cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The B-cell receptor signaling pathway as a therapeutic target in CLL

Targeted therapy with imatinib and other selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors has transformed the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Unlike chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) lacks a common genetic aberration amenable to therapeutic targeting. However, our understanding of normal B-cell versus CLL biology points to differences in properties of B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling that may be amenable to selective therapeutic targeting. The applica-tion of mouse models has further expanded this understanding and provides information about targets in the BCR signaling pathway that may have other important functions in cell development or long-term health. In addition, overexpression or knockout of selected targets offers the potential to validate targets genetically using new mouse models of CLL. The initial success of BCR-targeted therapies has promoted much excitement in the field of CLL. At the present time, GS-1101, which reversibly inhibits PI3Kδ, and ibrutinib (PCI-32765), an irreversible inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase, have generated the most promising early results in clinical trials including predominately refractory CLL where durable disease control has been observed. This review provides a summary of BCR signaling, tools for studying this pathway relevant to drug development in CLL, and early progress made with therapeutics targeting BCR-related kinases.
High-level language computer viruses— a new threat?

Companion viruses have not received as much attention as their non-companion counterparts. To some extent this is due to the fact that only a small percentage of the computer viruses released into the computing world have been companion viruses. However, this may change in the near future. Companion viruses do not have size restrictions that non-companion viruses have. Thus, these viruses can be programmed to perform more actions. These actions may be to steal corporate data as well as circumvent anti-viral programs. This paper discusses these types of virus and several detection techniques.
Optimum scaling for structural optimization in low-energy electron diffraction.

Although the number of dynamical low-energy-electron-diffraction (LEED) calculations that need to be performed in the linear LEED technique scales linearly with the number N of structural parameters, the number of combinations of the calculated intensities that need to be compared with experiment scales exponentially with N, and could be a serious limitation when N is large. In this paper, we suggest an algorithm for overcoming this residual exponential scaling, thus allowing linear LEED to achieve its true potential for linear scaling. We demonstrate our algorithm with model calculations on the Si(111)(\ensuremath{\surd}3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}3 )R30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-Al surface.
Evidence for the γ-glutamyl cycle in yeast

Abstract Many previous studies have shown that yeast contains high concentrations of glutathione and enzymes needed for its synthesis. We report here that yeast also contains γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase, dipeptidase, and 5-oxoprolinase activities, suggesting that the γ-glutamyl cycle may be operative in yeast. The presence of the cycle enzymes in yeast offers a simple free-cell system which can probably be adapted to studies on the function of this cycle.
Learning Computerese The Role of Second Language Learning Aptitude in Technology Acceptance

This article introduces a new construct coined as Computer User Learning Aptitude (CULA). To establish construct validity, CULA is embedded in a nomological network that extends the technology acceptance model (TAM). Specifically, CULA is posited to affect perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, the two underlying TAM constructs. Furthermore, we examine several antecedents of CULA by relying on the second language learning literature. These include computer anxiety, tolerance of ambiguity, and risk taking. Conceptualization of CULA is based on the observation that computer systems use language as communication between the computer and the user, making system usage significantly dependent on the ability of the individual to learn the language. We posit that learning to communicate with computer technology is akin to learning a second language, that is, a language learned after the first language(s) or native language(s), and is referred to as computerese .T he proposed construct, CULA, measures the aptitude of an individual to learn computerese, and it is specified as a second-order variable. It includes measures of three critical facets of computerese pertaining to general hardware/software, programming, and the Internet. Significant relationships are found between computer anxiety, tolerance of ambiguity, and taking risk with CULA, as well as between CULA and TAM constructs.
Central dopamine receptors and their role in digoxin‐induced cardiotoxicity in the dog

The role of the dopaminergic system in digoxin-induced cardiotoxicity has been examined. Specific dopaminergic agonists and antagonists were administered into the ventriculocisternal system of pentobarbitone-anaesthetized dogs before systemic administration of digoxin. Pretreatment with apomorphine, a specific dopamine agonist, did not significantly alter the arrhythmogenic or lethal doses of digoxin. However, the digoxin-induce increase in CSF noradrenaline was decreased significantly in apomorphine-pretreated animals. Pretreatment with pimozide, a specific dopamine antagonist, significantly decreased the arrhythmogenic dose of digoxin but did not alter the lethal dose. As with apomorphine, pimozide-pretreated animals accumulated significantly less noradrenaline in CSF compared with control dogs. These results suggest that dopamine receptors are not directly related to the cardiotoxic actions of digoxin. However, dopaminergic receptors may influence the balance of central catecholaminergic systems that influence the peripheral cardiovascular system.
Pantothenic and Hydroxypantothenic Acids in Animal Nutrition

SummaryRats maintained on a basal sucrose diet supplemented with vitamin B1, riboflavin, vitamin B6, choline, nicotinic acid, vitamin C., vitamin K, halibut liver oil, alpha tocopherol, and linseed oil exhibit a definite growth response following the addition of synthetic Na pantothenate or hydroxypantothenic acid. The growth response is greater in rats receiving Na pantothenate than it is in rats receiving hydroxypantothenic acid, indicating that Na hydroxy pantothenate is an incomplete substitute for Na pantothenate.Thanks are due Research Corporation, New York, for a grant from the Williams-Waterman Fund for the Combat of Dietary Diseases in support of the animal work.
Do Automatic Attention Responses Transfer to Stimuli that Differ in Shape but Share the Same Name

Shiffrin and Schneider (1977) concluded that after consistent practice with a detection task in which target and distractor stimuli are never interchanged over trials, subjects are able to search for any of four targets in displays containing four stimuli almost as well as they can search for a single target in displays containing only one stimulus. According to Shiffrin and Schneider, practice leads to the development of automatic attention responses such that when a target appears in a display, attention is automatically and involuntarily drawn to the target thereby bypassing both the display search and the memory search processes. A stimulus, however, could conceivably "call forth" an automatic attention response on the basis of either higher-order information such as its name or lower-order information such as its visual characteristics. Shiffrin and his colleagues (e.g., Shiffrin & Gardner, 1972) have for many years taken the view that stimuli are processed fairly extensively in parallel and without attention. Given this view, automatic attention responses would be elicited by higher-order information. Treisman and Gelade (1980), however, suggest that subjects may learn a disjunct set of features which distinguish targets from distractors. Given this view, automatic attention responses would be elicited by lower-order visual characteristics of the stimuli. The present research was designed to test these two possibilities. Language: en
Urinary incontinence in rural older women: Prevalence, incidence and remission

OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence, incidence, and remission rates of urinary incontinence in a large group of older women over a 6-year time span and to assess factors associated with incontinence incidence and remission. DESIGN Longitudinal cohort study SETTING Two rural counties in Iowa PARTICIPANTS 2025 women aged 65 years or older residing in rural Iowa, enrolled in the Iowa 65+ Rural Health Study of EPESE (Establishment of Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly) were interviewed in person annually for 6 years; specific responses to queries about urinary incontinence were given at baseline, 3-, and 6-year intervals. MEASUREMENTS Conditional multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to assess the relationship between incontinence symptoms and various factors previously found to be related to incontinence. RESULTS The baseline prevalence of urge incontinence was 36.3%, and of stress incontinence it was 40.3%. For urge incontinence, the 3-year incidence and remission rates between the third and sixth years were 28.5% and 22.1%, respectively. For stress incontinence, the 3-year incidence and remission rates between years 3 and 6 were 28.6% and 25.1%, respectively. Seventy-six percent and 84% of women who reported no urge or stress incontinence, respectively, at the baseline interview were continent at both follow-up interviews. The only significant factors related to changes in incontinence status were age, which was associated with an increased incidence of urge incontinence (OR 1.11, P = .017, 95% CI 1.019–1.203), and improvement in activities of daily living, which was associated with a increased remission of urge incontinence (OR 0.50, P = .015, 95% CI 0.28–0.9) CONCLUSION In some older women, urinary incontinence is a dynamic state, with women moving back and forth along a continuum between continence and incontinence. These results are tempered by limitations of the study, which include its questionnaire design and lack of ability to detect potential treatment effect.
Eikonal interpretation of the Deck effect

The Deck model for diffraction dissociation is revised to satisfy an eikonal representation. The theory is applied unsuccessfully to the ${A}_{1}$ enhancement in ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$. The conventional double-Regge model of this reaction is shown to be inadequate also. Further directions are suggested.
Procollagen III peptide (PIIIP): Can it reflect hepatic fibrosis?

Immunolocalization of type III collagen and procollagen in cirrhotic human liver was studied using monoclonal antibody specific for the helical determinant of type III collagen extracted from human placenta. Deparaffinized, trypsin-treated cirrhotic liver sections from 8 autopsy cases were examined by the unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase and immunofluorescence techniques. These techniques revealed the localization of this epitope shared by type III collagen and procollagen not only in the extracellular matrix of hepatocytes and sinusoidal cells but also in the cytoplasm. In hepatocellular carcinoma concurrent with cirrhosis, neoplastic cells were shown to react with this antibody as well. These results are consistent with data obtained using antiserum specific for bovine type III procollagen aminopeptide which appeared in our previous report.
The mechanical properties of two uranium alloys and their role in the oxidation of the alloys

The creep and tensile properties of two uranium alloys (U-21 at.% Nb and U-16.6 at. % Nb-5.6 at. % Zr) were determined in the temperature range 750–900°C. The creep data were fitted to an equation of the form\(\dot \varepsilon = k\sigma ^n\)exp (-Q/RT)which in turn was used to calculate stresses in oxidizing alloy specimens on the basis of elongation measurements made on the specimens during oxidation. The variation of the average stress in the oxide and in the substrate metal is given as a function of time. The details of the mechanism by which stresses are generated during the oxidation of the alloys are discussed. Comparisons of the relative creep and oxidation rates of the alloys with the stress levels observed during oxidation lead to the conclusion that at least for certain specimen geometries the differences in the mechanical properties of the oxide scales and of the parent alloys account in large measure for the differences in the oxidation characteristics of the alloys.
Demonstration abstract: how many lights do you see?

We demonstrate a Visual Light Communication (VLC) system that enables LED lighting luminaires to communicate with cameras on mobile devices. Each LED pulses at a frequency above the humanly perceivable flicker threshold where cameras and photodiodes can still detect changes in light intensity. Our modulation scheme supports multiple light sources in a single collision domain, and works for both, line-of-sight (LOS) operation as well as from reflected surfaces like those found in architectural lighting. The spatial confinement of light makes this system ideal for use as localization landmarks. Our demonstration includes four LED ambient lights acting as location landmarks transmitting modulated data. A mobile device receiving and processing the signal displays the ID and RSSI of the closest landmark. Interacting with the system will allow users to see the practical effects of multiple-access, frequency of operation, distance from the lights, camera parameters and camera motion.
A microprobe for the Cu(1) site in Y1Ba2Cu3O7−δ: emission Mössbauer studies using carrier-free cobalt-57

Abstract Carrier-free cobalt-57 serves as a good microprobe for Cu(1) sites in contrast to macroscopicallt substituted iron-57 used for absorption Mossbauer spectroscopy. In the oxygenated superconductor, the dominant species observed is the square planar Cu(1), while in the deoxygenated phase, the species representing Cu(1) site with two axial oxyanions is the dominant one. There is evidence of internal magnetic field at room temperature in the deoxygenated phase. The probe clearly shows the presence of two different phases, an oxygen rich and the other, the deficient one. The nucleus probes the delocalized s-electron density in the conduction band, and the magnitude of isomer shifts give indication of the degree of metallicity.
Race and the apprehension of inmate misconduct

Race differences in the apprehension of inmate misconduct were examined within a medium security Federal Correctional Institution. Significant race differences were found such that disproportionately more conduct reports (shots) were written on black than white inmates. Explanations of these differences are given. Considering three sets of findings, it was concluded that the probability of racial bias affecting criminal justice decision making will vary according to the status of that decision point on two dimensions: (1) the amount of discretion afforded the decision maker, and (2) the extent to which the decision maker is held accountable for this decision. Therefore, racial bias would be expected to exert its greatest impact upon decision points which allow considerable discretion and which prossess minimal accountability.
Evaluation of equipment for hyperthermic treatment of cancer

Clinical hyperthermia has been practised at The University of Texas System Cancer Center for nearly a decade at the time of writing. In 1977 we began with the use of systemic hyperthermia affected by circulating hot water through blankets surrounding the patient (Barlogie et al. 1979). The following year we began the development of systems for inducing local and regional hyperthermia to attain higher intratumoural temperatures, achieve greater antitumour activity and yet circumvent the toxicities associated with systemic hyperthermia above 42 degrees Celsius. The systems described below were the result of this effort, and, at the time that this contract was awarded in 1981, an active program was underway using ultrasound and magnetic induction as the two principal methods for external non-invasive tumour temperature elevation. Needle implant techniques were also in use as invasive methods for direct ohmic heating of tumours by the conduction of electric currents between arrays of implanted stainless steel...
Divergence of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Pro-apoptotic Signaling Downstream of IRAK-1

The vascular endothelium is a key target of circulating bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS elicits a wide array of endothelial responses, including the up-regulation of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and tissue factor, many of which are dependent on NF-kappa B activation. In addition, LPS has been demonstrated to induce endothelial apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Although the mechanism by which LPS activates NF-kappa B has been well elucidated, the signaling pathway(s) involved in LPS-induced apoptosis remains unknown. Using a variety of dominant negative constructs, we have identified a role for MyD88 and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1) in mediating LPS pro-apoptotic signaling in human endothelial cells. We also demonstrate that LPS-induced endothelial NF-kappa B activation and apoptosis occur independent of one another. Together, these data suggest that the proximal signaling molecules involved in LPS-induced NF-kappa B activation have a requisite involvement in LPS-induced apoptosis and that the pathways leading to NF-kappa B activation and apoptosis diverge downstream of IRAK-1.
Alternative Formulas for Distributing Parental Incomes at Divorce

The current study applied five formulas for distributing parental incomes at divorce to 414 court case records in Minnesota and evaluated which formulas and actual court orders provided sufficient incomes for male and female-headed households. The study further explored influences of pre-divorce gross income levels, household/genders, and lengths of marriage on the post-divorce income-to-needs ratios (ITN) produced by the five formulas and actual court orders, using MANOVA. Results were interpreted using distributive justice principles of equity, needs, and contributions. Males have higher ITN with each alternative, except the income-sharing formula. The actual court orders and the income-sharing formula produce the largest discrepancy between male and female ITN and the highest percentage of females living below poverty level guidelines.
Colonization by Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in rotated and nonrotated potato fields.

Densities of eggs and larvae of the Colorado potato beetle ( Leptinotarsa decemlineata ) were monitored in an unrotated field of cv. Superior potatoes and one that was rotated with winter wheat. Oviposition and first appearance of larvae were substantially delayed in the rotated field. This delay was attributed to physical and environmental barriers that slow emigration from wheat by overwintering adults.
Relative Impact of Performance and Importance Ratings on Measurement of Service Quality

ABSTRACT The measurement of service quality has received significant attention from researchers in recent years. SERVQUAL, a 22 item scale proposed by Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry (1988) has been considered to have limitations. As a consequence, alternative models have been proposed in the literature. This paper reports the findings of a study conducted to test a three component measurement model proposed by Carman (1990). The results show that inclusion of perceived importance ratings does not improve the explanatory power of the model substantially. The weak results obtained might be attributable to measurement problems regarding importance weights. Given the intuitive appeal of the model, the paper calls for further investigation in this area.
Effect of Double-packaging and Acid Combination on the Quality of Irradiated Raw Turkey Pattie

: Effects of double-packageing (combinational use of vacuum and aerobic packaging conditions) and acid (citric or ascorbic acid) combinations on color, lipid oxidation and volatiles of irradiated raw turkey breast were determined. Acid did not affect the a-values but increased the L-values of meat after irradiation. Citric acid promoted lipid oxidation of irradiated turkey meat, whereas ascorbic acid had an antioxidant effect. The amounts of total volatile and dimethyl sulfide in doubly packaged turkey meat were 35 to 56% and 58 to 73% lower than those of the irradiated vacuum-packageed control, respectively, and dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide were not found in double-packageed meat. The combination sequence of aerobic/anaerobic packaging was not a critical factor in the production of off-odor volatiles of irradiated turkey.
First-order, second-moment methods

Abstract Three first-order, second-moment methods used in engineering statistical analysis are reviewed and compared. They are the partial derivative or Taylor series method, the point-estimates-for-probability-moments or PEPM method, and the response surface method. While the first method is designed mainly for hand-analysis, the second and third methods are based on point-estimates of the system response i.e. responses which correspond to particular realizations of the system parameters. Consequently, the PEPM and response surface methods are compatible with numerical modeling techniques such as the finite element method. They can be used in more complex engineering analyses which are beyond the partial derivative method. Analytical and numerical examples are given to illustrate the discussion.
Applying Software Engineering To Protocol Simulation

Communications systems have widely varying equipment, traffic distributions, error characteristics, and measures of performance. To accommodate these characteristics, a simulator for the protocols con trolling the transmission and reception of messages must be modular and flexible ; it must also allow for the handling of concurrent processes and the efficient generation of reports and statistics. One way to construct such a simulator is to use techniques derived from software engineering: design prior to coding, design review, modular design based on information hiding, use of abstract types, code review by peers, co-operating sequential processes, and pseudo-code specifications. In the development of a simulator program for several pro tocols, outside design review, the information- hiding principle, the use of abstract types with a language that supports them (SIMULA), and the use of co-operating sequential processes were the most productive methods.
Out‐of‐School Time Activity Participation Among US‐Immigrant Youth

BACKGROUND: Structured out-of-school time (OST) activities are associated with positive academic and psychosocial outcomes. METHODS: Data came from the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health, restricted to 36,132 youth aged 12-17 years. Logistic regression models were used to examine the joint effects of race/ethnicity and immigrant family type on the participation in OST activities. RESULTS: Compared with US-born (USB) non-Hispanic White youth with USB parents, USB Hispanic youth with USB parents were less likely to participate in sports, whereas non-Hispanic Black youth with immigrant parents were more likely to participate in sports. White youth with at least 1 immigrant parent had higher odds of participating in after-school clubs. All Hispanic youth were less likely to participate in after-school clubs. USB Hispanic youth, USB Black youth, and White youth and "other" youth with at least 1 immigrant parent had higher odds of engaging in community services. Youth from immigrant families had lower odds of doing paid work. CONCLUSIONS: Hispanic youth were less likely to participate in OST activities. Non-Hispanic youth with immigrant parents did not engage in fewer OST activities compared with USB White youth with USB parents. Intervention and recruitment strategies for OST activities may need to be customized for immigrant groups. Language: en
Native peoples of the southwest: Development of a multicultural instructional program

This article reports on the development of a set of instructional programs, theNative Peoples of the Southwest curriculum, designed to educate elementary school children about Native American cultures. The curriculum, its components, development, and field testing over a 3-year period, is described. Based on the experience of the development process, guidelines are offered for the design of instructional programs about nonmainstream cultures.
Fabrication of "smart" ferroelastic-ferroelectric heterostructures

Smart materials composed of ferroelastic and ferroelectric materials are described for damping of mechanical waves. These heterostructures using active and adaptive materials will likely be represented by heterostructures of several types of thin and thick films. In this investigation, deposition and processing of thin film ferroelastic TiNi and thin film ferroelectric BaTiO3 and Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 are discussed. Growth conditions as well as the thermodynamic conditions for successful synthesis are described. it was found that amorphous thin films of TiNi and BaTiO3 can be crystallized simultaneously by air annealing at 600 degree(s)C. Onto bulk TiNi samples, PZT was synthesized successfully, with good mechanical bonding.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Simulation insights into thermally conductive graphene-based nanocomposites

Dispersing nanoparticles in a polymer can enhance both mechanical and transport properties. Nanocomposites with high thermal conductivity could be obtained by using thermally conductive nanoparticles. Carbon-based nanoparticles are extremely promising, although high resistances to heat transfer from the nanoparticles to the polymer matrix could cause significant limitations. This work focuses on graphene sheets (GS) dispersed within n-octane. Although pristine GS agglomerate, equilibrium molecular dynamic simulations suggest that when the GS are functionalized with short branched hydrocarbons along the GS edges, they remain well dispersed. Results are reported from equilibrium and non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to assess the effective interactions between dispersed GS, the self-assembly of GS, and the heat transfer through the GS–octane nanocomposite. Tools are designed to understand the effect of GS size, solvent molecular weight and molecular architecture on GS dispersability and GS–octa...
Activity of KRM 1648 alone or in combination with ethambutol or clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium in beige mouse model of disseminated infection.

Rifamycins are active against slowly growing mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium kansasii, but the majority of rifamycins thus far investigated both in vitro and in vivo are inactive or have only modest activity against the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). We investigated the activity of three doses of the semisynthetic benzoxazinorifamycin KRM 1648, alone or in combination with ethambutol or clarithromycin, in beige mice challenged with the MAC strain 101. Our results show the following. (i) KRM 1648 was significantly effective against MAC infection as determined by the reduction of the number of bacteria in the blood, liver, and spleen when administered at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg of body weight per day but not at 10 mg/kg/day, compared with untreated controls. (ii) KRM 1648 (40 mg/kg/day) administered in combination with ethambutol (100 mg/kg/day) resulted in significant reduction in bacteremia compared with values for untreated controls (P 0.001), KRM 1648 alone (P = 0.019), and ethambutol alone (P = 0.003). Furthermore, the combination of KRM 1648 and ethambutol was associated with a significant decrease of the number of bacteria in the spleen and the liver compared with values for both untreated controls and each drug alone (P 0.001 for all comparions). In our experience, using MAC 101 as the challenging organism, KRM 1648 is the first rifamycin with significant activity in vivo against MAC infection in beige mice.
Gold sol formation mechanisms: Role of colloidal stability

The formation of uniform gold sols produced by the citrate reduction of auric acid is explored as a function of temperature and reagent concentration. As aurate ions are reduced, the reaction medium changes from black to purple to blue before turning deep red. These color changes are shown to result from a decrease in particle size over the course of the reaction. Electrophoretic and titration studies suggest the colloidal properties of the sols result from a combination of van der Waals, electrostatic, and short-range repulsive interaction potentials. Increases in particle surface potential over the course of the reaction are shown to result from competitive adsorption of citrate and aurate ions. A particle growth model incorporating colloidal stability is postulated.
Excimer laser ablation of polyimide: a 14-year IBM perspective

IBM introduced the first commercial high-end mainframe computer system incorporating laser ablation technology in 1991. This milestone was the culmination of nearly a decade of scientific, engineering, and manufacturing effort. Extensive research and development on 308 nm laser ablation of polyimide lead to the first IBM prototype ablation tool in 1987 for the production of via-holes in thin film packaging structures. This prototype, similar to step and repeat photolithography systems, evolved into full-scale manufacturing tools which utilize sophisticated beam shaping, beam homogenizing, and projection optics. But the maturity of this technology belies the fact that the scientific understanding of the laser ablation process is still far from complete. This paper briefly reviews the engineering and scientific accomplishments, both within and external to IBM, that lead to the commercial utilization of the laser ablation process. Current technical tissues are discussed, in addition to alternative IBM applications of polyimide ablation. The paper concludes by discussing the relative merits of excimer vs. solid-state lasers, and how each may impact future manufacturing technology.
The impact of eco-friendly practices on green image and customer attitudes: An investigation in a café setting

Abstract Do restaurant green practices, such as using recyclable take-out containers, really affect customers’ perceptions of the restaurants’ green image and their attitudes toward the restaurant? If so, does it matter whether these customers are ecologically conscious or not? The present study attempted to examine the relationships among three constructs—customers’ perceived green practices, perceived green image of a restaurant brand, and attitudes toward a restaurant brand, in a study of Starbucks’ customers and identifies the key green practices that influence customers’ perceptions of a restaurant's green image. First, the results suggest that the perception of green practices affects customers’ perceived green image of a restaurant which in turn influences customers’ attitudes toward a restaurant. Second, the study identifies recyclable take-out containers, recycling waste, and energy-efficient lighting as the key green practices that contribute to the formation of customers’ perceptions of a restaurant's green image, but only across ecologically conscious customers. Finally, the paper includes a theoretical model that helps explain customers’ formation of a green image and attitudes toward a restaurant company and offers practical guidelines for effective green marketing management in restaurant operations.
Undergraduate computational science and engineering programs and courses

This 90-minute panel session will discuss recent and future developments in incorporating Computational Science and Engineering into the undergraduate curriculum. There is a companion session devoted to tools and techniques and so the focus here is on programs and courses.The panelists will demonstrate a clear uniformity of purpose but a wide variety of approaches to increasing the CSE experience of undergraduates in different types of schools.The schools represented vary from large state universities to small private liberal arts colleges and a medium-sized school with a strong engineering bias.The approaches adopted also differ. There are complete programs built largely from existing courses, specific courses that are added to established programs to allow a student to follow an emphasis in CSE. The introduction of CSE into existing programs through faculty advice and education has also been successful.Yet other approaches represented among the panelists are the introduction of multi-disciplinary team-taught project-based courses as a springboard for growing an undergraduate CSE program including undergraduate research projects. The incremental use of small add-on courses to supplement conventional mathematics offerings with some CSE content has also been used successfully.Another approach represented on the panel is the use of a particular vehicle --- in this case graphics and visualization --- to introduce key ideas of CSE into regular parts of the curriculum.The unifying theme of the panel --- the desire to improve undergraduate CSE education will be evident throughout. By presenting a wide variety of approaches to achieve this end, it is hoped that any audience participants who wish to create a CSE thread in their own programs will find some ideas to help them. Some of the practical and political issues will also be discussed in the various contexts.The program for the panel would allow each panelist a maximum of 10 minutes to outline their programs and approaches. The remaining 30 (or more) minutes would then be reserved for general discussion and questions and contributions from the audience.
Application of singular value decomposition to structural dynamics systems with constraints

Singular value decomposition is used to construct a coordinate transformation for a linear dynamic system subject to linear, homogeneous constraint equations. The method is compared with two commonly used methods, namely classical Gaussian elimination and Walton-Steeves approach. Although the classical method requires fewer numerical operations, the singular value decomposition method is more accurate and convenient in eliminating the dependent coordinates. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the application of the method.
The role of colony-stimulating factor in granulopoiesis.

The proliferation and maturation of granulocytic-monocytic stem cells appears to be controlled by a series of closely related glycoproteins termed “colony-stimulating factors” (CSFs). Recently, we devised a 6-step scheme for the purification of murine fibroblast (L-cell)-derived CSF. Ten liter pools of conditioned media were concentrated by ultrafiltration, precipitated by ethanol, and separated on DEAE cellulose, Con-A Sepharose, and Sephadex G 150. The CSF was separated from trace contaminants, including endotoxin, by density gradient centrifugation. The purified material was radioiodinated and used to define the serum half-life and in vivo distribution. Following IV injection there was a biphasic serum clearance with a t½ of 24–40 min and 2–2½ hours in the first and second phases. Approximately 25% of the tracer was excreted in the urine at 6 h; however, urinary radioactivity was due to low molecular weight peptides. Simultaneous studies by radioimmunoassay showed a similar rapid serum clearance of unlabeled CSF but virtually no urinary CSF activity. Thus, assays for urinary CSF may not provide useful measures of in vivo CSF activity. Further in vitro studies have defined the interaction of CSF with responsive cells in the marrow. Varying doses of CSF were incubated with 107 marrow cells for intervals of 24–48 h. The major increment in cell-associated radioactivity occurred between 6 and 16 h. The reaction was saturable with 1–2 ng/ml CSF. Binding was prevented by cold CSF, but not by other proteins. Irradiation yielded only a minimal reduction in CSF binding. The interaction of CSF with marrow cells appeared to require new protein synthesis, as binding was completely inhibited by cycloheximide and puromycin. Irradiated mice injected with antibodies to CSF showed an inhibition of granulopoiesis by marrow cells in peritoneal diffusion chambers; however, granulopoiesis in the intact bone marrow was unaffected. Granulpoiesis in long-term marrow cultures was also unaffected by anti-CSF. These different responses may be due to accelerated clearance of injected CSF in nonirradiated mice or to extensive stromal interactions that modulate and perhaps control granulocytic differentiation in the intact bone marrow microenvironment.
4.1.2 A Model-Based Requirements Database Tool for Complex Embedded Systems

It has become clear that spacecraft system complexity is reaching a threshold where customary methods of control are no longer affordable or sufficiently reliable. At the heart of this problem are the conventional approaches to systems and software engineering based on subsystem-level functional decomposition, which fail to scale in the tangled web of interactions typically encountered in complex spacecraft designs. Furthermore, there is a fundamental gap between the requirements on software specified by systems engineers and the implementation of these requirements by software engineers. Software engineers must perform the translation of requirements into software code, hoping to capture accurately the systems engineer's understanding of the system behavior, which is not always explicitly specified. This gap opens up the possibility for misinterpretation of the systems engineer's intent, potentially leading to software errors. This problem is addressed by a systems engineering methodology called State Analysis, which provides a process for capturing system and software requirements in the form of explicit models. This paper describes (1) how requirements for complex aerospace systems can be developed using State Analysis, (2) how these requirements inform the design of the system software, and (3) how this process has been aided through a State Analysis Database (SDB) and supporting multi-platform client. The SDB provides a productive, collaborative development environment for State Analysis that is shared by both systems and software engineers.
Mode Interactions in Large Aspect Ratio Convection

Mode interaction between odd and even modes in two-dimensional Boussinesq convection in a box is revisited. It is noted that in the large aspect ratio limit the structure of the amplitude equations depends on the boundary conditions applied at the sidewalls, however distant.With no-slip sidewall boundary conditions the equations approach those for an unbounded layer with periodic boundary conditions; this is not the case for free-slip boundary conditions. Thus only in the former case can the large aspect ratio system be considered a small perturbation of the unbounded system. The reasons for the different large aspect ratio limits are traced to the presence of “hidden” symmetries in the stress-free case. Homotopic continuation is used to extend these results to other types of boundary conditions.
Altimetry, ship gravimetry, and the general circulation of the North Atlantic

Gravity accelerations estimated from satellite altimetric mean sea surfaces (Seasat and Geos-3) are compared to ship gravity measurements. Ship gravity are closer to an estimate based on least squares collocation, orbit perturbations, altimetry and terrestrial gravity than to an estimate based on Fourier transforms, orbit perturbations and altimetry only. Both altimetric estimates yield a smoothed picture of the geostrophic component of sea surface currents in the North Atlantic when gravity acceleration data from only nine cruises are subtracted from the altimetric gravity.
Looking to happy tomorrows with friends: Best and close friendships as they predict happiness

Friendships are an important source of happiness. The present study (n = 280) investigated the role of friendship quality and conflict in happiness and examined the feature of friendship that best predicted happiness. Information was gathered about the quality and conflict of the best, first and second close friendships of the individual. Results revealed that best friendship quality was the only significant predictor of happiness; however, individuals were happier when they experienced high quality first close friendships in conjunction with a high quality best friendship. Results also revealed that first close friendship quality buffered the negative impact of first close friendship conflict. The companionship feature of the best and first close friendship appeared as the strongest predictor of happiness. Findings were discussed in light of the literature and suggestions for future research were made.
Changes in Expression of Proteoglycan Core Proteins and Heparan Sulfate Enzymes in the Developing and Adult Murine Aorta

Proteoglycan core proteins are linked to four different classes of linear sugar chains referred to as glycosaminoglycans. Heparan sulfate constitutes one of these classes of glycosaminoglycans, and has been shown to be important in developmental processes as well as disease. We designed a low-density gene expression array to identify expression levels of heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes and proteoglycan core proteins in the aorta of late stage embryos (E18.5) and adult mice (12 weeks). Significant changes were found in mRNA expression of proteoglycan core proteins syndecan, glypican, decorin, perlecan, and versican from development to adulthood (n = 8, p < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry revealed a striking localization of both decorin and perlecan staining to the subendothelium in adult vessels, which differed from consistent staining of the endothelium, smooth muscle, and adventitia in development. Significant differences were also identified in the expression of the heparan sulfate modifying enzymes, glururonyl C5 epimerase, 2-O and 6-O sulfotransferases, and N-deacetylase/N sulfotransferases 1–3 (n = 8, p < 0.05). In conclusion, proteoglycan core proteins and heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes in the aorta undergo significant changes in their expression from development to adulthood. These findings may have important biological significance in the specific cell-defined roles of proteoglycan and heparan sulfate related targets in vascular development, maintenance, and response to various perturbations.
Activity-dependent regulation of a ribosomal RNA epitope in the chick cochlear nucleus

Elimination of auditory nerve activity results in rapid metabolic changes, cell atrophy, and cell death in nucleus magnocellularis (NM), the cochlear nucleus of the chick. The transneuronal signals involved in the activity-dependent regulation of NM neurons are not well understood. One of the most rapid transneuronal effects is alteration in protein synthesis by NM neurons. Previous studies using an in vitro preparation of the brain stem auditory system suggested that up-regulation of protein synthesis in NM neurons requires the action of some trophic substance released by active auditory nerve fibers. Here, similar results were obtained when measuring changes in immunoreactivity using a monoclonal antibody (Y10B) that recognizes ribosomal RNA. This immunolabeling assay has advantages over the global protein synthesis assay in that it is not sensitive to possible changes in specific activity of the precursor pool or possible differences in the uptake of the labeled amino acids. Unilateral stimulation of the auditory nerve for 1 h resulted in greater immunolabeling of NM neurons on the stimulated side of the slice. This is consistent with previous in vivo results after unilateral deafferentation. Blockade of synaptic transmission by maintaining the slice in a low-Ca2+/high Mg2+ medium prevented the stimulation-induced difference in immunolabeling. Electrical stimulation of the postsynaptic NM neurons alone (antidromic stimulation, via electrical stimulation of NM neuron axons) did not result in greater immunolabeling. Rather, antidromically stimulated neurons tended to show lighter labeling. Thus, the transneuronal regulation of ribosomes in NM neurons appears to require some substance released from the active auditory nerve.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Extracellular 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway in proximal tubular, thick ascending limb, and collecting duct epithelial cells.

In a previous study, we demonstrated that human proximal tubular epithelial cells obtained from a commercial source metabolized extracellular 2′,3′-cAMP to 2′-AMP and 3′-AMP and extracellular 2′-AM...
An initial assessment of sampling procedures for juvenile pallid sturgeon in the Missouri River downstream of Fort Randall Dam, South Dakota and Nebraska

Summary We compared the effectiveness of passive gill nets, hoop nets, set lines, and drifted trammel nets, towed beam trawls and otter trawls to develop criteria to best determine the mean catch per unit effort (CPUE) for juvenile pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) based on selectivity and seasonal efficiency in various habitats of the Missouri River downstream of Fort Randall Dam, South Dakota. Sampling occurred from April to November in 2003 and 2004 and from March to November in 2005. We captured 29 juvenile pallid sturgeon in a total of 498 overnight gill net sets, 55 in 870 drifted trammel nets, 19 on 1683 set lines, and six in 166 otter trawl tows. No pallid sturgeon were captured in 515 beam trawl tows or 520 overnight hoop net sets. Seasonal trends in mean CPUE were found and the relative precision was the greatest in October and November for gill nets, in August for trammel nets, in April for set lines, and in October for otter trawls. A higher proportion of pallid sturgeon captures for gill nets were in the inside bend macrohabitat generally associated with lower water velocities, trammel nets over sand substrate and in the outside bend macrohabitat typically associated with higher water velocities and greater depths, set lines in lower water velocities, and otter trawls in depths >2.5 m and over sand substrate. Although we found trends among seasons and habitats for gill nets, trammel nets, set lines, and otter trawls, the catch rates were low and annual point estimates of relative abundance are not adequate to detect changes in relative abundance of juvenile pallid sturgeon in this reach of the Missouri River. Independently, gill nets, trammel nets, and otter trawls likely captured the size structure of the population of pallid sturgeon in the Missouri River downstream of Fort Randall Dam. Based on our results, a standardized protocol can now be established to systematically monitor juvenile pallid sturgeon, an essential element for determining responses to recovery efforts in the Missouri River.
Nasal Strips for Evaluating and Classifying Valvular Nasal Obstruction

Background A normal-appearing upper lateral cartilage (ULC) or lower lateral cartilage (LLC) may be functionally abnormal. The Cottle sign estimates obstruction but not its exact location. A test is needed that evaluates the ULC and LLC separately.
Technology diffusion and international income convergence

Abstract A macroeconomic model of international income convergence driven by differences in technology is presented. LDC firms adopt foreign technology by paying an upfront cost of adaptation, and early adopters create a positive externality for followers. In equilibrium, adoption is gradual and so is income convergence. Because of the externality, small differences in adoption costs across LDCs can lead to large differences in long-run income. During convergence, the LDC economy is dualistic with large high-technology firms operating alongside small, traditional establishments. The effects of trade policy and direct foreign investment are also examined.