cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF CHLOROPLAST STROMA FOLLOWING ALDEHYDE OSMIUM-TETROXIDE FIXATION.

Markedly improved fixation of leaf tissues is obtained by means of a glutaraldehyde (or acrolein)-osmium tetroxide procedure, as compared with the results of potassium permanganate or osmium tetroxide fixation methods. The procedure has proved useful in all species so far examined. Chloroplasts are particularly well preserved. In this paper details of components of the ground-substance of Avena sativa plastids are presented. They include the following:—(i) The "tromacentre" is an area of aggregated fibrils, each 85 A in diameter, and of uncertain length. Individual fibrils may be composed of subunits. The whole aggregate is usually up to 1 µ in diameter, and is visible in thin sections in the light microcope. It is present at all stages of plastid development, and, under conditions of rapid synthesis in the plastid, it may be up to 2 µ in diameter. Evidence that it is proteinaceous is presented. Osmiophilic globules are often associated with it. (ii) Areas which resemble bacterial and blue-green algal nucleoplasms, containing fibrils approximately 30 A wide. These regions are smaller than the stromacentre and, like that structure, they occur in all stages of plastid development. Unlike it, there are several such areas per chloroplast. (iii) Particles which have some of the morphological and staining characteristics of ribosomes. Present at all stages of development, they are approximately two-thirds the size of the cytoplasmic ribosomes. They can occur in groups, thus resembling polyribosomes. (iv) The remaining material is granular, and may include dissociated portions of stromacentre material. The validity of the observations and their significance is discussed.
Analysis of Proton-Proton Scattering by Means of the f Function

The approximately linear relationship between the $f$ function and the energy, $E$, is discussed by elementary methods. Formulas for the comparison of derivatives of $f$ with respect to $E$ are given for potentials of different shapes. The comparison of potentials is reduced to that of wave functions at a standard energy. A discussion of the relation between the meson mass corresponding to experiments on proton-proton scattering and the mass of the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-meson is included. The variation in the comparison owing to lack of reproduction of the curvature of the ($f,E$) plot is estimated and the uncertainties caused by relativistic corrections as well as modifications of the Yukawa potential at distances of the order of the Compton wave-length for the proton are considered.
Shadowing technique for reducing charge buildup in scanning Auger microanalysis

Charge buildup on insulating specimens examined by the scanning Auger microprobe cannot be controlled by conventional surface metal coating techniques which hide the signal of interest. Instead, a simple TEM grid of appropriate geometry can be used as a mask during deposition to leave untouched select spots for analysis.
Foam test method

This method measures the height of foam developed by pouring. The action is intermittent, time being alloted strictly for foam decay, as well as for foam generation. Comparative or duplicate tests can be prolonged indefinitely, or until a steadied state is reached. Tests on solutions may be carried out at various temperatures and in the presence or absence of soils, or foamicides, that may be added at any time. Foam heights can be measured with reasonable precision.
Biosynthesis of deoxynucleoside triphosphates, dCTP and dTTP: reaction mechanism and kinetics

Abstract The enzyme reaction mechanism and kinetics for biosyntheses of deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) and deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) from the corresponding deoxycytidine diphosphate (dCDP) and deoxythymidine diphosphate (dTDP) catalyzed by pyruvate kinase were studied. The kinetic model for the two synthetic reactions was found to follow the Bi–Bi random rapid equilibrium mechanism similar to that of the biosynthesis of deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) and deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) from the corresponding deoxyadenosine diphosphate (dADP) and deoxyguanosine diphosphate (dGDP). Kinetic constants involved in the reactions including the maximum reaction velocity, the Michaelis–Menten constants, and the inhibition constants for dCTP and dTTP biosyntheses were experimentally determined. This enzyme reaction requires Mg 2+ ion and the optimal Mg 2+ concentration was also determined. The experimental results showed a good agreement with the simulation results obtained from the kinetic model developed. The kinetics of the four biosynthetic reactions for deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTP) including dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and dTTP from the corresponding deoxynucleoside diphosphates (dNDP) including dADP, dGDP, dCDP, and dTDP were analyzed. The results suggest that the binding kinetics of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and pyruvate are similar for all four biosynthetic reactions. The affinity of the dNDP substrates to enzyme is of the same order of magnitude as the corresponding dNTP as inhibitors. The order of reactivity and substrate specificity for dNDP is dADP > dGDP > dCDP > dTDP in the pyruvate kinase (PK) reactions. The results obtained from this study can be applied to bioreactor design and production of dCTP and dTTP for biosynthesis of DNA at a significantly lower cost compared to the currently available chemical method.
Pentoxifylline inhibits ICAM-1 expression and chemokine production induced by proinflammatory cytokines in human pulmonary epithelial cells

Airway epithelium participates in inflammatory reactions by producing chemokines and expressing cell-surface adhesion molecules which aid in the selective recruitment of effector cells. Previous studies showed that proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), induce surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and the production of the chemokines interleukin 8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) on pulmonary epithelial cell lines in vitro. In this study, the dose response of four cytokines, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, TNF alpha and TNF beta, in inducing ICAM-1 expression and production of IL-8 and MCP-1 on pulmonary A549 epithelial cells was examined. Both IL-1alpha and IL-1beta induced ICAM-1 expression and IL-8 and MCP-1 production at lower doses than TNF alpha or TNF beta. Pentoxifylline, an anti-inflammatory agent used to treat vascular diseases, was tested for its ability to inhibit the activation of airway epithelial cells by these cytokines. Pentoxifylline completely inhibited the surface expression of ICAM-1 and the production of IL-8 and MCP-1 by cytokine-activated epithelial cells. As elevated levels of chemokines are often present in bronchial lavage fluids of patients suffering from various acute respiratory diseases, pentoxifylline may be useful for preventing the rapid development of immune reactions leading to lung injury.
Differences between sexual orientation behavior groups and social background, quality of life, and health behaviors

Within the literature, there is some question as to whether bisexual or homosexual persons practice more unhealthy lifestyles and experience a lower quality of life than heterosexual individuals. This study examined possible differences between sexual orientation behavior groups (homosexual, bisexual, heterosexual, and no sex partners) on demographic and social background variables, quality of life variables, lifestyle and health variables, and mental health or health background variables in a series of seven national probability samples between the years 1988 and 1996. Respondents were asked to report the sex of their sexual partners since they were age 18 and in the last 12 months. Data from a total of 11,543 interviews were collected by the National Opinion Research Center. Although there were some demographic and social background differences among the sexual orientation behavior (SORB) groups, there was little evidence that the behavioral dimension of sexual orientation is either strongly or directly...
Intimate partner violence theoretical considerations: Moving towards a contextual framework

Several theories have been developed to provide a conceptual understanding of intimate partner violence (IPV) episodes. Although each of these theories has found some degree of empirical support, they are limited in their explanatory power of IPV episodes and their ability to significantly impact the efficacy of IPV prevention and treatment programs. The current paper provides a review and critique of current IPV theories and highlights strategies for improving upon these theories. An alternative theoretical conceptualization is introduced that incorporates existing IPV and functional analytic literature into a contextual framework for conceptualizing IPV episodes. Components of the IPV contextual framework include distal, static and proximal antecedents; motivating factors; behavioral repertoire; discriminative stimuli (i.e. environmental cues/signals); verbal rules; and IPV consequences. The proposed theoretical framework offers two primary advantages over former IPV theories. First, it provides a comprehensive conceptualization of IPV by integrating components of previous IPV theories and their related empirical findings into one, cohesive conceptual framework. Additionally, it allows for a more fine-grained analysis of more proximal variables potentially related to discrete IPV episodes. A discussion of how the proposed theoretical framework may influence future IPV research and clinical practice is provided.
Phospholipase D activity in PC12 cells. Effects of overexpression of alpha2A-adrenergic receptors.

PC12 neuronal cells express a membrane phospholipase D (PLD) activity that is detected at similar levels in undifferentiated or differentiated cells. The regulation of this activity by agonists was explored. Membrane phospholipase D activity was increased by treatment of cells with the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or with nerve growth factor. The ability of PMA to activate PLD was confirmed in intact PC12 cells. Basal activity of PLD in membranes was reduced in RG20, a PC12 cell line overexpressing the human α2A-adrenergic receptor. PMA did not increase PLD activity in RG20 cells, as assessed both in membrane preparations and in intact cells. Cyclic AMP levels did not regulate phospholipase D activity in either cell type. However, incubation of RG20 cells with the α2-adrenergic antagonist rauwolscine or with pertussis toxin increased membrane PLD activity and restored activation of PLD by PMA. These data suggest that the effects of the overexpressed α2A-adrenergic receptor on PLD activity are mediated by precoupling of the receptor to the heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein, Gi, but are independent of adenylate cyclase regulation. The results of this study suggest that membrane phospholipase D activity can be negatively regulated via Gi in PC12 cells.
Theories of the Middle Range in Historical Studies of Writing Practice

Recent historical examinations of nonliterary, nontheoretical texts within their activity settings have aimed to identify the historically developed communicative and rhetorical resources currently...
Acculturation problems: An alternative remedy

Abstract In a recent College & Research Libraries article, W. Bede Mitchell and Bruce Morton allege that academic librarians are not prepared to accept the same rights and responsibilities as their faculty colleagues—in particular, they are illprepared to carry out research. The author of this article critiques the six recommendations made by Mitchell and Morton to remedy this situation, and proposes an alternative solution to improving the quality of an MLS education.
Conformational studies on the interaction of chymotrypsin with substrates and inhibitors.

Optical rotatory dispersion studies of chymotrypsin gave linear Drude plots for native chymotrypsin in the presence and absence of substrates. Chymotrypsin preparations in which the serine at the active site was sulfonylated by sulfonic esters of various sizes all gave non-linear Drude plots and characteristic Cotton effect troughs at 233 mμ. Chymotrypsin in which the serine at the active site was converted to dehydroalanine gave linear Drude plots and a marked Cotton effect trough at 233 mμ. The Moffitt and Blout plots paralleled the Drude results, i.e. were linear for native chymotrypsin and non-linear for the serine-modifled enzymes. The individual constants, the shape of the plots and the Cotton effects all indicate that conformational changes are induced by substrates and inhibitors of chymotrypsin.
The effect of ethanol on survival time in hemorrhagic shock in an unanesthetized swine model

Controversy exists as to whether ethanol intoxication causes exaggerated hypotension or increased mortality during hemorrhagic shock. Previous studies have used anesthetized animals. This limits data interpretation as anesthetic agents, particularly pentobarbital, have well-documented effects on hemodynamics and the response to hemorrhage. We studied the effects of moderate ethanol intoxication on blood pressure and survival time during fatal hemorrhagic shock in unanesthetized swine. Immature female swine weighing 15 to 20 kg were splenectomized and instrumented with chronic indwelling aortic catheters, right atrial catheters, and gastrostomy tubes. Four to seven days later the unanesthetized animals underwent hemorrhagic shock. Thirty minutes prior to the start of hemorrhage, the experimental group (n = 8) received 3 mL/kg of 100% ethanol mixed as a 1:3 solution with water through a gastrostomy tube. The control group (n = 8) received an equal amount of water. The distal aortic catheter was connected to a roller pump and blood was removed at a rate of 1 mL/kg/min until the animal died. Arterial pressure, heart rate, lactate ethanol and glucose levels, hematocrit, and arterial blood gases were measured in both groups at baseline and every 15 minutes thereafter. A mean ethanol level of 1,500 to 1,700 μ g/mL was produced in the experimental group from baseline through 60 minutes. Data were analyzed using Student's two-tailed t test, and analysis of variance for repeated measures. There was no significant difference in survival time between the control (63.1 ± 2.8 min) and ethanol (59.9 ± 5.9 min) groups. Systolic blood pressure was significantly lower in the ethanol group after 15 minutes of hemorrhage (81 ± 22 to 59 ± 14 mm Hg, P
The deterrent effect of executions on homicide.

Lester (1979) studied the states of the USA from 1930 to 1967 and found that, if a state executed one or more persons in a given year, those states were more likely to show a decrease in the number of homicides for the following year than if no one were executed in the state. Graves (1956) monthly data on the number of executions in California from 1946 to 1955 and the number of murders in three California counties, which permits a monthly analysis. Analysis of Graves' data show that for the 64 mo. in which there were no executions, a decrease in the number of homicides occurred for 32 (50%) of the months. For the 51 months in which there was at least one execution, there was a decrease in the number of homicides in the following month for 31 (61%) of the months ( X , 2 = 1.33, p = .25). Four months were followed by no change in the number of homicides. Although the results of these analyses are in the direction of a deterrent effect from executions, the effect is not statistically significant.
Development and evaluation of a field permeameter as a longitudinal joint quality indicator

Intrusion of water through longitudinal joints can cause premature distress in hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavements. Similar to mat permeability, joint permeability is a critical factor governing the performance of HMA pavements. Hence, joint permeability should be used as a measure of quality of joint construction. In this ongoing study, a simple and effective permeameter has been developed, and used in a rational method to evaluate the permeability of longitudinal joints, relative to the permeability of the adjacent mat. The permeameter consists of three standpipes, which can be used for measuring the flow of water through a joint and through the mat on either side of the joint. Results from testing on several projects show that this permeameter can be used successfully to determine permeability of joints. The testing performed in this study shows that joints have significantly higher permeability compared to adjacent mats, different types of joints have different permeabilities and that treatment of joints ...
Generation of uniform fly retinas

Summary The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster is composed of about 800 ommatidial units, each containing eight photoreceptor cells (R1–R8). Based on their spectral sensitivities, three subtypes can be distinguished [1]: The ‘pale' (p) and ‘yellow' (y) ommatidia [2] are distributed randomly throughout the main part of the eye (Figure 1A). They show different spectral sensitivity, at shorter and longer wavelengths, respectively. The third subtype, consisting of morphologically distinct ommatidia with monochromatic inner photoreceptors, is found in a narrow stripe at the dorsal rim (DRA) of the adult eye and probably detects polarized light [3]. Here, we completely re-designed the stochastic p/y mosaic by manipulating only three genes: spineless [4], the growth regulator melted , and the tumor suppressor warts/lats [5]. By enforcing unambiguous cell fate decisions independently in both R7 and R8 cells, completely homogeneous retinas consisting of only one ommatidial subtype can be created, including unusual opsin combinations that never occur in the wild type.
Transcriptional profiling of bovine milk using RNA sequencing

Background: Cow milk is a complex bioactive fluid consumed by humans beyond infancy. Even though the chemical and physical properties of cow milk are well characterized, very limited research has been done on characterizing the milk transcriptome. This study performs a comprehensive expression profiling of genes expressed in milk somatic cells of transition (day 15), peak (day 90) and late (day 250) lactation Holstein cows by RNA sequencing. Milk samples were collected from Holstein cows at 15, 90 and 250 days of lactation, and RNA was extracted from the pelleted milk cells. Gene expression analysis was conducted by Illumina RNA sequencing. Sequence reads were assembled and analyzed in CLC Genomics Workbench. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway analysis were performed using the Blast2GO program and GeneGo application of MetaCore program. Results: A total of 16,892 genes were expressed in transition lactation, 19,094 genes were expressed in peak lactation and 18,070 genes were expressed in late lactation. Regardless of the lactation stage approximately 9,000 genes showed ubiquitous expression. Genes encoding caseins, whey proteins and enzymes in lactose synthesis pathway showed higher expression in early lactation. The majority of genes in the fat metabolism pathway had high expression in transition and peak lactation milk. Most of the genes encoding for endogenous proteases and enzymes in ubiquitin-proteasome pathway showed higher expression along the course of lactation. Conclusions: This is the first study to describe the comprehensive bovine milk transcriptome in Holstein cows. The results revealed that 69% of NCBI Btau 4.0 annotated genes are expressed in bovine milk somatic cells. Most of the genes were ubiquitously expressed in all three stages of lactation. However, a fraction of the milk transcriptome has genes devoted to specific functions unique to the lactation stage. This indicates the ability of milk somatic cells to adapt to different molecular functions according to the biological need of the animal. This study provides a valuable insight into the biology of lactation in the cow, as well as many avenues for future research on the bovine lactome.
Evolution of Resistance to Bacillus Thuringiensis

Insecticides derived from the common soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are becoming increasingly important for pest management. Insecticidal crystal proteins (also called 8-endotoxins) from Bt are extremely toxic to certain pests, yet cause little or no hann to humans, most beneficial insects, and other nontarget organisms (19, 40). After proteolytic activation in the insect midgut, Bt toxins bind to the brush border membrane of the midgut epithelium and create pores that cause cells to swell and lyse (55). Technical innovations, including expression of Bt toxin genes in transgenic crop plants and transgenic bacteria, should increase the usefulness of Bt (6, 12, 35, 46, 91, 94, 109, 116). At the same time, mounting concerns about environmental hazards and widespread resistance in pest populations are reducing the value of conventional synthetic insecticides. Because Bt had been used commercially for more than two decades without reports of substantial resistance development in open field popu­ lations, some scientists had presumed that evolution of resistance was unlikely (21, 89). However, resistance to Bt was documented recently in field populations of diamondback moth in Hawaii, the continental US, and Asia (36, 42, 92a, 128, 129, 131, 138, 146, 148, 151). These reports confirmed suspicions raised by the results of laboratory selection for resistance to Bt in several major pests (102, 104, 135). Scientists in industry, government, and academia now recognize evolution of resistance to Bt in pests as the greatest threat to the continued success of Bt (18, 44, 58, 59, lOla, 108). To delay or reverse resistance to Bt in pests, we must first understand
Identification of sotalol-induced changes in repolarization with T wave area-based repolarization duration parameters

In this study, we investigated the validity of T wave area-based parameters for the identification of drug-induced changes of repolarization. Based on electrocardiograms from 39 healthy patients, we computed the stability of repolarization measurements and compared the sotalol-induced repolarization changes when measured with area-based parameters and traditional QT interval techniques (manual and automatic). Also, we evaluated the effect of different types of heart rate correction on these repolarization measurements. The results show that the stability of the automatic repolarization measurements is higher when measured using computer algorithm than using manual QT measurement. By using a population-based heart rate correction, the area-based parameters reveal significant modification of the overall shape of the T wave in its early, middle, and final part. In conclusion, morphological parameters of T wave are able to identify the changes in repolarization interval induced by sotalol. These parameters are more stable and thus more reliable than the traditional QT interval measurements.
Advances in Tire Composite Theory

Abstract Fundamentals of composite material technology are applied to the investigation of multi‐ply cord‐reinforced rubber systems as used in pneumatic tires. The stiffness parameters of such multi‐ply systems are determined through the use of the elastic properties of the constituent cord and rubber components. The effects of coupling between the bending and stretching modes of deformation are discussed along with the limitations of present composite material technology as applied to soft rubbery systems. The predicted stiffness parameters are related to tread wear, obstacle envelopment, vibration, and stress analysis of tires.
An anisotropic inverse boundary value problem

We consider the impedance tomography problem for anisotropic conductivities. Given a bounded region Ω in space, a diffeomorphism Ψ from Ω to itself which restricts to the identity on ∂ Ω, and a conductivity γ on Ω, it is easy to construct a new conductivity Ψ*γ which will produce the same voltage and current measurements on ∂ Ω. We prove the converse in two dimensions (i.e., if γ1 and γ2 produce the same boundary measurements, then γ1, = Ψ*γ2 for an appropriate Ψ) for conductivities which are near a constant.
New Stratigraphic Nomenclature for Upper Devonian of South-Central New York: GEOLOGICAL NOTES

Correlation of post-Tully, Upper Devonian strata is based on the combination of lithology, faunal assemblages, and thicknesses. Black shales are laterally persistent key beds amid interfingering gray shales, siltstones, mudstones, and sandstones. The rate of maximum thickening was found to increase exponentially S. 60 degrees E., using the top of the Tully Limestone as a key horizon. Five formations are recognized in the W.-central area (Watkins Glen-Elmira) and were traced into the eastern part (Ithaca-Owego). At the base is the Geneseo Formation, chiefly black shale, overlain by the Ithaca Formation. The Ithaca is divided into, in ascending order, the Penn Yan, Genundewa, and West River members in the W., and the Sherburne, Renwick, and Treman members in the E. The overlying Middlesex Formation, composed essentially of black shale, consists of the basal Montour Member, the Johns Creek Member, and the upper Sawmill Creek Member. Next above is the Sonyea Formation, represented by the redefined Cashaqua Member in western New York, by the Pulteney, Rock Stream, and Rye Point members (in ascending order) in W.-central New York, and the West Danby Member near Ithaca. The upper formation, the Rhinestreet, consists of, in ascending order, the Moreland, Millport, Dunn Hill, Beers Hill, and Roricks Glen members in the W. To the E., only the Moreland Member is distinguishable, and the upper members are considered part of the Chemung Formation.
Secrecy-preserving query answering for instance checking in EL

We consider the problem of answering queries against an EL knowledge base (KB) using secrets, whenever it is possible to do so without compromising secrets. We provide a polynomial time algorithm that, given an EL KB Σ, a set S of secrets to be protected and a query q, outputs "Yes" whenever Σ ⊧ q and the answer to q, together with the answers to any previous queries answered by the KB, does not allow the querying agent to deduce any of the secrets in S. This approach allows more flexible information sharing than is possible with traditional access control mechanisms.
A Technique to Evaluate the Space for Retentive Components under a Removable Prosthesis

Space analysis for retentive components is a critical part of a treatment plan for an implant-retained prosthesis. This article describes a technique to evaluate the retentive component space between the mucosa and intaglio surface of a removable prosthesis. This technique uses a silicone mold to represent the relieved space. Two silicone matrices are fabricated over the silicone space replica as a reference for selecting or fabricating retentive components for the implant-retained removable prosthesis.
Controversies in the treatment of pediatric immune thrombocytopenias

Although pediatric immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is common, there is no consensus on the optimal approach to therapy. Childhood ITP differs in its clinical course and trigger from adult immune thrombocytopenic purpura. There appear to be two clinical phenotypes among children with ITP: children with polyclonal autoantibody production triggered by an external exposure such as infection, and children with coexistent immune deficiency or dysregulation on a congenital or acquired basis. Treatment implications exist for each group. The first may be best managed by observation and conservative measures; for the latter, treatment could include normal intravenous gammaglobulin concentrate, anti-blood group D antigen (anti-Rh factor), or steroids. Early recognition of the thrombocytopenic child with immune dysfunction versus the normal child with a polyclonal response to a particular environmental antigen will result in better prognosis for both by selecting the appropriate therapy and minimizing long-term side effects.
Extensions to a tactical planning model for a job shop

The author outlines three extensions to the tactical planning model. For ease of presentation, the extensions are given for a single-work-station setting, rather than for a network of work stations. The extensions are (1) to model unreliable work stations; (2) to incorporate variability due to lot sizing, and (3) to include an explicit capacity constraint on production. >
Controlled pH and oxidation–Reduction potential with a new glass tissue‐culture fermentor

Abstract : A 1-liter fermentor was designed and tested for use as a tissue-culture vessel. It features a temperature control device; impeller agitation without the necessity of a shaft seal; and a means for measuring, recording, and controlling both pH and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). Tests have shown the ORP to change fairly rapidly with impeller speed variations under conditions of a continuous carbon dioxide - air overlay. Working with strain L mouse fibroblasts (Earle), cell counts of more than 1.25 x 10 to the 6th power per milliliter without centrifugation and medium renewal were achieved and cell counts were maintained above 1 x 10 to the 6th power for more than 30 hours. With the vessel studied, pH control was =0.05, the ORP control was =10 millivolts. Controlled environments for tissue cell metabolic studies are entirely feasible with this system. (Author)
Correlation of Permeability and Solute Uptake in Membranes of Arbitrary Pore Morphology

Membrane fouling is a phenomenon that plagues practically all ultrafiltration processes, and involves a buildup of solute molecules or particles on the external and internal pore surface of the asymmetric membrane. As a result, the effective pore size and porosity of the membrane decrease, with a concomitant decline in the solvent flux and an alteration of the sieving coefficient. There have been a number of attempts, generally based on the assumption of straight cylindrical pores, to qualitatively correlate the solute uptake with the decline in permeability. It is useful to develop a physically more appealing model that provides a quantitative correlation between adsorbed solute surface coverage and hydraulic permeability. This work develops such a model without recourse to a specific pore geometry, but rather in terms of independently measurable quantities: pore surface area and volume. Theoretical results are compared with previously published experimental results for protein uptake and hydraulic permeabilities (Robertson and Zydney, 1990) in ultrafiltration membranes.
Two dimensional stringy black holes with one asymptotically flat domain

Abstract The exact black hole solution of 2D closed string theory has, as any other maximally extended Schwarzschild-like geometry, two asymptotically flat spacetime domains. One can get rid of the second domain by gauging the discrete symmetry on the SL(2, R )/ U(1) coset that interchanges the two asymptotic domains and preserves the Kruskal time orientation everywhere in the Kruskal plane. Here it is shown that upon performing this orbifold procedure, we obtain a theory of unoriented open and closed strings in a black hole background, with just one asymptotically flat domain and a time-like orbifold singularity at the origin. All of the open string states of the model are confined to the orbifold singularity. We also discuss various physical aspects of the truncated black hole, in particular its target duality - the model is dual to a conventional open string theory in the black hole geometry.
Effect of Foot and Ankle Position on Tarsal Tunnel Compartment Pressure

Tarsal tunnel intracompartment pressures were determined in 10 fresh-frozen normal human adult cadaver specimens. With the foot and ankle held in mild plantarflexion and neutral eversion-inversion, mean tarsal tunnel pressure was minimal (2 +/- 1 mmHg). However, when the foot and ankle were positioned in full eversion, mean tarsal tunnel pressure increased to 32 +/- 5 mmHg (P < or = 0.005); in full inversion, mean pressure increased to 17 +/- 5 mmHg (P < or = 0.05). There was no significant difference in mean tarsal tunnel pressure between the everted and inverted positions. These results support the hypothesis that increased pressure within the tarsal tunnel when the foot is moved into the everted or inverted position may aggravate posterior tibial nerve entrapment. These findings may also provide an explanation for clinically observed aggravation of symptoms in these positions, night pain, and improvement of symptoms with neutral immobilization in some patients with tarsal tunnel syndrome.
Symptomatic hyponatremia during glomerular filtration rate testing

Hyponatremia affects nearly one in five of all hospitalized patients. Severe hyponatremia is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and is therefore important to recognize. Prior reports have linked duloxetine with hyponatremia, but it is uncommon. In this case report, we describe a research subject taking duloxetine who developed severe symptomatic hyponatremia during glomerular filtration rate testing despite having undergone such testing uneventfully in the past.
Quest for excellence in a wiki-based world

In an increasingly technological world, the Internet is often the primary source of information. Traditional encyclopedias, once the cornerstone of any worthy reference collection, have been replaced by online encyclopedias, many of which utilize open source software (OSS) to create and update content. One of the most popular and successful encyclopedias of this nature is Wikipedia. In fact, Wikipedia is among the most popular Internet sites in the world. However, it is not without criticism. What are some features of Wikipedia? What are some of its strengths and weaknesses? And what have other wiki-based encyclopedias learned from Wikipedia that they have incorporated into their own websites in a quest for excellence? This paper answers these questions and uses Crawford's six information quality dimensions, 1) scope; 2) format; 3) uniqueness and authority; 4) accuracy; 5) currency; and 6) accessibility, to evaluate Wikipedia and three other online encyclopedias: Citizendium, Scholarpedia, and Medpedia. The latter three have managed to maintain the advantages of Wikipedia while minimizing its weaknesses.
Rat Mammary Gland Composition During Pregnancy and Lactation

Abstract Water, fat, and lactose concentration were studied at five-day intervals during pregnancy, parturition, and lactation in primiparous rats. A striking finding was the unchanging composition of the fat-free mammary tissue, as indicated by a constant proportion of dry weight for all of the periods studied. Thus, water content remained the same (80%) during pregnancy and lactation. The per cent fat of the gland declined steadily from 67% in the nonpregnant animal to 15% during lactation. Analysis of rat milk revealed fat and solids-not-fat concentrations to be about 13 and 17%, respectively. Lactose was found to be present in low amounts in the pregnant nonlactating gland, and to rise sharply at parturition. Both tissue lactose and milk lactose concentration rose significantly as lactation progressed, tissue values going from 596 μg/100 mg on Day 1 to 939 μg/100 mg on Day 20, and milk lactose from 12.3 mg/ml on the first day to 18.1 mg/ml on Day 15. Fresh gland weight, when corrected for the estimated amount of milk retained, was found to be essentially constant during mid-lactation. A micro milking apparatus is described.
Practical issues of interconnect analysis in deep submicron integrated circuits

In this paper, we review the algorithms and methodologies used for interconnect analysis in deep submicron integrated circuits. In particular, we examine the techniques that have been practically used for static timing and static noise analysis in the design of high-performance microprocessors. We also consider the technology and performance trends which are driving us toward more sophisticated algorithms and more complex analysis for interconnect.
THERMAL INSTABILITY OF (BI, PB)2SR2CA2CU3OX IN CONTACT WITH SILVER

The chemical and microstructural evolution of particulate (Bi, Pb)2223 in contact with pure bulk silver at 830 to 905h{degree}C under flowing air and Ar{endash}5{percent} O{sub 2} atmospheres has been studied. Specimens annealed under P{sub O{sub 2}} and temperature conditions for which the (Bi, Pb)2223 phase itself is stable, based on a critical assessment of the literature, revealed a silver/(Bi, Pb)2223 interface-limited reaction, producing both solid and liquid decomposition phases. The (Bi, Pb)2223 not in direct contact with silver exhibited no reaction under the same conditions. Solid silver dissolves into the (Bi, Pb)2223 incongruent liquid, facilitating the incongruent melting reaction. On cooling, equiaxed metallic silver particles precipitated uniformly throughout bulk specimens partially melted on a silver substrate. {copyright} {ital 1999 Materials Research Society.}
The Tricornered Ser/Thr Protein Kinase Is Regulated by Phosphorylation and Interacts with Furry during Drosophila Wing Hair Development

The Trc/Ndr/Sax1/Cbk1 family of ser/thr kinases plays a key role in the morphogenesis of polarized cell structures in flies, worms, and yeast. Tricornered (Trc), the Drosophila nuclear Dbf2-related (Ndr) serine/threonine protein kinase, is required for the normal morphogenesis of epidermal hairs, bristles, laterals, and dendrites. We obtained in vivo evidence that Trc function was regulated by phosphorylation and that mutations in key regulatory sites resulted in dominant negative alleles. We found that wild-type, but not mutant Trc, is found in growing hairs, and we failed to detect Trc in pupal wing nuclei, implying that in this developmental context Trc functions in the cytoplasm. The furry gene and its homologues in yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans have previously been implicated as being essential for the function of the Ndr kinase family. We found that Drosophila furry (Fry) also is found in growing hairs, that its subcellular localization is dependent on Trc function, and that it can be coimmunoprecipitated with Trc. Our data suggest a feedback mechanism involving Trc activity regulates the accumulation of Fry in developing hairs.
Downstream hydraulic geometry of alluvial rivers

This article presents a three-level approach to the analysis of downstream hydraulic geometry. First, empirical concepts based on field observations of "poised" conditions in irrigation canals are examined. Second, theoretical developments have been made possible by combining basic relationships for the description of flow and sediment transport in alluvial rivers. Third, a relatively new concept of equivalent channel widths is presented. The assumption of equilibrium may describe a perpetual state of change and adjustments. The new concepts define the trade-offs between some hydraulic geometry parameters such as width and slope. The adjustment of river widths and slope typically follows a decreasing exponential function and recent developments indicate how the adjustment time scale can be quantified. Some examples are also presented to illustrate the new concepts presented and the realm of complex river systems.
Comparative Immune Response to PE and PE_PGRS Antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Sequencing of the entire genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis identified a novel multigene family composed of two closely related subfamilies designated PE and PE_PGRS. The major difference between these two families is the presence of a domain containing numerous Gly-Ala repeats extending to the C terminus of the PE_PGRS genes. We have used a representative PE_PGRS gene from M. tuberculosis, Rv1818c (1818PE_PGRS), and its amino-terminal PE region (1818PE), to investigate the immunological response to these proteins during experimental tuberculosis and following immunization with DNA constructs. During infection of mice with M. tuberculosis, a significant humoral immune response was observed against recombinant 1818PE_PGRS but not toward the 1818PE protein. Similarly, immunization with a 1818PE_PGRS DNA construct induced antibodies directed against 1818PE_PGRS but not against 1818PE proteins, and no humoral response was induced by 1818PE DNA. These results suggest that certain PE_PGRS genes are expressed during infection of the host with M. tuberculosis and that an antibody response is directed solely against the Gly-Ala-rich PGRS domain. Conversely, splenocytes from 1818PE-vaccinated mice but not mice immunized with 1818PE_PGRS secreted gamma interferon following in vitro restimulation and demonstrated protection in the mouse tuberculosis challenge model. These results suggest that the PE vaccine can elicit an effective cellular immune response and that immune recognition of the PE antigen is influenced by the Gly-Ala-rich PGRS domain.
Study of self-focusing and small-scale filaments of light in nonlinear media

It is shown that the small-scale filaments generated by laser pulses in nonlinear media are the natural consequence of moving foci. Results of many controlled experiments performed with single-mode Q -switched laser pulses agree very well with the predictions of the moving focus model. The earlier experimental results on filaments reported in the literature are also shown to be consistent with the moving focus model. In the picosecond case, this model appropriately modified, gives essentially the same description as the so-called dynamic trapping model, which explains qualitatively the observed filament characteristics in that limit.
Replication Fitness and NS5B Drug Sensitivity of Diverse Hepatitis C Virus Isolates Characterized by Using a Transient Replication Assay

The innate genetic variability characteristic of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection makes drug resistance a concern in the clinical development of HCV inhibitors. To address this, a transient replication assay was developed to evaluate the replication fitness and the drug sensitivity of NS5B sequences isolated from the sera of patients with chronic HCV infection. This novel assay directly compares replication between NS5B isolates, thus bypassing the potential sequence and metabolic differences which may arise with independent replicon cell lines. Patient-derived NS5B sequences were similar to those of the established HCV genotypes, but isolates from each patient shared genetic variability specific to that patient, with additional genetic variability observed across the individual isolates. Every sample provided functional NS5B isolates which supported subgenomic replication, frequently to levels comparable to that of laboratory-optimized replicons. All isolates were equivalently sensitive to an active-site nucleoside inhibitor, but the sensitivities to a panel of nonnucleoside inhibitors which targeted three distinct sites on NS5B varied among the isolates. In con1, the original laboratory-optimized replicon, the NS5B S282T substitution confers resistance to the nucleoside inhibitor but impairs replication. This substitution was engineered into both genotype 1a and genotype 1b isolates. Replication was severely debilitated, demonstrating that no compensatory residues were encoded within these genetically diverse sequences to increase the replication fitness of the mutated replicons. This work describes a transient replicon-based assay that can support the clinical development of compounds which target NS5B and demonstrates its utility by examining several patient-derived NS5B isolates for replication fitness and differential sensitivity to NS5B inhibitors.
Adolescent and Adult Outcomes in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Follow-up studies of childhood disorders are valuable for multiple reasons. Knowledge of which symptoms are likely to persist and what secondary complications are likely to develop is important to families of affected children, as well as to the design of long-term interventions. Knowledge of the course and outcome of a disorder also contributes to the assessment of diagnostic validity. Furthermore, longitudinal studies can be used to identify early predictors of later functioning. The fate of children with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)* is especially important because the disorder is one of the most prevalent (see Chapter 2, this volume), and is associated with impairment in multiple functional domains in childhood (Arnold & Jensen, 1995; Barkley, 1996).
Mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that block meiotic prophase chromosome metabolism and confer cell cycle arrest at pachytene identify two new meiosis-specific genes SAE1 and SAE3.

Two new meiosis-specific genes, SAE1 and SAE3, have been identified in a screen for mutations that confer an intermediate block in meiotic prophase. Such mutations confer a block to spore formation that is circumvented by addition of a mutation that eliminates meiotic recombination initiation and other aspects of chromosome metabolism, i.e., spo11. We show that sae1-1 and sae3-1 mutations each confer a distinct defect in meiotic recombination. sae1-1 produces recombinants but very slowly and ultimately to less than half the wild-type level; sae3-1 makes persistent hyper-resected meiotic double-strand breaks and has a severe defect in formation of recombinants. Both mutants arrest at the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase, sae1-1 temporarily and sae3-1 permanently. The phenotypes conferred by sae3-1 are similar to those conferred by mutation of the yeast RecA homologue DMC1, suggesting that SAE3 and DMC1 act at the same step(s) of chromosome metabolism. These results provide further evidence that intermediate blocks to prophase chromosome metabolism cause cell-cycle arrest. SAE1 encodes a 208-residue protein homologous to vertebrate mRNA cap-binding protein 20. SAE3 corresponds to a meiosis-specific RNA encoding an unusually short open reading frame of 50 codons.