cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of intertropical convergence zone rainfall in northeastern Brazil using infrared satellite imagery

Cloud cover over Brazil in the zone 10°N–15°S latitude and 35°W–60°W longitude was determined from daily infrared satellite photos for February, March, and April of 1979–1983. Covarying cloud patterns, determined through principal component analysis, were used to define the mean position of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in each of the three months. The ITCZ was in the southernmost position in February. It then moved northwest over Brazil in March and April. The relationship of departures from the mean monthly positions to rainfall in northeastern Brazil was analyzed through correlation procedures. Rainfall in February, March, and April was significnatly correlated with the position of the ITCZ. The southward penetration of the ITCZ in February was especially significant, explaining up to 25% of the rainfall variation in the 3 months. This study presents a means of estimating, from satellite imagery, the monthly rainfall associated with the ITCZ, without considering the cloud life-cycle.
Acinetobacter bacteremia following a hamster bite in a child with history of kidney transplant

Acinetobacter is an uncommon cause of serious infection in healthy individuals. Here we describe a case of Acinetobacter bacteremia in a 5-year-old kidney transplant patient following a hamster bite. Although most Acinetobacter infections occur following soil contamination of wounds, the organism is a natural constituent of oral flora in many animals, and can thus pose a risk to immunocompromised pet owners. Systemic Acinetobacter infection should therefore be considered in the differential diagnosis of febrile infections in immunocompromised children who are exposed to pets.
Self‐Heating Approach to the Fast Production of Uniform Metal Nanostructures

Heat released from the exothermic reaction between amine (R-NH2) and carboxylic acid (R′-COOH) was systematically utilized to prepare noble metal nanocrystals (NCs) of various shapes in the presence of carbon monoxide (CO). The heating profile of the solution mixtures was controllable by adjusting both the type and ratio of these two kinds of molecules. A maximum heating rate of 20 °C s−1 was achieved. Uniform gold nanowires and nanoparticles were produced by tuning the molar ratio between carboxylic acid and oleylamine (OAm). In addition, concave tetrahedral palladium nanocrystals were also produced. This self-heating method is highly versatile for making a variety of metal nanostructures. It represents a new, potentially scalable and extremely fast production route of metal nanostructures. This novel production route arises from the unique manner in which homogeneous heat releases from ligand-based chemical reactions.
Active β-Catenin Signaling Is an Inhibitory Pathway for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway is involved in cell functions governing development and disease. In modeling postentry restriction of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in astrocytes, we reported that part of this natural resistance to productive replication of HIV in astrocytes involved expression of proteins of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. We determined here whether induction of beta-catenin signaling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can modulate HIV replication. Given that lithium is an inducer of beta-catenin signaling, we used it as a tool to determine the impact of beta-catenin signaling on HIV replication in PBMCs. We demonstrated that lithium inhibited the replication of T-tropic and primary isolates of HIV by >90% and did so in noncytotoxic/noncytostatic concentrations and in a beta-catenin-dependent manner. Specifically, inhibiting beta-catenin signaling by transfection of dominant-negative mutant constructs to either T-cell factor 4, the downstream effector of Wnt signaling, or beta-catenin, the central mediator of this pathway, abrogated the ability of lithium to inhibit HIV replication. Moreover, when Wnt/beta-catenin signaling was inhibited, the level of HIV replication was enhanced by fourfold. To confirm the in vivo relevance of the beta-catenin pathway in repressing HIV replication, we evaluated HIV-positive antiretroviral therapy-naive patients who were on lithium therapy. These patients demonstrated a reduction in viral load, which increased as the dose of lithium was reduced. Collectively, these data indicate that beta-catenin signaling is an intrinsic molecular pathway restricting HIV replication in PBMCs.
Capillary spacing for minimum entropy production.

Abstract A model for the diffusion of oxygen from the capillaries into the tissue is described and analyzed. The model treats a single capillary surrounded by a cylinder of tissue in which the oxygen consumption per unit volume is uniform. The effect of surrounding capillaries is averaged by assuming that the oxygen concentration on the outer surface of the tissue cylinder is uniform. For a fixed blood flow to the muscle and a fixed rate of oxygen consumption in the muscle, it is shown that there is a particular value of the capillary spacing for which the average oxygen concentration in the tissue is maximum. This is also the capillary spacing for which the entropy production in the diffusion process is minimum. The value of capillary spacing and the slope of this value plotted against the rate of oxygen consumption agree with the values observed in guinea pig muscle. Estimates of other entropy sources indicate that the diffusion of oxygen is the dominant entropy production mechanism determined by the design parameter, the capillary spacing.
“One Never Knows, Do One?”: Commentary on Paper by the Boston Change Process Study Group

I discuss the work of the Boston Change Process Study Group, focusing on the paper in this issue of Psychoanalytic Dialogues, but also addressing broader issues across the range of their work. After describing the considerable similarities between their views and mine, I focus on three areas about which I have questions: the concept and clinical use of mutual enactment, BCPSG's use of nonlinear dynamic systems theory, and certain problems revolving around science and social construction.
A case study in the performance and scalability of optimization algorithms

We analyze the performance and scalabilty of algorithms for the solution of large optimization problems on high-performance parallel architectures. Our case study uses the GPCG (gradient projection, conjugate gradient) algorithm for solving bound-constrained convex quadratic problems. Our implementation of the GPCG algorithm within the Toolkit for Advanced Optimization (TAO) is available for a wide range of high-performance architectures and has been tested on problems with over 2.5 million variables. We analyze the performance as a function of the number of variables, the number of free variables, and the preconditioner. In addition, we discuss how the software design facilitates algorithmic comparisons.
Retracted article: Selective scission of pyridine–boronium complexes: mechanical generation of Brønsted bases and polymerizationcatalysts

The Royal Society of Chemistry hereby wholly retracts this Journal of Materials Chemistry article with the agreement of Christopher W. Bielawski, Andrew G. Tennyson and Kelly M. Wiggins (other co-authors could not be reached) due to data fabrication as detailed below. This retraction supersedes the information provided in the Expression of Concern related to this article. The Royal Society of Chemistry has been contacted by the corresponding author of this article and the Research Integrity Officer at The University of Texas at Austin regarding concerns of scientific misconduct affecting this article. The Research Integrity Officer has informed us that an investigation to ascertain the validity of the work reported has found that scientific misconduct by one of the articles co-authors has taken place as follows: the kinetics data and plots in this article were fabricated. Specifically, the rates and associated data in the Results and Discussion section were fabricated. The data acquired from the kinetics experiments discussed in the Supporting Information section entitled “3. Polymer Chain Scission Experiments: Kinetic Analyses”, was fabricated. The data found in Figures 1B, 1C, and 1D, Supplementary Figures S5 and S6, and Supplementary Table S2 was fabricated. In addition, all of the Gel Permeation Chromatographs presented in this article and the accompanying Supplementary Information were smoothed. The signing authors would like to apologise for this and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers. Signed: Christopher W. Bielawski, Andrew G. Tennyson and Kelly M. Wiggins, March 2015
Pontine and basal forebrain cholinergic interaction: implications for sleep and breathing

Abstract Pontine and forebrain cholinergic nuclei contribute to the regulation of breathing and arousal. This report summarizes experiments in rat ( n = 20) concerning the cholinergic interaction between pons and basal forebrain. In vitro [ 35 S]guanylyl-5′-O-(γ-thio)-triphosphate ([ 35 S]GTPγS) autoradiography quantified carbachol-stimulated guanine nucleotide binding (G) protein activation in seven basal forebrain nuclei. Carbachol significantly increased [ 35 S]GTPγS binding in the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band of Broca, medial and lateral septum, and nucleus basalis (B)/substantia innominata (SI). In vitro receptor autoradiography demonstrated muscarinic receptors in the same nuclei where carbachol caused G protein activation. In vivo experiments showed that carbachol administered to the pontine reticular formation (PnO) significantly decreased the number of 7–14 Hz spindles in the electroencephalogram (EEG), decreased acetylcholine release in SI, and decreased respiratory rate. Carbachol microinjection into SI did not alter the number of EEG spindles or respiratory rate. The results help clarify that EEG and rate of breathing are more effectively modulated by cholinergic neurotransmission in PnO than in SI.
IDEOLOGY AND POLICY RESEARCH: THE CASE OF MURRAY'S LOSING GROUND

Ideology and policy research are intertwined in many ways; an example is Murray's Losing Ground which uses “science” to justify racial, sexual, and class discrimination. Murray is utterly faithful to the neoconservative version of how liberalism went wrong in the 1960s. He says an intellectual elite shifted the blame for poverty, crime and low achievement to “the system” destroying individual responsibility. But his argument is not supported by evidence. Data are bent tofit foregone conclusions. He argues that more people are becoming dependent on government support, but his method of counting who receives assistance is a fiction. Nevertheless his argument has wide appeal among Americans. Why? His argument touches the self-interested Social Darwinist in almost all of us.
Perception without attention: Results of a new method☆

Having found by the use of a new method for examining perception without attention that grouping and texture segregation do not seem to occur (see Mack, Tang, Tuma, Kahn, & Rock (1992) Cognitive Psychology, 24, we go on to ask what is perceived without attention using this new method. Our subjects receive only one inattention trial in a sequence of trials involving a visual distraction task. In addition to the distraction task in the inattention trial, subjects received a stimulus of which they had no prior knowledge or expectation and were questioned or tested directly afterward for their perception of that stimulus. Two subsequent trials containing test stimuli serve as within-subject controls. The results of a series of experiments indicate that the presence of one or more stimulus objects and their locations are preattentively perceived, as is their color, but shape is not. Because individual items are detected without attention, we conclude that perceptual organization is initially based on a principle in which connected regions of uniform stimulation are inferred to be discrete units (the principle of uniform connectedness). One striking, unexpected finding is that without attention many subjects have no awareness at all of the stimulus object, an effect we call inattentional blindness.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SELF, OTHER, AND CONSENSUAL PERSONAL SPACE

Measures of self, other, and consensual personal space in relation to a target person were administered to 170 male Ss. No significant mean differences and high intercorrelations were found among t...
GaP: a factor model for discrete data

We present a probabilistic model for a document corpus that combines many of the desirable features of previous models. The model is called "GaP" for Gamma-Poisson, the distributions of the first and last random variable. GaP is a factor model, that is it gives an approximate factorization of the document-term matrix into a product of matrices Λ and X. These factors have strictly non-negative terms. GaP is a generative probabilistic model that assigns finite probabilities to documents in a corpus. It can be computed with an efficient and simple EM recurrence. For a suitable choice of parameters, the GaP factorization maximizes independence between the factors. So it can be used as an independent-component algorithm adapted to document data. The form of the GaP model is empirically as well as analytically motivated. It gives very accurate results as a probabilistic model (measured via perplexity) and as a retrieval model. The GaP model projects documents and terms into a low-dimensional space of "themes," and models texts as "passages" of terms on the same theme.
Nonlinear Constitutive Relations for Magnetostrictive Materials with Applications to 1-D Problems

In this paper, we present a nonlinear constitutive relation for magnetostrictive materials that includes nonlinear coupling effects arising between temperature/preload and magnetic field strengths. The relations are derived from thermodynamic principles using Gibbs free energy expanded in a Taylor series with only the pertinent constants included as determined from experimental evidence present in existing literature. By assuming that the magnetostrictive material is operated in a biased magnetic field and perturbing this field with a small value, relations between the nonlinear material constants and linear coefficients present in existing literature are derived. The accuracy of the nonlinear constitutive relation is evaluated by comparing experimental results obtained on a Terfenol-D rod operating under both magnetic field and stress biases with theoretical values. Results indicate that the model adequately predicts the nonlinear strain/field relations in specific regimes. The nonlinear constitutive rel...
Charging belt noise in a Van de Graaf accelerator

Abstract With the aid of spectrum analysis techniques it has been possible to decompose Van de Graaff terminal voltage noise into components that can be related to various mechanical properties of the charging belt. The principal mechanism for noise production is found to be loss of contact between charge applicators (screens) and the belt surface due to imperfect compliance of the applicators, resulting in a belt surface charge distribution with wavy edges and gaps. This noise source has been greatly reduced by replacing the standard stainless steel screens with beryllium-copper shim stock. By this means noise at the belt fundamental frequency has been eliminated.
Analysis of tropical cyclone intensification trends and variability in the North Atlantic Basin over the period 1970–2003

Over the past three decades, the sea-surface temperatures of the lower latitudes of the North Atlantic basin have increased while the lower-tropospheric temperatures show no upward trend. This differential warming of the atmosphere may have a destabilizing effect that could influence the development and intensification of tropical cyclones (TCs). In this investigation, we find that in general, TC intensification (a) is higher during the daytime period and during the later months of the storm season, (b) tends to be higher in the western portion of the North Atlantic basin, and (c) is not explained by current month or antecedent SSTs. Any changes associated with warming of the surface compared to a smaller temperature rise in the lower-troposphere (and resultant changes in atmospheric stability) have not produced detectable impacts on intensification rates of tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic basin.
Reduction of detailed kinetic mechanisms for ignition and extinction of premixed hydrogen/air flames

Abstract A new method is proposed to reduce complex kinetic mechanisms to a few elementary reaction steps which predict accurately ignitions and extinctions of spatially distributed systems. This method combines principal component analysis with sensitivity analysis and is applied to the stability of premixed hydrogen/air flames near surfaces using numerical bifurcation theory. The full mechanism of 40 reactions of hydrogen/air flames is reduced to various elementary mechanisms which can predict ignition and extinction temperatures at atmospheric pressure with a maximum error of ∼ 0.3 and 3%, respectively. The quasisteady-state approximation of all species near critical points is examined, and the mechanisms leading to instabilities are discussed as a function of reactor pressure. This analysis leads to only three reactions whose rates are linear combinations of five elementary reactions. It is shown that some fast reactions do not affect critical points. In addition, elimination of slow initiation reactions results in change of an ignition from a turning point to a transcritical bifurcation point. Analytical criteria for ignition and extinction are also proposed. Using these criteria, the accuracy in estimating kinetic parameters from experimental bifurcation data is assessed.
Parallel coordinates: survey of recent results

A brief description of the parallel coordinate system is provided, followed by an application to exploratory data analysis of certain multivariate data. The calculation of minimum distance (L2) between trajectories (timed paths) is considered next and close bounds via L1 distance are obtained, a simplification of importance in Air Traffic Control. Line neighborhoods are defined as the totality of lines satisfying certain parameters. The point region defined by the set of points belonging to these sets of lines in general leads to ambiguities as to lines actually belonging to the line neighborhood. This is of importance in applications involving line detection. Eickemeyer's representation of p-flats in N-space is applied to the representation of polytopes. It is shown that this representation permits analysis and display of convexity or non-convexity of the polytope being represented. Finally the representation of surfaces in three dimensions is exhibited. In general such surfaces are represented by two regions, together with a point-by-point association of points in the two regions. For developable surfaces the regions are replaced by curves, the point-by-point association being of a simple nature.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A phosphorylatable DNA-binding protein associated with a lipoprotein fraction from rat spermatocyte nuclei.

Abstract A lipid-free protein has been isolated and partially purified from the lipoprotein complex of rat spermatocyte nuclei. The protein binds almost exclusively to single-stranded DNA. It is highly effective in facilitating the reannealing of denatured DNA in the presence of Mg2+. In absence of magnesium ion it promotes unwinding of duplex DNA. Liver nuclei contain a similar protein but in much reduced amount. The testicular protein has phosphorylatable sites which, if phosphorylated with protein kinase, inhibit the binding and reannealing properties of the protein. Alkaline phosphatase treatment restores the capacity to bind and reassociate DNA.
Power locking of high-repetition-rate chirped pulse amplifiers

We report a feedback control scheme that minimizes the energy fluctuations of high power femtosecond pulses from a 1 kHz laser amplifier. The pulse energy variation in the frequency bandwidth 0–500 Hz was obtained by a photodiode and a low pass filter. The measured signal was fed to a proportional-integral-derivative (differential) (PID) controller that changed the amplitude of the high voltage pulses applied to a Pockels cell. The variation of average power was reduced from 1.33% RMS to 0.28% RMS, which improved the carrier-envelope phase stability from 500 mrad to 200 mrad as measured by two f-to-2f interferometers. The long term stability of the laser was kept to approximately 0.5% RMS.
Localization of cytoplasmic dynein to mitotic spindles and kinetochores

What is the origin of the forces generating chromosome and spindle movements in mitosis? Both microtubule dynamics and microtubule-dependent motors have been proposed as the source of these motor forces. Cytoplasmic dynein and kinesin are two soluble proteins that power membranous organelle movements on microtubules. Kinesin directs movement of organelles to the 'plus' end of microtubules, and is found at the mitotic spindle in sea urchin embryos, but not in mammalian cells. Cytoplasmic dynein translocates organelles to the 'minus' end of microtubules, and is composed of two heavy chains and several light chains. We report here that monoclonal antibodies to two of these subunits and to another polypeptide that associates with dynein localize the protein to the mitotic spindle and to the kinetochores of isolated chromosomes, suggesting that cytoplasmic dynein is important in powering movements of the spindle and chromosomes in dividing cells.
Effects of NMDA and non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists on the development and maintenance of hyperalgesia induced by repeated intramuscular injection of acidic saline

Two unilateral injections of pH 4.0 saline into the gastrocnemius muscle result in a bilateral decrease in mechanical withdrawal threshold after the second injection. This decrease is significant by 4h and lasts through 1 week. The purpose of this study was to characterize the involvement of both N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA glutamate receptors in the spinal cord dorsal horn in the development and maintenance of mechanical hyperalgesia from repeated intramuscular injections of acidic saline. 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP5) (2-20 nmol, 10 microl, pH 7) or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-nitro-2,3-dioxo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide (NBQX) (1-10 nmol, 10 microl, pH 8-9) was administered intrathecally to the lumbar spinal cord to block NMDA and non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors in the dorsal horn, respectively. Drugs were administered at one of three different time points: (1) prior to the first intramuscular injection of pH 4.0 saline on Day 0, (2) prior to the second intramuscular injection of pH 4.0 saline on Day 5, and (3) 1 week after the second injection. Mechanical withdrawal thresholds were measured with von Frey filaments before, 4h, and 24h after injection 1 and before, 4h, 24h, and 1 week after injection 2. AP5 had no effect on mechanical withdrawal thresholds when administered prior to the first intramuscular injection of pH 4.0 saline. When AP5 was administered before the second intramuscular injection, the bilateral decrease in mechanical withdrawal thresholds was delayed for up to 24h. Intrathecal administration of AP5 1 week after the second intramuscular injection of pH 4.0 saline produced a bilateral increase in mechanical withdrawal thresholds. Blockade of non-NMDA glutamate receptors in the spinal cord dorsal horn prior to either the first or second intramuscular injection of pH 4.0 saline had no effect on the development of mechanical hyperalgesia. However, spinal injection of NBQX 1 week after the second intramuscular injection of pH 4.0 saline resulted in an increase in mechanical withdrawal thresholds when compared to vehicle controls. These data suggest that both NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptors are involved in the maintenance of chronic, muscle-induced hyperalgesia.
THE SINGLE FILE MODEL FOR THE DIFFUSION OF IONS THROUGH A MEMBRANE.

The model proposed by A. L. Hodgkin and R. D. Keynes (Jour. of Physiol.,128, 61–88, 1955) for the diffusion of potassium through the nerve membrane is extended to cover an arbitrary number of species of ions with charges not necessarily the same. One type of interference is also investigated.
Do Consumer Responses to Media Food Safety Information Last

Using experimental methods with adult subjects from the mid-Atlantic region of the United States, this research examines both the short- and longer-term impacts of media information on consumer purchasing behavior. Subjects in the treatment group were given food safety information about poultry from a popular consumer magazine. Willingness to pay (WTP) estimates were then elicited for two types of chicken breasts: (1) a leading-brand that was identified in the information treatment as having a high incidence of Campylobacter and Salmonella bacteria; and (2) a lesser known brand, which was reported as being relatively free of harmful bacteria. Results indicated that both negative and positive food safety information significantly impacted consumers' WTP for safer chicken compared to the reportedly less-safe leading-brand chicken. These changes in behavior persisted throughout the seven-week study period. Copyright 2011, Oxford University Press.
Chemically gated electron transfer. A means of accelerating and regulating rates of biological electron transfer.

Long-range protein electron transfer [ET] reactions may be relatively slow because of long ET distance and low driving force. It is possible to dramatically increase the rate of such nonadiabatic reactions by using an adiabatic chemical reaction to activate the system for rapid ET. Three such examples are discussed; nitrogenase, pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and the methylamine dehydrogenase-amicyanin complex. In each example, the faster activated ET reaction is gated (i.e., rate-limited) by the chemical reaction. However, the reaction rate is still orders of magnitude greater than that of the ungated true ET reaction in the absence of chemical activation. Models are presented to describe the mechanisms of activation in the context of ET theory, and the relevance of such chemically gated ET to the regulation of metabolism is discussed.
Feynman's Ratchet and Pawl

While many papers in the last few years have dealt with various equations euphemistically called “ratchets,” the original Feyman two-temperature setup has been left largely unchallenged. We present here a look at the details of how this famous engine actually generates motion from a temperature difference.
Notes on goodmania and oxytheca polygonaceae eriogonoideae

An examination of Parry’s collections of Oxytheca at ISC has prompted the following comments. The holotype of O. luteola is at ISC, not IA. It is maintained as Goodmania, a genus distinct from Oxytheca, in spite of Watson’s comparison of the species to O. caryophylloides in an 1882 letter to Parry. Parry’s “West Colorado, 1888” is not part of the type of O. parishii var. goodmaniana. Annotation labels using the epithet “spiculata” for the South American subspecies of O. dendroidea should be changed to “subsp. chilensis”.
Integrating internal and external customer relationships through relationship management: A strategic response to a changing global environment

Abstract This article examines the underlying rationale behind successful intra- and interfirm relationships. Relationships based on equity and social exchange are developing into major strategic tools. Productive and profitable partnerships can be built by creating trusting, committed, reciprocal relationships. Lasting, fruitful alliances are built and maintained by the employees charged with managing the alliance interfaces. The significance of relationship management is explored by examining the linkages found in the literature on organizational competition in a rapidly changing environment. In a global economy, all system members are interdependent and are customers. Companies are restructuring (i.e., downsizing) to fund only those core competencies that are key to their profitability and long-term survival. Managing relationships with their customers—especially with employees, channel partners, and strategic alliance partners—is critical to the firm's long-term success. The article concludes that customer relationship management based on social exchange and equity significantly assists the firm in developing collaborative, cooperative, and profitable long-term relationships.
Alternative FeS cluster ligands: tuning redox potentials and chemistry.

A subset of biological Fe–S clusters contain protein-based ligands other than cysteine (Cys). The most common alternative ligand is histidine, while aspartate, arginine, and threonine ligation have also been identified. With the exception of the 2-Cys, 2-His ligated Rieske clusters, the functions of these uniquely ligated clusters are, in general, poorly understood. Recent functional studies of a set of 3-Cys, 1-His ligated [2Fe–2S] clusters have begun to highlight the importance of non-Cys ligation in controlling both the redox and chemical properties of these clusters as well as their physiological stability. Here, a survey of non-Cys ligation motifs is examined along with the possible biological roles of these clusters.
Rational swarm for global optimisation

In this paper, we propose a novel bio–inspired multi–agent co–operative searching methodology for global optimisation, named Rational Swarm algorithm. It can be used both as a meta–heuristic guiding local search algorithm and as a high–level multi–agent co–operative searching strategy to coordinate multiple agents using meta–heuristics. In this work, the Rational Swarm methodology has been applied to a popular meta–heuristics Simulated Annealing (SA) and a pure local search algorithm Monotonic Sequential Basin Hopping (MSBH). Numerical experiments on various continuous optimisation problems show Rational Swarm can improve the performance of applied meta–heuristics/heuristics in terms of solution quality and robustness under the same computational budget. Convergence analysis gives the theoretical insights about why the proposed Rational Swarm Methodology will work.
High-throughput single-molecule spectroscopy in free solution.

A high-speed high-throughput single-molecule imaging technique for identifying molecules in free solution based on differences in their fluorescence emission spectra is presented. Unlike previous reports, the entire spectrum, rather than selected wavelengths through optical filters, is recorded. Furthermore, the millisecond data acquisition time means that the molecules do not need to be immobilized or spatially confined. In one example, individual λDNA molecules labeled with YOYO-I, POPO-III, or a combination of the two dyes can be distinguished from one another. In another example, biotinylated 2.1-kb DNA labeled with YOYO-I was reacted with avidin-conjugated R-phycoerythrin. The two different reactant molecules and the product molecule can be simultaneously imaged and identified by their spectroscopic characteristics. This technique can therefore be used for screening single molecules for disease markers and for monitoring individual molecular interactions at a rate of thousands of molecules per second.
Electron microscopic radioautographic observations suggesting absorption of lipid by the nucleus.

In the course of electron microscopic autoradiographic studies of the transport of ingested lipids from the blood to the cells of adipose tissue and liver, using 3H-palmitic acid as tracer, silver grains were found not only over the cytoplasm and fat droplets but also over the nuclei, suggesting absorption of lipids by the nuclei. Representative autoradiographs are described. The questions of localization and of the nature of the radioactive material in the nuclei are discussed. Special attention was given to the possibility that the grains represent degradation products of the palmitic acid. This possibility was ruled out, however, on chemical grounds. The present findings invite further investigation of isolated nuclei and their fractions, using, in addition to autoradiography, chromatographic and radiochemical methods.
Two-dimensional pinpointing: debugging with formal specifications

Debugging techniques and tools that draw on both the high-level concepts (defined as functions) used in formal specifications and the abstraction and information-hiding constructs used in modern languages are described. The technique is based on two components. One is a novel specification language with support tools. Ada programs are specified with a language that the authors created called Anna. Their tool set is used to check the Ada program's runtime behavior for consistency with the Anna specifications. The other technique uses the tool set to find missing specifications by comparing the specification with program prototypes and to test and debug Ada programs after an accepted specification has been developed. The approach, called two-dimensional pinpointing, locates inconsistencies in software that is structured in levels. >
Evaluation for biological reduction of nitrate and perchlorate in brine water using the hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor

Whereas ion exchange is an attractive technology for treating perchlorate and nitrate in drinking water, a major disadvantage is that the resin must be regenerated using a brine, producing wastes with high concentrations of nitrate, perchlorate, and salt. This study investigates the potential for simultaneous nitrate and perchlorate reductions in high-salt conditions using the H2 -based membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR). The autotrophic biological reductions produce harmless N2 and Cl− , making the brine safe for reuse or disposal. A very high-strength brine ( ∼15% salt) from a commercial ion-exchange membrane, Purolite, supported biofilm accumulation and allowed slow reduction rates for nitrate and perchlorate. Reduction rates increased significantly when the Purolite brine was diluted by 50% or more. A synthetic high-strength salt medium containing nitrate, perchlorate, or both supported more rapid reduction rates for as high as 20 g∕L (∼2%) NaCl , while 40 g∕L NaCl slowed reduction by 40% or more, confir...
An Innovation in Control Panels for Large Computer Control Systems

A control panel of novel design has been developed at SLAC. This panel, called a touch panel, consists of a glass plate placed in front of a computer driven cathode ray tube display. Ultrasonic surface (Rayleigh) wave (8.5 MHz) beams are transmitted in a crossing X-Y grid through the glass. The intersection points of the beams form the "buttons" on the panel. The computer furnishes legends for these buttons. The presence of an operator's finger on the glass "pushing" a button is detected by the absorption of an X and a Y beam. A prototype panel has been built and used successfully with an SDS-925 computer for magnet control in the SLAC beam switchyard. A second generation panel with low parallax using the glass face of the CRT itself as the medium for ultrasonic propagation has been designed and is being constructed. An extensive software system, utilizing numerous "software panels", for general control of the accelerator, the beam switchyard, and their associated subsystems is being developed. The physical principles of the device, its advantages and disadvantages over conventional devices, current hardware and software implementation, and future plans are discussed.
Laboratory microwave spectrum of HCO

The $J=0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1$ rotational transition of the HC${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ ion has been observed with the same apparatus used earlier for detection of C${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$. A discharge in various mixtures of hydrogen and carbon monoxide cooled to near liquid-nitrogen temperature was employed in a slow-flow system. The frequency we have obtained is 89 188.545\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.020 MHz, but because of the ion drift velocity in the dc discharge this exceeds, by an unknown but small amount, the true rest frequency. This observation confirms the long-standing contention that the radio astronomical $X$-ogen line is in fact due to HC${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$.
Introduction: appraisals of organizational learning as emancipatory change

This introductory essay attempts to illustrate the emancipatory intent of organizational learning (OL) by connecting its aims and aspirations to prominent themes of critical organization study, including the emancipatory understanding of “learning” by OL, how OL engages the “dialectic of enlightenment,” and its prioritizing of “communicative action” as the means for reflection and transformation.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLOWERS OF THE JUGLANDACEAE. III. THE STAMINATE FLOWERS

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Formation of tyrosine-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase activity in vitro.

IN the course of experiments designed to clarify the role of hydrocortisone and tyrosine in the stimulation of tyrosine-α-ketoglutarate transaminase activity, we observed small apparent increases of enzymatic activity in an in vitro system. This system is essentially that of Lingrel and Webster1, with some modifications. No attempt was made in these experiments to distinguish between synthesis of apoenzyme and release of active enzyme, in contrast to the studies of Pitot and Cho2 on the release of tryptophan pyrrolase activity.
A paradigm for construction of family therapy tasks.

Typically, family therapy task interventions involve direct assignment of specific behaviors, which may or may not encourage client compliance. To enhance the clinician's probability of bringing about progress in treatment, this article broadens the parameters of task intervention to include (a) Direct versus Indirect, (b) Behavioral versus Nonbehavioral, and (c) Paradoxical versus Nonparadoxical dimension alternatives. The resulting 2 × 2 × 2 model, the Family Therapy Task Construction Paradigm, yields eight possible choices for end-of-the-session punctuation. Each option is linked to corresponding treatment contexts and illustrated with examples from productive case vignettes.
GM2 gangliosidosis associated with a HEXA missense mutation in Japanese Chin dogs: a potential model for Tay Sachs disease

GM2 gangliosidosis is a fatal lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of β-hexosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.52). There are two major isoforms of the enzyme: hexosaminidase A composed of an α and a β subunit (encoded by HEXA and HEXB genes, respectively); and, hexosaminidase B composed of two β subunits. Hexosaminidase A requires an activator protein encoded by GM2A to catabolize GM2 ganglioside, but even in the absence of the activator protein, it can hydrolyze the synthetic substrates commonly used to assess enzyme activity. GM2 gangliosidosis has been reported in Japanese Chin dogs, and we identified the disease in two related Japanese Chin dogs based on clinical signs, histopathology and elevated brain GM2 gangliosides. As in previous reports, we found normal or elevated hexosaminidase activity when measured with the synthetic substrates. This suggested that the canine disease is analogous to human AB variant of G(M2) gangliosidosis, which results from mutations in GM2A. However, only common neutral single nucleotide polymorphisms were found upon sequence analysis of the canine ortholog of GM2A from the affected Japanese Chins. When the same DNA samples were used to sequence HEXA, we identified a homozygous HEXA:c967G>A transition which predicts a p.E323K substitution. The glutamyl moiety at 323 is known to make an essential contribution to the active site of hexosaminidase A, and none of the 128 normal Japanese Chins and 92 normal dogs of other breeds that we tested was homozygous for HEXA:c967A. Thus it appears that the HEXA:c967G>A transition is responsible for the GM2 gangliosidosis in Japanese Chins.
Emotional and informational support from different sources and employee creativity

This study examined relations between employee creativity and emotional and informational support provided by three sources: individuals in the primary work unit, other work-related individuals and non-work-related individuals. I also examined whether openness to experience moderated these relations. Results showed significant relations between creativity and emotional support from primary unit and other work-related individuals, and informational support from primary unit and non-work-related individuals. Emotional support from non-work-related individuals had a stronger relation to creativity for employees low on openness to experience than for those high on openness. Implications of these results for organizational research and practice are discussed.
Periodic interpolating splines and their limits

Abstract Let ( x v , y v ), v  1, …, k be points of interpolation with 0 x 1 x k ⩽ 2 π and let 1 p ⩽ ∞. We consider sequences { S m } of 2π-periodic functions which interpolate the data optimally in the sense that ∥S m (m) ∥ p = minimum . The main results, which depend on the parity of k , concern the asymptotic behavior of S m ( x ) as m tends to infinity. 1. k  2 n + 1. Let T ( x ) be the unique polynomial (1) T(x) = δo 2 + ∑ q=1 n (δ q cos qx + b q sin qx) that interpolates the data. Then (2) lim m→∞ S m (x) = T(x) uniformly in x . 2. k 2 n . Among all interpolants (1) let T ( x ) be that polynomial such that a n 2 + b n 1  minimum. For this T ( x ) again (2) holds.
La resonancia magnética en la evaluación de la aterotrombosis, del miocardio isquémico, hibernado o cicatrizado y de la microcirculación

La tecnologia de imagen basada en la resonancia magnetica nuclear se encuentra en una fase de gran expansion gracias, en parte, al desarrollo de nuevos marcadores moleculares que permiten la obtencion de imagenes sumamente sofisticadas en tiempo real. Sus aplicaciones abarcan desde el estudio de los mecanismos fisiopatologicos subyacentes al desarrollo de una enfermedad hasta mejoras en el diagnostico y la evaluacion de los efectos de un determinado tratamiento. Entre sus ventajas se encuentran sus altas sensibilidad y especificidad, y tambien la de ser una tecnica no invasiva que puede realizarse en un tiempo relativamente corto. La caracterizacion molecular de las lesiones arteriales y de los procesos biologicos que tienen lugar en la cardiopatia isquemica o la identificacion de nuevos factores de riesgo en la progresion de la enfermedad aterosclerotica son algunas de las nuevas aplicaciones que se estan desarrollando. Con esta tecnologia es posible cuantificar la reserva de flujo con una gran resolucion espacial y visualizar el paso de contraste a traves del miocardio en respuesta a farmacos vasodilatadores y medir su tiempo de transito, lo que permite establecer el grado de perfusion en distintos segmentos miocardicos. Ademas de proporcionar informacion relevante sobre el estado de la microvasculatura, la perfusion y la contractilidad miocardicas, la resonancia magnetica tambien es capaz de determinar la extension del tejido necrotico y de identificar el miocardio que es viable, pero claramente disfuncionante (hibernacion, aturdimiento). Ademas, hay un amplio espectro de aplicaciones que empiezan a explorarse con esta tecnologia de imagen y que tienen un futuro prometedor, como es el seguimiento de la biodistribucion de celulas autologas en la terapia de regeneracion miocardica. No cabe duda de que la resonancia magnetica nuclear va a convertirse pronto en una herramienta basica en el estudio de las enfermedades cardiovasculares, su diagnostico y pronostico, asi como en el seguimiento de la respuesta al tratamiento.
Fredric Bartlett: through the lens of prediction

I have little doubt that most of the commentaries on Bartlett’s (1962) predictions will be at the very least complementary if not manifestly honorific. And to a large extent these assessments will be appropriate. Bartlett is a giant of our science and it is doubtful if our field would have reached its present status without both his profoundly influential advocacy and his personal intellectual contributions. However, as I myself am the second son of an English middle-class family, born in Gloucestershire, with a penchant for golf on Wednesday and a love of cricket (all characteristics I hold in common with Bartlett) I feel a degree of latitude in presenting a more critical slant in my commentary. I shall apologise unreservedly for traducing Bartlett’s memory at the end. However, before examining his specific propositions, I first want to make some brief observations on the pitfalls of prognostication.
A transcriptomic footprint of reactive oxygen species.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a paradox for plants. ROS can be deleterious to cellular functions yet also are important signaling molecules. They are an unavoidable consequence of life in an oxygen-rich environment, and plants have devised numerous ways to deal with them, including changes in