cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rheology of the 1983 Royal Gardens basalt flows, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii

Ten carefully surveyed topographic profiles across a 1983 Royal Gardens basalt flow from the East Rift of the Kilauea Volcano were matched to digitally derived preflow profiles to construct accurate flow cross sections. Geometric parameters measured on these sections were then used to compute yield strengths and viscosities by means of several rheologic models. Calculated yield strengths (1.5–50 × 103 Pa) and viscosities (0.2–8.2 × 106 Pas) are comparable to earlier field estimates and slightly higher than laboratory determined values for aa basalt. Both yield strength and viscosity increased systematically downstream. The maximum observed temperature drop of 30 °C is insufficient to account for the 30-fold increase in yield strength, but could explain the three-fold order-of-magnitude increase in viscosity. The yield-strength increase downstream is more likely due to increasing crystallization and brecciation with time. For any cross section, calculations of rheologic parameters based on flow-margin depths generally gave lower values than those based on the dimensions of levees. This relationship may be attributed to the earlier formation and less complex evolution of the margins. The various equations gave more consistent results for upstream profiles, suggesting that calculations for remotely observed flows should avoid measurements near flow termini.
Chandra Observations of A2029: The Dark Matter Profile Down to below 0.01rvir in an Unusually Relaxed Cluster

We have used a high spatial resolution Chandra observation to examine the core mass distribution of the unusually regular cD cluster A2029. This bright, nearby system is especially well suited for analysis of its mass distribution under the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium; it exhibits an undisturbed, symmetric X-ray morphology and a single-phase intracluster medium (ICM). From the deprojected temperature and density profiles, we estimate the total mass and the contributions of the gas and dark matter (DM) components from less than 3'' to ~3' (<4.4-260 h kpc, 0.001-0.1rvir). The gas density profile is not adequately described by a single-β model fit because of an increase in the density at the center (r < 17 h kpc, <12''), but it is well fitted by either a double-β model, or a "cusped" β model. The temperature data increase as a function of radius and are well fitted by a Bertschinger & Meiksin profile and may be approximated by a power-law T(r) ∝ r, with αT = 0.27 ± 0.01. Using the fitted profiles to obtain smooth functions of density and temperature, we employed the equation of hydrostatic equilibrium to compute the total enclosed mass as a function of radius. We report a total mass of 9.15 ± 0.25 × 1013 h M☉ within 260 h kpc, using the chosen parameterization of gas density and temperature. The mass profile is remarkably well described down to 0.002rvir by the Navarro, Frenk, & White (NFW) profile, or a Hernquist profile, over two decades of radius and three decades of mass. For the NFW model, we measure a scale radius rs = 540 ± 90 h kpc (≈0.2rvir) and concentration parameter c = 4.4 ± 0.9. The mass profile is also well approximated by a simple power-law fit [M(< r) ∝ r], with αm = 1.81 ± 0.04 (corresponding to a logarithmic density profile slope of -1.19 ± 0.04). The density profile is too shallow to be fitted with the profile described by Moore et al. The consistency with NFW down to less than 0.01rvir is incompatible with the flattened core DM profiles predicted for self-interacting DM (e.g., Spergel & Steinhardt) and thus contrasts with the strong deviations from cold dark matter (CDM) predictions observed in the rotation curves of low surface brightness galaxies and dwarf galaxies. This suggests that while CDM simulations may adequately describe objects of cluster mass, they do not currently properly account for the formation and evolution of smaller halos. Assuming that the cD dominates the optical cluster light within its effective radius (Re = 52'',76 h kpc), we observe a total mass-to-light ratio M/LV ≈ 12 M☉/L☉ at r < 20 h kpc, rising rapidly to greater than 100 M☉/L☉ beyond 200 h kpc. The consistency with a single NFW mass component and the large M/L suggests the cluster is DM-dominated down to very small radii (0.005rvir). We observe the ICM gas mass to rise from 3% ± 1% of the total mass in the center to 13.9% ± 0.4% at the limit of our observations. This provides an upper limit to the current matter density of the universe, Ωm ≤ 0.29 ± 0.03 h.
Nuclear calpain regulates Ca2+-dependent signaling via proteolysis of nuclear Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV in cultured neurons

Accumulating evidence indicates that calpains can reside in or translocate to the cell nucleus, but their functions in this compartment remain poorly understood. Dissociated cultures of cerebellar granule cells (GCs) demonstrate improved long-term survival when their growth medium is supplemented with depolarizing agents that stimulate Ca(2+) influx and activate calmodulin-dependent signaling cascades, notably 20 mm KCl. We previously observed Ca(2+)-dependent down-regulation of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) type IV, which was attenuated by calpain inhibitors, in GCs supplemented with 20 mm KCl (Tremper-Wells, B., Mathur, A., Beaman-Hall, C. M., and Vallano, M. L. (2002) J. Neurochem. 81, 314-324). CaMKIV is highly enriched in the nucleus and thought to be critical for improved survival. Here, we demonstrate by immunolocalization/confocal microscopy and subcellular fractionation that the regulatory and catalytic subunits of m-calpain are enriched in GC nuclei, including GCs grown in medium containing 5 mm KCl. Calpain-mediated proteolysis of CaMKIV is selective, as several other nuclear and non-nuclear calpain substrates were not degraded under chronic depolarizing culture conditions. Depolarization and Ca(2+)-dependent down-regulation of CaMKIV were associated with significant alterations in other components of the Ca(2+)-CaMKIV signaling cascade: the ratio of phosphorylated to total cAMP response element-binding protein (a downstream CaMKIV substrate) was reduced by approximately 10-fold, and the amount of CaMK kinase (an upstream activator of CaMKIV) protein and mRNA was significantly reduced. We hypothesize that calpain-mediated CaMKIV proteolysis is an autoregulatory feedback response to sustained activation of a Ca(2+)-CaMKIV signaling pathway, resulting from growth of cultures in medium containing 25 mm KCl. This study establishes nuclear m-calpain as a regulator of CaMKIV and associated signaling molecules under conditions of sustained Ca(2+) influx.
Hypercalciuria and ultrasound abnormalities in children with cystinosis

We noted microscopic haematuria in children with cystinosis. To investigate this we studied urinary calcium excretion and undertook renal ultrasound scans. Most patients had elevated urinary calcium excretion and all had abnormal appearances on ultrasound scan, ranging from increased cortical echogenicity only to those with increased cortical and medullary echogenicity. The ultrasound scan appearance was graded and correlated with laboratory parameters. It remains unclear as to the aetiology of the ultrasound findings and whether they are a consequence of treatment or a hitherto unrecognised feature of the disease.
THE SIZE OF BACTERIA, AS MEASURED WITH THE DYSON IMAGE-SPLITTING EYEPIECE

SYNOPSIS Using the Dyson image-splitting eyepiece, a careful unfatigued observer can measure the dimensions of a bacterium with a standard deviation of about 0.03 μ. Systematic as well as random errors are discussed. The application of the eyepiece is illustrated by a number of specialized examples, including the growth of individual bacteria.
Ifenprodil inhibition of the 5-Hydroxytryptamine3 receptor

Abstract The anti-hypertensive drug ifenprodil is known to interact potently with the α1-adrenergic receptor as well as a number of other second messenger-linked receptors. In addition to these properties, ifenprodil has been shown to prevent glutamate-mediated excitotoxcity via non-competitive antagonism of NMDA receptors [Legendre and Westbrook (1991) Molec. Pharmac. 40: 289–298; Shalaby et al. (1992) J. Pharmac. Exp. Ther. 260: 925–932]. With these things in mind, we have begun to examine the specificity of ifenprodil for various ligand-gated ion channels using electrophysiological methods. While ifenprodil effectively inhibits NMDA-mediated currents in cortical neurons in culture, it does not interact with either kainate or GABA receptors. Surprisingly, ifenprodil also acts as a relatively potent antagonist of the 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) receptor in the NG108-15 neuroblastoma × glioma cell line. Furthermore, several aspects of ifenprodil action on the 5-HT3 receptor resemble its interaction with the NMDA receptor. Namely, inhibition of 5-HT3-mediated cation currents is readily reversible, has relatively slow onset, is non-competitive, and is not voltage dependent. Since most of the known 5-HT3 antagonists are competitive, it is possible that ifenprodil may define a unique modulatory site(s) on this neurotransmitter receptor.
Black greek-letter organizations 20: new directions in the study of african american fraternities and sororities

Mathew W. Hughey and Gregory S. Parks (eds), BLACK GREEK-LETTER ORGANIZATIONS 20: NEW DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN FRATERNITIES AND SORORITIES, Jackson, MS: University of Mississippi...
Pseudopotential-based studies of electron transport in graphene and graphene nanoribbons

The theoretical understanding of electron transport in graphene and graphene nanoribbons is reviewed, emphasizing the help provided by atomic pseudopotentials (self-consistent and empirical) in determining not only the band structure but also other fundamental transport parameters such as electron-phonon matrix elements and line-edge roughness scattering. Electron-phonon scattering in suspended graphene sheets, impurity and remote-phonon scattering in supported and gated graphene, electron-phonon and line-edge roughness scattering in armchair-edge nanoribbons are reviewed, keeping in mind the potential use of graphene in devices of the future very large scale integration technology.
The Role of Endothelial Cell Injury in Thrombotic Microangiopathy

Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) refers to a clinical and pathologic syndrome in which endothelial injury results in the manifestations of thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and kidney injury. A host of causes may induce endothelial injury and TMA, including enteric bacterial toxins, deficiency or dysfunction of complement regulatory proteins, deficiency or inhibition of von Willebrand factor-cleaving proteases, and factors that inhibit endothelial cell proliferation and turnover. This has led specialists to concentrate on these specific inciting factors in terms of designing treatment and management. However, a key and less recognized factor is the underlying level of endothelial health. Many persons with hereditary causes may remain disease free for years or may never develop disease. Others with acute inciting events, such as Escherichia coli O157 enteritis, never manifest TMA. Experimental studies document the importance of specific factors, such as endothelial nitric oxide levels, in helping protect animals from TMA. This suggests that one might approach the management of TMA not simply with specific treatments aimed at the underlying hereditary cause or inciting event, but rather at general measures that may improve overall endothelial health. We propose studies to determine whether interventions that improve endothelial health, such as the administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, statins, vitamin C, allopurinol, or nitric oxide-producing drugs, may be able to prevent TMA, even in persons with underlying hereditary conditions that otherwise would predispose them to these diseases.
Bombing Problems---A Statistical Approach

Bombing problems are studied from the viewpoint of statistical inference and from the viewpoints of the bomber and its opponent. The probability of a hit inside a circle centered at the target is given. A method is proposed to obtain the “best” estimate of the probability of a hit in a given area, with a known or unknown target, on the basis of the information given by the points of impact during a flight. The method is applied to the cases of a rectangle and of a circle centered at the known target. Methods of approximation for any area are given. The problem of “dangerous” and “safe” regions is discussed. A method to obtain “distribution free” safe regions is proposed and conditions to obtain “safe” regions with a given confidence level are stated. Two examples of “safe confidence regions” are given.
The mixing of particle clouds plunging into water

This work addresses certain fundamental aspects of the premixing phase of steam explosions. At issue are the multifield interaction aspects under highly transient, multidimensional conditions and in the presence of strong phase changes. They are addressed in an experiment (the MAGICO-2000) involving well-characterized particle clouds mixing with water and detailed measurements on both external and internal characteristics of the mixing zone. Both cold and hot (up to 1500°C) particle clouds are considered in conjunction with saturated and subcooled water pools. The PM-ALPHA code is used as an aid in interpreting the experimental results and the exercise reveals good predictive capabilities for it.
Intrathecal kynurenate but not benextramine blocks hypoxic sympathoexcitation in chemodenervated anesthetized rats

Abstract In peripherally chemodenervated anesthetized and ventilated rats, inhalation of 100% N 2 for 20 s rapidly excites reticulospinal vasomotor neurons of the rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus (RVL) and sympathetic nerves. After an initial fall, arterial pressure is also elevated. The sympathoexcitatory response and secondary increases in arterial pressure were abolished by microinjections of muscimol (250 pmol) into the RVL or by intrathecal administration of kynurenate (500 nmol), a broad-spectrum antagonist of excitatory amino acid receptors, but not by benextramine, an α-adrenoceptor antagonist. The results indicate that excitation of pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons in the spinal cord by hypoxia results from excitation of RVL-spinal vasomotor neurons, probably the glutamatergic neurons.
Interval estimation: Effect of processing demands on prospective and retrospective reports

Undergraduate students performed one of three levels of processing on each word (15, 30, or 45) presented during a 120-sec interval. Subjects were told in advance that they would be required to estimate the length of the presentation interval (prospective condition) or were presented with an unexpected estimation task (retrospective condition). In the prospective condition, interval estimates were an inverse function of list length when relatively deep levels of processing were required, but were an increasing function of list length when shallow processing was required. In the retrospective condition, estimates were an increasing function of list length and were unaffected by different levels of processing. The interval estimation model proposed by Hicks, Miller, and Kinsbourne (1976) provided a better account of the data than did the storage-size hypothesis of Ornstein (1969).
Induction of neutrophil apoptosis and secondary necrosis during endotoxin-induced pulmonary inflammation in mice

The present study investigated the relationship between apoptotic and necrotic cell death and their role in pulmonary inflammatory response to endotoxin. Pulmonary administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) caused a rapid increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha and inflammatory cell influx in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids. Control mice showed only resident alveolar macrophages with no apoptosis, whereas LPS-treated mice showed clear apoptosis of BAL cells. Microscopic studies confirmed the presence of apoptotic neutrophils and macrophages ingesting apoptotic bodies. The number of apoptotic neutrophils increased concomitantly with the increase in neutrophil influx which peaked 1 day after the treatment. However, necrosis was not detected at this early time, but increased subsequently and peaked at day 3. The levels of necrosis and apoptosis were both elevated and prolonged at high LPS doses. Treatment of mice with phosphatidylserine (PS)-containing liposome, known to inhibit macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, increased the level of apoptosis and necrosis caused by LPS, whereas control non-PS liposome or saline treatment had no effects. We conclude that necrosis occurs secondary to apoptosis in LPS-treated lung model and that this development is not the result of direct insult by LPS. Instead, our results and previous studies suggest that inefficient clearance of apoptotic cells by macrophages contributes, at least in part, to the levels of apoptosis and necrosis induced by LPS. Because necrosis is associated with cell damage and release of histotoxic contents, this development is likely to play a role in determining the severity and duration of lung toxicity induced by endotoxin.
INFORM: integrated flow orchestration and meta-scheduling for managed grid systems

The execution of workflow applications is a reality today in enterprise and scientific grid domains. The core middleware technologies for grids (e.g. meta-schedulers) contain sophisticated resource matching logic, but lack control flow orchestration capability. Workflow orchestrators, on the other hand, suitably control business logic but are unaware of execution requirements of tasks. Marriage of the scheduling technology with workflow management is thereby essential in the design of middleware for geographically distributed grids spanning organizational domains. However, existing endeavors use ad hoc, non-standard solutions, and also lack support for efficient data modeling and handling. In this paper, we present INFORM, an end-to-end middleware solution for grid environments, that integrates workflow orchestration and meta-scheduling. Specific issues explored are job flow modeling, transparent workflow adaptation, and data handling in job flows, through creation of assets using standardized technologies. An implementation of INFORM based on a set of industrial products from IBM is presented and validated using a Montage application. Our results demonstrate significant benefits that can be potentially achieved from such an integrated workflow management approach, when compared to competitive methodologies.
Chaos Forgets and Remembers: Measuring Information Creation, Destruction, and Storage

The hallmark of deterministic chaos is that it creates information---the rate being given by the Kolmogorov-Sinai metric entropy. Since its introduction half a century ago, the metric entropy has been used as a unitary quantity to measure a system's intrinsic unpredictability. Here, we show that it naturally decomposes into two structurally meaningful components: A portion of the created information---the ephemeral information---is forgotten and a portion---the bound information---is remembered. The bound information is a new kind of intrinsic computation that differs fundamentally from information creation: it measures the rate of active information storage. We show that it can be directly and accurately calculated via symbolic dynamics, revealing a hitherto unknown richness in how dynamical systems compute.
Failure of a brief educational program to improve interpretation of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure tracings.

Objective: To determine whether a brief educational program can reduce variability of interpretation of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) tracings.¶Design: Prospective, observational study.¶Participants: Twenty-three intensive care nurses and 18 physicians.¶Interventions: Participants interpreted PAOP tracings before and 1 week after receiving a single, brief educational session and/or written materials (“in-service”) designed to reduce interobserver variability of PAOP interpretation. Differences between two reference values before and after in-service (mean population and Chief of Critical Care's readings) were compared for both groups.¶Results: There were no significant differences in the variabilities in PAOP interpretations before and after in-service in either group.¶Conclusions: We conclude that this specific educational program was ineffective in reducing variability of interpretation of PAOP tracings. These data suggest that more comprehensive educational tools and/or sustained programs may be required to improve performance of critical care personnel in PAOP interpretation.
THERMAL DESORPTION OF Hg MONOLAYERS FROM Cu(100)

A two dimensional phase transition from one adlayer structure to another is an inherent part of the thermal desorption of one monolayer of Hg on Cu(100). The energetics of this phase transition have been studied using thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). The TDS spectra reflect the coexistence of the two structural phases for a range of Hg exposures. The TDS spectra have been analyzed within a Polanyi-Wigner framework modified to account for the phase transition.
Modification of alkylating agent induced cell kill by 2-nitroimidazoles in unclamped and clamped SC 9L tumors.

Abstract Enhanced cell kill has been observed when experimental tumors were treated with alkylating agents in combination with 2-nitroimidazoles (2-NI). In this study, modification of the cell kill induced by cyclophosphamide (CY) and an analog, ifosfamide (IFO), by two radiation sensitizers, misonidazole (MISO) and etanidazole (SR-2508), was measured. Three important parameters were determined: (a) the necessity for hypoxic reduction of the 2-NI to achieve an increase in tumor cell kill, (b) the optimal timing for administration of the alkylating agents and the 2NI, and (c) the degree of enhancement of the CY- and IFO-induced cell kill. The subcutaneous (sc) 9L tumor model in male Fisher 344 rats was used in these experiments, and the endpoint measured was clonogenic cell survival 1820 hr after treatment. Under hypoxic conditions, MISO potentiated both CY- and IFO-induced cell kill with a sensitizer enhancement ratio of approximately 1.3 and 1.5, respectively, at the 10 −3 survival level. This enhancement was seen when CY was administered simultaneously or 1.5 hr prior to MISO administration. A similar enhancement of CY-induced cell kill was measured under hypoxic conditions when SR-2508 was used. Enhanced IFO-induced cell kill was measured under hypoxic conditions only when the IFO was given 1 hr before MISO administration. No enhancement of the IFO-induced cell kill was observed when SR-2508 was used instead of MISO. Increased normal tissue damage (i.e., hemorrhagic cystitis) was observed when the MISO was administered along with CY or IFO. Four conclusions can be drawn from these data. Metabolism of the 2-NI by hypoxic cells is necessary for potentiation of CY- or IFO-induced cell kill. Only MISO can potentiate the cell kill induced by IFO. The timing of administration of the alkylating agents and the 2-NI is a critical determinant of the extent of the cell kill obtained. Cell kill induced by IFO appears to be enhanced by MISO to a greater extent than the cell kill induced by CY.
Isolated Bucket RF Systems in the Fermilab Antiproton Facility

In the Fermilab p/sup -/p colliding beam facility antiprotons are to be collected in an accumulator ring where the injection/extraction orbit length and rotation period are the same as those of the Booster Ring at T = 8 GeV, namely 474.19 m. and 1.59 X 10/sup -6/ sec. Prior to injection into the Accumulator ring the momentum spread of the antiprotons is reduced by mismatched bunch rotation in a slightly larger Debuncher ring with circumference 505.28 m and rotation period (8 GeV) 1.695 X 10/sup -6/ sec. Several of the beam manipulations in these rings are facilitated by rf systems capable of applying a longitudinal accelerating field for only part of each rotation period. The accelerating field is ''suppressed'' for the remainder of the rotation period. The concept of ''suppressed bucket'' is not new, but the use to which they are put in this project is unique. T /SUB o/ is the synchronous particle rotation period and the voltage is a single complete sinusoid of period T /SUB rf/ . The period T /SUB rf/ can be related to the rotation period by the expression T /SUB o/ = hT /SUB rf/ , where h > 1 but h needmore » not be an integer. The repetition period of the isolated wave can be precisely T /SUB o/ (stationary) or it may differ slightly from T /SUB o/ (moving). Furthermore, the wave need not be sinusoidal as shown or even symmetric about some center point. It must only span some region T /SUB rf/ and it cannot have a dc component. Practical considerations indicate that the wave should be reasonably smooth so that the Fourier spectrum is not excessively broad.« less
Solution Chemistry Optimization of Sol-Gel Processed PZT Thin Films

We have optimized the ferroelectric properties and microstructural characteristics of sol-gel PZT thin films used in a CMOS-integrated, 256 bit ferroelectric non-volatile memory. The sol-gel process utilized in our work involved the reaction of Zr n-butoxide, Ti isopropoxide, and Pb (IV) acetate in a methanol/acetic acid solvent system. A 10-factor screening experiment identified solution concentration, acetic acid addition, and water volume as the solution chemistry factors having the most significant effects on the remanent polarization, coercive field, ferroelectric loop quality, and microstructural quality. The optimal values for these factors were determined by running a 3-factor uniform shell design, modeling the responses, and testing the models at the predicted optimal conditions. The optimized solution chemistry generated 3-layer, 300--400 nm thick films on RuO{sub 2} coated silicon substrates with coercive fields of less than 25 kv/cm (a 40--50% improvement over the original solution chemistry), a remanent polarization of 25--30 {mu}C/cm, and a reduction in the pyrochlore phase content below observable levels.
Supervenience and (non-modal) reductionism in Leibniz’s philosophy of time

Abstract It has recently been suggested that, for Leibniz, temporal facts globally supervene on causal facts, with the result that worlds differing with respect to their causal facts can be indiscernible with respect to their temporal facts. Such an interpretation is at variance with more traditional readings of Leibniz’s causal theory of time, which hold that Leibniz reduces temporal facts to causal facts. In this article, I argue against the global supervenience construal of Leibniz’s philosophy of time. On the view of Leibniz defended here, he adopts a non-modal reduction of time to events, a form of reductionism that entails a strong covariation between a world’s temporal facts and its causal facts. Consequently, worlds discernible with respect to their temporal facts must be discernible with respect to their causal facts, and worlds discernible with respect to their causal facts must be discernible with respect to their temporal facts. This position strongly favors the standard identificatory reduction of time to causation often imputed to Leibniz.
Spigelian hernia: CT and ultrasonography diagnosis

The diagnostic potential of CT and sonography in detecting clinically unrecognized cases of spigelian hernia is illustrated and discussed. These imaging modalities can promptly and reliably diagnose spigelian hernia based on the following findings: (1) peritoneal and muscular defect along the spigelian line in the lower abdomen; (2) intraparietal location of the hernial sac; and (3) hernial sac containing omentum and/or mesentery and loops of bowel. Two recently diagnosed cases are presented together with a short review of the literature.
Principles and clinical uses of diuretic therapy

I NDUCTION OF diuresis as a therapeutic modality has long been a mainstay of medical practice. It was advocated by physicians in the Fertile Crescent for the treatment of many renal diseases. Components capable of inducing diuresis have been identified in Sumerian, Assyrian, and Babylonian pharmacopeias.’ More recently, Al-Rhazi (850-932 AD), chief physician in Bagdad in the Abbasid period, prescribed it to prevent obstruction in cases of renal papillary necrosis,’ and Ibn-Sina (Avicenna) (980-1037 AD) incorporated diuresis as an integral part of his regimen for the dissolution of kidney st0nes.j Even Withering prescribed foxglove thinking it was a diuretic. However, modern diuretic therapy finds its origins in fortuitous observations on agents first introduced as antimicrobials. Vogl in I920 reported the diuretic effect of the organomercurial merbaphenum, then a treatment for syphilis. However, mercurials proved to be highly toxic and inconvenient. The need for a safer orally effective diuretic was satisfied with a second astute observation from the field of antimicrobials. Benzothiadiazine diuretics were discovered after the observation of diuresis during antimicrobial therapy with sulphonamides. In 1957, Novello and Sprague synthesized chlorothiazide and ushered the era of widespread use of diuretics into the practice of medicine.
Highly efficient generation of heritable zebrafish gene mutations using homo- and heterodimeric TALENs

Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) are powerful new research tools that enable targeted gene disruption in a wide variety of model organisms. Recent work has shown that TALENs can induce mutations in endogenous zebrafish genes, but to date only four genes have been altered, and larger-scale tests of the success rate, mutation efficiencies and germline transmission rates have not been described. Here, we constructed homodimeric TALENs to 10 different targets in various endogenous zebrafish genes and found that 7 nuclease pairs induced targeted indel mutations with high efficiencies ranging from 2 to 76%. We also tested obligate heterodimeric TALENs and found that these nucleases induce mutations with comparable or higher frequencies and have better toxicity profiles than their homodimeric counterparts. Importantly, mutations induced by both homodimeric and heterodimeric TALENs are passed efficiently through the germline, in some cases reaching 100% transmission. For one target gene sequence, we observed substantially reduced mutagenesis efficiency for a variant site bearing two mismatched nucleotides, raising the possibility that TALENs might be used to perform allele-specific gene disruption. Our results suggest that construction of one to two heterodimeric TALEN pairs for any given gene will, in most cases, enable researchers to rapidly generate knockout zebrafish.
A Drosophila Model for Genetic Analysis of Influenza Viral/Host Interactions

Influenza viruses impose a constant threat to vertebrates susceptible to this family of viruses. We have developed a new tool to study virus–host interactions that play key roles in viral replication and to help identify novel anti-influenza drug targets. Via the UAS/Gal4 system we ectopically expressed the influenza virus M2 gene in Drosophila melanogaster and generated dose-sensitive phenotypes in the eye and wing. We have confirmed that the M2 proton channel is properly targeted to cell membranes in Drosophila tissues and functions as a proton channel by altering intracellular pH. As part of the efficacy for potential anti-influenza drug screens, we have also demonstrated that the anti-influenza drug amantadine, which targets the M2 proton channel, suppressed the UAS-M2 mutant phenotype when fed to larvae. In a candidate gene screen we identified mutations in components of the vacuolar V1V0 ATPase that modify the UAS-M2 phenotype. Importantly, in this study we demonstrate that Drosophila genetic interactions translate directly to physiological requirements of the influenza A virus for these components in mammalian cells. Overexpressing specific V1 subunits altered the replication capacity of influenza virus in cell culture and suggests that drugs targeting the enzyme complex via these subunits may be useful in anti-influenza drug therapies. Moreover, this study adds credence to the idea of using the M2 “flu fly” to identify new and previously unconsidered cellular genes as potential drug targets and to provide insight into basic mechanisms of influenza virus biology.
Suppressed carrier digital clocks

Spread spectrum digital clocks have been used for decades to decrease radio interference. There are various techniques, such as random frequency dither or frequency modulation (FM). The mechanism is effective because the noise power is spread across a wide portion of the frequency spectrum, reducing the noise power available to disturb a narrow bandwidth receptor. A method is presented for creating broadband digital clocks using suppressed carrier amplitude modulation. The strengths and weaknesses of this spread spectrum clock technique are discussed, with accompanying data.
Automatic creation and reconfiguration of network-aware service access paths

This paper describes an adaptive network infrastructure, Composable Adaptive Network Services (CANS), for bridging the bandwidth and resource gap between network services and mobile clients. CANS enables construction of service access paths augmented with 'impedance matching' components that handle operations such as caching, protocol conversion, and content transcoding. The CANS infrastructure focuses on the automatic creation and efficient dynamic reconfiguration of such network-aware access paths, relying upon three key mechanisms: (a) a high-level integrated type-based specification of components and network resources; (b) an automatic path creation strategy; and (c) system support for low-overhead path reconfiguration. We evaluate the CANS infrastructure over a range of network and end-device characteristics using two application scenario: web access and image streaming. Our results validate the effectiveness of the CANS approach for enabling network-aware service access to mobile clients, verifying that (1) communication paths automatically generated by CANS bring considerable performance advantages to applications; (2) desirable adaptation can be achieved using our flexible path creation mechanisms, which consider both underlying network conditions and different performance preferences of applications; and (3) despite their flexibility, both run-time overheads of CANS communication paths and reconfiguration time are negligible for most applications, providing applications with agile adaptation to dynamic changes in networks.
A processive riboantiterminator seeks a switch to make biofilms

Since the discovery of the first signal-sensing RNA structure by Grundy and Henkin in 1993, the list of cis-acting riboregulators has grown dramatically. Riboswitches fold into elaborate structures and respond to binding of small metabolites by altering the folding pattern of the surrounding transcript, thereby altering the gene expression programme. Riboswitches that use short-range mechanisms to control transcription attenuation and translation initiation and mediate mRNA cleavage have been characterized in many Gram-positive bacteria. Their action typically relies on alternative RNA structures that are differentially stabilized by the ligand binding. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, Irnov and Winkler describe a novel Bacillus subtilis riboregulator called EAR that shares structural complexity with riboswitches but possesses a unique mechanism of action. EAR increases expression of exopolysaccharide genes and biofilm formation, and appears to act as a processive, long-range antiterminator, the first such example outside of Escherichia coli. While it is unclear whether EAR senses a biofilm-inducing signal, the results suggest that its action depends on yet unidentified auxiliary factors. Interestingly, efficient capsule biogenesis in E. coli and Bacteroides fragilis also depends on processive antiterminators but utilizes the protein-based mechanisms instead.
Fulfilment of Scripture and Jesus’ Teachings in Matthew

One of the most intriguing aspects of the experience of reading the gospels, for both beginning students and those who have been at it for decades, is the growing awareness of how the gospels convey their message. Our attention is usually focused first on what the message is: the storyline, the plot, the climax or resolution, and its implications. As we continue to read and reread, we may find that we begin to grow interested in various features of the narrative, such as its organisation, collections of material (parables or miracle stories), repetitions, the ways characters are represented or the narrator’s comments. These are not incidental features of the gospel narrative. On the contrary, they are the elements with which it is constructed and that guide the reader’s experience of the narrative. In this article we will explore how Matthew leads its Jewish-Christian readers, sometime late in the 1st century and during theprocess of the separation of early believers from the synagogue, to accept Jesus’ teachings as a new teaching on righteousness and functionally at least a new Torah. Specifically, we will analyse the role of repetition and redundancy in Matthew’s narrative rhetoric in relation to this theme. Vervulling van die Skrif en Jesus se onderrig in Matteus. Een van die boeiendste aspekte wat beginnerstudente sowel as ervare lesers met die bestudering van die evangelies ondervind, is die groeiende bewustheid van hoe die boodskap oorgedra word. Normaalweg word die aandag eerstens op die boodskap gevestig: die storielyn, die verloop, die hoogtepunt en die ontknoping, en die implikasies daarvan. Met die lees en herlees daarvan word ’n groeiende belangstelling ondervind in die onderskeie kenmerke van die narratief soos die samestelling daarvan, die tipe gegewens (gelykenisse of wonderwerke), herhalings, die manier hoe die karakters voorgestel word en die verteller se kommentaar. Hierdie is nie toevallige kenmerke van die evangelie-narratief nie. Inteendeel, dit is die elemente waaruit dit saamgestel is en wat die leser se ervaring van die narratief begelei. In hierdie artikel word die wyse ondersoek waarop Matteus, in die eerste eeu na Christus en gedurende die skeidingsproses van die vroee gelowiges uit die sinagoge, die Joodse-Christenlesers lei om Jesus se onderrig as ’n nuwe lering oor regverdigheid en, wat meer is, ’n nuwe Torah te aanvaar. ’n Spesifieke analise word gemaak oor die rol van herhaling en toutologie in Matteus se narratiewe retoriek wat verband hou met hierdie tema.
“Skilled, Cheap, and Desperate”1: Non‐tenure‐track Faculty and the Delusion of Meritocracy

Over the past 25 or so years, geographers have produced sophisticated critical tools to examine systems like patriarchy, racism, and heteronormativity. However, they have not used those critical tools to examine the problem of institutional hierarchy in the academy. There are many kinds of institutional hierarchy, but the paper focuses on one particular structure: the difference between tenure-track and non-tenure-track faculty. I call for much greater critical reflection on the existence and experience of non-tenure-track faculty in geography. I argue that it is essential to undermine the structures and assumed wisdom of the hierarchy, for the sake of non-tenure-track faculty, the discipline, and the academy as a whole. Destabilizing the structures requires multiple strategies. I argue that one key strategy is for non-tenure-track faculty to tell their stories, to offer their critical perspective from the lower rungs of the hierarchy. The last part of the paper is an autobiographical account designed to give a better idea of how one such story might look.
Perceived reachability in hemispace

A common observation in studies of perceived (imagined) compared to actual movement in a reaching paradigm is the tendency to overestimate. Of the studies noted, reaching tasks have been presented in the general midline range. In the present study, strong right-handers were asked to judge the reachability of visual targets projected onto a table surface at midline, right- (RVF), and left-visual fields (LVF). Midline results support those of previous studies, showing an overestimation bias. In contrast, participants revealed the tendency to underestimate their reachability in RVF and LVF. These findings are discussed from the perspective of actor 'confidence' (a cognitive state) possibly associated with visual information, perceived ability, and perceived task demands.
Neurochemical subdivisions of the inferior pulvinar in macaque monkeys.

The architecture of the pulvinar of rhesus monkeys was investigated by acetylcholinester ase (AChE) histochemistry, and by immunocytochemiatry for calbindin-D28k and the SMI-32 antibody. The presence of four inferior subdivisions, comparable to those found in architectonic connectional studies in squirrel monkeys (C. G. Cusick, J Scripter, J. G. Darensbourg, and J. T. Weber, 1993, J. Comp. Neurol. 336:1–30), provided a basis for a proposed revised terminology for visual sectors of the macaque pulvinar. In the present study, the inferior pulvinar (PI) was identified as a neurochemically distinct region that included the traditional cytoarchitectonic nucleus PI and adjacent portions of the lateral and medial pulvmar nuclei, PL and PM. In calbindin-D28k stains, the lateral. subdivision of the inferior pulvinar (PIL) had less intense neuropil staining than the adjacent central division, PIc. The PIL was characterized by large, intensely immunopositive neurons seldom found within Plc. PIL occupied the traditional PL and PI and exhibited a shell zone, PIL-S, restricted to PL. The medial division of the inferior pulvinar (PIM) was in a location previously shown to be strongly connected with the middle temporal visual area (MT) in macaques. PIM was found in the medial one-half of the traditional PI and extended into adjacent portions of the traditional PM and PL. PIM was distinguished by less intense staining for calbindin and many cells stained with the SMI-32 antibody for neurofilament protein. In AChE stains, PIL was moderately dark, Plc appeared lighter, and PIM was characterized by small, intensely stained patches. The small posterior division (PIP) stained darkly for calbindin, lightly for AChE, and was unstained with the SMI-32 antibody. Thus, neurochemical, and perhaps connectional, subdivisions exist within PI, the region of the pulvinar that relays information to striate, “lower order” extrastriate, and inferotemporal visual cortex. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Introduction to this special issue: Faculty intellectual property in the digital age

Prior to the third generation of distance education that is described as telelearning (Taylor 1995) or teleconferencing (Moore and Kearsley 1996), there were few questions about the ownership of a faculty member’s intellectual property. It was extremely rare for an institution to claim ownership of a professor’s class materials whether lecture notes, flip charts, overhead transparencies, audio and video recording, monographs, handouts or tests. With the advent of Internet-based distance education delivery systems including 2-way audio and video as well as online courses, the issue of intellectual property ownership has grown complex. The American Association of University Professors (AAUP) states ‘‘The materials created by faculty members for distance education courses should be treated in exactly the same fashion as materials created by faculty members for traditional courses’’ (AAUP, n.d.). This statement implies that ownership of course materials used in teaching a course delivered via distance education should be treated the same as a traditional face-to-face classroom course, that is, the faculty member owns the materials. In contrast, the American Association of Universities (1999) states ‘‘...the university should own the intellectual property that is created at the university by faculty.’’ University distance education policies, however, view ownership of distance education materials differently than traditional classroom materials. The distance education policy at California Polytechnic State University (Calpoly Polytechnic State University, n.d.) states that faculty must negotiate with the university for ownership based on current policies and contracts. The University of Nevada Las Vegas (n.d.) and Buffalo State University (n.d.) policies state that the university and faculty member are joint owners of the materials if university
Classroom Management Challenges in the Dance Class

(2007). Classroom Management Challenges in the Dance Class. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 78, No. 2, pp. 19-24.
Decision support systems for resource allocation

In 1978 AIRMICS started a research project dealing with Decision Support Systems (DSSs). When this project was started the concept of a DSS was almost unknown in the US Army. Even though DSSs are not found everywhere in the Army today, the concepts are being applied with greater frequency.
A Feasibility Study on Frequency Domain ADC for Impulse-UWB Receivers

A feasibility study of frequency domain ADCs for an Impulse-UWB receiver is presented. A frequency domain ADC consists of a bank of narrow band bandpass filters and integrators, followed by a conventional ADC. The filter bank produces the 'spectrum samples' (Fourier series coefficients) at frequencies corresponding to the center frequencies of the bandpass filters in the filter bank. The Fourier series coefficients are sampled and quantized by a conventional time domain ADC. In the baseband of the I-UWB receiver, the digitized Fourier series coefficients can be processed in the frequency domain or the pulse can be reconstructed and processed in the time domain. Sampling in the frequency domain, avoids the need for an ADC with a wide bandwidth and a high sampling rate for an I-UWB receiver. Simulation results on a mathematical model of a frequency domain ADC show that spacing the center frequencies of the bandpass filters at 200 MHz over the band of interest leads to a pulse reconstruction error of ~ 10% for a 5-bit ADC. Practical implementation issues in integrated circuit realization of the frequency domain ADC are described as well.
The Contributions of Industrial Organization To Strategic Management

The traditional Bain/Mason paradigm of industrial organization (IO) offered strategic management a systematic model for assessing competition within an industry, yet the model was seldom used in the business policy (BP) field. IO and BP differed in their frames of reference (public vs. private), units of analysis (industry vs. firm), views of the decision maker and stability of structure, and in other significant respects. Development of IO theory during the 1970s has narrowed the gap between the two fields, to the extent that IO should now be of central concern to policy scholars.