cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Faculty-Graduate Student Mentoring Relationships: Mentors' Perceived Roles and Responsibilities.

Scholars have demonstrated that one of the most important factors that graduate students use to ascertain the quality of their educational experience is their relationship with faculty. Research on faculty-graduate student mentoring relationships has provided valuable insights about effective practices that foster the success of graduate students. While these relationships are beneficial to both the mentor and mentee, the literature on faculty-student mentoring relationships primarily has focused either on mentoring relationships with undergraduate students or on specific types of interactions between graduate students and faculty. This article adds to the existing literature by exploring faculty mentors’ perceived roles and responsibilities in their mentoring relationships with their graduate students. Data were drawn from interviews with 15 underrepresented faculty members from one research university. Findings reveal that faculty-graduate student relationships can be described by three broad descriptors that characterize participants’ roles and responsibilities—faculty members as Allies, Ambassadors, and Master-Teachers.
AUTOMATIC LASER LIGHT DETECTION AND FILTERING USING A LIQUID CRYSTAL LYOT FILTER

A device which acts as both a simple cw laser warner and anti-dazzle protection device has been designed and tested. The design is based on a single stage, double element, tunable liquid crystal Lyot filter. Laboratory tests have shown that the detection sensitivity of the device for monochromatic cw radiation is approximately 43×10−9W/cm2 and that the achievable contrast ratio is greater than 100:1 Automatic detection and filtering of a cw laser source has been demonstrated. Results indicate that the algorithm to automatically filter the laser radiation works well and that the extinction obtained is good. Factors which affect the contrast ratio are discussed and improved device design suggested.
The hornless protoceratid Pseudoprotoceras (Artiodactyla : Tylopoda) in the early Oligocene of Saskatchewan and Wyoming

ABSTRACT Pseudoprotoceras semidnctus, new combination, includes Cope's species Lep-tomeryx semidnctus and Hypertragulus transversus, each originally based on a single tooth from the Chadronian Cypress Hills Formation of Saskatchewan. New topotypic material, and referred material from Wyoming, allow description of the complete dental series, and show some cranial and mandibular features. A new species, Pseudoprotoceras tayhri, is based on Wyoming material. Pseudoprotoceras semidnctus occurs in the early to medial Chadronian, and P. taytori in the later Chadronian.
Behavioral correlates of song types of the northern mockingbird ( Mimus polyglottos )

The primary songs of four male northern mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos) were recorded along with simultaneous descriptions of behavior. Individual song types were identified spectrographically and the more commonly occurring song types in their extensive repertoires investigated for behavioral correlates. For each male, song types were distributed non randomly between categories in two behavioral dichotomies; flight versus non-flight and associating with mate versus not associating. In species in which individuals possess large song repertoires, it commonly is assumed that all song types provide the same information. This appears not to be the case in northern mockingbirds. The difficulties in documenting behavioral correlates of song types are discussed and the various ways male mockingbirds make information available are described. These various aspects of singing differ in the specificity of information they make available and should require different time investments by the recipient to comprehend.
Enhancement of the relative visibility of the central fringe in the output of a white light interferometric system with a synthetic source

A study of the enhancement of the relative visibility of the central fringe in the output of a white light interferometric system with a synthetic source has been carried out. A theoretical analysis and an experimental investigation of the relative intensities of the central fringe in the output has been given and a comparison with the system discussed in this paper. A conventional two wavelength system has also been included. The results show that the relative intensity of the central fringe of the multiplied output is independent of the intensity ratio of the two wavelength components.
G-protein-coupled receptors and cancer.

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) influence many steps in tumorigenesis, including proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, metastasis and evasion of the immune system. This Review provides an overview of the various roles of GPCRs in cancer and their potential as therapeutic targets. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of cell-surface molecules involved in signal transmission, have recently emerged as crucial players in tumour growth and metastasis. Malignant cells often hijack the normal physiological functions of GPCRs to survive, proliferate autonomously, evade the immune system, increase their blood supply, invade their surrounding tissues and disseminate to other organs. This Review will address our current understanding of the many roles of GPCRs and their signalling circuitry in tumour progression and metastasis. We will also discuss how interfering with GPCRs might provide unique opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment.
A practical application of computer-generated holography to head-up display design

Abstract Fabrication of a wide field of view head-up display (HUD) has required a trade-off between performance and ease of manufacture. First-generation holographic HUDs employed two distinct approaches: single-element powered holographic combiner with a complex relay lens system, and multiple-element unpowered holographic combiners with a medium complexity relay optic. The manufacturing difficulties of the first approach limit the achievable accuracy whereas the second approach, although easier to make, has obscuration and transmission problems. This paper describes an advanced HUD design using computer-generated holographic construction techniques to fabricate a HUD which meets the extreme performance requirements of the latest aircraft but still remains a reasonable production item.
Microorganisms associated with field-collected Chrysoperla rufilabris (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) adults with emphasis on yeast symbionts

Abstract The indigenous gut microflora associated with the alimentary canal of 24 field-collected Chrysoperla rufilabris adults was examined qualitatively and quantitatively at five sample times and two locations in Mississippi. Yeasts were isolated from the diverticula of 17 insects, and there was no effect of location or sample time on the occurrence of yeasts. Metschnikowia pulcherrima was present in all of the diverticula that contained yeasts, and densities in this gut region ranged from 5.3 × 102 to 5.4 × 105 colony forming units (CFUs). Numerous yeast cells were observed in diverticula, and these cells accumulated within pronounced diverticular folds. Large numbers of Met. pulcherrima were also observed in the foregut, and to a lesser extent in the midgut and hindgut of field-collected adults. In an ancillary experiment, no yeasts were observed in Cry. rufilabris adults that had recently eclosed (ca. 24 h) in the laboratory. Thirteen of the insects were positive for filamentous fungi, but the majority of the gut regions contained
Oxidation of cesium multilayers

Abstract The low temperature oxidation of Cs multilayers was studied using XPS. The Cs3d 5 2 and O 1s core levels were recorded repetitively while leaking oxygen into the experimental chamber, i.e. as a function of oxygen exposure. A negative binding energy shift and an intensity increase are seen for the Cs core levels of the oxidized layer. Three O1s peaks observed on the oxygen-saturated Cs film at 526.45, 530.30 and 533.65 eV are assigned to oxide, peroxide and Superoxide ions, respectively. Our results imply that the oxygen species forming first is O2− and O2−2 followed by O−2. At the onset of Superoxide formation, the oxidized film undergoes a change in the electronic properties, probably a metal-insulator transition, that shifts the Cs and O core levels toward lower binding energies by almost 1 eV. This was observed for films with thicknesses ranging from 5 to 20 layers
Interactions between insulin and the cyclic AMP system of Cloudman S91 mouse melanoma cells

Insulin inhibits the proliferation of wild-type Cloudman S91 mouse melanoma cells. The effects, which are mediated through specific, high-affinity receptors for insulin, appear to involve interactions with the cAMP system. Our evidence is as follows: (1) Cloudman cells have a cAMP requirement for proliferation and pigmentation. Exposure of cells to insulin results in a lowering of intracellular cAMP levels and inhibition of both cell division and pigment formation. (2) The effects of insulin are reversed by agents which raise cAMP levels, or by the cAMP analogue dibutyryl cAMP. (3) A mutant cell line with a temperature-dependent requirement for cAMP is most sensitive to the growth inhibitory effects of insulin when its requirements for cAMP are maximal. (4) Mutants selected only for alterations in their response to Insulin frequently have concomitant alterations in their cAMP systems. (5) The melanotropin-responsive adenylate cyclase system is stimulated following prolonged exposure of cells in culture to insulin. Although we do not know the mechanism(s) for the interactions between the insulin and the cAMP system, our initial findings suggest that protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation reactions are involved.
Perceptual Processing of Pattern Goodness by Left and Right Hemispheres

Two experiments tested perceptual processing of Garner and Clement's (1963) good and poor five-dot patterns by the left and right hemispheres. Two (good) patterns were from four-member equivalence sets, and the other (poor) pattern was from an eight-member equivalence set. One of the good patterns formed a T shape that could be processed as a linguistic unit. In Experiment 1, 80 right-handed subjects made same-different judgments for lateralized 200-msec paired presentations of these patterns. When both presentations were to the RVF/LH, response latency was faster for the T pattern than for the other two. When both presentations were to the LVF/RH, response latency was faster for the two good patterns than for the poor pattern. When the first pattern was presented to the RVF/LH and the second was presented to the LVF/RH, response latencies were lower for the two good patterns than for the poor pattern. Also, when the first pattern was presented to the LVF/RH and the second was presented to the RVF/LH, response latency was faster for the T pattern than for the other good pattern which was, in turn, faster than for the poor pattern. Experiment 2 used a duration judgment task (Avant & Lyman, 1975) to test effects of pattern goodness on apparent durations of pre- and postmasked 10-msec pattern presentations. With left hemisphere inputs, presentations of good patterns were judged to be longer than presentations of the poor pattern. When each hemisphere compared the T and the other good pattern, presentations of the T pattern were judged to be longer, and the right hemisphere further discriminated among pattern orientations. Presentations of the T pattern to each hemisphere were judged to be longer than presentations of the poor pattern, and both hemispheres discriminated among orientations of both patterns. These results indicate that the two hemispheres can, during perceptual processing, function cooperatively, and that both prerecognition and conscious perceptual operations are guided by task demands.
Peptidergic transmission in the brain. IV. Sex hormone dependence in the vasopressin/oxytocin system

The medial amygdaloid nucleus (AME) synthesizes a peptide similar to arginine vasopressin and projects peptidergic fibers to the ipsilateral hippocampus in the male rat. In previous studies, we have shown that the peptide acts as a transmitter and, using in vitro and in vivo electrophysiology, we have characterized its mechanism of action. Previous anatomical work has shown that the peptidergic fibers are more dense in male rats than females and are obliterated entirely by castration. Here we report the results of our attempt to find an electrophysiological correlate of these anatomical findings. First, we show specific mediation by a vasopressin- or oxytocin-like peptide by use of a structural vasotocin antagonist. Then we show that castration obliterates the peptidergic signal in males. However, we were unable to find any sex difference that corresponded to the male/female disparity noted in the density of the peptidergic fibers. The strength, nature and stimulus-response characteristics were the same between males and females. Apart from a very subtle difference in the duration of the signal, no physiological correlate of the sexual dimorphism could be found with our techniques. We conclude that the neurophysiology partly complements the anatomy and biochemistry of this system.
A micro-technique for detection of leukocyte agglutinins.

Abstract A method which uses microquantities of reagents is described for detection of agglutinating leukocyte antibodies. The leukocyte preparations are devoid of platelets, and have little red cell contamination. Both serum and plasma can be used as the source of antibody. Leukocyte antibodies, particularly those specific for neutrophils, are detected by this method.
Effects of multiple pathways on excited-state energy flow in self-assembled wheel-and-spoke light-harvesting architectures.

Static and time-resolved optical measurements are reported for three cyclic hexameric porphyrin arrays and their self-assembled complexes with guest chromophores. The hexameric hosts contain zinc porphyrins and 0, 1, or 2 free base (Fb) porphyrins (denoted Zn6, Zn5Fb, or Zn4Fb2, respectively). The guest is a core-modified (O replacing one of the four N atoms) dipyridyl-substituted Fb porphyrin (DPFbO) that coordinates to zinc porphyrins of a host via pyridyl−zinc dative bonding. Each architecture is designed to have a gradient of excited-state energies for excitation funneling among the weakly coupled constituents of the host to the guest. Energy transfer to the lowest-energy chromophore(s) (coordinated zinc porphyrins or Fb porphyrins) within a hexameric host occurs primarily via a through-bond (TB) mechanism, is rapid (∼40 ps), and is essentially quantitative (≥98%). Energy transfer from a pyridyl-coordinated zinc porphyrin of the host to the guest in the Zn6·DPFbO complex has a yield of ∼75%, a rate co...
Synthesis of carbon-14-labeled isotopomer of 6-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-5-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)phenoxy]-naphthalen-2-ol HCL salt (LY2066948-[14C] HCL salt)

Carbon-14-labeled 6-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-5-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)phenoxy]naphthalen-2-ol, a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) was synthesized. The key component, 6-methoxy-1-tetralone-[carbonyl-14C], was synthesized from 3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-propionic acid via an intra-molecular Friedel–Crafts acylation of 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)butanoic acid-[carboxy-14C]. A palladium catalyzed alpha-keto arylation of 6-methoxy-1-tetralone with 4-methanesulfonyl-phenyl bromide, followed by a sequence of bromination, DDQ dehydrogenation, aryl Ullmann reaction, and demethylation with BBr3 gave the desired product LY2066948-[14C]. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extrapulmonary effects of NO2 as reflected by pentobarbital-induced sleeping time in mice

Abstract The influence of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) on pentobarbital (PEN)-induced sleeping time (S.T.) was investigated in mice. Acute exposure to concentrations as low as 470 μg NO 2 m 3 (0.25 ppm) caused a significant increase in PEN-induced S.T. No significant effects on PEN-induced S.T. were detected after 1 or 2 days (3 h/day) exposure to 235 μg NO 2 m 3 (0.125 ppm). None of the exposure regimens affected the time required for the drug to induce sleep. When the effects of repeated daily exposures (3 h/day) to 9400 μg NO 2 m 3 (5 ppm) were compared in male and female mice, the females had a significantly increased PEN-induced S.T. after 1 and 2 days of exposure. However, an increase in PEN-induced S.T. was not observed in males until the 3rd day of exposure. Since the duration of PEN-induced S.T. is primarily determined by hepatic mixed function oxidase activity, it is possible that NO 2 may alter some aspects of xenobiotic metabolism.
Squamous Epithelial Implantation Cyst of the Iris

A case of an iris implantation cyst was managed by penetrating keratoplasty and iridocyclectomy. The histology and electron microscopy of the cysts are described as well as the clinical histories and photographs of six additional cases. The potential complications of iris implantation cysts are iritis, cataracts, glaucoma, and decreased vision. Since ruptured cysts can cause an epithelial downgrowth, in toto removal was indicated in this case.
Microvascular endothelial cells express a phosphatidylserine receptor: a functionally active receptor for phosphatidylserine-positive erythrocytes

Phosphatidylserine (PS)–positive erythrocytes adhere to endothelium and subendothelial matrix components. While thrombospondin mediates these inter-actions, it is unknown whether PS-associated erythrocyte-endothelial adhesion occurs in the absence of plasma ligands. Using ionophore-treated PS-expressing control HbAA erythrocytes, we demonstrate that PS-positive erythrocytes adhered to human lung microendothelial cells in the absence of plasma ligands, that this adhesion was enhanced following endothelial activation with IL-1α, TNF-α, LPS, hypoxia, and heme, and that this adhesive interaction was selective to erythrocyte PS. We next explored whether microendothelial cells express an adhesion receptor that recognizes cell surface–expressed PS (PSR) similar to that expressed on activated macrophages. We demonstrate constitutive expression of both PSR mRNA and protein that were up-regulated in a time-dependent manner following endothelial activation. While minimal PSR expression was noted on unstimulated cells, endothelial activation up-regulated PSR surface expression. In antibody-blocking studies, using PS-positive erythrocytes generated either artificially via ionophore treatment of control erythrocytes or from patients with sickle cell disease, we demonstrate that PSR was functional, supporting PS-mediated erythrocyte adhesion to activated endothelium. Our results demonstrate the existence of a novel functional adhesion receptor for PS on the microendothelium that is up-regulated by such pathologically relevant agonists as hypoxia, cytokines, and heme.
Evidence for a Common Step in Three Different Processes for Modulating the Kinetic Properties of Glucocorticoid Receptor-induced Gene Transcription

The dose-response curve of steroid hormones and the associated EC(50) value are critical parameters both in the development of new pharmacologically active compounds and in the endocrine therapy of various disease states. We have recently described three different variables that can reposition the dose-response curve of agonist-bound glucocorticoid receptors (GRs): a 21-base pair sequence of the rat tyrosine aminotransferase gene called a glucocorticoid modulatory element (GME), GR concentration, and coactivator concentration. At the same time, each of these three components was found to influence the partial agonist activity of antiglucocorticoids. In an effort to determine whether these three processes proceed via independent pathways or a common intermediate, we have examined several mechanistic details. The effects of increasing concentrations of both GR and the coactivator TIF2 are found to be saturable. Furthermore, saturating levels of either GR or TIF2 inhibit the ability of each protein, and the GME, to affect further changes in the dose-response curve or partial agonist activity of antisteroids. This competitive inhibition suggests that all three modulators proceed through a common step involving a titratable factor. Support for this hypothesis comes from the observation that a fragment of the coactivator TIF2 retaining intrinsic transactivation activity is a dominant negative inhibitor of each component (GME, GR, and coactivator). This inhibition was not due to nonspecific effects on the general transcription machinery as the VP16 transactivation domain was inactive. The viral protein E1A also prevented the action of each of the three components in a manner that was independent of E1A's ability to block the histone acetyltransferase activity of CBP. Collectively, these results suggest that three different inputs (GME, GR, and coactivator) for perturbing the dose-response curve, and partial agonist activity, of GR-steroid complexes act by converging at a single step that involves a limiting factor prior to transcription initiation.
A systematic literature review of the effectiveness of diabetes education of school personnel.

PURPOSEThis paper describes current knowledge levels of school personnel about diabetes, discusses the findings of a systematic review of the literature on the effectiveness of diabetes educational...
Hypertension as a Cause of Facial Paralysis

The review paper by Drs. Manning and Adour on facial paralysis in childhood was illuminating in terms of differential diagnosis. However, one very important consideration in the assessment of children who present with peripheral facial paralysis is the possibility that it may be the initial manifestation of severe hypertension in children. It is presumed that the paralysis is due to hemorrhage within the facial canal. Because hypertension in childhood very frequently has an etiology which is surgically or medically remediable the index of suspicion for its presence must be maintained at a high level.
Decellularized human cadaveric dermis provides a safe alternative for primary inguinal hernia repair in contaminated surgical fields.

Abstract Background Repair options for inguinal hernias in contaminated surgical fields include local tissue repair or mesh repair. The former is associated with higher hernia recurrence rates. The latter generally is avoided because of an unacceptably high infection rate. AlloDerm (Lifecell Corp., Branchburg, NJ) can potentially provide a strong repair resistant to infection. The aim of our study was to evaluate if AlloDerm provides a safe alternative for inguinal hernia repair in contaminated surgical fields. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients who underwent inguinal hernia repair with AlloDerm from December 2004 to April 2006. Demographics, risk factors, perioperative data, and recurrence rates were evaluated. Results Twelve patients with contaminated surgical fields underwent inguinal hernia repair with AlloDerm. Serious perioperative complications occurred in only 1 patient. Two patients developed superficial wound infections (treated conservatively). There were no mortalities. No hernia recurrence has been documented with a follow-up period of 3 to 17 months (median, 9 mo). Conclusions AlloDerm provides a safe alternative for inguinal hernia repair in contaminated surgical fields.
Functional prokaryotic RubisCO from an oceanic metagenomic library.

Culture-independent studies have indicated that there is significant diversity in the ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) enzymes used by marine, freshwater, and terrestrial autotrophic bacteria. Surprisingly, little is known about the catalytic properties of many environmentally significant RubisCO enzymes. Because one of the goals of RubisCO research is to somehow modify or select for RubisCO molecules with improved kinetic properties, a facile means to isolate functional and novel RubisCO molecules directly from the environment was developed. In this report, we describe the first example of functional RubisCO proteins obtained from genes cloned and characterized from metagenomic libraries derived from DNA isolated from environmental samples. Two form IA marine RubisCO genes were cloned, and each gene supported both photoheterotrophic and photoautotrophic growth of a RubisCO deletion strain of Rhodobacter capsulatus, strain SBI/II−, indicating that catalytically active recombinant RubisCO was synthesized. The catalytic properties of the metagenomic RubisCO molecules were further characterized. These experiments demonstrated the feasibility of studying the functional diversity and enzymatic properties of RubisCO enzymes without first cultivating the host organisms. Further, this “proof of concept” experiment opens the way for development of a simple functional screen to examine the properties of diverse RubisCO genes isolated from any environment, and subsequent further bioselection may be possible if the growth conditions of complemented R. capsulatus strain SBI/II− are varied.
Reactive Polymer Interfaces: How Reaction Kinetics Depend on Reactivity and Density of Chemical Groups

We present a systematic theory of polymer reaction kinetics at an interface separating two immiscible melts, A and B, in each of which a fraction of chains carry reactive end groups. We consider arbitrary values of local group reactivity, Qb, and reactive group densities in either bulk, n A and n B , with the convention nA e nB . At short times reaction kinetics are second order in bulk densities. Initially, kinetics are of simple mean field type, with surface density of reaction product after time t given by R t Qbha 3 tnA nB where h is the interface width and a reactive group size. If Qb exceeds a density-dependent threshold a transition occurs, at a time less than the longest polymer relaxation time U, to second order diffusion-controlled (DC) kinetics with R t xt 4nA nB . Here xt is the rms monomer displacement. Logarithmic corrections arise in marginal cases. This leads to R t t/(ln t) for unentangled chains, while for entangled melts consecutive regimes R t t/(ln t), R t t . At a certain time scale the interface saturates with AB copolymer product and reactions are strongly suppressed. This prevents the onset of the long time first-order DC regime if the reactivity is very small, Qb < Qb † with Qb † 1/N 1/2 (unentangled melts) or Qb † 1/N 3/2 (entangled).
Identifying policies that are most likely to produce a desirable outcome

For some types of stochastic optimization problems, it is possible to directly estimate the location of an optimum on a response surface using an experimental technique based on the notion of simulated hindsight. The idea is to retrospectively solve a related deterministic optimization problem with respect to realizations of the stochastic effects as if the outcomes of all uncertainties were known in advance. We explore issues involved in designing, conducting and analyzing simulation experiments using a variant of the technique that addresses situations where it makes sense to define the best solution as the one that is most likely to produce a desirable outcome.
T follicular helper cells differentiate from Th2 cells in response to helminth antigens

The relationship of T follicular helper (TFH) cells to other T helper (Th) subsets is controversial. We find that after helminth infection, or immunization with helminth antigens, reactive lymphoid organs of 4get IL-4/GFP reporter mice contain populations of IL-4/GFP-expressing CD4+ T cells that display the TFH markers CXCR5, PD-1, and ICOS. These TFH cells express the canonical TFH markers BCL6 and IL-21, but also GATA3, the master regulator of Th2 cell differentiation. Consistent with a relationship between Th2 and TFH cells, IL-4 protein production, reported by expression of huCD2 in IL-4 dual reporter (4get/KN2) mice, was a robust marker of TFH cells in LNs responding to helminth antigens. Moreover, the majority of huCD2/IL-4–producing Th cells were found within B cell follicles, consistent with their definition as TFH cells. TFH cell development after immunization failed to occur in mice lacking B cells or CD154. The relationship of TFH cells to the Th2 lineage was confirmed when TFH cells were found to develop from CXCR5− PD-1− IL-4/GFP+ CD4+ T cells after their transfer into naive mice and antigen challenge in vivo.
Probing folding and fluorescence quenching in human γD crystallin Greek key domains using triple tryptophan mutant proteins

Human γD crystallin (HγD-Crys), a major component of the human eye lens, is a 173-residue, primarily β-sheet protein, associated with juvenile and mature-onset cataracts. HγD-Crys has four tryptophans, with two in each of the homologous Greek key domains, which are conserved throughout the γ-crystallin family. HγD-Crys exhibits native-state fluorescence quenching, despite the absence of ligands or cofactors. The tryptophan absorption and fluorescence quenching may influence the lens response to ultraviolet light or the protection of the retina from ambient ultraviolet damage. To provide fluorescence reporters for each quadrant of the protein, triple mutants, each containing three tryptophan-to-phenylalanine substitutions and one native tryptophan, have been constructed and expressed. Trp 42-only and Trp 130-only exhibited fluorescence quenching between the native and denatured states typical of globular proteins, whereas Trp 68-only and Trp 156-only retained the anomalous quenching pattern of wild-type HγD-Crys. The three-dimensional structure of HγD-Crys shows Tyr/Tyr/His aromatic cages surrounding Trp 68 and Trp 156 that may be the source of the native-state quenching. During equilibrium refolding/unfolding at 37°C, the tryptophan fluorescence signals indicated that domain I (W42-only and W68-only) unfolded at lower concentrations of GdnHCl than domain II (W130-only and W156-only). Kinetic analysis of both the unfolding and refolding of the triple-mutant tryptophan proteins identified an intermediate along the HγD-Crys folding pathway with domain I unfolded and domain II intact. This species is a candidate for the partially folded intermediate in the in vitro aggregation pathway of HγD-Crys.
A retrospective statistical analysis of the Fusarium keratitis epidemic of 2004-2006.

Purpose: A retrospective statistical analysis of the Fusarium keratitis epidemic of 2004–2006 was performed.Methods: Poisson and binomial probability distributions were performed in conjunction with statistical data reported from Singapore’s Fusarium keratitis outbreak in order to identify the earliest theoretical point in time that this outbreak and its cause could have been recognized.Results: The outbreak in Singapore could, theoretically, have been recognized after only three months (three cases), P = 0.0067. The cause of the Singapore outbreak could, theoretically, have been determined after only four months (five cases), P = 0.0024.Conclusions: The worldwide Fusarium keratitis epidemic of 2004–2006 could, theoretically, have been recognized much earlier by the application of basic statistical methods to the outbreak in Singapore. The lessons learned from this analysis may help prevent future epidemics.
High-level synthesis of digital microfluidic biochips

Microfluidic biochips offer a promising platform for massively parallel DNA analysis, automated drug discovery, and real-time biomolecular recognition. Current techniques for full-custom design of droplet-based “digital” biochips do not scale well for concurrent assays and for next-generation system-on-chip (SOC) designs that are expected to include microfluidic components. We propose a system design methodology that attempts to apply classical high-level synthesis techniques to the design of digital microfluidic biochips. We focus here on the problem of scheduling bioassay functions under resource constraints. We first develop an optimal scheduling strategy based on integer linear programming. However, because the scheduling problem is NP-complete, we also develop two heuristic techniques that scale well for large problem instances. A clinical diagnostic procedure, namely multiplexed in-vitro diagnostics on human physiological fluids, is first used to illustrate and evaluate the proposed method. Next, the synthesis approach is applied to a protein assay, which serves as a more complex bioassay application. The proposed synthesis approach is expected to reduce human effort and design cycle time, and it will facilitate the integration of microfluidic components with microelectronic components in next-generation SOCs.
Web Forms and Untraceable DDoS Attacks

We analyze a Web vulnerability that allows an attacker to perform an email-based attack on selected victims, using standard scripts and agents. What differentiates the attack we describe from other, already known forms of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks is that an attacker does not need to infiltrate the network in any manner – as is normally required to launch a DDoS attack. Thus, we see this type of attack as a poor man’s DDoS. Not only is the attack easy to mount, but it is also almost impossible to trace back to the perpetrator. Along with descriptions of our attack, we demonstrate its destructive potential with (limited and contained) experimental results. We illustrate the potential impact of our attack by describing how an attacker can disable an email account by flooding its inbox; block competition during on-line auctions; harm competitors with an on-line presence; disrupt phone service to a given victim; disconnect mobile corporate leaders from their networks; and disrupt electronic elections. Finally, we propose a set of countermeasures that are light-weight, do not require modifications to the infrastructure, and can be deployed in a gradual manner.
Derivation and Evaluation of a Labeled Hedonic Scale

The objective of this study was to develop a semantically labeled hedonic scale (LHS) that would yield ratio-level data on the magnitude of liking/disliking of sensation equivalent to that produced by magnitude estimation (ME). The LHS was constructed by having 49 subjects who were trained in ME rate the semantic magnitudes of 10 common hedonic descriptors within a broad context of imagined hedonic experiences that included tastes and flavors. The resulting bipolar scale is statistically symmetrical around neutral and has a unique semantic structure. The LHS was evaluated quantitatively by comparing it with ME and the 9-point hedonic scale. The LHS yielded nearly identical ratings to those obtained using ME, which implies that its semantic labels are valid and that it produces ratio-level data equivalent to ME. Analyses of variance conducted on the hedonic ratings from the LHS and the 9-point scale gave similar results, but the LHS showed much greater resistance to ceiling effects and yielded normally distributed data, whereas the 9-point scale did not. These results indicate that the LHS has significant semantic, quantitative, and statistical advantages over the 9-point hedonic scale.
An architecture-based software reliability model

We present an analytical model for estimating architecture-based software reliability, according to the reliability of each component, the operational profile, and the architecture of software. Our approach is based on Markov chain properties and architecture view to state view transformations to perform reliability analysis on heterogeneous software architectures. We demonstrate how this analytical model can be utilized to estimate the reliability of a heterogeneous architecture consisting of batch-sequential/pipeline, call-and-return, parallel/pipe-filters, and fault tolerance styles. In addition, we conduct an experiment on a system embedded with three architectural styles to validate this heterogeneous software reliability model.
Non-Q-wave myocardial infarction following thrombolytic therapy: a comparison of outcomes in patients randomized to invasive or conservative post-infarct assessment strategies in the Veterans Affairs non-Q-wave Infarction Strategies In-Hospital (VANQWISH) Trial.

AbstractOBJECTIVESWe wished to determine the effect of post-infarct management strategy on event rates (death or recurrent nonfatal myocardial infarction [MI]) in patients who evolved non–Q-wave MI...
How special is sameness for pigeons and people

Because of the importance of the sense of sameness for psychological science and because of the tenuous support for this notion in pigeons’ matching-to-sample behavior, we experimentally explored the possibly special status of sameness for pigeons. Using photographs from three different natural categories (dogs, fish, and flowers) in a three-alternative matching-to-sample design, we obtained a reliable sameness advantage for pigeons only when the number of correct sample-comparison combinations could have contributed to a sameness advantage; otherwise, no sameness advantage emerged. However, human participants exhibited an immediate and dramatic sameness advantage under essentially the same training and testing conditions as had been given to pigeons. At least under these experimental circumstances, humans exhibit a sameness advantage that far eclipses that of pigeons.
Design Issues in the ISDN U-Interface Transceiver

The design challenges faced in the integrated circuit realization of the basic customer access U-interface transceiver at 144 kbits/s in the integrated services digital network (ISDN) are summarized. Given the cost and performance objectives, this represents a very challenging design problem from an algorithmic and technology point of view. This survey paper describes the alternative design approaches concentrating on algorithmic issues as opposed to circuit design issues, in the context of the echo cancellation (EC) method of full duplex data transmission. Particular emphasis is given to the areas of echo cancellation, equalization, line code selection, and timing recovery.
SCF and Cullin/RING H2-Based Ubiquitin Ligases

Protein degradation is deployed to modulate the steady-state abundance of proteins and to switch cellular regulatory circuits from one state to another by abrupt elimination of control proteins. In eukaryotes, the bulk of the protein degradation that occurs in the cytoplasm and nucleus is carried out by the 26S proteasome. In turn, most proteins are thought to be targeted to the 26S proteasome by covalent attachment of a multiubiquitin chain. Ubiquitination of proteins requires a multienzyme system. A key component of ubiquitination pathways, the ubiquitin ligase, controls both the specificity and timing of substrate ubiquitination. This review is focused on a conserved ubiquitin ligase complex known as SCF that plays a key role in marking a variety of regulatory proteins for destruction by the 26S proteasome.
Heavy-Ion Induced SETs in 32nm SOI Inverter Chains

A comprehensive data set of heavy-ion induced single-event transients has been collected for inverter chains fabricated in the IBM 32nm partially-depleted silicon-on-insulator technology across various bias voltages, transistor variants, ion energies and angles of incidence.
The incidence of postoperative hemorrhage and hematoma with surgical drainage or evacuation in the United States from 2000 to 2012

The incidence of postoperative hemorrhage and hematoma with surgical drainage or evacuation in theUnited States from2000 to 2012 Amanda Shakal, Travis Wilson, Ali Seifi University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA Background/Purpose: Postoperative hemorrhage is a major risk factor for all surgical procedures and is the cause of significant morbidity and mortality for surgical patients. The purpose of this study is to report the incidence and assess the impact of teaching institutions and sex in this condition. Methods: A retrospective cohort of hospital inpatient discharges with postoperative hemorrhage based on Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) database from 2000 to 2012 in the United States. Results:During the 13-year studyperiod, HCUP reported the incidence of postoperative hemorrhage varying from 2.381 to 2.668 per 1000 surgical admissions, which was significantly less at the end of the study period (P b .000). When assessing the impact of teaching institutions, adjusted rates were significantly higher among teaching institutions duringmost of the study period (P b .000). Furthermore, the adjusted rate was significantly higher in males during all years of the study (P b .000). Conclusions: Our data indicate that the risk of postoperative hemorrhage is higher in patients undergoing surgical procedures at teaching institutions for most of the study years, which could be the result of several factors. Teaching institutions tend to be level 1 trauma centers with unstable patients undergoing emergency surgeries, which may carry significant risk of morbidity and mortality. We also reported a higher rate of postoperative hemorrhage in males, which may be due to larger numbers of injury-related visits to emergency departments and more surgical procedures per year. Additional prospective studies should be undertaken to determine the cause and contributing factors that impact postoperative hemorrhage.
Estimation of Vertical Mixing Rates in Fjords Using Naturally Occurring Radon-222 and Salinity as Tracers

Vertical mixing is an important process controlling the distribution of dissolved substances in the marine environment. In fjords the vertical mixing rate has a significant influence on the flushing cycle of the deep water and is very important in determining whether or not the deep water will go anoxic.
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma progression is associated with decreased GATA‐3 immunohistochemical staining

Background The GATA family of transcription factors is an essential regulator of cellular proliferation and differentiation. In the skin, GATA-3 is critical for epidermal stratification and maintenance of barrier function. A role for GATA-3 in the development of human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is not known. Here, we investigated GATA-3 immunohistochemical staining in premalignant and invasive cutaneous SCC from sun-exposed and sun-protected skin. Methods GATA-3 immunohistochemistry was performed on actinic keratoses (AK) (n = 19), in situ squamous cell carcinomas with actinic [SCCIS (A)] (n = 9) or bowenoid features [SCCIS (B)] (n = 17), well-, moderately and poorly differentiated SCC (n = 36), Bowenoid papulosis of the perineum (n = 15) and penile SCC (pSCC) (n = 10). Results We found that GATA-3 immunohistochemical staining is progressively lost in sun-exposed skin as neoplasia progresses from pre-cancerous AK to SCCIS (A), and ultimately, to SCC, which shows near absent GATA-3 staining. This reduction in GATA-3 staining is independent of histological grade in SCC. Only slight down-regulation of GATA-3 was seen in all cases of SCCIS (B) and Bowenoid papulosis, while near absent GATA-3 expression was seen in pSCC. Conclusion We propose that decreased GATA-3 immunohistochemical staining is associated with cutaneous SCC progression on both sun-exposed and sun-protected sites.
Analyzing Text Data

This roundtable will provide attendees with an introduction to the theoretical and practical details of methods for analyzing text as data. After an overview of different classes of methods for text data, topics will include data acquisition and cleaning, scaling textual content, classification of documents by topics, and the analysis of sentiment. Presentations will include discussions of software and practical examples.
Reaction of Cp*(CO)2ReRe(CO)2Cp* with Alkynes Produces Dimetallacyclopentenones Cp*(CO)2Re(μ-η1,η3-CRCR‘CO)Re(CO)Cp* Which React with Acid To Form Cationic Bridging Vinyl Complexes

Cp*(CO)2ReRe(CO)2Cp* (1) reacted with terminal alkynes HC⋮CR (R = H, CH3, C6H5, C(CH3)CH2, OCH2CH3) to produce dimetallacyclopentenones Cp*(CO)2Re(μ-η1,η3-CHCRCO)Re(CO)Cp* (4−8). The reaction of 1 with alkynes having one ester substituent also gave dimetallacyclopentenones. Reaction of 1 with HC⋮CCO2Me gave Cp*(CO)2Re[μ-η1,η3-CHC(CO2CH3)CO]Re(CO)Cp* (9) and with CH3C⋮CCO2Me gave Cp*(CO)2Re[μ-η1,η3-(CO2CH3)CC(CH3)CO]Re(CO)Cp* (10). At low temperature, the η2-propyne complex Cp*(CO)2Re(μ-CO)Re(CO)(HC⋮CCH3)Cp* (12) and Cp*(CO)2Re[μ-η1,η3-C(CH3)CHCO]Re(CO)Cp* (11) were observed as intermediates in the formation of Cp*(CO)2Re[μ-η1,η3-CHC(CH3)CO]Re(CO)Cp* (5). Protonation of dimetallacyclopentenone 2 with CF3CO2H produced [Cp*(CO)2Re(μ-η1,η2-CHCH2)Re(CO)2Cp*]+CF3CO2- (14), a species with a bridging vinyl group. Protonation of the thermodynamically favored regioisomeric dimetallacyclopentenone 5 gave [Cp*(CO)2Re(μ-η1,η2-(E)-CHCHCH3)Re(CO)2Cp*]+CF3CO2- (15). Protonation of kinetically formed regioisomeric dimetal...
Natural Disasters and the Financing of Fat Tails: Lessons from the Economics and Political Economy of Weather-Related Insurance

Three hypotheses are explored related to state-run residual insurance markets in weather-related insurance. First, that private insurers, having already exited flood insurance markets in 1968, are currently well into the process of leaving private wind related coverage because of storm-related losses viewed as unprofitable at currently allowed rates and/or as uninsurable. Second, that as state-centered residual risk entities have replaced private insurers, there is no unified strategy among these entities as to the financial sustainability of the residual risk pools. Third, that although both private insurers and residual risk pools could improve the risk landscape by actively championing measures to retrofit existing homes, they are not doing so.
Patients are hardly too thin or too rich: doctors' preventive medicine duties.

Counseling patients about medical finances is a preventive medicine duty, much as weight-loss counseling is. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Optical Coherence Elastography of Ocular Tissues

Because of the ease in generating transgenic/gene knock out models and accessibility to early stages of embryogenesis, mouse and rat models have become invaluable to studying the mechanisms that underlie human birth defects. To study precisely how structural birth defects arise, Ultrasound, MRI, microCT, Optical Projection Tomography (OPT), Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and histological methods have all been used for imaging mouse/rat embryos. However, of these methods, only OCT enables live, functional imaging with high spatial resolution. Here we demonstrate advantages of OCT for live imaging of mammalian embryos at different developmental stages (ranging from E7.5 to E19.5) with nearly cellular resolution ex vivo and in utero.
Survey on Residents’ Awareness of Implementation of National Immunization Planning Expansion Policy in Zhuzhou

Objective To acquire and understand the problems in implementation of national immunization planning expansion policy in Zhuzhou by investigation of school-age children’s parents or guardians.Methods A total of 440 school-age children’s guardians were randomly selected from the urban and rural areas of Zhuzhou and investigated by questionnaires.Results Among 421 qualified questionnaires,the awareness rate of completely correct answer on the three contents of the national immunization planning expansion policy reached 70.8%,the urban and rural awareness rates were 80.6% and 62.2% respectively.The evaluation rate of satisfaction at the national immunization planning expansion policy reached 95%,and the evaluation was divided into three grades:very good,general,and bad.The survey of the informing service that vaccination units gave to guardians in the course of vaccination showed that the rate of completing all three services was 70.3%,and the rate in the urban areas (79.1%) was higher than that in the rural areas (62.7%),(P0.01).Understanding of the national immunization planning expansion policy was mainly from five kinds of ways,including doctor informing,radio,television,newspapers and posters.Conclusions The national immunization planning expansion is a public and systematic work,which needs the care and support of whole society,especially in solving the financial expense problems,such as vaccination funds and timely payment of grants.At the same time,health administrative departments and disease control agencies should strengthen management,enhance the publicity,raise the level of public health services,and fulfill this task "People’s livelihood and health" well.