cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of COVID-19 on U.S. aquaculture farms

Abstract The U S aquaculture industry has experienced disruptions due to the global COVID-19 pandemic Responses from 537 U S aquaculture farms and businesses, collected through an online survey, revealed that the primary impact has been the disruption of traditional marketing channels This has resulted in a cascade of effects, including the loss of revenue, consequences for farm labor, difficulty securing production inputs and services, and management challenges from on-farm inventory of unsold fish/shellfish Results from the Quarter 1 survey confirm that COVID-19 has, and will continue to, negatively affect U S aquaculture for the duration of 2020, and possibly longer This article is protected by copyright All rights reserved
The Interactive Effect of Social Capital and Duration of Migration on Suicidal Behaviors Among Rural-to-Urban Migrants in China: Evidence from a GIS/GPS-Assisted Probability Sample

Suicide for rural-to-urban migrants in China presents a challenge. Social capital as a modifiable factor is associated with suicidal behaviors at different levels for different populations. This study focuses on the social capital-suicidal behavior relationship among rural migrants with detailed social capital measures and their interaction with migration duration. Data were collected from a rural migrant sample in Wuhan, China. Outcome variable was reported suicidal ideation and attempts in the past 12 months. Social capital was measured using the Personal Social Capital Scale. Year of migration was measured as the number of years a subject migrated to the city. Multivariate logistic regression (coefficients [95%CIs]) was used for data analysis. Time of crossover for interaction was estimated as the year when the effect of social capital on a suicidal behavior revered from negative to positive. Study findings show a negative association between social capital and suicidal ideation (-1.48 [-2.86, -0.10]), but the association was not significant for suicidal attempts (-1.30 [-2.68, 0.08]) after considering the positive interaction between social capital and year of migration (0.11 [0.03, 0.19] for ideation and 0.11 [0.02, 0.19] for attempts). Similar effects were found for detailed social capital measures. The estimated time of crossover ranged from 7.0 to 14.8 years for different social capital measures. The findings of this study confirm the protective relationship between social capital and suicidal behaviors in the early years of migration among rural migrants. These findings inform suicide prevention among rural migrants by considering social capital during the first 7 to 15 years of migration.
Patterns in transitions of visual attention during baseline driving and during interaction with visual-manual and voice-based interfaces.

Voice interfaces reduce visual demand compared with visual-manual interfaces, but the extent depends on design. This study compared visual demand during baseline driving with driving while using vo...
Mean corpuscular volume, hematocrit and polycythemia.

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) as a measure of the size of red blood cells (RBCs) has been pivotal in the diagnosis and morphologic classification of anemias for over a century. Despite its ubiquito...
Changing HIV/AIDS Risk Behaviors

In just over a decade, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become the most serious infectious disease in contemporary history. Since 1981, more than a quarter of a million individuals have been diagnosed with AIDS and over one million Americans are estimated to have been infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the pathogen found to cause AIDS (Centers for Disease Control, 1993). The HIV epidemic has disproportionately affected gay and bisexual men, injection drug users and their female sex partners, and the infants of these women, while rapidly becoming one of the top ten causes of death among men and women between 24 and 45 years of age (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Review, 1991).
Measuring Z ' couplings at the CERN LHC

We study the properties of potential new ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ gauge bosons produced through the Drell-Yan mechanism at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Our analysis is performed using a fully differential next-to-leading-order QCD calculation with spin correlations, interference effects, and experimental acceptances included. We examine the distinguishability of different models and the feasibility of extracting general coupling information with statistical, residual scale, and current parton distribution function error estimates included. We extend a previous parametrization of ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ couplings to include parity-violating coupling combinations and introduce a convenient technique for simulating new gauge bosons on-peak using the concept of basis models. We illustrate our procedure using several example ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ models. We find that one can extract reliably four combinations of generation-independent quark and lepton couplings in our analysis. For a ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ mass of 1.5 TeV, one can determine coupling information very well assuming $100\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of integrated luminosity, and a precise measurement becomes possible with $1{\mathrm{ab}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at the super-LHC (SLHC). For a 3 TeV mass, a reasonable determination requires the SLHC.
Gatekeeper or Gardener? In Search of a Metaphor for Teacher Education

(1996). Gatekeeper or Gardener? In Search of a Metaphor for Teacher Education. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 70, No. 2, pp. 101-102.
Average-Case Intractable NP Problems

The notion of NP-completeness has provided a rigorous mathematical definition for measuring intractability of NP problems. But this measure applies only to worst-case complexity. Being NP-complete does not indicate that a problem is intractable on the average case. Indeed, some NP-complete problems are “easy on average,” though some may not be. Levin [39] initiated the study of average-case NP-completeness to measure average-case intractability. He showed that a bounded tiling problem under a simple distribution is average-case NP-complete. Since then, several additional average-case NP-complete problems have been shown within Levin’s framework. This paper is intended to provide a comprehensive survey of average-case NP-complete problems that have been published so far, and the techniques of obtaining these results.
Voluntary Sucrose Ingestion, Like Corticosterone Replacement, Prevents the Metabolic Deficits of Adrenalectomy

We tested whether corticosterone replacement causes increased sucrose drinking in adrenalectomized (ADX) rats compared to sham-ADX (sham) rats. ADX rats given high doses of corticosterone drank as much sucrose as sham rats, whereas at three lower doses of corticosterone, drinking was similar between groups and was only approximately 40% of that ingested by shams. Compared to sham rats, ADX rats drinking saline, or saline and saccharin, gain weight more slowly, contain less white adipose tissue, and have higher sympathetic outflow as assessed by uncoupling protein content in brown adipose tissue. Allowing sucrose as well as saline to drink restored all of these variables to normal in ADX rats with no- or low-corticosterone. All endpoints from sucrose-drinking ADX rats with no-or low-corticosterone were indistinguishable from those in water-drinking shams. By contrast, sucrose-drinking ADX rats that were given high doses of corticosterone exhibited the usual catabolic effects of corticosterone on body weight gain and, unlike sucrose-drinking shams, were obese. We conclude that (i) high corticosterone stimulates the potability of sucrose and inhibits sympathetic stimulation of uncoupling protein; (ii) sucrose, without corticosterone, normalizes metabolic deficits in ADX rats probably through actions mediated both peripherally and by the central nervous system; and (iii) ADX rats have a distinct sucrose appetite.
Fetal exsanguination and other vascular injuries from midtrimester genetic amniocentesis.

Abstract A case of fetal exsanguination after midtrimester genetic amniocentesis is reported. Examination of the ratio of fetal-to-maternal red cells in the amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis for genetic study from 242 consecutive patients, including the reported case, suggests that fetal hemorrhage is relatively common and difficult to avoid during this procedure. It also appears that hemorrhage occurs significantly more often when the placenta is located anteriorly. Reasons as to why the accident is rarely fatal are considered, and some recommendations for patient counselling and management are discussed.
Sums and Products from a Finite Set of Real Numbers

If A is a finite set of positive integers, let E h(A) denote the set of h-fold sums and h-fold products of elements of A. This paper is concerned with the behavior of the function f h (k), the minimum of |E h (A)| taken over all A with |A| = k. Upper and lower bounds for f h (k) are proved, improving bounds given by Erdős, Szemeredi, and Nathanson. Moreover, the lower bound holds when we allow A to be a finite set of arbitrary positive real numbers.
A space parasol as a countermeasure against the greenhouse effect

It is suggested that the deployment of a 'space parasol' at the L1 Langrangian point of the earth-sun system would serve to intercept some desired fraction of the solar radiant energy, thereby lessening the impact of the greenhouse effect. The parasol satellites are described and possible orbit configurations are discussed. Orbital possibilities include Low Earth Orbit, Geosynchronous orbit, and L1 which appears to be the best option. Structural strength, control, and use of extraterrestrial material in the construction of the parasol are discussed.
Are older adults living in more equal counties healthier than older adults living in more unequal counties? A propensity score matching approach.

We assessed the potential contextual effect of income inequality on health by: 1) comparing individuals with similar socioeconomic status (SES) but who reside in counties with different levels of income inequality; and 2) examining whether the potential effect of county-level income inequality on health varies across SES groups. We used the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative study of Americans over the age of 50. Using propensity score matching, we selected SES-comparable individuals living in high-income inequality counties and in low-income inequality counties. We examined differences in self-rated overall health outcomes and in other specific physical/mental health outcomes between the two groups using logistic regression (n = 34,994) and imposing different sample restrictions based on residential duration in the area. We then used logistic regression with interactions to assess whether, and if so how, health outcomes differed among participants of different SES groups defined by wealth, income, and education. In bivariate analyses of the unmatched full sample, adults living in high-income inequality counties have worse health outcomes for most health measures. After propensity score matching, adults in high-income inequality counties had worse self-rated health status (AOR = 1.12; 95% CI 1.04-1.19) and were more likely to report diagnosed psychiatric problems (AOR = 1.08; 95% CI 0.99-1.19) than their matched counterparts in low-income inequality counties. These associations were stronger with longer-term residents in the area. Adverse health outcomes associated with living in high-income inequality counties were significant particularly for individuals in the 30(th) or greater percentiles of income/wealth distribution and those without a college education. In summary, after using more precise matching methods to compare individuals with similar characteristics and addressing measurement error by excluding more recently arrived county residents, adults living in high-income inequality counties had worse reported overall physical and mental health than adults living in low-income inequality counties.
Down-regulation by antisense oligonucleotides establishes a role for the proline-rich tyrosine kinase PYK2 in angiotensin ii-induced signaling in vascular smooth muscle.

Abnormal vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth plays a key role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and atherosclerosis. Angiotensin II (Ang II) elicits a hypertrophic growth response characterized by an increase in protein synthesis in the absence of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. Intracellular signaling mechanisms linking angiotensin type I receptor activation to protein synthesis in VSMC have not been fully characterized. The present study investigates the role of the nonreceptor proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) in Ang II-induced VSMC protein synthesis and in the regulation of two signaling pathways that have been implicated in the control of protein synthesis, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathways. PYK2 antisense oligonucleotides were used to down-regulate PYK2 expression in cultured VSMC. An 80% down-regulation in PYK2 expression resulted in an ∼80% inhibition of ERK1/2 (3.8 ± 1.3versus 16.6 ± 1.8), p70S6 kinase (1.03 ± 0.03versus 3.8 ± 0.5), and Akt activation (3.0 ± 0.8 versus 16.0 ± 1.0) by Ang II. Furthermore, PYK2 down-regulation resulted in a complete inhibition of Ang II-induced VSMC protein synthesis. These data conclusively identify PYK2 as an upstream regulator of both the ERK1/2 and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathways that are involved in Ang II-induced VSMC protein synthesis.
HER-2/neu × aromatase double transgenic mice model: The effects of aromatase overexpression on mammary tumorigenesis

A majority of breast cancers are hormone-responsive, and require estrogen for growth, and respond to hormonal therapy that blocks estrogen receptor action. Breast tumors with low levels of or completely lacking estrogen receptor fail to respond to antiestrogen therapy yet require estrogen for tumor initiation. To address the importance of local estrogen in oncogene-mediated breast tumorigenesis, we have crossed MMTV-aromatase with MMTV-HER2/neu and examined the incidence of breast cancer in double transgenic mice in comparison with parental strains. Double transgenic mice show normal mammary development and express both transgenes at similar levels to that of parental strains. Tumor incidence in double transgenic mice ( 65%). In addition to a significant decrease in tumorigenesis, these mice expressed ERalpha as well as high levels of ERbeta along with decreased levels of cyclin D1 and phosphorylated pRb among other changes. Furthermore, experiments using THC (ERalpha-agonist and ERbeta-antagonist) clearly demonstrate the critical role of ERbeta in HER2/neu-mediated tumorigenesis. These studies provide the first genetic evidence that estrogen receptor, mainly ERbeta than ERalpha and its dependent changes play an important role in regulating mammary tumorigenesis. These findings provide further evidence for development and testing of novel therapeutic approaches based on selective regulation of estrogen receptors (ERalpha and beta)-dependent actions for the treatment and prevention of breast cancers.
AFM Study of Tethered Polystyrene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) and Polystyrene-b-poly(methyl acrylate) Brushes on Flat Silicate Substrates

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to study tethered polystyrene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) and polystyrene-b-poly(methyl acrylate) (PS-b-PMA) brushes on flat substrates. The PS-b-PMMA surface was smooth after treatment with CH2Cl2; treatment with cyclohexane led to a relatively rough surface, more obvious in a brush with a thinner PMMA layer. PS-b-PMA brushes exhibited a different nanomorphology after treatment with CH2Cl2, which is may be due to the higher Flory−Huggins interaction parameter between PS and PMA. Treatment of a PS-b-PMMA brush with 30 nm PS and 10 nm PMMA with mixed solvents of CH2Cl2 and cyclohexane resulted in a variety of morphologies including a smooth surface, a rough surface, a very rough surface with irregular structures, and a very rough surface with an unusual nanomorphology. The morphological scale was dependent on the thickness of the tethered diblock brushes.
Equilibrium electrostatics of responsive polyelectrolyte monolayers.

The physical behavior of polyelectrolytes at solid−liquid interfaces presents challenges both in measurement and in interpretation. An informative, yet often overlooked, property that characterizes the equilibrium organization of these systems is their membrane or rest potential. Here a general classification scheme is presented of the relationship between the rest potential and structural response of polyelectrolyte films to salt concentration. A numerical lattice theory, adapted from the polymer community, is used to analyze the rest potential response of end-tethered polyelectrolyte layers in which electrostatics and short-range contact interactions conspire to bring about different structural states. As an experimental quantity the rest potential is a readily accessible, nonperturbing metric of the equilibrium structure of a polyelectrolyte layer. A first set of measurements is reported on monolayers of end-tethered, single-stranded DNA in monovalent (NaCl) and divalent (MgCl2) counterion environments...
Bacillus anthracis protective antigen, expressed in Salmonella typhimurium SL 3261, affords protection against anthrax spore challenge

The protective antigen (PA) gene from Bacillus anthracis has been expressed in Salmonella typhimurium SL 3261 (aroA). Expression was achieved by cloning the gene after the plac promoter in a high copy number plasmid. The recombinant PA was exported into the periplasm. This construct was unstable in vivo and also reduced the colonization ability of the host S. typhimurium. Mouse-passaging of the recombinant Salmonella resulted in a strain with enhanced colonization ability and increased stability of the plasmid in vivo. This effect appeared to be due to a reduction in copy number of the PA-encoding plasmid. Mice were vaccinated with recombinant S. typhimurium and adjuvanted PA and challenged with virulent B. anthracis. Only mice vaccinated with adjuvanted PA or orally with the mouse-passaged recombinant showed partial protection. The degree of protection observed after oral vaccination with the recombinant S. typhimurium was similar to the degree of protection afforded by adjuvanted PA and suggested that the use of S. typhimurium to deliver PA is an effective approach for inducing protection against B. anthracis. The results presented also suggest that the degree of protection demonstrated in the mouse may not fully indicate the potential of the recombinant Salmonella as an effective vaccine in other species.
Improvements in the data quality of the Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse Gases

The Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse Gases (IMG) operated aboard the polar-orbiting Advanced Earth Observing Satellite from October 1996 through June 1997. The IMG measured upwelling infrared radiance at fine spectral resolution. This paper identifies previously undocumented issues with IMG interferograms and describes procedures for correcting the majority of the affected data. In particular, single-sided interferograms should be used to avoid large noise bursts, and phase ambiguities must be resolved in uncalibrated spectra before radiometric calibration. The corrections are essential for studies that require accurately calibrated radiance spectra, including those that track atmospheric changes globally on decadal time scales.
Immunogold localization of a developmentally regulated, tapetal-specific, 15 kDa lily anther protein

We have confirmed that the LLA-15 polypeptide ofLilium longiflorum is (a) tapetum specific with some expression possible in the adjacent middle layer cells and (b) relatively abundant as evidenced by the high density of gold particles localized to the tapetal cells. We have established that the protein is cytoplasmic and not associated with organelles, membranes, extracellular matrix or wall. We also report an amino acid composition of the molecule and a partial sequence which bears no resemblance to any protein yet described.
What’s in a Name? Coverage of Senator Hillary Clinton during the 2008 Democratic Primary:

Throughout the 2008 Democratic primary, Senator Hillary Clinton, her supporters and advocates, feminist groups, and commentators accused the media of sexist coverage. Was Hillary Clinton treated di...
The effect of shot particles on the fatigue of Kaowool fiber-reinforced 339 aluminum

The addition of Kaowool fibers substantially increases the fatigue strength of 339 aluminum at 300 °C. However, the fatigue life of these composites is limited by the presence of Kaowool “shot” particles, which act as crack initiation sites. An elastic analysis of the stress concentrations associated with this type of defect shows that a crucial parameter is the distance of the particle from the free surface. As the distance from the surface decreases, the stress concentration factor increases substantially and attains maximum value when a small portion of the particle has been removed by machining. The relationship between the distance from the surface and the stress concentration factor is in excellent agreement with the particle geometries observed at fatigue crack initiation sites.
Direct bound-free photodesorption of physisorbed molecules

Abstract Because light, weakly adsorbed atoms and molecules have very few bound states, the harmonic oscillator Δv = 1 optical selection rule is invalid for vibrational transitions of the physisorption bond. For such systems, we show that very low power (50 mW) infrared radiation should be sufficient to cause a direct one-photon optical transition from the ground state to continuum translational levels, resulting in photodesorption. Using a simple one-dimensional model, we present computations of the photodesorption rate as a function of photon energy for the Morse potential and several dipole moment functions. The threshold behavior at long wavelengths is analyzed.
Teacher Styles of Classroom Management

AbstractAlthough many studies have examined specific teacher behaviors and their relationships to student variables, the role of the teacher as a socializing agent has been generally ignored. A conceptual model of teaching based on Aronfreed’s induction-sensitization paradigm was used in this study to examine teacher socialization styles as responses to student gender and to specific student behaviors (aggressive, dependent and academic). Responses to the Classroom Management Questionnaire from 200 teachers and non teachers were analyzed using analysis of variance techniques. Significant results were that teachers used sensitizing techniques more frequently in response to male students. Special education teachers were significantly more inductive than regular classroom teachers and non teachers.
Fresnel Phase Effects For X-Ray Microlithography

A study of Fresnel diffraction effects is presented for structures of interest for X-Ray Microlithography. This analysis uses the full optical constants of the mask absorber pattern. Therefore, our calculations take into account the fact that the photons experience a phase shift as they go through the mask's absorbing layer in addition to simple absorption. Results are presented which show the consequences of adding the phase effects to the Fresnel analysis. These results show that phase effects cannot be disregarded in modeling Fresnel intensity profiles on resists.
Decreased nasal mucosal sensitivity in older subjects.

BackgroundThe sensitivity of the human nasal cavity mucosa to touch is not well understood. The site of receptors and mode of action responsible for the sensation of the nasal airflow is a topic of...
Latency of Herpes Simplex Virus in Absence of Neutralizing Antibody: Model for Reactivation

Mice inoculated with herpes simplex virus (type 1) by the lip or corneal route and then passively immunized with rabbit antibody to herpes simplex virus developed a latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia within 96 hours. Neutralizing antibody to herpes simplex virus was cleared from the circulation and could not be detected in most of these mice after 2 months. Examination of ganglia from the antibody-negative mice revealed latent virus in over 90 percent of the animals, indicating that serum neutralizing antibody is not necessary to maintain the latent state. When the lips or corneas of these mice were traumatized, viral reactivation occurred in up to 90 percent of the mice, as demonstrated by the appearance of neutralizing antibody. This study provides a model for identifying factors that trigger viral reactivation.
Staff and patient views of the reasons for aggressive incidents: a prospective, incident-based study.

Aggression is a serious problem in psychiatric hospitals. It is not clear whether reasons for aggression guide which therapeutic interventions are selected. Aggression was monitored in participants in a randomized clinical trial of the antiaggressive efficacy of adjunctive valproate in patients with schizophrenia. The Overt Aggression Scale was used to record aggression type and severity, reasons given by patients and staff, and interventions delivered. Forty two patients caused 317 aggressive incidents. Patients reported more often than staff that aggression was provoked by external factors (e.g., interpersonal conflict, limit-setting). Staff cited internal factors (e.g., psychotic symptoms, tension) more often than patients. Interventions administered were related to type and severity of aggression but not to either staff or patients’ reasons. Responses to aggressive events do not take causes into account. It is possible that consideration of the reasons for the aggressive behavior might yield more targeted interventions.
Neural representation of probabilities for Bayesian inference

Bayesian models are often successful in describing perception and behavior, but the neural representation of probabilities remains in question. There are several distinct proposals for the neural representation of probabilities, but they have not been directly compared in an example system. Here we consider three models: a non-uniform population code where the stimulus-driven activity and distribution of preferred stimuli in the population represent a likelihood function and a prior, respectively; the sampling hypothesis which proposes that the stimulus-driven activity over time represents a posterior probability and that the spontaneous activity represents a prior; and the class of models which propose that a population of neurons represents a posterior probability in a distributed code. It has been shown that the non-uniform population code model matches the representation of auditory space generated in the owl's external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICx). However, the alternative models have not been tested, nor have the three models been directly compared in any system. Here we tested the three models in the owl's ICx. We found that spontaneous firing rate and the average stimulus-driven response of these neurons were not consistent with predictions of the sampling hypothesis. We also found that neural activity in ICx under varying levels of sensory noise did not reflect a posterior probability. On the other hand, the responses of ICx neurons were consistent with the non-uniform population code model. We further show that Bayesian inference can be implemented in the non-uniform population code model using one spike per neuron when the population is large and is thus able to support the rapid inference that is necessary for sound localization.
Control of local intracellular calcium concentration with dynamic-clamp controlled 2-photon uncaging.

The variations of the intracellular concentration of calcium ion ([Ca2+]i) are at the heart of intracellular signaling, and their imaging is therefore of enormous interest. However, passive [Ca2+]i imaging provides no control over these variations, meaning that a full exploration of the functional consequences of [Ca2+]i changes is difficult to attain. The tools designed so far to modify [Ca2+]i, even qualitatively, suffer drawbacks that undermine their widespread use. Here, we describe an electro-optical technique to quantitatively set [Ca2+]i, in real time and with sub-cellular resolution, using two-photon Ca2+ uncaging and dynamic-clamp. We experimentally demonstrate, on neurons from acute olfactory bulb slices of Long Evans rats, various capabilities of this technique previously difficult to achieve, such as the independent control of the membrane potential and [Ca2+]i variations, the functional knocking-in of user-defined virtual voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, and the standardization of [Ca2+]i patterns across different cells. Our goal is to lay the groundwork for this technique and establish it as a new and versatile tool for the study of cell signaling.
Endogenous opioids: the downside of opposing stress

Our dynamic environment regularly exposes us to potentially life-threatening challenges or stressors. To answer these challenges and maintain homeostasis, the stress response, an innate coordinated engagement of central and peripheral neural systems is initiated. Although essential for survival, the inappropriate initiation of the stress response or its continuation after the stressor is terminated has pathological consequences that have been linked to diverse neuropsychiatric and medical diseases. Substantial individual variability exists in the pathological consequences of stressors. A theme of this Special Issue is that elucidating the basis of individual differences in resilience or its flipside, vulnerability, will greatly advance our ability to prevent and treat stress-related diseases. This can be approached by studying individual differences in “pro-stress” mediators such as corticosteroids or the hypothalamic orchestrator of the stress response, corticotropin-releasing factor. More recently, the recognition of endogenous neuromodulators with “anti-stress” activity that have opposing actions or that restrain stress-response systems suggests additional bases for individual differences in stress pathology. These “anti-stress” neuromodulators offer alternative strategies for manipulating the stress response and its pathological consequences. This review uses the major brain norepinephrine system as a model stress-response system to demonstrate how co-regulation by opposing pro-stress (corticotropin-releasing factor) and anti-stress (enkephalin) neuromodulators must be fine-tuned to produce an adaptive response to stress. The clinical consequences of tipping this fine-tuned balance in the direction of either the pro- or anti-stress systems are emphasized. Finally, that each system provides multiple points at which individual differences could confer stress vulnerability or resilience is discussed.
Insulin-Like Growth Factors: Clinical Experience in Ovarian Function

Insulin, insulin-like growth factor, and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins have been shown to play major roles in the modulation of both normal and disturbed ovarian physiology. Identification of many of the actions of these peptides was initially characterized using animal models. However, an increasing body of evidence has emerged to clarify their contributions in human reproductive function. It is clear that at various stages of folliculogenesis, local steroid production acts in concert with intraovarian peptides to promote dominant follicle development. This review will discuss the physiologic role(s) of the insulin-insulin-like growth factor-insulin-like growth factor binding protein family in reproductive function and disorders of androgen excess.
Listener ratings of the intelligibility of tracheoesophageal speech in noise

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the extent to which listener ratings of the intelligibility of tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) speech vary as a function of different signal-to-noise ratios. Fifty college students, 25 men and 25 women (Median age = 19.7 years) participated in the study. They were instructed to assign numbers to audio-recorded speech samples in each of nine signal-to-noise ratio conditions (+65 dB, +20 dB, +15 dB, +10 dB, +5 dB, 0 dB, -5 dB, -10 dB, and -15 dB) in two separate magnitude estimation scaling tasks. During Task 1 the subjects rated the intelligibility of a TEP speech sample. In Task 2 the subjects rated the intelligibility of a normal speech sample. The results indicated that as the levels of background noise increased, listener ratings of intelligibility decreased (F 8,392 = 37.84; p < or = .0001).
Periodic Solutions of Large Norm of Hamiltonian Systems.

Abstract Hamiltonian systems of ordinary differential equations are studied. The only assumption made on the Hamiltonian is appropriately rapid growth at infinity. It is proved that for any given period, there is an unbounded sequence of periodic solutions of the system having the given period.
QUANTIFICATION OF NICOTINAMIDE HEMOCHROME IN COOKED, UNCURED TURKEY BY REFLECTANCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

Nicotinamide hemochrome has been reported as one of the potential pigments involved in the pinking defect of cooked, uncured turkey. Reflectance spectroscopy has been the principle method used to identify this pigment. However, a reliable, easy method to quantify its presence is needed. Cooked turkey samples (containing 0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, or 2.0% nicotinamide or 0, 75, or 150 ppm sodium nitrite) were treated with potassium ferricyanide, hydrogen peroxide, sodium dithionite and light (1076 lux; 0 and 2 min). Treated samples were analyzed with a reflectance spectrophotometer in the visible range. Analysis of reflectance wavelength ratios of the nicotinamide pigment and correlations of those values, indicated that the ratio of 537/553 nm best represented the relative quantity of nicotinamide hemochrome (r=0.933) with minimal interference from nitrosylhemochrome (r=0.029).
Site-Specific Cleavage of a Yeast Chromosome by Oligonucleotide-Directed Triple-Helix Formation

Oligonucleotides equipped with EDTA-Fe can bind specifically to duplex DNA by triple-helix formation and produce double-strand cleavage at binding sites greater than 12 base pairs in size. To demonstrate that oligonucleotide-directed triple-helix formation is a viable chemical approach for the site-specific cleavage of large genomic DNA, an oligonucleotide with EDTA-Fe at the 5' and 3' ends was targeted to a 20-base pair sequence in the 340-kilobase pair chromosome III of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Double-strand cleavage products of the correct size and location were observed, indicating that the oligonucleotide bound and cleaved the target site among almost 14 megabase pairs of DNA. Because oligonucleotide-directed triple-helix formation has the potential to be a general solution for DNA recognition, this result has implications for physical mapping of chromosomes.
Pre-revolutionary Caracas : politics, economy, and society, 1777-1811

List of maps List of tables Acknowledgements Measures and money Glossary Introduction Part I. Society: 1. The Caste society Part II. Economy: 2. The export economy 1777-1809 3. Agriculture 4. Commerce Part III. Politics: 5. Elites 6. Politics 1777-1808 7. The balance overturned 1808-1810 Epilogue Appendices Notes Bibliography Bibliographical appendix Index.
Groundwater App to Determine Flow Direction and Gradient

A computational program, called the groundwater flow calculator, was created to quickly and easily determine the hydraulic gradient and direction of groundwater flow. The groundwater flow calculator automates the hand-drawn process by Ralph Heath in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Water Supply Paper 2220. In addition, a mobile app was developed to allow this procedure to run on a smart phone for use in the field.
The energy expenditure of postmenopausal women classified as restrained or unrestrained eaters.

Objective: Restrained eating is a common dietary practice among individuals who are attempting to prevent weight gain, but little is known about differences in energy physiology and regulation between restrained and unrestrained eaters. We investigated this issue in non-obese free-living postmenopausal women classified as long-term restrained (n=26) or unrestrained (n=34) eaters group matched for body mass index (BMI). Measurements: Measurements were made of total energy expenditure (TEE), resting energy expenditure (REE), body composition, reported leisure time activity, maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) and weight change during the study period. In addition, physical activity level (PAL) and nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) were calculated from measured variables. Results: There were no significant differences between the groups in body composition, weight change, aerobic capacity or total leisure time activity. Relationships between fat-free mass (FFM) and both REE and TEE, and the relationship between work load and energy expenditure in the test of maximal oxygen consumption, were also not different between groups. However, restrained eaters had a significantly lower PAL (equal to TEE/REE, 1.72±0.04 vs 1.84±0.04, P<0.05). In addition, in multiple regression models predicting NEAT, NEAT was significantly lower in restrained eaters than unrestrained eaters and there was a positive relationship between NEAT and weight change in unrestrained eaters but no relationship in restrained eaters (P<0.05). Conclusions: In contrast to a previous report, we found no significant difference in TEE between restrained and unrestrained eaters. PAL was slightly lower in restrained eaters, apparently due to reduced NEAT, and restrained eaters also lacked the positive association between NEAT and body weight change seen in unrestrained eaters. This latter finding, if confirmed in future studies, could help explain an increased susceptibility of restrained eaters to weight gain. Sponsorship: NIH grants AG12829, DK46124 and T32AG00209, and US Cooperative Agreement number 58-1950-9-001. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2001) 55, 1059–1067
Geometric analysis and comparison of protein-DNA interfaces: why is there no simple code for recognition?

Structural studies of protein-DNA complexes have shown that there are many distinct families of DNA-binding proteins, and have shown that there is no simple "code" describing side-chain/base interactions. However, systematic analysis and comparison of protein-DNA complexes has been complicated by the diversity of observed contacts, the sheer number of complexes currently available and the absence of any consistent method of comparison that retains detailed structural information about the protein-DNA interface. To address these problems, we have developed geometric methods for characterizing the local structural environment in which particular side-chain/base interactions are observed. In particular, we develop methods for analyzing and comparing spatial relationships at the protein-DNA interface. Our method involves attaching local coordinate systems to the DNA bases and to the C(alpha) atoms of the peptide backbone (these are relatively rigid structural units). We use these tools to consider how the position and orientation of the polypeptide backbone (with respect to the DNA) helps to determine what contacts are possible at any given position in a protein-DNA complex. Here, we focus on base contacts that are made in the major groove, and we use spatial relationships in analyzing: (i) the observed patterns of side-chain/base interactions; (ii) observed helix docking orientations; (iii) family/subfamily relationships among DNA-binding proteins; and (iv) broader questions about evolution, altered specificity mutants and the limits for the design of new DNA-binding proteins. Our analysis, which highlights differences in spatial relationships in different complexes and at different positions in a complex, helps explain why there is no simple, general code for protein-DNA recognition.
Transitions as Speech Acts.

Current treatment of teaching transitions relies on an approach which presents students with lists of transitions to insert at unspecified places in the text. In addition, some textbooks and composition handbooks advise students to be «subtle» and warn against explicitly stating their purpose. This advice exists in spite of the fact that many professional writers are often explicit about the effect they intend in writing their transitions. Since handbook authors have failed to offer a general theory of how to write effective transitions, I propose that speech act theory can explain the function of transitions in terms of the illocutionary and perlocutionary effect of explicit performatives. An analysis of various samples shows that publishied writers regularly use explici performatives in scientific, business, technical and academic writing. This analysis offers specific implications for improving handbook explanations and for instructing student writers in writing effective transitions by determining the illocutionary force of the specific speech act underlying each transitional device.
The Isolated D. R. E. Degrees are Dense in the R. E. Degrees

In the present paper we prove that the isolated differences of r. e. degrees are dense in the r. e. degrees. Mathematics Subject Classification: 03D25.
The F-BAR domains from srGAP1, srGAP2 and srGAP3 regulate membrane deformation differently

Coordination of membrane deformation and cytoskeletal dynamics lies at the heart of many biological processes critical for cell polarity, motility and morphogenesis. We have recently shown that Slit-Robo GTPase-activating protein 2 (srGAP2) regulates neuronal morphogenesis through the ability of its F-BAR domain to regulate membrane deformation and induce filopodia formation. Here, we demonstrate that the F-BAR domains of two closely related family members, srGAP1 and srGAP3 [designated F-BAR(1) and F-BAR(3), respectively] display significantly different membrane deformation properties in non-neuronal COS7 cells and in cortical neurons. F-BAR(3) induces filopodia in both cell types, though less potently than F-BAR(2), whereas F-BAR(1) prevents filopodia formation in cortical neurons and reduces plasma membrane dynamics. These three F-BAR domains can heterodimerize, and they act synergistically towards filopodia induction in COS7 cells. As measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, F-BAR(2) displays faster molecular dynamics than F-BAR(3) and F-BAR(1) at the plasma membrane, which correlates well with its increased potency to induce filopodia. We also show that the molecular dynamic properties of F-BAR(2) at the membrane are partially dependent on F-Actin. Interestingly, acute phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] depletion in cells does not interfere with plasma membrane localization of F-BAR(2), which is compatible with our result showing that F-BAR(2) binds to a broad range of negatively-charged phospholipids present at the plasma membrane, including phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Overall, our results provide novel insights into the functional diversity of the membrane deformation properties of this subclass of F-BAR-domains required for cell morphogenesis.
The nervous system and pH

The mix of cellular pumps, channels, transporters, and isoenzymes is genetically inherited. However, the environment has the ability to impact the cellular pumps, channels, transporters, and isoenzymes to some degree. Cellular pumps, channels, transporters and isoenzymes help control cellular pH and vice versa. Therefore possibly the pH in the nervous system is more variable than previously believed. If so, that could explain some of the changes we see in the nervous system.
The LAMPF Standard Data-Acquisition System

LAMPF has made a serious attempt to standardize its data-acquisition systems for all the experimental beam ports of the facility. Some of the benefits and pitfalls of this standardization effort will be discussed, as well as the philosophy behind the chosen standard configuration.
A ‘native’ free state at Korsten: challenge to segregation in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 1901–1905

This article focuses on turn of the century African resistance in Port Elizabeth, a town in the eastern Cape of South Africa, to government attempts to impose residential segregation through the implementation of the Native Reserve Locations Act of 1903. Between 1901–05, the Cape colonial government attempted to force the majority of the African population out of the town centre and into New Brighton, which was the first state administered ‘native township’. Africans from different ethnic and class backgrounds refused to cooperate, instead migrating to Korsten, a freehold township, located outside of government jurisdiction and thus outside of its control. Significantly, the African middle class, many of them voters and property owners, led the resistance to the removals. At this time local conditions were such that black and white liberals in the Cape colony were politically and ideologically strong enough to prevent full implementation of the segregationist legislation. Through this study we are provide...
A lyotrope gradient method for liquid crystal temperature-composition-mesomorph diagram construction using time-resolved x-ray diffraction.

A new method for rapidly constructing isobaric temperature-composition-mesomorph (T-C) diagrams is described. The method involves establishing a lyotrope concentration gradient in a liquid crystal lengthwise in an x-ray capillary tube. At a fixed temperature such a sample corresponds to an isotherm in the corresponding isobaric T-C diagram. The concentration gradient is conveniently established by bringing the two components into contact in the capillary and allowing limited diffusion of one component into the other. Phase boundaries are located and phases are identified and structurally characterized continuously along the length of the capillary using time-resolved x-ray diffraction. Repeating the measurement on the same sample at a series of temperatures in the range of interest completes that T-C diagram. The method has been used to construct the T-C diagram for detergent/water and lipid/water binary and ternary systems in the 20–120 degrees C range. They agree well with and extend the results obtained by conventional methods.
Building an outpatient cancer center pharmacy program across a tristate region.

Purpose The transition to a hybrid model of oncology pharmacy services including remote order verification across a regional network of cancer centers is described. Summary Five years ago the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) began a major expansion of its cancer care services, gradually integrating 19 community-based physician practice sites into its tristate oncology network as affiliated hospital-based clinics (HBCs). The network expansion was achieved through a stepwise process including (1) development of oncology medication protocols, (2) interdisciplinary efforts to modify oncology care workflows, (3) implementation of a hybrid practice model to optimize the use of clinical pharmacy resources, and (4) focused staff training programs. Under the hybrid practice model, first checks of antineoplastic medication orders, premedication orders, and laboratory values are performed by either onsite or remote pharmacists, with all second checks performed remotely. In 2013, network pharmacists implemented large numbers of medication therapy interventions to improve chemotherapy and biological response modifier dosing ( n = 641) and nonchemotherapy medication use ( n = 1082); other documented interventions included patient counseling to help optimize the use of erythropoietin-stimulating agents and other medications ( n = 441) and anticoagulation-related dosing adjustments and patient education ( n = 102). Conclusion Nineteen ambulatory care centers were successfully integrated into the UPMC oncology network as affiliated HBCs through a stepwise process that included workflow modifications, staff training, and a hybrid pharmacy services model that ensures a two-pharmacist check of antineoplastic orders in accordance with regulatory and quality standards.