cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paying It Forward: Does Teaching Philanthropy Change Behavior After Graduation?

Although several studies have attempted to capture civic learning, philanthropic attitudes, career outcomes, and behavioral intentions immediately following the completion of an undergraduate student philanthropy service-learning course, there is a lack of research on the sustained effects of this high-impact practice. This study assessed the long-term effects of a philanthropy-based service-learning program compared with a matched sample of alumni who did not participate in a philanthropy-based course. Alumni completed surveys assessing demographics, current rates of volunteerism, charitable giving, and engagement within the nonprofit sector. They also completed the Civic Engagement Scale and the Civic Minded Graduate Scale. Philanthropy program alumni focus groups were conducted. The two groups did not differ on behavioral outcomes such as volunteerism and philanthropic giving; however, significant differences were found for civic attitudes and dispositions. Recommendations for best practices for philanthropy-based course design and implications for nonprofit education and leadership programs are discussed.Subscribe to JNEL
Use of a Be-dome holder for texture and strain characterization of Li metal thin films via sin2(ψ) methodology

Residual strain in electrodeposited Li films may affect safety and performance in Li metal battery anodes, so it is important to understand how to detect residual strain in electrodeposited Li and the conditions under which it arises. To explore this Li films, electrodeposited onto Cu metal substrates, were prepared under an applied pressure of either 10 or 1000 kPa and subsequently tested for the presence or absence of residual strain via sin2(ψ) analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of Li films required preparation and examination within an inert environment; hence, a Be-dome sample holder was employed during XRD characterization. Results show that the Li film grown under 1000 kPa displayed a detectable presence of in-plane compressive strain (−0.066%), whereas the Li film grown under 10 kPa displayed no detectable in-plane strain. The underlying Cu substrate revealed an in-plane residual strain near zero. Texture analysis via pole figure determination was also performed for both Li and Cu and revealed a mild fiber texture for Li metal and a strong bi-axial texture of the Cu substrate. Experimental details concerning sample preparation, alignment, and analysis of the particularly air-sensitive Li films have also been detailed. This work shows that Li metal exhibits residual strain when electrodeposited under compressive stress and that XRD can be used to quantify that strain.
The Positive Effect of Monetary Incentive on Urology Resident Research

Objective To evaluate whether a financial incentive changed research patterns among residents over a 12-year period. Methods At our institution, beginning July 2016, any resident work that led to a PubMed citation was awarded $1,000. A review of the PubMed database and the regional meeting of the South Central Section of AUA (SCS/AUA) presentation itineraries were used to quantify and qualify the participation in research by these residents before and after introduction of the financial incentive. Results Scholarly activity from thirty out of thirty possible residents was evaluated. The monetary incentive resulted in increased production post-incentive (6.33) vs pre-incentive (2.44) in average total authorship participation published to PubMed per year (P = .0125). The average number of PubMed primary authorships per resident per year increased from 0 in July 2007-June 2008 to 0.7 in July 2018-June 2019, displaying upward trajectory. Average primary authorship of research produced per year presented at SCS/AUA and published to PubMed increased postincentive (9.00) vs pre-incentive (4.89) (P = .0479). More review articles and less basic science research were published after the incentive. Conclusion Offering financial incentives to urology residents increased publications and meaningful participation in research.
Volkskrankheiten des 21. Jahrhunderts

Demenzen und Depressionen zahlen zu den grosen Volkskrankheiten des 21. Jahrhunderts, deren Bedeutung in immer alter werdenden Bevolkerungen stetig wachst. Die wirkungsvollsten Masnahmen zu ihrer Vermeidung sind nicht therapeutische, sondern prophylaktische. Gleichzeitig erhohen diese Masnahmen auch das korperliche und psychische Wohlbefinden und sie erhalten die kognitive Leistung. Neue Schatzungen legen nahe, dass sich 30 % aller Demenzen durch Veranderungen des Lebensstiles vermeiden lassen. Zu den protektiven Lebensstilfaktoren gehoren Bildung, Vermeidung von Ubergewicht, korperliche Aktivitat, Vermeiden von Rauchen, Normalisierung von Blutdruck und Blutzucker, Pflege sozialer Beziehungen und die Behandlung von Depressionen und Schwerhorigkeit.
Intrathecal Drug Delivery System: A Pain Management Option for Refractory Cancer-Related Pain

Cancer-related pain is progressive and therefore requires a stepwise approach to management, such as the World Health Organization's Pain Ladder. This approach calls for increasingly strong pain medications in addition to interventional options for patients with medication-refractory pain or intolerable medication side effects. Here, we discuss a case involving cancer-related pain which ultimately required intrathecal drug delivery system placement for optimal pain management.
When Your Permutation Test is Doomed to Fail

A two-tailed test comparing the means of two independent populations is perhaps the most commonly used hypothesis test in quantitative research, featured centrally in medical research, A/B testing,...
Exploring the learning potential of online gaming communities: An application of the Game Communities of Inquiry Scale:

Online gaming is becoming increasingly social and interconnected. Millions of players learn from each other in game-related communities on platforms like Reddit and Twitch.tv. However, few studies ...
Modeling Whale Deaths From Vessel Strikes to Reduce the Risk of Fatality to Endangered Whales

Ship strikes have been documented around the world and frequently figure as a top human cause of large whale mortality. The shipping lanes in the Santa Barbara Channel, California and nearby waters have some of the highest predicted whale mortality from vessel strikes in the U.S. waters of the eastern Pacific. Beginning in 2007, NOAA requested voluntary vessel speed reductions (VSR) for vessels greater than 300 gross tons traveling in the Santa Barbara Channel shipping routes to decrease whale mortality from ship strikes. We employed a ship strike model using whale density data and Automatic Identification System (AIS) vessel data to estimate mortality under several management scenarios. To assess the effect of the VSR on strike mortality, we bootstrapped speeds from vessels greater than 19 m long that transited when no VSR was in place. Finally, we calculated the predicted mortality for hypothetical cooperation scenarios by artificially adding speed caps post-hoc to real vessel transits. For 2012-2018, we estimated that in our study area on average during summer/fall (Jun.-Nov.) 8.9 blue, 4.6 humpback and 9.7 fin whales were killed from ship strikes each year (13-26% greater than previously estimated). We evaluated winter/spring (Jan.-Apr.) humpback mortality for the first time, resulting in an estimate of 5.7 deaths on average per year. Poor cooperation with the VSR led to low (5% maximum) to no reductions in the estimated number of strike mortalities. Evaluating potential scenarios showed that if 95% cooperation occurred in the lanes, whale deaths there would decrease by 22-26%. Adding VSRs with similar cooperation levels at the northern end of the Santa Barbara Channel and south of Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary could decrease estimated strike mortalities in those areas by 30%. If VSRs were added and cooperation reached 95% there and in the lanes, we estimate a 21-29% decrease in vessel strike mortalities could be attained relative to estimated mortality in the entire study area. To decrease the vessel strike related whale mortalities in this region, we recommend expanding the VSR areas and increasing cooperation voluntarily, or considering mandatory speed limits if desired cooperation levels cannot otherwise be met.
A sense of belonging within the imaginative constraints of racial realism: a critical race analysis of Latinx students’ racialized experiences during the Trump presidency

The continued significance of Derrick Bell’s theory of racial realism is exemplified by the exclusionary sociopolitical and institutional climate that Latinx students experienced throughout the Tru...
Comparison of four lasers (λ = 650, 808, 980, and 1075 nm) for noninvasive creation of deep subsurface lesions in tissue

Lasers have been used in combination with applied cooling methods to preserve superficial skin layers (100's μm's) during cosmetic surgery. Preservation of a thicker tissue surface layer (millimeters) may also allow development of other noninvasive laser procedures. We are exploring noninvasive therapeutic laser applications in urology (e.g. laser vasectomy and laser treatment of female stress urinary incontinence), which require surface tissue preservation on the millimeter scale. In this preliminary study, four lasers were compared for noninvasive creation of deep subsurface thermal lesions. Laser energy from three diode lasers (650, 808, and 980 nm) and a Ytterbium fiber laser (1075 nm) was delivered through a custom built, side-firing, laser probe with integrated cooling. An alcohol-based solution at -5°C was circulated through a flow cell, cooling a sapphire window, which in turn cooled the tissue surface. The probe was placed in contact with porcine liver tissue, ex vivo, kept hydrated in saline and maintained at ~ 35°C. Incident laser power was 4.2 W, spot diameter was 5.3 mm, and treatment time was 60 s. The optimal laser wavelength tested for creation of deep subsurface thermal lesions during contact cooling of tissues was 1075 nm, which preserved a surface layer of ~ 2 mm. The Ytterbium fiber laser provides a compact, low maintenance, and high power alternative laser source to the Neodymium:YAG laser for noninvasive thermal therapy.
Developmental Changes in DNA Methylation of CYP3A5 in Human Liver

CYP3A5 is polymorphically expressed in human prenatal and postnatal liver due to the presence or absence of the CYP3A5*3 allelic variant. However, expression of members of the CYP3A subfamily recen...
New Directions in Physical Education

(1948). New Directions in Physical Education. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 19, No. 10, pp. 646-695.
Design and deployment of a portable membrane equilibrator for sampling aqueous dissolved gases

[1] We present designs for a portable trace gas sampler, based on membrane technology, to obtain a gas sample from water in the field. A continuous flow of water is equilibrated with a finite volume of gas until the gas pressure matches the total dissolved gas pressure of the water stream. Samples collected in this manner can be analyzed to determine original water concentrations for potentially any dissolved gas. The sampler requires neither compressed carrier gas nor a vacuum pump to extract the dissolved gas sample; its power consumption is minimal and it fits within a 30 L plastic case. During the development stages, both major atmospheric gases (N2, O2, and Ar) and trace gases (CO2, SF6, and SF5CF3) were measured to confirm the equilibrium condition and to quantify the response time. Equilibration studies were conducted in the laboratory and at the site of a borehole CO2 injection experiment on the Lamont campus of Columbia University. The time required to achieve solubility equilibrium depends on the dissolved gas content and the water flow rate; we determined an e-folding response time of 9–12 min, under air-saturated conditions and with a flow rate of 2 L/min. Typically, equilibrium is achieved within 30–45 min. We compare the system function and analytical results to conventional sampling methods during the recovery phase of a push-pull experiment and find a generally good agreement within 10% of conventional analyses for each of the gases.
Empowerment as an Intervention with Grandparent Caregivers

ABSTRACT In the past few years there has been increasing recognition of the growing population of grandparents who are responsible for raising their grandchildren. These families face many issues and concerns that necessitate both supports and interventions that can assist them. Empowerment training that is relevant to their needs and the issues they face is an intervention that can be effective in helping grandparents meet the challenges presented by their grandchildren and the communities in which they live.
Fibrinogen binding and resistance to phagocytosis of Streptococcus sanguis expressing cloned M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes.

Abstract The biological properties of Streptococcus pyogenes M protein cloned and expressed in S. sanguis were investigated. The spm-5 gene previously cloned into Escherichia coli was subcloned into the E. coli-S. sanguis shuttle plasmid pVA838 to produce a newly constructed plasmid, pBK100. Cells of S. sanguis transformed with pBK100 expressed 53-, 55-, and 58-kilodalton polypeptides reacting with type 5 M protein antiserum in immunoblots. The M protein was expressed on the surface of S. sanguis cells as shown by the capacity of the intact cells to (i) inhibit the reactivity of anti-type 5 antibodies with purified M protein as demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; (ii) inhibit the opsonization by M5 antisera of type 5 S. pyogenes; (iii) express M-protein-like fibrils on the surface of the organisms that react with M5 antisera as revealed by immunoelectron microscopy; (iv) bind plasma fibrinogen and, as a consequence, resist phagocytosis by human blood neutrophils; and (v) be rendered susceptible to phagocytosis by opsonic M5 antisera. These results provide additional evidence that streptococcal M proteins bind host proteins as a ploy to evade host defense mechanisms.
Clinical outcomes after simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty: comparison to unilateral total knee arthroplasty and healthy controls.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional outcomes of persons who underwent simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA) compared to subjects who underwent unilateral TKA and a healthy control group. Fifteen subjects who underwent primary bilateral TKA and 15 sex, age, and body mass index-matched subjects who underwent primary unilateral TKA were observed prospectively for 2 years. Subjects in both surgical groups showed significant improvement in Knee Outcome Scores, Short Form 36 physical component scores, Timed Up and Go, and stair-climbing tasks (P ≤ .004). No differences in final outcomes were found between surgical groups. In addition, most 2-year clinical measures were no different between the surgical and control groups. Subjects medically appropriate for bilateral TKA should be afforded this option.
Usability Problems in Consumer-Directed Broadcast Advertisements of Prescription Medicines

The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act broadly regulates the content of Consumer-Directed Broadcast Advertisements (CDBA). Information processing capabilities of average consumers may be exceeded by broadcast advertisements that present too much information. The purpose of this study was to examine usability problems encountered by viewers of broadcast advertisements and to isolate “best practices” that facilitated information transfer. Two age groups, older and younger viewers, evaluated different prescription drug advertisements based on usability and provided verbal reports to open-ended questions in a focus group. Avoiding information overload, eliminating or reducing distracting stimuli, and slowing the rate at which information is presented are important usability guidelines that should be applied to content specifications.
Moral hazard and optimal contract form for R&D cooperation

Abstract This paper aims to explain the use of different governance modes for R&D cooperation. We argue that (ex ante) cross-licensing agreements are preferred to R&D joint ventures if potential synergy effects are negligible and the double moral hazard problem caused by unobservable R&D effort can be solved by an appropriate royalty scheme. It is shown that the first best effort decisions are implementable by a cross-licensing agreement if royalty payments are based on R&D success. However, if the payments have to be based on actual know-how transfer because R&D success is not verifiable, there are cases where joint ventures are necessary to induce optimal R&D effort.
Teaching Communication Book Use to a High School Student Using a Milieu Approach

This study combined communication book training, a milieu approach (Warren & Kaiser, 1986), and systematic vocabulary selection to teach a nonspeaking adolescent to communicate in three settings. S...
Urban adolescents’ reflections on brief substance use treatment, social networks, and self-narratives

The purpose of this study was to examine urban adolescents’ experiences of completing a brief, substance use treatment protocol. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2006 with 23 patients to better understand their treatment experience, the subsequent impact on their social networks and self-narrative reflections. Results suggest common themes of new awareness of self in relation to substance use, utility of social networks in providing ongoing support, and hopeful future self-narratives. Participants named and evaluated all the substances that they could think of, with marijuana most frequently named and rated as good (65% of patients), indicating a positive attitude toward this drug. In general, we conclude that these qualitative data provide evidence of the effectiveness of brief substance abuse treatment for urban adolescents.
On the theory of imploding shocks

This paper is concerned with the non-monotonic distribution of the static pressure behind self-similar imploding shocks as revealed by the numerical solutions of Landau and Stanyukovich. It is found that in terms of the ratio of the reduced gas velocity to the similarity variable, the exponent equation derived from the condition of zero pressure gradient and that derived from the theory of singularity are of identical form. The identicalness is shown to be formal only. It is shown that both equations can be obtained from a unified equation. Using these results, it is shown that within the framework of inviscid self-similar solutions, the zero pressure gradient cannot exist immediately behind the shock forγ≧2+√3. Applying the unified equation, it is analytically shown that asγ approaches unity the similarity exponents also approach unity independent of the dimensionality, a result previously obtained by Lazarus and Richtmyer.
Vitamin D Status and Calcium Metabolism in Adolescent Black and White Girls on a Range of Controlled Calcium Intakes

Background: There are limited data in adolescents on racial differences in relationships between dietary calcium intake, absorption, and retention and serum levels of calcium-regulating hormones. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate these relationships cross-sectionally in American White and Black adolescent girls. Methods: Calcium balance studies were conducted in 105 girls, aged 11–15 yr, on daily calcium intakes ranging from 760–2195 mg for 3-wk controlled feeding periods; 158 observations from 52 Black and 53 White girls were analyzed. Results: Black girls had lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], higher serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and higher calcium absorption and retention than White girls. Calcium intake and race, but not serum 25(OH)D, predicted net calcium absorption and retention with Black girls absorbing calcium more efficiently at low calcium intakes than White girls. The relationship between serum 25(OH)D and serum PTH was negative only in White girls. Calcium intake, race, and postmenarcheal age explained 21% of the variation in calcium retention, and serum 25(OH)D did not contribute further to the variance. Conclusions: These results suggest that serum 25(OH)D does not contribute to the racial differences in calcium absorption and retention during puberty.
Incident-angle-modulated molecular plasmonic switches: A case of weak exciton-plasmon coupling

We have designed an angularly tunable plasmonic system that consists of Au nanodisks in combination with molecules of photoswitchable resonance, spiropyran, to gain new insights into weak exciton–plasmon couplings. In the weak exciton–plasmon coupling regime, switching molecular resonance can induce localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak shifts due to the change in the refractive index of the molecular materials. On the basis of the angle-resolved spectroscopic study of the nanodisk–spiropyran system both with and without UV irradiation, we reveal an unusual “zigzag” curve for the LSPR peak shifts (due to the photoswitching of the molecular resonance) as a function of the original LSPR peak wavelength. A further theoretical analysis attributes the “zigzag” curve to two significant competing effects that depend on the incident angle of the probe light: plasmon-enhanced molecular resonance absorption and LSPR sensitivity to the surroundings’ refractive index.
Rearrangement of nif genes during cyanobacterial heterocyst differentiation

Anabaena is a filamentous cyanobacterium that produces specialized cells, called heterocysts at regular intervals along each filament when deprived of fixed nitrogen under aerobic conditions. heterocysts are anaerobic factories for nitrogen fixation. In Anabaena vegetative-cell DNA, the nifD gene, encoding the $\alpha$ subunit of nitrogenase, is interrupted by an 11 000 base pair DNA element. During the differentiation of heterocysts from vegetative cells, this 11 kilobase (kb) element is excised by site-specific recombination between short, directly repeated DNA sequences present at the ends of the element. The excision results in restoration of the nifD coding sequence and of the entire nifHDK transcription unit. A gene has been identified, within the 11 kb element, that is believed to encode the site-specific recombinase responsible for excision of the element during heterocyst differentiation. A second developmentally regulated gene arrangement has also been observed in Anabaena. This event occurs close to the nifS gene and involves a different set of repeated sequences, implying a different site-specific recombination system.
Pathologic sleepiness induced by caffeine

Description de 6 cas de trouble comportemental apres ingestion de cafeine, sous forme de cafe ou de citrate de cafeine
Neural Signal Processing using Discrete Wavelet Transform for Neural Interfaces

This paper presents a neural signal processing ASIC based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The recorded neural signals from 256 channels are analyzed by fast DWT algorithm with special ALUs, then, compressed by run-length encoders (RLE). The processed data are delivered through RF links and reconstructed in a host receiver. This design operates at 200 MHz clock with 2.5 V and was implemented with TSMC 0.25 mum technology. Recorded neural data test shows 1:89:3 (1.12%) compression rate and perfect in-band noise rejection
Determination of acceptor concentration in GaN from photoluminescence

The concentration of the acceptor responsible for the yellow luminescence (YL) band at about 2.2eV in GaN is determined from photoluminescence. The YL band intensity increases linearly with excitation power density and partially saturates above some critical value. The dependence is quantitatively described within a phenomenological model accounting for recombination statistics in GaN layer and saturation of acceptors with photogenerated holes. The incomplete saturation of the YL intensity at high excitation intensities is explained by gradual saturation of acceptors at different distances from the sample surface. The identity of deep and shallow acceptors in GaN is discussed.
The putative BH3 mimetic S1 sensitizes leukemia to ABT-737 by increasing reactive oxygen species, inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress, and upregulating the BH3-only protein NOXA

S1 is a putative BH3 mimetic proposed to inhibit BCL2 and MCL1 based on cell-free assays. However, we previously demonstrated that it failed to inhibit BCL2 or induce apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, which are dependent on BCL2 for survival. In contrast, we show here that S1 rapidly increases reactive oxygen species, initiates endoplasmic reticulum stress, and upregulates the BH3-only protein NOXA. The BCL2 inhibitors, ABT-737, ABT-263, and ABT-199, have demonstrated pro-apoptotic efficacy in cell lines, while ABT-263 and ABT-199 have demonstrated efficacy in early clinical trials. Resistance to these inhibitors arises from the upregulation of anti-apoptotic factors, such as MCL1, BFL1, and BCLXL. This resistance can be induced by co-culturing CLL cells on a stromal cell line that mimics the microenvironment found in patients. Since NOXA can inhibit MCL1, BFL1, and BCLXL, we hypothesized that S1 may overcome resistance to ABT-737. Here we demonstrate that S1 induces NOXA-dependent sensitization to ABT-737 in a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line (NB4). Furthermore, S1 sensitized CLL cells to ABT-737 ex vivo, and overcame resistance to ABT-737 induced by co-culturing CLL cells with stroma.
Perturbation of ordinary differential operators

Abstract A perturbation theorem is proved which enables us to extend the results of J. Schwartz and others, to the effect that a wide class of boundary value problems for ordinary differential operators with operator valued coefficients generate unbounded spectral operators in the L2 space over a finite interval. Thus under mild restrictions on the boundary conditions allowed, an operator ( 1 i d dx ) n + C n−1 ( d dy ) n−1 + B n−2 ( d dx ) n−2 + ··· + B 0 in L2[0, 1], where B0, …, Bn−2 are arbitrary bounded operators and Cn−1 is any compact operator plus a bounded one with small norm, is shown to have a complete set of generalized eigenfunctions (φn). Moreover, the series expansions in the φn are unconditionally convergent.
Manifold regression for subsurface contaminant characterization based on sparse concentration data

In this paper we develop three manifold regression approaches for estimating quantitative metrics characterizing subsurface zones contaminated by Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs) based on sparse down-gradient concentration data. We are particularly interested in estimating source zone characteristics related to the distribution of contaminant mass in highly saturated pool regions as well as more diffuse ganglia areas regions. Source zone characterization, a necessary first step in the development of any remediation strategy, is challenging due to practical constraints associated with the data available for processing. We use manifold methods for jointly representing labeled training data comprised of known metrics as well as features derived from the corresponding data sets. We then employ an integrated approach to the problems of (a) robustly embedding the sparse test data into the manifold when the metrics are not available and (b) constructing a regression function operating directly in manifold space for metric estimation. The utility of the approach is enhanced by the explicit incorporation of a physical constraint associated with the metrics into the problem formulation. We apply our manifold regression approaches to a simulated data set whose the hydraulic conductivity fields were generated using a Transition Probability Markov Chain (TP/MC) model. Using densely sampled concentration data for training but sparsely sampled data for testing, the results demonstrate the potential of our approaches.
An Optimization Transfer Algorithm for Nonlinear Parametric Image Reconstruction From Dynamic PET Data

Direct reconstruction of kinetic parameters from raw projection data is a challenging task in molecular imaging using dynamic positron emission tomography (PET). This paper presents a new optimization transfer algorithm for penalized likelihood direct reconstruction of nonlinear parametric images that is easy to use and has a fast convergence rate. Each iteration of the proposed algorithm can be implemented in three simple steps: a frame-by-frame maximum likelihood expectation-maximization (EM)-like image update, a frame-by-frame image smoothing, and a pixel-by-pixel time activity curve fitting. Computer simulation shows that the direct algorithm can achieve a better bias-variance performance than the indirect reconstruction algorithm. The convergence rate of the new algorithm is substantially faster than our previous algorithm that is based on a separable paraboloidal surrogate function. The proposed algorithm has been applied to real 4-D PET data.
The Consequences of Explicit and Implicit Gender Attitudes and Candidate Quality in the Calculations of Voters

How much does a voter’s attitude towards female versus male leadership manifest itself at the ballot box and when does information regarding candidate qualifications or the lack thereof matter in this relationship? I conduct an in-depth survey, which includes a vote choice experiment randomizing the sex of the more qualified candidate, a novel gender and leadership Implicit Association Test, and a measure of explicit gender attitudes to explore this question. I find that the propensity to pick a female candidate increases as explicit and implicit attitudes against female leadership decrease, suggesting that traditional explicit measures underestimate the effects of gender attitudes and miss a key dimension of people’s preferences. Gender attitudes in the electoral process remain consequential, but have grown subtler, which is missed when only assessing people’s self-reported explicit attitudes. Fortunately, the effects of voters’ gender attitudes can be attenuated by candidate qualification information; however, it does not rid the effects of gender on vote choice uniformly. People who explicitly state a preference for male leaders do not respond to individuating information, even if the female candidate is clearly more qualified than her male counterpart. However, people who implicitly prefer male leaders, but explicitly state being gender-equitable respond to individuating information and tend to select the more qualified candidate regardless of the candidate’s sex. The study points to the significance of dual process account of reasoning—acknowledging that individuals operate on two levels, System 1 (automatic and implicit) and System 2 (effortful and explicit)—in understanding voting behavior.
Breakdown of the static approximation in itinerant-electron magnetism

The static approximation is widely used to treat the statistical mechanics of itinerant magnets. It is shown that the resulting partition function is not that of any Hamiltonian, and can therefore lead to anomalous results. In particular, it gives a self-consistent of variational ground state, whose energy is an upper bound to the true energy, although it gives the correct energy in the high-temperature state. It therefore underestimates the heat capacity. Two specific models are presented in which the heat capacity in the static approximation is negative La fonction de partition, qui resulte de l'application statique, ne correspond a aucun hamiltonien, ce qui peut produire des resultats anormaux: par exemple, un etat fondamental autocoherent ou variationnel dont l'energie constitue une limite superieure a l'energie reelle, bien qu'elle donne correctement l'etat a haute temperature, avec une sous-estimation de la chaleur massique. Proposition de deux modeles precis pour lesquels la chaleur massique est negative a l'approximation statique
The Persistent Sciatic Inflammatory Neuropathy (SIN) Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain Does Not Involve Small-Fiber Axon Damage

ABSTRACTMost neuropathic pain conditions are caused by damage to peripheral nociceptive neurons known as “small-fibers.” Examination of punch skin biopsies immunolabeled with pan-axonal markers has identified degeneration of distal nociceptive axons as a pathological hallmark of most neuralgias including numerous polyneuropathies, postherpetic neuralgia, and complex regional pain syndrome. Similar axonopathy is present in several rodent models of neuralgia (chronic constriction injury and spared nerve injury). Here we have measured the density of distal cutaneous small-fiber axons in rats with persistent mechanical allodynia caused by the sciatic inflammatory neuropathy (SIN), a model of painful neuritis. We have evaluated whether perineural immune activation sufficient to cause evoked-pain behaviors is also associated with loss of distal epidermal innervation.SIN was created in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by perineural zymosan administration using established methods. Unoperated rats provided controls...
Liouvillian Green's functions and self-energies for energy-shift and decay phenomena

Green's functions and transition self-energies of dissipative quantum-mechanical many-body systems are formulated in terms of operator-basis expansions of Heisenberg equations of motion in Liouville space. Matrix elements of the Liouvillian with respect to arbitrary nonorthogonal operator bases play a primary role in the analysis. The self-energies are expressed as functionals of initial statistical ensemble averages which are presumed known and not restricted to systems at or near equilibrium; this provides a first-principles approach to use of spectral line shapes as a diagnostic of the nonequilibrium state of a dense gas, plasma, and/or radiation field. A perturbation expansion of the self-energy is derived and the general term is interpreted in terms of a subtraction of reducible parts. A separation into resonant and nonresonant contributions plays a crucial role in the analysis. The first-order resonant contribution yields a generalized statistical Hartree-Fock approximation, whereas the second-order contribution generalizes the Weisskopf-Wigner theory of decaying states to include thermal and, more generally, nonequilibrium environmental effects on transition-energy shifts and widths. Off-diagonal contributions to the self-energy are shown to be essential for inclusion of environmental contributions.
Current perioperative outcomes for patients with disseminated cancer

Background Surgical morbidity and mortality (M&M) for patients with disseminated malignancy (DMa) is high, and some have questioned the role of surgery. Therefore, we sought to characterize temporal trends in M&M among DMa patients, hypothesizing that surgical intervention would remain prevalent.
Effective and accurate modelling of multiconductor transmission lines in multilayer dielectric media

Development of very high speed integrated circuits is currently of great interest for today's technologies. This paper presents the quasi–TEM approach for accurate parameter extraction of multiconductor transmission line interconnects in single–, two– and three–layered dielectric regions using the Finite Element Method (FEM). We illustrate that FEM is accurate and effective for modelling multilayered multiconductor transmission lines in strongly inhomogeneous media. We mainly focus on designing of five transmission lines embedded in single–, two– and three–layered dielectric media. We compute the capacitance matrices for these configurations. We also determine the quasi–TEM spectral for the potential distribution of the multiconductor transmission lines in multilayer dielectric media.
Prologue: Encounters with Mircea Eliade and his legacy for the 21st century

Abstract To mark the centennial of Mircea Eliade, the articles in this special issue of Religion analyze various aspects of his life and his scholarship, and suggest what may be of value in Eliade's legacy for the study of religion in the 21st century. In my study, using one of Eliade's favorite terms, ‘the encounter,’ I suggest what my encounters with Eliade reveal about Eliade, his scholarship, and especially his legacy. By delineating and analyzing encounters that were remarkable, disturbing, complex, and contradictory, we may assess both strengths and weaknesses in Eliade's history and phenomenology of religion and what remains in Eliade's legacy that may be of value for the contemporary study of religion. Although Eliade's influence has certainly waned, my position is that there is much of value in his legacy, often in need of more critical reformulation, that offers a valuable critique of much of contemporary scholarship, provides valuable insights, and can serve as a catalyst allowing us to rethink...
Carl F. Frost (1914–2009)

Carl Frost (1914–2009), Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Michigan State University, perhaps the world's leading advocate of the Scanlon Plan, winner of the Distinguished Psychologist in Manageme...
Life on horseback: palaeopathology of two Scythian skeletons from Alexandropol, Ukraine

In 2006, two skeletons were analysed that were previously excavated from the periphery of a Scythian burial mound, near the village of Alexandropol in southern Ukraine. Dated to ca. 325 BC, both remains are male. The first is that of a youth in his late teens who exhibits indications of biological stress and degenerative changes to the spine in the form of a Schmorl's node. The second is a middle-aged individual with extensive healed lesions due to trauma to the right humerus and clavicle with associated bony changes of the elbow and spine. Stable isotope analyses indicate a diet based on C3 plants. Their skeletons suggest a rigorous life on horseback. Both may have served as sacrificial victims. Historical records document the strangulation of attendants and their placement around the periphery of royal burial mounds. Grave goods suggest that both were warriors, although the youth lacks the traumatic injuries exhibited by the older male. The individuals from Alexandropol may have served a Scythian king in life and in death. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stimulus Competition and Ear Differences in Memory for Sentences

Abstract Recognition memory was compared within subjects for meaningful sentences presented either non-competitively (monaural condition) or accompanied by nonverbal (monaural-noise condition) or verbal (dichotic condition) input. A right-ear advantage for sentence memory occurred with dichotic but not with monaural presentation. Error analyses showed evidence of qualitative differences in processing under competitive and non-competitive conditions. These results suggest that different types of linguistic processing may be involved in investigations of auditory asymmetries which employ monaural and dichotic presentation.
Direct isolation of longevity mutants in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

We have isolated several new EMS-induced, long-lived mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans, using a novel screen that eliminates the need for replica plating. Three new alleles of age-1 (z10, z12, and z25) were identified by failure to complement age-1 (hx546) for life span extension; these alleles had life spans ranging from 18.9 to 25.9 days at 25°C, with an average 46% increase in life span. After backcrossing, alleles were examined in a wild-type background for resistance to several environmental stresses: heat (35°C), ultraviolet (UV) light (20 J/m2), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (0.5 M). Two replicates of the test of thermotolerance were completed on each strain, giving mean survivals of 842 min (hx546), 810 min (z10), 862 min (z12), and 860 min (z25), compared to 562 min for wild type. All the age-1 alleles were significantly tolerant, compared with wild type (P < 0.001). Two replicates for UV resistance were also completed with mean survivals of 103, 118, 108, and 89 hr, respectively, compared to 72 hr for wild type. One test of hydrogen peroxide resistance has shown that z12 and N2 had a mean survival of 41 hr, while the other age-1 alleles had mean survival of 54 hr (z10), and 62 hr (z25); H2O2 resistance is the only environmental stress that differentiates among the age-1 alleles. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Iodine Toxicity in a Patient Treated by Continuous Povidone-Iodine Mediastinal Irrigation

Continuous povidone-iodine irrigation is frequently used to treat mediastinitis after median sternotomy and has been considered safe and effective. We describe a 34-month-old patient with mediastinitis after median sternotomy who was treated with continuous povidone-iodine irrigation and who absorbed toxic quantities of iodine (total serum iodine, 9,375 micrograms/dl; normal range, 4.5 to 9.0 micrograms/dl). An unexplained metabolic acidosis developed, along with changes in mental status, and the patient died. This experience and a thorough review of the literature lead us to believe that continuous povidone-iodine irrigation of the mediastinum is contraindicated.
Stroop interference: hemispheric difference in Chinese speakers.

Abstract Some recent studies have demonstrated that the processing of color is favored by the nondominant hemisphere in English-speaking subjects. Single Chinese logographs in Japanese- as well as Chinese-speaking subjects are similarly favored. In the present study, it was hypothesized that more Stroop interference would occur in the nondominant hemisphere because the two processes involved in the Stroop effect (i.e., reading logographs and naming colors) are possibly localized in that hemisphere in Chinese-speaking subjects. Eighteen right-handed Chinese-English bilinguals were used as subjects. There were three conditions in each visual field: Interference, reading, and naming. Each slide was presented for 150 msec preceded by a fixation dot. Subjects were asked to verbally report as fast and as accurately as possible either the color words or the color names, depending upon the condition. Reaction times and error rates were analyzed. As expected, more Stroop interference was obtained when color words were presented in the left visual field. This result is in direct contrast with that of Y-C. Tsao, T. Feustel, and C. Soseos 1979, Brain and Language , 8, 367–371. In that study, more Stroop interference was obtained when the materials were presented in the right visual field in English-speaking subjects.
Perspectives of Soft Tissue Mechanics

Skin, muscle, and internal organs are composed of soft tissues. Mechanics of soft tissues therefore includes mechanics of all organs, and thus covers a vast area. Advances in soft tissue mechanics have been made mainly in association with detailed investigations of organ physiology. Thus soft-tissue mechanics is not an abstract subject but is one of real life, concerned with explaining how living being works.
Evolution of structure and function of V-ATPases.

Proton pumping ATPases/ATPsynthases are found in all groups of present-day organisms. The structure of V- and F-type ATPases/ATP synthases is very conserved throughout evolution. Sequence analysis shows that the V- and F-type ATPases evolved from the same enzyme already present in the last common ancestor of all known extant life forms. The catalytic and noncatalytic subunits found in the dissociable head groups of the V/F-type ATPases are paralogous subunits, i.e., these two types of subunits evolved from a common ancestral gene. The gene duplication giving rise to these two genes (i.e., encoding the catalytic and noncatalytic subunits) predates the time of the last common ancestor. Mapping of gene duplication events that occurred in the evolution of the proteolipid, the noncatalytic and the catalytic subunits, onto the tree of life leads to a prediction for the likely subunit structure of the encoded ATPases. A correlation between structure and function of V/F-ATPases has been established for present-day organisms. Implications resulting from this correlation for the bioenergetics operative in proto-eukaryotes and in the last common ancestor are presented. The similarities of the V/F-ATPase subunits to an ATPase-like protein that was implicated to play a role in flagellar assembly are evaluated. Different V-ATPase isoforms have been detected in some higher eukaryotes. These data are analyzed with respect to the possible function of the different isoforms (tissue specific, organelle specific) and with respect to the point in their evolution when these gene duplications giving rise to the isoforms had occurred, i.e., how far these isoforms are distributed.
Body image perceptions in women with pelvic organ prolapse: a qualitative study.

Objective To describe perceptions of prolapse-specific body image in women with symptomatic prolapse. Study Design Women with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse quantification stage ≥ II prolapse participated in semistructured focus groups or self-report questionnaire. Transcripts were independently reviewed and body image themes were identified and confirmed by consensus. Results Twenty-five women participated in focus groups and 27 in online questionnaires. Transcript analysis revealed 3 central themes and 25 body-image related subthemes. Women living with prolapse were more likely to feel self-conscious, isolated, "different," less feminine, and less attractive. Women often changed sexual intimacy practices because of embarrassment or discomfort, and many avoided intimacy all together. Prolapse greatly affected women's personal and professional activities causing some women to adjust routines or stop activities. Women reported loss of interest in activities, distraction while performing daily/work-related tasks, and embarrassment when asking for help with activities. Conclusion Themes identified in this qualitative study demonstrate the profound effect of prolapse on a woman's body image.
Progress in Extra-High-Voltage Power Transmission

In Part I of this paper a review is presented of the present status of extrahigh-voltage (EHV) power transmission (275 kv and higher) in this country and abroad. A forecast is made of the future requirements and developments of EHV transmission in the United States for the next 20 years, to 1977. It is concluded that: 1. there will be continued and rapid expansion of EHV systems at the highest voltage presently used, 345 kv; 2. that a higher voltage of the order of 460 kv will be introduced probably about 1962 in this country, and 3. a still higher voltage of the order of 650 kv may possibly be introduced about 1975. In Part II the problems are reviewed which must be solved by the utilities and manufacturers in this country in order to transmit power at these higher voltages reliably and economically. Areas of technical work are identified and the problems of EHIV technology are classified accordingly. The means which are available for the solution of these problems are then reviewed: analytical work, laboratory investigations, experimental lines, prototype EHV systems, and, of course, tests on the actual systems. It is concluded that all these means are necessary to obtain a proved solution. There is no doubt that the American electrical industry will continue to meet successfully the challenges presented by the ever-increasing requirements for electric power at a reasonable cost.
Tariff rate quotas: structural and stability impacts in growing markets

Abstract This paper examines several aspects of tariff rate quotas (TRQ) as adopted during tariffication of agricultural policies under the Uruguay Round of GATT. Quota rents and non-tariff barrier effects may remain under TRQs, contrary to the objectives of the tariffication process. Further, price stability impacts of a TRQ are more complex than those for either tariffs or quotas, and under certain circumstances TRQs may be more stabilizing than either case, since TRQs truncate domestic production distributions much like price bands policies. This complexity results from the possibility of regime switching, and may reflect behavior under either a tariff, a quota, or a combination of cases. A TRQ policy may affect the timing of import decisions based on incentives created under quota allocation procedures envisioned for this institution. It may also allow increased imports as demand growth occurs because the quota is not necessarily a binding constraint. This means the above quota tariff is the critical policy instrument. An empirical study of Philippines pork imports illustrates these issues.