cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of strain field on light in crack opening interferometry

Abstract Crack opening interferometry is a standard technique used to measure the normal opening displacement profile of a crack in a transparent material. This paper calculates how much an incident light ray deflects from a nominally straight line path due to strain induced changes in the index of refraction. It is shown that an incident plane wavefront of light that propagates toward a plane strain crack is split into two linearly polarized light rays: one polarized in a direction parallel to the crack front; the other polarized in the plane perpendicular to the crack front. Assuming linear, elastic mechanical behavior and linear optical behavior in a homogeneous, isotropic medium, the index of refraction of both wavefronts is derived for a Mode I crack in the K -field region. In general, the index of refraction is anisotropic and inhomogeneous. Four new material parameters are identified which characterize crack opening interferometry; values are tabulated for three materials. Using geometrical optics, the paths of both light rays are calculated analytically for a special set of initial conditions and an expression for the total light deflection at the crack flank is obtained. The results show that for some materials and specimen geometries, the absolute deflection of each light ray is large enough to be measured, but the relative deflection (i.e. the difference in deflection between the two light rays) is too small to be measured. The main effect that this phenomenon has on crack opening interferometry is to cause a shift in the apparent position of the crack tip. It is shown that this shift will not affect the interpretation of the interference fringes in terms of crack opening displacement.
Discussion on Effective Control of Inter-Area Oscillations by UPFCs

The paper discusses an effective method for damping inter-area oscillations in a power network using UPFCs. This two stage method controls voltage magnitudes/angles of the two sides of the UPFC based on a linearized approach, which in turn will command modulation amplitudes and angles of the UPFC. The method is compared to a one stage linearized approach which directly commands modulation amplitudes and angles of the UPFC. Discussion on the feasibility of the method and its relation to the steady-state operation of the UPFC is also addressed.
The determination of atom vapor diffusion coefficients by high temperature gas chromatography with atomic absorption detection

Abstract A method of measuring diffusion coefficients of several metal vapors is described using a high temperature gas Chromatographic technique with atomic absorption detection. Diffusion coefficients were determined for Ag, Cd, Cu, Mg, and Mn in argon containing 12% hydrogen at temperatures from 1890 to 2460 K. Diffusion coefficients increased with temperatures at a slightly higher rate than theoretically predicted. However, there was generally good agreement between our experimental values, theoretical values and a previously measured experimental value for Cd in Ar.
Use of ethidium bromide fluorescence enhancement to detect duplex DNA and DNA bacteriophages during zone sedimentation in sucrose gradients: molecular weight of DNA as a function of sedimentation rate

Duplex DNA molecules and DNA bacteriophages have been sedimented through 5--25% sucrose gradients containing ethidium bromide. The location of DNA within the gradients has been determined by illuminating gradients with ultraviolet light and observing the ethidium bromide fluorescence enhancement induced by the DNA. The relative sedimentation rates of linear, duplex DNAs from bacteriophages T4, T5, T7 and an 8.3% T7 deletion mutant have been determined. The distances sedimented by DNA have been corrected, when necessary, for a progressive decrease in sedimentation rate that occurs after the DNA has traversed 40% of the sucrose gradient. The corrected distances sedimented by two DNA molecules, r1' and r2', are related to the DNA molecular weights, m1 and m2, by the equation: r1'/r2' = (m1/m2)0.38 when 0.025--0.70 microgram of each type of DNA is sedimented. Intact bacteriophages were also sedimented in ethidium bromide--sucrose gradients and detected by fluorescence enhancement.
Concept Modification in Institutionalized Delinquents.

Idiopathic meanings of various concepts (such as “me” or “sin”) have a facilitating or inhibitory effect upon proper conduct. The study reported here demonstrated that meanings of concepts of important persons and behaviors to juvenile delinquents can be brought significantly closer to the meanings held by their nondelinquent peers by specially structured institutional treatment.
Histone Modifications Are Associated with Transcript Isoform Diversity in Normal and Cancer Cells

Mechanisms that generate transcript diversity are of fundamental importance in eukaryotes. Although a large fraction of human protein-coding genes and lincRNAs produce more than one mRNA isoform each, the regulation of this phenomenon is still incompletely understood. Much progress has been made in deciphering the role of sequence-specific features as well as DNA-and RNA-binding proteins in alternative splicing. Recently, however, several experimental studies of individual genes have revealed a direct involvement of epigenetic factors in alternative splicing and transcription initiation. While histone modifications are generally correlated with overall gene expression levels, it remains unclear how histone modification enrichment affects relative isoform abundance. Therefore, we sought to investigate the associations between histone modifications and transcript diversity levels measured by the rates of transcription start-site switching and alternative splicing on a genome-wide scale across protein-coding genes and lincRNAs. We found that the relationship between enrichment levels of epigenetic marks and transcription start-site switching is similar for protein-coding genes and lincRNAs. Furthermore, we found associations between splicing rates and enrichment levels of H2az, H3K4me1, H3K4me2, H3K4me3, H3K9ac, H3K9me3, H3K27ac, H3K27me3, H3K36me3, H3K79me2, and H4K20me, marks traditionally associated with enhancers, transcription initiation, transcriptional repression, and others. These patterns were observed in both normal and cancer cell lines. Additionally, we developed a novel computational method that identified 840 epigenetically regulated candidate genes and predicted transcription start-site switching and alternative exon splicing with up to 92% accuracy based on epigenetic patterning alone. Our results suggest that the epigenetic regulation of transcript isoform diversity may be a relatively common genome-wide phenomenon representing an avenue of deregulation in tumor development.
Synthesis and reactions of a bis(pentafluorophenyl)cobalt complex

Abstract The synthesis and some reactions of bis(pentafluorophenyl)cobalt complex are described. The reaction with tri-n-butylphosphine to yield a phosphine complex, bis(pentafluorophenyl)bis(tri-n-butylphosphine)cobalt is also reported.
Participation and the Pursuit of Sustainability in U.S. Cities

This article explores the relationship between political and civic participation and the pursuit of sustainability in American cities. Some have argued that cities that exhibit more participation, engagement, and bridging social capital are more likely to pursue policies and programs designed to achieve greater sustainability. Others have posited alternative explanations, especially explanations related to resources, socioeconomic status, and economic growth. Using the Social Capital Benchmark Survey cities—10 of which have extensive sustainability programs, 5 of which have modest programs, and 12 of which have virtually no sustainability programs at all—as the source of comparison, this research finds that cities that are most committed to pursuing sustainability policies do tend to be more participatory places with respect to signing petitions, participating in demonstrations, belonging to local reform groups, and joining neighborhood associations, even controlling for personal income and other factors.
Similarities and Differences in Reproductive Endocrinology Between Non‐Human Primates and Humans

Similarity in reproductive functions between non-human primates and humans makes non-human primates generally serve as better experimental animals in reproductive researches. Cynomolgus monkeys show such similarity in their menstrual cycle patterns of serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH), and sex steroid hormones. Although similarities include significant increase in serum estradiol (E2) concentrations just before ovulation, cynomolgus monkeys differ in their negligible increase in E2 and single increase in progesterone (P) during the luteal phase. Unique to humans and great apes (e.g., gorillas and chimpanzees) are apparently biphasic patterns in serum E2 concentrations at the periovulatory period and at the luteal phase and synchronous increases in serum concentrations of P with E2 at the luteal phase. Although humans and non-human primates differ in their secretory activity of steroid hormones from the functional corpus luteum, they share the same controlling mechanism of the function of the corpus luteum by LH, based on our analysis of the LH-receptor characteristics throughout the menstrual cycle of cynomolgus monkeys. Although humans and cynomolgus monkeys show similarities in the fluctuation patterns of maternal serum concentrations of sex steroid hormones during the pregnancy period, they differ in the fluctuation patterns of protein hormones. For cynomolgus monkeys, maternal serum concentrations of chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and somatomammotropin (i.e., placental lactogen, or CS) increase only in the first quarter of pregnancy. However, for humans, higher serum concentrations of those two hormones (CG and CS) are maintained throughout the entire pregnancy. Similarities and differences among non-human primates and humans are discussed in this article.
Predictors of Preschoolers' Self-Knowledge

Abstract Reference to emotion and mental states were expected to predict the organization of children's self-knowledge. Thirty-three 3.5- to 4.5-year-olds (17 females and 15 males) discussed 4 past events with their mothers. Conversations were coded for emotional content and reference to mental states. Children completed the Children's Self-View Questionnaire (CSVQ; Eder, 1990 ). Organization of self-knowledge was defined as the consistency with which children rated themselves as either high or low with respect to the dispositions indexed by the CSVQ. Hierarchical multiple regression showed that reference to emotion was a significant predictor of organization scores after controlling for linguistic skill, but that mental state reference was not. Mothers initiated talk about emotion more often than their children did. The results are consistent with theories of the early social construction of the self-concept and have implications for developing models of autobiographical memory.
Becoming Rafinesque: Market Society and Academic Reputation in the Early American Republic

This article focuses on how knowledge came to be valued in conflicting ways in the American Republic during the 1820s and 1830s – one based on a market model that considered knowledge to be a commodity for sale, and another that produced cultural value through social connections created in new academic institutions. Constantine Rafinesque, who taught at Transylvania University in Kentucky, and his research in the natural sciences serve as an example of the first sort of scholarship. His life also illustrates how a market society could lead to dandies, like Rafinesque himself, even in academia, and how that threatened both new middle class social proprieties and a system of clubby social relations that had come to dominate America’s colleges and universities in the early nineteenth century.
Get the Lead Out: Environmental Politics in 1970s St. Louis

During the early 1970s, residents of St. Louis’s poorest African American neighborhoods mounted a spirited campaign to get city politicians and public health officials to address the epidemic of childhood lead paint poisoning in their communities. This activism was directly connected to aspects of the civil rights and black power movements, but it was also a response to the decline of the city’s physical space. Housing discrimination, disinvestment, deindustrialization, and population loss forced many poor black residents to live in the city’s rapidly decaying housing stock. Activists and residents seized on childhood lead poisoning, caused by the overwhelming use of lead paint, as a tangible manifestation of discrimination and injustice. Although the success of this activism was limited—it raised awareness but did not solve the core problem of inadequate housing—the St. Louis story is an important example of postwar urban environmentalism. During the 1960s and 1970s, poor and working-class urbanites acro...
THE DYNAMICS OF DELINQUENT PEERS AND DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR

This analysis examines the dynamic reciprocal relationship between delinquent peer associations and delinquent behavior. It tests the hypothesis, derived from learning and interactional theories, that delinquent peers and delinquent behavior are reciprocally related—delinquent peer associations foster future delinquency, and delinquency increases the likelihood of associating with delinquent peers. It also tests the competing hypothesis, derived from control theories, that delinquent peers do not cause delinquency, but instead, the relationship is (1) spurious due to individual criminal propensity, (2) a result of the effects of delinquent behavior on future associations with delinquent peers, or (3) an artifact of problems of measuring delinquent peers. To test these propositions, we use data from the National Youth Survey and estimate a cross-lagged panel model that corrects for measurement error in indicators of delinquent peers and delinquent behavior. The model species a covariance structure model for ordinal measures. Parameters are estimated by (1) estimating a threshold model relating ordinal measures to continuous latent variables; (2) estimating a matrix of polychoric correlations relating observed variables, and (3) using an asymptotic distribution-free estimator to estimate structural parameters. The results suggest that delinquent peer associations and delinquent behavior are reciprocally related, but the effect of delinquency on peer associations is larger than that of peer associations on delinquency.
The Meal Test in Clinical Electrocardiography

The fact that all ordinary meal induces definite changes in the electrocardiogram suggested the possible utility of a meal test as a mild and convenient form of stress in clinical work. Comparison of normal persons and cardiac patients revealed frequent significant electrocardiographic differences in the response to a meal. This was especially notable in patients with proved or suspected coronary insufficiency. It appeared that the incidence of abnormal responses to the meal increased with the clinical degree of cardiac involvement The response of the T wave was most frequently aberrant in patients.
Unusual Ligand Isomerization Dictated by Coordination Requirements of the Metal Ion: A Double-Bond Shift in Cu(II)-Assisted Template Condensation between Diacetylpyridine and a Tripodal Tetramine.

This paper reports a new effect in template-directed Schiff base condensation, a “fine-tuning” of the macrocyclic structure in accordance with the precise coordination requirements of the metal ion. The nature of the metal template determines the outcome of Schiff base condensation between a difunctional carbonyl component (2,6-diacetylpyridine) and a trifunctional amine component (tris(3-aminopropyl)amine, trpn). Both Cu(II) and Ni(II) facilitate [1 + 1] condensation with the formation of macrocyclic products in 50−60% yield, but single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that the chemical structure of the major product is metal-ion dependent. In the nickel(II) complex [Ni(Lsym)]2+, the CN double bonds are conjugated with the pyridine ring, as expected from the structure of the starting diacetylpyridine. In contrast, the copper(II) ion caused isomerization of the macrocyclic ligand, with one of the CN double bonds migrating into the initially saturated six-membered chelate ring forming [Cu(Lasym)]2+. The s...
The diplomacy of the Teutonic Knights at the curia

The Teutonic Knights were a major power in the Baltic from the 13th to the 16th c. They maintained this status despite small numbers, the relative poverty of their lands, and the strength of their combined enemies because they made skillful use of the advantages inherent in their organization. First and foremost, as a crusading order, they had superior discipline and military training, did not suffer the agonies of divided inheritances, family feuds, or waiting for a minor ruler to come of age, and they did not have to play the complicated game of marital politics. Secondly, they were able to centralize their government and tax their subjects in a manner that was the envy of their many crusading guests. And lastly, they had ties to the Holy Roman Empire and the Church that permitted them to call upon the Emperor and the Pope for aid. This latter connection, that of the Teutonic Order to the popes, was of great importance to Baltic history because the crusade could not have been sustained over the centuries without papal approval and assistance; and this assistance was obtained only because the Teutonic Knights had a diplomatic service which was superior to that of all its enemies combined. The investigation of the diplomatic service of the Teutonic Order takes us back to the very origins of modern diplomacy. Historians are practically unanimous in declaring Renaissance Italy the birthplace of the resident ambassador; and it is with the resident ambassador that most of the ideas and customs associated with diplomacy came into being.1 The diplomat representing the Teutonic Order who followed the papal curia was present long before the Italian states sent their first ambassador, and he remained with the court permanently while the representatives of other religious orders came and went. Therefore, the Teutonic Orderacting out of its concern to protect its interests in Baltic politics against complaints from Poland, Denmark, Sweden, the cities and estates under its governance, the Hanseatic League, the Archbishop of Riga, the Bishops
The inadvisability of admixing psychoanalysis with other forms of psychotherapy

Current opinion overwhelmingly favors eclectic and/or integrative mergers of the various schools of psychotherapy, including psychoanalysis. A review of the empirical literature concerning therapeutic techniques, however, reveals that the quest for eclectic and/or integrative technique definitions seriously impairs the relevance of research for theory and practice, especially as concerns the technique of interpretation in psychotherapy. In addition, recent work in the history and philosophy of science provides an additional warning against the one-sided pursuit of eclecticism and/or integrationism, for it is the clash between, and not the merger of, distinct theories and practices that serves to advance science and objectivity. In concluding, a critical pluralist perspective is recommended as the preferred orientation in the scientific study of psychoanalysis and other forms of psychotherapy.
Average stresses and force fluctuations in noncohesive granular materials

A lattice model is presented for investigating the fluctuations in static granular materials under gravitationally induced stress. The model is similar in spirit to the scalar $q$ model of Coppersmith et al. [Phys. Rev. E 53, 4673 (1996)], but ensures balance of all components of forces and torques at each site. The geometric randomness in real granular materials is modeled by choosing random variables at each site, consistent with the assumption of cohesionless grains. Configurations of the model can be generated rapidly, allowing the statistical study of relatively large systems. For a two-dimensional (2D) system with rough walls, the model generates configurations consistent with continuum theories for the average stresses (unlike the $q$ model) without requiring the assumption of a constitutive relation. For a 2D system with periodic boundary conditions, the model generates single-grain force distributions similar to those obtained from the $q$ model with a singular distribution of $q$'s.
Regularized Inversion of the Laplace Transform: Accuracy of analytical and discrete inversion

Dynamic light scattering is a technique used for the optical determination of a colloidal particle size distribution. A simple procedure, based on a trapezoidal model for the linewidth distribution function, is given for obtaining a constrained regularized inversions of correlation data obtained in dynamic light scattering experiments, and estimating the accuracy of such inversions. Based on the eigenfunction decomposition of the Laplace integral equation, error bars, which are directly related to the accuracy of the correlation data, may be placed on both analytical and discrete inversions. By using a regularization procedure, and a nonnegativity constraint, problems with statistical noise in data may be handled effectively.
Tonic immobility in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)

Tonic immobility and several accompanying behavioral changes were examined in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). It was found that either the occurrence of a loud noise immediately before induction or the presence of a stuffed Cooper's hawk increased the duration of immobility in some subjects. Subspecies differences in durations of immobility were also found. The number of inductions required to produce immobility in squirrel monkeys were unusually large, and were negatively correlated with duration of the response. Behavioral variables accompanying tonic immobility showed qualitative differences when compared to what is known concerning their relation to immobility in other species. The findings support the belief that tonic immobility evolved as a predator defense in squirrel monkeys or one of their ancestors, but suggest that it no longer plays an active role in their survival.
Predicted Magnetic Fields of Loop Currents for Cuprate Superconductivity: A MaxEnt-μSR GdBCO Study

If predicted loop currents in CuO2 planes exist, magnetic fields are generated in cuprate superconductors. To search for these fields, we apply Maximum Entropy (ME) to transform zero-field (ZF) muon-spin-resonance (μSR) data of underdoped and optimal doped GdBa2Cu3O7−δ (GdBCO). We have seen hints of signals around 1 MHz, compatible with Varma’s prediction. The frequency characteristics are clearly temperature dependent, especially near T c. The ME transforms of the difference DS(t) between the μ-spin polarizations above and below T c are calculated—for both GdBCO, ∼1.4-MHz signals (present above T c) are observed. Their existence up to RT is similar to anomalous polar-Kerr behavior in YBCO. We can attribute these ∼100-Oe fields to the proposed orbital currents. Demonstrating the loop currents leads to a better understanding of cuprate superconductivity.
Impact of silver and bighead carps on plankton communities of channel catfish ponds

Abstract Stocking of ponds with planktivorous carps in polyculture with channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus and a hybrid) reduced the density of zooplankton when compared to controls. Bighead ( Aristichthys nobilis ) and silver carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ) similarly reduced zooplankton, though the mechanism of suppression may be different. Phytoplankton biomass was significantly higher in ponds containing bighead and silver carp. Ammonia and nitrite concentrations were similar in bighead and silver carp ponds and were significantly lower than in control ponds.
Styles of Rejection in Local Public Argument on Iraq

A campaign to pass city council resolutions opposing an American invasion of Iraq in the Fall of 2002 and Spring of 2003 provided an opportunity to examine contrasting styles of public argument. This paper examines an extensive set of news and editorial articles as well as the actual deliberations before city councils. An argument’s style constructs a relationship between the speaker, audience, and issue through the strategic use of language. Two conflicting styles of argument were apparent in these deliberations: a protest style and a dissent style. Each style operated within a different normative frame that managed tensions between unity and division, participation and its lack, and inclusive and exclusive reasoning. While protest and dissent styles conflict, each frames important relationships for public discourse and deliberation.
4.7 Gbyte re-writable disc system based on DVD-R system

The authors have developed a 4.7 Gbyte rewritable disc system having the following features: (1) a re-writable function added to a DVD-R incremental-write system, (2) a re-writable disc physically compatible with DVD-ROM.
A calorimeter for neutron flux measurement

Abstract A calorimeter for absolute neutron flux measurement has been built and tested. The calorimeter measures the heat produced when neutrons are captured via the 6 Li(n, 3 H) 4 He reaction. The sensitivity achieved was 1.3 × 10 6 n/s for a 1 h measurement. Comparisons with a 235 U fission chamber are in agreement. An improved calorimeter is proposed which is designed to be sensitive to 10 5 n/s for a 1 h measurement.
Intravascular ultrasonic characterization of coronary structure

Ultrasonic intravascular imaging is a rapidly developing technology that permits unique visualization of the inner architecture of peripheral and coronary vessels. A number of groups have published limited trials using these devices directed at assessing their safety and ability to accurately represent endovascular detail. The challenge that lies ahead is to prove that this technology is useful clinically for the diagnosis and treatment of vascular disease. The potential clinical utilities that appear realistic include; (i) quantitating the degree of vascular stenosis, (ii) guiding interventional therapies, and (iii) tissue characterization of atheromatous plaques. Although preliminary results are encouraging in each of these categories, additional work is needed to determine what clinical impact this imaging modality will have in vascular disease.
Central Nervous System Involvement by Malassezia restricta, an Unusual Fungal Pathogen: A Report of Two Cases (P01.245)

Objective: To present two cases of central nervous system (CNS) involvement by Malassezia restricta , a very rare and unusual fungal infection. Background Malassezia species are lipophilic yeasts that colonise the skin and can cause mild cutaneous diseases in immunocompetent patients, and catheter related invasive fungal infections in neonatal, pediatric, and immunocompromised patients. The most common reported agent for disseminated disease is Malassezia furfur . CNS involvement by Malassezia restricta has never been described. Design/Methods: We report two cases of biopsy-proven CNS fungal infection with molecular identification of Malassezia restricta. Results: We present the cases of a 16 year old male and a 58 year old female, both immunocompromised following heart transplant and anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma chemotherapy, respectively. Both patients presented with altered mental status, and imaging showed multiple nodular brain lesions. Infection was clinically suspected and broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs were administrated in both cases. The adolescent had a brain biopsy positive for fungi with yeast and hyphal forms, however the fungal cultures failed to grow organisms on normal conditions. Malassezia restricta DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This patient is currently under treatment and is improving. His brain lesions are radiologically decreasing in size. Following rapid clinical decline, the adult succumbed and had multiorgan disseminated Malassezia restricta infection at autopsy by histopathology and PCR. Conclusions: Malassezia restricta should be considered as an etiologic agent in immunocompromised patients with catheters or intraventricular shunts. Special conditions, such as supplementation of lipids, is usually required for growth of Malassezia species, therefore suspicion should be increased when fungal organisms are present on biopsy, but the cultures fail to grow organisms. Adequate and timely identification with appropriate treatment may successfully eradicate this unusual infection. Disclosure: Dr. Olar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shafi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gilger has nothing to disclose. Dr. Stager has nothing to disclose. Dr. Moss has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schady has nothing to disclose. Dr. Goodman has nothing to disclose.
Cardiorespiratory Responses to Incremental Exercise in Sarcoidosis Patients With Normal Spirometry

Patients with sarcoidosis are known to have histologic pulmonary abnormalities despite normal lung fields or conventional pulmonary function or both. These patients permit a useful assessment of the alleged greater sensitivity of the various measurements made during incremental cardiorespiratory exercise testing. Abnormal responses on such testing may provide insight into such complaints as dyspnea in these patients. Incremental exercise testing was performed on 30 patients with biopsy-proven sarcoidosis who had normal spirometry; 13 had clear lung fields radiographically. Of these patients, the 21 who had normal single-breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (Dsb; [group A]) were compared with the 9 who had decreased Dsb (group B). Half of the group A patients had excessive ventilation and 38% had increased dead space to tidal volume ratio (V D /V T ), but frequencies of these abnormalities were greater in group B, 89 and 78%, respectively. Ventilatory response, as minute ventilation to oxygen consumption ratios ventilatory equivalents, and deadspace to tidal volume ratio (V D /V T ) ratios were higher in group B. Widened alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure differences were seen in 7 of 9 group B patients but only 1 of 17 group A patients. This study supports the clinical impression that occult pulmonary impairment may be present in patients (in this case, sarcoidosis patients) with normal pulmonary function, and corroborates the utility of exercise testing in demonstrating such impairment. Reduction in Dsb predicted greater frequency of abnormal exercise responses, especially in oxygenation.
Characterization of multiple-bit errors from single-ion tracks in integrated circuits

The spread of charge induced by an ion track in an integrated circuit and its subsequent collection at sensitive nodal junctions can cause multiple-bit errors. The authors have experimentally and analytically investigated this phenomenon using a 256-kb dynamic random-access memory (DRAM). The effects of different charge-transport mechanisms are illustrated, and two classes of ion-track multiple-bit error cluster are identified. It is demonstrated that ion tracks that hit a junction can affect the lateral spread of charge, depending on the nature of the pull-up load on the junction being hit. Ion tracks that do not hit a junction allow the nearly uninhibited lateral spread of charge. >
Development of a robotically-based automated biodosimetry tool for high-throughput radiological triage

To provide the best opportunities for life-saving interventions in the event of a radiological or nuclear threat, there is an urgent need to improve the speed and efficiency of biodosimetric assays for triage and therapy. A rapid automated biodosimetric system used to assess thousands of individual radiation exposure doses is helpful to curb mass panic, and to conserve limited medical resources. This paper presents the development of a new robotically-based automated biodosimetry tool (RABiT). The RABiT is capable of automating two mature biodosimetry assays: the micronucleus and γ-H2AX assay. The design considerations guiding the hardware and software architecture are presented with focus on ease of implementation, methods of communication and need for real-time control versus soft time control cycles. Advanced technological developments for the RABiT including multipurpose gripper, non-contact laser cutting, automated biology protocols and transferring of the samples to a transparent substrate and high-speed multiple camera imaging are described in detail. The evaluation results show that the RABiT prototype has a throughput of 5,859 samples in an 18-hour duty cycle.
FLOW DEPENDENCE AND SENSITIVITY OF THE REFRACTIVE INDEX GRADIENT MEASUREMENT WITH THE Z-CONFIGURATION FLOW CELL AT LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER

A simple model based upon Poiseuille flow is reported. The RIG measurement is shown to depend upon carefully probing the radial-concentration gradient (orthogonal to the direction of flow) of an analyte. A fiber optic graded refractive index lens combination provided a narrow collimated beam that facilitated accurate probing of the RIG and far-field observation of the beam deflection, for subsequent comparison to the position-sensitive detector output
Diasporas old and new: Women in the transnational world

(1996). Diasporas old and new: Women in the transnational world. Textual Practice: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 245-269.
Furin directly cleaves proMMP-2 in the trans-Golgi network resulting in a nonfunctioning proteinase.

Proprotein convertases play an important role in tumorigenesis and invasiveness. Here, we report that a dibasic amino acid convertase, furin, directly cleaves proMMP-2 within the trans-Golgi network leading to an inactive form of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). Co-transfection of COS-1 cells with both proMMP-2 and furin cDNAs resulted in the cleavage of the N-terminal propeptide of proMMP-2. The molecular mass of cleaved MMP-2 (63 kDa), detected in both cell lysates and conditioned medium, is between the intermediate and fully activated forms of MMP-2 induced by membrane type 1-MMP. Furin-cleaved MMP-2 does not possess proteolytic activity as examined in a cell-free assay. Treatment of transfected cells with a furin inhibitor resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of proMMP-2 cleavage; recombinant tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2, which binds to the active site of membrane type 1-MMP, had no inhibitory effect. Site-directed mutagenesis of amino acids in the furin consensus recognition motif of proMMP-2(R69KPR72↓) prevented propeptide cleavage, thereby identifying the scissile bond and characterizing the basic amino acids required for cleavage. Other experimental observations were consistent with intracellular furin cleavage of proMMP-2 in the trans-Golgi network. The furin cleavage site in other proMMPs was examined. MMP-3, which contains the RXXR furin consensus sequence, was cleaved in furin co-transfected cells, whereas MMP-1, which lacks an RXXR consensus sequence, was not cleaved. In conclusion, we report the novel observation that furin can directly cleave the RXXR amino acid sequence in the propeptide domain of proMMP-2 leading to inactivation of the enzyme.
Unfolding heterochromatin for replication.

For DNA replication to proceed through heterochromatin, the replication machinery must negotiate the highly condensed chromatin. A new study shows that an ACF1–ISWI chromatin remodeling complex is required for the replication of pericentromeric heterochromatin. This complex may act to unravel chromatin structure in these regions of the genome, thereby permiting movement of the replication fork.
PHB6 Health Care Use in Women Age 45 And Older

Key components of preventive health care for middleaged and older women include evaluating the risk for osteoporosis and coronary artery disease, considering hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and cancer screening. HRT is effective for treating the symptoms of acute menopause, and it may prevent some chronic health problems associated with growing older. However, HRT may increase the risks for other diseases. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to estimate the level of health care use and costs incurred by post-menopausal women for conditions that have been associated with HRT. METHODS: National health care survey and discharge data were used to estimate health care use by women age 45 and older for cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, breast cancer, uterine cancer, and deep-vein thrombosis/ pulmonary embolism. The databases used were the Healthcare Utilization Project-3, National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, National Nursing Home Survey, and National Home and Hospice Care Survey. Clinical Classification for Health Policy Research codes were used to identify patients whose primary diagnosis or procedure corresponded with the above conditions. National weights were used to estimate resource use. Treatment costs were estimated using cost-to-charge ratios or Medicare Fee Schedule to calculate costs of individual procedures. RESULTS: For each of the five conditions, resource use and costs are reported for hospitalization, outpatient, nursing home, and home health care services. Resource use and costs are also reported by age and race/ethnicity. CONCLUSION: Results of the study may be used to estimate the burden of disease for conditions commonly affecting postmenopausal women and to provide data for cost-effectiveness models comparing newly developed drugs to existing HRTs.
Auxin transport and conjugation in cotton explants.

Indoleacetic acid (IAA), a naturally-occurring auxin, prevents or retards abscission of plant parts under many conditions (1). When applied to the cotyledonary petiole stumps of explants of cotton (Gossypium. hirsutum L.) in a commonly used abscission test IAA in moderate physiological coIncentrations retards abscission markedly (2, 6). The disposition within the explant of the auxin applied under these conditions has now been investigated both quantitatively and qualitatively with the use of 14C-labeled IAA. A variety of related investigations have been reported (see 7, 8, 11, 12), but in this brief paper we will comment only on those of immediate relevance to our results. "kJIn 2 replicate experiments with IAA-1-4C and
Peak Oil and Energy Independence: Myth and Reality

Despite the recent uptick in production of natural gas and liquid fuels in the United States, increasing energy resource scarcity and reliance on unconventional fossil fuel sources will make energy independence for the nation very unlikely. Rather, geologists, economists, environmentalists, and resource managers are looking with interest at when the use of fossil fuels is expected to peak—will that occurrence be driven by the market or by supply? What level will emissions reach before this peak is reached?
Ascent performance issues of a vertical-takeoff rocket launch vehicle

Advanced manned launch systems studies under way at the NASA Langley Research Center are part of a broader effort that is examining options for the next manned space transportation system to be developed by the United States. One promising concept that uses near-term technologies is a fully reusable, two-stage vertical-takeoff rocket vehicle. This vehicle features parallel thrusting of the booster and orbiter with the booster cross-feeding the propellant to the orbiter until staging. In addition, after staging, the booster glides back unpowered to the launch site. This study concentrated on two issues that could affect the ascent performance of this vehicle. The first is the large gimbal angle range required for pitch trim until staging because of the propellant cross-feed. Results from this analysis show that if control is provided by gimballing of the rocket engines, they must gimbal greater than 20 deg, which is excessive when compared with current vehicles. However, this analysis also showed that this limit could be reduced to 10 deg if gimballing were augmented by throttling the booster engines. The second issue is the potential influence of off-nominal atmospheric conditions (density and winds) on the ascent performance. This study showed that a robust guidance algorithm could be developed that would insure accurate insertion, without prelaunch atmospheric knowledge.
Social Skills and Social Acceptance in Children with Anxiety Disorders

Whereas much is known about the deficits in social behaviors and social competence in youth with social anxiety disorder (SAD), less is known about those characteristics among youth with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). This study aimed to better elucidate the social repertoire and peer acceptance of youth with SAD and youth with GAD, relative to normal control (NC) youth. The sample consisted of 58 primarily Caucasian children, ages 6 to 13 years: 20 SAD (12 female), 18 GAD (12 female), and 20 NC (9 female). Diagnoses were based on Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Children and Parent Versions interviews. A multimodal assessment strategy included parent and child reports, observer ratings of social performance, computer-based analysis of vocal qualities of speech, and peer ratings of likeability and friendship potential. Whereas self- and parental report did not differentiate the two diagnostic groups, differences on observable behaviors were apparent. Children with SAD exhibited anxious speech patterns, extended speech latencies, a paucity of speech, few spontaneous vocalizations, and ineffective social responses; they were perceived by peers as less likeable and socially desirable. Children with GAD had typical speech patterns and were well liked by their peers but displayed fewer spontaneous comments and questions than NC children. Parent and child reports are less sensitive to what could be important differences in social skill between youth with SAD and GAD. Direct observations, computer-based measures of speech quality, and peer ratings identify specific group differences, suggesting the need for a comprehensive evaluation to inform treatment planning.
Role of Photoinduced Charge Carrier Separation Distance in Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: Oxidative Degradation of CH3OH Vapor in Contact with Pt/TiO2 and Cofumed TiO2−Fe2O3

As a means of testing the widely held premise of a positive correlation between photoinduced charge carrier separation distance (CCSD) and the photocatalytic activity of particulate photocatalysts, an investigation of the oxidative degradation of CH3OH vapor in contact with coatings of particulate Pt (0−8 wt %)/TiO2 is combined with time-resolved photocharge (TRPC) measurements. Preliminary studies were also performed on several commercially available cofumed Fe2O3−TiO2 (0, 2, and 6−8 wt % Fe) particulate photocatalysts. TRPC is capable of providing a noncontact electronically derived measure of CCSD. Contrary to common wisdom prevalent at the initiation of this study, Pt/TiO2 catalysts displaying the largest CCSD values do not correspond with highest photocatalytic efficiency for the oxidative degradation of CH3OH. Indeed the present investigation supports an extension of a “Russell-like” mechanism for oxidative degradation of organic molecules, where photoelectrons, e-, and photoholes, h+, each initiate...
Development of a high-spectral-resolution cadmium zinc telluride pixel detector for astrophysical applications

Over the last six years, we have been developing imaging Cadmium Zinc Telluride pixel detectors optimized for astrophysical focusing hard X-ray telescopes. This application requires sensors with modest area, relatively small pixels (≾ 500 µm) and sub-keV energy resolution. For experiments operating in satellite orbits, energy thresholds of ~1-2 keV are also desirable. In this paper we describe the desired detector performance characteristics, and report on the status of our development effort. In particular, we present results from a 1152-channel custom low-noise VLSI readout designed to achieve excellent spectral resolution and good imaging performance in the 5 - 100 keV band.
Electron spin resonance study of metal-nitride-silicon structures: Observation of Si dangling bonds with different configurations and trapping properties in silicon nitride

Abstract Electron spin resonance (ESR) experiments on large area metal-nitride-crystalline silicon (MNS) structures show that the occupation of silicon dangling bonds in silicon nitride can be modulated under the application of a gate bias. The technique applied simultaneously with capacitance-voltage (CV) measurements has been used for the identification of specific electronic transitions. In the case of Si-rich silicon nitride, we demonstrate that the ESR line consists of an inhomogeneous distribution of discrete components at different g-values. Trapping of holes observed under negative bias occurs at a site with a g-value of 2.0052, corresponding to a pure Si environment, while electron trapping observed under positive bias occurs at a site with a g-value of 2.0028, corresponding to a pure N environment. The selectivity of the transitions with respect to the bias leads us to attribute different energy levels to each Si dangling bond configuration.
Gender Differences Among Psychiatrist-Administrators

1. Sherwood 5, Mor V: Mental health institutions and the elderly, in Handbook of Mental Health and Aging. Edited by BirrenJE, Sloane RB. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1980 2. Friedman JH, Lehrman NS: New geriatric admission policy in a state mental hospital. Journal of the American GeriatticsSociety 17:1086-1091, 1969 3. Additions and Resident Patients at End of Year: State and County Mental Hospitals, by Age and Diagnosis, by State, United States, 1984. Rockville, Md, National Institute ofMental Health, Survey and Reports Branch, 1987 4. Cohen ES: Nursing homes, state hospitals, and the aged mentally ill. Geriatrics 18:871-878, 1963 5. Kahn RI: The mental health system and the future aged. Gerontologist
Direct Nebulization of Metal Samples for Flame Atomic-Emission and Absorption Spectroscopy

A device for transforming solid-metal samples into an aerosol of fine metal particles has been combined with a flame spectroscopic method for the determination of trace impurities and alloying elements in steels. The aerosol generator is a simple apparatus in which the sample serves as the cathode of a low-current dc-arc discharge. Constant movement of the cathode spot results in uniform sampling of a relatively large area. A flowing gas stream transports the aerosol particles from the arc discharge to the nitrous oxide–acetylene flame. Analytical curves for the determination of chromium, manganese, and nickel in steel are shown. The method provides a very rapid means of determining trace elements and alloy constituents in metals without the complications attendant to dissolution procedures.
Genetic similarity between two morphologically similar species of polychaetes

Glycera dibranchiata Ehlers and G. americana Leidy are two closely related and similar species of polychaetes. Electrophoretic studies of 11 enzyme systems encoded by 15 loci reveal that both species are polymorphic at about 50% of their enzyme loci, but that G. dibranchiata is the more variable as judged by heterozygosity per individual, genetic diversity, and effective number of alleles per locus. Both species show marked heterozygote deficiencies at nearly all polymorphic loci, possibly as the result of life-history features. Genetic similarity between the Glycera species suggests divergence at a level between species and sibling species compared to the Drosophila willistoni complex.