cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disjunction and modular goal-directed proof search

This article explores goal-directed proof search in first-order multimodal logic. I focus on a family of modal logics which offer the expressive power to specify modular goals and local assumptions. A modular goal must be proved from designated assumptions; conversely, a local assumption can only be used to prove a designated goal. Indefinite modal specifications can avoid combinatorial interactions among independent ambiguities by making separate goals modular and corresponding disjunctive alternatives local. Such specifications can effectively guarantee that provable goals have short proofs. The key result of this article is to establish a sound and complete goal-directed proof system that actively uses the modularity and locality of modal logic to constrain proof search. In particular, logically independent, local ambiguities will not interact in proof search. The challenge is that, in goal-directed proof, a modal prover cannot simply reason locally, in a module, because modularity is a property of formulas rather than proof problems. The result therefore requires prior proof-theoretic justifications of logic programming to be extended, strengthened, and combined with new proof-theoretic analyses of modal deduction.
IS GLOBAL CAPITALISM MORALLY DEFENSIBLE

This article first makes the case for responsible global capitalism, and the role of belief systems in advancing or inhibiting economic efficiency and socially acceptable behaviour. It then goes on to illustrate how the content and effectiveness of three contemporary elements of the global economy, viz , corporate social responsibility, the achievement of the millennium development goals and the opening up of centrally planned economies to market forces, are being, or might be, effected by the appropriate `bottom up' and `top down' incentive structures and enforcement mechanisms devised by the society of which they are part. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.
On the distribution of critical points of a polynomial

This paper proves that if points $Z_1,Z_2,...$ are chosen independently and identically using some measure $\mu$ from the unit circle in the complex plane, with $p_n(z) = (z-Z_1)(z-Z_2)...(z-Z_n)$, then the empirical distribution of the critical points of $p_n$ converges weakly to $\mu$.
Dill: an algorithm and a symbolic software package for doing classical supersymmetry calculations

Abstract An algorithm is presented that formalizes different steps in a classical Supersymmetric (SUSY) calculation. Based on the algorithm Dill, a symbolic software package, that can perform the calculations, is developed in the Mathematica programming language. While the algorithm is quite general, the package is created for the 4 − D, N = 1 model. Nevertheless, with little modification, the package could be used for other SUSY models. The package has been tested and some of the results are presented.
Trading incentives to meet the analyst forecast

We examine stock sales as a managerial incentive to help explain the discontinuity around the analyst forecast benchmark. We find that the likelihood of just meeting versus just missing the analyst forecast is strongly associated with subsequent managerial stock sales. Moreover, we provide evidence that managers manage earnings prior to just meeting the threshold and selling their shares. Finally, the relation between just meeting and subsequently selling shares does not hold for non-manager insiders, who arguably cannot affect the earnings outcome, and is weaker in the presence of an independent board, suggesting that good corporate governance mitigates this strategic behavior.
Calculability and naturalness in gauge theories

Calculability conditions are discussed for local gauge theories with Higgs-type symmetry breaking. We focus on the naturalness of $\ensuremath{\mu}e$ universality, the naturalness of the Cabibbo angle $\ensuremath{\theta}$, the naturalness of $\mathrm{CP}$-violating phases, and the naturalness of the nonleptonic $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=\frac{1}{2}$ rule. In this context we examine many published gauge models and construct others to illuminate the questions at hand. We note that naturalness of $\ensuremath{\mu}e$ universality for charged currents does not necessarily imply universality for neutral currents (natural "restricted" universality), and we emphasize the need for ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$-beam experiments. For SU(2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} U(1) and SU(2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} U(1) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} U(1) we give first examples of how a nontrivial natural $\ensuremath{\theta}$ can appear. Models with $\mathrm{CP}$ violation are classified as to whether their $\mathrm{CP}$-violating phases are natural or not. For O(4) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} U(1) we give a first example in which all the above naturalness criteria can be implemented. Here the natural $\ensuremath{\mu}e$ universality is necessarily restricted. The principal tool used in these investigations is the strict renormalizability relative to a gauge group enlarged by discrete symmetries, and the union of representations reducible under the gauge group to irreducible ones under the enlarged group. To implement this program, it is sometimes necessary to introduce Higgs couplings involving right-handed neutrinos; here the zero neutrino mass is associated with a discrete symmetry which remains unbroken upon spontaneous breakdown. We also find that strict renormalizability can lead to mass relations between fermions. In O(4) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} U(1) models, such mass relations as well as right-handed neutrinos are necessary ingredients. Furthermore, for these models the spontaneity of $\mathrm{CP}$ violation acquired an operational significance, namely, as a discrete symmetry necessary (but not sufficient) to give a $\mathrm{CP}$-violating phase a natural value (90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}). While the models we discuss are rather cumbersome, particularly due to the complexity of the symmetry-breaking mechanism, we expect that the tools we have developed may well have wider applicability.
Comparison of designs of off-axis Gregorian telescopes for millimeter-wave large focal-plane arrays

We compare the diffraction-limited field of view (FOV) provided by four types of off-axis Gregorian telescopes: the classical Gregorian, the aplanatic Gregorian, and the designs that cancel astigmatism and both astigmatism and coma. The analysis is carried out with telescope parameters that are appropriate for satellite and balloonborne millimeter- and submillimeter-wave astrophysics. We find that the design that cancels both coma and astigmatism provides the largest flat FOV, ∼21 square deg. We also find that the FOV can be increased by ∼15% by means of optimizing the shape and location of the focal surface.
Classifying Managerial Responses to Multiple Organizational Identities

We examine the phenomenon of multiple organizational identities and suggest that they can be managed in organizations by changing the number of (identity plurality) or relationships among (identity synergy) the identities. Using “plurality” and “synergy” as response dimensions, we offer a classification scheme identifying four major types of managerial responses: compartmentalization, deletion, integration, and aggregation. We also suggest several key conditions that may affect the use and appropriateness of these identity management responses and develop a series of propositions for research.
Feelings and Perspective Matter: Sharing of Crisis Information in Social Media

Why do people spread disaster-related news in social media? To address this question, we analyzed people's tendency to share information discussing the Great East Japan Earthquake and the feelings that they experienced after reading the information in three conditions: when they were asked to think about themselves in a disaster center, when they were asked to think about another person, John, in a disaster center, and when they were not asked to take any perspective. A previous work showed that people who imagined themselves in a disaster center, Fukushima, Japan, were more likely to share related information. We successfully replicated the previous work and extended it by suggesting that feelings could predict the likelihood of information sharing. In this paper, we reported our new findings, proposed a model of information sharing during disaster response, and provided practical implications for advancing the effective use of social media technologies for crises management.
Theory of enhancement of thermoelectric properties of materials with nanoinclusions

Based on the concept of band bending at metal/semiconductor interfaces as an energy filter for electrons, we present a theory for the enhancement of the thermoelectric properties of semiconductor materials with metallic nanoinclusions. We show that the Seebeck coefficient can be significantly increased due to a strongly energy-dependent electronic scattering time. By including phonon scattering, we find that the enhancement of $ZT$ due to electron scattering is important for high doping, while at low doping it is primarily due to a decrease in the phonon thermal conductivity.
A Three-Level Full-Bridge Zero-Voltage Zero-Current Switching Converter With a Simplified Switching Scheme

Multilevel DC-DC converters making use of high-frequency transformers are suitable for integration in solid-state solutions for applications in electric power distribution systems. This paper presents a simplified switching scheme for three-level full-bridge DC-DC converters that enables zero-voltage and zero-current switching of all the main power devices. It describes the main operational modes and design equations of the converter as well as provides simulation and experimental results to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed ideas.
Models for the Synthesis of Pluramycin Antibiotics. Rearrangement of Mono‐Protected Aminoglycal‐Substituted Cyclohexadienediols

A two‐step sequence converts protected glycal‐substituted quinols to aryl bis C‐glycals in which one or both of the substituents is an aminoglycal. First, a lithiated glycal undergoes 1,2‐addition to the carbonyl group of a protected glycal‐bearing quinol, leading to a mono‐protected cyclohexadienediol. Then a BF3‐etherate‐catalyzed “dienol phenol‐type” rearrangement converts the adduct to an aryl bis C‐glycal. The glycal moiety that was originally a substituent on the quinol substrate is the substituent that migrates. The presence of the amino group does not introduce complications. This sequence provides models for the rapid access to intermediates for pluramycin synthesis.
An efficient palladium catalyzed synthesis of 2-arylbenzothiazoles

A novel and convergent palladium catalyzed synthesis of 2-arylbenzothiazoles has been investigated. The key step in the synthesis is a Suzuki biaryl coupling of 2-bromobenzothiazole with aryl boronic acids to provide a variety of 2-arylbenzothiazole derivatives in good yield. The synthetic utility of this methodology is demonstrated by the synthesis of 2-(4-aminophenyl)-6-methoxybenzothiazole, a PET probe precursor for the in vivo imaging of Alzheimer's disease.
Mental Imagery in Congenitally Blind Children

Ten totally and congenitally blind children, aged 3–9, and a matching group of 10 sighted children were asked to describe, first from memory and then through tactual exploration, selected common ob...
Stereocontrolled synthesis of 2-alkenyl-4-methylene tetrahydropyrans

A variety of 2-alkenyl-4-methylene tetrahydropyrans were synthesized via consecutive transition metal-catalyzed bond forming processes. In this approach, ruthenium-catalyzed coupling of homoallylic carbonates and homopropargylic alcohols generates substrates containing the requisite functionality for a palladium-mediated cyclization, thereby providing concise access to the target structures. The installation of a trisubstituted alkene at the C-2 position was achieved using an olefin cross metathesis process.
Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of hexahydropyrazinoquinolines as a novel class of potent and selective dopamine receptor 3 (D3) ligands.

Abstract A hexahydropyrazinoquinoline (compound 5c) was previously discovered as a novel D3 ligand with a moderate binding affinity to the D3 receptor (Ki = 304 nM) but no selectivity over the D1-like and D2-like receptors. In this study, we wish to report the design, synthesis and structure–activity relationship studies of a series of novel hexahydropyrazinoquinolines. Our efforts resulted in new compounds with improved binding affinity and selectivity. Among them, compound 12d has a Ki value of 2.6 nM for its binding affinity to the D3 receptor and has >2000- and 99-fold selectivity over the D1-like and D2-like receptors, respectively, representing a potent and selective D3 ligand.
Influence of rare earth cation size on the crystal structure in rare earth silicates, Na2RESiO4(OH) (RE = Sc, Yb) and NaRESiO4 (RE = La, Yb)

Abstract Crystals of Na 2 ScSiO 4 (OH) and Na 2 YbSiO 4 (OH) were synthesized at low temperatures using a sodium hydroxide based hydroflux, while crystals of NaLaSiO 4 and NaYbSiO 4 were grown at high temperatures using a sodium fluoride/sodium chloride eutectic flux. Both structure types were crystallized under reaction conditions that, when used for medium sized rare earths (RE = Pr, Nd, Sm – Tm) yield the Na 5 RE 4 X[SiO 4 ] 4 structure type, where X is OH in the hydroflux conditions and F in the eutectic flux conditions. Herein, we report the synthesis, structure, size effect, and magnetic properties of these compositions and introduce the new structure type of Na 2 RESiO 4 (OH), which crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pca 2 1 , of NaLaSiO 4 , which crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna 2 1 , and of NaYbSiO 4 , which crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma , where both NaRESiO 4 compounds have one silicon structural analog.
Complexity of Bethe Approximation

This paper resolves a common complexity issue in the Bethe approximation of statistical physics and the sum-product Belief Propagation (BP) algorithm of artificial intelligence. The Bethe approximation reduces the problem of computing the partition function in a graphical model to that of solving a set of non-linear equations, so-called the Bethe equation. On the other hand, the BP algorithm is a popular heuristic method for estimating marginal distribution in a graphical model. Although they are inspired and developed from dierent directions, Yedidia, Freeman and Weiss (2004) established a somewhat surprising connection: the BP algorithm solves the Bethe equation if it converges (however, it often does not). This naturally motivates the following important question to understand their limitations and empirical successes: the Bethe equation is computationally easy to solve? We present a message passing algorithm solving the Bethe equation in polynomial number of bitwise operations for arbitrary binary graphical models of n nodes where the maximum degree in the underlying graph is O(logn). Our algorithm, an alternative to BP fixing its convergence issue, is the first fully polynomial-time approximation scheme for the BP fixed point computation in such a large class of graphical models. Moreover, we believe that our technique is of broader interest to understand the computational complexity of the cavity method in statistical physics.
Prediction Market-Based Information Aggregation for Multi-sensor Information Processing

Prediction markets have been shown to be a useful tool in forecasting the outcome of future events by aggregating public opinion about the event’s outcome. We consider an analogous problem of information fusion from multiple sensors of different types with the objective of improving the confidence of inference tasks, such as object classification. We develop a multi-agent prediction market-based technique to solve this information fusion problem. To monitor the improvement in the confidence of the object classification as well as to dis-incentivize agents from misreporting information, we have introduced a market maker that rewards the agents based on the quality of the submitted reports. We have implemented the market maker’s reward calculation in the form of a scoring rule and have shown analytically that it incentivizes truthful revelation by each agent. We have experimentally verified our technique for multi-sensor information fusion for an automated landmine detection scenario. Our experimental results show that, for identical data distributions and settings, using our information aggregation technique increases the accuracy of object classification favorably as compared to two other commonly used techniques for information fusion for landmine detection.
Endogenous Transportation Costs

The containerized maritime transportation industry is characterized by oligopolistic competition and economies of scale. In this paper, we examine the eect that these industry characteristics have on trade. We build a model of endogenous transportation costs within a standard Melitz (2003) framework. Countries with large trade volumes face lower transportation costs because they can take advantage of economies of scale and competition in the transportation industry. We assemble a unique dataset on the containerized maritime transportation industry. The dataset includes the freight prices for transporting a container to a foreign port, the number of transportation rms operating between the US and foreign port, and the port-to-port trade ows. We document facts that are consistent with our theory. First, countries with larger trade volumes pay less in transportation costs. Second, countries with larger trade volumes have more and larger transportation rms. We then calibrate our model and estimate a transportation technology to evaluate trade reforms. Our results indicate that transportation costs fall more in smaller markets from tari reductions. A model that considers the endogenous response of transportation costs to a trade liberalization generates welfare gains that are 50% more than a model in which transportation costs are constant.
Ambient-Temperature Newman–Kwart Rearrangement Mediated by Organic Photoredox Catalysis

The Newman–Kwart rearrangement is perhaps the quintessential method for the synthesis of thiophenols from the corresponding phenol. However, the high thermal conditions required for the rearrangement of the requisite O-aryl carbamothioates often leads to decomposition. Herein, we present a general strategy for catalysis of O-aryl carbamothioates to S-aryl carbamothioates using catalytic quantities of a commercially available organic single-electron photooxidant. Importantly, this reaction is facilitated at ambient temperatures.
What differences a day can make: Quantile regression estimates of the distribution of daily learning gains

Quantile regressions, which exploit quasi-random variation in days between kindergarten students’ fall and spring tests, show that the effect of school days on kindergarten students’ math and reading gains vary significantly, and monotonically, across the distribution of achievement gains.
Process-to-panel modeling of a-Si/c-Si heterojunction solar cells

The cell-to-panel efficiency gap observed in a-Si/c-Si heterojunction solar cells is one of the key challenges of this technology. To systematically address this issue, we describe an end-to-end modeling framework to explore the implications of process and device variation at the module level. First, a process model is developed to connect the a-Si deposition parameters to the device parameters. Next, a physics based device model is presented which captures the essential features of photo-current and diode injection current using the thermionic-diffusion theory. Using the process and device models, the effects of process conditions on cell performance are explored. Finally, the performance of the panel as a function of device and process parameters is explored to establish panel limits. The insights developed through this process-to-panel modeling framework will improve the understanding of the cell-to-panel efficiency gap of this commercially promising cell technology.
Lasers in Electronic Warfare

The use of lasers for Electronic Warfare applications will be discussed and reviewed. Specific examples of deployed EW systems which include lasers will be presented along with a discussion of their most salient features.
Mindful Justice: The Search for Gandhi’s Sympathetic State After Bhopal

One of the most startling examples of unmitigated disaster occurred in Bhopal, India, in 1984, when a Union Carbide pesticide plant exploded tons of methyl isocyanate into the air, killing 3800 people overnight. 30 years later, the plant site has not been remediated, and the estimated death toll from the explosion now has reached over 20,000. Disaster victims repeatedly have sought relief directly from the government. Yet, the Indian and US governments and Union Carbide have refused to provide the necessary resources for proper remediation. In this Article, I examine the state’s response to the Bhopal disaster using the thought of Mohandas Gandhi. Gandhi explicitly critiqued the state-corporate violence endemic to the global political economy. Yet, Gandhi’s Theory of the State, Critique of Industrialization, and Theory of Trusteeship largely have been neglected by modern scholars of disaster studies. I propose that scholars engage more deeply with Gandhi’s focus on reforming the state’s values and goals. I conclude that Gandhi’s thought ultimately leads to the conclusion that, for the foreseeable future, modern states will have violent elements, but through the models of Tibetan and Bhutanese government and the use of meditative practices, the modern state can begin to create nonviolent agencies that respond non-coercively to disaster and temper the state’s violent elements. In addition, I illustrate how Gandhi’s Theory of Satyagraha works in conjunction with his Theory of the State to accomplish state reform.
Angular diameter distances reconsidered in the Newman and Penrose formalism

Using the Newman and Penrose spin coefficient (NP) formalism, we provide a derivation of the Dyer–Roeder equation for the angular diameter distance in cosmological space-times. We show that the geodesic deviation equation written in NP formalism is precisely the Dyer–Roeder equation for a general Friedman–Robertson–Walker (FRW) space-time, and then we examine the angular diameter distance to redshift relation in the case that a flat FRW metric is perturbed by a gravitational potential. We examine the perturbation in the case that the gravitational potential exhibits the properties of a thin gravitational lens, demonstrating how the weak lensing shear and convergence act as source terms for the perturbed Dyer–Roeder equation.
Buyer Alliances as Countervailing Power in WIC Infant-Formula Auctions

State agencies in infant-formula procurement auctions receive lower bids when they are in buyer alliances than when they are unallied. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) uses an auction to procure infant formula. Manufacturers bid on the right to be an agency’s sole supplier by offering a rebate on formula sold through WIC. Agencies frequently join together in buyer alliances. An empirical estimation shows that bids are lower to alliances and that lower prices result because alliances are heterogeneous. Results suggest that when heterogeneity is not controlled, bids decline with alliance size, which has policy implications because Congress recently limited alliance size.
Intrusion Detection System for Applications Using Linux Containers

Linux containers are gaining increasing traction in both individual and industrial use, and as these containers get integrated into mission-critical systems, real-time detection of malicious cyber attacks becomes a critical operational requirement. This paper introduces a real-time host-based intrusion detection system that can be used to passively detect malfeasance against applications within Linux containers running in a standalone or in a cloud multi-tenancy environment. The demonstrated intrusion detection system uses bags of system calls monitored from the host kernel for learning the behavior of an application running within a Linux container and determining anomalous container behavior. Performance of the approach using a database application was measured and results are discussed.
The effects of sedation on Fallopian tubal motility.

Abstract The physiology of the Fallopian tubes has long been the subject of much laboratory and clinical investigation. Peristalsis and contractions of the Fallopian tubes have been demonstrated both in isolated strips of the excised tube 1 and in the extirpated intact surviving genitals. 2 The presence of spontaneous contractions and peristalsis have also been seen and photographed through an abdominal window in unanesthetized animals. 3 Extensive studies have clearly demonstrated the cyclic influence of ovarian function on the spontaneous contractions of the Fallopian tubes in laboratory animals 4 and in the human being. 5 The effects of drugs on tubal function have been studied by many investigators on laboratory animals 6, 7 and on the extirpated human genitals. 8 The pharmacological response of the intact human Fallopian tube in vivo, however, has received little attention. The present clinical investigation is an attempt to establish the reactions of the human Fallopian tubes to various sedative drugs and to determine their clinical value in diagnostic and therapeutic uterotubal insufflation. Patients attending the sterility clinic and many of those admitted to the gynecological ward for surgical procedures were subjected to repeated uterotubal insufflation tests. In each case a careful control test was performed before attempting to evaluate the effect of any drug. The methods of administration of the drugs and the details of testing will be discussed individually later.
Dispute Settlement at the WTO: Impacts of a No Deal in the US-Brazil Cotton Dispute

On the day before Brazil was to start imposing retaliatory sanctions against the United States in the WTO dispute settlement case regarding unfair domestic and export upland cotton subsidies, the parties have reached a preliminary concession aimed at settling this eight-year-long trade dispute. In this paper, we explore the economywide impacts of a no deal with specific emphasis on intellectual property retaliation in a computable general equilibrium framework. As awarded by a WTO dispute settlement panel, Brazil would have been entitled to $591 million in retaliatory sanctions in goods sectors and $238 million in intellectual property sanctions. We find that retaliation by Brazil would have led to welfare gains for all countries except the United States. Most importantly, however, had Brazil not been allowed to retaliate in the form of suspension of intellectual property rights, the impact of trade retaliation alone would have been negative for both Brazil and the United States, a case of shooting oneself in the foot to shoot at the other person's foot.
A Macroeconomic Model of Equities and Real, Nominal, and Defaultable Debt

Linkages between the real economy and financial markets can be very important, as evidenced by the 2007-09 financial crisis and European sovereign debt crisis. This paper develops a simple, structural macroeconomic model that is consistent with a wide variety of asset pricing facts, such as the size and variability of risk premia on equities, real and nominal government bonds, and corporate bonds, commonly referred to as the equity premium puzzle, bond premium puzzle, and credit spread puzzle, respectively. The paper makes two main contributions: First, it unifies a variety of asset pricing puzzles in a simple, structural asset pricing framework. Second, it shows how standard dynamic macroeconomic models can be brought into agreement with a range of asset prices, making it possible to use these models to study the linkages between risk premia in financial markets and the real economy.
RECURRENT DISLOCATION OF THE SHOULDER

1. The operation is simple. 2. It can be used in all cases, whether the pathology be bony, capsular, or muscular. 3. There is practically no restriction of motion of the shoulder. 4. Convalescence is short. 5. Tensile strength of tendon of the long head of the biceps varies from 6,910 to 7,810 pounds per square inch. 6. The maximum load in pounds (actual) for the tendon of the long head of the biceps varies from 179 to 276 pounds.
Does European aflatoxin regulation hurt groundnut exporters from Africa

We provide an ex post econometric examination of the harmonisation and tightening of the EU maximum residue limit (MRL) on aflatoxins in 2002, and its impact on African exports of groundnut products. We find no evidence of the EU MRL having a significant negative trade impact on these groundnut exports from Africa across various methods of estimation. African domestic supply plays an important role in the determination of the volumes of trade and the propensity to trade. Our findings suggest that the trade potential of African groundnut exporters is more constrained by domestic supply issues rather than by limited market access. , Oxford University Press.
Optimal waveform estimation for classical and quantum systems via time-symmetric smoothing. II. Applications to atomic magnetometry and Hardy's paradox

The time-symmetric quantum smoothing theory [Tsang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 250403 (2009); Phys. Rev. A 80, 033840 (2009)] is extended to account for discrete jumps in the classical random process to be estimated, discrete variables in the quantum system, such as spin, angular momentum, and photon number, and Poisson measurements, such as photon counting. The extended theory is used to model atomic magnetometers and study Hardy's paradox in phase space.
Safety Effects of Road Geometry and Roadside Features on Low-Volume Roads in Oregon

Crashes are random events and can occur at any location along a roadway. On roadways with high traffic volumes, the more frequent occurrence of crashes permits the direct identification of high-frequency crash locations with the use of historical data. On low-volume roads, crash occurrence, particularly the occurrence of crashes with fatal and serious injuries, is less frequent. There is a need to understand better the risks associated with geometric and roadside features along low-volume roadways in order to identify locations where preventive countermeasures may be employed. This paper describes the collection and analysis of a large sample of data from low-volume roads in Oregon to quantify the effects of geometric and roadside features on crash occurrence and associated risks. The effects of lane width, shoulder width, grade, side slope, fixed objects near the roadway, and horizontal and vertical curves have been quantified. For the low-volume road sample, roads with lanes less than 12 ft wide have a ...
On the Distribution of the Number of Fixed Vectors for the Finite Classical Groups

Motivated by analogous results for the symmetric group and compact Lie groups, we study the distribution of the number of fixed vectors of a random element of a finite classical group. We determine the limiting moments of these distributions, and find exactly how large the rank of the group has to be in order for the moment to stabilize to its limiting value. The proofs require a subtle use of some q-series identities. We also point out connections with orthogonal polynomials.
Every Little Bit Counts: The Impact of High-Speed Internet on the Transition to College

This paper examines whether high-speed Internet affects students' college applications. Our analysis links the diffusion of residential broadband to the testing and application outcomes of millions...
Redox-Annulation of Cyclic Amines and β-Ketoaldehydes

Benzo[a]quinolizine-2-one derivatives are readily assembled from 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and β-ketoaldehydes by means of a new intramolecular redox-Mannich process. These reactions are promoted by simple acetic acid and are thought to involve azomethine ylides as reactive intermediates.
Sharing an increase of the rent fairly

We characterize the family of non-contestable budget-monotone rules for the allocation of objects and money as those obtained by maximizing a maxmin social welfare function among all non-contestable allocations. We provide three additional seemingly independent approaches to construct these rules. We present three applications of this characterization. First, we show that one can “rectify” any non-contestable rule without losing non-contestability. Second, we characterize the preferences that admit, for each budget, a non-contestable allocation satisfying a minimal or maximal individual consumption of money constraint. Third, we study continuity properties of the non-contestable correspondence.
Conditional Deletion of Murine Fgf23: Interruption of the Normal Skeletal Responses to Phosphate Challenge and Rescue of Genetic Hypophosphatemia.

Abstract The transgenic and knockout (KO) animals involving Fgf23 have been highly informative in defining novel aspects of mineral metabolism, but are limited by shortened lifespan, inability of spatial/temporal FGF23 control, and infertility of the global KO. To more finely test the role of systemic and genetic influences in FGF23 production, a mouse was developed that carried a floxed ("f")-Fgf23 allele (exon 2 floxed) which demonstrated in vivo recombination when bred to global-Cre transgenic mice (eIIa-cre). Mice homozygous for the recombined allele ("Δ") had undetectable serum intact FGF23, elevated serum phosphate (p < 0.05), and increased kidney Cyp27b1 mRNA (p < 0.05), similar to global Fgf23-KO mice. To isolate cellular FGF23 responses during phosphate challenge, Fgf23(Δ/f) mice were mated with early osteoblast type Iα1 collagen 2.3-kb promoter-cre mice (Col2.3-cre) and the late osteoblast/early osteocyte Dentin matrix protein-1-cre (Dmp1-cre). Fgf23(Δ/f) /Col2.3-cre(+) and Fgf23(Δ/f) /Dmp1-cre(+) exhibited reduced baseline serum intact FGF23 versus controls. After challenge with high-phosphate diet Cre(-) mice had 2.1-fold to 2.5-fold increased serum FGF23 (p < 0.01), but Col2.3-cre(+) mice had no significant increase, and Dmp1-cre(+) mice had only a 37% increase (p < 0.01) despite prevailing hyperphosphatemia in both models. The Fgf23(Δ/f) /Col2.3-cre was bred onto the Hyp (murine X-linked hypophosphatemia [XLH] model) genetic background to test the contribution of osteoblasts and osteocytes to elevated FGF23 and Hyp disease phenotypes. Whereas Hyp mice maintained inappropriately elevated FGF23 considering their marked hypophosphatemia, Hyp/Fgf23(Δ/f) /Col2.3-cre(+) mice had serum FGF23 <4% of Hyp (p < 0.01), and this targeted restriction normalized serum phosphorus and ricketic bone disease. In summary, deleting FGF23 within early osteoblasts and osteocytes demonstrated that both cell types contribute to baseline circulating FGF23 concentrations, and that targeting osteoblasts/osteocytes for FGF23 production can modify systemic responses to changes in serum phosphate concentrations and rescue the Hyp genetic syndrome. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Segmentation of Mexican-Heritage Immigrants: Acculturation Typology and Language Preference in Health Information Seeking

With the fast growing number of Mexican immigrants in the United States, more attention is needed to understand the relationship between acculturation and language preference in health information seeking. Latent class analysis provides one useful approach to understanding the diversity in sample of Mexican immigrants (N = 238). Based on 13 linguistic, psychological and behavioral indicators for acculturation, four discrete subgroups were characterized: (1) Less acculturated, (2) Moderately acculturated, (3) Highly acculturated, (4) Selectively bicultural. A Chi-square test revealed that three sub-groups were significantly different in language preference when seeking health information. Less acculturated and moderately acculturated groups sought health information in Spanish, whereas the highly acculturated group preferred English for health information. Selectively bicultural group preferred bilingual health information. Implications for health campaign strategies using audience segmentation are discussed.
European Community External Protection and 1992 : Voluntary Export Restraints Applied to Pacific Asia

European Community External Protection and 1992 : Voluntary Export Restraints Applied to Pacific Asia
Knowing When to Ask: The Cost of Leaning In

Women’s reluctance to negotiate is often used to explain the gender wage gap, popularizing the push for women to “lean in” and negotiate more. Examining an environment in which women achieve positi...
Preparation and Rearrangement of N-Vinyl Nitrones: Synthesis of Spiroisoxazolines and Fluorene-Tethered Isoxazoles

N-Vinyl nitrones derived from fluorenone have been prepared via a copper-mediated coupling between fluorenone oxime and vinyl boronic acids. These compounds undergo subsequent rearrangement and addition reactions that are distinct from the traditional [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactivity of nitrones. Thermal rearrangements of fluorenone N-vinyl nitrones give spiroisoxazolines, while treatment with alkynes provides fluorene-tethered isoxazoles. The scope and limitations of the preparation of fluorenone N-vinyl nitrones and their subsequent rearrangement and addition reactions are discussed.
A facile synthesis of fluorochlorobromoacetic acid

Fluorochlorobromoacetic acid was sythesized in the sequence of four steps from 1,1,2-trifluoro-2-chloroethylene in an overall yield of approximately 25%. 1,1,2-Trifluoro-2-chloroethylene was first allowed to react with sodium methoxide to form 1,2-difluoro-1-chloro-2-methoxyethylene, which was then brominated with elemental bromine and the reaction product treated with concentrated sulfuric acid to give methyl fluorochlorobromoacetate. This compound was hydrolized with a diluted sodium hydroxide solution to fluorochlorobromoacetic acid.
Two-step cyanomethylation protocol: convenient access to functionalized aryl- and heteroarylacetonitriles

A two-step protocol has been developed for the introduction of cyanomethylene groups to metalated aromatics through the intermediacy of substituted isoxazoles. A palladium-mediated cross-coupling reaction was used to introduce the isoxazole unit, followed by release of the cyanomethylene function under thermal or microwave-assisted conditions. The intermediate isoxazoles were shown to be amenable to further functionalization prior to deprotection of the sensitive cyanomethylene motif, allowing access to a wide range of aryl- and heteroaryl-substituted acetonitrile building blocks.
Reduction of helicopter BVI noise using active flow control; the case of vortex street interactions

A novel technique regarding the reduction of helicopter blade-vortex interaction noise is proposed. The proposed technique is based on the idea of injecting air at the leading edge of the blade to alter the vortex characteristics (strength and core size). The numerical investigations are performed using the large-eddy simulation (LES) approach. The simulations were performed for a Reynolds number, Re = 1.3 x 10 6 , based on the NACA0012 airfoil chord and free-stream velocity. The present study shows that by injecting air at the leading edge of the blade, the influence of blade-vortex interaction on the aerodynamic coefficients and aeroacoustic noise is significantly reduced.
P(RNCH2CH2)3N: Efficient 1,4-Addition Catalysts

The 1,4-addition of primary alcohols, higher nitroalkanes, and a Schiff's base of an α-amino ester to α,β-unsaturated substrates produces the corresponding products in moderate to excellent yields when carried out at −63 to 70 °C in the presence of catalytic amounts of the nonionic strong bases P(RNCH2CH2)3N (R = Me, i-Pr, i-Bu) in isobutyronitrile. Diastereoselectivity for the anti form of the product is high in the case of the Schiff's base in the absence of lithium ion. These catalysts are easily removed from the product by either column filtration through silica gel or via aqueous workup.
Families of disjoint divisors on varieties

Following the work of Totaro and Pereira, we study sufficient conditions under which collections of pairwise-disjoint divisors on a variety over an algebraically closed field are contained in the fibers of a morphism to a curve. We prove that \(\rho _\mathrm{w}(X) + 1\) pairwise-disjoint, connected divisors suffice for proper, normal varieties X, where \(\rho _\mathrm{w}(X)\) is a modification of the Neron–Severi rank of X (they agree when X is projective and smooth). We then prove a strong counterexample in the affine case: if X is quasi-affine and of dimension \(\geqslant \)2 over a countable, algebraically-closed field k, then there exists a (countable) collection of pairwise-disjoint divisors which cover the k-points of X, so that for any non-constant morphism from X to a curve, at most finitely many are contained in the fibers thereof. We show, however, that an uncountable collection of pairwise-disjoint, connected divisors in any normal variety over an algebraically-closed field must be contained in the fibers of a morphism to a curve.
Rotational Studies of Lower Main Sequence Stars

This review summarizes the techniques and limitations involved in determining small rotational velocities in late-type stars. Recent results from photoelectric line profiles of field main sequence G stars will also be presented. Historically three techniques have been used to measure stellar rotational velocities: (1.) calibration of a “clean” line width in terms of computed profile models, (2.) use of the Fourier transform frequency domain (dissection of rotation and turbulent velocity fields from the thermal profile), and (3.) monitoring of the rotational modulation of a chromospherically active or spotted star. The results discussed below concern technique (2.). Technique (3.) has not been exploited much yet but holds considerable promise for the future, in particular for the measurement of ultra-slow rotation.
Electronic Transport Properties of Chemically Modified Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

We present a study on the quantum transport properties of chemically functionalized metallic double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) with lengths reaching the micrometer scale. First-principles calculations evidence that, for coaxial tubes separated by the typical graphitic van der Waals bond distance, the chemical modification of the outer wall with sp3-type defects affects the electronic structure of both the outer and the inner tube, which reduces significantly the charge transport capability of the DWNTs. For larger spacing between sidewalls, the conductivity of the outer wall decreases with increasing functional group coverage density, while charge transport in the inner tube is equivalent to that of a pristine nanotube. Additionally, [2 + 1] cycloaddition of CCl2 onto the outer DWNT sidewall barely affects the hyperconjugated π-network of the double wall, and charge transport remains in the quasi-ballistic regime. These results indicate an efficient route for tailoring electronic transport in DWNTs p...
Growth of phthalocyanine doped and undoped nanotubes using mild synthesis conditions for development of novel oxygen reduction catalysts.

Precious metal alloys have been the predominant electrocatalyst used for oxygen reduction in fuel cells since the 1960s. Although performance of these catalysts is high, they do have drawbacks. The two main problems with precious metal alloys are catalyst passivation and cost. This is why new novel catalysts are being developed and employed for oxygen reduction. This paper details the low temperature solvothermal synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotubes that have been doped with both iron and cobalt centered phthalocyanine. The synthesis is a novel low-temperature, supercritical solvent synthesis that reduces halocarbons to form a metal chloride byproduct and carbon nanotubes. Perchlorinated phthalocyanine was added to the nanotube synthesis to incorporate the phthalocyanine structure into the graphene sheets of the nanotubes to produce doped nanotubes that have the catalytic oxygen reduction capabilities of the metallo-phthalocyanine and the advantageous material qualities of carbon nanotubes. ...
Scandium Selenophosphates: Structure and Properties of K4Sc2(PSe4)2(P2Se6)

The new compound K4Sc2P4Se14 was synthesized via the polychalcogenide flux method. It crystallizes in the space group C2/c, and the structure is composed of 1/∞[Sc2P4Se144–] chains that are separated by K+ cations. The structural motif features two [PSe4]3– units and one [P2Se6]4– unit bridging the Sc centers and has not been reported for any other compound. The 1/∞[Sc2P4Se144–] chains pack in a crosshatched pattern perpendicular to the c axis of the crystal, forming channels for half of the K+ atoms while the other half occupy empty space between the chains. The orange-yellow crystals of K4Sc2P4Se14 are air-sensitive and gradually turn red over the course of a couple hours. The band gap of the phase is 2.25(2) eV, and Raman spectroscopy shows the symmetric stretches of the selenophosphate groups to be at 231 and 216 cm–1 for the [PSe4]3– and [P2Se6]4– units, respectively. Solid-state 31P MAS NMR of K4Sc2P4Se14 shows two prominent peaks at 11.31 and −23.07 ppm and one minor peak at −106.36 ppm, most likel...
CO2 conversion by reverse water gas shift catalysis: comparison of catalysts, mechanisms and their consequences for CO2 conversion to liquid fuels

Current society is inherently based on liquid hydrocarbon fuel economies and seems to be so for the foreseeable future. Due to the low rates (photocatalysis) and high capital investments (solar-thermo-chemical cycles) of competing technologies, reverse water gas shift (rWGS) catalysis appears as the prominent technology for converting CO2 to CO, which can then be converted via CO hydrogenation to a liquid fuel of choice (diesel, gasoline, and alcohols). This approach has the advantage of high rates, selectivity, and technological readiness, but requires renewable hydrogen generation from direct (photocatalysis) or indirect (electricity and electrolysis) sources. The goal of this review is to examine the literature on rWGS catalyst types, catalyst mechanisms, and the implications of their use CO2 conversion processes in the future.
Designed to Succeed: Dimensions of Product Design and Their Impact on Market Share:

AbstractThis research examines the relationship between product design and market share, a topic of considerable significance that has not been addressed in the published literature. Drawing from diverse disciplines such as marketing, industrial design, and engineering, the authors conceptualize design as being composed of three distinct product-level dimensions: function, form, and ergonomics. Furthermore, the authors examine the interplay among these design dimensions and their impact on the market share of a product. Empirical results using integrated repeated cross-sectional data obtained from several different sources in the U.S. light vehicle industry reveal an important strategic trade-off concerning design capabilities. Firms can either “design for satisfaction,” by investing in both function and ergonomics, or “design for delight,” by investing in form design capabilities so as to reap share rewards. The authors also show that older-generation vehicles with superior form designs do much better in...