cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ovarian morphology and pituitary FSH and LH concentration in the pregnant and lactating hamster.

During the second half of pregnancy in the hamster, the corpora lutea enter their final growth phase and there are twice as many vesicular follicles as during the first 8 days of pregnancy. At parturition, follicular atresia and luteolysis transform the ovary into an almost solid mass of interstitial tissue; the largest healthy follicles are pre-antral in size. Removal of the suckling stimulus leads to immediate resumption of follicular growth. These morphologic changes correlate closely with pituitary concentrations of FSH and LH during pregnancy and lactation. Pituitary FSH drops steadily during the first half of pregnancy, to reach its lowest value at day 8. This is followed by a plateau from days 8 to 14 of pregnancy and then a steady increase with peak values reached by day 14 of lactation. Maximal values of pituitary LH are attained on day 12 of pregnancy and the values then decline, coinciding with elevated plasma levels. With the cessation of suckling, pituitary FSH drops, whereas pituitary LH sha...
Reactions of the Isolated Surviving Coronary Artery to Epinephrine, Acetylcholine and Histamine∗:

Summary1. The method of employing angioplethysmokymography to evaluate the responses of coronary arteries to several drugs is described.2. Epinephrine did not produce a uniform response in the coronary arteries examined. The relation of this inconsistency to the state of vasodilation of the specimen artery is discussed.3. Acetylcholine was found to produce consistent coronary vasoconstriction in man, pig and sheep.4. Histamine uniformly produces vasconstriction of the coronary arteries of man, pig, ox and sheep.
Chiral symmetry breaking at large Nc

Abstract We present numerical evidence for the hypothesis that, in the planar limit, four-dimensional Euclidean Yang–Mills theory on a finite symmetrical four-torus breaks chiral symmetry spontaneously when the length of the sides l is larger than a critical value l c with a bilinear condensate whose value is independent of l . Therefore spontaneous symmetry breaking occurs at finite volume and infinite N c reduction holds for the chiral condensate.
Effect of substrate on the bioactivity of volatile antimicrobials produced by Muscodor albus

Abstract Muscodor albus, a newly described endophytic fungus, inhibits and kills other fungi and bacteria by emitting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with antibiotic properties. The composition of the medium used to support the growth of this fungus greatly influences the quality and effectiveness of the volatiles emitted by this organism. A sucrose enriched medium primarily yielded methyl isobutylketone and acetic acid, butyl ester as the primary volatiles, yet neither of these compounds appeared in any other medium. More enriched media were more effective in inhibiting a suite of plant pathogens used as test microbes. A mixture of propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, and several related esters were associated with the elevated bioactivity of these fungal support media. An artificial mixture of the volatile compounds emitted by the M. albus on the various growth media mimicked the effects of the natural volatiles in the bioassay test system. Both IC50 and IC100 values, for each test organism, were generally the lowest for the artificial test mixture representing the atmosphere of the fungus grown on PDA. Both natural and artificial mixtures of volatiles effectively served as mycofumigants of various naturally and artificially fungal contaminated seeds in closed chambers. A wide range of pathogenic seed associated fungi including aspergillus, penicillum, fusarium and leptosphaeria are controlled by the gases of M. albus.
Islanders: The Pacific in the Age of Empire – By Nicholas Thomas

Now the director of the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology at Cambridge, the author of this study is a well‐known historian of the scattered islands of the Pacific. Islanders describes the cont...
Linear solution to scale invariant global figure ground separation

We propose a novel linear method for scale invariant figure ground separation in images and videos. Figure ground separation is treated as a superpixel labeling problem. We optimize superpixel foreground and background labeling so that the object foreground estimation matches model color histogram, its area and perimeter are consistent with object shape prior, and the foreground superpixels form a connected region. This optimization problem is challenging due to high-order soft and hard global constraints among large number of superpixels. We devise a scale invariant linear method that gives an integer solution with a guaranteed error bound via a branch and cut procedure. The proposed method does not rely on motion continuity and works on static images and videos with abrupt motion. Our experimental results on both synthetic ground truth data and real images show that the proposed method is efficient and robust over object appearance changes, large deformation and strong background clutter.
Nuclear export and plasma membrane recruitment of the Ste5 scaffold are coordinated with oligomerization and association with signal transduction components.

The Ste5 scaffold activates an associated mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade by binding through its RING-H2 domain to a Gβγ dimer (Ste4/Ste18) at the plasma membrane in a recruitment event that requires prior nuclear shuttling of Ste5. Genetic evidence suggests that Ste5 must oligomerize to function, but its impact on Ste5 function and localization is unknown. Herein, we show that oligomerization affects Ste5 activity and localization. The majority of Ste5 is monomeric, suggesting that oligomerization is tightly regulated. Increasing the pool of Ste5 oligomers increases association with Ste11. Remarkably, Ste5 oligomers are also more efficiently exported from the nucleus, retained in the cytoplasm by Ste11 and better recruited to the plasma membrane, resulting in constitutive activation of the mating mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Coprecipitation tests show that the RING-H2 domain is the key determinant of oligomerization. Mutational analysis suggests that the leucine-rich domain limits the accessibility of the RING-H2 domain and inhibits export and recruitment in addition to promoting Ste11 association and activation. Our results suggest that the major form of Ste5 is an inactive monomer with an inaccessible RING-H2 domain and Ste11 binding site, whereas the active form is an oligomer that is more efficiently exported and recruited and has a more accessible RING-H2 domain and Ste11 binding site.
Corrosion Behavior of Steel Pre-Treated with Silanes

Abstract Steel panels were coated with ten different silanes by brushing the silane or a diluted silane on the surface, and the coated panels were evaluated for corrosion protection by measuring po...
In Craft Specialization's Penumbra: Things, Persons, Action, Value, and Surplus

Objective approaches to craft specialization founded in systems theory are obsolete and should be replaced by more fine-grained approaches capable of dealing with human agents, social practice, and meaning. All craft production, not just specialized production, is equally interesting and important for understanding the operation and change of past societies. Agents made, exchanged, and used a variety of objects in daily practice, and these had different meanings and values that affected social relationships, personhood, and social reproduction. This chapter reconsiders the role of things in the unfolding of everyday experience and in the production of meaning and being.
Comparative efficacy of maropitant and selected drugs in preventing emesis induced by centrally or peripherally acting emetogens in dogs

Maropitant (Cerenia; a novel, selective neurokinin(1) receptor antagonist), chlorpromazine, metoclopramide and ondansetron were compared in two randomized, placebo-controlled studies for efficacy in preventing emesis induced by emetogens acting centrally (apomorphine; Study 1) or peripherally (syrup of ipecac; Study 2) in dogs. In each study, ten male and ten female beagles were treated in a five-treatment, five-period crossover design. The five treatments were 0.9% saline (0.1 mL/kg), maropitant (1 mg/kg), metoclopramide (0.5 mg/kg), or chlorpromazine (0.5 mg/kg) all administered subcutaneously, or ondansetron (0.5 mg/kg) administered intravenously. One hour posttreatment dogs were challenged with apomorphine at 0.1 mg/kg intravenously (Study 1) or syrup of ipecac at 0.5 mL/kg orally (Study 2). Following emetogen challenge, dogs were observed for 30 min (Study 1) or 1 h (Study 2) for emesis. No clinical signs, other than those related to emesis, were observed. Efficacy of maropitant in preventing emesis induced centrally by apomorphine was not different (P > 0.05) from metoclopramide or chlorpromazine but was superior (P 0.05) from ondansetron but was superior (P </= 0.0102) to metoclopramide or chlorpromazine. Maropitant was effective (P < 0.0001 relative to control) in preventing vomiting caused by stimulation of either central or peripheral emetic pathways, whereas the other drugs examined prevented vomiting caused by central (metoclopramide and chlorpromazine; P < 0.0001) or peripheral (ondansetron; P < 0.0001) stimulation but not both.
Lattice preferred orientation in deformed polycrystalline (Mg,Fe)O and implications for seismic anisotropy in D″

Abstract Magnesiowustite [(Mg,Fe)O] is an important constituent of the lower mantle, probably occupying about 20–25% of its volume. Laboratory and theoretical studies have shown this mineral to be highly elastically anisotropic at lower mantle pressures and temperatures. Thus, strain-induced formation of lattice preferred orientation (LPO) in magnesiowustite is a candidate mechanism for the origin of anisotropic structure in D″. Although observations of seismic anisotropy within D″ are robust, both the occurrence and the style of that anisotropy are spatially variable. Two hypotheses have been offered to explain the observations of D″ anisotropy: LPO of intrinsically anisotropic minerals, or shape preferred orientation (SPO), perhaps in the form of horizontal layering or oriented inclusions. To investigate the first hypothesis, we performed confined simple shear deformation experiments in the dislocation creep regime using a gas-medium deformation apparatus over a range of compositions: the MgO and FeO endmembers and three intermediate compositions. Samples were deformed at 1273–1473 K, at a confining pressure of 300 MPa, to large shear strains ( γ = 3.5–4.5) using deformation pistons cut at 45°. After deformation, the LPO was measured by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The LPO produced varied for differing compositions, indicating the activity on individual slip systems and/or the nature of grain boundary migration in (Mg,Fe)O are affected by composition and/or homologous temperature. We predicted seismic anisotropy from the measured LPOs and theoretically determined single-crystal elastic constants. Anisotropic behavior predicted from LPO agrees well with observations of D″ anisotropy, so the LPO hypothesis appears to satisfy the seismological constraints. Our calculated anisotropy patterns suggest that if D″ anisotropy is due to LPO of (Mg,Fe)O, then azimuthal variations in anisotropy in the horizontal plane should be present. Such azimuthal variations are not generally predicted for SPO-type hypotheses, and this may provide a means for distinguishing the cause of D″ anisotropy.
A performance study of job management systems

Job Management Systems (JMSs) efficiently schedule and monitor jobs in parallel and distributed computing environments. Therefore, they are critical for improving the utilization of expensive resources in high-performance computing systems and centers, and an important component of Grid software infrastructure. With many JMSs available commercially and in the public domain, it is difficult to choose an optimum JMS for a given computing environment. In this paper, we present the results of the first empirical study of JMSs reported in the literature. Four commonly used systems, LSF, PBS Pro, Sun Grid Engine/CODINE, and Condor were considered. The study has revealed important strengths and weaknesses of these JMSs under different operational conditions. For example, LSF was shown to exhibit excellent throughput for a wide range of job types and submission rates. Alternatively, CODINE appeared to outperform other systems in terms of the average turn-around time for small jobs, and PBS appeared to excel in terms of turn-around time for relatively larger jobs. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fatty acid synthase is up-regulated during hepatitis C virus infection and regulates hepatitis C virus entry and production.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major human pathogen that causes serious illness including acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Using a mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach, we have identified 175 proteins from a cell culture supernatant fraction containing HCV JFH1 virus, among which fatty acid synthase (FASN), the multifunctional enzyme catalyzing the de novo synthesis of fatty acids, was confirmed to be highly enriched. Subsequent studies showed that FASN expression increased in the human hepatoma cell line, Huh7 or its derivative, upon HCV infection. Blocking FASN activity by a pharmacological inhibitor C75 led to decreased HCV production. Reduction of FASN by RNA interference (RNAi) suppressed viral replication in both replicon and infection systems. Remarkably, FASN appeared to be selectively required for the expression of claudin-1 (CLDN1), a tight junction (TJ) protein that was recently identified as an entry co-receptor for HCV (1), but not for the expression of another HCV co-receptor, CD81. The decrease in CLDN1 expression resulting from FASN inhibition was accompanied by a decrease in transepithelial electric resistance (TER) of Huh7 cells, implying a reduction in the relative tightness of the cell monolayer. Consequently, the entry of HIV-HCV pseudotypes (HCVpp) was significantly inhibited in C75 treated Huh7 cells. Conclusion: As far as we know, this is the first line of evidence that demonstrates that HCV infection directly induces FASN expression, and thus suggests a possible mechanism by which HCV infection alters the cellular lipid profile and causes diseases such as steatosis.
Mutation of Predicted Virion Pit Residues Alters Binding of Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus to BHK-21 Cells

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), a natural pathogen of mice, is a member of the genus Cardiovirus in the family Picornaviridae. Structural studies indicate that the cardiovirus pit, a deep depression on the surface of the virion, is involved in receptor attachment; however, this notion has never been systematically tested. Therefore, we used BeAn virus, a less virulent TMEV, to study the effect of site-specific mutation of selected pit amino acids on viral binding as well as other replicative functions of the virus. Four amino acids within the pit, V1091, P1153, A1225 and P3179, were selected for mutagenesis to evaluate their role in receptor attachment. Three amino acid replacements were made at each site, the first a conservative replacement, followed by progressively more radical amino acid changes in order to detect variable effects at each site. A total of seven viable mutant viruses were recovered and characterized for their binding properties to BHK-21 cells, capsid stability at 40 degrees C, viral RNA replication, single- and multistep growth kinetics, and virus translation. Our data implicate three of these residues in TMEV-cell receptor attachment.
Pathogenicity islands of intestinal E. coli.

Escherichia coli is a consistent inhabitant of the human colonic flora, and it is the predominant facultative organism in the human gastrointestinal tract; however, it makes up a very small proportion of the total intestinal bacterial content, which is dominated by anaerobic species. The regular presence of E. coli in the human intestine and feces has led to tracking the bacterium in nature as an indicator of fecal pollution and water contamination. This is especially important in developing countries, where E. coli infections are one of the leading causes of infant and childhood morbidity and mortality due to ingestion of contaminated food and water. As a pathogen, E. coli, is best known for its ability to cause diarrhea. Five main categories of E. coli that cause diarrheal diseases are now recognized: ente- ropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC). The ability of each category to cause disease depends on a specific array of genes encoding virulence factors. These virulence factors are usually encoded on bacteriophages, plasmids, transposons, and pathogenicity islands (PAIs) (reviewed in Kaper et al. 1999). In this chapter, we will focus on describing the main cate- gories of diarrheagenic E. coli strains and their various PAIs that differentiate these organisms from nonpathogenic E. coli strains (Table 1). A sixth category not dis- cussed in this chapter, diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC), is a heterogeneous group of organisms with conflicting results about their significance in pathogenesis and with no PAIs yet reported. Additional categories have been suggested, but con- clusive epidemiological and clinical information is so far lacking for the consider- ation of these diarrheagenic E. coli strains as new major categories. A complete overview of the pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical significance, detection, and diagnosis of these categories of diarrheagenic E. coli strains has recently been published (Nataro and Kaper 1998).
Combined PET and low-dose, noncontrast CT scanning obviates the need for additional diagnostic contrast-enhanced CT scans in patients undergoing staging or restaging for lymphoma

Background: Positron emission tomography (PET) is more accurate than computed tomography (CT) in staging and restaging of lymphoma, but both are considered necessary. Increasingly, PET is carried out with a low-dose CT scan. Many patients undergo both PET/CT and standard diagnostic CT. The clinical utility of performing both studies in patients with lymphoma was evaluated. Patients and methods: Patients with lymphoma who underwent concurrent PET/CT and diagnostic CT (a scan pair) were identified, and findings detected in either scan but not both were documented. Discrepancies were considered significant if they were related to either lymphoma or another disease process which potentially required intervention. Results: Eighty-seven scan pairs were identified. PET/CT detected additional lesions over diagnostic CT in 30 patients, of which 11 demonstrated increased clinical stage. Lymphoma therapy changed based on PET/CT in two patients, and one occult rectal cancer was detected. In contrast, diagnostic CT detected five relevant findings, including two incidental findings (venous thrombosis) and three patients with splenic lesions, none of which could be confirmed as lymphoma. No patient had change of stage or lymphoma therapy based on diagnostic CT. Conclusion: In our series, diagnostic CT did not add value to staging or restaging of lymphoma when carried out concurrently with PET/CT.
Molecular classification of neoplasms of the pancreas

The recent sequencing of the pancreatic cancer genome provides unprecedented insight into the fundamental nature of this deadly malignancy. Although much work still needs to be done, a molecular classification of neoplasms of the pancreas is emerging. Molecular genetics have been used to identify unique clinical subtypes of pancreatic cancer, to guide the clinical diagnosis of pancreatic tumors, and to identify targeted therapies for select pancreatic neoplasms. This review examines the emerging molecular classification of neoplasms of the pancreas. This classification does not ignore previous histology-based classification systems but instead embraces them, creating an integrated histological-molecular classification.
JAPANESE VS. AMERICAN VALUES.

(1965). Japanese vs. American Values. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 65, No. 2, pp. 181-191.
En Balance participants decrease dietary fat and cholesterol intake as part of a culturally sensitive Hispanic diabetes education program.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to assess dietary intake habits of Mexican American Hispanic adults participating in the En Balance diabetes education program.MethodsEn Balance is a 3-month culturally sensitive diabetes education intervention for Spanish-speaking Hispanics. Of the 46 participants enrolled, 39 mainly Mexican American Hispanic adults with type 2 diabetes completed the En Balance program. Participants lived in the Riverside and San Bernardino counties of California, and all participants completed the program by June 2008. Dietary intake was assessed at baseline and at 3 months using the validated Southwest Food Frequency Questionnaire.ResultsClinically important decreases in glycemic control and serum lipid levels were observed at the end of the 3-month program. The baseline diet was characterized by a high intake of energy (2478 ± 1140 kcal), total fat (87 ± 44 g/day), saturated fat (28 ± 15 g/day), dietary cholesterol (338 ± 217 mg/day), and sodium (4236 ± 2055 mg/ day). At 3 months, ...
Bronchial vasodilator pathways in the vagus nerve of dogs

Bronchial vasodilation in dogs is mediated largely by vagal pathways. To examine the relative contribution of cholinergic and noncholinergic parasympathetic pathways and of sensory axon reflexes to...
Wisecrackers: A theory-grounded investigation of phishing and pretext social engineering threats to information security

The collection and dissemination of information about people by businesses and governments is ubiquitous. One of the main threats to people's privacy comes from human carelessness with this information, yet little empirical research has studied behaviors associated with information carelessness and the ways that people exploit this vulnerability. The studies that have investigated this im-portant question have not been grounded in theory. In particular, the extant literature reveals little about social engineering threats and the reasons why people may or may not fall victim. Synthesizing theory from the marketing literature to explain consumer behavior, an empirical field study was conducted to see if factors that account for successful marketing campaigns may also account for successful social engineering attacks. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Statistics for sparse, high-dimensional, and nonparametric system identification

Local linearization techniques are an important class of nonparametric system identification. Identifying local linearizations in practice involves solving a linear regression problem that is ill-posed. The problem can be ill-posed either if the dynamics of the system lie on a manifold of lower dimension than the ambient space or if there are not enough measurements of all the modes of the dynamics of the system. We describe a set of linear regression estimators that can handle data lying on a lower-dimension manifold. These estimators differ from previous estimators, because these estimators are able to improve estimator performance by exploiting the sparsity of the system - the existence of direct interconnections between only some of the states - and can work in the “large p, small n” setting in which the number of states is comparable to the number of data points. We describe our system identification procedure, which consists of a presmoothing step and a regression step, and then we apply this procedure to data taken from a quadrotor helicopter. We use this data set to compare our procedure with existing procedures.
Development of a deterministic downscaling algorithm for remote sensing soil moisture footprint using soil and vegetation classifications

[1] Soil moisture (SM) at the local scale is required to account for small-scale spatial heterogeneity of land surface because many hydrological processes manifest at scales ranging from cm to km. Although remote sensing (RS) platforms provide large-scale soil moisture dynamics, scale discrepancy between observation scale (e.g., approximately several kilometers) and modeling scale (e.g., few hundred meters) leads to uncertainties in the performance of land surface hydrologic models. To overcome this drawback, we developed a new deterministic downscaling algorithm (DDA) for estimating fine-scale soil moisture with pixel-based RS soil moisture and evapotranspiration (ET) products using a genetic algorithm. This approach was evaluated under various synthetic and field experiments (Little Washita-LW 13 and 21, Oklahoma) conditions including homogeneous and heterogeneous land surface conditions composed of different soil textures and vegetations. Our algorithm is based on determining effective soil hydraulic properties for different subpixels within a RS pixel and estimating the long-term soil moisture dynamics of individual subpixels using the hydrological model with the extracted soil hydraulic parameters. The soil moisture dynamics of subpixels from synthetic experiments matched well with the observations under heterogeneous land surface condition, although uncertainties (Mean Bias Error, MBE: −0.073 to −0.049) exist. Field experiments have typically more variations due to weather conditions, measurement errors, unknown bottom boundary conditions, and scale discrepancy between remote sensing pixel and model grid resolution. However, the soil moisture estimates of individual subpixels (from the airborne Electronically Scanned Thinned Array Radiometer (ESTAR) footprints of 800 m × 800 m) downscaled by this approach matched well (R: 0.724 to −0.914, MBE: −0.203 to −0.169 for the LW 13; R: 0.343–0.865, MBE: −0.165 to −0.122 for the LW 21) with the in situ local scale soil moisture measurements during Southern Great Plains Experiment 1997 (SGP97). The good correspondence of observed soil water characteristics θ(h) functions (from the soil core samples) and genetic algorithm (GA) searched soil parameters at the LW 13 and 21 sites demonstrated the robustness of the algorithm. Although the algorithm is tested under limited conditions at field scale, this approach improves the availability of remotely sensed soil moisture product at finer resolution for various land surface and hydrological model applications.
The Politics of Seismology Nuclear Testing, Arms Control, and the Transformation of a Discipline

The present paper analyzes the transformation of seismology from a small academic discipline to a large academic-military-industrial enterprise during the 1960s. In the late 1950s scientists, diplomats, and policy-makers recognized that improved seismological knowledge was crucial for the detection and identification of Soviet underground nuclear-weapon tests. Consequently, the Eisenhower administration initiated a comprehensive research and development program in seismology, known as Project Vela Uniform. Vela Uniform, managed by the Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency, increased annual federal support for US seismology by more than a factor of 30. An analysis of the origins, mechanisms, and consequences of Department of Defense patronage for seismology is at the center of this paper. I emphasize the role of scientific advisory groups and mission agency program managers in negotiating the field’s research directions. I argue that despite massive Department of Defense patronage, acad...
Natural selection on common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) by a community of specialized insect herbivores

Hypothesis: Genetic variation in plant defence structures a community of herbivores and ultimately mediates co-evolution. Organisms: Common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) and five natural insect herbivores (seed bug, leaf mining fly, monarch caterpillar and two beetles). Methods: Quantitative genetic field experiment over 2 years, genetic selection analyses, and measurement of five defensive traits (cardenolides, latex, trichomes, leaf toughness and nitrogen content). Results: All plant traits were genetically variable; directional selection favoured resistance to herbivory, latex production and the nitrogen content of leaves. Trichomes and latex were each negatively genetically correlated with abundances of herbivores, but not with herbivore damage; cardenolides and induced plant resistance were negatively genetically correlated with growth of monarchs. Conclusion: Selection for plant defence was influenced by: (1) genetic correlations in plant susceptibility to multiple herbivores; (2) resistance traits affecting some, but not all, aspects of the insect community; and (3) early season herbivory inducing changes in milkweed influencing later season herbivores.
Freedom from the Press?: How anonymous gatekeepers on Reddit covered the Boston Marathon bombing

As citizen journalism continues to increase in popularity, social news sites (i.e., websites where users produce the content) are also gaining prominence on the Internet. Nevertheless, there is little research about how social news sites function. One such website, known as Reddit, has a growing user base of more than 100 million individuals and has played an important role in distributing information about critical and current events. Through examining a major incident where Reddit was acknowledged as an important informational entity, this study analyzed varying characteristics of content posted on Reddit in order to determine whether the website, as it claims, has “freedom from the press,” or if it follows gatekeeping practices that are similar to those implemented by traditional media outlets.
Age Differences in Language Segmentation

Reading bears the evolutionary footprint of spoken communication. Prosodic contour in speech helps listeners parse sentences and establish semantic focus. Readers' regulation of input mirrors the segmentation patterns of prosody, such that reading times are longer for words at the ends of syntactic constituents. As reflected in these "micropauses," older readers are often found to segment text into smaller chunks. The mechanisms underlying these micropauses are unclear, with some arguing that they derive from the mental simulation of prosodic contour and others arguing they reflect higher-level language comprehension mechanisms (e.g., conceptual integration, consolidation with existing knowledge, ambiguity resolution) that are common across modality and support the consolidation of the memory representation. The authors review evidence based on reading time and comprehension performance to suggest that (a) age differences in segmentation derive both from age-related declines in working memory, as well as from crystallized ability and knowledge, which have the potential to grow in adulthood, and that (b) shifts in segmentation patterns may be a pathway through which language comprehension is preserved in late life.
Effect of Therapeutic Radiation on Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Patients with Carcinoma of the Breast

(1975). Effect of Therapeutic Radiation on Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Patients with Carcinoma of the Breast. Acta Radiologica: Therapy, Physics, Biology: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 385-395.
Effects of Droplet Composition on Nanodroplet-Mediated Histotripsy

Nanodroplet-mediated histotripsy (NMH) is a targeted ablation technique combining histotripsy with nanodroplets that can be selectively delivered to tumor cells. In two previous studies, polymer-encapsulated perfluoropentane nanodroplets were used to generate well-defined ablation similar to that obtained with histotripsy, but at significantly lower pressure, when NMH therapy was applied at a pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of 10 Hz. However, cavitation was not maintained over multiple pulses when ultrasound was applied at a lower PRF (i.e., 1-5 Hz). We hypothesized that nanodroplets with a higher-boiling-point perfluorocarbon core would provide sustainable cavitation nuclei, allowing cavitation to be maintained over multiple pulses, even at low PRF, which is needed for efficient and complete tissue fractionation via histotripsy. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of droplet composition on NMH therapy by applying histotripsy at various frequencies (345 kHz, 500 kHz, 1.5 MHz, 3 MHz) to tissue phantoms containing perfluoropentane (PFP, boiling point ∼29°C, surface tension ∼9.5 mN/m) and perfluorohexane (PFH, boiling point ∼56°C, surface tension ∼11.9 mN/m) nanodroplets. First, the effects of droplet composition on the NMH cavitation threshold were investigated, with results revealing a significant decrease (>10 MPa) in the peak negative pressure (p-) cavitation threshold for both types of nanodroplets compared with controls. A slight decrease (∼1-3 MPa) in threshold was observed for PFP phantoms compared with PFH phantoms. Next, the ability of nanodroplets to function as sustainable cavitation nuclei over multiple pulses was investigated, with results revealing that PFH nanodroplets were sustainable cavitation nuclei over 1,000 pulses, whereas PFP nanodroplets were destroyed during the first few pulses (<50 pulses), likely because of the lower boiling point. Finally, tissue phantoms containing a layer of embedded red blood cells were used to compare the damage generated for NMH treatments using PFP and PFH droplets, with results indicating that PFH nanodroplets significantly improved NMH ablation, allowing for well-defined lesions to be generated at all frequencies and PRFs tested. Overall, the results of this study provide significant insight into the role of droplet composition in NMH therapy and provide a rational basis to tailor droplet parameters to improve NMH tissue fractionation.
Valuation of Companies for the Estate and Gift Tax: Evidence of Minority Interest Discounts

This study examines the relative values of controlling and non-controlling interests in a sample of publicly-traded parent-subsidiary pairs. The relative values are found in the empirical relationship between each interest's market value and their share of subsidiary net assets and net income. The evidence suggests that noncontrolling publicly-traded ownership interests trade at a discount relative to controlling ownership interests. Based on the evidence presented in this study, a discount of approximately 13 percent may be an appropriate starting point when valuing minority interests based on net assets. When valuing minority interests based on net income, a 33 percent discount may be appropriate.
Stability and instability of steady-state solutions for a hydrodynamic model of semiconductors

We discuss the stability and instability of steady-state solutions for a hydrodynamic model of semiconductors. We study the case where the doping profile is close to a positive constant and depends on the special variable x . We shall show that a given steady-state solution is asymptotically stable or unstable, depending on whether or not the density of the initial data satisfies P = 0, where P is defined in (3.12).
Differential Sterol Utilization by Larvae of Sitophilus oryzae and Sitophilus granarius

The utilization of dietary sterols by the symbiotic larvae of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and the asymbiotic larvae of the granary weevil, S. granarius (L.), was compared. Larvae of both species developed on diets containing 0.005% (wt/wt) of cholesterol; however, the rate of development increased as the concentration of cholesterol was increased to 0.1%. Survival to adult was independent of the cholesterol concentration once the diets contained a threshold amount, ≤0.005% for S. granarius and between 0.005–0.01% for S. oryzae. Larvae of S. oryzae utilized I²-sitosterol, ergosterol, cholesterol, cholesterol acetate, and 7-dehydrocholesterol equally well and growth on diets containing cholestanol was delayed only slightly. Larvae of S. granarius utilized β-sitosterol equally as well as cholesterol. However, growth on diets containing cholesterol acetate, ergosterol, and 7-dehydrocholesterol was delayed by ca. 3 days. Growth of S. granarius on diets which contained cholestanol was much slower and only 63% reached the adult stage. Attempts to determine whether aposymbiotic larvae of S. oryzae could utilize cholestanol were inconclusive, but the mycetomal microorganisms in S. oryzae apparently can modify different sterols to the benefit of the host insects; in particular, they can assist in the utilization of the fully saturated sterol, cholestanol, a sterol which the asymbiotic larvae of S. granarius can develop on only poorly.
Paths of Resistance: An Interpretive Analysis of Trajectories in Less Satisfying Advice Interactions

Social scientists and conversation analysts have both focused on advice as a key form of support and influence, but neither have adequately connected patterns of verbal behavior in advice interacti...
A Time-Out Checklist for Pediatric Regional Anesthetics.

Background and Objectives Although pediatric regional anesthesia has a demonstrated record of safety, adverse events, especially those related to block performance issues, still may occur. To reduce the frequency of those events, we developed a Regional Anesthesia Time-Out Checklist using expert opinion and the Delphi method. Methods A content development and review was performed by the authors and the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia Quality and Safety Committee. The expert panel was composed of 12 pediatric anesthesiologists, who achieved consensus after 2 rounds of a modified Delphi method. Finally, an author who is an expert in checklist design (B.B.) provided guidance on the formatting and layout of the checklist items to ensure clarity and ease of use. The resulting checklist was trialed in a small pilot study to solicit feedback in a real-life setting. Results Sixteen items were included in the checklist sent to the expert panel for the first round of Delphi. Items that had an average rating of 3 or more, with fewer than 3 negative comments, were retained (n = 15). Feedback led to combining several items and dividing the checklist into 2 sections based on the following temporal implementation criteria: “preoperatively” or “immediately before procedure.” All remaining 12 checklist items received a positive response from more than 50% of expert panel members and therefore were retained after the second and final round of Delphi. No significant alterations were suggested in the pilot trial. Conclusions The Delphi method and human factors principles enabled the creation of a Regional Anesthesia Time-Out Checklist based on published and experiential knowledge of adverse events. Usability of the checklist was supported through the results of a pilot study.
Finding Comfort in the Discomfort of Being Multiracial: Lessons from my Schooling

AbstractThe multiracial population increased by 32% between 2000 and 2010 and represents 9 million people in the United States. The author reflects on her lived experiences of being multiracial but with visibly White skin. She details the lessons she learned about her multiracial identity—from her early positioning as a young student to her role as a teacher of other multiracial students. The article presents the complexities experienced by students with multiracial identities and how their self-conceptions of identity may be complicated when they visually appear to be White.
Dissecting and modeling zeaxanthin- and lutein-dependent nonphotochemical quenching in Arabidopsis thaliana

Photosynthetic organisms use various photoprotective mechanisms to dissipate excess photoexcitation as heat in a process called nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Regulation of NPQ allows for a rapid response to changes in light intensity and in vascular plants, is primarily triggered by a pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane (∆pH). The response is mediated by the PsbS protein and various xanthophylls. Time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) measurements were performed on Arabidopsis thaliana to quantify the dependence of the response of NPQ to changes in light intensity on the presence and accumulation of zeaxanthin and lutein. Measurements were performed on WT and mutant plants deficient in one or both of the xanthophylls as well as a transgenic line that accumulates lutein via an engineered lutein epoxide cycle. Changes in the response of NPQ to light acclimation in WT and mutant plants were observed between two successive light acclimation cycles, suggesting that the character of the rapid and reversible response of NPQ in fully dark-acclimated plants is substantially different from in conditions plants are likely to experience caused by changes in light intensity during daylight. Mathematical models of the response of zeaxanthin- and lutein-dependent reversible NPQ were constructed that accurately describe the observed differences between the light acclimation periods. Finally, the WT response of NPQ was reconstructed from isolated components present in mutant plants with a single common scaling factor, which enabled deconvolution of the relative contributions of zeaxanthin- and lutein-dependent NPQ.
The Rhode to Turnaround: The Impact of Waivers to No Child Left Behind on School Performance:

Using data from Rhode Island, and deploying a fuzzy regression-discontinuity design, this study capitalizes on a natural experiment in which schools, in accordance with the No Child Left Behind (NC...
Development and testing of the intercept primitives for planar UAV engagement

With the advance in technologies and applications involving unmanned aerial systems cooperation among the autonomous agents within such an unmanned system as well as preparedness for responding to adversarial threat to such a system has become of pivotal importance. A multiphase operational scenario of such cooperative and adversarial engagement, motivated by manned aerial engagement scenarios, is presented in this paper. A Proportional navigation-based integrated guidance methodology is proposed and investigated as a candidate strategy for intercept primitives in such realistic multi-phase UAV engagements. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed guidance strategy for an UAV in such an engagement. Finally, implementation of these guidance laws in a waypoint-based manner, well suited for use in modern-day autopilots of UAVs, is demonstrated in software-in-the-loop simulations, further accelerating future live-fly capabilities for autonomous aerial engagements.
Influence of sedentary, social, and physical alternatives on food reinforcement.

Objective This study examined the potential for nonfood alternative activities to compete with the reinforcing value of food. Participants rated the frequency and pleasantness of engaging in a variety of activities and made hypothetical choices between food and 4 types of alternatives; cognitive-enriching (reading, listening to music), social (attending a party or event), sedentary (watching TV), and physically active (running, biking). Method Two-hundred seventy-six adults completed an online survey using a crowdsourcing platform. Results Adults with higher BMI reported engaging in fewer activities within the cognitive-enriching, social, and physically active categories. When examining how well each alternative activity type was able to compete with food, sedentary alternatives were associated with the highest food reinforcement, or were least able to compete with food reinforcers, as compared with cognitive-enriching, social, and physical. Social activities were associated with the lowest food reinforcement, or the best able to compete with food reinforcers. Conclusion These results suggest that increasing the frequency and range of nonfood alternative activities may be important to obesity. This study also suggests that the class of social activities may have the biggest impact on reducing food reinforcement, and the class of sedentary may have the smallest effect on food reinforcement. These tools have relevance to clinical interventions that capitalize on increasing access to behaviors that can reduce the motivation to eat in clinical interventions for obesity. (PsycINFO Database Record
Teachers’ agency, efficacy, engagement, and emotional resilience during policy innovation implementation

This multiple case study investigated 143 teachers’ responses to focus group questions about their experiences with the simultaneous implementation of three disruptive innovations as part of the U.S. Race-to-the-Top (RTTT) agenda: the Common Core Learning Standards, data-driven instruction, and annual professional performance reviews. We asked: How do teachers describe their experiences implementing these three RTTT innovations? How do teachers describe supports for their adaptation to these innovations? And, for each of these questions, and since the study purposefully included schools with above-predicted student outcomes (i.e. odds-beaters) as well as a comparison set of typically performing schools, we inquired: In what ways do odds-beating school teachers’ experiences differ from their peers in typically performing schools? Guided by an emergent framework that emphasizes the relationships among teacher agency, engagement, efficacy, and emotional resilience and how these vary in different school contexts, findings suggest that district office innovation leadership and resource allocations, school leadership structures and strategies, and collaborative teams and communities of practice vary and relate to teachers’ experiences of innovation implementation. This study advances an empirically-grounded and theoretically rich framework for investigation of teachers’ performance adaptation during policy innovation implementation and suggests implications for future research, policy, and practice.
From Nanowarming to Thermoregulation: New Multiscale Applications of Bioheat Transfer

This review explores bioheat transfer applications at multiple scales from nanoparticle (NP) heating to whole-body thermoregulation. For instance, iron oxide nanoparticles are being used for nanowarming, which uniformly and quickly rewarms 50-80-mL (≤5-cm-diameter) vitrified systems by coupling with radio-frequency (RF) fields where standard convective warming fails. A modification of this approach can also be used to successfully rewarm cryopreserved fish embryos (∼0.8 mm diameter) by heating previously injected gold nanoparticles with millisecond pulsed laser irradiation where standard convective warming fails. Finally, laser-induced heating of gold nanoparticles can improve the sensitivity of lateral flow assays (LFAs) so that they are competitive with laboratory tests such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This approach addresses the main weakness of LFAs, which are otherwise the cheapest, easiest, and fastest to use point-of-care diagnostic tests in the world. Body core temperature manipulation has now become possible through selective thermal stimulation (STS) approaches. For instance, simple and safe heating of selected areas of the skin surface can open arteriovenous anastomosis flow in glabrous skin when it is not already established, thereby creating a convenient and effective pathway to induce heat flow between the body core and environment. This has led to new applications of STS to increase or decrease core temperatures in humans and animals to assist in surgery (perioperative warming), to aid ischemic stress recovery (cooling), and even to enhance the quality of sleep. Together, these multiscale applications of nanoparticle heating and thermoregulation point to dramatic opportunities for translation and impact in these prophylactic, preservative, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications of bioheat transfer.