cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Expected Areal Density Gain for Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording Relative to Other Advanced Recording Schemes

In this paper, we review our latest progress for heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) systems. The temperature distribution has been computed using the finite difference time domain technique and by solving the heat diffusion equation. Magnetic behavior has been calculated using a renormalized cell technique (granular media) and atomistic simulation [bit-patterned media (BPM)]. We find that the ultimate density of HAMR on granular media depends greatly on grain size, with a 5 nm grain pitch yielding $\sim 4$ Tb/in2. We were unable to exceed $\sim 5.8$ Tb/in2 on BPM owing to excessive heating of the adjacent track, causing adjacent track erasure to date. Shingled recording on granular media, using two dimensional magnetic recording (TDMR) detection depends greatly on the mechanical systems, with likely user densities reaching $\sim 2.5$ Tb/in2. Finally, shingled recording without heat assist on BPM yielded an unexpectedly high density of $\sim 8$ Tb/in2.
Variation in the storage proteins of peas in relation to sulphur amino-acid content

A cellulose acetate electrophoretic technique has been used to characterise the storage proteins present in pea seeds in order to try and determine the proportions of proteins present which are enriched in sulphur amino-acids. Some of the eight varieties examined were shown to differ in their proportions of the various storage proteins. When the proteins were separated and estimated quantitatively and also characterised by their sub-unit composition, it was shown that cellulose acetate electrophoresis of crude protein extracts or of whole globulins did not give the degree of resolution required. The procedures which have to be undertaken in order to obtain this information are considered, and the difficulties of incorporating them into a plant breeding programme discussed.
IUGG and Associations Officers

The newly elected president of IUGG is George D. Garland of the Geophysics Laboratory, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The 54-year-old Garland will serve as head of the bureau for the period 1980–1983. He has held three other IUGG offices, including assistant secretary general, secretary general, and vice-president. Garland describes his field of interest as solid earth geophysics, with a past emphasis on gravity interpretation, isostasy, and terrestrial heat flow, and a present interest in electromagnetic induction in the earth and study of the earth's electric conductivity.
BRACKISH WATER POND POLYCULTURE OF ESTUARINE FISHES IN THERMAL EFFLUENT

Three species of fish were cultured in 0.1 ha ponds from August 1976 to May 1977. Each pond received a constant flow of thermal effluent from the discharge canal of the Cedar Bayou Generating Station, Houston Lighting & Power Company. Striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) were maintained in polyculture with black drum (Pogonias cromis) and Atlantic croaker (Micropogon undulatus). These fish were also raised in mnoculture. Survival of mullet in polyculture with drum averaged 91.8%; in polyculture with croaker, 96.4%; in monoculture, 96.8%. Black drum survival averaged 95.5% in polyculture and 96.3% in monoculture. Croaker survived slightly better in monoculture at 39.3% compared to 33.5% in plyculture with mullet. Poor croaker survival was attributed to low cool season temperatures and handling mortalities. Growth of all species was improved in polyculture. Mean daily length and weight gains for mullet in monoculture were 0.22 mm/day and 0.35 g/day. These increased to 0.25 mm/day and 0.46 g/day in polyculture with drum, and 0.26 mm/day and 0.60 g/day in polyculture with croaker. Similarly, rates for black drum increased from 0.39 to 0.41 mm/day and from 0.76 to 0.90 g/day when raised with mullet. Monocultured croaker grew 0.21 mm/ day and 0.60 g/day, while in polyculture with mullet these increased to 0.28 mm/day and 0.69 g/day. Competition values indicated that daily yield of mullet and black drum was increased 30% and 20% respectively through polyculture. Growth of croaker was largely unaffected by addition of mullet into the system, but mullet growth was raised 78% through this association. Thermal additions to these ponds proved critical when seasonal grmth trends were examined.
Epidermoid Cyst of the Testis: a Critical Analysis

Summary— Our experience with 163 patients (11 from our institution) with simple epidermoid cyst of the testis was analysed. The lesion is nearly as common as interstitial cell tumour of the testis. In its simple form it is a benign lesion that usually appears as a solitary, asymptomatic, testicular, 2-cm mass in non-black young men (usually 20 to 40 years of age). It has been suspected on circumstantial clinical evidence in a few patients (17.5%) who have been successfully treated by simple enucleation. In the majority, however, fear of looking for a zebra in a herd of horses or not thinking of zebras at all has led to radical orchiectomy. None of the 80 patients followed up for a maximum of 37 years has suffered any ill effects.
Interaction between Cell Nucleus and Cytoplasm

THE assumption has been made frequently that the genes exert their effects upon the cytoplasm during the 'resting' stage of the cell. This implies that nuclear end products of genie reactions can pass through the nuclear membrane or at least react with cytoplasmatic components at the nucleo cytoplasmatic interphase. However, no explicit demonstration of this assumption has been given as yet. On the other hand, it has been proposed, again without proof, that the genie end-products in the nucleus are released into the cytoplasm during the mitotic breakdown of the nuclear membrane only.
Some Key Issues in the Study of Gene–Environment Interplay: Activation, Deactivation, and the Role of Development

Gene–environment interaction (GxE) is thought to constitute a fundamental mechanism though which genes influence human behavior. In the excitement about GxE, however, the deliberative approach that typically characterizes empirical social science research has been inconsistently applied. The current review highlights areas where more work is needed. First, although most GxE research to date has focused on the augmentation of genetic influences by extreme environmental pathogens, normal-range environmental risk factors may also act via GxE. Second, environmental risk and protective factors may serve to “deactivate”, rather than augment, genetic influences. Finally, few GxE studies have meaningfully considered the role of development.
Finding Oneself Among the Saints: Thomas F. O'Dea, Mormon Intellectuals, and the Future of Mormon Orthodoxy

Thomas F. O'Dea's classic The Mormons identified "Mormonism's encounter with modem secular thought" as perhaps the church's greatest problem. In line with secularization theory, O'Dea predicted an attenuation of traditional Mormonism, and an adaptation and gradual liberalization of Mormon theology as the literal interpretation of Mormon origins "dissolved" in the solvent of modernity. O'Dea's views on the crisis facing Mormonism were based, in part, on ethnographic field work in Salt Lake City in the summer of 1950, as interpreted by a modernist Catholic sociologist. A review ofhis field notes suggests that key informants who "hosted" much of O'Dea's research activity were liberal Mormon academics who defined the church's traditional theology as a problem. This viewpoint agreed with O'Dea's preconceptions about the "education and apostasy" dilemma. A comparison of O'Dea's published "reading " ofhis field notes with the notes themselves suggests the plausibility of alternative readings. One such alternative is offered here, an interpretation of the interplay of education, Mormon theology, and Mormon intellectualism drawn from O'Dea's field notes, but with a different emphasis from that of his essay. Finally, reverting to a modernist perspective, I offer some hints from survey research suggesting that the predicted liberalization of Mormon theology has yet to occur.
Intracranial hemorrhage progressing to porencephaly as a result of congenitally acquired cytomegalovirus infection—an illustrative report

Objective To report ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in a fetus with intracranial hemorrhage and porencephaly, presumed secondary to intrauterine cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Methods A 20-year-old, G2, P1 woman presented at 28.6 weeks' gestation after ultrasound examination demonstrated apparently isolated fetal ascites. Evaluation included maternal serology, amniocentesis, and repeated ultrasound examinations. Fetal MRI evaluation was also performed. The infant was born at 35 weeks' gestational age. Results Maternal serology was positive for CMV IgG. Intrauterine CMV infection was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). At 31.6 weeks' gestation, ultrasound demonstrated borderline lateral cerebral ventriculomegaly. MRI of the fetal brain on the same day demonstrated parenchymal hemorrhage in the right posterior temporal and parietal regions along with mild ventricular enlargement. Sonography one day before delivery revealed brain parenchymal cystic change consistent with porencephaly of the right posterior temporal and parietal region. Postnatal ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and MRI confirmed the diagnosis of a porencephalic cyst communicating with the posterior body of the right lateral ventricle. Placental pathology was consistent with CMV infection. Conclusion This case report illustrates that fetal MRI is a useful adjunct in the evaluation of intrauterine infection with CMV. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activator control of nucleosome occupancy in activation and repression of transcription.

The relationship between chromatin structure and gene expression is a subject of intense study. The universal transcriptional activator Gal4 removes promoter nucleosomes as it triggers transcription, but how it does so has remained obscure. The reverse process, repression of transcription, has often been correlated with the presence of nucleosomes. But it is not known whether nucleosomes are required for that effect. A new quantitative assay describes, for any given location, the fraction of DNA molecules in the population that bears a nucleosome at any given instant. This allows us to follow the time courses of nucleosome removal and reformation, in wild-type and mutant cells, upon activation (by galactose) and repression (by glucose) of the GAL genes of yeast. We show that upon being freed of its inhibitor Gal80 by the action of galactose, Gal4 quickly recruits SWI/SNF to the genes, and that nucleosome “remodeler” rapidly removes promoter nucleosomes. In the absence of SWI/SNF, Gal4′s action also results in nucleosome removal and the activation of transcription, but both processes are significantly delayed. Addition of glucose to cells growing in galactose represses transcription. But if galactose remains present, Gal4 continues to work, recruiting SWI/SNF and maintaining the promoter nucleosome-free despite it being repressed. This requirement for galactose is obviated in a mutant in which Gal4 works constitutively. These results show how an activator's recruiting function can control chromatin structure both during gene activation and repression. Thus, both under activating and repressing conditions, the activator can recruit an enzymatic machine that removes promoter nucleosomes. Our results show that whereas promoter nucleosome removal invariably accompanies activation, reformation of nucleosomes is not required for repression. The finding that there are two routes to nucleosome removal and activation of transcription—one that requires the action of SWI/SNF recruited by the activator, and a slower one that does not—clarifies our understanding of the early events of gene activation, and in particular corrects earlier reports that SWI/SNF plays no role in GAL gene induction. Our finding that chromatin structure is irrelevant for repression as studied here—that is, repression sets in as efficiently whether or not promoter nucleosomes are allowed to reform—contradicts the widely held, but little tested, idea that nucleosomes are required for repression. These findings were made possible by our nucleosome occupancy assay. The assay, we believe, will prove useful in studying other outstanding issues in the field.
Prostaglandin analogs in the treatment of glaucoma.

Prostaglandin (PG) analogs are some of the most recent additions to the list of ocular hypotensive medications. Two analogs of naturally occurring PGs are available commercially, isopropyl unoprostone (Rescula [Ciba Vision, Atlanta, GA)) and latanoprost (Xalatan [Pharmacia & Upjohn, Bridgewater, NJ]). Presently, latanoprost 0.005% is the only PG analog commercially available in the United States. These agents have been shown to be the most effective topical medications for reducing intraocular pressure. They have a different mechanism of action than other ocular hypotensives, and act primarily by increasing uveoscleral outflow.Because of this, PGs have a substantial additive effect when used with agents that reduce aqueous production (eg, beta blockers or carbonic anhydrase inhibitors) or that increase trabecular outflow facility (eg, pilocarpine). Local side effects include mild conjunctiva I hyperemia and local irritation, darkening of iris color, increased growth of eyelashes, and a possible associatio...
Hardening of Dental Gold-Copper Alloys

X-ray diffraction studies of several proprietary dental gold alloys demonstrated that hardening probably is a dual mechanism of precipitation and order-hardening. Lattice parameter measurements showed that the ordered structure was AuCu. In addition, it was shown that maximum hardness occurs at about 75% full order.
Comparison of serum fatty acid content and caloric expenditure after a single bout of moderate-intensity and high-intensity treadmill exercise in young females

Background The idea behind high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is that an individual will burn a greater amount of calories and fat in a shorter period of time than moderate-intensity exercise. While beneficial changes have been seen when HIIT is incorporated into training programs, there is still information about HIIT that is unknown. At moderate intensities, triacylglycerol is the predominate fuel source based on percentage while carbohydrates are the predominate fuel during high-intensity exercise. Serum fatty acid (FFA) can be used as marker of fat utilization during and after exercise. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the amount of FFA released during moderateintensity and high-intensity treadmill running in endurance trained females.
Promotional Practices of Cable News Networks: A Comparative Analysis of New and Traditional Spaces

In an integrated media environment where news networks seek synergistic opportunities for their parent companies, news content is increasingly susceptible to promotional influence. A comparative content analysis of new and traditional news spaces on U.S. cable television news networks Cable News Network, MSNBC, and Fox News Channel examined the video screen space and the news crawl, or “ticker,” space. Findings reveal that, proportionally, more promotional content occurs within the traditional video content space when compared to the ticker space. However, it was also shown that the ticker acts as a general branding agent for 2 of the 3 networks. Content dispersion also suggests a unique “content identity” for each news brand. The study found no evidence of “covert” promotion for synergistic gain—a positive result for news consumers. ACCESS TO FULL TEXT
Some Biochemical Properties of Pemphigoid Antigen Bound to the Surface of Dissociated Epidermal Basal Cells

Bullous pemphigoid antigen (BP Ag) is a cell surface marker of epidermal basal cells. The functional role of this molecule is unknown. Epidermal cell suspensions obtained by trypsinization of skin show a population of epidermal basal cells with a polar rim of antigen as demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence technique. This study shows that treatment of these cells suspensions with a variety of proteolytic and glycosidic enzymes failed to remove the antigen from these basal cells. BP Ag was also stable upon incubation with distilled water, Triton X-100, PBS, and 1 M NaCl. Treatment of epidermal basal cells with 2 N NaSCN, 1% periodic acid, and 4 M urea, as well as acidic pH or 56 degrees C temperature, abolished the reactivity of these cells with BP antibodies.
Crack-face displacements for an embedded elliptic crack in an infinite solid subjected to arbitrary tractions

Analytical expression for the crack-face displacements of an embedded elliptic crack in infinite solid subjected to arbitrary traction are obtained. The tractions on the crack faces are assumed to be expressed in a polynomial form. These displacements expressions complete the exact solution of Vijayakumar and Atluri, and Nishioki and Atluri. For the special case of an embedded crack in an infinite solid subjected to uniform pressure loading, the present displacements agree with those by Green and Sneddon. The displacement equations derived were used with the finite-element alternating method (FEAM) for the analysis of a semi-elliptic surface crack in a finite solid subjected to remote tensile loading. The maximum opening displacements obtained with FEAM are compared to those with the finite-element method with singularity elements. The maximum crack opening displacements by the two methods showed good agreement.
Care of the female rape victim.

ABSTRACT Rape is indexed as the second-most-frequent violent crime, yet it also is considered the crime that is least reported. Rape is a serious offense against the person, assaulting both body and psyche, and victims may suffer short- or long-term impairment as well. As primary care providers, nurse practitioners are in a position to identifjl rape victims and begin interventions to alleviate suffering, provide supportive care and plan for follow-up in order toprevent devastating effects on the individual's life. The purpose of this article is to better acquaint nurseprac-titioners with the scope of rape and rape issues, and the impact rape has on adult female victims and their families. The article discusses the definition of rape; rape myths; prevalence and reporting; responses of practitioners, victims and families; and primary care interventions in the areas of counseling, physical assessment and treatment, andpolicellegal considerations.
A comparison of analytical methods for measuring the color components of red wines

Abstract The monomeric and polymeric pigments of 20 young red wines were analysed using most recent of the approaches available for phenolics measurements in wine, including: (i) HPLC with silica-based reversed-phase, (ii) HPLC with polymeric-based reversed-phase columns, (iii) the spectrophotometric Adams’ tannin and polymeric pigments assay, (iv) the Boulton’s copigmentation assay, and (v) the Somers’ unbleached polymeric color assay. Moreover, a modification of an existing HPLC method, i.e. the addition of SO2 to the mobile phases, allowed the unbleached polymeric pigments to be analysed by HPLC for the first time. The wines displayed a variation in their color density at 520 nm that ranged by 10-fold, and included wines made from Pinot noir, Merlot, Cabernet sauvignon, Cabernet franc, Sangiovese, Cagnulari and Cannonau grapes. The total color of wines was an aggregate number of three components: copigmentation (8–30%), total free anthocyanins (24–35%), and polymeric pigment (35–63%). Cross-comparison between the selected method was performed and discussed. In particular, the polymeric pigments estimated by HPLC with polymeric-based reversed-phase column were in good agreement with the result of the reversed-phase C18 column (R2 = 0.9703) and the sum of small and large polymeric pigments estimated by the Adams’ assay (R2 = 0.9511). The level of copigmentation can be almost completely described by the levels of monomeric pigments (R2 = 0.9464) and not by the tannin content as has often been suggested (copigmentation vs tannin: R2 = 0.4827).
The Latent Structure and Measurement Invariance of Scores on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking–Figural:

There is disagreement among researchers as to whether creativity is a unidimensional or multidimensional trait. Much of the debate centers around the most widely used measure of creativity, the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT). This study used data from 1,000 kindergartners (ages 5-7), 1,000 third graders (ages 7-11) and 1,000 sixth graders (ages 10-13). Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted for both the two-factor model and one-factor model to determine which fit the data better. Measurement invariance across genders and grade levels was assessed using multiple group analyses in which sets of parameters were freed sequentially in a series of hierarchically nested models. The findings indicate that the structure of TTCT scores is consistent with a two-factor theory. Also, the results of the multiple group analyses indicate that model parameters for gender groups are more invariant than for grade levels in determining the fit of the model.
Comprehension of reversible sentences in aphasia: the effects of verb meaning

Comprehension of semantically reversible active and passive voice sentences was tested in a timed sentence/picture verification task. Three sets of six verbs were identified that incorporated different features of meaning relevant to the assignment of nouns to the thematic role of agent. Normal control subjects showed an effect of verb set on their response times, with significant effects between sets in the predicted direction. A group of aphasic patients without sentence comprehension disorder also showed a significant effect of verb set despite long and variable response times. A group of patients with reversible comprehension disorder in screening tasks showed weaker effects, primarily because of the use of consistent response biases that ignored the sentence verb. An experimental treatment of active/passive comprehension was conducted with two of these latter patients; one patient reached ceiling in post-testing, and the other showed significant improvement but demonstrated residual comprehension problems that indicated differences across verb sets. Results support the critical importance of verb meaning to normal and aphasic sentence comprehension.
Similarity relations, fuzzy linear orders, and fuzzy partial orders

Abstract We show that for a fuzzy partial order R on a finite universe Ω , there is a finite family of fuzzy linear orders {Li:⩽i⩽k} such that μ R (x,y)= min {μ L i (x,y): 1⩽i⩽k} for all x and y. This generalizes a well-known result on crisp partial orders, which states that each partial order on a finite set Ω is a finite intersection of linear orders. As a special case, a similarity relation S, where μS(x,y)
Role of Akaps in BCAM/Lu Receptor Activation on Normal and Sickle Erythrocytes

Background: Human normal and sickle red blood cells (RBCs) adhere with high affinity to laminin-5 via the basal cell adhesion molecule/Lutheran (BCAM/Lu) receptor which is implicated in vasoocclusive episodes (VOEs) in sickle cell disease (SCD). BCAM/Lu is activated through the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway.Methods and Results: We established an in vitro technique, based on atomic force microscopy, to detect single BCAM/Lu proteins on the RBC surface and measure the binding force between BCAM/Lu and laminin-5. Importantly, we illustrated that AKAPs are crucial for BCAM/Lu receptor activation. To detect the presence of AKAPs on normal and SS-RBCs, cells were treated with St-Ht31 peptide (5μM), which inhibits binding of PKA to AKAPs. Following pretreatment with St-Ht31, the frequency of active BCAM/Lu receptors decreased significantly in normal RBCs (Figure 1A; 5.71±1.23% to 3.15±1.09%; n=15; p<0.05) and SS-RBCs (Figure 1B; 7.19±1.42% to 2.02±0.37%; n=12; p<0.005). Pretreatment with a control peptide showed no change in receptor frequency (not shown).Conclusions: By using single-molecule measurements, we demonstrated that AKAPs mediate the activation of BCAM/Lu receptors in normal and SS-RBCs. These findings may lead to novel anti-adhesive targets for VOEs in SCD.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Structure and sequence of human FGF8.

Abstract Recent evidence indicates thatFgf8is expressed during vertebrate development in multiple locations involved in the patterning and outgrowth of important embryo structures. Cloning and analysis of the murine gene revealed at least eight potential protein isoforms that share a common carboxyl region, encoded by exons 2 and 3, but possess different amino termini, generated by alternative splicing of RNA encoded by multiple 5′ exons (exons 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D). We now report the cloning and sequence of the humanFGF8gene. Human FGF-8 isoforms are identical to their murine counterparts in the common carboxyl region. Four of the human isoforms are identical to, or very similar to, the murine isoforms in the amino termini. However, four of the potential murine isoforms do not have corresponding human isoforms due to marked sequence divergence, leading to a blocked reading frame in exon 1B ofFGF8.The lack of the four murine isoforms in humans raises the question of their function in murine development.
Modulatory interactions between norepinephrine and taurine, beta-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid and muscimol, applied iontophoretically to cerebellar purkinje cells

Abstract Norepinephrine (NE) released iontophoretically or synaptically onto cerebellar Purkinje cells has been shown to have an overall effect of enhancing GABA-mediated inhibition. This study was undertaken to characterize further the observed NE facilitating action by comparing the interaction of iontophoretically applied NE with depressions in Purkinje cell activity induced by direct application of the putative amino acid neurotransmitters, taurine, β-alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Norepinephrine exerted differential effects on the actions of the amino acids, consistently augmenting GABA-induced inhibition while having minimal and inconsistent effects on inhibitions induced by taurine and β-alanine. However, Purkinje cell inhibitory responses produced by iontophoresis of muscimol, an agent which binds to GABA receptors but is not an effective substrate for the GABA uptake system, were routinely enhanced by NE application. In comparison, continuous application of GABA at low iontophoretic currents showed no ability to augment inhibitions in Purkinje cell firing induced by superimposed GABA pulses. These results argue for a mode of facilitation of Purkinje cell inhibitions by NE that is selective for GABA vs other inhibitory amino acid agents. Moreover, this facilitation is likely to be a postsynaptic phenomenon since it appears independent of presynaptic transmitter release and of the GABA uptake system.
The lobster mandibular organ produces soluble and membrane-bound forms of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase

In a previous study [Li, Wagner, Friesen and Borst (2003) Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 134, 147-155], we showed that the MO (mandibular organ) of the lobster Homarus americanus has high levels of HMGR (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase) and that most (approx. 75%) of the enzyme activity is soluble. In the present study, we report the biochemical and molecular characteristics of this enzyme. HMGR had two forms in the MO: a more abundant soluble form (66 kDa) and a less abundant membrane-bound form (72 kDa). Two cDNAs for HMGR were isolated from the MO. A 2.6-kb cDNA encoded HMGR1, a 599-amino-acid protein (63 kDa), and a 3.2-kb cDNA encoded HMGR2, a 655-amino-acid protein (69 kDa). These two cDNAs had identical 3'-ends and appeared to be products of a single gene. The deduced amino acid sequences of these two proteins revealed a high degree of similarity to other class I HMGRs. Hydropathy plots indicated that the N-terminus of HMGR1 lacked a transmembrane region and HMGR2 had a single transmembrane segment. Recombinant HMGR1 expressed in Sf9 insect cells was soluble and had kinetic characteristics similar to native HMGR from the MO. Treatment with phosphatase did not affect HMGR activity, consistent with the observation that neither HMGR1 nor HMGR2 has a serine at position 490 or 546, the position of a conserved phosphorylation site found in class I HMGR from higher eukaryotes. Other lobster tissues (i.e. midgut, brain and muscles) had low HMGR activities and mRNA levels. MO with higher HMGR activities had higher HMGR mRNA levels, implying that HMGR is regulated, in part, at the transcription level.
Flat-spectrum, variable radio sources

The general behavior of flat-spectrum (compact) radio sources is examined in terms of adiabatic-jet models. Two puzzling properties - namely, (1) the broad, rather flat spectrum (over a large range of radio frequencies) and (2) the relatively slow decay of burst amplitude (with decreasing radio frequency) - are explained. Acceptable models are characterized by the following: (1) a nearly conical, adiabatic jet, with conserved magnetic flux transverse to the axis of the jet; (2) prolonged injection (for which the duration of an event exceeds the apparent transit time scale); and (3) a transparent spectral index which is not too steep. It is suggested that the acceleration mechanism in the core of compact jets may differ substantially from that far from the core, producing a flatter electron number index s = 1.4-2.6.
Metabolic engineering of aerobic succinate production systems in Escherichia coli to improve process productivity and achieve the maximum theoretical succinate yield

The potential to produce succinate aerobically in Escherichia coli would offer great advantages over anaerobic fermentation in terms of faster biomass generation, carbon throughput, and product formation. Genetic manipulations were performed on two aerobic succinate production systems to increase their succinate yield and productivity. One of the aerobic succinate production systems developed earlier (Biotechnol, Bioeng., 2004, accepted) was constructed with five mutations (DeltasdhAB, Deltaicd, DeltaiclR, DeltapoxB, and Delta(ackA-pta)), which created a highly active glyoxylate cycle. In this study, a second production system was constructed with four of the five above mutations (DeltasdhAB, DeltaiclR, DeltapoxB, and Delta(ackA-pta)). This system has two routes in the aerobic central metabolism for succinate production. One is the glyoxylate cycle and the other is the oxidative branch of the TCA cycle. Inactivation of ptsG and overexpression of a mutant Sorghum pepc in these two production systems showed that the maximum theoretical succinate yield of 1.0 mol/mol glucose consumed could be achieved. Furthermore, the two-route production system with ptsG inactivation and pepc overexpression demonstrated substantially higher succinate productivity than the previous system, a level unsurpassed for aerobic succinate production. This optimized system showed remarkable potential for large-scale aerobic succinate production and process optimization.
Exploiting Redundant Measurement of Dose and Developmental Outcome: New Methods from the Behavioral Teratology of Alcohol.

In human teratology, the magnitude of exposures cannot be experimentally controlled. But when dose and response are both measured redundantly, a new statistical approach, Partial Least Squares, can powerfully summarize the data while avoiding familiar inferential pitfalls. Procedures of this class have been exploited in a study of the enduring effects of prenatal alcohol exposure upon neurobehavioral development of some 500 children born in 1975-1976. In the context ofthat study, this article reviews the new methodology under 4 headings: (a) descriptions of dose and outcome measures jointly by way of new composite scores and their saliences (cross-correlations), (b) covariate adjustments for these summaries and scores, (c) methods for inspecting the dose-response relationship between the composites and the original measures, and (d ) methods for studying the emergence or amelioration of deficits across developmental age.
Marital Conflict and Child Adjustment: What About Gender?

Abstract Within the field of marital conflict, a variety of theoretical frameworks have been developed attempting to explain the causal mechanisms connecting marital conflict to child adjustment. At the same time, there has been an accumulation of findings indicating that gender may be playing a significant and complex role in the relationship between marital conflict and child adjustment. However, the majority of the frameworks which have been proposed have largely overlooked these complex gender findings. The main theoretical frameworks in the field are summarized, and the implications of the accumulated gender findings for each framework are outlined. It is argued that gender may be a moderator of many of the mechanisms outlined in existing theoretical frameworks linking marital conflict to child adjustment and needs to be more effectively incorporated in future research.
Deantigenation of human type B erythrocytes with Glycine max α-D-galactosidase

Summary Conversion of erythrocyte membrane B antigen to H antigen produces blood type O which is universally transfusable. If efficient large-scale production of enzymatically converted red blood cells is to be achieved, then optimal conditions for deantigenation must be determined. Cell suspension assays were used to study the blood group B activity of Glycine max (soybean) α-D-galactosidase on native human erythrocytes. The enzyme readily hydrolyzed the terminal α-D-galactosyl residue of the B antigen, converting it to H antigen. Optimal conditions for the enzymatic conversion of red cells with the Glycine enzyme are described. Normal cell morphology and function were maintained under optimal conditions.
Major nerves in the anterior nervous system of Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (Acanthocephala)

1. 1. The anatomy of the cephalic ganglion and associated nerves in the Acanthocephalan Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus has been studied preliminary to use of the organ as a model system for the study of neural pathways. 2. 2. Analysis of routine serial sections of the anterior portion of the worm revealed the existence of eighty-six cells within the cephalic ganglion itself. 3. 3. There are six pairs of nerves with bilateral symmetry which exit from the ganglion. The total number of neurons contained within the six pairs of nerves is approximately seventy-two. 4. 4. This investigation reveals that certain anatomical features are either new or different from that which has been proposed by earlier workers. Among these observations are the following: (a) The anterior ventral nerve does not branch but is always two separate bundles of neurons. (b) The anterior ventral nerve is not wrapped in muscle as is the lateral posterior nerve after it leaves the thick layer of the dorsal receptacle. (c) The paired lateral posterior nerve consists of two bundles of neurons with approximately twenty-three neurons/bundle. (d) The lateral posterior nerve originates exclusively from the dorsal concave surface of the brain and never from the convex or ventral surface.
Thermal control of rod outer segment length and shedding in a fish, Fundulus zebrinus

The effects of temperature on rod outer segment (ROS) length and membrane shedding were studied in a cyprinodont fish, Fundulus zebrinus . After 30 days in 14L/10D cyclic light and 17°C, ROS length averaged 41·2 μ m. Fish were then exposed to 7, 17 or 27°C for 10 and 25 days before being sampled 5 hr before and 1–4 hr after light onset. In 7°C ROS shortened to 83·5% of initial controls within 10 days, then only 4·1% further, to 79·4% by day 25 (34·4, 32·7 μ m). ROS length did not change significantly in fish remaining at 17°C (39·7 and 40·7 μ m at day 10 and 25) or in fish moved to 27°C (41·7 and 41·6 μ m). Phagosomes were most numerous in 7°C and least numerous in 17°C, but varied in overall size among the three temperatures. Phagosomes were generally smaller in 7°C, and larger in 17 and 27°C, with the largest phagosomes being more common after light onset. After light onset at day 25, the estimated volume per phagosome was 1·14, 4·73 and 5·75 μ m 3 in 7, 17 and 27°C. Total phagosome volume per 100 μ m RPE at 27°C was generally double that at 17°C. Apparently, in F. zebrinus , the number of disks shed from ROS is adjusted during thermal acclimation to stabilize ROS length.
Correcting for multivariate range restriction: two computer programs

When selection occurs on the basis of two or more predictors, multivariate restriction of range can reduce various parameters of a validation study. An SAS and a FORTRAN IV program are available that allow for correction of criterion standard deviation(s) and zero-order validities.
Fathers and Families: Paternal Factors in Child Development

Preface The Two-Parent Advantage Father, Mother, and Infant Partners in Parenting Gender, Individuality, and Identity Nurturance, Discipline, and Morality Intelligence and Creativity Family, School, and Education Assertiveness and Independence Body Image, Athletics, and Fitness Intimacy, Sexuality, and Social Adjustment Child and Family Problems Family, Community, and Society Suggestions for Further Reading Developmental Implications Risk Factors Constructive Approaches Summary
Soil enzyme activities and physical properties in a watershed managed under agroforestry and row-crop systems

The proportion of water-stable aggregates (WSA) and a diverse microbial activity influence soil quality, crop growth, nutrient retention, water infiltration, and surface runoff. The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that permanent vegetative buffers increase WSA and contribute to increased soil enzyme activity. Soil samples (5 cm diameter and 10 cm long) from agroforestry (AG), grass buffer (GB), grass waterway (GWW) and crop (CS) areas were collected from summit, middle, and lower landscape positions at the Paired Watershed Study, near Novelty, MO. Water-stable aggregates (>250 μm diameter; wet-sieving method), soil carbon, and soil enzyme activity were determined and data were statistically analyzed. Soils under permanent vegetative buffers and GWW had significantly lower bulk density and more WSA than the crop areas. Soil carbon contents were highest in the GWW and lowest in the CS treatments. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolase, β-glucosidase, and glucosaminadase enzyme activities were higher in AG, GB, and GWW soils than CS soils. Dehydrogenase activity differed between grass buffer or GWW and crop areas. The results of the study show that WSA, soil carbon, and functional diversity of enzyme activity increased due to establishment of buffers with trees and grass. It can be speculated that increased diversity of functional enzymes associated with cycling of key soil nutrients and improved soil physical properties may reduce nonpoint source pollution (NPSP) from row-crop agriculture watersheds thus improving overall environmental quality.
Integrating Concepts and Models from Development Econoimcs with Land use Change in the Tropics

In this paper I undertake a preliminary assessment for the tropics of the relation of economic development, meaning in general increases in economic activity as measured by e.g. GDP, and its normal biophysical corollaries of increased resource use and land use change. I also examine each in relation to the intellectual concepts that underlie and guide what is commonly called economic development. Because most of the development literature is derived from economics or other social sciences, and focuses almost entirely on lifting people’s standards of living as measured in monetary units, very little examines the per unit biophysical requirements of that development, including energy or other resource use requirements, land use change or other environmental consequences of development plans. In addition there seems to be insufficient connection between those who create economic development plans and those who undertake empirical biophysical assessments to determine whether the development plan has worked or can possibly work. The problem is deeper: there exists a series of models used in the development literature that have been used to encourage and guide development. These models have received very little scrutiny as to either their efficacy or their societal or environmental impacts until quite recently. When this has been done the models have been shown to fail miserably. It is time to develop a new model of development that synthesizes conventional economic, biophysical economic and social aspects, and that is based on the scientific method rather than on perceived wisdom. This model must also take into account population growth, issues of who wins and who looses from economic development, and the implications of the incipient peak in global oil production.
Unimolecular electronics and rectifiers

Abstract Unimolecular or molecular-scale electronics has made huge progress towards unimolecular resistors, switches, rectifiers, negative differential resistance devices, and gain-less single-electron transistors. Twelve unimolecular rectifiers have been found in Tuscaloosa, and many others elsewhere. The challenges are to understand the “metal|molecule” interface and to make reliable unimolecular electronic devices.
Teaching Subtraction with Regrouping to Students Experiencing Difficulty in Mathematics.

The author investigated the effects of the concrete-representational-abstract (CRA) instructional sequence on the computation performance of students with specific learning disabilities and students identified as at risk for failure in mathematics. Researchers have showed the CRA sequence to be effective for teaching basic mathematics facts, fractions, algebra, and place value. However, they have not studied its effects when it is used to teach subtraction with regrouping. Therefore, the author examined the effects of CRA instruction on elementary school students' fluency in computing subtraction problems with regrouping and maintaining these skills. The author used a multiple-probe-across-groups design and demonstrated a functional relation between CRA instruction and subtraction with regrouping across all students. The author discusses the results and implications.
Simulation of programmable logic controller

Abstract The development and test of a PLC control program takes time, increases equipment down-time, and might damage hardware due to program errors. All of these problems can be eliminated if there is a computer simulation system for testing control programs off line. This paper presented a new method, called Direct Sequential Method, for simulating PLCs. This method resolves a ladder logic sequentially by applying a series of logic deductions. This simulation system has been implemented in C and tested successfully.
Maternal and paternal imprisonment in the stress process

Abstract Parental incarceration is now prevalent in community samples (e.g., with 11% of children reporting paternal imprisonment and 3% reporting maternal imprisonment in a national sample), pointing to a potentially important childhood trauma that should be included in work on contemporary childhood stressors in this era of mass incarceration. This paper investigates the influences of maternal and paternal imprisonment on changes in young adult mental health using a nationally representative sample. We assess four perspectives-gendered loss, same-sex role model, intergenerational stress, and maternal salience – on the joint influences of maternal and paternal incarceration within the broader stress process paradigm. The results generalize support for a gendered loss perspective developed in work on parental death and an early small study of parental incarceration. This pattern reveals maternal incarceration increases depressive symptoms while paternal incarceration increases substance role problems. Chronicity of parental imprisonment and its timing are also influential. Analyses further specify a vulnerability of male and minority young adults to high levels of mental health problems following maternal and paternal incarceration in adolescence.
Thermal conductance of a pressed Al-Al contact

Abstract The thermal conductance of a screw-fastened joint between two blocks made of Al-alloys was measured at helium temperatures. In addition to simple faced contact surfaces, electropolished and gold plated samples were studied.
SU‐E‐T‐804: Total Scalp Irradiation Using Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy and Comparison with IMRT and Conventional Photon/Electron Field Combination

Purpose: Irradiation of total scalp with conventional photon/electron fields has been challenging. The unique target shape adds complexity to the beam setup and poses difficulties in achieving a homogeneous plan. Patient setup can be cumbersome and time consuming. IMRT provides excellent dose distributions and simplifies the process of field boundary matching; however beam delivery time is still long due to large number of fields. VMAT has the capability to deliver a homogeneous dose with reduced set‐up and treatment time. VMAT will be compared to other techniques in this work.Methods: Seven patients have been planned for total scalp irradiation using conventional photon/electron planning, IMRT, and SmartArc VMAT. After optimized plans have been achieved using Pinnacle3 planning system, dosimetric comparisons were made between different methods on each patient. Results: Compared with conventional therapy, both IMRT and VMAT yield more homogeneous plan on all the patients. V100% target coverage can easily increase to 98% or higher from approximately 75%. Maximum dose reduces to less than 108% of prescribed dose from 150%. The conventional method performs better in protecting critical organs. However, brain volume at D50%, maximum and mean doses to the cord and brainstem can all be reduced by more than 50% compared to IMRT and VMAT. As a comparison between VMAT and IMRT, in all the cases, IMRT plans are slightly more uniform, while VMAT generally demonstrates better critical organ protection. Different dose levels can be easily achieved without boost using IMRT or VMAT. An added bonus of VMAT is shortened beam delivery time, which is 2.5 minutes at maximum with double arc. Conclusions: VMAT offers a viable alternative to conventional techniques in treatment of the total scalp. Advantages are improved dose distributions to the target volumes compared to conventional, and shorter treatment times compared to IMRT.
Polyquarternary amines prevent peptide loss from sequenators.

Abstract Automatic spinning-cup sequenators are often incapable of approaching the carboxy terminus of a peptide because of the mechanical loss of material (washout). We report here an adjunct, polyquarternary amines, specifically Polybrene, that greatly reduces or eliminates this problem.
Medicaid Payments and Access to Care

Medicaid has long faced relatively low physician participation, at least in part because of low payment rates. Some beneficiaries and providers have turned to litigation claiming inadequate access to care, but there may be no remedy in the courts.
Structuring the Interaction Between it and Business Units: Prototypes for Service Delivery

Companies have introduced innovative organizational structures to deal with rapidity of change, the globalization of markets, and expectations for increased quality and customer service. During this process, many have discovered that the interaction between IT and business units is key to success. This article presents the results of a pilot study that examined the structure of this interaction in eight Fortune 500 manufacturing companies. It answers the questions: What prototypes describe the interaction between IT corporate business units? What outcomes are associated with the various prototypes? What are the implications of these models of structure for the effective delivery of IT services?