cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An optical vernier technique for in situ measurement of the length of long Fabry-Pérot cavities

We propose a method for in situ measurement of the length of kilometre-sized Fabry-Perot cavities in laser gravitational wave detectors. The method is based on the vernier, which occurs naturally when the laser beam incident on the cavity has a sideband. By changing the length of the cavity over several wavelengths we obtain a set of carrier resonances alternating with sideband resonances. From the measurement of the separation between the carrier and a sideband resonance we determine the length of the cavity. We apply the technique to the measurement of the length of a Fabry-Perot cavity in the Caltech 40m interferometer and discuss the accuracy of the technique.
A TEM Study of the Microstructure Evolution of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Films from Cu-Rich to In-Rich

The microstructure of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) films with compositions ranging from Cu-rich to In-rich was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive Xray spectroscopy (EDS). We found that the Cu-rich samples have larger grain sizes than the Inrich sample. In the Cu-rich samples, sub-interfaces were observed. The two sides of the subinterfaces were found to have different Cu concentration. In the In-rich sample, Ga inhomogeneity across grains was observed.
The influence of semantic relationships on older adult map memory.

Research has shown that nonspatial features, including semantic categories, can bias younger adults’ spatial location memory. For example, semantically related information is remembered as being closer in space than semantically unrelated information (Hirtle & Mascolo, 1986). These findings suggest that verbal information is concurrently encoded with spatial information and influences younger adults’ spatial information retrieval. The present study explored whether older adults have a similar dependency between verbal and spatial information. In Experiment 1, older and younger adults learned maps depicting semantically categorizable landmarks. After learning, participants completed landmark free recall and distance estimation tasks. Younger adults recalled more landmarks from semantically organized maps compared with older adults. In addition, younger adults were more likely to underestimate the distance between semantically related landmarks than were older adults. Experiment 2 examined whether supportive instructions would influence older adults’ use of verbal information when learning maps. When given instructions that encouraged semantic feature use, older adults remembered more landmarks, were more likely to cluster landmarks semantically, and demonstrated biases in distance estimation based on semantic relationships. These findings suggest that verbal influences on spatial/map learning in older adults depends on explicit instructions or environmental support at encoding.
Metastatic neuroendocrine tumors of the parotid gland.

Abstract Objectives To present 2 cases of neuroendocrine tumors of the parotid gland and to review the clinical presentation, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical findings and treatment of these rare tumors. Study design Case series. Methods This study reviews 2 patients who both presented with firm masses in the parotid gland diagnosed as neuroendocrine carcinoma by histopathologic and immunohistochemical examination. The evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment are discussed. Results Both patients underwent complete tumor extirpation via a total or subtotal parotidectomy. Both patients received postoperative radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Conclusions Neuroendocrine tumors of the parotid gland are uncommon lesions; however, they have a favorable prognosis as compared to their pulmonary counterparts with early diagnosis and aggressive treatment. Diagnosis is based on the immunohistochemical characteristics of the tumor. Appropriate treatment includes complete surgical excision with postoperative radiation therapy to the parotid bed with the addition of postoperative chemotherapy in patients suspected to have metastatic disease.
Calculation of noise resistance from simultaneous electrochemical voltage and current noise data

A derivation of the noise resistance appropriate to locally stationary electrochemical noise measurements is presented. The equation for noise resistance, R n =σ V /σ I , where the σ V and σ I values are the standard deviations of the voltage and current noise signals, is shown to be derivable from the low frequency limit of spectral density functions for the potential and current noise. The results are especially pertinent to the study of corrosion in organic coatings/metal substrate systems
SAFETY AND TOLERABILITY OF REGADENOSON IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE OR ASTHMA

Regadenoson is a selective adenosine A2a receptor agonist, now being used extensively for radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). Patients with reactive airway disease are at an increased risk for adenosine induced bronchoconstriction via stimulation of A2b and A3 receptors. All patients
Performance of Advance Warning for End of Green System for High-Speed Signalized Intersections:

A major difficulty with traffic signal operation on high-speed approaches is the dilemma faced by approaching motorists when the downstream signal turns yellow. Should the motorists stop or proceed through the intersection? Crashes that may occur at these intersections result in excessive property damage and personal injury because of the high speeds involved. The Texas Transportation Institute has developed a new system named the Advance Warning for End of Green System (AWEGS) for application at high-speed signalized intersections. Typically, dilemma zone detection strategy is based on a certain approach speed (typically the 85th percentile). AWEGS provides protection for the majority of motorists who are not covered by the dilemma zone treatment. AWEGS provides advance warning to motorists by using signs mounted on the roadside. These signs (Be Prepared To Stop When Flashing) would flash a beacon about 5 to 6 s before the onset of the yellow signal for high-speed approaches. Similar systems have been implemented in Canada and in a few U.S. states that use the trailing-green approach, which results in loss of dilemma zone protection every cycle. AWEGS, however, is almost completely independent of the traffic signal controller, and hence the signal controller would continue to provide the dilemma zone protection for which it was designed. The system was implemented at two sites in Waco and Brenham, Texas. Results of AWEGS implementation illustrated an improvement in traffic operations. AWEGS consistently enhanced the dilemma zone protection at intersections and reduced red light running by about 40%.
A SIMPLE WAY TO ESTABLISH NON-EXISTENCE OF DIFFERENCE SETS

We illustrate that the combination of the variance technique and factorization in the cyclotomic rings is sufficient to establish non-existence of difference sets.
Surface Mesonets of the Western United States

In recent years the western United States has gone from being a region with relatively sparse surface observations to one that has a number of mesoscale networks maintained by a variety of interests. Expanding population and increased agricultural activity have spawned a greater appreciation for meteorological measurements in this region. Yet the meteorological community is not generally aware of these data sources, and some potential research uses for the data are not realized. A survey of these mesonets is presented to illustrate the number of stations and the variations in their characteristics. Even though the networks have been set up by different agencies, there is very little overlap in their locations. Some areas in the region, however, are still lacking an abundance of surface data. Information sources for the networks are provided so that readers can obtain additional information. It can be difficult to work with data from several different sources. Nonetheless, it is recommended that the meteor...
Lack of Bax Prevents Influenza A Virus-Induced Apoptosis and Causes Diminished Viral Replication

The ectopic overexpression of Bcl-2 restricts both influenza A virus-induced apoptosis and influenza A virus replication in MDCK cells, thus suggesting a role for Bcl-2 family members during infection. Here we report that influenza A virus cannot establish an apoptotic response without functional Bax, a downstream target of Bcl-2, and that both Bax and Bak are directly involved in influenza A virus replication and virus-induced cell death. Bak is substantially downregulated during influenza A virus infection in MDCK cells, and the knockout of Bak in mouse embryonic fibroblasts yields a dramatic rise in the rate of apoptotic death and a corresponding increase in levels of virus replication, suggesting that Bak suppresses both apoptosis and the replication of virus and that the virus suppresses Bak. Bax, however, is activated and translocates from the cytosol to the mitochondria; this activation is required for the efficient induction of apoptosis and virus replication. The knockout of Bax in mouse embryonic fibroblasts blocks the induction of apoptosis, restricts the infection-mediated activation of executioner caspases, and inhibits virus propagation. Bax knockout cells still die but by an alternative death pathway displaying characteristics of autophagy, similarly to our previous observation that influenza A virus infection in the presence of a pancaspase inhibitor leads to an increase in levels of autophagy. The knockout of Bax causes a retention of influenza A virus NP within the nucleus. We conclude that the cell and virus struggle to control apoptosis and autophagy, as appropriately timed apoptosis is important for the replication of influenza A virus.
The Echelon-cross-Echelle Spectrograph for SOFIA

The Echelon-cross-Echelle Spectrograph (EXES), one of the first generation instruments for the Statospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) will provide a unique tool for examining the ISM and star formation. The EXES high spectral resolution mode, R ≤ 120 000 from 4.5 μ m to 28.3 μ m, is designed for line observations of gas-phase molecules. The improved atmospheric transmission guaranteed by SOFIA will make observations of molecules such as H 2 O and CH 4 fairly routine. EXES will also have medium and low resolution modes to enable a wide range of science projects. EXES is a PI instrument open for collaborative proposals following the model of the successful TEXES instrument (Lacy et al. ). It is currently scheduled for first science flights on SOFIA in 2013.
Effect of CO2 concentration on phospholipid metabolism in the isolated perfused rat lung

Studies have been carried out on the incorporation of (U-'4C)glucose, (2J4C)pyruvate, (2J4C)acetate, and (l-14C)- palmitate into the phospholipids of the isolated perfused rat lung in the presence of either 6 or 45 mM total COz concentra- tion in the perfusion medium. Incorporation of (UJ4C)glucose into total phospholipid and into the phosphatidylcholine frac- tion was increased 19-53y0 over the 2-hr perfusion period in lungs perfused with medium containing 45 as compared with 6 mu COZ. The incorporation of (2J4C)acetate, (2J4C)- pyruvate, and (1J4C)palmitate was not affected by the change in medium COn concentration. Increased incorporation of (U-'"C)glucose combined with a shift toward greater incorpo- ration into the fatty acids of the phosphatidylcholine fraction produced a maximum increase of 90% in (U-14C)glucose incor- poration .into the fatty acids of phosphatidylcholine after 2 hr of perfusion in the presence of medium containing 45 mM COS as compared with 6 m COZ. The increase in medium COZ concentration produced as much as a 150% increase in (U-'*C)glucose incorporation into palmitate derived from the phosphatidylcholine fraction. The results provide evidence that glucose functions as an important precursor of palmitate in the phosphatidylcholine fraction of lung phospholipids and that the COZ concentration of the perfusion medium affects the incorporation of glucose into palmitate.
Water Availability and the Spatial Complexity of CO2, Water, and Energy Fluxes over a Heterogeneous Sparse Canopy

Abstract The transient status of water availability to vegetation is central in shaping both the canopy-level processes as well as the spatial aspects of the turbulent exchange between the vegetation and atmosphere. This is examined by merging eddy covariance (EC) flux data with a detailed atmospheric model applied over a heterogeneous, remotely sensed surface. Eddy covariance measurements from a forested area near Mongu, Zambia, in southern Africa are used to parameterize a large eddy simulation (LES) model, which directly simulates the dynamical effects of the lower-atmospheric transport and mixing. High-resolution IKONOS satellite data are used to define the distribution of the leaf area index (LAI) and surface roughness over the 6.4 km × 6.4 km study area. Fluxes along the bottom boundary of the three-dimensional model are represented by a Penman–Monteith formulation for the canopy latent heat fluxes (LEc), and CO2 uptake by the vegetation (Ac) is added by drawing upon an observed bulk relationship fr...
Yellow Is Yellow

I am an American. I was born in New York City and raised in America's heartland. I grew up playing with G.I. Joe, camped in front of Saturday morning cartoons, and eating Thin Mints. I was in little league and park district soccer. I said the pledge of allegiance every day in elementary school; I watched the fireworks every Fourth of July; and when Lee Greenwood declared that he was "proud to be an American,"1 1 sang along. I am an American and a patriot. Yet, almost half of all Americans believe that I am a traitor-in-waiting. Because I am Chinese American2 because I look Chinese nearly one out of every two Americans I meet thinks that, if I had state secrets, I would pass them to mainland China.3 My yellow face leads one of every three Americans to conclude that, on the whole, I am more loyal to China than I am to the United States.4 To add insult to the personal injury, non-asian Americans5 continue to deny that asian Americans6 suffer from race-based discrimination, despite evidence
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor: The Phenobarbital Receptor that Elicits CAR Activation Signal for P450 Induction

Phenobarbital is the classic inducer of cytochrome P450 and drug metabolism. Here we describe the cell signaling mechanism by which phenobarbital binds to antagonize epidermal growth factor receptor to indirectly activate the nuclear constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). In response to this signaling, residue threonine 38 of CAR is dephosphorylated in the cytoplasm. Nonphosphorylated CAR translocates into the nucleus, thereby activating genes that encode enzymes and transporters to induce drug metabolism and excretion.
CEO demographics and accounting fraud: Who is more likely to rationalize illegal acts?:

This article proposes that key CEO demographic factors reflect alternative modes of rationalizing the choice to engage in and/or facilitate accounting fraud. Specifically the authors theorize that younger, less functionally experienced CEOs and CEOs without business degrees will be more likely to rationalize accounting fraud as an acceptable decision. Based on a sample of 312 fraud-committing and control firms, the study finds support for the authors’ predictions. It also finds that CEO stock options (a form of executive equity incentive) also predict fraud, and that this relationship is not moderated by CEO demographics. The study thus extends upper echelon theory by demonstrating how key demographic variables influence CEO decisions to rationalize accounting fraud.
Malignant Bowel Obstruction in Patients With Recurrent Ovarian Cancer.

We sought to report incidence, risk factors, and survival related to bowel obstruction in 311 ovarian cancer patients with recurrent disease. A total of 68 (22%) had a documented bowel obstruction during their cancer course, and 49 (16%) developed it after cancer recurrence. Surprisingly, 142 (45%) fit into an “unknown” category (3+ months of data lacking from last contact/death). No risk factors were identified; management included surgery (n = 21), conservative measures (n = 21), and other (n = 7). Documented bowel obstruction was not associated with a statistically significant reduction in survival after cancer recurrence. In conclusion, although bowel obstruction occurs in only a subgroup of patients with ovarian cancer and does not appear to detract from survival after cancer recurrence, limited end-of-life information may be resulting in an underestimation of incidence.
INTROGRESSION BETWEEN CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA IN PANAMA

In a recent paper, Bigelow (1965) argues that closely related but distinct animal species may interbreed in a hybrid zone where their respective distributions overlap, providing the genomes of the two species have become so coadapted that hybridization fails "to make the gene pools progressively more similar." Thus persistence of a narrow hybrid zone over a long period of time demonstrates the biological integrity of the closely related species, and populations of hybrids zones should not be regarded as incipient species. Previously, Dobzhansky (1951) had observed "that populations may continue to diverge despite gene exchange, the real problem being how much gene exchange between diverging populations is possible without arresting and reversing the divergence." The present work will describe a case which appears to corroborate Bigelow's argument. Drosophila metzii Sturtevant (1921) and Drosophila pellewae Pipkin and Heed (1964) belonging to the tripunctata species group of the subgenus Drosophila, are sympatric in the Isthmus of Darien, Panama. These species feed and breed together on fallen fruit and blossoms as part of large multispecific aggregations (Pipkin, 1965). A marked degree of sexual isolation exists, but there is some hybridization. Though the F1 hybrids between these species are often sterile in crosses inter se, female hybrids can backcross with either parental species. Recombination between the genomes of the respective species is limited by translocations involving four pairs of autosomes. However, a carina color polymorphism observed in D. pellewae of the Darien, where both species occur, and also present in a strain of D. pellewae from Rio Raposo, Colombia, where D. metzii is not found, is believed to be the result of introgression between the two species in the region of overlap. It is the purpose of this work to present evidence upon which this interpretation is based and to compare relationships between D. metzii, D. pellewae, and a third closely related allopatric species, D. leticiae Pipkin (1967) from the headwaters of the Amazon River.
Absent correctional staff: A discussion of the issue and recommendations for future research

Employee absenteeism is a costly and disruptive event. While researchers in the organizational sciences have studied worker absenteeism extensively, this topic has received little attention in the correctional field. This paper presents a framework for the study of correctional staff absenteeism which includes a discussion of issues pertaining to the definition, nature, extent, and measurement of absenteeism. Furthermore, future research should examine occupational stress, gender, age, health, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and the existence of an absenteeism climate or culture as potential causes of correctional staff absenteeism. Finally, there is a need to examine the effectiveness of absenteeism reduction programs.
The Derivatives of Arcsec x, Arctan x, and Tan x

(1986). The Derivatives of Arcsec x, Arctan x, and Tan x. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 244-246.
fNIRS Software Development for Basic and Simple Research

A Matlab based fNIRS visualization and processing GUI developed in order to increase the researcher’s ability to analyze the patient studies. Developed tools: multiple window visualization, regressions, motion artifact detection and database engine.
Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) provides a powerful method to measure molecular dynamics and interactions in a wide variety of experimental systems and environments. In this article we focus on the use of FCS methods to quantify molecular interactions, including the use of diffusion analysis and molecular counting. Both autocorrelation and cross-correlation FCS measurements are discussed.
Antenatal Diagnosis and Management of Urinary Abnormalities

The increasing use of ultrasound during pregnancy presents a challenge to the obstetrician, pediatrician, and urologist. Many urinary abnormalities become detectable on ultrasound. This article lists the alternatives available once prenatal diagnosis is made and suggests some criteria for the use of intrauterine therapy.
Communication Research and the New Media Technologies

(1983). Communication Research and the New Media Technologies. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 7, Communication Yearbook 7, pp. 200-224.
Universal cervical length screening for preterm birth prevention in the United States.

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the incidence of implementation of universal cervical length (CL) screening for preterm birth (PTB) prevention among institutions with Maternal–Fetal Medicine (MFM) fellowship training in the United states.Methods: In January 2015, we conducted a national survey of institutions with MFM Fellowship Programs regarding implementation of universal CL screening, defined as CL screening of women with singleton gestations without a prior spontaneous PTB. We identified whether a transabdominal ultrasound (TAU) or transvaginal ultrasound (TVU) was used for screening. Results were compared by geographical regions.Results: We identified 78 MFM fellowship programs nationwide, of which 100% responded to the survey, provided by MFM fellows (86%) and MFM division directors (14%). In January 2015, 53 programs (68%) had implemented a CL screening program, with 25 programs (32%) using TVU while the rest (36%) used TAU for CL screening. The 16 programs in the Midwest had the highest percent of...
Attention, Action, and Greenwash in Family-Influenced Firms? Evidence From Polluting Industries:

Drawing on complementary theoretical perspectives, we investigate whether and to what extent family-influenced firms differ from their nonfamily counterparts in terms of the relationship between ma...
Improving Chronic Disease Outcomes Through Medication Therapy Management in Federally Qualified Health Centers.

Introduction: Appropriate management of chronic diseases, including proper use of medications, can lead to better disease control, decrease disease-related complications, and improve overall health...
Strange Loops: Toward an Aesthetics for the Anthropocene

Beautiful things … act like small tears in the surface of the world that pull us through to some vaster space. … We find that we are standing in a different relation to the world than we were a mom...
General Mechanism of Pathogenesis

Foodborne pathogens cause three forms of disease: foodborne infection, foodborne intoxication, and foodborne toxicoinfection. The principal route of infection/intoxication for foodborne pathogens is oral and the primary site of action is the gastrointestinal tract. The infectious dose of foodborne pathogens varies and depends on the type of organisms or toxin as well as the type of food (liquid vs. solid) ingested. The pathogens that are responsible for infection colonize the gut by producing various adhesion factors including fimbriae, curli, adhesin proteins, and extracellular matrices that allow biofilm formation. Invading pathogens have developed strategies to cross the epithelial barrier. Some use M cells to reach the subcellular location or some pathogens actively penetrate epithelial cells by rearranging the host cell cytoskeletal structure. Pathogens localized in the subcellular locations multiply, move from cell-to-cell, and induce inflammation and elicit cell damage to induce diarrhea and gastroenteritis. Some intracellular pathogens induce apoptosis or necrosis in macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and other cells, thus ensuring their survival in host tissues. Pathogens may also translocate to deeper tissues including the liver, lymph nodes, spleen, brain, and placenta. Foodborne intoxication is mediated by exotoxins produced by pathogens in the food, which induces cell damage, fluid and electrolyte losses, and apoptosis or blocks nerve impulse following consumption of the contaminated food. The mechanisms of exotoxin action may vary, and based on the toxin action, the toxins can be classified as A–B type toxins, membrane-acting toxins, superantigens, proteases, protein synthesis inhibitors, and signal transduction modulators. The bacterial cell wall or membrane-associated endotoxins (LPS, PGN) are generally associated with systemic foodborne infection, and these toxins modulate the immune system to induce the release of large quantities of cytokines that promote fever, decrease blood pressure, and induce septic shock. In most pathogens, virulence factors encoded genes are located in pathogenicity islands or islets, which may be found on plasmids, bacteriophage, or the chromosome. Virulence proteins are exported from the microbes by various secretory machinary and those are designated type I–type VII and Sec secretory systems. Finally, bacterial virulence gene expression is a complex process that may be controlled by different regulatory elements in the food system as well as in the host. Alternate sigma factors are found to be crucial in virulence gene expressions in foodborne pathogens.
Designing Shared Decision-Making Interventions for Dissemination and Sustainment: Can Implementation Science Help Translate Shared Decision Making Into Routine Practice?

Shared decision making (SDM) is not widely practiced in routine care due to a variety of organizational, provider, patient, and contextual factors. This article explores how implementation science—...
Near-Optimal Re-Entry Trajectories for Reusable Launch Vehicles

A near-optimal guidance law for the descent trajectory for earth orbit re-entry of a fully reusable single-stage-to-orbit pure rocket launch vehicle is derived. A methodology is developed to investigate using both bank angle and altitude as control variables and selecting parameters that maximize various performance functions. The method is based on the energy-state model of the aircraft equations of motion. The major task of this paper is to obtain optimal re-entry trajectories under a variety of performance goals: minimum time, minimum surface temperature, minimum heating, and maximum heading change; four classes of trajectories were investigated: no banking, optimal left turn banking, optimal right turn banking, and optimal bank chattering. The cost function is in general a weighted sum of all performance goals. In particular, the trade-off between minimizing heat load into the vehicle and maximizing cross range distance is investigated. The results show that the optimization methodology can be used to derive a wide variety of near-optimal trajectories.
Cuerpos ilegales. Sujeto, poder y escritura en América Latina, de Nanne Timmer (editora)

Resena critica de Cuerpos ilegales. Sujeto, poder y escritura en America Latina editado por Nanne Timmer. Leiden: Almenara, 2018, 328 paginas.
Organoid-Induced Differentiation of Conventional T Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Summary The ability to generate T cells from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) has the potential to transform autologous T cell immunotherapy by facilitating universal, off-the-shelf cell products. However, differentiation of human PSCs into mature, conventional T cells has been challenging with existing methods. We report that a continuous 3D organoid system induced an orderly sequence of commitment and differentiation from PSC-derived embryonic mesoderm through hematopoietic specification and efficient terminal differentiation to naive CD3+CD8αβ+ and CD3+CD4+ conventional T cells with a diverse T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. Introduction of an MHC class I-restricted TCR in PSCs produced naive, antigen-specific CD8αβ+ T cells that lacked endogenous TCR expression and showed anti-tumor efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Functional assays and RNA sequencing aligned PSC-derived T cells with primary naive CD8+ T cells. The PSC-artificial thymic organoid (ATO) system presented here is an efficient platform for generating functional, mature T cells from human PSCs.
Problem Solving and Reasoning, Psychology of

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by H.A. Simon, volume 18, pp. 12120–12123, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
A Situational Perspective on Employee Communicative Behaviors in A Crisis: The Role of Relationship and Symmetrical Communication

This study investigates the intertwined effects of the employee-organization relationship (EOR), internal communication, and employees’ situational perceptions on individuals’ communicative behavio...
Arguing Gunwall: Can a State Supreme Court Force its Lawyers to Argue State Constitutional Claims?

This paper examines the role of lawyers in the development of state constitutional law. The failure of lawyers to regularly offer state constitutional claims undermines the ability of state courts to engage in state constitutional rights activism. Utilizing a study of rights arguments made to the Washington Supreme Court, 1978-2000, I demonstrate how the clear expression of a state constitutional theory leads lawyers to make state constitutional arguments that are more clearly independent of federal law. Lawyers are less likely to simply present state high courts with invitations to evade newly restrictive federal law. This suggests that state high courts may be able to induce a support structure for state constitutional law that otherwise would not have existed and thus give the state court more support for independent constitutional doctrine.
Multivariate Nonlinear Regression

This chapter continues the previous chapter but now we can have two or more independent (predictor, explanatory) variables, the \(\overline{X}_i\). Another change from Chapter 12 is now we will work with fuzzy trapezoidal (shaped) fuzzy numbers instead of fuzzy triangular (shaped) fuzzy numbers. As in Chapter 12 we usually assume our fuzzy numbers are non-negative so that in the evaluation of fuzzy expressions the extension principle and the α-cut and interval arithmetic method produce the same results. However, in Section 13.5.4 we allow fuzzy numbers in an interval I = [ − a,a], a > 0. This chapter is based on [1].
Cold War Literature in East Asia

This chapter focuses on the early years of the Cold War and highlights the diverse literary engagements that underpinned the apparently stable identities of China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan and the Korean Peninsula. Two fundamental elements of Cold War geopolitics profoundly affected cultural production in East Asia: the nuclear arms race and the East-West geopolitical alliances that defined the bipolar conflict. Key issues in the prose and poetry of writers like Ding Ling, Eileen Chang, Tōge Sankichi, Kim Chiha and Chŏng Pi-sŏk included the horrific violence of World War Two, complicity with past periods of empire, the effects of proxy wars, new divisions of family and nation, the massive displacement of peoples and the widespread denial of human rights.
Inverse Seesaw Neutrino Mass from Lepton Triplets in the U(1)_Sigma Model

The inverse seesaw mechanism of neutrino mass, i.e. m_nu = (m_D^2/m_N^2)epsilon_L where epsilon_L is small, is discussed in the context of the U(1)_Sigma model. This is a gauge extension of the Standard Model of particle interactions with lepton triplets (Sigma^+,Sigma^),Sigma^-) as (Type III) seesaw anchors for obtaining small Majorana neutrino masses.
Fiber Coupled Near-Field Thermoplasmonic Emission from Gold Nanorods at 1100 K

Nanostructured gold has attracted significant interest from materials science, chemistry, optics and photonics, and biology due to their extraordinary potential for manipulating visible and near-infrared light through the excitation of plasmon resonances. However, gold nanostructures are rarely measured experimentally in their plasmonic properties and hardly used for high-temperature applications because of the inherent instability in mass and shape due to the high surface energy at elevated temperatures. In this work, the first direct observation of thermally excited surface plasmons in gold nanorods at 1100 K is demonstrated. By coupling with an optical fiber in the near-field, the thermally excited surface plasmons from gold nanorods can be converted into the propagating modes in the optical fiber and experimentally characterized in a remote manner. This fiber-coupled technique can effectively characterize the near-field thermoplasmonic emission from gold nanorods. A direct simulation scheme is also developed to quantitively understand the thermal emission from the array of gold nanorods. The experimental work in conjunction with the direct simulation results paves the way of using gold nanostructures as high-temperature plasmonic nanomaterials, which has important implications in thermal energy conversion, thermal emission control, and chemical sensing.
Multivariate shoulder and spine relationship using planar range of motion assessment.

Abstract Context Goniometry and posture are commonly used metrics in clinical assessment of the shoulder and spine. When both the shoulder and spine are assessed individually using these techniques, there are structural and functional musculoskeletal relationships between the two anatomical regions that may be overlooked. Objective To determine the relationships between and within the shoulder and spine as measured by active range of motion (ROM) and spine curvature. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Clinical assessment in university setting. Participants 163 asymptomatic, right hand dominant, young adults; Intervention None. Main outcome measures A multivariate canonical correlation was used to identify a shoulder-spine relationship using active ROM assessments. Results A shoulder-spine relationship was determined using planar assessments and multivariate analyses of these two areas. Measures contributing to this relationship included shoulder flexion, internal rotation, external rotation, and trunk flexion and lumbar lordosis. Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that assessment of shoulder ROM should be interpreted with respect to spine region and vice versa, regardless of presenting region of concern, owing to the multivariate shoulder-spine ROM relationship when considering multiple measures of ROM and posture.
A model for marine sedimentary carbonate diagenesis and paleoclimate proxy signal tracking: IMP v0.9

Abstract. The preservation of calcium carbonate in marine sediments is central to controlling the alkalinity balance of the ocean and hence the ocean-atmosphere partitioning of CO2. To successfully address carbon cycle-climate dynamics on geologic (>> 1 kyr) time-scales, Earth system models then require an appropriate representation of the primary controls on CaCO3 preservation. At the same time, marine sedimentary carbonates represent a major archive of Earth history, as they have the potential to preserve how seawater chemistry, and isotopic composition, and even properties of planktic and benthic ecosystems, change with time. However, changes in preservation and even chemical erosion of previously deposited CaCO3, together with the biogenic reworking of upper portions of sediments whereby sediment particles are translocated both locally and non-locally between different depths in the sediments, all act to distort the recorded signal. Numerical models can aid in recovering what the “true” environmental changes might have been, but only if they appropriately account for these processes. Building on a classical 1-D reaction-transport framework, we present a new diagenetic model – IMP – that simulates biogeochemical transformations in carbonate-hosted proxy signals by allowing for populations of solid carbonate particles to possess different physicochemical characteristics such as isotopic value, solubility, and particle size. The model also utilizes a variable transition matrix to implement different styles of bioturbation. We illustrate the utility of the model for deciphering past environmental changes using several hypothesized transitions of seawater proxies obscured by sediment mixing and chemical erosion. To facilitate the use of IMP, we provide the model in FORTRAN, MATLAB, and Python versions. We described IMP with integration into Earth system models in mind, and present the description of this coupling of IMP with the “cGENIE.muffin” model in a subsequent paper.
Use of omalizumab for management of idiopathic anaphylaxis: A systematic review and retrospective case series.

Abstract Background Patients with idiopathic anaphylaxis (IA) may fail to respond to a combination of high-dose H1 and H2 antihistamines and mast cell stabilizers. Treatment options for these patients are currently limited. Objective To describe the clinical experience of omalizumab use for the treatment of patients with IA with no evidence of underlying clonal mast cell disorders. Methods We performed a retrospective review at 2 separate institutions of medical records of patients with a diagnosis of IA without evidence of mast cell clonality who had received treatment with omalizumab. We searched PubMed for studies describing omalizumab use in similar patients. Information on symptoms and omalizumab therapy was compiled, and response pattern of anaphylaxis was determined. Results A total of 35 patients with IA and no evidence of mast cell clonality who received omalizumab were identified. The median age was 36 years at the start of omalizumab (range, 11-54 years; n = 29). The frequency of anaphylaxis episodes before omalizumab treatment varied from 2 total episodes to several episodes per month. The most often used initial omalizumab dose was 300 mg every 4 weeks (n = 16). Most patients ultimately achieved clinical response after starting omalizumab: complete response (63%, n = 22), partial response (28.5%, n = 10), with 3 nonresponders. Conclusion Omalizumab may be an effective treatment option for patients with IA who do not have evidence of mast cell clonality and fail to respond to antihistamines and mast cell stabilizers.
Truncation of the TPR domain of OGT alters substrate and glycosite selection

O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme that installs O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to thousands of protein substrates. OGT and its isoforms select from these substrates through the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain, yet the impact of truncations to the TPR domain on substrate and glycosite selection is unresolved. Here, we report the effects of iterative truncations to the TPR domain of OGT on substrate and glycosite selection with the model protein GFP-JunB and the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome in U2OS cells. Iterative truncation of the TPR domain of OGT maintains glycosyltransferase activity but alters subcellular localization of OGT in cells. The glycoproteome and glycosites modified by four OGT TPR isoforms were examined on the whole proteome and a single target protein, GFP-JunB. We found the greatest changes in O-GlcNAc on proteins associated with mRNA splicing processes and that the first four TPRs of the canonical nucleocytoplasmic OGT had the broadest substrate scope. Subsequent glycosite analysis revealed that alteration to the last four TPRs corresponded to the greatest shift in the resulting O-GlcNAc consensus sequence. This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT.
The isolation of crystalline i-urobilinogen (mesobilirubinogen) from feces. Comparison with crystalline d-urobilinogen (H44) and seprartion of natural i-urobilin into optically active components.

Crystalline i-urobilinogen has been isolated from the feces of two individuals at appropriate intervals after discontinuance of tetracycline. The crystals from the first case were completely separated from dihydromesobilirubin and were highly similar to synthetic mesobilirubinogen in respect to a number of physical properties. Both are optically inactive from 600 to 200 mµ. A dextrorotatory component of the i-urobilin, formed by simple dehydrogenation of the recrystallized i-urobilinogen, separated by crystallization, leaving an l component in the mother liquor. The i-urobilinogen crystallized from the feces of the second case, although having the same crystal habit as synthetic mesobilirubinogen, could not be separated entirely from dihydromesobilirubin. Nevertheless the crystalline i-urobilin prepared after oxidative elimination of dihydromesobilirubin separated into optically active components, although this separation was less complete, even on recrystallization, than with the urobilin from the first case. Possible reasons for this difference and for the greater difficulty in resolving synthetic i-urobilin are discussed. Crystalline d-urobilinogen (H44) was prepared by catalytic hydrogenation of d-urobilinogen from feces. This is readily distinguished, on the basis of several physical properties, from i-urobilin or synthetic mesobilirubinogen. The d-urobilin (H42) prepared from it was identical in respect to a number of physical properties with d-urobilin obtained from i-urobilin.
INITIAL 6-MONTH FOLLOW-UP OF PATIENTS WITH MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER A Preliminary Report from the NIMH Collaborative Study of the Psychobiology of Depression *

Abstract Results from 121 patients with major depressive disorder followed-up at 6 months with a new comprehensive follow-up schedule, the Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation (LIFE) indicate that: 1. (1) Forty percent of patients had not recovered from the index episode 6 months after inclusion; 2. (2) Of those patients who recovered, 19% relapsed into another RDC affective episode by the time of the 6-months follow-up, and an additional 24% developed some subsequent affective symptoms by that time; 3. (3) Index episodes were relatively long, with a median duration of 25 weeks from onset to recovery for recovered patients, and 67 weeks from onset to follow-up for non-recovered patients. 4. (4) Duration of the index episode prior to entry is a statistically significant predictor of short-term outcome at 6 months, as increasing durations are associated with lower rates of recovery.
Common Geographic Errors of Real Estate Analysts

A variety of geographic problems have entered into real estate analysis as GIS and related computational technology have become more commonly used. While technology has increased productivity, that same higher productivity also has been accompanied by increased misuse of geographic concepts. The misuse includes errors of problem formulation, data creation, model design, and result interpretation.
The effect of angiotensin inhibition on urinary incontinence: Data from the national health and nutrition examination survey (2001–2008)

Introduction Local renin–angiotensin systems exist within the genitourinary tract, specifically in the bladder and urethra. Experimental data suggest that angiotensin receptor blockade with either angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) decreases both detrusor overactivity and urethral sphincter tone leading to decreased urge incontinence (UUI) and increased stress urinary incontinence (SUI). This has not been examined in a human population. Methods Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was accessed for the years 2001–2008. Multivariate logistic regression was used for modeling. Results We studied 8,754 females and 8,886 males who met inclusion criteria. Use of ACE inhibitors or ARBs was not associated with a change in SUI in either men or women. In men, use of an ACE inhibitor or ARB was associated with a statistically significant 25–30% decrease in UUI (monthly or any urge incontinence). A similar, albeit non-significant trend was also seen for daily and weekly UUI. Other antihypertensive medications (diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium-channel blockers) were not associated with a decrease in UUI. In subanalysis, duration of ACE inhibitor or ARB use did not alter the strength of the effect on UUI nor did an elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) level (used as a surrogate for bladder outlet obstruction due to benign prostatic hypertrophy). ACE inhibitor and ARB use did not affect UUI rates in women, though did show a trend for improvement in nulliparous women without SUI. Conclusion Angiotensin receptor blockade may be a viable treatment approach for the treatment of UUI, especially in men. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:1178–1181, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantum Simulataneous Recurrent Networks for Content Addressable Memory

We explore a model for a quantum Hopfield artificial neural network, in which qubits are prepared in an initial state and allowed to evolve to steady state. We derive the equations for finding their stable states, by minimizing the Lyapunov energy. We apply the equations first to the cytoskeleton of a biological neuron, where the qubits are microtubulins in a microtubule. Our method can reproduce classical calculations made earlier by Tuszynski et al., but because it is a fully quantum method can also explore the possibility that an artificial computing structure based on an array of tubulins can act as a quantum computer. We then derive a method for training the quantum network to converge to a stable target pattern, given an input pattern, and show that a spatial array of qubits can be trained to perform the CNOT, which with a rotation is a universal quantum gate. This means that a large enough array can in principle be trained to do any calculation.
Ceramide: an endogenous regulator of apoptosis and growth suppresion

Abstract The action of several cytokines is mediated via activation of the sphingomyelin cycle of signal transduction. Ceramide, the product of this pathway, is emerging as an intracellular messenger that mediates effects on terminal differentation, apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. Here, Marina Pushkareva, Lina Obeid and Yusuf Hannun discuss the regulation and mechanism of action of this stress-activated pathway.
'Cardiogenic vertigo'--true vertigo as the presenting manifestation of primary cardiac disease.

Background A 90-year-old woman presented to a hospital emergency department with a brief loss of consciousness that was heralded by spinning vertigo lasting approximately 2 min. She had a long history of intermittent brief episodes of rotatory vertigo, presyncope, and non-vertiginous dizziness, occurring either with or without loss of consciousness. Although initially attributed to symptomatic carotid artery stenosis, these episodes persisted, despite surgical restoration of carotid artery blood flow 1 year after her first syncope. Her medical history was otherwise notable for hypertension, mild depression and a gradual decline in gait and balance function attributed to left hip arthritis and older age. Investigations Bedside history and examination, non-contrast head CT scan, electrocardiogram, transthoracic echocardiogram, and bedside cardiac telemetry. Diagnosis Sick sinus syndrome or severe reflex bradycardia with asystole causing recurrent, episodic vertigo, presyncope, non-vertiginous dizziness and syncope (Stokes–Adams attacks). Management Placement of a temporary pacing wire, followed by surgical implantation of a single-chamber ventricular (VVI) pacemaker.