cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Target Interaction Regulates Distribution and Stability of Specific mRNAs

Several factors regulate export of mRNAs from neuronal cell bodies. Using in situ hybridization and RT-PCR, we examined how target interaction influences the distribution of mRNAs expressed in sensory neurons (SNs) of Aplysia maintained in cell culture. Interaction with a synaptic target has two effects on the distribution of mRNA encoding an SN-specific peptide, sensorin: the target affects the accumulation of sensorin mRNA at the axon hillock and the stability of sensorin mRNA exported to distal sites. Synapse formation with motor neuron L7 results in the accumulation of high levels of sensorin mRNA in the axon hillock of the SN and in SN neurites contacting L7. SNs cultured alone or in contact with motor neuron L11, with which no synapses form, show a more uniform distribution of sensorin mRNA in the cytoplasm of the SN cell body, with little expression in neurites. Contact with L7 or L11 had little or no effect on the distribution of two other mRNAs in the cytoplasm of SN cell bodies. Sensorin mRNA exported to SN neurites after 1 d in culture is more stable when the SN contacts L7 compared with SN neurites that contact L11. After removal of the SN cell body, the amounts of sensorin mRNA already exported to the neurites are greater when neurites contact L7 compared with neurites in contact with L11. The results indicate that target interaction and synapse formation regulate both the accumulations of specific mRNAs destined for export and their stability at distant sites.
Enzyme-mediated substrate immunolocalization of polygalacturonic acid within barley epidermal cell walls utilizing endopolygalacturonase of Cochliobolus sativus and a monoclonal antibody specific for the enzyme

Abstract The fungal pathogen Cochliobolus sativus is known to penetrate its barley host via the anticlinal cell wall junctions between leaf epidermal cells. Microscopic and cytochemical evidence that this area is rich in pectic polysaccharides led us to investigate the contribution of endopolygalacturonase to the penetration process. Accordingly, an indirect method was developed for localization of the substrate of Cochliobolus sativus Ito and Kuribay (strain SB 85) endopolygalacturonase in barley epidermal cell walls at the electron microscope level. The localization of the polygalacturonic acid substrate was accomplished by exposing thin sections of the walls to purified Cochliobolus sativus endopolygalacturonase, followed by exposure to a murine monoclonal antibody specific to the enzyme and finally goat-anti-mouse conjugated to colloidal gold. The resulting substrate localization pattern was identical to that obtained directly with JIM 5, a monoclonal antibody specific for unesterified pectin. We refer to this indirect localization method as EMSIL (Enzyme-Mediated Substrate Immunolocalization). Potential advantages of this indirect method relative to direct substrate localization methods are discussed.
The extreme C terminus of herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase is crucial for functional interaction with processivity factor UL42 and for viral replication.

Abstract The herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase is composed of two subunits, a large catalytic subunit (Pol) and a smaller subunit (UL42) that increases the processivity of the holoenzyme. The interaction between the two polypeptides is of interest both for the mechanism by which it enables the enzyme to synthesize long stretches of DNA processively and as a possible target for the rational design of novel antiviral drugs. Here, we demonstrate through a combination of insertion and deletion mutagenesis that the carboxy-terminal 35 amino acids of Pol are crucial for binding UL42. The functional importance of the interaction was confirmed by the finding that a pol mutant defective for UL42 binding retained polymerase activity, but did not synthesize longer DNA products in the presence of UL42. Moreover, several association-incompetent mutants failed to complement the replication of a pol null mutant in a transient transfection assay, confirming that the Pol-UL42 interaction is necessary for virus replication in vivo and therefore a valid target for directed drug design.
Design of one-step-ahead prediction observers for system parameter identification

A unifying one-step-ahead prediction observer (identifier) for system parameter estimation or identification of autoregressive moving average (ARMA) processes has been developed. Four specific algorithms can be derived from the unifying algorithm. The properties of the four algorithms developed will be investigated.
Effect of anharmonic vibrations on the bond lengths of polyatomic molecules: Part III. Equilibrium PH distance of phosphine

Abstract A normal-coordinate analysis is made for PH 3 and PD 3 , and plausible values of their normal frequencies, F matrices, L matrices, Urey-Bradley force constants, and cubic force constants are evaluated from the available spectroscopic data. Following the method described in the preceding papers of this series, the cubic constants of the potential function are related to the above quantities by expanding the potential function of a modified Urey-Bradley type to the cubic order, and a numerical calculation of a first-order perturbation is carried out. The interatomic distances and angles averaged over the anharmonic zero-point vibrations are obtained, and their probable uncertainties are estimated. Experimental data of electron diffraction and spectroscopy lead to an estimation of the equilibrium PH bond distance of about 1.415 A.
Relationship of trait anxiety, peer presence, task difficulty, and skill acquisition of sixth-grade boys.

Abstract The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) trait anxiety questionnaire was administered to all sixth-grade boys at one school (N = 181). Based on results of the questionnaire, 40 high-anxious and 40 low-anxious subjects were identified for participation in the study. Stratified random assignments of these subjects in a counterbalanced manner resulted in the creation of eight experimental groups. The effects of an audience and task difficulty on learning and performance were considered in the experimental design. Two social conditions—learning in the presence of a single spectator or alone—and two conditions of task difficulty on the pursuit rotor—hard and easy—were employed. Each subject was tested on one day, under one condition of task difficulty, and under one social condition. Data were treated with a three-factor multivariate analysis of variance. Dependent variables were three STAIC anxiety scale scores used to evaluate within-task feelings of anxiety and three mean performance ...
Frequency and Sequence Complexity of Liver Poly(A)+ mRNAs from Rats Fed Fat-Free or High Fat Diets

We demonstrate by messenger RNA (mRNA) . complementary DNA (cDNA) hybridization that nutrient variation can alter 1) the frequency in which entire classes or families of liver polyadenylated mRNAs [poly(A)+ mRNAs] are present within the cell and 2) the sequence complexity of those transcripts. Feeding a carbohydrate-rich, fat-free diet to rats for 5 days resulted in an increased sequence complexity of rare and moderately abundant liver poly(A)+ mRNAs when compared with poly(A)+ mRNA from rats fed high fat or basal diets. In addition, the frequency of reiteration of abundant sequences increased approximately 10 times compared with the abundant poly(A)+ mRNAs of rats fed high fat or basal diet. The results indicate that the functionality of the template is influenced by nutrient concentrations and may be one means by which complex organisms achieve homeostasis.
Bayesian Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analyses Using Mixture Models

Population studies of the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics or drugs help us learn about the variability in drug disposition and effects, information that can be used to treat future patients at safe and effective doses. We present a new approach to population modeling based on a weighted mixture of normal distributions having random weights and means. This method allows estimation of underlying continuous population distributions without prespecifying the parametric form or shape of these probability distributions. Additionally, this method can carry out nonparametric regression of pharmacokinetic or dynamic parameters on patient covariates while estimating the underlying distributions. Two examples illustrate the method and its flexibility.
Problemstellung und Zweck

Um die mathematische Kunst der Losung von Optimierungsaufgaben fur reale Anwendungen nutzbar zu machen, mussen die Gegebenheiten der vorliegenden Fragestellung in die mathematische Sprache ubersetzt werden. Erst dann kann das Problem an einen mathematischen Bearbeiter oder an ein mathematisches Berechnungssystem ubergeben werden. Bei dieser sogenannten Modellierung muss darauf geachtet werden, dass alle realen Erfordernisse mathematisch berucksichtigt werden und dass die Zielsetzung unzweideutig angegeben und festgelegt wird. Gleichzeitig sollte man das entstehende System nicht zu sehr durch uberflussige Informationen aufblahen. Generell sollte man sich hierzu folgende Eingangsfragen stellen: Welches sind die beeinflussbaren Variablen? Welche Festparameter sind durch die Problemstellung vorgegeben? Was ist das eigentliche Optimierungsziel und wie kann ich es – moglichst einfach, aber ohne Verfalschung – als Funktion der beeinflussbaren (Entscheidungs-Variablen) beschreiben. Welchen Einschrankungen unterliegt die Festlegung der Entscheidungsvariablen? Wiekonnen diese Restriktionen in Funktionsform ausgedruckt werden.
Design and Performance of Linear Biomechanical Energy Conversion Devices

This paper addresses three human motions and devices for potential energy harvesting. Arm swing, horizontal foot movement, and up-down center of gravity movement during walking are analyzed for energy harvesting. Given commonality among the three motions, a general, linear-motion-coil, magnetic generator is proposed. Based on a finite-element model, prototype devices are designed and built for each motion to match their biomechanical characteristics. High-efficiency voltage multipliers are built and used as a battery charging circuit. Experimental results are reported.
The role of ultrasound in the evaluation of sports injuries of the lower extremities.

This article continues the discussion begun in an earlier article in which the role of ultrasound in assessing sports injuries of the upper extremity was compared with that of MRI [1]. The interested reader is directed to that publication for additional information regarding the basic principles of ultrasound imaging of the extremities. Sonography has become a well-established method for imaging of both the upper and lower extremities; however, reports providing surgical confirmation of the accuracy of sonography for upper extremity injuries are limited in number and study size, except for those regarding rotator cuff tears. In contrast, sonography has been used extensively for many types of soft-tissue injuries in the lower extremity, so there is significant literature confirming the accuracy of sonography for many types of pathology. As a result, this article concentrates on the sonographic findings of lower extremity injury and pathology often seen in those participating in sports. The accuracy of sonography is compared with that of MRI when those data are available. The sonographic findings and accuracy are discussed for pathology affecting the hip, knee, ankle, and foot, as well as for muscle, tendon, and ligament injury. SONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE HIP Hip Joint Effusion Sonography has been proven to be an accurate method for diagnosing a hip effusion in children, and its use in the diagnosis of pediatric joint effusions and septic arthritis is now commonplace [2]. In contrast, sonography is not widely used to detect hip joint effusions in adults, with both sonography and fluoroscopically guided aspiration being used for this purpose.
Computational Assessment of Gaseous Reacting Flows in Single Element Injector

The injector flow is challenging to predict due to the complex physics involving recirculation, turbulence, mixing between multiple species and chemical reactions. This work is aimed at assessing the capability of a RANS-based computational modeling tool for gaseous injector flows. Both combustion effectiveness and chamber wall heat transfer profiles are examined to shed light on issues most pertinent to injector design. Two injector flow experiments by different researchers have been adopted to facilitate a direct comparison of the wall heat transfer data. For mixing- dominated cases studied in these experiments, without detailed account for turbulence-chemistry interactions, particular choice of the chemical kinetics scheme is shown to be of minor importance. The near wall treatment of the turbulence model can noticeably impact the outcome of the simulation. While the results reported by various researchers for the same experiment vary noticeably, it seems that refinements of turbulence-chemistry interactions and the near wall treatment are needed.
Relationships of isoflavone, oil, and protein in seed with yield of soybean

Composition of soybean seed can be affected by cultivar, planting date, and environmental factors. Previous Idealsoybean[Glycinemax(L.)Merr.]productionsystemsachieve investigations have shown that differences in seed comboth high seed yield and high concentrations of desired seed quality components. However, the relationships between seed quality and positionareinherentamongcultivars(SimpsonandWilyield of soybean are largely unknown. This study sought to determine cox,1983;HartwigandKilen,1991;HelmsandOrf,1998). the relationships of isoflavone, oil, and protein with seed yield of soy- But it has also been frequently observed that the same bean across a wide range of yield levels. Field experiments involving cultivar, when grown in different years or under differsoybean response to K fertilizer applications in alternate tillage and ent environments in the same year, varies significantly soybean row-width treatments were conducted at five locations in On- in seed composition. For example, Helms et al. (1990) tario, Canada, from 1998 through 2000. Soybean yield and the concen- found that protein concentration of soybean increases trations and yields of oil, protein, daidzein, genistein, glycitein, and as planting date is delayed. Applications of N, P, and K total isoflavone in seed were determined from a total of 13 trials. Oil fertilizers and lime are among the most important facconcentration in seed decreased 4.2 g kg 1 with each megagram per tors affecting the seed composition of soybean (Stark, hectare of increased seed yield. The relationship between protein concentration and seed yield was not significant. Concentrations of 1924; Yin and Vyn, 2003). Shannon et al. (1972) and daidzein, glycitein, genistein, and total isoflavone increased by 249, Burton (1985) have reported a negative correlation be11, 164, and 427 mg kg 1 with each megagram per hectare of increased tween soybean seed yield and seed protein concentration. seed yield. Overall, oil and protein concentrations were much less Significant genetic and environmental impacts on responsive to seed yield increases compared with individual and total isoflavone concentration in soybean seed have been reisoflavone concentrations. Daidzein was the most variable and glyci- ported.Wang etal.(2000) observedthat totalisoflavone tein the most stable isoflavone component. In addition, yields of in- concentration ranged from 1161 to 2743 gg 1 in 210 dividual and total isoflavones, and yields of oil and protein, were all soybean cultivars grown in South Dakota. Hoeck et al. positively related to seed yield. Our results suggest that high soybean (2000) showed that the genotype, genotype year, seed yield can be accompanied by high concentrations of isoflavones genotype location, and genotype year location without any substantial declines in oil and protein concentrations. interactions were all significant for both total and individual isoflavone concentrations. Eldridge and Kwolek (1983) reported that total isoflavone concentration in
Compensatory Substitutions in the HIV-1 Capsid Reduce the Fitness Cost Associated with Resistance to a Capsid-Targeting Small-Molecule Inhibitor

The HIV-1 capsid plays multiple roles in infection and is an emerging therapeutic target. The small-molecule HIV-1 inhibitor PF-3450074 (PF74) blocks HIV-1 at an early postentry stage by binding the viral capsid and interfering with its function. Selection for resistance resulted in accumulation of five amino acid changes in the viral CA protein, which collectively reduced binding of the compound to HIV-1 particles. In the present study, we dissected the individual and combinatorial contributions of each of the five substitutions Q67H, K70R, H87P, T107N, and L111I to PF74 resistance, PF74 binding, and HIV-1 infectivity. Q67H, K70R, and T107N each conferred low-level resistance to PF74 and collectively conferred strong resistance. The substitutions K70R and L111I impaired HIV-1 infectivity, which was partially restored by the other substitutions at positions 67 and 107. PF74 binding to HIV-1 particles was reduced by the Q67H, K70R, and T107N substitutions, consistent with the location of these positions in the inhibitor-binding pocket. Replication of the 5Mut virus was markedly impaired in cultured macrophages, reminiscent of the previously reported N74D CA mutant. 5Mut substitutions also reduced the binding of the host protein CPSF6 to assembled CA complexes in vitro and permitted infection of cells expressing the inhibitory protein CPSF6-358. Our results demonstrate that strong resistance to PF74 requires accumulation of multiple substitutions in CA to inhibit PF74 binding and compensate for fitness impairments associated with some of the sequence changes. IMPORTANCE The HIV-1 capsid is an emerging drug target, and several small-molecule compounds have been reported to inhibit HIV-1 infection by targeting the capsid. Here we show that resistance to the capsid-targeting inhibitor PF74 requires multiple amino acid substitutions in the binding pocket of the CA protein. Three changes in CA were necessary to inhibit binding of PF74 while maintaining viral infectivity. Replication of the PF74-resistant HIV-1 mutant was impaired in macrophages, likely owing to altered interactions with host cell factors. Our results suggest that HIV-1 resistance to capsid-targeting inhibitors will be limited by functional constraints on the viral capsid protein. Therefore, this work enhances the attractiveness of the HIV-1 capsid as a therapeutic target.
Formative Measurement and Academic Research: In Search of Measurement Theory

The use of causal indicators to formatively measure latent constructs appears to be on the rise, despite what appears to be a troubling lack of consistency in their application. Scholars in any discipline are responsible not only for advancing theoretical knowledge in their domain of study but also for addressing methodological issues that threaten that advance. In that spirit, the current study traces causal indicators from their origins in causal modeling to their use in structural equation modeling today. Conclusions from this review suggest that unlike effect (reflective) indicators, whose application is based on classical test theory, today’s application of causal (formative) indicators is based on research demonstrating their practical application rather than on psychometric theory supporting their use. The authors suggest that this lack of theory has contributed to the confusion surrounding their implementation. Recent research has questioned the generalizability of formatively measured latent cons...
Policy decomposition for collaborative access control

With the advances in web service techniques, new collaborative applications have emerged like supply chain arrangements and coalition in government agencies. In such applications, the collaborating parties are responsible for managing and protecting resources entrusted to them. Access control decisions thus become a collaborative activity in which a global policy must be enforced by a set of collaborating parties without compromising the autonomy or confidentiality requirements of these parties. Unfortunately, none of the conventional access control systems meets these new requirements. To support collaborative access control, in this paper, we propose a novel policy-based access control model. Our main idea is based on the notion of policy decomposition and we propose an extension to the reference architecture for XACML. We present algorithms for decomposing a global policy and efficiently evaluating requests.
Hospital-based influenza vaccination of children: an opportunity to prevent subsequent hospitalization.

Objective We performed this study to determine the frequency of previous hospitalization among children hospitalized with influenza. Methods The Pediatric Health Information System database (discharges that occurred between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2006) was used to determine the proportion of children hospitalized with influenza or respiratory illness who had a previous hospitalization during the most recent influenza-vaccination season. Subjects included pediatric patients (through 18 years of age). The index hospitalization was defined as the first influenza or respiratory illness hospitalization for a child that occurred during the study period and between November 1 and April 30. A previous hospitalization during the most recent influenza-vaccination season was defined as a hospitalization for any reason in the 0.5 to 6 months before the index hospitalization but not before September 1 or on or after March 1. Results Overall, 16% of children hospitalized with influenza and 12% of children hospitalized with influenza or a respiratory illness had a previous hospitalization during the most recent influenza-vaccination season. Approximately 23% of the children hospitalized with influenza and a comorbidity had a previous hospitalization during the most recent influenza-vaccination season. Conclusion Hospital-based programs for influenza vaccination have the potential to reach children at highest risk of influenza complications and to reduce the rates of pediatric hospitalization for treatment of influenza-related illness.
Progress in understanding NMDA-receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity in the visual cortex

Several forms of experience-dependent synaptic plasticity, long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP), and long-term depression (LTD) depend upon activation of NMDA receptors. Consideration of a theoretical synaptic 'learning rule' suggests how these types of plasticity are related in visual cortex.
An Approach to Producing Space–Time Covariance Functions on Spheres

For space–time processes on global or large scales, it is critical to use models that respect the Earth's spherical shape. The covariance functions of such processes should be not only positive definite on sphere × time, but also capable of capturing the dynamics of the processes well. We develop space–time covariance functions on sphere × time that are flexible in producing space–time interactions, especially space–time asymmetries. Our idea is to consider a sum of independent processes in which each process is obtained by applying a first-order differential operator to a fully symmetric process on sphere × time. The resulting covariance functions can produce various types of space–time interactions and give different covariance structures along different latitudes. Our approach yields explicit expressions for the covariance functions, which has great advantages in computation. Moreover, it applies equally well to generating asymmetric space–time covariance functions on flat or other spatial domains. We ...
Different halo models and DAMA/CDMS/EDELWEISS and future detectors

Abstract We compare the sensitivity of WIMP detection via direct separation of possible signal vs. background to WIMP detection via detection of an annual modulation, in which signal and background cannot be separated on an event-by-event basis. In order to determine how the constraints from the two different types of experiments might be combined an adequate incorporation of uncertainties due to galactic halo models must be made. This issue is particularly timely in light of recent direct detection limits from Edelweiss and CDMS, which we now demonstrate cannot be made consistent with the most recent claimed DAMA annual modulation observation, even by including halo uncertainties for spin-independent interactions. On the other hand, we demonstrate that a combination of these two techniques, in the event of any positive direct detection signal, could ultimately allow significant constraints on anisotropic halo models even without directional sensitivity in these detectors. For direction-sensitive detectors we derive a new formalism to calculate angular event rates, and present the predicted angular signal for a variety of halo models and calculate the number of events needed to distinguish a dark matter signal from an isotropic background.
Polyclonal 13S human γG immunoglobulin: Purification and characterization of the γG immunoglobulin causing formation of the 13S complex☆

Abstract The previously described polyclonal 13S complex appears to occur in serum as the consequence of the interaction of an unusual γG immunoglobulin with other, presumably normal γG immunoglobulin. The unusual γG immunoglobulin has been purified by adsorption on solidified human γG immunoglobulin and release from the adsorbent by weakly acid solutions. The unusual γG immunoglobulin was polyclonal, but predominantly subclass γG1. It was monomeric at pH 4·5, but existed as a stable trimer (mol. wt. 440,000) at pH 7·0. Orcinol tests indicated that this material contained approximately three times the amount of chromogen than pooled γG or two of three myeloma γG immunoglobulins investigated for carbohydrate content.
Temporal variation analysis of plutonium baseline concentration in surface air from selected sites in the continental US

Abstract The temporal variation of plutonium concentrations in surface air was assessed for the US Department of Energy's (DOE) monitoring sites near Richland, Washington and Chicago, Illinois using historical databases from the Batelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) and the Argonne National Laboratory — East (ANL). The data show that 239,240 Pu air concentrations post-1984 are still detectable with analytical techniques used in monitoring fallout, whereas 238 Pu concentrations are not. These 239,240 Pu values are suggested to represent a ‘post-fallout equilibrium’ concentration in surface air at the two DOE sites. The PNL and ANL 239,240 Pu post-1984 average monthly values are mostly between 0.01 and 0.1 μBq m −3 and fall within the range observed in Europe as well as in four other US cities through the US Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring System (ERAMS) network. Temporal analysis of the post-fallout monthly data for PNL and for the three sites at ANL show that 239,240 Pu concentrations fall within a predictable range of limiting values. The month-to-month fluctuations are quantified into tolerance limits at the 95% confidence level in that PNL data yielded a monthly change that was within ±0.13 μBq m −3 . The limits found for the three ANL sites are ±0.14 μBq m −3 for site 12N; ±0.06 and ±0.07 μBq m −3 for sites 71 and Off-Site, respectively. Magnitudes of the monthly concentration changes are less than the observed post-fallout concentration ranges of 239,240 Pu, and therefore, may be useful in flagging unexpected sources of plutonium in the environment.
Radiation enhancement of lung nodule formation in mice is not potentiated by treatment with a perfluorochemical emulsion and carbogen.

Abstract The ability of intraveneously-injected mouse mammary tumor cells to form lung tumors is increased by irradiation of the thorax 24 h previously. We examined the effects of treatment with a perfluorochemical emulsion (Fluosol-DA, 20%) plus carbogen before and during irradiation on the radiation-induced enhancement of lung nodule formation. We found no evidence that treatment with Fluosol plus carboge altered the development of tumor nodules in irradiated mouse lungs.
Spin relaxation of electrons and holes in zinc-blende semiconductors

We develop a procedure to calculate spin relaxation times of electrons and holes in semiconductors using full band structures. The spin-orbit (SO) interaction is included in the unperturbed Hamiltonian. With the use of spin projection operators, we calculate electron and hole spin relaxation from both Elliott-Yafet and D'yakonov-Perel' mechanisms, and quantitatively explain measurements of GaAs. The predicted relaxation times of GaN are longer for electrons, but shorter for holes. We find that the valence band SO splitting at the zone center is not a good indicator of SO coupling for electrons.
Gating Interactions between the Cytoplasmic T1 Domain and Pore of a Kv Channel

Whereas the gating roles of the voltage-sensing and pore domains of Kv channels have been extensively investigated, much less is known about the mechanisms governing the regulation of gating by the cytoplasmic T1 domain. Previous work from this lab strongly suggests that the Kv4.1 T1 domain undergoes conformational changes directly linked to gating (J. Gen. Physiol., 127:391-400, 2006); however, the structural basis of the communication between the activation gate and the T1 domain has remained elusive. To tackle this problem, we applied cysteine scanning mutagenesis, voltage-clamp electrophysiology, double mutant cycle analysis (DMCA) and oxidizing reagents to probe specific interactions between the cytoplasmic T1 domain L4 helix, the S4-S5 linker and S6 tail. The energetic impact of the mutations on activation gating is apparently small. By comparison, the energetic impact of the mutations on inactivation gating was significantly greater. DMCA of K141C(L4)+A422C(S6) revealed a significant interaction energy (4 kcal/mol), which suggests an interaction between K141 in the L4 helix and A422 in S6. Supporting this possibility, the currents induced by K141C(L4)+A422C(S6) are inhibited (∼65% of control) by an oxidizing agent (tBuHO2), whereas the single mutants are not; and the effect is reversed by the reducing agent DTT. These results indicate the formation of a disulfide bond between the interacting side chains, which is consistent with physical interaction between K141(L4) and A422(S6). Overall, we conclude that regulation of inactivation gating by the T1 domain involves a physical interaction between the T1 L4 helix and the distal segment of S6. Supported by NIH grant R01 NS032337 (MC).
Family interaction patterns and locus of control as predictors of the presence and severity of anorexia nervosa

Thirty female anorectics (mean age 26.4) and 30 female college student controls (mean age 25.3) completed a multidimensional locus of control scale, the Structural Family Interaction Scale, The Eating Attitudes Test, and a global clinical assessment measure. Three variables associated with Minuchin, Rosman, and Baker's (1978) family systems theory (overprotection, enmeshment, and rigidity) and one related to Bruch's (1973) theoretical position on anorexia nervosa (locus of control) were contrasted in terms of their relative effectiveness in predicting both the presence or absence and severity of the disorder. The best predictor of both measures in a series of regression and discriminant function analyses was locus of control orientation. The anorectics were significantly more external than the controls. The two groups did not differ on any of the family variables central to Minuchin et al.'s theory. The results support Bruch's contention that underlying anorexia nervosa is a sense of personal ineffectiveness.
Predation by the salt marsh killifish Fundulus heteroclitus (L.) in relation to prey size and habitat structure: Consequences for prey distribution and abundance

Laboratory feeding preference experiments show that the maximum size of prey eaten (the snail Melampus bidentatus (Say) and the amphipod Orchestia grillus (Bosc)) increases with increasing size of the predator, Fundulus heteroclitus (L.). Melampus > 7 mm in shell height escape predation by even the largest killifish. In the laboratory, consumption of prey is reduced in high marsh habitat relative to low marsh, particularly in the case of larger fish. Low marsh has few grass stems per unit area, while high marsh is considerably more complex, with dense small stems providing cover for prey and reducing successful fish hunting. The population of Melampus in low marsh within Great Sippewissett salt marsh consists mainly of large snails but this size is rare in high marsh. The size-distribution is inverse for Orchestia, with large amphipods more abundant in high marsh. The construction of fences excluding Fundulus from the marsh surface led to low marsh size-distributions of Melampus and Orchestia resembling those of high marsh, in agreement with the laboratory results. Killifish predation seems to be an important factor regulating the abundance and size-distribution of the two prey species in the two marsh habitats.
Inhibition of cardiac sympathetic neurotransmission by adenosine.

Abstract Experiments were performed to study the effect of adenosine on sympathetic neurotransmission to the myocardium. Adenosine administration to pentobartial-anesthetized dogs resulted in decrerease in blood pressure and significant impairment of cardioacceleration produced of stimulation of cardiac sympathetic nerves. The positive chronotropic effect of intravenous norepinephrine was not affected by adenosine. The blood pressure lowering as well as the inhibitory effect of adenosine on cardiac sympathetic nerve function could be significantly antagonized by theophylline. These results provide in vivo evidence in support of the hypothesis that adenosine caused inhibition of sympathetic neurotransmission via an action on purinergic receptors located on sympathetic nerve terminals.
Optical oscillator strengths of noble-gas resonance transitions in the vacuum-ultraviolet region

We report the results of an accurate measurement of the optical oscillator strengths of the prominent resonance lines of He, Ne, Ar, and Kr in the vacuum-ultraviolet region based on the absorption of resonance radiation. The transmission of this radiation through a layer of gas of finite thickness is measured as a function of the number density of the gas. The transmission function is fitted to this data to obtain the absorption oscillator strength. The accuracy of the present measurements ranges from 2.5% to 4%. The results are as follows: He i (58.4 nm), 0.2683±0.0075 (2.8%); He i (5.37 nm), 0.0717±0.0024 (3.4%); Ne i (74.4 nm), 0.010 17±0.000 30 (2.9%); Ne i (73.6 nm), 0.1369±0.0035 (2.6%); Ar i (106.7 nm), 0.0616±0.0021 (3.4%); Ar i (104.8 nm), 0.2297±0.0093 (4.0%); Kr i (123.6 nm), 0.1751±0.0049 (2.8%); Kr i (116.5 nm), 0.1496±0.0038 (2.5%).
Blocking sets in block designs

Abstract A lower bound is obtained for the cardinality of a blocking set in a non-symmetric block design. The known lower bound for blocking sets in symmetric block design is proved to hold (if and) only if the blocking set is a Baer subdesign.
History of hepatitis B vaccination in New Zealand: lessons for Australia?

: Recognition of the high prevalence of and the problems caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the North Island of New Zealand is largely due to the observations and work of one man, Alexander Milne. This article outlines the history of the events that led up to the culmination of his team's work—a national hepatitis vaccination strategy for New Zealand children. The situation in Australia is reassessed in the light of the New Zealand example with data based on benefit-cost analysis of various vaccination strategies.
BioWear: a kinetic accessory that communicates emotions through wearable technology

Humans are uniquely able to cloak their emotional responses. In doing this, a person might outwardly project inauthentic messages that contradict their inner state. But what if you had a tail, feathers or fur that indicate your true responses through biometric data? The BioWear project explores the use of wearable technology to create deeper and more authentic human-to-human communications by using body metrics to sense and display emotions. BioWear kinetic accessories collect the wearer's physical data and use that information to manipulate the appearance, revealing the person's inner, genuine state. BioWear also explores the relationship between the objects we wear and the messages that we communicate with our clothing and our bodies. As an extension of our physical bodies, BioWear raises questions about the future and the boundaries of communication through fashion, design and technology.
Homocysteine decreases blood flow to the brain due to vascular resistance in carotid artery

An elevated level of Homocysteine (Hcy) is a risk factor for vascular dementia and stroke. Cysthathionine beta Synthase (CBS) gene is involved in the clearance of Hcy. Homozygous individuals for (CBS-/-) die early, but heterozygous for (CBS-/+) survive with high levels of Hcy. The gamma-Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) presents in the central nervous system (CNS) and functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Hcy competes with GABA at the GABA(A) receptor and affects the CNS function. We hypothesize that Hcy causes a decrease in blood flow to the brain due to increase in vascular resistance (VR) because of arterial remodeling in the carotid artery (CA). Blood pressure and blood flow in CA of wild type (WT), CBS-/+, CBS-/+ GABA(A)-/- double knockout, and GABA(A)-/- were measured. CA was stained with trichrome, and the brain permeability was measured. Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-3, TIMP-4), elastin, and collagen-III expression were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results showed an increase in VR in CBS-/+/GABA(A)-/-double knockout>CBS-/+/>GABA(A)-/- compared to WT mice. Increased MMP-2, MMP-9, collagen-III and TIMP-3 mRNA levels were found in GABA(A)-/-, CBS-/+, CBS-/+/GABA(A) double knockout compared to WT. The levels of TIMP-4 and elastin were decreased, whereas the levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-3 increased, which indirectly reflected the arterial resistance. These results suggested that Hcy caused arterial remodeling in part, by increase in collagen/elastin ratio thereby increasing VR leading to the decrease in CA blood flow.
A model of organisational learning based on control

This paper generates a new theoretical model on the role of technology in organisations by focusing on the role of knowledge in theories about organisational learning and control. Literature reviews of both fields yield evidence that the two concepts are highly related, and that a new, extended paradigm for organisational thought is needed. An integrative control model is then presented as the manner by which organisations process knowledge, which accounts for a large amount of the scope of organisational knowledge management. The proposed model can help managers and researchers understand the many salient issues associated with the behaviour of knowledge in organisations.
Procedure for assessing myeloperoxidase and inflammatory mediator responses in hairless mouse skin.

A preparation procedure for making multiple inflammatory biomarker measurements from the same skin tissue was assessed. The backs of euthymic hairless mice were exposed to sulfur mustard (HD) vapor for 6 min. Animals were euthanized 24 h following exposure, dorsal skin tissue was excised and 12-mm, full-thickness biopsy punches of the exposed skin sites were taken. Specimens were snap-frozen, crushed to a powder using a biopulverizer unit, solubilized in buffer and centrifuged. Supernatant was assayed for pro-inflammatory cytokines and the acute-phase reactive protein, serum amyloid P (SAP). Myeloperoxidase (MPX), which is indicative of neutrophil infiltration into the skin, was associated with the pellet fraction. Results indicate an elevation of interleukin-6, SAP and MPX in mouse skin tissue specimens 24 h following HD vapor exposure. The tissue preparation procedure allows the use of a single skin specimen to make multiple inflammatory endpoint measurements requiring different preparation processes, and it will be used in subsequent studies to characterize further the inflammatory nature of HD-exposed skin tissue.
Kinetic Analysis of Sequence-Specific Alkylation of DNA by Pyrimidine Oligodeoxyribonucleotide-Directed Triple-Helix Formation

Attachment of a nondiffusible bromoacetyl electrophile to the 5-position of a thymine at the 5'-end of a pyrimidine oligodeoxyribonucleotide affords sequence-specific alkylation of a guanine base in duplex DNA two base pairs to the 5'-side of a local triple-helical complex. Products resulting from reaction of 5'-^ETTTT^(Me)CTTTT^(Me)C^(Me)CTTT^(Me)CTTTT-3' at 37 °C with a 29 base pair target duplex are determined by a gel mobility analysis to be oligonucleotides terminating in 5'- and 3' -phosphate functional groups, consistent with a mechanism involving alkylation, glycosidic bond cleavage, and base-promoted strand cleavage. The guanine-(linker)-oligonucleotide conjugate formed upon triple-helix-mediated alkylation at the N7 position of a guanine base in a 60 base pair duplex was identified by enzymatic phosphodiester hydrolysis of the alkylation products followed by reversed phase HPLC analysis. To determine the rate enhancement achieved by oligonucleotide-directed alkylation of duplex DNA, a comparison of rates of alkylation at N^7 of guanine in double-stranded DNA by the N-bromoacetyloligonucleotide and 2-bromoacetamide was performed by a polyacrylamide gel assay. The reaction within the triple-helical complex on a restriction fragment was determined at 200 nM N-bromoacetyloligonucleotide to have a first-order rate constant k_1 of (2.7 ± 0.5) x 10^(-5) S^(-1) (t_(1/2) = 7.2 h). The reaction of 2-bromoacetamide with a 39 base pair duplex of sequence corresponding to the restriction fragment targeted by triple-helix formation was determined to have a second-order rate constant k_2 of (3.6 ± 0.3) x 10^(-5) M^(-1) S^(-1). A comparison of the first-order and second-order rate constants for the unimolecular and bimolecular alkylation reactions provides an effective molarity of 0.8 M for bromoacetyl within the triple-helical complex.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor B-Chain of Hematopoietic Origin Is Not Necessary for Granulation Tissue Formation and Its Absence Enhances Vascularization

The hypothesis that wound repair is augmented by delivery of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) from platelets and macrophages is an attractive extrapolation from the known activities of PDGF in cell culture and in vivo. To test this hypothesis in mice, we prepared hematopoietic chimeras, in which the hematopoietic system of a normal adult mouse was replaced by the hematopoietic system of a PDGF B-chain −/− or +/+ donor. We initiated local granulation tissue formation either by implanting small surgical sponges to elicit a foreign body granulation tissue response, or by ligating the left common carotid to form an organized thrombus. We found that the absence of hematopoietic PDGF B-chain did not decrease the extent of granulation tissue or vascular lesion formation, and that the vascularization of both lesions increased by ∼100%. We conclude that PDGF B-chain from cells of hematopoietic origin, including platelets and macrophages, is not important for granulation tissue formation, and that it reduces vascularization of granulation issue, probably through disabling of the short-range chemotactic gradients of PDGF that are important for recruiting pericytes/smooth muscle cells to the endothelium of new vessels.
Data-Purpose Algebra: Modeling Data Usage Policies

Data is often encumbered by restrictions on the ways in which it may be used. These restrictions on usage may be determined by statute, by contract, by custom, or by common decency, and they are used to control collection of data, diffusion of data, and the inferences that can be made over the data. In this paper, we present a data-purpose algebra that can be used to model these kinds of restrictions in various different domains. We demonstrate the utility of our approach by modeling part of the Privacy Act (5 USC xi552a)1, which states that data collected about US citizens can be used only for the purposes for which it was collected. We show (i) how this part of the Privacy act can be represented as a set of restrictions on data usage, (ii) how the authorized purposes of data flowing through different government agencies can be calculated, and (iii) how these purposes can be used to determine whether the Privacy Act is being enforced appropriately.
Private self-consciousness, public self-consciousness, and trait anxiety

In 1975, Fenigstein, Scheier, and Buss (2) published a scale to measure individual differences in self-consciousness. Three subscales were differentiated: private self-consciousness, public self-consciousness, and social anxiety. In the initial report, low and nonsignificant correlations of .23 and .26 were reported between private and public self-consciousness. In subsequent studies, slightly higher and significant correlations were obtained: .33 ( 1) to -31 (3) for six samples. Research with the scale has explored the relation between self-consciousness and cest anxiety. In one study (I), both private and public self-consciousness were not significantly related to test anxiety (r = -.I1 and -.01). In a second study (3), private self-consciousness was again unrelated to test anxiety ( 7 = -.02) but there was a low significant correlation between public selfconsciousness and cest anxiety (r = .20) All of the samples reported in the literature are either al l male or a mixedsex group. This note reports data for two samples of 30 and 40 female undergraduates. In the first sample, the Self-consciousness Scale and the trait anxiety portion of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were administered to subjects individually. In the second sample, the Self-consciousness Scale was administered in a group session. The Pearson correlations between the two selfconsciousness scales were higher than those previously 'reported. In the first sample, r28 = .430, two-tailed, p < .05, while in the second sample, 738 = .634, two-tailed, p < .01. In the first sample, both self-consciousness scales were significantly related to trait anxiety. For private self-consciousness, r ? ~ = ,430, two-tailed, p < .05, while for public self-consciousness, me =, ,528, two-tailed, p < .01. Such data suggest private and public self-consciousness are more closely related for females than for males. Furthermore, the correlations between self-consciousness and trait anxiety are moderate and should be explored further with males. In any event, more research is needed on the discriminant validity of the self-consciousness measures. REFERENCES 1. CARVER, C., & GLASS, D. The self-consciousness scale: a discriminant validiry study. Journal o f Personality Assessment, 1976, 40, 169-172. 2. FENIGSTEIN, A., SCHEIER, M., & BUSS, A. Public and private self-consciousness: assessment and theoty. Journal of Conrulting and Clinical Psychology, 1975, 43 , 522-527. 3. TURNER, R., SCHEIER, M., CARVER, C., & ICKES, W. Correlates of self-consciousness. Journal o f Personality Assessment, 1978, 42, 285-289. Acce~ted Fehrvary 18, 1981.