cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Dodge City to Emerald City: The Importance of Joseph E. Zins' Work in Teacher Education Programs: A Commentary on “The Scientific Base Linking Social and Emotional Learning to School Success,” a chapter by Joseph E. Zins, Michelle R. Bloodworth, Roger P. Weissberg, and Herbert J. Walberg

This commentary argues that Joseph Zins' work can contribute and enhance university-based teacher preparation programs. Focusing on secondary English Education, it examines how SEL competencies can improve the curricula and field experiences to support pre-service teachers.
Proton magnetic resonance spectra of monosubstituted cyclopropanes

Abstract The proton magnetic resonance spectra of a series of monosubstituted cyclopropyl derivatives have been studied. The coupling constants have been shown to depend on the substituent electronegativity and equations have been developed which allow them to be predicted with a high confidence level. The chemical shifts have been discussed in terms of the substituent electronegativity and geometry of the molecule.
Is P-protein actin-like?-not yet

Microfilaments associated with cytoplasmic streaming in Nitella flexilis internodes can be decorated with heavy meromyosin (HMM) from rabbit, both in vitro in cytoplasmic suspensions, and in situ in glycerinated cell segments. The bound HMM consists of clearly discernible, polarized arrowheads in a regular repeat of 360–380 A that are similar to those produced on F-actin. In contrast, similar arrowheads or decorations are not evident on P-protein filaments in sieve elements of glycerinated hypocotyl segments of Phaseolus vulgaris L. treated with HMM. Thus, these results contradict a recent claim that P-protein binds HMM and is actin-like. The mass of other evidence now available from diverse studies indicating that P-protein does not consist of actin or tubulin is discussed.
Performance analysis of a multiprogrammed computer system

A combination of analytical modeling and measurement is employed for the performance analysis of a multiprogrammed computer system. First, a cyclic queue model is developed for the system under study. Then, model validation is attempted in both controlled and normal environments. The success of the model is demonstrated by its prediction of performance improvements from system reconfigurations. Reasonable correlation between the measured performance and the model predictions under various degrees of multiprogramming is observed. Finally, possible system reconfigurations are explored with the insight gained from the performance analysis.
Creating reflective practitioners with preservice lesson study

A reflective approach to practice has long been emphasised in the profession of teaching, and, consequently, developing reflective practitioners is currently a major emphasis in teacher education programmes. An integral part of this effort lies in creating opportunities for preservice teachers to engage in activities which effectively promote reflective practice. This article explores how lesson study, a professional development practice that originated in Japan and centres on collaborative study of live classroom lessons, serves in this capacity. It summarises an investigation that explored if, how, and the extent to which, the use of this process facilitates reflection in preservice teachers. It focuses on the implications of the study on the author's own practice, particularly with regard to her understanding of reflection, considerations about the purpose of lesson study and preparing preservice teachers to reflect. It also proposes changes to the implementation of lesson study to foster higher levels of reflective thinking. The article provides important insights into the topics of lesson study and reflection, and can serve to advise those wishing to use this educational innovation in the preparation of preservice teachers.
Effects of Watching Primary Debates in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Campaign.

This essay reports the results of 2 studies measuring the effects of watching U.S. presidential primary debates. Using a pretest-posttest design, participants watched either a Republican (October 22, 1999) or a Democratic (October 27, 1999) New Hampshire primary debate. Those who watched each debate learned more about the candidates' policies, formed evaluations of candidates who were less well-known, and changed their evaluations of better known candidates. Viewers changed voting intention and expressed more confidence in their vote choice after watching a debate. Thus, we can conclude that primary debates are capable of influencing both policy and character impressions of the candidates, as well as changing voting intentions and increasing vote confidence.
LITERATURE AND SCIENCE

Literature and science: no longer two cultures? Back in the 1960s, Thomas Kuhn headed us toward this conclusion when he emphasized how deeply science was embedded in culture in The Structure of Scientific Revolution (1962). Since then, both cultural and literary analysts have theorized about just how literary texts actualize cultural assumptions, including those of science (Michael Riffaterre, “Flaubert's Presuppositions,” Diacritics 11: 2–11). Science offers but one of a number of competing discourses within a culture (Richard Rorty, Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity, 1989); authors — of all sorts — are free to reconstruct any of them, and both science and literature realize culture. I draw the verb, “realize,” from Gillian Beer, whose book Open Fields: Science in Cultural Encounter offers the occasion for this review. Beer's book reprints fourteen masterful essays that delineate ways in which nineteenth- and twentieth-century scientific ideas have been realized. Beer chooses her verb carefully. Scientists, she suggests, are no different from other purveyors of ideas; they never know whom their work will influence or whose ends it will serve. Helmholtz can, for example, turn up in a poem by Jesuit Gerard Manley Hopkins. We are always to understand that the cultural encounter between science and society moves in both directions and that any culture can provide striking correspondences. In nineteenth-century Britain, for example, scientific hunts for missing links evolved concurrently with the sleuthing of literary detectives.
The Role of Agenda Setting in Policy Innovation An Event History Analysis of Living-Will Laws

In this article we link theoretically and empirically the process of agenda setting to the diffusion of innovations across the American states. We use independent variables that reflect both agenda setting and the specific state context, and we hypothesize that a combination of these variables affects the likelihood of policy adoption in the various states. Employing event history analysis of pooled cross-sectional time series data on the adoption of living-will laws, we find that the best model of living-will adoptions includes both agenda setting and state context variables. Our findings demonstrate the importance of linking agenda setting with internal state characteristics to reach a more complete explanation of state policy making.
Frequency Response Characteristics Of An Optical Scatterometer And A Surface Profilometer

The frequency response characteristics of an angle-resolved optical scatterometer and a mechanical profilometer are examined. The transfer function for the scatterometer is found to be constant within the spatial frequency bandwidth of the system. The mechanical profilometer is found to have a nonlinear response. The effect of the nonlinearity on the frequency response of the mechanical profilometer is examined.
Tracheal reintubation: caused by "too much of a good thing"?

William Shakespeare coined the phase when he wrote in As You Like It : “Can one desire too much of a good thing?” For many years now we have concentrated our efforts on liberating the patient from ventilatory support. The removal of the endotracheal tube (ETT) has been seen as a mere
Transient loss of consciousness caused by cryptococcal meningitis in an immunocompetent patient: a case report

An immunocompetent 51 year-old female presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with a chief complaint of transient loss of consciousness and was found to have cryptococcal meningitis. She complained of general fatigue and a 'cramping' sensation in her right arm for one week. The physical exam was significant for the presence of a right homonymous hemianopsia and the absence of fever or signs of meningismus. A computed tomography (CT) of the brain was interpreted as showing an age-indeterminate infarct in the left parietal region. However, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed multiple areas of meningeal enhancement. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed a positive cryptococcal antigen and 105 white blood cells. The patient was successfully treated with Amphotericin B and fluconazole. While cryptococcal meningitis is typically a disease of the immunocompromised, it can, as in this case, present in an immuncompetent host.
Synthesis of carbon nanomaterials for dye‐sensitized solar cells

Summary In this paper, it was demonstrated that Na2O can react with CO to produce carbon nanofibers at 500 °C and carbon nanosheets at 550 °C. Furthermore, the nanosheets exhibited excellent performance as a counter electrode for a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), leading to a high power conversion efficiency of 7.57%. The efficiency is larger than that (4.72%) of a DSSC with the carbon nanofiber counter electrode and even comparable with that of an expensive Pt-based DSSC. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scaling up evolutionary responses to elevated CO2: lessons from Arabidopsis

Results from norm of reaction studies and selection experiments indicate that elevated CO2 will act as a selective agent on natural plant populations, especially for C3 species that are most sensitive to changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration. Evolutionary responses to CO2 may alter plant physiology, development rate, growth, and reproduction in ways that cannot be predicted from single generation studies. Moreover, ecological and evolutionary changes in plant communities will have a range of consequences at higher spatial scales and may cause substantial deviations from ecosystem level predictions based on short-term responses to elevated CO2. Therefore, steps need to be taken to identify the plant traits that are most likely to evolve at elevated CO2, and to understand how these changes may affect net primary productivity within ecosystems. These processes may range in scale from molecular and physiological changes that occur among genotypes at the individual and population levels, to changes in community- and ecosystem-level productivity that result from the integrative effects of different plant species evolving simultaneously. In this review, we (1) synthesize recent studies investigating the role of atmospheric CO2 as a selective agent on plants, (2) discuss possible control points during plant development that may change in response to selection at elevated CO2 with an emphasis at the primary molecular level, and (3) provide a quantitative framework for scaling the evolutionary effects of CO2 on plants in order to determine changes in community and ecosystem productivity. Furthermore, this review points out that studies integrating the effects of plant evolution in response to elevated CO2 are lacking, and therefore more attention needs be devoted to this issue among the global change research community.
Alpha-fetoprotein response correlates with EASL response and survival in solitary hepatocellular carcinoma treated with transarterial therapies: a subgroup analysis.

Background & Aims Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a universally recognized tumor marker in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Its utility in assessing response to treatment remains controversial. We sought to study the: (a) correlation between AFP response and imaging response, and (b) ability of AFP, EASL, and WHO response to predict survival outcomes in patients with solitary HCC. Methods Six hundred and twenty-nine HCC patients were treated with transarterial locoregional therapies over an 11-year period. To eliminate confounding factors, we included patients with single tumors, baseline AFP ⩾200ng/ml, and no extrahepatic disease; this identified our study cohort of 51 patients. AFP response was defined as>50% decrease from baseline; this was correlated to EASL and WHO response criteria by Kappa agreement, Pearson correlation and receiver operating curves. Survival analyses were performed by Landmark, risk-of-death and Mantel–Byar methodologies. None of the patients received sorafenib. Results Three months post-treatment, AFP and EASL response correlated well (Kappa: 0.83; Pearson: 0.84); the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of AFP in predicting EASL response at 3months were 96.6%, 85.7%, 92.3%, and 93.3%, respectively. Correlation with WHO response was low. From the 3-month landmark, WHO, EASL, and AFP responders survived longer than non-responders ( p =0.006, 0.0001, and p Conclusions Response by AFP and EASL are predictors of survival outcome in patients with solitary HCC. AFP correlates with imaging response assessment by EASL guidelines. Achieving AFP response should be one of the therapeutic intents of locoregional therapies (LRTs).
On the L4 norm of spherical harmonics

It is shown that, among all the L2 normalized spherical harmonics of a given degree, the L4 norm is locally maximized by the ‘highest weight’ function .
Records Management Theory's Dilemma: What is a Record?

A familiar dialogue is taking place in the professional literature of records and information management. Since the early 1990s, the theoretical foundation of a records management theory has been constructed on convergence (Pemberton & Nugent, 1995; Walters, 1995; Zawiyah M Yusof & Robert W Chell, 2002). While certain concepts are shared across disciplines, arguably the most foundational definition is the most divergent: a record. Each discipline (Archival Science, Library Science, Computer Science) defines the term record in its own way. Records managers at all levels have difficulty espousing a universal definition of the term, while claiming sole responsibility for the authority, organization, authenticity, and sustainability of records.
Multiple paternity and first mate sperm precedence in the sierra dome spider, Linyphia litigiosa Keyserling (Linyphiidae)

Abstract Field observations of individually marked female sierra dome spiders, followed by electrophoretic paternity analyses, indicated that 60–70% of all eggs were fertilized by first mates. In this spider, first mates are determined via combat between males incited by females. They are larger than later mates, because the latter seldom fight other males prior to mating. However, a field experiment in which females mated first with a small male and the 1–2 days later with a large male (where neither male fought prior to mating), showed that first mate sperm precedence persits regardless of the physical qualities of first mates. Thus phenotypic attributes per se of first mates do not promote first mate advantage and females rely ‘blindly’ on the intrasexual process to determine their major sire. Consideration of five mating circumstances and associated patterns of paternity suggests that females control differential sperm use. For example, among secondary mates the duration of preinsemination phase copulation, when males might try to displace sperm, was negatively correlated with fertilization success. The copulatory behaviour of different secondary mates of individual females refuted the hypothesis that first mate sperm precedence is maintained by mating plugs. Male size was not correlated with quantity of sperm transferred or length of the intromittant organ, eliminating additional modes of sperm competition as explanations for first mate advantage.
Viruses and Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disorder of unknown etiology, possibly caused by a virus or virus-triggered immunopathology. The virus might reactivate after years of latency and lyse oligodendrocytes, as in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, or initiate immunopathological demyelination, as in animals infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus or coronaviruses. The argument for a viral cause of MS is supported by epidemiological analyses and studies of MS in identical twins, indicating that disease is acquired. However, the most important evidence is the presence of bands of oligoclonal IgG (OCBs) in MS brain and CSF that persist throughout the lifetime of the patient. OCBs are found almost exclusively in infectious CNS disorders, and antigenic targets of OCBs represent the agent that causes disease. Here, the authors review past attempts to identify an infectious agent in MS brain cells and discuss the promise of using recombinant antibodies generated from clonally expanded plasma cells in brain and CSF to identify disease-relevant antigens. They show how this strategy has been used successfully to analyze antigen specificity in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, a chronic encephalitis caused by measles virus, and in neuromyelitis optica, a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease produced by antibodies directed against the aquaporin-4 water channel.
A polynomial time algorithm for generating neural networks for classification problems

A novel polynomial time algorithm for the construction and training of multilayer perceptrons for classification problems is presented. It uses linear programming models to generate incrementally the hidden layer in a restricted higher-order perceptron. The polynomial time complexity of the method is proven and computational results are provided for some well-known problems. In all cases, very small nets were created compared to those reported previously. >
Identification of Common Lipooligosaccharide Types in Isolates from Patients with Otitis Media by Monoclonal Antibodies against Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae 9274

Twenty-one murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were induced by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) 9274. Nineteen MAbs were specific for the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot analysis. When the MAbs were assayed with five LOS prototype strains by ELISA, all bound to strain 3198 LOS (type III), while six of the MAbs were also reactive with LOSs from strain 1479 (type I), 5657 (type IV), or 7502 (type V). Ten MAbs had complement-mediated bactericidal activity, and three MAbs were opsonophagocytic against the homologous strain. Five LOS MAbs with different specificities were used to analyze 155 NTHi clinical isolates from the United States and from Japan. These isolates were classified into nine groups by ELISA. Only four isolates (2.6%) were not recognized by any of the five MAbs. Most of the isolates (91.6%) were in four groups which bound three of the five MAbs. One of three MAbs, 6347C11, had strong activity against the homologous strain and was also bactericidal to 45 clinical isolates (29%) which belonged to the four common patterns (25 belonged to pattern 1). These data indicate that these MAbs can be used for LOS typing in which almost all NTHi strains can be typed according to the LOS antigenicity. Among NTHi, at least one conserved LOS epitope which is a target of bactericidal antibodies exists. We conclude that strain 9274 LOS, which is the target for bactericidal antibodies, is a candidate for LOS-based NTHi vaccines.
Management of Occluded Metal Stents in Malignant Biliary Obstruction: Similar Outcomes with Second Metal Stents Compared to Plastic Stents

Background Covered or uncovered self expandable metallic stents (SEMS) placed in patients with malignant biliary obstruction can occlude in 19–40 %, but optimal management is unclear.
Integrating simulations and experiments to predict sheet resistance and optical transmittance in nanowire films for transparent conductors.

Metal nanowire films are among the most promising alternatives for next-generation flexible, solution-processed transparent conductors. Breakthroughs in nanowire synthesis and processing have reported low sheet resistance (Rs ≤ 100 Ω/sq) and high optical transparency (%T > 90%). Comparing the merits of the various nanowires and fabrication methods is inexact, because Rs and %T depend on a variety of independent parameters including nanowire length, nanowire diameter, areal density of the nanowires and contact resistance between nanowires. In an effort to account for these fundamental parameters of nanowire thin films, this paper integrates simulations and experimental results to build a quantitatively predictive model. First, by fitting the results from simulations of quasi-2D rod networks to experimental data from well-defined nanowire films, we obtain an effective average contact resistance, which is indicative of the nanowire chemistry and processing methods. Second, this effective contact resistance i...
Request Type Prediction for Web Robot and Internet of Things Traffic

The volume of Web robot traffic seen by Web servers and clouds continue to increase with the popularity of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Such traffic exhibits decidedly different statistical and resource request patterns compared to humans. However, the optimizations ensuring high levels of Web systems and cloud performance requires traffic to exhibit the statistical and behavioral patterns of humans, not robots. This necessitates the design of novel Web system optimizations to handle Web robot traffic effectively. Caches are a basic component of high performing Web systems, but their effectiveness relies on accurate resource request prediction. In this paper, we explore a suite of classifiers for the resource request type prediction problem for robot traffic. Our analysis reveals: (i) a striking difference in the request patterns of robots across multiple servers from the same domain, and (ii) that Elman neural networks hold promise to predict request types despite these differences.
Religious freedom in Indonesia - a survey

As a secular democracy Indonesia guarantees religious freedom. The vast majority of the quarter of a billion Indonesians lives in relative freedom. But a certain wahhabization of the country assures, that extremist groups fight Ahmaddiyyas, Christians, Shiites and other Muslim and non-Muslim groups. The government on the one side actively fight the idea of a Muslim state, but as one Islamist party is a coalition party, often does not act to protect minorities.
The GE Mound: An ARPA Case Study

Prosecutions of looters under the U.S. Government's Archeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) have heretofore come in cases involving federal or Indian land, thus limiting applications of the law and questions about both the law and the legal rights of artifact collectors. In this essay we examine the GE Mound case, the first prosecution and conviction of a group of looters under ARPA for interstate transport of artifacts illegally removed from private property. The GE Mound case serves as a textbook on issues that currently confront archaeology. The conflicting interests of archaeologists, looters, other artifact collectors, and Native Americans are illustrated in the legal proceedings and the controversies surrounding the prosecution. We review the proceedings and controversies to establish a factual record for this precedent-setting and politically sensitive case.
EVOLUTION OF HIGHER FEEDING RATE IN DROSOPHILA DUE TO DENSITY-DEPENDENT NATURAL SELECTION.

Population density plays an extremely important role in determining the evolution of certain attributes of populations. The earliest investigations in this direction were conducted by MacArthur and Wilson (1967), who analyzed the nature of selection pressures acting on populations at extreme densities. They designated the characteristic types of selection operating at low and high densities as r-selection and K-selection, respectively. The terms r-selection and K-selection may be taken to encompass, respectively, the selection pressures occurring in environments with density-independent and density-dependent population regulation (Mueller and Sweet, 1986). The theory dealing with the evolutionary consequences of extreme population density implies that K-selection should result, among other things, in an enhanced ability to compete successfully for limiting resources (MacArthur and Wilson, 1967; Southwood, 1976), and this phenomenon has been modeled by a number of workers (Charlesworth, 1971; Anderson, 1971; Anderson and Arnold, 1983; Asmussen, 1983). The evolution of higher competitive ability in populations of Drosophila melanogaster subjected to K-selection has been demonstrated (Mueller, 1988). These experiments used competition for food among larvae as one of the indicators of competitive ability, and the results correlated well with the outcome of actual competition experiments in terms of differential survival of larvae from rand K-selected lines when reared with larvae of a third strain (Mueller, 1988). Larval competition for food in Drosophila is of Lhe "scramble" type; the ablest competitor is one that can effectively consume food at the fastest rate. Thus, when food is limiting, different individuals will obtain different quantities in accordance with their competitive ability (Bakker, 1961). Effective consumption of food implies consumption of food in an amount sufficient to permit completion of development. Larval competitive ability thus depends on many factors, such as feeding rate, relative time spent on molting, minimum food requirement for pupation, initial weight, and resistance to crowding. Most of these factors themselves depend on a number of factors. Experimental studies indicate that, in laboratory populations of D. melanogaster, the outcome of larval competition for food depends primarily on the feeding rate (Bakker, 1961).
Wireless charging of mobile phones: PowerKiss and Powermat (2007-2014)

This paper is an in-depth case study of the origins, development and growth of a major innovation: wireless charging of mobile phones by two new ventures, PowerKiss and Powermat (2007-2014). PowerKiss was created by a Finnish woman entrepreneur, Powermat by an Israeli venture capitalist, who acquired PowerKiss in 2013. In summer 2014 there were approximately 3,500 wireless charging installations in airports cafes and lounges, McDonald's and Starbucks. The key factors for success are analysed and a forecast is made of the future of wireless charging of mobile phones, pads, portable computers, etc.
Health Shocks and Initiation of Use of Preventive Services Among Older Adults

This article examines whether adverse changes to health or functioning serve as an impetus to begin using preventive services among older individuals with a history of non-use. Using data from the 1998-2008 Health and Retirement Study, the use of mammograms, pap smears, prostate cancer screenings, cholesterol checks, and flu shots is examined among 2,975 self-reported non-users of such services. Older women who experience a health shock are 1.86, 1.50, 1.79, and 1.46 times more likely to begin getting mammograms, pap smears, cholesterol checks, and flu shots, respectively. Older men who experience a health shock are 2.24, 2.72, and 1.64 times more likely to begin getting prostate cancer screenings, cholesterol checks, and flu shots, respectively. All of these results are statistically significant. Thus, older adults often improve their health behaviors after experiencing an adverse health event.
The strategic role of the US in European energy security

The US plays a key role in shoring up European energy security and this is unlikely to change dramatically after the November 2016 elections. However, the outcome could compound longer term risks to an internationally engaged US energy policy, affecting European energy security and diplomacy.
Patient Satisfaction on Overactive Bladder Treatment

The purpose of this review is to review recent literature with regard to patient satisfaction with overactive bladder treatments. The latest research looks into beta-3 agonist, Mirabegron, to treat OAB and sacral and pudendal neuromodulation for severe OAB. Conservative management effectively alleviated OAB symptoms without the adverse effects of antimuscarinic medications. PFME appears to be the most successful treatment. Medical management continues to show efficacy but with very bothersome side effects in a substantial proportion of patients and with significant cost, leading to medical noncompliance and discontinuation of therapy. BTX-A injections and neuromodulation also are quite efficacious as a third-line treatment option for refractory OAB patients or patients who are no longer candidates for second-line therapy.
The Lifespan Self-Esteem Scale: Initial Validation of a New Measure of Global Self-Esteem

This article introduces the Lifespan Self-Esteem Scale (LSE), a short measure of global self-esteem suitable for populations drawn from across the lifespan. Many existing measures of global self-esteem cannot be used across multiple developmental periods due to changes in item content, response formats, and other scale characteristics. This creates a need for a new lifespan scale so that changes in global self-esteem over time can be studied without confounding maturational changes with alterations in the measure. The LSE is a 4-item measure with a 5-point response format using items inspired by established self-esteem scales. The scale is essentially unidimensional and internally consistent, and it converges with existing self-esteem measures across ages 5 to 93 (N = 2,714). Thus, the LSE appears to be a useful measure of global self-esteem suitable for use across the lifespan as well as contexts where a short measure is desirable, such as populations with short attention spans or large projects assessing multiple constructs. Moreover, the LSE is one of the first global self-esteem scales to be validated for children younger than age 8, which provides the opportunity to broaden the field to include research on early formation and development of global self-esteem, an area that has previously been limited.
Fault Isolation in Hybrid Systems Combining Model Based Diagnosis and Signal Processing

Abstract Sensor-rich systems typically employ extensive signal processing techniques for fault detection and isolation tasks. Sensor-poor systems, on the other hand, require system models and analytical redundancy techniques to make diagnostic inferences. The increasing availability of inexpensive, batch-fabricated micro-controllers and MEMS sensors enables deployment of a multitude of sensors and microprocessors for control and diagnosis of embedded systems. We develop a diagnosis method that combines model-based diagnosis with signal processing techniques to address the challenges in diagnosing complex systems with hybrid discrete/continuous behaviors and to reduce the computational requirements by focusing the signal processing algorithms. We demonstrate the approach on problems in reprographic copier paper path diagnosis.
Mixed Fixed-Ratio Schedules III: The Postreinforcement and Postprime Pauses

The present study investigated the effects on pause length of varying the response requirements in a mixed fixed-ratio x chained fixed-ratio x fixed-ratio y schedule. In mixed fixed-ratio schedules, a run of responses which approximates the response requirement of the smaller fixed ratio occurs at the beginning of the larger fixed ratio. This run of responses is called a prime. In the mixed chain schedule, the number of responses in a prime equals the response requirement of FR x. In the present experiment, the variables controlling pause length after the prime and after reinforcement were investigated by varying the size of either FR x or FR y. It was found that the length of the postprime pause was a function of FR y, while the postrein-forcement pause was a function of FR x. These results are consistent with those obtained with other fixed-ratio schedules and indicate that the length of the postreinforcement pause is not determined by the average of the ratios in mixed schedules.
El eco de fantasía: La historia y la construcción de la identidad

Este articulo fue publicado en Critical Inquiry (Universidad de Chicago), vol. 27, No. 2. 27, No. 2. (Winter, 2001), (Invierno, 2001), pags. 284-304. 284-304. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0093-1896%28200124%2927%3A2%3C284%3AFEHATC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-UTraduccion: Monica Dorado y Gabriela Castellanos.
Anomalous Hall effect and magnetic properties of FexPt100-x alloys with strong spin-orbit interaction

We systematically study the magnetic properties, electron transport, and the anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in FexPt100-x solids over a wide composition range. These solids are characterized by strong spin-orbit interaction and enhanced magnetic moments from both elements. In our study, we vary the thickness and the composition of the thin films, the temperature of measurement, and the magnitude of the magnetic field in various directions. We have determined the Hall angle, the spin diffusion length, and the electron mean free path in this alloy system. The AHE is more than 3 orders of magnitude larger than the normal Hall effect, making FexPt100-x a good candidate for spintronic applications. The Hall angle determined in the FexPt100-x solids is comparable to that in pure Pt. From the analysis on the correlation between the AHE and electron transport, we find that the AHE is dominated by both the intrinsic Karplus-Luttinger (Berry phase) mechanism and the extrinsic side-jump mechanism.
Stated Preferences for Dog Characteristics and Sources of Acquisition

People’s preferences for where they acquire dogs and the characteristics they focus on may provide insight into their perceptions of socially responsible pet ownership, as acquiring a dog is the first step in dog ownership. An online survey of 1523 U.S. residents was used to aid understanding of public perceptions of dog acquisition. Likert-scale questions allowed respondents to assign a level of agreement, within the given scale, to ten statements related to dog acquisition. A significantly higher percentage of women (39.6%) than men (31.7%) agreed that the only responsible way to acquire a dog is through a shelter/rescue. More women (71.3%) than men (66.4%), as well as those with a higher household income (71%), identified source as important. Best-worst methodology was used to elicit perceptions regarding the most/least ethical ways to acquire a dog. Three subgroups were identified, one of which had an overwhelmingly large preference share (96%) for adoption. The second group had more evenly distributed preference shares amongst the various dog acquisition methods, while the third indicated a preference for “homeless” pets. Additional investigation of the values/beliefs underlying the preferences of these groups is necessary to design appropriately tailored companion animal-focused communication strategies for these different groups.
A Useful Guide to Families with Juvenile Diabetes: Discussion of Dr. Sargent’s Paper

It is a pleasure to discuss John Sargent’s paper, because he offers the health professional a very useful guide to understanding families who are confronted with juvenile diabetes and because he provides a clear basis for some forms of intervention which those families require. The author recommends to us a particular theoretical approach to chronic illness, an approach I find compatible with my own experiences and thinking--and that’s pleasing too.
Subclinical Atherosclerosis Among Young and Middle-Aged Adults Using Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Measurements.

Objectives The presence of atherosclerotic plaque in the carotid arteries is a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Research and data on CVD risk have been derived primarily from individuals aged 55 years or older, and assessment of CVD risk among young and middle-aged adults seldom has been studied. The use of ultrasonography to measure carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and carotid plaque appears to have utility to detect subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic adults. This study evaluated the presence of carotid plaque using ultrasonography among healthy young and middle-aged adults. Methods Participants were men and women recruited in Miami, Florida, and were 18 to 50 years old with no history of CVD. Participants underwent a general physical examination and carotid artery ultrasonography to evaluate carotid IMT and carotid plaque. Results From a total of 173 participants with a mean age of 34 years (standard deviation 8.9), 21.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 15.0-27.2) were identified as having carotid plaque. IMT values ranged from 0.49 to 1.03 mm, with a mean value of 0.70 mm (standard deviation 0.09). In multivariable logistic regression older age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.08, 95% CI 1.01-1.16, P = 0.024) and cigarette smoking (AOR 2.67, 95% CI 1.02-7.00, P = 0.045) were associated with plaque, after controlling for IMT (AOR 2.55, 95% CI 1.40-4.65, P = 0.002). Conclusions Traditional CVD risk factors such as those evaluated in this study may fail to provide adequate predictive value of carotid atherosclerosis in younger populations with no history of CVD, because the majority of traditional risk factors identified in previous research were not associated with carotid plaque in this young sample. Further research assessing nontraditional risk factors among asymptomatic individuals is required, and the evaluation of IMT as an intervention tool to detect CVD risk in these asymptomatic populations is warranted.
To Control or Be Controlled: Predicting Types of Offending in a Corporate Environment Using Control-Balance Theory

This study seeks to determine the extent to which Tittle’s control balance (CB) theory (CBT: 1995) accurately predicts different types of deviance within a corporate setting (in this case, a financial services corporation). CB theory contends that deviance is the result of a control imbalance between the amount of control a person exerts and the amount to which they are subject. Control deficits result in repressive deviance (including most types of predatory crime). Control surpluses result in autonomous deviance (including many types of white collar offending). We exploit a unique dataset consisting of the internal investigations of fraud conducted by a large United States-based financial services company to explore these concepts in the corporate sales environment. Consistent with the theory, we find that a control surplus predicts certain autonomous deviance while a control deficit explained some repressive forms of criminality. Results also indicate that a control imbalance is incremental in nature and not simply a balanced/non-balanced condition. Further discussion revolves around implications, limitations, and future research.
Pilot testing the detection of elder abuse through emergency care technicians (DETECT) screening tool: results from the DETECT pilot project.

Objective: To pilot test the feasibility of implementing an elder abuse (EA) screening tool (DETECT) designed for medics.Methods: Testing occurred between September 17th, 2015 and October 26th, 201...
Episodic Work-Family Conflict and Strain: A Dynamic Perspective

A sizable body of research has established work-family conflict and its nomological network. Despite decades of research, we have yet to form a precise understanding of what happens when a conflict arises. The current research addresses this question using a growth modeling, episodic approach. We use stressor-strain and allostatic load theories to examine changes in daily patterns of psychological (fatigue, negative affect) and physiological (heart rate, blood pressure) strains that occur during and after a work-family conflict episode. We found some evidence for acute changes in psychological strain during and after work-to-family conflict episodes. Daily family-to-work conflict was associated with mixed reactions. State fatigue and heart rate decreased at the time of a family-to-work conflict, although state negative affect increased at the time of family-to-work conflict, and state fatigue increased more rapidly throughout the day after the second time family-to-work conflict was experienced. Additionally, we found evidence that state negative affect increases throughout the day as work-to-family conflict episodes accumulate. Daily family-to-work conflict accumulation was also associated with decreased fatigue, increased state negative affect, and increased systolic blood pressure. Lagged analyses showed some evidence that negative mood predicts work-family conflict occurrence within the next few hours. Implications for the theoretical relationship between work-family conflict and strain are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Not Such Strange Bedfellows: Underserved Public Audiences as Collaborators for Ecologists

Ecosystem ecology provides a powerful framework to understand and care for biota and the environment. However, ecosystem ecologists have been limited in their abilities to share their knowledge with people outside of academia – particularly underserved audiences and those who have little exposure to science and nature – even though this would benefit scientists and society at large. I have developed the Research Ambassador Program, a project that recruits and guides ecosystem scientists of all ages to carry out innovative science outreach to audiences that traditionally have little or no contact with nature or the enterprise of ecosystem science. I present case studies that provide models for ecosystem scientists to link the ecological values of the organisms and processes they study to other societal values, including recreational, religious, aesthetic, emotional, and social justice values. I describe how non-scientific values have inspired and motivated some of the prominent ecologists of our time.
Thermo-mechanical Behavior of Genetically Modified Populus trichocarpa

Wood processing is often performed at elevated temperatures under moisture-saturated conditions; therefore, it is important to understand the impact of the lignin content and lignin chemical structure on the thermo-mechanical properties of wood. In this study, genetically modified Populus trichocarpa wood specimens with down-regulated cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, cinnamate 3-hydroxylase, and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase with altered lignin contents and/or lignin structures were utilized to probe the relationship between the lignin content, lignin monomer composition, and thermo-mechanical properties of solid wood. The thermo-mechanical properties of these unique samples were measured using dynamic mechanical analysis and the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin-spin relaxation time. The results showed that the transgenic P. trichocarpa samples had decreased storage and loss moduli compared with the wildtype. The solid-state NMR revealed increased lignin molecular mobility in the reduced-lignin transgenic lines. Also, noticeably reduced glass transition temperatures (Tg) were observed in the transgenic lines with reduced lignin contents and altered lignin monomer compositions compared with the wildtype. The increased lignin molecular mobility and reduced Tg in these samples can probably contribute to wood utilization and processing, such as lignin removal for pulp and paper and biofuels production, as well as particle consolidation during wood composite manufacturing.
A 60-fJ/step 11-ENOB VCO-based CTDSM Synthesized from Digital Standard Cell Library

Synthesizable ADCs are economically attractive as they enable low-cost rapid development of SoC; however, they are yet to achieve adequate performance to meet practical application specs. This paper presents a fully synthesized VCO-based $\Delta \Sigma $ modulator that built solely from digital standard cells and a few resistors. Leveraging time-domain techniques, the design is robust against circuit and layout imperfections, thus enabling a simple hierarchy-less synthesis approach without sacrificing performance. Fabricated in 40-nm CMOS, the prototype occupies only 0.01 mm2. It achieves 68.8 dB SNDR over 4-MHz BW while consuming 1.08 mW, displaying 60-fJ/step Walden FoM that matches with state-of-the-art manual-designed CTDSMs.
Eyelid abscess masking underlying sebaceous cell carcinoma

Sebaceous cell carcinoma is well known as the "great masquerader" mimicking other benign or malignant eyelid conditions and lesions. We present a case of a middle age male presenting with a subacute left upper lid abscess who was ultimately diagnosed with malignant sebaceous cell carcinoma after incision and drainage and treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics. This case highlights the deceptive clinical and radiographic appearance of this tumor and the importance of histologic examination in atypical or refractory periorbital abscesses.
Toll-Like Receptors: Mechanism and Relation to Human Populations

Abstract Inflammation and infection are known to alter platelet count, production, and function and major studies have demonstrated that acute infection is associated with a transient 5-fold increased risk of thrombotic vascular syndromes including stroke, acute myocardial infarction, and peripheral vascular occlusion. Platelets play an intricate role in thrombosis, myocardial infarction, and thrombotic stroke and are now being appreciated for their functional innate immune receptors. More recently, platelets have been connected to the host's immune system via their ability to trap bacteria and present them to leukocytes for destruction. This interaction appears crucial to the host's immune defense. Platelets are known to express functional interleukin 1 receptor (IL1R), toll like receptor (TLR)2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, and TLR9 with other immune receptors under investigation. It is known that activation of TLR2, TLR7, or TLR4 leads to platelet-neutrophil interaction.Platelet-leukocyte communication has also been observed during different bacterial or viral infections. We have used animal models and large-scale human clinical data to examine if platelets demonstrate specific immunity or broadly express TLRs and characterize how this expression is causative in immune responses. Our studies have included thousands of participants of the Framingham Heart Study in addition to investigations of active infection and inflammatory diseases. We have also examined if presence of immune receptors in platelets is associated with vascular inflammation and cardiovascular disease or risk factors. We have found widespread and varied immune and inflammatory platelet receptor and gene expression that varies remarkably between individuals and diseases. Additionally, anucleate platelets contain transcripts that might relate to other physiological or pathophysiological conditions and are known to be released into the circulation, participate in protein formation, and engage in horizontal RNA transfer to other vascular cells. These platelet transcripts include microRNAs (miRNAs), which are small noncoding RNAs involved in many molecular processes, most notably regulation of gene expression and release of these noncoding RNAs also may be regulated by innate immune receptors. In platelets and their released exosomes, these noncoding RNAs seem to participate in vascular homeostasis, inflammation, and platelet immune function. In addition, they are associated with the presence or extent of cardiovascular diseases, such as atrial fibrillation and peripheral vascular disease. Thus, platelets are known to contain a myriad of receptors that regulate hemostasis and thrombosis; however, there is growing appreciation of the diverse expression of receptors traditionally associated with immune and inflammatory cells. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.