cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depressant action of cyanide on recombination and synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid in phage T4-Escherichia coli complexes.

ANALYSIS of phage T4 rII crosses by Tomizawa and Anraku1 has suggested that genetic recombination occurs and is stimulated in cyanide treated complexes. They have found similar recombinogenic effects in complexes exposed to arsenic pentoxide, sodium nitride or 2,4-dinitrophenol. These results have been interpreted in terms of genomic replication and recombination as separate processes. Depression of replication causes a change in metabolic processes stimulating recombination. Folsome's observations2 that phenethanol, a reversible inhibitor of phage and bacterial DNA synthesis3 and of bacterial messenger RNA synthesis4, completely blocks recombination and heterozygote formation in T4 rII–E. coli B complexes seem to contradict this hypothesis. The experiments of Tomizawa and Anraku1 have been repeated in an attempt to resolve these differences.
Bis(cyclooctatetraenyl)zirconium: X-ray Crystal Structure and Solution and Solid-State NMR Spectra

The structure of bis(cycloodatetraenyl)zirmnium, Zr(Cd space group Pn; a = 7.049 (5), b = 7.695 (4), c = 11.217 (l0)A; @ = 95.08 (7)"; V = 606 (l)A3; Z = 2; RF = 0.054: R,p = 0.057 for 153 variables and 1023 independent reflections with Z > 2.58a(Z).
An Update on Exercise Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder in the United States. In the elderly population, symptomatic knee OA accounts for more dependency in lower-extremity tasks than any other disease. Treatments have generally targeted pain, assuming that disability would be lessened as a direct result of improvements in pain control. However, there is evidence that pain and disability have different determinants. Exercise has the potential to mitigate many of the factors that lead to disability. In 1995, on the basis of several small, positive studies, the American College of Rheumatology recommended strength training and aerobic exercise for the treatment of knee OA. In the past several years, a number of intervention studies on exercise have been published. It is notable that all of the recent exercise studies report positive effects on pain and/or disability, although there is considerable variability in the magnitude of the effect. This variability may be due to differences in study design, exercise protocols, and study participants. Further studies are needed to better define the mechanisms responsible for the positive effects of exercise and to formulate a clear, concise exercise protocol that may have the potential to become a public health intervention for knee OA.
Oceanic Dimethylsulfide: Production During Zooplankton Grazing on Phytoplankton

About half the biogenic sulfur flux to the earth's atmosphere each year arises from the oceans. Dimethylsulfide (DMS), which constitutes about 90% of this marine sulfur flux, is presumed to originate from the decomposition of dimethylsulfoniopropionate produced by marine organisms, particularly phytoplankton. The rate of DMS release by phytoplankton is greatly increased when the phytoplankton are subjected to grazing by zooplankton. DMS production associated with such grazing may be the major mechanism of DMS production in many marine settings.
Clinical outcome in patients with bipolar I disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder or both.

Background Bipolar disorder (BPD) is often comorbid with obsessive-compulsive (OCD) and other anxiety disorders, but the impact of such comorbidity on long-term outcome has not been evaluated systematically. Methods Extensive follow-up assessments were carried out at 4.3 years after index hospitalizations in a mixed BPD-OCD group (N = 20) compared to matched groups with BPD (N = 22) or OCD (N = 20) alone. Results At follow-up, ratings of functional status were similar across groups. Rehospitalizations were similar among BPD-OCD and BPD subjects, but 2.9-times more frequent among comorbid than OCD patients. OCD symptoms averaged 150% more severe in OCD than comorbid subjects, and were not measured in BPD subjects. Conclusions Despite potential sampling bias with previously hospitalized subjects, the findings suggest that comorbid BPD-OCD patients may be clinically more similar to BPD than OCD patients, and that BPD-OCD comorbidity may not negatively impact the long-term clinical outcome. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Detection of Eclipses in the Pluto-Charon System

The first eclipses between Pluto and its satellite ("Charon") were detected in January and February 1985, confirming the satellite's existence. Eclipses lasting a few hours will now occur at 3.2-day intervals for the next 5 to 6 years and then will cease for about 120 years. Careful observations of these eclipses will allow greatly improved determinations to be made of several physical parameters for the Pluto-Charon system: the diameters of the planet and satellite, the surface albedo distribution on one hemisphere of the planet, the orbit of the satellite, and the mass of the planet and hence its density. Knowledge of the density will provide a constraint on models of Pluto's bulk composition.
Determination of Known Exhalation Valve Damage Using a Negative Pressure User Seal Check Method on Full Facepiece Respirators

A negative pressure user seal check (NPUSC) method was evaluated for its ability to adequately detect known exhalation valve leakage into a respirator. Three valves with different types of damage were included. Twenty-six test subjects, wearing full facepiece respirators, were asked to perform a NPUSC. Their responses as to whether they passed or failed the user seal check were compared to fit testing results from two quantitative fit test methods: ambient aerosol and controlled negative pressure. In addition, equipment developed at the University of Cincinnati was used to measure in-mask pressures that are generated during the performance of NPUSCs. This technique was employed to assess the ability of respirator wearers to properly conduct user seal checks. The data were analyzed to determine if the user seal check procedure is an effective method for detecting known exhalation valve damage. All test subjects reported passing the user seal check with the undamaged valve. With the warped valve installed, ...
Hygiene in the prevention of udder infections. VI. Comparative efficacy of a teat dip under experimental and natural exposure to mastitis pathogens.

Abstract Efficacies (reduction of new intramammary infections) of a bronopol teat dip under experimental exposure to Streptococcus agalactiae and Stapbylococcus aureus were 41.7 and 54.4%. Under natural exposure, efficacy was 35.0% (P>.05) against Streptococcus species and 50.0% against Stapbylococcus aureus during the first 9 mo of a 12-mo trial when favorable milking equipment and labor conditions prevailed. Corresponding figures were 20.0 and 13.0% during the last 3 mo following onset of malfunctioning equipment and deterioration of labor services.
The Construction of National Identity—A 23-Nation Study:

A theory has been advanced that the construction of national identity derives, in part, from a negotiation between a nation's Selbstbild (or the nation's national consciousness, or the image its citizens have of their country) and a nation's Fremdbild (or the nation's perceived or actual international image in world opinion). This article tests the theory using survey data on 23 nations, from the International Social Survey The project proceeds in four steps. The first step uses factor analysis to generate measures of national consciousness and pride, and perceived international image and orientation; the relationship between these measures is established. The second step involves generating indices that measure the ways in which respondents define their relationship to their country. These measures fall into two groups-measures of allegiance to the nation, considered as an ethnic or religious entity, and measures of allegiance to the state, considered as a set of institutions and laws. The relationships among these measures are also established, and correlated with Selbstbild, or national pride. The third step involves generating indices of tolerance of diversity and immigration. These measures are then correlated with the measures of perceived international reputation, or Fremdbild. The resulting model defines a complex relationship among factors of national-focused and international-focused perspectives, all of which combine in the negotiation of national identity. Finally, the study concludes by analyzing the variations in these measures across the 23 nations in the survey, and testing whether religious culture affects the construction of national identity
Charcot foot reconstruction with combined internal and external fixation: case report

Charcot neuroarthropathy is a destructive and often-limb threatening process that can affect patients with peripheral neuropathy of any etiology. Early recognition and appropriate management is crucial to prevention of catastrophic outcomes. Delayed diagnosis and subsequent pedal collapse often preclude successful conservative management of these deformities and necessitate surgical intervention for limb salvage. We review the current literature on surgical reconstruction of Charcot neuroarthropathy and present a case report of foot reconstruction with combined internal and external fixation methods.
Fuzzy-Based Method to Evaluate Soil Corrosivity for Prediction of Water Main Deterioration

A fuzzy-based method is proposed to evaluate soil corrosivity from soil properties such as soil resistivity, pH, redox potential, sulfide content, and soil type. The fuzzy-based method considers three levels of soil corrosivity, noncorrosive, moderately corrosive, and corrosive. This is in contrast to the commonly used 10-point scoring (10-P) method that has only two classes, corrosive and noncorrosive. Membership functions for each of the soil properties are used to quantify their affinity to the level of soil corrosivity. These membership values form an evaluation matrix from which a weighted vector is developed using pair-wise soil property comparisons. The final classification is determined from the cross product of the weighted vector and the evaluation matrix. Two case studies are examined to validate the application of the proposed fuzzy-based method to predict soil corrosivity, and the results are compared to the 10-P method. Both case studies showed that the fuzzy-based method outperformed the 10-P method.
Encoding and selecting features for boosted multispectral face recognition: matching SWIR versus color

In this paper, we propose a methodology for cross matching color face images and Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) face images reliably and accurately. We first adopt a recently designed Boosted and Improved Local Gabor Pattern (ILGP) encoding and matching technique to encode face images in both visible and SWIR spectral bands. We then apply newly developed feature selection methods to prune irrelevant information in encoded data and to improve performance of the Boosted ILGP. The two newly developed feature selection methods are: (1) Genuine segment score-based thresholding and (2) AdaBoost inspired methods. We further compare the performance of the original Boosted ILGP face recognition method with the performance of the modified method that involves one of the proposed feature selection approaches. Under a general parameter set up, significant performance improvement is observed.
A closed irrigation and drainage system for use with percutaneous abscess drainage: Technical note

A closed irrigation and drainage system has been used in 50 consecutive patients to assess its effectiveness in maintaining catheter patency and draining fluid collections. It consists of an irrigation fluid source, flushing syringe, drainage bag, and tubing to connect the components, and is assembled when the initial drainage procedure is performed. The system emphasizes the use of the siphon effect to maintain constant suction and a closed irrigation and drainage configuration that prevents spread of infection to others and minimizes contamination of the drained cavity. This method of irrigation and drainage also makes patient care considerably easier, and ensures catheter patency.
Microbicide safety/efficacy studies in animals: macaques and small animal models.

Purpose of review A number of microbicide candidates have failed to prevent HIV transmission in human clinical trials, and there is uncertainty as to how many additional trials can be supported by the field. Regardless, there are far too many microbicide candidates in development, and a logical and consistent method for screening and selecting candidates for human clinical trials is desperately needed. However, the unique host and cell specificity of HIV provides challenges for microbicide safety and efficacy screening, that can only be addressed by rigorous testing in relevant laboratory animal models.
Influence of medium chirality on electric dipole–dipole resonance energy transfer

Abstract Electric dipole–dipole resonance energy transfer taking place between two chromophores in an absorptive and dispersive chiral medium is studied. Quantized electromagnetic field operators in this environment are first obtained from the time-harmonic Maxwell equations and the Drude–Born–Fedorov equations. Second-order time-dependent perturbation theory and the Fermi Golden rule are used to calculate the transfer rate. A complicated dependence on the permittivity, permeability and chirality admittance of the medium is found. In the near-zone, the rate is amplified in a medium with negligible absorption comprised of one enantiomer relative to that in a racemic mixture.
Activation of an internal initiation site for protein synthesis during in vitro translation

The major mRNA for adenovirus 2 polypeptide pVIII sediments at 18S as assayed by in vitro translation in the messenger-dependent rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. However, a small amount of messenger activity for pVIII sediments at abut 27S, coincident with the mRNA for 100 K. Isolation and fractionation of poly(A) containing RNA following in vitro translation of 27S 100 K mRNA demonstrated the appearance of an 18S messenger activity for pVIII, which is approximately the size of the authentic mRNA for this protein. Partial degradation of 27S 100 K mRNA with alkali or ribonuclease T1 also results in activation of an 18S messenger activity for pVIII suggesting that in vitro messenger activity for pVIII associated with 27S RNA is due to degradation of 100 K mRNA during translation in the cell-free system.
NEGATIVE ADDICTION IN MALE AND FEMALE RUNNERS AND EXERCISERS

72 male and 26 female runners and 60 male and 30 female exercisers were tested on the Negative Addiction Scale of Hailey and Bailey along with demographic questions to examine the relationships among gender, age, years of exercise experience, and addiction to exercise. Analysis showed no differences in addiction scores by age, gender, or type of activity. A trend showed longer involvement in physical activity was associated with higher addiction scores.
Improvement in Precision, Accuracy, and Efficiency in Standardizing the Characterization of Granular Materials

Useful prediction of the kinematics, dynamics, and chemistry of a system relies on precision and accuracy in the quantification of component properties, operating mechanisms, and collected data. In an attempt to emphasize, rather than gloss over, the benefit of proper characterization to fundamental investigations of multiphase systems incorporating solid particles, a set of procedures were developed and implemented for the purpose of providing a revised methodology having the desirable attributes of reduced uncertainty, expanded relevance and detail, and higher throughput. Better, faster, cheaper characterization of multiphase systems result. Methodologies are presented to characterize particle size, shape, size distribution, density (particle, skeletal and bulk), minimum fluidization velocity, void fraction, particle porosity, and assignment within the Geldart Classification. A novel form of the Ergun equation was used to determine the bulk void fractions and particle density. Accuracy of properties-characterization methodology was validated on materials of known properties prior to testing materials of unknown properties. Several of the standard present-day techniques were scrutinized and improved upon where appropriate. Validity, accuracy, and repeatability were assessed for the procedures presented and deemed higher than present-day techniques. A database of over seventy materials has been developed to assist in model validation efforts and future desig
Novel Phosphorylated Forms of E2F-1 Transcription Factor Bind to the Retinoblastoma Protein in Cells Overexpressing an E2F-1 cDNA

Abstract In cells overexpressing an exogenous cDNA encoding the E2F-1 transcription factor, as many as eight closely-migrating protein bands were detected after denaturing protein gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting with an E2F-1-specific antibody. Control cells, not overexpressing an E2F-1 cDNA, contained only four E2F-1-specific bands. Pretreatment of protein extracts, from both control and E2F-1 overexpressing cells, with λ-phosphatase eliminated all E2F-1-specific bands except the single band migrating most rapidly on the gels. These data demonstrated that the multiple protein bands were differentially-phosphorylated forms of E2F-1 protein and showed that novel, more highly phosphorylated E2F-1 forms were present in cells overexpressing the E2F-1 protein. In addition, immunoprecipitation of the retinoblastoma (pRb) protein from cells overexpressing the E2F-1 cDNA showed that the novel, highly phosphorylated E2F-1 forms were preferentially coimmunoprecipitated, indicating that pRb bound preferentially to these E2F-1 forms.
THE PRESENCE IN PENICILLIUM FUNICULOSUM OF AN INHIBITOR TO THE ANTIVIRAL AGENT HELENINE

The present findings indicate that the wide fluctuation observed in the antiviral activity of various crude helenine preparations may be attributable to the presence of varying amounts of inhibitor. Antiviral activity could be enhanced by removal of the inhibitor. A meaningful value for helenine titer in a preparation clearly should be determined in the inhibitor-free zone.
Arabidopsis SHORT HYPOCOTYL UNDER BLUE1 Contains SPX and EXS Domains and Acts in Cryptochrome Signaling

Photomorphogenesis is regulated by red/far-red light–absorbing phytochromes and blue/UV-A light–absorbing cryptochromes. We isolated an Arabidopsis thaliana blue light mutant, short hypocotyl under blue1 (shb1), a knockout allele. However, shb1-D, a dominant allele, exhibited a long-hypocotyl phenotype under red, far-red, and blue light. The phenotype conferred by shb1-D was caused by overaccumulation of SHB1 transcript and recapitulated by overexpression of SHB1 in Arabidopsis. Therefore, SHB1 acts in cryptochrome signaling but overexpression may expand its signaling activity to red and far-red light. Consistent with this, overexpression of SHB1 enhanced the expression of PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR4 (PIF4) under red light. PIF4 appears to specifically mediate SHB1 regulation of hypocotyl elongation and CHLOROPHYLL a/b BINDING PROTEIN3 or CHALCONE SYNTHASE expression under red light. Overexpression of SHB1 also promoted proteasome-mediated degradation of phytochrome A and hypocotyl elongation under far-red light. Under blue light, shb1 suppressed LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR-RED LIGHT1 (HFR1) expression and showed several deetiolation phenotypes similar to hfr1-201. However, the hypocotyl and cotyledon-opening phenotypes of shb1 were opposite to those of hfr1-201, and HFR1 acts downstream of SHB1. SHB1 encodes a nuclear and cytosolic protein that has motifs homologous with SYG1 protein family members. Therefore, our studies reveal a signaling step in regulating cryptochrome- and possibly phytochrome-mediated light responses.
A chronic micropositioning system for neurophysiology

Microelectrode arrays fabricated for monitoring single and multi-neuronal action potentials often fail to record from the same population of neurons over a period of time. The number of recorded neurons tends to decrease due to micromotion of neurons away from the microelectrode, gliosis around the recording site and also brain movement due to behavior. We report here for the first time, a novel electrostatic microactuator based positioning system that will enable chronic tracking of single neurons. The electrostatic microactuators are fabricated using the SUMMiT/spl trade/ (Sandia's Ultraplanar Multilevel MEMS Technology) process, a 5-layer polysilicon micromachining technology of the Sandia National Labs, NM. The microfabricated microactuators enable precise positioning of microelectrodes in the brain and subsequently upon implantation track specific neurons with minimal behavioral hindrance. The micropositioning system has been designed for chronic precision electrophysiology in rodents. We believe however, that this system will greatly enable precision monitoring and intervention during brain function and dysfunction.
Water Vapor Sorption Properties of Various Dried Milks and Wheys

Abstract An electronic recording microbalance was incorporated into a gravimetric adsorption apparatus for precise study of adsorption and desorption phenomena on dehydrated dairy products. Data are reported for water sorption by spray-dried whey, skimmilk, and whole milk powders as well as foam-spray-dried whey and milk powders. During the sorption measurements a weight maximum was observed in the area of P/P ° ≈ 0.5. The maxima in the adsorption curves are attributed to the occurrence of morphological changes in the sorbent. Evidence for the irreversibility of these morphological effects was obtained from repeated adsorption-desorption studies. The physical changes occurring in the powders may be associated with lactose crystallization, as the magnitude of the weight maxima with their concomitant distortion of the normal sigmoid sorption isotherm was inversely related to the lactose crystallinity in the powders.
Attacking defensive medicine through the utilization of practice parameters. Panacea or placebo for the health care reform movement

(1995). Attacking defensive medicine through the utilization of practice parameters. Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 101-132.
Melatonin for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia.

OBJECTIVE:To review the available literature regarding the use of melatonin in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia (TD).DATA SOURCES:Literature was identified through MEDLINE (1966–September 2002), PsycINFO (1967–September 2002), and references of relevant articles. Review articles, case reports/series, and animal and human studies were reviewed.DATA SYNTHESIS:Melatonin has been investigated in TD based on its antioxidant properties. Animal studies and several human case series describe an association between melatonin and TD. Two recent, controlled studies evaluated the role of melatonin in the treatment of TD.CONCLUSIONS:There is a paucity of data evaluating the use of melatonin in TD. Both of the controlled studies evaluating its use are limited by methodologic issues. Although the most recent trial did report a statistically significant improvement in TD with melatonin, these results are not considered to be clinically significant. There are inadequate data at the present time to support the use of me...
Dense Compounds of C, H, N, and O Atoms. 2. Nitramine and Nitrosamine Derivatives of 2-Oxo- and 2-Iminooctahydroimidazo(4,5-d)Imidazole

The 4,6-dinitroso derivative 11 was obtained (83%) by the nitrosation of 2-oxooctahydroimidazo[4,5-d]-imidazole 1 as the dihydrochloride and was converted to the 4,6-dinitro derivative 12 [66%] by treatment with nitric acid (100%, -40°C) and to the 1,4,6-trinitro derivative 13 (66%) and the 1,3,4,6-tetranitro derivative 2 (86%) by treatment with nitric acid (100%) in acetic anhydride at 0–5°C and 10–25°C respectively. Similar treatment with nitric acid (100%) in either acetic or trifluoroacetic anhydride at 0–25°C converted the trinitro compound 13 to the tetranitro compound 2 (86%). The dinitramine 12 was also obtained (43%) from the diamine 1 by nitration with nitric acid (100%, -40°C). A reaction between 2-nitrimino-5-iminooctahydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole 7 as a hydrochloride salt (from an acid catalyzed condensation between 4,5-dihydroxy-2-nitriminoimidazolidine 6 and guanidine) and nitric acid (100%, -40°C) gave the 2,5-dinitrimino derivative 14 (85%) isolated as a monohydrate. The nitrate salt 7 · HNO3, isomeric with 14 · H2O, was obtained from the corresponding hydrochloride 7 · HCl and silver nitrate. Both nitrimines 7 and 14 gave 1,3,4,6-tetranitro-2,5-dioxooctahydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole 15 (66% and 59%) by treatment with nitric acid (100%) in acetic anhydride.
The purification of HiPco SWCNTs with liquid bromine at room temperature

Abstract A new procedure to purify HiPco single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) from iron catalyst impurity is introduced. The protocol, which uses liquid bromine at room temperature (RT) as an oxidant, improves nanotube purity from iron by a factor of approximately 10, while maintaining good nanotube integrity as demonstrated by near infrared (NIR) luminescence and absorbance measurements. When HiPco SWCNTs are dissolved in RT Br2(l) (free of O2 and H2O), the metallic iron impurity is quickly oxidized to its bromide salt and easily removed by aqueous washing or by washing with dilute acid. The iron content (by ICP-AE) for the purified SWCNT material was 2.8–3.6% by weight (for three different samples) for a single purification step, but could be lowered to 1.6–1.8% with an additional purification cycle. Characterization of the resulting purified SWCNT material has been achieved by TEM imaging, XPS, ICP-AE analysis, Raman spectroscopy, electronic absorption spectroscopy, and by NIR photoluminescence measurements. Finally, the new Br2(l) purification procedure has been compared to and contrasted with other established purification procedures for HiPco SWCNTs and found to be a highly desirable alternative.
Some patterns of technological change in high-performance computers

High-performance computer technology is undergoing a period of unusually rapid change, and this paper attempts to describe the patterns of these changes in a systematic way. Pattern recognition is the basis of technology forecasting, and it is through technology forecasting that we obtain the anticipatory information that allows us to avoid problems and create opportunities. We will first identify the stages in which technological changes occur, and then define “change” as the first derivative of an information function that describes the state of a technology. We then explore the driving forces that cause three generic patterns of technological change: incremental, exponential, and logistic. Some areas in high-performance computer technology that are following these patterns are then identified, and a forecast is developed. Finally, some limits of high-performance computing are discussed.
Link Scheduling and Power Control in Wireless Mesh Networks with Directional Antennas

Directional antennas are very attractive in wireless mesh networks (WMN). We study the problem of link scheduling and power control in a time-division multiple access (TDMA) WMN where the nodes use directional antennas. This is a cross- layer design problem spanning the physical and the link layers. Link scheduling in WMNs requires careful modeling of interference. Interference models used for omni-directional antennas cannot be used for directional antennas. We develop a generalized interference model applicable to directional antennas. Then, we use this model to formulate the link scheduling and power control problem as a Mixed Integer Linear Program. We also propose a heuristic algorithm to solve the problem efficiently.
Improvement in coronary vascular dysfunction produced with euglycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes

Objective: To determine the effect of plasma glucose lowering on coronary circulatory function in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Twenty patients with type 2 diabetes and 18 weight-matched controls were studied. At baseline, myocardial blood flow (MBF) was measured with [ 13 N]ammonia and positron emission tomography at rest, during cold pressor testing (CPT), and during adenosine hyperaemia. In diabetic patients, MBF and blood chemistry were analysed again after 3 months of glucose-lowering treatment with glyburide and metformin. Results: Although hyperaemic MBF did not differ significantly between the patients and controls (1.81 (0.38) v 1.97 (0.43) ml/min/g; mean (SD)), the CPT-induced MBF increase (ΔMBF) was significantly less in diabetic patients than in controls (0.07 (0.07) v 0.25 (0.12) ml/min/g; p v 0.25 (0.12) ml/min/g; p = NS). The decrease in plasma glucose concentrations correlated significantly with the improvement in ΔMBF in response to CPT (r = 0.67, p Conclusions: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with abnormal MBF response to CPT, which can be significantly improved by euglycaemic control with glyburide and metformin. The close association between the decrease in plasma glucose concentration and the improvement in coronary vasomotor function in response to CPT suggests a direct adverse effect of raised plasma glucose concentration on diabetes-related coronary vascular disease.
Integrase Inhibitors: A Novel Class of Antiretroviral Agents:

OBJECTIVETo review the pharmacology, efficacy, safety, and resistance profiles of the integrase inhibitors raltegravir and elvitegravir.DATA SOURCESA search of PubMed was conducted (2000-August 2009) using the following key words: raltegravir, MK-0518, elvitegravir, and GS-9137. Articles were evaluated for content and bibliographies were reviewed. Data available exclusively in abstracts from major infectious diseases and HIV conferences were also evaluated for inclusion.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTIONStudies included were in vitro investigations; Phase 1, 2, and 3 clinical trials; retrospective analyses including case reports; and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations.DATA SYNTHESISRaltegravir is currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the management of HIV-1 infection in treatment-naive or -experienced adults as part of an optimized combination regimen. When combined with other active agents, it has demonstrated similar virologic efficacy after 96 weeks to the combination...
A Study on Carbon-Nanotube Local Oxidation Lithography Using an Atomic Force Microscope

In this paper, nanoscale anodic oxidation lithography using an atomic force microscope (AFM) is systematically studied on carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Trends between the produced feature size and the corresponding process parameters, such as applied voltage, water meniscus length, tip speed during oxidation (hold time), and humidity are observed. By methodically varying these process parameters, the appropriate working ranges have been found to create features of various sizes based on the oxidation of the CNT structure. We have obtained feature sizes down to 58 nm by setting oxidation time per pixel to 20 ms corresponding to a tip speed of 1.50 μ m/s. Optimizing the tip speed during line scans was found to be critical in maintaining the presence of the water meniscus, which was often found to break above the tip speeds of 1 μm/s. In addition, a comparison of the results from employing this technique between CNT and graphene patterning is illustrated. Other factors affecting the reproducibility of the results are addressed in an endeavor to make the oxidization process more robust and repeatable.
Electrostatic gating of hybrid halide perovskite field-effect transistors: balanced ambipolar transport at room-temperature

The hybrid halide perovskites combine the low-cost processing characteristics of organic materials with the performance factors of inorganic compounds. Recently the power conversion efficiencies of perovskite photovoltaic solar cells have reached a respective value of ∼20%. The charge transport properties were indirectly approximated in these compounds because of lack of available field-effect transistors (FETs). Here we report the fabrication and room-temperature operation of FETs based on the hybrid perovskites. We obtained balanced electron and hole transport with mobilities of ∼1 cm2/Vs. We also found that the yield, as well as the operational and environmental stability of the fabricated transistors is limited.
Choosing the Optimum Type of Modulation--A Comparison of Several Communication Systems

The engineer designing a new communications system often has available a choice between several different types of RF modulation. The four main methods considered here are standard amplitude (AM), double-sideband suppressedcarrier (DSBSC), single-sideband (SSB), and frequency (FM) modulations. Some of their basic system performance characteristics are evaluated on a comparative basis for the transmission of voice and pulsed data. Factors considered include: compatibility, effective range, bandwidth, signal-to-noise performance, interference rejection capabilities, distortion characteristics, required stability, required transmitter power, and resulting circuit complexity. The choice of the best type of modulation for a particular communications system requires the simultaneous consideration of many such factors evaluated for the basic requirements of that system. Because these factors vary with system parameters and because they may be of differing relative importance, it is not possible to say that any one type of modulation is best for all uses. The practical manner in which the choice may be made is illustrated by examples drawn from several types of communication systems.
Oxidative addition of SiH4 and GeH4 to Ir(PPh3)2(CO)Cl: structural and spectroscopic evidence for the formation of products derived from cis oxidative addition.

X-ray diffraction studies demonstrate that oxidative addition of SiH4 to Ir(PPh3)2(CO)Cl yields Ir(PPh3)2(CO)(Cl)(SiH3)H, which features a cis arrangement of the SiH3 and H ligands in which H is located trans to CO, rather than trans to Cl as originally reported. 1H NMR spectroscopic studies indicate that oxidative addition of GeH4 to Ir(PPh3)2(CO)Cl also occurs in a cis manner but results in the formation of two isomers of Ir(PPh3)2(CO)(Cl)(GeH3)H, which are related by H being trans to either CO or Cl.
Neurotransmitters, Neuromodulators, and Neurohormones

The above broad title was selected for me by the organizers of this symposium, and while I should love to expound on the comparative aspects, physiological and biochemical, such an undertaking would of itself fill the entire volume. Therefore, most of my remarks will be restricted to my current interests and experience, which means that one substance will have centre stage, namely octopamine, and insects will be the primary experimental subject. Nevertheless, my overall perspective will be truly comparative.
Modern Radiation Therapy and Cardiac Outcomes in Breast Cancer

Purpose Adjuvant radiation therapy, which has proven benefit against breast cancer, has historically been associated with an increased incidence of ischemic heart disease. Modern techniques have reduced this risk, but a detailed evaluation has not recently been conducted. The present study evaluated the effect of current radiation practices on ischemia-related cardiac events and procedures in a population-based study of older women with nonmetastatic breast cancer. Methods and Materials A total of 29,102 patients diagnosed from 2000 to 2009 were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare database. Medicare claims were used to identify the radiation therapy and cardiac outcomes. Competing risk models were used to assess the effect of radiation on these outcomes. Results Patients with left-sided breast cancer had a small increase in their risk of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) after radiation therapy—the 10-year cumulative incidence for these patients was 5.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.9%-6.2%) and 4.5% (95% CI 4.0%-5.0%) for right-sided patients. This risk was limited to women with previous cardiac disease. For patients who underwent PCI, those with left-sided breast cancer had a significantly increased risk of cardiac mortality with a subdistribution hazard ratio of 2.02 (95% CI 1.23-3.34). No other outcome, including cardiac mortality for the entire cohort, showed a significant relationship with tumor laterality. Conclusions For women with a history of cardiac disease, those with left-sided breast cancer who underwent radiation therapy had increased rates of PCI and a survival decrement if treated with PCI. The results of the present study could help cardiologists and radiation oncologists better stratify patients who need more aggressive cardioprotective techniques.
Resource bricolage for parallel database systems

Running parallel database systems in an environment with heterogeneous resources has become increasingly common, due to cluster evolution and increasing interest in moving applications into public clouds. For database systems running in a heterogeneous cluster, the default uniform data partitioning strategy may overload some of the slow machines while at the same time it may under-utilize the more powerful machines. Since the processing time of a parallel query is determined by the slowest machine, such an allocation strategy may result in a significant query performance degradation.We take a first step to address this problem by introducing a technique we call resource bricolage that improves database performance in heterogeneous environments. Our approach quantifies the performance differences among machines with various resources as they process workloads with diverse resource requirements. We formalize the problem of minimizing workload execution time and view it as an optimization problem, and then we employ linear programming to obtain a recommended data partitioning scheme. We verify the effectiveness of our technique with an extensive experimental study on a commercial database system.
In vitro T lymphopoiesis of human and rhesus CD34+ progenitor cells

Differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells into T lymphocytes generally occurs in the unique environment of the thymus, a feature that has hindered efforts to model this process in the laboratory. We now report that thymic stromal cultures from rhesus macaques can support T-cell differentiation of human or rhesus CD34+ progenitor cells. Culture of rhesus or human CD34+ bone marrow-derived cells depleted of CD34+ lymphocytes on rhesus thymic stromal monolayers yielded CD3+CD4+CD8+, CD3+CD4+CD8-, and CD3+CD4-CD8+ cells after 10 to 14 days. In addition to classical T lymphocytes, a discrete population of CD3+CD8loCD16+CD56+ cells was detected after 14 days in cultures inoculated with rhesus CD34+ cells. CD3+ T cells arising from these cultures were not derived from contaminating T cells present in the CD34+ cells used to inoculate thymic stromal monolayers or from the thymic monolayers, as shown by labeling of cells with the lipophilic membrane dye PKH26. Expression of the recombinase activation gene RAG- 2, which is selectively expressed in developing lymphocytes, was detectable in thymic cultures inoculated with CD34+ cells but not in CD34+ cells before thymic culture or in thymic stromal monolayers alone. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of T cells derived from thymic stromal cultures of rhesus and human CD34+ cells showed a polyclonal T-cell receptor repertoire. T-cell progeny derived from rhesus CD34+ cells cultured on thymic stroma supported vigorous simian immunodeficiency virus replication in the absence of exogenous mitogenic stimuli. Rhesus thymic stromal cultures provide a convenient means to analyze T-cell differentiation in vitro and may be useful as a model of hematopoietic stem cell therapy for diseases of T cells, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Life in the Fast Lane: What You Need to Know About the Irs Drive Toward Audit Currency

The ambitious, multifaceted effort under way by the Internal Revenue Service to improve and streamline auditing of large- and mid-sized U.S. corporations is a developing, important story for senior, financial and tax executives. The IRS has become more focused and aggressive with respect to speeding up the enforcement process. It is pushing to increase audit coverage in the large- and mid-sized business (LMSB) realm. And it is tackling the difficult task of redeploying its dwindling resources to tax shelters, which accounts for the consumption of more than a quarter of LMSB staff years. A key component of these efforts is the IRS currency strategy. Through currency, the Service aims to shorten the audit cycle for the roughly 1,400 very largest companies from a historical average of 60 months to 18 months or less. Currency and an array of related initiatives - some spawned by currency, others supported by it - present both challenges and opportunities for the nearly 200,000 entities overseen by LMSB. Understanding these initiatives, and the interplay among them, will help equip companies to capture the significant benefits emerging from the IRS's efforts to transform and modernize audit processes and procedures.
Reducing alcohol abuse in active patients

Alcohol abuse is recognized as one of our most acute societal concerns and has widespread consequences. The main costs from alcohol consumption each year in the United States are an estimated $150 billion, which includes those of related healthcare and productivity losses from the estimated 100,000 lives lost. Substance abuse figures prominently among public health priorities; many mention alcohol or drinking. Achieving reductions in abuse has been mediocre in recent years (1). Although progress was made toward the Healthy People 2000 targets, none of the goals was met.
Definition of energy-calibrated spectra for national reachback

Accurate energy calibration is critical for the timeliness and accuracy of analysis results of spectra submitted to National Reachback, particularly for the detection of threat items. Many spectra submitted for analysis include either a calibration spectrum using 137Cs or no calibration spectrum at all. The single line provided by 137Cs is insufficient to adequately calibrate nonlinear spectra. A calibration source that provides several lines that are well-spaced, from the low energy cutoff to the full energy range of the detector, is needed for a satisfactory energy calibration. This paper defines the requirements of an energy calibration for the purposes of National Reachback, outlines a method to validate whether a given spectrum meets that definition, discusses general source considerations, and provides a specific operating procedure for calibrating the GR-135.
Visualization of Surfaces of Pt and Ni Model Catalysts in Reactive Environments Using Ambient Pressure High Temperature Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Understanding the Restructurings of Surfaces of Model Metal Catalysts under Reaction Conditions at Near Ambient Pressure

Catalysis science has emerged as one of the crucial fields in energy science responsible for a sustainable energy world. Fundamental study of surface structures of catalysts at atomic scale under r...
Residency Training in Clinical Chemistry: A Review of Behavioral Objectives

This is a discussion of behavioral objectives as they apply to the cognitive domain for the clinical chemistry component of a pathology residency training program. Emphasis is placed upon those objectives most characteristic of this hybrid specialty: and although they are formulated in broad terms, specific typical examination questions are offered under each of the categories, which include: setting priorities in selecting and instituting new laboratory tests; choosing between alternative instruments and methods; setting tolerance limits for quality control results; correctly implementing quality control, including all of the various methods; proceeding independently with follow-up procedures when indicated; consulting with medical students, hospital house staff, and attending staff with specific diagnostic and prognostic problems related to specific patients. Attention is also given to more purely technical behavior, such as trouble-shooting methods and instruments, and mathematical problem solving.
Low Power Nonlinear Optics in Nanophotonic Structures

Very strong light-matter interaction and optical nolinearity at the level of few photons is achieved by employing optical nanocavities (e.g., in GaAs, GaP, SiC) with embedded quantum emitters, such as quantum dots and color centers.
Translation Theory under Context Assimilation Model

This paper,integrating Grice's Cooperation Principles,new-Grice Theory,Relevance Theory as well as Biological Assimilation Theory,sets up a new pragmatic model——Context Assimilation Model,which combines social as well as cognitive factors.Then it analyzes different translation approaches under the model.
Study on the Relation of Knowledge Alliance Synergy Innovation Performance and Its Influencing Factors

Collaborative innovation is a process affected by many factors.This study is relying on the basis of theoretical analysis and literature related on collaborative innovation knowledge alliance.We proposed the model explaining the factors that influence the collaborative innovation and to do the empirical analysis.The result shows that the collaborative innovation performance consists of three dimensions that are product innovation,management innovation and process innovation.The membership of the alliance has a positive effect on three dimensions of the collaborative innovation performance.The environment of collaborative innovation only influences the management innovation significantly.The own quality of the firms has no significant effect on three dimensions of the collaborative innovation performance.
Correlation of plasma protein C levels with cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged adults: The atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study

To evaluate the association of plasma protein C levels with constitutional, socioeconomic, life-style and biochemical factors important in cardiovascular diseases, we measured protein C levels in 12,290 middle aged (45-64 years) subjects participating in the ARIC study. Protein C levels had a normal distribution with a mean value of 3.17 micrograms/ml. They were higher in women than men and in whites than blacks; higher in postmenopausal women and further increased by hormonal supplements. The age influence was inconsistent and was considered to be inconsequential. Protein C levels were positively correlated with body mass index, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides and negatively associated with cigarette smoking. These factors should be taken into consideration when establishing normal protein C levels and when analyzing the relation between protein C and arterial and venous thrombotic disorders.
Truth, justice, and education: towards reconciliation in the former Yugoslavia

AbstractKey to the success of peacebuilding and social reconstruction in the former Yugoslavia are the attitudes of these young people. Our goal in this paper is to explore young people’s attitudes about the prospects of reconciliation vis-a-vis those with whom their nations were formerly at war. In particular, we examine three sets of factors. First, we contend that the level of contact among people engendered by the segregated educational systems affects the attitudes of the young about the possibility of reconciliation. We suggest that those who are able to interact more frequently with fellow students from other ethnic groups will be more likely to believe in the possibility of reconciliation. Second, we contend that attitudes of young people about which ethnic groups were responsible for the violence in the former Yugoslavia and the efforts of the international community to bring truth and justice will strongly influence attitudes. Finally, we examine other factors such as education and the influence...