cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environmental effects on molecular conformation: Bicalutamide analogs

Two bicalutamide analogs (N-[4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-(4-fluorophenyl)sulfinyl-2-hydroxy2-methyl-propane-amide 2 and its 4-cyano derivative 3) with an R-configured asymmetric carbon atom and a chiral sulfoxide group are described quantum chemically to determine their properties in dependence of their conformation and their (R,S)-configuration at the sulfoxide S atom. Compounds 2 and 3 are known to be novel androgen receptor antagonists with biological activities that depend significantly on the configuration of their stereogenic centers. For the purpose of a rapid differentiation between active and less active diastereomers of 2 and 3, relative energies, conformational preferences in different media, NMR chemical shift values, vibrational spectra, and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectra are calculated for up to 12 different conformers. It is demonstrated that both 2 and 3 prefer strongly different conformations in dependence of the surrounding medium and as a consequence of the change from intrato intermolecular H-bonding. The different diastereomers can be easily distinguished by specific NMR chemical shifts, infrared bands, or VCD rotational strengths.
Secondary hyperalgesia persists in capsaicin desensitized skin

Several lines of evidence suggest that secondary hyperalgesia to punctate mechanical stimuli arises from central sensitization to the input from primary afferent nociceptors. Conventional C-fiber nociceptors respond to heat stimuli and yet heat hyperalgesia is absent in the region of secondary hyperalgesia. This evidence suggests that the central sensitization to nociceptor input does not involve heat sensitive nociceptors. To test this hypothesis, we investigated whether desensitization of heat sensitive nociceptors by topical application of capsaicin led to an alteration in the secondary hyperalgesia. Two 2x2 cm areas on the volar forearm, separated by 1 cm, were treated in 10 healthy volunteers. One of the areas was desensitized by treatment with 10% topical capsaicin (6 h/day for 2 days). The other site served as vehicle control. Hyperalgesia was produced 2 days later by an intradermal injection of capsaicin (50 microg, 10 microl) at a point midway between the two treatment areas. Secondary hyperalgesia to noxious mechanical stimuli was investigated by using a blade probe (32 and 64 g) attached to a computer-controlled mechanical stimulator. In the area of topical capsaicin treatment, there was a marked increase in heat pain threshold and decrease in heat pain ratings indicating a pronounced desensitization of heat sensitive nociceptors. However, touch threshold and pain to pinching stimuli were not significantly altered. The intradermal capsaicin injection led to the development of a similar degree of secondary hyperalgesia at both the vehicle and capsaicin treatment areas. These results indicate that capsaicin insensitive nociceptive afferents play a dominant role not only in normal mechanical pain but also in secondary hyperalgesia to noxious mechanical stimuli.
Empirical evidence that soil carbon formation from plant inputs is positively related to microbial growth

Plant-carbon inputs to soils in the form of dissolved sugars, organic acids and amino acids fuel much of heterotrophic microbial activity belowground. Initial residence times of these compounds in the soil solution are on the order of hours, with microbial uptake a primary removal mechanism. Through microbial biosynthesis, the dissolved compounds become dominant precursors for formation of stable soil organic carbon. How the chemical class (e.g. sugar) of a dissolved compound influences stabilization in field soils is unknown and predictions from our understanding of microbial metabolism, turnover and identity are contradictory. We show that soil carbon formation, from chronic amendments of dissolved compounds to fertilized and unfertilized grasslands, is 2.4-times greater from a sugar than an amino acid. Formation rates are negatively correlated with respiration rates of the compounds, and positively correlated with their recovery in microbial biomass. These relationships suggest that the efficiency of microbial growth on a compound is positively related to formation rates of soil organic carbon. Fertilization does not alter these findings, but together nitrogen and phosphorus additions reduce soil carbon formation. Our results highlight the need to consider both nutrient enrichment and global-change induced shifts in the form of dissolved root inputs to soils to predict future soil carbon stocks and hence phenomena such as climate warming and food security to which these stock sizes are intimately tied.
ERACEing the Risk of Cerebral Embolism From Atrial Fibrillation Ablation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia requiring treatment. The adverse outcomes commonly attributed to AF include symptomatic palpitations, dyspnea and exertional intolerance, and increased risk of thromboembolic complications, especially stroke. Because of the morbidity of this condition, several different treatment strategies have been derived to improve patient outcome. One of the strategies that are being used increasingly is catheter ablation. Presently, this is an aggressive, extensive ablation procedure designed to isolate triggering foci from electric conduction to the body of the atria and modifying atrial substrate to disrupt or prevent conduction/propagation of reentrant wave fronts. This procedure can be of long duration and associated with extensive myocardial destruction. Most of the ablation is performed in the systemic circulation. Because of these factors, systemic embolic events, especially stroke, have always been feared complications associated with this procedure.1 Although the prevalence of stroke complications has been low, concern has been raised in recent years about the observation of asymptomatic cerebral embolism (ACE) on diffusion-weighted MRI.2–4 Article see p 835 ACE lesions after catheter ablation of AF were first reported by Lickfett et al5 and since have been described by several groups. The mechanisms leading to the formation of ACE lesions have not been completely elucidated but are presumed to be because of microembolism to the small terminal intracerebral arteries.1 The components of the microembolic material causing ACE lesions after AF catheter ablation are hypothesized to be thrombus, gas microbubbles, heat-denatured albumin microbubbles, thermal coagulum, and avulsed tissue.6 Because this procedure does not involve catheter manipulation in the aortic root or aortic valve, dislodged calcium and cholesterol plaque probably do not have a role in ACE lesion production as …
Alfvén-Wave Propagation in Solid-State Plasmas. II. Bismuth

Alfv\'en-wave propagation velocities in single-crystal bismuth have been studied for the frequency range 13 to 18 GHz, using an interference technique. Experimental mass densities were obtained for magnetic fields aligned along principal crystal axes. The variation of these mass densities for misalignment of the magnetic field and sample shape and size was also studied. The different values obtained by previous workers are shown to be due to minor sample misalignments. The number of carriers, $n$, and the mass components obtained are compared with values previously reported in the literature. The de Haas-Shubnikov periods are also measured from the transmission envelope of the microwaves. The best fit to the numerical results for the carrier masses and the number of carriers obtained in this work is $n=(3.00\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{17}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, ${m}_{1}=0.005\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0015$, ${m}_{2}=1.27\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}.007$, ${m}_{3}=0.031\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004$, ${m}_{4}=0.157\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008$, ${M}_{1}=0.064$, and ${M}_{3}=0.69$. These parameters are shown to be consistent with all of the Alfv\'en-wave mass densities.
The Synthesis and Assembly of Polymeric Microparticles Using Microfluidics

The controlled synthesis of micrometer-sized polymeric particles bearing features such as nonspherical shapes and spatially segregated chemical properties is becoming increasingly important. Such particles can enable fundamental studies on self-assembly and suspension rheology, as well as be used in applications ranging from medical diagnostics to photonic devices. Microfluidics has recently emerged as a very promising route to the synthesis of such polymeric particles, providing fine control over particle shape, size, chemical anisotropy, porosity, and core/shell structure. This progress report summarizes microfluidic approaches to particle synthesis using both dropletand flow-lithography-based methods, as well as particle assembly in microfluidic devices. The particles formed are classified according to their morphology, chemical anisotropy, and internal structure, and relevant examples are provided to illustrate each of these approaches. Emerging applications of the complex particles formed using these techniques and the outlook for such processes are discussed.
Cavity-induced two-phase heat transfer in silicon microchannels

Modern developments in microelectronics manufacturing and architecture continue to lead to reductions in feature sizes on microprocessor chips. The demand for faster and more powerful systems has approached the limits of conventional passive and active electronics cooling schemes. Future high-powered electronics require new and innovative heat removal methods. The research study presented in this paper is conducted in order to better understand two-phase heat transfer in a microchannel heat sink using FC-72 as the test fluid. The test section consists of an (1cm /spl times/ 1cm) array of nineteen parallel microchannels etched into silicon with the following dimensions: hydraulic diameter (D/sub h/ = 253 microns) with a ratio of (L/D/sub h/= 39.52). The base of each channel contains six re-entrant type cavities spaced evenly along the length. Each cavity, measuring 20 microns in mouth size, is used to promote controlled nucleation activity. The experimental results presented include the bulk fluid temperature and pressure at the inlet and outlet. To simulate the heat generated by a typical microprocessor, a uniform heat flux was applied to the base of the channel array using a series of thin film serpentine aluminum heaters. System parameters that were varied in this study include the applied heat flux and mass flow rate.
Pancreatic tumors show high levels of hypoxia.

Abstract Purpose: Because of the dismal outcomes of conventional therapies for pancreatic carcinomas, we postulated that hypoxia may exist within these tumors. Methods and Materials: Seven sequential patients with adenocarcinomas of the pancreas consented to intraoperative measurements of tumor oxygenation using the Eppendorf (Hamburg, Germany) polargraphic electrode. Results: All 7 tumors demonstrated significant tumor hypoxia. In contrast, adjacent normal pancreas showed normal oxygenation. Conclusion: Tumor hypoxia exists within pancreatic cancers.
Hysteresis and the Shortage of Agricultural Labor

Fruit and vegetable growers often allege a shortage of agricultural workers, but in a review of the H2A nonimmigrant guestworker program the General Accounting Office claims that no such shortage exists. The apparent shortage may be due to workers that are in the labor force but do not choose to take agricultural jobs. According to real options theory, when nonagricultural jobs are uncertain, workers require added incentive to invest in sectoral migration. Estimates of an arbitrage model in monthly Washington state wage data show the labor-shortage probability to be far greater than the probability of a surplus.
A statistical model for fault coverage analysis

The authors present a statistical model for the evaluation of test coverage for both single-stuck-at and multiple-stuck-at faults. The model parameters are the node fault complexity and test frequency. For multiple fault detection, the model is applied to calculate the defect level of a production test. >
Process combination to increase event granularity in parallel logic simulation

The increasing complexity of digital system designs is motivating a strong desire for higher capacity, faster simulation of logic circuits. While special purpose hardware accelerators show good performance, their high cost and long design times heave inhibited their widespread use. In contrast, the proliferation of reasonably priced symmetric multiprocessors provides an excellent platform upon which to build parallel logic simulators. Unfortunately, attempts to implement parallel simulators to speed logic simulation have meet with limited success. This is largely due to the low event granularity and high communication costs. Furthermore both empirical and analytical studies show that only limited parallelism exists within logic circuits for parallel simulators to exploit. Consequently, a reasonable alternative is to restructure the parallel processes, eliminating some by combining them into single tasks with larger event granularities and less expensive communication costs. This paper presents the constraints and method through which parallel logic gates in a VHDL description can be combined into single processes. Experimentally, we observed significant performance improvements; in some cases, process combination provided a speedup of 2.22 over the original, uncombined description. >
Urokinase therapy in pulmonary thromboembolism

Abstract Thirteen patients with angiographically confirmed pulmonary thromboembolism received thrombolytic therapy with urokinase for 8 to 12 hours. Cardiac catheterization lung scan and angiograms prior to and within 6 to 18 hours after completion of therapy were used to assess results. Five patients with acute symptoms had marked improvement in clinical and laboratory parameters. Of 4 patients with sub-acute symptoms, all had clinical improvement but objective studies were less changed than in the acute group. Three chronic patients were treated and failed to demonstrate significant change in any parameter. One patient with acute symptoms died and was found to have only old organized, adherent emboli, pointing out the difficulty in predicting the characteristics of emboli by presently available methods. The lytic state was tolerated well by even severely ill patients and bleeding into soft tissue represented the only recognized complication. Further controlled observations of this form of therapy are considered justified in patients with acute massive pulmonary embolism.
Disturbances of Gait in Patients with Dementia

Effective locomotion requires the integration and control of posture, balance and movement. Rudimentary locomotor behaviors emerge from spinal neuronal networks, which function as locomotor pattern generators (Grillner, 1981). The capacity of these pattern generators to produce effective locomotion is inversely proportional to the sophistication of an animal’s nervous system. The function of spinal pattern generators in humans (Holmes, 1915) and laboratory primates (Eidelberg et al., 198 la,b) depends critically on descending input from higher centers.
Costate Estimation by a Legendre Pseudospectral Method

We present a Legendre pseudospectral method for directly estimating the costates of the Bolza problem encountered in optimal control theory. The method is based on calculating the state and control variables at the Legendre‐Gauss‐Lobatto (LGL) points. An Nth degree Lagrange polynomial approximation of these variables allows a conversion of the optimal control problem into a standard nonlinear programming (NLP) problem with the state and control values at the LGL points as optimization parameters. By applying theKarush ‐Kuhn‐Tucker (KKT) theorem to the NLP problem, we show that the KKT multipliers satisfy a discrete analog of the costate dynamics including the transversality conditions. Indeed, we prove that the costates at the LGL points are equal to the KKT multipliers divided by the LGL weights. Hence, the direct solution by this method also automatically yields the costates by way of the Lagrange multipliers that can be extracted from an NLP solver. One important advantage of this technique is that it allows a very simple way to check the optimality of the direct solution. Numerical examples are included to demonstrate the method.
Binding MOAD, a high-quality protein–ligand database

Binding MOAD (Mother of All Databases) is a database of 9836 protein–ligand crystal structures. All biologically relevant ligands are annotated, and experimental binding-affinity data is reported when available. Binding MOAD has almost doubled in size since it was originally introduced in 2004, demonstrating steady growth with each annual update. Several technologies, such as natural language processing, help drive this constant expansion. Along with increasing data, Binding MOAD has improved usability. The website now showcases a faster, more featured viewer to examine the protein–ligand structures. Ligands have additional chemical data, allowing for cheminformatics mining. Lastly, logins are no longer necessary, and Binding MOAD is freely available to all at http://www.BindingMOAD.org.
Track and field injuries.

Objective: A review of the existing literature on injuries to youth (18 years old) in track and field or athletics. Data sources: Searches of the Medline and SPORT Discus databases for English lang
Dynamics and Control of Four Wheeled Differentially Steered UGVs

Autonomous navigation of ground vehicles is a growing research area. Skid steered wheeled ground vehicles are of interest because of the system’s relatively easy control parameters. Steered wheels require actuation and control for the steering and speed of the steered wheels while skid steering just requires actuation and control of the wheel speeds, usually just a left and right wheel speed. Four Wheeled differentially steered vehicles are built primarily for straight line motion since the instantaneous centers of zero velocities for the four wheels are always at infinity when there is no sliding in the wheels. When the vehicle has to negotiate a corner, it uses the differential velocities between sides to force the wheels to slide and perform the cornering maneuver. Maneuvering is difficult when the ground friction is very high because of undue stresses in the axle structure. This paper analyses the dynamics of such vehicles that relates the traction and skid friction forces and proposes a suitable control system. At this time, the paper is supported by simulation results while experimental work is still going on.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Multilevel Confirmatory Factor Analysis of a Scale Measuring Interagency Collaboration of Children’s Mental Health Agencies

Multilevel confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the factor structure underlying the 12-item, three-factor Interagency Collaboration Activities Scale (IACS) at the informant level and at the agency level. Results from 378 professionals (104 administrators, 201 service providers, and 73 case managers) from 32 children's mental health service agencies supported a correlated three-factor model at each level and indicated that the item loadings were not significantly (p .05) related to levels of interagency collaboration.
Synthesizing number transformations from input-output examples

Numbers are one of the most widely used data type in programming languages. Number transformations like formatting and rounding present a challenge even for experienced programmers as they find it difficult to remember different number format strings supported by different programming languages. These transformations present an even bigger challenge for end-users of spreadsheet systems like Microsoft Excel where providing such custom format strings is beyond their expertise. In our extensive case study of help forums of many programming languages and Excel, we found that both programmers and end-users struggle with these number transformations, but are able to easily express their intent using input-output examples. In this paper, we present a framework that can learn such number transformations from very few input-output examples. We first describe an expressive number transformation language that can model these transformations, and then present an inductive synthesis algorithm that can learn all expressions in this language that are consistent with a given set of examples. We also present a ranking scheme of these expressions that enables efficient learning of the desired transformation from very few examples. By combining our inductive synthesis algorithm for number transformations with an inductive synthesis algorithm for syntactic string transformations, we are able to obtain an inductive synthesis algorithm for manipulating data types that have numbers as a constituent sub-type such as date, unit, and time. We have implemented our algorithms as an Excel add-in and have evaluated it successfully over several benchmarks obtained from the help forums and the Excel product team.
Parameterization of triangle meshes over quadrilateral domains

We present a method for parameterizing irregularly triangulated input models over polyhedral domains with quadrilateral faces. A combination of center-based clustering techniques is used to generate a partition of the model into regions suitable for remeshing. Several issues are addressed: the size and shape of the regions, their positioning with respect to features of the input geometry, and the amount of distortion introduced by approximating each region with a coarse polygon. Region boundaries are used to define a coarse polygonal mesh which is quadrangulated to obtain a parameterization domain. Constraints can be optionally imposed to enforce a strict correspondence between input and output features. We use the parameterization for multiresolution Catmull-Clark remeshing and we illustrate two applications that take advantage of the resulting representation: interactive model editing and texture mapping.
Perioperative Pulmonary Management of the Elderly Patient

Advances in surgical and anesthetic techniques have led to steady reductions in perioperative complications. At the same time, improvements in public health and medical care have increased quality of life and life expectancy. As a result, an expanding population of elderly patients with chronic medical diseases is undergoing surgical procedures. Thorough risk assessment and management is required to assure optimal perioperative care for geriatric patients. This includes a full pulmonary evaluation, which is often over-shadowed by cardiovascular concerns. Recent literature has provided improved clarity in preoperative pulmonary risk assessment and potential options for risk management interventions. In this paper, we detail the current evidence for perioperative pulmonary care of elderly patients.
White LED with Excellent Rendering of Daylight Spectrum

In recent years, white LEDs have been increasingly used to replace conventional lighting sources including fluorescent lights. However, in some specific lighting applications, the use of such LEDs to replace halogen and xenon lights can present certain problems, such as in spectral distribution and the color rendering index (CRI).
Observations of Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes in Leaf Water Confirm the Craig-Gordon Model under Wide-Ranging Environmental Conditions'

The Craig-Gordon evaporative enrichment model of the hydrogen (δD) and oxygen (δ18O) isotopes of water was tested in a controlled-environment gas exchange cuvette over a wide range (400‰ δD and 40‰ δ18O) of leaf waters. (Throughout this paper we use the term “leaf water” to describe the site of evaporation, which should not be confused with “bulk leaf water” a term used exclusively for uncorrected measurements obtained from whole leaf water extractions.) Regardless of how the isotopic composition of leaf water was achieved (i.e. by changes in source water, atmospheric vapor δD or δ18O, vapor pressure gradients, or combinations of all three), a modified version of the Craig-Gordon model was shown to be sound in its ability to predict the δD and δ18O values of water at the site of evaporation. The isotopic composition of atmospheric vapor was shown to have profound effects on the δD and δ18O of leaf water and its influence was dependent on vapor pressure gradients. These results have implications for conditions in which the isotopic composition of atmospheric vapor is not in equilibrium with source water, such as experimental systems that grow plants under isotopically enriched water regimes. The assumptions of steady state were also tested and found not to be a major limitation for the utilization of the leaf water model under relatively stable environmental conditions. After a major perturbation in the δD and δ18O of atmospheric vapor, the leaf reached steady state in approximately 2 h, depending on vapor pressure gradients. Following a step change in source water, the leaf achieved steady state in 24 h, with the vast majority of changes occurring in the first 3 h. Therefore, the Craig-Gordon model is a useful tool for understanding the environmental factors that influence the hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of leaf water as well as the organic matter derived from leaf water.
Oxygen Tracer Diffusion in Vitreous Silica

Oxygen diffusion in vitreous silica glass is studied using the gas exchange technique. The tracer concentration profiles are consistent with a model based on two mechanisms, one network and the other interstitial. These processes are coupled through limited network–interstitial exchange. Nuclear reaction analysis and secondary ion mass spectrometry techniques are performed and compared. These results are compared to experiments on transport in thin silica films grown on single-crystal silicon.
Low serum reverse T3 concentration in burned children: its relationship to nutritional state.

The correlationbetween proteinturnoverand serum thyroidhormone levelswas studied in 10children,ages I to 16 yearssubsequent tosevereburn injuries. In contrast to published studies that have shown depression of triiodothyronine (Ti) and elevations of reverse Ti (rT:,) in stressed patients, no change was found in the mean level of Ti and a 69% decrease in rT:, compared to healthy controls of similar age. Whole body rates of protein synthesis and breakdown were determined using a I'5N)glycine turnover technique. The difference between synthesis and break- down was negatively correlated with the ratio, rT,/T, in serum. Thus, in burned children, a decrease in N balance was associated with a rise in rT3/T:, which is qualitatively similar to that observed in fasted individuals or in stressed patients who may be semistarved. Am. J. C/in. Nuir. 33: 1215-1219, 1980.
α-Galactosidase A in Vascular Disease

Deficiency of α -galactosidase A (GLA) (Fabry disease) leads to the accumulation of glycosphingolipids in the vasculature leading to multiorgan pathology. In addition to well-described microvascular disease, deficiency of GLA is also characterized by premature macrovascular events such as stroke and possibly myocardial infarction. The mechanisms by which GLA may influence macrovascular disease are unclear. A mouse model of GLA deficiency has facilitated the study of glycosphingolipid metabolism abnormalities on macrovascular end points. This review addresses some of the potential pathways by which GLA deficiency may contribute to vascular complications.
HDAC9 Knockout Mice Are Protected From Adipose Tissue Dysfunction and Systemic Metabolic Disease During High-Fat Feeding

During chronic caloric excess, adipose tissue expands primarily by enlargement of individual adipocytes, which become stressed with lipid overloading, thereby contributing to obesity-related disease. Although adipose tissue contains numerous preadipocytes, differentiation into functionally competent adipocytes is insufficient to accommodate the chronic caloric excess and prevent adipocyte overloading. We report for the first time that a chronic high-fat diet (HFD) impairs adipogenic differentiation, leading to accumulation of inefficiently differentiated adipocytes with blunted expression of adipogenic differentiation-specific genes. Preadipocytes from these mice likewise exhibit impaired adipogenic differentiation, and this phenotype persists during in vitro cell culture. HFD-induced impaired adipogenic differentiation is associated with elevated expression of histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9), an endogenous negative regulator of adipogenic differentiation. Genetic ablation of HDAC9 improves adipogenic differentiation and systemic metabolic state during an HFD, resulting in diminished weight gain, improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and reduced hepatosteatosis. Moreover, compared with wild-type mice, HDAC9 knockout mice exhibit upregulated expression of beige adipocyte marker genes, particularly during an HFD, in association with increased energy expenditure and adaptive thermogenesis. These results suggest that targeting HDAC9 may be an effective strategy for combating obesity-related metabolic disease.
FERTILITY AND WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT IN INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS

The association between fertility and womens labor force activity reflects the incompatibility between caring for the children and participating in economically productive work that typifies industrialized societies. Women who wish to participate in the labor force must either limit their fertility or make alternative arrangements for the care of their children. As a result fertility rates in most countries are below the level needed for population replacement and rising proportion of children are in non-maternal care while their mothers work. In the assumption that women either limit their fertility to accommodate their force activity or they adjust their labor force behavior to their fertility evidence suggests that women do both. A substantial body of individual-level research describes the various strategies by which women in industrialized settings accommodate their employment patterns to their fertility and their fertility to their labor force participation. The evidence also suggests that strategies vary across national settings and that the ability to combine labor force participation and motherhood varies across countries.
A predictive distributed congestion metric and its application to technology mapping

Due to increasing design complexity, routing congestion has become a critical problem in VLSI designs. This paper introduces a distributed metric to predict routing congestion for a premapped netlist and applies it to technology mapping that targets area optimization. Our technology mapping algorithm is guided by a probabilistic congestion map for the subject graph to identify the congested regions. Experimental results on the benchmark circuits in a 90nm technology show that congestion-aware mapping results in a reduction of 37%, on an average, in track overflows as compared to conventional technology mapping.
Effect of specimen taper and machining processes on tension test results

Tension tests on four steels showed that increasing the specimen taper resulted in increased strength values and decreased ductility values. The effect on most properties was small, but elongation was decreased substantially. Specimens were processed by grinding, turning, shot peening, and aging. Within the range used in normal specimen manufacture, few significant effects were observed. Tests were made using manually controlled, as well as computer-controlled, machines. Again, the differences were generally small, but the differences in tensile strength and elongation were statistically significant. These differences were attributed to twofold changes in strain rate and in the cross section area of the specimens. The strength properties from the computer-controlled machine were calculated manually and automatically. The values were not significantly different. Elongation appears to be the most sensitive and reproducible measure of procedural differences.
Current concepts review: Fracture-dislocation of the elbow

The elbow joint is one of the most inherently stable articulations of the skeleton1,54,75,77. When a dislocation is not associated with a fracture, early mobilization after closed reduction is associated with a low risk of redislocation72,99, despite the fact that, in most patients, all of the capsuloligamentous stabilizers of the articulation of the elbow are ruptured19,45,48,49. When at least one of the osseous or articular component structures that contribute to stability of the elbow is disrupted, the risk of recurrent or chronic instability and arthrosis is increased11,50. Treatment of these injuries remains challenging in part because accurate definitions of the patterns of injury, the specific roles of the component structures contributing to stability of the elbow, and a rational approach to treatment have not been fully determined. Despite the preponderance of literature on traumatic injuries about the elbow, there are relatively little data specifically addressing combined osseous, articular, and ligamentous injury of the elbow11,34,50,107,124. The purposes of this review are to define the component structures that together make the elbow such a unique articulation and to provide an understanding of the treatment of complex fracture-dislocations of the elbow. The structure of the elbow reflects a balance between the functional requirements for spatial positioning of the hand and the need for sufficient stability to allow for the manipulation of heavy objects, throwing, and bearing weight1,54,61. Flexion and extension of the elbow at the ulnohumeral articulation alters the length of the strut holding the hand away from the trunk54. Furthermore, humans are capable of using the upper extremity for sophisticated …
Images of Harassment: Copyright Law and Revenge Porn

Nonconsensual pornography, commonly known as “revenge porn,” usually occurs when an individual (usually a man) publicly posts online sexually explicit images of his former partner (usually a woman). Although normally the stuff of tort law, revenge porn offers copyright attorneys opportunities to help victims, as well: the offending images are often selfies taken by the victim and thus covered by the victim’s copyright. There is, to date, no Second Circuit case law on the subject, making this area uniquely suited to creative social impact litigation. Until state legislatures or Congress pass well-drafted criminal revenge porn statutes, copyright law remains a necessary though inadequate weapon to combat revenge porn in the Second Circuit and elsewhere.
A risk index for pediatric patients undergoing diagnostic imaging with (99m)Tc-dimercaptosuccinic acid that accounts for body habitus

Published guidelines for administered activity to pediatric patients undergoing diagnostic nuclear medicine imaging are currently obtained through expert consensus of the minimum values as a function of body weight as required to yield diagnostic quality images. We have previously shown that consideration of body habitus is also important in obtaining diagnostic quality images at the lowest administered activity. The objective of this study was to create a series of computational phantoms that realistically portray the anatomy of the pediatric patient population which can be used to develop and validate techniques to minimize radiation dose while maintaining adequate image quality. To achieve this objective, we have defined an imaging risk index that may be used in future studies to develop pediatric patient dosing guidelines. A population of 48 hybrid phantoms consisting of non-uniform B-spline surfaces and polygon meshes was generated. The representative ages included the newborn, 1 year, 5 year, 10 year and 15 year male and female. For each age, the phantoms were modeled at their 10th, 50th, and 90th height percentile each at a constant 50th weight percentile. To test the impact of kidney size, the newborn phantoms were modeled with the following three kidney volumes: -15%, average, and +15%. To illustrate the impact of different morphologies on dose optimization, we calculated the effective dose for each phantom using weight-based (99m)Tc-DMSA activity administration. For a given patient weight, body habitus had a considerable effect on effective dose. Substantial variations were observed in the risk index between the 10th and 90th percentile height phantoms from the 50th percentile phantoms for a given age, with the greatest difference being 18%. There was a dependence found between kidney size and risk of radiation induced kidney cancer, with the highest risk indices observed in newborns with the smallest kidneys. Overall, the phantoms and techniques in this study can be used to provide data to refine dosing guidelines for pediatric nuclear imaging studies while taking into account the effects on both radiation dose and image quality.
Propagation of pathogenic fungi in the yolk sac of embryonated eggs.

SummaryThe yolk sac of the developing chick embryo has proved to be highly suitable for the propagation of the following pathogenic fungi: Actinomyces bovis, Nocar-dia asteroides, Nocardia intracellulars, Sporotrichum Schenkii, Histoplasma capsulatum, Cryptococcus neojormans and Coccidioides immitis. This method promises to be of great value for the experimental study of these mycotic infectins. It is quite likely that many other of the pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic fungi may be studied with profit by infection of the yolk sac of chick embryos.
Surface Variations In The Earth'S Magnetic Field: Implications For Near-Surface Mri

Millions of dollars are lost annually in the United States alone due to utility strikes during construction related excavation. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is the most widely used geophysical imaging tool to locate buried utilities, however, its performance in high water content, high conductivity soils is limited. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may hold promise as a near-surface imaging modality in those conditions where GPR fails. An MRI based technique would produce images of voids from buried anthropogenic objects in a signal rich background from water in the soil. As a prelude to developing such a device, we measured the variations in the direction and magnitude of the Earths magnetic field in the first six meters beneath the surface of the Earth using both an Overhauser and magnetoresistive magnetometer. These static magnetic field data were then used to predict the quality of a near-surface magnetic resonance image obtained from a hypothetical system. The image simulations presented are based on relationships derived from the Bloch equations for the excitation, magnetic field gradient imposed phase and frequency encoding, and RF coil characteristics. Under certain design conditions and site requirements, these simulated images show that near-surface MRI may be feasible.
Common Variation in the DOPA Decarboxylase (DDC) Gene and Human Striatal DDC Activity In Vivo.

The synthesis of multiple amine neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and trace amines, relies in part on DOPA decarboxylase (DDC, AADC), an enzyme that is required for normative neural operations. Because rare, loss-of-function mutations in the DDC gene result in severe enzymatic deficiency and devastating autonomic, motor, and cognitive impairment, DDC common genetic polymorphisms have been proposed as a source of more moderate, but clinically important, alterations in DDC function that may contribute to risk, course, or treatment response in complex, heritable neuropsychiatric illnesses. However, a direct link between common genetic variation in DDC and DDC activity in the living human brain has never been established. We therefore tested for this association by conducting extensive genotyping across the DDC gene in a large cohort of 120 healthy individuals, for whom DDC activity was then quantified with [18F]-FDOPA positron emission tomography (PET). The specific uptake constant, Ki, a measure of DDC activity, was estimated for striatal regions of interest and found to be predicted by one of five tested haplotypes, particularly in the ventral striatum. These data provide evidence for cis-acting, functional common polymorphisms in the DDC gene and support future work to determine whether such variation might meaningfully contribute to DDC-mediated neural processes relevant to neuropsychiatric illness and treatment.
Abstract B25: Triple-negative breast tumors exhibit distinctive patterns of expression and subcellular localization of Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 6

African-American women of all ages have higher breast cancer mortality rates than Caucasian women, despite lower breast cancer incidence among African-American women over 40. While differences in socioeconomic status and access to healthcare may play a role in this disparity, the disproportionately high occurrence of aggressive, triple-negative breast tumors in African-American women suggests a biological link between ancestry and breast cancer prognosis. Interestingly, both African ancestry and breast tumor aggressiveness are associated with distinct transcript and protein expression levels of Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) and its binding partner, Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 6 (IGFBP6), and we have previously observed higher levels of IGFBP6 transcript and protein expression in African-American and Yoruba (African) HapMap cell lines when compared to Amish cell lines. To gain a better understanding of potential mechanisms underlying these associations, we have investigated the expression and subcellular localization of these proteins and their transcripts using qPCR and immunofluorescence (IF). Our qPCR data indicate lower IGFBP6 transcript expression in breast cancer cells relative to normal cells, with lower transcript levels in the ER positive breast cancer cells than in triple negative cells. Conversely, our IF data revealed higher levels of IGFBP6 protein in ER positive breast cancer cells than in triple negative breast cancer cells, suggesting that breast tumor subtypes may be associated with unique patterns of transcript and protein regulation in these genes. We also observed a distinctive pattern of IGFBP6 subcellular localization in the triple-negative cells in which aggregates of this protein are localized at the edge of the nucleus, and co-localized with IGF-II. We hypothesize that IGF-II will be more dispersed throughout the nucleus following si-RNA knockdown of IGFBP6. Taken together, these data suggest the possibility of a subtype-specific IGF-II/IGFBP6 complex in triple negative breast cancer. Further studies will assess how this complex may promote tumor aggression in triple-negative breast tumors by inhibiting IGFBP69s IGF-independent, pro-apoptotic qualities within the nucleus and/or prolonging the half-life of IGF-II, thus promoting cancer cell growth. Citation Format: DeJuana Ford, Rupali Hire, Elizabeth Howerth, Briana Bennett, Krissean Lea, Jillian Hood, Melissa Davis. Triple-negative breast tumors exhibit distinctive patterns of expression and subcellular localization of Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 6. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eighth AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 13-16, 2015; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016;25(3 Suppl):Abstract nr B25.
All Voices Heard: A Conflict Prevention Approach to Land and Natural Resources

Abstract This section will focus on the supporting role that law and policy can play in achieving peaceful, equitable, and sustainable land and natural resource management. It will look at decision-making processes around land-related projects, emphasizing the need to involve all stakeholders in land management and governance. The text will highlight the importance of dialogue at all levels, empowering local communities to engage in decision making, and strengthening institutions that support adaptive learning and collective action. A conflict prevention approach to land issues can help build policy and practice that is peaceful, equitable, and sustainable.
Caspase-1 clipping causes complications for α-synuclein

The study of human neurodegeneration has increasingly focused on a clinically diverse group of diseases that share the common pathologic feature of insoluble aggregates of α-synuclein (αSyn) in various populations of neurons and glia. Scientists have begun identifying factors that may initiate or accelerate αSyn aggregation and how this process relates to progressive impairment of neuronal structure and function. In PNAS, companion papers by Wang et al. (1) and Bassil et al. (2) establish a compelling link between the accumulation of C-terminally truncated forms of αSyn created by caspase-1 and cellular dysfunction in culture and in vivo, all potentially initiated by inflammatory insults.
Emerging materials for lowering atmospheric carbon

Abstract CO 2 emissions from anthropogenic sources and the rate at which they increase could have deep global ramifications such as irreversible climate change and increased natural disasters. Because greater than 50% of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions come from small, distributed sectors such as homes, offices, and transportation sources, most renewable energy systems and on-site carbon capture technologies for reducing future CO 2 emissions cannot be effectively utilized. This problem might be mediated by considering novel materials and technologies for directly capturing/removing CO 2 from air. However, compared to materials for capturing CO 2 at on-site emission sources, materials for capturing CO 2 directly from air must be more selective to CO 2 , and should operate and be stable at near ambient conditions. In this review article, we briefly summarize the recent developments in materials for capturing carbon dioxide directly from air. We discuss the challenges in this field and offer a perspective for developing the current state-of-art and also highlight the potential of a few recent discoveries in materials science that show potential for advanced application of air capture technology.
A Boronic Acid Conjugate of Angiogenin that Shows ROS-Responsive Neuroprotective Activity

Angiogenin (ANG) is a human ribonuclease that is compromised in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ANG also promotes neovascularization, and can induce hemorrhage and encourage tumor growth. The causal neurodegeneration of ALS is associated with reactive oxygen species, which are also known to elicit the oxidative cleavage of carbon-boron bonds. We have developed a synthetic boronic acid mask that restrains the ribonucleolytic activity of ANG. The masked ANG does not stimulate endothelial cell proliferation but protects astrocytes from oxidative stress. By differentiating between the two dichotomous biological activities of ANG, this strategy could provide a viable pharmacological approach for the treatment of ALS.
Early Weight Gain in Infants With Cleft Lip and Palate Treated With and Without Nasoalveolar Molding: A Retrospective Study

Objective:To assess weight gain of infants with cleft lip and/or palate (CL ± P) treated with nasoalveolar molding (NAM).Design:Retrospective, case–control chart review.Setting:Doernbecher Children...