cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bathymetry of the Puerto Rico Trench

The Puerto Rico Trench extends for about 400 mi in a generally east-west direction 80 mi north of Puerto Rico and has a five to ten-mile wide “flat” floor 4350 fm deep. The Trench is separated from the Nares Basin to the north by a 2900-fm divide, and is roughly paralleled to the south by a series of seamounts which form an interrupted ridge from 2700 to 3700 fm deep. South of this ridge are basins, 4000 to 4100 fm deep, which may drain into the Trench through San Juan Canyon. The Trench floor has two kinds of sediment in alternating layers up to several meters thick: (1) layers of abyssal red clay with low carbonate content, which is “mormal” at this great depth, and (2) anomalous layers of highly calcareous sands showing excellent graded bedding and shallow water benthonic fossils. The layers of anomalous sand are attributed to the action of turbidity currents, which may have transported the sediment from neighboring island platforms down submarine canyons and deposited it in the Trench, rather than to former shallow water conditions in the Trench.
Human PAML browser: a database of positive selection on human genes using phylogenetic methods

With the recent increase in the number of mammalian genomes being sequenced, large-scale genome scans for human-specific positive selection are now possible. Selection can be inferred through phylogenetic analysis by comparing the rates of silent and replacement substitution between related species. Maximum-likelihood (ML) analysis of codon substitution models can be used to identify genes with an accelerated pattern of amino acid substitution on a particular lineage. However, the ML methods are computationally intensive and awkward to configure. We have created a database that contains the results of tests for positive selection along the human lineage in 13 721 genes with orthologs in the UCSC multispecies genome alignments. The Human PAML Browser is a resource through which researchers can search for a gene of interest or groups of genes by Gene Ontology category, and obtain coding sequence alignments for the gene and as well as results from tests of positive selection from the software package Phylogenetic Analysis by Maximum Likelihood. The Human PAML Browser is available at http://mendel.gene.cwru.edu/adamslab/pbrowser.py.
Iron-mediated cardiotoxicity develops independently of extracellular hydroxyl radicals in isolated rat hearts

Background: Myocardial iron toxicity is often attributed to free radical damage. Present studies examine the role of extracellular hydroxyl radical formation in this process. Methods: In vitro reactions examined the rate of hydroxyl radical formation using salicylate trapping with high-pressure liquid chromatography separation and electrochemical detection of 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. Isolated rat hearts were perfused by the Langendorff technique under the same buffer conditions to determine changes in myocardial contractility, release of tissue lactate dehydrogenase activity, and formation of lipid peroxidation products when iron was added to the perfusate with or without the formation of extracellular radicals. Results: In vitro reactions, performed in Krebs buffer alone or with addition of iron (25 μM), produced levels of hydroxyl radicals that were nondetectable with salicylate trapping. Addition of iron/ascorbate (FeSO4 = 25 μM, ascorbate = 1 mM), or iron/ascorbate/histidine (FeSO4 = 25 μM,...
Coadjoint Orbits of the Virasoro Group

The coadjoint orbits of the Virasoro group, which have been investigated by Lazutkin and Pankratova and by Segal, should according to the Kirillov-Kostant theory be related to the unitary representations of the Virasoro group. In this paper, the classification of orbits is reconsidered, with an explicit description of the possible centralizers of coadjoint orbits. The possible orbits are diff(S1) itself, diff(S1)/S1, and diff(S1)/SL(n)(2,R), withSL(n)(2,R) a certain discrete series of embeddings ofSL(2,R) in diff(S1), and diffS1/T, whereT may be any of certain rather special one parameter subgroups of diffS1. An attempt is made to clarify the relation between orbits and representations. It appears that quantization of diffS1/S1 is related to unitary representations with nondegenerate Kac determinant (unitary Verma modules), while quantization of diffS1/SL(n)(2,R) is seemingly related to unitary representations with null vectors in leveln. A better understanding of how to quantize the relevant orbits might lead to a better geometrical understanding of Virasoro representation theory. In the process of investigating Virasoro coadjoint orbits, we observe the existence of left invariant symplectic structures on the Virasoro group manifold. As is described in an appendix, these give rise to Lie bialgebra structures with the Virasoro algebra as the underlying Lie algebra.
Intermolecular disulfide bond formation in the NEMO dimer requires Cys54 and Cys347

Abstract NEMO is an essential regulatory component of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, which controls activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Herein, we show that NEMO exists as a disulfide-bonded dimer when isolated from several cell types and analyzed by SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non-reducing conditions. Treatment of cells with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induces further formation of NEMO dimers. Disulfide bond-mediated formation of NEMO dimers requires Cys54 and Cys347. The ability of these residues to form disulfide bonds is consistent with their location in a NEMO dimer structure that we generated by molecular modeling. We also show that pretreatment with H2O2 decreases TNFα-induced IKK activity in NEMO-reconstituted cells, and that TNFα has a diminished ability to activate NF-κB DNA binding in cells reconstituted with NEMO mutant C54/347A. This study implicates NEMO as a target of redox regulation and presents the first structural model for the NEMO protein.
A partial order on partitions and the generalized Vandermonde determinant

We introduce a partial order on partitions which permits an inductive proof on partitions. As an example of this technique, we reprove the discriminant formula for the generalized Vandermonde determinant.
Bioassay of the nucleopolyhedrosis and granulosis viruses of Trichoplusia ni

Abstract Bioassays of nucleopolyhedrosis and granulosis viruses of Trichoplusia ni were conducted utilizing different viral preparations during a 3-year period. All data were analyzed using Berkson's minimum logit chi-square ( χ 2 ) method for estimation of the mld . The method was facilitated by the development of a computer program for the IBM 7094-1401 system.
An epigenetic intervention interacts with genetic strain differences to modulate the stress-induced reduction of flurazepam's antiseizure efficacy in the mouse

Stress induces changes in the endogenous tone of both GABA and NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission in the intact mouse. Because changes are observed 24 h after stress, epigenetically-regulated alterations in gene expression may mediate these effects. In earlier work, sodium butyrate, a centrally-active histone deacetylase inhibitor that promotes gene expression, was shown to modulate the stress-induced reduction of the ability of MK-801 (dizocilpine), a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, to antagonize electrically-precipitated seizures. In the current study, we extended this work to look at sodium butyrate's modulatory effect on stress-induced changes in the antiseizure efficacy of flurazepam, a benzodiazepine receptor agonist, in two strains of mice. Epigenetic mechanisms, genetic strain differences and a standard stress interacted to alter flurazepam's antiseizure efficacy. These data support examination and development of epigenetic treatment strategies.
Ultrastructure of Antibody-forming Cells

THE method of Jerne and Nordin for demonstrating individual antibody-forming lymphoid cells has been utilized to obtain quantitative information about the cellular changes during antibody formation1, to indicate transplantation immunity2 and to demonstrate antibody-forming cells in ‘tolerant’ animals3. Recently, this method has been combined with autoradiography to investigate the kinetics of antibody formation4. In the present studies the plaque method has been used to identify for study by electron microscopy individual cells which have released antibody.
Bioactive terpenoids from caribbean marine algae of the genera penicillus and udotea (chlorophyta)

Abstract Chemical examinations of the Caribbean green algal genera Penicillus Lamarck and Udotea Lamouroux (Family Udoteaceae, Order Caulerpales, Phylum Chlorophyta) have resulted in the isolation of six new linear terpenoid compounds from two major species of Penicillus , and six terpenoid metabolites from three species of Udotea . These new metabolites possess a wide range of antibiotic activity, some produce inhibition of cell division in the fertilized urchin egg bioassay, and several show toxicity toward herbivorous damselfish.
Transgender Inclusion in University Nondiscrimination Statements: Challenging Gender-Conforming Privilege through Student Activism

This case study focuses on policy change efforts to challenge gender-conforming privilege and gain protections for transgender individuals in higher education. This participatory action research centered on a faculty–student partnership in activism as the team worked to include the terms “gender identity and expression” in the university nondiscrimination policies to promote justice and equity for transgender students on campus. Using an approach we refer to as “critical liberatory feminist pedagogy,” this study examined the psychological, social, and institutional processes influencing student leadership for change and faculty pedagogical methods for encouraging student-initiated activism beyond the classroom. Student and faculty change agents described obstacles to change, action strategies, and the influence of privilege and power dynamics on the institutional change process. The insights gained from the collaborative faculty–student partnership are presented to inform others seeking innovative pedagogical practices and to create avenues for challenging privilege and power imbalances.
GROWTH RESPONSE OF Bifidobacterium bifidum TO A HYDROLYTIC PRODUCT ISOLATED FROM BOVINE CASEIN

In the process of isolating sialic acid from bovine isoelectric casein a hydrolytic product (CBF) was obtained, possessing growth promoting activity for Bifidobacterium bifidum var. pennsylvanicus. Growth was measured turbidimetrically by addition of CBF (250 ppm) to ATCC Medium 76. Stimulation by CBF was comparable to that obtained with N-acetylglucosamine. Whole casein, sialic acid-free casein and k-casein failed -to stimulate the growth of -the organism to the level achieved with CBF. The CBFfraction contained 0.15% nhosohorus. 7% free lactose and various peptides. No sialic acid or ofher amino sugars were detected. On the basis of phosphorus content and amino acid analysis it was concluded that CBF was likely a degradation product of k-casein.
2.07-microm cw diode-laser-pumped Tm, Ho:YLiF(4) room-temperature laser.

Continuous-wave action is obtained at 2.07 μm from a 2-mm-long Tm-sensitized Ho:YLiF4 crystal at room temperature when longitudinally pumped by a pair of diode-laser arrays. Laser output power at 300 K is 26 mW, with a 30% slope efficiency and a lasing threshold of 108 mW. A maximum output power of 187 mW is obtained from a 4-mm-long crystal at 77 K, with a 67% slope efficiency. A preliminary demonstration of cavity Q switching produced 165 μJ of pulse energy at a repetition rate of 100 Hz.
Measuring Latinos: Racial vs. Ethnic Classification and Self-Understandings

The measurement of Hispanics in the 2000 U.S. Census significantly skews the racial identification of the Hispanic population in America. The literature on racial and ethnic identification, however, lacks serious engagement with the social psychology of self-identification. We draw on social identity theory to demonstrate how the process of individual self-categorization reinforces a society structured along racial and ethnic lines. This understanding of the psychological processes through which individuals categorize themselves and others leads to the conclusion that academic distinctions between "race" and "ethnicity" do not adequately reflect the social categories employed by Americans responding to the current U.S. government format for racial self-identification. Using a nationally representative sample, we demonstrate that a significant portion of self-reported Hispanics treat that identity as a race, most often by choosing "other" when asked for their racial classification. Ultimately, we advocate including "Hispanic" as one of the choices in what is currently called the "race question." This approach more accurately captures the lived experience of those who claim an Hispanic identity.
Expression of blood-brain barrier characteristics following neuronal loss and astroglial damage after administration of anti-Thy-1 immunotoxin

In most regions of the CNS, vascular endothelial cells play an important role in maintaining the composition of the neuronal microenvironment by virtue of their blood-brain barrier (BBB) characteristics. The maintenance of the endothelial BBB phenotype in vitro has been attributed primarily to astrocytes but little attention has been paid the potential role of neurons. In this study we have attempted to injure or destroy neurons and fibers of passage in a circumscribed area while leaving vascular and glial elements intact in order to determine if neurons are involved in BBB maintenance in situ. The immunotoxin OX7-SAP, a conjugate of the Thy-1 antibody OX7 and the ribosome-inactivating protein saporin, was injected into the adult rat striatum to effect neuronal death at the injection site. Although neurons and fibers of passage were destroyed within the lesion, glial cells unexpectedly were also severely injured as determined by immunohistochemical expression of several neuronal and astroglial marker proteins and ultrastructural analysis. The microvasculature remained intact, allowing a qualitative immunohistochemical analysis of several BBB markers at time points ranging from 3 to 28 days postinjection. Despite the loss of both neurons and astroglia within the lesions, the microvasculature continued to express the brain-type endothelial glucose transporter GLUT-1 at all time points examined. In contrast, the barrier to endogenous protein (rat serum albumin) and the expression of endothelial barrier antigen (EBA) decreased initially but recovered even in areas that contained minimal numbers of astroglia and neuronal elements. We conclude that intact neuronal or glial cells do not appear to be necessary for the maintenance in situ of the BBB properties examined herein.
Synthesis of 2-bromo-L-tryptophan and 2-chloro-L-tryptophan

Abstract Free-radical halogenation of protected L-tryptophan with N-bromosuccinimide or N-chlorosuccinimide leads to the corresponding 2-halo derivative in high yield; enzymatic removal of the blocking groups provides the new amino acid analogues.
Cholera-toxin-dependent ADP-ribosylation of the adenylate cyclase regulatory protein in turkey erythrocyte membranes.

Abstract Incubation of turkey erythrocyte membranes with cholera toxin and [ 32 P]NAD caused toxin-dependent incorporation of 32 P into a 42,000 M r peptide which could be distinguished from toxin-independent 32 P incorporation into other membrane proteins. The radiolabeled 42,000 M r peptide could be extracted from the membranes using Lubrol PX. When toxin-treated membranes were incubated with isoproterenol and GMP before detergent solubilization, the 42,000 M r labeled peptide was adsorbed by GTP-γ-agarose which, with the same conditions, adsorbed the adenylate cyclase guanine nucleotide regulatory protein. The labeled peptide and guanine nucleotide regulatory protein activity were coeluted from the affinity matrix by guanylyl-β,γ-imidodiphosphate, GDP, and GMP. Guanosine 5′-O-(2-thiodiphosphate), an analog of GDP which blocks guanine nucleotide- and fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity, caused elution of labeled peptide which exhibited no regulatory protein activity. Our data support the view that the 42,000 M r peptide is part of the adenylate cyclase guanine nucleotide regulatory protein. The labeled peptide allows identification of both active and inactive regulatory protein and should be useful in monitoring the purification of the regulatory protein from turkey erythrocytes.
Human globin gene expression in hybrid 2S MEL × human fibroblast cells

A somatic cell hybrid line, called M11-X, was developed in order to study the expression and regulation of the human beta-like globin genes in a mouse erythroid environment. M11-X cells were obtained by fusing the human fibroblast cell line GM3552 (which contains the translocation chromosome t(11;X) that carries the human beta-like globin genes) with hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) -negative tetraploid (2S) mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cells. After induction with 5 mM hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA), these cells contain approximately 300-600 copies per cell of correctly initiated, processed, and terminated human beta-globin mRNA; however, neither human epsilon- nor gamma-globin mRNAs were detected. Carboxymethylcellulose chromatography followed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting revealed that normal human beta-globin protein was also present. These results suggest that the human beta-globin gene, when present in mouse erythroid cells, can be transcribed and its mRNA translated into normal products, but at a much lower level than the mouse beta-globin genes. Analysis of the frequency of cytosine methylation near the human gamma-globin genes indicated that these genes are heavily methylated in M11-X cells. The inability to express the human gamma-globin genes of these cells might be accounted for, at least in part, by DNA methylation.
AU-Rich-Element-Mediated Upregulation of Translation by FXR1 and Argonaute 2

AU-rich elements (AREs), present in mRNA 3'-UTRs, are potent posttranscriptional regulatory signals that can rapidly effect changes in mRNA stability and translation, thereby dramatically altering gene expression with clinical and developmental consequences. In human cell lines, the TNFalpha ARE enhances translation relative to mRNA levels upon serum starvation, which induces cell-cycle arrest. An in vivo crosslinking-coupled affinity purification method was developed to isolate ARE-associated complexes from activated versus basal translation conditions. We surprisingly found two microRNP-related proteins, fragile-X-mental-retardation-related protein 1 (FXR1) and Argonaute 2 (AGO2), that associate with the ARE exclusively during translation activation. Through tethering and shRNA-knockdown experiments, we provide direct evidence for the translation activation function of both FXR1 and AGO2 and demonstrate their interdependence for upregulation. This novel cell-growth-dependent translation activation role for FXR1 and AGO2 allows new insights into ARE-mediated signaling and connects two important posttranscriptional regulatory systems in an unexpected way.
Fibrinoid necrosis of small brain arteries and arterioles and miliary aneurysms as causes of hypertensive hemorrhage: a critical reappraisal

Cerebral hemorrhage in hypertensive patients is still an important source of morbidity and death. Understanding its underlying pathological basis is essential for the development of fact-based attempts to prevent the hemorrhage. Fibrinoid necrosis and miliary aneurysms are associated with and are the probable underlying causative lesions. Unfortunately much misunderstanding and confusion surrounds understanding of both lesions. This review clarifies several points. These include the following: the nature of fibrinoid necrosis and the susceptibility of small brain arteries and arterioles to this lesion even in the so-called benign hypertension; the relationship of fibrinoid necrosis to lipohyalinosis and the reasons for preferring the term fibrinoid; the existence of miliary aneurysms; the distinction between these aneurysms and pseudo-aneurysms or fibrin globes; the importance of, and basis for, recognizing healed miliary aneurysms; the relationship of fibrinoid necrosis to these aneurysms.
Factitial traumatic panniculitis

We report five cases of factitial panniculitis produced by blunt trauma. Localized forms include Secretan's syndrome and l'oedeme bleu , which are usually unilateral and involve the hand and forearm, respectively. When the lesions are more generally distributed, the self-induced nature may be less apparent. These patients may have been diagnosed as having Weber-Christian disease, pancreatic fat necrosis, or superficial thrombophlebitis. The microscopic picture of organizing hematoma may be supplemented by the appearance of amorphous polysaccharide masses commingled with iron pigment.
A Geometrically Comprehensive Approach to Modeling Dynamic Cutting Forces in Turning: Application to Regenerative Chatter

Present chatter models in turning lack physical insight because they do not model the process in a geometrically rigorous manner. Many of the models are linear and produce unrealistic, unbounded vibration amplitude growth after the onset of chatter. Those that are nonlinear are typically reverse engineered in order to predict bounded vibration. The current approach models the forces in machining due to chip formation, plowing, and interference between the flank of the cutting tool and the machined workpiece surface in a geometrically comprehensive fashion. Additionally the effects of strain, strain rate and temperature on the chip formation process are captured. In doing so, accurate predictions can be made for both the occurrence of chatter and its vibration amplitude growth over time. The proposed model is validated with machining experiments on a compliant workpiece to explore the effect of tool nose radius on chatter.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Monoaminergic–cholinergic interactions in the primate basal forebrain

Abstract Anatomical studies in the rat have shown that the cholinergic cells of the nucleus basalis receive synapses from monoamine axons, but similar evidence is lacking in primates. We used single- and double-labeling immunocytochemistry to visualize monoamine axons and their relationship with the cholinergic cells of the basal forebrain of the monkey. Norepinephrine axons, labeled with dopamine-β-hydroxylase antibodies, formed a bed of fine varicose axons that co-distributed with the cholinergic cells. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons, presumed to be mainly dopaminergic, were 10–20 times more abundant than dopamine-β-hydroxylase axons throughout the basal forebrain, except in the medial septal area, where their density was lower. Serotonin-immunoreactive axons formed a dense axon plexus throughout the basal forebrain. Double-labeling light microscopy demonstrated that each of the three types of monoamine axons formed frequent direct contacts with the cholinergic cells. Electron microscopy showed that the noradrenergic and the putative dopaminergic axons synapsed on the cholinergic cells. In the human brain, immunolabeling with antibodies to dopamine-β-hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase (for serotonin axons) showed axon densities in the nucleus basalis comparable to those of the monkey brain. The data demonstrate that all three of these monoamine systems innervate the cholinergic and possibly also the non-cholinergic cells of the nucleus basalis, and therefore affect the release of acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex.
Loading of Hydrogen-Cooled Generators at Elevated Gas Pressures

This paper presents a study, based on calculations and tests, of the heating characteristics of hydrogen-cooled generators at elevated gas pressures, and discusses various criteria for determining the capability of generators at elevated pressures. It is shown that the assumption of constant temperature rise of the windings above cold gas temperature, as a basis for limiting the output at elevated hydrogen pressures (particularly the rise of the armature winding by embedded detector) is misleading, and that a more realistic basis of rating is the assumption of constant total temperature of the winding copper, for constant temperature of ingoing cooling water at different loads and hydrogen pressures.
Focal process of the great Chilean earthquake May 22, 1960☆

Long-period strain seismogram recorded at Pasadena is used to determine the focal process of the 1960 Chilean earthquake. Synthetic seismograms computed for various fault models are matched with the observed strain seismogram to determine the fault parameters. A low-angle (∼ 10°) thrust model with rupture length of 800 km and rupture velocity of 3.5 km/sec is consistent with the observed Rayleigh/Love wave ratio and the radiation asymmetry. A seismic moment of 2.7 · 10^(30) dyn · cm is obtained for the main shock. This value, together with the estimated fault area of 1.6 · 10^5 km^2, gives an average dislocation of 24 m. The strain seismogram clearly shows unusually long-period (300–600 sec) wave arriving at the P time of a large foreshock which occurred about 15 minutes before the main shock, suggesting a large slow deformation in the epicentral area prior to the major failure. A simple dislocation model shows that a dislocation of 30 m, having a time constant of 300–600 sec, over a fault plane of 800 × 200 km^2 is required to explain this precursory displacement. The entire focal process may be envisaged in terms of a large-scale deformation which started rather gradually and eventually triggered the foreshocks and the “main” shock. This mechanism may explain the large premonitory deformations documented, but not recorded instrumentally, for several Japanese earthquakes. The moments of the main shock and the precursor add to 6 · 10^(30) dyn · cm which is large enough to affect the earth's polar motion.
Continuous decolorization and AOX reduction of bleach plant effluents by free and immobilized Trametes versicolor

Abstract Continuous decolorization of bleach plant effluents was studied using white‐rot fungus, Trametes (Coriolus) versicolor. The experiments were carried out using free and immobilized fungus. In the free cell system, 56–77% continuous decolorization and 41–69% AOX reduction were achieved with a retention time of 24 hours. Treatment of bleach plant effluents with the same fungus encapsulated in calcium alginate polymer beads resulted in 76–83% decolorization and 43–59% AOX reduction. These are the highest levels achieved in a continuous bioreactor system using Trametes (Coriolus) versicolor.
High-accuracy critical-dimension metrology using a scanning electron microscope

Two Monte Carlo computer codes have been written to simulate the transmitted-, backscattered-, and secondary-electron signals from targets in a scanning electron microscope. The first discussed, MONSEL-II, is applied to semi-infinite lines produced lithographically on multi-layer substrates. The second discussed, MONSEL-III, is an extension to fully three- dimensional targets. Results are given for a 1 micrometer step etched in a silicon substrate and compared with experimental data. The comparisons show that it is possible to obtain edge locations to an uncertainty of less than 10 nm. Simulations are also given for photoresist lines on a silicon substrate coated with a layer of photoresist. Techniques are developed for simulating signals for finite beam diameter from those for zero beam diameter, and for extracting signals approximating zero beam diameter from those with finite beam diameter.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Prediction of Indications for Valve Replacement Among Asymptomatic or Minimally Symptomatic Patients With Chronic Aortic Regurgitation and Normal Left Ventricular Performance

Background—Optimal criteria for valve replacement are unclear in asymptomatic/minimally symptomatic patients with aortic regurgitation (AR) and normal left ventricular (LV) performance at rest. Moreover, previous studies have not assessed the prognostic capacity of load-adjusted LV performance (“contractility”) variables, which may be fundamentally related to clinical state. Therefore, 18 years ago, we set out to test prospectively the hypothesis that objective noninvasive measures of LV size and performance and, specifically, of load-adjusted variables, assessed at rest and during exercise (ex), could predict the development of currently accepted indications for operation for AR. Methods and Results—Clinical variables and measures of LV size, performance, and end-systolic wall stress (ESS) were assessed annually in 104 patients by radionuclide cineangiography at rest and maximal ex and by echocardiography at rest; ESS was derived during ex. During an average 7.3-year follow-up among patients who had not ...
Inhibition of return: a graphical meta-analysis of its time course and an empirical test of its temporal and spatial properties.

Immediately after a stimulus appears in the visual field, there is often a short period of facilitated processing of stimuli at or near this location. This period is followed by one in which processing is impaired, rather than facilitated. This impairment has been termed inhibition of return (IOR). In the present study, the time course of this phenomenon was examined in two ways. (1) A graphical metaanalysis plotted the size of the effect as a function of the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of the two stimuli. This analysis showed that IOR is impressively stable for SOAs of 300-1,600 msec. It also showed that the literature does not provide any clear sense of the duration of IOR. (2) An empirical approach was, therefore, taken to fill this gap in our knowledge of IOR. In three experiments, IOR was tested using SOAs between 600 and 4,200 msec. IOR was robust for approximately 3 sec and appeared to taper off after this point; the observed duration varied somewhat as a function of the testing conditions. In addition, for the first second, the degree of inhibition was inversely related to distance of the target from the original stimulus, but for the next 2 sec this spatial distribution was not observed. Theories of the mechanisms and function of IOR must conform to these spatial and temporal properties.
The geopolitics of Slavic Union: Russia, Belarus, and multipolarity

Whether new ‘poles’ will rise to challenge American hegemony is an important issue for international relations theory and policymakers. This article examines the conscious effort by Russian and Belarusian politicians to promote multipolarity through the construction of a ‘Slavic Union’. Although largely theoretical, this union is a clear reaction to the sharp, relative increase in American power since the end of the Cold War and misgivings about its intentions, as evidenced by the expansion of NATO, the proliferation of US missile attacks, and the recent Kosovo conflict. This article suggests that American foreign policy is becoming counterproductive to its position in the international system.
Reengineering the Hubble space telescope control center system

The Hubble Space Telescope was funded in the late 1970s, when mainframes still ruled the world. By the time the Hubble was launched in 1990, desktop computers were ubiquitous, powerful, and about to be hyperlinked through the Internet. Hubble's operations control center at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center reflects these profound changes in computing technology. It has dozens of computing platforms and a control system that evolved over the course of 15 years of project development and subsequent operations. Efforts to reengineer these operational systems are now under way in a project called Vision 2000. The engineers at Goddard are implementing a three-tiered system architecture to integrate the heterogeneous computing environments that have evolved over the years. The new system uses a Web-based graphical user interface, written in Java, to enable greater access to engineering data than has ever before been possible. This GUI represents a Java implementation that is both large-scale (1.5 million lines of code) and mission-critical.
The current bank-merger movement : an economic appraisal

BANK-MERGER activity during the period 1946-56 is explicable primarily in terms, of the banking industry's attempt to adapt itself to the changing institutional complex in which it operates. Significant economic factors contributing to mergers include: (1) moves by banks to strengthen market positions through diversified operations, particularly in the growing area of "retail banking"; (2) adaptation to appreciable population shifts into outlying, suburban areas through the acquisition of "ready-made" banking facilities, which are often more legally accessible than de novo offices; (3) adjustment to the enhanced role of commercial lending which has prompted banks to merge to counteract lagging growth in deposits and business, to expand legally stipulated loan limits, to meet rising competitive pressure of non-bank lenders, and to forestall officer shortages; and (4) attempts to offset the undervaluation of bank shares and to augment financial prestige. Major non-economic factors inherent in mergers include: (1) the gradually eased laws governing bank mergers, modified by the absence of explicitly stated benchmarks to be used in appraising mergers; (2) the varied nature of states' laws governing the scope of branch banking, and the more stringent requirements for satisfying the "need" criterion in the establishment of de novo branches as compared with the acquisition of branches via merger; (3) personnel-management factors that promote the absorption of relatively small banks by larger banks that follow a generally more attractive, enlightened personnel policy. The study showed that banking concentration has been little affected by the bank-merger movement. The 100 largest commercial banks currently hold a smaller proportion of United States banking resources than they did before World War II. Furthermore, the absolute and relative standing of intermediate-sized banks has increased in recent years. The monopolistic-competitive market structure of commercial
Achieving High Bandwidth Efficiency under Partial-Band Noise Jamming

This paper examines how to achieve high bandwidth efficiency while remaining robust to partial-band noise jamming (PBNJ). The main conclusion is that using higher order modulation with moderate code rates (HMMC) results in less PBNJ loss compared to using lower order modulation and high code rates close to unity (LMHC). For example, to achieve a bandwidth efficiency of R = 1.8 bits/sym, the modulation and code rate combination (ModCod) of 8PSK 3/5 has less PBNJ loss than QPSK 9/10. Similarly, to achieve R = 2.66 bits/sym, 16APSK 2/3 has less PBNJ loss than 8PSK 8/9. In the examples shown in this paper, the HMMC options suffer less than 0.5 dB PBNJ loss, while the LMHC options suffer PBNJ loss up to 5 dB. This paper also presents a theoretical analysis tool for estimating the amount of PBNJ loss, which is then validated via simulation. The analytical approach takes much less computation time and predicts about 80% of the PBNJ loss, averaged over the four cases studied. The theoretical model starts with the Shannon limit for Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel for both infinite and finite constellations and then extends to include 1) PBNJ effects on average channel capacity, 2) the effect of interleaving over finite number of hops using a method based on binomial distribution, and 3) the effects of various parameters on PBNJ loss, including number of interleaving hops, jammer power, and required code word error rate. The analysis assumes perfect SNR knowledge at the receiver. Simulations are performed using DVB-S2 forward error correction (FEC) codes.
Antinociceptive effects of supraspinal rat cart (55-102) peptide in mice.

We investigated the effects of rat cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript CART (55-102) after i.c.v. administration in mouse models of acute and persistent pain. CART was not active in the tail-flick or PPQ tests. It increased the latency to paw licking in the hot-plate test but only at doses that impaired motor function. CART produces antinociception in the formalin test in both phases. Our results suggest that CART is involved in supraspinal pain transmission.
Strain-field analysis acquired through correlation of X-ray radiographs of a fiber-reinforced composite laminate

The strain fields can be determined on the surface of fiber-reinforced composites by correlation analysis of X-ray radiographs of the specimen. One radiograph is taken of the specimen in an unloaded state and another radiograph of the same specimen is taken in a deformed state. Each radiograph is then imaged by a video camera and digitized using a Matrox digitization board. The displacement map is obtained from the two radiographs by dividing one image into subsets of 20 pixels by 20 pixels and using a correlation algorithm to identify the corresponding subsets in the second image. The correlation is completed between patterns of the grey-level intensities for each subset. The appropriate discrete derivatives can then be evaluated by first difference taken to form the in-plane strains. The X-ray radiographs correlation analysis strain-field method outlined above was applied to a uniaxially loaded [90, 0] s Gl-Ep coupon. Simultaneously, an extensometer measured the average longitudinal strain over a 2.54-cm (1-in.) gage length. The error between the two methods was less than three percent of the applied strain of 1.3 percent. The same specimen was impacted and re-examined. A radical shift in the strain field was observed when the specimen was reloaded. Further investigation showed the method reliable down to 0.5-percent strain.
Younger sediments more likely to be eroded by meandering rivers

The duration of the journey that an individual grain of sand takes as it bounces its way down the length of a river is incredibly difficult, if not impossible, to determine. Finding the answer to that question could be useful because the amount of time that sediment spends in a river can affect how pollutants or other materials move through the system. At the bulk scale, sediment balance measurements, comparing the inputs and outflows of sediment, can be used to help calculate how much sediment is moving through a waterway. Figuring out the storage time of particular grains is more difficult because in meandering rivers individual grains of sediment deposited along the banks may be subsequently eroded years or even millennia later—whenever the river meanders back to where the sediment was deposited. Being able to calculate the total trip times of particular bits of sediment means being able to properly model this long-term deposition-storage mechanism.
Mechanochemical Synthesis of Cerium Monosulfide

Cerium sulfides were prepared by high-energy milling of cerium and sulfur. The reaction kinetics were observed by monitoring temperature and pressure in situ. For the first time, it is demonstrated that cerium monosulfide, which has historically been produced only at very high temperatures using both toxic and flammable gases, can be produced from a stoichiometric mixture of the elemental powders at near room temperature. It is shown that the monosulfide is produced through a mechanochemically induced self-propagating reaction of intermediate compounds.
Degradation of aspartame in acidic aqueous media and its stabilization by complexation with cyclodextrins or modified cyclodextrins

Abstract The degradation of aspartame was studied under a range of conditions (pH, 2.0–4.0; ionic strength, 0.05–0.50 M; temperature, 4–50°C). The loss of aspartame and formation of its degradation products were followed by a stability-indicating isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic method that was able to separate aspartame from all known primary and some secondary reaction products. The ability of three unmodified cyclodextrins (α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins) and four modified cyclodextrins (2,6-dimethyl-, 2,3,6-trimethyl-, 2-hydroxyethyl- and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins) to lower the overall degradation rate was studied. The most effective agent was unmodified β-cyclodextrin. The stability enhancement of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin was better for a sample a lower average extent of substitution (19.2% of available hydroxyl groups substituted) compared to a sample with a higher extent of substitution (30–33% substituted), although neither was as good as β-cyclodextrin. Stabilization by complexation with β-cyclodextrin was found to be more effective at lower temperatures and at higher ionic strengths. At low temperatures (4°C), the distribution of reaction products was different from that at higher temperatures.
Delay equations with fluctuating delay related to the regenerative chatter

Abstract The mathematical models representing machine tool chatter dynamics have been cast as differential equations with delay. In this paper, non-linear delay differential equations with periodic delays which model the machine tool chatter with continuously modulated spindle speed are studied. The explicit time-dependent delay terms, due to spindle speed modulation, are replaced by state-dependent delay terms by augmenting the original equations. The augmented system of equations is autonomous and has two pairs of pure imaginary eigenvalues without resonance. The reduced bifurcation equation is obtained by making use of Lyapunov–Schmidt Reduction method. By using the reduced bifurcation equations, the periodic solutions are determined to analyze the tool motion. Analytical results show both modest increase of stability and existence of periodic solutions near the new stability boundary.
Model-Based Shape Memory Alloy Wire Ratchet Actuator Design

Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) wire ratchet actuators overcome SMA wire strain limitations by accumulating actuation stroke over multiple cycles. The underlying architecture is effective for producing large strokes from a small package, creating continuous rotation or extended displacement, and precise. It also provides discrete positioning with zero-power hold. While there have been several successful implementations of SMA ratchet actuators, most are designed ad-hoc since limited models exist to predict the stroke and force interaction during actuation cycles. Since the SMA wire actuation is highly dependent on the forces experienced through the ratchet mechanism, a model requires the prediction of the force interaction between the rack and pawl teeth along with friction in the device, and of the external force variation over actuation cycles due to the relative position change between the external system and the SMA wire. This paper presents a model-based systematic design methodology for SMA ratchet actuator which actuates position-dependent external systems. A generalized ratchet mechanism and operation sequence is introduced along with a force balance model for both austenite and martensite equilibrium to address the mechanical coupling changes. Analytical kinematic and kineto-static rack and pawl interaction models are reviewed, which feed into the force balance models. The effective stroke is evaluated by subtracting backlash from the SMA wire stroke, found through equilibrium with the mechanism and external system. This effective stroke accumulates to produce the overall actuator motion. A design methodology is suggested along with visualization methods to aid design decisions. Parametric studies expose the effects of design parameters on the SMA ratchet actuator to gain further design insight. This model-based design foundation and parametric understanding enable the synthesis of SMA wire ratchet actuators.Copyright © 2013 by ASME and General Motors
Fibrillin-1 gene mutations in left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy

Left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC) is a unique cardiomyopathy with a current yield of about 30–40 % in identifying a causative gene mutation. A retrospective review of all patients with LVNC at our institution was performed and genetic testing was reviewed. Echocardiographic and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was reviewed to corroborate the reported phenotype. We present a series of patients with LVNC dilated phenotype associated with fibrillin-1 gene mutations. Fifty-one patients were identified as having LVNC with reduced left ventricular function and/or left ventricular dilation. We retrospectively reviewed gene testing in this cohort when available and identified 5 patients (10 %) with an FBN1 gene mutation. Syndrome breakdown as follows: 3 with Marfan, 1 with Shprintzen-Goldberg, and 1 with no identifiable syndrome. Derangements in fibrillin-1 may impact the compaction process resulting in LVNC. Although causation has not been proven by our report, it certainly raises interest in a possible mechanistic relationship between fibrillin-1 and LVNC given the increased prevalence of Marfan syndrome and fibrillin-1 gene mutations in this cohort.
The association between having a first-degree family history of cancer and smoking status

Abstract Objective A diagnosis of cancer within the family provides an opportunity for smokers to adopt a health-promoting behavior. This study examines the associations between having a first-degree family history of cancer and smoking status using population-based data with a large and diverse sample. Method Cross-sectional data from the 2009 California Health Interview Survey on 47,331 adults were analyzed. Sample weights were applied to account for the survey design with results generalizable to non-institutionalized adults in California (27.4 million). Results In 2009, 3.7 million (13.6%) adults were current-smokers, 6.3 million (23.0%) were former smokers and 17.4 million (63.4%) were never-smokers. Nine-million-six-hundred-thousand (35%) had a first-degree family history of cancer. Controlling for all covariates, first-degree family history of cancer was significantly associated with being a current smoker (OR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.01–1.35) and to being a former smoker (OR = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.05–1.30). Conclusion In California, although many adults with a first-degree family history of cancer quit smoking, a significant subset still smoke which places them at higher risk for poor health outcomes. This subset represents an important target population for smoking cessation interventions.
Executive Responsiveness to Presidential Policies: The Reagan Presidency

The Reagan administration was in a very strong position to secure the responsiveness of executive agencies to its policy goals. Because of the clarity of its public philosophy, it was able to send much clearer signals as to its policy commitments than earlier administrations. The administration also subjected prospective appointees to a much more rigorous ideological screening than its predecessors. And the White House was able to build on the achievements of earlier presidents, especially Jimmy Carter, in staffing administrative agencies with ideologically compatible executives. However, these initial advantages did not enable the administration to escape the policy discord within the executive that had plagued earlier presidencies. Major executive appointees advocated and pursued policies not in accord with the ideological orientation of the White House. Moreover, even when his appointees remained loyal to Reagan's policy goals, this did not necessarily guarantee that the President's policies would prev...