cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A discussion of integral transform radial basis functions

Abstract An improved transform function is given for the helium atom ground state. This function satisfies the nuclear cusp condition and yields an energy very close to the Hartree-Fock value. Applications of this transform are discussed.
Stimulation of adipogenesis of adult adipose-derived stem cells using substrates that mimic the stiffness of adipose tissue.

Biochemical and biomechanical extracellular matrix (ECM) cues have recently been shown to play a role in stimulating stem cell differentiation towards several lineages, though how they combine to induce adipogenesis has been less well studied. The objective of this study was to recapitulate both the ECM composition and mechanical properties of adipose tissue in vitro to stimulate adipogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) in the absence of exogenous adipogenic growth factors and small molecules. Adipose specific ECM biochemical cues have been previously shown to influence adipogenic differentiation; however, the ability of biomechanical cues to promote adipogenesis has been less defined. Decellularized human lipoaspirate was used to functionalize polyacrylamide gels of varying stiffness to allow the cells to interact with adipose-specific ECM components. Culturing ASCs on gels that mimicked the native stiffness of adipose tissue (2 kPa) significantly upregulated adipogenic markers, in the absence of exogenous adipogenic growth factors and small molecules. As substrate stiffness increased, the cells became more spread, lost their rounded morphology, and failed to upregulate adipogenic markers. Together these data imply that as with other lineages, mechanical cues are capable of regulating adipogenesis in ASCs.
Sequential Therapy With Tamoxifen and Aromatase Inhibitors in Early-Stage Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: A Review of the Evidence

Purpose/objectives To review the available evidence for the emerging role of aromatase inhibitors (AIs) in postmenopausal women with hormone-sensitive early-stage breast cancer. Data sources Studies published in journals indexed in PubMed and abstracts and presentations from international conferences. Data synthesis Switching to an AI improves survival and reduces cancer recurrence in postmenopausal women who have received two or three years of adjuvant tamoxifen treatment but presents challenges with regard to patient selection, cost, and management of treatment-related adverse events such as bone loss and arthralgia. Conclusions Third-generation AIs have the potential to significantly improve clinical outcomes in postmenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer, although the optimal treatment regimen for individual patients has yet to be determined. Implications for nursing Oncology nurses play a vital role in identifying patients suitable for AI therapy, educating patients about their treatment, and preventing and managing treatment-related adverse events.
Illusory concomitant motion in ambiguous stereograms: evidence for nonstimulus contributions to perceptual organization.

Three experiments were performed to test whether perceptual organization is cognitively or motivationaUy penetrable. In Experiments l and 2, subjects viewed a reversible stereogram while instructed to hold one depth organization. Responses about depth were recorded indirectly by recording responses about direction of the illusory concomitant motion that is perceptually coupled to depth in a stereogram. Inasmuch as perceptually coupled variables covary without necessary stimulus covariation, a postperceptual locus for any intention effects they exhibit is unlikely. Experiments 2 and 3 examined the possibility that instructed intention might influence perception indirectly by influencing eye movements: Viewers' vergence position was measured directly through responses about alignment of a vernier nonius fixation. In all three experiments, a residual effect of instructed intention was found. Therefore, instructed intention may influence perceptual organization by influencing internal nonstimulus components integral to the perceptual process.
A Comparison of Eligibility Criteria and Their Impact on Minority Representation in LD Programs

The purpose of this study was to determine if the application of a regression equation to a standard score formula or the use of two different low-achievement cut-off criteria would equalize the proportion of white to African-American students made eligible for learning disabilities and to determine the possible effects of other aspects of the eligibility process. The authors reviewed 6,036 LD eligibility reports from 137 school systems that represent 88% of the Georgia student population. The results indicate that the regression equation and the two low-achievement cut-off criteria significantly increase the number of both white and African-American students who would be eligible for LD when compared to the standard score formula only. However, none of these alternative criteria was successful in equalizing the proportion of white to African-American students. The authors examine the issues of disproportionate referral of students, the use of IQ-achievement discrepancy criteria, and the question of how students with low IQs will be served.
Mapping functional domains of the guanylate cyclase regulator protein, GCAP-2.

Abstract Guanylate cyclase regulator protein (GCAP)-2 is a Ca2+-binding protein that regulates photoreceptor outer segment membrane guanylate cyclase (RetGC) in a Ca2+-sensitive manner. GCAP-2 activates RetGC at free Ca2+ concentrations below 100 nm, characteristic of light-adapted photoreceptors, and inhibits RetGC when free Ca2+ concentrations are above the 500 nmlevel, characteristic of dark-adapted photoreceptors. We have mapped functional domains in GCAP-2 by using deletion mutants and chimeric proteins in which parts of GCAP-2 were substituted with corresponding fragments of other closely related recoverin-like proteins that do not regulate RetGC. We find that in addition to the EF-hand Ca2+-binding centers there are three regions that contain GCAP-2-specific sequences essential for regulation of RetGC. 1) The region between Phe78 and Asp113 determines whether GCAP-2 activates outer segment RetGC in low or high Ca2+ concentrations. Substitution of this domain with the corresponding region from neurocalcin causes a paradoxical behavior of the chimeric proteins. They activate RetGC only at high and not at low Ca2+ concentrations. 2) The amino acid sequence of GCAP-2 between Lys29 and Phe48 that includes the EF-hand-related motif EF-1 is essential both for activation of RetGC at low Ca2+ and inhibition at high Ca2+concentrations. Most of the remaining N-terminal region can be substituted with recoverin or neurocalcin sequences without loss of GCAP-2 function. 3) Region Val171–Asn189, adjacent to the C-terminal EF-4 contributes to activation of RetGC, but it is not essential for the ability of Ca2+-loaded GCAP-2 to inhibit RetGC. Other regions of the molecule can be substituted with the corresponding fragments from neurocalcin or recoverin, or even partially deleted without preventing GCAP-2 from regulating RetGC. Substitution of these three domains in GCAP-2 with corresponding neurocalcin sequences also affects activation of individual recombinant RetGC-1 and RetGC-2 expressed in HEK293 cells.
CYTOKINE EXPRESSION IN THE RAT ADRENAL CORTEX

The rat adrenal cortex produces the cytokines interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-1alpha, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, interferon-gamma inducing factor, and transforming growth factor-beta1. Interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor are localized to the zona glomerulosa. In contrast, interferon-gamma inducing factor is localized to the zona reticularis and fasciculata. Transforming growth factor-beta1 is localized to the zona fasciculata. Endotoxin and interleukin-1 increase interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor release from adrenal cells. In contrast, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, adenosine, serotonin, and dopamine increase adrenal interleukin-6 release, but inhibit tumor necrosis factor release. These secretagogues also increase interleukin-6 mRNA content of adrenal cells. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone decreases transforming growth factor beta1 content of adrenal glands. Endotoxin increases adrenal expression of mRNA for macrophage migration inhibitory factor, but decreases the tissue content of this protein. Endotoxin increases the expression of interleukin-1beta mRNA. Cold stress increases the expression of mRNA for interferon-gamma inducing factor. Therefore, cytokines are differentially expressed in the adrenal cortex and the release and production of these cytokines are regulated selectively. Because cytokines have effects on adrenal function and are differentially regulated, they may play autocrine/paracrine roles in regulating the adrenal gland.
Alliance Behavior in Balance of Power Systems: Applying a Poisson Model to Nineteenth-Century Europe

This paper is a partial systematic test of Morton A. Kaplan's “theory” of alliance behavior in balance of power international systems first proposed in his well-known System and Process in International Politics (1957). Three hypotheses are inferred from Kaplan's writings predicting that in a stable balance of power system, (a) alliances will occur randomly with respect to time; (b) the time intervals between alliances will also be randomly distributed; and (c) a decline in systemic alliance formation rates precedes system changing events, such as general war. We check these hypotheses by applying probability theory, specifically a Poisson model, to the analysis of new data on fifty-five alliances among the five major European powers during the period 1814–1914. Because our research questions are so general, our findings should not be regarded as definitive; however, the data very strongly support our hypotheses. We conclude that Kaplan's verbal model of a balance of power international system has had its credibility enhanced as a result of this paper.
Advances in treatment for relapses and refractory multiple myeloma

Recent advances in the treatment of multiple myeloma have resulted in improved response rates and overall survival in patients with multiple myeloma. These advances are largely due to thalidomide-, lenalidomide-, and bortezomib-based combinations that have improved response rates, not only in patients with untreated disease, but also in those with relapsed and/or refractory myeloma, in some cases producing response rates up to 85%. Eventually, however, nearly all patients relapse, emphasizing a continuing role for the introduction of investigational agents that overcome drug resistance. This article will review the current role for thalidomide, lenalidomide, and bortezomib-based combinations, as well as some preliminary findings for promising investigational agents currently in clinical trials for patients with relapsed and/or refractory disease.
Identification of a peptide specific for Aplysia sensory neurons by PCR-based differential screening

In order to identify genes specific for the sensory neurons of Aplysia, a miniaturized differential screening method based on the polymerase chain reaction and applicable to small amounts of tissue was used. One messenger RNA was isolated that is expressed in every mechanoreceptor sensory cluster of the Aplysia central nervous system. This messenger RNA encodes a peptide that seems to function as an inhibitory cotransmitter. The peptide selectively inhibits certain postsynaptic cells but not others and thereby allows the sensory neurons to achieve target-specific synaptic actions.
Multi-corner, energy-delay optimized, NBTI-aware flip-flop design

With the CMOS transistors being scaled to sub 45nm and lower, Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) has become a major concern due to its impact on PMOS transistor aging process and the corresponding reduction in the long-term reliability of CMOS circuits. This paper investigates the effect of NBTI phenomenon on the setup and hold times of flip-flops. First, it is shown that NBTI tightens the setup and hold timing constraints imposed on the flip-flops in the design. Second, an efficient algorithm is introduced for characterizing the codependent setup and hold time (CSHT) contours. Third, we introduce a multi- corner optimization problem to minimize the energy-delay product of the flip-flops. The optimization relies on mathematical programming to find the best transistor sizes. Finally, we apply our proposed optimization formulation on True Single-Phase Clock (TSPC) flip-flops and show the simulation results.1
Nanopowder deposition by supersonic rectangular jet impingement

With a view toward developing the next generation of coatings using nanopowders, a cold gas dynamic spray (CGDS) technique has been investigated. In this method, a powder feeder is used to inject nanopowder agglomerates into a supersonic rectangular jet, with a design Mach number of 3.2. The powder particles gain speeds of up to 700 m/s through momentum transfer from the jet and bond to the substrate surface due to kinetic energy dissipation. Coatings of copper and nano-WC/10% Co on steel and aluminum substrates (3 to 5 µm in thickness) have been produced. The benefit of this process is that the material does not undergo any chemical changes during coating formation. To improve the quality of the coatings produced, the flapping motions produced by supersonic jet impingement were studied. Powder particle velocities and the jet impingement flow field were quantified using particle image velocimetry (PIV).
Management Strategies When Working with Female Prisoners

Abstract Scholars and practitioners have noted the potential for using understanding and language about the unique needs of women offenders to justify special controls over them in the prison setting. Using data from a national study of innovative management and programming strategies among correctional administrators, the present research examines management approaches needed for women, with a focus on the degree to which some administrators use stereotypes and/or perceived needs of women offenders in their rationale for choosing particular management strategies. Approximately 80 percent of the respondents reported that there is a need to use different management techniques for male and female prisoners. About half of these respondents noted that these differing management techniques are related to interpersonal skills and communication followed by programming needs and differences in general needs.
Doppler echocardiographic assessment of an impedance-based dual-chamber rate-responsive pacemaker

Abstract Rate-responsive pacing allows patients with chronotropic incompetence to achieve more physiologic heart rate responses to exercise. One sensor currently being investigated uses impedance-derived measurements of changes in right ventricular stroke volume to after the pacing rate. Correlation of pacemaker-derived measurements of stroke volume with an accepted method of stroke volume measurement has not been performed. The relative changes in impedance-derived stroke volume were compared in 10 patients with an impedance-based dual-chamber rate-responsive pacemaker (Precept™ DR, Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc.) with simultaneous Doppler echocardiographic measurements of right and left ventricular stroke volume. These comparisons were made during pacing at 2 heart rates (70 and 100 beats/ min) and 3 AV intervals (150, 200 and 250 ms) while in a supine resting state, during lower body negative pressure to −30 mm Hg, and while performing 25% maximal handgrip. Pacemaker-derived stroke volume decreased by 7 to 11% and Doppler time-velocity integral measurements decreased by 14 to 19% in response to an increase in pacing rate (p = NS). There was also no significant difference by either technique in the mean stroke volume change when the atrioventricular interval was varied. Both techniques detected a decrease in stroke volume during lower body negative pressure, ranging from −7 to −20% by pacemaker, and −17 to −38% by Doppler. Overall, the pacemaker stroke volume measurements responded in an appropriate direction to each intervention, signaling the pacemaker's ability to detect directional change in stroke volume. The Precept DR may aid in the programming of parameters such as atrioventricular interval and heart rate by allowing for optimization of stroke volume in individual patients.
Modeling the evolutionary dynamics of plasmids in spatial populations

One of the processes by which microorganisms are able to rapidly adapt to changing conditions is horizontal gene transfer, whereby an organism incorporates additional genetic material from sources other than its parent. These genetic elements may encode a wide variety of beneficial traits. Under certain conditions, many computational models capture the evolutionary dynamics of adaptive behaviors such as toxin production, quorum sensing, and biofilm formation, and have even provided new insights into otherwise unknown or misunderstood phenomena. However, such models rarely incorporate horizontal gene transfer, so they may be incapable of fully representing the vast repertoire of behaviors exhibited by natural populations. Although models of horizontal gene transfer exist, they rarely account for the spatial structure of populations, which is often critical to adaptive behaviors.In this work we develop a spatial model to examine how conjugation, one mechanism of horizontal gene transfer, can be maintained in populations. We investigate how both the costs of transfer and the benefits conferred affect evolutionary outcomes. Further, we examine how rates of transmission evolve, allowing this system to adapt to different environments. Through spatial models such as these, we can gain a greater understanding of the conditions under which horizontally-acquired behaviors are evolved and are maintained.
Hostility, stress and symptoms of depression

Abstract In a non-clinical sample of traditional and non-traditional college students, neurotic hostility, which is a measure of the experience of anger, was a good predictor of symptoms of depression, whereas expressive hostility, which is a measure of the outward expression of anger, was a weak predictor. Stress was also associated with symptoms of depression, and neurotic hostility predicted more total stress and greater stress from interpersonal, personal competency, and cognitive Stressors, but not from environmental or varied Stressors than expressive hostility, which did not differ from low hostility. These findings were consistent with our recent characterizations of neurotic and expressive hostility in terms of associated traits within a comprehensive five-factor model of personality.
The Deposition of Pt via Electroless Surface Limited Redox Replacement

Abstract This work demonstrates the furthering of Electroless Surface Limited Redox Replacement (ESLRR) to the deposition of Pt on polycrystalline Au through the displacement of Pb and Cu. Pb and Cu executive electrodes are initially explored utilizing their respective cations as sacrificial mediators, and a green Pd-H electrode is also explored with Pb2+ mediation. Mixed potential diagrams are presented in order to predict the potential of each executive electrode, and potential-time curves are presented to demonstrate both the transient and steady-state behavior for each respective electrode. Pb and Cu exhibit expected mixed potential behavior with immediate potential establishment whereas the Pd-H electrode exhibits slow steady-state potential realization. The deposition of Pt on the Pd-H (Pt, Pd-H) electrode improves the kinetics of H absorption and desorption resulting in viability of the electrode. Pt films grown by ESLRR up to 200 replacement events are characterized electrochemically via H UPD. Films deposited via Pb mediation exhibit slow surface area evolution whereas the surface area development is much faster when Cu mediation is used. Morphology characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy, up to 10 displacement events, exhibits uniform nucleation followed by cluster growth, overlapping and eventual merging during subsequent ESLRR cycles.
A comparison of absolute and relative changes in precipitation in multimodel climate projection

This study compares two methods of multimodel averaging for the future projection of precipitation based on the classically defined absolute and relative climate changes. In the relative change scheme, the multimodel average of the percentage changes in precipitation is multiplied by the observed present climate to form the future projection; this method is equivalent to applying unequal weighting to the absolute change scheme which potentially implies a bias correction. The new scheme and the classical equal weight scheme for the absolute change do not produce radically different large-scale patterns of the trend in precipitation. Nevertheless, notable differences emerge in regional scales. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
The contributions of selected diseases to disparities in death rates and years of life lost for racial/ethnic minorities in the United States, 1999-2010.

INTRODUCTION: Differences in risk for death from diseases and other causes among racial/ethnic groups likely contributed to the limited improvement in the state of health in the United States in the last few decades. The objective of this study was to identify causes of death that are the largest contributors to health disparities among racial/ethnic groups. METHODS: Using data from WONDER system, we measured the relative (age-adjusted mortality ratio [AAMR]) and absolute (difference in years of life lost [dYLL]) differences in mortality risk between the non-Hispanic white population and the black, Hispanic, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Asian/Pacific Islander populations for the 25 leading causes of death. RESULTS: Many causes contributed to disparities between non-Hispanic whites and blacks, led by assault (AAMR, 7.56; dYLL, 4.5 million). Malignant neoplasms were the second largest absolute contributor (dYLL, 3.8 million) to black-white disparities; we also found substantial relative and absolute differences for several cardiovascular diseases. Only assault, diabetes, and diseases of the liver contributed substantially to disparities between non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics (AAMR ≥ 1.65; dYLL ≥ 325,000). Many causes of death, led by assault (AAMR, 3.25; dYLL, 98,000), contributed to disparities between non-Hispanic whites and American Indians/Alaska Natives; Asian/Pacific Islanders did not have a higher risk than non-Hispanic whites for death from any disease. CONCLUSION: Assault was a substantial contributor to disparities in mortality among non-Asian racial/ethnic minority populations. Research and intervention resources need to target diseases (such as diabetes and diseases of the liver) that affect certain racial/ethnic populations. Language: en
Hyperspectral imaging of functional patterns for disease assessment and treatment monitoring

We have designed and built a six-band multi-spectral NIR imaging system used in clinical testing on cancer patients. From our layered tissue model, we create blood volume and blood oxygenation images for patient treatment monitoring.
Enhanced production of Pacific dulse (Palmaria mollis) for co-culture with abalone in a land-based system: effects of stocking density, light, salinity, and temperature

Abstract Palmaria mollis or Pacific dulse is used as both a biofilter and feed in temperate, land-based marine aquaculture of abalone and finfish. Land-based tumble-culture techniques capable of producing commercial quantities of P. mollis are still in development. In this study the effects of stocking density, light, salinity, and temperature on growth rates and yields of P. mollis were examined. Under a natural photon flux density (PFD) of 39–52 mol photons m −2 day −1 an aerial stocking density of 3–4 kg m −2 provided highest yields. Specific growth rates of P. mollis were highly correlated with specific light densities (SLD) over a range from 0.0048 to 0.036 mol photons g −1 [fresh wt.] day −1 and no light saturation was evident at a culture temperature of 16±1 °C. Growth of P. mollis was highest at a salinity of 30±1‰, whether municipal tap water or brackish well water was used for diluting seawater. Optimal temperature for growth was 12 °C at low light intensities (SLD=0.010 mol photons g −1 day −1 ) and 14–18 °C at high light intensities (SLD=0.021 mol photons g −1 day −1 ). Growth at higher temperatures was positively correlated with increasing light. Lowering culture temperature at night from 15 to 11 °C significantly increased growth for cultures that were not supplied with supplemental inorganic carbon.
Well-posedness and regularity of boundary feedback parabolic systems

A general second order parabolic equation is considered with both Dirichlet or mixed (in particular, Neumann) input function acting on the boundary S of the bounded spatial domain Ω. The distinctive new feature is that the input function is demanded to be expressed in feedback form, i.e. as a linear operator (of finite dimensional range) of the solution, continuous from Hs(Ω) into Lp(S), for some non-negative real s and for p ⩾ 1. Well posedness and regularity results of the resulting closed loop system are established in appropriate functions spaces. The results are illustrated by examples of physical interest.
Unusual supernumerary chromosomes: types encountered in a referred population, and high incidence of associated maternal chromosome abnormalities.

In a 6-year period 128 patients with supernumerary autosomes were identified in our laboratory. The majority had “primary” trisomy, but 19 (15%) had extra, unusual chromosomes, not just a normal chromosome present in an extra copy. Of these, 18 were complex and did not resemble any one part of the standard chromosome complement. There was a preponderance of females among the 19 cases. Chromosome analysis of the parents in the 14 most recent cases revealed maternal chromosome abnormalities in 11 (79%). Of these 11, eight mothers had balanced reciprocal translocations; nondisjunction led to the smaller of their translocation chromosomes being passed on as the supernumerary chromosome in their offspring. Thus, nondisjunction of maternal translocations accounts for a major proportion of the unusual supernumerary chromosomes found by our laboratory. Advanced maternal age was noted in this group of mothers. Three mothers had supernumerary chromosomes themselves. We conclude that unusual supernumerary chromosomes (1) are not rare among patients referred for chromosome studies; (2) are generally not simple products of breakage; (3) are very frequently the result of malsegregation of a balanced maternal reciprocal translocation; and (4) are very difficult to characterize unless a balanced parental translocation is identified. Parental karyotypes should be obtained whenever a patient has an extra, unusual chromosome.
A tool for fast indexing and querying of graphs

We present a tool called GiS for indexing and querying a large database of labeled, undirected graphs. Such graphs can model chemical compounds, represent contact maps constructed from 3D structure of proteins, and so forth. GiS supports exact subgraph matching and approximate graph matching queries. It adopts a suite of new techniques and algorithms for (a) fast construction of disk-based indexes with small index sizes, and (b) efficient query processing with high precision of matching. During the demo, the user can index real graph datasets using a recommendation facility in GiS, pose exact subgraph matching and approximate graph matching queries, and view matching graphs using the Jmol browser.
Rapid and modifiable neurotransmitter receptor dynamics at a neuronal synapse in vivo

Synaptic plasticity underlies the adaptability of the mammalian brain, but has been difficult to study in living animals. Here we imaged the synapses between pre- and postganglionic neurons in the mouse submandibular ganglion in vivo, focusing on the mechanisms that maintain and regulate neurotransmitter receptor density at postsynaptic sites. Normally, synaptic receptor densities were maintained by rapid exchange of receptors with nonsynaptic regions (over minutes) and by continual turnover of cell surface receptors (over hours). However, after ganglion cell axons were crushed, synaptic receptors showed greater lateral mobility and there was a precipitous decline in insertion. These changes led to near-complete loss of synaptic receptors and synaptic depression. Disappearance of postsynaptic spines and presynaptic terminals followed this acute synaptic depression. Therefore, neurotransmitter receptor dynamism associated with rapid changes in synaptic efficacy precedes long-lasting structural changes in synaptic connectivity.
Complementary use of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in assessing skull base lesions

Twenty-six patients underwent computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of skull base lesions at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. CT provided improved bone detail, documenting invasion of the lamina papyracea, orbital floor, fovea ethmoidalis, cribriform plate, pterygoid plates, hard palate, and skull base. MRI defined invasion of the orbit, dura, brain, and cavernous sinus. Improved soft-tissue-tumor interface was evident on MRI. MRI was superior to CT in determining carotid artery involvement. MRI distinguished between tumor and retained secretions in the paranasal sinuses. Combining radiographic tumor staging reliably predicted surgical findings; however, MRI consistently yielded sufficient diagnostic information and the additional expense of performing two imaging procedures may not be justified.
Papules in the Axillae of a Woman.

Awoman in her early 40s presented with a 6-month history of rash in the bilateral axillae. The areas involvedwere not itchy or tender but bothered her cosmetically. The patient reported using an aluminumcontainingantiperspirantsprayforyearsbefore theonsetof theeruptionbuthadsince discontinueduseofdeodorantsor antiperspirants without improvement in her lesions. Hermedical history was significant only for epilepsy, and her daily medications included lamotrigine and cholecalciferol. Physical examination revealed multiple red-brown to purplish follicular papules and nodules in bilateral axillae with focal areas of scarring (Figure 1). No facial lesions were noted. She did not improve with multiple medications, including topical antifungals, topical corticosteroids, oral ketoconazole, topical dapsone, doxycycline(40mg/d),minocycline(100mgtwicedaily),acombination ofamoxicillinandclavulanate,and intralesional triamcinoloneacetonide. A4-mmpunchbiopsywas performedon the right axilla for evaluation. Quiz at jamadermatology.com Figure 1. Clinical examination findings. Multiple red-brown papules within the axilla bilaterally.
Form and Objective of the Decision Rule in Absolute Identification

In several conditions of a line length identification experiment, the subjects’ decision making strategies were systematically biased against the responses on the edges of the stimulus range. When the range and number of the stimuli were small, the bias caused the percentage of correct responses to be highest in the center and lowest on the extremes of the range. Two general classes of decision rules that would explain these results are considered. The first class assumes that subjects intend to adopt an optimal decision rule, but systematically misrepresent one or more parameters of the decision making context. The second class assumes that subjects use a different measure of performance than the one assumed by the experimenter: instead of maximizing the chances of a correct response, the subject attempts to minimize the expected size of the response error (a “fidelity criterion”). In a second experiment, extended experience and feedback did not diminish the bias effect, but explicitly penalizing all response errors equally, regardless of their size, did reduce or eliminate it in some subjects. Both results favor the fidelity criterion over the optimal rule.
Sensitivity methods for economic dispatch of hydroelectric plants

Sensitivity methods of mathematical programming may be used for controlling a constrained sample-data process. This paper develops a controller for the economical dispatch of a group of hydroelectric power plants. The power plant and transmission system models are described, including the constraining relationships such as maximum and minimum plant ratings. A brief description of the gradient method employed for determining optimum schedules is offered, as well as a description of the technique for generating the matrix of feedback coefficients for the system state variables. The condition of indeterminacy (degeneracy) is described and discussed. Numerical examples of control simulation are offered.
A NONLINEAR DYNAMICS PERSPECTIVE OF WOLFRAM'S NEW KIND OF SCIENCE PART III: PREDICTING THE UNPREDICTABLE

We prove rigorously the four cellular automata local rules 110, 124, 137 and 193 have identical dynamic behaviors capable of universal computations. We exploit Felix Klein's remarkable Vierergruppe to partition the 256 local rules studied empirically by Wolfram into 89 global equivalence classes of which only 50 may exhibit complex dynamics. We define a 24-element rotation group which induces 30 local equivalence classes of nonlinear difference equations whose parameters can be mapped into each other among members of the same class.
Hydrolysis constants and ion-interaction parameters for Cd(II) in zero to high concentrations of NaOH−KOH, and the solubility product of crystalline Cd(OH)2

The solubility of Cd(OH)2(c) was studied in 0.01M NaClO4 solutions, from both the over- and the undersaturation directions, with OH− ion concentration ranging from 10−6 to 1.0 mol-L−1, and the equilibration period ranging from 2 to 28 days. Equilibrium Cd concentrations were reached in less than 2 days. The Cd(OH)2(c) solubility showed an amphoteric behavior. In the entire range of OH−/H+ investigated, the only dominant aqueous Cd(II) species required to explain the solubility of Cd(OH)2(c) are Cd2+, Cd(OH)20, and Cd(OH)42−. The logarithms of the thermodynamic equilibrium constants of the Cd(OH)2(c) solubility reactions involving these species, that is, the reactions $$\begin{gathered} {\text{ }}Cd(OH)_2 (c) \rightleftarrows Cd^{2 + } + 20H^ - ,{\text{ }}Cd(OH)_2 (c) \rightleftarrows Cd(OH)_2^0 , \hfill \\ and Cd(OH)_2 (c) + 20H^ - \rightleftarrows Cd(OH)_4^{2 - } \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ were found to be −14.14±0.21, −7.04±0.21, and −5.62±0.32, respectively. The ion-interaction parameters reported in the literature, in conjunction with the values for Cd(OH)20−Na+(−0.20), Cd(OH)42−−Na+ (β0 = 0.41, β1 = 0.7), and Cd(OH)42−−K+ (β0 = 0.44, β1 = 1.44) obtained in this study, show that our low-ionic strength solubility data are also consistent with Cd(OH)2(c) solubility data obtained in solutions as concentrated as 10M in NaOH or KOH and 7M in Na(OH, ClO4).
Toxicological and pathological studies with 3,3-dimethyl-1-phenyltriazene: with special reference to hepatic damage.

SummaryThe toxicity of 3,3-dimethyl-1-phenyltriazene has been described in various laboratory mammals. The agent produced a “neurological” disturbance in mice resembling that seen in the congenitally abnormal “waltzing” or “shaker” strains. In rats lesions were prominent in hematopoietic tissues and in the kidney. In dogs an unusual hepatic lesion was induced which was associated with a variety of disturbances in liver function. The effects of the compound were discussed with respect to possible transformation in vivo into phenyldiazonium and various derivatives of the latter substance. Hepatic insufficiency, renal damage, and hematopoietic depression should be anticipated in clinical trials with the agent.
Neural networks for equation renumbering

Abstract An updated version of the Profile Front Minimization (PFM) nodal renumbering algorithm is presented. The new version includes an artificial neural network application that enables greatly improved profile and wavefront characteristics. The algorithm is compared to other commonly used algorithms. The comparisons are based on a set of standard test problems proposed by Everstine. The results indicate that, in most cases, PFM produces better profile and wavefront values than other methods. In addition, the algorithm is efficient in terms of storage requirements and code size, making it easy to implement in existing finite element codes.
Secondary organic aerosol characterisation at field sites across the United States during the spring–summer period

Sources of secondary organic carbon at 15 field sites across the United States (U.S.) during the years 2003–2010 have been examined. Filter samples have been taken for 24-h at a site in Research Tr...
Heuristic modeling of drug delivery to malignant brain tumors

It is apparent that chemotherapy against malignant brain tumors is generally ineffective. While some agents are more effective than others, none appreciably alters the clinical course of and the poor prognosis for patients with brain tumors. Even though new and more effective agents are being or will be developed, chemotherapy depends as much on the delivery of drug as it does on the drug used. Therefore, we have defined factors that we believe are of primary importance in drug delivery to brain tumors, and, using computer simulation, we have modeled the effects of these factors. In this article we discuss (a) the extent of the "breakdown" in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that accompanies the development of malignant tumors in the brain, (b) factors that influence drug transport from tumor capillaries to tumor cells at varying distances from the capillaries, (c) the problems inherent in drug delivery from a well-vascularized tumor outward to normal brain tissue that might harbor malignant cells but that does not have leaky vessels (i.e., normal BBB), and (d) the difficulties in drug delivery from a well-perfused, highly permeable outer tumor shell to a central, poorly perfused tumor core.
Prolonged activation of rat lung ornithine decarboxylase in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension.

Polyamines are believed to have an essential role in cellular growth and differentiation. Activation of ornithine decarboxylase, the initial rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, is an early event characteristic of cell growth processes. Monocrotaline-induced pneumotoxicity is associated with cellular hypertrophy and proliferation, most notably pronounced medial thickening of pulmonary arterioles and hypertrophy of right ventricular myocardial cells. We reasoned that polyamines may be causally related to these events and, therefore, elevations in lung and right ventricular ornithine decarboxylase activities might precede development of pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy. To test this hypothesis adult male rats were given monocrotaline (105 mg/kg, s.c.); lung and right and left ventricular ornithine decarboxylase activities, pulmonary artery pressure, and right ventricular hypertrophy were assessed at 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, 16 and 21 days post treatment. Lung ornithine decarboxylase activity was increased approximately 8-fold on day 1 and remained elevated through day 7. Right ventricular ornithine decarboxylase activity was not elevated above control values at any time. Elevated pulmonary artery pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy were not apparent until day 16 and day 14 respectively. Thus, sustained activation of lung ornithine decarboxylase occurred at least 1 week prior to the development of pulmonary hypertension, suggesting that polyamines may play an important role in the pulmonary vascular remodeling that accompanies monocrotaline-induced pneumotoxicity.
Simultaneous enantioseparation and sensitive detection of eight β‐blockers using capillary electrochromatography‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry

The feasibility of using vancomycin chiral stationary phase (CSP) and polar organic eluent is investigated for simultaneous enantioseparation of eight beta-blockers using CEC coupled to ESI mass spectrometric detection (ESI-MS). The internally tapered capillaries were utilized to pack CEC-MS columns. As compared to externally tapered columns, the use of internally tapered columns demonstrated enhanced stability, durability, and reproducibility. A mixture containing methanol/ACN/acetic acid/triethylamine at 70:30:1.6:0.2 v/v/v/v was considered as optimum mobile phase since it provided a good compromise between resolution and analysis time. As expected, sheath liquid and ESI-MS parameters mainly influenced the detection sensitivity. Interestingly, structural information of beta-blockers was available by varying the MS fragmentor voltage using in-house CID in the scan mode. In order to maximize the chiral/achiral resolution, various column-coupling approaches using teicoplanin as complementary CSP to vancomycin were tested. Several changes in the elution order of beta-blockers were observed using multimodal CSPs with some improvement in chiral or achiral resolution. The quantitative aspects of the CEC-MS method were demonstrated using R- and S-talinolol as internal standards. The calibration curves of beta-blockers showed good linearity in the range of 3-600 microM. The enantiomer of beta-blockers at a concentration of 30 nM was detectable. Furthermore, both 0.1 and 1% of the S-enantiomer could be precisely quantified in the presence of 99.9 and 99% of the R-isomer of beta-blocker.
Meiotic cytology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in protoplast lysates.

This report describes cytological features of meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae prepared for electron microscopy by lysis of protoplasts or nuclei on an aqueous surface. Whereas the chromatin of cells lysed before or after meiotic prophase was widely dispersed, pachytene bivalents appeared as discrete, elongate masses of compact chromatin. These bivalents were of nearly uniform thickness; they ranged in length from about 0.6 μm to 4.0 μm, with a median of 1.6–1.8 μm. Enzymatic digestion of chromosomal DNA removed the chromatin to reveal the underlying synaptonemal complex. The lysis of partially purified nuclei was less disruptive and thereby revealed the regular association of the telomeres with fragments of the nuclear envelope. In tetraploid cells, pachytene lysates contained quadrivalents characterized by the close apposition of chromatin masses of similar length. One or more points of intimate association appear to represent sites of exchange between pairing partners. The departure of the diploid cells from pachytene was accompanied by the renewed association of spindle microtubules with the chromosomes shortly before the diplotene chromosomes decondensed. Later, the successive meiotic divisions were identified by the appearance of a single spindle for meiosis I and of two spindles for meiosis II.
Tracking land ownership in self-help homestead subdivisions in the United States: The case of Texas "colonias"

Abstract In Texas, there are some 1500 so-called colonias housing an estimated 400,000 people mostly in peri-urban areas of the border region with Mexico. At the outset colonias are unserviced or poorly serviced low-income housing settlements in which lots have been sold by developers upon which residents place trailers, construct manufactured homes, or engage in self-build. Recent research is beginning to identify similar types of semi-formal homestead sub-divisions elsewhere in the United States, suggesting that this is a widespread and growing phenomenon. However, while many such sub-divisions are sold out, the proportion of lots actually occupied varies greatly, with anywhere between 15 and 80 percent of lots being left vacant. This creates multiplex problems for effective provision and cost recovery of physical and social infrastructure, as well as for effective formation of social capital necessary for active community participation and mutual aid in local development projects. Sometimes, the land allocation process also has led to confused occupancy and to conflict about rightful lot ownership. Although recent research has led to a better understanding about the nature of these sub-divisions, it is often difficult to trace the ownership of individual lots. This is especially the case with absentee owners. As the first step towards data collection about non-owners and about “clouded” land titles, this paper identifies and tests the effectiveness of various methods that can be used to trace this “invisible” population. Working in 20 such colonias in Texas, we show that property tax records offer the most complete and effective method of tracing absentee owners to their current address. The paper also offers suggestions about the possible effectiveness of different types of survey method to gather data about lot ownership and land market performance in homestead subdivisions. As an example of the application of this methodology, survey data are presented comparing colonia residents with absentee owners. The broader application of the methodology elsewhere in the United States as well as in some less developed county contexts is discussed.
Molecular structure of Tcp-10 genes from the t complex responder locus.

Male transmission ratio distortion (TRD) is a property of mouse t haplotypes which requires the t complex responder locus (Tcr). Tcr has been localized to a 70–160 kb region in t haplotypes. A candidate gene for the responder, called Tcp-10bt, has been cloned and is one member of a highly related gene family called Tcp-10 (formerly T66). Molecular evidence suggests that unique alternative splicing of the Tcp-10bt gene may be responsible for the mutant responder activity. Here we present the intron/exon structure of a representative Tcp-10 gene, and the charaterization of alternative polyadenylation sites. The Tcp-10 genes contain 12 exons which span approximately 21 kb of DNA. At least six different polyadenylation sites are used, and none have a perfect consensus signal. This appears to be a common feature associated with testes-expressed transcripts. Since the gene we have analyzed is absent from many t haplotypes without apparent consequence, and no corresponding cDNAs have been isolated, it was speculated to be a pseudogene. However, no major sequence differences were found within the coding sequence to conclude that Tcp-10pst is a pseudogene.
Wurtzite−Chalcopyrite Polytypism in CuInS2 Nanodisks

Monodisperse CuInS2 nanodisks were synthesized by heating metal chlorides and thiourea in oleylamine. X-ray diffraction showed the predominant phase to be wurtzite (hexagonal) CuInS2 instead of chalcopyrite (tetragonal) or compositionally disordered sphalerite (cubic). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, however, revealed polytypism in the nanodisks, with the wurtzite phase interfaced with significant chalcopyrite domains.
Cracking the Histone Code One, Two, Three Methyls, You're Out!

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Zhang et al. report the structure of a ternary complex between the SET domain histone methyltransferase DIM-5, its cofactor, and a histone H3 peptide. The insight gained from analysis of a key amino acid provides an exciting opportunity to dissect the possible functional meaning of mono-, di-, and trimethylation of histone lysine residues in vivo that will complement existing approaches in the quest to crack the histone methylation code.