cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of Moderate Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injuries in Patients with Intracranial Hemorrhage.

Background Blunt thoracic aortic injuries (BTAIs) are the second most common cause of death due to blunt-force trauma in the United States. Patients with minimal injuries do not typically require surgical repair, whereas patients with severe injuries are treated emergently. Moderate aortic injuries are repaired in a semielective fashion, but the optimal management of patients with moderate BTAI with associated intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is unknown. We sought to analyze the management and outcomes of patients presenting with concomitant moderate BTAI and ICH. Methods Consecutive patients who received a thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) at our institution for treatment of moderate BTAI between January 2014 and December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed as part of an institutional review board–approved protocol. Patients were classified by our BTAI classification into “minimal”, “moderate”, or “severe”. ICH was identified on computed tomography scan and its severity determined by the neurosurgical team. Outcome measures included surgical timing and surgical outcomes. Results Fifty-two patients had a moderate BTAI and underwent TEVAR, 20 (38 %) of whom presented with ICH. Median time from admission to surgery was 58.5 hr for patients with ICH and 26.5 hr for non-ICH patients. Intraoperative heparin was administered in all patients without ICH and in 19 of 20 (95%) patients with ICH after the ICH met criteria for stability. Protamine reversal was utilized in 80% of patients with ICH and 75% of non-ICH patients. No patient developed ischemic stroke or spinal cord ischemia. Worsening ICH was seen in only one patient, who also received heparin infusion for pulmonary embolus 24 hr before TEVAR. There were no aortic-related mortalities in either group. Thirty-day all-cause mortality was 5% for patients with ICH and 3% for non-ICH patients. Conclusions Patients with moderate BTAI and stable ICH are not at increased risk of TEVAR-related complications. Administration of intraoperative heparin during TEVAR appears to be safe and does not worsen ICH.
Enduring the great recession: Economic integration in the European Union

Scholars have long feared that regional economic specialization, fostered by freer trade, would make the European Union vulnerable to economic downturn. The most acute concerns have been over the adoption of the common currency: by adopting the euro, countries renounce their ability to meet an asymmetric shock with independent revaluations of their currencies. We systematically test the prediction that regional specialization increases vulnerability to economic downturn using a novel dataset that covers all of the EU’s subnational regions and major sectors of the economy between 2000 and 2013. We find that, contrary to conventional wisdom, the most specialized regions actually fared better during the 2008-09 global financial crisis. Specialized regions performed worse only in states that remained outside the Eurozone. The heightened vulnerability of non-Eurozone states cannot be attributed to fiscal or social policy failures. Rather, our results suggest the common currency may have helped Eurozone members share risk. This bodes well for the resiliency of the EU, even as it navigates another economic downturn from the asymmetric impact of the novel coronavirus.
College Students' Attitudes towards Remote Instruction during the Coronavirus Pandemic: Future Directions

Undergraduate and graduate education students completed a survey to examine their attitudes toward remote instruction during the coronavirus pandemic. At the conclusion of the Spring 2020 semester in which all courses transitioned from a face-to-face to an online format, students, N = 93, were asked to describe what worked well in their courses in regards to their remote instruction experience and, when things did not go so well, what would have helped to make their experience better. The qualitative data were coded, and inductive analysis was used to generate categories (Johnson, 2012; Strauss & Corbin, 1998). Responses were grouped into labeled categories, and illustrative quotes were chosen to represent categories. Results revealed that remote instruction was somewhat worse than regular instruction. Across all respondents, analysis of responses to the open-ended questions revealed four themes that students believed were integral to remote instruction, (1) communication between students and faculty, (2) flexibility with assignments, (3) increased virtual interaction, and (4) support. Findings suggest how faculty can facilitate and ameliorate remote and hybrid instruction for their students.
ČITAJUĆI RAMADANA: ŠTA BISMO TREBALI ZAHTIJEVATI OD MUSLIMANSKIH INTELEKTUALACA NA ZAPADU

Tarik Ramadan je intrigantna i kontroverzna javna licnost koja sebe predstavlja kao sponu između islamskih i demokratskih drustavakoja na momente imaju drasticno razlicite stavove u pogledu prava, morala i, u nekim slucajevima, osnovnih cinjenica koje na najbolji nacin definisu sistem na kojem nas drustveni svijet funkcionira.Ova licnost prezentira dvije razlicite poruke ovim dvjema zajednicama:svojoj maticnoj pruža sliku sigurnosti i autenticnosti, dok vanjskom drustvu ulijeva osjecaj pomirenja i povjerenja. Liberalne demokratije moraju zauzeti cvrst ali, također, i konzistentan stav oko svojih moralnih, duhovnih i intelektualnih zahtjeve glede manjinskih zajednica. Buduci da liberalne demokratije ogranicavaju njihove aspiracije na nivo pravedne i stabilne uspostavedrustvene kooperacije, demokratska drustva bi trebala osigurati dogovor sa svojim građanima samo u pogledu onih pitanja cija jeprovedba neophodna za ocuvanje pravde, politicke stabilnosti i drustvene solidarnosti od jedne do druge generacije. Moramo biti veoma oprezni sto se tice zahtijevanja daljnih dogovora u pogledu konsekvenci i moralnosti propisa i obicaja koji nisu unaprijed determinirani pravnim standardima. Muslimanske zajednice u Evropi i Sjevernoj Americi su dovoljno stare da mogu da razviju zahtjeve i tvrdnje,ali i premlade da posjeduju tradiciju principijelnog, filozofskog promisljanja o nacinu na koji islamske vrijednosti i savremena liberalna demokratija mogu postici dijalekticku kompatibilnost. Ramadan je prvi autenticni produkt ove dijalektike; on je,ujedno, i žrtva i pobjednik u složenom geopolitickom trenutku. On, iztih razloga, inspirise uzbuđenje u vezi onog sto demokratska drustva prepoznaju od sebe u njegovim stavovima i provocira nepovjerenje zbog dijela koji je jos stran i nepoznat. Međutim, ne smijemo smetnuti s uma da odnos javnosti spram intelektualaca mora biti razlicit od odnosa prema suparnickim politickim i vojnim liderima. U konstantnoj artikulaciji novog pristupa i nacina razumijevanja islamskih obaveza, Ramadan (ne uzimajuci u obzir da li je iskren ili ne) formira stvarnost.
Recent discoveries of naturally occurring halogenated nitrogen heterocycles

Abstract This chapter documents naturally occurring halogen-containing heterocycles described during 2018–20.
Treatment of moderate/severe acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: an analysis of clinical risk features and outcome.

We have analyzed the long term outcome of 197 patients who were treated for grade II to IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following histocompatible allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Of 469 recipients of sibling donor allografts performed at our center between January, 1979 and October, 1987, 197 patients (42%) developed greater than or equal to grade II acute GVHD at a median of 38 days (range 9 to 98 days) post-BMT. After treatment with corticosteroids (n = 160) or other immunosuppressive therapies (n = 37), 72 patients (41% +/- 8%; 95% confidence interval [CI]) achieved complete and continuing resolution of acute GVHD after a median of 21 days of therapy. Sixty-one patients required additional immunosuppressive therapy with high dose methylprednisolone, antithymocyte globulin (ATG)/steroids, or other therapies because of refractory or progressive symptoms of acute GVHD. Seven of these 61 patients eventually obtained complete and continuing remission after 13 to 57 days (median 50) of secondary treatment. The overall rate of chronic GVHD was 70% +/- 16%; 95% CI following grade II to IV acute GVHD. Twenty-five of the 197 patients never developed chronic GVHD, resulting in a Kaplan-Meier projection of 30% +/- 8% (95% CI) cure of moderate/severe acute GVHD. Analysis of clinical features associated with complete response (CR) to acute GVHD therapy identified more favorable responses to therapy in patients without either liver or skin involvement, patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and donor/recipient pairs other than male patients with female donors. Older recipient age was not associated with more resistance to GVHD treatment. CR to GVHD treatment was associated with significantly better 5-year survival: 51% +/- 14% versus 32% +/- 11% for patients with therapy resistant acute GVHD (P = .004). GVHD was a major contributing cause of death in 49 of the 90 patients who died and was often complicated by infection or interstitial pneumonitis. Control of acute GVHD through immunosuppressive therapy did not affect the risk of leukemic relapse after transplantation.
Discrete-event systems driven by Poisson processes

In a generalized semi-Markov process (GSMP) model of a discrete-event systems, "clock samples" of events drive the system (they are the timing inputs). Glasserman and Yao have identified a condition, condition M, that implies event epochs are monotone functions of clock samples. When clock samples are exponentially distributed, an alternative construction exists where system inputs are Poisson processes. The author shows that there exists a natural partial order on the latter input space and that condition M ensures monotonicity of event epochs with respect to this partial order as well. Moreover, the author shows that the probability measure defined on this input space is an associated measure. This implies that running two systems with common Poisson streams leads to guaranteed variance reduction-compared to using independent inputs-for some performance measures. >
Large-Area Back-Illuminated CCD Imager Development

We describe recent work in the area of large, back-illuminated CCD imagers at M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory as well as new technology applicable to astronomy. We completed in 1995 the development of a 2560 x 1960-pixel frame-transfer imager that filled a 100-mm wafer and several back-illuminated versions of this device were completed. More recently we have begun the development, in collaboration with the U. of Hawaii, of a three-side abuttable 2k x 4k CCD for a multi-chip focal plane. In the unused chord area of the wafer layout, we added test imagers as development vehicles for blooming control and for the demonstration of a CCD that is capable of charge transfer in all four directions. We expect the latter to find application as an electronic means of performing tip-tilt correction to compensate for atmospheric turbulence.
Silica polymorphs in lunar granite: Implications for granite petrogenesis on the Moon

Granitic lunar samples largely consist of granophyric intergrowths of silica and K-feldspar. The identification of the silica polymorph present in the granophyre can clarify the petrogenesis of the lunar granites. The presence of tridymite or cristobalite would indicate rapid crystallization at high temperature. Quartz would indicate crystallization at low temperature or perhaps intrusive, slow crystallization, allowing for the orderly transformation from high-temperature silica polymorphs (tridymite or cristobalite). We identify the silica polymorphs present in four granitic lunar samples from the Apollo 12 regolith using laser Raman spectroscopy. Typically, lunar silica occurs with a hackle fracture pattern. We did an initial density calculation on the hackle fracture pattern of quartz and determined that the volume of quartz and fracture space is consistent with a molar volume contraction from tridymite or cristobalite, both of which are less dense than quartz. Moreover, we analyzed the silica in the granitic fragments from Apollo 12 by electron-probe microanalysis and found it contains up to 0.7 wt% TiO2, consistent with initial formation as the high-temperature silica polymorphs, which have more open crystal structures that can more readily accommodate cations other than Si. The silica in Apollo 12 granitic samples crystallized rapidly as tridymite or cristobalite, consistent with extrusive volcanism. The silica then inverted to quartz at a later time, causing it to contract and fracture. A hackle fracture pattern is common in silica occurring in extrusive lunar lithologies (e.g., mare basalt). The extrusive nature of these granitic samples makes them excellent candidates to be similar to the rocks that compose positive relief silicic features such as the Gruithuisen Domes.
Examining the role of financial factors, resources and skills in predicting food security status among college students

The prevalence of food insecurity among college students has received little attention in academic literature, despite previous studies suggesting increased risk and potentially high rates of food insecurity among students. Additionally, the combined effects of financial and food management skills and resources have not been considered when examining student food security. A sample of 557 undergraduate students at a large, public university in the southeastern United States was surveyed to assess food security and its risk factors. Data were analysed based on sociodemographic characteristics, food security status, select financial factors, cooking self-efficacy and food management resources and skills. Prevalence of food insecurity among this sample of students was approximately 14%, comparable to national estimates. Results from probit regression analyses suggested that food security status was significantly associated with food resource adequacy. The model also highlighted the importance of several financial factors, including financial independence, familial financial support, receipt of financial or food assistance, budgeting behaviours, credit card ownership and exogenous shock. These data provide insights into the nature of food insecurity on a large college campus and fill a significant gap in the current literature by addressing relevant financial factors. The data are particularly salient due to two factors facing students at the sampled university during the period of study: (1) uncertain economic climate at the national and local level; and (2) the local area was recently affected by a significant natural disaster. Such data are useful to student affairs personnel who may wish to provide resources to assist students who are at risk for food insecurity.
Monitoring and Follow-Up of Patients with Celiac Disease

The goals of medical treatment of celiac disease (CD) are to: (1) encourage dietary compliance, (2) manage and monitor symptoms, and (3) prevent and detect associated diseases and/or complications. The underlying aim in the care of patients with CD is to ensure that patients have initial and sustained symptomatic improvement and to prevent long-term sequelae that can result from chronic gluten exposure. Currently, available guidelines on the follow-up of patients with CD are often incomplete or variable, partially due to a dearth of research on this topic. This chapter synthesizes available guidelines and expert opinion to recommend the essential components of medical follow-up of CD patients for practicing physicians.
Renal accumulation and urinary excretion of cisplatin in diabetic rats.

Previous work has demonstrated that cisplatin nephrotoxicity was attenuated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The following studies investigated the hypothesis that renal cisplatin accumulation was reduced in diabetic rats. Male Fischer 344 (F344) rats were injected with 32 mg/kg STZ (i.p.) or citrate buffer. Renal platinum (Pt) accumulation was quantitated 0-96 h after the administration of 5 mg/kg cisplatin (i.p.) to normoglycemic and diabetic rats (greater than or equal to 4/group). Total renal Pt accumulation was decreased (P less than 0.05) in the diabetic rats, when compared to the normoglycemic group, 6-48 h after cisplatin injection. Further studies were also conducted to examine if urinary cisplatin excretion was enhanced in diabetic relative to normoglycemic groups. Urinary Pt excretion was quantitated 0-96 h following cisplatin (5 mg/kg, i.p.) administration. Pt excretion was increased in the diabetic group relative to the normoglycemics when comparisons were made on the basis of Pt excreted per hour or cumulative Pt excretion. Differences were also detected in urinary Pt concentration. The diabetic group had a lower urinary concentration of the metal 12-96 h after cisplatin injection. These findings suggest that the reduction in nephrotoxicity in diabetic rats may be at least partially due to decreased renal accumulation as well as altered renal excretion.
A Paramagnetic CEST Agent for Imaging Glucose by MRI

The europium(III) complex of a DOTA-tetraamide ligand (DOTA = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N' ',N' ''-tetraacetic acids) containing two phenyl boronate pendent arms binds glucose reversibly with an association constant of 383 M-1 at pH 7. Glucose binding results in slowing of water exchange between a single Eu(III)-bound water molecule and bulk water, and this can be imaged by MRI using chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging sequence. This metabolite-responsive paramagnetic CEST agent responds to changes in glucose over the physiologically important range (0-20 mM), and thus it offers the possibility of high-sensitivity MR imaging glucose in tissues using bulk water protons as antenna.
Nonlinear Photoemission from Picosecond Irradiated Silicon

Three distinctly different regimes of photoelectric emission are observed over a wide fluence range of uv-laser pulses irradiating single-crystal silicon samples. The role of the electron-hole plasma in the nonlinear photoemission is demonstrated by temporal correlation measurements. The diffusion properties of hot carriers are analyzed by investigating the influence of energy transport by hot carrier diffusion on the fluence threshold for melting with uv photons.
FORCE CONSTANTS OF HYDRAZOIC ACID AND METHYL AZIDE.

A valence force field has been derived for hydrazoic acid using the frequencies and centrifugal distortion constants in an iterative computation. The Urey-Bradley force field is inadequate if a fit of the distortion constants is required. The force constants of HN3 have been combined with those of a “standard methyl group” to predict the frequencies of methyl azide. A re-examination of the spectra of CH3N3 and CD3N3 plus the calculations have led to revised assignments of the fundamentals.
CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein α Mediates Induction of Hepatic Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase by p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase

Excessive hepatic gluconeogenesis and glucose production are important contributors to hyperglycemia in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In diabetic humans and animal models, elevated levels of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) are observed in several tissues. Our study shows that activity of p38 is significantly elevated in livers of db/db or streptozocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice. Using cultured hepatoma cells, we find that activation of p38 enhances expression of hepatic gluconeogenic gene phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). Furthermore, our studies demonstrate that activation of p38 stimulates phosphorylation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha) at serine 21 and increases its transactivation activity in the context of PEPCK gene transcription. Our results indicate that C/EBPalpha mediates p38-stimulated PEPCK transcription in liver cells.
Parathyroid hormone for the treatment of osteoporosis.

UNLABELLED Imbalances in bone metabolism result in bone mass loss and skeletal fragility in postmenopausal women and older men. Most osteoporosis treatments decrease bone metabolism and prevent the progression of bone loss and architectural damage to the skeleton. Analogs of parathyroid hormone stimulate the formation of new bone and offer new options for managing osteoporosis. This review highlights the effects of parathyroid hormone on bone density and fracture risk in patients with osteoporosis and addresses several of the important issues pertaining to the use of these new agents in daily clinical practice. TARGET AUDIENCE Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Family Physicians. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After completion of this article, the reader should be able to summarize the different mechanisms of action between parathyroid hormone analogues and antiresorptive drugs, to outline the effects of teriparatide treatment of patients with osteoporosis, and list the indications of teriparatide therapy.
The use of a detectable, mass-spectrometry-cleavable linker for quality control on an addressable microelectrode array

The synthesis, site-selective placement, and TOF-SIMS cleavage properties of a new, fluorescent linker for attaching molecules to a microelectrode array are reported. The linker was developed to provide a handle for quality control assessment of the microelectrode arrays being used to probe the binding of molecular libraries with biological receptors.
EXPERIENCE IN STANDARDIZING SUPERCONDUCTOR MEASUREMENTS

Description de la recherche menant aux mesures etalon caracterisant les supraconducteurs, on insiste particulierement sur la mesure du courant critique
Nanocrystallization of Al-rich metallic glasses

Aluminum-rich alloys that contain a few atomic percent of a transition metal and a rare earth element belong to the class of marginal glass-forming alloys that is characterized by a critical cooling rate for amorphization of the order of 106K/s. Many representatives of this class of alloys do not have a resolved glass transition upon reheating and instead form a dispersion of nanometer sized Al-crystallites within an amorphous matrix during a primary crystallization reaction. For the amorphous Al-base systems the high undercooling for glass formation appears to be controlled largely by the suppression of growth of nuclei formed during rapid melt quenching. However, this same kinetic control also provides the foundation for the development of the high number density (1022 m−3) of nanocrystals (diameter <20 nm) during primary crystallization. With alternate synthesis routes basedupon solid state alloying resulting from intense deformation, the kinetic pathways to glass formation has been altered to avoid the nanocrystalline Al-dispersions. Moreover, quantitative transmission electron microscopy and temperature-modulated calorimetry have been used to extract the endothermic glass-transition signal from exothermic contributions due to the nanocrystal formation. The results are direct proof that the rapidly quenched amorphous alloys are truly vitreous and are further utilized to estimate the thermodynamic excess functions. These developments present new opportunities for controlling crystallization in multicomponent glasses.
Interobserver agreement of semi-automated and manual measurements of functional MRI metrics of treatment response in hepatocellular carcinoma

Purpose To assess the interobserver agreement in 50 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) before and 1 month after intra-arterial therapy (IAT) using two semi-automated methods and a manual approach for the following functional, volumetric and morphologic parameters: (1) apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), (2) arterial phase enhancement (AE), (3) portal venous phase enhancement (VE), (4) tumor volume, and assessment according to (5) the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), and (6) the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL).
Drop size of commercial glaucoma medications.

We tested 145 samples of 20 different topical medications for the treatment of glaucoma to determine the average drop size of each preparation. The average drop volumes of different preparations varied between a minimum of 25.1 μl and a maximum of 56.4 μl, with an average drop volume of 39.0 μl. Our findings contradict the common assumption that commercial eyedrops contain a volume of 50 to 75 μl.
Trial and intertrial durations in appetitive conditioning in rats

The effects of trial (T) and intertrial (I) durations were examined in two Pavlovian conditioning experiments with rats, in which a noise conditioned stimulus (CS) was paired with food delivery. In Experiment 1,T was either 10 or 20 sec, andI ranged from 15 to 960 sec, in separate groups of rats. The acquisition rate and final level of conditioned responding showed ratio invariance: They were better predicted by theI/T ratio than byI orT alone. In Experiment 2, theI/T ratio was 6.0 in all the groups, andT was 20, 40, 80, or 160 sec. Ratio invariance was not observed: Despite the commonI/T ratio, the rate of acquisition, final level of conditioned responding, and the ability of the CS to block conditioning of another stimulus differed among the groups. At the same time, the temporal distribution of conditioned responding withinT was similar in all the groups throughout conditioning and extinction and showed superpositioning when normalized acrossT. Many but not all aspects of the data were consistent with scalar timing theory.
Explicit factuality and comparative evidence

We argue that Dienes & Perner's (D&P's) proposal needs to specify independent criteria when a subject explicitly represents factuality. This task is complicated by the fact that people typically “tacitly” believe that each of their beliefs is a fact. This problem does not arise for comparative evidence on monkeys, for they presumably lack the capacity to represent factuality explicitly. D&P suggest that explicit visual processing and declarative memory depend on explicit representations of factuality, whereas the analogous implicit processes do not require such representations. Many of the implicit/explicit findings are also found in monkeys, however, and D&P's account needs to explain this striking parallel.
Exoearth study with TMT

Ground-based optical and infrared telescopes with diameters of 30-meters or greater have theoretical potential to study objects at the contrast levels predicted for reflecting terrestrial planets in orbits within the habitable zone of nearby stars. Despite the corrupting effect of the Earth's turbulent atmosphere, the theoretical limits can be approached through the use of an adaptive optics (AO) system optimized for high contrast operating at near-infrared wavelength. With proper flow-down of functional requirements and contrast-optimized choice of site, the highly segmented. Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) could study scores of nearby star systems, to apparent magnitude 5, for resident terrestrial planets at spectral resolution R = 5 in either visible or near-infrared band, and a few systems to magnitude 3, at R = 20 in the infrared. Even at low spectral resolution, a wealth of information could be obtained by direct imaging of exoearths, including determination of the presence of an atmosphere, clouds, equilibrium temperature, tidal locking, and the presence of non-Earth-like atmospheric chemistry such as steam lines. Our own atmosphere, however, limits the study of exoearth biological markers, unless these planets have environmental conditions and chemical composition significantly different from our own.
Effect of photochemical smog on the peripheral lymphocytes of nonsmoking college students.

Abstract The primary objective of this study was to determine whether the incidence of chromosome aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes of young adults emigrating from and immigrating to an area with perpetually high levels of photochemical air pollutants versus an area of low levels differed significantly from students indigenous to the respective areas. Three hundred and ninety-eight male and female first-year students at the La Sierra campus of Loma Linda University (high smog) and Pacific Union College (low smog) were preenrolled after completing a lifestyle questionnaire or responding to a similar telephone-administered questionnaire. They were assigned to groups according to their previous lifetime exposure to air pollution and the college in which they were matriculating. Blood samples and updated health histories were obtained from the students during September and November 1976. One hundred cells from each student were analyzed for chromosome and chromatid abberations. No statistically significant differences in the aberration rates for the types of chromosome abnormalities studied were observed between the four exposure groups of students at each of the sampling periods or among the same students over the duration of the study. An exception of statistical significance was the elevated rate of stable changes at the initial blood sampling period for males in the low-to-high exposure group who had arrived on campus within 3 days of the blood sampling.
The Clinical Findings in a Patient with Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia

Extract: A male infant with hyperglycinemia presented with neonatal seizures and lethargy, but had neither ketosis nor hematologic abnormalities. Treatment with a low protein diet and glycine-binding agents was instituted at the age of 2 ½ months. Although greater alertness and reduced irritability were noted immediately, the treatment failed to prevent severe developmental retardation and persistent seizures. Speculation: The structural and metabolic basis for the severe neurological damage seen in this rare hereditary metabolic defect is unclear. It seems imperative, however, that prompt diagnosis and therapy be instituted if one expects to offer a better prognosis. Attempts to maintain normoglycmemia by using a low-protein diet and glycine-binding agents may be useful if serum glycine levels are monitored carefully.
Biologic interactions between helminth species in anemia

Objective To quantify the extent of biologic interactions between helminth species in their effects on anemia in school age children. Methods Three stools were collected and each was read in duplicate by the Kato-Katz method. Current WHO criteria, based on number of eggs per gram (EPG) of stool for each helminth to quantify infection burden for ascaris, hookworm, trichuris and Schistosomiasis japonicum infections. Intensity categories of intensity: uninfected, low, and moderate/high (M+) intensity were defined for each species and interactions were assessed at M+ intensity. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin Results Joint infections of hookworm and S. japonicum was associated with especially high risk of anemia (OR = 13.2, 95% CI: 3.82–45.5) as was concurrent infections of hookworm and trichuris (OR = 5.34, 95% CI: 1.76–16.2). As much as 60% and 22% of anemia observed in children with joint infectios of hookworm and S. japonicum, hookworm and trichuris respectively was found to be attributable to the synergy between these species. Antagonisitic interactions were noted for joint infections of hookworm and ascaris (SI = 0.084, 95% CI = 0.015–0.53) and for coinfection of S. japonicum and ascaris (SI = 0.056, 95% CI = 0.01–0.23). Conclusion Synergistic and antagonistic interactions between pairs of concurrent helminth species infections are demonstrated in their effects on anemia. Putative mechanisms of effect are discussed and the importance of coherent analytic frame work for analysis of public health relevant interactions are stressed.
TEM characterization of modulated microstructures in CaO-Dy2O3 solid solutions

Abstract The lanthanide sesquioxides (e.g. Dy 2 O 3 ) have been identified as potential high-temperature transformation tougheners alternative to zirconia (ZrO 2 ). The monoclinic (B) to cubic (C) transformation on cooling is accompanied by an 8% volume increase and shattering. In the course of work to stabilize the B phase by adding CaO to pure Dy 2 O 3 and rapid cooling, modulated microstructures were found in B phases of CaO-Dy 2 O 3 solid solutions. Primarily two unit-cell scale modulations were identified: q 1 (001-type, λ ≈ 9.0 A) and q 2 (200-type, λ ≈ 7.5 A). In the [010] orientation another modulatio n ( q 3 ; λ ≈ 40 A) occured in some samples. Higher-order satellite reflections of q 1 and q 2 were always present and their intensities gradually decreased as the order increased. However, q 3 showed strong first-order intensities but weak higher-order intensities. As the cooling rate increased, angles q 1 q 2 q 3 tended to decrease or diffuse. As the sintering temperature and time increased, the intensity of q 3 tended to increase. A structural model to explain the modulated structures was proposed. It was suggested that the origin of the q 1 and q 2 modulations was a crystallographic shearing of structural units. The systematic shearing locally generated domains similar to the C structure, which gave rise to the q 3 modulation.
Flower nitrogen status and populations of Frankliniella occidentalis feeding on Lycopersicon esculentum

In a 2-year study, we manipulated flower chemistry of field grown Lycopersicon esculentum in North Florida and examined subsequent effects on populations of Frankliniella occidentalis. We examined variation in amino-acid profiles and total nitrogen concentrations of flowers, flower number and plant size seasonally and in response to variable rates of nitrogen fertilization (202 kg ha -1 and 309 kg ha -1 ). Populations of F. occidentalis sampled every 6 to 10 days were then related to seasonal and treatment effects on plant variables. For both years, F. occidentalis was abundant on L. esculentum tomatoes for only short intervals (2-3 weeks), and populations were significantly higher on hosts receiving higher rates of nitrogen fertilization. Seasonal trends in F. occidentalis on L. esculentum were correlated to number of flowers per host plant, as well as concentrations of total nitrogen in flowers. Moreover, treatment (fertilization) effects were consistent with changes in the nitrogen status of flowers. Plants subjected to higher fertilization rates produced flowers that had higher nitrogen content as well as variations in amino-acid profiles during the period of peak thrips populations. Abundance of F. occidentalis (particularly adult females) were most highly correlated to flower concentrations of phenylalanine during population peaks. Our results are consistent with beneficial effects of high dietary nitrogen to thrips populations, and also support the hypothesis that aromatic amino acids (e.g., phenylalanine) play a central role in the nutritional ecology of F. occidentalis.
A stable FDTD algorithm for non-diagonal, anisotropic dielectrics☆

A stable FDTD algorithm is developed for simulating Maxwell’s equations in anisotropic dielectric materials with principal axes not aligned with the grid. The algorithm is stable because the finite-difference operator that converts D to E is symmetric and positive semidefinite; for contrast, a previously developed asymmetric algorithm is shown to suffer from late-time instabilities. The presented algorithm has second-order error for continuous dielectric materials, and the error can be reduced to third-order by Richardson extrapolation. Applied to dielectrics with sharp interfaces, the algorithm has first-order error, even when averaging the dielectric within partially filled grid cells. However, averaging the dielectric permits Richardson extrapolation to obtain second-order error.
Josephson-CMOS memories

Results of an experiment on Josephson-CMOS memories show that these circuits have the potential to remove the memory bottleneck faced by superconductive electronics and the speed limitations of purely CMOS memories. The experiment demonstrates monolithic integrated Nb-AlO/sub x/-Nb Josephson-CMOS digital circuits operating at 4 K, the feasibility of Josephson-CMOS interface circuits with conversion delays of less than 150 ps, and fluxoelectronic current sensing of MOS RAM and CAM (content-addressable memory) cells using 4JL gates and SQUIDs (superconducting quantum interference devices). >
Increased Insulin/Insulin Growth Factor Signaling Advances the Onset of Metamorphosis in Drosophila

Mechanisms by which attainment of specific body sizes trigger developmental transitions to adulthood (e.g. puberty or metamorphosis) are incompletely understood. In Drosophila, metamorphosis is triggered by ecdysone synthesis from the prothoracic gland (PG), whereas growth rate is increased by insulin/insulin growth factor signalling (IIS). Transgene-induced activation of PI3K, the major effector of IIS, within the PG advances the onset of metamorphosis via precocious ecdysone synthesis, raising the possibility that IIS triggers metamorphosis via PI3K activation in the PG. Here we show that blocking the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway in the insulin producing cells (IPCs) increases IIS. This increased IIS increases larval growth rate and also advances the onset of metamorphosis, which is accompanied by precocious ecdysone synthesis and increased transcription of at least one ecdysone biosynthetic gene. Our observations suggest that IIS is regulated by PKA pathway activity in the IPCs. In addition, taken together with previous findings, our observations are consistent with the possibility that, in Drosophila, attainment of a specific body size triggers metamorphosis via the IIS–mediated activation of PI3K and hence ecdysone synthesis in the PG.
The vertebral artery is unlikely to be the sole source of vascular complications occurring during stellate ganglion block.

Introduction: Stellate ganglion block (SGB) is commonly performed for upper extremity complex regional pain syndrome and other conditions. Known complications of stellate block include Horner's syndrome, hoarseness, hematoma formation, airway compromise, immediate seizure (presumably from vertebral artery injection), and death. A previous arterial anatomy study demonstrated other vessels, eg, the ascending and deep cervical arteries, reinforcing the blood supply of the spinal cord and brain stem. The potential role of these vessels in the pathogenesis of seizures or hematoma during SGB has not been studied. Methods: The anatomical recording log from 10 cadaver dissections and photographic records of same were reviewed to ascertain the presence of the ascending or deep cervical arteries, or other branches emanating from the thyrocervical or costocervical trunk and their relationship to the medial anterior surface of the C6 and C7 transverse processes. Results: In 4 cases, as determined by the dissection log, and in 6 cases, determined by photographic images, the ascending cervical artery or a branch from the thyrocervical trunk passed over the anterior aspect of the transverse processes of C6 or C7. Discussion: Arterial vessels other than the vertebral artery that also supply the anterior spinal cord and brain stem pass directly anterior to the transverse processes at the most common sites of the SGB. It is anatomically possible, therefore, that accidental injection or induced spasm of these vessels and not the vertebral arteries is responsible for some cases of seizure, hematoma, or other vascular complications during SGB.
The Clock Paradox in a Static Homogeneous Gravitational Field1

The gedanken experiment of the clock paradox is solved exactly using the general relativistic equations for a static homogeneous gravitational field. We demonstrate that the general and special relativistic clock paradox solutions are identical and in particular that they are identical for finite acceleration. Practical expressions are obtained for proper time and coordinate time by using the destination distance as the key observable parameter. This solution provides a formal demonstration of the identity between the special and general relativistic clock paradox with finite acceleration and where proper time is assumed to be the same in both formalisms. By solving the equations of motion for a freely falling clock in a static homogeneous field elapsed times are calculated for realistic journeys to the stars.
NMDA-type glutamate receptors participate in reduction of food intake following hindbrain melanocortin receptor activation

Hindbrain injection of a melanocortin-3/4 receptor agonist, MTII, reduces food intake primarily by reducing meal size. Our previously reported results indicate that N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptors (NMDAR) in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) play an important role in the control of meal size and food intake. Therefore, we hypothesized that activation of NTS NMDARs contribute to reduction of food intake in response to fourth ventricle or NTS injection of MTII. We found that coinjection of a competitive NMDAR antagonist (d-CPP-ene) with MTII into the fourth ventricle or directly into the NTS of adult male rats attenuated MTII-induced reduction of food intake. Hindbrain NMDAR antagonism also attenuated MTII-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in NTS neurons and prevented synapsin I phosphorylation in central vagal afferent endings, both of which are cellular mechanisms previously shown to participate in hindbrain melanocortinergic reduction of food intake. Together, our results indicate that NMDAR activation significantly contributes to reduction of food intake following hindbrain melanocortin receptor activation, and it participates in melanocortinergic signaling in NTS neural circuits that mediate reduction of food intake.
Separation of lanthanides and actinides with bifunctional organophosphorus extractants

Abstract Neutral bifunctional organophosphorus solvent extractants, such as dibutyl- N , N -diethylcarbamoylmethylphosphonate (DBDECMP) and its dihexyl analog extract appreciable amounts of trivalent lanthanides and actinides from nitric acid solutions. A brief overview of the lanthanide and actinide extraction chemistry of these extractants is given along with examples of possible technological applications. The results of selected research studies on the separation of actinides and lanthanides in mixed nitric acid-chloride solutions using DBDECMP are described.
Assaying for Structural Variation in the Parvovirus Capsid and Its Role in Infection

The capsid of canine parvovirus (CPV) was assayed for susceptibility to proteases and for structural variation. The natural cleavage of VP2 to VP3 in CPV full (DNA containing) particles recovered from tissue culture occurred within the sequence Arg-Asn-Glu-Arg Ala-Thr. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, bromelain, and cathepsin B all cleaved >90% of the VP2 to VP3 in full but not in empty capsids and did not digest the capsid further. Digestion with proteinase K, Pronase, papain, or subtilisin cleaved the VP2 to VP3 and also cleaved at additional internal sites, causing particle disintegration and protein degradation. Several partial digestion products produced by proteinase K or subtilisin were approximately 31-32.5 kDa, indicating cleavage within loop 3 of the capsid protein as well as other sites. Protease treatment of capsids at pH 5.5 or 7.5 did not significantly alter their susceptibility to digestion. The isoelectric point of CPV empty capsids was pH 5.3, and full capsids were 0.3 pH more acidic, but after proteolysis of VP2 to VP3, the pI of the full capsids became the same as that of the empty capsids. Antibodies against various capsid protein sequences showed the amino termini of most VP2 molecules were on the outside of full but not empty particles, that the VP1-unique sequence was internal, and that the capsid could be disintegrated by heat or urea treatment to expose the internal sequences. Capsids added to cells were localized within the cell cytoplasm in vesicles that appeared to be lysosomes. Microinjected capsids remained primarily in the cytoplasm, although a small proportion was observed to be in the nucleus after 2 h. After CPV capsids labeled with [35S]methionine were bound to cells at 0 degrees C and the cells warmed, little cleavage of VP1 or VP2 was observed even after prolonged incubation. Inoculation of cells with virus in the presence of proteinase inhibitors did not significantly reduce the infection.
Attentional and Neuromotor Functions of Schizophrenics, Schizoaffectives, and Patients With Other Affective Disorders

• Evaluation of attentional and neuromotor functions in 45 patients meeting the Research Diagnostic Criteria for schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and other affective disorders showed that schizoaffectives could not be distinguished from patients with other affective disorders by any of the measures. However, schizophrenics differed from the other diagnostic groups on four measures: they showed significantly more oculomotor, stereognosis, and right-left identification abnormalities and more errors of omission on the attentional task under distraction conditions. The findings of this study are consistent with earlier reports that schizoaffectives are not greatly different from patients with other affective disorders in family history, treatment response, or long-term outcome. There is not yet sufficient etiologic or behavioral evidence to indicate that schizoaffective disorder is a valid diagnostic category.
Cross-talk between the TGFβ and Wnt signaling pathways in murine embryonic maxillary mesenchymal cells

The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and Wnt signaling pathways play central roles regulating embryogenesis and maintaining adult tissue homeostasis. TGFβ mediates its cellular effects through types I and II cell surface receptors coupled to the nucleocytoplasmic Smad proteins. Wnt signals via binding to a cell surface receptor, Frizzled, which in turn activates intracellular Dishevelled, ultimately leading to stabilization and nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Previous studies have demonstrated several points of cross-talk between the TGFβ and Wnt signaling pathways. In yeast two-hybrid and GST-pull down assays, Dishevelled-1 and Smad 3 have been shown to physically interact through the C-terminal one-half of Dishevelled-1 and the MH2 domain of Smad 3. The current study demonstrates that co-treatment of murine embryonic maxillary mesenchyme (MEMM) cells with Wnt-3a and TGFβ leads to enhanced reporter activity from TOPflash, a Wnt-responsive reporter plasmid. Transcriptional cooperation between TGFβ and Wnt did not require the presence of a Smad binding element, nor did it occur when a TGFβ-responsive reporter plasmid (p3TP-lux) was transfected. Overexpression of Smad 3 further enhanced the cooperation between Wnt and TGFβ while overexpression of dominant-negative Smads 2 and 3 inhibited this effect. Co-stimulation with TGFβ led to greater nuclear translocation of β-catenin, providing explanation for the effect of TGFβ on Wnt-3a reporter activity. Wnt-3a exerted antiproliferative activity in MEMM cells, similar to that exerted by TGFβ. In addition, Wnt-3a and TGFβ in combination led to synergistic decreases in MEMM cell proliferation. These data demonstrate a functional interaction between the TGFβ and Wnt signaling pathways and suggest that Wnt activation of the canonical pathway is an important mediator of MEMM cell growth.
Analyzing clinical ratings of performance on pediatric neuropsychological tests.

Abstract This project examined the agreement among pediatric neuropsychologists when rating the functioning of normal and low-birth-weight children in seven neuropsychological domains. In Phase 1, two neuropsychologists rated 154 children; in Phase 2, three neuropsychologists rated 41 children. Intraclass correlations of agreement in Phase 1 were: attention .39, intelligence .85, auditory/linguistic .82, haptic .70, visual perceptual/visuomotor .78, mnestic .72, and global .61. Intraclass correlations observed in Phase 2 were similar to those found in Phase 1 except that agreement in rating attention increased to .53. Linear modeling of global judgments revealed that two raters emphasized the auditory/linguistic, haptic, and visual perceptual/visuomotor domains in deriving global ratings, whereas the third emphasized the intellectual and attentional domains. In general, agreement among raters was sufficient to justify using clinical ratings to combine individual test scores into more general behavioral me...