cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mastectomy with or without immediate implant reconstruction has similar 30-day perioperative outcomes

Summary Background Immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) using implants remains a favorable reconstructive option in breast cancer. Understanding the added risk associated with IBR continues to enhance the risk counseling process and management of these patients. Methods Women undergoing mastectomy alone and mastectomy with tissue expander (TE) were identified in the ACS-NSQIP datasets. Specific complications examined included any, wound, medical complications, and deep infections. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify predictors of outcomes, and propensity-matching was used to compare cohorts. Results A total of 42,823 patients who underwent either mastectomy alone ( N = 30,440) or mastectomy with immediate TE placement ( N = 12,383) were identified. Notable independently associated perioperative differences between mastectomy and TE patients included: race ( P P P P P P P P P P P = 0.855), medical (1.7% vs. 1.6%, P = 0.751), or overall (9.6% vs. 10.0%, P = 0.430) complications. TE placement was associated with higher rates of deep wound infections (2.0% vs. 1.0%, P P = 0.025). Additionally, the rate of 30-day device loss was 0.8% in patients receiving reconstruction. Multivariate conditional (fixed-effects) logistic regression analysis failed to demonstrate significantly associated independent risk of wound, medical, or overall complications with the addition of TE. Conclusions Undergoing IBR with TE placement does not confer added risk of wound, medical, or overall morbidity relative to mastectomy alone based upon propensity-matched 30-day complication rates in 15,238 patients from the 2005–2011 ACS-NSQIP datasets. These findings further confirm the safety profile of prosthetic-based IBR. Level of evidence : Prognostic/risk category, level II.
ORGANIZATION OF THE SENSORY HAIRS IN THE GRAVITY RECEPTORS IN UTRICULE AND SACCULE OF THE SQUIRREL MONKEY.

The structural organization of the sensory hairs of the gravity receptors is mainly characterized by the presence of one kinocilium and 40–110 stereocilia on each sensory cell. The spatial arrangement of the kinocilia in relation to the stereocilia presents a polarization, similar to that in the sensory epithelia of the cristae. This polarization, however, is not uniform in the maculae. The direction of polarization varies between groups of several hundred sensory cells. Within one group the sensory cells are all polarized in the same main direction and these groups are considered as functional units.
Epidemiology of Down syndrome

Down syndrome (DS) is the most commonly identified genetic form of mental retardation and the leading cause of specific birth defects and medical conditions. Traditional epidemiological studies to determine the prevalence, cause, and clinical significance of the syndrome have been conducted over the last 100 years. DS has been estimated to occur in � 1 in 732 infants in the United States, although there is some evidence that variability in prevalence of estimates exist among racial/ethnic groups. Progress has been made in characterizing the specific types of chromosome errors that lead to DS and in identifying associated factors that increase the risk of chromosome 21 malsegregation, i.e., advanced maternal age and recombination. Studies to examine the variability of the presence of specific DS-associated birth defects and medical conditions provide evidence for genetic and environmental modifiers. Here, we provide a brief survey of studies that address the current state of the field and suggest gaps in research that can soon be filled with new multidisciplinary approaches and technological advances. '2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2007;13:221–227.
Peripheral and central stimulus detection in auditory pathways of monkeys

Abstract Monkeys were trained in an auditory signal detection paradigm to detect increments in noise intensity. The task was analogous to the yes-no detection task in that two responses were predicated on the occurrence of the intensity increment, and the behavior was analyzed with respect to sensitivity and response bias. Central processing of peripheral stimulus information was investigated by examining stimulus evoked potentials at inferior colliculus and by conditioning or replacing the peripheral stimulus with central electrical stimulation at the inferior colliculus or auditory cortex. Evoked potentials at the colliculus reflected increment presentation but did not predict responses. Central conditioning stimuli of long duration resulted in sensitivity decrements indicating some interference with information processing at colliculus and cortex as well as producing some change in bias. Discrete, 5 msec conditioning pulses led to pure bias changes under appropriate timing conditions suggesting additive interaction of central and peripheral stimulus information. Receiver operating characteristics were generated with collicular and cortical stimuli serving as the signal indicating that such stimulation affects memory as does peripheral stimulation. Stimulation at parietal and occipital lobes proved ineffective for conditioning or replacing peripheral stimuli. Implications for serial versus parallel processing are discussed.
Why should a clinician care about the molecular biology of transport

This review outlines the progress made over the last few years in three chosen areas of intestinal ion transport. In the field of intestinal secretion, research on the secretion of bicarbonate by pancreatic ducts and duodenal epithelia in cystic fibrosis revealed the crucial role of chloride channel (CFTR) in the control of activity of other transporters involved in bicarbonate secretion. In the area of intestinal absorption, studies on the regulation and physiologic roles of epithelial Na+/H+ exchangers confirmed the suspected involvement of recycling in the acute regulation of NHE3 activity and resulted in formulation of new concepts for the roles of NHE3 and NHE2 in the gastrointestinal tract. Finally, the recent discovery of the first known viral enterotoxin revolutionized our understanding of pathomechanisms of secretory diarrhea during viral infections in humans. All of these findings are discussed in the context of their utility to the practicing gastroenterologist.
A systematic study of instrumental parameters affecting electron capture negative ion mass spectra

The problem of reproducing electron capture negative ion mass spectra has been addressed by studying parameters that affect negative ion abundance on a Hewlett Packard 5985B mass spectrometer. Parameters affecting negative ion formation in the ion source, such as ion source temperature, pressure, sample concentration and electron energy, were studied in conjunction with the effect of lenses used to extract and transmit ions to the quadruples. From these experiments, it was found that, in addition to ion source temperature, the ion focus potential has the most dramatic effect on the abundance of molecular ions relative to fragment ions like Cl−. With proper control, it was found that the relative abundance of ions from decafluorotriphenylphosphine could be reproduced over a period of one year.
Putting the Public Back in Public Health: An Argument for the Articulation of Fatality Reviews and Coroners’ Inquests

Fatality reviews are part of the public health arsenal to mortality prevention. As such they rely on medico-legal practitioners’ participation. Yet medico-legal practice in the United States is still divided between the scientific approach of medical examiners systems and the political approach of coroners systems. I argue that this is related to the public’s reluctance to let go of its jurisdiction over death as a social fact. I posit that attempts at systematizing coroners’ inquests, as in Washington State, illustrate such resistance, yet could be conceived as a compromise between the political and the scientific, benefiting public health and the goal of fatality reviews.
WRYamide, a NPY-based tripeptide that antagonizes feeding in rats.

Modifications of (D-Trp32) neuropeptide Y (NPY) led to the development of potential peptide-based lower molecular weight (500-800 Da) NPY feeding antagonists. One compound, WRYamide (N-Ac-Trp-Arg-Tyr-NH2), blocked NPY-induced feeding for 1 to 4 h when injected intrahypothalamically (i.h.t.) at 1 to 40 microgram. Schedule-induced feeding was also antagonized for up to 24 h by 20 microgram of WRYamide, i.h.t. Injection of 2.5 mg/kg (1 mg/rat) of WRYamide, i.v., also reduced significantly schedule-induced feeding for 4 h. A conditioned taste aversion could not be classically conditioned to saccharin using WRYamide as the unconditioned stimulus. These results may lead to the development of systemically active anti-obesity drugs.
Computation of airfoil buffet boundaries

The ILLIAC IV computer has been programmed with an implicit, finite-difference code for solving the thin layer compressible Navier-Stokes equation. Results presented for the case of the buffet boundaries of a conventional and a supercritical airfoil section at high Reynolds numbers are found to be in agreement with experimentally determined buffet boundaries, especially at the higher freestream Mach numbers and lower lift coefficients where the onset of unsteady flows is associated with shock wave-induced boundary layer separation.
Receptor-dependent growth inhibition of human pancreatic cancer by 9-cis retinoic acid☆

Pancreatic cancer continues to be a lethal disease and ranks as the fifth major cause of cancer death with a 2-year survival rate of only 8%. Although significant progress has been made in the surgical management of this malignancy, there have been only minimal advances in adjuvant therapy. Based on the lack of effective adjuvant or primary therapy for these patients, we tested the effects of various retinoids (all-trans, 9-cis, and 13-cis retinoic acids) on the growth of several human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Four human pancreatic cancer cell lines, designated PANC-1, ASPC, BxPc, and HPAF, were studied. Three types of retinoic acid were added to subconfluent monolayers of the different cancer cell lines over a range of concentrations (1 to 20 μmol/L). Effects on cell growth were determined daily over 96 hours by a cell proliferation assay (MTT). Nuclear receptor (RAR/RXR) transcript and protein were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses. Three (PANC-1, ASPC, and BxPc) pancreatic cancer cell lines responded in a dose-dependent fashion with a significant decrease in cell growth at clinically relevant concentrations of 9-cis retinoic acid (7.5 to 10 μmol/L). All-trans and 13-cis retinoic acid did not affect cell growth in the four pancreatic tumors.
Difficulties in definition of equine osteochondrosis; differentiation of developmental and acquired lesions

Summary This paper reviews most of the important clinical syndromes currently considered as examples of articular osteochondroses based on the belief that they arise from a primary lesion in the articular cartilage that produces failure in endochondral ossification. Arguments are made why a number of syndromes are not osteochondroses. Because morphological lesions resembling osteochondrosis can be produced at osteochondral junctions from primary disorders centred in the growth cartilages (dyschondroplasia) or in the capillary bed that replaces the cartilage model during endochondral ossification, the definition of osteochondrosis in horses needs to be reexamined. Because the morphology of an individual lesion of osteochondrosis provides little insight into its fundamental cause, this paper suggests that the pattern of skeletal distribution of the lesions in affected individuals may help distinguish between foals with the idiopathic (constitutional defects in the cartilage model) and acquired forms of osteochondrosis. In foals with acquired osteochondrosis when the cause of the defect in endochondral ossification is known, the cause of the disorder should be included in naming the clinical syndrome, e.g. traumatic osteochondrosis or zinc-induced osteochondrosis. The search for the key to the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis in horses can only begin after the fundamental mechanisms causing perturbations of endochondral ossification are better understood.
Molecular dynamics study of screening at ionic surfaces.

Molecular dynamics simulations of NaCl fluid are used to understand the behavior of ionic fluid to screen the field generated by charges on the ionic crystal surfaces in absence of any external electric field. The NaCl fluid in the strongly coupled regime (corresponding to the melt) in contact with the charged octopolar (111) NaCl surface shows that the spatial correlations decay in an oscillatory manner, with a screening length λQ given by the envelope of the damped oscillations. By contrast to the Debye-Huckel theory, in the strongly coupled regime, λQ increases with increasing coupling strength (also seen in bulk ionic simulations). The NaCl fluid confined between neutral (100) NaCl surfaces also shows weak oscillatory charge decay near the surface. Similar oscillatory exponential decay was seen when the NaCl fluid was confined between two analytically smooth neutral walls. The origin of these oscillations was due to the difference in ion sizes. NaCl fluid confined between neutral octopolar (110) and d...
Prompting asthma intervention in Rochester-uniting parents and providers (PAIR-UP): a randomized trial.

Importance A disproportionate number of impoverished and minority children have asthma and receive suboptimal preventive care. Objective To evaluate whether the Prompting Asthma Intervention in Rochester–Uniting Parents and Providers (PAIR-UP) intervention, administered in primary care offices, improves the delivery of preventive care and reduces morbidity for urban children with asthma. Design, Setting, and Participants Cluster randomized trial in which 12 urban primary care practices were matched based on size and type and randomly allocated to the PAIR-UP intervention or usual care (UC). We enrolled 638 children aged 2 to 12 years with persistent or poorly controlled asthma in the waiting room prior to a visit with a clinician for any reason from October 2009 to January 2013. Blinded interviewers called caregivers within 2 weeks to inquire about preventive measures taken at the visit and called them 2 and 6 months later to assess symptoms. Interventions Children enrolled at PAIR-UP practices received prompts for the caregiver and clinician at the time of the visit that outlined the child’s asthma severity or control as well as specific guideline-based recommendations to enhance preventive care. These practices also received educational resources and periodic feedback on their asthma care performance. The UC practices received copies of the asthma guidelines. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was symptom-free days (SFDs) per 2 weeks at the 2-month follow-up. Results We enrolled 638 children (participation rate of 80%; 36% were black, 36% were Hispanic, and 68% had Medicaid insurance). Groups were similar in demographic characteristics and asthma severity at baseline. At the index visit, more children in the PAIR-UP group received a preventive medication action (new medication, increased dose, recommendation to restart preventive medication) than in the UC group (58% vs 33%; odds ratio [OR] = 2.8; 95% CI, 1.9 to 3.9). More children in the PAIR-UP group than in the UC group received an asthma action plan (61% vs 23%; OR = 8.3; 95% CI, 3.7 to 18.7), discussions regarding asthma (93% vs 78%; OR = 4.5; 95% CI, 2.8 to 7.2), and secondhand smoke counseling (80% vs 63%; OR = 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 5.5). At the 2-month follow-up, children in the PAIR-UP group had more SFDs per 2 weeks than those in the UC group (mean difference, 0.78 days; 95% CI, 0.29 to 1.27). At 6 months, the improvement in SFDs was no longer statistically significant (mean difference, 0.56; 95% CI, −0.14 to 1.25). Conclusions and Relevance The PAIR-UP intervention improved the delivery of preventive asthma care and reduced asthma morbidity for high-risk urban children with persistent asthma at 2 months, but the improvement in SFDs was no longer significant at 6 months. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01105754
M-THEORY REALIZATION OF A AN N = 1 SUPERSYMMETRIC CHIRAL GAUGE THEORY IN FOUR DIMENSIONS

Abstract We study the M5-brane configuration of the chiral gauge theory whose type IIA brane configuration with an orientifold 6-plane (06) is studied by various authors. Much of thepaper is devoted to studying the related M-theory picture of SO / Sp gauge theory with fundamental flavors realized in a type IIA setup with the 06-plane. The Higgs branch of N = 2 SO / Sp gauge theory is studied and the curve corresponding to the rotated brane configuration is presented. In the chiral gauge theory, the middle NS′5-brane on top of the 06-plane is realized as a detached rational curve in M-theory. Depending on the location of the rational curve in the x 7 direction, the same curve plus the rational curve can be interpreted as describing the Coulomb branch of SU (2 N c ) chiral gauge theory, SO (2 N c )/ Sp ( N c ) gauge theory with N f /( N f +4 ) fundamental hypermultiplets. Various consistency checks for this proposal are made. By introducing two more rational curves corresponding to NS′5-branes one can produce a non-trivial fixed point which mediates chiral-non-chiral transition.
Molecular cloning of mouse pancreatic islet R-cadherin: differential expression in endocrine and exocrine tissue.

A search for novel pancreatic islet cadherins was undertaken using the polymerase chain reaction with mouse beta TC3 cell line cDNA and degenerate primers based on conserved C-terminal sequences in neural (N), epithelial, and placental cadherin (CAD). A hitherto uncharacterized rodent sequence was detected which was then cloned from a mouse insulinoma cDNA library and shown to be the mouse equivalent of chicken retina CAD (R-CAD). The similarity of the mouse and chicken sequences was remarkable (eight nonconservative changes in the 747 amino acids of the mature protein sequence; 95% overall identity), indicating strong conservation of function. Mouse R-CAD was also closely homologous to N-CAD (72% identity), including those regions of N-CAD implicated in the cadherin-cadherin interaction and Ca2+ binding. In vitro translation of the cDNA indicated that mouse R-CAD enters the secretory pathway and undergoes posttranslational glycosylation and proteolytic cleavage. R-CAD mRNA was distributed widely in mouse...
Sociolinguistics: The implications of a sociological approach in examining the counseling relationship

Abstract This article discusses basic concepts of sociolinguistics and considers their relationship to the counseling process. Essentially, it suggests that interviewing be examined in the light of (1) language as a cultural phenomenon and (2) the interactions between individuals and society. When reconceptualized in this way, counseling can benefit from the systematic knowledge of a related field and counselors will be helped to communicate more competently.
Local area network implementation of Petri Net reachability analysis

Abstract The parallelization of systems can result in faster and more efficient operation. Local Area Networks (LANs) are gaining importance for implementing parallel computers because of the availability and experience on the IBM PC. According to the Wall Street Journal May 23, 1990 in the article ‘PC networks begin to oust mainframes in some companies’, the IBM PS/2 LAN is touted as working as a “very small mainframe”, and their inexpensive yet reliable software is noted. One possible LAN utilization is as a parallel computer system for certain problems. The Petri Net is a graph model with the ability to depict concurrency and parallelism, the ability to describe a system at various levels of abstraction, and can show control elements using tokens. In this paper, we utilize the LAN to compute the parallel portions of the Petri net reachability tree.
Biochemical Composition of the Connective Tissue in Keloids and Analysis of Collagen Metabolism in Keloid Fibroblast Cultures

Keloids are histologically characterized by an abundance of the extracellular matrix of connective tissue. In the present study, we examined the connective tissue composition of keloids, and analyzed the details of collagen metabolism utilizing fibroblast cultures established from keloid tissue. Quantitative connective tissue analyses indicated that collagen was the predominant extracellular matrix component in keloids. The ratio of genetically distinct collagens type I/III was significantly increased, as compared to normal human skin. Collagen biosynthesis was measured in fibroblast cultures by the formation of radioactive hydroxyproline: 5 of 9 keloid cell cultures studied demonstrated increased procollagen production in comparison to age-, sex-, and passage-matched control skin fibroblast lines, while the remaining 4 cell lines were within the control range. Keloid fibroblast cultures which were high collagen producers also demonstrated elevated prolyl hydroxylase activity. The mechanisms of increased procollagen production in fibroblast cultures were first examined by assaying the abundance of type I procollagen-specific mRNA utilizing dot blot hybridizations with a proα2(I)-chain-specific cDNA. The type I procollagen mRNA levels were significantly increased in 4 keloid fibroblast lines, and a good correlation between the mRNA levels and the rate of procollagen production in the same cultures was noted. These observations suggest regulation of the collagen gene expression on the transcriptional level. The catabolic pathway of collagen metabolism in fibroblast cultures was examined by determining the degradation of newly synthesized procollagen polypeptides through assay of radioactive hydroxyproline in small-molecular-weight peptide fragments. In 3 keloid cell cultures, the degradation of newly synthesized collagen polypeptides was below the range of normal controls. These findings suggest that a reduced degradation of newly synthesized polypeptides might contribute to the accumulation of procollagen in some keloid fibroblast cultures. The results of this study suggest two possible mechanisms for deposition of collagen in keloid lesions in vivo: first, the growth of the lesions may result from a localized loss of control of the extracellular matrix production by fibroblasts; secondly, reduced degradation of the newly synthesized procollagen polypeptides may contribute to collagen deposition in some keloids.
A Graphical Technique for Retrieving Size Distribution Parameters from Multiple Measurements: Visualization and Error Analysis

Abstract A graphical method is presented for using a set of multiple measurements to retrieve size distribution parameters for multisized scatterers/absorbers suspended in a propagation medium. It permits one to visualize fundamental limitations of the measurement set and to quantify the effects of measurement errors on the accuracy of the retrievals. Multiple wavelength optical measurements of stratospheric aerosols illustrate that wide wavelength spacing and low measurement errors are required to retrieve lognormal size distribution parameters using either backscatter or extinction and that retrieval accuracy likely will not be high in practice.
Soil degradative effects of slope length and tillage methods on alfisols in Western Nigeria. I. Runoff, erosion and crop response

Field runoff plots were established in 1984 to evaluate the effects of slope length on runoff, soil erosion and crop yields on newly cleared land for four consecutive years (1984–1987) on an Alfisol at Ibadan, Nigeria. The experimental treatments involved six slope lengths (60 m to 10 m at 10-m increments) and two tillage methods (plough-based conventional tillage and a herbicide-based no-till method) of seedbed preparation. A uniform crop rotation of maize (Zea mays)/cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) was adopted for all four years. An uncropped and ploughed plot of 25 m length was used as a control. The water runoff from the conventional tillage treatment was not significantly affected by slope length, but runoff from the no-till treatment significantly increased with a decrease in slope length. The average runoff from the no-till treatment was 1·85 per cent of rainfall for 60 m, 2·25 per cent for 40 m, 2·95 per cent for 30 m, 4·7 per cent for 20 m and 5·15 per cent for 10 m slope length. In contrast to runoff, soil erosion in the conventional tillage treatment decreased significantly with a decrease in slope length. For conventional tillage, the average soil erosion was 9·59 Mg ha−1 for 60 m, 9·88 Mg ha−1 for 50 m, 6·84 Mg ha−1 for 40 m, 5·69 Mg ha−1 for 30 m, 1·27 Mg ha−1 for 20 m and 2·19 Mg ha−1 for 10 m slope length. Because the no-till method was extremely effective in reducing soil erosion, there were no definite trends in erosion with regard to slope length. The average sediment load (erosion:runoff ratio) also decreased with a decrease in slope length from 66·3 kg ha−1 mm−1 for 60 m to 36·3 kg ha−1 mm−1 for 10 m slope length. The mean C factor (ratio of soil erosion from cropped land to uncropped control) also decreased with a decrease in slope length. Similarly, the erosion:crop yield ratio decreased with a decrease in slope length, and the relative decrease was more drastic in conventional tillage than in the no-till treatment. The slope length (L) and erosion relationship fits a polynomial function (Y=c+aL+bL2). Formulae are proposed for computing the optimum terrace spacing in relation to slope gradient and tillage method. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hemodynamic effects of an oral dopamine receptor agonist (fenoldopam) in patients with congestive heart failure

Dopamine receptor stimulation causes vascular and neurohumoral responses that may be beneficial in patients with heart failure. Oral inactivity, emesis and adrenergic-induced arrhythmias have limited the use of currently available compounds. Fenoldopam (SKF-82526-J) is a new, orally available, selective, dopamine-receptor agonist with potent renal vasodilating properties (six times that of dopamine) without positive inotropic or adrenergic activity. Drug efficacy was clinically evaluated in 10 patients with heart failure after single oral doses of placebo and 50, 100 and 200 mg of medication. Placebo produced no changes. Peak efficacy was noted 30 minutes to 1 hour after the 200 mg dose with mean blood pressure decreasing from 96 ± 15 (mean ± SD) to 83 ± 8 mm Hg (p 0.05). No emesis or new tachycardia was noted at any dose. Basefine hemodynamics generally returned within 3 to 4 hours. Fenoldopam, therefore, is a short-acting, orally effective drug that decreases systemic vascular resistance and increases cardiac index in patients with heart failure and represents a new class of oral compounds that may be useful in treating such patients.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the management of cardiac failure secondary to myocarditis

While most patients with viral myocarditis have a relatively uncomplicated clinical course, a small number of patients will present with cardiogenic shock unresponsive to standard medical therapy. We describe the clinical course of three patients who developed profound cardiac failure secondary to a documented viral myocarditis. Each patient was managed using venoarterial (VA) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support using the right common carotid artery/internal jugular vein for cannulation. While undergoing ECMO support, each patient developed elevated left-sided cardiac chamber pressures with resultant pulmonary edema. This was managed by balloon atrial septostomy in two cases and combined blade/balloon atrial septostomy in one case. Excellent decompression of the left heart was achieved in each patient. Two patients were successfully weaned from ECMO and are currently alive, with one demonstrating residual cardiac dysfunction. One patient developed global myocardial necrosis and ultimately died. This small series demonstrates a role for ECMO in the management of cardiac failure due to acute viral myocarditis unresponsive to medical therapy. Our experience also suggests that balloon atrial septostomy may be useful to decompress the left atrium and ventricle of patients with acute myocarditis while on ECMO.
Water Resources and the Urban Environmenta

Approximately two-thirds of the present population live in the urban environment; by the year 2000, it is anticipated that five-sixths of the population will be urban. The trend of metropolitan growth is not the continued growth of major cities, but rather the expansion in population and size of the smaller suburban communities. The urbanization of the country is reflected in the emphasis on comprehensive water resources development – area-wide and basin-wide planning and management. In some areas of intense urban development the problems of water quality control, recreational use of water, and water for cooling and waste transport have become more significant than problems of adequate supplies for withdrawal. A major share of future water resource investigations will necessarily be directed to the urban environment, where geologic and hydrologic data is needed in urban planning. The general pattern associated with community development–the initial use of ground-water resources by individual systems, to the use of a community well and distribution system, and finally the use of surface-water sources far removed from the urban center–has contributed to the development of the “commodity concept’ of water use. By this attitude the water resource is viewed only in terms of its adequacy as a water supply; waste discharge and recreation uses are being ignored or considered a‘ downstream” problem. This concept is particularly inappropriate when applied in the multicommunity complexes of the metropolitan areas where there is little in the way of a “downstream.” Water problems must be dealt with at the metropolitan level rather than at the individual community level; and not by a proliferation of smaller units of government and public agencies that often overlap and duplicate effort. The nature of the metropolitan complex requires that we think in terms of closed systems involving reclamation and reuse rather than in terms of the open system of withdrawal, use and discharge.
Formation of a β1 integrin signaling complex in Schwann cells is independent of rho

Schwann cell adhesion to basal lamina is essential for peripheral nerve development. β1 integrin receptors for extracellular matrix cooperate with other receptors to transmit signals that coordinate cell cycle progression and initiation of differentiation, including myelin-specific gene expression. In Schwann cell/sensory neuron cocultures, β1 integrins complex with focal adhesion kinase (FAK), fyn kinase, paxillin, and schwannomin in response to basal lamina adhesion. To study the assembly of this signaling complex in Schwann cells (SCs), we induced β1 integrin clustering on suspended cells using an immobilized antibody and recovered a complex containing β1 integrin, FAK, paxillin, and schwannomin. In adherent subconfluent cells, the proteins colocalized to filopodia, ruffling membranes and focal contacts. We assessed the role of rhoGTPase in the process of integrin complex assembly by introducing C3 transferase (C3T), a rho inhibitor, into the cells. Although C3T caused dose-dependent morphological abnormalities, FAK, paxillin, and schwannomin were able to coimmunoprecipitate with β1 integrin. Additionally, colocalization of FAK, paxillin, and schwannomin with β1 integrin in filopodia and small focal contacts remained unchanged. We conclude that SCs do not require active rho to recruit signaling and structural proteins to β1 integrins clustered at the plasma membrane. Rho is required to establish large focal adhesions and to spread and stabilize plasma membrane extensions. GLIA 41:94–104, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Three dimensional structure of the mammalian suprachiasmatic nuclei: A comparative study of five species

The suprachiasmatic nuclei from five mammalian species (rat, hamster, cat, rhesus, and squirrel monkey) were reconstructed in three-dimensions by use of computer graphics and conventional histological techniques. The gross nuclear structures of the suprachiasmatic nuclei have complex threedimensional geometries in every plane of orientation, and between the five species there are marked differences in the three-dimensional morphology of the suprachiasmatic nuclei. These dimensionally accurate reconstructions are discussed in relation to previous data suggesting morphological and/or functional specialization within specific regions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei.
Transitioning Active Flow Control to Applications

Active Flow Control Programs at NASA, the U.S. Air Force, and DARPA have been initiated with the goals of obtaining revolutionary advances in aerodynamic performance and maneuvering compared to conventional approaches. These programs envision the use of actuators, sensors, and controllers on applications such as aircraft wings/tails, engine nacelles, internal ducts, nozzles, projectiles, weapons bays, and hydrodynamic vehicles. Anticipated benefits of flow control include reduced weight, part count, and operating cost and reduced fuel burn (and emissions), noise and enhanced safety if the sensors serve a dual role of flow control and health monitoring. To get from the bench-top or laboratory test to adaptive distributed control systems on realistic applications, reliable validated design tools are needed in addition to sub- and large-scale wind-tunnel and flight experiments. This paper will focus on the development of tools for active flow control applications.
Proton pump inhibitor-induced hypocalcemic seizure in a patient with hypoparathyroidism.

ABSTRACT Objective To report a case of proton pump inhibitor-induced hypocalcemic seizure in a patient with hypoparathyroidism. Methods We describe the clinical history, physical examination findings, and laboratory values of the patient and briefly review the relevant literature. Results A 48-year-old woman with a history of postsurgical hypoparathyroidism who was taking calcium carbonate, 1500 mg 3 times daily, and cholecalciferol, 1200 IU daily, presented with a generalized seizure in the setting of hypocalcemia 12 days after initiating therapy with the proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole. Physical examination revealed a positive Chvostek sign. Electrocardiogram was notable for a prolonged QTc interval of 576 milliseconds. Laboratory data were notable for the following values: total serum calcium, 5.3 mg/dL; ionized calcium, 2.51 mg/dL; and intact parathyroid hormone, 5.8 pg/mL. The patient’s condition responded to therapy with intravenous calcium gluconate, oral calcium carbonate, and calcitriol. As an outpatient she remained asymptomatic off lansoprazole, treated with calcium carbonate and calcitriol. Conclusions Caution should be exercised in prescribing proton pump inhibitors to patients with a history of hypoparathyroidism treated with calcium carbonate supplementation because severe hypocalcemia is a potential adverse effect. (Endocr Pract. 2011;17:104-107)
METABOLISM OF N‐METHYLCARBAMATE INSECTICIDES BY MOSQUITO LARVAL ENZYME SYSTEM REQUIRING NADPH2

A mosquito larval enzyme system requiring NADPH2 as cofactor for metabolism of the N-methylcarbamate insecticides propoxur, carbaryl, carbofuran and aldicarb has been demonstrated. Freshly prepared homogenate catalyzes various oxidative reactions involving initial hydroxylation of benzene, naphthalene, and furan rings, hydroxylation of N-methyl group, O-dealkylation, N-dealkylation and thioether oxidation to sulfoxides and sulfones. The reactions are primarily oxidative; however, in certain cases, trace amounts of hydrolysis products are also obtained. Inhibitors of mixed function oxidases and synergists inhibit the metabolism of propoxur. Mosquito larval mixed function oxidases appear to be different from those of other insects, in respect to enzyme stability, presence of endogenous inhibitors, and certain requirements for incubation conditions. Zusammenfassung UMWANDLUNG DER N-METHYLCARBAMAT-INSEKTIZIDE DURCH DAS NADPH2 ERFORDERNDE ENZYMSYSTEM VON MUCKENLARVEN Fur die Umwandlung der N-Methylcarbamat-Insektizide Propoxur, Carbaryl, Carbofuran und Aldicarb wird in Muckenlarven ein NADPH2-benotigendes Enzymsystem nachgewiesen. Frisch hergestellte Homogenate katalysieren verschiedene oxydative Reaktionen wie die Hydroxylie-rung von Benzol, Naphtalin und Furan-Ringen, die Hydroxylierung von N-Methyl-Gruppen, die O-dealkylierung, die N-dealkylierung und Thioather-Oxydation zu Sulfoxyden und Sulfo-nen. Die Reaktionen sind primar oxydativ; jedoch werden in bestimmten Fallen auch Spuren von Hydrolyse-Produkten erhalten. Inhibitoren der Oxydasen gemischter Funktion und Synergisten verhindern den Abbau von Propoxur. Oxydasen gemischter Funktion der Muckenlarven scheinen von denen anderer Insekten im Hinblick auf die Enzym-Stabilitat, die Anwesenheit endogener Inhibitoren und gewisse Anforderungen an die Inkubationsbedingungen verschieden zu sein.
Elementary and middle school students’ analyses of pictorial growth patterns

Abstract Research has suggested the importance of incorporating algebraic thinking early and throughout the K-12 mathematics curriculum. One approach to help children develop algebraic reasoning is through the examination of pictorial growth patterns, which serve as a context for exploring generalization. The purpose of this study was to compare how elementary and middle school students analyze pictorial patterns, with a focus on whether students used figural or numerical reasoning. Task-based interviews were conducted with a second grader, fifth grader, and eighth grader in which they were asked to describe, extend, and generalize two pictorial growth patterns. Using a phenomenographic approach, analyses showed younger students used figural reasoning more than older students, but all students did not exclusively use figural or numerical reasoning. The students’ generalizations included informal notation, descriptive words, and formal notation. The findings suggest that pictorial growth patterns are a promising tool for young students’ development of algebraic thinking.
A new morphologic manifestation of Langerhans cells in guinea pig corneal transplants

Langerhans cells are virtually never seen in the normal undisturbed corneal epithelium. They may be stimulated to migrate into the corneal epithelium by a variety of chemical and mechanical stimulation, including penetrating keratoplasty. We have found a previously undescribed morphologic manifestation of the Langerhans cell in guinea pig eyes undergoing corneal transplantation. These cells are found around the graft, and in high concentration around sutures. They may be a motile form of the typical Langerhans cell or a specialized form which captures or distributes antigen.
Dynamic characterization of step-induced vibrations of x-ray mask membranes

Structural damping experiments on x-ray mask membranes have been conducted at the University of Wisconsin and are reported in this paper. For the experiments, the mask format complied with the ARPA-NIST National X-ray Mask Standard. Effective damping parameters have been measured for a 29 mm X 29 mm X 2 micrometers silicon nitride membrane over a pressure range from 1 mtorr to atmospheric. Viscous effects, squeeze film compressibility and added mass effects have al been assessed. Experiments have also been performed on 20 mm and 13 mm square silicon nitride membranes in order to examine the effect of surface area on structural damping. Results from these experiments will provide valuable data on the damping characteristics of mask membranes, ultimately needed in the dynamic transient modeling of mask structural components.
Bringing in the trash: the cultural ecology of Dada

Commonly misconstrued as a nihilist gesture of defiance and a protest against the self-destructive paroxysm of the First World War, Dada has continuing relevance now as we approach its centenary in 2016. What’s relevant is the cultural ecology central to the art of Kurt Schwitters, Hans Arp, Sophie Taeuber, Hannah Hoch and Max Ernst in particular. These artists largely abstained from the inherited materials and practices of the high art tradition, working instead with the readily available flotsam of industrial civilisation and, in the case of Schwitters, literally bringing trash from the streets into the artwork. I consider the ethics of practices that make do with existing material, repurposing and recycling as a strategic means of breaking the stranglehold of ‘originality’ and uniqueness that continues to offer misleading models of human agency.
Architectural and mechanical properties of the rat adductor longus: Response to weight-lifting training

Background The primary objective of this study was to determine the effects of an 8 week weight-lifting program on the mechanical, histochemical, and architectural properties of the rat adductor longus muscle, a predominantly slow adductor muscle. Methods The weight-lifting program was progressive such that the rats were performing three bouts of ten lifts with 300% body weight load every other day during the last 3 weeks of training. The in situ mechanical properties, fiber type composition, and architectural characteristics of the muscle were determined in control and weight-trained rats. Intramuscular electromyographic recordings were used to verify the recruitment of the adductor longus during the lifting task. Results The adductor longus was composed predominantly of slow fibers (˜80% slow oxidative) and had a relatively simple architectural design, i.e., one motor end-plate band near the center of the muscle, virtually no angle of pinnation of the fibers from the line of pull, and a fiber length:muscle length ratio of 0.72. The mean fiber type composition and fiber size, the total fiber number, and the mean physiological cross-sectional area of the adductor longus were similar in the two groups of rats. The mean body weight of weight-lifting rats was significantly less than control. The weight of the adductor longus relative to body weight and its fatigue resistance were higher and the maximum rate of shortening was slower in weight-lifting than in control rats. No other mechanical property was significantly affected by the training program. Conclusions The results indicate that approximately 1 minute of overload every other day by physiological recruitment of motor units can induce remodeling of the adductor longus of growing rats; i.e., the trained muscles were slower and less fatigable than control. Given that the effects on the architectural or force-generating properties of the muscles were small, the marked improvement in the ability to lift heavier loads as the training progressed appears to be more attributable to neurally related than to muscle-related phenomena. Anat. Rec. 247:170-178, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the Utilization of Sample Weights in Latent Variable Models.

The purpose of this article is to examine the use of sample weights in the latent variable modeling context. A sample weight is the inverse of the probability that the unit in question was sampled and is used to obtain unbiased estimates of population parameters when units have unequal probabilities of inclusion in a sample. Although sample weights are discussed at length in survey research literature, virtually no discussion of sample weights can be found in the latent variable modeling literature. This article examines sample weights in latent variable models applied to the case where a simple random sample is drawn from a population containing a mixture of strata. A bootstrap simulation study is used to compare raw and normalized sample weights to conditions where weights are ignored. The results show that ignoring weights can lead to serious bias in latent variable model parameters and that this bias is mitigated by the incorporation of sample weights. Standard errors appear to be underestimated when ...
Bond activation by d0 metal carbene complexes in the gas phase

The formation and bond activation reactions of the d0 carbene complexes MCHCN+ (M = Sc, Y) are presented. Sc+ and Y+ dehydrogenate acetonitrile to produce the metallocarbenes. The carbene complexes are less reactive towards hydrocarbons than their bare metal ion counterparts, but will activate CH, OH, and NH bonds through a four-centered intermediate. Labeling studies indicate that reactions with olefins proceed by migratory insertion after initial CH activation, and that subsequent ligand coupling produces metal-bound nitrite products. Oletin metathesis reactions are not observed due to the electron-withdrawing characteristics of the CN substituent and the electrophilicity of the metal centers.
Evidence against the reversion of mutation in the Haemophilus influenzae phage HP1c1 by preinfection treatment of host cells or phage with MNNG.

Abstract N -Methyl- N ′-nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) causes reversion of a temperature-sensitive mutation in a bacteriophage of Haemophilus influenzae if exposure to the mutagen takes place after infection but before lysis. However, neither pre-infection treatment of the phage DNA, host cells, or both will cause reversion. The reasons for this are discussed in relation to the somewhat different results in the Escherichia coli lambda phage system and in relation to error-prone repair and replication processes.
LOUISIANA'S ERODING COASTAL ZONE: MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES

SUMMARY The wetlands and protective barrier islands of coastal Louisiana are deteriorating and eroding at rates of crisis proportions. Annually Louisiana loses 130 km2 of wetlands. This high rate of coastal land loss is due to both natural and man-induced causes. Louisiana's coastal wetlands and barrier islands owe their existence to the delta cycle of the Mississippi River. Innate in this cycle is the natural deterioration of wetlands and barrier islands along one segment of the coastal zone as initiation and expansion of wetlands and barrier island occurs along others. Hence, during the last 7000 years a net gain of land of 500 to 600 ha annually has resulted. Since 1900, however, there has been a net annual loss of land. This paper discusses (a) the effect of man's activities on the natural delta cycle and, as a consequence, rates of coastal deterioration and (b) the potential mitigative measures which may be utilized to ameliorate this effect.
Vertical Distribution of Black Vine Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Immatures and Infection by Entomogenous Nematodes in Soil Columns and Field Soil

Vertical distribution of black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), larvae and pupae, and depth of penetration of entomogenous nematodes on field-grown yews, Taxus cuspidate Siebold &Zuccarini, was studied. Black vine weevil larvae were found as deep as 30 cm, but the majority (>90%) were found in the top 15 cm. Distribution of pupae was similar to that of larvae. The distribution of infected black vine weevil immatures following an application of the nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae (Wieser) (All strain), S. feltiae (Filipjev), and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) (strains Cl and HP88) was studied in soil columns and field soils. Soil columns may not be effective models of nematode infection in undisturbed field soils. All species of nematodes tested were capable of moving to the bottom of 20-cm soil columns at a moisture content near field capacity to infect black vine weevil larvae. However, in the field, only S. carpocapsae infected larvae at that depth. S. feltiae infected larvae at depths of 17.5 cm, and H. bacteriophora (CI), which performed well in soil columns, did not infect larvae below 12.5 cm. In a laboratory bioassay, H. bacteriophora (CI) was 10 times more virulent (LC95 = 77 nematodes per cm2) than S. carpocapsae (LC95 = 794 nematodes per cm2). However, both species were equally effective in a field trial at the highest rate tested (2 × 105 nematodes per plant).