cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation in Multiple Sclerosis With Busulfan and Cyclophosphamide Conditioning: Report of Toxicity and Immunological Monitoring

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease that may be amenable to high-dose immunosuppression with peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (SCT) in selected patients. Five MS patients (all women, ages 39-47 years) received granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) for stem cell mobilization, CD34 cell selection for T-cell depletion, a preparatory regimen of busulfan (1 mg/kg x 16 doses) and cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg), and antithymocyte globulin (10 mg/kg x 3 doses) at the time of stem cell infusion. Days required to recover absolute neutrophil count >500 were 12 to 14 and platelet count >20,000 were 17 to 58. Posttransplantation infectious complications in the first year after SCT occurred in 3 of 5 patients, and 1 patient died at day 22 after SCT from influenza A pneumonia. Neuropathologic study in this patient showed demyelinating plaques with surrounding macrophages but only rare T cells. In 2 patients, MS flared transiently with G-CSF. Magnetic resonance imaging gadolinium enhancement was present in 3 of 5 patients before transplantation and 0 of 4 after SCT. There were cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands at 1 year after SCT, similar to the pretransplantation assays. Sustained suppression of peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferative responses to myelin antigens occurred after SCT, but new responses to some myelin peptide fragments also developed after SCT. In 1 patient, enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays done 9 months after SCT showed a predominant T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine pattern. Neurological progression of 1 point on the extended disability status scale was seen in 1 patient 17 months after SCT. Another patient who was neurologically stable died abruptly 19 months after SCT from overwhelming S. pneumoniae sepsis. The remaining patients have had stable MS (follow-up, 18 and 30 months). In summary, our experience confirms the high-risk nature of this approach. Further studies and longer follow-up would be needed to determine the significance of new lymphocyte proliferative responses after SCT and the overall effect of this treatment on the natural history of MS.
Mental rotation abilities in language-disordered children

This study investigated the possibility that language-disordered children suffer a pervasive representational deficit. A mental rotation task was used to measure proficiency in visual imagery, one of the major nonlinguistic symbolic modes. Normal and language-disordered first and third graders (matched for sex and cognitive level) were asked to decide whether two geometric arrays were similarly ordered. Arrays were presented parallel or with the right hand array rotated about its center either 45 degrees, 90 degrees, or 135 degrees in the picture plane. A significant (p less than .001) linear relationship between degree of rotation and reaction time indicated that children in all groups were using imagistic processes. Language-disordered children did not differ from normal children in accuracy of judgment or require more training trials, but they did respond more slowly (p less than .02). These findings suggest an impairment of visual imagery and hence representational deficits which extend beyond language. Current evidence does not, however, indicate whether difficulties with nonverbal and verbal symbolic modes stem from a single source.
Superconducting BaPb1−xBixO3 ceramic films prepared by R.F. Sputtering

Abstract The BaPb 1− x Bi x O 3 perovskite solid solution compounds, where 0.05 ⩽ x ⩽0.30, have been shown to exhibit superconductivity with a maximum in critical temperature T c occuring at the x = 0.30 composition. To date these materials have only been prepared by solid state reaction techniques. At sputtering conditions where crystalline films were formed, an intense substrate re-sputtering effect was observed which essentially destroyed most of the films. The crystalline films that were retained showed no superconducting behavior above 4.2 K either as deposited or upon annealing. The amorphous films became metallic upon annealing, however, and in most cases superconducting. The superconducting transitions were investigated as a function of composition and annealing conditions. The maximum T c for our films was 13.3 K which is within 0.1 K of the value reported for bulk material. Materials which are insulating in the amorphous form and metallic when crystallized are of considerable interest. Some examples are known (antimony and Sb 2 Te 2 ) but these are the first such oxides. The implications of this amorphous- metallic transitions are discussed.
Transport phenomena aspects of the free-radical retrograde-precipitation polymerization (FRRPP) process

We have been studying free-radical polymerization that is accompanied by phase separation above the lower critical solution temperature. In the past, we have experimentally shown evidence of hot regions in the reactive system. We have also shown in the past that eventually the system exerts control over the rate of propagation as well as termination. In this work, we invoke a concept in polymer physics (the coil-to-globule transition) to help explain the mechanism of thermal trapping within the polymerization zones. The diffusivities of polymer chains at different stages in the reaction are calculated using appropriate methods. From the diffusivities, the propagation and termination rate coefficients are calculated using the Achilias-Kiparissides gel effect model. With experimental kinetic data, we then estimate rates of monomer consumption within polymer-rich particles. Using a pseudo-steady-state heat transfer model, we are able to show that interior temperatures of polymer-rich particle domains greater...
“Form” and “function” in Soviet Stage Romani: Modeling metapragmatics through performance institutions

A crucial division of linguistic labor is that among metalinguistic labors. Who is authorized to speak about language, how, and where? Language ideologies not only ascribe different functions to different languages; they also ascribe different sorts of metadiscourse to speakers of (or about) those languages. Drawing from archival and field work, this article traces the ways particular Soviet and post-Soviet institutions and actors modeled and regimented metapragmatic discourses, specifically through stage and screen practices and representations that hypercontextualized utterances in Romani. They became so hegemonic that, in public arenas, Romani speakers spoke only about nonreferential functions; only in less well broadcast contexts (and mainly with other Roma) did they articulate metalinguistic and metareferential discourses. These practices reverse and contrast with the mainstream metapragmatics of Russian. Language ideologies commonly rank codes and metadiscourses; this case illuminates not only that they do so, but also how they do so, and it suggests what their social effects may be.
An artist's studio: a metaphor for modularity and abstraction in a graphical diagramming environment

The paper describes a graphic editor in a visual diagramming environment. Its management tools permit heterogeneous users to work with large graphic diagrams. Modularization is provided using the metaphor of an artist's studio, complete with a gallery of compositions, and sketches. Visibility control mechanisms are proposed as a method to provide information hiding capabilities at various levels of granularity. Abstraction mechanisms are provided by syntactic, semantic and pragmatic zooming concepts, for controlling the level of various types of detail visible to the user. Structured naming is another abstraction mechanism, by which graphical references may be made to visual objects. The studio paradigm has been implemented on a pen computer using the PenPoint operating system, as a part of the Hyperflow visual programming environment. >
Mixing and Flow in Glass Tanks

Mixing influences that are effective during the flow of glass through continuous tanks are classified. Common experimental techniques for evaluating these influences are compared. A multi cell model is used to describe flow behavior in the absence of miring from transfer flow. Laminar transfer flow in a glass tank is evaluated by considering flow through an open channel with a vertical viscosity gradient. Recently published results describing flow through a container glass tank at relatively high pulls are best explained by secondary flows modifying the mixing effects from the variable velocity of laminar transfer flow through the tank.
Generalized finite element method for analyzing scattering from non-Lipschitzian domains

In this paper, we demonstrate the manner in which one can incorporate basis functions in vector generalized finite element method (GFEM). This method is used to analyze scattering from a wedge with varying angles and examine convergence of the proposed method. We compare the results obtained using this solver against classical FEM. Comparison with FEM with singular basis function is presented at the conference
Predicting mortality for five California conifers following wildfire

Abstract Fire injury was characterized and survival monitored for 5677 trees >25 cm DBH from five wildfires in California that occurred between 2000 and 2004. Logistic regression models for predicting the probability of mortality 5-years after fire were developed for incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin), white fir (Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.), sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Douglas), Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi Balf.), and ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa C. Lawson). Differences in crown injury variables were also compared for Jeffrey and ponderosa pine. Most mortality (70–88% depending on species) occurred within 2 years post-wildfire and had stabilized by year 3. Crown length and crown volume injury variables predicted tree mortality equally well; however, the variables were not interchangeable. Crown injury and cambium kill rating was significant in predicting mortality in all models. DBH was only a significant predictor of mortality for white fir and the combined ponderosa and Jeffrey pine models developed from the McNally Fire; these models all predicted increasing mortality with increasing tree size. Red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens) was a significant predictor variable for sugar pine, ponderosa pine, and Jeffrey pine; ambrosia beetle (Trypodendron and Gnathotrichus spp.) was a significant predictor variable for white fir. The mortality models and post-fire tree survival characteristics provide improved prediction of 5-year post-wildfire tree mortality for several California conifers. The models confirm the overall importance of crown injury in predicting post-fire mortality compared to other injury variables for all species. Additional variables such as cambium kill, bark beetles, and tree size improved model accuracies, but likely not enough to justify the added expense of data collection.
Democratic Action Research (DARE) and Large Scale Simulations: Teaching Political Literacy and Civic Engagement at Pace University's Presidential Convention 2004

The last vote was counted in the 2004 presidential election and old debates began anew about the causes of low turnout of those between the ages of 18 and 24. Despite an unprecedented amount of time and effort spent on turning out the youth vote, the data suggest that only about half of the eligible voters between the ages of 18 and 24 cast a vote for president. The good news is that, indeed, this year's figures reverse a downward trend in voter turnout amongst the youth; the bad news is that every age bracket increased in voting and youth voting still lagged behind other age groups by significant margins. Scholars have once again cited evidence of political apathy and alienation among young people; they have referred to studies that reveal widespread ignorance of American politics and history in our nation's high schools and colleges. Dire predictions will continue about the bleak future of American democracy due to the ostensible lack of knowledge and interest in the American political system among our newest voters. Despite studies showing increases in volunteerism, service, and civic engagement, the low voter turnout will dominate the debate about civic education.The authors would like to thank David A. Caputo, president of Pace University, for funding PC2004.
Students' R]eactions to Teachers' E]valuations: The Unique Impact of Negative Feedback1

This study attempts to identify some of the processes mediating self-fulfilling prophecies in the classroom. Specifically, we hypothesized that negative feedback conveyed by teachers would influence students' p]erceptions of how the teacher viewed their success/failure, effort, ability and task difficulty more than positive feedback. In response to college students' s]core on an anagrams test, a (confederate) teacher expressed either positive, negative or no evaluative feedback. Questionnaires assessed students' s]elf-perceptions and perceptions of the teacher's evaluations of them. Consistent with our hypotheses, negative feedback was seen as a more credible indicator of the teacher's evaluation than positive feedback. Furthermore, negative feedback led students to believe that the teacher held an extremely unfavorable but inaccurate impression of their effort and ability and that the teacher underestimated the difficulty of the task. There were few differences between the effects of positive feedback and no feedback, and there were no significant effects on self-perceptions. These findings suggest new insights into negativity effects in evaluations and into the mechanisms underlying self-fulfilling prophecies.
Response to Heppner, Witty, and Dixon Inspiring and High-Level Scholarship That Can Change People's Lives

This reaction evaluates Heppner and his colleagues' extensive research program on problem-solving appraisal. The research program is assessed as inspiring, high-level scholarship and a unique contribution to counseling psychology. The theoretical foundations of the Problem Solving Inventory (PSI) and the strength of the data are very impressive and significant. This article makes recommendations on reporting the PSI diversity data, the need for research on gender role variables, and the clinical and programmatic uses of the PSI. The author believes problem-solving appraisal is uniquely qualified to promote primary prevention and makes suggestions to promote future research and make problem-solving appraisal available to the general public.
Bleeding after medication-induced termination of pregnancy with two dosing schedules of mifepristone and misoprostol

Abstract Objective This study examines bleeding pattern following medication-induced termination of pregnancy, comparing two different dosing schedules of mifepristone and misoprostol. Study Design Diary information was analyzed from a randomized, multicenter trial in which women used vaginal misoprostol 800 μg either 6–8 or 24 h following 200 mg of oral mifepristone. Participants and Methods One thousand eighty women with pregnancies up to 63 days' gestation were recruited for the study; 540 were randomized to the 6- to 8-h dosing schedule, and 540 were randomized to the 24-h dosing schedule. Subjects recorded daily bleeding in a diary over 5 weeks. Results Total duration of bleeding ranged from 1 to 54 days, with a median of 7 days. Duration of spotting ranged from 1 to 80 days, with a median of 5 and 6 days (NS) in each of the two groups. Neither duration of bleeding nor duration of spotting were related to interval between mifepristone and misoprostol. Bleeding and spotting durations were not correlated with maternal age or smoking. Increased gestational age was correlated with longer bleeding and spotting times. Nulliparity was associated with longer bleeding time. Conclusion Varying the interval between mifepristone and misoprostol in medication abortion does not affect duration or quantity of bleeding.
Bremmer series, R-matrix propagation algorithm, and numerical modeling of diffraction gratings

The connection between the Bremmer (reflection) series method and the R-matrix propagation method for modeling diffraction gratings is revealed. Both methods have been previously demonstrated to be immune from the problem of loss of significant digits caused by the growing and decaying exponential functions. It is mathematically proved that under certain conditions these two methods are formally equivalent. Consequently, the validity of the Bremmer series as a solution of Maxwell’s equation to the grating problem is established. Comparisons are also made between the Bremmer series method and the R-matrix propagation method in terms of their physical interpretations, algorithmic structures, numerical stabilities, and ranges of applicability.
Design and analysis of adhesively bonded thick composite patch repair of corrosion grind-out and cracks on 2024 T3 clad aluminum aging aircraft structures

Abstract Many military and commercial aging aircrafts flying beyond their design life may experience severe crack and corrosion damage, and thus lead to catastrophic failures. In this paper, the design, fabrication and analysis of adhesively bonded thick composite patch repair of circular corrosion grind-out and a crack propagating on the periphery of the corrosion grind-out on thick 2024 T3 clad aluminum aircraft panel is presented. Thick orthogonal composite patch configurations of 7–25 plies were designed separately for crack and corrosion grind-out using CRAS. Using the principles of superimposition a single patch was designed to repair both the crack and corrosion grind-out. Finite element analysis (FEA) was performed on the test specimen subjected to uniaxial tensile loading. Stress distribution and displacements were obtained and analyzed. Dog-bone shaped tensile test panels were fabricated with damage and repaired with boron/epoxy patch of 11 plies. The patched and unpatched panels were subjected to tensile tests. The experimental and the FEA results show that the maximum skin stress decreases significantly and shifted away from damaged area after the application of composite patch. The load carrying capacity of patched specimen significantly increased over that for unpatched specimen.
The Prevalence of Sexual Violence in Prison: The State of the Knowledge Base and Implications for Evidence-Based Correctional Policy Making

The issue of prison violence and misconduct has been the subject of considerable academic attention, yet particularized areas of violent victimization within prisons have gone relatively unnoticed. One such area involves sexual violence in prisons. Scholars have argued that sexual violence contributes to a host of institutional and individual-level problems, yet the primary limitation of this body of literature is that it has been largely confined to methodologically questionable studies of prison rape prevalence. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to critically take stock of what is and what is not currently known about the prevalence of prison sexual violence. In doing so, it highlights the direction that future research should take so that evidence-based policies concerning prison sexual violence may be developed.
Therapeutic potential of new B cell-targeted agents in the treatment of elderly and unfit patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most common adult leukemia in the Western world, is primarily a disease of the elderly, with most patients ≥65 years of age and having at least one major comorbidity. Aggressive chemoimmunotherapy regimens recommended to achieve remission and improve survival in young, fit patients are often poorly tolerated in elderly and/or less physiologically fit (“unfit”) patients, necessitating alternative treatment options. Although patient age, fitness, and comorbidities are key considerations in the selection of a treatment regimen, historically, clinical trials have been limited to young, fit patients by virtue of the ethical concerns associated with potential end organ toxic effects that could worsen comorbidities. However, the availability of new therapies promises a shift to a research paradigm that encompasses the identification of optimal treatments for elderly and unfit patients. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy, which overall has improved response rates and survival in patients with CLL, has only recently been evaluated elderly and unfit patients. B cell-targeted agents such as the Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor idelalisib are the first of a new generation of oral agents for CLL. Available clinical data suggest that these therapies have the potential to address the unmet need in elderly and unfit patients with CLL and result in clinical remission, and not merely symptom palliation and improved quality of life, which, by themselves, are also a reasonable goal.
SO EASILY ASSIMILATED: THE NEW IMMIGRANT CHIC

Last year, a friend drew my attention to the lyrics of a famous song in Leonard Bernstein’s Candide, the composer’s first attempt in 1956 to write the “Great American Opera.” The song, “I Am Easily Assimilated,” remains one of the best-loved musical numbers from the play and includes the following lines: My father came from Rovno Gubernya.But now I’m here, I’m dancing a tango….My father spoke a High Middle Polish.In one half-hour I’m talking in Spanish:Por favor! Toreador!I am easily assimilated.I am so easily assimilated. The irreverent lyrics are often credited to Bernstein himself and refer to the biography of his father, Sam, who immigrated to America from the province (gubernya) of Rovno. This Jewish tango exhibits a musical pastiche of Hispanic and Klezmer traditions in its instrumentation and displays a manic shift from Russian to English to Spanish that mirrors the composer’s playful notation that it be played “Moderato Hassidicamente.” The song is both a parody of and a monument to the assimilatory spirit. My friend, however, thought I would be interested in the song because my last name is Rovner; he expected that I would want to track down Bernstein’s reference to the area, Rovno, that lent my family its patronymic.
Safety Signals Using Proportional Reporting Ratios from Company and Regulatory Authority Databases

Databases held by regulatory agencies and by pharmaceutical companies may be used to detect safety signals. We compared the utility of a company safety database with those from two large regulatory authority databases in assessing potential safety signals in order to understand how the different sources may be used. Proportional reporting ratios (PRRs) were calculated from the company database for historical events that had led to changes in prescribing information (PI) and were compared to PRRs calculated in external databases (the US Food and Drug Administration Freedom of Information database and the UK Adverse Drug Reactions On-line Information Tracking database). For most events there was agreement between all of the databases. For some selected historical events we have shown that if a company database is large enough and a wide range of therapeutic areas is covered then there is insignificant difference between PRRs calculated from the company database and larger external databases.
Performance Characteristics of Different Modalities for Diagnosis of Suspected Lung Cancer*: Summary of Published Evidence

Study objectives: To determine the test performance characteristics of various modalities for the diagnosis of suspected lung cancer. Design, setting, and participants: A systematic search of MEDLINE, HealthStar, and Cochrane Library databases to July 2001 and print bibliographies was performed to identify studies comparing the results of sputum cytology, bronchoscopy, transthoracic needle aspirate (TTNA), or biopsy with histologic reference standard diagnoses among at least 50 patients with suspected lung cancer. Measurement and results: For sputum cytology, the pooled specificity was 0.99 and the pooled sensitivity was 0.66, but sensitivity was higher for central lesions than for peripheral lesions (0.71 vs 0.49, respectively). Studies on bronchoscopic procedures provided data only on diagnostic yield (sensitivity). The diagnosis of endobronchial disease by bronchoscopy in 30 studies showed the highest sensitivity for endobronchial biopsy (0.74), followed by cytobrushing (0.59) and washing (0.48). The sensitivity for all modalities combined was 0.88. Thirty studies reported on peripheral lesions. Cytobrushing demonstrated the highest sensitivity (0.52), followed by transbronchial biopsy (0.46) and BAL/washing (0.43). The overall sensitivity for all modalities was 0.69. Peripheral lesions 2 cm in diameter showed sensitivities of 0.33 and 0.62, respectively. Updating a previous meta-analysis with 19 studies revealed a pooled sensitivity of 0.90 for TTNA. A trend toward lower sensitivity was noted for lesions that were < 2c m in diameter. The accuracy in differentiating between small cell and non-small cell cytology for the various diagnostic modalities was 0.98, with individual studies ranging from 0.94 to 1.0. The average false-positive and false-negative rates were 0.09 and 0.02, respectively. Conclusions: The sensitivity of bronchoscopy is high for endobronchial disease and poor for peripheral lesions that are < 2 cm in diameter. The sensitivity of TTNA is excellent for malignant disease. The distinction between small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer by cytology appears to be accurate. (CHEST 2003; 123:115S–128S)
Mechanism of Barbituric-acid Protection Against Inhibition by Alloxan of Glucose-induced Insulin Release

Isolated rat islets were maintained in a simple static incubation system and were exposed to alloxan for a period of five minutes. Alloxan inhibited subsequent glucose-induced insulin release in a dose-dependent manner at 37 degrees C., with 650 muM alloxan producing 94 per cent inhibition of insulin release. Barbituric acid, a compound structurally related to alloxan, provided complete protection (at 37 degrees C.) against this inhibition of insulin release when present during the alloxan exposure. At 23 degrees C., barbituric acid was shown to be absent from the intracellular space of the islet yet still protected completely against alloxan inhibition of insulin release. Thus, barbituric acid apparently provided protection against alloxan in the extracellular medium. By fluorometric and chromatographic analyses, it was determined that barbituric acid reacted rapidly with alloxan to produce a new compound. These findings indicate that barbituric acid protected against alloxan by a chemical reaction in the medium.
The Aura of Projected Personal Futures A Neglected Aspect of Major Life Decisions

This article introduces the concept of the aura to account for a manner in which decision processes are mediated by personality. The concept, developed on the basis of a life-historical investigation of major life decisions, refers to characterologically determined thematic trends in both the images and narratives produced by a subject reflecting on possible personal futures. Depending on the extent to which auras are operative in major life decisions, rationalistic models of decision making proposed in "cognitive" approaches would seem to be of limited value.
Choosing who will be disabled: genetic intervention and the morality of inclusion.

The Nobel prize-winning molecular biologist Walter Gilbert described the mapping and sequencing of the human genome as “the grail of molecular biology.” The implication, endorsed by enthusiasts for the new genetics, is that possessing a comprehensive knowledge of human genetics, like possessing the Holy Grail, will give us miraculous powers to heal the sick, and to reduce human suffering and disabilities. Indeed, the rhetoric invoked to garner public support for the Human Genome Project appears to appeal to the best of the Western tradition's enthusiasm for progress: the idea of improving human lives through the practical application of scientific knowledge.
Residues and considerations for use of pharmaceutics in the performance horse.

Concern for the use and possible abuse of drugs and medications in horses participating in athletic competitions has prompted regulatory authorities to implement drug-testing programs. The fair and appropriate administration of these programs, however, can be difficult and complex for the regulatory agencies implementing the programs and for the laboratories carrying out the testing. A good drug-testing program should help regulatory authorities differentiate drugs of abuse, pharmacologically-significant concentrations of prohibited medications, residues of prohibited medications, permitted medications, and environmental contaminants. The adoption of decision or threshold concentrations for residues of prohibited medications will allow laboratories to focus their efforts on drugs of abuse in the performance horse industry and to permit veterinarians to provide appropriate medical care to these equine athletes.
Municipalities and the Institutionalization of Market-Based Governance: Nested Holons within the Institutional Environment of the State

Local governments walk a fine line between the traditional values of financial stewardship and accountability and those related to entrepreneurialism and profitability. Recent decades have seen an increase in the adoption of contracting-out, the implementation of service fees, the development of public authorities, and other non-traditional revenue strategies that are often referred to as market-based governance policies. Although these non-traditional practices have not been widely discussed in relation to one another, they are all underscored by a spirit of business-like efficiency, responsiveness, and cost-saving that has traditionally been associated with the private sector. This research empirically assesses the adoption of market based governance policies and hypothesizes that policymakers are more likely to adopt these policies than the politically charged alternative of tax increases. The adoption decision is mediated by the institutional environment of both state and local fiscal conditions, stakeholder influences and administrative capacities. A multilevel ordered logit is used to determine which factors influence the adoption of the several policy options.
Quantifying the Value of Collecting: Implications for Financial Advisers

This paper documents the extent to which collectors—specifically, those owning collectible classic US postage stamps—experience an opportunity cost associated with expenditures on their collection. Results show, based on stamp price, S&P 500, bond, and T-bill rate data over the period 1969 through 2013, that collectible stamps tend to underperform stocks and bonds on a risk-adjusted basis. Using estimates based on the Modigliani measure (M2), it was determined that collectors incur an opportunity cost when selecting collectible stamps over more traditional investments. However, it is known that collecting as a hobby provides sociological and psychological benefits. This paper adds to the literature by illustrating how collecting also provides psychic return benefits that can be valued similarly to investment returns. In this study, the foregone return rate of stamp collecting for those who allocate a significant percent of available resources to their collection equates to between 3 and 13 % on an annual basis.
The Toxic Effect of Certain Acids Upon Typhoid and Colon bacilli in Relation to the Degree of Their Dissociation

The researches of the physical chemists, under the leadership of Arrhenius and Nernst, have shown that certain substances in aqueous solution become dissociated or broken up into electrically charged part-molecules (atoms or groups of atoms), which are called ions. The extent to which this occurs varies with different substances and is greatest in the most dilute solutions. With strong acids and bases, and their salts, it is practically complete at a strength of o.ooi normal. With such solutions it is evident that any effect, chemical or physiological, which they exert, must be due to the dissociated ions. The properties of a dilute solution of sodium chloride are the properties of sodium and chlorine ions, and the properties of hydrochloric acid, of hydrogen and chlorine ions. By the comparison of a series of properly selected compounds it is easy to determine the specific influence of each ion. The study of the toxic action of various substances in the light of these facts promises to be of great assistance in the development of a rational theory of disinfection. The first definite statement of the relation between dissociation
Ella’s bloody eagle: Sharon Turner’s History of the Anglo-Saxons and Anglo-Saxon history

This essay, inflected by the psychoanalytic research of Abraham and Torok and the sociopolitical implications of their work on transgenerational haunting, examines Sharon Turner’s History of the Anglo-Saxons as a crypt into which the unmourned losses and unacknowledged traumas of British colonialism are deposited. It argues that Turner, a historian inspired by the Old Norse poem Krakumal and driven by imperialist ideology, is haunted by a restless colonial ‘other.’ Its encrypted form stirs about the pages of his History, making ‘incomprehensible signals.’ Turner narrativizes these signals as the blood-eagle, ‘a cruel and inhuman retaliation’ that rips apart Ella’s body and tears out his lungs so that his Northumbrian kingdom might be conquered and colonized. Turner, terrified by the ghostly sounds that emerge from his narrative voice, buries Ella’s blood-eagled body within his History, which becomes a crypt across which Ella strays. This essay suggests that Turner, an ambiguous ‘father’ of Anglo-Saxon studies, has transmitted Ella’s blood eagle, an encrypted specter of empire, to his ‘children.’ It contextualizes scholarly quotes regarding the blood eagle within the setting of late-twentieth century decolonization, arguing that scholars return to the blood eagle and ‘act out’ the trauma that Turner has passed on to them to try and heal the hidden wounds of colonialism. This essay discusses Turner in order to ask what twenty-first century future has been and might be imagined for Anglo-Saxon history from over two centuries of wrestling with these encrypted ghosts of empire.
Isolation and characterization of two endoxylanases from Fusarium graminearum.

This paper reports the first isolation from cultures of two endoxylanases secreted by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [teleomorph Gibberella zeae (Schweinitz) Petch]. When F. graminearum is grown on wheat bran hydrated with a modified synthetic medium, high xylanase activity can be extracted. The two endoxylanases were identified by LC-MS/MS as the products of genes FGSG_6445 (Genbank gene id 2788192) (xylanase 1) and FGSG_3624 (GenBank accession no. AJ863566) (xylanase 2) with 61 and 51% sequence coverage, respectively. Both enzymes showed a pH optimum at pH 6, with xylanase 1 exhibiting a wider active pH range (5.5–9) than xlylanase 2 (5.5–7.5). Their temperature dependences were similar, >60% between 35 and 60 °C, with optimal temperatures of 45 °C for xylanase 1 and 50 °C for xylanase 2. Kinetic studies found that both enzymes had a lower Km for linear beachwood xylan than arabinoxylan. For xylanase 2, the Vmax increased with arabinoxylan, but decreased for xylanase 1.
MO-D-BRC-01: Memorial Lecture

Treatment planning is a central part of radiation therapy, including delineation in tumor volumes and critical organs, setting treatment goals of prescription doses to the tumor targets and tolerance doses to the critical organs, and finally generation of treatment plans to meet the treatment goals. National groups like RTOG have led the effort to standardize treatment goals of the prescription doses to the tumor targets and tolerance doses to the critical organs based on accumulated knowledge from decades of abundant clinical trial experience. The challenge for each clinical department is how to achieve or surpass these set goals within the time constraints of clinical practice. Using fifteen testing cases from different treatment sites such as head and neck, prostate with and without pelvic lymph nodes, SBRT spine, we will present clinically utility of advanced planning tools, including knowledge based, automatic based, and multiple criteria based tools that are clinically implemented. The objectives of this session are: 1.Understand differences among these three advanced planning tools 2.Provide clinical assessments on the utility of the advanced planning tools 3.Discuss clinical challenges of treatment planning with large variations in tumor volumes and their relationships with adjacent critical organs. Ping Xia received research grant from Philips. Jackie Wu received research grant from Varian; P. Xia, Research support by Philips and Varian; Q. Wu, NIH, Varian Medical
Laboratory Directed Research and Development at Sandia National Laboratories, March/April 2016

This is a one-page article that features research projects going on at Sandia National Laboratories during March and April 2016.
Social Psychology: Research Methods

Research methods in social psychology involve the collection of empirical data to evaluate theories about social behavior. Traditionally data have been collected using experimental designs in which participants are randomly assigned to levels of independent variables and their effects on dependent variables are observed. Such procedures maximize internal validity (i.e., the ability to reach causal conclusions) while sometimes compromising external validity (i.e., the ability to generalize) and construct validity (i.e., the quality of measurement of the theoretical constructs of interest). Other sorts of research designs (e.g., quasi-experiments and correlational field studies) are increasingly used to address the shortcoming of laboratory experimental methods. Analytic procedures have traditionally involved the analysis of variance, but increasingly a more flexible approach relying on procedures such as structural equation modeling and hierarchical linear models are being employed. Ultimately, theoretical conclusions depend on the triangulation of converging results across multiple methods of data collection and analysis.
The German Energiewende in a European Context

German energy and climate policies are influenced, supported, and constrained by neighboring states and the European Union (EU). There is a fairly stable consensus in Europe about the importance of a low-carbon energy transition and in expanding renewable energy production. As Germany is Europe’s economic powerhouse, no energy transition in Europe is possible if Germany does not succeed in its own transition. The challenge for Germany and Europe is in providing the right incentives and structures to propel their energy transitions. The transformations will require not only technological innovations and engineering solutions, but also an appropriate policy framework and public understanding and acceptance. The challenge is complicated by the different energy endowments, economic levels, industrial interests, and political coalitions in the different member states.
Moderate Temperature Curing of Plant Oils with Bismaleimides via the Ene Reaction

Both soybean oil and linseed oil were cured in bulk with 1,1′-(methylene-di-1,4-phenylene)bismaleimide (MDA-BMI) and oligomeric bismaleimides (BMI-1700 and BMI-3000) at 150 °C for 45 min to yield bio-based thermoset polymers. 1H NMR spectroscopic characterization of a model reaction between soybean oil and N-phenylmaleimide confirmed that the products were formed only by an ene reaction. The curing reactions of bismaleimdes with soybean and linseed oils occurred in the absence of solvent and without added catalyst to produce cross-linked materials. Differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated that curing with MDA-BMI begins at 150 °C when the bismaleimide starts to melt, with maximum curing at 179 °C. The 5% weight loss decomposition temperature of the cross-linked thermosets, determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), varied with the cross-linkers used, according to the following order: BMI-3000 > BMI-1700 > MDA-BMI. Glass fiber-reinforced composites with 45 wt % glass fibers were prepared by curi...
An Open Access Source for the Study of Religion and the Law: The Proceedings of the Old Bailey: London's Central Criminal Court 1674-1913

The work of theological librarians is in a state of rapid flux as collections of digitized texts become more widely available, and as theological education continues to shift from paper to a more electronic research environment. /The Proceedings of the/ /Old Bailey, London 1674-1913 /is a rich collection of court records, now freely available on the World Wide Web (http://www.oldbaileyonline.org.uk/ ). The study of a small, but meaningful selection of texts from the /OBP/ shows how theological librarians can use this resource to advance the conversation between religion and law. Five examples are offered to indicate how this might be done.
STEM-05GPR133 IS ENRICHED IN GLIOBLASTOMA STEM CELLS AND REGULATES THE RESPONSE TO HYPOXIA

Intratumoral heterogeneity in glioblastoma (GBM) is exemplified by the diversity of tumor microenvironments, which include normoxic hypervascular areas and necrotic regions, which are considered hypoxic. GBM stem cells (GSCs) play a central role in tumor growth and therapy resistance. How GSCs adapt to diverse GBM microenvironments remains an important and unanswered question. We recently discovered that CD133-expressing GSCs are metabolically adept at expanding in hypoxic conditions and do not require Notch signaling for their self-renewal. Transcriptional analysis indicated that CD133+ GSCs have 17.8 ± 8.8-fold enriched expression of GPR133 (n = 3 biospecimens), a member of the adhesion family of G protein-coupled receptors. Immunostaining with GPR133 antibody revealed that GPR133 expression is restricted to hypoxic regions within GBM tumors (12/12 GBM biospecimens) and not present in normal brain. We observed that GPR133 mRNA expression correlates with hypoxia-induced transcripts, such as CA9 and VEFGA (n = 3 primary cultures). To test the hypothesis that GPR133 expression is regulated by oxygen tension, we subjected GBM cultures to 1% O2 in vitro and found that GPR133 transcript was consistently upregulated (n = 5 cultures). To examine whether GPR133 is important for GSC self-renewal, we tested the effect of shRNA-mediated knockdown on in vitro tumorsphere formation ability. GPR133 knockdown depleted CD133+ GSCs and inhibited tumorsphere formation under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions (p < 0.05). GPR133 knockdown also reduced in vivo tumorigenicity and increased survival of implanted mice (n = 3). Using colorimetric assays, we found that CD133+ GSCs have 26.2 ± 12.53% higher cAMP levels compared to CD133- GBM cells (n = 3) and that GPR133 knockdown downregulated cAMP levels to 47.25 ± 27.27% of scramble control (n = 3), suggesting that GPR133 signals through activation of adenylate cyclase and cAMP elevation.
Biomechanical evaluation of knee endpoint during anterior tibial loading: Implication for physical exams

Abstract Background Physical exams that apply anterior tibial loads are typically used to evaluate knees with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. The amount of anterior tibial translation that occurs during these exams can be difficult to assess due to a “soft” endpoint. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the biomechanical characteristics of the endpoint for the intact and ACL deficient knee using quantitative criteria. Methods Eight porcine knees were tested using a robotic testing system. An 89 N anterior tibial load was applied to the intact and ACL deficient knee at 30°, 45°, 60° and 75° of flexion. The stiffness of the toe and linear regions was determined from the load–translation curve. The width of the transition region was defined by the distance between the points where the best-fit lines used to define the stiffness of the toe and linear regions diverged from the load–translation curve. Results Stiffness of the toe and linear regions significantly decreased after transecting the ACL at all flexion angles (71–85% and 38–62%, respectively). Width of the transition region was significantly increased in the ACL deficient knee at all flexion angles (approximately four to five times and four to nine times, respectively). Conclusions The novel quantitative criteria developed in this study have the potential to be deployed in clinical practice by coupling them with data from knee arthrometers that are commonly used in clinical practice. Thus, additional information from the load–translation curve can be provided to improve the diagnosis of ACL injury.
What Does Lesion Blood Flow Tell Us About Risk Stratification and Successful Management of Non-variceal UGI Bleeding?

There has been a decline in mortality associated with upper gastrointestinal (UGI) hemorrhage as the use of urgent endoscopy has increased. This review will examine endoscopic risk stratification of non-variceal UGI bleeding (e.g., ulcers, Dieulafoy lesions, and Mallory-Weiss tears), including the use of the Doppler endoscopic probe (DEP). Prospective studies evaluating the use of DEP in non-variceal UGI hemorrhage showed that lesions with high-risk stigmata of recent hemorrhage (SRH) have a higher rate of a positive DEP signal compared to those with intermediate-risk SRH. Additionally, lesions with a persistently positive DEP signal after endoscopic hemostasis were seen with high-risk SRH and had a higher 30-day rebleeding rate. Residual arterial blood flow underneath ulcers is a significant risk factor for rebleeding. However, if more endoscopic treatment is applied, clinical outcomes for patients with severe non-variceal UGI hemorrhage are improved, as documented by a recent CURE Hemostasis randomized controlled trial (RCT).
The use of antibiotics in open fractures

The use of the term "prophylactic antibiotics" is probably not appropriate because we are in fact treating contaminated wounds. Only broad spectrum antibiotics that can be expected to be effective against coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus should be selected for antibiotic therapy in open fractures. We have found cephalothin-cephalexin therapy to be effective in significantly reducing the infection rate. However, the final selection of antibiotic treatment should be determined by the previous experience of organisms isolated and sensitivity studies done from open fracture wounds in each institution. These organisms will vary from hospital to hospital.
User Behavior Anomaly Detection for Application Layer DDoS Attacks

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are a popular and inexpensive form of cyber attacks. Application layer DDoS attacks utilize legitimate application layer requests to overwhelm a web server. These attacks are a major threat to Internet applications and web services. The main goal of these attacks is to make the services unavailable to legitimate users by overwhelming the resources on a web server. They look valid in connection and protocol characteristics, which makes them difficult to detect. In this paper, we propose a detection method for the application layer DDoS attacks, which is based on user behavior anomaly detection. We extract instances of user behaviors requesting resources from HTTP web server logs. We apply the Principle Component Analysis (PCA) subspace anomaly detection method for the detection of anomalous behavior instances. Web server logs from a web server hosting a student resource portal were collected as experimental data. We also generated nine different HTTP DDoS attacks through penetration testing. Our performance results on the collected data show that using PCAsubspace anomaly detection on user behavior data can detect application layer DDoS attacks, even if they are trying to mimic a normal user’s behavior at some level.