cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Enemy of My Enemy: Ideas and Information in Strategic Triangles

This paper examines how one side of triangular and multilateral relationships can have significant ramifications on the security relations of other side. Bilateral relations have wider implications than just the two states involved, since third parties can be affected. A conflict between two top regional powers will surely embroil the entire region, even though other states were initially bystanders. For instance, a conflict between the United States and China could potentially antagonize relationships between Japan and China or implicate the relationships between the DPRK and South Korea, even though Japan, the DPRK and South Korea were initially bystanders. Third party states might get chain-ganged to fight in other state’s wars. Therefore under what conditions do ideas, information and cognition interact to lead a state to misunderstand relations between two other states in a strategic triangle (as a building block for larger multilateral relationships)?As ideas interact with available information among the three sides of a triangle — leading to misperception, lack of information, or deception — a state can easily misunderstand the relationship between the other two states in the opposite side of a triangle. A state might expect the other two states to be cooperative, when they end up conflicting; or expect them to be cold, when they’re actually secretly cooperative. In sum, this paper argues that cognitive bias and information, processed through pre-existing ideas, can lead decision makers to be surprised by other states. Ideas can be perceived based on wishful thinking. In other cases, ideas can fill in missing information. Both of these result in misperception, chance and deception, enabling leaders to form faulty critical assumptions, which finally result in an inaccurate match between expectations and outcomes — hence surprise.
Neurologic Manifestations of Cardiogenic Embolism: An Update

Cardiogenic embolism is increasingly appreciated as an important and preventable cause of stroke. Several potential sources of embolism have been identified with the advent of transoesophageal echocardiography. Their role as independent risk factors for stroke and management implications based on recent evidence, along with characterization of schemes for antithrombotic management of patients with atrial fibrillation are reviewed.
Computer Aided Design: Human Factors Considerations

The following paper addresses the human factors considerations which affect the hardware, software, and human interface in a computer aided design (CAD) system. A table is produced which shows the allocation of taks and responsibilities for the human and computer in a CAD system. Future research directions for human involvement in a CAD system are discussed while an expert system for design tasks is proposed.
Analysis on monitoring results of disinfection quality in medical institutions of Xuchang from 2009-2011

[Objective]To understand the present situation of disinfection and sterilization quality in medical institutions of Xuchang,provide the scientific basis for disinfection and nosocomial infection control in medical institutions,so as to control the epidemic and prevent the iatrogenic infection.[Methods]The data of monitoring results of disinfection quality in medical institutions of Xuchang from 2009-2011 were analyzed retrospectively.[Results]2 713 samples collected from medical institutions at different levels in Xuchang from 2009-2011 were detected,2 458 were qualified with the average qualified rate of 90.60%.During 2009-2011,the annual qualified rate was respectively 88.02%,89.55% and 93.75%,and the qualified rate in 2011 was significantly higher than that in 2009 and 2010.The disinfection quality of different detection items increased year by year,the qualified rate of sterilized articles was the highest(95.46%),and that of hands of medical staff was the lowest(85.53%).Among medical institutions at different levels,the qualified rate of city/county-level hospitals was the highest(94.96%) and that of village clinics was the lowest(87.39%).[Conclusion]The quality of disinfection and sterilization in medical institutions at different levels of Xuchang is good,but the disinfection quality in basic level medical institutions should be improved further.
Comparison of Over-the-Rail and Rail Yard Measurements of Diesel Locomotives

Locomotive prime mover engine emission rates are typically measured at steady-state for discrete throttle notches using an engine dynamometer weighted by a standard duty cycle. However, this method may not represent real-world locomotive emissions. A method for in-use measurement of passenger locomotives, using a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS), was developed to estimate duty cycle average emission rates. We conducted 48 measurements of one-way trips between Raleigh and Charlotte, NC, on 7 locomotives and 18 sets of measurements in the rail yard (RY). Real-world duty cycles differed from those used for regulatory analyses, leading to statistically significant lower cycle average NOx and HC emission rates. Compared to RY measurements, notch average NOx emission rates measured over-the-rail (OTR) at the highest two notch settings were, on average, 19% lower for four locomotives. At the highest notch, OTR CO2 emission rates were, on average, 12% lower than RY rates for five locomotives. For a more accurate representation of real-world emission rates, OTR measurements are preferred. However, using steady-state notch average RY emission rates and standard duty cycles may be tolerable for some applications. OTR versus RY cycle average emission rates typically differed by less than 10%.
A fast and efficient method for producing partially coherent sources

A fast, flexible and efficient method for generating partially coherent sources is presented. It is shown that the Schell-model (uniformly correlated) and non-uniformly correlated sources can be produced quickly using a fast steering mirror and low-actuator-count deformable mirror, respectively. The statistical optics theory underpinning the proposed technique is presented and discussed. Simulation results of two Schell-models and one non-uniformly correlated source are presented and compared to the theory to test the new approach.
The inscription of Qhapaq Ñan on UNESCO’s World Heritage List: a comparative perspective from the daily press in six Latin American countries

AbstractIn June 2014, UNESCO inscribed the Andean roadway system Qhapaq Nan on the World Heritage List, the first time six countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru) had submitted a petition in common for the same cultural site. The article reviews ninety articles published in prominent Latin American newspapers and concludes that an average reader is likely to have been largely misinformed on the complexity of issued involved in the inscription of a cultural site on the World Heritage List (WHL). Newspapers showed little eagerness to present a diversity of opinions to their readers, rarely conducting their own investigation among the local communities along Qhapaq Nan. True to what could be expected from a media landscape that favours a ‘market-driven’ form of journalism, newspapers eschewed most topics of controversy and showed a low level of autonomy from official discourses. They largely relayed the authorised heritage discourse that favours expert and official declarations and...
Husserl’s Role in Carnap’s Der Raum

By now it has become commonplace to note that the early Carnap was strongly influenced by Kant and the neo-Kantianism of his day.1 As early as 1977 Haack noted some striking similarities between the Aufbau and the first Critique; since then, Haack’s observation has been underscored by documenting the explicit role of the neo-Kantians in Carnap’s early education and intellectual development.2 Whether or not Carnap in the Aufbau was at all interested in traditional empiricism, or even strongly influenced by Russell, remains debatable.3 However, a decisive early influence of Kant cannot be persuasively denied. Nevertheless, Kant and the neo-Kantians do not comprise the whole story. An equally important influence on Carnap in Der Raum (his doctoral dissertation), though perhaps slightly less so in the Aufbau, was Husserl.4 This paper begins the project of tracing the precise extent and nature of that influence.
Advanced spintronic memory and logic for non-volatile processors

Many ultra-low power Internet of things (IoT) systems may be powered by energy harvested from ambient sources (e.g., solar radiation, thermal gradients, and WiFi). However, these energy sources can vary significantly in terms of their strengths and on/off patterns. For volatile systems, the intermittent nature of the energy sources necessitates the use of backup/recovery schemes to guarantee computational correctness and forward progress, which incur performance, area and energy overhead. Non-volatile (NV) processors based on spintronic devices, such as Spin-Transfer Torque (STT) memory and All-Spin-Logic (ASL), are more attractive alternatives. These NV devices are capable of achieving forward progress without relying on backup/recovery schemes. This work establishes a general framework for evaluating NV device-based processors for energy harvesting applications. Results demonstrate that NV spintronic processors can achieve significant energy savings (up to 83 x) versus a hybrid CMOS (computation) and STT-RAM (backup) implementation.
The Refugio Oil Spill Response: Case Study and Lessons’ Learned/Best Practices for the Future

ABSTRACT The Refugio Oil Spill occurred on May 19, 2015, due to the failure of an underground pipeline, owned and operated by a subsidiary of Plains All-American Pipeline near Highway 101 in Santa ...
Seasonal Foraging by Forest Mice Enhances Loss of Weed Seeds from Crop—Field Edges

Abstract Native seed predators, such as mice (Peromyscus spp.) and ground beetles (Carabidae), consume weed seeds and waste grain within agricultural fields and thus provide a potentially important service to farmers. Most previous investigations of agricultural seed predation services have focused on within-field factors that affect rates of seed removal and consumption by field-resident seed predators. However, seasonal migrants from adjacent non-crop habitats may also contribute to removal of weed seed, particularly along field edges. We investigated whether rates of weed seed removal within fields increased during summer crop growth when Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis (White-Footed Mouse), a ubiquitous forest-dwelling rodent in the eastern US, seasonally migrates into crop fields from adjacent forested woodlots. We used exclosure experiments to quantify the relative number of Setaria faberi (Giant Foxtail) seeds removed from seed trays by vertebrate and invertebrate seed predators within 4 corn fi...
Patient and Family Engagement in the Design of a Mobile Health Solution for Pediatric Asthma: Development and Feasibility Study

Background: Asthma is a highly prevalent, chronic disease with significant morbidity, cost, and disparities in health outcomes. While adherence to asthma treatment guidelines can improve symptoms and decrease exacerbations, most patients receive care that is not guideline-based. New approaches that incorporate shared decision-making (SDM) and health information technology (IT) are needed to positively impact asthma management. Despite the promise of health IT to improve efficiency and outcomes in health care, new IT solutions frequently suffer from a lack of widespread adoption and do not achieve desired results, as a consequence of not involving end-users in design. Objective: To describe a case study of a pediatric asthma SDM health IT solution’s development and demonstrate a methodology for engaging actual patients and families in IT development. Perspectives are shared from the vantage point of the research team and a parent of a child with asthma, who participated on the development team. Methods: We adapted user-centric design principles to engage actual users across three main development phases: project initiation, ideation, and usability testing. To facilitate the necessary level of user engagement, our approach included: (1) a Development Workgroup consisting of patients, caregivers, and providers who met regularly with the research team; and (2) “real-world users” consisting of patients, caregivers, and providers recruited from a variety of care locations, including safety-net clinics. Results: Using this methodology, we successful partnered with asthma patients and families to create an interactive, digital solution called Carolinas Asthma Coach. Carolinas Asthma Coach incorporates SDM principles to elicit patient information, including goals and preferences, and provides health-literate, tailored education with specific guideline-based recommendations for patients and their providers. Of the patients, caregivers, and providers surveyed, 100% (n=60) said they would recommend Carolinas Asthma Coach to a friend or colleague. Qualitative feedback from users provided support for the usability and engaging nature of the app. Conclusions: This project demonstrates the feasibility and benefits of deploying user-centric design methods that engage real patients and caregivers throughout the health IT design process.
Ferredoxin: the central hub connecting photosystem I to cellular metabolism

Ferredoxin (Fd) is a small soluble iron-sulfur protein essential in almost all oxygenic photosynthetic organisms. It contains a single [2Fe-2S] cluster coordinated by four cysteine ligands. It accepts electrons from the stromal surface of PSI and facilitates transfer to a myriad of acceptors involved in diverse metabolic processes, including generation of NADPH via Fd-NADP-reductase, cyclic electron transport for ATP synthesis, nitrate reduction, nitrite reductase, sulfite reduction, hydrogenase and other reductive reactions. Fd serves as the central hub for these diverse cellular reactions and is integral to complex cellular metabolic networks. We describe advances on the central role of Fd and its evolutionary role from cyanobacteria to algae/plants. We compare structural diversity of Fd partners to understand this orchestrating role and shed light on how Fd dynamically partitions between competing partner proteins to enable the optimum transfer of PSI-derived electrons to support cell growth and metabolism.
The Fortunes of Francis Barber: The True Story of the Jamaican Slave Who Became Samuel Johnson's Heir. By Michael Bundock. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015. Pp. i, 281. $35.00.)

Francis Barber was born into slavery on the island of Jamaica sometime in the early 1740s. By 1750 Barber's master, Colonel Bathurst, had made his way to London with his servant Francis joining him...
Cartographies of Fuzziness: Mapping Places and Emotions

Mapping emotions and places is an emerging field in cartography. This article explores expressed emotions related to power places, which are defined as places at which people can recharge and relax...
Partial Results in Δ 3 0 -Categoricity in Linear Orderings and Boolean Algebras

The notion of Δ30-categoricity in linear orderings and Boolean algebras is examined. We provide a proof for the fact that there are uncountably many relatively Δ30-categorical linear orderings, and furnish a proof of another fact which suggests that the (unrelatively) Δ30-categorical linear orderings may be very difficult to classify. In stark contrast to these results for linear orderings, a complete classification of the relatively Δ30-categorical Boolean algebras is given.
Progress in Applications of BEM to Inelastic Analysis of Solids

A number of recently developed boundary element solutions are used for solving a range of elastoplastic and thermoplastic problems. The first algorithm is the conventional volume integral formulation in which the unknown boundary solution and the initial stress (or strain) rates are found together either in an incremental iterative fashion or by a direct variable stiffness type algorithm. The second procedure which is entirely new differs from the previous one in that volume integration is not required to incorporate the nonlinear effects in the analysis. Instead, initial stress rates are introduced in the boundary element system via particular integrals.
Propositional Semantics: Classical and Many Valued

We define here a general notion of a propositional language. We obtain, as specific cases, various languages for propositional classical logic as well as languages for many non-classical logics.
Proceedings of the 2014 workshop on physical analytics

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the Workshop on Physical Analytics at ACM MobiSys 2014. This is a new workshop, inspired by explosion in the volume and diversity of physical data pertaining to users. There is much to be learnt about users, and to serve users, from analyzing this data --- their activities, interests, health, possessions, and more. Besides being significant on its own, such physical analytics also has the potential to augment existing user analytics based on online signals. The workshop program includes an interesting mix of papers and talks on three broad themes: health and wellness, human and social sensing, and wireless tracking. The program includes two keynote talks, three other invited talks, and six refereed paper presentations, covering a mix of blue sky research and systems in deployment by startups. We have included a discussion period at the end of each session, with a moderator who will engage the speakers and the audience in a discussion. We have also set aside time at the end of the workshop program to discuss topics outside of the session themes, including the future direction for the workshop.
Home study course: autumn 1997.

UNLABELLED ▪ OBJECTIVE : The Home Study Course is intended for the practicing colposcopist or practitioner who is seeking to develop or enhance his or her colposcopic skills. The goal of the course is to present colposcopic cases that are unusual or instructive in terms of appearance, presentation, or management, or that demonstrate new and important knowledge in the area of colposcopy or pathology. Participants may benefit from reading and studying the material or from testing their knowledge by answering the questions. ▪ ACCME ACCREDITATION : The American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) to sponsor continuing medical education for physicians. The ASCCP designates this continuing medical education activity for 1 credit hour in Category I of the Physicians' Recognition Award of the American Medical Association. Credit is available for those who choose to apply.The Home Study Course is planned and produced in accordance with the ACCME's Essentials.
Using Control Engineering to Improve Regulatory Review of Flexible SATCOM Terminal Advocacy

Some difficulties are reviewed in keeping satellite communication (SATCOM) responsive as operational environments and requirements rapidly evolve, especially related to accessing advanced services and providing resilience against threats. Growing interest is currently being addressed to SATCOM terminal flexibility for operating across multiple Geostationary orbit (GSO) and Non-Geostationary orbit (NGSO) constellations, in multiple frequency bands and support different modems/routers. In this paper, the emphasis is on the feasibility of using learning and control engineering to help SATCOM regulatory agencies more efficiently, consistently, and effectively analyze requests to autonomously operate flow control and dynamic resource allocation consistent with increasing demands for connectivity and bandwidth. Due to the repetitive nature of user experiences, application performances, and service level agreements, terminal assignments of center frequencies for transmission, signal bandwidths, communication modes, and time intervals for transmission could benefit from the data collected during previous downlink mode change requests and uplink terminal reports. Intelligent terminal agents and enforcement coordination between terminal routers and modems are proposed and discussed in the views of iterative learning and Minimal-Cost-Variance (MCV) control-theoretic frameworks.
Treatment trends in oropharyngeal carcinoma: Surgical technology meets the epidemic.

Abstract Objective To characterize temporal trends in treatment patterns for oropharyngeal carcinoma, and to evaluate the emerging role of surgical therapy in the era of transoral robotic surgery (TORS). Methods Patients with oropharynx cancer between 2004 and 2016 identified using the National Cancer Database. Demographics and primary treatment modalities were obtained. Treatment was classified as surgery alone, surgery with radiation/chemotherapy, or primary radiation/chemotherapy. Annual distribution of cases treated by the various modalities was tabulated by site and early (I/II) versus late (III/IV) stage disease (AJCC 7th edition). The “TORS era” was defined as beginning in 2010. Results 149,534 patients were identified. The majority (56.8%) were treated with radiation ± chemotherapy. 53,069 patients had surgery as part of treatment, 72.6% (N = 38,533) of which received adjuvant therapy. 5293 TORS procedures were performed between 2010 and 2016 with trends away from open and other endoscopic procedures. Despite a 31.0% increase in the number of cases treated surgically from before TORS (2009) to 2016, the percentage of cases treated surgically decreased from 35.0% to 32.7%, with a 44.2% increase in non-surgical therapy. Increases in the percentage of patients treated surgically were observed for base of tongue tumors (24.3–25.2%) and early stage disease (59.9–62.2%). Conclusion Despite the increase in the overall number of patients with oropharynx cancer, the percentages of patients treated surgically remains relatively stable. Notable increases were observed for base of tongue tumors and early stage disease.
An Experimental Study of Short Circuit Behavior and Protection of 15 kV SiC IGBTs

15 kV SiC n-channel IGBTs have been successfully demonstrated earlier up to 10 kHz switching frequency in medium voltage (MV) power converters such as solid state transformer and transformerless intelligent power substation. Short circuit safe operating area (SC-SOA) of a power device is an essential requirement to assess the reliability of the converters. In this paper, for the first time, the short circuit (SC) behavior of the 15 kV SiC IGBT was investigated by a non-destructive experimental method under hard-switch fault (HSF) up to 8 kV dc bus. The high voltage output curve of the 15 kV SiC IGBT was obtained experimentally up to 8 kV in steps of 500 V. A TCAD model of the 15 kV IGBT was developed to understand the behavior of the IGBT in the current saturation region. The HV output characteristics was used in the estimation of the short circuit withstand time of the IGBT under HSF SC condition up to 12 kV dc bus. A desat diode based short circuit protection circuit was demonstrated successfully for the 15 kV IGBT. Performance of the desat protection circuit is compared with the 10 kV SiC MOSFETs. Behavior of the SiC IGBT in the saturation region was explained with the help of the TCAD model and the analytical equations.
Diabetes mellitus: an important risk factor for peripheral vascular disease

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) of the lower extremities affects approximately 8.5 million people in the U.S. and more than 200 million people worldwide [1], while its prevalence is expected to i...
The Bolívar-Santander Polemic in Colombia: Germán Arciniegas and Gabriel García Márquez

Almost as extraordinary as the fact that Simon Bolivar crossed the Andes twice, penned thousands of letters, and survived every battle he entered unscathed is that in the Americas in the last century and a half he has served in so many different ways and contexts as a lightning rod for political and scholarly debate. Nowhere has the polemicity surrounding Bolivar been more evident and perhaps more institutionalized than in the nation of Colombia. For here, since the late 1820s, to speak of Bolivar is to speak of a figure locked in a seemingly timeless dispute with his one-time comrade-in-arms and cohead of state, Francisco de Paula Santander.
Commonalities between Researchmethods for Consumer Science and biblical Scholarship

This article focuses on the consumption/interpretation of the Bible, which is viewed as a complex, qualitative databank, requiring rigorous methodological tools to attempt the hermeneutical interpretive task. A positivist philosophical approach to Bible study is taken, posing questions like ‘What did the original writer intend the audience to understand?’ as a precursor to the question ‘How do we impart thatmessage today?’. Biblical scholarship is extremely sophisticated, and this article delves into many layers of techniques and rigorous analysis, including word studies, studies of phrases and paragraph structures, and sociological hypotheses about politicalagendas. It draws on critical textual, historical, and narrative schools of thought in biblical research. These different methods are presented both as an end in themselves (as tools of literary analysis) and also as means to study the content of the sacredas transcendent experiences of extraordinary consumption in consumer research.
Enhanced radiation pressure reversal on free carriers in nanoparticles and polarization dependence in the Rayleigh regime

The phenomenon of reversed radiation pressure on free electrons in a nanoparticle requires the necessary but insufficient condition that the real part of the particle’s permittivity be negative. It is shown that Rayeigh scattering theory is adequate for modeling the phenomenon by favorable comparison with Mie theory for single particles. A multiparticle Rayleigh scattering approach demonstrates that the radiation attraction of free electrons is enhanced by the interaction of closely spaced particles when the nanoparticles are in close proximity and separated along the incident wave polarization direction. However, the negative force on free carriers is reduced when the particles are aligned perpendicular to the incident electric field polarization. The accompanying increased radiation force on the material bound carriers is proposed as a step toward understanding how nanostructured materials and surfaces exhibiting reversed internal optical momentum can be designed with interacting nanoparticles for enhanced propulsion due to the ejection of hot electrons.
Does Earthquake Stress Drop Increase with Depth in the Crust

We combine earthquake spectra from multiple studies to investigate whether the increase in stress drop with depth often observed in the crust is real, or an artifact of decreasing attenuation (incr...
Hierarchical Approaches to Biosemiotic Literary Criticism

In this chapter, I explore what Timo Maran calls “Hierarchical Approaches to Biosemiotic Criticism.” Accordingly, I discuss three novels, Darwin’s Radio, by Greg Bear; Clay’s Ark, by Octavia E. Butler; and, The Overstory, by Richard Powers, novels that dramatize how, as Maran writes, “we are not uniform subjects, but rather hierarchical structures that contain many interacting layers of organization, all of which have their own subjectivity, memory, and semiotic competence” (Biosemiotic criticism. Chapter 14. In G. Garrard (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of ecocriticism. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 2014b). Darwin’s Radio and Clay’s Ark, two titles based on two parallel possessives that hint ironically at how we do not possess ourselves, provide characters, themes, and plots that allow for an explication both of how we not ourselves (not uniform subjects) when looking inward (the domain of what Thomas Sebeok calls “endosemiotics,” and how we are also not ourselves (not uniform subjects) when looking outward (a domain open to analysis in terms of what Susan Petrilli calls “semioethics” [From the semiotic animal to the semioethic animal: The humanism of otherness and responsibility. In J. Deely, S. Petrilli, & A. Ponzio (Eds.), The semiotic animal (pp. 67–86). New York, Ottawa, Toronto: Legas, 2005]). Concepts such as Lynn Margulis’s “symbiogenesis” (explored at length in Myra Hird. The origins of sociable life: Evolution after science studies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), Hoffmeyer’s “semiogenic creativity” (Biosemiotics: An examination into the signs of life and the life of signs. Scranton and London: University of Scranton Press, 2008), and Rene Thom’s “nervous system lateralization” (Semio physics: A sketch (Vendla Meyer, Trans.). Redwood City: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., 1990) are woven tother in my articulation of my “semiotic-animal principle” and my “third-body phenomenon” concept.
The Link Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Financial Security in Adulthood

This study provides an evidence-based link between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and adult financial wellbeing. Drawing on a comprehensive financial wellbeing framework that was developed by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, we analyze data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a survey designed primarily to measure health behaviors and outcomes, but which also asks about financial wellbeing aspects such as food and housing security. We use ordered probit analysis to investigate how respondents' self-reported levels of food security and housing security are influenced by demographics that include remembered ACEs and find that, at various income levels, financial stress in adulthood is related to childhood trauma. This interdisciplinary approach to studying financial outcomes extends work in public health and psychology that establishes a link between ACEs and adult physical and mental health measures. The finding is timely as policy makers craft responses to global public health, financial, and other shocks. Recognizing this link between ACEs and adult financial wellbeing provides additional evidence that educators, therapists, social workers, and other professionals should collaborate and develop integrated practices to prevent or reduce ACEs and promote resilience.
You Are What and Where You Are: Graph Enhanced Attention Network for Explainable POI Recommendation

Point-of-interest (POI) recommendation is an emerging area of research on location-based social networks to analyze user behaviors and contextual check-in information. For this problem, existing approaches, with shallow or deep architectures, have two major drawbacks. First, for these approaches, the attributes of individuals have been largely ignored. Therefore, it would be hard, if not impossible, to gather sufficient user attribute features to have complete coverage of possible motivation factors. Second, most existing models preserve the information of users or POIs by latent representations without explicitly highlighting salient factors or signals. Consequently, the trained models with unjustifiable parameters provide few persuasive rationales to explain why users favor or dislike certain POIs and what really causes a visit. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose GEAPR, a POI recommender that is able to interpret the POI prediction in an end-to-end fashion. Specifically, GEAPR learns user representations by aggregating different factors, such as structural context, neighbor impact, user attributes, and geolocation influence. GEAPR takes advantage of a triple attention mechanism to quantify the influences of different factors for each resulting recommendation and performs a thorough analysis of the model interpretability. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. GEAPR is deployed and under test on an internal web server. An example interface is presented to showcase its application on explainable POI recommendation.
Intrastriatal injection of pre-formed mouse α-synuclein fibrils into rats triggers α-synuclein pathology and bilateral nigrostriatal degeneration

Previous studies demonstrate that intrastriatal injections of fibrillar alpha-synuclein (α-syn) into mice induce Parkinson's disease (PD)-like Lewy body (LB) pathology formed by aggregated α-syn in anatomically interconnected regions and significant nigrostriatal degeneration. The aim of the current study was to evaluate whether exogenous mouse α-syn pre-formed fibrils (PFF) injected into the striatum of rats would result in accumulation of LB-like intracellular inclusions and nigrostriatal degeneration. Sprague-Dawley rats received unilateral intrastriatal injections of either non-fibrillized recombinant α-syn or PFF mouse α-syn in 1- or 2- sites and were euthanized at 30, 60 or 180 days post-injection (pi). Both non-fibrillized recombinant α-syn and PFF α-syn injections resulted in phosphorylated α-syn intraneuronal accumulations (i.e., diffuse Lewy neurite (LN)- and LB-like inclusions) with significantly greater accumulations following PFF injection. LB-like inclusions were observed in several areas that innervate the striatum, most prominently the frontal and insular cortices, the amygdala, and the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). α-Syn accumulations co-localized with ubiquitin, p62, and were thioflavin-S-positive and proteinase-k resistant, suggesting that PFF-induced pathology exhibits properties similar to human LBs. Although α-syn inclusions within the SNpc remained ipsilateral to striatal injection, we observed bilateral reductions in nigral dopamine neurons at the 180-day time-point in both the 1- and 2-site PFF injection paradigms. PFF injected rats exhibited bilateral reductions in striatal dopaminergic innervation at 60 and 180 days and bilateral decreases in homovanillic acid; however, dopamine reduction was observed only in the striatum ipsilateral to PFF injection. Although the level of dopamine asymmetry in PFF injected rats at 180 days was insufficient to elicit motor deficits in amphetamine-induced rotations or forelimb use in the cylinder task, significant disruption of ultrasonic vocalizations was observed. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that α-syn PFF are sufficient to seed the pathological conversion and propagation of endogenous α-syn to induce a progressive, neurodegenerative model of α-synucleinopathy in rats.
Effect of surface contact potential in atomic-size contacts

Abstract We present a study of the effect of surface contact potential in a mechanical break junction experiment. Using amplitude-modulated Kelvin probe microscopy (KPM), we show that the surface potential of a real metal is highly non-uniform and is strongly distance-dependent. Based on our KPM results, we propose a model in which a current is induced from the capacitive coupling of the surface potential and accounts for much of the observed shifts of the conductance peaks from integer multiples. The significance of our results in other areas of physics is also discussed.
Economic and Environmental Impacts from Industrial Symbiosis Exchanges: Guayama, Puerto Rico

Industrial symbiosis (IS) engages traditionally separate industries in a collective approach to competitive advantage involving the physical exchange of material, energy, water, and/or by-products. Although IS has been advocated as a business-friendly approach to environmental problems, there are few analyses of the financial and other business-related consequences for the individual participants in the exchanges. In this article, the nascent system of IS exchanges in Guayama, Puerto Rico, is explored from the environmental, business, and regulatory perspectives of the individual participants and the community. A coal-fired power plant built, owned, and operated by the AES Corporation is critical from the resource flow perspective with regard to uptake of water and sale of energy products. The article presents estimates of the economic and environmental costs and benefits for the symbiosis participants, concluding that there are substantial business reasons to engage in symbiosis, although the benefits fall unevenly on participating firms.
Anesthesia for Bedside Procedures

Within the past 10 years, numerous short-acting anesthetic drugs have been introduced for use in the operating room. This review article will discuss the role of these agents in critically ill patients undergoing bedside procedures.After a brief historical update, the first part of the review will focus on issues related to the pathophysiology and pharmacology of critically ill patients in general, and of specific organ dysfunction in particular. In-appropriate dosing and improper selection of agents will be highlighted. The second part of the article will discuss specific classes of drugs, with reference to their advantages and disadvantages in the ICU population.The article will conclude by emphasizing the potency, safety, and efficacy of these drugs in significantly reducing the pain and suffering experienced by patients with critical illness.
The importance of eyelid closure and nasolacrimal occlusion following the ocular instillation of topical glaucoma medications, and the need for the universal inclusion of one of these techniques in all patient treatments and clinical studies.

Purpose To review the effects of nasolacrimal occlusion (NLO) and eyelid closure (ELC) on the ocular and systemic absorption of topically applied glaucoma medications and emphasize the need for the universal application of these techniques during patient treatment and in clinical studies of topically applied glaucoma medications.
Development of epsilon-negative (ENG) metamaterials for efficient electrically small antenna applications

We have demonstrated that an electrically small ENG shell driven by an electromagnetic field acts as a dipole itself hence as an inductive element (i.e., as a capacitor loaded with a negative permittivity) and that the ENG shell can be designed to produce a distributed inductance that can be matched to the capacitance of the dipole antenna to form a resonant CL circuit. This resonant configuration produces a significant enhancement of the radiated power with a corresponding decrease in the ratio of the reactive and radiated powers. We consider here the design of a metamaterial that will eventually be used to achieve an ENG spherical shell which will lead to the predicted dipole-ENG shell based EESA.
High-resolution analysis of salmonellae from turtles within a headwater spring ecosystem

Sediments and water from the pristine headwaters of the San Marcos River, Texas, USA, as well as swabs from biofilms on the carapace and from the cloacae of 17 musk turtles (Sternotherus odoratus) and one snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina serpentina) caught at the same site, were analysed for salmonellae by culture and molecular techniques. Whereas enrichment cultures from sediment and water samples were negative for salmonellae in PCR- and in situ hybridization-based analyses, both techniques detected salmonellae after enrichments from both carapace and cloacae of nine (i.e. of 53%) musk turtles. Further characterization of 10 isolates obtained from the enrichment cultures of four selected individuals and confirmed as salmonellae by PCR analysis was achieved by fingerprinting techniques (rep-PCR). The results show differences between individuals and, in one case, variation among isolates from a single individual. All isolates from two individuals displayed identical profiles. These profiles were different from those obtained from the isolates of the third individual, which were, themselves, also identical for all isolates. Salmonellae were much more diverse in samples from the carapace of the last individual with five different rep-PCR profiles retrieved. Serotyping of seven isolates representative for each rep-PCR profile identified all isolates as representing Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Rubislaw, which demonstrates the presence of different strains of potentially human pathogenic salmonellae naturally occurring on turtles even within pristine environments. The frequent detection of these organisms in biofilms on the carapace opens the door for speculations on the role of this habitat as a reservoir for salmonellae, and on potential implications for turtles acting as a dispersal vector.
Contingent Work Rising: Implications for the Timing of Marriage in Japan

Employment has become increasingly precarious in developed countries, meaning that, for many young adults, jobs provide neither benefits nor security, more work is part time, and employers are increasingly hiring workers from temporary help agencies and contract companies rather than as employees of their own company. These changes in employment relations have profound effects on gender roles and on family transitions of young adults, especially young men and in particular in countries such as Japan, where there are rigid family norms and the male-breadwinner tradition still prevails. The authors examined the effects of the experience of non-regular work on the timing of marriage and whether this differs by sex. Using recent life history data from Japan, they found that men working in non-regular jobs are especially likely to postpone marriage. The implications of the growth of precarious work for changes in work and family institutions in Japan are discussed.
Dopaminergic mechanisms of individual differences in human effort-based decision-making.

Preferences for different combinations of costs and benefits are a key source of variability in economic decision-making. However, the neurochemical basis of individual differences in these preferences is poorly understood. Studies in both animals and humans have demonstrated that direct manipulation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) significantly impacts cost/benefit decision-making, but less is known about how naturally occurring variation in DA systems may relate to individual differences in economic behavior. In the present study, 25 healthy volunteers completed a dual-scan PET imaging protocol with [18F]fallypride and d-amphetamine to measure DA responsivity and separately completed the effort expenditure for rewards task, a behavioral measure of cost/benefit decision-making in humans. We found that individual differences in DA function in the left striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex were correlated with a willingness to expend greater effort for larger rewards, particularly when probability of reward receipt was low. Additionally, variability in DA responses in the bilateral insula was negatively correlated with willingness to expend effort for rewards, consistent with evidence implicating this region in the processing of response costs. These findings highlight the role of DA signaling in striatal, prefrontal, and insular regions as key neurochemical mechanisms underlying individual differences in cost/benefit decision-making.
Smart Grid security technology

The security of the United States and the way of life of its citizens is dependant on the availability of the North American power grid. Much of the technology currently in use by the grid is outdated and in many cases unreliable. There have been three major blackouts in the past nine years. Further, the reliance on old technology leads to inefficient systems, costing the utilities and taxpayers unnecessary sums. There is virtually universal agreement that it is imperative to upgrade the electric grid to increase overall system efficiently and reliability. Such upgrades will require significant dependence on distributed intelligence and broadband communication capabilities. The access and communications capabilities require the latest in proven security technology for extremely large, wide area communications networks. This paper discusses the key components for a secure Smart Grid system.
External optical feedback for exciton–phonon systems in optical cavities

Effects of external optical feedback on the behavior of input-cavity-field relations are investigated for an electron–phonon system inside an optical cavity exposed to an incident laser field. The external feedback by conventional mirrors and by phase-conjugate mirrors is considered separately. Steady-state results are obtained numerically for a typical phonon–exciton material of polydiacetylene. In the case of conventional external feedback, the threshold, the contrast, and the switching behavior of optical bistability can be changed by adjustment of the feedback parameters without causing any instability, whereas in the case of phase-conjugate feedback the cavity field intensity shows five states corresponding to a single input field intensity as long as the feedback is strong enough. However, all these states are unstable because of the amplified phase-conjugate reflection, which limits the application of phase-conjugate mirrors in optical multistabilities.
Renal transport of various organic anions inNecturus

The renal handling of several organic anions has been investigated in the salamanderNecturus maculosus. Uptake ofP-aminohippurate (PAH) by theNecturus kidney slice was inhibited by iodoacetamide (IA), ouabain, removal of sodium from the medium (Table 1) and by probenecid, N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethyl sulfonate (NAP-taurine), and 4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyano-2,2′-disulfonic stilbene (SITS) (Fig. 4), all of which also inhibit PAH uptake in the mammalian kidney. The sulfonic anions, NAP-taurine and phenol red (PSP), were not actively taken up by the slice (Table 1), and PSP had no effect on PAH uptake. NAP-taurine, on the other hand, competitively inhibited PAH uptake (Fig. 5) withKi=2.2×10−5 M. The maximum inhibitory effect was 50% of control uptake at NAP-taurine concentrations greater than 10−5 M, whereas a maximum of 80% inhibition was obtained with probenecid (Fig. 4). These results support the idea that theNecturus kidney is not able to actively secrete sulfonic anions. The interaction of NAP-taurine with the PAH uptake system may be due to structural features other than the sulfonic acid moiety. There appear to be two components of PAH uptake, one which is sensitive to NAP-taurine, and one which is not.
Diminished forearm arteriolar dilator capacity produced by mineralocorticoid-induced salt retention in man. Implications concerning congestive heart failure and vascular stiffness.

The mechanism of the increased stiffness of peripheral vessels in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) is unknown. It was considered that an increased sodium (Na+) content of peripheral vessels, shown in experimental CHF, might lead to diminished arteriolar dilator capacity. Thus, Na+ retention was induced in six normal volunteers by the daily oral administration of 0.2 mg of fludrocortisone acetate (F) and 10 g NaCl for 1 week. This induced a weight increase of 3.1 lb and increased serum Na+ and decreased serum potassium concentrations (P 0.2), 28.6 (P < 0.02), and 24.4 (P < 0.02) ml/min/100 ml by treatment. Thus, steroid-induced salt retention leads to diminished vascular complian...
A comparison of pharmacy students' and active older adults' perceptions regarding geriatric quality of life.

Objectives. To measure perceptions of quality of life (QOL) in an active geriatric population and compare their responses with pharmacy students’ perceptions of older adult QOL. Methods. Pharmacy students and active older adults completed the modified and standard version of a validated health survey instrument, respectively, and their responses were compared. Results. Eighty-six students and 20 active older adults participated. Student perceptions of geriatric QOL were significantly lower in all domains except health change compared to older adult perceptions (p<0.001 for all domains). Interest in a geriatric pharmacy career (p=0.04) and previously having taken the Perspectives in Geriatrics course and laboratory (p=0.05 and 0.02, respectively) were significantly associated with higher student scores on the physical component portion of the survey. Conclusion. Stronger emphasis on geriatric QOL within pharmacy curricula may improve pharmacy students’ perceptions regarding outcomes related to healthy older adults.