cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cultural expectations versus reality in Navajo seizure patterns and sick roles.

Anthropologists have discerned three seizure syndromes among the Navajo Indians. Ichaa with generalized seizures is thought to be caused by incest and carries with it a stigmatized social role. Frenzy witchcraft is characterized by fugue states and since it is thought to be caused by witchcraft carries a neutral role. Hand-trembling is considered to be a sign of shamanistic proclivity and is a potentially rewarding role.
Salinity tolerance in Hyalophysa chattoni (Ciliophora, Apostomatida), a symbiont of the estuarine grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio.

Abstract The apostome ciliate Hyalophysa chattoni , a symbiont of the estuarine grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio , was tested for its growth and reproductive ability in a wide range of salinities from 0.1 to 55 ppt. Shrimp, with their attached ciliates, were slowly acclimated to different salinities in order to assess protozoan cell size and division. The trophont and tomont stages of the ciliate life cycle were analyzed. In both stages, cell size increased with salinity from 0.1 to 20 ppt. Cell size leveled in the 20–35 ppt range, and decreased at higher salinities. The number of daughter cells produced per tomont cyst correlated with increased cell size, and also correlated with increased salinity. Additionally, increased salinity correlated with an increase in the percentage of cells able to divide and excyst as tomite stages. These results indicate that H. chattoni is able to grow and divide more effectively at salinities closer to seawater than in the estuarine environment from which they were collected. Though able to survive salinities from 0.1 to 55 ppt, the species is better adapted for an existence in the higher salt concentrations.
Biolistic inoculation of gladiolus with cucumber mosaic cucumovirus

A new method of inoculation of gladiolus with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was developed using the Bio-Rad Helios Gene Gun System. This method circumvents the traditional use of aphids to transmit CMV, a virus that is mechanically transmissible to many plant species but only with difficulty to gladiolus. Cartridges containing virus-coated gold microcarriers were prepared and the virus shot into Nicotianabenthamiana leaves and gladiolus corms and cormels. The biolistic procedure successfully transmitted three CMV isolates, two from serogroup I and one from serogroup II. Survival rates of two cultivars of gladiolus cormels and corms in sterile and non-sterile environments were compared. Infection rates of 100% were obtained when as little as 2 microg of virus was used in cartridge preparation. CMV remained viable after the cartridges were stored for many months at 4 degrees C.
Novel language syntax to enhance readability: white space, parameter sets, & control structures

This poster describes the preliminary status of a project to investigate novel syntax features to enhance programming language readability. In particular, we present sample syntax for the use of white space, multiple parameter sets, infix object specification, and programmer-defined control structures. We seek feedback and constructive criticism.
Concurrent radiation therapy, 5-fluorouracil, and cisplatin for stage II, III, and IV, node-negative, squamous cell head and neck cancer. Results and surgical implications.

Methods. Between 1983 and 1989, 42 patients with Stage II, III, and IV, node-negative, squamous cell head and neck cancer were treated with concurrent 5-flUOrO-uracil, cisplatin, and radiation therapy. Two courses of chemotherapy with 30 Gy of concurrent radiation therapy were to be followed in all patients by definitive surgery and then an additional 30 Gy of radiation therapy and one to two courses of chemotherapy. The patients who achieved a complete response to the initial induction treatment, however, did not undergo surgery. Results. After the completion of all therapy, 41 of the 42 patients (98%) were considered disease-free. Only 4 of these 41 had relapses, for a projected Kaplan-Meier disease-free survival rate of 86%. Treatment failure occurred in no patients with Stage II, 1 of 17 patients with Stage III, and 4 of 14 patients with Stage IV disease. Of the 42 patients, 23 (55%) did not require surgery after achieving a complete response to induction therapy, and only 1 of these 23 patients subsequently had a relapse. Conclusions. Although the value of adding chemotherapy to conventional treatment remains unproven in squamous cell head and neck cancer, this treatment schedule appears promising in node-negative disease. Randomized trials will be necessary, however, to validate the efficacy of this approach and confirm the suggestion by the authors that surgery can be avoided in most patients with NO disease.
High pressure synthesis of (ABX3) (AX)n compounds

Abstract When ABX 3 compounds form the perovskite structure at atmospheric pressure (i.e., SrTiO 3 , SrZrO 3 , CaTiO 3 ), the other members of the (ABX 3 )(AX) n series ( n = 0, 1 3 , 1 2 , 1 ) can generally be formed also. However, if the relative size of the A cation is too large, then the ABX 3 end members form a hexagonal polytype that transforms to the perovskite structure only at elevated pressures. In such cases, pressure is often needed for the synthesis of the interlayer compounds (ABX 3 ) (AX) n . In this paper we report the high pressure synthesis of several (ABX 3 ) (AX) n compounds having ABX 3 hexagonal polytype counterparts at atmospheric pressure with B = Ir, Ru, and Cr.
Optoelectronics using DNA as a template for dyes

Aside from salmon DNA, other DNA sources were explored namely, herring and onion, to prepare DNAsurfactant complex, which will be used as a template for dyes undergoing Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). Also, salmon DNA of low and high molecular weight were compared. This study aims to assess the effect of using different DNA sources and molecular weight on the efficiency of energy transfer between the dyes, coumarin 480 (Cm 480) and 4-[4-(dimethylamino)styryl]-1-docosyl-pyridinium bromide (Hemi 22 and to understand the fundamental properties of DNA-CTMA as a supporting matrix for optoelectronics applications.
Characterizing the nonlinear internal wave climate in the northeastern South China Sea

Abstract. Four oceanographic moorings were deployed in the South China Sea from April 2005 to June 2006 along a transect extending from the Batanes Province, Philippines in the Luzon Strait to just north of Dong-Sha Island on the Chinese continental slope. The purpose of the array was to observe and track large-amplitude nonlinear internal waves (NIWs) from generation to shoaling over the course of one full year. The basin and slope moorings observed velocity, temperature (T) and salinity (S) at 1–3 min intervals to observe the waves without aliasing. The Luzon mooring observed velocity at 15 min and T and S at 3 min, primarily to resolve the tidal forcing in the strait. The observed waves travelled WNW towards 282–288 degrees with little variation. They were predominantly mode-1 waves with orbital velocities exceeding 100 cm s−1 and thermal displacements exceeding 100 m. Consistent with earlier authors, two types of waves were observed: the a-waves arrived diurnally and had a rank-ordered packet structure. The b-waves arrived in between, about an hour later each day similar to the pattern of the semi-diurnal tide. The b-waves were weaker than the a-waves, usually consisted of just one large wave, and were often absent in the deep basin, appearing as NIW only upon reaching the continental slope. The propagation speed of both types of waves was 323±31 cm s−1 in the deep basin and 222±18 cm s−1 over the continental slope. These speeds were 11–20% faster than the theoretical mode-1 wave speeds for the observed stratification, roughly consistent with the additional contribution from the nonlinear wave amplitude. The observed waves were clustered around the time of the spring tide at the presumed generation site in the Luzon Strait, and no waves were observed at neap tide. A remarkable feature was the distinct lack of waves during the winter months, December 2005 through February 2006. Most of the features of the wave arrivals can be explained by the tidal variability in the Luzon Strait. The near-bottom tidal currents in the Luzon Strait were characterized by a large fortnightly envelope, large diurnal inequality, and stronger ebb (towards the Pacific) than flood tides. Within about ±4 days of spring tide, when currents exceeded 71 cm s−1, the ebb tides generated high-frequency motions immediately that evolved into well-developed NIWs by the time they reached mooring B1 in the deep basin. These waves formed diurnally and correspond to the a-waves described by previous authors. Also near spring tide, the weaker flood tides formed NIWs which took longer/further to form, usually not until they reached mooring S7 on the upper continental slope. These waves tracked the semidiurnal tide and correspond to the b-waves described by previous authors. These patterns were consistent from March to November. During December–February, the structure of the barotropic tide was unchanged, so the lack of waves during this time is attributed to the deep surface mixed layer and weaker stratification along the propagation path in winter.
The mechanism of killing of mouse fibroblasts by the amino acid analogue 5‐fluorotryptophan

The mechanism of killing of A9 fibroblasts by 5-fluorotryptophan has been studied. L-tryptophan competitively relieves the growth inhibition caused by 5FT. After incubation with 5FT, 3H-5FT was incorporated into protein, replacing tryptophan residues. During the initial hours of incubation with 5FT, a specific inhibition was observed of the incorporation of L-tryptophan into protein; later this inhibition was followed by a general inhibition of protein synthesis and cell division. However, nuclear division continued after cell division had ceased. While 5FT was observed to be incorporated into protein after a 1 hour period in MEM + 0.40 mM 5FT in A9, no 3H-5FT was incorporated into protein in a mutant isolated by its resistance to killingy by 5FT. These results support the hypothesis that cell death occurs due to malfunctioning proteins which contain 5FT residues.
Seek and You Will Find It; Let Go and You Will Lose It: Exploring a Confucian Approach to Human Dignity

While the concept of Menschenwurde (universal human dignity) has served as the foundation for human rights, it is absent in the Confucian tradition. However, this does not mean that Confucianism has no resources for a broadly construed notion of human dignity. Beginning with two underlying dilemmas in the notion of Menschenwurde and explaining how Confucianism is able to avoid them, this essay articulates numerous unique features of a Confucian account of human dignity, and shows that the Confucian account goes beyond the limitations of Menschenwurde .I t is arguably richer and more sophisticated in content, and more constructive for protecting and cultivating human dignity.
Structural relaxation of stacked ultrathin polystyrene films

The Tg depression and kinetic behavior of stacked polystyrene ultrathin films is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and compared with the behavior of bulk polystyrene. The fictive temperature (Tf) was measured as a function of cooling rate and as a function of aging time for aging temperatures below the nominal glass transition temperature (Tg). The stacked ultrathin films show enthalpy overshoots in DSC heating scans which are reduced in height but occur over a broader temperature range relative to the bulk response for a given change in fictive temperature. The cooling rate dependence of the limiting fictive temperature, Tf′, is also found to be higher for the stacked ultrathin film samples; the result is that the magnitude of the Tg depression between the ultrathin film sample and the bulk is inversely related to the cooling rate. We also find that the rate of physical aging of the stacked ultrathin films is comparable with the bulk when aging is performed at the same distance from Tg; however, when conducted at the same aging temperature, the ultrathin film samples show accelerated physical aging, that is, a shorter time is required to reach equilibrium for the thin films due to their depressed Tg values. The smaller distance from Tg also results in a reduced logarithmic aging rate for the thin films compared with the bulk, although this is not indicative of longer relaxation times. The DSC heating curves obtained as a function of cooling rate and aging history are modeled using the Tool-Narayanaswamy-Moynihan model of structural recovery; the stacked ultrathin film samples show lower β values than the bulk, consistent with a broader distribution of relaxation times. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 2741–2753, 2008
Short-pulse laser propagation through tissues

An experimental and numerical study is performed to analyze short pulse laser propagation through tissue phantoms without and with inhomogeneities / tumors imbedded in it. Short pulse laser probing techniques has distinct advantages over conventional very large pulse width or cw lasers primarily due to the additional information conveyed about the tissue interior by the temporal variation of the observed signal. Both the scattered temporal transmitted and reflected optical signals are measured experimentally using a streak camera for samples irradiated with a short pulse laser source. Parametric study involving different scattering and absorption coefficients of tissue phantoms and inhomogeneities as well as the detector position and orientation is performed. The temporal and spatial profiles of the scattered optical signals are compared with the numerical modeling results obtained by solving the transient radiative transport equation using discrete ordinates technique.
Amyloid β-Protein Toxicity and the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer Disease

Although amyloid deposition was noted by Alzheimer in 1907 (1), it has been only 17 years since the toxicity of Aβ2 was first described (2). The prevailing view through most of the twentieth century was that Aβ is a marker of disease progression in AD but does not play a role in the neurodegenerative process. This view changed in the 1990s with the articulation of the amyloid hypothesis, which posits that abnormal accumulation of Aβ in the brain is a direct cause of neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in AD. The hypothesis is supported by the identification of mutations in APP (3) and presenilins 1 and 2 (4–7) that increase Aβ generation or, more importantly, the generation of a minor 42-amino acid form (Aβ42) with an increased propensity for aggregation (8). This review sets forth the major lines of evidence for Aβ toxicity and focuses on the interface between Aβ toxicity and molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity.
Dexamethasone promotes expression of membrane-bound macrophage colony- stimulating factor in murine osteoblast-like cells

The mechanisms by which glucocorticosteroids promote osteoclastogenesis in vitro are uncertain. As macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF) is critical for osteoclastogenesis, we hypothesized that glucocorticosteroids might regulate membrane-bound MCSF (mMCSF) and soluble MCSF (sMCSF) production by stromal cells or osteoblasts. ST2 cells or murine calvarial osteoblasts (MOBs) were treated with dexamethasone (Dex; 100 nm) and/or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D[ 1,25(OH)2D; 10 nm] for 3 days. Control values for mMCSF and sMCSF as units per 100,000 cells were 9 ± 1.4 and 511 ± 56 in ST2 cells and 5.9 ± 0.8 and 379 ± 47 in MOB cells, respectively. Dex increased mMCSF to 156 ± 16% and 143 ± 26% compared with the control value in ST2 and MOB cells, respectively, whereas 1,25-(OH)2D caused increases of 195 ± 16% and 164 ± 21%. In the presence of both Dex and 1,25-(OH)2D, mMCSF increased to 209 ± 24% and 216 ± 26% in the two cell types, respectively. 1,25-(OH)2D caused modest increases in sMCSF, as expected, in both c...
Needs of American relatives of intensive care patients: perceptions of relatives, physicians and nurses.

Summary Objectives: This study investigated differences between the perceptions of American relatives, physicians and nurses concerning the needs of relatives visiting intensive care patients. Design and participants: This was a prospective descriptive study. Perceived needs were measured using the 45 item Critical Care Family Needs Inventory (CCFNI) with 101 relatives visiting as well as 28 physicians and 109 nurses working with the same group of patients. Setting: Data were collected using a convenience sample of patients, their relatives visiting, as well as the physicians and nurses working with the same patients in six adult intensive care units in a large American tertiary acute care medical centre with over a 900 bed capacity. Results and conclusions: There were significant correlations (p < 0.05) between the relatives, physicians and nurses on eight of the 45 individual items on the CCFNI. Subscale (Information, Proximity, Assurance, Comfort and Support) scores for the needs perceived by relatives, physicians and nurses were calculated and there were significant differences in the three groups on Information (F = 5.90, df = 2, p = .0005), Support (F = 4.12, df = 2, p = .022) and Comfort (F = 5.01, df = 2, p = .010). Relatives and nurses made multiple comments on the surveys. This is important information for all health care workers to consider in setting visiting policies in adult ICUs and developing approaches such as family centred care. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Reduced number of adrenal angiotensin II receptors in the spontaneously hypertensive rat

Abstract [ 125 I]angiotensin II binding to adrenal subcellular particles was compared between spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto normotensive control rats. The number of angiotensin II receptors was reduced in adrenals of spontaneously hypertensive rats (P
Evaluation of internally illuminated photobioreactor for improving energy ratio

The internally illuminated photobioreactor (IIPBR) design has been shown to be more efficient in utilizing the incident light energy than the externally illuminated designs. This study evaluated (i) optimal sparging of the IIPBR with CO2-enriched air (CEA) to enhance biomass productivity; and, (ii) single-stage and two-stage operation of the IIPBR to enhance lipid productivity. Growth data from two algal cultures-Scenedesmus sp. and Nannochloropsis salina, cultivated in an 18-L prototype version of the IIPBR were used to establish the optimal conditions for the two goals in terms of the energy ratio. Based on the optimized results under sparging with CEA, the energy ratio in the IIPBR in the first stage with Nannochloropsis salina was at least 6 times higher due to optimal performance of the IIPBR at lower energy input than typical literature results for other PBR designs, whereas the energy ratios in the second stage were comparable to literature results.
LA EJECUCIÓN PROVISIONAL EN EL PROCESO CIVIL CHILENO

Resumen es: RESUMEN: Este es un trabajo destinado a exponer cual es el estado de la cuestion en Chile en materia de ejecucion provisional. Ante la ausencia de un tra...
Structural elucidation of a novel DNA-DNA cross-link of 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane.

DNA−DNA cross-linking by 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB) is considered the molecular basis for its potent cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. DEB reactions with DNA initially lead to N7-(2‘-hydroxy-3‘,4‘-epoxybut-1‘-yl)-guanine monoadducts, which can then alkylate neighboring DNA bases to form bifunctional lesions. We recently reported the structures of four regioisomeric guanine−adenine adducts of DEB involving the N7 position of guanine and the N1, N3, N6, and N7 positions of adenine (Park, S., et al. (2004) Chemical Research in Toxicology 17, 1638−1651). In the present work, a novel bifunctional DNA lesion of DEB was identified as 1-(hypoxanth-1-yl)-4-(guan-7-yl)-2,3-butanediol (N1HX-N7G-BD). An authentic standard of N1HX-N7G-BD was prepared and structurally characterized by proton NMR, UV, and mass spectrometry. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analyses of acid hydrolysates of DEB-treated calf thymus DNA revealed a peak that had the same retention time, MS/MS fragmentation, and UV spectrum as the authentic standard of N1HX-N7...
Ecological Governance: Organizing Principles for an Emerging Era

The significant reforms being implemented in governance systems around the world reflect a broader transition of society from the modern to a new emerging era. This transition is framed in terms of a shift from a mechanistic to an ecological worldview, stimulated by a number of developments during the twentieth century and the last decade. In contrast to the mechanistic orientation toward reductionism, prediction and control, and competition, an ecological worldview emphasizes the interconnectedness, self-organizing capacity, and coevolutionary dynamics of all natural systems. This emergent worldview yields useful insights regarding the purpose, design, process, and relationships characteristic of organizational systems that strive to play an effective role in the future governance of society. The discussion outlines specific organizing principles pertinent to these four areas, identifying some compatible practices that are already being adopted by public and private organizations. The authors address the possibility that the continued transition to ecological governance may not reflect just a long, slow process of incremental change, but also could entail a sudden, systemic reorientation that results in a faster transformation of the extant institutions of public administration.
Neurologic Manifestations of Systemic Vasculitis

The clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of polyarteritis nodosa, Kawasaki disease, hypersensitivity angiitides (including drug-related vasculitis, serum sickness, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, hypocomplementemic vasculitis and cryoglobulinemia), Wegner's granulomatosis, temporal arteritis and Takayasu's arteritis are reviewed from a neurological perspective.
Devitrification Behavior of SRL Defense Waste Glass

Simulated SRL waste was prepared with compositions varying in iron and aluminum content. Two batches with similar composition were produced with different amounts of reducing agent added. Samples were isothermally heat treated and used to derive time-temperature-transformation diagrams. Supplementary samples were cooled in a manner programmed to simulate the cooling curves of production canisters. Less than 10% total devitrification occurs during normal processing. However, when waste glass 165 was purposely devitrified, un to 30 volume percent total spinel and acmite formed. Formation of these species had minor effect on leachability in MCC-1 and accelerated leach tests.
Vulnerability assessment and security of scalable and bandwidth elastic next generation PONs

The next generation WDM/TDM-PON is scalable and delivers elastically ultra-high data rates to thousands of end-users, and therefore network security becomes particularly important. We identify different levels of security and responsibilities in the communications network, we identify vulnerabilities in the optical access network and we describe the security features of the next generation PON network.
Can contemporary transrectal prostate biopsy accurately select candidates for hemi-ablative focal therapy of prostate cancer?

OBJECTIVE To determine if biopsy characteristics can be used to identify men with unilateral prostate cancer on radical prostatectomy (RP) pathological specimens, thereby selecting candidates for hemi-ablative focal therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Of 1458 men who had RP from January 2000 to June 2007, we identified 590 of 880 evaluable patients with unilateral disease on their preoperative biopsy. Charts were reviewed to record preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), clinical stage, Gleason score, perineural invasion (PNI), prostate volume, number of positive cores, and percentage of positive cores. Final surgical pathology was evaluated for unilateral cancer. Univariate analysis was used (logistic regression method) to identify independent predictors of unilateral disease on the RP specimen. A subset analysis was done in men with low-risk disease, defined as clinical stage T1C, Gleason score <7 and a PSA level of <10 ng/mL. RESULTS Of 590 men with unilateral disease on biopsy, 163 (27.3%) had unilateral disease on the RP specimen. Pathological features, including HGPIN (P = 0.714), Gleason score (P > 0.608), PNI (P = 0.714), number of positive cores (P = 0.076), percentage of cores positive (P = 0.056), prostate volume (P = 0.285), and PSA level (P = 0.062) did not improve the prediction of unilateral disease. When men with unilateral cancer were further stratified to include only those with low-risk disease, 28.4% had unilateral disease on the RP specimen. None of the biopsy or clinical features evaluated were predictors of unilateral disease on the RP specimen. CONCLUSION Unilateral prostate cancer on biopsy predicts unilateral disease on RP pathology in only 27.6% of cases. The predictive ability is not improved by adding biopsy and clinical characteristics. Additional methods are needed to accurately identify men appropriate for focal therapy.
Incidence and impact of adverse effects of medical care on complications in patients who underwent excision of cervical lymph nodes

Objective To determine the prevalence and impact of adverse effects of medical care in patients who underwent excision of cervical lymph nodes. Study Design Data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for the years 2009 and 2010 were used. The outcome variables were complications. The independent variables were occurrence of adverse effects of medical care and adverse effects of drugs/medication used in therapeutic use during hospitalization. Results A total of 48 413 hospitalizations involved excision of cervical lymph nodes. The mean age was 59 years. Males constituted 64.2% of hospitalizations. Adverse effects of medical care occurred in 9.5% of hospitalizations, and adverse effects due to therapeutic use of medications occurred in 1.8%. Frequently occurring complications included postoperative pneumonia (4.2%), hemorrhagic complications (3.5%), other infections (1.7%), cardiac complications (1.5%), bacterial infections (1.5%), respiratory complications (1.4%), nonhealing wounds (1.3%), septicemia (1.2%), and mycoses (1.2%). Conclusions Occurrence of adverse effects of medical care was associated with high odds for multiple complications.
The Process of Decreolization: A Model for Second Language Development.

In examining a possible analogy between the process of decreolization and the process of second language learning in a natural environment, speculations are made here to account for the similarities between the linguistic development exhibited in decreolization and second language learning in terms of extra-linguistic factors which seem to affect the degree to which the learner acculturates toward the ‘model’ language group. It is claimed that extra-linguistic factors account for the varying levels of linguistic development exhibited in the fossilized speech of the three second language learners studied here. Within the framework of second language learning these extra-linguistic factors take the form of social and psychological distance (Schumann 1975, 1976). Further examination of these two factors suggests that psychological distance exerts a greater effect on the second language learner's degree of acculturation than does social distance. In addition, the learner's motivational orientation seems to be the most influential aspect of psychological distance which determines the degree of acculturation toward the ‘model’ language group and consequently the degree of linguistic development toward the ‘model’ language.
Pleistocene glaciation is implicated in the phylogeographical structure of Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a New Zealand snail.

Pleistocene glaciation has been identified as an important factor shaping present-day patterns of phylogeographical structure in a diverse array of taxa. The purpose of this study was to use mitochondrial sequence data to address whether Pleistocene glaciation is also a major determinant of phylogeographical patterns in Potamopyrgus antipodarum , a freshwater snail native to New Zealand. We found that haplotypes were separated by no more than 3.7% sequence divergence, and major genetic divisions tended to occur on a north–south axis. These data fit the predictions of the hypothesis that isolation of P. antipodarum in glacial refugia at the northern and southern tip of the South Island of New Zealand during the Pleistocene glaciation underlies the present-day phylogeographical structure. Because sexual P. antipodarum occasionally produce asexual offspring, we also used these data to show that the appearance of asexuality is not phylogeographically constrained. This means that the maintenance of sex in P. antipodarum cannot be wholly due to limited contact between sexual and asexual lineages and must instead be linked to a selective advantage of sexual reproduction.
PTSD and substance abuse comorbidity from a behavioral economic perspective

10mg/kg group showeddecreasedmesor and increased amplitude. (p=0.000). Conclusions: Therewas a rhythmic increase in locomotor activity during the dark period and a decrease in activity in the light period. 0.6mg/kg failed to elicit change in locomotor activity pattern in ED2 and 7 but was able to alter the activity pattern at ED11. The 2.5 and 10.0mg/kgMPD doses elicit an increased average locomotor activity in all days and modulate the circadian locomotor activitypattern inED7,8, and11, suggesting that all doseshave long term effect on animal behavior. These long-term changes suggest that permanent changes at themolecular level occurred, expressed by tolerance, sensitization and even in the circadian gene clock that result in alteration in the circadian rhythm activity pattern. Financial support: NIH RO1 DA027222.
Influence of Shear Bands on Creep Rupture in Ceramics

Observations of damage during the creep rupture of poly-crystalline alumina have revealed an important influence of shear bands on the failure process. The shear bands are regions of appreciable damage, consisting of high densities of facet-sized cavities. The cavities within the bands become crack nuclei at shear band intersections and crack coalescence sites during the final stage of failure. Further understanding of shear bands and shear band damage is needed to permit the development of quantitative expressions for the rupture times measured for this material.
Family environment and adolescents well-being before and after parents marital disruption: a longitudinal analysis.

Although previous research has noted that children of divorce tend to fare less well than peers raised in families with two biological parents much less is known about how parents marital disruption affects children as a continuous process in its different phases. Based on two waves of a large nationally representative panel this study demonstrates that even before the disruption both male and female adolescents from families that subsequently dissolve exhibit more academic psychological and behavioral problems than peers whose parents remain married. Families on the verge of breakup are also characterized by less intimate parent-parent and parent-child relationships less parental commitment to childrens education and fewer economic and human resources. These differences in family environment account for most well-being deficits among adolescents in predisrupted families. Furthermore the deterioration in different domains of the family environment appears to be associated with maladjustment in different aspects of childrens lives. The postdisruption effects on adolescents can either be totally or largely predicted by predisruption factors and by changes in family circumstances during the period coinciding with the disruption. Finally the analyses indicate that female adolescents are as likely to be affected by the parental divorce process as male adolescents. (authors)
Visual Diagnosis: A Child Who Has a Worsening Rash

1. George C. Hescock, MD* 2. Wesley K. Galen, MD* 3. Abraham Gedalia, MD* 4. John L. Ey, MD† 1. LSU Pediatrics/Children’s Hospital, New Orleans, La 2. Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, Ore A 3½-year-old African-American boy comes to the dermatologist having a 6-week history of a facial rash that has persisted despite treatment. The previously healthy boy was seen in an emergency department (ED) following a 1- to 2-week history of a nonpruritic rash on his right cheek. The rash had progressed over the previous week despite the use of a topical over-the-counter antifungal medication. One week before the rash appeared, the child experienced low-grade fevers, presumably due to a viral upper respiratory tract infection. A similar rash had appeared on his left cheek 1 year ago following a scratch. That rash finally resolved after several months of frequent application of topical antifungal and antibacterial creams and ointments. The child also has a history of group B streptococcal bacteremia at 2 weeks of age as well as mild intermittent asthma. The physical examination in the ED revealed the child to be well appearing and afebrile, with unremarkable vital signs. His right facial cheek had a 5×3 cm, brightly erythematous plaque with raised borders and some scaling (Fig. 1). The plaque was slightly warm to the touch but lacked significant tenderness. The child was diagnosed as having erysipelas and was discharged with a prescription for oral cephalexin. Figure 1. Erythematous plaque with raised borders and scaling on the right side of the face. One week later, the child returned to the ED complaining that his rash continued to expand despite cephalexin therapy. Again, there was no history of fever or other symptoms, and the plaque was slightly larger (5×5 cm), with other lesions on his face (Fig. 2). Tinea corporis was suspected, the child’s parents were advised to apply clotrimazole-steroid cream to the lesion several times a day until resolution, and he was referred to a pediatric dermatologist. Figure 2. Facial spread of lesions. Three weeks later, …
The seasonal changes in somatic energy content of Gulf of Alaska yellowfin sole, Pleuronectes asper

Seasonal measurement of body energy content was made for Pleuronectes asper (Pallas, 1814) from the Gulf of Alaska. Whole body energy content of complete fish (∼ 3472 J g−1 wet wt) was minimal in May for females as their overwintering phase ended, then increased to ∼ 4456 J g−1 prior to spawning. The ovarian index [(g.w./t.w.) × 100] and energy content of ovaries (J g−1) was highest in June and May respectively, and then declined markedly by August as spawning occurred. Throughout the year male whole body energy content of complete fish ranged from 3351 to 4590 J g−1 with the lowest values in May and highest values occurring during June to September, the feeding season. The testes index [(g.w./t.w.) × 100] and total energy content of testes (J g−1) were high in March and lowest during June and July. On a weight-specific basis, males and females had similar whole body energy values throughout the year. Juveniles followed the same seasonal trends in energy storage as adults and had similar whole body energy values. Whole body energy content was linearly related to wet and dry weight condition factor with r2 values of 0.70 and 0.87, respectively. Dry body weight as percent of wet body weight was the best predictor of body energy (r2=0.91). Yellowfin sole had an annual energy cycle with energy accumulation and growth from May to September. Thereafter they utilized stored energy for metabolic and reproductive needs. Spawning began in late May or early June and fish were spent by August. Whole body energy content increased by 28, 33 and 35% between May and June, for females, juveniles, and males, respectively, the most dramatic change during the year long survey. This suggests that intense feeding in May must be an important aspect of their energy storage cycle.
Global node reduction of linear systems using ratio analysis

Linear systems are widely used in mathematics and engineering. Constructing a minimal directed acyclic graph (DAG) that corresponds to a given linear system is important in high-level synthesis. It is shown to be NP-complete. Ratio analysis, a novel multi-step algorithm for constructing a small sized DAG is presented. Ratio analysis attempts to minimize the total number of nodes in a DAG by maximizing the sharing of nodes between equations. The first part of the algorithm considers the ratio of terms in different equations. The second part looks at the difference between these ratios and the final equations. The third part generates the final DAG. Results are shown that illustrate the efficiency of the algorithm as well as the savings which are possible from the algorithm's application. >
The global environment through the SLEPT framework

This paper offers a holistic approach to dissect the most relevant social, legal, economic, political and technological (SLEPT) conditions of a country for investment purposes. Such a framework, when combined with a scoring model, proves useful to multinational companies, governments and international organisations at the time to assist them to make strategic decisions and establish investment priorities. The ever changing nature of the operating environment defines the scope and limitations of the SLEPT framework as a scanning management tool.
Dynamic Interactions Between Cells and Their Extracellular Matrix Mediate Embryonic Development

Cells and their surrounding extracellular matrix microenvironment interact throughout all stages of life. Understanding the continuously changing scope of cell-matrix interactions in vivo is crucial to garner insights into both congenital birth defects and disease progression. A current challenge in the field of developmental biology is to adapt in vitro tools and rapidly evolving imaging technology to study cell-matrix interactions in a complex 4-D environment. In this review, we highlight the dynamic modulation of cell-matrix interactions during development. We propose that individual cell-matrix adhesion proteins are best considered as complex proteins that can play multiple, often seemingly contradictory roles, depending upon the context of the microenvironment. In addition, cell-matrix proteins can also exert different short versus long term effects. It is thus important to consider cell behavior in light of the microenvironment because of the constant and dynamic reciprocal interactions occurring between them. Finally, we suggest that analysis of cell-matrix interactions at multiple levels (molecules, cells, tissues) in vivo is critical for an integrated understanding because different information can be acquired from all size scales.
Bragg soybeans grown on a Southern Coastal Plain soil. IV. Seasonal changes in nodal N and P concentrations

Abstract Determinate soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] has been characterized by few detailed nitrogen and phosphorous partitioning studies. Knowledge of the variation in N and P concentrations with plant part, nodal position, and plant age is needed for a better understanding of plant functions. In this field study, ‘Bragg’ soybean was grown on an Aquic Paleudult soil (series Goldsboro loamy sand). Plants were sampled at 10 to 14 day intervals beginning 44 days after planting (July 7) until harvest. Maximum observed N concentrations were 3.1, 2.8, 5.8, and 5.4% for stem internodes, petioles (+branches), leaf blades, and pods, respectively. Maximum observed P concentrations were 0.34, 0.48, 0.78, and 0.52 for the same respective plant parts. Nodal and temporal mean N and P concentrations varied considerably with plant age and nodal position in all plant parts. These data show that mean N and P concentrations in all four plant parts can vary several fold, depending upon plant age and nodal position for the ...
BRIEF REPORT: The Aging of the Homeless Population: Fourteen‐Year Trends in San Francisco

BACKGROUND: Homelessness is associated with high rates of health and substance use problems.
Extraocular muscle is defined by a fundamentally distinct gene expression profile

Skeletal muscle fibers are defined by patterned covariation of key traits that determine contractile and metabolic characteristics. Although the functional properties of most skeletal muscles result from their proportional content of a few conserved muscle fiber types, some, typically craniofacial, muscles exhibit fiber types that appear to lie outside the common phenotypic range. We analyzed gene expression profiles of three putative muscle classes, limb, masticatory, and extraocular muscle (EOM), in adult mice by high-density oligonucleotide arrays. Pairwise comparisons using conservative acceptance criteria identified expression differences in 287 genes between EOM and limb and/or masticatory muscles. Use of significance analysis of microarrays methodology identified up to 400 genes as having an EOM-specific expression pattern. Genes differentially expressed in EOM reflect key aspects of muscle biology, including transcriptional regulation, sarcomeric organization, excitation-contraction coupling, intermediary metabolism, and immune response. These patterned differences in gene expression define EOM as a distinct muscle class and may explain the unique response of these muscles in neuromuscular diseases.
An equivalent random method with hyper-exponential service

The Equivalent Random Method (ERM) has been widely used to predict blocking probabilities at overflow service stations. The method assumes that service times follow an exponential distribution. While this may be a reasonable assumption for voice traffic, it is not a good assumption for dial-up Internet traffic, where service times typically have a coefficient of variation (standard deviation/mean) greater than 1. In this paper, we give a modified ERM for two-term hyper-exponential service distributions. The method is based on an efficient algorithm to estimate the peakedness of the overflow process of an M/H 2 /S/S queue. Finally, we investigate the accuracy of the modified ERM using simulation and also compare systems with hyper-exponential service to systems with heavy-tailed service.
Poverty in a Wealthy Economy: The Case of Nigeria

This paper describes the nature and evolution of poverty in Nigeria between 1985 and 1992. It highlights the potential wealth of the Nigerian economy and examines how the economic policies pursued in the 1980s and 1990s impacted economic growth and welfare. The headcount measure of poverty in Nigeria declined from 43 percent to 34 percent between 1985 and 1992. Decomposing the factors causing the reduction in poverty shows that the overall decline of 9 percentage point was the net result of a 14 percentage point decline owing to the growth factor and a 5 percentage point increase owing to the income distribution factor. The paper proposes that promoting broad-based growth and targeted interventions in health, education, and infrastructure need to be central strategies in the fight against poverty in Nigeria.
Understanding the Comparisons of Routine Activities and Contagious Distributions of Victimization: Forming a Mixed Model of Confluence and Transmission

Recently the borders between two theoretical traditions have become blurred. While “Routine Activities Theories” have come to dominate the theoretical landscape of criminology, “Contagion Theories” have either been subsumed under the former or entirely forgotten. In the following, the theoretical lines of Routine Activities and Contagion are reviewed and evaluated. Discovered is the issue that both theories are very similar yet also very different; essentially distinguished from one another by what each omits from the other. It is henceforth argued that the two disparate traditions might benefit from coalescence, whereby they are combined into a single theoretical construct and, further, explicate causal model. A new typology of contagion is provided, allowing for a larger model that incorporates both Routine Activities and Contagion while illustrating the coming-to-gather of individuals [confluence] and the spread of behavior beyond an original point of contact between actors [transmission].
Personalized Cardiovascular Medicine and Drug Development Time for a New Paradigm

I am both truly delighted and most grateful for the opportunity to present this year’s Lewis A. Conner Lecture, a lecture given in memory of the American Heart Association’s first president. This lectureship recognizes Lewis Conner’s very many accomplishments, and memorializes his contributions in advancing the cause of the association.
‘Re-Righting Business’: John Ruggie and the Struggle to Develop International Human Rights Standards for Transnational Firms

As the major players in globalization, firms often operate in states where human rights may not be respected. Without direct intent, firms may be complicit in human rights violations. In 2008, John Ruggie, the UN Special Representative on business and human rights, developed a framework for policymakers to protect human rights and for executives to respect human rights. On 16 June 2011, the UN Human Rights Council endorsed Ruggie’s ‘Guiding Principles’ for implementing this framework. This article describes how firms, states, and to a lesser extent NGOs, have responded to this delineation of the human rights responsibilities of business. We make four key points: the Guiding Principles are an important advance in global governance; the process of developing the Guiding Principles was a model of transparent, inclusive 21st century governance, yet the public is generally unaware of the issue or the new policy; that the Guiding Principles are a creative and broad rethinking of how to evaluate the human rights performance of corporations; and that the Guiding Principles are unlikely to have much influence unless policymakers educate their home firms regarding their human rights responsibilities and press these executives to act.
Metabolismo del etanol: comparación del efecto de las grasas saturadas e insaturadas en la reducción de problemas hepáticos inducidos por el alcohol

Resumen es: El alcohol en su proceso metabolico, en el ser humano, aporta compuestos oxidantes altamente reactivos, el acetaldehido y los derivados de los citocromos...