cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is restraint a form of abuse

vol 17 no 6 July 2005 Paediatric Nursing 41 Physical restraint of children is commonly used in clinical settings to successfully carry out therapeutic or diagnostic procedures. Mayton (1991) defines restraint as ‘direct restriction through mechanical means or personal physical force of the limbs, head or body of a recipient’. It is also described as ‘the positive application of force with the intention of overpowering the child’ (Department of Health 1993): by definition restraint is applied without the child’s consent. Restraint can be distinguished from holding by the degree of force required and the intention (RCN 2003). Holding is defined as immobilisation by using techniques such as splinting or by using limited force; with the child’s permission holding is a method of helping the child, for example, through a painful procedure (RCN 2003). This article considers the potential for restraint to be a form of abuse, drawing on relevant professional guidance and legislation to explore whether nurses’ assumptions that restraint is a necessary intervention can be justified. A decision-making algorithm is presented to inform the process of supporting the child and family through clinical procedures that may require restraint.
One-Step Synthesis and Densification of Bulk YBa2Cu4O8/Ni Composite Superconductors

The fabrication of bulk YBa2Cu307-x/metal composite superconductors is not easy because of the oxygen-temperature dependence of the YBa2Cu307-x phase (the socalled 123 phase). A loss of oxygen occurs during consolidation of these composites at high temperature and it is almost impossible to diffuse oxygen through the metallic envelope into the densified compound to restore the required oxygen content for superconductivity above 77K. To overcome this drawback, a one-step synthesis and consolidation process was used to produce YBa2Cu4O8/ nickel composites. The superconductive 124 phase has a more stable oxygen stoichiometry [1] and is synthesized under a high oxygen pressure at high temperature.
Quantity of nonmaternal care and boys' problem behavior/adjustment at ages 3 and 5: exploring the mediating role of parenting.

To examine the effects of quantity of nonmaternal care across the first 3 and 5 years of life on problem behavior and affective-cognitive indices of adjustment, and to test the hypotheses that parenting mediates effects of nonmaternal care, 120 working- and middle-class, two-parent Caucasian families rearing firstborn sons were studied. More time in nonmaternal care across the first 3 and 5 years predicted more mother-reported externalizing problems when children were ages 3 and 5 (and somewhat more father-reported externalizing problems at age 5), as well as more negative mothering and less positive fathering during the toddler years. Effects of nonmaternal care on externalizing problems became insignificant once observed parenting was controlled, thereby providing evidence of the mediational effects of parenting. More time in nonmaternal care across the first 5 years predicted more negative adjustment on a composite lab-based measure of affective-cognitive functioning at age 5 (e.g., attributional bias, social problem solving, preference for negative story plots), and this effect was only modestly attenuated upon controlling for parenting. Results are discussed in terms of related research and the current context of child care in America.
l(1)pole hole is required maternally for pattern formation in the terminal regions of the embryo

Maternal expression of the l(1)pole hole (l(1)ph) gene product is required for the development of the Drosophila embryo. When maternal l(1)ph+ activity is absent, alterations in the embryonic fate map occur as visualized by the expression of segmentation genes fushitarazu and engrailed. If both maternal and zygotic activity is absent, embryos degenerate around 7 h of development. If only maternal activity is missing, embryos complete embryogenesis and show deletions of both anterior and posterior structures. Anteriorly, structures originating from labral and acron head regions are missing. Posteriorly, abdominal segments A8, 9 and 10, the telson and the proctodeum are missing. Similar pattern deletions are observed in embryos derived from the terminal class of female sterile mutations. Thus, the maternal l(1)ph+ gene product is required for the establishment of cell identities at the anterior and posterior poles of the Drosophila embryo.
Feed intake, digestion and digesta characteristics of cattle fed Bermudagrass or orchardgrass alone or with ground barley or corn.

Feed intake, digestion and digesta characteristics of cattle fed bermudagrass (BG) or orchardgrass (OG) alone or with supplemental ground corn or barley were determined in two 6 x 6 latin squares with 2 x 3 factorial treatment arrangements. In Exp. 1, beef cows (Hereford, Angus and Hereford-Angus; 452 kg) cannulated in the rumen and duodenum were fed BG (7.9% CP, 79% NDF and 8.7% ADL) or OG (9.8% CP, 79% NDF and 7.2% ADL) hays at 1.2% of BW per day either alone or with added ground barley (.64% BW) or ground corn (.60% BW daily). The increase in microbial OM flow with corn was greater for OG than for BG; corn elevated microbial OM flow more than did barley with OG but less than with BG (forage type x grain source interaction; P less than .10). The increase in total tract OM digestion with grain was greater for BG than for OG (supplementation effect and forage type x supplementation interaction; P less than 05). In Exp. 2, Holstein steers (228 kg) were fed BG and OG hays ad libitum either alone or with addition of either 1.07% of BW per day of barley or 1.00% BW of corn. Total DM intake was 2.19, 3.03 and 2.82% BW for BG and 2.14, 2.80 and 2.52% BW for OG alone or with barley or corn supplements, respectively, being affected by forage type, grain supplementation, grain type and a forage type x grain supplementation interaction (P less than .05). Organic matter digested daily (g/d) was higher for OG than for BG, higher with than without grain and higher for barley than for corn (P less than .05).
Calculation of the Refractive Index of Compound Semiconductors below the Band Gap

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the calculation of the refractive index of compound semiconductors below the band gap. The interaction of the radiation field with the free carriers and bound electrons in a compound semiconductor is described in terms of a complex dielectric constant. The chapter further illustrates the calculation of the real part of the complex refractive index from the quantum-density-matrix formulation of the complex dielectric constant as well as the result for the refractive index in terms of measurable material parameters. The refractive index is a function of frequency and of carrier concentration. The chapter also highlights a change in the part of the refractive index and reviews the quantum-density-matrix formulation of the complex dielectric constant. This process considers a system consisting of a number of dynamically independent electrons; a scattering system taken to be optical-mode phonons, acoustical-mode phonons, or charged impurities; and an equilibrium radiation field. Then a perturbing field is applied.
Carbyne Fiber Synthesis within Evaporating Metallic Liquid Carbon

Carbyne (e.g., linear chains of sp-bonded carbon) has been the subject of intense research focus due to its presence in astrophysical bodies, as well as its potential for use as a nanoelectronic device and superhard material. In this work, we discuss the formation of carbyne fiber bundles over a nanosecond time scale in laser pulse melting studies, using a previously determined density functional tight binding model for carbon coupled with a new correction for the dispersion energy. We determine our dispersion energy model by optimizing a modified Lennard-Jones potential to an experimentally determined equation of state for graphite, yielding excellent results for the bulk modulus and density under ambient conditions. We then simulate previous experiments by heating graphite to high temperature, followed by expanding the ensuing liquid phase to low density. Our results indicate that the initial, hot liquid phase mainly consists of sp2-bonded carbon atoms, which form a system of sp-bonded strands bound tog...
Local Group Ultra-Faint Dwarf Galaxies in the Reionization Era

Motivated by the stellar fossil record of Local Group (LG) dwarf galaxies, we show that the star-forming ancestors of the faintest ultra-faint dwarf galaxies (UFDs; ${\rm M}_{\rm V}$ $\sim -2$ or ${\rm M}_{\star}$ $\sim 10^{2}$ at $z=0$) had ultra-violet (UV) luminosities of ${\rm M}_{\rm UV}$ $\sim -3$ to $-6$ during reionization ($z\sim6-10$). The existence of such faint galaxies has substantial implications for early epochs of galaxy formation and reionization. If the faint-end slopes of the UV luminosity functions (UVLFs) during reionization are steep ($\alpha\lesssim-2$) to ${\rm M}_{\rm UV}$ $\sim -3$, then: (i) the ancestors of UFDs produced $>50$% of UV flux from galaxies; (ii) galaxies can maintain reionization with escape fractions that are $>$2 times lower than currently-adopted values; (iii) direct HST and JWST observations may detect only $\sim10-50$% of the UV light from galaxies; (iv) the cosmic star formation history increases by $\gtrsim4-6$ at $z\gtrsim6$. Significant flux from UFDs, and resultant tensions with LG dwarf galaxy counts, are reduced if the high-redshift UVLF turns over. Independent of the UVLF shape, the existence of a large population of UFDs requires a non-zero luminosity function to ${\rm M}_{\rm UV}$ $\sim -3$ during reionization.
Strategic Use of Social Media for Stakeholder Engagement in Startup Companies in China

ABSTRACTThis study examined the strategic use of social media for stakeholder engagement in startup companies in China. Guided by the theoretical framework of stakeholder engagement, in-depth inter...
Under what conditions does intergroup contact improve intergroup harmony

This chapter is about Elliot Aronson and also about Gordon Allport, both of whom I met in the fall of 1959 when I became a new graduate student in Harvard’s Department of Social Relations. Elliot would surely have been my PhD advisor had he not moved to Minnesota in 1962. That was when Gordon Allport took pity on me because not only Elliot but everyone else with whom I had worked during my first few years at Harvard had departed to other academic pastures. My starting motivation for PhD training was to avoid being drafted into the U.S. Army. America was not then at war, but the Cold War fueled an active military draft. By national policy, student deferments were used to encourage men toward socially useful careers. If there had been a draft deferment for aspiring bebop trumpet players, I would not now be writing this chapter. (What, I wonder, would have been the societal and scientific effect if there had been a draft for women, who would then have sought the deferment shelter of graduate schools at a rate similar to men?) Harvard’s Social Relations Department reflected an interdisciplinary spirit that took similar form at several other universities, combining sociology, social anthropology, social psychology, and clinical psychology. (That combination existed as a Harvard department from 1946 until the early 1970s, at which time the partnering disciplines gave up
Quantification of flow and retention of oil in compressor discharge pipe

This paper presents a new method to measure the oil retention and oil circulation ratio (OCR) in the compressor discharge pipe based on oil film thickness, oil film average velocity, oil droplet size, oil droplet velocity, and system mass flow rate. Oil flow parameters are quantified based on visualization using high-speed camera and video processing techniques. The estimated oil retention and oil circulation ratio results are compared quantitatively with the results from sampling measurements under different compressor speed and compressor types. The agreement between video results and sampling measurements verify the accuracy of this innovative method, which can also be applied in other annular-mist flow analysis. It also shows that most of the oil exists in film by mass while oil droplets contributes more to the oil mass flow rate because oil droplets travel in a much higher speed.
The Role of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidases in Lung Architecture Remodeling

Chronic lung disorders, such as pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and neonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), are characterized by airway and/or vascular remodeling. Despite differences in the pathology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been highlighted as a critical contributor to the initiation and development of airway and vascular remodeling. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (Nox) appear to play a pivotal role in lung signaling, leading to marked changes in pulmonary airway and vascular cell phenotypes, including proliferation, hypertrophy and apoptosis. In this review, we summarized the current literature regarding the role of Nox in the airway and vascular remodeling.
Buffer Management in Active, Real-Time Database Systems

Active, real-time database systems (ARTDBs) have attracted the attention of researchers in recent times. Such systems are envisioned as control systems for environments as diverse as process control, network management and automated financial trading. Sensors distributed throughout the system report the state of the system to the database. Unacceptable state reports typically results in corrective actions being triggered with deadlines. Thus ARTDBs incorporate both real-time as well as active characteristics. In this paper we study buffer management in ARTDBs and propose some principles that should govern such policies. Buffer management is recognized as not being a well studied area in active, real-time systems. As a result of our work, we postulate a new buffer management scheme that relies on two strategies: prefetching and priority-based buffer allocation and replacement. Subsequently, we report the result of studies of the performance of our proposed policy.
Guilt Assuming Hypotheticals: Basic Character Evidence Rules

The accused in a criminal case has the right to offer evidence of a pertinent character trait in order to cast doubt on whether he or she would commit the crime charged by the government. This right gives the accused an opportunity to offer predisposition evidence that is otherwise generally inadmissible. Calling a character witness is not without risk, however. The principal risk is that the witness may be cross-examined about specific acts that are inconsistent with the character to which the witness attests. This article discusses Michelson v. United States, and United States v. Pirani, the latter which reminds us that a federal defendant has the option of calling a character witness to testify as to reputation, opinion, or both; a witness called as a reputation witness may end up offering opinion testimony by volunteering support for the defendant; and guilt assuming questions are now perceived by many courts to be inconsistent with the presumption of innocence.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of L-703,014, a Potent Fibrinogen Receptor Antagonist, After Intravenous and Oral Administration in the Dog

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of L-703,014, a fibrinogen receptor antagonist, have been examined in the dog. An analytical method which utilizes methanol precipitation of dog plasma proteins followed by HPLC with an automated column switching technique using the chemical analogue L-704,326 as internal standard was developed for the determination of L-703,014 in dog plasma. The compound was not metabolized in the dog and was eliminated in the kidneys and into bile. Of the administered dose, 68.9 ± 1.3% (i.v.) and 80.5 ± 11.9% (p.o.) were recovered in the feces; 20.3 ± 3% (i.v.) and 2.2 ± 0.2% (p.o.) were recovered in the urine by 72 hr. L-703,014 was 23 ± 3.4% bound in dog plasma protein and the mean ratio of plasma/whole blood was 1.22 ± 0.05. The mean terminal half-life was 118 ± 36 min, the mean steady-state volume of distribution was 0.61 ± 0.22 L/kg, and the mean plasma clearance was 8 ± 2 mL/min/kg. Ex vivo platelet aggregation measurements were made by inducing platelet aggregation with 10 µg/ mL collagen in the presence of 1 µM epinephrine as an agonist. The mean C 50 was 44.4 ± 6.0 ng/mL, and the mean Hill coefficient was 1.5 ± 0.3. The mean bioavailability was 4.9 ± 1.4% in dogs administered 2.0 mg/kg (p.o.).
SELECTING REPRESENTATIVE POINTS IN NORMAL POPULATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the selection of representative points in normal populations. The representation of a continuous random variable by several discrete points occurs often in applied probability problems. Quantization is the term applied to this procedure. For the one-dimensional normal random variable situation, the univariate normal is quantized in an optimal manner. Maximizing the correlation is equivalent to minimizing mean square error. The nonoptimality of the symmetric quantizer is a feature of an odd number of points. The chapter discusses some special cases of two- and three-dimensional random variables.
Asymmetric Interest Rate Pass-Through from Monetary Policy: The Role of Bank Regulation

When the monetary policy rate increases, banks increase loan rates fairly quickly and by roughly the same amount. However, when the policy rate falls, bank loan rates adjust more slowly and not completely. I develop a model with which I show that this asymmetry in interest rate pass-through can be explained by the presence of capital and liquidity requirements imposed on banks by regulators. If the capital or liquidity constraints are binding, the shadow values of capital and liquidity are positive, which results in higher bank loan rates relative to the monetary policy rate. When the central bank lowers its policy rate, the critical values at which the constraints become binding are lowered, effectively tightening the regulatory requirements. This makes it more likely that banks become constrained, and hence reduce pass-through. Empirical evidence from United States bank holding companies over 2001Q1-2012Q1 corroborates the model predictions that (i) more banks are capital constrained during falling rate periods than rising rate periods; (ii) constrained banks adjust loan rates less relative to the federal funds rate, and (iii) constrained banks increase loan rates more after a drop in their capital ratios, relative to unconstrained banks.
Two-phase displacement dynamics in capillaries-nanofluid reduces the frictional coefficient.

Abstract Surfactant solutions containing polymeric nanoparticles have been shown to have an improved wetting and spreading on solid surfaces. In this work, we explored the effect of the polymeric nanoparticles on the frictional coefficient at the three-phase contact region by studying polymeric nanofluids displacing oil in capillaries. Our results show polymeric nanoparticles can reduce the frictional coefficient by as much as four times by forming structured layers in the confined wedge film. We also demonstrate the role of the interfacial tension in affecting the frictional coefficient.
Copper-Mediated Aminoquinoline-Directed Radiofluorination of Aromatic C−H Bonds with K18F

A Cu-mediated ortho-C-H radiofluorination of aromatic carboxylic acids that are protected as 8-aminoquinoline benzamides is described. The method uses K18 F and is compatible with a wide range of functional groups. The reaction is showcased in the high specific activity automated synthesis of the RARβ2 agonist [18 F]AC261066.
Big Data at the Service of Universities: Towards a Change in the Organizational Structure and the Decision-Making Processes

If the information is at the heart of economic intelligence and institutional power, the data are the essential elements to build knowledge for a decision making that might seem to be optimal in view of the opportunities and knowledge available at a given time. Today, with the explosion of mass data which are characterized by their diversity, their nature and their connections to other objects, Business Intelligence shows its limits. In a context where business competitiveness depends on the use of technology for processing the data to facilitate decision making, Big Data seems to be the right solution. Nowadays, the variety of data sources and the need for fast and real-time processing demand new methods of data storage and analysis. Big Data is a (R) evolution of technologies and decision-support approaches. It precisely allows refining the understanding of the situation and improving decision efficiency through prediction. The adoption of Big Data has profound implications in institutions. It is the organizational structure that is called into question, calling not only for new decision-making approaches but also and especially for new profiles. In the same context, there is a growing interest among institutions of higher education in taking advantage of Big Data to improve student performance, while reducing administrative work load. Higher educational institutions can benchmark their student, professor and curriculum performance against like universities, offering yet new insight into the potential for improvement. Through a qualitative study conducted in 6 universities, we will show how the adoption of Big Data will transform the organizational structure and the decision-making processes within the universities of Lebanon.
The accuracy of young adult cannabis users' perceptions of friends' cannabis and alcohol use.

Abstract Objective Understanding the complex influence of peers on young adult substance use is an important component of intervention research and is challenging methodologically. The false consensus theory suggests that individuals falsely attribute their own substance use behaviors onto others, producing biased data. Methods We tested this theory with 39 young adults who had a cannabis use disorder and a mean age of 20. Participants (egos) recruited three of their close friends (alters). Egos reported their past 30-day cannabis and alcohol use and their perceptions of alters' use. Alters also reported their actual past 30-day cannabis and alcohol use. Results Results demonstrated that egos were very accurate in their perceptions of the frequency of alters' cannabis (ρ = 0.82, p Conclusions Results provide evidence that the false consensus theory may be limited when applied to young adults with cannabis use disorder within a close-friend research framework. The results support the hypothesis that young adults are very accurate in their perceptions of the frequency of close friends' substance use and that these perceptions are independent of egos' own use. These findings support the continued use of ego-centric reported close peer substance use for understanding peer effects.
Abstract 3731: A novel heat shock protein 90-targeted photosensitizer (HS-201) enables enhanced tumor-specific photodynamic therapy of inflammatory breast cancers

Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective local anti-cancer modality applied for the treatment of early stage disease and palliation of advanced disease, and could be used in managing inflammatory breast cancer (IBC). Although PDT can be focused by limiting the area of near infrared (nIR) light exposure, normal tissue injury due to the photosensitizer (PS) uptake by non-tumor tissues remains a barrier to broader applicability. We reported that selective delivery of a compound to malignant cells by exploiting their heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) activity could be used for imaging breast cancers. This work was extended by the development of an Hsp90 targeted PS (HS201), in which a well characterized PS, verteporfin (VP), has been chemically tethered to a small molecule Hsp90 inhibitor and assessed the tumor-specificity and antitumor efficacy of HS201-based PDT (HS201-PDT). Methods & Results: HS201 was taken up by human breast cancer cell lines, including IBC in vitro more readily than VP, resulting in increased tumor killing in vitro after exposure to a laser with a 690 nm wavelength. The in vivo selectively of HS201 uptake in tumor tissue was confirmed in both human breast cancer xenograft models and spontaneous tumors from HER2-transgenic mice. HS201 accumulation in the tumor was dramatically enhanced after the first laser exposure due to the feed forward increase in Hsp90 expression in the treated tumor cells, and thus a repeated laser exposure was conducted to enhance antitumor effects. This strategy enhanced antitumor effects, as MDA-MB-231 tumors implanted into SCID-beige mice responded to HS201-PDT but not to VP-PDT. Human xenograft breast cancer cell lines, including the IBC cell lines SUM149 and KPL-4, as well as non-IBC cell line BT474M1 and the patient-derived breast cancer xenograft HCI-013, were also tested in SCID-beige mice and demonstrated significantly suppressed tumor growth by HS201-PDT. Conclusions: HS201 showed selective uptake and longer retention by tumor cells, including IBC, especially when the tumors were exposed to local laser treatment. Due to the advantage of this feed-forward control of HS201 distribution, HS201-PDT demonstrated superior anti-tumor effects compared to VP-PDT against various human breast cancer xenografts in mice. These results suggest that HS201-PDT may be used in managing IBC, and may have an important role in anti-cancer therapy. Citation Format: Kensuke Kaneko, Takuya Osada, Philip F. Hughes, Timothy A. Haystead, Michael A. Morse, Herbert K. Lyerly. A novel heat shock protein 90-targeted photosensitizer (HS-201) enables enhanced tumor-specific photodynamic therapy of inflammatory breast cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3731.
Linking forest management to moose population trends: The role of the nutritional landscape

Forested lands in the western USA have undergone changes in management and condition that are resulting in a shift towards climax vegetation. These changes can influence the quality and quantity of forage for herbivores that rely on early-seral plants. To evaluate how management of forested landscapes might affect nutrition for Shiras moose (A. a. shirasi) at large spatial scales, we focused on shrubs and evaluated summer diet composition, forage availability, and forage quality across 21 population management units encompassing >36,000 km2 in northern Idaho, USA. We identified 17 shrub species in the diets of moose, 11 of which comprised the bulk of the diets. These forage shrubs varied markedly in both energy (mean digestible energy for leaves ranged from 9.62 to 12.89 kJ/g) and protein (mean digestible protein for leaves ranged from 1.73 to 7.90%). By adapting established field sampling methods and integrating recent advances in remote sensing analyses in a modeling framework, we predicted approximations of current and past (i.e., 1984) quantities of forage shrubs across northern Idaho. We also created a qualitative index of population trend for moose across population management units using harvest data. Predicted quantities of forage shrubs varied widely across the study area with generally higher values at more northern latitudes. The quantity of forage shrubs was estimated to have declined over the past 30 years in about half of the population management units, with the greatest declines predicted for high-energy forage species. The population trend index was correlated with the percent change in availability of moderate-energy forage shrubs, indicating that availability of forage shrubs and change in availability over time might be affecting population dynamics for moose in northern Idaho. Our study highlights the importance of assessing how changes in forest management across broad spatiotemporal extents could affect wildlife and their habitats.
Long-term Embolic Outcomes after Detection of Left Ventricular Thrombus by Late Gadolinium Enhancement Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Matched Cohort Study

Background: Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is more sensitive than echocardiography for the detection of intracardiac thrombus because of its uniqu...
Neo-Kantianism as hermeneutics? Heinrich Rickert on psychology, historical method, and understanding

This paper explores the Baden Neo-Kantian attempt to integrate hermeneutic ‘understanding’ (Verstehen) into the formal philosophy of the historical sciences. It focuses primarily on Heinrich Ricker...
grabseqs: simple downloading of reads and metadata from multiple next-generation sequencing data repositories

Summary High-throughput sequencing is a powerful technique for addressing biological questions. Grabseqs streamlines access to publicly available metagenomic data by providing a single, easy-to-use interface to download data and metadata from multiple repositories, including the Sequence Read Archive, the Metagenomics Rapid Annotation through Subsystems Technology server and iMicrobe. Users can download data and metadata in a standardized format from any number of samples or projects from a given repository with a single grabseqs command. Availability and implementation Grabseqs is an open-source tool implemented in Python and licensed under the MIT license. The source code is freely available at https://github.com/louiejtaylor/grabseqs, the Python Package Index and Anaconda Cloud repository. Contact bushman@pennmedicine.upenn.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Course of action modeling and visualization in augmented space

An increasingly congested and contested space environment, coupled with a rapid rate of growth in data from space systems, has challenged mission operations centers with the difficult task of accurately making sense of the space environment. While automated systems process and optimize massive amounts of data, operators also need the ability to intuitively understand how their systems are impacted from a changing landscape. The analysis and comparison of courses of action (COA) for space mission planning are historically performed with tools that do not convey a clear shared common operating picture (COP) of possible scenarios and their implications, thus not effectively communicating the intent and planning guidance to accomplish an assigned mission. Modeling and simulation efforts are accomplished using a particular set of tools and the results are then transcribed to presentation views with limited fidelity. A better shared understanding of the COP can be achieved by collaborating in the development and analysis of COAs and visualizing the impacts and risks associated with potential COAs. Emerging augmented reality (AR) technologies offer the ability for multiple people to simultaneously visualize and interact with virtual constructs and information in a collaborative virtual environment (CVE). To facilitate effective COA analysis and wargaming, operational decision makers and space situational awareness (SSA) analysts can benefit from having a capability that allows them to collaboratively build, visualize and interact with space mission resource models in AR.
Controlled synthesis and characterization of NaYF4:Yb/Er upconverting nanoparticles produced by laser ablation in liquid

Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) composed of NaYF4 and doped with photoactive Yb3+ and Er3+ (NaYF4:Yb/Er) are highly desirable for many biological applications, but obtaining stable dispersions of UCNPs is challenging. Traditional synthetic methods often use complicated synthetic steps, produce toxic side products, and require post modifications to make UCNPs more dispersible in aqueous solutions. In this study, we demonstrate that laser ablation in liquid (LAL) is a novel approach to synthesize water-dispersible and -stable UCNPs with advantages of particle-size tuning, in situ coating of UCNPs with capping agents, no use of toxic or high boiling point solvents, and short reaction times. NaYF4:Yb/Er UCNPs were produced through LAL of annealed targets using water as the liquid, and their compositions and properties were investigated at a laser fluence of 0.57 J cm−2–6.22 J cm−2 by direct capping with citric acid and ethylene glycol and by comparing with the UCNPs prepared from the traditional hydrothermal method. Low laser fluences produced polydisperse particles consisting of no photoactive species through a thermal evaporation mechanism, while high laser fluences generated UCNPs with more uniform morphologies and compositions similar to the target material by an explosive ejection mechanism. The inclusion of capping agents during LAL allowed for direct coating of the UCNP surface without the need of post modifications, and the concentrations of capping agents affected the UCNP photoluminescence lifetimes. As compared to the hydrothermal method, the LAL-prepared samples showed better size control and no degradation of the capping agents.
Relationship between bio-effects and energy transduction during nanoparticle-mediated photoporation

When a system comprised of cells, carbon black nanoparticles, and delivery molecules is irradiated with a laser beam, the nanoparticles can absorb and dissipate the laser-delivered energy, producing thermal and acoustic output and fluid mechanical forces. These can then interact with the nearby cell membrane, forming membrane pores that exogenous molecules can diffuse through and access the cytosol. This process, “nanoparticle-mediated photoporation,” can cause bio-effects like intracellular delivery of molecules and, at more extreme conditions, loss of cell viability. Through this work, we found that carbon black and carbon nanotubes generated greater bio-effects compared to graphite, diamond, or non-carbon materials, probably due to their more efficient laser energy absorption. Examining the dependence of bio-effects on energy absorption parameters like total energy absorbed, energy absorbed per nanoparticle, and energy absorbed per nanoparticle mass produced poor correlations. However, the correlation of bio-effects was much better with energy transduction parameters more closely related to the energy form transferred to cells like peak temperature, size, and number of vapor bubbles generated by the nanoparticles heated by the laser. A power-law relationship involving these three parameters indicated that peak nanoparticle temperature was the strongest determinant of bio-effects followed by bubble number and radius. This study provides a better understanding of the roles of energy absorption and transduction parameters on bio-effects during nanoparticle-mediated photoporation and facilitates the design of photoporation parameters that achieve desired bio-effects.
High-Grade Spinal Hemangioma: A National Cancer Database Analysis.

Background Spinal hemangiomas are common primary tumors of the vertebrae. Although these tumors are most frequently benign and asymptomatic, they can rarely exhibit aggressive growth and invasion into neighboring structures. Treatment for these aggressive variants is controversial, often involving surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiotherapy. This study sought to investigate current trends affecting overall survival (OS) using the National Cancer Database (NCDB) and to formulate treatment recommendations. Methods The National Cancer Database was queried for spinal hemangiomas between 2004 and 2016. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to perform multivariate regression analysis of survival. Survival curves for comparative visualization of demographic and treatment factors were generated using a semiparametric Cox approach. Results A cohort of 102 patients with histologically confirmed spinal hemangiomas was identified in the database. Mean OS was 1.94 years. Administered treatments included partial surgical resection (n = 17), radical resection (n = 14), chemotherapy (n = 34), and radiotherapy (n = 56). Multivariate analysis revealed associations between decreased OS and advanced age (>65 years) and presence of metastasis. Cox survival analysis further revealed improved OS in patients who received surgical treatment and higher radiation dose. Conclusions This retrospective analysis finding that treatment with surgical resection and/or radiotherapy is associated with increased OS constitutes the largest cohort of patients with aggressive vertebral hemangiomas to date. Given that the mean OS of the study cohort was 1.94 years, our findings suggest that the optimal treatment regimen to maximize survival should consist of early surgical resection with adjuvant high-dose radiotherapy.
Multistate Density Function Theory and the Construction of Diabatic and Adiabatic Potential Energy Surfaces

A multistate density function theory( MSDFT) based on valence bond theory was introduced. As an application,the MSDFT method was illustrated by the bond dissociation of H2 and the proton transfer between HNO3 and a water molecule. In the dissociation of H2,the MSDFT method yields a correct behavior as the two H atoms stretch to infinity,and gives a potential well in accord with second-order perturbation using complete active space( CASPT2). For the proton transfer process of HNO3,MSDFT can be used to yield both diabatic and adiabatic potential energy curves as a function of the proton transfer reaction coordinate. For the reaction barrier height,the inclusion of an ionic state in a three-state model can significantly improve the accuracy in barrier height in comparison with the high-level results.
A Sneak Peak at CSALE 2019-20: Clinical Law Faculty and Their Courses

This essay discusses preliminary results from the Center for the Study of Applied Legal Education’s 2019-20 tri-annual survey of clinical legal education. The CSALE Master Survey was completed in fall 2019 by over 94% of law schools and provides information on law clinic and externship program policies, courses, and faculty, noting changes since the last CSALE survey in 2016-17. The paper analyzes trends in the substantive focus of clinics and externships and student demand for those courses. It also reports on the employment status of clinical instructors and on school policies on paid externships and the new ABA experiential training requirement.
Validity of FFQ Estimates of Total Sugars, Added Sugars, Sucrose and Fructose Compared to Repeated 24-h Recalls in Adventist Health Study-2 Participants

Sugar intake is a potentially important aspect of diet which has not previously been validated in the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2). We sought to validate the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) measurement of total sugars, added sugars, sucrose, and fructose against multiple 24-h dietary recalls (recalls) in AHS-2 participants. Food consumption data from a self-administered FFQ and six recalls from 904 participants were combined with nutrient profile data to estimate daily sugar intake. Validity was evaluated among all participants and by race. FFQ and recall means were compared and correlation coefficients (Spearman’s, energy-adjusted log-transformed Pearson’s, deattenuated Pearson’s) were calculated. Mean total energy, total sugars, and fructose intake were higher in the FFQ, whereas added sugars and sucrose were higher in recalls. The energy-adjusted (log-transformed) deattenuated correlations among all participants were: total sugars (r = 0.42, 95% CI 0.32–0.52), added sugars (r = 0.50, 95% CI 0.36–0.59), sucrose (r = 0.32, 95% CI 0.23–0.42), and fructose (r = 0.50, 95% CI 0.40–0.59). We observed moderate validity for added sugars and fructose and low-moderate validity for total sugars and sucrose measured by the AHS-2 FFQ in this population. Dietary sugar estimates from this FFQ may be useful in assessing possible associations of sugars intake with health outcomes.
Paul the Apostle: His Life and Legacy in their Roman Context

This book is a controversial new biography of the apostle Paul that argues for his inclusion in the pantheon of key figures of classical antiquity, along with the likes of Socrates, Alexander the Great, Cleopatra and Augustus. It first provides a critical reassessment of the apostle's life in its historical context that focuses on Paul's discourse of authority, which was both representative of its Roman context and provocative to his rivals within Roman society. It then considers the legend that developed around Paul as the history of his life was elaborated and embellished by later interpreters, creating legends that characterized the apostle variously as a model citizen, an imperial hero, a sexual role model, an object of derision and someone to quote from. It is precisely this rewriting of Paul's history into legend that makes the apostle a key transformative figure of classical antiquity.
Shape Resonances and Rotationally Predissociating Levels: The Atomic Collision Time‐Delay Functions and Quasibound Level Properties of H2(X 1Σg+)

The energy dependence of the collisional time‐delay function has been computed for H(1S) atoms interacting via the ab initio H2(X 1Σg+) potential. Peaks in this function determine the scattering resonance energies Er and widths Γ, and the lifetimes for each of the corresponding quasibound vibrational–rotational levels. Small differences are found between these Er and Γ, and the values obtained by a “maximum internal amplitude” approach (intended to characterize the spectroscopically observable predissociating levels). Approximate procedures for rapid, accurate numerical evaluation of Er are appraised; a new outer‐boundary‐condition criterion for resonances leads to the best agreement with the exact results. Also, a primitive WKB procedure yields Γ's of usable accuracy. For ground‐state H2, HD, and D2 the onset of line broadening due to centrifugal barrier penetration is found to occur at energies some hundreds of cm−1 below the locus of barrier maxima. The predissociation method of estimating long‐range i...
The Best Things in Life

I. Once upon a time there were two children, a brother and a sister. They were advanced for their ages and agreed to leave childhood behind. So they took off down the garden path and soon entered a wood. They were smart and knew how to catch birds and trap squirrels and mice and other small animals. They ate some and built cages for the others. When the sister gathered mushrooms and wild berries, she'd feed them to the animals to see if they were poisonous. Then she and her brother ate what was good. The brother preferred to stay by the stream, where he perfected the fish-catching mechanism he'd conceived while gazing at the sky.
Analog and Digital Computing

It is clear that digital signal processing is growing in importance, fulfilling functions that were once carried out exclusively by analog means. At the same time the analog point of view, as represented by neural networks and adaptive control is also developing in new directions. Prompted by these considerations, this paper attempts to put into perspective recent work on analog computing. Some basic definitions are proposed and used to classify some examples from the literature.
Dancing with Science, Ideology, and Technique

In the introduction to articles on any biological treatment for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), one is typically accosted with the assertion that no effective therapy exists for the condi...
Recognizing Women's Worth: The Human Rights Argument for Ending Prostitution in India

In Indian Feminisms: Law, Patriarchies and Violence in India, Geetanjali Gangoli recounts how the Indian feminist movement, identifiable for its uniquely Indian concepts of womanhood and equal rights, has been effective in promoting equality for women. Gangoli attributes this success to the fact that Indian feminists have influenced legislation and dialogue within the country, while also recognizing the reality of intense divides among castes and religions. This book review examines the vague nature of Indian law in regard to prostitution, a topic that has been the source of extensive feminist debate. India should fully outlaw the practice of prostitution in order to protect the fundamental human rights of women. This ban must phase out prostitution and its related activities by providing education and commensurable profit-earning alternatives to women.
Postural orientation : Age-related changes in variability and time-to-boundary

The relation between age-specific postural instability and the detection of stability boundaries was examined. Balance control was investigated under different visual conditions (eyes open/closed) and postural orientations (forward/backward lean) while standing on a force platform. Dependent variables included center of pressure variability and the time-to-contact of the center of pressure with the stability boundaries around the feet (i.e., time-to-boundary). While leaning maximally, older individuals (ages 55-69) showed increased center of pressure variability compared to no lean, while younger subjects (ages 24-38) showed a decrease. These significant differences were found only in anterior-posterior direction. No significant age-specific differences were found between eyes open and eyes closed conditions. Time-to-boundary analysis revealed reduced spatio-temporal stability margins in older individuals in both anterior-posterior and medio-lateral directions. Time-to-boundary variability, however, was not significantly different between the groups in both medio-lateral and anterior-posterior direction. These results show the importance of boundary relevant center of pressure measures in the study of postural control, especially concerning the lateral instability often observed in older adults.
A neurofibromatosis-1-regulated pathway is required for learning in Drosophila

The tumour-suppressor gene Neurofibromatosis 1 (Nf1) encodes a Ras-specific GTPase activating protein (Ras-GAP)1,2,3,4,5. In addition to being involved in tumour formation6,7, NF1 has been reported to cause learning defects in humans8,9,10 and Nf1 knockout mice11. However, it remains to be determined whether the observed learning defect is secondary to abnormal development. The Drosophila NF1 protein is highly conserved, showing 60% identity of its 2,803 amino acids with human NF1 (ref. 12). Previous studies have suggested that Drosophila NF1 acts not only as a Ras-GAP but also as a possible regulator of the cAMP pathway that involves the rutabaga (rut)-encoded adenylyl cyclase13. Because rut was isolated as a learning and short-term memory mutant14,15, we have pursued the hypothesis that NF1 may affect learning through its control of the Rut-adenylyl cyclase/cAMP pathway. Here we show that NF1 affects learning and short-term memory independently of its developmental effects. We show that G-protein-activated adenylyl cyclase activity consists of NF1-independent and NF1-dependent components, and that the mechanism of the NF1-dependent activation of the Rut-adenylyl cyclase pathway is essential for mediating Drosophila learning and memory.
Race conditions: a case study

Since detecting race conditions in a multithreaded or multiprocess program is an NP-complete problem, there is no efficient algorithm that can help detect race conditions in a program. As such, there are no easy-to-use pedagogical tools. Most operating systems and concurrent programming textbooks only provide a formal definition and some trivial examples. This is insufficient for students to learn how to detect race conditions. This paper attempts to fill this gap by presenting a set of well-organized examples, each of which contains one or more race conditions, for instructors to use in the classroom. This set of materials has been classroom tested for two years and the student's reaction has been very positive.
What keeps sandcastles standing

Any child playing on the beach knows that the physical properties of wet and dry sand are very different. Wet sand can be used to build sharp-featured sandcastles that would be unstable in dry sand. We have now quantified the effect of adding small quantities of liquid to a granular medium. Nanometre-scale layers of liquid on millimetre-scale grains dramatically increase the repose angle (the steepest stable slope that the substance can form) and allow the development of long-range correlations, or clumps.