cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential sputter yield profiles of molybdenum due to bombardment by low energy xenon ions at normal and oblique incidence

We report differential sputter yield measurements for Xe+ ions incident on molybdenum for ion incidence angles of 0°, 15°, 30° and 45°, and ion energies of 250, 350, 500 and 750 eV. The angularly resolved profiles are obtained with a quartz crystal microbalance that is moved to a series of locations above the target. Total sputter yields found by integrating the differential sputter yields are in accord with the literature values. For normally incident ions the profiles are under-cosine, while for obliquely incident ions the profiles show azimuthal variation with pronounced forward sputtering lobes. We discuss the use of published expressions from Zhang and Zhang (2004 Radiat. Eff. Defects Solids 159 301–7) for describing the measured profiles. We find that the profiles can be reasonably described with these expressions by using two free parameters: the total sputter yield (Y) and a characteristic energy (E*). We compare changes in angular sputtering profiles from lightly versus heavily sputtered targets.
Parametric Energy Conversion in Distributed Systems

Traveling wave type parametric amplifiers have been proposed which utilize transmission lines having reactance varied by a propagating wave. An analysis indicates that in systems with little or no dispersion, pumping will not result in exponential gain of an applied signal but in a conversion of energy to a multiplicity of cross-product frequencies. Two physical models of such wide-band systems are discussed and the special case of a zero-dispersion line is analyzed. The results indicate that although the total energy increases exponentially with distance, the wave becomes extremely rich in high frequencies. Although such systems would not be useful as amplifiers, use as frequency converters is suggested.
Size assortment in mixed-species groups of juvenile-phase striped parrotfish (Scarus iserti) in The Bahamas

Striped parrotfish (Scarus iserti) often form heterospecific groups with other reef fishes. In this study, we examined the species and body size composition of these groups on reefs in The Bahamas. Groups averaged approximately 4 S. iserti and 2 associated species, with surgeonfish (Acanthurus chirurgus and A. bahianus), slippery dick (Halichoeres bivittatus), and bluehead wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum) as the most common associates. Fewer groups than expected had only 1 associate; groups with 3 or more associates were more common than expected. Both the S. iserti and associated species tended to be closely size-matched within a group, perhaps due to benefits of size assortment in lowering predation risk. Likewise, the high frequency of groups with greater than a single associate species suggests that associates may benefit from not being the only phenotypically different individual in a group.
MEASUREMENT OF ROD-AND-FRAME TEST PERFORMANCE

Summry.-Data from 50 male and 50 female adult volunteers were analyzed for reliability and validity of three alternative scoring systems for the Rod and Frame Test, an absolute scoring system and two alternative algebraic scoring systems. Subjects took the Rod and Frame Test, Portable Rod . and Frame Test, and the Embedded Figures Test. Absolute and algebraic frameeffect scores were reliable and valid. Rod-effect algebraic scores were less reliable and valid. Correlations were higher for females and correlations with the Embedded Figures Test were so low that the interchangeability of these field articulation measures is questionable. Witkin's Rod and Frame Test has been widely used as a measure of field articulation or field dependence. Originally Witkin and his colleagues gave the test in three series: four trials with the subjects in an upright position and eight trials with the body tilted (half to the left, half to the right of vertical). More recently, Witkin and his colleagues recommend omitting the body-tilt trials and using eight upright trials with frame tilted. Scores are based on the average of absolute errors in rod placement and are interpreted as a measure of cognitive style. Large errors are said to reflect field dependence and low errors field independence (Witkin, Dyk, Faterson, Goodenough, & Karp, 1974). Other widely used measures of field articulation are the Portable Rod and Frame Test (Oltman, 1968) and the Embedded Figures Test (Witkin, Oltman, Raskin, & Karp, 197 1 ) . Traditional rod-and-frame scoring methods have been challenged. Nyborg (1974) and Nyborg and Isakson (1979) sugest that scores be based upon signed deviations from upright (rather than absolute errors) and separately reflect distractions related to the rod (a rod effect) and the frame (a frame effect). Signed deviations allow random errors to cancel each other, better reflecting consistent dependency on the rod or frame, respectively. They recommend a term (based upon the average signed error) that corrects for constant errors or response sets, so hat truly rod- or frame-dependent subjects are discriminated from people with consistent tendencies to set the rod to the - right or left or upright. An alternative signed scoring system takes into account whether the subject's rod-placement tilts in the direction of the frame (positive sign) or against the direction of the frame (negative sign). Morell (1976) has used this method for scoring the portable task. Fine (1980) points out that such
Comparisons of the hydraulics of water flows in Martian outflow channels with flows of similar scale on earth

The hydraulics of channelized water flows on Mars and the resulting sediment transport rates are calculated, and similar computations are performed for such terrestrial analogs as the Mississippi River and the catastrophic Lake Missoula floods that formed the Channeled Scabland in eastern Washington State. The morphologies of deep-sea channels formed by catastrophic turbidity currents are compared with the Martian channels, many similarities are pointed out, and the hydraulics of the various flows are compared. The results indicate that the velocities, discharges, bottom shear stresses, and sediment-transport capacity of water flows along the Martian channels would be comparable to those of the oceanic turbidity currents and the Lake Missoula floods. It is suggested that the submarine canyons from which turbidity currents originate are the terrestrial counterparts to the chaotic-terrain areas or craters that serve as sources for many of the Martian channels.
Amazing Grace: A Journey of Health, Hope, and Healing

Professional Issues Poster Presentation Background Providing culturally sensitive care poses many challenges, including communication difficulties, unfamiliar customs, family dynamics, and dietary variations. Understanding and accepting the culture of the patient is as important as understanding her health concerns. “Grace” provided us with a beautiful example of that lesson. Grace immigrated to the United States from Liberia in 2004. She suffered the loss of most of her family during the war and her only daughter accompanied her to their new home. She brought with her many challenges and strengths. Case Grace came to the clinic at 16‐week gestation and extensive testing revealed the fetus had multiple life‐threatening anomalies. Numerous clinicians attempted to inform and advise her regarding the viability of her pregnancy, but Grace believed God would not give her an infant with a problem, and if the infant was sick she would feel sick too. She refused to return to the Maternal Fetal Medicine clinic and declined to participate in any planning for the birth and care of the neonate. The team knew a lethal fetal anomaly was present, and we all grew more anxious and frustrated in finding the best way to care for Grace for the remainder of her pregnancy. An ethics consult was obtained and Schwartz Rounds was utilized to assist staff with all the emotions surrounding this case. Conclusion A plan of care was formulated by the interdisciplinary team that incorporated pastoral care services to meet Grace's spiritual needs. A collaborative model incorporates a partnership between disciplines and includes knowledge sharing and problem solving, while placing the patient at the center. Three physicians volunteered to be on call and attend a vaginal breech birth. With a known lethal anomaly, it was decided that resuscitative measures would be futile and cause more harm than good, so we prepared for palliative care. Pastoral care and a labor and delivery nurse trained in bereavement volunteered to be present at the birth. Despite the difficult situation, Grace later expressed to us that she felt very well cared for throughout her experience. Grace's journey taught us all lessons in patience, acceptance, and understanding of the human condition.
Sensor Resource Management driven by threat projection and priorities

This paper extends previous Sensor Resource Management (SRM) work by addressing information flow from sensor inputs to SRM, through four levels of the US DoD's Joint Directors of Laboratories (JDL) sensor fusion model. The method flexibly adapts to several domains/problems. Human situation awareness information needs are linked to sensor control in a manner similar to perception management. The key to effective integration of JDL levels is the timely determination of the highest priorities via threat projection accomplished via Probabilistic Accumulative Situation Calculus (PASC), which quantifies threat intent using an appropriate level of automated context-based reasoning. The accuracy of the threat projection is improved over time using self-learning techniques. The multiple sensor system levels are unified primarily using the structure of quantified priorities. Algorithms are presented for a radar sensor resource allocation and adjustment method in which the dwell time per track parameter is the key radar sensor resource to be managed. A developed application of the method to an Integrated Air Defense System (IADS) sensor system problem is detailed, with simulation results shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
COMMUTATORS IN THE JIANG–SU ALGEBRA

Let $\mathcal{Z}$ be the Jiang–Su algebra and let τ be its unique tracial state. We prove that for all $a \in \mathcal{Z}$, the following statements are equivalent: (1) a is a finite sum of commutators. (2) a is a sum of five commutators. (3) τ(a) = 0.
Faculty training in evidence-based medicine: improving evidence acquisition and critical appraisal.

Introduction: Evidence-based medicine (EBM) integrates published clinical evidence with patient values and clinical expertise, the output of which is informed medical decision making. Key skills for evidence-based practice include acquisition and appraisal of clinical information. Faculty clinicians often lack expertise in these skills and are therefore unable to demonstrate this process for students and residents. Methods: We conducted a yearlong case-based EBM workshop for 28 clinician educators, with precourse and postcourse evaluations of EBM resource use and literature appraisal skills. Results: Of the original 28 participants, 26 completed the course. Self-assessed EBM resource use improved significantly. Self-reported EBM knowledge correlated with measured skill (r = 0.45), and both improved with the intervention (both p < .001). Higher EBM skills scores correlated with time logged on the course's EBM Web sites (r = 0.56; p < .05), workshop attendance rates (r = 0.55; p = .003), and fewer years since medical school graduation (r = −0.56; p < .005). Discussion: An interactive, longitudinal, EBM course derived from a needs assessment can improve 2 skills important for evidence-based practice: online literature retrieval and critical appraisal skills.
The Incidence of Sex Discrimination, Sexual Content, and Hostility in Television Humor.

Feminist groups have contended that women are portrayed more often as the butt of humor on prime‐time television than are men, citing this as an example of sex discrimination. The present study was conducted to investigate the accuracy of this charge. Other aims of the study were to assess the frequency of sexual and hostile humor on television and to determine whether the Family Viewing Hour contains less hostile and sexual humorous content than other times. To fulfill these goals coders recorded and classified humorous incidents sampled from the prime‐time (8–11 p.m.) viewing hours on the three major commercial networks in October, 1977. The results indicated that in absolute terms males were more often the object of humorous disparagement than were females. However, males appeared more frequently in principal roles on television and thus were more available as targets of disparagement. When the frequency with which males and females appear was taken into account, males disparaged females significantly ...
Amplification to the period-doubling limit in an all-fiber regenerative amplifier for high-intensity laser systems

Optical pulses at 1053 nm are amplified to 240 nJ in a Yb-doped all-fiber regenerative amplifier (AFRA) at the period-doubling limit. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest AFRA output energy.
Absence of 3′-Terminal Residues from Transfer Ribonucleic Acid of Dormant Spores of Bacillus megaterium

Essentially all (>97%) of the transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) in log-phase and sporulating cells of Bacillus megaterium contains a complete 3′-cytidyl-cytidyl-adenosine terminus. However, about one-third of the tRNA in the dormant spore lacks the 3′-terminal adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP) residue, and some of the adjacent cytosine monophosphate residues are also missing. Examination of specific tRNAs indicated that those specific for isoleucine, leucine, and methionine are missing 30 to 40% of their terminal residue, whereas tRNAs specific for tyrosine lack 88% of the 3′-terminal AMP. Defective spore tRNA is not degraded during germination, but the missing residues are added back in the first minutes of the process. The enzyme catalyzing the addition reaction, tRNA nucleotidyltransferase, is present in the dormant spore at a level similar to that found in the vegetative cell.
Nanostructuring Borosilicate Glass With Near-Field Enhanced Energy Using a Femtosecond Laser Pulse

A model based on the evolution of electron density derived from the Fokker-Planck equation has been built to describe ablation of dielectrics during femtosecond laser pulses. The model is verified against an experimental investigation of borosilicate glass with a 200 fs laser pulse centered at 780 nm wavelength in a range of laser energies. The ablation mechanisms in dielectrics include multi-photon ionization (MPI) and avalanche ionization. MPI dominates the ionization process during the first stages of the laser pulse, contributing seed electrons which supply avalanche ionization. The avalanche process initiates and becomes responsible for the majority of free-electron generation. The overall material removal is shown to be highly dependent upon the optical response of the dielectric as plasma is formed. The ablation model is employed to predict the response of borosilicate glass to an enhanced electromagnetic field due to the presence of microspheres on the substrate surface. It is shown that the diffraction limit can be broken, creating nanoscale surface modification. An experimental study accompanies the model, with AFM and SEM characterizations that are consistent with the predicted surface modifications. DOI: 10.1115/1.2360595
A social support and social strain measure for minority adolescent mothers: a confirmatory factor analytic study.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the validity and structure of the Social Support Network Questionnaire (SSNQ), an interview for identifying the positive and negative aspects of individuals’ social networks. Methods The sample consisted of 536 pregnant and parenting, African-American and Latina adolescents. Participants were recruited from an alternative school for pregnant and parenting adolescents in a large Midwestern city. Results Confirmatory Factor Analyses revealed the presence of three factors: perceived availability, satisfaction and social strain. All three factors demonstrated adequate internal consistency. Perceived availability and social strain were uncorrelated, implying that they are distinct dimensions. Social strain was the most consistent predictor of psychological well-being. Further, strain in relationships with the young women’s male partners added unique variance to the prediction of both anxiety and depression. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that the SSNQ may be a useful tool in assessing both positive and negative aspects of pregnant and parenting adolescent mothers’ social support networks.
Linguistic Revival: Politics and Culture in Catalonia

The role of language in the processes of state formation and challenges to state authority is insufficiently understood. What interests do rulers have in unifying their realms linguistically? Under what conditions do subjects from upper and lower strata in linguistically distinct regions of a state change their language repertoires in accordance with the dictates of rulers? To what extent is language change a response to political, as opposed to economic or demographic, factors? Under what conditions do languages that face extinction become the object of revival movements?
Scleral gene expression during recovery from myopia compared with expression during myopia development in tree shrew.

Purpose: During postnatal refractive development, the sclera receives retinally generated signals that regulate its biochemical properties. Hyperopic refractive error causes the retina to produce “GO” signals that, through the direct emmetropization pathway, cause scleral remodeling that increases the axial elongation rate of the eye, reducing the hyperopia. Myopia causes the retina to generate “STOP” signals that produce scleral remodeling, slowing the axial elongation rate and reducing the myopia. Our aim was to compare the pattern of gene expression produced in the sclera by the STOP signals with the GO gene expression signature we described previously. Methods: The GO gene expression signature was produced by monocular –5 diopter (D) lens wear for 2 days (ML-2) or 4 days (ML-4); an additional “STAY” condition was examined after eyes had fully compensated for a –5 D lens after 11 days of lens wear (ML-11). After 11 days of −5 D lens wear had produced full refractive compensation, gene expression in the STOP condition was examined during recovery (without the lens) for 2 days (REC-2) or 4 days (REC-4). The untreated contralateral eyes served as a control in all groups. Two age-matched normal groups provided a comparison with the treated groups. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure mRNA levels for 55 candidate genes. Results: The STAY group compensated fully for the lens (treated eye versus control eye, –5.1±0.2 D). Wearing the lens, the hyperopic signal for elongation had dissipated (–0.3±0.3 D). In the STOP groups, the refraction in the recovering eyes became less myopic relative to the control eyes (REC-2, +1.3±0.3 D; REC-4, +2.6±0.4 D). In the STAY group, three genes showed significant downregulation. However, many genes that were significantly altered in GO showed smaller, nonsignificant, expression differences in the same direction in STAY, suggesting the gene expression signature in STAY is a greatly weakened form of the GO signature. In the STOP groups, a different gene expression pattern was observed, characterized by mostly upregulation with larger fold differences after 4 days than after 2 days of recovery. Eleven of the 55 genes examined showed significant bidirectional GO/STOP regulation in the ML-2 and REC-2 groups, and 13 genes showed bidirectional regulation in the ML-4 and REC-4 groups. Eight of these genes (NPR3, CAPNS1, NGEF, TGFB1, CTGF, NOV, TIMP1, and HS6ST1) were bidirectionally regulated at both time points in the GO and STOP conditions. An additional 15 genes showed significant regulation in either GO or STOP conditions but not in both. Conclusions: Many genes are involved in scleral remodeling and the control of axial length. The STOP (recovery) gene expression signature in the sclera involves some of the same genes, bidirectionally regulated, as the GO signature. However, other genes, regulated in GO, are not differentially regulated in STOP, and others show differential regulation only in STOP.
Is the Federal Debt Raising Corporate Profits and Reducing Labor's Share of National Income?

The federal debt-to-GDP ratio has accelerated in recent years to levels unseen in the U.S. since the post- World War II decline. At the same time, the profit share of national income is at post-war highs and the employee compensation share of national income is at 40-year lows. The empirical evidence in this paper suggests that these facts are related. The paper provides evidence that government debt has crowded out business investment, which has led to a rising profit share and declining employee compensation share of income. This result suggests that the federal debt is contributing to income inequality. On the other hand, to the extent that the rise in profit share can be traced to economic fundamentals, it is likely to be more persistent than the rise in the mid-2000s, which was boosted by illusory profits in the financial sector.
The (Stabilized) Nash Bargaining Solution as a Principle of Distributive Justice

It is argued that the Nash bargaining solution cannot serve as a principle of distributive justice because (i) it cannot secure stable cooperation in repeated interactions and (ii) it cannot capture our moral intuitions concerning distributive questions. In this article, I propose a solution to the first problem by amending the Nash bargaining solution so that it can maintain stable cooperation among rational bargainers. I call the resulting principle the stabilized Nash bargaining solution. The principle defends justice in the form ‘each according to her basic needs and above this level according to her relative bargaining power’. In response to the second problem, I argue that the stabilized Nash bargaining solution can serve as a principle of distributive justice in certain situations where moral reasoning is reduced to instrumental reasoning. In particular, I argue that rational individuals would choose the stabilized Nash bargaining solution in Rawls’ original position.
Parametric amplification in the context of vibratory energy harvesting

In this manuscript, we propose a technique to harvest energy from excitation sources that possess two frequency components: a fundamental component with large energy content, and a super-harmonic component with smaller energy content at twice the fundamental component. Excitations of this nature are common in the environment due to inherent nonlinearities in the dynamics of the excitation source. Normally, two separate energy harvesters are needed to extract the energy at each frequency; however, this paper discusses a single cantilevered piezoelectric vibratory energy harvester (VEH) that exploits the parametric amplification phenomenon to scavenge energy from both frequencies by varying the tilt angle between the axis of the harvester and the direction of the excitation. To investigate the efficacy of the proposed concept, the equations governing the electromechanical dynamics of the harvester are derived. The resulting partial differential equations and associated boundary conditions are then reduced to a single-mode Galerkin based reduced-order model. Analytical expressions for the steady-state output power across a purely resistive load are obtained using the method of multiple scales. Results indicate that percentage improvement in the output power depends on the excitation’s parameters, the tilt angle, and the mechanical damping ratio. It is observed that there is an optimal tilt angle at which the flow of energy from the environment to the electric load is maximized. Furthermore, when the mechanical damping ratio is small, significant enhancement in the output power is attainable even when the magnitude of the super-harmonic is very small when compared to the fundamental component. Such findings reveal that, under certain conditions, parametric amplification can be utilized to enhance the output power of a VEH especially for micro-scale applications where the damping ratio can be easily controlled. Experimental results are presented to validate the theoretical concepts.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Phenological resistance of grapes to the green June beetle, an obligate fruit‐eating scarab

Changes in fruit characteristics associated with ripening increase the vulnerability of crops to insect depredation, making it difficult for growers to protect cultivated fruits from pest injury close to harvest. This study evaluated phenological resistance, the use of cultivars that ripen before or after peak pest activity, for reducing injury to grapes (Vitis spp.) by the green June beetle (GJB) (Cotinis nitida), an obligate feeder on soft, ripe fruits. Accumulation of sugars, softening of berry skins and recruitment of GJB feeding aggregations were monitored on replicated vines of early-, mid- and late-season ripening cultivars that require from 85 to 125 growing days from bloom to harvest. GJB flight peaked in late July and early August coinciding with later stages of veraison of early-season ripening cultivars which recruited numerous GJB feeding aggregations resulting in >95% crop loss. Small (1‐2 weeks) phenological differences between mid-season ripening cultivars and peak GJB flight translated tomarkeddifferences in injury,whereascultivarsthat ripenedinmid-August or later, after GJB flight had waned, sustained little or no damage. Trapping experiments confirmed that the tougher berries and low sugar content of less-ripe fruit clusters inhibited beetle feeding and induction of yeast-mediated volatiles responsible for GJB host-location. Implications of these findings for sustainable or organic management of GJB and other near-harvest fruit pests are discussed.
Senescence and immortalization: role of telomeres and telomerase

Telomere dynamics are a critical component of both aging and cancer. Telomeres progressively shorten in almost all dividing cells and most human cells do not express or maintain sufficient telomerase activity to fully maintain telomeres. There is accumulating evidence that when only a few telomeres are short, they form end-associations, leading to a DNA damage signal resulting in replicative senescence (a cellular growth arrest, also called the M1 stage). In the absence of cell-cycle checkpoint pathways (e.g. p53 and or p16/Rb), cells bypass M1 senescence and telomeres continue to shorten eventually resulting in crisis (also called the M2 stage). M2 is characterized by many 'uncapped' chromosome ends, end-fusions, chromosome breakage fusion-bridge cycles, mitotic catastrophe and a high fraction of apoptotic cells. In a rare M2 cell, telomerase (a cellular reverse transcriptase) can be reactivated or up-regulated, resulting in indefinite cell proliferation. This cellular immortalization is a potentially rate-limiting step in carcinogenesis that is important for the continuing evolution of most advanced cancers. In this perspective we will present our views on the evidence for telomere dysfunction in aging and in cancer progression. We will argue that telomere shortening in the absence of other alterations may be a potent tumor suppressor mechanism and we will discuss the evidence for and against the major molecular mechanisms proposed to initiate replicative senescence.
DNA sequence and analysis of 136 kilobases of the Escherichia coli genome: organizational symmetry around the origin of replication.

Abstract The DNA sequence of a 136-kb segment (81.5 to 84.5 min) from the Escherichia coli origin of replication region has been determined and analyzed. Of the 122 protein coding regions that were found, we could assign no gene name or function to half of them, even in this well-studied part of the genome. The newly sequenced region also includes five RNA genes. The arrangement of open reading frames and potential promoters suggests 63 transcription units. The sequence was also analyzed for bend sites and two types of repeated sequence elements. Together with our sequence of the 84.5 to 86.5 min region, this new determination forms a 227-kb contiguous region centered on oriC . A global analysis of this region reveals a remarkable symmetry: most genes are transcribed divergently from the replication origin, and Chi octanucleotide (5′GCTGGTGG3′) recombinational hot spots are also strikingly oriented with respect to the directions of replication and translation.
Spinopelvic Fixation in Complex Sacral Fractures.

Vertically unstable and complex bilateral sacral fractures are a result of high-energy mechanisms that are often associated with other injuries1-19. Vertically unstable sacral fractures result in the separation of the hemipelvis from the lumbar spine, whereas complex bilateral fractures result in a complete dissociation of the appendicular and axial skeleton. Recently, the surgical treatment algorithm for these fractures has changed, with an increasing number of surgeons advocating for the use of spinopelvic fixation or triangular osteosynthesis, a combination of spinopelvic fixation along with sacroiliac or transsacral screw fixation, to increase the stability of the construct and to allow for early weight-bearing with decreased concern for secondary displacement1-19. ### Osseous and Ligamentous Anatomy The sacrum is a rhomboid-shaped bone consisting of five fused segments that is the lowest functional section of the spinal column and acts as the keystone of the pelvic ring20. When force enters the sacrum, it propagates laterally across the sacroiliac joints into the pelvis. Because of the shape of the sacrum and the orientation of the sacroiliac joints, axial forces stabilize the sacroiliac articulation in the pelvic outlet plane; however, in the pelvic inlet plane, the osseous configuration lacks inherent stability. The interosseous ligaments and posterior sacroiliac ligaments provide the majority of the intrinsic stability. Comparatively, the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments provide the extrinsic stability21. The osseous architecture of the sacrum can be …
Learning as Professional Practice.

This chapter defines key terms and orients readers to the ideas explored in the rest of this volume.
Comparative study on ultrastructure and motility parameters of spermatozoa of tetraploid and hexaploid Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baerii

Summary Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baerii is supposed to by species of functionally tetraploidy (4n). Large-scale screening of ploidy levels of various sturgeon stocks revealed one hexaploid (6n) male specimen producing triploid spermatozoa. Spermatozoa of three tetraploid individuals were compared with those of the hexaploid specimen in terms of ultrastructure and motility features. All evaluated morphometrical characteristics of the acrosome, the head, the midpiece and the flagellum showed significantly higher values in spermatozoa of 6n in comparison with 4n Siberian sturgeon males. Mean values of velocities at the beginning of activation differed highly significant between spermatozoa of 6n (155.19 and 158.22 μm s−1) and 4n males (181.05 and 179.21 μm s−1) in time 15 and 30 s post activation. Nevertheless their velocities did not show significant differences between spermatozoa of 6n (149.35 and 154.16 μm s−1) and 4n (158.00 and 152.66 μm s−1) in 30 and 45 s post activation. It was supposed that the bigger head of 6n male spermatozoa inhibited motility at the beginning of activation, but later the longer flagellum and bigger midpiece with higher number of mitochondria can partially balance the increased sizes of heads in spermatozoa movement of male with higher ploidy level.
Nonlinear stability of one-layer geostrophic fronts

In this paper, we study the nonlinear stability of one-layer geostrophic fronts described by frontal geostrophic equations. We show that the t-effect plays a crucial role in the stability of one-layer geostrophic fronts. Especially, we prove that the class of nonlinearly stable fronts is more restricted when the E-effect is present than when it is absent.
Modulation of gamma-band activity across local cortical circuits.

Periodic activity patterns or oscillations within the gamma frequency band (20-80 Hz) have been implicated in sensory processing and cognition in many areas of the cerebral cortex, including primary visual cortex (V1). Although periodic activity appears to be a hallmark of cortical neurons, little is known about the dynamics of these activity patterns as signals progress within local cortical circuits. This study compares the strength of periodic activity between neurons in the input and output stages of cortical processing—neurons in layers 4 and 6—of V1 in the alert macaque monkey. Our results demonstrate that while both populations of neurons display significant gamma-band activity, this activity increases from the input to output layers of the cortex. These data suggest that local cortical circuits enhance periodic activity within a cortical area.
Analysis of clinical presentations of Bruton disease: a review of 20 years of accumulated data from pediatric patients at Severance Hospital.

PURPOSE X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a humoral immunodeficiency disease caused by a mutation in the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene resulting in defective B cell differentiation. Because it is a relatively rare disorder, it is difficult for clinicians to have a comprehensive understanding of XLA due to a lack of exposure to the disease. Clinical presentations of patients with XLA were analyzed and discussed to improve care plans. MATERIALS AND METHODS During a 20 year period, from January 1987 to June 2006, a total of 19 patients were diagnosed as XLA in the Department of Pediatrics at Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea. A retrospective analysis of the clinical presentations of those patients was performed. RESULTS The mean age of the XLA patients included in the study was 4.89 years, with a range of 6 months to 13 years. Twelve patients were diagnosed before age 5, while the other 7 patients were diagnosed after age 5. Recurrent infections observed in the patients included pneumonia, acute otitis media, septic arthritis, skin infection, sepsis, sinusitis, acute gastroenteritis, cervical lymphadenitis, epididymitis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, urinary tract infection and encephalitis. Frequency of admissions was variable from 0 to 12 times, depending on the time at which immunoglobulin therapy was started. Six cases had family histories positive for XLA. BTK gene mutations were found in 8 cases. CONCLUSION The overall prognosis of XLA is good as long as patients are diagnosed and treated early with regular intra venous gamma globulin therapy before the sequelae of recurrent infections appear.
Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of mitochondrial rRNA genes from yellowtail rockfish

A 1600 base pair region of the mitochondrial rRNA genes from 74 yellowtail rockfish, collected from three north-east Pacific localities, was amplified via PCR. RFLP analysis yielded a total of 33 restriction sites allowing examination of 139 base pairs or 0·8% of the mtDNA molecule. Essentially no variation was detected within or among the three populations.
Heterogeneous gene expression from the inactive X chromosome: An X-linked gene that escapes X inactivation in some human cell lines but is inactivated in others

In mammalian females, most genes on one X chromosome are transcriptionally silenced as a result of X chromosome inactivation. Whereas it is well established that some X-linked genes “escape” X inactivation and are expressed from both active (Xa) and inactive (Xi) X chromosomes, most models for the chromosomal control of X-linked gene expression assume that the X inactivation status of a given gene is constant among different females within a population. In this report, we test the expression of human X-linked genes in primary cell lines from females with complete nonrandom X inactivation, by using transcribed polymorphisms to distinguish Xa and Xi expression. Six X-linked genes used to document this assay system showed monoallelic expression in all informative cell lines, consistent with X inactivation. However, a novel pattern of expression was observed for another gene, REP1; monoallelic expression, indicating inactivation, was detected in some lines, whereas biallelic expression, indicating escape from inactivation, was detected in others. Furthermore, levels of Xi expression varied among cell lines that expressed REP1. The cellular basis of Xi expression was examined by expression assays in single cells. These data indicate that REP1 is expressed from the Xi in all cells, but that the level of expression relative to Xa levels is reduced. These findings suggest that Xi gene expression is under a previously unsuspected level of genetic or epigenetic control, likely involving local or regional changes in chromatin organization that determine whether a gene escapes or is subject to X inactivation.
Chemical reactions at CdS heterojunctions with CuInSe2

The stability of the CdS/CuInSe2 (CIS) heterojunction is critical to understanding the projected lifetime of CIS devices and the effect of processing conditions on the nanoscale chemistry of the heterojunction. This article reports the results of annealing heterojunctions between CdS deposited by chemical bath deposition and single crystal and polycrystalline CIS films between 200 and 500 °C for 10 to 150 min. No atomic movement was observed by secondary ion mass spectrometry at temperatures of 300 °C and below. At 400 °C even for the shortest time studied, Cu and In were found throughout the region initially consisting of CdS only and Cd was found to have moved into the CIS. In the polycrystal, annealing at 500 °C resulted in movement of Cd throughout the CIS layer. No time dependence was observed in the 400 and 500 °C anneals indicating that a reaction had occurred forming a compound that was in thermodynamic equilibrium with the remaining CIS. Diffusion turns on rapidly between 300 and 400 °C, indicati...
A kernel-function formulation for nonplanar lifting surfaces oscillating in subsonic flow.

Subsonic aerodynamic loading on harmonically oscillating nonplanar lifting surfaces in kernel- function formulation
Measurement of Water Potential with Thermocouple Psychrometers

Thermocouple hygrometers are generally accepted as the standard for measurement of plant-water potential. They measure vapor pressure in a small chamber by using either a psychrometric (wet bulb/dry bulb) or dew-point technique. Since both are used, the more general term thermocouple hygrometer is sometimes used rather than thermocouple psychrometer. However, most people call the instruments thermocouple psychrometers. The chapter uses thermocouple psychrometers to determine water potential by measuring relative humidity. But it actually measures a temperature depression (either the wet-bulb or the dew-point temperature depression). To relate the temperature depression to relative humidity, the psychrometric equation is used. The chapter looks at these points now in detail. The use of thermocouple psychrometers to measure water potential is based on a sound physical–chemical foundation. A definite, quantitative relation exists between water potential of a sample and the relative vapor pressure above it. Before discussing thermocouple psychrometers used in plant-water measurements, the chapter reviews the thermoelectric effects on which they are based.
Vicious Cycles and Revolving Doors: The Politics of Debt in a Colonial City

This paper will explore the politics of debt and imprisonment in 19th and early 20th century colonial Bathurst (Banjul), The Gambia. Drawing on archival research from the National Records Office of The Gambia I show how merchants and their customers created a vicious cycle of debt. The city’s urban residents aspired to modern consumption regimes, but in attempting to produce themselves as modern, urban residents also created an economy of indebtedness. One result of this was that the prison filled with debtors and petty thieves who stole to relieve their debts. A revolving door prison system was born where convicts and debtors served short sentences before being released and inevitably returning to prison. Various efforts were made to challenge this vicious cycle. Married women campaigned for the protection of their property from indebted husbands turning the words of the state against itself, activists protested against imprisonment for debt, and so on. The paper makes a contribution to the theorization of flows in Africa by examining the impact of a circular flow of capital, men, women, and commodities. It argues that the circularity of this flow was precisely what marked the city and its inhabitants as modern.
Structural Phase- and Degradation-Dependent Thermal Conductivity of CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Thin Films

Organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites have shown great promise in photovoltaics and optoelectronics. In these applications, device performance and reliability can be strongly influenced by thermal transport in the materials. Through laser pump–probe experiments, different microstructures of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin films are found to give rise to different phonon scattering mechanism. The thermal conductivity in CH3NH3PbI3 neat film decreases with temperature. Even though this agrees with the behavior of its bulk crystalline counterparts, an apparent thermal conductivity change near the structural phase transition temperature of this perovskite (orthorhombic vs tetragonal) has only been observed in the spin-coated films. Analyses suggest that this may be attributed to either an energy landscape change related to organic cation disorder or the thickness change of ferroelectric domain walls formed in the neat perovskite films that affects the phonon scattering at the domain boundaries. In contrast, no...
Incidence and distribution of extravascular compression of extracranial venous pathway in patients with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and multiple sclerosis.

ObjectiveTo examine the incidence and distribution of extravascular compression of the extracranial venous pathway (the jugular and/or azygous veins) in multiple sclerosis patients with chronic cer...
Party Leadership Change in the United States House of Representatives

Long periods of one-party domination, increased average tenure in office for Representatives, and the institutionalization of patterns of succession to the Speakership, have all contributed to a tendency toward leadership stability in the 20th-century House of Representatives. The election of Sam Rayburn (D., Texas) and John McCormack (D., Mass.) to the offices of Speaker and Majority Leader in 1940, of Joseph Martin (R., Mass.) to the office of Minority Leader in 1939, and of Leslie Arends (R., Ill.) to the position of Republican Whip in 1943, mark the beginnings of the longest tenures in these four positions for any incumbents in the history of Congress. When changes in top leadership occur—as with the overthrow of Minority Leader Charles A. Halleck by Republican Representative Gerald R. Ford, Jr., in 1965, or the succession of Majority Leader McCormack to the office of the Speaker in 1962 following the death of Rayburn—the consequences are considerable. In the case of revolt, individual careers are made and broken. The organization and policy orientations of a congressional party may be extensively altered. While orderly succession has less dramatic impact, it too has a significant effect on “who gets what, when and how.” Some members move closer to the seats of power and others fall out of favor. Key committee assignments, and hence the development of entire legislative careers, are likely to ride or fall on the outcomes.
Thinking on One's Own: Catholicism in the American Intellectual Imagination, 1928–1960

The most unusual best seller of the late 1940s-a volume that began as a series of articles in the Nation, garnered a recommendation from the Book-of-the-Month Club, and received numerous favorable reviews in academic and popular journals was Paul Blanshard's American Freedom and Catholic Power Blanshard's central claim was that "the Catholic problem is still with us." His solution was the formation of a "resistance movement" to counter the "antidemocratic social policies of the hierarchy and . . . every intolerant or separatist or un-American feature of those policies." Blanshard's second treatment of the matter, Communism, Democracy, and Catholic Power, published in 1951, defined Catholicism and Soviet communism as parallel threats to American democracy.' Neither book was a cautious monograph. Blanshard described nuns as belonging to "an age when women allegedly enjoyed subjection and reveled in self-abasement," professed shock that any sensible individual could acknowledge an apparition of Mary, blamed Catholics for producing the bulk of white criminals, and termed the parochial school "the most important divisive instrument in the life of American children."2 John Dewey responded by praising Blanshard's "exemplary scholarship, good judgment, and tact." Albert Einstein and Bertrand Russell commented favorably, and McGeorge Bundy of Harvard University termed the publication of American Freedom and Catholic Power "a very useful thing." Reviewers for the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science admired Blanshard's "calm but razor keen analysis" as well as the "power of scholarly documentation, the restraint
Preliminary Observations on the Diffusion of Botulinum Toxin from the Site of Injection in Laryngeal Muscles

Botulinum neurotoxin A is a very potent neurotoxin which causes a flaccid paralysis upon ingestion or injection. Although it has been a feared food poisoning for years, clinical uses in medicine have been developed and refined so that localized injection is now an accepted form of treatment of various neuromuscular disorders. The clinical use of botulinum toxin was pioneered by Scott1, who developed it as a treatment modality for strabismus and blepharospasm. It has been used in ophthalmology since about 1980. The implications for otolaryngology and neurology have also been noted and it has since been used for such disorders as hemifacial spasm, torticollis, and spasmodic dysphonia2,3,4,5,6,7. Despite the known systemic effects from ingestion of the toxin, very few systemic effects from local injection have been reported. Ingestion is known to cause symptoms which suggest CNS involvement (e.g. dizziness, lethargy, general locomotor dysfunction), however the toxin has not been shown unequivocally to cross the blood brain barrier8. Antibody production has been noted in patients who received the larger doses (200–300 Units) used in the treatment of torticollis3. In addition, a patient with parkinsonism was noted in one study3 to develop fatigue after two series of injections (81.7 total units). Those studies that have explored the systemic effects physiologically have involved single fiber EMG studies at sites distant from the injection9,10. These studies have shown increased “jitter” in distant muscles, but no clinically apparent effects. A recent study looking at spread of the toxin after intramuscular injection looked at whether or not the toxin crossed fascial planes11. The results showed that botulinum toxin passed through muscle fascia even at subclinical doses, with fascia reducing the spread of toxin by only 23%.
To Debug the Testing Program on Teradyne J750

At present,in order to meet the requirements of IC testing.A high efficiency testing system,J750,are widely used to follow the development of testing industry.The author shows us how to debug the testing programs on Teradyne J750 with an example of 82C52.