cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ADENOID AMELOBLASTOMA: A SERIES OF 5 TUMORS

Background First described in 1959 by Waldron and more fully characterized by Loyola et. al. in 2014, adenoid ameloblastoma (with dentinoid) is a rare odontogenic tumor variant with less than 20 reported cases in the literature. Objectives Adenoid ameloblastomas were identified after review of ameloblastomas from the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Department of Pathology archives from 1990 to 2018. Findings A review of our archives yielded 6 cases of adenoid ameloblastoma in 5 patients. Of these, 2 tumors were obtained from the “in-house” pathology files with one tumor being a recurrent adenoid ameloblastoma, whereas the remaining were consultations. The 4 cases (in 3 patients) received in consultation had a differential diagnosis of a salivary neoplasm. All cases were in the maxilla (5/5, 100%), 60% were in males, with a mean age of 52.6 years (range 29-65), and mean size of 5.8 cm (range 4.0 to 7.8 cm). Increased mitotic activity was present in all cases, (mean 7 mitoses/10hpf, range 3-11 mitoses/10hpf). All tumors exhibited pseudoglandular spaces. Other common histologic features included whorls or morules, clear cells, ghost cells, and matrix production with hard tissue formation. Immunohistochemically, the tumors were positive for p63 (3/3, 100%), beta catenin within the morules (2/3, 66.6%), AE1/3 (1/1, 100%), CK5/6 (1/1, 100%), vimentin (1/1, 100%), CEA (2/2, 100%), p40 (1/1, 100%) and negative for BRAF V600E (0/3, 0%), calretinin (0/2, 0%), CK7 (0/1, 0%), SMA (0/4, 0%), S100 (0/3, 0%), Sox-10 (0/1, 0%), TTF-1(0/1, 0%), Pax-8 (0/1, 0%), p16 (0/1, 0%). Conclusions Adenoid ameloblastoma (with dentinoid) is a rare, aggressive odontogenic tumor variant with morphologic overlap with salivary neoplasms. Given the histologic similarities to other tumors and the high rate of recurrence, further characterization of this entity is needed
Slow growth determines nonheritable antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enterica

Bacteria can withstand killing by bactericidal antibiotics through phenotypic changes mediated by their preexisting genetic repertoire. These changes can be exhibited transiently by a large fraction of the bacterial population, giving rise to tolerance, or displayed by a small subpopulation, giving rise to persistence. Apart from undermining the use of antibiotics, tolerant and persistent bacteria foster the emergence of antibiotic-resistant mutants. Persister formation has been attributed to alterations in the abundance of particular proteins, metabolites, and signaling molecules, including toxin-antitoxin modules, adenosine triphosphate, and guanosine (penta) tetraphosphate, respectively. Here, we report that persistent bacteria form as a result of slow growth alone, despite opposite changes in the abundance of such proteins, metabolites, and signaling molecules. Our findings argue that transitory disturbances to core activities, which are often linked to cell growth, promote a persister state regardless of the underlying physiological process responsible for the change in growth.
CapstanCrunch: A Haptic VR Controller with User-supplied Force Feedback

We introduce CapstanCrunch, a force resisting, palm-grounded haptic controller that renders haptic feedback for touching and grasping both rigid and compliant objects in a VR environment. In contrast to previous controllers, Cap-stan¬Crunch renders human-scale forces without the use of large, high force, electrically power consumptive and ex-pensive actuators. Instead, CapstanCrunch¬ integrates a friction-based capstan-plus-cord variable-resistance brake mechanism that is dynamically controlled by a small inter-nal motor. The capstan mechanism magnifies the motor's force by a factor of around 40 as an output resistive force. Compared to active force control devices, it is low cost, low electrical power, robust, safe, fast and quiet, while providing high force control to user interaction. We describe the de-sign and implementation of CapstanCrunch and demon-strate its use in a series of VR scenarios. Finally, we evalu-ate the performance of CapstanCrunch in two user studies and compare our controller with an active haptic controller with the ability to simulate different levels of convincing object rigidity and/or compliance.
Non-immune Modulators of Cellular Immune Surveillance to HIV-1 and Other Retroviruses: Future Artificial Intelligence-Driven Goals and Directions

Immune surveillance to viruses and other foreign pathogens involves a specific process, which is well-characterized in terms of the immune and non-immune cells and factors involved, and their specific timeline. For example, first exposure to a viral antigen involves major histocompatibility complex type I molecules to present the ‘self’ and ‘nonself’ antigen to CD3 + CD8 + CD45RA+ T cells. This presentation initiates the event of T cell activation, which results in the production of T cell growth factor (interleukin 2, IL-2), interferon-gamma (IFN-g) and other immune soluble products, which together act to promote the clonal proliferative expansion of the responding cell population. Soluble immune factors produced during this initial phase of the immune response also initiate the maturation of the responding T cells into CD3 + CD8 + CD45R0+ memory cells against that specific viral antigen, and of related cell populations that act to control and dampen cellular immune reactivity. Contemporaneously, these soluble immune factors trigger non-immune cells to release of non-immune soluble factors, including pituitary and adrenocortical hormones (e.g., glucocorticoids), which finely modulate immune cell responses. Together, immune and non-immune cells and soluble factors act in concert to engender and sustain a finely tuned immune surveillance process, whose ultimate end (Y) is to regain homeostatic balance of the organism – a healthy state, that is eradication of the immune-pathological signs and symptoms that derived from the viral infection, referring here to homeostatic balance Y.
Distraction Osteogenesis in the Treatment of Craniofacial Anomalies: Applications and Outcomes

Purpose Craniofacial anomalies (CFA) often result in growth abnormalities of the facial skeleton adversely affecting function and appearance. The functional problems caused by the structural anomal...
Temporal and spatial characteristics of the Beaufort Sea ambient noise environment.

Underwater ambient noise from the Beaufort Sea, collected in March 2016, is analyzed to investigate the effect that environmental changes in the region have on the spatial and temporal characteristics of the ice-generated ambient noise. In particular, the influx of warm Pacific water, so called the Beaufort Lens, has dramatically altered the level and vertical directionality of ambient noise, creating a low noise zone in the ∼75–250 m depth interval with a noise notch at low grazing angles. It is also demonstrated how the observed noise vertical directionality is consistent with ice-mechanical activity along an active pressure ridge ∼30–50 km from the recording array, as shown by satellite imagery. The discrete ranges to this ice activity explain the peak arrival angles between −10 to −15 degrees in noise vertical directionality, as well as the horizontal noise notch. Transient noise events associated with the ice activity are analyzed using an image processing approach with hierarchical clustering applied to the recorded spectrograms. The observed events are grouped into three categories—short-time-broadband, long-time-narrowband, and long-time-broadband—each likely generated through a different mechanism by the ice cover. The spectral and temporal distribution of these transients are discussed.
Participatory action research with and for undocumented college students: Ethical challenges and methodological opportunities:

Scholarship on undocumented college students has been growing for the past 10 years; yet, the engagement of students without documentation in the research process is typically limited to the role o...
Live imaging of microtubule dynamics at excitatory presynaptic boutons in primary hippocampal neurons and acute hippocampal slices.

Summary Analyses of microtubule (MT) plus end dynamics at glutamatergic en passant boutons can be carried out in cultured primary neurons isolated from mouse or rat embryos or ex vivo in acute slices isolated from mice that had been electroporated in utero. Here, we describe a protocol for setting up and analyzing live image recordings of primary neurons and acute hippocampal slices expressing tagged versions of the MT plus end binding protein EB3 and the presynaptic vesicle markers vGlut1 or VAMP2. For complete information on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Qu et al. (2019) .
Care for Adolescents With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Development and Prescribing Patterns of a Multidisciplinary Clinic.

Abstract Study Objective: Based on updated guidelines and expressed patient needs, we created a multidisciplinary clinic including endocrinology, gynecology/adolescent medicine, dermatology, psychology, and nutrition to provide comprehensive care to adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We describe the patient population presenting to this clinic, and prescribing patterns when a multidisciplinary approach is used. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: Tertiary care hospital. Participants: Female patients, aged 11-24 years, presenting for initial assessment in a multidisciplinary PCOS clinic. Interventions: None. Main Outcome Measures: Medical history, physical examination findings, laboratory measurements and prescribed therapies. Results: A total of 92 patients seen from 2014 to 2018 are described (age 15.9 years, range 11-24 years, body mass index 35.6 kg/m2, range 19.9-53.5). Metabolic syndrome features were common: 26% had a prediabetes hemoglobin A1c (>5.6%), 83% had a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) 120 mm Hg, and 43% had an alanine aminotransferase level of >30 U/L. Dermatologic findings included acne 93%, hirsutism 38%, acanthosis nigricans 85%, hidradenitis suppurativa 16%, and androgenic alopecia 2%. Of the patients, 33% had a diagnosis of depression or anxiety, 16% of patients had a diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea, and an additional 59% had symptoms warranting a sleep study The most commonly prescribed medications were topical acne preparations (62%), followed by estrogen-containing hormonal therapy (56%) and metformin (40%). Conclusion: In adolescents with PCOS and obesity, metabolic, dermatologic, and psychologic co-morbidities are common. The use of a multidisciplinary clinic model including dermatology in addition to endocrinology, gynecology, psychology, and lifestyle experts provides care for most aspects of PCOS.
Is There a Reformation Into Identity Achievement for Life After Elite Sport? A Journey of Identity Growth Paradox During Liminal Rites and Identity Moratorium

Athletes' identity development upon retirement from elite sport was examined through a model of self-reformation that integrates and builds on the theoretical underpinnings of identity development and liminality, while advancing seven propositions and supporting conceptual conjectures using findings from research on athletes' transition out of sport. As some elite athletes lose a salient athletic identity upon retiring from sport, they experience an identity crisis and enter the transition rites feeling in between their former athletic identity and future identity post-sport life, during which a temporary identity moratorium status is needed for identity growth. Given the developmental challenges encountered in moratorium and psychosocial processes necessary to establish a new, fulfilling identity for life after elite sport, we identified key conditions, triggers, and processes that advance how a journey of identity growth paradox experienced during liminality serves as a catalyst toward identity achievement. Elite athletes must be encouraged to persevere in this challenging identity search and delay commitments for as long as it is necessary to achieve identity growth despite experiencing uncomfortable feelings of confusion, void, and ambiguity during the liminal phase. Reforming into an achieved identity for life after elite sport would corroborate the successful navigation of transition, as elite athletes evolved into a synthesized sense of self by cementing, through a negotiated adaptation pathway, constructed identity commitments that will provide new beginnings and meaningful directions to their life after elite sport.
The use of linguistic hierarchies in speech understanding.

This paper describes two related systems which provide frameworks for encoding linguistic knowledge into formal rules within the context of a trainable probabilistic model. The first system, TINA [33], drives top-down from sentence level structure, terminating in either words or syllables. Its main purpose is to provide a meaning representation for the sentence. The other system, ANGIE [36], operates bottom-up from phonetic or orthographic units, characterizing the substructure of syllables/words. It provides a framework for both phonological rule modelling and letter-to-sound/sound-to-letter transformations. The two systems logically converge on the syllable or word layer. We have recently been successful in integrating their combined constraint into a recognizer search, achieving considerable improvement in understanding accuracy [9, 23]. In this paper, I will look both toward the past and the future, identifying and motivating the decisions that were made in the design of TINA and ANGIE and the associated rule formalisms, and contemplating various remaining open research issues.
Autonomous facial recognition based on the human visual system

This paper presents a real-time facial recognition system utilizing our human visual system algorithms coupled with logarithm Logical Binary Pattern feature descriptors and our region weighted model. The architecture can quickly find and rank the closest matches of a test image to a database of stored images. There are many potential applications for this work, including homeland security applications such as identifying persons of interest and other robot vision applications such as search and rescue missions. This new method significantly improves the performance of the previous Local Binary Pattern method. For our prototype application, we supplied the system testing images and found their best matches in the database of training images. In addition, the results were further improved by weighting the contribution of the most distinctive facial features. The system evaluates and selects the best matching image using the chi-squared statistic.
Rapid Identification of Viruses by Indirect Immunofluorescence: Isolation and Identification of Adenovirus Types 4 and 7 and Coxsackievirus Type A21 in Microcultures

The indirect fluorescent-antibody test (IFAT), employing treated and standardized antiserum in a single pool, was earlier reported to have been used successfully for the preliminary identification of nine respiratory viruses in second to ninth passage multiplying in cells propagated on microscope slides. This report describes parameters affecting the isolation in first passage and the identification by IFAT of adenovirus types 4 and 7 and coxsackievirus type A21 present in stored clinical specimens inoculated into microcultures of WI-38 cells. Isolation frequency was comparable to that obtained in tube cultures, and identification by IFAT of viruses in microcultures could be accomplished in 3 to 4 hr after recognition of a cytopathogenic effect.
Ultrastructure and function of cephalopod chromatophores.

synopsis. Each chromatophore organ consists of a pigment cell and of several radial muscle fibers that represent separate cells. The pigment granules are contained within an elastic sacculus within the pigment cell. The sacculus is attached around the equator of the chromatophore to the cell membrane by zonal haptosomes. In turn, the cell membrane is attached to the radial muscle fibers by a dense basal lamina. The cell membrane of the retracted chromatophore is highly folded. Contraction of the radial muscle fibers is initiated by (a) excitatory junction potentials, (b) miniature potentials, or (c) spike potentials. The latter arise spontaneously in the muscle fibers when these have undergone some internal (metabolic?) change. The contraction of the muscle fibers causes expansion of the pigment-containing sacculus. Relaxation of the muscle fibers permits the sacculus to assume its original lenticular or near-spherical shape; the energy for this is stored within the expanded elastic components of the sacculus. In normal skin the chromatophore organs are entirely under the control of the central nervous system, the muscle fibers being activated only by local, excitatory postsynaptic potentials initiated by motor nerve impulses. That postsynaptic potentials are non-propagating insures that individual motor fibers can be activated individually, thus permitting a delicate control of skin color by recruitment as well as by frequency. Tonic contractions and pulsations, involving spontaneous release of transmitter from nerve terminals and spike generation within the muscle fibers, respectively, are the result of altered, abnormal conditions within the skin.
Non Existence of a Density Expansion of the Transport Coefficients in a Moderately Dense Gas

Two examples of developments in Statistical Mechanics, on whose success the experts agreed, are discussed. First and foremost, a systematic generalization of the Boltzmann equation for a dilute gas from binary to higher order particle collisions, expected to lead to a density expansion of the transport coefficients. This would imitate, in nonequilibrium, the density expansion of the thermodynamic quantities in equilibrium. However, by studying concrete models, it became clear that because of the neglect of collective collision effects, not relevant in equilibrium, the purely formal expressions for the transport coefficients obtained this way exhibited divergences. Secondly, a related purely mechanical problem, concerned the question of the maximum number of collisions between three identical hard balls in infinite space. The answer, on intuitively convincing grounds, was generally accepted to be three, as in one dimension. Also this was incorrect, as a computer simulation first showed.
Urological cancer: Time for another rethink on prostate cancer screening.

Screening for prostate cancer using PSA is a careful balance of benefits and harms. But current US practice involves testing older men who have little to gain and aggressively treating low-risk cancers. Debates about whether to test need to be replaced by debates on how to test better.
Reperfusion therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction and prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery (National Registry of Myocardial Infarction-2).

Abstract We reviewed data from the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction-2 to determine the differences in characteristics and outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who have undergone previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and those who have not, and between post-CABG patients who were treated with alteplase (recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator [rt-PA]) and those who were treated with primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA).Demographic, therapeutic, and outcome data from patients with AMI were collected at >1,000 hospitals in the United States in collaboration with National Registry of Myocardial Infarction-2. Of the 45,925 patients receiving reperfusion therapy, 2,544 of the 39,574 treated with rt-PA (6.4%) had a history of CABG, and 375 of the 6,351 treated with primary PTCA (5.9%) had a history of CABG. Patients with a history of CABG were older, more likely to be men, and had more comorbidities, but prior CABG was still an independent predictor of mortality after multivariate regression analysis (odds ratio 1.23; 95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.44). Among the post-CABG patients who received rT-PA or underwent PTCA, there was no significant difference in in-hospital mortality rate or the combined end point of death and nonfatal stroke. Thus, (1) prior CABG is an independent predictor of mortality, and (2) for post-CABG patients with AMI who are not in shock and who are lytic-eligible, reperfusion therapy with rt-PA and PTCA result in similar outcomes with regard to in-hospital mortality and the combined end point of death and nonfatal stroke.
Crankshaft Torsional Vibration Characteristics in a Vee-Type Six-Cylinder Diesel Engine

Engines have been designed to avoid low-harmonic-order resonant torsional vibration in a commonly-used engine speed range, but the authors have found that, in some engines, especially turbo-charged engines, a significant degree of a low-harmonic-order exciting torque acts on the crankshaft. In these engines, the amplitude of non-resonant low-harmonic-order torsional vibration is almost as large as that of the resonant one and the amplitude of non-resonant vibration can not be controlled by a damper. Accordingly, to investigate the characteristics of non-resonant low-harmonic-order torsional vibration is important. This paper describes the characteristics of non-resonant and resonant torsional vibration for a vee-type six-cylinder diesel engine.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Stage-related chondrogenic potential of avian mandibular ectomesenchymal cells

Abstract We have examined the in vitro stage-related chondrogenic potential of avian mandibular ectomesenchymal cells using micromass cultures. Our results indicate that mandibular ectomesenchymal cells as early as stage 16, soon after the formation of the mandibular arches and well before the initiation of in vivo chondro-genesis, have chondrogenic potential which is expressed in micromass culture. There is an increase in the total area of the cultures occupied by cartilage when cells from increasing stages of development are used. The nodular pattern of chondrogenesis in these cultures indicates that mandibular ectomesenchymal cells are a heter-ogenous population from the time of mandibular arch formation. In addition, we studied the temporal expression of the genes for extracellular matrix proteins during in vitro chondrogenesis and correlated the morphological changes with the pattern of gene expression. Low levels of type II collagen mRNA are present in the cultures prior to detection of any stainable cartilage matrix and increase 5 fold just before the onset of chondrogenesis in vitro. On the other hand mRNA for cartilage pro-teoglycan core protein was not detected until the second day of culture when stainable cartilage matrix was present and progressively increased thereafter. Messenger RNA for type I collagen was present at the time of initiation of cultures and continuously increased during the culture period. Our experiments also indicated that embryonic epithelia can inhibit the in vitro chondrogenesis of mandibular ectomesenchymal cells and that the inhibitory effect of embryonic epithelia is independent of its age and site of origin.
The Influence of ev6 on the Immune Response to Avian Leukosis Virus Infection in Rapid-Feathering Progeny of Slow- and Rapid-Feathering Dams

Endogenous virus (EV) locus ev6 encodes only virus envelope glycoprotein. The influence of ev6 on the immune response to contact infection with hatchmates infected with avian leukosis virus (ALV) was compared in replicate hatches. The ALV Subgroup E-resistant, rapid-feathering (RF) female chickens produced by slow-feathering (SF) and RF dams with and without ev6 were exposed at hatch to hatchmates infected with ALV Subgroup A (Strain RPL-40). The RPL-40 viremia, shedding, and virus neutralizing antibodies were measured among pullets from two hatches at 22 wk of age. Although significant (P less than .05) differences between hatches in the immune response to contact infection were noted among ev6+ pullets, significantly fewer ev6+ pullets seroconverted than their ev6- hatchmates. At 22 wk of age, significantly more lymphomas were also found among ev6+ pullets than among ev6- hatchmates. In flocks wherein both parents and progeny were homozygous resistant to Subgroup E virus, there was no deterimental maternal effect on RF progeny from SF dams that carried ev21. These results also confirm that selection for genetic cellular resistance to Subgroup E ALV infection eliminates congenital transmission of EV21.
Equilibrium Asymmetric Induction in Sulfenamides—A Model for Asymmetric Synthesis†

Sulfenamides which contain an asymmetric carbon atom (stereostable chiral unit) in addition to the sulfenamide chiral axis (stereolabile chiral unit) exist as a mixture of diastereomers in equilibrium. The equilibrium constants, which can be measured by NMR spectroscopy, serve as a measure of the thermodynamic asymmetric induction of the stable chiral unit on the labile chiral unit. Two series of diastereomic sulfenamides (N-alkyl-N-benzenesulfonyltrichloromethanesulfenamides and N-alkyl-N-benzenesulfonyl-2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfenamides) were prepared and their equilibrium constants measured. The thermodynamic asymmetric induction in these systems is discussed and related to the asymmetric induction which occurs in asymmetric synthesis.
Intravascular brachytherapy for native coronary ostial in-stent restenotic lesions

OBJECTIVES We analyzed the effects of vascular brachytherapy (VBT) on ostial in-stent restenosis (ISR). BACKGROUND In-stent restenosis has a high recurrence rate after percutaneous reintervention. The recurrence rate of ostial ISR lesions and the impact of VBT remain unknown. METHODS We evaluated 133 patients with native coronary ostial ISR from a pooled database of 990 patients enrolled in randomized VBT trials. Independent quantitative angiography was performed at baseline and follow-up in 45 gamma, 27 beta, and 61 placebo patients. RESULTS Binary restenosis was significantly higher in placebo than radiated patients (75.4% vs. 17.8% in gamma vs. 22.2% in beta, p < 0.0001). The treatment effect of both gamma (odds ratio [OR] 0.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.02 to 0.17) and beta VBT (OR 0.10; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.31) was maintained after controlling for differences in baseline lesion length. Proximal and distal radiation edge restenosis rates were similar among the groups. Vascular brachytherapy of true aorto-ostial lesions (n = 34) was similarly beneficial: restenosis rates of placebo versus gamma or beta patients of 83.3% versus 6.7% versus 28.6%, p = 0.0002. CONCLUSIONS Conventional treatment of ostial ISR is associated with a recurrence rate of over 75%. Vascular brachytherapy with either gamma or beta sources results in significant and similar reductions in restenosis compared with placebo. Similar benefits after VBT prevail in true aorto-ostial lesions.
Resolution of block neutralization test curves into components of the foot-and-mouth disease virus system.

Classic neutralization studies byFazekas de St. Groth andWebster (8) on mixtures of influenza viruses and mixtures of rabbit antisera are reinterpreted in terms of a percentage contaminant in the stock used for the dilution series. A very small amount of a different virus changes the shape of quantal assay curves considerably, but even a large amount of a different antiserum has negligible effect on the shape and merely shifts the curve along the serum dilution axis. These conclusions are the reverse of the authors, who only considered an absolute amount of another component in all dilution tubes. An artificial mixture of 2.7 percent O8 in O1 foot-and-mouth disease virus strains was tested against anti-O1 serum assaying in suckling mice. The small amount of O8 virus greatly altered the shape of the neutralization curve in the direction expected from the reanalysis of the influenza literature data.
Activation of adrenal phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase by phosphate

Abstract Bovine adrenal phenylethanolamine N -methyltransferase is activated by inorganic phosphate. Addition of potassium phosphate to the enzyme assay mixture increased the enzyme activity 5- to 8-fold depending on the purity of the enzyme. Neuraminidase treatment of the enzyme decreased the activation by one half. The activity of the enzyme was also increased by other negatively charged ions, including chloride and sulfate. However, the activation was less than 3-fold, and pretreatment with neuraminidase did not alter the degree of activation. The high degree of activation was specific to bovine adrenal enzyme. Rat adrenal enzyme was activated less than 2-fold by phosphate and not affected at all by chloride and sulfate. These results suggest that bovine adrenal phenylethanolamine N -methyltransferase is a glycosylated protein, containing sialic acid moieties, and that this carbohydrate moiety plays a role in the activation of this enzyme. These results are also consistent with our previous finding [D. H. Park, E. E. Baetge, B. B. Kaplan, V. R. Albert, D. J. Reis and T. H. Joh, J. Neurochem. 38 , 410 (1982)] that the difference in characteristics between bovine and rat adrenal phenylethanolamine N -methyltransferase is due to posttranslational modification of the enzyme.
Photoenhancement of Luminescence in Colloidal CdSe Quantum Dot Solutions

Enhancement of the photoluminescence (PL) of colloidal CdSe and (core)shell (CdSe)ZnS quantum dots has been observed when the dots are illuminated above the band-gap energy. The effect occurs in dots suspended in a variety of organic or aqueous environments. During periods of constant illumination, the exciton PL quantum yield was found to reach a value of up to 60 times that of the solution of as-prepared quantum dots and, if illumination continued, subsequently declined slowly because of photooxidation. When returned to the dark, the PL reverted to near its original value. The rate and magnitude of photoenhancement are found to depend on the illumination wavelength, the presence of a ZnS shell, the solvent environment, and the concentration of surfactant molecules. Time-resolved measurements of the fluorescence decay reveal multiexponential kinetics and an average lifetime that lengthens during the illumination period and shortens when quantum dots are returned to darkness. It is postulated that the stabilization of surface trap states, lengthening their average lifetime, could occur by a light-activated rearrangement of surfactant molecules, thus increasing the probability of thermalization back to the lowest emitting exciton state and enhancing the quantum dot PL.
New Faculty's Perception of Faculty Development Initiatives at Small Teaching Institutions

New faculty at small teaching institutions experience varied challenges related to navigation of three academic pillars: teaching, scholarship, and service. New faculty are often not prepared by doctoral or terminal degree granting institutions for faculty roles. This increases the responsibility of the hiring institution to introduce new faculty to the academic culture and provide development opportunities aimed at promoting academic success. For the purpose of this study seventeen faculty members, employed between one and three years at four northeastern USA colleges, were recruited for interviews. The Motivation-Hygiene Theory was applied to study the impact of challenges, barriers, and facilitators on faculty satisfaction with faculty development initiatives. The qualitative results emphasize a need for institutions to enhance the new faculty development initiatives: comprehensive new faculty orientations, ongoing teaching and learning workshops, mentoring programs, and other methods to facilitate the transition of faculty to the new academic position.
Modulation of effective connectivity by cognitive demands in an auditory speech processing task: A functional high density diffuse optical tomography study

Event-related functional high density DOT was used to investigate the effective connectivity within language network during speech processing. Results showed that the temporo-frontal connectivity increases when linguistic demands increase.
An electrochromic painter's palette: color mixing via solution co-processing.

Electrochromic polymers (ECPs) have been shown to be synthetically tunable, producing a full palette of vibrantly colored to highly transmissive polymers. The development of these colored-to-transmissive ECPs employed synthetic design strategies for broad color targeting; however, due to the subtleties of color perception and the intricacies of polymer structure and color relationships, fine color control is difficult. In contrast, color mixing is a well-established practice in the printing industry. We have identified three colored-to-transmissive switching electrochromic polymers, referred to as ECP-Cyan (ECP-C), ECP-Magenta (ECP-M), and ECP-Yellow (ECP-Y), which, via the co-processing of multicomponent ECP mixtures, follow the CMY color mixing model. The presented work qualitatively assesses the thin film characteristics of solution co-processed ECP mixtures. To quantitatively determine the predictability of the color properties of ECP mixtures, we estimated mass extinction coefficients (emass) from so...
Easy to use and incredibly difficult: on the mythical border between interface and gameplay

In video game literature and video game reviews, video games are often divided into two distinct parts: interface and gameplay. Good video games, it is assumed, have easy to use interfaces, but they also provide difficult gameplay challenges to the player. But must a good game follow this pattern, and what is the difference between interface and gameplay? When does the easy-to-use interface stop, and when does the challenging gameplay begin? By analyzing a number of games, the paper argues that it is rare to find a clear-cut border between interface and gameplay and that the fluidity of this border characterizes games in general. While this border is unclear, we also analyze a number of games where the challenge is unambiguously located in the interface, thereby demonstrating that "easy interface and challenging gameplay" is neither universal nor a requirement for game quality. Finally, the paper argues, the lack of a clear distinction between easy interface and challenging gameplay is due to the fact that games are fundamentally designed not to accomplish something through an activity, but to provide an activity that is pleasurable in itself.
Regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptide expression by peripheral metabolism.

Abstract The mechanisms of appetite and body-weight regulation by peripheral signals are highly complex in vertebrates and remain poorly understood. It is intuitively apparent that such regulation must involve interactions between peripheral metabolic status and the brain, but what are the signals recognized by the brain to initiate feeding? The hypothalamus has long been recognized as central in "recognition" of peripheral nutrient and metabolic signals (and, perhaps, body weight status) and in "regulation" of hunger and satiety responses and, therefore, is a logical site on which to focus research aimed at understanding interactions between and regulation of the periphery and central nervous system. Recent studies demonstrating modulation of hypothalamic neurotransmitter expression by peripheral metabolic status may yield insights into regulation of appetite and metabolism in obesity and aberrant metabolic homeostasis. This review concentrates on summarizing data regarding regulation of expression of neuropeptide Y and growth hormone-releasing hormone as model peptide systems for addressing questions relating peripheral metabolism and hypothalamic neuropeptide expression.
Comparative Study of Distribution Functions for the Excluded Volume Problem

Abstract A comparative study of five distribution functions for excluded volume problem has been made. The function of Domb et at, Mazur, Gray et al., Reiss, and Kumbar have been compared with themselves and with the Gaussian function. All functions except the Gray et al. function as-sume the bell shape or a shape similar to it. All five functions shift the maximum point toward greater r. The shift is small for Domb et al., Mazur, Reiss, and Kumbar functions, and is large for Gray et al. function. It is in-dicated that the excluded volume function probably has the bell shape. The curves become much steeper with a shift in the maximum point toward lower r when local chain stiffness is included. The mean square end-to-end distance is represented in a three-parameter equation for the in-clusion of local chain stiffness The curves are much sharper when the influence of still-ness is considered in the presence of high excluded volume, indicating the greater role of chain stiffness when the chain is in the stat...
Vortex measurements behind a swept wing transport model

A backscatter laser Doppler velocimeter which simultaneously senses the axial and the tangential components of the velocity has been used to measure the velocity distributions in the near wake of a swept wing semispan transport model in a wind tunnel. The model configuration included nacelles, pylons, antishock bodies, and wing flaps which could be deflected 27 deg. Typical wake vortex velocity profiles are presented for the flaps-retracted and the flaps-deployed 27 deg configurations, respectively.
The Extreme Ultraviolet–Past and Future

The extreme ultraviolet is traced from Schumann’s beginning to the present day. Developments and progress since 1941 are discussed in detail. Progress in the spectroscopy of the sun and the stars from rockets and satellites, in high-temperature plasma spectroscopy and in techniques is also discussed, and attention is called to the close interrelations between these fields.
Activation of a membrane-associated phosphatidylinositol kinase through tyrosine-protein phosphorylation by naphthoquinones and orthovanadate.

Abstract We have previously reported that several naphthoquinones stimulated tyrosine-specific protein phosphorylation in isolated rat liver membranes. Our more recent study demonstrated a similar effect by orthovanadate, which concomitantly stimulated phosphorylation of protein-tyrosine and phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns). Results presented here show a simultaneous increase in PtdIns phosphorylation along with stimulation of tyrosine-protein phosphorylation by naphthoquinones. This PtdIns kinase resembles the type I PtdIns kinase in that it was insensitive to adenosine inhibition. The product, nevertheless, comigrated with a PtdIns-4-phosphate standard in TLC using three different solvent systems. Stimulation of PtdIns phosphorylation by vanadate or naphthoquinones could be achieved in the following preparations: intact rat liver membranes, Triton X-100-solubilized membranes, solubilized membranes partially purified by Sephacryl chromatography, solubilized membranes purified by wheat germ agglutinin chromatography. The naphthoquinone or vanadate-activated PtdIns kinase activity could be isolated by antiphosphotyrosine antibody-agarose affinity chromatography. The relative potencies of a series of ring-substituted naphthoquinones in the stimulation of tyrosine-protein phosphorylation, PtdIns kinase activity, dithiothreitol-dependent oxygen consumption and cytochrome c reduction were highly correlated. We conclude that oxidant(s) produced by redox cycling of naphthoquinones stimulated an adenosine-insensitive PtdIns kinase through tyrosine phosphorylation of the enzyme.
Music as a Classroom Tool

This article describes a study of the effects of playing music in an elementary school lunch-room. Outcomes were generally positive, and the authors discuss the implications and suggest approaches ...
5-Fluorodeoxyuridine-thymidine interactions unrelated to DNA synthesis

Summary Thymidine reduces the uptake of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine into germinating wheat seedlings. Thymidine also reverses fluorodeoxyuridine-induced growth inhibition that is unrelated to any DNA synthesis. Thus, thymidine reversal of fluorodeoxyuridine-induced growth inhibition may not prove conclusively that the growth inhibition resulted entirely from inhibition of DNA synthesis.
Reverse mathematics and a Ramsey-type König's Lemma

In this paper, we propose a weak regularity principle which is similar to both weak Konig's lemma and Ramsey's theorem. We begin by studying the computational strength of this principle in the context of reverse mathematics. We then analyze different ways of generalizing this principle.
Knee kinematics is altered post-fatigue while performing a crossover task.

Purpose To examine the effect of a sequential fatigue protocol on lower extremity biomechanics during a crossover cutting task in female soccer players.
Experimental study of perfusion of rabbits with fluorocarbon fluid in the acute asanguineous state.

Abstract Gases are extremely soluble in fluorocarbon fluids and therefore they can serve as respirator media in intact animals. In the form of fine emulsions they can substitute for the gas-exchange function of red cells in isolated, perfused organs. Rabbits were anaesthetized with Nembutal and respired with room air. In six of them the blood was exchanged slowly for an iso-osmotic, buffered plasma-expander, and in nine other rabbits it was exchanged for 10% or 20% fluorocarbon emulsified into the plasma-expander. The diameters of about 90% of the fluorocarbon microspheres were in the range 1·5–5 μm. In both groups the haematocrit was lowered to less than 5%. Throughout the procedure, measurements were made of arterial and venous PO 2 PCO 2 , pH, oxygen content, oxygen extraction, standard bicarbonate, left ventricular pressure, central venous pressure, heart rate and temperature. None of these parameters, nor the survival time of about 30 min, showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups of severely anaemic animals. The cause of death was myocardial depression. It was concluded that the inefficiency of fluorocarbon emulsions to deliver oxygen to the tissues of intact animals was probably due to the presence of protein molecules in concentrations as low as a few micrograms per 100 ml, which could change the tension of the water-fluorocarbon interface. In perfused small organs or organisms the protein content is probably too low to block oxygen diffusion from the fluorocarbon particles.
Synthesis, solution rheology and interfacial behaviour of sulphonated rigid rod polymers

Abstract Sulphonated poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) copolymers (S-PPTA) spanning a wide range of sulphonation were synthesized from their nonionic precursor through a metalation reaction. Sulphonation was accomplished with butane sultone. Solution behaviour was examined. For example, it was shown that the copolymers were water soluble at sulphonate levels greater than approximately 40 mol%. Rheological measurements show that although the molecular weight of these rigid rods are low, inter-chain hydrophobic-type associations have a profound influence on solution properties. The level of hydrophobicity is controlled directly by the sulphonate content. Preliminary observations of concentrated solutions indicate the absence of ordered structures. However, thin, bulk films are highly birefringent indicating the presence of large ordered structures. Finally, thermal measurements of these films shows a high degree of thermal stability which is in marked contrast with the deterioration in solution properties at substantially lower temperatures. The latter phenomenon can be ascribed to the hydrolysis of the amide linkages.
Effect of lovastatin or niacin combined with colestipol and regression of coronary atherosclerosis.

When aggressive lipid-altering therapy is compared with conventional therapy in patients at very high risk for CHD, i.e. those who have abnormal lipid profiles, established coronary disease, and symptomatic heart disease, aggressive therapy halves the expected frequency of progression, triples the frequency of regression, favours the net regression of disease, and reduces clinical events by nearly 75%. These benefits correlate with reductions in LDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and increases in HDL cholesterol, and are highly significant, not only statistically but also clinically. This finding is consistent with the observation that there is a persistent relationship between coronary morbidity and mortality across the spectrum of cholesterol levels, and that this risk can be reduced in men with CHD and abnormal lipid metabolism through aggressive lipid management.
Vacuum Thermal Decompositions of the Nitrate Salts of Hydrazine

Abstract : The vacuum thermal decompositions of the combustion intermediates from the reaction of N2O4 with N2H4 have been investigated. The identity and concentrations of the evolved gaseous products from mononitrate and dinitrate salts of hydrazine as well as ammonium nitrate were determined at successive temperatures until the thermolyses were completed, with a mass spectrometer and differential thermal analyzer.
Pathways to poor anticoagulation control

Summary Background While a considerable amount is known about which patient-level factors predict poor anticoagulation control with warfarin, measured by percent time in therapeutic range (TTR), less is known about predictors of time above or below target. Objective To identify predictors of different patterns of international normalized ratio (INR) values that account for poor control, including ‘erratic’ patterns, where more time is spent both above and below INR target, and unidirectional patterns, where time out of range is predominantly in one direction (low or high). Methods We studied 103 897 patients receiving warfarin with a target INR of 2–3 from 100 Veterans Health Administration sites between October 2006 and September 2008. Our outcomes were percent time above and below the target range. Predictors included patients' demographics, comorbidities, and other clinical data. Results Predictors of erratic patterns included alcohol abuse (5.2% more time below and 3.7% more time above, P 16 medications (4.6% more time below and 1.8% more time above compared to taking seven or fewer medications), and four or more hospitalizations during the study (6.6% more time below and 2% more time above compared to no hospitalization). In contrast, predictors like cancer, non-alcohol drug abuse, dementia, and bipolar disorder were associated with more time below the target range (3.4%, 5.2%, 2.6%, and 3.2%, respectively) and less (or similar) time above range. Conclusion Different patient-level factors predicted unidirectional below-target and ‘erratic’ patterns of INR control. Distinct interventions are necessary to address these two separate pathways to poor anticoagulation.
Both Max and TFE3 cooperate with Smad proteins to bind the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter, but they have opposite effects on transcriptional activity.

Abstract Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β regulates gene expression in large part through combinatorial interactions between members of the Smad family and other transcription factors. The basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (bHLHZIP) protein TFE3 and Smad3 synergistically activate transcription of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) as well as other genes. We investigated interactions among different bHLHZIP and Smad family proteins. TFE3, TFEB, and Max associated with Smad3 and Smad4 in the absence of DNA and at the PE2.1 element of thePAI-1 promoter. These interactions were mediated by the leucine zipper and MH1 regions of the respective proteins. No interactions were observed with the E47 bHLH family protein. Chimeric proteins, in which leucine zippers from bHLHZIP or bZIP proteins were fused to heterologous bHLH domains, associated with Smad proteins both in the absence of DNA and at the PE2.1 element. The kinetics of bHLHZIP and Smad protein binding at the PE2.1 element were examined using surface plasmon resonance analysis. TFE3 exhibited cooperative DNA binding with Smad proteins, whereas no cooperativity was observed between E47 and Smads. Max inhibited transcription activation by Smad3 and TGF-β at the PAI-1 promoter, whereas TFE3 and TFEB stimulated transcription activation. These results suggest that Smad family proteins can interact with several bHLHZIP proteins, resulting in different transcriptional outcomes.