cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct cloning of human ovarian cancer in soft agar: clinical limitations and pharmacologic applications.

Epithelial ovarian cancer is a disease which is well suited to the evaluation of in vitro tests for the individual selection of a patient’s chemotherapy, since a variety of antineoplastic drugs have significant activity in this disease (Young 1975). A predictive in vitro test could therefore potentially identify those drugs active for a particular patient and thereby spare her the unnecessary toxic effects of inactive drugs. In addition, many patients with advanced ovarian cancer have malignant effusions (ascites or pleural fluid) which provide an easily accessible source of cells for in vitro analysis. Additional malignant cells can also be obtained frequently by peritoneal lavage from patients who do not have clinically evident ascites (Ozols et al. 1981). The observation (Hamburger et al. 1978) that human ovarian cancer cells can form tumor colonies in soft agar along with the promising preliminary results of in vitro/in vivo correlations of drug resistance using this assay (Salmon et al. 1978; Alberts et al. 1980) led to our study on the growth of ovarian cancer tumor colonies from peritoneal washings as well as malignant effusions (Ozols et al. 1980a). In addition to evaluating the assays’ potential for individualization of chemotherapy, we have also used the human tumor stem cell assay (HTSCA) to investigate patterns of drug resistance and cross-resistance in ovarian cancer. In this report we will summarize our results with 215 ovarian cancer specimens, which demonstrate that, while the HTSCA has major limitations for the individualization of chemotherapy, the patterns of drug resistance and cross-resistance have provided clinically relevant information for the design of novel therapeutic approaches in ovarian cancer, such as intraperitoneal chemotherapy and high-dose cisplatin.
Obstructive Uropathy in the Transplanted Kidney: Evaluation by Gray Scale Sonography

AbstractA case is presented in which linear gray scale echography demonstrated pyelocaliectasis and documented its subsequent improvement while helping to exclude other causes for the patient’s clinical condition.
Systematic Literature Review of Students’ Affective Responses to Active Learning: Overview of Results

This full “research” paper presents an overview of results of a systematic literature review of students' affective responses to active learning in undergraduate STEM courses. We considered 2,364 abstracts of conference papers and journal articles published since 1990, and 412 studies met our inclusion criteria. The studies span the STEM disciplines and report various types of active learning. Their research designs include primarily quantitative methods (especially instructor-designed surveys and course evaluations), and they find that students’ affective responses are overwhelmingly positive. Few studies excelled on our quality score metric, and there few statistically significant differences by discipline (but biology studies and chemistry studies scored significantly higher in quality than electrical engineering studies). We include several possible directions for future work.
The Impact of Race and Ethnicity Upon Health-Related Quality of Life and Mortality in Dialysis Patients

Rationale & Objective Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has been recognized as a strong predictor of mortality among hemodialysis patients. However, differences in the association of HRQoL with survival across diverse racial/ethnic groups have not been well studied in this population. Study Design Observational cohort study. Setting & Participants We examined the relationship between HRQoL and mortality in a prospective cohort of racially/ethnically diverse hemodialysis patients recruited from 18 outpatient dialysis units during 2011 to 2016. Exposure Using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) administered every 6 months, HRQoL was ascertained by 36 questions summarized as 2 Physical and Mental Component and 8 subscale scores. Outcome All-cause mortality. Analytical Approach Associations of time-varying SF-36 scores with mortality were estimated using Cox models in the overall cohort and within racial/ethnic subgroups. Results Among 753 hemodialysis patients who met eligibility criteria, expanded case-mix analyses showed that the lowest quartiles of time-varying Physical and Mental Component scores were associated with higher mortality in the overall cohort (reference: highest quartile): adjusted HRs, 2.30 (95% CI, 1.53-3.47) and 1.54 (95% CI, 1.05-2.25), respectively. In analyses stratified by race/ethnicity, the lowest quartile of Physical Component scores was significantly associated with higher mortality across all groups: adjusted HRs, 2.64 (95% CI, 1.31-5.29), 1.84 (95% CI, 1.01-3.38), and 3.18 (95% CI, 1.13-8.91) for Hispanic, African American, and other race/ethnicity patients, respectively. The lowest quartile of time-varying physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health, role limitations due to emotional problems, social functioning, and pain subscale scores were associated with higher mortality in the overall cohort and particularly in Hispanics and blacks. Limitations Residual confounding cannot be excluded. Conclusions Lower SF-36 Physical Component and subscale scores were associated with higher mortality in hemodialysis patients, including those of minority background. Further studies are needed to determine whether interventions that augment physical health might improve the survival of these diverse populations.
Sociability development in mice with cell‐specific deletion of the NMDA receptor NR1 subunit gene

Social affiliative behavior is an important component of everyday life in many species and is likely to be disrupted in disabling ways in various neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Therefore, determining the mechanisms involved in these processes is crucial. A link between N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function and social behaviors has been clearly established. The cell types in which NMDA receptors are critical for social affiliative behavior, however, remain unclear. Here, we use mice carrying a conditional allele of the NMDA R1 subunit to address this question. Mice bearing a floxed NMDAR1 (NR1) allele were crossed with transgenic calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase IIα (CaMKIIα)-Cre mice or parvalbumin (PV)-Cre mice targeting postnatal excitatory forebrain or PV-expressing interneurons, respectively, and assessed using the three-chambered Social Approach Test. We found that deletion of NR1 in PV-positive interneurons had no effect on social sniffing, but deletion of NR1 in glutamatergic pyramidal cells resulted in a significant increase in social approach behavior, regardless of age or sex. Therefore, forebrain excitatory neurons expressing NR1 play an important role in regulating social affiliative behavior.
Understanding and Treating Anxiety Disorders: A Psychodynamic Approach

This chapter seeks to offer an overview of the psychodynamic theory and treatment of anxiety disorders. We begin by tracing psychodynamic conceptualizations of anxiety from Freud to the present day. Next, we describe contemporary psychodynamic models of anxiety disorders. We then review the current research on psychodynamic treatments, which provides empirical support for psychodynamic psychotherapy for anxiety disorders. Finally, we offer recommendations for empirical and theoretical future directions, emphasizing the value of rigorous research methods and the potential benefits of integrating psychodynamic thought and technique with other therapeutic orientations.
Impact of Sink Node Placement on Partial Connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks

Network connectivity as a fundamental issue in WSNs has been attracting researchers' attention for decades, primarily focusing on strategies to achieve or maintain full connectivity. However, in practice, sensor isolation is a state of normality, and full connectivity is not a requirement for many WSN applications to operate successfully. Due to this, this paper investigates the partial connectivity problem in a randomly deployed WSN, taking into consideration the particular function of the sink node and its skewed placement due to environmental and terrain factors in network deployment. We strive to identify the tradeoffs between partial connectivity and the required network parameters in contrast to full connectivity under various circumstances. Through mathematically modeling, theoretical analysis and simulation evaluations, we demonstrate the significant impact of the sink node and its placement on the network connectivity and that partial connectivity, as compared with full connectivity, is a more appropriate metric to assess the connectivity of random WSNs. For example, we show that the sensor connection rate drops from 98.8% to 72.5% when the sink node is relocated from the network center to the border and that 1.367 times more energy is needed to connect less than 4% of the remote sensors, under the studied network settings. The results help in defining appropriate performance metrics and in selecting critical network parameters for real-life WSN design and implementation.
Potentials and Limitations in the Application of Virtual Ergonomics: A Review of Empirical Studies

As capability of digitizing information is advanced, application of virtual and augmented reality has been popular in various areas such as education, entertainment, training, communication, design, therapy, and more. In the literature, a considerable number of studies have used digitalization technologies for ergonomics, named virtual ergonomics in modern technologies of Industry 4.0, in design of process of workstations, manufacturing workplaces, and maintenance activities. In general, most of studies reported potentials of virtual ergonomics in terms of fidelity, usability, and cost. The objective of this study was to review empirical studies from different industry types in the literature to investigate potentials and limitations on the assessment of task performance in the application of virtual ergonomics. In this review, the difference from traditional ergonomics was compared from the perspective of user’s ergonomic factors rather than physical ergonomic issues with the design of virtual reality peripherals. Potentials of virtual ergonomics were identified from the perspectives of efficiency on communicating ergonomic factors, assessing musculoskeletal impacts, and measuring range of movements of the body while limitations were also recognized by the lack of validation in virtual design, longer task execution time from higher mental workload, and the fidelity of model for finding the velocities or accelerations of movement of the body in a virtual environment.
Methylisatin Structural Isomers Have Different Kinetic Pathways to Self-Assembly

Monolayers of methylisatin structural isomers are prepared on the Au(111) surface and imaged using scanning tunneling microscopy in ultrahigh vacuum. Monolayer preparation via solution deposition r...
Communicating Causal Structure

One common and useful tool for representing causal relationships in philosophy and in the sciences is the structural equation model (SEM). A SEM describes relations of functional dependence among several variables. On the other hand, in ordinary language we normally express causation by describing a binary relation among two events: “C causes E”. This essay describes several dimensions along which a SEM describes a richer causal structure than seems possible using the simple binary construction “C causes E”. This raises several questions about how we successfully communicate about causal structure. First, how do we decide which aspects of a causal structure to explicitly describe to our audience? And second, what linguistic tools do we have at our disposal to communicate the richer structure represented by a SEM?
Review of Filtered Rayleigh Scattering technique for mixing studies in supersonic air flow

Abstract Filtered Rayleigh Scattering or FRS is a non-intrusive laser diagnostic technique that is utilized to observe and quantify various flow properties in high-speed gas flows. In this technique, a laser beam is used to irradiate a portion of the gas under investigation. The receiving gas molecules scatter the incident laser beam in all the directions. The scattered radiation from a single molecule stems from the induced oscillations of the electron cloud that acts as a classical dipole radiator. The intensity of the net scattered radiation from all the molecules that are in random motion depend on the spatio-temporal fluctuations of the dielectric permittivity of the gas. The thermodynamic properties of the gas govern the nature of these variations and the resulting spectra of the scattered radiation is referred to as Rayleigh Brillouin spectrum. In high-speed gas flows applications, the bulk velocity of the gas molecules causes the entire scattered spectrum to be Doppler shifted from the lasing frequency. The extent of this shift is very significant in supersonic flows and this enables the isolation of the scattered spectrum from the laser reflections using a molecular notch filter. Measurement of flow properties can be made based on the intensity of the RBS signal that is collected by a charged coupled device. The FRS technique is also utilized to perform mixing measurements in binary mixture of gases in high-speed flows. In non-reacting mixing studies, helium is often used as a passive scalar and simulant gas for hydrogen fuel. Helium concentration measurements in supersonic flows based on the FRS technique require two independent experiments. The first experiment involves injection of helium gas and the second separate experiment requires air injection. The helium mole-fraction is retrieved from the FRS imaging data under the key assumptions that the total number density profiles and the extent of the Doppler shift that is associated with each one of the two independent experiments at the measuring plane are identically the same. In this review, the theory governing Rayleigh scattering and the FRS technique to retrieve helium mole-fraction in supersonic flow will be discussed in detail. Measurement results from recent FRS studies on complex vortex interactions in supersonic flow will be also presented and discussed as well as the impact on the results of a departure from the key assumptions in FRS mixing studies will be analyzed for a canonical parallel injection using strut injector in supersonic flow.
Investigation of neutron shielding materials for low-background gamma spectrometry

In gamma spectrometers located at ground-level or in shallow-underground laboratories, muon-induced neutrons contribute significantly to the background. We studied several neutron-shielding materials including water, pure polyethylene (PPE), borated polyethylene (BPE) and lithiated polyethylene (LPE) positioned inside the lead shield. Neutrons are scattered and absorbed inside these materials, however, sequential (n,n′γ), (n,γ) and (n,α) reactions generate gamma emissions. The resulting background increased by 35.9% for water and 37.6% for PPE. For BPE, the background increased by 11.3% only and it decreased by 9.4% for LPE, owing to the absorption of neutrons by boron and lithium, respectively.
Do Creditors Have a Say on Dividends: Evidence from a Quasi Experiment

We investigate the impact of strengthening creditors’ right on firms’ dividend policies. Using the exogenous changes in creditor rights resulting from the staggered enactment of anti-recharacterization laws (ARL), we find that strengthening creditor rights can lead to an economically significant increase in dividend payment for shareholders, amounting to about 33 percent increase compared to the average sampled firm. The elevated impact of strengthening creditrs’ right on dividend payment is more pronounced for financially constrained, poorly governed, informationally opaque, and agency-prone firms. Using granular loan-contract information, we demonstrate that strengthening creditors’ right leads to elevated access to credit market and through this channel of enhanced debt capacity firms can redirect more funds for shareholders’ payout. Our results give credence to the stakeholder theory of firms, suggesting that improving the rights of one stakeholder can entail positive spillover effects on other stakeholders of firms.
Critical Theory, Conspiracy, and “Gullible Critique”

There are important similarities between conspiracy theories and academic discourses referred to variously as ‘critique’, ‘critical theory’, ‘genealogy’, and ‘the hermeneutics of suspicion’. Like conspiracy theories, critical academic discourses have their passionate advocates. But these discourses also carry an air of disrepute in broader academic circles. In a trenchant 2004 essay Bruno Latour expressed a set of worries about the intellectual respectability of “critique” centered on the resemblance between critique and conspiracy theories. I develop this line of thinking by calling attention to formal features that examples of “critique” can share with conspiracy theories, positioning both types of discourse within the broader category of “suspicious explanation”. I conclude by offering an account of what might be meant by Latour’s reference to “gullible critique”.
The Role of Lawyers in Strategic Alliances

Technological innovation and globalization have led to a proliferation of strategic alliances. However, many business people are still skeptical about the role of lawyers in strategic alliances. Business people often feel that lawyers are deal breakers, not dealmakers. Jim Freund, who has written a lot about negotiations, says that business people rail at the negative attitudes lawyers exhibit, such as seeing a problem behind every bush, overcompensating to avoid risk, and generating conflict.
Intimate Partner Violence Exposure and Adolescent Mental Health Outcomes: The Mediating Role of Housing Insecurity:

The present study investigated pathways from childhood exposure to mothers’ intimate partner violence (IPV) to adolescent depression and anxiety. Further, the study examined whether housing insecur...
DJ-1 Acts as a Scavenger of α-Synuclein Oligomers and Restores Monomeric Glycated α-Synuclein.

Glycation of α-synuclein (αSyn), as occurs with aging, has been linked to the progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD) through the promotion of advanced glycation end-products and the formation of toxic oligomers that cannot be properly cleared from neurons. DJ-1, an antioxidative protein that plays a critical role in PD pathology, has been proposed to repair glycation in proteins, yet a mechanism has not been elucidated. In this study, we integrate solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and liquid atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques to characterize glycated N-terminally acetylated-αSyn (glyc-ac-αSyn) and its interaction with DJ-1. Glycation of ac-αSyn by methylglyoxal increases oligomer formation, as visualized by AFM in solution, resulting in decreased dynamics of the monomer amide backbone around the Lys residues, as measured using NMR. Upon addition of DJ-1, this NMR signature of glyc-ac-αSyn monomers reverts to a native ac-αSyn-like character. This phenomenon is reversible upon removal of DJ-1 from the solution. Using relaxation-based NMR, we have identified the binding site on DJ-1 for glycated and native ac-αSyn as the catalytic pocket and established that the oxidation state of the catalytic cysteine is imperative for binding. Based on our results, we propose a novel mechanism by which DJ-1 scavenges glyc-ac-αSyn oligomers without chemical deglycation, suppresses glyc-ac-αSyn monomer–oligomer interactions, and releases free glyc-ac-αSyn monomers in solution. The interference of DJ-1 with ac-αSyn oligomers may promote free ac-αSyn monomer in solution and suppress the propagation of toxic oligomer and fibril species. These results expand the understanding of the role of DJ-1 in PD pathology by acting as a scavenger for aggregated αSyn.
Wodurch wird der Zeitpunkt des Auftretens eines Lokalrezidivs beim Rektumkarzinom beeinflußt? Konsequenzen für die Nachsorge / Factors Influencing the Disease Free Interval in Patients with Locoregional Recurrence of Rectal Carcinoma. Consequences for Follow-Up

Von 1978 bis 1995 wurden 1351 Patienten mit einem Rektumkarzinom kurativ behandelt. Die mediane Nachbeobachtungszeit betrug 8 Jahre. Bei 221 Patienten wurde ein lokoregionares Rezidiv (LR) beobachtet. Das fruheste LR trat nach 2 Monaten, das spateste nach 148 Monaten (extraluminales LR) auf. Die LR-Rate wurde signifikant beeinflust durch die pT- und pN-Kategorie, Malignitatsgrad, Veneninvasion, lokale Tumorzelldissemi-nation und den Chirurg. Diese Faktoren beeinflusten auch den Zeitpunkt des Auftretens eines LR. Prognostisch ungunstige Faktoren fuhrten zu einem fruheren Auftreten der LRe, prognostisch gunstige zu einer erhohten Zahl an Spatrezidiven. Fur solche Patienten sollte eine verlangerte Nachsorge diskutiert werden. In klinischen Studien mit 5-Jahres-LR-Raten von 10% oder darunter ist zur Identifikation von Spatrezidiven eine langere Nachbeobachtung gefordert.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Atrial Flutter Circuits

Typical atrial flutter has a well-defined pattern in surface electrocardiography and is manifest by either negative initial forces in the inferior leads and positive forces in VI (counterclockwise) or positive flutter waves in the inferior leads and negative flutter waves in VI (clockwise) [1–10]. Isthmus-dependent flutter has been found to rotate around the tricuspid annulus [2–9, 11, 12]. A critical isthmus is defined as the region between the tricuspid valve annulus and the subeustachian muscle ridge. The designation “counterclockwise” or “clockwise” is used with the tricuspid annulus displayed in left anterior oblique projection. The typical patterns are isthmus-dependent and are readily ablated by producing bidirectional isthmus block.
Inactivation of a diverse set of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in ground beef by high pressure processing

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are regularly implicated in foodborne illness outbreaks and recalls of ground beef. In this study we determined the High Pressure Processing (HPP) D10 value (the processing conditions needed to reduce the microbial population by 1 log) of 39 STEC isolates, including the "big six" serovars, O104 and O157:H7. STEC isolates included those isolated from animals and environmental sources in addition to those associated with illness in humans. Individual STEC were inoculated into 80% lean ground beef and treated with HPP (350 MPa, 4 °C, up to 40 min). The mean D10 was 9.74 min, with a range of 0.89-25.70 min. The D10 of the STEC involved in human illness was 9.25 vs. 10.40 min for those not involved in human illness (p > 0.05). The presence or absence of genes encoding virulence factors (e.g. Shiga toxin 1 or 2, intimin, or enterohemolysin) had no effect on the HPP D10 (p > 0.05). The high D10 of some STEC involved in human illness should be considered in selecting HPP processing parameters for ground beef. This study demonstrates the heterogeneity of STEC resistance to HPP. Risk assessors and the food industry can use this information to provide safer meat products to consumers.
Software Architecture-Based Adaptation for Pervasive Systems

An important requirement for pervasive computing systems is the ability to adapt at runtime to handle varying resources, user mobility, changing user needs, and system faults. In this paper we describe an approach in which dynamic adaptation is supported by the use of software architectural models to monitor an application and guide dynamic changes to it. The use of externalized models permits one to make reconfiguration decisions based on a global perspective of the running system, apply analytic models to determine correct repair strategies, and gauge the effectiveness of repair through continuous system monitoring. We illustrate the application of this idea to pervasive computing systems, focusing on the need to adapt based on performance-related criteria and models.
Crop-Water Production Function and the Problems of Drainage and Salinity

Crop yield and deep percolation functions for irrigation under saline conditions can be simulated using a seasonal model. A transient state model provides for multiseasonal simulation of yield, deep percolation, salt distribution and water distribution for any given set of irrigation management regimes. Applications of these models, combined with an irrigation uniformity model, for various irrigation-drainage situations are summarized.
Chapter 5 Computer Analysis of Cellular Interactions

Publisher Summary In attempting to analyze cellular processes, a formalized relationship is established between the operational elements of the system and to solve the problem in a quantitative manner. This chapter analyzes the two basic processes by computer techniques: (1) enzyme systems that serve as sensing elements for the cellular environment, and (2) cell-cell interaction and recognition mechanisms. For this purpose, conceptual model-systems are developed, mathematical formulations are carried out, and, finally, systems are simulated on an analog computer. For the purposes of demonstration, only a limited type of treatment and analysis is presented. Computer analysis of the model-system reveals that cell–cell interaction processes can be explained in terms of the postulated mechanisms. Theoretically, this model-system for cellular interaction could be further extended to include contact inhibition of cell division and the release from such inhibitory state. The behavior pattern of individual cells within a multicellular community emerges as a product of complementary activities of intracellular and extracellular processes. Recent studies on enzyme induction, isolation of cell aggregating materials, and the demonstration of various cell surface entities justifies at least some of the assumptions adopted in this analysis and encourages further attempts to use model systems in analyzing the complex and important biological phenomena described in the chapter.
A Learning Strategy for the Control of a One-Legged Hopping Robot

We study neural network strategies for the control of a dynamic, locomotive system using as a model of a one-legged hopping robot. The control task is to make corrections to the motion of the robot that serve to maintain a fixed level of energy (and minimize energy losses), which yields a stable periodic limit cycle in the system's state space corresponding to periodic hopping to a prespecified height. The studied models are Michie and Chambers' BOXES system (1962), the ASE/ACE configuration of Barto and his coworkers (1983), and Anderson/Sutton's two-layered Connectionist model (1986.) Results are demonstrated through numerical simulations, and quantitatively compared to performance obtained by Raibert (1984) for the robotic leg, using full-state feefback. The main difference between Raibert's solution and the `neural' strategies presented here is that our system is not aware of the dynamical model of the plant which it is to control. It has to discover how to control the plant through a long sequence of trial and error experiments.
Revised formulation of the macroscopic maxwell theory

The theory of energy propagation in dispersive media formulated by Brillouin is generalized and extended by taking into account energy attenuation or energy growth during the transmission process. Because of the exponential decay due to attenuation, the concept of propagation velocity of an electromagnetic disturbance can now be shown to have a physical meaning even if there is absorption, and in such a case the velocity of the disturbance is represented by the velocity of the point at which it attains its maximum intensity. Expressions are obtained for the energy density and the energy flow in an absorbing medium, and it is shown that the propagation velocity (a kinematic concept) is equal to the velocity of the energy transport. Such an equality is considered to be of fundamental interest since it supports the validity of the kinematic approach from the energetic point of view. Other aspects of energy transmission are discussed and analysed with particular reference to nonconvective and convective disturbances in absorbing and emitting media.
Periconceptional folate and neural tube defect

The US Public Health Service recommends that all women in the United States who might possibly become pregnant should consume 0.4 mg folic acid/d to lower the incidence of neural tube defect (NTD). This paper reviews the bases for this recommendation: controlled trials of periconceptional folate, observational studies of folate supplementation, studies relating dietary folate to NTD, a trial of dietary education aimed at lowering the rate of NTD, and studies of the relationship to NTD of serum and red blood cell folate concentrations. It remains unclear that trials to prevent recurrent NTD apply directly to occurrent NTD, and the minimum necessary dose of folate is unknown. Given the potential dangers of high levels of folate in the general diet, particularly the masking of the hematologic effects of vitamin B-12 deficiency in elderly persons, with the consequent possibility of vitamin B-12 deficiency presenting as severe, irreversible neurologic disease, it is suggested that, until the impact of increasing the general folate level of the diet is better understood, tablet supplementation of folate to women of child-bearing age is preferable as an interim measure to increased food fortification.
Analyzing Probit Bayes Estimator for Flexible Covariance Structures in Discrete Choice Modeling

Research in discrete choice modeling in recent decades has devoted an enormous effort to generalizing the distribution of the error term and to developing estimation methods that account for more flexible structures of error heterogeneity. Whereas the multinomial probit model offers a fully flexible covariance matrix, the maximum simulated likelihood estimator is extremely involved. However, Bayesian techniques have the potential to break down the complexity of the estimator. By using a Monte Carlo study, this paper tests the ability of a probit Bayes estimator based on Gibbs sampling to recover different substitution patterns. The results show that it is possible to use the Bayes estimator of a full covariance matrix to recover different covariance structures, even when small samples are used. Thus, the model can identify the true substitution patterns, by avoiding misspecification, even if these patterns are the result of multiple restrictions over the covariance matrix. In fact, the recovery of simpler...
Improving digestibility of soy flour by reducing disulfide bonds with thioredoxin.

The Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) and the Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) of trypsin and chymotrypsin contain disulfide bonds. Glycinin, the major storage protein in soybeans also contains disulfide bonds. Treatment of soy white flour with a NADP-thioredoxin system (NTS) effectively reduced disulfide bonds in soy flour and increased protein digestibility by trypsin and pancreatin as measured by the pH stat method. Treatment of soy flour with NTS increased the digestibility compared to soy white flour by 29.3 and 60.6% for trypsin and pancreatin, respectively. NTS-treated soy flour had similar digestibility by trypsin to autoclaved soy flour and casein, but digestibility by pancreatin was less than autoclaved soy flour and casein. The degree of reduction by NTS was highly correlated to the degree of hydrolysis (DH) by trypsin (R 2 ) 0.93) and pancreatin (R 2 ) 0.99). The DH of NTS-treated soy flour by trypsin is reflective of both inactivation of trypsin inhibitors and overall protein digestibility while pancreatin hydrolysis is reflective of only overall protein digestibility.
Statistical thermodynamics of an anharmonic oscillator

In the present study we investigate the statistical thermodynamics of the anharmonic oscillator, whose energies are characterized by the potential 1/2x2+λx4. Employing the energies recently obtained by Hioe and Montroll, we compute the partition function and the thermodynamic quantities for the anharmonic and quartic oscillators. Low- and high-temperature formulas are presented for the thermodynamic quantities of the oscillators.
Nucleon Structure Functions from High-Energy Neutrino Interactions with Iron and QCD Results

Nucleon structure functions obtained from neutrino and anti-neutrino scattering on iron nuclei at high energies (Ev=30 to 250 GeV) are presented. These results are compared with the results of other lepton-nucleon scattering experiments. The structure functions are used to test the validity of the Gross-Llewellyn-smith sum rule, which measures the number of valence quarks in the nucleons, and to obtain leading and second order QCD fits.
RELATIONSHIP OF MYOFIBRIL FRAGMENTATION INDEX TO CERTAIN CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF BOVINE LONGISSIMUS MUSCLE

Loin steaks from 78 carcasses of A, B, C and E maturities were categorized into three tenderness groups on the basis of sensory tenderness scores and Warner-Bratzler (W-B) shear force values. Myofibril fragmentation index (MFI), sarcomere length, total and soluble collagen, moisture, fat and pH values were determined for these steaks. Carcass characteristics were also measured. The physical, chemical and sensory values were statistically analyzed to determine the relationship of these values, especially the relationship and the importance of myofibril fragmentation to tenderness of loin steaks. Results of this study showed that myofibril fragmentation index (MFI) accounted for more than 50% of the variation in loin steak tenderness and that myofibril fragmentation was a more important effector of tenderness in loin steaks than collagen solubility or sarcomere length. The steaks used in this study varied widely in marbling degree and maturity; therefore, MFI should be an excellent predictor of broiled loin steak tenderness. Although a number of significant correlations were observed between MFI and carcass characteristics, none of these was of practical importance because they accounted for little of the variation in tenderness.
NADP-linked dehydrogenases in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Abstract The activities of malic enzyme, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase were studied in muscles from patients with muscular dystrophies and other myopathies and neuropathies. The activities of all three NADP-linked enzymes were significantly higher in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy than in the controls. The results were discussed in relation to fat accumulation in muscle in Duchenne dystrophy.
Interaction between repeated skin testing with recall antigens and temporal fluctuations of in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis in cancer patients

Abstract The effect of skin testing with recall antigens on lymphocyte blastogenesis in vitro was studied in 50 patients with carcinoma. Significant enhancement of lymphocyte blastogenesis to different mitogens was observed following the application of a skin test battery of recall antigens. No additional increments in blastogenesis were observed subsequently with repeated skin testing using a single recall antigen (dermatophytin). These results emphasized the possibility of a combined effect resulting from multiple factors on studies of lymphocyte blastogenesis.
Dyadic and group perspectives on close relationships

Recent advances in the study of close relationships hold the potential for new insignts into the significance of interdependence and the mechanism of relationship influence. The papers in this special issue apply two new data analytic techniques to the study of family and friend relationships. The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model incorporates the perspectives of both participants in a dyad into analyses that describe shared and unique views of the relationship. The Social Relations Model incorporates the perspectives of all members of a group into analyses that ascribe views unique to individuals and relationships, and views shared by the entire group. Developmental applications of techniques originally designed for concurrent interdependent data are described with the aim of advancing these analytic procedures to the study of lifespan human development.
GPU Computing to Improve Game Engine Performance

Although the graphics processing unit (GPU) was originally designed to accelerate the image creation for output to display, today's general purpose GPU (GPGPU) computing offers unprecedented performance by offloading computing-intensive portions of the application to the GPGPU, while running the remainder of the code on the central processing unit (CPU). The highly parallel structure of a many core GPGPU can process large blocks of data faster using multithreaded concurrent processing. A game engine has many "components" and multithreading can be used to implement their parallelism. However, effective implementation of multithreading in a multicore processor has challenges, such as data and task parallelism. In this paper, we investigate the impact of using a GPGPU with a CPU to design high-performance game engines. First, we implement a separable convolution filter (heavily used in image processing) with the GPGPU. Then, we implement a multiobject interactive game console in an eight-core workstation using a multithreaded asynchronous model (MAM), a multithreaded synchronous model (MSM), and an MSM with data parallelism (MSMDP). According to the experimental results, speedup of about 61x and 5x is achieved due to GPGPU and MSMDP implementation, respectively. Therefore, GPGPU-assisted parallel computing has the potential to improve multithreaded game engine performance.
Synthesis and reactions of perfluoro-n-octylmagnesium bromide

Abstract Perfluoro-n-octylmagnesium bromide has been conveniently synthesized through the metal-halogen exchange reaction between perfluoro-n-octyl iodide and ethyl- or phenyl-magnesium bromide. The thermal stability of the Grignard reagent and the products of the thermal decomposition have been estimated in diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran. Reactions of the Grignard reagent with various substrates such as water, acetone, hexafluoroacetone, trimethylchlorosilane and carbon dioxide indicate the synthetic utility of n-octylmagnesium bromide.
Requirement for natural killer cell-produced interferon gamma in defense against murine cytomegalovirus infection and enhancement of this defense pathway by interleukin 12 administration.

The presence of natural killer (NK) cells contributes to early defense against murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. Although NK cells can mediate in vivo protection against MCMV, the mechanism by which they do so has not been defined. The studies presented here evaluate cytokine production by NK cells activated during MCMV infection and the role of NK cell-produced cytokines in early in vivo antiviral defenses. Experiments with normal C57BL/6, T cell-deficient C57BL/6 nude, and severe combined immunodeficient mice lacking T and B cells demonstrated that both interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production were induced at early times after infection with MCMV. Conditioned media samples prepared with cells from these mice, on day 2 after infection, produced 11-43 pg/million cells of IFN-gamma and 12-19 pg/million cells of TNF as evaluated by specific protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Studies in the NK- and T cell-deficient mouse line, E26, in mice that had been depleted in vivo of NK cells by treatment with antibodies eliminating NK cells, anti-asialo ganglio-N-tetraosylceramide or anti-NK1.1, and with populations of cells that had been depleted of NK cells by complement treatment with the anti-NK cell antibody, SW3A4, demonstrated that NK cells were solely responsible for the IFN-gamma but were not required for TNF production. The in vivo absence of NK cells was accompanied by increased viral hepatitis and viral replication in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice, as well as decreased survival time of immunodeficient mice. In vivo treatments with antibodies neutralizing IFN-gamma demonstrated that this factor contributed to the NK cell-mediated antiviral defense and reduced the measured parameters of viral defense to levels indistinguishable from those observed in NK cell-deficient mice. These effects appeared to be independent of cytolytic activity, as NK cells isolated from anti-IFN-gamma-treated mice mediated killing at levels comparable to those observed in control-treated mice. The consequences of interleukin 12 (IL-12) administration, a known potent inducer of IFN-gamma production by NK cells, were evaluated in MCMV-infected mice. Low IL-12 doses, i.e., 1 ng/d, increased NK cell cytotoxicity and IFN-gamma production up to twofold and resulted in improved antiviral status; virus-induced hepatitis was decreased as much as fivefold, and viral burdens were decreased to levels below detection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The effect of interruption of milking on the protein fractions of milk.

Summary The effect of interruption of milking for a period of 10 days on the casein, globulin, albumin and non-protein nitrogen content of milk has been studied in seven cows. The per cent casein was found not to change, while the per cents of globulin, albumin and non-protein nitrogen of milk were significantly increased by interrupting milking. Total globulin was not altered, but the total amounts of casein, albumin and non-protein nitrogen in the postinterruption milk were significantly less than those in the milk obtained before interruption. The per cent of the total nitrogen as casein was decreased, the per cent of the total nitrogen as albumin and as globulin was increased and the per cent of the total nitrogen as non-protein nitrogen was unchanged by interruption of milking.
The mechanism of histamine-induced transcapillary fluid movement.

This study was designed to determine the direct effect of histamine on capillary membrane permeability and pre- and post-capillary resistances. Ten experiments were carried out on isolated forelimbs of dogs perfused with blood oxygenated by aStarling heart-lung preparation. Permeability was determined by measuring the isogravimetric capillary pressure (Pci) using a modification of thePappenheimer andSoto-Rivera technique. Histamine was administered by intraarterial infusion in increasing doses, ranging from 2.7 to 68 μg/min. Results show a significant, dose dependent fall of meanPci from 10.7 to 7.7 mm Hg when histamine was given in a dosage of 6.8 μg/min or higher.
Adaptive Control Design for Cargo Ship Steering with Limited Rudder Angle

Abstract Marine transportation offers a cost-effective and viable alternative to cargo aircraft, trains, and trucks in general. Traffic control in congested waterways has recently become a challenging task demanding higher accuracy in ship navigation and advanced methods for collision or grounding avoidance. Modern ship control systems call for new technologies to be applied to ship steering involving station-keeping and course-changing maneuvers. Uncertain cargo ship dynamics require robust steering control design techniques potentially reducing the effects of external conditions and minimizing path deviations in case particularly strong lateral wind or wave forces are experienced. Among the additional issues to be addressed are possible conflicts between rudder angle limitations and controller performance. We present an adaptive steering control design for uncertain cargo ship dynamics subject to input constraints while avoiding performance compromises under changing environmental conditions. Several maneuvering scenarios are simulated to verify the effectiveness of our control design approach.
Aesthetics of Violence in Uwe Timm's Rot and Friedrich Christian Delius's Mein Jahr als Mörder1

This essay examines how two novels written in the spirit of 1968 incorporate potential violent acts into narrative in ways that reflect the nonviolent principles of Autoren Edition and Hannah Arendt's ideas on the relation between violence and political action. The authors of these novels join art and terror by recounting purely fantasized acts of violence that become aesthetically reified in narrative form. This essay asserts that Timm's Rot and Delius's Mein Jahr als Morder acknowledge the place of violence in the public realm of politics but displace it to the sphere of aesthetics and narrative in order to grant it a political legitimacy that it otherwise does not possess for peaceful social change.
On Newton-type approach for piecewise linear systems

We investigate effective Newton-type methods for solving piecewise linear systems. We prove that under certain relaxed conditions the proposed Newton-type methods converge monotonically and have a finite termination property. Moreover, we give some conclusions on the existence of solution for the piecewise linear systems.
HEART RATE RESPONSE TO SOUND AND LIGHT

Abstract : The heart rate (HR) response to five intensities of sound was examined in 18 subjects and to five intensities of light in 12 subjects. Each subject was tested on four occasions at monthly intervals. After covariance adjustment, significant acceleration to sound was found within the first 5 beats after stimulus onset but no significant deceleration occurred. There were no differences between testings. Individuals' HR acceleration was reliable over testings and differing experimental contexts. No habituation occurred and no consistent relationship between HR response and ego strength was found. There was no significant HR response to light stimulation. The results were discussed in relation to Graham and Clifton's (1966) hypotheses concerning the relationship of the HR response to the orienting reflex (OR). (Author)
Effects of serotonin antagonists on digitalis-induced ventricular arrhythmias.

Abstract The present study was performed to determine whether pharmacological blockade of serotonin receptors would counteract digitalis-induced ventricular arrhythmias. The effect of the serotonin receptor blocking drugs, methysergide, cinanserin, and cyproheptadine on ventricular arrhythmias produced by ouabain was studied in anesthetized dogs. Each of the three serotonin receptor blocking drugs given as a bolus i.v. injection of 1.5–3.0 mg/kg produced an antiarrhythmic effect. In addition, methysergide administered in the above doses to cats intoxicated with deslanoside, restored an abnormal ventricular arrhythmia to either sinus or junctional rhythm. Methysergide, administered to cats intoxicated with deslanoside but pretreated with p-chlorophenylalanine, exerted an antiarrhythmic effect in less than half of the animals tested. These data indicate that serotonin antagonist are effective in counteracting digitalis-induced ventricular arrhythmias and support the notion that a serotonergic mechanism may be mediating the arrhythmogenic effect of digitalis.