cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Voluntary activity, cardiovascular and muscular responses to anemia in rats.

V. REGGIE EDGERTON, L. B. DIAMOND, ANDJEANNIE OLSONNeuromuscular Research Laboratory and Brain ResearchInstitute, University of California, Los AngelesABSTRACT This study was designed to identify the effects of anemiaon voluntary activity and performance on a treadmill, and on selectedphysiological parameters that are related to work performance. Twentyadult rats were divided equally into a control (C) group that had about7 ml of blood removed retroorbitally and immediately replaced i.p., sixtimes over a period of 15 weeks; and an anemic (A) group that was bledsimilarly but reinjected with serum plus physiological saline to replacethe blood volume removed. Voluntary activity was significantly less in theA than C group when the hemoglobin (Hbj dropped to less than about11 g/100 ml. Seventeen weeks after the initial bleeding, a controlled treadmill test was given. Heart rates were significantly higher in A (410 beats/minute) than C group (370 beats/minute) after a 3 minute period ofexercise. After an exhaustice run, blood lactate was higher in A than Crats. Mean running time for C rats was 23.3 Â±2.5 and 11.0 Â±1.5 minutesfor the A group. Twitch tension (7 Hz) of the gastrocnemius (in situ)was 50% and 30% of resting tension after 5 minutes of stimulation in Cand A groups, respectively. No difference in the rate of fall of tension wasobserved when the muscle was tetanized (150 Hz ). These data are demonstrating that exercise places a significantly greater cardiovascular andmetabolic stress on anemic than control rats. The significance of this stressis suggested by the low maximal work capacity on the treadmill as well asin the relative fatiguability of in situ stimulated muscles. Because voluntaryactivity changed within a few days of when Hb was elevated or loweredbeyond a critical point of approximately 11.0 g Hb/100 ml, these data suggest that Hb is more critical than iron stores in causing the depressedvoluntary activity. J. Nub-. 107: 1595-1601, 1977.INDEXING KEY WORDS anemia â€¢voluntary activity â€¢musclefatigueNeural contraindications of iron dA©fi- voluntary activity in rats (3). But, it can-ciency anemia have been suggested by the not be assumed that this phenomenon wasobservations that anemic children perform not caused by other side effects of phenyl-more poorly scholastically than nonanemic hydrazine on the central nervous system,children (1). However, iron deficiency nor was * determined at what Hb levelanemia has not been associated with a voluntary activity decreased,decrement of performance on a psychom- Maxâ„¢ Performance capacity, , /Â«%A­ . i i ,v ,TT,. and related parameters have received con-otor task (2) Lowering hemoglobin (Hb) siderable atÂ£ntion (3_9). But the precisepharmacologically with a hemolyzing agentsuch as phenylhydrazine is known to lower Receivedfor publicationOctoberis, IOTC.
Anti-idiotype antibodies that mimic gp86 of human cytomegalovirus inhibit viral fusion but not attachment.

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infects cells by sequential processes involving attachment, fusion with the cell membrane, and penetration of the capsid. We used two monoclonal anti-idiotype that mimic one of the CMV envelope glycoproteins, gp86, to study its role in the early phases of CMV infection. Neither of two such antibodies inhibited virus binding to human embryonic lung (HEL) fibroblasts; however, both antibodies inhibited the fusion of CMV with HEL cells, as measured by an assay in which viral envelope is labeled with a fluorescent amphiphile (octadecyl rhodamine B chloride, or R18), resulting in increased fluorescence during fusion of virus with the cell membrane. Because these anti-idiotype antibodies were shown previously to bind to specific receptors on HEL cell membranes, these findings suggest that both gp86 and its cell membrane receptor may function in the fusion of human CMV with HEL cells. Images
Community College Leadership and Administration: Theory, Practice and Change

Community college leadership and administration was written as a training tool for community college leaders. The text is composed of 12 content chapters on a wide variety of topics. Case studies a...
Mixed-Source EGR for Enabling High Efficiency Clean Combustion Modes in a Light-Duty Diesel Engine

The source of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and consequently composition and temperature, has a significant effect on advanced combustion modes including stability, efficiency, and emissions. The effects of high-pressure loop EGR (HPL EGR) and low-pressure loop EGR (LPL EGR) on achieving high efficiency clean combustion (HECC) modes in a light-duty diesel engine were characterized in this study. High dilution operation is complicated in real-world situations due to inadequate control of mixture temperature and the slow response of LPL EGR systems. Mixed-source EGR (combination of HPL EGR and LPL EGR) was investigated as a reasonable approach for controlling mixture temperature. The potential of mixed-source EGR has been explored using LPL EGR as a 'base' for dilution rather than as a sole source. HPL EGR provides the 'trim' for controlling mixture temperature and has the potential for enabling precise control of dilution targets. This approach also has a benefit where LPL EGR does not provide sufficient dilution for achieving conditions appropriate for HECC operation. The balance of the required dilution could be achieved with HPL EGR mitigating the need for throttling or a LPL EGR pump. The results of this investigation revealed significant differences in engine-out emissions and performance for various EGRmore » sources.« less
WISE in the Head Start Classroom: Impacts on Educator Behaviors

Objective: Together, We Inspire Smart Eating (WISE) was designed to leverage the early childhood educator (ECE) as a key healthy role model for children. This study aims to assess the impact of WISE on early childhood educator behaviors in food situations. Design, Setting and Participants: WISE is a classroom curriculum that provides structured food experiences on a weekly basis around 8 target foods. WISE was implemented in 10 classrooms in 2012-2013. ECEs received an initial 6-hour training as well as ongoing technical assistance. A time series design was implemented to assess pre to post changes in ECEs. Trained observers rated ECEs on use of best practices and behaviors counter to promotion of a healthy environment during food experiences and mealtimes. Outcome Measures and Analysis: T-test mean comparisons were conducted to determine if the frequency of key ECE behaviors changed from pre to post intervention. Results:Comparison of mean-level observations from the baseline to post-test indicate lead teachers significantly decreased commands and pressure to eat (e.g., clean your plate; (t1⁄4 -9.17, p <.001)), punishment and discouragement of manipulation of food (e.g., stop playing with your food; (t1⁄4 -5.45, p<.001)), and hurrying children to finish eating (t1⁄4 -3.20, p1⁄4.004). Assistant teachers showed a significant decrease in pressure to eat (t1⁄4 -3.88, p 1⁄4.001) and discouragement of food manipulation (t1⁄44.73, p <.001). Conclusions and Implications: These findings suggest WISE has a positive impact on ECEs’ food-related behaviors that may be associated with increased fruit/vegetable intake for young children. Funding: NIFA.
Expression of Niemann-Pick type C transcript in rodent cerebellum in vivo and in vitro

Abstract This study assesses the developmental expression of the Niemann–Pick type C mRNA in vivo and in vitro in rat cerebellum. NPC is an autosomal recessive neurovisceral lipid storage disease associated with an alteration in cholesterol trafficking. In the mouse model of NPC and in the early onset form of human NPC, Purkinje neurons are among the first neurological targets, suffering stunted growth during postnatal development and dying, leading to ataxia. Recently, the genes responsible for human ( NPC1 ) and mouse ( Npc1 ) NPC disease have been cloned. Based on a highly homologous domain, we designed primers to look for levels of Npc1 mRNA with a semi-quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) approach using cyclophilin as an internal standard. Total RNA was isolated from various postnatal developmental stages of the rat cerebellum as template for the analyses. Npc1 transcripts were observed at postnatal day 0 and at later stages of development, both in vivo and in vitro from primary cerebellar cultures. To identify the location of Npc1 inside the cerebellum, we performed immunostaining with an anti-Npc1 antibody in primary rat cerebellar cultures identifying reactive Purkinje neurons by double-labeling with the Purkinje specific marker calbindin and sub-populations of glial cells. In summary, Npc1 is expressed in rat cerebellum in vivo and in vitro and is expressed during early postnatal development as well as in the adult cerebellum. Since Npc1 is expressed at similar levels throughout development, the vulnerability of Purkinje neurons to this disease is likely to involve disruption of an interaction with other developmentally-regulated proteins.
Observation of the CdTe-GaAs Interface by High Resolution Electron Microscopy

CdTe films have been grown on GaAs substrates with two types of interfaces - one with the epitaxial relation (111) CdTe ║ (100) GaAs and the other with (100) CdTe ║ (100) GaAs ,. High resolution electron microscope observation of the two types of interfaces was carried out in order to determine the role of the substrate surface microstructure in determining the epitaxy. The interface of the former type shows a direct contact between the CdTe and GaAs crystals, while the interface of the latter type has a very thin oxide layer (∼10 A in thickness) between the two crystals. These observations suggest that details of the substrate preheating cycle prior to film growth is the principle factor in determining which epitaxial relation occurs in this system. The relation between interfacial structures and the origin of the two epitaxial relations is discussed.
Mum, this bud's for you: where do you want it? Roles for Cdc42 in controlling bud site selection in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The generation of asymmetric cell shapes is a recurring theme in biology. In budding yeast, one form of cell asymmetry occurs for division and is generated by anisotropic growth of the mother cell to form a daughter cell bud. Previous genetic studies uncovered key roles for the small GTPase Cdc42 in organizing the actin cytoskeleton and vesicle delivery to the site of bud growth, but a recent paper has also raised questions about how control of Cdc42 activity is integrated into a proposed hierarchical regulatory pathway that specifies a unique site of bud formation.
Purified desmin from adult mammalian skeletal muscle: a peptide mapping comparison with desmins from adult mammalian and avian smooth muscle.

Abstract Comparative one-dimensional peptide maps were prepared by the electrophoresis of digests derived from treatment of desmins with Ca 2+ -activated muscle protease, trypsin, Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, and cyanogen bromide. Desmins from adult mammalian skeletal and smooth muscles were very similar. Avian smooth muscle desmin, although homologous with respect to many peptides, was different from the mammalian smooth and skeletal desmins. The amino acid compositions of the three desmins were quite similar.
Proteolytic inactivation of the NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase in proteinase-deficient mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract The proteolytic inactivation of NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase ( l -glutamate: NADP+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.4.1.4) during carbon starvation was studied using several proteinase-deficient mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Strains bearing mutations in the structural genes for proteinase B, proteinase C (carboxypeptidase Y), or in both genes catalyzed the inactivation and initial proteolytic cleavage of NADP-glutamate dehydrogenase at a rate indistinguishable from that of the wild-type parent strain. In addition, the pleiotropic mutation, pep4-3, which results in a deficiency for proteinases A, B, and C, did not affect the inactivation or initial proteolytic cleavage of NADP-glutamate dehydrogenase.
Antibodies to Delta/Notch-like Epidermal Growth Factor–Related Receptor in Patients With Anti-Tr, Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration, and Hodgkin Lymphoma

Importance The anti-Tr immune response is associated with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). One case series has reported that the Delta/notch-like epidermal growth factor–related receptor (DNER) is the actual target for anti-Tr antibodies, but this result has not been replicated. Objective To describe a patient with anti-Tr and confirm that DNER is the autoantigen for a series of patients with anti-Tr. Design, Setting, and Participants Observational study and analysis of biological samples for antibodies to DNER at the hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. We examined a cerebrospinal fluid sample from 1 patient with anti-Tr and serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid samples from 5 other patients with anti-Tr. Exposure Transfection of HEK293T and Hela cells to express DNER coupled to an enhanced green fluorescent protein tag using a plasmid previously used to detect human DNER antibodies. Results A man in his 30s with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and anti-Tr underwent treatment with corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin, resulting in clinical improvement before chemotherapy. Despite close oncologic follow-up, a biopsy, positron emission tomography, and computed tomography, he was not diagnosed as having HL until 6 months after symptom onset. The cerebrospinal fluid sample from this patient reacted with cells transfected to express DNER, as did cerebrospinal fluid and/or serum samples from 5 other patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, HL, and anti-Tr. Only 4 of the 5 serum samples reacted to permeabilized cells enough to be distinguished from background, but all 5 serum samples convincingly labeled live cells, which had considerably less background. All 6 control serum samples and 1 serum sample from a patient previously diagnosed as having anti-Tr (but without HL or cerebellitis) did not recognize DNER. Conclusions and Relevance This case demonstrates the importance of testing for the anti-Tr immune response in patients with cerebellar degeneration. The strong association of anti-Tr with HL requires careful surveillance for this tumor. We also confirm that DNER is the target antigen of the anti-Tr immune response. Screening for DNER antibodies against living transfected cells may offer an improved signal-to-noise characteristic compared with immunostaining of fixed, permeabilized cells.
Restrictive parenteral fluid therapy in infants and children presenting with acute severe viral pneumonia in the PICU: a single-center experience

Acute viral (RSV and non-RSV) pneumonia is one of the most common causes of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children. Although only 2 to 3% of infants with bronchiolitis require hospitalized management based on published literature, in recent years we see more children requiring hospitalization in high-dependency units. Most of these children require intravenous fluid therapy and some form of oxygen supplementation. As there is no standardized evidence-based parenteral fluid therapy protocol specific for acute severe viral pneumonia available, we decided to retrospectively analyze the result of our restrictive fluid therapy protocol.
Electronic distribution of public assistance benefits: System performance and stakeholder opinions

Abstract Several states have conducted pilot projects to test the feasibility of using electronic banking techniques to deliver public assistance benefits. These systems establish electronic account balances which recipients access through the use of a debit card at terminals such as bank automatic teller machines or transaction authorization machines like those that validate credit card charges. The present study examines the first test of a comprehensive electronic benefit transfer (EBT) system for multiple benefit programs, a pilot project for cash and food stamp programs conducted by the state of Maryland in the city of Baltimore. Surveys examined the issues perceived by the three primary sets of stakeholders: 1. 1. representatives of government, including social service workers ( n = 47) and key state personnel; 2. 2. two-thirds of the participating retailers ( n = 110); and 3. 3. benefit recipients ( n = 882). All stakeholder groups were generally favorable regarding EBT. However, some subgroups were less favorable: small store operators were less favorable than larger ones and cash recipients were more favorable than food stamp participants. Understanding these opinions requires a closer examination of the meaning and use of public assistance programs by all participants.
Early Discharge and Recovery with Three Minimally Invasive Total Hip Arthroplasty Approaches: A Preliminary Study

Purported advantages of THA performed with minimally invasive surgical approaches include less muscle damage and faster recovery. The purpose of this preliminary investigation was to determine if differences existed between minimally invasive approaches in hospital discharge and early functional recovery in THA patients with a rapid rehabilitation protocol. Twenty-four consecutive patients were randomized to one of three minimally invasive surgical approaches (two-incision, mini-posterior, and mini-anterolateral) and enrolled in an aggressive postoperative rehabilitation program. Hospital discharge, early functional milestone recovery, and validated outcome measures (SF-36, WOMAC, Harris hip score, lower extremity activity scale) were collected. All patients met hospital discharge criteria no later than the first postoperative day. There was no difference in hospital discharge, functional milestone recovery, or validated outcome measures during the first year after surgery with the numbers available. There were no complications directly related to early hospital discharge or the aggressive rehabilitation protocol. While the data suggest earlier hospital discharge and rapid rehabilitation protocols may be implemented successfully we found no difference between the three minimally invasive approaches in early hospital discharge or early functional recovery utilizing a rapid rehabilitation protocol. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Freeze-formed silica fibres

Phase separation during directional freezing of liquid systems leads to a variety of microstructures of the components due to the interplay of heat transfer, diffusion kinetics, and interfacial surface energy1–6. One of the more dramatic effects is the in situ formation of parallel fibres in directionally solidified eutectic superalloy. We report here similar morphological consequences of freezing aqueous polysilicic acid. This system is unique not only because it has an amorphous component, polysilicic acid, but this substance undergoes accelerated, concentration-dependent polymerization immediately after phase separation. As a result, it becomes insoluble, and after thawing, preserves the structure that had been conferred on it by the surrounding ice. We have explored the relationships of polymerization, composition, and freezing conditions with the morphology of the products, in particular with regard to fibre formation.
Following in her footsteps: Revisiting the role of maternal education on adolescents’ college plans

Since the 1980s, women have been graduating from U.S. colleges at a much higher rate than men. Few studies have examined the second-generational benefits of this dramatic increase in college-educated women. The present study revisits the relationship between maternal education and children's college aspirations using nationally representative sample of 12-to 18-year-old adolescents. The results obtained are consistent with expectations that parental education plays a significant role in adolescents' aspirations. Unlike many of the previous studies, though, this research finds maternal education to be a significant predictor for the aspirations of children of both sexes, not just daughters. Although researchers may view as well established the relationship of parental education and children's colege aspirations, the present study suggests the need to revisit this relationship to better understand the effect increases in women's education have had on their children's aspirations as well as enrollment and persistence in post-secondary education.
Variational predictions of transition energies and electron affinities: He and Li ground states and Li, Be, and Mg core-excited states.

Variational procedures for predicting energy differences of many-electron systems are investigated. Several different calculations for few-electron systems are considered that illustrate the problems encountered when a many-electron system is modeled as a core plus outer electrons. It is shown that sequences of increasingly more accurate calculations for outer correlation may converge yielding wrong transition energies. At the same time, accurate core-polarization calculations overestimate the binding energy, requiring a core-valence correction. For the high-spin, core-excited states of Li, it was found that outer correlation only predicted electron affinities as accurately as full-correlation studies. This observation suggested a prediction of the core-excited $^{4}$P${\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}^{4}$S transition in ${\mathrm{Be}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, based on observed $^{3}$${\mathit{P}}^{0}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}^{3}$P transition energies of the neutral species, predicted electron affinities including only outer correlation, and a core-valence correction, that is shown to be in good agreement with experiment. A similar calculation for ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ predicts a wavelength of 2895.1 \AA{} for this transition.
One aspect of solar cell efficiency: multiple wavelengths photon absorption in nano-silicon structures

Among several factors, like photon capture, photon reflection, carrier generation by photons, carrier transport and collection, the efficiency also depends on the absorption of photons. The absorption coefficient, α, and its dependence on the wavelength, λ, is of major concern to improve the efficiency. Nano-silicon structures (quantum wells and quantum dots) have a unique advantage that multiple direct and indirect band gaps can be realized by appropriate size control of the quantum wells. This enables multiple wavelength photons of the solar spectrum to be absorbed efficiently. We present a theoretical approach to calculate the absorption coefficient using quantum mechanical calculations on the interaction of photons with the electrons of the valence band. In our model, the oscillator strength of the direct optical transitions is enhanced by the quantum confinement effect in Si nanocrystallites. These kinds of quantum wells can be realized in practice in porous silicon. Our theoretical estimations show the absorption coefficient of silicon quantum dots to be comparable to that of bulk silicon, and is also nearly constant over the visible spectrum.
Housing environments and the barpressing vs freeloading phenomenon in rats

Animals housed in four environmental conditions-stimulus-enriched, motor-enriched, stimulus-deprived, and control-were tested for their preference in a choice situation in which they could obtain food pellets by barpressing or from a free dish. Results indicated that animals in the control and motor-enriched groups barpressed for more food than they took freely, while animals in both the stimulus-enriched and the stimulus-deprived groups preferred to freeload. Explanations of the seemingly paradoxical results are discussed in terms of differences in novelty between the housing environments and the testing situation.
Immunochemical evidence for substance P-like peptide in tissues of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris: action on intestinal contraction.

Abstract 1. The presence of a substance P-like peptide in intestinal and body wall tissues, ventral nerve fiber and seminal vesicles of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris has been demonstrated by means of a radioimmunoassay technique. 2. The greatest substance P-like immunoreactivity was measured in intestinal tissues where it stimulates the rate of spontaneous contraction. This effect is inhibited by the substance P antagonist ( d -pro2. d -trp7,9)-SP suggesting a possible involvement of receptor mechanisms. 3. Dual localization of substance P-like immunoreactivity in earthworm intestinal and nerve tissues follows the pattern observed of peptidal hormones in vertebrates which are common to both endocrine and non-endocrine tissues.
Hyperthermia MRI temperature measurement: Evaluation of measurement stabilisation strategies for extremity and breast tumours

Purpose: MR thermometry using the proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS) method has been used to measure temperature changes during clinical hyperthermia treatment. However, frequency drift of the MRI system can add large errors to the measured temperature change. These drifts can be measured and corrected using oil references placed around the treatment region. In this study, the number and position of four or more oil references were investigated to obtain a practical approach to correct frequency drift during PRFS thermometry in phantoms and in vivo.Materials and methods: Experiments were performed in a 140 MHz four antenna mini-annular phased array (MAPA) heat applicator (for treatment of extremity tumours) and an applicator for heating of the breast, with symmetric and asymmetric positioning of the oil references, respectively. Temperature change PRFS images were obtained during an hour or more of measurement with no application of heat. Afterwards, errors in calculating temperature change due to sy...
Advances in MRSA drug discovery: where are we and where do we need to be?

Introduction: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been on the increase during the past decade, due to the steady growth of the elderly and immunocompromised patients, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. Although there are a limited number of anti-MRSA drugs available, a number of different combination antimicrobial drug regimens have been used to treat serious MRSA infections. Thus, the addition of several new antistaphylococcal drugs into clinical practice should broaden clinician's therapeutic options. As MRSA is one of the most common and problematic bacteria associated with increasing antimicrobial resistance, continuous efforts for the discovery of lead compounds as well as development of alternative therapies and faster diagnostics are required. Areas covered: This article summarizes the FDA-approved drugs to treat MRSA infections, the drugs in clinical trials, and the drug leads for MRSA and related Gram-positive bacterial infections. In addition, t...
The effects of anions on the underpotential deposition of Hg on Au(111) An electrochemical and in situ surface X-ray diffraction study

Abstract We report on in situ surface X-ray diffraction studies of mercury underpotential deposition (UPD) on Au(111) electrodes in four different supporting electrolyte solutions including 0.10 M sulfuric acid, 0.10 M perchloric acid, 0.10 M perchloric acid with 1.0 mM sodium chloride, and 0.10 M acetic acid with 0.10 M sodium acetate. The anions have been found to play important roles in determining the Hg overlayer structure. Three ordered phases were found in sulfuric acid solutions. The first one was observed at the initial stage corresponding to a Hg2SO4 co-adsorbed bilayer structure with a distorted honeycomb lattice. Further deposition at more negative potentials results in two successive hexagonal Hg monolayers. The entire process is consistent with the multistep mechanism proposed by electrochemical studies. The overlayer structure in 0.10 M perchloric acid was dominated by trace amounts of chloride ions in solution and was similar to that observed in a solution containing 1.0 mM chloride ions. No in-plane diffraction from the deposited overlayer was observed in either 0.10 M perchloric acid or 0.10 M perchloric acid containing 1.0 mM chloride ions. In acetate solutions, an incommensurate hexagonal lattice was found with a bilayer structure likely in the form of [Hg(CH3COO)] complexes. The lattice constant varied dramatically with the electrode potential over a large potential range, suggesting that the charge state of the deposited Hg atoms changes with potential. In all four electrolytes, the mercury underpotential deposition appears to follow a common mechanism in which the initial stage consists in the desorption of pre-adsorbed anions and the deposition of a co-adsorbed layer consisting of a mercury-anion neutral species. The integrated charge under the cyclic voltammetric waves is consistent with the overlayer densities derived from specular crystal truncation rod (CTR) measurements.
Photopic luminosity measured by the method of critical frequency.

Abstract Three color-normal and two color-blind subjects gave photopic luminosity functions by the method of critical frequency. By this method, the subject adjusts the radiance of intermittent light to produce threshold flicker for a constant rate of intermittence at various wavelengths. A family of contours was measured for various intermittence rates and a luminous efficiency function was derived from each contour. The average efficiency function for colornormals compared well with that of Judd's revision for the CIE Standard Observer. However, contours showed systematic changes as frequency of intermittence increased; these changes reflect the fact that the slopes of the CFF-log radiance functions vary with wavelength.
On the diffraction of Poincaré waves

The diffraction of tidal waves (Poincare waves) by islands and barriers on water of constant finite depth is governed by the two-dimensional Helmholtz equation. One effect of the Earth's rotation is to complicate the boundary condition on rigid boundaries: a linear combination of the normal and tangential derivatives is prescribed. (This would be an oblique derivative if the coefficients were real.) Corresponding boundary-value problems are treated here using layer potentials, generalizing the usual approach for the standard exterior boundary-value problems of acoustics. Singular integral equations are obtained for islands (scatterers with non-empty interiors) whereas hypersingular integral equations are obtained for thin barriers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inoculative Augmentation of the Fungal EntomopathogenEntomophaga maimaigaas a Homeowner Tactic to Control Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)☆

Abstract Resting spores of the gypsy moth fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga were introduced to four treatment plots on the eastern shore of Maryland in 1995 and 1996 to augment the naturally occurring fungal population. Efforts were focused on small woodlots, characteristic of homeowner properties, where the most intensive management of gypsy moth populations is often practiced. To evaluate results, larvae were sampled from the understory vegetation, under burlap bands, and in the tree canopy. Survival of fifth- and sixth-stage gypsy moth larvae was always lower in treatment versus control plots although differences were statistically significant on only four of twelve sampling dates ( P E. maimaiga was always greater in treatment than in control plots, but due to high variability among plots, these differences were not significant. During 1995, severe defoliation occurred in only one control plot, and numbers of fifth instars were positively associated with the defoliation level. During 1996, no defoliation occurred in any plot because the gypsy moth population collapsed throughout the area. This is the first study sampling gypsy moth larvae throughout the tree canopy to compare the relative distribution of larvae infected by E. maimaiga and the Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdNPV). Third through fifth- and sixth-stage gypsy moth larvae infected with E. maimaiga were more abundant in the understory vegetation than in the tree canopy. Larvae infected by LdNPV demonstrated a trend later in the season toward increased occurrence in the tree canopy than in the understory vegetation, although results were not significant.
Prevalence of Allograft Contamination During Intraoperative Processing for Spinal Deformity Correction Surgery.

Abstract Study Design Prospective study. Objectives To prospectively evaluate bone allografts during spinal fusion surgery for 1) the rate of contamination as a result of perioperative preparation, and 2) the types of bacterial organisms that may be transmitted through the contaminated bone allograft. Summary of Background Data Bone allografts are routinely used to enhance spinal arthrodesis procedures. Ready availability and lack of donor site morbidity make them valuable alternatives to iliac crest bone grafts. Reports of disease transmission of such organisms as hepatitis C, the human immunodeficiency virus, and a variety of bacterial pathogens through allograft bone implants raise concerns for patient and practitioner safety. Methods Our study population consisted of 50 consecutive (20 male and 30 female) patients (mean age at surgery, 15 years; range, 3–51 years) undergoing spinal deformity correction from May 2010 through October 2010, by 1 surgeon at 1 institution. The mean operative time was 297 minutes (range, 81–444 minutes), and the most commonly fused spinal levels were T5 to L4. During the procedure, the researchers prospectively obtained intraoperative microbial culture swabs from a container with freeze-dried allograft and from an empty identical control container. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture growth was assessed for 7 days postoperatively. Each patient was observed for 6 weeks after surgery to ascertain any evidence of surgical-site infection. Results Microbial cultures showed bacterial growth in 4 cases: 1 allograft specimen (day 4, very light Staphylococcus aureus ) and 3 control specimens (day 3, very light Enterococcus ; day 4, very light S aureus ; and day 6, Propionibacterium acnes ). No patient showed signs of infection in the perioperative or 6-week postoperative period. Conclusions Intraoperative allograft preparation is not a major source of bone allograft contamination during spinal surgery.
Unidimensional Seriation: Implications for Evaluating Criminal Justice Data:

The problem of validating a given unidimensional scale (that is, an ordering of a set of objects along a single dimension) is discussed in terms of a few simple properties of the data used to obtain the scale. Based on a set of asymmetric proximity values as raw data, a distinction between analyzing absolute-value information or sign information is presented that leads to a formal test of whether a given scale is being reliably represented. In short, a scale is generated from absolute-value information, but validated through sign information. A numerical example which deals with the perception of homicide rate over fifteen of the largest Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas is included as an illustration of the general methodological discussion.
Degradation of oilwell cement due to exposure to carbonated brine

Abstract The growing interest in geologic carbon sequestration has highlighted the need for more data on how well cements react to CO 2 exposure. This paper describes a series of experiments that was conducted to examine the effects of flowing carbonated brine on well cements. Class H cement pastes were exposed to the ranges of temperature (20–50 °C) and pH (2.4–5) characteristic of geosequestration conditions at a depth of about 1 km. The exposed cements and the reactor effluents were analyzed using multiple techniques including optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, EPMA, and ICP-OES. The results showed that if the solution was pre-equilibrated with calcium carbonate, as would be expected in a limestone formation, there was no detectable attack. However, under the pH and temperature conditions to be expected in a sandstone formation, the initial rate of attack was on the order of millimeters per month. The outer layers of the cements reacted under sandstone-like conditions were fully degraded based on the results of the XRD and EPMA analyses. Inside the degraded layers there was a calcium carbonate-rich layer, a layer depleted of calcium hydroxide, and an unreacted cement core. The rate of degradation of the cement in these experiments was controlled by the rate of dissolution of the calcium carbonate-rich layer, after its formation, and diffusion through the fully degraded layers.
Neighborhood stressors and social support as predictors of depressive symptoms in the Chicago Community Adult Health Study

There is a growing interest in understanding the effects of specific neighborhood conditions on psychological wellbeing. We examined cross-sectional associations of neighborhood stressors (perceived violence and disorder, physical decay and disorder) and social support (residential stability, family structure, social cohesion, reciprocal exchange, social ties) with depressive symptoms in 3105 adults in Chicago. Subjects lived in 343 neighborhood clusters, areas of about two census tracts. Depressive symptoms were assessed with an 11-item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. Neighborhood variables were measured using rater assessments, surveys, and the US census. We used two-level gender-stratified models to estimate associations of neighborhood conditions with depressive symptoms after adjusting for individual-level covariates. Most social support variables were associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms in women but not men, while stressors were moderately associated with higher levels in all subjects. Adjusting concurrently for stressors and social support did not change results. This suggests both neighborhood stressors and social support are associated with depressive symptoms.
Effect of analogs of phenylalanine and tryptophan on kinetics of DOPA decar☐ylase in rat brain

Abstract A simple reaction vessel was designed to study the kinetics of DOPA decar☐ylase by trapping labeled CO 2 liberated from car☐yl- 14 C- dl -DOPA. The effect of some analogs of phenylalanine and tryptophan on the rate of action of this enzyme was evaluated. The rate of decar☐ylation of l -DOPA by rat brain homogenates was 540 μ g per g of tissue per h (V max ) at pH 7.3 and 37°. The value of K m was1.5 × 10 −4 M . 5-HTP had a higher affinity for the enzyme than had l -DOPA, as determined by the percent inhibition of decar☐ylation of the latter produced by the addition of 5-HTP to the reaction mixture. α -Methyl DOPA was a competitive inhibitor, producing a 50% inhibition at10 −5 M . α -Hydrazino- α -methyl DOPA produced a 50% inhibition at1 × 10 −6 M with 10 μ g/ml and a 75% inhibition with 1 μ g/ml of pyridoxal-5-phosphate. The hydrazino compound exerted its effect by partly inactivating the coenzyme. Phenylalanine, tyrosine, o -fluorophenylalanine, m-fluorophenylalanine exerted weak inhibitory effects (10 to 20% at1 × 10 −3 M ). Of 11 tryptophan analogs (including 5-HTP), the most active inhibitors were 6-amino- dl -tryptophan (20% at1 × 10 −4 M ) and 5-benzyloxy- dl -tryptophan (15% at1 × 10 −4 M ).
Instability in Molecular Beam Epitaxy due to Fast Edge Diffusion and Corner Diffusion Barriers

Fast edge diffusion leads to a diffusion bias during molecular beam epitaxy. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations on a solid-on-solid model incorporating fast edge diffusion clearly show pattern formation. Fast edge diffusion combined with an excess barrier to go past the outer corner of an island results in wavy steps, similar to the Bales-Zangwill instability, in the step flow growth regime. The evolution of surface morphology with fast edge diffusion and corner diffusion barriers is discussed in terms of the surface diffusion current.
Early Time Bolometric Light curves of Type-II Supernovae Observed by Swift

We present early time (~0-50 days) bolometric light curves of UV-bright Core Collapse Supernovae observed with the Swift UV/Optical Telescope. We also generate pseudo-bolometric light curves from Swift UV and optical data and examine these by subtype as well as the observed and interpolated UV and IR flux contributions by epoch and bolometric corrections at early times from UV data.
p75 neurotrophin receptor functions as a survival receptor in brain‐metastatic melanoma cells

The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)), a common receptor for members of the neurotrophins (NT) family, was previously identified as a molecular determinant of brain metastasis. We have also reported that NT treatment of murine and human brain-metastatic melanoma cells affects their invasive capacities and increases the production of heparanase, an important and unique extracellular matrix (ECM) degradative enzyme. Neurotrophism can be a survival-support mechanism for brain-metastatic cells and a survival assay was devised to mimic the growth limiting conditions of rapidly expanding metastatic tumors prior to neoangiogenesis. We report that p75(NTR) promoted the survival of brain-metastatic melanoma cells but not melanocytes in stress cultures conditions. Secondly, melanoma cells fluorescently sorted for high p75(NTR) expression (p75(NTR-H) cells) had an up to a 15-fold greater survival than those sorted for low p75(NTR) expression (p75(NTR-L) cells). Thirdly, cells overexpressing p75(NTR) associated with the growth fraction and provided these cells with an inherent growth advantage. Finally, we observed an increased survival of sorted p75(NTR-L) cells, dependent upon treatment of NT members whose functional receptors are present on these cells. Together, these results delineate that p75(NTR)-mediated trophic support profoundly affects competitive melanoma-cell survival when the tumor cell microenvironment becomes growth limiting.
Ultrafast Switching with Nonlinear Optics

Remember when we optimized our computer programs to minimize the memory usage, even at the expense of readability of the code? Now, with an abundance of memory, we no longer worry about the memory requirements. Remember when we minimized the gate count in a circuit by using techniques such as Karnaugh maps? Now, with VLSI and ULSI chips, gate count is no longer an issue. Yet in telecommunications many applications still need to be optimized to fit within bandwidth limitations. Researchers in optics and photonics dream of making bandwidth an inexpensive, virtually limitless commodity, so that we will be able to tailor applications to optimize their functionality without regard to bandwidth.
Generation of Biomedical Arguments for Lay Readers

This paper presents the design of a discourse generator that plans the content and organization of lay-oriented genetic counseling documents containing arguments, and an experiment to evaluate the arguments. Due to the separation of domain, argument, and genre-specific concerns and the methodology used for acquiring a domain model, this approach should be applicable to argument generation in other domains.
Analyzing Free-Response Data in Marketing Research:

This article presents a new approach to the analysis of free-response data matrices using reduced-space and clustering procedures. Two marketing applications are presented; limitations and possible...
Transfusion tickles T cells through cross-priming

Comment on Zimring et al, page [187][1] A mouse model is used to show that RBC surface proteins recognized as foreign can trigger recipient CD8+ T-cell responses even in the absence of donor leukocytes. Blood transfusion is not an immunologically inert event. In a relatively short time frame, the
Influences of stress and temperature regimes on graben subsidence ― A note

Abstract A model is presented for isostatic subsidence of a crustal graben block within a regional stress field that varies linearly with depth. In this model an idealized trapezoidal block of brittle upper-crustal material subsides along frictionless bounding normal faults into the ductile lower crust. An analytical expression is derived relating subsidence to regional stress, and the dimensions of the block. We find that deviatoric tension is required in order for graben subsidence to occur, and that greater deviatoric tension promotes greater subsidence. Deeper normal faulting, and narrower graben widths, promote deeper graben subsidence. The depth of faulting is presumably limited by the depth of the brittle-ductile transition in the crust, which is mainly a function of temperature. Extensional areas in which grabens can form tend to have elevated heat flows, implying a shallow brittle-ductile transition, shallow normal faulting, and, therefore, limited graben subsidence. Post-extension or post-rift cooling would reduce the heat flow and therefore allow deeper normal faulting and the potential for greater graben subsidence, in addition to regional subsidence. However, the stress regime in cooling continental crust tends to be compressive (e.g. passive margins), which would suppress further differential graben subsidence. In effect, graben subsidence depends on the geometry of the block, and is naturally limited by the elevated geothermal conditions associated with extension, and/or by the compressive stresses associated with cooling or cooled continental crust.
Individual environmental awareness and urban water conservation in Kunming, China

Although the majority of water use in China occurs in the countryside, the responsibility for water conservation flows from the urban population centers outward. This research employs surveys of urban residents in Kunming, Yunnan Province in order to illustrate China's urban centers' growing impact on water conservation. This study determines what contributes to effective environmental awareness and analyzes the relationship between an individual's awareness and his or her in-home water conservation methods. The results show that first-hand environmental awareness is significantly more effective in encouraging conservation than is traditional environmental education. In addition, the survey reveals a pervasive lack of awareness in urban Kunming, with only 4 percent and 13 percent of respondents correctly identifying the price and source of their water, respectively. Only 59 percent of those surveyed believed they could have any influence in solving China's water crisis—a statistic that must change in order to promote greater urban water conservation.
Enhancers as information integration hubs in development: lessons from genomics

Transcriptional enhancers are the primary determinants of tissue-specific gene expression. Although the majority of our current knowledge of enhancer elements comes from detailed analyses of individual loci, recent progress in epigenomics has led to the development of methods for comprehensive and conservation-independent annotation of cell type-specific enhancers. Here, we discuss the advantages and limitations of different genomic approaches to enhancer mapping and summarize observations that have been afforded by the genome-wide views of enhancer landscapes, with a focus on development. We propose that enhancers serve as information integration hubs, at which instructions encoded by the genome are read in the context of a specific cellular state, signaling milieu and chromatin environment, allowing for exquisitely precise spatiotemporal control of gene expression during embryogenesis.
Theory and counterexamples for confidence limits on system reliability

Abstract The general theory of optimal confidence limits for system reliability based on results of Buehler (1957) and Sudakov and references cited there (1974) is developed. Counterexamples to some results of Sudakov (1974), Winterbottom (1974) and Harris and Soms (1980, 1981) are exhibited. Numerical examples are given for two component series systems which show that the results hold for confidence levels used in practice.