cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constraining the contribution of organic acids and AMS m/z 44 to the organic aerosol budget: On the importance of meteorology, aerosol hygroscopicity, and region

Airborne measurements in regions of varying meteorology and pollution are used to quantify the contribution of organic acids and a mass spectral marker for oxygenated aerosols, m/z 44, to the total organic aerosol budget. Organic acids and m/z 44 separately are shown to exhibit their highest organic mass fractions in the vicinity of clouds. The contribution of such oxygenated species is shown to increase as a function of relative humidity, aerosol hygroscopicity (and decreasing organic mass fraction), and is typically greater off the California coast versus the continental atmospheres studied. Reasons include more efficient chemistry and partitioning of organic acid precursors with increasing water in the reaction medium, and high aqueous-phase processing times in boundary layers with higher cloud volume fractions. These results highlight the importance of secondary organic aerosol formation in both wet aerosols and cloud droplets.
Clinical Importance of Prognostic Factors

The term prognostic factor, when used regarding patients with malignancies, has taken on several meanings. In general, a prognostic factor is considered to be useful because its results serve to separate a large heterogeneous population into smaller populations with more precisely predictable outcomes. In theory, if this separation is both reliable and disparate, one can apply therapy more efficiently to the population by exposing those most likely to need and benefit from the therapy while ensuring that the other group avoids needless toxicities.
Medical Therapy for Obesity

The large number of people with mild to moderate obesity contribute more to its overall public health burdens than the smaller number of people with severe obesity. High-risk, high-efficacy strategies and population strategies focusing on lifestyle and behavioral modifications have failed to address the population burden of disease. An individualized approach is likely to provide the most effective management of this disease for the largest number of patients. This review discusses advances in pharmacologic therapies for obesity with a focus on currently approved drugs and those in later stages of development.
A boundary layer method for the matrix Riccati equation

An asymptotic expansion method is developed for a singularly perturbed matrix Riccati equation. The method reduces the system order and avoids difficulties with numerically stiff problems. It can be used in the design of regulator and estimator systems with small parameters.
Effects of poloxamer 188 on fibrin network structure, whole blood clot permeability and fibrinolysis

Abstract The effects of Poloxamer 188 (0–5 mg/ml) on the permeability, turbidity, compaction, and fibrinolysis of fibrin network developed in human plasma, and on the permeability and fibrinolysis of network developed in whole blood were examined. Poloxamer 188 was found to increase network permeability and compaction in plasma. In networks in plasma, effects on the fibre mass-length ratio from turbidity and fibrinolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator were small. Poloxamer did not alter the fibrinolysis with streptokinase. The increase in fibrin network permeability at low poloxamer concentrations was not attributable to an increase in fibre thickness, but results from alterations in the arrangement of fibrin fibres. Poloxamer also significantly increased the permeability of networks developed in whole blood. Studies with the platelet inhibitor cytochalasin B demonstrated that this effect in whole blood networks was partly from facilitation of platelet induced clot retraction. Poloxamer was not found to affect streptokinase induced fibrinolysis of whole blood networks. The effects of poloxamer support the hypothesis that depletion flocculation of fibrin intermediaries by soluble macromolecules is a significant determinant of network permeability. The therapeutic use of poloxamer will result in altered fibrin function in particular its permeability and mechanical stability. These alterations may contribute to its described antithrombotic and rheological effects.
Bone density and structure in long-term survivors of pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Children requiring allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) have multiple risk factors for impaired bone accrual. The impact of alloHSCT on volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and cortical structure has not been addressed. Tibia peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) scans were obtained in 55 alloHSCT recipients, ages 5 to 26 years, a median of 7 (range, 3–16) years after alloHSCT. pQCT outcomes were converted to sex- and race- specific Z-scores relative to age based on reference data in >700 concurrent healthy participants. Cortical section modulus (Zp; a summary measure of cortical bone structure and strength), and muscle and fat area Z-scores were further adjusted for tibia length for age Z-scores. AlloHSCT survivors had lower height Z-scores (−1.21 ± 1.25 versus 0.23 ± 0.92; p < 0.001), versus reference participants; BMI Z-scores did not differ. AlloHSCT survivors had lower trabecular vBMD (−1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.33 to −0.78; p < 0.001), cortical Zp (−0.63; 95% CI, −0.91 to −0.35; p < 0.001), and muscle (−1.01; 95% CI, −1.30 to −0.72; p < 0.001) Z-scores and greater fat (0.82; 95% CI, 0.54–1.11; p < 0.001) Z-scores, versus reference participants. Adjustment for muscle deficits eliminated Zp deficits in alloHSCT. Total body irradiation (TBI) was associated with lower trabecular vBMD (−1.30 ± 1.40 versus −0.49 ± 0.88; p = 0.01) and muscle (−1.34 ± 1.42 versus −0.34 ± 0.87; p < 0.01) Z-scores. Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) was associated with lower Zp Z-scores (−1.64 ± 2.47 versus −0.28 ± 1.24; p = 0.05); however, muscle differences were not significant (−1.69 ± 1.84 versus −0.78 ± 1.01; p = 0.09). History of graft versus host disease was not associated with pQCT outcomes. In summary, alloHSCT was associated with significant deficits in trabecular vBMD, cortical geometry, and muscle area years after transplantation. TBI and GHD were significant risk factors for musculoskeletal deficits. Future studies are needed to determine the metabolic and fracture implications of these deficits, and to identify therapies to improve bone accrual following alloHSCT during childhood. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
When Push Comes to Shove

Previous chapters have identified some interventionist features of mental health practice in the community that lead practitioners or observers to describe them as “aggressive” or “assertive” or “tenacious.” The purpose of this chapter is to consider the legal implications of these practices. This is unexplored terrain, so our goal is a modest one: We aim to sketch a framework, and offer a conceptual vocabulary, for thinking about these practices and for connecting them to established legal ideas. By identifying possible concerns, we do not aim to raise objections to aggressive community treatment. To the contrary, we recognize the benevolent aims of most interventions as well as their value in a community treatment model. Our purpose in identifying possible legal or ethical concerns is to heighten practitioners’ awareness of potential conflicts and, in this way, to help them shape appropriate guidelines.
Comparative physiological pharmacokinetics of fentanyl and alfentanil in rats and humans based on parametric single-tissue models

The objectives of this investigation were to characterize the disposition of fentanyl and alfentanil in 14 tissues in the rat, and to create physiological pharmacokinetic models for these opioids that would be scalable to man. We first created a parametric submodel for the disposition of either drug in each tissue and then assembled these submodels into whole-body models. The disposition of fentanyl and alfentanil in the heart and brain and of fentanyl in the lungs could be described by perfusion-limited 1-compartment models. The disposition of both opioids in all other examined tissues was characterized by 2- or 3-compartment models. From these models, the extraction ratios of the opioids in the various tissues could be calculated, confirming the generally lower extraction of alfentanil as compared to fentanyl. Assembly of the single-tissue models resulted in a whole-body model for fentanyl that accurately described its disposition in the rat. A similar assembly of the tissue models for alfentanil revealed non-first-order elimination kinetics that were not apparent in the blood concentration data. Michaelis-Menten parameters for the hepatic metabolism of alfentanil were determined by iterative optimization of the entire model. The parametric models were finally scaled to describe the disposition of fentanyl and alfentanil in humans.
The inhibition of organic nitro reductase by aureomycin in cell-free extracts. II. Cofactor requirements for the nitro reductase enzyme complex

Abstract 1. 1. Extracts of Escherichia coli (E-26) can reduce the nitro groups of various organic nitro compounds to the corresponding arylamines in the presence of cysteine. 2. 2. Aureomycin in low concentrations inhibits these reductions. Terramycin, in this system, is considerably less active than aureomycin. 3. 3. The enzyme complex reducing organic nitro groups is probably not the same as those reducing inorganic nitrate and nitrite. 4. 4. In the dialyzed system no significant arylamine formation occurs unless DPN, l -malate or fumarate and l -cysteine are present. The need for l -cysteine seems specific. 5. 5. The locus at which aureomycin inhibits the formation of arylamine apparently is either prior to the formation of reduced DPN or in the reduction of the nitro compound to the nitroso compound.
Cryo-electron microscopy of deoxy-sickle hemoglobin fibers

Deoxy-sickle hemoglobin (HbS) polymerizes in vivo into long helical fibers which fill the red cell and make it rigid. This impedes red cell passage through the capillaries and is responsible for the clinical manifestations of sickle cell disease. Images of individual and laterally associated HbS fibers were obtained by electron microscopy of frozen hydrated specimens. Each fiber possesses variable pitch, having from 6° to 12° rotation per unit cell. Laterally associated HbS fibers display systematic inter-fiber contacts in spite of their pitch variations, and exhibit better order than isolated fibers. This suggest that inter-fiber contacts can act to couple fibers mechanically and might therefore be a factor in rigidifying red cells in vivo. Fiber variability was attributed to local torsional variations with a standard deviation of 2.5°, but which are weakly coupled over a length of 2.25 unit cells. Variable pitch produces structural changes of as large as 5 A azimuthally and 6 A axially in HbS fiber unit cells. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Laparoscopic transuterine fetal vesicostomy: a feasibility study.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We evaluate the feasibility of applying minimally invasive techniques for fetal vesicostomy. We also evaluate whether transuterine fetal vesicostomy can be performed laparoscopically.Materials and Methods: A total of 25 pregnant ewes were time dated at approximately 90 days of gestation. With the animals under general anesthesia a low open abdominal incision was made and the uterus was brought out through the incision. With a 14 gauge needle the amniotic sac was filled with 1 to 2 l warm glycine. Three to 4, 5/12 blunt tip balloon trocars were placed in the uterus. Using laparoscopic techniques, a low transverse incision was made in the fetal abdomen, the bladder was opened at the dome and 2 running sutures were placed approximating the fetal abdominal wall to the edge of the fetal bladder. The trocar sites in the uterus were closed, and the maternal abdominal incision was closed.Results: Of the 25 pregnant ewes the technique was developed in the initial 15. In the subsequent 10 animals t...
Tenofovir renal proximal tubular toxicity is regulated By OAT1 and MRP4 transporters

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is an oral prodrug and acyclic nucleotide analog of adenosine monophosphate that inhibits HIV-1 (HIV) reverse transcriptase. A growing subset of TDF-treated HIV+ individuals presented with acute renal failure, suggesting tenofovir-associated kidney-specific toxicity. Our previous studies using an HIV transgenic mouse model (TG) demonstrated specific changes in renal proximal tubular mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) abundance. Nucleosides are regulated in biological systems via transport and metabolism in cellular compartments. In this study, the role(s) of organic anion transporter type 1 (OAT1) and multidrug-resistant protein type 4 (MRP4) in transport and regulation of tenofovir in proximal tubules were assessed. Renal toxicity was assessed in kidney tissues from OAT1 knockout (KO) or MRP4 KO compared with wild-type (WT, C57BL/6) mice following treatment with TDF (0.11 mg/day), didanosine (ddI, a related adenosine analog, 0.14 mg/day) or vehicle (0.1 M NaOH) daily gavage for 5 weeks. Laser-capture microdissection (LCM) was used to isolate renal proximal tubules for molecular analyses. mtDNA abundance and ultrastructural pathology were analyzed. mtDNA abundance in whole kidneys from both KO and WT was unchanged regardless of treatment. Renal proximal tubular mtDNA abundance from OAT1 KO also remained unchanged, suggesting prevention of TDF toxicity due to loss of tenofovir transport into proximal tubules. In contrast, renal proximal tubules from MRP4 KO exhibited increased mtDNA abundance following TDF treatment compared with WT littermates, suggesting compensation. Renal proximal tubules from TDF-treated WT and MRP4 KO exhibited increased numbers of irregular mitochondria with sparse, fragmented cristae compared with OAT1 KO. Treatment with ddI had a compensatory effect on mtDNA abundance in OAT1 KO but not in MRP4 KO. Both OAT1 and MRP4 have a direct role in transport and efflux of tenofovir, regulating levels of tenofovir in proximal tubules. Disruption of OAT1 activity prevents tenofovir toxicity but loss of MRP4 can lead to increased renal proximal tubular toxicity. These data help to explain mechanisms of human TDF renal toxicity.
SOCIAL COST MINIMIZATION: A NATIONAL POLICY APPROACH TO THE PROBLEMS OF DISTRESSED ECONOMIC REGIONS*

This paper makes a distinction between output maximizing and cost minimizing approaches to national economic policy. The paper argues that because the benefits of economic activity and its cost are frequently conferred upon distinct groups in society, it is not automatically true that output maximization is the best strategy, as is presently assumed. This result is especially true when the problems of distressed economic regions are the focus of our concern. The national and multi-national firms which make decisions pertaining to the economic life of local communities make those decisions not on the basis of the costs and benefits to the community, but with regard to their private balance sheet. As a result, it frequently happens that communities of individuals must bear social costs far in excess of the private gains to the firms in question. From a policy standpoint, this is not an efficient use of our social and economic resources. In the absence of any type of comprehensive economic planning a rational market-oriented economic strategy would be one which seeks to minimize social costs.
Cytoplasmic streaming does not drive intercellular passage in staminal hairs of Setcreasea purpurea

The effect of inhibition of cytoplasmic streaming on intercellular passage of carboxyfluorescein (CF) in staminal hairs ofS. purpurea was examined. Tip cells of staminal hairs were microinjected with buffered-CF. Cytoplasmic streaming was then inhibited by addition of KCN or NaN3 to the external bathing solution. In separate experiments, cytoplasmic streaming was inhibited by microinjection of cytochalasin D along with the buffered-CF. CF passage over a 5 minutes treatment period was monitored by video fluorescence microscopy and video intensity analysis. Cytoplasmic streaming ceased within 1 minute of inhibitor agent treatment, however, little change in the kinetics of intercellular passage was noted over the 5 minute experimental period. Th us, cytoplasmic streaming plays no major role in the regulation of intercellular passage of the hydrophilic, negatively charged molecule CF.
Ascorbic Acid Alters Collagen Integrins in Bone Culture

The effects of ascorbic acid on collagen synthesis, mineralization, and integrins were investigated in a mineralizing organ culture system derived from 20-day fetal rat parietal bones. A significant dose-dependent decrease in calcification at 96 h was demonstrated with decreasing concentrations of ascorbic acid (100–0 μg/ml). No effect on DNA content, [3H]thymidine incorporation, or dry weight was found in control (100 μg/ml ascorbic acid) bones compared with bones treated with decreased ascorbic acid concentrations (10, 1, and 0 μg/ml). Collagen synthesis, measured by[ 3H]proline incorporation, and α1(I) procollagen messenger RNA levels were also unaffected. However, ascorbic acid produced a dose-dependent decrease in the hydroxyproline content, with a maximal 76.8% decrease in bones without ascorbic acid compared with the control bones with 100 μg/ml ascorbic acid. Light microscopy of the ascorbic acid-deficient bones revealed a disruption of the osteoblast layer with misshapen osteoblasts and a decreas...
Theory of ion scattering from single crystals

Abstract The scattering of He + , Ne + and Ar + ions at 600 eV from Ni(110) in the [110] direction is modeled using classical dynamics. The distributions of final scattering angles of the primary ions are displayed as contour plots over the surface impact zone. From the contour plots the regions of the surface that give rise to scattering at specific angles can be isolated. The majority of the inplane scattering arises from collisions of the primary ion with second layer or “valley” atoms. However, to correctly reproduce the experimental energy distribution curves of Heiland and Taglauer (J. Vacuum Sci. Technol. 9 (1971) 620), we must include a simple collision time correction to account for neutralization of the ion beam. This analysis predicts that the ions which collide with second layer atoms of the solid are preferentially neutralized. The energy distributions due to first layer collisions agree well with experiment. We find that a full molecular three dimensional model is needed to describe all of the ion scattering events since for most of the collisions, the ion is simultaneously interacting with at least two atoms of the solid. However, in agreement with other workers we find only a single collision is responsible for the “binary” peak in the energy distribution. In addition the relative scattering intensity at different angles is dependent on having a three-dimensional solid.
Automatic Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator: Techniques of Implantation and Results

Abstract An initial experience with use of the automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD) is described. Twelve patients received the device. One death has occurred during a mean follow-up of 15 months, and it was due to causes other than arrhythmias. Appropriate device discharge terminating a malignant arrhythmia occurred in 9 patients (75%). The observed survival (92%) far exceeds that to be expected in survivors of sudden death treated by conventional means. There have been no operative deaths. Morbidity has been minimal, although three reoperations were required in 2 patients because of lead dislodgment. The AICD has been demonstrated to be effective in treating patients at risk for sudden arrhythmic death. It can be employed safely with minimum morbidity using a variety of implantation techniques.
THE RELATION BETWEEN MARKET SHARE AND PROFITABILITY

Gaining market share can be a means of obtaining profits. While one cannot develop precise prescriptions for gaining market share in complex and dynamic environments, a stylized model can provide a reference point for evaluating what to do in more complex situations.
Developmental differences in the sterol composition of Solenopsis invicta

Twenty-six sterols were isolated from eggs, larvae, workers, and queens of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. They were identified by chromatographic (TLC, GLC, and HPLC) and spectral methods (MS and 1H-NMR). Queens possessed the most varied sterol composition (24 sterols were detected). The major sterols from queens were the doubly bioalkylated 24α-ethyl cholest-5- and 7-en-3β-ols whereas the major sterol from the other developmental stages was cholesterol, a sterol which lacks a C-24 alkyl group. From fourth instar larvae were isolated two yeasts, Candida parapsilosis and Yarrowia lipolytica. Both yeasts were found to synthesize similar sterols, primarily ergosterol and zymosterol (90% of the sterol mixture). A minor sterol (approximately 12% of the total sterol mixture) detected in eggs, larvae, and workers was 24-methyl cholesta-5,22E-dien-3β-ol (brassicasterol). Brassicasterol may have originated from ergosterol produced by the fungal endosymbiotes. The amount of sterol in each developmental stage was as follows: approximately 24 μg sterol/queen, 3 μg sterol/worker, 2 μg sterol/larvae, and 0.02 μg sterol/egg. The sterol composition of the red imported fire ant differed from that of leaf-cutting ants previously investigated where 24-methyl sterols of ectosymbiotic fungal origin were the major sterols detected in soldiers and workers. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of salt on the interactions of antimicrobial peptides with zwitterionic lipid bilayers.

Abstract The effect of salt on the binding of the antimicrobial peptide magainin to POPC lipid bilayers is studied by 40–50 ns molecular dynamics simulations of a POPC bilayer in the presence of different concentrations of Na+ and Cl− ions, corresponding to effective concentrations of 0, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 millimolar NaCl, with and without a single molecule of antimicrobial peptide magainin. Simulations without magainin showed that increasing salt concentration leads to the decrease in the area per lipid, a decrease in the head group tilt of the lipids, as well as increased order of lipid tails, in agreement with other recent simulations. Simulations with magainin show that peptide binding to the lipids is stronger at lower concentrations of salt. The peptides disorder the lipids in their immediate vicinity, but this effect is diminished as the salt concentration increases. Our studies indicate that while 50 ns simulations give information on peptide hydrogen bonding and lipid tail ordering that is insensitive to the initial peptide orientation, this run time is not sufficient to equilibrate the peptide position and orientation within the bilayer.
Superoxide dismutase and the oxygen enhancement of radiation lethality

Abstract Escherichia coli B were more susceptible to radiation lethality and showed a greater oxygen enhancement ratio when exposed in dilute suspension (1 × 105 cells/ml) than when exposed in dense suspensions (1 × 109 cells/ml). The oxygen enhancement, seen with dilute suspensions, was diminished by superoxide dismutase, catalase, mannitol, or histidine. Heat-denatured superoxide dismutase was without effect. The results are interpreted as indicating a role for O2− plus H2O2 in the oxygen enhancement of radiation lethality, and a scheme is proposed which is consistent with the observations.
Molybdenum carbonyl complexes of unsaturated tertiary phosphines

Abstract The photochemical and thermal reactions between Mo(CO) 6 , Mo(CO) 4 - norbernadiene, Mo(CO) 3 -cycloheptatriene or Mo(CO) 4 Cl 2 and the ligands Ph n P(CH 2 CH 2 CHCH 2 ) 3−n , where n = 0,1 or 2, yield a variety of complexes in which the olefin has an influence on the products that can be isolated. Although chelated products are formed, the maximum coordinating ability of each ligand is not realized during olefin replacement reactions. Species are formed that contain an increased number of carbonyls or that polymerize in preference to chelation through metal— olefin bond formation. These species are not analogous to the products obtained with saturated tertiary phosphines.
Extractable Organohalogens (EOX) in Sediment and Biota Collected at an Estuarine Marsh near a Former Chloralkali Facility

Extractable, organically bound chlorine (EOCl), which is determined by neutron activation analysis (NAA), has been used as a measure of pollution by chlorinated organics. In this study, the concent...
Diffusion of gases in fluorocarbon polymers

The diffusion and solubility coefficients and their temperature coefficients of several gases in fluorocarbon polymers were measured by a spring balance and radiotracer method. The activation energies of small molecule diffusion in polytetrafluoroethylene increase with the diffusate molecular diameter squared. The increase is less than that found in many other typical polymers and this is probably due to pre-existing holes or channels. The latter are most likely to occur in polymers consisting of stiff chain molecules which have a low packing efficiency. Furthermore, the activation energies are not simply proportional to the cohesive energy density. These findings and the general relation between activation energy and solute molecular size can be explained in terms of the model proposed earlier. The apparent frequency factors in the Arrhenius expression for the diffusion coefficients also are low in comparison to other typical polymers presumably because the diffusate molecules are forced to follow a tortuous path through the polymer. The effect of polymer crystallinity and transitions are discussed briefly. Many molecular motions apparently lead to successful diffusion events, again in agreement with the model mentioned above. A simple and rather unambiguous method to derive activation entropies is reported and the diffusion processes in low and high molecular weight materials have been compared.
Pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in cultured human fibroblasts

The activities of pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase were measured in cultural human fibroblasts. Considerable variation was observed in strains derived from different individuals. The activities of both enzymes throughout the culture cycle were measured in two strains. In these strains the specific activities of the enzymes increased during log phase and remained constant during the stationary phase. However, one cell strain exhibited a high activity of pyruvate carboxylase which remained unchanged throughout the culture cycle, suggesting that this enzyme may be regulated differently in different strains of cultured human cells. Familial studies suggest that the observed variations in pyruvate carboxylase activity may be due to a genetic polymorphism.
Heat transfer to air from a yawed cylinder

Abstract An experimental program is reported on heat transfer to air from a yawed cylinder with a uniform temperature. The Independence Principle is confirmed for the laminar boundary layer region over the range of yaws investigated (20–60°). At high normal Reynolds numbers, Ren, (based on the velocity component normal to the cylinder) and low yaws, the local normalized Nusselt numbers, Nuθ/√Ren, in the wake region appears nearly independent of yaw and Ren; whereas at low Ren the local normalized Nusselt number is dependent upon both position and Ren. The heat transfer results at high yaws show a marked difference from those at low yaws.
Linear arrays of intramembranous particles in pulmonary tubular myelin.

Abstract Freeze-fracture preparations of tubular myelin in edematous rat lungs reveal the presence of linear arrays of intramembranous particles. The lines of particles are approximately 50 nm apart and appear to correspond to the intersections of sheets of bilayer membranes. Particles are not seen in lamellar bodies but become evident first in membranes transitional between lamellar bodies and tubular myelin. It is proposed that the particles represent a hydrophobic protein that plays a significant role in the organization of tubular myelin.
Infective endocarditis: A review and update

Abstract Infective (bacterial) endocarditis has presented a “changing face” over the previous years but remains a disease with potentially serious complications. Surveys have indicated that up to 92% of cases of infective endocarditis could be attributed to a dental origin; yet most susceptible persons do not understand their condition or the precautions necessary prior to dental treatment. Up to 80% of infective endocarditis patients received no protection prior to dental or genitourinary manipulation. Dental practitioners, therefore, play an important role in the prevention of this disease and must be familiar with recent developments on the subject. This article provides an in-depth review of the disease and outlines and stresses the dental practitioner's responsibility in its prevention.
The thermal isomerization of 2-fluoro-1-methylenecyclopropane

Abstract The thermodynamics of the thermal equilibration of 2-fluoro-1-methylenecyclopropane and 1-(fluoromethylene) cyclopropane are presented and discussed.
Collaboration Platform for Sustainable Wind Energy Distribution Network

Abstract Rapidly rising needs for generating electricity with little or no pollution make wind energy imperative. Fluctuations in output of wind turbines and their frequent stoppages for maintenance or breakdowns, however, limit their penetration into power grids. In this research, pattern recognition models are applied to enhance output estimation by improved failure prediction. In addition, a collaboration platform is developed with demand and capacity sharing and best Matching Protocols that facilitate rationalized collaboration between energy providers to create sustainable distribution networks. A simulation of two communities with two farms and 100 members is conducted to measure the impact of the collaboration platform.
Field of view in the oclinometer

The paper presents two phases of the subject. (I) Schematic description of an apparently new type of optical instrument, designed by Liggett and Dodd, which permits conditions within wide limits for accommodation of the eyes independent of convergence, and also the measurement of muscular imbalance (strabismus) and range of fusion. It uses plane mirrors rather than refracting prisms, thus eliminating distortion, chromatic aberration and astigmatism in the images. The optical system is essentially different from that of the short-base range finder and of the Helmholtz stereoscope, in that (a) rays enter the eyes from the outer rather than the inner mirrors, and (b) the outer mirrors are variable in position through large angles. (II) Derivation of geometrical expressions for (1) magnitude of “field of view” (that is, angular range of visibility of secondary image of stationary point-object), (2) direction of field of view, and (3) boundaries of useful areas of mirrors, —applicable to a pair of independently variable plane mirrors with parallel axes in the respective planes, as adapted in an instrument of this kind (one pair of mirrors to each eye).The designing entailed the fulfilling of several requirements having somewhat narrow limits and culminated in finding a suitable combination of some half-dozen variable quantities.
From Subitizing to Counting

The present research investigated how visual processing differs when individuals subitize versus count. We obtained the negligible slopes characteristic of subitizing only in the conditions in which viewers were expected to subitize (scenes presented either without distractors or with only simple distractors). We observed non-linear viewing times. Differences in fixation patterns across scene types became greater as the number of target items increased, rather than vanishing for large numerosities as would be expected from the traditional view of subitizing. Inspection of patterns of fixation supported the idea that pre-attentive processes play a substantial role in processing when targets are few in number, easy to locate, and easy to discriminate from each other.
Consonant durations in clusters

The durations of initial and final consonant clusters in monosyllabic and bisyllabic words within a frame sentence were studied from spectrograms of readings by 3 speakers. The durations of consonants within a cluster varied with the features of the consonant and its phonetic environment, such as voicing and point and manner of articulation. A durational model was proposed based on two mechanisms. An articulatory mechanism was attributed to effects involving coarticulation and restrictions in the motion of the tongue and lips during a cluster. Shortening of consonants in clusters seemed to arise from the shorter distances that the articulators travel in clusters. Lengthening of consonants before fricatives and voiced consonants and aspiration effects were noted. The other factor was a phonological mechanism, related to the use of duration as an acoustic cue in consonant perception. Single consonants varying only in the voicing characteristic had substantial durational differences which could aid in distinguishing them. However, phonological restrictions, such as common voicing among stops and fricatives, arise in the clusters, and the redundancies allow the durational differences to become less.
In defense of ARIMA modeling

Abstract A number of empirical studies published in the forecasting literature in the 1970's and 1980's have come to the conclusion that univariate ARIMA time series modeling (Box-Jenkins) is not a more accurate univariate time series forecasting method than some simpler and older alternatives, including various exponential smoothing methods. One specific study published in the International Journal of Forecasting in 1986 is examined in this paper. It is suggested that the conclusion of that study that ‘exponential smoothing is usually a better time series method than Box-Jenkins in forecasting department store sales’ is unjustified because of the very limited sample size in the forecasting comparison. It is further suggested that the study fails to illustrate one of the important strengths of the ARIMA modeling approach, the ability to go beyond the basic univariate model by considering interventions, calendar variation, outliers, or other real aspects of typically observed time series.
On the optimality of a full-service policy for a queueing system with discounted costs

We provide weak sufficient conditions for a full-service policy to be optimal in a queueing control problem in which the service rate is a dynamic decision variable. In our model there are service costs and holding costs and the objective is to minimize the expected total discounted cost over an infinite horizon. We begin with a semi-Markov decision model for a single-server queue with exponentially distributed inter-arrival and service times. Then we present a general model with weak probabilistic assumptions and demonstrate that the full-service policy minimizes both finite-horizon and infinite-horizon total discounted cost on each sample path.
Personality disorder in the elderly.

Psychiatrists tend not to ascribe personality disorder to elderly patients who present with psychiatric or medical illness, perhaps because of the difficulty of defining personality disorder in older persons or because of the belief that it does not exist among the elderly. Based on a review of the literature, the author concludes that personality and personality disorder are most reliably described in behavioral terms and that normal aging can change preexisting behaviors and produce new behaviors. However, personality remains relatively stable as people age, and healthy personality traits are as durable as pathological personaity traits. Finally, he concludes that the elderly are not immune from personality disorder but that age-related behavioral changes may mask the presence of the disorder. Therefore, diagnostic guidelines for personality disorder should include age-associated criteria.
Gilligan and Kohlberg: implications for moral theory

Carol Gilligan's body of work in moral development psychology is of the first importance for moral philosophy.' At the same time certain philosophical commitments within contemporary ethics constitute obstacles to appreciating this importance. Some of these commitments are shared by Lawrence Kohlberg, whose work provided the context for Gilligan's early (though not current) work. I will discuss some of the implicit and explicit philosophical differences between Gilligan's and Kohlberg's outlooks and will then defend Gilligan's views against criticisms which, drawing on categories of contemporary ethical theory, a Kohlbergian can and does make of them. Gilligan claims empirical support for the existence of a moral outlook or orientation distinct from one based on impartiality, impersonality, justice, formal rationality, and universal principle. This impartialist conception of morality, as I will call it, 2 in addition to characterizing Kohlberg's view of morality, has been the dominant conception of morality in contemporary Anglo-American moral philosophy, forming the core of both
Mammalian telomeres and telomerase.

Abstract New features of mammalian telomeres and telomerase have been identified. Telomeres form t-loops, which engage the 3′ single-stranded DNA overhang in an interaction with double-stranded telomeric repeats. Mammalian telomerases contain an RNA H/ACA motif and associated protein(s) shared with the H/ACA family of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins. Essential roles for telomerase in the sustained viability of cultured tumor cells and in the normal proliferative capacity of human somatic cells have been demonstrated.
An accelerator/wiggler for high efficiency FEL operation

Abstract A possible approach to high efficiency FEL operation is to combine a microwave linear accelerator and magnetic wiggler into a single structure. As the electrons lose energy to the radiation at the FEL oscillation wavelength (e.g. 10 μm), energy is replaced by the microwave linac. The electron beam acts as a catalyst for the conversion of microwave power to infrared power. Several advantages to the accelerator/wiggler are: it is possible to obtain high conversion efficiency in a short length; small-signal gain reduction can be avoided; power extraction may be increased by increasing length; there is little detrapping; and electron beam energy out of the wiggler is relatively monochromatic, permitting efficient energy recovery. A six period, full scale model of the accelerator/wiggler has been fabricated to check the computer simulations for both microwave and magnetic properties. Microwave measurements on this model indicate that the predicted Q is accurate, that there is an approximate 1.5% error in the predicted resonant frequency and that critical coupling to the structure in the presence of the electron beam can be achieved with a direct, rectangular waveguide feed.
Inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate- and kainic acid-induced neurotransmitter release by ω-conotoxin GVIA

Abstract 1. The role of voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and kainic acid (KA)-evoked neurotransmitter release from rat cortical and hippocampal brain slices was evaluated by determining the effects of omega-conotoxin GVIA, an inhibitor of neuronal L- and N-type VSCC, and PN 200-110, a selective inhibitor of L-type VSCC. 2. Selective antagonists of the NMDA receptor ionophore complex, Mg2+, CPP and MK-801, inhibited NMDA- but not KA-evoked release of [3H]-noradrenaline from hippocampal and cortical brain slices. This suggests that cortical and hippocampal receptors are similar and that NMDA and KA act at distinct excitatory amino acid receptor subtypes. 3. [3H]-noradrenaline release induced by both NMDA and KA was similarly inhibited (approximately 30%) by omega-conotoxin GVIA. In contrast, PN 200-110 had no significant effect, although there was a tendency towards inhibition. 4. The results suggest that although NMDA- and KA-receptors are pharmacologically distinct, the N-type, but not the L-type, VSCC plays a small but significant role in neurotransmitter release induced by both NMDA and KA. It remains to be determined whether the N-type VSCC are involved in the physiological and/or pathological manifestations of excitatory amino acid receptor stimulation.
Bone resorption by isolated osteoclasts in living versus devitalized bone: Differences in mode and extent and the effects of human recombinant tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases

The incubation of isolated osteoclasts with devitalized bone has become a widely used method for the recent study of bone resorption. Although the studies employing this method have definitively demonstrated that isolated osteoclasts have an avid capacity to resorb devitalized bone, the resorption in this model appears to be different from that of living bone as observed in vivo and in organ culture studies. To evaluate how the resorption of living bone is different from that of devitalized bone, we have extended this bone resorption model using isolated osteoclasts by including both devitalized and living bone substrates. Living bone substrates were freshly prepared from calvaria of 8- to 12-month-old mice. Periosteum, cellular components, and osteoid were completely scraped off to leave a rigid, smooth, mineral-exposed surface for the isolated osteoclasts to act upon. Some of the bone pieces were devitalized by repeated freezing and thawing. Living and devitalized bones were cultured with isolated rabbit osteoclasts for 60 h with or without recombinant human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (100 micrograms/ml). The extent of bone resorption was assessed by measuring both the area and the depth of resorption pits. Comparing the areas of the resorption pits showed significantly more resorption in living bone than in devitalized bone (27% of that of living bone). Recombinant human TIMP reduced the resorption of living bone by 73% but did not, however, inhibit the resorption of devitalized bone. Similarly, resorption pits formed on the living bones were significantly deeper (on the average, 12.4 microns) than those formed on the devitalized bones (on the average, 4.3 microns). The average depth of the resorption pits on living bone was significantly reduced by the presence of the inhibitor, whereas there was no difference between the control and inhibitor-treated devitalized bones. These results suggest that the mechanisms underlying the resorption of living bone and that of devitalized bone are not the same and that the resorption of living bone is aided by osteocytes.
Modeling the Fate and Transport of Organic Contaminants in Lake St. Clair

Abstract Despite the rapid hydraulic turnover time of Lake St. Clair, inputs of organic contaminants to the lake are a cause for concern because of their potential long-term storage in the lake's surficial sediments. In order to understand and predict the transport and fate of organic contaminants in Lake St. Clair, a multisegment, contaminant mass balance model was developed. The model was calibrated and tested against four data sets that describe the behavior of the conservative chloride ion, and against two data sets that describe the fate and distribution of sediment-bound cesium-137. Model applications included simulations of octachlorostyrene (OCS) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) dynamics in the lake. The model predicted that during 1971-83, 3.8 MT of OCS entered the lake, 2.8 MT were flushed from the system, 0.8 MT were lost due to biological degradation and volatilization, and 0.2 MT remained in the system. The model also predicted that during 1970–74, 3.4 MT of PCB entered the lake, 2.1 MT were flushed from the system, 2.2 MT were lost due to biological degradation and volatilization, and the system mass of PCB decreased from 1.9 to 1.0 MT.
ACETAZOLAMIDE AND ENALAPRIL COMBINATION OFFERS COMPLETE PROTECTION FROM NITRIC OXIDE-DEFICIENT STROKE IN STROKE-PRONE SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS☆

Chronic oral administration of l -NAME precipitates stroke in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). The present study investigated whether acetazolamide (an acidotic agent) given alone or in combination with an angiotensin blocker (enalapril maleate) offers any protection from NO-deficient stroke in SHRSP. We also examined whether protection from NO-deficient stroke involves activation of K(+)channels. Five-week-old SHRSP drank saline (group I), l -NAME (group II), l -NAME+enalapril (group III), l -NAME+acetazolamide (group IV), and l -NAME+enalapril+acetazolamide (group V). Within a few hours following onset of stroke, rats were attached to a blood pressure recorder. In subsequent experiments, to investigate the involvement of K(+)channels, glibenclamide and BaCl(2)(K(+)channel blockers) were included in the drinking solutions that were given to the SHRSP groups receiving l -NAME, acetazolamide and enalapril. Group I of SHRSP did not develop stroke. Group II, III and IV developed stroke in 12+/-2, 29+/-2 and 20+/-2 days, respectively. SHRSP from group V did not develop stroke. However, they died in 70+/-2 days. The glibenclamide and BaCl(2)administration failed to prevent this protection from stroke. In conclusion, concurrent administration of acetazolamide and enalapril prevents onset of NO-deficient stroke in SHRSP. These stroke-protective effects are independent of reductions in mean or systolic blood pressures and do not involve an activation of K(+)channels.
Modulation of Gene Activity During Photomorphogenesis of Gametophytes of the Fern, Onoclea sensibilis

Gametophytes of the sensitive fern, Onoclea sensibilis grow as filaments in the dark and in red light and assume planar morphology in blue light. RNA content and the synthesis of different RNA fractions as monitored by [3H]-uridine incorporation and chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose column, were consistently low in the dark-grown gametophytes, high in blue light and intermediate in red light. No new mRNAs were detected in the translation products primed by poly(A)+ RNA isolated from gametophytes grown under any conditions. Of the nearly 30 polypeptide bands identified in the in vitro profile, some increased in intensity in blue light, while most continued to decay in the dark and in red light. An increase in the intensity of the polypeptide bands was detected when dark- or red light-grown gametophytes were returned to blue light. Abundance of mRNA of the gene for the large subunit of maize ribulose-1,5-bis-phosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL) remained more or less unchanged during growth of gametophytes in blue light but declined to very low or undetectable levels in red light and in the dark. Transfer of gametophytes from the dark or red light to blue light led to the reappearance of rbcL mRNA. Within the limits of detectability, these observations indicate that light quality or dark condition does not affect the expression of the genome, but modifies its relative transcriptional activity. Overall, the results support the hypothesis that changes in the rate of synthesis or degradation of certain mRNAs are associated with the growth patterns of gametophytes of O. sensibilis in the different environments.
Order-disorder transformations in chemisorbed layers: Oxygen on W(110)

We have investigated the order-disorder transformation in oxygen adsorbed on W(110). An analysis of the ordering at T = 0 using the lattice gas formalism shows that there must be significant three-particle interactions to break the particle-hole symmetry. This is necessary since there is a p(2 × 2) phase at three-quarter coverage which is not present at one-quarter coverage. Monte Carlo techniques are used to obtain estimates of the strength of the two and three-particle interactions by matching calculated and measured LEED intensity curves. The qualitative characteristics of the phase diagram are discussed with emphasis on the multicritical points which must be present if the transition at half coverage is second order. Evidence in support of a second order transition is reviewed.