cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions between membrane Inclusions on Fluctuating Membranes

We model membrane proteins as anisotropic objects characterized by symmetrictraceless tensors and determine the coupling between these order-parameters and membrane curvature. We consider the interactions 1) between transmembrane proteins that respect up-down (reflection) symmetry of bilayer membranes and that have circular or non-circular cross-sectional areas in the tangent-plane of membranes, 2) between transmembrane proteins that break reflection symmetry and have circular or non-circular cross-sectional areas, and 3) between non-transmembrane proteins. Using a field theoretic approach, we find non-entropic 1/R 4 interactions between reflection-symmetry-breaking transmembrane proteins with circular cross-sectional area and entropic 1/R 4 interactions between transmembrane proteins with circular cross-section that do not break up-down symmetry in agreement with previous calculations. We also find anisotropic 1/R 4 interactions between reflection-symmetry-conserving transmembrane proteins with non-circular cross-section, anisotropic 1/R 2 interactions between reflection-symmetry-breaking transmembrane proteins with non-circular cross-section, and non-entropic 1/R 4 many-particle interactions among non-transmembrane proteins. For large R, these interactions are considerably larger than Van der Waals interactions or screened electrostatic interactions and might provide the dominant force inducing aggregation of the membrane proteins.
Riverine ecosystem services and the thermoelectric sector: strategic issues facing the Northeastern United States

Major strategic issues facing the global thermoelectric sector include environmental regulation, climate change and increasing electricity demand. We have addressed such issues by modeling thermoelectric generation in the Northeastern United States that is reliant on cooling under five sensitivity tests to evaluate losses/gains in power production, thermal pollution and suitable aquatic habitat, comparing the contemporary baseline (2000–2010) with potential future states. Integral to the analysis, we developed a methodology to quantify river water availability for cooling, which we define as an ecosystem service.Projected climate conditions reduce river water available for efficient power plant operations and the river’s capacity to absorb waste heat, causing a loss of regional thermoelectric generation (RTG) (2.5%) in some summers that, compared to the contemporary baseline, is equal to the summertime electricity consumption of 1.3 million Northeastern US homes. Vulnerabilities to warm temperatures and thermal pollution can be alleviated through the use of more efficient natural gas (NG) power plants that have a reduced reliance on cooling water. Conversion of once-through (OT) to cooling tower (CT) systems and the Clean Water Act (CWA) temperature limit regulation, both of which reduce efficiencies at the single plant level, show potential to yield beneficial increases in RTG. This is achieved by obviating the need for large volumes of river water, thereby reducing plant-to-plant interferences through lowering the impact of upstream thermal pollution and preserving a minimum standard of cooling water. The results and methodology framework presented here, which can be extrapolated to other regional assessments with contrasting climates and thermoelectric profiles, can identify opportunities and support decision-making to achieve more efficient energy systems and riverine ecosystem protection.
Enone–Alkyne Reductive Coupling: A Versatile Entry to Substituted Pyrroles

The reductive coupling of enones or enals with alkynes, followed by olefin oxidative cleavage and Paal-Knorr cyclization, provides a versatile entry to a variety of pyrrole frameworks. A number of limitations of alternate entries to the requisite 1,4-dicarbonyl intermediate are avoided. Classes of pyrroles that are accessible by this approach include 2,3-, 2,4-, 1,2,3-, 1,2,4-, 2,3,5-, and 1,2,3,5-substituted monocyclic pyrroles as well as a number of fused-ring polycyclic derivatives.
THOUGHTS ON CANCER RESEARCH, 1963.

Excerpt No dramatic therapeutic or diagnostic innovations have appeared this year to diminish the toll of cancer on the American population. Bronchogenic carcinoma remains the number one internal m...
ASCENT: adaptive self-configuring sensor networks topologies

Advances in microsensor and radio technology enable small but smart sensors to be deployed for a wide range of environmental monitoring applications. The low-per node cost allows these wireless networks of sensors and actuators to be densely distributed. The nodes in these dense networks coordinate to perform the distributed sensing and actuation tasks. Moreover, as described in this paper, the nodes can also coordinate to exploit the redundancy provided by high density so as to extend overall system lifetime. The large number of nodes deployed in this systems preclude manual configuration, and the environmental dynamics precludes design-time preconfiguration. Therefore, nodes have to self-configure to establish a topology that provides communication under stringent energy constraints. ASCENT builds on the notion that, as density increases, only a subset of the nodes is necessary to establish a routing forwarding backbone. In ASCENT, each node assesses its connectivity and adapts its participation in the multihop network topology based on the measured operating region. This paper motivates and describes the ASCENT algorithm and presents analysis, simulation, and experimental measurements. We show that the system achieves linear increase in energy savings as a function of the density and the convergence time required in case of node failures while still providing adequate connectivity.
Bank regulations and income inequality : Empirical evidence

This article provides cross-country evidence that variations in bank regulatory policies result in differences in income distribution. In particular, the overall liberalization of banking systems decreases income inequality significantly. However, this effect becomes insignificant for countries with low levels of economic and institutional development and for market-based economies. Among liberalization policies, credit and interest rate controls have the most significant negative effect on inequality. Privatizations and liberalization of international capital flows also decrease income inequality; the latter also increases the income share of the relatively poor. In contrast, liberalization of securities markets increases income inequality substantially.
Single-agent methotrexate chemotherapy for the treatment of nonmetastatic gestational trophoblastic tumors☆☆☆

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of single-agent methotrexate chemotherapy and to identify factors associated with chemotherapy resistance in patients with nonmetastatic gestational trophoblastic tumors. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 337 patients with nonmetastatic gestational trophoblastic tumors (choriocarcinoma and invasive model) received treatment at the Brewer Trophoblastic Disease Center of Northwestern University Medical School form 1962 through 1990. Of the 337 patients, 253 (75.0%) were treated initially with single-agent methotrexate .4 mg/kg intravenously daily for 5 days per treatment course repeated every 14 days. RESULTS: All 337 patients with nonmetastatic gestational trophoblastic tumors were cured. Of the 253 patients initially treated with methotrexate, resistance developed in 27 (10.7%), 22 (8.7%) required a second agent (actinomycin D), 3 (1.2%) required multiagent chemotherapy, and 2 (0.8%) had a hysterectomy to achieve complete remission. Factors associated with the development of resistance were pretreatment human chorionic gonadotropin level ≥50,000 mlU/ml (36%, p p p = 0.02). Significant methotrexate toxicity requiring a change to a second agent occurred in only 12 patients (4.7%), the most common side effect being severe stomatitis. CONCLUSIONS: In a large series of patients with nonmetastatic gestational trophoblastic disease, single-agent methotrexate chemotherapy proved to be an extremely well-tolerated and effective treatment.
A stereoselective approach to 6-alkylated piperidinone & 2-piperidine via three-component vinylogous Mannich reactions (VMR) and a concise synthesis of (S)-anabasine

A three-component diastereoselective vinylogous Mannich-type reaction (VMR) with the silyl ketene acetal (1) was developed. Adducts from the reactions provided valuable intermediates for construction of a variety of chiral 6-alkylated piperidinone and 2-piperidine compounds. The strategy was applied in a concise synthesis (S)-anabasine.
Bridged cyanine dyes. Part 1. 1-(N-methyl-4-pyridinio)-3-(N-methylpyridylene)cyclopenta-1,4-dienes

1,3-Bis(N-methyl-4-pyridinio)propane is condensed with a series of α-diketones to form deep red monocyanine dyes 8. In strongly acidic solutions C-protonation occurs at the central carbon atom. A similar condensation with α-ketoesters yields zwitterionic cyanines 12 with extinction coefficients exceeding 105.
An Approach to Optimum Subsonic Inlet Design

The approach consists of comparing inlet operating requirements with estimated inlet separation characteristics to identify the most critical inlet operating condition. This critical condition is taken to be the design point and is defined by the values of inlet mass flow, free stream velocity, and inlet angle of attack. Optimum flow distributions on the inlet surface are determined to be a high, flat top Mach number distribution on the inlet lip to turn the flow quickly into the inlet and a low, flat bottom skin friction distribution on the diffuser wall to diffuse the flow rapidly and efficiently to the velocity required at the fan face. These optimum distributions are then modified to achieve other desirable flow characteristics. Example applications are given. Extension of the method is suggested.Copyright © 1979 by ASME
An oxazoline based approach to (S)-Gossypol

Abstract (S)-Gossypol (S)-1 , a yellow pigment of cottonseed, has been accessed by a total asymmetric synthesis. The sequence leading to (S)-gossypol (S)-1 was highlighted by four oxazoline mediated reactions, including coupling of ortho-(methoxy)aryloxazolines with Grignard reagents, butyllithium based ortho-lithiation of aryloxazolines, stereocontrolled Ullmann couplings of bromonaphthyloxazolines, and ethoxyvinyllithium hexamethylphosphoric triamide complex based ortho-lithiation of aryloxazolines.
Hydrogen Bonded Phosphate Rings

Abstract Reaction of phosphorus acids with imidazole and 1-methylimidazole leads to the formation of the hydrogen bonded salts, [(PhO)2PO2][C3H3NHNMe] (1), [(PhO)2PO2][C3N2H2H 5](2), [Cl3CP(OH)O2][C3H3NHNMe]·H2O(3), [Cl3CP(OH)O2][C3N2H5] ·H2O(4), and [PhP(OH)O2][C3N2H5] (5). X-ray analysis reveals that the structure of 1 consists of a hydrogen bonded ion pair, 2 forms hydrogen bonded chains while 3 and 4, which exist as monohydrates, form more complex networks, each possessing twelve-membered hydrogen bonded rings involving alternately water molecules and PO2 units of the phosphonate anion. A correlation is obtained between NH stretching frequency and N-H-X (X = 0, N) hydrogen bond lengths defining strong to intermediate hydrogen bonds useful in refining models for enzyme-substrate interactions.
Total synthesis of pseudopterosin A and E aglycon

Abstract A total synthesis of the pseudopterosin A and E aglycon 3 has been achieved through a novel intramolecular benzyne Diels-Aldcr cycloaddition with a substituted cyclohexadiene.
Astrophysical Explosions Driven by a Rotating, Magnetized, Gravitating Sphere

We present the results of a numerical magnetohydrodynamic simulation that demonstrates a mechanism by which magnetic fields tap the rotational energy of a stellar core and expel the envelope. Our numerical setup, designed to focus on the basic physics of the outflow mechanism, consists of a solid, gravitating sphere, which may represent the compact core of a star, surrounded by an initially hydrostatic envelope of ionized gas. The core is threaded by a dipolar magnetic field that also permeates the envelope. At the start of the simulation, the core begins to rotate at 10% of the escape speed. The magnetic field is sufficiently strong to drive a magnetorotational explosion, whereby the entire envelope is expelled, confirming the expectation of analytical models. Furthermore, the dipolar nature of the field results in an explosion that is enhanced simultaneously along the rotation axis (a jet) and along the magnetic equator. While the initial condition is simplified, the simulation approximates circumstances that may arise in astrophysical objects such as Type II supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, and proto-planetary nebulae.
Properties and thermal decomposition of the double salts of uranyl nitrate-ammonium nitrate

Abstract The formation of ammonium nitrate-uranyl nitrate double salts has important effects on the thermal denitration process for the preparation of UO3, and on the physical properties of the resulting product. Analyses have been performed, and properties and decomposition behavior determined for three double salts: NH4UO2(NO3)3, (NH4)2UO2(NO3)4 and (NH4)2UO2(NO3)4·2H2O. The trinitrate salt decomposes without melting at 270–300 °C to give a γ-UO3 powder of average size approximately 3 μm, with good ceramic properties for fabrication into UO2 nuclear fuel pellets. The tetranitrate dihydrate melts at 48 °C; it also dehydrates to the anhydrous salt. The anhydrous tetranitrate decomposes exothermically without melting at 170–270 °C, by losing one mole of ammonium nitrate to form the trinitrate salt.
Heterotic string theory on Calabi-Yau manifolds in the Green-Schwarz formalism

The σ-model describing the propagation of the heterotic string in a Calabi-Yau background is written down in the Green-Schwarz formulation. This model has manifest N=1 space-time supersymmetry, however only the SO(2) subgroup of the four-dimensional Lorentz group is realized linearly. The criteria for the existence of the full SO(3, 1) Lorentz symmetry in this model are studied. These requirements turn out to be identical to those obtained by demanding the existence of space-time supersymmetry in the Neveu-Schwarz-Ramond formulation of the theory, where the SO(3, 1) Lorentz symmetry is manifest, but space-time supersymmetry is not. The analysis is easily generalized to more general backgrounds, which give rise to (2, 0) superconformal field theories on the world sheet. Finally it is shown that if the requirements which give unbroken N=1 space-time supersymmetry and full SO(3, 1) Lorentz invariance are satisfied, then the unbroken gauge group after the compactification of the E 8 ×E 8 heterotic string theory on Calabi-Yau spaces is E 8 ×E 6 .
Driven vortices in confined geometry: the Corbino disk

The fabrication of artificial pinning structures allows a new generation of experiments which can probe the properties of vortex arrays by forcing them to flow in confined geometries. We discuss the theoretical analysis of such experiments in both flux liquids and flux solids, focusing on the Corbino disk geometry. In the liquid, these experiments can probe the critical behavior near a continuous liquid-glass transition. In the solid, they probe directly the onset of plasticity.
PARALLEL CONE BIPOLAR TO ON-BETA GANGLION CELL PATHWAYS IN THE CAT RETINA: SPATIAL RESPONSES, SPATIAL ALIASING, AND SPATIAL VARIANCE

An important issue in understanding the retina is finding candidate functional roles for different cell pathways and the details of their anatomy and physiology. We consider various spatial properties of the three main cone ⇒ cone bipolar cell ⇒ on-β ganglion cell pathways in the cat retina and possible roles for the particulars of their anatomy. The cone bipolar cells in these pathways have distinct morphologies and modest differences in their convergence, divergence, densities, and synaptic weighting; and it is unclear whether the pathways differ in their spatial properties or in some other manner. Since differences in spatial processing of cells are best studied on a systemwide level, we developed the multirate filter-based method of retinal modeling, a technique for relating the anatomy of multiple cell layers to its systemic effects. We demonstrate that (1) despite the anatomic distinctions among the three main cone bipolar cell pathways, their spatial responses are essentially identical; (2) despite the spatial averaging in the pathways, there is essentially no filtering of the nonaliasing signal components after the cone layer; (3) instead, this averaging combined with prefiltering by the eye’s optics and cone gap junctions prevents spatial aliasing; and (4) the averaging and prefiltering combined allow cell responses to be similar despite significant cell-to-cell anatomic differences.
Using Convective Flow Splitting for the Direct Printing of Fine Copper Lines

Liquid ribbons of solutions of copper hexanoate in a volatile solvent were drawn on a glass slide using either fine glass capillaries or an ink jet printer. After solvent evaporation, the solute was observed to segregate into multiple pairs of stripes much narrower than the initial ribbon diameter. These stripes were then converted to pure copper by annealing. Surface profiles indicate that the thickness, width, and number of lines formed are strongly dependent on the solution viscosity and volume per unit length deposited. From flow visualization studies and surface profiling, we have found that evaporative cooling produces Benard–Marangoni convection patterns which accrete the solute along two key boundaries of the flow, namely the three phase contact line and the outer edge of a stagnant region about the ribbon apex. These findings suggest that optimization of the deposition and evaporation process can be used to "write" fine metallic lines from a wider liquid precursor.
Brush Seal Leakage Performance With Gaseous Working Fluids at Static and Low Rotor Speed Conditions

The leakage performance of a brush seal with gaseous working fluids at static and low rotor speed conditions was studied. The leakage results are included for air, helium, and carbon dioxide at several bristle/rotor interferences. Also, the effects of packing a lubricant into the bristles and also of reversing the pressure drop across the seal were studied. Results were compared to that of an annular seal at similar operating conditions. In order to generalize the results, they were correlated using corresponding state theory. The brush seal tested had a bore diameter of 3.792 cm (1.4930 in), a fence height of 0.0635 cm (0.025 in), and 1800 bristles/cm circumference (4500 bristles/in circumference). Various bristle/rotor radial interferences were achieved by using a tapered rotor. The brush seal reduced the leakage in comparison to the annular seal, up to 9.5 times. Reversing the pressure drop across the brush seal produced leakage rates approx. the same as that of the annular seal. Addition of a lubricant reduced the leakage by 2.5 times. The air and carbon dioxide data were successfully correlated using corresponding state theory. However, the helium data followed a different curve than the air and carbon dioxide data.
The Downs and Ups of FHA Lending: The Government Mortgage Roller Coaster Ride

Abstract Throughout the last decade, mortgage markets experienced both a considerable decline and a considerable increase in the share served by the FHA. Concerns have grown about the solvency of the program and about the access to credit of the borrowers served by the FHA market. These concerns are due, at least in part, to the evolving distribution of loans in the FHA portfolio and uncertainty about future patterns of lending. This paper attempts to explain FHA lending patterns over the past decade, particularly the dramatic downs and ups of FHA lending. We pay particular attention to the drivers of these changes, and the implications of these changes for FHA lending, mortgage markets, and associated public policy initiatives.
Screening Cystoscopy in Chronically Catheterized Spinal Cord Injury Patients

Study design: Retrospective review. Objectives: An annual screening cystoscopy protocol was begun at our institution in an attempt to minimize the morbidity and mortality of bladder cancer in the chronically catheterized spinal cord injured (SCI) population. The objectives of this study are: (1) to present the results of 6 years of screening for primary bladder cancer in this population, and (2) examine the suitability of this protocol based upon accepted principles of cancer screening. Setting: Veterans hospital, Seattle, WA, USA. Methods: SCI patients selected for screening cystoscopy were those who had been continuously catheterized for 10 or more years, or were smokers who had been catheterized for 5 or more years. Biopsies and/or urine cytologies were taken at the surgeon's discretion. Results: Fifty-nine patients underwent 156 cystoscopy procedures from January 1992 through December 1997. The vast majority of patients were at risk for autonomic dysreflexia, so cystoscopy was performed with anesthesia. No bladder cancers were diagnosed by screening cystoscopy. All bladder biopsies and cytology specimens were benign. During the same period of time four SCI patients presented with symptomatic bladder cancers. Two patients did not fit the criteria for surveillance, one patient was not being followed by the SCI unit and presented to an outside physician, and one patient had a screening cystoscopy 4 months prior to presenting with bladder cancer. Conclusions: Cystoscopy does not fulfil the accepted criteria for screening for primary bladder cancer in SCI patients. The disease does not appear to be amenable to screening, the population to be screened is not easily definable, and the costs are excessive compared to the low cancer detection rate.
Single-Shot Multiwavelength Imaging of Laser Plumes

A novel optical approach to single-shot chemical imaging with high spectroscopic resolution is described with the use of a prototype dimension-reduction fiber-optic array. Images are focused onto a 30 X 20 array of hexagonally packed 250 mu m o.d. f /2 optical fibers that are drawn into a 600 X 1 distal array with specific ordering. The 600 X 1 side of the array is imaged with an f /2 spectrograph equipped with a holographic grating and a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera for spectral analysis. Software is used to extract the spatial/spectral information contained in the CCD images and deconvolute them into wavelength-specific reconstructed images or position-specific spectra that span a 190 nm wavelength space.
Electromagnetic Splittings and Light Quark Masses

Abstract A method for computing electromagnetic properties of hadrons in lattice QCD is described. The electromagnetic field is introduced dynamically, using a noncompact formulation. Employing enhanced electric charges, the dependence of the pseudoscalar meson mass on the (anti) quark charges and masses can be accurately calculated. At β = 5.7 with Wilson action, the π+ − π0 splitting is found to be 4.9(3) MeV. Using the measured K0 − K+ splitting, we also find m u m d = .512(6) . Systematic errors are discussed. Preliminary results for vector meson splittings are also presented.
Synthesis of Chimerical Oligonucleotides Containing Internucleosidic Phosphodiester and S-Pivaloyl Mercaptoethyl Phosphotriester Linkages

Abstract Novel oligonucleotide analogs that bear phosphodiester and bioreversible S-pivaloyl 2-mercaptoethyl (SPME) phosphate triester internucleosidic linkages and their thioate analogs are described. Their synthesis involves new methodology for the deprotection of base-labile oligonucleotides.
Navigation accuracy analysis for the Mariner-Jupiter-Saturn 1977 mission

The results of the latest navigation capability study for the Mariner-Jupiter-Saturn 1977 mission are presented and analyzed. Predicted planet-relative and satellite-relative accuracies are given for radio only and radio plus optical approach navigation on three representative trajectories. In addition, planet-relative accuracies are given for cruise navigation on one of the trajectories. The dynamical and measurement error models used in the study are discussed, and the basic MJS77 navigation strategy is described. The navigation capability is evaluated in the light of the mission's objectives; and the variation in capability among the three trajectories is examined with regard to the effects of the major error sources and the trajectory dependent encounter geometries.
Bioethics: Concepts, Conflicts, and Controversies

The articles in this number of The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy each address timely and important issues in bioethical scholarship. The first three articles make important and direct contribu...
The effect of downward electron heat flow and electron cooling processes in the high-latitude ionosphere

Abstract The electron energy balance in the ionosphere is affected by numerous local heating and cooling processes, as well as by transport processes. The thermal electrons gain energy from photoelectrons, auroral electrons, hot thermal ions, and a downward flow of heat from high altitudes. The thermal electrons lose energy in elastic collisions with ions and neutrals (N 2 , O 2 , O, He, H) and in inelastic collisions with neutrals, including rotational excitation of N 2 and O 2 , vibrational excitation of N 2 and O 2 , excitation of the fine structure levels of atomic oxygen, and electronic excitation of atomic oxygen, e.g., O( 1 S) and O( 1 D). The transport processes include thermal conduction and thermoelectric heat flow. Recently, new electron cooling rates have been calculated that are substantially different from those in current use, which are more than thirty years old. Therefore, model simulations were conducted that show the impact that these new cooling rates have on the electron temperatures and ion densities in the mid- and high-latitude ionosphere. It was found that, while several of the new cooling rates differ significantly from the old rates, collectively these differences largely cancel each other, with the result that the impact of the new rates on the ionospheric temperatures and densities is small. Also, a possible important source of heat for the thermal electrons in the polar cap is the downward flow of heat that results from the interaction of the escaping polar wind electrons with the relatively hot polar rain, squall, and drizzle. This electron heat source has typically been ignored in the past due to a lack of measurements, but recent work based on satellite measurements has made it possible to estimate values of the downward electron heat flow in the polar cap. Therefore, model simulations were also conducted to determine the effect of a downward electron heat flow on the high-latitude ionosphere. We found that in many cases the addition of a heat flow does have a large impact on the F-region temperatures and densities, sometimes increasing the total electron content (TEC) by 50% or more; topside densities may be increased by a factor of 5. The effects of the new cooling rates and downward heat flow were determined for a wide range of geophysical conditions.
Melt Production in Oblique Impacts

Abstract Hydrocode modeling is a fundamental tool for the study of melt production in planetary impact events. Until recently, however, numerical modeling of impacts for melt production studies has been limited to vertical impacts. We present the first results of the investigation of melt production in oblique impacts. Simulations were carried out using Sandia's three-dimensional hydrocode CTH, coupled to the SESAME equation of state. While keeping other impact parameters constant, the calculations span impact angles (measured from the surface) from 90° (vertical impact) to 15°. The results show that impact angle affects the strength and distribution of the shock wave generated in the impact. As a result, both the isobaric core and the regions of melting in the target appear asymmetric and concentrated in the downrange, shallower portion of the target. The use of a pressure-decay power law (which describes pressure as function of linear distance from the impact point) to reconstruct the region of melting and vaporization is therefore complicated by the asymmetry of the shock wave. As an analog to the pressure decay versus distance from the impact point, we used a “volumetric pressure decay,” where the pressure decay is modeled as a function of volume of target material shocked at or above the given shock pressure. We find that the volumetric pressure decay exponent is almost constant for impact angles from 90° to 30°, dropping by about a factor of two for a 15° impact. In the range of shock pressures at which most materials of geologic interest melt or begin to vaporize, we find that the volume of impact melt decreases by at most 20% for impacts from 90° down to 45°. Below 45°, however, the amount of melt in the target decreases rapidly with impact angle. Compared to the vertical case, the reduction in volume of melt is about 50% for impacts at 30° and more than 90% for a 15° impact. These estimates do not include possible melting due to shear heating, which can contribute to the amount of melt production especially in very oblique impacts. Studies of melt production in vertical impacts suggest an energy scaling law in agreement with the point source limit. An energy scaling law, however, does not seem to hold for oblique impacts, even when the impact velocity is substituted by its vertical component. However, we find that for impact angles between about 30° and 90° (a range that includes 75% of impact events on planetary surfaces) the volume of melt is directly proportional to the volume of the transient crater generated by the impact.
Surface bundles with non-zero signature

Abstract In this paper we develop a new technique that yields infinitely many surface bundles with non-zero signature.
Downscaling microwave brightness temperatures using self regularized regressive models

An novel algorithm is proposed to downscale microwave brightness temperatures (T B ), at scales of 10–40 km such as those from the Soil Moisture Active Passive mission to a resolution meaningful for hydrological and agricultural applications. This algorithm, called Self-Regularized Regressive Models (SRRM), uses auxiliary variables correlated to T B along-with a limited set of in-situ SM observations, which are converted to high resolution T B observations using biophysical models. It includes an information-theoretic clustering step based on all auxiliary variables to identify areas of similarity, followed by a kernel regression step that produces downscaled T B . This was implemented on a multi-scale synthetic data-set over NC-Florida for one year. An RMSE of 5.76 K with standard deviation of 2.8 K was achieved during the vegetated season and an RMSE of 1.2 K with a standard deviation of 0.9 K during periods of no vegetation.
Combustion behavior of boron-based BAMO/NMMO fuel-rich solid propellants

Combustion characteristics of boron/poly(BA MO/NMMO) fuel-rich solid propellants have been studied due to their potential application to solid-fuel ramjets (SFRJ). For the same boron content, BAMO/NMMO copolymer-based fuels are superior to conventional hydroxyl terminated polybutadien (HTPB) fuels due to their vigorous pyrolysis characteristic for dispersing boron particles into the main reaction zone. However, their specific impulses are generally lower than that of HTPB, in spite of high positive heats of formation. Formation of hexagonal crystalline boron nitride (BN) has been found in the combustion of this family of propellants studied. Favorable conditions for the formation of BN have been identified. BN also has a significant effect on the theoretical performance for high equivalence ratio conditions. The burning rate was found to depend strongly upon pressure and nonmonotonically on boron content. An "energy sink" hypothesis is proposed to explain this observation. Fine-wire thermocouple measurements support this hypothesis.
A Citizen's Guides to Democracy Inaction: Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert's Comic Rhetorical Criticism

This essay examines the discourse of Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert, two of the most prominent political comedians in America. Kenneth Burke's theories of perspective by incongruity and the comic frame provide a general structure for surveying Stewart and Colbert's comic strategies on their nightly television shows, and their roles across various media events. Stewart and Colbert use three rhetorical strategies, in particular, to critically reframe American political discourses: (a) parodic polyglossia; (b) satirical specificity; and (c) contextual clash. By illustrating how these strategies of incongruity are employed, this essay demonstrates that Stewart and Colbert are comic rhetorical critics, who both make important contributions to public discourse and civil society.
ELECTRON AFFINITIES OF SUBSTITUTED P-BENZOQUINONES FROM HYBRID HARTREE-FOCK/DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL CALCULATIONS

Electron affinity calculations usually require sophisticated methods to account for electron correlation and large basis sets to model the diffuse electron density of anions. Quantum chemical methods currently used to approximate molecular energies may therefore require prohibitively large amounts of computer time and/or disk storage for large, polyatomic molecules such as the p-benzoquinones important in chemical and biochemical electron transfer reactions for energy storage, energy utilization, and catalytic chemistry. This contribution compares the abilities of several molecular orbital, density-functional, and hybrid Hartree−Fock/density-functional methods for calculating the adiabatic electron affinity of p-benzoquinone and presents calculated electron affinities for a number of methylated and halogenated p-benzoquinones. Of all methods and basis sets tested, the three-parameter hybrid Hartree−Fock/density-functional B3LYP method combined with the 6-311G(3d,p) basis set is most accurate for p-benzoqu...
Innovations in sol-gel microextraction phases for solvent-free sample preparation in analytical chemistry

Sol-gel column technology with its inherent ability to provide surface-bonded hybrid organic-inorganic polymer coatings and monolithic beds has gained remarkable popularity in analytical microextraction, thanks to chemical stability and diversity of the extracting phase it offers in solvent-free sample preparation. Because of this and other advantages, over the last two decades sol-gel technology has been a vehicle of innovation for micro/nano sample preparation in analytical chemistry. A diverse array of novel advanced sol-gel material systems with unique selectivity, enhanced extraction sensitivity and higher thermal, mechanical and solvent stability have already emerged. The commercial availability of a growing number of inorganic/organically modified sol-gel precursors and sol-gel active organic polymers, coupled with the ability to form surface-bonded organic-inorganic coatings/monolithic beds with controllable porosity and tunable selectivity have firmly placed sol‐gel technology in the forefront of analytical sample preparation and related research. The sol-gel derived advanced material systems have been shown to be highly effective in solvent free/solvent minimized sample preparation for a wide variety of analytes with biological, environmental, food, pharmaceutical, bio-analytical, and forensic significance. The current review discusses the basic principles of sol-gel technology, use of major inorganic/organically-modified sol-gel precursors and sol-gel active polymers to create sol-gel hybrid material systems. It highlights their physico chemical attributes favorable for micro/nano-sample preparation. Special emphasis is given to innovations in sol-gel extraction media, and to the novelty and the diversity of the formats of sol-gel materials used in sample preparation. a 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Vortex generators used to control laminar separation bubbles

This study examines the effect of various forms of vortex generators on the laminar separation bubble of a two-dimensional low Reynolds number Liebeck LA2573A airfoil. The objective of this research was to determine the effects that different generator sizes and spacings have upon the separation bubble and the drag. Windtunnel measurements were made on several generator configurations at Reynolds numbers ranging from 200,000 to 600,000 at angles of attack less than the stall angle where the separation bubble can provide a significant contribution to the airfoil drag. The vortex generators used were constructed small enough to be contained completely within the laminar boundary layer. Wind-tunnel data included airfoil drag and mean and fluctuating velocity measurements in the laminar and turbulent boundary layers. Results have shown that the use of vortex generators provides a measurable decrease in airfoil drag at the lower range of Reynolds numbers tested. At the airfoil's design condition and Reynolds number of 235,000, the submerged vortex generators were shown to decrease the airfoil drag by a maximum of 38% at C/ = 0.572.
A new regiochemical control element for diels-alder reactions

Abstract The regiochemistry exhibited by diene 3 in the Diels-Alder reaction is dependent on the dienophile.
COSMOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS FROM GALAXY CLUSTERING AND THE MASS-TO-NUMBER RATIO OF GALAXY CLUSTERS: MARGINALIZING OVER THE PHYSICS OF GALAXY FORMATION

Many approaches to obtaining cosmological constraints rely on the connection between galaxies and dark matter. However, the distribution of galaxies is dependent on their formation and evolution as well as on the cosmological model, and galaxy formation is still not a well-constrained process. Thus, methods that probe cosmology using galaxies as tracers for dark matter must be able to accurately estimate the cosmological parameters. This can be done without knowing details of galaxy formation a priori as long as the galaxies are well represented by a halo occupation distribution (HOD). We apply this reasoning to the method of obtaining Ω m and σ8 from galaxy clustering combined with the mass-to-number ratio of galaxy clusters. To test the sensitivity of this method to variations due to galaxy formation, we consider several different models applied to the same cosmological dark matter simulation. The cosmological parameters are then estimated using the observables in each model, marginalizing over the parameters of the HOD. We find that for models where the galaxies can be well represented by a parameterized HOD, this method can successfully extract the desired cosmological parameters for a wide range of galaxy formation prescriptions.
On the econometrics of world business cycles

Over the past 10 or 15 years, academic interest in business cycles has recovered to a level not matched perhaps since the 1930s. In his editorial statement in the first issue of Econometric8 in 1933, Ragnar Frisch not only introduced a new word, econometrics, which he defined as quantitative economic theory, but also listed business cycle theory among four fields of particular interest to econometricians. This inclusion reflected the views not only of Frisch, but also of Hayek (1931). Tinbergen (1935), and others. This interest waned, however, in the 1950s and 1960s. A major factor leading to its reawakening was the paper by Robert Lucas (1977) on "Understanding Business Cycles." Perhaps this course of events was not surprising. A prerequisite for making much progress in this field was dynamic general equilibrium theory. By the 1970s, the basic theory had been developed, and neoclassical growth theory evolved as the dominant framework for business cycle analysis.
CTS United States experiments - A progress report

Abstract The Communications Technology Satellite (CTS) is a high power broadcast satellite launched by NASA on 17 January, 1976. CTS is the first satellite to operate at a frequency of 12 gigahertz and incorporates new technology making possible new satellite telecommunications services. CTS is a cooperative program of the United States and Canada. This paper presents the results of the United States experiments activity to date. Wide segments of the population are involved in the Experiments Program including the scientific community, other government agencies, industry, and the education and health entities. The experiments are associated with both technological objectives and the demonstration of new community and social services via satellite.
Excess cross-sections at the electroweak scale in the sextet quark 'standard model'

If dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking is due to a flavor doublet of color sextet quarks, enhanced electroweak scale QCD instanton interactions may produce a large top mass, raise the {eta}{sub 6} axion mass, and also explain the excesses in the DIS cross-section at HERA and jet cross-sections at the Tevatron.
The triply-bonded complex tetrachlorobis[bis(diphenylphosphino)methane] dirhenium(II) and related species, and their use as reagents in dirhenium chemistry

Abstract The complex Re 2 Cl 4 (μ-dppm) 2 (dppm = Ph 2 PCH 2 PPh 2 ) and its bromide analogue serve as important precursors to many other dirhenium complexes because of the ability of the bridging dppm ligands to stabilize the dimetal unit. Reactions of these complexes with π-acceptors such as CO and RNC lead to the incorporation of up to three of these ligands, as exemplified by the conversion of Re 2 Cl 4 (dppm) 2 to Re 2 Cl 4 (dppm) 2 (CO), then Re 2 Cl 4 (dppm) 2 (CO) 2 , and finally [Re 2 Cl 3 (dppm) 2 (CO) 3 ] + . The redox activity of Re 2 X 4 (μ-dppm) 2 (X = Cl or Br) has been utilized in the reductive coupling of nitrile ligands (RCN) to give [Re 2 X 3 (μ-HN 2 C 2 R 2 )(μ-dppm) 2 (NCR)]PF 6 . When a non-bridging phosphine ligand is used, then the reaction course can be quite different. Thus, α-Re 2 Cl 4 (dppbe) 2 (dppbe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene) reacts with EtCN in the presence of conc. HCl to give the rhenium(V) imido complex, Re(NCH 2 Et)Cl 3 (dppbe), in good yield. A different aspect of the redox activity of Re 2 Cl 4 (μ-dppm) 2 is encountered in its reactions with LiAlH 4 in THF to give Re 2 (μ-H) 2 H 6 (μ-dppm) 2 .
On the instability of 3d null singularities

String propagation on a three-dimensional lorentzian string orbifold with a null singularity has been studied by Horowitz and Steif, and more recently by Liu, Moore and Seiberg. We analyze the target space as a classical gravitational background. The singularity becomes spacelike when an arbitrarily small amount of matter is thrown at the singularity. This can be seen directly by constructing a Vaidya-type solution, or by studying the null singularity as a limit of the M = 0, J = 0 BTZ black hole metric.
Radiative forcing over the conterminous United States due to contemporary land cover land use albedo change

[1] Recently available satellite land cover land use (LCLU) and albedo data are used to study the impact of LCLU change from 1973 to 2000 on surface albedo and radiative forcing for 36 ecoregions covering 43% of the conterminous United States (CONUS). Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow-free broadband albedo values are derived from Landsat LCLU classification maps located using a stratified random sampling methodology to estimate ecoregion estimates of LCLU induced albedo change and surface radiative forcing. The results illustrate that radiative forcing due to LCLU change may be disguised when spatially and temporally explicit data sets are not used. The radiative forcing due to contemporary LCLU albedo change varies geographically in sign and magnitude, with the most positive forcings (up to 0.284 Wm−2) due to conversion of agriculture to other LCLU types, and the most negative forcings (as low as −0.247 Wm−2) due to forest loss. For the 36 ecoregions considered a small net positive forcing (i.e., warming) of 0.012 Wm−2 is estimated.
Screening College Students for Hypercholesterolemia

Selective screening for children and mass screening for adults are the two strategies for detecting hypercholesterolemia and identifying individuals at risk for early heart attacks that have been recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Medical Association. The interval marking the end of childhood and the beginning of adulthood is a time of transition without an unwavering demarcation line. It is a time when many adult disorders that demand attention and detection begin. Because of the close relationship of elevated cholesterol levels in youth to subsequent cardiovascular disease, a small liberal arts university began mandatory mass cholesterol screening for all full- or part-time students who matriculated in September 1977. More than thirty 18- and 19-year-old first-year students with unknown hypercholesterolemia were detected each year. The mean cost per case identified is estimated to have been $212. The author concluded that mass screening of students entering college can identify, at a reasonable cost, students who have high levels of cholesterol.
Application of a large scale nonlinear programming problem to pollution control

In recent years it has been recognized by several observers that the techniques of mathematical programming can be used to select a least-cost solution to the problem of river quality maintenance. In general these models have used the solution technique of linear programming and considered one treatment alternative, such as on site treatment or by-pass piping. Examples of these models can be seen in Deininger, Louchs, ReVelle and Lynn and Graves, Hatfield and Whinston. The use of these techniques has allowed, in a theoretical context, large reductions in total treatment costs in a river basin.
Energy dissipation in body-forced turbulence

Bounds on the bulk rate of energy dissipation in body-force-driven steady-state turbulence are derived directly from the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. We consider flows in three spatial dimensions in the absence of boundaries and derive rigorous a priori estimates for the time-averaged energy dissipation rate per unit mass, e, without making any further assumptions on the flows or turbulent fluctuations. We provee [les ] c1v U2/l2 + c2 U3/l,where v is the kinematic viscosity, U is the root-mean-square (space and time averaged) velocity, and l is the longest length scale in the applied forcing function. The prefactors c1 and c2 depend only on the functional shape of the body force and not on its magnitude or any other length scales in the force, the domain or the flow. We also derive a new lower bound on e in terms of the magnitude of the driving force F. For large Grashof number Gr = Fl3/v2, we findc3 vFl/λ2 [les ] ewhere λ = √vU2/e is the Taylor microscale in the flow and the coefficient c3 depends only on the shape of the body force. This estimate is seen to be sharp for particular forcing functions producing steady flows with λ/l ∼ O(1) as Gr → 1. We interpret both the upper and lower bounds on e in terms of the conventional scaling theory of turbulence – where they are seen to be saturated – and discuss them in the context of experiments and direct numerical simulations.