia is difficult and chemoprevention has not been successful. Preclinical data has illustrated that a combination of cyclooxygenase (COX) and epidermal growth factor (EGFR) inhibition diminishes small intestinal adenoma development by 87% in mice with germline Apc mutations. Therefore, we conducted a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in which FAP patients received combination therapy with 150 mg sulindac twice per day and 75 mg erlotinib daily or placebo for 6 months (NCT01187901). The total number and diameter of polyps in a 10cm segment of the proximal duodenum were mapped at baseline and 6 months. The primary outcome was change in total polyp burden, calculated as the sum of the diameters of polyps. We also evaluated RNA expression in duodenal tissue and polyps at endpoint from 10 patients on drug and 10 patients on placebo by RNA sequencing. Seventy-three randomized patients were included in the intention to treat analysis. Over six months, the median change in total duodenal polyp burden was an increase of 8.0 mm from baseline burden in the placebo group (23.0 to 31.0 mm) and the median change in the sulindac-erlotinib group was a decrease of 8.5 mm (29.0 to 19.5 mm). The estimated net difference in change between the two groups was -19.0 mm (95% CI: -32.0, -10.9; P Part of this abstract was presented as part of a preliminary presentation. Citation Format: Deborah W. Neklason, Don A. Delker, Kenneth M. Boucher, Priyanka Kanth, Kathryn Byrne, Philip Bernard, Wade Samowitz, Michelle W. Done, Therese Berry, Lisa Pappas, Laurel Smith, Danielle Sample, Rian Davis, Matthew K. Topham, Randall W. Burt, Scott K. Kuwada, N Jewel Samadder. Regression of duodenal neoplasia in familial adenomatous polyposis patients using COX and EGFR inhibition: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-074.
Forbidden configurations and subframe varieties

In a series of papers, Ball, Pultr, and Sichler studied forbidden configurations in Priestley spaces and Esakia spaces. They showed, among other things, that the class of Heyting algebras whose Esakia spaces contain no copy of a given finite configuration is a variety iff the configuration is a tree. In this short note, we show that such varieties are examples of subframe varieties—the algebraic counterparts of subframe logics introduced by Fine in the 1980s.
Replicating Single-Cycle Adenovirus Vectors Generate Amplified Influenza Vaccine Responses.

Head-to-head comparisons of conventional influenza vaccines with adenovirus (Ad) gene-based vaccines demonstrated that these viral vectors can mediate more potent protection against influenza virus infection in animal models. In most cases, Ad vaccines are engineered to be replication-defective (RD-Ad) vectors. In contrast, replication-competent Ad (RC-Ad) vaccines are markedly more potent but risk causing adenovirus diseases in vaccine recipients and health care workers. To harness antigen gene replication but avoid production of infectious virions, we developed "single-cycle" adenovirus (SC-Ad) vectors. Previous work demonstrated that SC-Ads amplify transgene expression 100-fold and produce markedly stronger and more persistent immune responses than RD-Ad vectors in Syrian hamsters and rhesus macaques. To test them as potential vaccines, we engineered RD and SC versions of adenovirus serotype 6 (Ad6) to express the hemagglutinin (HA) gene from influenza A/PR/8/34 virus. We show here that it takes approximately 33 times less SC-Ad6 than RD-Ad6 to produce equal amounts of HA antigen in vitro SC-Ad produced markedly higher HA binding and hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers than RD-Ad in Syrian hamsters. SC-Ad-vaccinated cotton rats had markedly lower influenza titers than RD-Ad-vaccinated animals after challenge with influenza A/PR/8/34 virus. These data suggest that SC-Ads may be more potent vaccine platforms than conventional RD-Ad vectors and may have utility as "needle-free" mucosal vaccines. Importance Most adenovirus vaccines that are being tested are replication-defective adenoviruses (RD-Ads). This work describes testing newer single-cycle adenovirus (SC-Ad) vectors that replicate transgenes to amplify protein production and immune responses. We show that SC-Ads generate markedly more influenza virus hemagglutinin protein and require substantially less vector to generate the same immune responses as RD-Ad vectors. SC-Ads therefore hold promise to be more potent vectors and vaccines than current RD-Ad vectors.
Metabolism and activation of nitrosamines catalysed by cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes

Nitrosamines are a group of nitrogenous compounds that are widely distributed in the environment and can also be synthesized endogenously (Bartsch and Montesano, 1984). Many of these compounds are potent carcinogens showing remarkable tissue and species specificity. Since the discovery of the carcinogenicity of NDMA, the metabolism of nitrosamines has been studied extensively (Magee and Barnes, 1967; Lai and Arcos, 1980). Although α-hydroxylation has been shown many years ago to be a key step in the activation of nitrosamines the enzymatic mechanisms of the metabolic activation of some of these compounds are not clearly understood. The lack of such information has hindered our progress in understanding the tissue and species specific carcinogenicity of nitrosamines. In this review, the enzymes and mechanisms involved in the activation of NDMA and other nitrosamines are discussed.
Increasing farmers market access among low-income shoppers in Washington state: understanding the role of peer-to-peer programs

ABSTRACTObjective: To describe the use of peer-to-peer (P2P) programs to promote farmers markets use by low income families, with a focus on the impacts of such programs and the factors that contri...
Critical Geography of Education

Words fail. True in many ways, but particularly important as this volume takes up the question of what theories of critical geography might have to offer the study of contemporary education reform. In English, the terms space and place are used interchangeably and have multiple connotations from the specific to the abstract. This proves to be difficult as readers of the work are often unclear on important distinctions.
Corrosion Behavior of Low Carbon Line Pipe Steel in Soil Environment

Some operating buried transmission pipeline systems will develop unforeseen surface corrosion. Electrochemical corrosion behavior of low carbon line pipe steel in NS4 soil test solution has been investigated by EIS method. Corrosion phenomenon is accentuated by influence of such soils parameters as specific resistance, pH, temperature, moisture content and chemical composition of electrolytes contained in soil. Results showed that steel corrosion increases considerably at acidic pH environments. Corrosion currentdensity increases with temperature in the range from 20 to 60 °C. The associated activation energy has beendetermined. Impedance curves showed that the charge transfer resistance (Rt) increases with increasingimmersion duration. Parameters such as corrosion current density (Icorr), polarization resistance (Rp), soilspecific resistance (ρ) can serve as the parameters for evaluation of soil corrosiveness.
Evaluating Outcomes in Health and Social Care by Helen Dickinson: 2008. Portland, OR: The Policy Press/International Specialized Book Services, Hardcover

The fifth in a series titled Better Partnership Working, this text examines the issues of evaluating health and social care with an emphasis on programs and services in Great Britain. Previous text...
The (Aristotelian) Rhetoric of Immigration Reform

While supporters of the DREAM Act and CIR offer powerful moral and policy arguments for providing a pathway to citizenship to many of the 11 million undocumented immigrants in the United States, opponents continue to make inroads by offering up the strongest rhetorical arguments. These rhetorical arguments, while simplistic, xenophobic and deeply-flawed, are winning traction with the public, in Congress, and even in the lower courts. If Aristotle’s Rhetoric, written over two millennia ago, is about the art of persuasion, Kris Kobach, the mastermind behind Arizona’s anti-immigrant S.B. 1070 and the lawyer for the immigration officers challenging DACA’s constitutionality, is a master rhetorician. A skilled rhetorician knows that he or she cannot persuade everyone, but effectively uses the rhetorical tools of ethos, pathos and logos to achieve the desired goal. Ethos turns on the credibility of the speaker, who must convince the audience that he is knowledgeable, virtuous and of good will. Pathos relies on the speaker understanding the emotional state of the audience; Aristotle noted that emotions can stir people and cause them to change their minds. Logos emphasizes the internal logic of an argument. Whether he is representing ICE plaintiffs in Court, appearing on Fox News, or testifying before Congress, Kris Kobach always keeps his sights on what is persuasive. The rhetoric of immigration reform requires, however, that advocates of reform not cede the public sphere of rhetorical debate. Rather, they must be able not only to identify negative rhetoric but to break it down: to show when it is ugly and mean-spirited, to demonstrate how it manipulates people’s emotions and triggers xenophobic responses, and to prove that it is based on false premises. At the same time, they must become adept at using the Aristotelian tools of ethos, pathos, and logos to set a better course, to demonstrate, for example, how DACA and the DREAM Act reflect a commitment to justice and fairness on behalf of the young women and men who were brought here as children, who consider themselves Americans, and who, until now, have been denied legal status based solely on the accident of their birth.
Detection of B-cells clonally related to the tumor population in multiple myeloma and MGUS.

Multiple myeloma is characterized by the clonal expansion of the plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM) and production of monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig). We have used a sensitive allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO)-PCR technique to detect cells clonally related to the malignant plasma cell population of monoclonal B cell gammopathies [1–3]. The PCR approach utilizes consensus primers to amplify the CDR3 region of a rearranged IgH allele from the tumor population, followed by sequence determination of the PCR product. This sequence is clonally unique due to novel combinations of V-D-J gene segments, random nucleotide insertions and deletions, and somatic mutations. Allele specific oligonucleotide (ASO) primers can then be synthesized and used to detect the tumor specific allele [1].
A Sustainable and Scalable Approach to the Provision of Cleft Care: A Focus on Safety and Quality

Background A global health model based on partnering with local hospitals and surgical teams, providing education and training for local providers, and mandating adherence to safety and quality standards to ensure safe surgery and anesthesia care can build local surgical capacity and strengthen existing health care systems in low- and middle-income countries. Smile Train uses this sustainable partnership model to provide responsible humanitarian aid while maintaining a bidirectional exchange with its international partners. Methods A voluntary online survey is administered annually to Smile Train's global partners. One portion of this survey focuses on how Smile Train can best support providers' adherence to the Smile Train Safety and Quality Protocol and Anesthesia Guidelines for cleft care. Results In 2014 and 2015, 1132 health care providers responded to Smile Train's annual partner survey (77 percent response rate). When asked how Smile Train could best support partners to continually meet the safety and quality standards, most partners reported that they could benefit from additional financial support (59.6 percent) and medical professional education and training opportunities (59.2 percent). Conclusions The results from the partner survey yield important insights into the programmatic needs of Smile Train partners. Smile Train uses this information to efficiently allocate and distribute resources and to strategically plan and implement training opportunities where needed. The partner survey helps to ensure that Smile Train patients around the world consistently receive safe and high-quality cleft surgery and anesthesia care.
Die Kompetenz der Eltern ist von zentraler Bedeutung

Es existiert eine nahezu unuberschaubare Sammlung an Erziehungsstrategien fur Familien. Alle versprechen sie Erfolg. Welche der verschiedenen Handlungsstrategien funktioniert wirklich? Eine Metaanalyse Tausender Primarstudien ergibt: Die Wirksamkeit einer Methode hangt immer von den Menschen ab.
Abstract 169: Rural Hospitals in Telestroke: How Effective are On-Site Mock Drills and Community Education on Stroke Awareness?

Background: Mock drills of stroke triage care is an essential training component of most telestroke programs. Another potential component for telestroke programs is community stroke awareness educa...