cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract T P273: Internet-Based Information Seeking Behavior for Transient Ischemic Attack

Background &Purpose: In recent years, Internet became an increasingly important tool for accessing health information and is being used more frequently to promote public health. In this study, we used Google search data to explore information seeking behavior for transient ischemic attack (TIA). Methods: We selected two groups of keywords related to TIA -“Transient Ischemic Attack” and “Mini Stroke” - after examining several related search keywords. We obtained all available online search data performed in the United States from the Google search engine for a ten year span - January 2004 to December 2013. The monthly and daily search data for the selected keywords were analyzed - using a moving window strategy - to explore the trends, peaks and declining effects. Results: There were three significant concurrent peaks in the Google search data for the selected keywords. Each peak was directly associated with media coverage and news headlines related to the incident of TIA in a public figure. (Figure 1) Following each event, it took an average of two weeks for the search trend to return to its respective average value. The trend was steady for “Transient Ischemic Attack”; however, the search interest for the keyword “mini stroke” shows a steady increase. The overall search interest for the selected keywords was significantly higher in the southeastern United States. Conclusions: Our study shows that changes in online search behavior can be associated with media coverage of key events (in our case TIA) in public figures. These findings suggest that online health promotion campaigns might be more effective if increased promptly after similar media coverage. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
The Relation between Red Howler Monkey (Alouatta seniculus) Troop Size and Population Growth in Two Habitats

No consensus yet exists to explain the diversity of primate social organization. Although ecological and social factors are both involved in the evolution and expression of social organization, they do not necessarily act together and may differ for the two sexes (Wrangham, 1987). Differing social factors usually are rooted in a species mating system— the degree of monopolization of mates by each sex—resulting from the effects of local ecology on the dispersion of the sex investing more in the production of offspring (Emlen and Oring, 1977; Vehrencamp and Bradbury, 1984). However, some features of primate social organization are phylogenetically conservative and resist change in response to varying ecological situations (Di Fiore and Rendall, 1994). At any given point in time, the particular social organization exhibited by a population also reflects recent demographic events (Altmann and Altmann, 1979; Dunbar, 1979). Among these life history variables are birth rates, which may vary directly in response to environmental variation, and sex ratios, which may vary randomly at birth but are affected thereafter by differential mortality (Dunbar, 1987). Social organization, then, is the result of a complex interplay of behavioral responses to ecological conditions, tempered by recent demographic events and constrained by phylogeny (Strier, 1994).
Noninvasive Open Ventilation (NIOV™) Therapy: Clinical Implications

Noninvasive open ventilation (NIOV™) is a recently developed technology that can synchronously deliver positive inspiratory pressure and supplemental oxygen through a nasal pillows interface to augment tidal volume (VT) during spontaneous breathing. The device can be programmed in a variety of ways to suit the needs of an individual patient whose tolerance for physical activity is limited because of breathlessness.
Survey on Privacy Preserving Techniques for Publishing Social Network Data

This paper surveys the state of the art of privacy preserving for publishing social network data.First,the research background of privacy preserving for social network data is presented.Then,four important aspects of privacy preserving for social network data are summarized and analyzed in detail.The discussed topics includes privacy of social network,adversaries' background knowledge,privacy preserving technologies of social network,and data utility and experimental analysis.In addition,this paper points out the defects of privacy preserving in social networks and provides the comparisons of privacy preserving technologies.Finally,some potential future research directions are introduced.This paper aims to offer a deep insight into the mainstream methods and recent progress in this field,making detailed comparison and analysis.
Ethical Implications of Osteogenesis Imperfecta across the Lifespan

This chapter uses clinical cases to analyze common ethical issues that arise in treating patients with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) type II, severe pediatric OI and severe adult OI. The ethical issues regarding type II OI include the inability to predict severity prenatally, support for preferences of pregnant women regarding pregnancy and delivery, and longitudinal decision-making in perinatal care and eugenics. Severe pediatric OI raises ethical issues concerning the clinician–patient relationship, informed consent and assent. The treatment of OI in adults entails ethical challenges with regard to balancing autonomy and beneficence concerning questionable medical procedures and justice in accessing medical care. The recommended approach to ethical issues associated with OI is to conduct an analysis of the case including pertinent principles, duties and professional virtues. The proposed process is the shared decision-making model that emphasizes the importance of patient choices aligned with their values and clinician expertise to inform the decision-making.
Prevailing to the peers' detriment: Organizational constraints motivate Machiavellians to undermine their peers

Abstract Since Christie and Geis's (1970) seminal work suggested that Machiavellians win more and are persuaded less, researchers have debated the merits and faults of Machiavellianism. Recent findings suggest competition over resources lead Machiavellians to secure their superior's approval, promoting their career advancement. However, the strategies Machiavellians use in such contexts have yet to be identified. Social undermining research suggests that undermining one's coworkers might make it difficult for targets of undermining to maintain effective working relationships while promoting a perpetrator's relative status (Duffy, Shaw, Scott, & Tepper, 2006). Thus, drawing on trait activation theory, we argue that resource constraints motivate Machiavellians to undermine their coworkers, which might help them achieve higher relative status. Additionally, with increased effort devoted toward undermining one's peers, Machiavellians should be distracted from performing core duties resulting in increased production deviance. Data collected from 170 employees supported our arguments. Our study addresses a gap in the literature by suggesting that Machiavellians successfully navigate competitive work environments by undermining their coworkers. We conclude with theoretical and practical implications for both understanding and mitigating the extended detrimental influence of workplace Machiavellianism.
Affective health bias in older adults: Considering positive and negative affect in a general health context

Abstract Rationale Because subjective health reports are a primary source of health information in a number of medical and research-based contexts, much research has been devoted to establishing the extent to which these self-reports of health correspond to health information from more objective sources. One of the key factors considered in this area is trait affect, with most studies emphasizing the impact of negative affect (negative emotions) over positive affect (positive emotions), and focusing on high-arousal affect (e.g., anger, excitement) over moderate- or low-arousal affect (e.g., relaxed, depressed). Objectives The present study examines the impact of both Positive and Negative Affect (PA/NA)—measured by items of both high and low arousal—on the correspondence between objective health information and subjective health reports. Another limitation of existing literature in the area is the focus on samples suffering from a particular diagnosis or on specific symptom reports; here, these effects are investigated in a sample of community-dwelling older adults representing a broader spectrum of health. Method 153 older adults (Mage = 71.2) took surveys assessing Perceived Health and Affect and underwent an objective physical health assessment. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate the extent to which the relationship between Objective Health and Perceived Health was moderated by PA or NA, which would indicate the presence of affective health bias. Results Results reveal a significant moderation effect for NA, but not for PA; PA appeared to serve a more mediational function, indicating that NA and PA operate on health perceptions in distinct ways. Conclusions These findings provide evidence that in our high-functioning, community-dwelling sample of older adults, a) affective health bias is present within a general health context, and not only within specific symptom or diagnostic categories; and b) that both PA and NA play important roles in the process.
Variation in mothers' arginine vasopressin receptor 1a and dopamine receptor D4 genes predicts maternal sensitivity via social cognition.

We examined the extent to which the arginine vasopressin receptor 1a (AVPR1a) and dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) were related to sensitive maternal behavior directly or indirectly via maternal social cognition. Participants were 207 (105 European-American and 102 African-American) mothers and their children (52% females). Sensitive maternal behavior was rated and aggregated across a series of tasks when infants were 6 months, 1 year and 2 years old. At 6 months, mothers were interviewed about their empathy, attributions about infant behavior and beliefs about crying to assess their parenting-related social cognition. Mothers with long alleles for AVPR1a and DRD4 engaged in more mother-oriented social cognition (i.e. negative attributions and beliefs about their infants' crying, s = 0.13, P < 0.05 and s = 0.16, P < 0.05, respectively), which in turn predicted less sensitive maternal behavior (s = -0.23, P < 0.01). Both indirect effects were statistically significant independent of one another and covariates [95% confidence interval (CI): -0.22, -0.03 and s = -0.03 for AVPR; 95% CI: -0.20, -0.03 and s = -0.04 for DRD4]. There were no significant direct effects of AVPR1a or DRD4 on maternal sensitivity (s = 0.02, P = .73 and s = -0.10, P = .57, respectively). The results did not vary for African-American and European-American mothers (??2 = 18.76, ?df = 16, P = 0.28). Results support the view that one mechanism by which maternal genes are associated with parental behavior is via social cognition.
Gevokizumab in the Treatment of Autoimmune Non-necrotizing Anterior Scleritis: Results of a Phase I/II Clinical Trial

Purpose To evaluate the safety and potential efficacy of gevokizumab, an anti-interleukin 1β (IL-1β) monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of active, noninfectious, non-necrotizing anterior scleritis. Design Phase 1/2, open label, nonrandomized, prospective, single-arm pilot trial. Methods Eight patients with active, noninfectious, non-necrotizing anterior scleritis with a scleral inflammatory grade of +1 to +3 in at least 1 eye were enrolled. In 1 patient both eyes were enrolled, for a total of 9 eyes (4 eyes with +1, 1 eye with +2, and 4 eyes with +3). Patients received 1 subcutaneous injection of 60 mg gevokizumab at baseline and then every 4 weeks for 12 weeks. Complete physical and ocular examinations were performed at each visit. The primary outcome was at least a 2-step reduction or reduction to grade 0 in scleral inflammation on a 0 to +4 scale according to a standardized photographic scleritis grading system by 16 weeks in the study eye compared to baseline. Secondary outcomes included changes in visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and trends in scleral grading. Participants who met the primary outcome were eligible to continue in the study for up to 52 weeks and received additional gevokizumab injections every 4 weeks until week 36, followed by 2 safety visits at weeks 40 and 52. Results Seven eyes from 7 patients met the primary outcome within a median time of 2 weeks following the first gevokizumab injection. No definitive changes in visual acuity or intraocular pressure were identified. There were no serious adverse events related to the study drug. A total of 43 adverse effects were reported, with 93% described as mild, 95% as nonocular, and only 14% deemed possibly caused by the investigational treatment. Conclusions The results of this small study suggest that blockage of IL-1β using gevokizumab may be beneficial in treating active, noninfectious anterior scleritis and that gevokizumab is well tolerated. Larger randomized trials are warranted to assess the true efficacy of gevokizumab in the treatment of non-necrotizing anterior scleritis.
Photo-regeneration of severed gel with iniferter-mediated photo-growth

Using dissipative particle dynamics (DPD), we developed a computational approach to model the light-induced regeneration of a gel matrix when a significant portion of the material is severed. We considered photo-controlled radical polymerization (photo-CRP) within polymer networks with embedded iniferter groups: the "photo-growth" strategy. Absorption of light by the iniferter groups turns on the polymerization process, which inserts monomers and cross-linkers into the network strands. Photo-growth allows us to effectively regenerate a severed gel under the application of light even when the severed parts are not in direct contact. The growth process can be turned off once the polymerization is near completion to yield a new cross-linked gel that resembles the uncut material.
Where Is the Weakest Link? A Study on Security Discrepancies Between Android Apps and Their Website Counterparts

As we move into the mobile era, many functionalities in standard web services are being re-implemented in mobile apps and services, including many security-related functionalities. However, it has been observed that security features that are standardized in the PC and web space are often not implemented correctly by app developers resulting in serious security vulnerabilities. For instance, prior work has shown that the standard SSL/TLS certificate validation logic in browsers is not implemented securely in mobile apps. In this paper, we study a related question: given that many web services are offered both via browsers/webpages and mobile apps, are there any discrepancies between the security policies of the two?
Fault-Tolerant Economic Model Predictive Control Using Error-Triggered Online Model Identification

In this work, we present a data-driven methodology to overcome actuator faults in empirical model-based feedback control. More specifically, we introduce the use of a moving horizon error detector that quantifies prediction errors and triggers updating of the model used in the controller online when significant prediction errors occur due to the loss of one of the actuators. Model reidentification is conducted online using the most recent input/output data collected after the fault occurrence. The error-triggered online model identification approach can be applied to overcome various types of actuator faults, including the case where the value at which the actuator is stuck is known and the case where the value at which the actuator is stuck is unknown. The proposed methodology is applied in an economics-based feedback controller, termed economic model predictive control (EMPC), that uses a model obtained either from first-principles or from plant data to optimize plant economics online. Two different che...
Similarity of 26 New Released Rice Varieties and Rice Parental Hybrids Based on 36 SSR Markers

More than 200 rice varieties had been released in Indonesia, but the genetic variability among those released varieties was suspected to be relatively low. Molecular markers, especially SSR could be used as a tool to disect the distinctness among rice genotypes, albeit phenotipically similar varieties. The technique could also be used to prove the authenticity of a variety. This research was aimed to obtain DNA fingerprinting data of new released rice varieties and hybrid parental lines using SSR markers. A total of 26 rice genotypes consisted of three upland, ten irrigated, five swampy rice varieties, along with eight hybrid parental lines were used in this experiments. The DNA was extracted from young leaf samples using CTAB modified method and was amplified with 36 SSR markers linked to important rice traits which spread accross the 12 rice chromosomes. The experiment was conducted in Plant Breeding Laboratory of Indonesian Center for Rice Research (ICRR) during 2012. The results showed that PIC value of the genotypes were mostly at medium level of the genetic diversity with the average value of 0.4451. The phylogenetic analysis showed that at the genetic distance of 10%, the genotypes were separated into 9 groups, i.e. Inpago 6, Inpara 5, and BH33d each stood alone while (Inpara 1, Inpara 2 , and Inpara 3); (Inpari 18 and Inpari 19, Inpago 4, Inpago 5, and Inpara 4); (Inpari 11, Inpari 12, Inpari 13, Inpari 14, Inpari 15, Inpari 16, Inpari 17, and Inpari 20); (GMJ6B, B6, and IR79156B); (PK21, BH95E, Bio9, and R14) each belong to one group. The grouping of the genotypes in this study seemed to follow the adaptation type to agro ecosystems. The hybrid parental lines tended to stay in different group from the inbred varieties. The application of these 36 SSR markers was able to distinguish among 26 genotypes rather distinctly.The use of more markers should give more powerful data to distinguish among genotypes.
A nursing protocol for safe IVIG administration.

DUE TO THE INFREQUENT use of I.V. immune globulin (IVIG) in the oncology population, most nurses have little experience with IVIG administration. Multiple-step calculations are often required to administer IVIG based on patient weight. The cost of a single dose of IVIG can be very high, depending on
Pharmacists supporting population health in patient-centered medical homes.

Purpose The integral role of pharmacists in supporting population health initiatives in the patient-centered medical home (PCMH) model of care is described. Summary Population health initiatives focus on the health outcomes of a group of patients; in the PCMH model, such groups of patients, known as panels, may be defined as patients assigned to a care team or provider. The basic characteristics of the PCMH model include physician-led, team-based practice; coordinated and integrated care within the PCMH and in the patient’s community; provision of safe, evidence-based, high-quality care; incorporation of health information technology and continuous quality improvement strategies into panel identification, documentation, and care processes; improved access to care (e.g., through expanded scheduling and innovative communication methods); and value-based payments for participating healthcare professionals. Pharmacists can assist in management of patient panels to help achieve quality and performance metrics through activities typically including comprehensive medication reviews, identification of medication-related problems, and development of care plans and individualized treatment goals. Pharmacists practicing in PCMH settings focus on evaluating and optimizing medication regimens, including therapy initiation and dosage adjustment, to achieve targeted therapeutic outcomes and prevent adverse events. Pharmacists’ role in population health management varies according to the PCMH characteristics and setting. Conclusion Pharmacists support population health in the PCMH by improving medication use, quality, and safety. Pharmacists’ impact on PCMH quality measures and health outcomes of their patient panels should continue to be evaluated.
What Form of Mathematics Are Assessments Assessing? The Case of Multiplication and Division in Fourth Grade NAEP Items.

Multiplicative reasoning is a key concept in elementary school mathematics. Item statistics reported by the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) assessment provide the best current indicator for how well elementary students across the U.S. understand this, and other concepts. However, beyond expert reviews and statistical analysis, there is relatively little evidence on the validity of NAEP items for assessing mathematical reasoning. The present study examined the convergent validity of several public-release fourth grade NAEP multiplication items. Findings indicate that most items assessed lack sufficient validity for examining children’s underlying conceptual knowledge. Rather, NAEP items may be less appropriate for assessing conceptual understanding and more appropriate for assessing procedural recall. Recommendations and implications are discussed.
Motivation moderates the impact of aging stereotypes on effort expenditure

The impact of aging stereotypes on task engagement was examined. Older adults (N = 144, ages 65 to 85) were exposed to primes designed to activate positive or negative stereotypes about aging, with half of the individuals in each stereotype group also assigned to a high-accountability condition to enhance motivation. Participants performed a memory-scan task comprising 2 levels of demands (memory sets of 4 or 7 items), with 2 blocks (5 min each) at each level. Systolic blood pressure recorded throughout the task was used to monitor engagement levels. High accountability was associated with greater engagement at the highest level of task demands. Negative stereotype activation also resulted in elevated engagement levels, but only during the initial trial blocks in the high-accountability condition. Lowest levels of engagement were associated with low accountability, with no difference between stereotype conditions. An analogous differential analysis on these same data using need for cognition and attitudes toward aging as measures of motivation and stereotypes revealed similar trends. Specifically, negative aging attitudes were associated with elevated levels of engagement only in individuals who were high in intrinsic motivation, with the effects greatest at the highest levels of task demands. The results provide a more nuanced perspective on the impact of negative aging stereotypes than suggested in previous research, with the impact on behavior moderated by situational and personal factors associated with motivation. Although potentially negative in the long run, elevated cardiovascular responses indicative of task engagement may represent an adaptive response to support performance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Concept Enhanced Content Representation for Linking Educational Resources

The education sector has been undergoing a welcoming change in recent years with the introduction of a wide variety of digital content openly available to students. Due to the volume of this new digital content, it is very difficult for learners to find the needed information at the right time. Digital textbooks, as well-curated domain knowledge sources, could provide a conceptual and physical platform that unites disparate educational resources as one entity. Educational resource linkage, with state-of-the-art techniques, are based on term-level and topic-level representations. However, term-level representations suffer from the term-mismatch problem and often, topics are too broad for linking to other educational resources. To address these challenges, we propose to link educational resources through concept-level representation. The proposed model generates concept embeddings by utilizing domain-specific educational content and external knowledge graph resources to achieve robust and effective concept-level representations. We conducted evaluations of the proposed models on multiple contents linking tasks, and the results demonstrate that concept-level representations perform better than the state-of-the-art representations in helping students to find more learning resources easily. This could increase both students' learning and satisfaction.
9. Elective Affinities and liaisons dangereuses. Luther’s Heritage and the New Spirit of Capitalism

The role of the Protestant Reformation in promoting the spirit of capitalism has been a crucial theme in sociological and philosophical debates for more than a century. This paper will consider whether these “elective affinities” still exist, in a context marked by profound transformations of both capitalism and Protestantism: in particular, the notion of Beruf seems hardly compatible with the current economic transformations The chapter will analyse, relying on the critical perspectives of authors such as Boltanski and Chiapello as well as Honneth, how the “new spirit of Capitalism” is successfully re-appropriating other important aspects of the heritage of the Protestant Reformation, primarily the notion of individual autonomy .
RIGHT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT OBSTRUCTION IN AN ADULT WITH REPAIRED TETRALOGY OF FALLOT PRESENTING AS TET SPELLS

Adults with repaired TOF may face sequelae like residual RVOT stenosis and pulmonary regurgitation (PR) that warrant re-intervention. Optimal timing of re-intervention is uncertain. 21F with Trisomy 21, complete AV canal defect and TOF s/p complete repair presented with worsening dyspnea on
How American Rejectionism Undermines International Economic Law

The completion of the Trump Administration’s first two years is an appropriate moment to take stock of the United States of America’s aggressive international economic policies. The Trump Administration is carrying out a new form of American rejectionism powered by four horsemen of economic instability: first, the rejection of the international rule of law; second, the rejection of open markets; third, the rejection of economic peace in favour of perpetual economic war; and fourth, the rejection of the global interest. The analysis herein shows how these four rejectionist policies are harming the United States, other countries, and the global order. With respect to the global order, the article focuses on the World Trade Organization (WTO), regional trade agreements, and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, and explains how the Trump Administration is attacking these important institutions. In doing so, the article challenges three widely-held assumptions. First, the article shows that in several important respects, American rejectionism did not begin with President Trump but rather was rooted in the economic policies of his recent Presidential predecessors, especially President Obama. Second, the article shows that far from being the leading scofflaw in the WTO, China is not acting nearly as irresponsibly as the United States does in its constant and flagrant violations of international trade law. Third, the article shows that the protectionist economic policies being pursued by the Trump Administration are unlikely to generate any short term gains for the US economy, and over time such policies will exact a loss for the US and global economy. Several recommendations are offered for ways to improve US policies going forward. Among them are: ceasing the US war against the WTO Appellate Body, reinvigorating international trade negotiations, working with other countries to develop rules for the transition of nonmarket economies, and seeking a critical-mass international agreement to impose carbon charges so as to internalise the costs of greenhouse gas emissions.
Lipoxygenase drives lipidomic and metabolic reprogramming in ischemic heart failure

Abstract Background After myocardial infarction (MI), delayed progression or reversal of cardiac remodeling is a prime target to limit advanced chronic heart failure (HF). However, the temporal kinetics of lipidomic and systemic metabolic signaling is unclear in HF. There is no consensus on metabolic and lipidomic signatures that influence structure, function, and survival in HF. Here we use genetic knock out model to delineate lipidomic, and metabolic changes to describe the role of lipoxygenase in advancing ischemic HF driven by leukocyte activation with signs of non-resolving inflammation. Bioactive lipids and metabolites are implicated in acute and chronic HF, and the goal of this study was to define the role of lipoxygenase in temporal kinetics of lipidomic and metabolic reprogramming in HF. Materials and methods To address this question, we used a permanent coronary ligation mouse model which showed profound metabolic and lipidomic reprogramming in acute HF. Additionally, we defined the lipoxygenase-mediated changes in cardiac pathophysiology in acute and chronic HF. For this, we quantitated systemic metabolic changes and lipidomic profiling in infarcted heart tissue with obvious structural remodeling and cardiac dysfunction progressing from acute to chronic HF in the survival cohort. Results After MI, lipoxygenase-derived specialized pro-resolving mediators were quantitated and showed lipoxygenase-deficient mice (12/15LOX−/−) biosynthesize epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EETs; cypoxins) to facilitate cardiac healing. Lipoxygenase-deficient mice reduced diabetes risk biomarker 2-aminoadipic acid with profound alterations of plasma metabolic signaling of hexoses, amino acids, biogenic amines, acylcarnitines, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids in acute HF, thereby improved survival. Conclusion Specific lipoxygenase deletion alters lipidomic and metabolic signatures, with modified leukocyte profiling that delayed HF progression and improved survival. Future studies are warranted to define the molecular network of lipidome and metabolome in acute and chronic HF patients.
Making alkyd greener: Modified cardanol as bio-based reactive diluents for alkyd coating

Abstract With the increase in demand for bio-based coatings with lower volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, methacrylated cardanol (MACO) and triethoxysilane-functionalized cardanol (TSCO) have been investigated as bio-based reactive diluents for formulating alkyd coatings as a substitute for volatile solvents. The viscosity of the representative alkyd resin was significantly reduced through the use of cardanol-based reactive diluents (over 84% diluent efficiency at 30 wt% loading). Both MACO and TSCO were able to participate in the cross-linked network of the alkyd coating as confirmed by the gel content and cross-link density of the cured coating films. Moreover, the cross-link density of the alkyd coating was significantly improved by using TSCO as the reactive diluent, leading to a significant enhancement in mechanical strength and solvent resistance of the alkyd coating. This work will facilitate the adoption of cardanol as a renewable building block in the coating industry in order to produce greener alkyd coatings.
Serotonin-induced alteration of colonic electrolyte transport in the rat

Abstract Serotonin, a calcium-dependent intestinal secretagogue, inhibits sodium chloride absorption in the rabbit ileum, but unlike cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent secretagogues, does not stimulate chloride secretion. Because bethanechol, a muscarinic cholinergic agonist that acts as a calcium-dependent, noncyclic adenosine monophosphate-mediated secretagogue, both inhibits sodium chloride absorption and stimulates active chloride secretion in the rat colon, experiments were performed with serotonin to determine the effect of serotonin on colonic ion transport. In luminal perfusion studies, intravenous infusion of serotonin significantly decreased net water and net sodium transport. In in vitro studies of sodium and chloride transport performed under short circuit conditions, serotonin decreased both net sodium and net chloride absorption and increased short circuit current (1.7 ± 0.4, 4.0 ± 0.6, and 2.3 ± 0.3 μEq/h · cm 2 , respectively). The decrease in net chloride transport was significantly greater than that in net sodium absorption and the difference between these changes was equivalent to the change in short circuit current. Removal of serosal calcium inhibited all of the effects of serotonin on electrolyte transport. Tetrodotoxin, an inhibitor of neurotransmission, had no effect on serotonin-induced changes in electrolyte transport. These results demonstrate that serotonin both inhibits neutral sodium chloride absorption and stimulates active chloride secretion by a calcium-dependent process in the rat colon.
Multiple primary malignant tumors

Members of colon cancer-prone nonpolyposis families who had multiple primary malignant tumors were analyzed to determine the frequencies, locations, and stages of their cancers, and the duration of their survival. Colon cancers tended to be more proximal, were in a less advanced stage than in the general population, and in a majority of instances were associated with colonic adenomas. The multiple primary malignant tumors were more common in women, and occurred at a younger age than in the general population. Six or more multiple primary malignant tumors occurred in each of 4 patients. All patients survived for more than 10 yr after the diagnosis of the first cancer. Extracolonic cancers were most frequent in the breast and endometrium.
Information Security Policy Compliance

One of the most challenging problems modern firms face is that their weakest link in maintaining information security is the behavior of employees: clicking on phishing emails, telling friends and family private information, and searching for private information about themselves (Loch et al. 1992; Mitnick and Simon 2001; Warkentin and Willison 2009a). A survey conducted by the Computer Security Institute reported that the average monetary loss per incident was $288,618 and that 44% of those who responded to the survey reported insider security-related abuse, making it the second-most frequently occurring computer security incident (Richardson and Director 2008). This paper uses a questionnaire from Hu, et al. (2017) to test for the efficacy of different reward and punishment schemes in preventing insider security-related abuse. Hu, et al.’s (2015) scenarios elicit from participants whether they would recommend violating company IT policies. Real monetary payments provide motivation. The results indicate that, if a company can detect abuses with some degree of certainty, the best strategy among those tested is to regularly reward individual employees with small rewards for complying with company policy and punish every detected violation. This recommendation contrasts with the existing literature, which focuses almost entirely on punishment for detected security breaches. This focus on punishment is referred to as General Deterrence Theory (Straub, Jr., 1990). The results in this paper suggest strongly that General Deterrence Theory does not provide an effective strategy for preventing security breaches.
Health Care Worker Perceptions of Gaps and Opportunities to Improve Hospital-to-Hospice Transitions

Background: Care transitions from the hospital to hospice are a difficult time, and gaps during this transitions could cause poor care experiences and outcomes. However, little is known about what gaps exist in the hospital-to-hospice transition. Objectives: To understand the process of hospital-to-hospice transition and identify common gaps in the transition that result in unsafe or poor patient and family caregiver experiences. Design: We conducted a qualitative descriptive study using semistructured interviews with health care workers who are directly involved in hospital-to-hospice transitions. Participants were asked to describe the common practice of discharging patients to hospice or admitting patients from a hospital, and share their observations about hospital-to-hospice transition gaps. Setting/Subjects: Fifteen health care workers from three hospitals and three hospice programs in Portland, Oregon. Measurements: All interviews were audio recorded and analyzed using qualitative descriptive methods to describe current practices and identify gaps in hospital-to-hospice transitions. Results: Three areas of gaps in hospital-to-hospice transitions were identified: (1) low literacy about hospice care; (2) changes in medications; and (3) hand-off information related to daily care. Specific concerns included hospital providers giving inaccurate descriptions of hospice; discharge orders not including comfort medications for the transition and inadequate prescriptions to manage medications at home; and lack of information about daily care hindering smooth transition and continuity of care. Conclusion: Our findings identify gaps and suggest opportunities to improve hospital-to-hospice transitions that will serve as the basis for future interventions to design safe and high-quality hospital-to-hospice care transitions.
Three-dimensional Phase-field simulation of γ″ precipitation kinetics in Inconel 625 during heat treatment

Abstract Metastable γ″ (D022-Ni3Nb) particles are strengthening precipitates for commercial Inconel 625 Ni-based superalloy. Understanding their morphological evolution is critical for evaluating its hardening effects and guiding heat treatments to improve its yield strength. Here we present a phase-field model to model and analyze the nucleation and growth kinetics of metastable γ″ in Inconel 625 during isothermal and non-isothermal aging conditions with thermodynamic properties, diffusion coefficients, and misfit strain data from both the literature and calibration to experimental results. We implemented the classical nucleation theory to introduce local nucleation taking into account local supersaturation. The simulated mean particle length and aspect ratio are in agreement with experimental data at 600 °C and 650 °C during isothermal aging. Utilizing the phase-field simulation results as input parameters, the coherency strengthening effect of γ″ as a function of aging temperature and time is predicted. A multistage aging strategy to optimize the γ″ strengthening effect and to reduce aging times using the developed phase-field model and coherency strengthening model is suggested.
Simulation of the effects of forest harvesting under changing climate to inform long-term sustainable forest management using a biogeochemical model.

Abstract Process ecosystem models are useful tools to provide insight on complex, dynamic ecological systems, and their response to disturbances. The biogeochemical model PnET-BGC was modified and tested using field observations from an experimentally whole-tree harvested northern hardwood watershed (W5) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), New Hampshire, USA. In this study, the confirmed model was used as a heuristic tool to investigate long-term changes in hydrology, biomass accumulation, and soil solution and stream water chemistry for three different watershed cutting intensities (40%, 60%, 80%) and three rotation lengths (30, 60, 90 years) under both constant (current climate) and changing (MIROC5-RCP4.5) future climate scenarios and atmospheric CO2 through the year 2200. For the no future cutting scenario, total ecosystem stored carbon (i.e., sum of aboveground biomass, woody debris and soil) reached a maximum value of 207 t C ha−1 under constant climate but increased to 452 t C ha−1 under changing climate in 2200 due to a CO2 fertilization effect. Harvesting of trees decreased total ecosystem stored carbon between 7 and 36% for constant climate and 7–60% under changing climate, respectively, with greater reductions for shorter logging rotation lengths and greater watershed cutting intensities. Harvesting under climate change resulted in noticeable losses of soil organic matter (12–56%) coinciding with loss of soil nutrients primarily due to higher rates of soil mineralization associated with increases in temperature, compared with constant climate conditions (3–22%). Cumulative stream leaching of nitrate under climate change (181–513 kg N ha−1) exceeded constant climate values (139–391 kg N ha−1) for the various cutting regimes. Under both climate conditions the model projected greater sensitivity to varying the length of cutting period than cutting intensities. Hypothetical model simulations highlight future challenges in maintaining long-term productivity of managed forests under changing climate due to a potential for a deterioration of soil fertility.
On Keynes’s Two Simplifications of His Aggregate Supply Curve Analysis in Chapter 21 of the General Theory: O. Lange (1938) Overlooked Chapter 20 and the Two Simplifications on Pages 295–296 of the General Theory in Chapter 21

O Lange’s failure to read chapters 20 and 21 of the General Theory accounts for his failure to use Keynes already worked out simplifications for the case where the Aggregate Supply Curve was infinitely elastic or had a horizontal segment. Chapter 3 of the General Theory only presents an outline of what Keynes actually did later in the General Theory in chapters 20 and 21. No Aggregate Supply Curve was constructed in chapter 3 of the General Theory or even mentioned. Keynes gave general functional relationships for D and Z. Only in chapter 20 and the footnote on pp.55-56 does Keynes define what D and Z actually are, which is that D=pO and Z=P wN, where p is an expected price and P is expected profit. Keynes’s introduction of the aggregate supply curve occurs in chapter 6 on pages 55-56 in footnote two. The chapter in which his aggregate supply curve is fully analyzed is in chapter 20. Keynes then presents two simplifications of his aggregate supply curve in chapter 21. These simplifications specify a horizontal range of his aggregate supply curve that was completely elastic. However, Keynes never assumed that his aggregate supply curve was horizontal. He allowed for various simplifications to be made after he had presented his complete D-Z theory in chapter 20.A number of economists, such as Lawrence Klein and Franco Modigliani, have incorrectly followed Lange’s analysis, who failed to make it clear to the readers of his 1938 Economica article, that what was involved was actually two simplifications made by Keynes to Keynes’s chapter 20 analysis. Keynes never assumed a completely elastic or horizontal aggregate supply curve anywhere in the General Theory or his post General Theory writings.
Wavelet Electrodynamics: Part II: Atomic Composition of Electromagnetic Waves

Abstract The representation of solutions of Maxwell′s equations as superpositions of scalar wavelets with vector coefficients developed earlier is generalized to wavelets with polarization, which are matrix-valued. The construction proceeds in four stages: (1) A Hilbert space H of solutions is considered, based on a conformally invariant inner product. (2) The analytic-signal transform is used to extend solutions from real space-time to a complex space-time domain T . The evaluation maps E z, which send any solution F = B + iE to the values F(z) of its extension at points z ∈ T , are bounded linear maps on H . Their adjoints Ψz ≡ E z* are the electromagnetic wavelets. (3) The eight real parameters z = x + iy ∈ T are given a complete physical interpretation: x = (x, t) ∈ R4 is interpreted as a space-time point about which Ψz is focused. The imaginary space-time vector y = (y, s) is time-like. The sign of the imaginary time s is interpreted as the helicity of the wavelet, while |s| is its scale. The 3-vector v ≡ y/s is the velocity of its center. Thus wavelets parameterized by the set of Euclidean points E = {(x, is)} (real space and imaginary time) have stationary centers, and wavelets with y ≠ 0 are Doppler-shifted versions of ones with stationary centers. All the wavelets can be obtained from a single "mother" by conformal transformations. (4) A resolution of unity is established in H , giving a representation of solutions as "atomic compositions" of wavelets parameterized by z ∈ E. This yields a constructive method for generating solutions with initial data specified locally in space and by scale. Other representations, employing wavelets with moving centers, are obtained by applying conformal transformations to the stationary representation. This could be useful in the analysis of electromagnetic waves reflected or emitted by moving objects, such as radar signals.
Pharmacological Properties of the Central Antihypertensive Agent, Moxonidine

Summary The sympathetic nervous system plays a central role in the pathophysiology not only of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases but also metabolic disorders including disturbances of glucose and lipid homeostasis. A centrally acting sympathetic agent is therefore attractive not only for lowering blood pressure, but also intervening with multiple disease processes. Older agents such as clonidine and guanabenz have numerous side effects, including sedation and dry mouth that limit their acceptability to patients. Moxonidine and the related agent rilmenidine have greatly reduced side effects, because they have reduced activity at the α2-adrenergic receptors that mediate these undesirable actions. Instead, moxonidine and rilmenidine act primarily through a novel cellular site, termed the I1-imidazoline receptor. The molecular biology of the I1-imidazoline receptor protein has recently been described, and the cell signaling pathways linked to this protein have been characterized. Moxonidine has unique effects on a number of cell types through this unusual cellular site of action. There are multiple therapeutic implications of these cellular actions, especially for metabolic syndrome and its associated derangements in glucose and lipid metabolism. Finally, the clinical trials that seemed to identify an unfavorable outcome in severe heart failure are dissected and critiqued. We conclude that moxonidine and future successors to this agent could be of great value in treating multiple chronic diseases.
Segmentation of Multi-Channel Image with Markov Random Field Based Active Contour Model

Segmentation is an important research area in image processing and computer vision. The essential purpose of research work is to achieve two goals: (i) partition the image into homogeneous regions based on certain properties, and (ii) accurately track the boundary for each region. In this study, we will present a novel framework that is designed to fulfill these requirements. Distinguished from most existing approaches, our method consists of three steps in the segmentation processes: global region segmentation, control points searching and object boundary tracking. In step one, we apply Markov Random Field (MRF) modeling to multi-channel images and propose a robust energy minimization approach to solve the multi-dimensional Markov Random Field. In step two, control points are found along the target region boundary by using a maximum reliability criterion and deployed to automatically initialize a Minimum Path Approach (MPA). Finally, the active contour evolves to the optimal solution in the fine-tuning process. In this study, we have applied this framework to color images and multi-contrast weighting magnetic resonance image data. The experimental results show encouraging performance. Moreover, the proposed approach also has the potential to deal with topology changing and composite object problems in boundary tracking.
The IMF of Giant Molecular Clouds

The properties of GMCs in several Local Group galaxies are quantified and com- pared. It is found that the mass spectrum of GMCs varies from galaxy to galaxy. The variations are significant and do not appear to be the result of sytematic uncertainties. Nevertheless, it appears that all of the GMCs follow the same size-linewidth and mass-linewidth relations with little scatter. The power law indices of these relations imply that the GMCs are self-gravitating, and that the mean surface density of Local Group GMCs is approximately constant. This, in turn, implies that the mean internal pressure of GMCs is also constant. If the IMF of stars is determined by a Jeans instability, this constant internal pres- sure suggests that the distribution of stellar masses does not vary significantly in galactic disks when averaged over suitably large areas. Thus, although the distribution of GMC masses produced by various Local Group galaxies is quite variable, the large-scale properties of the GMCs is not.