cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time Transformation Simulation of 1.5 Stage Transonic Compressor

The accurate prediction of the aerodynamic and aeromechanical performance in a modern transonic compressor often exceeds the capability of traditional steady state mixing plane simulation methods. Time accurate transient blade row simulation approaches are required when there is a close coupling of the flow between the blade rows, and for fundamentally transient flow phenomena such as aeromechanical analysis including blade flutter and forced response, aerothermodynamic analysis and aero-acoustic analysis.Transient blade row simulations can be computationally impractical when all of the blade passages must be modeled to account for the unequal pitch between the blade rows. Most turbomachines consist of multiple stages, further exacerbating the computational challenge. In order to reduce the computational cost, time accurate pitch-change methods are utilized so that only a sector of the turbomachine (one or few passages per row) is modeled. The extension of the time-transformation pitch-change method to multistage machines has recently shown good promise in predicting both aerodynamic performance and resolving dominant blade passing frequencies for a subsonic compressor, while keeping the computational cost affordable.In this work, a modified one and a half stage Purdue transonic compressor (modified for unequal pitch for all three blade rows) is examined. The goal is to assess the ability of the multistage time-transformation method to accurately predict the aerodynamic performance and transient flow details in the presence of transonic blade row interactions. The results from the multistage time-transformation simulation are compared in detail with a transient full-wheel simulation, a profile transformation simulation, as well as to a steady-state mixing-plane model. Flow details are examined including an FFT analysis of select signals, and the onset of stall is compared between all methods. The relative computational effort is compared between all of the analysis methods.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Combination Drug Therapy in Hypertension: A Rational Approach for the Pharmacist

Abstract Objective To review the use of combination therapy versus monotherapy in hypertension, and to review seven major antihypertensive combinations in regard to their pharmacologic actions and appropriateness. Data Sources Literature was identified through a MEDLINE search from January 1985 to December 1997. Search terms included hypertension, blood pressure, combination therapy, diuretics, beta-receptor antagonists, calcium channel antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEls). Major hypertension texts were also reviewed for information on combination therapy. Study Selection Clinical studies focusing primarily on blood pressure control with combinations of antihypertensive medications. Data Extraction Data were evaluated with respect to study design, clinical outcomes, and use of antihypertensive classes commonly seen in practice. Data Synthesis Combination therapy in hypertension is often required because many patients cannot be controlled on one drug alone. Available data demonstrate that ACEIs plus diuretics or calcium channel blockers (CCBs) produce synergistic effects on blood pressure. Beta-blockers plus diuretics or CCBs produce additive effects, as does the rarer combination of diltiazem plus a dihydropyridine CCB. Ineffective combinations include betablockers plus ACEls and dihydropyridine CCBs plus diuretics, although there are specific clinical circumstances where these combinations may be used. Conclusion When used appropriately, certain combinations of antihypertensives can effectively control blood pressure and minimize side effects. The pharmacist who understands and applies the pharmacology of these antihypertensives can help prescribers make rational decisions in selecting combination therapy.
Planning for Happy Neighborhoods

Problem, research strategy, and findings: There is increasing interest in planning for healthy communities, but little is known about how planners can affect mental health and wellbeing in neighborhoods, although much is known about how planners can affect physical health through neighborhood design. In this review essay, we draw lessons from a cross-disciplinary set of studies to reveal how the neighborhood built environment may affect one aspect of residents' wellbeing: happiness. Providing residents access to open, natural, and green space may directly increase their happiness. Incorporating design features that allow for social interaction and safety also may promote residents' happiness.Takeaway for practice: Planners have the capacity to contribute to greater opportunities for happiness in neighborhoods. Strategies include integrating happiness-related indicators into health impact assessments and employing a new, participatory neighborhood planning process, the Sustainability Through Happiness Fram...
H-MRST: A Novel Framework for Support Uncertain Data Range Query Using ELM

Probabilistic range query is a typical problem in the domain of probabilistic database management system. There exist many efforts for supporting such query. However, the state of arts approaches can not efficiently index uncertain data when their probability density function are discrete. In this paper, we propose a general framework to construct summary for uncertain data with any type of PDF. Especially, if the PDF of uncertain data is discrete, we employ a novel machine learning technique named ELM to learn its distribution type and fit the specific function. If this method does not work, we propose a hybrid algorithm to construct its summary. Besides the hybrid summary construction algorithm, we propose a bitwise-based accessing algorithm to speed up the query. Theoretical analysis and extensive experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
Zinc Supplementation in Children Six Months to 12 Years of Age

Preventive zinc supplementation for children in low- and middle-income countries appears to reduce rates of diarrhea and may slightly reduce rates of growth failure.
A Randomized Clinical Trial of Atomoxetine for Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease.

Background Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD-MCI) is associated with diminished norepinephrine from the locus coeruleus to the prefrontal cortex. Atomoxetine is a specific norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor that has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. The authors hypothesized that atomoxetine would improve attention and executive functioning in patients with PD-MCI. Methods Thirty participants who met Movement Disorder Society Task Force Level I criteria for PD-MCI were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of atomoxetine. Cognitive evaluations were performed at baseline and after 10 weeks of treatment or placebo. A safety visit was performed at Week 12. A global statistical test was used to examine treatment effects on standardized tests of attention, working memory, processing speed, and set shifting (primary outcome measure). Secondary outcomes included cognitive measures hypothesized to be insensitive to atomoxetine, the Conners Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale, and safety measures. Results Fifteen participants were randomized to each arm. Groups were similar on medical and demographic variables and baseline cognition. Three serious adverse events occurred; 2 on atomoxetine (syncope, isolated episode of atrial fibrillation) and 1 on placebo (atrial fibrillation). The global statistical test of primary outcome measures did not reveal a significant difference between groups. However, significant improvements were observed for atomoxetine but not placebo on subjective measures of attention and impulsivity (Conners Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale). Conclusions Atomoxetine treatment produced subjective, but not objective, improvements in PD-MCI. Failure to detect objective differences may be due to insensitivity of cognitive tests or severity of cognitive deficits in the study participants.
Le rôle de la famille dans le développement du trouble de la personnalité limite

The role of family in the development of borderline personality disorder is examined with an emphasis on dimensions of family functioning. A synthesis of theoretical concepts implicating such facto...
Places of Encounter: Relational Ontologies, Animal Depiction and Ritual Performance at Göbekli Tepe

Archaeologists have long debated the potential role of iconographic repertoires in reconstructing prehistoric ontologies and symbolic systems. The rich and complex imagery unearthed at Pre-Pottery Neolithic Gobekli Tepe (Turkey) has offered a promising ground to address this issue further. Previous interpretations have focused on the symbolic meaning of the depictions, often highlighting their male-centred and violent connotations, while overlooking the spatial and performative contexts of the depictions. This paper engages with this scholarly work in order to propose a new interpretation based on the anthropological framework of relational ontologies and on the analysis of some stylistic and contextual aspects of the iconography. Based on these premises, the curvilinear enclosures of Gobekli Tepe are interpreted as places of encounter devoted to interpersonal relationships among human and non-human agents, enabled by the intermediary role of images. The use of particular techniques of visual representation—including cues of motion and an emphasis on three-dimensionality—along with the centripetal orientation of the animal figures contributed to the animation of the depicted animals and to a sense of convergence of human and non-human beings in the social space of the enclosures.
Enhancements to VTK enabling scientific visualization in immersive environments

Modern scientific, engineering and medical computational simulations, as well as experimental and observational data sensing/measuring devices, produce enormous amounts of data. While statistical analysis provides insight into this data, scientific visualization is tactically important for scientific discovery, product design and data analysis. These benefits are impeded, however, when scientific visualization algorithms are implemented from scratch — a time-consuming and redundant process in immersive application development. This process can greatly benefit from leveraging the state-of-the-art open-source Visualization Toolkit (VTK) and its community. Over the past two (almost three) decades, integrating VTK with a virtual reality (VR) environment has only been attempted to varying degrees of success. In this paper, we demonstrate two new approaches to simplify this amalgamation of an immersive interface with visualization rendering from VTK. In addition, we cover several enhancements to VTK that provide near real-time updates and efficient interaction. Finally, we demonstrate the combination of VTK with both Vrui and OpenVR immersive environments in example applications.
The Pathology of Postherpetic Neuralgia and Postherpetic Itch

Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is one of the most studied neuropathic pain conditions because it is common, it is easy to diagnose, and the causal injury (zoster) can be precisely localized anatomically and temporally. Head and Campbell’s 1900 masterpiece mapping the locations of shingles rashes in almost 500 patients and then correlating this with autopsy localization of affected ganglia was how the sensory dermatomes were mapped. It also defined the pathology of zoster-affected spinal cord, nerve root, sensory ganglion, and peripheral nerves. Later studies focused on identifying pathological substrates for PHN. Watson’s group discovered that typical single-ganglion zoster damages up to five segments of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, helping to explain why the PHN pain is felt in more than the one dermatome affected by the shingles rash. Oaklander’s team reported that PHN arises almost exclusively in patients with fewer than 650 epidermal nerve fibers/mm2 left after zoster, suggesting that PHN involves somatosensory hallucinations generated by deafferented central neurons. They also discovered that clinically unilateral zoster triggers bilateral pathology and that postherpetic itch and associated painless self-injury arise in skin lacking almost all C-fiber innervation, when isolated remaining itch neurons fire spontaneously and can no longer trigger surround inhibition in the dorsal horn. Hamrah’s group applied in vivo corneal confocal microscopy to confirm the presence of bilateral nerve degeneration after clinically unilateral herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Pathological study of patients with acute zoster and its neuropathic sequelae helped to identify normal somatosensory anatomy as well as the mechanisms of neuropathic pain and itch.
Mass Spectrometric Analyses Reveal a Central Role for Ubiquitylation in Remodeling the Arabidopsis Proteome during Photomorphogenesis

The switch from skotomorphogenesis to photomorphogenesis is a key developmental transition in the life of seed plants. While much of the underpinning proteome remodeling is driven by light-induced changes in gene expression, the proteolytic removal of specific proteins by the ubiquitin-26S proteasome system is also likely paramount. Through mass spectrometric analysis of ubiquitylated proteins affinity-purified from etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings before and after red-light irradiation, we identified a number of influential proteins whose ubiquitylation status is modified during this switch. We observed a substantial enrichment for proteins involved in auxin, abscisic acid, ethylene, and brassinosteroid signaling, peroxisome function, disease resistance, protein phosphorylation and light perception, including the phytochrome (Phy) A and phototropin photoreceptors. Soon after red-light treatment, PhyA becomes the dominant ubiquitylated species, with ubiquitin attachment sites mapped to six lysines. A PhyA mutant protected from ubiquitin addition at these sites is substantially more stable in planta upon photoconversion to Pfr and is hyperactive in driving photomorphogenesis. However, light still stimulates ubiquitylation and degradation of this mutant, implying that other attachment sites and/or proteolytic pathways exist. Collectively, we expand the catalog of ubiquitylation targets in Arabidopsis and show that this post-translational modification is central to the rewiring of plants for photoautotrophic growth.
Evaluation of triticale accessions for resistance to wheat bacterial leaf streak caused by Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa

The bacterium Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa (Xtu) causes bacterial leaf streak (BLS) on wheat and other small grains. Several triticale accessions were reported to possess high levels of resistance to wheat Xtu strains. In this study, we evaluated a worldwide collection of triticale accessions as well as the major North Dakota hard red spring and durum wheat cultivars for reaction to two local strains. All wheat cultivars showed a susceptible reaction but a wide range of reactions were observed among triticale accessions. Out of the 502 accessions tested, 45 and 10 accessions were resistant to the two virulent strains BLS-LB10 and BLS-P3, respectively, with five accessions, PI 428736, PI 428854, PI 428913, PI 542545, and PI 587229, being highly resistant to both strains. Statistical analysis showed significant difference among the accessions, strains, and the accession by strain interaction (P < 0.001). Bacterial population growth in resistant triticale was significantly slower than that in susceptible triticale. Molecular cytogenetic characterization in four representative triticale accessions confirmed the hexaploid level of the species and the presence of 12 or 14 rye chromosomes. The identified triticale accessions are valuable materials for developing wheat germplasm with high levels of BLS resistance. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Taig’s Quadrilateral Elements

A Clarification Taig did not use the term isoparametric,in his 1962 report (Taig, Structural analysis by the matrix displacement method. Tech.rep., British Aircraft Corporation, Warton Aerodrome: English Electric Aviation Limited, Report Number SO 17 based on work performed ca. 1957, 1962). This seminal publication introduced his quadrilateral elements. In 1968,Ergatoudis, Irons, and Zienkiewicz coined (To the best of the author’s knowledge, the use of the term isoparametric thus ensued.):“…for lack of a better name,as the isoparametric quadrilateral.” (Ergatoudis et al., Int J Solids Struct 4(1):31–42, 1968).In 1974, Ian C. Taig and Bruce Irons were awarded the Von Karman prize, for the introduction of isoparametric element concepts. From §3.3, page 167 of Strang and Fix (An analysis of the finite element method. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, 1973) (Strang and Fix do not credit Taig in their monograph.):“isoparametric means that the same polynomial elements are chosen for coordinate changes for the trial functions themselves;…”
Endoscopic Therapies for Palliation of Gastrointestinal Malignancies

Malignant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are often diagnosed at advanced stages when surgical options are limited. Due to involvement of luminal structures, obstructive symptoms are frequent. From a gastrointestinal standpoint, there are numerous endoscopic therapies available for palliative purposes to improve quality of life and short-term survival. Our experience with these techniques has improved with time and has provided alternatives to surgical or interventional radiology procedures. Furthermore, advances in imaging have allowed for better localization and planning of procedures.
An experimental study of a museum-based, science PD programme’s impact on teachers and their students

ABSTRACTWe present results of an experimental study of an urban, museum-based science teacher PD programme. A total of 125 teachers and 1676 of their students in grades 4–8 were tested at the begin...
Basic Science for Prediction and Reduction of Geological Disasters

Vulnerability of our civilisation to geological disasters is rapidly growing due to well known global trends: proliferation of radioactive waste disposals, high dams, nuclear power plants, lifelines and other high-risk objects; geotechnical deterioration of megacities; destabilisation of the environment; and, amplifying the ripple effects of disasters, — the growing socio-economic volatility of the global village, with each country becoming sensitive to developments in other parts of the world that are outside its control. As a result, geological disasters rank as major threats to survival and sustainable development of our civilisation.
Vacation rentals in San Francisco, USA: a positive or negative disruption?

Vacation rentals (VRs) are growing in popularity and have disrupted the lodging industry. But they are also controversial because they can literally disrupt quiet residential neighborhoods. There is little research on users of VRs.,An online survey of 10,000 festival attendees in San Francisco determined if they stayed in VR or commercial lodging and their spending. A second survey of 402 respondents who stayed in a VR asked about their motivations for renting a VR and their evaluation of the experience.,Results showed users of VRs were motivated by low cost, a convenient location and the nature of the neighborhood. VR user groups were more likely to rent high-end properties, than commercial users. But on a per-person per-day basis, VR users spent $183 on lodging, compared with $264 spent by those opting for a CL. Over half of the respondents stated that the availability of VRs increased the likelihood of them attending the event.,Results suggest that VRs help cover housing costs of VR owners and provide a desired, unique and low-priced lodging opportunity, which can encourage attendance at events. But VRs have both positive and negative disruptive impacts, and more regulation is coming in high-profile urban tourist destinations to mitigate negative effects.,This study consists of original research into VRs, which is a rapidly evolving component of hospitality industry.
Chemical Polymerization of Hydroxymethyl and Chloromethyl Functionalized PEDOT:PSS

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) conducting polymer synthesized via oxidative chemical polymerization in the presence of polyelectrolyte poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) can form water-dispersi...
FDTD Simulations Of The Impedance Of A Dipole Antenna in A Plasma

The impedance of a dipole antenna in the earth’s ionospheric plasma is dependent on the ambient plasma properties such as electron density and electron neutral collision frequency. Depending on the length of the dipole, it is possible to not only measure the plasma properties, but in addition, receive plasma waves that are found propagating in the ionosphere. Here we report on some FDTD simulations of a dipole antenna in a cold plasma, and present some approximate expressions that can be used to analyze this behavior. When the dipole antenna resonant wavelength λ/4 and associated frequency is far from the upper hybrid, cyclotron and plasma frequencies of the local plasma, the expressions work fairly well. However, when the length of the antenna is such that it’s resonant wavelength coincides or is close to the plasma resonances, the expressions fail, and a full- wave FDTD simulation has to be performed to extract meaningful plasma data.
Conventional Respiratory Management of Spinal Cord Injury.

Respiratory complications often result from acute spinal cord injury. Ventilatory assistance/support is often required 12 hours to 6 days after admission and is typically delivered via translaryngeal tubes. When not weanable from ventilatory support, tracheostomy tubes are placed. Supplemental O2 is often provided irrespective of whether or not the patient is hypoxic. This renders the oximeter ineffective as a gauge of alveolar ventilation, airway secretion management, and residual lung disease, and can exacerbate hypercapnia. Thus, hypoventilation and airway secretions must be effectively treated to prevent lung disease and to maintain normal O2 saturation and CO2 levels without supplemental O2.
Multi-scale cost-benefit analysis of the Los Angeles Soft-Story Ordinance

Abstract A multi-scale (building-specific and portfolio) cost-benefit analysis of the Los Angeles soft-story Ordinance for woodframe residential buildings is presented. Building-specific loss functions (shaking intensity versus loss ratio) are computed by implementing the FEMA P-58 seismic loss assessment methodology on a set of archetype buildings that reflect the variations in key structural characteristics (e.g. 1st story wall layout, number of stories) of the approximately 12,000 buildings affected by the Ordinance. The cost-benefit ratio is assessed as the retrofit cost divided by the reduction in earthquake-induced losses that result from the retrofit. At the individual building level, both intensity and time-based cost-benefit assessments are performed. The latter uses the expected annual losses to determine the break-even time, which is the duration needed to recoup the upfront cost of the retrofit. The average break-even time when considering all archetypes is four to five years. At the portfolio-scale, an average cost-benefit ratio of 0.32 is obtained for a hypothetical Mw 7.1 Puente Hills scenario earthquake. A first-of-its kind stochastic event-set cost-benefit assessment is also performed, where all events (approximately 8000) that are significant to the region are considered. From this assessment, it was determined that the probability of achieving a desirable cost-benefit ratio (value between 0.0 and 1.0) within a 50-year period is approximately 0.9.
Upregulated expression of plasticity-related gene 1 protein in cerebral cortex in a rat model of recurrent neonatal seizures

Objective To explore the dynamic expression of a new phospholipid phosphatase, plasticity related gene 1 ( PRG-1 ) in cerebral cortex following recurrent neonatal seizures.Methods A seizure was induced by inhalant flurothyl daily in neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats from postnatal day 6 (P6).Rats were assigned into the recurrent-seizure group (seizures induced in six consecutive days) and the control group.At 3 h,12 h,48 h,14d after the last convulsion,PRG-1 protein level in cerebral cortex was detected by western blot method.Results At 3 h, 12 h,48 h, 14d after the last convulsion in control group, the expression of PRG-1 in cerebral cortex respectively was 1.363 ± 0.742,1.278 ± 0.687 ,0.763 ± 0.374,1.004 ± 0.113, in experimental group , the expression of PRG-1 in cerebral cortex respectively was 1.818 ± 1.093,1.562 ± 0.782,1.024 ± 0.510,1.378 ± 0.279.At 3 h, 12 h,48 h, the expression of PRG-1 in cerebral cortex was not significantly different between the experimental and control group( t = 0.843,0.668,1.011 ,all P ＞ 0.05 ).However, at 14 d, the level of PRG-1 protein in cerebral cortex of experimental group was significantly higher than that of control ( t = 3.041, P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusion The up-regulated expression of PRG-1 in cerebral cortex may be associated with the recurrent neonatal seizure-induced brain damage. Key words: Plasticity-related gene 1; Recurrent seizures; Cerebral cortex; Developmental
In the eye of the storm: the right ventricle in COVID-19

The corona virus disease of 2019 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to inflict significant morbidity and mortality around the globe. A variety of cardiovascular presentations of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been described so far. However, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the right ventricle is largely unknown. Due to its pathophysiologic relevance, the right ventricle finds itself in the eye of the storm of corona virus disease of 2019, placing it at higher risk of failure. Increased afterload from acute respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary embolism, negative inotropic effects of cytokines, and direct angiotensin converting enzyme 2-mediated cardiac injury from SARS-CoV-2 are potential mechanisms of right ventricle dysfunction in corona virus disease of 2019. Early detection and treatment of right ventricle dysfunction may lead to decreased mortality and improved patient outcomes in corona virus disease of 2019.
Comparative assessment of soil health indicators in response to woodland and silvopasture land use systems

The change in land-use systems due to new management practices and confined agricultural space leads to a major shift in soil health. Soil microbial community composition, enzyme activities, and soil physiochemical properties are considered as important indicators of soil health. Past research has focused on soil health in response to major land-use systems such as forest, pasture, and cultivated land. However, the response of soil health indicators specifically, biological indicators to silvopasture systems remains understated. Therefore, the objective of our study was to assess the impact of silvopasture (SPS) and woodland (WS) land-use systems on the soil health indicators. The study site consists of 5-years-old southern-pine silvopasture developed from existing woodland and 13-years old southern-pine/hardwood mixed woodland plots. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for microbial analysis using the MiSeq platform next-generation sequencing, enzyme assay using a microplate fluorimetric method, and soil physiochemical properties. Significantly higher soil organic carbon (2.6 ± 0.12%), total nitrogen (0.09 ± 0.002%), Mehlich phosphorous (26.9 ± 3.09 mg kg−1), nitrate (4.8 ± 0.24 mg kg−1), and pH (6.5 ± 0.10) were observed in SPS. SPS had a significantly higher acidic phosphatase (169.5 ± 6.59), alkaline phosphatase (43.6 ± 3.39), phosphodiesterase (10.5 ± 0.71), and β-glucosidase (61.7 ± 3.34) activity, measured in nmol g−1 hr−1, as compared to WS. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria were the most dominant bacterial phyla while Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the most dominant fungal phyla in both systems. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria (43.3%) was significantly higher in SPS while that of Acidobacteria (17.5%) was significantly higher in woodland (WS). Similarly, Basidiomycota were dominant (p < 0.0001) in WS while SPS was dominated by Ascomycota (p < 0.0001). Microbial diversity and the microbial community at the class and genus taxonomic levels were also impacted by the SPS. Copiotrophs and phytopathogens were higher in SPS while oligotrophs, decomposers, and ectomycorrhizae were higher in WS. In conclusion, our study found strong evidence that the nutrient input and vegetation composition in southern-pine SPS led to changes in soil physiochemical properties which further caused a shift in soil microbial community composition in these systems identified by principal component analysis.
Mutual Receptiveness to Opposing Views Bridges Ideological Divides in Network Formation

We examine how an individual difference — receptiveness to opposing views — moderates the tendency for people to sort into ideologically homogeneous social groups. Although prior work has linked receptiveness to willingness to engage information from opposing ideological perspectives, its consequences for network formation have yet to be explored. Study 1 (N = 1,793) demonstrates in a lab setting that receptiveness is associated with forming relationships with ideologically opposed others. Yet preferences and relationship overtures are not always reciprocated. Study 2 (N = 599), a longitudinal field study conducted at three universities where students span the ideological spectrum, shows that individual receptiveness does not always translate into politically heterogeneous relationships. Instead, such relationships tend to form when two individuals are mutually receptive. Additionally, we find mutual receptiveness increases the likelihood that majority group members will initiate relationships with those in the minority. We discuss implications for research on personality and social networks.
Consensus Definition of Sport Specialization in Youth Athletes Using a Delphi Approach.

Context A single, widely accepted definition of sport specialization does not exist. A consensus definition is necessary to guide youth sport stakeholders on issues associated with sport specialization. Objective The aim of this study was to develop a consensus definition of youth sport specialization and to identify elements that support the construct of specialization. Design Delphi Study Setting: Directed Surveys Patients or Other Participants: A consensus panel of 17 experts was created to provide a broad multidisciplinary perspective on sport specialization in youth athletes. Data collection and analysis The final definition was developed per an iterative process that involved four rounds of review. A comprehensive review of literature and expert input supported our initial proposed umbrella definition that included six additional elements. The study team reviewed the results after each round and changes were made to the definition based on panel feedback. Main outcome measure(s) Panel members were provided with the definition and six elements and then asked to rate each specific to importance, relevance, and clarity using a 4-point Likert scale. Results In four Delphi consensus rounds, 17 experts reviewed the umbrella definition and six elements before consensus was reached. The umbrella definition and three of the initial six elements achieved >80% agreement for importance, relevance, and clarity after the fourth round of review. The remaining 3 components did not reach >80% agreement even after iterative edits and were removed. The process resulted in a final consensus definition: Sport specialization is intentional and focused participation in a single sport for a majority of the year that restricts opportunities for engagement in other sports and activities. Conclusions A consensus-based conceptual definition for sport specialization has been developed using a Delphi method. This definition has important implications for clinicians and sports medicine professionals who support youth athletes.
Pyrazole bridges ensure highly stable and insensitive bistetrazoles

Abstract In the quest for efficient and thermally stable insensitive materials, the inclusion of a bridging molecule between symmetric or asymmetric azole units has recently emerged as a fruitful approach. However, the synthesis of new compounds with high density in combination with high thermal stability and insensitivity often occurs only with difficulty. Now a new class of pyrazole-bridged bistetrazole and bis(1-hydroxytetrazolyl) compounds was synthesized and fully characterized by NMR, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Thermal behavior was investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The solid-state structures of the diammonium salt (9) based on 4-nitro-1H-pyrazole, and 5,5′-(4-chloro-1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyl)bis(1H-tetrazole) (18) were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. These pyrazole-bridged bistetrazole compounds exhibit excellent thermal stabilities with high decomposition temperatures, moderate heats of formation, high nitrogen content, and insensitivities to impact and friction. Additionally, introduction of a halogen atom at the 4-position of the pyrazole ring gives rise to a new active heterocycle which holds considerable promise as a suitable substrate for further transformation.
Correlates of postpartum smoking relapse. Results from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS).

Abstract Background: Using population-based data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), this study examines the prevalence and intensity of smoking before, during, and after pregnancy, and identifies correlates of postpartum smoking relapse. Methods: Women who delivered live births in 1996 responded to a mailed questionnaire approximately 2 to 6 months after delivery ( N =17,378). Data from 10 states participating in PRAMS were included in the study, and the overall participation rate was 75%. Analyses were adjusted for survey design and sampling strategy. Logistic regression analysis identified independent correlates of smoking relapse. Results: Overall, 25.6% of women reported cigarette smoking before pregnancy. Among women who smoked before pregnancy, 44.5% quit during pregnancy. Among women who quit during pregnancy, half relapsed by the time of the survey. Independent correlates associated with increased risk of postpartum relapse included African American race/ethnicity, multiparity, high maternal weight gain, late or no prenatal care, and stressful life events. Conclusions: Correlates of postpartum smoking relapse identified by this study may contribute to the development of effective and targeted interventions to maintain long-term smoking cessation.
Education Equity and the Digital Divide

The term “digital divide” has traditionally described inequalities in access to computers and the Internet between groups of people based on one or more dimensions of social or cultural identity. Accordingly, researchers tend to compare rates of physical access to, or actual use of, these technologies across groups based on race, gender, socioeconomic status, education level, disability status, first language, and other identifiers. But this conceptualization for the digital divide fails to capture the full picture of inequity and alienation recycled by these gaps and the resulting educational, social, cultural, and economic ramifications, particularly by those who are already alienated by exclusive curricula, school cultures, and most other dimensions of education. The purpose of this article is to reformulate a conceptualization of the digital divide and its relationship to education by building on a critical review of recent research and shifting the “access” paradigm toward one not based on equality of physical access, but on equity of access. By August 2000, women had surpassed men to become a majority of the United States online population (National Telecommunications and Information Administration [NTIA], 2000) leading many instructional technology scholars to hail the end of the gender digital divide—gaps in computer and Internet access rates between women and men. If there were more women than men using the Internet, the logic went, equality had been achieved. (The slightly larger overall number of girls and women, as compared with boys and men, using the Internet was consistent with the slightly Gorski, P. (2005). Education equity and the digital divide. AACE Journal, 13(1), 3-45.
Symbolic verification of infinite systems using a finite union of DFAs

We address the verification problem of FIFO channel systems by applying the symbolic analysis principle. Communication protocols can be modelled by a finite set of finite-state machines (CFSMs) that communicate between each other by exchanging messages via unbounded FIFO channels/queues. A Finite Union of Deterministic Finite Automata (FUDFA) is used to represent (possibly) infinite set of queue contents. Quite a few operations needed to symbolically analyze such systems can be implemented on the union of DFAs in polynomial time. The advantage gained by this approach is that the inclusion between finite unions DFAs can be checked efficiently. We show that FUDFAs can be used for the for-ward and backward reachability analysis of the systems. It also lifts this approach for the case of a protocol with n queues. We use this fact to define a generic reachability analysis semi-algorithm parameterized by a set of cycles /spl Theta/. Given a set of configurations, this semi-algorithm performs a least fix-point calculation to construct the set of its successors (or predecessors). At each step, the search is accelerated by considering the cycles in /spl Theta/ as additional "meta-transitions", an approach adopted similar in nature to that proposed by Boigelot and Godefroid.
Counseling Adolescents toward Wellness: The Roles of Ethnic Identity, Acculturation, and Mattering.

The influence of ethnic identity, acculturation, and mattering on wellness was examined for 176 minority and 286 nonminority adolescents attending a public high school. Participants completed the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure, the Stephenson Multigroup Acculturation Scale, the General Mattering Scale, the Mattering to Others Questionnaire, and the Wellness Evaluation of Life Style-Teenage. Analysis of structural equation models revealed that, for the total sample, mattering and acculturation explained a significant portion of the variance of wellness in six areas: spirituality, self direction, schoolwork, leisure, love, and friendship. Ethnic identity explained a significant portion of the variance for minority students. Implications for school counselors are discussed.
Picornavirus-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes possessing cytolytic activity confer protection in the absence of prophylactic antibodies.

Picornaviruses are a family of positive-strand RNA viruses that are responsible for a variety of devastating human and animal diseases. An attenuated strain of mengovirus (vMC24) is serologically indistinguishable from the lethal murine wild-type mengovirus and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). Immunogen-specific stimulation of vMC24-immune splenocytes in vitro demonstrates preferential activation of CD4+ lymphocytes. vMC24-immune splenocytes adoptively transferred to naive recipients conferred protection against lethal EMCV challenge. Immune splenocytes, expanded in vitro, were > 92% CD4+ T lymphocytes. Interestingly, adoptive transfer of these expanded cells engendered protection against lethal challenge. In vivo depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes prior to lethal challenge abrogated survival of transfer recipients, confirming that CD4+ T lymphocytes were essential for protection. Subsequent rechallenge of vMC24-immune splenocyte recipients with a greater EMCV dose elicited serum neutralizing antibody titers paralleling the high titers observed in vMC24-immunized mice. Unexpectedly, an augmented humoral response was absent in vMC24-specific CD4+ T-cell recipients after the secondary challenge. Moreover, comparably low serum neutralizing antibody titers failed to protect passive transfer recipients when correspondingly challenged. vMC24-immune splenocytes expanded in vitro (> 94% CD4+) lysed vMC24-infected A20.J target cells. The ability to transfer protection with primed CD4+ T cells, in the absence of primed B lymphocytes or immune sera, is novel for picornaviral infections. Consequently, mechanisms such as CD4+ cytolytic T-lymphocyte activity are implicated in mediating protection.
Clinical features and treatment prognosis of pathological gamblers with and without recent gambling-related illegal behavior.

A substantial proportion of pathological gamblers engage in gambling‐related illegal behavior. We examined differences in baseline characteristics and treatment outcomes in two groups: pathological gamblers who did and did not commit gambling‐related illegal acts in the year before treatment. Participants were 231 pathological gamblers enrolled in a randomized study of treatment that included cognitive behavior therapy and referral to Gamblers Anonymous (GA). Participants reporting recent illegal behavior ( n = 63) endorsed more severe lifetime and recent (past‐year) gambling disorder symptoms and higher gambling‐related debt than did gamblers who denied illegal behavior ( n = 168). Those who reported illegal behavior also maintained a significantly higher severity of gambling disorder throughout treatment, although both groups experienced similar improvements in gambling symptoms over time. While pathological gamblers with or without gambling‐related illegal behavior appeared to improve at a similar rate regardless of the treatment provided, more intensive treatment may be warranted for individuals with gambling‐related illegal behavior, as they demonstrated greater gambling severity throughout treatment and follow‐up.
The Influence of a Neighbouring Market on Product Qualities and Prices

This paper analyses a model of vertical product differentiation in which there is a primary market with two firms and a secondary market with no firms. Consumers in the secondary market incur a cost when purchasing the product from the primary market. The firms sequentially choose product quality and then simultaneously choose prices. Firm 1 always chooses the maximum quality, while firm 2''s quality and the prices depend on the cost. Also, the cost determines which firm(s), if either, serves the secondary market. It is shown that the firms and the consumers of each market prefer different levels of costs.
Prevention of auto-doping-induced threshold voltage shifts

The maintenance of consistent transistor threshold voltages is critical to the optimal performance of modern microelectronic devices. Such devices frequently have two levels of polysilicon. The doping processes associated with each polysilicon layer results in a series of highly doped structures on the surface of the wafer. Because they are exposed during subsequent thermal processes, these doped structures can also result in unintended auto-doping of associated regions on the wafer's surface. Such auto-doping can cause threshold voltage variation and is highly undesirable. This paper describes a problem encountered with a 0.8 micron double-level metal, double-level polysilicon device which exhibited erratic lot-to-lot threshold voltage variation. The device featured transistors on both levels of polysilicon, but only the second- level devices displayed the threshold voltage shift. It was postulated the voltage shift resulted from an auto-doping phenomenon caused by Phosphorous out-gassing from the doped first level of polysilicon as well as from the doped backside of the wafer. A series of experiments were conducted to confirm this hypothesis. In addition, the development of a process modification involving a barrier oxide which eliminated the auto-doping is presented. This process modification is robust, reliable, and has resulted in uniform lot-to-lot threshold voltages and improved yield.
Theory of Scattering of Protons by Protons

The experiments of Tuve, Heydenburg and Hafstad and those of White are discussed by means of the standard theory of scattering in central fields. The theoretical formulas are presented in a form convenient for numerical computation and are supplemented by tables. These are arranged so as to enable an experimentalist to compute the effect of phase shifts due to angular momenta L = 0, ħ, 2ħ, and to infer these phase shifts from the experimental material (Tables I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX). Tables of necessary Coulomb wave functions are also given for zero angular momentum. By means of these the interaction energy can be computed from the experimental material (Tables X, XI, XII, XIII).
The Iowa ophthalmology wet laboratory curriculum for teaching and assessing cataract surgical competency.

Purpose To describe an ophthalmology wet laboratory (OWL) curriculum for residents in training. Methods Systematic literature review and selection of best practices for use in the OWL learning plan from a single academic ophthalmology program. Results A pretest and posttest of cognitive skills, objective wet laboratory structured assessment of skill and technique, and summative global evaluation form were developed as part of a systematic OWL curriculum. Conclusion The Iowa OWL curriculum may form the basis for successfully utilizing the wet laboratory to teach and assess aspects of resident surgical competence in cataract surgery.
Delta Ideals of Lie Color Algebras

Abstract Let L = ⊕g ∈ GLg be a Lie color algebra (possibly restricted) over the field K and graded by the finite abelian group G. If Δ∞(L) = {l ∈ L |dimK[l, L] is countable}, then Δ∞(L) is the (restricted) Lie color ideal of L generated by all (restricted) countable-dimensional Lie color ideals of L. We use Δ∞(L) to examine the symmetric Martindale quotient ring of the enveloping algebra U(L) (or the restricted enveloping algebra when char K = p > 0). Specifically, we prove THEOREM. If Δ ∞ (L) = 0, thenU(L) is symmetrically closed. We also examine the Lie color ideal Δ(L) = {l ∈ L |dimK[l, L] is finite} and the possibly smaller ideal ΔL, which is the join of all finite-dimensional Lie color ideals of L. Note that Δ(L) = ΔL when char K = p > 0, but that Δ(L) can be considerably larger than ΔL, when char K = 0. Nevertheless, we prove THEOREM. [Δ(L), Δ(L)] ⊆ Δ L . We remark that these results are new and of interest even when L is an ordinary or super Lie algebra. In fact, we consider Lie color algebras here only because we can obtain the more general facts with little additional work.
God in Chinatown: Religion and Survival in New York's Evolving Immigrant Community

Acknowledgments Introduction: Walking on Water 1 Chinatown and the Fuzhounese 2 Fuzhou: Diasporic Traditions3 Religion in Fuzhou: An Overview4 Religion in Fuzhou: Spotlight on Christianity 5 Chinatown's Religious Landscape: The Fuzhounese Presence 6 "Come unto Me All Ye That Labor and Are Heavy Laden": Building Fuzhounese Protestant Churches in New York's Chinatown7 Safe Harbor Bibliography Index About the Author