cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cadmium-nickel toxicity interactions towards a bacterium, filamentous fungi, and a cultured mammalian cell line.

The response of the biota to exposure to individual metals may differ from its response to multiple metals, as mixtures of metals may interact antagonistically or synergistically in their resultant toxicity. The present study evaluated the effects of a combination of Cd and Ni on the freshwater bacterium, Aeromonas hydrophila, the terrestrial fungi, Trichodema viride and Aspergillus niger, and the mammalian cell line, BALB/c mouse 3T3 fibroblasts. This particular spectrum of target cells was selected because studies in the literature show a wide variety of possible interactions between Cd and Ni in their combined toxicities towards bacteria cyanobacteria, slime molds, isolated rat hepatocytes, and rats.
Politics Beyond the State: Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics

Activist efforts within and across societies are a proper object of study and only by including them in transnational activist research can one render an accurate understanding of transnational activist groups and, by extension, of world politics. This chapter focuses on activist society-oriented activities and demonstrates that activist organizations are not simply transnational pressure groups, but rather are political actors in their own right. The main argument is that the best way to think about transnational activist societal efforts is through the concept of “world civic politics.” One can appreciate the idea of world civic politics by drawing an analogy between activist efforts at the domestic and international levels. When activists work to change conditions without directly pressuring states, their activities take place in the civil dimension of world collective life or what is sometimes called global civil society. Amnesty International, Friends of the Earth, Oxfam, and Greenpeace target governments and try to change state behavior to further their aims.
Hydrolysis of lecithins by venom phospholipase A. II. Fatty acid chain length preference of the enzyme.

Abstract Phospholipase A of snake venom shows chain length preference with respect to the hydrolysis of lecithin fatty acids. With pig heart, egg, and rat-liver lecithins the C-22, C-20 and C-18 acids are hydrolyzed in preference to the C-16 acids. It also appears that the C-22 and C-20 acids are hydrolyzed in preference to both the C-16 and C-18 acids.
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PREHISTORY OF THE PASSAMAQUODDY BAY REGION

(1986). AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PREHISTORY OF THE PASSAMAQUODDY BAY REGION. American Review of Canadian Studies: Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 139-159.
Thymidine kinase in rat tissues during growth and differentiation

Abstract Among normal adult tissues, bone marrow, thymus, small intestine and spleen had significant thymidine kinase activity (61, 16.4, 4.0 and 3.8 units/g); in kidney, brain, lung, pancreas, testes and lactating mammary gland the activity was less than 1.0 unit/g. In nine transplanted tumors of different (non-hepatic) tissues of origin there was a direct correlation between thymidine kinase content (ranging from 28 to 1.1 units/g) and growth rate (doubling times ranging from 1 to 23 days). Fetal tissues (with the exception of liver) had similar thymidine kinase activities per gram, and lower activities per cell, than equally fast growing neoplasias. Study of normal organs in the course of development revealed that in spleen the level of thymidine kinase rises swiftly after birth (to 100 units/g) and declines to its low adult level by the 3rd postnatal week, whereas in fetal liver it reaches a peak (86.5 units/g) between the 17th and 19th days of gestation and then decreases rapidly. Thus, immature liver and spleen, at the time when engaged in erythropoietic activity, contain more thymidine kinase than any of the normal or neoplastic tissues tested.
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Management of Atrial Fibrillation in the Critically Ill Patient

This article reviews the most relevant information for the hospitalist or intensivist managing patients who have atrial fibrillation (AF) in the acute or critical care setting. Emphasis is placed on clinically useful information, and evidence-based strategies for managing acute and chronic AF.
A Simulation Study of a Reduced-Gravity Simulator for Simulating Human Jumping and Walking in a Reduced-Gravity Environment

This paper presents a computer-simulation based feasibility study of a passive Reduced Gravity Simulator (RGS), which uses spring-based static gravity-balancing technology to simulate a reduced-gravity environment. The concept of the simulator was developed for providing a potentially low-cost and easy-to-use simulation method for assisting astronauts training. The proposed RGS is capable of compensating full or partial gravitational effect of the trainee, providing a similar experience or feeling as if he/she is in a real reduced-gravity environment. Due to the safety requirements, the proposed technology has to be fully studied by means of simulation and nonhuman experiments before it can be safely tested with a human subject. The work presented here is the result of such a simulation study. In the study, a physical human is modeled as a multibody dynamical system with 54 degrees of freedom. The dynamic responses of a human jumping and walking with the RGS are simulated and analyzed. The simulation results are compared to those of the same human body on free jumping and walking in the same reduced-gravity environment.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Characterization of activated carbon, graphitized carbon fibers and synthetic diamond powder using TPD and DRIFTS

Abstract A high surface area activated carbon, graphitized carbon fibers and synthetic diamond powder were characterized by X-ray diffraction, temperature-programmed desorption and diffuse reflectance infrared (IR) spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The activated carbon was analyzed as received as well as after either a nitric acid treatment to introduce oxygen functional groups on its surface or a high temperature treatment (HTT) in H 2 at 1223 K to remove surface groups. TPD evolution profiles of CO and CO 2 were combined with DRIFTS spectra of these carbon surfaces before and after pretreatments in H 2 at 723 and 1223 K to provide complementary information regarding the nature of these surface groups. Significant amounts of both low- and high-temperature CO 2 desorption occurred from the HNO 3 -treated carbon, indicating that both strongly and weakly acidic groups were introduced on this surface and, in addition, comparable amounts of CO and CO 2 were desorbed. With the graphitized carbon fibers and diamond powder, larger amounts of CO were desorbed compared to CO 2 , indicating the presence of predominantly weakly acidic or non-acidic groups on these surfaces. For the HNO 3 -treated carbon, IR peaks associated with surface carboxylic acid groups initially present disappeared after treatment at 723 K, while bands attributable to anhydride, quinone, ester and phenol species remained. Small amounts of ether, furan and phenol groups were detected on the graphitized fiber surface, while ketonic carbonyl groups were dominant on diamond. Significant amounts of chemisorbed hydrogen were also detected, presumably occurring on edge atoms made available by the decomposition of CO-yielding complexes at temperatures >873 K.
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor presenting at the limbal conjunctiva

The authors report a 71-year-old white male who underwent enucleation of the right eye for a tumor of the limbal conjunctiva originally thought to be a poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. The diagnosis was questioned five years later when the patient presented with an orbital mass that tested positive for the S-100 protein. Using electron microscopy, the orbital tumor was shown to be a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. The original conjunctival lesion also appears with review to have been a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. This case represents, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the first reported case of a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor presenting on the bulbar conjunctiva.
Alteration of polymorphonuclear leukocyte surface charge by endogenous and exogenous chemotactic factors

We investigated the effects of chemotaxins on the surface charge of isolated human PMN. Chemotaxis was ascertained using Boyden chambers. Surface charge was calculated using data derived from cell mobility as measured in a cytophorometer. The electrophoretic mobility of cells exposed to all chemotactic agents studied was altered. Endotoxin-activated serum containing C5a, PMN lysosomal extracts from “resting” and from crystal-stimulated cells, and Gly-His-Gly, a synthetic tripeptide, all significantly reduced the net negative surface charge of isolated neutrophils. Only chemotactically active substances effected this change; controls including heat-inactivated serum, other subcellular fractions, and an inert tripeptide, Gly-Gly-Gly, did not alter cell mobility in an electric field. These findings are consistent with studies by others on the effects of chemotactic factors on cation fluxes and cell aggregation and suggest a possible mechanism by which PMN directional migration is regulated.
The early history of electrodermal research.

The historical origins and early development of electrodermal research are reviewed in the light of a substantial number of previously unexamined sources. Relevant literature in electrophysio logy, neurology, electrodiagnosis, and electrotherapy is examined with regard to the technology and the context of ideas in science and medicine. The first reports of basal skin resistance (BSR) and stimulated skin resistance (GSR) change by Vigouroux and Fere, respectively, are related to their other research and that of other workers. Hermann's early work on the sudomotor system is seen as much more advanced than has been realized, providing a sound basis for theory which the French apparently never noticed. Several additional sources suggest that TarchanofE's work was performed with awareness of Fere's and was probably not an independent discovery. The growth of the field following "rediscovery" of the GSR by Mueller and Veraguth is seen as a product of interest in indexing "mental events." The earlier work is seen as conceptually closer to current interest in the phenomena as aspects of the arousal system. DESCRIPTORS: Electrodermal research, History of electrodermal research. Skin resistance, GSR, PGR, Electrophysiology, Electrotherap y, Magnetotherap y, Metallotherapy, Detection of emotions. (R. Blanton) The first observations of psychological factors in relation to electrodermal phenomena are generally attributed to Romain Vigouroux (1879). Yet intensive research in the area was not begun until twenty-five years later, when Veraguth and Jung performed the first experiments with word association. During that I)eriod, four other workers made reports, and two of these, Fere and Tarchanoff, did work of fundamental significance. The field has been extensively reviewed (Prideaux, 1920; Landis ct DeWick, 1929; Landis, 1932; McCleary, 1950), but as has been customary, these reviews were directed toward current questions of theory and method rather than the historical development of the ideas which This paper was supported in part by Grant i^RD-2552-S from the Rehabilitafion Services
Changes in the market structure of the US utility sector and potential implications

Abstract This paper tracks the changes in the market structure of the utility sector from pre-PURPA to post-EPAct and discusses possible future developments. The classic pre-PURPA utility market structure is considered first, and we trace how the market reacted to PURPA and adapted to include non-utility generators (independent power producers and qualifying facilities). We then discuss post-REAct market structure changes and the evolutionary nature of the utility sector's market structure. Initially we discuss how the utility market structure changes from a regulated monopoly to a regulated dominant firm with a competitive fringe. Finally, we discuss the introduction and implications of retail wheeling to the utility-sector market structure.
Photocurrent spectrum measurements of doped black silicon

Photocurrent spectra of doped black silicon (BSi) samples were investigated using metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) structure. The BSi samples were fabricated through femtosecond-laser doping method. Two pieces of samples were annealed in nitrogen ambient for 30 minutes at different temperatures 350°C and 700°C. One control sample remains without annealing. It was found that the doped black silicon samples have an electron mobility as low as 40~50 cm 2 /V s but a conductivity as high as 4 ~ 5 Scm -1 . The high conductivity allows making electrodes by directly contacting metal stripes onto the black silicon surfaces. For the sample without annealing, its photocurrent spectrum covers a wavelength range from 400 nm to 1200 nm. For the sample annealed at 350°C, no significant improvement was found except disappearance of a defect induced photocurrent peak at 660 nm. Further annealing at 700°C, as observed for the third sample, was found to greatly help enhance photoresponse in the wavelength range from 400 nm to 800 nm. The photocurrent spectra under different biases were also measured. With the increasing of bias from 0 to 0.6 V, the peak photoresponse was enhanced by about 5 times while large dark current brought in substantial noise level as well.
Needed Research in Organizational Behavior: A Production/Operations Management Perspective

In this article the author discusses her feelings on the academic and institutional divide between organizational behavior research and Production/Operations Management. She notes that while these two fields have been developing separately an organization cannot reach its potential unless the gap is bridged in the people vs. technology debate. She notes that people are technology and when this is understood it becomes easier to untangle organization problems.
The behavior of salt-free polyelectrolyte solutions at charged surfaces

The properties of polyelectrolytes at oppositely charged surfaces are studied using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and integral equation theory. The polymer molecules are modeled as chains of charged spheres, the counterions and co-ions are charged spheres, and the surface is smooth and uniformly charged. The polymer concentration in the simulations is strongly peaked at the surface, and this is accompanied by a depletion of polymers at larger distances from the surface. The thickness of the adsorbed layer decreases with increasing polymer concentration or surface charge density, but the total adsorbed amount displays a non-monotonic dependence on polymer concentration. The integral equation theory predictions are in qualitative agreement with the MC results.
Designing for the Future: How the Learning Sciences Can Inform the Trajectories of Preservice Teachers

In this article, the authors discuss how they redesigned an educational psychology course for preservice teachers using insights from the burgeoning, interdisciplinary field of the Learning Science...
Data link for on-line operation of high energy physics experiments

A multi-conductor cable set to permit on-line operation of a 450-Mev cyclotron with a digital computer is described. The cable has low noise, low crosstalk, and is inexpensive. (C.E.S.)
Functional and Computational Analysis of Amino Acid Patterns Predictive of Type III Secretion System Substrates in Pseudomonas syringae

Bacterial type III secretion systems (T3SSs) deliver proteins called effectors into eukaryotic cells. Although N-terminal amino acid sequences are required for translocation, the mechanism of substrate recognition by the T3SS is unknown. Almost all actively deployed T3SS substrates in the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato strain DC3000 possess characteristic patterns, including (i) greater than 10% serine within the first 50 amino acids, (ii) an aliphatic residue or proline at position 3 or 4, and (iii) a lack of acidic amino acids within the first 12 residues. Here, the functional significance of the P. syringae T3SS substrate compositional patterns was tested. A mutant AvrPto effector protein lacking all three patterns was secreted into culture and translocated into plant cells, suggesting that the compositional characteristics are not absolutely required for T3SS targeting and that other recognition mechanisms exist. To further analyze the unique properties of T3SS targeting signals, we developed a computational algorithm called TEREE (Type III Effector Relative Entropy Evaluation) that distinguishes DC3000 T3SS substrates from other proteins with a high sensitivity and specificity. Although TEREE did not efficiently identify T3SS substrates in Salmonella enterica, it was effective in another P. syringae strain and Ralstonia solanacearum. Thus, the TEREE algorithm may be a useful tool for identifying new effector genes in plant pathogens. The nature of T3SS targeting signals was additionally investigated by analyzing the N-terminus of FtsX, a putative membrane protein that was classified as a T3SS substrate by TEREE. Although the first 50 amino acids of FtsX were unable to target a reporter protein to the T3SS, an AvrPto protein substituted with the first 12 amino acids of FtsX was translocated into plant cells. These results show that the T3SS targeting signals are highly mutable and that secretion may be directed by multiple features of substrates.
High-precision stopped-flow mixer for kinetic determinations

Abstract A highly automated, chemically inert, stopped-flow mixing system for rapid kinetic determinations is described. The reactant solutions are drawn into the drive syringes through novel double check valves, which are an integral part of the syringe block. The prime movers for the flow systems are pneumatic cylinders driven by compressed air; air flow is controlled by electromechanical valves actuated by optically isolated zero-crossing switches. The dead time of the flow system is 2–3 ms, depending on the drive pressure. The spectrophotometric detection system consists fo a high-intensity light source, a wavelength selector and a reference detector that are mechanically isolated from the flow system by a quartz fiber-optic light guide. The transducers are solid-state photodiodes. The sample photodiode is mounted adjacent to the output window of the cell to minimize light losses. The signal-to-noise ratio of the photometric system is from 2×102 to greater than 4×4, depending on wavelength, absorbance level, and amount of signal averaging. The reduction of Fe(CN)63− by ascorbic acid was used as a test reaction. Accuracy and precision better than 0.3% were obtained for routine determination. A detection limit of 4.10×10−7 M Fe(CN)63−, or 134 μg kg−1 K3Fe(CN)6, was found for this system.
Biomimicry of optical microstructures of Papilio palinurus

The brilliant coloration of animals in nature is sometimes based on their structure rather than on pigments. The green colour on the wings of a butterfly Papilio palinurus originates from the hierarchical microstructure of individual wing scales that are tiled on the wing. The hierarchical structure gives rise to two coloured reflections of visible light, blue and yellow which when additively mixed, produce the perception of green colour on the wing scales. We used breath figure templated assembly as the starting point for the structure and, combining it with atomic layer deposition for the multilayers necessary for the production of interference colors, we have faithfully mimicked the structure and the optical effects found on the wing scale of the butterfly Papilio palinurus.
Comparison of packed capillary solvating gas chromatography with supercritical fluid chromatography using carbon dioxide as mobile phase

The efficiency (plate number per unit time) and elution power (range ofn-alkanes) of packed capillary SFC and SGC using CO2 as the mobile phase were compared. A higher plate number per unit time was obtained in SGC than in SFC using the same column under the same applied conditions. SGC is more suitable for fast separations than SFC. The solvating ability of the mobile phase, at the column exit end, decreased remarkably after the restrictor was removed. However, the elution molecular weight range in SGC can be greatly extended by increasing the column temperature.n-Alkanes with carbon numbers as high as 80 were separated under SGC conditions using a 35 cm ×250 μm i.d. column packed with 10 μm polymer-encapsulated silica particles at 200 atm, with a temperature program of 100–380°C at 10°C min−1.
Waiting time delays and customer satisfaction in supermarkets

Describes a laboratory study which tested the effect of customer attributions on customer satisfaction, both with the checker and with the store. Tests were carried out for situations where the perceived waiting time was longer than expected, and for situations where it was shorter than expected. The findings indicated the significant effect of customer attribution. Concludes that customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction is dependent not only on the perceived waiting time, but also on the customer identification of the causes, as well as the stability and control of the causes.
Using Standard Studies to Interpret the Scores from Scales for Assessing the Internal Validity of Randomized Controlled Trials

Objective: A large number of tools for assessing the quality of randomized controlled trials are available; however, users have little guidance as to whether a given score represents high or low validity. The purpose of this study is to explore the use of studies identified as having high-internal validity, referred to as the standard studies, to interpret internal validity scores from studies with unknown internal validity. Methods: The standard studies were identified by locating 6 candidate studies reporting the findings of randomized controlled trials from the Journal of American Medicine Association or the New England Journal of Medicine and scoring the studies using 2 scales, the Jadad scale (high score = 5; low = 0) and an internal validity information scale (IVI; high score = 70; low = 0). The 2 studies with the highest average rank were chosen as the standard studies. To determine if the standard studies facilitate interpretation of internal validity scores, 11 randomized controlled trials of garlic for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia were scored using both the Jadad and IVI scales and differences in scores resolved by consensus. The total mean scores were compared with the standard-study mean using a 1-sample t test; the interpretation was based on the comparison. Results: The mean-internal validity score for the 2 standard studies was 4.5(90%) for the Jadad scale and 64 (91%) for the IVI scale. For the garlic studies, the Jadad scores ranged from 3 to 5 (60% to 80%), the IVI scores from 15 to 59 (21% to 84%); the mean scores were 4 (standard deviation = 0.9; 80%) and 37(53%), respectively. On the IVI scale, the garlic studies had lower internal validity (P < 0.001), a finding substantiated by the low scores for addressing withdrawals, blinding, and adherence. On the Jadad scale, the scores were comparable with the score for the standard studies (P = 0.093). Conclusions: The strategy of using the standard studies to interpret the scores for the IVI scale worked well; the comparison indicated that, overall, the garlic studies were of low-internal validity. With the Jadad scale, the strategy resulted in erroneous conclusions that the garlic studies had relatively high-internal validity; however, it did indicate that the Jadad scale is limited and may not identify studies with very low-internal validity. The results of this study suggest that scales used to assess internal validity should be tested on studies with a range of validity, so the functional characteristics of the scale can be identified.
Property without Markets: Housing Policy and Politics in Post-Soviet Russia, 1992–2007

Privatization of housing in Russia since 1992 has created a society of homeowners but failed to convert private property into a market commodity. Radical reformers under Yeltsin mistakenly thought housing markets would emerge naturally once property was privatized and prices were freed. The Putin administration has recently attempted to boost the housing economy as well as the government's legitimacy through a pro-natalist policy intended to make housing more affordable for young families via subsidized loans. Still, private construction and mortgage financing remain miniscule, meaning that most Russians' housing conditions are a function of inheritance from state or family, not of their market positions. Housing has become a source of personal suffering and political discontent among Russians who question the justice of a system which eliminated entitlements without providing affordable market alternatives. This article traces housing politics through three periods: privatization (1992–1994), property without markets (1995–2003), and state-sponsored markets (2004–2007). The Russian case highlights the distinction between property and markets — the former can clearly exist without the latter, particularly in the case of housing markets, which require extensive government coordination to provide liquidity and transform personal property into a market commodity.
Wirelike growth of Si on an Au/Si(111) substrate by gas source molecular beam epitaxy

Ultrafine Si nanowires are grown on an Au/Si(111) substrate using gas source molecular beam epitaxy. These Si wires with crosssectional dimensions between 50 nm and 2 μm grow mainly with a growth axis parallel to the direction. The growth rate of nanowires is independent of their diameters, i.e., nanowires with different diameters have the same growth rate. From the dependence of source gas concentration on the growth rate we conclude that this independence is a fundamental one even when gas pressure ranges as high as 1 x 10-4 Torr. This method provides a possible alternative means for fabricating ultrafine silicon quantum wires. © 1998 The Electrochemical Society. S1099-0062(98)03-088-7. All rights reserved.
The amplitude dependence of the induction signal in multiwire proportional counters

The signal induced onto the cathode wires in an imaging proportional counter was studied as a function of cathode-wire diameter. The induction signal amplitude was found to vary exponentially with cathode-wire diameter.
Ion beam assisted deposition in the synthesis and fracture of metal-ceramic microlaminates

Abstract Al2O3/Al/Al2O3 microlaminates of nominal thickness 750 nm were formed by physical vapor deposition (PVD) and ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD). IBAD influences the residual stress in the layers, their strength and mixing of the metal-ceramic interface. Different combinations of PVD- and IBAD-synthesized layers were used in trilayer microlaminates which were then tested in tension for cracking behavior. Residual stress states of the microlaminates are reproducible and follow a rule-of-mixtures of the constituents. IBAD of monolithic oxide causes an increased residual compressive stress and results in a slightly larger strain to fracture over the PVD oxide. Trilayer microlaminates exhibit lower saturation crack densities compared to monolithic oxides due primarily to the introduction of a ductile layer. The variation in strength of the ductile layer (by IBAD) and mixing of the interfaces do not appear to affect the fracture behavior, which is understandable in a strong bond-forming system. Observations are consistent with a cracking mechanism that is controlled by the flaw distribution in the brittle oxide layer.
ECTOPIC MEDIASTINAL THYROID: FEATURES IN DIAGNOSIS AND FACTORS IN TREATMENT.

1. The embryology, anatomy, diagnosis and treatment of ectopic mediastinal thyroid are discussed. 2. The place of special diagnostic studies (radioactive iodine uptake and scanning, and angiocardiography) is emphasized. 3. Four cases of ectopic mediastinal thyroid surgically treated are presented.
The influence of executive age, career horizon and incentives on pre-turnover earnings management

In this paper we hypothesize that CEOs will be motivated to manage earnings prior to a turnover decision. This motivation comes from the horizon problem for CEOs nearing retirement age and for CEOs whose profit-based bonus is a large portion of their total compensation. We find that firms in which CEOs are nearing retirement age have large discretionary accruals in the year prior to turnover. Although we find firms with a larger proportion of profit-based bonus pay have larger discretionary accruals, this result is not robust with the inclusion of control variables in the regressions.
Addendum to "Fuzzy sets, fuzzy algebra, and fuzzy statistics"

A portion of the material in the above paper by Abraham Kandel and William J. Byatt, which appeared in the December 1978 issue (ibid., vol. 66, pp. 1619-1639, Dec 1978) was drawn from Thomas B. Sheridan and William R. Ferrek "Man-Machine Systems: Infomtion, Control and Decision Models of Humn Performance." Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1974, and is hereby acknowledged.
An algorithm for computing rectangular multinomial probabilities

This paper derives an algorithm for computing rectangular multinomial probabilities. It thus provides a method for exact computation of the multinomial cumulative distribution function. One application of rectangular multinomial probabilities comes in determining how large a sample must be in order to have a high probability of being representative in a certain nonparametric sense.
Transport of small molecules through the blood-brain barrier: biology and methodology

Abstract The development of small molecules as effective neuropharmaceuticals requires that these compounds undergo significant transport through the brain capillary endothelial wall, which makes up the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo. While it is often assumed that any small molecule undergoes passive diffusion through the BBB, the evidence in the literature suggests only small molecules that (a) are lipid-soluble and (b) have a molecular weight
Study of catalase in erythrocytes and bacteria. I. Procedure for the determination of the catalase activity of erythrocytes.

Abstract A procedure has been described for the determination of blood catalase activity which is satisfactory for comparing the activity of blood from one species with that of another. The method is based on the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide under conditions which detect significant differences in the blood catalase activity and which give reproducible linear results. The blood catalase activity values obtained by the procedure described were compared with those determined by a sodium perborate method and a reaction-rate method. Experiments pertaining to the procedure adopted showed: The catalase activity of human, rabbit, and guinea pig bloods in aqueous dilutions of 1:750, 1:500, and 1:400, respectively, did not decrease during 2 hr. at 0 °C.; in these dilutions the activity of blood catalase from the human and guinea pig was unstable when held at 25 °C. for 2 hr. Maximum catalase activity occurred in 0.1 – 0.2 N hydrogen peroxide. Dilution of hydrogen peroxide with 0.5% sodium chloride lowered the measurable catalase activity approximately 45% below the activity obtained with phosphate or tryptose diluents. Shaking the reaction mixture did not change the blood catalase values from those obtained without shaking.
Higher-dimensional effects in a distributed Schottky barrier transmission line

The three-dimensional propagation of electromagnetic waves in a distributed Schottky barrier transmission line is investigated. In one case, we show that the electromagnetic fields are similar to those that were originally obtained by Goubau and Schwering in their development of the beam waveguide. This case can lead to a very low-loss distributed Schottky barrier resonator.
Iterative path integral calculation of quantum correlation functions for dissipative systems

Abstract An iterative path integral procedure is developed for calculating equilibrium two-time correlation functions of quantum dissipative systems. Its numerical feasibility is demonstrated by studying the position–position correlation function of two-level systems at various temperatures. It is also shown that canonical partition functions are also amenable to an iterative treatment.
Experimental foundations of chemical engineering

Fundamental knowledge consists of understanding not only the models which correlate and rationalized observations but also the quantity and quality of the observations. The degree of correlation attempted should be consistent with this quantity and quality. The scientist correlates and rationalizes observations primarily to broaden his general understanding of the physical universe, and his efforst at correlation are more often than not a way of speculating on the future experiments which should be undertaken to test his concepts. For this purpose he is often satisfied with accuracy to one order of magnitude. The engineer, faced with the design and operation of expensive equipment, is almost always interested in a much higher accuracy in his correlations. Virtually all existing data in the rate processes are forced into rationalizations based upon either potential-difference or potential-gradient models. The application of these models to systems of even relatively simple geometry gives rise to mathematical complexity beyond present analtic ability. Even so, our ability to measure and observe seems to be far below our ability to analyze. These two models have been used effectively in chemical engineering in the past and have served to organize a great deal of information in the rate processes. Present research efforts appear to be directed primarily toward filling in gaps in available data and in refining the application of the models. We seem to suffer from a lack of models to test and a lack of data designed to test critically the existing models. There is relatively little exploratory research in chemical engineering as compared, for example, to physics. When one views chemical engineering as a chain extending from economics, markets, mechanical design, process design, and process development to process research, the uncertainties inherent in some of the links easily involve variances of 50 to 80%. Under these circumstances it would appear that the present orientation of research is distributed much too heavily toward refinement of existing ideas and not nearly enough toward exploration.
The role of thrombospondins in wound healing, ischemia, and the foreign body reaction

Thrombospondin (TSP) 1 and TSP2 have been implicated in the regulation of several processes during tissue repair. Due to their matricellular nature, these proteins are thought to modulate cell-matrix interactions through a variety of mechanisms specific to the spatio-temporal context of their expression. Most notably, TSP1 and TSP2 appear to play distinct, non-overlapping roles in the healing of skin wounds. In contrast, both proteins have been implicated as regulators of ischemia-induced angiogenesis. Moreover, TSP2 has been shown to be a critical regulator of angiogenesis in the foreign body response (FBR). In this review, we discuss the role of TSPs in tissue repair and examine the mechanistic data regarding the ability of the thrombospondins to modulate cell-matrix interactions in this context.
Electronic Data Capture through Total Joint Replacement Registries

The move toward adoption and implementation of electronic health records (EHR) provides an opportunity in the United States to use electronic clinical data (ECD) to better understand patient outcomes and to improve the quality and efficiency of medical care. Within the field of orthopedics, national joint replacement registries have been shown in other countries to improve clinical decision-making and outcomes after joint arthroplasty. Thus, there is increasing interest among U.S. clinical investigators and policymakers to utilize ECD to develop national and regional joint replacement registries. We discuss our experience with integrating electronic data capture and reporting methodology into the California Joint Replacement Registry and American Joint Replacement Registry initiatives. The use of ECD for joint replacement registries will better facilitate multi-stakeholder collaboration, improve the quality of care, reduce medical spending, and foster customized evidence-based clinical decision-making.
In search of an optimal cost of quality: an integrated framework of operational efficiency and strategic effectiveness

Abstract The literature related to the cost of quality (COQ) and optimal quality level was reviewed and critiqued. The authors have proposed a framework for addressing the optimal COQ within the context of operational efficiency and strategic effectiveness. This proposed framework presents a first step toward providing scholars and practicing managers with a conceptual view of the behavior of the COQ and the interaction between cost categories from both operational and strategic perspectives. The proposed approach is realistic, as it utilizes an open system view of today's modern business organization and the competitive environment in which it operates.
Local performance optimization for a class of redundant eight-degree-of-freedom manipulators

Local performance optimization for joint limit avoidance and manipulability maximization is presented using the Jacobian matrix pseudoinverse and objective function gradient projection into the Jacobian null space. Real-time performance optimization is achieved for a member of the class of 8-joint redundant manipulators having a 3-axis spherical shoulder, a single elbow joint, and a 4-axis spherical wrist. Symbolic solutions are used for both full and partitioned Jacobian matrix pseudoinverses and objective function gradients. Results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the performance optimization. A kinematic limitation of this class of manipulators and its effect on redundancy resolution is discussed. >
Bioengineering Cartilage Growth, Maturation, and Form

Cartilage of articular joints grows and matures to achieve characteristic sizes, forms, and functional properties. Through these processes, the tissue not only serves as a template for bone growth but also yields mature articular cartilage providing joints with a low-friction, wear-resistant bearing material. The study of cartilage growth and maturation is a focus of both cartilage biologists and bioengineers with one goal of trying to create biologic tissue substitutes for the repair of damaged joints. Experimental approaches both in vivo and in vitro are being used to better understand the mechanisms and regulation of growth and maturation processes. This knowledge may facilitate the controlled manipulation of cartilage size, shape, and maturity to meet the criteria needed for successful clinical applications. Mathematical models are also useful tools for quantitatively describing the dynamically changing composition, structure and function of cartilage during growth and maturation and may aid the development of tissue engineering solutions. Recent advances in methods of cartilage formation and culture which control the size, shape, and maturity of these tissues are numerous and provide contrast to the physiologic development of cartilage.
A combinatorial approach to the singularities of Schubert varieties

Schubert subvarieties of Grassmannians and, more generally, varieties G/P (with G a linear algebraic group and P a parabolic subgroup) have long been a rich source for algebraic geometers and topologists. Recent interest has focussed on their singularities, which are of interest due to the relationship between the intersection homological properties of a singularity of a Schubert variety in G/P and invariants of composition series of Verma modules [KL, GM]. This work presents a simple combinatorial algorithm for deciding whether a Schubert variety in G/P, where G = SL,, is singular. This leads to a geometric characterization of the nonsingular Schubert varieties, as sequences of Grassmannian bundles over Grassmannians. The combinatorial techniques are those of [P] (of whose existence the author was unaware). A more general result of this nature has been proved by Seshadri and Lakshmibai [LakS], who use Standard Monomial Theory to find the ideal of the singular locus of a Schubert variety in G/B, where G is an algebraic group with a Standard Monomial Theory, and B is a Bore1 subgroup of G. Ryan [R] has obtained results similar to ours, using general techniques for understanding determinantal varieties. The present work has the advantage of being quite elementary, while sharing aspects of both of the above. Or special interest here are the combinatorial techniques, which appear to be a basic connection between the singularities of Schubert Varieties, the geometry of the tibres of Springer’s resolution of the singularities of the nilpotent scheme (see [Wl ] ), and the Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials. A related note [W2] discusses some applications of these techniques to the computation of the Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials.
RATIOS OF LINEAR-COMBINATIONS IN THE GENERAL LINEAR-MODEL

We consider the problem of estimating. the ratio of two linear combinations of thevector of parameters in the general linear model. The nonexistence of an unbiased estimator under normal errorsisdiscussed. Properties of an often used estimator, the maximum likelihood estimator under normal errors, are presented, This is done both for fixed sample size and asymptotically, in the presence of normal and non-normal errors.
Predominant Bacteria Isolated from Moribund Fusconaia ebena Ebonyshells Experiencing Die-Offs in Pickwick Reservoir, Tennessee River, Alabama

ABSTRACT Mussel die-offs have been noted in recent years in Pickwick Reservoir, Tennessee River, Alabama. The primary affected species was Fusconaia ebena, but also affected to lesser degrees were Ellipsaria lineolata, Quadrula pustulosa, and Quadrula quadrula. These events were characterized by large numbers of empty shells—fresh-dead and live individuals that were presumed to be diseased because of weak and slow valve closure responses to external stimuli. Anecdotal evidence suggested the possible involvement of an etiological agent, such as a bacterial pathogen. The die-offs have occurred in Pickwick Reservoir (river miles 236–256) in sequential years during the past approximately 10 y. These timeframes have coincided with reduced basin inflows and warmer water temperatures. The majority of the moribund and freshly dead F. ebena were females possibly predisposed to infection and disease from ongoing reproductive activity. Affected and healthy-cohort mussels were collected to characterize the bacterial ...
An extremal property of meromorphic functions with n–fold symmetry

Let Ω be a simply connected domain on the Riemann sphere, and F: D → Ω be a conformal mapping of the unit disk onto Ω. We prove integral mean inequalities of the form for certain functions f where F n(z)= F(z n)and u is subharmonic on the range of f. These reverse the usual subordination inequalities. We also prove results of this type when f and F n are polynomials, with the zeros of F nuniformly spaced on a circle. These results may bear on some well known open extremal problems for which the extremals are expected to have n–fold symmetry.
Impact of atrazine on chlorpyrifos toxicity in four aquatic vertebrates.

Atrazine has been shown previously to potentiate chlorpyrifos toxicity in selected invertebrates. This study examined interactions of atrazine and chlorpyrifos in four aquatic vertebrates. Organisms were exposed to binary mixtures of atrazine and chlorpyrifos during toxicity bioassays. Inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) enzyme activity and chlorpyrifos uptake kinetics were also examined with and without atrazine exposure. Atrazine alone did not affect organisms at concentrations up to 5000 μg/L; however, the presence of atrazine at 1000 μg/L did result in a significant increase in the acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos in Xenopus laevis. Mixed results were encountered with Pimephales promelas; some bioassays showed greater than additive toxicity, while others showed an additive response. No effect of atrazine on chlorpyrifos toxicity was observed for Lepomis macrochirus and Rana clamitans. Atrazine did not affect ChE activity or chlorpyrifos uptake rates, indicating that these toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic parameters may not be related to the mechanism of atrazine potentiation of chlorpyrifos toxicity. Based on the results of this study, it does not appear that a mixture toxicity of atrazine and chlorpyrifos at environmentally relevant concentrations presents a risk to the vertebrate organisms examined in this study.
Do desiccation tolerances control the vertical distribution of intertidal seagrasses

Photosynthetic processes in Zostera japonica, an upper intertidal species, were found to be more severely affected by desiccation than Z. marina, a lower intertidal and subtidal species, at comparable levels of tissue water content. The data indicate that photosynthetic responses to desiccation at the level of the individual leaf are insufficient to explain observed patterns of intertidal seagrass zonation. Desiccation tolerance in seagrasses is more likely to involve a complex interaction of morphological traits and growth strategies at the level of the whole plant, such as downsizing (e.g. smaller, narrower leaves), reduced structural rigidity and increased rates of leaf abscission and leaf turnover.
A MULTILEVEL-MULTIGRID TECHNIQUE FOR RECIRCULATING FLOWS

A solution algorithm has been developed for the prediction of recirculating flows. Brandt's multilevel acceleration technique is used with Leonard's QUICK differencing scheme and a modified pressure implicit operator splitting scheme. Intermediate calculations enable a tau error distribution to be used for the identification of regions for local grid refinement, i.e., multigrid. The algorithm was tested for the prediction of laminar flow in a shear-driven and a buoyancy-driven cavity.
From Tastes Great to Cool: Children's Food Marketing and the Rise of the Symbolic

Children's exposure to food marketing has exploded in recent years, along with rates of obesity and overweight. Children of color and low-income children are disproportionately at risk for both marketing exposure and becoming overweight. Comprehensive reviews of the literature show that advertising is effective in changing children's food preferences and diets. This paper surveys the scope and scale of current marketing practices, and focuses on the growing use of symbolic appeals that are central in food brands to themes such as finding an identity and feeling powerful and in control. These themes are so potent because they are central to children in their development and constitution of self. The paper concludes that reduction of exposure to marketing will be a central part of any successful anti-obesity strategy.
The Isoperimetric Problem on Surfaces

(1999). The Isoperimetric Problem on Surfaces. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 106, No. 5, pp. 430-439.