cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of Low-Power Sub-2.4 dB Mean NF 5G LNAs Using Forward Body Bias in 22 nm FDSOI

This article presents K/Ka-band low-noise-ampli- fiers (LNAs) for 5G front ends. The use of forward body bias (FBB) in fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FDSOI) devices is studied and utilized to improve the LNA performance under reduced supply voltage and dc power ( $P_{\mathrm{ dc}}$ ). Design procedures targeting high linearity, low noise, and high gain are provided. The two-stage common-source LNA (CS-LNA) achieves sub-2.1 dB mean NF, 20.1 dB peak gain, 9 GHz 3 dB bandwidth (BW) from 19.5 to 28.5 GHz, and an in-band IIP3 of 0 dBm with 9.6 mW $P_{\mathrm{ dc}}$ . The single-stage cascode LNA (CAS-LNA) achieves over 10 dB gain, 11 GHz 3 dB BW, and an IIP3 of 7.5 dBm for a 2.2 dB mean NF. The two-stage CAS-LNA has 28.5 dB peak gain, 4 GHz BW, and 2.25 dB mean NF for 20 mW $P_{\mathrm{ dc}}$ . In the low-power mode, the CS-LNA operates at 0.4 V with $P_{\mathrm{ dc}}$ of 3.2 mW, 16.9 dB gain, and less than 2.2 dB mean NF, while the two-stage CAS-LNA achieves 2.4 dB NF and 23 dB gain for 5.5 mW. Also, ultralow-power operation and sub-3 dB NF are possible with the CS-LNA at 0.2 V/1 mW with 12 dB gain and for the CAS-LNA at 0.4 V/2.4 mW with 17.7 dB gain. To the best of our knowledge, the single-stage CAS-LNA shows the highest IIP3 at 28 GHz compared with the published CMOS work. The two-stage FBB CS and CAS designs have the lowest voltage supply, $P_{\mathrm{ dc}}$ , and best Figure of Merit (FoM) for mm-waves 5G LNAs in the low-power mode.
Smarter, Not Harder: A Toolbox Approach to Enhancing Self-Control:

According to common sense, successful self-control requires “willpower.” Psychology often models willpower as the effortful inhibition of temptation impulses—a process theorized to require sufficie...
Understanding of Inheritance and Genetic Variation Assessed through the Use of an Engaging Real-Life Survey.

AIMS This study was undertaken to examine how a layperson is likely to interpret genetic information delivered in a clinical setting. METHODS A novel survey was designed to engage the reader in a simulated discussion of heritability as it might relate to human disease. The survey took approximately 5 min to administer. 307 individuals of different backgrounds completed the survey in the outpatient waiting room on their cell phone. RESULTS Overall, basic knowledge of inheritance and the concepts of heredity scored very well in the study cohort. Both knowledge and interpretation questions were answered correctly more often than not. There was generally no association between the scores on survey and gender or age. CONCLUSIONS People recognize the basic concepts of heritability but struggle with real-life interpretations and more nuanced concepts of heredity.
Unraveling the mysteries of microsatellite instability

DNA polymerase proofreading and mismatch repair deficiency have different microsatellites signatures.
The Relation between Risk Perception and Anxiety in Youth: an Investigation Using a Novel Developmentally Tailored Measure

Adults with anxiety have demonstrated elevated risk perception, but the relation between risk perception and anxiety in youth is unclear. The lack of developmentally tailored risk perception measures may be hindering the accurate detection of the relation between these constructs in youth. We sought to better characterize the relation between two components of risk perception - probability and cost estimates - to anxiety in youth, using a novel measure of youth risk perception (P-RISK; Perception of Risk Interactive Scale for Kids). In a community sample of 60 youth (ages 6 to12), the P-RISK, as a measure of risk perception, was feasible, easy to administer, and able to convey concepts of probability to youth. Anxiety symptomatology in youth was uniquely related to their perception of the likelihood of anxiety-provoking events. There is preliminary, though mixed, evidence of correlations between youth anxiety level and their cost estimates of anxiety-provoking events. There was also preliminary evidence that the relations between anxiety and youth estimates of probability and cost varied by developmental level. These findings highlight the potential clinical utility of using a developmentally tailored risk perception measure to enhance the assessment and treatment of youth anxiety.
Exponential Control Lyapunov-Barrier Function Using a Filtering-Based Concurrent Learning Adaptive Approach

The state-of-the-art quadratic program-based control Lyapunov-barrier function (QP-CLBF) is a powerful control approach to balance safety and stability in an optimal fashion. However, under this approach, modeling inaccuracies may degrade the performance of closed-loop systems and cause violation or restriction of safety-critical constraints. This paper presents an adaptive QP-CLBF approach for a class of nonlinear systems in the presence of parameter uncertainties with an unknown control coefficient. We begin by presenting a filtering-based concurrent learning (FCL) adaptive technique to guarantee simultaneous exponential convergence of system parameters and control coefficient. The proposed FCL extends and encompasses the baseline CL technique, which was developed to achieve exponential convergence of either system parameters exclusively or control coefficient while relying on the estimation of state derivatives using numerical smoothing. The proposed FCL adaptive method is then unified with a modified version of QP-CLBF to achieve exponential convergence of system parameters, control coefficient, and control Lyapunov and control barrier functions while establishing
A Class of Isoperimetric Variational Problems on Certain Orlicz-Soeolev Spaces

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a method for solving a class of isoperimetric variational problems defined on certain nonreflexive Banach spaces of Orlicz–Sobolev type. The technique used relies upon the critical point theory of Ljusternik and Schnirelmann and it shows how one can bypass the lack of reflexivity to prove the Palais–Smale compactness property, using monotonicity methods along with new inequalities valid for all C (2) - young functions that possess convexity properties in the square of their argument. The chapter presents the technique that can be applied to the variational problems relevant to both nonlinear Sturm–Liouville eigenvalue problems and nonlinear elliptic boundary-value problems with exponential nonlinearities. These studies were motivated in the first place by problems in elasticity theory and combustion theory.
Vertical integration of structured resonant tunneling diodes on InP for multi-valued memory applications

The authors report vertical integration of AlAs/InGaAs/InAs/InGaAs/AlAs resonant tunneling diode (RTD) structures on InP; as many as 15 have been grown in series combination. They show that hysteresis in the current-voltage characteristics caused by series resistance can be reduced by doping the resonant tunneling double barrier structures, and further reduction in hysteresis is possible through structural modifications. The doped RTDs have reduced resonance voltage with approximately equal peak spacings and good peak-to-valley ratios. Using an FET as a constant current load with an 8-peak vertically integrated RTD device, a nine-state multivalued memory is demonstrated. >
Conditional Depletion of Nuclear Proteins by the Anchor Away System

Nuclear proteins play key roles in the regulation of many important cellular processes. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, many genes encoding nuclear proteins are essential. This unit describes a method termed Anchor Away that can be used to conditionally and rapidly deplete nuclear proteins of interest. It involves conditional export of the protein of interest out of the nucleus and its subsequent sequestration in the cytoplasm. This method can be used to simultaneously deplete multiple proteins from the nucleus.
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein Is Required for Homeostasis and Function of Invariant NKT Cells

NKT cells comprise a separate T lineage expressing semi-invariant T cell receptors. Canonical invariant NKT (iNKT) cells specifically recognize lipid Ags presented by CD1d, a MHC class I-like molecule. iNKT cells function, in part, as initial responders to bacterial infection and play a role in immune surveillance and tumor rejection. The Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASp) serves as a crucial link between cellular stimuli and cytoskeletal rearrangements. Although we and others have identified a key role for WASp in homeostasis of T-regulatory and marginal zone B cells, little data exist regarding the role for WASp within the iNKT lineage. Analysis of WASp-expressing cell populations in heterozygous female WASp mice revealed a substantial selective advantage for WASp(+) vs WASp(-) iNKT cells. Although adult WASp-deficient (WASp(-/-)) mice had normal thymic and bone marrow iNKT numbers, we observed 2- to 3-fold reduction in the numbers of iNKT cells in the spleen and liver. This peripheral iNKT deficit is manifested, in part, due to defective iNKT homeostasis. WASp(-/-) iNKT cells exhibited reduced levels of integrin surface expression and decreased homing and/or retention within peripheral tissues in a competitive repopulation model. In addition, analysis of young mice showed that WASp is important for both maturation and egress of thymic iNKT cells. WASp(-/-) iNKT cells also exhibited a marked reduction in Ag-induced proliferation and cytokine production. Our findings highlight the crucial role for WASp in iNKT development, homeostasis, and activation, and identify iNKT dysfunction as an additional factor likely to contribute to the clinical features observed in WAS patients.
A note on an optimal garnishing rule

Abstract A low information, optimal bankruptcy rule is described and analyzed for an exchange economy with credit.
Alliance Experience, IT-Enabled Knowledge Integration, and Ex Ante Value Gains

An important theme in the alliance research has been the study of how prior alliance experience translates into value gains from alliances. Despite the strong theoretical argument regarding the value-enhancing role of alliance experience, past research has reported mixed results. In an attempt to resolve the inconclusive findings, we provide a more fine-grained view of alliance experience by examining characteristics such as relatedness and diversity, which are defined based on the functional focus and the industry of the partner. Furthermore, we argue that since leveraging alliance experience is a learning process, a firm's knowledge integration capabilities enabled by information technology IT should influence the extent to which the firm benefits from alliance experience. Using data from 1,030 alliances made by 89 firms across 11 industries, we test the effects of relatedness and diversity on abnormal returns following alliance announcements. We find that functionally related experience is positively related to abnormal returns, whereas partner industry-based related experience affects the expected value negatively. We also find that a firm's IT-enabled knowledge integration positively moderates the effects of both related and diverse experience on abnormal returns. Our findings highlight that although knowledge gained through prior experience is important, complementary capabilities that enable firms to leverage and utilize such knowledge are also necessary for ex ante value creation in alliances. We interpret these findings and discuss their implications for research in both strategic management and information systems.
Motion compensation for electro-optical line scanner sensors using incomplete data

When imaging the ground from the air, distortions can occur if the imagery was created form an electro-optical line scanner pointing to nadir and mounted on the bottom of an airborne platform. The inability of the aircraft to maintain a perfect trajectory can cause the distortions. In the worst case scenario, camera stabilizers fail, no geographical reference or navigation data is available, and the sensor periodically fails leaving incomplete data for image construction. Motion compensation can restore the images. This paper describes various distortions that can be created for an airborne nadir-aimed line scanner. A motion-compensation technique is introduced that combines multiple cues from geographical reference and navigation data as well as line-scan matched filtering. A semi- automated restoration implementation is introduced followed by the automated line-scan matched filter implementation. These various compensation techniques provide backup for each other thus creating a more efficient motion- compensation system. Even in the worst case scenario, the system continues to attempt motion compensation using an optimal line-scan matched filtering technique. The results of using this automated technique for motion compensation is demonstrated using simulated high-definition imagery and then using actual electro-optical and hyperspectral images that were obtained form the Dynamic Data Base (DDB) program sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
Uptake of horseradish peroxidase by frog photoreceptor synapses in the dark and the light.

INDIRECT evidence suggests that vertebrate photoreceptors decrease their release of a depolarising transmitter substance in response to the absorption of light. Vertebrate photoreceptors1–3 and most horizontal cells2,4 hyperpolarise in response to light and show an increased membrane resistance. In addition, transretinal currents that depolarise receptor terminals also depolarise horizontal cells5–7. Finally, magnesium, known to decrease transmitter release in neuromuscular8 and other synapses9, hyperpolarises skate10 and turtle11 horizontal cells. We now report more direct evidence that the photoreceptors are synaptically active in the dark and that this activity can be diminished by light.
Crystallography of the ζ to β′ massive transformation in Ag-50 at.% Cd

Abstract The orientation relationship between massive β′ precipitates and the large grained ζ phase Ag-50 at.% Cd containing them were determined by the Laue method, and the orientation of planar interphase boundaries between the parent and product phases were determined by two-surface trace analyses. Computer assisted analysis of the orientation relationships demonstrated that many of them had recognizable low index orientation relationships with their matrix grains. All of the precipitates had orientation relationships which could be characterized in terms of nearly parallel low index planes and directions, but many of these orientation relationships were observed only once, and these may not have mechanistic significance. A total of 37 planar interphase boundaries were examined by two surface trace analysis and their orientations compared with low index lattice planes in both the parent and product phases. Few of the planar interfaces corresponded to low index lattice planes in either the parent or the product phases, and only one planar boundary corresponded to low index planes of both phases. These results show that the mechanism of massive transformations is more complex than has been previously assumed.
Diphenyltin(IV)_dichloride as a model compound in Mössbauer spectroscopy

Mossbauer measurements have been carried out on neat solid samples of diphenyltin(IV) dichloride at liquid nitrogen temperature, as well as on frozen solution samples of this solute in crystalline and glassy matrices. The isomer shift and quadrupole splitting observed for the neat solid-1·359 ± 0·015 and 2·812 ± 0·015 mm/sec, respectively — reflect in part the effect of crystal stacking forces which influence the metal-ligand bond angles and hence the Mossbauer parameters. The quadrupole splitting decreases by about 0·20 mm/sec in non-basic solvents and a value of 2·61 ± 0·04 mm/sec for this parameter is taken as characteristic of an isolated unrestrained molecule of the solute. The increase to 3·51 ± 0·09 mm/sec in basic solvents reflects the coordination of two solvent molecules, giving rise to a distorted trans octahedral complex in which the two aryl groups occupy axial positions. The temperature dependence of the recoil-free fraction in neat solid >2SnCl2 has been determined in the temperature range 83 < T < 170°K and can be used to estimate the importance of intermolecular bonding forces in comparable organotin(IV) compounds by a simple normalization procedure.
Self-disinfecting surfaces: Review of current methodologies and future prospects

Methods to improve disinfection of environmental surfaces in hospital rooms include improving cleaning/disinfection by environmental service workers through education and feedback on cleaning effectiveness (eg, use of fluorescent dyes), "no-touch" methods (eg, UV-C light), and self-disinfecting surfaces. Self-disinfecting surfaces can be created by impregnating or coating surfaces with heavy metals (eg, silver or copper), germicides (eg, triclosan), or miscellaneous methods (eg, light-activated antimicrobials). These methods are under active investigation but to date have not been assessed for their ability to reduce health care-associated infections.
Continuity of exposure length effects in tachistoscopic perception

It has been claimed that the number of units reported by Ss remains invariant over the range of exposure durations 15 to 500 msec. Four sets of observations under various experimental conditions were carried out to test this claim. The results are univocal: there are continuous, systematic increases in number of units reported with increase in exposure duration.
Convergence properties of multiple reflection expansions

The convergence properties of the multiple reflection expansion for massless scalar and Dirac propagators in a general convex cavity are studied. A sufficient condition for convergence is arrived at and the regions in the complex frequency plane are examined where this condition is satisfied. For the case of a spherical cavity, a necessary and sufficient condition for convergence is obtained by making use of a partial wave expansion for the propagator. The corresponding convergence regions in the complex frequency plane are also determined in more detail.
User-oriented interactive computer graphics

This paper deals with several broad idea-issues relating to interactive computer graphics, schematic and pictorial. It considers briefly the trends of the technology and of the market, what the uses and who the users of user-oriented interactive computer graphics will be, and who will do the orienting of the technology toward the users. Then it examines: the concept of stepwise learnability; abstracting graphics functions from graphics applications; the idea of 'dynamic hieroglyphs'; graphics projected onto the retina; graphics embedded in LISP- and APL-like languages; knowledge based graphics; graphic input devices; highly realistic graphics; computer-based arts and crafts; and some possible side effects of advanced applications of computers and graphics.On the whole, interactive computer graphics appears likely to be one of the main forces that will bring computers directly into the lives of very large numbers of people during the next two or three decades. Truly user-oriented graphics of sufficient power to be useful to large numbers of people has not been widely affordable, but it will soon become so, and, when it does, the appropriateness and quality of the products offered will to a large extent determine the future of computers as intellectual aids and partners of people.
Effect of oral alendronate on net bone ingrowth into canine cementless total hips.

Abstract Alendronate has been shown to prevent osteolysis in a canine total hip arthroplasty (THA) model. However, the effect of alendronate on bone ingrowth and remodeling around canine cementless hip replacement components remains unclear. We hypothesized that oral alendronate would increase net bone ingrowth into the porous surface of THA components when intimate bone/implant contact exists. To test this hypothesis, six mature dogs received unilateral cementless THA and were treated with five milligrams of oral alendronate daily from day seven to day eighty-four postoperatively. Six comparable dogs served as controls. Quantitative analysis of net bone ingrowth into the porous surface did not show a significant difference between the two groups, (control 7.9 ± 1.5, alendronate 7.5 ± 1.4, P
My lost museum: User expectations and motivations for creating personal digital collections on museum websites

The recent development of personal digital collections systems on museum websites has prompted researchers to examine the motivations and expectations of museum visitors as they interact with those systems. Results from an online survey completed by visitors to six different museum websites show that users of personal digital collections systems are primarily motivated by a desire to create simple collections of objects and images, and are less influenced by the more complicated features museums have implemented to encourage user participation. The significance of these findings is explored through a discussion of user expectations and motivations with respect to creating personal digital collections, and an attempt is made to reconcile some of the disparities between the perceptions of survey respondents and the experiences of museum professionals developing and implementing personal digital collections systems.
An adjoint Monte Carlo treatment of the equations of radiative transfer for polarized light

Abstract The equation of radiative transfer for a Stokes' intensity vector is used to define a four-vector Green's function. The physical quantities of interest are represented by a response vector which is found by integrating the product of a suitable response matrix and the Stokes' intensity vector over phase space. Equations adjoint to those for the Stokes' intensity vector and for the Green's function vector are given. The response vector is then expressed in terms of the adjoint vector Green's function. A Monte Carlo sampling procedure is given for the adjoint Green's function vector equation. When the adjoint source vector is given by a Dirac delta function in phase space, the response vector is the Stokes' intensity vector and the “backward Monte Carlo method” of Collins and Wells (Report RRA-T74, Radiation Research Associates, Inc.) obtains.
Relationships between PrPSc stability and incubation time for United States scrapie isolates in a natural host system.

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), including scrapie in sheep (Ovis aries), are fatal neurodegenerative diseases caused by the misfolding of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into a â-rich conformer (PrPSc) that accumulates into higher-order structures in the brain and other tissues. Distinct strains of TSEs exist, characterized by different pathologic profiles upon passage into rodents and representing distinct conformations of PrPSc. One biochemical method of distinguishing strains is the stability of PrPSc as determined by unfolding in guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl), which is tightly and positively correlated with the incubation time of disease upon passage into mice. Here, we utilize a rapid, protease-free version of the stability assay to characterize naturally occurring scrapie samples, including a fast-acting scrapie inoculum for which incubation time is highly dependent on the amino acid at codon 136 of the prion protein. We utilize the stability methodology to identify the presence of two distinct isolates in the inoculum, and compare isolate properties to those of a host-stabilized reference scrapie isolate (NADC 13-7) in order to assess the stability/incubation time correlation in a natural host system. We demonstrate the utility of the stability methodology in characterizing TSE isolates throughout serial passage in livestock, which is applicable to a range of natural host systems, including strains of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and chronic wasting disease.
Photoluminescence study of chloride VPE-grown GaN

We have examined the effect of growth conditions on photoluminescence (PL) characteristics of chloride VPE-grown GaN films. Undoped GaN films are grown on sapphire by a newly developed chloride VPE system which utilizes GaCl3 and NH3 as source materials. We find that the spectra depend strongly on the growth temperatures and the corresponding surface morphology. Peaks from excitons and donor-acceptor pairs (D-A pair) recombination are observed for the films with terrace-like flat surfaces grown at between 950°C and 1000°C. A peak due to exciton bound to neutral donors is observed for a growth temperature of 975°C where the acceptor-related peaks are not seen. Decreasing the growth temperature below 950°C causes rough surfaces due to three-dimensional growth, whereas increasing the growth temperature above 1000°C causes cracks or partial pealing off of the film. The films with rough surfaces or crystal failures show broad emission from deep acceptor levels. As a result, residual acceptors are eliminated in the very narrow range of the growth temperature around 975°C. It is also noted that an increase of the V/III ratio during the growth makes the line width of the band-edge peak narrower. The PL results show that a growth temperature around 975°C and high V/III ratio are essential to obtain better crystal quality and reduced concentration of residual acceptors.
Cognition in Parkinson disease: An event‐related potential perspective

Auditory event-related potentials (ERP) elicited in a target detection stimulus paradigm and pattern-shift visual ERPs were studied in 20 male patients with idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) and 20 age-matched normal controls. Patients showed significantly increased latencies for both the P200 and P300 components of the auditory ERP. Patients and controls showed no significant differences in latency of the visual ERP but patients showed significantly decreased amplitude. Only one of five neuropsychological measures, the Symbol Digit Modalities test (SDMT), showed a significant negative correlation with P300 latency. The significant association between the two measures that showed impairments in the PD patients (P300 latency and SDMT scores) suggested that these measures reflect a common, disrupted aspect of cognitive function in PD.
Probing the helium-graphite interaction

Two separate lines of investigation have recently converged to produce a highly detailed picture of the behavior of helium atoms physisorbed on graphite basal plane surfaces. Atomic beam scattering experiments on single crystals have yielded accurate values for the binding energies of several· states for both (^4)He and (^3)He, as well as matrix elements of the largest Fourier component of the periodic part of the interaction potential. From these data, a complete three-dimensional description of the potential has been constructed, and the energy band structure of a helium atom moving in this potential calculated. At the same time, accurate thermodynamic measurements were made on submonolayer helium films adsorbed on Grafoil. The binding energy and low-coverage specific heat deduced from these measurements are in excellent agreement with those calculated from the band structures.
Electroretinographic and Psychophysical Findings during Early and Late Stages of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Cytomegalovirus Retinitis

Purpose: The authors examined electrophysiologic and psychophysical measures of retinal function in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at different stages of infection, including patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR). Methods: All patients had complete ophthalmologic examinations. Rod-mediated psychophysical thresholds were measured using a modified two-color dark-adapted perimetry technique. Rod-dominated full field flash electroretinograms (ERGs) were obtained as a function of flash intensity, followed by cone-dominated ERGs. The 26 patients infected with HIV (26 eyes) were categorized into three groups. Six patients were infected with HIV but had not progressed to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and 14 had AIDS. Six patients had CMVR with less than 10% of the retina involved. The data were compared with results from age-similar control subjects. Results: Psychophysical thresholds as a function of retinal eccentricity were elevated for each of the three stages of HIV infection. The group of patients with CMVR had the greatest amount of threshold elevation and threshold elevation increased with retinal eccentricity. In addition, all three patient groups had abnormal electroretinographic findings. Patients with CMVR were affected more severely on all measures than were the other HIV-infected groups. Conclusions: Results reveal that a diffuse functional retinal pathology exists in eyes with the funduscopic appearance of localized peripheral CMVR. Additionally, patients infected with HIV, including those without cotton wool spots, may have abnormal retinal function.
Stimulus control during conditional discrimination

Pigeons were used to assess stimulus control during the development of a conditional discrimination. The training consisted of three stages. In Stage 1, key pecks were reinforced in the presence of a white line tilted 40° to the right of vertical on a green background and non-reinforced when the same line appeared on a red background. In Stage 2, key pecks were reinforced when a white vertical line appeared on a red background and were non-reinforced in the presence of a 40° slanted line on a red background. In Stage 3, key pecks were reinforced in the presence of the green background regardless of the line tilt, but were differentially reinforced in the presence of the red background (as in Stage 2). Generalization tests were conducted after each stage of training and consisted of five white lines on backgrounds that were green, red, or dark. The effects of the differential reinforcement contingencies on control by line orientation were restricted to the condition in which the red light appeared and resulted in behavioral control that could be characterized as: if red, pay closer attention to line tilt than if not red.
Long-Term Persistence of Pseudogymnoascus destructans , the Causative Agent of White-Nose Syndrome, in the Absence of Bats

Wildlife diseases have been implicated in the declines and extinctions of several species. The ability of a pathogen to persist outside its host, existing as an ''environmental reservoir'', can exacerbate the impact of a disease and increase the likelihood of host extinction. Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the fungal pathogen that causes white-nose syndrome in bats, has been found in cave soil during the summer when hibernating bats had likely been absent for several months. However, whether the pathogen can persist over multiple years in the absence of bats is unknown, and long-term persistence of the pathogen can influence whether hibernacula where bats have been locally extirpated due to disease can be subsequently recolonized. Here, we show that P. destructans is capable of long-term persistence in the laboratory in the absence of bats. We cultured P. destructans from dried agar plates that had been kept at 5C and low humidity conditions (30-40% RH) for more than 5 years. This suggests that P. destructans can persist in the absence of bats for long periods which may prevent the recolonization of hibernation, sites where bat populations were extirpated. This increases the extinction risk of bats affected by this disease.
Comparison of the resistance of human and horse ferrihemoglobin ligand derivatives to acid denaturation.

Abstract The velocity of denaturation of human ferrihemoglobin by dilute acid is greatly reduced by complexing with ligands (CN−, N3−) that form low-spin complexes with the heme iron; it is similarly, but much less strongly, affected by the formation of high-spin complexes with other ligands (formate, F−, OCN−, SCN−). The effects are similar to those previously found with horse hemoglobin, but partial stabilization by high-spin ligands is more marked in human hemoglobin. The mechanism of stabilization appears to be strengthening of the stabilizing heme protein interaction so that lower pH values are required to initiate heme separation, which seems to be required for unfolding; neutralization of the positive charge on the ferriheme also seems to be involved. Use has been made of the more stable CN− derivatives to confirm conclusions based on earlier measurements of the numbers of basic groups unmasked incident to unfolding by acid, by extending measurements to lower pH. The results confirm earlier findings that more histidines per heme are masked in human than in horse hemoglobin, although the difference may be smaller than reported earlier. As in carbonylhemoglobin, one or two other more basic groups per heme are also masked in the native low-spin cyanoferriheme protein. It is shown that reversible changes in absorbance (Soret band) incident to unfolding are paralleled by changes in optical rotation (both Soret region and far ultraviolet).
Vesicovaginal fistula repair with rectus abdominus myofascial interposition flap.

Objectives Complex, recurrent vesicovaginal fistulas (VVFs) can be very challenging to repair and often require interposition of nonirradiated, well-vascularized tissue between the urinary system and vagina. We report our experience using a rectus abdominus myofascial (RAM) interposition flap for VVF repair. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed to identify patients who had undergone VVF repair with RAM interposition. Data were collected focusing on preoperative patient characteristics, etiology of VVF, intraoperative parameters, including surgical techniques, and postoperative patient outcomes. Results We used a RAM interposition flap for VVF repair in 5 patients. All VVFs had developed postoperatively; no patient had received radiotherapy. VVF developed after total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) or radical cystectomy in 3 and 2 cases, respectively. Both cases of VVF after radical cystectomy occurred in conjunction with orthotopic diversion (neobladder-vaginal fistula). In 3 patients with post-TAH VVF, a total of five previous failed repairs were attempted before RAM interposition. In 1 patient with a neobladder-vaginal fistula, who had received adjuvant chemotherapy, RAM interposition failed, and the patient ultimately required cutaneous urinary diversion after two subsequent failed attempts at repair (68 months of follow-up). The remaining 4 patients (80%) had no evidence of recurrent VVF or voiding abnormalities at a mean follow-up of 19 months (range 8 to 32). Conclusions Rectus abdominus muscle can be a successful interposition flap during repair of complex, recurrent VVF. In our experience, this has been successful in most cases, particularly in younger patients with nonmalignant processes.
Rapid turnover of non-histone chromosomal proteins in skeletal muscle☆

Abstract Incorporation of 3 H-leucine into histones and non-histone chromosomal proteins was investigated in liver, a tissue in which proteins generally turn over rapidly, and in muscle, a tissue in which proteins turn over slowly. Incorporation into histones was low in both tissues. Incorporation into non-histone chromosomal proteins which, in liver, proceeded at about the same rate as into soluble cytoplasmic proteins was, in muscle, considerably more rapid than into any other cytoplasmic or nuclear protein fraction investigated. The significance of the relatively high incorporation rate into the non-histone chromosomal proteins in muscle is not known. However, autoradiographic experiments suggest that in muscle all nuclei display a high rate of incorporation into these proteins, and gel electrophoretic experiments indicate that a high rate of turnover is characteristic of many of the proteins comprising this fraction.
Inexpensive and Disposable pH Electrodes

Inexpensive electrodes for the measurement of pH have been constructed using the ionophore tribenzylamine for sensing H+ concentrations. Both traditional liquid-membrane electrodes and coated-wire electrodes have been constructed and studied, and both exhibit linear, nearly Nernstian responses to changes in pH. Measurements of pH from these electrodes are accurate when compared to values obtained from simultaneous measurements using commercially available pH electrodes. The electrodes function well between pH values of 3 and 10. These electrodes are typically functional for two or more months before performance begins to degrade. Performing measurements in samples with abrasive solids, such as soils, also limits the working lifetimes of the electrodes. Students have successfully constructed these electrodes and used them in the measurement of soil pH levels.
Matrix-valued radial basis functions: stability estimates and applications

Radial basis functions (RBFs) have found important applications in areas such as signal processing, medical imaging, and neural networks since the early 1980’s. Several applications require that certain physical properties are satisfied by the interpolant, for example, being divergence-free in case of incompressible data. In this paper we consider a class of customized (e.g., divergence-free) RBFs that are matrix-valued and have compact support; these are matrix-valued analogues of the well-known Wendland functions. We obtain stability estimates for a wide class of interpolants based on matrix-valued RBFs, also taking into account the size of the compact support of the generating RBF. We conclude with an application based on an incompressible Navier–Stokes equation, namely the driven-cavity problem, where we use divergence-free RBFs to solve the underlying partial differential equation numerically. We discuss the impact of the size of the support of the basis function on the stability of the solution.
Myopia and R&D/production complementarities

The simple economics of a firm's decision to begin an in-house program of RD furthermore, once begun the firm will not terminate its R&D program. Thus, a failure to account for this complementarity will lead to the oft-mentioned American under investment in R&D.
Connective tissue activation. XXXIII. Biologically active cleavage products of CTAP-III from human platelets.

Summary Evidence for three new isoforms of CTAP-III from human platelets is presented; two NH 2 -terminal cleavage products were identified, CTAP-III (des 1–13) and CTAP-III (des 1–15). CTAP-III (des 1–13) has a pI of 8.6 and is a relatively stable proteolytic cleavage product that retains the capacity to stimulate [ 14 C]GAG synthesis in human synovial cell cultures. CTAP-III (des 1–15) appears to be an elastase or chymotrypsin cleavage product and identical to NAP-2, an entity thought to have neutrophil activating properties.
Interfacial micromorphology and shear bond strength of single-bottle primer/adhesives

Abstract Objectives This study was conducted 1) to characterize through SEM analysis the resin-dentin interface produced by single-bottle primer/adhesives and a three-component system [Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (3M Dental)] and 2) to evaluate the shear bond strength to dentin of these adhesive systems. Methods Single-bottle primer/adhesives [Bond 1 (Jeneric/Pentron), Single Bond, (3M Dental Products); One Step (Bisco Inc.), OptiBond Solo (Kerr Corp.), Prime & Bond 2.1(L.D. Caulk-Dentsply), Syntac Single-Component (Ivoclar-Vivadent), Tenure Quik with Fluoride (Den-Mat)] were used according to manufacturers' instructions to bond resin composite to flat dentinal surfaces of extracted human third molars (n=15). All samples were thermocycled 300x. Twelve specimens per group were used to measure shear bond strength and three specimens were used to evaluate the interfacial morphology under SEM. A one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test were used to assess the results. Results Mean shear bond strengths in MPa ± SD for the groups ranged from 22.27 ± 4.5 MPa for Single Bond to 7.6 ± 3.9 MPa for Syntac Single-Component. The statistical analysis indicated that Single Bond produced significantly higher (p Significance Some single-bottle primer/adhesives present in vitro bond strengths and hybrid layer formation similar to those found for the conventional three-component adhesive system tested.
The distribution of lead in human deciduous teeth.

Douze dents de lait d'enfants citadins, dont deux ayant une intoxication saturnine reconnue, ont ete examinees par un microanalyseur a sonde electronique. On a retrouve du plomb dans toutes les dents, avant tout a la periferie des zones hypomineralisees; mais pas a la surface de l'email. Les resultats suggerent que le plomb est incorpore dans la dent pendant la formation de la matrice et sa mineralisation, ainsi que durant la formation de la racine et du depot de dentine secondaire.
Traumatic ventricular septal defect and tricuspid regurgitation.

TRAUMATIC VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT AND TRICUSPID REGURGITATION Joseph Shiber, MD,* and Marcelo Cardarelli, MD† *Department of Surgical Critical Care, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, and †Director of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland Reprint Address: Joseph Shiber, MD, Medical Intensivist, The Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030
Assisting End Users in the Design of Sonification Systems

In my dissertation I plan to explore the design of digital systems and how we can support users in the design process. Specifically, I focus on the design of sonifications, which are the representation of data using sound. Creating the algorithm that maps data to sound is not an easy task as there are many things to consider: an individual's aesthetic preferences, multiple dimensions of sound, complexities of the data to be represented, and previously developed theories for how to convey information using sound. This makes it an ideal domain for end-user development and data-driven design creation.
Synthesis of hypervalent iodonium alkynyl triflates for the application of generating cyanocarbenes

The procedures described in this article involve the synthesis and isolation of hypervalent iodonium alkynyl triflates (HIATs) and their subsequent reactions with azides to form cyanocarbene intermediates. The synthesis of hypervalent iodonium alkynyl triflates can be facile, but difficulties stem from their isolation and reactivity. In particular, the necessity to use filtration under inert atmosphere at -45 °C for some HIATs requires special care and equipment. Once isolated, the compounds can be stored and used in reactions with azides to form cyanocarbene intermediates. The evidence for cyanocarbene generation is shown by visible extrusion of dinitrogen as well as the characterization of products that occur from O-H insertion, sulfoxide complexation, and cyclopropanation. A side reaction of the cyanocarbene formation is the generation of a vinylidene-carbene and the conditions to control this process are discussed. There is also potential to form a hypervalent iodonium alkenyl triflate and the means of isolation and control of its generation are provided. The O-H insertion reaction involves using a HIAT, sodium azide or tetrabutylammonium azide, and methanol as solvent/substrate. The sulfoxide complexation reaction uses a HIAT, sodium azide or tetrabutylammonium azide, and dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent. The cyclopropanations can be performed with or without the use of solvent. The azide source must be tetrabutylammonium azide and the substrate shown is styrene.
Race, Rape, and Lynching: The Red Record of American Literature, 1890-1912

In the late nineteenth century, the stereotype of the black male as sexual beast functioned for white supremacists as an externalized symbol of social chaos against which all whites would unite for the purpose of national renewal. The emergence of this stereotype in American culture and literature during and after Reconstruction was related to the growth of white-on-black violence, as white lynch mobs acted in "defence" of white womanhood, the white family, and white nationalism. In Rape, Race, and Lynching Sandra Gunning investigates American literary encounters with the conditions, processes, and consequences of such violence through the representation of not just the black rapist stereotype, but of other crucial stereotypes in mediating moments of white social crisis: "lascivious" black womanhood; avenging white masculinity; and passive white femininity. Gunning argues that these figures together signify the tangle of race and gender representation emerging from turn-of-the-century American literature. The book brings together Charles W. Chestnutt, Kate Chopin, Thomas Dixon, David Bryant Fulton, Pauline Hopkins, Mark Twain, and Ida B. Wells: famous, infamous, or long-neglected figures who produced novels, essays, stories, and pamphlets in the volatile period of the 1890s to the early 1900s, and who contributed to the continual renegotiation and redefinition of the terms and boundaries of a national dialogue on racial violence.
Replication Timing of CD4 and CD8 in Single-Positive Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes

The regulatory events leading to the mutually exclusive expression of CD4 and CD8 on peripheral lymphocytes are not fully understood. In particular, the association between DNA replication timing and transcriptional activity of these genes has not been previously investigated. Here, the replication kinetics of the CD4 and CD8 loci in mature single-positive T-cell populations have been examined using a novel approach to the separation of CD4(+) or CD8(+) lymphocytes into discrete cell cycle fractions and a competitive PCR replication timing assay. While the timing of replication of each of these loci is independent of their expression in mature CD4 or CD8 single positive T-cells, the replication of CD8, but not of CD4, shifts to a later time in S phase in transcriptionally silent HS68 fibroblast cells. These findings suggest that changes in DNA replication timing are associated with the developmentally regulated but not with the tissue-specific expression of CD4 and CD8.
A Mechanism-Based Inactivator for Histone Demethylase LSD1

Histone demethylase LSD1 is a flavin-dependent amine oxidase that catalyzes the oxidative removal of one or two methyl groups from the methyl-lysine-4 side chain of histone H3. We have designed and synthesized two peptide-based inhibitor analogues that block LSD1. One of these inhibitors, compound 1, contains a propargylamine functionality and shows time-dependent inactivation of LSD1. Peptide substrate, diMeK4H3-21, protected LSD1 against inactivation by 1 in a concentration-dependent fashion. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that 1 forms a covalent interaction with FAD. Compound 1 did not detectably inhibit monoamine oxidase B in the concentration range studied. Compound 1 is thus a selective, mechanism-based inactivator of LSD1 and is likely to serve as a useful tool in the study of histone modifications and chromatin remodeling.
Hydrodynamic calculation of static correlation functions for homogeneous shear

Abstract The calculation of static correlation functions for homogeneous shear is reduced to a simple problem in linear algebra. Analytical solutions are given for the static structure factor to second order in the strain rate, including effects arising from short range correlations at equilibrium. Numerical calculations give rise to a critical strain rate, λ c , beyond which the hydrodynamical model of homogeneous shear is unstable. The value of λ c is close to the value of the strain rate at which molecular dynamics calculations exhibit a shear-induced phase transition.