cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Writing the South African treason trial

Abstract The Treason Trial (1956–61) was the longest and most complex political trial of the century in South Africa. Beginning with 156 accused, it ended with the acquittal of every one. As much as the trial was a triumph in legal terms for the defence team, it was also a triumph of narrative. With an initial script written by the prosecution, the task of the defence was to rewrite the trial while it was under way. This they did with tremendous clarity, combining design and improvisation. They rewrote the frame and the plot of the trial; they succeeded in characterising key figures, including witnesses for the prosecution and defence, and even the judges themselves. They established the trial's hermeneutic codes, and became its secret authors, inverting the normal juridical hierarchy. Ultimately character, plot and theme all became of a piece until the trial could reach what appeared to be its only possible denouement.
A study of the sport specialization on high school athletics.

This research considered the status, the underlying causes, and the effects of sport specialization at the high school level. A questionnaire was utilized to solicit the perceptions of 152 high school athletic directors in Illinois. Athletic directors perceived that specialization at the high school level has increased over the past ten years and predicted that it is likely to continue to increase over the next decade. Athletic directors perceived that specialization occurs at the high school level primarily because of the influence of adults and, because of the perception by athletes that specialization increases the possibility of both participating in state championships and of receiving a collegiate athletic scholarship. Directors were highly critical of coaches who promote specialization in their programs, however, they acknowledged that specialization enhances athletic performance for both individuals and teams. Finally, the findings suggest that athletic directors perceive that sport specialization...
Aminobacter aminovorans NADH:flavin oxidoreductase His140: a highly conserved residue critical for NADH binding and utilization.

Homodimeric FRDAa Class I is an NADH:flavin oxidoreductase from Aminobacter aminovorans. It is unusual because it contains an FMN cofactor but utilizes a sequential-ordered kinetic mechanism. Becau...
Sodium trifluoroacetate as a tune/calibration compound for positive- and negative-ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the mass range of 100–4000 Da

We have identified aqueous:acetonitrile solutions of alkali-metal trifluoroacetate compounds as tune/calibration standards for both positive- and negative-ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS). Each alkali-metal trifluoroacetate solution in water and acetonitrile (50:50, v/v) yields evenly spaced, singly charged peaks in the mass range of 100–3500 Da. Intense peaks are formed either by infusing the solution using a syringe pump, by infusing the solution into a stream of liquids [such as a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) mobile phase] flowing to the electrospray needle, or by injecting the salt-containing solution into an HPLC mobile phase containing trifluoroacetic acid. The advantages of these compounds include: (i) generation of singly charged ions in both positive and negative ionization modes in the mass range of approximately 100–3500 Da, (ii) formation of evenly spaced peaks with similar intensity across the entire mass range, (iii) the most abundant isotope in each mass cluster is the lowest mass peak (monoisotopic mass), which is free from variation in natural isotope distribution, (iv) commercial availability, (v) they easily dissolve in common liquid chromatography solvents, and (vi) lack of any long-lasting memory effects or background problems.
A sequential regression method in monte carlo studies

In this paper we consider a sequential version of the regression method in Monte Carlo studies under the framework of sequential estimation theory. The proposed procedure is easy to adopt on the computer, and its asymptotically optimal properties are carefully justified. Empirical results are also given.
Importance of structure and its measurement in quantifying function of forest ecosystems

[1] The structure of forests, the three-dimensional arrangement of individual trees, has a profound effect on how ecosystems function and cycle carbon, water, and nutrients. The increased need to understand local to global dynamics of ecosystems, a prerequisite to understand the coupling of the biosphere to other components of Earth systems, has created a demand for extensive ecosystem structure data. Repeated satellite observations of vegetation patterns in two dimensions have made significant contributions to our understanding of the state and dynamics of the global biosphere. Recent advances in remote sensing technology allow us to view the biosphere in three dimensions and provide us with refined measurements of horizontal, as well as vertical, structure of forests. This paper provides an introductory review of the importance of the three-dimensional characterization of terrestrial ecosystem structure of forests and woodlands and its potential measurement from space. We discuss the relevance of these measurements for reducing the uncertainties of terrestrial carbon cycle and the response of ecosystems to future climate. By relating the 3-D structure to forest biomass, carbon content, disturbance characteristics, and habitat diversity, we examine the requirements for future satellite sensors in terms of precision and spatial and temporal resolutions. In particular, we focus this review on measurements from lidar and radar sensors that provide vertical and horizontal characterization of vegetation and are currently recommended for next generation of NASA's Earth observing and European Earth Explorer systems.
Migration into food of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) cyclic oligomers from PET microwave susceptor packaging

A quantitative method has been developed to measure the migration of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) cyclic oligomers from aluminized PET susceptor film‐type food packaging into several food types. Microwaveable French fries, popcorn, fish sticks, waffles and pizza sold in susceptor‐type packaging were purchased in local markets, cooked according to package instructions and analysed for PET oligomers. Appropriate food blanks were cooked in glass containers. Quantities of PET oligomers found in the foods ranged from less than 0.012 μg/g to approximately 7 μg/g.
Not all autophagy is equal

Autophagy is an important mechanism in cancer cell survival and tumor growth and plays both pro- and anti-oncogenic roles. However, the biochemical basis for these diverse functions is not well understood. Our work provides new evidence for the existence of two separate autophagic programs regulated in an opposite manner by the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL). These programs, marked by differential requirements for LC3B vs. LC3C, play tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing roles in renal cancer.
A Photoelectric Ear Densitometer for Continuously Recording the Arterial Concentration of T-1824 in the Dye-Dilution Method

To eliminate the collection of serial samples of arterial blood an instrument has been developed which records dye-dilution curves by measuring changes in optical density of a segment of a heatflushed car. Comparison with curves from arterial samples shows close similarity in the shape of the curves, and good agreement between the cardiac outputs calculated from them. Other advantages of the technic are the relatively small close of dye needed, the linear relation between deflection of the recording galvanometer and changes in dye concentration in the blood, and the fact that determinations can be repeated several times at intervals of three or four minutes.
Treatment of ice cover and other thin elastic layers with the parabolic equation method.

The parabolic equation method is extended to handle problems involving ice cover and other thin elastic layers. Parabolic equation solutions are based on rational approximations that are designed using accuracy constraints to ensure that the propagating modes are handled properly and stability constrains to ensure that the non-propagating modes are annihilated. The non-propagating modes are especially problematic for problems involving thin elastic layers. It is demonstrated that stable results may be obtained for such problems by using rotated rational approximations [Milinazzo, Zala, and Brooke, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 101, 760–766 (1997)] and generalizations of these approximations. The approach is applied to problems involving ice cover with variable thickness and sediment layers that taper to zero thickness.
An introduction to type-2 TSK fuzzy logic systems

Type-2 fuzzy sets allow one to handle linguistic uncertainties. This paper presents the architectures of three type-2 TSK fuzzy logic systems (FLSs). There are three because of the possible type-1 or type-2 natures of the antecedent memberships and parameters of the consequent. The output of a type-2 TSK FLS is a type-1 set (which can be defuzzified), whereas the output of a type-1 TSK FLS is a crisp number (type-0 set). Simulation results are provided that compare the outputs of type-2 and type-1 TSK FLSs.
High blood pressure during breath-hold diving is not a physiological absurdity.

to the editor: In a 2009 article, Sieber et al. ([4][1]), having found “normal” blood pressures (BPs) using a sphygmomanometric method in subjects performing breath-hold dives to 10 m of depth, suggested that the very high BPs we recorded invasively in two healthy expert breath-hold divers
On Hardness of Multiflow Transmission in Delay Constrained Cooperative Wireless Networks

We consider the problem of energy-efficient transmission in multi-flow multihop cooperative wireless networks. Although the performance gains of cooperative approaches are well known, the combinatorial nature of these schemes makes it difficult to design efficient polynomial-time algorithms for joint routing, scheduling and power control. This becomes more so when there is more than one flow in the network. It has been conjectured by many authors, in the literature, that the multiflow problem in cooperative networks is an NP-hard problem. In this paper, we formulate the problem, as a combinatorial optimization problem, for a general setting of $k$-flows, and formally prove that the problem not only NP-hard but it is $o(n^{1/7-\epsilon})$ inapproxmiable. To our knowledge, the results in this paper provide the first such inapproxmiablity proof in the context of multiflow cooperative wireless networks. We further prove that for a special case of k = 1 the solution is a simple path, and offer a polynomial time algorithm for jointly optimizing routing, scheduling and power control.
Ocean sound speed fluctuations

Sound Transmission through a Fluctuating Ocean. Edited by S. M. Flatte. Pp. 299. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1979.) £17.50.
Nonabsorbing boundary conditions for wave equation modeling by finite differences

Finite difference modeling of wave propagation is necessarily performed on a grid of limited size. At the edges of this grid, special differential conditions are applied in order to minimize spurious reflections. These absorbing boundary conditions are usually derived by factorization methods which are not easy to understand and rather difficult to generalize. The present paper makes use of exact Fourier expressions for the impedance and of the paraxial approximation at normal incidence to re-derive absorbing boundary conditions for acoustic waves in three dimensions. Using this method, new boundary conditions are derived which are appropriate for the interface between two materials. For some problems, these “non-absorbing” boundary coaditions can be used to decrease the size of the finite difference grid and thereby lower the computational cost. Simple discretizations for the non-absorbing conditions can be inferred from the literature. Through comparison to exact expressions for the reflection coefficients, the non-absorbing boundary conditions are shown to be most accurate when the region with incident and reflected waves is faster than the region with transmitted waves. When the speeds are reversed and the velocity contrast is large enough, incident waves in the post-critical region can be inaccurately reflected by the nonabsorbing conditions. Fortunately, such errors can sometimes be made to arrive late in time or be damped by reflection from other, absorbing boundaries. In Willen (1988), the notion of non-absorbing boundaries is extended to elastic and anisotropic media
DO COLLEGE‐PREPARATORY PROGRAMS IMPROVE LONG‐TERM OUTCOMES?

This paper presents an analysis of the longer-run effects of a college-preparatory program implemented in inner-city schools that provided teacher training in addition to payments to 11th- and 12th-grade students and their teachers for passing scores on Advanced Placement (AP) exams. Affected students passed more AP exams, were more likely to remain in college beyond their first and second years, and earned higher wages. Effects are particularly pronounced for Hispanic students who experienced a 2.5-percentage-point increase in college degree attainment and an 11% increase in earnings. While the study is based on nonexperimental variation, the results are robust across a variety of specifications, and most plausible sources of bias are ruled out. The results provide credible evidence that implementing high-quality college-preparatory programs in existing urban schools can improve the long-run educational and labor-market outcomes of disadvantaged youth. (JEL I2, I24, J0)
Interfacing with PHCpack

This Macaulay2 package provides an interface to PHCpack, a general-purpose polynomial system solver that uses homotopy continuation. The main method is a numerical blackbox solver which is implemented for all Laurent systems. The package also provides a fast mixed volume computation, the ability to filter solutions, homotopy path tracking, and a numerical irreducible decomposition method. As the size of many problems in applied algebraic geometry often surpasses the capabilities of symbolic software, this package will be of interest to those working on problems involving large polynomial systems. NUMERICAL HOMOTOPY CONTINUATION. Many problems in applied algebraic geometry require solving, or counting the solutions of, a large polynomial or rational system. PHCpack is an inter- face the program PHCpack to one of several efficient polynomial system solvers that use numerical homotopy continuation methods (Li). The basic idea behind homotopy continuation is simple: to solve a polynomial system f(x) = 0, one first constructs a system g(x) = 0 that is easy to solve and then constructs a homotopy, H(x(t)) = (1 t)g(x)+ t f(x) in order to numerically track paths from known solutions of g (with t = 0) to the solutions of the target system f (with t = 1). Available since release 1.4 of Macaulay2 (M2), this package is motivated by (Ley) and uses the data types defined by Leykin in NAGtypes.m2. The main function of the package allows a Macaulay2 user to solve a system numerically through a blackbox solver, where the creation of the start system and homotopy continuation is done behind the scenes. The package also provides a fast mixed volume computation and allows the user to filter solutions, to track solution paths explicitly, and to perform numerical irreducible decompositions. This interface to PHCpack offers access to most of the functionality of the software, which has been serving as a development platform for many of the algorithms in numerical algebraic geometry (SVW). Computations in this paper were done with phc version 2.3.61 (version 1.0 was archived in (Ve1)). Since version 2.3.13, PHCpack contains MixedVol (GLW), and more recently added features are described in (Ve2). PHCpack can solve Laurent systems, so the package includes a method to convert a rational system to a Laurent polynomial system. The underlying polyhedral methods perform well on benchmark problems; in many of those, the mixed volume is computed essentially instantaneously. To use the methods in this package, the user must have the executable program phc available, preferably in the execution path. For more information on this, see the documentation for the package. Although PHCpack is open source, we follow the idea of OpenXM (MN + ) and require only that the
Long-term Care Policies in Comparative Perspective

The European Communities provide a contemporary naturally occurring laboratory for the comparative study of social policy formation and implementation. This is particularly the case regarding social policies for ageing populations. The substantive focus of this paper is long-term care policy and, more particularly, policy choices regarding relative emphasis on medical in contrast to social care of dependent older adults. The strategy of the paper is to discuss, first, the limits of comparative theories of social policy formation in predicting policies in a highly value-laden topic like long-term care. The paper then summarises factors which may explain the extraordinary but inconclusive attention given to long-term care policy in the United States. Finally, the paper outlines some questions about LTC policy in the EC which would benefit from comparative policy analysis. Particular attention will be directed to the balance of medical and social care for dependent elderly people, the role of housing policy in the context of general care policy, and the generic issue of public and private sector interaction in welfare states. Systematic exchange of LTC information among EC countries and between these countries and the US is encouraged.
Model driven experimentation

Experiments with teams of human subjects in which they carry out realistic decision-making tasks are difficult to design and control. There are many variables, each one with a wide range of values. The use of detailed executable models in the design of experiments is perceived as one feasible approach to address these issues. A process for the use of modeling and simulation in the design of complex experiments that address command and control issues is described; the approach is then generalized to address series of experiments. The current theoretical and experimental research effort on Adaptive Architectures for Command and Control (A2C2) is used to illustrate the approach. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 2: 62–68, 1999
"My mind's made up": assumptions and decision-making in accounts of caregiving women.

In this qualitative study, rural women caregivers for elderly relatives or friends were interviewed about their decision-making. Women deliberating decisions differed from women implementing decisions in how they perceived their caregiving tasks and in their experience of stress. The difference in deliberative and implemental accounts suggests that mindset is a mediating factor for the women in the present study. Women in the process of implementing decisions regarding caregiving described their experiences in a more positive light and reported less stress. Deliberating decisions regarding caregiving, however, was likely to color the experience of caregiving, leaving the caregiver feeling vulnerable, doubtful about herself, and more stressed.
Who Was That Masked Librarian

The LC Science Tracer Bullet, one of the most underused reference sources in many government documents collections, provides access to a wealth of information on subjects from beekeeping and folk‐medicine to aeronautics and lasers. Each Tracer Bullet is devoted to a specific topic and is designed “to help a reader begin to locate published materials on a subject about which he or she has only a general knowledge.” Developed in the style of Library Pathfinders, each explores the resources available on its topic and lists texts, handbooks, encyclopedias, dictionaries, bibliographies, government documents, and journal articles. Other sources such as the addresses and telephone numbers of relevant organizations are included and appropriate Library of Congress subject headings to use in searching for additional material are suggested.
Study of the growth and motion of graphitic foam bubbles

In this paper, a numerical study is carried out to comprehend growth and movement of spherical bubble during foam processing. The numerical model is based on a level set technique for capturing the phase interface. The influences of surface tension, viscosity, pressure and diffusion through the system are monitored and related through simultaneous transfer of energy and mass between the liquid and vapor regions. Incorporating a level set scheme, the present model compares well with previous work. Through the contribution of non-dimensional parameters, a comparative study is performed to investigate and predict the effect of varying initial bubble radius and pressure as well as liquid viscosity. The predicted results shed light on the carbon foam formation, which will assist the achievement of tailoring carbon foams.
Quasi stability via lyapunov functions for impulsive differential systems

Suitably modifying the usual stability notions and employing Lyapunov functions,stability results relating to a given solution of impulsive differential system have been derived
Effect of Dietary Sodium on Insulin Sensitivity in Older, Obese, Sedentary Hypertensives

Increased dietary sodium intake has been associated with an increase in blood pressure as well as a decrease in insulin-mediated glucose disposal in young healthy adults. The purpose of this study was to determine whether dietary sodium intake is associated with changes in oral glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and blood pressure in older, sedentary, overweight hypertensives. Eight older (70.0 ± 1.4 years, mean ± SEM), overweight (40.2 ± 3.1% body fat), mildly hypertensive (151 ± 8/82 ± 2 mm Hg) patients with a fasting plasma glucose < 7.8 mmol/L were studied after 2 weeks on low (3 g/day) and 2 weeks on high (10 g/day) sodium diets. To examine carbohydrate metabolism we performed a 2 h oral glucose tolerance test and a two-dose (240 and 600 pmol/m 2/min) hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp at the end of each sodium diet. High sodium intake was associated with a significantly greater urinary sodium excretion (364 ± 45 mmol/day v 112 ± 21 mmol/day; P < .0001). The increase in dietary sodium from low to high did not result in significant differences in fasting plasma glucose (6.0 ± 0.2 v 5.8 ± 0.1 mmol/L, P = .20) or insulin (72.5 ± 7.8 v 69.9 ± 12.4 pmol/L, P = 0.71) levels or in the glucose (374.0 ± 50.8 v 493.2 ± 45.0 mmol/min/L, P = .12) and insulin (43,783 ± 10,278 v 44,110 ± 12,392 pmol/min/L, P = .96) areas determined during the oral glucose tolerance test. Similarly, there was no effect of dietary sodium on insulin-mediated glucose disposal at low (5.87 ± 1.02 v 5.60 ± 0.94 mg/kg LBM/min, P = .36) or high (12.15 ± 1.49 v 11.91 ± 1.49 mg/kg LBM/min, P = .64) insulin infusion rates. Our findings suggest that, in insulin resistant hypertensives, increased dietary sodium does not affect either glucose or insulin responses during an oral glucose tolerance test or glucose disposal during a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp.
β-catenin/Tcf activation partially mimics the transforming activity of Wnt-1 in Rat-1 fibroblasts

We have previously demonstrated that Wnt-1 induction of cytosolic β-catenin and Tcf/Lef transcriptional activation correlate with enhanced proliferation, survival, and post-confluent growth in Rat-1 fibroblasts. To examine whether β-catenin mediates the biological responses to Wnt-1 in this context, we characterized Rat-1 clonal cell lines expressing different levels of a mutant, stabilized β-catenin (β-cateninS37A). Clonal lines exhibit elevated cytosolic and nuclear β-cateninS37A and Tcf transcriptional activation, comparable to that elicited by Wnt-1 expression. However, expression of β-cateninS37A does not promote growth of Rat-1 cells in serum-free conditions and only partially promotes growth post-confluence, when compared to that induced by Wnt-1 expression. As ectopic expression of β-cateninS37A only partially mimics Wnt-1 effects on Rat-1 cells, we conclude that Wnt-1 signaling elicits biochemical events that act in addition to β-catenin/Tcf signaling to promote cell growth.
106 Local Injection of Insulin‐Zinc Suspension Stimulates DNA Synthesis in Skin Donor Wound

We have previously reported that local injection of small doses of long-acting insulin-zinc suspension maintained sufficiently high insulin concentration in the wound fluid and accelerated the healing. The present experiment was to measure the rates of cell proliferation (reflected by DNA synthesis) and protein metabolism in the wound. These are the underlying metabolic processes responsible for the healing. Partial thickness skin donor wound was created on the back and indwelling catheters were placed in the carotid artery and jugular vein in adult rabbits under general anesthesia. The wound was covered with Aquaphor gauze, OpSite membrane, and surgical gauze. On day 7 after wounding, the wound was either injected with 0.2 units of insulin-Zn, Zn alone, or no injection; stable isotopes were infused into the jugular vein catheter in conscious rabbits for measurement of DNA synthesis, protein synthesis and breakdown in the wound. The local insulin-Zn injection raised wound insulin concentration to 168 ± 39 μU/ml. In contrast, in the control and Zn groups wound insulin concentrations were below the detectable level. The local injection of insulin-Zn suspension increased (p = 0.03) DNA synthesis in the wound with minor changes in blood glucose concentration which did not require exogenous glucose replacement. In the Zn group, whereas the rate of DNA synthesis tended to increase (p = 0.051 vs. control), the protein net balance (synthesis – breakdown) was lower (p < 0.05) than those in the control and insulin-Zn (Table 1). We conclude that local injection of a small dose (0.2 units insulin) long-acting insulin-Zn suspension stimulated wound DNA synthesis without major systemic side effects thereby providing an effective and safe approach to accelerate wound healing. Although local Zn injection might also stimulate wound DNA synthesis, the benefit on the healing process was limited by decreased net protein deposition. Table 1. Wound DNA and protein metabolism. DNA synthesis Protein synthesis Protein net balance Values are means ± SD in %/d. * p < 0.05 vs. control; + p = 0.051 vs. control;#, p < 0.05 vs. control and insulin-Zn by one-way ANOVA. Control (n = 7) 2.9 ± 0.9 20.5 ± 8.4 7.9 ± 6.0 Insulin-Zn (n = 7) 4.2 ± 0.9* 17.9 ± 8.2 9.4 ± 6.4 Zn (n = 7) 4.1 ± 0.9+ 13.0 ± 5.8 −0.2 ± 3.4#
A Third Millennium B.C. Glazed Quartz Bead From Tell Es-Sweyhat, Syria

The probable composition of a weathered, blue-green glaze on a ground quartz bead was reconstructed. The bead was excavated from Operation 5 at Tell es-Sweyhat, Syria, in 1991 and is dated to the last quarter of the third millennium B.C. Special sample handling was required by the poor state of preservation of the glaze. Microprobe analyses and replicate melts showed that the composition was 60% SiO2, 20% CuO and 20% flux, probably as soda, potassia or a combination. This composition is unusual for ancient glasses and glazes because of its high copper oxide content, which may indicate a link with copper or malachite technology. Very few glass and glaze compositions are known from the third millennium B.C., and none of these has such a high copper concentration, nor are there examples reported from the mid-second millennium B.C. with one exception of glazed tiles from Kerma in Sudan. This rare and unusual composition suggests that there may have been several paths to the development of glasses and glazes. Some of these paths were successful, and some others, as this one, did not continue and were “dead-end” technologies.
Land ownership patterns associated with declining forest birds: targeting the right policy and management for the right birds

For over a century the foundation of biological conservation has been the development of open space networks either through outright public land acquisition or appropriate management of private lands. Because both approaches come with significant trade-offs, it is critical to understand which species are found across various land ownership types so that policy tools and management actions can efficiently be targeted to do the most good. In this paper, presence-only biological data were used to create species distribution maps for 18 imperilled forest bird species that breed within the deciduous forests of New Jersey (USA). These maps, combined with publicly available, spatially explicit information on land ownership, document who owns the habitat relied on by each of these 18 species. There were significant variations in both species- and guild-specific reliance on public versus private lands, with the latter preferentially supporting nearly twice as many species as the former. Subcategories of land ownership provided support for the role of both state-owned forests and privately-owned agricultural lands in forest bird conservation; however, each landownership type supports a distinct set of species. While explicitly recognizing the need to employ diverse conservation strategies, the approach provides a solid framework for structuring forest conservation planning and policy at regional scales.
Distortion-Complexity Optimization of the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC Encoder using the GBFOS Algorithm

The H.264/ACV standard provides significant improvements in performance over earlier video coding standards at the cost of increased complexity. Our challenge is to determine H.264 parameter settings that have low complexity but still offer high video quality. In this paper, we propose two fast algorithms for finding the H.264 parameter settings that take about 1% and 8%, respectively, of the number of tests required by an exhaustive search. Both the fast algorithms result in a maximum decrease in peak-signal-to-noise ratio of less than 0.71 dB for different data sets and bitrates
Laser-cooled positron source

We examine, theoretically, the feasibility of producing a sample of cold (64 K), high-density (= 1010/cm3) positrons in a Penning trap. We assume 9Be+ ions are first loaded into the trap and laser-cooled to approximately 10 mK where they form a uniform density column centered on the trap axis. Positrons from a moderator are then injected into the trap along the direction of the magnetic field through an aperture in one endcap of the trap so that they intersect the 9Be+ column. PositronIgBe+ Coulomb collisions extract axial energy from the positrons and prevent them from escaping back out the entrance aperture. Cooling provided by cyclotron radiation and sympathetic cooling with the lasertooled 9Be+ ions causes the positrons to eventually coalesce into a cold column along the trap axis. We present estimates of the efficiency for capture of the positrons and estimates of densities and temperatures of the resulting positron column. Positrons trapped in this way may be interesting as a source for antihydrogen production, as an example of a quantum plasma, and as a possible means to produce a bright beam of positrons by leaking them out along the axis of the trap.
Soluble and Volatile Precursors for the Preparation of Superconducting Films

Attempts to identify intermediates in an alkoxide-based solution route to films of the high temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7 reported by Fahrenholtz et al.[1] have led to the isolation of the first molecular barium-copper cluster, Ba2Cu2(OR)4(acac)4·2 HOR, R = CH2CH2OCH3. The extension of this route to the preparation of the bismuth superconductors has necessitated the investigation of bismuth alkoxide chemistry. Two separate routes to bismuth alkoxides have been examined: the metathesis of the metal halides with NaOR, (R = t-butyl, and diisopropylphenoxide) and the alcoholysis of bismuth amides, Bi(NR2)3, [R = N(SiMe3)2] The alcoholysis preparation gives high yields of several alkoxides suitable as precursors to the high Tc materials. A monomeric bismuth phenoxide, which is targeted as a volatile precursor, and a bismuth t-butoxide cluster have been isolated and stucturally characterized. Solubility and volatility studies have also been undertaken.
The potential for a carbon stable isotope biomarker of dietary sugar intake

Added sugar is sweetener added to foods during processing or preparation that offers no health benefits to the consumer. The mean U.S. intake of added sugar is ≈16% of total calories; at the highest level of consumption, this value exceeds 35%. In addition, 78% of added sugar typically consumed is refined from C4 plants (e.g., corn and sugar cane) and it follows that the δ13C value of these sweeteners is conspicuously high compared to carbohydrates derived from C3 plants. We first suggested in 2006 the potential for the δ13C of human tissues to indicate corn- and cane-sugar intake for use in a clinical setting. At present, self-reported dietary assessment methods are commonly used to measure added sugar intake, but are subject to underreporting, particularly for sugar-rich foods. If a carbon isotope technique could produce a quantitative indicator of dietary sugar intake, it would be invaluable to the prevention and clinical treatment of chronic diseases associated with excess sugar consumption. Research to date has focused upon testing the correlation between diet as characterized either by bulk food δ13C value or by food composition (e.g., added sugar intake quartile) and the δ13C values of human tissues. Analysis of hair, nail and red blood cells in modern humans with known diet has revealed associations between the δ13C value of bulk diet and the δ13C value of these tissues. With respect to added sugar, the δ13C values of blood serum and fingerstick blood have both been shown to be associated with added sugar intake, even after adjustment for meat intake. Researchers have attempted to isolate specific compounds in blood that are uniquely derived from dietary carbohydrates, such as direct endogenous carbohydrate sources (blood glucose) and specific non-essential amino acids (red blood cell alanine), and have seen strong correlations with added sugar intake. Recognized dietary confounders such as meat/animal products have been addressed using statistical adjustments and a dual-isotope analytical approach that invokes δ15N as a correction factor. Further controlled feeding studies and epidemiological surveys complete with Institutional Review Board approval are needed to establish the sensitivity of δ13C tissue assay as an objective biomarker for added sugar intake.
Institutional Complexity and the Authenticity of Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives

Stakeholders frequently regard CSR initiatives as inauthentic gestures even when the corporation is trying to behave responsibly. In this study we develop theory about which initiatives are likely ...
Altered Calcium and Vitamin D Homeostasis in First-Time Calcium Kidney Stone-Formers.

Background Elevated serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) concentrations have been reported among cohorts of recurrent calcium (Ca) kidney stone-formers and implicated in the pathogenesis of hypercalciuria. Variations in Ca and vitamin D metabolism, and excretion of urinary solutes among first-time male and female Ca stone-formers in the community, however, have not been defined. Methods In a 4-year community-based study we measured serum Ca, phosphorus (P), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), 1,25(OH)2D, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25(OH)2D), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) concentrations in first-time Ca stone-formers and age- and gender frequency-matched controls. Results Serum Ca and 1,25(OH)2D were increased in Ca stone-formers compared to controls (P = 0.01 and P = 0.001). Stone-formers had a lower serum 24,25(OH)2D/25(OH)D ratio compared to controls (P = 0.008). Serum PTH and FGF-23 concentrations were similar in the groups. Urine Ca excretion was similar in the two groups (P = 0.82). In controls, positive associations between serum 25(OH)D and 24,25(OH)2D, FGF-23 and fractional phosphate excretion, and negative associations between serum Ca and PTH, and FGF-23 and 1,25(OH)2D were observed. In SF associations between FGF-23 and fractional phosphate excretion, and FGF-23 and 1,25(OH)2D, were not observed. 1,25(OH)2D concentrations associated more weakly with FGF-23 in SF compared with C (P <0.05). Conclusions Quantitative differences in serum Ca and 1,25(OH)2D and reductions in 24-hydroxylation of vitamin D metabolites are present in first-time SF and might contribute to first-time stone risk.
Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay to Measure Serum Ferritin and the Relationship between Serum Ferritin and Nonheme Iron Stores in Cats

Serum ferritin concentration correlates with tissue iron stores in humans, horses, calves, dogs, and pigs but not in rats. Because serum iron and total iron-binding capacity can be affected by disorders unrelated to iron adequacy (such as hypoproteinemia, chronic infection, hemolytic anemia, hypothyroidism, and renal disease), serum ferritin is probably the most reliable indicator of total body iron stores in larger species. To test the hypothesis that serum ferritin might be correlated with tissue iron levels in cats, we developed a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that uses two monoclonal antibodies in a sandwich arrangement to measure feline serum ferritin. The recovery of purified ferritin added to feline sera ranged from 94% to 104%; the within-assay coefficient of variability was 8.4%, and the assay-to-assay variability was 13.2%. Mean serum ferritin from 40 apparently healthy cats was 76 ng/ml (SD = 24 ng/ml). Serum ferritin concentration was significantly correlated (P < 0.001, n = 101, r = 0.365) with the nonheme iron in the liver and spleen (expressed as milligrams of iron per kilogram of body weight), as determined by Pearson product-moment correlation analysis. Because serum iron can decrease in diseases other than iron deficiency, the combination of serum iron and serum ferritin should provide sufficient evidence to differentiate anemia of chronic inflammation from anemia of iron deficiency in the cat.
Dealing with diversity: Mapping multiculturalism in sociological terms

Since the 1960s, a variety of new ways of addressing the challenges of diversity in American society have coalesced around the term ‘‘multiculturalism.’’ In this article, we impose some clarity on the theoretical debates that surround divergent visions of difference. Rethinking multiculturalism from a sociological point of view, we propose a model that distinguishes between the social (associational) and cultural (moral) bases for social cohesion in the context of diversity. The framework allows us to identify three distinct types of multiculturalism and situate them in relation to assimilationism, the traditional American response to difference. We discuss the sociological parameters and characteristics of each of these forms, attending to the strength of social boundaries as well as to the source of social ties. We then use our model to clarify a number of conceptual tensions in the existing scholarly literature and offer some observations about the politics of recognition and redistribution, and the recent revival of assimilationist thought.
United States computer crime laws, criminals and deterrence

(1995). United States computer crime laws, criminals and deterrence. International Review of Law, Computers & Technology: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 1-16.
An Experimental Investigation On the Vaporization and Combustion of Methanol and Ethanol Droplets

Abstract The vaporization and combustion of freely-falling methanol and ethanol droplets in dry and humid environments has been studied experimentally. From time-resolved data of the droplet size and composition, it is demonstrated that water vapor, either from the ambience or generated at the flame, can freely condense at the droplet surface and subsequently dissolve into the droplet interior. The associated condensation heat release and dilution of the droplet alcohol concentration can significantly modify the gasification behavior from that of the d2-law. Specifically, droplet gasification is characterized by an initial period during which the gasification rates of methanol and the entire droplet are enhanced due to the condensation heat release, an intermediate period during which water vapor still condenses although the overall droplet gasification rate is retarded due to water build-up, and a final, slow-gasification period during which the initially condensed water is gasified. The stucy further de...
Windows of Opportunity: Window Subseries Empirical Variance Estimators in International Relations

We show that temporal, spatial, and dyadic dependencies among observations complicate the estimation of covariance structures in panel databases. Ignoring these dependencies results in covariance estimates that are often too small and inferences that may be more confident about empirical patterns than is justified by the data. In this article, we detail the development of a nonparametric approach, window subseries empirical variance estimators (WSEV), that can more fully capture the impact of these dependencies on the covariance structure. We illustrate this approach in a simulation as well as with a statistical model of international conflict similar to many applications in the international relations literature.
GaAs IGFET digital integrated circuits

A technique to utilize GaAs insulated gate field effect transistors (IGFEI's) with large surface state densities in digital integrated circuits is described. In this technique, the threshold voltage is electrically set to obtain enhancement-mode characteristics of the IGFET's. Due to change in surface charge with time, these circuits will not function at very low frequencies. Several advantages of this IGFET technology over other enhancement-mode GaAs technologies are presented.
Vortex Generators for Diffuser of Axisymmetric Supersonic Inlets

The effects of flow control devices for an axisymmetric external compression supersonic inlet are investigated. Specifically, vortex generators (VGs) are placed in the subsonic diffuser to decrease radial distortion at the diffuser exit. The performance of these devices is evaluated for both a single-stream inlet and a dual-stream inlet, incorporating engine bypass. Without the VGs, both inlets yielded thick boundary layers on the hub-side at the exit of the diffuser. The single-stream inlet was found to have a very low external wave strength while the dual-stream inlet showed less shock-induced centerbody boundary layer separation. In both cases, the addition of vortex generators was found to be effective at decreasing boundary layer axisymmetric shape factor, with vane vortex generators resulting in the largest improvement.
Drosophila RhoA regulates the cytoskeleton and cell-cell adhesion in the developing epidermis.

The small GTPase Rho is a molecular switch that is best known for its role in regulating the actomyosin cytoskeleton. We have investigated its role in the developing Drosophila embryonic epidermis during the process of dorsal closure. By expressing the dominant negative DRhoA N19 construct in stripes of epidermal cells, we confirm that Rho function is required for dorsal closure and demonstrate that it is necessary to maintain the integrity of the ventral epidermis. We show that defects in actin organization, nonmuscle myosin II localization, the regulation of gene transcription, DE-cadherin-based cell-cell adhesion and cell polarity underlie the effects of DRhoA N19 expression. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these changes in cell physiology have a differential effect on the epidermis that is dependent upon position in the dorsoventral axis. In the ventral epidermis, cells either lose their adhesiveness and fall out of the epidermis or undergo apoptosis. At the leading edge, cells show altered adhesive properties such that they form ectopic contacts with other DRhoA N19 -expressing cells. Movies available on-line
NOC out the fat: A short review of the circadian deadenylase Nocturnin

The circadian clock is a conserved internal timekeeping mechanism that controls many aspects of physiology and behavior via the rhythmic expression of many genes. One of these rhythmic genes, Nocturnin, encodes a deadenylase--a ribonuclease that specifically removes the poly(A) tails from mRNAs. This enzyme is expressed at high levels during the night in a number of tissues in mammals and has recently been implicated in circadian control of metabolism. Targeted ablation of this gene in mice results in resistance to hepatic steatosis and diet-induced obesity. Nocturnin appears to exert rhythmic posttranscriptional control of genes necessary for metabolic functions including nutrient absorption, glucose/insulin sensitivity, and lipid storage. In the Western world and many developing countries, overnutrition--the 'obesity epidemic' suggests that the ability to sequester fat stores in times of plenty is no longer advantageous to our survival. Understanding the role that the circadian clock plays in controlling these metabolic processes is important in treatment and eventual eradication of this public health crisis.
In reputation we believe: query processing in mobile ad-hoc networks

Research on data management in mobile ad-hoc networks focuses on discovering sources and acquiring information. Mobile devices assume answers to be correct and do not verify the veracity of the information or the providers. This assumption is suitable for most client-server environments; however, peer-to-peer environments lack the intrinsic stability of "anchored" sources. In mobile ad-hoc networks, sources may provide faulty information, which can lead to incorrect conclusions. Consequently, devices need a mechanism to evaluate the integrity of their peers and the accuracy of peer provided information. To address this problem we propose a query processing model that relies on distributed trust and belief. Each device maintains and shares beliefs regarding the degree of trust it has for its peers - where trust is determined by experience and reputation. Additionally, each device associates a value indicating its belief in the accuracy of the information it holds. This knowledge is used by devices to determine the reliability of query responses. We implement our model in GloMoSim and provide experimental results for different combinations of trust and accuracy algorithms.
Comment: Importance of cognitive reserve in traumatic brain injury

The expectation for moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is permanent damage and lasting deficits. However, in a multicenter investigation, Schneider et al.(1) show that by 1 year postinjury, one-fourth of patients with TBI achieve disability-free recovery (DFR), defined as a score of zero on the Disability Rating Scale. Of importance, cognitive reserve (CR) in the form of educational attainment was related to DFR.
A Note on Coastally Trapped Waves Generated by the Wind at the Northern Bight of Panama

Abstract : An operational version of the Navy Layered Ocean Model is used to study the generation of a coastally trapped wave forced by a strong and intermittent wind event at the Northern Bight of Panama. This study identifies the winds at the Northern Bight of Panama as a new source for the generation of coastally trapped waves along the west coast of the North American continent. The results indicate that after its generation, the wave propagated poleward increasing the sea level > 10 cm, producing surface currents > 50 cm/s, and traveling > 1200 km. The generation and existence of the coastally trapped wave and the model results are validated with sea surface height coastal tide gauge observations.