cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political Concepts and the Study of Democracy: The Case of Demokaraasi in Senegal

It was about fifty years ago that Joseph Schumpeter ([1942] 1962) first advanced an understanding of democracy that focused on institutional arrangements. Since then, the empirical study of democracy has largely become the study of electoral institutions. At the same time, however, careful students of democracy (such as Karl 1986 and Ottaway 1993) have come to recognize that many countries have adopted the formal institutions of democracy without having become more democratic in substance. These scholars rightly see that understandings of democracy that focus too narrowly on formal institutions are inadequate.
Evaluation of Common Electrophoretic Methods in Determining the Molecular Weight of Apolipoprotein(a) Polymorphs

Abstract Five different gel systems were evaluated for their utility in determining the molecular weights of apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)) polymorphs by SDS polyacrylamide or agarose gel electrophoresis. Three linear polyacrylamide gradient gels (2–16% from Isolab (Akron, OH), 4–15% from Pharmacia (Piscataway, NJ), and 2.5–6% homemade), a 4% polyacrylamide, and a 1.5% agarose gel were examined. Crosslinked phosphorylase B oligomers served as molecular weight standards. Molecular weights of four different apo(a) polymorphs were determined in each gel system and compared to values measured previously by sedimentation equilibrium. The results indicate that molecular weights obtained by gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were within 10% and often not statistically different from values acquired by sedimentation equilibrium. The use of homogenous 4% polyacrylamide and 1.5% agarose gels led to molecular weights that were overestimated by 20 and 60–70%, respectively. ApoB 100 , which is a commonly used molecular weight marker, was found to have anomalously fast mobility in each of the four polyacrylamide gel systems. Because its use would lead to overestimated apo(a) molecular weights, it was not useful as a molecular weight standard. Our results indicate that SDS–gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with cross-linked phosphorylase B as standard is a suitable gel system for evaluating apo(a) molecular weights.
Buoyant Fluorescent Particles as a Novel Sensing Technology for Field Observations of Water Flows

In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of off-the-shelf buoyant fluorescent microspheres as particle tracers in turbid water flows. Microspheres’ fluorescence intensity is experimentally measured and detected in static aqueous suspensions of increasing concentrations of clay to simulate typical conditions of natural drainage networks. We conduct experiments by using photoconductive cells and image-based sensing methods. Results obtained with both approaches exhibit comparable trends and show that the considered particles are detectable in critically turbid water flows. Further information on the performance and integration of such microspheres in low-cost measurement instrumentations for field observations is obtained through experiments on a custom built water channel. Findings from this study show that the proposed technology may serve as a minimally invasive sensing system for hazardous events, such as pollutant diffusion in natural streams and flash flooding due to extreme rainfall.© 2011 ASME
Empirical comparison of distance equations using discrete traits.

The use of the Grewal-Smith statistic in measuring biological distance among skeletal population samples has been questioned since it was first applied to human populations. Recently, in an attempt to stabilize the variance of the Grewal-Smith statistic for use with non-metric analysis, Sjovold ('73) and Green and Suchey ('76) have introduced corrections and alternative transformations which may enhance the meaning of biological distance among population samples. Their recommendations improve the statistics for specific variable ranges; i.e., small sample size and low trait frequencies. Thirteen equations representing Grewal-Smith, Freeman-Tukey, Anscombe, and Bartlett transformations and/or corrections, were compared using rank order correlation statistics on actual biological distances generated by real population data as presented in existing literature. Results from testing these actual distance models show little variation between equations based on the populational data sets used. Based on these findings, the distance model resulting from the Grewal-Smith statistic is not inferior to the more sophisticated models, although the latter may be superior by allowing specific improvements for small sample size and/or low trait frequencies.
Toward a New Theory of Institutional Change

Going beyond historical and rational choice institutionalism, this article elaborates the core of a new theory that can account for the discontinuous, disproportionate, and frequently wavelike nature of institutional change. Cognitive-psychological findings on shifts in actors' propensity for assuming risk help explain why periods of institutional stasis can be followed by dramatic breakthroughs as actors eventually respond to a growing problem load with efforts at bold transformation. And insights on boundedly rational learning explain why solutions to these problems often occur as emulation of other countries' innovations and experiences. The new approach, which elucidates both the demand and the supply side of institutional change, is illustrated through an analysis of the transformation of developmental states, welfare states, and political regimes.
Sequence Requirements for Estrogen Receptor Binding to Estrogen Response Elements

The estrogen receptor (ER) is a transcription factor that binds to a specific DNA sequence found in the regulatory regions of estrogen-responsive genes, called the estrogen response element (ERE). Many genes that contain EREs have been identified, and most of these EREs contain one or more changes from the core consensus sequence, a 13-nucleotide segment with 10 nucleotides forming an inverted repeat. A number of genes have multiple copies of these imperfect EREs. In order to understand why natural EREs have developed in this manner, we have attempted to define the basic sequence requirements for ER binding. To this end, we measured the binding of homodimeric ER to a variety of nonconsensus EREs. We discovered that an ERE containing even a single change from the consensus may be unable to bind ER. However, an ERE with two changes from the consensus may be capable of binding avidly to ER in the context of certain flanking sequences. We found that changes in the sequences flanking a nonconsensus ERE can greatly alter ER-ERE affinity, either positively or negatively. Careful study of sequences flanking a series of EREs made it possible to develop rules that predict whether ER binds to a given natural ERE and also to predict the relative amounts of binding when comparing two EREs.
A modified artificial immune system based pattern recognition approach-An application to clinical diagnostics

Objective: This paper introduces a modified artificial immune system (AIS)-based pattern recognition method to enhance the recognition ability of the existing conventional AIS-based classification approach and demonstrates the superiority of the proposed new AIS-based method via two case studies of breast cancer diagnosis. Methods and materials: Conventionally, the AIS approach is often coupled with the k nearest neighbor (k-NN) algorithm to form a classification method called AIS-kNN. In this paper we discuss the basic principle and possible problems of this conventional approach, and propose a new approach where AIS is integrated with the radial basis function - partial least square regression (AIS-RBFPLS). Additionally, both the two AIS-based approaches are compared with two classical and powerful machine learning methods, back-propagation neural network (BPNN) and orthogonal radial basis function network (Ortho-RBF network). Results: The diagnosis results show that: (1) both the AIS-kNN and the AIS-RBFPLS proved to be a good machine leaning method for clinical diagnosis, but the proposed AIS-RBFPLS generated an even lower misclassification ratio, especially in the cases where the conventional AIS-kNN approach generated poor classification results because of possible improper AIS parameters. For example, based upon the AIS memory cells of ''replacement threshold=0.3'', the average misclassification ratios of two approaches for study 1 are 3.36% (AIS-RBFPLS) and 9.07% (AIS-kNN), and the misclassification ratios for study 2 are 19.18% (AIS-RBFPLS) and 28.36% (AIS-kNN); (2) the proposed AIS-RBFPLS presented its robustness in terms of the AIS-created memory cells, showing a smaller standard deviation of the results from the multiple trials than AIS-kNN. For example, using the result from the first set of AIS memory cells as an example, the standard deviations of the misclassification ratios for study 1 are 0.45% (AIS-RBFPLS) and 8.71% (AIS-kNN) and those for study 2 are 0.49% (AIS-RBFPLS) and 6.61% (AIS-kNN); and (3) the proposed AIS-RBFPLS classification approaches also yielded better diagnosis results than two classical neural network approaches of BPNN and Ortho-RBF network. Conclusion: In summary, this paper proposed a new machine learning method for complex systems by integrating the AIS system with RBFPLS. This new method demonstrates its satisfactory effect on classification accuracy for clinical diagnosis, and also indicates its wide potential applications to other diagnosis and detection problems.
Supporting Structured Group Decision Making Through System-Directed User Guidance: An Experimental Study

This article addresses an area which holds considerable promise for enhancing the effective utilization of advanced information technologies: the feasibility of using system-directed multi-modal user support for facilitating users of advanced information technologies. An application for automating the information technology facilitation process is used to compare group decision-making effectiveness of human-facilitated groups with groups using virtual facilitation in an experiment employing auditors, accountants, and IT security professionals as participants. The results of the experiment are presented and possible avenues for future research studies are suggested.
Proteins do not have strong spines after all.

In this issue of Structure , Berkholz et al. show that the detailed backbone geometry of proteins depends on the local conformation and suggest how this information can be practically used in modeling and refining protein structures.
Cell shape and morphology of the neural tube: Implications for microtubule function

Abstract Cell shape-determining factors were investigated in the asymmetric cells of the chick embryo neural tube. In order to determine their relative importance in maintenance of cell shape, cytoplasmic microtubules were degraded experimentally by colchicine and cold treatments. The results indicate that concurrent with degradation of microtubules there was reduction of normal cell asymmetry, though the pseudostratified epithelial structure of the neural tube was preserved. It was concluded that microtubules contribute to the maintenance of cell shape, and that other factors, particularly cell contacts and the structural specializations of the apical region of the cells, are also important in maintaining cell shape, the relations of cells to one another, and the total morphology of the neural tube. This work also revealed a differential stability of cytoplasmic microtubules in reaction to experimentally induced degradation.
A VHDL synthesis model of the MIPS processor for use in computer architecture laboratories

This paper describes and contains the necessary VHDL files to synthesize and simulate a MIPS 32-bit RISC processor core for use in introductory computer architecture classes. This MIPS processor core is based on the design presented in chapters 5 and 6 of the widely used text, Computer Organization and Design the Hardware/Software Interface by David Patterson and John Hennessy. IEEE Standard Logic 1164 is used in the VHDL model and versions are provided for several popular CAD tools. Our experiences in using this model in our introductory computer architecture classes, CmpE 2510 and CmpE 3510, during the past two years are described along with typical laboratory assignments.
Clinical correlations of adriamycin pharmacology

Summary Adriamycin is an effective antineoplastic agent with dose-limiting acute toxicity and a cumulative dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. It undergoes extensive biotransformation to both active and inactive compounds; changes in metabolism may affect its therapeutic index. Hepatic metabolism and bile secretion are the major routes of drug elimination. Factors which affect liver function, whether disease-related or due to concomitant drug administration, may affect both adriamycin efficacy and toxicity. Cardiomyopathy due to adriamycin has a biochemical basis, but presently the mechanisms are unknown. Methods to avoid this complication are under study. Consideration of the cytokinetics of normal and tumor cells may be as important in planning adriamycin combinations as is consideration of drug-drug interactions. Because of its broad spectrum of action and high antitumor activity, adriamycin is used in many cancer patients both as a single agent and in combination with other drugs. An understanding of the pharmacology of this drug by the physicians who administer it will lead to better selection of appropriate patients, drug combinations and dosage schedules. This increased awareness of adriamycin pharmacology should be translated into safer, more efficacious therapy for cancer patients.
Nitrogen and phosphorus levels in the Yazoo River Basin, Mississippi

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loadings to aquatic ecosystems are linked to environmental problems such as hypoxia. Presented is an assessment of accessible data on nutrient sources, sinks and inputs to streams within the Yazoo River Basin of northern Mississippi. Spatial trends were examined by plotting the temporal mean and median concentration for each site versus contributing drainage area, and seasonal patterns were examined by comparing monthly mean and median concentrations computed across a range of sites. Mean total N values were computed for 75 sites with periods of record ranging from 3·3 to 28·6 years. The global mean (mean of site means) total N concentration for the Delta was 3.3 mg 1 -1 but only 1·2 mg 1 -1 for the Hills, and both were about two to four times higher than US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) criteria for each of these ecoregions. Total P data were found for 122 sites with periods of record ranging from 3·2 to 28·6 years. Delta mean N and P concentrations were inversely proportional to contributing drainage area, while those of Hill sites were not. The Hill mean P concentration was 0·15 mg 1 -1 , while the mean for Delta sites was more than four times greater, 0·66 mg 1 -1 . These values are about four to five times the levels set as criteria by the US EPA. Delta N and P concentrations peak strongly in spring when agricultural fertilizers are applied and stream flows are highest. Concentrations of N in Hill streams do not exhibit seasonal patterns, but mean monthly P levels are correlated with mean monthly discharge.
Climate science: How Antarctic ice retreats

New records of iceberg-rafted debris from the Scotia Sea reveal episodic retreat of the Antarctic Ice Sheet since the peak of the last glacial period, in step with changes in climate and global sea level. See Letter p.134 Global sea levels have risen by more than 100 metres since the last glacial maximum around 20,000 years ago, with several meltwater pulses of several metres or more. In the most dramatic of these — meltwater pulse 1A — sea level rose by about 16 metres at 14,600 years ago. This magnitude of sea level rise strongly suggests major Antarctica contributions, but to date there has been no firm physical evidence. Now Michael Weber and colleagues present a record of iceberg rafted debris from the Scotia Sea and show clear signals of pulsed iceberg release from Antarctica as early as 19,000 years ago. The largest iceberg release occurred during meltwater pulse 1A, providing the long-sought confirmation of Antarctic contributions to this major jump in sea-level rise.
Correlations between pupil size and the semantic differential: An experimental paradigm and pilot study

Both changes in pupil size and ratings on the three dimensions of the semantic differential were obtained in response to 36 stimuli. Correlations were computed across stimuli for each subject. These within-subject correlations between changes in pupil size and the scales of the semantic differential indicated a positive relationship between pupil size and the “potency” scale (strong-weak; large-small; heavy-light) of the semantic differential. Contrary to an extrapolation of Hess’ discussions, there is no evidence that pupil size is positively related to the evaluative (good-bad) dimension of meaning. No results were obtained for verbal, attitude-statement stimuli.
Developing time constraints in Petri net models of biochemical processes via computation structure modeling

Computation structure modeling can be applied to a model of a biochemical process. We present an application of computation structure model analysis to a published Petri net model of part of an inflammation process. From this computation structure model and published experimental data we develop a timing constraint. Because the number of possible biochemical reactions in the human cell is distressingly large, recognizing existing constraints upon what reactions can occur, such as when potential reactants are sequestered in different compartments, or steric constraints prohibit docking, provides needed reduction of these possibilities. Modeling with networks, including Petri nets, is common in systems biology and constraint application can be visualized acting upon these graphs, pruning subtrees from a network of possibilities. The technique is complementary to stochastic simulations algorithms and to T and P-invariant analysis of Petri nets. We apply the modeling technique to spliceosome acting on C9ORF72 intronic hexanucleotide repeats, to illustrate one effect of this repeat on splicing.
1187 NEUTRAL LIPASE (NL) ACTIVITY IN BOVINE AND HUMAN ADIPOSE TISSUE (AT)

Using 14C triolein as substrate, the activity of NL in bovine and human AT was determined in a) the crude extract in PBS pH 7.4, b) the 105,000 xg supernatant (S105 fx)> c) the pH 5.2 acetic acid precipitate redissolved in tris-Hcl pH 7.4 (pH 5.2 ppt), d) the pH 5.2 ppt solubilized in 3mM Nonadet P40 (sol. pH 5.2 ppt) and e) the aqueous fraction of the pH 5.2 ppt (Aq. Fx.). The results shown indicate that most of the original activity was recoverable in the S105 Fx. It also shows; that in contrast to published rat results, NL is several times more active in rat than in either bovine or human AT. Further while, in rat, there was a 35-fold purification achieved at the pH 5.2 ppt stage, there was only a 2-fold purification in the bovine and a 4-fold purification in the human AT at that stage. Solubilization with Nonadet P-40 appears to render both enzymes less measurable by the assay method employed. These data suggest that NL in human and bovine AT are more alike and differ in some important respects from NL in rat AT.
Memory and Aging: Current Issues and Future Directions, edited by Moshe Naveh-Benjamin and Nobuo Ohta

The 14 chapters of Memory and Aging: Current Issues and Future Directions, an interdisciplinary, international reference text, cover in four parts the major trends in the study of age-related chang...
Survival of newborn rats at 4,350 m simulated altitude.

Rats bred at sea level and exposed to 4,350 m simulated altitude for the last two weeks after mating delivered successfully at term and their young survived indefinitely at this altitude. Litter size was not different, but still-births were slightly more frequent at altitude as compared to sea level. The weight of the newborn rats was, on the average, less at 4,350 m than at sea level in the first 60 days from birth, than more comparable thereafter. Growth rate at altitude was slower in the first 15 days of age, then faster, than at sea level. These results extend the previously reported upper limit of altitude of rat neonatal survival by approximately 1,000 m.
Fast algorithm for soft straightening of the colon.

Rationale and Objectives. In this study, the authors developed a fast algorithm for soft straightening of the colon with computed tomographic data that greatly accelerates the unraveling process based on the interpolation of representative electric force lines. Materials and Methods. Each curved cross section of the colon is defined by electric force lines of a common origin on an electrically charged central path and is constructed by interpolating most of these force lines from a limited number of representative force lines that are traced directly. Both a synthetic colon phantom and a colon in a living patient were used to demonstrate the feasibility of the fast interpolation algorithm compared with direct implementation for soft straightening of the colon. Results. The interpolation-based soft-straightening algorithm ran approximately 40 times faster than the direct implementation of the electric field-based soft-straightening algorithm. Conclusion. The fast algorithm for soft straightening of the colon has potential for use in computed tomographic colonography.
Chz1, a Nuclear Chaperone for Histone H2AZ

The histone variant H2AZ marks nucleosomes flanking the promoters of most genes of budding yeast. The incorporation of H2AZ into chromatin is dependent on the SWR1 complex, which catalyses the replacement of conventional histone H2A with H2AZ. In cells, the pool of unincorporated histone H2AZ has previously been found in association with Nap1, a chaperone for conventional histone H2A-H2B. Here, we report the discovery of Chz1, a histone chaperone that has preference for H2AZ and can also deliver a source of the histone variant for SWR1-dependent histone replacement. Bacterially expressed Chz1 forms a heterotrimer with H2AZ-H2B, stabilizing the association of the histone dimer. We have identified a conserved motif important for histone variant recognition within the H2AZ-interacting domain of Chz1. The presence of this motif in other metazoan proteins suggests that H2AZ-specific chaperones may be widely conserved.
Triplet states of furan, thiophene, and pyrrole☆

Abstract Low-lying triplet electronic states have been detected in furan, thiophene, and pyrrole by the method of variable-angle, electron-impact spectroscopy. Singlet → triplet transitions occur with maximum intensity at 3.99 eV and 5.22 eV in furan, 3.75 eV and 4.62 eV in thiophene, and 4.21 eV in pyrrole. A weak transition at 5.22 eV in pyrrole is assigned as the lowest observed singlet → singlet excitation in that molecule.
Pronuclear stage porcine embryos do not possess a strict asymmetric distribution of lysine 9 dimethylation of histone H3 based solely on parental origin

Epigenetic modification of core histone proteins plays an important role in gene transcription and chromatin structure. It is known that the methylation status of the lysine 9 residue of histone H3 (H3K9) is closely linked with repression of transcription and heterochromatin formation. It has been reported that a strict asymmetric distribution of the dimethylated form of H3K9 exists between the two parental genomes in murine embryos. The aim of this study was to characterize the H3K9 dimethylation pattern in cleavage stage porcine embryos. Indirect immunocytochemical analysis showed that this modification is present throughout the nuclei of pronuclear, 2-cell, 4-cell and blastocyst stage porcine embryos. However, at the pronuclear stage the pronuclei within in vitro-fertilized porcine embryos possessed an asymmetric distribution of the dimethylated form of H3K9; this distribution was not based solely on the parent-of-origin. These results show that dimethylation of H3K9 is differentially regulated in pronuclear stage porcine embryos.
‘Open-ending’ closed-end funds

Abstract Open-ending a closed-end fund forces the price of the fund's shares to their net asset value. Open-ending behavior is shown to correspond in predictable ways to the incentive to open-end and to potential resistance to open-ending. Moreover, closed-end fund share prices begin to generate statistically significant positive abnormal returns well in advance of the formal announcement of the open-ending. Although a small part of the total abnormal return is not entirely exhausted until after the announcement, such market price performance is broadly consistent with a semi-strong form efficient market.
Cephalad Distribution of Three Differing Volumes of New Methylene Blue Injected Into the Epidural Space in Adult Goats

Epidural anesthesia and analgesia are popular regional anesthetic techniques in many animal species. However, we have not found any reports of studies in animals that have investigated the extent of cephalad migration and level of sensory blockade achieved based only on the volume of drug injected into the epidural space. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between the volume (mL/kg) of an injectate injected epidurally and the extent of its cephalad migration within the epidural space. Twelve adult goats were randomly assigned to three treatment groups based on the volume of 0.12% New Methylene Blue (NMB), 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 mL/kg, injected into the epidural space. The site and speed of injection, animal position, and direction of needle bevel were held constant. All injections were performed at the lumbo-sacral space immediately following euthanasia. At necropsy, the vertebral columns were transected longitudinally. The extent of cephalad migration of dye within the epidural space was easily determined by staining of the dura. Measurements were rounded to the nearest intervertebral space to which the dye had migrated. The individual making assessments was blinded to all treatments. In goats treated with 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 mL/kg NMB, the number of stained spinal segments was 3.5 +/- 0.6, 6.5 +/- 0.9, and 8.8 +/- 0.6, (mean +/- SEM), respectively. Linear regression performed on the data was significant (P < .05) with R2 = 0.86. There was a strong linear relationship between volume (mL/kg) of epidurally injected NMB and cranial migration, with the larger volumes producing more cephalad spread within the epidural space. These results provide evidence for the volume of epidural injectate needed to produce a desired level of sensory blockade in adult goats.
Hypothalamic agouti-related protein messenger ribonucleic acid is inhibited by leptin and stimulated by fasting.

Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is a homologue of the agouti gene product and, when overexpressed, promotes obesity. Like neuropeptide Y (NPY) messenger RNA (mRNA), AGRP mRNA is produced in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and is elevated in leptin-deficient ob/ob and leptin-resistant db/db mice. These data suggest that AGRP mRNA might be affected by leptin and nutritional status in parallel with NPY mRNA. To test this hypothesis, we examined if AGRP mRNA would be, like NPY mRNA, inhibited by leptin injections and stimulated by fasting. AGRP mRNA was elevated in ob/ob mice about 5-fold compared with wild-type controls and was significantly inhibited by leptin treatment, as assessed by Northern blot analysis. In wild-type mice, AGRP mRNA was increased at least 13-fold by a 2-day fast, as assessed both by Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization. In ad lib fed db/db mice, AGRP mRNA was elevated about 8-fold compared with ad lib fed wild-type controls, and was further increased by fasting in db/db mice...
Loading the GPO tapes—what does it really mean?

Abstract Since 1976 the Government Printing Office has been creating machine readable bibliographic records for United States federal documents through the OCLC cataloging subsystem. The Library of Congress makes these records available to the public through its Cataloging Distribution Service (CDS). Over the years libraries have had difficulty in mounting the GPO Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications tapes onto local computer systems partly because of the differences in OCLC/MARC and USMARC and because of the lack of complete technical documentation to accompany the tapes. This article outlines some of the differences in OCLC/MARC and USMARC as reflected in the GPO Monthly Catalog tapes. Also summarized is the processing done to the tapes from the time they are received by GPO until they are distributed by LC/CDS. Finally, the necessity for complete technical documentation is stressed and current activities by the GPO to provide such documentation is reviewed.
Nanosphere based oral insulin delivery

Zinc insulin is successfully encapsulated in various polyester and polyanhydride nanosphere formulations using Phase Inversion Nanoencapsulation (PIN). The encapsulated insulin maintains its biological activity and is released from the nanospheres over a span of approximately 6 h. A specific formulation, 1.6% zinc insulin in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) with fumaric anhydride oligimer and iron oxide additives has been shown to be active orally. This formulation is shown to have 11.4% of the efficacy of intraperitoneally delivered zinc insulin and is able to control plasma glucose levels when faced with a simultaneously administered glucose challenge. A number of properties of this formulation, including size, release kinetics, bioadhesiveness and ability to traverse the gastrointestinal epithelium, are likely to contribute to its oral efficacy.
Career Adaptability: An Integrative Construct for Life-Span, Life-Space Theory

The four segments in the life-span, life-space approach to comprehending and intervening in careers (individual differences, development, self, and context), constitute four perspectives on adaptation to life roles. Adaptation serves as a bridging construct to integrate the complexity engendered by viewing vocational behavior from four distinct vantage points. To correspond to adaptation as the core construct, career adaptability should replace career maturity as the critical construct in the developmental perspective on adaptation. Moreover, adaptability could be conceptualized using developmental dimensions similar to those used to describe career maturity, namely planning, exploring, and deciding.
Hydrophobic and electronic factors in the design of dialkylglycine decarboxylase mimics.

The first functional catalytic mimic of the enzyme dialkylglycine decarboxylase is described. This system utilizes a hydrophobically modified polyethylenimine polymer, a pyridoxamine cofactor, and a 2-aryl-2-alkylglycine sacrificial amine source to convert α-keto acids to α-amino acids at biologically relevant temperatures with multiple turnovers of the pyridoxamine catalyst. The effects of hydrophobic and electronic factors in the 2,2-disubstituted sacrificial amine source and the pyridoxamine catalyst on turnover frequency and turnover number are explored.
The effect of sugar removal on the structure of the Fc region of an IgG antibody as observed with single molecule Förster Resonance Energy Transfer

The deglycosylation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies leads to a diminished immune response. This reduction in immune response is thought to arise from weakened binding of IgG antibodies to effector molecules as a result of a conformational change in the antibody. The nature of this structural alteration is uncertain due to the conflicting results obtained from different experimental methods. We have examined the impact of deglycosylation by the endoglycosidase PNGase F on the structure of the Fc region of a human IgG antibody using single molecule Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). The FRET efficiency histograms obtained indicate that the structure of the Fc region becomes more flexible upon deglycosylation. This is demonstrated by a change in the width of the energy transfer efficiency peak, which increases from 0.19 ± 0.02 to 0.6 ± 0.1 upon deglycosylation.
1997 Poetry Publication Showcase: suggested titles

Contemporary poetry is a rich landscape of voices and visions. With more than 1,300 new poetry titles to choose from each year, how can librarians make the best acquisitions for their communities? The following resource materials from Poets House ‐ a 35,000 volume poetry library and literary center ‐ offer a starting point. Highlights a wide variety of selections from Poets House’s annual exhibit of all of the year’s new poetry books. The Directory of American Poetry Books provides complete bibliographic information and capsule reviews for more than 6,000 books published since 1991. These materials were originally distributed at the 1998 American Library Association Conference, where Poets House exhibited the entire 1998 showcase and presented poetry readings and a discussion entitled: “Live at the library: poets and librarians panel”.
Characterization of two novel sublines established from a human megakaryoblastic leukemia cell line transfected with p210BCR-ABL

Disease progression in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is usually accompanied by chromosomal abnormalities such as an additional Ph chromosome, trisomies of chromosome 8 or 19, or i(17) in addition to the standard translocation t(9;22) (q34;q11). However, detailed studies of the various steps involved during this evolution are difficult to perform, thereby making the study of cell lines that contain the transposed genes BCR-ABL, especially those of human origin, an important focus. In this analysis we investigated the human megakaryoblastic cell line MO7e and its subline transfected with BCR-ABL, MO7e/p210. Initial studies demonstrated that the phenotype of the MO7e line was consistent with a megakaryocytic lineage as originally described and was growth factor dependent in liquid culture. The MO7e/p210 subline, however, was growth factor independent and could be further separated into two distinct sublines based on expression of glycophorin A using the monoclonal antibody R10. The subline R10 negative (R10-) was similar to the parent line MO7e but R10 positive (R10+) cells had a distinct erythroid phenotype. In addition, the R10- and R10+ sublines demonstrated strikingly different colony morphology when cultured in semisolid medium. Furthermore, R10+ cells had additional chromosomal abnormalities not detected in the R10- population. These results demonstrate that the insertion of the BCR-ABL in this human leukemia cell line resulted in two distinct subpopulations of cells, each now growth factor independent, but one with a phenotype and karyotype identical to the parent cell line and the other with a different phenotype and additional chromosomal abnormalities. These two subpopulations derived from the MO7e/p210 transfected cell line may prove useful in further understanding the multistep events that occur in the progression of this disease.
Security analysis of the ADS-B implementation in the next generation air transportation system

Abstract The US Federal Aviation Administration’s Next Generation (NextGen) upgrade proposes a fundamental transformation that is intended to increase the capacity and safety of the air transportation system. A key component of the upgrade is the Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) system. ADS-B provides continual broadcast of aircraft position, identity, velocity and other information over unencrypted data links to generate a precise air picture for air traffic management. The Federal Aviation Administration claims that operational requirements necessitate the use of unencrypted data links and maintains that there is a low likelihood of malicious exploitation. This paper analyzes the security vulnerabilities associated with the ADS-B implementation. It describes a taxonomy of attacks and examines the potential impact that the attacks may have on air transportation operations. The taxonomy helps provide a comprehensive understanding of the threats associated with the ADS-B implementation, thereby supporting risk analysis and risk management efforts. The paper also provides recommendations that could enhance security if integrated into the ADS-B implementation plan.
KINEMATIC SINGULARITIES OF PARTIAL-WAVE SCATTERING AMPLITUDES.

Those singularities (and zeros) introduced by partial-wave projection of unequal-mass scattering amplitudes are investigated. The particular points discussed are: (1) Threshold zeros, especially at the crossed threshold. We find that unitarity corrections vanish like ${k}^{L+{L}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ at the crossed as well as the direct threshold, and thus it is appropriate to associate ${k}^{L+{L}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ behavior of the amplitude with both thresholds. (2) The limit as $s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ is related to the backward asymptotic behavior in the crossed $u$ and $t$ channels. The partial-wave amplitude goes like ${s}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ for all $L$ as $s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, where $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is the asymptotic power of the crossed-channel backward amplitudes. In Regge-pole theory, this would be leading direct-channel Regge trajectory. (3) Spin effects are shown to lead to $\ensuremath{\surd}s$ singularities for bosons as well as fermions. Generalized MacDowell relations are derived, relating negative-energy amplitudes to positive-energy amplitudes for any spin and determining the conditions under which there will be singularities.
Anatomic variants of the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric arteries and their clinical relevance

A thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric arteries and their variants is necessary to accomplish a successful, uncomplicated abdominal operation. We examined the anatomy of these arteries in situ in 50 adult cadavers. The classic anatomic description of the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric arteries was each confirmed in only 24%, 22%, and 16% of the cadavers, respectively. This infrequent occurrence of the textbook picture was due to the presence of one or more variants in 94% resulting from differences in arterial origin and spatial relationship. A left hepatic artery of left gastric artery origin was found in 20%. A right or common hepatic artery of superior mesenteric artery origin was observed in 14% and 6%, respectively. Of equal frequency to the classic pattern of the superior mesenteric artery was that in which the ileocolic artery arose separately and the right and middle colic arteries arose via a common trunk. The most common pattern of the inferior mesenteric artery was a left colic and a sigmoid artery arising from a common trunk with a second sigmoid artery from the inferior mesenteric artery in 28%. The embryologic basis, frequency in the literature, and clinical relevance of these variants are discussed.
Coping with domestic violence: Control attributions, dysphoria, and hopelessness

We investigated the influence of control judgments and coping style on emotional reactions to domestic violence utilizing the framework of hopelessness theory. We assessed abuse severity, control attributions, coping, dysphoric symptoms, and hopelessness in 70 battered women recruited from 12 domestic violence agencies. Respondents reported dysphoria but not hopelessness. Increased reports of dysphoria were associated with higher levels of self-blame and avoidance coping and lower levels of problem-focused coping. Increased problem-focused coping was associated with decreased hopelessness. Perceived control over current abuse was not related to dysphoria. High expectations for control over future events were associated with decreased dysphoria. We discuss our results in terms of their application to attributional accounts of emotional reactions to battering.
A Hankel transform approach to tomographic image reconstruction

A relatively unexplored algorithm is developed for reconstructing a two-dimensional image from a finite set of its sampled projections. The algorithm, referred to as the Hankel-transform-reconstruction (HTR) algorithm, is polar-coordinate based. The algorithm expands the polar-form Fourier transform F(r, theta ) of an image into a Fourier series in theta ; calculates the appropriately ordered Hankel transform of the coefficients of this series, giving the coefficients for the Fourier series of the polar-form image f(p, phi ); resolves this series, giving a polar-form reconstruction; and interpolates this reconstruction to a rectilinear grid. The HTR algorithm is outlined, and it is shown that its performance compares favorably to the popular convolution-backprojection algorithm. >
Using automatically derived load thresholds to manage compute resources on-demand

Dynamic computing environments that support a changing application set and load are now a reality. Within these environments the decision to add or remove resources, must be made in a timely manner, while at the same time they must avoid excessive resource rebalancing. When the overhead incurred by the resource reallocation process is significant, we should be confident that additional resources are necessary before initiating an allocation process. This process is complicated by the instability of application content and frequent changes in average request processing time. Load and response time thresholds need to be dynamically and automatically adjusted if they are to remain effective. We investigate automated methods for selecting and setting thresholds, estimating load, and analyzing response time. Specifically, these methods estimate the load on a set of application servers, and set appropriate resource allocation thresholds based on the relationship between projected site response times and server load. We describe a solution to the problem of determining the maximum load over multiple servers under changing conditions, which include both changing traffic and application characteristics.
The Direction Distribution on Cross-Contact Points in Anisotropic Fiber Assemblies:

The spatial distribution and the volume density of points of fiber contact in a fiber assembly are dependent on the direction distribution function p(θ, ϕ) of the fiber segments. The expansion of t...
The effect of dielectric anisotropy and metal surface roughness

We provide an overview of recently published research on the effect of planar substrate dielectric anisotropy and metal surface roughness. The effect of metal roughness on loss is shown to be substantially different from that predicted by commonly used models. Roughness has also been shown to have a substantial effect on velocity of propagation/effective dielectric constant due to the introduction of substantial surface inductance, far in excess of that predicted by smooth surface skin effect. We also explore a recent technique for quickly and easily measuring the dielectric constants of a uniaxially anisotropic planar substrate. Analysis of substrates using the generally incorrect assumption of isotropy can now be avoided.
THE (POLITICAL) SCIENCE OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN THE ECOSYSTEM AGE

: Ecosystem management has become an important unifying theme for environmental policy in the past decade. Whereas the science of ecosystem dynamics suggests that it will remain difficult to define ecosystem borders and all of the natural and anthropogenic effects that influence them, the politics of ecosystem management require that a national ecosystem delineation standard be adopted. Moreover, a political framework for ecosystem management decision making must be designed in such a way as to complement the hierarchical, interrelated nature of ecosystems generally. This paper advocates that a watershed-based ecosystem delineation standard is the most politically suitable because it will be easily understood by the public and watersheds have a long history as a medium of environmental policy. The paper then proposes that the political framework for watershed-based ecosystem management must depend heavily on state and local autonomy, subject to federally prescribed standards and goals. The Coastal Zone Management Act provides a model for how a national ecosystem management policy can work within state and local watershed cultures and economies.
Simulation modeling of space missions using the high level architecture

This paper discusses an environment being developed to model a mission of the Space Launch System (SLS) and the Multipurpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) being launched from Kennedy Space Center (KSC) to the International Space Station (ISS). Several models representing different phases of the mission such as the ground operations processes, engineered systems, and range components such as failure tree, blast, gas dispersion, and debris modeling are explained. These models are built using different simulation paradigms such as continuous, system dynamics, discrete-event, and agent-based simulation modeling. The High Level Architecture (HLA) is the backbone of this distributed simulation. The different design decisions and the information fusion scheme of this unique environment are explained in detail for decision-making. This can also help in the development of exploration missions beyond the International Space Station.
The Role of Aldosteronism in Causing Obesity-Related Cardiovascular Risk

A large body of evidence strongly links aldosterone to development and progression of cardiovascular disease, including vascular stiffness, left ventricular hypertrophy, congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and, especially, hypertension. Emerging data suggest that adipocytes may serve as a source of aldosterone, either directly or indirectly, through the release of aldosterone-stimulating factors. If adipocytes are confirmed to have an important contribution to hyperaldosteronism, it would have significant clinical implications in linking aldosterone to obesity-related increases in cardiovascular risk. Such a cause-and-effect situation would then provide the opportunity to reverse that risk with preferential use of aldosterone antagonists in obese patients.
Assessing Organizational Capacity to Deliver HIV Prevention Services Collaboratively: Tales from the Field

Collaborative efforts between university researchers and community entities such as citizen coalitions and community-based organizations to provide health prevention programs are widespread. The authors describe their attempt to develop and implement a method for assessing whether community organizations had the organizational capacity to collaborate in a national study to prevent HIV infection among young men who have sex with men and what, if any, needs these institutions had for organizational capacity development assistance. The Feasibility, Evaluation Ability, and Sustainability Assessment (FEASA) combines qualitative methods for collecting data (interviews, organizational records, observations) from multiple sources to document an organization's capacity to provide HIV prevention services and its capacity-development needs. The authors describe experiences piloting FEASA in 13 communities and the benefits of using a systematic approach to partnership development.