cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of exotic parasitoids on populations of a native Hawaiian moth assessed using life table studies

The impact of alien species on native organisms is a cause for concern worldwide, with biological invasions commonplace today. Suppression efforts targeting many invasive species have included introductions of biological control agents. The numerous releases of biological control agents in the Hawaiian archipelago have resulted in considerable concern for non-target impacts, due to high levels of non-target parasitism observed to occur in some cases. This study investigated the impact of introduced Hymenoptera parasitoids on a Hawaiian moth. The endemic Hawaiian moth Udea stellata (Butler) has seven alien parasitoids associated with it, two purposely introduced, three adventive, and two of uncertain origin. The objective of this study was to determine the relative contribution of the seven parasitoid species to the population dynamics of U. stellata by constructing partial life tables. Marginal attack rates and associated k-values were calculated to allow comparison of mortality factors between experimental sites. Sentinel larvae were deployed on potted host plants and left in the field for 3-day intervals in open and exclusion treatments. The factors that contributed to total mortality in the open treatment were: disappearance (42.1%), death due to unknown reasons during rearing (16.5%) and parasitism (4.9%). The open treatment incurred significantly higher larval disappearance compared to the exclusion treatment (7.8%), which suggests that in large part disappearance is the result of predation. Adventive parasitoids inflicted greater total larval mortality attributable to parasitism (97.0%) than purposely introduced species (3.0%).
Genetic analysis of protein tyrosine phosphatases

Genetic analysis has enhanced our understanding of the biological roles of many protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs). More recently, studies utilizing both spontaneous mutants and mutants induced by homologous recombination techniques have begun to yield key insights into the role of specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) and to suggest how PTKs and PTPs interact. Specific PTPs in Saccharomyces cerevesiae and Schizomyces pombe regulate MAP kinase pathways. Several Drosophila receptor PTPs control axonal targeting pathways, whereas the non-receptor PTP Corkscrew (Csw), plays an essential positive signaling role in multiple developmental pathways directed by receptor PTKs. The vertebrate homolog of Csw, SHP-2, also is required for growth factor signaling and normal development. Finally, very recent studies of other mammalian PTPs suggest that they have critical roles in processes as diverse as hematopoiesis and liver and pituitary development.
Growth and doping via gas-source molecular beam epitaxy of SiC and heterostructures and their microstructural and electrical characterization

Gas-source molecular beam epitaxy has been employed to grown thin films of SiC and AlN on vicinal and on-axis 6H-SiC(0001). Growth using the SiH4C2H4 system resulted in 3C-SiC(111) epilayers under all conditions of reactant gas flow and temperatures. Films of 6H-SiC(0001) were deposited on vicinal 6H-SiC(0001) substrates using the SiH4C2H4H2 system at deposition temperatures ⩾ 1350°C. In situ doping was achieved by intentional introduction of nitrogen and aluminum into the growing crystal. Monocrystalline AlN was deposited using evaporated Al and ECR plasma derived N or NH3. Films <50 A grown on the vicinal substrates had higher defect densities compared to those on the on-axis substrates due to the higher density of inversion boundaries forming at most SiC steps in the former material. Metal/AlN/6H-SiC(0001) thin film heterostructures which had a density of trapped charges as low as of 1 × 1011 cm−2 at room temperature were prepared without post growth treatment. Superior single crystal AlNSiC heterostructures were achieved when very thin AlN was deposited on the on-axis substrates. Single phase monocrystalline solid solutions of (AlN)x(SiC)1−x were deposited between 0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.8. A transition from the zincblende to the wurtzite structure was observed at x ≈ 0.25.
Miles Gloriosus: The Christian and Military Service according to Tertullian

The aim of this paper is to throw some light on Tertullian's attitude to military service. His statements on this subject are highly useful for a more accurate understanding of his own changing views on the empire and the duties of citizenship. They are also important evidence for marking a crucial stage in the pre-Constantinian evolution of the relations of church and state. It will be seen that the whole question of Christians serving in the Roman army became relevant only in the late second century; Tertullian is one of the earliest literary witnesses for this momentous development. Therefore, on both counts, the texts deserve close scrutiny.
The nonrandom participation of human acrocentric chromosomes in Robertsonian translocations

Summary The present study explores the origin of human Robertsonian translocations (RT) and the causes of the nonrandom participation of the different acrocentrics in them. Satellite associations have been analysed in 966 cells from 8 persons, and 1266 RT with ascertainment have been collected from the literature. The observation that the chromosomes preferentially taking part in satellite associations vary between individuals is confirmed. However, since a preferred chromosome appears to associate at random with the others, this phenomenon should not add to the nonrandomness of the RT. Most RT presumably arise through adjacent chromatid exchanges corresponding to mitotic chiasmata, in the pericentric regions of the acrocentrics. Our working hypothesis is that there is a basic exchange rate between any two acrocentrics. The surplus of t(14q21q) is presumed to depend on these two chromosomes having a homologous pericentric region. The 10–20 times higher incidence of t(13q14q) as compared with other RT is best explained by crossing-over between homologous, but relatively inverted, segments in these chromosomes. Of the 246 RT ascertained through repeated abortions or infertility, 56 were found through the latter. Of these, chromosome 14 was involved in 51. The infertility may be caused by a small deletion of 14q, as is often the case in 15q in Prader-Willi syndrome. In all RT ascertained through 21 or 13 trisomy, respectively, the relevant chromosome is one of the participants. Our data thus do not give any support to the idea of interchromosomal effects exerted by RT.
Combinatorial methods in ESR spectroscopy

Abstract Combinatorial methods based on the Polya theory of counting and multinominal expansions are applied to the prediction of the number of hyperfine lines and their intensity patterns arising from the electronic spin and nuclear spin couplings. It is shown that these methods are very useful for predicting the ESR spectral patterns of radicals containing a large number of multinuclear spins.
Influence of wet surfaces and fall height on pediatric injury risk in feet-first freefalls as predicted using a test dummy

Abstract Introduction: Falls are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children, but are also reported falsely in child abuse. Therefore, it is of interest to understand those factors which may lead to a higher likelihood of injury in a feet-first freefall. Methods: We used laboratory freefall experiments and a 3-year-old Hybrid III anthropomorphic test dummy (ATD) to assess head and femur injury risk. Wet and dry linoleum impact surfaces were used from three fall heights: 22, 35 and 47 in. Results: For a given fall height, dry surfaces were associated with higher head injury criteria (HIC) values than wet surfaces. Changes in fall height 22–47 in. did not significantly affect HIC values for falls onto either surface. Generally, compressive and bending femur loading increased significantly for wet as compared to dry linoleum. Conclusions: In simulated feet first freefall experiments up to 47 in. using a 3-year-old test dummy, a low risk of contact type head injury and femur fracture was found. However, both fall height and surface conditions influenced femur loading and head injury measures. Future efforts should explore the risk of head injury associated with angular acceleration in freefalls.
High sensitivity nanocomposite resists for EUV lithography

A novel nanocomposite photoresist was synthesized for extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) by a radical polymerization process. This resist system exhibited enhanced sensitivity and contrast for EUVL. The potential for EUVL nanofeatures is also examined. The high sensitivity and the desirable contrast in this resist, indicates that it is a promising candidate not only for sub-100 nm resolution EUVL, but also for X-ray lithography and low voltage electron beam lithography.
Acute toxicity of copper, chromate, zinc, and cyanide to freshwater fish: effect of different temperatures.

This paper reports results from a study where acute toxicities of a variety of pollutants to five species of fish were tested using a uniform methodology and comparable temperature ranges so general patterns of response might be seen.
The Acquisition of Behavioral Chains.

Abstract The present investigation was designed to study some conditions which facilitate the acquisition of behavioral chains by young children. Three experiments were performed. In Expt I subjects were required to respond overtly to the internal components of the chain. In Expt II an aversive contingency was imposed following errors. In Expt III instructions were added at the beginning of training. The results supported the following conclusions: (a) Requiring subjects to mark and name the correct stimuli on each trial increased the accuracy of performance; (b) introducing time-out contingent on incorrect responses depressed the error rate; and (c) adding instructions concerning a pending change in the experimental task resulted in a lower error rate following withdrawal of the instructional stimuli.
Measurement of failure rate in widely distributed software

In the history of empirical failure rate measurement, one problem that continues to plague researchers and practitioners is that of measuring the customer perceived failure rate of commercial software. Unfortunately, even order of magnitude measures of failure rate are not truly available for commercial software which is widely distributed. Given repeated reports on the criticality of software, and its significance, the industry flounders for some real baselines. The paper reports the failure rate of a several million line of code commercial software product distributed to hundreds of thousands of customers. To first order of approximation, the MTBF reaches around 4 years and 2 years for successive releases of the software. The changes in the failure rate as a function of severity, release and time are also provided. The measurement technique develops a direct link between failures and faults, providing an opportunity to study and describe the failure process. Two metrics, the fault weight, corresponding to the number of failures due to a fault and failure window, measuring the length of time between the first and last fault, are defined and characterized. The two metrics are found to be higher for higher severity faults, consistently across all severities and releases. At the same time the window to weight ratio, is invariant by severity. The fault weight and failure window are natural measures and are intuitive about the failure process. The fault weight measures the impact of a fault on the overall failure rate and the failure window the dispersion of that impact over time. These two do provide a new forum for discussion and opportunity to gain greater understanding of the processes involved. >
Purinergic control of vascular tone in the retina

Key points The blood supply to the CNS is controlled by the tone of arteries and arterioles. However, little is known about purinergic regulation of vascular tone in the CNS. We have investigated purinergic control of vascular tone in the in vivo rat retina. Reducing endogenous ATP levels by enzyme degradation and inhibiting purinergic signalling with P2X receptor antagonists decreases the tone of retinal arterioles. Raising ATP levels increases vessel tone. Experiments using fluorocitrate to poison the metabolism of glial cells suggest glia are a source of the ATP that tonically constricts retinal vessels. The results suggest a novel mechanism of local control of vascular tone through activation of vascular smooth muscle cell P2X receptors. Abstract Purinergic control of vascular tone in the CNS has been largely unexplored. This study examines the contribution of endogenous extracellular ATP, acting on vascular smooth muscle cells, in controlling vascular tone in the in vivo rat retina. Retinal vessels were labelled by i.v. injection of a fluorescent dye and imaged with scanning laser confocal microscopy. The diameters of primary arterioles were monitored under control conditions and following intravitreal injection of pharmacological agents. Apyrase (500 units ml−1), an ATP hydrolysing enzyme, dilated retinal arterioles by 40.4 ± 2.8%, while AOPCP (12.5 mm), an ecto-5′-nucleotidase inhibitor that increases extracellular ATP levels, constricted arterioles by 58.0 ± 3.8% (P < 0.001 for both), demonstrating the importance of ATP in the control of basal vascular tone. Suramin (500 μm), a broad-spectrum P2 receptor antagonist, dilated retinal arterioles by 50.9 ± 3.7% (P < 0.001). IsoPPADS (300 μm) and TNP-ATP (50 μm), more selective P2X antagonists, dilated arterioles by 41.0 ± 5.3% and 55.2 ± 6.1% respectively (P < 0.001 for both). NF023 (50 μm), a potent antagonist of P2X1 receptors, dilated retinal arterioles by 32.1 ± 2.6% (P < 0.001). A438079 (500 μm) and AZ10606120 (50 μm), P2X7 antagonists, had no effect on basal vascular tone (P = 0.99 and P = 1.00 respectively). In the ex vivo retina, the P2X1 receptor agonist α,β-methylene ATP (300 nm) evoked sustained vasoconstrictions of 18.7 ± 3.2% (P < 0.05). In vivo vitreal injection of the gliotoxin fluorocitrate (150 μm) dilated retinal vessels by 52.3 ± 1.1% (P < 0.001) and inhibited the vasodilatory response to NF023 (50 μm, 7.9 ± 2.0%; P < 0.01). These findings suggest that vascular tone in rat retinal arterioles is maintained by tonic release of ATP from the retina. ATP acts on P2X1 receptors, although contributions from other P2X and P2Y receptors cannot be ruled out. Retinal glial cells are a possible source of the vasoconstricting ATP.
Firearm availability and homicide: A review of the literature

This article reviews the most commonly cited, representative, empirical studies in the peer-reviewed literature that directly investigate the association of gun availability and homicide victimization. Individual-level studies (n=4) are reviewed that investigate the risks and benefits of owning a personal or household firearm. The research suggests that households with firearms are at higher risk for homicide, and there is no net beneficial effect of firearm ownership. No longitudinal cohort study seems to have investigated the association between a gun in the home and homicide. Two groups of ecological studies are reviewed, those comparing multiple countries and those focused solely on the United States. Results from the cross-sectional international studies (n=7) typically show that in high-income countries with more firearms, both men and women are at higher risk for homicide, particularly firearm homicide. Time series (n=10) and cross-sectional studies (n=9) of U.S. cities, states, and regions and for the United States as a whole, generally find a statistically significant gun prevalence–homicide association. None of the studies prove causation, but the available evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that increased gun prevalence increases the homicide rate.
Agrobacterium-mediated DNA transfer in sugar pine

DNA transfer using Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been demonstrated in sugar pine, Pinus lambertiana Dougl. Shoots derived from cytokinin-treated cotyledons formed galls after inoculation with A. tumefaciens strains containing the plasmid pTiBo542. A selectable marker, neomycin phosphotransferase II, conferring resistance to kanamycin, was transferred into sugar pine using a binary armed vector system. Callus proliferated from the galls grew without hormones and in some cases, kanamycin-resistant callus could be cultured. Southern blots provided evidence of physical transfer of T-DNA and the nptII gene. Expression of the nptII gene under control of the nos promoter was demonstrated by neomycin phosphotransferase assays. Several aspects of DNA transfer were similar to those previously observed in angiosperms transformed by A. tumefaciens. This is the first evidence for DNA transfer by Agrobacterium in this species and the first physical evidence for transfer in any pine. These results bring us closer to genetic engineering in this commercially important genus of forest trees.
Ultrasonics in organoborane chemistry. Rapid synthesis of triorganylboranes via a modified organometallic route

Abstract A variety of triorganylboranes were prepared in a rapid and highly efficient manner, directly from organic halides, by a modified organometallic route employing ultrasound.
Optimum source conductance for high frequency superconducting quasiparticle receivers

The authors have used the quantum theory of mixing for extensive numerical calculations to determine the mixer source conductance G/sub s/ required to optimize a superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) quasiparticle heterodyne receiver. The optimum G/sub s/ matches an empirical formula which can be understood by a simple derivation. Previous work indicated that G/sub s/ should vary inversely with frequency, and this implies that the critical current density of SIS junctions used for mixing should increase as frequency squared, a stringent constraint on the design of submillimeter SIS mixers. On the contrary, it was found that G/sub s/ is more weakly dependent upon frequency, and the implications for the design of submillimeter SIS mixers are discussed. >
Free energy of hot gauge theories with fermions through g 5

We compute the free energy density F for gauge theories, with fermions, at high temperature and zero chemical potential. In the expansion F=${\mathit{T}}^{4}$[${\mathit{c}}_{0}$+${\mathit{c}}_{2}$${\mathit{g}}^{2}$+${\mathit{c}}_{3}$${\mathit{g}}^{3}$+(${\mathit{c}}_{4}^{\ensuremath{'}}$lng+${\mathit{c}}_{4}$)${\mathit{g}}^{4}$+(c $_{5}^{\ensuremath{'}}\mathit{g}$+${\mathit{c}}_{5}$)${\mathit{g}}^{5}$+O(${\mathit{g}}^{6}$)] we determine ${\mathit{c}}_{5}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${\mathit{c}}_{5}$ analytically by calculating two- and three-loop diagrams. The ${\mathit{g}}^{5}$ term constitutes the first correction to the ${\mathit{g}}^{3}$ term and is for the non-Abelian case the last power of g than can be computed within perturbation theory. We find that the ${\mathit{g}}^{5}$ term receives no contributions from overlapping double-frequency sums and that ${\mathit{c}}_{5}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ vanishes. \textcopyright{} 1995 The American Physical Society.
Ranking in heterogeneous social media

The problem of image search has been studied extensively in recent years because of the large and increasing repositories of images on the web, social media, and other linked networks. Most of the available techniques for keyword-based image search on the web use the text in the surrounding or linked text in order to retrieve related images. Many image repositories on the web are built upon social media platforms such as Flickr. Such platforms provide a rich level of information in terms of the user linkage information to images, tags or other comments which are contributed by the users. It is reasonable to assume that the content of the images, users and other social cues such as tags and comments are often related to one another. Therefore, such cues can be useful for improving the effectiveness of search and ranking algorithms. In this paper, we propose SocialRank, which is a technique for using social hints in order to improve the image search and ranking process. Furthermore, we propose a holistic framework to combine social tags, social network text, linkage between actors and images, as well as the actual image features in order to create a ranking technique for image search. We design a PageRank-like method which can combine these different methods in order to provide an effective method for image search and ranking in social networks.
An atomic resolution structure for human fibroblast growth factor 1

A 1.10-A atomic resolution X-ray structure of human fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF- 1), a member of the -trefoil superfold, has been determined. The -trefoil is one of 10 fundamental protein superfolds and is the only superfold to exhibit 3-fold structural symmetry (comprising 3 "trefoil" units). The quality of the diffraction data permits unambiguous assignment of Asn, Gln, and His rotamers, Pro ring pucker, as well as refinement of atomic anisotropic displacement parameters (ADPs). The FGF-1 structure exhibits numerous core-packing defects, detectable using a 1.0-A probe radius. In addition to contributing to the relatively low thermal stability of FGF-1, these defects may also permit domain motions within the structure. The availability of refined ADPs allows a translation/ libration/screw (TLS) analysis of putative rigid body domains. The TLS analysis shows that -strands 6 -12 together form a rigid body, and there is a clear demarcation in TLS motions between the adjacent carboxyl- and amino-termini. Although separate from -strands 6 -12, the individual -strands 1-5 do not exhibit correlated motions; thus, this region appears to be comparatively flexible. The heparin- binding contacts of FGF-1 are located within -strands 6 -12; conversely, a significant portion of the receptor-binding contacts are located within -strands 1-5. Thus, the observed rigid body motion in FGF-1 appears related to the ligand-binding func- tionalities. Proteins 2004;57:626 - 634.
The Dissenting Deputies and the American Colonies

From time to time during the later colonial period individuals or groups in America sought and received advice and political assistance from certain influential friends in England. Who these “friends at Court” were and what their actual relationship was to the colonists and to the British Government has remained obscure. Part of the answer is to be found in the Minutes of the Protestant Dissenting Deputies now deposited in the Library of the City of London at Guildhall. These manuscript volumes contain not only a record of all the colonial matters discussed by the Deputies, they also reveal a hitherto unrecognized influence in the growth of religious liberty in America.
Interactions at three trophic levels: Edovum puttleri Grissell (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), the Colorado potato beetle, and insect-resistant potatoes

Afin d'etudier la capacite de E. putteri a parasiter les œufs de L. decemlineata sur des plants de pomme de terre resistants et d'evaluer l'influence de la resistance des plants sur les caracteristiques vitales du parasitoide par l'intermediaire de son hote herbivore, le taux de parasitisme sur le terrain et l'influence des plants de pomme de terre resistants sur L. d. et le cycle de E. p. ontr ete observes
Low arterial compliance in young African-American males.

Hypertension remains a common public health challenge because of its prevalence and increase in co-morbid cardiovascular diseases. Black males have disproportionate pathophysiological consequences ...
Variation in emergency medical technician partner familiarity.

Teamwork is fundamental to the delivery of care in prehospital Emergency Medical Services (EMS) (Williams, Rose, and Simon 1999). Teams of Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs), who usually work on ambulances in teams of two (dyads), respond to urgent and nonurgent medical emergencies. Unlike most health care teams, EMTs work in isolation, trained to follow written protocols developed by physicians. All EMTs are exposed to hazardous work conditions, including violent patients (Corbett, Grange, and Thomas 1998; Grange and Corbett 2002;). Their risk of injury and death is greater than the general public's (Maguire et al. 2002; Maguire et al. 2005; Reichard and Jackson 2010;). Furthermore, medical errors, accidents, and adverse events occur frequently in EMS (Rittenberger, Beck, and Paris 2005; Wang et al. 2006; Wang et al. 2008; Wang et al. 2009a,b;). Positive teamwork is associated with reduced errors and improved patient safety in multiple health care settings (Kohn, Corrigan, and Donaldson 2000; Lemieux-Charles and McGuire 2006;). Similar evidence in the EMS environment is not available. Teamwork is a set of coordinated behaviors and actions that contribute to reaching shared or common goals (Salas and Fiore 2004). Theorists agree that teams develop team-related behaviors over time and through shared experiences (Chidambaram and Bostrom 1997; Tuckman 1965;). Newly formed teams have few shared experiences, which may make them susceptible to error or poor performance. In a review of aviation accidents from 1978 to 1990, investigators linked 70 percent of accidents to pilot and copilot teams flying together for the first time (Board 1994). In a study of air traffic control teams, Smith-Jentsch et al. (2009) determined that individuals provided less back-up when working with unfamiliar partners. One impediment to partner familiarity is workforce turnover. More than 50 percent of EMS agency directors have reported problems maintaining an adequate workforce of EMTs (Freeman, Slifkin, and Patterson 2009). This rapid turnover may influence the degree of EMT partner familiarity and account for adverse outcomes in EMT team performance (Brown et al. 1996; Bayley et al. 2007; Eschmann et al. 2010;). We do not know of any investigations of EMT partner familiarity. To begin to understand the interaction of teams and EMS outcomes, we sought to characterize EMT partner familiarity in a sample of three EMS agencies.
Exploring absorptive capacity in cross-sector social partnerships

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore cross-sector partnerships (CSSPs) from a strategic perspective to consider collaborations that are long lasting and transcend initial objectives. The authors integrate the concept of absorptive capacity (ACAP) with the CSSP literature and derive two new antecedents of ACAP, trust and goal interdependency, with relevance to this context. This work responds to a call from ACAP scholars to consider the construct in alternative settings and from collaboration scholars to employ strategy research that approaches CSSPs from a viewpoint beyond a mere transactional approach. Design/methodology/approach – This manuscript presents a thorough analysis of the process literature regarding CSSPs and the construct of ACAP to consider the importance of knowledge sharing and participatory decision making in the success of collaboration efforts. The combination of these research streams results in a refined model of ACAP to be used in the CSSP context. Findings – This manus...
A metamodeling-based approach for production planning

In production planning, one of the major challenges for plan optimization lies in quantifying the dependence of the objective criterion (typically total cost) upon the decision variables that specify a release plan of jobs. Existing methods either fall short in capturing such a relationship, which involves non-stationary stochastic processes of a manufacturing system (e.g., the number of jobs over time), or require discrete-event simulation (DES) to evaluate the objective criterion for each candidate decision, which is time-consuming. To enable the accurate and precise estimation of the objective for any decision plan within a reasonable time, this work proposed a metamodeling-based approach. The metamodels take the form of difference equations, embody the high-fidelity of DES, and can be used to address "what if" questions in a timely manner. When embedded in the optimization of production planning, the metamodels can help to improve the quality and responsiveness of decision making.
Image Similarity Using Mutual Information of Regions

Mutual information (MI) has emerged in recent years as an effective similarity measure for comparing images. One drawback of MI, however, is that it is calculated on a pixel by pixel basis, meaning that it takes into account only the relationships between corresponding indi- vidual pixels and not those of each pixel's respective neighborhood. As a result, much of the spatial information inherent in images is not utilized. In this paper, we propose a novel extension to MI called regional mutual information (RMI). This extension efficiently takes neighborhood regions of corresponding pixels into account. We demonstrate the usefulness of RMI by applying it to a real-world problem in the medical domain— intensity-based 2D-3D registration of X-ray projection images (2D) to a CT image (3D). Using a gold-standard spine image data set, we show that RMI is a more robust similarity meaure for image registration than MI.
Defective CD8 T Cell Responses in Aged Mice Are Due to Quantitative and Qualitative Changes in Virus-Specific Precursors

Aging is associated with suboptimal CD8 T cell responses to viral infections. It is not clear whether these poor responses are due to environmental influences or quantitative and qualitative changes in the pool of responding CD8 T cells. Our studies demonstrated several deleterious age-related changes in the pool of Ag-specific CD8 T cells that respond to infection. The majority of CD8 T cells from uninfected aged mice was CD44Hi and had increased expression of inhibitory receptors including PD1, LAG3, 2B4, and CD160. These aged CD44Hi CD8 T cells were transcriptionally similar to exhausted CD8 T cells found during chronic infections. In addition, the number of virus-specific precursors in aged mice prior to infection was decreased up to 10-fold, and many of these Ag-specific precursors had high expression of CD44 and PD1. Finally, TCR transgenic studies demonstrated that the CD44Hi Ag-specific CD8 T cells from unimmunized aged and young mice were qualitatively inferior compared with CD44Lo CD8 T cells from aged or young donors. Thus, a decrease in precursor frequency as well as qualitative changes of CD8 T cells during aging are directly related to impaired immunity.
A Historical Outline of Matrix Structural Analysis: A Play in Three Acts

The evolution of Matrix Structural Analysis (MSA) from 1930 through 1970 is outlined. Hightlighted are major contributions by Collar and Duncan, Argyris, and Turner, which shaped this evolution. To enliven the narrative the outline is configured as a three-act play. Act I describes the pre-WWII formative period. Act II spans a period of confusion during which matrix methods assumed bewildering complexity in response to conflicting demands and restrictions. Act III outlines the cleanup and consolidation driven by the appearance of the Direct Stiffness Method, through which MSA completed morphing into the present implementation of the Finite Element Method.
Contested Territory, Strategic Rivalries, and Conflict Escalation

After bringing together independent information on contested territory, rivalries, and conflict escalation (militarized interstate disputes (MIDs) and war), we examine the timing of the temporal ordering of these three processes. Contrary to conventional expectations, we find the contested territory-militarized dispute-rivalry ordering to be rare. Rivalries and contested territory often begin at the same time. Next, after setting up a unified model, we find the triadic combination of contested territory, contiguity, and strategic rivalry to be a strong explanatory combination for MIDs and war over time (1919–1992). We also control for other explanatory factors such as mixed regime type and major power status. These findings provide strong support for arguments such as Vasquez's steps-to-war theory that specify these sources of conflict escalation.
ANTLER BREAKAGE IN TULE ELK, OWENS VALLEY, CALIFORNIA

Author(s) :HEATHER E. JOHNSON, VERNON C. BLEICH, PAUL R.KRAUSMANSource: Journal of Wildlife Management, 69(4):1747-1752. 2005.Published By: The Wildlife Society-2DOI: 10.2193/0022-541X(2005)69[1747:ABITEO]2.0.CO;2URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2193/0022-541X%282005%2969%5B1747%3AABITEO%5D2.0.CO%3B2
Functional delay in lung maturation in fetuses of diabetic rabbits.

Lung maturation was studied in fetuses of rabbits made diabetic with alloxan. Lung maturation was examined functionally with pressure-volume curves and by determining surfactant content of lung lav...
Are local governments adopting optimistic actuarial methods and assumptions for defined benefit pension plans

Recent news articles about pension funding issues highlight the importance of transparent financial reporting and disclosures for defined benefit pension plans. Using pension-related data for local governments in Michigan and Pennsylvania, we provide descriptive evidence regarding the actuarial methods and assumptions adopted and the factors that explain a government’s propensity to adopt optimistic actuarial methods and assumptions that reduce the annual required contribution. Our descriptive data suggests that actuaries are making aggressive assumptions for some governments' pension benefits. Our regression results also suggest there is an association between monitoring mechanisms, fiscal constraints, and socioeconomic factors and the choice of optimistic actuarial methods and assumptions that reduce the annual required contribution. The GASB should consider our findings as they determine whether existing standards should be clarified or whether allowable actuarial methods and assumptions should be restricted.
Majang nominal plurals, with comparative notes

This paper describes the complex Majang system of noun plural formation. Majang uses singulative suffixes, plural suffixes, and suppletive plural stems to mark number on nouns. Majang is seen to exemplify in many ways the *N/*K pattern of singular and plural marking as described by Bryan [1968] for many Nilo-Saharan languages. Tiersma's [1982] theory of "Local Markedness" is shown to provide an explanation for singulative marking on some nouns in Majang and other Surma languages. A comparison of Majang noun plurals with plural forms in other Surma languages allows the reconstruction of some number marking for Proto-Surma.
Is Helicobacter pylori Negative Duodenal Ulcer a Separate Disease

The etiology of chronic duodenal ulcer, defined as a break in the duodenal mucosa that extends through the muscularis mucosa, is not established although acid is clearly an essential factor [2]. However, the realization that H. pylori antral gastritis is very strongly associated with chronic duodenal ulceration has led to new theories regarding the pathogenesis of this disease.
Proprioceptive and retinal afference modify postsaccadic ocular drift

Drift of the eyes after saccades produces motion of images on the retina (retinal slip) that degrades visual acuity. In this study, we examined the contributions of proprioceptive and retinal affer...
Abstract WMP52: Sustained Long Term Lifestyle Modifications Regress Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis - Insights from a Meta-Analysis

Background and Purpose: Carotid artery plaque progression has been associated with significant cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality. Even though, lifestyle modifications are the cornerstone of the management of atherosclerotic disease, the long term effects of a healthy diet and regular exercise on the atherosclerotic burden of carotid arteries is not clear. This meta-analysis was undertaken to assess this possibility. Methods: Randomized controlled trials comparing the efficacy of intensive lifestyle measures (diet and/or exercise) and usual care were identified by a systematic search. Three independent researchers searched MEDLINE, OVid, PUBMED, EMBASE and CINAHL for eligible studies. We included studies which provided baseline and quantitative carotid intimal medial thickness (IMT) data measured after at least 3 years. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 2.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: We identified 4 eligible studies of which 2 studies looked at the effect of diet alone while 1 looked at the effect of diet and exercise. One study was excluded from the analysis because of lack of sufficient data. There was no significant heterogeneity between the 3 studies analyzed (p: 0.699). A total of 980 patients were analyzed; 492 patients in the intervention group and 488 patients in the control group. After at least 3 years of follow up, lifestyle changes were negatively correlated with carotid IMT with a difference of mean of -0.023; SE: 0.007 (95% CI: -0.036 to -0.010, p: 0.001 ) when compared with the control group, reflecting the pooled effect size (Figure). Conclusion: Sustained long terms lifestyle changes i.e. diet and exercise, not only prevent the progression but also regress carotid artery atherosclerosis after at least three years of follow up.
A Quantum of Solace? An Assessment of Fiscal Stimulus Packages by EU Member States in Response to the Economic Crisis

This ETUI Working Paper analyses the fiscal stimulus packages implemented by EU Member States against the background of the on-going economic crisis. Alongside the overall volume of the packages, the study, which is based on a survey of national experts, considers their content and also the involvement – or lack of it – of the social partners and particularly trade unions. Overall the packages offer only a ‘quantum of solace’ to Europe. Against this background the widespread self-satisfaction on the part of European and national policymakers about the response to the crisis, and an increasing focus on early exit strategies from fiscal stimulus are inappropriate. European governments, faced with the unprecedented scale of the crisis, have taken action to stimulate their economies. But the crisis has exposed weaknesses in economic governance in Europe that should be addressed as part of the reforms being planned to ensure that such crises are not repeated in future.
Improved diffraction efficiency of programmable masks written on spatial light modulators

We have developed a technique for writing highefficiency diffraction gratings onto 2-D programmable spatial light modulators (SLMs) to steer dynamically an optical beam for such purposes as beam scanning and optical interconnects. Such high-efficiency operation of diffraction gratings requires the encoding of phase information which cannot be achieved with amplitude recording SLMs.
Self-Confidence and Persuasion in Car Buying

Intensive interviews with 234 new car buyers reveal that those with general self-confidence tend to have high specific self-confidence in their car buying ability. These two factors combine to infl...
The Interactive Web: Toward a New Discipline

ABSTRACT This paper reviews the most significant studies of the Web and interactive advertising that have been published in the Journal of Advertising Research over the past 15 years. These studies have covered a wide range of issues and, along with many articles in other advertising journals, they have contributed to the formation of a new discipline of interactive advertising, which is transforming the advertising business and education around the world. These studies are exemplary and may inspire new breakthrough studies of interactive advertising in the years to come.
Comparison of Whey Protein Concentrate and Spray-Dried Plasma Protein in Diets for Weanling Pigs1

ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of whey protein concentrate (WPC) and spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP) on growth performance of weanling pigs. In Exp. 1, 180 weanling pigs (initially 6.3 kg) were fed 1 of 5 experimental diets containing 0, 2.5, or 5.0% WPC or SDPP. Pigs were fed the experimental diets from d 0 to 14 after weaning, with all pigs fed a common diet from d 14 to 27 after weaning. Overall (d 0 to 27 after weaning), increasing SDPP from d 0 to 14 linearly increased ADG (P
Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire Testing Alternative Measurement Models With Assaultive Misdemeanor Offenders

The Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BP-AQ) is a 29-item, four-factor instrument that measures physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, and hostility. A large number of competing versions...
Teaching ethics informed by neuroscience

ABSTRACTNew findings about the brain are explicating how we make moral and ethical decisions. The neuroscience of morality is relevant to ethical decision making in social work because of a shared biopsychosocial perspective and the field’s explanatory power to understand possible origins of universally accepted morals and personal attitudes at play in ethical dilemmas. The neuroscience of morality and the evolutionary theory in which it is grounded are recommended for inclusion in social work ethics courses. Advantages to students include understanding of origins of moral attitudes, contextualization of their moral inclinations and emotional reactions to ethical dilemmas, and understanding of how the brain helps or hinders situational ethical decision making. A sample course module outline is provided, as well as ideas for inclusion of the neuroscience of morality in other courses.
Pasteurization and Blanching

Two processes that utilize relatively mild thermal treatments to achieve the desired rlesults are pasteurization and blanching. Both processes apply thermal treatment to food products in an effort to improve the stability of the product during storage. Although the magnitude of the thermal processes is similar, application of the processes involves two distinctly different types of food products. Pasteurization is most often associated with liquid foods, while blanching is most often associated with solid foods. The magnitude of thermal treatment used for both processes is not sufficient to establish storage stability at room temperature. The criteria utilized in establishing these modest thermal treatments are rather specific and are different for different food commodities.
A New Age of Cities and Health

THIS CHAPTER COVERS THE PERIOD 1980–2010, a time of renewed interconnections between public health and urban planning. It begins with a discussion of the revival of many US cities and the demographic changes that contributed to this renaissance. This is followed by a description of the state of the field of public health in the early 1980s, just before the start of two great global epidemics: HIV-AIDS and obesity. Then the rise of obesity in the United States is detailed and the search for the causes of this epidemic is outlined. Next is a discussion of the research on the role of large-scale urban form (sprawl) and neighborhood design on obesity and physical inactivity, two of the most important health problems of this era.
Detailed analysis of adverse events and surgical interventions in a large prospective trial of sacral neuromodulation therapy for overactive bladder patients.

Introduction The InSite trial is a prospective, multicenter study of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) therapy with the InterStim® System in subjects with overactive bladder (OAB). One of the primary aims of the study is to report on long-term safety of the tined lead. This analysis provides detailed descriptions of device-related adverse events (AEs) and surgical interventions to 12 months. Methods Analysis included those subjects who completed test stimulation with a tined lead, received a full implant, and reported device-related AEs out to 12 months. A Clinical Events Committee (CEC) adjudicated AEs to 12 months. Results Device-related AEs occurred in 30% (82/272) of subjects, with only one considered serious. Fifty-six percent of the device-related AEs occurred between implant and 3 months. The most frequent device-related AEs were undesirable change in stimulation (12%, 32/272); implant site pain (7%, 20/272); and implant site infection (3%, 9/272). Of the 26 events of implant site pain, 13 required surgical intervention, with only two resulting in explant. Ten subjects experienced 13 events of a surgical site infection (including an additional cellulitis), five of which resolved with antibiotics and eight required explantation. The overall surgical intervention rate was 13% with the most common reasons being pain at the surgical site (4%), lack/loss of efficacy (4%), and infection (3%). Conclusions Although a 30% AE rate was reported, most AEs were minor and were resolved without surgical intervention. Surgical intervention was required in 13% of subjects, with the majority being revision or replacement. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:1136–1139, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High temperature ferromagnetism in π-conjugated two-dimensional metal–organic frameworks

We use first-principles calculations to show that the square symmetry of two-dimensional (2D) metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) made from octaamino-substituted phthalocyanines and square planar Ni2+ ions, which enable strong conjugation of π electrons, has a critical impact on the magnetic properties of the lattice. In particular, we predict the unexpected emergence of a rare high-temperature ferromagnetic half-metallic ground state in one case. Among charge neutral MOFs made from (2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24)-octaiminophthalocyanine (OIPc) metallated with divalent first-row transition metal ions (M-OIPc; M = Cr2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+) and connected through square planar Ni-bisphenylenediimine moieties, NiMn-OIPc exhibits a half-metallic and ferromagnetic ground state with a large exchange energy resulting from the unique strong hybridization between the d/π orbitals of Mn, the Pc ring, and the Ni-bisphenylenediimine nodes. Notably, we show that for NiMn-OIPc there is a considerable difference between the ferromagnetic ordering temperature (Tc) predicted by a 2D Ising model, which exceeds 600 K, and a Tc of 170 K predicted by our more realistic Monte Carlo simulation that includes magnetic anisotropy. Critically, our simulations adopt two spin models that incorporate magnetic anisotropy in the form of exchange anisotropy and single-ion anisotropy. We further show that in the bulk, 2D layers of NiMn-OIPc adopt a slipped-parallel stacking configuration, and exhibit interlayer magnetic coupling that is sensitive to the relative in-plane displacement between adjacent layers. These results highlight the critical role of magnetic anisotropy in modeling the properties of 2D magnetic systems. More generally, it demonstrates that strong hybridization between open-shell ions and delocalized aromatic π systems with appropriate symmetry, combined with large magnetic anisotropy, will be an effective design strategy to realize ferromagnetic 2D MOFs with high Tc.