cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Believing is Seeing: George Eliot’s Past Effects

When George Henry Lewes was hard at work on The Physiology of Common Life (1859), coining terms like ‘stream of consciousness’ (often attributed erroneously to William James in his Principles of Psychology of 1890), his partner George Eliot was busy in another room in the house they shared at Holly Lodge, Wimbledon, writing The Mill on the Floss (I860).2 Or at least she was trying to write: Eliot encountered enormous difficulty, if not a veritable crisis, in beginning this ambitious, more autobiographical new work after the success of Adam Bede (1859) and at the very moment when her identity as a woman (and, more to the point, as the other ‘Mrs Lewes’) seemed about to become public. Indeed, the text she was writing in her room at Holly Lodge in early 1859 was more likely to have been the one she turned to in anguish instead, a dark fantasy, The Lifted Veil (1859). This chapter will show how this text, a seeming outlier in the Eliot canon, comes into sharper focus when read as a cautionary tale about the effects of not being attuned to the generative potential of habit explored in Chapter 1 a warning to readers that was indeed born of painful personal experience for Eliot and that reverberated in her writing through the rest of her career, including such major works as Daniel Deronda (1876), Eliot’s last completed novel and the only one she set in the contemporary Victorian present. It constitutes an instance of what Foucault called ‘straying afield’ of oneself, an effect of the passion for knowledge that is less an accumulation than a transformation.
Optimizing Safety of Iliac Bone Harvest Using an Acumed Drill: A Simulated Radiographic Study of 100 Patients.

Objective: To determine the potential risk of visceral injury during Acumed drill iliac crest cancellous bone graft harvest. Design: Radiographic iliac crest anatomic analysis with simulated drill course to measure cancellous bone available for harvest and proximity of vulnerable pelvic structures. Setting: Single institution, tertiary care university hospital. Patients and Participants: One hundred pelvic computed tomography scans performed on children 8 to 12 years old without traumatic or neoplastic pathology. Interventions: Radiographic simulation of Acumed drill course within iliac bone. Main Outcome Measures: (1) Potential for pelvic visceral injury. (2) Volume of cancellous bone safely available for harvest. Results: Superior and medial cortical thickness at the reference point remained stable across age groups; however, lateral cortical thickness increased with age (3.13 to 3.74 mm, P < .001). Cancellous bone width increased with age at all depths measured (P < .001). Through radiographic s...
Six-Month Market Exclusivity Extensions To Promote Research Offer Substantial Returns For Many Drug Makers

To incentivize pharmaceutical manufacturers to invest in areas of unmet medical need, policy makers frequently propose extending the market exclusivity period of desired drugs. Some such proposals ...
Frequency output MEMS resonator on membrane pressure sensors

This paper reports implementation and characterization of MEMS pressure sensors comprised of a thin silicon membrane coupled to a thermal-piezoresistive resonator. Membrane deflections due to pressure difference across the membrane slightly deform the piezoresistive beam on the resonator, changing its stiffness and consequently its resonance frequency. The pressure sensor can be used in different media without perturbing the resonator operation due to the isolation provided between the membrane and the resonator body. Sensitivities as high as 10ppm/Torr have been demonstrated for such devices.
Learning-Related Values in Young Children’s Storybooks: An Investigation in the United States, China, and Mexico:

This research examined the prevalence of learning-related values in children’s storybooks in the United States, China, and Mexico. Storybooks (N = 157) were randomly selected from government-recommended booklists in each country. Trained coders assessed the prevalence of learning-related beliefs (e.g., malleability of ability), motivated cognitions (e.g., achievement orientation), and behaviors (e.g., effort) in the storybooks. A set of MANOVAs revealed that Chinese (vs. American and Mexican) storybooks contained more instances of learning-related beliefs and behaviors. For example, Chinese storybooks included more instances of achievement-related goals and behaviors, relative to storybooks in the United States and Mexico. With the exception of achievement goals and helplessness, the prevalence of learning-related qualities was largely similar in the United States and Mexico.
A safe and effective multi-day colonoscopy bowel preparation for individuals with spinal cord injuries.

Context/Objective: Colonoscopy with polypectomy is associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), but poor bowel cleansing limits the diagnostic yield of the procedure. Patients with sp...
Knowledge, Monitoring, and Beliefs: A Comparative Analysis among Preservice Teachers from Three Different STEM-focused Programs

In the current study, we investigated how preservice teachers (N = 242) from three different teacher-training programs with a STEM focus, namely the Elementary Education (ELM), Science Education, and Mathematics Education, compare with respect to science content knowledge, metacognitive monitoring, and their belief system. Findings revealed that the ELM preservice teachers reported higher levels of science reformed beliefs (e.g., constructivist instruction), but low science content knowledge and teaching efficacy beliefs. Alternatively, Science Education students exhibited the highest levels of content knowledge, accurate monitoring, and higher teaching efficacy beliefs. Implications for teacher education programs with a STEM training focus are discussed.
Visualizing glycans on single cells and tissues–Visualizing glycans on single cells and tissues

Metabolic oligosaccharide engineering and chemoenzymatic glycan labeling have provided powerful tools to study glycans in living systems and tissue samples. In this review article, we summarize recent advances in this field with a focus on innovative approaches for glycan imaging. The presented applications demonstrate that several of the leading imaging methods, which have revolutionized quantitative cell biology, can be adapted to imaging glycans on single cells and tissues.
Case 1: Hypertension in a 10-year-old Girl

1. Alvin Chan, MD, MPH* 2. Eleonore Kiresich, MD* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA A 10-year-old previously healthy girl presents to the emergency department with 1 day of acute abdominal pain. She has not had any nausea, emesis, weight loss, or change in bowel movements. On physical examination her vital signs are normal, except for a blood pressure of 178/122 mm Hg. Physical examination is notable for a well-appearing child with right lower quadrant tenderness and 3 cafe au lait lesions on the abdomen but is otherwise negative for abnormal neurologic, cardiac, or respiratory findings. Initial evaluation reveals leukocytosis with neutrophil predominance, normal serum electrolytes, and normal urinalysis. Abdominal ultrasonography shows a dilated and hyperemic appendix and right hydrouteronephrosis. She is hospitalized for further evaluation and management of the hypertension before a laparoscopic appendectomy. She is started on isradipine, which …
A highly scalable, interoperable clinical decision support service

Objective To create a clinical decision support (CDS) system that is shareable across healthcare delivery systems and settings over large geographic regions. Materials and methods The enterprise clinical rules service (ECRS) realizes nine design principles through a series of enterprise java beans and leverages off-the-shelf rules management systems in order to provide consistent, maintainable, and scalable decision support in a variety of settings. Results The ECRS is deployed at Partners HealthCare System (PHS) and is in use for a series of trials by members of the CDS consortium, including internally developed systems at PHS, the Regenstrief Institute, and vendor-based systems deployed at locations in Oregon and New Jersey. Performance measures indicate that the ECRS provides sub-second response time when measured apart from services required to retrieve data and assemble the continuity of care document used as input. Discussion We consider related work, design decisions, comparisons with emerging national standards, and discuss uses and limitations of the ECRS. Conclusions ECRS design, implementation, and use in CDS consortium trials indicate that it provides the flexibility and modularity needed for broad use and performs adequately. Future work will investigate additional CDS patterns, alternative methods of data passing, and further optimizations in ECRS performance.
Rotational Invariance and Angular Momentum

In the last chapter on symmetries, rotational invariance was not discussed, not because it is unimportant, but because it is all too important and deserves a chapter on its own. The reason is that most of the problems we discuss involve a single particle (which may be the reduced mass) in an external potential, and whereas translational invariance of H implies that the particle is free, rotational invariance of H leaves enough room for interesting dynamics. We first consider two dimensions and then move on to three.
Simultaneous, full characterization of a single-photon state

Nonclassical light can be characterized by the state purity and indistinguishability, usually using multiple measurements. We demonstrate an efficient scheme to simultaneously characterize a quantum light source using two number-resolving detectors, here simulated by four single-photon detectors.
Choriocapillaris dropout in early age-related macular degeneration.

Abstract Loss of choriocapillaris (CC) in advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is well documented but changes in early AMD have not been quantified. Postmortem eyes from donors with clinically documented early AMD were examined in choroidal whole mounts to determine the area, pattern, and severity of CC loss. Choroids from postmortem human eyes without AMD (n = 7; mean age = 86.1) and from eyes with a Grade 2 clinical classification of early AMD (n = 7; mean age = 87) were immunolabeled with Ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA) lectin-FITC to stain blood vessels. Whole mounts were imaged using confocal microscopy and image analysis was performed to determine the area of vascular changes and density of vasculature (percent vascular area, %VA). All areas evaluated had a complete RPE monolayer upon gross examination. In age-matched control eyes, the CC had broad lumens and a homogenous pattern of freely interconnecting capillaries. The mean %VA ± standard deviation in submacula of control subjects was 78.1 ± 3.25%. In eyes with early AMD, there was a significant decrease in mean %VA to 60.1 ± 10.4% (p
Electronic structure of metal hydrides. V. x-dependent properties of LaH/sub x/ (1. 9< or =x< or =2. 9) and NdH/sub x/ (2. 01< or =x< or =2. 27)

The composition-dependent electronic structure of fcc $\mathrm{La}{\mathrm{H}}_{x}$, $1.9l~xl~2.9$, has been studied using photoelectron spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation ($10l~\mathrm{hv}l~50 \mathrm{eV}$). Complementary optical reflectance measurements ($0.16l~\mathrm{hv}l~4 \mathrm{eV}$) have been performed for fcc $\mathrm{La}{\mathrm{H}}_{x}$, $1.9l~xl~2.9$, and $\mathrm{Nd}{\mathrm{H}}_{x}$, $2.01l~xl~2.27$. For $\mathrm{La}{\mathrm{H}}_{x}$, $x\ensuremath{\simeq}2$, the occupied $d$ bands are \ensuremath{\sim}1.5 eV wide and the hydrogen-induced bonding band is centered \ensuremath{\sim}5 eV below the Fermi level, ${E}_{F}$ (full width \ensuremath{\sim}6 eV). Hydrogen occupation of both octahedral and tetrahedral sites is revealed for $xl~2$, analogous to what has been observed for other metal dihydrides. With increasing hydrogen concentration, emission from the $d$ bands near ${E}_{F}$ decreases and the bonding band shifts to higher binding energy; the optical spectra show a red shift of interband absorption features, increased octahedral site occupation, and increased screening of a low-energy plasmon. For $\mathrm{La}{\mathrm{H}}_{x}$ samples at the upper end of the composition range, $x\ensuremath{\sim}2.9$, the photoemission spectra show very weak valence-band emission, and the optical spectra suggest semiconducting behavior. The binding energies of the ${5p}_{\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2}}$ cores, ${E}_{B}$, measured relative to ${E}_{F}$ are shown to increase with $x$ (the total shift is \ensuremath{\sim}0.8 eV for La \ensuremath{\rightarrow} La${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and 0.9 eV for La${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow} La${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$). Our results are compared to band calculations by Gupta and Burger and by Misemer and Harmon and to results of NMR, specific heat, and resistivity studies.
Standard Transoral Approach to the Craniocervical Junction and Upper Cervical Spine

The transoral approaches for decompression of irreducible ventral pathology at the craniovertebral junction have become a mainstay of treatment. In the last 10 years, the emergence of endoscopic endonasal approaches has provided more options for decompression of irreducible ventral craniovertebral junction pathology. This includes congenital and developmental basilar invagination, basilar impression, cranial settling, proatlas segmentation abnormalities, os odontoideum, tumors, and other rare congenital bony abnormalities.
Autoimmune toxicities with anti-PD-1 treatment of metastatic melanoma in predominantly older patients: A single institutional experience.

144Background: Anti-PD-1 therapy has become an effective method of treating patients including elderly subjects diagnosed with un-resectable or metastatic melanoma. While effective, toxicity report...
Social Skills Interventions for Adults with ASD: A Review of the Literature

A systematic literature review was conducted to identify social skills interventions for adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Empirical studies published after 2008 in peer-reviewed journals that evaluated the use of social skills interventions for adults with ASD were evaluated. Six studies met inclusionary criteria; their intervention methods and results were reviewed. Review of the literature revealed that social skills groups were the primary method used to improve social skills for adults with ASD. The results of these groups were generally positive; participants made progress in areas of social participation and social skills knowledge. Participants did not improve in measures of mental health or general autistic features. There is a continued need for researchers to identify evidence based interventions to improve social skills in adults with ASD.
Comparative performance of granular scaling laws for lightweight grouser wheels in sand and lunar simulant

Abstract Recently developed granular scaling laws create new opportunities to evaluate particle dynamics between environment and wheel shapes. We investigate the performance of straight grousered (i.e. protrusions added to the wheel rim to better engage the soil) wheels and helical grousered wheels in both silica sand and crushed basalt lunar simulant. Mechanical power draw and velocity of the wheels are compared in both materials for performance assessment. The scaling laws are evaluated for Earth gravity experimentally and reduced gravity through coupled multi-body dynamic and discrete element method (MBD-DEM) simulations. Experimental results show general power prediction error between 20 and 35% for crushed basalt and 15–25% error for silica sand. Velocity prediction error showed high dependence on material, with silica sand error generally between 4 and 10% and crushed basalt varied between 0 and 27%. Simulation results match theoretical predictions more closely with power error under 8% and velocity error under 4% for most speeds. The experimental error was further investigated and shows a new scaling dependency on sinkage (depth which the wheel rim sinks below the terrain surface) thresholds.
Emergence and Magnitude of ML336 Resistance in Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Depend on the Microenvironment.

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a New World Alphavirus that can cause neurological disease and death in humans and equines following transmission from infected mosquitoes. Despite the continued epidemic threat of VEEV, and its potential use as a bioterrorism agent, there are no FDA-approved antivirals or vaccines for treatment or prevention. Previously, we reported the discovery of a small molecule, ML336, with potent antiviral activity against VEEV. To further explore the population-level resistance profiles of ML336, we developed a whole-genome next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach to examine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from virus passaged in dose escalation studies in a nonhuman primate kidney epithelial and a human astrocyte cell line, Vero 76 and SVGA, respectively. We passaged VEEV TC-83 in these two cell lines over seven concentrations of ML336, starting at 50 nM. NGS revealed several prominent mutations in the nonstructural protein (nsP) 3 and nsP4 genes that emerged consistently in these two distinct in vitro environments-notably, a mutation at Q210 in nsP4. Several of these mutations were stable following passaging in the absence of ML336 in Vero 76 cells. Network analyses showed that the trajectory of resistance differed between Vero and SVGA. Moreover, the penetration of SNPs was lower in SVGA. In conclusion, we show that the microenvironment influenced the SNP profile of VEEV TC-83. Understanding the dynamics of resistance in VEEV against newly developed antiviral compounds will guide the design of optimal drug candidates and dosing regimens for minimizing the emergence of resistant viruses.IMPORTANCE RNA viruses, including Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), have high mutation rates that allow for rapid adaptation to selective pressures in their environment. Antiviral compounds exert one such pressure on virus populations during infections. Next-generation sequencing allows for examination of viruses at the population level, which enables tracking of low levels of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the population over time. Therefore, the timing and extent of the emergence of resistance to antivirals can be tracked and assessed. We show here that in VEEV, the trajectory and penetration of antiviral resistance reflected the microenvironment in which the virus population replicates. In summary, we show the diversity of VEEV within a single population under antiviral pressure and two distinct cell types, and we show that population dynamics in these viruses can be examined to better understand how they evolve over time.
Indoor Fingerprinting With Bimodal CSI Tensors: A Deep Residual Sharing Learning Approach

Wi-Fi-based indoor fingerprinting is attracting increasing interest in the research community due to the ubiquitous access in indoor environments. In this article, we propose ResLoc, a deep residual sharing learning-based system for indoor fingerprinting using bimodal channel state information (CSI) tensor data. The proposed ResLoc system employs CSI tensor data, including the angle of arrival and amplitude, collected from a small set of training locations with known coordinates to train the proposed dual-channel deep residual sharing learning model. The proposed new model extends the traditional deep residual learning model by incorporating two or more channels and let the channels exchange their residual signals after each residual block. Unlike prior deep-learning-based fingerprinting schemes, ResLoc only requires for training one group of weights for all the training locations. The proposed ResLoc system is implemented with commodity Wi-Fi devices and evaluated with extensive experiments in three representative indoor environments. The experimental results validate that the proposed ResLoc system can achieve high localization accuracy using a single Wi-Fi access point in indoor environments.
Abstract PS7-41: Breast cancer outcomes among a diverse racial/ethnic south Florida population

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed among Hispanic women in the US and is the leading cause of cancer-related death in this population. However, controversy remains as to whether this population has improved, or worse, overall survival (OS) outcomes compared to their non-Hispanic White (NHW) and non-Hispanic Black (NHB) counterparts. Given our location in South Florida, where Hispanics account for approximately 70% of the population we are perfectly poised to analyze breast cancer overall survival (OS) outcomes in a Hispanic population compared to a non-Hispanic population. Furthermore, given the diverse nature of our Hispanic population, this is the first study to also evaluate outcomes in Hispanic Whites (HW) compared to Hispanic Blacks (HB). Methods: Patients presenting to our medical campus with stage I-IV breast cancer from 2005-2017 were identified from the local tumor registry. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to identify patient, tumor, and NCCN-guideline based treatment characteristics associated with OS. Factors with a p Results: 5,951 breast cancer patients were evaluated from 2005-2017. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatments received are presented in Table 1. NHB tended to be more economically disadvantaged, presented with later stage disease, had rates higher triple negative disease, and were less likely to complete NCCN-guideline based treatment. The 5-year OS across all races/ethnicities was 82.5% with a median follow-up of 65 months. The 5-year OS stratified by race and ethnicity is as follows: NHW 85%, HW 84.8%, HB 79.4%, and NHB 72.7%. On Cox proportional hazards model, when adjusting for stage, race/ethnicity, insurance, marital status, income, smoking/alcohol, receptor status, tumor grade, and NCCN-guideline based treatment, NHB had a hazard ratio of 1.25 [(95% CI:1.01-1.52), p Conclusion: At our institution, located in South Florida, we treat a large number of patients with breast cancer from South Florida, Central and South America, and the Caribbean who self-report as Hispanic. Our study is the first to suggest survival differences amongst HW and HB. Moreover, HB had improved OS compared to NHB, suggesting unaccounted for protective factors associated with Hispanic ethnicity. Citation Format: Sina Yadegarynia, Kristin Kelly, Seraphina Choi, Susan Kesmodel, Neha Goel. Breast cancer outcomes among a diverse racial/ethnic south Florida population [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS7-41.
Alignment of magnetic particles in anisotropic Nd–Fe–B bonded magnets

High performance anisotropic bonded magnets need high volumetric filling fraction of magnetic powder in a polymer binder and their good alignment while possessing good enough mechanical properties. The correlation between the degree of alignment (DOA) and the volumetric filling fraction of magnetic powder, the type of binder and the processing parameters have been studied using Nd-Fe-B anisotropic bonded magnets. Thermomagnetic analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results show the magnetic powder can be well aligned in a bonded magnet under an external magnetic field at a temperature higher than the binders' melting point by 20-60 K, which depends on the type of magnetic powder and kind of binder. The DOA results mainly from the interplay between the Zeeman energy (Eapp.) and the inter-particle static energy (Estat.) in bonded magnets at the chosen alignment temperature and the magnetic fields. A good alignment can be achieved by an alignment magnetic field which is about twice as its coercivity in an anisotropic Nd-Fe-B bonded magnet, which is confirmed by our experimental and modeling results.
Hirschi’s Social Bond Theory: how human-animal interactions explain the effectiveness of carceral dog training programs

Travis Hirschi theorized that those with weaker ties to conventional society will be more likely to engage in crime. Incarcerated people are among society’s most marginalized. Our paper argues that...
In Situ Exploration of Soil Lead in Residential Communities Using X-Ray Fluorescence and Geospatial Visualization

Lead contamination in soil is a human health hazard common in residential communities that pre-date regulatory bans on lead in both gasoline and paints. New remote sensing tools allow for quicker and more affordable sampling, but there is still a challenge in interpreting the data, visualizing the results, and communicating the relevance for response and remediation. Our work builds on previous studies analyzing soil lead concentrations at West Point, NY. The federal installation and college campus hosts residential neighborhoods with historic homes that were painted with lead paint in the past and are adjacent to high traffic roadways. Previous research established several areas where the lead concentrations significantly exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommended safe concentrations for soil, but further exploration was necessary to refine those results. We targeted one location where a 2019 measurement indicated lead in excess of 1200 mg/kg. We used an X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) meter to collect 73 soil lead concentrations between the road and the home, logging the locations using ArcGIS Collector. Results indicate localized lead concentrations with distinctive patterns that may provide clues to the origin of the contamination. Our analysis suggests that in situ measurements are effective to characterize concentrations but conclusions on the severity of lead contamination should not be made using widely spaced transect investigations. The XRF, combined with geospatial visualization methods, is a quick and inexpensive way to investigate neighborhood-scale soil lead contamination and refine the potential remediation response.
Sex differences in muscle excitation and oxygenation, but not in force fluctuations or active hyperemia resulting from a fatiguing, bilateral isometric task.

It remains to be fully elucidated if there are sex-specific physiological adjustments within the human neuromuscular and vascular systems that contribute to symptoms of fatigue during a sustained bilateral task. This, in part, is likely due to various limitations in experimental design such as an inability to independently record force fluctuations from each limb. OBJECTIVE Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to examine the fatigue-induced changes in muscle excitation, force fluctuations, skeletal muscle tissue saturation (StO2), and muscle blood flow resulting from a sustained, bilateral task. APPROACH Thirty healthy, college-aged adults (15 males, 15 females) performed a bilateral leg task at 25% of maximum voluntary isometric (MVIC). Before and after the task, MVICs were completed. Resting and post-task femoral artery blood flow (FABF) were determined. Muscle excitation was quantified as electromyographic amplitude (EMG AMP) from the right and left vastus lateralis. During the task, force fluctuations were determined independently from each leg. The StO2 signal was collected with a near-infrared spectroscopy device attached to the right vastus lateralis. The rate of change in these variables was calculated via simple linear regression. The exercise-induced magnitude of change in MVIC (i.e., performance fatigability) and FABF (i.e., active hyperemia) was determined. MAIN RESULTS There was no sex difference in the percent decline in MVIC (20.5±20.1% vs. 16.4± 3.5%; p>0.05). There were no inter-leg differences in EMG AMP or force fluctuations. The males exhibited a faster rate of increase in EMG AMP (b=0.13 vs. b=0.08; p<0.001), whereas the females exhibited a slower rate of decline in StO2 (b=-0.049 vs. b=-0.080). There was no sex difference in force fluctuations or change in FABF. SIGNIFICANCE Males and females likely have different neuromuscular strategies and muscle characteristics, but these did not elicit a sex difference in performance fatigability.
Chapter 9 Physiological Studies of Cells of Root Meristems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses physiological studies of cells of root meristems. Growing roots provide an excellent and convenient system for the study of cell development. The three phases of plant cell morphogenesis—namely, (1) mitosis and mitotic cycles, (2) cell enlargement, and (3) the development of cells with specialized functions and structures, occur in more or less distinct zones of the root. This spatial separation of different developmental phases follows from the growth pattern of primary plant organs. Primary growth is linear, occurring along one axis. Thus, new cells are generated, by mitosis, at the apex and with continuous mitotic activity the daughter cells are gradually displaced, along the axis of growth, away from the region of active cell proliferation. The chapter describes the materials and techniques by which such studies are being conducted and also some of the problems of cell growth and morphogenesis in growing roots. Growing roots provide a convenient system for the study of cell growth and the physiology and biochemistry that growth represents. The organizational complexity shown by meristems, from control of mitotic rates to patterns of polymer arrangement in cell walls, is capable of more precise description.
In vitro evaluation of the efficacy of a veterinary dry heat fluid warmer.

Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of a veterinary dry heat fluid warmer on ambient and prewarmed crystalloid fluids and refrigerated packed red blood cells (pRBC). Design Prospective in vitro study. Setting University teaching hospital. Animals None. Interventions Ambient and prewarmed crystalloid fluids and refrigerated pRBC were delivered via a standard fluid administration set at various rates. A thermistor continuously monitored fluid outflow temperature with and without a dry heat veterinary fluid warmer (study device). Results The outflow temperature was significantly higher with the study device as compared to control conditions for all fluids and rates tested. The maximum outflow temperature of approximately 35°C (95°F) occurred when the study device was applied to either ambient or prewarmed crystalloid fluids at 50 mL/h. In the study device trials, the outflow temperature of ambient crystalloid fluids ranged from 35.1° to 27.3°C (95.2° to 81.1°F) as the fluid rate increased from 50 to 999 mL/h. Control trials of prewarmed crystalloids produced outflow temperatures that rapidly approached ambient temperature. Addition of the study device to prewarmed crystalloids resulted in outflow temperatures that were similar to that of the corresponding ambient crystalloid trials. Control trials of refrigerated pRBC achieved ambient temperature at rates from 10 to 500 mL/h. With the study device, pRBC were maximally warmed to an outflow temperature of 35.8°C (96.4°F) at 100 mL/h. Conclusion Although the study device generated statistically significant increases in outflow temperature of crystalloid fluids and pRBC, the ability of the device to decrease the metabolic cost of fluid administration is limited to specific clinical scenarios. The use of prewarmed crystalloid fluids with or without the study device offers minimal benefit over ambient temperature crystalloids. Substantial warming of pRBC occurs during administration, even without use of the study device.
Self-healing in binomial graph networks

The number of processors embedded in high performance computing platforms is growing daily to solve larger and more complex problems. However, as the number of components increases, so does the probability of failure. The logical network topologies must also support the fault-tolerant capability in such dynamic environments. This paper presents a self-healing mechanism to improve the fault-tolerant capability of a Binomial graph (BMG) network. The self-healing mechanism protects BMG from network bisection and helps maintain optimal routing even in failure circumstances. The experimental results show that self-healing with an adaptive method significantly reduces the overhead from reconstructing the networks.
ECG changes resulting from cerebral stimulation. III. Action of diphenylhydantoin on arrhythmias.

Abstract Electrical stimulation of diencephalic and mesencephalic loci, in both dogs and cats, elicited a spectrum of ventricular arrhythmias which frequently persisted for 5 minutes or longer after the offset of the stimulus. Intravenous administration of 10 mg. per kilogram of diphenylhydantoin sodium not only abolished these ectopic ventricular rhythms, but also prevented their induction by a subsequent stimulus for periods varying from 30 minutes to 7 hours. A possible central nervous system action for the drug is suggested.
Isolation of a Zebrafish Rod Opsin Promoter to Generate a Transgenic Zebrafish Line Expressing Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein in Rod Photoreceptors

To exploit zebrafish as a transgenic model, tissue-specific promoters must be identified. We isolated a 20-kilobase (kbp) zebrafish rod opsin genomic clone, which consists of 18 kbp of 5′-flanking region, the entire coding region, and 0.5 kbp of 3′-flanking sequence. Polymerase chain reaction, Southern blotting, and DNA sequencing revealed the rod opsin gene lacks introns. The transcription start site was localized 94 nucleotides upstream of the translation initiation site. Sequence alignment with orthologous promoters revealed conserved cis-elements includingglass, NRE,OTX/Bat-1,Ret-1/PCE-1,Ret-4, and TATA box. A 1.2-kbp promoter fragment was cloned upstream of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) cDNA and microinjected into 1- to 2-cell stage zebrafish embryos. EGFP expression was detected in the ventral-nasal eye at 3 days postfertilization and spread throughout the eye. Progeny of the positive founder fish, which were identified by polymerase chain reaction amplification of fin genomic DNA, exhibited EGFP expression in the retina, confirming the germline transmission of the transgene. Frozen eye sections demonstrated the EGFP expression was rod-specific and exhibited a similar developmental expression profile as the rod opsin protein. This stable transgenic line provides a novel tool for identification of genes regulating development and maintenance of rod photoreceptors.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL COMPUTER MODELING OF A SHOCK RECOVERY EXPERIMENT

An ideal shock recovery experiment would be to subject a sample material to a single, well-defined shock followed by a controlled, benign release of the stresses and velocities generated. The process should be such that any change found in the sample after recovery could be attributed to the shock process alone. In any real experiment with finite-sized samples, rarefaction waves are generated at the edges of the sample. In general these rarefaction waves can have a large effect on the sample, which is impossible to separate from the effects of the shock alone. It has been suggested that samples of certain shapes will have a small region in their interiors, which is substantially free from the effects of edge rarefactions. We will present the results of three-dimensional computer calculations done to test this hypothesis.
The Egoist Lifestyle

In 1996, some seven years after the fall of communism, Egoist emerged as the undisputed leader in the genre of lifestyle magazines in Bulgaria. It negotiated local gender discourses with the import of Western consumer culture. Most significantly, the magazine transformed its target demographic into a socially recognizable “new generation” tasked with steering the direction of the post-communist transition. This paper explores the formation, gender dynamics, and political significance of this “new generation.” It demonstrates how by organizing the “new generation”—aesthetically, culturally, and politically—around gendered practices of production and consumption, Egoist harmonized the advent of homo economicus with the available sex/gender system. Thus, the magazine helped create the affective conditions for the emergence of a society with little aspiration or capacity to produce an alternative socio-political order that could avoid the pitfalls of imported market ideologies.
Is the substance abuse of inpatients with schizophrenia overlooked

The utility of medical records and clinician reports for assessing substance abuse among inpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder was assessed in a sample of 296 patients recruited from four general hospitals in New York City. Measures derived from the medical record, the discharge summary, and primary clinician reports are compared to the results of a structured diagnostic interview. Analysis of the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and overall accuracy of the nondiagnostic sources found unexpectedly high levels of detection. Discharge summaries had the lowest sensitivity when compared to the diagnostic interview, raising concern that inpatient staff and clinicians may fail to communicate substance abuse problems to outpatient providers.
Clinical Implications of Vancomycin Heteroresistant and Intermediately Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has proven to be a major pathogen with the emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections and recently with heteroresistant vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (hVISA) and vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) infections. Although vancomycin is traditionally a first-line and relatively effective antibiotic, its continued use is under question because reports of heteroresistance in S. aureus isolates are increasing. Both hVISA and VISA infections are associated with complicated clinical courses and treatment failures. The prevalence, mechanism of resistance, clinical significance, and laboratory detection of hVISA and VISA infections are not conclusive, making it difficult to apply research findings to clinical situations. We provide an evidence-based review of S. aureus isolates expressing heterogenic and reduced susceptibility to vancomycin.
Some thoughts on anti‐dumping laws: utilitarianism, human rights and the case for repeal

Anti‐dumping laws have been around for decades. They have increased in importance in recent years and will become even more important in the future as a result of the Uruguay Round and the creation of the World Trade Organization. Yet anti‐dumping laws are inherently protectionist because they protect domestic producers at the expense of consumers. They have a chilling effect on price competition and cause the prices on a wide range of products to be higher than would otherwise be the case. Examines the anti‐dumping laws in theory and practice, from both a utilitarian and human rights context, and concludes that these laws cannot be justified on any reasonable grounds. Calls for their repeal, the sooner the better.
Lithium-pilocarpine status epilepticus in the immature rabbit

Abstract Although status epilepticus in children is associated with neuronal pathologies, there are few developmental models of status epilepticus which produce damage in the immature brain. We have developed a new model of status epilepticus using systemically injected pilocarpine in immature rabbits pretreated with lithium. Injected animals demonstrated behavioral and electrographic seizures. Behavioral seizures were characterized by sustained or recurrent bouts of clonus in all limbs. The pilocarpine-induced seizures had a 40% mortality. All animals surviving the status epilepticus had hippocampal lesions when evaluated 48 h after the SE. Within the hippocampus, CA1 pyramidal cells were the most vulnerable cell population. Extrahippocampal damage was seen in the majority of animals. Our results show that severe seizures cause hippocampal lesions in the absence of hypoxemia and suggest that the presumed resistance of the immature brain to seizure-induced damage is not a general rule which can be applied to all models or species. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Altitude and temperature effects on the energetic cost of hover-feeding in migratory rufous hummingbirds, Selasphorus rufus

During migratory stopovers, rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus (Gmelin, 1788)) can achieve high daily rates of net energy intake and mass gain while foraging at a range of elevations and ambient temperatures, despite the high energetic costs of hovering flight and thermoregulation. To gain insights into the factors affecting the energetic costs incurred during foraging, we captured migratory hummingbirds and measured their oxygen consumption rates during hover-feeding. Measurements were performed in situ where rufous hummingbirds forage as they migrate at several locations along a gradient in elevation and over the range of ambient temperatures normally experienced. Oxygen consumption rates during hover-feeding varied between the sexes and between juveniles and adults. These differences appeared to reflect differences in the power requirements for hovering flight in relation to variation in wing morphology. Decreasing ambient temperature and increasing elevation both significantly increased oxygen con...
Interpreting nature and politics in the history of Western thought: The environmentalist challenge

A number of environmentalists have argued that a gulf between nature, on the one hand, and culture or politics, on the other hand, is deeply rooted in Western thought. By contrast, other environmentalists have read the history of Western thought as replete with social and political understandings derived from particular (albeit incorrect) conceptions of nature. In this paper, I distil the essence of these two dominant ‐ and mutually exclusive ‐interpretations of the relationship between nature and politics. I label these ‘dualism’ and ‘derivation’ and highlight the allure of each. By doing so, I both identify their insights, and critique their inadequacies. While Western thinkers have often devalued nature, neither dualism nor derivation has been a consistent reason for this devaluation. If we recognise this, then we can begin to see that there are multiple ways in which nature and politics can be related. The result is to problematise the theoretical project needed to address the very real concerns raise...
An immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene is generated from three segments of DNA: VH, D and JH

We have determined the sequences of separate germline genetic elements which encode two parts of a mouse immunglobulin heavy chain variable region. These elements, termed gene segments, are heavy chain counterparts of the variable (V) and joining (J) gene segments of immunoglobulin light chains. The VH gene segment encodes amino acids 1-101 and the JH gene segment encodes amino acids 107-123 of the S107 phosphorylcholine-binding VH region. This JH gene segment and two other JH gene segments are located 5' to the mu constant region gene (Cmu) in germline DNA. We have also determined the sequence of a rearranged VH gene encoding a complete VH region, M603, which is closely related to S107. In addition, we have partially determined the VH coding sequences of the S107 and M167 heavy chain mRNAs. By comparing these sequences to the germline gene segments, we conclude that the germline VH and JH gene segments do not contain at least 13 nucleotides which are present in the rearranged VH genes. In S107, these nucleotides encode amino acids 102-106, which form part of the third hypervariable region and consequently influence the antigen-binding specificity of the immunoglobulin molecule. This portion of the variable region may be encoded by a separate germline gene segment which can be joined to the VH and JH gene segments. We term this postulated genetic element the D gene segment, referring to its role in the generation of heavy chain diversity. Essentially the same noncoding sequences are found 3' to the VH gene segment and as inverse complements 5' to two JH gene segments. These are the same conserved nucleotides previously found adjacent to light chain V and J gene segments. Each conserved sequence consists of blocks of seven and ten conserved nucleotides which are separated by a spacer of either 11 or 22 nonconserved nucleotides. The highly conserved spacing, corresponding to one or two turns of the DNA helix, maintains precise spatial orientations between blocks of conserved nucleotides. Gene segments which can join to one another (VK and JK, for example) always have spacers of different lengths. Based on these observations, we propose a model for variable region gene rearrangement mediated by proteins which recognize the same conserved sequences adjacent to both light and heavy chain immunoglobulin gene segments.
DSMC simulation of the interaction between rarefied free jets

This paper presents a direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) calculation of two interacting free jets exhausting into vacuum. The computed flow field is compared against available experimental data and shows excellent agreement everywhere except in the very near field (less than one orifice diameter downstream of the jet exhaust plane). The lack of agreement in this region is attributed to having assumed an inviscid boundary condition for the orifice lip. The results serve both to validate the DSMC code for a very complex, three dimensional non-equilibrium flow field, and to provide some insight as to the complicated nature of this flow.
EPR accident scenarios and provisions

Abstract For the EPR an improved defence-in-depth concept is applied. In an evolutionary way, accident control is developed from existing French and German PWR designs, thereby achieving a high safety level quantified by probabilistic safety assessment. Independent of that, severe accidents are considered in the design. By a robust containment and severe accident mitigation measures, the need for offsite emergency response actions (population evacuation or relocation) is restricted to the immediate plant vicinity. This paper gives an overview of the features introduced for, and the analyses correlated to, the dedicated primary depressurization, melt–coolant interaction, melt stabilization, hydrogen control, and containment heat removal.
Secondhand Tobacco Smoke in Children With Asthma: Sources of and Parental Perceptions About Exposure in Children and Parental Readiness To Change

Background Secondhand smoke triggers childhood asthma. Understanding sources of exposure, parental beliefs about exposure, and readiness to change that exposure are important for designing smoke exposure reduction interventions. Methods As part of screening for a clinical trial of a smoke exposure reduction intervention, 519 smoke-exposed children 3 to 12 years old with asthma provided urine specimens for cotinine testing, and their primary caregivers completed questionnaires. Results The urine cotinine to creatinine ratio (CCR) was lowest if neither the primary caregiver nor day-care provider smoked (mean CCR, 14.0; SD, 14.4), greater if either smoked (mean CCR, 22.2; SD, 21.3; and mean, CCR, 26.3; SD, 22.2, respectively), and greatest if both smoked (mean CCR, 39.6; SD, 27.5; p r 2 =0.11, p Conclusions Smoking by the primary caregiver and day-care provider are important sources of exposure for children with asthma. Parental assessment of their child's exposure is associated with biologically confirmed exposure but cannot be relied on to assess that exposure. Although the harm of smoke exposure was frequently underestimated, many parents appeared receptive to considering action to reduce their child's exposure. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov . Identifier: NCT00217958.