cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of solvent effects on retention for a porous polymer sorbent in reversed phase liquid chromatography

The influence of acetonitrile, methanol and isopropanol as retention selectivily modifiers in reversed phase liquid chromatography on a poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) macroporous polymer sorbent (PLRP-S) is evaluated using the solvation parameter model. Retention results from a combination of adsorption and partitioning and is influenced by the equilibrium absorption of organic solvent by the polymer from the mobile phase. The sorption of solutes is dominated by the ease of cavity formation in or on the solvated sorbent, with a small contribution from lone pair-lone pair electron interactions. All polar interactions, such as dipole-type and hydrogenbond formation, are more favorable in the mobile phase and reduce retention. Changes in the uptake of organic solvent from the mobile phase affect kinetic properties of the column such as band broadening and porosity as well as retention. The PLRP-S solvated sorbent is suitable for solid-phase extraction and is more retentive than typical silica-based, bonded phase sorbents for extraction from water. As a surrogate system for estimating solute lipophilicity and biological activity through retention-property correlations it provides a poor fit for hydrogen-bond acid solutes and is too dipolar/polarizable to fit some models.
Irreversible inhibition of sodium transport by the toad urinary bladder following photolysis of amiloride analogs.

Active sodium transport was completely and irreversibly inhibited in toad urinary bladders photolyzed in the presence of iodeam loride.
Electronic beam control for advanced laser radar

The recent development of optical phased arrays (OPAs) enables practical, electronically programmable, control of laser beams for laser radar and other advanced optical sensors. OPAs are the direct analog of microwave phased array antennas; they are electronically programmable optical elements that control the phase distribution on an optical aperture in order to control beam direction and shape. Operating principles and construction of OPAs are briefly described and current and potential performance capabilities are summarized. An OPA supports spatial-domain beam control such as agile or continuous scanning patterns, adaptive electronic focus control, and far-field beam shape control, as well as the generation of multiple beams from a single input beam (pattern generation, or fanout). OPAs also support time-domain beam control, including precision time delay or positioning of short pulses, pulse compression and expansion, and the generation of dense pulse bursts from a single pulse. All of these functions are software controllable, which enables mission-flexible and mission-adaptive optical systems, including so-called 'smart' optical systems with autonomous alignment and calibration capabilities. These and other electronically programmable capabilities are discussed. As a concrete example of an advanced sensor enabled by the OPA, the potential for an adaptable-format, high-resolution, multi-beam laser radar with no moving parts is discussed.
Comparison of the completely renormalized equation-of-motion coupled-cluster and Quantum Monte Carlo results for the low-lying electronic states of methylene

The left-eigenstate completely renormalized (CR) equation-of-motion (EOM) coupled-cluster (CC) method with singles, doubles, and non-iterative triples, abbreviated as CR-EOMCC(2,3) [M. Wloch et al., Mol. Phys. 104, 2149 (2006); P. Piecuch et al., Int. J. Quantum Chem. 109, 3268 (2009)], and the companion ground-state CR-CC(2,3) methodology [P. Piecuch and M. Wloch, J. Chem. Phys. 123, 224105 (2005); P. Piecuch et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 418, 467 (2006)] are used to determine the total electronic and adiabatic excitation energies corresponding to the ground and lowest three excited states of methylene. The emphasis is on comparing the CR-CC(2,3)/CR-EOMCC(2,3) results obtained with the large correlation-consistent basis sets of the aug-cc-pCV xZ (x = T, Q, 5) quality and the corresponding complete basis set (CBS) limits with the recently published variational and diffusion Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) data [P. Zimmerman et al., J. Chem. Phys. 131, 124103 (2009)]. It is demonstrated that the CBS CR-CC(2,3)/CR-EO...
Short range photoinduced electron transfer in proteins : QM-MM simulations of tryptophan and flavin fluorescence quenching in proteins

Abstract Hybrid quantum mechanical-molecular mechanics (dynamics) were performed on flavin reductase (Fre) and flavodoxin reductase (Fdr), both from Escherichia coli . Each was complexed with riboflavin (Rbf) or flavin mononucleotide (FMN). During 50 ps trajectories, the relative energies of the fluorescing state (S 1 ) of the isoalloxazine ring and the lowest charge transfer state (CT) were assessed to aid prediction of fluorescence lifetimes that are shortened due to quenching by electron transfer from tyrosine. The simulations for the four cases display a wide range in CT–S 1 energy gap caused by the presence of phosphate, other charged and polar residues, water, and by intermolecular separation between donor and acceptor. This suggests that the Gibbs energy change (Δ G 0 ) and reorganization energy ( λ ) for the electron transfer may differ in different flavoproteins.
Pharmacoeconomic issues in antihypertensive therapy

Abstract Today’s healthcare environment is one of perpetual change, increasing costs, and scarce resources. Healthcare professionals, insurers, and consumers are constantly challenged with balancing healthcare costs and quality of life. With so many antihypertensive agents to choose from, therapies that provide benefits beyond the decreasing of blood pressure, will become the preferred therapies. However, these agents must also demonstrate a desirable side-effect profile; agents that are effective but not complied with will neither reduce costs nor improve quality of life. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists have the most favorable adverse event profile of the antihypertensive agents. These drugs may become the preferred agents of physicians who factor indirect costs—less morbidity and greater productivity—into their selection of an antihypertensive therapy.
You Are What You Eat: Slow Food USA's Constitutive Public Relations

This article employs a constitutive, or meaning-generating, approach to investigate how the Slow Food USA social movement employs public relations to counter commercial food industry messages. It argues that Slow Food successfully employs the rhetorical public relations techniques of definition, identification through narrative building, and enactment to build relationships and attract broader support of the sustainable food movement, to translate its somewhat lofty messages to mainstream audiences, and to encourage supporters to live the Slow Food lifestyle. Examining Slow Food's public relations through a rhetorical approach expands theory and practice by answering the call to explore how noncorporate entities successfully use public relations techniques.
Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders with Radical Nanomedicine

In engineering and materials science, nanotechnology has provided many advances that effectively reduce oxidative damage generated by free radical production. Despite such advances, there has been little application to biomedical problems. Increased oxidative stress and free radical production are associated with neurodegenerative conditions, including aging, trauma, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and many others. The antioxidant properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles show promise in the treatment of such diseases. Here, we summarize the work on the biological antioxidant actions of cerium oxide nanoparticles in extension of cell and organism longevity, protection against free radical insult, and protection against trauma-induced neuronal damage. We discuss establishment of effective dosing parameters, along with the physicochemical properties that regulate the pharmacological action of these new nanomaterials. Taken together, these studies suggest that nanotechnology can take pharmacological treatment to a new level, with a novel generation of nanopharmaceuticals.
Circulating Immediate-Early mRNA In Patients With Cytomegalovirus Infections After Solid Organ Transplantation

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based amplification of cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA has been demonstrated to be a sensitive tool for the diagnosis of CMV infection. However, PCR can detect the presence of viral DNA in some specimens from clinically asymptomatic patients. In an attempt to obviate this shortcoming, a reverse transcriptase-PCR-based assay (RT-PCR) was developed to look for CMV immediate-early (IE) mRNA in peripheral blood leukocytes from organ transplant recipients. The results of the PCR- and RT-PCR-based assays for CMV were correlated with clinical symptoms from 21 patients. Absence of circulating IE mRNA was associated with a lack of CMV-associated clinical symptoms in all 14 cases, irrespective of the presence or absence of CMV DNA. In contrast, all 7 RNA-positive samples were associated with CMV disease. Thus, RT-PCR appears to be more predictive than PCR for detection of clinically significant CMV disease in immunosuppressed patients.
Oxygen exchange and transport in thin zirconia films on Si(100)

The composition and atomic depth distributions of ultrathin zirconia films $(\ensuremath{\sim}30 \mathrm{\AA{}}\mathrm{})$ deposited on Si(100) have been investigated using medium-energy ion scattering (MEIS). Reoxidation in ${}^{18}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ permits the oxygen incorporation, exchange, and mobility to be followed due to the isotope sensitivity of the MEIS technique. These quantitative studies showed that significant interfacial ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ growth results when reoxidizing samples at temperatures as low as $500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C},$ and that this growth saturates in time and pressure but increases with temperature. Substantial isotope exchange was also observed under various experimental conditions. The results are discussed taking into account published data on the bulk and grain boundary diffusion of O in monoclinic and tetragonal zirconia, the diffusivity of O in ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2},$ and the nanocrystallinity of the films.
Two patients with Cushing's disease in a kindred with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I

Cushing's disease (pituitary ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome) has been described in association with the syndrome of multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN-I). Cushing's disease is uncommon in MEN-I and has not been reported in more than one member of a kindred. Here we describe a mother and her daughter with Cushing's disease and major depressive disorder. The mother, her other daughter, and two other relatives also had primary hyperparathyroidism. We believe this to be the first reported instance of hereditary Cushing's disease as a manifestation of MEN-I.
Nationwide reduction of health care–associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in Veterans Affairs long-term care facilities

The Veterans Affairs methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Prevention Initiative was implemented in its 133 long-term care facilities in January 2009. Between July 2009 and December 2012, there were ∼12.9 million resident-days in these facilities nationwide. During this period, the mean quarterly MRSA admission prevalence increased from 23.3% to 28.7% ( P P
Corteza prefrontal y toma de decisiones impulsiva

Resumen La impulsividad hace referencia a una serie de conductas heterogeneas integradas de forma suboptima a lo largo de ciertas dimensiones temporales. La eleccion intertemporal impulsiva hace referencia a la tendencia a renunciar a una recompensa sustancial pero diferida y buscar una recompensa inferior pero mas inmediata, mientras que tambien acontecen respuestas motoras impulsivas cuando los individuos no suprimen las conductas automaticas inapropiadas. Ademas, pueden aparecer acciones impulsivas cuando se pone demasiado enfasis en la velocidad mas que en la precision en una amplia variedad de conductas, incluida la toma de decisiones perceptiva. A pesar de esta naturaleza heterogenea, la corteza prefrontal y sus areas conectadas, como los ganglios basales, desempenan un importante papel en la supresion de las acciones impulsivas en una diversidad de tareas conductuales. En el presente articulo describimos las caracteristicas clave de los calculos necesarios para tomar decisiones de forma optima y como su fracaso puede dar lugar a las conductas impulsivas. Tambien revisamos los hallazgos recientes a partir de los estudios efectuados mediante neuroimagen y de registro de neuronas individuales sobre mecanismos neurales relacionados con las conductas impulsivas. Las estrategias convergentes en economia, psicologia y neurociencia proporcionan una perspectiva exclusiva para una mejor comprension de la naturaleza del deterioro conductual asociado a la impulsividad.
SU‐FF‐T‐352: An Analytic Algorithm for Dose Calculation in An Inhomogeneous Medium

Purpose: To develop an analytic algorithm for calculating dose distributions in a heterogeneous medium using density scaling of the scatter dose in a convolution model. Method and Materials: First, the dose in homogeneous medium was separated as primary and scatter dose. Second, primary and scaling doses were scaled. While scaling of the primary dose is straightforward, in this work we propose that scaling factor for scatter dose be expressed as the ratio of the kernel convolution within inhomogeneous medium to the one in homogeneous medium. With this scaled scatter dose, the total dose in the inhomogeneous medium was calculated in a challenging 3-D geometry of a 50 keV point source with a spherical inhomogeneity containing lung or bone tissues. The analytic calculations were compared with the Monte Carlo results using the PENELOPE code. Results: Compared to Monte Carlo results, both the magnitude and the slope of the dose in the lung material were precisely calculated within lung inhomogeneity, while for within bone inhomogeneity, the magnitude and tendency were correct but the slope had less reduction along the primary photon direction. The dose distributions in the areas surrounding the inhomogeneities were predicted within 5%. Compared to the existing superposition/convolution algorithm such as Collapsed Cone Convolution, this algorithm has a much simpler form and fewer requirements for the point kernels. Conclusion: The dose distribution in inhomogeneous media can be calculated with acceptable accuracy by using this extended scaling algorithm. The simple formulation and fewer requirements for the detailed point kernel will allow this algorithm for practical clinical application.
The Distribution of Five Species of Monstrillidae (Copepoda, Monstrilloida) Near Kodiak Island, Alaska

[Les vingt-six specimens de Copepodes Monstrilloida recueillis au cours d'une croisiere du R/V George B. Kelez dans les eaux du banc continental, pres de l'ile Kodiak, Alaska, du 26 avril au 9 mai 1972 ont ete identifies a cinq especes. C'est la localite la plus septentrionale dans l'ocean Pacifique pour Monstrilla helgolandica Claus, 1863, M. longiremis Giesbrecht, 1892, M. wandelii Stephensen, 1913 et Cymbasoma rigidum Thompson, 1888. C'est aussi la premiere fois que Monstrilla canadensis McMurrich, 1917 est trouve dans cet ocean., Les vingt-six specimens de Copepodes Monstrilloida recueillis au cours d'une croisiere du R/V George B. Kelez dans les eaux du banc continental, pres de l'ile Kodiak, Alaska, du 26 avril au 9 mai 1972 ont ete identifies a cinq especes. C'est la localite la plus septentrionale dans l'ocean Pacifique pour Monstrilla helgolandica Claus, 1863, M. longiremis Giesbrecht, 1892, M. wandelii Stephensen, 1913 et Cymbasoma rigidum Thompson, 1888. C'est aussi la premiere fois que Monstrilla canadensis McMurrich, 1917 est trouve dans cet ocean.]
Petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity studies. X. Animal and human response to vapors of "50 thinner.".

Abstract The suggested hygienic standard for human inhalation of “50 Thinner”, based upon results of inhalation studies with rats and dogs and the sensory response of human subjects, is 1.7 mg/liter (430 ppm). The LC50 for rats that inhaled “50 Thinner” for 4 hr was 33 (28 to 38) mg/liter or 8300 (7100 to 9600) ppm. Rats tolerated 5.2 mg/liter (1300 ppm) for 4 hr, and dogs 2.4 mg/liter (600 ppm) for 6 hr without any signs of discomfort. Four cats that inhaled 30 mg/liter (7600 ppm) for 6 hr developed signs suggestive of central nervous system effects, but survived. Other than modest weight increases among the rats on the 2.4-mg/liter (600 ppm) and the 1.2-mg/liter (300 ppm) levels, there were no dosage or time-related findings of statistical significance. In the absence of any micropathological changes indicative of organ damage, weight increase is not considered an adverse effect. The odor threshold as determined by a sniff test involving two trials with six human subjects is approximately 0.01 mg/liter (2.5 ppm). Only a mild sensation of dryness of the eyes in four of seven human subjects and single subjects mentioning a “light-headed” feeling or headache resulted from a 30-min exposure to 2.1 mg/liter (530 ppm). Four of five people indicated their willingness to work in a concentration of 1.7 mg/liter (430 ppm) which is the limiting concentration recommended for the hygienic standard.
Persistent Infection with West Nile Virus Years after Initial Infection

West Nile virus (WNV) RNA was demonstrated in 5 (20%) of 25 urine samples collected from convalescent patients 573-2452 days (1.6-6.7 years) after WNV infection. Four of the 5 amplicons sequenced showed >99% homology to the WNV NY99 strain. These findings show that individuals with chronic symptoms after WNV infection may have persistent renal infection over several years.
Characterization of Vestibulopathy in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective. Previous observational studies suggest higher rates of vestibular dysfunction among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) compared with those without diabetes. This study aims to functionally localize vestibular dysfunction in adults with type 2 DM. Study Design. Prospective cohort study. Setting. Tertiary academic medical center. Subjects and Methods. Adults 50 years of age and older with 10-year history of type 2 DM were recruited (December 2011–February 2013, n = 25). Vestibular function was assessed by cervical and ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs), testing the saccule and utricle, respectively. Head thrust dynamic visual acuity testing assessed semicircular canal (SCC) function in all canal planes. Results were compared with nondiabetic age-matched controls (n = 25). Results. Subjects were 64.7 6 7.6 years old, were 40% female, and had a mean hemoglobin A1c of 8.3% 6 1.7%. SCC dysfunction was more common than otoconial organ dysfunction, with 70% of subjects with DM demonstrating impaired performance of at least 1 SCC (DlogMAR 0.18) and 50% demonstrating otoconial organ impairment (absent ocular VEMP and/or cervical VEMP). Adults with type 2 DM had poorer lateral and superior SCC performance (P \.05) but similar posterior SCC performance compared with controls (P = .16). Both cervical VEMP peak-to-peak amplitude and ocular VEMP n1 amplitude were also decreased with diabetes (P \.01). Conclusion. Adults with type 2 DM have poorer performance on tests of vestibular function related to both SCC and otoconial organ function compared with nondiabetic agematched adults. Future studies are needed to better understand the relationship between vestibular function and functional disability in persons with diabetes.
Physical activity for youth with disabilities: A critical need in an underserved population

The recommended amount of daily physical activity for youth is 60 minutes a day, most days of the week. Youth with disabilities are not achieving this target and are significantly less active and m...
From diversity to creativity: stimulating group brainstorming with cultural differences and conversationally-retrieved pictures

Group brainstorming, or collaboratively generating ideas through idea sharing, demands diverse contributions to spark more ideas and improve creativity. One approach to supporting group brainstorming is to introduce conceptual diversity. In this study, we evaluate the effects of two sources of diversity on group brainstorming: cultural differences internal to multicultural groups and pictures related to the conversation retrieved by a computer agent. The pictures generally enhanced performance as measured by both originality and diversity of ideas. The pictures also helped to convert cultural diversity into a creative outcome, the diversity of ideas generated. We argue that with appropriate technology mediation, cultural diversity may be used strategically to enhance task outcomes.
Some Cautionary Strictures on the Writing of the Rhetoric of Science

he prohferation of papers, programs, and now a journal issue dedicated to the "rhetoric of science" is eloquent testimony to the vitality of what may be called the "rhetorical turn."' The fact that the present writers, working respectively from within a department of Communications and a department of the History and PhUosophy of Science, have for some time been laying the ground work for a joint program in the Rhetoric of Science is evidence of the extent to which they subscribe to the intellectual currents which motivate the rhetorical turn. Nevertheless, the peculiar nature of "science" itself, the practice thereof, and even its rendition as text, compel us to offer some cautionary strictures against the too easy assumption that scientific texts are as susceptible to rhetorical analysis as are texts in other disciplines. We are aware, of course, that such cautions go somewhat against the tide of opinion, both of some other writers in the present issue of Rhetorica, and increasingly in the humanistic disciplines generally. Lest we be suspected of a hankering for the restoration of an unfashionable and discredited "scientism," we offer a caveat and a concession. First, the strictures referred to here are directed at rhetorical
Mine electrotechnology research: the past 17 years

The direct results on the mining industry of the research program sponsored by the US Bureau of Mines over the last decade and a half include increased safety, increased productivity, a better working environment for miners, and a more secure supply of minerals to the US economy. Some important technical developments in the electrical area that have taken place are: the development of mine monitoring systems; improved hard-wired and wireless communications systems; improved grounding systems including ground check monitors, reliability databases, and models for power system safety; improved power system protection and analysis; and a growing effort to use expert systems to improve the operation of mines. Side benefits of this research program include the availability of technically trained manpower, an improved body of technical knowledge, continuing education opportunities, and improved channels of communication for technical knowledge. >
Pathological changes in Alzheimer’s brain evaluated with fluorescence emission analysis (FEA)

Development of AD is associated with cerebrovascular deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) as well as a progressive increase in vasular collagen content. Both AΒ and collagen are naturally fluorescent compounds when exposed to UV light. We analyzed autofluorescence emitted from brain tissue samples and isolated brain resistance vessels harvested postmortem from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched controls. Fluorescence emission, excited at 355 nm with an Nd:YAG laser, was measured using a fiber-optic based fluorescence spectroscopic system for tissue analysis. Significantly higher values of fluorescence emission intensity (P<0.001) in the spectral region from 465 to 490 nm were detected in brain resistance vessel samples from AD patients compared to the normal individuals. Results from western blot analysis showed elevated levels of type I and type III collagen, and reduced levels of type IV collagen in resistance vessels from AD patients, compared to control samples. In addition, using direct scanning of the cortical suface for fluoresxcence emission by the laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy system we detected a significantly (P<0.05) higher level of apoptosis in AD brain tissue compared to age-matched controls. Fluorescence emission analysis (FEA) appears to be a sensitive technique for detecting structural changes in AD brain tissue.
The Dry Bones of Quaker Theology

J. WILLIAM FROST After having surveyed the barrenness of the valley in which were scattered skeletal remains, the prophet in the book of Ezekiel was asked, "0 mortal man, can these bones live?" And his reply was not an optimistic "they will live" but rather "0 Lord God, thou knowest." When the historian begins to discuss the common theological assumptions and issues which perplexed the seventeenth century, he does not know whether they can be put into a meaningful context and is uncertain that these "bones" can be made to live. The recent historian
A link-based day-to-day traffic assignment model

Abstract Existing day-to-day traffic assignment models are all built upon path flow variables. This paper demonstrates two essential shortcomings of these path-based models. One is that their application requires a given initial path flow pattern, which is typically unidentifiable, i.e. mathematically nonunique and practically unobservable. In particular, we show that, for the path-based models, different initial path flow patterns constituting the same link flow pattern generally gives different day-to-day link flow evolutions. The other shortcoming of the path-based models is the path-overlapping problem. That is, the path-based models ignore the interdependence among paths and thus can give very unreasonable results for networks with paths overlapping with each other. These two path-based problems exist for most (if not all) deterministic day-to-day dynamics whose fixed points are the classic Wardrop user equilibrium. To avoid the two path-based problems, we propose a day-to-day traffic assignment model that directly deals with link flow variables. Our link-based model captures travelers’ cost-minimization behavior in their path finding as well as their inertia. The fixed point of our link-based dynamical system is the classic Wardrop user equilibrium.
The effect of medial condylar bone loss of the knee on coronal plane stability—A cadaveric study

article i nfo Introduction: The quantitative effects of medial bone loss of the knee on both leg alignment and coronal plane stability are poorly understood. Materials and methods: Utilizing computer navigation, 5 mm bone defects of the medial distal femur (MDF), medial posterior femoral condyle (MPF), and medial tibial plateau (MT) were simulated in 10 cadaveric limbs, and alignment of the knee at various degrees of flexion were analyzed when applying standardized varus and valgus loads. Results: The 5 mm MPF defect significantly increased varus laxity at 90° of flexion by 3.3°±1.2° (p=0.019), a 5 mm MDF defect resulted in a 2.2°±1.7° (p=0.037) and a 2.1°±1.3° (p=0.023) increase in laxity at 0° and 30° of flexion, respectively, and a 5 mm MT defect increased varus laxity at all flexion angles by 4.0° to 7.0°, but was only statistically significant at 30° (p=0.026). Discussion: This study confirms and quantifies the theories of flexion and extension gap balancing, and pseu- dolaxity of the medial collateral ligament in the varus knee, the results of which can be used in preoperative planning and intraoperative decision making for both total knee and unicondylar arthroplasty.
Commentary on Rispoli's review

The debate between nativism and empiricism has been the central issue in developmental psychology for well over three centuries. Nowhere has the opposition between nature and nurture been felt more keenly than in the study of child language development. At times the debate has proven useful, or at least entertaining. But there are those, like Matthew Rispoli, who worry that a fixation on this issue may reinforce a polarization that will eventually ‘run developmental psycholinguistics into the ground’.
Public-private alliances in biotechnology Can they narrow the knowledge gaps between rich and poor?

Abstract In the area of science and technology, the knowledge gap between rich and poor countries is wide and increasing. In the area of biotechnology research, a second gap has recently emerged between private life science companies and public research institutions. As a result, a gap is rapidly widening between cutting-edge research in the developed world and publicly sponsored research being undertaken in the developing world. An obvious strategy for narrowing this gap is to form public–private research alliances. To overcome intervening obstacles, public research institutions in the developing world need to adopt creative new approaches to the process of negotiating with their potential private partners. These approaches must focus on leveraging the complementarities and potential synergies between their knowledge assets and those of the private sector. Concurrently, institutional arrangements must be set in place that are geared toward managing the risks and dangers of greatest concern to their constituencies.
Effects of substrate design on underfill voiding using the low cost, high throughput flip chip assembly process and no-flow underfill materials

The formation of underfill voids is an area of concern in the low cost, high throughput, or "no-flow" flip chip assembly process. This assembly process involves placement of a flip chip device directly onto the substrate pad site covered with pre-dispensed no-flow underfill. The forced motion of chip placement causes a convex flow front to pass over pad and solder mask-opening features promoting void capture. This paper determines the effects of substrate design on the phenomena of underfill voiding using the no-flow process. A full-factorial design experiment analyzes several empirically determined factors that can affect void capture in no-flow processing. The substrate design parameters included pad height, solder mask opening height, pad/solder mask opening separation, and pad pitch. The process parameters include chip placement velocity and underfill viscosity. The process robustness is measured in terms of the number of voids created during chip placement, and is further analyzed for the location and any visible modes of void formation. The goal of the work is to determine improved substrate designs to minimize voiding in flip chip processing using no flow underfills.
Foundations of Pediatrics: Fuller Albright, MD (1900–1969)

F uller Albright was born in Buffalo, New York, on Jan. 12, 1900. His father, John Joseph Albright, was a man of property, making his fortune in coal, steel, and automobiles. John’s first wife, Harriet, died in 1895. He was left with three motherless children, Raymond, Ruth, and Langdon. To remedy this situation, he wrote to the president of Smith College inquiring if there might not be a recent graduate who might like the job of governess to the children. Susan Fuller accepted the job. She rapidly became one of the family, and she and John were married 2 years later. Together they had five children. Fuller, after his mother’s maiden name, was the middle child and the second of two boys. JohnAlbright founded theNichols School for boys and the Franklin School for girls, and all of his eight children were educated in these two institutions. Fuller was a good student with a strong interest in sports. He was the captain of the football team.Hewent toHarvardCollegewhenhewas 17. Eighteenmonths later, he joined the Army andwas sent to theOfficer Candidate School in Plattsburg, New York. It was during this year that he likely fell victim to the influenza pandemic. He recovered, but almost certainly had Von Economo encephalitis, which revisited him many years later in the form of postencephalitic Parkinson disease. The end of World War I found Albright an instructor in the Student Army Corps at Princeton University. Despite having attended only 18 months of
The slow motion of two or more spheres through a viscous fluid

Expressions are derived for the velocity of two spheres, moving slowly under external forces through a viscous fluid, as a function of their separation and radii. They compare favourably with the available experimental data. A discussion of the interactions of three particles and some general comments on the settling of a swarm of spheres are also included.
The solution of simple and compound word problems

Students of problem-solving, in common with students of learning theory, decision-making, and other cognitive processes, live in a state of constant frustration at their inability to observe what goes on inside the problemsolver's head. Since direct observation is impossible, other methods for investigating the problem-solving process must be developed. One strategy which has been used successfully in investigating other cognitive processes the construction of mathematical models. This paper reports an experiment test one such model.
Scaling the gate dielectric: materials, integration, and reliability

In this paper a review of the more "fundamental" concerns regarding the scaling of the gate dielectric in the ultrathin regime is presented. Material issues are discussed pertaining to the integration of silicon oxynitride and oxide/nitride stacked layers and how such films might reduce or minimize boron penetration problems and address leakage current and reliability concerns. A methodology is presented to calculate device and chip lifetimes for MOS structures on the basis of data extracted from voltage- and temperature-accelerated measurements. Some integration issues regarding higher-k materials are also discussed because of their ability to solve the scaling problem. However, difficulties are involved in integrating them into a CMOS process flow.
Contained Dispersal: The Deconcentration of Poverty in US Metropolitan Areas in the 1990s:

After decades of rising poverty segregation in American cities, fewer poor people lived in extreme–poverty neighborhoods in 2000 than in 1990. The decline of concentrated poverty in many US metropo...
Feasibility of the Ultrasonic Bone Aspirator in Retrosigmoid Vestibular Schwannoma Removal

Objective:Postoperative headache is an undesirable consequence of retrosigmoid vestibular schwannoma (VS) removal. An ultrasonic bone aspirator (UBA) may reduce headache by minimizing subarachnoid ...
Merit and Blame in Unequal Societies: Explaining Latin Americans' Beliefs About Poverty and Wealth

Popular beliefs about inequality are thought to reflect the actual stratification of society. This article analyzes the case of seven Latin American countries as an example that challenges this intuition. In these rigid and unequal societies, people are more likely to believe that poverty and wealth depend on individual merits or faults rather than structural constraints. In order to address this empirical puzzle, this article studies the factors that determine popular beliefs about wealth and poverty. Then, the distribution of these beliefs in each country is examined by aggregating and decomposing the explanatory model at the individual level. Findings at the individual level depict a complex panorama where, in some dimensions of social position, the most disadvantaged legitimize the origins of wealth and poverty, while the most advantaged maintain structural explanations of economic fate. In particular, a novel effect of social class is found. Additionally, country level factors are consequential in explaining popular beliefs as well as their distribution. The racial composition of the seven countries analyzed is the element that most clearly shapes the prevalence of individualistic beliefs. Meanwhile, the variation between countries is only explained by country level factors.
Learning from Wall Street: A Venture in Transactional Legal Education

The Langdellian model of legal education is widely criticized but very durable. The UB New York City Program in International Finance and Law uses financial market actors, collaborative projects, and immersion in business cultures to teach students how to be transactional and regulatory lawyers in the global financial markets, thereby moving away from the emphasis on appellate cases, doctrine, and litigation that characterizes traditional legal education. This Article describes the UB in NYC program, places the program in the context of past and present efforts to reform legal education, and demonstrates how such programs could be more widely implemented. This Article also argues that such programs can effectively supplement and substantially improve, but cannot replace entirely, the dominant Landellian model of legal education.
Dr. Sharif Replies

Sir: The exact statement in my article is as follows: “One study showed that risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, and haloperidol had a negligible effect on QTc, but ziprasidone and thioridazine caused a clinically significant increase” (p. 4).1 This statement does not imply that the QTc prolongation associated with ziprasidone and thioridazine was the “same” but rather that both drugs were associated with this change to a greater extent than other antipsychotics tested. Secondly, Drs. Ortega et al. state that the QTc prolongation for ziprasidone and other antipsychotics (olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, haloperidol) were “comparable” based on the 054 study. The statement in the U.S. label for ziprasidone based on the results of the 054 study is “The mean increase in QTc from baseline for ziprasidone ranged from approximately 9 to 14 msec greater than for 4 of the comparator drugs (risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, and haloperidol), but was approximately 14 msec less than the prolongation observed for thioridazine.”2 The U.S. label for ziprasidone includes a bolded warning regarding QT prolongation. It is true that there were no clinical events associated with this increase noted in the clinical trials. I refer Drs. Ortega et al. to my article3 (from which this report was extracted as a summary) for a more complete discussion of this issue.
Minimal Geršgorin sets and ω-matrices

If G(C) denotes the minimal Gersgorin set for C ∈ Cn,n, and if, for any nonempty subset α of the first n positive integers, C[α] denotes the principal minor of C determined by α, then conditions are determined which characterize matrices A and B in Cn,n such that the inclusions G((D + B)[α]) ⊆G((D + A)[α]) are valid for all subsets α of the first n positive integers, and for all diagonal matrices D in Cn,n. Connections with the newly defined set of ω-matrices are also included.
COMMENT ON THE COEFFICIENT OF ORDINAL VARIATION

An index of dispersion and a related standardized coefficient of variation for ordinal categorical data were recently introduced in this journal. These two measures were based on the use of category scores. In this paper, we show these measures can alternatively be expressed in terms of cumulative proportions (probabilities).
Inpatient chemotherapy and risk for venous thromboembolism

9092 Background: Chemotherapy is a known risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE) but contemporary rates and risk factors for chemotherapy-associated VTE are not well described. Furthermore, it...
Distance education outcomes in clinical laboratory science.

OBJECTIVE To compare 2 types of delivery methods for clinical laboratory science students-the technology-driven method at distance sites versus the on-site method on campus-in terms of learning outcomes. DESIGN The independent variable in this quasi-experimental study was the delivery method consisting of interactive videoteleconferencing and on-site classroom methods. The dependent variables were learning outcomes that were determined by 2 methods: the average score on 8 posttests scheduled at periodic intervals and a national certification examination score. SETTING Clinical laboratory science (CLS) education program at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha and at 6 clinical sites in other cities across Nebraska. PARTICIPANTS 40 senior CLS students enrolled in a baccalaureate degree program. Control group participants were assigned to 2 clinical sites in the Omaha area, and the experimental group were assigned to 6 distant clinical sites. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Data analysis consisted of descriptive statistics, 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), 2-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), repeated measures analysis of variance, and Hotellings T2. RESULTS Results showed no significant difference between the students' examination scores based on delivery method (p > 0.05), except in the chemistry topic area. There was no significant difference in the pattern of the examination scores over the semester of learners who were instructed by interactive videoteleconferencing methods and learners who were instructed by on-site classroom methods. CONCLUSION Results of the study generally support the use of interactive videoteleconferencing as an effective, alternative delivery method for CLS students who cannot attend class on campus. Analysis by topic areas suggests that additional studies are needed to validate the variance found in the chemistry subject area.
American Jewish youth's attachment to Israel: implications for Israeli tourism

This paper explores an intersection of politics and tourism. The issue explored is the potential tourism effect of what some see as a changing attitude among American Jewish youth towards Israel. The authors have suggested that the current generation of American Jewish youth is losing its sense of attachment to Israel, with a disconnect between their innate liberalism and Israel's conservative politics. If a lessening of attachment is in fact occurring, what is the impact upon youth travel to Israel? This empirical study, built upon a foundation of previous research in the area of diaspora travel, reflects the relationship between attachment and travel variables, with results that should be of concern to the Israeli tourism industry.
Upper limits to near-field radiative heat transfer: generalizing the blackbody concept

For 75 years it has been known that radiative heat transfer can exceed far-field blackbody rates when two bodies are separated by less than a thermal wavelength. Yet an open question has remained: what is the maximum achievable radiative transfer rate? Here we describe basic energy-conservation principles that answer this question, yielding upper bounds that depend on the temperatures, material susceptibilities, and separation distance, but which encompass all geometries. The simple structures studied to date fall far short of the bounds, offering the possibility for significant future enhancement, with ramifications for experimental studies as well as thermophotovoltaic applications.
Introducing mass spectrometry to first-year undergraduates: Analysis of caffeine and other components in energy drinks using paper-spray mass spectrometry

Abstract We describe the use of ambient ionization mass spectrometry in a freshman-level undergraduate class for the detection of caffeine and other components in several commercially available energy drinks (5-hour Energy, Starbucks Refreshers, Red Bull Sugarfree, and Coca Cola Classic). We use the technique of paper-spray mass spectrometry where a filter paper is used as a substrate on which a sample is directly applied and a high voltage is used to generate an electrospray of ions in ambient conditions which are then detected by a mass spectrometer. The purpose of this laboratory exercise is twofold: 1) to use the paper-spray method to determine the chemical composition of different types of commercially available energy drinks and 2) to perform tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to demonstrate that the mass spectrometer can be used for structural analysis. This laboratory serves as an excellent means of introducing the beginning student to the concepts of charge, mass, and molecular structure. In addition to the freshmen general chemistry class, we also incorporated this lab into the introductory analytical chemistry class taught at the sophomore level with the inclusion of a third exercise where the usefulness of mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis is demonstrated by determining the concentration of caffeine in the energy drinks with deuterated caffeine as an internal standard.
Mapping the Evolving Ideas of Occupational Justice: A Critical Analysis

The values of occupational therapy are grounded in justice, and its origins in activism and advocacy. Enabling individuals to participate in meaningful occupations to enhance health and well-being was the genesis of the profession that answered a call to justice. Occupational science brought focus to understand humans as occupational beings and made justice more visible in the discourse. A systematic mapping review was undertaken to deconstruct how notions of occupational justice (OJ) have been woven in the literature. The ideas of OJ were dominant in 40 out of the 120 articles that met the study’s inclusion criteria. OJ was represented mainly in the context of disadvantaged groups and dissonance in practice. For OJ to influence policy, the focus on the individuals’ experiences of occupational injustices must be seen as transacting with systems and policies that contribute to participation inequities in groups and populations.