cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of thermally induced inhomogeneous shear and surface thermal boundary conditions on the shear stress in sliding elastohydrodynamic contacts

Numerous research work has shown that significant thermally induced cross-film inhomogeneous shear or thermal shear localisation may be developed in sliding elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) contacts with pronounced consequences. This paper uses the theoretical framework established in previous research to further analyse the effects of the shear localisation on the lubricant shear stress and thus the EHL traction. Results obtained suggest that the shear localisation significantly accelerates the thermally induced reduction of the shear stress in sliding EHL contacts. The study also shows dramatic reduction of the shear stress in EHL contacts with one-insolated surface, which is significantly attributed to the more intensified thermal shear localisation near the insolated surface. The practical significance of the dramatic shear stress reduction is discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental Investigation on Dynamic Crack Propagating Perpendicularly Through Interface in Glass

Dynamic crack propagation across a perpendicular interface in a glass specimen is investigated to understand the interaction between the crack and the interface under impact loading. The glass specimen was composed of two glass plates in an edge-to-edge configuration with an adhesive layer in between. One of the plates had a notch for a plastic projectile to impact on. A single crack developed from the notch tip, and propagated perpendicularly into the interface. The patterns of crack propagation across the interface depend on the adhesive conditions on the interface. Within a range of impact speeds, the crack is arrested at the interface without any adhesive. The crack passes across a firmly bonded interface with little interference by the interface. The crack branches into multiple cracks after it passes through a thicker interface filled with adhesive. Projectiles having higher kinetic energies cause more severe crack branching after the crack extends into the second glass plate.
On the erosion of heat exchanger tube banks in fluidized-bed combustors

Abstract Erosion (usually referred to as metal wastage) of heat exchanger tube banks in bubbling atmospheric and pressurized fluidized beds is a serious issue that may affect their reliability and economics. A simplified version of the comprehensive monolayer energy dissipation (MED) erosion model, developed by us earlier, is presented. This study illustrates the application and usefulness of this simplified MED erosion model to quickly and easily produce trends and dependencies upon independent parameters. This version can easily fit on a pocket calculator or desktop personal computer. Predicted trends of erosion rate dependency upon the particle diameter, the fluidizing velocity and bed porosity using this model are discussed. Main fluidization variables are introduced in this erosion model by interpreting the solids—fluid interphase drag as the principal means of potential erosion. This simplified MED erosion model is compared with three other erosion models: the more comprehensive MED erosion model, the Finnie impaction erosion model, and the combined ductile—brittle Neilson—Gilchrist (N-G) erosion model. The simplified MED erosion model is shown to agree reasonably well with the maximum erosion data obtained experimentally at the Grimethorpe cold model facility of the Coal Research Establishment. A two-dimensional fluidized-bed geometry embodying three immersed tubes, which represents a generic approximation of the Coal Research Establishment cold models, is used to compare erosion model predictions. Detailed hydrodynamic calculations for this bed geometry were performed using the FLUFIX computer code and were used as inputs to the four erosion models. The comprehensive MED, the Finnie and the N-G erosion models predict an order-of-magnitude agreement with each other and with limited erosion experimental data. Good agreement is obtained between the relative trends predicted by the simplified and comprehensive versions of the MED erosion model.
1,6-Hexanedithiol monolayer as a receptor for specific recognition of alkylmercury

1,6-Hexanedithiol monolayer acts as an unusually specific recognition agent for CH3Hg+ when the microcantilever is used as the transducer; the mechanism of the sensor is discussed.
Some characteristics of pitch variations in Japanese

Abstract An investigation of sentence intonation of Japanese on the basis of Kymograph records of the speech of two subjects who speak the Tokyo dialect demonstrates that the highest pitched segments of the syllables show a high degree of regularity: two-thirds of 343 syllables in conversational speech show either the same pitch in successive syllables or regular shifts of 17 vibrations per second or integral multiples of 17 vibrations, 70 per cent being shifts of 17 or of 34 vibrations per second. This suggests that these two figures represent a standard range of pitch (accentual) variation, the latter between low and high pitched syllables, and the former between low and mid or mid and high pitched syllables, within the range of voice of the two subjects.
Use of dilute oxalate to recover exchangeable aluminum immobilized by sulfate salt addition to Rhodic kandiudult subsoil

While SO4 salts have been shown to be effective in reducing exchangeable aluminum (Al) and solution Al activity in acidic subsoils, few attempts have been made in the laboratory to recover exchangeable Al immobilized by the suggested mechanisms of Al–OH–SO4 mineral precipitation or co-sorption on sesquioxide surfaces with SO4 and cations added in the salt (salt sorption). Some low-molecular-weight aliphatic acids such as oxalate are well-known for their ability to increase the solubility of Al in soils and oxalate has often been identified as the dominant or one of the dominant organic anions in subsoils. Oxalate is also well-known for its ability to form soluble complexes and a precipitate with calcium (Ca). Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dilute oxalate on the apparent recovery of exchangeable Al immobilized in response to the addition of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) and langbeinite (K2SO4·2MgSO4). Following a 6-month equilibration in the laboratory, gypsum and langbeinit...
A semilinear boundary value problem

Abstract Weak solutions to the mixed semilinear boundary value problem are constructed via a monotone sequence of iterates. In this paper a nonlinear terms has the general form of an operator from a convex subset of H 1 (Ω) into its dual space.
Potentiometric evidence for the active transport of sodium and chloride across excised gills of Callinectes sapidus.

Abstract 1. 1. The haemolymph of Callinectes sapidus acclimated to fresh water is always negative with respect to the medium. 2. 2. This negative potential is the result of differential permeability and active transport processes. 3. 3. The whole gill is preferentially permeable to sodium with respect to chloride. The preferential permeability is primarily a function of the cuticle. 4. 4. Both sodium and chloride are actively transported inward. Sodium is moved against a concentration gradient but down an electrical gradient. Chloride moves against both an electrical and concentration gradient.
Glutathione Deficiency Accentuates Hepatocellular Fluid Accumulation after Ischemia-Reperfusion

Abstract Liver ischemia-reperfusion is known to be associated with free radical-mediated hepatocellular damage but alterations in hepatocellular fluid flux under these conditions are incompletely understood. Deficiency of the antioxidant glutathione, which increases the liver's susceptibility to ischemia-reperfusion injury, may exacerbate pathological fluid shifts. This study examined alterations in hepatic fluid dynamics during liver ischemia-reperfusion in glutathione-deficient and glutathione-replete rats. Normal and glutathione-deficient rats underwent liver ischemia-reperfusion. Changes in hepatic extra- and intracellular fluid were monitored by calculating extra- and intracellular conductance from liver multifrequency bioelectrical impedance measurements. Liver malonyl dialdehyde content and plasma transaminase concentrations were measured and correlated with changes in hepatic impedance. Hepatic extracellular conductance decreased during ischemia and returned toward baseline values during reperfusion in a similar fashion in both study groups. Intracellular conductance increased during ischemia in both groups and continued to rise during the initial phase of reperfusion before falling toward normal. Glutathione-deficient rats had a significantly higher intracellular conductance during early reperfusion compared to controls. Glutathione-depleted rats also had higher serum transaminases and liver malonyl dialdehyde content following reperfusion. Intracellular and extracellular conductance were significantly correlated with hepatic malonyl dialdehyde content. We conclude that (1) liver ischemia-reperfusion results in movement of fluid from the extracellular to intracellular space with hepatocellular swelling; (2) glutathione deficiency accentuates hepatocyte swelling following ischemia-reperfusion; and (3) changes in extraand intracellular fluid are related to the severity of membrane damage. Multifrequency impedance analysis can be used to monitor real-time changes in hepatocyte injury and to study the effect of potential therapeutic interventions.
The Optimal Response of Consumption, Investment, and Debt Accumulation to an Exogenous Shock When the World Interest Rate Is Endogenous

Abstract This paper examines the effects of both a permanent and temporary rise in the price of an imported input in production on optimal consumption, investment, and debt accumulation. The model extends the current literature by linking consumption, investment, and debt accumulation decisions through an endogenously determined world interest rate. The endogenous world interest rate lessens the extent to which the country uses debt to smooth the transition of consumption. The endogenous interest rate is also linked to investment, but this effect is shown to be less important.
Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 and C-Reactive Protein for Measurement of Inflammatory Risk: Independent or Complementary?

The purpose of this article is to review the evidence concerning the utility of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), a key promoter of vascular inflammation, as a biomarker of future risk of cardiovascular disease. In addition, the evidence of complementary action of Lp-PLA2 and C-reactive protein (CRP) is evaluated. On balance, there is a great deal of consistency across studies supporting Lp-PLA2 as a risk factor for coronary disease and ischemic stroke (independently of traditional risk factors and CRP) among persons with and without clinical coronary artery disease. On the other hand, there is yet limited and inconsistent evidence for a synergistic effect of Lp-PLA2 and CRP on cardiovascular disease risk. Additional studies are thus needed before widespread Lp-PLA2 and CRP testing with regard to incremental cardiovascular disease risk prediction can be recommended.
At the Malthusian ceiling: Subsistence and inequality at Bridge River, British Columbia

Abstract The Bridge River Village, located in the Middle Fraser Canyon of British Columbia, was established and grew to maximum size during the period of ca. 1800–1100 cal. B.P. Village expansion occurred in two distinct stages resulting in a stepped pattern of demographic growth. We suggest that this could reflect two distinctly different periods, the first (Bridge River 2) a relatively comfortable equilibrium with little subsistence stress; the second (Bridge River 3) a truly Malthusian ceiling associated with reduction in critical subsistence resources, social change, and eventual abandonment. In this paper we explore the interactions between resource productivity, food harvest and storage, animal husbandry, demographic growth, and socio-political change in the late Holocene Middle Fraser Canyon. The study provides us with the opportunity to compare and contrast histories of hunter–gatherer–fisher people with that of other complex hunter–gatherers and agriculturalists on similar demographic scales.
Coronary arteriography in situs inversus dextrocardia.

Selective coronary arteriography by the Judkins' technique can be readily accomplished in dextrocardia. Cineradiographs should be obtained in the mirror image obliquities for each coronary vessel and cardiac chamber. To avoid any potential error of identification and interpretation of the coronary vessels, films could be reviewed in reverse fashion, which would project the cardiac structures as if there were no dextrocardia.
The Effect of Antiadrenergic Drugs on Ovulation in Hens

The effect on ovulation of antiadrenergic drugs injected into the wall of chicken follicles was studied. The catecholamine-synthesis inhibitor and storage depleting agent alpha-methylmetatyrosine (MMT) was found to block ovulation when it was injected into the follicular wall 16-16½ hr before ovulation. It was not effective if injected 2 hr later. The alpha-adrenergic blocker, Dibenzyline, injected into the follicular wall, inhibited ovulation whereas its adrenolytically inactive analog, dibenzylaminoethanol, had no effect. Ovulation was blocked only when Dibenzyline was injected earlier than 14 hr before ovulation. When Dibenzyline was injected later than 13 hr before ovulation, the ovum was discharged normally. At the specific time, 14–16 hr before ovulation, another alpha blocker, phentolamine, also inhibited ovulation, when it was injected directly into the follicular wall, whereas the beta blockers, propranolol and dichloroisoproterenol, were not effective. The administration of a 1:1 ratio of LH and...
Understanding virtual value chains in a retail environment: a case study of Wal-Mart

With the advent of the internet and explosion of e commerce across borders in the 21st century, global firms will adapt their value chain philosophies to capitalise on cost efficiencies and strengthen their sustainable competitive advantage. This case study illustrates the application of Rayport and Sviokla's three-stage Virtual Value Chain (VVC) philosophy to Wal-Mart, the world's largest retailer. Value chains using information technology allow managers and suppliers/vendors to track operations more effectively, with a holistic and integrated approach to managing information seamlessly. The focus of the VVC in the new economy is on information, unlike physical supply chain management where the focus was on inventory management. This paper applies the three stages of the VVC to Wal-Mart, including visibility ? entailing tracking of physical operations via information; mirroring capability ? substituting virtual activities for physical ones in the marketspace realm, and creation of new customer relationships using information. In particular, the authors focus upon the name of the game in supply chain management for the 21st century ? collaboration among channel partners, information sharing and improved efficiencies in the value chain delivery network. Finally, this paper examines Wal-Mart's physical value chain activities and the emerging VVC, as the company considers expansion globally into emerging markets.
Abstract 4861: Pharmacological reversal of caffeine-mediated phagocytic suppression

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Caffeine's mechanism of action on immune cells has been an issue of debate for some time. Previous studies suggest caffeine inhibits cyclic AMP (cAMP)-phosphodiesterase, resulting in increased cAMP levels, increased protein kinase A (PKA) activation, and subsequently a decreased pro-inflammatory response. Caffeine is also an antagonist of adenosine receptors, resulting in delayed resolution of inflammation. If the primary effect of caffeine in macrophages was to antagonize adenosine receptors, we would expect caffeine to stimulate phagocytosis. We treated human macrophages with varying concentrations of caffeine (0 - 13mM) and measured their phagocytic ability to engulf fluorescent microspheres. Engulfment rates were measured by flow cytometry. Our results indicate that caffeine suppresses phagocytosis by 22% at physiological concentrations (35 uM- 750uM). At supraphysiological (4-13 mM) levels of caffeine, however, there is no significant decrease in phagocytosis. We wanted to find out if this suppressive effect at physiological concentrations could be blocked with a PKA inhibitor. We tested this by treating the cells with a PKA inhibitor at each of the different caffeine concentrations previously used. Initial results indicate that phagocytosis increased up to 27% in macrophages treated with PKA and caffeine compared to caffeine treated and control cells.These results need further validation but, initial results suggest inhibition of PKA results in increased engulfment, and indicate that the suppressive effects of caffeine on macrophage phagocytosis can be reversed with the treatment of PKA inhibitor suppression can be reversed. Macrophages are highly involved in regulation of inflammation and dysregulation has been implicated in a number of diseases, including cancer. These results suggest further potential for the therapeutic applications of caffeine, its analogs, and PKA inhibitors for the control of inflammation. Citation Format: Ryan Steck, Spencer Hill, Richard A. Robison, Kim L. O'Neill. Pharmacological reversal of caffeine-mediated phagocytic suppression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4861. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4861
HPTLC analysis of sphingomylein, ceramide and sphingosine in ischemic/reperfused rat heart

Abstract Since the sphingomylein–ceramide–sphingosine pathway, especially ceramide, has been shown to induce programmed cell death (apoptosis), and since apoptosis may be involved with ischemic/reperfused injury in the heart, it became desirable to quantitate the three components in ischemic/reperfused rat heart. One group of rat hearts (n=6) was isolated and perfused with Krebs–Henseleit buffer using the Langendorff non-recirculating mode. The hearts were perfused for 10 min, made ischemic for 30 min and reperfused for 120 min. Hearts were collected and stored at −70°C before ischemia, after ischemia and after 30, 60 and 120 min of reperfusion. The hearts were homogenized, and lipids were extracted using the Folch method. The lipids were then chromatographed on Whatman silica gel 60 A high-performance thin-layered chromatography (HPTLC) plates. The plates were developed with iodine, photographed using Photoshop software and quantitated using NIH Imaging software. The results show a 50% decrease of sphingomylein during reperfusion with a corresponding increase in ceramide with sphingosine showing a smaller decrease as compared with the ceramide increase.
Functional crosstalk and heteromerization of serotonin 5-HT2A and dopamine D2 receptors

The serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) and dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) are high-affinity G protein-coupled receptor targets for two different classes of antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia. Interestingly, the antipsychotic effects are not based on the regulation of same signaling mediators since activation of the 5-HT2AR and of the D2R regulate Gq/11 protein and Gi/o protein, respectively. Here we use radioligand binding and second messenger production assays to provide evidence for a functional crosstalk between 5-HT2AR and D2R in brain and in HEK293 cells. D2R activation increases the hallucinogenic agonist affinity for 5-HT2AR and decreases the 5-HT2AR induced inositol phosphate production. In vivo, 5-HT2AR expression is necessary for the full effects of D2R antagonist on MK-801-induced locomotor activity. Co-immunoprecipitation studies show that the two receptors can physically interact in HEK293 cells and raise the possibility that a receptor heterocomplex mediates the crosstalk observed. The existence of this 5-HT2AR-D2R heteromer and crosstalk may have implications for diseases involving alterations of serotonin and dopamine systems and for the development of new classes of therapeutic drugs.
Brachial rotational atherectomy

The brachial approach adds a new dimension to rotational atherectomy. The two cases presented included a large ectopic right coronary artery and a right internal mammary graft where both outcomes were successful. These cases demonstrate that the brachial approach can facilitate rotational atherectomy when greater guide support is necessary.
Durable phantoms of atherosclerotic arteries for optical coherence tomography

We previously presented a method to fabricate phantoms of normal coronary arteries. This method allows the deposition of multiple layers on a tubular structure, each layer replicating optical and mechanical properties of coronary artery layers. We now present an improved method to produce phantoms of arteries affected by atherosclerosis. The method now includes techniques to introduce structures that mimics the OCT signature of a calcification and of a lipid pool.
Efficacy of Acrivastine Plus Pseudoephedrine for Symptomatic Relief of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis Due to Mountain Cedar

Background Acrivastine is a second-generation H 1 -antagonist chemically related to triprolidine, but more polar and with less central nervous system penetration than tripolidine. Objective The efficacy of the antihistamine-decongestant combination product (Semprex-D capsules) containing acrivastine 8 mg plus pseudoephedrine HCl 60 mg was evaluated for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms. Methods A total of 676 patients sensitive to mountain cedar pollen was enrolled into a 6-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, 4-group study designed to compare acrivastine + pseudoephedrine, acrivastine, pseudoephedrine, and placebo. Patients with demonstrable diary symptom scores at baseline took study medication (4 doses/day) and recorded symptom scores twice daily for 2 weeks. The effectiveness of the acrivastine + pseudoephedrine combination was examined relative to the individual components and placebo in terms of changes in diary symptom scores. Results Over the 2-week period, the combination of acrivastine plus pseudoephedrine was significantly more effective than (1) acrivastine, pseudoephedrine, and placebo (P P .001) for relieving allergy symptoms, ie, running nose, sneezing, itchy nose/throat and tearing; and (3) acrivastine (P Conclusion These findings in a large clinical trial demonstrate (1) the efficacy of acrivastine and (2) that each component of the combination of acrivastine 8 mg plus pseudoephedrine HCl 60 mg contributes to the overall efficacy, thereby supporting the conclusion that the combination is rational, safe, and effective for the treatment of allergic rhinitis.
Aging: seeking mitonuclear balance.

Metabolic imbalances accompany the aging process in many organisms, and signaling mechanisms that allay or prevent these imbalances can extend lifespan. Two recent studies by Auwerx and colleagues, including one in this issue, identify a conserved signaling network centered on mitochondrial stress responses that promotes longevity in response to changes in mitochondrial translation and NAD + metabolism.
The affected and infected pulp

Abstract This histologic study showed that the pulp under even a very deep carious lesion with a thin layer of dentin between the pulp and the bacterial plaque was often inflamed and very painful but contained no demonstrable bacteria. The degree of pulpal inflammation was directly proportional to the depth of the dentinal lesion. Bacteria were rarely seen in the unexposed pulps, even under very deep carious lesions; when found, they were few in number and isolated in small areas of necrotic or degenerating pulpal tissue. In almost every instance when significant numbers of bacteria were demonstrated within the pulp by a modified Gram stain, a microscopic exposure could be demonstrated. In many instances in which the coronal portion of the pulp was infected and necrotic, normal or slightly inflamed but viable pulp tissue was present in the deeper areas within the root canal. Clinically acute and very painful pulps were those affected and inflamed but not yet infected. The pain was a throbbing vascular ache in contrast to the sharp and lancinating type of pain characteristic of dentin subjected to ice and touch. The infected and partially necrotic pulp yielded a history of lesser pain which was chronic and in the past, but rarely was the pain severe or acute at the time of extraction.
Test theory without an answer key

A general model is presented for homogeneous, dichotomous items when the answer key is not known a priori. The model is structurally related to the two-class latent structure model with the roles of respondents and items interchanged. For very small sets of respondents, iterative maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters can be obtained by existing methods. For other situations, new estimation methods are developed and assessed with Monte Carlo data. The answer key can be accurately reconstructed with relatively small sets of respondents. The model is useful when a researcher wants to study objectively the knowledge possessed by members of a culturally coherent group that the researcher is not a member of.
Sarcoidosis of the esophagus

Granulomatous involvement of the esophagus is an unusual manifestation of sarcoidosis. The present report describes a 33-year-old Negro woman who presented with dysphagia and a granulomatous stricture of the esophagus and had a positive Kveim test. There have been 5 previously reported cases of documented sarcoidosis of the esophagus, but in none of these was a Kveim test done. Although the specificity of the Kveim test remains controversial, it was positive in this case of esophageal sarcoidosis.
Effect of precipitation medium and thermal treatment on structure and textural properties of chromium orthophosphates

The effect of the precipitation agent on the structure and textural properties of CrPO4 (Cr/P=1) catalysts has been studied. Catalysts obtained in propylene oxide-aqueous ammonia exhibited higher thermal stability and, hence, greater surface areas and pore volumes than catalysts obtained in propylene oxide or aqueous ammonia exclusively. The former also showed a small surface area decrease on increasing calcination temperature up to 1073 K. Nevertheless, calcination at 1273 K develops in all cases crystalline CrPO4, showing the β-structure. Moreover, CrPO4 catalysts thermally treated below 1273 K only exhibited hydrogen bonded hydroxy groups $$(\nu _{{\rm O} - {\rm H}} \simeq 3450 cm^{ - 1} )$$ .
Great expectations and lost illusions: Soviet use of Eastern European proxies in the Third World

(1989). Great expectations and lost illusions: Soviet use of Eastern European proxies in the Third World. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1-13.
Transobturator Aorto–Profunda Femoral Artery Bypass Using the Direct Medial Thigh Approach

We present a novel technique for aorto-profunda femoral artery bypass using both the obturator foramen and the direct medial thigh approach to the profunda femoral artery in a patient with an infected femoral graft and limb-threatening ischemia. This patient has undergone multiple bypass grafts to salvage function of his lower extremities, but these standard anatomic and extra-anatomic bypasses had failed because of graft infections. The technique as well as the surgical anatomy are described. The combination of the transobturator aorto-profunda femoral artery bypass and the direct medial approach to the profunda femoral artery is technically feasible, provides adequate outflow for limb salvage in selected patients with good collateral arteries, offers acceptable long-term patency, and is particularly useful when the groin is hostile to dissection or graft material and the superficial femoral and popliteal arteries are occluded.
Contributions of Quisqualate and NMDA Receptors to the Induction and Expression of LTP

The contributions of two subclasses of excitatory amino acid transmitter receptors to the induction and expression of long-term potentiation (LTP) were analyzed in hippocampal slices. The quisqualate/kainate receptor antagonist DNQX (6,7-dinitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione) blocked 85% of the evoked field potential, leaving a small response that was sensitive to D-AP5 (D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate), an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker. This residual D-AP5-sensitive response was of comparable size in control and previously potentiated inputs. High-frequency stimulation in the presence of DNQX did not result in the development of robust LTP. Washout of the drug, however, revealed the potentiation effect. Thus NMDA-mediated responses can induce, but are not greatly affected by, LTP; non-NMDA receptors, conversely, mediate responses that are not needed to elicit LTP but that are required for its expression.
Guanethidine effects on the metabolic response of the rat uterus to estrogen.

Guanethidine injection blocks the water imbibition response to estrogen in the uteri of adrenalectomized immature rats. In the same experiments guanethidine injection, with or without estrogen, was followed by a 2- to 9- fold elevation in the in vivo uptake of 3H-cytidine and MC-leucine into the acid-soluble fractions of the uterus. The estrogen-induced increase of 14C-leucine incorporation into protein under in vivo conditions was blocked by guanethidine. However, this effect of guanethidine was no longer observed when the uteri were transferred to an in vitro incubation containing the labeled amino acid. Estrogen effects on in vivo 3H-cytidine incorporation into RNA and on in vitro U-14C-glucose metabolism to CO2 were also unaffected by guanethidine. It is suggested that guanethidine interferes with only limited aspects of the uterine response to estrogen. (Endocrinology 86: 909, 1970)
Molecular characterization of two genes encoding members of the glucose transporter superfamily in the parasitic protozoan Leishmania donovani

Abstract The polymerase chain reaction was used to clone two genes from Leishmania donovani, each of which encodes a member of a superfamily of membrane transporters which include the mammalian facilitative glucose transporters. One of these transporters, designated D2, is similar in sequence and overall structural features to a previously cloned Leishmania transporter Pro-1. Both D2 and Pro-1 are developmentally regulated genes which are expressed primarily in the insect stage of the parasite life cycle. In contrast, the second novel transporter, D1, is structurally quite different from different from either D2 or Pro-1, and its expression is not regulated during the parasite life cycle. All three genes are located on different chromosomes in L. donovani.
Estimating the Potential Impact of Regionalizing Health Care Delivery Based on Volume Standards Versus Risk-Adjusted Mortality Rate

Objective To examine whether basing regionalization on risk-adjusted mortality would lead to better population outcomes than basing regionalization on procedure volume. Data source We used secondary data from the California State Inpatient Database obtained from the Healthcare Costs and Utilization Project. Study design A population-based retrospective cohort study of 243 thousand patients who underwent either abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery, coronary artery bypass surgery or coronary angioplasty between 1998 and 2000 in California. Four regionalization strategies were compared: (i) selective referral to high-quality hospitals; (ii) selective referral to high-volume hospitals; (iii) selective avoidance of low-quality hospitals; (iv) selective avoidance of low-volume hospitals. Principal findings Selective referral to high volume centers would be only moderately effective (2–20% relative reduction in mortality) and extremely disruptive (70–99% reduction in the number of hospitals treating these conditions). Selective referral to high quality centers was estimated to result in dramatic reduction in mortality (50%) but would also be highly disruptive with greater than 80% of the patients re-directed to high quality centers. Selective avoidance of low volume hospitals would not improve mortality, whereas selective avoidance of low quality hospitals was estimated to result in a small improvement in overall mortality (2–6%) while causing relatively minor disruptions in patient referral patterns. Conclusion Efforts to use volume standards as the basis for evidence-based hospital referrals should be re-evaluated by all stake-holders before promoting further efforts to regionalize health care delivery using volume cutoffs.
Multiple forms of tubulin in polytomella and chlamydomonas: evidence for a precursor of flagellar α-tubulin

The quadriflagellate alga polytomella agilis contains several α-tubulins with distinct isoelectric points (McKeithan, T.W., and J.L. Rosenbaum, 1981, J. Cell Biol., 91:352-360). While α-3 is the major component in flagella, α-1 predominates in cytoskeletal microtubules. For determination of whether the differences in α- tubulins are due to distinct genes or to posttranslational modification of a common α-tubulin precursor, poly A+ RNA was isolated from deflagellated and control (nonregenerating) cells and translated in vitro. Approximately twice as much α-1 was synthesized using RNA from deflagellated as compared to control cells; however, there was no detectable synthesis in vitro of α-3 in either. These results suggest that α -3 tubulin is formed in vivo by posttranslational modification of a form co- migrating with, and possibly identical to, cytoskeletal α-tubulin. In the related alga chlamydomonas reinhardii deflagellation greatly stimulates synthesis of tubulin and tubulin mRNA. As in polytomella, the principal α-tubulin synthesized both in vivo and in vitro following deflagellation in chlamydomonas is more basic than the major α-tubulin and appears to correspond to α-1 tubulin in polytomella. The conversion of α-1 to α-3 receives additional support from in vivo labeling and pulse-chase experiments. In addition, in both polytomella and chlamydomonas some conversion of α-1 to α-3 appears to occur even when protein synthesis is inhibited.
Context-aware role-based access control in pervasive computing systems

In this paper we present a context-aware RBAC (CARBAC) model for pervasive computing applications. The design of this model has been guided by the context-based access control requirements of such applications. These requirements are related to users' memberships in roles, permission executions by role members, and context-based dynamic integration of services in the environment with an application. Context information is used in role admission policies, in policies related to permission executions by role members, and in policies related to accessing of dynamically interfaced services by role members. The dynamic nature of context information requires model-level support for revocations of role memberships and permission activations when certain context conditions fail to hold. Based on this model we present a programming framework for building context-aware applications, providing mechanisms for specifying and enforcing context-based access control requirements.
Cryomodule design for the Rare Isotope Accelerator

The Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA) driver linac will produce >400 MeV/u proton through uranium beams using many types of superconducting accelerating cavities such as quarter wave, spoke, and elliptical cavities. A cryomodule design that can accommodate all of the superconducting cavity and magnet types is presented. Alignment of the cold mass uses a titanium rail system, which minimizes cryomodule size, and decreases both the tunnel cross-section and length. The titanium rail is supported from the top vacuum plate by an adjustable tri-link, which is similar to existing Michigan State University magnet technology. A prototype cryomodule is under construction for testing 805 MHz, v/c=0.47, six-cell niobium cavities in realistic operating conditions. Details of the design and progress to date are presented.
Streptomyces coelicolor Genes ftsL and divIC Play a Role in Cell Division but Are Dispensable for Colony Formation

We have characterized homologues of the bacterial cell division genes ftsL and divIC in the gram-positive mycelial bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). We show by deletion-insertion mutations that ftsL and divIC are dispensable for growth and viability in S. coelicolor. When mutant strains were grown on a conventional rich medium (R2YE, containing high sucrose), inactivation of either ftsL or divIC resulted in the formation of aerial hyphae with partially constricted division sites but no clear separation of prespore compartments. Surprisingly, this phenotype was largely suppressed when strains were grown on minimal medium or sucrose-free R2YE, where division sites in many aerial hyphae had finished constricting and chains of spores were evident. Thus, osmolarity appears to affect the severity of the division defect. Furthermore, double mutant strains deleted for both ftsL and divIC are viable and have medium-dependent phenotypes similar to that of the single mutant strains, suggesting that functions performed by FtsL and DivIC are not absolutely required for septation during growth and sporulation. Alternatively, another division protein may partially compensate for the loss of both FtsL and DivIC on minimal medium or sucrose-free R2YE. Finally, based on transmission electron microscopy observations, we propose that FtsL and DivIC are involved in coordinating symmetrical annular ingrowth of the invaginating septum.
Estrogenic regulation of gene and protein expression within the amygdala of female mice.

Estrogens exert important actions on fear and anxiety in both humans and non-humans. Currently, the mechanisms underlying estrogenic modulation of fear are not known. However, evidence suggests that estrogens may exert their influence on fear and anxiety within the amygdala. The purpose of the present study was to examine the genomic effects of estrogens within the amygdala of female mice using high-density oligonucleotide microarrays. We examined the effects of estrogens on gene expression at 2 and 24 h after an acute subcutaneous injection. Data from the microarrays revealed that 2 h following an acute injection of estradiol, 44 genes were significantly up- or downregulated, and at 24 h, 13 transcripts were significantly up- or downregulated. One interesting estrogen-regulated gene, (CaMKIIα), was downregulated ninefold 2 h following an acute estradiol injection but was not altered 24 h after injection. We further examined estrogen regulation of CaMKIIα, as well as CaMKIIβ and CaMKIV within the amygdala using quantitative PCR and western blot analysis. The data indicate that estrogen decreases CaMKIIα and CaMKIV but not CaMKIIβ gene expression within the amygdala. However, CaMKII protein levels were not different, and CaMKIV protein levels increased 2 h post-EB treatment. These results indicate that estrogen regulates CaMK gene expression and protein levels within the amygdala.
ENRICHMENT OF PASTA WITH COTTAGE CHEESE WHEY PROTEINS

Addition of high protein fractions derived from whey to pasta to bring the protein content to 20% increases the PER of the pasta (macaroni) to that of casein. The flavor or texture quality of cooked enriched pasta is acceptable, and cheese or tomato sauce flavored enriched pastas are indistinguishable from controls. To avoid problems that would force major modifications in pasta processing and control equipment, it is recommended that the high protein fraction be insolubilized (denatured). The amino acids from these proteins are not changed by heat coagulation, pasta production, or cooking to a palatable table dish.
Automated replay and failure detection for web applications

User-session-based testing of web applications gathers user sessions to create and continually update test suites based on real user input in the field. To support this approach during maintenance and beta testing phases, we have built an automated framework for testing web-based software that focuses on scalability and evolving the test suite automatically as the application's operational profile changes. This paper reports on the automation of the replay and oracle components for web applications, which pose issues beyond those in the equivalent testing steps for traditional, stand-alone applications. Concurrency, nondeterminism, dependence on persistent state and previous user sessions, a complex application infrastructure, and a large number of output formats necessitate developing different replay and oracle comparator operators, which have tradeoffs in fault detection effectiveness, precision of analysis, and efficiency. We have designed, implemented, and evaluated a set of automated replay techniques and oracle comparators for user-session-based testing of web applications. This paper describes the issues, algorithms, heuristics, and an experimental case study with user sessions for two web applications. From our results, we conclude that testers performing user-session-based testing should consider their expectations for program coverage and fault detection when choosing a replay and oracle technique.
Resting membrane potential and potassium currents in cultured parasympathetic neurones from rat intracardiac ganglia.

1. Whole-cell K+ currents contributing to the resting membrane potential and repolarization of the action potential were studied in voltage-clamped parasympathetic neurones dissociated from neonatal rat intracardiac ganglia and maintained in tissue culture. 2. Rat intracardiac neurones had a mean resting membrane potential of -52 mV and mean input resistance of 850 M omega. The current-voltage relationship recorded during slow voltage ramps indicated the presence of both leakage and voltage-dependent currents. The contribution of Na+, K+ and Cl- to the resting membrane potential was examined and relative ionic permeabilities PNa/PK = 0.12 and PCl/PK 5 s. The instantaneous current-voltage relationship, examined under varying external K+ concentrations, was linear, and the reversal (zero current) potential shifted in accordance with that predicted by the Nernst equation for a K(+)-selective electrode. The shift in reversal potential of the tail currents as a function of the extracellular K+ concentration gave a relative permeability, PNa/PK = 0.02 for the delayed outward K+ channel(s).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
4-Aminopyridine Decreases Progesterone Production by Porcine Granulosa Cells

Ion channels occur as large families of related genes with cell-specific expression patterns. Granulosa cells have been shown to express voltage-gated potassium channels from more than one family. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), an antagonist of KCNA but not KCNQ channels. Granulosa cells were isolated from pig follicles and cultured with 4-AP, alone or in combination with FSH, 8-CPT-cAMP, estradiol 17β, and DIDS. Complimentary experiments determined the effects of 4-AP on the spontaneously established pig granulosa cell line PGC-2. Granulosa cell or PGC-2 function was assessed by radio-immunoassay of media progesterone accumulation. Cell viability was assessed by trypan blue exclusion. Drug-induced changes in cell membrane potential and intracellular potassium concentration were documented by spectrophotometric determination of DiBAC4(3) and PBFI fluorescence, respectively. Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) was assessed by immunoblotting. Flow cytometry was also used to examine granulosa cell viability and size. 4-AP (2 mM) decreased progesterone accumulation in the media of serum-supplemented and serum-free granulosa cultures, but inhibited cell proliferation only under serum-free conditions. 4-AP decreased the expression of StAR, the production of cAMP and the synthesis of estradiol by PGC-2. Addition of either 8-CPT-cAMP or estradiol 17β to serum-supplemented primary cultures reduced the inhibitory effects of 4-AP. 4-AP treatment was also associated with increased cell size, increased intracellular potassium concentration, and hyperpolarization of resting membrane potential. The drug-induced hyperpolarization of resting membrane potential was prevented either by decreasing extracellular chloride or by adding DIDS to the media. DIDS also prevented 4-AP inhibition of progesterone production. 4-AP inhibits basal and FSH-stimulated progesterone production by pig granulosa cells via drug action at multiple interacting steps in the steroidogenic pathway. These inhibitory effects of 4-AP on steroidogenesis may reflect drug-induced changes in intracellular concentrations of K+and Cl- as well as granulosa cell resting membrane potential.
Automatic Language-Specific Stemming in Information Retrieval

We employ Automorphology, an MDL-based algorithm that determines the suffixes present in a language-sample with no prior knowledge of the language in question, and describe our experiments on the usefulness of this approach for Information Retrieval, employing this stemmer in a SMARTbased IR engine.
Aneuploidy: implications for protein homeostasis and disease

It has long been appreciated that aneuploidy – in which cells possess a karyotype that is not a multiple of the haploid complement – has a substantial impact on human health, but its effects at the subcellular level have only recently become a focus of investigation. Here, we summarize new findings characterizing the impact of aneuploidy on protein quality control. Because aneuploidy has been associated with many diseases, foremost among them being cancer, and has also been linked to aging, we also offer our perspective on whether and how the effects of aneuploidy on protein quality control could contribute to these conditions. We argue that acquiring a deeper understanding of the relationship between aneuploidy, disease and aging could lead to the development of new anti-cancer and anti-aging treatments.
Quality Protein Maize for Africa: Closing the Protein Inadequacy Gap in Vulnerable Populations

Africa shares a unique relationship with maize (Zea mays). After its introduction from New World explorers, maize was quickly adopted as the cornerstone of local cuisine, especially in sub-Saharan countries. Although maize provides macro- and micronutrients required for humans, it lacks adequate amounts of the essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan. For those consuming >50% of their daily energy from maize, pandemic protein malnutrition may exist. Severe protein and energy malnutrition increases susceptibility to life-threatening diseases such as tuberculosis and gastroenteritis. A nutritionally superior maize cultivar named quality protein maize (QPM) represents nearly one-half century of research dedicated to malnutrition eradication. Compared with traditional maize types, QPM has twice the amount of lysine and tryptophan, as well as protein bioavailability that rivals milk casein. Animal and human studies suggest that substituting QPM for common maize results in improved health. However, QPM's practical contribution to maize-subsisting populations remains unresolved. Herein, total protein and essential amino acid requirements recommended by the WHO and the Institute of Medicine were applied to estimate QPM target intake levels for young children and adults, and these were compared with mean daily maize intakes by African country. The comparisons revealed that ~100 g QPM is required for children to maintain adequacy of lysine, the most limiting amino acid, and nearly 500 g is required for adults. This represents a 40% reduction in maize intake relative to common maize to meet protein requirements. The importance of maize in Africa underlines the potential for QPM to assist in closing the protein inadequacy gap.