cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) Gender and Female Mating Status on Plant Disease Dynamics within a Simple Habitat

The influence of leafhopper, Graminella nigrifrons (Forbes), gender and female mating status on the disease dynamics of leafhopper-transmitted maize chlorotic dwarf machlovirus was examined in a maize, Zea mays L., monoculture. Physical maps of disease incidence showed that diseased plants resulting from the release of males at the center of plots were less aggregated than for female treatments. Disease gradient slopes were compared after fitting the data to the log-logistic disease spread model. The release of males resulted in a mean disease gradient slope that was significantly more shallow than female treatments. Disease dispersion was further characterized using Lloyd's patchiness index, which yielded results that confirmed the analysis of disease gradients. These measures of dispersion also indicated a tendency for disease aggregation resulting from virgin females to be intermediate to males and mated females. Although the level of aggregation was most different for male and mated female treatments, there was no Significant difference between these treatments for overall disease incidence, indicating that the pattern of disease spread, but not overall disease incidence, was influenced. Whereas previous studies have focused on the role of host plant finding by leafhoppers as a determinant of individual movement behavior within a habitat, and consequently pathogen spread, our results suggest that an understanding of mating behavior may contribute to our understanding of plant disease dynamics.
Excretion and Retention of P32 and Ca45 by Laying Hens

Abstract QUANTITATIVE information concerning the retention and excretion of calcium and phosphorus by the normal laying hen is basic to an understanding of the metabolism of these elements and of the influence of various factors causing changes in their metabolism. In the experiments reported here, P32 and Ca45 were administered orally, individually and concurrently to laying hens. Determinations were made of the rate of excretion and duration of excretion and the quantity of the isotopes retained in the various tissues of the hens when the isotopes could no longer be detected in the excrement. EXPERIMENTAL S. C. White Leghorn laying hens, weighing 1,400 to 1,600 grams, and approximately 10 months of age were placed in individual cages and fed a complete laying mash. The radioactive isotopes were administered orally as aliquots of aqueous solutions. The P32 was in solution as carrier-free phosphoric acid while the Ca45 solution contained 21.5 grams of . . .
Agglutination of sheep's erythrocytes sensitized with histoplasmin.

SummaryAn hemagglutination test is described using sheep's erythrocytes sensitized with histoplasmin and sera from rabbits immunized with H. capsulatum. Sera from normal rabbits gave negative results and no cross-reactions were found with sera containing antibodies against S. Schenckii and C. albicans.
Medical Insurance System Value Judgments and Policy OrientationCHU Ting-yong

In order to further reveal the contradictions in the medical supply and demand structure,the distinction of the position of patients and national citizen will help analyze the fairness of health insurance and efficiency,learn from the reform experience of Britain and other developed countries,contribute to achieving the equality of medical opportunity and ensure the most appropriate health care reform goals.
Problems identified by performance test of automatic voltage regulator for power grid access

The digital AVR has the advantages of high precision and facility in parameter setting, but the discontinuity of signal processing and the unreasonable process of application software become the bottlenecks that limit the expected function of AVRs and bring hidden security threat to generator operation. According to the correlated technical requirements, unit-grid coordination simulation laboratory in North China Electric Power Research Institute has carried out the performance tests of fifteen kinds of digital AVRs. As for the present problems, the corresponding measures were proposed. It provides the technical supports for strengthening excitation system management.
A comparison of metrics to evaluate the effects of hydro-facility passage stressors on fish

Hydropower is the most common form of renewable energy, and countries worldwide are considering expanding hydropower to new areas. One of the challenges of hydropower deployment is mitigation of the environmental impacts including water quality, habitat alterations, and ecosystem connectivity. For fish species that inhabit river systems with hydropower facilities, passage through the facility to access spawning and rearing habitats can be particularly challenging. Fish moving downstream through a hydro facility can be exposed to a number of stressors (e.g., rapid decompression, cavitation, blade strike and collision, turbulence, and shear forces), which can affect fish survival in direct and indirect ways. Many studies have investigated the effects of hydroturbine passage on fish; however, the comparability among studies is limited by variation in the metrics and biological endpoints used. Future studies investigating the effects of hydroturbine passage should focus on using metrics and endpoints that are...
Lifelong Learning and Guided Autobiography

Today, people are living longer than at any other time in history. The purpose of this article is to describe: (i) an independent, community-based organization created for and by older adults, and (ii) one of the courses taught at that organization. The organization is the PILLAR Institute for Lifelong Learning located in Colorado Springs, Colorado. PILLAR is a volunteer-run organization. Except for a paid director, all of the staffing is done by volunteers. Also, the instructors who are experts in their fields are volunteers. Guided Autobiography is a course which is an excellent fit for older adults who wish to engage intellectually. Members of the Guided Autobiography course have reported on the satisfaction of recording their life stories and preserving the history of their lives for future generations.
People with Disabilities: The Underserved and Unserved

The purpose of this paper is to present three models that offer innovative methods for providing services to underserved/unserved populations. These models examine the sustainability of approaches that support the transfer and the exchange of knowledge between Minority and Majority World settings. This paper further addresses the need for providing innovative solutions and capacity building for global issues that affect health care and the habilitation and rehabilitation of people with disabilities.Key words: Disability, methods, capacity building, sustainability, underserved, unserved
The Freedom from Hunger Campaign—Progress in the F.A.O. Fertilizer Programme:

The present article establishes a link with “Outlook” Vol. III, to the first number of which Dr. Sen, Director-General of F.A.O., contributed a foreword. The steps taken to initiate trial and demon...
Transcriptional Regulation by Nrf2

Abstract Significance: Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that coordinates the basal and stress-inducible activation of a vast array of cytoprotective genes. Unders...
Against Wolterstorff's Theistic Attempt to Ground Human Rights

This article responds to Nicholas Wolterstorff's attempt to ground human rights in the condition of being loved by God.
Teaching Noninterpretive Skills to Radiology Residents

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The authors' purpose was to develop, implement, and evaluate a series of videotapes for teaching noninterpretive skills to radiology residents. Materials and Methods An Association of Program Directors in Radiology/American College of Radiology working group developed a series of seven videotapes to teach residents job search and contracting skills; business aspects of radiology; American College of Radiology standards, accreditation programs, and appropriateness criteria; critical thinking skills; ethics; service orientation and interpersonal skills; and medical organizational politics. Residents viewed the videotapes, evaluated the learning experience, and completed both pre- and posttests. Results From 85 to 264 residents completed each of six pre- and posttests. Mean total pretest scores ranged from 55.0% to 76.9% and improved significantly ( P Conclusion Significant resident learning occurred as a result of viewing the videotapes. Program director support of the learning experience was strong, and use of the videotapes as a teaching modality received strong support by residents. Local moderators and question-and-answer sessions would optimize the learning experience
Effects of Interactions within a Three-Membered Microbial Community on the Kinetics of Dual Substrate Removal in Continuous Culture

A bacterial community containing a generalist and two specialists was grown in continuous culture at three dilution rates on a feed containing L-lysine and 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) as the only carbon sources. The lysine degrading specialist maintained stable but oscillatory numbers whereas the generalist declined in number throughout each experiment. The 2-CP degrading specialist initially washed out of the culture, but then increased in number over time. No changes in the effluent lysine and 2-CP concentrations could be correlated with the changes in the community structure.
Effect of extrusion on folic acid concentration and mineral element dialyzability in Great Northern beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

Great Northern beans (GNB) contain appreciable magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and iron (Fe), together with the heat-labile vitamin, folate, and the anti-nutritional compound phytate. Thus, the objective was to increase dialyzability of essential mineral elements while degrading phytate and minimizing destruction of folate through extrusion of GNB. Extrusion resulted in significant (p < 0.05) increases in dialyzability of Mg, P, K, and Fe by as much as 50%, 30%, 5%, and 79%, respectively, while decreasing cadmium (Cd) dialyzability. Screw speed (SS) had a significant quadratic effect on dialyzability of all elements. Low MC resulted in a significant reduction (46%) in phytate, although this was accompanied by as much as 24% destruction of folate. In conclusion, low barrel temperature, medium MC and high SS were identified as the optimum conditions to maximize essential mineral element dialyzability and folate retention while minimizing phytate and dialyzable Cd.
Accelerated Coomassie Blue Staining and Destaining of SDS-PAGE Gels with Application of Heat

Coomassie Brilliant Blue is commonly used for the detection of proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, owing to its reliability and simplicity. Here, we report dramatically decreased protein staining and destaining time, as well as significantly increased detection sensitivity with the application of enhanced heat. The staining time was 5 min at 55, 62.5, or 70°C for a 1.5-mm gel, while it took 45, 45, and 20 min, respectively, for destaining. The staining time could be reduced to 1 min for a 0.8 mm gel stained at 65°C, to 2 min at 60°C and 5 min at 55°C. The destaining of proteins analyzed on a 0.8 mm gel could be accomplished in 8, 15, and 20 min at 65, 60, and 55°C, respectively. Application of heat, thus, enables proteins to be stained and destained rapidly, as well as enhancing detection sensitivity.
Discontinuous growth of DNA plectonemes due to atomic scale friction.

We develop a model to explain discontinuities in the increase of the length of a DNA plectoneme when the DNA filament is continuously twisted under tension. We account for DNA elasticity, electrostatic interactions and entropic effects due to thermal fluctuation. We postulate that a corrugated energy landscape that contains energy barriers is the cause of jumps in the length of the plectoneme as the number of turns is increased. Thus, our model is similar to the Prandtl–Tomlinson model of atomic scale friction. The existence of a corrugated energy landscape can be justified due to the close proximity of the neighboring pieces of DNA in a plectoneme. We assume the corrugated energy landscape to be sinusoidal since the plectoneme has a periodic helical structure and rotation of the bead is a form of periodic motion. We perform calculations with different tensile forces and ionic concentrations, and show that rotation–extension curves manifest stair-step shapes under relatively high ionic concentrations and high forces. We show that the jump in the plectonemic growth is caused by the flattening of the energy barrier in the corrugated landscape.
Effects of HIV-1 gp120 and TAT-derived microvesicles on endothelial cell function.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-related proteins glycoprotein (gp) 120 and transactivator of transcription (Tat)-mediated endothelial damage and dysfunction are poorly understood. Endothelial ...
The Primary Care Clinic as Writing Space

In a primary care health clinic, providers before, after, and throughout their shifts retrieve archival patient information and document new empirical data from each patient encounter into an elect...
High-dose versus low-dose opioid anesthesia in adult cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis

Abstract Study Objective. We performed a systematic comparison of high-dose and low-dose opioid anesthesia in cardiac surgery. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Setting Operating room. Patients 1400 adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery using general anesthesia. Interventions All RCTs comparing the effects of various doses of intravenous opioids (morphine, fentanyl, sufentanil, and remifentanil) during adult cardiac surgery using general anesthesia published until May 2018 (full-text English articles reporting data from human subjects) were included. Measurements Primary outcome was intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS). Secondary outcomes were ventilation time, use of vasopressors, perioperative myocardial infarction, perioperative stroke, and hospital LOS. Main results Eighteen articles were included (1400 patients). There was no difference in ICU LOS between studies using high or low dose of opioids (both short-acting and long-acting) (standard mean difference [SMD]−0.02, 95%CI: −0.15–0.11, P = 0.74). Similarly, there was no difference in secondary outcomes of ventilation time (SMD−0.27, 95%CI: −0.63–0.09, P = 0.14), use of vasopressors (OR 0.61, 95%CI: 0.29–1.30, P = 0.20), myocardial infarction (risk difference 0.00, 95% CI: −0.02–0.03, P = 0.70), stroke (RD 0.00, 95% CI: −0.01–0.01, P = 0.92) and hospital LOS (SMD 0.03, 95% CI: −0.26–0.33, P = 0.84). At meta-regression, there was no effect of age, gender, or type of opioid on the difference between groups. Conclusions Our data suggest that low-dose opioids, both short acting and long acting, are safe and effective to use in adult cardiac surgery patients, independent of the clinical characteristics of the patients and the type of opioid used. In view of the current opioid epidemic, low-dose opioid anesthesia should be considered for cardiac surgery patients.
Family members' opinions about bereavement care after cardiac intensive care unit patients' deaths

Background Critical care consensus groups recommend providing bereavement support; however, little is known about what cardiac intensive care patients' families would find useful and beneficial in their grieving process. Aim and objectives To describe cardiac intensive care unit (ICU) patients' families' opinions on six common components of a bereavement programme. Design Qualitative, exploratory and descriptive. Methods Families were recruited from a cardiac ICU 13-15 months after their loved one's death. Families were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The research team analysed interview transcripts to assess and categorize families' opinions on six bereavement components. Results Twelve family members were interviewed. Most were female (n = 8, 67%), spouses (n = 10, 83%) and white (n = 10, 83%), with a mean age (SD) of 58.4 years (16.7). Families' overall opinions of the bereavement brochure were positive, stating it was helpful in providing information about the grieving process. Families described the sympathy card as "meaningful" and "touching," although they rated it neutral in providing comfort. Most participants felt that a follow-up telephone call was unnecessary except to answer lingering questions they had. Many participants favoured the unit offering counselling services because they found therapy helpful in their grieving process. Participants had mixed feelings about a memory box; they believed it was an individual preference and should be handled in a sensitive manner. Most would not have attended a memorial service if offered because of traffic, distance, concerns about stressful feelings on returning to the hospital or because they already honoured their loved ones through a personalized memorial service. Conclusions Participants varied in their opinions about what bereavement services may be useful; however, this study provides insight about services that cardiac critical care units may consider when adding bereavement support. Relevance to clinical practice Family perspectives about bereavement needs can help structure services offered by critical care units.
Cray Compute Node Linux.

Unix, and now Linux, havebecome prevalent in high-performance computing (HPC) systems, including systems at the very high end. These operating systems were not originally intended for scalable HPC usage, but have been adapted to fulfill that role, while preserving their ability to support a wide range of applications and use cases. While Cray Research and some related commercial efforts had started with proprietary operating systems, Unix or Linux was eventually chosen to provide this wider applicability. This chapter describes the evolution of the use of Unix and Linux at Cray, along with similar activities at two other companies that followed similar paths, BBN Advanced Computers Inc. and Tera Computer Company (later merged with Cray to form Cray Inc.).
An oxcarbazepine overdose in a 23-month-old child

Abstract A 23-month-old male with a known seizure disorder presented to an emergency department with sedation and vomiting. It was initially believed he may have ingested carbamazepine, but later, it was determined to be oxcarbazepine. He was noted to have a possible seizure and was admitted for observation. An initial serum carbamazepine level was falsely positive and subsequent testing was positive for oxcarbazepine. An EEG was performed in the hospital, which was negative. The child improved and was discharged after a 3-day hospital stay.
Splenectomy for benign and malignant hematologic pathology: Modern morbidity, mortality, and long-term outcomes.

Abstract Background The role of splenectomy to diagnose and treat hematologic disease continues to evolve. In this single-center retrospective review, we describe modern morbidity, mortality, and long-term outcomes associated with splenectomy for benign and malignant hematologic disorders. Methods We analyzed all nontrauma splenectomies performed for benign or malignant hematologic disorders from January 2009 to September 2018. Variables collected included demographics, preexisting comorbidities, laboratory results, intra- and postoperative features, and long-term follow-up. Outcomes of interest included postoperative complications, 30-day mortality, and overall mortality. Results We identified 161 patients who underwent splenectomy for hematologic disorders. Median age was 54 years (range 19–94), and 83 (52%) were female. Splenectomy was performed for 95 (59%) patients with benign hematologic disorders and for 66 (41%) with malignant conditions. Most splenectomies were laparoscopic (76%), followed by laparoscopic hand assisted (11%), open (8%), and laparoscopic converted to open (6%). Median follow-up was 761 days (interquartile range: 179–2025 days). Major complications occurred in 21 (13%) patients. Three (2%) patients died within 30 days; 16 (9%) died more than 30 days after operation, none from surgical complications, with median time to death of 438 days (interquartile range: 231–1497 days). Among malignant cases, only preoperative thrombocytopenia predicted death (odds ratio = 5.8, 95% confidence interval = 1.1–31.8, P = .04). For benign cases, increasing age was associated with inferior survival (odds ratio = 2.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.0–5.1, P = .05). Conclusion Splenectomy remains an important diagnostic and therapeutic option for patients with benign and malignant hematologic disorders and can be performed with a low complication rate. Despite considerable burden of comorbid disease in these patients, early postoperative mortality was uncommon.
Sub-millimeter sized multi-component jet fuel surrogate droplet combustion: Physicochemical preferential vaporization effects

Abstract Isolated droplet burning behaviors of fuel mixtures that all share the fully pre-vaporized combustion behaviors of the same “global” Jet-A real fuel are investigated numerically to elucidate the effects of preferential vaporization. Predictions are generated using three such multi-component hydrocarbon mixtures (Mixture-1: n-decane/iso-octane/toluene 42.7/33.0/24.3, Mixture-2: n-dodecane/iso-octane/1,3,5 trimethyl benzene 49.0/21.0/30.0 and Mixture-3: n-hexadecane/iso-octane/1,3,5 trimethyl benzene 36.5/31.0/32.5 molar ratios), each having very different distillation properties. Simulations are performed using a transient one-dimensional sphero-symmetric model, involving numerically reduced detailed chemical kinetics, and multi-component gas-phase diffusive transport. The interactions among the different liquid-phase components are modeled using UNIFAC activity coefficient methodology. The predictions using Mixture-1 are found to be in good agreement with previously published drop-tower experiments for 550 µm droplet combustion in air. Stagnant and internally mixed liquid-phase behaviors are both considered. Near fully mixed internal conditions and including sooting effects (observed in the experiments) result in predictions that are in good agreement with experimental drop diameter and flame-standoff ratio histories. By comparing predictions for the three mixtures, preferential vaporization effects exhibit strong non-linear dependences on initial droplet diameter and ambient pressure. At low pressures and for droplet sizes typical of those found in multi-phase gas turbine combustors, comparable diffusion and vaporization characteristic times favor frozen limit vaporization. However, at pressures typical of those found in applications, batch distillation dominates and preferential vaporization chemical property differences are found to become as significant as physical property effects in influencing combustion behaviors.
Impact of atrial fibrillation on outcomes following MitraClip: A contemporary population‐based analysis

OBJECTIVES Despite the rising use of MC, the impact of preexisting AF, a common comorbidity, on short-term postprocedural outcomes is poorly defined. We sought to assess outcomes between patients with and without atrial fibrillation (AF) who underwent percutaneous mitral valve repair with MitraClip (MC). METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, the Nationwide Readmissions Database was queried for patients who underwent MC between 2014-2017. Groups were stratified based on the presence of AF. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the association between AF and in-hospital stroke and mortality. RESULTS Of the 15,570 patients who underwent MC, 7,740 (49.7%) had AF. AF patients were older (82 vs. 79 years, p < .001) and more comorbid. Patients with AF relative to without AF demonstrated increased rates of in-hospital ischemic (1.3% vs .0.7%, p < .001) and hemorrhagic stroke (0.3% vs. 0.1%, p = .007), longer duration of hospitalization (median 3 vs. 2 days, p < .001), and similar in-hospital mortality (2.8% vs. 2.6%, p = .52). After adjusting for comorbidities, age, sex, hospital procedural volume, and CHA2DS2-VASc, the presence of AF was associated with higher in-hospital stroke (OR = 2.096, 95%CI[1.503-2.921], p < .001) but not in-hospital mortality (OR = 1.012, 95%CI[0.828-1.238], p = .904). AF patients were more likely to be readmitted (16.8% vs.14.1%, p < .001) and die (1.5% vs. 0.9%, p = .005) within 30 days of discharge despite similar incidences of stroke (0.7% vs. 0.6%, p = .53). CONCLUSIONS The increased risk of in-hospital stroke, 30-day mortality, and longer hospitalization suggest the need for increased preprocedural optimization by means of stroke prevention strategies in those with AF undergoing MC.
Flume Studies of Flow in Steep, Rough Channels

Three classifications of flow are proposed; tranquil, tumbling, and rapid; tranquil and rapid regimes are dominated by subcritical and supercritical flow, respectively; in tumbling regime roughness elements induce supercritical flow over their crests followed by individual hydraulic jumps to tranquil state; criteria for delineating three regimes are proposed.
Research Integrated Network of Systems (RINS): a virtual data warehouse for the acceleration of translational research.

OBJECTIVE Integrated, real-time data are crucial to evaluate translational efforts to accelerate innovation into care. Too often, however, needed data are fragmented in disparate systems. The South Carolina Clinical & Translational Research Institute at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) developed and implemented a universal study identifier-the Research Master Identifier (RMID)-for tracking research studies across disparate systems and a data warehouse-inspired model-the Research Integrated Network of Systems (RINS)-for integrating data from those systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 2017, MUSC began requiring the use of RMIDs in informatics systems that support human subject studies. We developed a web-based tool to create RMIDs and application programming interfaces to synchronize research records and visualize linkages to protocols across systems. Selected data from these disparate systems were extracted and merged nightly into an enterprise data mart, and performance dashboards were created to monitor key translational processes. RESULTS Within 4 years, 5513 RMIDs were created. Among these were 726 (13%) bridged systems needed to evaluate research study performance, and 982 (18%) linked to the electronic health records, enabling patient-level reporting. DISCUSSION Barriers posed by data fragmentation to assessment of program impact have largely been eliminated at MUSC through the requirement for an RMID, its distribution via RINS to disparate systems, and mapping of system-level data to a single integrated data mart. CONCLUSION By applying data warehousing principles to federate data at the "study" level, the RINS project reduced data fragmentation and promoted research systems integration.
Vegetation Coverage in Marsh Grass Photography Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Vegetation monitoring is one of the major cornerstones of environmental protection today, giving scientists a look into changing ecosystems. One important task in vegetation monitoring is to estimate the coverage of vegetation in an area of marsh. This task often calls for extensive human labor carefully examining pixels in photos of marsh sites, a very time-consuming process. In this paper, aiming to automate this process, we propose a novel framework for such automation using deep neural networks. Then, we focus on the utmost component to build convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to identify the presence or absence of vegetation. To this end, we collect a new dataset with the help of Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve (GTMNERR) to be used to train and test the effectiveness of our selected CNN models, including LeNet-5 and two variants of AlexNet. Our experiments show that the AlexNet variants achieves higher accuracy scores on the test set than LeNet-5, with 92.41\% for a AlexNet variant ondistinguishing between vegetation and the lack thereof. These promising results suggest us to confidently move forward with not only expanding our dataset, but also developing models to determine multiple species in addition to the presence of live vegetation.
Coinfection of Tuberculosis in an Undiagnosed HIV, AIDS Patient Presenting With Shortness of Breath, Constitutional Symptoms and Lymphadenopathy.

Tuberculosis (TB) has long been known as an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) defining illness in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients, causing reciprocal advantage for both pathogens throughout the course of the disease, not just constituting a burden for the patient, but also impacting public health globally. We report a case of a 42-year-old man who presented with shortness of breath, generalized lymphadenopathy and weight loss. Subsequently diagnosed with HIV/AIDS and generalized ganglionar TB. Initial computed tomography (CT) of the chest showed extensive mediastinal involvement with large right loculated pleural effusion, with growth of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) on culture. Biopsy of lymph nodes confirmed pathologic changes correlating with M. tuberculosis (Caseating granulomatous inflammation), ruling out the possibility of lymphoproliferative disorder. Multiple factors contribute to the immune system decline in AIDS patients, moreover the rapid depletion of Tuberculosis antigen-specific CD4+ T before generalized CD4+T cells. Early assessment for the presence of co-infection and guidance of targeted therapy is critical for management and an important factor in the expected recovery of such patients. Therefore, understanding the pathogenesis of the co-infection, diagnostic approach, possible complications, and the action of concurrent therapy highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)/anti-Tuberculosis treatment as well as drug cytotoxicity is paramount.
Neuronal CD200 Signaling Is Protective in the Acute Phase of Ischemic Stroke.

Background and Purpose: CD200 (cluster of differentiation 200), a highly glycosylated protein primarily expressed on neurons in the central nervous system, binds with its receptor CD200R to form an...
Modelling the core magnetic field of the Earth

It is suggested that radial off-center dipoles located within the core of the earth be used instead of spherical harmonics of the magnetic potential in modeling the core magnetic field. The off-center dipoles, in addition to more realistically modeling the physical current systems within the core, are if located deep within the core more effective at removing long wavelength signals of either potential or field. Their disadvantage is that their positions and strengths are more difficult to compute, and such effects as upward and downward continuation are more difficult to manipulate. It is nevertheless agreed with Cox (1975) and Alldredge and Hurwitz (1964) that physical realism in models is more important than mathematical convenience. A radial dipole model is presented which agrees with observations of secular variation and excursions.
Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase, piericidin sensitivity, and site 1 phosphorylation in different growth phases of Candida utilis.

Reports in the literature indicate that during the exponential phase of growth of Candida utilis NADH oxidation is insensitive to rotenone, that rotenone sensitivity is acquired during the transition to the late stationary phase and is again lost on catabolite repression. The acquisition and loss of rotenone sensitivity appears to be accompanied by similar changes in Site 1 phosphorylation but does not appear to be reflected in the rate of oxidation of NADH (by mitochondria) or of NAD-linked substrates (by mitochondria or whole cells). In the present paper evidence is presented that these fluctuations in sensitivity to inhibitors of NADH oxidation reflect the presence of different types of inner membrane-bound NADH dehydrogenases in different phases of growth. Thus inner membrane preparations from exponential phase cells contain an NADH dehydrogenase which reacts equally well with ferricyanide and juglone as electron acceptor, appears to be very labile, and lacks EPR signals corresponding to iron-sulfur Centers 1 and 2, whereas a new species, probably an iron-sulfur protein, with resonances at g|| = 2.01, and g⊥ = 1.92 in the reduced state, is present. This species is not significantly reduced by NADH. In corresponding preparations from late stationary phase cells NADH-ferricyanide activity is high, juglone reductase activity is low, and the enzyme is stable and exhibits the EPR signals of iron-sulfur Centers 1 and 2, whereas the EPR signals of iron-sulfur Centers 3 + 4 change very little on transition from exponential to stationary phase cells. There is also a decrease in cytochrome concentration. Most prominent among these is a b-type cytochrome (g = 2.54; 2.23; 1.87) which decreases 2- to 3-fold. The EPR detectable species with g|| = 2.01 and g⊥ = 1.92 in the reduced state is no longer detected. On catabolite repression of late stationary phase cells there is an 80 to 90% decline in NADH-ferricyanide activity, of iron-sulfur Centers 1 and 2, a 50 to 60% decrease of Centers 3 + 4, and an increase in a b cytochrome, but the specific activity in NADH-juglone reductase and NADH oxidase assays increases, the enzyme becomes once again labile, and the EPR detectable species with g|| = 2.01 and g⊥ = 1.92 appears on reduction with dithionite. All these changes are prevented by cycloheximide. The data suggest that sensitivity to piericidin A and coupling to energy conservation Site 1 are properties of the type of NADH dehydrogenase present in late stationary phase cells but not in exponential phase or of catabolite-repressed cells.
Passive Observers, Passive Displays, and the Establishment Clause

This article addresses the conditions under which a state practice violates Establishment Clause guarantees with a particular focus on whether the passive nature of a practice has any implications for its constitutionality. Regrettably, the Court has neither made clear which displays are passive nor what role such a determination should play in the analysis of a practice's constitutionality. Unless the Court makes these matters much clearer, what is already a chaotic jurisprudence seems likely to grow even more chaotic.
Major Depressive Disorder: Understanding the Significance of Residual Symptoms and Balancing Efficacy with Tolerability.

INTRODUCTION: Major depressive disorder is a complex and frequent psychiatric condition that poses significant challenges to both the patients who experience it and the physicians who treat them. The goal of therapy is for patients to achieve remission, which requires identifying and measuring symptoms at the outset and throughout treatment to document both response and resistance to treatment. A number of validated instruments are available both for diagnosis of and response to treatment. Many factors affect a patient’s ability to achieve remission, but although many patients do achieve remission, a significant number continue to have residual symptoms that cause functional impairment. METHODS: Review of the literature for treatment of major depression, including mechanisms of action, individualized treatment optimization, residual symptom reduction, and minimization of side effects. RESULTS: For sustained remission, all symptoms must be treated until they are undetectable. Patients who do not achieve remission after adequate treatment trials should be evaluated for adherence to treatment, as well as comorbid psychiatric and medical disorders. In these cases, consideration should be given to changing therapy by switching, combining, or augmenting initial therapy, as well as referring some patients to a psychiatrist for treatment with specialized modalities. Linking symptoms with malfunctioning brain circuits and neurotransmitters provides a targeted approach for achieving sustained remission. Neurobiology also provides a rational basis for combination therapy in patients with treatment-resistant depression, because it can aid selection of different drugs with different mechanisms of action or of multifunctional/ multimodal antidepressant drugs that target more than 1 molecular mechanism. DISCUSSION: Recent advances and better understanding of neurobiology provide a rational basis for individualizing treatment of patients with major depression.
Warm Ideas and Chilling Consequences

Abstract In the process of writing my academic memoirs spanning a period of more than thirty-five years, I discovered how crucial the work of Gregory Bateson had been to my life as a teacher, a scholar, and a relational partner. In this paper I celebrate Bateson9s charming and incisive ideas about how communication works, his deep reservations about the worship of quantification, and his astute analysis of what is at stake when we make epistemological errors in everyday life. Reviewing a turning point in my academic life—a conference held in 1979, I reaffirm the importance of warm ideas and provide a story that illustrates the potentially monstrous consequences of epistemological error.
Constructing topologically distinct energy-critical curves in the path space of the Euclidean line

Abstract We construct topologically distinct global, non-embedding solutions to the Euler–Lagrange equation for a natural energy functional on the space of maps f : R → E .
Pesticide inactivation of peanut glutamate dehydrogenase: biochemical basis of the enzyme's isomerization.

Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) isomerizes in response to pesticides and environmental chemicals, but the biochemical basis of the isomerization is not known. Clearer understanding of the isomerization would permit expansion of its utility in the diagnosis of the responses of plant tissues to challenged environments. Peanut plants were treated with different rates of Basagran (3-(1-methylethyl)-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide), Bravo 720 (tetrachloroiso-phthalonitrile), and Sevin XLR Plus (1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate). Free solution isoelectric focusing, followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate−polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS−PAGE) fractionated the peanut seed GDH to its constituent subunits and degradation polypeptides. After western transfer to nitrocellulose membrane, the GDH subunits and degradation polypeptides were immunodetected with anti-GDH. The pesticide treatments did not induce increased proteolytic activity, but induced about 50% degradation of the GDH, whereas the GDH of the ...
On the origin of striae in cometary dust tails

It has been argued by Sekanina that the so-called striae or pseudo-synchronic bands observed in the dust tails of several comets are a consequence of the sudden disruption of elongated or chainlike parent grains in the tail. The present paper offers a specific mechanism for this disruption process, that is, electrostatic disruption following sudden charging to high electrostatic potentials. Assuming the grains to be prolate spheroids, it is shown that they can attain potentials in the range -60 V to -300 V when subject to energetic electron beams (1-10 keV). The energy source for these electrons is the interaction of the solar wind with the cometary ionosphere producing currents and associated electrostatic double layers.
Behavior of composite laminates after first-ply-failure

Abstract The optimum use of composite laminates involves predicting both first-ply-failure (FPF) and the subsequent behavior of the laminate. Several theories have been proposed to model the behavior of a ply after it fails. Three of these theories are examined here. They include modeling the lamina behavior as elastic-perfectly plastic; as a strain hardening material, as a material which unloads through a negative tangent modulus. These three methods are used to predict the ultimate strength of various laminates. Results are compared to experimental results. Although none of these approaches is totally accurate, the elastic-perfectly plastic model seems to give the best results.
Linking information systems for HIV care and research in Kenya

The provision of HIV care in developing countries may involve complex and overlapping resources; including government-run facilities non-governmental organization (NGO) or international non-governmental organization (INGO) supported services and research affiliated clinics. These resources are often motivated and funded by distinct health priorities and as a result, standards for clinical data representation and exchange are rare and data management systems are often redundant. Open-source systems such as OpenMRS and OpenClinica provide an opportunity to leverage available systems to improve standards and increase interoperability. Nevertheless, continuity of care and data sharing between these systems remains a challenge, particularly in populations with changing health needs, high mobility, and inconsistent access to health resources. As a prerequisite to improving interoperability between systems, use cases for clinical information exchange are first identified. We then characterize data models from nine clinical information systems, standards, and ontologies pertinent to HIV clinical care and research in Kenya. The data fields commonly used as patient identifiers are summarized, including name, date of birth, family relations and location. Finally, we present a prototype ontology to describe data standards and to enable mapping between data elements in diverse information systems.
Preparing For The Unknown, Responding To The Known: Communities And Public Health Preparedness

More than four years after September 11, 2001, bioterrorism preparedness remains a high priority for federal, state, and local governments. With reasonably flexible federal funding, communities have strengthened their ability to respond to public health emergencies, according to assessments by stakeholders and market observers. Collaborative relationships developed for bioterrorism preparedness have proved useful in addressing other threats, such as natural disasters and infectious disease outbreaks. Major ongoing challenges include funding constraints, inadequate surge capacity, public health workforce shortages, competing priorities, and jurisdictional issues.
F.B.I. (Fugitive Bibliographic Information)

Technology has made government information more accessible to the public through loading of the Government Printing Office's GPO Monthly Catalog MARC records onto local online catalogs. This study examines and identifies documents received against the matching bibliographic records on the GPO Monthly Catalog tapes. Also compared are the GPO cataloging priorities and the priorities of a high use/high demand government publications reference department in a large academic libary.
Recent advances in identifying the functions of gangliosides

The recent development of several new approaches has proven extremely useful in identifying functions for gangliosides, the sialic-acid containing glycosphingolipids. The first is the incorporation of exogenous gangliosides into the plasma membrane of ganglioside-deficient cells. Using this approach, specific gangliosides have been identified as the receptors for certain bacterial toxins and viruses and as important factors in the organization of fibronectin into an extracellular matrix. The second approach has been a ligand blotting technique which allows detection of ganglioside-binding proteins such as toxins and antibodies. Gangliosides are separated by thin-layer chromatography and overlain with the protein of interest. Specific binding of the ligand to gangliosides can then be detected by either direct or indirect methods. The third approach is the use of the B or binding subunit of cholera toxin as a specific probe for endogenous plasma membrane ganglioside function. The ability of the B subunit to alter the growth of cells directly demonstrates a role for gangliosides as biotransducers of signals for the regulation of cell growth.
Bienzyme sensors based on electrically wired peroxidase

Single-layer and bilayer bienzyme electrodes based on the combination of a three-dimensional (3-D) redox epoxy network that electrically connects redox centers of bound horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to electrodes with a hydrogen peroxide generating enzyme, the redox centers of which are not connected to the redox-epoxy network, are described. In the single-layer electrodes, H2O2 generated by the first enzyme oxidizes the second enzyme HRP, which oxidizes the redox polymer network that is electrochemically reduced at 0 mV saturated calomel electrode (SCE). When the redox centers of the H2O2 generating enzyme are also electrically connected to the redox-epoxy network, the substrate reduced redox centers are oxidized by the redox polymer network, thus lowering the cathodic current. Such attenuation is avoided in bilayer electrodes, where the H2O2 producing enzyme and the redox-epoxy-HRP network are not electrically connected. The single-layer bienzyme electrodes extend the range of amperometric biosensors based on directly redox-epoxy “wired” enzymes to enzymes that are difficult to electrically connect to redox polymer networks and whose preferred or only cosubstrate is oxygen. For the difficult to wire enzyme-choline oxidase, the cathodic current density in the single-layer peroxidase and choline oxidase containing electrode is 80 μA cm−2 at 10 mM choline concentration, while the anodic current density of the directly wired enzyme is only 5 μA cm−2. Alcohol oxidase is not electrically connected to the wiring 3-D redox-epoxy network. The anodic current density of its redox-epoxy wired electrodes is close to nil, while the cathodic current density, observed in alcohol oxidase and wired peroxidase containing single-layer electrodes at 10 mM ethanol, is 5 μA cm−2. When well-wired enzymes, such as glucose oxidase or lactate oxidase, are utilized in single-layer electrodes, limiting cathodic current densities of 60 μA cm−2 are observed for both enzymes. These currents are much lower than those observed in the directly wired enzyme anodes.
Dictionary selection and the lexicon

Abstract Traditional methods of dictionary making with respect to the selection of vocabulary items must be adjusted to the aims and goals of different lexicographic works. The paper examines some criteria for selection procedures of two different specialized dictionaries (A Dictionary of Africanisms and a forthcoming Dictionary of American English by Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich) and how these selectional criteria differ from those of standard works. The results of computerized research in error analysis are a major factor in the determination of selectional criteria in the ESL learner's dictionary, and examples of such materials are provided.