cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 15 Year Perspective on Automatic Programming

Automatic programming consists not only of an automatic compiler, but also some means of acquiring the high-level specification to be compiled, some means of determining that it is the intended specification, and some (interactive) means of translating this high-level specification into a lower-level one which can be automatically compiled.
A Demand Systems Analysis of Food Commodities by U.S. Households Segmented by Income

Using the 1987-88 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, twelve food commodity groups were analyzed according to household poverty status. Parameter estimates were used to obtain subsistence expenditures, own-price elasticities, expenditure elasticities, and income elasticities. Own-price elasticities were similar between the income groups for most commodities. However, income elasticities were consistently higher for the lower-income group. The use of average estimates of price and income elasticities for the population as a whole for the projection of individual commodity demands is not likely to be successful if notable changes are evident in income distribution.
The contingent effects of leadership on team collaboration in virtual teams

Decision-making in virtual teams creates challenges for leaders to structure team processes and provide task support. To help advance our knowledge of leadership in virtual teams, we explore the interaction effects between leadership styles and media richness on task cohesion and cooperative climate, which in turn influence team performance in decision-making tasks. Results from a laboratory study suggest that transactional leadership behaviors improve task cohesion of the team, whereas transformational leadership behaviors improve cooperative climate within the team which, in turn, improves task cohesion. However, these effects of leadership depend on media richness. Specifically, they occur only when media richness is low. Our results also suggest that task cohesion leads to group consensus and members' satisfaction with the discussion, whereas cooperative climate improves discussion satisfaction and reduces time spent on the task.
Hybrid residue generators for increased efficiency

In order for residue checking to effectively protect computer arithmetic, designers must be able to efficiently compute the residues of the input and output signals of functional units. Low-cost, single-cycle residue generators can be readily formed out of two's complement adders in two ways, which have area and delay tradeoffs. A residue generator using adder-incrementers for end-around-carry adders is small but slow, and a design using carry-select adders is fast, but large. It is shown that a hybrid combination of both approaches is more efficient than either.
Protein-templated semiconductor nanoparticle chains.

Cadmium sulfide and lead sulfide semiconducting nanoparticle chains have been fabricated for the first time by exploiting a general property of proteins, amyloidogenicity. The diameter of the CdS and PbS nanowires was tuned in the range of ~50 to ~350 nm by changing the process parameters. The nanoparticle chains were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.
Climate change and sounder radiometric stability

Satellite instrument radiometric stability is critical for climate studies. The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) radiances are of sufficient stability and accuracy to serve as a climate data record as evidenced by comparisons with the global network of buoys. In this paper we examine the sensitivity of derived geophysical products to potential instrument radiometric stability issues due to diurnal, orbital and seasonal variations. Our method is to perturb the AIRS radiances and examine the impact to retrieved parameters. Results show that instability in retrieved temperature products will be on the same order of the brightness temperature error in the radiances and follow the same time dependences. AIRS excellent stability makes it ideal for examining impacts of instabilities of future systems on geophysical parameter performance.
Primary culture of mucin-producing cells from chicken trachea

Tracheae obtained from the domestic fowl were incubated with a pronase/EDTA mixture to dissociate the epithelial cells. The freshly isolated cells were placed on collagen-coated coverglasses in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and incubated in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air at 37°C. Mucin-producing cells as well as basal cells were present in the cultures which reached confluency within 3 d. This primary cell culture system may prove useful for thein vitro study of mucin synthesis and secretion.
FLUORESCENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF INDOLES IN NON‐POLAR SOLVENTS: LIFETIMES, QUANTUM YIELDS AND POLARIZATION SPECTRA

Abstract— Fluorescence lifetimes, quantum yields and polarization spectra were measured for indole, 3-methylindole and 2,3-dimethylindole in non-polar solvents. The results indicate simultaneous emission from thermally equilibrated 1La and 1Lb levels, with 1La→1A dominating the 2,3-dimethylindole emission, and 1Lb→1A dominating the indole emission. These results are consistent with previous assignments of the 0-0 transitions in absorption for these compounds. Radiative rates are: 1La→1A, 2·0 × 108 S-1 and 1Lb→1A. 0·62 → 108 S-1. In addition, the temperature dependence of the excitation and emission spectra are presented, which show that aggregation occurs with these indoles in hydrocarbons below approximately - 110°C. Possible applications to tryptophyl emission in the hydrophobic interiors of proteins are briefly discussed.
Effects of Postsintering Hot Isostatic Pressing on the Strength of an Aluminosilicate Ceramic

Postsintering treatments of annealing and hot isostatic pressing were applied to an aluminosilicate ceramic body. The strength parameters and the structure were monitored, and their changes were related to the reduction of surface residual compressive stresses. It is concluded that property improvements to ceramic bodies through postsintering hot isostatic pressing treatments are material-specific, depending on the availability of appropiate processes and mechanisms for improvement or change.
Brief screening and intervention for alcohol and drug use in a college student health clinic: feasibility, implementation, and outcomes

Abstract Objective: Evaluation of the Brief Alcohol Screen and Intervention in College Students (BASICS) in a university primary care setting. Participants/Methods: Undergraduates (N = 449) participated in BASICS and electronic surveys assessing frequency/quantity of alcohol and drug use, psychosocial and mental health outcomes, and demographic information. Data were collected at baseline and 6-month follow-up between August 2006 and August 2008. Results: Drinking and drug use decreased between baseline and 6 months. Participants reported an increase in protective factors and in readiness to change alcohol-related behaviors, and a decrease in alcohol-related consequences and in distress symptoms. Heavy episodic drinking at baseline significantly moderated the changes in number of drinks in a typical week and in a typical weekend, and number of drinks on the occasion drank most on a weekend. Conclusions: BASICS can be implemented in a primary health care setting and university students may reduce their alc...
The Honey and the Hemlock: Democracy and Paranoia in Ancient Athens and Modern America

Chronology1The Great Paradoxical Society: Ancient Athens12Democracy and the Paranoid Position133The Founding Miracle: Crisis and Possibility374The Founding Miracle: Compromise, Reconciliation, and Continuing Strife575The Spirit of Society: Citizenship, Freedom, and Responsibility756The Health of the Democratic Polis957Moderate Antidemocratic Movements and Oligarchic Death Squads: The Coups of 411 and 4041178Antidemocratic Thought, the Beginnings of Totalitarian Theory, and the Origins of Political Terror1359Clubs, Factions, Political Parties, and Mass Action15910The Eating of the Gods16811The Demos as Tyrant18612Narcissus-Dionysus20413Warfare and Genocide22814Political Action with a Class Basis - Sometimes Violent, Sometimes Not24815The People Reign but Elites Rule27316The Boundaries of Justice and the Tribal Bond29017Gain, Honor, Wisdom30818Education for the Political Life: Small-Town Democracy32019The Instability of the Republican City-State33620Democracy and the "Paranoidia" of Greed and Domination362Notes377Bibliography407Index415
Extensions of functionals on octonionic linear spaces

The Hahn--Banach theorem states that any linear functional defined on a linear subspace of a normed linear space has a norm-preserving extension to the whole space. Until 1938 it was not known whether or not this result was restricted to real linear spaces and real-valued functionals. In that year Sobczyk and Bohnenblust [3] proved that a complex linear functional defined on a complex linear subspace of a complex normed linear space has a norm-preserving extension to the entire space. Moreover, they showed that the subspace must be complex linear (not merely real linear) in order for such an extension to necessarily exist. In that same year Suhomlinov [4] generalized to prove the analogue of the Hahn--Banach theorem for quaternionic normed linear spaces as well. This paper investigates the extent to which the Hahn---Banach theorem is valid in the still more general case of linear spaces which are defined over the non-associative algebra O of real octonions. Real octonions are all hypercomplex numbers of the tbrm a o + a l e l + a 2 e ~ + +azez+a4e4+ane~+ane6+aTe7 where a0, a~, ..., ar are real coefficients with distributive products defined by the following multiplication rules for the unit 1 and the seven basic imaginary units ea, e 2, ..., er:
Color-graphics terminal provides added dimension to biofeedback system.

Video color-graphics hardware, and especially moderate resolution color CRT displays, are rapidly becoming one of the most popular peripherals In the computer industry. This paper describes the utilization of a color-graphic display terminal as the main feedback component in a hybrid laboratory-built microcomputer system for implementing skin temperature biofeedback and monitoring procedures.
Extensive DNA deletion associated with severe disease alleles on spinal muscular atrophy homologues.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a motor neuron disease presenting with a wide spectrum of phenotypic variations. The primary cause of most, if not all, forms of childhood-onset spinal muscular atrophy appears to be the homozygous loss of the telomeric copy of the survival motor neuron (SMN T ) gene. It is interesting that approximately half of all affected patients are likewise homozygous nulls for the neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) gene and a somewhat lessor fraction for the basal transcription factor, p44 subunit (BTF2p44) gene. It has been proposed that homozygous loss of SMN T is the primary cause of spinal muscular atrophy while the loss of NAIP and perhaps other genes primarily affects the severity of disease manifestation. We explored this hypothesis by evaluating the extent of gene deletions in three multigenerational families with spinal muscular atrophy exhibiting dramatic intrafamilial phenotypic variation. Using somatic cell hybrid lines to sequester individual spinal muscular atrophy homologues, we show that homologues missing several contiguous genes correlate with severe disease alleles and homologues missing only SMN T correlate with mild disease alleles. These observations support the hypothesis that phenotypic severity among the childhood-onset spinal muscular atrophies is directly correlated with the extent of disease-specific deletions.
Chiral selection in template-directed RNA synthesis and the case for a prochiral ancestor of RNA

Poly(C)-directed oligomerization of activated guanosine mononucleotides proceeds readily if the monomers are of the same optical handedness as the template, but is far less efficient if the monomers are of the opposite handedness. In template-directed reactions with a racemic mixture, substantial enantiomeric cross-inhibition occurs. This presents an important problem for theories of the origin of life that are based on a system of self-replicating polynucleotides.
Toxicologic emergencies in cattle.

Although many plants, metals, industrial products, minerals, and medicines are potentially toxic to cattle, a limited number cause sudden death or respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiac, or metabolic crises that require emergency treatment or critical care of the affected animal or herd of animals. There are many excellent clinical toxicology reviews and resources for the veterinary clinician that provide detailed information regarding sources of toxins for cattle, toxicokinetics, mechanisms of action, clinical signs, diagnoses, and therapy [1–3]. This article is not a complete review of clinical toxicology of cattle but focuses on the toxins most likely to cause emergencies in cattle. After providing a list of the plants, metals, minerals, industrial products, and feeds that are likely to be responsible for the toxicities that require immediate care for the affected cattle, the authors sort the toxins into categories based on their clinical presentations and follow with diagnostic and treatment recommendations for situations in which the toxin is known and for emergency situations in which the source of toxicity is unknown. The authors’ goal is to provide a useful clinical review of the toxicologic emergencies that bovine practitioners may encounter.
THE SIMULTANEOUS RECURRENT NEURAL NETWORK FOR ADDRESSING THE SCALING PROBLEM IN STATIC OPTIMIZATION

A trainable recurrent neural network, Simultaneous Recurrent Neural network, is proposed to address the scaling problem faced by neural network algorithms in static optimization. The proposed algorithm derives its computational power to address the scaling problem through its ability to "learn" compared to existing recurrent neural algorithms, which are not trainable. Recurrent backpropagation algorithm is employed to train the recurrent, relaxation-based neural network in order to associate fixed points of the network dynamics with locally optimal solutions of the static optimization problems. Performance of the algorithm is tested on the NP-hard Traveling Salesman Problem in the range of 100 to 600 cities. Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm is able to consistently locate high-quality solutions for all problem sizes tested. In other words, the proposed algorithm scales demonstrably well with the problem size with respect to quality of solutions and at the expense of increased computational cost for large problem sizes.
The effects of an acetate-sensitive anion binding site on NADPH binding in glutamate dehydrogenase

Abstract The nature of a general anion binding site that regulates NADPH binding to l -glutamate dehydrogenase has been explored. Dissociation constants for the enzyme-NADPH complex were measured by difference spectroscopy in the presence of phosphate, pyrophosphate, ADP and acetate ions. Whereas two molecules of phosphate, binding in a cooperative fashion, raise the Kd of the enzyme-NADPH complex 50-fold from 2.3 μM, a single pyrophosphate raises the Kd only 23-fold, disproving the motion that the anion binding site is simply the pyrophosphate binding site of NADPH. ADP raises the Kd of the enzyme-NADPH complex 2-fold for a given phosphate concentration, and formation of the enzyme-ADP complex is itself interfered with by phosphate and pyrophosphate, indicating that these anions interact with the same anion binding site. Acetate ion acts in a manner opposite to that of phosphate, pyrophosphate and ADP and reverses the weakening effect that these ions exert on NADPH binding, returning the Kd of the enzyme-NADPH complex to 2.3 μM. In the absence of these anions, however, acetate exerts no measurable effect on the Kd, suggesting an allosteric mechanism.
Diuretic effect and disposition of furosemide in cystic fibrosis.

The pharmacodynamics and kinetics of single oral and intravenous doses of furosemide were studied in 9 patients (mean age 18.5 y) with cystic fibrosis.
O True Apothecary: How Forensic Science Helps Solve a Classic Crime

As part of a university-wide project to explore Shakespeare's classic play, Romeo and Juliet, from a variety of perspectives, an interdisciplinary talk was presented to the university community on the chemistry of the potions and poisons referenced in Romeo and Juliet. To draw the multidisciplinary audience in and to teach about forensics as well as pharmaceutical herbs and chemicals, the presentation was given from the perspective of how a modern crime scene investigator would approach the famous play's final death scene without any prior knowledge of the situation. An autopsy of Juliet's body might have revealed the presence of the chemicals, hyoscine and atropine, that come from the plant Atropa belladonna. The autopsy could reveal whether the Friar had set out to sedate Juliet or if he had attempted to kill her. An autopsy of Romeo's body might have revealed the presence of aconitine from the plant Aconitum napellus. Using a classic story to teach about chemistry, basic ideas were introduced about forensics and pharmacology, emphasizing the importance of dose when determining the effect of a drug on the human body.
Current State of the Hybridoma Technology

The first description of the hybridoma technology in 1975 seemed to hold enormous promise for the treatment of a variety of human diseases. The ability to produce monoclonal antibodies led to the availability of large amounts of homogeneous and predictable preparations of antibody. The potential to renew indefinitely a particular antibody surmounted many of the technical and regulatory problems that made polyclonal antisera difficult to use as therapeutic agents in man. The hybridoma technology seemed even more valuable as it became clear that it could lead to the generation of pure, highly specific antibodies from impure, poorly characterized antigens. Monoclonal antibodies have been extremely useful in basic investigations and have facilitated the development of new diagnostic tests for serum and tissue components and infectious agents. However, novel approaches are needed in order to provide more useful, less immunogenic antibodies which could be used routinely for passive immunization in the treatment of infections or for tumor targeting.
Defects in rutile and anatase polymorphs of TiO2: kinetics and thermodynamics near grain boundaries

The direct consequence of irradiation on a material is the creation of point defects-typically interstitials and vacancies, and their aggregates-but it is the ultimate fate of these defects that determines the material's radiation tolerance. Thus, understanding how defects migrate and interact with sinks, such as grain boundaries, is crucial for predicting the evolution of the material. We examine defect properties in two polymorphs of TiO(2)-rutile and anatase-to determine how these materials might respond differently to irradiation. Using molecular statics and temperature accelerated dynamics, we focus on two issues: how point defects interact with a representative grain boundary and how they migrate in the bulk phase. We find that grain boundaries in both polymorphs are strong sinks for all point defects, though somewhat stronger in rutile than anatase. Further, the defect kinetics are very different in the two polymorphs, with interstitial species diffusing quickly in rutile while oxygen defects-both interstitials and vacancies-are fast diffusers in anatase. These results allow us to speculate on how grain boundaries will modify the radiation tolerance of these materials. In particular, grain boundaries in rutile will lead to a space charge layer at the boundary and a vacancy-rich damage structure, while in anatase the damage structure would likely be more stoichiometric, but with larger defects consisting primarily of Ti ions.
Increased R-wave amplitude induced by acute myocardial ischemia in the dog: A predictor of malignant ventricular arrhythmias

Abstract The ability of an increase of 25 % or greater in the sum of R-wave amplitudes in leads X, Y, Z, L2, and V5 to predict the occurrence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias (10 or more ventricular premature beats/min, ventricular tachycardia [5 or more consecutive premature beats], and/or fibrillation) was evaluated in 17 dogs during experimental acute myocardial ischemia. Each dog underwent a 15 minute ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by reperfusion and after recovery, 2 hours later, a 15 minute ligation of the circumflex coronary artery. During ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, 12 of 17 dogs (71%) showed no R-wave increase and no arrhythmias (true-negative response). In 5 (29%) of 17 dogs malignant ventricular arrhythmias developed: 2 of 5 (40%) dogs with arrhythmias had a concomitant R-wave increase (true-positive response), and 3 of 5 (60%) with arrhythmias had a less than 25% increase in R-wave amplitude (false-negative results). During circumflex coronary artery ligation, 13 of 17 (76%) dogs showed both R-wave increases and arrhythmias (true-positive response). Four (24%) of 17 dogs had no arrhythmias: 3 of 4 (75%) with no arrhythmias also had a less than 25% increase in R-wave amplitude (true-negative response), whereas 1 of 4 (25%) dogs with no arrhythmias had an increase in R-wave amplitude (false-positive response). In dogs with both arrhythmias and R-wave increases, R-wave changes preceded the onset of arrhythmias by a mean (± standard deviation) of 1 minute 27 seconds (± 43 seconds). Overall, R-wave increases were highly sensitive (83%), specific (94%), and predictive (94%) for the occurrence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias during experimental acute myocardial ischemia.
Chemistry and petrography of calcite in the KTB pilot borehole, Bavarian Oberpfalz, Germany

The KTB (Kontinentales Tiefbohrprogramm der Bundesrepublik Deutschland) pilot borehole in northeast Bavaria, Germany, penetrates 4000 m of gneiss, amphibolite, and subordinate calc-silicate, lamprophyre and metagabbro. There are three types of calcite in the drilled section: (1) metamorphic calcite in calc-silicate and marble; (2) crack-filling calcite in all lithologies; and (3) replacement calcite in altered minerals. Crack-filling and replacement calcite postdate metamorphic calcite. Multiple calcite generations in individual cracks suggest that different generations of water repeatedly flowed through the same cracks. Cracks that eventually filled with calcite carried water to sites where replacement calcite formed by plagioclase hydrolysis or other decarbonation reactions. Whole-rock contents of all three calcite types range from ∼ 35 wt% in near-surface calc-silicate to < 0.1 wt% in amphibolite with calcite-filled cracks at 3872 m. Calcite contains average Sr concentrations of 180 ppm and Mn concentrations of 3980 ppm. Crack-filling calcite microdrilled from thin sections has average δ13C = −9.0±2.2‰ and δ18O = +10.5±1.5‰ (± values are 1 standard deviation). Crack-filling mineral assemblages that include calcite originally formed at temperatures of 150–350°C. Presently, crack-filling calcite is in chemical and isotopic equilibrium with saline to brackish water in the borehole at temperatures of ⩽120°C. The saline to brackish water contains a significant proportion of meteoric water. Re-equilibration of crack-filling calcite to lower temperatures means that calcite chemistry tells us little about water-rock interactions in the crustal section at temperatures higher than ∼ 120°C.
Mesoscale structure and segregation in electrodeposited nanocrystalline alloys

This paper discusses the relatively unexplored issue of micron-scale structural elements that exist in nanocrystalline materials produced by electrodeposition. For the Ni–W system, we investigate grain “colonies” that are orders of magnitude larger than the nanoscale grain size, and which influence crack propagation and electrochemical corrosion. Auger electron spectroscopy provides evidence for segregation of W to the intercolony boundaries at the supermicron scale. We also point out that the physical and chemical properties of these mesostructures are affected by, and may thus be manipulated through, the deposition conditions.
Educating for Community Change: Higher Education’s Proposed Role in Community Transformation through the Federal Promise Neighborhood Policy

This study investigated a federal comprehensive community initiative, the Promise Neighborhood initiative, in order to understand higher education community engagement in an embedded context. Promise Neighborhood programs aim to create a place-based system of family and education services that can support youth from early childhood through college access and career. Through a qualitative analysis of the 21 Promise Neighborhood awardee applications nationwide, the author concluded that higher education institutions commit to these partnerships in four ways: mission-related practices associated with teaching, research, and service; capacity-building practices, including teacher training and community leadership development; programs and services, including direct community services; and administrative functions, such as grant management. Many of these functions in university-community partnership intersect with contributions related to university missions. Exploring higher education–community engagement from the perspective of community goals offers insight into practices related to universities’ and colleges’ civic mission and potential as anchor institutions.
Biodefense-Driven Murine Model of Pneumonic Melioidosis

A whole-body mouse model of pneumonic melioidosis was established for future evaluation of biodefense vaccine candidates. The aerosol 50% lethal doses of Burkholderia pseudomallei strain 1026b for BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice and the times to death, dissemination in organs, and tissue loads after exposure of the mice to low- and high-dose aerosols are reported. In addition, rpsL mutant backgrounds were attenuated in this acute model of disease.
Chromosome cohesion, condensation, and separation

▪ Abstract The faithful segregation of genetic information requires highly orchestrated changes of chromosome structure during the mitotic cell cycle. The linkage between duplicated sister DNAs is established during S phase and maintained throughout G2 phase (cohesion). In early mitosis, dramatic structural changes occur to produce metaphase chromosomes, each consisting of a pair of compacted sister chromatids (condensation). At anaphase onset, a signal is produced to disrupt the linkage between sister chromatids (separation), allowing them to be pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell. This review discusses our current understanding of the three stages of large-scale structural changes of chromosomes in eukaryotic cells. Recent genetic and biochemical studies have identified key components involved in these processes and started to uncover hitherto unexpected functional links between mitotic chromosome dynamics and other important chromosome functions.
A polyamide from anthraquinonediketene

A polyamide has been synthesized by condensing anthraquinonediketene with m-phenylenediamine (η = 0.62; 0.5% concentration in dimethylacetamide, 30°C). The polymer was not thermostable but decomposed rapidly above 275°C.
Preprocessors in a data communication computer environment

Realizing the need for a highly adaptable transmission control unit to interface varied terminal equipment to the Michigan Timesharing System (MTS), the University of Michigan initiated in 1965 the development of a special control unit to be used in conjunction with the System/360 Model 67. Called the Data ConcentratorThe design approach taken in the Data Concentrator has been to nucleate about a small general-purpose computer a number of special-purpose interfaces to the various data set equipment. An integral part of the design is an interface which connects directly to the Model 67 multiplexor channels on one hand and to the Data Concentrator computer on the other. This approach avoids the operational restrictions imposed by an off-the-shelf IBM control unit to interface the two machines.In the next section several points will be raised concerning the design goals of this equipment, concerning general characteristics desirable in any terminal control unit and supporting supervisory system.Following this is a detailed description of the Data Concentrator hardware and an overview description of its supervisory program system. Much of this material has appeared in [3 and 6].
The Landless Levite and the Call of Israel

The central role of the Levite in Judges 19 in the brutal violence inflicted on the unnamed woman invites a consideration of the prohibition against land ownership amongst this Israelite tribe as inscribed in the Torah. Reading this injunction of Levitical landlessness alongside the story of Judges 19, as well as reflecting on this scene of horror in relation to a contemporary example of the violent death of an Asian American woman artist, this article explores the interplay between law and narrative as caveats against an idolatrous identity based on land ownership.
Computational approaches to understand cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias

Cardiac rhythms arise from electrical activity generated by precisely timed opening and closing of ion channels in individual cardiac myocytes. These impulses spread throughout the cardiac muscle to manifest as electrical waves in the whole heart. Regularity of electrical waves is critically important since they signal the heart muscle to contract, driving the primary function of the heart to act as a pump and deliver blood to the brain and vital organs. When electrical activity goes awry during a cardiac arrhythmia, the pump does not function, the brain does not receive oxygenated blood, and death ensues. For more than 50 years, mathematically based models of cardiac electrical activity have been used to improve understanding of basic mechanisms of normal and abnormal cardiac electrical function. Computer-based modeling approaches to understand cardiac activity are uniquely helpful because they allow for distillation of complex emergent behaviors into the key contributing components underlying them. Here we review the latest advances and novel concepts in the field as they relate to understanding the complex interplay between electrical, mechanical, structural, and genetic mechanisms during arrhythmia development at the level of ion channels, cells, and tissues. We also discuss the latest computational approaches to guiding arrhythmia therapy.
Particle-generated turbulence in homogeneous dilute dispersed flows

Abstract Homogeneous turbulence generated by uniform fluxes of round glass beads (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mm dia) falling through stagnant (in the mean) air was studied for particle Reynolds numbers in the range 100–800 and particle volume fractions . Moments, probability density functions, spatial correlations and temporal spectra of air velocity fluctuations were measured using two-point phase-discriminating laser velocimetry. Predictions based on a simplified stochastic analysis, involving linear superposition of randomly-arriving particle velocity fields, were used to help interpret the measurements. Guided by the theory, correlations of turbulence properties were achieved for both the present particle/air and earlier particle/water measurements. Turbulence intensities (referenced to mean particle relative velocities) and integral scales are functions of the rate of dissipation of particle mechanical energy and particle drag properties; however, normalized probability density functions, spatial correlations and temporal spectra are largely independent of particle properties.
InP-based HBTs and their perspective for microwave applications

Significant progress has been made over the past few years in both the technology and microwave performance of InP-based heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). Emphasis has, however, been placed mainly on transistor performance. Other critical issues have largely been ignored, including the influence of InGaAs on device thermal resistance, the role of base-collector leakage current, and the phenomenon of thermal instability. This paper first briefly reviews recent microwave results achieved to date and then investigates the aforementioned critical issues that affect their use in microwave applications.
Green sturgeon physical habitat use in the coastal Pacific Ocean.

The green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) is a highly migratory, oceanic, anadromous species with a complex life history that makes it vulnerable to species-wide threats in both freshwater and at sea. Green sturgeon population declines have preceded legal protection and curtailment of activities in marine environments deemed to increase its extinction risk. Yet, its marine habitat is poorly understood. We built a statistical model to characterize green sturgeon marine habitat using data from a coastal tracking array located along the Siletz Reef near Newport, Oregon, USA that recorded the passage of 37 acoustically tagged green sturgeon. We classified seafloor physical habitat features with high-resolution bathymetric and backscatter data. We then described the distribution of habitat components and their relationship to green sturgeon presence using ordination and subsequently used generalized linear model selection to identify important habitat components. Finally, we summarized depth and temperature recordings from seven green sturgeon present off the Oregon coast that were fitted with pop-off archival geolocation tags. Our analyses indicated that green sturgeon, on average, spent a longer duration in areas with high seafloor complexity, especially where a greater proportion of the substrate consists of boulders. Green sturgeon in marine habitats are primarily found at depths of 20–60 meters and from 9.5–16.0°C. Many sturgeon in this study were likely migrating in a northward direction, moving deeper, and may have been using complex seafloor habitat because it coincides with the distribution of benthic prey taxa or provides refuge from predators. Identifying important green sturgeon marine habitat is an essential step towards accurately defining the conditions that are necessary for its survival and will eventually yield range-wide, spatially explicit predictions of green sturgeon distribution.
Semiquantum Expressions for Electronically Nonadiabatic Electron Ejection Rates

Molecular anions that possess excess internal vibrational and/or rotational energy can eject their “extra” electron through a radiationless transition event involving non-Born-Oppenheimer coupling. In such processes, there is an interplay between the nuclear motions (i.e., vibrations and rotations) and the electronic motions that allows energy to be transferred from the former to the latter and that permits momentum and/or angular momentum to also be transferred in a manner that preserves total energy, momentum, and angular momentum. There are well-established quantum mechanical expressions for the state-to-state rates of this kind of radiationless process, and these expressions have been used successfully to compute electron ejection rates. In this paper, we recast the quantum rate equations by making use of approximations that have proven useful in rewriting the quantum expressions for rates of photon absorption in a more classical manner. In so doing, our goal has been to produce rate expressions that allow one to understand, in a more nearly classical manner, the energy-transfer process and to more readily predict when such rates will be significant.
Kin selection does not explain male aggregation at leks of 4 manakin species

In lek-mating systems, males aggregate at display arenas and females visit solely for the purpose of mating. This breeding system is characterized by high variance in male mating success with one male often receiving most copulations. High reproductive skew among males has led to question why males join leks when their chances of reproductive success are so low. Kin selection has been invoked as a mechanism to explain the evolution of lekking behavior, whereby nonreproducing but genetically related males gain indirect inclusive-fitness benefits. Evidence for kin selection among lek-mating birds is, however, mixed. Here, we show that kin selection is unlikely to be an important explanation for evolution of lekking behavior in manakins (Aves: Pipridae). We found that for 4 species chosen from several major clades within Pipridae, males within leks were not significantly more related than expected from random assortment of males in the population. This means that nonreproducing males do not gain indirect inclusive-fitness benefits by joining leks. This result suggests alternative mechanisms must be invoked to explain the evolution of lek-mating systems in manakins.
Linear maps over abelian group algebras

Let G be a finite abelian p-group, and K a field of characteristic p. In this paper we show that if F is a free KG module and Ψ ϵ EndKG(F) is not an isomorphism, then dimKKer Ψ ≥ ¦G¦exp(G). This result sheds some light on questions related to finite, free G-CW complexes as well as having applications to modular representation theory.
Hypoxia and high glucose cause exaggerated mesangial cell growth and collagen synthesis: role of osteopontin

The effect of hypoxia on the proliferation and collagen synthesis of cultured rat mesangial cells was examined under normal-glucose (NG, 5 mM) and high-glucose (HG, 25 mM)-media conditions. In addi...
Regulation of the Rhp26ERCC6/CSB chromatin remodeler by a novel conserved leucine latch motif

CSB/ERCC6 (Cockayne syndrome B protein/excision repair cross-complementation group 6), a member of a subfamily of SWI2/SNF2 (SWItch/sucrose nonfermentable)-related chromatin remodelers, plays crucial roles in gene expression and the maintenance of genome integrity. Here, we report the mechanism of the autoregulation of Rhp26, which is the homolog of CSB/ERCC6 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe . We identified a novel conserved protein motif, termed the “leucine latch,” at the N terminus of Rhp26. The leucine latch motif mediates the autoinhibition of the ATPase and chromatin-remodeling activities of Rhp26 via its interaction with the core ATPase domain. Moreover, we found that the C terminus of the protein counteracts this autoinhibition and that both the N- and C-terminal regions of Rhp26 are needed for its proper function in DNA repair in vivo. The presence of the leucine latch motif in organisms ranging from yeast to humans suggests a conserved mechanism for the autoregulation of CSB/ERCC6 despite the otherwise highly divergent nature of the N- and C-terminal regions.
Choriocarcinoma of the Testis

From 1960 to 1970 8 patients with metastatic choriocarcinoma of the testis were treated at the Naval Hospital in Long Beach California. The men ranged in age from 22 to 45 years. 6 patients had testicular enlargement 1 had hemoptysis and 1 had an abdominal mass. All patients were managed with chemotherapy using actinomycin D plus an aklylating agent (teytoxan or chlorambucil); 4 patients also received methotrexate. 3 patients underwent adjunctive radiotherapy to symptomatic masses. There were 4 patients who achieved regression of tumor 3 had no response and 1 has survived for 3 years. The average survival of patients who had tumor regression (6.5 months) was not significantly different from those who failed to respond (4 months). No objective response could be attributed to radiotherapy. The course of the surviving patients is summarized. The patient was initially managed with 25 mg diethylstilbestrol daily and 100 mg depo-provera every 2 weeks. A course of 25 mg oral methotrexate was given daily for 5 days with no objective response. The patient was then treated daily with 0.75 mg actinomycin D intravenously 300 mg cytoxan intravenously and 15 mg methotrexate orally in 5-day courses every 2 weeks. This regimen was well tolerated resulting only in alopecia and mild nausea. Marked regression in pulmonary metastases occurred 4 months after the initiation of this therapy. Subsequently maintenance chemotherapy was given in 5-day courses at monthly intervals. Depo-provera and diethylstilbestrol were discontinued after about a year because of impotence. Currently the patient is managed with 3-day courses of chemotherapy at monthly intervals.
Reflections Of Five Former HHS Secretaries

While agreeing that the Affordable Care Act is a step forward, these leaders have varying views on the difficult work that remains.
Permanent deformation behaviour of reinforced flexible pavements built on soft soil subgrade

This study focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of using various geogrid products to improve permanent deformation resistance in soft subgrade soils commonly encountered during roadway construction in Pennsylvania. Permanent deformation behaviours of the soft soils both with and without the inclusion of geogrids were investigated. Cyclic moving wheel loads were applied through a reduced-scale accelerated pavement testing (APT) device, a one-third-scale model mobile load simulator (MMLS3). Tests were conducted on two soil types, each modified with three different biaxial geogrids placed at the base–subgrade interface. The total permanent deformation/surface rutting of the pavement and the permanent deformation of the subgrade were measured at selected intervals of the wheel loading applications. The pavement sections were trenched upon completion of the accelerated testing to measure the deformed profiles of the cross sections from which the permanent deformations in the asphalt layer and the base layer...
AGE OF Na-Be NEUTRONS IN WATER AND KEROSENE

The age to indium resonance of nearly monoenergetic 0.97 Mev neutrons from spherical Na-- gamma --Be sources was measured in water and kerosene. The age from a point source was inferred by extrapolation from measurements made with sources 3/4 and 3/8 in. in diameter. The flux age was 13.9 plus or minus 0.2 cm/sup 2/ in water and 13.8 plus or minus 0.2 cm/sup 2/ in kerosene. Calculations by the moments method gave 13 9 plus or minus 0 1 cm/sup 2/ in each medium, in excellent agreement with the measurements. The thermal migration area measured concurrently was 21.5 plus or minus 0.4 cm/sup 2/ in water and 20.6 plus or minus 0.4 cm/sup 2/ in kerosene. The migration area calculated from the resonance age was 22.2 plus or minus 0.5 cm/sup 2/ in water and 21.8 plus or minus 0.5 cm/sup 2/ in kerosene. Both of these were substantially larger than the measured values. (auth)
Metastatic Invasive Lobular Breast Cancer Presenting as Gastric Cancer.

This Spectacular Case Session, in its 11th year, was presented by the Resident and Associate Society of the American College of Surgeons (RAS-ACS) at the 2015 Clinical Congress meeting. This session presented 7 multidisciplinary cases from RAS members out of nearly 150 submitted from members located all over the world. The presentations were followed by discussions between residents and panelists, who challenged each other with reviews of procedures and processes for patient care. Audio files of the discussions of each case are included as Supplemental Materials.
Combined Glenoid and Humeral Head Reconstruction with Allografts: A Report of Two Cases and the Midterm Outcomes.

Case: We present two cases of anterior glenohumeral instability in which both the humeral head and the glenoid were reconstructed concurrently with use of allografts; we discuss the midterm outcomes at four and one-half and five years of follow-up, respectively. Conclusion: In our experience, concomitant glenoid and humeral head allograft reconstruction for anterior glenohumeral instability with severe combined humeral head and glenoid pathology yielded good midterm clinical, functional, and radiographic outcomes. This treatment approach may be a viable option for young and active patients presenting with severe combined glenoid and humeral pathology and warrants additional investigation.
Aphids, Dodder (Cuscuta campestris), and Dodder–Host Plant Interrelations

Thirty species of aphids were confined to dodder, Cuscuta campestris Yuncker, growing on 16 host plants. About half of the aphid species lived well enough on dodder to complete a generation. Most species that lived on dodder did so even when dodder parasitized plants that those aphids could not live on by direct feeding. There were significant differences in aphid reaction to dodder growing on different host plants. Onion, Allium cepa L., made dodder unsuitable for all aphids tested. The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer); cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch; and potato aphid, Macrosiphum cuphorbiae (Thomas) lived especially well on dodder and injured it severely under greenhouse conditions.
Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl : From Strict Construction to Serious Confusion

Perhaps Justice Samuel Alito had this quote in mind when writing the majority opinion in the U.S. Supreme Court case Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl. 2 The 2013 decision was only the second time the Court had heard a case involving the Indian Child Welfare Act (“ICWA” or “Act”) 3 since its inception in 1978. 4 Adoptive Couple was the modern day Baby Jessica 5 or Baby Richard 6 case with a twist—the biological father seeking to intervene in the adoption proceeding of his daughter was a member of a Native American tribe. 7 After a procedural and
1247 ATELECTASIS (ATL)IN THE INTUBATED NEWBORN WITH HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE (HMD)

A total of 162 episodes of ATL occurred in 58 of 166 consecutive infants ventilated for HMD with the Baby Bird infant ventilator. 48 of 73 infants 1500 grams survived. In 10 patients ATL occurred during intubation only (Type I); in 19, both during intubation and after attempted extubation (Type II); and in 29, after attempted extubation only (Type III). The incidence of ATL was significantly (P 1500g (Group B)). Type II was frequent in Group A (17/34), whereas Type III was more common in Group B (19/25). The most important variable was the length of time of intubation. ATL was extremely rare in either Group if initial intubation was 14 days (89 episodes). “Initial” intubation is contrasted with re-intubation for respiratory distress consequent to atelectasis. One or more re-intubations were necessary in 16 of 34 infants in Group A and 7 of 25 in Group B. Thus, atelectasis resulted in considerable morbidity. The right lung was involved in 83% of episodes (33% involved the right lower lobe). Tracheobronchial suctioning causes disproportionate damage to the right mainstem bronchus, and these infants were suctioned hourly. The predominance of right-sided ATL suggests that suctioning procedures in neonates should be critically studied.
Child behavior problems: Mothers’ and fathers’ mental health matters today and tomorrow

Abstract Informed by a family systems framework, this study utilizes the actor-partner-interdependence model to examine how parents’ mental health, including depressive symptoms and parenting stress, predict their own (actor effects) and their partners’ (partner effects) reports of their children’s behavior problems among 730 low-income families. Further, we examine whether mothers’ and fathers’ mental health in early childhood predicts children’s teacher-reported social development in fifth grade. Both mothers’ and fathers’ depressive symptoms and parenting stress were associated with their own (actor effects) ratings of child behavior problems when children were 3 years (M = 37.16 months, SD = 1.53); parenting stress exerted a larger effect than depressive symptoms. Further, ratings of child behavior were predicted by partners’ parenting stress for fathers but not for mothers. Greater parent depression symptoms in early childhood was associated with higher fifth graders’ hyperactivity, and fathers’ greater depressive symptoms was associated with lower fifth graders’ cooperation. Results indicate that the mental health of both parents predicts child social skills and problem behaviors, both in early childhood and later development.