cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploratory analysis of speedup learning data using expectation maximization

Abstract Experimental evaluations of speedup learning methods have in the past used non-parametric hypothesis testing to determine whether or not learning is beneficial. We show here how to obtain deeper insight into the comparative performance of learning methods through a complementary parametric approach to data analysis. In this approach experimental data is used to estimate values for the parameters of a statistical model of the performance of a problem solver. To model problem solvers that use speedup learning methods, we propose a two-component linear model that captures how learned knowledge may accelerate the solution of some problems while leaving the solution of others relatively unchanged. We show how to apply expectation maximization (EM), a statistical technique, to fit this kind of multi-component model. EM allows us to fit the model in the presence of censored data, a methodological difficulty common to experiments involving speedup learning.
Stridor in Infants and Children Ambulatory Evaluation and Operative Diagnosis

The presence of stridor in the young child suggests a congenital or acquired abnormality of the large diameter airways. The diagnostic evaluation of the stridulous child is discussed. Emphasis is placed on those outpatient examination techniques and radiographic studies which can define the nature of the offending airway lesion (s).
Investigational drugs for the treatment of allergic rhinitis

Introduction: Allergic rhinitis is characterized by paroxysms of sneezing, rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction. Its prevalence is increasing in industrialized countries worldwide and imposes a significant economic burden as a result of reduced school performance, work productivity and medical expenses. Allergic rhinitis impairs the quality of life of those affected, and current treatment regimens are inadequate for those whose symptoms are severe or refractory to standard drug therapies. They mainly include symptom control with intranasal glucocorticoids, oral and intranasal antihistamines. Areas covered: This article provides a review of the most current literature on research that has focused on improving the efficacy of current treatment regimens and developing new drugs. It also provides the reader with an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis, including the inflammatory mediators and cell types involved, which has led to novel treatment options that are under investigation. The...
La controversial Ritalina: ¿Cómo es su consumo en Costa Rica?

El deficit atencional y deficit atencional con hiperactividad son trastornos que se diagnostican cada vez con mayor frecuencia en la poblacion infantil en edad escolar. Este fenomeno ha generado un aumento en el consumo de Ritalina. Con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de estos trastornos en Costa Rica, y la magnitud del consumo de Ritalina, se utilizo informacion proporcionada por el Ministerio de Salud sobre la venta del medicamento durante un periodo de 30 meses entre el 2000 y el 2003. Se encontro que a pesar de que la prevalencia es baja en terminos globales, su distribucion geografica es muy heterogenea. En la Region Central Norte el consumo es 11 veces mayor que en la Brunca. Se recomienda impulsar la homogenizacion de criterios para el diagnostico de estos trastornos, con el fin de mejorar la atencion y tratamiento de los ninos que asi lo requieran.
Simultaneous Escape-Routing Algorithms for Via Minimization of High-Speed Boards

Shrinking transistor sizes, increasing circuit complexities, and high clock frequencies bring new board-routing challenges that cannot be handled effectively by traditional routing algorithms. Many high-end designs in the industry today require manual routing efforts, which increases the design-cycle times considerably. In this paper, we propose an escape-routing algorithm to route nets within multiple dense components simultaneously so that the number of crossings in the intermediate area is minimized. We also show how to handle high-speed-design constraints within the framework of this algorithm. Experimental comparisons with a recently proposed algorithm show that our algorithm reduces the via requirements of industrial test cases on average by 39%.
A comparison of function after limb salvage with non-invasive expandable or modular prostheses in children.

Background Modular and non-invasive expandable prostheses have been developed to provide a functional knee joint that allows future expansion as growth occurs in the contralateral extremity in children with bone sarcomas that require removal of the growth plate. This study aimed to evaluate the functional outcomes of paediatric patients who received either a non-invasive expandable or modular prosthesis for bone sarcomas arising around the knee.
Using Patient-Reported Outcomes in Clinical Practice: A Promising Approach?

pletion only (attention-control), and no PRO completion (control). They found that the intervention improved discussion of symptoms but did not change treatment. Further, although the intervention demonstrated benefits in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) compared with the control group, there were no statistically significant differences in mean change scores between the intervention and attention-control group. This study by Wolfe et al 1 adds to this body of knowledge by investigating the use of PROs to aid treatment of pediatric patients with advanced cancer. The 104 patients and their parents enrolled in this trial completed a computerized battery of PRO questionnaires, at most once a week, and were monitored for 3 months, with the option of re-enrolling after each 3-month period. The PRO measures included a symptom assessment, an HRQOL questionnaire, and an overall sickness question. The results of these PRO assessments for the intervention group (n 51) were provided to both the oncologist and the families, with e-mail alerts to clinical team members for scores that exceeded predetermined thresholds. There was no feedback of the data in the control group. The investigators hypothesized that the intervention would lead to decreased symptom distress and improved HRQOL. They also assessed participant and provider satisfaction with the intervention. In the primary analysis, although changes were in the expected directions, there were no statistically significant differences between study arms on average symptom, HRQOL, or sickness scores over 20 weeks. Post hoc subgroup analyses found larger and statistically significant improvements on the HRQOL emotional domain scores and the sickness question for patients who survived longer than 20 weeks, particularly those who were at least 8 years old. There was also a suggestion that emotional function improved among children 8 years and older, regardless of length of survival, although this was not statistically significant. Likewise, children who both survived longer than 20 weeks and were at least 8-years old also demonstrated changes of marginal statistical significance on the total and physical HRQOL domains. In terms of satisfaction with the intervention, 28% of children and 54% of parents reported the intervention helped them talk to the doctor quite a bit or very much, and 75% of parents said the intervention often or almost always helped them understand how their child feels. Among the clinicians, 50% strongly agreed or agreed that the PRO reports were useful when speaking to patients, with 61%
The effects of vehicle ownership on employment

Vehicle ownership may promote work if employment opportunities and job searches are enhanced by reliable transportation. For example, vehicles may serve to reduce potential physical isolation from employment opportunities. I examine the effects of vehicle ownership and vehicle quality on employment for single mothers with no more than a high school education using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data. I control for potential bias by jointly estimating employment and vehicle ownership in a maximum likelihood framework using state welfare eligibility asset rules as instruments. Results show that vehicle ownership increases employment. Positive effects of vehicles do not differ for urban and rural residents, but they do change with economic conditions. Further, welfare recipients are significantly more likely to exit the program and become employed if they own a vehicle.
The instability of last-buffer-first-serve scheduling policy for capacitated re-entrant lines

This paper demonstrates through an example, that the last-buffer-first-serve scheduling policy is unstable, when applied to re-entrant lines with finite buffering capacity. The issue is important because, contrary to typical modeling assumptions, all contemporary production systems operate under substantial buffering capacity constraints. Moreover, as these environments advance towards higher levels of material-handling automation, the effect of these constraints on the system operation will continuously increase.
Maintaining America's Egalitarian Edge in the 21st Century: Unifying K-12 and Postsecondary Education for the Success of All Students.

Futurists, policy makers, and other stakeholders propose sweeping reforms of the American education system. However, there is little evidence that the current add-on, underfunded system will reverse the failure pattern among children of color and those living in poverty. This article presents a dramatic and feasible proposal to establish a collaborative learning community to improve all levels of education by combining the public schools and higher education. A unified education system would blend ongoing efforts in the PK–16 movement with International Baccalaureate, Advance Placement, and other public school–higher education links into a new seamless system with instruction, curriculum, and technology that would produce independent, productive learners in all racial and ethic groups beginning at age 3 and continuing though graduate education. The article reviews research efforts to build partnerships between public schools and higher education and ends with a futuristic scenario of a successful unified ...
Levels of Thinking

William James observed that, within the stream of thought, the ways we think fluctuate as a function of our emotional and physical conditions. Extrapolating from James, we propose that individuals vary along a dimension called levels of thinking. High-level thinking involves thoughts that are self-reflective, demonstrate awareness of emotion, and incorporate a broad perspective. Low-level thinking lacks these properties. Using a stream-of-consciousness methodology, two experiments examined the parameters of level of thinking. Level of thinking is reliably rated, stable over a 2-month interval, and consistent across modality (across writing vs. talking into a microphone). Whereas levels of thinking are positively correlated with measures of negative affectivity, extremes in thinking are linked to indicants of health problems. The second experiment demonstrated that when individuals face uncontrollable noise bursts, they move to lower levels of thinking that preclude awareness of negative emotions. The adap...
Doublethinking our way to "scientific" legitimacy: the desiccation of human experience.

A multifaceted contemporary movement aims to correct alleged weaknesses in the scientific foundation of psychoanalysis. For both pragmatic-political and scientific reasons we are encouraged to do and/or study systematic empirical research on psychoanalytic process and outcome, as well as apparently relevant neuroscience. The thesis advanced here is that the privileged status this movement accords such research as against in-depth case studies is unwarranted epistemologically and is potentially damaging both to the development of our understanding of the analytic process itself and to the quality of our clinical work. In a nonobjectivist hermeneutic paradigm best suited to psychoanalysis, the analyst embraces the existential uncertainty that accompanies the realization that there are multiple good ways to be, in the moment and more generally in life, and that the choices he or she makes are always influenced by culture, by sociopolitical mind-set, by personal values, by countertransference, and by other fa...
Saharan air layer interaction with Hurricane Claudette (2003)

Gabriel S. Rothman*, Chia-Bo Chang and Thomas E. Gill Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
Network analytic methods for epidemiological risk assessment

The authors measure the efficacy of three methods for predicting the time to infection for susceptible individuals in a population undergoing an HIV epidemic. The methods differ in whether they require detailed information of the contact network and whether they require knowledge of the initial source of infection. Efficacy is evaluated using simulations for 20 different contact patterns. Only the risk score that uses both kinds of information accounts for more than 15 per cent of individual variability. The efficacy of this score ranges from 10 per cent in very unstructured populations to 60 per cent for spatially localized contact networks. This improved performance may be explained by the larger fraction of the total variability not due to the disease dynamics. When all variables are dichotomized, the two poorer methods produce odds ratios between 1.4 and 2.3. The odds ratio for the risk score with full information ranges from 2.5 to 17. Risk assessment protocols and intervention programmes are encouraged to assess contact patterns and detect sources of infection.
Does Oversight Reduce Policing? Evidence from the Cincinnati Police Department after the April 2001 Riot

Oversight of a bureaucracy induces its agents to yield to consumers' demands excessively. Oversight is initiated by consumer complaints and consumers complain about an agent if they are wrongly denied the resource under allocation. This paper tests this prediction in a police setting. A riot erupted in Cincinnati after a white officer shot dead an unarmed African-American male in April 2001. The sharply increased media attention and an ensuing federal investigation provided exogenous variation in oversight. Compared to the period from January 1999 to March 2001, arrests during the remaining period of 2001 fell substantially. The decline was more significant for offenses where police officers had more discretion. Communities with a higher percentage of African-Americans experienced greater arrest reductions. Felony crime (violent crime and property crime) surged during the same period.
Nanofluidic channels of arbitrary shapes fabricated by tip-based nanofabrication

Nanofluidic channels have promising applications in biomolecule manipulation and sensing. While several different methods of fabrication have been demonstrated for nanofluidic channels, a rapid, low-cost fabrication method that can fabricate arbitrary shapes of nanofluidic channels is still in demand. Here, we report a tip-based nanofabrication (TBN) method for fabricating nanofluidic channels using a heated atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip. The heated AFM tip deposits polymer nanowires where needed to serve as etch mask to fabricate silicon molds through one step of etching. PDMS nanofluidic channels are easily fabricated through replicate molding using the silicon molds. Various shapes of nanofluidic channels with either straight or curvilinear features are demonstrated. The width of the nanofluidic channels is 500 nm, and is determined by the deposited polymer nanowire width. The height of the channel is 400 nm determined by the silicon etching time. Ion conductance measurement on one single curvy shaped nanofluidic channel exhibits the typical ion conductance saturation phenomenon as the ion concentration decreases. Moreover, fluorescence imaging of fluid flowing through a fabricated nanofluidic channel demonstrates the channel integrity. This TBN process is seamlessly compatible with existing nanofabrication processes and can be used to achieve new types of nanofluidic devices.
Economic History and the New Business History

During the last twenty years Business History has become one of Economic History's most important subdivisions. This has been partly, but certainly not altogether, the result of prosperity. With highlevel employment and income the general attitude toward the businessman has changed. He is no longer popularly regarded as the personification of viliainy. In the â€œnew Business Historyâ€ he has fared very well indeed. He has not been restored to a place among the saints, but he certainly is back among the choir boys. There are two points of view on this whole development. One is to condemn the new Business History as a sinister plot on the part of Big Business to bamboozle the American public. The other is to regard the new Business History as the most promising of the three major developments that have taken place in Economic History during the last thirty years.
A 2000 yr record of Sacramento–San Joaquin river inflow to San Francisco Bay estuary, California

Oxygen and carbon isotopic measurements of fossil bivalves (Macoma naarfa) contained in estuarine sediment are used to reconstruct a late llolocene record of sitlinity and stream flow in San Francisco Bay. Discharge into the bay is a particularly good indicator of paleoclin~ate in California because the bay's influent streams drain 40% of the state. The isotopic record suggests that hetween al)oul 1670 ant1 1900 calcnd;~r yc;trs (yr cal) 1I.I'. inflow to the bay was sul)stantially greirler tlian the cstinli~tecl precliversion inllow ol' 1100 m3/s. An unconforn~ity representing a 900 yr hiatus is present in the core between 1670 ancl 750 yr cirl Ii.13., possil)ly r;lusc.cl by :I ~n;tjor 11ydrologic;rl event. Over the p;ist 750 yr, strcitn~ Ilow to S~III I~ril~~cisco Ikty II;IS vitrirtl wit11 ;I pcriotl ol' 200 yr; i1lter11itte wet iltttl tlry I' (tlrougl~t) intc~r;rls typiritlly 11;rvc I;lstecl 40 to 100 yr.
Neonatal diabetes mellitus with pancreatic agenesis in an infant with homozygous IPF-1 Pro63fsX60 mutation

Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus is a rare disorder known to be caused by activating mutations in KCNJ11 or ABCC8, inactivating mutations in INS, or very rarely in GCK or insulin promotor factor-1 (IPF-1) genes. We report a patient with permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus and severe exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Ultrasound examination revealed pancreatic agenesis with a suggestion of a small amount of tissue in the head of the pancreas. Genetic testing revealed that the neonate had a homozygous Pro63fsX60 IPF-1 mutation. This is the second reported case of neonatal diabetes mellitus secondary to a homozygous mutation in the IPF-1 gene and supports the previously proposed biological role of IPF-1 in the pancreatic development in human.
Response to: Use of prior odds for missing persons identifications - authors' reply

This article is in response to an authors' reply to 'Use of prior odds for missing persons identifications.' This response is to the reply by Alex Biedermann, Franco Taroni, and Pierre Margot.
Cognitive radio architecture for rapidly deployable heterogeneous wireless networks

Recent technological advances in cognitive radio based on software defined radio platforms have extended the capabilities of wireless communication systems. The unique ability to alter communication protocols to meet changing system demands makes cognitive radio suitable for wireless applications otherwise difficult to implement using conventional wireless terminals. One such wireless application is the rapid deployment of a heterogeneous wireless network for the purpose of establishing a communication infrastructure between an incompatible set of wireless consumer devices. This paper presents the design and implementation details of cognitive radio terminals used to build a rapidly deployable, frequency-agile, heterogeneous wireless network. Research findings assisted researchers in the development of a wireless transceiver capable of connecting a variety of wireless transceivers, detecting the presence of interference, and accordingly switching to available channels as allocated by its spectrum sensing capability. The focus of this paper is to propose an architecture for cognitive radio terminals that can be used to build rapidly deployable wireless network applications.
Inhibition of A5 Neurons Facilitates the Occurrence of REM Sleep-Like Episodes in Urethane-Anesthetized Rats: A New Role for Noradrenergic A5 Neurons?

When rapid eye movement (REM) sleep occurs, noradrenergic cells become silent, with the abolition of activity in locus coeruleus (LC) neurons seen as a key event permissive for the occurrence of REM sleep. However, it is not known whether silencing of other than LC noradrenergic neurons contributes to the generation of REM sleep. In urethane-anesthetized rats, stereotyped REM sleep-like episodes can be repeatedly elicited by injections of the cholinergic agonist, carbachol, into a discrete region of the dorsomedial pons. We used this preparation to test whether inhibition of ventrolateral pontine noradrenergic A5 neurons only, or together with LC neurons, also can elicit REM sleep-like effects. To silence noradrenergic cells, we sequentially injected the a2-adrenergic agonist clonidine (20‐40 nl, 0.75 mM) into both A5 regions and then the LC. In two rats, successful bilateral clonidine injections into the A5 region elicited the characteristic REM sleep-like episodes (hippocampal theta rhythm, suppression of hypoglossal nerve activity, reduced respiratory rate). In five rats, bilateral clonidine injections into the A5 region and then into one LC triggered REM sleep-like episodes, and in two rats injections into both A5 and then both LC were needed to elicit the effect. In contrast, in three rats, uni- or bilateral clonidine injections only into the LC had no effect, and clonidine injections placed in another six rats outside of the A5 and/or LC regions were without effect. The REM sleep-like episodes elicited by clonidine had similar magnitude of suppression of hypoglossal nerve activity (by 75%), similar pattern of hippocampal changes, and similar durations (2.5‐5.3 min) to the episodes triggered in the same preparation by carbachol injections into the dorsomedial pontine reticular formation. Thus, silencing of A5 cells may importantly enable the occurrence of REM sleep-like episodes, at least under anesthesia. This is a new role for noradrenergic A5 neurons.
The Role of Practitioners and the Medical Director

The role of nursing facilities in the USA has changed along with the health care system. Traditionally, nursing facilities had provided personal and nursing care in a residence primarily for cognitively and functionally impaired elderly. Today, while nursing facilities still provide this residential care, they now admit much more medically complex people from acute or specialty hospitals. These long-term care residents and post-acute care patients are often unstable and typically have multi-morbidities as well as risk factors for geriatric syndromes such as pressure ulcers, anorexia, and falling. Managing these patients requires the application of proficient clinical reasoning and problem solving skills. Accordingly, nursing facilities require more physician and practitioner involvement in assessing and managing their patients [1].
FEMINIST INTERPRETATION OF THE QURAN AS AN IDEOLOGICAL CRITIQUE AGAINST PATRIARCHY (AN INDONESIA CONTEXT)

My goals in writing this paper are, the first, to analyze and understand the methodology the Muslim feminists apply in their project of reinterpretation of the Quran. I will discuss their understanding of text and contexts, textual and contextual methods of interpretation. I will elaborate of how their method of contextual interpretation reflects their ideological perspective of feminism as a counter-patriarchal culture. I will see how the method of contextualization is in fact another literal approach since this method cannot escape from the important position of text. The second is to examine the impacts of the project in transforming public knowledge and awareness as a sign of ideological change. One of the key objectives of the project is to provide and to comprehend how public response and observe transformation influenced by this project. I will observe in what aspects and levels the project contributes to the ideological transformation from “patriarchy” to gender equal ideology. Keywords : feminist interpretation, interpretation of Quran, patriarchy.
Fractal Inductors

This paper investigates the performance of planar inductors based on space filling curves, a family of fractals with the property of completely filling a bounded area. Fractal-based inductor design is a method for obtaining a very long trace lengths-and thus inductance densities - in 2-D space as a replacement for the serpentines currently used in one layer inductors. Because of the intricate course created by a fractal curve, these types of inductors are particularly well suited for stretchable electronics, where a tortuous path relieves mechanical stress and creates a more compliant structure. Inductors based on seven common space filling curves, all bounded within a one square millimeter area, were both simulated and measured experimentally and found to vary between 3.0 and 7.1 nH. Lower order fractals were found to give comparable performance to serpentine inductors with similar inductance density. More complicated fractals, after more than two iterations, were found to have lower inductance density than similar resistance serpentines. Mechanical simulations demonstrate a reduction in stress by a factor of 10 or more compared with the loop and serpentine designs.
Simulated and experimental separation and characterization of absorptive inhomogeneities embedded in turbid media

Independent component analysis of the scattered wave is proposed as the preprocessor to characterization of absorptive inhomogeneities embedded in turbid media. Reconstruction results with simulated and experimental data will be presented for multiple embedded objects.
REGIONAL ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: A COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS FOR AN ALASKA FISHERY

We compute the effects on the Alaska economy of reduced pollock harvests from rising sea surface temperature using a regional dynamic computable general equilibrium model coupled with a stochastic stock-yield projection model for eastern Bering Sea walleye pollock. We show that the effects of decreased pollock harvest are offset to some extent by increased pollock price, and that fuel costs and the world demand for the fish, as well as the reduced supply of the fish from rising sea surface temperature, are also important factors that determine the economic and welfare effects.
Nutritional factors in psychological test behavior.

(1960). Nutritional Factors in Psychological Test Behavior. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 96, No. 2, pp. 343-352.
Locomotor Activity of Sterile Boll Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) as Influenced by Feeding Sucrose or Cotton Squares

Adult boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, were fed 100 ppm of diflubenzuron in their diet for 6 days, then exposed to 10 krads of acute irradiation. During that time, treated as well as control weevils were fed 2.5 or 10% sugar in the diet. After treatment, all weevils were fed cotton squares or diet plugs for 5 days. Both 2.5% sucrose-treated and control boll weevils fed cotton squares had higher locomotor activity for 3–4 of the 5 days tested. Treated and control weevils fed 10% sucrose during the treatment period followed by squares rather than diet plugs had significantly higher locomotor activity for 2 of the 5 days tested. Treated or control weevils fed 2.5% sucrose during treatment followed by squares after treatment had much higher responses than when they received diet plugs after treatment. Concentration of sugar in the diet during treatment did not affect locomotor activity for 4 of the 5 days tested where posttreatment diets were the same. Peaks of activity occurred at 2- to 4-h intervals each day.
PBI Membranes Via the PPA Process

The Polyphosphoric Acid (PPA) process has greatly impacted many aspects of phosphoric acid imbibed polybenzimidazole (PBI) films. The ability to cast the PBI solution directly from PPA not only improves manufacturability, but allows for various chemistries of PBI to be synthesized by overcoming some of the solubility limits seen in the traditional synthesis and imbibing process. PBIs prepared via the sol–gel PPA process exhibit high inherent viscosities (I.V.), good mechanical properties, and higher acid loadings and ionic conductivities than those produced by other methods. Extensive fuel cell testing has shown that PBI membranes are applicable to many fuel cell devices, and possess the durability in different simulated operating environments to remain at the forefront of high-temperature polymer membrane fuel cell applications.
Application of RFID Sensors in Information Acquisition of Electrical Equipments in Substation

Radio frequency identification(RFID)tag with sensors is a novel method for monitoring electrical equipment online.Taking a RFID temperature sensor system as an example,we studied the feasibility of applying RFID sensors in information acquisition of electrical equipments in substation.Based on the working mechanism and features of RFID sensors,an overall and detailed design using RFID sensors to collect information of electrical equipment in substation was completed,thereby the demands from application on RFID sensors,such as communication distance and tag type,were proposed.The results reveal that,the active RFID tags and the communication distance between 50mand 150mare recommended for substations.For tags and readers,both their installation position and number need to be taken into consideration:in the installation,we should avoid metal objects impeding the communication;the higher the devices are,the better the communication is.
THE STUDY AND CALIBRATION OF SPECTRAL INTERFERENCES FOR 40 ELEMENTS IN ICP-AES

The spectral interferences of 40 elements in ICP-AES has been studied and the interference coefficients have been reported. A method for calibrating spectral interferences has been developed, which can subtract not only background interferences, but also the overlapping of lines. The method is aocumte and rapid. Recoveries of 22 elements in water are in the range of 94.1-104%. Using it in the analysis of soil, no chemical separation is required. Relative standard devitions are less than 10% for the micro elements and 4% for the major elements.
A PMOS mm-wave power amplifier at 77 GHz with 90 mW output power and 24% efficiency

In deeply scaled CMOS processes with gate lengths below 40 nm the analog performance of NMOS and PMOS FETs are comparable. At the same time PMOS FETs can typically operate under higher operating voltages than NMOS devices. In this paper, we present the first millimeter-wave power amplifier exclusively employing PMOS. The single stage, 3-stack power amplifier operates at 65 – 92 GHz with more than 35% fractional bandwidth and 12 dB gain. At 78 GHz, the PA achieves a maximum output power of 19.6 dBm and PAE of 18% with class-A bias, and 18.7 dBm and 24% PAE with class-AB bias. The PA has been fabricated in 32 nm CMOS SOI process and occupies 440 µm × 280 µm area (only 0.05 mm2 excluding pads). To the authors' knowledge this PA achieves the highest efficiency for any silicon PA in the 60–90 GHz frequency band. The output power is also the best reported in silicon for this frequency range, for amplifiers that do not use elaborate power-combining approaches.
Probing the Electroweak Phase Transition with Higgs Factories and Gravitational Waves

After the discovery of the Higgs boson, understanding the nature of electroweak symmetry breaking and the associated electroweak phase transition has become the most pressing question in particle physics. Answering this question is a priority for experimental studies. Data from the LHC and future lepton collider-based Higgs factories may uncover new physics coupled to the Higgs boson, which can induce the electroweak phase transition to become first order. Such a phase transition generates a stochastic background of gravitational waves, which could potentially be detected by a space-based gravitational wave interferometer. In this paper, we survey a few classes of models in which the electroweak phase transition is strongly first order. We identify the observables that would provide evidence of these models at the LHC and next-generation lepton colliders, and we assess whether the corresponding gravitational wave signal could be detected by eLISA. We find that most of the models with first-order electroweak phase transition can be covered by the precise measurements of Higgs couplings at the proposed Higgs factories. We also map out the model space that can be probed with gravitational wave detection by eLISA.
Towards the Formulation of Design Rules for Migrating Software Applications from Desktop to Handheld Devices

Summary form only given. Handheld devices, have achieved a phenomenal popularity growth recently. Therefore, an increasing need for different services has risen. Many applications are already present but rely on a large computer display. To transfer these applications to handheld devices, designers need a set of design rules. Moreover, they need the design rules to fulfill some structural conditions to reach maximum usability of these design rules. The author proposes a set of design rules and a different structure for these rules.
A Multiphase Switched Capacitor Power Amplifier

This paper presents an all-digital multiphase switched capacitor power amplifier (MP-SCPA) implemented in a 130-nm CMOS. Quadrature architectures suffer reduced output power and efficiency owing to the combination of out-of-phase signals. The MP architecture reduces the phase difference between the basis vectors that are combined, and hence the output power and efficiency are greatly improved. Sixteen clocks with identical adjacent phase separations are produced by a phase generator with each phase’s relative amplitude weighted on the top plate of a capacitor array and combined on a common bottom plate, resulting in linear amplification. The MP-SCPA delivers a peak output power $P_{\mathrm{ out}}$ of 26 dBm with a peak system efficiency (SE) of 24.9%. When amplifying a long-term evolution signal at 1.85 GHz, the average $P_{\mathrm{ out}}$ and the SE are 20.9 dBm and 15.2%, respectively, with an Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR) < −30 dBc and error vector magnitude of 3.5% rms using a 2-D digital predistortion.
Prospective Person Memory in the Search for Missing Persons

Prospective person memory occurs when an individual sees a missing person or wanted person alert and then later encounters and recognizes the person. In this chapter, we outline a model of the factors that impact prospective person memory and describe research related to each of the factors. We use this model to help explain why prospective person memory is often so difficult and to propose concrete solutions that can make missing person alert systems more effective.
New rapid, accurate T 2 quantification detects pathology in normal-appearing brain regions of relapsing-remitting MS patients

Abstract Introduction Quantitative T 2 mapping may provide an objective biomarker for occult nervous tissue pathology in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). We applied a novel echo modulation curve (EMC) algorithm to identify T 2 changes in normal-appearing brain regions of subjects with RRMS (N = 27) compared to age-matched controls (N = 38). Methods The EMC algorithm uses Bloch simulations to model T 2 decay curves in multi-spin-echo MRI sequences, independent of scanner, and scan-settings. T 2 values were extracted from normal-appearing white and gray matter brain regions using both expert manual regions-of-interest and user-independent FreeSurfer segmentation. Results Compared to conventional exponential T 2 modeling, EMC fitting provided more accurate estimations of T 2 with less variance across scans, MRI systems, and healthy individuals. Thalamic T 2 was increased 8.5% in RRMS subjects ( p 2 associated with RRMS diagnosis (all p 2 differences for different white and gray matter structures. Conclusions The EMC algorithm precisely characterizes T 2 values, and is able to detect subtle T 2 changes in normal-appearing brain regions of RRMS patients. These presumably capture both axon and myelin changes from inflammation and neurodegeneration. Further, T 2 variations between different brain regions of healthy controls may correlate with distinct nervous tissue environments that differ from one another at a mesoscopic length-scale.
Hydra’s ECM/integrin/matrix metalloproteinase network: comparative analysis of hydra and vertebrate ECM signaling systems based on current genomic and EST databases

The fundamental and critical functions of the ECM to metazoans explain why we see its appearance in ancient Taxa such as Cnidaria that represents one of the earliest groups with a defined tissue organization and an ECM A model system for understanding the mechanisms involved in Cell ECM interactions during developmental processes is the Cnidarian Hydra diverged some million years ago whose use in developmental biology dates back to the studies of Trembley in As discussed in this review ECM does not stand alone but rather is part of a complicated system that we refer to as the Extracellular matrix Integrin Matrix Metalloproteinase Network ECM Integrin MMP Network This network not only provides structural support for tissues but also functions as a signal transduction platform that regulates cell physiological and developmental processes The purpose of the review is to show the highly conserved nature of the ECM Integrin MMP Network throughout the metazoans and does so by comparing what we know of the vertebrate network to that of the Hydra network The review is organized to discuss A nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp The initial studies related to the structure and function of Hydra ECM prior to B nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp A discussion of the Hydra ECM project that utilized a convergent biochemical cellular and molecular approach to the study of Hydra ECM and its associated molecules after C nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp The composition of the vertebrate network and D nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp A comparative analysis of the vertebrate network to the Hydra network based on the most current NCBI genomic and EST databases
Ecological revolution of Oklahoma's rhynchonelliform brachiopod fauna during the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event

During the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE), the number of marine invertebrate families more than tripled. Fundamental shifts in clade dominance and ecological structure led to the rise of the Palaeozoic Fauna and the second Palaeozoic Ecological Evolutionary Unit (EEU P2 of Sheehan), which revolutionized benthic ecosystems for the next 200 million years. Although general global signals of increased diversity and ecosystem restructuring are known, direct links between these changes are more poorly constrained on high-resolution local scales. To address this, rhynchonelliformean brachiopod assemblages of the Middle Ordovician Simpson Group (Oklahoma, USA) were assessed before, during and after maximum local diversity increase related to the second global pulse of the GOBE. Stratigraphically constrained brachiopod species occurrence and abundance data were collected for Dapingian-lower Sandbian strata via field study. Brachiopod assemblages exhibited declining dominance and increasing evenness from the Dapingian through middle Darriwilian stages followed by high volatility in index values during and after the GOBE interval. These patterns document local faunal turnover and shift from EEU P1 to P2. Furthermore, the average species body volume statistically increased over this interval, a pattern that is independent of phylogenetic constraints. Paired increase in mean body size and size disparity is evidence of niche specialization and utilization of additional food resources. Together, changes in body size, evenness and dominance indicate that increasing ecological complexity was coincident with diversification in Oklahoma. This suggests that a common mechanism, such as climate optimization or increased food abundance, was locally responsible for building both taxonomic diversity and ecological complexity during the GOBE.
Abstract WP111: Activation of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Improves Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity in Mice with Ischemic Stroke and Bone Fracture

Background & Purpose: Stroke is an important risk factor and one of the most devastating complications for bone fracture. We showed previously that bone fracture at the acute stage of ischemic stroke worsens, and activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAchR) improves stroke recovery through attenuation of inflammation. We hypothesized that activation of α7 nAchR also improves blood-brain barrier integrity. Methods: Permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) was performed on C57BL/6J mice followed by tibia fracture 1 day later. Mice were treated intra-peritoneally with 0.8 mg/kg PHA 568487 (PHA, α7 nAchR-specific agonist), 6 mg/kg methyllycaconitine (MLA, α7 nAchR antagonist), or saline 1 and 2 days after pMCAO. Brain water content was assessed by measuring the wet and dry weight 3 days after pMCAO. The expression of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) in astrocytes and tight junction proteins was quantified in the peri-infarct region using immunostained brain sections (N=6). Results: Tibia fracture increased water content in the ischemic stroke brain (p Conclusions: In addition to inhibiting inflammation, activation of α7 nAchR also reduces astrocyte oxidative stress and improves blood-brain barrier integrity. Thus, the α7 nAchR-specific agonist can be developed into a new therapy for improving recovery patients with stroke or stroke plus bone fracture.
Storied Environmental Curriculum: A Case-Based Perspective on Environmental Education

Narrative curricular practices constitute an often neglected feature of environmental education. In response to this issue, the present chapter examines the text structure (i.e., written organization) of two cases developed by biology teachers in Brazil. A narrative analysis revealed that (1) both cases shared common features such as a focus on relatively powerless victims (poor, illiterate, and young) in need of help and tragic plots involving literary representations of death and fear and (2) they differed with regard to features such as structural organization (open vs. closed narrative structures) and positioning of students (external bystanders vs. science experts in charge of solving a problem). The main significance of this study is that it highlights the need for educators to better understand what it means to develop a storied curriculum as well as the implications of narrativizing environmental issues in particular ways.
Treatment of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms in the Pediatric Population (P04.083)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rates of endovascular and microsurgical treatments for unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIA) and the rate of favorable outcome. BACKGROUND: Previous studies have thoroughly examined treatment options for intracranial aneurysms in the adult population. However, similar studies have not been performed within the pediatric population. DESIGN/METHODS: We analyzed the data obtained as part of the Kids9 Inpatient Database between 2003 and 2009 with primary diagnosis of UIA (identified by the International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision). Patients undergoing endovascular coiling were compared to those undergoing microsurgical clipping. Outcomes were defined as rates of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), in-hospital mortality, or favorable outcome (discharge disposition of home/self-care). RESULTS: From 2003 to 2009, there were 818 cases of UIAs. A total of 188 patients (mean age 13±8 years, 43% female) underwent coiling, and 123 patients (mean age 14±6 years, 36% female) underwent clipping for UIAs. The rate of ICH was similar between coiling and clipping patients (2.1% vs 5%, p=0.3). There was no mortality among those who underwent clipping, but there were 3 patients who underwent coiling that suffered in-house mortality (p=0.28). A large number of patients undergoing either treatment experienced a favorable outcome after treatment (91% coiling, 89% clipping, p=0.6). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment and associated outcomes of UIAs in pediatric population remains under studied. Prospective studies are needed to identify the natural history and best treatment strategies in this patient population with UIAs. Disclosure: Dr. Asaithambi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Adil has nothing to disclose. Dr. ATACH Investigators has nothing to disclose.
Abstract 13189: Association of DNA Methylation and Gene Expression of the P2Y12 Receptor: The Multi-Ethnic Study on Atherosclerosis

Background: P2Y12 receptor is the target for thienopyridine mediated platelet inhibition. Epigenetic factors, including DNA methylation could influence gene expression and subsequent in vitro and c...
Activation mechanism of pepsinogen as compared to the processing of HIV protease gag-pol precursor protein.

The structural evidence suggests that the eukaryotic aspartic proteases and the retroviral proteases are related in three-dimensional structures and in their evolution. The internal two-fold structural homology between the two lobes of the eukaryotic aspartic proteases (Tang et al., 1978) is similar to the homodimeric structure of HIV (Wlodawer et al., 1989) and other retroviral proteases. Also, the folding topology of individual lobes in eukaryotic aspartic proteases is related to that of the retroviral enzyme monomers (Rao et al., 1991). It is now well established that these two groups of proteases share active-site structure and catalytic mechanism.
The Developmental Influence of Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission

Environmental manipulations that affect brain development form the primary evidence for “activity-dependent” mechanisms. Manipulations of this sort probably alter the normal amount or the pattern of synaptic transmission and action potentials, and this altered activity state somehow influences the growth and differentiation of synaptic connections. The first studies to draw a strong causal relationship between environmental stimulation and the development of connections were performed in the cat visual system (Wiesel and Hubel, 1963, Wiesel and Hubel, 1965; Hubel and Wiesel, 1965). In control animals, extracellular recordings from cortex show that most neurons fire action potentials in response to stimulation of either eye. However, when visual stimulation to one eye is decreased during development, there is a dramatic loss in the ability of that eye to activate cortical neurons. While these changes are striking, the cellular mechanisms whereby differences in neural activity are translated into structural or functional changes are far from clear. To date, most studies have focused on the cellular mechanisms that might operate at developing excitatory synapses, such as the nerve-muscle junction. In contrast, little is known about the maturation of inhibitory synaptic contacts, and whether they too can exhibit “activity-dependent” mechanisms. This chapter summarizes experimental findings from a developing inhibitory projection in the auditory system, and provides evidence that inhibitory transmission plays an active role during ontogeny.
Posterior Surgical Approach to The Kidney and Ureter

The posterior surgical approach allows certain operations on the upper urinary tract to be performed more rapidly, with optimum exposure and with diminished morbidity. In particular, the lumbotomy incision is excellent for bilateral nephrectomy, open renal biopsy, simple nephrectomy for benign disease, pyelolithotomy, pyeloplasty and upper third ureterolithotomy. The operative technique is reviewed, and the advantages and limitations of this approach are discussed.