cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Virtual execution environments

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the Second International Conference on Virtual Execution Environments -- VEE'06. Interest in virtual execution environments spans the programming language, operating system, and computer architecture communities. The goal of the VEE conference is to provide a single venue to bring together researchers and practitioners from all three of these communities to share their perspectives with others interested in the various aspects of virtual execution environments. This year's VEE is co-located with PLDI 2006 in Ottawa, Ontario and, for the first time, is equally co-sponsored by ACM SIGOPS and ACM SIGPLAN. VEE'07 will be held as part of FCRC in June 2007 and we hope VEE'08 will be co-located with a leading operating systems conference.The call for papers attracted 44 submissions, which was a significant decline from the 65 papers submitted to VEE'05. However, the average quality of the submissions was quite high. We believe that the decision to move the submission deadline significantly earlier (and before the PLDI notification date) was the primary cause of the decline in the number of submissions. The steering committee is reconsidering this decision for future conferences.Every submitted paper was reviewed by three program committee members. Program committee members had the option of asking for input from additional external reviewers when preparing their reviews; 20% of the PC reviews were prepared with the help of external reviewers. The program committee met at IBM Research in Hawthorne, NY on February 14, 2006 -- two days after the largest snowfall in the history of New York City. As a result, only half of the committee was able to successfully travel to New York and attend the meeting in person. However, all of the committee members who were not physically present participated in the meeting via an all day teleconference. The committee accepted 17 excellent papers that cover a wide spectrum of topics related to virtual execution environments. In addition to the technical papers, the program includes keynote talks by James Larus and Leendert van Doorn.
Understanding the Nature and Determinants of Critical Thinking Among Senior Business Undergraduate Students

The authors examine the dimensions and determinants of critical thinking skills, as measured by the California Critical Thinking Skills Test, among graduating senior students enrolled in an Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business–accredited undergraduate business program. Utilizing explanatory variables, a methodology for predicting student cognitive development while in an academic program is described and was utilized to identify the percentage of students who were over- and underachieving expected developmental levels across fields of study in the focal group. Implications of the results and suggestions for further study are provided.
TIME FOR LOVE: The Place of Marriage and Children in the Thought of Stanley Hauerwas

In essays written throughout his career, Stanley Hauerwas has unfolded a Christian vision of the marriage bond and the presence of children that seeks insistently to place these seemingly natural bonds within the new family of God that is the church. I examine his understanding, aiming to appreciate the Christian vision displayed while also suggesting that his emphasis on the new thing God does in the church is sometimes allowed to absorb and thereby lose the distinctive significance of the created bonds of marriage and family.
CMOS state of the arts and future potential

The progress made up to now for CMOS scaling in drive current improvement and suppression of off current of MOSFET, with introductions of new structures, new materials for channel, gate insulator and gate electrode is reviewed. Also discussed will be future potential of a variety of revolutionary nanoelectronic devices such as nanowires/nanotubes and new materials based non-volatile memories from integrated electronics point of view.
Impact of high energy resolution detectors on the performance of a PET system dedicated to breast cancer imaging.

Abstract We are developing a high resolution, high sensitivity PET camera dedicated to breast cancer imaging. We are studying two novel detector technologies for this imaging system: a scintillation detector comprising layers of small lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) crystals coupled to new position sensitive avalanche photodiodes (PSAPDs), and a pure semiconductor detector comprising cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) crystal slabs with thin anode and cathode strips deposited in orthogonal directions on either side of each slab. Both detectors achieve 1 mm spatial resolution with 3–5 mm directly measured photon interaction depth resolution, which promotes uniform reconstructed spatial resolution throughout a compact, breast-size field of view. Both detector types also achieve outstanding energy resolution ( 4 kcps for 200 microCi in a simulated breast phantom.
A Robust Event-Based Continuous Time Formulation for Tank Transfer Scheduling

A generalized model is proposed for the continuous time scheduling problem of fluid transfer in tanks. This model generally and more robustly handles the synchronization of time events with material balances than previous proposed models in the literature. A novel method for representing the flow to and from a tank is developed with the potential for significant reduction in the number of necessary time events required for continuous time scheduling formulations. The problem involves the optimal operation of fluid transfer from input sources to tanks, transfer between the tanks, and the transfer from tanks to output destinations. An efficient mixed-integer nonlinear programming formulation is developed based on continuous representation of time domain under the assumption of no simultaneous input and output flow to a tank for fluid streams comprised of multiple components. The new modeling paradigm is applied to examples from the literature for developing refinery crude unit charging schedules.
Opportunities and obstacles in developing a vaccine for Entamoeba histolytica

The development of a vaccine against Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amebic colitis and liver abscess, would reduce childhood mortality in countries such as Bangledesh where community-based studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of E. histolytica. Immunological studies from this population have shown that protection from amebiasis is associated with mucosal anti-E. histolytica Gal/GalNAc lectin antibodies, suggesting that a vaccine is an achievable goal. However, garnering resources for vaccine development is a challenge when the vaccine is targeted to poor people living in developing countries.
Voluntary contributions to state nongame wildlife programs

Abstract This paper presents an empirical analysis of voluntary contributions to a state nongame wildlife wildlife gram. Using data from Minnesota's 1982 income tax check off program Tobit estimates are developed that suggest nongame wildlife contributions are price elastic, characterized as a normal god for income increases up to $67,000, and strongly affected by whether the individual received a tax refund.
The blocking of the rolandic wicket rhythm and some central changes related to movement

Abstract Analysis of the 500 most recent scalp recordings made in the electroencephalographic laboratory at the Rochester (Minnesota) State Hospital has revealed the presence of a rolandic wicket (“en arceau”) rhythm in 18 persons. Passive movements and reflex movements provoked blocking of the wicket rhythm. The interval between the beginning of the movement and the blocking was approximately the same for both types of movement. In comparison with the effect of passive movement, the blocking provoked by reflex movement was shorter and predominated more markedly on the contralateral hemisphere. Blocking of the wicket rhythm was noted also in relation to spontaneous voluntary movements. When these were unilateral the blocking effect involved both central areas, usually the contralateral before the homolateral. The beginning of the contralateral blocking usually preceded the onset of the muscular contraction. Blocking was observed also with movements on command. At first it had the characteristics of a generalized arousal; in succeeding tests it became limited to the wicket rhythm of the rolandic areas. The wicket blocking followed with a fairly constant short delay after the beginning of the spoken order and, depending on the duration of the order, was seen approximately simultaneously with or a varied time before the onset of the muscular contraction. Tactile stimuli also produced bilateral blocking of wicket rhythm, with the stronger effect on the contralateral side. Visual and mental activity were able to provoke some degree of wicket together with alpha blocking in accord with the level of attention required. The mechanisms through which the above stimuli provoke the blocking of the wicket rhythm are discussed.
CT of the chest in suspected child abuse using submillisievert radiation dose

The cornerstone of child abuse imaging is the skeletal survey, but initial imaging with radiographs may not demonstrate acute and non-displaced fractures, especially those involving the ribs. Given the high mortality of undiagnosed non-accidental trauma, timely diagnosis is crucial. CT is more sensitive in assessing rib fractures; however the effective radiation dose of a standard chest CT is high. We retrospectively identified four children (three boys, one girl; age range 1-4 months) admitted between January 2013 and February 2014 with high suspicion for non-accidental trauma from unexplained fractures of the long bones; these children all had CT of the chest when no rib fractures were evident on the skeletal survey. The absorbed radiation dose estimates for organs and tissue from the four-view chest radiographs and subsequent CT were determined using Monte Carlo photon transport software, and the effective dose was calculated using published tissue-weighting factors. In two children, CT showed multiple fractures of the ribs, scapula and vertebral body that were not evident on the initial skeletal survey. The average effective dose for a four-view chest radiograph across the four children was 0.29 mSv and the average effective dose for the chest CT was 0.56 mSv. Therefore the effective dose of a chest CT is on average less than twice that of a four-view chest radiograph. Our protocol thus shows that a reduced-dose chest CT may be useful in the evaluation of high specificity fractures of non-accidental trauma when the four-view chest radiographs are negative.
Corporate governance reform: A cri de coeur for two decades

Corporate governance reform has been a cri de coeur for two decades now. Starting with the advocacy of the liberal market model, proponents of reform have changed, sometimes radically so, their beliefs. Three recent books that examine this history arrive at distinctive interpretations why countries did not converge on the liberal market model. For Culpepper, this means the back rooms, where lobbyists and legislators hammer out future regulations. For Cioffi, the rooms are less sinister, but populated by experts who are skilled but hardly naive technicians. Goyer prefers a more oxygenated realm of analysis whereby actors are constrained less by the making of law and regulations than by institutions. The merits of these distinctive contributions are compared through an analysis of the takeover of the German firm Mannesmann by the UK-based Vodafone.
History and Diagnosis of `Scientific' Medicine

The term 'scientific medicine' must count as one of the most consequential yet perplexing uses of the word 'scientific' of our times. After all, in what sense do health professionals, patients, biomedical researchers or science studies analysts understand the practice of medicine to be scientific or not? For many, the mysterious doings of doctors are considered scientific because modern medicine is taken to be grounded in laboratory sciences: the expertise of physicians rests on their ability skilfully to apply knowledge that comes their way from elsewhere. By this reading, physicians are not scientific except in a derivative sense. In fact, in the subtle practice of their healing 'arts', they may often scoff at textbook knowledge and privilege their own, hard-earned judgement and hands-on experience. And in an age of managed care, such an insistence on craft knowledge and skills may prove the best line of defence of professional autonomy against the intrusions of the bureaucrats.
Wave‐current interaction in nearshore shear instability analyzed with a vortex force formalism

[1] We examine wave-current interactions in littoral current shear instabilities above a single-barred beach using a fully coupled wave and barotropic current model based on the multiscale asymptotic theory derived by McWilliams et al. (2004). This Eulerian wave-averaged model captures wave effects on currents (WEC) in a manner that leads to simple interpretations. The dynamically conservative WEC are the vortex force and material transport by Stokes drift and the sea level adjustment by wave set-down and setup. In the setting considered here there are also important current effects on the waves (CEW): induction of a Doppler shift by currents and surface elevation variation in the wave dispersion relation. Nonconservative effects, due to wave breaking and bottom drag, also play a prominent role in generating and equilibrating the mean alongshore current, consistent with prior studies. High bottom drag stabilizes the currents, while a drag reduction below a critical threshold value leads to shear instability with nearly periodic, alongshore-fluctuating eddies. An even smaller bottom drag yields irregular eddy motions with intermittent offshore eruption of vortex pairs from the meandering alongshore current. Several alternative parameterizations of the bottom drag are contrasted here. Including CEW in the model leads to a delay in the onset of the instability, a suppression of fluctuations in cross-shore velocity and lateral Reynolds stress, and an enhancement of the mean alongshore velocity. The WEC increase the Reynolds stress in the offshore region, and the conservative vortex force and mean advection are comparable in magnitude to the breaking acceleration and bottom drag. Conversely, the CEW reduce the Reynolds stress and attenuate the breaking acceleration through refractive focusing by current shear. Overall, the WEC enhance the instantaneous cross-shore momentum flux to induce more energetic eddy motions and retard the mean alongshore current, while the CEW stabilize the fluctuations and help maintain a strong mean current.
THEORIES AT INFINITE MOMENTUM.

We construct Galilean-invariant theories (with Schr\"odinger equations) at infinite momentum that describe interacting relativistic systems. Classes of both first- and second-quantized theories are presented. The formalism provides a general approach to the saturation of current algebra; positivity of the mass spectrum is guaranteed, and as much inelasticity as necessary may be introduced. More generally, however, such theories offer the hope of potential-theoretic intuition for relativistic physics.
Minimizing errors in phase change correction measurements for gauge blocks using a spherical contact technique

One of the most elusive measurement elements in gage block interferometry is the correction for the phase change on reflection. Techniques used to quantify this correction have improved over the year, but the measurement uncertainty has remained relatively constant because some error sources have proven historically difficult to reduce. The precision engineering division at the National Institute of Standards and Technology has recently developed a measurement technique that can quantify the phase change on reflection correction directly for individual gage blocks and eliminates some of the fundamental problems with historical measurement methods. Since only the top surface of the gage block is used in the measurement, wringing film inconsistencies are eliminated with this technique thereby drastically reducing the measurement uncertainty for the correction. However, block geometry and thermal issues still exist. This paper will describe the methods used to minimize the measurement uncertainty of the phase change on reflection evaluation using a spherical contact technique. The work focuses on gage block surface topography and drift eliminating algorithms for the data collection. The extrapolation of the data to an undeformed condition and the failure of these curves to follow theoretical estimates are also discussed. The wavelength dependence of the correction was directly measured for different gage block materials and manufacturers and the data will be presented.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Using focus group methods with middle school children

Focus group methods are an effective way to clarify middle school children's perceptions of health and illness. Children between 11 and 14 years of age, who are undergoing the developmental transition from child to adolescent, tend to be reticent when talking with adult strangers. However, they are more relaxed and willing to share perceptions when discussions are held with a group of peers. Conducting focus groups involves developing an interview guide, arranging the meeting place, supporting group building, and encouraging participation by the group members while discouraging domination by influential members. Data analysis begins during the focus group session as issues emerge in the context of group discussions.
How public relations professionals can use food labels as effective communication tools

Abstract Food product labels impact everyone's quality of life. Today, informed consumers may attempt to read label contents—especially if they have medical concerns that require limitation of calories, sodium and fat in their diets. Unfortunately, even though these contents are listed, they could be difficult to read because of “graphic problems.” This is an unnecessary problem that can be eliminated by applying knowledge of typography and technology. This study utilized a panel of graphic arts education experts who reviewed suggested Food and Drug Administration (FDA) label guidelines. If the panel participants thought that “graphic problems” exist in the guidelines, they were asked to make suggestions to indicate how food labels could be prepared more effectively—at no additional cost.
Eyes wide shut: protein kinase C isozymes are not the only receptors for the phorbol ester tumor promoters.

In addition to the well-characterized interaction with classical and novel protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes, the phorbol ester tumor promoters bind to other receptors lacking kinase activity. Among these novel phorbol ester receptors, two families of proteins may play a role in the regulation of cell growth and malignant transformation: chimaerins and ras guanyl-releasing protein (ras-GRP). These proteins possess a single copy of the C1 domain that is involved in binding of phorbol esters and the lipid second messenger diacylglycerol. Four isoforms of chimaerins (alpha1-, alpha2-, beta1-, and beta2-chimaerins) have been isolated to-date, all of them possessing GTPase-activating protein activity for Rac, a small GTP-binding protein that controls actin cytoskeleton organization, cell-cycle progression, adhesion, and migration. Ras-GRP is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for ras and promotes malignant transformation in fibroblasts in a phorbol ester-dependent manner. The C1 domain in Ras-GRP may, therefore, have a dominant role in Ras-GRP activation and is essential for phorbol ester-dependent activation of downstream effectors of ras, i.e., the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Thus, a novel concept emerges in which phorbol esters may exert cellular responses through pathways not involving phorbol ester-responsive PKC isozymes. The discovery of "nonPKC" phorbol ester receptors adds an additional level of complexity to the understanding of phorbol ester effects and the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
Latent energy of deformation of amorphous polymers: 1. Deformation calorimetry

Abstract The post-yielding behaviour of some common amorphous polymers was examined in uniaxial tension to determine if these materials were ideally plastic from a thermodynamic viewpoint. Thermodynamic measurements were made during deformation using a novel isothermal deformation calorimeter capable of measuring the work and heat of deformation. A portion of the deformation work was not converted into heat and therefore was stored as a latent energy of deformation. Thermodynamically ideal plasticity was not observed for any of the polymers studied.
Solid dispersion of carbamazepine in PVP K30 by conventional solvent evaporation and supercritical methods

This study compares the physicochemical properties of carbamazepine (CBZ) solid dispersions prepared by either a conventional solvent evaporation versus a supercritical fluid process. Solid dispersions of carbamazepine in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K30 with either Gelucire 44/14 or Vitamin E TPGS, NF (d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate) were prepared and characterized by intrinsic dissolution, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. CBZ/PVP K30 and CBZ/PVP K30/TPGS solid dispersions showed increased dissolution rate. The best intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) was obtained for supercritically processed CBZ/PVP K30 that was four-fold higher than pure CBZ. Thermograms of various solid dispersions did not show the melting peak of CBZ, indicating that CBZ was in amorphous form inside the carrier system. This was further confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies. Infrared spectroscopic studies showed interaction between CBZ and PVP K30 in solid dispersions. The amorphous state of CBZ coupled with presence of interaction between drug and PVP K30 suggests fewer, if any, stability problems. Because the supercritical-based process produced solid dispersions with IDR better than conventional solid dispersions augmented with amphiphilic carriers, stability issues associated with lipid carriers do not apply, which, in turn, implies easier scale up under current Good Manufacturing Practice for this technique.
Analytic results for asymmetric Random Walk with exponential transition probabilities

We present here exact analytic results for a random walk on a one-dimensional lattice with asymmetric, exponentially distributed jump probabilities. We derive the generating functions of such a walk for a perfect lattice and for a lattice with absorbing boundaries. We obtain solutions for some interesting moment properties, such as mean first passage time, drift velocity, dispersion, and branching ratio for absorption. The symmetric exponential walk is solved as a special case. The scaling of the mean first passage time with the size of the system for the exponentially distributed walk is determined by the symmetry and is independent of the range.
On the numerical implementation of 3D rate-dependent single crystal plasticity formulations

In this paper, several important numerical issues are addressed for three-dimensional (3D) rate-dependent single crystal plasticity. After a thorough comparison of different constitutive algorithms, we classify the integration methods into three approaches, namely, the implicit elastic/plastic deformation gradient approach, the implicit slip-rate approach, and the explicit slip-rate approach. As part of this algorithmic study, we focus on five different schemes to enforce the plastic incompressibility, four ways to update the texture, and one convergence criteria. The numerical performance of these different methods is illustrated. The contribution of this study is three-fold: a stable scheme for the incompressibility enforcement, an improved implicit algorithm, and a fully explicit algorithm.
Spectral reflectance of carbonate minerals in the visible and near infrared (0.35–2.55 um): Anhydrous carbonate minerals

Visible and near IR reflectance spectra for anhydrous carbonate minerals are presented, and the use of the spectra to determine the mineralogy and gaining information for the carbonate minerals is examined. Seven strong absorption bands at wavelengths greater than 1.6 microns are observed in all the spectra of anhydrous end-member carbonate minerals. The band position, intensity, and width for the carbonate bands are studied. The iron and maganese bands for the carbonate minerals are analyzed. The potential causes of spectral differences between carbonate minerals are investigated.
Reforming Perspectives: MSN Graduates' Knowledge, Attitudes and Awareness of Self-Transformation

Socialization includes internalization of attitudes and values critical to the development of a professional identity. Resocialization relates to the returning registered nurse student's development of professional values and roles. Nurse educators' challenge is to consider socialization/resocialization as a formation/re-formation process. The purpose of this article is to report findings from a replication qualitative descriptive study that examined the process of change in knowledge and attitudes of recent MSN graduates using Mezirow's (1994)Transformative Learning Theory. Findings substantiated the changes in attitudes, knowledge and skills of MSN graduates identified by Cragg and Andrusyszyn (2005). Results further inform nurse educators of the process of transformation in MSN graduates according to Mezirow's Phases of Perspective Transformation.
Perceptions of Aggression are Colored by Gender Roles

The present study examined the impact of gender role perceptions on ratings of aggressiveness. Male participants completed a laboratory aggression paradigm and were asked to rate the aggressiveness of their (bogus) opponent. Opponents were clearly identified as male or female and feminine or masculine. Further, all aggressive actions by the bogus opponent were standardized to be the same. Participants were significantly more likely to rate masculine opponents as aggressive, compared to feminine opponents, regardless of the gender of the opponent. These results imply that the subjective perception of aggression from others appears to be more strongly influenced by the gender role, rather than gender, of an aggressor.
Recovery of Anhydrous Na2SO4 from SO2-Scrubbing Liquor by Extractive Crystallization: Liquid−Liquid Equilibria for Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Carbonate, Sulfate, and/or Sulfite Plus Acetone, 2-Propanol, or tert-Butyl Alcohol

Sodium carbonate is a superior scrubbing agent for removing SO2 from combustion gases, but the resulting sodium sulfate (or sulfite) must be recovered for environmental reasons. Recovery by evapora...
DNA double-strand damage and repair following γ-irradiation in isolated spermatogenic cells

Abstract Various cell types in spermatogenesis exhibit differential sensitivity to radiation-induce DNA damage. The investigation of DNA radiosensitivity in vitro is complicated by the heterogneous population of male germ cells (MGC) present in isolated single-cell suspensions. In the present investigation, the neutral elution technique was used to assess γ-irradiation-induced DNA double-strand damage (DSD) in spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes (SG/PL), pachytene spermatocytes and spermatid spermatocytes, as well as in MGC. In addition, the capability of these cell types to repair DNA double-strand damage was investigated. Based on the well established timing of the rat spermatogenic cycle, the DNA of specific cell populations was labeled using tritiated thymidine. DNA from labeled cells was determined isotopically, whereas total DNA was quantitated using a fluorometric metod. DSD was induced in a dose-dependent manner in the heterogeneous population as well as in the labeled cell populations. SG/PL were more sensitive to γ-irradiation-induced DSD than either the heterogeneous MGC population, pachytene or spermatid spermatocytes. Each cell type exhibited a similar capability to repair DSD following exposure to 3000 rad; repair was rapdi (maximal within 45 min) and incomplete ( In summary, a model is described that permits the evaluation of genotoxic responses in specific populations of spermatogenic cells within a heterogeneous cell suspension. The ability of specific cell types to repair γ-irradiation-induced DNA double-strand damage is demonstrated.
Anesthetic Care for Patients with Skin Breakdown

Wound patients commonly have multiple comorbidities, which should be optimized before anesthesia. These factors contribute not only to skin breakdown but also other causes of mortality and morbidity. Skin becomes more vulnerable to damage from pressure, friction, shear, and moisture when the skin is dry, less elastic, and less perfused. Careful assessment and implementation of an anesthetic plan using regional or general techniques can improve outcomes. The anesthesiologist plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis during the surgically stressful perioperative period of the wound patient. Aggressive wound management in the early stages is likely to prevent wound progression to deeper levels. Policies are being implemented to decrease the risk of pressure ulcers by prevention.
Photophysical and electrochemical properties of 1,3-bis(2-pyridylimino)isoindolate platinum(II) derivatives

A series of twelve platinum(II) complexes of the form (N^N^N)PtX have been synthesized and characterized where N^N^N is 1,3-bis(2-pyridylimino)isoindolate ligands (BPI) or BPI ligands whose aryl moieties are substituted with tert-butyl, nitro, alkoxy, iodo or chloro groups, and X is a chloride, fluoride, cyano, acetate, phenyl or 4-(dimethylamino)phenyl ligand. All complexes display at least one irreversible oxidation and two reversible reduction waves at potentials dependent on the position and the electron donating or withdrawing nature of both X and the substituted N^N^N ligand. Broad room temperature phosphorescence ranging in energy from 594 to 680 nm was observed from the complexes, with quantum efficiencies ranging from 0.01 to 0.05. The efficiency of emission is dictated largely by nonradiative processes since the rate constants for nonradiative deactivation [(1.1–100) × 105 s−1] show greater variation than those for radiative decay [(0.57–4.0) × 04 s−1]. Nonradiative deactivation for compounds with X = Cl follow the energy gap law, i.e. the nonradiative rate constants increase exponentially with decreasing emission energy. Deactivation of the excited state appears to be strongly influenced by a non-planar distortion of the BPI ligand.
Acidolyis and oxygen atom transfer reactivity of a diiridium hydroperoxo complex

Oxygenation of Ir2II,II(tfepma)2(CNtBu)2Cl3H (1, tfepma = CH3N[P(OCH2CF3)2]2) furnishes Ir2II,II(tfepma)2(CNtBu)2Cl3(OOH) (2), the first isolable iridium hydroperoxo complex. This complex transfers an oxygen atom to triphenylphosphine, producing triphenylphosphine oxide and Ir2II,II(tfepma)2(CNtBu)2Cl3(OH) (3) in high yield. Reaction of 2 with acid induces cleavage of the O–O bond, initially forming [Ir2II,II(tfepma)2(CNtBu)2Cl3(OH2)]Cl (4), which was identified by NMR spectroscopy. With HCl as the acid source, the chloride anion displaces water to form the pseudo-C2h isomer of Ir2II,II(tfepma)2(CNtBu)2Cl4 (5). With 2,6-lutidinium chloride as the acid, complex 4 forms initially and is deprotonated by the conjugate base to afford 3 as the major product.
‘It should be teamwork’: a critical investigation of school practices and parent advocacy in special education

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) suggests that parents are critical members of the special education system. Through conducting interviews with parents, observing...
Nonprofit Firms, Decision Making and Regulation

(1975). Nonprofit Firms, Decision Making and Regulation. Review of Social Economy: Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 26-42.
COMMENT: Multiple taxon–multiple locality approach to providing oxygen isotope evidence for warm-blooded theropod dinosaurs

[Fricke and Rogers (2000)][1] applied a unique approach to the question of theropod metabolism. Their premise was that latitudinal effects on the oxygen isotope composition of meteoric water should be reflected more directly in endothermic homeotherms, because they maintain constant body temperature
Localization of photophosphorylation and proton transport activities in various regions of the chloroplast lamellae

Membrane fragments released by French pressure cell treatment of whole chloroplasts and isolated by differential centrifugation have been characterized structurally and with respect to phosophorylating and proton transport activities. In agreement with results of other workers, the heavy fraction released by pressure treatment was found by electron microscopy studies to be made up of mostly intact grana stacks while the light fraction was comprised of vesicles derived from the stromal lamellae. Both fractions were found to carry out rapid rates of cyclic photophosphorylation catalyzed by phenazine methosulfate (PMS). However, only the grana membranes demonstrated active proton accumulation in the presence of PMS. No light induced H+ uptake could be detected in the stromal lamellae fraction; and as expected, proton gradient dissipating agents such as NH4Cl, nigericin in the presence of K+, and gramicidin were only slightly inhibitory to phosphorylation at concentrations which were very inhibitory in the grana membrane fraction. Further evidence that stromal lamellae do not have active proton transport in the intact chloroplast was obtained by comparing various chloroplasts having different amounts of stromal and grana membranes. Comparative studies on young and old chloroplasts from lettuce, mesophyll and bundle sheath cell plastids from sorghum, and greening plastids from etiolated corn seedlings revealed a direct correlation between the extent of grana formation and the amount of proton transport activity. Samples which had larger amounts of stromal lamellae had high rates of ATP formation but a reduced capacity for H+ accumulation.
Operations in mixed reality

The Operature (2014), the first work of Anatomical Theatres of Mixed Reality (ATOM-r), is a live performance and augmented reality poem engaging themes of anatomical science and spectacle. The work's choreography and use of technology are influenced by research into a series of diverse anatomical histories including early-modern surgical theatres, Francis Glessner Lee's miniature crime-scene re-enactments, known as the Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death, and The Stud File, an autobiographical record of the sexual exploits of Samuel Steward, a twentieth-century tattoo artist, gay pornographer and friend of Gertrude Stein. This writing traces the development of the work and its attempt to create a fluid integration of live performance and computational systems.
The downside of religious attire: The Muslim headscarf and expectations of obtaining employment

As laws are being passed or considered to ban certain forms of religious attire in the current international arena (France, Netherlands, Italy), it is important to address some of the concerns that Americans who wear religious attire might have. Based on stereotype threat theory, data from 219 American Muslim females were examined regarding their expectations of receiving job offers for a variety of occupations. Results indicated that Muslim women who wear the headscarf (Hijabis) had lower expectations of receiving a job offer than Muslim women who do not wear the hijab. This difference increased as the amount of public contact associated with the occupation decreased and job status of the occupation increased. Furthermore, work centrality moderated this relationship, but only for Muslim women who did not wear the headscarf. Implications of these findings with regard to Hijabis and occupational attainment are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Simple Assay for Intracellular Lipid-Binding Proteins Using Displacement of 1-Anilinonaphthalene 8-Sulfonic Acid

The fluorescent probe 1-anilinonapthalene 8-sulfonic acid (1,8-ANS) has been used to characterize a general assay for members of the intracellular lipid-binding protein (iLBP) multigene family. The adipocyte lipid-binding protein (ALBP), the keratinocyte lipid-binding protein (KLBP), the cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP), and the cellular retinoic acid-binding protein I (CRABPI) have been characterized as to their ligand binding activities using 1,8-ANS. ALBP and KLBP exhibited the highest affinity probe binding with apparent dissociation constants (Kd) of 410 and 530 nM, respectively, while CRBP and CRABPI bound 1,8-ANS with apparent dissociation constants of 7.7 and 25 microM, respectively. In order to quantitate the fatty acid and retinoid binding specificity and affinity of ALBP, KLBP, and CRBP, a competition assay was developed to monitor the ability of various lipid molecules to displace bound 1,8-ANS from the binding cavity. Oleic acid and arachidonic acid displaced bound 1,8-ANS from ALBP, both with apparent inhibitor constants (Ki) of 134 nM, while all-trans-retinoic acid exhibited a sevenfold lower Ki (870 nM). The short chain fatty acid octanoic acid and all-trans-retinol did not displace the fluorophore from ALBP to any measurable extent. In comparison, the displacement assay revealed that KLBP bound oleic acid and arachidonic acid with high affinity (Ki = 420 and 400 nM, respectively) but bound all-trans-retinoic acid with a markedly reduced affinity (Ki = 3.6 microM). Like that for ALBP, neither octanoic acid nor all-trans-retinol were bound by KLBP. Displacement of 1,8-ANS from CRBP by all-trans-retinal and all-trans-retinoic acid yielded Ki values of 1.7 and 5.3 microM, respectively. These results indicate the utility of the assay for characterizing the ligand binding characteristics of members of the iLBP family and suggests that this technique may be used to characterize the ligand binding properties of other hydrophobic ligand binding proteins.
3D Single Molecule Tracking in Thick Cellular Samples using Multifocal Plane Microscopy

Protein transport across a cell monolayer represents a fundamental cellular process in cell biology. However, the imaging of this process poses several challenges. Protein transport is highly dynamic occurring across the entire cell-monolayer, which is several tens of microns thick, and over widely varying time scales. Additional challenges arise if 3D single molecule tracking is also desired that are particularly related to imaging single molecules for extended periods of time and across varying depths in a thick sample. Approaches that use a focusing device are not well suited for such applications as they are typically slow and suffer from poor z-localization/3D-tracking capability. To date the 3D spatial-temporal dynamics of many biological processes are poorly understood, as there is a lack of an appropriate methodology that supports 3D single-molecule tracking in thick samples.Here we show that multifocal plane microscopy (MUM) [1-2] provides the much needed solution to this longstanding problem. While MUM has been previously used for 3D single molecule tracking across shallow depths (1 micron) in live cells [2], the question arises if MUM can also live up to the significant challenge of tracking single molecules in a thick sample. By substantially expanding the capabilities of MUM, here we demonstrate 3D tracking of quantum-dot labeled single molecules in a ∼10 micron thick live-cell monolayer, for extended periods of time (minutes). We have implemented a 4-plane MUM setup with increased focal plane spacing and a novel multicolor imaging approach, which enables the imaging of the molecule of interest as well as the cellular environment with which it interacts. Using this new methodology we have reconstructed the complete 3D trafficking itinerary of single molecules at high spatial and temporal resolution.1. PNAS, 2007, 104:5889-5894.2. Biophys J., 2008, 95:6025-6043.
Do Different Infant Smiles Reflect Different Positive Emotions

Different types of infant smiles in the family of positive emotions were investigated during two mother-infant games: peekaboo and tickle. There were 27 6-month-old infants and 28 12-month-olds. Infant smiles were coded as simple (lip corner retraction only), Duchenne (simple plus cheek raising), play (simple plus jaw drop), and duplay (simple plus cheek raise and jaw drop). Results show that each type of smile has a systematic pattern of association with the game (peekaboo or tickle), component (setup or climax), trial (six trials for each game), and the direction of the infant’s gaze. No significant age differences were found. We conclude that when smiling, infants may experience qualitatively different kinds of enjoyment during these two games: enjoyment of readiness to engage in play (simple smiles while gazing at mother during peekaboo), enjoyment of relief (simple smiles while gazing away from mother after being tickled), enjoyment of participation and agency (Duchenne smiles with gaze at mother during the climax of early tickle game trials), enjoyment of escape (Duchenne smiles while gazing away during tickle climax), and enjoyment of build-up (duplay smiles during the climax of later trials). These findings show that the same facial action, smiling, can reflect different positive emotions depending upon cooccurring facial actions and the dynamics of the social process, and that the positive emotional experience of infants as young as six months is more complex than previously reported.
Web-Based Behavioral Interventions for the Management of Chronic Pain

The Internet is rapidly becoming a part of the pain practitioner’s arsenal for bringing relief to patients. Along with the promise come a number of caveats for selecting the most appropriate technologies for a given practice. This article provides an overview of why the Internet holds potential for filling a gap in pain practice, reviews some of the fastest emerging uses of the Internet for pain, and identifies both merits and limitations the practitioner should consider when contemplating adopting an Internet technology for his or her practice.
Relative contributions of Ca2+ influx and cellular Ca2+ release during drug induced activation of the rabbit aorta.

Using the “La-method” for measuring45Ca entry into smooth muscle cells we were able to show that the slow phase of a norepinephrine induced contraction is dependent on Ca2+ influx. Similarly Ca2+ influx was stimulated during the slow phase of angiotensin II and histamine induced contractions. The large rapid initial phases of these three types of drug induced aortic contractions were dependent on a common intracellular Ca2+ store which was rapidly exhausted in the presence of extracellular La3+.
The long and winding road: the FCC paves the path with good intentions

Abstract This paper shows through several case studies that the Federal Communications Commission is having a difficult time moving toward more reliance on market forces. The case studies highlight the problems with a case-by-case approach to spectrum management rather than a wholesale change in policy. The paper then proposes a concrete method for moving toward much more market-oriented spectrum policy. It proposes a method of nomination and grant of additional flexibility and then a free entry system without barriers to entry. The gains in consumer welfare from such a move could be substantial.
Terbium-macrocycle complexes as chemical sensors: detection of an aspirin metabolite in urine using a salicylurate-specific receptor site.

Salicylurate (SU) is the major metabolite in urine of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and can be used as a metric to monitor aspirin pharmacokinetics and as an indicator of appendicitis, anemia, and liver disease. Detection in urine and plasma currently requires solvent extraction or other sample handling prior to analysis. We present a simple method to quantify SU in urine via chelation to a terbium binary complex with the macrocycle 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,7-bisacetate (DO2A). Binding of SU to form the [Tb(DO2A)(SU)]− ternary complex triggers intense luminescence under UV excitation due to an absorbance-energy transfer-emission mechanism. Here we report characterization of the [Tb(DO2A)(SU)]− ternary complex and application of this sensitized lanthanide luminescence method to quantify SU in urine samples following a low-dose aspirin regimen.
Shot-noise impact on resist roughness in EUV lithography

Photospeed requirements for 193 nm and EUV lithography are approximately 10 mJ/cm2. As wavelengths are scaled, photon energy is increased, and the discrete photon events may become a fundamental contributor to resist edge roughness. A theoretical analysis of the shot noise impact on line edge roughness was performed. Based on the results, we estimate 1 nm of shot noise induced roughness at 10 mJ/cm2 resist sensitivity for 193 nm lithography. Therefore, discrete photon events are not expected to be a significant contributor to local CD control in 193 nm lithography. We conclude that edge roughness typically observed in 193 nm resists is therefore a process related effect.e However, at EUV, we are approaching a shot noise limit and edge roughness may be enhanced by photon counting effects. Without taking photo-acid diffusion into account, we estimate 8 nm of shot noise induced edge roughness at the EUVB wavelength and 10 mJ/cm2 sensitivity. Hence, local CD control may be compromised by the stringent 10 mJ/cm2 photospeed requirement. Edge roughness is improved by relaxing the resist sensitivity requirement. In addition, most resist technologies are likely to be chemically amplified, and thermally driven diffusion will improve local CD control but at the expense of image contrast and cross- wafer CD control.
The Palimpsest of Suffering: Leon Bloy's Le Desespere´

Foremost among the reactionary Catholics writing in France in the fin de siecle, Leon Bloy regarded literature as an instrument of the Apocalypse. Inspired by the 1846 apparition of the Virgin Mary at La Salette, Bloy had been convinced by the Virgin’s message that, unless the wicked reformed and the people observed the Sabbath, the end time would come and engulf Christendom in fire. Along with J.-K. Huysmans, Bloy subscribed to a belief in Dolorism, a doctrine affirming the sanctity of suffering, holding that through mystic substitution, the martyrdom of innocents could redeem the transgressions of the guilty. Bloy counted himself among the wretched who continued the work of the Passion and whose suffering could liquidate the debt of sin accumulated over centuries and thereby hasten the Messiah’s return. While Bloy’s eschatological fiction indicts a Savior slow to rescue the poor and misbegotten, it also aims to elucidate the divine message that time has garbled. While human history is a record of depravity and sacrilege, Bloy proposes his own text as a correction, removing an overlay of blasphemy and accomplishing the apocalyptic task of uncovering as Revelation. This is the hermeneutic principle of Le Desespere, Bloy’s parable of human misery: to disclose the occult truths concealed in this “palimpseste de douleur.”
Verbal Ability and Socioeconomic Success: A Trend Analysis☆☆☆★

Abstract Along with other recent analyses of American social structure, Herrnstein and Murray's The Bell Curve offers several hypotheses about the increasing centrality of cognitive ability in social stratification during the 20th century. These include growing cognitive sorting in education, occupational standing, and income and—by implication—increasing stratification of children's cognitive ability by their social and economic background. However, Herrnstein and Murray provide scant evidence of growth in cognitive sorting. Using data from the General Social Survey, we test each of these hypotheses using a short verbal ability test which was administered to about 12,500 American adults between 1974 and 1994. While weaknesses of the verbal ability test preclude definitive conclusions, they provide no support whatever for any of the trend hypotheses advanced by Herrnstein and Murray.