cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation of effective diffusivities and glass transition temperature of polydextrose as a function of moisture content

Abstract The glass transition temperature (Tg) of polydextrose was determined by differential scanning calorimetry as a function of moisture content, and was fitted to the Gordon–Taylor equation. Tg decreased with an increase in moisture content, confirming the plasticizing effect of water on polydextrose. The effective diffusivity of water in polydextrose (D), which increased with an increase in storage water activity (aw), was estimated at room temperature both above and below the glass transition by applying the method of slopes [Effective water diffusivity in starch materials, MS Thesis, Rutgers University (1987); Effect of gelatinization and sugars on the effective moisture diffusivity in starch materials, MS Thesis, Rutgers University (1988)] to the experimental data. D showed a sharp increase in regions close to the glass transition, where polydextrose changed from the glassy to the rubbery state due to increased mobility. D was also correlated to a model [The effect of water activity on moisture diffusivity in soy flour as determined from a free volume based approach (2002)] based on the free volume theory [J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 22 (1978) 2325; AIChE J. 38 (1992) 405], which captured the change in diffusion mechanism as a function of glass transition.
Preparation, Microscopy, and Flow Cytometry with Excitation into Surface Plasmon Resonance Bands of Gold or Silver Nanoparticles on Aminodextran-Coated Polystyrene Beads

Spherical polystyrene latex beads of about 2.0 μm diameter were coated with islands of silver or gold metal, about 5−200 nm in diameter, by reduction of aqueous silver or gold ions in the presence of sugar-coated polystyrene latex beads. The metal islands are held on the bead surface by a polymeric sugar derivative, aminodextran, covalently bound to the polystyrene aldehyde/sulfate bead. Images of the gold or silver nanoparticle-coated polystyrene beads, obtained with an optical microscope, show that gold, silver, and uncoated polystyrene beads can be distinguished by their different colors, red-purple, black, and colorless, respectively. Also, scanning electron micrographs of coated versus uncoated polystyrene beads show a distinct granular bead surface when metal nanostructures are present versus a smooth bead surface when they are absent. Nanoparticles of gold greater than about 50 nm in diameter on polystyrene beads showed enhanced 90° or side light scatter (resonant Rayleigh scattering) with excitati...
The Status of MiniBooNE

MiniBooNE is a neutrino oscillation experiment that will provide an important check of the evidence for νμ→νe oscillations reported by the LSND experiment. The current status of the design and construction efforts for MiniBooNE will be reported.
Hazardous use of gamma hydroxybutyrate: driving under the influence

Focus group discussions elicited descriptive experiences of driving under the influence of gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), and uncovered motivations that led participants to decide whether to get behind the wheel after ingesting this illegal psychoactive substance. Of the 51 current and past users interviewed, average age 31.1 ± 7.7 years, 40% were female. All were recruited from the San Francisco Bay Area, in 2004. Factors making users vulnerable to adverse complications of driving while under the influence of GHB are also examined. Study limitations were noted. Implications for various law enforcement agencies and health professionals are derived from the data.
Tumor heterogeneity: causes and consequences

With rare exceptions, spontaneous tumors originate from a single cell. Yet, at the time of clinical diagnosis, the majority of human tumors display startling heterogeneity in many morphological and physiological features, such as expression of cell surface receptors, proliferative and angiogenic potential. To a substantial extent, this heterogeneity might be attributed to morphological and epigenetic plasticity, but there is also strong evidence for the co-existence of genetically divergent tumor cell clones within tumors. In this perspective, we summarize the sources of intra-tumor phenotypic heterogeneity with emphasis on genetic heterogeneity. We review experimental evidence for the existence of both intra-tumor clonal heterogeneity as well as frequent evolutionary divergence between primary tumors and metastatic outgrowths. Furthermore, we discuss potential biological and clinical implications of intra-tumor clonal heterogeneity.
MINQE for the one-way classification

The minimum norm quadratic estimator (MINQE), without the condition of unbiasedness, is given for the effect variance of a one-way classification. The computational form is relatively simple with no iteration necessary, and the prior weight is given as a function of the harmonic mean of the numbers of readings per classification. A comparison is made of the mean squared error (MSE) of MINQE and the estimators of Swallow and Monahan (1984) for the layouts of that article. The MSE of MINQE is shown to be smaller than the MSE of these estimators when the effect variance is greater than the error variance. A discussion is also given illustrating a desirable property of a smaller MSE even in the presence of nontrivial bias.
Chemical and toxicological aspects of coal liquefaction and other complex mixtures.

Abstract Chemists, biologists, and ecologists at Battelle's Pacific Northwest Laboratories are developing a data base to aid engineers in the safe design of coal liquefaction process options. Objectives of this effort have been to (1) identify and evaluate long-term health and environmental issues, (2) evaluate options to permit environmentally acceptable design, and (3) assess risk to man and the environment from deployment of a large-scale coal liquefaction industry. Chemically complex materials produced by various coal liquefaction processes, and under various stages of process design and operating conditions, have been screened for potential health and environmental effects. Biologically active materials have been fractionated and rescreened. Chemical constituents of biologically active fractions have been identified, and the environmental fate of problematic agents is currently being determined. This approach, linking engineering and life sciences research, is also relevant to the development of other energy technologies and industries that produce chemically complex materials. Results indicate that full-boiling-range coal-derived liquids are generally more active than shale oil and petroleum crudes in biological and ecological test systems. Several biologically active agents have been identified, including primary aromatic amines (PAA), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and phenols. Some components of coal-derived materials are taken up by biota and metabolized. Hydrotreating, a refining or upgrading process, reduces PAA, PAH, and phenol content, as well as mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and toxicity of coal liquids. Selective distillation restricts PAA and PAH content, as well as mutagenicity and carcinogenicity to high-boiling-range coal liquids. Other process conditions (i.e., extraction severity, catalyst age, etc.) and environmental factors influence chemical characteristics and biological activity of coal-derived materials. Eliminating toxic input of coal liquids to ecological test systems results in partial system recovery. Recent findings indicate that biological responses to a particular chemical agent vary, depending on whether that material is presented to the organism or environment as a pure compound or in a complex mixture. Thus, results of studies with pure compounds cannot be used alone to predict effects of complex mixtures. The research approach described here provides guidance to solve environmental problems before regulatory agencies require limitations or facility construction is completed, and costs of process changes are higher. This prospective strategy can be applied to the development of any technology or the environmentally safe utilization of any resource.
Reaffirmation and subversion of the American dream

Viewing the American Dream as two myths, both essential to the identity and destiny of America, this essay argues that the 1972 presidential election required an endorsement of Nixon who represented a materialistic myth or of McGovern who personified a moralistic myth, that the outcome of this quadrennial ritual signified the way Americans want presently to conceive of themselves and suggests the way the American experiment may be going.
N.m.r. and computer-simulated conformational analyses of a nonapeptide found in a human salivary proline-rich glycoprotein.

The amino acid sequence G(1)-P(2)-P(3)-P(4)-H(5)-P(6)-G(7)-K(8)-P(9) occurs twice in the proline-rich glycoprotein (PRG) found in human parotid saliva. As part of our efforts to elucidate the structure-function relationships of PRG, this nonapeptide sequence (PRG9) was synthesized for the purpose of conformational analyses by high-resolution proton n.m.r. spectroscopy and computer-modeling. The empirical n.m.r. spectrum differed from the simulated spectrum in that the overall chemical shift locations were displaced from their random coil positions and the five proline residues had non-degenerate C alpha H alpha protons. Other n.m.r. data indicated that no intramolecular hydrogen-bonding was present in the PRG. In conjunction with X-ray crystallographic data on a triproline-containing model compound (Kartha, g., Ashida, T. & Kakudo, M. (1974) Acta Cryst. B30, 1861-1866), four energy-minimized PRG9 structures were obtained. Two of the structures were energetically unfavorable, while the other two conformations were reasonable. The two most likely structures gave all prolines an S-type ring pucker, the P(2)-P(3)-P(4) sequence as a poly-L-proline II helix, the H(5) phi = -90.3 degrees, P(6) and P(9) with trans peptide bond orientation, G(7) in an extended state, and the K(8) phi = -93.2 degrees or -146.8 degrees for structures #1 and #2, respectively.
Sedimentation and Effective Viscosity

IN the course of a more extensive calculation, a set of equations has been obtained which relates the the sedimentation velocity u of particles falling through a liquid to the effective viscosity μ of a suspension of similar particles having the same density as the fluid. The volume concentration c is the same in both cases.
Modification and Factor Analysis of the Grief Experience Inventory in Non-Death Loss/Bereavement Situations:

The Grief Experience Inventory (GEI), developed by Sanders, Mauger, and Strong in 1985, is a broad multidimensional measure of grief applicable to both death and non-death loss/bereavement situations. Further modification of the non-death GEI form was undertaken and employed in assessing grief reactions of mothers of brain-injured adolescents and young adults across three years, post-injury. Factor analysis of these data was computed and compared to factors derived from the original GEI General Reference Group. There were strikingly similar factor structures between the modified non-death form and the original GEI, affirming the rationale and method of inventory construction, and supporting the validity and strength of the GEI as a measure of grief in varied loss situations. Recommendations for future application are offered.
Living donation decision making: Recipients' concerns and educational needs

ContextDespite the advantages of living donor transplantation, evidence suggests that some potential recipients with living donors have psychological concerns that prevent them from pursuing living donation. Addressing these concerns through education may increase the rates of living donation.ObjectiveTo understand the psychological barriers and educational needs of potential kidney recipients regarding living donation.Subjects and DesignQualitative focus group study of kidney transplant recipients, donors, and family members to explore their assessment of the advantages of dialysis and deceased donor transplantation over living donation, their concerns about living donation, and what types of living donation education would be most helpful.ResultsKidney recipients reported that they might not pursue living donation because they felt guilty and indebted to the donor, did not want to harm or inconvenience the donor, did not want to accept a kidney that a family member might need later, and did not want to ...
LINEAGE OF EMBRYONIC CHICK ERYTHROCYTES BY MEANS OF AUTORADIOGRAPHY.

IN an atlas of avian blood cell formation, Lucas and Jamroz1 have illustrated the erythrocytes of the chicken embryo during the course of development. I have reported similar observations2 and have extended the examination of these cells to include histochemical data3. The undisputed conclusion from these investigations is that there are two lines of erythroid cells during chicken embryogeny, with the definitive line replacing the primitive one at 6–8 days of development, except for some mature elements of the primitive series which persist until approximately the thirteenth day.
Chemical education in schools and the community: the cepup project

This paper describes the Chemical Education for Public Understanding Programme (CEPUP), a programme concerned with chemicals and their uses. The aim of CEPUP is to increase public awareness of the nature of chemicals, and hence improve public understanding of chemical‐related issues. The project takes the form of activity‐based modules that link chemical concepts and processes with related societal issues, and the materials are designed for use both in schools and in community education programmes. The paper describes the aims and the products of CEPUP, and outlines its methodology.
Nucleotide sequence of the retroviral leukemia gene v-myb and its cellular progenitor c-myb: The architecture of a transduced oncogene

The oncogene (v-myb) of avian myeloblastosis virus and a large portion of its cellular homolog (c-myb) have been molecularly cloned and sequenced. The portion of c-myb we analyzed contains seven interspersed segments (or exons). Fusion of these exons creates a continuous nucleotide sequence that is remarkably similar to the sequence of v-myb and that potentially encodes a protein very similar to that specified by v-myb. Comparisons between the sequences of v-myb and c-myb indicate that transduction of c-myb to form v-myb probably resulted from an initial DNA rearrangement and the subsequent use of a spliced RNA as an intermediate.
Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of “LixV2 − δO4 − δH2O”

Abstract We report here the synthesis of a new layered lithium vanadium oxide using mild hydrothermal methods. The reaction of vanadium oxide in acidic media in the presence of lithium and tetramethyl ammonium ions leads to a tetragonal structure, a = 3.705(1) A and c = 15.804(1) A with space group I 4/mmm. This vanadium oxide readily reacts with lithium ions. No tetramethyl ions are incorporated into the structure, but their presence is essential to the formation of the phase. In the absence of lithium ions, the new phase [N(CH3)4]V4O10 is formed.
Soil geochemistry of Mother Lode-type gold deposits in the Hodson mining district, central California, U.S.A.

Abstract The Hodson mining district is in the westernmost foothills of the Sierra Nevada in California, about 17 km west of the town of Angels Camp. This district is part of the West Gold Belt, which lies about 12–16 km west of, and generally parallel to, the better known Mother Lode Gold Belt in central California. The district produced several million dollars worth of Au between about 1890 and 1940.
Plaque assays of rubella virus in cultures of rabbit cornea (SIRC) cells.

Discussion and summaryRubella virus produced distinct plaques with sharp boundaries in monolayer cultures of SIRC cells under a double agar overlay. Rubella virus plaques were also obtained in Vero, MA-111, and RK-13 cell cultures by using the same overlay, but the plaques were not clear and boundaries were not as distinct as those found in SIRC monolayers. A linear relationship was observed between plaque counts and virus concentration, permitting precise quantitative virus assays. Plaque reduction neutralization tests for rubella virus gave reproducible titers, and proved to be more sensitive than those done by the CPE method using monolayers in tubes with fluid medium. The virus dose employed also appeared to be less critical.
A stable triple Wolbachia infection in Drosophila with nearly additive incompatibility effects

Drosophila simulans strains infected with three different Wolbachia strains were generated by experimental injection of a third symbiont into a naturally double-infected strain. This transfer led to a substantial increase in total Wolbachia density in the host strain. Each of the three symbionts was stably transmitted in the presence of the other two. Triple-infected males were incompatible with double-infected females. No evidence was obtained for interference between modification effects of the different Wolbachia strains in males. Some incompatibility was observed between triple-infected males and females. However, this incompatibility reaction is not a specific property of triple-infected flies, because it was also observed in double-infected strains.
A Continuously Tunable Miniaturized Patch Antenna

A tunable miniaturized patch antenna is introduced. Miniaturization is achieved by placing a layer of complementary split-ring resonators horizontally between the radiating patch and the ground plane. Tuning is implemented by detouring the current flow on the additional layer through a lumped capacitor or varactor, thereby shifting the resonant frequency. The result is a miniaturized antenna that is compact, easily fabricated, and tunable across a useful band. A measured prototype demonstrates a tuning range of 2–2.45 GHz while maintaining an area no larger than 1/9 of a traditional patch antenna.
Life-threatening anaphylactoid reaction after intravenous gadoteridol administration in a patient who had previously received gadopentetate dimeglumine

We report a case of a life-threatening anaphylactoid reaction to gadoteridol. The reaction resulted in hospitalization but did respond to medical treatment. Resuscitation equipment and properly trained personnel should be available if these agents are being administered.
The role of third molar surgery in the exacerbation of eating disorders.

Abstract Purpose: Eating disorders are a major public health problem. This study was undertaken to investigate the role of dental surgery in the etiology and clinical course of these serious and occasionally life-threatening disorders. Methods: Three questions concerning dental therapy were included in a pretreatment assessment of 97 consecutive patients entering an eating disorder therapy program during a 22-month period. These questions were designed to determine the influence of dental surgery, including frequency and severity, on eating disorders. Results: All 97 patients, of which 96 were female, complied with the questionnaire. Seventy-five of 97 were 25 years or younger, and 53 of 97 were diagnosed as having anorexia nervosa. Sixteen patients (16.5%) reported having had orthodontic therapy, and 21 (21.6%) had undergone third molar surgery. Nine patients (9.3%) (1 orthodontic, 8 third molar surgery) indicated that dental procedures had caused exacerbation or relapse of their eating disorders; 8 of 21 (38%) who had undergone third molar surgery were positive respondents. None of the patients linked dental care to the initial onset of their eating disorders. Conclusions: These data reveal that dental procedures, specifically third molar surgery, can significantly alter the course of eating disorders, causing exacerbation or relapse. No patient indicated that dental therapy was the primary cause of these multifactorial psychonutritional disorders. A history of eating disorder should alert the practitioner to the risks of performing third molar surgery without a medical or psychotherapy consultation unless there is documentation of remission. Delay of surgical intervention is recommended if third molars are asymptomatic. If surgery is necessary, the surgeon and other members of the psychotherapy team should establish clear guidelines regarding behavior and postoperative nutrition and should monitor the patient's nutritional status. © 2001 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Interactional Past and Potential: The Social Construction of Place Attachment

This article presents an interactionist-based theory of place attachment, the emotional bond formed by an individual to a physical site due to the meaning given to the site through interactional processes, and suggests that such attachment is comprised of two interwoven components: (1) interactional past, or the memories of interactions associated with a site, and (2) interactional potential, or the future experiences perceived as likely or possible to occur in a site. To discuss these components, I use the case of an organization that moved to a new location, thereby disrupting its employees’ place attachment to the original site. Data collection involved questionnaires, participant observation, and interviews.
The State of Overuse Measurement A Critical Review

Health care overuse contributes to unnecessary expenditures and patient exposure to harm. Understanding and addressing this problem requires a comprehensive set of valid metrics. This article describes and critiques the current state of overuse measurement through a review of the published and gray literature, measures clearinghouses and ongoing work by major measure developers. Our review identified 37 fully specified measures and 123 measurement development opportunities. Many services were considered overuse due to the extension of diagnostic or screening services to low-risk populations. There were more diagnostic or therapeutic overuse measures than for screening or monitoring/surveillance. Imaging services is a major focus of current measures, but opportunities exist to expand overuse measurement in medication, laboratory services. Future development of overuse measures would benefit from new empirical research and clinical guidelines focused on identifying indications or populations for which there is likely to be no or low benefit.
Pramlintide for the treatment of diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE:To provide an overview of the role of amylin, as well as that of pramlintide, a synthetic analog of amylin, in maintaining glucose homeostasis; and discuss the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, adverse effects, and role of pramlintide in the control of postprandial hyperglycemia.DATA SOURCES:The data presented in this review were obtained from published literature, abstracts presented at scientific meetings, and information on file with the manufacturer. MEDLINE searches (1986–March 2003) using the search terms pramlintide and amylin were conducted to identify clinical trials and review articles. Additionally, the bibliographies of the identified articles were reviewed.DATA SYNTHESIS:Clinical trials have demonstrated that amylin in combination with insulin controls postprandial glucose levels by decreasing food intake, slowing gastric emptying, and suppressing glucagon secretion. Clinical trials also showed significant decreases in mean plasma glucose levels and glycosylated hemoglobin, ...
The moral value of informational privacy in cyberspace

Solutions to the problem of protecting informational privacy in cyberspace tend to fall into one of three categories: technological solutions, self-regulatory solutions, and legislative solutions. In this paper, I suggest that the legal protection of the right to online privacy within the US should be strengthened. Traditionally, in identifying where support can be found in the US Constitution for a right to informational privacy, the point of focus has been on the Fourth Amendments protection in this context finds its moral basis in personal liberty, personal dignity, self-esteem, and other values. On the other hand, the constitutional right to privacy first established by Griswold v. Connecticut finds its moral basis largely in a single value, the value of autonomy of decision-making. I propose that an expanded constitutional right to informational privacy, responsive to the escalating threats posed to online privacy by developments in informational technology, would be more likely to find a solid moral basis in the value of autonomy associated with the constitutional right to privacy found in Griswold than in the variety of values forming the moral basis for the right to privacy backed by the Fourth Amendment.
Psychological Function in Computational Models of Neural Networks

The overarching goal of cognitive neuroscience is to understand how the brain gives rise to thought. We describe how computer models can help accomplish this goal by simulating networks of interacting neurons and measuring cognitive function in these networks at the same time. The variables in these networks can be easily manipulated and observed, so that their effects on cognitive processes can be clearly understood. We provide an up-to-date review of some of the core principles and prominent applications of computational models in cognitive neuroscience. We begin with a summary of some of the main questions confronting computational modelers in cognitive neuroscience, ranging from the basic properties of individual neurons and networks thereof, up to issues surrounding how networks of neurons can subserve complex cognitive functions. We then discuss provisional answers to these questions, showing how they apply to a range of empirical data in domains including perception, learning and memory, and higher-level cognition. Throughout, and in closing, we discuss challenges to neural network models. Keywords: attention; cognitive neuroscience; higher-level cognition; learning; memory; neural activation function; perception
Bacteriophage Adsorption Rate and Optimal Lysis Time

The first step of bacteriophage (phage) infection is the attachment of the phage virion onto a susceptible host cell. This adsorption process is usually described by mass-action kinetics, which implicitly assume an equal influence of host density and adsorption rate on the adsorption process. Therefore, an environment with high host density can be considered as equivalent to a phage endowed with a high adsorption rate, and vice versa. On the basis of this assumption, the effect of adsorption rate on the evolution of phage optimal lysis time can be reinterpreted from previous optimality models on the evolution of optimal lysis time. That is, phage strains with a higher adsorption rate would have a shorter optimal lysis time and vice versa. Isogenic phage λ-strains with different combinations of six different lysis times (ranging from 29.3 to 68 min), two adsorption rates (9.9 × 10−9 and 1.3 × 10−9 phage−1 cell−1 ml−1 min−1), and two markers (resulting in “blue” or “white” plaques) were constructed. Various pairwise competitions among these strains were conducted to test the model prediction. As predicted by the reinterpreted model, the results showed that the optimal lysis time is shorter for phage strains with a high adsorption rate and vice versa. Competition between high- and low-adsorption strains also showed that, under current conditions and phenotype configurations, the adsorption rate has a much larger impact on phage relative fitness than the lysis time.
The pure rotational spectrum of ZnS (X1Σ

The pure rotational spectrum of ZnS (X 1 R + ) has been measured using direct-absorption millimeter/sub- millimeter techniques in the frequency range 372-471 GHz. This study is the first spectroscopic investi- gation of this molecule. Spectra originating in four zinc isotopologues ( 64 ZnS, 66 ZnS, 68 ZnS, and 67 ZnS) were recorded in natural abundance in the ground vibrational state, and data from the v = 1 state were also measured for the two most abundant zinc species. Spectroscopic constants have been subsequently determined, and equilibrium parameters have been estimated. The equilibrium bond length was calcu- lated to be re� 2.0464 A, which agrees well with theoretical predictions. In contrast, the dissociation energy of DE� 3.12 eV calculated for ZnS, assuming a Morse potential, was significantly higher than past experimental and theoretical estimates, suggesting diabatic interaction with other potentials that lower the effective dissociation energy. Although ZnS is isovalent with ZnO, there appear to be subtle differ- ences in bonding between the two species, as suggested by their respective force constants and bond length trends in the 3d series.
Interfacial resistance due to thin films of alcohols and its effect on the rate of evaporation of water

Measurements were obtained of the interfacial resistance due to thin films of straight-chain higher alcohols and their effect on the evaporation of water. This was done by passing preheated dry air at a constant rate over water in a beaker. Unlike previous studies both phases were stitted. Four alcohols, dodecyl, myristyl, cetyl, and stearyl, were studied. A large reduction in evaporation was observed when 0.00025 gm. of cetyl alcohol was added to 1 liter of water with gas-liquid interfacial area of 0.2015 sq. ft. A much higher amount of stearyl alcohol, 0.0006 g., was needed for commensurate effect. Resistance due to films of dodecyl and myristyl alcohols was neglibible. For the most part cetyl alcohol is the most effective of those tested. Plots are given of the pseudo mass transfer coefficients and interfacial resistances as a function of the amount of the various alcohols.
Rethinking the Well Woman Visit: A Scoping Review to Identify Eight Priority Areas for Well Woman Care in the Era of the Affordable Care Act

Abstract Purpose The annual pap smear for cervical cancer screening, once a mainstay of the well woman visit (WWV), is no longer recommended for most low-risk women. This change has led many women and their health care providers to wonder if they should abandon this annual preventive health visit altogether. Changing guidelines coinciding with expanded WWV coverage for millions of American women under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act have created confusion for health care consumers and care givers alike. Is there evidence to support continued routine preventive health visits for women and, if so, what would ideally constitute the WWV of today? Methods A scoping review of the literature was undertaken to appraise the current state of evidence regarding a wide range of possible elements to identify priority areas for the WWV. Findings A population health perspective taking into consideration the reproductive health needs of women as well as the preventable and modifiable leading causes of death and disability was used to identify eight domains for the WWV of today: 1) reproductive life planning and sexual health, 2) cardiovascular disease and stroke, 3) prevention, screening, and early detection of cancers, 4) unintended injury, 5) anxiety, depression, substance abuse, and suicidal intent, 6) intimate partner violence, assault, and homicide, 7) lower respiratory disease, and 8) arthritis and other musculoskeletal problems. Conclusions The WWV remains a very important opportunity for prevention, health education, screening, and early detection and should not be abandoned.
Detection of Sloan Crowded Single Letters (SCSL) in the Presence of Induced Refractive Error

We wished to investigate how normal subjects with optically induced refractive error performed when reading Sloan crowded single letters (SCSL). The 10 Sloan letters are used in the ETDRS Visual Acuity charts. While linear presentations of the letters used in the ETDRS visual acuity chart have been extensively studied, the effect, if any, of single letter presentation with flanking
« The Outlawry of War » ou l’autre débat Dewey-Lippmann

This article aims to reconsider some recent interpretations of the debate on the role of public opinion in democracies that opposed John Dewey and Walter Lippmann throughout the 1920s. To this end, this article examines Dewey and Lippmann’s involvement in the “outlawry of war” debate during the same era. The analysis of this other debate sheds a new light on the political, philosophical, and epistemological differences that are described by James Carey, although minimized by a growing body of revisionist historiography. Cet article propose de revisiter certaines contributions historiographiques recentes portant sur le debat quant au role du public en democratie qui opposa John Dewey a Walter Lippmann durant les annees 1920. Pour ce faire, cet article examine un autre debat, celui-la portant sur le mouvement pour la proscription de la guerre (« the outlawry of war »), qui opposa Dewey a Lippmann durant la meme periode. L’analyse de ce debat permet d’eclairer certaines des divergences politiques, philosophiques et epistemologiques qui sont decrites par James Carey bien que minimisees par un recent courant historiographique revisionniste.
CO-induced formation of an interpenetrating bicuboctahedral Au2Pd18 kernel in nanosized Au2Pd28(CO)26(PEt3)10: formal replacement of an interior (μ12-Pd)2 fragment in the corresponding known isostructural homopalladium Pd30(CO)26(PEt3)10 with nonisovalent (μ12-Au)2 and resulting experimental/theoretical implications.

Initially isolated from Pd10(CO)12(PEt3)6 (5) and Au(SMe2)Cl precursors in a two-step carbon monoxide (CO)-involved procedure, the nanosized interpenetrating bicuboctahedral gold (Au)–palladium (Pd) Au2Pd28(CO)26(PEt3)10 (1) was then directly obtained in 25–30% yield from the CO-induced reaction of the CO-stable Au-centered cuboctahedral Au2Pd21(CO)20(PEt3)10 (3) with the structurally analogous CO-unstable Pd23(CO)20(PEt3)10 (4). Our hypothesis that this latter synthesis is initiated by the reaction of 3 with coordinatively unsaturated homopalladium species resulting from CO-induced fragmentation of 4 was subsequently substantiated by the alternatively designed synthesis of 1 (∼25% yield) from the CO-induced reaction of 3 with the structurally dissimilar CO-unstable Pd38(CO)28(PEt3)12 (6). The composition of 1, unambiguously established from a 100 K CCD X-ray diffractometry study, is in accordance with single-crystal X-ray Au–Pd field-emission microanalysis. The pseudo-C2h 30-atom Au2Pd28 geometry of 1 ma...
Comparison of Mechanochemical Chain Scission Rates for Linear versus Three-Arm Star Polymers in Strong Acoustic Fields

The effect of star versus linear polymer architecture on the rates of mechanochemically induced bond scission has been explored. We determined rate constants for chain scission of parent linear and star polymers, from which daughter fragments were cleanly resolved. These studies confirm a mechanistic interpretation of star polymer chain scission that is governed by the spanning rather than total molecular weight. We further demonstrate the preserved rate of site-selective mechanophore activation across two different polymer structures. Specifically, we observed consistent activation rate constants from three-arm star and linear polymer analogues, despite the Mn of the star polymer being 1.5 times greater than that of the linear system.
ON ROCK-STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS

Rock-stratigraphic units are of special importance for the study on regional stratigra-phy.These units are established mainly on the basis of sedimentary facies,lithologicalassociations,cycles of deposition and various kinds of discontinuity in the stratigraphicalsequence. With a stratigraphical as well as a tectonic point of view,stratigraphical discontinui-ties may be classified as follows: ■ Rock-stratigraphic units may be divided into four ranks,they are,in descending order,System-group,Group,Formation and Subformation.Formation is the foundamental unitand therefore of special importance. Formation:A formation is a set of strata of definite sedimentary facies or rock types,with definite and easily recognizable lower and upper boundaries,having a considerablethickness and a rather wide geographical distribution. The areal distribution of a formation under stable conditions often corresponds to theplatform or the shelf,while under the condition of obvious geotectonic differentiation itis often confined to a tectonic-facies zone. Sub-formation:A subformation is a subdivision of a formation and is based on muchthe same principle.The main difference is that a subformation has a lesser extent ofareal distribution.It may be used with advantage when a formation is very thick andis divisible only in a certain region,or when a formation contains easily separable trans-gressive or regressive part of limited distribution.Subformation should not be confusedwith member,which is an index bed or a tongue-shaped indentation within,but not asubdivision of a formation. Group:A group is a combination of successive formations and therefore comprises com-plicated sedimentary facies or rock types which,though formed under different conditionsand of different origin,are nevertheless themselves genetically related. Group is mainly classified according to its geotectonic environment,and therefore isclosely connected with the conception of lithological association. System-group:A system-group represents the highest rank in the category of rock-stra-tigraphic units.It usually corresponds to a sequence of lithological associations formedin a whole geotectonic cycle.It often corresponds to a structure layer. The areal distribution of the system-group is often equal to,but is not necessarilyconfined to a platform and a geocynclinal system.The contact relation between successivesystem-groups is invariably regional unconformity of long time duration.
Research on transformerless dynamic voltage restore with a composite control strategy based on the MFAC external loop compensation

Non- series transformer dynamic voltage restorer( DVR) control strategy is studied. In order to improve the speed and the steady state accuracy of voltage,current double closed loop PI control,a model- free control was used as a compensation to form a composite control method. In the Matlab / Simulink to create simulation model,the simulation results show that the composite control method has great speed and excellent steady accuracy.
Sensitivity Analysis on the Radiator Heat Transfer Characteristics in Heat Supply System

An approach is presented on sensitivity analyses of four type radiator thermal characteristics for energy saving in heat supply system.Based on heat transfer basic principles and engineering experiences,this paper releases the results which demonstrate qualitatively and imaginatively influences of heat supply water temperature and water flow rate on the radiators' thermal characteristics.Comparing with water flow rate effect,heat supply water temperature performs nearly linear sensitive influence on the radiators' thermal characteristics more dominantly and consistently.After water flow rate increased to some value,all four type radiators are insensitive to the flow rate from the view of thermal response.By means of comparisons,we found that steel column radiator performs poor adjustability but good thermal stability,while M-132 radiator demonstrates best thermal adjustability in four type radiators.
Modeling Zika Virus Infection in Pregnancy

There were few studies of Zika virus (ZIKV), a flavivirus, until this past year, when large epidemics in the Americas were accompanied by unexpectedly severe clinical manifestations. Infection in pregnant women has emerged as a major global concern because of its linkage to congenital abnormalities including microcephaly, spontaneous abortion, and intrauterine growth restriction.1 In addition, ZIKV infection in other age groups has been associated with severe neurologic disease and the Guillain–Barre syndrome.2 Transmission cycles between humans and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in urban settings can cause large-scale epidemics of ZIKV infection. Although mosquitoes clearly are the primary cause of ZIKV outbreaks, . . .
Ph+ ALL: drawing strength from a benign past

In this issue of Blood, Mallampati et al report on the discovery of a new mechanism of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance, which is mediated through TKI-mediated priming of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the bone marrow (BM).
Note on an aftershock study, south central Illinois earthquake of November 9, 1968

Abstract In an effort to monitor aftershock activity following the southern Illinois earthquake of November 9, 1968, a network of ten high gain seismic stations was established in the vicinity of the epicenter of the earthquake. The network began recording on the fourth day after the earthquake and operated for a period of ten days. During this time only one very small aftershock was recorded. The hypocenter of this shock was about 10 km south and at the same depth as that of the main shock. Permanent stations of the region recorded two other aftershocks within two days of the main shock, and one more three and a half months later. The exceptionally low level of aftershock activity is an anomalous feature of the Southern Illinois-Southeast Missouri seismic zone.
Subject and Gradiometer Positioning for MEG Recording: A Preliminary Report

The estimation of neuromagnetic source location is facilitated by knowing where the magnetic sensing coils are located in space with reference to the center (or other reference point) of the head. The use of various grid systems referenced to the surface of the scalp, while not unreasonable for points near the center of the grid, is far from optimal for outlying sites. In addition, it is difficult to accurately determine the orientation of the sensing coils with respect to the intracranial space. While they may be normal to the local scalp surface, their position relative to the center of the total volume is unknown. In the case where a mapping session is interrupted or it is desirable to repeat measurements, the ability to return to the same location reliably is an obvious necessity. Another consideration is the ability to transfer an estimated source location obtained from MEG measurements to an alternate reference frame, e.g., a set of MRI or CAT scans.
Seizure-Induced Neuronal Plasticity and Metabolic Effects

Epilepsy, the most common acquired chronic neurological disease, occurs in 1% of the human population. Despite treatment with the newest antiepileptic medications, almost one-third of the individuals continue having seizures (Kwan and Brodie, 2000). Many of those with seizure persistence and even some with seizure ­remittance suffer often from under-appreciated co-morbidities including cognitive deficits and psychopathology such as anxiety, depression, and poor attention. Our understanding of epileptogenesis and its concurrent effects is based mainly on animal models. Using humans with epilepsy to study effects of human epilepsy is fraught with multiple problems including ethics, medication effects, and reproducibility. More recently, however, human brain tissue from surgical ­resections has been studied (this represents only a small subgroup of patients with epilepsy). Modern imaging techniques have also helped unveil widespread metabolic ­abnormalities associated with epilepsy.
Political Credit Cycles - Myth or Reality?

This paper tests the existence of political credit cycles, the positive co-movement between credit and elections. While support for this relationship has been found in some single-country studies, the link between electoral cycles and credit expansion has seen little exploration at the multi-country level. Using a comprehensive data set covering bank and non-bank credit in 165 countries from 1960 to 2013, we show that both government and private credit significantly increase in election years. This suggests the possibility that politicians use not only fiscal and monetary policy to court voters, but also implement credit market policies such as interest rate subsidies and tax breaks for debt to enhance credit growth. However, we find that a higher degree of financial openness weakens the frequency and magnitude of political credit cycles; yet the conditional effect of financial openness may be offset under the presence of institutional constraints on monetary and fiscal policy. Our findings are robust to different model specifications.
The Sickle Cell-Pulmonary Hypertension Screening Study: ECHO Findings at Two-Years of Follow Up.

Abstract In a prospective study started in 2001 echocardiography (ECHO) was used to screen 195 unselected adult sickle cell patients for pulmonary hypertension (PHTN). The prevalence of PHTN [tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity (TRV) of 2.5 m/sec or higher, corresponding to a pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PAs) of at least 35 mm Hg] was 32 %. Markers of hemolysis (low Hb, and high reticulocytes and LDH) were associated with PHTN risk. Although the pulmonary pressures in sickle-related PHTN were not as high as in other forms of PHTN, they were predictive of short survival (NEJM 2004; 350:886). We now report the TRV results in 113 patients who had repeat ECHO exams at 2.1 years (range 1.2–4.1 y) after study enrollment. Their mean age was 36.2 ± 10.3 y and 59 % were female. Their hemoglobin types were: SS, 77.7 %; SC, 14.3 %; Sickle-thal.+, 6.3 %; and Sickle-thal.0, 1.8 %. At baseline, 40 patients had PHTN (mean TRV 2.75 m/sec) and their mean TRV at the 2 y follow up was 2.71 m/sec (p=0.45). In 6 subjects the TRV decreased to normal values from baselines of 2.5 – 3 m/sec. Nevertheless, the mortality of the patients diagnosed with PHTN at baseline currently stands at 40% at 40 months of follow-up. Seventy-three patients did not have PHTN at enrollment (mean TRV 2.0 m/sec) and as a group their TRV at the 2 y follow up had not changed significantly (mean 2.1, p=0.1). However, 11 of the 73 patients (15.1%) with initially normal TRV developed PHTN at 2 years (mean TRV 2.70, range 2.5–3.5 m/sec). The table shows that age, sex, Hb type, Hb F %, and hydroxyurea treatment of the patients who developed PHTN at the 2 y follow up were not significantly different from those who did not. However, patients who developed PHTN were significantly more anemic, had higher reticulocyte counts, and higher serum ferritin values. A trend toward an increased bilirubin and LDH was observed. Hence, hemolysis probably played a pathogenetic role in these patients' increased pulmonary pressures, as is also postulated for sickle patients who had PHTN at baseline. These preliminary results suggest that the incidence of PHTN in adult sickle patients could be as high as 7 % per year and that ECHO screening of these patients every two years is probably indicated. No PHTN PHTN P value N 62 11 Mean age, y (±SD) 34.1 ± 8.9 34.6 ± 13.4 0.85 Sex (% female) 56 64 0.75 Non-SS (%) 27 18 0.5 On hydroxyurea (%) 41 25 0.5 Hb (g/dl, mean±SD) 9.98 ± 1.74 8.68 ± 1.91 0.04 Hb F (%,mean±SD) 7.9 ± 6.8 7.5 ± 7.4 0.869 Abs. Retics (x1000/mm3, mean±SD) 205 ± 107 288 ± 151 0.045 LDH (U/L, mean±SD) 286 ± 107 359 ± 179 0.09 Bilirubin (mg/dl, mean±SD) 2.5 ± 1.88 3.7 ± 2.58 0.10 Ferritin (mg/L, mean±SD) 632 ± 925 1439 ± 1849 0.046 Creatinine (mg/dl, mean±SD) 0.76 ± 0.23 0.69 ± 0.25 0.36
Interactive Visualization for Understanding of Attention Patterns

Discovering users’ behavior via eye-tracking data analysis is a common task that has important implications in many domains including marketing, design, behavior study, and psychology. In our project, we are interested in analyzing eye-tracking data to investigate differences between age groups in emotion regulation using visual attention. To achieve this goal, we adopted a general-purposed interactive visualization method, namely Glyph, to conduct temporal analysis on participants’ fixation data. Glyph facilitates comparison of abstract data sequences to understand group and individual patterns. In this article, we show how a visualization system adopting the Glyph method can be constructed, allowing us to understand how users shift their fixations and dwelling given different stimuli, and how different user groups differ in terms of these temporal eye-tracking patterns. The discussion demonstrates the utility of Glyph not only for the purpose of our project, but also for other eye-tracking data analyses that require exploration within the space of temporal patterns.