cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biologically grounded predictions of species resistance and resilience to climate change.

Cole (1) remarked [it is] “axiomatic that the reproductive potentials of existing species are related to their requirements for survival”; this logic applies to understanding species’ capacities to respond to anthropogenic climate change. Extant species reflect the ghost of environments past: species traits such as physiological performance and tolerance are evolutionary products of environmental selection (2). They must also have had the right traits to weather previous cycles of climate change, a perspective generally lacking in the expansive literature exploring vulnerability to warming. Can these traits be useful in predicting relative vulnerability to ongoing climate change? The only way to know is to analyze such traits of many species in the context of current and projected climates. In PNAS, Sunday et al. (3) advance this approach with a suite of sophisticated analyses in the most comprehensive and biologically realistic assessment of organismal capacity to resist climate change to date.
Sex Steroid as a New Oracle to Predict Cardiovascular Risk

Everything we once thought we knew about the therapeutic use of estrogen for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women is wrong [(1)][1]. Everything we once knew about the role of sex in CVD is still right; men are affected a decade earlier than women. We are still enamored with the
On the quorum requirement and value selection rule for Fast Paxos

Fault tolerance is a crucial requirement for big data and cloud computing because it helps remove single point of failures. The Paxos algorithm has been employed in a number of real-world fault tolerant systems. Fast Paxos is one of the latest algorithms in the Paxos family of algorithms for distributed consensus. In Fast Paxos, an acceptor is allowed to cast a vote for a value of its own choice unilaterally in a fast round, which eliminates a communication step for reaching consensus. As a tradeoff, a bigger quorum than simple majority must be used and a value selection rule is employed to select the right value for agreement to overcome collisions. The derivation of quorum requirements and value selection rule in the original article on Fast Paxos by Lamport, while very rigorous, may be hard to follow and difficult to implement. In this paper, we present a more intuitive approach to deriving the quorum requirements and easy-to-implement value selection rule for Fast Paxos.
Effects of bombesin on temporal patterns of ingestion in the rat

Abstract Bombesin, an analog to gastrin releasing peptide, has previously been shown to inhibit food intake in the rat. In order to further characterize the effects of bombesin on ingestive behavior, the present study examined licking patterns of rats drinking sweetened condensed milk following bombesin (4 μg/kg, IP) or vehicle injection under two levels of food deprivation (0 and 24 h). Both bombesin treatment and satiety (reducing food deprivation from 24 to 0 h) significantly decreased total milk consumption during a 1-h test. Analysis of licking patterns suggested that bombesin and satiety operate by similar but not identical mechanisms. Deprivation reduction tended to decrease ingestion by reducing the rate of drinking and size of the first meal. Bombesin, by contrast, reduced the total duration of drinking and the number of meals taken, but had no effect on lick rate. Cumulative intake records suggested that bombesin reduces the volume threshold for termination of drinking such that intake continues at a normal rate below this threshold but ceases above it. This bombesin-imposed threshold for cessation of drinking was between about 5 and 7 ml for individual animals under both food-deprived and nondeprived testing conditions.
Investigation of high-T luminescence processes in ZnO nanorods grown catalytically by vapor-transport method

High-T luminescence properties of ZnO nanorods/nanowires grown on c-Si by a catalyst-assisted vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) method have been studied spectroscopically at the T-range of 123-573 K. The performed T-dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements confirm the presence of strong ultra-violet (UV) and visible emission associated with excitonic and donor-acceptor pair recombinations, respectively. A red shift in the UV peak position was analyzed within the framework of a three-parameter model, with the results suggesting a stronger role of phonons behind the band gap renormalization effect at high T. The ratio of excitonic to defect integral PL intensities was observed to increase exponentially with T which is attributed to a strong increase in the net ionization rate of deep-defects at T exceeding ∼400 K. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Unconditionally stable locally tridiagonal iterative FDTD for high loss applications

We first show the ADI numerical errors when measured against the Crank-Nicolson scheme are quadratically proportional to both the temporal discretization and lossy values. The ADI method is therefore ineffective for lossy wave propagation simulations requiring larger temporal resolution. Locally tridiagonal iterative methods are then developed to avoid such errors. Standard Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel and Successive Over-Relaxation methods can all be used. In contrast to the ADI method, numerical results demonstrate that the proposed iterative method is extremely effective for high loss problems - reaching a large CFL value limited only by the CN equations.
Syntactic Intergrowth Problems with Bcsco and Fabrication Difficulties Therefrom

EDXS performed on isolated particles of the Bi-Ca-Sr-Cu-O high-temperature ceramic superconductor has verified the presence of significant elemental exchange between the Ca and Sr, and, to a lesser extent, between Cu and Bi. Two primary preparations, identified as primarily 24.4 A and 30.6 A, respectively, are identified. The Cu:Bi ratio in the 30.6 A material is approximately 1:1 for most particles, although only a few particles of the nominally 24.4 A material have the expected 1:2 ratio. No unequivocal assignment of atomic composition to the predominantly 24.4 A or 30.6 A appears possible, if major syntactic problems are present.
Changes in upper limb joint torque patterns and EMG signals with fatigue following a stroke.

Purpose : Little is known concerning changes in neuromuscular fatigue following a stroke. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a stroke on fatigue-related changes in upper limb torque patterns and electromyographic signals. Method : The paretic and non-paretic upper limb of 10 adults (51 - 79 years) who had a stroke (time since stroke: 3 - 75 months) were compared. Subjects had to perform a fatigue task consisting of a sustained maximal isometric contraction in elbow flexion until torque decreased to below 50% of initial. The main variables of interest assessed before, during and after fatigue were: (1) the torque in elbow flexion, as well as associated forces/torques at the shoulder and forearm; (2) the level of voluntary activation; (3) the amplitude (RMS); and (4) frequency content (median frequency) of electromyographic signals. Results : Compared to the non-paretic side, the paretic side showed a lower level of voluntary activation and higher relative torque levels at the forearm a...
Human nucleotide excision repair protein XPA: Extended X‐ray absorption fine‐structure evidence for a metal‐binding domain

The ubiquitous, multi-enzyme, nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway is responsible for correcting a wide range of chemically and structurally distinct DNA lesions in the eukaryotic genome. Human XPA, a 31 kDa, zinc-associated protein, is thought to play a major NER role in the recognition of damaged DNA and the recruitment of other proteins, including RPA, ERCC1, and TFIIH, to repair the damage. Sequence analyses and genetic evidence suggest that zinc is associated with a C4-type motif, C105-X2-C108-X17-C126-X2-C129, located in the minimal DNA binding region of XPA (M98-F219). The zinc-associated motif is essential for damaged DNA recognition. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra collected on the zinc associated minimal DNA-binding domain of XPA (ZnXPA-MBD) show directly, for the first time, that the zinc is coordinated to the sulfur atoms of four cysteine residues with an average Zn-S bond length of 2.34+/-0.01 A. XPA-MBD was also expressed in minimal medium supplemented with cobalt nitrate to yield a blue-colored protein that was primarily (>95%) cobalt associated (CoXPA-MBD). EXAFS spectra collected on CoXPA-MBD show that the cobalt is also coordinated to the sulfur atoms of four cysteine residues with an average Co-S bond length of 2.33+/-0.02 A.
A content propagation metric for efficient content distribution

Efficient content distribution in large networks comprising datacenters, end hosts, and distributed in-network caches is a difficult problem. Existing systems rely on mechanisms and metrics that fail to effectively utilize all available sources of bandwidth in the network. This paper presents a novel metric, called the Content Propagation Metric (CPM), for quantitatively evaluating the marginal benefit of available bandwidth to competing consumers, enabling efficient utilization of the bandwidth resource. The metric is simple to implement, imposes only a modest overhead, and can be retrofitted easily into existing content distribution systems. We have designed and implemented a high-performance content distribution system, called V-Formation, based on the CPM. The CPM guides V-Formation toward a global allocation of bandwidth that maximizes the aggregate download bandwidth of consumers. Results from a PlanetLab deployment and extensive simulations show that V-Formation achieves high aggregate bandwidth and that the CPM enables hosts to converge quickly on a stable allocation of resources in a wide range of deployment scenarios.
Health Care Choices in the United States and the Constrained Consumer: A Marketing Systems Perspective on Access and Assortment in Health Care

One of the great American success stories of the twentieth century was the victory of medicine over disease. Its success relied on the emergence of a marketing system that delivered and managed health care. Yet, for all the success of the U.S. health care marketing system, there persists a consumption constraint of access—namely, access for whom and access to what. The purpose of this essay is to explore the effects of marketing systems on provisioning and constraining consumption and to understand the role of public policy in overcoming the constraints in marketing systems.
Energy Assessments in Iron Foundries

The U.S. metal-casting industry has undergone two decades of consolidation and overseas competition that has left it leaner, smarter, and more competitive. Energy use in particular has re-eived a l...
A robotic system for monitoring carp in Minnesota lakes

Robotic sensor networks (RSNs) find increasing use in environmental monitoring as they can collect data from obscure, hard-to-reach places over long periods of time. This work reports progress in building a network of small, lightweight robotic rafts that will be used to monitor common carp tagged with radio transmitters across Minnesota lakes. We describe the design and architecture of the robotic raft and demonstrate the robustness of our waypoint navigation algorithm through field tests conducted in various lakes. We also present results from experiments aimed at localizing tagged fish. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Migration and life histories of the threespine stickleback: evidence for adaptive variation in growth rate between populations

Migratory fishes should exhibit higher growth rates and larger body size than nonmigrants. To test this hypothesis, laboratory reared threespine sticklebacks,Gasterosteus aculeatus, representing three populations from a single drainage in northern California, U.S.A. were compared. These populations differ in their migratory patterns, ranging from highly migratory anadromous forms to nonmigratory freshwater residents. The nonmigratory ‘inland’ population was significantly smaller in standard length at most ages, with correspondingly reduced growth rates compared to the more migratory ‘upstream’ and ‘estuary’ populations. Von Bertalanffy growth functions described the growth trajectories of these fish well, accounting for approximately 99% of the variance in body size exhibited by these populations. Broad sense heritability estimates for body size were significant for all three populations at age 60 days but were significant only for the inland population at later ages. The results of this study provide evidence of genetically-based variation in growth rate and body size among these stickleback populations, and these differences are consistent with the hypothesis that adaptation to different migratory lifestyles has occurred.
The ends justify the means: The ethical reasoning of environmental public interest groups and their actions

There has been a documented, growing radicalism in the actions of some environmental public interest groups in recent years. In particular, groups pursuing the rights of animals and groups working for the environment have increased their militancy and action. What strikes these authors as curious is the total lack of debate and scholarly inquiry within the management profession over the ethics and tactics of these groups. The purpose of this analysis is to explore the ethics of public interest group activity, offer reasons for the lack of analysis by management researchers, and propose a modest research agenda for future investigations into the ethics of public interest groups.
A Capacitance Sensor for Two-Phase Liquid Film Thickness Measurements in a Square Duct

The use of capacitance sensors for measuring liquid film thickness or phase concentration in two-phase flow has gained popularity in recent years. In designing such sensors, there are many issues which must be considered in order to optimize performance : desired temporal and spatial resolution, two-phase flow regime, permittivity of the phases, duct geometry, electrical shielding, and temperature variation in the flow field. These issues are discussed, and the design of a 12.7 mm square cross section capacitance sensor which measures liquid film thickness in either stratified or annular two-phase flow is presented. Using a composite material analysis and an effective permittivity ratio, predictive relations for capacitance as a function of liquid film thickness have been derived for stratified and annular film patterns. The analysis eliminates the need for calibrating the sensor for stratified and annular flow regimes. Optical measurements of liquid film thickness using a high resolution CCD camera are compared against those using the capacitance sensor in conjunction with the predictive relations.
Microscopic theory of the local dynamics in 2-1-4 high-Tc superconductors

Abstract The local Jahn–Teller dynamics of the CuO 6 octahedra are explored using the conventional Jahn–Teller effect approach. The vibronic interaction of the symmetrized and hybridized electronic states with the doubly degenerate vibrations leads to four local minima of monoclinic symmetry. These results are in agreement with experimental neutron scattering data. While the obtained local minima and their combinations could be used to represent the overall crystal structure, they are different from the previously calculated free-energy minima of the crystal.
Structural characterization of the chordae tendineae in native porcine mitral valves.

Background This study was aimed to characterize the different mitral valve chordae tendineae to provide additional understanding of their function. Methods Mitral valve chordae tendineae from fresh porcine hearts were stained for collagen and elastin using either a Verhoeff and van Gieson stain or Verhoeff light green stain. Cellular distribution was determined using a hematoxylin and eosin stain. Immunohistochemistry was used to verify the findings of vasculature. Biochemical assays were performed to quantify DNA, collagen, and elastin content of each of the six different types of chordae tendineae. Results Blood vessels were observed in the longitudinal and circumferential directions of the chordae. The strut chordae on the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve showed an increased degree of vascularization compared with the other chordae. All chordae had an inner layer characterized by a high concentration of collagen and an outer layer that was mostly elastin with interwoven collagen fibers. The collagen microstructure was characterized by directional crimping. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed fibroblasts evenly distributed throughout the inner and outer layer of the chordae tendineae. Quantitative analysis showed significantly higher levels of DNA and collagen content in the anterior and posterior marginal chordae compared with the other chordae. Conclusions The chordae tendineae were seen to have different microstructures according to chordal type. The presence of vessels characterized the chordae tendineae as complex living components that work in coordination with the papillary muscles and mitral valve leaflets to prevent mitral valve prolapse and regurgitation. They may also function to supply nutrients to the valve leaflets.
Closure of bronchopleural fistulas using Albumin-Glutaraldehyde tissue adhesive

Bronchopleural fistulas are a life-threatening complication of pulmonary resection. A 21-year-old woman developed a large bronchopleural fistula after undergoing a pneumonectomy for carcinoid tumor. Despite bronchial stump revision and omental coverage, the fistula recurred. The second patient is a 42-year-old woman with a history of multiple thoracotomies who developed a bronchopleural fistula following aortic root replacement. Using either rigid bronchoscopy or thoracoscopy, these fistulas were evaluated and sealed with an albumin-glutaraldehyde tissue adhesive that may have improved strength and biocompatibility compared with other tissue sealants. This approach may be an effective alternative in the treatment of bronchopleural fistulas.
On the dynamic performance of roller bearings operating under low rotational speeds with consideration of surface roughness

Abstract The dynamic behavior of radially-loaded roller bearings operating at high loads and low speeds with different surface roughness values is investigated. The simulations take into account different lubrication regimes (rigid solid–isoviscous, elastic solid–isoviscous, rigid solid–piezoviscous and elastic solid–piezoviscous) in the loaded and unloaded sections of the bearing. The simulation results provide a detailed understanding of the variation of the film thickness, wear rate and heat generation between the rollers and the raceways as the rollers travel in the orbital direction. Simulation results reveal that an increase in the radial load results in a proportional increase in the wear rate and an exponential increase in the heat generation, although it does not affect the film thickness noticeably.
SIMULATION AND EXPLANATION IN NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND BEYOND

(1999). SIMULATION AND EXPLANATION IN NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND BEYOND. Cognitive Neuropsychology: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 49-72.
Integrating pulmonary rehabilitation into the multidisciplinary management of lung cancer: a review.

Summary Introduction Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer related deaths. It is increasingly recognized that a multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and management of patients with lung cancer represents the ideal model for health care delivery. Given the high incidence of comorbid lung disease in lung cancer patients, strategies targeted at improving or optimizing these conditions may improve outcomes. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) has proven to be a useful management strategy for patients with chronic lung diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary hypertension. Discussion PR improves both exercise capacity and dyspnea. The effects of PR have also been studied in patients with lung cancer prior to and following surgical resection. Investigators have demonstrated significant improvements in six minute walk distance and lower extremity strength. In addition, patient recovery time is shorter when inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation is integrated prior to or following surgery. There are also positive reports regarding the benefits of exercise training in lung cancer patients receiving definite chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Pilot studies have demonstrated improvement in dyspnea scores as well as exercise capacity objectively measured by six minute walk distance. PR also offers an educational component in which patients have the opportunity to be educated regarding management of their disease as well as discuss goals of care. Conclusion PR can be included as the standard of care for patients with advanced lung cancer with the goal of optimizing quality of life. Here, we provide a review of the current knowledge regarding PR in the management of patients with lung cancer.
MUSE: asset risk scoring in enterprise network with mutually reinforced reputation propagation

Cyber security attacks are becoming ever more frequent and sophisticated. Enterprises often deploy several security protection mechanisms, such as anti-virus software, intrusion detection/prevention systems, and firewalls, to protect their critical assets against emerging threats. Unfortunately, these protection systems are typically ‘noisy’, e.g., regularly generating thousands of alerts every day. Plagued by false positives and irrelevant events, it is often neither practical nor cost-effective to analyze and respond to every single alert. The main challenges faced by enterprises are to extract important information from the plethora of alerts and to infer potential risks to their critical assets. A better understanding of risks will facilitate effective resource allocation and prioritization of further investigation. In this paper, we present MUSE, a system that analyzes a large number of alerts and derives risk scores by correlating diverse entities in an enterprise network. Instead of considering a risk as an isolated and static property pertaining only to individual users or devices, MUSE exploits a novel mutual reinforcement principle and models the dynamics of risk based on the interdependent relationship among multiple entities. We apply MUSE on real-world network traces and alerts from a large enterprise network consisting of more than 10,000 nodes and 100,000 edges. To scale up to such large graphical models, we formulate the algorithm using a distributed memory abstraction model that allows efficient in-memory parallel computations on large clusters. We implement MUSE on Apache Spark and demonstrate its efficacy in risk assessment and flexibility in incorporating a wide variety of datasets.
The utilization of the Wilcoxon test to compare forecasting methods: A note

Abstract The selection of forecasting methods is a complicated issue. The situation is created by the need to identify the best method for a time series. Criteria for selection must be defined. If the sole criterion is accuracy, then a comparison of two forecasting methods can be made by testing them ex post while utilizing the time series. Care should be exercised in the selection of the accuracy metric. A statistical test should be made to determine if the results are significantly different. The test recommended is the Wilcoxson test since it is less restrictive to the nature of the error and less susceptible to outliers.
Interleukin-1 stimulates ovarian prostaglandin biosynthesis: evidence for heterologous contact-independent cell-cell interaction.

An increasing body of information now suggests the existence of a complete intraovarian IL-1 system replete with ligands, receptor, and receptor antagonist. Since IL-1 is an established mediator of inflammation and since ovulation may constitute an inflammatory-like reaction, consideration may be given to the possibility that IL-1 may play an intermediary role in the ovulatory process. To further assess the above hypothesis, we have set out to determine whether IL-1 is capable of promoting ovarian prostaglandin biosynthesis, an established component of the ovulatory cascade. Cultured whole ovarian dispersates from immature (25 day old) rats constitutively elaborated major prostaglandin species (PGE2 greater than PGF2 alpha) in a cell density-dependent fashion. Treatment with IL-1 produced dose-dependent increments in prostaglandin (PGE2 greater than PGF2 alpha) accumulation as compared with untreated controls. Comparable cellular densities of untreated or IL-1 beta-treated whole ovarian dispersates elabor...
Basic money-counting skills of children with mental retardation

The thought processes involved in counting and comparing small amounts of money among children and adolescents with Down syndrome (n = 17), other children and adolescents with mental retardation of unknown etiologies (n = 17), and normally developing first graders (n = 15) were examined. Three different tasks that progressively reduced the cognitive demands placed on the children were used. Although not generally different from each other, the two groups of children with mental retardation had far greater difficulties with the tasks than normals. Also, as the complexity of the counting task increased, the number of comparison errors made by the children with mental retardation increased. Based on the findings, a program for teaching money principles to children with mental retardation was proposed.
Near-IR Multiplex Bandpass Spectrometer Utilizing Liquid Molecular Filters

A simple near-infrared spectrometer is described which uses common liquids as near-IR spectral filters. Each filter substance passes multiple bands of near-IR radiation. This new type of spectrometer offers simplicity, cost advantages, and enhanced throughput. The high throughput is useful for ensuring the high signal-to-noise ratio typically needed for chemometrics. The high throughput also allows the use of longer sample pathlengths. The performance of the spectrometer is demonstrated in the determination of methanol through a 1-cm pathlength of water and in the determination of trace amounts of water in organic solvents such as propylene glycol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Best-case detection limits were 0.02% (w/w) methanol in water, 0.0006% water in DMSO, and 0.004% water in propylene glycol.
Barriers associated with the failure to return for intrauterine device insertion following first-trimester abortion.

Abstract Background The aim of the study was to identify barriers associated with the failure to return for delayed intrauterine device (IUD) insertion postabortion. Study Design This study had two components: (a) a retrospective cohort study of women who chose an IUD as their postabortion contraceptive method to compare characteristics of those who did and did not receive a device within 6 months of the procedure and (b) a prospective survey of women intending IUD use postabortion to assess actual IUD use at 6 weeks, barriers to access and attitudes on insertion timing. Results Of the 500 abortion patient charts available for review during the study period, 53 women intended IUD use postabortion. At 6 months, only 32% intending an IUD received one, and there were no significant demographic differences between the groups. For the prospective portion, the response rate at 6 weeks was 54% (27/50), with only 26% (7/27) of responders reporting IUD insertion by this time. The principal reported barrier to IUD insertion was time needed for an additional visit (41%). Most women (67%) desired immediate insertion and believed that they would be more likely to have an IUD inserted if it is performed immediately postabortion (63%). Monthly income was the only statistically significant difference between those who responded to the 6-week follow-up (US$1409.50) and those who did not (US$937.50, p=.05). Conclusion A significant number of women that express a preference for IUD use after first-trimester abortion do not return to obtain a device. Most would prefer to have the option of immediate insertion.
Social skills training in a depressed, visually impaired older adult

A multiple baseline design was used to assess the effects of social skills training (SST) in a 65-year-old woman suffering from major depression and severe macular degeneration. Responses to role-played scenarios requiring assertiveness, in vivo request for assistance and social involvement, self-reported assertiveness, depression, and happiness were repeatedly recorded during baseline, treatment, and follow-up phases. Results showed progressive improvement in targeted social skills with SST in both clinic and home settings. Concurrent with enhanced levels of social skill were dramatic decreases of depression to a nonclinical level. Improved skill levels and diminished Geriatric Depression Scale scores were maintained during the 7-month follow-up period, except at the 6 month assessment after which booster treatment was applied to reinstate maximum improvement.
A Novel Equivalent Circuit Model of Linear Induction Motors Considering Static and Dynamic End Effects

A novel steady-state equivalent circuit model for linear induction motors is presented in this paper. The novelty resides in classification and inclusion of end effects that are considered static and dynamic, namely as speed-independent and speed-dependent end effects. The Duncan model is used to address the dynamic end effect and appropriately modified to account for the saturation of back iron. The static end effect, which manifests itself by the alternating field component, is represented by an additional circuit branch similar to the branches of the motor with an alternating magnetic field. Each type of end effect is modeled and included separately. The results regarding determination of basic performance characteristics are compared with those obtained from finite element (FE) simulation. The procedure to identify the parameters of this circuit using a FE model is also presented.
Delayed cutaneous fluid leak from the puncture hole after removal of an epidural catheter

Summary A case of u dcluyed but persistent cutaneous j'iuid leak ,from u puncture hole following removal qf un epidurul catheter is presented. The ,fluid M'US subsequently ,jiiund not to he cerebrospinal but interstitial oedema jluid. This case demonstrates the importance ofpert:forming simple investigations on any such juid before ordering more complex tests.
New three-component aqueous base developable negative-resist systems incorporating chemical amplification and tunable sensitivities

A series of new polyfunctional latent electrophiles capable of acting as crosslinkers in the photoimaging of aromatic polymers has been prepared and tested in chemically amplified photoresist formulations. Extremely high sensitivities have been achieved with a variety of modes of irradiations: deep-UV (DUV) (ca. 0.1 - 0.3 mJ/cm2), E-beam (< 1 (mu) C/cm2) and x ray (ca. 15 mJ/cm2). In some cases, the sensitivities of these materials are so high that they have surpassed the capabilities of many existing exposure tools, making it desirable to lower them. This can be achieved through the addition of an electron rich species to the resist formulations to partially capture the photogenerated acid. It was shown that there is a linear correlation between the amount of additive and the sensitivities of the resulting resists.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Carcinoma at the site of ureterosigmoidostomy.

A 31-year-old woman who had undergone bilateral ureterosig-moidostomy at age five had a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma at the anastomotic site that was not detected by preoperative studies or intraoperative palpation. The authors review other reports of anastomotic carcinoma occurring after ureterosigmoidostomy for benign disease and recommend a diagnostic protocol. Whenever the urine is diverted away from the sigmoidostomy (rediversion), the anastomotic site should be resected. Ureterosigmoidostomy should be undertaken only with the understanding that meticulous long-term follow-up is mandatory.
Age-Related Susceptibility to Infection with Canine Distemper Virus in Gnotobiotic Dogs

The influence of age on the susceptibility of gnotobiotic dogs to infection with virulent canine distemper virus (R252-CDV) was studied. Of the dogs infected at less than one week of age, 85% died of acute encephalitis two to five weeks after infection. In contrast, only 28.5% of infected weanling and 33.3% of infected adult dogs died after receiving inoculations of R252-CDV. Furthermore, about one-half of the fatally infected wean!ing dogs developed chronic encephalitis characterized by infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells in areas where demyelination of the central nervous system had occurred. Age-related susceptibility correlated with in vitro responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytomitogens. The results of this study suggest that physio!ogical immaturity of the immune system of neonatal dogs may account for their increased susceptibility to infection with CDV.
Thermal damage quantification from tissue birefringence image analysis

Decreased collagen or cardiac muscle birefringence in transmission polarizing microscopy is an observable measure of damaged tissue concentration. Accordingly, monochrome images of thermally damaged tissue exhibiting decreased birefringence provide important information about the tissue thermal history, which is often extremely difficult to measure globally during an experiment. Thus, a damage quantification algorithm based on monochrome tissue images exhibiting decreased values corresponding to estimated temperature distributions. The algorithm consists of initially time-averaging several video frames of the microscopic tissue image to reduce additive noise components and an additional multiplicative correction for optical nonuniformities. Subsequently, morphological close-opening and mean filtering of the tissue image is performed using a unit gain arbitrarily-sized square template, followed by background subtraction and scaling, producing the components required for the damage computation according to the volume fraction kinetic damage model. The algorithm has been applied to tissue images derived from an experimental protocol generating approximately linear thermal gradients along the axis perpendicular to the tissue surface plane and constant temperatures in the plane parallel to the tissue surface. The resulting thermally exposed tissue specimens exhibit decreased birefringence in damaged regions which is quantified and delineated automatically by this algorithm. Give the damage value at a specified tissue position, the temperature was also estimated. These temperature estimates approximate finite difference method numerical models of the experiment.
Influence of Abundance and Size of Age-0 Gizzard Shad on Predator Diets, Diet Overlap, and Growth

Abstract Relationships among age-0 gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum and their predators were examined over 5 years (1987–1991) in Pomme de Terre and Stockton lakes, Missouri. to determine the influence of gizzard shad abundance and size on diets, diet overlap, and growth of predators. Within years, temporal changes in age-0 gizzard shad size affected predator diets and diet overlap of predators more than abundance. Age-0 gizzard shad were not important as prey until they grew larger than 25 mm total length, even though larval densities were much higher. They were the most common prey for most predators during June through October and diet overlap among predators was usually highest during that period. Lengths of age-0 gizzard shad ingested by predators resembled those available in the reservoirs throughout much of the season except in early summer, when predators ingested larger-than-average individuals, and in the fall, when smaller predators ingested smaller-than-average individuals. Among years, variat...
Velocity-coupled flow oscillations in a simulated solid-propellant rocket environment

A comprehensive numerical analysis has been carried out to study the unsteady flowfields in a simulated rocket-motor environment. The model is based on the time-dependent compressible Navier-Stokes equations with a two-equation turbulence closure scheme. Various important aspects of the coupling between acoustic oscillations and mean flowfields, including flow reversal, modification of transport properties, etc., are addressed. Results indicate that multi-dimensional effects play important roles in determining local flow structures and wave characteristics. In much of the domain, acoustic velocity nodal points are observed in the near-wall region. The classical one-dimensional theory fails to describe several important mechanisms associated with velocity-induced flow instabilities.
Efficient intratracheal delivery of airway epithelial cells in mice and pigs

Cellular therapy via direct intratracheal delivery has gained interest as a novel therapeutic strategy for treating various pulmonary diseases including cystic fibrosis lung disease. However, concerns such as insufficient cell engraftment in lungs and lack of large animal model data remain to be resolved. This study aimed to establish a simple method for evaluating cell retention in lungs and to develop reproducible approaches for efficient cell delivery into mouse and pig lungs. Human lung epithelial cells including normal human bronchial/tracheal epithelial (NHBE) cells and human lung epithelial cell line A549 were infected with pSicoR-green fluorescent protein (GFP) lentivirus. GFP-labeled NHBE cells were delivered via a modified intratracheal cell instillation method into the lungs of C57BL/6J mice. Two days following cell delivery, GFP ELISA-based assay revealed a substantial cell-retention efficiency (10.48 ± 2.86%, n = 7) in mouse lungs preinjured with 2% polidocanol. When GFP-labeled A549 cells were transplanted into Yorkshire pig lungs with a tracheal intubation fiberscope, a robust initial cell attachment (22.32% efficiency) was observed at 24 h. In addition, a lentiviral vector was developed to induce the overexpression and apical localization of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-GFP fusion proteins in NHBE cells as a means of ex vivo CFTR gene transfer in nonprogenitor (relatively differentiated) lung epithelial cells. These results have demonstrated the convenience and efficiency of direct delivery of exogenous epithelial cells to lungs in mouse and pig models and provided important background for future preclinical evaluation of intratracheal cell transplantation to treat lung diseases.
Laplace Transforms for the Economic Analysis of Deterministic Problems in Engineering

(1971). Laplace Transforms for the Economic Analysis of Deterministic Problems in Engineering. The Engineering Economist: Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 247-263.
Clock Error with a Wiener Predictor and by Numerical Calculation

This paper gives a closed-form solution for the minimum error one can expect from a linear prediction filter applied to a clock for which the fractional frequency power spectrum consists of white noise and the integral of white noise. Measurement error is also included. Expressing the problem as a Wiener filter rather than a Kalman filter simplifies the solution. The Kalman matrices in the Wiener representation are diagonal. This permits one to derive the optimum linear filter directly from the spectrum. Since the spectrum of flicker noise is not rational, no closed-form Wiener solution is possible. It is demonstrated, however, that all error terms including flicker can be taken into account by a technique of numerical integration in the frequency domain. The technique is valid for any filter for which the integrals, and consequently the error, do not diverge. It is shown that every first-order prediction filter with two poles must have the form of the Wiener filter, except for the position of the poles. A special case of this filter is shown to be the first-order exponential predictive filter. The error can be expressed in powers of the prediction time, with four coefficients, one for each spectral term. The values of these coefficients were calculated and plotted for the first-order exponential filter. These coefficients were used to calculate the error for three clocks. The results are plotted for prediction times of two hours and one day.
In-Hospital Mortality and Economic Burden Associated With Hepatic Encephalopathy in the United States From 2005 to 2009

Background & Aims Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a major complication of cirrhosis that causes substantial mortality and utilization of resources. Methods We analyzed 5 cycles of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, conducted between 2005 and 2009, to determine national estimates of incidence, prevalence, inpatient mortality, severity of illness, and resource utilization for inpatients with HE. Results The yearly inpatient incidence of HE ranged from 20,918 (2005) to 22,931 (2009) ( P = .2226), comprising approximately 0.33% of all hospitalizations in the United States. Over the 5-year period of analysis, mortality of inpatients with HE remained relatively stable, at 14.13%–15.61% ( P = .062); however, the proportion of patients with major and extreme severity of illness increased ( P P = .019). The average total inpatient charges increased from $46,663 to $63,108 per case ( P P Conclusions Resource utilization increased from 2005 to 2009 for patients discharged from US hospitals with the diagnosis of HE. The inpatient mortality rate, however, remained stable, despite a trend toward more severe disease.
What should not be reported as atypia in urine cytology

The term "atypia," although not well characterized, is widely used in diagnostic surgical and cytopathology. Because there are no guidelines regarding when to use this term, in the majority of cases, it is used as a "wastebasket." This definitely applies to urine cytology, where the reported rate of atypia ranges from 1.9% to 23%. This review lists a number of cytomorphologic findings in urine cytology that are associated with known and specific causes. Urine specimens in which the morphologic changes can be attributed to particular etiologic factors should no longer be classified as "atypical." These include urine specimens showing reactive umbrella cells or seminal vesicle cells, reactive changes due to stones, cytologic changes characteristic of infectious processes or therapy effect, instrumented urines with pseudopapillary clusters, and urinary diversion specimens.
Ultraviolet photonic crystal lasers

We have fabricated two-dimensional photonic crystal lasers with high-quality zinc oxide films by focus ion beam etching and thermal annealing. Lasing oscillation occurs in the localized defect modes at room temperature under optical pumping.
On the presence of plasmalogens in developing rat embryos.

Abstract 1. 1. Ethanolamine plasmalogens were found to constitute as much as 30% of the total 1,2-diradyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine in the early rat embryo. 2. 2. Qualitative and quantitative analysis revealed that the relative amount of ethanolamine phospholipid present in the rat embryo as ethanolamine-plasmalogen remained fairly constant during the period of organogenesis. 3. 3. Fetal brain was found to contain relatively more ethanolamine-plasmalogen that did fetal liver. 4. 4. Ethanolamine-plasmalogens extracted from early embryos contain relatively less 16:0 alk-1-enyl groups and relatively more 18:1 alk-1-enyl groups than did older embryos. 5. 5. These data substantiate the presence of ethanolamine-plasmalogens in the mammalian embryo.
Cell death patterns and accumulation of fluorescent material in the hypersensitive response of soybean leaves to Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea

Small groups of 1 to 5 necrotic plant cells were observed in resistant soybean leaves 9 h after inoculation with high concentrations of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea cells that eventually caused confluent hypersensitive necrosis. Similar cell death patterns were observed 24 h after inoculation with low bacterial concentrations which elicited no visible hypersensitive response. Dead cells were efficiently detected in fresh tissue by their inability to concentrate sodium fluorescein, a fluorescent vital stain. In compatible tissue, microscopic cell death was not observed until 24 to 36 h after inoculation with high concentrations of bacteria and appeared as large zones of necrosis comprising more than 100 cells. Microscopic cell death in the incompatible response was inhibited by blasticidin S, a protein synthesis inhibitor in soybean, therefore suggesting that the processes leading to host cell death are dependent on translational events. Autofluorescent material accumulated only in hypersensitive collapsed mesophyll cells of leaves inoculated with incompatible bacterial races. Preliminary evidence suggests that the autofluorescence may be due to accumulation of the phytoalexin, glyceollin. The autofluorescent material also accumulated in hypersensitive necrotic cells of visibly symptomless soybean leaves inoculated with low concentrations of incompatible bacteria, thus suggesting that phytoalexin accumulation and hypersensitive cell death are normal components of resistance.
Control of linear systems in parallel

A technique is presented for the design of optimum linear control laws for systems in parallel: a primary system with a state vector x1, and a secondary system with a state vector x2 which is not weighted in the performance integral. The procedure entails calculating the gain matrix K1 for the primary system alone, using this gain matrix to determine the gain matrix K2 for the secondary system, and finally modifying K1 to obtain the required gain matrix K1 for the primary system with the secondary system present. The procedure is illustrated with the design of a control law for positioning the center of mass of a two-mass, spring connected system.
A temperature-dependent latent-period in the aggregation of sickle-cell deoxyhemoglobin.

Summary No viscosity differences have been found between the oxy and deoxy forms of hemoglobins A and S, or between like forms of the mutant and normal proteins prior to gelation of the HbS. However, measurements at concentrations up to 22 g/100 ml, at temperatures between 13.6° and 25.0°, show that no increase in viscosity occurs for periods between a few minutes at 25° to more than 14 hours at 13.6° after raising the temperature from 2°. When the viscosity finally rises, gelling occurs in 15 minutes or less. The length of the slow latent period depends strongly on temperature (indicating an energy of activation of over 60,000 calories), but the velocity of the faster process of viscosity-increase does not appear to depend on temperature. The dependence on concentration of the rates of the latent period reaction suggest a highly concerted process of aggregation without loss of compactness or radical change in molecular shape. An alternative mechanism, based on branched chain formation is also described.