cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asymptomatic diffuse "encephalitic" cerebral toxoplasmosis in a woman with systemic lupus erythematosus

Classic cerebral toxoplasmosis typically presents with neurologic symptoms such as seizures and mental status changes and histological examination shows focal lesions with necrosis. However, in the diffuse "encephalitic" form, patients are asymptomatic with diffuse, inflammatory, non-necrotic lesions. Asymptomatic diffuse "encephalitic" toxoplasmosis has been reported only in four acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients and one human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) negative patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. We present a 36-year-old HIV-negative woman with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis who was on immunosuppression for 9years after cadaveric renal transplant and died from pulmonary hemorrhage and cytomegalovirus pneumonia. Brain autopsy findings revealed multifocal microglial nodules containing Toxoplasma bradyzoites and associated astrogliosis. These nodules were prominent in the cerebellum, midbrain and medulla and also present in the cortex and thalamus. No coagulative necrosis, necrotizing abscesses, or other opportunistic infections were present. The patient had previously exhibited no neurologic symptoms and there was no clinical suspicion for toxoplasmosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of diffuse, non-necrotizing, "encephalitic" cerebral toxoplasmosis reported in a lupus patient and also the first reported female case.
Enabling Right-Provisioned Microprocessor Architectures for the Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) consists of embedded low-power devices that collect and transmit data to centralized head nodes that process and analyze the data, and drive actions. The proliferation of these connected low-power devices will result in a data explosion that will significantly increase data transmission costs with respect to energy consumed and latency. Edge computing performs computations at the edge nodes prior to data transmission to interpret and/or utilize the data, thus reducing transmission costs. In this work, we seek to understand the interactions between IoT applications’ execution characteristics (e.g., compute/memory intensity, cache miss rates, etc.) and the edge nodes’ microarchitectural characteristics (e.g., clock frequency, memory capacity, etc.) for efficient and effective edge computing. Thus, we present a broad and tractable IoT application classification methodology and using this classification, we analyze the microarchitectural characteristics of a wide range of state-of-the-art embedded system microprocessors and evaluate the microprocessors’ applicability to IoT computation using various evaluation metrics. We also investigate and quantify the impact of leakage power reduction on the overall energy consumption across different architectures. Our work provides insights into the microarchitectural characteristics’ impact on system performance and efficiency for various IoT application requirements. Our work also provides a foundation for the analysis and design of a diverse set of microprocessor architectures for IoT edge computing.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Atomistic Simulations of Dislocation-Interface Interactions in Thin Films

Atomistic simulations are carried out to study the effect of atomic sliding capability at the interface between a plastically deforming film and a stiff substrate. Molecular statics modeling is utilized to corroborate the overall film response and the nano-scale defect mechanisms. A free-sliding interface is shown to be able to cause “reflection” of oncoming dislocations and enhance film plasticity. A rigidly bonded interface, on the other hand, is seen to resist approaching dislocations. Partial sliding results in a transitional behavior between the two extremes, as revealed in our parametric analysis. The sliding capability of interface atoms is also seen to dictate the overall film response.
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Estuarine Fish and Invertebrate Assemblages: Analysis of an 11 -year Data Set

Protocols for monitoring wetland mitigation and restoration projects call for routine counts of animals, yet long-term spatial and temporal patterns are rarely examined. An analysis of monitoring data from three southern California estuaries spanning 11 years, four seasons, and multiple stations within the estuaries revealed differences in spatio-temporal patterns between fish and invertebrates. Ordination analysis showed that fish assemblages were more predictable from environmental variables than were invertebrate assemblages. Variation in the fish assemblage was, primarily due to seasonal differences that were driven by changes in temperature. Invertebrates showed little seasonal variation, but a much higher degree of interannual variation than fish. Streamflow and dissolved oxygen were significant predictors of the invertebrate assemblage, indicating that irregular disturbances such as flooding events had a more important effect on the invertebrate assemblage than predictable seasonal cues such as temperature. Variation in fish and invertebrates was high both between and within the three estuaries, indicating that differences exist on multiple spatial scales. The influence of spatial and temporal factors on estuarine invertebrate and fish communities should be considered in planning monitoring programs for wetland mitigation or restoration sites.
Carcinosarcoma of the spleen. An extragenital malignant mixed müllerian tumor

A 55-year-old woman with painful splenomegaly underwent surgical exploration and resection of the spleen. Pathologic examination revealed a neoplasm of the spleen exhibiting malignant stromal and epithelial components with mullerian features. In the absence of a recognized neoplasm elsewhere, the ca
Non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: a prognostic paradox.

It is now clear that non-Q-wave MI, whose incidence appears to be rising, carries an increased risk of reinfarction and recurrent ischemia. Indeed, non-Q-wave late mortality may equal or exceed that of its Q-wave counterpart. The management question: Should the patient with non-Q-wave MI have myocardial revascularization or strictly medical therapy
Broadband magnetic levitation-based nonlinear energy harvester

In this work, development of a broadband nonlinear electromagnetic energy harvester is described. The energy harvester consists of a casing housing stationary magnets, a levitated magnet, oblique mechanical springs, and a coil. Magnetic and oblique springs introduce nonlinear behavior into the energy harvester. A mathematical model of the proposed device is developed and validated. The results show good agreement between model and experiment. The significance of adding oblique mechanical springs to the energy harvester design is investigated using the model simulation. The results from the model suggest that adding oblique springs to the energy harvester will improve the performance and increase the frequency bandwidth and amplitude response of the energy harvester.
Terrorism, Crime, and Public Policy: The Nature of Terrorism

This chapter introduces the subject of terrorism, considers prevailing definitions of the term and the manifestations of terrorism, describes basic typologies of terrorism, and distinguishes terrorism from crime and war. Its primary purpose is to clarify fundamental principles, concepts, and terms and thus set a foundation for understanding the material in the rest of the book. Introduction One of the cliches of our time is that the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, changed our world. That it is a cliche does not diminish its truth. In a single day, individuals operating in four small teams, outside the authority of any state, revealed themselves able to organize and inflict damage on civilians on a scale and in a manner that shocked the vast majority of both the general public and responsible authorities. They attacked noncombatants, young and old, male and female, and people of all major religious denominations. They exploited the vulnerability of an open, free, and bountiful society. The offenders had been operating under the radar, not closely followed. As suicide murderers, it was impossible to bring them to justice through conventional avenues. The event was unprecedented; it stunned people the world over. Cliche or not, the event did produce monumental changes in our interconnected world. Security became much more extensive at airports at home and abroad, imposing time delays and inconvenience costs on millions of people everywhere.
Cognitive Apprenticeship and Writing in Distance and Online Learning

As online learning has matured, it has increasingly used Web-based technologies to support communication and interactions among participants (e.g. students, instructors, and mentors) in addition to content delivery. Many online learning experiences depend heavily on text-based interactions to support learning, practice, and assessment activities. Threaded discussions forums are particularly useful learning activities, as is the exchange of word-processed documents for formative and summative assessments. These activities are a natural result of the desire to connect people via technology while taking advantage of asynchronous communication’s convenience. An important question for the next evolution of online learning is to how to go beyond these text interactions. For example, can web-based environments be designed to support cognitive apprenticeship processes? And if so, how? Given the communication capabilities of the Internet, various forms of social learning have become possible. A cognitive apprenticeship (CA) is one form of social learning. It is much like a trade apprenticeship, in which learning occurs via observation of and guidance from others who are more experienced, with the difference being that a cognitive apprenticeship focuses on the cognitive and metacognitive domains (Collins, Brown and Newman, 1989). Learners are challenged to complete holistic, authentic tasks, such as conducting an evaluation or creating a web site, that are more difficult and complex than previous tasks and which are slightly out of reach given their current knowledge and skill sets. Thus, they must rely on assistance from and collaboration with more experienced peers in order to approximate and ultimately achieve success. Research supports the use of cognitive apprenticeship in online learning: Wang and Bonk (2001) propose using the cognitive apprenticeship model as the basis for constructing a groupware environment, and pilot tests demonstrated their groupware tool’s effectiveness for facilitating learning. Seel and Schenk (2003) found that a multimedia-based system with a cognitive apprenticeship approach was effective for promoting development of learners’ mental models. This article describes how online environments can be used to support online learning via a cognitive apprenticeship using the two most common text-based activities in online learning: reading and writing. Reading and writing are essential skills in online learning environments, necessary for even the most basic communication. In a cognitive apprenticeship these skills become tools for experts to share their thought processes and knowledge, and to provide learners with advice and feedback. For learners, reading helps them seeing how experts think and work, and writing helps them engage in reflection and articulation, which in turn makes it possible for them to receive helpful feedback. The cognitive apprenticeship model provides an anchoring context for exploring rhetorical considerations within text-heavy online teaching environments.
The Problem with the Light Footprint: Shifting Tactics in Lieu of Strategy

In the wake of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, President Barack Obama has sought to avoid becoming embroiled in another conventional ground war. To minimize that risk, he has adopted a “light footprint” approach to military intervention: employing standoff strike capabilities and special operations forces, often in support of indigenous ground forces. That approach essentially represents a tactical shift. The United States has continued to attempt to defeat terrorism and promote democratization abroad with military force. Yet those strategic objectives are unlikely to be secured militarily — with either a heavy or light footprint.The United States should therefore adopt a gradualist, nonmilitary strategy, which conceives of eradicating terrorism and promoting democratization throughout the world as very long-term objectives. Rather than attempting to defeat terrorism on the battlefield, the United States should focus on mitigating the risk of terrorist attacks through improved intelligence and law enforcement. And instead of catalyzing revolutionary democratization, the United States should encourage authoritarian states to introduce gradual liberal reforms — so that democratization is more likely to succeed when it does eventually occur.
Effects of Suction Dredging on Streams: A Review and an Evaluation Strategy

Abstract Suction dredging for gold in river channels is a small-scale mining practice whereby streambed material is sucked up a pipe, passed over a sluice box to sort out the gold, and discarded as tailings over another area of bed. Natural resource managers should be concerned about suction dredging because it is common in streams in western North America that contain populations of sensitive aquatic species. It also is subject to both state and federal regulations, and has provided the basis for litigation. The scientific literature contains few peer-reviewed studies of the effects of dredging, but knowledge of dredging practices, and the biology and physics of streams suggests a variety of mechanisms linking dredging to aquatic resources. Effects of dredging commonly appear to be minor and local, but natural resource professionals should expect effects to vary widely among stream systems and reaches within systems. Fishery managers should be especially concerned when dredging coincides with the incubat...
Power (Wheelchair) Soccer

Power soccer, also known as powerchair football, is the first adaptive sport where power wheelchairs are utilized as the means of mobility and equipment used in order to play. The sport began in the late 1970s and has rapidly grown in popularity to become an international entity with the potential to be a Paralympic sport. Studies have demonstrated beneficial effects on powerchair footballers’ physical, psychological, and social well-being. Therefore, power soccer is a unique sport that offers meaningful opportunities for adaptive athletes to compete at a recreational to internationally elite level while fostering relationships and improving their overall health and quality of life.
Transmission of Clostridium difficile from asymptomatically colonized or infected long-term care facility residents.

ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that long-term care facility (LTCF) residents with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) or asymptomatic carriage of toxigenic strains are an important source of transmission in the LTCF and in the hospital during acute-care admissions.DesignA 6-month cohort study with identification of transmission events was conducted based on tracking of patient movement combined with restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS).SettingVeterans Affairs hospital and affiliated LTCF.ParticipantsThe study included 29 LTCF residents identified as asymptomatic carriers of toxigenic C. difficile based on every other week perirectal screening and 37 healthcare facility-associated CDI cases (ie, diagnosis >3 days after admission or within 4 weeks of discharge to the community), including 26 hospital-associated and 11 LTCF-associated cases.ResultsOf the 37 CDI cases, 7 (18·9%) were linked to LTCF residents with LTCF-associated CDI or asymptomatic carriage, including 3 of 26 hospital-associated CDI cases (11·5%) and 4 of 11 LTCF-associated cases (36·4%). Of the 7 transmissions linked to LTCF residents, 5 (71·4%) were linked to asymptomatic carriers versus 2 (28·6%) to CDI cases, and all involved transmission of epidemic BI/NAP1/027 strains. No incident hospital-associated CDI cases were linked to other hospital-associated CDI cases.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that LTCF residents with asymptomatic carriage of C. difficile or CDI contribute to transmission both in the LTCF and in the affiliated hospital during acute-care admissions. Greater emphasis on infection control measures and antimicrobial stewardship in LTCFs is needed, and these efforts should focus on LTCF residents during hospital admissions.
Positive Train Control Security: An Intrusion-Detection System to Provide Cyber-Situational Awareness

American railroads plan to complete implementation of their positive train control (PTC) systems by 2020, with the primary safety objectives of avoiding intertrain collisions/train derailments and ensuring railroad worker safety. Under published Interoperable Electronic Train Management System (I-ETMS) specifications, the onboard unit (OBU) communicates with two networks: 1) the signaling network that conveys track warrants to occupy blocks and 2) the wayside interface unit (WIU) network, a sensor network situated on tracks to gather navigational information. These include the status of the rail infrastructure (such as switches) and any operational hazards that may affect the intended train path.
Case 2: Asymmetrical Frontal Bossing and Refractory Seizures in a Newborn

A male infant is born at 37 6/7 weeks' gestation by repeat cesarean delivery to a 33-year-old gravida 2, para 0 mother who had a previous fetal demise at 37 weeks' gestation (etiology unknown; no autopsy performed). For this current pregnancy the mother had regular prenatal care. Gestational diabetes was treated with dietary interventions. The mother is deaf due to childhood meningitis. She has a history of genital herpes simplex virus (HSV), with no active lesions at the time of delivery while receiving suppressive valacyclovir. The delivery is complicated by a nuchal cord and difficult extraction. The infant requires brief positive pressure ventilation. Apgar scores of 8 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively, are given. The infant weighs 3,735 g and is noted to have macrocephaly, with a head circumference of 15.8 in (40 cm). His length is 19.7 in (50 cm) and plots at 52%. He has a large open anterior fontanelle and asymmetrical frontal bossing, with prominence of the right forehead. The remainder of his newborn examination findings are normal. At 2 hours after birth he develops intermittent oxygen desaturations associated with arching of his back followed by right-sided shaking. His blood sugar level is 78 mg/dL (4.3 mmol/L). He is placed on 1-L nasal cannula oxygen and is loaded with 20 mg/kg of phenobarbital for suspected seizures. A blood culture is performed, and he is started on ampicillin, gentamicin, and acyclovir. A normal saline fluid bolus is given, and maintenance fluids are initiated at 80 mL/kg per day. The infant is then transferred to a facility that provides a higher level of care. On arrival at our facility he is noted to be hypotonic and requires nasal cannula oxygen at 2 L. The results of his complete blood cell count and comprehensive metabolic panel are …
Doctoring for the Homeless: Caring for the Most Vulnerable by Building Trust

The Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program (BHCHP) seeks to build trusting relationships with patients before addressing their medical needs and to take account of their surrounding environment in treatment.
Monarch Habitat as a Component of Multifunctional Landscape Restoration Using Continuous Riparian Buffers

Stabilizing the eastern, migratory population of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) is expected to require substantial habitat restoration on agricultural land in the core breeding area of the Upper Midwestern U.S. Previous research has considered the potential to utilize marginal land for this purpose because of its low productivity, erodible soils, and high nutrient input requirements. This strategy has strong potential for restoring milkweed (Asclepias spp.), but may be limited in terms of its ability to generate additional biophysical and socioeconomic benefits for local communities. Here we explore the possibility of restoring milkweed via the creation of continuous riparian buffer strips around perennial and intermittent streams throughout the region. We use a GIS-based analysis to consider the potential of several different buffer-width scenarios to meet milkweed restoration targets. We further estimate the ability of these habitat areas to provide additional functionality in the form of crop pollination and water quality regulation across the entire region. Finally, we estimate the conservative economic value of these ecosystem services and compare it with the lost value of crops associated with each scenario. Results suggest that riparian buffers could be used to meet 10-43% of the total milkweed restoration target of 1.3 billion new stems with moderate management. The value of water quality and pollination benefits provided by buffers is estimated to exceed costs only for our smallest buffer-width scenario, with a cost-benefit ratio of 1:2.05. Larger buffer widths provide more milkweed, but costs to farmers exceed the benefits we were able to quantify. The large-scale restoration of multifunctional riparian corridors thus has the potential to add milkweed stems while also providing a variety of other valuable benefits. This suggests the potential to leverage monarch habitat restoration efforts for the benefit of a wider variety of species and a broader coalition of beneficiaries.
Association of Social Network Factors with Weight Status and Weight Loss Intentions among Hispanic Adults

Hispanic adults have the highest obesity prevalence in the United States, but little is known about weight-related social network influences. A community-based sample of 610 Hispanic participants completed height/weight and a survey. The proportion of overweight or obese (OW/OB) network members was higher for OW/OB respondents compared to normal weight respondents. Participants with high weight loss intentions reported more positive social norms for weight control, social support, and social cohesion. If most or all of OW/OB participant’s social contacts were trying to lose weight, the odds that they were likely to try to lose weight was four times higher than other participants. The relationship between weight loss intentions and number of social contacts trying to lose weight was strongly mediated by social norms for weight control and social support. These results suggest that social contacts and functional network characteristics may impact weight status and weight control intentions among Hispanic adults.
Volar Carpus Dislocation Following Proximal Row Carpectomy for Scapholunate Advanced Collapse: A Rare Complication

Scapholunate advanced collapse (SLAC) is a frequently encountered cause of wrist arthritis. For stage 2 disease, proximal row carpectomy (PRC) is an accepted treatment for which the literature has documented satisfactory outcomes and generally low complication rates. However, we report a case of SLAC wrist treated with PRC complicated by postoperative volar dislocation of carpus, to our knowledge a complication not yet reported in the literature. The patient developed atraumatic volar carpus dislocation after a routine PRC. This was treated with subsequent return to the operating room with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of the wrist. Adequate reduction of the carpal dislocation was achieved and maintained after removal of pins. This case shows that closed reduction and percutaneous pinning is a valid option in this rare complication.
100 kHz PIV in a liquid-fueled gas turbine swirl combustor at 1 MPa

Abstract Simultaneous 100 kHz particle image velocimetry (PIV) and 10 kHz OH* chemiluminescence (CL) were used to investigate flow and flame dynamics in a liquid-fueled, swirl-stabilized, piloted burner operated at 1.0 MPa. The PIV measurements were focused on the inner recirculation zone (IRZ), which forms downstream of an annular bluff-body feature that separates the pilot and main reactant jets and plays a critical role in flame stabilization. The OH* CL images captured the large-scale flame structure and dynamics. For the operating condition studied in this work, a self-excited combustion instability was present and caused axisymmetric variations in flame length and global heat release at a frequency of 810 Hz. Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) was performed on the measured velocity fields to isolate fluctuations associated with the thermoacoustic mode from other dynamic flow processes. The DMD results showed that the 810 Hz instability causes strong fluctuations of both the axial and radial velocity components within the shear layer between the pilot jet and IRZ, along with concomitant changes in the size and shape of the IRZ. The DMD spatial modes also revealed periodic generation of vortices within the pilot-IRZ shear layer at frequencies ranging from 4–5.5 kHz. Wavelet analysis was used to study the interaction between these smaller-scale flow structures and the large-scale flow-flame dynamics associated with the combustion instability. The frequency magnitude related to vortex shedding was shown to fluctuate with the 810 Hz instability. The peak frequency magnitude followed the maximum radial velocity in the shear layer, which occurs when the IRZ is at its farthest radial extent and the velocity gradients in the pilot-IRZ shear layer are the strongest. The characterization of cross-scale, flow-flame coupling in this highly turbulent, high-pressure flame was enabled by the state-of-the-art 100 kHz PIV measurements.
Thyroid Receptor Antagonism of Chemicals Extracted from Personal Silicone Wristbands within a Papillary Thyroid Cancer Pilot Study

Research suggests that thyroid cancer incidence rates are increasing, and environmental exposures have been postulated to be playing a role. To explore this possibility, we conducted a pilot study to investigate the thyroid disrupting bioactivity of chemical mixtures isolated from personal silicone wristband samplers within a thyroid cancer cohort. Specifically, we evaluated TRβ antagonism of chemical mixtures extracted from wristbands (n = 72) worn by adults in central North Carolina participating in a case-control study on papillary thyroid cancer. Sections of wristbands were solvent-extracted and analyzed via mass spectrometry to quantify a suite of semivolatile chemicals. A second extract from each wristband was used in a bioassay to quantify TRβ antagonism in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293/17) at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10% of the original extract (by volume). Approximately 70% of the sample extracts tested at a 1% extract concentration exhibited significant TRβ antagonism, with a mean of 30% and a range of 0-100%. Inhibited cell viability was noted in >20% of samples that were tested at 5 and 10% concentrations. Antagonism was positively associated with wristband concentrations of several phthalates, organophosphate esters, and brominated flame retardants. These results suggest that personal passive samplers may be useful in evaluating the bioactivities of mixtures that people contact on a daily basis. We also report tentative associations between thyroid receptor antagonism, chemical concentrations, and papillary thyroid cancer case status. Future research utilizing larger sample sizes, prospective data collection, and measurement of serum thyroid hormone levels (which were not possible in this study) should be utilized to more comprehensively evaluate these associations.
A smoothed version of the Lassosum penalty for fitting integrated risk models

Polygenic risk scores are a popular means to predict the disease risk or disease susceptibility of an individual based on its genotype information. When adding other important epidemiological covariates such as age or sex, we speak of an integrated risk model. Methodological advances for fitting more accurate integrated risk models are of immediate importance to improve the precision of risk prediction, thereby potentially identifying patients at high risk early on when they are still able to benefit from preventive steps/interventions targeted at increasing their odds of survival, or at reducing their chance of getting a disease in the first place. This article proposes a smoothed version of the "Lassosum" penalty used to fit polygenic risk scores and integrated risk models. The smoothing allows one to obtain explicit gradients everywhere for efficient minimization of the Lassosum objective function while guaranteeing bounds on the accuracy of the fit. An experimental section on both Alzheimer9s disease and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) demonstrates the increased accuracy of the proposed smoothed Lassosum penalty compared to the original Lassosum algorithm, allowing it to draw equal with state-of-the-art methodology such as LDpred2 when evaluated via the AUC (area under the ROC curve) metric.
Canonical Floquet Theory II: Action-Angle Variables Near Conservative Periodic Orbits

Classical Floquet theory describes motion near a periodic orbit. But comparing Floquet theory to action angle methods shows which Jordan form is desirable. A new eigenvector algorithm is developed ensuring a canonical transform and handling the typical for the case of repeated eigenvalues, a chronic problem in conservative Hamiltonian systems. This solution also extends the Floquet decomposition to adjacent trajectories, and is fully canonical. This method yields the matrix of frequency partial derivatives, extending the solution’s validity. Some numerical examples are offered.
Design and Optimization of an Integrated Generator-Rectifier System for Offshore Wind Turbines

Many modern direct-drive wind generators at high power levels adopt permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs). Typically, these PMSGs are coupled with fully rated active rectifiers to process and deliver power to the main grid. However, the limited-speed nature of a wind turbine creates an opportunity to reduce the amount of active rectification required, which in turn would reduce the cost of the drive and improve system reliability. This paper presents a design and optimization process of a direct-drive PMSG coupled to an integrated generator-rectifier system. In order to make the hybrid architecture possible, a multi-port generator is designed with multiple diode rectifiers and a single active rectifier. This paper describes a process for a 10 MW generator-drive optimization under the proposed architecture with two different implementation methods. These implementations are compared using optimal Pareto front from a system-level efficiency-weight perspective.
The Value of Reflux Monitoring: The Old and the New for the Diagnosis and Assessment of GERD:

Reflux monitoring has advanced from inpatient continuous pH recordings on scrolling graph paper introduced 50 years ago to modern catheter-based 24-hour and wireless multiple-day ambulatory recordi...
Electrospun tissue regeneration biomaterials for immunomodulation

Abstract In situ tissue engineering aims to use acellular biomaterials and the body as a bioreactor to stimulate the regenerative capacity of autologous cells, tissues, and organs. Electrospinning is a popular fabrication technique for creating these biomaterials because it is a versatile, cost-effective approach that generates fibrous structures to mimic the native extracellular matrix. However, the success of the electrospun biomaterial in promoting functional, tissue regeneration is largely dependent on the immune response triggered upon implantation and the capacity to modulate it through the biomaterial design and interacting cell populations. In this chapter, we discuss electrospun biomaterials and immunomodulation, focusing on what is known about designing biomaterials to direct the immune response toward functional, tissue regeneration.
APPLE and translation: When a small peptide produced from a “non-coding RNA” matters!

Sun et al. (2021) identified a novel translation initiation mechanism mediated through a new type of regulator named APPLE, a small peptide produced from a non-coding RNA transcript in acute myeloid leukemia, providing unforeseen opportunities for targeting the translation machinery in cancer cells.
Effective HIV Prevention Interventionsfor Adolescents and Young Adults

Abstract The increase in HIV infection among young people has raised serious questions about the effectiveness of HIV prevention interventions for this population group. Empirical research has demonstrated that a theoretical base can enhance the effectiveness of prevention programs for adolescents and young adults. This paper has two main objectives: (1) to identify selected theoretical constructs and principles that have been found to be helpful in developing effective HIV prevention interventions; and (2) to relate critical constructs and principles to effective interventions for adolescents and young adults. This kind of information will help to plan, develop, and implement more effective prevention strategies and interventions for these high-risk target groups.
Defining Deviance: Sex, Science, and Delinquent Girls, 1890–1960

Review of: "Defining Deviance: Sex, Science, and Delinquent Girls, 1890–1960," by Michael A. Rembis.
On-board sensor failure detection of an active suspension system using the generalized likelihood ratio approach

The authors extend the application of the generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) approach for on-board sensor failure detection and identification (FDI) of an active suspension system using a half-car (bicycle) model. It is assumed that the control design allows for one accelerometer and two linear variable differential transformers. The failures considered are bias and increased sensor noise. The advantages and limitations of the GLR approach in locating the failed sensor and in detecting different types of failures are assessed. It is concluded that the application of this approach is feasible when the failure can be modeled as a deterministic additive term. In other situations the computational requirements make it less practical. >
ATPases in Mitotic Spindles

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on one aspect of the biochemistry of mitotic spindles—the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolyzing enzymes. ATPase in the mitotic spindle is discussed. There is a physiological evidence for dynein ATPase in mitotic spindles. Chromosome movement has ionic and nucleotide specificities similar to those for flagellar and egg dynein. In addition, separation of chromosomes is blocked by micromolar concentrations of vanadate ion, a potent inhibitor of dynein ATPase; the movement resumes when the vanadate is reduced to an inactive form. Other physiological evidence for dynein activity in mitosis comes from the only account of chromosome movement in isolated mitotic spindles. The chapter explains the models of mitosis, which explain the mechanism of mitosis morphologically, biochemically, biophysically, and theoretically.
METALLURGY OF BRONZE USED IN TOOLS FROM MACHU PICCHU, PERU*

Although the tin-bronze artisans' tools found at Machu Picchu appear to have been cast to their final shape, examination of their microstructures shows that they were forged and annealed. As found, the tools were broken or cracked due to poor ductility of the bronze. Rolling and annealing of samples of bronze formulated with sulphur and iron additions to replicate the metal used at Machu Picchu show that the minimum amount of deformation needed to induce the observed recrystallization is a 12% reduction in thickness. The sulphur and iron impurities retard nucleation of new grains during annealing, but do not inhibit subsequent grain growth. Tensile tests show that while up to 10% porosity in cast bronze has no effect on hardness or initial strain-hardening rate, it reduces the tensile strength and ductility enough to embrittle the metal. Hardness is an inadequate indicator of the strength properties of cast bronze intended for use in tools or weapons. The results show that when the metalsmiths at Machu Picchu started making bronze tools for use by stone and woodworkers, they had not mastered the art of making metal with adequate strength properties for this service. The forging and annealing procedure they used did not enhance the mechanical properties of their tools, and may reflect an inherited metallurgical tradition.
Chimeric Antibodies: Production and Applications

Abstract Advances in molecular biology have enabled the manipulation of immunoglobulin molecules to produce chimeric antibodies with novel properties or improved effector functions. Such antibodies are produced in mammalian expression systems using specially designed vectors and selectable markers. Three principal applications for such recombinant antibodies are described. Antibodies with clinically important specificities can be made with reduced immunogenicity and optimized effector functions. In addition, chimeric antibodies have been used to identify the domain or residues that are involved in effector functions such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity or complement dependent cytotoxicity. Finally, antibody/growth factor chimeras have been produced. These may be useful in bridging tumor cells expressing aberrant levels of growth factor receptors and cytotoxic effector cells of the immune system.
Role of spin-dependent interface scattering in generating current-induced torques in magnetic multilayers

We present a calculation of current-induced torques in metallic magnetic multilayers derived from the spin-dependent transmission and reflection properties of the magnetic layers. A scattering formalism is employed to calculate the torques in a magnetic-nonmagnetic-magnetic trilayer, for currents perpendicular to the layers, in both the ballistic and diffusive regimes.
A review of auroral zone electrodynamics deduced from incoherent scatter radar observations

Abstract A review is given of recent incoherent scatter radar measurements of auroral zone electric fields, conductivities and E -region currents as observed at Chatanika, Alaska. Discussion is given of the diurnal variation of the local electric field in a variety of quiet and disturbed conditions. These results emphasize the close connection between ionospheric measurements and magnetospherio processes. E -region currents inferred from the radar data are also presented and discussed with respect to agreement with surface magnetograms.
Some Effects of “Free” and “Restricted” Environmental Rearing Conditions upon Adult Behavior in the Rat

Studies have indicated that, if rats are raised under environmental conditions which allow variations in their relative amounts of sensory and motor experience, they exhibit marked differences in maze-solving ability as adults. More specifically, if one group is raised in a large "free" environment cage with various kinds of "playthings" such as mazes, tunnels, and see-saws, and another group is raised in small cages under relatively restricted conditions, the former appear to be better problem-solvers as adults. This finding has been demonstrated repeatedly (Bingham & Griffiths, 1952; Forgays & Forgays, 1952; Hymovitch, 1952; Woods, 1959), and has been interpreted as a difference in intelligence between the two groups (Hebb & Thompson, 1954). Later, Zimbardo and Montgomery ( 1957) compared exploratory differences between males and females raised under "free" and "normal" environmental conditions. They found the "normal" females explored significantly more than the other three groups which did not differ from each other. Since previously they had found that females explore more than males, these results were interpreted to mean that "free" environment rearing reduces the amount of exploration in females. They go on to speculate within the theoretical framework of Dember and Earl's analysis (1957), " . . . . that perhaps the superiority in problem-solving ability for Ss with 'rich' early experience . . . . may arise as a result of the relatively decreased novelty of the test situation for the free-environment Ss" (Zimbardo & Montgomery, 1957, p. 593). In other words, perhaps the environmental rearing conditions are producing differences in exploratory drive and not in intelligence. The "free" environment animals explore less, and hence, in the Hebb-Williams maze (Rabinovitch & Rosvold, 1951 ), the usual testing situation, they are likely to make fewer errors than "normal" or "restricted" animals. Woods (1959) presented some further evidence along these lines. He discovered that, when "restricted animals are being tested in the above situation, they are more likely to retrace through the maze from the goal-box before returning again to eat and terminate a trial. But the conditions of testing in that experiment did not allow a refined analysis of this exploratory behavior.
Superconducting Magnet Technology

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of superconducting magnet technology. A superconducting magnet system consists of a superconducting coil with or without ferromagnetic shielding enclosed in a favorable low-temperature environment and energized by a suitable electrical power source. The system is usually instrumented so that various important parameters such as magnetic field or coil current are indicated or recorded. Protection systems are usually incorporated to prevent damage to the windings if the system is driven out of the superconducting state. Techniques are available to switch the circulating currents into the persistent mode and so create a permanent magnet system. This chapter presents an up-to-date survey of the current state of superconducting magnet design and development after a preliminary introduction to the language of the subject in a simple account of the ideas underlying the basic theory. Concepts related to magnet materials and conductors are discussed. General magnet development, materials characteristics, and early magnet problems are explained. Magnet economics and large magnet studies are also elaborated in the chapter.
Identification of a novel 29-linked polyubiquitin binding protein, Ufd3, using polyubiquitin chain analogues.

Lysine 48-linked polyubiquitin chains are the best understood form of polyubiquitin and are necessary for the function of the ubiquitin−proteasome system. However, other forms of polyubiquitin (e.g...
Detection of ampicillin contamination in nitrofurantoin preparations by high pressure liquid chromatography

Abstract: Ampicillin as a contaminant in nitrofurantoin capsules and tablets was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. The method uses a strong anion-exchange column, 0.01 M KH 2 PO 4 buffer, and an ampicillin working standard as reference. Identity of ampicillin was verified by assaying spiked samples of nitrofurantoin. The method is quantitative over the range 1–10 mcg. of ampicillin.
Finite size scaling analysis of the Higgs mass bound in the O(4) approximation

Abstract Our finite size scaling analysis of the renormalized mass and renormalized vacuum expectation value in the broken symmetry phase of the O(4) model at infinite bare coupling is presented. We find that the Higgs loop contributions are important in the volume range where we did the simulations. The Goldstone wavefunction renormalization constant is measured to relate the bare vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field to the W boson mass. Our Monte Carlo data at λ 0 = ∞ show that the SU(2) Higgs sector with spontaneously broken O(4) symmetry and perturbative gauge coupling is driven to a trivial Gaussian fixed point as criticality is approached. We find an upper bound m H ≈ 640 GeV on the Higgs mass at a dimensionless correlation length ξ = 2 on the lattice. The bound will decrease logarithmically with increasing ξ.
Changing household characteristics and the away-from-home food market: a censored equation system approach

Abstract The American consumer is obtaining more-and-more of his or her food at a restaurant, and that worries some people concerned with the Nation’s dietary health. To date, much of this concern seems to be directed at the fast food segment of the restaurant industry. This paper asks whether targeting one segment of the industry, such as fast food restaurants, is justified, or whether a more balanced view of eating away from home is required. To answer this question, we look to the future and ask whether Americans can be expected to purchase increasingly more fast food or more-and-more of the foods typically associated with full-service dining. One view is that sales at full-service restaurants will now grow relatively faster than sales of fast food. The argument supporting this position rests on rising incomes, the aging of the population, smaller household sizes, and other changes taking place in the population. Using a new full-information maximum likelihood procedure for estimating a system of censored expenditure equations, we find evidence to support this argument.
PLANKTIC FORAMINIFERAL FAUNAL TURNOVERS IN THE SUBTROPICAL PACIFIC DURING THE LATE PALEOCENE TO EARLY EOCENE

Planktic foraminiferal analysis of sedimentary samples at 25-cm intervals (81 k.y.) at DSDP Site 577 provides a high resolution data base for deep-sea biostratigraphy and faunal changes during the late Paleocene to early Eocene. There are three major faunal turnovers, each of which occurred over a time period of 200 to 400 k.y., near the P3a/P3b, P6a/P6b and PSIP9 boundaries. These turnovers are characterized by rapid changes in species richness, large numbers of first and last appearances, and significant changes in the relative abundances of species. A chronological sequence of datum levels and faunal events of foraminifera tied to magnetostratigraphy provides biostratigraphic control at 1 m.y. intervals for the late Paleocene to early Eocene, with faunal and isotopic events near the PaleoceneiEocene boundary providing isochronous stratigraphic markers.
The acetylation of some aromatic compounds containing nitrogen substituents using gaseous ions derived from acetone and 2,3-butanedione

Abstract Rate constants for five aromatic compounds with nitrogen-containing substituents reacting with ions from acetone and 2,3-butanedione were determined and compared with theory. In contrast to the reactivities of oxygen-substituted compounds studied earlier, none of these compounds have acetylation rates in excess of those predicted by the locked-dipole model; one, benzonitrile, has a rate in excess of that predicted by the ADO theory. Like ortho-xylene and ortho-cresol, the ortho-isomer of nitrotoluene reacts more rapidly with triacetyl than does its meta-isomer. In terms of acetylating efficiency under the ICR conditions of the experiments, the order triacetyl > CH 3 CO(COCH 3 )CH 3 + > CH 3 CO + is found; this correlates with the order found for oxygenated compounds, but not with that found for hydrocarbons. There is little correlation with solution reactivity.
Drug diffusion and binding in ionizable interpenetrating networks from poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(acrylic acid)

Hydrogels of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), and their interpenetrating networks (IPNs) were prepared using glutaraldehyde and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinking agents. The hydrogels were characterized by measuring their equilibrium polymer volume fraction, equilibrium swelling ratio, and mesh size. Drug and protein diffusion through these hydrogels were studied. Solutes studied included theophylline, vitamin B12 and myoglobin. The ratio of PVA and PAA in the IPNs was varied to study the effect of ionic polymer content on the polymer/drug interactions and on the drug diffusion rate. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was used to analyze the polymer/drug binding interactions. It was concluded that drug diffusion may be impeded by associated drug binding, especially in IPN hydrogels containing high amounts of PAA.