cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of extratemporal and intratemporal facial nerve injury models.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to compare functional recovery and motor nerve conduction following a distal extratemporal crush injury of the facial nerve to a more proximal intratemporal crush injury. Study Design: Prospective, controlled animal study. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four experimental groups: 1) extratemporal crush, 2) extratemporal sham-operated, 3) intratemporal crush, and 4) intratemporal sham-operated. Each group had an n of 4–9. The facial nerve was crushed near its exit from the stylomastoid foramen for extratemporal facial nerve injuries and within the facial canal in the temporal bone for intratemporal facial nerve injuries. Recovery times for the return of facial nerve functional parameters were compared between the two injury models. Motor nerve conduction studies were also done weekly to quantify the changes in peak amplitude and latency of evoked response. Results: Rats receiving the extratemporal facial nerve injury recovered full facial function by ∼2 weeks postoperative (wpo) and displayed normal peak amplitude and latency recordings by 4 wpo. In comparison, rats receiving the intratemporal facial nerve injury failed to reach complete functional recovery at the end of 8 wpo. Although latency of evoked response returned to normal by 2 weeks following the intratemporal injury, peak amplitude remained ∼70% below normal at the end of 8 wpo. Conclusions: An intratemporal crush of the facial nerve leads to significantly delayed functional recovery and decreased motor nerve conduction as compared to an extratemporal crush, indicating that the location of injury strongly influences the recovery outcome. Laryngoscope, 2009
Seasonal and interannual variations in geostrophic velocity in the Middle Atlantic Bight

[1] More than 6 years of measurements from the TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) altimeter are used to study the seasonal and interannual variations of the geostrophic velocity anomalies in the Middle Atlantic Bight region. Geostrophic velocities from T/P data are compared with the simultaneous low-pass filtered current meter data. The correlations are all above 95% significance for the three current meter observations at the 1000-m, 2210-m, and 2990-m isobaths. The seasonal mean geostrophic currents from 63°–75°W show coherent variations along isobaths, with seasonal reversals: toward the southwest during the winter and toward the northeast during the summer. The EOF analysis indicates that the seasonal reversals disappeared during 1996. This disruption is part of the intensification of the slope sea gyre and is related to the southward shift of the Gulf Stream, which acts as the boundary between the subpolar and subtropical gyres. The Gulf Stream moved farther south during 1996–1998. The variations in the Gulf Stream position may be caused by the wind stress/wind stress curl change.
Reaction of indomethacin with singlet molecular oxygen.

Abstract Singlet molecular oxygen is a highly reactive species and is capable of disrupting cell membranes and collagen. It may also play a role in the synthesis of prostaglandins. We show here that indomethacin can react with singlet molecular oxygen and suggest that part of the anti-inflammatory action of this drug may stem from its ability to scavenge singlet oxygen.
Ultraviolet photoelectron studies of 5‐trifluoromethyluracil: Electronic susceptibility of substituted uracils to nucleophilic attack

UV photoelectron spectroscopy has been employed to investigate the electronic structure of 5-trifluoromethyluracil. Band assignments have been made by comparison with photoelectron results from uracil, thymine, 5-fluorouracil, and 1-methyl-5-trifluoromethyluracil. Spectroscopically measured ionization potentials have also been compared with energy levels predicted by INDO molecular orbital (MO) calculations. The calculations predict the ordering and the spacing of the four uppermost Orbitals in 5-trifluoromethyluracil with good accuracy. They also give a good representation of the shifts observed in the ionization potentials of these orbitals when spectra of uracil, thymine, 5-fluorouracil, 5-trifluoromethyluracil, and 1-methyl-5-trifluoromethyluracil are compared. Descriptions of electronic structure provided by the photoelectron results and the INDO calculations have been examined in conjunction with results from kinetic and equilibrium studies of sulfite attack at the 6 position of uracil and substituted uracils. Results of the comparison indicate that while resonance effects cause 5-fluorouracil to exhibit greater electron density at the 6 position than thymine or uracil, the order of reactivity is 5-fluorouracil ≥ uracil > thymine. The enhanced reactivity of 5-fluorouracil over that expected from considerations of electron density may be ascribed in part to inductive electron withdrawing effects of the F atom, which oppose resonance effects and which stabilize the transition state involved in the addition of an SO2−3 ion.
An evaluation of dementia screening in the primary care setting

Purpose: To evaluate current screening methods for dementia to determine the most accurate and efficient tools for use in primary care. Data sources: Search included the following: Medline, CINAHL, BIOSIS, PsycINFO, ISI Web of Science, and Health & Psychosocial Instruments (1840–2005). The following search terms were used: screen, screening, tools, Mini Mental, MMSE, clock drawing, subjective memory, assessment, diagnosis, primary care, outpatient, community based, ambulatory care, dementia, cognitive impairment, and memory impairment. There was no limit to publication year. Articles excluded were those not published in English and those which used screening tools as part of diagnostic evaluation. The search revealed 581 relevant articles, which were narrowed to 20. Conclusions: The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) has high sensitivity and specificity in outpatients older than 65 years when age- and education-specific cutoffs are used. The clock drawing test has lower sensitivity and specificity when used alone; however, in combination with the MMSE, its sensitivity is higher than that of the MMSE while specificity is slightly lower. Subjective memory complaints contribute diagnostic information; however, objective memory performance is a stronger predictor of future dementia. All measures are subject to influence by age, education, and other physical factors. The body of evidence regarding dementia screening methods has increased in recent years. The studies have been well conducted, of large sample size, in various geographic locations and populations, and by numerous investigators. Implications for practice: Dementing illnesses will become a common presentation in primary care. Currently, routine screening is not conducted although acceptable instruments, such as the MMSE, are available. Additional research on routine screening in primary care to bolster the current evidence, use of nurses as evaluators of cognition, and utilization of specialists is needed.
A Determination of the Solar Photospheric Boron Abundance

We present a reanalysis of the B I λ2496.771 line in the solar photosphere using up-to-date line lists, new atomic data, and employing LTE spectrum synthesis. Adopting the two most recent values for the photoionization cross section for Mg I 3p 3Po (the dominant continuous opacity source in this spectral region), along with two different types of model atmospheres, we find a mean photospheric boron abundance of log (B)=2.70, with estimated statistical uncertainties of -0.12 and 0.21 dex. For all cases investigated, we find tolerable spectrum synthesis fits to the nearby Fe I line at 2496.533 A, which has a well-determined laboratory gf-value. With the adopted Mg I cross sections we find much better agreement between the predicted model and observed continuum intensities at the solar limb, which is in contrast to results from earlier studies. In addition, as a check on the boron abundance derived from the ultraviolet B I line we analyze the weak, excited B I transition at 16244.670 A. This line is marginally detected and the derived value of log (B)=2.55±0.2 is not in disagreement with the UV abundance, but is significantly larger than previous upper-limit estimates from infrared spectra. The results obtained for the photospheric boron abundance are within the errors identical to the accepted meteoritic value of 2.78±0.05: we find no measurable boron depletion in the solar photosphere.
Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid Induces Lipolysis in Adipose Tissue of Coconut Oil-Fed Mice but not Soy Oil-Fed Mice

Mice fed diets containing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) are leaner than mice not fed CLA. This anti-obesity effect is amplified in mice fed coconut oil-containing or fat free diets, compared to soy oil diets. The present objective was to determine if CLA alters lipolysis in mice fed different base oils. Mice were fed diets containing soy oil (SO), coconut oil (CO), or fat free (FF) for 6 weeks, followed by 10 or 12 days of CLA or no CLA supplementation. Body fat, tissue weights, and ex vivo lipolysis were determined. Relative protein abundance and activation of perilipin, hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), and adipose differentiation related protein (ADRP) were determined by western blotting. CLA feeding caused mice to have less (P < 0.05) body fat than non-CLA fed mice. This was enhanced in CO and FF-fed mice (CLA × oil source, P < 0.05). There was also a CLA × oil source interaction on lipolysis as CO + CLA and FF + CLA-fed mice had increased (P < 0.05) rates of lipolysis but SO + CLA-fed mice did not. However, after 12 days of CLA consumption, activated perilipin was increased (P < 0.05) only in SO + CLA-fed mice and total HSL and ATGL were decreased (P < 0.05) in CO + CLA-fed mice. Therefore, the enhanced CLA-induced body fat loss in CO and FF-fed mice appears to involve increased lipolysis but this effect may be decreasing by 12 days of CLA consumption.
Extraoptic Celestial Orientation in the Southern Cricket Frog Acris gryllus

Celestial orientation and setting of the biological clock in the southern cricket frog Acris gryllus can be cued by light stimuli received by extraoptic receptors in the brain. These extraoptic photoreceptors may also be used in learning new orientational directions. A mechanism for a light-activated biological clock is discussed.
Compensation Committees and CEO Compensation Incentives in Us Entrepreneurial Firms

This study uses a sample of IPO firms to investigate the relation between the compensation committee, CEO compensation and CEO incentives. We investigate two theoretical models: the three-tier optimal contracting model and the managerial power model. We find support for the three-tier agency model. The presence of significant shareholders on the compensation committee (i.e., those with share stakes in excess of 5 percent) is associated with lower CEO pay and higher CEO equity incentives. Firms with higher paid compensation committee members are associated with greater CEO compensation and lower incentives. The managerial power model receives little support. We find no evidence that insiders or CEOs of other firms serving on the compensation committee raise the level of CEO pay or lower CEO incentives.
A density functional theory study of water gas shift over pseudomorphic monolayer alloy catalysts: Comparison with NO oxidation

Abstract The water gas shift reaction has been studied with density functional theory on Pt(1 1 1)/M(1 1 1) pseudomorphic monolayer catalysts (where M is the host metal). Both redox and carboxyl intermediate mechanisms were explored. It was found that the barriers for dissociation reactions (H2O, OH, OH disproportionation) are lower on systems with an expanded lattice parameter of Pt (when compared to pure Pt) and that the barriers for formation reactions (CO oxidation, carboxyl formation) are higher compared to Pt(1 1 1). Similarly, this situation is reversed for the alloys with a compressed lattice parameter. In all cases, the carboxyl reaction path is favored and water dissociation was found to have the highest barrier along the reaction path. Using results from our previous studies for NO oxidation for NOx storage reduction (NSR) on the same systems, we were able to construct volcano plots for both the oxidation mode and the reduction mode of NSR (if H2 produced from WGS is conceived to be kinetically critical).
The Progymnasmata of aphthonius in translation

(1952). The Progymnasmata of aphthonius in translation. Speech Monographs: Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 264-285.
Regulation of Clara cell secretory protein gene transcription by thyroid transcription factor-1

CCSP is a 16 kDa protein expressed selectively in the Clara cells of the lung. Cis-acting elements conferring Clara cell-specific expression of rat CCSP gene were contained within the sequences -320 to +57 of the rCCSP promoter. DNA-TTF-1 protein interactions were identified within the sequences -302 to -278 and -90 to -66 from the transcriptional start site of the rat CCSP gene promoter. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays, recombinant TTF-1 homeodomain protein bound to each site. Nuclear extracts from H441 adenocarcinoma cells bound to the TTF-1 binding sites, were supershifted by anti-TTF-1 antibody, and were competed by other TTF-1 DNA binding motifs. Mutations that replaced two nucleotides in each of the TTF-1 binding motifs disrupted TTF-1 binding to the rCCSP promoter. In HeLa cells, mutagenesis of both TTF-1 sites reduced transactivation by TTF-1, while the activities of single-site mutants were similar to that of the wild-type plasmid. In H441 cells, transactivation by TTF-1 was inhibited by mutations of each or both of the TTF-1 binding sites. TTF-1 activates transcription of the rCCSP gene, binding to distinct but interacting cis-acting elements in the 5'-flanking region of the gene.
A measure of stereotyping in fear-of-success cues

Prior studies suggest that sex-role stereotypes influence responses to Horner's fear-of-success cue. This study investigates stereotypes about both sex roles and achievement settings. One hundred sixty college males and females wrote stories to different cues, then rated the masculinity-femininity of their characters. Both “John” and “Anne” were rated more “masculine” as medical students than in a neutral setting. Anne was rated more feminine than John in the neutral setting but equally masculine as a medical student. However, Anne's success was not regarded as maladaptive, but “competent.” Clearly Horner's cue reflects stereotypes; a more ambiguous cue might assess motives more effectively.
SAMPLE TRANSPORT AND TEMPERATURE STUDIES IN POROUS-CUP DISCHARGES

Abstract High-speed colour motion pictures were taken of porous-cup discharges produced by a triggered polarized low-voltage condensed spark. These pictures indicated that soon after the trigger spark strikes the surface of the porous-cup electrode (PCE) a conical jet of solution vapour is emitted from another location on this surface. The discharge channel soon shifts to the axis of this vapour jet. The outer portions of the jet contain luminous fragments of water and solute molecules, but do not carry current. The interpretation of spectroscopic temperature measurements is discussed. A procedure is described for measuring the mean rotational temperature of the OH molecules in a transverse zone of the discharge; it is believed that these temperature values correctly reflect the excitation conditions to which vaporized solute atoms and ions are subjected. Near the PCE, where the discharge channel occupies almost all of the vapour jet, the. temperature appears to be governed by a Saha equilibrium. Near the counter-electrode, where the discharge channel occupies only a small fraction of the luminous cone, temperature appears almost independent of solution composition. Most emission of metallic lines occurs in the latter zone.
An unusual late complication of necrotizing enterocolitis

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) now is managed frequently successfully without surgical intervention. NEC may result in strictures, which present after the acute inflammatory process has resolved. Strictures usually present as obstruction in the first year or two of life. A case report is presented of an 11-year-old child who had symptoms from a previously undiagnosed NEC stricture as a result of pica when coins obstructed the stricture. As treatment of NEC continues to improve, more and later complications of this disease can be expected. J Pediatr Surg 36:1853-1854.
The biology of tissue forms and other asexual stages in mammalian plasmodia.

Etude en microscopie electronique a transmission ― Etude de la proliferation, de la delivrance des sporozoites, des formes invasives, du grossissement de la cellule-hote, la mort des cellules filles
Molecular dynamics simulation of metal oxide growth on SiTiO3

Thin films of strontium titanate, as well as its component oxides, have been of great interest due to their applicability in electronic devices. In this manuscript we review our work to examine the growth of SrO, TiO 2 , and SrTiO 3 (STO) thin films on STO using classical molecular dynamics simulations. In particular, the simulations considered the deposition of SrO and TiO 2 molecules and stoichiometric STO clusters at incident energies of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 eV/atom onto the (001) surface of STO. The role of surface termination layer (SrO vs. TiO 2 ), incident energy, and incident particle size and deposition scheme in the case of STO deposition were investigated. In the case of SrO deposition, smooth, ordered films were produced at all incident energies considered and for both surface terminations. In contrast, in the case of TiO 2 deposition, three-dimensional islands were formed under all the conditions considered. The predicted growth modes were shown to be a consequence of the mobility and interaction energy of each particle (SrO or TiO 2 ) with the surface. In the case of STO thin film growth three deposition schemes were explored: (i) alternating particle deposition (APD), (ii) alternating monolayer deposition (AMD), and (iii) cluster deposition. For APD, a beam of alternating SrO and TiO 2 molecules was deposited on the (001) surface of STO with incident kinetic energies of 0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 eV/atom. AMD consisted of the deposition of alternating monolayers of pure SrO and TiO 2 , where both had incident energies of 1.0 eV/atom. SrTiO 3 cluster deposition considered the deposition of 1, 2, 3, and 4-unit STO stoichiometric clusters with incident energies of 1.0 eV/atom. On the whole, some layer-by-layer growth was predicted to occur on both SrO- and TiO 2 -terminated STO for each type of deposition scheme.
Secondary Marketing Research Certificate: Library Collaboration With the College of Business and Marketing Faculty

The Secondary Marketing Research Certificate (SMRC) is a collaboration among the University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries, College of Business Administration, and marketing faculty inspired by the Business Research Essentials program at Goizueta Business Library. Students in junior-level marketing research courses earn the SMRC to enhance resumes and receive 5% of their course grade. The SMRC is a four-module online tutorial in Blackboard, covering company and industry research, market research databases, and consumer data. Each module includes videos, extended transcripts, “Guide-on-the-Side” hands-on activities, and a quiz. Certificates are signed by Business and Libraries deans. The article discusses the SMRC design, creation, and management through collaborative process.
A recombination hotspot in the maize A1 intragenic region

We find that recombination between two alleles of the maize A1 locus that contain transposon insertions at known molecular positions can occur at 0.04-0.08 cM per kbp (centimorgan per kilobase pair), which is two orders of magnitude higher than the recombination rate for the whole maize genome. It is however, close to the rates found within the bronze locus, another maize structural gene for which both genetic and molecular data are available. This observation supports the idea that the genome consists of regions that are highly recombinogenic - in some cases, at least, structural genes - interspersed with regions that are less recombinogenic.
Expression of a Gene Trap Reporter Construct in a Subset of Cells in Embryonic Sites of Hematopoiesis: Evidence for Alternative rRNA Production in Hematopoietic Cells

Abstract Three mouse lines were generated from independent gene trap events in embryonic stem cells. These lines express a βgeo reporter gene in a subset of cells at sites of embryonic hematopoiesis. The 5′ breakpoints of all three lines were found to lie in 45S ribosomal RNA transcription units. Expression was apparently linked to metabolic activity in these cells, since the kinetics of expression during embryogenesis matched that of cycling cells with colony forming unit spleen (CFU-S) potential. Expression was not seen in adult tissues unless the animals were treated with hydroxyurea, inducing synchronous entry of quiescent CFU-S into the cell cycle. Our results suggest that there is a subset of hematopoietic stem cells, which when actively proliferating, express the SAβgeo reporter construct from RNA polymerase I transcription units.
Quasisteady Particle Transport in Slowly Varying Periodic Streaming Flows

Abstract When a cylindrical probe vibrates laterally in a fluid at a Reynolds number of order 10, a circulatory pattern of flow is established in the fluid near the probe. In a plane transverse to the probe, a symmetric arrangement of four streaming cells is maintained by the probe's vibration. A computational model has shown that inertial particles introduced to such a flow will be attracted to the centers of the streaming cells. We present preliminary experimental data supporting this prediction and outline a strategy whereby particles captured in this way can be transported from place to place as a result of periodic variations in the excitation of a fluid containing two independent probes. Specifically, we model the time-averaged flow around two probes by superposing two copies of a velocity field obtained analytically for the single-probe case and demonstrate that a cyclic change in the two-probe flow can engender acyclic variations in the positions and character of fixed points. A fixed point that's initially attractive to inertial particles can be moved from the vicinity of one probe to the vicinity of another and then annihilated or altered via bifurcation so that it will surrender the particles it carries. If parametric variations in such a flow are slow relative to the dynamics of particles migrating to attracting points, then the net displacement of inertial particles from one trapping point to another as a result of a cyclic change in the flow exhibits certain features of a geometric phase.
Will the refusal of patent protection for Glivec® discourage future pharmaceutical innovation in India?

*Dehns, St Bride’s House, 10 Salisbury Square, London, EC4Y 8JD, UK Tel.: +44 20 7632 7200 Fax: +44 20 7353 8895 E-mail: jalbutt@dehns.com On 1 April 2013, the Supreme Court in India dismissed Novartis AG’s appeal against the rejection of their patent application for their anticancer drug Glivec® [1]. The Indian refusal is in contrast with the outcome in almost 40 other countries, where patent protection for the drug has been allowed. If the threshold for obtaining patent protection for a pharmaceutical product is higher in India than in other countries, will this negatively affect the country’s ability to attract R&D and investment in future innovation?
OMNE-Vision—object measurement in a noisy environment using vision

Object identification is critical for measurement, inspection, and automatic assembly. Computer vision systems make use of ideal and ingenuous algorithms for object recognition. The presence of noise in the environment is usually neglected or treated in a simplified manner. This paper presents an algorithm for identifying objects in a noisy environment. The convex hull method is combined with an appropriate data structure to develop the algorithm. Generic testing proves the validity of the algorithm.
A Time-Resolved Fluorometric Assay for Galanin Receptors

A time-resolved fluorometric (TRF) assay was developed for human galanin receptors, subtype 1 (hGalR1). The galanin peptide was labeled with a europium chelate, Eu3+-DTTA. Ligand binding was conducted in D98/Raji cells expressing recombinant human GalR1 (hGalRl-D98/Raji) in monolayers in 96-well plates or in crude membrane preparations in 96-well filter plates. Bound ligand was quantitated by dissociation-enhanced time-resolved fluorometric measurement of Eu3+. Eu3+-galanin bound to hGalRl in a saturable manner with Kd values of 2.9 ± 0.5 nM in whole cell assays and 0.23 ± 0.03 nM in membrane assays. The affinities of Eu3+-galanin for hGalRl in both the whole cell and membrane assays correlated very well with those of 125I-galanin. In addition, the bound Eu3+-galanin could be competitively displaced from the receptors by galanin peptide antagonists C7, M15, M35, and M40. In hGalRl-expressing 293EBNA cells, Eu3+-galanin stimulated an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration with a similar EC50 value as...
Desirable characteristics of a state-wide evaluation of coal resources

The expected greater demand for coal requires improved information on the nation9s coal resources. State and national programs for evaluating coal resources must incorporate not only basic information such as coal thickness, depth, reliability of data, and rank, but also a broad range of other characteristics such as quality, minability, and land use. Such information must be retrievable in different combinations to be useful to those who need new assessments of coal resources. Computers will become important tools for meeting these requirements. Sources of data and uncertainties in the estimates should be documented.
SU‐FF‐I‐84: Comparison of LINACs Either Equipped with On‐Board Imaging/cone‐Beam CT Or CT‐On‐Rails for IGRT

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to investigate the advantages and limitations of LINAC equipped with either OBI/CBCT or CT‐on‐rails with a 6D robotic couch‐top for IGRT.Method and Materials: An optimal IGRT delivery system should be capable of handling the auto setup of the updated isocenter with 6D corrections, the adaptive radiotherapy, and treating multiple lesions simultaneously. The CTimage quality should be suitable for designing a treatment plan. The planning CT and the daily CT are acquired in the treatment setup condition, minimizing systematic errors coiled into the image‐data. A 60‐cm diameter of maximum field‐of‐view (FOV) is crucial to scan almost all the patients. The scanning‐range in superior‐inferior direction should cover the maximum treatment‐field available on the delivery system. It should have KVp and MV portal‐imaging capabilities for setup verification. Monitor the target‐isocenter shift due to couch rotation. A thoracic phantom was used to evaluate the IGRT setup accuracy using either OBI/CBCT or LINAC/CT‐on‐rails. Results: the current CTimage quality of CBCT is suitable only for image registration. However, the relative large intra‐ and inter‐variation of CT numbers for the same tissue inhibits the use of CBCT for treatment planning and adaptive radiotherapy. The single scanning‐range of CBCT is limited to 14 cm. Both scanners need to increase the FOV to 60‐cm diameter. The phantom study indicated that both units could setup the daily isocenter correctly based on the image registration. One of the findings suggests that the rotation corrections are essential for the crucial treatment to avoid treating the critical structures. It should be corrected either through a 6D robotic couch‐top or software. Conclusions: Based on the image registration,LINACs equipped with either OBI/CBCT or CT‐on‐rails perform the IGRT treatment nicely. Conflict of interest: Supported in parts by SRA grants from Varian Medical Systems, Inc.
Stock market reactions to international joint venture announcement: an event analysis

Abstract Making an announcement is the first activity firms may carry out once a decision to form a joint venture is made. Previous research suggests that announcements of domestic joint ventures and other types of strategic alliance could elicit positive stock market reactions, and thus create positive abnormal returns to shareholders. This study examines shareholder value creation in the context of international joint venture by investigating stock market reactions to the announcements of international joint venture formations made over 14 years (1985–98). The study aims to demonstrate that the event analysis methodology, using the publicly available information easily obtained in this information age, can provide insights into a shareholder's evaluation of a firm's strategic decision. The results show that announcements containing information about the international joint venture formations are associated with positive market reactions and, interestingly, these positive effects are also evident a few days prior to the announcement. The findings thus emphasize the role of information technology and electronic news that signify the importance of an informationally-efficient market. Future research implications are also offered.
Variation on a theme of caffarelli and vasseur

Recently, using DiGiorgi-type techniques, Caffarelli and Vasseur have shown that a certain class of weak solutions to the drift diffusion equation with initial data in L2 gain H¨older continuity, provided that the BMO norm of the drift velocity is bounded uniformly in time. We show a related result: a uniform bound on the BMO norm of a smooth velocity implies a uniform bound on the Cβ norm of the solution for some β > 0. We apply elementary tools involving the control of H¨older norms by using test functions. In particular, our approach offers a third proof of the global regularity for the critical surface quasigeostrophic (SQG) equation in addition to the two proofs obtained earlier. Bibliography: 6 titles.
Defense of the probabilistic decision

Abstract Various approaches to the characterization of analytic uncertainties in system safety assessment are contrasted. It is concluded that probabilistic techniques, interpreted in a Bayesian framework, currently offer the most practical and conceptually sound basis for the representation of uncertainty. Important distinctions exist, nevertheless, between standard problems addressed by Bayesian decision theory and topical regulatory issues of risk control and management. Certain of these distinctions are delineated and concomitant implications for the performance and the interpretation of probabilistic safety analyses are discussed. It is suggested that the potential of probabilistic methods to provide robust insights into the safety characteristics of complex systems has not yet been realized fully. Methodological developments reflecting substantial progress in the techniques of uncertainty analysis are described and their application to recent programs of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission are cited.
Identification of β-Glucosidase Aggregating Factor (BGAF) and Mapping of BGAF Binding Regions on Maize β-Glucosidase

In certain maize genotypes (nulls), β-glucosidase does not enter the gel and therefore cannot be detected on zymograms. Such genotypes were initially thought to be homozygous for a null allele at the glu1 gene. We have shown that a β-glucosidase aggregating factor (BGAF) is responsible for the null phenotype, and it specifically interacts with maize β-glucosidases and forms large insoluble aggregates. To understand the mechanism of the β-glucosidase-BGAF interaction, we constructed chimeric enzymes by domain swapping between the maize β-glucosidase isozymes Glu1 and Gu2, to which BGAF binds, and the sorghum β-glucosidase (dhurrinase) isozyme Dhr1, to which BGAF does not bind. The results of binding assays with 12 different chimeric enzymes showed that an N-terminal region (Glu50-Val145) and an extreme C-terminal region (Phe466-Ala512) together form the BGAF binding site on the enzyme surface. In addition, we purified BGAF, determined its N-terminal sequence, amplified the BGAF cDNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, expressed it inEscherichia coli, and showed that it encodes a protein whose binding and immunological properties are identical to the native BGAF isolated from maize tissues. A data base search revealed that BGAF is a member of the jasmonite-induced protein family. Interestingly, the deduced BGAF sequence contained an octapeptide sequence (G(P/R)WGGSGG) repeated twice. Each of these repeat units is postulated to be involved in forming a site for binding to maize β-glucosidases and thus provides a plausible explanation for the divalent function of BGAF predicted from binding assays.
Third Molar Symptoms Are Not Indicative of Dentigerous Cysts

ers and non-smokers, approximately two-thirds of implants had microtextured surfaces and the remainder had hydroxyapatite-coated surfaces. The implants were restored and monitored during clinical follow-up for up to 9 years. Method of Data Analysis: Statistical analysis. Between group differences were analyzed using Chi-square tests. Results: Cumulative survival of implants at 9 years was 97.9%. There were no statistically significant differences in implant failure rates between smokers and non-smokers. Conclusion: Implant success was considered to be due to the following procedural recommendations: creation of a large buccal window to allow access to a large recipient site; use of composite grafts consisting of at least 50% autogenous bone; meticulous bone condensation; placement of long implants; hydroxyapatite-coated or microtextured implant surfaces; use of a membrane to cover the graft and implants; antibiotic use and strict oral hygiene; use of interim implants and restricted use of dentures; and adherence to a smoking cessation protocol.
Applying Randomized Controlled Trials and Systematic Reviews in Social Work Research

This article elaborates on the centrality of interventions for social work practice and the importance of understanding the effects of interventions for a more efficient, harmless, transparent, and...
A Citation Analysis of College & Research Libraries Comparing Yahoo, Google, Google Scholar, and ISI Web of Knowledge with Implications for Promotion and Tenure

Two hundred and seventeen articles in College & Research Libraries from 2000 to 2006 were searched by title on Yahoo, Google, Google Scholar, and ISI Web of Knowledge to determine the frequency with which articles in the journal are cited, the effectiveness of the four search services, and the relevance and applicability of findings to promotion and tenure. Yahoo, Google, and ISI Web of Knowledge averaged between 2.8 and 3.5 citations per title for the period covered and Google Scholar averaged 6.4. The value of citations counts in the promotion and tenure process and the importance of publications in the evaluation of librarians are discussed.
Lapatinib: Current Status and Future Directions in Breast Cancer

Lapatinib is an oral receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, targeting both the ErbB-1 and ErbB-2 receptors. Pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo models indicate that lapatinib is active as monotherapy, synergistically in combination with trastuzumab, and in trastuzumab-resistant cell lines. Early clinical trials also provide evidence in patients that lapatinib is active against breast cancer. This paper reviews results of phase II and III clinical trials of lapatinib in metastatic breast cancer, evidence for its potential in patients with brain metastases, and current clinical trials as adjuvant treatment in early-stage disease. Our improved understanding of the biology of breast cancer and the use of biomarkers for identification of specific subtypes is allowing us to bring patient-specific novel therapies such as lapatinib to the clinic.
Metabolic response to thermal changes of the adult fiddler crab Uca pugilator and the effect of PCBs

Although polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are widespread in the environment, their influence on functional characteristics of marine animals is poorly known. This paper presents data on the relative effects of a sublethal concentration (50 ppb) of Aroclors® 1016 and 1254 on the respiratory metabolism of the fiddler crab Uca pugilator (Bosc.), an intertidal, estuarine inhabitant. At 25°C, the respiration rate of both males and females increased initially after exposure to these Aroclors. After the crabs were returned to uncontaminated seawater, their respiratory rates were similar to initial pre-exposure values. At 15°C, Aroclors 1016 and 1254 had no apparent effect on the respiration of males but depressed that of females. Upon exposure to PCB-free seawater, the metabolic rate of both male and female crabs was similar to initial pre-exposure rates. At 35°C, a trend existed for both of these PCBs to inhibit respiration. In a series of experiments on cold- and warm-acclimated individuals, PCBs did not consistently influence metabolic response over the thermal range of 10° to 30°C.
Mild ischemia predisposes the S3 segment to gentamicin toxicity.

Mild ischemia predisposes the S3 segment to gentamicin toxicity. The purpose of these studies was to determine if a functionally insignificant ischemic insult, occurring prior to gentamicin administration, enhanced gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Bilateral renal pedical clamp studies demonstrated that 15 minutes of ischemia did not increase the plasma creatinine yet markedly enhanced gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Further studies, in uninephrectomized rats, demonstrated that following fifteen minutes of renal ischemia and four hours of reperfusion inulin clearance, FE Na + and cellular morphology were normal. This model, therefore, was used in all subsequent studies. While the plasma creatinine concentrations were normal 24 hours following 15 minutes of ischemia and only slightly increased following gentamicin administration (100 mg/kg, i.p.) gentamicin administered four hours following 15 minutes of renal ischemia resulted in significantly increased 24-hour plasma creatinine values. Light microscopic quantitation of tissue injury, performed 24 hours following experimental manipulation, was notable for S3 segment damage in the ischemia plus gentamicin group. This was not observed in either the ischemia group or the sham operated gentamicin group. Cortical gentamicin levels were elevated in the ischemia plus gentamicin group, despite similar plasma gentamicin half-lives. However, the elevation in cortical gentamicin levels was dissociated from the enhanced nephrotoxicity seen following mild ischemic injury. Taken together these data indicate that mild renal ischemia, occurring prior to gentamicin administration, greatly enhanced gentamicin nephrotoxicity with the greatest damage occurring to S3 cells.
Salivary gland structure and function in experimental diabetes mellitus

While salivary secretion is not initiated by circulating hormones, there are significant endocrine influences on the development, structure and function of salivary glands. Experimental animal models of diabetes mellitus have been used to study all aspects of diabetic pathophysiology. There is now a considerable body of evidence demonstrating that the effects of diabetes on rodent salivary glands are related as much to the indirect consequences of insulin insufficiency on the circulating levels of other hormones, and autonomic nerve function, as to the direct actions of insulin. In addition to their exocrine functions, salivary glands also play an endocrine role. Rodent submandibular glands, in particular, are a rich source of biologically active polypeptides, which are synthesized in the granular ducts. Although many of these polypeptides are released into both the blood and the saliva, their physiological functions have yet to be fully explored. Nevertheless, the disruption of submandibular gland endocrine function has been postulated to contribute to the pathology observed in diabetic animals. Biomedical Reviews 1998; 9: 107-119.
Green initiatives in the lodging sector: Are properties putting their principles into practice?

Abstract There is growing recognition of the role of good environmental management practices on the part of both tourism providers and consumers. But to what extent is this recognition translated into practice in daily operations and activities? This research note assesses the correspondence between the perceived importance of environmental management techniques and the actual adoption of these same initiatives among lodging property owners and managers in the US state of Michigan. Results showed sometimes substantial differences between the perceived importance of environmental initiatives and their actual adoption or implementation. In other words, the 217 properties surveyed appear to be failing to put their principles into practice in the case of most of the environmental management techniques assessed. The findings suggest a potential need for increased education regarding the practicalities of implementing such techniques, as well as further investigation of the barriers currently preventing higher levels of adoption.
Structural and spectroscopic characterization of mononuclear copper(I) nitrosyl complexes: end-on versus side-on coordination of NO to copper(I).

Two crystal structures of the mononuclear copper(I)−nitrosyl complexes [Cu(L3)(NO)] (1) and [Cu(L3‘)(NO)](ClO4) (2) with the related coligands L3- (hydrotris(3-tert-butyl-5-isopropyl-1-pyrazolyl)borate) and L3‘ (tris(3-tert-butyl-5-isopropyl-1-pyrazolyl)methane) are presented. These compounds are then investigated in detail using a variety of spectroscopic methods. Vibrational spectra show ν(N−O) at 1698 cm-1 and ν(Cu−NO) split at 365/338 cm-1 for 1, which translates to force constants of 12.53 (N−O) and 1.31 mdyn/A (Cu−NO), respectively. The weak Cu−NO force constant is in agreement with the observed instability of the Cu−NO bond. Interestingly, complex 2 with the neutral coligand L3‘ shows a stronger N−O bond, evident from ν(N−O) at 1742 cm-1. This difference is attributed to a true second coordination sphere effect, where the covalency of the Cu(I)−NO bond is not altered. The EPR spectrum of 1 is in agreement with the Cu(I)−NO(radical) electronic structure of the complexes, as obtained from density fun...
Motion Planning of Lineclimber, a Robot for Inspection of Transmission Lines

This paper presents a new dual-arms robot called LineClimber, an inspection robot for transmission lines. This robot has a kind of new-type serial-parallel combination driven joint that combine parallel flexible-wire driven mode. The work mechanism of this robot is analyzed. Based on the procedure of crossing obstacles, five elemental work modes are planned. It provides new ideas for simplifying the design of robot control system.
The use of nanocrystals in biological detection

In the coming decade, the ability to sense and detect the state of biological systems and living organisms optically, electrically and magnetically will be radically transformed by developments in materials physics and chemistry. The emerging ability to control the patterns of matter on the nanometer length scale can be expected to lead to entirely new types of biological sensors. These new systems will be capable of sensing at the single-molecule level in living cells, and capable of parallel integration for detection of multiple signals, enabling a diversity of simultaneous experiments, as well as better crosschecks and controls.
Consumer's surplus and the value of travel time savings

Abstract The implications of evaluating travel time savings from changes in consumer's surplus derived from discrete choice models are examined, and this approach is related to and compared with the standard procedure based on time pricing.
Maturational changes in neuromodulation of central pathways underlying hypoxic ventilatory response

The neuromodulator systems mediating the central component of the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) during development are complex and diverse. The early component of the HVR is mediated through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors in the caudal brainstem. The intracellular downstream signal transductions of the NMDA receptors involve protein kinase C (PKC), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and tyrosine kinase (TK). Activation of NMDA receptors will also lead to activation of the early gene transcription factors including AP-1 (c-fos, c-jun) and NF-kappaB which may play a role in modulation of the subsequent response to hypoxia. NMDA receptors in the caudal brainstem play a critical role in the development of the HVR and increasing dependency on NMDA receptors emerges over time. Similarly, hypoxia-induced PKC, NOS and c-Fos activation in the caudal brainstem is relatively weak in the immature animals, but this activation increases with age and the strength of the response appears to increase concomitantly with the appearance of NMDA expression. Several neurotransmitters including adenosine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin and opioids are involved in the late component of the HVR. In addition, the late phase of the HVR is mediated in part through platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-beta receptors. PDGF-beta receptor activation is an important contributor of the hypoxic ventilatory depression at all postnatal ages, but its role is more critical in the developing animals. Maturation of these neuromodulators, especially the NMDA and PDGF-beta receptors-mediated pathways, occurs primarily during the early postnatal period. Perturbation of these developmental processes may result in short-term or sustained alterations to the HVR and may also affect neuronal survival during hypoxia.
Creep and Plastic Strains of 304 Stainless Steel at 593°C Under Step Stress Changes, Considering Aging

Nonlinear constitutive equations for varying stress histories are developed and used to predict the creep behavior of 304 stainless steel at 593°C (1100°F) under variable tension or torsion stresses including reloading, complete unloading, step-up, and step-down stress changes. The strain in the constitutive equations (a viscous-viscoelastic model) consists of: linear elastic, time-independent plastic, time-dependent-recoverable viscoelastic, and time-dependent-nonrecoverable viscous components. For variable stressing, the modified superposition principle, derived from the multiple integral representation, and the strain hardening theory were used to represent the recoverable and nonrecoverable components, respectively, of the time-dependent strain. Time-independent plastic strains were described by a flow rule of similar form to that for nonrecoverable, time-dependent strains. The material constants of the theory were determined from constant stress creep and creep recovery data. Considerable aging effects were found and the effects on the strain components were incorporated in each strain predicted by the theory. Some modifications of the theory for the viscoelastic strain component under step-down stress changes were made to improve the predictions. The final predictions combining the foregoing features made satisfactory agreements with the experimental creep data under step stress changes.
Artificial life as a tool for biological inquiry

Artificial life embraces those human-made systems that possess some of the key properties of natural life. We are specifically interested in artificial systems that serve as models of living system...
Quantitative analysis of changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis during preneoplastic and neoplastic stages of hepatocarcinogenesis in rat

In situ markers for quantitative analysis of cell proliferation and apoptotic cell death have been used to evaluate both the proliferation level and net growth potential of preneoplastic nodules and malignant tumor tissues from rats experimentally induced for hepatocarcinogenesis by the dietary administration of 2-acetylaminofluorene. The findings show that although tumors have a much higher level of cell proliferation than preneoplastic liver nodules, the nodules have a higher potential for net growth when apoptosis is taken into account. These results support a role for a decrease in apoptosis during the promotion stage of carcinogenesis.