cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An unexpected second binding site for polypeptide substrates is essential for Hsp70 chaperone activity

Heat shock proteins of 70 kDa (Hsp70s) are ubiquitous and highly conserved molecular chaperones. They play multiple essential roles in assisting with protein folding and maintaining protein homeostasis. Their chaperone activity has been proposed to require several rounds of binding to and release of polypeptide substrates at the substrate-binding domain (SBD) of Hsp70s. All available structures have revealed a single substrate-binding site in the SBD that binds a single segment of an extended polypeptide of 3–4 residues. However, this well-established single peptide-binding site alone has made it difficult to explain the efficient chaperone activity of Hsp70s. In this study, using purified proteins and site-directed mutagenesis, along with fluorescence polarization and luciferase-refolding assays, we report the unexpected discovery of a second peptide-binding site in Hsp70s. More importantly, the biochemical analyses suggested that this novel binding site, named here P2, is essential for Hsp70 chaperone activity. Furthermore, cross-linking and mutagenesis studies indicated that this second binding site is in the SBD adjacent to the first binding site. Taken together, our results suggest that these two essential binding sites of Hsp70s cooperate in protein folding.
Experiencing and Interpreting: Reacting to Experiential Learning Abroad

Northeastern University (NU) in Boston, MA, offers its undergraduate students a unique summer class opportunity, entitled “Dialogues of Civilization” (DOC). DOCs are one- month or two-month long study abroad trips. The University’s Political Science Department offers several distinct opportunities for its students. NU’s take on experiential learning differentiates itself with a holistic approach. While this approach allows for a more complex set of learning objectives, DOCs provoke new pedagogical problems. Faculty together with students engage with one another continuously throughout the DOC time, boundaries between experiencing and interpreting get blurred. Students’ approaches to experiencing and interpreting the environment create fundamentally different expectations. These thus developed cleavages impact the learning experience. Faculty becomes crucial in engaging with these cleavages without creating an atmosphere of exclusion. Through interviews with faculty members from the Political Science department at NU we will highlight methods of managing these experiencing and interpreting cleavages within their DOCs.
Continuous Crystallization: Equipment and Operation

Crystallization is an economical separation and purification unit operation commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry as the last drug substance manufacturing step to obtain crystalline form active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The quality attributes of crystallization products such as purity, crystal size, crystal shape, and polymorphic form heavily influence downstream processes and may even affect the final product performance. Crystallization is one of last missing links in end-to-end continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing development because of its complex two-phase and stochastic nature. Recent advances and remaining challenges in the development of laboratorial- and industrial-scale continuous crystallization equipment, techniques, and control strategies are discussed in this chapter accompanied by a brief overview of crystallization theories as well as process analytical technology (PAT) applications in crystallization processes. The integration of continuous crystallization is also discussed in this chapter.
A Real-Time Eating Detection System for Capturing Eating Moments and Triggering Ecological Momentary Assessments to Obtain Further Context: System Development and Validation Study.

Background: Eating behavior has a high impact on the well-being of an individual. Such behavior involves not only when an individual is eating, but also various contextual factors such as with whom and where an individual is eating and what kind of food the individual is eating. Despite the relevance of such factors, most automated eating detection systems are not designed to capture contextual factors. Objective: The aims of this study were to (1) design and build a smartwatch-based eating detection system that can detect meal episodes based on dominant hand movements, (2) design ecological momentary assessment (EMA) questions to capture meal contexts upon detection of a meal by the eating detection system, and (3) validate the meal detection system that triggers EMA questions upon passive detection of meal episodes. Methods: The meal detection system was deployed among 28 college students at a US institution over a period of 3 weeks. The participants reported various contextual data through EMAs triggered when the eating detection system correctly detected a meal episode. The EMA questions were designed after conducting a survey study with 162 students from the same campus. Responses from EMAs were used to define exclusion criteria. Results: Among the total consumed meals, 89.8% (264/294) of breakfast, 99.0% (406/410) of lunch, and 98.0% (589/601) of dinner episodes were detected by our novel meal detection system. The eating detection system showed a high accuracy by capturing 96.48% (1259/1305) of the meals consumed by the participants. The meal detection classifier showed a precision of 80%, recall of 96%, and F1 of 87.3%. We found that over 99% (1248/1259) of the detected meals were consumed with distractions. Such eating behavior is considered “unhealthy” and can lead to overeating and uncontrolled weight gain. A high proportion of meals was consumed alone (680/1259, 54.01%). Our participants self-reported 62.98% (793/1259) of their meals as healthy. Together, these results have implications for designing technologies to encourage healthy eating behavior. Conclusions: The presented eating detection system is the first of its kind to leverage EMAs to capture the eating context, which has strong implications for well-being research. We reflected on the contextual data gathered by our system and discussed how these insights can be used to design individual-specific interventions.
Body composition, not dietary fatty acid composition, explains metabolic responses following a high-fat meal in premenopausal normal-weight women: a single-blind, randomised, crossover study.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of three different fatty acid (FA)-rich meals enriched in either saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), or polyunsaturated (PUFA) on postprandial metabolic responses in premenopausal, normal weight women. For this randomized, single-blind, crossover study three high-fat (HF) meals rich in either SFA, MUFA, or PUFA (65% energy from fat; 35% of participants' total daily energy needs) were tested. For each visit, anthropometrics and resting metabolic rate were measured following a 12-15h fast. Then, participants consumed one of the HF meals and respiratory gases were collected using indirect calorimetry for 3h postprandially. Energy expenditure (EE) following a SFA-rich meal was a significantly higher than a MUFA-rich meal (p=0.04; η2 = .19) but SFA was not significantly different from PUFA. There was a trend towards significance in EE between PUFA and MUFA (p=0.06). After adjusting for fat-free mass (FFM), there were no longer condition or time effects for EE, although FFM remained a significant predictor (p=0.005; η2=.45). There were no significant differences between conditions for dietary induced thermogenesis (DIT) or substrate oxidation. A relationship between fat-mass (FM) and both total fat oxidation (r=.62; p=0.025) and total change in respiratory exchange ratio following a MUFA-rich meal, was observed (r=-.55; p=0.05). In conclusion, weight loss through increases in EE may be best achieved by increasing FFM rather than selection of FA type. Further, a relationship exists between FM and fat oxidation following a MUFA-rich meal, most likely due to an unidentified mechanism.
Causal inference in suicide research: When you should (and should not!) control for extraneous variables

Objective Although causal inference is often straightforward in experimental contexts, few research questions in suicide are amenable to experimental manipulation and randomized control. Instead, suicide prevention specialists must rely on observational data and statistical control of confounding variables to make effective causal inferences. We provide a brief summary of recent covariate practice and a tutorial on casual inference tools for covariate selection in suicide research. Method We provide an introduction to modern causal inference tools, suggestions for statistical control selection, and demonstrations using simulated data. Results Statistical controls are often mistakenly selected due to their significant correlation with other study variables, their consistency with previous research, or no explicit reason at all. We clarify what it means to control for a variable and when controlling for the wrong covariates systematically distorts results. We describe directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) and tools for identifying the right choice of covariates. Finally, we provide four best practices for integrating causal inference tools in future studies. Conclusion The use of causal model tools, such as DAGs, allows researchers to carefully and thoughtfully select statistical controls and avoid presenting distorted findings; however, limitations of this approach are discussed.
The Relationship Between Brain Fog and Medication Adherence for Individuals With Hypothyroidism

Individuals with hypothyroidism suffer from symptoms including impairments to cognition (i.e., “brain fog”). Medication can help reduce symptoms of hypothyroidism; however, brain fog may hinder adh...
Novel Risks: A Research and Policy Overview

In a broad sense, novel risks arise from environmental-, governance-, healthcare-, social responsibility–, sustainability-, and technology-related shortcomings of or challenges faced by firms, as well as the uncertainty caused by potential domestic and global regulatory policy responses. Recent academic literature suggests that there are parallels among environmental, social, and governance (ESG) risk, climate change risk, cybersecurity risk, and geopolitical risk in terms of measurement challenges, including but not limited to emerging data and measurement methods; the similarities in terms of their insufficient, noncomparable, less-specific, and non–decision-useful disclosures; and the potential interaction between these risks. Establishment of consistent disclosure policy and reporting requirements as well as improvement in measuring the impact of these novel risks on asset prices, volatility, and global financial stability is at the forefront of contemporary financial economics and portfolio management. TOPICS:Risk management, tail risks, ESG investing, legal/regulatory/public policy Key Findings ▪ A broad characterization of novel risks is presented, and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) risk, climate change risk, cybersecurity risk, and geopolitical risk specifically are defined. ▪ An overview of the recent academic literature suggests that there are parallels among these novel risks in terms of measurement challenges and disclosure regulations. ▪ Measures based on novel applications of text and news analytics are identified as proxies for novel risks as investigated in the recent academic literature.
Initiation of chromosome replication in Escherichia coli. I. Requirements for RNA and protein synthesis at different growth rates.

Abstract The effects of inhibition of protein and RNA synthesis on initiation of chromosome replication in Escherichia coli B r were determined by measuring rates of DNA synthesis during the division cycle before and after addition of chloramphenicol and rifampicin. The ability of cells to initiate a round of replication depended upon the pattern of chromosome replication during the division cycle. Initiation in the presence of chloramphenicol (200 μ/ml) and rifampicin (100 gmg/ml) was observed only in slowly growing cells which normally initiated a new round between the end of the previous round and the subsequent division (i.e. in the D period of the division cycle). The cells that initiated were in the D period at the time of addition of the drugs. Rapidly growing cells which normally initiated before the D period and slowly growing cells which normally initiated after the D period did not initiate in the presence of the drugs. The contrasting effects of the drugs in cells possessing different chromosome replication patterns, and the coupling between septum-crosswall formation (the D period) and initiation suggest that the timing of initiation of chromosome replication in E. coli is controlled by the cell envelope.
Ensuring stability of GMPLS signaling via coordinated multi-layer recovery

We investigate issues regarding stability of the GMPLS signaling protocol based on RSVP extensions. We examine possible chains of events that lead to instabilities. We recommend guidelines for GMPLS protocol implementation to ensure protocol stability.
Are We Selling the Environment Down the River

This article examines several of the legal, constitutional, and environmental problems brought about by President Clinton’s executive order creating the American Heritage Rivers Initiative (AHRI). Sutton briefly describes how the AHRI offends the National Environmental Protection Act and violates the constitutional principle of separation of powers. The article then discusses the issues the AHRI has with state laws and private property rights and how the AHRI does not follow the requirements listed in the Administrative Procedure Act.
Risk of herpes zoster in children with leukemia: varicella vaccine compared with history of chickenpox.

A study was undertaken to determine whether children immunized with live varicella vaccine are at greater risk of acquiring herpes zoster than children who have had varicella. Children with acute lymphocytic leukemia who had had varicella were compared with those who received live varicella vaccine. During the period of observation, 15 of 73 children who had varicella acquired herpes zoster and none of the 34 children who had been vaccinated. If the time of observation was adjusted for and the vaccinees who failed to have a sustained antibody response or who acquired chickenpox were removed, the risk of herpes zoster was still less in vaccinees (P = .0075). Because herpes zoster is common in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia, differences in the two groups could be discerned more readily than if normal children were compared. There is no reason to suspect that recipients of live varicella vaccine would be more likely to acquire herpes zoster than children who get varicella.
No Pivot to Asia

If anyone had doubts that the much ballyhooed 2011 pivot to Asia was not much of a move, and that all the hot spots continue to be in the near, not far, east (east viewed from an American vantage point), the recent news should have removed these doubts. Reports suggest that the first international trip the President is planning to make at the start of his second term will include stops in Israel, the West Bank and Jordan. Secretary of State John Kerry was on the phone with the Israeli and Palestinian leaders even before he reached his desk. Making peace here is said to be one of the only two international issues that President Obama is emotionally engaged in and sees as part of his legacy. (The other is equally quixotic: moving toward zero nukes – by further reducing the strategic arms the US and Russia are holding, thus “inspiring” other nations to follow.)
On Dynamics of Bubbly Liquids

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the various aspects of dynamics of bubbly liquids. The motion of a liquid containing many bubbles is a very complex phenomenon. The fluid system under consideration is a liquid containing bubbles. The fluid system consists of fluids of two different phases. A class of approach treats the two phase fluids as a mixture of two superimposed continua. Another approach is to consider a bubbly liquid, with small bubble volume fraction as essentially a liquid with only dilute dispersion of bubbles. It is found that especially for wave propagation problems, the bubbles serve as scattering centers of a multiple scattering problem. It is observed that when the interbubble distance is large compared with the bubble radius and the typical wavelength is again large compared with the interbubble distances, a set of effective equations can be derived for this mixture. For liquids containing gas bubbles only, the thermal effects are not important dynamically. They would contribute to some damping but these contributions can be calculated separately. The dead zone and the negative damping are also elaborated.
Principles for Human Gene Therapy Studies

The recent revelations of problems in gene therapy trials have clearly indicated that the current federal mechanisms for review, regulation, and oversight of human gene transfer studies require modification. This policy forum discusses the basic principles that form the foundation of clinical research, with the most important being patient protection, and makes recommendations for changes in oversight that will ensure that the highest standards are met.
Role of Postchemotherapy Adjunctive Surgery in the Management of Patients With Nonseminoma Arising From the Mediastinum

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of postchemotherapy surgery in patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors arising from the anterior mediastinum. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-two patients with nonseminoma arising from a mediastinal primary site were treated on a clinical trial at our center, and they underwent postchemotherapy surgery. The results of postchemotherapy surgical resection, frequency of viable tumor found during postchemotherapy surgery, and prognostic factors for survival were assessed. RESULTS: Complete resection of all gross residual disease was achieved in 27 patients (84%). Histologic analysis of resected residua postchemotherapy revealed viable tumor in 66%, teratoma in 22%, and necrosis in 12% of the specimens. Viable tumor included embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, yolk sac carcinoma, seminoma, and teratoma with malignant transformation to nongerm cell histology (eg, sarcoma). Clinical characteristics associated with a shorter survival after surgery included the presence of viabl...
Alanine turnover in the human: determination of the specific activity.

A method for specific radioactivity analysis of alanine in blood is described. This analysis involves the separation of alanine by an ion exchange column technique and its subsequent isolation as a gravimetrically assayable sample (acetaldehyde-dimedon). Mass contamination of the acetaldehyde-dimedon from valine, which elutes from the ion exchange column close to alanine, is demonstrated to be negligible. Activity contamination of the acetaldehydedimedon from lactate and glucose, two significant products of alanine metabolism, is likewise demonstrated to be negligible. Sample counting rates have been demonstrated to be significantly above background (x 3) 2 hr following a single injection of 25 mu Ci L-STA/sup 14/C! alanine to a human subject. (auth)
A Unified Theory for Target-Specified Virtual Dimensionality of Hyperspectral Imagery

Virtual dimensionality (VD) is defined as the number of spectrally distinct signatures in hyperspectral data. Unfortunately, there is no provided specific definition of what “spectrally distinct signatures” are. As a result, many techniques developed to estimate VD have produced various values for VD. This paper develops a unified theory for VD of hyperspectral imagery where the value of VD is completely determined by the targets of interest characterized by their spectral statistics. Using this new developed theory the VD techniques can be categorized according to targets characterized by various orders of statistics into 1st order statistics-based, 2nd order of statistics-based and high order statistics (HOS)-based methods. In order to determine the number of specific targets of interest, a binary composite hypothesis testing problem is formulated where a target of interest is considered as a desired signal under the alternative hypothesis while the null hypothesis represents absence of the target. With this interpretation many VD estimation techniques can be unified under the same framework, for example, Harsanyi-Farrand-Chang (HFC) method, maximum orthogonal complement algorithm (MOCA).
Neurological and functional status following cardiac arrest: method and tool utility.

Summary Introduction Assessing the neurological and disability status of cardiac arrest (CA) survivors is important for evaluating the outcomes of resuscitation interventions. The Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) – the standard outcome measurement after CA – has been criticized for its poorly defined, subjective criteria, lack of information regarding its psychometric properties, and poor relationships with long-term measures of disability and quality of life (QOL). This study examined the relationships among the CPC and measures of global disability and QOL at discharge from the hospital and at 1 month after CA. Methods Twenty-one CA survivors participated in the study. A medical chart review was conducted at the time of discharge to determine CPC and Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores, while 1-month in-person interview was conducted to collect mRS and Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI3) scores. Data collected during the interview were used to determine follow-up CPC scores. Results The strength of relationships among measures at discharge and 1 month ranged between fair to good. An examination of scatter plots revealed substantial variability and a wide distribution of chart review and 1-month mRS and HUI3 scores within each CPC category. CPC scores obtained through chart review were significantly better than the CPC 1-month scores, thus overestimating the participants’ cognitive and disability status 1 month later. Conclusion When compared to disability and quality of life measures, it is apparent that the CPC has limited ability to discriminate between mild and moderate brain injury. The validity of using the chart review method for obtaining scores is questionable.
Monolithic 3D integration of logic and memory: Carbon nanotube FETs, resistive RAM, and silicon FETs

We demonstrate monolithic 3D integration of logic and memory in arbitrary vertical stacking order with the ability to use conventional inter-layer vias to connect between any layers of the 3D IC. We experimentally show 4 vertically-stacked layers (logic layer followed by two memory layers followed by another logic layer), enabled by the integration of traditional silicon-FETs (on the bottom-most layer) with low-processing-temperature emerging nanotechnologies: metal-oxide resistive random-access memory (RRAM), and carbon nanotube-FETs (CNFETs). As a demonstration, we show a routing element of a switchbox for a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), with each component of the routing element (involving both logic and memory elements) on their own vertical layer.
Funding of educational opportunities in orthopaedic surgery residency training. A survey of residency program directors and chairs.

As funding for graduate medical education continues to decline, finding sources of funding for orthopaedic resident education is a major issue for residency programs, health systems, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), and the American Orthopaedic Association (AOA). The majority of funding for orthopaedic residency programs in the United States includes federal funding from Medicare and Medicaid to the academic health center, funding from faculty and endowments, contributions from individual hospitals and institutions, and industry financial support of courses and the provision of other educational resources1-10. With the continued decrease in federal government funding for graduate medical education and the decrease in funding from industry secondary to concerns about conflicts of interest, many residency programs may need to evaluate other sources of funding to meet the educational needs of their residents. We conducted a survey of residency program directors and chairs to better understand the funding sources for their educational programs. In addition, we sought to define the role of industry funding in resident education. The AAOS staff and the AAOS Washington Health Policy Fellows designed a survey regarding funding for orthopaedic graduate medical education and the impact of industry support in funding graduate medical education activities (see Appendix). A web-based survey was developed and administered to orthopaedic residency program directors or chairs in the AAOS database. Questions were formatted and the data collection tool was developed by the Department of Research and Scientific Affairs of the AAOS to ensure proper survey format and to minimize response bias11-13. In August 2008, residency program directors or chairs were contacted to apprise them of the survey. One week after the announcement, the survey link was distributed to 149 residency program directors or chairs (one contact per residency program). Three reminder e-mails were subsequently …
On crack branching and curving in a finite body

The problem of a slightly non-collinear, quasi-static crack growth in a finite brittle solid is examined. A solution method which accounts for the finite geometry and the applied boundary conditions is presented. The approach uses the results of the first order perturbation solution for non-collinear crack extension from the tip of a semi-infinite straight crack, in an alternating solution scheme which takes into account the effect of the finite geometry and the boundary conditions in an iterative manner. For illustration, a slightly slanted Griffith crack under biaxial loading is examined.
Inertial Navigation System aiding using vision

The aiding of an INS using measurements over time of the line of sight of ground features as they come into view of an onboard camera is investigated. The objective is to quantify the reduction in the navigation states' errors by using bearings-only measurements over time of terrain features in the aircraft's field of view. INS aiding is achieved through the use of a special Kalman Filter designed for Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM). The design of the SLAM Kalman Filter is presented and it is shown that during a long range, wings level cruising flight at constant velocity and altitude, a significant reduction in the aided INS-calculated navigation state errors compared to a free INS, is possible.
Spontaneous Airways Constrict During Breath Holding Studied by High-Resolution Computed Tomography

Airway constriction during a breath hold could not be examined previously using standard methods. We used high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in vivo to assess the temporal changes in airway area and the effects of a deep inspiration with and without vagal suppression. Five dogs were anesthetized, intubated, and their lungs ventilated with 100 percent oxygen. Fifteen HRCT slices were obtained at functional residual capacity (FRC) either immediately after stopping ventilation at end expiration after either a tidal volume breath or three deep inspirations. Subsequently the dogs were given atropine, 0.2 mg/kg, and the scans were repeated. The cross-sectional areas of 33 airways ranging in size from 1.6 to 9.7 mm in diameter were measured. Airways were separated in three groups based on size: small ( 6 mm in diameter). The small, medium, and large airways showed a spontaneous constriction over time to 49 ± 8 percent, 83 ± 4 percent, and 82 ± 4 percent of initial airway size, respectively (p in vivo , we found that airways spontaneously constrict during a prolonged expiratory pause, and a deep inspiration significantly augments this airway constriction. These responses are mediated via vagal afferent pathways, likely arising from progressively decreasing slow-adapting receptor activity.
Maximum Q-Factor of Microstrip Resonators

The quality factors of microstrip half-wavelength resonators have been calculated as a function of substrate thickness for frequencies in the range 8-96 GHz, for different epsilon/sub r/. Conductor, dielectric, and radiation losses have been included. The optimum substrate thickness for the maximum Q-factor for 50-omega microstrip resonators has been derived as a function of frequency for different dielectric constants.
Emulsifying Capacity and Stability of Goat, Waterbuffalo, Sheep and Cattle Muscle Proteins

All round muscles were excised postmortem from 40 native female young and old goat, waterbuffalo, sheep and cattle carcasses. The age break point between young and old animals was 30 months for cattle and waterbuffalo and 12 months for sheep and goat. Five animals of each species and age were slaughtered in accordance with standard commercial methods. All tissue samples were subsequently analyzed for various chemical (moisture, fat, ash, total proteins, salt soluble protein, moisture/total protein ratio, pH) and physical (emulsion stability, viscosity) properties. The emulsifying and extractable emulsifying capacity of the muscle from each species was determined.
Efficient implementation of iterative multi-input–multi-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing receiver using minimum-mean-square error interference cancellation

An efficient hardware implementation scheme is proposed for iterative multi-input-multi-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing receiver which includes an MMSE-IC (minimum-mean-square error interference cancellation) detector, a channel estimator, a low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoder and other supporting modules. The proposed implementation uses the QR decomposition (QRD) of the complex-valued matrices with four coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) cores and a back substitution to solve the MMSE-IC equations while the existing systolic array architectures require 15-38 CORDIC cores to achieve a similar throughput. The proposed 4-CORDIC QRD architecture can be configured as a 16-matrix or a 64-matrix pipelining by using a different number of multipliers combined with one-dimensional (1D) or 2D arrays of the back substitution, respectively. The channel estimator implements a commonly-used frequency domain least squares channel estimation with the canonic-signed-digits method, thanks to the character of the Zadroff-Chu sequence used as the pilot. In the LDPC decoder, the min-sum algorithm is implemented for the quasicyclic LDPC decoding. The two schemes for the MMSE-IC detector with different throughput and resource usages have been implemented in a Field Programmable Gate Array for a complete baseband turbo receiver. Their resource usages, throughputs and latencies are compared with the classic systolic array architectures, which demonstrate that the proposed receiver architecture achieves the best tradeoff between the throughput and the resource usage.
A Clinically Feasible Computer Method for Gated Tomographic Radionuclide Ventriculography

Although there is considerable interest in gated cardiac ECT (Ref. 1), the large amount of data makes it difficult to use this technique clinically with existing computer systems. We have developed a clinically practical technique to acquire and analyze gated SPECT data of the cardiac blood pool by performing a buffered beat acquisition at each camera position, sorting and normalizing the images, serially reconstructing sets of transverse slices, and post-processing those slices for real-time review and analysis. Processing steps are designed so that a minimum of human interaction is required at the beginning, and the bulk of the processing is subsequently done automatically by the computer in the background. We acquire 64x64 word images over 180 degrees at 32 camera angular positions for 120 seconds per position, gating the R-R interval into 16 frames, yielding a total of 4 megabytes of raw data. Standard software (Siemens MicroDelta) was modified to automatically sort, normalize, and reconstruct all 16 frames with the same parameters following a standard reconstruction of the first. After 2 minutes of user interaction, the unattended reconstruction takes 1.5 minutes per frame. Studies are reviewed by displaying the moving transverse or oblique slices in either of two cine modes, and/or defining the blood pool surface for each chamber and viewing the moving surfaces from virtually any angle selected with a joy stick. The volume calculation is based on our previously reported technique for non-gated data. The first slice-cine mode displays one slice level, with interactive control of level and rate. The second displays all slices in a "spread stack" format. Surface definition requires 20 minutes of initial operator assistance to help separate the chambers. We have acquired and analyzed data from ten patients and a rotating phantom. Patients have tolerated the one hour acquisition time well. The automated processing makes this technique feasible for daily use in a busy clinic.
Laws and Possibilities

The initial part of this paper explores and rejects three standard views of how scientific laws might be systematically connected with physical necessity or possibility. The first concerns laws and their consequences, the second concerns the so‐called counterfactual connection, and the third concerns a possible worlds construction of physical necessity. The remaining part introduces a neglected notion of possibility, and, with the aid of some examples, illustrates the special way in which laws reduce or narrow down possibilities.
Optimal Use of Spironolactone for Treatment of Heart Failure

Spironolactone has recently been shown to have a favorable impact on the prognosis and functional status of patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and severe symptoms who are receiving standard therapy. However, participants in clinical studies of spironolactone represent a selected group. Clinicians managing a less selected group must be mindful of selection criteria and appropriate methods to monitor patients who are initiated on these medications. In this review, two case studies are described that demonstrate the importance of careful selection of candidates for spironolactone, the need for close laboratory and symptom monitoring, and the need for patients' active participation in reporting changes in their clinical status. (c)2001 CHF, Inc.
Cocaine and amphetamine modification of cerebral energy metabolism in vivo

At the time of maximal behavioral stimulation after injection of amphetamine (5 mg/kg) in mice, elevation of cerebral cortical levels of malate in the citric acid cycle and of the amino acid, alanine, was observed, suggesting that this drug has widespread effects on energy metabolism. Cocaine (20 mg/kg), in contrast, produced elevation of brain glucose but not of citric acid cycle substrates or amino acids at the time of maximal hyperactivity. These observations are discussed in terms of the mechanisms of action of these two central nervous system stimulants.
Muscle cross-sectional area and torque in resistance-trained subjects.

Eight elite male bodybuilders (MB), five elite female bodybuilders (FB), eight male control (MC), and eight female control recreational weight-trainers (FC) performed maximal elbow flexions on an isokinetic dynamometer at velocities between 1.02 and 5.24 rad·s−1, from which peak torque (PT) was measured. Elbow flexor cross-sectional area (CSA) was measured by computed tomographic scanning. Flexor CSA·lean body mass−1 ratios were greater in MB than in other subject groups. Correlations of PT were positively related to CSA but negatively to CSA·lean body mass−1 and to PT·CSA−1. PT·CSA−1 at low-velocity contractions were greater in MC and FC than in MB and FB groups, suggesting a training effect. The velocity-associated declines in torque between velocities of 1.02 and 5.24 rad·−1 averaged 28.4 ± 0.9% and were statistically identical in men and women among the subject groups, suggesting that neither gender nor training had affected this variable.
Immunohistochemical expression of cell-cycle regulators in pediatric embryonal brain tumors

Embryonal tumors constitute the most common malignant brain tumor group in children. Experimental results indicate that genes involved in cell cycle and signal transduction are deregulated in medulloblastoma (MB) and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT). The cell cycle is regulated by protein complexes composed of a regulatory subunit called Cyclin and a catalytic domain named Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). Cyclins and CDKs are in turn regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKI) which inhibit cell-cycle progression. Cyclins D and Cyclin E are important for the passage of cells through G1 to S phase. P-27, a member of the universal CDKI family, is important in regulating the G1/S transition. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of p-27, Cyclin D3, and Cyclin E, and their possible prognostic significance in pediatric embryonal brain tumors. We retrospectively evaluated 51 children with embryonal tumors that were treated surgically in our institute. All patients had regular follow up examinations. The streptavidin–biotin HRP method was performed on paraffin sections for detection of p-27, Cyclin D3, and Cyclin E. There were 42 cases of MB and nine cases of AT/RT. Cyclin D3 expression was detected in 11/42 MB and 3/9 AT/RT patients. Cyclin E expression was detected in 28/42 MB and 8/9 AT/RT patients. High expression of Ki-67 (>50 %) and p-27 (>50 %) was observed in 23.8–73.8 % of MB patients. Combined high Ki-67 and p-27 expression was observed in 21.4 % cases of MB. In these cases there was expression of Cyclin E in 88.8 % and Cyclin D3 in 22.2 % of MB. No significant correlation was found between Ki-67 and p-27, Cyclin D3, and E. No correlation was found between Cyclin D3, Cyclin E, p-27, and overall survival. Increased p-27 and Cyclin E expression was detected in a substantial number of MB patients and in nearly all AT/RT patients. Further studies on a larger number of patients are needed to clarify a possible correlation of p-27 and Cyclin E with tumor behavior.
Use and acceptability of reduced-weight Portland cement bags in masonry construction: An observational pilot study

Background Mason tenders are involved in semi- and unskilled work in support of bricklayers and block layers. Their work consists of manually transporting building materials and equipment, supplying individual brick-block layers with materials, and mixing and stocking mortar. Objective The purpose of this pilot study is to determine the current availability and acceptability of reduced-weight Portland cement bags among mason contractors, cement suppliers, and manufacturers as a vehicle to decrease the exposure of mason tenders to physical risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). Methods Forty-six producers, suppliers, and contractors that use Portland cement bags were used in this observational exploratory study. A questionnaire was administrated over the phone and data were collected regarding availability, practice of use, and preferences between full- and reduced-weight Portland cement bags. Results Only 17p of the companies produce-supply-use the reduced-weight cement bags. The main factors mentioned by the companies that influence the nonuse of small bags are reduced demand; increased cost; storage, shipping, and handling difficulty; special equipment requirements; and special packaging. Only 11p of companies interviewed are aware of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lifting recommendations that the maximum lifted weight should be 51 lb. Conclusions This exploratory study suggests that reduced cement bags may not be in wide use by producers-suppliers-users of Portland cement. A full-scale study is recommended to confirm these practices and find ways to significantly reduce the risk to which masonry workers are exposed. Application The potential application of this study can be the development of new guidelines regarding the production-supplying-usage of 47 lb cement bags. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Retinal Ganglion Cells: Specification of Central Connections in Larval Xenopus laevis

In a series of Xenopus larvae (stages 28 to 35), the left eye cup was dorsoventrally and anteroposteriorly inverted. After metamorphosis, the retinotectal projection was mapped by recording action potentials evoked in the tectum by a small spot of light projected on the retina. Normal retinotectal projection was found following rotation of the eye cup at stage 28 to 29. Rotation of the eye cup at stage 30 resulted in anteroposterior inversion of the retinotectal projection; rotation at stages 31, 32, and 35 resulted in inversion of the projection in anteroposterior and dorsoventral axis of the retina. Therefore the retinal ganglion cells were unspecified at stage 28 to 29; spatial specification of ganglion cells occurred in the anteroposterior axis of the eye cup at stage 30 and in the dorsoventral axis between stages 30 and 31.
PERCEPTIONS OF THE SPECIALTY ADVERTISING INDUSTRY: IMPLICATIONS FOR BUSINESS MARKETERS

From a series of more than 70 depth interviews with constituencies inside and outside the specialty advertising industry, a profile of perceptions concerning the industry has emerged. Specialty distributors, suppliers, and users as well as media representatives, ad agency personnel, and advertising educators contributed valuable insights into specialty advertising's strengths and weaknesses. This article summarizes the prevailing perceptions concerning the industry and discusses ways in which businesses that use specialty advertising could sort through these perceptions and make effective use of this business‐to‐business form of promotion.
Zero base bioprogressive: unlockingthe door to the future

Abstract As the orthodontic profession prepares to enter the next millennium,clinicians around the world seek new diagnostic tools that will enable them to enhance their treatment results. They seek improved treatment efficiency that will allow them to treat more patients with less chairside time, with less relapse, and with greater profitability. They seek logic and order in their patient care decisions, and a biologically sound methodology for treatment. Those who strive for excellence in orthodontics will seek the benefits of new technology in diagnosis and treatment. They will embrace computers to help organize their thoughts and discipline their treatment as well as relentlessly seek new methods to grow professionally. This article discusses the marriage of the Bioprogressive philosophy with the Zero Base logic system as the sensible approach to achieving the above-mentioned objectives.
Thermodynamic Stability Relations in Redox Systems

Graphical stability relations in redox systems known as Pourbaix diagrams are analyzed employing the concept of overall stability of chemical species in multiple chemical reaction systems recently developed by us (Fishtik, I. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 3851). The overall stability approach provides a simple and systematic algorithm for generating thermodynamically and stoichiometrically consistent Pourbaix diagrams that are referred to as overall Pourbaix diagrams. The conditions under which the conventional Pourbaix diagrams coincide with the overall Pourbaix diagrams are also discussed.
Dysarthric sentence intelligibility: contribution of iconic gestures and message predictiveness.

This study examined changes in the sentence intelligibility scores of speakers with dysarthria in association with different signal-independent factors (contextual influences). This investigation focused on the presence or absence of iconic gestures while speaking sentences with low or high semantic predictiveness. The speakers were 4 individuals with dysarthria, who varied from one another in terms of their level of speech intelligibility impairment, gestural abilities, and overall level of motor functioning. Ninety-six inexperienced listeners (24 assigned to each speaker) orthographically transcribed 16 test sentences presented in an audio + video or audio-only format. The sentences had either low or high semantic predictiveness and were spoken by each speaker with and without the corresponding gestures. The effects of signal-independent factors (presence or absence of iconic gestures, low or high semantic predictiveness, and audio + video or audio-only presentation formats) were analyzed for individual...
The coevolution of life and environments

James Hutton, the late eighteenth century father of Geology, recognized the goodness of fit between organisms and the environments in which they live. To Hutton, this presented a conundrum, because simple observation showed that the Earth is constantly changing. Trees and shrubs grow on mountainsides, but erosion strips sediments from highlands and carries them to the sea. Clams and seaweeds live in bays and estuaries, but the sediments eroded from mountains are continually delivered to the ocean, where they fill in those embayments. How can species be maintained in the face of such flux? Hutton’s solution, presented in his seminal Theory of the Earth, was elegant in its simplicity: environmental constancy is maintained dynamically (Hutton 1788). Through time, the uplift of sedimentary basins approximately balances erosion, perpetuating the mountains and bays for which species are manifestly well designed. Half a century later, Darwin (1859) stood this logic on its head. Species are no more constant than the Earth, reasoned Darwin; populations adapt via natural selection to the changing biological and physical circumstances of their environment. The idea that planetary surfaces not only change through time, but also change directionally first appeared in the writings of an astronomer, Percival Lowell, in a description of Mars. Lowell (1908) famously, or infamously, claimed that he could discern linear features on the Martian surface, and he interpreted these as canals built by technologically advanced Martians to carry seasonal melt water from the glaciated poles to parched populations at low latitudes. From this, Lowell concluded that Mars was once much wetter than it is today, a view widely accepted by present day planetary scientists although decidedly not for the reasons advanced by Lowell. A century after its publication, however, Lowell’s general point seems strikingly modern: planetary surfaces provide potentially habitable worlds that change systematically through time. Now that we have the
Mucinous breast carcinoma: a large contemporary series.

Abstract Background Mucinous breast cancer is typically associated with a favorable prognosis. This study aimed to assess recent trends and prognostic features in the treatment of mucinous breast carcinoma. Methods A retrospective review of our database of patients who presented with mucinous breast cancer was performed. We evaluated patient and tumor characteristics and examined the relationships between these factors and risk for locoregional recurrence. Results One hundred eleven patients with mucinous breast cancer were identified. Seventy-one (64%) underwent lumpectomy with radiotherapy. Fourteen (13%) had lymph node metastasis, and node positivity was associated with larger tumor size; node-positive patients had a mean tumor size of 2.7 cm compared with 1.5 cm for node-negative patients ( P = .0003). No patients with tumor size Conclusions Mucinous breast cancer is associated with a low recurrence rate as well as a low incidence of lymph node metastasis. In patients with small (