cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The identification of metaphor

A number of philosophers, linguists and psychologists have made the dual claim that metaphor is cognitively significant and that metaphorical utterances have a meaning not reducible to literal paraphrase. Such a position requires support from an account of metaphorical meaning that can render metaphors cognitively meaningful without the reduction to literal statement. It therefore requires a theory of meaning that can integrate metaphor within its sematics, yet specify why it is not reducible to literal paraphrase. I introduce the idea of a “second-order meaning”, of which metaphor is but one instance, that is a function on literal-conventional, i.e., first-order meaning, and outline a linguistic framework designed to provide a representation of linguistic meaning for both. This framework is designed to represent linguistic units ranging from a single word to an entire text since I argue that the by-now familiar position that the sentence is the appropriate unit for metaphor has mislead us into asking the wrong questions about metaphorical meaning. With this apparatus, we can specify the conditions under which an utterance may transcend the constraints on first-order meaning (transgressions not always apparent on the sentential level), without thereby being “meaningless”. Conversely, we can specify the conditions that may render apparently odd utterances first-order meaningful rather than metaphorical. In this way we see how metaphorical language differs both from deviant language and from specialized language such as technical language, fanciful and fantastical language (in fairy tales, science fiction, etc.).
Efficiency of human monozygotic twins in studies of blood lipids.

Abstract The cost of human experimentation often severely limits the size of experimental groups in studies of human metabolism. In animal studies workers have found that monozygotic (MZ) twins are efficient experimental subjects, because small, within twin-pair differences allow experiments to be done with fewer animals. This communication presents a method of using uniformity trials (all experimental subjects treated alike) to estimate the efficiency of MZ twins relative to unrelated experimental subjects. Fasting blood lipids were measured in 44 sets of MZ twins. The within twin-pair variation was used to estimate the experimental error for studies using twins, while the between twin-pair variation estimated experimental error for unrelated subjects. A total of 18 blood lipid parameters were measured, and there was evidence that 17 could be studied more efficiently with MZ twins than with unrelated subjects. For example, it was estimated that an experiment requiring 24 individuals to test the effects of two treatments on plasma cholesterol could be done with three sets of MZ twins.
Implementation of a prototype system for Data and Sensor Planning Service

Data and Sensor Planning Services aims to generate Earth Observations data requirements for geophysical products, discover appropriate data sources for these requirements, and schedule data acquisition by ordering and retrieving from these sources. A prototype system is implemented based on Sensor Planning Service specification of Open Geospatial Consortium to access real or virtual earth observation sensors via standardized web service interfaces. In this system, all operations defined in this specification have been developed. Web Notification Service also has been integrated within it seamlessly. And the administration and operation client is implemented to provide SPS operations, WNS operations, and data acquisition functions to system administrator and end user. Moreover, plug-in for Comprehensive Large Array-data Stewardship System datasets is developed and registered for the demonstration of system functionality.
Magnetic behavior of nanocrystalline CoFe2O4

Abstract Magnetic nanoparticles of CoFe 2 O 4 have been synthesized under an applied magnetic field through a co-precipitation method followed by thermal treatments at different temperatures, producing nanoparticles of varying size. The magnetic behavior of these nanoparticles was investigated. As-grown nanoparticles demonstrate superparamagnetism above the blocking temperature, which is dependent on the particle size. One of the nanoparticles demonstrated a constricted magnetic hysteresis loop with no or small coercivity and remanence at low magnetic field. However, the loop opens up at high magnetic field. This magnetic behavior is attributed to the preferred Co ions and vacancies arrangements when the CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles were synthesized under an applied magnetic field. Furthermore, this magnetic property is strongly dependent on the high temperature heat treatments that produce Co ions and vacancies disorder.
Human neonatal EEG: Frequency analysis of awake and asleep samples from four areas

Asleep samples had more slow (0.8–3.0 cps) and less fast (13–32 cps) activity than low voltage awake samples. Abundance of intermediate frequencies (1.4–6.0 cps) was higher in frontal-precentral than parietal-occipital EEGs; this is consistent with greater neural maturation of precentrai gyrus (Conel, 1939). Present results suggest possible quantitative indices of activation level and neural maturation for behavioral studies.
Polarized neutron scattering research: the beginning

The visionary idea of using neutron scattering for the study of magnetic phenomena in condensed matter was proposed by Bloch in 1936, mere 4 years after the neutron was discovered. It was based on one of the surprises the neutron presented the scientific community with: it is neutral, yet it has a magnetic moment, which latter was then not yet directly observed though. Although the first results proved to be mathematically wrong, due to a non-trivial ambiguity of classical electromagnetism theory, which could only be settled by neutron beam experiments 15 years later, the recognition lead to the advent of a most productive area of modern research, which culminated in the development of the powerful and sophisticated techniques of polarized neutron scattering. This recollection traces the early milestones of the development of the field in strong interaction between theory and experiment.
Convergence of rank-type equations

Abstract Convergence results are presented for rank-type difference equations, whose evolution rule is defined at each step as the k th largest of p univariate difference equations. If the univariate equations are individually contractive, then the equation converges to a fixed point equal to the k th largest of the individual fixed points of the univariate equations. Examples are max-type equations for k = 1, and the median of an odd number p of equations, for k = ( p + 1)/2. In the non-hyperbolic case, conjectures are stated about the eventual periodicity of the equations, generalizing long-standing conjectures of G. Ladas.
How Endothelial Cells Regulate Transmigration of Leukocytes in the Inflammatory Response

Leukocytes attach to vascular endothelial cells at the site of inflammation via a series of intercellular adhesive interactions. In a separate step in leukocyte extravasation, transendothelial migration is regulated by molecules that play no role in the preceding steps of tethering, rolling, adhesion, and locomotion. Transendothelial migration itself can be dissected into a series of distinct interactions regulated sequentially by molecules concentrated at the endothelial cell border; these include platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule, poliovirus receptor (CD155), and CD99. These molecules are components of the lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC), a perijunctional network of interconnected tubulovesicular membrane that traffics to surround the leukocyte as it passes across the endothelial cell. This targeted recycling of LBRC requires kinesin to move the membrane along microtubules, and interfering with LBRC trafficking blocks transmigration of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. The LBRC is also recruited to mediate transcellular migration when that occurs. Movement of the LBRC is coordinated with events on the luminal surface, such as clustering of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 under the migrating leukocyte, as well as movement of vascular endothelial cadherin and its associated catenins out of the junction at the site of transendothelial migration. How these events are coordinated is not known, but their regulation shares common signaling pathways that may serve to connect these steps.
7, 12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-deoxyribonucleoside adduct formation in vivo: evidence for the formation and binding of a monohydroxymethyl-DMBA metabolite to rat liver DNA

The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, 7,12-dimethyl benz[a] anthracene (DMBA) is a potent carcinogen to the female Sprague-Dawley rat, and when administered under conditions that have been shown to produce cancer, resulted in extensive formation of hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside adducts. Sephadex LH-20 and reverse-phase h.p.l.c. and spectrofluorometric analysis of these adducts demonstrate that at least one adducts results from the binding of 7, 12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3,4,-dihydroxy-1,2,-oxide. In these experiments, employing i.p. administration of the hydrocarbon, a second more polar adduct was observed. Evidence is presented that this adduct results from the formation of a monohydroxymethyl-methyl-benz [a] anthracene-A-ring-diol-epoxide. While both of the monohydroxymethyl-DMBA metabolites have been shown to bind cellular DNA following their administration this is the first evidence of monohydroxymethyl-DMBA-deoxyribonucleoside adducts being formed after the administration of DMBA per se. The evidence suggests that this more polar adduct is a 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene-deoxyribonucleoside adduct.
Rat mesangial cells express two unique isoforms of laminin which modulate mesangial cell phenotype

Abstract Rat mesangial cells express two unique isoforms of laminin which can be modulated by culture medium composition. To define further the nature of laminin expressed by cultured rat mesangial cells, synthesis of individual laminin chains, as well as their trimeric association, was examined. Based on data from Northern analysis of mRNA expression, immunoblots, immunofluorescence staining and radioimmunoprecipitation of biosynthetically labeled proteins, mesangial cells express laminin β1, β2, and γ1 chains. Mesangial cells do not express laminin α1 or α2. MC produce a unique α chain, designated α′m. These laminin chains assemble into two major isoforms. One contains α′mβ1γ1, co-precipitates with entactin and is assembled into the fibrillar extracellular matrix. The second isoform contains α′mβ2 and a presumed γ chain that migrates in gel slightly ahead of γ1. The β2-containing isoform is concentrated in punctate sites on the cell surface. In addition, mesangial cells display different phenotypes when plated on laminin-1 (α1β1γ1), as compared to purified β2. An LRE-containing peptide of laminin β2 serves as an attachment site for mesangial cells and is sufficient to induce the phenotype observed with intact β2. These data suggest that laminin isoform expression plays an important role in mesangial cell phenotype and function.
Reduced cortical bone compositional heterogeneity with bisphosphonate treatment in postmenopausal women with intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures.

Reduction of bone turnover with bisphosphonate treatment alters bone mineral and matrix properties. Our objective was to investigate the effect of bisphosphonate treatment on bone tissue properties near fragility fracture sites in the proximal femur in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. The mineral and collagen properties of cortico-cancellous biopsies from the proximal femur were compared in bisphosphonate-naive (-BIS, n=20) and bisphosphonate-treated (+BIS, n=20, duration 7 ± 5 y) patients with intertrochanteric (IT) and subtrochanteric (ST) fractures using Fourier transform infrared imaging (FTIRI). The mean values of the FTIRI parameter distributions were similar across groups, but the widths of the parameter distributions tended to be reduced in the +BIS group relative to the -BIS group. Specifically, the distribution widths of the cortical collagen maturity and crystallinity were reduced in the +BIS group relative to those of the -BIS group by 28% (+BIS 0.45 ± 0.18 vs. -BIS 0.63 ± 0.28, p=0.03) and 17% (+BIS 0.087 ± 0.012 vs. -BIS 0.104 ± 0.036, p=0.05), respectively. When the tissue properties were examined as a function of fracture morphology within the +BIS group, the FTIR parameters were generally similar regardless of fracture morphology. However, the cortical mineral:matrix ratio was 8% greater in tissue from patients with atypical ST fractures (n =6) than that of patients with typical (IT or spiral ST) fractures (n=14) (Atypical 5.6 ± 0.3 vs. Typical 5.2 ± 0.5, p=0.03). Thus, although the mean values of the FTIR properties were similar in both groups, the tissue in bisphosphonate-treated patients had a more uniform composition than that of bisphosphonate-naive patients. The observed reductions in mineral and matrix heterogeneity may diminish tissue-level toughening mechanisms.
Asthma Microbiome Studies and the Potential for New Therapeutic Strategies

Recent applications of culture-independent tools for microbiome profiling have revealed significant relationships between asthma and microbiota associated with the environment, gut, or airways. Studies of the airway microbiome in particular represent a new frontier in pulmonary research. Although these studies are relatively new, current evidence suggests the possibility of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment or prevention of asthma. In this article, recent literature on microbiota and asthma are critically reviewed, with a particular focus on studies of the airway microbiome. Perspectives are presented on how growing knowledge of relationships between the microbiome and asthma is likely to translate into improved understanding of asthma pathogenesis, its heterogeneity, and opportunities for novel treatment approaches.
Development and testing of gas filters used in correlation radiometry for carbon monoxide measurement

The design and manufacture of gas filters is critical in Gas Filter Correlation Radiometry (GFCR). Gas cells are either evacuated or back-filled with carbon monoxide (CO) and serve as high-resolution optical filters. The filters must be able to maintain a sustained vacuum for several days and feature optics transmissive in the infrared (IR). GFCR is applied to measure concentrations of carbon monoxide in the troposphere using the moon as a radiance source. The filters are an important component in this experimental effort. The design and manufacturing process associated with the filters is presented and test results described. In order to test the gas filters for functionality, two processes are employed. The first is a simple pressure versus time experiment that shows how well the cells operate under vacuum pressure. The second utilizes a Fourier Infrared Spectrometer that shows the absorption spectra within the gas filter. The latter analysis reveals whether outside air leaks into the gas filter. Initial testing shows that the latest generation of the filters is effective in maintaining vacuum pressures.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Coliphages and indicator bacteria in birds around Boston Harbor

Droppings from feral populations of pigeons, geese and herring gulls from the urban/suburban environment around Boston Harbor, MA, USA contained up to 106 somatic coliphages, 108 enterococci, 109 thermotolerant coliforms and 102 F-specific coliphages per gram of feces. Somatic coliphages, enterococci and thermotolerant coliforms were common in the feces of all three kinds of birds but F-specific coliphages were found in droppings from only three of 32 gulls. Thus these sources of bacterial and viral indicators should be considered when dealing with the ecology of fecal pollution indicators. Moreover, microbial indicators of fecal or sewage pollution originating from bird droppings may be mistaken for indicators that come from humans. This may cause an overestimate of the hazard from human pathogens in water and confound attempts to locate sources of fecal or sewage pollution.
Kinetic Evidence of the Maillard Reaction in Hydrothermal Biomass Processing: Glucose−Glycine Interactions in High-Temperature, High-Pressure Water

Kinetic and mechanistic evidence is presented of the occurrence of a Maillard-type reaction under conditions of interest to hydrothermal biomass processing. Glucose−glycine mixtures were reacted at 250 °C and 10 MPa in an excess of water; both glucose and glycine were found to strongly influence the destruction kinetics of the other species and to result in quantitative and qualitative changes, such as strong absorbance at 420 nm and the production of a dark brown appearance and nutty odor, which are characteristic of the Maillard reaction. The presence of glucose always resulted in higher glycine destruction; the presence of glycine resulted in increased or decreased glucose destruction, depending on initial concentrations, which is consistent with results reported in the literature for lower temperature Maillard reactions. Surrogate compounds that contain the same chemical functional groups also resulted in similar trends. As a result of this reaction, the presence of proteins and amino acids in biomass...
Cross-species analyses of the cortical GABAergic and subplate neural populations

Cortical GABAergic (γ-aminobutyric acidergic) neurons include a recently identified subset whose projections extend over relatively long distances in adult rodents and primates. A number of these inhibitory projection neurons are located in and above the conventionally identified white matter, suggesting their persistence from, or a correspondence with, the developmental subplate. GABAergic and subplate neurons share some unique properties unlike those of the more prevalent pyramidal neurons. To better understand the GABAergic and subplate populations, we constructed a database of neural developmental events common to the three species most frequently used in experimental studies: rat, mouse, and macaque, using data from the online database www.translatingtime.net as well as GABAergic and subplate developmental data from the empirical literature. We used a general linear model to test for similarities and differences, a valid approach because the sequence of most neurodevelopmental events is remarkably conserved across mammalian species. Similarities between the two rodent populations are striking, permitting us to identify developmental dates for GABAergic and subplate neural events in rats that were previously identified only in mice, as well as the timing in mouse development for events previously identified in rats. Primate comparative data are also compelling, although slight variability in statistical error measurement indicates differences in primate GABAergic and subplate events when compared to rodents. Although human extrapolations are challenging because fewer empirical data points are available, and because human data display more variability, we also produce estimates of dates for GABAergic and subplate neural events that have not yet been, or cannot be, determined empirically in humans.
Trimethylsilylation of framework Brønsted acid sites in microporous zeolites and silico-aluminophosphates.

Framework-bound alkoxy groups are well-studied intermediates in zeolite chemistry, but their low stability complicates their spectroscopic study in high-temperature reactions such as alkylation or dealkylation. Taking advantage of the much higher bond strength of Si−O versus C−O, we synthesized trimethylsilylated zeolites by reacting them with phenyltrimethylsilane in a catalytic flow reactor at 648 K. In favorable cases, the reaction accurately titrated the acid sites, and 29Si and 13C MAS NMR spectra of the derivatized catalysts measured at room temperature confirmed the proposed reaction.
The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

In the 19 June ScienceScope (p. [1825][1]), it is reported that “some experts” think the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) experiment did not undergo “proper peer review.” The AMS experiment was flown by NASA as a Department of Energy (DOE) payload under a long-standing NASA/DOE agreement
Comparison of minerals in milk of four species

1. 1. Milk samples of 4 ml or more were obtained from guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), dairy cattle (Bos taurus), horses (Equus caballus) and humans (Homo sapiens). The milks were analysed for minerals including calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and sodium (Na) by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). 2. 2. Calcium was approximately twice as concentrated in guinea pig milk as in cows' milk, which was twice as much as the level in mares' milk, and this, in turn, was twice as concentrated as human milk. 3. 3. The ratio of Ca to P in guinea pig milk was 1.66:1, while it was 1.24:1 in cows' milk, 1.56:1 in mares' milk and 2.07:1 in human milk. 4. 4. Potassium was the most abundant mineral in the milks of cows, mares and humans, but not in guinea pig milk, and was much higher in cows' milk than in others. 5. 5. Sodium was highest in guinea pig milk with cows' milk being a close second. 6. 6. Magnesium was one-tenth as concentrated as Ca.
Interactions between Schwann cells and CNS axons following a delay in the normal formation of central myelin.

Irradiation of the rat spinal cord during the first postnatal week results in a profound reduction of oligodendrocyte myelin formation in the dorsal funiculi (DF). Despite this absence of myelin, however, axons in the irradiated region in the DF increase in diameter and approximate the size distribution seen in the control spinal cord. By 25 days of age Schwann cells are present in the irradiated DF where they undergo cell division and myelinate the axons. During the early stages of this myelin formation, these intraspinal Schwann cells exhibit a relationship to axons that is somewhat different from that seen in the normal developing peripheral nervous system (PNS). For example, within a given region, intraspinal Schwann cells myelinate axons of large diameter prior to ensheathing bundles of small diameter axons. Additionally, during myelination a Schwann cell will surround a single axon with multiple processes which appear to compete for contact with the axolemma. On axons of larger diameter, the elaboration of these processes is so excessive that it is often difficult to trace them back to the parent Schwann cell. Later, when a single process establishes several spirals about an axon, additional processes are no longer elaborated, and the “extra” processes disappear as myelin formation advances to the stage of compact lamellae. Thereafter, the myelin sheath continues to form in a normal manner. Excess processes have been observed during myelinogenesis in the normal developing PNS, but their frequency in that environment is much less than in the irradiated cord. These observations support the hypothesis that the signal(s) to initiate myelin formation are expressed on the axolemmal surface and are controlled by the neuron. In addition, these observations suggest that the delay in myelination results in an affinity or tropism between axons and Schwann cells which exceeds the level existing at the normal time of myelin formation.
Effect of pixel size on detectability of low-contrast signals in digital radiography

The effect of pixel size and other physical parameters on the detectability of simple signals in digital radiography was investigated using a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that is based on statistical decision theory and takes into account the characteristics of the human observer. The calculation of the SNR includes two-dimensional displayed digital signal spectra and noise Wiener spectra as well as the visual-response function and internal noise of the human observer. Threshold contrasts derived from calculated SNR's agreed well with results of an 18-alternative forced-choice observer study. Since a digital imaging system is not shift invariant, the threshold contrasts were determined for a range of alignments of the object relative to the sampling coordinates. The results indicate that a 0.2-mm pixel size may be adequate for visual detection of necessary detail in most digital radiographic examinations.
Convection-Enhanced Delivery in the Treatment of Epilepsy

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is a novel drug-delivery technique that uses positive hydrostatic pressure to deliver a fluid containing a therapeutic substance by bulk flow directly into the interstitial space within a localized region of the brain parenchyma. CED circumvents the blood-brain barrier and provides a wider, more homogenous distribution than bolus deposition (focal injection) or other diffusion-based delivery approaches. A potential use of CED is for the local delivery of antiseizure agents, which would provide an epilepsy treatment approach that avoids the systemic toxicities of orally administered antiepileptic drugs and bystander effects on non-epileptic brain regions. Recent studies have demonstrated that brief CED infusions of nondiffusible peptides that inhibit the release of excitatory neurotransmitters, including ω-conotoxins and botulinum neurotoxins, can produce long-lasting (weeks to months) seizure protection in the rat amygdala-kindling model. Seizure protection is obtainable without detectable neurological or behavioral side effects. Although conventional diffusible antiepileptic drugs do confer seizure protection when administered locally by CED, the effect is transitory. CED is a potential approach for seizure protection that could represent an alternative to resective surgery in the treatment of focal epilepsies that are resistant to orally-administered antiepileptic drugs. The prolonged duration of action of nondiffusible toxins would allow seizure protection to be maintained chronically with infrequent reinfusions.
Global optimization of actively morphing flapping wings

Abstract We consider active shape morphing to optimize the flight performance of flapping wings. To this end, we combine a three-dimensional version of the unsteady vortex lattice method (UVLM) with a deterministic global optimization algorithm to identify the optimal kinematics that maximize the propulsive efficiency under lift and thrust constraints. The UVLM applies only to incompressible, inviscid flows where the separation lines are known a priori. Two types of morphing parameterization are investigated here—trigonometric and spline-based. The results show that the spline-based morphing, which requires specification of more design variables, yields a significant improvement in terms of propulsive efficiency. Furthermore, we remark that the average value of the lift coefficient in the optimized kinematics remained equal to the value in the baseline case (without morphing). This indicates that morphing is most efficiently used to generate thrust and not to increase lift beyond the basic value obtained by flapping only. Besides, our study gives comparable optimal efficiencies to those obtained from previous studies based on gradient-based optimization, but completely different design points (especially for the spline-based morphing), which would indicate that the design space associated with the flapping kinematics is very complex.
Surviving and thriving in academia: a selective bibliography for new faculty members

The transition from graduate student to new faculty member can be an exciting and challenging period in an academic career. New faculty members must successfully balance service obligations, research demands, and teaching responsibilities. Numerous guides have been developed to assist new faculty members in developing their careers. This selective bibliography identifies sources that can assist both graduate students and new faculty members as they develop their academic career.
Simulation of atomistic crystal growth from the vapor phase

We are in the process of studying strained-layer growth of two-dimensional Lennard-Jones lattices. To do so, we have developed three techniques, based on the Monte Carlo method and molecular dynamics, of simulating atomistic crystal growth from the vapor phase. The Monte Carlo method efficiently simulates the effects of long time-scale processes on the growth of strained-layer systems, but omits the transient dynamics of particle adsorption. The second technique, using molecular dynamics, gives results suggesting that epitaxial growth of strained-layer systems can occur on the picosecond timescales. However, this technique cannot capture the influence of the long time-scale processes on the growth process. In view of the shortcomings of the previous two techniques, A hybrid technique incorporating both the Monte Carlo method and molecular dynamics, has been developed. In principle, this technique models the transient dynamics of adsorption as well as the long term evolution of the system. This technique, however, is limited by artifacts that may only be eliminated by use of unwarrented amounts of supercomputer time.
Ordering and segregation at (001) surfaces of Cu3Au

Abstract The interplay of surface ordering and segregation at the (001) surface of Cu 3 Au is studied. The calculations are carried out using the tetrahedron approximation of the cluster variation method. The almost continuous disordering observed by low-energy electron diffraction and the Au enrichment observed by low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy can be consistently and accurately reproduced by our model.
Electromechanical time course in frog ventricle: Manipulation of calcium level during voltage clamp

Abstract Extracellular calcium concentration was rapidly altered in the “diastolic” interval between two contractions, and also during the time course of a single 10 s clamp pulse. The results strongly suggest that contraction of frog ventricular muscle is largely determined by a continuous, voltage-dependent influx of calcium into the cell, with little or no contribution from mechanisms involving release of calcium from intracellular stores. In addition, contraction can be graded, as a rapid response to alterations in extracellular calcium concentration.
Revision of Sedum section Gormania (Crassulaceae)

Twelve taxa are recognized in sectionGormania, a group geographically restricted to western North America. A discussion of the features and relationships of the taxa, a key to and descriptions of the taxa are presented.
Suppression of pulmonary antibacterial activity following Sendai virus infection in mice: dependence on virus dose.

Aerosol infection of mice with increasing doses of Sendai virus caused seven days later a dose-related suppression of pulmonary antibacterial activity.
Grooming exchange between mothers and non-mothers: the price of natal attraction in wild baboons (Papio anubis)

Summary In a biological market, individuals seek to maximize their benefits by trading social commodities with the partner offering the highest value. When demand for a partner or commodity is greater than supply, individuals compete for access to the preferred partner by raising the price they are willing to pay. In primates, this model has been used to explain the pattern of grooming between mothers of new infants and other individuals who attempt to handle those infants. Here we describe the pattern of interactions with mothers of newborn infants in a group of wild olive baboons {Papio anubis) in Laikipia, Kenya. Females in this group provide a greater share of grooming within bouts when their partners have young infants than when they do not have young infants. Females groom mothers longer when they handle her infant than when they do not. However, females do not compete for access to infants by raising their grooming offers to mothers as the availability of infants declines. The change in relative grooming contributions results from mothers decreasing their grooming rather than non-mothers increasing their contributions. These results suggest that females do trade across currencies, but market pricing does not always explain the pattern of exchange.
A new species of Alpheopsis (Decapoda, Alpheidae) from the tropical eastern Pacific, with a key to the species of Alpheopsis of the Americas

Se describe Alpheopsis allanhancocki, especie nueva, de las Islas Galapagos y del Golfo de California. La especie se asemeja a A. labis Chace y A. aequalis Coutiere, que no ocurren en el Pacifico oriental, pero no tiene dientes prominentes en sus quelas. Se presente una clave para identificacion de las especies de las Americas.
A model for dark current characterization and simulation

The Poisson and Normal probability distributions poorly match the dark current histogram of a typical image sensor. The histogram has only positive values, and is positively skewed (with a long tail). The Normal distribution is symmetric (and possesses negative values), while the Poisson distribution is discrete. Image sensor characterization and simulation would benefit from a different distribution function, which matches the experimental observations better. Dark current fixed pattern noise is caused by discrete randomly-distributed charge generation centers. If these centers shared a common charge-generation rate, and were distributed uniformly, the Poisson distribution would result. The fact that it does not indicates that the generation rates vary, a spatially non-uniform amplification is applied to the centers, or that the spatial distribution of centers is non-uniform. Monte Carlo simulations have been used to examine these hypotheses. The Log-Normal, Gamma and Inverse Gamma distributions have been evaluated as empirical models for characterization and simulation. These models can accurately match the histograms of specific image sensors. They can also be used to synthesize the dark current images required in the development of image processing algorithms. Simulation methods can be used to create synthetic images with more complicated distributions.
Transcriptome-wide sequencing reveals numerous APOBEC1 mRNA-editing targets in transcript 3′ UTRs

Apolipoprotein B-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-1 (APOBEC1) is a cytidine deaminase initially identified by its activity in converting a specific cytidine (C) to uridine (U) in apolipoprotein B (apoB) mRNA transcripts in the small intestine. Editing results in the translation of a truncated apoB isoform with distinct functions in lipid transport. To address the possibility that APOBEC1 edits additional mRNAs, we developed a transcriptome-wide comparative RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) screen. We identified and validated 32 previously undescribed mRNA targets of APOBEC1 editing, all of which are located in AU-rich segments of transcript 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs). Further analysis established several characteristic sequence features of editing targets, which were predictive for the identification of additional APOBEC1 substrates. The transcriptomics approach to RNA editing presented here dramatically expands the list of APOBEC1 mRNA editing targets and reveals a novel cellular mechanism for the modification of transcript 3' UTRs.
Selective parasympathetic denervation following posteroseptal ablation for either atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia or accessory pathways

Baroreflex gain and coronary sinus norepinephrine and epinephrine levels were measured before and immediately after radiofrequency ablation in the posteroseptal region in 9 patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia or posteroseptal accessory pathways. Arterial baroreflex gain was significantly reduced after radiofrequency ablation (p = 0.046), whereas coronary sinus epinephrine and norepinephrine levels did not change significantly compared with preablation levels.
The ‘new testament’

If imaginative forecasting is to be considered the subject of the ‘Old Testament’—as some people insist—nothing but the proper use of man's imagination in the creative (meaning action-oriented) process of re-structuring human relations through changes in values and norms can form the subject of the ‘New Testament’. It bears on the precarious issues of freedom, morals and what may be called human salvation through reason. These are issues defying the trivial approaches which abound today. In this review of Geoffrey Vickers new book Freedom in a Rocking Boat: Changing Values in an Unstable Society, Vickers is described, together with West C. Churchman and Hasan Ozbekhan, as one of the fundamental builders in this domaine. In this sense, they have between them written a ‘New Testament’.
Class of quantum error-correcting codes saturating the quantum Hamming bound.

I develop methods for analyzing quantum error-correcting codes, and use these methods to construct an infinite class of codes saturating the quantum Hamming bound. These codes encode k=n-j-2 quantum bits (qubits) in n=${2}^{\mathit{j}}$ qubits and correct t=1 error. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Coprecipitation of amino acids with tungstic acid precipitation of plasma proteins

Abstract The effect of tungstic acid precipitation of plasma proteins on the nonprotein α-amino nitrogen concentration and on the recovery of added 14 C-labeled amino acids was investigated. Total loss of α-amino nitrogen from the rabbit plasma was estimated to be between 10 and 23%. The major loss of α-amino nitrogen appears to be due to the loss of diamino acids; the loss of 14 C-labeled arginine, histidine, and lysine ranged between 30 and 50%. Loss of neutral amino acids was for the most part very small (less than 2%) and, with the exception of threonine, not significant. Loss of glutamic acid was estimated to be 4%. The actual extent of amino acid loss was shown to depend on the relative concentration of proteins and precipitating agents and was not greatly influenced by reasonable variations in precipitating procedures. The lost amino acids are firmly bound to the precipitate and cannot be recovered even with several washes. It was concluded that most of the observed loss of α-amino nitrogen is due to binding of dibasic amino acids to a protein-tungstate complex.
Are Households Universal? On Misunderstanding Domestic Groups in Swaziland

‘Household’ is not the neutral, universal category that census-takers have lulled us into believing, but a culturally-loaded, historically specific, Western term, like ‘family’. This article demonstrates its inappropriateness in capturing the nature of domestic organization in Swaziland through a critical examination of attempts to reduce the indigenous domestic unit umuti (rural homestead) to various constellations of household. The patrilineal homestead on traditionally tenured land persists as the dominant domestic group despite urbanization and the deep penetration of the economy by market principles. The relationship between this homestead and the more ephemeral urban households, into which many of its members are continually dispersed, underlies the linkage between urban and rural areas. Without grounding our understanding of contemporary Swazi society in the rural homestead we fail to understand female-headed domestic groups, domestic cycles, and the location and dynamics of poverty and wealth.
Arab Contributions to World Knowledge: A Contemporary Curriculum Imperative

American K-12 school curricula are often bereft of acknowledgements of the historical contributions of Arab societies to our present-day intellectual heritage, an oversight most apparent in the sciences. Teachers in a thriving democracy are obliged to introduce contemporary scholarship that reflects the contributions of Arab scientists between the period of 850 and 1200 in the larger area of the Middle East. This article illuminates significant Arab scientists in history and offers appropriate resources for the K-12 classroom.
Noninvasive penile arterial evaluation in120 males with erectile dysfunction

Abstract One hundred twenty males referred to a hospital-based Medical Sexology Programfor evaluation of erectile dysfunction had, as part of that workup, a noninvasive penile arterial assessment which included determination of (1) blood pressure in each of the six penile arteries, (2) patency of each cavernosal artery, and (3) brachial blood pressure. The systolic pressures in each of the six penile arteries were averaged and divided by the brachial systolic pressure to determine the penile brachial index (PBI). When a PBI of 0.75 or less was correlated with a history of myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass, or cerebral vascular accident, a P value of 0.069 resulted, certainly suggesting that; each is a manifestation of arterial disease.
844 INTRINSIC REGULATION OF GLUCOSE OUTPUT BY ISOLATED NEONATAL PIG LIVER

The aim of the project was to investigate the ability of neonatal liver to autoregulate glucose under various glucose concentrations. Using a recirculating isolated liver perfusion technique, livers from 3-5 day old fasted piglets were perfused for 3 hours with either 0 or 300mg/dl glucose alone or in association with 10mM lactate or alanine. The perfusion system was continuously monitored for temperature, humidity, pH, pCO2, PO2 and adjusted as required to mimic physiologic parameters. Serial samples were assayed for glucose, lactate, alanine and glucose (6-3H). Net production of glucose was significantly higher with Omg glucose than with 300mg/dl in the perfusate (p < 0.05). Glucose utilization by the liver did not vary with the treatments or substrates used. Lactate concentration was monitored and no difference was found between the two treatments. In both instances lactate rose from 0.45mM at the beginning, quickly plateaued at 1-1.3mM in 15-30 minutes, and remained at that level for the 3 hrs. of perfusion. When labeled lactate or alanine was presented to the liver, it was converted to glucose without a significant increase of net glucose production. Liver glycogen before and after perfusion were extremely low and did not change. These data suggest that the neonatal piglet liver has the ability to autoregulate glucose and that this mechanism can be inhibited by exogenous glucose. (Sup. by NIH Grant HD05821-06).
The Attributable Burden of Hypertension: Focus on CKD

Hypertension is a worldwide risk factor for premature death and disability from heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and kidney failure. Much is known about the role of elevated blood pressure as a contributor to diseases of the heart and brain, but the risk it confers specifically to the development and progression of kidney disease is less well appreciated. The kidney is unique among the target organs of elevated blood pressure because it both suffers damage and still contributes to the pathophysiologic sustenance of hypertension through many avenues. In this overview, we discuss high blood pressure from an epidemiologic standpoint, placing it in a nephrologic perspective and discuss some of the known and speculative mechanisms that link it to kidney damage.
A Way to Reach All of Your Students: The Course Management System

Due to a shortage of librarians to teach classes coupled with a growing student body, librarians at East Tennessee State University (ETSU) decided to explore alternative means to deliver instruction. Their charge was to supplement traditional classroom instruction by utilizing ETSU's course management system (Desire2Learn, D2L) to inform students about resources and search techniques. They created a D2L module consisting of short films and documents about the library that faculty could add to their course sites. This paper outlines the process of selecting topics, creating materials for the module, and promoting the module to faculty.
Comparison of outcomes after triceps split versus sparing surgery for extra-articular distal humerus fractures

Abstract Objectives To compare elbow range of motion (ROM), triceps extension strength, and functional outcome of AO/OTA type A distal humerus fractures treated with a triceps-split or -sparing approach. Design Retrospective review. Setting Two level one trauma centres. Patients Sixty adult distal humerus fractures (AO/OTA 13A2, 13A3) presenting between 2008 and 2012 were reviewed. Exclusion criteria removed 18 total patients from analysis and three patients died before final follow-up. Intervention Patients were divided into two surgical approach groups chosen by the treating surgeon: triceps split (16 patients) or triceps sparing (23 patients). Main outcome measurements Elbow ROM and triceps extension strength testing were completed in patients after fractures had healed. All patients were also given the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire. Results Compared to the triceps-split cohort, the triceps-sparing cohort had greater elbow flexion (sparing 143 ± 7° compared to split 130 ± 12°, p = 0.03) and less extension contracture (sparing 6 ± 8° compared to split 23 ± 4°, p p = 0.007). DASH scores were not statistically significant between the two cohorts (sparing 14.5 ± 12.2 compared to split 23.6 ± 22.3, p = 0.333). Conclusions A triceps-sparing approach for surgical treatment of extra-articular distal humerus fractures can result in better elbow ROM and triceps strength than a triceps-splitting approach. Both approaches, however, result in reliable union and similar functional outcome. Level of evidence Level III.
A site-specific method for deuteration: reduction of aryl halides with sodium borodeuteride and palladium chloride

Sodium borohydride-transition metal systems produced reductions not achieved by sodium borohydride alone, such as dehalogenation of aryl halides. The reaction was used to introduce a deuterium atom into an aromatic system. Details are presented of the preparation of 4-deuterobenzoic acid, and a list is given of ten other aryl halides which have been specifically deuterated. (UK)
Nanostructured MnO2: an efficient and robust water oxidation catalyst

Nanostructured MnO2 exhibits a high turnover frequency for oxygen evolution under visible light and high stability in strong acidic conditions.
Rat somatotroph insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) signaling: role of the IGF-I receptor.

The anterior pituitary contains insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) and expresses abundant IGF-II-binding sites, but the IGF-II signaling pathway in the pituitary has not been defined. We, therefore, tested the effects of recombinant human IGF-II on pituitary function by assessing the GH responsiveness of the primary rat somatotroph to IGF-II. IGF-II (3.3 nM) suppressed GH secretion by 50%, similar to the effect elicited by equimolar doses of IGF-I. In contrast, a low concentration of IGF-II (0.2 nM) did not attenuate GH secretion, while a similar IGF-I dose was sufficient to produce 50% inhibition of basal GH secretion. Fifty percent competition for [125I]IGF-I binding by IGF-I and IGF-II in GC rat pituitary cells demonstrated a 14-fold lesser affinity of the IGF-II ligand for the IGF-I receptor compared to IGF-I; therefore, the binding affinity of IGF-II for the IGF-I receptor correlates with the concentration of IGF-II required for 50% GH inhibition. Transfected GH-secreting cell lines derived from ...