cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of dipeptide transport in normal and papain-treated brush border membrane vesicles from mouse intestine I. Uptake of glycyl-l-phenylalanine

Abstract Papain treatment of isolated brush border membrane vesicles was carried out to study peptide transport in the absence of hydrolytic events associated with the brush border membrane. Such a treatment allowed a 70% decrease in the activity of membrane-associated oligopeptidases and the study of peptide transport in the complete absence of free amino acids up to 1 min of incubation. A comparison between the time course curves of glycyl- l -phenylalanine uptake by normal and papain-treated vesicles showed that the overshoots seen in the presence of Na + and K + gradients (extravesicular intravesicular) when using normal vesicles were no longer evident after papain treatment. This result, together with the demonstration of uptake into an osmotically reactive intravesicular space and the analysis of uptake of free phenylalanine, allowed the coclusion that peptide transport was the result of two complementary mechanisms, uptake of free amino acids following hydrolysis by the membrane-bound oligopeptidases, and intact peptide transport down a concentration gradient by a non-Na + (and non-K + )-dependent process. These results also showed the non-involvement of γ-glutamyltransferase and the γ-glutamyl cycle in peptide absorption. A linear relationship has been established between initial dipeptide uptake and glycyl- l -phenylalanine concentration for the intact peptide transport process. However, this process can be inhibited to various extents by other di- and tripeptides but the inhibition never exceeded 43%. These results are consistent with both passive and facilitated diffusion mechanisms of intact peptide transport, the latter occuring by either a low affinity-high capacity or a high affinity-low capacity system.
An Isomorphous Heavy-Atom Derivative of Crystalline Formylmethionine Transfer RNA

An isomorphous osmium derivative of crystalline yeast initiator transfer RNA has been prepared and interpreted to 6-angstrom resolution. The coordinates of the heavy atoms have been determined by Patterson and "direct" methods applied to the difference coefficients of the centric projections, followed by least-squares refinement. There is one dominant site per asymmetric unit, consistent with the finding by neutron-activation analysis that there is approximately one osmium atom per molecule of transfer RNA. The osmium derivative appears to be a normal substrate for enzymatic aminoacylation.
Biologically plausible saliency mechanisms improve feedforward object recognition

The biological plausibility of statistical inference and learning, tuned to the statistics of natural images, is investigated. It is shown that a rich family of statistical decision rules, confidence measures, and risk estimates, can be implemented with the computations attributed to the standard neurophysiological model of V1. In particular, different statistical quantities can be computed through simple re-arrangement of lateral divisive connections, non-linearities, and pooling. It is then shown that a number of proposals for the measurement of visual saliency can be implemented in a biologically plausible manner, through such re-arrangements. This enables the implementation of biologically plausible feedforward object recognition networks that include explicit saliency models. The potential of combined attention and recognition is illustrated by replacing the first layer of the HMAX architecture with a saliency network. Various saliency measures are compared, to investigate whether (1) saliency can substantially benefit visual recognition and (2) the benefits depend on the specific saliency mechanisms implemented. Experimental evaluation shows that saliency does indeed enhance recognition, but the gains are not independent of the saliency mechanisms. Best results are obtained with top-down mechanisms that equate saliency to classification confidence.
The solubility of gases in solutions containing sodium alkylsulfates of various chain lengths

Abstract Measurements have been made to determine the solubilities of oxygen, methane, ethane, and propane at elevated pressures in aqueous solutions of various sodium alkylsulfates having alkyl chains ranging from 6 to 12 carbons in length. The solubility of each gas follows Henry's law at all surfactant concentrations. Below the critical micelle concentration, the solubility of each gas is nearly independent of surfactant concentration and approximates the corresponding solubility in water. Above the critical micelle concentration, the solubility of each gas increases linearly with surfactant concentration indicating that micelles act to solubilize gas molecules. Intramicellar solubilities and associated free energy changes are calculated from these latter data. The intramicellar solubility of each gas is found to be considerably less than the solubility of that same gas in paraffinic hydrocarbon solvents. This discrepancy becomes greater as the alkyl chain of surfactant anion shortens and is more pronounced for gases having large partial molar volumes. These trends are interpreted using a simple pseudophase model in which the hydrocarbon-like interior of a micelle is considered to be subject to a Laplace pressure acting across the micelle surface.
Symptoms and subtypes of depression among adolescents distinguished by the dexamethasone suppression test: A preliminary report

Twenty-three adolescents hospitalized on an inpatient psychiatric unit underwent a dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and were diagnosed as having major depressive disorder by interviewers blind to the DST results. These patients were divided into four categories according to whether they had major depressive disorders, endogenous (MDDe) or nonendogenous (MDD), and whether they were nonsuppressors (+) or suppressors (-) in response to the DST, i.e., MDDe (+), MDDe (-), MDD (+). or MDD (-). Psychomotor features significantly differen- tiated the MDDe group from the MDD group. Among symptoms this further differentiated the MDDe (+) from the MDD (-) group. The primary subtype of depression occurred significantly more frequently among the MDDe group than the MDD group. The primary subtype also occurred more frequently among the MDDe (+) group than the MDD (-) group, whereas the MDD (-) group had a greater frequency of secondary depression.
An evaluation of sampling strategies to improve precision of estimates of gross change in land use and land cover

Statistical sampling offers a cost-effective, practical alternative to complete-coverage mapping for the objective of estimating gross change in land cover over large areas. Because land cover change is typically rare, the sampling strategy must take advantage of design and analysis tools that enhance precision. Using two populations of land cover change in the eastern United States, we demonstrate that the choice of sampling unit size and use of a survey sampling regression estimator can significantly improve precision with only a minor increase in cost.
What percent luminal stenosis should be used to define angiographic coronary artery disease for noninvasive test evaluation

Background: There has been controversy over what is the best angiographic luminal dimension criterion associated with ischemia for evaluating diagnostic tests. If one assumes that ST-segment depression or scores are indicators of ischemia, then whatever angiographic criteria best discriminates those with ischemic and nonischemic responses would be the best angiographic marker for ischemia. To study this, we calculated the area under the ROC curves for ST depression and scores at different angiographic cut-points in order to determine the best angiographic cut-point for defining ischemia-producing coronary disease. Methods: Twelve hundred and seventy-six consecutive males without prior Ml with a mean age of 59 ± 11 years who had undergone exercise testing and coronary angiography were analyzed in this study. We calculated the number of patients of this population that would be considered to have coronary artery disease at different cut-points for angiographic luminal stenosis. For example, 59% of the patients had significant CAD when disease was defined as 50% or greater coronary lumen stenosis of any coronary vessel while 49% of the patients had significant CAD when disease was defined as 70% or greater coronary lumen stenosis. Cut-points were considered between 40 to 100% coronary lumen stenosis. ROC analysis was then performed comparing ST depression and treadmill scores at each of these cut-points. Results: The cut-point for coronary lumen stenosis that returned the highest AUC for ST depression and scores was between 70 and 80% coronary luminal stenosis. However, the difference between the 50% and 75% luminal stenosis criteria was minimal. Conclusion: It appears that the best cut-point for defining significant angiographic disease when evaluating diagnostic tests of ischemia is 75% or greater coronary luminal stenosis. A.N.E. 2002;7(2):98–105
Does the Hydrated Cytosine Molecule Retain the Canonical Structure? A DFT Study

The molecular geometry of complex of cytosine with 14 water molecules was calculated within the density functional theory using the B3LYP functional. The standard 6-31G(d) basis set has been employed. It was found that the interaction with water molecules forming a locked chain around cytosine results in a significant change of its gas-phase geometry. The structure of the hydrated nucleobase cannot be described by canonical chemical formula, and it is best approximated as a superposition of the oxoamino and zwitterionic hydroxoimino resonance structures. The unique features of the interaction of water with cytosine are also revealed: the formation of three hydrogen bonds with the participation of the oxygen atom of the carbonyl group and the presence of weak CH···O hydrogen bonds between the water molecules and the hydrophobic part of cytosine.
Race-ethnic differences in subclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction by global longitudinal strain: A community-based cohort study.

Background Race-ethnic differences exist in the epidemiology of heart failure, with blacks experiencing higher incidence and worse prognosis. Left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction (LVSD) detected by speckle-tracking global longitudinal strain (GLS) is a predictor of cardiovascular events including heart failure. It is not known whether race-ethnic differences in GLS-LVSD exist in subjects without overt LV dysfunction. Methods Participants from a triethnic community-based study underwent 2-dimensional echocardiography with assessment of LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and GLS by speckle-tracking. Participants with LVEF 95% percentile in a healthy sample (−14.7%). Results Of the 678 study participants (mean age 71 ± 9 years, 61% women), 114 were blacks; 464, Hispanics; and 100, whites. Global longitudinal strain was significantly lower in blacks (−16.5% ± 3.5%) than in whites (−17.5% ± 3.0%) and Hispanics (−17.3% ± 2.9%) in both univariate ( P = .015) and multivariate analyses ( P = .011), whereas LVEF was not significantly different between the 3 groups (64.3% ± 4.6%, 63.4% ± 4.9%, 64.7% ± 4.9%, respectively, univariate P = .064, multivariate P = .291). Left ventricular systolic dysfunction by GLS was more frequent in blacks (27.2%) than in whites (19.0%) and Hispanics (14.9%, P = .008). In multivariate analysis adjusted for confounders and cardiovascular risk factors, blacks were significantly more likely to have GLS-LVSD (adjusted odds ratio 2.6, 95% CIs 1.4-4.7, P = .002) compared to the other groups. Conclusions Among participants from a triethnic community cohort, black race was associated with greater degree of subclinical LVSD by GLS than other race-ethnic groups. This difference was independent of confounders and cardiovascular risk factors.
A scanning electron microscope study of the effects of dynamic recrystallization on lattice preferred orientation in olivine

Effects of dynamic recrystallization on lattice preferred orientation (LPO) in olivine were investigated through the combination of two SEM-based techniques, electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) technique for crystallographic orientation measurement and backscattered electron imaging (BEI) for dislocation observation. Samples are experimentally deformed olivine aggregates in simple shear geometry. In the sample deformed at T=1473 K and high stresses (∼480 MPa), only incipient dynamic recrystallization is observed along grain-boundaries. Orientations of these small recrystallized grains are more random than that of relict grains, suggesting an important role of grain-boundary sliding at this stage of recrystallization. In the sample deformed at T=1573 K and low stress (∼160 MPa), dynamic recrystallization is nearly complete and the LPO is characterized by two [100] peaks. One peak is located at the orientation subparallel to the shear direction and is dominated by grains with high Schmid factor. The other occurs at high angles to the shear direction and is due to the contribution from grains with low Schmid factor. Grains with high Schmid factor tend to have higher dislocation densities than those with low Schmid factor. Based on these observations, we identify two mechanisms by which dynamic recrystallization affects LPO: (1) enhancement of grain-boundary sliding due to grain-size reduction, leading to the modification of LPO caused by the relaxation of constraint for deformation; (2) grain-boundary migration by which grains with lower dislocation densities grow at the expense of grains with higher dislocation densities. Based on the deformation mechanism maps and stress versus recrystallized grain-size relation, we suggest that the first mechanism always plays an important role whereas the second mechanism has an important effect only under limited conditions.
Seebeck coefficient measurements on Li, Sn, Ta, Mo, and W

Abstract The thermopower of W, Mo, Ta, Li and Sn has been measured relative to stainless steel, and the Seebeck coefficient of each of these materials has then been calculated. These are materials that are currently relevant to fusion research and form the backbone for different possible liquid limiter concepts including TEMHD concepts such as LiMIT. For molybdenum the Seebeck coefficient has a linear rise with temperature from S Mo = 3.9 μV K −1 at 30 °C to 7.5 μV K −1 at 275 °C, while tungsten has a linear rise from S W = 1.0 μV K −1 at 30 °C to 6.4 μV K −1 at 275 °C, and tantalum has the lowest Seebeck coefficient of the solid metals studied with S Ta = −2.4 μV K −1 at 30 °C to −3.3 μV K −1 at 275 °C. The two liquid metals, Li and Sn have also been measured. The Seebeck coefficient for Li has been re-measured and agrees with past measurements. As seen with Li there are two distinct phases in Sn also corresponding to the solid and liquid phases of the metal. In its solid phase the S Sn-solid = −1.5 μV K −1 at 30 °C and −2.5 μV K −1 near the melting temperature of 231 °C. There is a distinct increase in the Seebeck coefficient around the melting temperature as the Sn melts and stays relatively constant over the rest of the measured temperatures, S Sn-melt = −1.4 μV K −1 from 235 °C to 275 °C.
Statistical Phase‐Space Theory of the Reaction C+ + D2 Including Threshold Behavior

The quantum‐mechanical statistical phase‐space theory of Pechukas, Light, and Nikitin is used to calculate the cross sections for the endothermic reaction C+ + D2→CD+ + D in the energy range 0–4 eV. The calculated cross section is about two times larger than the experimental results of Maier (1967) and has almost the same energy dependence below 2 eV. The statistical‐theory threshold law is predicted to be valid only for a region less than 0.1 eV from threshold. Two different types of dependence of the reaction probability on incident impact parameter are emphasized, and one is used to explain the magnitude of the predicted cross section in this case. The intramolecular isotope effect in C+ + HD collisions is studied and the CH+ / CD+ product ratio is predicted to be 0.92 at 1 eV.
Interactions between age, sex, and hormones in experimental ischemic stroke

Age, sex, and gonadal hormones have profound effects on ischemic stroke outcomes, although how these factors impact basic stroke pathophysiology remains unclear. There is a plethora of inconsistent data reported throughout the literature, primarily due to differences in the species examined, the timing and methods used to evaluate injury, the models used, and confusion regarding differences in stroke incidence as seen in clinical populations vs. effects on acute neuroprotection or neurorepair in experimental stroke models. Sex and gonadal hormone exposure have considerable independent impact on stroke outcome, but these factors also interact with each other, and the contribution of each differs throughout the lifespan. The contribution of sex and hormones to experimental stroke will be the focus of this review. Recent advances and our current understanding of age, sex, and hormone interactions in ischemic stroke with a focus on inflammation will be discussed.
Intraaortic balloon pump morbidity: a comparative analysis of risk factors between percutaneous and surgical techniques.

Abstract We reviewed our concurrent experience with percutaneous insertion versus surgical placement of the intraaortic balloon pump over a two-year period both to compare morbidity and to provide guidelines for the choice of method in particular patient groups and clinical settings. The effects on morbidity of sex, age, emergency placement, coexisting peripheral vascular disease, and duration of counterpulsation were determined. Sex was a highly significant factor, with low complication rates (3/29 or 10.3%) for percutaneous insertion in men and an inordinately high morbidity (12/17 or 70.6%) in women (Fisher exact test: p = 4.611 × 10 −5 ). This difference may be due to the smaller size of the femoral artery in women. We conclude that percutaneous insertion is the preferred technique for most men but that direct exposure of the femoral artery should be employed in women. Given the serious morbidity encountered with each technique, there is no justification to broaden the indications for intraaortic balloon counterpulsation.
Siblings and Delinquent Behavior: An Exploratory Study of a Neglected Family Variable

This exploratory article examines the relation between sibling structure (sex of siblings and birth order) and self-reported delinquency. The processes of contrast and imitation, conceptual notions derived from research on sibling structure and sex roles, are used to guide this exploration. Considerable variation in delinquency by sibling status was identified. There are indications that an interaction effect exists between birth order and sex of siblings relative to rates of delinquency.
Characterization of weathered wood–plastic composite surfaces using FTIR spectroscopy, contact angle, and XPS ☆

Abstract Much of the current growth of wood–plastic composites (WPCs) is due to increased penetration into the decking market; therefore it has become imperative to understand the durability of WPCs in outdoor applications. In this study, wood flour filled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were manufactured through either injection molding or extrusion. A set of extruded composites were also planed to remove the extruded surface. Composites were weathered in a xenon-arc weathering apparatus. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the morphology of the composite surface. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was useful in showing the loss of wood particles from the surface after weathering. Contact angle was higher for the extruded and planed composites compared with the injection molded composites, and was shown using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to be due to lubricant used as a processing aid.
Unusual evolution of the magnetism on oxygen in La1−χSrχCoO3

We present X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) data of La1−χSrχCoO3, for χ= 0.10-0.30, at the O K edge and then compare the results to local density approximation (LDA) and generalized gradient approximation (GGA) calculations using a 2x2x2 supercell. Increases in the XAS and XMCD are nonlinear with χ, instead appearing correlated with the overall system magnetism, which changes from glass-like to metallic ferromagnetism around χ=0.18. The magnetic states observed in XMCD only occur at the beginning of the pre-edge; higher energy states show no orbital moment, suggesting two distinct types of holes exist. This is consistent with the formation of ferromagnetic clusters growing with χ and eventually overlapping for χ>0.18. Subsequent LDA and GGA calculations find a significant spin magnetic moment on O atoms (which are spinpolarized) and indicate that the doping-induced holes are nearly equally distributed over the Co and O atoms. Calculations of the magnetization for individual O sites indicate that they are not all equivalent, but actually have different moments, depending on the proximity to Sr. This variation in the small fraction of oxygen state with angular momentum may explain in part the unusual magnetic behavior of these materials. Further, the orbitally decomposed density of states reveals that the bands from the traditional picture (localized eg and t2g states) overlap considerably and extend from -6 to 4 eV around E F, suggesting that the local picture is not the best for La1−χSrχCoO3 (© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Dynamic Adsorption of Charged Amphiphiles: The Evolution of the Surface Concentration, Surface Potential, and Surface Tension.

Abstract In this work the evolution of the surface concentration, surface potential, and surface tension for adsorption of a charged amphiphile at an interface is studied numerically. While the results are of interest for any amphiphile, the simulations are performed for typical surfactant material parameters. The surface potential is related at each time step to the instantaneous surface charge density determined by the surfactant surface concentration using the Gouy–Chapman model. The sublayer concentration at each time step is a Boltzmann distribution in instantaneous equilibrium with the surface potential. At equilibrium, the surfactant is assumed to obey the Davies adsorption isotherm. The model is integrated first for diffusion-controlled adsorption, in which the surfactant diffuses to the sublayer and adsorbs onto the interface in local equilibrium according to the adsorption isotherm. In this limit, since the equilibrium adsorption is strongly reduced by the repulsive electrostatic potential, the time required to deliver the surfactant by diffusion is also reduced. The greater the electrical repulsion, the faster the diffusion-controlled adsorption at a given surfactant concentration. Because less surfactant adsorbs, the surface tension reduces less at equilibrium. Counterions of greater valence than the surfactant are more effective at screening the surface potential. Equilibrium adsorption, surface tension reduction, and diffusion time scales increase. As the surfactant valence increases, so does the repulsion; the opposite trends in surface tension and diffusion time scales are predicted. The model is also integrated including both diffusion and adsorption–desorption kinetic barriers. In experiment, adsorption–desorption kinetic barriers have been shown to control the mass transfer of non-ionic surfactants at elevated bulk concentration. The ability of the interface to deplete the bulk reduces with concentration. Therefore, diffusion time scales are reduced. In these regimes, adsorption–desorption kinetics can be rate determining. In simulation, the occurrence of the shift of the controlling mechanism from pure diffusion control at dilute concentration to mixed kinetic–diffusion control at elevated concentration is strongly influenced by ionic strength and surfactant valence. As the electrostatic adsorption increases, kinetic barriers are apparent at lower concentrations. Finally, a simple time scale argument that has previously proven useful in predicting a priori the time required for diffusion-controlled adsorption to an interface for nonionic surfactant adsorption is extended to include electrostatic effects.
Oxygen resuscitation after hypoxia ischemia stimulates prostaglandin pathway in rat cortex

Exposure to hypoxia and hyperoxia in a rodent model of perinatal ischemia results in delayed cell death and inflammation. Hyperoxia increases oxidative stress that can trigger inflammatory cascades, neutrophil activation, and brain microvascular injury. Here we show that 100% oxygen resuscitation in our rodent model of perinatal ischemia increases cortical COX-2 protein levels, S-nitrosylated COX-2cys526, PGE2, iNOS and 5-LOX, all components of the prostaglandin and leukotriene inflammatory pathway.
Coding the Locations of Objects in the Dark

The ventral premotor cortex in primates is thought to be involved in sensory-motor integration. Many of its neurons respond to visual stimuli in the space near the arms or face. In this study on the ventral premotor cortex of monkeys, an object was presented within the visual receptive fields of individual neurons, then the lights were turned off and the object was silently removed. A subset of the neurons continued to respond in the dark as if the object were still present and visible. Such cells exhibit “object permanence,” encoding the presence of an object that is no longer visible. These cells may underlie the ability to reach toward or avoid objects that are no longer directly visible.
Identification of the Streptococcus mutans frp gene as a potential regulator of fructosyltransferase expression

Four putative open reading frames (ORFs) were previously identified in the regions flanking the Streptococcus mutans GS-5 fructosyltransferase (FTF) gene. One of these, ORF 3, appeared to code for a low-molecular-mass protein containing amino acid sequences sharing homology with several Gram-positive bacterial DNA-binding proteins and it was suggested that the ORF 3 gene product might be an FTF regulatory protein (FRP). In order to characterize this protein, we have purified the biotinylated tag-FRP fusion protein using the PinPoint protein purification system and this fusion protein was used in gel shift assays with DNA fragments containing the fif promoter region. FRP bound specifically to the upstream region of the ftf promoter containing the inverted repeat structure that is present upstream of the −35 sequence. In contrast, FRP did not bind to DNA fragments lacking the inverted repeat structure. The results of these experiments suggest that FRP interacts with the inverted repeat region upstream of the ftf promoter and such interactions may regulate FTF expression.
Are engineers obsolete

The engineering profession faces the loss of its leadership in American technology. Signs of distress are many. School enrollment falls steadily while the most gifted shift to “pure” science. Why? Part of the reason is a revulsion of idealistic youth against the brutality of modern weaponry; part lies in the feeling that technology has, in the main, reached its frontiers. Modern engineering must again become an “art” form, stressing the most fruitful interplay of theory and practice, and must not be afraid of creative improvisation
Placing Women in the History of Psychology Course

Many teachers of the history of psychology course make women invisible, despite women's participation in and contribution to the discipline. The limited coverage of women in textbooks and the tendency to teach the course as history of ideas contribute to this neglect. This article argues for the inclusion of the experience of psychologists of both genders in the history course and provides suggestions for ways of integrating material about women.
Significance of opacification of the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses in infants.

To evaluate the incidence and significance of radiographic sinus opacification in infants, we performed computed tomography (CT) of the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses in conjunction with routine cranial CT in 100 infants from birth to 12 months of age. CT was performer for indications other than sinusitis. Prospective concurrent clinical history was obtained and physical examination of the upper respiratory tract was performed. Of 100 infants, 16 had hypoplasia of the maxillary sinuses; 81% (13/16) of these were less than 2 months of age. The antra showed progressive increase in size during the first year of life. Of the 100 infants, 70 had CT sinus opacification, including 67% of those without historical or physical evidence of upper respiratory tract infection. There was a positive correlation of CT findings between the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses in 80% of the infants older than 2 months of age but in only 49% of the younger infants. Radiographic sinus opacification in infants is of uncertain significance and is not diagnostic of upper respiratory tract infection, much less of sinusitis.
Hardware implementation of a Mamdani fuzzy logic controller for a static compensator in a multimachine power system

A Mamdani-type fuzzy logic controller is designed and implemented in hardware for controlling a static compensator (STATCOM), which is connected to a ten-bus multimachine power system. Such a controller does not need any mathematical model of the plant to be controlled and can efficiently provide control signals for the STATCOM over a wide range of operating conditions of the power system and during different disturbances. The proposed controller is implemented using the M67 digital signal processor board and is interfaced to the multimachine power system simulated on a real-time digital simulator. Experimental results are provided, showing that the proposed Mamdani fuzzy logic controller provides superior damping compared to the conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller for both small and large scale disturbances. In addition, the proposed controller manages to restore the power system to the steady state conditions with less control effort exerted by the STATCOM, which, in turn, leads to smaller megavar rating and, therefore, less cost for the device. The matrix pencil method analysis of the damping provided by the different controllers indicates that the proposed controller provides higher damping than the PI controller and also mitigates the modes present with the conventional PI control.
Added value services through the use of AMR in commercial and industrial accounts

The intimate association of automatic meter reading (AMR) with the process of "meter reading" narrows the vision of what AMR is really about. It also helps to explain the apparent success of AMR (particularly in the US) but also the relatively slow rate of expansion. Furthermore, the link with "meter reading" restricts the range of the audience which vendors usually address. The target would usually be the Customer Services/Metering Manager rather than the Network/Engineering Manager or, with the development of separate energy trading business, the Supply Manager. As well as the vendors failing to establish this link, the connection is often absent within utilities themselves. Separate departments therefore seek their own unique technologies for data handling when a solution already exists. The author discusses AMR applications, the benefits of two way communication in metering, AMR developments, and the benefits of AMR to commercial and industrial users.
On the compassion of time-limited welfare programs

Supporters of recent welfare reforms argue that time limits and other eligibility restrictions serve recipients. We present a simple model of agents with present-biased preferences to investigate the theoretical validity of this claim. We first identify four types of outcome that describe the behavior of a present-biased agent in the absence of time limits. We then show that the behavioral consequences of time limits are contingent on which outcome characterizes the agent’s behavior in the absence of time limits. We show that under some conditions the imposition of time limits may improve the wellbeing of welfare recipients evaluated both in terms of long-run, time-consistent utility and the periodone self’s utility. This benefit of time limits may come either from allowing the welfare eligible to start working earlier than they otherwise would or, contrary to the intent of the reforms, from allowing them to postpone working. D 2002 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
'Nulling' filters and the separation of transparent motions

Using low-order global motion hypotheses and the assumption that there are no more than two motions at a single point, it is possible to successfully decompose motion stimuli that contain additively combined transparent layers. It is assumed that the space of flow fields is sufficiently smooth that a relatively coarse sampling of the flow parameter(s) will produce a set of vector fields that can be combined to reasonably approximate the actual motions in the scene. The definition of support from an exclusively spatial notion is extended to include the spatio-temporal energy domain. The key insight is that when processing transparent motion displays, the support of a motion hypothesis should exist over both a region of space and velocity, so that it can be isolated both spatially and in terms of local velocity. >
Minimum padding to satisfy short path constraints

Combinational circuits are often embedded in synchronous designs with memory elements at the input and output ports. A performance metric for a circuit is the cycle time of the clock signal. Correct circuit operation requires that all paths have a delay that lies between an upper bound and a lower bound. Traditional approaches in delay optimization for combinational circuits have dealt with methods to decrease the delay of the longest path. We address the issue of satisfying the lower bound constraints. Such a problem also arises in wave pipelining of circuits. We propose to handle short path constraints as a post processing step after traditional delay optimization techniques. There are two issues presented in this paper. We first discuss necessary and sufficient conditions for successful delay insertion without increasing delays of any long paths. In the second part, we present a naive approach to padding delays (greedy heuristic) and an algorithm based on linear programming. We describe an application of the theory to wave pipelining of circuits. Results are presented on a set of benchmark circuits, using two delay models.
Commentary: Vitamin D and colorectal cancer—twenty-five years later

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Distributed interactive video arrays for event based analysis of incidents

The distributed interactive video array (DIVA) system is developed to provide a large-scale, redundant cluster of video streams to observe a remote scene and to supply automatic focus-of-attention with event-driven servoing to capture desired events at appropriate resolutions and perspectives. Installing multiple sensors introduces several new research issues related to the system design, including handoff schemes for passing tracked objects between sensors and clusters, methods for determining the "best view" given the context of the traffic scene, and sensor fusion algorithms to best employ the strengths of a given sensor or sensor modality. This paper describes our research focused on the development of DIVA system for traffic and incident monitoring. The paper describes the overall architecture of the DIVA system. Algorithms for vehicle and platoon tracking using multiple cameras, and experimental results using novel distributed video networks deployed on the campus and the interstate I-5.
The transfusion problem: role of aberrant S-nitrosylation

Protein S-nitrosylation (the binding of a nitric oxide [NO] group to a cysteine thiol) is a major mechanism through which the ubiquitous cellular influence of NO is exerted. Disruption of S-nitrosylation is associated with a wide range of pathophysiologic conditions. Hemoglobin (Hb) exemplifies both of these concepts. It is the prototypical S-nitrosylated protein in that it binds, activates, and deploys NO. Within red blood cells (RBCs), Hb is S-nitrosylated during the respiratory cycle and thereby conveys NO bioactivity that may be dispensed to regulate local blood flow in the physiologic response known as hypoxic vasodilation. Hb thus both delivers oxygen directly and delivers vasoactivity to potentially optimize tissue perfusion in concert with local metabolic demand. Accordingly, decreased levels of S-nitrosylated Hb (also known as S-nitrosohemoglobin) and/or impaired delivery of RBC-derived NO bioactivity have been observed in a variety of disease states that are characterized by tissue hypoxemia. It has been shown recently that storage of blood depletes S-nitrosylated Hb, accompanied by reduced ability of RBCs to induce vasodilation. This defect appears to account in significant part for the impaired ability of banked RBCs to deliver oxygen. Renitrosylation can correct this impairment and thus may offer a means to ameliorate the disruptions in tissue perfusion produced by transfusion.
Copper-mediated N-alkynylation of carbamates, ureas, and sulfonamides. A general method for the synthesis of ynamides.

A general amination strategy for the N-alkynylation of carbamates, sulfonamides, and chiral oxazolidinones and imidazolidinones is described. A variety of substituted ynamides are available by deprotonation of amides with KHMDS followed by reaction with CuI and an alkynyl bromide.
CHANGES IN THE DURATION OF THE ELECTRIC RESPONSE OF SINGLE NERVE FIBERS FOLLOWING REPETITIVE STIMULATION

Single nerve fibers were isolated from the nerve innervating the sartorius or semitendinosus muscle of the toad (Bufo marinus). Single nerve fiber responses were recorded with three arrangements of the "bridge insulator" method. During stimulation at 50 to 150 pulses per second for 20 to 140 minutes the spike duration was progressively increased. After tetanization the spike duration usually continued to increase at a more rapid rate. Within 5 to 60 minutes further prolongation stopped and within 1 to 10 hours the spike duration was normal. The duration of the response of tetanized fibers was from 2.5 to more than 10 times the spike duration of untetanized fibers. Prolongation was observed in nerve fibers isolated from nerves tetanized in vivo.
The Deconcentration of Poverty in Chicago: 1990-2000

This paper documents the fact that the concentration of poverty in the inner city of Chicago declined appreciably during the 1990s. Exploratory data analysis suggests that the decline in family poverty is strongly associated with an increase in the employment of females who reside in those areas. The decade of the 1990s is notable for its strong economy, the large expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit and dramatic change in the public assistance programme.
Localization of cholinesterases in adult mammalian brain cell cultures

Abstract 1. AChE was localized in all neuronal elements and BuChE in glial elements in the explants and migratory zones of whole mount adult rabbit and human cortex cultures maintained up to 6 months. Koelle's technique ( Koelle , 1955) with AChTh and BuTh as substrates and suitable inhibitors was used. Eserine (10 −5 to 10 −3 M) inhibited cholinesterases. DFP (10 −8 to 10 −6 M) and RO2-0682 (6 × 10 −8 M) inhibited BuChE. 2. AChE was present in the perikarya and fibers and was found to highly concentrated in axonal endings, especially presynaptic endings. 3. Cultures from human subcortical white matter after 2 months in culture showed an absence of AChE but the presence of BuChE in glial elements. AChE and BuChE could be localized in corresponding gray matter cultures. 4. Sodium barbital decreased the intensity of staining for AChE and increased the staining of glial elements for BuChE. Epinephrine reduced the stain intensity of AChE in the perikarya of neurons while at the same time the fibers and boutons stained intensely.
Centrifugal Elutriation for Studies of Neuroimmunity

Centrifugal elutriation is a technique used to fractionate synchronized populations of cells based on size and density. Notably, countercurrent centrifugal elutriation (CCE) can be used for large cell number isolations while minimally interfering with the cells’ functional properties. This makes it superior to other cell separation techniques such as adherence and fluorescence cell sorting. Separating cells by large scale CCE isolation for monocytes and lymphocytes from whole blood while technically challenging is critical to recapitulate immune responses operative during disease. This includes central nervous system infections and degenerative and inflammatory disorders. Monocytes differentiate rapidly into macrophage-like cells, which can reflect microglial function. Such cells are the primary innate immune effector cells, the sources of immunoregulatory factors, and those that effect clearance of debris. Perhaps, most importantly, they serve as antigen presenters and the target cells for a range of microbial pathogens that include the human immunodeficiency virus while reacting to misfolded, aggregated, and oxidized proteins such as amyloid beta, alpha synuclein, and superoxide dismutase present in Alzheimer and Parkinson’s diseases and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. They can also readily be examined for their genomic and proteomic structures and functional capacities. Also, it is noteworthy to state that using such unmanipulated cells, reproducible outcomes in an experimental setting reflective of human disease can be performed.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, Traumatic Reminders, and Partner Aggressive Tendencies Among Veterans

This study examined whether laboratory exposure to traumatic reminders potentiated the relationship between veterans’ posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and intimate partner aggression (IPA) articulations elicited during an anger-induction task. The sample included 82 male Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom veterans. The Articulated Thoughts in Simulated Situations (ATSS) procedure was used to assess physical IPA articulations (i.e., expressions of physically aggressive intentions toward the partner) and verbal IPA articulations (i.e., statements intended to insult or demean the partner) made during “relationship anger” provoking scenarios. Participants were administered versions of the ATSS both with and without trauma cue presentation. Results indicated that trauma cue exposure potentiated the relationship between veterans’ PTSD symptoms and physical IPA articulations, but did not strengthen the significant relationship between PTSD symptoms and verbal IPA articulations. Findings contribute to the literature on veterans’ PTSD symptoms and IPA perpetration by highlighting the influence of traumatic reminders.
Contraception in women with special medical needs.

Over 10% of US women have experienced a serious chronic physical disorder or disease by the age of 18 years. Nonetheless health professionals frequently are unprepared to counsel women with special medical problems about sexuality issues including the potential adverse effects of pregnancy and contraception on underlying disease. This article based on a comprehensive review of the clinical literature summarizes significant contraception-related considerations in women with specific medical conditions. Special emphasis is awarded to cardiovascular and neurologic diseases. In women with cardiac disease both the cardiovascular sequelae of pregnancy should the contraceptive fail and the potential adverse circulatory effects of various contraceptive methods must be considered. In women with neurologic disease a method must be selected that will not interact with anticonvulsants or immunosuppressive medications. Also reviewed are indicated and contraindicated contraceptive methods for women with pulmonary gastrointestinal endocrine hematologic renal and rheumatologic disease; HIV/AIDS; cancer; and psychiatric morbidity. Tables review World Health Organization medical eligibility criteria for use of the major contraceptive methods medications that potentially reduce or enhance the efficacy of oral contraceptives (OCs) and drugs whose efficacy may be affected by concomitant OC use.
Combined Intradialytic and Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition: A Case Report

Renal failure patients often present with complex metabolic and nutrition management problems. When gastrointestinal dysfunction precludes enteral nutrition, needs must be met with parenteral nutrition (PN) while maintaining volume restrictions. If central access cannot be obtained, intradialytic PN may provide a portion of nutritional needs. However, the amount of time on dialysis limits nutrient provision. Because of volume required to meet nutritional needs, peripheral PN is problematic in the renal failure patient. A renal failure patient with multiple medical problems is described in whom intradialytic and peripheral PN were concurrently employed to approximate nutritional needs (81% of resting energy expenditure) while minimizing administered fluid volume.
Why 787 Delays Were Inevitable

Boeing 787, the Dreamliner, was the fastest-selling plane ever in the commercial aviation industry. However, its development was a nightmare – the first flight was delayed by 26 months, and the first delivery was delayed by 40 months with a cost overrun of at least $11 billion. By a comprehensive empirical study of the actual events and facts, we find strong evidence to suggest that a majority of the delays were intentional. An economic analysis of incentives and gaming behaviors in joint development projects discovers that the 787’s risk-sharing partnership forced Boeing and its partners to share the “wrong” risk. This led the firms into a Prisoner’s Dilemma, where delays were in the best interests of these firms, although doing so drove them into a disaster. We reconcile the economic analysis with the empirical evidence to reveal the rationale behind many seemingly irrational behaviors that delayed this program. Finally, we suggest a new “fair sharing” partnership to share the “right” risk and greatly alleviate delays for development programs of this kind.