cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autorität und Moralische Entwicklung bei Deutschen und Amerikanischen Kindern

Im Fruhjahr 1960 fuhrte der Autor der vorliegenden Untersuchung in Zusammenarbeit mit Urie Bronfenbrenner und George Suci eine vergleichende Studie uber Formen der Kindererziehung in Westdeutschland und den USA durch2. Damals ergaben sich in der Art und Weise, wie deutsche und amerikanische Eltern ihre Kinder erzogen, einige interessante und bedeutsame Unterschiede. Unsere Spekulationen uber die Tragweite jener Ergebnisse mundeten in die Formulierung einer Reihe spezifischer Hypothesen, deren Gegenstand die Unterschiedlichkeit deutscher und amerikanischer Kinder auf Grund ihrer Erfahrungen in Elternhaus und Schule war. Eine kleinere experimentelle Voruntersuchung, die einige unserer Hypothesen uber deutsche Kinder testen sollte, wurde 1964 unter der Leitung des Autors in Westdeutschland unternommen. Mit einer Stichprobe amerikanischer Kinder wurde das gleiche Experiment 1969 wiederholt. Der vorliegende Artikel befast sich mit einem Vergleich der Resultate jener beiden Untersuchungen und einer Diskussion ihrer Tragweite.
Zircaloy Cladding Rupture During Repository Storage

In this paper creep, a potential degradation mechanism of Zircaloy cladding after repository disposal of spent nuclear fuel, is investigated. The deformation and fracture map methodology is used to predict maximum allowable initial storage temperatures to achieve a 1000-yr life without rupture as a function of spent-fuel history. Maximum allowable temperatures are 340{degrees}C (613 K) for typically stresses rods (70 to 100 MPa) and 300{degrees}C (573 K) for highly stressed rods (140 to 160 MPa).
Science and Civil Liberty: Implications for the Prevention, Investigation, and Prosecution of All Kidnapping Subtypes

Recent scientific advances challenge the dynamic equilibrium between public safety and individual rights. The point at which this balance is struck has significant implications for the prevention, investigation, and prosecution of kidnappings. Chapter 10 explores recent court rulings related to scientific endeavors – thermal imaging, global positioning systems, and DNA – and the ramifications for addressing the crime of kidnapping.
Replication-based cyber foraging and automated configuration management

This thesis addresses two research problems. The first problem is how to run demanding applications on mobile computers. Mobile computers, such as smart phones and personal digital assistants, have recently become more prevalent. However, the size of these mobile computers constrain the processing power, battery capacity, and memory they can carry. Therefore, it is difficult to run resource-intensive applications on these computers. This thesis explores utilizing publicly-available compute servers, which we call surrogates, to augment mobile computers to remotely execute resource-intensive applications. I built a software system named Slingshot to demonstrate this concept. Slingshot replicates application state on surrogates and the user's home machine by encapsulating the application state in a virtual machine. The replica on the surrogate provides good response time as it is co-located with the mobile computer, and the replica on the home machine can provide data safety if a surrogate fails. The second problem this thesis addresses is how to make configuration management easier for users. Software applications provide many configuration options that allow users to customizing them. However, software applications depend on shared libraries and configuration data and interact with other software applications through various communication channels. Such complex software dependencies make it difficult to configure software applications correctly. I built a software system named AutoBash to automate many configuration management tasks for users, such as troubleshooting misconfigurations and running regression tests. AutoBash automatically finds a solution that transforms the system into a healthy state by using a set of predicates that test the system state to verify each solution. AutoBash leverages OS-level speculative execution to try many solutions and causal information tracking to reduce the time to run regression tests. To reduce the user-effort required to write predicates in AutoBash, this thesis explores automatically generating predicates by observing the actions of ordinary users fixing configuration problems. The main results were that: (1) my method can infer predicates for all configuration bugs studied with very few false positives, (2) the majority is usually right, so using multiple traces can improve results.
What factors drive the choice of a genetic test? A prospective study of the preferences of women with ovarian cancer.

e13621Background: Although genetic testing is recommended for women with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), little is known about patient preferences for the various testing options. Our objective wa...
Framework for Analysis

This chapter outlines the research design informing the book, outlining the main questions addressed and providing an analytical ‘toolkit’ for answering them. After defining the core elements analysed in the book, namely the liberal democratic peace framework and the concept of peacebuilding, it theorizes about the dynamics through which the latter came into life influenced by the former in the context of the United Nations as well as the implications of this process for the UN approach to societies affected by armed conflicts. Finally, the methodological strategy adopted for the proposed analysis is also articulated in this chapter, according to an understanding that constructivist-inspired research should develop both subjective and objective knowledge about social reality.
Using first-principles calculations to screen for fragile magnetism: Case study of LaCrGe 3 and LaCrSb 3

In this paper, we present a coupled experimental/theoretical investigation of pressure effect on the ferromagnetism of LaCrGe3 and LaCrSb3 compounds. The magnetic, electronic, elastic and mechanical properties of LaCrGe3 and LaCrSb3 at ambient condition are studied by first-principles density functional theory calculations. The pressure dependences of the magnetic properties of LaCrGe3 and LaCrSb3 are also investigated. The ferromagnetism in LaCrGe3 is rather fragile with a ferro- to paramagnetic transition at a relatively small pressure (around 7 GPa from our calculations, and 2 GPa in experiments). The key parameter controlling the magnetic properties of LaCrGe3 is found to be the proximity of the Cr DOS to the Fermi surface, a proximity that is strongly correlated to the distance between Cr atoms along the c-axis, suggesting that there would be a simple way to suppress magnetism in systems with one dimensional arrangement of magnetic atoms. By contrast, the ferromagnetism in LaCrSb3 is not fragile. Our calculation results are consistent with our experimental results and demonstrate the feasibility of using first-principles calculations to aid experimental explorations in screening for materials with fragile magnetism.
Impact of donor with evidence of bacterial infections on deceased donor liver transplantation: a retrospective observational cohort study in Taiwan.

Objective The shortage of available donor organs is an unsolvable concern leading to an expansion in the donor criteria for organ transplantation. Here, we describe our experience and assess the outcomes in recipients who obtained a graft from a donor with bacterial infections in deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT). Methods All DDLTs between January 1991 and February 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were categorised into two groups based on the recipients who obtained a graft from a donor with (group I) or without (group II) evidence of bacterial infections. Outcomes and bacterial infections were compared between the two groups of recipients. Results Overall, a total of 285 DDLTs were performed from 248 donors consisting of 48 split liver grafts and 208 whole liver grafts. Of those, 98 recipients (group I, 34.3%) were transplanted with a graft from 78 donors with positive bacterial cultures. Donor sputum cultures had the highest rate of positive bacterial growth, accounting for 26.6% of donors. Overall survival (OS) was not significantly different between the two groups (p=0.9746). The OS rates at 1 and 3 years were 73.5% and 69.2%, respectively, in the group I recipients versus 68.8% and 62.4% in the group II recipients. Importantly, no hospital mortality was related to donor-derived bacterial infections. Conclusion Transmission of bacteria from the donor to the recipient is infrequent in DDLT. Therefore, potential donors with positive bacterial infections should not be excluded for organ transplantation to increase organ availability and ameliorate the organ shortage.
The Evolving Diagnostic and Treatment Landscape of NTRK-Fusion-Driven Pediatric Cancers.

The neurotrophin receptor tyrosine kinase (NTRK1-3) genes have been identified as key fusion partners in a range of pediatric cancers. In childhood cancers, ETV6-NTRK3 fusions are found in the majority of infantile fibrosarcomas and congenital mesoblastic nephromas. NTRK fusions are also found in mammary analog secretory carcinomas (MASC), secretory breast carcinomas, and with modest frequency in high-grade gliomas in very young children. While there are a range of multi-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors that show efficacy against TRK kinases, there are now multiple highly selective TRK inhibitors in clinical evaluation. Entrectinib and larotrectinib have been evaluated in early-phase clinical trials for children and demonstrated high response rates with good durability of response. Both agents are now approved in the United States in an age and histology agnostic manner for children (age > 12 years for entrectinib; all ages for larotrectinib) for the treatment of solid tumors harboring NTRK fusions without an option for complete surgical resection, with relapsed disease, or without a viable alternative systemic option. More recently, two second-generation TRK inhibitors, selitrectinib and repotrectinib, have been developed and are currently being evaluated in pediatric early phase trials. The Children’s Oncology Group has also launched a phase II trial of larotrectinib as a neoadjuvant agent for patients with newly diagnosed infantile fibrosarcoma. While the clinical use of these agents has developed rapidly, many questions remain in terms of duration of therapy, treatment of CNS disease, and long-term toxicities. Further development of this class of agents will continue to require multi-center trials for these rare tumors. Tumor sequencing and potentially sequencing of circulating tumor DNA will improve our understanding of patterns of resistance and the most effective treatment strategies for these patients.
Sensory Processing Difficulties in Functional Neurological Disorder: A Possible Predisposing Vulnerability?

Abstract Background Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a prevalent neuropsychiatric condition characterized by sensorimotor difficulties. Patients with FND at times report that sensory experiences trigger and/or exacerbate their symptoms. Sensory processing difficulties are also commonly reported in other psychiatric disorders frequently comorbid in FND, suggesting that contextualizing sensory profiles in FND within a biopsychosocial model may be clinically relevant. Objective To address this literature gap, we conducted a retrospective cohort study to examine sensory processing patterns and their relationship to other neuropsychiatric characteristics in patients with FND. Methods A retrospective chart review design was used to investigate sensory processing patterns, established with the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile self-report questionnaire, in 44 patients with FND. Univariate analyses of cross-sectional screening tests followed by multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to identify clinical factors associated with sensory processing scores in the FND cohort. Results Compared to normative data, most patients with FND reported sensory processing tendencies toward low registration, sensory sensitivity, and sensation avoiding. In multivariate regression analyses, the presence of a lifetime anxiety disorder independently predicted elevated low registration scores, while female gender and number of current medications independently predicted increased sensory sensitivity scores. In uncorrected univariate analyses only, individuals with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures were more likely to report increased sensory sensitivity and elevated low registration. Conclusion These preliminary findings support sensory processing difficulties in some patients with FND. Prospective and large sample size studies are needed to investigate relationships between sensory processing profiles and neuropsychiatric comorbidities, FND subtypes, and treatment outcomes.
Multifunctional opioid receptor agonism and antagonism by a novel macrocyclic tetrapeptide prevents reinstatement of morphine-seeking behaviour.

Background and purpose The macrocyclic tetrapeptide natural product CJ-15,208 (cyclo[Phe-d-Pro-Phe-Trp]) is a multifunctional μ-opioid receptor and κ-opioid receptor agonist and κ-opioid receptor antagonist that produces antinociception and prevents stress-induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-conditioned place preference (CPP). We hypothesized that an analogue of CJ-15,208, cyclo[Pro-Sar-Phe-d-Phe], would demonstrate multifunctional μ-opioid receptor and κ-opioid receptor ligand activity, producing potent antinociception with fewer liabilities than selective μ-opioid receptor agonists, while preventing both drug- and stress-induced reinstatement of morphine-induced CPP. Experimental approach The opioid receptor agonist and antagonist activity of cyclo[Pro-Sar-Phe-d-Phe] was characterized after i.c.v. and i.p. administration to C57BL/6J or transgenic opioid receptor "knockout" mice using the 55°C warm-water tail-withdrawal assay. Liabilities of locomotor coordination, respiration and spontaneous ambulation, and direct rewarding or aversive properties were assessed. Finally, the ability of cyclo[Pro-Sar-Phe-d-Phe] to block morphine- and stress-induced reinstatement of extinguished CPP was determined. Key results cyclo[Pro-Sar-Phe-d-Phe] demonstrated dose-dependent, short-lasting antinociception, with an ED50 (and 95% confidence interval) of 0.15 (0.05-0.21) nmol i.c.v. and 1.91 (0.40-3.54) mg·kg-1 i.p., mediated by μ- and κ-opioid receptors. The macrocyclic tetrapeptide also demonstrated potent dose-dependent κ-opioid receptor antagonist-like activity at 2.5, but not at 4.5, h after administration. cyclo[Pro-Sar-Phe-d-Phe] displayed reduced liabiities compared with morphine, attributed to its additional activity at κ-receptors. Pretreatment with cyclo[Pro-Sar-Phe-d-Phe] prevented stress- and drug-induced reinstatement of extinguished morphine-place preference responses in a time-dependent manner. Conclusions and implications These data suggest that cyclo[Pro-Sar-Phe-d-Phe] is a promising lead compound for both the treatment of pain with reduced sideeffects and preventing both drug- and stress-induced relapse in morphine-abstinent subjects.
Diabetes distress and HbA1c in racially/ethnically and socioeconomically diverse youth with type 1 diabetes.

Background Diabetes distress, the emotional burden of caring for the chronic demands of diabetes, has not been well described in children and preadolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). This gap is particularly evident among youth of lower socioeconomic status (SES) and/or racial/ethnic minorities. Since these groups are more likely to have disparities in health outcomes and healthcare related to their diabetes, factors that could potentially improve glycemic and other diabetes-related outcomes should be studied closely. Objective We hypothesized that (a) diabetes distress levels would be elevated in children with markers of lower SES and those of racial/ethnic minorities, and (b) higher HbA1c would be predicted by higher diabetes distress levels, when controlling for race/ethnicity, SES, and clinical covariates. Methods One hundred and eighty-seven youth age 9 to 13 with T1D completed age-appropriate Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) questionnaires using a web-based portal during routine diabetes care visits. Results PAID scores were significantly elevated in youth who had surrogate markers of lower SES and who were from racial/ethnic minority backgrounds. In multivariate models including race/ethnicity or the SES variables and controlling for clinical covariates, the factor most predictive of higher HbA1c was elevated PAID score. Conclusions Diabetes distress is elevated in a younger population of children with T1D who are from racial/ethnic minority backgrounds or have markers of lower SES. Interventions that target distress and/or expand the safety net in these populations could potentially improve glycemic outcomes.
Abstract P045: Sex And Age Specific Circulating Aldosterone Changes In Transgenic Hypertensive (mRen2)27 Rats And Hannover Sprague Dawley (SD) Rats And Its Association With Blood Pressure And Cardiac Function

Aldosterone plays a significant role in hypertension and target organ damage. Aldosterone antagonists are used in the management of heart failure. However, neither the influence of age nor sex on a...
Community Detection in Dynamic Networks: Equivalence Between Stochastic Blockmodels and Evolutionary Spectral Clustering

Community detection aims to identify densely connected groups of nodes in complex networks. Although a variety of methods have been proposed for community detection, the relationship between them is not well understood. Recently, researchers have shown the equivalence between modularity optimization and likelihood maximization in stochastic block models (SBMs) for static networks. Showing this equivalence is important for both understanding the different community detection methods and selecting the hyperparameters in the different algorithms in a more principled way. In this paper, we extend this equivalence for dynamic community detection algorithms. In particular, we show the equivalence of evolutionary spectral clustering to a variant of dynamic stochastic blockmodel. For this purpose, we first introduce a novel dynamic SBM where the evolution of communities over time is modeled with pairwise Markov random fields. We then show that the log-posterior of the proposed model is equivalent to the quality function of evolutionary spectral clustering. This equivalence is used to determine the forgetting factor in evolutionary spectral clustering and to develop two new algorithms for dynamic community detection. Compared to original evolutionary spectral clustering, the forgetting factor is time-dependent and derived directly from the parameters of the proposed dynamic SBM. The proposed algorithms are shown to be superior to state-of-the-art dynamic community detection methods for both simulated and real-world dynamic networks.
Norovirus and Coronavirus Risks in Food Service Settings: A Systematic Review for Future Research

This study discusses norovirus- and coronavirus-related health risks, foodborne illnesses, and outbreak risks associated with food and personal hygiene in the food service industry. Norovirus and c...
Top-down control of conditioned overconsumption is mediated by insular cortex Nos1 neurons

Associative learning allows animals to adapt their behavior in response to environmental cues. For example, sensory cues associated with food availability can trigger overconsumption even in sated animals. However, the neural mechanisms mediating cue-driven non-homeostatic feeding are poorly understood. To study this, we recently developed a behavioral task in which contextual cues increase feeding even in sated mice. Here, we show that an insular cortex to central amygdala circuit is necessary for conditioned overconsumption, but not for homeostatic feeding. This projection is marked by a population of glutamatergic nitric oxide synthase-1 (Nos1)-expressing neurons, which are specifically active during feeding bouts. Finally, we show that activation of insular cortex Nos1 neurons suppresses satiety signals in the central amygdala. The data, thus, indicate that the insular cortex provides top-down control of homeostatic circuits to promote overconsumption in response to learned cues.
Variation in Clinical Trial Results for Asthma by Environmental and Socioeconomic Exposures

Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are generally considered the gold standard in medical research; by randomizing participants to treatment and control arms, they maximize internal validity and redu...
Digestibility and nitrogen and water balance in horses fed rhizoma peanut hay.

Rhizoma peanut (RP, Arachis glabrata) hay has the potential to meet horses' crude protein requirements with less nitrogen excretion than other legumes. This study aimed to evaluate nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, and nitrogen balance of RP 'Florigraze' hay compared to alfalfa (ALF, Medicago sativa L. 'Legendary XHD') and bermudagrass (BG, Cynodon dactylon L. 'Coastal') hays when fed to maintenance horses at 2% BW/d on a dry matter (DM) basis. We hypothesized that nutrient intake would be comparable between the legume hays and lesser for BG, and that RP would result in reduced nitrogen excretion compared to alfalfa. Six mature Quarter Horse geldings (593 ± 40 kg; mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to one of the hays in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square with 21-d periods. A 14-d adaptation phase was followed by a 3-d total fecal and urine collection. Days 18 to 21 were used for a companion study. Intake of nutrients is reported on a DM basis. Digestible energy (DE) intakes from ALF (29.91 Mcal/d) and RP (29.37 Mcal/d) were greater (P < 0.0001) than BG (20.78 Mcal/d). Crude protein (CP) intake was greater (P < 0.0001) for ALF (2.5 kg/d), followed by RP (1.9 kg/d), and BG (1.5 kg/d). All hays exceeded maintenance requirements for DE, CP, Ca, and P. Apparent digestibility of DM and CP were greatest (P < 0.0001) for ALF (69 and 84%), intermediate for RP (61 and 72%), and least for BG (46 and 64%). Apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber did not differ (P = 0.2228) among hays, while digestibility of acid detergent fiber (P = 0.0054) was least for RP but similar for ALF and BG. Water intake (kg/d) for ALF (57) was greater (P=0.0068) than RP (45) and BG (41). Greater (P = 0.0271) water retention (kg/d) was observed for ALF (13.5), followed by RP (10.8) and BG (7.5). There was a difference in nitrogen excretion, with greatest urinary nitrogen excretion for ALF (P < 0.0001) and greatest fecal nitrogen excretion for BG (P = 0.0001). Total nitrogen excretion was greater (P < 0.0001) for ALF (278 g/d), followed by RP (211 g/d), and BG (179 g/d). Nitrogen retention was greater (P = 0.0005) for ALF when represented as g/d (ALF: 129, RP: 86, and BG: 57 g/d), but similar (P = 0.0377) to RP when presented as percent of nitrogen intake (ALF: 32, RP: 29, and BG: 24%). Results indicate that rhizoma peanut hay is a suitable legume for horses by meeting DE and CP requirements and having a significant reduction in nitrogen compared to alfalfa.
Rapid Conditioning of an Eye Blink Reflex in Cats

Associative conditioning may develop slowly, requiring many pairings, sometimes over many days (Woody, 1974), for acquisition of the conditioned motor response. Voronin and colleagues (Voronin, 1974; Voronin et al., 1975) discovered that electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus could be used in combination with presentations of a CS and US to produce rapid development of an associatively conditioned startle response. Our studies evaluated whether acquisition of a conditioned eye blink movement could be accelerated by adding hypothalamic stimulation to pairing of a click and glabella tap. Earlier studies had shown that 700–1000 associative trace pairings of the same click CS and tap US were required for the development of a conditioned blink movement. The production of this associatively conditioned reflex depended on the integrity of neurons of the motor cortex and facial nucleus. Without the motor cortex, learning of the conditioned eye blink response was impaired, whereas performance of the unconditioned eye blink was not (Woody et al., 1974). Application of 25% KC1 to the motor cortex of eye blink- conditioned cats reversibly eliminated performance of the conditioned response, but not elicitation of the unconditioned eye blink response (Woody and Brozek, 1969).
Long Term Follow Up of Anglian Germ Cell Cancer Group Studies of Chemotherapy for Stage 1 Non Seminoma

Prior to the advent of cisplatin-based chemotherapy, there was prolonged debate over the relative merits of surgery versus radiotherapy for management of the retroperitoneum. Although the early results of surveillance [1] proved equivalent to previous surgical and radiotherapy results, late relapses and default from follow-up have led to increasing use of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with a high risk of relapse. It is now 14 years since adjuvant chemotherapy with two courses of BEP was first used in stage I non-seminoma. Reports of leukaemia in patients receiving Etoposide [2] have led to the development of regimens substituting Vincristine for Etoposide. This paper reviews the long term impact of this policy in the global management of stage I non-seminoma.
"Doctor, Make My Decisions": Decision Control Preferences, Advance Care Planning, and Satisfaction With Communication Among Diverse Older Adults.

Abstract Context Culturally diverse older adults may prefer varying control over medical decisions. Decision control preferences (DCPs) may profoundly affect advance care planning (ACP) and communication. Objectives To determine the DCPs of diverse, older adults and whether DCPs are associated with participant characteristics, ACP, and communication satisfaction. Methods A total of 146 participants were recruited from clinics and senior centers in San Francisco. We assessed DCPs using the control preferences scale: doctor makes all decisions (low), shares with doctor (medium), makes own decisions (high). We assessed associations between DCPs and demographics; prior advance directives; ability to make in-the-moment goals of care decisions; self-efficacy, readiness, and prior asked questions; and satisfaction with patient-doctor communication (on a five-point Likert scale), using Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance. Results Mean age was 71 ± 10 years, 53% were non-white, 47% completed an advance directive, and 70% made goals of care decisions. Of the sample, 18% had low DCPs, 33% medium, and 49% high. Older age was the only characteristic associated with DCPs (low: 75 ± 11 years, medium: 69 ± 10 years, high: 70 ± 9 years, P = 0.003). DCPs were not associated with ACP, in-the-moment decisions, or communication satisfaction. Readiness was the only question-asking behavior associated (low: 3.8 ± 1.2, medium: 4.1 ± 1.2, high: 4.3 ± 1.2, P = 0.05). Conclusion Nearly one-fifth of diverse, older adults want doctors to make their medical decisions. Older age and lower readiness to ask questions were the only demographic variables significantly associated with low DCPs. Yet, older adults with low DCPs still engaged in ACP, asked questions, and reported communication satisfaction. Clinicians can encourage ACP and questions for all patients, but should assess DCPs to provide the desired amount of decision support.
Biosynthesis of Peptidoglycan in the One Million Molecular Weight Range by Membrane Preparations from Bacillus megaterium

Abstract Peptidoglycan made in vitro by membrane preparations of Bacillus megaterium had a buoyant density in CsCl different from that of native cell wall. This newly made material was not covalently attached to substantial amounts of previously formed cell material such as wall. From sedimentation velocity centrifugation, the molecular weight of much of the in vitro product was found to be greater than 6 x 106. Peptidoglycan made in the presence of penicillin had smaller molecular weights suggesting that transpeptidation was in part responsible for the large size of the product. With reaction conditions in which transpeptidation was presumed to have occurred, release of alsnine was observed. This release was inhibited by penicillin.
The hyperthermophilic bacterium, Thermotoga maritima, contains an unusually complex iron-hydrogenase: amino acid sequence analyses versus biochemical characterization.

Abstract The hyperthermophilic bacterium, Thermotoga maritima , grows up to 90°C by fermenting carbohydrates and it disposes of excess reductant by H 2 production. The H 2 -evolving cytoplasmic hydrogenase of this organism was shown to consist of three different subunits of masses 73 (α), 68 (β) and 19 (γ) kDa and to contain iron as the only metal. The genes encoding the subunits were clustered in a single operon in the order hydC (γ), hydB (β), and hydA (α). Sequence analyses indicated that: (a) the enzyme is an Fe-S-cluster-containing flavoprotein which uses NADH as an electron donor; and (b) the catalytic Fe-S cluster resides within the α-subunit, which is equivalent to the single subunit that constitutes most mesophilic Fe-hydrogenases. The α- and β-subunits of the purified enzyme were separated by chromatography in the presence of 4 M urea. As predicted, the H 2 -dependent methyl viologen reduction activity of the holoenzyme (45–70 U mg −1 ) was retained in the α-subunit (130–160 U mg −1 ) after subunit separation. However, the holoenzyme did not contain flavin and neither it nor the α-subunit used NAD(P)(H) or T. maritima ferredoxin as an electron carrier. The holoenzyme, but not the α-subunit, reduced anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (apparent K m , 690 μM) with H 2 . The EPR properties of the reduced holoenzyme, when compared with those of the separated and reduced subunits, indicate the presence of a catalytic ‘H-cluster’ and three [4Fe-4S] and one [2Fe-2S] cluster in the α-subunit, together with one [4Fe-4S] and two [2Fe-2S] clusters in the β-subunit. Sequence analyses predict that the α-subunit should contain an additional [2Fe-2S] cluster, while the β-subunit should contain one [2Fe-2S] and three [4Fe-4S] clusters. The latter cluster contents are consistent with the measured Fe contents of about 32, 20 and 14 Fe mol −1 for the holoenzyme and the α- and β-subunits, respectively. The T. maritima enzyme is the first ‘complex’ Fe-hydrogenase to be purified and characterized, although the reason for its complexity remains unclear.
Detecting the Elusive Larkin-Ovchinnikov Modulated Superfluid Phases for Imbalanced Fermi Gases in Optical Lattices

A system with unequal populations of up and down fermions may exhibit a Larkin-Ovchinnikov (LO) phase consisting of a periodic arrangement of domain walls where the order parameter changes sign and the excess polarization is localized. We find that the LO phase has a much larger range of stability in a lattice compared to the continuum; in a harmonic trap, the LO phase may involve 80% of the atoms in the trap, and can exist up to an entropy $s\ensuremath{\sim}0.5{k}_{B}$ per fermion. We discuss detection of the LO phase (i) in real space by phase-contrast imaging of the periodic excess polarization; (ii) in k space by time-of-flight imaging of the single-particle and pair-momentum distributions; (iii) in energy space from the excess density of states within the gap arising from Andreev bound states in the domain walls.
Genome‐wide association studies in biliary atresia

Biliary atresia (BA) is a model complex disease resulting from interactions between multiple susceptibility loci and environmental factors. This perception is based on a heterogeneous phenotype extending beyond an absent extrahepatic bile duct to include gut and cardiovascular anomalies, and the association of BA with viral infections. Refractory jaundice and progression to cirrhosis shortly after birth can be fatal without surgical correction, and further suggests a pathogenesis during liver and bile duct development. Conclusive proof for a developmental origin would require documentation of disease progression in the perinatal or fetal liver, an impossible task for obvious reasons. We review three different sets of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) from three different cohorts of BA patients by three different groups of investigators, which address this knowledge gap. Knockdown of each susceptibility gene identified by GWAS in zebrafish embryos impairs excretion of bile from the liver, duplicating the characteristic diagnostic finding seen in affected children. This finding is associated with impaired intrahepatic biliary network formation in zebrafish morphants. Although distinct, these susceptibility genes share several functions including roles in mechanisms for organogenesis (glypican 1 or GPC1, and adenosine diphosphate ribosylation factor 6, or ARF6) or a greater expression in fetal liver than in adult liver (adducin 3 or ADD3). Together, these studies emphasize the importance of the human evidence, and present opportunities to map novel pathways which explain the phenotypic heterogeneity of BA.
The Disruptive College Student

Abstract In recent years there has been a disquieting rise in the numbers and gravity of disruptive incidents involving college students. This trend reflects and closely parallels in character the upsurge of violence and disruption that we regularly witness throughout contemporary society. This article first identifies some of the more common forms of student disruptiveness and then provides practical advice to college personnel for dealing with the formidable challenge of student misconduct.
Abortion, Execution and the Consequences of Taking Life, by James D. Slack

Abortion and capital punishment are among the most contentious social, political, legal, and moral issues confronting modern society. In Abortion, Execution and the Consequences of Taking Life, Jam...
Analysis of the frequency stability history of GPS Navstar clocks

The two-sample Allan variance has been the standard metric for assessing the frequency stability of atomic clocks which may be characterized by nonstationary noise processes. The convergence of the Allan variance for the noise types typical of atomic clocks might appear to suggest that the variance could be estimated to an arbitrary degree of accuracy by processing more data, over longer and longer periods of time, which would lead to progressively smaller confidence intervals. This tacit assumption, however, was called into question because of the behavior of one of the Global Positioning System (GPS) on-orbit Navstar atomic clocks whose frequency stability profile exhibited significant change with the processing of additional data. Because of the peculiar nonstationary behavior of this clock, a model for the frequency stability history was developed and is now incorporated as a routine part of the analysis of Navstar clocks conducted by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). The frequency stability history corresponds to the output of an N-sample moving average filter operating on the sequence of squared first differences of the M-day frequency offset measurements. This procedure assumes that the stochastic process has increments whose second order properties are slowly evolving over time such that, to a reasonable approximation, it has stationary increments over the N sample-interval. Frequency stability histories are presented using from one to 120-sample averages-the number of samples averaged representing a compromise between the time resolution and the stability of the estimate. Included are frequency stability histories for both cesium and rubidium on-orbit Navstar clocks. The results indicate that the frequency stability of most of the Navstar clocks is invariant over the useful life of the clock, that the frequency stability of some of the clocks degrades over the life of the clock, and that the frequency stability of still others improves after an initial transient. The frequency stability history is now used to detect and measure degradation in the frequency stability. Significant changes in the frequency stability are reported to the GPS Master Control Station (MCS).
Homogeneity of Venezuelan encephalitis virion populations of hamster-virulent and benign strains, including the attenuated TC83 vaccine.

A hamster-virulent strain of Venezuelan encephalitis virus (BeAn8, subtype III) and a benign strain (BeAr35645, subtype IV) each yielded 100 clones with virulence properties like those of the parental virion population. Another hamster-virulent strain (63U2, subtype I, variety E) was heterogeneous since 2 out of 100 clones were less virulent for hamsters than the other 98 clones or the parental virus population. The attenuated TC83 vaccine strain, (a derivative of subtype I, variety A), although over 99% homogeneous with respect to hamster virulence, was unstable since virulent virions could be selected from the parental population by passage through hamsters.
Low-power 3 rd -order continuous-time low-pass sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter for wideband applications

This paper presents the design of a low-power 3rdorder continuous-time (CT) low-pass (LP) sigma-delta (ΣΔ) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with 20MHz bandwidth. The bandwidth of the system is large enough to accommodate LTE and other wideband wireless network standards. A 3rd-order filter with feed-forward compensation is proposed to achieve low-power consumption and low complexity. A 3-bit flash quantizer is utilized to provide fast data conversion rate. The current-steering digital-to-analog converter (DAC) helps directly inject the feedback signal without additional circuitries. In order to avoid overall performance degradation from current glitches, cross-coupled transistors are adopted for the current steering DAC. The proposed system achieves a peak SNDR of 65.9 dB with 20 MHz bandwidth, a SFDR of 74.8 dBc, and a dynamic range (DR) of 62 dB, while it consumes 32.65 mW from a 1.8 V supply. The entire circuit is designed in a 0.18 µm CMOS technology and is driven by 500MHz sampling rate.
Rate-limiting guanosine 5'-triphosphate hydrolysis during nucleotide turnover by FtsZ, a prokaryotic tubulin homologue involved in bacterial cell division.

FtsZ is a prokaryotic tubulin homologue that polymerizes into a dynamic ring during cell division. GTP binding and hydrolysis provide the energy for FtsZ dynamics. However, the precise role of hydrolysis in polymer assembly and turnover is not understood, limiting our understanding of how FtsZ functions in the cell. Here we investigate GTP hydrolysis during the FtsZ polymerization cycle using several complementary approaches that avoid technical caveats of previous studies. We find that at steady state ∼80% of FtsZ polymer subunits are bound to GTP. In addition, we use pre-steady-state, single turnover assays to directly measure the rate of hydrolysis. Hydrolysis was found to occur at ∼8/min and to be a rate-limiting step in GTP turnover; phosphate release rapidly followed. These results clarify previously conflicting results in the literature and suggest that pure FtsZ polymers, unlike microtubules, may not be able to undergo dynamic instability or to store energy in the polymer for force production.
Dealloying studies with electrodeposited zinc-nickel alloy films

Abstract We report on electrochemical and electron microscope investigations of Zn—12% Ni alloys, electrodeposited on steel. We recorded current transients after potential jumps from the open circuit potential to more noble potentials. For potentials below −0.65 V vs sce the transients have a negative slope, while at higher potentials this slope is positive. Hence, a critical potential of −0.65 V exists for this material. Up to this potential, nickel enrichment in the surface leads to a current decrease with time. Above −0.65 V more localized attack occurs, as can be seen from scanning electron micrographs. They indicate some grain boundary etching below and severe transgranular cracking above the critical potential.
Bifurcation and Catastrophe in a Simple, Forced, Dissipative Quasi-Geostrophic Flow

Abstract The steady solutions and their stability properties are investigated for a low-order spectral model of a forced, dissipative, nonlinear, quasi-geostrophic flow. A zonal flow is modified by two smaller scale disturbances in the model. If only the zonal component (or only the smallest scale component) is forced, then the stationary solution is unique, always locally stable, and globally stable for weak forcing. There is also a unique locally stable stationary solution for weak forcing of only the middle component. But as this forcing exceeds a critical value, a supercritical bifurcation to new solutions appears. The entire solution surface for forcing of the zonal and middle components can be displayed graphically and is a form of the well-known cusp catastrophe surface. For forcing of all three components, the morphogenesis set is more complex, containing regions in which there are one, three or five solutions. Numerical integrations of the phase-sparce trajectories of the solutions reveal that fo...
Proline and valine - cues which stimulate grasshopper herbivory during drought stress?

Insect herbivores, including members of Orthoptera and Lepidoptera, benefit from increased nitrogen in their food, particularly if it is in the form of easily digested amino acids1,2. I report here experimental evidence that grasshoppers detect and preferentially feed on grasses treated with the amino acids proline and valine, which commonly increase in plants under drought stress3. This ability may lead to insect concentrations on drought-stressed and nitrogen-enriched plants and thus exacerbate acridid population outbreaks through enhanced growth and survival.
Predicting the Effect of Pouring Temperature on the Crystallite Density, Remelting, and Crystal Growth Kinetics in the Solidification of Aluminum Alloys

In the present work, we developed an analytical model to describe the effect of pouring temperature on the crystallite density, remelting, growth kinetics, and the resultant final grain size for aluminum (Al)-based alloys synthesized using gravity casting. The model predicts that there are three regimes of pouring temperature/grain size-related behavior: (i) at low superheats, grain size is small and relatively constant; (ii) at intermediate levels of superheat, there appears to be a transitional behavior where grain size increases in a rapid, non-linear fashion; and (iii) at high superheats, grain size increases linearly with increasing temperature. This general pattern is expected to be shifted upward as distance from the bottom of the casting increases, which is likely a result of the slower cooling rates and/or longer solidification times with increasing distance from the bottom of the casting. To validate the model, a set of experiments has been conducted using Al-Cu and Al-Si alloys (i.e., Al-3.0 wt pct Cu, Al-4.5 wt pct Cu, and Al-A356.2 alloys), and the experimental measurements showed consistent results with theoretical predictions.
ON01910, a non-ATP-competitive small molecule inhibitor of Plk1, is a potent anticancer agent

Elevated expression of polo-like kinase1 (Plk1) has been reported in many human tumors, and inhibition of Plk1 activity results in their mitotic arrest and apoptosis. Here we describe the profile of ON01910, a small molecule inhibitor of Plk1 activity, which induces mitotic arrest of tumor cells characterized by spindle abnormalities leading to their apoptosis. This compound was not ATP-competitive, but competed for the substrate binding site of the enzyme. In vivo, this compound did not exhibit hematotoxicity, liver damage, or neurotoxicity, and was a potent inhibitor of tumor growth in a variety of xenograft nude mouse models. ON01910 showed strong synergy with several chemotherapeutic agents, often inducing complete regression of tumors.
Two-wavelength mid-IR absorption diagnostic for simultaneous measurement of temperature and hydrocarbon fuel concentration

Abstract A two-wavelength mid-IR laser is used for time-resolved absorption-based measurements of temperature and n -heptane concentration in shock-heated gases. The novel difference-frequency-generation laser provides tunable mid-IR light from nonlinear conversion of near-IR light, enabling access to the strong hydrocarbon absorption bands between 3.3 and 3.5 μm associated with the C H stretching vibration. This laser was modified to alternate between two mid-IR wavelengths at 200 kHz, providing 5 μs time resolution for simultaneous monitoring of temperature and concentration in reactive flows and combustion systems. Temperature-dependent absorption spectra of n -heptane are first measured in a cell from 298 to 773 K using an FTIR spectrometer. These spectra are used to select candidate pairs of wavelengths with good sensitivity to temperature and concentration and to provide accurate temperature-dependent absorption cross-sections at the selected wavelengths. Laser absorption measurements of shock-heated n -heptane are then used to extend the cross-section data to 1300 K and to investigate the sensor accuracy and noise characteristics. The temperature and concentration inferred from the measurements are compared to known post-shock conditions, with a 4.5% RMS deviation from the calculated temperature and 1.7% RMS deviation from the calculated concentration. Finally, at high temperatures, the sensor is used to monitor decomposition of n -heptane, illustrating the potential of this diagnostic for hydrocarbon kinetics experiments in shock tubes. This new sensor concept should prove useful for simultaneous, time-resolved temperature and hydrocarbon concentration measurements in a variety of combustion and propulsion applications.
Performance evaluation of hexane‐extracted oils from genetically modified soybeans

Soybeans produced by induced mutation breeding and hybridization were cracked, flaked and hexane-extracted, and the recovered crude oils were processed to finished edible oils by laboratory simulations of commercial oil-processing procedures. Three lines yielded oils containing 1.7, 1.9 and 2.5% linolenic acid. These low-linolenic acid oils were evaluated along with oil extracted from the cultivar Hardin, grown at the same time and location, and they were processed at the same time. The oil from Hardin contained 6.5% linolenic acid. Low-linolenic acid oils showed improved flavor stability in accelerated storage tests after 8 d in the dark at 60°C and after 8h at 7500 lux at 30°C, conditions generally considered in stress testing. Room odor testing indicated that the low-linolenic oils showed significantly lower fishy odor after 1 h at 190°C and lower acrid/pungent odor after 5 h. Potatoes were fried in the oils at 190°C after 5, 10 and 15 h of use. Overall flavor quality of the potatoes fried in the low-linolenic oils was good and significantly better after all time periods than that of potatoes fried in the standard oil. No fishy flavors were perceived with potatoes fried in the low-linolenic oils. Total volatile and polar compound content of all heated oils increased with frying hours, with no significant differences observed. After 15 h of frying, the free fatty acid content in all oils remained below 0.3%. Lowering the linolenic acid content of soybean oil by breeding was particularly beneficial for improved oil quality during cooking and frying. Flavor quality of fried foods was enhanced with these low-linolenic acid oils.