cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular weight dependence of isothermal long period growth of polyethylene single crystals

Abstract The long period growth L of polyethylene single crystals during annealing requires an increase in length of all straight sections of every single macromolecule between the fold planes. The material needed has to be transported from the free ends toward the centre of the macromolecule. In order to explain the temperature dependence of long period growth rate, the transport has to proceed by collective jumps of all monomers of one straight chain section between the fold containing surfaces. The number of such jumps needed for a given thickness increase in unidirectional motion or random diffusion is proportional to ( M L ) 2 and ( M L ) 3 respectively. The growth rate hence turns out to be strongly dependent on molecular weight M. In the most probable case of random diffusion the L versus log t curves are shifted by 3 log M to higher times. The growth rate extremely rapidly increases when the extended chain length is only two, three or even four times larger than the long period L. The transformation of the folded into extended chain crystal in such a case is achieved in a time which roughly equals the time needed for isothermal single crystal growth to L ext . 4 . This time, of course, is shorter the lower the molecular weight and the higher the temperature. Such a mechanism may eventually explain the formation of extended chain crystals observed in fractionated samples of low molecular weight isothermally crystallized from melt close to 130°C and in whole Marlex samples crystallized from melt under high pressure at 230°C.
Assessing Machiavellianism and Morality-Conscience Guilt

If Machiavellians behave relatively morally or ethically as stated by Leary and colleagues in 1986, then hypotheses regarding their immorality should be reexamined. 84 MBA students in a program at Fairleigh Dickinson University completed Christie and Geis' 1970 Mach IV scale and the Guilty-Conscience subscale of Mosher's 1988 Revised Mosher Guilt Inventory. Results indicate that some students scored high on both Machiavellianism and Morality-Conscience Guilt.
Diffusive isothermal partitioning in a layered medium with geologic applications

The diffusive isothermal partitioning of solute in a layered two-phase material has been analyzed to help elucidate the phenomenon of solute partitioning in multiphase lunar and terrestrial materials and to estimate the cooling history of samples. After reviewing the physical chemistry of partitioning and the case of an infinite one-dimensional diffusion couple, we solve in analytic form the case of a finite one-dimensional couple. The solution can be used to estimate cooling histories or to interpret laboratory experiments on partitioning. A sample calculation is included.
Estimating crack growth in rotorcraft structures subjected to mission load spectrum

Abstract This paper is an extension of the work originally reported on the international conference of experimental mechanics. In this extended work, numerical and experimental results are presented from a project aimed at predicting the fatigue life of a rotorcraft structural component subjected to flight load spectrum. The structural component is a riveted joint used in cabin frame cap splices of several civilian and military helicopters modeled herein as a lap-joined nested angle assembly. This component is fatigue sensitive due to the highly cyclic and vibratory nature of a rotorcraft mission load spectrum and as such accurate prediction of its fatigue life is of major importance in the design cycle. In this work, numerical studies are conducted using constant amplitude and mission spectrum loads. The rate of fatigue crack growth for through-the-thickness crack initiated from the critical fastener hole is computed using 2D standard and weight function models with the crack plane stress field obtained from 3D finite element analysis. Effect of load interaction due to tensile overload is included using strip-yield retardation model and the effect of surface shear arising from contact friction between the plates and the fasteners is studied using parametric models. Finally, results of the numerical simulations are compared with representative experimental data obtained under similar spectrum loading condition.
Robust discrimination of Reithrodontomys megalotis and R. montanus (Mammalia: Rodentia) from Colorado, using cranial morphology and external characteristics within age classes

Abstract Reithrodontomys megalotis and R. montanus, two species of harvest mouse that co-occur at low elevations of the southeastern Rockies and western Great Plains, are notoriously difficult to distinguish both externally and cranially, particularly for juveniles. Three external characteristics and 14 cranial measurements were used in discriminate function analyses (DFA) to detect the most robust measurements for species identification. Using 151 and 66 specimens of R. megalotis and R. montanus, respectively, from Colorado, we constructed DFA models for all specimens combined and segregated into four age classes by tooth wear. Due to substantial overlap in measurements, DFA models could not reliably predict species identity based on external or cranial characteristics alone, whereas models including all characteristics were more reliable. The most reliable DFA models were those for each age class (juvenile, subadult, adult, and old adult) using all external and cranial measurements. With various DFA mod...
Thermal Response of Cotton Finishes from Methylolamide Agents

Thermal decomposition of finishes does not seem to occur by a hydrolytic or simple reaction reversal mechanism. A study was conducted of the response of finishes pre pared from several methylolamide agents to the thermal effects of oven treatments at elevated temperatures. The analyses of the finished cottons for nitrogen content, total formaldehyde content, and formaldehyde release after heat treatments provide an indication of the different course of thermal decomposition. Formaldehyde-finished cotton was studied to determine the thermal stability of methylene crosslinks. Changes from heat treatment of cotton containing free formaldehyde were also noted.
BAC transgenic analysis reveals enhancers sufficient for Hoxa13 and neighborhood gene expression in mouse embryonic distal limbs and genital bud

SUMMARY We previously demonstrated that a � 1Mb domain of genes upstream of and including Hoxa13 is coexpressed in the developing mouse limbs and genitalia. A highly conserved non-coding sequence, mmA13CNS, was shown to be insufficient in transgenic mice to direct precise Hoxa13-like expression in the limb buds or genital bud, although some LacZ expression from the transgene was reproducibly found in these tissues. In this report, we used b-globin minimal promoter LacZ recombinant BAC transgenes encompassing mmA13CNS to identify a single critical region involved in mouse Hoxa13-like embryonic genital bud expression. By analyzing the expression patterns of these overlapping BAC clones in transgenic mice, we show that at least two sequences remote to the HoxA cluster are required collectively to drive Hoxa13-like expression in developing distal limbs. Given that the paralogous posterior HoxD and neighboring genes have been shown to be under the influence of long-range distal limb and genital bud enhancers, we hypothesize that both long-range enhancers have one ancestral origin, which diverged in both sequence and function after the HoxA/D cluster duplication.
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for head and neck cancer

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) involves the delivery of optimized nonuniform beam intensities to the patient. In the head and neck region, there are many critical structures in close proximity to the target, with little influence from internal organ motion. Because IMRT produces tightly conformal doses and steep-dose gradients next to normal tissues, it provides the potential for organ sparing and improved tumor control. The dosimetric superiority of head and neck IMRT over conventional techniques has been demonstrated. The initial results of clinical IMRT studies showed reduction in xerostomia with no compromise in locoregional control if caution and appropriate knowledge are exercised in target determination and delineation.
Furthering the understanding of parent-child relationships: a nursing scholarship review series. Part 1: Introduction.

Understanding the parent–child relationship is fundamental to nursing of children and families (Blake, 1954). Since Florence Blake’s seminal work, The Child, His Parents and the Nurse, and the case studies that Blake or her students published, pediatric nursing scholarship has emphasized the parent–child relationship as the context in which parenting occurs and the child’s health and development is supported. Understanding this relationship was vital, Blake maintained, to understanding the child’s challenges in dealing with health problems and to supporting the child in negotiating developmental tasks and becoming competent in all aspects of functioning within the context of those problems. This idea, some 50 years after Blake expressed it, continues to garner support from developmental and social science research. The aim of this integrative review was to synthesize findings from empirical nursing studies about the parent–child relationship. As a focus of study, the parent–child relationship has a prominent place in the social and developmental sciences, primarily because of its influence on child outcomes across cultures and social strata (Bornstein & Cheah, 2006). What does nursing contribute to the body of knowledge? This integrative review was conducted in the belief that the nursing research literature concerning parent–child relationships is important because of the discipline’s perspective on the relationship between the child’s development and both physical and mental health. Although the focus of nurses who care for children from infancy through adolescence is on the child, the child’s health, growth, and developmental functioning are rooted in the parent–child relationship. The nursing perspective encompasses the idea that, in the context of promoting health and preventing illness, the parent–child relationship needs to be understood for its effect on the child’s health, hence as a focus of both assessment and developmental support. In particular, nurses are mindful of and address their interventions to the processes of both everyday living and coping with extraordinary events, and the relationship-building functions of the parent–child interaction. It is through these processes, interactions, and relationships that the health of both children and parents is shaped, expressed, and supported for the short and long term (Bronfenbrenner, 1996; Nightingale, 1969; Skretkowicz, 1992).
Vapor HF sacrificial etching for phosphorus doped polycrystalline silicon membrane structures

In this work we present a technique using HF vapor to release phosphorus doped polycrystalline silicon (Phos-Poly) circular membrane structures. A 2 um thick annealed phosphosilicate glass (PSG) has been used as the sacrificial layer. The sacrificial etching was followed by solvent rinses and Critical Point Drying (CPD) to remove any residual HF and to avoid sticition. A Phos-Poly diaphragm with a diameter of 106 um has been successfully released as well as some membrane arrays. This technique has been proved very simple and effective. The membrane structures can be used in pressure sensing applications.
Markov Chain Monte Carlo MIMO Detection Methods for High Signal-to-Noise Ratio Regimes

Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods have recently been applied as front-end detectors in multiple- input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems. Moreover, the near capacity behavior of such detectors in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regimes have been demonstrated through computer simulations. However, it has also been found that the MCMC MIMO detectors degrade in high SNR regimes. This paper investigates into the source of this degradation and proposes a number of ad hoc methods to resolve this undesirable behavior of the MCMC MIMO detectors. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is shown through empirical (simulation) results.
The cougar approach to in-network query processing in sensor networks

The widespread distribution and availability of small-scale sensors, actuators, and embedded processors is transforming the physical world into a computing platform. One such example is a sensor network consisting of a large number of sensor nodes that combine physical sensing capabilities such as temperature, light, or seismic sensors with networking and computation capabilities. Applications range from environmental control, warehouse inventory, and health care to military environments. Existing sensor networks assume that the sensors are preprogrammed and send data to a central frontend where the data is aggregated and stored for offline querying and analysis. This approach has two major drawbacks. First, the user cannot change the behavior of the system on the fly. Second, conservation of battery power is a major design factor, but a central system cannot make use of in-network programming, which trades costly communication for cheap local computation.In this paper, we introduce the Cougar approach to tasking sensor networks through declarative queries. Given a user query, a query optimizer generates an efficient query plan for in-network query processing, which can vastly reduce resource usage and thus extend the lifetime of a sensor network. In addition, since queries are asked in a declarative language, the user is shielded from the physical characteristics of the network. We give a short overview of sensor networks, propose a natural architecture for a data management system for sensor networks, and describe open research problems in this area.
Direct numerical simulation of passive control of three-dimensional phenomena in boundary-layer transition using wall heating

A numerical model is presented for investigating control of the three-dimensional boundary-layer transition process. Control of a periodically forced, spatially evolving boundary layer in water is studied using surface heating techniques. The Navier–Stokes and energy equations are integrated using a fully implicit finite difference/spectral method. The Navier–Stokes equations are used in vorticity–velocity form and are coupled with the energy equation through the viscosity dependence on temperature. Passive control of small amplitude two-dimensional waves and three-dimensional oblique waves is numerically simulated with either uniform or non-uniform wall heating applied. Both amplitude levels and amplification rates are strongly reduced with heating applied. Comparison is made with parallel and non-parallel linear stability theory and experiments. Control of the early stages of the nonlinear breakdown process is also investigated using uniform wall heating. Both control of the fundamental and subharmonic routes to turbulence are investigated. For both breakdown processes, a strong reduction in amplitude levels and growth rates results. In particular, the high three-dimensional growth rates that are characteristic of the secondary instability process are significantly reduced below the uncontrolled levels.
The NSF program in innovation in engineering education

Summary form only given. The objectives of the NSF program are as follows: to dramatically increase the quality of US undergraduate engineering education as well as the number of engineering baccalaureate degrees awarded, especially to women and underrepresented minorities; to design, implement, evaluate, and disseminate new structures and fresh approaches affecting all aspects of US undergraduate engineering education, including instructional delivery systems; and to create significant intellectual exchange and substantive resource linkages among major US engineering baccalaureate-producing institutions and other institutions. A possible curriculum using a top-down approach with early emphasis on design has been considered. >
The pq-condition for 3-manifold groups

We give an elementary, topological proof of the fact that any sugroup of order pq of a finite 3-manifold group is cyclic if p and q are dis- tinct odd primes. This condition, together with related results of Milnor and Reidemeister, implies that such a group acts orthogonally and without fixed points on some sphere. Our aim here is to understand the restrictions on finite groups that are fundamen- tal groups of 3-manifolds. Two necessary conditions are well known; namely that if G is a such a group, then its subgroups of order 2p, for p a prime, are cyclic(2)(the 2p-condition) and so are its subgroups of order p 2 (3)(4) (the p 2 -condition). The latter is equivalent to the statement that all abelian subgroups of G are cyclic. The p 2 -condition for 3-manifold groups is an immediate consequence of the fact that (Z/pZ) 2 does not have a balanced presentation. The above conditions together with the pq-condition characterise when solvable finite groups act orthogonally on some sphere (5) with fixed points. The pq-condition is the condition that every subgroup of order pq of G, where p and q are distinct, odd primes, is abelian (hence cyclic). Our main result is that finite fundamental groups of 3-manifolds satisfy this condition. This was previously known, but proofs in the literature (for example in (2)) involve using the fact that G has cohomology with periodicity 4 together with some deep group theory to restrict the class of finite fundamental groups, and then observing that this condition is satisfied. It seems desirable to deduce this result using a direct topological argument, especially given the fundamental role of this condition in characterising orthogonal free actions. The proof given here is elementary and topological. Theorem 0.1. Suppose the finite group G is the fundamental group of a 3-manifold M, and p and q are distinct, odd primes. Then every subgroup of G of order pq is cyclic.
Übergangsmetallpolysulfide, Koordinationsverbindungen mit rein anorganischen Chelatliganden

Es ist schon sehr lange bekannt, das sich manche Ubergangsmetallsulfide in wasrigem Ammoniumpolysulfid losen. Obwohl anzunehmen war, das sich dabei Metallpolysulfide bilden, hat man sich diesem Verbindungstyp erst in den letzten Jahren intensiver zugewandt. Dabei konnte eine Fulle neuer Komplexe mit Polysulfido-Chelatliganden S (n=2,3,4…) isoliert und charakterisiert werden. Die Komplexe interessieren bezuglich ihrer Struktur und Reaktivitat, aber auch im Hinblick auf mogliche Anwendungen; mit ihnen konnen Schwefelringe definierter Grose gezielt hergestellt werden, und es deutet sich an, das sie auch in der Katalyse Verwendung finden konnten.
Synthesis of Icosahedral Boron Arsenide Nanowires for Betavoltaic Applications

With a wide band gap of greater than 3.0 eV and the ability to self-heal from radiation damage, icosahedral boron arsenide (B12As2) is an apt candidate for use in next-generation betavoltaics. By capturing and converting high energy electrons from radioisotopes into usable electricity, “nuclear batteries” made from B12As2 could potentially power devices for decades. Compared to bulk crystals or epitaxial films, B12As2 nanowires may have lower defect densities or may even be defect-free, leading to better electrical properties and device performance. In our study, B12As2 nanowires were synthesized via vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth using platinum powder and nickel powder on silicon carbide and 20 nm thick nickel film on silicon substrates from 700 °C to 1200 °C. Platinum yielded the highest quality nanowires from 900 °C to 950 °C, resulting in platinum particles densely covered with wires formed by straight segments connected by sharp angular kinks. At these growth temperatures, diameters ranged from less than 30 nm to about 300 nm as determined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Growth temperatures of 850 °C or less produced curled wires 200–1000 nm in diameter. Transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction revealed excellent crystallinity in wires grown above 850 °C, while wires grown at or below 850 °C were partially amorphous. Wires grown from the 20 nm nickel film displayed similar morphologies at temperatures up to 850 °C; from 900 °C to 950 °C, straight, isolated wires were grown with diameters of 200–400 nm. Nickel powder only produced wires larger than 1 μm in diameter. The comparative quality and growth of B12As2 nanowires will be discussed.
The highly unusual outgassing of Comet 103P/Hartley 2 from narrowband photometry and imaging of the coma

Abstract We report on photometry and imaging of Comet 103P/Hartley 2 obtained at Lowell Observatory from 1991 through 2011. We acquired photoelectric photometry on two nights in 1991, four nights in 1997/1998, and 13 nights in 2010/2011. We observed a strong secular decrease in water and all other observed species production in 2010/2011 from the 1991 and 1997/1998 levels. We see evidence for a strong asymmetry with respect to perihelion in the production rates of our usual bandpasses, with peak production occurring ∼10 days post-perihelion and production rates considerably higher post-perihelion. The composition was “typical,” in agreement with the findings of other investigators. We obtained imaging on 39 nights from 2010 July until 2011 January. We find that, after accounting for their varying parentage and lifetimes, the C2 and C3 coma morphology resemble the CN morphology we reported previously. These species exhibited an hourglass shape in October and November, and the morphology changed with rotation and evolved over time. The OH and NH coma morphology showed hints of an hourglass shape near the nucleus, but was also enhanced in the anti-sunward hemisphere. This tailward brightness enhancement did not vary significantly with rotation and evolved with the viewing geometry. We conclude that all five gas species likely originate from the same source regions on the nucleus, but that OH and NH were derived from small grains of water and ammonia ice that survived long enough to be affected by radiation pressure and driven in the anti-sunward direction. We detected the faint, sunward facing dust jet reported by other authors, and did not detect a corresponding gas feature. This jet varied little during a night but exhibited some variations from night to night, suggesting it is located near the total angular momentum vector. Overall, our imaging results support the conclusions of other authors that Hartley 2’s “hyperactivity” is caused by icy particles of various sizes that are lifted off the surface and break up in the coma to greatly increase the effective active surface area.
A Pilot Study of Steroid Therapy After Emergency Department Treatment of Acute Asthma: Is a Taper Needed?

The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a difference in early relapse rates between patients receiving an 8-day course of 40 mg/day prednisone and those receiving an 8-day tapering course of prednisone. Furthermore, we wished to determine if one regimen is superior to the other for minimizing adrenal suppression. This was a prospective, randomized, double blind clinical trial conducted in an urban, university-affiliated Level 1 trauma center. All asthmatic patients with exacerbation who were judged well enough for discharge home from the emergency department (ED) were eligible for participation. Patients with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, pneumonia, pneumothorax, or other pulmonary process, and asthmatics already using inhaled or oral steroids within 2 weeks of admission to the ED were excluded. Before treatment, a cosyntropin stimulation test was administered to all asthmatics admitted to the ED. All patients treated in the ED then received three doses of aerosolized albuterol, 60 mg of i.v. methylprednisolone, and oxygen. FEV1 was measured before treatment, after each treatment, and 1 h after the third aerosol administration. Patients were then sent home with either an 8-day course of 40 mg/day prednisone or an 8-day tapering course of prednisone (tapering from 40 mg to 0 mg). Patients were asked to return on day 12 for another cosyntropin stimulation test and pulmonary function testing and on day 21 for pulmonary function testing only. Fifteen patients participated: seven received a nontapering dose of prednisone and eight received a tapering dose of prednisone. There were no differences in the FEV1 percent predicted, the incidence of relapse, or the incidence of adrenal suppression between the two groups. In our small study, we found no difference in relapse rate between asthmatics receiving an 8-day tapering dose of prednisone and those receiving 40 mg/day prednisone upon discharge from the ED. Furthermore, no patients had evidence of adrenal suppression from either dosing regimen.
HADES, a code for simulating a variety of radiographic techniques

It is often useful to simulate radiographic images in order to optimize imaging trade-offs and to test tomographic techniques. HADES is a code that simulates radiography using ray tracing techniques. Although originally developed to simulate X-ray transmission radiography, HADES has grown to simulate neutron radiography over a wide range of energy, proton radiography in the 1 MeV to 100 GeV range, and recently phase contrast radiography using X-rays in the keV energy range. HADES can simulate parallel-ray or cone-beam radiography through a variety of mesh types, as well as through collections of geometric objects. HADES was originally developed for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) applications, but could be a useful tool for simulation of portal imaging, proton therapy imaging, and synchrotron studies of tissue. In this paper we describe HADES' current capabilities and discuss plans for a major revision of the code.
Communication-sensitive loop scheduling for DSP applications

The performance of computation-intensive digital signal processing applications running on parallel systems is highly dependent on communication delays imposed by the parallel architecture. In order to obtain a more compact task/processor assignment, a scheduling algorithm considering the communication time between processors needs to be investigated. Such applications usually contain iterative or recursive segments that are modeled as communication sensitive data flow graphs (CS-DFGs), where nodes represent computational tasks and edges represent dependencies between them. Based on the theorems derived, this paper presents a novel efficient technique called cyclo-compaction scheduling, which is applied to a CS-DFG to obtain a better schedule. This new method takes into account the data transmission time, loop carried dependencies, and the target architecture. It implicitly uses the retiming technique (loop pipelining) and a task remapping procedure to allocate processors and to iteratively improve the parallelism while handling the underlying communication and resource constraints. Experimental results on different architectures demonstrate that this algorithm yields significant improvement over existing methods. For some applications, the final schedule length is less than one half of its initial length.
Implications of the comparison of ozone abundances measured by the Solar Mesosphere Explorer to model calculations

Two years of ozone measurements from the Solar Mesosphere Explorer satellite are compared to the results of a model of lower mesospheric photochemistry. The measured ozone mixing ratios are larger than those predicted by the model by as much as a factor of two at pressures near 0.1 mbar and 1.3 at 1.0 mbar using currently accepted reaction rate coefficients. The model is brought into good agreement with the measurements over a wide range of latitudes and solar zenith angles only if the efficiency of the odd hydrogen catalytic cycle which destroys odd oxygen is decreased by 30-50 percent.
The diagnosis of pulmonary small‐cell anaplastic carcinoma by cytologic means: A 13‐year experience

This article reports on a series of 432 patients with positive respiratory (sputum and bronchial) cytology and proven malignant respiratory tract disease as corroborated by detailed verification criteria; 54 of these patients were diagnosed as having small-cell anaplastic carcinoma (SCAC). None of the 31 patients with autopsy-and/or biopsy-proven disease had false-positive results for SCAC. Typing accuracy for SCAC versus non-SCAC was 97.7% in the 263 patients with histologic confirmation of their respiratory tract disease. Twenty-three of the 54 patients (42.6%) were treated for SCAC solely on the basis of positive cytology in the context of compatible clinical data. This finding underscores the great importance of proper specimen preparation, quality control procedures, and diligent clinical follow-up in an era of heightened cost-containment awareness when many patients with pulmonary SCAC will be treated on the basis of positive cytology not immediately confirmed by histologic methods. Diagn Cytopathol 1988;4:202–205.
Differential inspiratory timing is genetically linked to mouse chromosome 3

Genetic control of differential inspiratory timing (Ti) at baseline has been previously demonstrated among inbred mouse strains. The inheritance pattern for Ti between C3H/HeJ (C3; 188 ± 3 ms) and ...
Salicylic acid-based pH-sensitive hydrogels as potential oral insulin delivery systems

Salicylic acid (SA)-based physically crosslinked pH-sensitive hydrogels were developed for oral insulin delivery using various ratios of salicylate-based poly(anhydride-ester) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). Pore size, swelling behavior, insulin loading, insulin and SA release rates of the gels were varied by changing PAA concentration. About 50% of insulin was incorporated within all of the hydrogels, with about 4-8% of insulin released in acidic conditions (pH 1.2) over 2 h. In pH simulating the intestine (pH 6.8), 90% of the insulin and 70% of SA were released within 24 h from the hydrogel system. These results suggest that hydrogels enable pH-dependent protein delivery and can be used for oral insulin and SA delivery to benefit diabetes patients.
Learning to reject sequential importance steps for continuous-time bayesian networks

Applications of graphical models often require the use of approximate inference, such as sequential importance sampling (SIS), for estimation of the model distribution given partial evidence, i.e., the target distribution. However, when SIS proposal and target distributions are dissimilar, such procedures lead to biased estimates or require a prohibitive number of samples. We introduce ReBaSIS, a method that better approximates the target distribution by sampling variable by variable from existing importance samplers and accepting or rejecting each proposed assignment in the sequence: a choice made based on anticipating upcoming evidence. We relate the per-variable proposal and model distributions by expected weight ratios of sequence completions and show that we can learn accurate models of optimal acceptance probabilities from local samples. In a continuous-time domain, our method improves upon previous importance samplers by transforming an SIS problem into a machine learning one.
The Nature of Information

To understand the definition of information I look first at the definition of a related term—knowledge, which is that which is known. Recorded knowledge is knowledge that has been recorded in some tangible way. It is a common misperception that what we do in the information field is provide information. Rather, what we do is attempt to comprehend potential human information requirements, and then subsequently collect artifacts from which the correct informational instructions can be extracted, synthesized, and communicated. We provide context, and we filter it through our own expertise. Information is knowledge perceived. In colloquial usage the term “information” is used to refer to documents themselves, or even to simple data. It is crucial to comprehend the fact that information is a dynamic process, which is a crucial aspect of human existence. Finally, information can be culturally cloaked in the subjective experiences of those who experience its process.
Effects of Starvation, Copulation, and Insemination on Oocyte Growth and Oviposition by Periplaneta americana (Dictyoptera: Blattidae)

Isolated within 8 h after adult ecdysis, and kept on a diet of dog chow at 27 to 29°C with a LD 12:12 photoperiod for 30 days, nearly all Periplaneta americana (L.) virgin females produced one ootheca, and 35% produced two or three. Only ca. 30% of virgin females starved under these conditions oviposited, and each produced but one ootheca. After 8 days of isolation and starvation ca. 50% of the cockroaches copulated, and all that were inseminated produced one, occasionally two, oothecae containing a reduced number of fertile oocytes. Removing the spermatophore from the starved female before sperm had entered the spermatheca reduced the growth rate and production of oocytes, and delayed the onset of oviposition. Oocyte production by isolated, fed females was greatly enhanced after they had copulated, and, as with isolated, starved females, this was prevented by early removal of the spermatophore. Furthermore, neither group of females showed normally accelerated oocyte growth after copulating with castrated males. Spermatophores from these males lacked sperm, but were normal in shape and size, and they remained attached to the spermathecal nipple of the female for the usual 2 or 3 days. Unlike the condition reported for viviparous and ovoviviparous cockroaches, the major copulatory stimulus for oocyte growth seems not to be from sensoria in the bursa copulatrix, but follows deposition of sperm or other seminal components.
FOURIER ANALYSIS ON UNITARY GROUP I.ABEL SUMMABILITY AND DIRiCHLET KERNEL OF FOURIER SERIES

It is known that every continuous function on a compact group can be approximated by finite polynomials. Prof. Hua has established that the Fourier series of continuous functions on unitary group can be surnmable to itself by means of the Abel summability. Hua's theorem is the first one for the convergence of Fourier series of functions on compact groups of a finite dimension. Certainly, a convergence theorem is better than an approximation theorem.Let u(U) be an integrable function on n-dimensional unitary group U_n, Its Fourier series isA_f_1...f_n(U) is the unitary representation with signature f = (f_1, f_2,…, f_n) where f_1, f_2, …, f_n are integers satisfying f_1≥ f_2≥…≥ f_n; N(f) = N(f_1, …, f_n) is the order of the matrix A_f_1…f_n(U) and C is the volume of the unitary group U_n, i.e. C = (2π)~(1/2n(n+1))/((n - 1)! (n - 2)!…2!1!).Hua defined the Abel summability of Fourier series (1) as wher Moreover,he pointed out that In the present paper,by a complicate calculation,we provedTheorem Ⅰ.provided l_1l_2…l_s≥0l_(s+1)… l_n(n≥s≥0), where N_s(a, b) denote N(a_1,…,a_s, b_(s+1),…, b_n), g = (g_1, g_2,…, g_n), (g_1 + n - 1, g_2 + n- 2,…, g_n) is a permutation of (0, 1,…, n- 1),0 ≥g_1≥g_2≥… ≥g_s≥s- n.Many various forms of ρ~f(r) are given also.Moreover we establish the followingTheorem Ⅱ. The partial sum of the Fourier series (1) is where (V)is the Diriehlet kernele~(iθ1), e~iθ2),…, are the characteristic roots of V, and d_N(θ)=sin(N + 1/2)/sin 1/2θ, the Dirichlet kernel of one variable.Two proofs of theorem Ⅱ are given, one is analytic, and the other is algebraic which is given by L. K. Hua.
Experimental study on Tongxieyaofang treating functional diarrhea due to spleen-dificiency of TCM

[Objective]To make functional diarrhea of spleen deficiency in mouse,observe the effect of Tongxieyaofang on this model and explore its mechanism of Jianpi Zhixie.[Methods]Spleen deficiency diarrhea mouse model was made by using Senna.Tongxieyaofang in TCM was used to treat.The differences of diarrhea index,weight growth rate,substance P(SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP) level in plasma between all the groups were observed.[Results] The diarrhea index,weight growth rate,the level of VIP of the model group were statistically significant(P0.05,0.01)compared with those of the normal group.The diarrhea index,weight growth rate,the level of VIP of high-dose Tongxieyaofang group were statistically significant(P0.05,0.01) compared with the Model group,but Pinaverium Bromide had no such effects.[Conclusion ]The therapical mechanism of Tongxiening on the functional diarrhea due to spleen deficiency may be related to the promotion of Na+transport to cells from the colon,and ensure that the water in intestines to reduce and intestines movement to be slow,or be related to the adjustment of gastrointestinal hormone disorders.
A new species of Kolpochoerus (Mammalia: Suidae) from the Pliocene of Central Afar, Ethiopia: Its Taxonomy and Phylogenetic Relationships

Kolpochoerus (Mammalia: Suidae) is a suine genus represented by a number of species from Plio-Pleistocene sites in Africa. While the general trends in Kolpochoerus evolution are broadly known, gaps in the fossil record preclude an understanding of the details of its evolutionary tempo and mode. Here, we describe a new species, Kolpochoerus millensis, based on new fossil material from the Woranso-Mille and Gona sites in the Central Afar region of Ethiopia and dated to 3.5–3.8 million years ago (Ma). Third molars of K. millensis are metrically and morphologically intermediate between the early Pliocene K. deheinzelini and earliest late Pliocene K. afarensis. It appears that K. deheinzelini, K. millensis, and K. afarensis are temporally disjunct and phenetically distinguishable parts of a single evolving lineage. The recognition of these chronospecies provides additional evidence for anagenetic evolution. It demonstrates clearly the presence of transitional forms in the fossil record. The extensive and well-dated Kolpochoerus fossil record serves as one of the best documented examples of the occurrence of phyletic evolution. Moreover, K. millensis is one of the best biochronological markers in eastern Africa for the time between 3.5 and 3.8 Ma.
Conclusion: Philosophy and the Limits of Logic in Kant and Hegel

In Kant, transcendental philosophy and general and pure logic are two distinct disciplines. They each have distinct modes of exposition, objects, and goals. General logic treats of the rules of cognition independent of any relation to an object — it consists of the rules of thought in general. Logic is composed of a set of determinations that correspond to the form of thinking. Transcendental logic, especially the Transcendental Analytic, concerns the conditions for the possibility of thinking an object. As such, the transcendental philosophy is concerned with the relation of thought to objects given in space and time. Transcendental logic is also formal, but it is the form of thought in relation to an object. If the transcendental logic takes as its task understanding the conditions for the possibility of thought thinking an object given in experience, then it seeks an understanding of the condition for truth itself. For without the possibility of the relation of thought to an object, the material conditions of truth could never be achieved. General and pure logic is considered by Immanuel Kant as laying out the negative conditions for the possibility of truth. Logical validity is a necessary condition for determinate truth, but is insufficient because it has no way to determine the material correspondence of an object to what is thought of it.
Contraband Charity: German Humanitarianism in Contemporary Kenya

From its beginning in the late fifteenth century onwards, European and, later, Western economic and political expansion was tied to a presumably humanitarian trajectory Operating on the premise that colonialism was beneficial to the subjugated populations, this humanitarian trajectory was, at first, carried out under the banner of Christianity, which delivered the ideological framework that legitimized Portuguese, Spanish and then other European efforts to dominate the territories and peoples of the Americas, Africa and Asia. By the eighteenth century, civilizationism, which emerged out of Christian teleology, Heilsgeschichte (salvation history) and Enlightenment thought, had become the secular centrepiece of colonial and imperialist ideology.1 The Christian mission was not replaced but supported by the civilizing mission and both provided the rationale that functioned to justify large-scale destruction and economic exploitation, in spite of, as ought to be acknowledged, often considerable resistance from individual missionaries, especially in Latin America.2 In today’s world, the Christian missionary spirit and civilizationism have found new ways of expressing their age-old tenets in the form of the discourse of humanitarianism. In light of this history it seems neither possible nor meaningful to follow Gary J. Bass who argues for ‘keep[ing] a bright line between empire and humanity’.3
What do We Know as a Field about the Causal Determinants of Ethnic Conflict

AbstractThis essay makes a provocative case against the study of ‘ethnic conflict’ as a special subset of political conflict. It pushes against the ‘silo-ing’ of conflict studies that exists in which ‘specialists’ study ‘civil war’, ‘counter-insurgency’, ‘ethnic conflict’, ‘terrorism’, etc. It calls for theories and hypothesis tests drawn from frameworks of political conflict that can explain everything from quiescence that is seen in contemporary Syria.
A otro perro con esos huesos: reflexiones sobre el cervantismo osteológico / Throw those bones to another dog: Reflections on Osteological Cervantism

El ensayo explora la controversia surgida a raiz del supuesto descubrimiento de los restos mortales de Cervantes, realizado por un equipo interdisciplinario, en el Convento de las Trinitarias en la calle Huertas de Madrid en la primavera del 2015. Se examina la reaccion mediatica al acontecimiento, asi como la de diversos sectores del mundo academico y politico. Se compara la controversia cervantina con la que rodeaba el fenomeno de las reliquias en la historia del cristianismo. Se reflexiona sobre la controversia a la luz de la reciente historia cultural de Espana. Palabras clave: Huesos de Cervantes, reliquias, investigacion interdisciplinaria, turismo cultural, ciencia como espectaculo. Abstract: The essay explores the controversy that arose as a result of the supposed dis­covery of Cervantes’s mortal remains, carried out by an interdisciplinary team, in the Convent of the Trinitarians on Huertas St. in Madrid in the spring of 2015. The media reaction to the event is explored, as well as that of different sectors of the academic and political world. The Cervantine controversy is compared with that which surrounded the phenomenon of relics in the history of Christianity. The controversy is reflected upon against the backdrop of Spain’s recent cultural history. Keywords: Cervantes’s bones, Relics, Interdisciplinary research, Cultural tourism, Science as spectacle.
Scattering angle resolved optical coherence tomography for in vivo murine retinal imaging

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) retinal imaging contributes to understanding central nervous system (CNS) diseases because the eye is an anatomical “window to the brain” with direct optical access to nonmylenated retinal ganglion cells. However, many CNS diseases are associated with neuronal changes beyond the resolution of standard OCT retinal imaging systems. Though studies have shown the utility of scattering angle resolved (SAR) OCT for particle sizing and detecting disease states ex vivo, a compact SAR-OCT system for in vivo rodent retinal imaging has not previously been reported. We report a fiber-based SAR-OCT system (swept source at 1310 nm ± 65 nm, 100 kHz scan rate) for mouse retinal imaging with a partial glass window (center aperture) for angular discrimination of backscattered light. This design incorporates a dual-axis MEMS mirror conjugate to the ocular pupil plane and a high collection efficiency objective. A muring retina is imaged during euthanasia, and the proposed SAR-index is examined versus time. Results show a positive correlation between the SAR-index and the sub-cellular hypoxic response of neurons to isoflurane overdose during euthanasia. The proposed SAR-OCT design and image process technique offer a contrast mechanism able to detect sub-resolution neuronal changes for murine retinal imaging.
Instructional Transaction Theory: Resource Mediations

The need for corporate, military and industrial computer-based training (CB) continues to rise. As a result, courseware developers and managers are confronted with the time-consuming aspect of the CBT development process (Faiola, 1989). Programming, debugging, and testing courseware is such a time-consuming aspect that efficient courseware development is an immediate concern (MacKnight and Balagopalan, 1988–89). The time required to develop one hour of computer-based training has been estimated to take anywhere from 200 to over 6000 labor hours (Carter, 1990; Lippert, 1989). These numbers make it difficult and expensive to produce current and timely CBT.
Viral Hepatitis Vaccines

HAV and HBV are prevalent worldwide, cause significant morbidity and mortality, and are vaccine-preventable.
Mass Partisan Polarization: Measuring a Relational Concept:

With recent political developments sparking sharp divisions within democracies, an understanding of the dynamics of polarization is ever more necessary. Yet we still lack the tools necessary for it...
Attenuation of Reactive Oxygen Production During Chilling in ABA-Treated Maize Cultured Cells

Plants encounter a wide range of environmental stresses, such as low/high temperatures, high light, drought and high salinity, during a typical life cycle. A key sign of plant stress at a molecular level is the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which result from an imbalance in the accumulation and removal of ROS during aerobic metabolism. In plants, mitochondria and chloroplasts are considered as two major sites of ROS production. Despite the role of ROS as a phytotoxin at high concentrations, recent evidence suggests that relatively low levels of ROS can serve as a signaling for plant stress acclimation (Bowler and Fluhr, 2000; Dat et al., 2000). This novel finding indicates that ROS are not simply toxic by-products of metabolism but also function as signaling molecules. Therefore, the control of ROS levels in plants during their responses to external stimuli is extremely important, because it may decide whether plants become adapted to stress or are injured by insults.
Coplanar Stripline Coupled to Planar Double Split-Ring Resonators for Bandstop Filters

Double split-ring resonators (SRRs) have previously been used with coplanar waveguide and microstrip to build bandstop filters (BSFs). This letter for the first time demonstrates SRRs coupled to coplanar stripline (CPS) to demonstrate their use as a BSF. The SRRs are on the same plane as the CPS lines. It is further shown that the orientation (the gap in the ring near the CPS line or on the opposite side from the CPS line) of the SRR affects the resonant frequency and the level of rejection, which is not predicted in the earlier papers.