cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INDIVIDUAL AND SITUATIONAL CORRELATES OF WHISTLE‐BLOWING

Although popular interest in whistle-blowing continues to increase, little is known about why some employees who observe wrongdoing report it, while others do not. In the present study, we analyze archival survey data from individuals who observed wrongdoing in any of 22 organizations. Results are generally consistent with predictions based on a model of whistle-blowing as a type of prosocial behavior. Whistle-blowing was more likely when observers of wrongdoing (1) held professional positions, (2) had more positive reactions to their work, (3) had longer service, (4) were recently recognized for good performance, (5) were male (though race was unrelated to whistle-blowing), (6) were members of larger work groups, and (7) were employed by organizations perceived by others to be responsive to complaints. Implications for research and practice are described.
Control as an Engagement Feature for Young Children’s Attention to and Learning of Computer Content

This article examines a study in which young children were exposed to a computer story that varied the amount of control that children had over the visual and verbal content. Children who controlled the computer demonstrated more attention and involvement than those who watched an adult control the experience. Boys who had an adult control the program were more likely to try to gain control of the activity by making attempts to get the mouse or by asking to change activities. Control, however, had no effect on children’s memory of visual or verbal content. The implication is that control is an engagement feature that has its greatest impact when examining attention and interest, a lesson that may facilitate constructive early adult-child interactions with educational computer software.
Short Communication: Effect of Carbohydrate Fermentation Rate on Estimates of Mass Fermented and Milk Response

Current prediction equations were used to evaluate the effects of rates of fermentation of fiber or starch in individual feeds on amounts of carbohydrate fermented ruminally and milk yield responses. The small predicted increases in carbohydrate fermented and milk response associated with doubling the rates of fermentation suggest that current prediction equations are relatively insensitive to changes in rate of fermentation.
Hierarchical budget management in the RED-Linux scheduling framework

A hierarchical scheduling mechanism has been implemented in RED-Linux to integrate different scheduling paradigms together. We extend the concept of group so that the execution budget for jobs in RED-Linux can be managed in a hierarchical way. A budget group contains a set of jobs that share the available budget for the group. The jobs in a budget group could be a normal job or another budget group job, which contains its own group of jobs. Every job has its system budget. But if it belongs to a budget group, the job's budget is also constrained by its group's budget. We discuss how the budget group mechanism is implemented in RED-Linux. We also show how to use the mechanism to implement several schedulers.
Weight estimation in an inner-city pediatric ED: the effect of obesity

Abstract Background and Objective Weight estimation for pediatric resuscitation occurs frequently in emergency departments. Historically, different approaches to estimation have been studied with varied results. With increasing obesity rates among inner-city children, this study aims to determine the best method for pediatric weight estimation in our population. Methods This is a prospective, nonblinded, observational study. A total of 324 patients (aged 1 month to 12 years) were enrolled in the study to exceed sample size calculations. The accuracy of 4 methods for weight estimation—the Broselow tape, advanced pediatric life support formulas, the PAWPER tape, and mid-arm circumference formula—were compared across age ranges and body sizes to determine the most appropriate method for our population. Results In this inner-city population, 32% of the patients 2 to 12 years of age were found to be overweight or obese. This rate increased to 41% for patients 6 to 12 years of age. In this setting, the PAWPER tape outperformed the other 3 methods, estimating patients' weight within ±5% of actual weight in 35.2% of our cohort. When compared with the other 3 methods tested, the PAWPER tape was statistically superior with a P value less than .02 in each case. Conclusion Each of the methods tested in our population performed poorly. Current methods for weight estimation should be used with caution, especially for populations with an increased prevalence of obesity. Efforts should be dedicated to improving or deriving new methods for weight estimation that perform better in this vulnerable population.
Learning in Crustacea

The Crustacea have been called the “water-breathing insects of the sea” (Schmitt, 1965). Although they have invaded both freshwater and terrestrial habitats, this description gives a reasonable intuitive feeling for many of the general behavioral and morphological characteristics of the class.
Temporal aggregation in active database rules

An important feature of many advanced active database prototypes is support for rules triggered by complex patterns of events. Their composite event languages provide powerful primitives for event-based temporal reasoning. In fact, with one important exception, their expressive power matches and surpasses that of sophisticated languages offered by Time Series Management Systems (TSMS), which have been extensively used for temporal data analysis and knowledge discovery. This exception pertains to temporal aggregation, for which, current active database systems offer only minimal support, if any.In this paper, we introduce the language TREPL, which addresses this problem. The TREPL prototype, under development at UCLA, offers primitives for temporal aggregation that exceed the capabilities of state-of-the-art composite event languages, and are comparable to those of TSMS languages. TREPL also demonstrates a rigorous and general approach to the definition of composite event language semantics. The meaning of a TREPL rule is formally defined by mapping it into a set of Datalog1S rules, whose logic-based semantics characterizes the behavior of the original rule. This approach handles naturally temporal aggregates, including user-defined ones, and is also applicable to other composite event languages, such as ODE, Snoop and SAMOS.
Determinants of hookah use among high school students.

Introduction: Hookah use is increasing among young people, but there are limited data on its use among high school-age populations. We examined hookah use initiation, prevalence, cessation, and psychosocial risk factors of hookah use among high school students. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 689 students from three high schools in San Diego County was used to compare characteristics of hookah ever-users to nonusers and factors associated with current and former hookah use. Results: Hookah ever-use in the study population was 26.1%, previous month hookah use was 10.9%, and current hookah use was 10.3%. Most students first learned about hookah from friends (50.3%) or saw a hookah lounge (20.9%). Students believed hookah to be more socially acceptable than cigarettes and less harmful than cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco. Hookah ever-users were significantly more likely than nonusers to have smoked cigarettes, to know of a hookah lounge in their community, and to believe hookah is safer and more socially acceptable than cigarettes. In comparison to former users, current users were more likely to have recently smoked a cigarette, to know of a hookah lounge in their community, and to believe hookah is more socially acceptable than cigarettes. Conclusions: Hookah use is becoming a commonly acceptable behavior among adolescents, and risk perception is a significant factor. Presence of hookah lounges are associated with increased hookah use among high school students and should be a target of further regulation.
Integrating fMRI and SNP data for biomarker identification for schizophrenia with a sparse representation based variable selection method.

In recent years, both single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have been widely used for the study of schizophrenia (SCZ). In addition, a few studies have been reported integrating both SNPs data and fMRI data for comprehensive analysis. In this study, a novel sparse representation based variable selection (SRVS) method has been proposed and tested on a simulation data set to demonstrate its multi-resolution properties. Then the SRVS method was applied to an integrative analysis of two different SCZ data sets, a Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data set and a functional resonance imaging (fMRI) data set, including 92 cases and 116 controls. Biomarkers for the disease were identified and validated with a multivariate classification approach followed by a leave one out (LOO) cross-validation. Then we compared the results with that of a previously reported sparse representation based feature selection method. Results showed that biomarkers from our proposed SRVS method gave significantly higher classification accuracy in discriminating SCZ patients from healthy controls than that of the previous reported sparse representation method. Furthermore, using biomarkers from both data sets led to better classification accuracy than using single type of biomarkers, which suggests the advantage of integrative analysis of different types of data. The proposed SRVS algorithm is effective in identifying significant biomarkers for complicated disease as SCZ. Integrating different types of data (e.g. SNP and fMRI data) may identify complementary biomarkers benefitting the diagnosis accuracy of the disease.
Synthesis of Functionalized Polytriazoles via One‐Pot Sequential Copper‐Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne [3+2] Cycloaddition and Atom Transfer Radical Addition (ATRA)

As a continuing effort of expanding the scope of catalyst regeneration in the presence of environmentally benign reducing agents, one-pot sequential azide–alkyne [3+2] cycloaddition and atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) reactions were performed via in situ reduction of copper(II) by ascorbic acid. The formation of functionalized triazoles was achieved utilizing a ligand-free catalytic system for the cycloaddition between tripropargylamine and vinylbenzyl azide and subsequent addition of tris(2-pyridyl)methylamine (TPMA) ligand in the ATRA step. With this strategy, reactions with carbon tetrachloride and carbon tetrabromide proceeded efficiently providing the desired triazoles in nearly quantitative yields (>90 %) using 10 mol % of copper. Sequential azide–alkyne [3+2] cycloaddition and ATRA reactions were also extended to less active alkyl halides such as methyl trichloroacetate, methyl dichloroacetate and dichloroacetonitrile. The corresponding products were obtained in modest yields (50–80 %). The presented methodology enables efficient synthesis of functionalized polytriazoles, which could have a potential use as chelating agents for a variety of transition metals.
Predicting scientists’ participation in public life:

This research provides secondary data analysis of two large-scale scientist surveys. These include a 2009 survey of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) members and a 2006 survey of university scientists by the United Kingdom's Royal Society. Multivariate models are applied to better understand the motivations, beliefs, and conditions that promote scientists' involvement in communication with the public and the news media. In terms of demographics, scientists who have reached mid-career status are more likely than their peers to engage in outreach, though even after controlling for career stage, chemists are less likely than other scientists to do so. In terms of perceptions and motivations, a deficit model view that a lack of public knowledge is harmful, a personal commitment to the public good, and feelings of personal efficacy and professional obligation are among the strongest predictors of seeing outreach as important and in participating in engagement activities.
A THREE-DIMENSIONAL STUDY OF THE HORIZONTAL VELOCITY DIVERGENCE

Abstract A three-dimensional picture of the horizontal velocity divergence is constructed at seven times, at twelve-hour intervals, with use of observed winds as a basis for divergence computations. No level of non-divergence is found; however, a surface of least divergence and a level of least divergence are located at each of the seven times, and their behavior is noted. A defense of the method includes comparison of vertical velocities computed by another method, and by the same method but with application of various types and degrees of smoothing. Principle conclusions are (1) that a surface of least divergence can be located but is not a physically significant surface, (2) that vertical velocities computed from the integrated low-level divergence correlate very well with the precipitation pattern, (3) that various kinds and degrees of smoothing do not appreciably change the order of magnitude of the divergence, and (4) that interesting diurnal variations in divergence intensity occur when values at 0...
Computer-aided reconstruction from serial sections.

The development of CARTOS, a system for Computer-Aided Reconstruction by Tracing Serial Sections, has been directed by efforts to investigate some rather specific biological questions. We want to study the detailed structure of simple nerve nets so that the anatomy of individual nerve cells and their fibers can be recorded in three dimensions and the morphologically visible synapses connecting them noted. Furthermore, we would like to carry out these morphological studies as a function of time during embryological development in organisms which reproduce clonally so that, except for mutations, all individuals within a clone have the same genes. The specific questions we have been trying to answer are: a) To what extent is there variation in the morphology of particular cells when they are examined in different but genetically identical animals raised under identical environmental conditions? b) To what extent can morphological variation be induced by changes in the environmental conditions during development? c)Within the same animal how precisely does the anatomy of a particular cell match the mirror image of its bilaterally symmetric mate? d) Mathematically precise bilateral symmetry must break down when fibers cross the midplane of an animal. Is this breaking of symmetry a feature that occurs in the same way in different organisms? e) What is the sequence of development steps leading to the adult structure of the visual nervous system and is this sequence unique and reproducible between animals that have the same genes? f) What clues concerning the mechanism by which particular cells make specific connection can be obtained by following the progress of a particular neuron during; its development?
Endogenous IPR Protection Expenditure and Economic Growth

This paper analyzes the role of expenditures on property right protection within a standard quality ladder model of endogenous growth. We develop a model where quality of each good improves as a result of innovation. Once the innovator develops a higher quality good there is an exogenously given rate at which the good is targeted for imitation. We allow the innovator to undertake expenditure to protect the good from imitation and thereby reducing the effective probability of imitation. We show that the total intensity of property right protection is inversely related to the cost of property right protection and the effectiveness of the property right system. We also find a subsidy that reduces the per unit cost of property right protection has the same impact as an improvement in the efficiency of the property right system. In both cases the intensity of innovation goes up. We then consider the growth implications of the model and show that in the steady state the economy grows at a constant rate. However, during the transition to the steady state the rate of growth is positively related to the rate of innovation.
A new millipede, Austrotyla awishoshola n. sp., (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Conotylidae) from New Mexico, USA, and the importance of cave moss gardens as refugial habitats

Austrotyla awishoshola n. sp . is described from the moss gardens of one lava tube cave in El Malpais National Monument, Cibola Co., New Mexico. Most chordeumatidans require mesic conditions, and these environments are limited to moss gardens in several cave entrances and beneath cave skylights in El Malpais. Presently, this species is known from the moss gardens of a single of cave in the monument. We suggest A. awishoshola may be a climatic relict, having become restricted to the cave environment following the end of the Pleistocene. We discuss the importance of cave moss gardens as refugial and relictual habitats. Recommendations are provided to aid in the conservation and management of A. awishoshola and these habitats.
Inferring Temporally-Anchored Spatial Knowledge from Semantic Roles

This paper presents a framework to infer spatial knowledge from verbal semantic role representations. First, we generate potential spatial knowledge deterministically. Second, we determine whether it can be inferred and a degree of certainty. Inferences capture that something is located or is not located somewhere, and temporally anchor this information. An annotation effort shows that inferences are ubiquitous and intuitive to humans.
Ranking the Rankings of Journals in Economics by Quantifying Journal Demand

This paper revisits Odagiri’s (REStat, 1977) estimation of the demand for economics journals. While Odagiri employed 25 (or fewer) titles, the present paper explores the vast and growing universe of economics outlets. To this end the analysis employs circulation data for general and field journals published in Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory. The manuscript also conducts a comparative evaluation of rankings of economics journals, employing alternative rankings as a proxy for journal quality — following Odagiri — in a demand equation. The authors know of no study that so broadly examines the degree to which a set of journal rankings can explain journal demand.
Binding energies and structures of two-dimensional excitonic complexes in transition metal dichalcogenides

The stochastic variational method is applied to excitonic formations within semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides using a correlated Gaussian basis. The energy and structure of two- to six-particle systems are investigated along with their dependence on the effective screening length of the two-dimensional Keldysh potential and the electron-hole effective mass ratio. Excited state biexcitons are shown to be bound, with binding energies of the $L=0$ state showing good agreement with experimental measurements of biexciton binding energies. Ground and newly discussed excited state exciton-trions are predicted to be bound and their structures are investigated.
Pharmacological and biochemical study of a carcinoid tumor.

SummaryThe pharmacological activity and fluorescence characteristics of extracts of an appendiceal carcinoid tumor could be accounted for entirely by its serotonin content. The amount of serotonin in the carcinoid tissue was about 1000 times that of normal tissue, and its enzymatic ability to form serotonin from 5-hydroxytryptophane was about 35 times that of normal human appendiceal tissue.
EFFECT OF A DIET DEFICIENT IN LIPOTROPIC FACTORS ON THE LIPOPROTEINS OF RAT SERUM.

SummaryThe cholesterol and triglyceride content of the high- and low-density lipopro-teins of rats on a choline deficient diet for at least 3 weeks has been compared with that of controls on the same diet supplemented with choline. The deficient animals showed only about one-half the concentration of these lipids in the low-density lipoprotein fraction compared with the controls. Supplementation of the diet of the deficient animals with choline raised the concentration of these lipids to normal after a few days. The cholesterol content of the high-density lipopro-teins seemed not to be affected by the deficiency state. The triglyceride content, however, was depressed.We are indebted to Mr. E. W. Ruark, for phosphorus determinations.
An Investigation Of Strategic Decision Making In Service Marketing Through Case Study Development And Analysis

Through the collaborative efforts of an undergraduate student and a professor of marketing, this paper focuses on a case study and corresponding teaching notes developed as a final component of an independent study in service marketing. The case utilizes the hospitality industry as the template for analysis of the appropriateness of marketing strategies in a growth industry with a corresponding high level of embedded competition. The paper demonstrates how the professor utilized the development of the case study as a pedagogical methodology to provide the independent study student with a transition to the higher levels of a learning taxonomy while simultaneously developing a comprehensive evaluation instrument to foster a higher level of learning for students enrolled in the introductory undergraduate marketing course.
Mechanical Behavior of Polyester Nonwoven Composite Films

Films reinforced with nonwoven fabric are being considered for the development of a material suitable for long duration scientific balloons under a program managed by the National Aeronautics and S...
Association between trauma and acute hemorrhage of cavernous malformations in children: report of 3 cases

OBJECTIVE Cavernous hemangiomas are benign congenital vascular abnormalities. Intracerebral cavernous hemangiomas have an appreciable risk of spontaneous hemorrhage. Little is known as to whether head trauma increases the risk of bleeding for these lesions. In this study, the authors present a case series of 3 patients with posttraumatic nonspontaneous hemorrhage of intracerebral cavernous malformations (CMs). For the first time, to the authors' knowledge, they propose that trauma might constitute a risk factor for acute hemorrhage in intracerebral cavernomas. METHODS The authors reviewed the charts of all patients with a new diagnosis of intracerebral cavernoma at their pediatric hospital between 2010 and 2014. Patients with a history of head trauma prior to presentation were subsequently studied to identify features common to these posttraumatic, hemorrhage-prone lesions. RESULTS A history of head trauma was identified in 3 of 19 cases. These 3 patients presented with seizures and/or headaches and were found to have acute hemorrhage within a cavernous hemangioma. None of these patients had any history of abnormal neurological symptoms. All 3 abnormal vascular lesions had associated developmental venous anomalies (DVAs). The 3 patients underwent resection of their respective vascular abnormalities, and the diagnosis of cavernous hemangioma was confirmed with postsurgical tissue pathology. All 3 patients had complete resolution of symptoms following complete excision of their lesions. CONCLUSIONS Trauma may represent a risk factor for acute hemorrhage in patients with CMs. The presence of associated DVAs may represent a risk factor for posttraumatic hemorrhage of cavernomas. Excision should be considered in such cases, if feasible.
Preemptive Analgesia Effect after Laparoscopic Cholecystectormy:A clinical study

Objective To observe the postoperative analgesic effects of laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients undergoing abdominal cavity field block during general anesthesia.Methods 60 patients,ASA,selected for laparoscopic cholecystectomy,were randomly divided into two groups.We researched analgesic intension and the remission rate of pain in various time after injected alkalified bupivacaine into gaps between liver and diaphragm,fields around liver and duodenum and gallbladder bed in two groups.Results Visual analog scales(VAS) in 7 different periods of experimental group were significantly lower than that of controlled group(P0.01).No patients demanded to use analgesics in experimental group,on the other hand,70% patients of controlled group demanded intensely analgesics(P0.01).The remission rates in different periods were obviously different in two groups(P0.005~0.05).Conclusion Abdominal cavity field block in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy during general anesthesia could significantly relief crest-time of postoperative pain,intensify anesthetic effects,extend anesthetic time,relieve pain caused by internal organs wound,improve postoperative analgesic effects.
Design, simulation and application of a novel compound MOSFET for emerging CMOS technology

An Active-Region-Cutout (ARC) technique was developed and applied to an enclosed poly MOS device to overcome shorted source-drain issue. This novel transistor is named as Active-Region-Cutout-Transistor (ARCT). This transistor is simulated and found to be very tolerant to inner-device interferences in harsh environments such as radiation and electromagnetic fields. ARC technique has an advantage of making MOSFETs with more than three terminals and thus forming a compound MOSFET. The gate poly extension was made through the unipotential electrode of the active region of drain to reduce effects of interferences even further. Two types of CMOS circuits have been studied by replacing transistors with the compound ARCTs.
Methods for Detecting Viruses in Foods: Background and General Principles

Viruses are sometimes transmitted through foods. Hepatitis A (HA) and some viral gastroenteritides are the diseases now known to be spread most frequently in this way, but any virus from the human intestines probably could be. Bacterial indicators of fecal contamination show limited correlation with the incidence of viruses in foods, so tests to detect the viruses themselves are needed. The epidemiologic record has led to selection of shellfish (bivalve molluscs) and vegetables and fruits as foods for which test methods should be described, and ground beef and raw milk are also considered here because of the great interest they have attracted among research workers. Viruses in foods are presently detected on the basis of the infections they cause in cultured primate cells, but these cell culture methods do not permit detection of the HA virus nor the most important of the foodborne gastroenteritis viruses. Current methods of virus detection entail liquefaction of the food sample, clarification of the sample suspension, possibly concentration of the clarified food extract, and inoculation of cell cultures; a certain amount of specialized equipment is required for some of these procedures. The inclusion of the proper controls is critical to interpretation of results that are obtained.
Introduction to Research as an Early Career Hospitalist

Research is an intimidating yet necessary part of becoming a successful academic hospitalist. The key to success is being methodical and organized throughout the process, troubleshooting along the way. From choosing a good mentor to study design and the dissemination of results, every stage is laden with potential pitfalls if not done well. This chapter reviews each step of the process, and highlights strategies for the successful execution of a meaningful research project. Included is discussion of invaluable resources that can be utilized along the way. Using these tools, research can become approachable and productive, even with little prior experience.
E-Cigarette Topics Shared by Medical Professionals: A Comparison of Tweets from the United States and United Kingdom.

Abstract Medical professionals are now relying on social media platforms like Twitter to express their recommendations for the use or avoidance of products like electronic cigarettes (e-cigs), which may have long-term health consequences for users. The goal of this study is to compare how physicians from the United States and the United Kingdom talk about e-cigs on Twitter and identify the topics that these groups perceive as salient. Comparing tweets from the U.S. and U.K. will allow for a better understanding of how medical professionals from these countries differ in their attitudes toward e-cigs. This information can be also used to inform policies designed to regulate the use of e-cigs. Using a text-mining program, we analyzed approximately 3,800 original tweets sent by physicians from the U.S. and the U.K. within a 1-year time span (June 2015 through June 2016). The program clustered the tweets by topics, which allowed us to categorize the topics by importance. Both sets of tweets contained debates ...
Analysis and review of DC microgrid implementations

Historical precedence has largely determined the structure and organization of our current power infrastructure. Consumers are forced to purchase power in the form of alternating current (AC) without acknowledging current power needs. The advent of semiconductor devices and the shift towards renewable energy generation has shifted power requirements towards direct current (DC). Power conversion is therefore required to utilize consumer electronics and integrate various distributed generation (DG) systems into the power grid. This results in significant inefficiencies and power loss. New power architectures will be required for sustainable power generation and distribution in the future. DC microgrids offer robust reliability, increased energy efficiency and the direct incorporation of renewable energy sources. Therefore, various DCM design strategies are presented and analyzed and suggestions are made for DCM implementation within the current infrastructure.
Foster Care Children’s Kinship Involvement and Behavioral Risks: A Longitudinal Study

Researchers have found that individual strengths (e.g., coping, optimism) are protective against behavioral risk (e.g., delinquency, suicide) among traumatized youth in foster care. However, less is known about kinship involvement (i.e., extended family support) as a social strength that can also attenuate the effects of childhood trauma, thereby reducing behavioral risk. Addressing the lack of research on kinship involvement, the present longitudinal study investigated individual strengths (IS) and kinship involvement (KI) as moderators between trauma experiences (TE) and risk behaviors (RB) among 336 youth, ages 6 to 13, who entered the Illinois child welfare system between 2011 and 2014. Controlling for Time 1 (T1) RB, T1 IS, age, gender, and ethnicity, we utilized a three-level Hierarchical Generalized Linear Model to analyze TE × KI and TE × IS at T2. The study found that KI was negatively associated with RB (β16 = −.08, Event Rate Ratio [ERR] = 0.92, p = <.01), suggesting that youth with more KI had relatively lower RB trajectories. Further, the TE × IS interaction was significant in the model (β21 = −.05, ERR = 0.95, p < .01); TE was positively associated with RB at lower levels of IS but not higher levels of IS. These results highlight the importance of assessing children’s kinship networks and individual strengths early in foster care.
Computer Programs for Drawing Crystal Shapes and Atomic Structures

Historically, wooden crystal models (of both external crystal shapes and atomic arrangements) have played a very important role in teaching and the study of crystallography. With the graphics capab...
The Methodology of Presidential Research

The original purpose of the paper this chapter was based on was to use the Presidency Research Conference's first-round papers -- by John H. Aldrich, Erwin C. Hargrove, Karen M. Hult, Paul Light, and Richard Rose -- as my "data." My given task was to analyze the literature ably reviewed by these authors and report what political methodology might have to say about presidency research. I focus in this chapter on the traditional presidency literature, emphasizing research on the president and the office. For the most part, I do not consider research on presidential selection, election, and voting behavior, which has been much more similar to other fields in American politics.
Urban Grids and Urban Imaginary: City to Cyberspace, Cyberspace to City

The question that stands at the heart of this chapter is how the postmodern city is changing under the impact of globalization and new information and communication technologies. More specifically, the author asks how the postmodern city changes our ways of knowing and experiencing the world and ourselves as postmodern urban subjects and citizens of postmodernity. The chapter provides a discussion of the grid as both a central aspect of modern urban imaginaries and material urban spaces as well as considers the role of the grid at the interface between the city and cyberspace. In doing so, the author explores the grid as part of twentieth-century literary and artistic modernism and its replacement by the postmodern imaginary, with a particular focus on the relation between cityscapes and cyberspace.
Association of trabecular bone score (TBS) and prior fracture differs among minorities in NHANES 2005-2008

The study investigates the association of trabecular bone score (TBS) and fractures among minority populations. In NHANES 2005-2008, TBS was associated with history of fractures in Caucasian subjects but demonstrated somewhat weaker associations in African American and Mexican American women. Trabecular bone score (TBS), a textural analysis of the lumbar spine DXA image, predicts fractures well in Caucasian (CA) and Asian populations but is less well studied in African American (AA) and Mexican American (MA) subjects. It is not clear whether TBS is associated with or is predictive of fragility in these racial/ethnic groups. We analyzed data from subjects from NHANES 2005-2008 over the age of 40 who had TBS: 1178 CA, 467 AA, and 397 MA women and 1200 CA, 502 AA, and 386 MA men. TBS was categorized into normal, ≥ 1.310, partially degraded 1.230, or degraded, ≤ 1.230. History of fracture was assessed by questionnaire. Among women, there was an increasing prevalence of fracture with worsening TBS category. However, when controlling for age, BMI, and low T-score, the association between TBS category and previous fracture was only significant in CA women (OR 1.49 per worsening category, 95% CI 1.20–1.85). In men, there was also an increase in the prevalence of fracture with worsening TBS category in all races/ethnicities. When controlling for age, BMI, and low T-score, the association between TBS category and previous fracture was only significant in CA men (OR 1.47 per worsening category, 95% CI 1.10–1.95), though analysis was somewhat limited by small fracture numbers. The association of fracture and TBS varies by race/ethnicity and gender with weaker association observed in AA and MA women. More research is needed to define the proper use of TBS for predicting fractures in minority groups.
Statistical evaluation of major human errors during the development of new technological systems

Statistical procedures are presented to evaluate major human errors during the development of a new system, errors that have led or can lead to accidents or major failures. The first procedure aims...
Influenza in Animals

Animals have a critical role in the history and future of influenza A virus infections in humans. Keeping animals for food, work, and companionship by humans has all had an impact on the epidemiology of influenza A virus in domestic animals, humans, and even wild birds. The ecology and epidemiology of influenza A virus infections in humans and animals are reviewed here. There are often similarities of influenza disease and lesions in naturally infected mammals and in some animal models, yet differences exist as well, especially between mammals and birds. The similarities and differences of clinical influenza disease and the resulting pathology are compared between humans and animals, and the molecular mechanisms behind species barriers, pathogenicity, and lesion development are discussed.
Leveraging speaker-dependent variation of adaptation.

This work introduces an automatic procedure for determining the size of regression class trees for individual speakers using an ensemble of speaker-level features to control the number of transformations, if any, that should be estimated by maximum likelihood linear regression. Experiments with a state-of-the-art speech recognition system that uses this procedure show improvements in word error rate for conversational telephone speech.
The Neuroscience of Psychiatric Disorders and the Metaphysics of Consciousness

In this chapter, I first review and assess evidence regarding brain damage or neural abnormalities associated with some psychopathologies and cognitive deficits, such as hemispatial neglect, agnosias, amnesia, somatoparaphrenia, and others. It becomes clear just how closely normal mental functioning and consciousness depend upon normal brain functioning as well as how some very specific mental changes occur when, and only when, very specific brain damage occurs. I then explore the metaphysical implications of these results with respect to the nature of mind and consciousness. In particular, I examine the plausibility of materialism, roughly the view that mental processes are brain processes, in light of the evidence discussed and in contrast to a dualist conception of the mind (whereby mental states are not physical in some sense). I also explore the prospects for a conscious afterlife based both on the brain damage evidence adduced and the metaphysical implications discussed. For example, even if conscious mentality merely depends upon proper neural function, does it then stand to reason that all of one’s conscious mental activity ceases when all neural functioning ceases? One might suppose that an affirmative answer to this question is more reasonable than the negative answer, but it may be impossible to know with any degree of confidence.
Influence of starvation on walking behavior of Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive stink bug species that feeds on cruciferous plants and can cause substantial damage to crops. Little is known about the dispersal behavior of B. hilaris, but movement is important because of the way this pest moves from senescing weed hosts into crop fields. Perhaps, B. hilaris residing on declining weed hosts become starved, which alters their normal locomotor activity and initiates dispersal. We examined the influence of starvation on the locomotor behavior of multiple life stages of B. hilaris under laboratory and outdoor conditions. We starved nymph (2nd/3rd and 4th/5th instars) and adult (female and male) stages for 0, 24, and 48 h. We measured distance moved in the laboratory and then distance moved and turning ratio outdoors. In the laboratory, the younger nymphs moved shortest distances when starved for 24 h, whereas late-instar nymphs (4th-5th instars) and adult B. hilaris that were starved moved farther than non-starved individuals. In the outdoor setting, environmental conditions, specifically surface temperature were important in determining how starvation affected distance moved. Starved insects were more responsive (moved farther) for a given change in temperature than non-starved insects. At lower temperatures, B. hilaris tended to move farther when non-starved and at higher temperatures, moved longer distances when starved, at least for certain stages. Increased starvation also led to more directional movement. Our results indicate that starvation influences aspects of movement for B. hilaris and that these effects can be influenced by temperature.
Drawing the line: the politics of federal currency swaps in the global financial crisis

Injecting over two trillion dollars into the international economy, the Federal Reserve effectively operated as an international lender of last resort during the 2008 financial crisis. Over half a ...
Classification As a Criterion to Select Model Order For Dynamic Functional Connectivity States in Rest-fMRI Data

Currently, there is extensive research ongoing to analyze the dynamics of brain connectivity in resting fMRI data. In such approaches, there is often a selection of the number of connectivity states which are present within the data. Typically, an order selection approach such as the elbow criteria is used for this when time-varying connectivity estimates are acquired using sliding-window approach and clustered using k-means algorithm. In this work we evaluate the benefits of using classification (e.g. of patients versus controls) as a criterion for evaluating the optimal number of states (or clusters). We compare different classification strategies to perform the classification while optimizing for the number of clusters (selected via a k-means approach). In our approach, we compute cross-validated classification accuracy and variability at different numbers of states for healthy control (HC) versus schizophrenia (SZ) patients. Consistent with our earlier reports, we find improvement in classification performance when dynamic connectivity measures are combined with static connectivity measures. We also show that the model order at which maximal classification accuracy is obtained (four dynamic states for this data) can be different from the order obtained using standard k-means model order selection methods (that result in five states for the data at hand) across different combinations of features trained. We also investigate if additional information from hierarchical clustering of first level states can contribute to the performance of classification accuracy and observe no evidence for additional sub-clusters in short 5-minute resting scans. In sum, the results suggest the use of classification accuracy as a promising metric for selecting the number of states in a dynamic connectivity analysis.
On the interplay between additive and multiplicative largeness and its combinatorial applications

Abstract Many natural notions of additive and multiplicative largeness arise from results in Ramsey theory. In this paper, we explain the relationships between these notions for subsets of N and in more general ring-theoretic structures. We show that multiplicative largeness begets additive largeness in three ways and give a collection of examples demonstrating the optimality of these results. We also give a variety of applications arising from the connection between additive and multiplicative largeness. For example, we show that given any n , k ∈ N , any finite set with fewer than n elements in a sufficiently large finite field can be translated so that each of its elements becomes a non-zero kth power. We also prove a theorem concerning Diophantine approximation along multiplicatively syndetic subsets of N and a theorem showing that subsets of positive upper Banach density in certain multiplicative sub-semigroups of N of zero density contain arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions. Along the way, we develop a new characterization of upper Banach density in a wide class of amenable semigroups and make explicit the uniformity in recurrence theorems from measure theoretic and topological dynamics. This in turn leads to strengthened forms of classical theorems of Szemeredi and van der Waerden on arithmetic progressions.
Distributed Sketching Methods for Privacy Preserving Regression.

In this work, we study distributed sketching methods for large scale regression problems. We leverage multiple randomized sketches for reducing the problem dimensions as well as preserving privacy and improving straggler resilience in asynchronous distributed systems. We derive novel approximation guarantees for classical sketching methods and analyze the accuracy of parameter averaging for distributed sketches. We consider random matrices including Gaussian, randomized Hadamard, uniform sampling and leverage score sampling in the distributed setting. Moreover, we propose a hybrid approach combining sampling and fast random projections for better computational efficiency. We illustrate the performance of distributed sketches in a serverless computing platform with large scale experiments.
TAMU-POST: An analysis tool for vehicle impact on in-line pile group

AbstractThe tragic consequences of vehicles running into infrastructures have raised the need for perimeter protection. One common perimeter barrier is a set of piles or posts in an in-line geometr...
Calibrating Human-AI Collaboration: Impact of Risk, Ambiguity and Transparency on Algorithmic Bias

Transparent Machine Learning (ML) is often argued to increase trust into predictions of algorithms however the growth of new interpretability approaches is not accompanied by a growth in studies investigating how interaction of humans and Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems benefits from transparency. The right level of transparency can increase trust in an AI system, while inappropriate levels of transparency can lead to algorithmic bias. In this study we demonstrate that depending on certain personality traits, humans exhibit different susceptibilities for algorithmic bias. Our main finding is that susceptibility to algorithmic bias significantly depends on annotators’ affinity to risk. These findings help to shed light on the previously underrepresented role of human personality in human-AI interaction. We believe that taking these aspects into account when building transparent AI systems can help to ensure more responsible usage of AI systems.
Sex Trafficking Beliefs in Counselors: Establishing the Need for Human Trafficking Training in Counselor Education Programs

Human trafficking is a transnational crime that counselors must be prepared to address through advocacy efforts and within therapeutic settings. The present study sought to examine whether sex trafficking attitudes were different in counselors based on training specialization, workplace setting, biological sex, and previous human trafficking training. A national sample of 866 licensed professional counselors, clinical counselors, and school counselors participated in the study. Sex trafficking attitudes were measured using the Sex Trafficking Attitudes Scale (STAS). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and post hoc descriptive discriminant analyses (DDA) were used for data analyses. A statistically significant model for training was identified on attitudes related to awareness and efficacy. The present study provides empirical evidence for the importance of incorporating sex trafficking content into counselor education graduate programs. Professional counselors are additionally encouraged to pursue sex trafficking trainings.