cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Horizontal dynamic stiffness of pile groups: Approximate expressions

A number of solutions and computer programs are already available to determine the dynamic stiffness of complete pile foundations, assuming linear elastic soil behavior and perfect bonding between the piles and the surrounding soil. These are assumptions that would be generally valid for properly designed machine foundations where very small strains should be expected. A number of approximate formulations have also been developed. Among these the most commonly used one is that proposed by Poulos (1971) [12] for the static case, computing interaction coefficients between the heads of two piles considered by themselves, then forming a matrix of these coefficients to obtain the interaction between the heads of all the piles in the group. Additional approximations have been suggested, particularly for the computation of the interaction coefficients, using closed form expressions. In this paper, approximate expressions that can be used for preliminary estimates, at the very early stages of the design, without the need of computers, are presented. They are intended for pile groups with pile spacing of the order of 3 diameters, typical relations between the modulus of elasticity of the piles and that of the soil between 100 and 1000, and very small amplitude vibrations.
Formation and decay of localized contact radical ion pairs in DNA hairpins.

The dynamics of charge separation and charge recombination in synthetic DNA hairpins possessing diphenylacetylene-4,4‘-dicarboxamide linkers have been investigated by means of femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy. The lowest excited singlet state of the linker is capable of oxidizing nearest neighbor adenine as well as guanine. A large wavelength shift in the transient absorption spectrum accompanies the conversion of the singlet linker to its anion radical, facilitating the investigation of electron-transfer dynamics. The rate constants for charge separation are dependent upon the oxidation potentials of the neighboring nucleobase donors but not upon the identity of nonnearest neighbors. Thus, the charge separation processes yield a contact radical ion pair in which the positive charge is localized on the neighboring nucleobase. Rate constants for charge recombination are dependent upon the identity of the first and second nearest-neighbor nucleobases but not more remote bases. Thi...
Incorporation of Perfusion Information Into a Finite Element Model of the Left Ventricle

The 4D NCAT and XCAT phantoms have been found useful in the simulation of medical image data especially SPECT, PET, CT and more recently MRI. The phantoms provide realistic models of the anatomical structures and respiratory and cardiac motions of humans. When combined with accurate models of the physics and instrumentation involved in the imaging process, accurate and realistic simulation data that closely mimic those acquired from patients can be obtained. However, a limitation to the 4D NCAT/XCAT series of phantoms is that the cardiac motion incorporated in the NCAT/XCAT was based on a single set of gated tagged MRI data of a particular normal male subject so that the definitions of pathologies such as ischemia and infarction in the phantoms had no physiological basis. Our previous work sought to overcome this limitation by incorporating into the phantoms, a physiologically based finite-element (FE) mechanical model for the left ventricle (LV). These model was found to accurately simulate both the normal motion of the LV as well as abnormal motions due to ischemia [1] and infarction [2]. One of the primary limitations of these models is that they have overly simplistic geometries (Figure 1) representing the ischemic or infarcted regions. In order to produce more realistic geometries of the ischemic/infarcted regions, the 4D Perfusion CArdiac-Torso (PCAT) phantom was utilized to define a low perfusion region in the LV [3]. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the ability to incorporate this perfusion information directly into an FE model of the left ventricle.
Drinking motives as prospective predictors of outcome in an intervention trial with heavily drinking HIV patients.

Background Heavy alcohol consumption in HIV patients is an increasing health concern. Applying the drinking motivational model to HIV primary care patients, drinking motives (drinking to cope with negative affect, for social facilitation, and in response to social pressure) were associated with alcohol consumption at a baseline interview. However, whether these motives predict continued heavy drinking or alcohol dependence in this population is unknown. Methods Participants were 254 heavy-drinking urban HIV primary care patients (78.0% male; 94.5% African American or Hispanic) participating in a randomized trial of brief drinking-reduction interventions. Drinking motive scales, as well as measures of alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence, were administered at baseline. Consumption and dependence measures were re-administered at the end of treatment two months later. Regression analyses tested whether baseline drinking motive scale scores predicted continued heavy drinking and alcohol dependence status at the end of treatment, and whether motives interacted with treatment condition. Results Baseline drinking to cope with negative affect predicted continued heavy drinking (p < 0.05) and alcohol dependence, the latter in both in the full sample (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.14) and among those with baseline dependence (AOR = 2.52). Motives did not interact with treatment condition in predicting alcohol outcomes. Conclusions Drinking to cope with negative affect may identify HIV patients needing targeted intervention to reduce drinking, and may inform development of more effective interventions addressing ways other than heavy drinking to cope with negative affect.
ELECTROCLINICAL EVALUATION OF SOME MEMORY DISTURBANCES.

Summary The authors analyze the mechanisms of memory disturbances in P.M. especially in pyknolepsy. This type of memory disturbance seems to represent the best human model for studying memory mechanisms under experimental conditions. The authors describe the advantages of this model and the technique of simultaneous polygraphic and tape recording used in their experiments. The analysis of the anterograde and retrograde amnesia and of the insight into P.M. by the patient, together with the bioelectrical evaluation of spatio-temporary factors furnish data supporting the consolidation theory of memory.
High molecular weight forms of human ACTH are glycoproteins.

The RIA-ACTH in a normal human pituitary, 2 ectopic ACTH-secreting tumors and plasma from a patientr with Nelson's syndrome and one with ectopic ACTH syndrome was divided into 3 molecular weight classes after gel exclusion chromatography. The largest component appeared in or near the void volume and was designated “big” RIA-ACTH. The second, designated “intermediate” RIA-ACTH, eluted between the void volume and standard human 1–39 ACTH (mol. wt. 4,541). An immunoreactive material designated “little” ACTH coeluted with standard human ACTH. A significant fraction (29–61%) of “big” RIA-ACTH from the tumors bound to concanavalin A-agarose and was eluted with 0.2 M α-methyl-D-mannopyranoside. An additional 16–22% of “big” RIA-ACTH was more tightly bound to the concanavalin A, but could be purged from the column with 0.1 M acetic acid. A smaller total percent of “big” RIA-ACTH from the pituitary (20%) and plasmas (5–10%) bound to the lectin and was similarly eluted and purged. Relatively little (<8%) of “interm...
Modeling the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in apple cider using probability distribution functions for quantitative risk assessment.

Outbreaks of foodborne illness from apple cider have prompted research on the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in this food. Published results vary widely, potentially due to differences in E. coli O157:H7 strains, enumeration media, and other experimental considerations. We developed probability distribution functions for the change in concentration of E. coli O157:H7 (log CFU/day) in cider using data from scientie c publications for use in a quantitative risk assessment. Six storage conditions (refrigeration [4 to 5 8C]; temperature abuse [6 to 10 8C]; room temperature [20 to 25 8C]; refrigerated with 0.1% sodium benzoate, 0.1% potassium sorbate, or both) were modeled. E. coli survival rate data for all three unpreserved cider storage conditions were highly peaked, and these data were e t to logistic distributions: ideal refrigeration, logistic ( 20.061, 0.13); temperature abuse, logistic ( 20.0982, 0.23); room temperature, logistic ( 20.1, 0.29) and uniform ( 24.3, 21.8), to model the very small chance of extremely high log CFU reductions. There were fewer published studies on refrigerated, preserved cider, and these smaller data sets were modeled with beta (4.27, 2.37) 3 2.2 2 1.6, normal ( 20.2, 0.13), and gamma (1.45, 0.6) distributions, respectively. Simulations were run to show the effect of storage on E. coli O157:H7 during the shelf life of apple cider. Under every storage condition, with and without preservatives, there was an overall decline in E. coli O157:H7 populations in cider, although a small fraction of the time a slight increase was seen.
Nonlinear control of double integrator plant with saturation

The control of plants with inputs limited by saturation is a difficult problem, but of great practical importance. This paper considers a double integrator plant with input saturation. A new controller is designed, based on Zubov's theorem from nonlinear stability theory. The controller is nonlinear. The most significant feature of this controller is that it enables the designer to choose the domain of attraction of the closed loop system. Simulation results are presented to confirm the controller performance.
Spin deviation probabilities in ordered magnetic materials

Abstract : It is shown that the probability distribution for spin deviations is exponential in many models of magnetic materials. (Author)
Ventriculitis complicating use of intraventricular catheters in adult neurosurgical patients

Ventriculitis is a serious complication of intraventricular catheter (IVC) use, with rates of IVC-related infections ranging from 0% to 45% and gram-positive organisms predominating. We prospectively analyzed ventriculostomy-related infections occurring among 157 adult neurosurgical patients (mean age, 54.9 years; 90 [57%] were women) from 1995 through 1998, to determine the incidence of, risk factors for, and organisms that cause ventriculitis. A total of 196 IVC events resulted in 11 infections (5.6%; 9 were caused by gram-negative organisms and 2 by coagulase-negative staphylococci). Independent risk factors for IVC-related infection include length of IVC placement (8.5 days [infected] vs. 5.1 days [uninfected]; P=.007) and cerebrospinal fluid leakage about the IVC (P=.003). The length of hospital stay (30.8 days vs. 22.6 days; P=.03) and mean total hospital charges ($85,674.27 vs. $55,339.21; P=.009) were greater for infected patients than for uninfected patients. In addition, a microbiologic shift from gram-positive organisms toward gram-negative organisms was noted. This study suggests that IVC-related infections remain serious infections that increase the length of hospitalization.
tRNA synthetase counteracts c-Myc to develop functional vasculature

Recent studies suggested an essential role for seryl-tRNA synthetase (SerRS) in vascular development. This role is specific to SerRS among all tRNA synthetases and is independent of its well-known aminoacylation function in protein synthesis. A unique nucleus-directing domain, added at the invertebrate-to-vertebrate transition, confers this novel non-translational activity of SerRS. Previous studies showed that SerRS, in some unknown way, controls VEGFA expression to prevent vascular over-expansion. Using in vitro, cell and animal experiments, we show here that SerRS intervenes by antagonizing c-Myc, the major transcription factor promoting VEGFA expression, through a tandem mechanism. First, by direct head-to-head competition, nuclear-localized SerRS blocks c-Myc from binding to the VEGFA promoter. Second, DNA-bound SerRS recruits the SIRT2 histone deacetylase to erase prior c-Myc-promoted histone acetylation. Thus, vertebrate SerRS and c-Myc is a pair of 'Yin-Yang' transcriptional regulator for proper development of a functional vasculature. Our results also discover an anti-angiogenic activity for SIRT2.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02349.001.
Reactivity of condensed‐ring hydrocarbons as polymerization retarders

Seventeen condensed-ring hydrocarbons have been investigated as retarders or inhibitors of styrene and methyl methacrylate polymerization. Rates were measured dilatometrically. Nine of the compounds tested retarded or inhibited the polymerization of styrene, but methyl methacrylate appears not to be affected by this class of substances. Styrene data obtained are examined in the light of Fukui's “frontier electron” formalism for correlating structure and reactivity. It is concluded that the principal locus of radical attack is at the meso carbon atoms, Fukui's (Ss) region, and that a substantial value of the (Ss) density index is required for retardation, although when the molecule also possesses an appreciable (Sp) index, a synergistic action is noted. The point is made that since condensed-ring hydrocarbons do not have “functional groups” in the sense that quinones and other retarders do, the effect of monomer reactivity is likely to be of added importance in determining retarder efficiency. The lack of retardation effects in polymerizing methyl methacrylate is interpreted from this standpoint. A reverse chaintransfer reaction is tentatively proposed to account for the observed behavior.
Prolactin Stimulates Activation of c-jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK)

In recent years the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family has expanded to include both c-jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and the p38/HOG1 family in addition to the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) family. These kinases are activated by a variety of growth factors, as well as extra- and intracellular insults such as osmotic stress, UV light, and chemotherapeutic agents. Stimulation of the PRL-dependent Nb2 cell line with PRL results in the rapid activation of JNK as determined by the glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-jun kinase assay. Activation was maximal 30 min after stimulation with 50 nm rat PRL (rPRL) and decreased after that time. Dose response studies indicated that concentrations as low as 10 nm rPRL resulted in maximal activation. The interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent myeloid progenitor cell line 32Dcl3 was transfected with the long, Nb2, and short forms of the rat PRL receptor (rPRLR), as well as the long form of the human PRLR (hPRLR). The long and Nb2 forms of the PRLR were able to stimu...
The Energetic Determination, Spatial Dispersion and Density Dependence of Myrmeleon Ant Lion Pits in Las Cruces, Costa Rica

The amount of space used by an organism is energetically determined. We utilized a population of ant lion larvae in Costa Rica to test allometric theories concerning the use of space by organisms and how different densities of individuals affect the use of space. The area of ant lion trapping pits scaled with mass to the three-quarters power, supporting allometric theory for sessile organisms. Our analyses also show that larger ant lion larvae show spatial repulsion and facultative density dependent pit-building strategies.
Religious Involvement and Healthy Cognitive Aging: Patterns, Explanations, and Future Directions

Van Ness and Kasl (1) were among the ﬁrst to emphasizethe association between religious involvement and cognitivefunctioning. They use data from the New Haven EstablishedPopulations for the Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderlysurvey to examine the effects of religious attendance andreligious identity on cognitive functioning over 6 years. Thestudy uses Pfeiffer’s Short Portable Mental Status Ques-tionnaire to assess cognitive functioning and includescontrols for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income,marital status, other secular forms of social engagement,drinking and smoking, depression, chronic disease, physicalactivity, disability, and baseline cognitive functioning. Theirresults show that religious attendance, not religious identity,is associated with a reduction in the odds of cognitivedysfunction over time. Compared with those who attendreligious services less than once per week, those who attendservices once per week or more exhibit a 36% reduction inthe odds of cognitive dysfunction over 3 years.Following the work of Van Ness and Kasl, Hill andcolleagues (2) use data from the Hispanic EstablishedPopulations for the Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly(H-EPESE) survey to test whether religious attendance isassociated with slower rates of cognitive decline amongolder Mexican Americans. This study uses the Mini-MentalState Examination (MMSE) to assess cognitive decline over8 years and includes controls for age, sex, education,English proﬁciency, secular forms of social engagement,drinking and smoking, depression, chronic disease, sensoryimpairments, disability, and baseline cognitive functioning.The results of this investigation demonstrate that religiousattendance is associated with slower rates of cognitivedecline among older Mexican Americans. Speciﬁcally,respondents who attend religious services monthly, weekly,and more than weekly tend to exhibit slower rates ofcognitive decline than those who do not attend services.Reyes-Ortiz and colleagues (3), in this issue of theJournal, also use H-EPESE data to examine the associationbetween religious attendance and cognitive functioning.Prior research on religious involvement and healthycognitive aging has emphasized the main effects of religiousattendance. Reyes-Ortiz and colleagues build on priorresearch by testing whether religious attendance moderatesor buffers the association between chronic depressivesymptoms and cognitive decline among older MexicanAmericans. This study uses the MMSE to assess cognitivedecline over 12 years and includes controls for age, sex,marital status, living arrangements, depression, chronicdisease, sensory impairments, and disability. Their resultscorroborate prior research, showing that respondents whoattend religious services infrequently (less than weekly) tendto exhibit faster rates of cognitive decline than respondentswho attend more frequently (weekly or more). They alsoﬁnd that the rate of cognitive decline associated with chronicdepressive symptoms is faster for respondents who attendreligious services infrequently.E
Sequential multiple-model detection of target maneuver termination

Although methods for target maneuver onset detection (MOD) abound, few have been proposed for target maneuver termination detection (MTD), since MOD is easier and considered more important. Without MTD, however, decision based maneuvering target tracking is not complete and may suffer from performance degradation and computational waste. This paper proposes sequential testing methods for MTD in the multiple model framework. The celebrated CUSUM and SSPRT are adopted to detect maneuver termination, and the likelihood functions involved in these two tests are approximated by the outputs of the interacting multiple model (IMM) estimator, which is one of the most widely used algorithms for maneuvering target tracking. An Illustrative example is provided and the simulation results demonstrate the applicability of our algorithms.
How specialized are the diets of Northeastern Pacific sponge-eating dorid nudibranchs?

Cryptobranch dorids are typically thought to have specialized diets limited by prey skeletal architecture and chemistry, but recorded diets for some species are broader than expected. Few studies have directly compared prey use with prey availability over multiple sites to test the dietary range of separate populations. Diets of dorids at sites in British Columbia, Canada were not simply related to the richness and diversity of the local sponge assemblage, partly because all dorids avoided the most common sponges and instead consumed rare, inconspicuous species. At each site, three dorid species (Cadlina luteomarginata, Diaulula sandiegensis and Peltodoris nobilis) consumed multiple species, while two others (Doris montereyensis and D. odhneri) each consumed one species almost exclusively, so total dietary ranges may sometimes reflect true oligophages and sometimes mosaics of stenophage populations. Diets in all cases shifted greatly among sites and geographic regions and included sponges with different skeletal types, indicating that all species are nonstereotyped specialists. The diets of these dorids may be determined primarily by haphazard encounters among scarce or patchy palatable prey, with other prey attributes playing a lesser role.
Measurement and definition for smoking cessation intervention research: the Smoke-Free Families experience

The measures, definitions, and processes used in the Smoke-Free Families clinical trials to assure consistent measurement and reporting of various aspects of the trials are described. Definitions of current smokers at different points in the pregnancy, levels of addiction, biological verification, cessation, stages of change, and intervention approaches are presented along with the rationale underlying their adoption and development.
Is concurrent engineering always a sensible proposition

Currently in the literature it is apparent that there exists a strong drive towards the employment of concurrent engineering as opposed to the serial progression of products through phases. In many cases there is much advantage to be gained from the early involvement of downstream activities such as the involvement of manufacturing in the early phases of engineering. This is the basis of the entire movement towards design for manufacturability. This note is a cautionary one which shows that the precise models, though rudimentarily simple, of the development process and its probabilities must be considered before statements can be made on the efficiency of one variety of engineering process over another; in other words, caveat emptor. Specifically, the authors show how this happens in a realistic environment and then propose a better alternative configuration that is a hybrid between serial and concurrent product design. >
Collective Collaborative Tagging System

Currently in the Internet many collaborative tagging sites exist, but there is the need for a service to integrate the data from the multiple sites to form a large and unified set of collaborative data from which users can have more accurate and richer information than from a single site. In our paper, we have proposed a collective collaborative tagging (CCT) service architecture in which both service providers and individual users can merge folksonomy data (in the form of keyword tags) stored in different sources to build a larger, unified repository. We have also examined a range of algorithms that can be applied to different problems in folksonomy analysis and information discovery. These algorithms address several common problems for online systems: searching, getting recommendations, finding communities of similar users, and finding interesting new information by trends. Our contributions are to (a) systematically examine the available public algorithms' application to tag-based folksonomies, and (b) to propose a service architecture that can provide these algorithms as online capabilities.
Do children with asthma and their parents agree on household ETS exposure? Implications for asthma management.

Abstract The adverse consequences of passive smoking have spurred efforts to reduce environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure among children, particularly in the home. For children with asthma, teaching them to avoid tobacco smoke at home is an important element of patient self-management. This strategy assumes that children can accurately assess household smoking behaviors and the level of their own exposure in the home. This study compared child and parental assessments of household smoking behaviors in an urban, low-income and largely ethnic minority sample of asthmatic children and their parents. While there was general parent–child agreement on the smoking status of household members, there was less agreement on duration of household smoking and the child’s exposure to ETS. Objective validation measures (cotinine, nicotine) suggest that parents were better able than their children to assess hours of indoor smoking. Children’s assessment of the extent of exposure to ETS may be problematic, with important implications for asthma patient self-management efforts.
The Vorticity Budget of a Composite African Tropical Wave Disturbance

Abstract Composite fields of large-scale variables derived from synoptic-scale wave disturbances observed during Phase III of the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment over Africa and the eastern Atlantic are used to determine the vorticity budget of the composite African wave. The velocity, vorticity and divergence fields used are “combined region” composites of the wave disturbances derived by Norquist et al. (1977). The vorticity budget is made for all eight categories (phases) of the wave at the reference latitude (∼11°N) as well as the latitudes 4° to the north and south of the reference latitude. The large-scale fields are decomposed into a zonal mean and deviations from the zonal mean to separate contributions from the wave and the basic flow in which it is embedded. Cumulus mass fluxes (derived by R. Johnson) are determined from a thermodynamic budget and a spectral cloud model. The average vorticity in the clouds is determined from a simple one-dimensional single-cloud model using the given cumulus m...
The Capital Budgeting Problem: A New Framework for the Optimization and Analysis of R&D Investments

This paper considers a firm facing the problem of optimal allocation of a budget fixed by capital market limitations between the costs of offering a current product and the R&D expenditures required to develop a new one. The risks and rewards associated with both products are allowed to vary with state and decision variables. Different settings based on the characteristics associated with the time to completion for the R&D project and its risk of failure due to external factors are studied and a comprehensive framework for solving the R&D budgeting problem is developed.
Gigabit Fiber Networks & Speed Competition in the United States: Cross-Sectional Analysis at the Census Block Level

In the past few years, investment in and construction of fiber gigabit broadband networks has grown substantially in the United States. Entry of these firms to many U.S. cities presents a good opportunity to research the effects of increased competition among broadband providers. This paper uses spatial analysis to evaluate the effects of the entry of fiber gigabit providers on maximum download speeds by estimating the spatial relation of aDSL and cable providers to the nearest fiber gigabit provider. We use broadband provider data at the census block level from 10 U.S. states, which allows for a more accurate measure of competition than previous papers. We find that the spatial relationship between aDSL providers and their nearest fiber gigabit competitor has little impact on download speeds offered by aDSL providers, after controlling for competition, income and housing density. On the other hand, we find that the presence of nearby fiber gigabit providers has a significant and positive effect on the average download speed offered to consumers by cable providers. These contrasting results highlight the different ways broadband providers compete with faster competitors and the importance of distinguishing between these different modes of competition in research on the subject of broadband competition.
God: The moral argument for God's existence

We have surveyed a trio of famous arguments for God's existence, the teleological, cosmological and ontological arguments, which their most ardent proponents offer as “proofs” of God's existence. Many theists see these arguments in less exalted terms, perhaps as offering good reasons for thinking that God exists but not as decisive proofs that settle the issue of God's existence once and for all. Even if the arguments thus far surveyed are sound, they suffer other limitations. The teleological and cosmological arguments suffer potentially from the “gap problem”, while the ontological argument suffers from a lack of cogency: no one is likely to accept its most crucial premise who is not already committed to its conclusion. In the next two chapters, we shall explore two other oft-cited bases for rational religious belief: the arguments from morality and religious experience. Each presents us with a pervasive feature of human experience and proceeds to argue that these experiences cannot be adequately explained or understood without acknowledging God's existence. Not unexpectedly, critics will contend that these phenomena can be adequately explained without appealing to supernatural causes or beings. Moral phenomena Let us begin our reflections about the rich and complex world of moral experience with a few simple stories. A few years ago, City of Chicago police officers witnessed a drug transaction in an alleyway. One of the men involved in the transaction pulled a gun, whereupon the officers drew their weapons, ordering the man to drop his gun.
Finding the middle ground in violent video game research: lessons from Ferguson (2015)

Ferguson’s comprehensive meta-analysis provides convincing data that violent video games have almost no effect on children’s aggression. Although this finding is unlikely to bring unity to a divided field, Ferguson’s article (2015, this issue) provides important rules that should aid all researchers. First, we need to be more accepting of results that are inconsistent with our own theories. Second, extraneous variables are often responsible for the relations previous studies have found between violent media and aggression. Third, we should avoid using unstandardized assessments of important variables whenever possible. Finally, caution is warranted when generalizing laboratory research findings to severe acts of violent in the “real world.” It is hoped that, by accepting these basic rules, researchers and others will adopt less extreme positions concerning the effects of violent video games.
Analysis and Characterization of Metal Foam-Filled Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers

The effect of using metal foams in double-pipe heat exchangers is investigated in this work. The advantages and drawbacks of using metal foams in these types of heat exchanger are characterized and quantified. The analysis starts with an investigation of forced convection in metal foam-filled heat exchangers using the Brinkman-Forchheimer-extended Darcy model and the Local Thermal Equilibrium (LTE) energy model. An excellent agreement is displayed between the present results and established analytical results. The presented work enables one to establish the optimum conditions for the use of metal foam-filled double-pipe heat exchangers.
Acute temporal bone trauma: utility of high-resolution computed tomography.

Objective: To determine the clinical utility of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) for temporal bone trauma evaluation and management. Study Design: Retrospective review. Setting: Level I trauma center. Patients: Patients (n = 105) with evidence of temporal bone trauma. Main Outcome Measures: Statistically significant associations between HRCT, clinical, audiometric, and head CT findings, and management decisions; role of HRCT in management decisions. Results: Statistical analysis demonstrated poor association between specific clinical and HRCT findings, and between HRCT findings and management decisions. The HRCT complemented decision making in 10% of cases and revealed asymptomatic carotid canal fractures in 9% of cases. Conclusion: Routine HRCT yields minimal clinical utility. Selective use of HRCT may complement decision making, but patient management is predominantly influenced by other factors. Although angiography was performed in cases of asymptomatic carotid canal fractures, no clinical utility for this practice was demonstrated. An algorithm for temporal bone trauma evaluation and management is presented.
The Effect of Monetary Inducement on Mailed Questionnaire Response Quality

A mailed questionnaire study examined the effect of a 25-cent monetary inducement on three components of response quality: item omission, response error, and completeness of answer. The monetary in...
Fatty Acid Oxidation: Clinical, Biochemical and Molecular Aspects

(1991). Fatty Acid Oxidation: Clinical, Biochemical and Molecular Aspects. Journal of the American College of Nutrition: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 177-177.
ALTERNATIVE BEAM CONTROL USING BRAGG CELL DIFFRACTION

A Bragg cell capable of deflection in two orthogonal directions was tested to determine if it is a suitable replacement for electromechanical fast steering mirrors. The investigation centered on the dynamic performance of the Bragg cell deflected beam. The open-loop frequency response of the Bragg cell was compared to that of an electromechanical fast steering mirror. Both devices were then integrated into a closed-loop system and the closed-loop responses were compared. In addition, the optical efficiency of the deflected beam was examined and measurements were taken of beam profile degradation and wave front phase quality. The conclusions drawn from the testing are that dynamic performance was far superior to anything achievable by electromechanical fast steering mirrors, and there was minimal measurable distortion using available test equipment. However, the low optical efficiency and small aperture size of the Bragg cell compared to available mirrors are drawbacks for many applications.
Exploring the relation between masculinity and mental illness stigma using the stereotype content model and BIAS map

The current research explored the association of masculinity and stigma toward mental illness using theoretical predictions stemming from the stereotype content model and BIAS map. Two correlational studies (Ns = 245, 163) measured stereotypes, emotions, and behavioral intentions in relation to masculine, feminine, and gender-neutral disorders. Participants perceived masculine disorders as lacking personal warmth and competence. Masculine disorders also elicited more negative emotions and behavioral intentions. Two experimental studies (Ns = 161, 431) manipulated personal warmth, sex, and type of disorder in descriptions of people with mental illness. Low warmth and stereotypically masculine disorders consistently elicited negative emotions and behavioral intentions, but sex had limited effects. Overall, the results supported the theoretical models and illustrated the importance of warmth and symptomatic behavior in explaining the masculinity-stigma relation.
Unsymmetrical temperature characteristics of neck surface caused by blockage in one-side carotid artery

The geometry of the neck was simplified as a cylinder tissue with two carotid arteries.A bioheat transfer model was set up,in which effects of the blood flow in the carotid arteries and the neck tissue on the heat transfer were taken as the convection and blood perfusion terms,respectively. The solution was obtained by the finite element method.Unsymmetrical temperature distribution of the neck surface was analyzed with respect to the blood flow in the carotid arteries,thermal properties of the neck tissue,and the environmental parameters.Finally,the neck surface temperature of a rabbit with one-side carotid artery ligated surgically was experimentally investigated,and the results can be used to validate the rationality of the proposed bioheat transfer model.
Preparation and characterization of transparent conducting ZnO:Zr films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering

Transparent conducting ZnO:Zr films were deposited on glass substrates by DC reactive magnetron sputtering from a Zn:Zr target consisting of a Zn metallic target and Zr metallic chips.The effects of target-to-substrate distance on their microstructures and properties are investigated.The deposited polycrystalline ZnO:Zr films are hexagonal structures with c-axis as the preferred orientation perpendicular to the substrate.The results show that the target-to-substrate distance greatly affects the microstructure,growth rate,density and electrical properties.At an optimal target-to-substrate distance of 6.0 cm,the ZnO:Zr film has a resistivity of 1.78×10-3 Ω·cm,an average transmittance of approximately 88.5 %,and a refractive index about 2.04.
Early goal-directed therapy for severe sepsis and septic shock: A living systematic review

Abstract Studies and meta-analyses conflict regarding the use of early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) for septic shock. We sought to clarify the conflict by performing a living systematic review and meta-regression. Methods We performed a meta-analysis and explored heterogeneity with meta-regression. We conformed with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist and qualified strength of evidence with a Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation profile. Results Overall, EGDT did not significantly reduce mortality compared with usual care (relative risk, 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.67-1.08); however, heterogeneity was substantial ( I 2 = 64%; 95% confidence interval, 12%-85%). Illness severity did not correlate with mortality reduction; however, there were significant correlations with control rate mortality and the strategy employed by the control group. Benefit was confined to trials with a control mortality greater than 35%. Compared with monitoring of lactate clearance and central venous pressure, EGDT mortality was higher. Conclusion The benefit of EGDT is evident in populations with high mortality, in line with reported global mortality rates. In settings with low mortality the recent trials challenge the need for 6-hour goals; however, most patients in these trials met 3-hour resuscitation goals as defined by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign. In settings with higher mortality, EGDT or normalization of lactate/central venous pressure may be viable therapeutic options.
An approach to reduce the flow requirement for a liquid piston near-isothermal air compressor/expander in a compressed air energy storage system

A compressed air energy storage system that uses a high pressure, isothermal air compressor/expander (C/E) has no carbon emission and is more efficient than a conventional system that uses fossil fuels. To be successful, the compressor/expander must be efficient and has high power density. However, there is a trade-off between efficiency and power density due to heat transfer. The authors’ previous work has shown that by optimising the compression/expansion trajectories in a liquid piston C/E, the power density can be improved by many times without sacrificing efficiency. Yet, to achieve the optimised trajectory, this requires a large liquid piston pump/motor that often operates at low displacement, low efficiency regime. This study proposes that by combining the liquid piston with a solid piston actuated via a hydraulic intensifier, the pump/motor size can be reduced significantly. A case study shows that with an optimal intensifier ratio, the pump/motor size is reduced by 85%, the ratio between maximum and minimum displacements is reduced by 7 times, and the mean efficiency is increased by 2.4 times. A full cycle dynamic simulation shows that the intensifier decreases, for the same pump/motor size, the total cycle time for over 50%, thus doubling the power density of the compressor/expander.
Preclinical Evaluation of a New Real-Time Ultrasonic Camera System

Results of preclinical experimentation using the new, high-performance ultrasonic camera system developed at the Stanford Research Institute are presented. High resolution orthographic images of in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate the diagnostic potential of this new technique. The in vitro studies include both transmission and reflection images of selecteed excised organs such as liver, kidney, spleen and heart. In addition, the use of contrast media as an aid in definition of the internal structures of the kidney and for comparison to radiography are shown. The in vivo results include transmission images of various anatomical structures and appendages of the human adult. Intra-abdominal images of the kidney, liver, colon, stomach and other structures obtained a relatively low sonic intensities ( lmW/cm) are presented.
4.4 – Carbometallation of Alkenes and Alkynes

Reactions which result in the addition of the carbon–metal bond of an organometallic (1) across a carbon–carbon multiple bond (2) leading to a new organometallic (3) are called carbometallation reactions (equation 1).1–3 Only those reactions in which the newly formed carbon–metal bond of (3) can be used for further synthetic transformations will be considered here. Since the first carbometallation discovered by Ziegler and Bahr4 in 1927 (equation 2), an ever-increasing number of additions of organometallics to carbon–carbon multiple bonds have been reported.3 To be synthetically useful, a carbometallation reaction must show good chemo-, regio- and stereo-selectivity.
Analysis of Local Buckling in Viscoelastic Composites

Local buckling is studied for linear viscoelastic composites under constant and cyclic loading. The shear mode of buckling is analyzed first using two simple, approximate methods of analysis and, for comparison, a numerical method of solution. It is then shown that, with a change of notation, the results may be used for time-dependent buckling in the bending mode for fibers or plates. In the bending case the influence of viscoelasticity on the development of a dominant wave length is shown.
Meiotic Recombination: Taking the Path Less Traveled

The proper distribution of crossovers during meiosis I ensures accurate chromosome segregation at the first meiotic division. A new study reveals both the consequences of improper crossover patterning in Drosophila and the role of Blm helicase in controlling this patterning.
Implementing a 3D printing service in a biomedical library

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is opening new opportunities in biomedicine by enabling creative problem solving, faster prototyping of ideas, advances in tissue engineering, and customized patient solutions. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Library purchased a Makerbot Replicator 2 3D printer to give scientists a chance to try out this technology. To launch the service, the library offered training, conducted a survey on service model preferences, and tracked usage and class attendance. 3D printing was very popular, with new lab equipment prototypes being the most common model type. Most survey respondents indicated they would use the service again and be willing to pay for models. There was high interest in training for 3D modeling, which has a steep learning curve. 3D printers also require significant care and repairs. NIH scientists are using 3D printing to improve their research, and it is opening new avenues for problem solving in labs. Several scientists found the 3D printer so helpful they bought one for their labs. Having a printer in a central and open location like a library can help scientists, doctors, and students learn how to use this technology in their work.
Faculty Evaluation of Undergraduate Nursing Simulation: A Grounded Theory Model

Abstract Background Understanding how faculty judge and appraise students' performance during simulation and what factors influence the process may lead to more consistent and effective evaluation outcomes. The purpose of this grounded theory study was to explore the process by which nursing faculty evaluate a student performance in simulation. Method This qualitative study utilized semi-structured interviews and video elicitation according to the guidelines of grounded theory methodology. Results A conceptual model was developed with four main concepts: perceived expectations, influences, simulation event, outcomes, and evaluation approach with perceived expectations as the core phenomenon. Conclusion Although study results clearly identify the importance of a systematic approach to evaluation, the literature yields little information regarding a step-by-step process for faculty evaluation.
Faculty Calibration: Much Ado About Something

“There’s the right way; there’s the wrong way; and then there’s the NYU way,” quipped a member of the faculty as he welcomed me to New York University 15 years ago. “The NYU way”—or the “core” as it is known at any of the 76 dental schools in North America—is the standard
Rattling the Shackles of Convention: Juan Pérez de Montalbán Breaks the Fourth Wall

This article examines the ways in which the Spanish dramatist Juan Perez de Montalban parodies the conventions that he and other Spanish Golden Age dramatists were forced to follow in their plays in order to meet with a favourable critical and consumer reception by the most vocal and powerful members of the audience at the Corral de comedias: the anonymous vulgo. In the case of Perez de Montalban, his disgust at being a slave to convention was so extreme that it led him to stop writing plays for a period.
Understanding Which Residues of the Active Site and Loop Structure of a Tyrosine Aminomutase Define Its Mutase and Lyase Activities

Site-directed mutations and substrate analogues were used to gain insights into the branch-point reaction of the 3,5-dihydro-5-methylidene-4 H-imidazol-4-one (MIO)-tyrosine aminomutase from Oryza sativa ( OsTAM). Exchanging the active residues of OsTAM (Y125C/N446K) for those in a phenylalanine aminomutase TcPAM altered its substrate specificity from tyrosine to phenylalanine. The aminomutase mechanism of OsTAM surprisingly changed almost exclusively to that of an ammonia lyase making cinnamic acid (>95%) over β-phenylalanine [Walter, T., et al. (2016) Biochemistry 55, 3497-3503]. We hypothesized that the missing electronics or sterics on the aryl ring of the phenylalanine substrate, compared with the sizable electron-donating hydroxyl of the natural tyrosine substrate, influenced the unexpected lyase reactivity of the OsTAM mutant. The double mutant was incubated with 16 α-phenylalanine substituent analogues of varying electronic strengths and sterics. The mutant converted each analogue principally to its acrylate with ∼50% conversion of the p-Br substrate, making only a small amount of the β-amino acid. The inner loop structure over the entrance to the active site was also mutated to assess how the lyase and mutase activities are affected. An OsTAM loop mutant, matching the loop residues of TcPAM, still chiefly made >95% of the acrylate from each substrate. A combined active site:loop mutant was most reactive but remained a lyase, making 10-fold more acrylates than other mutants did. While mutations within the active site changed the substrate specificity of OsTAM, continued exploration is needed to fully understand the interplay among the inner loop, the substrate, and the active site in defining the mutase and lyase activities.
Effects of Mounting Height, Offset Distance, and Number of Light Towers on Drivers’ Visual Performance and Discomfort Glare in Work Zones:

Portable light towers are a significant source of glare to motorists entering a work zone. Although existing research has evaluated the effect of light tower orientation on visibility and glare, th...