cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Meta-analysis of the relationship between risk perception and health behavior: the example of vaccination.

Background: Risk perceptions are central to many health behavior theories. However, the relationship between risk perceptions and behavior, muddied by instances of inappropriate assessment and analysis, often looks weak. Method: A meta-analysis of eligible studies assessing the bivariate association between adult vaccination and perceived likelihood, susceptibility, or severity was conducted. Results: Thirty-four studies met inclusion criteria (N 15,988). Risk likelihood (pooled r .26), susceptibility (pooled r .24), and severity (pooled r .16) significantly predicted vaccination behavior. The risk perception behavior relationship was larger for studies that were prospective, had higher quality risk measures, or had unskewed risk or behavior measures. Conclusions: The consistent relationships between risk perceptions and behavior, larger than suggested by prior meta-analyses, suggest that risk perceptions are rightly placed as core concepts in theories of health behavior.
Implementation of adaptive array algorithms

Some new, efficient, and numerically stable algorithms for the recursive solution of matrix problems arising in optimal beam-forming and direction finding are described and analyzed. The matrix problems considered are systems of linear equations and spectral decomposition. While recursive solution procedures based on the matrix inversion lemma may be unstable, ours are stable. Furthermore, these algorithms are extremely fast.
Liquid or Solid Ultrasonically Tissue-Mimicking Materials with Very Low Scatter

A new tissue-mimicking material for ultrasound, using evaporated milk as the primary absorption component, is described. It has very low backscatter but still exhibits the 1540 m s-1 propagation speed and proportionality of attenuation coefficient and frequency over the diagnostic frequency range. The material can be produced in solid or liquid form with attenuation coefficient slopes spanning the range 0.1-0.7 dB cm-1 MHz-1. The liquid form is useful in phantoms where detailed beam patterns are to be determined, either involving translation of measurement devices in the liquid or phantoms with fibers present for causing the only detectable echoes. In the latter case, the liquid quality allows removal of liquid with one attenuation coefficient slope and replacement with another. The solid form may be more useful than the liquid for two reasons. First, many simulated lesions (including ones that produce essentially no internal echoes) can lie in the scan slice with positions extending over the entire image area without enhancement or shadowing effects being of concern. Second, the lack of significant backscatter from the material in the absence of added scatterers allows the backscatter coefficient to be varied over a considerable range. A critical result is that intrinsic material contrast between targets and surroundings can be accurately predicted in terms of the concentrations of added scatterers and, assuming all scatterers are of the same type, the contrast will be completely independent of frequency. Use of the fungicide thimerosal eliminates deterioration, and ultrasonic properties have been shown to be stable over 2.5 years.
Denotational program slicing

An original, theoretical definition of denotational program slicing is presented. Program slicing is a method for automatic program decomposition that is based exclusively on control and data-flow information. Denotational slicing makes use of the functional semantics of a particular programming language and defines the various domains and appropriate mappings between them. Transformations are defined for each of the language constructs and applied to programs in a mathematical and systematic fashion. It is shown that program slices can be constructed denotationally and as a direct result can be specified precisely and simply. >
Delineating Grassland Bird Conservation Areas in the U.S. Prairie Pothole Region

Conservation of birds is increasingly focused on the importance of landscape characteristics to sustain populations. Implementing conservation on a landscape scale requires reliable spatial models that provide biological context for conservation actions. Before species-specific models relating grassland birds to their habitat at landscape scales existed, we created a conceptual model and applied it to spatial data to identify priority grassland habitats for the protection and restoration of populations of area sensitive grassland birds in the Prairie Pothole Region. Since that time, these Grassland Bird Conservation Areas have been widely used to guide conservation, and variations of these models have been adopted in other regions; however, the process used to delineate them (i.e., the conceptual models) is poorly understood by many users. We describe that process here and offer perspectives on the utility and limitations of conceptual models, especially on the value of making assumptions that commonly underlie management decisions explicitly, thereby making the assumptions testable, and hopefully increasing management transparency, credibility, and efficiency.
Paying for Locally Owned Roads: A Crisis in Local Government Highway Finance

The past two decades have witnessed substantial changes in the dynamics of state—local relationships for highway funding. We argue that four factors have produced a funding crisis for local governments: an increase in developed land and locally owned roads; a rise in construction and maintenance costs; devolution of highway financing responsibility from the states to localities with a reduction in intergovernmental transfers; and more wear and tear on roads due to increased vehicle miles traveled. Local governments can delay maintenance and build fewer new facilities, but eventually many will seek new sources of revenues to fund their growing responsibilities. We identify several potential financing mechanisms: impact fees and smart growth policies; local option transportation taxes; nontraditional taxes and fees such as transportation utility fees and land taxes; and low-cost debt financing from state infrastructure banks. We discuss challenges faced by local governments in continuing to meet their respo...
Translational approaches for pharmacotherapy development for acute diarrhea

Areport is presented of a National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases–sponsored single topic conference designed to determine scientific advances needed to encourage development of pharmacotherapy for diarrheal diseases. Acute diarrheal diseases are a global public health problem in developing and developed countries. They are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity for children under the age of 5 worldwide and have a major economic impact in developed countries. Although oral rehydration solution (ORS) along with oral zinc therapy has reduced mortality owing to acute diarrheal diseases, there are essentially no other approved, safe, and effective drugs to decrease stool volume and prevent fluid loss. On September 25–27, 2011, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases convened a workshop on Translational Approaches for Pharmacotherapy Development for Acute Diarrhea to assess current treatments for acute diarrhea, to identify common host pathways targeted by infectious agents associated with acute diarrhea, to evaluate which pathophysiologic mechanisms are most clinically relevant as potential targets, and to identify promising areas for translational research.
Stability design for grid amplifiers

At Caltech we have been developing grid amplifiers for large-scale power combining of solid-state devices. In a grid amplifier, both the splitting and combining are done in free space. In this presentation, we consider the stability design for two recent grids: a 670-mW millimeter-wave HBT 36-element grid amplifier demonstrated by Cheh-Ming Liu at Caltech, and Emilio Sovero at Rockwell and a 3.7-W X-band pHEMT 100-element grid demonstrated by Michael DeLisio at Caltech, and Scott Duncan at Lockheed-Martin. In grid amplifiers, the elements are closely spaced, at intervals between /spl lambda//10 and /spl lambda//3. The close spacing raises serious issues about the stability of the grid, and we discuss the stability models that we use, and the procedure for stabilizing grids. For grids, the gain measurements have been done in free space, and we discuss ideas for calibration.
Neocortical efferent neurons with very slowly conducting axons: strategies for reliable antidromic identification

Although simple in concept, reliable antidromic identification of efferent populations poses numerous technical challenges and is subject to a host of sampling biases, most of which select against the detection of the neurons with slowly conducting axons. This problem is particularly acute in studies of the neocortex. Many neocortical efferent systems have large sub-populations with very slowly conducting, nonmyelinated axons and these elements have been relatively neglected in antidromic studies of neocortical neurons. The present review attempts to redress this problem by analyzing the steps that must necessarily precede antidromic identification and the sampling biases associated with each of these steps. These steps include (1) initial recognition that the microelectrode is near a neuron; (2) activation of the efferent axon via the stimulating electrode; (3) conduction of the antidromic impulse from stimulation site to soma; (4) detection of the antidromic spike in the extracellular record and (5) discriminating antidromic from synaptic activation. Experimental strategies are suggested for minimizing the sampling biases associated with each of these steps; most of which can be reduced or eliminated by appropriate experimental procedures. Careful attention to such procedures will make it possible to better understand the nature and function of the information flow along the very slowly conducting axonal systems of the neocortex.
Detecting Salient Aspects in Online Reviews of Health Providers

We present a fully automated method to capture what topics health consumers discuss when reviewing their health providers online. Our method does not rely on any manual tagging of the information, and operates on the text of online reviews. We analyze a large set of reviews and compare the topics discussed when reviewing providers with different specialties. This work provides a complementary view on the traditional qualitative approaches proposed so far to capturing factors for patient satisfaction. Furthermore, our research contributes to understanding in a bottom-up fashion the needs and interests of health consumers online.
Spontaneous age-related cervical disc degeneration in the sand rat.

Background Disc space narrowing, osteophytes, and disc degeneration are common and increase with aging. Few animal models are appropriate for the study of spontaneous age-related cervical disc degeneration.
Shifting Governance Structures in Global Commodity Chains, With Special Reference to the Internet:

There are three main drivers of economic globalization in the latter half of the 20th century: investment by transnational corporations, international trade, and the Internet. Whereas producer-driven and buyer-driven commodity chains characterize the phases of investment-based and trade-based globalization, respectively, the emergence of the Internet in the mid-1990s heralds a new age of digital globalization. The explosion in connectivity that is enabled by the Internet has launched an e-commerce revolution that is beginning to transform the structure of business-to-business (B2B) as well as business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions in global industries. New infomediaries that navigate access to rich information and greater reach by businesses and consumers are prominent in B2C digital networks. The Internet’s most significant impact to date, however, has been in B2B markets, where e-commerce is reshaping the competitive dynamics and power alignments in traditional producer-driven and buyer-driven commodity chains such as automobiles and apparel. Globalization has become a prominent and controversial feature of the contemporary landscape. Although there are myriad processes and definitions associated with the economic, political, social, and cultural dimensions of globalization, this article is concerned primarily with the evolution of the global commodity chains that help to structure industrial change in the international economy. There have been three main drivers of economic globalization in the latter half of the 20th century: investment by transnational corporations (TNCs), international trade, and the Internet. Each has expanded the scope of global integration by altering how people, resources, and places are connected in economic transactions. This can be seen in three broad and to some degree overlapping phases of globalization: Investment-based globalization (1950-1970). The global reach of vertically integrated TNCs dates from the late 19th century in primary products (oil, mining, agriculture) and from the early decades of the 20th century in manufacturing
Feature extraction of the atrial fibrillation signal using the continuous wavelet transform

Despite advances in cardiac arrhythmia management, atrial fibrillation remains a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Recent data suggests that there are periods of organization within this apparently chaotic arrhythmia. To date, analysis of the rapidly changing atrial fibrillation signal has been limited by a lack of time-frequency resolution. When used to analyze high-density atrial mappings of this arrhythmia, the continuous wavelet transform, with its time-frequency multi-resolution capability, may provide important temporal and spatial information regarding arrhythmia organization and may lead to the development of more effective therapies.
A Review of Research on the Impact on Crime of Transitions to Adult Roles

For centuries, criminologists have observed thatmost criminal offenses showa sharp rise in prevalence during adolescence, followed by a relatively rapid decline in the early twenties (Hirschi & Gottfredson, 1983; Quetelet, 1984 [1833]). The dramatic decrease in criminal behavior during young adulthood, and increasing scholarly interest in desistance more generally, have led researchers to work to uncover the processes behind age-linked change in offending. Because the drop in offending occurs during the same period of the life course in which many individuals adopt adult roles, role transitions have received growing attention as potential explanations for desistance.
''Clickable'' Nanoparticles for Targeted Imaging

Nanomaterials functionalized with targeting ligands are increasingly recognized as useful materials for molecular imaging and drug delivery. Here we describe the development and validation of azide –alkyne reactions (‘‘click chemistry’’) for the rapid, site-specific modification of nanoparticles with small molecules. The facile preparation of stable nanoparticles bearing azido or alkyne groups capable of reaction with their corresponding counterpart functionalized small molecules is demonstrated. The Cu(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition of azides and alkynes is shown to be a highly efficient and selective method for point functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles. Derivatized nanoparticles bearing biotin, fluorochrome, or steroid moieties are stable for several months. Nanoparticle click chemistry will be useful for other nanomaterials, design of novel sensors, and drug delivery vehicles. Mol Imaging (2006) 5, 122 –1 28.
News as a Cultural Mirror: Historically Black Newspapers Reflecting Public Views of Loving v. Virginia (1967)

This study examined seven historically Black newspapers’ coverage of the landmark Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia (1967), which overturned anti-miscegenation laws that prevented non-White individuals from marrying White individuals. A content analysis of frames and source usage within 31 news stories about the case indicated that about half of the stories (N = 14) advocated for the Lovings and a small number (N = 1) advocated for the State of Virginia; the remaining stories were either informational (N = 7) or objectivist (N = 9). Because the media is said to be a cultural mirror of public opinion, the results of this study may indicate the public's views on the issue of intermarriage laws. This study's findings also showed that historically Black newspapers agreed with their mainstream counterparts more than they disagreed.
Organization and Memory

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates three general principles associated with organization and memory. First, memory and organization are not only correlated, but organization is a necessary condition for memory. Second, the organization of, and hence memory for, verbal material is hierarchical, with words organized in successively higher-order categories. And third, the storage capacity within any one category or within any level of categories is limited. Evidence from a large number of sources suggests that there are limitations on the capacity of the human organism for processing information. Memory consists of the recall of a limited number of chunks and retrieval of the contents of these chunks. In the sense of the unitization hypothesis and its elaborations, the process of memorization is a process of organization. Memorization or learning depends on organization and the organizational variables determine memory.
Coherent quantum feedback

In the conventional picture of quantum feedback control, sensors perform measurements on the system, a classical controller processes the results of the measurements, and actuators supply semiclassical potentials to alter the behavior of the quantum system. In this picture, the sensors tend to destroy coherence in the process of making measurements, and although the controller can use the actuators to act coherently on the quantum system, it is processing and feeding back classical information. This paper proposes an alternative method for quantum feedback control, in which the sensors, controller, and actuators are quantum systems that interact coherently with the system to be controlled. In this picture, the controller gets, processes, and feeds back quantum information. Controllers that operate using such quantum feedback loops can perform tasks such as entanglement transfer that are not possible using classical feedback. Necessary and sufficient conditions are presented for Hamiltonian quantum systems to be controllable and observable using both classical and quantum feedback.
Vision Prosthesis and Aids: Readiness or Appropriateness

If given the opportunity to speak openly after trust is gained, many individuals seeking rehabilitative assistance because of vision loss have said words very close to “I’d give anything to be able to see again, even my right arm” or “Without my sight I feel dead” or “If only I could keep what little I have.” Each individual’s perspective upon loss of vision is appropriate for himself and honestly reflects his perception of himself and the impact he feels regarding vision loss. These expressions are consistent with the statements made by so many individuals who, when asked about their purpose in entering into a rehabilitation setting, state simply, directly, and immediately “to see a little better” or “to get glasses that might help me.”
A Sparse Grid Method for Bayesian Uncertainty Quantification with Application to Large Eddy Simulation Turbulence Models

There is wide agreement that the accuracy of turbulence models suffer from their sensitivity with respect to physical input data, the uncertainties of user-elected parameters, as well as the model inadequacy. However, the application of Bayesian inference to systematically quantify the uncertainties in parameters, by means of exploring posterior probability density functions (PPDFs), has been hindered by the prohibitively daunting computational cost associated with the large number of model executions, in addition to daunting computation time per one turbulence simulation. In this effort, we perform in this paper an adaptive hierarchical sparse grid surrogate modeling approach to Bayesian inference of large eddy simulation (LES). First, an adaptive hierarchical sparse grid surrogate for the output of forward models is constructed using a relatively small number of model executions. Using such surrogate, the likelihood function can be rapidly evaluated at any point in the parameter space without simulating the computationally expensive LES model. This method is essentially similar to those developed in Zhang et al. (Water Resour Res 49:6871–6892, 2013) for geophysical and groundwater models, but is adjusted and applied here for a much more challenging problem of uncertainty quantification of turbulence models. Through a numerical demonstration of the Smagorinsky model of two-dimensional flow around a cylinder at sub-critical Reynolds number, our approach is proven to significantly reduce the number of costly LES executions without losing much accuracy in the posterior probability estimation. Here, the model parameters are calibrated against synthetic data related to the mean flow velocity and Reynolds stresses at different locations in the flow wake. The influence of the user-elected LES parameters on the quality of output data will be discussed.
DIET AND TISSUE GROWTH : II. THE REGENERATION OF LIVER TISSUE DURING NUTRITION ON INADEQUATE DIETS AND FASTING.

The relative toxicity of chloroform given subcutaneously to rats fed on two diets deficient in respect to their nitrogenous components, the sole sources of protein in which were, respectively, gliadin and gelatin and to rats without food, is as follows: gelatin diet > fasting > gliadin diet. The rate of regeneration of liver cells after chloroform poisoning in rats fed a diet in which gliadin is the only protein is about as rapid as that in animals fed a diet containing casein as the source of nitrogen. The rate of regeneration on a food containing its nitrogen as gelatin and also during fasting is definitely slower than that in animals fed the gliadin food. The results of these experiments indicate that the requirement for the essential amino acids for growth of individual organs of the body is less than that for correlated growth of the whole body.
White Organic light emitting devices for General Illumination

Organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) are potentially an efficient, general illumination, light source. We examine the different physical processes within the OLED and how each contributes to the light generation efficacy. We combine optical models of light transport, and experimental measurements to produce a map of a practical light source.
What's a Jury Good for?

Recent years have seen repeated attacks on the institution of the jury, particularly civil juries. Some claim that too many suiters seeking sympathetic juries clog courthouses; civil juries find liability too readily; their awards are too generous; they are inefficient. This short essay does not directly address those claims, but instead considers the role the civil jury serves in American constitutional democracy. Drawn from a larger study, the Essay summarizes three distinct functions the civil jury performs: (1) it incorporates a deliberative democratic body within the third branch of government; (2) it checks and balances the exercise of governmental and corporate power, and inserts community norms into the judicial process; and (3) it legitimates both the process and the outcome of legal judgments. The essay does not assess how well the civil jury in fact serves these functions, but suggests that proposals to abolish or limit the role of juries should take them into account.
Evaluation of the biocompatibility of regenerated cellulose hydrogels with high strength and transparency for ocular applications

Prompt emergency treatment for ocular injury, particularly in a battlefield setting, is essential to preserve vision, reduce pain, and prevent secondary infection. A bandage contact lens that could be applied in the field, at the time of injury, would protect the injured ocular surface until hospital treatment is available. Cellulose, a natural polymer, is widely used in biomedical applications including bandage materials. Hydrogels synthesized from different cellulose sources, such as plants, cotton, and bacteria, can have the optical transparency and mechanical strength of contact lenses, by tailoring synthesis parameters. Thus, we optimized the fabrication of cellulose-based hydrogels and evaluated their in vivo biocompatibility and related physical properties. Our data demonstrate that along with tailorable physical properties, our novel cellulose-based hydrogels could be made with contact lens geometry, exhibit no significant signs of material toxicity after 22 days of in vivo testing, and show significant promise for use as a corneal bandage immediately following ocular trauma.
Improvement of CY_6-IHydraulic Operation Mechanism

In the light of a serious failure of CY6 Ⅰhydraulic mechanism, disadvantages of the mechanism's control part and the contradictory of the mechanism's functions and operation requirements were analyzed theoretically. Some improving measures for the disadvantages were given and solutions for the contradictory were proposed.
Etiology and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Current lines of investigation.

Summary Current work on the etiology and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis is centered largely on the effects of immune complexes, humoral and cellular factors involved in the inflammatory response, and the search for infectious agents. It is attractive to think that an exogenous agent to which the host is making an exaggerated but ineffective, and perhaps harmful, response is the cause of this disease. Other factors such as heredity, environment, and metabolic and psychologic abnormalities also are being studied, but for the most part they appear to play a secondary role.
Social anxiety and alcohol-related sexual victimization: A longitudinal pilot study of college women.

Abstract Objective We sought to examine social anxiety as a risk factor for alcohol-related sexual victimization among college women. Method Women (Time 1: n = 574; Time 2: n = 88) who reported consuming alcohol at least once during the assessment timeframe participated. Social anxiety, alcohol use, alcohol-related consequences, and sexual victimization were assessed twice, approximately two months apart. Logistic regressions were used to examine social anxiety as a risk factor for alcohol-related sexual victimization at both time points. Results Longitudinally, women high in social anxiety were approximately three times more likely to endorse unwanted alcohol-related sexual experiences compared to women with low to moderate social anxiety. Conclusions This study suggests social anxiety, a modifiable construct, increases risk for alcohol-related sexual victimization among college women. Implications for clinicians and risk-reduction program developers are discussed.
Soil deepening by trees and the effects of parent material

Abstract In some cases biomechanical effects of individual trees may locally deepen or thicken regolith, especially in relatively shallow soils. This biogeomorphic ecosystem engineering phenomenon is at least partly contingent on the geological setting. The purpose of this research was to gain further insight into the biogeomorphic phenomenon, and to assess the relative importance of biomechanical and geological effects. Earlier studies in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas showed that individual trees locally thicken the regolith via mechanisms associated with root penetration of bedrock. However, that work was conducted mainly in areas of strongly dipping and contorted rock, where joints and bedding planes susceptible to root penetration were thought to be common and accessible. This project extended the research to the Cumberland Plateau region of Kentucky, where flat, level-bedded sedimentary rocks are dominant. Soil depth beneath trees was compared to that of non-tree sites by measuring depth to bedrock beneath rotted tree stumps and at adjacent sites with 1.0 m. While soil thickness beneath stumps was greater in the Ouachita Mountains compared to the Kentucky sites, in both regions soils beneath stumps are significantly deeper than adjacent soils. Further, there were no statistically significant differences in the difference between stump and adjacent sites between the two regions. This suggests the local deepening effects of trees occur in flat-bedded as well as steeply dipping lithologies.
Idiopathic Transverse Myelitis Mimicking an Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumor.

The differential diagnoses for spinal cord lesions include spinal tumors and inflammatory processes. The distinction between these pathologies can be difficult if solely based on imaging. We report for the first time to our knowledge a case of idiopathic transverse myelitis (ITM) mimicking a discrete cervical spinal lesion in a 66-year-old man who presented with gait instability and neck pain. The patient’s symptoms failed to resolve after an initial course of steroid therapy. Surgical biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of ITM. Subsequent treatment with dexamethasone resulted in complete resolution of the symptoms as well as the intramedullary enhancement. ITM is most common in the cervical and thoracic spine, spanning 3-4 spinal segments. It usually occupies more than 50% of the cross-sectional area of the spinal cord and tends to be central, uniform, and symmetric. It exhibits patchy and peripheral contrast enhancement. These criteria are useful guidelines that help distinguish ITM from neoplastic spinal lesions. A decision to perform biopsy must take into consideration the patient’s clinical symptoms, the rate of progression of neurological deficits, and the imaging characteristics of the lesion. Surgical biopsy for questionable lesions should be reserved for patients with progressive neurological deficits refractory to empirical medical therapy.
TCT-402 Feasibility of Robotic Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Unprotected Left Main Stenosis in the Presence and Absence of Left Ventricular Hemodynamic Support with Impella

Robotic PCI can potentially address the occupational hazards associated with interventional cardiology, addressing both the orthopedic and radiation associated risks. The safety and feasibility of robotically assisted percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for simple coronary lesions has been
The Man of Law’s Tale : Sovereign Abandonment of the Subject

Using Agamben’s theory of sovereign abandonment, this chapter challenges the recent critical discourse on the Man of Law’s Tale and argues that Chaucer probes the sovereign’s desertion of the subject. Agamben contends that while the sovereign demands obedience from the subject, he does not reciprocate by protecting her but instead forsakes her. This exclusion from the law of the sovereign does not free the subject from the control of law but paradoxically makes her liable to be harmed or killed by others, exposing her to suffering and destitution. Agamben’s political theory provides a framework for the analysis of how Chaucer’s tale graphically depicts the destructive effects on the subject resulting from the sovereign’s abandonment.
The Input-Output Relationship of the Cholinergic Basal Forebrain.

Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons influence cortical state, plasticity, learning, and attention. They collectively innervate the entire cerebral cortex, differentially controlling acetylcholine efflux across different cortical areas and timescales. Such control might be achieved by differential inputs driving separable cholinergic outputs, although no input-output relationship on a brain-wide level has ever been demonstrated. Here, we identify input neurons to cholinergic cells projecting to specific cortical regions by infecting cholinergic axon terminals with a monosynaptically restricted viral tracer. This approach revealed several circuit motifs, such as central amygdala neurons synapsing onto basolateral amygdala-projecting cholinergic neurons or strong somatosensory cortical input to motor cortex-projecting cholinergic neurons. The presence of input cells in the parasympathetic midbrain nuclei contacting frontally projecting cholinergic neurons suggest that the network regulating the inner eye muscles are additionally regulating cortical state via acetylcholine efflux. This dataset enables future circuit-level experiments to identify drivers of known cortical cholinergic functions.
Sensitive and selective nanoplasmonic sensor by functionalized nanoporous gold nanoparticle array chip

Nanoplasmonic sensor has become a recent research focus due to its significant signal enhancement and robust signal transduction measured by various techniques. However, since the native gold surface does not have the capability to selectively bind target biomolecules, high molecular specificity has been a challenge. Nanoporous gold nanoparticle (NPG-NP) array chip showcases large specific surface area and high-density plasmonic field enhancement known as “hot-spots”. In this paper, we discuss strategies to enhance molecular specificity by functionalizing NPG-NP with unique bio-recognition elements towards both high sensitivity and specificity. A few examples will be given using existing and novel bio-recognition elements.
Self-efficacy through survivorship: Results from the LIVESTRONG Cancer Navigation Study.

9577 Background: With more than 13.7 million cancer survivors in the U.S., two-thirds of whom will live beyond five years post-treatment, creating programs to support survivors can be challenging a...
What Is Training

In the introductory chapter of this book, the construct of training is defined and the concept of training is explored in more depth, including a brief chronology. While the term “training” is utilized throughout the book, this chapter underscores that a unified definition for “training” remains elusive—that is, meanings tend to vary depending upon the given goals and objectives, and, as it relates to this book, the nature of the training will be a function of the context and purpose of the training itself. Some in the field contend that—semantics aside—training means “training and development.” Others in the field not only refuse to define training, but also claim that it defies definition entirely. Thus, in the spirit of a social science, when it comes to training people, training’s definition does vary depending on who you ask.
The longitudinal effects of early developmental cadmium exposure on conditioned place preference and cardiovascular physiology in zebrafish

Cadmium (Cd) is a naturally occurring trace metal that is widely considered to be highly toxic to aquatic organisms and a significant health hazard to humans (Amzal et al., 2009; Bernhoft 2013; Burger, 2008; Satarug et al., 2009). The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been used as a model organism for toxicological studies with Cd (Banni et al., 2011; Blechinger et al., 2007; Chow et al., 2009; Chow et al., 2008; Favorito et al., 2011; Kusch et al., 2007; Matz et al., 2007; Wang and Gallagher, 2013). We asked what the lasting longitudinal effects would be from short early developmental Cd exposure (between 24 and 96h post-fertilization) in a range that larvae might experience living atop typical Cd-containing surface sediments (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10μM CdCl2: 1.124, 11.24, 112.4 and 1124μg Cd/L). The goal of this exposure window was to specifically target secondary neurogenesis, monoaminergic differentiation and cardiovascular development, without affecting earlier patterning processes. Developmental abnormalities in body size and CNS morphology increased with concentration, but were statistically significant only at the highest concentration used (10μM). Heart rate for Cd-treated larvae increased with concentration, and was significant even at the lowest concentration used (0.01μM). Longitudinal survival was significantly lower for fish developmentally exposed to the highest concentration. Except for brain weight, overall morphology was not affected by developmental Cd exposure. However, developmental exposure to lower concentrations of Cd (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0μM) progressively lowered cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP), used to measure function of the reward pathways in the brain. Baseline heart rate was significantly lower in longitudinal fish developmentally exposed to 1.0μM Cd. Cardiovascular response to isoproterenol, a potent s-adrenergic agonist, in longitudinal adults was also significantly affected by developmental exposure to Cd at low doses (0.01, 0.1 and 1.0μM). Surviving longitudinal adult fish exposed to the highest concentration of Cd showed normal CPP and cardiovascular physiology. The data imply that even lower exposure concentrations can potentially result in fitness-affecting parameters without affecting survival in a laboratory setting.
Seasonality of eddy kinetic energy in an eddy permitting global climate model

Abstract We examine the seasonal cycle of upper-ocean mesoscale turbulence in a high resolution CESM climate simulation. The ocean model component (POP) has 0.1° resolution, mesoscale resolving at low and middle latitudes. Seasonally and regionally resolved wavenumber power spectra are calculated for sea-surface eddy kinetic energy (EKE). Although the interpretation of the spectral slopes in terms of turbulence theory is complicated by the strong presence of dissipation and the narrow inertial range, the EKE spectra consistently show higher power at small scales during winter throughout the ocean. Potential hypotheses for this seasonality are investigated. Diagnostics of baroclinc energy conversion rates and evidence from linear quasigeostrophic stability analysis indicate that seasonally varying mixed-layer instability is responsible for the seasonality in EKE. The ability of this climate model, which is not considered submesoscale resolving, to produce mixed layer instability although damped by dissipation, demonstrates the ubiquity and robustness of this process for modulating upper ocean EKE.
Clinical utility of magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of pregnant females with suspected acute appendicitis

To assess the diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a large cohort of pregnant females with suspected acute appendicitis and to determine the frequency of non-appendiceal causes of abdominal pain identified by MRI in this population. This HIPAA compliant, retrospective study was IRB-approved and informed consent was waived. 212 MRI exams were performed consecutively on pregnant women aged 17–47 years old suspected of having acute appendicitis; eight exams were excluded and analyzed separately due to equivocal findings or lack of clinical follow up. Radiology reports for the MRI and any preceding ultrasound exams were reviewed as well as the patients’ electronic medical record for surgical, pathological, or clinical follow up. Fifteen (7.3%) of 204 MRI scans were determined to be positive for appendicitis, 14 of which were proven on surgical pathology, and one was found to have ileocecal diverticulitis. Out of the remaining 189 scans, none were subsequently shown to have acute appendicitis either surgically or based on clinical follow up. Negative predictive value (NPV) was 100% and positive predictive value was 93.3%. Sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 99.5%, respectively. Non-appendiceal findings which may have accounted for the patient’s abdominal pain were seen in 91 (44.2%) of 189 scans. The most common extra-appendiceal causes of abdominal pain identified on MRI include degenerating fibroids (n = 11), significant hydronephrosis (n = 12), cholelithiasis (n = 6), and pyelonephritis (n = 3). Our large study cohort of pregnant patients confirms MRI to be of high diagnostic value in the workup of acute appendicitis with 100% NPV and sensitivity and 99.5% specificity. Furthermore, an alternative diagnosis for abdominal pain in this patient population can be made in nearly half of MRI exams which are deemed negative for appendicitis.
Fabrication and characterization of non-resonant magneto-mechanical low-frequency vibration energy harvester

Abstract This article presents a non-resonant magneto-mechanical vibration energy harvester. When externally excited, the energy harvester converts vibrations into electric charge using a guided levitated magnet oscillating inside a multi-turn coil that is fixed around the exterior of the energy harvester. The levitated magnet is guided using four oblique mechanical springs. A prototype of the energy harvester is fabricated using additive manufacturing. Both experiment and model are used to characterize the static and dynamic behavior of the energy harvester. Measured restoring forces show that the fabricated energy harvester retains a mono-stable potential energy well with desired stiffness nonlinearities. Results show that magnetic spring results in hardening effect which increases the resonant frequency of the energy harvester. Additionally, oblique mechanical springs introduce geometric, negative, nonlinear stiffness which improves the harvester’s response towards lower frequency spectrum. The unique design can produce a tunable energy harvester with multi-well potential energy characteristics. A finite element model is developed to estimate the average radial flux density experienced by the multi-turn coil. Also, a lumped parameter model of the energy harvester is developed and validated against measured data. Both upward and downward frequency sweeps are performed to determine the frequency response of the harvester. Results show that at higher excitation levels hardening effects become more apparent, and the system dynamic response turns into non-resonant. Frequency response curves exhibit frequency jump phenomena as a result of coexistence of multiple energy states at the frequency branch. The fabricated energy harvester is hand-held and measures approximately 100.5 [cm3] total volume. For a base excitation of 1.0 g [m/s2], the prototype generates a peak voltage and normalized power density of approximately 3.5 [V] and 0.133 [mW/cm3 g2], respectively, at 15.5 [Hz].
Two-dimensional tantalum disulfide: Controlling structure and properties via synthesis

Tantalum disulfide (TaS2) is a transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) that exhibits phase transition induced electronic property modulation at low temperature. However, the appropriate phase must be grown to enable the semiconductor/metal transition that is of interest for next generation electronic applications. In this work, we demonstrate direct and controllable synthesis of ultra-thin 1T-TaS2 and 2H-TaS2 on a variety of substrates (sapphire, SiO2/Si, and graphene) via powder vapor deposition. The synthesis process leads to single crystal domains ranging from 20 to 200 nm thick and 1–10 µm on a side. The TaS2 phase (1T or 2H) is controlled by synthesis temperature, which subsequently is shown to control the electronic properties. Furthermore, this work constitutes the first demonstration of a metal–insulator phase transition in directly synthesized 1T-TaS2 films and domains by electronic means.
Expression of Bona Fide Epithelial Stem Cell Marker in Postmitotic Olfactory Bulb Neurons Suggest Novel Roles for Wnt Signaling in the Brain.

The study of neural stem cell biology is inherently tied to broader questions regarding cell identity. With the rise of single-cell technologies, we can characterize neural stem cell niches with greater resolution and these tools have revealed previously undiscovered molecular properties ([Artegiani
Smartphone Attachment for Stethoscope Recording

With the ubiquity of smartphones and the rising technology of 3D printing, novel devices can be developed that leverage the "computer in your pocket" and rapid prototyping technologies toward scientific, medical, engineering, and creative purposes. This paper describes such a device: a simple 3D-printed extension for Apple's iPhone that allows the sound from an off-the-shelf acoustic stethoscope to be recorded using the phone's built-in microphone. The attachment's digital 3D files can be easily shared, modified for similar phones and devices capable of recording audio, and in combination with 3D printing technology allow for fabrication of a durable device without need for an entire factory of expensive and specialized machining tools. It is hoped that by releasing this device as an open source set of printable files that can be downloaded and reproduced cheaply, others can make use of these developments where access to cost-prohibitive, specialized medical instruments are not available. Coupled with specialized smartphone software ("apps"), more sophisticated and automated diagnostics may also be possible on-site.
Flexibility in Control/Display Panel Packaging

This paper describes a design program to achieve flexible and pleasing control/display panel packaging for the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System at Thule, Greenland. The object is to provide an optimum combination of initial cost, cost to change, and packing factor in the equipment consoles.
Early Eastern Woodland

Relative Time Period: Follows the Late Eastern Archaic tradition, precedes the Middle Eastern Woodland tradition.
Implications of Spatially Variable Costs and Habitat Conversion Risk in Landscape-Scale Conservation Planning

Abstract “Strategic habitat conservation” refers to a process used by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to develop cost-efficient strategies for conserving wildlife populations and their habitats. Strategic habitat conservation focuses on resolving uncertainties surrounding habitat conservation to meet specific wildlife population objectives (i.e., targets) and developing tools to guide where conservation actions should be focused on the landscape. Although there are examples of using optimization models to highlight where conservation should be delivered, such methods often do not explicitly account for spatial variation in the costs of conservation actions. Furthermore, many planning approaches assume that habitat protection is a preferred option, but they do not assess its value relative to other actions, such as restoration. We developed a case study to assess the implications of accounting for and ignoring spatial variation in conservation costs in optimizing conservation targets. We included assump...