cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention of HIV-1 Transmission

BackgroundAn interim analysis of data from the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 052 trial showed that antiretroviral therapy (ART) prevented more than 96% of genetically linked infections caused by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in serodiscordant couples. ART was then offered to all patients with HIV-1 infection (index participants). The study included more than 5 years of follow-up to assess the durability of such therapy for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission. MethodsWe randomly assigned 1763 index participants to receive either early or delayed ART. In the early-ART group, 886 participants started therapy at enrollment (CD4+ count, 350 to 550 cells per cubic millimeter). In the delayed-ART group, 877 participants started therapy after two consecutive CD4+ counts fell below 250 cells per cubic millimeter or if an illness indicative of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (i.e., an AIDS-defining illness) developed. The primary study end point was the diagnosis of genetically linked H...
Ottoman Imperial Diplomacy: A Political, Social and Cultural History. By Dogan Gürpinar. (London, England: I. B. Taurus, 2013. Pp. vii, 350. $99.00.)

The rise of nationalism and the introduction of modernity are topics to which historians have given a significant amount of attention in recent decades. Trying to identify the nature of nationalist...
San Antonio: “CyberCity, USA” and the Cyber-Security State

In this chapter, I explore the tension that exists between San Antonio’s claim to open government and enhanced democracy, its intense focus on systems of surveillance and security, which threaten to thwart democratic practices, and its neoliberal agenda to enhance its economic base through the securitization of cyberspace. I argue that San Antonio represents an example of what Stephen Graham refers to as the “new military urbanism,” as city literature narratively shifts the perception of its civilians, as they operate in both public and private spaces, into sources of threats, to justify and bolster the city’s focus on surveillance and the cyber-security economy. The city’s regime of securitization and militarization materializes, in part, through premediating what could happen and then offering affects of security through increased digital homogeneity. I therefore argue that for San Antonio, security and the protection of democracy become ideological frameworks that help to justify a growing surveillance economy and the use of mass surveillance technologies.
Development and characterization of an oro-nasal inhalation plethysmography mask exposure system

ABSTRACTAn oro-nasal inhalation plethysmography mask exposure system (ONIPMES) was developed to challenge nonhuman primates and rabbits with biological agents while determining real-time respiratory parameters. The system included novel challenge plethysmography and sample collection masks that delivered aerosol directly to the breathing zone of the animals and to the sample collection probes. Challenge plethysmography masks were fitted with a differential pressure transducer that interfaced with a signal amplifier and computer software to quantify respiratory tidal volume, frequency, and minute volume. Challenge plethysmography masks were calibrated and verified with certified registered gas-tight syringes. Accuracy was determined from simultaneous comparison tests between the challenge plethysmography mask and head-out plethysmographs using live animals. For cynomolgus macaques, the mean differences in tidal volume, frequency, and minute volume were 4.20 ± 0.872 mL, 3.50 ± 3.15 breaths per minute (bpm),...
Pancreatic and Duodenal Trauma in Children

Trauma is the leading cause of death in children of all ages. The most common site of injury in pediatric patients is the head followed by the extremities and the abdomen. Though less than 10% of admissions to the hospital are secondary to intra-abdominal injuries, mortality related to these injuries is not insignificant. Pancreatic and duodenal trauma occurs in 3 to 12% of the patients with abdominal injuries and can be associated with significant morbidity. The management of pancreatic and duodenal trauma in children is based mostly on adult data, but there is an increasing volume of research on the subject.
A method to predict PM 2.5 resulting from compliance with national ambient air quality standards

Abstract Area-wide composite monitor time series of daily PM 2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter 2.5 over an area according to a prescribed spatial pattern. A new technique for this purpose based on photochemical grid modeling for the continental U.S. is demonstrated here. The method uses a spatial prediction model to impute missing data and PM 2.5 relative response factors based on simulations with reductions in anthropogenic emissions of primary PM 2.5 and PM 2.5 precursors (i.e., NOx and SO 2 ). Case study results indicate that relatively urban sites are generally more responsive to primary PM 2.5 reductions, while outlying sites are more responsive to NOx and SO 2 reductions. The method enables the sensitivity of outcomes to be examined by quickly implementing PM 2.5 adjustments based on different combinations of primary PM 2.5 and NOx and SO 2 emission reductions for areas of the U.S.
Owning one’s past: From historical knowledge to moral accountability

In this paper, I engage with the question of historical interpretation as a form of dialogue that can face an individual conscience with disturbing choices and decisions made at an earlier time, and the expectations we might have about a proper response. My paper draws on Paul Ricoeur’s philosophical ideas, as well as on a controversial part of his biography – his alleged involvement in the Petain circle in France in the early 1940s – to propose that instead of thinking about historical knowledge as reconstruction of another time, revelation of beliefs, or even exposure of intentions, we should consider it as a form of dialogical remembering that marks two joint features of subjectivity: fallibility and attestation. My paper does articulate a defense of Ricoeur’s philosophical conception of forgiveness, but offers neither an apology for nor an accusation on moral and political grounds.
138 PET STORE BUYER BEWARE: STREPTOBACILLUS MONILIFORMIS ENDOCARDITIS.

This study reports the case of a previously healthy 9-year-old girl who presented with a middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke secondary to Streptobacillus moniliformis infective endocarditis. She developed acute-onset dysarthria and right hemiplegia. An acute infarction of the MCA was diagnosed by MRI, and an 11 × 14 mm mitral valve vegetation was seen on an echocardiogram. As part of the initial history, it was discovered that the patient had several pet rats. A pathology specimen from the vegetation taken during valve replacement was culture positive for Streptobacillus moniliformis. S. moniliformis causes a rare and potentially fatal systemic illness in humans commonly known as rat-bite fever. This facultatively anaerobic, pleomorphic, gram-negative bacillus colonizes the oropharynx of rats and is spread to humans by rat bites and scratches, as well as the ingestion of rat feces in contaminated liquids. The slow growth of S. moniliformis often delays its diagnosis. The most common manifestations of the disease are arthralgia, fever, and rash. Only a few cases of S. moniliformis infection are reported per year, and less than 20 cases have been reported to be complicated by endocarditis. Our patient was treated with doxycycline followed by penicillin and completed a 6-week course of antibiotic therapy. Upon discharge from the hospital, her dysarthria and hemiplegia had nearly resolved. With the increased number of pet rats, the differential diagnosis of fever of unknown origin, rash, arthralgia, and endocarditis in pet rat owners should include S. moniliformis.
Inflammatory cell death in intestinal pathologies.

Summary The intestinal tract is a site of intense immune cell activity that is poised to mount an effective response against a pathogen and yet maintain tolerance toward commensal bacteria and innocuous dietary antigens. The role of cell death in gut pathologies is particularly important as the intestinal epithelium undergoes self-renewal every 4-7 days through a continuous process of cell death and cell division. Cell death is also required for removal of infected, damaged, and cancerous cells. Certain forms of cell death trigger inflammation through release of damage-associated molecular patterns. Further, molecules involved in cell death decisions also moonlight as critical nodes in immune signaling. The manner of cell death is, therefore, highly instructive of the immunological consequences that ensue. Perturbations in cell death pathways can impact the regulation of the immune system with deleterious consequences. In this review, we discuss the various forms of cell death with a special emphasis on lytic cell death pathways of pyroptosis and necroptosis and their implications in inflammation and cancer in the gut. Understanding the implications of distinct cell death pathways will help in the development of therapeutic interventions in intestinal pathologies.
New experimental constrains on chiral magnetic effect using charge-dependent azimuthal correlation in pPb and PbPb collisions at the LHC

Studies of charge-dependent azimuthal correlations for the same- and oppositesign particle pairs are presented in PbPb collisions at 5 TeV and pPb collisions at 5 and 8.16 TeV, with the CMS experiment at the LHC. The azimuthal correlations are evaluated with respect to the second- and also higher-order event planes, as a function of particle pseudorapidity and transverse momentum, and event multiplicity. By employing an event-shape engineering technique, the dependence of correlations on azimuthal anisotropy flow is investigated. Results presented provide new insights to the origin of observed charge-dependent azimuthal correlations, and have important implications to the search for the chiral magnetic effect in heavy ion collisions.
ACUTE STEMI DUE TO MECHANICAL AV THROMBOSIS IN LIGHT OF NONCOMPLIANCE WITH ANTICOAGULATION THERAPY

Surgical AVR is the best Rx of severe AS by guidelines. Mechanical valves demand lifelong anticoagulation due to the high thrombogenicity. According to the ACC, the target INR is 2.5 if no additional risk factors are present. A 60 YO M. with a PMH of mechanical AVR who presented with severe
Aortic stiffness in adolescent Turner and Marfan syndrome patients.

OBJECTIVES Turner syndrome (TS) and Marfan syndrome (MFS) are partially characterized by aortopathies with a risk of developing severe aortic dilation, stiffness and consequent dissection and aneurysm formation. The incidence of a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is also increased in TS. We investigated aortic stiffness in teenage TS and MFS patients and evaluated to what degree stiffness in TS patients is augmented by the presence of a BAV. METHODS Fifty-seven patients with TS (n = 37) and MFS (n = 20), as well as 22 controls with similar age and size distribution underwent evaluation of thoracic aortic stiffness using phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging. Calculated stiffness indices including pulse wave velocity (PWV), distensibility and relative area change (RAC) were collected to characterize the ascending aorta and descending aorta. PWV was also determined to evaluate global aortic arch stiffness. RESULTS Patients with TS had reduced distensibility (0.43 vs 0.58%/mmHg, P < 0.05) and RAC (21 vs 29%, P < 0.01) in the ascending aorta when compared with normal controls. Similarly, patients with MFS had reduced ascending aortic distensibility (0.39 vs 0.58%/mmHg, P < 0.05) and RAC (22 vs 29%, P < 0.05). There were no differences in measured PWV in the ascending aorta. Patients with TS had significantly elevated PWV measured in the aortic arch when compared with controls (2.7 vs 1.9 m/s, P < 0.05). Patients with MFS had more prominent elevation in aortic arch PWV (4.2 vs 1.9 m/s, P < 0.01). The descending aortas had decreased distensibility (0.36 vs 0.55%/mmHg, P < 0.05) and RAC (18 vs 25%, P < 0.01) only in MFS patients. Additionally, 18 TS patients with a BAV were compared with 19 TS patients with a trileaflet aortic valve, without significant differences observed in any of the considered stiffness indices. CONCLUSIONS TS and MFS teenage patients display evidence of increased aortic stiffness. In TS patients, this is focused in the ascending aorta and is independent of the presence of a BAV. MFS patients display a generalized reduction in compliance of the entire aorta.
The effectiveness of magnesium sulfate for status asthmaticus outside the intensive care setting.

Aim Magnesium is an adjunctive therapy used in patients with status asthmaticus who do not respond to conventional therapy. The optimal time from initiation of therapy, to determination of response and administration of magnesium has not yet been resolved. Our objective was to determine if magnesium administered in the non-intensive care setting can decrease duration of continuous albuterol and hospital length of stay. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of children ages 2-18 years admitted to the pediatric unit on continuous albuterol between January 2014 and December 2015 in a tertiary care children's hospital. Cohorts were matched on respiratory assessment score (RAS) obtained at a similar duration of albuterol therapy and evaluated for the total duration of continuous albuterol, length of stay (LOS), and adverse events. Results Thirty-three patients who received magnesium were matched to 33 patients with the same RAS at a similar duration of continuous albuterol therapy who did not receive magnesium. Those who received magnesium had longer duration on continuous albuterol (34 vs 18 h; P = 0.001; 95% confidence interval [CI] 4-20; effect size 0.41) and longer LOS (72 vs 49 h; P = 0.037; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1-33; effect size 0.26) than those who did not receive magnesium. Conclusion Children requiring continuous albuterol for status asthmaticus can be administered magnesium sulfate outside the PICU with a low incidence of adverse events; however, among a RAS matched cohort, those who received magnesium did not experience shorter time on continuous albuterol, or hospital length of stay.
Analysis of the Unsteady Flow and Forces in an AAA Endovascular Stent

A detailed unsteady simulation of the flow and the forces on the blood vessels at the iliac bifurcation of the aorta for both healthy and diseased patients is presented. The flow geometry of two patients, one healthy and one diseased, is obtained from CT data, while their blood pressure was measured directly. The simulations using finite volume CFD and overset grid techniques are shown to be very accurate. The abnormal geometry for the abdominal aortic aneurysm patient in this investigation effects the flow patterns resulting in large forces that are shown to be caused primarily by the blood pressure rather than the flow pressure. These forces are directly related to flow area and the direction of the iliac arteries relative to the descending aorta. The fluid flow is disturbed by the vessel geometry in the diseased patient as shown by areas of significant flow recirculation and stagnation.
Sparking Student Scholarship Through Urban Ethnography

Each May the students in my course, “The Peopling of New York,” gather in Chatham Square in the heart of Chinatown for their final exam—a 2-h student-led walking tour of East Broadway, the vibrant 10-block thoroughfare that has provided the matrix for our semester-long exploration of immigration and New York City. Shoppers, job seekers, cooks, and waiters bustle by as my students’ research teams review their presentations before getting started. My mind returns to the cold January afternoon at the very beginning of the semester when I led the walking tour for these then wide-eyed and worried first-year undergraduates. What an incredible educational adventure we have been on together over 4 months as students have used anthropological fieldwork techniques to uncover the rich history and dynamic contemporary life of this immigrant community.
Influence of micro-structured superhydrophobic surfaces on nucleation and natural convection in a heated pool

Abstract This work experimentally explores sub-boiling pool nucleation on micro-structured superhydrophobic surfaces. All surfaces tested were submerged in a 20 mm deep pool of water and heated from below to maintain a constant surface temperature, while the side walls of the pool were insulated, and the top was covered. Three thermocouples positioned in the pool obtain the average pool temperature. A heat flux sensor is placed directly beneath the surface to measure the heat flux supplied to the pool. Free convection heat transfer coefficients are obtained for the sub-boiling temperature range of 40–90 °C. Six surface types are studied: smooth hydrophilic, smooth hydrophobic, superhydrophobic with rib/cavity structures, superhydrophobic with rib/cavity structures and additional sparsely spaced ribs to close off the cavities, circular posts, and circular holes. It is found that structured superhydrophobic surfaces provide cavities for nucleation to occur. More dissolved air effervesces from the water as the surface temperature increases due to an increased level of supersaturation and convection. The nucleation leads to large air bubble formations that reduce the overall convection coefficient when compared to the smooth surfaces. For the rib/cavity structured surfaces, the bubbles form in an anisotropic manner and are aligned with the surface structure. More bubbles are observed on the superhydrophobic surfaces where the cavities are bounded. Since water’s ability to dissolve air is dependent on temperature, heat and mass transfer cannot be treated independently on any of the superhydrophobic surfaces studied here.
Development of an interdisciplinary conceptual conservation of energy theme for use in undergraduate physics, chemistry, and biology courses

An ongoing need exists for the creation of interdisciplinary working groups in the sciences and development of pedagogical approaches to content themes that tie together different scientific disciplines. The work described here addresses this need through the development of a collaborative faculty group and a process of content and pedagogical development around the central interdisciplinary theme of energy conservation and transfer, taught in various lower and upper level courses in physics, biology, and chemistry. Our main goal was to design conceptual, visual models that addressed our energy topic and allowed us to provide related, challenging, active-learning experiences that students could easily recognize and expand upon in subsequent courses as they progressed through our curriculum. We used an assessment-first approach in which we designed models with our student outcomes in mind and then created course approaches around our assessment tools. Early indications suggest that students are challenged by and appreciative of these learning approaches, especially when more advanced models are developed in advanced courses in the Physics of Medicine curriculum.An ongoing need exists for the creation of interdisciplinary working groups in the sciences and development of pedagogical approaches to content themes that tie together different scientific disciplines. The work described here addresses this need through the development of a collaborative faculty group and a process of content and pedagogical development around the central interdisciplinary theme of energy conservation and transfer, taught in various lower and upper level courses in physics, biology, and chemistry. Our main goal was to design conceptual, visual models that addressed our energy topic and allowed us to provide related, challenging, active-learning experiences that students could easily recognize and expand upon in subsequent courses as they progressed through our curriculum. We used an assessment-first approach in which we designed models with our student outcomes in mind and then created course approaches around our assessment tools. Early indications suggest that students are challenged ...
Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Cyclopropanation of Unactivated Olefins Initiated by C–H Activation

We have developed a rhodium(III)-catalyzed cyclopropanation of unactivated olefins initiated by an alkenyl C–H activation. A variety of 1,1-disubstituted olefins undergo efficient cyclopropanation with a slight excess of alkene stoichiometry. A series of mechanistic interrogations implicate a metal carbene as an intermediate.
A Novel Compact Reconfigurable Broadband Antenna for Cognitive Radio Applications

A novel reconfigurable antenna covering an 11.5:1 bandwidth is designed and fabricated for cognitive radio applications. The proposed novel antenna has two independent paths to cover 430 MHz to 5 GHz frequency range. The first path is directly connected to an ultrawideband antenna, which covers 1–5 GHz operation frequency range. The second path, for the frequency range between 430 MHz and 1 GHz, goes through a dc-controlled varactor-based matching network. The switching functionality between wideband (1 to 5 GHz) and reconfigurable region (430 MHz to 1 GHz) is realized by two discrete switches. The designed antenna has a simple structure and compact size of 60 mm $\times100$ mm. The proposed novel antenna has great potential for use in cognitive radio systems.
Inflection Points in Technology Law

In this introduction to volume 16 of the Ohio State Technology Law Journal, we consider the current state of cyberlaw at the quarter-century mark, and its interactions with other areas of the law. This issue opens with two distinguished lectures by Mary Anne Franks and James Grimmelmann, who offer their thoughts on the current and future challenges in the law of cyberspace. The latter part of this issue consists of nine essays authored by participants in the Journal’s annual symposium, titled “Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Tax Law and Policy.” This issue is the first published symposium in the U.S. to ask how automation and artificial intelligence might disrupt tax law. We believe that these essays demonstrate that cyberlaw has moved, and is likely to continue to move, from the outskirts to the center of the law. The gravitational weight of discourse has shifted from whether cyberlaw can shed peripheral insight on the law, to whether the law as a whole is properly focused on the most salient aspects of a society that now meets, works, and resides substantially online.
A PLACE IN THE WORLD: VULNERABILITY, WELLBEING, AND THE UBIQUITOUS EVALUATION THAT ANIMATES PARTICIPATION IN INSTITUTIONAL PROCESSES

We explain how and why people become motivated to participate in institutional processes. Responding to recent efforts to address the micro and meso in institutional analysis, we introduce two interrelated constructs, a person’s embodied world of concern and a community’s shared world of concern, which shape how people experience, evaluate, and participate in institutional arrangements. The world of concern, which is the product of people’s sedimented experiences of thriving and suffering, becomes the basis for their commitments to antagonisms towards certain social arrangements. The world of concern, as a lens, sheds light on the complex ways the macro, meso, and micro levels are co-implicated in constructing commitments and attachments that animate action in institutional arenas by providing a new metaphor, one that links the realism of participant concerns to the micro dynamics that underpin institutions. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these ideas for future research.
Gender language in modern advertising: An investigation

Abstract Linguistic selection in advertising, especially the focus on gendered language, is the main concern in this study. The main concentration in the research is the investigation into the use of specific verbal items in commercials to confirm the idea that there are differences among adverts of similar products for either male or female consumers. The result of this paper can partly contribute to industrial areas as well as other academic fields such as sociolinguistics. The conclusion supported by a qualitative research will lead to a confirmation of the thesis together with some practical implications.
Trends in binge drinking, marijuana use, illicit drug use, and polysubstance use by sexual identity in the United States (2006-2017).

Background: National studies often examine associations between sexual identity and substance use at a single point in time and neglect to examine whether these associations change over time. The p...
Sea level rise as a cause of shore erosion

It is established fact that sea level is rising slowly and irregularly; also, it seems to be true that erosion on most seashores built up of alluvial materials greatly exceeds accretion; relationship between rise of sea level and erosion.
Multi-Year Budgeting: A Review of International Practices and Lessons for Developing and Transitional Economies

In recent years, many developed countries have moved to develop their annual budget process in a strategic multi-year framework. While a common feature of multi-year budgeting approaches is the inclusion of revenue forecasts and expenditures estimates for two or three years beyond the current year, multi-year budget practices vary substantially between countries. This article reviews multi-year budgeting practices in six developed countries (Australia, Austria, Germany, New Zealand, Great Britain, and the United States) and attempts to draw lessons from these experiences for the potential application of multi-year budget techniques by developing and transitional countries. We draw five lessons from the multi-year budget practices of developed countries that are relevant for developing and transitional economies: (1) a multi-year dimension could be a valuable fiscal policy and management tool for developing and transitional countries; (2) the approach chosen in each developing or transitional economy should reflect the country's policy objectives, unique budget institutions and traditions, and administrative capabilities; (3) the introduction of a multi-year budget dimension is a gradual process; (4) the multi-year budget should be used to encourage the constructive involvement of line ministries in the budget process; and (5) the usefulness of the multi-year budget approach will crucially depend on the reliability and accuracy of the medium-term budget estimates.
LEO: a concept map based course visualization tool for instructors and students

This work describes a software program named LEO, a Learning Environment Organizer that provides information and knowledge visualization capabilities to students and instructors. LEO provides a Concept Map-like interface that in enhanced with extra features for course design and delivery. As such, it serves as a meta-cognitive tool for course designers and an advance organizer for students. This article contains a description of how LEO supports information and knowledge visualization for students and instructors, in the context of courseware development and course delivery.
Psychiatric comorbidity and suicidality among intravenous drug users

BACKGROUND: Prevalence of lifetime psychiatric comorbidity and history of attempted suicide among intravenous drug users was investigated. METHOD: One thousand sixty-two relatives of hospitalized alcoholics, felons, and control subjects were administered a structured interview that gathered data on lifetime psychiatric symptoms and psychoactive drug use. Psychiatric diagnoses were based on interview information, medical records, and family history data. Comparisons were made between 411 subjects who used no illicit drugs, 329 cannabis users, 230 subjects who had used psychoactive drugs other than cannabis more than five times but had never injected drugs, and 92 intravenous drug users. RESULTS: Any history of injecting drugs increased the odds of being diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder by a factor of 21.01, alcoholism by 4.42, and unipolar depression by 3.02. A diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder increased the odds of having injected drugs by a factor of 27.19, while diagnoses of alcoholism or unipolar depression conveyed odds for injecting drugs of 4.62 and 3.70, respectively. Intravenous drug use was associated with an 8.27-fold increase in odds for a suicide attempt compared with no drug use. CONCLUSION: Rates of alcoholism, depression, and antisocial personality disorder, but not other psychiatric disorders (other than drug dependence), are significantly elevated in intravenous drug users. Moreover, among drug users, the decision to inject is differentially made by those with antisocial personality disorder. A history of suicide attempt is common among intravenous drug users, but injecting appears to convey little additional risk above substantial but non-intravenous drug use. Language: en
Data envelopment analysis: Computational issues

Abstract The characteristics of the linear programs arising in data envelopment analysis (DEA) necessitate robustness and accuracy of computation. This paper discusses issues of accurate and robust computation for DEA focusing on three data envelopment analysis models: CCR, BCC, and ADDITIVE.
Experiments Dealing with Factors Influencing the Shedding of Deciduous Teeth Part I. Radiographic Study

Shedding of the deciduous teeth has been attributed to pressure caused by the erupting permanent teeth. If this were always true, it would be logical to expect that when there is a failure of the permanent tooth germ to develop, resorption would not occur. In cases of congenital loss of permanent tooth germs, it is often noted that the root of the deciduous tooth is resorbed, despite the fact that there is no permanent tooth germ (1) present which might cause pressure. Since there are no experimental data which have come to our attention regarding the accepted theory of resorption, experimental means were devised for testing the validity of the theory of pressure. Permanent tooth germs of cats were removed at several stages during their development, before the onset of resorption of the deciduous root. This form was selected because the curve of the developing dentition is similar to that of man, and also because it has been shown previously that the cat is especially suited for experimental work on dentition (2, 3). The permanent canine tooth was selected for study because of its accessibility and large size. The germ was removed on one side of the mandible, and the unoperated side served as a control.
The relationship between fibrogenic TGFβ1 signaling in the joint and cartilage degradation in post-injury osteoarthritis.

Summary Objective To review the literature on modulation of chondrocyte activities in the osteoarthritic joint, and to discuss these changes in relation to established hard and soft tissue repair paradigms, with an emphasis on transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ1)-mediated signaling which can promote either a chondrogenic or fibrogenic phenotype. Methods Papers addressing the close relationship between repair in general, and the specific post-injury response of joint tissues are summarized. Different interpretations of the role of TGFβ1 in the emergence of an "osteoarthritic" chondrocyte are compared and the phenotypic plasticity of "reparative" progenitor cells is examined. Lastly, emerging data on a central role for A-Disintegrin-And-Metalloproteinase-with-Thrombospondin-like-Sequences-5 (ADAMTS5) activity in modulating TGFβ1 signaling through activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) and activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) pathways is discussed. Results The review illustrates how a transition from ALK5-mediated fibrogenic signaling to ALK1-mediated chondrogenic signaling in joint cells represents the critical transition from a non-reparative to a reparative cell phenotype. Data from cell and in vivo studies illustrates the mechanism by which ablation of ADAMTS5 activity allows the transition to reparative chondrogenesis. Multiple large gene expression studies of normal and osteoarthritis (OA) human cartilages (CAs) also support an important role for TGFβ1-mediated pro-fibrogenic activities during disease progression. Conclusions We conclude that progressive articular CA damage in post-injury OA results primarily from biomechanical, cell biologic and mediator changes that promote a fibroblastic phenotype in joint cells. Since ADAMTS5 and TGFβ1 appear to control this process, agents which interfere with their activities may not only enhance endogenous CA repair in vivo , but also improve the properties of tissue-engineered CA for implantation.
Using visualization techniques for enhancing public participation in planning and design: Process, implementation, and evaluation

Abstract This paper describes three different visualization tools employed during a participatory planning process in Chicago’s Pilsen neighborhood. These tools were used during different phases of the planning process to encourage maximum public input and participation. In the initial neighborhood design workshops, a Geographic Information System (GIS) was used in tandem with an artist. The GIS provided the planning team with interactive visualization of the neighborhood through maps and images. The artist provided an avenue for residents to actively participate in the design creation by quickly capturing ideas and discussions into sketches. In later workshops, a third tool, computer photo-manipulation, was introduced. This technique allowed participants to view photorealistic examples of proposed design prototypes that were seamlessly placed into photographic images of the neighborhood. Each of these tools was highly effective in promoting resident participation in the planning and design process. We found that the three visualization tools were appropriate for different phases of the planning process. Freehand sketching and the GIS were most effective for problem identification and brainstorming, while photo-manipulation using computer imaging was most useful for exploring solutions to previously-defined design issues.
Spinal sympathetic cardiocardiac reflexes.

We studied the reflex changes in myocardial contractility elicited by electrical stimulation of afferent cardiac sympathetic nerve fibers or chemical stimulation of their cardiac endings. Veratridine injected directly into the left coronary artery was the chemical stimulus. The maximum rate of rise of left ventricular pressure, dP/dt max, was used as an index of myocardial contractility. The stimuli evoked increases in dP/dt max in vagotomized cats with or without spinal transection (C1). Electrical stimulation provoked the same effect in vagotomized dogs. Increases in dP/dt max occurred which were independent of changes in heart rate, preload, or afterload. They were reflex in nature since they were abolished by section of the upper thoracic sympathetic rami or cardiac sympathetic nerves. These results are the first demonstration of a cardiocardiac reflex which can be mediated entirely by the spinal cord. Electrical stimulation in vagotomized cats and dogs also produced a reflex increase in arterial bloo...
Modulus of elasticity and strength properties of dental cements

The modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, and tensile strength of six dental cements of primary consistency, four cements of secondary consistency, and two liners were evaluated. Several commercial dental cements were tested. A zinc phosphate cement had the highest values for compressive strength and modulus of elasticity, but a zinc polyacrylate cement had the highest tensile strength. The calcium hydroxide liner showed higher values than the zinc oxide-eugenol liner. The modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, and tensile strength of commercial dental cements of primary and secondary consistency were evaluatedt 24 hours after mixing. Among the cements with a primary consistency tested, a zinc phosphate cement had the highest values of compressive strength (117 MN/m 2 ) and modulus (13,700 MN/m 2 ); however, a zinc polyacrylate cement had the highest tensile strength (12.6 MN/m 2 ). Among the cements with a secondary consistency, zinc phosphate cement had the highest values of compressive strength (161 MN/m 2 ) and modulus (22,−400MN/m 2 ). A calcium hydroxide liner had higher values of strength and modulus than a zinc oxide-eugenol liner.
Self-reporting peptides illuminate the MHC groove

Synthetic oligopeptides chemically modified with environmentally sensitive fluorophores enable real-time visualization of peptide binding to MHC molecules. This technology will expand our understanding of antigen presentation and enable visualization of fluorescent peptide binding to a wide variety of receptors in living cells.
Internal physics of the ion-sensitive probe

Abstract Due to its usefulness as a diagnostic for high-density magnetized plasmas, a complete picture of particle motion and potential surfaces within the Ion-Sensitive Probe (ISP) is desired. To that end, results from an ISP with a segmented collector are presented. Asymmetry in the electron current to the collector is found to be in the ExB drift direction, consistent with previous numerical studies of the probe. Asymmetry in the ion current is found to be due to geometric “shadowing” of parts of the collector surface. Additionally, insight into the ion velocity distribution function (IVDF) is gained by comparing Ti,⊥ to the thermal energy required for an ion to overcome the potential barrier inside the probe.
Postbuckling response of elastically supported columns

Abstract The postbuckling response of end-loaded elastically supported columns is investigated in this paper. A method based on the principle of minimum potential energy and implemented through use of Powell's minimization technique is used to obtain approximate solutions for the large deformation response. Results for columns having various combinations of boundary conditions are reported, and predicted values of the displacements are compared with experimental results for one particular configuration. Stability boundaries for the elastically supported columns are given in the Appendix.
The effect of enzyme systems and processing on the hydrolysis of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) protein.

Abstract In vitro protein digestion studies were carried out on raw and roasted peanut flour as the starting material in the production of peanut protein hydrolysate. Peanut flour was hydrolyzed with alcalase and alternately in a sequential digestion with pepsin-pancreatin, both for up to 24 h. The degree of hydrolysis (DH) at different times of hydrolysis was determined using the trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) method. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used to indicate destruction of native protein units in the enzymatic digests. Hydrolysis with alcalase was very rapid for the first 6 h after which a plateau was reached, whereas that with pepsin–pancreatin was more gradual reaching a plateau after 12 h of hydrolysis. Raw peanut hydrolyzed with alcalase and pepsin–pancreatin had 23% and 21% DH after 24 h respectively, whilst roasted peanut hydrolyzed with alcalase had 21% DH, with the pepsin–pancreatin hydrolysate recording the highest value of 25% after 24 h of hydrolysis. SDS-PAGE results showed that raw peanut samples behaved differently from the roasted samples; increasing hydrolysis time reduced larger peanut protein subunits, with only peptides of
Science, Technology and the New President: Advancing Security, Prosperity, Resilience and Stability for 2009 and The 21st Century

At one time, only 20 years ago, the United States was the undisputed leader globally in virtually every field of science and technology with a reputation for being the place where innovation, technological breakthroughs and cutting-edge science found a home and thrived. Not so any longer as several other nations, some friendly and others competitive rivals have surged ahead with a robust and growing infrastructure in the broad science and technology ['S&T’] field which surpasses many American programs and displays trends which will eclipse American leadership in the S&T realm. In nanotechnology, biotech and molecular engineering we find ourselves outperformed and outmaneuvered at risk of falling further behind other nations. The situation is not likely to change or improve unless the United States considers this problem to have serious strategic consequences and profound implications for our national security and prosperity.
Teenage childbearing and welfare reform: Lessons from a decade of demonstration and evaluation research

Abstract This paper discusses the causes and consequences of teenage childbearing. It also describes those teenage parents on welfare and their life circumstances that facilitate or impede their success as young parents. The third section describes a major federal demonstration of a mandatory JOBS-type program for teenage parents and its effectiveness in promoting self-sufficiency among this population. The fourth section discusses other initiatives aimed at preventing teenage pregnancy and parenting and promoting improved outcomes for those who do become parents. The final two sections discuss the implications of the research findings for welfare reform.
Investigation of vibrational characteristics of composite beams with fluid–structure interaction

Abstract The study examined the effect of fluid–structure interaction on global dynamic properties such as vibrational frequency, mode shape, modal curvature, as well as free vibrational responses along E-glass composite, carbon composite, and aluminum beams, respectively. The digital image correlation technique was used to measure the free vibrational responses along the beams in air and water, respectively. The vibration submerged in water exhibited higher frequency modes than the dry vibration under the same excitation. Experimental modal analysis showed that the mode shapes were very close for an aluminum beam with and without the FSI effect while there was a modest difference for a carbon composite beam because the FSI effect is greater for the composite beam. Modal curvatures for the both beams are more influenced by FSI, especially for the composite beam. The curvature is directly related to the bending strain of the beam. This explains why the difference in strains measured for composite structures in air and water, respectively, varies significantly from location to location of the structures under impact loading. One location has much greater difference in strains than another location. The FSI can change potential failure locations of the composite structures because of the change in modal curvatures.
Psychological capital and the intent to pursue employment with developed and emerging market multinational corporations

The entrance of emerging market multinational corporations (EMNCs) into developed markets and their subsequent demand for western talent is an important new research topic in the field of human resource development (HRD). Upon entering developed markets, EMNCs will find themselves competing with a host of well-established western firms for the same limited pool of talent. Due to possible liability of origin issues, EMNCs may be perceived as less attractive employers. Human resource development professionals tasked with helping these newly arrived firms to recruit necessary talent will find the ability to identify those individuals most likely to pursue employment with an EMNC highly beneficial. In pursuit of this goal, five hypotheses were tested on 703 American and European respondents. Specifically, we examined the interaction between the level of psychological capital of western job seekers and their intent to pursue employment in order to identify possible predispositions for finding EMNCs as attracti...
Transient ischemia elicits a sustained enhancement of thrombus development in the cerebral microvasculature: effects of anti-thrombotic therapy

Abstract Objective While transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a well-known harbinger of ischemic stroke, the mechanisms that link TIA to subsequent strokes remain poorly understood. The overall aim of this study was to determine whether: 1) brief periods of transient cerebral ischemia render this tissue more vulnerable to thrombus development and 2) antiplatelet agents used in TIA patients alter ischemia-induced thrombogenesis. Approach & results The middle cerebral artery of C57BL/6 mice was occluded for 2.5–10 min, followed by reperfusion periods of 1–28 days. Intravital microscopy was used to monitor thrombus development in cerebral microvessels induced by light/dye photoactivation. Thrombosis was quantified as the time to platelet aggregation on the vessel wall and the time for complete blood flow cessation. While brief periods of cerebral ischemia were not associated with neurological deficits or brain infarction (evaluated after 1 day), it yielded a pronounced and prolonged (up to 28 days) acceleration of thrombus formation, compared to control (sham) mice. This prothrombotic phenotype was not altered by pre- and/or post-treatment of mice with either aspirin (A), clopidogrel (C), dipyridamole (D), or atorvastatin (S), or with A + D + S. Conclusions The increased vulnerability of the cerebral vasculature to thrombus development after a brief period of transient ischemia can be recapitulated in a murine model. Antiplatelet or antithrombotic agents used in patients with TIA show no benefit in this mouse model of brief transient ischemia.
Parental involvement: contribution to childhood anxiety and its treatment.

Anxiety disorders are prevalent in youth. Despite demonstrated efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), approximately 40 % of anxiety-disordered youth remain unresponsive to treatment. Because developmental and etiological models suggest that parental factors are relevant to the onset and maintenance of childhood anxiety, researchers have proposed and investigated family-based interventions with increased parent work in treatment, aiming to improve the efficacy of treatment for childhood anxiety. However, contrary to what theoretical models suggest, data to date did not indicate additive benefit of family-based CBT in comparison with child-centered modality. Is parent/family involvement unnecessary when treating childhood anxiety disorders? Or could there be the need for specificity (tailored family-based treatment) that is guided by a revised conceptualization that improves the implementation of a family-based intervention? The current review examines (1) relevant parental factors that have been found to be associated with the development and maintenance of childhood anxiety and (2) interventions that incorporate parental involvement. Relevant findings are integrated to formulate a “targeted” treatment approach for parental involvement in CBT for youth anxiety. Specifically, there is potential in the assessment of parent/family factors prior to treatment (for appropriateness) followed by a target-oriented implementation of parent training.
Efficient kinematic transformations for the PUMA 560 robot

Efficient solutions for the kinematic positions, velocities, and accelerations for the six-degree-of-freedom PUMA 560 robot are presented. The kinematic problem is defined as the transformation from the Cartesian space to the joint space and vice versa. The solution method is based on a method that fully exploits the special geometry of the robot in the derivation of the solution. Special attention is given to the arm configuration in both directions of the transformation.
Linking the Personal and the Social for a More Critical Democratic Adult Education.

The literature of adult education highlights the need for educators to foster an inclusive learning environment to accommodate the multiple worldviews that learners bring. Missing from the discussion is the interplay among critical reflection of self and practice, knowledge and understanding of the problematic issues, and critical action.