cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 11, Private Workouts and Corporate Debt Pricing Under Asymmetric Information

This paper studies the valuation of risky corporate debt, the firm's financing decisions and firm strategy during financial distress under asymmetric information. Using Chapter 11 as a costly state verification mechanism in a simple continuous-time setting, we characterize which firms will choose to file for the Chapter 11 Bankruptcy procedure and which will choose private workouts (in the form of strategic debt service) when the firm is in financial distress. The model predicts that firms with more intangible assets, higher book value and less information asymmetry are more likely to restructure their debt privately, and their stockholders are systematically better off. We also provide a closed-form solution to the debt pricing problem. The formula reduces to the well-known results of Merton, Black and Cox, Leland and others if the private information can be costlessly revealed.
Recyclability of Fuel Cell Power Trains

This paper presents an analysis of the recyclability of fuel cell power trains based on material flows for three PEM fuel cell stack designs. The analysis considers the compatibility of materials in recycling, the separability of recyclable materials, and the fraction of material that can be recycled cost effectively. The fuel cells are designed with graphite, stainless steel, and composite bipolar plates and the stacks, batteries, transmission, and supporting equipment are sized to replace an example IC power train. Recyclable material flows are estimated on the basis of material intensities for the fuel cell power trains and are compared to the flows for the IC vehicle.
Talk of cannibalism.

Incontrovertible evidence of cannibalism has been found at a 900-year-old site in the southwestern United States. Why do horrified critics deny that many societies have found cannibalism acceptable?
Clopidogrel: Interactions with the P2Y12 Receptor and Clinical Relevance

(2003). Clopidogrel: Interactions with the P2Y12 Receptor and Clinical Relevance. Hematology: Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 359-365.
Slave Emancipation and Racial Attitudes in Nineteenth-Century South Africa

This book examines the social transformation wrought by the abolition of slavery in 1834 in South Africa's Cape Colony. It pays particular attention to the effects of socioeconomic and cultural changes in the way both freed slaves and dominant whites adjusted to the new world. It compares South Africa's relatively peaceful transition from a slave to a non-slave society to the bloody experience of the US South after abolition, analyzing rape hysteria in both places as well as the significance of changing concepts of honor in the Cape. Finally, the book examines the early development of South Africa's particular brand of racism, arguing that abolition, not slavery itself, was a causative factor; although racist attitudes were largely absent while slavery persisted, they grew incrementally but steadily after abolition, driven primarily by whites' need for secure, exploitable labor.
Beamformer optimization with a constraint on user electromagnetic radiation exposure

Wireless technology is now a ubiquitous part of life worldwide. A continuing and evolving concern is the possibility of adverse health effects from long term exposure to electromagnetic radiation. In most countries, regulatory agencies set an exposure threshold in terms of the specific absorption rate (SAR). Surprisingly, portable wireless communication devices, such as mobile phones, are often designed with little attention to the SAR thresholds, instead focusing on transmit power constraints. As cellular handsets continue to become more and more multifunctional, designing devices that provide high rate performance and satisfy SAR constraints will become increasingly difficult. In this paper, we present a design strategy that considers both transmit power and SAR for multiple antenna transmit beamforming. Analytical and numerical results show substantial performance improvement over schemes that are designed using only the power constraint.
A Review of “Claiming Power from Below: Dalits and the Subaltern Question in India”

The figure of the subaltern has dominated the study of South Asia—and the academy—most visibly since the publication of the initial volume of Subaltern Studies (1982). It is recognized, however, th...
Definable Terms and Primitives in Axiom Systems

An axiom system may be constructed for a theory of empirical phenomena with any of a number of goals in mind. Some of these goals are identical with those that motivate the axiomatization of mathematical theories, hence relate only to the formal structure of the theory — its syntax. Other goals for axiomatizing scientific theories relate to the problems of verifying the theories empirically, hence incorporate semantic considerations.
Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology

Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology. H. Russell Bernard. ed. Walnut Creek. CA: AltaMira Press. 1998. 816 pp.
Heavy Vehicle Propulsion Materials Program

The objective of the Heavy Vehicle Propulsion Materials Program is to develop the enabling materials technology for the clean, high-efficiency diesel truck engines of the future. The development of cleaner, higher-efficiency diesel engines imposes greater mechanical, thermal, and tribological demands on materials of construction. Often the enabling technology for a new engine component is the material from which the part can be made. The Heavy Vehicle Propulsion Materials Program is a partnership between the Department of Energy (DOE), and the diesel engine companies in the United States, materials suppliers, national laboratories, and universities. A comprehensive research and development program has been developed to meet the enabling materials requirements for the diesel engines of the future. Advanced materials, including high-temperature metal alloys, intermetallics, cermets, ceramics, amorphous materials, metal- and ceramic-matrix composites, and coatings, are investigated for critical engine applications.
Disease modifying agent related skin reactions in multiple sclerosis: prevention, assessment, and management:

Background: The objective for this article is to highlight some of the adverse skin manifestations associated with injectable disease modifying therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS). Early identification and intervention can often lead to minimal consequences and prolonged patient tolerance and compliance with these agents. A t the University of Texas Southwestern Medical C enter at Dallas and Texas Neurology in Dallas we actively follow appro ximately 5000 MS patients. The majority of our patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) or secondary progressive MS (SPMS) are treated with one of the currently available disease modifying agents (DMA s). O ur experience with these patients, and the challenges they face in continuing long-term treatment, constitutes the basis of our proposed treatment strategies. Conclusion: Skin reactio ns in response to injectable DMA therapy in MS are generally mild. However, some reactio ns can evolve into potentially serious lesions culminating in infection, necro sis, and in ...
HEPATIC RESPONSIVENESS TO A GLUCOSE INFUSION IN PREGNANCY

To enhance glucose transfer to the fetus, the pregnant woman may evidence prolonged hyperglycemia after feeding. To evaluate if hepatic responsiveness to glucose and insulin, in contrast to decreased peripheral glucose uptake, contributes to this metabolic response, the glucose production rate (GPR) was measured in 15 pregnant non-diabetics (P-ND) (G: 37.3±0.3 wks), in 16 pregnant controlled (HbAIc 7.2±0.5) insulin dependent diabetics (P-ID) (G: 37.4±0.4 wks), and in 12 non-pregnant non-diabetic controls (C). Nineteen women were infused with 3mg kg−1 min−1 glucose 60 min prior to the kinetic analysis in which the GPR was measured with D[U-13C]tracer glucose. All glucose groups had elevated pl. glucose compared to the saline groups. Both the P-ND and C had elevated p1 insulin in response to glucose but the P-ND rise was greater(p<.05). The GPR was suppressed in all glucose groups; the GPR of the P-ID was similar to that of the P-ND but more variable than that of the C (p<.05). In the third trimester the P-ND and P-ID have similar hepatic responsiveness to glucose and insulin compared to C which does not contribute to the observed hyperglycemia.
Comparison of Mean Wind Speeds and Turbulence at a Coastal Site and Offshore Location

Abstract Observations of mean wind speed and longitudinal turbulence at a height of 8 m over the Atlantic ocean, 5 km off Long Island, New York, were compared with simultaneous observations at the beach. Results were grouped into wind direction classes characteristic of changes in roughness and fetch. Mean winds over the ocean were 15–100% higher than those at the beach. Changes in turbulence seem to depend on variations in the aerodynamic roughness of the sea surface and the thermal processes that take place over the water. A decrease in turbulence over the ocean relative to that at the beach due to a decrease in sea surface roughness for alongshore flows could be predicted reasonably well with a simple logarithmic wind profile relationship.
Symbolic representations of charge-capacitance effects in 4-terminal field-effect transistors

This letter discusses the relationship between three proposed circuit representations of charge-capacitance effects in 4-terminal field-effect transistors. The conditions under which each representation is valid are pointed out, and the representations are shown to be mathematically equivalent.
Early stages of oxidation of yttrium-implanted Ni-20% Cr

The effect of ion-implanted yttrium on oxidation at elevated temperatures (500 to 1000° C) has been studied in Ni-Cr alloys using high-voltage electron microscopy (HVEM) ofin situ oxidized specimens, electron microscopy of scales oxidizedex situ, and Rutherford back scattering. The presence of yttrium enhances nucleation and growth of Cr2O3 at the alloy surface. Although the radiation damage induced by the ion implantation accelerates oxide nucleation and the initial rate of oxidation at 500° C, the growth of a mature oxide scale is slowed down, and the main influences seem to come from the chemical characteristics of the implanted yttrium. A Cr2O3 layer forms first on the yttrium-implanted alloys. Outward diffusion of Ni2+ cations through this layer forms an outer NiO scale. The initial growth process on unimplanted alloys is opposite. Here, NiO is the predominant initial oxide. As it thickens, a porous spinel and Cr2O3-enriched layer is formed between alloy and NiO. The inner oxide layer on yttrium-implanted alloys is fully dense and contains more than 50% Cr2O3. On the unimplanted alloy, the inner spinel layer is porous and contains a lesser enrichment in Cr2O3. The porous spinel delays formation of a protective Cr2O3 layer and gives poor scale adherence. The oxide growth mechanisms are discussed in the light of TEM results.
ANNUITIES—THE IRA ALTERNATIVE

Have you ever wondered how Agatha Christie's Miss Marple managed to live her quaint life in the quiet little village of St. Mary Mead without visible means of support? The source of her “small fixed income” was a financial resource which has kept many a fictional British character in “tolerable circumstances”—the annuity. While literature often mentions annuities in passing, they have only recently received attention from the financial press. The 1986 Tax Reform Act has left annuities and life insurance among the few untouched tax shelters, and the insurance industry is responding to this opportunity by expanding its product lines, and by emphasizing the tax benefits of single‐premium and whole‐life policies and annuities.
Phorbol ester blocks the increase of a high affinity GTPase activity induced by δ2-opioid receptor agonist in the mouse spinal cord

The high affinity GTPase activity in the mouse spinal cord was increased in a concentration-dependent manner by a selective delta 2-opioid receptor agonist, [D-Ala2]deltorphin II (0.1-1 microM). This increase of GTPase activity induced by [D-Ala2]deltorphin II was completely blocked by co-incubation with a selective delta 2-opioid receptor antagonist, naltriben (0.1 microM). A protein kinase C activator, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDB; 0.1-10 microM), which given alone had no effect on basal GTPase activity, blocked dose-dependently the increase of GTPase activity induced by [D-Ala2]deltorphin II (1 microM). Our results indicate the possibility that activation of protein kinase C by phorbol ester uncouples the delta 2-opioid receptor from G-proteins in the spinal cord.
Building Roads and Bridges for Integrated Pest Management in Florida: A Tribute to Madeline and Charles Mellinger of Glades Crop Care

linger in recognition of their extraordinary accomplishments in pioneering integrated pest management (IPM) in Florida agriculture. The Mellingers are owners of Glades Crop Care, so named because of its proximity to the Everglades. Established in 1972 and headquartered in Jupiter, Glades Crop Care was the first privately owned crop scouting and consulting firm in Florida. Due to the Mellingers' expertise and determination, Glades Crop Care has become the largest independent crop consulting firm in the southeastern United States, overseeing more than 60,000 acres of high value specialty crops. Glades Crop Care promotes IPM and sustainable agriculture to help Florida growers produce crops profitably with minimal risk to human health and the environment. In recognition of their pioneering pest management programs, the Mellingers have received several prestigious awards, including the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USD A) Award of Merit, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Champ Award, Florida State Horticultural Society President's Award for Industry, and most recently the First IPM Achievement Award from the National IPM Symposium. Madeline Mellinger grew up in Blacksburg, Virginia, where her father was a professor of chemistry at Virginia Polytechnic Institute (now Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, better known as Virginia Tech). Her entomology experience began when she worked with Dr. Mary Ross at Virginia Tech dissecting cockroaches and staining microscope slides for genetic research. Her promise was evident early, as she won the Junior Science Award at Virginia Tech the same year that her father coincidentally received the Senior Science Award at the Virginia Academy of Sciences. Most of her college coursework was at Virginia Tech in biology, and she also spent a summer at the University of Virginia's Mountain Lake Biology Station. She described the place as "Spartan," requiring a television to be brought in to watch the moon landing. Madeline studied entomology at the University of Georgia and subsequently graduated summa cum laude from the University of Louisiana at Monroe. After graduating, she worked as a junior entomologist at an analytical pre-harvest laboratory, J&W Agro-eco Labs. This company became bankrupt but fortunately Madeline was asked by 6 celery and sweet corn growers in Belle Glade to continue the service. She accepted their request and established Glades Corp Care. As Madeline's stature grew, she served as an advisor to the U.S. Congress, National Academy of Sciences, EPA, and Cooperative Extension Service at several universities. She has been appointed by 3 consecutive U.S. Secretaries of Agriculture to the National Sustainable Agriculture Advisory Committee and was the chairman from 1995 to 1997. She also was
Some Properties of Shimrat's Spaces

: Shimrat has proved in 1954 that any space can be embedded in a homogeneous space. The procedure that he used nicely transmitted separation properties and connectedness properties, but it has a very bad behavior with respect to countability and covering properties. This essay more closely investigates the behavior of Shimrat's procedure. Some common properties that can be transmitted by Shimrat's spaces from its underlying spaces and others that can not are discussed.
Quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction for detection and quantification of infectious bursal disease virus cDNA and RNA

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method to measure complementary DNA (cDNA) and RNA levels of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was developed. Quantification was achieved by quantitative competitive PCR (QC-PCR) amplification. A competitor, a deletion mutant of the wild type IBDV cDNA, was 10-fold serially diluted and co-amplified with IBDV cDNA after being reversely transcribed from the viral RNA. After agarose gel electrophoresis, staining, and densitometric scanning, the bands on the digitized images were analyzed and quantified by computer-assisted image analysis. Complementary DNA of standard, as well as variant strains, of serotype 1 IBDV was detected and quantified using the same QC-PCR procedures. The assay could measure IBDV cDNA levels ranging from 1 microgram to 45 fg and RNA levels ranging from 9 micrograms to 45 fg. The results indicated that QC-PCR is sensitive, easy to perform, and suitable for routine quantitation of IBDV cDNA or RNA levels.
Construction and Validation of the Customer Participation Scale

Although the importance of a mandatory customer participation construct in service delivery has been much discussed in the literature, little research has been devoted to conceptualizing and measur...
An examination of financial integration for the group of seven (G7) industrialized countries using an I(2) cointegration model

This study investigates financial cointegration of G7 equity markets. The term ‘international stock market integration’ refers to an area of research in financial economics that covers many different aspects of the interrelationships across equity markets. The cointegration of order two model, I(2), that was developed by Johansen is used to specify potential cointegration structure. The empirical validity of this economic model is investigated by employing monthly stock indexes of the Group of Seven (G7) from March 1978 through December 1997 on Morgan Stanley's Capital International (MSCI) indices. This monthly time series data is used to estimate the vector error correction model of order two (VECM(2)). The joint cointegration tests show that (at p<0.05) there is one common I(2) trend and two I(1) trends in the financial equity market returns of G7 countries. Potential explanations of these results and implications for portfolio diversification strategies are discussed.
The role of meteoritics in spaceflight missions and vice versa

— Research on extraterrestrial materials plays a critical role in formulating the science rationale and design for spacecraft missions, and, conversely, spaceflight holds great promise for solving perplexing problems in meteoritics. The connections between meteoritics and sample-return missions are obvious: Meteorite research can define sampling strategies, the capabilities of sampling devices, acceptable levels of chemical contamination and physical alteration of samples, and the conditions under which samples are stored prior to and during recovery. For their part, sample-return missions can provide geologic context for meteorites, increased sampling diversity (including materials not sampled as meteorites, such as unconsolidated regolith, ices, and atmosphere), calibration for crater-counting chronology, and ground truth for remote sensing measurements of meteorite parent bodies. Meteoritics also relates to spacecraft flyby, rendezvous, and lander missions that do not necessarily return samples. Specific illustrations of this mutual relationship, based on a selection of recent or planned spacecraft missions include: Identifying source asteroid classes for ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites and reconstructing their thermal and collisional histories (Galileo, NEAR, Clementine II, and Muses-C); determining the extent to which cometary dust and interstellar grains are found as interplanetary dust particles and assessing volatile abundances, isotopic compositions, and molecular species in cometary nuclei (Stardust and Rosetta); understanding the compositions of ancient Martian crust and the mantle sources for SNC meteorites, as well as inventorying the planet's volatile reservoirs and interactions (Mars Pathfinder, Mars Global Surveyor, and Mars Volatiles and Climate Surveyor); assessing whether lunar meteorites provide a more representative chemical sampling of the highlands crust and of mare volcanism than do Apollo samples (Galileo, Clementine, and Lunar Prospector). Spaceflight is the first priority of the space agencies that fund most research on extraterrestrial materials, and the continued level of support for such research may be linked, in part, to its use in exploration by spacecraft.
Three cases of hypotension and syncope with ventricular pacing: possible role of atrial reflexes.

Abstract Hypotension with lightheadedness and near syncope occurred in three patients during effective ventricular pacing. Hemodynamic studies demonstrated a decrease in cardiac output ranging from almost no decrease to 15 percent, presumably related to the loss of effective atrial contraction. The decrease in output was too small to explain by itself the reduced blood pressure, which resulted from paradoxic reduction of total peripheral resistance in one patient and from failure of resistance to increase in two. Baroceptor reflexes (Valsalva response) were normal in all three patients; hence it is suggested that the failure of compensatory increases in total peripheral resistance may be due to a reflex from the sudden atrial distension that occurs during atrioventricular (A-V) dissociation. The fluctuations in arterial pressure during ventricular pacing were synchronous with the appearance of cannon waves in the right atrial pressure tracing. Arterial pressure during A-V dissociation thus appears to be balanced by two opposite reflexes: the baroceptor reflex, which attempts to compensate for reduction in output, and atrial distension, which reduces peripheral resistance.
On knowledge-based machine translation

This paper describes the design of the knowledge representation medium used for representing concepts and assertions, respectively, in a subworld chosen for a knowledge-based machine translation system. This design is used in the TRANSLATOR machine translation project. The knowledge representation language, or interlingua, has two components, DIL and TIL. DIL stands for 'dictionary of interlingua' and descibes the semantics of a subworld. TIL stands for 'text of interlingua' and is responsible for producing an interlingua text, which represents the meaning of an input text in the terms of the interlingua. We maintain that involved analysis of various types of linguistic and encyclopaedic meaning is necessary for the task of automatic translation. The mechanisms for extracting and manipulating and reproducing the meaning of texts will be reported in detail elsewhere. The linguistic (including the syntactic) knowledge about source and target languages is used by the mechanisms that translate texts into and from the interlingua. Since interlingua is an artificial language, we can (and do, through TIL) control the syntax and semantics of the allowed interlingua elements. The interlingua suggested for TRANSLATOR has a broader coverage than other knowledge representation schemata for natural language. It involves the knowledge about discourse, speech acts, focus, time, space and other facets of the overall meaning of texts.
Antiradiation compounds VII. Long-chain alkyl derivatives of 2-mercaptoethylguanidine

Mono- N -alkyl and N,N '-dialkyl derivatives of 2-mercaptoethylguanidine (MEG) have been synthesized as potential radioprotective agents with the assumption that increase in liposolubility of MEG will improve its radioprotective ability. The compounds were obtained by reaction of bromoethylamine with the appropriate alkylated thiourea to give the corresponding aminoethylisothiouronium bromide hydrobromide, which was rearranged to the desired MEG derivative in alkaline solution. The alkyl MEG hydrobromides, unlike MEGBr itself, could be isolated from aqueous solution. Conversion to the trithiocarbonates generally gave products of better crystalline properties. The structure of the trithiocarbonate of MEG was supported by NMR analysis.
Spectral Analysis of Pulse Frequency Modulation in the Nervous Systems

Spectral analysis is one of the more important design and evaluation tools available to the communications engineer and it could also be a key to increased understanding of the nervous system. Some results of an analysis of the spectrum of the frequency modulated pulses of the nervous system show that 1) change in average pulse frequency is the likely information-carrying parameter of a neural pulse train, since distortion-free recovery of this variable is possible by simple low-pass filtering, and 2) phase relationships existing between signal components and distortion components of a neural pulse train imply unusual distortion attenuating properties of multiple or duplicate information channels. These results are discussed in light of some known nervous system structures.
Creative Artists and Intrapsychic Structure

The recent psychoanalytic literature on creative artists is characterized by a paucity of empirical research. This study reviews some of the main analytic hypotheses, derived from object relations and self-psychology theory, about the intrapsychic structure characterizing artists and empirically tests those suppositions. The Rorschach test was administered to two groups of graduate students: twenty enrolled in Masters of Fine Arts programs and a control group of twenty students enrolled in Masters programs in non-art fields. Test results were analyzed via scoring systems designed to assess pertinent psychoanalytic constructs. Compared to the control subjects, the art students exhibited: more frequent generation of transitional objects; greater fluidity of self/other boundaries; more extensive preoccupation with early separation/individuation issues; more vulnerability to self-fragmentation anxiety; and greater manufacturing of idealized objects.
Factors influencing prognosis

Abstract An attempt is made to assess the usual pretreatment information thought to have prognostic significance in adenocarcinoma of the uterine corpus. Clinical impressions from reported series of treated patients plus results of follow-up on a small number of untreated patients were used. A scheme of expression of relative values for probable prognosis in the form of a formula was constructed. This was done to emphasize the wide variation in patient material which was possible to be accumulated from a prognostic point of view. The possible effects of treatment on these various classes was considered on the basis of this mathematical model.
Hildegard's Historical Memory: The Lives of Saint Disibod and Saint Rupert as Models of Local Salvation History

Although cloistered, Hildegard of Bingen had a remarkable level of awareness of the world around her. As such, when Hildegard requested transfer to a different monastery in the Rhineland, her move was fraught with spiritual and political conflict. Letters exchanged between Hildegard and her superiors reveal the diplomatic yet direct ways in which Hildegard dealt with these conflicts. In addition to these letters, Hildegard composed the lives of two saints, Rupert and Disibod, which she later shared with her former and new monastic communities. When read alongside the letters, these Lives are revealed to be a subtle and sophisticated commentary on the politics of Hildegard’s later monastic life. Not only do the Lives serve as Hildegard’s defense for relocating to Rupertsberg, but they also help ease tensions between the two communities and serve as an instructional salvation history for the members of both monasteries to live by after Hildegard’s death.
Evaluating the appropriateness of speech input in marine applications: a field evaluation

This paper discusses the first of three studies which collectively represent a convergence of two ongoing research agendas: (1) the empirically-based comparison of the effects of evaluation environment on mobile usability evaluation results; and (2) the effect of environment -- in this case lobster fishing boats -- on achievable speech-recognition accuracy. We describe, in detail, our study and outline our results to date based on preliminary analysis. Broadly speaking, the potential for effective use of speech for data collection and vessel control looks very promising -- surprisingly so! We outline our ongoing analysis and further work.
Transmembrane helices 3 and 4 are involved in substrate recognition by the Na+/dicarboxylate cotransporter, NaDC1.

The Na + /dicarboxylate cotransporters (NaDC1) from mouse (m) and rabbit (rb) differ in their ability to handle glutarate. Substrate-dependent inward currents, measured using two-electrode voltage clamp, were similar for glutarate and succinate in Xenopus oocytes expressing mNaDCl. In contrast, currents evoked by glutarate in rbNaDC1 were only about 5% of the succinate-dependent currents. To identify domains involved in glutarate transport, we constructed a series of chimeric transporters between mouse and rabbit NaDC1. Although residues found in multiple transmembrane helices (TM) participate in glutarate transport, the most important contribution is made by TM 3 and 4 and the associated loops. The R(M3-4) chimera, consisting of rbNaDC1 with substitution of TM 3-4 from mNaDCl, had a decreased K 0.5 glutarate of 4 mM compared with 15 mM in wild-type rbNaDCl without any effect on K 0.5 succinate . The chimeras were also characterized using dual-label competitive uptakes with 14 C-glutarate and 3 H-succinate to calculate the transport specificity ratio (TSR), a measure of relative catalytic efficiency with the two substrates. The TSR analysis provides evidence for functional coupling in the transition state between TM 3 and 4. We conclude that TM 3 and 4 contain amino acid residues that are important determinants of substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency in NaDC1.
A MADM justification of a budget reduction decision

Abstract In 1988, a significant budget reduction at the University of Wyoming left the Athletic Department nearly $700,000 short on operating funds compared to the previous biennium. In order to make the necessary monetary cuts, the Athletic Department eliminated the men's and women's varsity ski teams from University sponsorship, thus removing one of the most successful and popular programs from the athletic family. A protest of this action quickly spread throughout the state and the Athletic Department received harsh criticism. However, through the cardinal preference techniques of Multiple Attribute Decision Making, it was determined that the criticism of the Athletic Department for dropping the ski programs was unfounded. But in light of the politics of the situation, after several months of deliberation, the ski programs were eventually reinstated with a greatly reduced budget and the team committed to raise a certain percentage of their monetary requirements through their own fund raising efforts.
Threshold and pattern of electroshock seizures in ataxic manganese-deficient rats.

SummaryElectroshock convulsions were produced in ataxic manganese-deficient rats. The threshold for minimal seizures was significantly lower in the manganese-deficient than in the control animals. During a maximal seizure, duration of the tonic flexor phase was markedly shorter in the deficient than in control rats; duration of the other phases and of postictal depression were similar in both groups. The data are interpreted to mean that brain excitability and convulsability are increased in ataxic manganese-deficient rats; these data may indicate that the brain is involved in the ataxic syndrome characteristic of offspring of manganese-deficient animals.
“Endoscopic balloon extraction of PEG”—a new technique for endoscopic retrieval of retained internal PEG bumper

“Endoscopic balloon extraction of PEG”—a new technique for endoscopic retrieval of retained internal PEG bumper
A paradox of bias: Racial differences in forensic psychiatric diagnosis and determinations of criminal responsibility

Although there is substantial evidence that African Americans receive unequal treatment in both the healthcare and criminal justice systems, less research has investigated the role of race when these two systems converge. Here, we examine the influence of race on patterns of forensic psychiatric diagnosis and determinations of criminal responsibility in pre-trial correctional facilities (e.g., forensic psychiatric hospitals). Data are from a medical chart review of 129 randomly selected competency evaluations that occurred in a pre-trial correctional psychiatric facility. Consistent with previous research, findings indicate that African Americans are disproportionately diagnosed with highly stigmatized psychotic spectrum disorders relative to whites. In addition, they unexpectedly indicate that African Americans are significantly more likely than whites to be found not criminally responsible by the court-appointed evaluating mental health professional, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, number of violent and non-violent charges, and other potential confounding variables. Mediation analysis reveals the important and previously undocumented finding that the effect of race on criminal responsibility determinations is fully mediated by differential diagnosis. This suggests that patterns of racial inequality and potential bias in the diagnostic process may confer medical resources and other benefits for African Americans in the context of the criminal justice system.
β,β′-Linked cofacial bis-porphyrins

The copper(II) porphyrin 1, bearing a fused methylenepropano ring, undergoes an unusual self-sensitized photo-oxygenation reaction in the presence of DBU to give a high yield of a cofacial bis-porphyrin 7 under very mild conditions. The structures of compounds 1 and 7 were confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
The toxicity and pharmacodynamics of EGTA: oral administration to rats and comparisons with EDTA.

Abstract The clinical application of an agent that has the ability to chelate calcium more specifically than it does magnesium would be desirable. Such an agent, ethylene glycol bis-(β-aminoethylether)- N,N,N′,N′ -tetraacetic acid (EGTA), was evaluated in rats. Acute and subchronic oral toxicities were determined. In addition, absorption and excretion characteristics were investigated. The acute oral LD50 for Na 2 H 2 EGTA in male Holtzman rats was found to be 9.43 mmoles/kg compared to 6.25 mmoles/kg reported for Na 2 H 2 EDTA. In subchronic studies, EGTA was compared directly to EDTA by feeding up to 10% by weight of the disodium salt of each agent in the regular chow for 90 days. Both EDTA and EGTA were absorbed to the extent of less than 5% of the subchronic dose. Recovery of these substances from the urine and feces ruled out significant metabolism. The proportion of calcium not bound to chelate decreased as the amount of dietary chelate increased. EGTA was better tolerated in the diet and appeared to be less irritating and less toxic than EDTA.
Streptokinase loading in liposomes for vascular targeted nanomedicine applications: encapsulation efficiency and effects of processing.

Vascular diseases leading to thrombo-occlusion are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Revascularization and restoration of antegrade blood flow is critical for tissue survival ...
COMPARISON OF STRUCTURAL–ACOUSTIC CONTROL DESIGNS ON AN ACTIVE COMPOSITE PANEL

Abstract This work presents a comparison of three technologies for structural–acoustic control that, while prevalent in the literature, had not been compared on a single structure. The comparison is generalizable because the techniques are implemented on a panel structure representative of a more complex structure (e.g., an aircraft fuselage, a submarine vehicle hull, a satellite payload shroud, etc.). The test-bed used for this comparison is a carbon-fiber composite panel manufactured with embedded active fiber composite actuators. Since such integrated structures constitute a continued avenue of research, the manufacturing and performance of this structure is illustrated. The design of the test-bed is guided by an effort to achieve a dynamic response similar to a single panel in a typical aircraft or rotorcraft fuselage. Existing active control architectures for broadband acoustic radiation reduction are compared both analytically and experimentally on a representative structure to quantify the capabilities and limitations of the existing control methodologies. Specifically, three broad categories of control are compared: classical feedback (rate feedback), optimal feedback (linear quadratic Gaussian), and adaptive feedforward control (x -filtered least mean square). The control architectures implemented during this study are all single-input/single-output in order to allow a fair comparison of the issues involved in the design, as well as the use and performance of each approach. Both the vibration and the acoustic performance are recorded for each experiment under equivalent conditions to allow a generalizable comparison. Experimental results lead to conclusions pertaining to the application of active structural-based control to improve the acoustic performance of more complex structures.
Intergranular fracture by slip/grain boundary interaction

The role of interaction between slip dislocations and [110] tilt boundaries in crack nucleation has been analyzed for the face-centered cubic (fcc) and L12 structures. Dislocation absorption into the boundaries is orientation-dependent according to the elastic anisotropy. Whenthe transfer of slip across the boundary is impeded, cleavage fracture is predicted on the (1¯11) plane. Intergranular fracture can be initiated when a symmetric double pileup of primary slip dislocations from both sides of the boundary occurs simultaneously. The available experimental data on slip/grain boundary (GB) interaction and intergranular fracture are in good agreement with the present predictions.
Does radiation exposure produce a protective effect among radiologists

The mortality experience of radiologists compared to that of other physician specialists demonstrates an increased risk of cancer deaths as well as deaths from all causes among physicians practicing in the early years of this century. However, for the radiologists who joined specialty societies after 1940, the age pattern of deaths has changed. Whereas among early entrants, young radiologists had higher mortality rates than those of other specialists, among later entrants, the young radiologists have lower mortality. However, as these later-entrant radiologists age, their rates appear to exceed those of other specialists. Although the level of radiation exposure is unknown, physicians in more recent years usually have lower cumulative doses. Lower radiation exposure may be one of a number of possible explanatory factors for the cross-over from "protected" to "higher risk" status as these physicians age.
Space-time geography of female live-in child domestic workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Live-in child domestic workers in Bangladesh often experience the surveilling power of their employer's gaze as a Foucauldian panopticon, which both disciplines and engages children in forms of self-discipline. I argue that female child domestic workers in particular have a form of ‘thin’ agency whereby they are severely restricted in their abilities to make independent decisions or to act to their own benefit. I ethnographically unpack the concept of thin agency by analyzing material, cultural, spatial and discursive constraints that both employers and female child domestic workers engage in their daily lives.
The transfer of power in South Asia: An historiographical review

(1994). The transfer of power in South Asia: An historiographical review. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 93-114.
Pulmonary microvascular filtration and reflection coefficients in two- and four-week-old rabbits

Abstract Several researchers have determined that pulmonary capillaries in young mammals are significantly more permeable to water and lipid-insoluble solutes than are the pulmonary capillaries in the adult counterparts. Our purpose was to quantify the microvascular fluid flux parameters in 2- and 4-week-old rabbit lungs and to compare our results with adult and newborn data previously reported. Using an isolated, Ringer-perfused lung preparation, we measured the values for the microvascular filtration coefficient and the reflection coefficients for NaCl and albumin. We found a filtration coefficient value of 2.57 × 10 −4 ml/sec-cm H 2 O-m 2 for the 2-week-old population. For the 4-week-old rabbit we evaluated the filtration coefficient to be 3.18 × 10 −4 ml/sec-cm H 2 O-m 2 . These values are normalized for the estimated exchange area, and neither is significantly different from the adult value. The reflection coefficients for NaCl and albumin were measured using an osmotic transient technique. Correcting the albumin data for flow across the endothelial cell membrane, we arrived at the following values for the pulmonary microvascular reflection coefficient of 2- and 4-week-old rabbits, respectively: σ cap alb = 0.17, and σ cap alb = 0.23. Based on these values we estimated the equivalent pore radii of large pores in the pulmonary microvascular wall to be approximately 175 A in the 2-week-old, and 145 A in the 4-week-old rabbits. These results indicate that in the rabbit K f /m 2 has reached the adult value by 2 weeks of age; however, the number of pores increases, and the pore radius decreases, continuously even beyond 4 weeks of age.
Changes in Nurses' Blood Pressure and Heart Rate While Communicating

Cardiovascular responses of nurses were measured during two communication tasks. In the first experiment 40 nurses' blood pressures and heart rates were taken pre, during, and post change-of-shift report. In the second experiment, 30 nurses spoke to an individual nurse and to a group of nurses. Blood pressures and heart rates were recorded pre, during, and post speech in both conditions. Analyses of variances showed that speaking levels of all cardiovascular parameters were higher (p less than .001) than resting levels in both experiments. Blood pressures and heart rates were higher (p less than .0001) in front of a group than in front of an individual. These findings extend previous work that has shown communication alters blood pressure.
Chromium concentrations in serum, blood clot and urine from patients following total hip arthroplasty

Chromium released from implant alloys may be incorporated into organometallic complexes as Cr3+[Cr(III)] or Cr6+[Cr(VI)]. Since Cr(VI) is far more biologically active than Cr(III), there is considerable interest in identifying the valence state that predominates in corrosion products, either vitro or in vivo. It is known that erythrocytes display a unidirectional uptake of Cr(VI) while effectively excluding Cr(III). Thus it was felt that a study of the chromium content of blood clot in comparison to chromium concentrations in serum and urine, could shed light on the valency question. Fourteen patients who received conventional polymethylmethacrylate cemented cobalt-chromium alloy/ ultra high molecular weight polyethylene total hip replacements as well as seven control patients who underwent orthopaedic procedures without implantation were studied. Blood and urine specimens were obtained preoperatively, post-operatively and, for total hip patients, at routine early follow up. Chromium content was determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy. A significant post-operative rise in serum chromium content was observed for total hip replacement patients, as previously reported, but not for control patients. Unexpected day-to-day variations in clot chromium content without significant increases, were also observed. Longer time studies are required to determine chromium valence states in corrosion products in this model.
Classical theism, panentheism, and pantheism: on the relation between god construction and gender construction

Abstract. The argument of this article is that, philosophically, there are but three broad conceptual models that Western thought employs in thinking about the meaning of God. At the level of greatest generality, these are the models known as classical theism, pantheism, and panentheism. The essay surveys and updates these three conceptual models in light of recent writings, finds more flaws in classical theism and panentheism than in pantheism, and suggests a feminist response to each.
Supportive Care in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Although the central focus of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the pathology within the lung, ARDS is very much a systemic disease. As such, the whole body needs care and support while the disease process within the lung runs its course. The issues of pain management, sedation, fluid balance, nutrition, metabolic and hormonal processes, infection control, and patient positioning are important for any patient in a critical care setting. For patients with ARDS, the required ventilatory support and ARDS-associated systemic inflammation mandate the above supportive measures.
Real-time truck dispatching using a transportation algorithm

ABSTRACT The efficiency of a multi-stage dispatching model depends on the capability of the real-time dispatching algorithm to implement production maximization and quality control goals. In this paper, the formulation, development and validation of a transportation algorithm for real-time dispatching is presented. Needy shovels are selected to minimize the deviation of the cumulative tonnage of each shovel route from the target. Trucks are assigned to needy shovels in order to minimize the total waiting time of both shovels and trucks and maximize production. The dispatching system's response to shovel and truck breakdowns is investigated. The algorithm results in a significant production increase and the running average of each ore quality is kept on target, even in the event of a shovel breakdown.
Socioeconomic status and children's health.

This article explores the relationship between socioeconomic status and three common children's health problems: ear disease, hearing loss, and vision problems. Data are from a household survey and independent clinical examination of 1,063 black children in Washington, D.C. In the study sample, all three problems had a U-shaped relationship to income, with significantly higher prevalences among both upper- and lower-income children than the middle-income group, even controlling statistically for other socioeconomic factors. Except for past illness, income was generally the strongest determinant of children's health, followed by housing crowding and neighborhood income level. Some risk factors varied between upper- and lower-income children. Doctor contacts seemed to reduce illness among poor children but not among the more affluent, while the use of "private" rather than "public" settings did not appear to benefit either group. Policy implications are discussed.
An Epidemic Process in an Open Population

IN general an epidemic process can be characterized as a time-dependent process of transition by the members of a population, where the state transitions are caused by exposure to some influence called infectious material. The members of the population can belong to one of three basic states at a given point in time: (a) Infective, those members of the population who are host to the infectious material; (b) Susceptible, those members of the population who can become infectives given effective contact with infectious material; (c) Removal, those members of the population who have been removed from circulation for one of a variety of reasons such as death, immunity, hospitalization, etc.