cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continental Scientific Drilling to Investigate Brine Evolution and Fluid Circulation in Active Hydrothermal Systems

A major objective of studying active hydrothermal systems is to gain information that can be used to help formulate and test models of coupled hydrothermal-magma systems, and mineral genesis in shallow magmatic environments. Many researchers have discussed the evolution of aqueous fluids from crystallizing magma in relation to ore deposition, including Bowen (1933), Emmons (1933), Fenner (1933), Lindgren (1937), Neuman (1948), Burnham (1967, 1979), Fournier (1968, 1972), Holland (1972), Phillips (1973), Norton and Cathles (1973, 1979), Whitney (1975), Cunningham (1978), Henley and McNabb (1978), and Henley and Ellis (1983). Models for fluid flow in hydrothermal systems have been developed by Elder (1965), Lister (1974, 1980, 1983), Ribando and others (1976), Cathles (1977, 1980, 1983), Norton and Knapp (1977), Norton and Knigth (1977), Norton (1978), Torrance and Sheu (1978), Fehn and Cathles (1979), Norton and Taylor (1979), Hartline and Lister (1981), Knapp and Norton (1981), Hardee (1982), and Sleep (1983).
The implication of renewables, BES, and EV's in a sustainable power system

A few decades ago, the thought of using solar panels to save money on the power bill was inexistent. However, as advancements in renewable energy technology continue, adding renewables to one's home or business is becoming more and more beneficial. The prices of renewables such as solar panels and wind turbines has decreased drastically over the past couple decades. This is shifting their use from being not only beneficial to the environment, but to the wallet as well. This research is focused primarily on the monetary perquisites resulting from the use of renewables. That is, how much is the installation cost, how long is the payback period, and how much of a profit may result.
“My Eyes Were Opened to the Lack of Diversity in Our Best Schools”: Re-Conceptualizing Competitive School Choice Policy as a Racial Formation

This article documents minority youth sense-making around the concept of diversity and the founding of a youth activist group that seeks spaces for policy thinking and protesting against racial inequalities in selective enrollment schools. Utilizing the sociological theory of racial formation and the concept of racial projects (Omi and Winant in Racial formation in the United States, 3rd edn, Routledge, New York, 2014), this article draws on data from a critical ethnography. The author argues that youth activists offer a critical perspective for researchers and policy-makers in the face of neoliberal school choice policy. Findings reveal that youth activists understand a lack of diversity as racial imbalance in high status schools, and that they expose structural inequalities that are embedded in policy structures and processes such as selective enrollment high schools. Implications are discussed to show how re-conceptualizing policy as a racial formation can bring structural and institutional racist practices into view in hopes of transforming district policies to offer access to high quality schools for all students.
Coping and Sexual Harassment: How Victims Cope across Multiple Settings.

The ways sexual harassment occurs both online and in face-to-face settings has become more complicated. Sexual harassment that occurs in cyberspace or online sexual harassment adds complexity to the experiences of victims, current research understandings, and the legal dimensions of this phenomenon. Social networking sites (SNS) are a type of social media that offer unique opportunities to users and sometimes the communication that occurs on SNS can cross the line from flirtation into online sexual harassment. Victims of sexual harassment employ communicative strategies such as coping to make sense of their experiences of sexual harassment. The current study qualitatively examined problem-focused, active emotion-focused, and passive emotion-focused coping strategies employed by sexual harassment victims across multiple settings. We conducted 26 in-depth interviews with victims that had experienced sexual harassment across multiple settings (e.g., face-to-face and SNS). The findings present 16 types of coping strategies—five problem-focused, five active emotion-focused, and six passive emotion-focused. The victims used an average of three types of coping strategies during their experiences. Theoretical implications extend research on passive emotion-focused coping strategies by discussing powerlessness and how victims blame other victims. Furthermore, theoretically the findings reveal that coping is a complex, cyclical process and that victims shift among types of coping strategies over the course of their experience. Practical implications are offered for victims and for SNS sites.
Effect of cheese and fill procedures on the manufacturability and yield of RF integrated circuits

With the emerging trends in RF design domain, semiconductor process technology has also evolved to meet the stringent design requirements. Owing to better electromigration resistance, low resistance and dielectric constant, scalability, ability to handle higher current densities and efficient power consumption, copper interconnects have emerged as the widely accepted metallization option to aid silicon performance improvements. At the same time, due to thickness variations and continuous shrinkage of interconnect feature sizes, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) processes have become challenging. This paper covers the intricacies of the CMP processes and methodologies to overcome the process difficulties encountered with copper interconnects. The need for damascene and dual damascene processes have been emphasized. Cheese and fill procedures are of prime importance to aid better manufacturability and higher yield. This paper talks about the cheese and fill procedures adopted by foundries and the extent of care taken so that the expected circuit performance doesn't get affected in any way. The importance of copper interconnects and the key contribution of the cheese and fill procedures in the successful implementation of silicon realization for RF product designs have been discussed.
Management of acute and chronic vascular injuries to the arm and forearm. Indications and technique.

SUMMARY Acute arterial injuries of the upper extremity account for half of civilian arterial injuries in the United States. The great majority of these injuries are due to penetrating trauma, with stab wounds and gunshot wounds being the most common cause. The history of the injury and a careful physical examination will identify most injuries. Arteriography should be performed when a vascular injury is suspected but not confirmed by physical examination. Reconstruction of critical vascular lesions is essential for restoration of flow distally. Noncritical lesions may be repaired in most cases, with long-term patency rates averaging 50% to 68%. Although amputation is uncommon after upper-extremity vascular injury, long-term disability can be significant in those patients with concomitant nerve injury. Chronic upper-extremity ischemia may be secondary to atherosclerotic occlusive disease, aneurysms, or arteriovenous fistulas. Angiography will delineate the diseased or occluded arterial segment, allowing bypass to be successful in more than 90% of cases. With careful attention to proper diagnosis and treatment, good to excellent long-term relief of symptoms can be obtained.
Perioperative venous thromboembolism in urologic oncology procedures, risk factors, and prevention.

Purpose of review Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common complication during the perioperative period for major urologic oncology operations. The present review focuses on the risk factors, the mechanisms of hypercoagulability in this patient population, and the timing and prevention of VTE. Recent findings Although the vast majority of patients undergoing major urologic oncology operations do not develop VTEs, when they do develop they can be fatal. The risk factors for VTEs are important to identify in this patient population. The timing of VTE events are also essential to understanding their prevention. Prevention focused around the perioperative period is the best way to reduce fatal complications secondary to a VTE event. Summary VTEs are common and can potentially be fatal. Prevention in high-risk patients during the most vulnerable perioperative time period should be the focus of clinical efforts to reduce VTE complications and the associated morbidity and mortality.
Singing the Story: Narrative Voice and the Old English Scop

The picture of Anglo-Saxon society that we receive through its literature is a direct result of the life of the Old English scop. His personality and experiences filter into the stories that he tells and provide nuanced interpretations of both histories and legends, while his position within Anglo-Saxon society allows him direct access to the great events and persons of his time. As an active participant in his society, at the feet or even at the right hand of a king, he wields profound influence; as an observer and commentator on his society, he records and interprets both reality and fiction. Comprehension of narrative voice in Old English poetry depends on understanding the function, development, and complex social position of the scop who authors and disseminates this literature. This focused examination of three poems, Widsið, Deor, and Beowulf, provides a functional description of the professional life of the Old English scop. Þaet ic bi me sylfum // secgan wille, þaet ic hwile waes // Heodenigna scop, dryhtne dyre. // Me waes Deor noma. Ahte ic fela wintra // folgað tilne, holdne hlaford, // oþþaet Heorrenda nu, leoðcraeftig monn // londryht geþah, þaet me eorla hleo // aer gesealde. Þaes ofereode, // þisses swa maeg. Deor 35-42 [This I will say of myself, that I used to be scop to the Heodenings and dear to my lord. I was called Deor. For many winters I was in good service, loyal to my master. Now another, Heorrenda, a man skilled in poetry, received the landright that the protector of warriors formerly gave to me. That passed away, so may this.]
Vasopressin and Ethanol Tolerance: Postulated Mechanism for Neuroadaptation

The neuropeptide arginine vasopressin (AVP) is one of the mammalian antidiuretic hormones. It is synthesized as a high-molecular weight precursor molecule in cell bodies of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, and carried by axonal transport to terminals in the neurohypophysis, where it is stored (41). The usual physiological stimulus for vasopressin release is an increase in plasma osmolality, sensed by cells in the hypothalamus. The peptide released in response to this stimulus acts on the kidney to promote water retention, thus completing a feedback loop serving to regulate plasma osmolality. Under conditions of severe hemorrhage or other reduction of plasma volume, large amounts of vasopressin can be released into the circulation, and vasopressin can also act on vascular smooth muscle to produce a pressor effect. These pathways for vasopressin synthesis and release define the classical model of a neurosecretory system. However, over the past several years evidence has accumulated for the existence of vasopressin-containing neurons that extend into various areas of the brain (2,5,7,8,44).
Transmural Steal with Isoproterenol and Exercise in Poststenotic Myocardium

Transmural coronary steal describes the phenomenon that can occur when coronary narrowing is severe enough to eliminate or nearly eliminate vasodilator reserve in the subendocardial layers. Because blood flow in a maximally vasodilated vascular bed is linearly dependent on perfusion pressure, additional reductions in perfusion pressure will decrease subendocardial blood flow. The subepicardial layers, operating on a different autoregulatory pressure-flow curve, may have vasodilator reserve available and display normal or even elevated blood flow when the subendocardium has reduced perfusion. Therefore, it appears as if subendocardial blood flow has been “stolen” by the subepicardial layers. Blood flow is not actually stolen but redistributed distal to a flow-limiting stenosis and the redistribution tends to favor the subepicardium because it can autoregulate to a lower pressure than the subendocardium.
The Emergence of 5-HT2B Receptors as Targets to Avoid in Designing and Refining Pharmaceuticals

The long-term use of certain drugs, such as fenfluramine, dihydroergotamine, and pergolide, has been associated with an increased risk for valvular heart disease (VHD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH). Recent investigations have implicated the 5-hydroxytryptamine2B (5-HT2B) receptor in the pathogenesis of VHD and PH. Specifically, the activation of 5-HT2B receptors by VHD- and PH-associated drugs leads to proliferative lesions in the valves of the heart and the pulmonary arterial wall, respectively. For heart valve interstitial cells in vitro, mitotic responses to fenfluramine and its metabolite norfenfluramine have been demonstrated and shown to be mediated almost exclusively by 5-HT2B receptor activation. Furthermore, the activity at recombinant 5-HT2B receptors appears sufficient to predict the ability of a drug to induce mitosis in heart valve interstitial cells in vitro and, likely, VHD-inducing potential in humans.
Automatic registration of MRI-based joint models to high-speed biplanar radiographs for precise quantification of in vivo anterior cruciate ligament deformation during gait

Understanding in vivo joint mechanics during dynamic activity is crucial for revealing mechanisms of injury and disease development. To this end, laboratories have utilized computed tomography (CT) to create 3-dimensional (3D) models of bone, which are then registered to high-speed biplanar radiographic data captured during movement in order to measure in vivo joint kinematics. In the present study, we describe a system for measuring dynamic joint mechanics using 3D surface models of the joint created from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) registered to high-speed biplanar radiographs using a novel automatic registration algorithm. The use of MRI allows for modeling of both bony and soft tissue structures. Specifically, the attachment site footprints of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) on the femur and tibia can be modeled, allowing for measurement of dynamic ACL deformation. In the present study, we demonstrate the precision of this system by tracking the motion of a cadaveric porcine knee joint. We then utilize this system to quantify in vivo ACL deformation during gait in four healthy volunteers.
Essential Engineering Thermodynamics: A Student's Guide

Engineering Thermodynamics is a core course for students majoring in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. Before taking this course, students usually have learned \textit{Engineering Mechanics}—Statics and Dynamics, and they are used to solving problems with calculus and differential equations. Unfortunately, these approaches do not apply for Thermodynamics. Instead, they have to rely on many data tables and graphs to solve problems. In addition, many concepts are hard to understand, such as entropy. Therefore, most students feel very frustrated while taking this course. The key concept in Engineering Thermodynamics is state-properties: If one knows two properties, the state can be determined, as well as the other four properties. Unlike most textbooks, the first two chapters of this book introduce thermodynamic properties and laws with the ideal gas model, where equations can be engaged. In this way, students can employ their familiar approaches, and thus can understand them much better. In order to help students understand entropy in depth, interpretation with statistical physics is introduced. Chapters 3 and 4 discuss control-mass and control-volume processes with general fluids, where the data tables are used to solve problems. Chapter 5 covers a few advanced topics, which can also help students understand the concepts in thermodynamics from a broader perspective.
Comparison of Excess Noise in InAlAs and AlGaAs Digital and Random Alloy Avalanche Photodiodes

Digital alloy In 0.52 Al 0.48 As avalanche photodiodes exhibit lower excess noise than those fabricated from random alloys. This paper compares the temperature dependence, from 203 K to 323K, of the impact ionization characteristics of In 0.52 Al 0.48 As and Al 0.74 Ga 0.26 As digital and random alloys. These results provide insight into the low excess noise exhibited by some digital alloy materials, and these materials can even obtain lower excess noise at low temperature.
Medical Course and Complications After Renal Transplantation

Kidney transplant is a major operation that significantly impacts patients’ lives. In order for success, the medical course is precise. Knowledge of a comprehensive list of possible outcomes allows the medical team to predict and prevent complications and to prepare patients’ expectations. This chapter details those preoperative factors that contribute to outcomes, the transplant course, and the postoperative complications that can occur.
A Systematic Review of Adaptive and Responsive Design Approaches for World Wide Web

World Wide Web (WWW) in today’s age is used on different devices. These devices communicate with each other thus creating a design problem of layouts and data mismatch. Consequently, there is a strong need of visualizing and envisioning web data with proper customization suiting different types of users. The purpose of this Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is to investigate the two widely used web based designs i.e. Adaptive Web Design (AWD) and Responsive Web Design (RWD). Particularly, a systematic literature review has been used to identify 58 research works, published during 2009–2017. Consequently, we identify 23 research works regarding AWD, 14 research works related to RWD and 21 research works pertaining to both AWD and RWD. Moreover, 4 significant tools and 13 leading techniques have been identified in the context of AWD and RWD implementation. Finally, significant aspects of two web development approaches (AWD and RWD) are also compared with the traditional web design. It has been concluded that the traditional web design is not sufficient to fulfill the needs of ever-growing web users all around the globe. Therefore, the combination of both AWD and RWD is essential to meet the technological advancements in WWW.
Freezing and Thawing Behavior of Internally Cured Concrete

The paper presents results from an experimental investigation on the freezing and thawing behavior of internally cured concrete. Air-entrained internally cured concrete was tested in a series of mixtures. The internally cured concrete was designed where a portion of the normal-weight fine aggregate was replaced with an equivalent volume of pre-wetted lightweight fine aggregate. The internally cured concrete was then exposed to cyclic freezing and thawing following the ASTM C666A procedure. This work was performed to determine whether properly designed, internally cured, air-entrained concrete may have an increased susceptibility to freeze–thaw damage. It is shown that when concrete is designed with a low water/cement ratio (w/c) (approximately 0.42 or lower) and a volume of internal curing water is added to match the chemical shrinkage volume, the internally cured concrete mixtures showed a very low potential for freeze–thaw damage (comparable to that of conventional concrete). The work did show that when water remains in the lightweight aggregates (because of a higher w/c that may not draw the water from the aggregate or when substantially more internal curing water is used than necessary), freeze–thaw damage may occur.
Decoding the secreted inflammatory response of primary human hepatocytes to hypoxic stress in vitro

Background: The cellular and molecular response of liver cells to hypoxic stress is not fully understood. We used computational modeling to gain insights into the inflammatory response of primary human hepatocytes (HC) to hypoxic stress in vitro. Methods: Primary HC from cancer patients were exposed to hypoxia (1% O 2 ) or normoxia (21% O 2 ) for 1–48 h, and the cell supernatants were assayed for 21 inflammatory mediators. Data were analyzed by Two-Way ANOVA, Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) inference, Dynamic Network Analysis (DyNA), and Time-interval Principal Component Analysis (TI-PCA). Results: The chemokines MCP-1/CCL2 and IP-10/CXCL10, along with the cytokines interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-15 were altered significantly over time in hypoxic vs . normoxic HC. DBN inference suggested central, coordinating roles for MCP-1 and IL-8 in regulating a largely conserved inflammatory program in both hypoxic and normoxic HC. DyNA likewise suggested similar network trajectories of decreasing complexity over time in both hypoxic and normoxic HC, though with differential connectivity of MCP-1, IP-10, IL-8, and Eotaxin. TI-PCA pointed to IL-1β as a central characteristic of inflammation in hypoxic HC across all time intervals, along with IL-15 and IL-10, vs . Eotaxin, IL-7, IL-10, IL-15, and IL-17A in normoxic HC. Conclusions: Thus, diverse human HC appear to respond in a largely conserved fashion to cell culture stress, with distinct characteristics based on the presence or absence of hypoxia.
Superresolution imaging of chromatin fibers to visualize epigenetic information on replicative DNA

During DNA replication, the genetic information of a cell is copied. Subsequently, identical genetic information is segregated reliably to the two daughter cells through cell division. Meanwhile, DNA replication is intrinsically linked to the process of chromatin duplication, which is required for regulating gene expression and establishing cell identities. Understanding how chromatin is established, maintained or changed during DNA replication represents a fundamental question in biology. Recently, we developed a method to directly visualize chromatin components at individual replication forks undergoing DNA replication. This method builds upon the existing chromatin fiber technique and combines it with cell type–specific chromatin labeling and superresolution microscopy. In this method, a short pulse of nucleoside analog labels replicative regions in the cells of interest. Chromatin fibers are subsequently isolated and attached to a glass slide, after which a laminar flow of lysis buffer extends the lysed chromatin fibers parallel with the direction of the flow. Fibers are then immunostained for different chromatin-associated proteins and mounted for visualization using superresolution microscopy. Replication foci, or ‘bubbles,’ are identified by the presence of the incorporated nucleoside analog. For researchers experienced in molecular biology and superresolution microscopy, this protocol typically takes 2–3 d from sample preparation to data acquisition, with an additional day for data processing and quantification. Chromatin fibers are isolated from replicating tissues or cells and laid on glass slides. Labeled replicating DNA and chromatin-associated proteins are imaged by supperresolution microscopy, and their distribution on sister chromatids is quantified.
Identifying DMSMS availability risk at the system level

Many enterprise systems are comprised of parts with shorter product lifetimes than the system lifetime. Managing the availability of the parts in the supply chain to ensure uninterrupted operation ...
Enrollment of Older Adults in Clinical Trials Evaluating Patients with Hematologic Malignancies - the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Experience

Abstract Background: The majority of hematologic malignancies are most frequently diagnosed in patients over 65 years of age (1). However, older adults are underrepresented in clinical trials evaluating new cancer therapies (2). This analysis quantifies age related enrollment in trials evaluating patients with hematologic malignancies submitted to FDA in support of drug approval. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed demographic datasets of patients enrolled to trials submitted to FDA in support of approval of new or supplemental indications for hematologic cancer therapies from 2005-2015. Patients enrolled in trials for hematologic malignancies were grouped into disease categories based on the diagnosis specified for trial entry and analyzed according to age distributions of Results: We identified a total of 44,144 patients enrolled in clinical trials evaluating hematologic malignancies. Forty five percent (19908) of the patients were enrolled in lymphoma trials, 24% (10465) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) trials, 22% (9605) in multiple myeloma (MM) trials, 2% (1052) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) trials and 6% were enrolled in trials classified as “other” (includes myeloproliferative neoplasms and trials enrolling multiple malignancies). Less than 1% (403) of patients were enrolled in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) trials. Greater than 50% of the patients with the exception of those enrolled in CLL and AML/MDS trials were Compared to the U.S cancer population, clinical trials for lymphomas, CLL, CML and MM enrolled a disproportionately higher percentage of patients Conclusion: Older adults 65-74 years of age were adequately represented in hematologic malignancy trials submitted to support approval of new or supplemental indications of cancer therapies. Despite a high number of incident cases diagnosed in this age group, adults ≥ 75 years of age were disproportionately underrepresented in malignant hematology clinical trials. The FDA has encouraged sponsors to design trials to enroll patients who are representative of their intended population. Additional strategies to increase clinical trial participation may be needed to enhance the quantity and quality of information needed to treat adults ≥75 years of age and provide an appropriate benefit-risk profile in the population that is likely to receive the treatment. Download : Download high-res image (265KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Work Climate in Early Care and Education and Teachers’ Stress: Indirect Associations through Emotion Regulation

Teaching is a highly stressful profession due to many stressors that teachers experience. To understand how early childhood teachers internally handle work climate-related stressors, we examined as...
Diffractive and Nondiffractive A 1 , A 3 , and A 4 Production in π + p Interactions at 15 GeV/ c

We have studied the spin-parity structure of the $3\ensuremath{\pi}$ system produced opposite a proton or ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{++}$ in ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$ interactions at 15 GeV/c. Our results suggest that the broad enhancement at 1.1 GeV, traditionally associated with the ${A}_{1}$, does not have the properties usually associated with a resonant state. We obtain similar results for the ${A}_{3}$ and ${A}_{4}$ enhancements.
A Whisker-inspired Fin Sensor for Multi-directional Airflow Sensing

This work presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of an airflow sensor inspired by the whiskers of animals. The body of the whisker was replaced with a fin structure in order to increase the air resistance. The fin was suspended by a micro-fabricated spring system at the bottom. A permanent magnet was attached beneath the spring, and the motion of fin was captured by a readily accessible and low- cost 3D magnetic sensor located below the magnet. The sensor system was modeled in terms of the dimension parameters of fin and the spring stiffness, which were optimized to improve the performance of the sensor. The system response was then characterized using a commercial wind tunnel and the results were used for sensor calibration. The sensor was integrated into a micro aerial vehicle (MAV) and demonstrated the capability of capturing the velocity of the MAV by sensing the relative airflow during flight.
Geostatistical analysis of soil properties in a secondary tropical dry forest, St. Lucia, West Indies

Spatial variability of soil properties directly influences forest growth. However, spatial variation in soil properties has not been studied within tropical dry forests. As such, it is unclear whether soil properties, like moisture and N availability, display spatial variation at scales similar to that of other ecosystems. To gain insight into this variation, we established a 56 × 56 m sampling grid in tropical dry forest on the Caribbean island of St. Lucia. Samples collected at 4-m intervals were analyzed for forest floor mass, soil texture, pH, organic C, net N mineralization, net nitrification and available P. Geostatistical procedures were used to determine spatial autocorrelation of the aforementioned properties and processes. Semivariogram parameters were used in a block kriging procedure to produce spatial maps of soil properties. At the scale of our study, most soil properties exhibited spatial autocorrelation at distances of 24 m or less. Varying degrees of similarity were found between patterns of forest floor mass, organic C, net N mineralization, net nitrification and available P. No similarity was found between soil texture or pH and other properties. Fine-scale spatial patterns of net N mineralization and net nitrification are likely driven by overstory litter inputs, rather than variation in soil texture and water availability.
An analysis-by-synthesis approach for automatic time segmentation of speech signals

This paper presents an analysis-by-synthesis speech segmentation algorithm. The approach employs a variable-frame-length LPC speech synthesizer, and the segmentation process is performed by constantly monitoring the synthesis output. The resulting segments, in general, do not correspond to elemental units of speech such as phonemes, but rather they represent a minimum number of acoustic units necessary for a high-quality reproduction of the particular utterance. On a limited speech data base, synthetic continuous speech with an average rate of 20 frames per second and with quality comparable to about 333 frames per second fixed rate LPC speech has been achieved.
Ventricular fibrillation in rats with cardiac fibrosis

Previous studies have shown that administration of angiotensin II (Ang II) causes atrial and ventricular fibrosis in rats, as is found in patients with chronic heart failure. We hypothesize that fibrosis creates a substrate that promotes the induction of ventricular fibrillation (VF). Fourteen, eight-week old, Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Eleven received a four-week treatment of Ang II (9 /spl mu/g/hr) from an implanted mini-pump. After treatment, the chest was opened, and 50 Hz stimulation at a strength of three times the pacing threshold was applied across the atria and ventricles for 2.5, 5, and 10 s. VF was more inducible in treated rats (6 of 11) than untreated rats (0 of 3, P 10 s) while the remaining VF episodes were nonsustained (> 30 ms and < 10 s) after stimulation ended. Our results suggest that cardiac fibrosis induced by Ang II treatment creates a substrate for sustained VF.
APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL CAVITIES IN MODERN ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses applications of optical cavities in modern atomic, molecular, and optical physics. For many contemporary physics experiments, the use of an optical cavity has become a powerful tool for enhancement in detection sensitivities, nonlinear interactions, and quantum dynamics. Indeed, an optical cavity allows one to extend the interaction length between matter and field, to build up the optical power, to impose a well-defined mode structure on the electromagnetic field, to enable extreme nonlinear optics, and to study manifestly quantum mechanical behavior associated with the modified vacuum structure and/or the large field associated with a single photon confined to a small volume. Experimental activities that have benefited from the use of optical cavities appear in such diverse areas as ultra-sensitive detection for classical laser spectroscopy, nonlinear optical devices, optical frequency metrology and precision measurement, and cavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity QED). One of the important themes in laser spectroscopy is to utilize an extended interaction length between matter and field inside a high finesse cavity for increased detection sensitivity. Two key ingredients are needed to achieve the highest sensitivity possible in detection of atomic and molecular absorptions: enhancement of the absorption signal and elimination of technical noise. The chapter discusses exploration of quantum dynamics associated with the enhanced interaction between atoms and cavity field; where the structure of the cavity enables a large field amplitude associated with single intracavity photons, the system dynamics can become manifestly quantum and nonlinear.
Two-person control administration: preventing administration faults through duplication

Modern computing systems are complex and difficult to administer, making them more prone to system administration faults. Faults can occur simply due to mistakes in the process of administering a complex system. These mistakes can make the system insecure or unavailable. Faults can also occur due to a malicious act of the system administrator. Systems provide little protection against system administrators who install a backdoor or otherwise hide their actions. To prevent these types of system administration faults, we created ISE-T (I See Everything Twice), a system that applies the two-person control model to system administration. ISE-T requires two separate system administrators to perform each administration task. ISE-T then compares the results of the two administrators' actions for equivalence. ISE-T only applies the results of the actions to the real system if they are equivalent. This provides a higher level of assurance that administration tasks are completed in a manner that will not introduce faults into the system. While the two-person control model is expensive, it is a natural fit for many financial, government, and military systems that require higher levels of assurance. We implemented a prototype ISE-T system for Linux using virtual machines and a unioning file system. Using this system, we conducted a real user study to test its ability to capture changes performed by seperate system administrators and compare them for equivalence. Our results show that ISE-T is effective at determining equivalence for many common administration tasks, even when administrators perform those tasks in different ways.
Improving acute pain management in emergency medicine

Undertreatment of pain (oligoanalgesia) in the emergency department is common, and it negatively impacts patient care. Both failure of appropriate pain assessment and the potential for unsafe analgesic use contribute to the problem. As a result, achieving satisfactory analgesia while minimizing side effects remains particularly challenging for emergency physicians, both in the emergency department and after a patient is discharged. Improvements in rapid pain assessment and in evaluation of noncommunicative populations may result in a better estimation of which patients require analgesia and how much pain is present. New formulations of available treatments, such as rapidly absorbed, topical, or intranasal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug formulations or intranasal opioids, may provide effective analgesia with an improved risk-benefit profile. Other pharmacological therapies have been shown to be effective for certain pain modalities, such as the use of antidepressants for musculoskeletal pain, γ-aminobutyric acid agonists for neuropathic and postsurgical pain, antipsychotics for headache, and topical capsaicin for neuropathic pain. Nonpharmacological methods of pain control include the use of electrical stimulation, relaxation therapies, psychosocial/manipulative therapies, and acupuncture. Tailoring of available treatment options to specific pain modalities, as well as improvements in pain assessment, treatment options, and formulations, may improve pain control in the emergency department setting and beyond.
The Crimsoned Hills of Onondaga: Josiah Priest's Hallucinatory Epic

Entre litterature populaire et litterature d'imagination ou ecrits pseudo-scientifiques, l'oeuvre de Josiah Priest (1788-1851) a contribue a forger une mythologie et une tradition populaire sur l'Amerique, sa prehistoire et son devenir civilisationnel. Selon Priest, la culture materielle decouverte par les Europeens dans les Ameriques, n'etait pas l'oeuvre des Amerindiens, mais des grandes civilisations mondiales antiques en interaction avec le continent, et qui furent detruites par des barbares : les Indiens. Son livre American Antiquities, and discoveries in the West, est un exemple de litterature authentiquement americaine en ce qu'il tente d'etablir une histoire culturelle a partir de sources diverses issues du folklore, des recits regionaux, et des recits de premiere main des colons. Le resultat est un recit fondamentalement non-rationnel, qui peut etre lu comme une parabole, emblematique de l'attrait litteraire et de la conscience populaire americaine du 19 eme siecle : l'imagination d'une prehistoire en parallele avec celle de l'Europe, fondant une continuite culturelle difficile a etablir ; et la conception populaire jugeant les Amerindiens incapables de civilisation.
The study of outcomes for CAPD versus hemodialysis patients.

ObjectiveTo discuss potential reasons for reported differences in the results of several recent studies comparing mortality risk among continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and hemodialy...
Generation of transverse fluid currents and forces by an electric field: Electro-osmosis on charge-modulated and undulated surfaces.

As in the usual paradigm for electro-osmosis, an electrolyte fluid confined between two parallel plates is considered, and an electric field E${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}_{\mathrm{ext}}$ is applied parallel to the plates. Analyzing here the combined effect of charge and shape modulation on the surfaces, E${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}_{\mathrm{ext}}$ is shown to generate flows in the slab and forces on the plates even if the plates (and thus the fluid) are on average neutral. Furthermore, the corresponding fluid current and plate drag are generically nonparallel to the field, and can be strictly perpendicular to it in well-chosen geometries. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
The Use of Colonic Irrigation to Control Fecal Incontinence in Dogs With Colostomies

Objective To determine if once-daily colonic irrigation results in fecal continence for a 24-hour period in dogs with colostomies and if colonic volume increased in response to the irrigation. Study Design A prospective controlled experimental study. Animals Four intact male and one intact female mixed breed dogs. Materials All dogs received left end-on paralumbar colostomies. Four dogs received once-daily colonic irrigation for 8 weeks, whereas the control dog did not. Daily fecal weights were recorded for the length of the study in all dogs. Barium enema studies and volumetric studies were used to determine colonic volumes. Results Daily fecal weights were significantly decreased in treatment dogs compared with the control dog. Colonic volume increased in irrigated dogs in response to daily irrigation over the 8 week period of the study. Conclusions Colonic irrigation resulted in significantly decreased fecal production over a 24-hour period. Therefore management of dogs with colostomies would be more practical and cost effective. It did not result in complete fecal continence in this study. Further clinical studies are indicated to determine if longer periods of irrigation would result in complete continence. Clinical Relevance Indications for colostomy in dogs are limited, but more radical surgical procedures for the treatment of colorectal neoplasia, trauma, and strictures might be possible if colostomy could be made more acceptable for owners. Colonic irrigation can make management of colostomies in dogs easier.
Factors influencing the challenges of modelling and treating fecal indicator bacteria in surface waters

In the United States, thousands of creeks, rivers, and coastal zones are listed as impaired in the Clean Water Act's 303(d) list. The number one general cause of impairments is denoted as ‘pathogens’, which can include known pathogenic organisms or, more commonly, fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), such as fecal coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, and enterococci bacteria. Despite efforts by water quality managers to reduce FIB in surface waters via treatment, successful and significant reduction of FIB has been difficult to achieve to meet water quality standards. In addition, current efforts to numerically model FIB concentrations in surface waters do not consider many complexities associated with FIB as a pollutant. Reasons for the challenge of treating and modelling FIB are their varied sources and mechanisms of survival and decay in the environment. This technical note addresses this challenge by discussing the nature of FIB, their sources, and their fate and transport mechanisms. Sources of FIB to surface waters include wastewater, stormwater and dry-weather runoff, and animals. Mechanisms of pathogen indicator occurrence in surface waters are transport in stormwater, ecological proliferation, and interaction with sediments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Classroom Instruction and Tests: What Do We Really Know About the Link?.

Have teachers cheated themselves of useful information pro vided by standardized achievement tests? This question is the basis for the author's discussion in this article that concludes: With test data teachers can gain insights into instructional prob lems more effectively.
Identifying non‐crystallographic symmetry in protein electron‐density maps: a feature‐based approach

Non-crystallographic symmetry (NCS) averaging is a well known method for improving the quality of an electron-density map and thus aiding structure determination. Prior methods of NCS-operator determination based on estimated heavy-atom positions are prone to errors arising from inaccuracies in these coordinates or differences in the relative orientations of domains between molecules. In this paper, two real-space methods to determine NCS relationships from initial electron-density maps are presented. A brute-force method identifies matching regions in a map by local density correlation. A feature-based algorithm uses rotation-invariant features to reduce the computational time taken by the brute-force algorithm by filtering out regions that are likely to have dissimilar density patterns. This makes the feature-based algorithm faster and as accurate as the brute-force approach. Neither method requires the positions of heavy atoms or any information regarding the protein sequence. Both methods have been tested on a diverse range of experimentally phased maps and the correct NCS relationships were accurately identified for almost all of the test cases. The NCS operators obtained by the feature-based algorithm were used to perform NCS averaging and an improvement in map correlation was observed for some cases.
A dynamical investigation of acrylodan-labeled mutant phosphate binding protein.

The static and dynamical behavior of a fluorescently labeled mutant of the Escherichia coli periplasmic phosphate binding protein (PBP) was investigated through steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. As a means of developing a biorecognition element for inorganic phosphate (Pi), alanine-197 of PBP was replaced with a cysteine. This site was then labeled with an environmentally sensitive fluorophore. The fluorescence emission of the mutant PBP labeled with acrylodan (MPBP-AC) proved to be sensitive to micromolar concentrations of Pi, as indicated by a 50% increase in the steady-state emission intensity. Steady-state results indicated that the labeling protocol was specific for cys-197 only and did not label the wild-type PBP; thus, a site-selective labeling protocol was developed. Time-resolved measurements were used to determine the influence of the dynamics of MPBP-AC on the process of signal transduction. Time-resolved anisotropy measurements revealed that rotational dynamics were bes...
High-Risk Offenders Participating in Court-Supervised Substance Abuse Treatment: Characteristics, Treatment Received, and Factors Associated with Recidivism

High-risk offenders treated by California’s Proposition 36 court-supervised drug treatment initiative account for a disproportionate number of re-arrests (Hawken 2008) undermining the many successes of the program, yet little is known about their characteristics, treatment experiences, or factors that influence re-arrest. To better understand this group, self-reported and administrative data were analyzed on 78 high-risk (five or more convictions in the previous 5 years) and 1,009 low-risk offenders enrolled during 2004. At intake, high-risk offenders were younger, more were male, and more had prior contact with psychiatric and criminal justice systems. Treatment received and the proportion recidivated during the 30-months after treatment assessment were similar across groups, but high-risk offenders had a greater number of re-arrests. The number of re-arrests was increased by high-risk classification, but decreased by receipt of more treatment services and longer treatment length. Moreover, the number of re-arrests was highest among high-risk offenders with shorter treatment lengths, whereas it was similar to that among low-risk offenders if treatment length was longer. To reduce recidivism among high-risk offenders in court-supervised drug treatment, consideration of psychiatric problems and criminal history is needed, as is receipt of sufficient treatment.
Oscillatory behavior of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in continuous culture: II. Analysis of cell synchronization and metabolism.

Sustained oscillations of biomass, ethanol, and ammonium concentrations, specific growth rate, and specific uptake rates of ethanol, ammonium, and oxygen were found in continuous cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under controlled dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and temperature conditions. The period of oscillations was approximately 2.5–3 h at a pH of 5.5 and 2–2.5 h at a pH of 6.5. Oscillations were observed only under conditions of low carbon (glucose below the minimum detectable level), nitrogen nutrient (ammonium concentration varied between 0.00001 and 0.0015M), and ethanol concentration (0.002–0.085 g/L) in the bioreactor. The oscillatory behavior at pH 5.5 was also characterized by partially synchronized cell growth and reproduction. Not only did the total percentage of budding cells oscillate with the same period as observed for the global biomass and nutrient concentrations, but the peaks in the individual subpopulations of initial budding, middle budding, and late budding cells appeared sequentially during the oscillation period. This provides strong evidence of the hypothesis that variations in metabolism during different periods in the cell cycle of a partially synchronized cell population are responsible for the observed oscillatory bioreactor behavior. The specific nutrient uptake rates for ammonium and oxygen as well as the net specific ethanol uptake rate oscillated with the same period as the biomass oscillations. These results show a dramatic increase in the ammonium and oxygen consumption rates prior to the initial budding of the synchronized subpopulation and a decrease in these rates during the late budding phase. At a pH of 5.5, the late budding phase is characterized by high specific ethanol productivity; however, the ethanol productivity lags the late budding phase at a pH pf 6.5. The observed time-varying metabolism in the oscillatory operating regime appears to be the result of the metabolic changes which occur during the cell cycle. Models which can predict the oscillatory biomass concentration and nutrient levels in this regime must be capable of predicting the concentrations and metabolic rates of the subpopulations as well.