cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-Linear Model Predictive Control Applied to a Generic Ocean-Wave Energy Extractor

This paper evaluates the theoretical application of nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) to a model-scale point absorber for wave energy conversion. The NMPC strategy will be evaluated against a passive system, which utilizes no controller, using a performance metric based on the absorbed energy. The NMPC strategy was set up as a non-linear optimization problem utilizing IPOPT package to obtain a time varying optimal generator damping from the power-take-off (PTO) unit. This formulation is different from previous investigations in model predictive control, as the current methodology only allows the power-take-off unit to behave as a generator, thereby unable to return energy to the waves. Each strategy was simulated in the time domain for regular and irregular waves, the latter taken from a modified Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum. In regular waves, the performance advantages over a passive system appear at frequencies near resonance while at the lower and higher frequencies they become nearly equivalent. For irregular waves, the NMPC strategy lead to greater quantities of energy absorption than the passive system, though strongly dependent on the prediction horizon. It was found that the ideal NMPC strategy required a generator that could be turned on and off instantaneously, leading to sequences where the generator can be inactive for up to 50% of the wave period.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Effects of Pargyline and Amphetamine upon Acute Stress Responses in Rat

SummaryPargyline and amphetamine lowered the resting levels of corticoids in the adrenals and plasma, and reduced acute stress induced rise in plasma and adrenal corticosterone. Pretreatment of rats with monoamine oxidase inhibitor (pargyline) blocked the depletion of the corticotropin-releasing factor in the median eminence and the hypersecretion of ACTH induced by reserpine. It is proposed that monoamines (probably catecholamines) are important neurotransmitters inhibiting the release of CRF from the nerve terminals in the median eminence of the hypothalamus.
Evidence for High Fecundity Among Certain North American Gypsy Moth Populations

Evidence of relatively high-fecundity populations of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), was found along both the advancing front of the generally infested area and in an area where population build-up and collapse have been common.
Nearshore bathymetric evolution on a high-energy beach during the 2009-10 El Nino winter

The nearshore bathymetric evolution of a high-energy beach at the mouth of San Francisco Bay, California (USA), was tracked before, during, and after the powerful El Nino winter of 2009-10 to quantify alongshore bar formation and migration as well as the magnitude and alongshore variability of cross-shore transport. The observed deep-water winter wave energy was among the highest ever recorded in Northern California, peaking during a 7 day period in the middle of January 2010 with a mean deep-water significant wave height (Hs) of 5.5 m, and a maximum Hs= 9 m. The extreme forcing during the study period resulted in local bed level changes that approached 5 m, cross-shore bar migration of > 250 m, ~3 m alongshore trough deepening, and a net gain of ~1.6 million m of sediment to the nearshore profile over the 7 km alongshore extent of the survey area, leaving beach sand levels severely depleted. The morphological evolution observed during this El Nino winter may serve as a proxy for future coastal response to climate change if current trends of increased storminess continue for the U.S. West Coast.
Fluid flow and heat transfer analysis of Couette flow in a composite duct

This paper deals with a fully developed Couette flow through a composite channel, partially filled with a clear fluid and partially with a fluid-saturated porous medium. The flow occurs because of a moving plate, which bounds the clear fluid region. The porous region is bounded by a fixed plate. Assuming that the moving plate is adiabatic, and that the fixed plate is subject to a uniform heat flux, a boundary layer solution for the velocity and temperature fields is obtained.
Inhibitory Action of Testosterone Propionate on the Human Ovary

Summary and ConclusionsTwo women with regular menstrual cycles were injected with testosterone propionate (925 and 1,225 mg), in order to determine whether ovtilation could be inhibited. In one patient, the ovaries, examined on the 34th day of the cycle, showed no evidence of a recent corpus luteum or mature graafian follicle. In the second patient, examination of the ovaries, on the 17th day of the cycle, did not reveal any evidence of ovulation. In the latter case, while ovulation might have occurred after the 17th day, it was deemed unlikely in an individual with a regular 26 to 28 day cycle.It appears from this study that testosterone propionate, if administered in adequate amounts to the cyclical human female, can inhibit full follicle maturation, ovulation and corpus luteum formation, associated with regressive changes in the endometrium and vaginal mucosa. The question arises as to whether the testosterone propionate acts directly upon the follicular apparatus or indirectly through inhibition of th...
Gallstone obstruction of the small intestine.

Between 7935 and 1951, at the Mayo Clinic, 9 patients with gallstone obstruction of the small intestine have been treated surgically without a death. The case of 1 of these patients, a man 80 years of age, is presented in detail. The interesting roentgenologic findings in such cases are discussed and details of the surgical treatment are considered.
Gluteal Fascial Advancement for Pilonidal Cyst Disease: A 10-year Review:

Elective excision of noninfected pilonidal cysts has historically been plagued by a high rate of complications, such as wound breakdown and recurrence. Debate remains regarding the most effective method of wound closure. We previously reported a small group of patients (n = 17 out of 83 patients) in which a novel technique decreased wound complications and recurrence. The purpose of this article was to build on that prior study by evaluating the utility of the gluteal fascial advancement method to decrease complications over a 10-year period. All patients who underwent elective pilonidal cyst excision from 2008 to 2015 were retrospectively reviewed (n = 150); this was added to the data from 2004 to 2007. Patients were divided into two cohorts: those who underwent elective excision with simple closure (n = 172) and those who underwent bilateral gluteal fascial advancement flaps (n = 61). Primary end points included recurrence and dehiscence. Overall demographic characteristics were statistically comparable between groups. The rate of recurrence was not significantly different between groups. However, wound closure using bilateral gluteal fascial advancement flaps was associated with a significantly lower rate of dehiscence when compared with standard primary closure (12% vs 40%, P < 0.001). The use of bilateral gluteal fascial advancement flaps is a superior method for closing elective pilonidal cyst excisions.
Quality-of-life assessment as an outcomes measure in critical limb ischemia

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a diagnosis plagued by significant comorbidity and high mortality rates. Overall survival remains poor in this population regardless of the procedure-related success as demonstrated by freedom from amputation, intervention, and patency. The literature has traditionally focused on physician-centered and lesion-centered outcomes with regards to limb salvage procedures, but there remains a relative paucity of studies of CLI patients describing patient-centered outcomes such as quality of life (QoL), independent living, and ambulation status. Review of the available literature indicates patients do not always experience significant gains in their QoL after limb salvage interventions, despite reasonable graft patency, amputation-free survival, and limb salvage rates. Further research is required using QoL tools in a measurable and clinically relevant fashion to guide optimal quality care that maximizes patient-centered outcomes.
The Impact of Age and Body Fat on Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD) in Mice

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a potentially curative procedure performed for a variety of hematological diseases. Patient populations undergoing HSCT are generally skewed towards either young or old age due to the pathogenesis of hematological cancers. Several retrospective studies have identified age as one of the risk factors that correlate with treatment related mortality (TRM), graft versus host disease (GVHD) and tumor relapse. Aging is characterized by a gradual decline in immune cell function, known as immune senescence, yet is also hallmarked by a chronic, low-grade proinflammatory phenotype termed “inflammaging”. We hypothesized that aged animals develop more severe GVHD as a result of this inflammaging phenomenon. To investigate this, we first transplanted donor cells from B10.D2 mice (H-2d) into either young ( 15 months old) BALB/c (H-2d) recipients. While young recipients developed typical sclerodermatous chronic GVHD and died by 56 days post transplantation, aged mice developed severe acute GVHD and died at Day 7. Upon pathological examination, aged mice displayed massive lymphocytic infiltration associated with tissue necrosis in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Among several cytokines examined, elevated levels of serum TNF-α (97.89±9.83 versus 68.29±1.07 pg/ml, respectively) were observed in aged animals compared to young counterparts. Similarly, TNF-α and IL-6 gene expression levels were also increased in GI tract tissues. Additionally, we found greater frequencies of splenocyte derived TNF-α+ macrophages (CD45+CD19-F4/80+/CD11b+) in aged animals compared to young animals (26.2±1.00% versus 17.233±1.25%, respectively; P We observed that aged mice had markedly higher levels of visceral body fat compared to young mice. Based on the similarities in the inflammatory status between aged and obese animals, we next sought to verify whether the severity of GVHD can also be attributed to obesity. Eight week old recipient BALB/c mice were maintained on either a low fat diet (10% calories from fat) or a high fat diet (60% calories from fat) for three months. Each cohort of mice then underwent HSCT, following a conditional regimen of total body irradiation (Cs; 800 cGy) and adoptive transfer from donor B10.D2 mice. In line with the results observed from aged recipients, diet induced obese (DIO) mice died at Day 7 and demonstrated a severe acute GVHD response in the GI tract compared to lean mice based on histo-pathological scores correlating with significantly increased TNF-α and IL-6 gene expression in the GI tract. Flow analysis revealed an increase in total numbers of CD8+ T cells infiltrating in the GI tract in obese mice compared to lean mice (0.229± 0.025 x 106 versus 0.071± 0.010 x 106; P Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Mobile app introduction and shareholder returns

Abstract Mobile travel sales for leisure and unmanaged business travel grew from $26.14 billion in 2014 to $52.08 billion in 2015. With this rapid growth, mobile distribution channels have become an important component of hospitality and tourism suppliers' strategy in moving sales to direct channels. But the impact to shareholders is still to be determined. The present study estimated that the introduction of mobile apps in lodging and airline companies can increase shareholder return by 1.32%. The present study complements the mobile technology literature in quantifying the value of mobile app by stock market returns instead of consumer market measures. It also shows that the speed of adopting mobile app does not affect its value.
Overview of the CIT Physics Design

The Compact Ignition Tokamak is a high-performance device designed to study the physics of burning plasmas. Key physics aspects of the design are described, including plasma performance, disruption...
THE SPECIALTY OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE IN CHILE: 20 YEARS OF HISTORY

SUMMARY Chile is uniquely situated to be a leader in South American development of the specialty of Emergency Medicine. Chilean emergency medicine has successfully transitioned from a novelty training idea to a nationally and internationally recognized entity with serious public health goals. There are more residency training programs in Chile than in any other South American or Latin American country, and the specialty is formally recognized by the Ministry of Health. Chilean emergency medicine thought leaders have networked internationally with multiple groups, intelligently used outside resources, and created durable academic relationships. While focusing on locally important issues and patient care they have successfully advanced their agenda. Despite this, the specialty faces many new challenges and remains fragile but sustainable. Policy makers and the Chilean MOH need to be acutely aware of this fragility to preserve the progress achieved so far, and support ongoing maturation of the specialty of Emergency Medicine.
Multiplexed Gene Editing and Protein Overexpression Using a Tobacco mosaic virus Viral Vector.

Development of CRISPR/Cas9 transient gene editing screening tools in plant biology has been hindered by difficulty of delivering high quantities of biologically active single guide RNAs (sgRNAs). Furthermore, it has been largely accepted that in vivo generated sgRNAs need to be devoid of extraneous nucleotides, which has limited sgRNA expression by delivery vectors. Here, we increased cellular concentrations of sgRNA by transiently delivering sgRNAs using a Tobacco mosaic virus-derived vector (TRBO) designed with 5′ and 3′ sgRNA proximal nucleotide-processing capabilities. To demonstrate proof-of-principle, we used the TRBO-sgRNA delivery platform to target GFP in Nicotiana benthamiana (16c) plants, and gene editing was accompanied by loss of GFP expression. Surprisingly, indel (insertions and deletions) percentages averaged nearly 70% within 7 d postinoculation using the TRBO-sgRNA constructs, which retained 5′ nucleotide overhangs. In contrast, and in accordance with current models, in vitro Cas9 cleavage assays only edited DNA when 5′ sgRNA nucleotide overhangs were removed, suggesting a novel processing mechanism is occurring in planta. Since the Cas9/TRBO-sgRNA platform demonstrated sgRNA flexibility, we targeted the N. benthamiana NbAGO1 paralogs with one sgRNA and also multiplexed two sgRNAs using a single TRBO construct, resulting in indels in three genes. TRBO-mediated expression of an RNA transcript consisting of an sgRNA adjoining a GFP protein coding region produced indels and viral-based GFP overexpression. In conclusion, multiplexed delivery of sgRNAs using the TRBO system offers flexibility for gene expression and editing and uncovered novel aspects of CRISPR/Cas9 biology.
Guidelines for Embryonic Stem Cell Research Oversight (ESCRO) Committees

Publisher Summary The chapter aims to propose a framework for the practical task of ethical review of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research. As proposed by the National Academy of Sciences, this responsibility should be assigned to Embryonic Stem Cell Research Oversight (ESCRO) Committees ( Committee on Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research, 2005 ). In California, it has been proposed that this responsibility should instead be given to Stem Cell Research Oversight (SCRO) Committees, so as to explicitly cover both embryonic and non-embryonic sources of stem cells ( California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 2006 ). The full scope of responsibility for ESCRO or SCRO Committees is still in flux.
Trading Moving Average Crossovers: Further Testing of Risk-Adjusted and After-Tax Returns

Many investors require equity-like returns, but lack the risk tolerance to endure extreme losses. Trading moving average crossovers (MACs) is one strategy that may aid equity market investors in avoiding long protracted downturns. This article provides further analysis of MAC strategies. The findings suggest that trading MACs has remained a simple and effective risk-reduction strategy over the last 20 years. Investors who cannot tolerate extreme losses are signaled out of the market before a significant drawdown. However, the nature of the “bull” market volatility in recent years has significantly reduced the benefits associated with the strategy. In addition, while trading MACs does incur increased negative tax effects over that of a buy-and-hold strategy, the impact appears to be minimal.
Islam in Prisons

Departments of correction in the United States offer a variety of programs and opportunities for inmates aimed to help in rehabilitation and/or reducing prison time. Most of these can be classified into one of four areas: work, education, counseling/therapy, and religion. Of these religion is typically the most controversial. Islam in prison is one of these programs. In a post- 9/11 environment, the introduction of Islam in prisons has been controversial. Given that many inmates may lack close ties with family members or others in their communities, Islam may provide structure and a sense of belonging. The conversion of inmates to Islam in US prisons is widespread. While offering a structured future for inmates, it has also led to the radicalization of some prison inmates. Keywords: extremism; Islam; religion; prison
Cambio di rotta

Nel corso della notte, la questione era cambiata. Dopo che la Marina aveva cancellato lo “stadio tre” dei test di Pensacola, Jerrie Cobb e il resto delle Mercury 13 non stavano piu lottando per provare che le donne erano in grado di volare nello spazio. Ora dovevano convincere la NASA che le donne avevano il diritto di essere astronaute. Da medica e scientifica, la questione era improvvisamente diventata politica. Con questo cambio di prospettiva intervenne un cambiamento nella strategia e venne introdotto un nuovo campo di battaglia. Miss Cobb e Randy Lovelace, che avevano lavorato cosI in simbiosi nell’esaminare le donne candidate e nel sovrintendere ai test di Albuquerque, iniziarono a operare sempre piu indipendentemente l’una dall’altro. Mentre Lovelace optava per un tono piu diplomatico e un passo piu misurato per cercare di far cambiare idea alla NASA, Miss Cobb, spinta dall’indignazione e dalla delusione, praticamente salI i gradini di Capitol Hill. La domanda che tutti si ponevano era che cosa avrebbe fatto Jackie Cochran.
There's got to be a better way! Introducing faculty to mid-course formative reviews as a constructive tool for growth and development.

Abstract Introduction Amid the ever-changing landscape of teaching, there remains one unloved and immovable constant: student evaluations. What can be done to reframe this conversation so that the student evaluation becomes a useful and constructive tool for the growth and development of faculty? Methods This article describes an interactive session where participants shared their thoughts about the helpful and not so helpful aspects of formative student evaluations and feedback. An effective method of gathering constructive formative student feedback, Small Group Instructional Diagnosis (SGID) facilitated by a faculty colleague was introduced to a faculty group at the 2017 Belmont University Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) workshop as a supplement to the university sponsored student evaluation tool and an approved formal peer review template. Results The most frequently stated positive outcome (what is working well) was that the student evaluations sometimes provided constructive feedback. The most commonly stated problem (what was NOT working well) was the low response rates received from the students. The most commonly stated suggestion for improvement was to enable the professors to create a course-specific formative evaluation from an available template. Conclusion The authors feel that this introduction to the SGID provides a lasting impression on a large number of faculty members in a short amount of time. This process can easily be repeated on any college campus, and should produce similar results.
The precarious new faculty majority: communication and instruction research and contingent labor in higher education

Contingent faculty in higher education markedly outnumber those considered tenured or on the tenure-track, with about 73% of faculty serving in nontenure-line positions (American Association for Un...
Examining different recycling processes for lithium-ion batteries

Finding scalable lithium-ion battery recycling processes is important as gigawatt hours of batteries are deployed in electric vehicles. Governing bodies have taken notice and have begun to enact recycling targets. While several battery recycling processes exist, the greenhouse gas emissions impacts and economic prospects of these processes differ, and could vary by specific battery chemistry. Here we use an attributional life-cycle analysis, and process-based cost models, to examine the greenhouse gas emissions, energy inputs and costs associated with producing and recycling lithium-ion cells with three common cathode chemistries: lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC-622), lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide and lithium iron phosphate. We compare three recycling processes: pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recycling processes, which reduce cells to elemental products, and direct cathode recycling, which recovers and reconditions ceramic powder cathode material for use in subsequent batteries—retaining a substantial fraction of the energy embodied in the material from their primal manufacturing process. While pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes do not significantly reduce life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions, direct cathode recycling has the potential to reduce emissions and be economically competitive. Recycling policies should incentivize battery collection and emissions reductions through energetically efficient recycling processes. Various battery recycling processes exist, but the related environmental and economic implications can vary by specific battery chemistry. This study examines the greenhouse gas emissions, energy inputs and costs associated with producing and recycling lithium-ion cells with different cathode chemistries.
Palabras como armas

Violent discourse detonates violence. A song that proclaims firing could lead to genocide. In this article, Susan Benesch highlights the power of the word of oppressors and oppressed as subtle weapons in violating rights. Malema's example when he sang Dubulu iBhunu, a historical hymn against apartheid in Africa, guides this narrative in which many linguistic battlefields converge.
Prescription drug monitoring programs and drug overdose deaths involving benzodiazepines and prescription opioids

Background and aims In the US, benzodiazepine overdose deaths increased at an alarming rate in the past two decades. Benzodiazepines were also the most common drugs involved in prescription opioid overdose deaths. Benzodiazepine prescribing has been monitored by Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs), but little was known about whether PDMPs reduced drug overdose deaths involving benzodiazepines. Design and methods This study used a difference-in-difference design with state-quarter aggregate data on drug overdose deaths. The primary data source was Mortality Multiple Cause Files in 1999-2016. Three age-adjusted rates of drug overdose deaths were examined, including those involving benzodiazepines, those involving prescription opioids, and those involving both benzodiazepines and prescription opioids. The policy variables included PDMP data access for benzodiazepines and mandatory use of PDMP data for benzodiazepines. Linear multivariable regressions were used to assess the associations of PDMP policies specific to benzodiazepines with drug overdose death rates, controlling for other state-level policy and socioeconomic factors, state and time fixed effects, and state-specific time trends. Results No significant associations were found between PDMP data access for benzodiazepines and changes in drug overdose death rates involving benzodiazepines and/or prescription opioids. Similarly, no significant associations were found between mandatory use of PDMP data for benzodiazepines and changes in drug overdose death outcomes. Discussion and conclusions This study suggested no evidence that PDMP policies specific to benzodiazepines were associated with reduction in benzodiazepine overdose death rates. Future research is warranted to examine detailed features of PDMPs and continuously monitor the impacts of PDMP policies on benzodiazepine-related consequences.
Drug Metabolism as a Community Effort.

Levodopa (L-dopa) is the primary treatment for Parkinson's disease. The gut microbiome can metabolize levodopa, potentially leading to decreased efficacy and side effects, but responsible bacteria were unknown. Maini Rekdal et al. (2019) characterize enzymes in two gut bacteria that sequentially metabolize L-dopa and identify a novel inhibitor that may improve outcomes.
The Penn Classification Predicts Hospital Mortality in Acute Stanford Type A and Type B Aortic Dissections.

Objectives Mortality in acute aortic dissection varies depending on anatomic location, extent, and associated complications. The Stanford classification guides surgical versus medical management. The Penn classification stratifies mortality risk in patients with Stanford type A aortic dissections undergoing surgery. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the Penn classification can predict hospital mortality in patients with acute Stanford type A and type B aortic dissections undergoing surgical or medical management. Design Retrospective, observational study. Setting Tertiary care, university hospital. Participants Patients with acute aortic dissection between January 2008 and December 2017. Interventions Examination of hospital mortality after surgical or medical management. Measurements and Main Results Three hundred fifty-two patients had confirmed dissections (186 type A, 166 type B). The overall mortality was 18.8% for type A and 13.3% for type B. Penn class A patients with type A or type B dissections undergoing surgical repair had the lowest mortality (both 3.1%). Penn class B, C, or B+C patients with type A dissections and Penn class B+C patients with type B dissections undergoing medical management had the greatest incidence of mortality (50.0%-57.1%). All others had intermediate mortality (6.7%-39.3%). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that Penn class B, C, and B+C patients had a greater odds of mortality and predicted mortality than did Penn class A patients. Conclusions The Penn classification predicts hospital mortality in patients with acute Stanford type A or type B aortic dissections undergoing surgical or medical management. Early endovascular repair may confer lower risk of mortality in patients with type B dissections presenting without ischemia.
Introducing the Associate Editors for Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion: Aligning editorial leadership with core values in Neurology®

Diversity and equity are 2 of the core values espoused by the American Academy of Neurology (AAN). In upholding these values, the AAN is committed to “building and sustaining an inclusive organization that respects and values the diversity in [its] membership and the communities [it] serve[s].”1 This commitment extends to the Neurology® family of journals. Earlier this year, publication of a humanities piece in Neurology titled “Lucky and the Root Doctor” and the subsequent retraction of the piece brought to light the need for expertise in equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) to be housed in the journal itself. To accomplish this goal, 2 new positions were created on the editorial board of Neurology . As the inaugural Associate Editors for EDI, our goal in this editorial is to introduce ourselves to readers and to explain our role, objectives, and approach.
Is there an increased risk of postoperative oral infections in anticoagulated patients undergoing dental extractions

Objective Postoperative oral infections in anticoagulated patients undergoing dental extractions are a concern for healthcare professionals because perioperative management often requires a multidisciplinary approach. Postoperative bleeding may lead to complications, such as hematoma formation, which can predispose patients to subsequent infection. To date, there is no analysis of large databases assessing the impact of anticoagulation on oral infection rates after dental extractions. Our objective was to explore the relationship between anticoagulation and oral infections in adults who have undergone dental extractions. Study Design The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) years 2001–2013 was queried for adult patients age 19 years and older undergoing dental extractions, based on International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision (ICD-9) procedural codes 23.01, 23.09, 23.11, and 23.19. Anticoagulant therapy was determined by ICD-9 code V58.61. Oral infection was determined by ICD-9 diagnostic code 528.3 (cellulitis and abscess of oral soft tissues). Cases were excluded if patients received antiplatelet therapy (ICD-9 code V58.63). Univariate analysis was conducted with Pearson's χ2 test to determine if there was a relationship between anticoagulant therapy and oral infection. Multivariate analysis was conducted with binary logistic regression. Results were reported as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Significance was defined as P Results A weighted total of 334,822 patients (59.7% males, 40.1% females, 0.2% missing information on gender) were included in this analysis after exclusion criteria were applied. Of all patients included in the study, 2.3% were undergoing anticoagulation therapy, and 10.5% of patients had developed an oral infection. A total of 306 patients (0.09%) were undergoing anticoagulation therapy and had developed oral infections. Pearson's χ2 analysis determined a significant association between anticoagulation and cellulitis and abscess of oral soft tissues. Female patients had an increased likelihood of developing an oral infection (odds ratio [OR] = 1.407). Patients who were undergoing anticoagulation therapy had a decreased risk of developing an oral infection (OR = 0.426). African American, Hispanic, and other non-Caucasians were all less likely to develop infections compared with Caucasian patients (OR = 0.936, 0.890, 0.827, respectively). Conclusions After accounting for race, gender, and ethnicity, it was determined that anticoagulation was negatively correlated with risk of oral infection compared with patients not undergoing anticoagulation therapy and had dental extractions. Limitations include lack of information regarding the nature of the oral infection with regard to granularity, restrictions on inpatient data, lack of information on the specificity of the anticoagulant, and unclear timeline between dental extractions and development of infection. Future studies should investigate this association in a prospective manner to establish a more definitive relationship.
Chapter 39 – Blood Vessels

Principles of tissue engineering are now being applied in the induction and development of microvascular networks as well as vessel conduits, including the in vitro and in vivo biologic modification of synthetic vascular grafts and the generation of tissue-engineered blood vessels. Yet 100 years since the development of vascular anastomoses, small diameter vascular grafts continue to encounter significant translational barriers to widespread clinical application. Here we discuss the current limitations of clinical application and ways which bioengineering approaches can be utilized to improve clinical applicability and drive future work that may avoid or address current limitations in blood vessel creation, augmentation, or substitution.
The Potential Advantages Of Utilizing Venacular Language In Early Education In Papua As A Bridge To The Indonesian National Educational System

This paper discusses the potential advantages of using vernacular language instruction to address the high drop out rates of indigenous elementary students in Highlands Papua, Indonesia. The effect of challenges created by differences between local culture and the culture presented in the national Indonesian educational system is discussed. David Kolb’s Experiential Learning theory is discussed as a method that can improve student outcomes by encouraging early comprehension through linguistically and culturally relevant experiences. Successful bilingual primary education programs in various countries are discussed. Examples are presented that illustrate the importance and advantages of foreigners acknowledging local language and culture while amongst the Papua people. This paper proposes steps that the Indonesian government, especially the local jurisdiction of Papua province’s governance, can take to utilize vernacular language to address the achievement gap of indigenous elementary students in Highlands Papua.
The reptilian perspective on vertebrate immunity: 10 years of progress.

ABSTRACT Ten years ago, ‘Understanding the vertebrate immune system: insights from the reptilian perspective’ was published. At the time, our understanding of the reptilian immune system lagged behind that of birds, mammals, fish and amphibians. Since then, great progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms of reptilian immunity. Here, I review recent discoveries associated with the recognition of pathogens, effector mechanisms and memory responses in reptiles. Moreover, I put forward key questions to drive the next 10 years of research, including how reptiles are able to balance robust innate mechanisms with avoiding self-damage, how B cells and antibodies are used in immune defense and whether innate mechanisms can display the hallmarks of memory. Finally, I briefly discuss the links between our mechanistic understanding of the reptilian immune system and the field of eco-immunology. Overall, the field of reptile immunology is poised to contribute greatly to our understanding of vertebrate immunity in the next 10 years.
Plasmid acquisition alters vancomycin susceptibility in Clostridioides difficile.

The increasing incidence of primary and recurring Clostridioides difficile infections (CDI), which evade current treatment strategies, reflects the changing biology of C difficile. Here, we describe a putative plasmid-mediated mechanism potentially driving decreased sensitivity of C difficile to vancomycin treatment. We identified a broad host range transferable plasmid in a C difficile strain associated with lack of adequate response to vancomycin treatment. The transfer of this plasmid to a vancomycin-susceptible C difficile isolate decreased its susceptibility to vancomycin in vitro and resulted in more severe disease in a humanized mouse model. Our findings suggest plasmid acquisition in the gastrointestinal tract to be a possible mechanism underlying vancomycin treatment failure in patients with CDI, but further work is needed to characterize the mechanism by which plasmid genes determine vancomycin susceptibility in C difficile.
Patient perspective on safety of elective gastrointestinal endoscopy during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Patients' perception regarding the risks of COVID-19 infection with gastrointestinal (GI) and the preventive measures taken in GI endoscopy units to mitigate infection risk remains unclear. We aimed to assess patients' perception regarding risks of COVID-19 with GI endoscopy and the changes in the endoscopy unit as a result of the ongoing pandemic. Methods: Outpatients undergoing GI endoscopy at our institution were categorized into those scheduled to undergo GI endoscopy (pre-procedure) and those who had recently undergone GI endoscopy during the pandemic (post-procedure). Two separate but similar survey instruments were designed. Patients were asked to respond on a 5-point Likert scale. Responses were stratified as 'low', 'neutral' and 'high' for analysis. Results: A total of 150 and 355 respondents completed the pre-procedure and post-procedure surveys, with a combined response rate of 82.5%. Non-white ethnicity was associated with reporting a 'high' level of concern for endoscopy related COVID-19 exposure in both the pre-procedure (OR 4.09, 95% CI 1.54-10.82) and post-procedure cohorts (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.04-4.29). 42% of patients in the pre-procedure cohort and 11.8% in the post-procedure cohort reported their level of concern for COVID exposure as 'high'. Among the post-procedure cohort, 88% of the patients were likely to undergo repeat endoscopy during the pandemic if recommended. Conclusion: Patients are willing to undergo GI endoscopy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Non-white and older patients, and those undergoing screening examinations were more concerned with the GI endoscopy related COVID-19 transmission risk.
Multiparameter Stability Analysis of Systems with Induction Motor Loads, Weak Interconnections and Series Compensation

Dynamic modeling and stability domain analysis of a system consisting of a synchronous generator supplying an induction motor load through a series compensated weak network has been carried out in this paper. The impact of X=R ratio of the feeder and generation control system parameters on the stability domain with respect to series compensation has been examined through eigenvalue calculations and time domain simulations. From the studies conducted, it was observed that the stability domain of the system with respect to series compensation depends on the grid strength in addition to the excitation system parameters. Eigenvalue analysis shows that there is a strong correlation between the exciter gain, time constants of the measurement transducer and exciter, and the series compensation level. The main contribution of this work is to reveal new bifurcations which arise in these systems which has been studied through eigenvalue analysis and time domain simulations for various combinations of system parameters.
Comparison of two systems for the video head impulse test (vHIT) for the lateral semicircular canal: description of results from normal and pathological subjects.

ABSTRACT Background: The video head impulse test (vHIT) is a recent technique for functional evaluation of semicircular canals (SSCs). The vHIT examines eye movements at high frequencies of stimulation and provides an objective assessment of the functioning of the high-frequency domain of the vestibular system. Objective: To describe the results from vHIT performed using two systems. Methods: All subjects were evaluated through an audiological and otoneurological battery of tests and were diagnosed as normal or abnormal by an otorhinolaryngologist. The results from two systems: 1. ICS Impulse (Otometrics/Natus, Denmark) and 2. EyeSeeCam (InterAcoustics, Denmark) were recorded. The same operator delivered every impulse to every subject. The head impulses were performed while the operator was standing behind the subject, using both hands on the top of the subject’s head, well away from the goggles strap and forehead skin. Two calibrations were completed in each system, prior to beginning the test. Results: Test parameters were recorded through both systems for healthy subjects with no history or complaint of any vestibular disorder (N = 12; M/F = 5/7; age 35.1 ± 13.5 y) and for pathological subjects with a diagnosis of unilateral or bilateral vestibular disorder (N = 15; M/F = 7/8; age 53.4 ± 16.7 y). Conclusions: The vHIT is an important tool for otoneurological complementary evaluation. Both systems are reliable for vestibular disorders. The EyeSeeCam seems to reject fewer data and provides more information to include in diagnostics. Because of the small sample, there is a need for further in-depth comparison of both systems.
The Impact and Management of Listening-Related Fatigue in Children with Hearing Loss

There is mounting evidence to support the premise that children with hearing loss (CHL) are at increased risk for listening-related fatigue and its associated sequelae. This article provides an overview of the construct of listening-related fatigue in CHL, its importance, possible academic and psychosocial consequences, and recommendations for the identification and management of fatigue associated with pediatric hearing loss.
Autopsy Validation of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy-Predominant Speech/Language Disorder Criteria.

Background Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) may present as a speech/language disorder (PSP-SL). Objective We assessed pathological correlates of patients with PSP-SL who retained the suggestive of PSP-SL (s.o. PSP-SL) diagnosis versus those who progressed to possible/probable (poss./prob.) PSP. Methods Thirty-four prospectively recruited patient with s.o. PSP-SL completed comprehensive speech/language and neurological assessments longitudinally, died, and underwent autopsy. Results Twelve patients (35%) evolved to poss./prob PSP, while 22 (65%) remained as s.o. PSP-SL. Pathological diagnoses differed across the groups (P = 0.025). Patients with s.o. PSP-SL had four different neuropathologies (corticobasal degeneration [59%], PSP [13%], Pick's disease [14%], and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 [14%]), while all patients with poss./prob. PSP had a 4R-tauopathy (PSP [67%] and corticobasal degeneration [33%]). Development of poss./prob. PSP increased the chance of having PSP pathology by 2.38 times. Conclusions PSP-SL is associated with heterogenous pathologies. Evolution of PSP-SL into poss./prob. PSP is more predictive of underlying PSP pathology than s.o. PSP-SL. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
She-Wolf: The Story of a Roman Icon

Since antiquity, the she-wolf has served as the potent symbol of Rome. For more than two thousand years, the legendary animal that rescued Romulus and Remus has been the subject of historical and political accounts, literary treatments in poetry and prose, and visual representations in every medium. In She-Wolf: The Story of a Roman Icon, Cristina Mazzoni examines the evolution of the she-wolf as a symbol in western history, art, and literature, from antiquity to contemporary times. Used, for example, as an icon of Roman imperial power, papal authority, and the distance between the present and the past, the she-wolf has also served as an allegory for greed, good politics, excessive female sexuality, and, most recently, modern, multi-cultural Rome. Mazzoni engagingly analyzes the various role guises of the she-wolf over time in the first comprehensive study in any language on this subject.
Microbiological Tests Performed During the Design of the International Space Station ECLSS: Part 1, Bulk Phase Water and Wastewater

This slide presentation summarizes the studies performed to assess the bulk phase microbial community during the Space Station Water Recover Tests (WRT) from 1990-1998. These tests show that it is possible to recycle water from different sources including urine, and produce water that can exceed the quality of municpally produced tap water.
Library of Congress Classification for Judaica: Recent Changes (1995-1996)

This column covers the additions and changes to the Library of Congress Classification made from January 1995 to December 1996 that are relevant to Judaica libraries. Most of the changes come under classes BM (Judaism), BS (Bible), DS (History of Asia), and PJ (Oriental philology and literature). Of major significance are the following changes: (1) Class number BM198 (Hasidism. Hasidim) received a detailed breakdown, the greatest benefit of which is that it allows librarians to classify together works about individual Hasidic sects, as well as works about Hasidism in individual regions and countries. (2) The breakdown for the Holocaust under class number 0804 was expanded to introduce such subtopics as collective and individual biography, special groups of Jewish and non-Jewish victims, rescue efforts and biographies of righteous gentiles. The new breakdown also established separate decimal subdivisions for works of Holocaust denial literature and works on the phenomenon of Holocaust denial.
Geometric Computing over Uncertain Data

Geometric structures such as the convex hull, Delaunay triangulation, or minimum spanning tree (MST) are fundamental tools for reasoning about multidimensional data. What happens to these structures when the underlying data points are known with only partial certainty? For instance, what is the expected cost of the MST of a set of points, each known to be alive with some probability? Or, in a set of uncertain points, how likely is it that the closest pair is within distance L? This talk explores the effects of data uncertainty on the complexity of basic geometric problems.
LYSIS AND DISSOLUTION OF CELLS AND ENVELOPES OF AN EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC BACTERIUM

Kushner, D. J. (National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada). Lysis and dissolution of cells and envelopes of an extremely halophilic bacterium. J. Bacteriol. 87:1147-1156. 1964.-Envelopes of the extremely halophilic bacterium, Halobacterium cutirubrum, disintegrate in the absence of salt to form much smaller particles. Extensive proteolytic breakdown to compounds of low molecular weight is not involved in this process or in the lysis of cells in the absence of salt. NaCl is much more effective than KCl or NH(4)Cl in preserving the integrity of intact cells, but is only slightly more effective in preserving the integrity of mechanically prepared envelopes, of cells made permeable by treatment with acid, and of cells made permeable by formalin fixation followed by exposure to water. MgCl(2) is much more effective in preserving the integrity of these preparations than of intact cells. The results suggest that the exterior cell surface has sites specifically requiring Na(+) to maintain their integrity, whereas the interior surface has sites whose integrity is maintained at least as well by K(+) or NH(4) (+) as by Na(+).
Antiferromagnetism in Sr2CuO2Cl2.

Magnetic-susceptibility \ensuremath{\chi}(T) and neutron-diffraction studies on single-crystal specimens of ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ are reported. A three-dimensional antiferromagnetic structure similar to that in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ is identified below the N\'eel temperature ${T}_{N}$=251\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 K by neutron diffraction, with an ordered moment \ensuremath{\mu}(10 K)=0.34\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$/Cu aligned along the [110] crystal direction. This moment is comparable to those for ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ samples with similar ${T}_{N}$. No structural transition from the tetragonal I4/mmm space group is observed between 10 and 300 K. The \ensuremath{\chi}(T) near ${T}_{N}$ is consistent with the tetragonal structure, showing no evidence for the peak at ${T}_{N}$ seen in orthorhombic ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$, arising from the Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya interaction, which is absent without the orthorhombic distortion. Above ${T}_{N}$ the exchange coupling constant J between adjacent Cu ions is evaluated from \ensuremath{\chi}(T) and found to be essentially identical to that in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$. The anisotropic Cu spin and Van Vleck susceptibilities are also estimated from the analysis.