cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Artifacts: When Things Go Wrong, It’s Not Necessarily All Bad

Artifacts are common in all diagnostic imaging modalities, but nowhere is their study as much a field unto itself as in MRI. This is for a very good reason: MRI artifacts often convey important diagnostic information. They are not just nuisances. In the context of our study of MRI, artifacts are also important, an opportunity if you will, because they drive home many of the physical concepts we have been discussing. Finally, of course, artifacts can certainly be the first sign of trouble. Recognizing them allows the informed user to correctly identify the likely source(s) of the problem and even to determine if a user modification or a service call is necessary.
Write2Code: Pen-Based Educational Tool for Java

Java instruction generally involves the use of Integrated Development Envi-ronments (IDEs) to assist learners in understanding program structure and code syntax. However, the usage of IDEs can make learners’ understanding dependent on the computer, which makes it challenging for them to transi-tion to write their solutions by hand for programming assessments and cod-ing interviews. Research suggests that handwriting slows down learners’ thinking processes, helping them to better reflect on and engage in problem-solving contexts. We developed Write2Code, a handwriting-recognition ap-plication, to scaffold students’ learning of code syntax and logic by recog-nizing Java input from their handwritten text. In this paper, we present the tool’s architecture, features, and third-party technologies. We also describe how our design helps learners understand Java through an interface that promotes an unplugged experience with feedback similar to an IDE.
The Puzzles and Possibilities of Article V

Legal scholars describe Article V of the U.S. Constitution, which sets forth rules for amending the document, as an uncommonly specific and stringent constitutional provision. A unanimous Supreme Court has said that a “mere reading demonstrates” that “Article V is clear in statement and in meaning, contains no ambiguity, and calls for no resort to rules of construction.” Although it is familiar that a small set of amendments, most notably the Reconstruction Amendments, elicited credible challenges to their validity, these episodes are seen as anomalous and unrepresentative. Americans are accustomed to disagreeing over the meaning of the constitutional text, but at least in the text itself we assume we can find some objective common ground. This paper calls into question each piece of this standard picture of Article V. Neither the language nor the law of Article V supplies a determinate answer to a long list of fundamental puzzles about the amendment process. Legally questionable amendments have not been the exception throughout U.S. history; they have been the norm. After detailing these descriptive claims, the paper explores their doctrinal and theoretical implications. Appreciating the full extent of Article V’s ongoing ambiguity, we suggest, counsels a new approach to judging the validity of contested amendments, undermines some of the premises of originalism and textualism, and helps us to see new possibilities for constitutional change. Because the success or failure of attempted amendments turns out not to be exclusively or even primarily a function of following the rules laid out in the canonical document, all constitutional amending in an important sense takes place “outside” Article V.
Of Flesh and Ore: Material Histories and Embodied Geologies

This article explores the constitution of subterranean space in a Bolivian tin mine through an analysis of the discursive practices that materialize differentially valued people and differentially ...
Time to Evacuation and Functional Outcome After Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation

Background and Purpose: We present a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent minimally invasive endoscopic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) evacuation to identify variables that were associa...
Abstract MP30: Circulating Sars-cov-2 Spike Protein 1 Causes Microarteriolar Oxidative Stress, Endothelial Dysfunction And Enhanced Thromboxane And Endothelin Contractility That Are Prevented By Spironolactone.

Introduction and hypothesis: Following bodily entry, the SARS-CoV-2 virus undergoes pulmonary replication with release of circulating viral spike protein 1 (SP1) into the bloodstream. Uptake of SP1...
The Scientific Value of the Earth Satellite Program

Planning for the fullest possible scientific utilization of the initial group of U. S. satellites is proceeding actively under the supervision of the National Academy of Sciences and its appropriate Panels and Working Groups. An inert satellite, tracked from an array of ground stations, will provide a means of unprecedented precision for the determination of the geodetic figure of the earth, for the transoceanic linkage of mapping networks, and for the measurement of atmospheric density at very high altitudes. A variety of physical observations with active, on-board instrumentation has been considered. The highest "flight-priority" has been assigned to the following:a) the monitoring of the intensity of the solar ultraviolet; b) the monitoring of cosmic ray intensity and the measurement of its latitude, longitude, and altitude dependence; c) the measurement of the size spectrum and the number density of interplanetary dust; and d) the measurement of the earth's optical albedo over large areas. A concerted attack on the technical problems of successful on-board observations is being made.
Monensin stimulates glycerolipid incorporation into rod outer segment membranes

Monensin is an ionophore which disrupts the structure of the Golgi apparatus and inhibits vesicular transport in eukaryotic cells. In this study, we examined the effects of monensin on the incorporation of newly synthesized glycerolipids into retinal rod outer segment (ROS) membranes. Frog retinas were incubated in the presence or absence of monensin (50 nM) with either [1,2,3-3H]glycerol or [9,10-3H]palmitic acid as radiolabeled substrate. Total lipids were extracted from retinas and ROS membranes and resolved into individual phospholipid classes and neutral lipids by thin-layer chromatography. In the presence of monensin, the specific activity of ROS phospholipids was increased about 2-fold with [3H]glycerol and nearly 3-fold with [3H]palmitate as substrates relative to controls. In contrast, the specific activity of total retinal lipids, the relative incorporation of label into ROS and retinal phospholipids, and the total lipid phosphorous content of ROS membranes and retinas were not significantly different from control values. These data suggest that the enhanced labeling of ROS phospholipids in the presence of monensin was due to altered intracellular routing of lipids rather than increased glycerolipid synthesis. Under the same conditions, total retinal protein synthesis was about 90% of control, but light microscopic autoradiography indicated that newly synthesized proteins were not transported to the ROS for assembly into disc membranes. Thus, newly synthesized glycerolipids can be delivered to the ROS by a mechanism which is independent of protein transport to that cellular compartment.
Betwixt and Between: Some Thoughts on the Technical Services Librarian Involved in Reference and Bibliographic Instruction

La formation des etudiants a la methodologie et aux outils bibliographiques est necessaire a leur bonne connaissance des ressources d'un fonds de bibliotheque et a son utilisation
TANF Policy Implementation: The Invisible Barrier

Barriers to participation in welfare-to-work programs are generally described in terms of human and social capital. Findings from case examination of four Philadelphia-area welfare-to-work programs under TANF suggest that theory about policy implementation is more applicable. Faulty policy logic, organizational and personnel incompetence, and inadequate coordination between and within funding, referral, program, and employer organizations regularly resulted in delayed program start-ups and strained program operations. Generally invisible and absent from research attention, these implementation delays and strains impeded program staff efforts and harmed TANF recipients. States' 24-month time limit policies are a critical target for advocacy efforts
BUILT OUT OF BOOKS : LESBIAN ENERGY AND FEMINIST IDEOLOGY IN ALTERNATIVE PUBLISHING

This paper chronicles the birth of lesbian-feminist publishing in the 1970s, a significant but often overlooked chapter of American alternative publishing history, and one that would help create the circumstances supporting a flourishing lesbian and gay literature in the 1980s and 1990s. Between 1968 and 1973, over 500 feminist and lesbian publications appeared across the country, and what would become an organized network of independent women's bookstores began to appear. In 1976, a group of feminist trades-women-printers, booksellers, and others-would meet in the first of a series of Women in Print conferences that would give a name to the fledgling alternative press movement. Fueled by the energy of the women's movement, lesbians were instrumental actors in a variety of feminist publishing enterprises that, taken together, constituted a unique brand of print activism that illuminated and revised categories of identity; empowered individuals to overcome social isolation and discrimination; and informed nascent lesbian and feminist communities about strategies of resistance.
Chapter 14 Biochemical and Genetic Methods in the Study of Cellular Slime Mold Development

Publisher Summary Recent monumental advances in microbial genetics and in the chemistry of macromolecular biosynthesis have been applied to problems with developmental import. The program's appearance and macromolecules' disappearance plays crucial roles in developmental sequences. As a consequence, a new technology has arisen that must be adapted to the peculiarities of each kind of biological material. This chapter describes genetic, biochemical, and immunochemical techniques that have been successfully applied in the laboratory to the study of cellular slime mold development. The cellular slime molds are designated as an order within the phylum Myxomycophyta. Several genera and many species have been described. However, the bulk of the current investigation has been carried out with Dictyostelium discoideum . This species has a particularly interesting morphogenetic sequence and constructs fruiting bodies rapidly and well under a wide variety of environmental conditions. Many mutant strains have been isolated that display a wealth of developmental aberrations.
Contemporary Trends of Reported Sepsis Among Maternal Decedents in Texas: A Population-Based Study

Introduction Recent studies indicate that death certificate-based single-cause-of-death diagnoses can substantially underestimate the contribution of sepsis to mortality in the general population and among maternal decedents. There are no population-based data in the United States on the patterns of the contribution of sepsis to pregnancy-associated deaths.
Both the wild type and a functional isoform of CFTR are expressed in kidney

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) consists of five domains, two transmembrane-spanning domains, each composed of six transmembrane segments, a regulatory domain, and two nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). CFTR is expressed in kidney, but its role in overall renal function is not well understood, because mutations in CFTR found in patients with cystic fibrosis are not associated with renal dysfunction. To learn more about the distribution and functional forms of CFTR in kidney, we used a combination of molecular, cell biological, and electrophysiological approaches. These include an evaluation of CFTR mRNA and protein expression, as well as both two-electrode and patch clamping of CFTR expressed either in Xenopus oocytes or mammalian cells. In addition to wild-type CFTR mRNA, an alternate form containing only the first transmembrane domain (TMD), the first NBD, and the regulatory domain (TNR-CFTR) is expressed in kidney. Although missing the second set of TMDs and the second NBD, when expressed in Xenopus oocytes, TNR-CFTR has cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA)-stimulated single Cl- channel characteristics and regulation of PKA activation of outwardly rectifying Cl- channels that are very similar to those of wild-type CFTR. TNR-CFTR mRNA is produced by an unusual mRNA processing mechanism and is expressed in a tissue-specific manner primarily in renal medulla.
Middle–Late Ordovician (Darriwilian–Sandbian) decoupling of global sulfur and carbon cycles: Isotopic evidence from eastern and southern Laurentia

Abstract Middle–Late Ordovician sequences from the Appalachian Basin and Arbuckle Mountain regions of North America were analyzed for carbonate-associated sulfate (δ 34 S CAS ) and pyrite (δ 34 S pyr ) paired with carbonate (δ 13 C carb ) and organic matter (δ 13 C org ) chemostratigraphy. Two major negative drops in δ 34 S CAS (12‰ excursions) are recognized: the older decline in δ 34 S CAS occurs within the Histiodella holodentata–Phragmodus polonicus Conodont Zones and the younger drop is within the Cahabagnathus sweeti–Amorphognathus tvaerensis ( Baltoniodus gerdae subzone) Zones. These overall these negative shifts in δ 34 S CAS have an antithetical relationship with positive shifts in δ 34 S pyr (~+ 10‰) and δ 13 C carb (~+ 2‰) recorded in the same successions. The older negative δ 34 S CAS shift is coincident with the widely documented mid-Darriwilian δ 13 C excursion (MDICE), and the younger negative δ 34 S CAS shift is coincident with another positive δ 13 C carb shift in the early Sandbian. Geochemical modeling of these sulfur isotope shifts suggests that a decrease in the global rate of pyrite burial or isotope fractionation between seawater sulfate and sedimentary pyrite could account for these negative δ 34 S CAS trends. Additionally, a substantial increase in the weathering flux of pyrite to the global oceans could also explain these secular sulfur isotope trends. While increased crustal weathering is broadly consistent with a sea-level lowstand, and the seawater 87 Sr/ 86 Sr isotope record of change in continental weathering in the late Darriwilian Stage of the Ordovician, geologic and geochemical proxy evidence do not support distinct pulses of continental weathering required to generate two separate negative shifts in δ 34 S CAS . These antithetical isotope trends may be best explained by changes in the marine redox state that significantly reduced microbially mediated pyrite burial and organic matter remineralization rates. Pulses of oceanic ventilation would have expanded habitable environments for marine organisms, and thus is broadly consistent with major increases in biodiversification during this period of the Ordovician.
New biochemical separations using precolumn derivatization and microcolumn liquid chromatography

Microcolumn liquid chromatography with slurry-packed capillary columns has been used to resolve mixtures of biologically important steroids and prostaglandins. In order to enhance detection sensitivity, the samples are first derivatized with a suitable chromophore-yielding agent. Hydroxy steroids were derivatized with either benzoyl chloride or 7-(chlorocarbonylmethoxy)-4-methylcoumarin, while Dns hydrazine was employed to react with the ketonic groups of certain steroidal conjugates. Bile acids can also be derivatized with bromomethylcoumarin to yield fluorescent products. The use of microcolumns permits both a high degree of component resolution and enhanced detection sensitivity.
The Perceived Relevance and Efficacy of a Graduate School Journal Among Graduate Faculty and Training Directors

A total of 35 psychology department members from 21 universities assessed the relevance and efficacy of the New School Psychology Bulletin (NSPB), a graduate student journal, to training in psychol...
Underwound loops in self-renatured DNA can be diagnostic of inverted duplications and translocated sequences.

Abstract DNA that contains inverted duplications separated by non-inverted sequences often can form characteristic “underwound loops” when it is denatured and reannealed. An underwound loop is a partially double-stranded, partially denatured segment between the inverted duplications and is produced as follows. During the early stages of the reannealing, intrastrand stem-loop structures form with first-order kinetics when the inverted duplications pair. In a slower second-order reaction, complementary strands (each with a stem-loop) reanneal. The stem-loop structures produce a cruciform in the hybrid. Because of the unpaired sequences in the loop, the cruciform is unstable. It can isomerize to a linear duplex by double-strand exchange of complementary sequences in the stems. This process requires co-ordinated axial rotation of the stems and the flanking duplexes as well as rotation of the loops. If, however, complementary sequences in the loops start to pair, axial rotation is prevented and the stem-loop structures are trapped in a metastable state. The strands of separate, closed rings cannot interwind when they pair. Consequently, the loops observed by electron microscopy have variable patterns of single-stranded denaturation bubbles and duplex segments with both right-handed and left-handed winding. We have used underwound loops to identify a short inverted duplication flanking the γδ recombination sequence of Escherichia coli F factor (isolated on φ80 d 3 ilv + transducing phage) and to study DNA from phages Mu and P1 in which the G segments are flanked by inverted duplications. When deproteinized adenovirus-2 DNA was denatured and reannealed, some underwound circles the length of the entire chromosome were observed by electron microscopy. These resulted from the restricted interaction of complementary single-stranded rings generated when pairing of the short inverted terminal duplications closed the ends of single strands. Another type of underwound loop was seen in heteroduplexes containing complementary insertion loops located at different positions in the hybridized strands, such as occurs with P1 cam DNAs. All these underwound structures are similar in appearance to the hybrids formed when topologically separate, complementary single-stranded circles of Colicin E 1 DNA were allowed to anneal.
Campylobacter pyloridis degrades mucin and undermines gastric mucosal integrity

The role of Campylobacter pyloridis, a spiral bacteria associated with gastritis and peptic ulcers in weakening the mucus component of gastric mucosal barrier was investigated. The colonies of bacteria, cultured from antral mucosal biopsies of patients undergoing gastroscopy, were washed with saline, passed through sterilization filter and the filtrate was examined for protease and glycosylhydrolase activities. The obtained results revealed that the filtrate exhibited a strong proteolytic activity not only towards the typical protein substrates such as albumin but also towards gastric mucin. Optimum enzymatic activity for degradation of mucin was attained at pH 7.0 and the protease activity was found in a low m.w. (less than 50K) protein fraction. The filtrate showed little glycosylhydrolase activity and did not cause the hydrolysis of mucin carbohydrates. The data suggest that C pyloridis infection weakens the gastric mucosal defense by causing proteolytic degradation of mucin component of the protective mucus layer.
Number shortening algorithms

Abstract This manuscript investigates a fundamental computational process—the shortening of floating point mantissas. One particularly surprising and useful result is the proof that a special version of bias removal (which can be executed with the swiftness of chopping) yields virtually the same error as does the symmetric rounding used in the IEEE floating point standards. This suggests that the execution speed of current floating point chips could be increased without detriment to their error behavior. Shortening errors are analyzed both stochastically and by bounds. A comparison of worst-case versus typical-case errors yields general-purpose principles which are potentially helpful guidelines for users and architects.
Application of a hybrid genetic algorithm to airline crew scheduling

This paper discusses the development and application of a hybrid genetic algorithm to airline crew scheduling problems. The hybrid algorithm consists of a steady-state genetic algorithm and a local search heuristic. The hybrid algorithm was tested on a set of 40 real-world problems. It found the optimal solution for half the problems, and good solutions for 9 others. The results were compared to those obtained with branch-and-cut and branch-and-bound algorithms. The branch-and-cut algorithm was significantly more successful than the hybrid algorithm, and the branch-and-bound algorithm slightly better.
The export of manpower from Pakistan to the Middle East, 1975–1985

Abstract This article summarizes the major findings of recent research undertaken on: (1) Pakistani migration to the Middle East, and (2) on international labour migration in the Middle East and North Africa. The export of manpower from Pakistan for temporary employment in the Middle East has risen dramatically since the oil boom of the mid-1970s. As a consequence, remittances, which constitute the major gain from migration, have become an important source of foreign exchange, amounting to almost 80% of total merchandise export earnings by 1980/ 1981. The direct beneficiaries of these remittances are a million or so migrant households, whose average premigration income was somewhat above the national average household income. Remittances have enabled these households to significantly increase current consumption and purchase assets with the potential of improving their future income stream. Domestic labour has also benefited to the extent that migration has contributed to rising real wages in recent years. Migration has not, however, been an unqualified gain for the economy as a whole. The major cost has been the decline in productivity caused by the departure of quality labour among manual skills and professional categories, both of which cannot be easily replaced. It seems that, on balance, Pakistan has benefited from this labour export. Prospects for continuing migration on a substantial scale remain good for the near future, provided, of course, that projected growth rates of oil exporters materialize. The net benefits for the economy from migration in the coming years will primarily depend upon the extent to which scarce skills can be speedily replaced and remittances utilized to build productivity-increasing assets.
Durable powers of attorney as a substitute for conservatorship: Lessons for advance directives.

The author traces the evolution of the use of durable powers of attorney and reviews problems of guardianship, the guardianship reform movement, and the advent of durable powers of attorney as a response.
«Foreign chickens» and other outsiders: gender and community in Greece

Anthropological discussions of gender in the Mediterranean have tended to focus on two related issues: the control of female sexuality, particularly in terms of concepts of “honor and shame,” and women's power and its relationship to the public and private spheres of community life. This article seeks to move beyond these issues to a broader examination of gender ideology. It suggests that gender needs to be seen in a shifting context of boundaries, representations, and conflicts at the domestic, communal, and even national level. Using data from a Greek village, the article explores women's positions as representations of both “inside” and “outside” and relates such representations to ongoing discourses about personal, village, and national identities. [gender, women's roles, Greece, the Mediterranean, social boundaries]
Kinetic energy distributions of sputtered indium atoms and clusters

Abstract The kinetic energy distributions of neutral indium atoms and clusters through In 8 were measured during the sputtering of a polycrystalline indium surface by normally incident ∼ 4 keV Ar + ions using laser post-ionization in combination with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Data on In 8 clusters represent the largest and heaviest sputtered neutral cluster for which kinetic energy distribution data are available. The slopes of the high energy tails for the various cluster kinetic energy distributions are nearly equal to each other and to the values found for copper and aluminum cluster distributions previously measured in this laboratory. The energies at which the distributions reach a maximum decrease from a value of 1.6 eV for In atoms to a value of 1.1 eV for In 8 . The possible influence of photofragmentation and unimolecular fragmentation on the kinetic energy distributions was investigated and found not to significantly affect the measurements.
The association of CRKII with C3G can be regulated by integrins and defines a novel means to regulate the mitogen-activated protein kinases.

In studies to define mechanisms of ERK activation in Chinese hamster ovary cells, we have observed an inverse correlation between CRKII-C3G complex formation and ERK activity. That is, we were able to coprecipitate the guanine nucleotide exchange factor C3G with the adaptor protein CRKII in lysates from suspended cells that had low ERK activity, but we could not do so or could do so less efficiently in lysates of adherent cells with increased ERK activity. Consistent with the presence of a functional CRKII-C3G complex, we detected more GTP-loaded RAP1 in suspension than adherent lysates. Overexpression of cDNAs encoding B-RAF, CRKII W109L, and PTP1B C215S activated ERK in suspension cells, the latter two constructs also disrupting CRKII-C3G complex formation. Finally, we have also observed that certain integrin α subunit cytoplasmic splice variants differentially regulate ERK1/2 but also in a manner that correlated with levels of a CRKII-C3G complex. Thus, these data suggest the involvement of integrins in an ERK suppression pathway mediated by CRKII-C3G complex formation and downstream signaling from activated RAP1.
Factor analysis of cluster-specific gene expression levels from cDNA microarrays

The ever-increasing use of cDNA microarrays in medical research will require the development of new algorithms designed specifically for desktop analysis of potentially large genetic data sets. This paper describes the CLUSFAVOR algorithm (CLUSter and Factor Analysis Using Varimax Orthogonal Rotation) for performing cluster and factor analysis of gene expression data obtained from cDNA microarrays. A unique feature of the CLUSFAVOR algorithm is that a user can perform cluster analysis, view dendograms, and run factor analysis on cluster-specific genes selected interactively within a single executable program. CLUSFAVOR also performs a varimax orthogonal rotation on the extracted factors to increase parsimony in the loadings, revealing unique expression profiles for genes and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) for which pathway and function information is unknown. Microarray data used by the program must be stored and input from a disk file. Optional output contains matrices for the input data, standardized data, distance matrices, factor loadings, eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and percentage of total variation for genes within a cluster. Color cluster image displays containing gene expression levels, dendograms for arrays and genes, and factor loadings are displayed for the entire group of genes and arrays analyzed as well as selected genes within a cluster. Cluster images are also exported to JPG and linked to HTML files for viewing.
Content-aware network data compression using joint memorization and clustering

Recent studies have shown the existence of considerable amount of packet-level redundancy in the network flows. Since application-layer solutions cannot capture the packet-level redundancy, development of new content-aware approaches capable of redundancy elimination at the packet and sub-packet levels is necessary. These requirements motivate the redundancy elimination of packets from an information-theoretic point of view. For efficient compression of packets, a new framework called memory-assisted universal compression has been proposed. This framework is based on learning the statistics of the source generating the packets at some intermediate nodes and then leveraging these statistics to effectively compress a new packet. This paper investigates both theoretically and experimentally the memory-assisted compression of network packets. Clearly, a simple source cannot model the data traffic. Hence, we consider traffic from a complex source that is consisted of a mixture of simple information sources for our analytic study. We develop a practical code for memory-assisted compression and combine it with a proposed hierarchical clustering to better utilize the memory. Finally, we validate our results via simulation on real traffic traces. Memory-assisted compression combined with hierarchical clustering method results in compression of packets close to the fundamental limit. As a result, we report a factor of two improvement over traditional end-to-end compression.
Developing country finance and debt

Abstract The recent LDC debt crisis has generated a mountain of analytical papers. Many are reviewed, and their policy implications are drawn.
Salmonella as a model for non-cognate Th1 cell stimulation

Salmonella has been a model pathogen for examining CD4 T cell activation and effector functions for many years due to the strength of the Th1 cell response observed during Salmonella infections, the relative ease of use of Salmonella, the availability of Salmonella-specific T cell reagents, and the well-characterized nature of the model system, the pathogen, and the immune response elicited. Herein, we discuss the use of Salmonella as a model pathogen to explore the complex interaction of T cells with their inflammatory environment. In particular, we address the issue of bystander activation of naive T cells and non-cognate stimulation of activated and memory T cells. Further, we compare and contrast our current knowledge of these non-cognate responses in CD8 versus CD4 T cells. Finally, we make a case for Salmonella as a particularly appropriate model pathogen in the study of non-cognate CD4 T cell responses based on the strength of the Th1 response during infection, the requirement for CD4 T cells in bacterial clearance, and the well-characterized inflammatory response to conserved molecular patterns induced by Salmonella infection.
COLLECTING USAGE DATA FOR ANALYZING A HEAVY-VEHICLE, DIVISIBLE-LOAD PERMIT SYSTEM

The collection of truck usage data for performing a benefit-cost analysis of the New York State Divisible-Load Permit System is described. To motivate the data collection requirements, the procedures used for estimating both infrastructure costs and economic benefits are briefly described. The survey procedure is summarized, as are data gathered on permitted vehicles, operator characteristics, and truck usage. Advantages and shortcomings of the methodology for collecting data are reviewed from the perspective of analyzing divisible-load permit systems for heavy vehicles. The overall study is one of the first attempts to assess the economic impact of permit systems based on actual usage data provided voluntarily by truck operators through seasonal mail surveys. As illustrated by the authors in a 1994 report, the economic benefits of a permit system for trucks hauling heavy divisible loads can be substantial. The collected survey data were adequate for providing order-of-magnitude estimates of benefits and ...
Hydrodesulfurization activity and electronic properties of molybdenum sulfide catalyst

Abstract The relationship between the defect structure of molybdenum sulfide and its hydrodesulfurization (HDS) activity is examined. The S 2− ion vacancy concentration of the catalyst is adjusted by pretreatment in H 2 or H 2 S and monitored by electrical conductivity measurements. Exposure of the catalyst to pulses of butyl mercaptan and hydrogen allows determination of the conversion rate and product distribution as a function of the electronic defect structures of the catalyst. The results demonstrate the existence of a “window” in catalyst composition for optimum HDS performance. During catalytic reaction, interface charge transfer is observed with gradual modification of the electronic properties of the catalyst and changes of its catalytic activity for HDS. The results indicate a close relationship between the density of S 2− ion vacancies and catalyst performance. The mechanism of catalytic HDS is examined in terms of the defect structure of the solid.
Solid-State Intermolecular Contacts Involving the Nitrile Group in p -Cyano- N -( p -cyanobenzylidene)aniline and 4,4′-(azinodimethylidyne) bis -benzonitrile

As part of an investigation of the solid-state intermolecular contacts in which the nitrile group participates, the crystal structures of p-cyano-N-(p-cyanobenzylideneaniline), C15H9N3 (CN/CN) and 4,4′-(azinodimethylidyne)bis-benzonitrile, C16H10N4 (CN//CN) have been determined at −100 °C. Cell parameters for CN/CN: a = 4.7270(9) A, b = 10.443(2) A, c = 11.943(2) A; α = 90°, β = 98.70(3)°, γ = 90°; monoclinic, space group P21/c. Cell parameters for CN//CN: a = 3.8008(8) A, b = 7.9627(16) A, c = 11.181(2) A; α = 70.23(3)°, β = 84.66(3)°, γ = 81.93(3)°; triclinic, space group $$ P\overline{1} $$ . Both molecules occupy crystallographic inversion centers, which requires that (CN/CN) be disordered. Both molecules assume nearly planar conformations in the solid state. Neither (CN/CN) nor (CN//CN) is isostructural with its halogen-nitrile substituted analogues, although (CN/CN) is found to be isostructural with the corresponding stilbene. Both (CN/CN) and (CN//CN) engage in centrosymmetric H-bonding interactions that define an R 2 2 (10) motif. This motif is also observed in many related structures, although noteworthy exceptions can be found. In the crystal structures of p-cyano-N-(p-cyanobenzylideneaniline), C15H9N3 (CN/CN) (a disordered structure) and 4,4′-(azinodimethylidyne)bis-benzonitrile, C16H10N4 (CN//CN), nitrile groups are found to engage in centrosymmetric H-bonding interactions with aromatic ring hydrogen atoms, defining an R 2 2 (10) motif in each case.
The effect of diazoxide, potassium chloride, and ammonium chloride on serum and urinary uric acid.

I would like to tell you about two studies in which we have recently been involved, at the University of Michigan. The first concerns the effects of diazoxide on uric acid excretion. Diazoxide is chemically similar to chlorothiazide (Fig. lOl), differing by the absence of a free sulfamyl group. However, its pharmacologic effects are quite different. Studies following the oral administration of diazoxide have shown that it lowers blood pressure, as does chlorothiazide, but has antidiuretic properties, decreasing sodium, potassium and chloride e~cretion.l-~ It has also been found to produce hyperglycemia, to an extent prohibiting its usefulness for chronic However, intravenously it produces a prompt fall in blood pressure and has thus been recommended for the treatment of hypertensive crisis.? The effect of intravenous diazoxide upon blood pressure, electrolyte, and uric acid excretion was studied, but only the last will be recorded here in any detail. The effects of 300 mg. of diazoxide (the usual recommended dose) was studied in nine subjects; one subject received 600 mg. and another 300 mg. of intravenous diazoxide plus 1.5 Gm. of oral probenecid. The effect of 300 mg. of chlorothiazide given intravenously was also studied in four of these subjects. Figure 102 depicts the changes in urinary uric acid. Both 30 mg. and 600 mg. doses of diazoxide produced a decrease in urate excretion. This effect was completely blocked by probenecid. Chlorothiazide, given intravenously, produced a urate diuresis, as has been previously demonstrated by Dr. Demartini.8 The urate clearance: creatinine clearance ratio was similarly affected (Fig. 103), demonstrating that these changes in uric acid excretion were not solely due to changes in the glomerular filtration rate. The effects of these two drugs are compared and summarized in Fig. 104. We postulate that diazoxide in 300 mg. and 600 mg. doses decreases urate excretion by blocking renal tubular secretion of uric acid. Intravenous chloro
Late abdominal aortic endograft explants: Indications and outcomes

Background Despite advances in endoluminal salvage for failed endografts, certain circumstances necessitate open endovascular abdominal aneurysm repair (EVAR) conversion. We review the indications for and outcomes after late EVAR explants. Methods Retrospective review of EVAR patients requiring delayed (>30 days) conversion from 1999 to 2009. Demographics, index endovascular procedure, conversion indication/technique, and outcomes were analyzed. Results Among 16 patients who required late conversion, the mean age was 73 years (range, 41–84 years) and 94% were men. Indications included 9 device failures, 6 endograft infections, and a single type II endoleak with sac enlargement. Explanted prostheses included the following: 7 Cook Zenith® endoprosthesis, 3 Gore Excluder® grafts, 3 Medtronic AneuRx® endograft devices, 2 Endologix Powerlink® endografts, and 1 Guidant Ancure® graft. Before conversion, 7 patients underwent unsuccessful secondary salvage procedures. Transperitoneal (81%) and left retroperitoneal approaches (19%) were used, with 75% requiring supraceliac control. Reconstructions depended on clinical manifestations and included 10 in situ prosthetic repairs, 4 extra-anatomic bypasses, and 2 in situ cryopreserved human allograft repairs. Two patients died during their hospitalization, resulting in a 13% mortality rate. Mean hospitalization for survivors was 18 days (range, 6–78 days), and 7 (50%) of the patients were discharged directly home. Conclusion Most delayed EVAR conversions are because of device failure or infection and can be successfully converted to open surgical reconstruction. Supraceliac control is often required, and the perioperative complications are greater than primary elective open or endovascular repair. This study addresses how best to manage failed abdominal aortic endografts and what can be done to improve patient outcomes with this difficult clinical problem.
The glycoprotein hGC-1 binds to cadherin and lectins

Human granulocyte colony stimulating factor stimulated clone-1 (hGC-1, also known as GW112, OLM4, and hOlfD) is an olfactomedin-related glycoprotein of unknown function. We performed a series of biochemical studies to characterize its function. Using hGC-1 purified from baculovirus Sf9 cells we demonstrated that hGC-1 is a secreted glycoprotein containing N-linked carbohydrate chains and forms disulfide-bonded multimers. It binds to cell surfaces and to the locutions ricinus communis agglutinin I, concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin. Purified hGC-1 enhanced NIH3T3 and 293T/17 cell spreading and attachment, as did hGC-1-enriched culture supernatants of 293T/17 cells transfected with an hGC-1 expression vector. Coimmunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that hGC-1 interacts with cadherin in 293T/17 cells. This interaction depends on the C-terminal olfactomedin domain, but does not require the five well-conserved cysteine residues. However, cysteine residues at 83, 85, 246 and 437 are essential for secretion, and cysteine 226 is critical for hGC-1 multimer formation. Our studies demonstrated that hGC-1, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, facilitates cell adhesion. Its potential interaction with endogenous cell surface lectins and cadherin may mediate this function.
Money, candidates, and mayoral elections

Abstract In this paper, we extend a well-trod line of research from congressional and state-level elections—the electoral impact of campaign expenditures and candidate characteristics—to a relatively understudied context, urban mayoral elections. Using a sample of large U.S. cities, we provide evidence that mayoral elections are very similar to elections at other levels of office: there is a tremendous incumbency advantage, one that is overcome only with great effort; campaign spending is closely tied to incumbent vote share but it is challenger rather than incumbent spending that seems to drive outcomes; and challengers are hopelessly outspent. In addition, we find that the effect of local economic conditions on incumbent success is mediated by challenger spending and that incumbent candidates fare better in racially diverse settings.
Theory of the Scattering of Slow Electrons by Diatomic Molecules

The problem of the Ramsauer effect for diatomic molecules has been treated in a manner analogous to that used by Allis and Morse for atoms. The molecule is represented by a simplified potential field in spheroidal coordinates, and an exact solution is obtained, valid for all velocities of incident electrons. The calculations of "total cross section for elastic scattering" are made in terms of three parameters whose values for a given molecule are definitely determined from data of band spectroscopy and from Slater's rules for atomic shielding constants. Calculations have been carried out in the region of incident electron velocities 0 to 40 volts for ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, for which molecules excellent agreement is obtained with experiment.
Early onset bipolar spectrum disorder : Psychopharmacological, psychological, and educational management

Although published research continues to advocate medication as the first line of treatment for early onset bipolar spectrum disorder (EOBSD; N. Lofthouse & M.A. Fristad, 2004), preliminary research demonstrating the utility of cognitive, cognitive-behavioral, and psychoeducational therapies is promising. It appears as if future treatment of EOBSD will most likely include a combination of psychosocial treatments and medications; however, additional research needs to be conducted to support this assumption. This article provides a brief overview of published research related to EOBSD, the most common medications used to treat EOBSD, and preliminary research on the effectiveness of psychological treatments with children and adolescents classified with EOBSD. Finally, due to the lack of published behavioral and educational management strategies, this article provides practical suggestions for helping children and adolescents with EOBSD within the home and school settings. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 451–460, 2006.
Alpha and beta adrenergic effects on metabolism in contracting, perfused muscle

The role of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation for the effect of epinephrine on muscle glycogenolysis, glucose- and oxygen uptake and muscle performance was studied in the perfused rat hindquarter at rest and during electrical stimulation (60 contractions/min). Adrenergic stimulation was obtained by epinephrine in a physiological concentration (2.4 X 10(-8) M) and alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade by 10(-5) M phentolamine and propranolol, respectively. Epinephrine enhanced net glycogenolysis during contractions most markedly in slow-twitch red fibers. In these fibers the effect was mediated by alpha- as well as by beta-adrenergic stimulation, the latter involving production of cAMP, phosphorylase activation and synthase inactivation. In contrast, in fast-twitch fibers only beta-adrenergic mechanisms were involved in the glycogenolytic effect of epinephrine. Moreover, inactivation of synthase was less in these fibers. Epinephrine also increased the net release of lactate from the hindquarter, an effect abolished by combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade but by neither alpha- nor beta-adrenergic blockade alone. Epinephrine increased uptake of oxygen and glucose by stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors and had a positive inotropic effect during contractions which was abolished by alpha- as well as by beta-adrenergic blockade. The results indicate that epinephrine has profound effects on contracting muscle, and that these effects are elicited through different combinations of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation.
Measurement of trimethylselenonium ion in human urine

A comparison is made between two methods (ion-exchange chromatography vs a difference method) for the quantitative measurement of trimethylselenonium ion (TMSe) in human urine. It is shown that the difference method yields reliable data only if TMSe constitutes a relatively large fraction of urine selenium. Under normal conditions of selenium intake in man, accurate measurement of this important metabolite can, at present, be carried out only with the ion-exchange chromatographic procedure. Preliminary data from a human subject employing stable isotope tracer methodology are given to show that the fraction of urine selenium present as TMSe varies with the level of intake as well as other factors.
Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition augments the hepatic antitumor effect of oral Salmonella typhimurium in a model of mouse metastatic colon cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Oral inoculation with a nontoxic, attenuated strain of Salmonella typhimurium reduces tumor burden and improves survival in a mouse model of metastatic colon cancer. These effects are likely mediated by S. typhimurium-induced increases in hepatic natural killer leukocytes. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors may mediate antitumor effects through antiangiogenic, immune, or proapoptotic pathways. We hypothesized that cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors would act synergistically with S. typhimurium, resulting in additional antitumor effects. METHODS: Four groups of mice were studied: control, S. typhimurium alone, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor alone, and S. typhimurium plus cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Mice were given normal drinking water (control, S. typhimurium alone) or water with 1,600 parts per million cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor alone, and S. typhimurium plus cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor) and orally inoculated with saline (control, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor alone) or 109 S. typhimurium (S. typhimurium alone, S. typhimurium plus cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor). Twenty-four hours later, all mice underwent laparotomy, and 5 × 104 MCA38 murine adenocarcinoma cells were injected into the spleen. On Day 14, hepatic tumor number and tumor volume was quantitated and hepatic leukocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Compared with control mice orally inoculated with saline, S. typhimurium-treated mice had fewer and smaller tumors; mice treated with cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor alone had tumor burden similar to control mice, and mice treated with S. typhimurium plus cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor had fewer and smaller tumors compared with all other groups. Increased liver natural killer cells and decreased CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were observed in both S. typhimurium-treated groups. No alterations in hepatic leukocyte phenotype were observed in mice receiving cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor alone. CONCLUSION: Oral cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor appeared to act synergistically with S. typhimurium to reduce tumor burden. This combination therapy may have clinical application in the treatment or prevention of hepatic metastases associated with colorectal cancer.
Vision and Change through the Genome Consortium for Active Teaching Using Next-Generation Sequencing (GCAT-SEEK)

Development of the Genome Consortium on Active Teaching using Next Generation Sequencing (GCAT-SEEK) is described. Workshops, educational modules, assessment resources, data analysis software and computer hardware available for faculty are described.