cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Histologic Changes of Intraoral Free Skin Flaps

background It was the purpose of this study to assess the histologic skin changes of free tissue transfers used to reconstruct intraoral defects. methods Patients who were at least 12 months after intraoral free tissue reconstruction were selected for study. A 3-mm punch biopsy of the intraoral portion of the flap was performed and submitted for routine histologic analysis and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. The adjacent native oral mucosa was also biopsied and served as control. results Eight patients (42 to 71 years old) were studied. A variety of skin flaps were employed and included free rectus abdominis (4), radial forearm (2), scapula (1), and osteocutaneous fibula flaps (1). Histologic examination demonstrated that all specimens maintained normal skin architecture and maturation. Adnexal structures were demonstrated in all but one. Acute inflammation in conjunction with diffuse parakeratosis and spongiosis were seen with 4 cases. Fungal forms consistent with Candida species were identified in the stratum corneum by PAS stain in these 4 cases. conclusion The histologic integrity of skin appears to be maintained in cutaneous free flaps placed intraorally. Previous studies have noted an inflammatory infiltrate in the epithelial tissues of intraorally placed flaps, yet have not commented on the significance of this finding even when it was noted in a chronic setting. Our study is the first to correlate these changes with the presence of fungi. The effect of the acute inflammation and associated fungal forms may suggest the need for chronic therapy and merits further study.
Lineage relationship of effector and memory T cells.

Adaptive immunity is characterized by the ability to form long-lived immunological memory. Upon re-exposure to antigen, memory T cells respond more rapidly and robustly than naive T cells, providing better clearance of pathogens. Recent reviews have reinforced the text-book view that memory T cells arise from effector cells. Although this notion is teleologically appealing, emerging data are more consistent with a model where naive cells directly develop into memory cells without transitioning through an effector stage. A clear understanding of the lineage relationships between memory and effector cells has profound implications for the design of vaccines and for the development of effective T cell-based therapies.
Design Considerations for Ag Ion Implanted Waveguides in Glass

The material properties and their impact upon design and structure of planar and channel waveguides is presented. Comparison to other silver ion exchange techniques will be discussed.
On hybrid addition of matrices

The definition of the hybrid sum of arbitrary matrices is given, and it is shown that this definition generalizes the previous work done for the hybrid sum of Hermitian positive semidefinite matrices. It is shown that hybrid summability of two matrices is equivalent to the consistancy of set of linear equations. These equations are then used to derive many properties of the hybrid sum, in particular commutativity and associativity. The shorted operator and matrix gyration are generalized and their relationship to hybrid addition is discussed.
Experiments to search for a substrate state for 3 he adjacent to surfaces in 3 He- 4 He mixtures

We describe three experiments designed to search for the bound state for3He adjacent to a substrate which has been predicted by Treiner and co-workers. In each case a bulk3He-4He solution is in contact with the substrate of interest. For a Nuclepore substrate, NMR techniques are used to establish that there is no 2D behavior for the3He in the cell; thus, no substrate state is present. For a cesium or hydrogen substrate the technique involves the measurement of the velocity of ordinary sound in the bulk solution as a function of temperature. The cesium and hydrogen experiments are incomplete.
A Critical Assessment of Several Reservoir Simulators for Modeling Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes

Interest in chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) processes has intensified in recent years because of rising oil prices as well as the advancement in chemical formulations and injection techniques. Polymer (P), surfactant/polymer (SP), and alkaline/surfactant/polymer (ASP) are techniques for improving sweep and displacement efficiencies with the aim of improving oil production in both secondary and tertiary floods. Chemical flooding has much broader range of applicability than the past. These include high temperature reservoirs, formations with extreme salinity and hardness, naturally fractured carbonates, and sandstone reservoirs with heavy and viscous crude oils. More oil reservoirs are reaching maturity where secondary polymer floods and tertiary surfactant methods have become increasingly important. This significance has added to the industry's interest in using reservoir simulator as a tool for reservoir evaluation and management to minimize costs and increase the process efficiency. Reservoir simulators with special features are needed to represent coupled chemical and physical processes present in CEOR processes. The simulators need to be first validated against well controlled lab and pilot scale experiments to have reliable predictions of the full field implementations. The available data from laboratory scale include 1) phase behavior and rheological data, 2) results of secondary and tertiary coreflood experiments for P, SP, and ASP floods under reservoir conditions, i.e. chemical retentions, pressure drop, and oil recovery. Data collected from corefloods are used as benchmark tests comparing numerical reservoir simulators with CEOR modeling capabilities such as STARS of CMG, ECLIPSE-100 of Schlumberger, REVEAL of Petroleum Experts, and UTCHEM from The University of Texas at Austin. The research UTCHEM simulator is included since it has been the benchmark for chemical flooding simulation for over 25 years. The results of this benchmark comparison will be utilized to improve chemical design for field-scale studies using commercial simulators. The benchmark tests illustrate the potential of commercial simulators for chemical flooding projects and provide a comprehensive table of strength and limitation of each simulator for a given CEOR process. Mechanistic simulations of chemical EOR processes will provide predictive capability and can aid in optimization of the field injection projects. The objective of this paper is not to compare the computational efficiency and solution algorithms and only focus on the process modeling comparison.
The effect of an emergency department clinical “triggers” program based on abnormal vital signs

Abstract Objective To determine the effect of a clinical triggers program in the Emergency Department (ED) setting that utilized predetermined abnormal vital signs to activate a rapid assessment by an emergency physician led multidisciplinary team. Methods A retrospective, separate sample, pre-post intervention study following implementation of an ED triggers program. Abnormal vital sign criteria that warranted a trigger response included: heart rate 130 beats/min, respiratory rate 30 respirations/min, systolic blood pressure Results The median time to physician evaluation was reduced by 25% from 28 min to 21 min (P Conclusions In our model, the implementation of an ED triggers program resulted in a modest decreased time to physician evaluation and disposition decision but not time to intervention.
Chemiluminescence of diphenoyl peroxide electron transfer revealed by laser spectrophotometric analysis

Abstract The reaction of diphenoyl peroxide with a series of electronically excited electron donors was investigated by nanosecond laser spectroscopy. The results indicate that electron transfer from the excited state to the peroxide is the predominant reaction. The radical ions formed in this process may diffuse from the solvent cage or annihilate to regenerate the excited state. Kinetic data is presented that show an analogous process occurs for ground state electron donors resulting in chemilumine escence by the chemically initiated electron exchange luminescence (CIEEL) mechanism.
Genomic Medicine: Putting Our Tools to Use

In the News Focus story “Waiting for the revolution” (4 February, p. [526][1]), E. Marshall discussed the use of genetic diagnostics in medicine. However, an analysis of the medical genetics revolution should focus not only on diagnostics but also on genetic manipulation. The genetic revolution is well under way in microbes and invertebrates. It's even enjoying great progress in mice and moderate progress in rats. The real progress in these organisms has come not from the ability to read their genes; rather, it is a result of our ability to write them. Improving modern treatments, including pharmaceuticals, based on genetic differences is certainly a valuable addition to our medical toolbox. But I predict that the advent of genetic manipulations in humans—whether in embryos or in adults, whether transient or permanent, whether purely genetic or epigenetic—will be considered the real beginning of the genetic revolution. Before we proceed down this road, we must address numerous risks and ethical questions. But we cannot experience any sort of genetic revolution in human medicine until we push through these obstacles and address the benefits to humanity of repairing the aberrantly expanded HTT gene in a middle-aged Huntington's patient or knocking in a copy of the CFTR gene in a child suffering from cystic fibrosis. Diagnostics are just viewing the toolbox through a window. Eventually, we'll need to figure out how to safely pick up the tools and make good use of them. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.331.6017.526
High performance ceramic interconnect material for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs): Ca- and transition metal-doped yttrium chromite

The effect of transition metal substitution on thermal and electrical properties of Ca-doped yttrium chromite was investigated in relation to use as a ceramic interconnect in high temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). 10 at% Co, 4 at% Ni, and 1 at% Cu substitution on B-site of 20 at% Ca-doped yttrium chromite led to a close match of thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) with that of 8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), and a single phase Y0.8Ca0.2Cr0.85Co0.1Ni0.04Cu0.01O3 remained stable between 25 and 1100 degree C over a wide oxygen partial pressure range. Doping with Cu significantly facilitated densification of yttrium chromite. Ni dopant improved both electrical conductivity and dimensional stability in reducing environments, likely through diminishing the oxygen vacancy formation. Substitution with Co substantially enhanced electrical conductivity in oxidizing atmosphere, which was attributed to an increase in charge carrier density and hopping mobility. Electrical conductivity of Y0.8Ca0.2Cr0.85Co0.1Ni0.04Cu0.01O3 at 900 degree C is 57 S/cm in air and 11 S/cm in fuel (pO2=5×10^-17 atm) environments. Chemical compatibility of doped yttrium chromite with other cell components was verified at the processing temperatures. Based on the chemical and dimensional stability, sinterability, and thermal and electrical properties, Y0.8Ca0.2Cr0.85Co0.1Ni0.04Cu0.01O3 is suggested as a promising SOFC ceramic interconnectmore » to potentially overcome technical limitations of conventional acceptor-doped lanthanum chromites.« less
Flows and Pauses in the Urban Logistics Landscape: The Municipal Regulation of Shipping Container Mobilities

The mobilities turn has demonstrated the importance of the social, cultural and political implications of travel for a variety of modes, though largely focused on people and vehicles, not freight. The transport of goods by shipping container has become the predominant means of freight transport since the 1960s, shaping places from port cities to rural distribution centers. This paper uses two North American case studies to explore temporary immobilities or pauses in the flows of shipping containers, showing that the problems containers pose to the places they pass through are not a function of the objects themselves, but their state of mobility. Pauses are important as a category of mobility because of the consequences of regulations that attempt to eliminate or redirect them.
Plasma Etch Processes for Embedded FRAM Integration

We describe the etch processes used for integration of embedded ferroelectric random access memory (FRAM) within a standard CMOS logic flow. The ferroelectric module is inserted following front-end contact formation and prior to backend integration using only two additional mask levels: capacitor pattern and bi-level via pattern. The single-mask stack etch process employs a TiAlN hardmask to define Ir/IrOx/PZT/IrOx/Ir capacitors. Protective sidewalls can be formed using an etchback process. The bi-level via etch and subsequent metal fill processes complete the FRAM module formation. Functional 4 MB arrays embedded with 5 levels of Cu/FSG integration have been demonstrated.
Unsteady convective diffusion in capillary chromatography

Abstract An exact theory of unsteady convective diffusion in capillary chromatography is developed from first principles. Preliminary asymptotic results from the theory for large values of time provide rigorous justification for the Golay theory of capillary columns. The exchange coefficient, K0, which arises from the analysis, is a new concept in capillary chromatography. Ko represents the result of the interaction between the diffusion of solute to the wall and its removal by the retentive layer at the wall. The theory presented here allows one to predict concentration distributions directly from first principles but the results can also be used to calculate the moments of the solute distribution and other quantities of interest in chromatography.
Long-term effects of highly selective vagotomy (HSV) in dogs on acid and pepsin secretion.

Gastric H+ and pepsin studies before and at intervals for 40 months after fundic vagotomy (HSV) in 3 fistula dogs were done with the vagal stimulant 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), and with dose responses to urecholine, histamine, and pentagastrin. Initially HSV completely blocked the secretory response to 2-DG, but secretion began to recover by 5–6 months, and from 16 months on stabilized at 60% H+ and 13–17% pepsin (preoperative = 100%). After HSV the stomach showed hypersensitivity to urecholine with a lower threshold and lowerK m, but unchangedV m, while with histamine the curves were shifted to the right, withK m unchanged andK m increased. With pentagastrin there was also a small decrease inV m. Pepsin responses to urecholine recovered and exceeded control by 16 months, but remained relatively unresponsive to histamine or pentagastrin. A cholinergic background provided by urecholine at subthreshold doses (<10 μg/kg·hr) restored both pentagastrin and histamine responses to prevagotomy levels. Gastrin release from the innervated antrum by 2-DG was several times greater than in controls and was atropine sensitive. The results indicate that denervation of the secretory mucosa, especially of the peptic cells, is never more than partially reversed even after 3 years. Even though the response to vagal stimulation is partial, the mucosa remains capable of normal response, ie, there is no atrophy, and therefore, the vagus is not directly trophic to the gastric fundus. Moreover, vagotomy was followed by some hypersensitivity to urecholine, indicating changes in cholinergic receptors like those seen in denervated muscle cells.
The Sudbury Basin, the Southern Province, the Grenville Front, and the Penokean Orogeny

The Sudbury Basin in the Canadian Shield has been proposed as a meteorite impact site subsequently deformed by endogenic tectonism. Detailed study of the structural geology strengthens this hypothesis and strongly suggests that the deformation of the basin was coeval with major folding and flattening (2.0 to 1.6 b.y. ago) of the rocks of the eastern Southern province and the northwesternmost Grenville province. The structural geometry indicates that most of these rocks have a similar strain history. Finite-strain analysis of deformed concretions within the Sudbury Basin suggests that originally it was almost circular in outline.
Effects of Tip Compliance in Friction Force Microscopy

Friction force microscopy (FFM) enables the unprecedented measurement of friction at the nanoscale. It is known that when FFM microcantilevers are dragged across surface, the nanometer tip executes stick-slip motions as the tip “plucks” individual atoms on the surface. Tomlinson’s model is usually used to explain these effects. In what follows we investigate the effects of tip compliance on the stick-slip motions in FFM. New results are predicted describing the transition from steady sliding to single and multiple atom stick-slip. Additionally, the effect of these different motions on the average frictional force is calculated.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Multilepton Signal for Supersymmetric Particles in the Fermilab Tevatron Data

The CDF and D0 Collaborations have both reported unusual events in the dilepton + jets sample with very high lepton and missing transverse energies. It is possible, but very unlikely, that these events originate from top quark pair production; however, they have characteristics that are better accounted for by decays of supersymmetric quarks with mass in the region of 300GeV: {tilde {ital q}}{r_arrow}{ital q}{chi}{tilde {ital w}}, {chi}{tilde {ital w}}{r_arrow}{nu}l, l{tilde {ital w}}{r_arrow}l{chi}{sup 0}{sub 1}. Such a supersymmetric origin also leads to events with large missing transverse energy and either 0, 1, 2 same-sign, or 3isolated charged leptons. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
The Muff Affair: Fashioning Celebrity in the Portraits of Late-eighteenth-century British Actresses

AbstractIn this article, I argue that images of muffs in several portraits of actresses from the 1780s and 1790s can be read as ambiguous cultural signs that are analogous to the ambivalent position of actresses as female celebrities in the late eighteenth century. Muffs in portraits of actresses draw attention to the complex boundary between fame and notoriety for eighteenth-century women: in certain images muffs function as signs of aristocracy and glamour, in others of crass accumulation and overt sexuality. At the same time that these portraits were being painted a number of satiric prints appeared featuring female bodies engulfed by enormous muffs. Muffs function in these caricatures as ambiguous signs of gender and sexuality, which may have been directly related to anxieties about actresses acting as consumers, fashion plates, and urban professionals. The dual nature of the muff represents the complexities of fashioning celebrity for eighteenth-century female performers.
The Background of Macaulay's Minute

THOMAS Babington Macaulay's "Minute on Education," written in I835 for Lord William Bentinck, governor general of British India, was the decisive and final piece in a long series of propaganda articles written over a period of more than half a century in the formation of British educational policy in India.1 Macaulay's standing in British intellectual and political circles made his advocacy of English-language education for Indian students enrolled in government-supported colleges and universities sufficient justification for Bentinck's adoption of that program immediately after Macaulay's treatise appeared in print. The Bentinck educational policy, which remained the essential educational policy of the British raj, called not only for the study of the English language by Indian students but required that instruction in all courses of study at the college level should be given through the medium of the English language. This meant that all Indian aspirants for college degrees must thoroughly learn a foreign language prior to embarking upon a career in higher education. In I835, the erection of this rather formidable obstacle between aspiring Indian students and the pursuit of college study seemed right and proper, not only to Macaulay and Bentinck but also to the vast majority of Christian missionaries in India and evangelical leaders in England. Such Indian students as were able to surmount this obstacle of language and win a college degree received the further recognition implicit in the distinctive appellation of "learned native."
"Mind the Gap" in children's health insurance coverage: does the length of a child's coverage gap matter?

Objective Gaps in health insurance coverage compromise access to health care services, but it is unclear whether the length of time without coverage is an important factor. This article examines how coverage gaps of different lengths affect access to health care among low-income children. Methods We conducted a multivariable, cross-sectional analysis of statewide primary data from families in Oregon's food stamp population with children presumed eligible for publicly funded health insurance. The key independent variable was length of a child's insurance coverage gap; outcome variables were 6 measures of health care access. Results More than 25% of children reported a coverage gap during the 12-month study period. Children most likely to have a gap were older, Hispanic, lived in households earning between 133% and 185% of the federal poverty level, and/or had an employed parent. After adjusting for these characteristics, in comparison with continuously insured children, a child with a gap of any length had a higher likelihood of unmet medical, prescription, and dental needs; no usual source of care; no doctor visits in the past year; and delayed urgent care. When comparing coverage gaps, children without coverage for longer than 6 months had a higher likelihood of unmet needs compared with children with a gap shorter than 6 months. In some cases, children with gaps longer than 6 months were similar to, or worse off than, children who had never been insured. Conclusions State policies should be designed to minimize gaps in public health insurance coverage in order to ensure children's continuous access to necessary services.
Problem Behavior and Romantic Relationships: Assortative Mating, Behavior Contagion, and Desistance

Antisocial behavior and substance misuse are forms of problem behavior demonstrating considerable continuity over time. Accordingly, problem behavior influences interpersonal contexts across the life course, which may result in the replication of coercive interactions and a problem behavior lifestyle within romantic relationships. Furthermore, theories of self-selection, and associated research, suggest that individuals pick companions compatible with, and supportive of, their behavior, leading to high levels of similarity between romantic partners and the potential reinforcement of problem behavior over time. However, some research suggests that romantic relationships may play a positive role and facilitate desistance from problem behavior. The purpose of this paper is to explore how antisocial behavior and substance use both influence and are influenced by romantic relationships in late adolescence and early adulthood. We first review research regarding the extent of, and processes underlying, partner similarity in problem behavior. Next, we examine how romantic relationships may promote the desistance of problem behavior. Finally, we discuss possible moderators of the association between problem behavior and romantic relationships, as well as limitations, intergenerational implications, and recommended future directions of the reviewed research.
Decreasing treatment dropout by addressing expectations for treatment length

Therapy dropout or premature termination is a significant problem which impedes the delivery of psychotherapy services. In this study, a method aimed to reduce the occurrence of premature termination by addressing clients' duration expectations was examined. Sixty-three adult clients seeking psychotherapy services from a psychology department training clinic were randomized into control (n=32) and education groups (n=31). On average, those clients in the education group, who were provided information about the dose-effect model prior to their intake appointment, were found to stay in treatment significantly longer (d=0.55) and were more likely to be classified as therapy completers (RR=3.55) when compared to clients in the control group.
Novel drugs in the management of difficult-to-treat hepatitis C genotypes.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common chronic bloodborne infection in the United States, with approximately 3.2 million Americans being chronically infected. Rates of HCV-related end-stage liver disease and its associated morbidity and mortality have yet to peak, so there is a pressing need for more effective and tolerable HCV treatment. HCV genotypes 1, 4, 5, and 6 are considered difficult to treat, and the need for improved therapies is especially great for persons infected with these genotypes. CURRENT STRATEGIES FOR HCV TREATMENT: Current therapy for genotype 1 HCV infection includes triple therapy with pegylated interferon, ribavirin, and a NS3/4A protease inhibitor. Sustained virologic response (SVR) rates with triple therapy range from 42% to 75%, a vast improvement over pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy alone. However, response rates remain suboptimal, and triple therapy is associated with significant adverse effects and is only indicated for genotype 1 HCV infection. NOVEL DRUGS FOR HCV TREATMENT: HCV drug development is proceeding at a rapid pace to meet this need. Novel direct acting antiviral agents in several classes, including new NS3/4A serine protease inhibitors, NS5A replication complex inhibitors, NS5B polymerase inhibitors, interferon lambda, and microRNAs, are in varying stages of development. These new therapeutic agents promise SVR rates of up to 100% with durations as short as 12 weeks and, often, fewer adverse effects. CONCLUSION: New drug development in HCV is proceeding at an unprecedented pace. Novel agents promise higher SVR rates, shorter duration of therapy, and fewer adverse effects than have been possible with HCV therapy to date.
MoSi PSM defect inspection and sensitivity analysis

The increasing use of MoSi-based attenuated embedded shifter phase shift masks (PSMs) necessitates MoSi defect inspection and classification. The optical properties of MoSi are quite different than conventional Cr-based binary materials, so inspection tool sensitivity to MoSi defects must be characterized. Sensitivity analysis of a KLA 351 with APA algorithm has been performed on both i-line and DUV PSMs with a variety of Verithoro patterns. The programmed defect sizes were measured on a JEOL JWS-7815 SEM that was calibrated with polystyrene latex spheres for defect sizes less than or equal to 0.4 micrometer, yielding a more accurate small defect sensitivity analysis than in the past. Examples of MoSi defect capture and review are also presented.
On Humeans, Anti-Humeans, and Motivation: A Reply to Pettit

i. In 'The Humean Theory of Motivation' (hereafter 'HTM') I argued for the thesis that R at t is a motivating reason of an agent A to k if and only if there is some 4 such that R at t consists of a desire of A to 0 and a belief that were he to k he would 4.' I called this 'Pi'. I claimed, further, that Pi is definitive of the Humean theory of motivation. The argument I gave for Pi was relatively simple (HTM, pp. 50-8). It is a commonplace that when an agent has a motivating reason to k his reason is partially constituted by a state that embodies his having b-ing a goal. But how does this map on to talk of beliefs and desires? Well, what belief and desire are may uncontroversially be characterized using the metaphor of directions of fit.2 Beliefs are states that aim to fit the world, whereas desires are states that aim to have the world fit them. This metaphor can be rendered non-metaphorical in terms of a functional analysis. Thus, very roughly, the belief that p is a state that tends to go out of existence in the presence of a perception that not-p, whereas the desire that p is a state that tends to endure in the presence of a perception that not-p, disposing the subject to bring it about that p. Now having b-ing as a goal is also a state that aims to have the world fit it. It too must therefore be a disposition to realize b-ing. But in that case we can say that, since the desire to q is a disposition to realize b-ing, and since we have no good reason to think that any other state is such a disposition (in particular, since we have good reason to believe that no belief is a disposition to 0), so only desires (and certainly no belief) can constitute an agent's having b-ing as a goal. Thus Pi. Call this the 'direction of fit' argument. In 'Humeans, Anti-Humeans, and Motivation' (hereafter 'HAM') Philip Pettit makes two claims against me.3 He insists that, first, I do not 'highlight the really central issue between Humeans and anti-Humeans', and that, second, I do not 'provide arguments which would settle that issue in the Humean's favour' (p. 530). I will consider these claims in turn.
Encapsulation of FITC to monitor extracellular pH: a step towards the development of red blood cells as circulating blood analyte biosensors

A need exists for a long-term, minimally-invasive system to monitor blood analytes. For certain analytes, such as glucose in the case of diabetics, a continuous system would help reduce complications. Current methods suffer significant drawbacks, such as low patient compliance for the finger stick test or short lifetime (i.e., 3–7 days) and required calibrations for continuous glucose monitors. Red blood cells (RBCs) are potential biocompatible carriers of sensing assays for long-term monitoring. We demonstrate that RBCs can be loaded with an analyte-sensitive fluorescent dye. In the current study, FITC, a pH-sensitive fluorescent dye, is encapsulated within resealed red cell ghosts. Intracellular FITC reports on extracellular pH: fluorescence intensity increases as extracellular pH increases because the RBC rapidly equilibrates to the pH of the external environment through the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger. The resealed ghost sensors exhibit an excellent ability to reversibly track pH over the physiological pH range with a resolution down to 0.014 pH unit. Dye loading efficiency varies from 30% to 80%. Although complete loading is ideal, it is not necessary, as the fluorescence signal is an integration of all resealed ghosts within the excitation volume. The resealed ghosts could serve as a long-term (>1 to 2 months), continuous, circulating biosensor for the management of diseases, such as diabetes.
Space‐time structure of optical flashes and ionization changes produced by lighting‐EMP

Intense electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) released by lightning discharges produce bright optical emissions at 80–95 km altitudes emitted in a thin (∼30 km) cylindrical shell expanding to radial distances of up to >150 km, lasting for ∼400 µs, and appearing in limb-view as a thin layer with ∼400 km lateral extent.
Differential effects of intrauterine and postnatal brain growth failure in infants of very low birth weight.

• We investigated the contribution of brain growth failure to outcome in infants of very low birth weight (VLBW; ( AJDC 1989;143:63-68)
Minor constituents in the stratosphere and mesosphere

A review of the research in minor constituents in the stratosphere and mesosphere, carried out between 1975 and 1978, is presented. Much of the theoretical research was done with the aid of one-dimensional models. Different aspects of these models are discussed. Measurements of the chlorofluoromethanes, hydrochloric acid, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, and hydrogen oxide were conducted. It is noted that the hydrogen oxides are now assuming a larger role in stratospheric photochemistry than have been postulated before. The effect of water vapor and the hydrogen oxides on the overall chemistry of the stratosphere was investigated theoretically, along with the possible relationship between solar activity and atmospheric ozone. The mesosphere study included ozone, water vapor, nitric oxide, and odd nitrogen investigations.
Bending of a built-up sandwich beam

Abstract A built-up sandwich beam is modeled by two thin elastica of facing material affixed to a series of equally spaced rigid separation blocks. The large-deformation equations under pure bending are formulated and solved by perturbations and numerical integrations. The results show the non-linear phenomena of critical load, snap buckling, and hysteresis. A global critical moment is defined.
Composition of proteins in milk with varying leucocyte contents

Abstract A total of 237 quarter samples from 34 Holstein and 26 Guernsey cows were collected within 7 days. Leucocyte counts by the Wisconsin Mastitis Test and pH were determined within a few hours after collection. Skim milk was analyzed for total proteins, caseins, and whey proteins as well as for the electrophoretic fractions of α s1 -, β -, and κ -casein, β -lactoglobulin, serum albumin, α -lactalbumin, and immunoglobulins. Except for total protein contents, all other concentrations changed with increasing leucocyte counts in each breed. Milk samples with higher leucocyte counts had less total casein, lower ratios of casein to total protein, and higher contents of total whey proteins than samples with lower leucocyte counts. They also showed decreased amounts of α s1 -casein, β -casein, β -lactoglobulin, and α -lactalbumin while amounts of immunoglobulins, serum albumin, κ -casein, other unidentified proteins, and pH increased. Leucocyte counts were higher in advanced stages of lactation and with higher age of cows. No relationships between leucocyte counts and genetic polymorphisms of proteins were found. Bacteriological tests showed less growth in samples with lower leucocyte counts.
A spectral approach to estimation and smoothing of continuous spatial processes

This paper is concerned with developing computational methods and approximations for maximum likelihood estimation and minimum mean square error smoothing of irregularly observed two-dimensional stationary spatial processes. The approximations are based on various Fourier expansions of the covariance function of the spatial process, expressed in terms of the inverse discrete Fourier transform of the spectral density function of the underlying spatial process. We assume that the underlying spatial process is governed by elliptic stochastic partial differential equations (SPDE's) driven by a Gaussian white noise process. SPDE's have often been used to model the underlying physical phenomenon and the elliptic SPDE's are generally associated with steady-state problems. A central problem in estimation of underlying model parameters is to identify the covariance function of the process. The cumbersome exact analytical calculation of the covariance function by inverting the spectral density function of the process, has commonly been used in the literature. The present work develops various Fourier approximations for the covariance function of the underlying process which are in easily computable form and allow easy application of Newton-type algorithms for maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters. This work also develops an iterative search algorithm which combines the Gauss-Newton algorithm and a type of generalized expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, namely expectation-conditional maximization (ECM) algorithm, for maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters. We analyze the accuracy of the covariance function approximations for the spatial autoregressive-moving average (ARMA) models analyzed in Vecchia (1988) and illustrate the performance of our iterative search algorithm in obtaining the maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters on simulated and actual data.
Canine coronary microvessel NO production regulates oxygen consumption in ecNOS knockout mouse heart.

Abstract We have previously shown that NO production by tissues following stimulation with bradykinin or other agonists can regulate oxygen consumption in skeletal muscle, heart and kidney. From those studies and from those using agonists, which classically release NO from blood vessels and which are unable to regulate tissue oxygen consumption in heart from ecNOS knockout mice, we concluded that vascular NO production is capable of regulating tissue oxygen consumption. The goal of these studies was to directly address the concept that NO production by blood vessels can regulate tissue oxygen consumption using a classical transfer paradigm. Microvessels, capable of producing NO, were prepared from canine hearts using a sieving technique, cardiac tissue was taken from mice lacking the ability to produce NO from ecNOS (ecNOS −/− mice) and tissue oxygen consumption measured in vitro using a Clark type electrode in a sealed chamber. Bradykinin (10−7to 10−4 M ) had no effect on tissue oxygen consumption when administered to heart from ecNOS –/mice as expected and no effect on oxygen consumption by isolated canine coronary microvessels (0±5% at 10−5 M ). However when coronary microvessels were co-incubated with heart from ecNOS −/− mice, bradykinin caused a dose dependent reduction in tissue oxygen consumption reaching a maximum of 44±10% at 10−4 M . The effects of bradykinin were entirely abolished by L -NAME. The calculated concentration range for NO in these studies was 2.9 to 293 n M , within estimated physiologic range for the activity of NO on cytochrome oxidase. These data indicate that coronary microvessels can regulate cardiac oxygen consumption through a NO dependent mechanism.
In vivo microdialysis and gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry for 13C-enrichment measurement of extracellular glutamate in rat brain.

Abstract Extracellular glutamate (GLUECF) was collected by microdialysis from the corticostriatal region of awake rats, at the basal level and after elevation by perfusion of GLU uptake inhibitor, l -trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid. Concurrently, [2,5-13C]glucose was infused intravenously to 13C-enrich brain GLU predominantly at C5. The 13C enrichment of GLUECF was measured, after tert-butyldimethylsilylation, by gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry. Excellent signal-to-noise ratios of the analyte signals at three selected ion-pairs were achieved at ∼20 pmol. The fractional 13C enrichment of basal dialysate GLU C5, collected during 0.75–1.25 h of [2,5-13C]glucose infusion, was 0.263±0.01, very close to the enrichment of whole-brain (predominantly intracellular) GLU C5 measured in parallel NMR study. The result strongly suggests that the dialysate GLU consists predominantly of neurotransmitter GLU, which was 13C-enriched in, and released from, neurons by exocytosis and had diffused to the dialysis probe; the label is undiluted by 12C-GLUECF present before the enrichment. Hence, our result supports the view, proposed on the basis of Ca2+- and tetrodotoxin-sensitivity of dialysate GLU, that basal dialysate GLU in awake non-stimulated brain mainly represents neurotransmitter GLU. Isotope labeling provides a novel method for determining the extent to which dialysate GLU reflects synaptic GLUECF, and for measuring its turnover under physiological or pathological conditions.
Superresolution planar diffraction tomography through evanescent fields

We consider the problem of noninvasively locating objects buried in a layered medium such as land mines in the ground or objects concealed in a wall. In such environments, the transmitter(s) and receiver(s) are frequently within the near-field region of the illuminating radiation. In these cases, the scattered evanescent field carries useful information on the scattering object. Conventional diffraction tomography techniques neglect, by their design, the evanescent field. Under near-field conditions, they treat it as noise as opposed to valid data. If correctly incorporated into a reconstruction algorithm, the evanescent field, which carries high spatial frequency information, can be used to achieve resolution beyond the classical limit of λ/2, or “superresolution.” We build on the generalized holography theory presented by Langenberg to develop a planar diffraction tomography algorithm that incorporates evanescent field information to achieve superresolution. Our theory is based on a generalization of the Fourier transform, which allows for complex spatial frequencies in a manner similar to the Laplace transform. We specialize our model to the case of a two-dimensional multimonostatic, wideband imaging system, and derive an extended resolution reconstruction procedure. We implement and apply our reconstruction to two data sets collected using the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Micropower Impulse Radar (MIR). © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 12, 16–26, 2002
Mathematical modeling and computer simulation of the rotating impeller particle flotation process: Part I. Fluid flow

Removal of unwanted particles from molten metal by flotation is one of the most useful melt cleansing techniques used by the foundry industry. An effective way of flotation of particles in a melt relies on purging a gas into the molten metal through holes in a rotating impeller. Impeller rotation creates turbulence inside the melt, which helps agglomerate the impurity particles and, thereby, enhances their removal from the melt. In addition, turbulence increases the probability of particles attaching to the rising gas bubbles and, therefore, enhances the chance of their removal from the molten metal. A mathematical model has been developed to simulate the turbulent multiphase flow field inside the flotation treatment furnace. Simulations based on the model were used to demonstrate the effect of the various process parameters on the performance of a batch-type rotating impeller particle flotation process.
Characterization of Microporous Polymeric Materials: Pore Continuity and Size Distribution via Thermal Analysis

Abstract Polymerization of single-phase microemulsions produces microporous solid materials. The surface morphology of the polymer solids, after drying, was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The microstructure of the precursor microemulsion is preserved to a considerable extent on polymerization, at least in a qualitative sense. The microstructure within the bulk of the polymers was characterized by the shape of drying-rate curves determined using thermogravimetric analysis. The results reveal that bicontinuous microemulsions yield polymers with an open-cell structure whereas microemulsions with less than 20% water content form closed-cell structures. The pore size distribution (PSD) of the aspolymerized solids was obtained using a high-resolution low-temperature DSC technique. A comparison of the SEM pictures with the results of the PSD shows that the mode of drying affects the porosity and that the pores increase in size during drying.
On characterization of molecular surfaces

We consider the problem of quantitative characterization of the molecular surface. We start with a set of matrices, the elements of which give interatomic separation and higher powers of the separations. Averaged row sums of individual matrices suitably normalized give molecular profiles. The problem that we consider is how to generalize this approach to 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional objects. By using a large number of random points distributed over the molecular surface or molecular volume, respectively, we arrive at matrices from which one can extract invariants that offer a good characterization of the molecular surface and the molecular volume. It is suggested that the ratio V/S, where V and S are components of the volume and surface profile for a molecule, respectively, represents a novel shape index. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 65: 1065–1076, 1997
Quantification of Human Neural Stem Cell Fate Using Volocity ® 3D Image Analysis Software

Introduction !e promise of stem cell therapy o"ers hope for the treatment of many human diseases and injuries [1]. Spinal cord and traumatic brain injuries can cause the loss of neurons and glial cells. !ese lost cells may be partially replaced by transplanting multipotent human neural stem cells (hNSCs), which can di"erentiate into specialized neural cell types [2, 3]. !e potential for these remarkable cells to promote recovery of neural function has made them a strong focus of researchers in this #eld. Accurate and e$cient quanti#cation of human stem cell lineage and fate is essential for this research. In many laboratories, stem cells cultured and di"erentiated in vitro are routinely classi#ed and quanti#ed from 2D or 3D images. Recognition of hNSC progeny in 2D is challenging because of their heterogeneous cell morphology, long overlapping cell processes, and high cell density, which make cell fate quanti#cation highly error prone [4]. In addition, manual methods are frequently used for hNSC fate analysis, which can be time-consuming, subjective, and inconsistent [5]. !e ability to visualize and analyze image data in 3D can overcome many of these classi#cation errors and provide a deeper understanding of cellular samples [6]. !e development of an automated method for cell fate analysis would also improve the e$ciency of stem cell research. Human NSCs have the ability to di"erentiate into (1) neurons, (2) astrocytes, which largely function to provide nutritional and structural support to neurons, and (3) oligodendrocytes, specialized cells that form the myelin sheath around axons and insulate neural signals [3]. !ese three specialized neural cell types can be identi#ed using speci#c nuclear and cytoplasmic cell fate markers [7]. In a recent study published in Stem Cell Research, B. J. Cummings and colleagues from the Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center at the University of California set out to create and optimize two image analysis protocols to quantify these cell fate markers using PerkinElmer’s Volocity 3D Image Analysis So%ware [8].
Spinal cord injury: 10 and 15 years after

Researchers have only recently begun to study the problems and adaptations of persons who have lived with spinal cord injury (SCI) for many years. This descriptive study examined recent functional changes and perceptions regarding the quality of life in 43 SCI persons who were 10 or 15 years post injury; 31 percent of the 137 persons surveyed (by mail) responded. On a general rating of quality of life, neither level nor completeness of injury was a significant factor. Subjects who were in a preferred current living situation had a significantly better perceived quality of life (t = -3.2, p < .01); employment did not similarly affect quality of life ratings. There was no significant Spearman correlation between quality of life and the number of recent changes experienced in daily functioning (rs = .17); likewise, quality of life was not related to involvement in exercise or other recreational activities. The nature of the changes most often experienced, as well as factors that persons saw as helping to maintain their independence, are described.