cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Escalated Oxycodone Self-Administration Causes Differential Striatal mRNA Expression of FGFs and IEGs Following Abstinence-Associated Incubation of Oxycodone Craving.

Abstract Addiction to prescribed opioids including oxycodone has reached tragic levels. Herein, we investigated the relevance of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and immediate early genes (IEGs) to withdrawal-induced incubation of drug craving following escalated oxycodone self-administration (SA). Rats were trained to self-administer oxycodone for 4 weeks. Seeking tests were performed at various intervals during one month of drug withdrawal. Rats were euthanized one day after the last test and nucleus accumbens and dorsal striata were dissected for use in PCR analyses. Rats given long access (LgA, 9 hours), but not short access (ShA, 3 hours), to drug escalated their oxycodone intake and exhibited incubation of oxycodone seeking during withdrawal. These rats exhibited dose-dependent increases in fgf2 expression in the dorsal striatum. Fgfr2 expression was also significantly increased in the striatum in LgA, but not ShA, groups. Similarly, striatal c-fos and junB mRNA levels showed greater increases in LgA rats. The observations that FGF mRNA levels were more altered in the dorsal striatum than in the NAc of LgA rats suggest that changes in striatal FGF expression may be more salient to incubation of oxycodone craving than alterations in the NAc. Targeting FGF signaling pathways might offer novel strategies against opioid addiction.
India as an Emerging Donor: Political and Economic Determinants

Historically, India’s assistance to fellow developing countries began in 1949 with scholarships and humanitarian assistance in cases of famine. The Colombo Plan was the main channel for scholarships although India’s own Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program started in 1964 for training and transfer of expertise. Nepal and Bhutan were the earliest recipients of Indian assistance and from 1959 India has been giving program-based assistance as annual grants to these countries, worked into their and India’s five-year plans.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Upfront SBRT for Oligometastatic Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Based on Mutational Status.

Objectives Current National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines support systemic therapy based on mutational status in stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) reserved for oligoprogression. We aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the routine addition of SBRT to upfront therapy in stage IV NSCLC by mutational subgroup. Materials and methods A Markov state transition model was constructed to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing SBRT plus maintenance therapy with maintenance therapy alone for oligometastatic NSCLC. Three hypothetical cohorts were analyzed: epidermal growth factor receptor or anaplastic lymphoma kinase mutation-positive, programmed death ligand-1 expressing, and mutation-negative group. Clinical parameters were obtained largely from clinical trial data, and cost data were based on 2018 Medicare reimbursement. Strategies were compared using the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio with effectiveness in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and evaluated with a willingness to pay threshold of $100,000 per QALY gained. Results SBRT plus maintenance therapy was not cost-effective at a $100,000/QALY gained threshold, assuming the same survival for both treatments, resulting in an incremental cost effectiveness ratio of $564,186 and $299,248 per QALY gained for the epidermal growth factor receptor or anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive and programmed death ligand-1 positive cohorts, respectively. Results were most sensitive to the cost of maintenance therapy. A large overall survival gain with SBRT could potentially result in upfront SBRT becoming cost-effective. For the mutation-negative cohort, upfront SBRT was nearly cost-effective, costing $128,424 per QALY gained. Conclusion Adding SBRT to maintenance therapy is not a cost-effective strategy for oligometastatic NSCLC compared with maintenance therapy alone for mutation-positive groups. However, this should be validated via randomized trials.
The soft X-ray excess: NLS1s versus BLS1s

The soft X-ray excess - the excess of X-rays below 2 keV with respect to the extrapolation of the hard X-ray spectral continuum model - is a very common feature among type 1 active galactic nuclei (AGN); yet the nature of the soft X-ray excess is still poorly understood and hotly debated. To shed some light on this issue, we have measured in a model-independent way the soft excess strength in a flux-limited sample of broad-line and narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (BLS1s and NLS1s) that are matched in X-ray luminosity but different in terms of the black hole mass and the accretion rate values, with NLS1s being characterized by smaller MBH and larger accretion rate values. Our analysis, in agreement with previous studies carried out with different AGN samples, indicates that: 1) a soft excess is ubiquitously detected in both BLS1s and NLS1s; 2) the strength of the soft excess is significantly larger in the NLS1 sample, compared to the BLS1 sample; 3) combining the two samples, the strength of the soft excess appears to positively correlate with the photon index as well as with the accretion rate, whereas there is no correlation with the black hole mass. Importantly, our work also reveals the lack of an anticorrelation between the soft excess strength and the luminosity of the primary X-ray component, predicted by the absorption and reflection scenarios. Our findings suggest that the soft excess is consistent with being produced by a warm Comptonization component. Larger, more complete samples of NLS1s and BLS1s are needed to confirm these conclusions.
Slipping into Irrelevance: Pedagogical Conocimientos in the Preparation of Teachers to Contest Ideological Tracking

Prior research on school tracking has indicated that racialized classed ethnic students are channeled and separated into cohorts based on academic ability. Few studies have indicated the ways in wh...
Epidural versus Patient-Controlled Analgesia after Pediatric Thoracotomy for Malignancy: A Preliminary Review.

Introduction The use of thoracic epidural is standard in adult thoracotomy patients facilitating earlier mobilization, deep breathing, and minimizing narcotic effects. However, a recent randomized trial in pediatric patients who undergo repair of pectus excavatum suggests patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) produces a less costly, minimally invasive postoperative course compared with epidural. Given that thoracotomy is typically less painful than pectus bar placement, we compared the outcomes of epidural to PCA for pain management after pediatric thoracotomy. Methods A retrospective review of 17 oncologic thoracotomies was performed at a children's hospital from 2004 to 2013. Data points included operative details, epidural or PCA use, urinary catheterization, days to regular diet, days to oral pain regimen, postoperative pain scores, length of stay, and anesthesia charges. Patients were excluded if they did not have epidural or PCA following thoracotomy. Results Six thoracotomies were managed with an epidural and 11 with a PCA. Three epidural patients were opiate naive compared with two with a PCA. The most common indication for thoracotomy was metastatic osteosarcoma (n = 13). When comparing epidural to PCA, there was no significant difference in days to removal of Foley catheter, regular diet, oral pain control, length of stay, or total operating room time. Postoperative pain scores were also comparable. The mean anesthesia charges were significantly higher in patients with an epidural than with a PCA. Conclusion Epidural catheter and PCA provided comparable pain relief and objective recovery course in children who underwent thoracotomy for oncologic disease; however, epidural catheter placement was associated with increased anesthesia charges, suggesting that PCA is a noninvasive, cost-effective alternative.
Planning and Monitoring Multi-Job Type Swarm Search and Service Missions

To transition from control theory to real applications, it is important to study missions such as Swarm Search and Service (SSS) where vehicles are not only required to search an area, but also service all jobs that they find. In SSS missions, each type of job requires a group of vehicles to break off from the swarm for a given amount of time to service it. The required number of vehicles and the service rate are unique to each job type. Once a job has been completed, the vehicles are able to return to the swarm for use elsewhere. If not enough vehicles are present in the swarm at the time that the job is identified, that job is dropped without being serviced. In SSS missions that occur in open environments, the arrival rate of jobs varies dynamically as vehicles move in and out of the swarm to service jobs. Human operators are tasked with effectively planning and managing these complex missions. This paper presents a user study that seeks to test the efficacy and ease-of-use of a prediction model known as the Hybrid Model as an aid in planning and monitoring tasks. Results show that the novel computational model aid allows operators to more effectively choose the necessary swarm size to handle expected mission workload, as well as, maintain sufficient situation awareness to evaluate the performance of the swarm during missions.
Factors Associated with a Career in Primary Care Medicine: Continuity Clinic Experience Matters.

Due to concerns of inadequate primary care access, national agencies like the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) support primary care (PC) residencies. Recent research demonstrates that up to 35% of PC alumni lost interest in PC during residency. These alumni who lost interest noted that their continuity clinic experience influenced their career choice. The purpose of this study was to identify the specific aspects of PC residency experience that influenced career choice. We conducted a cross-sectional electronic survey of a PC internal medicine alumni cohort (2000–2015) from a large, academic residency. Our primary predictor was PC career and our primary outcome was influential factors on career choice. We performed chi-squared or Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables and t tests for continuous variables. Of the 317 PC alumni in the last 15 years, 305 were contacted. One hundred seventy-two (56%) responded with 94 (55%) reporting current careers in PC and 78 (45%) in non-PC fields. Ninety-four percent of respondents expressed interest prior to residency, while only 68% remained interested at the conclusion of residency. Sixty-one percent of PC alumni rated the overall clinic experience as the most influential factor towards their ultimate career choice. The patient-physician relationship was the most frequently endorsed positively influential factor in career choice in both groups (95% of PC alumni, 76% non-PC). There was no difference among all alumni in common frustrations of clinic including clerical duties, encounter documentation, or visit length. Similarly, resident debt did not differ between groups. Strong interpersonal relationships with patients and clinic mentors were associated with a PC career. These factors may compensate for the reported frustrations of clinic. Enhancing patient and mentor relationships may increase the retention of PC residents in ambulatory careers and may help address the current and projected shortage of primary care physicians.
2D exfoliated black phosphorus influences healthy and cancer prostate cell behaviors

Nowadays, prostate cancer is the most widespread tumour in worldwide male population. Actually, brachytherapy is the most advanced radiotherapy strategy for the local treatment of prostate cancer. It consists in the placing of radioactive sources closed to the tumour side thus killing cancer cells. However, brachytherapy causes the same adverse effects of external-beam radiotherapy. Therefore, alternative treatment approaches are required for enhancing radiotherapy effectiveness and reducing toxic symptoms. Nanostructured exfoliated black phosphorus (2D BP) may represent a strategic tool for local cancer therapy because of its capability to induce singlet oxygen production and act as photosensitizer. Hence, we investigated 2D BP in vitro effect on healthy and cancer prostate cell behavior. 2D BP was obtained through liquid exfoliation. 2D BP effect on healthy and cancer prostate cell behaviors was analyzed by investigating cell viability, oxidative stress and inflammatory marker expression. 2D BP inhibited prostate cancer cell survival, meanwhile promoted healthy prostate cell survival in vitro by modulating oxidative stress and immune response with and without near-infrared light (NIR)-irradiation. Nanostructured 2D BP is able to inhibit in vitro prostate cancer cells survival and preserve healthy prostate cell vitality through the control of oxidative stress and immune response, respectively.
Weathering the Weather: Does Extreme Weather Affect the Cost of an Audit?

We examine the impact of extreme weather events on the cost of an audit. We measure impact as the number of days per year a firm experiences an extreme weather event of any type (e.g., drought, floods, storms, wildfires) in its metropolitan statistical area (MSA). We first find that auditors charge significantly higher fees for firms exposed to more extreme weather days in the past, suggesting that auditors consider previous extreme weather risk exposure a material business risk. No one weather type dominates this finding. Second, auditors charge higher fees for firms experiencing abnormal increases in extreme weather days contemporaneously. This positive relation also strengthens for unanticipated weather events occurring after the fiscal yearend but before the audit report date. Third, we find that extreme weather events generate significantly higher audit fees when the auditor and the client locate in the same MSA.
Study of viral antibodies by the paper-radioactive virus method.

1. A filter paper-radioactive virus method for the detection and study of viral antibodies in human serum is described. The method gives accurate and reproducible results. It is particularly suitable for antibody testing on a mass basis. A slight modification makes the method more sensitive than standard tissue culture neutralization tests. 2. The major poliovirus antibody in human serum combines with the virus to form a particle which is non-infectious and of low mobility.
Abstract T P299: Ambulatory Status: A Protective Mechanism against Venous Thromboembolism in Acute Stroke Patients

Introduction: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is reported in 23% to 50% of hemiplegic stroke survivors and the highest rate of incidence occurs within one week of stroke onset. Pulmonary embolism (PE) is reported in up to 5% of stroke patients. There is limited data about the relationship of ambulatory status and the rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE) following a stroke. Hypothesis: The goal of our retrospective cohort study was to understand the relationship between VTE and a patient’s ambulatory status, adjusting for age, gender, and stroke type (ischemic, intracerebral hemorrhage, or subarachnoid hemorrhage). We assessed the hypothesis that the stroke patients who are able to ambulate during hospitalization would have lower rates of DVT and PE. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 1670 acute stroke patients who were admitted to an academic comprehensive stroke center between Feb 2006 and May 2014. “Get with the guideline data” was used to identify stroke patients and their ambulatory status (yes/no). VTE was identified using discharge diagnosis. Chi square test and logistic regression methods were used for statistical analysis. Results: Mean age was 64.9 ± 14.6 years with 51% men. 1138 (68%) patients were classified as having ischemic stroke; 291 (17.5%) patients had intracerebral hemorrhage; and 241 (14.5%) patients had subarachnoid hemorrhage. During hospitalization, 444 (27%) were ambulatory. Patients able to ambulate during hospitalization had less rate of DVT (6.3% vs 15.3%; p Conclusion: In conclusion, our findings suggest that the patient’s ambulatory status during hospitalization is an independent predictor of VTE. Further research is needed to understand if early mobilization in non-ambulatory stroke patients would have similar protective effect against VTE or not.
Colonization of a novel depauperate habitat leads to trophic niche shifts in three desert lizard species

In a novel, depauperate ecosystem, colonizing species may experience changes in their trophic niche as a result of a new resource base and fewer competitors and predators. To examine trophic niche shifts of recent colonists, we focused on three ecologically and phylogenetically divergent lizard species that inhabit both the geologically distinctive depauperate habitat of White Sands and the surrounding Chihuahuan ‘dark soil’ desert in New Mexico. In White Sands the three species comprise the entire lizard community, whereas in the dark soils habitat, they constitute less than half of the lizard community abundance. As a result, we hypothesized that the three focal species would collectively represent a greater variety of trophic positions in the White Sands habitat than in the dark soils habitat. We hypothesized that the extent of shifts in each species’ trophic position would parallel diet and ecomorphology differences between habitats. To test these hypotheses, we combined analysis of lizard stomach contents with carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in the context of previously published ecomorphology measurements. Stable isotope data indicated that as predicted, species were more different from one another in White Sands than in dark soils, suggesting community-wide ecological release. Overall, all species were lower on the White Sands food chain; however, only one species decreased trophic level significantly, one increased trophic level variance, and one did not change significantly. Furthermore, stomach content data paralleled both stable isotope and ecomorphological data, showing different degrees of dietary overlap between habitats, depending on the species. That species’ differences in trophic ecology also correspond with ecomorphological differences suggests that these factors are either causally linked or collectively responding to similar ecological pressures, such as competition. By examining diet, trophic position, and ecomorphology of three colonist species, we demonstrate both species–specific and community-wide trophic differences in adjacent, but distinct habitats.
The effect of private police on crime: evidence from a geographic regression discontinuity design

Summary Research demonstrates that police reduce crime. We study this question by using a natural experiment in which a private university increased the number of police patrols within an arbitrarily defined geographic boundary. Capitalizing on the discontinuity in patrols at the boundary, we estimate that the extra police decreased crime in adjacent city blocks by 43–73%. Our results are consistent with findings from prior work that used other kinds of natural experiment. The paper demonstrates the utility of the geographic regression discontinuity design for estimating the effects of extra public or private services on a variety of outcomes.
Weight loss in patients with diabetes treated with a metformin-sulfonylurea combination in comparison with twice-daily mixed insulin.

Objective: To investigate whether patients previously treated with insulin or sulfonylureas alone can be transferred to a combination of sulfonylureas and metformin therapy and realize a prolonged weight loss. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of medical records to identify three groups of patients with type 2 diabetes: group 1, those requiring insulin who had remained on a daily regimen of two injections of mixed insulin; group 2, patients whose regimen had been changed from sulfonylureas alone to a combination of a sulfonylurea and metformin; and group 3, patients whose regimen had been converted from twice-daily mixed insulin alone to a sulfonylurea-metformin combination. Results relative to loss of weight in these three groups were analyzed. Results: For a 12-month period, no significant weight loss was noted in group 1, and group 2 showed a small nonsignificant weight loss in 6 months. Only group 3 had a significant weight loss at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, maximizing at a mean weight loss of...
Roles for GIS within Higher Education

The use and awareness of GIS is steadily increasing across institutions of higher education in the United States. With this popular growth comes an opportunity to establish greater awareness of mapping, spatial reasoning and geography in general. Many colleges and universities pursue and support active and problem-based learning approaches, undergraduate research programmes, and service-learning and civic-engagement activities. General education courses are commonplace. By integrating GIS into these educational objectives, learning approaches and common curricula we create richer, more fulfilling educational experiences that profile the power of geography's spatial perspective. At the same time we create opportunities for geographers and GIScientists to consider new and innovative ways in which maps are being used.
Multithreaded Algorithms for Matching in Graphs with Application to Data Analysis in Flow Cytometry

We study parallel algorithms for computing matchings in graphs and apply them to solve population registration problem from bio-imaging data. We have developed several classes of multithreaded algorithms for maximum cardinality matching and achieved good speedups on three shared memory machines on a representative set of large real-world and synthetic graphs. The parallel machines include processors that employ multithreading and cache (Intel Nehalem and AMD Opteron) and massively multithreading and flat memory model (Cray XMT). The bio-imaging application involves registering different cell populations across samples using flow cytometry data. The population registration problem is solved by a generalized edge cover, computed from a weighted matching. We have used this approach to differentiate leukemic cells from healthy ones, and to identify phosphorylation shifts in T cells due to stimulation with an antibody. In current work, we are adapting the concept of consistency used in multiple sequence alignments to the population registration problem for large sample sets.
Therapeutic donor insemination: A prospective randomized trial of fresh versus frozen sperm

Objective: We evaluated the efficacy of fresh versus frozen sperm in therapeutic donor insemination. Study Design: Fifty-seven women underwent 72 courses of treatment (a maximum of six therapeutic donor insemination cycles—three fresh and three frozen) totaling 198 cycles. Each woman served as her own control and was prospectively randomized to receive a single, timed insemination of either fresh or frozen sperm. Results: Fecundity was 20.6% for fresh sperm cycles and 9.4% for frozen ( p 2 analysis). Fresh cervical cap insemination fecundity was 20.3%; frozen was 7.8% ( p 2 analysis). Fresh intrauterine insemination fecundity was 21.2%; frozen was 15.8% ( p = 0.63, by χ 2 analysis). Fresh 3-month life-table pregnancy rates were 48% ± 10%; frozen rates were 22% ± 8% ( p = 0.05 by Breslow analysis). Survival analysis with fixed covariates showed a positive association with the use of fresh sperm ( p = 0.04). Conclusion: Cycle fecundity was significantly greater with fresh sperm in women undergoing cervical cap insemination or intrauterine insemination and in women undergoing only cervical cap insemination. These results have important implications for contemporary management of patients undergoing therapeutic donor insemination with frozen sperm.
An extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma mimicking lymph node metastasis from a cervical cancer

Abstract A paraaortic nodule was removed during exploration for pelvic exenteration in a patient with persistent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. On frozen section the excised tissue was interpreted as metastatic tumor. Subsequent permanent sections and electron microscopy confirmed the nodule to be a paraganglioma. The coexistence of a paraganglioma and recurrent squamous cell carcinoma created an interesting management problem in terms of prognosis and further therapy.
Math Achievement, Numerical Processing, and Executive Functions in Girls with Turner Syndrome: Do Girls with Turner Syndrome Have Math Learning Disability?.

Abstract Turner syndrome is a common genetic disorder associated with select deficits in executive functions, working memory and mathematics. In Study 1, we examined growth trajectories of skills in these areas, from grades 1 to 6, among girls with or without Turner syndrome. Rates of growth and performance levels at 6th grade, on an untimed math achievement test, did not suggest that girls with Turner syndrome have math learning difficulty (MLD). However, analyses did reveal lower efficiency on timed executive function tasks, among girls with Turner syndrome, who traded accuracy for speed under mild to moderate working memory demands. In Study 2 we compared numerical processing skills of 6th graders who had either Turner syndrome, MLD, low math achievement, or typical achievement in math. A numerical decomposition task revealed numerical processing deficits for the Turner syndrome and MLD groups, relative to typically achieving students. The relative difficulties in how numerical processing vs. working memory demands affected performance accuracy differed among groups, with the former demands leading to more performance difficulties in the Turner syndrome group. Our findings support the notion that girls with Turner syndrome recruit different strategies than their peers during allegedly basic numerical processing, that numerical processing deficits vs. executive function deficits underlie their difficulties with mathematics, and that math difficulties among these girls may not be apparent on untimed tests. These finding have implications for a possible manifestation of MLD.
Electromagnetic alpha/proton instabilities in the solar wind

The average flow speed of alpha particles relative to protons in the solar wind is observed to be of the order of or less than the Alfven speed. This flow, if sufficiently large, can lead to two distinct types of electromagnetic alpha/proton instabilities: magnetosonic and Alfven. Spatially homogeneous two-dimensional hybrid simulations of collisionless plasmas are used to study these growing modes and the consequent wave-particle scattering of each ion component. This scattering reduces the alpha/proton average flow speed, heats the alphas more strongly than the protons, and increases the alpha temperature in the directions perpendicular to the background magnetic field, all of which are consistent with solar wind observations.
Stability of the body-centered cubic gamma phase in the uranium-zirconium-niobium system

Abstract A thermodynamic representation of the stability of the binary gamma phases has been developed for the U-Zr, U-Nb and Zr-Nb binary systems. This has permitted the calculation of the miscibility gaps in the ternary system. The three binary gaps merge to form a large three-phase region in the middle of the composition trangle. Because of the large coherency energies, the spinodal decomposition in the U-Nb and Zr-Nb gaps will be drastically modified, but a large region remains in the ternary system where the decomposition products have small coherency energies such that spinodal decomposition is probable. From these results, we have identified the four decomposition processes in Mulberry (U-16.6 at% Nb-5.6 at% Zr) as being discontinuous and spinodal decomposition within the miscibility gap, the diffusionless formation of α and the formation of (α + γ) from the supersaturated gamma phase.
Photoperiod modulates the effects of steroids on sociosexual behaviors of hamsters

Abstract Female hamsters ( Mesocricetus auratus ) exposed to a short photoperiod for 8 weeks were ovariectomized, as were hamsters that were maintained in a long photoperiod. We then tested the effect of photoperiod on the ability of progesterone (P) to reduce aggression, as well as on the effects of estrogen (E), alone and with P, on the display of lordosis. Before hormone treatments, photoperiod did not affect the display of aggressive behaviors. When treated with steroids, short-day females were more aggressive than long-day housed animals, especially when tested using male intruders. Also, exposure to short days reduced the activational effects of E and E + P upon lordosis behavior. These findings confirm that photoperiod can modulate the behavioral effects of E and E + P in female hamsters. Furthermore, the results indicate that behavioral effects of P which do not depend upon E priming are also influenced by photoperiod.
Lentiviral encephalitides in the immature host: A comparison of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) brain infection†

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) are members of the lentivirus subfamily of retroviruses. Both are capable of establishing persistent infection in the nervous system and both demonstrate increased virulence in the immature of their respective host species. Brain infection with these primate lentiviruses share common virologic and neuropathologic features. The available evidence to date suggests that viral factors may determine neuroinvasiveness and possibly neurovirulence, but that host factors may be largely responsible for the neuropathologic changes observed.
A formalism describing the kinetics of some mammalian cell populations

Abstract Mammalian cell populations are represented mathematically in terms of occupancy numbers of subdivisions of the mitotic cycle. The occupancy numbers that determine the fraction of cells in these subdivisions form components of a finite-dimensional vector (the state vector). Events in the life of a cell population are described as transformations of the state vector. A sampled data system formulation permits the operators effecting these transformations to be expressed as real matrices. Specific matrices are presented which describe normal growth, exposure to X-irradiation, and exposure to chemotherapeutic agents. The resulting equations are applied to calculating decay of synchrony, percentage of labeled mitoses curves, and labeling index, as well as to the problem of control of murine leukemia.
Cross-sectional neck response of a total human body FE model during simulated frontal and side automobile impacts

Human body finite element (FE) models are beginning to play a more prevalent role in the advancement of automotive safety. A methodology has been developed to evaluate neck response at multiple levels in a human body FE model during simulated automotive impacts. Three different impact scenarios were simulated: a frontal impact of a belted driver with airbag deployment, a frontal impact of a belted passenger without airbag deployment and an unbelted side impact sled test. Cross sections were created at each vertebral level of the cervical spine to calculate the force and moment contributions of different anatomical components of the neck. Adjacent level axial force ratios varied between 0.74 and 1.11 and adjacent level bending moment ratios between 0.55 and 1.15. The present technique is ideal for comparing neck forces and moments to existing injury threshold values, calculating injury criteria and for better understanding the biomechanical mechanisms of neck injury and load sharing during sub-injurious an...
Does Completion of Juvenile Drug Court Deter Adult Criminality

Juvenile drug courts have been developed with the explicit mission of reducing juvenile substance use and related delinquency, and adult crime. Research has shown that juvenile drug courts continue to be popular and effective alternatives to other juvenile court initiatives in terms of decreasing juvenile recidivism. This study is the first to focus on the link between juvenile drug court participation and conviction for adult crime. The juvenile records of 79 former juvenile drug court participants in Tennessee were compared with their adult criminal convictions. Our findings indicate that graduating from juvenile drug court reduced adult felonies, but not misdemeanors, Racial differences between Whites and non-Whites were noted.
Fiber systems in the olfactory bulb and cortex: a study in adult and developing rats, using the timm method with the light and electron microscope.

The structure of the olfactory bulb and cortex of rats is described using the Timm method, in which endogenous transition or “heavy” metals are precipitated with sulfide and then stained with silver. With the light microscope, two types of staining, a fine, “colored” reaction and a coarse, “granular” reaction, are found in the neuropil of the adult forebrain; neuronal Somata, fiber tracts, and some specific areas of the neuropil are almost unstained. With the electron microscope the Timm method consists of small silver granules, which are associated with axon terminals. These granules are located over the external surface of the presynaptic membrane, facing the synaptic cleft, and over synaptic vesicles, especially the internal surface of the vesicle membrane. This localization suggests that the reactive metals are related to a membrane component which is recycled during secretion of synaptic transmitters. The colored and granular reactions seen with the light microscope appear to be correlated with different intensities of staining of different types of axon terminals. The full extent of the olfactory cortex can be delineated by a bilaminar staining pattern in layer I, which coincides with the pattern of termination of fiber systems to the cortex demonstrated by axonal tracing experiments. The superficial part of layer I is very palely stained; this corresponds precisely to layer la, the zone of termination of fibers from the olfactory bulb. In contrast, the deep part of the layer is stained with an intense colored reaction; this corresponds precisely to layer Ib, the zone of termination of the major association fiber system within the olfactory cortex. A prominent granular reaction, which does not correspond to any known long axon system, is found in all layers of the cortex, although it is concentrated at the superficial edge of layer Ib and in layer II. Variations in staining in the several subdivisions of the olfactory cortex are illustrated and described. In the olfactory bulb, the most prominent staining is a relatively fine, granular reaction in the glomerular formations, which apparently corresponds to the olfactory nerve terminals. In immature rats, the Timm method stains the neuropil throughout the olfactory system, although the patterns and quality of staining differ from that found in adults. Before birth, the best–differentiated reaction is seen in glomeruli of the olfactory bulb and correlates well with the pattern of olfactory nerve ingrowth. The earliest and most prominent reaction is found in the “modified glomerular complex” in the caudodorsal part of the bulb. In the olfactory cortex the earliest staining occurs before birth in the posterior piri-form cortex. However, cortical staining is not extensive until the first postnatal week, and the islands of Calleja in the olfactory tubercle back a distinct positive reaction until postnatal day 7. The staining patterns become adultlike in all parts of the olfactory cortex during the third postanatal week.
Accelerated Appearance of Multiple B Cell Lymphoma Types in NFS/N Mice Congenic for Ecotropic Murine Leukemia Viruses

Spontaneous lymphomas occur at high frequency in NFS x V+ mice, strains congenic for ecotropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV) proviral genes and expressing virus at high titer. In the present study, a total of 703 NFS x V+ lymphomas were studied by histopathology, immunophenotypic analysis, immunoglobulin heavy chain or T cell receptor beta chain rearrangements, and somatic ecotropic MuLV integrations; 90% of the lymphomas tested were of B cell lineage. Low-grade tumors included small lymphocytic, follicular, and splenic marginal zone lymphomas, while high-grade tumors comprised diffuse large-cell (centroblastic and immunoblastic types), splenic marginal zone, and lymphoblastic lymphomas. Comparison of mice of similar genetic background except for presence (NFS x V+) or absence (NFS x V-) of functional ecotropic MuLV genomes showed that NFS x V-clonal lymphomas developed at about one-half the rate of those occurring in NFS x V+ mice, and most were low-grade B cell lymphomas with extended latent periods. In NFS x V+ mice, clonal outgrowth, defined by Ig gene rearrangements, was associated with acquisition of somatic ecotropic proviral integrations, suggesting that, although generation of B cell clones can be virus independent, ecotropic virus may act to increase the rate of generation of clones and speed their evolution to lymphoma. The mechanism remains undefined, because only rare rearrangements were detected in several cellular loci previously associated with MuLV insertional mutagenesis.
Effects of nitrogen dioxide on biochemical and physiological characteristics of soybean.

Abstract One month old soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cv. ‘Williams’ plants were exposed to nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 at 0·1, 0·2, 0·3, and 0·5 μl liter −1 ) and carbon filtered air (control), 7 h per day for five days, under controlled environment. Data were collected on net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal resistance (SR), and dark respiration rate (DR), immediately following the fifth day of exposure and 24 h after termination of exposure. Chlorophyll a (Ch a ), chlorophyll b (Ch b ), total chlorophyll (tot Ch) and foliar nitrogen (N) were measured before and after exposures. Growth characteristics— relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR), and root shoot ratio (RSR) — were computed for treated plants using standard growth equations. Increases of 18% and 23% in PN were observed immediately following exposure to 0·2 μl liter −1 NO 2 and after 24 h recovery period, respectively. With 0·5 μl liter −1 NO 2 treatment, reductions in PN of 23% and 50% were observed, immediately after exposure and following 24 h recovery, respectively. DR rates with 0·2 μl liter −1 treatment were higher than the control. Chlorophyll a and tot Ch showed significant reduction with 0·5 μl liter −1 NO 2 treatment. The percent reduction in Ch a and tot Ch with 0·5 μl liter −1 NO 2 were 45% and 47%, respectively. Increases in foliar nitrogen content after 0·2 and 0·3 μl liter −1 NO 2 treatments were 46% and 69%, respectively. Nitrogen dioxide at 0·5 μl liter −1 reduced RGR and NAR by 47% and 51%, respectively. Leaf area ratio was 42% higher in 0·5 μl liter −1 NO 2 treated plants, compared with the control; this increase was insufficient to compensate for the decrease in NAR resulting in a net decline in RGR. Nitrogen dioxide up to 0·2 μl liter −1 increased PN and foliar-N content of soybean. With 0·5 μl liter −1 NO 2 , significant decreases were observed in PN, leaf chlorophyll, foliar-N, NAR and RGR. Nitrogen dioxide up to 0·2 μl liter −1 has a favorable influence on overall growth characteristics of soybean; however, inhibitory effects were seen with NO 2 treatment at 0·5 μl liter −1 .
New wine in old bottles: the historiography of a paradigm change

Abstract This paper historiographically analyzes the enunciation of the American, systemic-process geomorphology paradigm in the mid-20th century, with particular focus on notions concerning Gilbert and systems. Selected contributions by Strahler, Hack, and Chorley are emphasized because of their influential roles in pronouncing and elaborating process geomorphology. Articulation of the emerging paradigm contributed to the installation of Gilbert as its figurehead and established systems analysis as a fundamental tool. Gilbert was an appropriate figurehead for the new paradigm because he had worked outside of the Davisian paradigm during the Davisian era, had done process geomorphology, had applied the method of systems analysis, and was very well respected. Identifying Gilbert as the archetypal process geomorphologist helped sanction the process paradigm, distance it from Davisian geomorphology, and ease the paradigm change. Strahler's portrayal of Gilbert, however, incorrectly implies that Gilbert had actively advocated process geomorphology in a competition with Davis and the Davisian geographical cycle. Gilbert, Strahler, and Hack each applied the thermodynamically based method of systems analysis to process geomorphology, but Chorley advocated von Bertalanffy's philosophically based general system theory instead. Gilbert, Strahler, and Hack did not apply general system theory to geomorphology, as Chorley suggested they had. Recognizing these and other notions as revisionist aids in recovering a truer understanding of the actual contributions of people important in the history of geomorphology.
HARD X-RAYS ASSOCIATED WITH TYPE III RADIO BURSTS

During a period of 12 minutes on 2002 July 19 14:23-14:35 UT, the WAVES instrument on WIND observed six interplanetary type III radio bursts, one approximately every 2 minutes, and each was accompanied by a weak hard X-ray (HXR) burst (12-15 keV) observed by RHESSI. The radio bursts are observed up to 150 MHz with some up to 600 MHz. Simultaneous observations by TRACE show jetlike eruptions emanating from the region of HXR emission. The observed HXRs are inconsistent with emission from the escaping type III-producing nonthermal electrons. We suggest that the type III acceleration process may be associated with an explosive release of 5 × 1026 ergs in the form of a "superhot" (26 MK) thermal plasma in the corona, an energy comparable to that associated with the type III-producing electrons.
Serum type I interferon activity is dependent on maternal diagnosis in anti‐SSA/Ro–positive mothers of children with neonatal lupus

Objective The type I interferon (IFN) pathway is activated in many patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and high serum levels of IFN are associated with anti-SSA/Ro autoantibodies. To investigate the clinical features associated with type I IFN production in vivo, we compared serum IFN activity in individuals with anti-SSA/Ro antibodies who were asymptomatic with that in individuals with clinical manifestations of SLE or Sjogren's syndrome (SS). Methods Antibody-positive sera from 84 mothers of children with manifestations of neonatal lupus were studied for type I IFN activity, using a functional reporter cell assay. Maternal health status was characterized as asymptomatic, SS, SLE, pauci-SLE, or pauci-SS, based on a screening questionnaire, telephone interview, and review of medical records. The prefix “pauci-” indicates symptoms insufficient for a formal classification of the disease. Results Only 4% of asymptomatic mothers had high serum type I IFN activity, compared with 73% with pauci-SLE (P = 5.7 × 10−5), 35% with SLE (P = 0.011), and 32% of patients with SS (P = 0.032). One of the 4 patients with pauci-SS had high levels of IFN. The majority of patients for whom longitudinal data were available had stable type I IFN activity over time, and changes in IFN activity were not clearly accompanied by changes in the clinical diagnosis. Conclusion Patients with SLE, patients with pauci-SLE, and patients with SS are more likely to have high serum IFN activity than asymptomatic individuals with SSA/Ro autoantibodies, suggesting that these autoantibodies are insufficient for activation of the type I IFN pathway, and that disease-specific factors are important for type I IFN generation in vivo.
Reliability upgrading of lifeline networks for post‐earthquake serviceability

Efficient procedures for reliability upgrading of existing lifeline networks for post-earthquake serviceability are presented. A simple method is developed to determine critical components of the network whose strengthening improves the network reliability for specified serviceability criteria. Measures of effectiveness of strengthening each component are also introduced. Based on critical components and measures of effectiveness, step-by-step upgrading procedures are proposed. Both connectivity and minimum-flow serviceability criteria may be specified. Two upgrading objectives considered are achieving a specified target reliability and reducing the total costs of upgrading plus expected losses due to failure of the lifeline. A hypothetical application to a water-distribution system in the San Francisco Bay Area illustrates the proposed method.
Use of mobile devices for medical imaging.

Mobile devices have fundamentally changed personal computing, with many people forgoing the desktop and even laptop computer altogether in favor of a smaller, lighter, and cheaper device with a touch screen. Doctors and patients are beginning to expect medical images to be available on these devices for consultative viewing, if not actual diagnosis. However, this raises serious concerns with regard to the ability of existing mobile devices and networks to quickly and securely move these images. Medical images often come in large sets, which can bog down a network if not conveyed in an intelligent manner, and downloaded data on a mobile device are highly vulnerable to a breach of patient confidentiality should that device become lost or stolen. Some degree of regulation is needed to ensure that the software used to view these images allows all relevant medical information to be visible and manipulated in a clinically acceptable manner. There also needs to be a quality control mechanism to ensure that a device’s display accurately conveys the image content without loss of contrast detail. Furthermore, not all mobile displays are appropriate for all types of images. The smaller displays of smart phones, for example, are not well suited for viewing entire chest radiographs, no matter how small and numerous the pixels of the display may be. All of these factors should be taken into account when deciding where, when, and how to use mobile devices for the display of medical images.
Layout decomposition and mask synthesis for double and triple exposure with image reversal in a single photoresist layer

Double Patterning is the most promising lithography solution for 22 nm technology node and beyond. It can both increase the pitch density and print intricate 2D patterns reliably, far beyond the capabilities of the conventional Double Exposure methods. Recently, a double exposure method in a single photoresist layer using image reversal DESIR has been proposed which matches the printing capabilities of the double patterning technology while using only one photoresist layer, resulting in a significant process simplification. In general, layout decomposition poses a major obstacle in terms of layout complexity, layout verification overhead, and mask decomposability design related issues. Here, a layout decomposition method and mask selection algorithms for the DESIR approach that can be easily implemented in any mask design tool are proposed. The method is distinctly different from extant layout decomposition techniques because of the intricate photoresist properties subject to several exposures and an intervening critical image reversal baking step. The challenge in the layout decomposition is that the exposure seen by each area before and after the reversal bake determines the solubility of the resist. This circumstance constitutes a welcomed benefit of optimum pattern printability by using an internal corner counting algorithm.