cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-stage Framework to Infer Protein Functional Modules from Mass Spectrometry Pull-Down Data with Assessment of Biological Relevance

Protein functional modules are fundamental units in protein interaction networks. High-throughput Mass Spectrometry (MS) technology has become valuable for discovery of protein functional modules. Yet, their computational inference from MS pull-down data and biological significance evaluation are still challenging. This paper introduces an integrated multi-step framework for (1) assessing protein-protein interaction affinities, (2) constructing a genome-wide protein association map, (3) finding putative protein functional modules, and (4) evaluating their biological relevance. The protein affinity score utilizes co- purification pattern of two proteins and adopts an information theoretic-approach to build the protein affinity map. Putative protein modules are then derived using a graph-theoretical approach. A two-stage statistical procedure assesses biological relevance of identified modules. On Saccharomyces cerevisiae's pull-down data (Nature, vol. 415, pp. 141-7, 2002), the scoring scheme outperformed other methods by at least 10% in F1-measure, and statistical tests identified 489 protein modules enriched in all of three general GO categories with p-values less than 0.05.
Isolation and characterization of milk protein nuclear RNAs in rat mammary gland

Methods have been developed to isolate high-molecular-weight pre-mRNAs from lactating mammary gland, a tissue high in RNase levels. These methods involved isolation of nuclei at -20 degrees C in 50% glycerol, and nucleic acid extraction using a guanidine thiocyanate-CsCl protocol. Specific RNAs were detected using alpha-, beta-, and gamma-casein and whey acidic protein nick-translated cDNA and genomic DNA probes by hybridization in situ to pre-mRNAs fractionated on agarose gels containing 10 mM methylmercuric hydroxide. Using these techniques it was possible to isolate poly(A)-containing gene-sized primary transcripts in the case of the two smaller genes, beta-casein and whey acidic protein. A very complex pattern of pre-mRNAs was observed for the beta-casein transcripts, including detection of a species which may represent an excised intron. Probes for the alpha- and gamma-casein genes revealed much lower abundance and complexity of RNA precursors. These methods have proven useful in the initial analysis of RNA processing of these hormonally regulated milk protein gene transcripts.
Analytical evaluation of Sommerfeld integral tails for layered-media Green's functions

Green's functions for layered media find applications in analysis of radar cross sections, radiation problems for array sources embedded within complex materials, prediction of electric fields from lightning, remote sensing, shipborne EMI/EMC issues and other various applications. Central to the predictions, for such applications, is the need for accurate evaluation of the appropriate Green's functions that contain Sommerfeld integrals. In this paper a method is proposed for direct, real-axis integration of Sommerfeld integrals, obviating the calculation of pole locations and their residue contributions, with the integral tail evaluated analytically in closed form. The computational efficiency of the proposed algorithm is illustrated here with preliminary results by analyzing the G zx component of the Green's function for a HED inside a PEC-backed, double-layer dielectric media. Finally, the present method appears to be better amongst other similar approaches because it can better model the inhomogeneity of the constitutive electrical parameters in the vertical direction of the PEC-backed layered structure.
Drug Transport III: Influence of Various Sugars on Passive Transfer of Several Drugs Across the Everted Rat Intestine

Depending upon the sugar (monosaccharide) present in the drug-buffer solution (isotonic Krebs bicarbonate, pH 7.4), one can effectively alter the passive transfer of several drugs across the everted rat intestine. A similar phenomenon was noted in a previous study concerned with the influence of various cations on transfer. Thus, the transfer of riboflavin, salicylate, and sulfanilamide is significantly decreased in the presence of glucose. Concentrations of glucose as low as 25 mM were found to inhibit riboflavin transfer significantly. Phlorizin (1 mM), which is known to inhibit active glucose transport, abolishes the glucose-stimulated inhibition of riboflavin transfer. A similar inhibition of riboflavin transfer was noted in the presence of xylose. Mannitol, on the other hand, a nonpenetrating sugar, had no effect on the cumulative transfer of these compounds over a 2-hr. period. As noted in the previous study, there appears to be a good correlation between the extent of tissue-fluid uptake under various experimental conditions and the inhibition of riboflavin transfer. Thus, materials causing tissue-fluid uptake (e.g., glucose and xylose) inhibit riboflavin transfer; materials causing no tissue-fluid uptake (mannitol and glucose plus phlorizin) have no effect on drug transfer. Several plausible mechanisms are suggested to account for the observed decrease in passive drug transfer.
Facilitating learning and knowledge creation in community of practice: a case study in a corporate learning environment

Competition in the current global market is becoming ever more intense. As companies seek new ways to leverage their resources to gain competitive advantage, there has been a growing awareness that knowledge that exists within a company is one of its most valuable assets (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995). Knowledge management has been increasingly recognised as an important activity for many large multinational companies (KPMG, 1998). Current literature in knowledge management and organisational learning shows that one of the major lines of thought emphasises human networks.
Sequence-specific formation of d-amino acids in a monoclonal antibody during light exposure.

The photoirradiation of a monoclonal antibody 1 (mAb1) at λ = 254 nm and λmax = 305 nm resulted in the sequence-specific generation of d-Val, d-Tyr, and potentially d-Ala and d-Arg, in the heavy chain sequence [95–101] YCARVVY. d-Amino acid formation is most likely the product of reversible intermediary carbon-centered radical formation at the αC-positions of the respective amino acids (αC• radicals) through the action of Cys thiyl radicals (CysS•). The latter can be generated photochemically either through direct homolysis of cystine or through photoinduced electron transfer from Trp and/or Tyr residues. The potential of mAb1 sequences to undergo epimerization was first evaluated through covalent H/D exchange during photoirradiation in D2O, and proteolytic peptides exhibiting deuterium incorporation were monitored by HPLC–MS/MS analysis. Subsequently, mAb1 was photoirradiated in H2O, and peptides, for which deuterium incorporation in D2O had been documented, were purified by HPLC and subjected to hydroly...
The case for ultrahigh-carbon steels as structural materials

Ultrahigh-carbon steels (UHCSs) are low-alloyed plain carbon steels containing 1–2.1% carbon. These steels have remarkable structural properties when processed to achieve fine ferrite grains with fine spheroidized carbides. They can be made superplastic at intermediate temperatures. Further, they can be made hard with compression toughness and strong with good tensile ductility at ambient temperatures. Contrary to conventional wisdom, UHCSs are ideal replacements for currently used high-carbon (0.5–1 % carbon) steels because they have comparable ductility but higher strength and hardness. In this article, examples of structural components formed from fine-grained spheroidized UHCSs are illustrated, and other potential structural applications are reviewed. These steels can be laminated with other metal-based materials to achieve superplasticity, high impact resistance, exceptionally high tensile ductility, and improved fatigue behavior.
Role Reversal: When Emerging Adults Initiate Health Confrontations With Their Parents

Utilizing theories of social confrontation, this study explores communication shifts in family dynamics during emerging adulthood, focusing on the motivations, barriers, and emotional outcomes of h...
Leksyka anatomiczna w przezwiskach dwuczłonowych zachowanych w nazwiskach z końca XX wieku

Anthroponyms derived from compound nicknames, that is two-word ones, are the subject of the author’s discussion. The most popular formal type of such nicknames is the compositum consisting of an adjective and a noun; also compounds consisting of a verb and a noun are numerous. The article is concerned with names containing anatomical lexis (e.g. side , eyebrow , beard , belly . The nicknames usually refer to a man’s appearance ( Bialobroda – Whitebeard, Grzebinoga – Pokeleg ), but also to the character, behavior ( Bolibrzuch – Belly-ache, Chwaliglowka – Praisehead ), job ( Golibroda – Shavebeard ). Two-word nicknames have a humorous, and sometimes evaluating character. The author also pays attention to the process of the vanishing of names derived from two-word nicknames, especially ones that are definitely negative or vulgar. This is connected with the clarity of their original meaning, and hence with a negative attitude of the bearers towards their own names.
Cytodynamic properties of human endometrium. II. Cultivation and behavior of stromal cells of human decidua in vitro.

Abstract Stromal cells of human decidua have been cultivated in vitro in natural as well as synthetic media. In a medium composed of human umbilical-cord serum, rooster plasma, and chick-embryo extract, two types of cells migrated from the explanted decidua. These were fibroblasts and epithelioid cells. In White's synthetic medium, composed of amino acids, vitamins, and the necessary inorganic ions, only one type of cell was cultivated, namely, the fibroblast. The possible role of estrogen and progesterone in the development of stromal decidual cells is discussed.
White Matter Abnormalities in Patients with Treatment-Resistant Genetic Generalized Epilepsies

BACKGROUND Genetic generalized epilepsies (GGEs) are associated with microstructural brain abnormalities that can be evaluated with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Available studies on GGEs have conflicting results. Our primary goal was to compare the white matter structure in a cohort of patients with video/EEG-confirmed GGEs to healthy controls (HCs). Our secondary goal was to assess the potential effect of age at GGE onset on the white matter structure. MATERIAL AND METHODS A convenience sample of 23 patients with well-characterized treatment-resistant GGEs (13 female) was compared to 23 HCs. All participants received MRI at 3T. DTI indices, including fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD), were compared between groups using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS). RESULTS After controlling for differences between groups, abnormalities in DTI parameters were observed in patients with GGEs, including decreases in functional anisotropy (FA) in the hemispheric (left>right) and brain stem white matter. The examination of the effect of age at GGE onset on the white matter integrity revealed a significant negative correlation in the left parietal white matter region FA (R=-0.504; p=0.017); similar trends were observed in the white matter underlying left motor cortex (R=-0.357; p=0.103) and left posterior limb of the internal capsule (R=-0.319; p=0.148). CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms the presence of widespread white matter abnormalities in patients with GGEs and provides evidence that the age at GGE onset may have an important effect on white matter integrity.
Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric confirmation of leucomalachite green in catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) tissue

A gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) method was developed to confirm the presence of leucomalachite green (LMG), a metabolite of the triphenylmethane dye malachite green (MG), in catfish tissue. Residues were isolated according to a previously described liquid chromatographic (LC)/VIS spectrometric analysis of MG and LMG in fish. In our isolation procedure, analytes are extracted from tissue with acetonitrile-buffer, partitioned into CH 2 Cl 2 , and applied to neutral alumina and propylsulfonic acid solid-phase extraction cartridges. Before GC/MS analysis, extracts prepared for the LC determinative method are eluted from a cyano solid-phase extraction cartridge, extracted into organic solvent, and concentrated for GC/MS analysis. Selected ion monitoring was performed by using 5 diagnostic ions (m/z 330, 329, 253, 210, and 165) of LMG. The method was validated by confirming LMG in tissue fortified with mixtures of MG and LMG (5 and 10 ng/g each) and in tissue from fish that had been exposed to low levels of MG.
Role of protein kinase C in angiotensin II-induced renal vasoconstriction in genetically hypertensive rats

The renal vasculature of young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) responds to angiotensin II (ANG II) with exaggerated vasoconstriction, due in part to defective buffering by the adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) pathway. In vitro studies suggest greater activation of phospholipase C and protein kinase C (PKC) in cultured mesangial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. The present studies evaluated the role of PKC activation in renal vascular responses to ANG II receptor activation and the relative contributions in SHR vs. Wistar-Kyoto control rats (WKY). Renal blood flow was measured in 8-wk-old anesthetized SHR and WKY pretreated with indomethacin. ANG II (2 ng) injection into the renal artery produced a transient 45-50% maximum reduction of renal blood flow in both rat strains. Intrarenal infusion of either staurosporine or chelerythrine into the renal artery effectively attenuated the vasoconstriction elicited by ANG II in a dose-dependent manner, with maximum inhibition of 60-70%. The PKC inhibitory effects were significant and independent of strain. Coadministration of the PKC inhibitors produced maximal inhibition similar to that observed with one agent, suggesting action via a common pathway. In other studies, the linkage of the PKC pathway to the AT1 receptor was evaluated using sub and maximal doses of losartan to antagonize 50-80% of ANG II-induced vasoconstriction. The same degree of inhibition was observed when a PKC inhibitor was coadministered with losartan. These findings support the views that the PKC system is a major intracellular signaling pathway coupled to the AT1 receptor in renal resistance vessels and that PKC activation is involved to similar degrees in the renal vasoconstriction elicited by ANG II in young WKY and SHR. Exaggerated vascular reactivity to vasoconstrictor agents in genetically hypertensive animals is probably due to a defect in cAMP generation in the presence of a normally operating PKC pathway.
Migratory management and environmental conditions affect lifespan and oxidative stress in honey bees.

Migratory management and environmental conditions affect lifespan and oxidative stress in honey bees
Identification of Risk Factors for Poor Feeding in Infants with Congenital Heart Disease and a Novel Approach to Improve Oral Feeding

Many infants with complex congenital heart disease (CHD) do not develop the skills to feed orally and are discharged home on gastrostomy tube or nasogastric feeds. We aimed to identify risk factors for failure to achieve full oral feeding and evaluate the efficacy of oral motor intervention for increasing the rate of discharge on full oral feeds by performing a prospective study in the neonatal and cardiac intensive care units of a tertiary children's hospital. 23 neonates born at ≥37weeks gestation and diagnosed with single-ventricle physiology requiring a surgical shunt were prospectively enrolled and received oral motor intervention therapy. 40 historical controls were identified. Mean length of stay was 53.7days for the control group and 40.9days for the study group (p=0.668). 13/23 patients who received oral motor intervention therapy (56.5%) and 18/40 (45.0%) controls were on full oral feeds at discharge, a difference of 11.5% (95% CI -13.9% to 37.0%, p=0.378). Diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome, longer intubation and duration of withholding enteral feeds, and presence of gastroesophageal reflux disease were predictors of poor oral feeding on univariate analysis. Although we did not detect a statistically significant impact of oral motor intervention, we found clinically meaningful differences in hospital length of stay and feeding tube requirement. Further research should be undertaken to evaluate methods for improving oral feeding in these at-risk infants.
Autoimmune conditions and comorbid depression in pregnancy: examining the risk of preterm birth and preeclampsia

The objective of this study was to determine whether prenatal depression interacts with autoimmune conditions to further increase the risk of preterm birth or preeclampsia. Our sample included 3034 pregnant women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Crohn’s disease (CD) or psoriasis, or controls that were prospectively enrolled into MothertoBaby pregnancy studies. We estimated the independent and joint effects of the three autoimmune conditions and depression on the select outcomes. We found an increased risk of preterm birth among women with RA (2.10; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.54, 2.87), CD (1.87; 95% CI 1.25, 2.81) or psoriasis (1.88; 95% CI 1.27, 2.79) independent of depression status. RA was also independently associated with preeclampsia. Prenatal depression was not independently associated with preterm birth or preeclampsia, nor was there any synergism with autoimmune conditions. If these findings are confirmed, the absence of synergism should be encouraging news to the many women with select autoimmune conditions and depression in pregnancy.
The Opportunity Criterion—A New Approach to the Evaluation of R&D

(1972). The Opportunity Criterion—A New Approach to the Evaluation of R&D. Research Management: Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 64-71.
Advancing Health Equity With Lifestyle Medicine

The Optimal Health and Wellness Clinic of Morehouse Healthcare seeks to advance health equity by providing lifestyle medicine services to its predominantly African American patient population. Health equity means eliminating health disparities by providing services that meet the needs of the population served. African Americans have a higher burden of cardiovascular disease and diabetes than other American ethnic groups. Recent evidence indicates that eating a plant-based diet may eliminate disparities in cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The clinic provides lifestyle intervention services such as stress and sleep management, but the focus is on helping patients to adopt and maintain a plant-based diet. A range of encounter options that include shared medical appointments and cooking classes are offered. The clinic is an example of a lifestyle medicine specialty practice within the multispecialty practice arm of a medical school. The shared mission to promote health equity provides substantial resources to the clinic and allows for collaborative efforts to improve the health of the community.
ANALYSIS OF HUMAN NATURAL KILLER CELLS BY MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews a study of human natural killer (NK) cells by monoclonal antibodies. In this study, OKT3, OKT4, OKT8, OKM1, OKT11a, and OKT10 monoclonal antibodies and Clone 9.6 and αIa (Clone 7.2) monoclonal antibodies were obtained. Monocyte-depleted human peripheral blood lymphocytes were used in the study. Cells to be separated using the fluorescence-activated cell sorter were incubated with the appropriate monoclonal antibody (0.25 μg/l × 106 cells) for 30 min at 4°C, and labeled with an FITC-conjugated F(ab1)2 fragment of goat antiserum to mouse Ig. The cells were separated in the FACS IV (Becton–Dickinson). Antibody and complement treatment (rabbit complement, Pel Freeze, Little Rock, Ark.) was carried out by a two-step protocol. A representative experiment of the natural-killer cytotoxicity mediated by 9.6-positive, OKT11a-positive or OKM1-positive cells, purified by the fluorescence activated cell sorter, is shown in the chapter. Statistically significant differences in the NK cytotoxicity mediated by purified 9.6-positive and OKT111a-positive cells were not observed. The results provided evidence suggesting the existence of subpopulations of NK cells.
Patient and provider preferences for physician roles in breast cancer survivorship care.

10051Background: Adoption of team-based models for cancer survivorship has lagged in part due to uncertainty around which physician—oncologist or primary care provider (PCP)—should lead which eleme...
Rubbing-Induced Site-Selective Growth of MoS2 Device Patterns

The superior electronic and mechanical properties of two-dimensional layered transition-metal dichalcogenides could be exploited to make a broad range of devices with attractive functionalities. Ho...
Measures in ℝn

Hereafter I denotes [0,1], S β (I) is σR(K(I)), S λ (I) is the set of Lebesgue measurable sets in I. If A ⊂ ℝ n , S β (A) and S λ (A) have analogous meanings (even if A is neither Borel nor Lebesgue measurable). When the context permits little ambiguity, the symbols S β and S λ will be used by themselves.
First-year medical students' perspectives on continuity of care.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The objective of this research was to obtain and describe medical students' perspectives about continuity of care while they are participating in a preclinical practice-based preceptorship. METHODS Within the context of a preclinical preceptorship, students completed directed readings, conducted patient and physician interviews, and wrote reflections about continuity of care. Two coders independently analyzed a randomly selected subset of de-identified reflections (78 of 170) to describe predominant themes. RESULTS During preceptorship, students interacted with patients affected by wide-ranging diseases, from diabetes to multiple sclerosis, within primary care and specialty clinical settings located in geographically diverse regions. Drawing on personal experience and interviews with patients and physicians, students reported benefits of continuity of care for patients and physicians concordant with claims from the literature, including improved medical management, better interpersonal communication, increased patient compliance, and higher levels of trust. Students also offered perspectives regarding challenges of and impediments to providing continuity of care, including managed care and work hour constraints, lack of comprehensive coordinated services, and specialty-driven care. CONCLUSIONS Preclinical medical students are able to identify both benefits and barriers to continuity of care. These topics can provide a foundation for a future curriculum and may need to be explicitly addressed as students choose careers in medicine.
Electroencephalographic spectral power as a marker of cortical function and disease severity in girls with Rett syndrome.

Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a mutation in the X-linked MECP2 gene. Individuals with Rett syndrome typically develop normally until around 18 months of age before undergoing a developmental regression, and the disorder can lead to cognitive, motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction. Understanding the mechanism of developmental regression represents a unique challenge when viewed through a neuroscience lens. Are circuits that were previously established erased, and are new ones built to supplant old ones? One way to examine circuit-level changes is with the use of electroencephalography (EEG). Previous studies of the EEG in individuals with Rett syndrome have focused on morphological characteristics, but few have explored spectral power, including power as an index of brain function or disease severity. This study sought to determine if EEG power differs in girls with Rett syndrome and typically developing girls and among girls with Rett syndrome based on various clinical characteristics in order to better understand neural connectivity and cortical organization in individuals with this disorder. Resting state EEG data were acquired from girls with Rett syndrome (n = 57) and typically developing children without Rett syndrome (n = 37). Clinical data were also collected for girls with Rett syndrome. EEG power across several brain regions in numerous frequency bands was then compared between girls with Rett syndrome and typically developing children and power in girls with Rett syndrome was compared based on these clinical measures. 1/ƒ slope was also compared between groups. Girls with Rett syndrome demonstrate significantly lower power in the middle frequency bands across multiple brain regions. Additionally, girls with Rett syndrome that are postregression demonstrate significantly higher power in the lower frequency delta and theta bands and a significantly more negative slope of the power spectrum. Increased power in these bands, as well as a more negative 1/ƒ slope, trended with lower cognitive assessment scores. Increased power in lower frequency bands is consistent with previous studies demonstrating a “slowing” of the background EEG in Rett syndrome. This increase, particularly in the delta band, could represent abnormal cortical inhibition due to dysfunctional GABAergic signaling and could potentially be used as a marker of severity due to associations with more severe Rett syndrome phenotypes.
Enhancing functionalities in carbon fiber composites by titanium dioxide nanoparticles

Abstract Carbon fiber composite's high specific strength makes it incredibly useful for structural applications. However, their low strain-to-failure can be problematic in structural applications that can potentially see high strain conditions or high fatigue cycles resulting in sudden, catastrophic failure. This is further complicated by damage manifesting within the composite thus not showing damage indicators on the surface. Therefore, monitoring the structural integrity and strain history of the composite in application by itself―while maintaining positive composite performance―is vital to ensure safe operation. Here, a homogeneous dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles on carbon fiber is demonstrated to generate a piezoresistive carbon fiber polymer matrix composite with enhanced self-sensing capabilities. The nanoparticle-embedded composites also exhibited superior strength and damping potential compared to the nanoparticle-free composites. The apparent interlaminar shear strength increased by up to 15% and the damping loss factor increased by an average of 150% while the piezoresistive sensitivity increased by up to 180% with the addition of a small weight fraction of nanoparticles to the fiber surface. These results demonstrate an approach to simultaneously improve the sensing capabilities, damping behavior and mechanical strength of carbon fiber composites by simply adding nanoparticles in the fiber sizing using a commercially scalable deposition method.
HIP AND PELVIC STABILITY AND GAIT RETRAINING IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ATHLETIC PUBALGIA AND HIP LABRAL PATHOLOGY IN A FEMALE RUNNER: A CASE REPORT.

Background Athletic pubalgia is a prevalent injury in athletes who kick, pivot, and cut, however it is poorly described in the literature. Many athletes with this diagnosis fail conservative management secondary to continued pain with activity and require surgical intervention for return to sport. Purpose The purpose of this case report is to describe an intervention strategy focusing on gait retraining and hip and lumbopelvic stability for a female runner diagnosed with athletic pubalgia and a labral tear of the hip. Case description This case report involved a 45-year-old female runner who was seen for 14 visits, from examination to return to sport, with a follow up at 12 months post discharge. Interventions included hip, pelvic, and lumbar stability exercises, and gait retraining. Outcomes measurements included: pain on the numeric pain rating scale, the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), gait mechanics, strength, and participation in sport. Outcomes At discharge the subject demonstrated improved strength of all muscle groups and changes in lower extremity running biomechanics. Changes in running mechanics included increased cadence, decreased pelvic drop, diminished over striding, and improved knee control with less valgus movement during the stance phase of gait. The subject reported no pain with running or recreational activities at discharge and follow up at 12 months post discharge. Discussion/conclusion Most of the literature on conservative rehabilitation for athletic pubalgia focuses on athletes whose sports require pivoting and kicking. The literature provides little information on gait analysis and retraining for runners with a diagnosis of athletic pubalgia and/or hip labrum tears. The program used in this case report including gait retraining and hip, pelvic, and lumbar stability training allowed for full return to running in a 45-year-old female with a diagnosis of hip labrum tear and athletic pubalgia. Further research is needed to discern best conservative treatment for runners with athletic pubalgia and/or hip labral tears. Level of evidence 4.
Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles in cancer theranostics applications

Abstract Silver and silver-based compounds have long history of medicinal activity. Recently, biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (b-AgNPs) have gained immense attention in cancer theranostics applications due to their multifunctional abilities and biocompatibility. In this chapter, we will focus on various aspects of cancer theranostics applications of b-AgNPs. Moreover, we will discuss the toxicity and degradability of b-AgNPs along with their future potential toward cancer diagnostics and therapy.
Prostacyclin and Thromboxane Production from Macrophages of Amyloid Resistant and Sensitive Mice

Peritoneal macrophages from amyloid resistant A/J mice produced more prostacyclin (PGI2) and protaglandin E (PGE2) and less thromboxane A2 (TXA2) into the incubation medium than similarly prepared macrophages from CBA/J mice. When CBA/J mice were given injections of azocasein sufficient to produce amyloid in the spleen, the amount of PGI2, but not PGE2 or TXA2 found in the medium from incubated macrophages was significantly decreased. This inhibition of PGI2 synthetase (and/or augmentation of PGI2 catabolism) was also found in the macrophages from azocasein treated A/J mice and to a lesser extent in water injected CBA/J and A/J mice. However, this inhibition of PGI2 synthetase in response to azocasein injections occurred much more slowly in the A/J macrophages than in the CBA/J macrophage. It is suggested that in the presence of elevated serum AA an altered arachidonic acid metabolism by cells of the mononuclear phagocytitic system may contribute to a susceptibility to amyloidosis.
Evaluation of various nitrogen supplements in starter diets for growing Holstein steers and their effects on ruminal bacterial fermentation in continuous culture.

Concurrent in vivo and in vitro studies were conducted to evaluate urea (U), soybean meal (SBM), ground soybeans (RAW), extruded soybeans (ES) or extruded soybeans plus urea (ES + U) as primary supplemental N sources in starter diets for Holstein steers. Three groups of 48 Holstein steers each were fed five different starter diets to 181 kg BW in three experimental periods over 2 yr. Average daily gains were similar (P greater than .05) for steers fed ES + U (1.12 kg), ES (1.08 kg) and SBM (1.09 kg) but lower (P less than .05) for those fed U (1.00 kg) or RAW (.97 kg) diets. Feed/gain was similar (P greater than .05) for ES-fed steers vs those fed other diets except U. From 181 to 477 kg, all steers were fed the same diet. Steers fed the RAW starter diet had the lowest (P less than .05) ADG for the entire period. The starter diets were used as substrates for ruminal microbial metabolism in eight dual-flow continuous culture fermenters. True OM digestion was higher and NDF and ADF digestion was lower (P less than .05) for the ES + U diet than for the ES diet. Dietary protein degradation was lowest (P less than .05) for the ES diet (64.4%). Total bacterial N flow was higher (P less than .05) with the ES + U, SBM and U diets than with the ES diet. Lysine flow was higher (P less than .05) for the ES + U diet than for all other diets except ES. Results of these experiments indicate that ES as a protected ruminal escape N source with or without added urea did not improve steer performance above that obtained from SBM in starter diets.
Detention, the War on Terror, and the Federal Courts

Between 2004 and 2009, the United States Supreme Court relied numerous times on habeas corpus to protect the rights of citizens and of aliens detained after 9/11. Various claims could be marshaled to bracket the 9/11 decisions - as “war” cases; “Guantanamo” cases; “torture” cases; aberrational responses to documented procedural unfairness; unusual instances of federal pretrial detention; and either as extraordinary judicial rejections of challenges to the Court’s authority or as disappointingly narrow procedural remedies licensing forms of preventive detention. Further, one could argue that the specter of terrorism raises normative questions distinct from those related to confinement for other reasons.But neither the problems nor the law produced through 9/11 detention are exotic. Rather, they are continuous with judicial responses to decisions by governments trying to maintain peace and security and, hence, incapacitating some individuals feared likely to inflict grave harm. Officials deal with uncertainty about which persons are threatening in the contexts of 9/11, of ordinary criminality, and of border regulation. In response, more than two million persons are detained in the United States, and some 25,000 segregated in solitary confinement in “supermax” facilities. Courts in turn have, over the last several decades, addressed or demurred on claims about the illegality of both the length and conditions of confinement, and Congress has repeatedly sought to structure or limit routes that various kinds of detainees may take to court.Therefore, the 9/11 decisions are exemplary of what Henry Monaghan termed the “timeless” questions within the federal courts canon about the role of courts in this constitutional order. One sees, repeatedly, the many effects of “foreign” law on U.S. precepts, as well as the distinctive contributions made by courts, obliged to function independently, to treat all persons as equally entitled to dignity, and to work in public. But the limited role for courts is also vivid; even as adjudication can frame some parameters of confinement, the protection of human dignity depends on a diverse set of officials interacting at all levels and in all sectors of government.
Diagnosis and management of Stage 1A (microinvasive) carcinoma of the cervix

Abstract Forty-five patients with microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix were encountered out of 820 patients with intraepithelial carcinoma, an incidence of 5.4 per cent. Twenty-four patients were treated by a radical Wertheim hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Although the cure rate was 100 per cent, the morbidity rate was 60 per cent. Eighteen of nineteen patients treated by simple hysterectomy are living without disease, but the morbidity rate was 12.7 per cent. The importance of the depth of stromal invasion and lymphatic permeation as related to proper therapy was stressed. The significance of histologic grading of intraepithelial carcinoma as related to potential stromal invasion was discussed.
Behavior Problems of Childhood and Adolescence

During the long process of maturation, nearly all youth have transitory problems of adjustment, behavior, and emotion. Parents of preschoolers often lament their children's tantrums, shyness, and unruliness; families of teenagers worry about rebellion, lack of academic motivation, and temptation for drugs and alcohol. Although such problems typically resolve with further development, when issues related to impulse control, emotion regulation, or behavioral deportment are quite extreme for the child's age and when they interfere with schooling and academic achievement, family life, or the attainment of independence, referrals may be made for diagnosis of a psychological or psychiatric condition. In fact, serious levels of problem behavior are usually not short-lived. The subject of this entry is the nature, etiology, and treatment of such clinical-range problems. Keywords: behavior problems; internalizing disorders; externalizing disorders; developmental psychopathology; temperament
Expecting the Unexpected: Towards Robust Credential Infrastructure

Cryptographic credential infrastructures, such as Public key infrastructure (PKI), allow the building of trust relationships in electronic society and electronic commerce. At the center of credential infrastructures is the methodology of digital signatures. However, methods that assure that credentials and signed messages possess trustworthiness and longevity are not well understood, nor are they adequately addressed in both literature and practice. We believe that, as a basic engineering principle, these properties have to be built into the credential infrastructure rather than be treated as an after-thought since they are crucial to the long term success of this notion. In this paper we present a step in the direction of dealing with these issues. Specifically, we present the basic engineering reasoning as well as a model that helps understand (somewhat formally) the trustworthiness and longevity of digital signatures, and then we give basic mechanisms that help improve these notions.
Primary Prevention Programs for Children in the Social Service System

Providing effective social services for children and their families at high risk for substance abuse problems is a national concern. The paper presents the prevalence and incidence of children in need of social services due to child maltreatment, child poverty, parental incarceration, parental substance abuse, juvenile justice problems, child mental health and substance abuse problems, and homelessness. Next, the paper examines early childhood family education and family support approaches in primary prevention designed to meet the needs of these children. New research to understand developmental pathways that lead to substance abuse problems in these children is recommended.
Theatrical Translation and Film Adaptation: A Practitioner’s View

Translated novels and poems often arrive footnoted with “cultural notes” on words and allusions obscure to the reader’s cultural heritage. But translations of performances – whether of theatrical or cinematic dramas – have no recourse to such devices. The language experienced in performance has all the transience of an eavesdropped conversation, with no opportunity for review or back channeling: the immediacy of the audience’s engagement restricts the range of options available to the translator.
Fault locator and weighting system

Detailed software analysis requires a manageable and exhaustive problem solving technique. An approach, the fault locator and weighting system (FLAWS), is described. FLAWS is coupled with a software tool, the data structure analysis system (DSAS), to facilitate techniques for detailed software analysis. DSAS reads the target system code from source files and builds an exhaustive database of the target code, making detailed analysis of large systems manageable. The commands of a target language have been translated to a compatible graphical representation. Safety critical portions of a 200 KSLOC program have been diagrammed using these graphical elements. The resulting diagrams are schematics of the system logic. These schematics tie all identified inputs to their associated outputs, including all coding errors. The FLAWS process and database permit exhaustive connectivity analysis of new target system code. FLAWS uses conventional fault tree analysis (FTA) symbolism and is generally applicable to large software systems. >
Spatiotemporal Dynamics in Identification of Aircraft–Bird Strikes

A primary concern for human-wildlife interactions is the potential impacts resulting from wildlife (primarily birds) collisions with aircraft. The identification of species responsible for collisions with aircraft is necessary so that airport management can develop effective strategies to reduce strikes with those species. Of particular importance in developing such strategies is the identification of regional, seasonal, and temporal patterns in collisions with unidentified bird species that may limit the effectiveness of regional habitat management to reduce bird strikes. The authors analyzed 105,529 U.S. civil aviation strike records from 1990 to 2012 in the FAA's National Wildlife Strike Database to examine patterns of collisions involving unidentified birds. Factors that affected identification were airport certification class, FAA region, mass of struck species, state species richness (if damage was reported), and interactive effects between the last four factors. Identification varied by region and declined with increasing species richness; this identification was greater for general aviation (GA) airports and the mass of struck species, especially when damage was reported. Species identification might be improved by increasing reporting efforts relative to species richness, especially by GA airport managers and operations staff, who may have a higher propensity of reporting bird strikes, and by collecting more field-based data on avian populations. The results can provide guidance for the development of airport management and personnel training.
Impaired mitochondrial biogenesis contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a prominent feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. Our prior studies demonstrated reduced mitochondrial number in susceptible hippocampal neurons in the brain from AD patients and in M17 cells overexpressing FAD-causing APP mutant (APPswe). In the current study, we investigated whether alterations in mitochondrial biogenesis contribute to mitochondrial abnormalities in AD. Mitochondrial biogenesis is regulated by the PGC-1α-NRF-TFAM pathway. Expression levels of PGC-1α, NRF 1, NRF 2, and TFAM were significantly decreased in both AD hippocampal tissues and APPswe M17 cells, suggesting a reduced mitochondrial biogenesis. Indeed, APPswe M17 cells demonstrated decreased mitochondrial DNA/nuclear DNA ratio, correlated with reduced ATP content, and decreased cytochrome C oxidase activity. Importantly, overexpression of PGC-1α could completely rescue while knockdown of PGC-1α could exacerbate impaired mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial deficits in APPswe M17 cells, suggesting reduced mitochondrial biogenesis is likely involved in APPswe-induced mitochondrial deficits. We further demonstrated that reduced expression of p-CREB and PGC-1α in APPswe M17 cells could be rescued by cAMP in a dose-dependent manner, which could be inhibited by PKA inhibitor H89, suggesting that the PKA/CREB pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of PGC-1α expression in APPswe M17 cells. Overall, our study demonstrated that impaired mitochondrial biogenesis likely contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction in AD.
Conservation Challenges of Predator Recovery

Predators are critical components of ecosystems. Globally, conservation efforts have targeted depleted populations of top predators for legal protection, and in many cases, this protection has helped their recoveries. Where the recovery of individual species is the goal, these efforts can be seen as largely successful. From an ecosystem perspective, however, predator recovery can introduce significant new conservation and legal challenges. We highlight three types of conflicts created by a single-species focus: (1) recovering predator populations that increase competition with humans for the same prey, (2) new tradeoffs that emerge when protected predators consume protected prey, and (3) multiple predator populations that compete for the same limited prey. We use two food webs with parallel conservation challenges, the Northeast Pacific Ocean and the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, to demonstrate legal/policy conflicts and the policy levers that exist to ameliorate conflicts. In some cases, scientific uncertainty about the ecological interaction hinders progress towards resolving conflicts. In others, available policy options are insufficient. In all cases, management decisions must be made in the face of an unknown future. We suggest a framework that incorporates multispecies science, policy tools, and tradeoff analyses into management.
Generation Following with Thermostatically Controlled Loads via Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers Sharing Algorithm

A fundamental requirement of the electric power system is to maintain a continuous and instantaneous balance between generation and load. The intermittency and uncertainty introduced by renewable energy generation requires the expansion of ancillary power system services to maintain such a balance. In this paper, we examine the potential of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs), such as refrigerators and electric water heaters, to provide generation following services in real-time energy markets (1 to 5 minutes). To simulate the non-linear dynamics of hysteretic dead-band systems in a manner suitable for convex optimization, we introduce an alternative control trajectory representation of the TCLs and their discrete input signals. To perform distributed optimization across large populations of TCLs, we propose a variation of the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm. Based on our simulation results, we have demonstrated the potential for controlling a population of TCLs within an error tolerance of 10 kW.
A nanoporous two-dimensional polymer by single-crystal-to-single-crystal photopolymerization

Two-dimensional synthetic polymers can be produced through solid-state topochemical polymerization, but achieving this through a single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation has not yet been demonstrated. Now, a fluorinated Y-shaped monomer has been preorganized in a lamellar crystal, which goes through two successive single-crystal-to-single-crystal phototransformations to give a 2D polymer; single-crystal X-ray diffraction has been used to elucidate its structure.
Assessing denial of service vulnerabilities in DOCSIS

In previous work a DOCSIS model was added to 'ns' to allow simulations to be run to analyze the performance of DOCSIS. These simulations showed that congestion caused by the asymmetric data paths and the MAC contention process caused several performance problems. It was shown that ACK compression could cause a drop in downstream throughput of TCP streams. A denial of service (DoS) threat was also identified, due to the DOCSIS contention process, allowing an attacker to overload the upstream channel, deteriorating the service quality perceived by all active subscribers.Using an actual DOCSIS system, this study continues that simulation effort by running tests on a live system. The purpose is to show that the problems identified by simulation do exist in practice and to collect information from a live system that can be used to validate and improve the simulation model.