cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rewards Evoke Learning of Unconsciously Processed Visual Stimuli in Adult Humans

The study of human learning is complicated by the myriad of processing elements involved in conducting any behavioral task. In the case of visual perceptual learning, there has been significant controversy regarding the task processes that guide the formation of this learning. However, there is a developing consensus that top-down, task-related factors are required for such learning to take place. Here we challenge this idea by use of a novel procedure in which human participants, who were deprived of food and water, passively viewed visual stimuli while receiving occasional drops of water as rewards. Visual orientation stimuli, which were temporally paired with the liquid rewards, were viewed monocularly and rendered imperceptible by continuously flashing contour-rich patterns to the other eye. Results show that visual learning can be formed in human adults through stimulus-reward pairing in the absence of a task and without awareness of the stimulus presentation or reward contingencies.
Biochemical genetic variation and evidence of speciation in Chthamalus barnacles of the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean

Gene-enzyme variation was studied electrophoretically within and between barnacle populations of the genus Chthamalus from 8 intertidal stations from central California to the Pacific coast of Panama. Horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis separated and resolved 18 enzymes from 512 individual barnacles. A maximum of 25 gene-enzyme systems was interpretable from the resulting zymograms. Electrophoretic phenotypes and patterns of phenotypic variation generally conformed with those observed in other organisms. The amount of genetic variation within barnacle populations varied; average heterozygosity, for example, ranged from a low of 3.4% in a Mexican population of the C. fissus group to a high of 10.4% in C. anisopoma from the Gulf of California. Observed and expected average heterozygosities agreed in all population samples, indicating that these species are outbreeding. In contrast to the prediction stemming from a hypothesis that trophic stability regulates the amount of genetic variation in marine species, average heterozygosity tends to be positively correlated with latitude. Data from these and other barnacle species may support a hybrid “environmental heterogeneity-trophic diversity” model recently proposed to explain genetic variation in decapod crustaceans. Juxtaposition of individuals from different localities revealed numerous genetic differences among populations of the C. fissus group. At least three partially sympatric sibling species are separated by genetic distances as large as those observed between the C. fissus group and the distinct species C. dalli and C. anisopoma. A cladistic analysis places C. anisopoma close to the Mexican and Panamanian sibling species, with C. fissus from San Diego and C. dalli successively farther removed.
Penalty and interpersonal attraction as factors influencing the decision to help another person

Abstract Subjects in this experiment, who believed that they were involved in an impression-formation and decision-making task, were each confronted with a dilemma: they had to choose between (a) earning money for themselves while allowing another to be shocked, and (b) foregoing the profit in order to prevent the other from being shocked. One-half the subjects anticipated a penalty if they chose to allow the other to be shocked; the rest held no such anticipation. In addition there were three conditions of interpersonal attraction: Like, Dislike, and (a control) No manipulation. The data indicate that subjects who liked the other chose to help more often when they anticipated punishment, but less often when no punishment was anticipated. The reverse was true for subjects who disliked the other. Three interpretations of these findings are discussed.
Electrical resistivity, elastic modulus, and debye temperature of titanium diboride

Abstract Electrical-resistivity measurements on single and polycrystalline specimens of TiB2 at 293° and 77°K indicated a metallic-bonding mechanism. The average resistivity for single crystal TiB2 is 6.6μΩ-cm at 293° and 1.1μΩ-cm at 77°K. Anisotropy of the resistivity values with respect to the c- and a-axes of TiB2 ( c a = 1.067 ) was not observed. The random electrical resistivity of hot-pressed specimens ranged from 9.1 μΩ-cm at 293°K to 2.2 μΩ-cm at 77°K. Anisotropy in elastic and shear moduli was determined to follow the lattice-parameter ratio. Debye-temperature values were calculated from average rod-velocity measurements on single-crystal bar and rod-shaped specimens resulting in θ−v0(m) = 952° and 964°K, respectively. For polycrystalline TiB2 the Debye temperature calculated from rod-velocity measurements ranged from 1100–1130°K.
Reaching the end point and stopping midway: Different scenarios in the acquisition of Russian

This is a survey article that brings together some more familiar patterns in the acquisition of Russian (by monolingual speakers) and lesser known ones, reflecting the acquisition and maintenance of Russian in the context of another dominant language ‐ in this case, American English. Assuming a critical distinction between two types of acquisition, the acquisition of language that results in complete, full native speaker competency (regardless of whether a particular speaker represents the standard, educated, variety of L1, or any other of its varieties), and the acquisition interrupted, in childhood, by the switch to another language as dominant, the former will be referred to as uninterrupted acquisition, the latter as incomplete acquisition. Of these two, uninterrupted acquisition is the one that is standardly pursued and discussed in L1 acquisition studies. Incomplete acquisition, which results in the linguistic profile of a heritage speaker, has gone mostly unnoticed, for a number of reasons. To name just a few: heritage speakers often have passive language skills only, which makes it hard to assess their language competence. Heritage speakers are often mistaken for unbalanced bilinguals, and as such considered desirable subjects for bilingualism research. Lumped together with other types of language attrition and loss, the language of heritage speakers has chiefly been the province of sociolinguistic studies, and it is often hard to make two separate subfields within linguistics talk to one another. In the meantime, heritage speakers may well be an important missing piece that would enrich the picture of L1 acquisition that we are trying to create.
Failure of the stainless steel tubes at FSU

Abstract A series of events occurred during the second half of 1984 which ultimately resulted in the need to replace or rebuild all four stainless steel acceleration tubes. We now believe that we know more fully the causes of these failures which, if understood earlier, would have enabled three of these tubes to be saved. It also appears that our experience is not unique and that other laboratories have also suffered the same mode of failure. The sequence of events will be described together with details of the causes and prevention. Other instances of this mode of failure will be noted. It is to be hoped that this information may prevent other labs having similar problems.
A matrix multiplier

A machine to expedite matrix multiplication has been developed by modifying the International Business Machines Corporation scoring machine. The principles and operation of the machine are described, and time and accuracy estimates are indicated.
Oxygen isotope variability in bones of wild caught and constant temperature reared sub-adult American alligators.

Abstract (1) The mean δ 18 O BP (‰SMOW) for any given bone sampled from captive alligators maintained at high constant temperature was lower (indicative of higher temperatures of bone deposition) than that of the same bone from wild alligators caught in Northern Florida, but these differences were only greater than two standard deviations from the mean for the thoracic vertebrae and metatarsal bones. (2) Inter-bone variability of δ 18 O BP (‰SMOW) was similar for captive alligators maintained at constant temperatures and the wild alligators, but intra-bone variability was much greater in wild alligators. (3) The order of mean δ 18 O BP (‰SMOW) of bones (from highest to lowest) differed between treatment groups. However, intra-bone variability obscured the significance of those differences. Nevertheless, the thoracic vertebra had the highest mean δ 18 O BP (‰SMOW), indicative of lower temperatures, and the lowest variability of bones in both groups of alligators. Conversely, the tibia was one of the warmest and more variable bones in both groups of alligators. (4) The pattern of δ 18 O BP (‰SMOW) values across sites within long bones were identical between alligator treatment groups for the femur and humerus but differed between groups for the tibia and metatarsus, and differed between different long bones. The predicted intra-bone pattern for long bones of increasing δ 18 O BP (‰SMOW) indicative of lower temperatures in more distal sampling sites was only obtained from the femurs. (5) Paired cortical and cancellous bone samples from the same site from all individuals in both treatment groups were available for proximal humeri and distal femurs. δ 18 O BP (‰SMOW) values from cortical bone were more variable than those from cancellous bone for both bones. (6) Cortical bone had lower δ 18 O BP (‰SMOW) values indicative of warmer temperatures than cancellous bone at sites sampled on the proximal humeri and distal femurs of all three animals from both treatment groups.
Separation of diploid from aneuploid cells in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

Summary. A new method for the separation of diploid and aneuploid cells from blood of patients with leukaemia is described. Density gradient separation using a modified silica particle gradient was combined with analysis of cellular DNA content by flow cytometry. Submicroscopic levels of diploid or aneuploid cells were enriched up to 90% purity. Three patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and no evidence of aneuploid cells after separation are in continuing complete remission after 24.5–47 months. Two patients with aneuploid cells detected after separation expired in relapse 0.5 and 3 months later. Cell separation prior to flow cytometric analysis might be a useful tool to detect submicroscopic levels of aneuploid leukaemic cells in blood and bone marrow, and to predict impending relapse.
Self-Loosening of Threaded Fasteners Due to Cyclic Transverse Loads

A mathematical model and an experimental procedure are presented for studying the self-loosening phenomenon of threaded fasteners that are subjected to cyclic transverse loads. The effect of thread and underhead friction coefficients, the hole clearance, and the frequency and the amplitude of the transverse excitation are investigated. The experimental set up is made of a single-bolt joint, which is subjected to a cyclic transverse displacement or force. For each variable, the drop in the fastener tension and the joint clamp load versus the number of cycles is recorded and analyzed. In the mathematical model, the linear and angular motion of the bolt head is formulated in terms of the system properties and the external cyclic transverse excitation. The mathematical model provides the bolt rotation in the loosening direction, which causes the partial or full loss of the clamp load. An iterative MATLAB code is developed and used for the calculation of tension drop-off in the fastener tension due the self-loosening. Mathematical and experimental results are compared for various levels of system and external loading variables.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Cell Stress and Proteostasis Networks in Biology, Aging, and Disease

The proteostasis network (PN) is comprised of cell stress signaling pathways, molecular chaperones and clearance machineries that is central to prevent protein aggregation, to maintain cellular health, and to ensure organismal longevity. Under optimal conditions, the PN minimizes the stress of misfolded and aggregation-prone proteins that arise from genetic polymorphisms, error-prone synthesis, mutations, stress, and aging. This is achieved by the properties of the heat shock response, the unfolded protein responses, and antioxidant stress responses. During aging, the expression of chaperone genes reveal network signatures of repression indicative of imminent proteostasis failure. The subsets of chaperones that are repressed or activated during aging show similar accelerated changes in brain tissue from Alzheimer's, Huntington's and Parkinson's disease patients, of which a sub-set defining a core prevent misfolding and proteotoxicity of Aβ and polyQ expressed in C. elegans. Stress and aging cause fluctuations in protein quality control that are costly and can disrupt the PN, causing proteome mismanagement and collateral damage to metastable proteins and amplification of non-native species. Transmission of the environmental stress signal involves both intracellular proteotoxicity and cell non-autonomous signaling between neurons and somatic tissues and between somatic tissues to ensure that cellular responses to stress are coordinated by transcellular chaperone signaling for organismal survival. The enhanced risk for misfolding during aging, therefore, contributes substantially to age-associated diseases including neurodegeneration, cancer, immunological disease, and metabolic disease.
A twin study of non-alcohol substance abuse.

Abstract Except for alcohol abuse, little is known about the familial aggregation for substance abuse. Here we report twin resemblance for non-alcohol substance use in the Washington University Twin Series, wherein probands were identified by consecutive admission to psychiatric facilities in the St. Louis area. A 5-point substance abuse scale was constructed with values anchored by never used drugs (1) to drug dependence (5). Year of birth was the most powerful predictor of drug use — younger twins scored far higher than older twins. Either heritability or common environment had to be included in the regression model to avoid a significant drop in explained variance, but which was more important could not be resolved. The correlation for identical twins exceeded that for fraternal twins, suggesting the possibility of a heritable factor.
Direct arterial pressure monitoring

Direct arterial pressure monitoring is a common practice in the modern intensive care unit and during complex anaesthesia cases. The methods for catheter introduction and maintenance are widely described and used. However, in the past few years there have been new developments and controversies surrounding direct arterial pressure measurement. First, rugged, inexpensive and convenient disposable transducers are supplanting the former expensive, fragile reusable transducers. Second, the fidelity or dynamic response required to reproduce the ‘real’ arterial pressure waveform continues to be a subject of controversy and concern. This review attempts to clarify the dynamic response issues and show how to test pressure monitoring systems in the clinical setting. Third, the arterial pressure waveform is distorted as it is transmitted from the aorta to peripheral arteries. Fourth, computer processing of the arterial waveform that presents ‘digital’ results must be improved. In some situations, the digitally displayed numbers ‘lie’. Despite the issues noted the use of direct arterial pressure measurement is a convenient, safe, and helpful method for continuously monitoring patients.
Adaptive signal acquisition and wireless power transfer for an implantable prosthesis processor

This paper describes an ADC array and wireless power transfer link for an implantable prosthetic processor which digitizes neural signals sensed by a microelectrode array. The ADC array consists of 96 variable resolution ADC base cells. The base ADC has been implemented in 0.13µm CMOS as a 100kS/s SAR ADC whose resolution can be varied from 3 to 8 — bits with corresponding power consumption of 0.23µW to 0.90µW. The resolution of each ADC cell is adapted according to neural data content of the signal from the corresponding electrode, this reduces power consumption by a factor of 2.3 whilst maintaining an effective 7.8 — bit resolution across all channels. A wireless power transfer system for implanted medical devices which uses antenna area 100 times smaller than previous designs has also been realized. Adaptive simultaneous conjugate matching and a high efficiency rectifier and regulator in 0.13µm CMOS together with a 4mm antenna deliver 140µW at 1.2V DC from a 4cm transmit antenna and a 0.25W 915MHz source through 15mm of tissue to power the implanted device.
Sensitivity analysis of adsorption bed behavior: Examination of pulse inputs and layered-bed optimization

A mathematical model is developed to examine the sensitivity of the breakthrough of adsorption beds to system parameters. As the process model is integrated a single time, sensitivities are simultaneously calculated. The impact of mass and energy transfer effects and adsorbent layer thicknesses are determined by calculating the derivatives of the outlet concentration and outlet temperature. Several examples are considered. To establish a basis, the breakthrough of single beds is considered first. The adsorption of hexane on BPL activated carbon is contrasted with the adsorption of nitrogen on carbon molecular sieve, and combined mass and energy effects are considered by studying the adsorption of nitrogen on BPL activated carbon. The sensitivity data are then applied to determine the optimum bed layering of a two-layer, two-bed PSA system. The solution method presented can be adapted for the sensitivity analysis and subsequent optimization of a large number of adsorption systems.
Pictorial pattern recognition and the phase problem of x-ray crystallography

The availability of interactive, three-dimensional, computer graphics systems coupled to powerful digital computers encourages the development of algorithms adapted to this environment. Pictorial pattern recognition techniques make possible a number of approaches to X-ray structure determination based on molecular model building, i.e. the use of chemical information to frame “structural hypotheses” which can computationally be tested and refined by reference to the experimental data.Application of standard pattern recognition algorithms is hindered by the fact that the cross-correlation between a model and the correct structure cannot be computed because of a fundamental incompleteness in the measured data. However, it is possible to compute an upper bound to such a cross-correlation. A simple example demonstrates that this information can be the basis of a technique for structure determination that can make effective use of an interactive graphics system.Model building by cross-correlations has intrinsic advantages over usual crystallographic techniques based on the autocorrelation or Patterson function, especially for large structures. This is significant, for crystallography of biological macromolecules has been and will continue to be a field of intense interest.
The Lady Vanishes: On Never Knowing, Quite, Who Is a Lesbian

Researchers, like political contestants, have to engage matters of epistemology to frame their claims and their debates. In that sense the emerging consensus between lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) advocates and their political adversaries that it is impossible to recognize lesbians by sight, much less indexically gendered features, is instructive. This article reviews a range of methodological research strategies designed to grapple with the complexities of determining who counts as "lesbian" in different contexts. Those classificatory strategies include working definitions, self-definition, identification of "bias," interpretive embrace of slippery categories, and turning the process of classification into an object of study. After exploring the strengths and shortcomings of each approach, the article argues for a calculus of belonging based on the concept of limit rather than a politics of demarcation.
An Apt and Noble Gift: Gorham's Rebekah Pitcher

This article explores the significance of a silver pitcher, given as a wedding gift from a father to his daughter in 1854. This early example of Gorham silver hollowware, now part of the Cincinnati Art Museum9s collection, is decorated with scenes from the Biblical Old Testament story of the marriage of Isaac and Rebekah (Genesis 24). The popularity and significance of the Biblical Rebekah in the mid to late nineteenth century reveals the symbolism behind the pitcher9s design and a father9s gift.
Histone H1 preferentially binds to superhelical DNA molecules of higher compaction

In chromatin, the physiological amount of H1 is one molecule per nucleosome or, roughly, one molecule per 200 bp of DNA. We observed that at such a stoichiometry, H1 selectively binds to supercoiled DNA with magnitude of sigma > or = 0.012 (both negative and positive), leaving relaxed, linear, or nicked DNA molecules unbound. When negative and positive DNA topoisomers of varying superhelicity are simultaneously present in the binding mixture, H1 selectively binds to the molecules with highest superhelicity; less supercoiled forms are gradually involved in binding upon increasing the amount of input protein. We explain this topological preference of H1 as the consequence of an increased probability for more than one H1-DNA contact provided by the supercoiling. The existence of simultaneous contacts of H1 with both intertwined DNA strands in the supercoiled DNA molecules is also inferred by topoisomerase relaxation of H1-DNA complexes that had been prefixed with glutaraldehyde.
C: IGF-I l IGFBP-3 l ☆

Abstract Objectives To test the hypothesis that plasma insulin growth factor (IGF)-I or IGF binding protein (BP)-3 levels would differ between patients with bladder cancer and healthy controls and whether preoperative plasma IGF-I or IGFBP-3 could predict the pathologic characteristics and clinical outcome of patients with bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy. The IGFs are mitogens that have been shown to play a significant role in regulating proliferation and differentiation of bladder cancer cells. Methods The study group consisted of 51 patients who underwent radical cystectomy (median follow-up 45.7 months). The preoperative plasma levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were measured using DSL-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels were also measured in 44 healthy men. Results The plasma IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels in patients with bladder cancer were not significantly different from those in healthy subjects ( P ≥0.339). In a preoperative model that included clinical grade, clinical stage, and either IGF-I or IGFBP-3, none of the parameters was associated with either metastases to lymph nodes or clinical outcome. However, in an alternative model that included both IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in addition to clinical stage and grade, only a lower preoperative plasma IGFBP-3 level was associated with metastases to regional lymph nodes, bladder cancer progression, and survival ( P = 0.047, 0.050, and 0.040, respectively). Conclusions We found no association between preoperative plasma IGF-I and bladder cancer characteristics or outcome, limiting the clinical utility of IGF-I. In contrast, a lower preoperative plasma level of IGFBP-3 was associated with lymph node metastasis and poorer clinical outcome after radical cystectomy when adjusted for IGF-I level.
REFLECTIONS ON BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY: A SELECTIVE REVIEW OF EVOLUTION SINCE DARWIN—THE FIRST 150 YEARS. EDITED BY M. A. BELL, D. J. FUTUYAMA, W. F. EANES, & J. S. LEVINTON

This review focuses on parallels between the selectionist sciences of evolutionary biology and behavior analysis. In selectionism, complex phenomena are interpreted as the cumulative products of relatively simple processes acting over time—natural selection in evolutionary biology and reinforcement in behavior analysis. Because evolutionary biology is the more mature science, an examination of the factors that led to the triumph of natural selection provides clues whereby reinforcement may achieve a similar fate in the science of behavior.
Photochemical Pattern Transfer and Enhancement of Thin Film Silica Mesophases

Here we present a spatially directed calcination approach based on masked UV exposure to pattern mesoporous regions within a mesostructured matrix in a rapid, single-step, and inexpensive manner. Subsequent chemical treatment of the film can selectively remove the mesostructured regions, leading to patterned mesoporous structures. Such tunability in the processing under near room-temperature conditions allows for spatial control and patterning of function related to optical properties, topology, porosity, hydrophobicity, and structural morphology of the mesoscopic thin film material on a wide range of substrates.
Tubular cell dedifferentiation and peritubular inflammation are coupled by the transcription regulator Id1 in renal fibrogenesis

During renal fibrogenesis, tubular epithelial–mesenchymal transition is closely associated with peritubular inflammation; however, it is not clear whether these two processes are connected. We previously identified the inhibitor of differentiation-1 (Id1), a dominant negative antagonist of basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors, as a major trigger of tubular cell dedifferentiation after injury. Id1 was induced selectively in degenerated proximal tubule and collecting duct epithelia after injury and was present in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, suggesting shuttling between these two compartments. Interestingly, the upregulation of Id1 was associated with peritubular inflammation in mouse and human nephropathies. In vitro , Id1 potentiated NF-κB signaling and augmented RANTES expression in kidney epithelial cells, which led to an enhanced recruitment of inflammatory cells. Id1 also induced Snail1 expression and triggered tubular epithelial dedifferentiation. In vivo , genetic ablation of Id1 in mice reduced peritubular inflammation and decreased tubular expression of RANTES following ureteral obstruction. Mice lacking Id1 were also protected against myofibroblast activation and matrix expression, leading to a reduced total collagen deposition in obstructive nephropathy. Thus, these results indicate that Id1 shuttles between nucleus and cytoplasm, and promotes peritubular inflammation and tubular epithelial dedifferentiation, suggesting that these two events are intrinsically coupled during renal fibrogenesis.
An Example of Evaluation Research as a Cottage Industry: The Technical Quality and Impact of Arts Audience Studies

Research resources are likely to be critical determinants of the technical quality of nongovernmental evaluation research, and quality in turn may affect the utility of the research. It is hypothes...
Resection of intramedullary spinal cord tumors in children: assessment of long-term motor and sensory deficits

Object. With modern surgical advances, radical resection of pediatric intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCTs) can be expected to preserve long-term neurological function. Nevertheless, postoperative neurological decline is not uncommon after surgery, and many patients continue to experience long-term dysesthetic symptoms. Preoperative predictors of postoperative neurological decline and sensory syndromes have not been investigated and may serve as a guide for surgical risk stratification. Methods. Neurological function (as determined using the modified McCormick Scale [mMS]) preoperatively, postoperatively, and 3 months after surgery was retrospectively recorded from patient charts in 164 consecutive patients undergoing resection of IMSCTs. A median 4 years (interquartile range [IQR] 1‐8 years) after surgery, long-term motor and sensory symptoms were assessed by telephone interviews and corroborated by subsequent medical visits in 120 available patients. This long-term assessment was retrospectively reviewed for the purposes of this study. The authors reviewed this series to assess long-term motor, sensory, and urinary outcomes and to determine independent risk factors of postoperative neurological decline and long-term sensory dysfunction. Results. Patients were 8.6 6 5.7 years old and presented with a median mMS of 2 (IQR 2‐4). Three months after surgery, 38 patients (23%) continued to experience decreased neurological function (1 mMS point) incurred perioperatively. Increasing age (p = 0.028), unilateral symptoms (p = 0.046), and urinary dysfunction at presentation (p = 0.004) independently predicted persistent 3-month perioperative decline. At long-term follow-up (median 4 years), 39 (33%) exhibited improvements in their mMS scores, 13 (30%) had improvement in their urinary dysfunction, and 27 (30%) had resolution of their dysesthesias. Seventy-eight patients (65%) experienced long-term dysesthetic symptoms. Increasing age (p = 0.024), preoperative symptom duration . 12 months (p = 0.027), and worsened postoperative mMS score at hospital discharge (p = 0.013) independently increased the risk of long-term dysesthesias. Conclusions. In the authors’ experience, nearly one third of patients may experience improvement in motor, sensory, and urinary dysfunction years after IMSCT resection, whereas the majority will continue to experience long-term dysesthetic symptoms. Improvement in motor deficits preceded improvement in sensory syndromes, and urinary dysfunction typically resolved much longer after surgery. The risk of persistent perioperative motor decline was increased with older age, unilateral symptoms, preoperative urinary symptoms, and less severe preoperative neurological deficit. The risk of long-term dysesthesias was increased with older age, increased duration of symptoms prior to resection, and greater postoperative neurological deficit. (DOI: 10.3171/PED-08/01/063)
FAMILY-FRIENDLY PROGRAMS, ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT, AND WORK WITHDRAWAL: THE MODERATING ROLE OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP

Using data from China, Kenya, and Thailand, we investigated the moderating effect of transformational leadership in the relationships between family-friendly programs (childcare and work flexibility benefits), organizational commitment, and work withdrawal. Results supported the moderating effect of transformational leadership in the relationships between work flexibility benefits and both organizational commitment and work withdrawal, and between childcare benefits and work withdrawal. Theoretical contributions as well as practical implications are discussed.
Steady state performance of inverter fed induction machines by means of time domain complex variables

An induction machine model in which the order of the electrical differential equations is one half of the conventional real variable model is obtained by using the complex time variables introduced by Ku and Lyon in the 1950's. Since the stepped excitation waveforms associated with polyphase inverters are also well suited to complex representation, the method provides a powerful means of exploiting the symmetry inherent in inverter-machine systems. After a brief introduction to the concept of complex time variables, the steady state analysis of six-step voltage and current source inverter driven induction machines is presented. Closed form solutions for the instantaneous voltages, currents and torques are derived. For small slip the current fed machine solutions are reduced to simple expressions involving rotor frequency sinusoidal functions and the relationships between these waveforms and the fundamental component equivalent circuit solutions are demonstrated. The solutions for the voltage fed machine are more complicated, however, hand computation of peak values is feasible or extremely simple computer programs can be written to yield the instantaneous current and torque waveforms.
Categorical structure of asynchrony

Abstract We investigate a categorical framework for the semantics of asynchronous communication in networks of parallel processes. Abstracting from a category of asynchronous labeled transition systems, we formulate the notion of a categorical model of asynchrony as a uniformly traced monoidal category with diagonals, such that every morphism is total and the focus is equivalent to a category of complete partial orders. We present a simple, non-deterministic, cpo-based model that satisfies these requirements, and we discuss how to refine this model by an observational congruence. We also present a general construction of passing from deterministic to non-deterministic models, and more generally, from non-linear to linear structure on a category.
Representation of the Elderly in Advertising: Crisis or Inconsequence?

Advertisers have been criticized for underrepresenting the elderly in print ads and television commercials. What critics often overlook, however, are audience and product considerations along with the effectiveness of older spokespersons in influencing intent to purchase among elderly and younger consumers. This article examines what is currently known about the use of older persons in advertising and extends these findings by reporting the views of advertising agency executives on this topic. From the results of these studies, an audience‐product matrix with examples is provided to help put the advertiser's position into perspective. According to the literature reviewed and the perceptions of advertising agency executives, the use of elderly spokespersons tends to work best when the product or service can be targeted to elderly consumers and the products or services themselves are elderly‐oriented. There is some evidence to suggest that elderly persons are used in advertisements not because advertisers want to represent the elderly, but rather when these spokespersons can sell the product.
Economic recovery and the public employee

Public employees first to suffer and last to benefit by changing level in the cost of living.
The Ejection Click of Valvular Pulmonic Stenosis

Ten patients with valvular pulmonic stenosis were studied by simultaneous external phonocardiograms and intracardiac pressure recordings during successive respiratory cycles to examine the mechanism of the respiratory variation in the ejection click. Selective cineangiograms were performed in four. During inspiration right ventricular end-diastolic pressure (RVEDP) exceeded the pressure in the pulmonary artery (+2.7 mm) and no ejection click was recorded. During expiration RVEDP was lower than the pressure in the pulmonary artery (-3.6 mm) and a click was recorded. The click was present throughout the respiratory cycle when pulmonary artery diastolic pressure consistently exceeded RVEDP. Clicks were associated with sudden "doming" of the valve demonstated by cineangiography. These data support the valvular origin of the ejection click in pulmonic stenosis and provide the following explanation for the respiratory variation: Inspiratory increase in venous return causes the valve leaflets to move to an open ...
Building the Powerful 10‐Minute Office Visit: Part II. Beginning a Critical Literature Review

Objective: This is the second part in a series of sequential Tutorials in Clinical Research. The objective of this tutorial is to introduce methods of searching the vast stores of information now available, to review some of the computer resources available, to reintroduce the concept of an a priori design for the search, and to reveal the need for assessment of the clinical importance and validity of each pertinent article found. Study Design: Tutorial. Methods: An open working group has been formed with the specific aim of surveying and translating the large volume of complex information on research design and statistics into easily understood, useable, and non-threatening tutorials for the busy practitioner. The hypotheses under which this work is conducted are highly intelligent, but extremely busy, surgeons are interested in evidence-based medicine and will increase personal participation in critical reading of the literature, pending an expanded familiarity with clinical research design and statistics. Results: Available resources for literature searching, methods of quick personal overviews, and quick question-specific reviews are discussed. Additionally, the methods, with examples, of beginning a critical literature review are presented. Conclusions: Rapid, personal, critical literature review requires succinct formulation of the question, efficient search for the best available evidence, and critical appraisal of the pertinent individual articles to determine if sufficient evidence exists to support a clinical contention.
Lead, Link, and Learn: A Policy / Research Fellowship Program in Aging:

The active involvement of nurses in the policy and political process is a professional responsibility. This article describes a fellowship program aimed at building the necessary competence for such activity in the context of aging health policy. The purposes of and strategies used in the fellowship program are described, including the fellow selection process, the issue selection process, and the design and conceptual framework of the program. Outcomes are described in terms of skill development of fellows, reflections of faculty, and effect on increasing fellows’ interest in gerontological nursing and aging policy.
HER2 status is an important biomarker in guiding personalized HER2 therapy

The human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2 oncoprotein has emerged as an important cellular target for the development of a variety of new cancer therapies. The method used to define the HER2 status is a major factor in determining who will receive these targeted therapies. The HER2 status can be determined by using either tissue tests to look at the primary tumor cells, or an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that measures the circulating levels of the extracellular portion of HER2 protein. Tissue test (immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization) results indicate that approximately 20–30% of patients with primary breast cancer have a HER2-positive tumor, whereas ELISA results demonstrate that an average of 45% (range: 23–80%) of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients can have an abnormally high (> 15 ng/ml) serum HER2 level, which is evidence that a HER2-positive tumor is present. Published studies show that the HER2 status of a breast cancer patient can differ both by th...
VR systems: out from the laboratory

In spite of the large amount of "hype" that accompanied virtual reality (VR) earlier this decade, the field has produced only a few examples of demonstrably useful systems. Systems must be fielded and validated to show that VR is useful for purposes other than academic research. The paper discusses two VR systems developed at the Naval Research Laboratory that have received validation by statistical analysis or by user acceptance. One system focuses on experiments in shipboard firefighting to verify the effectiveness of VR as a mission planning tool. Using trained U.S. Navy firefighters, the author conducted a shipboard experiment. The VR-trained firefighters performed significantly better on both navigation and firefighting tasks. The second system involved developing an application using NRL's VR Responsive Workbench to provide situational awareness inside a U.S. Marine Corps combat operations center (COC). This system has been called a major advance that is likely to eliminate paper maps in the COC.
A functional myo-inositol catabolism pathway is essential for rhizopine utilization by Sinorhizobium meliloti

SUMMARY: Rhizopine (~-3-O-methyl-scy//o-inosamine) is a symbiosis-specif ic compound found in alfalfa nodules induced by specific Sinorhilobium meliloti strains. It has been postulated that rhizobial strains able to synthesize and catabolize rhizopine gain a competitive advantage in the rhizosphere. The pathway of rhizopine degradation is analysed here. Since rhizopine is an inositol derivative, it was tested whether inositol catabolism is involved in rhizopine utilization. A genetic locus required for the catabolism of inositol as sole carbon source was cloned from S. meliloti. This locus was delimited by transposon Tn5 mutagenesis and its DNA sequence was determined. Based on DNA similarity studies and enzyme assays, this genetic region was shown to encode an S, meliloti myo-inositol dehydrogenase. Strains that harboured a mutation in the myo-inositol dehydrogenase gene (idhA) did not display myo-inositol dehydrogenase activity, were unable to utilize myo-inositol as sole carbodenergy source, and were unable to catabolize rhizopine. Thus, myo-inositol dehydrogenase activity is essential for rhizopine utilization in s. meliloti.
Passive harmonic mode-locking in all-fibre soliton laser: energy states and stability aspects

The behavior of a passively mode-locked soliton laser, under different energy states, is studied by using a numerical simulation. The shorter pulse obtainable is determined, pointing out the soliton properties of the output pulses. In the case of harmonic mode-locking, power quantisation related to the number of existing pulses in the cavity, is obtained and repetition rate instability is detected. It is found that by introducing a narrow band optical filter in the cavity and by optimising the filter bandwidth, this instability is substantially reduced. >
New Horizons in the Evolutionary Science of the Human Family

Familial relationships cannot be properly understood outside of an evolutionary framework. Pseudoscientific and traditional modes of thought have steered us away from an accurate account of ourselves and our kin. Recent theoretical and empirical advances in the evolutionary sciences, such as the theories of inclusive fitness, parental investment, and parent-offspring conflict, have aided our understanding of familial conflict and cooperation. We suggest that a gene’s eye perspective of human families can likewise illuminate much of human psychology and behavior by contrasting individual interests with genetic interests. Furthermore, theoretical and empirical work on genetic imprinting and extended phenotypic action-at-a-distance have unveiled the extent to which co-evolutionary arms races and manipulation lie at the heart of familial interactions and psychological disorders. We posit that human cultural trends and morals can ultimately be grounded on an evolutionary foundation: not only do human laws and institutions reflect group-level manifestations of gene-level cooperative adaptations, but also they may reflect gene-level manipulative adaptations. An awareness of evolutionary dynamics can advance human well-being and unveil the hidden mechanisms beneath all human and nonhuman relationships.
Marginal Delay: New Measure for Quality of Service at Signalized Intersections

Most existing analytical models determine signal settings at intersections by minimizing total delay. The main problem with these methods is that when green split is based on minimum total intersection delay, low-volume approaches are penalized. Although this may be appropriate, the extent of this penalty has never been theoretically resolved. A new concept and its methodology for determining traffic signal settings were proposed to provide a theoretical basis for this issue. This new concept, marginal delay, has its inception in marginal analysis and is defined as the increase in total delay resulting from a one-vehicle increase in the approach volume. Given the nature of the existing delay equations, marginal delay also represents the measure of the maximum individual vehicle delay for a given cycle. Three marginal delay equations were derived and analyzed over a range of 265 cases. Marginal delay analysis was applied to signal-setting calculations and compared with existing delay models. The work concl...
The microbiome and rheumatoid arthritis

Humans are not (and have never been) alone. From the moment we are born, millions of micro-organisms populate our bodies and coexist with us rather peacefully for the rest of our lives. This microbiome represents the totality of micro-organisms (and their genomes) that we necessarily acquire from the environment. Micro-organisms living in or on us have evolved to extract the energy they require to survive, and in exchange they support the physiological, metabolic and immune capacities that have contributed to our evolutionary success. Although currently categorized as an autoimmune disorder and regarded as a complex genetic disease, the ultimate cause of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains elusive. It seems that interplay between predisposing genetic factors and environmental triggers is required for disease manifestation. New insights from DNA sequence-based analyses of gut microbial communities and a renewed interest in mucosal immunology suggest that the microbiome represents an important environmental factor that can influence autoimmune disease manifestation. This Review summarizes the historical clues that suggest a possible role for the microbiota in the pathogenesis of RA, and will focus on new technologies that might provide scientific evidence to support this hypothesis.
A study of the self-esteem and alienation of male homosexuals.

Summary The purposes of this study were to determine the differences in self-esteeem and alienation between homosexual and heterosexual American males, and the differences in self-esteem and alienation in homosexual males, by selected demographic variables and sexual behavior. Eighty-six American male homosexuals indicated significantly greater alienation than heterosexual males, but similar self-esteem levels. Religion, oral-genital insertion preference, and marital status were significantly related to self-esteem and alienation, whereas anal intercourse insertion preference and degree of homosexuality were not found to be significantly related to self-esteem and alienation.
Using Word Identification Fluency to Monitor First-Grade Reading Development

This study assessed the effects of sampling breadth on technical features of word identification fluency (WIF), a tool for screening and monitoring the reading development of first graders. From a potential pool of 704 first-grade students, the authors measured both a representative sample (n = 284) and 2 other subgroups: those with low reading achievement (n = 202) and those with high/average achievement (n = 213). Data were collected weekly on broadly and narrowly sampled WIF lists for 15 weeks and on criterion measures in the fall and spring. Broad lists were developed by sampling words from 500 high-frequency words, whereas narrow lists were created by sampling from the 133 words from Dolch preprimer, primer, and first-grade word lists. Overall, predictive validity for performance level, predictive validity for growth, and commonality analysis showed narrow sampling was better for screening the representative group and the high/average subgroup. Broad sampling was superior for screening the low-achieving subgroup and for progress monitoring across groups.