cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overreporting Voting: Campaign Media, Public Mood, and the Vote

This study used regional telephone survey data collected after the 1996 U.S. presidential election to examine how two possibly important affective variables—public mood and political cynicism—predict actual as compared with self-reported voting. Public mood, a construct introduced by Rahn, Kroeger, and Kite (1996) to suggest how affective processes may play a role in political behavior, is shown to have two distinct but positively correlated dimensions, one positive and one negative. After demographic variables were controlled, perceived media usefulness predicted positive mood about the presidential election, which in turn predicted self-reported voting. Negative campaign attitude predicted negative mood, which, in turn, influenced actual but not self-reported voting. Political cynicism, although correlated with both positive and negative public mood, predicted neither measure of voting. The bifurcation of influence of negative and positive public mood about elections may explain why researchers have often shown positive affect to influence voting (as measured by self-report), and why political consultants have continued to rely on negative campaigning and the reported increases in negative feelings it engenders in voters to influence actual votes.
Interpopulation variation in a fish predator drives evolutionary divergence in prey in lakes

Ecological factors are known to cause evolutionary diversification. Recent work has shown that evolution in strongly interacting predator species has reciprocal impacts on ecosystems. These divergent impacts of predators may alter the selective landscape and cause the evolution of prey. Yet, this link between intraspecific variation and evolution is unexplored. We compared the life history of a species of zooplankton (Daphnia ambigua) from lakes in New England in which the dominant planktivorous predator, the alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), differs in feeding traits and migratory behaviour. Anadromous alewife (seasonal migrants) exhibit larger gapes, gill-raker spacing and target larger prey than landlocked alewife (yearround freshwater resident). In ‘anadromous’ lakes, Daphnia are abundant in the spring but extirpated by alewife predation in summer. Daphnia are rare year-round in ‘landlocked’ lakes. We show that Daphnia from lakes with anadromous alewife grew faster, matured earlier but at the same size and produced more offspring than Daphnia from lakes with landlocked or no alewife across multiple temperature and resource treatments. Our results are inconsistent with a response to size-selective predation but are better explained as an adaptation to colder temperatures and shorter periods of development (countergradient variation) mediated by seasonal alewife predation.
Is There Enough Housing To Go Around? 1

Most studies of rental housing affordability concentrate on households and the burdens they must bear in order to be properly housed. The most popular housing assistance program—vouchers—implicitly assumes that housing problems could be solved if households only have the ability to pay. This approach, however, begs the question of whether the stock of rental housing is sufficient to house all renters at costs they can afford. This article uses American Housing Survey data to examine the distribution of housing supply relative to demand. We begin by naively assuming that we can assign housing to households on the basis of affordability and thereby identify the shortages and surpluses of rental units affordable to households in different income ranges. Next, we recognize that not all affordable units are available because of prior occupation by higher income renters. Finally, we restrict the discussion to units that are affordable, available, and adequate. We use this analytical framework to examine specific issues: the rental supply by income class, variation by location, the sufficiency of the Fair Market Rent standard, changes in housing supply over the period 1985 to 2003, and the relationship between supply and crowding. This paper is based on a chapter written for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's recent Affordable Housing Needs report.
PPGIS as Critical Reflective Practice

The ideas in the book revolve around three cross-cutting themes – planning, participation, and technologies. What follows is a synthesis of lessons learned from the literature (Chaps. 2 and 3), the survey of the state of the practice (Chap. 4), and the individual case studies (Chaps. 5, 6, and 7) and an assessment of their relative merits (Chap. 8). In this chapter, I propose that GIS facilitates individual and community capacity building. Yet, the advantages that GIS offer are only maximized when the tools are embedded and integrated into a participatory process.
Kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis revealed by video rate AFM single molecule analysis

The rapid growing bio-refining industry is hindered by the slow reaction rate of cellobiohydrolase catalyzed hydrolysis. Analysis of the mechanism of enzyme interaction in the cellobiohydrolase catalyzed hydrolysis is difficult because of the variety factors affecting the enzymatic reaction rate. In this study, we evaluated the processive hydrolysis parameters in the molecular level using a video rate atomic force microscopy (AFM). Both dissociate and association rates (koff and kon) have been calculated by an experimental data fitted Michaelis-Menten model and real-time observation experimental data. The difference in these two association rates suggested that the cellulose substrate governs the hydrolysis rate and that can deepen the understanding of the mechanisms of processive hydrolysis.
J. Aidan Carney

Prior to genetic testing, the understanding of genetic endocrinopathies required the commitment and interest of astute clinicians treating patients with an interest in associating rare diseases. Conditions may have been described in only a single patient with a rare combination of diseases that required persistent and ongoing interest. Few have made contributions as important as J. Aidan Carney, M.D., Ph.D., in the field of endocrine surgery.
Schilling test: Physiologic basis for and use as a diagnostic test

(1988). Schilling Test: Physiologic Basis for and use as a Diagnostic Test. CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences: Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 263-276.
Apiocamarops cryptocellula, a new species from Guyana

nulatum, F. succisae, F. proliferatum, and F. anthophilum appear conspecific with the teleomorph Gibberella subglutinans. Strains of these anamorph species show considerable divergence but some clearly represent distinct genetic varieties, e.g., F. fujikuroi and F. subglutinans. 3. Members of the F. oxysporum group are, as indicated by both morphology and nuclear DNA relatedness, near relatives of the section Liseola.
Dyad testing: promoting skills used in the workplace.

Dyad testing, also called paired testing, is defined as 2 students taking an examination together. The author offered dyad testing to senior-year baccalaureate students in a leadership and management course for the midterm exam in a multiple-choice format and the final exam in a short-answer format. The author discusses the benefits and drawbacks of dyad testing.
The magic of carrier fringes in moiré interferometry

Practical applications in which carrier fringes are used with moire interferometry for strain measurements are presented. Examples illustrate how moire carrier fringes are applied to obtain the desired data in complex laminated composite specimens. In many cases, carrier fringes permit extraction of much more detailed information, with procedures that are easier and more accurate than those using loadinduced fringes alone. The fringe vector for carrier fringes is introduced and its application to the interpretation of fringe patterns is explained. In moire interferometry, the carrier fringes are produced easily by adjustments of optical elements that control the virtual reference grating.
Analysis Of Physical Examination Results Of Noise Exposed Workers In Huairou District of Beijing City

[Objective]To analyze the physical examination results of noise exposed workers with different service length,and discuss the relationship between service length and high frequency hearing loss of them.[Methods]In accordance with the "Occupational Health Surveillance Specification",occupational health examination was performed on 1 630 noise exposed workers with service length between 1 to 20 years.[Results]The detection rate of hypertension increased obviously with extending length of service,which was up to 43.75% in the 16 to 20 years group;detection rate of abnormal ECG was not significantly different between the length of service.Hearing loss detection related with the length of service.The high-frequency hearing loss detection rate and the detection rate of speech frequency hearing loss of 16 to 20 years group was up to 63.33 and 9.38%,respectively.[Conclusion]Hypertension prevalence and detection rate of hearing loss of noise exposed workers shows the increasing tendency with the extending length of service.
Incremental Harmonic Balance Method for Response Analysis of the Complex Mining Equipment with Periodic Excitation

Aiming at the serious vibration of complex mining equipment which caused by periodic excitation,the feeding device of large-scale mining equipment was studied and its steel structure was simplified as a frame structure model.Considering material impact was the main source of vibration,the incremental harmonic balance method with non-harmonic periodic excitation was proposed.Vibration characteristics were analyzed by using the proposed method,and its accuracy and efficency were verified by Newmark-β method.The nonlinear dynamic response which caused by the ground or the base contact and the response regular with different ground hardness were investigated.The results showed that this method is effective for analyzing the nonlinear steadystate response problems of complex mining equipment with periodic excitation.
Study on Synthesis and Characterization of Solid Superacid Fe/SO_4~(2-)-SnO_2

Solid superacid Fe/SO42--SnO2 was prepared by impregnation and deposition method.The physicochemical properties of the material were characterized by XRD,FT IR,TG-DTA and XPS.Furthermore,superacid catalyst was applied in esterification of acetic acid and n-butanol.The results show that tetragonal SnO2 and cubic Fe2O3 appear on the samples surface;the sulfuric group is combined with oxide via chelation and bridging connection,forming the main catalytic center;the results of TG-DTA show that the iron modification can enhance catalytic activity more and exhibit better stability than the catalyst without modification,meanwhile,iron modification can restrain loss of SO42-efficiently;Meanwhile,the chemical environment of S is changed due to introducing Fe,the binding energy of S2p is higher than unmodified,therefore Lewis acidity of catalyst is higher.The optimum condition to synthesize the catalyst is iron concentration of 0.5 mol/L,calcining temperature 500 ℃,there is a reasonable correlation between its structure and properties.
Development of a multiplex PCR assay for the identification of Salmonellaenterica serovarenteritidis

In order to develop a rapid method for the detection of the prevalent Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis,a multiplex PCR method was developed and validated.Portions of the gene sequences of somatic antigen for Salmonella serogroups A/D1,flagellar antigens for fliC-HG and Salmonella difference fragment(sdfI) were targeted for amplification using four primer pairs.The multiplex PCR was developed and optimized.To valid the assay,genomic DNA from 14 Salmonella strains representing 14 serotypes and 18 non-salmonella strains was subjected to the PCR.The method was applied to the detection of 53 samples isolated from 2009 to 2010 in Zhejiang Province.The results showed the four targeted genes were correctly amplified only from Salmonella enteritidis.The assay could differentiate Salmonella serogroup A from Salmonella serogroup D1,and it also could identify the Salmonella with fliC-HG.The coincidence rate of the actual sample detection was up to 100%.It is concluded that this multiplex PCR method can identify Salmonella enteritidis enterica serovars directly.It can make up for deficiencies of uneven quality of commerical serum.It should be an assistant method to the traditional serotyping method.It is a simple,rapid,reliable and reproducible method of Salmonella enteritidis detection that will aid in surveillance,prevention and control of this pathogen.
Dietary and anthropometric assessment of adults with cerebral palsy

Research on nutrition and cerebral palsy (CP) has been directed at newborns and young children, leaving practitioners with a limited understanding of the nutritional status of the adult population. The purpose of this study was to determine the anthropometric profile and nutrient intakes of 86 adults with cerebral palsy. When compared with growth standards for healthy individuals, the mean body fat percentages and body mass indexes of both men and women with CP were within the normal range. However, 40% of the sample had heights below the 5th percentile for their age and gender, indicating permanent growth stunting. In general, the diets of these individuals were similar to the typical American diet. Both men and women had low nutrient adequacy ratios (NARs) for calcium (0.86 and 0.76, respectively); the women also had low NARs for iron (0.69) and niacin (0.86). Although nutrients obtained from supplements were not included in the NAR score, 26% of the men and 50% of the women reported using nutritional supplements. Fifty-five percent of the sample reported feeding problems. Multivariate analysis illustrated that individuals who participated in regular exercise programs had significantly higher mean adequacy ratios and lower body fat percentages than those who did not exercise regularly.
The Taxation of Foreign Currency

This chapter covers all aspects of foreign currency taxation from the selection of the functional currency, foreign currency transactions, hedging transactions, and foreign exchange currency compliance.
Patterns of use and survival outcomes of positron emission tomography for initial staging in elderly follicular lymphoma patients.

AbstractThe role of positron emission tomography (PET) in the initial assessment of follicular lymphoma (FL) has been a topic of debate. We examined the patterns of utilization of PET staging in FL and assessed the association of PET with survival. Using the SEER-Medicare database, we identified 5712 patients diagnosed with first primary FL between 2000 and 2009. Older age, African–American race, poor performance status, B-symptoms and history of anemia were negatively associated with PET staging. Receipt of PET staging was positively associated with treatment at institutions affiliated with research networks and with residence in areas with higher concentrations of nuclear medicine specialists. PET was associated with improved lymphoma-related (HR 0.69, 95% CI: 0.58–0.82) and overall (HR 0.75, 95% CI: 0.68–0.83) survival. Our findings substantiate the use of PET as the standard of care for imaging in FL patients. Further investigation is warranted to identify mechanisms underlying the apparent survival a...
Hardware, Firmware, Software Technology in Microcomputer Systems

Computer systems advance by revolutions rather than evolutions. The jump from vacuum tube machines to solid state transistor machines was revolutionary. Never before had computers been reduced in size, cost, and computation time until this revolution.
Media Openings and Political Transitions: Glasnost versus Yulun Jiandu

Partial political liberalization presents a double-edged sword for authoritarian regimes: it can increase the risk of democratization and it can also facilitate regime adaptability. This article examines this phenomenon through the prism of the media—an important yet an understudied variable in the study of transition processes. Specifically, the article compares two opposite cases of media opening up: the Soviet policy of glasnost, which facilitated a democratic movement, and China’s reform-era policy of media supervision, or yulun jiandu, which has thus far contributed to regime durability. The paper demonstrates how the two policies, while similar on the surface, differed significantly in their modes of implementation. In particular, the Chinese approach of allowing media to take on an oversight role has featured a more careful strategic calculus as well as more ambiguity combined with continuous, intensive guidance over the media. The article, therefore, highlights the importance of the practices of i...
Current practice of thoracic outlet decompression surgery in the United States

Abstract Background Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) and its management are relatively controversial topics. Most of the literature reporting the outcomes of surgical decompression for TOS derives from single-center experiences. The objective of our study was to describe the current state of TOS surgery among hospitals that participate in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Methods Our study sample consisted of patients from the 2005 to 2014 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database who underwent first or cervical rib resection as their index procedure and whose constellation of diagnosis and procedure codes identified them as having neurogenic, arterial, or venous TOS. Patient and procedure characteristics were determined, as were the 30-day incidence of specific complications including nerve injury. Multimodel inference was used for multivariable analysis of the composite outcome of readmission or reoperation ≤30 days. Results We identified 1431 patients undergoing operation for TOS: 83% for neurogenic TOS, 3% for arterial TOS, and 12% for venous TOS. Vascular surgeons performed 90% of procedures. Only four patients (0.3%) demonstrated evidence of nerve injury. The rate of bleeding complication requiring transfusion was also quite low, at 1.4%. The 30-day incidence of readmission or reoperation, or both, in our study cohort was 8.6%. The risk of this outcome was increased in patients with a higher American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification, those whose procedure was for non-neurogenic symptoms, and those whose procedure took longer to complete. Conclusions The findings of our study will provide surgeons who advocate for the surgical management of TOS with reassurance that such intervention is associated with an extremely low risk of disability resulting from iatrogenic nerve injury and major bleeding events.
Contest and Indifference: Two Models of Open-Minded Inquiry

While open-mindedness as an intellectual trait has been recognized for centuries, Western philosophers have not explicitly endorsed it as a virtue until recently. This acknowledgment has been roughly coincident with the rise of virtue epistemology. As with any virtue, it is important to inform contemporary discussion of open-mindedness with reflection on sources from the history of philosophy. Here I do just this. After reviewing two major accounts of open-mindedness, which I dub "Contest" and "Indifference," I explore some ideas pertinent to the subject in four philosophers spanning eighteen centuries: Sextus Empiricus, John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Paul Feyerabend. Despite their varying concerns and terminology, their contributions may valuably inform current reflection on the virtue of open-mindedness, whether construed in terms of the Contest or Indifference account.
No urban malaise for Millennials

Urban malaise or unhappiness with city life is common in developed countries. City dwellers, particularly those in the largest metropolitan areas, are reported to be the least satisfied with their ...
Dynamics of a geomagnetic storm on 7–10 September 2015 as observed by TWINS and simulated by CIMI

Abstract. For the first time, direct comparisons of the equatorial ion partial pressure and pitch angle anisotropy observed by TWINS and simulated by CIMI are presented. The TWINS ENA images are from a 4-day period, 7–10 September 2015. The simulations use both the empirical Weimer 2K and the self-consistent RCM electric potentials. There are two moderate storms in succession during this period. In most cases, we find that the general features of the ring current in the inner magnetosphere obtained from the observations and the simulations are similar. Nevertheless, we do also see consistent contrasts between the simulations and observations. The simulated partial pressure peaks are often inside the observed peaks and more toward dusk than the measured values. There are also cases in which the measured equatorial ion partial pressure shows multiple peaks that are not seen in the simulations. This occurs during a period of intense AE index. The CIMI simulations consistently show regions of parallel anisotropy spanning the night side between approximately 6 and 8 RE , whereas the parallel anisotropy is seen in the observations only during the main phase of the first storm. The evidence from the unique global view provided by the TWINS observations strongly suggests that there are features in the ring current partial pressure distributions that can be best explained by enhanced electric shielding and/or spatially localized, short-duration injections.
Interactive Computer Languages: Past and Future of Sigma

Physicists take great pride in their ability to perform back-of-an-envelope-calculations to obtain order of magnitude estimates of otherwise elaborate and time-consuming problem solutions. Interactive programming systems and languages were born out of the desire to use computers to enlarge that envelope by several orders of magnitude.
Half-life of Ga 66

We measured the half-life of $^{66}\mathrm{Ga}$ by observing positrons from the ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{+}$ branch to the ground state of $^{66}\mathrm{Zn}$ with a superconducting Wu-type beta spectrometer. Our result is ${t}_{1/2}=9.304(8)\mathrm{hours}$, which is the highest-precision measurement to date and disagrees with the Nuclear Data Sheets (NDS) value by over $6\ensuremath{\sigma}$.
History of Science Teaching in Southern Africa

I describe how the Apartheid government instituted the unequal and unfair provision of schooling for black children in South Africa. A brief outline of early educational psychology reflects the distance between, and misunderstanding of western researchers concerning black children. I describe how the increasing stranglehold of Apartheid affected everyone.
Plasma Facing Component Design Through Multiphysics Simulation.

AbstractContinual technology development for fusion has come to rely on the principle of “design by analysis” where advanced finite element analysis (FEA) or finite volume analysis provides insight on the performance of engineered systems. Extensive three-dimensional (3D) computations in fluid dynamics, heat transfer, neutronics, magneto-hydrodynamics and electro-magnetics are involved in an iterative design process for magnets, vacuum vessels and in-vessel components. Many difficulties arose in the integration of computer-assisted design (CAD) packages and the numeric models and results from different FEA codes. Over the last decade, engineers developed a vast array of specialized translators and interpolation programs to deal with geometry, mesh and load transfers between single-discipline codes, often with mixed outcomes. Now, several multiphysics codes that allow calculations on the same mesh and easy transfer of loads and other boundary conditions are emerging in the commercial market. These codes of...
Polycomb Repression regulates Schwann Cell Proliferation and Axon Regeneration after Nerve Injury

The transition of differentiated Schwann cells to support of nerve repair after injury is accompanied by remodeling of the Schwann cell epigenome. The EED-containing polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) catalyzes histone H3K27 methylation and represses key nerve repair genes such as Shh, Gdnf, and Bdnf, and their activation is accompanied by loss of H3K27 methylation. Analysis of nerve injury in mice with a Schwann cell-specific loss of EED showed the reversal of polycomb repression is required and a rate limiting step in the increased transcription of Neuregulin 1 (type I), which is required for efficient remyelination. However, mouse nerves with EED-deficient Schwann cells display slow axonal regeneration with significantly low expression of axon guidance genes, including Sema4f and Cntf. Finally, EED loss causes impaired Schwann cell proliferation after injury with significant induction of the Cdkn2a cell cycle inhibitor gene. Interestingly, PRC2 subunits and CDKN2A are commonly co-mutated in the transition from benign neurofibromas to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST's). RNA-seq analysis of EED-deficient mice identified PRC2-regulated molecular pathways that may contribute to the transition to malignancy in neurofibromatosis.
Instructed Assembly of Peptides for Intracellular Enzyme Sequestration.

Liquid-like droplets of biomacromolecules are emerging as a fundamental mechanism of cellular signaling, but designing synthetic mimics to form such membraneless organelles remains unexplored. Here we report the use of supramolecular assemblies of small peptides, as a mimic of biomacromolecular condensates, for intracellular sequestration of enzymes on endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Specifically, integrating a short peptide with naproxen (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and a ligand of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)) generates an enzymatic substrate that acts as a precursor for instructed assembly. Slowly dephosphorylating the precursors by phosphatases forms the corresponding hydrogelators in a cellular environment, which results in the supramolecular assemblies on ER. Consisting of the precursor and the hydrogelator molecules, the assemblies enable the sequestration of COX-2 and protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) on ER. Further structure–activity investigation reveals that the colocalization o...
Block-based versus text-based programming environments on novice student learning outcomes: a meta-analysis study

Background and Context: The use of block-based programming environments is purported to be a good way to gently introduce novice computer programmers to computer programming. A small, but growing b...
The Role of Transpulmonary Gradient and Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure in Risk Stratification of Heart Transplant Candidates with Pulmonary Hypertension

Purpose Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is common in patients with heart failure and portends a poor prognosis in heart transplant (HT) recipients. The clinical relevance of discordant PH indices remains unclear. We assessed the post-HT outcomes of patients with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in patients with and without elevated pulmonary artery (PA) pressures. Methods The UNOS database was queried to identify HT recipients with PH (PVR >3) from 1997 - 2017. Patients were then stratified based upon mPA 15mmHg to assess the additional discrimination of these two variables on post-HT outcomes. Results In medically managed HT recipients with PH (n=3760)The mean PVR in this patient group was 4.3 ± 1.2 WU with a mean PA pressure of 35.8 ± 9.0 mmHg, a mean PCWP of 21.0 ± 8.1 mmHg, and mean TPG of 14.8 ± 4.8 mmHg. Both mPA pressure 15 mmHg (HR: 1.28, p=0.025) were associated with worse post-transplant mortality in univariable and multivariable analysis (Figure 1). Secondary analysis was performed in patients BTT with LVAD (n=6664). Compared to medically managed patients with similar PVRs, LVAD patients experienced higher mortality regardless of PVR. Neither mPA pressure nor TPG were associated with 1-year mortality in this population. Conclusion In medically managed patients with PH, both mPA and TPG refine risk stratification for post-HT mortality. mPA
The Rights and Needs of Newborn Babies and Young Children

Children’s rights spring from human rights that specify the minimum standards of civilized behavior. They all hinge on the right to competent parents. Competent parenthood rests upon attachment bonds that promote self-respect, self-confidence, and resiliency in both children and their parents. Although parental rights come from the Constitutional protection of the privacy of the family and individual liberty, they really reflect legal and physical custodial duties essential for the survival of our species and our nation.
Constanza Romero on August Wilson's Legacy: Past, Present, and Future

The following interview occurred on Tuesday, December 4, 2018 at 5:00 p.m. EST (2:00 p.m. PST). Dr. Sandra Shannon, Professor Emerita, Howard University, conducted the interview from Washington, DC, on behalf of the Journal. Constanza Romero, Director of the August Wilson Estate and August Wilson's widow, spoke from Seattle, Washington.
Production and in vivo PET/CT imaging of the theranostic pair 132/135 La

The present study describes a novel method for the low energy cyclotron production and radiochemical isolation of no-carrier-added 132/135La3+ from bulk natBa. This separation strategy combines precipitation and single-column extraction chromatography to afford an overall radiochemical yield (92 ± 2%) and apparent molar activity (22 ± 4 Mbq/nmol) suitable for the radiolabeling of DOTA-conjugated vectors. The produced 132/135La3+ has a radiochemical and radionuclidic purity amenable for 132La/135La-based cancer theranostic applications. Longitudinal PET/CT images acquired using the positron-emitting 132La and ex vivo biodistribution data separately corroborated the accumulation of unchelated 132/135La3+ ions in bone and the liver.
Interrogating Intracellular Zinc Chemistry with a Long Stokes Shift Zinc Probe ZincBY-4

Previous work has shown that fluctuations in zinc content and subcellular localization play key roles in regulating cell cycle progression; however, a deep mechanistic understanding requires the determination of when, where, and how labile zinc pools are concentrated into or released from stores. Labile zinc ions can be difficult to detect with probes that require hydrolysis of toxic protecting groups or application at high concentrations that negatively impact cell function. We previously reported a BODIPY-based zinc probe, ZincBY-1, that can be used at working concentrations that are 20-200-fold lower than concentrations employed with other probes. To better understand how zinc pools can be visualized at such low probe concentrations, we modulated the photophysical properties via changes at the 5-position of the BODIPY core. One of these, ZincBY-4, exhibits an order of magnitude higher affinity for zinc, an 8-fold increase in brightness in response to zinc, and a 100 nm Stokes shift within cells. The larger Stokes shift of ZincBY-4 presents a unique opportunity for simultaneous imaging with GFP or fluorescein sensors upon single excitation. Finally, by creating a proxy for the cellular environment in spectrometer experiments, we show that the ZincBY series are highly effective at 50 nM because they can pass membranes and accumulate in regions of high zinc concentration within a cell. These features of the ZincBY probe class have widespread applications in imaging and for understanding the regulatory roles of zinc fluxes in live cells.
Class- and Citizen-passing in Engineering: How Nando succeeded by hiding in plain sight

Understandings about the sociological concept of “passing,” or how people suppress traditionally oppressed identities to receive benefits traditionally set aside for a dominant group, are somewhat new in engineering education. However, these concepts have value for research in engineering education, such as for understanding more about the causes of engineering's lack of inclusivity. Particularly, there is room to ask: who passes, who do they pass as, why do they pass, and what does that mean for a pursuit of social justice in engineering education? Using Bourdieuean Practice Theory and Intersectionality Theory as guiding frameworks, I describe how my participant, Nando, a member of multiple, traditionally suppressed groups in engineering, found ways to “hide in plain sight” and pass as a dominant member of the upper–class, white spaces he resided throughout his K–16 experience. I show how the ways he passed are encased in meritocratic values such as being intelligent, hard–working, “wealthy,” and obedient. The results also show what he gained by sustaining an authored identity at the periphery of group membership as opposed to being a complete outsider. These results show particular problems in how engineering culture positioned Nando’s and made him feel a need to pass. From this problematization, I outline recommendations for future research in engineering education.
Revolution and war

Revolutions are watershed events in international politics, yet the existing literature on revolutions focuses primarily on the causes of revolution or its effects on domestic politics. Revolutions are also a potent cause of instability and war, because they alter the “balance of threats” between the revolutionary state and the other members of the system. First, revolutions alter the balance of power and make it more difficult for states to measure it accurately. Second, they encourage states to exaggerate each other's hostility, further increasing perceptions of threat. Third, revolutions cause states to exaggerate both their own vulnerability and that of their opponents, thereby encouraging them to view the use of force as both necessary and feasible. This combination of insecurity and overconfidence is usually illusory, however. In fact, revolutions are usually harder either to export or to reverse than either side expects.
Differences Between Manned and Unmanned Pilots Flying a UAV in the Terminal Area

Detect and avoid (DAA), an essential component to integrate unmanned aircraft (UA) systems into the National Airspace System, focuses largely on developing and enhancing algorithms to assess and define requirements for the loss of well clear with other aircraft in the system. This flight simulation experiment focuses on terminal area alerting capabilities in and around the local airport traffic pattern and seeks to address under which conditions should the DAA system switch between large and small alerting criteria. Piloting differences observed between manned-aircraft and UA pilots while operating a UA in the terminal area in flight simulation are reported in this paper. Data indicate that UA pilots were more comfortable with smaller separations between their UA and other aircraft in the traffic pattern than the manned-aircraft pilots.
The Effect of Tumor Size and Histologic Findings on Outcomes After Segmentectomy vs Lobectomy for Clinically Node-Negative Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Background The interaction between tumor size and the comparative prognosis of lobar and sublobar resection has been defined poorly. Research Question The purpose of this study was to characterize the relationship between tumor size and the receipt of segmentectomy or lobectomy in association with overall survival in patients with clinically node-negative non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Study Design and Methods The 2004-2015 National Cancer Database (NCDB) was queried for patients with cT1-3N0M0 NSCLC who underwent segmentectomy or lobectomy without neoadjuvant therapy or missing survival data. The primary outcome was overall survival, which was evaluated using multivariate Cox proportional hazards including an interaction term between tumor size and type of surgery. Results A total of 143,040 patients were included: 135,446 (95%) underwent lobectomy and 7594 (5%) underwent segmentectomy. In multivariate Cox regression, a significant three-way interaction was found among tumor size, histologic results, and type of surgery (P Interpretation In this NCDB study of patients with node-negative NSCLC, we found different tumor size thresholds, based on histologic results, that identified populations of patients who least and most benefitted from lobectomy compared with segmentectomy.
From “Problems” to “Vulnerable Resources:” Reconceptualizing Black Boys With and Without Disability Labels in U.S. Urban Schools:

In this article, I propose a critical, alternative framing of Black boys, asserting that Black boys are vulnerable resources rather than problems. Black boys are susceptible to racist and ableist p...
Changes of tuning but not dynamics of contrast adaptation with age.

Abstract Normal aging results in pronounced optical and neural changes in the visual system. Processes of adaptation are thought to help compensate for many of these changes in order to maintain perceptual constancy, but it is uncertain how stable adaptation itself remains with aging. We compared the dynamics of adaptation in young (aged 19–24 years) and older (aged 66–74) adults. Contrast thresholds for Gabor patterns were tracked during and after 300 s adaptation to vertical and horizontal Gabor patches. The time course of contrast adaptation and asymptotic adaptation magnitude were similar between older and young adults when normalized for their respective baseline thresholds. Older adults showed stronger transfer of adaptation to the orthogonal orientation and there was an asymmetry between the transfer of adaptation between the horizontal and vertical orientations for both groups. These results suggest age-related changes in orientation tuning while the processes of cortical contrast adaptation remain largely intact with aging.
Bifunctional nanoprecipitates strengthen and ductilize a medium-entropy alloy.

Single-phase high- and medium-entropy alloys with face-centred cubic (fcc) structure can exhibit high tensile ductility1,2 and excellent toughness2,3, but their room-temperature strengths are low1–3. Dislocation obstacles such as grain boundaries4, twin boundaries5, solute atoms6 and precipitates7–9 can increase strength. However, with few exceptions8–11, such obstacles tend to decrease ductility. Interestingly, precipitates can also hinder phase transformations12,13. Here, using a model, precipitate-strengthened, Fe–Ni–Al–Ti medium-entropy alloy, we demonstrate a strategy that combines these dual functions in a single alloy. The nanoprecipitates in our alloy, in addition to providing conventional strengthening of the matrix, also modulate its transformation from fcc-austenite to body-centred cubic (bcc) martensite, constraining it to remain as metastable fcc after quenching through the transformation temperature. During subsequent tensile testing, the matrix progressively transforms to bcc-martensite, enabling substantial increases in strength, work hardening and ductility. This use of nanoprecipitates exploits synergies between precipitation strengthening and transformation-induced plasticity, resulting in simultaneous enhancement of tensile strength and uniform elongation. Our findings demonstrate how synergistic deformation mechanisms can be deliberately activated, exactly when needed, by altering precipitate characteristics (such as size, spacing, and so on), along with the chemical driving force for phase transformation, to optimize strength and ductility. Increased strength and ductility in a medium-entropy alloy of Fe, Ni, Al and Ti is demonstrated using nanoprecipitates that simultaneously hinder phase transformation and block dislocation motion.
Developing, Implementing, and Learning from a Student-Led Initiative to Support Minority Students in Communication Sciences and Disorders.

Purpose The Student Equity & Inclusion Workgroup is a student-led initiative at The University of Kansas that aims to advance equity and inclusion. Within this structure, the workgroup is entirely ...
D-CNN and Image Processing Based Approach for Diabetic Retinopathy Classification

People with diabetes risk developing an eye disease called diabetic Retinopathy. It happens when high blood glucose levels cause damage to blood vessels within the retina. These blood vessels may swell, leak or close, stopping blood from passing through. Sometimes new blood vessels may grow on the retina. All of these results can steal the eye vision. Generally, for the diagnosis and detection of this disease, skilled professionals must detect this disease using images of the patient's retina. But due to recent development and improvement in deep learning, this task can be done very efficiently and easily using advanced techniques in deep understanding. We have implemented multiple states of the art DNN architecture like InceptionV3, VGG net, and ResNet with transfer learning. We have used Gaussian blur with some filters as preprocessing the image, and it is found that it gives better results. This also helped to remove unwanted noise from the image. In this work, the dataset contained images of five different D.R. classes (No D.R., Mild, Moderate, Proliferate DR, Severe) is used. After training multiple models, InceptionV3 had the best result with an accuracy of 81.2% on training data and 79.4% on testing data, so we chose it.
Anand Parameters for Eutectic Tin-Bismuth Solder

After the introduction of lead free solder in the packaging industry, there has been ongoing research to find solder alloys that have a low melting point. Boards having solders that reflow at a lower temperature would not only reduce the overall operating cost but also reduce board warpages and reduce damages to sensitive components. The most common low temperature solder is the eutectic tin-bismuth solder with a composition of 42Sn-58Bi. For this study, cylindrical samples of eutectic solder were reflowed in a reflow oven. The reflowed specimens were then subjected to isothermal uniaxial tensile tests at temperatures of 25, 50, 75, and 100 °C at strain rates of 10-3, 10-4, and 10-5 sec-1. The results from the tensile tests were then used to predict the nine Anand Parameter Coefficients. The Anand model is widely used to predict the stress-strain characteristics of viscoplastic materials and is incorporated in commercial finite element software such as ANSYS. The Anand predicted curves were then compared with the experimental tensile curves to determine the model’s ability to accurately predict the stress-strain behavior at any particular strain rate and test temperature. Finally, the obtained Anand Parameters were used to predict the reliability of a BGA package had it been made of SAC305 solder balls and eutectic solder paste.
Molecular Properties of Drugs Handled by Kidney OATs and Liver OATPs Revealed by Chemoinformatics and Machine Learning: Implications for Kidney and Liver Disease

In patients with liver or kidney disease, it is especially important to consider the routes of metabolism and elimination of small-molecule pharmaceuticals. Once in the blood, numerous drugs are taken up by the liver for metabolism and/or biliary elimination, or by the kidney for renal elimination. Many common drugs are organic anions. The major liver uptake transporters for organic anion drugs are organic anion transporter polypeptides (OATP1B1 or SLCO1B1; OATP1B3 or SLCO1B3), whereas in the kidney they are organic anion transporters (OAT1 or SLC22A6; OAT3 or SLC22A8). Since these particular OATPs are overwhelmingly found in the liver but not the kidney, and these OATs are overwhelmingly found in the kidney but not liver, it is possible to use chemoinformatics, machine learning (ML) and deep learning to analyze liver OATP-transported drugs versus kidney OAT-transported drugs. Our analysis of >30 quantitative physicochemical properties of OATP- and OAT-interacting drugs revealed eight properties that in combination, indicate a high propensity for interaction with “liver” transporters versus “kidney” ones based on machine learning (e.g., random forest, k-nearest neighbors) and deep-learning classification algorithms. Liver OATPs preferred drugs with greater hydrophobicity, higher complexity, and more ringed structures whereas kidney OATs preferred more polar drugs with more carboxyl groups. The results provide a strong molecular basis for tissue-specific targeting strategies, understanding drug–drug interactions as well as drug–metabolite interactions, and suggest a strategy for how drugs with comparable efficacy might be chosen in chronic liver or kidney disease (CKD) to minimize toxicity.
Fleischer's Glossary of Mineral Species by Malcolm E. Back. The Mineralogical Record, PO Box 30730, Tucson, AZ 85751; www.mineralogicalrecord.com. 420 pages; 2014; $34 (spiral bound).

The eleventh edition of Fleischer's Glossary of Mineral Species 2014 was introduced early in 2014 coincident with the Tucson Gem and Mineral Show. A lot has taken place in the world of mineralogica...
Neuroprotective effects of female gonadal steroids in reproductively senescent female rats.

Background and Purpose —Young adult female rats sustain smaller infarcts after experimental stroke than age-matched males. This sex difference in ischemic brain injury in young animals disappears after surgical ovariectomy and can be restored by estrogen replacement. We sought to determine whether ischemic brain injury continues to be smaller in middle-aged, reproductively senescent female rats compared with age-matched males and to test the effect of ovarian steroids on brain injury after experimental stroke in females. Methods —Four groups of 16-month old Wistar rats (males [n=9], untreated females [n=9], and females pretreated with 17β-estradiol [25-μg pellets administered subcutaneously for 7 days; n=9] or progesterone [10-mg pellets administered subcutaneously for 7 days; n=9] were subjected to 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion with the intraluminal filament technique, followed by 22 hours of reperfusion. Physiological variables and laser-Doppler cerebral cortical perfusion were monitored throughout ischemia and early reperfusion. In a separate cohort of males (n=3), untreated females (n=3), females pretreated with 17β-estradiol (n=3), and females pretreated with progesterone (n=3), end-ischemic regional cerebral blood flow was measured by [14C]iodoantipyrine autoradiography. Results —As predicted, infarct size was not different between middle-aged male and female rats. Cortical infarcts were 21±5% and 31±6% of ipsilateral cerebral cortex, and striatal infarcts were 44±7% and 43±5% of ipsilateral striatum in males and females, respectively. Both estrogen and progesterone reduced cortical infarct in reproductively senescent females (5±2% and 16±4% in estrogen- and progesterone-treated groups, respectively, compared with 31±6% in untreated group). Striatal infarct was smaller in the estrogen- but not in the progesterone-treated group. Relative change in laser-Doppler cerebral cortical perfusion from preischemic baseline and absolute end-ischemic regional cerebral blood flow were not affected by hormonal treatments. Conclusions —We conclude that the protection against ischemic brain injury found in young adult female rats disappears after reproductive senescence in middle-aged females and that ovarian hormones alleviate stroke injury in reproductively senescent female rats by a blood flow–independent mechanism. These findings support a role for hormone replacement therapy in stroke injury prevention in postmenopausal women.
Modeling and layout optimization of VLSI devices and interconnects in deep submicron design

This paper presents an overview of recent advances on modeling and layout optimization of devices and interconnects for high-performance VLSI circuit design under the deep submicron technology. First, we review a number of interconnect and driver/gate delay models, which are most useful to guide the layout optimization. Then, we summarize the available performance optimization techniques for VLSI device and interconnect layout, including driver and transistor sizing, transistor ordering, interconnect topology optimization, optimal wire sizing, optimal buffer placement, and simultaneous topology construction, buffer insertion, buffer and wire sizing. The efficiency and impact of these techniques will be discussed in the tutorial.
A note on inducing cooperation by reciprocative strategy

Abstract Assuming agents attempt to maximize either their long-run average payoffs or their discounted expected payoff streams, we characterize ‘minimally’ sufficient conditions for reciprocative strategies to induce cooperation in (in)finitely-repeated bimatrix games.