cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE STRUCTURES OF THE FREE UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS OF HUMAN SKIN SURFACE FAT.

Abstract The position of the double bonds of the monoenoic free fatty acids of human skin surface fat were determined by preparative and analytical gas chromatography, coupled with hydrogenation and ozonolysis techniques. Straight and branched monoenoic fatty acids from C13 to C26 chain length were found, with the major position of unsaturation at 6, 7 or removed from this position by an integral number of C2 units.
Measurement of the superfluid density in silica aerogels

Abstract We have conducted torsional oscillator measurements of the superfluid density in 4 He-filled aerogel where the aerogel density is 0.20g/cc. The superfluid densiyy ϱ s is observed to obey a power-law ϱ s = ϱ so t ξ over a reduced temperature range 10 −4.3 −1.8 with rms deviations of less than 2 percent. The exponent ξ is 0.812±0.004. This value is remarkably close to the exponent, 0.813±0.009, reported earlier for an aerogel sample of density 0.13g/cc.
Macromolecular crowding increases structural content of folded proteins

Here we show that increased amount of secondary structure is acquired in the folded states of two structurally-different proteins (alpha-helical VlsE and alpha/beta flavodoxin) in the presence of macromolecular crowding agents. The structural content of flavodoxin and VlsE is enhanced by 33% and 70%, respectively, in 400 mg/ml Ficoll 70 (pH 7, 20 degrees C) and correlates with higher protein-thermal stability. In the same Ficoll range, there are only small effects on the unfolded-state structures of the proteins. This is the first in vitro assessment of crowding effects on the native-state structures at physiological conditions. Our findings imply that for proteins with low intrinsic stability, the functional structures in vivo may differ from those observed in dilute buffers.
An econometric analysis of the effects of population change on economic growth: a study of Taiwan

This study used an econometric model estimated from time series data to evaluate the effects of demographic factors on the T aiwanese economy. The simulation results suggest that in the short run a stationary population produces significantly higher income per capita than rapid population growth; in the long run however rapid population growth produces a slightly higher income per capita. Under assumptions of very low fertility trends the population size equivalent adult consumers and labor force can be expected to grow by no more than 50% in a century whereas under the very high fertility trend assumptions they would more than double. The reason that lower fertility populations produce a smaller gross domestic product per capita in the long run than the normal fertility population is that the negative effects of a slower growing labor force dominate the positive effects of a faster growing capital formation. In terms of the present values of annual income per capita the slow growing population shows considerably better economic performance. Given the immediate economic advantages of lower fertility it is important for developing countries with high birth rates to reduce fertility in order to produce higher per capita income effects and break out of poverty. It is considered of little importance that the slow growing populations eventually produce slightly smaller per capita.
Jews Against Zionism: The American Council for Judaism, 1942-1948.

Preface 1. Zionism and Its Reform Jewish Critics in America Before World War II 2. The Rebellion of the Dissident Reform Rabbis 3. The Formation of the American Council for Judaism 4. The Councils' Wartime Anti-Zionist Campaign 5. Between War and Peace 6. The Search for Compromise in Palestine 7. The Emergence of Israel Epilogue and Conclusion Appendix Notes Bibliographical Note Index
Innovations in electronic academic publishing

Examines three different innovations in electronic academic publishing of interest to practitioners in the field of intelligent systems: (1) JAIR (The Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research)-an electronic journal by and for the AI research community; (2) medical publishing and AI; and (3) how can we get high-quality electronic journals?.
Access to Dental Care: Is There a Problem?

The article discusses plans which have been proposed in the U.S. to introduce dental therapists, dental professionals who will perform many of the diagnostic and therapeutic services previously performed by dentists, but with less training, in an effort to improve access to dental care in the U.S. In the article the author offers his opinions on the introduction of dental therapists and the impact they will have on dental care in the U.S.
Carbon nanotube sensors

Measurement represents one of the oldest methods used by human beings to better understand and control the world. Many measurement systems are primarily physical sensors, which measure time, temperature, weight, distance, and various other physical parameters. The need for cheaper, faster and more accurate measurements has been a driving force for the development of new systems and technologies for measurements of materials, both chemical and biological. In fact, chemical and biological sensors (or biosensors) are the evolved products of physical measurement technologies. Chemical sensors are measurement devices that convert a chemical or physical change of a specific analyte into a measurable signal, whose magnitude is normally proportional to the concentration of the analyte. On the other hand, biosensors are a subset of chemical sensors that employ a biological sensing element connected to a transducer to recognize the physicochemical change and to produce the measurable signal from particular analytes, which are not necessary to be biological materials themselves although sometimes they are. Depending on the basis of the transduction principle, chemical and biological sensors can be classified into three major classes with different transducers: sensors with electrical transducers, sensors with optical transducers, and sensors with other transducers (e.g. mass change). The unique properties of carbon nanotubes have led to their use in areas as diverse as sensors, actuators, field-emitting flat panel displays, energy and gas storages (Dai & Mau, 2001). The ability of carbon nanotubes and their derivatives to operate as gas sensors has been demonstrated recently (Kong et al., 2000; 2001). As we shall see below, the principles for carbon nanotube sensors to detect the nature of gases and to determine their concentrations are based on change in electrical properties induced by charge transfer with the gas molecules (e.g. O 2 , H 2 , CO 2 ) or in mass due to physical adsorption. This article provides a status report on the research and development of carbon nanotube sensors.
The Demand and Allocation of Alaskan and Canadian Snow Crab

For over two decades the Alaskan snow crab industry has been an important component of the economic health of the Alaskan crab fisheries. This has been particularly true given the substantial historical stock declines in the Alaskan king and Tanner crab fisheries. However, dwindling local stocks, combined with substantial increases in snow (Queen) crab from Canada and other countries, has raised considerable concern over the sustained economic health from these fisheries. This paper reports on an econometric model of the Alaskan and Canadian snow crab fishery designed to both document the exvessel and wholesale price and revenue responses to harvest and market conditions, and to document the pre-crab rationalization market performance of the Alaskan snow crab fishery on the eve of the historic implementation of both harvester and processor quotas. Pendant plus de deux decennies, l'industrie du crabe des neiges a constitue un element important de la santeeconomique de la peche au crabe en Alaska. C'est particulierement le cas en raison de la diminution substantielle des stocks historiques de crabe royal et de crabe des neiges du Pacifique. Cependant, la diminution des stocks locaux, combinee a des augmentations substantielles de crabe des neiges provenant du Canada et d'autres pays, a souleve des inquietudes considerables quant a la durabilite de la santeeconomique de ces peches. Le present article presente un modele econometrique de la peche au crabe des neiges en Alaska et au Canada concu pour documenter les prix au debarquement, les prix de gros et les revenus correspondants en fonction des conditions de recolte et de l'etat du marche, et pour documenter la performance du marche avant que l'industrie du crabe des neiges en Alaska ne soit rationalisee par l'imposition historique de contingents aux pecheurs et aux usines de transformation du poisson.
Linear pattern completion by chimpanzees

Two chimpanzees were trained to complete linear patterns contained within a 4 by 4 stimulus matrix. It was found that the animals were significantly inferior when required to complete diagonal as compared to vertical and horizontal patterns. Rotation of the stimulus matrix 45 degrees decreased this deficiency but failed to equate the rotated displays with their vertical and horizontal controls.
Ageism in cancer care.

Objective To provide an overview of ageism, a review of its influence in cancer, and to outline implications for nursing and interdisciplinary practice. Data Sources Research articles, research and clinical reviews, theoretical works, and clinical expertise. Conclusion Ageism may be negative, self-stereotyping, positive, or beneficent. Ageism in cancer care results in age-based disparities in screening and detection, where older adults may have some advantage over younger adults as they have more frequent health care encounters through clinical trials enrollment and treatment. Implications for Nursing Practice Nurses are well-positioned to identify ageism, to confront and correct it in clinical practice, and to conduct investigations and create curricula that combat ageism and redress age-based disparities.
Synthesis and Ca2+-release activity of d- and l-myo-inositol 2,4,5-trisphosphate and d- and l-chiro-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate

Abstract Partial benzoylation of the 3,4-dibenzyl ethers of d - and l - chiro -inositol provided the 1,2,5-tri- O -benzoyl-3,4-di- O -benzyl- chiro -inositols. Inversion of the free axial hydroxyl group gave a mixture of chiral 1,3,4- and 1,2,4-tri- O -benzoyl-5,6-di- O -benzyl- myo -inositols [W. Tegge and C. E. Ballou, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 86 (1989) 94–98]. Catalytic hydrogenolysis cleaved the benzyl ether groups of the 1,3,4-tri- O -benzoyl-5,6-di- O -benzyl- myo -inositols ( d - and l -) to yield the 1,3,4-tri- O -benzoyl- myo -inositols, which were phosphorylated by a dibenzyl phosphoramidite method. Removal of all blocking groups gave the pure enantiomeric myo -inositol 2,4,5-trisphosphates. Syntheses of the chiro -inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphates, which are analogs of the myo -inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphates having an axial phosphate group at position 1, or analogs of the myo -inositol 2,4,5-triphosphates having an axial hydroxyl at position 1, were also devised starting with the 1,2,5-tri- O -benzoyl-3,4-di- O -benzyl- chiro -inositols. In a calcium-release assay with saponin-permeabilized rat basophilic leukemia cells, the d isomers of both of these analogs had EC 50 values of 4μ m , compared with a value of 0.17 μ m for d - myo -inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, whereas the l isomers had EC 50 values of about 100μ m .
The Müntz-Szász theorem and the closure of translates

Abstract We study the closure properties in various spaces, of certain sequences of the form { f ( t + c k )} or {exp( c k ti ) f ( t )}. As an application, we give another proof of the Muntz-Szasz theorem for L 2 (0, 1).
Competitive ability influences habitat choice in marine invertebrates

Patterns of distribution and abundance of sessile marine epi-benthic invertebrates are controlled by three factors: (1) the presence and abundance of larvae which are competent to settle, (2) the choice of settling sites by recruiting larvae, and (3) the biotic and physical events occurring during and after settlement. Although there is much information on the distribution of larvae and seasons of recruitment 1–3, substratum selection 4–6 and post-settlement events 7–15, very little is known of the ecological and evolutionary relationships between these factors5,16–18. Natural selection acts on entire life cycles, thus information about these relationships is essential for understanding patterns of recruitment and survival. For example, sessile organisms can modify the course of post-recruitment events by selective settlement and directional growth19. Here, I present evidence that the larvae of several taxa of marine invertebrates avoid substrata where there is a high probability of death caused by a superior spatial competitor.
A method for shell contact analysis

Abstract A relatively general and computationally efficient method of shell contact analysis using the discrete Fourier transform is developed for linear and certain types of nonlinear problems. The method predicts the contact boundary and the interfacial pressure distribution. It is illustrated by calculating the road contact pressure predicted by a finite element toroidal shell model of a pneumatic tire.
Acoustic sensor array for determination of undersea acoustic signatures

Identifying undersea objects and their locations at any time is a growing research area for topological mapping applications. The capability to classify, characterize, and identify ocean anomalies would enable a more precise tracking capability and a more reliable communications system. The objective of this study is to present a spatial and temporal acoustic structure that will be able to both track and identify ocean anomalies as well as to characterize the transmission channel. This consists of using a multiple sensor spatial array with a multi-sensor correlation analysis capability. Both spatial and temporal acoustic signals are received from transmitting source. The Pearson product moment correlation is used to correlate the received acoustic signal in the form of both transmission loss and received phase temporally at a spatially distributed sensor array. Each originating source of an acoustic signal will have various distinguishing unique characteristics that are referred to as acoustic signatures. This combination of a spatial and temporal multi-sensor array together with the Pearson product moment correlation is proposed as a new analysis method and it is combined with the Dempster-Shafer Theory to compute and arrive at a degree of belief. The proposed acoustic architecture will have the ability to ascertain and distinguish between acoustic signatures.
Constraints on Code-Switching: Evidence from Swedish and English

In this paper, I have shown that Joshi's (1982) framework of codeswitching constraints can largely be applied to Swedish-English code-switches. I feel qualified to conclude that Joshi's claims concerning the non-switchability of closed class items and matrix language and embedded languages are held up by the Swedish- English data. The need for corresponding categories proved to be less clear-cut than originally proposed by Woolford (1983) and others. It seems that optimal switching conditions are given if the categories, rules and metarules correspond in the two languages. Apparently, however, it is also possible to switch if the node admissibility conditions for the matrix language only are met, as was shown by code-switched sentences containing RPs. This requires that the speaker has a clear sense of which language is the host and which is embedded. Rules from the embedded language only are not acceptable. This calls for some sort of determination strategy by the parser. I found no evidence for determining Lm at any specific point in the sentence, except at the topmost S. Rather, the judgments by code-switchers that a sentence “comes from” one language seems to coincide with the fact that the resulting sentence is based on the rules from that language. Other than that, the matrix language is determined by the communicative context as a whole.The data involving RPs also seemed to indicate that RPs are not separate ategories, but are NPs, introduced by a “de-slashing” rule (Sells 1984). If they were separate categories, this would be evidence for there being no need for category equivalence. In this case, we would have to explicitly state all other cases which require category equivalence (the majority of cases), which is undesirable.
Morphology and function of female sound-producing structures in ensiferan orthoptera with special emphasis on the phaneropterinae

Abstract We compared female stridulatory fields of 15 species (four genera) of phaneropterine katydids and determined that the stridulatory field has limited use as a character for identifying species. Female sound-producing structures and functions of the sounds are reviewed for Gryllotalpidae and three other subfamilies of Tettigoniidae. The female stridulatory field of phaneropterine katydids is a complex of stout curved spines on the dorsal surface of the anal area of the right tegmen. Sounds of such females are produced in response to pair-forming signals of conspecific males and serve to attract males. In five species of Gryllotalpa and Neocurtilla major, females have stridulatory files similar in structure and position to male files. In Scapteriscus species, females lack a stridulatory file, but on the dorsal surface of the left tegmen there are numerous cross-veins with a laminated ultrastructure reminiscent of the teeth on a stridulatory file. Females of Scapteriscus vicinus, Neocurtilla major, and three species of Gryllotalpa are known to produce sounds. Females of Ephippiger have well-defined stidulatory files on the dorsal surface of the right tegmen. They produce sounds when a male signals nearby. These sounds presumably act at close range to finalize contact in pair formation. Females of Pterophylla camellifolia have on the undersurface of the anal area of the left tegmen a network of veins bearing many short ridges. Sounds produced by these females perhaps reduce bird predation.
Effect of in situ deposition of Mg adatoms on spin relaxation in graphene

We have systematically introduced charged impurity scatterers in the form of Mg adsorbates to exfoliated single-layer graphene and observe little variation of the spin relaxation times despite pronounced changes in the charge transport behavior. All measurements are performed on nonlocal graphene tunneling spin valves exposed in situ to Mg adatoms, thus systematically introducing atomic-scale charged impurity scattering. While charge transport properties exhibit decreased mobility and decreased momentum scattering times, the observed spin lifetimes are not significantly affected, indicating that charged impurity scattering is inconsequential in the present regime of spin relaxation times ($\ensuremath{\sim}$1 ns).
Hindsight Bias and Outcome-Consistent Thoughts when Observing and Making Service Provider Decisions.

Abstract Two studies examined the relationship between hindsight bias and corresponding open-ended thoughts for decisions in a service provider setting. Perspectives of those observing and making decisions were examined. In study 1, business students who learned the results of a financial advisor’s stock purchase showed the traditional hindsight effect regardless of outcome favorability, and produced heightened outcome-consistent thoughts. In contrast, study 2 participants were asked to make (rather than to observe) a purchase decision. They produced hindsight bias and consistent thoughts only when their decision outcomes were favorable. Relative to observers, those acting as the service provider (a) showed more bias when outcomes were favorable, and (b) showed less bias when outcomes were unfavorable. Discussion focuses on hindsight implications in service provider decision-making settings.
A unique solution to a nonlinear elliptic equation

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to prove the existence of a unique, classical solution u : Ω → R to the nonlinear elliptic partial differential equation − ∇ ⋅ ( a ( u ( x ) ) ∇ u ( x ) ) = f ( x ) under periodic boundary conditions, where u ( x 0 ) = u 0 at x 0 ∈ Ω , with Ω = T N , the N-dimensional torus, and N = 2 , 3 . The function a is assumed to be smooth, and a ( u ( x ) ) > 0 for u ( x ) ∈ G ¯ , where G ⊂ R is a bounded interval. We prove that if the functions f and a satisfy certain conditions, then a unique classical solution u exists. The range of the solution u is a subset of a specified interval G 1 ¯ ⊂ G ¯ . Applications of this work include stationary heat/diffusion problems with a source/sink, where the value of the solution is known at a spatial location x 0 .
A Fiber-Optic Fluorescence Microscope Using a Consumer-Grade Digital Camera for In Vivo Cellular Imaging

Background: Early detection is an essential component of cancer management. Unfortunately, visual examination can often be unreliable, and many settings lack the financial capital and infrastructure to operate PET, CT, and MRI systems. Moreover, the infrastructure and expense associated with surgical biopsy and microscopy are a challenge to establishing cancer screening/early detection programs in low-resource settings. Improvements in performance and declining costs have led to the availability of optoelectronic components, which can be used to develop low-cost diagnostic imaging devices for use at the point-of-care. Here, we demonstrate a fiber-optic fluorescence microscope using a consumer-grade camera for in vivo cellular imaging. Methods: The fiber-optic fluorescence microscope includes an LED light, an objective lens, a fiber-optic bundle, and a consumer-grade digital camera. The system was used to image an oral cancer cell line labeled with 0.01% proflavine. A human tissue specimen was imaged following surgical resection, enabling dysplastic and cancerous regions to be evaluated. The oral mucosa of a healthy human subject was imaged in vivo, following topical application of 0.01% proflavine. Findings: The fiber-optic microscope resolved individual nuclei in all specimens and tissues imaged. This capability allowed qualitative and quantitative differences between normal and precancerous or cancerous tissues to be identified. The optical efficiency of the system permitted imaging of the human oral mucosa in real time. Conclusion: Our results indicate this device as a useful tool to assist in the identification of early neoplastic changes in epithelial tissues. This portable, inexpensive unit may be particularly appropriate for use at the point-of-care in low-resource settings.
Characteristics of users of medical innovations

Some innovations are adopted quickly and are widely used; others never seem to find widespread acceptance. Among the many factors related to the diffusion of innovations are sociodemographic, psychological and communications variables. This examination of three groups of physicians who adopted innovations and changed some aspect of their medical practice identifies the common characteristics of younger age (or younger professional age), board certification or specialization, increased information-seeking behavior and increased contact with opinion leaders.
High Molecular Weight Kininogen Activates B2 Receptor Signaling Pathway in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells

The nonenzymatic cofactor high molecular weight kininogen (HK) is a precursor of bradykinin (BK). The production of BK from HK by plasma kallikrein has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammation and vascular injury. However, the functional role of HK in the absence of prekallikrein (PK), the proenzyme of plasma kallikrein, on vascular endothelial cells is not fully defined. In addition, no clinical abnormality is seen in PK-deficient patients. Therefore, an investigation into the effect of HK, in the absence of PK, on human pulmonary artery endothelial cell (HPAEC) function was performed. HK caused a marked and dose-dependent increase in the intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i level in HPAEC. Gd3+ and verapamil potentiated the HK-induced increase in [Ca2+]i. HK-induced Ca2+ increase stimulated endothelial nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin (PGI2) production. The inhibitors of B2 receptor-dependent signaling pathway impaired HK-mediated signal transduction in HPAEC. HK had no effect on endothelial permeability at physiological concentration. This study demonstrated that HK regulates endothelial cell function. HK could play an important role in maintaining normal endothelial function and blood flow and serve as a cardioprotective peptide.
Was Early Modern Japan Culturally Integrated

In an earlier draft of his essay, Professor Lieberman quoted, with some bemusement, a remark by Edwin O. Reischauer that has flown from the text but stuck in memory. Japan during the Tokugawa era, observed E.O.R., achieved ‘a greater degree of cultural, intellectual, and ideological conformity … than any other country in the world … before the nineteenth century.’ The claim is remarkable—no less for its tone than for its unlikelihood (were we even remotely able to test it). Still, the claim is tantalizing, and versions of it, more hesitant, continue to resonate in the survey literature.
Effects of Erbium alloying on the structural and piezoelectric properties of Aluminum Nitride thin films annealed under extreme thermal conditions

Effects of adding Erbium(Er) to Aluminum Nitride thin films on their structural and piezoelectric are reported along with stability of the films after annealing them at temperatures up to 600° C. The thin films samples were deposited on the (001) p-type silicon substrates by reactive magnetron sputtering, using the Er alloyed Aluminum targets with Er atomic concentrations of 0, 1, 3 and 4% and the magnetron sputtering power of 200 W. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS analysis was used to confirm the stoichiometry of AlN phase, Er atomic content and its possible chemical state in the films. Results show that alloying with Er results in higher piezoelectric coefficient d33 as compared to that in Er-free AlN thin films. Structural analysis of the films by XRD shows the shift of (0002) AlN peak to lower 2θ values upon Er doping, indicating the presence of uniform internal compressive stress.
Generalizing plans to new environments in relational MDPs

A longstanding goal in planning research is the ability to generalize plans developed for some set of environments to a new but similar environment, with minimal or no replanning. Such generalization can both reduce planning time and allow us to tackle larger domains than the ones tractable for direct planning. In this paper, we present an approach to the generalization problem based on a new framework of relational Markov Decision Processes (RMDPs). An RMDP can model a set of similar environments by representing objects as instances of different classes. In order to generalize plans to multiple environments, we define an approximate value function specified in terms of classes of objects and, in a multiagent setting, by classes of agents. This class-based approximate value function is optimized relative to a sampled subset of environments, and computed using an efficient linear programming method. We prove that a polynomial number of sampled environments suffices to achieve performance close to the performance achievable when optimizing over the entire space. Our experimental results show that our method generalizes plans successfully to new, significantly larger, environments, with minimal loss of performance relative to environment-specific planning. We demonstrate our approach on a real strategic computer war game.
Construct validity of a continuous metabolic syndrome score in children.

Objective: The primary purpose of this study was to examine the construct validity of a continuous metabolic syndrome score (cMetS) in children. The secondary purpose was to identify a cutpoint value(s) for an adverse cMetS based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Methods: 378 children aged 7 to 9 years were assessed for the metabolic syndrome which was determined by age-modified cutpoints. High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, the homeostasis assessment model of insulin resistance, mean arterial pressure, and waist circumference were used to create a cMetS for each subject. Results: About half of the subjects did not possess any risk factors while about 5% possessed the metabolic syndrome. There was a graded relationship between the cMetS and the number of adverse risk factors. The cMetS was lowest in the group with no adverse risk factors (-1.59 ± 1.76) and highest in those possessing the metabolic syndrome (≥3 risk factors) (7.05 ± 2.73). The cutoff level yielding the maximal sensitivity and specificity for predicting the presence of the metabolic syndrome was a cMetS of 3.72 (sensitivity = 100%, specificity = 93.9%, and the area of the curve = 0.978 (0.957-0.990, 95% confidence intervals). Conclusion: The results demonstrate the construct validity for the cMetS in children. Since there are several drawbacks to identifying a single cut-point value for the cMetS based on this sample, we urge researchers to use the approach herein to validate and create a cMetS that is specific to their study population.
Bipolar depression: pharmacotherapy and related therapeutic strategies

Abstract The depressed phase of bipolar affective disorder is a significant cause of suffering, disability, and mortality and represents a major challenge to treating clinicians. This article first briefly reviews the phenomenology and clinical correlates of bipolar depression and then focuses on the major pharmacological treatment options. We strongly recommend use of mood stabilizers as the first-line treatment for the type I form of bipolar depression, largely because longer-term preventative therapy with these agents almost certainly will be indicated. Depressive episodes that do not respond to lithium, divalproex, or another mood stabilizer, or episodes that "breakthrough" despite preventive treatment, often warrant treatment with an antidepressant or electroconvulsive therapy. The necessity of mood stabilizers in the type II form of bipolar depression is less certain, aside from the rapid cycling presentation. Both experts and practicing clinicians recommend bupropion and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as coequal initial choices, with venlafaxine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, such as tranylcypromine, preferred for more resistant cases. The risk of antidepressant-induced hypomania or mania with concomitant mood stabilizer therapy is low, on the order of 5% to 10% during acute phase therapy. Additional therapeutic options and optimal durations of therapy also are discussed.
Neuralgic amyotrophy manifested by severe axillary mononeuropathy limited only to the anterior branch.

Introduction In this study we describe a case demonstrating clinical, radiographic, electrophysiologic, and surgical evidence of a restricted but severe anterior branch axillary nerve mononeuropathy due to neuralgic amyotrophy (NA). Methods On each diagnostic modality there was severe involvement of the anterior and lateral deltoid muscle with sparing of the posterior deltoid and teres minor muscles and cutaneous innervation to the skin overlying the lateral shoulder. Results No structural etiologies were discovered during surgical exploration. Conclusions This case provides another unique manifestation of NA and augments the theory of selective fascicular vulnerability. Muscle Nerve 52: 143–145, 2015
Economic and Environmental Assessment of Proactive Phosphorus Control Measures for Broiler Operations

Duck Creek watershed, a small watershed in east-central Texas, experienced an influx of broiler growing operations in the later half of the 1990s. Preliminary results indicated that year 2000 levels of broiler litter land application do not pose a water quality concern but that a significant expansion of broiler production would more than double ambient phosphorus loads in the watershed. Environmental and economic modeling were used to assess the effects of phosphorus control measures designed to proactively mitigate the environmental impacts from further broiler industry expansion. Results of best management practice (BMP) simulations indicate that ambient phosphorus loads from broiler litter can be reduced by reducing the rate of litter application, by hauling off litter, by adding phytase to broiler feed, and by amending broiler litter with aluminum sulfate (alum). Reduced-rate scenarios were substantially more cost-effective than haul-off scenarios. Simulations of the phytase and alum BMPs produced ne...
Hypothyroidism and the development of open-angle glaucoma in a male population.

Purpose To determine if hypothyroidism is associated with an increased risk of glaucoma using a large cohort of patients. Design Nested case–control study. Participants Patients seen at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Birmingham, Alabama with newly diagnosed glaucoma between 1997 and 2001 were selected (n = 590) and age-matched to nonglaucoma controls (n = 5897). Methods Patient information was extracted from the Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center data files containing demographic, clinical, and medication information. An index date was assigned to the glaucoma subjects corresponding to the time of diagnosis. Patients who had a glaucoma diagnosis before the observation period of the study were excluded. Ten controls were randomly selected for each patient and matched on age (±1 year) and an encounter on or before the index date of the matched case. Main outcome measures Odds ratios (ORs) for the association between the prior diagnosis of hypothyroidism and the risk of developing glaucoma with adjustment for the presence of diabetes, lipid metabolism disorders, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, arterial disease, and migraines. Results After adjustment for the other potential risk factors, patients were significantly more likely to have prior hypothyroidism than controls (OR, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.97). Conclusions Our study has demonstrated a significantly greater risk of subjects with a preexisting diagnosis of hypothyroidism developing glaucoma, compared with controls, in a large Veterans Affairs Medical Center population.
Evaluation of the Integrated E-Z Split Key® Cup II for Rapid Detection of Twelve Drug Classes in Urine

The availability of point-of-care (POC) medical devices for drug testing has surged. Reduction in turnaround time, and hence, rapid results are attractive, particularly to acute care facilities, rehabilitation facilities and specialized clinics such as pain management clinics. Here we describe our validation results for the Integrated E-Z Split Key Cup II, a low-cost, rapid urine test that utilizes competitive immunoassay technology to detect 12 drugs or drug classes of commonly abused drugs. Positivity is based on the absence of a colored band at a labeled portion of the detection strip; a negative result produces a distinct, colored band. Using reagent-grade standards, the apparent cut-off for each of the drugs was challenged. The stability of the results was monitored over time. Five urine samples known to be negative for all drug categories and 24 patient samples confirmed positive for a total of 95 drugs and/or drug metabolites claimed to be detected by the device were tested. Adulterants and potential cross-reacting compounds were also evaluated. One false-positive result for benzodizepines was observed. One false-negative result for barbiturates was observed, but was resolved. Overall, the cups demonstrated excellent sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic efficiency for all drugs represented.
Gender is an essential determinant of blood transfusion in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft procedure

Abstract Study Objective: To determine factors that account for gender difference in the need for blood transfusion in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients. Design: Retrospective study of consecutive patients. Setting: Anesthesiology department of a teaching hospital. Patients: 253 CABG patients (163 males and 90 females). Interventions: Packed red blood cells (PRBCs), platelets, and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) were transfused depending on the need of each patient. Measurements and Main Results: For each patient, we recorded the gender, age, weight, height, body surface area (BSA), and duration of surgery. Hematocrit (Hct) levels prior to surgery, end of surgery, and at discharge from the hospital were recorded. PRBC administration and use of FFP and platelets were noted. Differences between the data for female and male patients were evaluated using Student's t -test, Chi-square test, and regression analysis. Approximately 60% female and only 20% male patients received PRBCs intraoperatively, whereas 78% females and only 43% males received PRBCs during their entire hospital stay. On average, females received 1.20 units of PRBCs intraoperatively and 2.38 units during the entire hospital stay, while the males received 0.31 units and 1.36 units for similar periods. Gender differences in PRBC transfusion persisted even when females and males were compared within the same subgroups for age, weight, duration of surgery, and preoperative Hct. PRBC units given intraoperatively had a significant correlation with age and preoperative Hct in females, but they had a significant correlation with age, preoperative Hct, and duration of surgery in males. PRBCs given during the entire hospital stay, however, had significant correlation with age, preoperative Hct, and duration of surgery in both females and males. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the probability of a patient receiving or not receiving PRBC transfusion is significantly influenced by age, preoperative PRBC mass, duration of surgery, and gender. Conclusion: Gender is an independent essential determinant of blood transfusion in CABG patients, and it may interact with age, weight, preoperative Hct, duration of surgery, and other factors in determining the probability of transfusion.
Syntheses of 2-amino and 2-halothiazole derivatives as high-affinity metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 ligands and potential radioligands for in vivo imaging.

The structure of the potent selective mGlu5 ligand, SP203 (1, 3-fluoro-5-[[2-(fluoromethyl)thiazol-4-yl]ethynyl]benzonitrile), was modified by replacing the 2-fluoromethyl substituent with an amino or halo substituent and by variation of substituents in the distal aromatic ring to provide a series of new high-affinity mGlu5 ligands. In this series, among the most potent ligands obtained, the 2-chloro-thiazoles 7a and 7b and the 2-fluorothiazole 10b showed subnanomolar mGlu5 affinity. 10b also displayed >10000-fold selectivity over all other metabotropic receptor subtypes plus a wide range of other receptors and binding sites. The 2-fluorothiazoles 10a and 10b were labeled using [18F]fluoride ion (t1/2 = 109.7 min) in moderately high radiochemical yield to provide potential radioligands that may resist troublesome radiodefluorination during the imaging of brain mGlu5 with position emission tomography. The iodo compound 9b has nanomolar affinity for mGlu5 and may also serve as a lead to a potential 123I-lab...
Pathobiology of pneumocystis pneumonia: life cycle, cell wall, and cell signal transduction

Pneumocystis is a genus of ascomycetous fungi that are highly morbid pathogens in immunosuppressed humans and other mammals. Pneumocystis cannot easily be propagated in culture, which has greatly hindered understanding of its pathobiology. The Pneumocystis life cycle is intimately associated with its mammalian host lung environment, and life cycle progression is dependent on complex interactions with host alveolar epithelial cells and the extracellular matrix. The Pneumocystis cell wall is a varied and dynamic structure containing a dominant major surface glycoprotein, β-glucans and chitins that are important for evasion of host defenses and stimulation of the host immune system. Understanding of Pneumocystis cell signaling pathways is incomplete, but much has been deduced by comparison of the Pneumocystis genome with homologous genes and proteins in related fungi. In this mini-review, the pathobiology of Pneumocystis is reviewed, with particular focus on the life cycle, cell wall components and cell signal transduction.
Emerging Technology to Model Dynamic Knowledge Creation and Flow among Construction Industry Stakeholders during the Critical Feasibility-Entitlements Phase

Managing facility development is challenging for several reasons. For instance, the developer’s organizational structure differs over multiple workflow processes, and changes over different development phases. As another instance, individuals and organizations become affiliated on a temporary—or even virtual—basis, yet they must learn quickly how to work together as a coherent team. Managing the development of affordable housing is even more challenging, for financing regulatory requirements add burden to an already complex management task, and little organizational learning—through the flow of knowledge—appears to manifest itself from one challenging project to the next. Supporting this challenging management and learning task motivates us to employ agent-based simulation technology to model and analyze the development process—before the project begins—and thereby seek to improve project performance through enhanced owner-design-construction coordination. Further, such new technology can support the dynamic process of knowledge creation and flow among temporary stakeholders, who do not belong to the project sponsor’s organization, but whose combined decisions during the entitlements-feasibility phase impact the facility’s overall implementation time and cost. We model the pre-construction activities of an affordable housing project in California, as a particularly challenging case, to illustrate how an agent-based organization simulation tool can be used to analyze dynamic knowledge creation and flow. Despite the challenge associated with modeling the affordable housing case, however, the technology and approach articulated in the paper remain quite general, and should also apply well to more-conventional construction projects and organizations, across all project phases.
Patterns of Home‐ and Classroom‐based Toy Play of Preschoolers With and Without Intellectual Disabilities

Children with and without intellectual disabilities were observed playing with toys during both home‐based independent play and classroom‐based freeplay situations. Categorical and sequential play was analysed for within‐ and between‐group patterns. Within‐group patterns during classroom freeplay were similar for both groups. There were no significant differences among home‐based categorical play variables for children with intellectual disabilities; however, children without intellectual disabilities engaged in significantly more constructive play than other home‐based categorical play types. Between‐group analyses of home–classroom difference scores revealed greater variability in play for children with intellectual disabilities than children without intellectual disabilities. The analyses presented complement and extend extant work on contextually‐based variation of children’s toy play supporting a more positive ability profile for children with intellectual disabilities than that engendered by classro...
The value of irradiation in the treatment of ovarian carcinoma

1. It is impossible to predict what the effect of irradiation will be on any given patient. This effect wilt be determined by the first series of treatments; should no benefit be derived, further irradiation is usually a futile procedure. 2. In case of more or less generalized carcinomatosis, in which the primary growth has not been removed, little can be expected from treatment. 3. A decidedly more hopeful outlook, so far as relief from symptoms is concerned, can be anticipated when the primary growth has been removed.
Nycthemeral profile of nonspectral heart rate variability measures in women and men: Description of a normal sample and two sudden cardiac arrest subsamples

Heart rate variability (HRV), a noninvasive systemic index of the central autonomic nervous system, demonstrates considerable within-subject variability, including a strong systematic 24-hour nycthemeral (or less precisely, circadian) component. Recent interest in the timing of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), especially the pronounced morning rise in sudden deaths, has motivated research into coincident dynamic phenomena in HRV indices of central autonomic nervous system activity. In this study, statistical (nonspectral) HRV measures (SD and %RR50) were summarized for consecutive 15-minute blocks from 24-hour Holter electrocardiogram tapes. Six subgroups were scrutinized: women and men respectively in three clinical strata (normal subjects [n = 85 women and 40 men], SCA with no current or prior myocardial infarction [MI] [n = 9 women and 31 men], SCA with old MI [n = 7 women and 48 men]). Significant nycthemeral effects were observable for all HRV measures in five of the six groups, with a dramatic fall in HRV during the hours of the morning with the highest phenomenologic incidence of SCA. Both strata of SCA subjects had much lower HRV than the normal subjects. This effect was strongest during the night-time hours, particularly for a purported index of vagal tone (%RR50). For reasons that are not known, the nine female SCA survivors who had no current or previous MI presented very distinct 24-hour patterns for the HRV measures studied. Twenty-four-hour profiles of short-term statistical HRV provide a rich field for the observation of within-subject adaptations of the central autonomic nervous system inputs to the heart in both normal and clinical subgroups.
An alternative source of blood protein for screwworm (Diptera : Calliphoridae) larval diet

Larvae of screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), were reared on diets with varying concentrations of spray dried animal blood cells, spray dried inedible egg product, and powdered milk substitute, and compared with those reared on spray dried whole bovine blood-based diet currently used for mass rearing. Mean larval weight, pupal weight, number of pupae, adult emergence, sex ratio, longevity, fecundity, and fertility obtained from the tests with animal blood cell based diets were similar to those from tests with whole bovine blood based diet. The animal blood cell based diet has potential for use in the mass production of screwworm larvae.
Nietzsche on Generosity and the Gift-Giving Virtue

Generosity and gift-giving are important themes in Nietzsche's philosophy. This essay focuses on Nietzsche's idea of the gift-giving virtue which is explicitly discussed at the end of Part One of Thus Spoke Zarathustra. I begin with a critical discussion of this section, and then I consider three different interpretations. Finally, I look at some ways in which the idea of the ‘gift-giving virtue’ may be understood in terms of spiritual generosity, leading to ‘sovereignty’ as its ultimate goal. Throughout, there are important comparisons to be made between Nietzsche's account of generosity and the traditional viewpoint.