cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceived Aggression: A Re-Evaluation of the Bandura Modeling Paradigm

Summary Two experiments were performed to examine whether naive observers would label as aggressive the destructive behavior of a child following the latter's observation of an adult model. Experiment I provided descriptions of a standard modeling paradigm to female introductory psychology students. One of four sequences was presented in written form: the model and child were both constructive or destructive, the model was destructive and the child was constructive, or vice versa. The results showed that imitative destructive behavior by a child was not perceived as aggressive or bad, whereas the same pattern of play was considered aggressive and bad in the absence of similar behavior by a model (p < .03). Experiment II replicated the design and results of the first study and accrued information regarding the legitimizing function of the model. Observers attributed responsibility for imitative destructive behavior to the model and believed the child considered the behavior as appropriate and likely to pro...
Optimal design of external fields for controlling molecular motion: application to rotation

Abstract A general discussion of quantum controllability leads to the specific focus of this work, namely the use of tailored radiation to excite rotational states, either specific | JM 〉 states or superposition states which correspond to a high degree of molecular orientation. It is shown that starting from the |00> state it is in principle possible to produce any eigenstate or superposition state given a long enough pulse and specific examples are presented. Highly ordered states, which are useful in a variety of spectroscopic applications, can be prepared by realistic tailored microwave fields.
Matrix isolation IR detection of Fex(NO)y (x,y = 1,2) complexes. Density functional calculations on FeNO and CuNO

Abstract In an expansion of our studies of corrosion-relevant systems, a matrix isolation study was performed detailing the interactions of Fe vapor with NO. Analysis of careful concentration studies of Fe and NO isolated in excess argon at ≈ 12 K led to the identification of three different complexes of distinct stoichiometry: FeNO, Fe 2 NO, and Fe(NO) 2 . The IR absorptions of each complex were all easily detectable, in contrast to some of the IR spectral features of the Cu NO matrix isolated system which was recently reported. In addition to the experimental work, calculational studies were performed on FeNO, and are presented here together with similar calculations on CuNO. Hybrid HF-density functional theoretical calculations were performed on both mono-ligand complexes to determine predicted binding energies, minimum-energy structures, and vibrational frequencies. Differences in the predicted structural and energy parameters between several density functional theory (DFT) methods are discussed.
LC/MS analysis of cellular RNA reveals NAD-linked RNA

We developed a general method to detect cellular small molecule-RNA conjugates that does not rely on the reactivity of the small molecule. This technique revealed NAD-linked RNA in Escherichia coli and Streptomyces venezuelae. Subsequent characterization showed that NAD is a 5' modification of RNA, cannot be installed in vitro through aberrant transcriptional initiation, is only found among smaller cellular RNAs and is present at a surprisingly high abundance of approximately 3,000 copies per cell.
Granilin and ivasperin from Ambrosia polystachya. 13C-NMR spectra of hydroxylated isoalantones

Abstract The eudesmanolides granilin and ivasperin were isolated from Ambrosia polystachya DC. 13C-NMR spectra are reported for these and other naturally-occurring ring A-hydroxylated isoalantolactones.
Alcohol Prices, Consumption, and Traffic Fatalities

We examine the relationships among alcohol prices, consumption, and traffic fatalities using data across U.S. states from 1982 to 2000. Some previous studies have found large, negative associations between alcohol taxes and fatalities. However, commonly used price data suggest little or no connection between alcohol prices and fatalities. These apparently conflicting findings may result from measurement error and/or endogeneity in the price data, which biases ordinary least squares estimators toward a finding of no price effects. Using alcohol taxes as instrumental variables, fatali ties are found to be negatively related to prices. In addition, alcohol consumption is strongly posi tively related to fatalities. However, biases may still remain, because taxes are not entirely suitable as instruments.
The Atrial Vectorcardiogram in Adults with Atrial Septal Defect

P sE-loops were recorded in 11 adult patients with ostium secundum atrial septal defect and 3 adult patients with ostium primum defects to determine if atrial vectorcardiograms could assist in diagnosis. The P sE-loops of 13 of the 14 patients were abnormal, displaying rather characteristic figure-of-8 or multiple “crossover” patterns, distortion of the loop, and/or abnormal rotation. These abnormalities were most frequently encountered in the frontal plane projection. The findings indicate that the P sE-loop may be of vaine in the diagnosis of ASD in the adult patient and in separating adult patients with ostium primum defect, even with mitral insufficiency, from patients with acquired mitral valvular disease.
Management of recurrent ventricular tachycardia: Economic impact of therapeutic alternatives

Abstract The clinical and economic results of antiarrhythmic therapy selected on the basis of electrophysiologic (EP) studies in patients with recurrent ventricular tachycardia (VT) were examined and compared with previously administered empiric therapy. Twenty-nine patients with recurrent VT and organic heart disease, aged 39 to 78 years (mean 59 ± 11) were evaluated. All patients had empiric therapy before EP studies and EP-based therapy after EP evaluation. Hospital records were analyzed from arrhythmia diagnosis 1 to 39 months (mean 7.5 ± 10.4) before EP evaluation until completion of follow-up 1 to 20 months (mean 13.3 ± 7.4) after EP studies. Clinical efficacy was assessed by comparing actual arrhythmic deaths or recurrences during EP-based therapy with predicted values on empiric therapy. Charges based on diagnosis-related groupings for empiric and EP-based therapy were compared. Charges for EP evaluation were included in the calculation for EP-based therapy. During empiric therapy, 1 to 7 unsuccessful drug trials (mean 3.7 ± 1.6) were performed, with arrhythmia recurrences noted in all patients during a mean 7.5-month VT duration. Twenty-seven of 29 patients required 1 to 70 electrical terminations. There were 64 hospitalizations (mean 2.1 ± 1.7) with a total length of hospital stay of 913 days (mean 31.0 ± 19.9). EP evaluation required 90 EP procedures (mean 3.0 ± 1.5) with a length of stay of 690 days (mean 23.8 ± 12.0). During a follow-up period of 1 to 26.5 months (13.3 ± 7.4) on EP-based therapy, 1 patient died suddenly. There were 5 repeat hospitalizations for adverse effects with a total length of stay of 48 days (mean 1.7 ± 5.1). There is a significant reduction in arrhythmia recurrences and sudden death (p
Effect of Mo–Fe substitution on glass forming ability, thermal stability, and hardness of Fe–C–B–Mo–Cr–W bulk amorphous alloys

Abstract Amorphous Fe 67 − x C 10 B 9 Mo 7 + x Cr 4 W 3 ( x = 1–7 at.%) plates with 640 μm thickness were prepared by copper mold casting. The thermal properties and microstructural development during heat treatments were investigated by a combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential thermal analysis, and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The glass forming ability (GFA) and activation energy for crystallization have a distinct dependence on Mo content. Fe 62 C 10 B 9 Mo 12 Cr 4 W 3 is the best glass former in this study, demonstrating a supercooled liquid region, Δ T x = 51 K, and an activation energy for crystallization, Q = 453 kJ/mol. The GFA of alloys in this system was governed by elastic strain optimization resulting directly from the variation in Mo content. Heat treatments were performed to demonstrate resistance to crystallization under typical processing conditions. Alloys in this system exhibited a three-phase evolution during crystallization. A second set of heat treatments was performed to identify each phase. Hardness data was collected at each of the heat treatment conditions, and a bulk metallic glasses (BMG)-derived composite containing a Mo-rich phase exhibited Vickers Hardness in excess of 2000. The fully amorphous alloys had an average hardness approaching 1500.
Evaluating the role of exogenous luteinizing hormone in poor responders undergoing in vitro fertilization with gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists.

Objective To evaluate the importance of exogenous LH in poor responders undergoing IVF with GnRH antagonists. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting University-based IVF center. Patient(s) All patients with a history of poor response to ovarian stimulation undergoing IVF with GnRH antagonists between September 2000 and August 2001. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Clinical pregnancy rates. Result(s) Two hundred forty GnRH-antagonist cycles were initiated in poor responders. One hundred fifty-three progressed to oocyte retrieval. Seventy-five patients received recombinant FSH (Rec) for ovarian stimulation, and 66 received hMG in combination with Rec. In patients aged Conclusion(s) In poor responders undergoing IVF with GnRH antagonists, outcomes are comparable whether stimulation is achieved in the presence or absence of supplemental LH. Exogenous LH does not appear to be necessary to achieve pregnancy in these challenging patients and may be detrimental to older patients with a history of poor response.
The production and X-ray structure determination of perdeuterated Staphylococcal nuclease

Staphylococcal Nuclease (SNase) has been chosen as a model protein system to evaluate the improvement in neutron diffraction data quality using fully perdeuterated protein. Large quantities of the protein were expressed in Escherichia coli grown in medium containing deuterated amino acids and deuterated water (D2O) and then purified. The mean perdeuteration level of the non-exchangable sites in the protein was found to be 96% by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The perdeuterated enzyme was crystallized and its X-ray structure determined. Crystals of perdeuterated SNase have been grown to 1.5 mm3. Crystallization conditions, space group and cell parameters were found to be the same for both native and perdeuterated forms of the protein. Comparison of these two forms of SNase revealed no significant structural differences between them at the atomic resolution of 1.9 A. Data collection using crystals of the perdeuterated protein is scheduled at the Brookhaven High Flux Beam Reactor.
Prevention and treatment of thrombosis, phlebitis, and laminitis in horses with gastrointestinal diseases.

Organ thrombosis and laminitis are life-threatening complications in horses with acute gastrointestinal disease, especially those diseases that cause disruption of the protective mucosal barrier. Prevention of these complications should be a high priority when treating horses with gastrointestinal diseases because even with proper and intensive treatments, laminitis or organ thrombosis may not be curative. Preventative therapy should include expedient and appropriate treatment of the primary disease, normalization of tissue perfusion and oxygenation, and inhibition of gut-derived toxins or their systemically activated biologic products along with i.v. replacement of depleted anticoagulant proteins. Additionally, several risk factors for thrombophlebitis in horses with intestinal disease have been identified, and those risk factors should be minimized during the illness.
Education for rural development: Myth or reality?

Abstract In recent years the concept of integrated rural development has come under severe criticism from scholars working for the World Bank and other agencies. Evaluations of such projects indicate that they are too costly to justify, too complex to be administered, politically powerless and difficult to implement. The difficulty in implementing them lies in their content and the context in which they are pursued. They require sophisticated information, extensive coordination and their benefits, both tangible and intangible, are apparent only in the distant future. The widespread corruption in such projects and their failure to address income distribution in the rural areas, are some of the evidence that integrated rural development has failed. Based on research data one teacher education program sponsored by UNESCO, UNDP, ADB, and the Sierra Leone government, this paper points out some of the benefits derived from an integrated rural development project. The difficulties of implementing such a program are discussed, as well as possible solutions. The paper concludes with a plea for more integrated development projects to close the gap between rural and urban areas in Africa.
Perianal Bowen's disease

Thirty-three patients with perianal Bowen's disease were treated at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation from 1954 to 1986. Twenty-one patients were women and 12 were men, ranging in age from 30 to 69 years (mean, 48 years). Twenty patients (61 percent) presented with symptomatic perianal disease, while 13 patients (39 percent) were noted as having perianal Bowen's disease upon pathologic examination of routine hemorrhoidectomy specimens. Ten of the patients (30 percent) had prior histories of unrelated cancer. Twenty-seven patients were managed by wide local excision, three patients by simple excision, three patients by fulguration, and one patient by an abdominoperineal resection. During a follow-up period averaging 3.7 years (range, 0.3 to 10 years), one patient developed a new invasive skin cancer while a second patient experienced a recurrence of perianal Bowen's disease. The characteristic gross appearance of this lesion and its failure to respond to conventional therapy should prompt the performance of a hiopsy, which readily establishes the diagnosis. This experience confirms that wide local excision is adequate therapy for perianal Bowen's disease and that close clinical follow-up is necessary to identify disease recurrence or the development of a malignancy.
Parent-infant cosleeping: the appropriate context for the study of infant sleep and implications for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) research

Nearly all laboratory research on human infant sleep assumes that solitary sleeping is the normal and desirable environment. Yet solitary sleeping in infancy is a very recent custom limited to Western industrialized societies, and most of the world's people still practice parent-infant cosleeping. A hypothesis is presented that cosleeping provides a sensory-rich environment which is the more appropriate environment in which to study normal infant sleep. In addition, two preliminary, in-laboratory, polygraphic investigations of mother-infant cosleeping are reported in normal infants within the peak age range for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Five mother-infant pairs coslept for 1 night in the first study; in the second, three additional pairs slept separately for 2 nights and coslept the third consecutive night. The results suggest that cosleeping is associated with enhanced infant arousals and striking temporal overlap in infant and maternal arousals. Infant sleep also showed subtle alterations with cosleeping, as manifested in increased overlap with corresponding maternal sleep stages and decreased amount of Stage 3-4. These are the first in-laboratory investigations of parent-infant cosleeping. The implications of the hypothesis and preliminary results for research on the normal development of infant sleep and on SIDS are discussed.
Parathyroid Hormone Related-Peptide (PTHrP) Increases Cyclic AMP (CAMP) in Rat Uterine Tissue. |[diams]| 318

PTHrP shares sequence homology with the NH2-terminal 13 amino acids of parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTHrP has been localized in the uterine endometrium and myometrium and relaxes uterine contraction in a dose-related manner. PTH and PTHrP activate multiple second messengers in PTH-target tissues. PTH/PTHrP receptor mRNA has been identified in numerous tissues, including the uterus, and this receptor activates both adenyl cyclase and phospholipase C. We performed the present studies to further examine the cAMP as a possible second messenger involved in the regulation of PTHrP relaxation of uterine smooth muscle. Female rats were pretreated with DES and uterine tissue strips removed the following day and allowed to equilibrate for 1 hour in Krebs buffer at 37°C. Uterine tissue slices were incubated for 5 minutes with vehicle (control) or similar relaxant doses of PTHrP (10-7 M) or ritodrine a β -agonist (5×10-8 M) with and without 3-isobutyl-l-methyl-xanthine (IBMX, 5×10-4 M), a phosphodiestrase inhibitor. The reaction was stopped with cold 6% TCA, the tissue was sonicated and analyzed for cAMP by enzymeimmunoassay. Proteins were determined and data expressed as fmol of cAMP/mg protein. PTHrP increased cAMP anywhere from 1% to 23% over controls in the absence of IBMX. In the presence of IBMX, PTHrP significantly (p<.001) increased cAMP 70-180% over controls. Data from a representative experiment showed cAMP levels of 303±14 fmol/mg protein in tissue exposed to PTHrP versus 125±5 fmol/mg protein for controls. Ritodrine, a β-agonist that relaxes uterine smooth muscle via cAMP, significantly increased cAMP, anywhere from 2-4 times more than PTHrP. The experiment was repeated 3-5 times and similar results were obtained from each experiment. These results demonstrate that doses of PTHrP and ritodrine that have similar ED50 relaxant properties both increase cAMP, suggesting that PTHrP may relax uterine smooth muscle via adenyl cyclase.
Effect of annealing on electrical conductivity and morphology of polyaniline films

We report structure–property relationships of polyaniline emeraldine base (EB) films that were produced by combining different processing steps in various sequences. The effect of annealing and doping processes on the surface structure of the films was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the corresponding changes to the chemical structure of the EB films were monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. AFM results indicate that after doping polyaniline (EB) films with HCl, the root mean square (rms) roughness of the surface of EB film increased ∼ 46%. When the doped films were annealed at 180°C under a nitrogen atmosphere for 3 h, the rms roughness was essentially unchanged from that of the initial, undoped films. The electrical conductivity of the films also showed a significant dependence on the processing sequence. When the doped polyaniline (EB) films were annealed, no electrical conductivity was observed. When these films were redoped, only ∼ 6% of the initial conductivity could be recovered. In another processing sequence in which the polyaniline (EB) films were first annealed and then doped, the electrical conductivity was only ∼ 12% relative to the film that was doped immediately after being cast. From this work, a strategy to reduce the surface roughness of films made from electrically conducting polyaniline (EB) is proposed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 3602–3610, 2001
Secondary uses and the governance of de-identified data: lessons from the human genome diversity panel.

Background Recent changes to regulatory guidance in the US and Europe have complicated oversight of secondary research by rendering most uses of de-identified data exempt from human subjects oversight. To identify the implications of such guidelines for harms to participants and communities, this paper explores the secondary uses of one de-identified DNA sample collection with limited oversight: the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP)-Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain, Fondation Jean Dausset (CEPH) Human Genome Diversity Panel.
Terahertz all-optical modulation in a silicon–polymer hybrid system

Although gigahertz-scale free-carrier modulators have been demonstrated in silicon, intensity modulators operating at terahertz speeds have not been reported because of silicon's weak ultrafast nonlinearity. We have demonstrated intensity modulation of light with light in a silicon–polymer waveguide device, based on the all-optical Kerr effect—the ultrafast effect used in four-wave mixing. Direct measurements of time-domain intensity modulation are made at speeds of 10 GHz. We showed experimentally that the mechanism of this modulation is ultrafast through spectral measurements, and that intensity modulation at frequencies in excess of 1 THz can be obtained. By integrating optical polymers through evanescent coupling to silicon waveguides, we greatly increase the effective nonlinearity of the waveguide, allowing operation at continuous-wave power levels compatible with telecommunication systems. These devices are a first step in the development of large-scale integrated ultrafast optical logic in silicon, and are two orders of magnitude faster than previously reported silicon devices.
A UAV MODEL PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION METHOD: A SIMULATION STUDY

Dynamics modeling of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is an essential step for design and evaluation of an UAV system. Many advanced control strategies for nonlinear dynamical or robotic systems which are applicable to UAVs depend upon known dynamics models. The accuracy of a model depends not only on the mathematical formulae or computational algorithm of the model but also on the values of model parameters. Many model parameters are very difficult to measure for a given UAV. This paper presents the results of a simulation based study of an in-flight model parameter identification method. Assuming the motion state of a flying UAV is directly or indirectly measureable, the method can identify the unknown inertia parameters of the UAV. Using the recursive least-square technique, the method is capable of updating the model parameters of the UAV while the vehicle is in flight. A scheme of estimating an upper bound of the identification error in terms of the input data errors (or sensor errors) is also discussed.
IgM rheumatoid factor elaboration by blood, bone marrow, and synovial mononuclear cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

IgM rheumatoid factor (RF) elaboration by rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial, bone marrow, and blood mononuclear cells (MNC) is reported. IgM RF was prepared from RF-positive sera by sequential euglobulin precipitation, Sephacryl S300 gel filtration, and IgG-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Purified material, which contained no detectable IgG or IgA, was used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantitate cellular elaboration of IgM RF. Excellent standard curves (r2 ⋍ 0.98) were obtained without nonspecific binding of samples or antisera to IgG-coated microtiter plates and without cross-reactivity of standards with antisera other than anti-IgM. We found RA blood MNC (11 patients) spontaneously averaged 15 ng/ml IgM RF (6% of total IgM produced), but elaborated 254 ng/ml IgM RF following pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulation (22 patients), exceeding that of 13 normal controls. Bone marrow MNC spontaneously (4 patients) produced 71 ng/ml IgM RF and secreted 78 ng/ml IgM RF with PWM stimulation (9 patients). In contrast synovial fluid MNC (5 patients) spontaneously elaborated 6652 ng/ml IgM RF, significantly (P < 0.05) more than blood or bone marrow MNC; PWM-stimulated synovial fluid MNC (5 patients) produced 5472 ng/ml IgM RF. These observations confirm selective localization of activated, IgM RF-producing cells to the rheumatoid synovial space.
How does tooth cusp radius of curvature affect brittle food item processing

Tooth cusp sharpness, measured by radius of curvature (RoC), has been predicted to play a significant role in brittle/hard food item fracture. Here, we set out to test three existing hypotheses about this relationship: namely, the Blunt and Strong Cusp hypotheses, which predict that dull cusps will be most efficient at brittle food item fracture, and the Pointed Cusp hypothesis, which predicts that sharp cusps will be most efficient at brittle food item fracture using a four cusp bunodont molar. We also put forth and test the newly constructed Complex Cusp hypothesis, which predicts that a mixture of dull and sharp cusps will be most efficient at brittle food item fracture. We tested the four hypotheses using finite-element models of four cusped, bunodont molars. When testing the three existing hypotheses, we assumed all cusps had the same level of sharpness (RoC), and gained partial support for the Blunt Cusp hypotheses. We found no support for the Pointed Cusp or Strong Cusp hypotheses. We used the Taguchi sampling method to test the Complex Cusps hypothesis with a morphospace created by independently varying the radii of curvature of the four cusps in the buccolingual and mesiodistal directions. The optimal occlusal morphology for fracturing brittle food items consists of a combination of sharp and dull cusps, which creates high stress concentrations in the food item while stabilizing the food item and keeping the stress concentrations in the enamel low. This model performed better than the Blunt Cusp hypothesis, suggesting a role for optimality in the evolution of cusp form.
Combustion Technology for Low-Emissions Gas-Turbines: Some Recent Modeling Results

Computer modeling of low-emissions gas-turbine combustors requires inclusion of finite-rate chemistry and its interactions with turbulence. The purpose of this review is to outline some recent developments in and applications of the physical models of combusting flows. The models reviewed included the sophisticated and computationally intensive velocity-composition pdf transport method, with applications shown for both a laboratory flame and for a practical gas-turbine combustor, as well as a new and computationally fast PSR-microstructure-based method, with applications shown for both premixed and nonpremixed flames. Calculations are compared with laser-based spectroscopic data where available. The review concentrates on natural-gas-fueled machines, and liquid-fueled machines operating at high power, such that spray vaporization effects can be neglected. Radiation and heat transfer is also outside the scope of this review.
Diffusive langevin dynamics of model alkanes

Abstract The diffusive Langevin equation of motion is used to simulate the equilibrium for times up to 100 ns. Comparisons are made between the results obtained with an isolated molecule potential surface and with one modified to incorporate solvent effects.
Cognitive effects of marijuana, described in terms of a model of attention.

The cognitive effects of marijuana are best described and organized in terms of a model of attention. Sack's model includes three factors of attention: resistance to distraction, set-shifting, and ...
High-temperature exchange third virial coefficient for hard spheres via an asymptotic method for path integrals

The exchange part of the third cluster integral can be divided into two parts:b3(exch-1), which arises from the exchange of two particles, andb3(exch-2), which arises from the cyclic exchange of all three particles. The first few terms ofb3(exch-1) are calculated by arguing thatb3(exch-1) =-[9πa3/(4λ3)]b2(exch)[1 + O(λ/a)], whereb2(exch) is the exchange second cluster integral, λ is the thermal de Broglie wavelength, anda is the hardsphere diameter. The first three terms ofb3(exch-2) are calculated by writing it in path integral form and expanding about the shortest path.
Auditory Cortical Detection and Discrimination Correlates with Communicative Significance

Plasticity studies suggest that behavioral relevance can change the cortical processing of trained or conditioned sensory stimuli. However, whether this occurs in the context of natural communication, where stimulus significance is acquired through social interaction, has not been well investigated, perhaps because neural responses to species-specific vocalizations can be difficult to interpret within a systematic framework. The ultrasonic communication system between isolated mouse pups and adult females that either do or do not recognize the calls' significance provides an opportunity to explore this issue. We applied an information-based analysis to multi- and single unit data collected from anesthetized mothers and pup-naive females to quantify how the communicative significance of pup calls affects their encoding in the auditory cortex. The timing and magnitude of information that cortical responses convey (at a 2-ms resolution) for pup call detection and discrimination was significantly improved in mothers compared to naive females, most likely because of changes in call frequency encoding. This was not the case for a non-natural sound ensemble outside the mouse vocalization repertoire. The results demonstrate that a sensory cortical change in the timing code for communication sounds is correlated with the vocalizations' behavioral relevance, potentially enhancing functional processing by improving its signal to noise ratio.
Concerns and Misconceptions about Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Focus Group Evaluation with Low-Income Hispanic Women

Fivefocus groups were conducted with Hispanic women (primarily of Mexican American heritage) from low-income neighborhoods in San Jose, California, to learn about their knowledge of cardiovascular disease (CVD) riskfactors, the relative importance of risk factors, and ideas about effective CVD risk-reduction programs. Despite language barriers and economic disadvantages, women were highly aware of heart disease and described it as a health priority. However, they articulated many misconceptions about CVD and experienced multiple barriers to healthy lifestyles. The most frequently mentioned risk factor was poor nutrition, especially high dietary fat (mentioned 543 times). The next most frequently mentioned risk factors were physical inactivity (127 times), obesity (86 times), and smoking (78 times). Few women viewed CVD as a progressive, chronic process; few associated obesity with heart disease; andfew emphasized the importance of hypertension and diabetes as primary CVD risk factors.
Conformation of polypeptide antibiotics. VI. Circular dichroism of stendomycin.

Abstract In trifluoroethanol stendomycin exhibits a CD pattern in which the extrema and ratios of peak magnitudes are virtually identical to α-helical poly-D-glutamic acid in water at pH 3.9. The results are presented to stimulate interest in the conformation of stendomycin as the most decisive test of the optical rotation approach to determine polypeptide backbone conformation.
Characterization of the 1.2 μm M1 pyroxene band: Extracting cooling history from near-IR spectra of pyroxenes and pyroxene-dominated rocks

The 1.2 m band in near-infrared spectra of pyroxenes results from Fe2+ in the M1 crystallographic site. The distribution of Fe and Mg between the M1 and M2 sites is in part a function of the cooling rate and thermal history of a pyroxene. Combining near-infrared and Mssbauer spectra for a series of compositionally controlled synthetic Mg, Fe, Ca pyroxenes, we quantify the strength of the 1.2 m band as a function of Fe2+ in the M1 site. Near-infrared spectra are deconvolved into component absorptions that can be assigned to the M1 and M2 sites using the modified Gaussian model. The relative strength of the 1.2 μm band is shown to be directly related to the amount of Fe2+ in the M1 site measured by Mossbauer spectroscopy. The strength of the 1.2 μm band relative to the combined strengths of the 1.2 and 2 μm bands, or the M1 intensity ratio, is calculated for 51 howardite, eucrite, and diogenite (HED) meteorites. Diogenites and cumulate eucrites exhibit the lowest M1 intensity ratios, consistent with their formation as slowly cooled cumulates. Basaltic eucrites exhibit a large range of M1 intensity ratios, all of which are consistently higher than the diogenites and cumulate eucrites. This example illustrates how the M1 intensity ratio can be a used as a tool for characterizing the cooling history of remotely detected pyroxene-dominated rocks.
Functional response to SDF1α through over-expression of CXCR4 on adult subventricular zone progenitor cells

The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand, stromal cell derived factor-1 alpha (SDF1 alpha) regulate neuroblast migration towards the ischemic boundary after stroke. Using loss- and gain-function, we investigated the biological effect of CXCR4/SDF1 alpha on neural progenitor cells. Neural progenitor cells, from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult rat, were transfected with rat CXCR4-pLEGFP-C1 and pSIREN-RetroQ-CXCR4-siRNA retroviral vectors. Migration assay analysis showed that inhibition of CXCR4 by siRNA significantly reduced cell migration compared to the empty vector, indicating that CXCR4 mediated neural progenitor cell motility. When neural progenitor cells were cultured in growth medium containing bFGF (20 ng/ml), over-expression of CXCR4 significantly reduced the cell proliferation as measured by the number of bromodeoxyuridine+ (BrdU+) cells (26.4%) compared with the number in the control group (54.0%). Addition of a high concentration of SDF1 alpha (500 ng/ml) into the progenitor cells with over-expression of CXCR4 reversed the cell proliferation back to the control levels (57.6%). Immunostaining analysis showed that neither over-expression nor inhibition of CXCR4 altered the population of neurons and astrocytes, when neural progenitor cells were cultured in differentiation medium. These in vitro results suggest that CXCR4/SDF1 alpha primarily regulates adult neural progenitor cell motility but not differentiation, while over-expression of CXCR4 in the absence of SDF1 alpha decreases neural progenitor cell proliferation.
Princeton and the Republic, 1768-1822 : the search for a Christian Enlightenment in the era of Samuel Stanhope Smith

Widely viewed during the Revolutionary period as a champion of both republicanism and evangelical Calvinism, the College of New Jersey nonetheless experienced great inner turmoil as its leaders tried to support the stability of the new nation by integrating sound principles of science and faith. Focusing on three presidencies--those of John Witherspoon, Samuel Stanhope Smith, and Ashbel Green--Mark Noll relates the dramatic institutional history of what is now Princeton University, a history closely related to the intellectual development of the early republic. Noll examines in detail the student rebellions and the trustees' disillusionment with the college, which, despite Witherspoon's and Stanhope Smith's efforts to harmonize traditional Reformed faith with a moderate Scottish enlightenment, led to the establishment of a separate Presbyterian seminary in 1812. As a cultural and intellectual history of the early United States, this book deepens our understanding of how science, religion, and politics interacted during the period. Close attention is given to the Scottish philosophy of common sense, which Stanhope Smith developed into an educational vision that he hoped would encourage a stable social order.
Process modeling and simulation for Hg 1−x Cd x Te. Part II: self-diffusion, interdiffusion, and fundamental mechanisms of point defect interactions in Hg 1−x Cd x Te

The Hg0.8Cd0.2Te type-conversion, Hg self-diffusion and interdiffusion processes are analyzed in the context of a first order reaction kinetics approach. Sets of nonlinear, stiffly coupled continuity equations are presented which describe the underlying physics, and their solutions model the observed macroscopic behavior. It is demonstrated that the Frenkel pair mechanism interactions dominated by the cation sublattice, in conjunction with basic diffusive and drift properties of the ionized point defects, comprise the basic processes which effect all macroscopic phenomena discussed. Existing experimental results are reviewed and apparent discrepancies discussed. Use is made of the Stanford University mercury cadmium telluride process simulator to provide quantitative and insightful examples of important results.
Recent results from generalized-ensemble protein-folding simulations

New results from protein-folding simulations in generalized ensembles are presented. Our technique allows us to get an overview on the complicated energy landscape of the investigated molecules.
Population monotonic allocation schemes for cooperative games with transferable utility

Abstract An allocation scheme for a cooperative game specifies how to allocate the worth of every coalition. It is population monotonic if each player's payoff increases as the coalition to which he belongs grows larger. We show that, essentially, a game has a population monotonic allocation scheme (PMAS) if and only if it is a positive linear combination of monotonic simple games with veto control. A dual characterization is also provided. Sufficient conditions for the existence of a PMAS include convexity and “increasing average marginal contributions.” If the game is convex, its (extended) Shapley value is a PMAS. Classification Number: 026.
Prognostic Significance of Ventricular Ectopic Beats with Respect to Sudden Death in the Late Postinfarction Period

The role of ventricular dysrhythmias as determinants of sudden coronary death (SCD) was studied prospectively in 160 male survivors of myocardial infarction, all under 65 years of age and in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I or II. Twelve-hour electrocardiographic recordings were taken in all patients at serial intervals and analyzed for frequency and type of ventricular ectopic beat (VEB). Eighty percent showed VEB's on at least one tape recording. There have been 14 SCD's in a follow-up period ranging between 30 and 54 months, 12 in 87 patients (13.8%) with significant VEB's (frequent, unifocal, multifocal, paired or coupled, and ventricular tachycardia), and only two in 66 patients (3%) with absent or infrequent VEB's (P < 0.02). Although the number of patients in this study is small, the results show that all complex VEB forms together were associated with an excess risk of SCD, notwithstanding the absence of SCD in 27 patients with ventricular parasystole. It is suggested that the ...
THE SELF ENERGY OF A HELICAL DISLOCATION

Kr\"oner's energy expression is used in this theoretical calculation. The helical dislocation is assumed to have a uniform shape with the Burgers vector along its axis. The axial length of the helix is large compared to its radius and the radius is large compared to the dislocation "cross section," which is of the order of a Burgers vector. For a helix of many turns and arbitrary pitch an expansion in a Fourier cosine series is used. The self energy is found in terms of elementary functions and Kapteyn series of Bessel functions. In the limiting cases of a tightly wound helix (small pitch) and a nearly straight helix (large pitch) simple expressions result, which have a plausible physical explanation. For a tightly wound helix the dominant term represents the contribution from the cylindrical part of the helix, the first-order terms represent the influence of the size of the dislocation cross section and the second order terms represent the effect of the axial component of the helix. For the nearly straight helix the dominant terms represent the contribution from the straight screw part and the second-order terms are taken to give the interaction between the turns of the helix. Finally the correction in the self-energy when a return loop is present is considered.
Analyzing Least Squares and Kalman Filtered Compressed Sensing

In recent work, we studied the problem of causally reconstructing time sequences of spatially sparse signals, with unknown and slow time-varying sparsity patterns, from a limited number of linear “incoherent” measurements. We proposed a solution called Kalman Filtered Compressed Sensing (KF-CS). The key idea is to run a reduced order KF only for the current signal's estimated nonzero coefficients' set, while performing CS on the Kalman filtering error to estimate new additions, if any, to the set. KF may be replaced by Least Squares (LS) estimation and we call the resulting algorithm LS-CS. In this work, (a) we bound the error in performing CS on the LS error and (b) we obtain the conditions under which the KF-CS (or LS-CS) estimate converges to that of a genie-aided KF (or LS), i.e. the KF (or LS) which knows the true nonzero sets.
Lung transplantation in older patients

Objective Age 65 years and older is generally considered a contraindication to lung transplantation. Our group has offered lung transplantation to select patients 65 years of age and older who lack other comorbid conditions. We sought to define the short- and medium-term outcome of lung transplantation in patients aged 65 years and older. Methods We reviewed the records of our lung transplant recipients from March 2000 to September 2006. During this interval, 50 patients were 65 years or older at the time of transplantation. Fifty patients younger than 65 years were matched to the older cohort by means of propensity analysis. The demographics and perioperative and postoperative characteristics and survival of the 2 groups were compared. Results Older patients were more likely to receive single-lung transplantation (older group: 76% vs younger group: 16%, P P = .06). The composite in-hospital morbidity rate was similar in the older and younger groups. There was no significant difference in the early oxygenation parameters, incidence of acute cellular rejection, or incidence of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome between the 2 groups. The early survival of the older patients was 95.7% compared with 95.9% in the younger cohort ( P = .73). The 1-year survival of the 2 groups was also similar (older group: 79.7% vs younger group: 91.2%, P = .16). The 3-year survival of the older and younger recipients was 73.6% and 74.2%, respectively ( P = .64). There were 8 deaths in the older recipient group during the 1-month to 1-year posttransplantation interval, predominantly because of infections. Conclusions Lung transplantation can be performed in patients older than 65 years with acceptable clinical outcomes. The "increased" mortality of older patients between 1 month and 1 year after transplantation, predominantly from infectious causes, might be due to immunosenescence of older patients. This finding warrants adjustments in the immunosuppression protocol of older patients undergoing lung transplantation. The effect of offering lung transplantation to older patients on donor lung availability deserves further investigation.
Vector control and foliar nutrition to maintain economic sustainability of bearing citrus in Florida groves affected by huanglongbing.

BACKGROUND: Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening is a bacterial disease vectored by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) causing tree decline, and yield loss. Vector control and foliar nutrition are used in Florida to slow the spread of HLB and mitigate debilitating effects of the disease.
Sliding Mode Control Using Modified Rodrigues Parameters

Introduction Spacecraft pointing poses a complex problem involving nonlinear dynamics with either linear and/or nonlinear control laws. Primary control actuators usually include thrusters for rapid and coarse attitude maneuvers, and reaction wheels for slow and precise attitude maneuvers. Other types of control mechanisms include gravity-gradient stabilization and magnetic torquer assemblies. Control algorithms can be divided into open-loop systems and closed-loop (feedback) systems. Open-loop systems usually require a pre-determined pointing maneuver, and are typically determined using optimal control techniques which involve the solution of a twopoint-boundary-problem. An example of open-loop control is the time-optimal attitude maneuver (e.g., see the excellent survey paper by Scrivener and Thompson [1]). Closed-loop systems can provide robustness with respect to spacecraft modeling uncertainties and unexpected disturbances.
Morphological, histochemical, and myosin isoform analysis of the diaphragm of adult horses, Equus caballus.

The horse provides an interesting model for study of the structure and function of the mammalian diaphragm. Multiple regions of diaphragm from seven adult horses were prepared for histochemistry, immunocytochemistry, myosin heavy chain electrophoresis, and native myosin electrophoresis. Two additional adults were dissected to demonstrate myofiber and central tendon morphology and stained for acetylcholinesterase to demonstrate motor endplates. All regions of the adult diaphragm were histochemically characterized by a preponderance of type I fibers with some type IIa fibers. Type IIb fibers were absent in all adult specimens. Myosin heavy chain electrophoresis supported the histochemical study: two isoform bands were present on SDS gels that comigrated at the same rate as rat type I and IIa myosin heavy chain isoforms. No isoform was determined to comigrate with rat type IIb heavy chain isoforms. Native myosin isoform analysis revealed two isoforms that comigrated with rat FM-4 and FM-3 (FM = fast myosin) and two isoforms that comigrated with rat SM-1 and SM-2 (SM = slow myosin) isoforms. In some samples, a third slow native myosin isoform was observed that comigrated at the same rate as the SM-3 of the equine biceps brachii muscle. This doublet (or “triplet”) of slow isoforms is unique to some horse muscles compared with other adult animals studied. It is not known if these multiple slow native myosin isoforms confer some functional advantage to the equine muscles. The adult equine diaphragm also differs in its morphology by having a large central tendon compared to that in other mammals, and is predominantly slow in fiber type and myosin isoform composition. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Strength of Si wafers with microcracks: A theoretical model

Wafer breakage is a major problem in the photovoltaic industry and becomes more serious as the industry attempts to use thinner wafers. It is well established that the poor strength of PV wafers is primarily due to the presence of residual microcracks, which are generated by cutting and wafering procedures and are not removed by subsequent etching of the wafers. This paper addresses fracture mechanics modeling of the strength of silicon PV wafers. We are showing that the surface damage, which includes the subsurface microcracks, determines the ultimate strength of the PV wafers. The modeling of PV wafers consists of Monte Carlo simulations and finiteelement analysis that is supported by the fracture energy theory for curved cracks. As an example, a virtual experiment on a statistical set of 100 wafers subjected to uniaxial tension is performed. The predicted strength distribution is shown to match well with the experimental results available in the literature.
Glistenings in the single-piece, hydrophobic, acrylic intraocular lenses

Purpose To study glistenings in single-piece AcrySof (models SA60 and SN60; Alcon, Fort Worth, Texas, USA) intraocular lenses (IOLs). Design Observational, longitudinal study. Methods Consecutive patients with the SA60 were examined at 12, 24, and 36 months after surgery; those with the SN60 were examined 12 months after surgery. Best-corrected logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity, glare testing, contrast sensitivity, and wavefront analysis were performed. Any patient with pathologic features likely to impact visual quality was eliminated. All IOLs were photographed, and glistenings were analyzed for size and density by a computer program. Results All IOLs had glistenings, and neither size, density, nor severity index (size × density) correlated with acuity, glare testing, or wavefront analysis results. High spatial resolution contrast acuity (patch D) had a borderline correlation (P = .06) with severity index, as did progress over time (P = .04). Conclusions All IOLs studied had glistenings. High spatial resolution contrast sensitivity impact and severity progression over time deserve further study.