cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sanctioning Infringement: How Disingenuous Copyright Law Protects Monopoly at the Expense of Consumer Expectations

The word sanction has two meanings. A sanction may be a punishment - a punitive or coercive measure that results from a failure to comply with a law, rule, or order. On the other hand, a sanction may be an official or authoritative approval. Thus this question is posed: can one be sanctioned, in the latter sense, in performing an act that is otherwise sanctionable, in the former sense? Those members of the Internet community who infringe copyright by downloading music in violation of license agreements inarguably break the law. They infringe copyright, and are subject to harsh civil penalties, and in some cases, criminal penalties. But perhaps the latter type of sanction, something more like implied consent or deferral, would be more suitable in the copyright arena, in the interests of perpetuating the traditional purposes of copyright. In the context of contemporary music copyright law, what sanction is appropriate against infringers? The policy against copyright infringement is generally desirable. However, current technology makes meaningful enforcement impracticable. Moreover, censuring the introduction of new technological modalities is harmful both to concepts of justice and to market development. Industry-specific laws may be important towards informing market actors of lawmakers' policy intentions. However, they should not carry monetary penalties. Instead, such penalties should be postponed until such time that the market and the public have responded to the new technology and delivery mechanisms. In this way, lawmakers may determine, based on real and objective market factors, what constitutes useful or harmful application of the technology. This would deter incumbents from investing capital in judicial enforcement and policy-making rather than developing and embracing the new technology.
Stress-Induced Eating Dampens Physiological and Behavioral Stress Responses

Both psychological and physical stressors induce the secretion of glucocorticoids and insulin, which increase the consumption of palatable high-fat, high-sugar comfort foods. Chronic engagement in stress-induced eating behavior leads to visceral fat accumulation, which in turn dampens hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. The joint role of stress-induced eating and abdominal fat stores in attenuating physiological stress responses has been well characterized in nonhuman animal models; however, very few studies to date have investigated these processes in humans. Preliminary evidence from human studies similarly indicates that chronic stress exposure is associated with increased consumption of palatable food, greater abdominal fat, and dampened cortisol response to acute stress. In this chapter, we describe the cross-species data demonstrating these attenuated stress responses, also considering the endocrine, affective, and neural mechanisms for reinforcing stress-induced eating processes. We conclude with a discussion of the remaining gaps in the literature and directions for future research. © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The Left Periphery of the German Noun Phrase

This paper examines prenominal von‐possessives in German and relates them to Saxon Genitives and Possessor Doublings in that language. Von‐possessives are prepositional possessives that precede determiners and are stressed. Saxon Genitives and Possessor Doublings are nominal possessives that pattern together but have properties different from von‐possessives. It is proposed that there are two left peripheral positions in the German noun phrase: Spec,DP and Spec,LPP. Nominal possessives move to Spec,DP checking the definiteness feature on D. In contrast, prepositional possessives move to the specifier of a higher Left Periphery Phrase checking a discourse feature. Despite these differences, this paper proposes that all possessive constructions have the same basic inner makeup. It is shown that non‐possessive elements can also surface in Spec,LPP. This dichotomy between nominal possessives and preposed PPs provides another argument that the nominal left periphery is more complex than usually assumed. However, it will be shown that in German the nominal left periphery is different from that of the clause.
Emergency Medicine Physicians' Perceptions of Pediatric Tele-Emergency Services.

Introduction: This study evaluated general emergency medicine (GEM) physicians' opinions on the barriers, perceptions, and utility of pediatric tele-emergency services, or the use of telemedicine for critically ill children in the emergency department (ED). Methods: Based on previously published surveys, a 27-item survey was created to assess GEM physicians' perspective on tele-emergency services provided by a regional group of pediatric critical care physicians. The survey was distributed to ED medical directors at 15 hospitals who actively participate in tele-emergency services. Results: Twelve of the 15 medical directors responded to the survey (80%). Results demonstrated that GEM physicians consider the pediatric critical care tele-emergency consultations clinically helpful (92%), particularly for the management of patients with respiratory distress, congenital anomalies, and cardiovascular processes. The most common barriers to using tele-emergency services included limited time (42%), integrating new technology and processes in existing workflows (42%), and the lack of clinical utility (42%), particularly for patients with nonacute and/or routine conditions. Lastly, half of GEM physicians felt that families preferred telemedicine to telephone consultations (50%). Conclusion: GEM physicians support the premise that pediatric tele-emergency services help with the clinical management of critically ill children. However, physicians do not consistently believe that tele-emergency services are always clinically necessary and time constraints continue to be a significant barrier. Selected use on specific clinical conditions and improving the integration in workflow processes would help increase the appropriate use of tele-emergency services in the ED.
Noncontrast T2-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences for Long-Term Monitoring of Asymptomatic Convexity Meningiomas

Background Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) used to enhance magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans have been linked to tissue deposition, including in the brain. The management of indolent tumors such as meningiomas requires frequent MRI scans to monitor for interval growth. Given concern regarding GBCA deposition, we sought to determine if noncontrast MRI scans in patients with asymptomatic meningiomas were equivalent to GBCA-enhanced MRI scans in surveillance monitoring. Methods This institutional review board–approved retrospective chart review included 106 MRI sequences from 18 patients. Inclusion criteria were adult patients with asymptomatic meningiomas who received baseline contrast-enhanced and noncontrast axial brain MRI scan. Exclusion criteria included the following: 1) baseline or follow-up axial images were not available for review, 2) baseline scan was obtained without contrast, and 3) diagnosis of meningioma was uncertain. Percent tumor growth was measured by comparing cross-sectional area at maximum tumor diameter from the earliest and most recent scans. For each patient, change in tumor size over time was compared using T1 + contrast, T2, and T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences. These were compared with a qualitative consensus reading by a neurosurgeon and a neuroradiologist. Results Measured change of greater than 10% was taken to represent tumor growth. In 17 out of 18 patients, measurement of noncontrast studies (T2 and T2 FLAIR) matched consensus. For one patient, imaging on T2 suggested 11% growth, whereas T2 FLAIR and overall consensus was stability. Conclusions Our study provides evidence that noncontrasted MRI scans are equivalent to contrast-weighted MRI scans to follow change in tumor size over time in asymptomatic meningiomas.
Single Event Transient and Single Event Upset Characterization of a Cobham Designed 3.125 Gbps Crosspoint Switch

Single event transient and single event upset characterization data will be presented for the newly designed and fabricated Cobham radiation-hardened UT65CML8X8FD 3.125 Gbps Crosspoint Switch (XPS).
DOWN THE DEVIL’S THROAT: A RARE INTRACARDIAC MASS

Intracardiac masses are diagnostically challenging with differential including tumor, thrombus and vegetation. Malignancies involving the heart are predominantly metastatic arising from lung, breast, kidney and melanoma. We report a case of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the pharynx metastasizing
A Brief Report on the Association between Dissociation During Sex and Condom Use Self-Efficacy Among Women Residing in Domestic Violence Shelters.

Objective: Female survivors of intimate partner violence have greater risk for contracting HIV/STI’s and experiencing dissociation. However, no studies have examined the association between dissoci...
Global prediction of unreported SARS-CoV2 infection from observed COVID-19 cases

Estimation of infectiousness and fatality of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the COVID-19 global pandemic is complicated by ascertainment bias resulting from incomplete and non-representative samples of infected individuals. We developed a strategy for overcoming this bias to obtain more plausible estimates of the true values of key epidemiological variables. We fit mechanistic Bayesian latent-variable SIR models to confirmed COVID-19 cases, deaths, and recoveries, for all regions (countries and US states) independently. Bayesian averaging over models, we find that the raw infection incidence rate underestimates the true rate by a factor, the case ascertainment ratio CARt that depends upon region and time. At the regional onset of COVID-19, the predicted global median was 13 infections unreported for each case confirmed (CARt = 0.07 C.I. (0.02, 0.4)). As the infection spread, the median CARt rose to 9 unreported cases for every one diagnosed as of April 15, 2020 (CARt = 0.1 C.I. (0.02, 0.5)). We also estimate that the median global initial reproduction number R0 is 3.3 (C.I (1.5, 8.3)) and the total infection fatality rate near the onset is 0.17% (C.I. (0.05%, 0.9%)). However the time-dependent reproduction number Rt and infection fatality rate as of April 15 were 1.2 (C.I. (0.6, 2.5)) and 0.8% (C.I. (0.2%,4%)), respectively. We find that there is great variability between country- and state-level values. Our estimates are consistent with recent serological estimates of cumulative infections for the state of New York, but inconsistent with claims that very large fractions of the population have already been infected in most other regions. For most regions, our estimates imply a great deal of uncertainty about the current state and trajectory of the epidemic.
Bioethics: A “New” Prudence for an Emergent Paradigm?

Bioethics, as an emergent model of an interdependent ethic, has paid increasing attention to casuistry, or case-based reasoning, to resolve its value-laden issues. A case study supports attention t...
The infinitary n-cube shuffle

Abstract In this paper, we formalize the sense in which higher homotopy groups are “infinitely commutative.” In particular, we both simplify and extend the highly technical procedure, due to Eda and Kawamura, for constructing homotopies that isotopically rearrange infinite configurations of disjoint n-cubes within the unit n-cube.
Vertically tapered waveguide spot size converters fabricated via a linewidth controlled grey tone lithography for InP-based photonic integrated circuits

We report a novel and simple fabrication process to realize vertically tapered spot size converters (SSC) on InP photonic integrated circuits. The vertical tapering was achieved via a linewidth controlled local optical dose variation, leading to a grey tone photoresist profile. The fabricated SSCs are compact, polarization insensitive and demonstrate a very high mode conversion efficiency of 95%. Integrated SSCs improved the overall loss by 5 dB giving a coupling loss as low as 1.3 dB/facet, for a lensed fibre with a mode field diameter of 3.0 µm. A good agreement was found between the fibre-to-fibre optical loss measurements and those predicted from simulations.
Intrinsic photopeak efficiency measurement and simulation for pixelated CdZnTe detector

Abstract Intrinsic photopeak efficiency of pixelated CdZnTe detectors is an important property for quantitative measurements and analysis, especially for detection and characterization of special nuclear material (SNM). The intrinsic photopeak efficiency of a single 20 mm × 20 mm × 15 mm CdZnTe detector from 59 keV to 2614 keV are measured in experiment. However, compared to the simulated ideal intrinsic photopeak efficiency, the measured efficiency showed deficit. A detailed simulation model including gamma-ray interaction physics, readout electronic as well as signal reconstruction process is built to explain this observed efficiency deficit. The simulated efficiencies of the new model match with experimental results well after taking these factors into account. Efficiency loss due to the guard ring and anode side inaccurate reconstruction are the most important factors. Other miscellaneous efficiency loss mechanisms are discussed too.
Association between neighborhood disadvantage and fulfillment of desired postpartum sterilization.

Adequacy of prenatal care is associated with fulfillment of postpartum sterilization requests, though it is unclear whether this relationship is indicative of broader social and structural determinants of health or reflects the mandatory Medicaid waiting period required before sterilization can occur. We evaluated the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage (operationalized by the Area Deprivation Index; ADI) and the likelihood of undergoing postpartum sterilization. Secondary analysis of a single-center retrospective cohort study examining 8654 postpartum patients from 2012 to 2014, of whom 1332 (15.4%) desired postpartum sterilization (as abstracted from the medical record at time of delivery hospitalization discharge) and for whom ADI could be calculated via geocoding their home address. We determined the association between ADI and sterilization completion, postpartum visit attendance, and subsequent pregnancy within 365 days of delivery via logistic regression and time to sterilization via Cox proportional hazards regression. Of the 1332 patients included in the analysis, patients living in more disadvantaged neighborhoods were more likely to be younger, more parous, delivered vaginally, Black, unmarried, not college educated, and insured via Medicaid. Compared to patients living in less disadvantaged areas, patients living in more disadvantaged areas were less likely to obtain sterilization (44.8% vs. 53.5%, OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.75–0.93), experienced greater delays in the time to sterilization (HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.06–1.44), were less likely to attend postpartum care (58.9% vs 68.9%, OR 0.86, CI 0.79–0.93), and were more likely to have a subsequent pregnancy within a year of delivery (15.1% vs 10.4%, OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.10–1.94). In insurance-stratified analysis, for patients with Medicaid, but not private insurance, as neighborhood disadvantage increased, the rate of postpartum sterilization decreased. The rate of subsequent pregnancy was positively associated with neighborhood disadvantage for both Medicaid as well as privately insured patients. Living in an area with increased neighborhood disadvantage is associated with worse outcomes in terms of desired postpartum sterilization, especially for patients with Medicaid insurance. While revising the Medicaid sterilization policy is important, addressing social determinants of health may also play a powerful role in reducing inequities in fulfillment of postpartum sterilization.
Reduced effect of ischemic preconditioning against endothelial ischemia-reperfusion injury with cardiovascular risk factors in humans.

The extent that clustered CVD risk factors interfere with ischemic preconditioning (IPC) to protect against microvascular endothelial dysfunction with ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in humans is unclear. We hypothesized that adults with a clustered burden of ≥3 CVD risk factors would demonstrate a reduced capacity of IPC to protect endothelial function with I/R injury. Twenty-two (age: 45 ± 14 year) adults [12 healthy controls; 10 raised risk (10-year FRS risk score ~3%)] were studied using a 2 × 2 randomized cross-over design. Pulse arterial tonometry was used to assess microvascular endothelium-dependent vasodilation during reactive hyperemia in response to endothelial I/R injury (20 min brachial artery occlusion/45 min reperfusion) that was preceded by remote IPC (3 × 5 min ischemia/reperfusion) or mock IPC. In both groups, microvascular reactive hyperemia was reduced ~20% (both P < 0.01) after endothelial I/R injury without remote IPC. However, in control subjects remote IPC prevented endothelial I/R injury (from baseline reactive hyperemic ratio: 2.1 ± 0.4 AU to post I/R injury: 2.5 ± 0.5 AU; P = 0.09). In contrast, the reactive hyperemia ratio in raised risk subjects was significantly reduced from 2.2 ± 0.6 AU to 1.9 ± 0.5 AU (P = 0.0087) despite attempts to induce protection by remote IPC, with the magnitude of reduction similar to their mock IPC trial. The magnitude of remote IPC-mediated endothelial protection against I/R injury was inversely related to the number of risk factors. CVD risk factors diminish the effect of IPC to protect the microvasculature from I/R injury in humans. Translating IPC to clinical practice for vasculoprotection will continue to be challenging in patients with increased CVD risk.
Archives, Adoption Records, and Owning Historical Memory

The introduction of the 1917 Children’s Code of Minnesota provided the nation-wide model for other states to legally close adoption records to the public. In the name of what was considered to be the “best interests” of the child, these laws treated adopted children as objects to be acted upon by national and international authorities. This chapter interweaves personal narrative, close reading, interviews with adoptees and institution officials, and scholarly historiography to analyze the practice, politics, and impact surrounding Korean adoptees’ pursuit of the right to access their own records. Written from Condit-Shrestha’s positionality as an historian and adopted Korean American, this contribution highlights disparities that have existed amongst agency affiliates, original family members, and scholars and researchers. Ultimately, this chapter is a study on the ethics of intimacy; it illuminates adoptees’ efforts to access their records as crucial acts of decolonizing the archive, reclaiming agency over their own stories, and pushing the U.S. and South Korea toward more ethical adoption practice.
Field-scale evaluation of parameters affecting planter vibration in single seed planting

Abstract Improving spatial plant uniformity is an important research focus. Planter vibration largely interferes with the seed metering process and thereby affects the planting quality. In this study, a single-seed planter was equipped with a vibration meter to measure the vibration of planter under both conventional and reduced tillage conditions. The experimental stand was established in a complete factorial design with three repetitions; with three different planter speeds and three different furrow opener sizes. The test results showed that the planter vibration linearly increased in parallel to planting speeds and linearly decreased in parallel to furrow opener sizes. The R2 value of each appropriating equation except reduced tillage (RT) at Field_1 and conventional tillage (CT) at Field_2, was greater than 0.90. Planter vibration was lower in planting at RT. The best spatial plant distribution was obtained with a 180 mm furrow opener size and 3.96 km h−1 planting speed. As a result, vibration increased the spatial variability of planting.
Using Accreditation to Transform Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Efforts into Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Systems.

The Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) accreditation process is an important component of professional regulation and is used by medical schools to strengthen their medical education programs. Accreditation-related consultations with schools often include a review of relevant documents, stakeholder interviews, and mock site visits. A review by the author of this commentary of these consultations at 17 schools showed variability in how information regarding diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) was incorporated and discussed in accreditation-related materials and interviews. At all schools, DEI information emerged in materials related to the accreditation standards that specifically inquire into DEI. However, at some schools, DEI emerged more broadly across a variety of standards. These differences suggest that considering the totality of the LCME standards and elements may be a useful tool for enabling schools to analyze and describe their DEI efforts, consider additional ways to engage in continuous quality improvement related to DEI, and achieve institutional DEI goals. In addition, a small number of the reviewed schools appeared to have had particular success in meeting institutional DEI goals. An appreciative inquiry-informed review suggested that these exemplar schools had both area-specific and cross-functional systems focused on achieving DEI goals. In addition, senior leadership demonstrated a commitment to DEI, DEI champions were empowered, and leaders displayed legislative-style and systems leadership skills. Schools that nurture these characteristics may be better positioned to advance DEI. Scholarly evaluation of these observations is necessary.
Biomass of Birds and Mammals in the Ross Sea

The distribution and biomass of birds and mammals were determined for the Ross Sea, Antarctica. A total of 548 30-min strip (4–10 km long) censuses were made during 5 cruises south of 65°S between 15 December and 18 January in 1976–1980. Within the boundaries of the Ross Sea, the biomass of birds, seals and whales was estimated to be 0.044–0.070, 0.068-0.089 and 0.182–0.394 g m−2, respectively. The difference between bird and seal biomass was not statistically significant. The bird community was dominated in abundance (no. individuals) by Antarctic Petrels, Thalassoica antarctica, and in biomass by penguins. The mammal community was dominted in abundance by Crabeater Seals, Lobo-don carcinophagus, and in biomass by Crabeater Seals and Minke Whales, Balaenoptera acutorostrata. Birds and mammals were concentrated in the same areas, in conjunction with oceanographic fronts, while large areas were devoid of these upper-trophic-level predators. Characteristics of pack-ice also affected the animals’ distributions, especially those of mammals.
Family dysfunction and the disruptive behavior disorders. A review of recent empirical findings

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (3d ed. rev.) (DSM-III-R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) delineates three syndromes within the broad category of Disruptive Behavior Disorders (DBDs). First, Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a syndrome characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention, impulsivity, and motor activity. The final two categories of DBDs distinguish between two types of childhood conduct problems, with the distinction based primarily on the seriousness of the acts involved. Conduct Disorder (CD) is defined as a persistent pattern of severe conduct problems and antisocial behavior in which the basic rights of others and major age-appropriate societal norms are violated. In contrast, Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) refers to a pattern of negativistic, hostile, noncompliant, and defiant behavior, without the more serious violations of the basic rights of others found in CD.
Software-based Decoy System for Insider Threats

Decoy technology and the use of deception are useful in securing critical computing systems by confounding and confusing adversaries with fake information. Deception leverages uncertainty forcing adversaries to expend considerable effort to differentiate realistic useful information from purposely planted false information. In this paper, we propose software-based decoy system that aims to deceive insiders, to detect the exfiltration of proprietary source code. The proposed system generates believable Java source code that appear to an adversary to be entirely valuable proprietary software. Bogus software is generated iteratively using code obfuscation techniques to transform original software using various transformation methods. Beacons are also injected into bogus software to detect the exfiltration and to make an alert if the decoy software is touched, compiled or executed. Based on similarity measurement, the experimental results demonstrate that the generated bogus software is different from the original software while maintaining similar complexity to confuse an adversary as to which is real and which is not.
Uridine phosphorylase knockout mice confirm the critical role of this enzyme in fluoropyrimidine activation and reveal its function in mediating host toxicity

2971 Uridine phosphorylase is widely induced in various human and rodent tumors, compared to matched normal tissues. A majority of studies have indicated that the activity of uridine phosphorylase may correlate with the activation of 5-fluorouracil and 5’-deoxy-5-fluorouridine and ultimately with their antiproliferative activity. In this study, we have generated uridine phosphorylase knockout mice to evaluate the role of uridine phosphorylase in fluoropyrimidine activity in vivo. Our results show that the abrogation of uridine phosphorylase activity led to a 2.5- and 2-fold increase in the maximum tolerated doses of 5-fluorouracil and 5’-deoxy-5-fluorouridine, respectively. The maximum tolerated doses of capecitabine, an oral prodrug of 5-fluorouracil, also increased from 1000 mg/kg in wild-type mice to 1375 mg/kg in uridine phosphorylase knockout mice. Pathological examinations of the gastrointestinal tracts and the hematological analysis of animals exposed to capecitabine revealed a significant reduction of gastrointestinal lesion and bone marrow toxicity following exposure to the fluoropyrimidine in uridine phosphorylase knockouts. This data indicates the critical roles for uridine phosphorylase in the activation of fluoropyrimidines and in mediating host toxicities. To understand the role of uridine phosphorylase in the antitumor activity and tumor selectivity of fluoropyrimidines, we further evaluated the response of colon 38 tumor (expressing wild type uridine phosphorylase), transplanted in uridine phosphorylase null mice, to fluoropyrimidines. The preliminary data indicates that the abrogation of uridine phosphorylase activity in the host tissues does not prevent the antiproliferative activity of 5-fluorouracil in tumors and contributes to an increased therapeutic index. A more detailed evaluation of the antineoplastic activity of several fluoropyrimidines in the uridine phosphorylase knockout model is in progress to determine the tumor selectivity of this new potential therapeutic approach. * This work was supported in part by a grant from the National Cancer Institute CA67035 (GP), the Charlotte Geyer Foundation (GP), and the United Army Medical Research Breast Cancer Research Program (DLC).
Inhibition of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Potentiates Thrombin-Induced Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression by Accelerating and Stabilizing NF-κB Activation in Endothelial Cells

We addressed the regulatory function of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the mechanism of thrombin-induced ICAM-1 gene expression in endothelial cells. Pretreatment of HUVECs with rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR, augmented thrombin-induced ICAM-1 expression. Inhibition of mTOR by this approach promoted whereas over-expression of mTOR inhibited thrombin-induced transcriptional activity of NF-κB, an essential regulator of ICAM-1 transcription. Analysis of the NF-κB signaling pathway revealed that inhibition of mTOR potentiated IκB kinase activation resulting in a rapid and persistent phosphorylation of IκBα on Ser32 and Ser36, a requirement for IκBα degradation. Consistent with these data, we observed a more efficient and stable nuclear localization of RelA/p65 and, subsequently, the DNA binding activity of NF-κB by thrombin following mTOR inhibition. These data define a novel role of mTOR in down-regulating thrombin-induced ICAM-1 expression in endothelial cells by controlling a delayed and transient activation of NF-κB.
Score Function Features for Discriminative Learning: Matrix and Tensor Framework

Author(s): Janzamin, Majid; Sedghi, Hanie; Anandkumar, Anima | Abstract: Feature learning forms the cornerstone for tackling challenging learning problems in domains such as speech, computer vision and natural language processing. In this paper, we consider a novel class of matrix and tensor-valued features, which can be pre-trained using unlabeled samples. We present efficient algorithms for extracting discriminative information, given these pre-trained features and labeled samples for any related task. Our class of features are based on higher-order score functions, which capture local variations in the probability density function of the input. We establish a theoretical framework to characterize the nature of discriminative information that can be extracted from score-function features, when used in conjunction with labeled samples. We employ efficient spectral decomposition algorithms (on matrices and tensors) for extracting discriminative components. The advantage of employing tensor-valued features is that we can extract richer discriminative information in the form of an overcomplete representations. Thus, we present a novel framework for employing generative models of the input for discriminative learning.
Quantification in Straits Salish

Whatever we say with the help of names can be said in a language which shuns names altogether. To be assumed as an entity is, purely and simply, to be reckoned as the value of a variable. In terms of the categories of traditional grammar, this amounts roughly to saying that to be is to be in the range of reference of a pronoun. Pronouns are the basic media of reference; nouns might better have been named propronouns. The variables of quantification, ‘something’, ‘nothing’, ‘everything’, range over our whole ontology, whatever it may be; and we are convicted of a particular ontological presupposition if, and only if, the alleged propositum has to be reckoned among the entities over which our variables range in order to render one of our affirmations true. (Quine, 1953)
ISEE 3 magnetic field observations in the magnetotail Implications for reconnection

Early results are presented from an analysis of magnetometer measurements made during the first two tail passes of ISEE-3. ISEE-3 explored the magnetotail to a distance of 220 earth radii during its first two tail orbits. The field strength in the lobes and the Bz component in the plasma sheet decreased systematically with distance. The frequency of occurrence of negative Bz increased with distance. The observations suggest the existence of an x-type neutral line located on average near 200 earth radii. In addition to the systematic variations with distance, three types of transient events were recorded. The first (encountered on more than 30 occasions) is a discrete magnetic structure which Hones has identified as tailward moving plasmoids produced by reconnection within the tail. The second type of event seems to be a peripheral encounter with the plasmoids making up the first type. The third type, unlike the y-aligned plasmoids, have x-aligned axes; they have the characteristics of magnetic flux ropes lying parallel to the tail.
Restatement of In-Process Research and Development Write-Offs: The Impact of Sec Scrutiny

In 1998, SEC Chairman Arthur Levitt voiced his concerns about earnings management, including understatements of earnings. SEC Chief Accountant Lynn Turner communicated his opposition to "excessive" write-offs of In-Process Research and Development costs (IPRD) in September 1998. We document how the SEC-using channels other than formal standard setting and enforcement actions-affected registrants' reporting of IPRD transactions. We investigate factors associated with large IPRD write-offs in the software and computer services industry, and test whether firms managed their earnings with IPRD, as alleged by the SEC. In addition, we examine factors associated with the resulting IPRD restatements, and assess their valuation impact. IPRD write-offs-as a percentage of assets acquired-shrink by more than half in the period following the SEC's guidance. We observe companies that initially expense large amounts of IPRD faced high investor expectations, and the stock price impact of write-off restatements is reliably negative. The results demonstrate the potent impact the SEC's opinions on proper accounting practice have on companies' financial reporting, even when the agency is not officially setting new standards.
CUBAN CABILDOS, CULTURAL POLITICS, AND CULTIVATING A TRANSNATIONAL YORUBA CITIZENRY

This article aims to increase the visibility of Afro-Cuban cabildos as political mobilizations. Black cultural and religious expressions are often depoliticized through demoting and relegating them to a realm of “folklore,” and thereby isolating them in those sections of national mythology that deal solely with performance culture. Yet, this crafting of religious models and social customs that affect personal and collective identities as well as cultural and political systems deserves to be highlighted within a larger theoretical framework of cultural politics, and thereby show their relevance for citizenship and belonging. After delineating some of the historical conditions of cabildos as agents of religious and political formation, I focus specifically on the overlapping roles that practitioners hold and the mobilizing force of music and dance that cultivate subjects capable of socio-political transformations. I further explore the manifestations of this socioeconomic spiritual terrain through the case of the Cabildo of Santa Teresa, which is one of three cabildos in Cuba that has existed since the 1800s. Its primary family, Villamil, maintains fame and reputation that are internationally renowned in terms of religious practitioners, musicians, dancers, and cultural ambassadors.
BAREing it all: the adoption of LXR and FXR and their roles in lipid homeostasis.

During the last three years there have been a plethora of publications on the liver X-activated receptors (LXRα, NR1H3, and LXRβ, NR1H2), the farnesoid X-activated receptor (FXR, NR1H4), and the pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) and the role these nuclear receptors play in controlling cholesterol, bile acid, lipoprotein and drug metabolism. The current interest in these nuclear receptors is high, in part, because they appear to be promising therapeutic targets for new drugs that have the potential to control lipid homeostasis. In this review we emphasize i) the role of LXR in controlling many aspects of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism, ii) the expanded role of FXR in regulating genes that control not only bile acid metabolism but also lipoprotein metabolism, and iii) the regulation of bile acid transport/metabolism in response to bile acid-activated PXR. — Edwards, P. A., H. R. Kast, and A. M. Anisfeld. BAREing it all: the adoption of LXR and FXR and their roles in lipid homeostasis. J. Lipid Res. 2002. 43: 2–12.
The Measurement of Condom Use in Four Countries in East and Southern Africa

Measurement of condom use is important to assess progress in increasing use. Since 2003, the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and AIDS Indicator Surveys (AIS) have included new measures of self-reported condom use. We use data from Namibia, Swaziland, Tanzania, and Zambia to compare measures of condom use accounting for type of sexual partner. Condom use at last sex ranged from 20% in Tanzania to 57% in Namibia for men, and from 12% in Tanzania to 41% in Namibia for women. Reported condom use was lower in response to questions about condom use every time with last partner (from 13 to 47% for men and from 8 to 33% for women). Condom use was highest among people with two or more partners in the last year and lowest with marital partners. Overall, the prevalence of condom use was low, and there was wide variability across the various measures, countries, sexes, and types of partner. Promotion of condom use in all partnerships, but especially in non-marital relationships and among individuals with multiple partners, remains a critical strategy. New condom use questions in the DHS and AIS expand options for measuring and studying condom use.
Identification of native and non-native structure in kinetic folding intermediates of apomyoglobin

Site-directed mutagenesis has been used to probe the interactions that stabilize the equilibrium and burst phase kinetic intermediates formed by apomyoglobin. Nine bulky hydrophobic residues in the A, E, G and H helices were replaced by alanine, and the effects on protein stability and kinetic folding pathways were determined. Hydrogen exchange pulse-labeling experiments, with NMR detection, were performed for all mutants. All of the alanine substitutions resulted in changes in proton occupancy or an increased rate of hydrogen-deuterium exchange for amides in the immediate vicinity of the mutation. In addition, most mutations affected residues in distant parts of the amino acid sequence, providing insights into the topology of the burst phase intermediate and the interactions that stabilize its structure. Differences between the pH 4 equilibrium molten globule and the kinetic intermediate are evident: the E helix region plays no discernible role in the equilibrium intermediate, but contributes significantly to stabilization of the ensemble of compact intermediates formed during kinetic refolding. Mutations that interfere with docking of the E helix onto the preformed A/B/G/H helix core substantially decrease the folding rate, indicating that docking and folding of the E helix region occurs prior to formation of the apomyoglobin folding transition state. The results of the mutagenesis experiments are consistent with rapid formation of an ensemble of compact burst phase intermediates with an overall native-like topological arrangement of the A, B, E, G, and H helices. However, the experiments also point to disorder in docking of the E helix and to non-native contacts in the kinetic intermediate. In particular, there is evidence for translocation of the H helix by approximately one helical turn towards its N terminus to maximize hydrophobic interactions with helix G. Thus, the burst phase intermediate observed during kinetic refolding of apomyoglobin consists of an ensemble of compact, kinetically trapped states in which the helix docking appears to be topologically correct, but in which there are local non-native interactions that must be resolved before the protein can fold to the native structure.
Genetic analysis of the origin of plants regenerated from anther tissues of Lycopersicon esculentum mill

Abstract Anther cultures of a male-sterile tomato mutant (ms 10 35 ) which produce callus and regenerate plants were investigated as a potential source of haploids. To facilitate this study, male-sterile plants were constructed which were heterozygous for morphological and enzymic markers. None of the regenerated plants were hemizygous for the genetic markers, which together with chromosome counts, demonstrated that the regenerates analyzed originated entirely from maternal diploid cells. The isozyme technique is discussed as a means of facilitating the detection of plantlets derived from haploid tissue.
Picosecond resolution study of intramolecular energy transfer in lumazine protein

Lumazine protein is a 21200 Da protein containing a single tryptophan residue and a non-covalently bound, highly fluorescent ligand, 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine. Visser et al. have reported that excitation into the region of the absorption of the tryptophan residue, around 300 nm, produces a distinct rise in fluorescence emission at 475 nm from the lumazine ligand. They analyzed a rise rate of around 1 ns and attributed this to energy transfer between the tryptophan donor and the lumazine as acceptor. This present report re-investigates this phenomenon using a ten times higher resolution (FWHM = 23 ps) . The fluorescence rise is found to be more complex and can only approximately be fitted by a sum of two exponential processes, with rise times of 0.02 and 0.6 ns. For the fluorescence of the tryptophan measured at 340 nm, no rise is detected but the decay is similarly much more complex than previously recognised with data taken at lower resolution. Global analysis of three 340 nm decay curves taken with time windows of 1.2, 4.8, and 55.6 ps/channel, results in about 5 exponential components being required for a satisfactory fit to the fluorescence decay.
Marginal Utility of Montelukast for Persistent Asthma

Background The efficacy of a new pharmacologic agent for asthma, in this instance the leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast, is determined in controlled trials in research subjects. The utility of a new drug is determined by multiple uncontrollable factors in individual patients. Objective To assess the utility of montelukast in the management of persistent asthma. Design Observational, retrospective. Setting Suburban multispecialty medical clinic. Methods From April 1998, montelukast was prescribed for 110 patients with persistent but controlled asthma, primarily for the corticosteroid-sparing effect. Outcomes after 1 year were determined from audits of medical records and responses to questionnaires. Results At least 56% of patients continued receiving montelukast for the entire year. However, compared to those patients who had discontinued montelukast therapy, those who continued receiving it had no difference in the use of inhaled or systemic corticosteroid or inhaled β 2 -agonist therapy. Conclusion Montelukast had marginal utility in the management of these adult patients with controlled persistent asthma.
Uniqueness and self similarity of size distributions in grain growth and coarsening

Abstract The late stage statistical self-similarity or scaling observed in normal grain growth and coarsening are derived from a model for their evolution using a Fokker–Planck equation obtained from stochastic considerations. Using a suitably generalized H-theorem, it is shown that there is indeed a unique state (self-similar state) evolving from an arbitrary initial state. The time dependence of the appropriate average sizes in normal grain growth, bubble growth, and coarsening are deduced from this model. Multiple self-similar states in some previous models based on mean field treatment do not appear in the present analysis.
Eeg Imaging Of Brain Activity: Methods And Potentials

Currently there are several methods for creating images that relate to either the anatomy or function of the human brain. Static pictures of anatomical structures are produced by computerized axial tomography (CAT) and the presently evolving methods of nuclear magnetic resonance (NM P). These images give excellent resolution of various degrees of structures but do not reveal any aspects of function. A variety of radioactive labeling and detection techniques are available that produce images related to brain activity.
Performance analysis of network protocol offload in a simulation environment

Increasing network traffic becomes a burden on the server CPUs, which need to process more packets and still have room for application software. In this paper, we report performance simulation and analysis for servers equipped with TCP/UDP/IP offload engines (TOEs). We compared the effects of simultaneous multithreading (SMT) and TCP/UDP/IP communications spikes on CPU utilization. Our performance analysis shows a significant reduction in CPU utilization using TOE-based network interface cards. In addition, Hyper-Threading (SMT) technology can ease the load on the CPU, especially when network traffic spikes are introduced.
Neurologic Findings in Children and Adults With Williams Syndrome

Twenty-four children with Williams syndrome underwent systematic neurologic evaluations. Abnormalities of mental status, motor coordination, tone, and gait were most prevalent. Tone abnormalities varied as a function of age, with younger children frequently exhibiting decreased tone and older subjects almost exclusively having increased tone. The gait and coordination abnormalities persisted among older subjects, indicating that they were not simply maturational problems. Physicians caring for such youngsters need to be aware that a variety of neurologic abnormalities are common in Williams syndrome and may change or progress over time. Neurologic examinations that reveal findings beyond the typical pattern that we report may raise suspicion for added neurologic insult and warrant further investigation.
Annual average indoor radon variations over two decades.

Abstract—Long-term exposure to elevated radon (222Rn) concentrations has been linked to increased lung cancer risk. Year-long measurements of contemporary radon concentrations have been the “gold standard” for epidemiologists trying to reconstruct past radon exposures and for homeowners trying to es
Defending the West: Cultural racism and Pan-Europeanism on the far-right

Using terrorist Anders Behring Breivik’s manifesto as a barometer of right and far-right political rhetoric of the last two decades, this essay argues that two core ideas of Breivik’s manifesto reveal larger shifts in post-Holocaust racist discourse: first, that in a post-Holocaust world in which explicit biological racism is becoming more rare, Breivik and other figures on the contemporary European far-right have spotlighted a common Western identity, rooted in and bolstered by medieval imagery and rhetoric, as the chief quality marking the West as historically and culturally unique; second, that the ‘clash of civilizations’ theory of Lewis and Huntington has permeated far-right anti-immigration discourse.
ELECTRONIC SERVICES AT VANDERBILT

Vanderbilt, like many libraries, has aggressively embraced electronic tools. The electronic services already in place are very effective and popular, so we are enthusiastic about extending the scope of electronic services. Why invest in more electronic services? What services should be added first?
Heterospecific intrusions, synchronous fleeing, and nest attendance in a weaverbird colony

Synchronous fleeing (i.e. ''dreads'' or ''panic flights'') is a frequently observed but rarely quantified behaviour in colonial birds. Here we analyse video recordings to assess synchronous fleeing behaviour in a Village Weaver (Ploceus cucullatus) colony. Our results indicate that intrusions by heterospecific avian species are frequent and create significant daily differences in female nest attendance. Overall, different sizes, masses and spe- cies of intruding heterospecifics appear to affect weaver nesting similarly. Our findings suggest that in colonial birds, with the advantage of ''many eyes'', a rapid response to a potential threat nevertheless comes at the apparent cost of many ''false alarms''.