cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of lightning-associated infrasonic pulses from thunderclouds

[1] It has been pointed by C. T. R. Wilson in 1920 that sudden reduction of the electric field inside a thundercloud immediately following a lightning discharge should produce an infrasound signature. In the present work, a model based on linearized equations of acoustics with classical viscosity and atmospheric gravitational stratification effects is employed to study electrostatic production of 0.1–1-Hz infrasonic waves from thunderclouds, with particular emphasis on the still poorly understood initial compression phase of the observed infrasonic waveforms. It is demonstrated that a growth of charge density in thundercloud prior to lightning discharge on time scales on the order of 2 to 6 s, comparable with typical documented time scales of generation of charge in thunderclouds, leads to formation of a pressure reduction in the thundercloud. This is accompanied by emission of compression waves closely resembling those observed in experiments prior to arrival of a rarefaction pulse generated in accordance with the electrostatic mechanism originally proposed by C. T. R. Wilson and further developed by Dessler in 1973 and Few in 1985. The arguments advanced in the present study agree with the ideas of Bohannon and collaborators formulated in 1977 indicating a rapid intensification of the field prior to the lightning discharge. However, we provide a quantitative demonstration that the intensification does not need to be as fast as 0.5 s proposed by these authors.
Low Volume Plastics Manufacturing Strategies

Plastic components are vital components of many engineered products, frequently representing 20-40% of the product value. While injection molding is the most common process for economically producing complex designs in large quantities, a large initial monetary investment and extended development time are required to develop appropriate tooling. For applications with lower or unknown production quantities, designers may prefer another process that has a lower development cost and lead time albeit with higher marginal costs and production times. A methodology is presented that assists the designer to select the most appropriate manufacturing process that trades off the total production costs with production lead times. The approach is to develop aggregate component cost and lead-time models as a function of production quantity from extensive industry data for an electrical enclosure consisting of two components. Binding quotes were secured from multiple suppliers for a variety of manufacturing processes including computer numerical control machining, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, vacuum casting, direct fabrication, and injection molding with soft prototype and production tooling. The methodology yields a Pareto optimal set that compares the production costs and lead times as a function of the production quantity. The results indicate that the average cost per enclosure assembly is highly sensitive to the production quantity, with average costs varying by more than a factor of 100 for production quantities varying between 100 and 10,000 assemblies. Each of the processes is competitive with respect to total production cost and total production lead time under differing conditions; a flow chart is provided as an example of a decision support tool that can be provided to assist process selection during the product development process and thereby reduce the product development time and cost.
Affirmative Action Bans and the “Chilling Effect”

This paper examines whether California's Proposition 209, which led to the 1998 ban on the use of racial preferences in admissions at the University of California (UC) system, lowered the value that underrepresented minorities placed on attending UC schools. In particular, we look for evidence of a chilling effect in minority yield rates (the probability of enrolling in a UC school conditional on being accepted) after Proposition 209. Using individual-level data on every freshman applicant to the UC system from 1995 to 2000, we find no evidence that yield rates fell for minorities relative to other students after Proposition 209, even after controlling for changes in student characteristics and changes in the set of UC schools to which students were admitted. In fact, our analysis suggests Proposition 209 had a modest "warming effect". We investigate and rule out the possibility that this warming effect was driven by changes in the selection of students who applied to the UC, changes in financial aid or changes in minorities' college opportunities outside the UC system. Instead, we present evidence consistent with the idea that Proposition 209 increased the signaling value of attending UC schools for minorities. Copyright 2013, Oxford University Press.
The Magnetic Stability of Spin-Dependent Tunneling Devices

The tunneling resistance between two ferromagnetic metal layers that are separated by a thin insulator depends on the relative orientation of the magnetization M of each layer. In a memory device, independent switching of the magnetically soft layer is achieved by making the other layer either exchange-biased or magnetically hard. The repeated reversal of M of the soft layer by field cycling can demagnetize the other magnetically hard layer and thus erase the tunnel junction9s memory. The M of exchange-biased structures was stable at least to 107cycles, whereas in hard structures, M generally decayed logarithmically with the number of field cycles. The decay was very sensitive to the thickness of the hard layer and the composition of the soft layer. However, no decay was observed when the moment reversal was accomplished by coherent rotation, establishing that demagnetization results from the formation and motion of domain walls in the soft layer during field cycling.
An invariant measure for the loop space of a simply connected compact symmetric space

Let X denote a simply connected compact Riemannian symmetric space, U the universal covering of the identity component of the group of automorphisms of X, and LU the loop group of U. In this paper we prove the existence (and conjecture the uniqueness) of an LU-invariant probability measure on a distributional completion of the loop space of X.
The Impact of Multimedia Technology on Candidate Website Visitors

Candidate websites have become a standard part of contemporary campaigns, yet researchers and practitioners know little about how their design affects voters. This article investigates how the decision to present information with multimedia (i.e., audio and/or video) influences the evaluations and vote intentions of candidate website visitors. Results from an experiment show that using multimedia had a modest net benefit resulting from conditional reactions based on participants’ party identification and political interest—the candidate's partisan supporters reacted positively while non-supporters, particularly those with limited political interest, were less impressed. These findings provide some initial empirical evidence of the impact that multimedia can have on candidate website visitors.
Electrospray as a Source of Nanoparticles for Efficient Colloid Thrusters

The need for electric propulsion in the thrust range of tens of micro-Newtons has triggered therebirth of colloid thrustertechnology.Theabilitytodeliverthrustattheselevelsinacontrollablefashionwillenhancetheuseofsmall satellites(massessmallerthan some20kg )and theexecutionofspacemissionsinwhichvery accuratepositioning of spacecraftsisrequired.Wepresenthereanovelapproachtothee eldofcolloidthrusters.Likepreviouseffortsituses electrospray as the mean of producing charged colloids. However, it differs in the spraying regime employed. Electrosprays of highly conducting propellants in single cone-jet mode allow the generation of droplets of high specie c charge at operating voltages lower than in the earlier era of colloid thruster research. In this article we use energy analysis techniques to characterize electrospray beams and to measure their thrust and specie c impulse. We have studied three novel propellants: formamide, tributyl phosphate, and the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trie uoromethylsulfonyl)imide. The thrust, specie c impulse, and efe ciency associated with a single spray of the most conducting formamide solution are typically 0.3 πN, 300 s, and 75% for an acceleration voltage of 1300 V. The electrospray phenomenology presented in this article is diverse. For example, by varying the electrospraying parametersweareabletostudyemissionmodesinwhich1 )solvatedionsaree eldevaporatedfromthejet’ ssurface, 2) both satellite and main droplets result from the jet’ s breakup, and 3 ) only main droplets are emitted.
FALLING INTO A BLACK HOLE

String theory tells us that quantum gravity has a dual description as a field theory (without gravity). We use the field theory dual to ask what happens to an object as it falls into the simplest black hole: the two-charge extremal hole. In the field theory description the wave function of a particle is spread over a large number of "loops," and the particle has a well-defined position in space only if it has the same "position" on each loop. For the infalling particle we find one definition of "same position" on each loop, but there is a different definition for outgoing particles and no canonical definition in general in the horizon region. Thus the meaning of "position" becomes ill-defined inside the horizon.
Domestic and Foreign Sales When Prices in Both Markets are Uncertain

This paper obtains comparative static results for a firm that sells a single output domestically and abroad when prices in both markets are uncertain. Results are obtained for both constant absolute risk aversion and for Ross decreasing absolute risk aversion, using a diagrammatic analysis which exploits the properties of expected marginal utility contours. The results depend crucially on whether foreign and domestic sales are net substitutes or complements. The model is more complex and yields fewer unambiguous results – particularly in the case of substitutes – than when there is price uncertainty in only one market.
Real options analysis for smart grid: the role of information technology and public policy

Smart cities depend on smart grid for resilient energy delivery and improved energy efficiencies. This paper employs the real option approach (ROA) to study the investment decision of information technology innovation in the case of smart grid adoption under uncertainty. We argue that investing in smart grid is analogous to having the option rights in a financial (American) call option. We propose a model taking the smart grid cost as primary decision variable to identify the optimal first time to adopt smart grid. We conclude that unless government provide sufficient financial support, certain projects would not be economically feasible. The study illustrated the use of ROA an important tool for simulate the impact of public policy on the adoption of the smart grid technology, and provided policy recommendations.
Economic Integration and Political Disintegration

In a world of trade restrictions, large countries enjoy economic benefits, because political boundaries determine the size of the market. Under free trade and global markets even relatively small cultural, linguistic or ethnic groups can benefit from forming small, homogeneous political jurisdictions. This paper provides a formal model of the relationship between openness and the equilibrium number and size of countries, and successfully tests two implications of the model. Firstly, the economic benefits of country size are mediated by the degree of openness to trade. Secondly, the history of nation-state creations and secessions is influenced by the trade regime.
Structural damage detection and identification using neural networks

A novel methodology is presented for on-line damage identification of discrete structural systems. The damage characteristic (location and severity) of the system first can be detected and then identified from the change of its dynamic properties (eigenvalues and mode shapes) through a backward-propa gation neural network. The neural network is constructed by three multilayer subnets that perform the tasks of input pattern generation, damage location identification, and damage severity determination, respectively. The methodology is demonstrated on two spring-mass systems. The effectiveness and limitations of the methodology are discussed. Nomenclature C = damping matrix of the discrete structural system di = dynamic residual vector K = stiffness matrix of the discrete structural system M = mass matrix of the discrete structural system \//» vdj = generalized eigenvalue and eigenvector of damaged system
Depression and mental health help-seeking behaviors in a predominantly African American population of children and adolescents with epilepsy

SUMMARY Purpose: To determine whether previously undetected symptoms of depression and psychiatric help-seeking behaviors are associated with demographic or epilepsy-related variables in a predominantly African American sample of pediatric epilepsy patients. Methods: Ninety-six serially recruited parent– child dyads (55% African American, 39% Caucasian) completed the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ). Regression analyses determined whether depressive symptoms measured by the SMFQ were associated with demographic (age, gender, and ethnic background) or epilepsy-related variables (age of seizure onset, duration of epilepsy, seizure type, time since last seizure, and number of antiepileptic drugs). Dyads with positive SMFQ screens (score ‡12) received information about depression and were advised to seek mental health services. Six months later, parents completed follow-up interviews to ascertain mental health service utilization. Results: Thirty-five participants (36.5%) screened positive for probable depression. Greater number of antiepileptic drugs was the only predictor variable independently associated with greater (worse) depression scores (p = 0.005). At 6-month follow-up, 12 patients (36.4%) had received mental health care, whereas 21 guardians (63.6%) denied depressive symptoms in their child and never sought mental health services (two dyads lost to follow-up). Logistic regression analyses found no associations between demographic, epilepsyrelated, or depressive variables and psychiatric help-seeking. Discussion: This study indicates the necessity and feasibility of screening for previously undetected symptoms of depression in pediatric epilepsy clinics serving diverse populations, particularly among patients receiving antiepileptic polytherapy. Additional research on the correlates of depressive symptoms and determinants of psychiatric helpseeking is needed to develop evidence-based interventions for youths with epilepsy and symptoms of depression.
Intellectual Capital in a Q-Theory of Ag-Biotech Mergers

Tobin’s Q-theory of investment has been linked to firm merger activity by Jovanovic and Rousseau (JR). They showed that firms with higher Q-values, that is the ratio of market to book values, tend to be the ones buying other firms and not the ones being acquired. Market values should theoretically equal book values—a firm’s assets as they appear on the balance sheet equal to their cost, less accumulated depreciation. In reality, book value often differs from market value, especially in knowledge-intensive industries, indicating the premium above-measurable assets that shareholders are willing to pay for a company’s unique combination of market position, tangible and intangible capital, goodwill, and other favorable characteristics. Firms with greater Q-values are in a position to acquire more capital, possibly through mergers and acquisitions, to make further use of their advantages. This article extends the JR analysis to consider the role of intellectual capital in merger activity. We analyze the connection between intangible capital and the Q-theory of mergers in the agricultural biotechnology (ag-biotech) industry. This industry underwent significant technological change beginning in the late 1980s as new biotechnology techniques were integrated with plant breeding and other agricultural practices. The number of patent applications in the field grew from less than a 100 a year in the late 1980s to more than 500 applications per year by the mid 1990s (Bennett et al.). Along with this technological change,
Digital shearography: state of the art and some applications

This paper provides an overview of the state of the art of digital shearography. Some detail progress and application examples are presented.
Simultaneous solution for the masses of the principal planets from analysis of optical, radar, and radio tracking data.

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory has developed a set of computer programs known as the Solar System Data Processing System (SSDPS) which is employed in improving the ephemerides of the major planets and for improving the values of several associated astronomical constants. A group of solutions for the masses of the major planets, together with the AU and radii of Mercury, Venus, and Mars, is presented. These solutions based upon optical, radar, and spacecraft radio tracking data are preliminary. The relative power of radar and radio tracking data vis-a-vis purely optical data in a solution is shown. The problems which could arise by adopting solutions based upon a single data type are demonstrated.
The power of stereotyping and confirmation bias to overwhelm accurate assessment: the case of economics, gender, and risk aversion

Behavioral research has revealed how normal human cognitive processes can tend to lead us astray. But do these affect economic researchers, ourselves? This article explores the consequences of stereotyping and confirmation bias using a sample of published articles from the economics literature on gender and risk aversion. The results demonstrate that the supposedly ‘robust’ claim that ‘women are more risk averse than men’ is far less empirically supported than has been claimed. The questions of how these cognitive biases arise and why they have such power are discussed, and methodological practices that may help to attenuate these biases are outlined.
Failure filtrations for fenced sensor networks

In this paper we consider the question of sensor network coverage for a two-dimensional domain. We seek to compute the probability that a set of sensors fails to cover given only non-metric, local (who is talking to whom) information and a probability distribution of failure of each node. This builds on the work of de Silva and Ghrist who analyzed this problem in the deterministic situation. We first show that it is part of a slightly larger class of problems which is #P-hard, and thus fast algorithms likely do not exist unless P = NP. The question of whether the specific problem is, in fact, #P-hard remains open. We then give a deterministic algorithm which is feasible in the case of a small set of sensors, and give a dynamic algorithm for an arbitrary set of sensors failing over time which utilizes a new criterion for coverage to give an early warning of potential failure. These algorithms build on the theory of topological persistence.
(Ph3P)3RuCl2 catalyzed equilibration and elimination of α-chloro-N-tosyl-2-pyrrolidinones: A unique route to unsaturated 2-pyrrolidinones.

Abstract Equilibration studies showed that chlorinated N-tosyl amides cyclized under primarily kinetic control. Modification of the ruthenium complex catalyzed the formation of unsaturated 2-pyrrolidinones.
A Unified Theory for Kinematic Synthesis

In this paper we derive an analytic method for obtaining infinitesimal kinematic synthesis results as a limiting process from finitely-separated position kinematics. Expanding on previous work, we extend the unified theory to include spatial kinematic synthesis and we present a new numerical method. The new methods serve to unity finite, infinitesimal, and hybrid kinematic synthesis into one theory for kinematic synthesis.
On competitive equitable paths under exhaustible resource constraints: The case of a growing population

The paper examines the nature of competitive paths in an exhaustible resource model, which allows for a growing population. For competitive paths that are equitable in the sense that the per capita consumption level is constant over time, the implicit investment rule is derived. This is seen to be a generalization of Hartwick's rule, obtained in the case of a stationary population. It is also shown that the existence of a competitive equitable path implies that a population can experience at most quasi-arithmetic growth.
Does the market self-correct? Asymmetrical adjustment and the structure of economic error

Abstract While both errors of overoptimism and errors of overpessimism are possible in the face of imperfect information, the presence of option value from deferring a decision to exchange causes trader errors to be overpessimistically biased. This is problematic because, unlike errors of overoptimism, errors of overpessimism are not ‘automatically’ revealed to the agents who make them. Furthermore, owing to the ‘bad news principle of irreversible investment,’ these errors are likely to persist. We show how entrepreneurial activity corrects such errors and prevents their persistence, creating a tendency towards market efficiency despite the presence of imperfect information.
Private Searching on Streaming Data

In this paper we consider the problem of private searching on streaming data, where we can efficiently implement searching for documents that satisfy a secret criteria (such as the presence or absence of a hidden combination of hidden keywords) under various cryptographic assumptions. Our results can be viewed in a variety of ways: as a generalization of the notion of private information retrieval (to more general queries and to a streaming environment); as positive results on privacy-preserving datamining; and as a delegation of hidden program computation to other machines.
Monodromy of Trigonometric KZ Equations

The famous Drinfeld-Kohno theorem for simple Lie algebras states that the monodromy representation of the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations for these Lie algebras expresses explicitly via R-matrices of the corresponding Drinfeld-Jimbo quantum groups. This result was generalized by the second author to simple Lie superalgebras of type A-G. In this paper, we generalize the Drinfeld-Kohno theorem to the case of the trigonometric Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations for simple Lie superalgebras of type A-G. The equations contain a classical r-matrix on the Lie superalgebra, and the answer expresses through the quantum R-matrix of the corresponding quantum group. The proof is based on the quantization theory for Lie bialgebras developed by the first author and D. Kazhdan.
Closed-shell polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon cations: a new category of interstellar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Density functional theory has been employed to calculate the harmonic frequencies and intensities of a range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) cations that explore both size and electronic structure effects of the infrared spectroscopic properties of these species. The sample extends the size range of PAH species considered to more than 50 carbon atoms and includes several representatives from each of two heretofore unexplored categories of PAH cations: (1) fully benzenoid PAH cations whose carbon skeleton is composed of an odd number of carbon atoms (C(sub odd) PAHs); and (2) protonated PAH cations (HPAH+). Unlike the radical electronic structures of the PAH cations that have been the subject of previous theoretical and experimental work, the species in these two classes have a closed-shell electronic configuration. The calculated spectra of circumcoronene, C54H18 in both neutral and (radical) cationic form are also reported and compared with those of the other species. Overall, the C(sub odd) PAHs spectra are dominated by strong CC stretching modes near 1600 cm(exp -1) and display spectra that are remarkably insensitive to molecular size. The HPAH+ species evince a more complex spectrum consistent with the added contributions of aliphatic modes and their generally lower symmetry. Finally, for both classes of closed-shell cations, the intensity of the aromatic CH stretching modes is found to increase with molecular size far out of proportion with the number of CH groups, approaching a value more typical of neutral PAHs for the largest species studied.
Soft tissue closure and plastic surgical aspects of large open myelomeningoceles

Summary The majority of open myelomeningocele defects are small enough that following the neural repair, soft tissue closure is achieved by simple undermining of the skin edges and tension-free approximation in the midline. The larger defects, greater than 5 cm diameter, cannot be closed reliably by simple skin undermining. Such larger defects call for a close cooperation between the neurosurgeon and the plastic surgeon. In the authors' experience, a reliable, safe method of reconstruction of thoracolumbar and lumbosacral meningomyelocele defects involves the en bloc medial advancement of latissimus dorsi and gluteus maximus musculocutaneous units and reapproximation in the midline. This is the authors' preferred method for all medium and large size defects greater than 5 cm in diameter. This method permits primary closure of the defect in three layers. The flaps are based on the thoracodorsal and superior gluteal vessels and the intervening thoracolumbar fascia. This method provides a tension-free, durable, and variable soft tissue coverage over the dural repair. The flaps do not alter the nerve supply of the muscles involved and merely redefine the muscle origins, without compromising muscle function.
A Comparison of Auctions and Multilateral Negotiations

We compare first-price auctions to an exchange process that we term ``multilateral negotiations.'' In multilateral negotiations, a buyer solicits price offers for a homogeneous product from sellers with privately known costs, and then plays the sellers off one another to obtain additional price concessions. Using the experimental method, we find that with four sellers, transaction prices are statistically indistinguishable in the two institutions, but with two sellers, prices are higher in multilateral negotiations than in first-price auctions. The institutions are equally efficient with two sellers, but multilateral negotiations are slightly more efficient with four sellers.
Genetic programming for prevention of cyberterrorism through dynamic and evolving intrusion detection

Because malicious intrusions into critical information infrastructures are essential to the success of cyberterrorists, effective intrusion detection is also essential for defending such infrastructures. Cyberterrorism thrives on the development of new technologies; and, in response, intrusion detection methods must be robust and adaptive, as well as efficient. We hypothesize that genetic programming algorithms can aid in this endeavor. To investigate this proposition, we conducted an experiment using a very large dataset from the 1999 Knowledge Discovery in Database (KDD) Cup data, supplied by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and MIT's Lincoln Laboratories. Using machine-coded linear genomes and a homologous crossover operator in genetic programming, promising results were achieved in detecting malicious intrusions. The resulting programs execute in real time, and high levels of accuracy were realized in identifying both positive and negative instances.
Comparison of Steady and Unsteady Secondary Flows in a Turbine Stator Cascade

The effect of periodic rotor wakes on the secondary flow structure in a turbine stator cascade was investigated. A mechanism simulated the wakes shed from rotor blades by passing cylindrical rods across the inlet to a linear cascade installed in a recirculating water flow loop. Velocity measurements showed a passage vortex, similar to that seen in steady flow, during the time associated with undisturbed fluid
The DINKIAC I: a pseudo-virtual-memoried mini---for stand-alone interactive use

The past three years have witnessed the development and sale of a large and unanticipated number of small general purpose digital computers. These machines---the mini-computers---originally intended for real-time use in applications such as production control, now serve many diverse functions, ranging all the way from data buffers to the central processing units of small time-sharing systems. One trade journal even reports a sale to a home hobbyist claiming that initial costs are comparable, and upkeep less, than for other "recreational" equipment such as boats or sports-cars.
Vertex operators for the BF system and its spin statistics theorems

Let B and be two-forms, Fµν being the field strength of an Abelian connection A. The topological BF system is given by the integral of B ∧ F. With "kinetic energy" terms added for B and A, it generates a mass for A, thereby suggesting an alternative to the Higgs mechanism, and also gives the London equations. The BF action, being the large length and time scale limit of this augmented action, is thus of physical interest. In earlier work, it has been studied on spatial manifolds Σ with boundaries ∂Σ, and the existence of edge states localized at ∂Σ has been established. They are analogous to the conformal family of edge states to be found in a Chern–Simons theory in a disc. Here we introduce charges and vortices (thin flux tubes) as sources in the BF system and show that they acquire an infinite number of spin excitations due to renormalization, just as a charge coupled to a Chern–Simons potential acquires a conformal family of spin excitations. For a vortex, these spins are transverse and attached to each of its points, so that it resembles a ribbon. Vertex operators for the creation of these sources are constructed and interpreted in terms of a Wilson integral involving A and a similar integral involving B. The standard spin–statistics theorem is proved for these sources. A new spin–statistics theorem, showing the equality of the "interchange" of two identical vortex loops and 2π rotation of the transverse spins of a constituent vortex, is established. Aharonov–Bohm interactions of charges and vortices are studied. The existence of topologically nontrivial vortex spins is pointed out and their vertex operators are also discussed.
Interdependent Preferences and Groups of Agents

An individual's preferences are assumed to be malleable and may be influenced by the preferences of others. Mutual interaction among individuals whose preferences are interdependent powers a dynamic process in which preference profiles evolve over time. Two formulations of the dynamic process are presented. One is an abstract model in which the iteration of a mapping from profiles to profiles defines a discrete time dynamic process; the other is a linear discrete time process specified in more detail. Examples motivate the model and illustrate its application. Conditions are given for the existence of a stable preference profile—a rest point of the dynamic process. A stable profile is naturally associated with a division, not in general unique, of the set of agents into subgroups with the property that preference interdependencies within a subgroup are “stronger” than those across subgroups. The conventional case in which each agent's preference relation is exogenously given is, in this model, the special case where each subgroup consists of just one agent.
High-performance, cost-effective heterogeneous 3D FPGA architectures

In this paper, we propose novel architectural and design techniques for three-dimensional field-programmable gate arrays (3D FPGAs) with Through-Silicon Vias (TSVs). We develop a novel design partitioning methodology that maps the heterogeneous computational resources of an FPGA into a number of die such that the total die area is minimized and the FPGA performance is maximized. Minimizing the total die area leads to direct manufacturing cost savings which is an important incentive to bring 3D technology to the fab and onto the market. An estimation framework is developed to assess the impact of silicon area utilized by 3D interconnect resources while taking into account the large area occupied by TSVs which is crucial to total die area of 3D FPGAs. In order to improve area and performance of 3D FPGAs, we design a novel 3D switch box with bypass TSVs. We also analyze the impact of different partitioning strategies on die area and find the optimal number of die that gives the largest reductions in total die area while maximizing the performance. Using a well-developed simulation infrastructure, we show that our methodologies can achieve an average reduction of 27.7% in total die area with a reduced interconnect path delay of about 58%.
The IGS global data center at the CDDIS - an update

Abstract The Crustal Dynamics Data Information System (CDDIS) has served as a global data center for the International GPS Service (IGS) since its start in June 1992, providing on-line access to data from over 175 sites on a daily basis. This paper will present information about the GPS and GLONASS data and products archive at the CDDIS. General information about the system and its support of other international space geodesy services (the ILRS, IVS, IGLOS-PP, and DPE) will also be discussed.
Timeliness of Farming Operations as a Determinant of Equilibrium Wages with Excess Labor Supply: A Strategic Bargaining Approach

Data from predominantly rural economies show that, despite persistent involuntary unemployment, wages have been rising. However, the theoretical literature offers a scenario of largely rigid wages. This paper proposes a theory of strategic bargaining between individual laborers and farmers based on a characteric of production that is unique to farming, namely, sensitivity of output to timeliness of farmwork. The key argument is that despite risk of unemployment and threat of wage undercutting by those unemployed, a laborer in a competitive market setting can credibly threaten to refuse “low-wage” offers and impose some of the cost of delay on farmers.
Intersample and finite wordlength effects in sampled-data problems

We consider the behavior of digital control systems while modeling intersample behavior and the effects of quantizations and finite wordlength computations. Our purpose in this note is to investigate the dependence of these two effects on the sampling rate. We indicate that there appears to be a tradeoff between guarding against these two effects, in that fast sampling will generally improve intersample behavior while it makes the system more sensitive to finite arithmetic effects. We develop quantitative measures for performance under these two combined effects using input-output norms. We address the problem of intersample behavior using the by now well known lifting technique, while we investigate roundoff error effects by modeling them as feedback with quantization nonlinearities. We present examples that exhibit these tradeoffs.
Non-Cooperative Public-Good Provision and Productivity Differentials

We explore the generality of a Rotten Spouse Theorem in Konrad and Lommerud (1995). While the result holds for an arbitrary number of agents, it fails to hold for general technologies. Some of the implications for models of CO, emissions are discussed.
Architecture and performance of the new CESR control system

The new control system for the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR) is based on a multiport memory accessible by many computers. The computers are either VAXs, which run user programs, or Xbus Processors, which move data to and from the hardware devices which are being monitored or controlled. The control system database is in the multiport memory, and contains all of the data needed to communicate with various pieces of hardware. Descriptions of the hardware, the control system database, and the operating software are given. >
Metallicity measurements using atomic lines in M and K dwarf stars

We report the first survey of chemical abundances in M and K dwarf stars using atomic absorption lines in high-resolution spectra. We have measured Fe and Ti abundances in 35 M and K dwarf stars using equivalent widths measured from λ/Δλ≈ 33 000 spectra. Our analysis takes advantage of recent improvements in model atmospheres of low-temperature dwarf stars. The stars have temperatures between 3300 and 4700 K, with most cooler than 4100 K. They cover an iron abundance range of −2.44 < [Fe/H] < +0.16. Our measurements show [Ti/Fe] decreasing with increasing [Fe/H], a trend similar to that measured for warmer stars, where abundance analysis techniques have been tested more thoroughly. This study is a step towards the observational calibration of procedures to estimate the metallicity of low-mass dwarf stars using photometric and low-resolution spectral indices.
The beginnings of computer art in the United States: A memoir☆

Abstract Three decades ago, such terms as computer art, virtual reality and computer animation had not yet entered our vocabulary. This was a time for the experimentation and innovation that produced today's industry of computer art and animation, along with new media for creative experiences with computers. The author has used digital computers in a variety of the visual arts, including still images, stereoscopic images, computer holography, three-dimensional animation, four-dimensional animation, interactive stereoscopic displays and input devices and, ultimately, three-dimensional force-feedback, the latter becoming a major component of today's virtual reality. This research and experimentation in computer art was performed during the 1960s, and in this article he reminisces and decribes his early work.
A Monte Carlo Procedure for the Construction of Complementary Cumulative Distribution Functions for Comparison with the EPA Release Limits for Radioactive Waste Disposal

A Monte Carlo procedure for the construction of complementary cumulative distribution functions (CCDFs) for comparison with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) release limits for radioactive waste disposal (40 CFR 191, Subpart B) is described and illustrated with results from a recent performance assessment (PA) for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). The Monte Carlo procedure produces CCDF estimates similar to those obtained with importance sampling in several recent PAs for the WIPP. The advantages of the Monte Carlo procedure over importance sampling include increased resolution in the calculation of probabilities for complex scenarios involving drilling intrusions and better use of the necessarily limited number of mechanistic calculations that underlie CCDF construction.
Gauge theories on the light-front

The light-front quantization of gauge theories in light-cone gauge provides a frame-independent wavefunction representation of relativistic bound states, simple forms for current matrix elements, explicit unitary, and a trivial vacuum. The light-front Hamiltonian form of QCD provides an alternative to lattice gauge theory for the computation of nonperturbative quantities such as the hadronic spectrum and the corresponding eigenfunctions. In the case of the electroweak theory, spontaneous symmetry breaking is represented by the appearance of zero modes of the Higgs field. Light-front quantization then leads to an elegant ghost-free theory of massive gauge particles, automatically incorporating the Lorentz and 't Hooft conditions, as well as the Goldstone boson equivalence theorem.
Thinking about Local Living Wage Requirements

This article reviews our knowledge about the living wage, a local government requirement that employers receiving city contracts or economic development subsidies pay a living wage above the federal minimumwage. More than 100local governmentsin the United States have adopteda living wage. The article concludes that moderate living wage requirements applied to local government, and to contractors’ and grantees’ employees who are funded by the local government, are the most likely to be beneficial. Living wage coverage for employers receiving economic development subsidies are more likely to be harmful if the city economy is weak.
Overview of the Physical State of Proteins within Cells

To understand how proteins work it is necessary to understand their physical state within the cell. This unit reviews the classification of proteins, how that is related to the hydropathicity of the protein, other factors that affect the heterogeneity of proteins, protein assemblies, methods for altering the solubility of proteins, and limitations of in vitro manipulations of proteins.
An iterative implementation for 2-D digital filters

A 2-D digital filter with a rational frequency response can be expanded into an infinite sequence of filtering operations. Each filtering operation can be implemented by convolution with a low-order 2-D finite-extent impulse response. This sequence of filtering operations can be viewed as an iteration where a new estimate of the output signal is formed from the previous estimate. If a convergence constraint is satisfied, the sequence of estimates will approach the desired output signal. In practice, the number of iterations is finite. Consequently, the frequence response that is actually realized by the iterative implementation is an approximation to the desired rational frequency response.
Construction of block-coil high-field model dipoles for future hadron colliders

A family of high-field dipoles is being developed at Texas A&M University, as part of the program to improve the cost-effectiveness of superconducting magnet technology for future hadron colliders. The TAMU technology employs stress management, flux-plate control of persistent-current multipoles, conductor optimization using mixed-strand cable, and metal-filled bladders to provide pre-load and surface compliance. Construction details and status of the latest model dipole will be presented.
Bragg resonance of waves in a two-layer fluid propagating over bottom ripples. Part I. Perturbation analysis

We investigate, via perturbation analyses, the mechanisms of nonlinear resonant interaction of surface-interfacial waves with a rippled bottom in a two-layer density-stratified fluid. As in a one-layer fluid, three classes of Bragg resonances are found to exist if nonlinear interactions up to the third order in the wave/ripple steepness are considered. As expected, the wave system associated with the resonances is more complicated than that in a one-layer fluid. Depending on the specifics of the resonance condition, the resonance-generated wave may be a surface or internal mode and may be transmitted or reflected. At the second order, class I Bragg resonance occurs involving two surface and/or internal waves and one bottom-ripple component. The interaction of an incident surface/internal wave with the bottom ripple generates a new surface or internal wave that may propagate in the same or the opposite direction as the incident wave. At the third order, class II and III Bragg resonances occur involving resonant interactions of four wave/ripple components: two surface and/or internal waves and two bottom-ripple components for class II resonance; three surface and/or internal waves and one bottom-ripple components for class III resonance. As in class I resonance, the resonance-generated wave in class II resonance has the same frequency as that of the incident wave. For class III resonance, the frequency of the resonant wave is equal to the sum or difference of the two incident wave frequencies. We enumerate and represent, using Feynman-like diagrams, the possible cases and combinations for Bragg resonance up to the third order (in two dimensions). Analytical regular perturbation results are obtained and discussed for all three classes of Bragg resonances. These are valid for limited bottom patch lengths and initial/finite growth of the resonant waves. For long bottom patches, a uniformly valid solution using multiple scales is derived for class I resonance. A number of applications underscoring the importance and implication of these nonlinear resonances on the evolution of ocean waves are presented and discussed. For example, it is shown that three internal/surface waves co-propagating over bottom topography are resonant under a broad range of Bragg conditions. The present study provides the theoretical basis and understanding for the companion paper (Alam, Liu & Yue 2008), where a direct numerical solution for the general nonlinear problem is pursued.
Relaxation of Wave Maps Exterior to a Ball to Harmonic Maps for All Data

In this paper we establish relaxation of an arbitrary 1-equivariant wave map from \({\mathbb{R}^{1+3}_{t,x}{\setminus} (\mathbb{R}\times B(0,1))\to S^3}\) of finite energy and with a Dirichlet condition at r = 1, to the unique stationary harmonic map in its degree class. This settles a recent conjecture of Bizon, Chmaj, Maliborski who observed this asymptotic behavior numerically.
Invariant measures and the set of exceptions to Littlewood's conjecture

We classify the measures on SL (k,R)/SL (k,Z) which are invariant and ergodic under the action of the group A of positive diagonal matrices with positive entropy. We apply this to prove that the set of exceptions to Littlewood's conjecture has Hausdorff dimension zero.
Pharmacology, Efficacy, and Adverse Effects of Halazepam, A New Benzodiazepine

Halazepam is a new benzodiazepine derivative that is molecularly similar to chlordiazepoxide and diazepam. Animal studies indicated that halazepam produces sedative and antianxiety effects with less toxicity than chlordiazepoxide or diazepam. Computer EEG and somatosensory evoked potential studies demonstrated that halazepam has a significant effect on the EEG, characteristic of changes that occur with benzodiazepines. In initial clinical studies, halazepam exhibited not only anxiolytic properties but also reduced symptoms of depression and had a therapeutic effect on epilepsy. In preliminary, uncontrolled clinical trials, halazepam was effective in ameliorating anxiety and tension in alcoholic and acute schizophrenic patients, with few adverse effects. Later double-blind studies generally demonstrated that halazepam is significantly superior to placebo in alleviating symptoms of anxiety and tension. Most comparative studies indicate that halazepam is equal to or more effective than diazepam with a lower frequency of side effects. Halazepam does not increase hostility and aggression, as chlordiazepoxide and diazepam have been shown to do, and it is effective in both situational and characterologic anxiety. Drowsiness and slight dry mouth are the only side effects reported in more than isolated instances, although geriatric patients may frequently become ataxic with higher doses.
New catalysts for Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions of heteroatom-substituted heteroaryl chlorides.

The new air-stable PdCl2{PR2(Ph-R‘)}2 complexes, readily prepared from commercial reagents, exhibit unique efficiency as catalysts for the Suzuki−Miyaura coupling reactions of a variety of heteroatom-substituted heteroaryl chlorides with a diverse range of aryl/heteroaryl boronic acids. The coupling reactions catalyzed by the new complexes exhibit high product yields (88−99%) and high catalyst turnover numbers (up to 10 000 TON).
CPT Violation, Strings, and Neutral-Meson Systems

Symmetry under the discrete transformation CPT is a general theoretical condition holding for local relativistic field theories of point particles [1]–[7]. This symmetry has been investigated experimentally under different circumstances and to a high degree of precision [8]. The broad theoretical validity of CPT symmetry for particles and the availability of high-precision tests makes CPT violation an interesting candidate experimental signal for fundamental theories such as string theory [9, 10, 11].