cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time Evolution of Bistatic Acoustic Scattering: Mechanism Loci Identification for Broadside Cylinder Near a Flat Interface

The study of sound scattering from solid targets near a water–sediment interface is a topic of recent interest. Keeping in line with this direction of study, the following is an investigation of the various acoustic scattering mechanisms from a solid aluminum cylinder in broadside geometry near a flat air–water interface. In addition to identifying the possible scattering interactions that can occur, contained in this article is the explanation of the various methods utilized to investigate the different physical processes. Furthermore, the following treatment will utilize the geometrical optics approximation to treat targets as point particles to perform a simple analysis of the processes in the time domain. Although this approach is useful, it will not completely describe all aspects of the interactions but will provide a cursory understanding of the timing relations of the different identified mechanisms and will give an explanation of acoustic feature loci of a variety of possible scattering mechanisms.
A Comparative Study of the 21st Century Afterschool Center on Education in Elementary Schools in South Texas

This quantitative study examines the relationship between implementation of the 21st Century Afterschool Centers on Education (ACE) program and fourth grade student performance on the State of Texas Assessment of Academic Readiness (STAAR). Data was collected from public elementary schools in South Texas via the 2018-2019 Texas Academic Performance Report (TAPR) published by Texas Education Agency (TEA) for each campus. The study applied a quantitative, ex-post facto research approach, which analyzed data from fourth grade students enrolled in elementary schools. Results indicated no significant differences in STAAR performance between those campuses, which implemented ACE, and those, which did not. Thus, the findings dictate a need for policymakers’ and school leaders’ attention to ensure that enrichment programs are implemented with fidelity and appropriately designed to deliberately effect increases in student learning. Future research may seek to determine more effective enrichment program approaches for students in low-performing, high-minority serving schools.
Justifying Partiality

It’s an undeniable fact about our moral lives that we are partial towards certain people and projects. Despite this, it has traditionally been very hard to justify partiality. In this paper I defend a novel partialist theory. The context of the paper is the debate between three different views of how partiality is justified. According to the first view, partiality is justified by facts about our ground projects. According to the second view, partiality is justified by facts about our relationships with the things that we are partial towards. And according to the third view, partiality is justified by facts about the things that we are partial towards. I argue that all three views contain part of the truth. We can see this by adopting a more sophisticated view of the weight of reasons. Once we do this, it will be clear that both facts about individuals and facts about relationships play a role in explaining why we often have stronger reason to act well towards those things we are partial towards. Further, I argue, facts about projects help explain why facts about relationships play the role that they do in determining the strength of our reasons.
Sustainable Thermoresponsive Whey Protein and Chitosan Based Oil-in-Water Emulsions For Cosmetic Applications.

OBJECTIVE In this study, the biopolymers whey protein and chitosan were used to create a thermoresponsive emulsion. The impact of the inclusion of chitosan and inclusion of specific oils on the rheological properties and response to temperature were investigated by a stepwise build-up from simple solutions to oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. Whey protein (WP) concentration and chitosan concentration were varied. The results may help develop strategies for incorporating thermoresponsive materials in stable and high performing formulations for use in cosmetics. METHODS Solutions of whey protein concentrate (WPC) by itself, chitosan by itself, and the combination of the two at various concentrations were tested with flow sweeps, temperature sweeps, and frequency sweeps. Then three different oils of jojoba, avocado, and silicone were included to form emulsions and the tests were repeated to determine flow behavior, response to temperature, and structure. RESULTS By comparing 15 wt. % and 20 wt. % WP solutions, it was found that 15 wt. % WP could provide good viscosities and modulus at a lower amount of material used. The solution composed of 15 wt. % WP and 0.5 wt. % chitosan was found to have the greatest structural response to temperature compared to solutions with 1.0 wt. % and 1.5 wt. % chitosan. Compared to the addition of 10 wt. % silicone and 10 wt. % avocado oil to form emulsions, the addition of 10 wt. % jojoba oil further strengthened the gel network the most. The final emulsion with pigment added had improved viscosity and thermoresponsive behavior. The WP and chitosan emulsions were shear-thinning, elastically dominated, and behaved as classical gels. The behavior of the emulsions was dependent upon the hydrophobic interactions between the protein and the oil and the electrostatic interactions between the protein and the chitosan. CONCLUSION An emulsion composed of 15 wt. % WP, 10 wt. % jojoba oil, and 0.5 wt. % chitosan solution was found to have the greatest structural response to temperature. This study of an O/W emulsion containing whey protein concentrate and chitosan demonstrated that different oils and conditions can be used to tune thermoresponsive and rheological behavior.
Enabling adaptable Industry 4.0 automation with a modular deep reinforcement learning framework

Abstract Industry 4.0 envisions adaptable and resilient manufacturing and logistics operations capable of handling dynamic changes or deviations in operations using intelligent sensing and computation technologies. Recent advances in artificial intelligence and collaborative robotics have created unprecedented opportunities to fully automate a variety of industrial tasks such as material handling, assembly, machine tending, and inspection, among other. With the rapidly growing interest in the vision of lot-size-of-one, a fundamental and challenging question remains open: How can robots leverage the knowledge of previously-learned tasks to expedite their learning on new tasks? We tackle this problem by developing and testing a novel deep reinforcement learning framework with task modularization to enhance adaptability of collaborative robots in performing a multitude of simulated tasks. The framework is built upon the actor-critic method and the notion of task modularity, and is compared against the Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) algorithm as a baseline. Numerical experiments on the Meta-World dataset prove the ability of the proposed framework in improving the adaptability and efficiency of collaborative robots to new tasks through task modularization and transfer of policies from previously-learned task modules.
Diabetes Screening Reminder for Women With Prior Gestational Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate whether an electronic health record (EHR) reminder improves rates of screening for type 2 diabetes in women with prior gestational diabetes.METHODS:We randomly allocated primary care providers (by clinic site) to a reminder for type 2 diabetes screening within the EHR or to usu
RSA Chips (Past/Present/Future) (Extended abstract)

We review the issues involved in building a special-purpose chip for performing RSA encryption/decryption, and review a few of the current implementation efforts.
Conceptualizing a Collaborative Problem Solving Environment for Regional Climate Modeling and Assessment of Climate Impacts

Computational scientists at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) are designing a collaborative problem solving environment (CPSE) to support regional climate modeling and assessment of climate impacts. Where most climate computational science research and development projects focus at the level of the scientific codes, file systems, data archives, and networked computers, our analysis and design efforts are aimed at designing enabling technologies that are directly meaningful and relevant to climate researchers at the level of the practice and the science. We seek to characterize the nature of scientific problem solving and look for innovative ways to improve it. Moreover, we aim to glimpse beyond current systems and technical limitations to derive a design that expresses the regional climate or impact assessment modeler's own perspective on research activities, processes, and resources. The product of our analysis and design work is a conceptual regional climate and impact assessment CPSE prototype that specifies a complete simulation and modeling user environment and a suite of high-level problem solving tools.
Resolution and Identification of Ribosomes from Mycobacteria

Ribosomes were isolated from mycobacteria (BCG) by differential centrifugation by use of a modification of Nirenberg9s procedure. Individual components of the ribosomal spectrum were resolved in linear sucrose density gradients. Sedimentation constants of the individual components were determined by analytical ultracentrifugation. Ribosomes from escherichia coli labeled with 14 C-uracil were used as markers for an independent confirmation of the identity of individual peaks. The typical ribosomal spectrum of 70 S units and 50 S and 30 S subunits was obtained in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer with 0.01 m Mg(CH 3 COO) 2 . This corresponds to the ribosomal spectrum obtained in E. coli under comparable conditions. In 0.0001 m Mg 2+ , the 70 S units were dissociated to 50 S and 30 S particles. Pancreatic ribonuclease produced no significant changes in main ribosomal components. The isolation techniques used in this work precluded the recognition of polyribosomes.
A quantification of the effectiveness of EPID dosimetry and software-based plan verification systems in detecting incidents in radiotherapy

Purpose: Complex treatments in radiation therapy require robust verification in order to prevent errors that can adversely affect the patient. For this purpose, the authors estimate the effectiveness of detecting errors with a “defense in depth” system composed of electronic portal imaging device (EPID) based dosimetry and a software-based system composed of rules-based and Bayesian network verifications. Methods: The authors analyzed incidents with a high potential severity score, scored as a 3 or 4 on a 4 point scale, recorded in an in-house voluntary incident reporting system, collected from February 2012 to August 2014. The incidents were categorized into different failure modes. The detectability, defined as the number of incidents that are detectable divided total number of incidents, was calculated for each failure mode. Results: In total, 343 incidents were used in this study. Of the incidents 67% were related to photon external beam therapy (EBRT). The majority of the EBRT incidents were related to patient positioning and only a small number of these could be detected by EPID dosimetry when performed prior to treatment (6%). A large fraction could be detected by in vivo dosimetry performed during the first fraction (74%). Rules-based and Bayesian network verifications were found to be complimentary to EPID dosimetry, able to detect errors related to patient prescriptions and documentation, and errors unrelated to photon EBRT. Combining all of the verification steps together, 91% of all EBRT incidents could be detected. Conclusions: This study shows that the defense in depth system is potentially able to detect a large majority of incidents. The most effective EPID-based dosimetry verification is in vivo measurements during the first fraction and is complemented by rules-based and Bayesian network plan checking.
Immediately loaded platform-switched implants in the anterior mandible with fixed prostheses: a randomized, split-mouth, masked prospective trial.

Background Platform-switched implants have been demonstrated to maintain marginal bone-level stability after immediate loading. The present study evaluated crestal bone loss and soft tissue stability around ANKYLOS plus® implants (A-implants) and Certain® PREVAILTM (B-implants). Materials and Methods Patients were identified to receive three A- or three B-implants on each side of their mandibles, with randomization. All implants were loaded immediately after their insertion and splinted with a cemented provisional prosthesis. Final prostheses were delivered 3 months after implantation. Peri-implant crestal bone loss, gingival recession, and other soft tissue changes were evaluated throughout a 2-year follow-up. Results A total of one hundred seven implants were placed in 18 patients. Two of the group A-implants and one group B-implant failed. At the final 24-month assessment, bone loss of at least 2 mm (mesially or distally) was recorded at 5 of the 44 surviving A-implants (11%) and 33 of the 47 B-implants (70%), a success rate of 88.63% for the A- and 29.78% for the B-implants. Conclusions Significant changes in the level of the crestal bone loss around immediately loaded platform-switched dental implants seem to be related to the platform shape and size, as well as the implant-abutment connection, when abutments are not removed.
A Simulation Study of Energy-Efficient Ethernet With Two Modes of Low-Power Operation

Section 78.1.3 of the IEEE 802.3bj-2014 standard defines two modes of low-power idle (LPI) operation for the physical layers of energy-efficient ethernet (EEE) links that work at a speed of 40 Gb/s and higher: Fast Wake and Deep Sleep. In this letter, it is shown by simulation that combining two modes of low(er)-power operation in EEE links can result in significant savings with a reasonable performance tradeoff that may not be achievable with a single mode of LPI, as is the case for 10 Gb/s links and lower.
Introduction to Icy Satellite Geology

The icy satellites have had diverse and fascinating geological histories. Each shows evidence on its surface of the action of many different processes, both endogenic and exogenic. This chapter briefly reviews the historical development of thought about satellite geology, the factors which determine the course of geologic history on a satellite, and a categorization by “metamorphic grade” of the major satellites of the outer solar system.
A JTAG based AC leakage self-test

For the last decade, the manufacturing cost per transistor has been exponentially decreasing. The test cost, however, has been decreasing at a much slower rate and now occupies a significant portion of the total cost of a microprocessor. To address this problem, many companies have planned to gradually move away from functional testing to less expensive structural and system level testing. The fundamental cost difference between these techniques comes from a reduction in the number of pins directly driven by the tester. This work describes a new technique that allows a tester to determine if all of the pins on a chip have acceptable leakage without requiring the tester to actually contact each individual pin.
Evaluation of affirm VP Microbial Identification Test for Gardnerella vaginalis and Trichomonas vaginalis.

A commercial system (Affirm VP Microbial Identification Test; MicroProbe Corp.) for detection of vaginal pathogens was evaluated with 176 consecutive women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic for genital complaints. Vaginal swab specimens were used for culture of Gardnerella vaginalis and Trichomonas vaginalis, preparation of a vaginal smear for Gram stain interpretation, and wet mount evaluation. An additional swab was used to evaluate the 30-min nonisotopic oligonucleotide probe test. The automated probe system detected G. vaginalis in 69 (95%) of 73 women having > 5 x 10(5) CFU of G. vaginalis per ml by culture, and 20 (43%) of 47 specimens with 5 x 10(5) CFU of G. vaginalis per ml. The probe system detected G. vaginalis in 57 (90%) of 63 vaginal specimens from women having clue cells on wet mount examination, and in only 3 (3%) of 113 women without clue cells, suggesting that the Affirm probe for G. vaginalis could be used as a surrogate for wet mount examination for clue cells. The T. vaginalis probe was positive for 12 of 12 specimens positive by wet mount and 12 of 15 specimens positive by culture. There were no false positives and three false negatives for the Affirm VP test compared with culture and/or wet mount for T. vaginalis. The Affirm VP Microbial Identification System is a rapid, objective, and automated test for the detection of T. vaginalis and clinically significant levels of G. vaginalis that is comparable to wet mount examination for clue cells and is superior to wet mount examination for the detection of trichomonads.
Role of Random Capacity Risk and the Retailer in Decentralized Supply Chains with Competing Suppliers

This research considers a supply chain under the following conditions: (i) two heterogeneous suppliers are in competition, (ii) supply capacity is random and pricing is endogenous, (iii) consumer demand, with and without an intermediate retailer, is price dependent. Specifically, we examine how uncertainty in supply capacity affects optimal ordering and pricing decisions, supplier and retailer profits, and the incentives to reduce such uncertainty. When two suppliers sell through a monopolistic retailer, supply uncertainty not only affects the retailer's diversification strategy for replenishment, but also changes the suppliers� wholesale price competition and the incentive for reducing capacity uncertainty. In this dual-sourcing model, we show that the benefit of reducing capacity uncertainty depends on the cost heterogeneity between the suppliers. In addition, we show that a supplier does not necessarily benefit from capacity variability reduction. We contrast this incentive misalignment with findings from the single-supplier case and a supplier-duopoly case where both suppliers sell directly to market without the monopolistic retailer. In the latter single-supplier and duopoly cases, we prove that the unreliable supplier always benefits from reducing capacity variability. These results highlight the role of the retailer's diversification strategy in distorting a supplier's incentive for reducing capacity uncertainty under supplier price competition.
A Comparison of Four Algorithms for Change Detection in an Urban Environment

Abstract Four digital change detection algorithms are applied to 1986 and 1990 Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images of a portion of the Salt Lake Valley area to determine the land-cover/land-use changes between the two dates. Image differencing and image regression are used with the six reflective TM bands to create 12 change images. A tassled cap transformation is also used to create three change images (change in brightness, greenness, and wetness). A new method—a Chi square transformation—is proposed and used with the six reflective bands to create a single band change image. A thresholding strategy is applied to the change images to separate the pixels of change from those of no change. Five hundred eighty-five samples are selected through a combination of stratified random sampling and systematic sampling procedure. Ground truth information on the sample sites is obtained from the interpretation of color aerial photo slides of the two dates. Three indices are used to assess the accuracies of the sixteen change images for land-cover/land-use change detection. The regression of TM Band 3 is found to be most accurate for detecting change vs. no change in all three indices, while the difference image of TM4 is found to be least accurate. The kind of change in land-cover/land-use is also examined. The results are compared and summarized. Changes involving construction sites and farmlands are found to be accurately detected by several change images.
Catalytic hydrodesulfurization over the Mo(100) single crystal surface. II: The role of adsorbed sulfur and mechanism of the desulfurization step

The study of thiophene hydrodesulfurization (HDS) over initially clean Mo(100) surfaces has been extended to include sulfided surfaces. Low sulfur coverages (0 ≤ θs$0.67) inhibit HDS activity. Increasing the sulfur coverage in the range 0.67 ≤ θs ≤ 1.0 produces a surface with an HDS activity of about half that of the clean Mo(100) surface. Excessive exposure of the surface to a sulfur-containing environment results in the formation of a MoS2 layer which is, at least in part, responsible for complete catalytic deactivation. Radiotracer (35S) labeling techniques have been used to measure rates of hydrogenation of sulfur adsorbed on the Mo(100) surface. In ambient atmospheres of both hydrogen (1 atm) and the thiophene HDS reaction mixture (P(H2) = 1 atm, P(Th) = 2.5 Torr) the rate of hydrogenation of adsorbed sulfur is two orders of magnitude less than the HDS rate. This fact has been used to suggest that the desulfurization step of the reaction does not proceed via the formation of a tightly bound MoS species.
Glucose determination in simulated blood serum solutions by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: investigation of spectral interferences

Abstract Determination of physiological concentrations of glucose in whole blood or blood serum using infrared (IR) spectrometry is complicated due to combined effects of spectral variations caused by fluctuations in temperature, pH and other blood constituents with overlapping spectra. In order to initiate systematic examination of these effects, we studied the effects of temperature and pH changes on the spectral variation of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solutions and glucose doped PBS solutions in vitro. We observed that temperature and pH variations in the glucose doped PBS solutions cause significant changes in absorbance recorded with a Fourier transform infrared/attenuated total reflectance apparatus in the spectral region which contains information about glucose. Primary blood constituents which may interfere with the IR spectrophotometric measurement of glucose in serum were identified. Blood serum solutions were simulated by mixing glucose and the primary interfering constituents in their physiological concentrations with PBS. The feasibility of accurate prediction of physiological glucose concentration in simulated serum solutions covering physiological variations of blood constituents was assessed by applying univariate techniques, multivariate statistical methods and artificial neural networks (ANN) to their mid-IR spectra. Multivariate methods based on partial least squares, principal component regression and ANN produced calibration models with smaller standard errors of prediction (SEP) of 16.9, 18.8 and 18.8 mg dl -1 , respectively, compared with univariate methods based on peak height and area determinations which yielded a smallest SEP of 40.1 mg dl -1 . We conclude that in spite of physiological variations of major interfering constituents, physiological glucose concentration in aqueous multicomponent mixtures such as blood serum may be predicted with sufficient accuracy for clinical applications using multivariate chemometric techniques.
The effect of inbreeding on early childhood mortality: twelve generations of an Amish settlement.

An unresolved issue in research on child survival is the extent to which familial mortality risk in infancy is due to biological influences net of sociodemographic and economic factors. We examine the effect of consanguinity on early childhood mortality in an Old Order Amish settlement by using the inbreeding coefficient, an explicit measure of the degree of relatedness in one’s ancestry. Inbreeding has a net positive effect on neonatal and postneonatal deaths. We find social, demographic, and population-based sociocultural explanations for this effect among the Amish population, which is known to experience certain genetically transmitted defects associated with mortality.
Discovering useful and understandable patterns in manufacturing data

Abstract Accurate planning of produced quantities is a challenging task in semiconductor industry where the percentage of good parts (measured by yield) is affected by multiple factors. However, conventional data mining methods that are designed and tuned on “well-behaved” data tend to produce a large number of complex and hardly useful patterns when applied to manufacturing databases. This paper presents a novel, perception-based method, called Automated Perceptions Network (APN), for automated construction of compact and interpretable models from highly noisy data sets. We evaluate the method on yield data of two semiconductor products and describe possible directions for the future use of automated perceptions in data mining and knowledge discovery.
Abstract 2400: Differential phosphorylation of signaling targets as a function of RAS mutation status and tumor histology in non-small cell lung cancer.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Background: While the importance of RAS and mTOR signaling pathways in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is well known, the activation status of key components in the pathway as a function of histology and oncogene mutation status has been not completely described. The purpose of this study is to investigate phosphorylation status of signal transduction pathway members and to elucidate their prognostic significance in relation to adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Methods: Phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (pERK), MEK 1 and 2 (pMEK), and mammalian target of rapamycin (pmTOR) were immunohistochemically examined using tissue microarray samples of 269 surgically resected primary NSCLC. Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) expression and mutation status of EGFR and KRAS were also evaluated. The relationships between 5-year progression free survival (PFS) and phospho-protein expression were investigated by univariate analyses of log-rank test and multivariate analyses using Cox regression model. Results: A total of 98 adenocarcinomas and 134 squamous cell carcinomas were included in the analyses. In adenocarcinoma, pERK expression was significantly related to pMEK (P = 0.001), pmTOR (P < 0.001), and TTF-1 (P = 0.013) expression. In squamous cell carcinoma, pERK expression was significantly related to pMEK (P < 0.001) expression. EGFR or KRAS mutations were significantly associated with TTF-1 expression (P = 0.014) in adenocarcinoma. However, EGFR and KRAS mutation status were not significantly associated with pERK, pMEK, and pmTOR expressions in adenocarcinoma. By univariate analyses, high pERK expression was associated with better 5-year PFS (P = 0.018) in adenocarcinoma and high pMEK expression was associated with worse 5-year PFS (P = 0.043) in squamous cell carcinoma. In multivariate analyses, pERK (P = 0.040) and pMEK (P = 0.048) expression were independent prognostic factors. Conclusions: There were different patterns of phospho-protein expression in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. pERK expression was a good prognostic factor only in adenocarcinoma and pMEK expression was a poor prognostic factor only in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Citation Format: Sang-Won Um, Jingxiang Chen, Carrie Lee, Norman E. Sharpless, Patrick J. Roberts, D. Neil Hayes. Differential phosphorylation of signaling targets as a function of RAS mutation status and tumor histology in non-small cell lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2400. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2400
Human pancreatic polypeptide inhibits insulin release in the rat.

Summary Synthetic human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP) administered intravenously suppressed hepatic portal insulin levels in a dose-dependent manner in both fed and fasted rats. No effect on glucagon levels was detected. The C-terminal hexapeptide (hPP 31–36 ) and the C-terminal decapeptide (hPP 27–36 ) exhibited no effect on insulin levels in fed rats at molar doses significantly higher than the effective doses of hPP. A physiological role for hPP in the control of insulin is suggested.
Application of crack tip plasticity based fatigue model on high temperature alloy HAYNES® 282®

Abstract Confined crack tip plasticity model is employed to predict time independent fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) behavior of HAYNES® 282® alloy at temperatures 1200F and 1400F. Crack growth tests were done in lab air, vacuum and steam environments at load ratios R = Kmin/Kmax ranging from 0.05 to 0.5. Calibrated model predicts average cyclic crack growth rate behavior of the material reasonably well. Predictions do not capture the accelerated fatigue crack growth rates observed in the data at low load levels. Such effects are believed to be caused by environmentally driven factors, which are not expected to be predicted by plasticity based models.
New TOR editor

David A. Brooks, associate professor at Texas A&M University's oceanography department, has been appointed editor designate of The Oceanography Report (TOR). He succeeds Arnold L. Gordon of the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory. Gordon, who initiated TOR in September 1981, is the new president-elect of the AGU Ocean Sciences Section. Brooks, a physical oceanographer, has been at Texas A&M for 6 years. His research interests include waves and tides, the interaction of waves and currents, Gulf Stream fluctuations, and Gulf of Mexico and Gulf of Maine circulation. Before going to Texas A&M, Brooks was a research associate and graduate faculty member at North Carolina State University in Raleigh.
Crystallization behavior of alkoxy- derived SrBi2Ta2O9 thin films on Pt-passivated Si

Abstract Initiation of the crystallization of the triple-alkoxy-derived gel films to SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) perovskite thin films on Pt-passivated Si was addressed. The organic functional group of the triple alkoxide may determine the degree of the hydrolysis and poly-condensation reactions and affect the nucleation sites in the film after annealing. A mixture of water vapor and oxygen flow during the calcination at 250°C promoted the nucleation and growth of SBT below 500°C. It was clarified that the crystallographic orientaion of the SBT thin films has been determined in the primary stage of the crystallization.
Social Evaluation Through Notional Choice

I. Introduction, 597. — II. The underlying metaphysics, 600. — III. A notional mechanism for social evaluation, 603. — IV. The theory is utilitarian, 606. — V. The conflation problem, 609. — VI. Specification of the good, 618. — VII. Pluralism in welfare standards, 621.
RADIO FREQUENCY PLASMAS AT THE HYBRID ION-ELECTRON RESONANCE

Abstract For wave propagation perpendicular to the static magnetic field of plasmas a resonance is to be expected at the geometrical mean of the ion and electron cyclotron frequency if the plasma frequency is large compared to the electron cyclotron frequency. At this resonance, the so called hybrid ion-electron resonance, the resistive impedence for an external power source has a minimum. Corresponding extrema in the loading of a steady state 10 kW oscillator are observed, virtually at the geometrical mean frequency. The observations are made in hydrogen, deuterium, and helium radio frequency plasmas for different oscillator frequencies from 13 to 30 Mc/sec and gas pressures from 5·10−3 to 6·10−2 mm Hg. The density condition for the occurrence of the hybrid resonance is fulfilled as spectroscopic, microwave, and probe density measurements show.
Cellular interfacial patterns in the Rayleigh-Bénard problem with phase change

Abstract The coupling between the flow field due to free convection with the morphology of a solid-liquid interface, formed upon the freezing of a thin layer of a monocomponent liquid from above, is investigated by means of a double expansion in the small amplitude of motion and a heat transfer Biot number. The latter is defined as the ratio of the thermal conductivity of the plates to that of the liquid. The presence of the interface and the thickness of the solidified portion of the layer affect the stability of the static liquid layer located below the interface. It is found that increases in the thickness of the solid delay the onset of convection and lead to a decrease in the critical wavelength. We show that the bifurcation from the conductive state is either subcritical or supercritical, depending on the strength of the coupling between the temperature fluctuations in the liquid and the interface deformation. A weakly nonlinear stability analysis on the regular and stationary interfacial patterns is undertaken. It reveals a supercritical square pattern when the coupling is weak and subcritical up-hexagons otherwise.
Clinical Evaluation of Demineralized Freeze-Dried Bone Allograft With and Without Enamel Matrix Derivative for the Treatment of Periodontal Osseous Defects in Humans

Background: Beneficial clinical effects have been demonstrated with the addition of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) to demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) compared to EMD alone. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of DFDBA combined with EMD compared to DFDBA alone in the treatment of intraosseous defects of chronic periodontitis.Methods: Thirty-two patients with 41 intrabony defects ≥3 mm were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. Intrabony defects were treated with DFDBA alone or in combination with EMD. Soft tissue measurements included probing depth (PD), gingival recession, and clinical attachment level (CAL). Hard tissue measurements included height of the alveolar crest, defect depth, and defect morphology. Following 6 months of healing, all measurements were repeated with the use of a surgical reentry procedure on 29 patients. Data were analyzed to determine PD reduction, CAL gain, change in recession, crestal resorption, defect fill, defect resoluti...
The grit effect: predicting retention in the military, the workplace, school and marriage.

Remaining committed to goals is necessary (albeit not sufficient) to attaining them, but very little is known about domain-general individual differences that contribute to sustained goal commitment. The current investigation examines the association between grit, defined as passion and perseverance for long-term goals, other individual difference variables, and retention in four different contexts: the military, workplace sales, high school, and marriage. Grit predicted retention over and beyond established context-specific predictors of retention (e.g. intelligence, physical aptitude, Big Five personality traits, job tenure) and demographic variables in each setting. Grittier soldiers were more likely to complete an Army Special Operations Forces (ARSOF) selection course, grittier sales employees were more likely to keep their jobs, grittier students were more likely to graduate from high school, and grittier men were more likely to stay married. The relative predictive validity of grit compared to other traditional predictors of retention is examined in each of the four studies. These findings suggest that in addition to domain-specific influences, there may be domain-general individual differences which influence commitment to diverse life goals over time.
Translesion synthesis by RNA polymerases: occurrence and biological implications for transcriptional mutagenesis.

The genes of all organisms are continuously damaged by extrinsic and intrinsic physical and chemical agents. If the resulting DNA damage is left unrepaired, a number of deleterious biological consequences may result including the production of mutant proteins which can change the cellular phenotype. The majority of DNA damage-induced mutagenesis studies are based on models of DNA polymerase errors occurring in the vicinity of the lesion. In contrast, few studies have addressed the possibility that mutagenesis at the level of transcription (i.e. when RNA polymerase bypasses a lesion and a misincorporation event occurs) may also be an important source of mutant proteins, particularly in nondividing cell populations. This article reviews a number of recent studies on translesion synthesis by RNA polymerases resulting in the production of mutant transcripts (transcriptional mutagenesis). Over a dozen different types of DNA damage are now known to be bypassed with various degrees of efficiency and miscoding abilities by the transcriptional elongation machinery. Some important biological implications of transcriptional mutagenesis are discussed.
Suggested computer applications in veterinary medicine

Computer usage by independent veterinarians would eliminate many of the "business" aspects of private practice, and enhance the medical effectiveness of the veterinarian. This paper is concerned with some applications of computers in private veterinary practice.
Implications of Acute Functional Injury following Percutaneous Renal Artery Intervention

Percutaneous renal artery revascularization for hypertension and renal dysfunction is now common, and there is an increasing realization that renal artery intervention can be associated with parenchymal injury. The frequency, cause, and outcomes of acute functional injury associated with renal intervention are poorly delineated. Our aim was to determine the frequency of acute functional renal injury 30 days after renal artery intervention, to identify factors associated with functional renal injury and determine whether functional renal injury related to renal intervention is associated with late adverse clinical events. A retrospective analysis of patients undergoing renal artery interventions for atherosclerotic renal artery disease between 1990 and 2007 was performed. No distal embolic protection devices were used. Acute functional parenchymal renal injury was defined as a persistent increase in serum creatinine of > or =0.5 mg/dL at 1 month after the procedure. Freedom from kidney-related morbidity (increase in persistent creatinine >20% of baseline, progression to hemodialysis, death from kidney-related causes) and patient survival were measured. There were 418 patients who underwent 581 renal artery interventions: 57% for hypertension, 23% for hypertension associated with chronic renal insufficiency, and 12% for renal insufficiency. Acute functional renal injury occurred in 20% of the patients. The occurrence of a functional injury was associated with a significant decrement in freedom from kidney-related morbidity (mean +/- SEM 80 +/- 2% vs. 55 +/- 10%, no injury vs. injury, p < 0.01) and markedly decreased survival at 5-year follow-up (71 +/- 4% vs. 41 +/- 10%, p < 0.01). At 5-year follow-up, three times as many patients with functional injury progressed to hemodialysis compared to those without injury (19% vs. 7%, p < 0.01). By multivariate analysis, the presence of an unrepaired abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), low estimated glomerular filtration rate, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, contralateral renal artery disease, and a solitary kidney were significantly associated with functional injury and poor long-term clinical benefit. Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and contrast volume were determined to be not significant. Acute functional renal injury occurs in approximately 20% of patients undergoing percutaneous renal artery intervention and is more likely in the presence of an unrepaired AAA, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and preexisting renal disease. Acute functional renal injury is a negative predictor of survival and is associated with subsequent renal failure, need for dialysis, and death. While this data set does not establish a causal relationship, patients who are predisposed to acute functional injury may have underlying factors that also lead to decreased long-term renal function and decreased survival.
Isolation and Identification of Benzyl Ether in a Sample of Basil Oil

A gas chromatographic fraction of a sample of basil oil was found to contain benzyl ether, a compound heretofore not reported to be present in this oil. Identification was established by comparison of various spectra of known samples of the ether. It was further observed that the published mass spectral data for benzyl ether was in error.
The physiological role of myoglobin: more than a problem in reaction-diffusion kinetics

Oxygen has a very low solubility in aqueous solutions, and with rare exceptions we find that oxygen is carried in the circulation almost entirely in combination with a special oxygen-binding protein. Four main types of such proteins are found in the animal kingdom: hemoglobins, chlorocruorins, hemerythrins, and hemocyanins. The most widely distributed in the animal kingdom are the hemoglobins, which are found in all phyla. The chlorocruorins are modified hemoglobins found in only a few families of polychaete worms. In evolutionary terms the hemoglobins are ancient molecules, and they come in many sizes. The large hemoglobins, of molecular weight around 106, are found only in invertebrates, Generally the large molecules are found free in the plasma, whereas the small ones are packaged in cells, the red blood cells. In red cells of almost all vertebrates hemoglobin is a tetramer of two similar basic chains; for example, in adult humans the tetramer consists of two a and two /3 chains. The monomers are of molecular weight (16-17)x 103. However, another molecule, a monomeric oxygen-binding globin called tissue hemoglobin or myoglobin, is found in heart and red skeletal muscle cells. It is found in invertebrates as well as vertebrates. This review is concerned with the function of myoglobin, but brings in hemoglobin because both have been used in some of the work on facilitated diffusion of oxygen. Myoglobin has been thought to serve as a long term and short term oxygen store [l]. In the muscles of diving mammals and birds the concentration of myoglobin is very high, giving the muscles a dark red to near-black color depending on the degree of oxygenation. In the divers it may serve as an oxygen store sufficient for a few minutes. In nondiving animals red muscles have much lower concentrations of myoglobin, and it has been suggested that the myoglobin serves as a short term store to provide oxygen
Numerical Modeling and Analysis of Entrainment in Turbulent Jets After the End of Injection

Previous velocity and scalar measurements in both single-phase jets and two-phase diesel fuel sprays indicate that after the flow at the nozzle decelerates, ambient-gas entrainment increases compared to a steady jet. Previous studies using simplified analytical models and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using a one-dimensional (ID) in-viscid, incompressible momentum equation have predicted that an "entrainment wave" propagates downstream along the jet axis during and after the deceleration, increasing entrainment by up to a factor of 3. In this study, entrainment is analyzed using the full compressible, unsteady Navier―Stokes momentum equations in axisymmetric two-dimensional (2D) CFD simulations of single-pulsed transient round gas jets. The 2D simulations confirm the existence of the entrainment wave, although the region of increased entrainment is distributed over a wider axial region of the jet than predicted by the simplified ID model, so that the peak entrainment rate increases by only 50% rather than by a factor of 3. In the long time limit, both models show that the rate of mixing relative to the local injected fluid concentration increases significantly, approaching a factor of 3 or more increase in the wake of the entrainment wave (relative to a steady jet). Analysis of the terms in the momentum equation shows that the entrainment wave in the full 2D CFD predictions occurs in two phases. The entrainment first increases slightly due to a radial pressure gradient induced by a relatively fast acoustic wave, which the simple ID model does not account for. The acoustic wave is followed by a slower momentum wave of decreased axial velocity initiated at the nozzle, which is convected downstream at the local flow velocities. The largest increase in entrainment accompanies the momentum wave, which is captured by the 1D momentum-equation model.
Gibbs-Sampler-Based Semiblind Equalizer in Underwater Acoustic Communications

The acoustic communication channel is frequency selective with long memory, leading to severe intersymbol interference (ISI). To mitigate ISI, equalizer becomes an indispensable module in the receiver structure. However, the time-varying nature of the underwater acoustic environment imposes unique challenges to the design of an effective equalizer. First, the equalization process needs to be performed on a block basis and the block length could be short. Second, concerning that the dynamic acoustic medium makes the newly acquired channel information readily outdated, it is desirable that the equalizer performance is robust against the inaccuracy of the channel information when the transmission scheme involves cross-block reference. In this paper, we consider a statistical semiblind equalizer implemented by the Gibbs sampler techniques. The proposed equalizer con- ducts channel estimation and symbol detection in a joint manner, and it is robust to the accuracy of the channel information. The effectiveness of the proposed semiblind equalizer is demonstrated using both simulated and the 2008 Surface Processes and Communications Experiment (SPACE08, Martha's Vineyard, MA) in-water experimentation examples.
The incorporation of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid into nicotine

Abstract dl -Δ1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid-5-14C, a possible precursor of nicotine, was fed to Nicotiana rustica for 6 hr. The following percentage distribution of 14C was found after partial degradation of the isolated nicotine:pyridine ring, 5·9 per cent; carbon 2′, 47·8 per cent; and carbon 3′, 1·1 per cent. More than 40% of the remaining radioactivity was located in carbon 5′. Although dl -Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid-5-14C was incorporated symmetrically as are other precursors of the pyrrolidine ring of nicotine, its low incorporation into nicotine (0·04 per cent) indicates that it probably is not on the main pathway of pyrrolidine ring biosynthesis.
Hyperpolarization-activated channels in trigeminal ganglia innervating healthy and pulp-exposed teeth.

Aim To use immunocytochemistry for determining the expression of HCN1, HCN2 and HCN3 (three subunits of the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated current channel) in rodent trigeminal ganglia (TG) that innervate healthy teeth and determine if expression of HCN subunits is increased in TG following pulp exposure. Methodology Pulps were exposed in right maxillary incisors of male Sprague-Dawley rats. After fixation, TG were removed, cryostat sectioned, and immunocytochemistry was utilized to study the expression of HCN1-3 subunits. Immunoreactivity of individual neurons from the maxillary region of the TG was determined with ImageJ software. Differences in the number immunopositive neurons amongst groups were tested for statistical significance with either a Yates or Pearson’s chi-square or Fisher’s exact probability tests depending on neuron sample size. Differences in the intensity of immunoreactivity between groups were tested for statistical significance with a Student’s t-test. Results The majority of TG neurons were immunopositive for HCN1-3. Moreover, statistically significant increases in the number of TG neurons immunopositive for HCN1 and the intensity of HCN1-3 immunoreactivity were observed within hours of exposing the tooth pulp. Conclusions HCN1-3 expression, as determined by immunocytochemistry, is increased within hours after injury. Given that Ih can facilitate neuronal excitability, results of the current study suggest that antagonists to HCN1-3 subunits could work as analgesics in the alleviation of orofacial pain.