cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some snow‐melt runoff characteristics

This paper presents a method for evaluating maximum runoff from mountain snow melt in a large drainage basin and its application to studies for spillway design capacity of Garrison Dam on the Missouri River in North Dakota. The method involves consideration of degree-days and observed runoff for establishment of correlations between indicated heat supply, depth of snow pack, losses, and stream flow by double-mass curve plotting. The correlations thus obtained may be used to estimate floods from maximum probable hydrometeorologic conditions in the drainage basin.
"Are You Listening?": Adolescent Girls Voice How They Negotiate Self-Identified Barriers to Their Success and Survival in Physical Education.

Background: Limited research has been conducted on student voice with students in physical education. Accessing and responding to student voice are relevant for researchers and physical education teachers to develop physical education programs that are meaningful and have a sense of purpose to the students themselves. It is through listening to student voices that researchers and teachers might learn how students navigate power structures, formulated by adults, which typically dominate physical education curricula and exclude students from the process of curricular decision-making and implementation and, ultimately, ownership of their own learning and movement experiences. Purpose: This study explored how secondary-school girls, through their voices, identified and critiqued their self-identified barriers to their engagement in and enjoyment of physical education and navigated these barriers and the unequal power relations they encountered to thrive or survive in physical education. Participants and setti...
Enzalutamide: Development from bench to bedside.

Abstract Prostate tissue, whether benign or malignant, is heavily dependent on androgen receptor (AR) signaling for growth and proliferation. Androgen deprivation therapy has been standard of care for management of metastatic prostate cancer for the past 70 years. AR antagonists were developed to further abrogate signaling through this pathway by competitive inhibition of the receptor. First-generation compounds such as bicalutamide had modest efficacy, and in the setting of AR overexpression or specific mutations in the AR ligand–binding domain, these early compounds had partial agonist properties that could stimulate tumor growth. Enzalutamide was developed to overcome these deficiencies, and here, we present the story of its preclinical discovery, clinical development, and ultimate approval as a standard-of-care therapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Also discussed are ongoing efforts to elucidate mechanisms of resistance to this agent as well as studies that are investigating its role in other prostate cancer disease states and other cancer types.
Interfacial silicon oxide formation during synthesis of ZrO2 on Si(100)

The formation of interfacial silicon oxide accompanying the deposition and annealing of zirconium oxide films on Si(100) has been examined. Plasma sputtering of either ZrO2 or Zr was used and, prior to analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), the resulting films were exposed to ambient air and/or were annealed in O2 or N2. Oxygen-containing species produced by sputtering the ZrO2 target caused oxidation of bare Si(100) during ZrO2 deposition. Silicon oxidation was reduced but not eliminated, and the ZrO2 deposition rate decreased as the plasma pressure of Ar was increased from 25 to 750 mTorr. Sputtering the Zr target led to some zirconium silicide at the interface between Si and Zr. Exposure to air at 300 K oxidized the silicide and the Zr leaving a thin interfacial silicon oxide layer (<0.3 nm). Deposition of zirconium on Si(100) covered by ∼1.3 nm of native oxide was accompanied by an oxidation–reduction process; Zr was oxidized and Si was reduced, resulting in less than 1.3 nm of silicon oxide. For all the films, the thickness of the interfacial silicon oxide layer increased during thermal annealing in either O2 or N2. All the films were amorphous.
Evaluating a Transition Personnel Preparation Program: Identifying Transition Competencies of Practitioners:

To date, research has not sufficiently addressed the impact of personnel preparation programs on secondary special educators in relationship to specialized competencies needed to impact students during transition from school to adult life. This study sought to evaluate transition competencies gained by secondary practitioners involved in a transition teacher education program. We were particularly interested in examining whether graduates of our programs reported increased levels of competence upon completion of the program. Responses were compared to a pre-assessment measure to determine significant levels of change. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, findings were overwhelmingly positive. Over time, our evaluation methods have expanded in terms of sophistication. Finally, this article addresses strategies for evaluating personnel preparation.
A‐B similarity‐complementarity and accurate empathy

Rated the audio portions of videotaped segments of 32 dyadic interviews between A-type and B-type undergraduate males for accurate empathy using Truax's AE-Scale. Results indicate that the level of empathy displayed by both members of an interactive dyad was influenced by the A-B types of the individuals of the dyad. B-types elicited higher levels of empathy when they interacted with other B-types, while any dyad that contained an A-type resulted in a lower level of empathy when compared to the empathy found in BB dyads. This result better fits a similarity hypothesis than a complementarity hypothesis.
The use of color-flow duplex scan for the detection of endoleaks.

Abstract Objective: Computed tomographic (CT) scan represents the criterion standard for surveillance of endoleaks after endoluminal repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (erAAAs). Given need for surveillance, risks, and expense of CT scan, the accuracy of color-flow duplex (CFD) scan after erAAA was determined. Methods: During a 43-month period, patients enrolled in phase II and III of the AneuRx Multicenter Clinical Trial at our institution underwent CFD scan 1 month after erAAA. Patients with CFD scan results that were positive for endoleak underwent CT scanning at 3 months after erAAA, and those with CFD scan results that were negative for endoleak underwent CT scanning at 6 months after erAAA. Results: Seven of 79 patients (9%) who underwent CFD and CT scanning had the diagnosis of endoleak. All endoleaks that were diagnosed with CT scan were detected with CFD scan. One patient had positive results for endoleak with CFD scan at 1 month and then negative results with CT scan at 3 months. Although this may represent resolution of endoleak, this case was counted as a false-positive result. When compared with CT scan, CFD scan had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 99%, positive predictive value of 88%, negative predictive value of 100%, and accuracy of 99%. Conclusion: CFD scan is an accurate test for the detection of endoleak after erAAA. In addition, most endoleaks diagnosed with CFD scan at 1 month continued to be present at 6 months. This important finding increases the emphasis on the use of this noninvasive test and may initiate earlier intervention of endoleak. (J Vasc Surg 2002;36:100-4.)
Strong Back, Legs, Feet, and a Good Pair of Shoes: Connecting Stories of Inspiring Teachers to Coursework in Teacher Education.

Abstract Because of their belief in the social interactionist model of teacher education, the authors read aloud to various undergraduate and graduate classes excerpts from published teacher stories, either vignettes or opinion pieces. Their immediate goals were to help build class community, advertise books that the students might then return to on their own, personalize discussion topics, and inspire continuing reflection and pride in the chosen profession. A more long‐term goal was to get students to internalize stories that would help guide their actions in the classroom. This article describes their use of teacher stories and includes some of the readings as well as a comprehensive list of teacher stories consulted. Student reactions were varied depending on the stories and the contexts of the readings. Reactions included apathy, evaluation of the teacher, self‐reflective journal entries, and a refusal to pass a book on to peers without the promise of being able to take it home. The authors are readi...
CS and US duration effects in one-trial simultaneous fear conditioning as assessed by conditioned suppression of licking in rats

In three experiments, rats received a single presentation of an auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) beginning simultaneously with an electric grid-shock unconditioned stimulus (US). Later, the CS was presented while the rats licked a drinking tube for water, and CS-elicited suppression of licking was taken as an index of the excitation conditioned to the CS. It was found that conditioning increased as a joint function of the duration of CS-US overlap and US duration. The evidence suggested that weak conditioning due to a brief CS-US overlap could be increased by extending the US beyond CS termination. Extending CS duration beyond US termination, however, did not strengthen conditioning; indeed, extending the CS 60 sec beyond US termination weakened conditioning significantly. It is suggested that these results shed light on a discrepancy in the recent literature on simultaneous conditioning.
POLYMER-ASSISTED SOLUTION PHASE SYNTHESIS : A GENERAL METHOD FOR SEQUESTRATION OF BYPRODUCTS FORMED FROM ACTIVATED ACYL-TRANSFER REACTANTS

Abstract Typical amide bond-forming reactions involving amines with activated esters are purified by the use of complementary molecular reactivity/molecular recognition (CMR/R) resins, which sequester both the excess activated ester and the byproducts (leaving group) generated. It is also shown by HPLC analysis that this strategy effectively removes many of the common byproducts generated from reactions involving activated esters, carbonates, and carbamates.
Treatment of Genital Herpes Simplex Virus in Male Patients

Twenty-three male patients with herpes simplex virus type 2 blisters on the prepuce, glans penis, and penile shaft were divided into 2 groups. Ten patients served as controls, and thirteen patients were treated with ultrasound (1 W/cm2 for 60 sec) and Herpigon on 3 consecutive days. Results showed a negative virus culture after 3 days of treatment and significant reduction of the recurrent infection in the treated group while the control group experienced recurrent infection within 62--80 days. This method offers a new therapeutic treatment for genital herpes simplex virus.
Component-Based Systems Engineering for Autonomous Spacecraft

The development of modern spacecraft is a challenging endeavor, especially in light of the increasing complexity of today’s technology and new, ambitious mission goals. These challenges are exacerbated by the recent budget and personnel cutbacks at both NASA and its contractors. A new approach to spacecraft development that addresses many of the current issues facing the aerospace industry is described. The technique, called ComponentBased Systems Engineering, is built upon both the principles of systems engineering and the reusability characteristics of Component-Based Software Engineering. A systems engineering development environment is used, in which the artifacts of the requirements and specification portions of the component and subsystem development process are reused instead of the software. The development environment provides a common and formal means of communicating requirement specifications as well as preserving the part-in-whole context of various components and subsystems. An example is provided of ComponentBased Systems Engineering as applied to a series of autonomous spacecraft called SPHERES. Simulations of both one- and two-Sphere configurations are used to illustrate not only the usefulness and reusability of the technique but also the social benefits, such as knowledge capture, of Component-Based Systems Engineering.
Electrical characteristics of coplanar waveguide devices incorporating nonlinear dielectric thin films of SrTiO3 and Sr0.5Ba0.5TiO3

We have studied voltage-tunable (0–200 V) broadband (0.1–5.1 GHz) microwave properties at room temperature and the liquid nitrogen temperature of two coplanar waveguide devices made from a Au / Sr0.5Ba0.5TiO3 bilayer and a YBa2Cu3O7-x / SrTiO3 bilayer, respectively. The experimental results agree well with the predictions of simple quasistatic and quasi-TEM models. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Acetylation with acetic-1–13-C pivalic anhydride

In situ formation of acetic-1–13-C pivalic anhydride constitutes a convenient and economical means of preparing C-13 containing acetanilides in excellent yield. Similarly, in situ formation of pivalic anhydride yields pivanilides. An elegant synthesis of p-acetylaminobenzaldehyde from p-nitro-benzaldehyde via the acetal is described.
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of bepridil

Bepridil hydrochloride differs from the other calcium antagonists in structure as well as in several clinical pharmacokinetic characteristics. The drug is completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, but first-pass extraction reduces oral bioavailability to approximately 60%. After single-dose administration, the elimination half-life of bepridil averages 33 +/- 15 hours. However, upon multiple dosing, a half-life of 42 +/- 12 hours is found. As with verapamil and diltiazem, bepridil clearance is decreased after multiple dosing. Bepridil is completely metabolized, presumably by hepatic oxidative processes. A total of 17 metabolites have been identified, but the contribution of any of these metabolites to observed clinical response is currently unclear. The free fraction of bepridil in plasma is low, averaging only 0.23%. Despite this high protein binding, in vitro studies indicate that the potential for drug-to-drug interactions based on displacement of bepridil from its binding sites is low. Bepridil follows a linear dose/plasma concentration relation after single and multiple doses of the drug in both healthy volunteers and patients with angina. However, mean steady-state plasma bepridil concentrations are higher in patients, indicating a greater average decreased clearance. Food does not interfere with bepridil absorption. At this time, no significant pharmacokinetic interactions between bepridil and digoxin have been detected.
1060 NEONATAL IMMUNITY TO TYPE HI GROUP B STREPTOCOCCAL (III-GBS) POLYSACCHARIDE FROM MATERNAL THIRD TRIMESTER VACCINATION

In healthy adults, IgG is the major Isotype and IgG2 the predominant subclass of antibody (Ab) elicited in response to III-GBS polysaccharide vaccine (PV). Although immunization to prevent neonatal GBS disease is a promising strategy, it must be shown that III-GBS PV is immunogenic during pregnancy and that the Ab is an isotype and a subclass which crosses the placenta efficiently. 23 non-immune pregnant women at a mean of 31 wk gestation and 15 age, race, sex, and III-GBS Ab level-matched non-pregnant controls each received 50μg of III-GBS PV subcutaneously. No significant difference in immunogenicity was found. In pregnant subjects, the geometric mean III-GBS Ab level (radioactive antigen-binding assay) increased from 1 .2 to 5μg/ml at 4 wk post-PV, and at delivery it was 4.7. III-GBS Ab levels in maternal-cord serum pairs correlated significantly (r=.89), and 89% of babies whose mother's Ab was >2μg/ml were also >2μg/ml. The major isotype of specific Ab in maternal sera at delivery (radioimmuno-precipitin assay) was IgG (mean 64%) with IgM comprising a mean of 19%. In cord sera 86% of III-GBS Ab was IgG. The immune response to III-GBS PV in pregnant women was predominantly IgG2 and its placental passage was efficient. Although not all of these non-immune pregnant women responded to III-GBS PV, those who did reliably provided III-GBS Ab levels >8μg/ml to their offspring. These results suggest that maternal vaccination for the prevention of III-GBS disease in neonates is feasible.
Cosolvent Effect on the Phase Behavior of Poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)−Butane Mixtures

Experimental cloud-point data to 250 °C and 2000 bar are presented to demonstrate the impact of dimethyl ether (DME) and ethanol on the phase behavior of poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) (3.9 mol % acrylic acid) (EAA3.9)−butane mixtures. The addition of 6.4 wt % DME to the EAA−butane system decreases the cloud-point pressure from 2000 to 650 bar at 165 °C due to the cross-association of dimethyl ether and acrylic acid in EAA3.9. At high DME concentrations, its impact is reduced as the amount of DME increases since polar interactions between excess DME increase after the acrylic acid sites are saturated with DME. Ethanol is a better cosolvent than DME at low ethanol concentrations. The addition of 2.2 wt % ethanol decreases the cloud-point pressure from 2000 to 650 bar at 165 °C due to the cross-association of ethanol and acrylic acid in EAA3.9. Ethanol becomes an “antisolvent” at concentrations greater than 16 wt % as excess ethanol self-associates, forming multimers that increase the polarity of the mixtur...
A calcium salt of an insoluble synthetic bulking laxative in elderly bedridden nursing home residents.

(1989). A calcium salt of an insoluble synthetic bulking laxative in elderly bedridden nursing home residents. Journal of the American College of Nutrition: Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 554-6.
Use of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Elements to Enhance Structural Steel Member Ductility

An innovative use of fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials to control the manifestation of local buckling in a steel section during plastic hinging is discussed in the present work. This discussion focuses on a technique wherein the constituent plate components in a steel I-shaped cross section are braced against local plate buckling modes through the imposition of thin longitudinal strips whose function is to enforce a nodal line along a plate element. This work demonstrates that such an approach increases the critical load for individual steel plate elements and helps to constrain plastic flow for these same elements so that the structural ductility of the overall cross section is enhanced. The research work discussed herein is analytical in nature. Detailed nonlinear finite element models are created using traditional techniques implemented on the commercially available software system ADINA. Specifics pertaining to bond-line response are not treated.
FRET: Signals hidden within the noise

F€ orster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a physical phenomenon that has been of incredible utility to the scientific community, enabling the study of a wide range of nanoscale, distance-dependent measurements. FRET occurs when energy is nonradiatively transferred from an excited fluorophore (the donor fluorophore) to a second fluorophore in near proximity (the acceptor fluorophore) (1,2). Because the rate at which energy is transferred from the donor to the acceptor fluorophore depends on the intermolecular distance raised to the sixth power, FRET provides a highly sensitive measure of intermolecular spacing (2,3). The key parameter in FRET measurements is the FRET efficiency. FRET efficiency is most often described as the ratio of the number of quantized energy events (sometimes referred to as virtual photons (4)) transferred from the donor fluorophore to the acceptor fluorophore, divided by the total number of quantized energy events (photons) absorbed by the donor fluorophore (5). Using appropriate measurement and computational techniques, FRET efficiency represents a quantifiable value describing the intermolecular spacing and orientation within a sample. For fluorophores with fixed intermolecular spacing, the value of the measured FRET efficiency has been shown to be relatively constant, regardless of the measurement technique used (6). Hence, FRET reporters can be used to provide absolute quantitative data describing interand intramolecular interactions. Computing the FRET efficiency, whether in fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry measurements, typically requires a ratiometric calculation (7). Because FRET efficiencies often range from 20 to 60% for biological reporters, the fluorescence emission from the acceptor fluorophore, when excited via energy transfer, usually provides lower signal strength than measurements of acceptor fluorophore emission resulting from direct excitation. Performing ratiometric calculations using relatively weak signals as the inputs can result in compounding error propagation (8). Thus, while FRET, as a tool, offers the ability to probe molecular distances within images or flow cytometry data, it also introduces substantial limitations in sensitivity and variance, due to low signal strength. Low signal strength may also limit spatial and temporal resolution. When performing FRET experiments, trade-offs must usually be made between signal strength (accuracy of the FRET efficiency calculation), spatial resolution, and temporal
534 HEPATIC BINDING PROTEIN (HBP)-ONTOGENY OF THE ASIALOGLYCOPROTEIN RECEPTOR IN MICE

Serum asialoglycoproteins bind to the hepatocyte receptor HBP, are internalized and catabolized in lysosomes. Human fetal liver is said to lack receptor, while adult liver contains 10 ug/gm determined as cpm I125-asialoorosomucoid(ASOR) substrate bound. Female CD-1 mice produced eight timed litters of 10-14 pups, which were killed between birth and 23 days of age. Seven females were killed during pregnancy, immediately after delivery and during suckling. Virgin female and male mice were studied at 6 weeks and 4 months of age. After cervical dislocation, liver was removed, frozen at-70°C and assayed within 30 days. Aliquots of liver were homogenized, incubated with I125-ASOR (prepared from pooled human sera) in 0.1M Tris pH7.9 containing 0.1% Triton X-100 at 30° for 10 minutes. HBP-I125 ASOR complex was precipitated with 10% polyethyleneglycol, filtered, washed and precipitate cpm determined. Binding could be inhibited by specific anti-rat HBP antibody. Fetal HBP activity was detectable one day prior to birth and rose to a plateau value at 5 days of age with no further increase to 6 weeks. In the last five days of pregnancy, maternal liver HBP activity was increased 150%. These data suggest fetal liver HBP is not involved in fetal glycoprotein metabolism, but HBP is inducible in maternal liver during pregnancy and in pups in the perinatal period. (NIAMDD Grant AM 17702).
A three-dimensional variable-density spiral spatial-spectral RF pulse with rotated gradients.

Three-dimensional spatial-spectral RF pulses using a stack-of-spirals trajectory can achieve two-dimensional spatial localization and one-dimensional spectral selection simultaneously. These pulses are useful, for example, in reduced FOV applications that also require frequency specificity such as lipid imaging. A limitation of the pulse design is that the length of the spiral trajectory is fixed by the frequency separation of lipid and water. This restricts the highest possible excitation resolution of the spatial profile over a given field of excitation. In this work we examine the use of periodically rotated variable-density spirals to increase the spatial excitation resolution without changing the frequency selectivity. Variable-density spirals are used to under-sample the high spatial frequencies such that higher excitation resolutions can be obtained with a small expense in increased aliasing of slice profile. The periodic rotation of the spiral trajectories reduces the impact of the under-sampling by distributing the aliasing in the frequency domain. The technique is demonstrated with simulations, phantom studies, and imaging human leg muscle at 3T. It was found in the human study that the spatial excitation resolution could be improved from 6×6 to 8×8 (matrix size over a fixed FOV) while decreasing aliasing by approximately 40–60%.
Subchondral bone changes in three different canine models of osteoarthritis

Summary Objective To test the hypothesis that changes in subchondral bone are significantly different among three canine models of osteoarthritis (OA). Design In 21 purpose-bred mongrel dogs, OA was induced in one knee joint via either anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLt; n = 5), medial femoral condylar groove creation (GR; n = 6), or medial meniscal release (MR; n = 5). Five dogs that had sham surgery (SH; n = 5) in one knee joint served as controls. Lameness scoring was performed every 4 weeks. Twelve weeks after surgery, the knee joints were examined by histology and histomorphometry. Results Articular cartilage pathology as determined by Mankin scores was significantly severe in all three OA models compared to SH controls in the medial tibia ( P P = 0.026). ACLt had significantly thinner subchondral plate thickness (Sp.Th) in both the medial and lateral tibias while MR had significantly thicker Sp.Th in the medial tibia compared to SH controls ( P P = 0.011). Trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) and trabecular bone thickness (Tb.Th) for ACLt were significantly less than SH controls in the tibias ( P P = 0.011). Tibial Sp.Th, BV/TV, and Tb.Th were all moderately to strongly correlated with lameness scores obtained throughout the study period ( r = −0.436 to r = −0.738, P P = 0.047) while Mankin scores showed moderate to strong correlations with Sp.Th in each OA model ( r = 0.465 to r = 0.816, P P = 0.033). Conclusions Changes in Sp.Th are associated with articular cartilage damage while tibial Sp.Th and BV/TV and Tb.Th appear to be all influenced by joint loading alterations.
Failure of Ohm's Law: Its Implications on the Design of Nanoelectronic Devices and Circuits

Impact of Ohm's law failure on the design of twenty-first-century nanocircuits is evaluated and discussed. The direct and differential resistance is shown to rise dramatically in the nonohmic regime, where applied voltage V Gt Vc, the critical voltage for the onset of nonohmic behavior. The velocity-field characteristics that affect transport in quantum nanostructures are reviewed. The impact on the familiar current and voltage division laws and CMOS design is indicated. The results presented are useful in characterizing and evaluating performance of nanodevices and related circuits
Early hyperthermia after traumatic brain injury in children: risk factors, influence on length of stay, and effect on short-term neurologic status

Objectivesa) To determine the risk factors for early hyperthermia after traumatic brain injury in children; b) to identify the contribution of early hyperthermia to neurologic status at pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) discharge and to PICU length of stay in head-injured children.Study DesignObs
Methyl chloride and trichlorosilane adsorption on Cu(110)

Abstract The adsorption of methyl chloride (CH 3 Cl) and trichlorosilane (HSiCl 3 ) on Cu(110) was studied by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). Methyl chloride interacts weakly with Cu(110) at 100 K, and we estimate from TPD that the adsorption energy is only 8–10 kcal/mol. It adsorbs nondissociatively and reversibly on Cu(110) under these conditions; no evidence of thermal decomposition was observed. HREELS indicates that chemisorbed CH 3 C1 adopts a bonding geometry with a symmetry lower than C 3v , presumably bonded to the surface through the Cl atom with the methyl group tipped over with respect to the surface normal. In contrast, HSiCl 3 interacts strongly with Cu(110) at 100 K. Trichlorosilane is initially dissociatively adsorbed, but most of the HSiCl 3 in the chemisorbed monolayer adsorbs molecularly and reversibly due to the strong poisoning of the Cu(110) surface by Cl adatoms. Thermal decomposition, which leaves some Si-Cl and Si-H bonds intact, occurs readily at 140–300 K. Silicon deposited on the Cu(110) surface during HSiCl 3 decomposition is in a metallic bonding environment, directly bonded to the Cu. Low coverages of HSiCl 3 form an H 2 desorption state near 300 K that is attributed to the decomposition of an SiH surface species with an activation energy for decomposition of 18 kcal/mol. This H 2 desorption state is not observed for the thermal decomposition of large coverages of HSiCl 3 on Cu(110) nor for pre-chlorinated Cu(110) surfaces. On pre-chlorinated Cu(110), HSiCl 3 is only weakly adsorbed with an adsorption energy of 8 kcal/mol and is adsorbed nondissociatively with complete reversibility. The importance of these results for understanding the Cu-catalyzed direct synthesis reaction between CH 3 Cl and Si to form methylchlorosilanes is discussed.
Genetic Control of L-a and L-(Bc) Dsrna Copy Number in Killer Systems of SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE.

M dsRNA in yeast encodes a toxin precursor and immunity protein, whereas L-A dsRNA encodes the 81,000-dalton major protein of the intracellular particles in which both L-A and M are found. L-(BC) dsRNA(s) are found in particles with different coat proteins. We find that M dsRNA lowers the copy number of L-A, but not L-(BC). The SKI gene products lower the copy number of L-(BC), L-A, M1 and M2. This is the first known interaction of L-(BC) with any element of the killer systems. The MAK3, MAK10 and PET18 gene products are necessary for L-A maintenance and replication, but mutations in these genes do not affect L-(BC) copy number. Mutations in MAK1, MAK4, MAK7, MAK17 and MAK24 do not detectably affect copy number of L-(BC) or L-A.
Anti-Hoarding Laws: A Stock Condemnation Reconsidered

Economists have regarded anti-hoarding laws as irrational reactions to nonexistent monopoly in the storage of grain. This paper shows that anti-hoarding laws cannot be rationally directed against a monopolistic storer, for he will always store less, not more, than would be stored under competition. But seemingly perverse competitive storage, in the form of excessive stockholding, can arise when a price ceiling distorts the market. Additional public storage exacerbates this perverse private behavior, and may even induce behavior that appears to be active market manipulation. Under such circumstances, anti-hoarding laws can be desirable second-best measures.
Robust Longitudinal Flight Control Design Using Linear Parameter-Varying Feedback

A linear parameter-varying (LPV) control approach is examined to determine if it is practical to use for largeenvelope e ight control designs. The basic approach is combined with π analysis to reduce conservatism, and the resulting mixed LPV/ π approach is used to design a longitudinal LPV controller for the F-16 Variable Stability In-Flight Simulator Test Aircraft. Implementation issues are discussed, and the controller is modie ed accordingly. The e nal closed-loop system is tested for robust stability and handling qualities throughout the subsonic e ight envelope. High-e delity nonlinear simulations are also used to verify performance. I. Introduction T HE challenge of most control problems is to obtain as much performance as possible in the presence ofplant variations and uncertainty. Unfortunately, robustness often must be sacrie ced to gain performance and vice versa. In some problems adequate levels of performance and robustness cannot be achieved by a e xed controller. This problem occursin e ight control because aircraft dynamicsvary signie cantlyduring operation.To combat this problem, the e ight control designer is forced to design a controller that also varies during operation. The classical approach to developing a varying controller is to design several point controllers throughout the operating region and connect them with some type of blending or interpolation. This process is referred to as gain scheduling (Ref. 1, p. 1) in the literature, and it has several drawbacks. First, designing several point controllersisatime-consumingandtediousprocess.Second,interpolatingorblendingbetweenthepointcontrollersisoftenatrialanderror procedure with historically very little theoretical guidance. Third, anyperformance androbustness guaranteesinthe individualoperatingregionsarelostinthetransitionregionbetweenpointcontrollers. Some modern e ight control methods have eliminated some of the problems with gain scheduling, but not all of them. Dynamic inversion methods (Ref.1,p.25), for example, avoid the scheduling problem by using nonlinear feedback to cancel the dynamics of the aircraft. This enables the controlled dynamics to be specie ed by the designer. Unfortunately, the cancellation is not perfect, and so like classical gain scheduling, dynamic inversion techniques lack solid performance and robustness guarantees. Several new linear parameter-varying (LPV) control approaches 2i 10 have emerged in the last few years, however, that may improve the e ight control designer’ s task. These approaches explicitly take into account the relationship between real-time parameter variations and performance. This enables controllers to be designed for whole ranges of operating conditions with theoretical guarantees of performance and robustness throughout the region. All of the approaches are based (at least in part ) on linear matrix inequalities (LMI), 11 and so they all can be solved numerically with some efeciency.
Medicare Mandate for Claims-Based Functional Data Collection: An Opportunity to Advance Care, or a Regulatory Burden?

The rehabilitation community is buzzing with activity as clinicians and administrators implement Medicare's mandated claims-based functional data collection during the 6-month testing period that began January 1, 2013. The new requirements apply to physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech-language pathology providers who furnish outpatient therapy services in any setting. Providers from all of these settings have been working to understand the new rules and develop strategies to implement them. Our professional associations have responded by providing resource materials, answering questions, and hosting discussion forums. The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) has developed and disseminated educational information to help providers implement the new requirements (http://www.apta.org/Payment/Medicare/CodingBilling/FunctionalLimitation). PTNow.org, APTA's clinician website developed in collaboration with APTA sections, is working with sections and EDGE task forces to identify key outcome instruments that can be used in assessing the severity of a patient's functional limitation; PTNow also is working to obtain copies of instruments or to license instruments for member use. Reporting methods and systems need to be adopted quickly because, after July …
Endometrial Carcinoma: A Review of Chemotherapy, Drug Resistance, and the Search for New Agents

Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium represents the most common gynecologic malignancy in developed countries. Although early-stage cancers are effectively treated surgically, commonly without adjuvant therapy, the treatment of high-risk and advanced disease is more complex. Chemotherapy has evolved into an important modality in high-risk early-stage and advanced-stage disease, and in recurrent endometrial cancer. Taxane-based therapy consistently demonstrates the highest response rates in the first-line and salvage settings of endometrial cancer. Unfortunately, response to chemotherapy is modest and strategies are needed to predict chemotherapy-responsive and chemotherapy-resistant populations. Chemotherapy resistance mediated by overexpression of drug efflux pump proteins and mutations in β-tubulin isoforms in both primary and recurrent disease represent unique treatment challenges and highlight the need for new agents that are less susceptible to these known resistance pathways. Epothilone B analogs are novel cytotoxic agents with activity in solid tumors, including advanced/recurrent endometrial carcinoma, and may have unique properties that can overcome resistance in some settings. These agents alone and in combination represent a new therapeutic opportunity in endometrial carcinoma.
A pathologist's approach to interstitial lung disease

In this review, we outline how each cellular lung component participates in the multiple entities that constitute the pathological spectrum of interstitial lung diseases (ILD). It is our intent to highlight the clinically important differential diagnoses. In addition, we discuss the new concepts of the pathogenesis of ILD as they relate to the morphologic presentation of the lung diseases that target the interstitium. The interaction of inflammatory cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, and mast cells with lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts results in destruction of the lung parenchyma. These cells participate in the disease entities that comprise ILD. They are sources of growth factors and cytokines that allow intercellular communication to occur. Thus, they play a significant role in the process of lung disease.
Improved intermolecular force field for molecules containing H, C, N, and O atoms, with application to nucleoside and peptide crystals

A new intermolecular force field for nitrogen atoms in organic molecules was derived from a training dataset of 76 observed azahydrocarbon crystal structures and 11 observed heats of sublimation. The previously published W99 force field for hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen was thus extended to include nitrogen atoms. Nitrogen atoms were divided into four classes: N(1) for triply bonded nitrogen, N(2) for nitrogen with no bonded hydrogen (except the triple bonded case), N(3) for nitrogen with one bonded hydrogen, and N(4) for nitrogen with two or more bonded hydrogens. H(4) designated hydrogen bonded to nitrogen. Wavefunctions of 6-31g** quality were calculated for each molecule and the molecular electric potential (MEP) was modeled with net atomic and supplementary site charges. Lone pair electron charge sites were included for nitrogen atoms where appropriate, and methylene bisector charges were used for CH2 and CH3 groups when fitting the MEP. XH bond distances were set to standard values for the wave function calculation and then foreshortened by 0.1 A for the MEP and force field fitting. Using the force field optimized to the training dataset, each azahydrocarbon crystal structure was relaxed by intermolecular energy minimization. Predicted maximum changes in unit cell edge lengths for each crystal were 3% or less. The complete force field for H, C, N, and O atoms was tested by intermolecular energy relaxation of nucleoside and peptide molecular crystals. Even though these molecules were not included in any of the training datasets for the force field, agreement with their observed crystal structures was very good, with predicted unit cell edge shifts usually less than 2%. These tests included crystal structures of representatives of all eight common nucleosides found in DNA and RNA, 15 dipeptides, four tripeptides, two tetrapeptides, and a pentapeptide with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 1154–1166, 2001
Waveform analysis applied to laser doppler flowmetry

Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) has been found useful in monitoring free flaps. In the present study, waveform analysis has been applied to the LDF waveform. Waveform changes were investigated in the microcirculation during varying degrees of arterial or venous occlusion in the saphenous island and flap of the dog and the human digit. The quantitative analysis of laser Doppler flowmetry waveform allows for the diagnosis of arterial occlusion or venous occlusion and their differentiation.
Associated and independent comparisons between the two largest follicles preceding follicle deviation in cattle

Follicle diameters and concentrations of follicular fluid factors were studied in the two largest follicles (F1 and F2) using F1 diameters in increments of 0.2 mm (equivalent to 4 h intervals) and extending from 7.4 to 8.4 mm (12 heifers in each of 6 groups). Changes were compared between follicles using the F2 associated with each F1-diameter group. Diameter deviation began in the 8.2-mm group as indicated by a greater (P < 0.05) diameter difference between F1 and F2 in the 8.4-mm group than in the 8.2-mm group. In the 8.0-mm group, estradiol concentrations began to increase (P < 0.05) differentially in F1 versus F2, and free insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) began to decrease differentially in F2 (P < 0.06). Combined for F1 and the associated F2, activin-A concentrations increased (P < 0.05) between the 7.6- and 8.2-mm groups and then decreased (P < 0.05). Results supported the hypothesis that estradiol and free IGF-1 concentrations simultaneously become higher in F1 than in the associated F2 by the beginning of diameter deviation. Results did not support the hypothesis that a transient elevation in activin-A is present in F1 but not in the associated F2 at the beginning of the estradiol and IGF-1 changes; instead, a mean transient elevation in activin-A occurred at this time only when data for the two follicles were combined. Comparisons between F1 and F2 also were made by independently grouping F2 and using diameter groups at 0.2-mm increments for F2 as well as for F1. In the diameter groups common to F1 and F2 (7.4, 7.6, 7.8, and 8.0 mm) there was a group effect (P < 0.003) for estradiol involving an increase (P < 0.05) beginning at the 7.6-mm group averaged over F1 and F2. For free IGF-1 concentrations, a fluctuation (a significant increase followed by a significant decrease) occurred independently in F1 between the 7.4- to 7.8-mm groups and independently in F2 between the 7.0- to 7.4-mm groups.
Geomechanics of CO2 enhanced shale gas recovery

Shale gas has become an increasingly important source of natural gas (CH4) in the United States over the last decade. Due to its unconventional characteristics, injecting carbondioxide (CO2) to enhance shale gas recovery (ESGR) is a potentially feasible method to increase gas-yield while both affording a sink for CO2 and in reducing the potential for induced seismicity. However, understanding of this issue is limited with few pilot field studies proposed. This study examines CO2-ESGR to better understand its feasibility and effectiveness. We explore the roles of important coupled phenomena activated during gas substitution especially vigorous feedbacks between sorptive behavior and permeability evolution. Permeability and porosity evolution models developed for sorptive fractured coal are adapted to the component characteristics of gas shales. These adapted models are used to probe the optimization of CO2-ESGR for injection of CO2 at overpressures of 0 MPa, 4 MPa and 8 MPa to investigate magnitudes of elevated CH4 production, CO2 storage rate and capacity, and of CO2 early-breakthrough and permeability evolution in the reservoir. For the injection pressures selected, CH4 production was enhanced by 2.3%, 14.3%, 28.5%, respectively, over the case where CO2 is not injected. Distinctly different evolutions are noted for permeability in both fractures and matrix due to different dominating mechanisms. Fracture permeability increased by ~1/3 for the injection scenarios due to the dominant influence of CH4 de-sorption over CO2 sorption. CO2 sequestration capacity was only of the order of 10 4 m 3 when supercritical for a net recovery of CH4 of 10 8 m 3 . We investigated the potential of optimal CO2-pulsed injection to enhance CH4 production (absolute mass recovered)-without the undesirable effects of CO2 early-breakthrough and also minimum cost on CO2 injection. This utilizes the competitive sorptive behavior between CH4 and CO2, can also reduce the potential for induced seismicity hence the entire system can be near net neutrality in terms of its carbon and seismic footprint.
Community Integration: Conceptual Issues and Measurement Approaches in Rehabilitation Research

The term community (re-)integration is used in human services fields to refer to being part of the mainstream of family and community life, discharging normal roles and responsibilities, and being an active and contributing member of one's social groups and of society as a whole. Definitions of the concept are reviewed in this article, and dimensions of community integration that could be included in a measurement instrument are listed, with the corresponding metrics discussed. Problems of measurement are also discussed, including the issue of "normal" community integration and the causes of "deficits" in integration. Measures of closely related concepts such as instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs), independent living, social health, social adjustment, and quality of life are described, with a focus on their potential use as measures of community integration or its aspects. Throughout, the focus is on (potential) applications in research on persons with spinal cord injury. Finally, suggestions a...
Why Does New Testament Textual Criticism Matter? Refined Definitions and Fresh Directions:

New Testament textual criticism often has been dismissed as an esoteric scholarly discipline that is best avoided by clergy, students–even scholars–and better left to experts. The complexities invo...
Challenges and strategies for targeted phosphorylation site identification and quantification using mass spectrometry analysis.

Despite its importance, the ‘ultimate’ method to identify and quantify site-specific protein phosphorylation using mass spectrometry (MS) has yet to be established. This is as much a function of the dynamic range of instrumentation as it is the complexities surrounding the isolation and behavior of phosphopeptides. Phosphorylation site analysis using MS can be quite challenging when analyzing just one protein and quickly becomes a daunting task when attempting to perform proteome-wide measurements. Data-dependent tandem MS-based methods which are useful for the discovery and characterization of novel phosphorylation sites often lack the dynamic range and quantitative aspect required for studying the temporal phases of phosphorylation. While targeted methods such as multiple reaction monitoring do provide a highly specific and quantitative methodology for studying phosphorylation changes over time, they are not suited for initial discovery of previously unreported sites of phosphorylation. Dataindependent acquisition represents a relatively new approach for simultaneous qualitative and quantitative sample analysis which holds promise for filling this technological gap.
Interactive Exploration of Model-Based Automatically Extracted Data

We present an interactive system to query, explore and navigate data according to a hierarchical knowledge model that had been automatically populated from unstructured textual data. Our system differs from systems assisting in the navigation of domain ontologies and mining between pairs of concepts in that it enables access to unstructured data by abstract concepts and relations between them. Concepts in turn are specified by sets of models and their relations. However, some concepts may not have a direct representation in the text. In particular, the demonstration query by model/cancer (QbM/C) is based on unstructured pathology reports. The knowledge model represents both named entities such as diagnosis and anatomical site, and higher level concepts such as primary and metastatic tumor. Such concepts are based on the relations between named entities. We will present the data layout and access mechanism from the GUI to the data.
Run-Up and Surf Beat

Measurements of velocity and elevation in the inner surf zone usually show that a substantial fraction of the total variance is at surf beat periods, roughly 30–200 sec. (Inman, 1968; Suhayda, 1971, 1974; Goda, 1975; Huntley, 1976; Wright et al., 1979; Holman, 1981; Wright et al., 1982; and others). A typical current record from an inner surf zone sensor at Torrey Pines Beach, and a low passed version of the same record are shown in Figure 9-1. Although wind wave motions are usually the most obvious component of the unfiltered cross-shore velocity field (upper panel), surf beat motions are certainly significant (lower panel). Below, we first briefly review some theoretical ideas about the nature and origin of surf beat. Then experimental evidence supporting the various theories is discussed, placing special emphasis on the NSTS Torrey Pines results.