cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unlocking the mechanisms of transcription factor YY1: are chromatin modifying enzymes the key?

The transcription factor YY1 is a complex protein that is involved in repressing and activating a diverse number of promoters. Numerous studies have attempted to understand how this one factor can act both as a repressor and an activator in such a wide set of different contexts. The fact that YY1 interacts with a number of key regulatory proteins (e.g. TBP, TFIIB, TAFII55, Sp1, and E1A) has suggested that these interactions are important for determining which particular function of YY1 is displayed at a specific promoter. Two groups of proteins, previously known to function as corepressors and coactivators, that now seem likely to modulate YY1's functions, are the histone deacetylases (HDAC) and histone acetyltransferases (HAT). These two groups of enzymes modify histones, and this modification is proposed to alter chromatin structure. Acetylated histones are typically localized to active chromatin while deacetylated histones colocalize with transcriptionally inactive chromatin. When these enzymes are directed to a promoter through a DNA binding factor such as YY1, that promoter can be activated or repressed. This review will discuss the recent work dealing with the different proteins that interact with YY1, with particular emphasis on ones that modify chromatin, and how they could be involved in regulating YY1's activities.
Potential of 18F-FDG PET toward personalized radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy in lung cancer

Purpose We investigated the metabolic response of lung cancer to radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy by 18F-FDG PET and its utility in guiding timely supplementary therapy.
L-Shift: Encoding and Shifting Material Properties and Functionalities with Phase-shifting Liquid

Forces of gravity and the concept of a fixed center of mass severely limit the opportunities for product design and user interaction with those products. In this paper, we present L-Shift, a fictional material in which the weight distribution of physical objects is manipulated dynamically. It is a material that shifts its phase between solid and liquid and, therefore, allows for changes in weight distribution and rigidity. This gives designers many more options, as products can be re-shaped, re-balanced and stiffened as needed. Through prototyping with sodium acetate -- a material that has properties close to the proposed fictional one -- we explore user scenarios and future possibilities. We envision that it is possible to manipulate such physical properties of objects dynamically, which will open up new opportunities for designing interactive and more responsive products.
Adapting Interconnect Technology to Multigate Transistors for Optimum Performance

Beyond the 22-nm technology node, interconnect parasitics are increasingly contributing to the degradation of circuit performance. Thus, the focus is on optimizing interconnect parasitics in order to achieve optimum performance. The increased total device capacitance and the reduced device resistance of multigate transistors amplify the importance of wire resistance in circuit delay. In this paper, the impact of interconnect resistance on the circuit performance is weighed against interconnect capacitance, and less aggressive wire width and thickness scaling are proposed. This analysis is carried out based on the results from fully timing-closed, GDSII-level layout of circuit blocks, for the 11- and 7-nm technology nodes. The sensitivity of circuit power dissipation and signal noise to interconnect dimensions is assessed in detail. This approach compromises wire capacitance and gradually renders it important in circuit delay. The circuit performance enhancement by air-gap (AG) interconnect technology is studied with the traditional BEOL scaling versus the proposed wire sizing. It is found that using the latter wire sizing approach with air-gap interconnects is more beneficial to circuit performance.
Race and socioeconomic disparities in national stoma reversal rates

Abstract Background Many temporary stomas are never reversed leading to significantly worse quality of life. Recent evidence suggests a lower rate of reversal among minority patients. Our study aimed to elucidate disparities in national stoma closure rates by race, medical insurance status, and household income. Methods Five years of data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2008 to 2012) was used to identify the annual rates of stoma formation and annual rates of stoma closure. Stomas labeled as "permanent" or those created secondary to colorectal cancers were excluded. Temporary stoma closure rates were calculated, and differences were tested with the chi-square test. Separate analyses were performed by race/ethnicity, insurance status, and household income. Nationally representative estimates were calculated using discharge-level weights. Results The 5-year average annual rate of temporary stoma creation was 76,551 per year (46% colostomies and 54% ileostomies). The annual rate of stoma reversal was 50,155 per year that equated to an annual reversal rate of 65.5%. Reversal rates were higher among white patients compared with black patients (67% vs 56%, P P P Conclusions Stark disparities exist in national rates of stoma closure. Stoma closure is associated with race, insurance, and income status. This study highlights the lack of access to surgical health care among patients of minority race and low-income status.
Aim Higher: Challenging Farrington and Palfreyman's the Law of Higher Education

In The Law of Higher Education, Dennis Farrington and David Palfreyman present a wealth of material about higher education in the United Kingdom. It is argued, however, that their work is significantly flawed because it is colored by a 'consumerist' perspective which views education as a 'product' of 'corporate enterprise'. This review article attempts to redress the balance and provide a more objective analysis.
The Impact of Tenure on the Firm Performance-CEO-Turnover Relation

We analyze the effect of CEO tenure on the relation between firm performance and forced turnover. We find that the performance-forced turnover relation is conditional on CEO tenure. Our results suggest a constant negative relation between firm performance and forced turnover throughout an inside CEO's tenure. Founders are entrenched early in their careers but held accountable for firm performance later in their careers. We find evidence that outside hires experience a probationary period, followed by a period of apparent entrenchment during their intermediate years that weakens later in their tenure.
Exact Solutions for Thermal Conductances of Planar and Circular Contacts

This work presents a theoretical analysis of the thermal conductances of planar and circular contacts with an interstitial fluid present. By the use of orthogonal functions, exact solutions have been obtained for both cases, without making any of the simplifying and constraining assumptions used in the earlier theories. The solutions have been presented in terms of four dimensionless numbers—a conductance number, a conductivity number, a constriction number and a gap number. The analytical results have been confirmed by the existing experimental data. The solution has also been compared with the previously reported theories. It is found that the earlier theories exhibit significant deviations from the exact solutions.
Protein Quality of the House Cricket, Acheta domesticus, When Fed to Broiler Chicks

Abstract Two broiler chick feeding trials were conducted to determine the protein quality of dried house cricket meal. The first used semipurified diets to identify limiting amino acids. There were no significant differences in weight gain of chicks fed diets with amino acid additions, but feed:gain ratios indicated that arginine, methionine, and tryptophan were probably limiting. In the second experiment, dried house cricket meal was incorporated into practical diets replacing soybean meal as the major source of protein. There were no significant differences in weight gain between chicks fed corn-soybean meal diet and those fed corn-cricket diets. Feed:gain ratios improved significantly when diets were supplemented with methionine and arginine.
Neurovascular regulation is critical for metabolic recovery from spreading depression

This scientific commentary refers to ‘Inverse neurovascular coupling to cortical spreading depolarizations in severe brain trauma’ by Hinzman et al. (doi:10.1093/awu241). Long after Leao’s 1944 description of spreading depression in rabbit neocortex, scepticism remained over whether this phenomenon could be evoked or observed in the human brain (Somjen, 2001). Although many investigations have been carried out into the initiation, occurrence and spread of spreading depression, the mechanisms of ionic current flow underlying depolarization, and treatment paradigms (Pietrobon and Moskowitz, 2014), it is only recently that recording and imaging techniques have been able to confirm the occurrence of spreading depression in damaged human cortex, particularly in conditions involving trauma, subarachnoid haemorrhage, stroke, and possibly migraine headache with aura (Lauritzen et al. , 2011; Eikermann-Haerter et al. , 2012; Woitzik et al. , 2013). The intense depolarization and loss of ionic gradients in large volumes of brain tissue experiencing spreading depression means that significant substrate and metabolic capacity is required to generate energy for cell recovery (Somjen, 2001). If this metabolic need is unmatched by substrate supply (through neurovascular induction of increased blood flow), then propagation of brain damage can occur (Hossmann, 1994). In this issue of Brain , Hinzman and colleagues report a critical deficit in neurovascular coupling when spreading depression occurs near a traumatic brain lesion, in which decreased blood flow occurs in response to spreading depression (i.e. inverse neurovascular coupling) instead of increased blood flow, limiting the brain’s ability to meet the intense metabolic demand (Hinzman et al. , 2014). Although Hinzman and colleagues’ combined blood flow and electrocorticographic (ECoG) recording techniques only effectively worked in 5 of 24 patients, the spectrum of enhanced versus inverted neurovascular coupling in these five patients provides us with excellent examples of how proximity to a developing brain …
Pulmonary function tests.

Common questions about lung function tests, including why perform these tests, when are they helpful, who can be tested, and which tests are most useful, are answered for the pediatrician. Tests presently used in clinical pulmonary laboratories are described.
Student Perceptions and Classroom Behavior: Evaluations of Classroom Experience, Perceptions of Standard Evaluations, and Exhibited Behaviors

Students in the College of Business were surveyed and observed regarding instructor effectiveness. It was found that student classroom evaluations closely matched actual conditions. Thus, the validity of student perceptions of standardized evaluation instruments was largely supported.
Understanding rollover data

Internet service providers (ISPs) have been facing heavy competition to attract more users in the mobile data market, along with growing operational costs. Most mobile data plans charge users a fixed fee for a monthly data quota, and any unused data at the end of each month will be wasted. In the beginning of 2015, both AT&T and T-Mobile reinstated rollover data plans with constrained eligibility. Users could then keep the unused portion of their monthly data quotas for use in a future month(s). In this work, we evaluate the benefits of rollover data for both ISPs and users as well as identify the types of users who would upgrade to rollover data plans. To do so, we consider two alternatives: a smaller data plan without rollover data, and a more expensive data plan with larger monthly quota that does include rollover data. We find that moderately price-sensitive users benefit from rollover data: price-insensitive users would not have any data to rollover, while extremely price-sensitive users would not find the rollover data worth its higher cost. Under specific bounds on the size of the rollover data plan's monthly quota, we find that users can obtain more utility and ISPs can profit from rollover data, which is verified on one year of usage data from a U.S. ISP.
Increasing Incidence and Imaging in Pediatric Head and Neck Cancer and Role of the Human Papilloma Virus and Epstein–Barr Virus

Over the past few decades, the incidence of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas in the pediatric population and tumors associated with oncogenic human papilloma virus (HPV) has continued to increase. Previously, head and neck cancers in young patients were considered rare and—only in patients with genetic risk factors, with clinicians unaware of these neoplasms—occurring with greater frequency in younger patients, and often associated with HPV infection. This article reviews the viral oncogenic properties of HPV and Epstein–Barr virus, what the biomarker p16 represents, and the salient clinical and radiographic features of these tumors. Clinical awareness of these features is important to identify these tumors and initiate appropriate therapeutic treatment and to avoid any delay in diagnosis.
Navy Navigation Satellite System status

The Navy navigation satellite system (TRANSIT) provides a global system for navigation, surveying, and time distribution. The author reviews the current status and future of the TRANSIT system. He gives a system overview, and then discusses the satellite constellation, the ground system, the users, and the geodetic reference system. >
Enhancing bidirectional association between deep image representations and loosely correlated texts

The problem of bridging the gap between image and natural language has gained more and more attention in recent years. This paper continues to push the study and improves the bidirectional retrieval performance across the modalities. Unlike previous works that target at single sentence densely describing the image objects, we extend the focus to associating deep image representations with noisy texts that are only loosely correlated. Based on text-image fragment embedding, our model employs a sequential configuration, connects two embedding stages together. The first stage learns the relevancy of the text fragments, and the second stage uses the filtered output from the first one to improve the matching results. The model also integrates multiple convolutional neural networks (CNN) to construct the image fragments, in which rich context information such as human faces can be extracted to increase the alignment accuracy. The proposed method is evaluated with both synthetic dataset and real-world dataset collected from picture news website. The results show up to 50% ranking performance improvement over the comparison models.
Measurement Invariance of the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief Among White, Asian, Hispanic, and Multiracial Populations

The Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief is a scale that is used to screen individuals for risk for the development of psychosis. It has promising psychometric properties in clinical and nonclinical populations, including undergraduates. However, the measurement invariance of the scale has not been examined in Asian, White, Hispanic, and Multiracial samples. A total of 2,767 undergraduates at two large public U.S. universities completed the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief. The Total scores had configural and scalar invariance, while the Distress scores displayed configural, metric, and partial scalar invariance. Follow-up analyses revealed that three items were responsible for the lack of complete scalar invariance for the Distress scores. This suggests that the Total and Distress scores are measuring the same construct across groups and mean scores represent the same level of latent prodromal traits across groups. Mean comparisons for the Distress Scale across ethnicity should be interpreted with caution because it lacks complete scalar invariance. White and Hispanic participants had lower Total scores that Multiracial and Asian participants, and this pattern emerged for 13 items. For the distress items that were scalar invariant, the Asian group reported more distress than the White and Hispanic groups, while the Multiracial group reported more distress than the White group.
The Preparation of Cognitively Agile Principals for Turnaround Schools: A Leadership Preparation Programme Study.

The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of two educational leadership university programmes to improve the cognitive agility of their graduates. The research looked to discover whether...
Characteristics and outcomes of re-do percutaneous paravalvular leak closure

Background Percutaneous paravalvular leak (PVL) closure is an alternative treatment option for severely symptomatic, high-surgical risk patients with PVL. Some patients require multiple percutaneous PVL closure procedures. However, the procedural characteristics and success rate of re-do PVL closure have not been well studied. Aims The aim of this study is to investigate the indications, procedural characteristics, technical success rate, and 30-day major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients who underwent re-do PVL closure. Methods Consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous paramitral or paraaortic leak closure at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota from 2004 through 2015 were studied. Clinical and procedural characteristics of patients who underwent re-do PVL closure were compared to age- and sex-matched patients who underwent their first percutaneous PVL closure. Procedure success and 30-day MACE were compared in both the groups. Results Among 223 identified percutaneous PVL closures, 16 (7%) were re-do procedures. Patients who underwent re-do PVL closure were predominantly men (87.5%) with a mean age of 68 ± 15 years and an estimated mean Society of Thoracic Surgery (STS) 30-day mortality of 4.6 ± 2.8. Half of the re-do PVL closures were performed on mechanical valves and 62.5% were performed on paramitral defects. Indications for re-do PVL closure were: (1) emergence of new significant paravalvular defects in 50%, (2) incomplete index defect closure in 43.75%, and (3) index procedural complication in 6.25% of the cases. Procedural success was 75% in re-do procedures vs. 85.4% in age- and sex-matched control group (P = 0.45). Thirty-day MACE was 12.5% in the re-do group compared to 4.2% in the age- and-sex matched patients who underwent PVL closure for the first time (P = 0.35). Conclusion Re-do percutaneous PVL closure is feasible with favorable procedural success rate and low 30-day MACE. Development of new paravalvular defects is the most common indication for re-do PVL closure, highlighting the importance of careful longitudinal monitoring and follow-up. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MLL-AF4 Down-Regulates CDKN1B (P27) Independent of Cell Cycle Progression.

The MLL gene, involved in many chromosomal translocations associated with acute myeloid and lymphoid leukemia, has more than forty known partner genes with which it is able to form in- frame fusions. MLL fusion genes transform hematopoietic cells in vitro , and cause leukemia in mouse models. However, the mechanism is still not clear. Characterizing important downstream target genes may provide rational therapeutic strategies for the treatment of MLL-associated leukemia. We explored potential downstream target genes of the most prevalent MLL fusion protein, MLL-AF4, which is primarily associated with pro-B ALL and is involved in the majority of infant leukemia. To this end, we developed an inducible MLL-AF4 fusion cell line. Overexpression of MLL-AF4 does not lead to increased proliferation in this cell line, but rather, cell growth is slowed compared to similar cell lines inducibly expressing truncated MLL. To try to understand the reason for slower cell growth, we assayed for expression of several CDK inhibitors. We found that in the MLL-AF4 induced cell line, the amount of CDKN1B (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor P27) was dramatically decreased both at the RNA and protein levels, in contrast, the levels of CDKN1A (P21) and CDKN2A (P16) were unchanged. Interestingly, we did not observe an increased percentage of cells in S phase of the cell cycle. To explore whether CDKN1B might be a direct target of MLL-AF4, we employed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays and luciferase reporter gene assays. We observed that MLL-AF4 binds to the CDKN1B promoter in vivo and represses CDKN1B promoter activity. Further, we confirmed CDKN1B promoter binding by ChIP assays in the MLL-AF4 leukemia cell line MV4-11. Our results suggest that the CDKN1B may be a downstream target of MLL-AF4, and that MLL-AF4 inhibits CDKN1B expression independent of cell cycle progression.
Nonidealities in Vapor-Phase Coadsorption of Organic Compounds and Water on Activated Carbon

A novel experimental apparatus is used to measure equilibria for the coadsorption of water and organic compounds at 25°C and 100°C. Different types of nonidealities are observed for different systems. These are examined in terms of fundamental molecular interactions. All components exhibit hysteresis. Water does not adsorb independently of the organic compound even with immiscible compounds like hexane. Water promotes the adsorption of methanol.
Abstract 610: Ineffective Suppression of Adipocyte Lipolysis in Metabolic Syndrome: An in vivo Test for Adipocyte Insulin Resistance

Background: Insulin resistance is a major contributor to metabolic syndrome, disrupting both glucose and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) dynamics through ineffective glucose clearance and decrease...
The connection between acute otitis media and the acute abdomen

A female aged 9 years with a recent episode of acute otitis media (AOM) presented to her primary care physician with complaints of severe abdominal pain with right lower quadrant rebound tenderness, suggestive of an acute surgical abdomen. Neurological examination was normal on presentation. She was transferred to the local children’s hospital for workup of appendicitis, during which she began exhibiting ataxia and slurred speech. Further evaluation revealed mastoiditis, venous sinus thrombosis and subdural empyema. Appendicitis was ruled out. We describe the first documented case of neurological complications of AOM presenting as an acute surgical abdomen without initial neurological findings.
Case Studies for Recognizing Appropriate and Inappropriate Behaviors in the Clinical Learning Environment.

Introduction The Association of American Medical Colleges surveys graduating medical students regarding the persistent prevalence of learning environment concerns. This training module is designed ...
Null mutation of the arginine-vasopressin gene in rats slows attentional engagement and facilitates response accuracy in a lateralized reaction time task.

Null Mutation of the Arginine-Vasopressin Gene in Rats Slows Attentional Engagement and Facilitates Response Accuracy in a Lateralized Reaction Time Task
Referential and Perspectival Realism

Ronald Giere (2006) has argued that at its best science gives us knowledge only from different “perspectives,” but that this knowledge still counts as scientific realism. Others have noted that his “perspectival realism” is in tension with scientific realism as traditionally understood: How can different, even conflicting, perspectives give us what there is really? This essay outlines a program (some published, much forthcoming) that makes good on Giere’s idea with a fresh understanding of “realism” that eases this tension.
Imaging Brain Metabolism in the Newborn.

In this review, we discuss molecular brain imaging studies using positron emission tomography (PET) with 2-deoxy-2(18F)fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) in human newborns and infants, and illustrate how this ...
Conquering International Markets

With the advent of selling the AO Instrumentarium publicly, and the resolution of dividing world markets between the instrument producers Mathys and Straumann, an earnest effort was undertaken to market the products outside Switzerland. The first efforts to find adopters abroad was concentrated in Germany and Austria, two countries where the AO surgeons maintained extensive professional contacts. Characteristically, both countries had extensive hospital networks dealing with accidents and trauma. However, Unfallchirurgin (trauma surgeons) in the leading trauma centers in both countries had to be convinced. This did not happen overnight.
Analyses of BMAL1 and PER2 Oscillations in a Model of Breast Cancer Progression Reveal Changes With Malignancy

From an epidemiological standpoint, disruptions to circadian rhythms have been shown to contribute to the development of various disease pathologies, including breast cancer. However, it is unclear how altered circadian rhythms are related to malignant transformations at the molecular level. In this article, a series of isogenic breast cancer cells representing disease progression was used to investigate the expression patterns of core circadian clock proteins BMAL1 and PER2. Our model is indicative of 4 stages of breast cancer and includes the following cells: MCF10A (non-malignant), MCF10AT.Cl2 (pre-malignant), MCF10Ca1h (well-differentiated, malignant), and MCF10Ca1a (poorly differentiated, malignant). While studies of circadian rhythms in cancer typically use low-resolution reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays, we also employed luciferase reporters BMAL1:Luc and PER2:Luc in real-time luminometry experiments. We found that across all 4 cancer stages, PER2 showed relatively stable oscillations compared with BMAL1. Period estimation using both wavelet-based and damped-sine-fitting methods showed that the periods are distributed over a wide circadian range and there is no clear progression in mean period as cancer severity progresses. Additionally, we used the K-nearest neighbors algorithm to classify the recordings according to cancer line, and found that cancer stages were largely differentiated from one another. Taken together, our data support that there are circadian discrepancies between normal and malignant cells, but it is difficult and insufficient to singularly use period evaluations to differentiate them. Future studies should employ other progressive disease models to determine whether these findings are representative across cancer types or are specific to this series.
Comparison of a Prototype for Indications-Based Prescribing With 2 Commercial Prescribing Systems.

Importance The indication (reason for use) for a medication is rarely included on prescriptions despite repeated recommendations to do so. One barrier has been the way existing electronic prescribing systems have been designed. Objective To evaluate, in comparison with the prescribing modules of 2 leading electronic health record prescribing systems, the efficiency, error rate, and satisfaction with a new computerized provider order entry prototype for the outpatient setting that allows clinicians to initiate prescribing using the indication. Design, Setting, and Participants This quality improvement study used usability tests requiring internal medicine physicians, residents, and physician assistants to enter prescriptions electronically, including indication, for 8 clinical scenarios. The tool order assignments were randomized and prescribers were asked to use the prototype for 4 of the scenarios and their usual system for the other 4. Time on task, number of clicks, and order details were captured. User satisfaction was measured using posttask ratings and a validated system usability scale. The study participants practiced in 2 health systems’ outpatient practices. Usability tests were conducted between April and October of 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures Usability (efficiency, error rate, and satisfaction) of indications-based computerized provider order entry prototype vs the electronic prescribing interface of 2 electronic health record vendors. Results Thirty-two participants (17 attending physicians, 13 residents, and 2 physician assistants) used the prototype to complete 256 usability test scenarios. The mean (SD) time on task was 1.78 (1.17) minutes. For the 20 participants who used vendor 1’s system, it took a mean (SD) of 3.37 (1.90) minutes to complete a prescription, and for the 12 participants using vendor 2’s system, it took a mean (SD) of 2.93 (1.52) minutes. Across all scenarios, when comparing number of clicks, for those participants using the prototype and vendor 1, there was a statistically significant difference from the mean (SD) number of clicks needed (18.39 [12.62] vs 46.50 [27.29]; difference, 28.11; 95% CI, 21.47-34.75;P Conclusions and Relevance Reengineering prescribing to start with the drug indication allowed indications to be captured in an easy and useful way, which may be associated with saved time and effort, reduced medication errors, and increased clinician satisfaction.
Verbs, visuals, and vignettes: Incorporating images into the impromptu speaking exercise

This activity extends the rich pedagogical scholarship on impromptu speaking by integrating visual imagery into the impromptu speaking exercise. The goal of this semester-long series of exercises i...
Facile autofluorescence suppression enabling tracking of single viruses in live cells

Live cell fluorescence imaging is the method of choice for studying dynamic processes, such as nuclear transport, vesicular trafficking, and virus entry and egress. However, endogenous cellular autofluorescence masks a useful fluorescence signal, limiting the ability to reliably visualize low-abundance fluorescent proteins. Here, we employed synchronously amplified fluorescence image recovery (SAFIRe), which optically alters ground versus photophysical dark state populations within fluorescent proteins to modulate and selectively detect their background-free emission. Using a photoswitchable rsFastLime fluorescent protein combined with a simple illumination and image-processing scheme, we demonstrate the utility of this approach for suppressing undesirable, unmodulatable fluorescence background. Significantly, we adapted this technique to different commercial wide-field and spinning-disk confocal microscopes, obtaining >10-fold improvements in signal to background. SAFIRe allowed visualization of rsFastLime targeted to mitochondria by efficiently suppressing endogenous autofluorescence or overexpressed cytosolic unmodulatable EGFP. Suppression of the overlapping EGFP signal provided a means to perform multiplexed imaging of rsFastLime and spectrally overlapping fluorophores. Importantly, we used SAFIRe to reliably visualize and track single rsFastLime-labeled HIV-1 particles in living cells exhibiting high and uneven autofluorescence signals. Time-lapse SAFIRe imaging can be performed for an extended period of time to visualize HIV-1 entry into cells. SAFIRe should be broadly applicable for imaging live cell dynamics with commercial microscopes, even in strongly autofluorescent cells or cells expressing spectrally overlapping fluorescent proteins.
A model for Paneth cell study: tissue culture of the hyperplastic Paneth cell population of rabbit Thiry-Vella ileal loops.

Paneth cells are characteristically located at the bases of the crypts of Lieberkuhn in the small intestine and contain prominent eosinophilic granules. Early studies associated them with a digestive purpose (1,2) and Paneth cells are curiously absent from the mucosa of some carnivores (3). More recent studies have suggested an antibacterial role. The secretory granules of the Paneth cells contain lysozyme (4,5), an enzyme with antibacterial properties (6,7). With ultrastructural studies, Erlandsen identified microorganisms in stages of digestion within phagolysosomes of rat Paneth cells (8,9).
Myxosarcoma Associated with the Kidney in a Cat: Case Report.

ABSTRACTA 12 yr old spayed female domestic shorthair with a history of lethargy, anorexia, and a pendulous abdomen was referred after a cranial abdominal mass was palpated on physical examination. ...
A Procedure to Evaluate the Relative Effectiveness of Reading in Large and Regular Print.

A procedure for gathering objective data on specific reading behaviors that would assist multidisciplinary teams to determine the relative effectiveness of reading in large print and in regular pri...
The Case Against Tax Subsidies in Innovation Policy

Until recently, intellectual property (IP) scholars agreed that patents were the prime innovation tool to aggregate decentralized information. This case for the property approach, which argues patents are appropriate when information about possible inventions and the social value of inventions are hidden, is now also under pressure in the literature. IP scholars argue that tax subsidies for firms that invest in research and development (R&D) replicate many of the merits of the patent system under conditions of asymmetric information. Based on developments in institutional economics, this Article shows that tax subsidies are not market-set incentives and are not optimal tools for aggregating decentralized information. Tax subsidies target specific investments ex-ante in relation to the market process when there is little information on the costs of specific projects or their social value. Governments lack the knowledge required to decide which projects to support and to calibrate the subsidies according to their social value. Comparatively, a patent system is better equipped for the decentralized nature of information. Moreover, it relies on entrepreneurs and inventors to decide which new projects to pursue and on consumers within the marketplace to evaluate the value of these innovations. Based on public choice theory, the Article also argues tax subsidies for innovation are particularly vulnerable to rent-seeking, leading tax dollars to be captured by the politically powerful—not by disruptive newcomers. From an institutional perspective, a more sensible innovation policy lies in simplifying, stabilizing, and generalizing the rules of property and contract that set the market process in motion. This is therefore the first article, amid growing scholarly consensus concerning subsidies as the new innovation tool, to present both a full-blown critique and a radical alternative. In contrast to contemporary innovation scholarship, which is often animated by presumptions of perfect information and benevolent policymakers, this Article demonstrates the superiority of the property approach under imperfect conditions.
An empirical saddlepoint approximation method for producing smooth survival and hazard functions under interval‐censoring

We devise a new method to produce smooth estimates of baseline survival and hazard functions for incomplete data observed subject to interval-censoring, that can in principle be viewed as being nonparametric. The key idea is to start from the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimate, and to then construct an empirical moment generating function for the underlying data generating mechanism, which is subsequently inverted via a saddlepoint approximation in order to obtain smooth distributional estimates. Unlike the typical spline-based and other semiparametric methods that have thus far been devised for the same purpose, the proposed approach is unencumbered by the choice of tuning parameters. Simulation studies show that in terms of integrated squared error, the method is very close in performance to the parametric gold standard, and should generally be preferred over the well-established spline-based approach implemented in R package logspline. The methodology is illustrated on some publicly available real datasets, and its implications and limitations are discussed.
Thromboembolic Complications After Receipt of Prothrombin Complex Concentrate.

Purpose: Patients presenting with life-threatening bleeding associated with oral anticoagulants (OACs) are challenging with few available treatments. Prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) is an opt...
The Cost of Implementing and Sustaining the COMprehensive Post-Acute Stroke Services Model.

BACKGROUND The COMprehensive Post-Acute Stroke Services (COMPASS) model, a transitional care intervention for stroke patients discharged home, was tested against status quo postacute stroke care in a cluster-randomized trial in 40 hospitals in North Carolina. This study examined the hospital-level costs associated with implementing and sustaining COMPASS. METHODS Using an activity-based costing survey, we estimated hospital-level resource costs spent on COMPASS-related activities during approximately 1 year. We identified hospitals that were actively engaged in COMPASS during the year before the survey and collected resource cost estimates from 22 hospitals. We used median wage data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and COMPASS enrollment data to estimate the hospital-level costs per COMPASS enrollee. RESULTS Between November 2017 and March 2019, 1582 patients received the COMPASS intervention across the 22 hospitals included in this analysis. Average annual hospital-level COMPASS costs were $2861 per patient (25th percentile: $735; 75th percentile: $3,475). Having 10% higher stroke patient volume was associated with 5.1% lower COMPASS costs per patient (P=0.016). About half (N=10) of hospitals reported postacute clinic visits as their highest-cost activity, while a third (N=7) reported case ascertainment (ie, identifying eligible patients) as their highest-cost activity. CONCLUSIONS We found that the costs of implementing COMPASS varied across hospitals. On average, hospitals with higher stroke volume and higher enrollment reported lower costs per patient. Based on average costs of COMPASS and readmissions for stroke patients, COMPASS could lower net costs if the model is able to prevent about 6 readmissions per year.
Peer-to-Peer Assisted Off-Grid Message Dissemination in the Failure of Communication Infrastructures

Digital communication becomes an indispensable aspect of a well-functioning modern society, in part, because of convenience. However, our critical infrastructures are also at risk in the face of natural or human-caused disasters. If a quick developing disaster had destroyed communication infrastructures, people would lose the primary means of obtaining life-critical information regarding evacuation. This paper proposes a theoretical framework for analyzing peer-to-peer (P2P) assisted information dissemination utilizing off-grid wireless communication protocols for delivering emergency messages to the population. The dissemination starts with multiple initiators to attempt the best-effort coverage. The probabilistic forwarding of messages saves limited bandwidth and battery energy and allows a peer to get the message in estimated time. We describe the P2P assisted dissemination with analytical results and simulate the peer's receiving progress in the network. Compared with existing work that relies on the known network topology, our framework provides the coverage perspective but free the network topology assumption.
The Professionalization of an Evolving Sector: Evidence from Watershed Councils

Over the past two decades, attention has focused on the increasing professionalization of the nonprofit sector. Hwang and Powell’s article on professionalization and rationalization of the nonprofit sector laid the theoretical foundations for robust scholarship in this area. This study makes use of a unique dataset that offers the opportunity to study the development of a subsector of small community-based nonprofit organizations, watershed councils, as they have evolved over the last two and half decades in the state of Oregon. Findings show that organizations became nonprofits to gain legitimacy, but also in order to gain autonomy over their own resources, decision making, and demonstrate political distance from outside interests and government. We also show how—as expected—the roles and responsibilities of organization participants changed as they moved from being citizen participants to having a governing board of directors and professional staff.
Premature delivery in the domestic sow in response to in utero delivery of AAV9 to fetal piglets

Numerous pediatric neurogenetic diseases may be optimally treated by in utero gene therapy (IUGT); but advancing such treatments requires animal models that recapitulate developmental physiology relevant to humans. One disease that could benefit from IUGT is the autosomal recessive motor neuron disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Current SMA gene-targeting therapeutics are more efficacious when delivered shortly after birth, however postnatal treatment is rarely curative in severely affected patients. IUGT may provide benefit for SMA patients. In previous studies, we developed a large animal porcine model of SMA using AAV9 to deliver a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) directed at porcine survival motor neuron gene (Smn) mRNA on postnatal day 5. Here, we aimed to model developmental features of SMA in fetal piglets and to demonstrate the feasibility of prenatal gene therapy by delivering AAV9-shSmn in utero. Saline (sham), AAV9-GFP, or AAV9-shSmn was injected under direct ultrasound guidance between gestational ages 77-110 days. We developed an ultrasound-guided technique to deliver virus under direct visualization to mimic the clinic setting. Saline injection was tolerated and resulted in viable, healthy piglets. Litter rejection occurred within seven days of AAV9 injection for all other rounds. Our real-world experience of in utero viral delivery followed by AAV9-related fetal rejection suggests that the domestic sow may not be a viable model system for preclinical in utero AAV9 gene therapy studies.
Lawmaking Without Law: How Overreliance on Economics Fails Financial Regulation

This article examines a fundamental failure of process in lawmaking: the overreliance of lawmakers on economists and economic scholarship when designing and implementing financial regulation, to the virtual exclusion of lawyers and legal scholarship. This overreliance leads to regulation that often is based on theoretical models and assumptions that are poorly informed by experience and may not withstand real-world testing. The article examines how to improve financial regulation by better integrating legal scholarship and lawyerly insights into the lawmaking process. Among other things, that will require law professors to gain the attention, and earn the respect, of lawmakers by writing more reality-based articles and publishing them not only in traditional law reviews but also in more accessible formats and policy-oriented forums.
Geometric Phase Appears in the Ultracold Hydrogen Exchange Reaction

Quantum reactive scattering calculations for the hydrogen exchange reaction H+H_{2}(v=4,j=0)→H+H_{2}(v^{'}, j^{'}) and its isotopic analogues are reported for ultracold collision energies. Because of the unique properties associated with ultracold collisions, it is shown that the geometric phase effectively controls the reactivity. The rotationally resolved rate coefficients computed with and without the geometric phase are shown to differ by up to 4 orders of magnitude. The effect is also significant in the vibrationally resolved and total rate coefficients. The dynamical origin of the effect is discussed and the large geometric phase effect reported here might be exploited to control the reactivity through the application of external fields or by the selection of a particular nuclear spin state.
YFilter at TREC-9

Abstract : We built a filtering system YFILTER this year, which we used for experiments on profile updating and thresholds setting. Our focus is using incremental Rocchio for introducing new query terms and term weighting. Although 1, 0.5, 0.25 is a widely used Rocchio ratio for query expansion based on relevance feedback, we found that the optimal setting for information filtering is corpus and profile dependent. In addition to a new Rocchio ratio, we tested a modified idf measure for term weighting (ydf) that is biased towards words with middle range term frequency.
Chapter 7 - Hydrogen in Polycrystalline CVD Diamond

This chapter discusses hydrogen in polycrystalline chemical vapor-deposited (CVD) diamond. The physical properties of natural diamond are a unique set of extremes that lead to their potential for use in a variety of applications—for example, the high-thermal conductivity and resistivity of most type-IIa natural diamonds—making the material suitable for heat dissipation in electronic devices. CVD diamond films great economic potential like natural diamond. Exploitation of diamond's extreme properties depends primarily on the ability to reproduce the properties of the natural material. Hydrocarbon gases are often used as the carbon source. In addition to a hydrogen-rich gas phase, the diamond growth process requires energy. The primary difference between most of the techniques used to grow diamond at low pressure is the manner by which energy is introduced into the system.
Please help me. My baby is sick and needs medicine

A U.S. physician relates the culture shock he is experiencing working as an area medical officer in Eastern Africa for the U.S. Peace Corps in his latest online journal entry. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Binding and Enzymatic Properties of Pokeweed Antiviral Protein (PAP) toward Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) RNA

Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP) from P. americana is a ribosome inactivating protein (RIP) and is an N -glycosidase that removes specific purine residues from the sarcin/ricin (S/R) loop of the large rRNA, arresting protein synthesis at the translocation step. PAP is a potent antiviral agent against many plant, animal, and human viruses. PAP inhibits translation in cell extracts by binding to the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNA and viral RNA, depurinating them at multiple sites downstream of the cap structure. This activity does not explain the inhibitory effect of PAP on the replication of uncapped viruses, and thus the overall mechanism of how PAP recognizes and selects viral RNA for depurination has yet to be revealed. In this paper, fluorescence spectroscopy and HPLC techniques were used to quantitatively describe binding and enzymatic activities of PAP and its variants toward tobacco etch virus (TEV) RNAs in order to understand the molecular basis behind PAP antiviral activity. The TEV RNA 5’-leader is sufficient to confer cap-independent translation, and contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). We show that PAP possesses different binding and enzymatic domains within its structure, as well as that the full 143-nt TEV RNA leader sequence that is required for PAP depurination of both m 7 GpppG-capped and uncapped viral RNAs. Journal of Nature and Science, 1(4):e82, 2015