cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Importin alpha from Arabidopsis thaliana is a nuclear import receptor that recognizes three classes of import signals.

Protein import into the nucleus is a two-step process. In vitro import systems from vertebrate cell extracts have shown that several soluble factors are required. One of these factors is the receptor importin [alpha], which binds to nuclear localization signals (NLS) in vitro. We previously cloned an importin [alpha] homolog from Arabidopsis thaliana (At-IMP[alpha]) and demonstrated that this protein was not depleted from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) protoplasts after permeabilization of the plasma membrane (Hicks et al., 1996). To determine if At-IMP[alpha] is functional, we used an in vitro NLS-binding assay. We found that At-IMP[alpha] binding is specific, and the receptor is able to recognize three classes of NLS identified in plants. Purified antibodies to At-IMP[alpha] were used to determine the in vivo location of importin [alpha] in tobacco protoplasts. Importin [alpha] is found in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and it is most highly concentrated at the nuclear envelope. The biochemical properties of nuclear importin [alpha] and localization studies using purified nuclei demonstrate that importin [alpha] is tightly associated with the plant nucleus. Moreover, these results suggest that a fraction of nuclear importin [alpha] interacts with the nuclear pore complex.
Microstructural analysis of crystallization processes in a Ni-based amorphous alloy

The crystallization process of an amorphous, Ni-based alloy has been investigated by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy diffraction, imaging and chemical analysis techniques. The crystallization sequence consists of 1. (1) nucleation and growth of < 100 A diameter fcc crystallites in an amorphous matrix, 2. (2) transformation to a fully microcrystalline, singlephase fcc microstructure, and 3. (3) precipitation of Mo2FeB2-type precipitates in the fcc matrix.
Fibroadenoma: to biopsy or not to biopsy? That is the question

In 2011, our institution adopted the policy (in line with national guidance) not to biopsy breast masses in patients <25 years if they have benign characteristics on ultrasound. This retrospective audit was performed prior to this decision. We compare the histology result with the USS findings of all patients <25 years who had a breast mass biopsied or excised, between 2003 and 2009, with respect to Stavros criteria.
Frequency of median mononeuropathy in patients with mild diabetic neuropathy in the early diabetes intervention trial (EDIT)

We used electrophysiologic criteria to identify median mononeuropathy (MM) at the nondominant wrist among 414 patients enrolled in a multicenter study of patients with mild diabetic neuropathy according to consensus recommendations. Patients with absent sural or peroneal responses or greater than mild symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome were ineligible. Ninety-five of 414 participants (23%) fulfilled criteria for MM, independent of diabetes type. Patients with MM had a longer duration of diabetes than remaining patients, independent of age, and patients with MM and type II diabetes were more likely to be female (34% vs. 19%; P = 0.008), shorter (165.7 vs. 172.7 cm; P = 0.001), and have a higher body mass index (32.5 vs. 29.1; P = 0.0008) than remaining type II patients. Sural or peroneal conduction abnormalities did not influence the frequency of MM. These results suggest that patients with diabetic neuropathy require special consideration with regard to the evaluation of suspected carpel tunnel syndrome.
Outcome of delayed hemorrhage following surgical hemorrhoidectomy

Delayed hemorrhage following surgical hemorrhoidectomy is a well-recognized complication. Emergency treatment may include suture ligation, anal packing, or other means of tamponade. At the Lehigh Valley Hospital, 27 patients were seen with the complication of delayed hemorrhage over an eight-year period from 1983 to 1990, for an incidence of 0.8 percent. Twenty-five patients (93 percent) underwent surgery primarily for hemorrhoidal disease; one patient had hemorrhoids removed in addition to a sphincterotomy for anal fissure, and the remaining patient had hemorrhoidectomy with fistulotomy. The mean interval from the operation to hemorrhage was six days. Treatment modalities included bedside anal packing in 20 patients (74 percent), observation alone in five patients (18 percent), and suture ligation in the operating room in two patients. Anal packing was successful in controlling postoperative hemorrhage in 20/20 patients, but late complications requiring reoperation developed in 15 percent.
Ellulase mobility in decomposing leaf litter

Abstract The relative mobility of Trichoderma viride cellulase components adsorbed to several types of leaf litter was determined by measuring the redistribution of enzyme activity after 18 h in a recirculating column. The mobility of native cellulase associated with decomposing leaf litter was also measured. Despite differences in adsorptive capacities among litters, there were no species-specific differences in the relative mobilities of adsorbed cellulase components. There were differences among enzymes. Exoglucanase and endoglucanase had similar but higher mobilities than β-glucosidase. Native cellulase mobility was low for deciduous litter, but white pine litter showed an enzyme-specific pattern with β-glucosidase the least mobile and endoglucanase the most. Exoenzyme mobility may be functionally important in the decomposition process, particularly when the rate of exoenzyme synthesis is low.
Demonstration of amplitude-distortion correction by modal dispersal and phase conjugation

We demonstrate experimentally and explain theoretically polarization-preserving imaging through a lossy amplitude-distorting medium. This is accomplished by propagating the beam, before its arrival at the lossy distorting medium, through a (multi) mode- and polarization-scrambling fiber and reflecting the signal, after it has passed the lossy distorting medium, from a photorefractive phase-conjugate mirror.
Male red-winged blackbirds distrust unreliable and sexually attractive neighbours

In many species, territorial neighbours fight to establish their mutual border and then develop a truce, known as the dear-enemy phenomenon, characterized by reduced vigilance and aggression along the border. We present evidence that among male red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) the dear-enemy relationship is a form of reciprocal conditional cooperation that is stabilized, at least in part, by retaliation against cheaters. Simulated intrusions by randomly chosen neighbours were punished by a targeted increase in vigilance and aggression that persists for days. We interpret this increase in vigilance towards trespassers as a manifestation of distrust. The conditional decrease in vigilance and aggression is tempered by each neighbour's probability of cuckolding the focal male. Male red-winged blackbirds maintained greater vigilance and aggression towards sexually attractive neighbours that were more successful at extra-pair fertilizations (EPFs). It is unlikely that males directly observed neighbours copulating with their mates. They were more likely to assess a neighbour's ability to achieve extra-pair copulations using surrogate cues that correlate with success at EPFs, including body size. Our results suggest that red-winged blackbirds use rules that incorporate their neighbour's behaviour and quality in their territorial interactions with one another. Our results expand our understanding of cooperation for animals and for humans as well.
A PERIOD inhibitor buffer introduces a delay mechanism for CLK/CYC-activated transcription

We investigated the functions of clock genes period (per) and timeless (tim) in establishing negative feedback on circadian transcription factors clock/cycle (Clk/cyc) in Drosophila. We show that PER protein persists for several hours after rapid degradation of TIM in the morning. We observed in cell culture that isolated PER inhibits CLK/CYC-activated transcription in the absence of TIM and we further demonstrated for the first time in vivo that PER accumulation in a tim loss-of-function mutant background causes efficient inhibition of CLK/CYC-dependent transcription. These results identify PER to be the main inhibitor for CLK/CYC and they suggest a delay mechanism during early morning, when PER protein, after degradation of TIM, forms an inhibitor buffer for CLK/CYC that attenuates the restart of the next cycle of CLK/CYC-activated transcription. While TIM likely enhances the inhibition of CLK/CYC by PER in the dark, our results suggest a reduction of PER-mediated inhibition by TIM in light.
Electron spin resonance characterization of Chromatium D hemes, non-heme irons and the components involved in primary photochemistry.

Abstract The combination of redox potentiometry with low temperature electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy has led to further characterization of electron transfer components of Chromatium D. These include the readily buffer-soluble cytochromes c 553 and c ′ and the high-potential iron-sulfur protein in the isolated state and associated with the chromatophore membrane. Buffer-insoluble cytochrome c 553 , cytochro—me c 555 , bacteriochlorophyll and the primary electron acceptor have been characterized both in the chromatophore membrane and also in a sodium dodecylsulfate detergent-solubilized subchromatophore preparation. Two iron-sulfur proteins have been revealed which are present in the chromatophore membrane but are released on treatment with sodium dodecylsulfate. They have central g values at 1.90 and 1.94 and have estimated midpoint potentials at pH 7.4 ( E m7·4 ) at +280 mV and −100 mV, respectively, when associated with the chromatophore. In the membrane associated state the apparent E m of cytochrome c ′ is approximately 200 mV more positive than the E m values reported for the free state; this implies either that the reduced form of cytochrome c ′ binds to the membrane (or to a component therein) to a degree which is > 10 3 times greater than that of the oxidized form or that the E m shift results from membrane solvation. In the case of the high-potential iron-sulfur protein however, its E m when associated with the chromatophore membrane is similar to that reported in the isolated state. The light-induced oxidation of the high-potential iron-sulfur protein at room temperature appears to be linked only to the oxidation of cytochrome c 555 ; it could serve as an electron pool in equilibrium with cytochrome c 555 in the cyclic electron flow system. The redox component defined in the reduced state by its g y = 1.82 and g x = 1.62 ESR spectrum satisfies the following criteria for its identification as the primary electron acceptor of P883. (a) The E m7·4 value of the g = 1.82 component is −120 ± 25mV. (b) At −70 mV, where the g = 1.82 component is mainly oxidized in the dark, brief illumination at low temperature which causes the irreversible oxidation of one cytochrome c 553 heme, also induces the permanent reduction of the g = 1.82 component; the extent of reduction after brief illumination, given by the g = 1.82 signal height, is the same as that induced chemically at −270 mV showing it to be fully reduced by the receipt of a single electron. (c) At more positive potentials where cytochrome c 553 is oxidized and is not involved in low-temperature reactions, the light-induced low-temperature kinetics of the g = 1.82 signal are reversible; the flash-induced g = 1.82 formation and subsequent dark decay are the same as those for the flash-induced P + 883 ( g = 2) formation and dark decay. We suggest that until a full physical-chemical characterization is completed this g = 1.82 component be designated “photoredoxin”.
Adjusted NOAA outgoing long‐wave and net solar irradiances

The outgoing long-wave (OLR) and net solar (NSR) radiation at the top of the atmosphere, derived from the NOAA series satellites, are compared with those measured by the wide-field-of-view Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) radiometers aboard Nimbus 7. For selected months between 1979 and 1983 important regional differences are found for both the OLR and NSR between the ERB observations and the NOAA, which have been spatially smoothed to approximate the resolution of the former. Knowledge of the systematic differences is utilized to derive linear regression equations, which adjust the smoothed NOAA data to match as well as possible the ERB measurements. These adjustment equations reduce the mean squared difference between the NOAA and ERB data for independent samples, not used in the statistical model development, by approximately 50% for both OLR and NSR. the adjustment equations are applied to the 2.5° NOAA data for June 1974 through May 1988. Long-term zonal averages of the annual and monthly radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere are displayed and discussed. the adjusted data budgets are much more realistic than those derived from unadjusted data and suggest physical features not clearly evident in the previously published analyses based upon lower resolution data.
Calcium Hydroxide or Mineral Trioxide Aggregate may be Used for the Apexification of Immature Teeth

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Apexification of immature teeth with calcium hydroxide or mineral trioxide aggregate: systematic review and meta-analysis. Chala S, Abouqal R, Rida S, Morocco R. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2011;112:e36-e42. Reviewer Anupama Rao Tate, DMD Purpose/Question To compare the efficacy of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and calcium hydroxide (CH) for the root-end induction of immature teeth Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Systematic review and meta-analysis of data Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade B: Limited-quality patient-oriented evidence
Optimization of thermally impregnated Ni–olivine catalysts for tar removal

Abstract Thermally impregnated Ni–olivines are potential catalysts for hot cleanup of tars generated in fluidized bed biomass gasifiers. The present study examined the influence of synthesis parameters, namely Ni precursor, preparation temperature, and olivine support upon the physiochemical and catalytic properties of Ni–olivine catalysts prepared by thermal impregnation. Catalytic activity and stability was monitored by reforming naphthalene, a model tar compound in simulated biomass-derived syngas and by reforming methane. Physiochemical properties, which include both structural (XRD, TPR, and Raman spectroscopy) and surface measurements (BET surface area and XPS), were evaluated for both fresh and spent catalysts. Choice of Ni precursor (NiO or Ni) demonstrated minimal influence upon physiochemical properties and catalytic activity and stability for naphthalene- and methane-steam reforming. The synthesis temperature (1100 and 1400 °C) and olivine support, however, did have an impact. Large structural changes and deactivation were observed when lower synthesis temperatures were used, which indicated that this formulation was not desirable. The use of the Washington olivine as the support demonstrated improved catalytic performance and stability compared to two other olivine supports and further characterization showed that treatments are important in determining the final structural features.
The role of the surgeon in whether patients with lymph node-positive colon cancer see a medical oncologist

The outcomes of patients with stage III colon cancer can be improved dramatically by the use of adjuvant chemotherapy.1–6 However, a substantial percentage of patients with colon cancer do not receive adjuvant chemotherapy7–9 and are at risk for poorer outcomes.10 Patients who are older and who are black reportedly are less likely to receive adjuvant chemotherapy,9–12 although it has not been demonstrated that the benefits of chemotherapy differ by age or ethnicity.2,10 Figure 1 shows a conceptual model for the factors that affect the receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy. First, a patient who is diagnosed with colon cancer must be referred to a medical oncologist, because, with rare exceptions, medical oncologists are the only physicians who prescribe and supervise chemotherapy administration. Second, after consultation with a medical oncologist, a decision must be made to proceed with chemotherapy. FIGURE 1 Conceptual model of the factors that influence the trajectory of stage III colon cancer patients resulting in receipt of chemotherapy. This figure illustrates a 2-step model for receipt of chemotherapy: The first is being referred to a medical oncologist, ... Seeing a medical oncologist is very important for several reasons. First, as noted above, medical oncologists are the specialists who administer chemotherapy. It is uncommon for surgeons or primary care physicians to administer chemotherapy. Second, medical oncologists are cancer specialists, whereas the vast majority of cancer resections are done by general surgeons.13,14 Third, oncologists are more likely than general surgeons to perform recommended oncology care.15 Finally, cancer patients who are treated by oncologists experience better outcomes than patients who are treated by physicians without oncology training.15–17 We hypothesized that, in addition to patient, tumor, and medical system characteristics, surgeon characteristics would be important in determining which patients would see a medical oncologist. Previous reports indicated that physician characteristics play an important role in referral patterns. Physicians who have more practice experience,18 and female physicians and internists19 tend to have higher referral rates. It also has been demonstrated that physician specialty,15–17,20 years in practice,21 practice setting,15,21,22 and patient volume23 all influence practice patterns. Therefore, in the current study, we investigated the role of surgeon characteristics in predicting which patients with stage III colon cancer are seen by a medical oncologist.
Mediators of inflammation

Therapeutic studies and genetically engineered animals have elucidated the inflammatory roles of cytokines and chemokines in autoimmune disease. Most unexpected has been a continuum of recent evidence demonstrating that inflammatory mediators are crucial in lymphoid organ development, thus suggesting that these hitherto unrelated processes have common elements with implications for determinant spreading.
A Dendrite‐Free Lithium Metal Battery Model Based on Nanoporous Polymer/Ceramic Composite Electrolytes and High‐Energy Electrodes

This material is based on work supported as part of the Energy Materials Center at Cornell, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, and Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Award No. DESC0001086. This work made use of the electrochemical characterization facilities of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)-CU Center for Energy and Sustainability, which is supported by the KAUST through Award No. KUSC1-018-02. Electron microscopy facilities at the Cornell Center for Materials Research (CCMR), an National Science Foundation (NSF) supported Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers (MRSEC) through Grant DMR-1120296, were also used for the study. The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Recommendations and rationale for the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is one of the most common serious infections of nonpregnant women of reproductive age. Management of PID is directed at containment of infection. Goals of therapy include the resolution of clinical symptoms and signs, the eradication of pathogens from the genital tract and the prevention of sequelae including infertility, ectopic pregnancy and chronic pelvic pain. The choice of an antibiotic regimen used to treat PID relies upon the appreciation of the polymicrobial etiology of this ascending infection including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and other lower genital tract endogenous anaerobic and facultative bacteria, many of which are associated with bacterial vaginosis. Currently available evidence and the CDC treatment recommendations support the use of broad-spectrum antibiotic regimens that adequately cover the above named microorganisms. The outpatient treatment of mild-to-moderate PID should include tolerated antibiotic regimens consisting of an extended-spectrum cephalosporin in conjunction with either azithromycin or doxycycline. Clinically severe PID should prompt hospitalization and imaging to rule out a tubo-ovarian abscess. Parenteral broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy with activity against a polymicrobial flora, particularly Gram-negative aerobes and anaerobes, should be implemented.
On the non-stationary passage through bifurcations in resonantly forced Hamiltonian oscillators

Abstract Many non-linear dynamical systems are characterized by bifurcation parameters which vary with time. This paper presents an analytical framework to analyze the dynamics of weakly non-linear, single-degree-of-freedom, harmonically excited Hamiltonian systems as a bifurcation parameter varies slowly across the bifurcation points, or points of instability. Formal results concerning the slowly varying normal forms of such systems in the neighborhood of a bifurcation point, are derived. The use of matched asymptotic expansions and non-linear boundary layers, in analyzing the slowly varying normal forms is briefly summarized. The simplified boundary layer equations capture all the essential “local” dynamics of the original Hamiltonian system during transition across a bifurcation. The developed theory is illustrated through detailed analyses of the dynamics of two classical Hamiltonian systems: the forced, undamped, non-linear Mathieu equation and the forced, undamped Duffing equation as the excitation frequency slowly varies ( non-stationary excitation ) across the points of instabilities (simple bifurcations) in these systems.
Decolorization and toxicity screening of selected reactive azo dyes under methanogenic conditions

The objective of this research was to generate technical background for the development of a fixed-film anaerobic reactor to renovate reactive textile dyebaths and reuse the high salt-containing mixture in the dyeing process. Six commercial reactive azo dyes (Black-5; Red-2 and 120; Yellow-3, 15 and 17) were chosen for this study. Using an anaerobic, methanogenic culture enriched from municipal sewage sludge, batch assays were performed to evaluate potential toxicity of the selected dyes to the anaerobic microorganisms as well as to determine the anaerobic biodegradability of these dyes. Total gas and methane production were monitored. No significant toxic effects were observed at 300 mg/L concentration for all dyes tested. At the end of three consecutive feeding cycles all dyes exhibited overall color removals in the range of 77.8 and 97.1%. An assay intended to determine the toxic limit and kinetics of color removal of Red-2 revealed that up to 300 mg/L, this dye was not toxic and contributed to increased total gas and methane production over that of a control. However, higher concentrations of Red-2 (500, 1000 and 2000 mg/L) depressed gas production despite continued decolorization. These results suggest that color removal under the low redox conditions maintained by the methanogenic culture occurs irrespective of the culture activity level.
The Influence of Travel Books on Early American Hispanism

Students of the famous first contingent of Yankee Hispanists and of North American literature in general, during the national and revolutionary periods, are prone to overlook the pronounced influence of British, American, and French travel books about Spain and Spanish America. The popularity which travel accounts enjoyed in the nineteenth century is attested by a well-known publisher’s observation to the distinguished pioneer explorer of Central America, John L. Stephens, author of the recently reprinted Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas & Yucatan (1841, 1949). On the latter’s query as to what forms of literature Harper Brothers favored, Harper is said to have replied: “Travels sell about the best of anything we get hold of. They don’t always go with a rush, like a novel by a celebrated author, but they sell longer, and in the end, pay better.”
Adsorption and Desorption of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by Soils

Abstract : Soil samples collected from 12 Army Ammunition Plants were characterized by chemical and physical tests. Tests included pH, particle size distribution, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, percent organic carbon, and extractable iron, manganese, aluminum, and calcium. Soils were found to be primarily silty loams, low in organic carbon. Trinitrotoluene (TNT) reached a steady state of adsorption with test soils (i.e., no change in TNT solution concentration) within 2 hr of contact. Desorption kinetics indicated that desorption was also rapid. A steady state of desorption occurred within 2 hr with more than half of the adsorbed TNT being removed. Batch adsorption isotherms were linear with an average adsorption coefficient (soil concentration/solution concentration, or Kd of 4.0. However, Kd varied with soil type. The TNT adsorption correlated most highly with cation exchange capacity, extractable iron, clay content, and present organic carbon. Sequential desorption indicated that almost all of the adsorbed TNT was desorbed after three desorption cycles. Therefore, soil sorption of TNT will not effectively prevent mobility of TNT in the environment unless more strongly adsorbed degradation products are formed.
Barriers to Receiving Substance Abuse Treatment Among Rural Pregnant Women in Kentucky

Research presenting outcomes for women who enter substance abuse treatment during pregnancy consistently shows benefits. While treatment has nearly universal benefits, there are many barriers to seeking substance abuse treatment for pregnant women. The purpose of this study is to explore barriers for rural pregnant women seeking substance abuse treatment. There were three eligibility criteria for study participation: (1) aged 18 and older, (2) pregnant, and (3) undergoing short-term inpatient detoxification at the University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center. Eighty-five rural women (N = 85) were included in the analysis. Substance use history and previous treatment were assessed with measures adapted from the Addiction Severity Index. Treatment barriers were measured with three qualitative questions and were coded into four overarching categories: availability, accessibility, affordability, and acceptability barriers. This sample had an extensive substance use history. Almost all participants had used alcohol (98%), marijuana (98%), illicit opiates (99%), and cigarettes (97%). On average, participants reported about two barriers to receiving treatment (Mean = 1.8; SD = 1.3), with over 80% of the sample reporting having experienced any barrier to treatment. The majority experienced acceptability (51%) and accessibility (49%) barriers. Twenty-six percent (26%) of the sample reported availability barriers. A smaller percentage of participants reported affordability barriers (13%). Rural pregnant women seeking substance abuse treatment face many obstacles to receiving needed treatment. More studies on barriers to substance abuse treatment among rural pregnant women are needed. Identifying these barriers can help in improving treatment access and services.
Age of the Bishop Tuff of eastern California as determined by the fission-track method

The zircon fission-track age of a sample of air-fall pumice of the Bishop Tuff (Pleistocene) of eastern California is 0.74 ± 0.05 m.y. This age is within the precision limits of the currently accepted age of the Bishop Tuff, about 0.7 m.y.
The role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in learning to fear.

Determining how the brain regulates fear and anxiety is critical to developing appropriate treatments for the wide range of human anxiety disorders. The extended amygdala is a macrostructure in the forebrain that includes three key players in fear and anxiety-like behaviors: the basolateral nucleus
Identification of novel quantitative trait loci for increased lycopene content and other fruit quality traits in a tomato recombinant inbred line population

Epidemiological and clinical studies indicate that a steady dietary intake of bioavailable lycopene, a C40 carotenoid and potent natural antioxidant, may be associated with a decreased incidence of prostate cancer in humans. Since fresh tomatoes and processed tomato products represent approximately 85% of the average human’s dietary lycopene intake, the identification of novel genetic factors which regulate high fruit lycopene content in tomato is imperative for the improvement of nutritional quality in this commercially valuable specialty crop. To understand the genetic control of the extraordinarily high fruit lycopene content in an accession (LA2093) of the tomato wild species Solanum pimpinellifolium, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping study was conducted using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of a cross between LA2093 and a cultivated tomato (S. lycopersicum) breeding line, NCEBR-1. The parental lines, F1 progeny, and F7-F10 RIL populations were grown in replicated field trials in four successive years and evaluated for lycopene content as well as several other traits, including fruit fresh weight, soluble solids content, pH of puree, and plant maturity. The lycopene content of ripe fruit was estimated using three methods: high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), spectrophotometry, and colorimetric assays. Based on these measurements, QTL were identified and compared across generations. Among the QTL identified for lycopene, two QTL, located on chromosomes 7 and 12, had very large effects and were consistent across generations. The genomic intervals in which these two QTL reside do not correspond to known map positions of carotenoid biosynthetic genes, indicating that these QTL may represent novel alleles with potentially important implications for tomato breeding as well as increased understanding of carotenoid accumulation in tomato. Several QTL were also identified for fruit weight, soluble solids content and plant maturity. The potential implications of these results for tomato crop improvement are discussed.
Changing concepts of atherogenesis

This review discusses three stages in the life history of an atheroma: initiation, progression and complication. Recruitment of mononuclear leucocytes to the intima characterizes initiation of the atherosclerotic lesion. Specific adhesion molecules expressed on the surface of vascular endothelial cells mediate leucocyte adhesion: the selectins and members of the immunoglobulin superfamily such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Once adherent, the leucocytes enter the artery wall directed by chemoattractant chemokines such as macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Modified lipoproteins contain oxidized phospholipids which can elicit expression of adhesion molecule and cytokines implicated in early atherogenesis. Progression of atheroma involves accumulation of smooth muscle cells which elaborate extracellular matrix macromolecules. These processes appear to result from an eventual net positive balance of growth stimulatory versus growth inhibitory stimuli, including proteins (cytokines and growth factors) and small molecules (e.g. prostanoids and nitric oxide). The clinically important complications of atheroma usually involve thrombosis. Arterial stenoses by themselves seldom cause acute unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction. Indeed, sizeable atheroma may remain silent for decades or produce only stable symptoms such as angina pectoris precipitated by increased demand. Recent research has furnished new insight into the molecular mechanisms that cause transition from the chronic to the acute phase of atherosclerosis. Thrombus formation usually occurs because of a physical disruption of atherosclerotic plaque. The majority of coronary thromboses result from a rupture of the plaque's protective fibrous cap, which permits contact between blood and the highly thrombogenic material located in the lesion's lipid core, e.g. tissue factor. Interstitial collagen accounts for most of the tensile strength of the plaque's fibrous cap. The amount of collagen in the lesion's fibrous cap depends upon its rate of biosynthesis stimulated by factors released from platelets (e.g. transforming growth factor beta or platelet-derived growth factor), but inhibited by gamma interferon, a product of activated T cells found in plaques. Degradation by specialized enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases) also influences the level of collagen in the plaque's fibrous cap. Such studies illustrate how the application of cellular and molecular approaches has fostered a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This increased knowledge of the basic mechanisms enables us to understand how current therapies for atherosclerosis may act. Moreover, the insights derived from recent scientific advances should aid the discovery of new therapeutic targets that would stimulate development of novel treatments. Such new treatments could further reduce the considerable burden of morbidity and mortality due to this modern scourge, and reduce reliance on costly technologies that address the symptoms rather than the cause of atherosclerosis.
The equivalence of stack-counter acceptors and quasi-realtime stack-counter acceptors

It is shown that each language accepted by a stack-counter acceptor is accepted by a stack-counter acceptor operating in quasi-realtime.
Utilization of polyclonal serum prostate specific antigen levels in screening for prostate cancer: a comparison with corresponding monoclonal values

Objectives Prostate specific antigen (PSA) measurement has become increasingly popular as a screening test for prostatic adenocarcinoma. Although this is a sensitive, organ-specific assay, use as a screening tool is hampered by the lack of a clearly defined normal range in older men, frequent elevation of PSA levels by benign processes, and the availability of two different assays, one polyclonal and the other monoclonal, which produce very different values. This study was designed to evaluate the distribution of PSA levels by the Yang and corresponding Hybritech values in patients from the general population. Subjects and methods A total of 478 volunteers over 40 years of age underwent serum PSA determination by the Yang polyclonal radioimmunoassay and digital rectal examination. The PSA levels were stratified and the patient distribution analysed. Results In 69% of patients, PSA levels were ≤ 2.5 ng/ml (proposed normal range for the Yang polyclonal assay). In 89% of patients, PSA levels were ≤ 7.3 ng/ml by the polyclonal assay which corresponds approximately to the proposed normal range of 0–4.0 ng/ml by the Hybritech monoclonal assay. Nine per cent of patients fell between 7.4 and 18.4 ng/ml by the polyclonal assay (4.1–10 ng/ml by the monoclonal assay) and 2% had polyclonal PSA levels > 18.4 ng/ml (> 10 ng/ml by the monoclonal assay). Cancer detection rates (influenced by the percentage of patients undergoing biopsy) were 0.3% in patients with polyclonal PSA levels ≤ 2.5 ng/ml, 1.2% in patients ≤ 7.3 ng/ml, 20.9% between 7.4 and 18.4 ng/ml, and 50% of those > 18.4 ng/ml; the overall cancer detection rate was 3.8%. Conclusions These data support the use of higher PSA levels as a criterion for further evaluation in screening for prostate cancer and establish the frequency distribution of PSA in a screening population when the Yang assay is used.
Molecular Ordering and the Direct Measurement of Weak Proton−Proton Dipolar Interactions in a Rubber Network

We demonstrate a new NMR technique that is suitable for the measurement of weak proton dipolar interactions in fluid polymers where rapid segmental dynamics “preaverage” the rigid-lattice dipolar coupling. The method is especially applicable to polymer melts and networks, where such residual interactions can provide valuable insight regarding molecular order and reorientational dynamics. We use this method to study natural rubber under uniaxial stretching. By measuring the residual dipolar coupling and its orientation dependence, we are able to distinguish the influence of chain stretching from chain reorientation in the deformation process. The pulse sequence we employ directly generates a function β, which is zero in the absence of dipolar interactions, which is completely independent of all Zeeman dephasing associated with chemical shifts or magnetic inhomogeneity, and whose time dependence can yield both the magnitude and the fluctuation rate of the residual dipolar interaction.
Geometry of nonlinear least squares with applications to sloppy models and optimization

Parameter estimation by nonlinear least-squares minimization is a common problem that has an elegant geometric interpretation: the possible parameter values of a model induce a manifold within the space of data predictions. The minimization problem is then to find the point on the manifold closest to the experimental data. We show that the model manifolds of a large class of models, known as sloppy models, have many universal features; they are characterized by a geometric series of widths, extrinsic curvatures, and parameter-effect curvatures, which we describe as a hyper-ribbon. A number of common difficulties in optimizing least-squares problems are due to this common geometric structure. First, algorithms tend to run into the boundaries of the model manifold, causing parameters to diverge or become unphysical before they have been optimized. We introduce the model graph as an extension of the model manifold to remedy this problem. We argue that appropriate priors can remove the boundaries and further improve the convergence rates. We show that typical fits will have many evaporated parameters unless the data are very accurately known. Second, "bare" model parameters are usually ill-suited to describing model behavior; cost contours in parameter space tend to form hierarchies of plateaus and long narrow canyons. Geometrically, we understand this inconvenient parametrization as an extremely skewed coordinate basis and show that it induces a large parameter-effect curvature on the manifold. By constructing alternative coordinates based on geodesic motion, we show that these long narrow canyons are transformed in many cases into a single quadratic, isotropic basin. We interpret the modified Gauss-Newton and Levenberg-Marquardt fitting algorithms as an Euler approximation to geodesic motion in these natural coordinates on the model manifold and the model graph, respectively. By adding a geodesic acceleration adjustment to these algorithms, we alleviate the difficulties from parameter-effect curvature, improving both efficiency and success rates at finding good fits.
Bcl-XL maintains mitochondrial function in murine astrocytes deprived of glucose.

Bcl-xL is a protein that blocks both apoptotic and necrotic cell death. The authors have previously shown that it is effective in maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential during glucose deprivation in cultured astrocytes. To further investigate the mechanism involved, the authors studied mitochondrial function and cytochrome c release. Oxygen consumption was monitored to assess oxidative respiration. State III respiration decreased significantly as early as 3 h after removal of glucose. At this time mitochondria hyperpolarize but cytochrome c is not yet released. Damage to the electron transport chain is not responsible for this change because uncoupled respiration was unchanged at this time point. At 5 h of glucose deprivation, when mitochondrial depolarization was observed, state IV respiration increased significantly, cytochrome c began to be released, and mitochondrial morphology changed from elongated to punctate. When Bcl-xL was overexpressed normal state III respiration and mitochondrial morphology were maintained and cytochrome c release was inhibited in the face of glucose deprivation stress.
F-/Cl- selectivity in CLCF-type F-/H+ antiporters.

Many bacterial species protect themselves against environmental F− toxicity by exporting this anion from the cytoplasm via CLCF F−/H+ antiporters, a subclass of CLC superfamily anion transporters. Strong F− over Cl− selectivity is biologically essential for these membrane proteins because Cl− is orders of magnitude more abundant in the biosphere than F−. Sequence comparisons reveal differences between CLCFs and canonical Cl−-transporting CLCs within regions that, in the canonical CLCs, coordinate Cl− ion and govern anion transport. A phylogenetic split within the CLCF clade, manifested in sequence divergence in the vicinity of this ion-binding center, raises the possibility that these two CLCF subclades might exhibit differences in anion selectivity. Several CLCF homologues from each subclade were examined for F−/Cl− selectivity of anion transport and equilibrium binding. Differences in both of these anion-selectivity metrics correlate with sequence divergence among CLCFs. Chimeric constructs identify two residues in this region that largely account for the subclade differences in selectivity. In addition, these experiments serendipitously uncovered an unusually steep, Cl−-specific voltage dependence of transport that greatly enhances F− selectivity at low voltage.
Piggybacking related domain names to improve DNS performance

In this paper, we present a novel approach to exploit the relationships among domain names to improve the cache hit rate for a local DNS server. Using these relationships, an authoritative DNS server (ADNS) can piggyback resolutions for future queries as part of the response message for an initial query. The approach improves the cache hit rate as well as reducing the total queries and responses. The approach is particularly attractive because it can be implemented with no changes to the existing DNS protocol. Trace-based simulations show more than 50% of cache misses can be reduced in the best case while straightforward policies, using frequency and relevancy data for an ADNS, reduce cache misses by 25-40% and DNS traffic by 20-35%. These percentages improve if we focus the policies on resource records with smaller authoritative TTLs. We also show improved performance for hybrid approaches that combine the approach with renewal-based approaches. In conjunction with this work we also did a study on current DNS performance for 20 locations in the United States. The outcome of this study is that the current average DNS latency is generally in the range of 200-300 ms, but range from 500 ms to multiple seconds if we look at the 95% response time. Approaches, such as what we propose, that reduce the amount of DNS traffic will improve the overall response time for applications.
The Retailing Literature as a Basis for Franchising Research: Using Intellectual Structure to Advance Theory

Abstract This study evaluates the foundational intellectual structure of franchising research over the last four decades. Based on 1718 articles from a sample of 40 journals, we use co-citation analysis, employed in both multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis, to evaluate 67,073 citations and determine the theoretical underpinnings of franchising research. As the results indicate, the retailing literature has had an integral influence on studies related to franchising. To advance this research domain, we develop a three-dimensional typology (franchise structure, consumer exchange, and strategic intention) based on established and emergent franchise-related topics. The typology indicates six suggested topics for examination to advance franchising research based on the domain's accomplishments to date.
Left ventricular endocardial lead placement using a modified transseptal approach.

Coronary sinus cannulation and placement of left ventricular (LV) leads can be difficult. Occasionally alternative approaches are required. We report the first case of a modified transseptal LV endocardial lead placement via the left axillary vein for cardiac resynchronization. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 15, pp. 234-236, February 2004)
Discrepancies in the oceanic carbon isotope record for the last fifteen million years

Abstract The S hackleton and H hall (1984) record of carbon isotope ratios for bulk CaCO3 from DSDP sites 525 to 528 in the South Atlantic has been widely used as an indicator of how the 13 C 12 C for CaCO3 leaving the ocean has changed over the last 68 million years. Of particular interest is the approximately 2%. decrease which occurred during the last 15 million years, for it suggests a change in the O2 content of the atmosphere (S hackleton , 1987). As a check on the assumption that this record serves as a global indicator, we have compiled measurements on planktonic foraminifera from a number of tropical cores. We find that this data set suggests a much smaller 13 C 12 C decrease over the same time interval. We can find no satisfactory explanation for this difference and hence can conclude only that more measurements and thought will be required before the time trend in carbon isotope composition can be established.
ASPECT sinking and floating: an interactive playable simulation for teaching buoyancy concepts

Traditional methods of teaching concepts relating to buoyancy (sinking and floating) to elementary students are often ineffective. With the development of new const-effective haptic controllers, we may be able to improve upon traditional teaching methods. Data was gathered during focus groups with both teachers and students to develop a list of misconceptions to target. In addition to targeting misconceptions, we use a Novint Falcon haptic force feedback controller to enable direct feeling of forces. To effectively merge the haptic controller into the system usability testing was performed. This paper presents the initial findings of our interactive playable simulation.
Defect reduction methodologies for damascene interconnect process development

A critical aspect of interconnect process development is identifying and eliminating yield impacting defects. A methodology is described which has been implemented at Applied Materials to utilize wafer metrology tools to drive process development for advanced interconnect fabrication. The methodology is based on a patterned wafer inspection tool, the WF736Duo, combined with a high throughput defect- review SEM with automatic defect classification, the SEMVision. This combination is tools facilitates defect sourcing and elimination. The requirements for defect reduction are increased since defects can result from both the levels and the interaction between levels. A full-flow Cu damascene interconnect process is examined from oxide deposition to final electrical test to establish inspection strategies for defect reduction. The inspection points for optimal defect reduction are identified based on e-test determination of yield limiting defects. The WF736 was utilized to capture a wide range of defects at the various processing steps. The progression of the defects is tracked to the final e-test point. This tracking both establishes the key defect types and facilitates defect sourcing. Further, the unique ability of the WF736 to segregate defects during the inspection with no loss in throughput, along with the SEMVision ADC analysis, allowed for faster defect sourcing.