cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Combustible Combination: McCloskey on Ideas, Institutions, and Economic Performance Through Time

McCloskey’s Bourgeois Equality explains the Great Enrichment of man beginning in the early 19th century as being caused by what we refer to as a “combustible combination” of ideas, institutions, and commercial practices. Economic growth for McCloskey is not just a function of the security of property rights, as her critique of Douglass North’s depiction of the Glorious Revolution indicates, but the increasing the scope of market exchange brought about by the spread of Bourgeois ideas. The ability of a society to realize the gains from productive specialization and mutually beneficial exchange, as well as the benefits of peaceful social cooperation among diverse peoples is made possible only through the adoption of ideas that legitimate and institutions that recognize the universal dignity to commercial practices such as capital accumulation, trade, and entrepreneurship.
Swath Bathymetry Processing of GLORI-B and SeaBeam 2000

A new bathymetry processing software package has been developed to postprocess new GLORI-B swath bathymetry data using preexisting techniques. GLORI-B bathymetry is calculated using an interferometry (phase delay) method using the modified GLORIA towfish which has parallel rows of transducers on both sides. We describe four types of artifacts observed during the first use of this new system during Legs 5 and 6 of the Gloria Expedition which surveyed the fastest spreading segment of the global seafloor spreading system and the broad chain of volcanoes near Easter Island. These artifacts include cross-track bias, along-track bias, a 'dropped edge' effect, and random noise. We describe and illustrate how we minimize these artifacts. We merge the SeaBeam 2000 bathymetry data with the GLORI-B bathymetry data to produce a final bathymetric mosaic which covers about 243,400 km2 and shows a different style of diffuse widely spread volcanism not previously observed along hotspot chains. The data are used in several studies describing seamount morphology, elastic thickness of the lithosphere, tectonic and geochemical evolution of the area, and mantle flow from a hotspot to a superfast seafloor spreading center.
Social Exclusion as a State-Level Predictor of Changes in Collateral Sanctions:

Collateral sanctions are civil penalties or disabilities imposed upon people who are arrested, charged, or convicted of a crime. Little research is available concerning state-level predictors of th...
The Sound of One Mind Working: Memory Retrieval and Response Preparation as Components of Pausing in Spontaneous Speech

(1987). The Sound of One Mind Working: Memory Retrieval and Response Preparation as Components of Pausing in Spontaneous Speech. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 10, Communication Yearbook 10, pp. 241-258.
Analyzing social media communications for correlation with freeway vehicular traffic

Participatory sensing of traffic, where Internet users share traffic situations either observed by them or automatically sensed by sensors on their smartphones, has become an established means of collecting real-time traffic information (e.g., Google Traffic and Waze). Recent studies have identified strong correlation between social media activity and traffic patterns in the New York area. Interestingly, social media communication leads road traffic. This project computes similar correlations in southern California with an aim to increase the time-resolution of vehicle traffic prediction as near real-time message volume information is available from online social networks. This study collects the number of public messages sent from southern California on the Twitter social media platform. Messages related to several topics are collected. Vehicle flow data at major freeways in the Los Angeles region as measured by Caltrans' extensive network of inductive loop sensors from Caltrans Performance Measurement System (PeMS). The correlation between the two datasets — social media communications and vehicle traffic — is calculated between these datasets. The strengths of these correlations are used to describe the relationship between social media traffic and vehicular traffic in different regions in the southern California. Results show that social media communication is correlated to traffic sensor data with both showing a periodic pattern with approximately the same period. The relationship between social media and vehicular traffic is similar in different roadways in the same region and also holds across regions. Correlation of traffic with volume of social media communications is maximized with a lag of approximately 3 hours (i.e., social media changes appear before traffic volume changes). If further study can also show that there is predictive value in this observation, the time resolution of traffic prediction can be increased by adapting it to real-time changes in social media message volume.
Last judgment: the visionary biology of J.B.S. Haldane.

This paper seeks to reinterpret the life and work of J. B. S. Haldane by focusing on an illuminating but largely ignored essay he published in1927, “The Last Judgment” – the sequel to his better known work, Daedalus (1924). This astonishing essay expresses a vision of the human future over the next 40,000,000 years, one that revises and updates Wellsian futurism with the long range implications of the “new biology” for human destiny. That vision served as a kind of lifelong credo, one that infused and informed his diverse scientific work, political activities, and popular writing, and that gave unity and coherence to his remarkable career.
Third-Party Preferences for Imitators in Preverbal Infants

Participants in social interactions often imitate one another, thereby enhancing their affiliation. Here we probe the nature and early development of imitation-based affiliation through studies of infants’ preferences for animated characters who imitate, or are imitated by, other characters. Four experiments provide evidence that preverbal infants preferentially attend to and approach individuals who imitate others. This preferential engagement is elicited by the elements of mimicry in simple acts of helping. It does not, however, extend to the targets of imitation in these interactions. This set of findings suggests infants’ imitation-based preferences are not well explained by homophily, prestige, or familiarity. We propose instead that infants perceive imitation as an indicator of valuable attributes in a potential social partner, including the capacity and motivation for social attention and coordinated action.
Dynamics of Crack Propagation during Silicon Spalling

Spalling has been proposed as a promising kerfless technique for slicing thin silicon wafers and thus double the yield of a silicon ingot. The main challenge of spalling is to control the roughness and thickness variation of the spalled wafers, that can be as high as 100% of the wafer thickness. We have shown that these thickness variations are largely influenced by the interaction of the crack front with reflected waves at the edges and the stress field applied at the crack tip. In this paper, we provide the necessary information to fully understand the origin of the surface roughness caused by the interaction of the reflected waves with the crack front. These new insights of the crack dynamics can pave the way to attain full control on the surface quality of the spalled wafer.
Performance Of Safety-Net Hospitals In Year 1 Of The Comprehensive Care For Joint Replacement Model.

The Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement (CJR) model introduced in 2016 aims to improve the quality and costs of care for Medicare beneficiaries undergoing hip and knee replacements. However, t...
Analysis of Explanted Silicone/Silica Composite Breast Implants:

A study was conducted to examine the physical, mechanical and chemical properties of composite (silicone/silica) breast implants as a function of implantation time. In the study the properties of S...
Incontinence in Phelan-McDermid Syndrome.

Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate gastrointestinal symptoms and continence in the context of Phelan-McDermid Syndrome (PMS). Methods A prospective evaluation of children with PMS (n = 17) at the National Institutes of Health. Results Parent-reported history of symptoms were common: constipation (65%), reflux (59%), choking/gagging (41%), and more than half received gastrointestinal specialty care. No aspiration was noted in 11/11 participants who completed modified barium swallows. Four participants met criteria for functional constipation, 2 of whom had abnormal colonic transit studies. Stool incontinence was highly prevalent (13/17) with nonretentive features present in 12/17. Participants who were continent had significantly smaller genetic deletions (P = 0.01) and higher nonverbal mental age (P = 0.03) compared with incontinent participants. Conclusions Incontinence is common in PMS and associated with intellectual functioning and gene deletion size. Management strategies may differ based on the presence of nonretentive fecal incontinence, functional constipation, and degree of intellectual disability for children with PMS.
Code transformation issues in move-instance-method refactorings

Refactorings, by definition, preserve the behavior of a target program. Such a strong semantic property is encoded by a set of preconditions for each refactoring. Only if all preconditions are satisfied will a target program be transformed. The code transformation that implements the refactoring follows another set of rules to produce syntactically-correct, refactored code. Consequently, it is easy to believe that most behavior-changing violations in refactorings are induced by incorrect preconditions or lack of required checks. In this paper, however, we show that code transformations for Move-Instance-Method Refactoring available in several popular Java Integrated Development Environments do not preserve program behavior. We report these errors and propose solutions for each identified problem.
Better Ways to Work Together

This interpretive essay looks broadly at natural resources law in the United States, at the body of law that has emerged out of lawmaking efforts to divide nature into parts, to prescribe use-rights in these parts, and to resolve ensuing conflicts. Generations ago private use rights were defined clearly in ways that enabled owners and outsiders to know the reach of private rights. Most lands were devoted to single resource uses. The situation today has become quite different. Use-rights today are vaguer (with more vagueness to come). Also, more lands are thought to contain multiple resources and value now extends to aesthetics and ecosystem functions. The upshots include rising conflicts, more impaired markets in resources, and evident failures to promote either efficient resource uses or desirable landscapes. These upshots, the essay contends, are linked to a general inability to see clearly the functions that natural resources law is called upon to perform in setting after setting, and, going further, then to link today’s conflicts to the specific ways that current law poorly performs these necessary functions. For reasons considered, private resource-use rights need to be embedded more expressly within well-designed governance regimes; within governance systems that are empowered to resolve conflicts among competing interests and, in doing, to bring contextual clarity to specific private entitlements. This means moving beyond longstanding assumptions that (i) the law defines rights, (ii) governments regulate uses, and (iii) courts resolve disputes — legal functions that, in fact, increasingly overlap. Needed today are new governance systems that blend these legal functions so as to enhance resource-use flexibility, to tailor rights to particular settings (physical and social), and to accommodate shifting needs and values. The best systems will likely blend the public and private in novel ways to resolve disputes more quickly, at lower cost, and with more involvement by affected parties. As examples the essay considers wildlife, surface water (in riparian and appropriation systems), minerals, drainage, and fire regimes.
The Storytellers: Reporting on Race in a Digital Era

This chapter turns to the voices of eight journalists working for six different news outlets across the three paradigms to ask about their values, work habits, influences, and understanding of how journalists cover racial issues. Anecdotes from in-depth interviews help contextualize the changes observed in the coverage. The journalists’ voices offer self-reflection and, in some cases, damning critique of field norms—in particular, objectivity. Traditional journalists describe their values and habits moving toward alignment with those of journalists working in the new paradigms. This chapter is enriched by journalists’ thoughtful, powerful insights about the work they do, their critiques of the field, the changes they have seen, and their opinions about what challenges remain.
Hidden Terminal Emulation: An Attack in Dense IoT Networks in the Shared Spectrum Operation

The Internet of Things (IoT) has been rapidly taking steps towards commercialization. However, the dense deployment of IoT nodes - that may follow different wireless technologies - in the shared spectrum creates a new challenge to solve: secure coordination among co-located IoT nodes from different IoT networks. In this paper, we shed light on this unique challenge, and we illustrate how this challenge has the potential to create a novel vulnerability where an attacker can pose as a hidden terminal (by manipulating its radiation patterns) and interfere with transmissions from its hidden counterparts, namely hidden terminal emulation (HTE) attack. As the dense deployment of IoT nodes will aggravate such hidden terminal interference, it facilitates the HTE attacker plausible deniability to interfere with its hidden counterparts. This paper is the first to present a theoretical analysis of the feasibility of HTE attacks (i.e., successful impersonation of hidden terminals), to illustrate how it is affected by the density of IoT nodes, and to provide insights on secure IoT deployment.
Chapter 11 – Anisotropic Elasticity

It has long been recognized that the behavior of many materials depends upon the orientation of the sample taken from the body under study. The term anisotropic is generally used to describe such behaviors. Early investigators were motivated by the response of naturally occurring anisotropic materials such as wood and crystalline substances. The advent and extensive use of engineered composites has now brought forward many new types of fiber and particle-reinforced materials with such behavior. Therefore, knowledge of stress distributions in anisotropic materials is very important for proper use of these new high-performance materials in structural applications. Our previous development of the linear elastic stress–strain relations in Section 4.2 began with the general case of inhomogeneous and anisotropic behavior. However, this generality was quickly eliminated, and only the homogeneous isotropic case was subsequently developed in detail. We now wish to go back and further investigate the anisotropic case and develop applications for particular elasticity problems including torsion and plane problems. We will explore various material symmetries including monoclinic, orthotropic, and transversely isotropic materials in detail.
Assessment of Speech and Fine Motor Coordination in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder characterized by difficulty in communication, which includes a high incidence of speech production errors. We hypothesize that these errors are partly due to underlying deficits in motor coordination and control, which are also manifested in degraded fine motor control of facial expressions and purposeful hand movements. In this pilot study, we computed correlations of acoustic, video, and handwriting time-series derived from five children with ASD and five children with neurotypical development during speech and handwriting tasks. These correlations and eigenvalues derived from the correlations act as a proxy for motor coordination across articulatory, laryngeal, and respiratory speech production systems and for fine motor skills. We utilized features derived from these correlations to discriminate between children with and without ASD. Eigenvalues derived from these correlations highlighted differences in complexity of coordination across speech subsystems and during handwriting, and helped discriminate between the two subject groups. These results suggest differences in coupling within speech production and fine motor skill systems in children with ASD. Our long-term goal is to create a platform assessing motor coordination in children with ASD in order to track progress from speech and motor interventions administered by clinicians.
Inference Attacks on Genomic Data Based on Probabilistic Graphical Models

The rapid progress and plummeting costs of human-genome sequencing enable the availability of large amount of personal biomedical information, leading to one of the most important concerns-genomic data privacy. Since personal biomedical data are highly correlated with relatives, with the increasing availability of genomes and personal traits online (i.e., leakage unwittingly, or after their releasing intentionally to genetic service platforms), kin-genomic data privacy is threatened. We propose new inference attacks to predict unknown Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and human traits of individuals in a familial genomic dataset based on probabilistic graphical models and belief propagation. With this method, the adversary can predict the unobserved genomes or traits of targeted individuals in a family genomic dataset where some individuals' genomes and traits are observed, relying on SNP-trait association from Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS), Mendel's Laws, and statistical relations between SNPs. Existing genome inferences have relatively high computational complexity with the input of tens of millions of SNPs and human traits. Then, we propose an approach to publish genomic data with differential privacy guarantee. After finding an approximate distribution of the input genomic dataset relying on Bayesian networks, a noisy distribution is obtained after injecting noise into the approximate distribution. Finally, synthetic genomic dataset is sampled and it is proved that any query on synthetic dataset satisfies differential privacy guarantee.
Results of Less Than 5-mm Right Ventricle-Pulmonary Artery Conduits in Single Ventricle Palliation.

Background Our programmatic approach to single ventricle (SV) neonatal palliation has evolved to using smaller-size right ventricle to pulmonary artery (RV-PA) conduits for pulmonary blood flow. Therefore, we sought to compare the early outcomes of less than 5-mm versus 5-mm RV-PA conduits in SV patients undergoing neonatal palliation. Methods We performed a retrospective review of SV patients who had neonatal palliation with either a less than 5-mm or 5-mm RV-PA connection, constructed using a waterproof, breathable fabric membrane graft (Gore-Tex, Flagstaff, AZ). Data before, during, and after surgery were analyzed using SPSS software. Results A total of 26 patients in group 1 (n = 11; Conclusions Our early results of less than 5-mm conduits support further exploration into the tailoring of the RV-PA conduit size for each patient. A smaller-diameter conduit may improve systemic cardiac output and net oxygen delivery. Larger patient cohorts and longer follow-up with assessment of pulmonary artery growth are warranted to guide clinical practice.
Neural Coding of Cognitive Control: The Representational Similarity Analysis Approach

Cognitive control relies on distributed and potentially high-dimensional frontoparietal task representations. Yet, the classical cognitive neuroscience approach in this domain has focused on aggregating and contrasting neural measures – either via univariate or multivariate methods – along highly abstracted, 1D factors (e.g., Stroop congruency). Here, we present representational similarity analysis (RSA) as a complementary approach that can powerfully inform representational components of cognitive control theories. We review several exemplary uses of RSA in this regard. We further show that most classical paradigms, given their factorial structure, can be optimized for RSA with minimal modification. Our aim is to illustrate how RSA can be incorporated into cognitive control investigations to shed new light on old questions.
Limit Equilibria of Uni-Dimensional Bargaining Games: A Core Refinement

In uni-dimensional policy space, the median voter theorem provides a unique equilibrium characterization under simple majority rule. But for general decision procedures, the core is generically non-unique. We make a selection from the core by taking the limit equilibrium of a standard bargaining game as players become perfectly patient. Our refinement is characterized by asymmetric Nash bargaining with endogenous bargaining weights, between two players whose identities depend on the decision rule. The limit policy often (but not always) coincides with the ideal policy of some agent, not necessarily the median. The model provides foundations for endogenous separation of agents into cohesive voting blocs represented by non-median factional leaders.
Perceived Utility and Characterization of Personal Google Search Histories to Detect Data Patterns Proximal to a Suicide Attempt in Individuals Who Previously Attempted Suicide: Pilot Cohort Study

Background: Despite decades of research to better understand suicide risk and to develop detection and prevention methods, suicide is still one of the leading causes of death globally. While large-scale studies using real-world evidence from electronic health records can identify who is at risk, they have not been successful at pinpointing when someone is at risk. Personalized social media and online search history data, by contrast, could provide an ongoing real-world datastream revealing internal thoughts and personal states of mind. Objective: We conducted this study to determine the feasibility and acceptability of using personalized online information-seeking behavior in the identification of risk for suicide attempts. Methods: This was a cohort survey study to assess attitudes of participants with a prior suicide attempt about using web search data for suicide prevention purposes, dates of lifetime suicide attempts, and an optional one-time download of their past web searches on Google. The study was conducted at the University of Washington School of Medicine Psychiatry Research Offices. The main outcomes were participants’ opinions on internet search data for suicide prediction and intervention and any potential change in online information-seeking behavior proximal to a suicide attempt. Individualized nonparametric association analysis was used to assess the magnitude of difference in web search data features derived from time periods proximal (7, 15, 30, and 60 days) to the suicide attempts versus the typical (baseline) search behavior of participants. Results: A total of 62 participants who had attempted suicide in the past agreed to participate in the study. Internet search activity varied from person to person (median 2-24 searches per day). Changes in online search behavior proximal to suicide attempts were evident up to 60 days before attempt. For a subset of attempts (7/30, 23%) search features showed associations from 2 months to a week before the attempt. The top 3 search constructs associated with attempts were online searching patterns (9/30 attempts, 30%), semantic relatedness of search queries to suicide methods (7/30 attempts, 23%), and anger (7/30 attempts, 23%). Participants (40/59, 68%) indicated that use of this personalized web search data for prevention purposes was acceptable with noninvasive potential interventions such as connection to a real person (eg, friend, family member, or counselor); however, concerns were raised about detection accuracy, privacy, and the potential for overly invasive intervention. Conclusions: Changes in online search behavior may be a useful and acceptable means of detecting suicide risk. Personalized analysis of online information-seeking behavior showed notable changes in search behavior and search terms that are tied to early warning signs of suicide and are evident 2 months to 7 days before a suicide attempt.
Employing YPAR to Reflect on the Past, Present, and Future Promotes Black Girls to Learn about STEM Fields and Research. : STEM Fields and Research

The existent research seeking to explain why Black girls are less likely to participate in specialized pathways towards STEM fields suggests individual and systemic factors are the cause (Buck et al., 2009; Catsambis; 1994; Hanson, 2004; O'Brien, 2015; Perna, 2009). This study of six Black girls' participation in a 12-week Youth Participatory Action Research Project (YPAR) sought to extend this inquiry by prompting Black girls to examine the underlying causes for the low number of Black girls who participate in STEM courses at their school. The study also aimed to examine their knowledge of the growing concern related to the inequitable educational pathways to STEM fields. Qualitative data, including focus groups, field notes, documents, and observations, revealed that the girls knew that technology dominated society, but they were deeply concerned about young people being exposed to danger when using technology. We discovered their views were perpetuated by learned experiences in their households and by the media they consumed. The participants also recognized how their school environment influenced their perception of and ability to navigate their educational pathways. After participating in weekly workshops, the girls developed an interest in STEM activities and wrote an action plan to increase girls' engagement in school and STEM activities. The study findings also reveal how YPAR can promote girls to conduct a critical analysis of educational experiences, transform their perception of STEM education, and engage them in research.
The Art of Endoscopic Dilation: Lessons Learned Over 4 Decades of Practice

The author offers his approach to esophageal dilation based on 40 years of a practice specializing in swallowing disorders and esophageal disease. He discusses general concepts in the management of esophageal strictures and then provides an approach to dilation of different types of esophageal stenotic lesions.
Extraction of vanadium from vanadium slag by high pressure oxidative acid leaching

To extract vanadium in an environment friendly manner, this study focuses on the process of leaching vanadium from vanadium slag by high pressure oxidative acid leaching. Characterizations of the raw slag, mineralogy transformation, and the form of leach residues were made by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The result shows that the vanadium slag is composed of major phases of fayalite, titanomagnetite, and spinel. During the high pressure oxidative acid leaching process, the fayalite and spinel phases are gradually decomposed by sulfuric acid, causing the release of vanadium and iron in the solution. Meanwhile, unreacted silicon and titanium are enriched in the leach residues. With the initial concentration of sulfuric acid at 250 g·L−1, a leaching temperature of 140°C, a leaching time of 50 min, a liquid-solid ratio of 10:1 mL·g−1, and oxygen pressure at 0.2 MPa, the leaching rate of vanadium reaches 97.69%.
Denaturation of Globular Proteins II. THE INTERACTION OF UREA WITH LYSOZYME

Abstract The extent of urea interaction with lysozyme in aqueous solution at various concentrations of urea was shown to equal that previously reported by us for bovine serum albumin (Gordon, J. A., and Warren, J. R., J. Biol. Chem., 243, 5663 (1968)). In the absence of supporting electrolyte, in contrast to albumin, the progressively greater interaction of urea with lysozyme from 3 m to 9 m urea was unaccompanied by significant change in optical rotatory parameters ([m']57820° = -52°, b0 = -142) or intrinsic viscosity ([η]20° = 5.0 cc g-1) of the protein. Lysozyme in water did show a decrease in its intrinsic viscosity to 2.8 cc g-1 and a 10-fold increase in enzymic activity upon the addition of 0.2 m NaCl. Exposure of lysozyme in aqueous 0.2 m NaCl to 8.1 m urea then increased the intrinsic viscosity of the protein to 4.6 cc g-1. Additional studies showed that, when measured by optical rotation, solubility, and sulfhydryl group determination, lysozyme in water was resistant to reduction by 0.09 m 2-mercaptoethanol or 0.02 m dithiothreitol. The further addition of urea induced unfolding of the protein with a forward rate constant dependent upon the 3.9th power of urea, as measured by changes in optical rotation, and a final intrinsic viscosity of 18.7 cc g-1. The appearance of around eight sulfhydryl groups for each completely unfolded lysozyme molecule was shown to be independent of nonspecific solvent, pH, or oxidation-reduction potential effects. The number of urea molecules interacting with each reduced, unfolded lysozyme molecule (1 urea molecule per 2.8 amino acid units) increased over that seen with unreduced, folded lysozyme (1 urea molecule per 3.5 amino acids). The native stability toward mercaptans observed with lysozyme in aqueous acetamide was consistent with the smaller solute-protein interaction and the known poor denaturing ability of this amide. The behavior of lysozyme in aqueous urea and acetamide is consistent with the following conclusions: (a) like serum albumin, the extent of solute-protein interaction is paralleled by some degree of protein perturbation, the latter reflected by lysozyme in change of intrinsic viscosity or disulfide bond stability (or both); (b) unlike serum albumin, the disruption of lysozyme conformation upon interaction with 8 m urea alone is small by the criteria of optical rotatory dispersion and viscometry; (c) the ratio of interaction of urea with reduced and unfolded lysozyme is nearly identical with that found previously with unfolded serum albumin, suggesting common sites of interaction such as peptide groups.
Effects of postdepositional processing on nitrogen isotopes of nitrate in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core

Records of ice core nitrate and its isotopes hold the potential to assess past atmospheric conditions regarding NOx and oxidant levels. However, relating such records to past atmospheric conditions requires a site-specific understanding of the postdepositional processing of snow nitrate. We report δ15N(NO3−) records from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) ice core over major climate transitions. Model calculations and comparison with records of parameters influencing UV-driven postdepositional processing of snow nitrate suggest that the observed variability in GISP2 δ15N(NO3−) over major climate transitions is primarily driven by changes in the degree of postdepositional loss of snow nitrate. Estimates of the fractional loss of snow nitrate is (16–23)% in the Holocene and (45–53)% in the glacial period, suggesting a (41 ± 32)% lower nitrate depositional flux to Greenland during the glacial period relative to the Holocene.
Clinical Learning Experiences and Professional Nurse Caring: A Critical Phenomenological Study of Female Baccalaureate Nursing Students

The purpose of this critical phenomenological study was to discover, describe, and analyze how nursing students learn professional nurse caring in the clinical context of nursing education. In this article, I report on interviews from 18 female baccalaureate nursing students, 17 of whom are European American and one of whom is African American. Participants in this study narrated their stories about learning caring by first describing their understanding of how they created caring with patients. After uncovering the layers of their patient care interactions, they were then able to answer the research question of how they learned caring in clinical. Because participants' interactions with patients were the context for the development of their understanding of caring, I identify the relational theme of caring and interacting with patients as the central focal point for narrating stories about caring. From the data analysis, I report two constitutive patterns: the first, creative caring, contains seven themes, and the second, learning caring, contains five themes. Findings from this research are summarized as "embodied caring knowledge." This research has implications for nursing faculty, students, and practitioners who are interested in enhancing their understanding of living and learning caring within nursing.
Mechanisms and solubility equations of gas dissolving in water

The two mechanisms of gas dissolving in water, interstice filling and aquation, are proposed. General equations of gas solubility have been deduced from the mechanisms and experimental observations. Dependence of Henry's coefficient on temperature, pressure, aquation equilibrium constant and gas molecular wlume is discussed. The theoretical equations were verified by experimental data, which shows that the theoretical results of the solubility of methane are in good agreement with the experimental data in the range of 20 -160℃ and under a pressure of less than 60 MPa.
Modified techniques of S3 foramen localization and lead implantation in S3 neuromodulation.

Abstract Introduction. We describe a reproducible and less invasive surgical approach to sacral neuromodulation (InterStim Therapy) in the treatment of voiding dysfunction. Twenty patients underwent modified lead implantation (mean operative time 45 minutes) without any difficulties or complications, with a mean follow-up of 8 months (range 1 to 14). Technical Considerations. The highlights of these modifications include (a) fluoroscopy to localize the S3 foramen; (b) paramedian incision; (c) use of a cutoff S3 finder needle and a 14-gauge Angiocath to direct permanent lead into the S3 foramen without dissection; (d) use of lateral fluoroscopy to determine the depth of the Angiocath insertion; and (e) anchoring the lead to the lumbodorsal fascia (superficial to the sacral periosteum) using a moveable lead anchor system. These modifications simplify and minimize the invasiveness of this therapy without compromising the efficacy. Conclusions. Because of the simplicity of these modifications, we are currently using an implanted lead, rather than the temporary percutaneous lead, to assess patients’ clinical response before implanting a pulse generator.
Democracy Despite Government: African American Parading and Democratic Theory

This article engages a double exploration of the political meanings of African American parading in New Orleans and the significance of those meanings for understandings of democracy, especially those theories that look beyond elective representative democracy and aim, even under existing conditions of inequality, to include all voices. African Americans in New Orleans have a long tradition of parading that lays claim to public streets for pleasure, articulations of community, modes of remembrance, and protest. In parading, residents craft a public sphere for cultural, social, and political expression and fashion the streets into a distinctive, relatively egalitarian public square that exists regardless of and sometimes in opposition to the government and its formal, institutionally political spheres of action. The authors characterize this parading as “democracy despite government.” Democracy despite government involves open and public, relatively egalitarian, informal political practices beyond the inst...
Teacher and Parent Expectations of Preschoolers' Behavior Social Skills Necessary for Success

This study examined teachers' and parents' expectations of preschool age students' behavior to determine how teacher and parent views of “importance” converge and diverge. Teachers (n = 35) and parents (n = 124) rated the extent to which social skills were critical for school success. Results suggest that while teachers and parents share similar expectations in the value paced on cooperation skills, they diverge in the importance placed on self-control and assertion skills. Implications for early intervention and strengthening home—school partnerships are discussed.
Stretch-based relaxation training

This paper is a review of progressive relaxation training based on muscle stretching exercises. Stretch-based relaxation training is an alternative to traditional tense-release methods for teaching self-regulation of muscle activity. The rationale and basic procedures for stretch-based relaxation are presented, along with a review of research studies exploring the clinical efficacy of the techniques. Experimental evidence has demonstrated decreases in subjective measures of muscle tension and activation, as well as decreases in EMG activity at selected target muscle sites when stretch-based relaxation procedures are employed. The clinical application of stretch-based relaxation is presented and illustrated with a case study describing the use of these procedures to assist in the treatment of neck tension/pain and anxiety. Discussion centers on the potential role of stretch-based relaxation in the management of anxiety and musculoskeletal disorders.
Postirradiation heating fission-gas release from an iron-20 wt % chromium alloy

Abstract Xenon133 release measurements during postirradiation heating of recoil impregnated iron-20 wt % chromium alloy foils show that release is time, temperature, and concentration-dependent. Gas release as a function of heating time does not follow the behavior predicted by classical diffusion. Experiments indicate that neither an anomalous surface concentration nor specimen oxidation are responsible for observed release behavior. The dependencies are most readily explained in terms of diffusional release accompanied by fission-gas clustering and bubble formation, although other mechanisms may influence the release behavior. Evidence of gas bubble formation has been obtained.
UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION DURING APNEIC SPELLS IN PRETERM INFANTS

Apneic spells can result from respiratory muscle inactivity (central apnea) and also from obstruction to air flow (obstructive apnea). Manually flexing the neck of infants can result in a mixture of obstructive and central apnea (J. Pediat. 89:982). To study the effect of spontaneous neck flexion on apnea frequency and mechanism we recorded expiratory flow (nasal CO2 probe, mouth closed) respiratory muscle activity (swings in esophageal pressure) and EKG in 8 preterm infants (4 with apnea of prematurity and 4 controls). Infants were observed for 1 hr. in a supine posture alternating with a posture predisposing to spontaneous neck flexion (infant seat elevated to 45°-75°). 42 spells defined as absent air flow ≥120 sec. or absent flow < 20 sec. followed by heart rate ≤ 100/min, occurred in 6 infants including 10 spells in 2 controls. Spells were 2X as frequent sitting than supine and while sitting, 4X as frequent with the neck flexed than not. The mechanism of most spells was mixed regardless of posture. Thus, 35 of 42 spells consisted of obstructed breaths (respiratory muscle activity without flow) alternating with central apnea; in 14 of 35 obstruction preceded central apnea. Only 3 spells were central. Conclusion: airway patency is potentially a significant factor in the pathogenesis of apnea of prematurity. Spontaneous neck flexion predisposes to apneic spells possibly by increasing an inherent vulnerability to upper airway obstruction.
Aqueous electrochemical intercalation of bromine into graphite fibers

Abstract For the first time, graphite fibers have been electrochemically intercalated with Br − that have the same structure and properties as those intercalated from vapor phase Br 2 . This was accomplished by intercalating pitch-based Thornel ® K-1100 graphite fibers at low temperature (near 0 °C) and high currents (2 A) for long times (6 h). The mechanism appears to be that Br − is oxidized to aqueous Br 2 which, when sufficient local concentration builds up, intercalates the fiber. This was confirmed by intercalating K-1100 fiber in a saturated aqueous Br 2 solution without passing an electrical current. The applied voltage does apparently lower the activation energy of the reaction as evidenced by the observation that P-120 and P-100 fibers will not intercalate in aqueous Br 2 unless a voltage is applied.
Don't get sick on the weekend: an evaluation of the weekend effect on mortality for patients visiting US EDs

Abstract Primary objective The primary objective of the study is to determine if the mortality for adult patients visiting US emergency departments (EDs) is greater on weekends than weekdays. Secondary objectives The secondary objective of the study is to examine whether patient factors (diagnosis, income, insurance status) or hospital characteristics (ownership, ED volume, teaching status) are associated with increased weekend mortality. Methods We used a retrospective cohort analysis of the 2008 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample. Evaluating 4 225 973 adults admitted through the ED to the hospital, signifying a 20% representative sample of US ED admissions. Logistic regression was used to examine associations of weekend mortality with patient and hospital characteristics, accounting for clustering by hospital. Results Emergency department patients admitted to the hospital on the weekend are significantly more likely to die than those admitted on weekdays (odds ratio, 1.073; 95% confidence interval, 1.061-1.084). A significant weekend effect persisted after controlling for patient characteristics (odds ratio, 1.026; 95% confidence interval, 1.005-1.048). The top 10 primary diagnoses for patients dying did not identify any specific medical condition that explained the higher weekend admission mortality. The weekend effect was also relatively consistent across patient income, insurance status, hospital ownership, ED volume, and hospital teaching status. Conclusion Patients are more likely to die when admitted through the ED on the weekend. We were unable to identify specific circumstances or hospital attributes that help explain this phenomenon. Although the relative increased risk per case is small, our study demonstrates a significant number of potentially preventable weekend deaths occurring annually in the United States.
The Green function of free particles

Abstract The Green function R ∣( E - H O +iϵ) -1 ∣ R ′> for N free particles is evaluated by several methods.
Stories and Maps, Images and Archives: Multimethod Approach to the Political Ecology of Native Property Rights and Natural Resource Management in Sabah, Malaysia

The study of human-environmental relations is complex and by nature draws on theories and practices from multiple disciplines. There is no single research strategy or universal set of methods to which researchers must adhere. Particularly for scholars interested in a political ecology approach to understanding human-environmental relationships, very little has been written examining the details of “how to” design a project, develop appropriate methods, produce data, and, finally, integrate multiple forms of data into an analysis. A great deal of attention has been paid, appropriately, to the theoretical foundations of political ecology, and numerous scholarly articles and books have been published recently. But beyond Andrew Vayda’s “progressive contextualization” and Piers Blaikie and Harold Brookfield’s “chains of explanation,” remarkably little is written that provides a research model to follow, modify, and expand. Perhaps one of the reasons for this gap in scholarship is that, as expected in interdisciplinary research, researchers use a variety of methods that are suitable (and perhaps unique) to the questions they are asking. To start a conversation on the methods available for researchers interested in adopting a political ecology perspective to human-environmental interactions, I use my own research project as a case study. This research is by no means flawless or inclusive of all possible methods, but by using the details of this particular research process as a case study I hope to provide insights into field research that will be valuable for future scholarship.
Comparative pathology of bacteria in the genus Providencia to a natural host, Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Bacteria in the genus Providencia are pathogens of many organisms, including humans and insects. We and colleagues have isolated five different strains belonging to four distinct Providencia species as natural infections of Drosophila melanogaster captured in the wild. We found that these isolates vary considerably in pathology to infected D . melanogaster , differing in the level of mortality they cause, their ability to replicate within the host and the level that the fly’s immune response is elicited. One interesting bacterium was Providencia sneebia , which causes nearly complete mortality and reaches large numbers in the fly but does not elicit a comparably strong immune response. Through coinfection experiments, we determined that P. sneebia avoids recognition by the immune system. We tested for biofilm formation and replication within D. melanogaster cells as possible mechanisms for P . sneebia escape from host immunity, but did not find evidence for either. D. melanogaster and Providencia provide a powerful system for studying general host–pathogen interactions, and for understanding how the well-studied immune model host D. melanogaster interacts with its natural bacterial pathogens.
Molecular packing at surfaces of oriented polyimide fiber and film observed by atomic force microscopy

Molecular morphology of a surfaces of fibers and films from novel segmented polyimides with different rigidity of the backbones was studied by atomic force microscopy. It was observed that surface morphology on a molecular scale is formed by straight segments arranged in a {1–10} plane for polymide fiber and in a {010} plane for polyimide film. Z-shaped backbone segments at the fiber surfaces are arranged at definite angles with respect to the fiber axis. The parameters of unique cells, positional correlations and the arrangement of molecular segments at the interface are discussed.
Generating logical expressions from positive and negative examples via a branch-and-bound approach

Abstract Consider a logical system with N entities which assume binary values of either TRUE (1) or FALSE (0). There are 2 N vectors, each with N components, of this type. Even when a modest value of N , e.g. N = 50, the number of such vectors exceeds one quadrillion. We assume that an ‘expert’ exists which can ascertain whether a particular vector (observation) such as (1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, …, 1) is allowable or not. This expert can be a human expert or an unknown system whose rules have to be inferred. Further, we assume that a sampling of m observations has resulted in M 1 instances which the expert has classified as allowable and M 2 = m − M 1 instances which are not allowable. We call these instances positive and negative examples, respectively. The objective of this research is to infer a set of logical rules for the entire system based upon the m , and possibly, additional sample observations. The proposed algorithm in this paper is based on an highly efficient branch-and-bound formulation. This algorithm configures a sequence of logical clauses in conjunctive normal form (CNF), that when are taken together, accept all the positive examples and reject all the negative examples. Some computational results indicate that the proposed approach can process problems that involve hundreds of positive and negative examples in a few CPU seconds and with small memory requirements.