cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Mechanical Activation, Scar, and Electrical Timing on Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Response and Clinical Outcomes

Objectives Using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), we sought to evaluate the relative influences of mechanical, electrical, and scar properties at the left ventricular lead position (LVLP) on cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) response and clinical events. Background CMR cine displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) provides high-quality strain for overall dyssynchrony (circumferential uniformity ratio estimate [CURE] 0 to 1) and timing of onset of circumferential contraction at the LVLP. CMR DENSE, late gadolinium enhancement, and electrical timing together could improve upon other imaging modalities for evaluating the optimal LVLP. Methods Patients had complete CMR studies and echocardiography before CRT. CRT response was defined as a 15% reduction in left ventricular end-systolic volume. Electrical activation was assessed as the time from QRS onset to LVLP electrogram (QLV). Patients were then followed for clinical events. Results In 75 patients, multivariable logistic modeling accurately identified the 40 patients (53%) with CRT response (area under the curve: 0.95 [p Conclusions Mechanical, electrical, and scar properties at the LVLP together with CMR mechanical dyssynchrony are strongly associated with echocardiographic CRT response and clinical events after CRT. Modeling these findings holds promise for improving CRT outcomes.
POWER5 System microarchitecture

This paper describes the implementation of the IBM POWER5TM chip, a two-way simultaneous multithreaded dual-core chip, and systems based on it. With a key goal of maintaining both binary and structural compatibility with POWER4TM systems, the POWER5 microprocessor allows system scalability to 64 physical processors. A POWER5 system allows both single-threaded and multithreaded execution modes. In single-threaded execution mode, a POWER5 system allows for higher performance than its predecessor POWER4 system at equivalent frequencies. In multithreaded execution mode, the POWER5 microprocessor implements dynamic resource balancing to ensure that each thread receives its fair share of system resources. Additionally, software-settable thread priority is enforced by the POWER5 hardware. To conserve power, the POWER5 chip implements dynamic power management that allows reduced power consumption without affecting performance.
Telephone hotline assessment and counselling of suicidal military service veterans in the USA

Studies show that suicide occurs more frequently among people who are elderly, male, single, divorced or widowed, alienated, and among those with a life-threatening illness. Military service veterans are not spared these conditions; in some respect, they represent the 'down and out', the lonely and, increasingly, the older isolated people. This correlational descriptive study sought to identify the characteristic profile of telephone hotline users among veterans, their triggering crisis events, and whether the methods commonly used in suicide attempts relate to certain types of crisis. The random sample consisted of 271 veterans of the US military service, ranging in age from 20 to 79 years. Data were collected from nursing notes documented in the hotline suicide telephone call assessment records. The findings portray a sociodemographic profile of military veterans at risk of suicide attempts. Loneliness, alcoholism and unemployment topped the list of triggering events. The most common method used was drug overdose; shooting was a close second. These findings could serve as a base for development of suicide-prevention-focused programmes and optimal use of telephone hotlines for assessment and timely intervention of persons in great crisis.
Profiles of Cognitive Developmental Performance in Gifted Children: Effect of Bilingualism, Monolingualism, and Socioeconomic Status Factors.

This quasiexperimental research studies the effect of socioeconomic status (SES), language learning, and culture on gifted Hispanic children's performance in an alternative developmental scale (Qualitative Use of English and Spanish Tasks) of cognitive ability for generating developmental profiles. Results showthe effect of SES and language learning across linguistic and cultural factors, revealing developmental continuities and discontinuities. Theoretical and practical educational implications are to include and generate developmentally appropriate assessments that uncover cultural-linguistic giftedness.
Acoustical sensing and assessment of bristol bay sockeye salmon

A system of bottom-anchored upward-locking acoustic sensors is currently under joint development by the Fisheries Research Institute and the Applied Physics Laboratory, both of the University of Washington. The sensors are to be deployed in the Port Moller area of Bristol Bay to provide population data on the annual sockeye salmon run some 4 to 8 days prior to the entry of the fish into the various commercial fishery districts. This system is designed to augment the gill net test fishing currently carried out and to overcome many of the shortcomings of gill-netting such as size selectivity, variable efficiency and the inability to fish in rough weather. Sampling statistics indicate that ten such sensors in a randomized design will provide sufficient coverage. A mathematical formulation utilizing statistical decision theory and dynamic programming has been developed to characterize the optimum experimental design as well as the optimum fishery management policies. The need for near real time data over large distances suggested the use of a satellite as a data transmission link. This would permit the use of remote large-scale computing facilities in the processing of the population data.
Low-complexity energy efficiency maximization protocol for MIMO-OFDM systems

We present a low-complexity link adaptation protocol for maximizing energy efficiency (EE) of MIMO-OFDM systems. We prove that the energy efficiency is a single-peaked quasiconcave function of transmit power and develop an iterative algorithm to find near-optimal transmit power. We further prune the search space by analyzing the singular values of the channel. The resulting link adaptation protocol achieves orders of magnitude reduction in complexity compared to the brute force search method without noticeably sacrificing the performance.
Cell-free translation of influenza virus messenger RNA

Abstract The addition of total RNA from influenza virus-infected chick embryo cells to a cell-free rabbit reticulocyte protein-synthesizing system programmed the synthesis of a polypeptide with the electrophoretic mobility and antigenicity of influenza virus matrix (M) polypeptide. Another polypeptide which may be virus-specific was detected by immune precipitation; it migrated between influenza virus NP and HA 1 polypeptides. RNA from influenza virions was inactive, supporting the view that transcripts of virion RNA are the messages for viral polypeptides.
DISTRIBUTION OF SIROLIMUS IN RAT TISSUE

Abstract Objectives: To examine the distribution of sirolimus (SRL, rapamycin), an immunosuppressive macrolide antibiotic, in the tissues of adult male Wistar-Furth rats following continuous intravenous infusion (CIVI) and repeated daily peroral gavage (PO). Design and Methods: Animals received 14-day courses of SRL by either CIVI (0.04–0.4 mg/kg/day) or PO (0.4–1.6 mg/kg/day) administration. Samples of whole blood and homogenates of five solid organs (heart, kidney, liver, lung and spleen), and portions of intestinal, muscle and testicular tissues were prepared on day 13 of CIVI treatment or 24 hours after administration of the 14th PO dose. SRL concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with reference to calibration curves produced from SRL-spiked whole blood or tissue homogenates prepared from drug-free animals. Results: Following PO but not CIVI administration, SRL concentrations in whole blood and all tissues increased linearly in relation to dose. SRL was extensively distributed among most tissues tested (tissue partitions coefficients of >40 were observed in some cases). Comparatively, SRL whole blood concentrations were low. The ratio between the SRL whole blood concentrations after PO versus after CIVI administration (at like doses of 0.4 mg/kg/day) was 0.04. Therefore, we inferred that the oral bioavailability of SRL was low. Conclusions: The linear relationships between PO dose and SRL concentrations in whole blood and tissues may be attributed to the low oral bioavailability of SRL, which is indicated by the low levels of SRL observed in whole blood and tissues after PO administration. The nonlinear relationships between CIVI dose and SRL concentrations in whole blood and tissues may result because although whole blood depots may be saturated with SRL, the tissues continue to absorb SRL as the dose of SRL increases. Thus, because a high percentage of SRL is widely distributed into tissue stores, caution must be used when administering this drug in humans.
Chemical dispersant effectiveness testing: influence of droplet coalescence.

Abstract Thermodynamic and kinetic investigations were performed to determine the influence of coalescence of chemically dispersed crude oil droplets in saline waters. For the range of pH (4–10) and salinity (10‰, 30‰, 50‰) values studied, ζ -potential values ranged from −3 to −10 mV. As the interaction potential values calculated using Derjaguin–Landau–Verway–Overbeek (DLVO) theory were negative, the electrostatic barrier did not produce significant resistance to droplet coalescence. Coalescence kinetics of premixed crude oil and chemical dispersant were determined within a range of mean shear rates ( G m =5, 10, 15, 20 s −1 ) and salinity (10‰, 30‰) values. Coalescence reaction rates were modeled using Smoluchowski reaction kinetics. Measured collision efficiency values ( α =0.25) suggest insignificant resistance to coalescence in shear systems. Experimentally determined dispersant efficiencies ( α =0.25) were 10–50% lower than that predicted using a non-interacting droplet model ( α =0.0). Unlike other protocols in which the crude oil and dispersant are not premixed, salinity effects were not significant in this protocol. This approach allowed the effects of dispersant–oil contact efficiency ( η contact ) to be separated from those of water column transport efficiency ( η transport ) and coalescence efficiency ( η coalescence ).
Relationship between urethral and vaginal pressures during pelvic muscle contraction

Condensation is the performance of an effective pelvic muscle contraction increases urethral and vaginal pressures and is independent of demographic, clinical, and urodynamic factors. Our objective was to examine the relationship between urethral closure pressure and vaginal pressure during a pelvic muscle contraction in minimally trained women. Our secondary aim was to determine whether demographic, clinical, or urodynamic factors predict pelvic muscle contraction performance. Two hundred two women with urinary incontinence underwent multichannel urodynamic evaluation, including urethral profilometry and measurement of vaginal pressure during pelvic muscle contraction. One hundred forty-four women were diagnosed with genuine stress incontinence, 28 with detrusor instability, and 30 with mixed incontinence. Urethral and vaginal pressures correlated significantly during pelvic muscle contraction (P ≤ 0.006). The ability to perform an adequate pelvic muscle contraction was independent of subject age, parity, hormonal or hysterectomy status, clinical severity, urethral support, and urethral profilometry measures (P ≥ 0.42). We conclude that increases in urethral pressure correlate significantly with increases in vaginal pressure during pelvic muscle contraction. Women with urinary incontinence are able to perform effective pelvic muscle contractions independent of their age, clinical incontinence severity, urethral support, and urethral profilometry values. Neurourol. Urodynam. 16:553–558, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electron-phonon interactions and high-temperature thermodynamics of vanadium and its alloys

Inelastic neutron scattering was used to measure the phonon densities of states (DOSs) for pure V and solid solutions of V with 6 to 7at% of Co, Nb, and Pt, at temperatures from 10 K to 1323 K. Ancillary measurements of heat capacity and thermal expansion are reported on V and V-7at%Co and used to help identify the different sources of entropy. Pure V exhibits an anomalous anharmonic stiffening of phonons with increasing temperature. This anharmonicity is suppressed by Co and Pt, but not by isoelectronic Nb solutes. The changes in phonon frequency with alloying and with temperature both correlate to the decrease in electron density of states (DOS) at the Fermi level as calculated using density functional theory. The effects of both temperature and alloying can be understood in terms of an adiabatic electron-phonon interaction (EPI), which broadens sharp features in the electron DOS. These results show that the adiabatic EPI can influence the phonon thermodynamics at temperatures exceeding 1000 K, and that thermal trends of phonons may help assess the strength of the EPI.
Examining the role of identity in negotiation decision making:the case of Cyprus

Purpose – This study aims to examine the effects of ethnic and social identities on negotiation decision making in the context of the Cyprus conflict.Design/methodology/approach – The author conducts a theory‐driven case study of the 1959 Zurich‐London agreements on Cyprus, analyzing the positions of Turkey, Greece, Britain, and the Turkish and Greek Cypriot communities during the negotiation process. The analytical method is the applied decision analysis procedure.Findings – The analysis of the Zurich‐London negotiations over Cyprus suggests that even in the presence of adversarial ethnic ties, decision makers who have a shared (and salient) social identity are more likely to employ collective‐serving decision strategies and seek even‐handed solutions that will not jeopardize their mutual interests. Here, Turkey and Greece – both NATO members – decided to settle on a commonly agreed negotiation outcome despite their ethnicity‐driven, clashing interests over Cyprus. In contrast, decision makers with sever...
Potential energy savings and reduction of CO2 emissions through higher efficiency standards for polyphase electric motors in Japan

Abstract Japan has shut down more than 70% of its nuclear power plants since the March 2011 Tohoku earthquake and the ensuing accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. The country has been challenged with power shortages in the short-term and faces complex energy security decisions in the long-term. Japan has a long history of implementing energy conservation policies, such as the Top Runner Program, which covers 23 products including appliances and industrial equipment. However, Japan's efficiency policy for polyphase electric motors is considered below international standards. Polyphase electric motors accounted for about 55% of the nation's total power consumption in 2008. The aim of this study is to estimate potential energy savings and reduction in CO 2 emissions (2014–2043) by examining scenarios involving adopting two different polyphase motor efficiency standards and comparing them to a base case and concludes by suggesting pathways for further policy development using the results obtained. The study finds that if level IE2 of the international efficiency standard IEC 60034-30 were implemented, it would save 8.3 TWh (or 0.03 quads) per year, which is equivalent to about 0.8% of Japan's total electric power consumption in 2010. If level IE3 of the IEC 60034-30 were implemented instead, it would save about 13.3 TWh (or 0.05 quads) per year. The corresponding cumulative energy savings and reduction in CO 2 emissions for the IE2 scenario would be 249 TWh (or 0.85 quads) and 93 Mt. The corresponding cumulative energy savings and reduction in CO 2 emissions for the IE3 scenario would be 398 TWh (or 1.36 quads) and 149 Mt.
Drought adaptations in two Californian evergreen sclerophylls.

A field study was initiated to determine the patterns of water stress imposition and stomatal resistance to gas exchange in representative species of 2 evergreen sclerophyllous communities. In concurrent experiments plant water potential, temperature and vapor pressure gradient were varied to determine the relative importance of morphological and physiological parameters in delaying onset of water stress during drought periods.In general, stomatal and photosynthetic responses to water stress were similiar in both species. Both were able to fix carbon even when leaf water potentials dropped as low as-25 bars. Stomatal movements were positively correlated with soil water potential rather than to leaf water potential. However, water stress developed much more rapidly in Arbutus menziesii, a plant of more northerly distribution, than in Heteromeles arbutifolia where they occur on adjacent sites. Morphological parameters were primarily responsible for the very different patterns of water stress imposition. Consequently, Arbutus is limited to areas of shorter drought duration than is Heteromeles and this is reflected in their differing distributions.
Perspective: Revealing molecular secrets

The more we study the genetics of schizophrenia, says Steven E. Hyman, the more daunting — and exciting — are the challenges we see ahead.
A Qualitative Failure Analysis Using Function-Based Performance State-Machines for Fault Identification and Propagation During Early Design Phases

In a time when major technological advancements are happening at incredible rates and where demands for next-generation systems are constantly growing, advancements in failure analysis methods must constantly be developed, as well. Performance and safety are always top concerns for high-risk complex systems, and therefore, it is important for new failure analysis methods to be explored in order to obtain more useful and comprehensive failure information as early as possible, particularly during early design phases when detailed models might not yet exist. Therefore, this paper proposes a qualitative, function-based failure analysis method for early design phases that is capable of not only analyzing potential failure modes for physical components, but also for any manufacturing processes that might cause failures, as well. In this paper, the proposed method is first described in general and then applied in a case study of a proposed design for a nanochannel DNA sequencing device. Lastly, this paper discusses how more advanced and detailed analyses can be incorporated into this approach during later design phases, when more failure information becomes available.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Historical development of intestinal antisepsis

The study of intestinal antisepsis has been the concern of the author for the past 40 years. Pioneer studies of sulfanilamide, sulfanilylguanidine, succinylsulfanilamide, succinylsulfathiazole, and phthalylsulfathiazole in dogs are reported, and subsequent clinical trials are detailed. By 1948, intestinal antisepsis had become an established procedure to complement adequate mechanical cleansing. Careful attention to meticulous, gentle handling of tissues, preservation of maximum blood supply, and strict aseptic technique should be continued; intestinal antisepsis is not a substitute for surgical principles. A combination of neomycin-phthalylsulfathiazole, together with the above-named practices, has resulted in an abdominal wall wound infection rate below 3%, with no intra-abdominal complications due to postoperative infection.
Characterizing the white matter hyperintensity penumbra with cerebral blood flow measures

Objective White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are common with age, grow over time, and are associated with cognitive and motor impairments. Mechanisms underlying WMH growth are unclear. We aimed to determine the presence and extent of decreased normal appearing white matter (NAWM) cerebral blood flow (CBF) surrounding WMHs to identify ‘WM at risk’, or the WMH CBF penumbra. We aimed to further validate cross-sectional finding by determining whether the baseline WMH penumbra CBF predicts the development of new WMHs at follow-up.
Diamond Growth from Sputtered Atomic Carbon and Hydrogen Gas

Diamond thin films were grown on a scratched silicon crystal surface by a novel CVD technique. The heated substrate, mounted on a rotating platform, was exposed to a bombardment of sputtered carbon atoms, from a graphite target in a helium plasma, and subsequently bombarded by atomic hydrogen generated by a hot tungsten filament. The resulting diamond films were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and SEM. The SEM images indicate highly faceted diamond crystals and the Raman spectra show a single narrow peak characteristic of pure diamond with no graphitic component. The effective growth rate is about 0.5 microns per hour of exposure time. The novel sequential CVD reactor is described and possible growth mechanisms are discussed.
Numerical modeling of interfacial delamination propagation in a novel peripheral array package

Interfacial delamination, due to the presence of dissimilar material systems, is one of the primary concerns in electronic package designs. The mismatch in the coefficient of thermal expansion between the different layers in the package can generate high interfacial stresses upon heating or cooling of the structure during fabrication, assembly, or in field use. These stresses, if sufficiently large, can compromise the adhesive integrity of the interface. The propagation of the resulting delamination along an interface can degrade or completely destroy the functionality of the system. The focus of this study is to examine the potential for interfacial delamination propagation in current and future versions of a novel peripheral array package. Two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) numerical models were constructed of this package with cracks embedded along a critical interface. The energy release rate associated with interfacial fracture was determined by employing the global energy balance and the crack closure technique. The fracture mode mixity was determined using the crack surface displacement method. These critical fracture parameters were compared with experimentally determined interfacial fracture toughness data to determine the possibility of delamination growth. A material parametric study was also completed using the numerical models with pre-existing delaminations to identify material property trends that would lower the potential for failure. Also, the effect of plastic behavior on interfacial crack growth was studied through J-integral calculations.
Routes: language and the identity of African literature

The debate over the language of African literature has continued to generate significant interest ever since the emergence of African literary writing in European languages. Discussions of this debate have in the past often highlighted the inherently normative character of the idea of an African literature in African languages. By tracing the history of the debate, this paper seeks to distinguish between the actual role played by African languages in the emergence of a literature identified as African by its practitioners, and the ideological function of the debate for Africans who write in European languages. From this perspective, appeals for a literature in indigenous languages appear to serve the purpose of ethnic signification on behalf of a tradition of writing that continues to rely on European languages at the levels of both creative practice and theoretical formulation.
Force modeling for needle insertion into soft tissue

The modeling of forces during needle insertion into soft tissue is important for accurate surgical simulation, preoperative planning, and intelligent robotic assistance for percutaneous therapies. We present a force model for needle insertion and experimental procedures for acquiring data from ex vivo tissue to populate that model. Data were collected from bovine livers using a one-degree-of-freedom robot equipped with a load cell and needle attachment. computed tomography imaging was used to segment the needle insertion process into phases identifying different relative velocities between the needle and tissue. The data were measured and modeled in three parts: 1) capsule stiffness, a nonlinear spring model; 2) friction, a modified Karnopp model; and 3) cutting, a constant for a given tissue. In addition, we characterized the effects of needle diameter and tip type on insertion force using a silicone rubber phantom. In comparison to triangular and diamond tips, a bevel tip causes more needle bending and is more easily affected by tissue density variations. Forces for larger diameter needles are higher due to increased cutting and friction forces.
Fate and function of the ventral ectodermal ridge during mouse tail development.

In the mouse embryo, the body axis continues to develop after gastrulation as a tail forms at the posterior end of the embryo. Little is known about what controls outgrowth and patterning of the tail, but it has been speculated that the ventral ectodermal ridge (VER), a morphologically distinct ectoderm on the ventral surface near the tip of the tail, is a source of signals that regulate tail development (Gruneberg, H. (1956). Nature 177, 787–788). We tested this hypothesis by ablating all or part of the VER and assessing the effects of such ablations on the development of tail explants cultured in vitro. The data showed that the VER produces signals necessary for somitogenesis in the tail and that the cells that produce these signals are localized in the middle and posterior region of the VER. Dye labeling experiments revealed that cells from these regions move anteriorly within the VER and eventually exit it, thereby colonizing the ventral surface ectoderm anterior to the VER. In situ hybridization analysis showed that the genes encoding the signaling molecules FGF17 and BMP2 are specifically expressed in the VER. Assays for gene expression in VER-ablated and control tails were performed to identify targets of VER signaling. The data showed that the VER is required for expression of the gene encoding the BMP antagonist noggin in the tail ventral mesoderm, leading us to speculate that one of the major functions of the VER in tail development is to regulate BMP activity.
Amygdala and hippocampus fail to habituate to faces in individuals with an inhibited temperament

Habituation is a basic form of learning that reflects the adaptive reduction in responses to a stimulus that is neither threatening nor rewarding. Extremely shy, or inhibited individuals, are typically slow to acclimate to new people, a behavioral pattern that may reflect slower habituation to novelty. To test this hypothesis, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine habituation to neutral faces in 39 young adults with either an extreme inhibited or extreme uninhibited temperament. Our
A Meta-Analysis of Personality in Scientific and Artistic Creativity

Theory and research in both personality psychology and creativity share an essential commonality: emphasis on the uniqueness of the individual. Both disciplines also share an emphasis on temporal consistency and have a 50-year history, and yet no quantitative review of the literature on the creative personality has been conducted. The 3 major goals of this article are to present the results of the first meta-analytic review of the literature on personality and creative achievement, to present a conceptual integration of underlying potential psychological mechanisms that personality and creativity have in common, and to show how the topic of creativity has been important to personality psychologists and can be to social psychologists. A common system of personality description was obtained by classifying trait terms or scales onto one of the Five-Factor Model (or Big Five) dimensions: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Effect size was measured using Cohen's d (Cohen, 1988). Comparisons on personality traits were made on 3 sets of samples: scientists versus nonscientists, more creative versus less creative scientists, and artists versus nonartists. In general, creative people are more open to new experiences, less conventional and less conscientious, more self-confident, self-accepting, driven, ambitious, dominant, hostile, and impulsive. Out of these, the largest effect sizes were on openness, conscientiousness, self-acceptance, hostility, and impulsivity. Further, there appears to be temporal stability of these distinguishing personality dimensions of creative people. Dispositions important to creative behavior are parsed into social, cognitive, motivational, and affective dimensions. Creativity like most complex behaviors requires an intra- as well as interdisciplinary view and thereby mitigates the historically disciplinocentric attitudes of personality and social psychologists.
Barrel-Stave Model or Toroidal Model? A Case Study on Melittin Pores

Transmembrane pores induced by amphiphilic peptides, including melittin, are often modeled with the barrel-stave model after the alamethicin pore. We examine this assumption on melittin by using two methods, oriented circular dichroism (OCD) for detecting the orientation of melittin helix and neutron scattering for detecting transmembrane pores. OCD spectra of melittin were systematically measured. Melittin can orient either perpendicularly or parallel to a lipid bilayer, depending on the physical condition and the composition of the bilayer. Transmembrane pores were detected when the helices oriented perpendicularly to the plane of the bilayers, not when the helices oriented parallel to the bilayers. The evidence that led to the barrel-stave model for alamethicin and that to the toroidal model for magainin were reviewed. The properties of melittin pores are closely similar to that of magainin but unlike that of alamethicin. We conclude that, among naturally produced peptides that we have investigated, only alamethicin conforms to the barrel-stave model. Other peptides, including magainins, melittin and protegrins, all appear to induce transmembrane pores that conform to the toroidal model in which the lipid monolayer bends continuously through the pore so that the water core is lined by both the peptides and the lipid headgroups.
Factors Affecting Social Change: A Social-Psychological Interpretation

The concern of the psychologist with person-blame attribution has meant a failure to analyze types of change and social causes of societal changes. Social change can be radically structural (revolutionary), incrementally structural, or cultural. Sources of change can be found in internal contradictions within a society as in Marxian analysis, in uneven rates of growth of various parts of the system, in contact and clash with other systems, and in generational differences. Ongoing social systems are based upon a number of mechanisms designed to insure a continuing input so that effective forces of change need some accumulation and mobilization of social disaffection along group lines rather than the alienation of scattered individuals or transient sub-groupings. The basic contradictions in our society have led to incremental rather than radical change. Generational differences have produced cultural rather than structural change. Thus, the divisiveness and rebellion stemming from differences in social class, age, sex, and race has not resulted in sharp deep lines of cleavage facilitative of revolutionary movements, but have been contained within the society. They may assume more significance, however, as the American system comes into increasing competition and conflict with other systems for resources, markets, and power.
Effect of Concrete Pore Saturation on Cathodic Protection of Steel-Reinforced Concrete Bridges

Abstract A two-dimensional finite difference simulation was developed to study the behavior of cathodic protection (CP) systems for actively corroding reinforced concrete structural elements. The p...
The Experimental Analysis of Cognition in Animals

The origins and current status of comparative cognitive psychology are examined. Great strides have been made in the last 20 years, but two problems are identified as obstacles to future progress. One is the very limited number of species studied by comparative cognitive psychologists. The second is the conflict between the increasing use of complex stimulus discriminations and the need for precise stimulus control in animal experiments. An expanded examination of more species as selected by phylogenetic and ecological considerations and an unwavering demand for the experimental identification of the controlling features of complex discriminations are suggested as solutions to these difficulties.
Long-Standing Microcytic Anemia in a 29-Year-Old Woman

Long-Standing Microcytic Anemia in a 29-Year-Old Woman Posted 06/11/2007 Peggy Soung Sullivan, MD; Anthony W. Butch, PhD, DABCC, MT(ASCP) Content Clinical History Patient: 29-year-old woman of Asian descent. Chief Complaint: Long-standing microcytic anemia. History of Present Illness: The patient has been anemic for many years with hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations ranging from 8.9 to 10.5 g/dL. Red blood cells (RBCs) have been microcytic with a mean cell volume (MCV) around 60 fL. She is occasionally fatigued, but is active and runs several miles at a time for exercise. The patient has never received a blood transfusion and has never had hepatomegaly or splenomegaly. Medical History: Non-contributory. The patient takes vitamin C, iron, folate, vitamin B12, and multi-vitamins. She has never smoked and does not drink alcohol. Family History: The patient is a single resident physician with 1 sibling and no children. Her mother died in her mid-50s from adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. There is a family history of coronary artery disease, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Physical Examination: No abnormal findings were noted. Her vital signs were: temperature, 99.6° F; pulse, 58 beats/minute; blood pressure, 88/56 mmHg.
Perception of Motion and Position Relative to the Earth: An Overview

Results of the five experiments are consistent with the following generalizations. Canal-mediated turn perception (pitch, roll, or yaw) in earth-horizontal or earth-vertical plane, is suppressed in direct relationship to the magnitude of a linear acceleration vector lying in the plane of a responding canal when the magnitude of the linear vector is constant or increasing and when its direction is either fixed or rotating in the same direction as the concomitant canal signal. Canal-mediated turn perception (pitch, roll, or yaw) is not suppressed by a coplanar linear vector that is counterrotating relative to the canal signal. Change in perceived attitude (pitch, roll, or yaw) is very sluggish in the absence of concordant canal information; attitude change may not be an immediate otolith-mediated perceptual event but a slowly developing perception dependent upon cognitive appreciation of an immediate otolith angular position signal. Otolith phasic neural units, unreinforced by appropriate canal signals, may contribute more to a brief linear velocity component in perception than to rate of attitude change. Otolith-mediated attitude perception within a given earth-vertical plane can be distorted by strong coplanar angular velocity canal information. Once distorted, return to veridical attitude perception can be gradual because, in the absence of complimentary canal or visual information, recovery is dependent upon relatively slow cognitive appreciation of a prevailing otolith position signal. Several attractive hypotheses relating to the dynamics of attitude perception can only be tested by substantially more data on the dynamics of spatial orientation perception. Most of our objectives cannot be achieved without models that yield valid prediction of the dynamics of spatial orientation perception. All of the observations in these experiments were carried out in darkness, or, in the simulated catapult experiment, without external visual reference. Various forms of visual information will change the dynamics of spatial orientation perception. My discussion has been limited to consideration of the vestibular system, as though the canal and otolith systems completely controlled the dynamics of spatial orientation perceptions. Obviously other partners in the dynamics of postural control, including vision, proprioception, and expectation, must be included in this challenging field of research. Dedication to stereotyped ideas about objectivity in the 20th century has hindered advancement of knowledge on the dynamics of spatial orientation perception relative to rate of progress achieved by several scientists of the 18th and 19th centuries, who provided word pictures of perceived motions and tilts along with descriptions of the motions that engendered the pictures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Philosophy of causation: Blind alleys exposed; promising directions highlighted

Contemporary philosophical work on causation is a tangled mess of disparate aims, approaches, and accounts. Best to cut through it by means of ruthless but, hopefully, sensible judgments. The ones that follow are designed to sketch the most fruitful avenues for future work.
A monolithic 10-bit A/D using I/sup 2/L and LWT thin-film resistors

Describes the function, circuit details, and performance of a monolithic 10-bit A/D converter. The converter is a successive approximation type using linear compatible I/SUP 2/L for the SAR. The converter is completely self-contained, including both clock and voltage reference. Biasing is arranged to take advantage of naturally occurring interfaces in the circuitry, simplifying the overall circuit in comparison to discrete or hybrid approaches. The processing also includes on-chip thin-film resistors which are laser-wafer-trimmed (LWR) for overall accuracy and temperature stability. The finished circuits operate with no missing codes over the -55/spl deg/ to +125/spl deg/C temperature range.
A near-integer working point for polarized protons in the relativistic heavy ion collider

To achieve the RHIC polarized proton enhanced luminosity goal of 150 - 1030 cm-2sec-1 on average in stores at 250 GeV, the luminosity needs to be increased by a factor of 3 compared to what was achieved in 2006. Since the number of bunches is already at its maximum of 111, limited by the injection kickers and the experiments' time resolution, the luminosity can only be increased by either increasing the bunch intensity and/or reducing the beam emittance. This leads to a larger beam-beam tuneshift parameter. Operations during 2006 has shown that the beam-beam interaction is already dominating the luminosity lifetime. To overcome this limitation, a near-integer working point is under study. We will present recent results of these studies.
Basic review of radiation biology and terminology.

The purpose of this paper is to review basic radiation biology and associated terminology to impart a better understanding of the importance of basic concepts of ionizing radiation interactions with living tissue. As health care workers in a field that utilizes ionizing radiation, nuclear medicine technologists are concerned about the possible acute and chronic effects of occupational radiation exposure. Technologists should have a clear understanding of what they are exposed to and how their safety could be affected. Furthermore, technologists should be knowledgeable about radiation effects so that they can adequately assuage possible patient fears about undergoing a nuclear medicine procedure. After reading this article, the nuclear medicine technologist will be familiar with basic radiation biology concepts; types of interactions of radiation with living tissue, and possible effects from that exposure; theoretic dose-response curves and how they are used in radiation biology; stochastic versus nonstochastic effects of radiation exposure, and what these terms mean in relation to both high- and low-dose radiation exposure; and possible acute and chronic radiation exposure effects.
Bhopal (a): Choosing a Safe Plant Location and Design

The A case deals with Union Carbide's decision to build a pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, as a joint venture with the Indian government. The case deals primarily with the choice of plant location and design. It demonstrates the difficulties of creating safety systems when cost restraints are a determining factor. The case allows students to analyze the design and safety data while critiquing the decision-making procedure. See also the B case (UVA-E-0160).
Organizational constraints: a meta-analysis of a major stressor

ABSTRACTThe stressor organizational constraints, reflecting aspects of the work environment that inhibit or interfere with an individual's performance of job tasks, is prevalent in the workplace. This meta-analysis summarizes findings concerning the relationships of organizational constraints with other variables. Using five search methods, we located 84 research reports that provided data from 119 independent samples that contained 33,998 employed individuals. Fitting a stressor–strain framework, constraints had significant relationships with behavioural (counterproductive work behaviour), physical (somatic symptoms), and psychological (e.g. emotions and job dissatisfaction) strains and with well-being variables. Relationships were also found with all other work environment variables, and most personal characteristics (demographics and personality) except for gender. Moreover, a series of regression and relative weights analyses based on meta-analytic correlations showed that constraints had a unique con...
Kinetic Modeling of Grain Growth in Polycrystalline Silicon Films Doped with Phosphorus and Boron

In previous work it has been shown that doping of silicon with P or As leads to enhanced rates of grain growth while doping with B has little effect, except in compensation of the effect of P or As. Here we report a detailed study of the effects of P doping on normal grain growth in silicon films. We also outline a kinetic model for grain growth which is consistent with the various observed effects of dopants. This model is based on the assumption that dopants primarily affect grain boundary mobilities and that grain boundary motion occurs through parallel diffusive and non-diffusive processes. It is further assumed that the rate of the diffusive process is proportional to the vacancy concentration which is a known function of the electron concentration.
Constructing a "democratic" dreamworld: Carnival cruise ships and an aesthetic of optimism.

The democratization of leisure cruising via Carnival Cruise Lines, from an elite option for the wealthy to an increasingly popular mass-market vacation for all, demonstrates the desire for an aesthetic of pleasure and accessibility that meshes particularly well with late 20th-century myths of classlessness in the United States, and with constructs of American national identity that favor and uplift notions of non-pretentiousness, playfulness, and inclusiveness. Utilizing historical overview, the critical analysis of promotional literature and other company-generated materials, and participant observation, I argue that Carnival cruise ships embody an aesthetic of overflowing juxtaposition and freneticism that seeks to symbolically annihilate class differences and redistribute power by enacting neoliberal fantasies of freedom, access, and democracy as enacted in the marketplace. Carnival cruise ships can be seen as representing a desire for collectivity and community in the face of splintering marketplaces ...
The Semantics of Branding

The continuing battle of brands in marketing is usually described by outdated and confusing terminology. Communications problems among marketers and a distortion in the measurement and assessment o...
Training students' ability of engineering design by using 3D CAD/CAM software

In order to adapt the undergraduate students who major in machinery for their technological development,the paper introduces the significance of CAD/CAM training,describes process of CAD/CAM training by three dimensions model,assembly simulation technology,and CAM machining simulation and NC automatic programming,and analyzes the existing problems in CAD/CAM training process and solutions are given as well.
Study and Application of the Method Deducing the Simulating Test Spectrum from Measured Data of Tracked Vehicle

Objective To establish the method inducing simulating test spectrum, in order to reasonably determine the simulated vibration test conditions of vehicle equipment. Methods Based on the measured vibration data of tracked vehicles induced environment, the environment description of measured vibration spectrum was analyzed,narrow bands on broadband random was introduced as the basic spectrum of simulating test spectrum,and the method of inducing test level and test duration was studied. Results The method inducing simulating test spectrum from the measured vibration data was established. Conclusion The method deducing the simulating test spectrum was practical. Based on the method, corresponding simulating test spectrum was induced by measured data of tracked vehicle.
Evaluation of a Five-year HIV/AIDS Education Project among Middle School Students in Luannan County of Hebei Province

Objective To evaluate a 5-year HIV/AIDS education project among middle school students,and discuss advantages and disadvantages of this project so as to provide scientific evidences for future intervention. Methods The results of the survey in 2005 were used as the baseline data to compare with those from the survey in 2009.For each survey,the random cluster sampling method was used to select students,and each student was investigated by the uniform questionnaire. Results In 2005,only 27.2% of the middle school students correctly answered the five core questions about HIV/AIDS.The HIV awareness rate was higher in senior middle schools,girls,and urban middle school than in junior middle schools,boys and rural middle schools respectively.After the 5-year continuous education project,the HIV awareness rate reached 95.9%.In junior middle schools,the proportion of students who had tolerant attitude toward HIV carriers remained at a level of 70%,but the proportion of student repellent against HIV carriers raised from 13.7% to 28.6% during the 5-year period.In senior middle schools,the proportion of students with tolerant attitude to HIV carriers raised from 66.4% to 78.1%,while that of students with discriminative repellent attitude remained at 16%.The newspaper,magazine,broadcast,and free education materials were the most important media for HIV awareness,covering 90% of the middle school students. Conclusion The project significantly improved the HIV awareness of middle school students in Luannan County.However,the number of students with tolerant attitude to HIV carriers increased a little,and the actual means through which the students obtained HIV/AIDS knowledge were not in accordance with those the students preferred.It is necessary to explore new health education modes adapting to the mental characteristics of middle school students.