cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"Discipline to the Mind": Philadelphia's Banneker Institute, 1854-1872

Nineteen-year-old Jacob C. White, Jr., was sure about what was needed, and on a spring day in 1856 he made it clear to his friends: "a library which, if properly kept up, would shed a halo of literary light throughout this city and reflect great credit on those who constitute this association."1 In his capacity as recording secretary of the Banneker Institute, White oudined this objective in his annual report. The institute had been organized in 1853 by a group of some five dozen African-American men who had tided it "the Alexandrian Institute, a young men's instruction society."2 In the ensuing years these men rede fined their identity, replacing the classical title with one closer to the members' own heritage and aspirations. African-American mathematician Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806) had been born free in a slave society, had become educated through his own initiative and discipline, and had thereby been able to make a contribution to society, to "reflect great credit on those who constitute this [race]." Banneker had assisted Pierre L'Enfant in the surveying of Washington, D.C., and had published a series of almanacs well-respected in the United States and in Europe. Thomas Jefferson had brought Banneker's work to the attention of the French Academy of Sciences. In addition to these intellectual achieve ments, Banneker had been an outspoken champion of freedom and political rights for African Americans, having sponsored numerous peti tions and pamphlets in their cause.3 Banneker, then, symbolized the
Retroesophageal Hiatal Plasty and Gastropexy in the Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux with or Without Hiatus Hernia in Childhood

Not every patient with gastroesophageal reflux requires treatment, not to mention surgical treatment. According to the American pediatric surgeon Lucian Leape (1979), closure of the cardia is incomplete in 25%–50% of all infants. Roughly two-thirds of these infants never show symptoms and only one-third become symptomatic. In approximately 75% of the symptomatic infants, symptoms are mild and these children usually undergo treatment by the pediatric practitioner, whereas clinical treatment is necessary in the remaining 25% where most of them, namely 90%, are cured conservatively. Only 10% of this small remaining group require surgery. In about 5% of patients with symptomatic reflux, the symptoms are primarily so severe that immediate pediatric surgical treatment is necessary (Fig.1).
Hospital Marketing and Communications Via Social Media

ABSTRACTSocial media usage by health care organizations has increased dramatically. Findings from this research show that 95% of the top ranked hospitals use social media. The purpose of this study is to examine whether social media usage varies according to size of hospital and types of services provided. Since social media platforms appeal to different groups of people, this prompts the question of whether certain platforms are more appealing to people who partake in different health services. Findings reveal differences in social media usage depending on the services provided by a hospital.
Altered Neural Oscillations During Multisensory Integration in Adolescents with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder.

Background Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), who were exposed to alcohol in utero, display a broad range of sensory, cognitive, and behavioral deficits, which are broadly theorized to be rooted in altered brain function and structure. Based on the role of neural oscillations in multisensory integration from past studies, we hypothesized that adolescents with FASD would show a decrease in oscillatory power during event-related gamma oscillatory activity (30-100Hz), when compared to typically-developing healthy controls (HC), and that such decrease in oscillatory power would predict behavioral performance. Methods We measured sensory neurophysiology using magnetoencephalography (MEG) during passive auditory (A), somatosensory (S), and multisensory (synchronous A/S) stimulation in 19 adolescents (12-21yrs) with FASD and 23 age- and gender-matched HC. We employed a cross-hemisphere multisensory paradigm to assess interhemispheric connectivity deficits in children with FASD. Results Time-frequency analysis of MEG data revealed a significant decrease in gamma oscillatory power for both unisensory and multisensory conditions in the FASD group relative to HC, based on permutation testing of significant group differences. Greater beta oscillatory power (15-30 Hz) was also noted in the FASD group compared to HC in both unisensory and multisensory conditions. Regression analysis revealed greater predictive power of multisensory oscillations from unisensory oscillations in the FASD group compared to the HC group. Furthermore, multisensory oscillatory power, for both groups, predicted performance on the Intra-Extradimensional Set Shift Task and the Cambridge Gambling Task. Conclusions Altered oscillatory power in the FASD group may reflect a restricted ability to process somatosensory and multisensory stimuli during day-to-day interactions. These alterations in neural oscillations may be associated with the neurobehavioral deficits experienced by adolescents with FASD, and may carry over to adulthood. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Emancipatory advocacy: A companion ethics for political activism

In this paper, I take up the challenge that political activism runs the risk of generating abstract freedoms for oppressed subjects and neglecting the effects of oppression on the development of subjectivity. I argue that a political activism in concert with a companion ethics of advocacy and listening is best positioned to improve the political and economic conditions of individuals as well as ensure that they are able to realize their freedom in meaningful action. In this paper I distinguish political emancipation from human emancipation using the political and ethical writings of Simone de Beauvoir. I then argue that a feminist ethics of advocacy and listening can serve the project of human emancipation as emancipatory advocacy. I then return to Beauvoir to illuminate the dynamics of privilege, risk, and ambiguity in emancipatory advocacy through her own activism and advocacy in the case of Djamila Boupacha and Algerian independence.
Preventable Emergency Department Visits for Nontraumatic Dental Conditions: Trends and Disparities in Nevada, 2009-2015.

Objectives. To examine trends and socioeconomic disparities for preventable dental-related emergency department (ED) visits in Nevada.Methods. We pooled retrospective data containing 66 267 ED visits involving dental conditions from Nevada hospital ED databases from 2009 to 2015. The dependent variable was nontraumatic dental conditions identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes; 3 independent variables included treatment year, health insurance status, and race/ethnicity.Results. Odds of ED visits for nontraumatic dental conditions increased 16% annually from 2009 to 2015 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.13, 1.19). Medicaid (OR = 2.16; 95% CI = 1.96, 2.39) and uninsured patients (OR = 2.75; 95% CI = 2.52, 3.00) presenting with nontraumatic dental conditions were 1 to 2 times more likely than those with private dental insurance to seek ED treatment. Black patients were more likely than White patients to seek ED treatment (OR = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.02,...
Chocolate and Its Component's Effect on Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract This review article examines and discusses the advantageous effects of chocolate and its various components on cardiovascular disease. Based on both observational and experimental studies, cocoa consumption is correlated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Complementing this, cocoa consumption is also highly associated with reduced blood pressure, usually accounting for decreases in blood pressure by 3–5 mm Hg. A large contributing factor influencing these beneficial cardioprotective effects is chocolate's many components. For instance, chocolate contains many elements such as lipids, minerals, fiber, theobromine, and most notably flavonoids. Flavonoids are in many different plant-derived foods such as tea, grapes, wine, berries, and cocoa; chocolate is particularly rich in a subclass of flavonoids called flavanols. Usually, the percentage of cacao in chocolate influences the concentration of flavanols present; dark chocolate tends to contain more flavanols than milk chocolate. These flavanols are a highly significant component of cacao as they provide numerous cardiovascular health benefits. They have antihypertensive, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant qualities. The mechanisms of how cocoa consumption actually reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease are not completely known yet; however, many ongoing research studies show that the bioavailability of nitric oxide is significant.
Rocksalt or cesium chloride: Investigating the relative stability of the cesium halide structures with random phase approximation based methods

The ground state structural and energetic properties for rocksalt and cesium chloride phases of the cesium halides were explored using the random phase approximation (RPA) and beyond-RPA methods to benchmark the nonempirical SCAN meta-GGA and its empirical dispersion corrections. The importance of nonadditivity and higher-order multipole moments of dispersion in these systems is discussed. RPA generally predicts the equilibrium volume for these halides within 2.4% of the experimental value, while beyond-RPA methods utilizing the renormalized adiabatic LDA (rALDA) exchange-correlation kernel are typically within 1.8%. The zero-point vibrational energy is small and shows that the stability of these halides is purely due to electronic correlation effects. The rAPBE kernel as a correction to RPA overestimates the equilibrium volume and could not predict the correct phase ordering in the case of cesium chloride, while the rALDA kernel consistently predicted results in agreement with the experiment for all of the halides. However, due to its reasonable accuracy with lower computational cost, SCAN+rVV10 proved to be a good alternative to the RPA-like methods for describing the properties of these ionic solids.
Consistency in Children’s Classroom Experiences and Implications for Early Childhood Development

In order to promote positive developmental trajectories, children need predictable teacher-child social interactions that are consistently sensitive and responsive. In environments where children are surrounded by warm, supportive, nurturing adults whose behaviors, actions, and emotions are relatively consistent, children cultivate the confidence to explore their surroundings in ways that facilitate development across multiple domains. In this chapter, we emphasize the within-day consistency in children’s experience of classroom emotional support and summarize the research linking emotional support consistency to children’s behavioral and academic gains from preschool through elementary grades. We further explore teacher-child relationships as mediators and child temperament and self-regulation as moderators of child outcomes. We offer two established theoretical frameworks for understanding the role of teacher’s emotional support consistency on child outcomes: (a) Attachment theory suggests the provision of consistently warm and supportive caregiving facilitates an environment where children more readily explore and learn; (b) resource depletion theory suggests that children who devote attentional resources to monitor a changing or unpredictable social environment may not have sufficient cognitive resources available to dedicate toward learning tasks. We conclude with consistency measurement considerations and an invitation to conceptualize consistency in multiple ways, offering family mobility patterns as an example.
Food legume research sponsored by the United States Agency for International Development (A.I.D.)

We in the United States Agency for International Development (A.I.D.) are pleased to share in the sponsorship of this important Conference on food legumes, and we congratulate and commend those who conceived and organized it.
Retrograde axonal transport of rabies virus is unaffected by interferon treatment but blocked by emetine locally in axons

Neuroinvasive viruses, such as alpha herpesviruses (αHV) and rabies virus (RABV), initially infect peripheral tissues, followed by invasion of the innervating axon termini. Virus particles must undergo long distance retrograde axonal transport to reach the neuron cell bodies in the peripheral or central nervous system (PNS/CNS). How virus particles hijack the axonal transport machinery and how PNS axons respond to and regulate infection are questions of significant interest. To track individual virus particles, we constructed a recombinant RABV expressing a P-mCherry fusion protein, derived from the virulent CVS-N2c strain. We studied retrograde RABV transport in the presence or absence of interferons (IFN) or protein synthesis inhibitors, both of which were reported previously to restrict axonal transport of αHV particles. Using neurons from rodent superior cervical ganglia grown in tri-chambers, we showed that axonal exposure to type I or type II IFN did not alter retrograde axonal transport of RABV. However, exposure of axons to emetine, a translation elongation inhibitor, blocked axonal RABV transport by a mechanism that was not dependent on protein synthesis inhibition. The minority of RABV particles that still moved retrograde in axons in the presence of emetine, moved with slower velocities and traveled shorter distances. Emetine's effect was specific to RABV, as transport of cellular vesicles was unchanged. These findings extend our understanding of how neuroinvasion is regulated in axons and point toward a role for emetine as an inhibitory modulator of RABV axonal transport.
Expression and Function of Neuron-Glia-Related Cell Adhesion Molecule (NrCAM) in the Amygdalar Pathway.

Neuron-glial related cell adhesion molecule (NrCAM) is a candidate autism risk factor that promotes axon guidance through cytoskeletal linkages in developing brain but its role in limbic circuitry has not been investigated. In situ hybridization and immunofluorescence staining showed that NrCAM is expressed in the developing amygdalar pathway of mouse embryos during outgrowth of projections in the ST, a major limbic tract that interconnects the central amygdala with key targets in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Analysis of fiber tracts in NrCAM mutant mice by Neurofilament protein immunohistochemistry showed pronounced defasciculation and misprojection of fibers in the ST. The defasciculation phenotype may result from impairment in NrCAM homophilic inter-axonal adhesion or axon repulsion from the secreted ligand Semaphorin3F, which is expressed in limbic areas in proximity to the ST. Behavioral testing indicated that NrCAM null mice were impaired in context-dependent fear conditioning, in accord with altered amygdala-BNST connectivity, but displayed normal cued (tone-shock) conditioning. Results are consistent with the novel finding that NrCAM mediates fasciculation of axon fibers in the ST important for proper amygdalar-BNST circuitry and response to contextual fear conditioning.
On my own terms.

Carol Conaway prepared this excerpt from her political memoir-in-progress. She examines her experiences as an African American lesbian living her dream of becoming a Jew. The work focuses on how she navigated her initial naivete about the prejudices she encountered in response to her combination of gender, race, class, sexual orientation, and mental illness. Conaway's work to co-found a community of lesbian and gay Jews in Boston marked a defining moment in her history.
In Vivo Targeted Expression of Optogenetic Proteins Using Silk/AAV Films

The quest to understand how neural circuits process information in order to drive behavioral output has been greatly aided by recently-developed optical methods for manipulating and monitoring the activity of neurons in vivo. These types of experiments rely on two main components: 1) implantable devices that provide optical access to the brain, and 2) light-sensitive proteins that change neuronal excitability or provide a readout of neuronal activity. There are a number of ways to express light-sensitive proteins, but stereotaxic injection of viral vectors is currently the most flexible approach because expression can be controlled with genetic, anatomical, and temporal precision. Despite the great utility of viral vectors, delivering the virus to the site of optical implants poses numerous challenges. Stereotaxic virus injections are demanding surgeries that increase surgical time, increase the cost of studies, and pose a risk to the animal's health. The surrounding tissue can be physically damaged by the injection syringe, and by immunogenic inflammation caused by the abrupt delivery of a bolus of high-titer virus. Aligning injections with optical implants is especially difficult when targeting small regions deep in the brain. To overcome these challenges, we describe a method for coating multiple types of optical implants with films composed of silk fibroin and Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors. Fibroin, a polymer derived from the cocoon of Bombyx mori, can encapsulate and protect biomolecules and can be processed into forms ranging from soluble films to ceramics. When implanted into the brain, silk/AAV coatings release virus at the interface between optical elements and the surrounding brain, driving expression precisely where it is needed. This method is easily implemented and promises to greatly facilitate in vivo studies of neural circuit function.
A simple instrument to find spatiotemporal overlap of optical/X-ray light at free-electron lasers.

A compact and robust diagnostic to determine spatial and temporal overlap between X-ray free-electron laser and optical laser pulses was developed and evaluated using monochromatic X-rays from the Linac Coherent Light Source. It was used to determine temporal overlap with a resolution of ∼10 fs, despite the large pulse energy fluctuations of the monochromatic X-ray pulses, and covers a wide optical wavelength range from ultraviolet to near-infrared with a single configuration.
Synthesis of furo[2,3‐b]pyridine

Two routes were employed to synthesize unsubstituted furo[2,3-b]pyridine (IV). The first method started with ethyl 5-aminofuro[2,3-b] pyridine-2-carboxylate (1) and involved successive deamination, hydrolysis, and decarboxylation. The second method began with 5-nitrofuro[2,3-b ]-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (V) and consisted of successive decarboxylation, reduction, and deamination reactions.
Managing the Operating Room: A Urologist’s Guide to Enhancing Efficiency and Quality

Running an efficient operating room has a number of advantages including cost, reduced stress, and additional time. Be early and present in the operating room and spend time orienting the staff to the case and checking equipment. During the case, be proactive, communicative, and forward thinking. Tracking your complications and outcomes and comparing these to national metrics are important to efficiency and quality. Operating room efficiency directly reflects on the triple aim of patient care including lower cost, outstanding care, and patient safety. By establishing these behaviors and expectations early, these practices will pay dividends in productivity and satisfaction for years to come.
ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Due to Right Coronary Artery Compression by Cardiac Synovial Sarcoma

A 47-year-old man presented to our hospital after a syncopal event and 1 week of progressive chest pain. His medical history was pertinent for cardiac synovial sarcoma, which had previously undergone subtotal resection. He was seen at an outside hospital, where electrocardiography exhibited ST-
Training for integrated care treatment of Opioid use disorder

About 115 opioid overdose deaths occur every day in the USA (CDC, 2017), with the highest numbers of deaths occurring in West Virginia and Ohio. Opioid drugs include prescription opioids such as Oxycodone, Hydrocodone, Morphine, and Methadone used to treat moderate to severe pain; Fentanyl, a synthetic opioid pain reliever that is more powerful that other opioid drugs, and is being illicitly manufactured; and Heroin, an illegal drug that is being abused increasingly with a reported 5 times increase in overdose deaths from 2010-2016 in the USA. Rural and urban communities are being hard-hit by opioid addiction and for every death reported there are 4-5 times more non-fatal opioid overdoses. Rural communities are particularly affected due to the limited treatment facilities available. The integration of primary health and behavioral health is evidence-based and crucial for successful treatment of Opioid Use Disorder. Yet counselor preparation programs are not adequately training students to work effectively in integrated care treatment teams. Participants will understand research supporting medication assisted treatment for Opioid Use Disorder, and will gain insight into how primary care physicians, nurse practitioners, counselors, and behavioral health consultants are collaborating successfully for the benefit of patients in rural south-eastern Ohio. The value of interdisciplinary training using case-based discussions to illustrate components of Integrated Care will be presented. Presentation objectives include that attendees will: - Understand the benefits of integrated care treatment for opioid use disorder, with an emphasis on a team-based approach among treatment providers. - Gain information about the types of medication assisted treatment protocols for opioid use disorder, including their strengths and weaknesses. - Explore training strategies for counselors and other behavioral health providers to effectively collaborate with primary care providers in medication assisted treatment - Learn specific competencies for effective integrated care treatment provided by the US government agency Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).
Sclerotherapy for the Management of Seromas: A Systematic Review.

Objective: Despite improved recognition of risk factors, plastic surgeons commonly encounter seromas postoperatively and must decide upon management. Current recommendations for minimally invasive, chemical management originate from the literature on management of pneumothorax and pleural effusions. A handful of published reports have suggested the efficacy of sclerotherapy in seroma management. The aim of this study was to assess the literature on the use of sclerosants to treat subcutaneous fluid collections. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed on the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases for primary research articles on sclerotherapy for seroma treatment between January 1975 and January 2017. Exclusion criteria were surgical treatment, sclerotherapy for seroma prevention, hematoma, or absence of detailed documentation. Data related to seroma location, sclerosant, and resolutions were extracted. Results: The literature search yielded 7 relevant articles of level IV evidence and 12 case reports, with a total of 84 patients treated with sclerotherapy for persistent seromas. Slerosant included talc, tetracycline antibiotics, ethanol, polidocanol, erythromycin, OK-432, fibrin glue, and povidone-iodine. All agents achieved high rates of success. Repeat aspirations and instillations were easily performed when required. Complications, while uncommon, included pain, tightness or discomfort of the treated area, and infection. Conclusion: Sclerotherapy appears to be effective and safe for recurrent seromas. While a variety of sclerosing agents may be applied successfully, talc and tetracyclines remain popular choices. Because of the small scale and retrospective nature of the published literature, larger, randomized, comparative studies are necessary to assess and optimize this treatment approach.
Presession attention affects the acquisition of tacts and intraverbals

This study examined the effects of presession attention on the acquisition of tacts (Experiment 1) and intraverbals (Experiment 2) in children diagnosed with autism. Each participant experienced 3 conditions. In the first 2 conditions, participants experienced a 15-min interval of either presession attention (PA) or no presession attention (NPA) followed by a teaching session. The third condition was a control condition. Across experiments, all participants acquired the verbal operants assigned to the NPA condition, whereas only 4 of the 6 participants acquired the verbal operants assigned to the PA condition. Five of the 6 participants required fewer sessions to meet the mastery criterion and a shorter duration of training for the verbal operants assigned to the NPA condition as compared to the PA condition. These outcomes suggest that antecedent manipulations traditionally reserved for mand training can positively affect the acquisition of other verbal operants. Theoretical implications are discussed.
The Black Box and Japanese Discourses of the Digital

The article examines the figure of the black box in Japanese discourses of the digital, particularly as they apply to attempts to adapt older media, such as broadcast television, to the technological and commercial needs of new media. Analysis focuses on the implementation of the BS Conditional Access Systems (B-CAS) standard with the roll-out of digital broadcast in Japan during the first decade of the 21st century. Although B-CAS’s addition reflected an attempt to bring television in line with the needs of contemporary intellectual property strategies, its implementation and defense reveal a wider spread of the black box as a trope of contemporary digital discourse in Japan. More ideological than technical fact, the black box and its imagined opacity serve as a warning against the unsanctioned use of digital technologies, drawing on a metaphor of opacity as a contagion that serves as an ideological stopgap for perceived shortcomings in digital control systems.
3.12 Fluid Mechanics: Transport and Diffusion Analyses as Applied in Biomaterials Studies

A review of some of the recent mathematical models used for solving transport problems involving porous biomaterial scaffolds is presented. Both direct numerical simulation (DNS) methods and macroscopic averaged equations for porous media have been reviewed in detail. DNS methods provide the most accurate details of the flow, shear stress, and species concentration fields. The state-of-the-art imaging techniques coupled with DNS may serve to be helpful in pore-scale optimization studies of the scaffold geometry. However, the dynamic changes in the geometry of the scaffold architecture due to cell growth and proliferation pose significant research challenges for DNS methods. DNS calculations are also computationally intensive for large scale optimization studies. On the other hand, macroscopic averaged equations are simpler to solve and by the very nature of their construction may be scaled up for the system level (up to the length scale of bioreactors) optimization. However, the averaging procedure smoothes the flow structure at the pore scales and may under predict shear stress variations at the cellular scale. But in most situations, they produce reasonable engineering estimates of the flow and concentrations fields. While each of the described methods has its own advantages and disadvantages, the choice of any particular method depends on the desired level of accuracy sought for a given application. Both DNS and averaged methods will continue to serve as powerful tools for performing quantitative engineering studies of transport involving bioreactors and biomaterials. Combining the best features of both the methods may enable multiscale optimization studies involving both the bioreactor scale (macroscale) and the pore scale (microscale).
Tinnitus: An Epidemiologic Perspective

Tinnitus is commonly referred to as "ringing in the ears." Epidemiologic studies highlight challenges associated with clinical determination of tinnitus and ascertainment of its etiology, functional effects, temporal characteristics, psychoacoustic parameters, and risk factors. Because no standards exist for capturing these factors as measures, direct comparison of data between studies is not possible. This report suggests terminology and definitions to promote standardization, with a brief overview of findings from selected population-based epidemiologic studies. Tinnitus-specific data are presented from the Noise Outcomes in Servicemembers Epidemiology study. Further epidemiologic studies are needed to develop tinnitus treatment and a cure for this chronic condition.
Methods of Honey Bee Stinger Removal: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Honey bee envenomations are a common occurrence and cause localized morbidity but rarely cause systemic symptoms or death in humans. Honey bee stingers have a uniquely designed venom sac with a piston-containing bifurcated stinger that can remain in human skin and continue injecting venom after stinging. For some time, it has been proposed that a retained honey bee stinger should be scraped out by a dull edge, as opposed to pinching and pulling out the stinger, in order to minimize the volume of venom injected. We undertook a literature review to evaluate the evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of methods of honey bee stinger removal. The initial search identified 23 articles of interest; following title and abstract screening, two studies met the inclusion criteria. The included articles used different methods and models to evaluate the relationship between venom injection over time, and one of these studies also compared different methods of stinger removal. The literature review was limited by the small number of studies on the topic, but both included studies include findings relevant to the clinical question of interest. Based on the available evidence, a retained honey bee stinger should be removed as quickly as possible, and there appears to be no disadvantage in doing it by pinching and pulling.
Cauda Canis: Variation of a Tinel’s Sign for a Sciatic Nerve Tumor

A patient with a prior history of intradural schwannoma and disc herniation presented with radicular pain after being hit in the thigh by a dog's tail. She was worked up and found to have a tumor of her right sciatic nerve. The tumor was resected and histology was consistent with schwannoma. The dog's tail acted as a Tinel's sign maneuver and led to timely identification of her peripheral nerve tumor. Peripheral nerve schwannomas can present in unusual forms, and Tinel's maneuver may be a useful tool in diagnosis.
Critical Evaluation of Trends in Otolaryngology Resident Caseload by Subspecialty from 2005 to 2019.

Background:Subspecialty caseloads logged by otolaryngology residents over the last 15 years is currently unknown. This study examines the trends at the national level.Methods:Otolaryngology case lo...
Feed and water related toxicants

Seventy-two cattle were fed Rumensin at levels up to 100 g/ton for 160 days and no changes indicative of toxicity were observed for hematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis, or organ weight parameters. No gross or microscopic tissue changes relating to treatment were observed. The 100 g/ton level did, however, reduce gain.Oral single doses of Rumensin fed to cattle has caused mortality at 55 mg/kg of body weight which is 80 times the recommended dose of 30 g/ton. However, no mortality ocurred at the 30 g/ton level.The evidence has accumulated that feed containing 279 ppm monensin is lethal to horses and that 125 ppm may be toxic but not necessarily lethal. Feed with 31 ppm monensin did not cause any clinical changes, aside from partial anorexia in the horse. The single-dose toxicity studies indicate the LD50 of monensin for horses is between 2 and 3 mg/kg of body weight.
Negative Mood and Food Craving Strength Among Women with Overweight: Implications for Targeting Mechanisms Using a Mindful Eating Intervention.

When experiencing negative mood, people often eat to improve their mood. A learned association between mood and eating may cultivate frequent food cravings, detracting from health goals. Training in mindful eating may target this cycle of emotion-craving-eating by teaching individuals to manage urges when experiencing negative mood. We examined the impact of a mobile mindful eating intervention on the link between negative mood and food cravings among overweight women. In a single-arm trial, participants (n = 64, M age = 46.1 years, M BMI = 31.5 kg/m2) completed ecological momentary assessments of negative mood and food cravings 3 times/day for 3 days pre- and post-intervention, as well as 1-month post-intervention. Using multilevel linear regression, we compared associations between negative mood and food craving strength at pre- vs. post-intervention (model 1) and post-intervention vs. 1-month follow-up (model 2). In model 1, negative mood interacted with time point (β = − .20, SE = .09, p = .02, 95% CI [− .38, − .03]) to predict craving strength, indicating that the within-person association between negative mood and craving strength was significantly weaker at post-intervention (β = 0.18) relative to pre-intervention (β = 0.38). In model 2, negative mood did not interact with time point to predict craving strength (β = .13, SE = .09, p = .10, 95% CI − .03, .31]); the association did not significantly differ between post-intervention and 1-month follow-up. Training in mindful eating weakened the mood-craving association from pre- to post-intervention. The weakened association remained at follow-up. Our findings highlight the mood-craving link as a target-worthy mechanism of mindful eating that should be assessed in clinical trials. NCT02694731
Atmospheric Heating and Wind Acceleration in Cool Evolved Stars

A chromosphere is a universal property of stars of spectral type later than ∼ F5. Evolved K and M giants and supergiants, including the ζ Aur binaries, show extended and highly turbulent chromospheres, which develop into slow massive winds. The associated continuous mass loss has a significant impact on stellar evolution, and thence on the chemical evolution of galaxies. Yet despite the fundamental importance of those winds in astrophysics, the question of their origin(s) remains unsolved. What mechanisms heat a chromosphere? What is the role of the chromosphere in the formation of stellar winds? This chapter provides a review of the observational requirements and theoretical approaches for modelling chromospheric heating and the acceleration of winds in single cool, evolved stars and in eclipsing binary stars, including physical models that have recently been proposed. It describes the successes that have been achieved so far by invoking acoustic and MHD waves to provide a physical description of plasma heating and wind acceleration, and discusses the challenges that still remain.
Mercados financieros, flujos de capital y tipo de cambio en México

This paper examines the nature and determinants of the surge in capital flows to Mexico between 1990 and 1993 and the resulting macroeconomic adjustments in the financial and goods markets. The paper argues that this episode of massive capital inflows led to an overshooting of the real exchange rate with respect to its long term equilibrium value. As a result, the Mexican economy was facing, already since mid-1992, a macroeconomic adjustment problem whose solution required a real devaluation of the peso. The paper also presents a comparison of the recent episode with the previous episode of capital inflows associated to the oil boom in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
The relationship between learning goal orientation, goal setting, and performance: a longitudinal study

Abstract Inaneducationalsetting,weexaminedtherelationshipof learninggoalorientationwith goal setting and performance over time. At the ﬁrst time point, we assessedlevels of trait learning goal orientation and asked participants to set performancegoals.Ateachfollow-uptimepoint,wereportedtoparticipantstheircurrentcoursegrade and allowed them to revise their goals.Learning goal orientation was associ-atedwithbothsettinghighergoalsandmaintaininghigherperformanceovertime.Additionally, the relationship of learning goal orientation and performance wasfoundtobemediatedbygoalsetting.Beginning with research on goal setting, several streams ofresearch have emerged on the effects of self-regulatory proc-essesonbehavior(LockeLLocke,Shaw,Saari, & Latham, 1981). Early work on goal-setting theoryfocusedontheimportanceof variousgoalcharacteristicsonperformance,consistently demonstrating the positive effectsof setting challenging and speciﬁc goals coupled with feed-back(AustinV Payne, Youngcourt, &Beaubien, 2007). Additionally, LGO has been found to bepositively related to self-set goal difﬁculty,whereas PGO hasbeenfoundtobeunrelatedornegativelyrelated(Payneet al.,2007).AlthoughresearchhasdemonstratedtheeffectsofLGOonperformanceoutcomesandgoalregulation,acommonlimi-tationofmanyofthesestudiesistheircross-sectionalnature.Indeed, Mitchell and James (2001) suggested that time is aninﬂuential factor in determining the dynamics of goal-orientedbehavior.Moreover,Williams,Donovan,andDodge(2000) demonstrated that the effect of goal discrepancy ongoalrevisionmaybestrongerinlatterstagesof goalstriving.In the current study,we gathered data on the academic goalsand performance of college students at multiple time pointsthroughout the course of a semester. This allowed us toexploretheunderlyingmechanismsbywhichLGOinﬂuencesperformanceovertime.Littleresearchhasexaminedwhetherthe positive effects of LGO on goal setting and performanceare consistent and sustainable over time or if such effects arelimitedtotheinitialorendstagesofthegoal-strivingprocess.Ourstudyspeaksdirectlytothesetime-basedissues.
EPR studies on the superoxide-scavenging capacity of the nutraceutical resveratrol

Resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene), a polyphenolic compound found in mulberries, grapes, and red wine, has received considerable attention because of its apparent protective effects against various degenerative diseases due to its potential antioxidant activities. However, direct evidence for the superoxide-scavenging capacity of resveratrol is lacking in literature. In this study, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy in combination with 5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methylpyrroline-N-oxide (DEPMPO)-spin trapping technique was utilized to determine the ability of resveratrol in scavenging superoxide anions generated from both potassium superoxide and the xanthine oxidase/xanthine system. We have demonstrated here for the first time that the presence of resveratrol resulted in decreased formation of DEPMPO-superoxide adduct (DEPMPO-OOH) in both the potassium superoxide and xanthine oxidase/xanthine systems, indicating that resveratrol could directly scavenge superoxide anions. The inhibition of DEPMPO-OOH in the xanthine oxidase/xanthine system, however, was found to be much potent as compared to that observed in potassium superoxide system. It was further shown that resveratrol could also directly inhibit xanthine oxidase activity as assessed by oxygen consumption and formation of uric acid. Taken together, the dual role of resveratrol in directly scavenging superoxide and inhibiting its generation via xanthine oxidase reported in this study may explain, at least in part, the protective role of this compound against oxidative injury in various disease processes.
Conflict Nightmares and Trauma in Aceh

In both the Acehnese and Indonesian languages, there is no single lexical term for “nightmare.” And yet findings from a large field research project in Aceh that examined post traumatic experience during Aceh’s nearly 30-year rebellion against the Indonesian state and current mental distress revealed a rich variety of dream narratives that connect directly and indirectly to respondents’ past traumatic experiences. The results reported below suggest that even in a society that has a very different cultural ideology about dreams, where “nightmares” as such are not considered dreams but rather the work of mischievous spirits called jin, they are still a significant part of the trauma process. We argue that it is productive to distinguish between terrifying and repetitive dreams that recreate the traumatic moment and the more ordinary varieties of dreams that Acehnese reported to their interviewers. Nightmares that refer back to conflict events do not appear as an elaborated feature of trauma as the condition is understood by people in Aceh, but when asked further about their dreams, respondents who reported symptoms suggestive of PTSD were more likely to report PTSD-like dreams, memory intrusions that repeat the political violence of the past.
Regulation of the Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin-Cortisol Interaction in the Guinea Pig

Adult male guinea pigs were used to examine pituitary-adrenal function and corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)-cortisol interaction. A biphasic pattern in the circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol was observed, with nadirs occurring at 0800 and 2400 h and peaks at 1600 and 0400 h. An excellent correlation was noted between total and free plasma cortisol levels. In contrast, no correlation was noted between CBG binding capacity and either the total or free plasma cortisol level. The free plasma cortisol concentration ranged from 0.6–5.8 jµg/ dl, representing 6.1–14.5% of the total cortisol concentration. The CBG binding capacity ranged from 12.2–161.7 7mu;g/dl, and the binding affinity was 1.3–2.2 107 M-l at 22 C, which is 20- fold lower than that of human CBG. These results suggest that CBG in the guinea pig has a relatively minor effect on the plasma distribution of cortisol, and that free plasma cortisol is dependent on cortisol binding to nonspecific plasma proteins as well as on the total plasma corti...
Appealing to the “intelligent worker”: Rhetorical reconstitution and the influence of firsthand experience in the rhetoric of Leonora O'Reilly

Abstract This article examines the rhetoric of labor activist Leonora O'Reilly for the ways she reconstituted her audience through a second persona of “intelligent workers.”; By balancing concrete contextualization with abstract visions of a future democracy, O'Reilly established identification with her audience of young, uneducated, poor women while simultaneously encouraging them to become a group of outspoken agents capable of transforming their oppressive circumstances. This article also explores the ways firsthand experiences influenced the process of reconstitution. To recognize the influences of extra‐verbal phenomena does not downplay rhetoric's role in the creation of an audience but rather calls attention to the dialectical relationship between language and an extra‐discursive reality and encourages scholars to examine a number of factors which can precipitate, impede, or otherwise shape the process of reconstitution.
Microscopic solvation and femtochemistry of charge-transfer reactions: the problem of benzene(s)-iodine binary complexes and their solvent structures

Charge-transfer reactions are studied on the femtosecond and picosecond time scales and under controlled composition in a molecular beam. The system of interest is iodine in aromatic and non-aromatic solvents, which goes back to Hildebrand and Mulliken almost 50 years ago. For the first time, the isolated binary complex and its solvated structural dynamics are studied. The product iodine atoms are positively identified and the concept of harpoon mechanism introduced. The dynamics are related to the impact geometry of the transition state and the electronic structure. A global potential energy surface is described with molecular dynamics detailing the motion in the reaction coordinates.
The Course of Panic Attacks and Agoraphobia-Reply

To the Editor.— In their letter, Maier and Buller report that significant reductions in levels of anxiety occur among patients with panic disorder one year after entering treatment. Based on these data, they conclude that the course of panic disorder is less severe than reported in our study 1 and by other investigators. 2-4 Several points warrant further discussion. First, we reported that although our patient group had nonremitting, chronic courses before admission to our clinic, most patients subsequently made an excellent recovery from their panic and agoraphobic symptoms after combined behavioral therapy and imipramine hydrochloride or alprazolam treatment. 1 Moreover, in a recent prospective 2.5-year outcome study of patients from our study, Nagy et al 5 reported that the significant reductions in anxiety symptoms derived from our treatment program persisted throughout the follow-up period. These data indicate that agoraphobia, with panic attacks, is very responsive to appropriate treatment. However, when panic disorder is
Surface proteins of the erythrocyte membrane. Effect of aging.

. The protein composition of human erythrocyte membranes was analyzed by discontinuous gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). A protein with a monomer mass of 95,000 daltons and the glycoprotein of highest monomer mass were both altered by extensive pronase digestion of whole erythrocytes. This confirmed that these two proteins were exposed to the external surface of the erythrocyte. Membranes prepared from fresh blood were compared with membranes prepared from blood stored for 3 weeks under blood bank conditions. In membranes from stored blood, a single major protein band, the surface protein of 95,000 daltons, was so extensively denatured that it was not monomerized by 0.1% SDS, and migrated much more slowly through the gel. When the membrane was dissolved in 1.0% SDS, this band was completely monomerized, and the electrophoresis pattern was indistinguishable from that produced by membranes prepared from fresh blood. Treatment with dithiothreitol or mercaptoethanol did not solubilize this band. Electrophoresis under the same conditions, followed by staining by the periodic acid-Schiff base technique showed that the denaturable protein was not a glycoprotein, and that the surface glycoprotein was not affected by aging. This glycoprotein migrated in the same position when membranes from fresh and stored blood were compared.
THE EFFECT OF INSULIN ON FETAL GLUCOSE UTILIZATION AND OXIDATION

We have shown previously that fetal glucose uptake, utilization, and oxidation rates are directly related to glucose concentration [G]. However, [G] and insulin concentration [I], are also directly related. In order to measure the specific effect of [I] independent of [G] on fetal glucose utilization (GUR) and oxidation (GOxR) rates we performed glucose clamp experiments in 14 chronically catheterized unstressed fetal lambs. During a 1/2 hr. control period mean arterial [G] was determined and then maintained ± < 0.5 mg/dl by a variable glucose infusion (GIR) during a 2 hr. period of hyperinsulinemia. Net umbilical oxygen (UO2U) and glucose (UGU) uptakes (Fick Principle) and the fraction of glucose oxidized (GOxFx), GUR and GOxR (14C-U-glucose tracer) were measured simultaneously during control and hyperinsulinemia periods.