cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacy, complications, and cost of a comprehensive blood conservation program for cardiac operations.

We reviewed blood use in 118 consecutive patients who underwent primary, elective cardiac operations in 1989. In June 1989 we initiated a blood conservation program that included attempts to limit preoperative aspirin use, intraoperative phlebotomy and hemodilution, use of a cell conservation device (Electromedics, Inc., Englewood, Colo.) to concentrate residual oxygenator contents, reinfusion of chest drainage, and acceptance of a minimum hemoglobin level of 8.0 gmjdl in stable patients. Patient characteristics were similar for patients operated on both before (n =58) and after (n =60) initiation of the blood conservation program, except for age and preoperative aspirin use (both greater in postconservation patients). Fewer blood products were transfused (5.8 ± 5.7 units per patient before conservation versus 4.0 ± 7.4 units per patient after conservation; p = 0.005). More complete data were available for 82 patients (40 patients before conservation and 42 after conservation). In the postconservation patients, 20 of 42 had 575 ± 140 mI of blood withdrawn before cardiopulmonary bypass and reinfused afterward, 26 of 42 had 806 ± 376 mI of blood processed with the cell conservation device returned, and 21 of 42 patients had an average of 287 ± 127 mI of chest drainage reinfused. Chest tube drainage, postoperative hematologic parameters, and the prevalence of complications were not significantly different between groups. Stepwise linear regression analysis identified intraoperative withdrawal of blood before cardiopulmonary bypass, bypass duration, and preoperative hematocrit value as predictors of blood use. Intraoperative withdrawal of blood before cardiopulmonary bypass is an important conservation measure, and its use should be expanded. (J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG 1992;103:1001-7)
Diagnosis of Ileal Pouch Disorders: Clinical Evaluation

Abstract Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis is the most common surgical therapy for ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis. Although this surgical therapy is effective to treat medically refractory disease or colitis-associated neoplasia and patients report improved quality of life, a number of patients can experience development of inflammatory and noninflammatory processes of the pouch resulting in dysfunction and symptoms. Pouchitis, cuffitis, Crohn’s disease of the pouch, and irritable pouch syndrome are among the common disorders of the pouch. In order to manage these disorders effectively, accurate diagnosis is necessary. A thorough history usually accompanied by endoscopic evaluation and accurate histopathology is the cornerstone of clinical evaluation. In instances laboratory and abdominal imaging are necessary for the assessment.
Abstract 4355: Altered acetate metabolism in cisplatin resistant bladder cancer

Introduction and Objective: Cisplatin is an important chemotherapeutic agent against metastatic bladder cancer, but resistance often limits its usage. With the recent recognition of lipid metabolic alterations in bladder cancers, we studied the metabolic implications of cisplatin resistance using cisplatin-sensitive (T24S) and resistant (T24R) bladder cancer cells. Methods: To test whether there should be differences in metabolism and metabolism-associated pathways between cisplatin-sensitive and resistant bladder cancer cells, we applied the live metabolomics approach that we recently developed to isogenic bladder cancer cell lines T24S (cisplatin sensitive) and T24R (cisplatin resistant). The metabolites generated from 13C-glucose tracer were monitored with 2D 1H-13C HSQC NMR in real time. Results: Real-time live metabolomics revealed that T24R cells consume more glucose, leading to higher production of glucose-derived acetate and fatty acids. Along with the activation of general metabolic regulators, enzymes involved in acetate usage (ACSS2) and fatty acid synthesis (ACC) and a precursor for fatty acid synthesis (acetyl-CoA) were elevated in T24R cells. Consistently, metabolic analysis with 13C isotope revealed that T24R cells preferred glucose to acetate as the exogenous carbon source for the increased fatty acid synthesis, contrary to T24S cells. In addition, ACSS2, rather than the well-established ACLY, was the key enzyme that supplies acetyl-CoA in T24R cells through glucose-derived endogenous acetate. The relevance of ACSS2 in cisplatin resistance was further confirmed by the abrogation of resistance by an ACSS2 inhibitor and, finally, by the higher expression of ACSS2 in the patient tissues with cisplatin resistance. Conclusions: Our results may help improve the treatment options for chemoresistant bladder cancer patients and provide possible vulnerability targets to overcome the resistance. Citation Format: Jayoung Kim. Altered acetate metabolism in cisplatin resistant bladder cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4355.
Argument from Similitude in Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Deliberative Dissent from War

Martin Luther King, Jr.’s anti-war speech, “Beyond Vietnam,” is a noteworthy example of deliberation by dissent from the margins. Attention is given to the formation of his moral argument from similitude, its foundation in metaphor and archetypal imagery, and how it shifted perspective to enable the introduction of alternative lines of argument. King’s argumentation, as it worked rhetorically toward making the war debatable, exhibited key features of deliberative dissent, including catachresis, contingency, perspective, and incommensurability.
Virtual Reality Robot-Assisted Welding Based on Human Intention Recognition

We propose an innovative approach to enhance welding operations by using a cyber-physical system (CPS) with layered architecture and enabling a robot to be effectively operated by its commanding human. This article focuses on the recognition of the commanding human’s intention that should be executed by the robot. To this end, a virtual reality (VR) system based on the HTC Vive is used to create a remote virtual welding environment. Human hand movement speed data is collected and used to train a hidden Markov model (HMM) using the Baum-Welch algorithm. The Bayesian information criterion (BIC) is applied to determine the number of hidden states. The state occupancy probability distribution (the probability of each state at a given time) is estimated based on the human hand movement speed sequence using the forward algorithm. The human intention, defined as the intended movement in this article, is then estimated as the statistical expectation of the observable variables. Using the proposed human intention estimation algorithm, the intended movement recognized from the raw movement data is smoother, which is preferable in welding tasks. A 6-DoF industrial robot, UR-5 with a custom gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) torch installed, works as the final performer of the welding jobs. The robot receives the intended movement data from the HMM and uses this to assist the human welding operators. Welding experiments have been conducted both with and without the proposed human intention recognition (IR) algorithm. The results show that the robot can help the operators complete welding tasks with better performance using the proposed IR system, supporting the effectiveness of the proposed VR robot-assisted welding system. Note to Practitioners —Welding is not only labor-intensive but also requires real-time adaption to the process, which is challenging for robots/machines but relatively straightforward for humans. Using a human commanded robot to perform welding can liberate humans from laborious operations and hazardous environments. To this end, a virtual reality (VR) system is used to create a virtual welding environment for a human to view the process remotely and for a human to pass his/her resultant adaptation to the robot through hand movements. However, hand movements do not always fully represent the intended adaptation of the commanding human, and the recognition of such human intention is fundamental in such a proposed method. This article established the mathematical framework for the recognition of the human intention and, thus, the foundation for effective assistance of robots to humans.
Stretched penile length and its associations with testosterone and infertility

Background Male infertility can be associated with secondary sexual characteristics, hypogonadism, and several findings in the examination of external genitalia. We sought to identify if stretched penile length (SPL) is associated with infertility or baseline testosterone. Methods We performed a retrospective review of all males age 18-59 presenting to a Men's health clinic from 2014 to 2017. SPL of patients with infertility were compared to patients with any other complaint. Patients with Peyronie's disease, prior penile surgery, prostatectomy, on testosterone replacement, clomiphene or β-hCG were excluded from our study. Baseline characteristics were compared between the two groups (infertile vs. other). Linear regression was used to assess the association between infertility and testosterone with SPL after adjusting for patient age, BMI, and race. Scatterplot was used for correlation between testosterone and SPL. Results Six hundred and sixty-four men were included in our study (161 infertile, 503 other). The unadjusted mean SPL in the infertile group was 12.3 cm compared to 13.4 cm in the other group (P<0.001). The significance remained when adjusted for age, BMI, testosterone and race (12.4 vs. 13.3, P<0.001). Mean total testosterone in the infertile group was not significantly different than the other group (414 vs. 422, P=0.68). Infertile men were younger than the other group (33.2 vs. 42.1 years, P<0.001). BMI did not significantly differ (28.9 vs. 28.9 kg/m2, P=0.57). There was a weak positive correlation between testosterone and penile size in both the infertile group (r=0.20, P=0.01) and the other group (r=0.24, P<0.001). Conclusions Though SPL differed amongst our groups, adult testosterone levels did not. If developmental levels of testosterone exposure accounted for some of the differences in SPL between our two groups, these variations did not persist into adulthood. It remains unknown if reduced length is a result of genetic or congenital factors associated with infertility. Further investigation is needed to better understand the association of shorter SPL with male infertility.
Religious Freedom and Beyond: The Right to Moral Freedom

At the Second Vatican Council (1962-65), the celebrated American Jesuit John Courtney Murray played a leading role, as is well known, in persuading the magisterium of the Roman Catholic Church - the bishops and, ultimately, the pope - to embrace the right to religious freedom. Murray was concerned with more than just religious freedom, however; he was also concerned with what we may call moral freedom. In 1960, the year in which the first and, so far, only Catholic was elected to the presidency of the United States, Murray's published *We Hold These Truths: Catholic Reflections on the American Proposition*. Murray wrote, in that now-famous book, that "the moral aspirations of the law are minimal. Laws seek to establish and maintain only that minimum of actualized morality that is necessary for the healthy functioning of the social order." According to Murray, the law should "not look to what is morally desirable, or attempt to remove every moral taint from the atmosphere of society. It [should] enforce[] only what is minimally acceptable, and in this sense socially necessary." "But why should 'the moral aspirations of the law' be only 'minimal'," we may fairly ask. "Why should 'laws seek to establish and maintain only that minimum of actualized morality that is necessary for the healthy functioning of the social order'? Why should the law 'enforce only what is minimally acceptable, and in this sense socially necessary'?" In this essay I provide an answer, in the course of defending this claim: The case for liberal democracy's affirming the right to moral freedom is analogous to and no less compelling than the case for its affirming, as it does, the right to religious freedom. Liberal democracy should affirm the former right, therefore, as well as the latter; it should affirm moral freedom as well as religious freedom.
Ultrastructural studies of lethal c25H/c25H mouse embryos

Mouse embryos which are homozygous for the c 25 H deletion at the albino locus are developmentally arrested at the 2- to 6-cell cleavage stages. This study reveals that the mutant embryos cease development before they can be distinguished ultrastructurally from their normal litter-mates. After prolonged developmental delay (24–48 h), the nuclei of the mutant embryos become extremely aberrant in shape, whereas other subcellular organelles remain normal and there are no signs of pyknosis. Eventually, the mutant embryos do become pyknotic and begin to degenerate. The striking effects of this deletion on nuclear ultrastructure of cleavage-stage embryos are discussed in relation to biochemical and ultrastructural defects caused by other lethal deletions at the albino locus.
Pore-Scale Dynamics of Liquid CO2–Water Displacement in 2D Axisymmetric Porous Micromodels Under Strong Drainage and Weak Imbibition Conditions: High-Speed μPIV Measurements

Resolving pore-scale transient flow dynamics is crucial to understanding the physics underlying multiphase flow in porous media and informing large-scale predictive models. Surface properties of the porous matrix play an important role in controlling such physics, yet interfacial mechanisms remain poorly understood, in part due to a lack of direct observations. This study reports on an experimental investigation of the pore-scale flow dynamics of liquid CO2 and water in two-dimensional (2D) circular porous micromodels with different surface characteristics employing high-speed microscopic particle image velocimetry (uPIV). The design of the micromodel minimized side boundary effects due to the limited size of the domain. The high-speed uPIV technique resolved the spatial and temporal dynamics of multiphase flow of CO2 and water under reservoir-relevant conditions, for both drainage and imbibition scenarios. When CO2 displaced water in a hydrophilic micromodel (i.e., drainage), unstable capillary fingering occurred and the pore flow was dominated by successive pore-scale burst events (i.e., Haines jumps). When the same experiment was repeated in a nearly neutral wetting micromodel (i.e., weak imbibition), flow instability and fluctuations were virtually eliminated, leading to a more compact displacement pattern. Energy balance analysis indicates that the conversion efficiency between surface energy and external work is less than 30\%, and that kinetic energy is a disproportionately smaller contributor to the energy budget. This is true even during a Haines jump event, which induces velocities typically two orders of magnitude higher than the bulk velocity. These novel measurements further enabled direct observations of the meniscus displacement, revealing a significant alteration of the pore filling mechanisms during drainage and imbibition. While the former typically featured burst events, which often occur only at one of the several throats connecting a pore, the latter is typically dominated by a cooperative filling mechanism involving simultaneous invasion of a pore from multiple throats. This cooperative filling mechanism leads to merging of two interfaces and releases surface energy, causing instantaneous high-speed events that are similar, yet fundamentally different from, burst events. Finally, pore-scale velocity fields were statistically analyzed to provide a quantitative measure of the role of capillary effects in these pore flows.
Spatial Clustering of County-Level COVID-19 Rates in the U.S

Despite the widespread prevalence of cases associated with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, little is known about the spatial clustering of COVID-19 in the United States. Data on COVID-19 cases were used to identify U.S. counties that have both high and low COVID-19 incident proportions and clusters. Our results suggest that there are a variety of sociodemographic variables that are associated with the severity of COVID-19 county-level incident proportions. As the pandemic evolved, communities of color were disproportionately impacted. Subsequently, it shifted from communities of color and metropolitan areas to rural areas in the U.S. Our final period showed limited differences in county characteristics, suggesting that COVID-19 infections were more widespread. The findings might address the systemic barriers and health disparities that may result in high incident proportions of COVID-19 clusters.
A Problem for Fine Individuation and Artist Essentialism

Fine Individuation says it is impossible for distinct people who are not collaborating on a work of art to produce one and same artwork. This is an intra-world thesis, but is necessarily true, if true at all. Author Essentialism says it is impossible for someone else to produce one and the same work of art produced by some actual artist. This is an alleged necessary truth regarding cross-world relations. Both theses have been vigorously defended. I argue here that both are false, but for reasons that are entirely novel.
Extraction of Priority Pollutants from Solids

Tests have been conducted to determine the efficiency of and factors affecting extraction of semivolatile organic priority pollutants from solid samples using modified Soxhlet procedures. Test variables included time of solvent contact, particle size of solid matrix, and type of solvent. The results indicated that extraction efficiences varied substantially for different priority pollutants. The most important factor in obtaining maximum recovery seemed to be the contact time during extraction. Particle size had a minor bearing on extraction efficiency. Solvent losses contributed significant errors when using extraction times longer than 24 hours. When proper consideration is given to the extraction efficiencies and to other sources of error, the Soxhlet procedure is useful for providing estimates of the quantities of semivolatile priority pollutants in solids.
Analyticity of Semigroup Asscociated with a Laminated Composite Beam

We consider a system of coupled partial differential equations that describe the vibrations of laminated beam in which the layers are bonded together by a medium that dissipates energy at a rate proportional to the shear. We show that for the simplest model, in which only transverse inertial energy is accounted for, the associated semigroup is analytic.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME FROM THE LATEX OF THE MILKWEED, ASCLEPIAS SPECIOSA TORR. SOME COMPARISONS WITH OTHER PROTEASES : II. KINETICS OF PROTEIN DIGESTION BY ASCLEPAIN.

1. The kinetics of milk clotting by asclepain, the protease of Asclepias speciosa, were investigated. At higher concentrations of enzyme, the clotting time was inversely proportional to the enzyme concentration. 2. The digestion of casein and hemoglobin in 6.6 M urea by asclepain follows the second order reaction rate. The rate was roughly second order for casein in water. 3. Evaluation of the nature of the enzyme-substrate intermediate indicates that one molecule of asclepain combines with one molecule of casein or hemoglobin in urea solution. 4. Inhibition by the reaction products was deduced from the fact that the digestion velocity of hemoglobin in urea solution varied with the asclepain concentration in agreement with the Schutz-Borissov rule.
Academics and Substance Use among Latino Adolescents: Results from a National Study

This study investigated the relationship between academic factors and past-year alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use in an adolescent sample of Latinos. Secondary data analysis was conducted using a subsample of Latino adolescents (N = 2,593) from the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. School connectedness and parental involvement in school were protective across all substances. Fighting in school increased the risk for use of all substances, and failing grades increased the risk for alcohol and marijuana use. Implications for prevention include the development of prevention programs that aim to increase students' connection to school and increase parental involvement.
Loss of corticostriatal and thalamostriatal synaptic terminals precedes striatal projection neuron pathology in heterozygous Q140 Huntington's disease mice.

Abstract Motor slowing, forebrain white matter loss, and striatal shrinkage have been reported in premanifest Huntington's disease (HD) prior to overt striatal neuron loss. We carried out detailed LM and EM studies in a genetically precise HD mimic, heterozygous Q140 HD knock-in mice, to examine the possibility that loss of corticostriatal and thalamostriatal terminals prior to striatal neuron loss underlies these premanifest HD abnormalities. In our studies, we used VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 immunolabeling to detect corticostriatal and thalamostriatal (respectively) terminals in dorsolateral (motor) striatum over the first year of life, prior to striatal projection neuron pathology. VGLUT1 + axospinous corticostriatal terminals represented about 55% of all excitatory terminals in striatum, and VGLUT2 + axospinous thalamostriatal terminals represented about 35%, with VGLUT1 + and VGLUT2 + axodendritic terminals accounting for the remainder. In Q140 mice, a significant 40% shortfall in VGLUT2 + axodendritic thalamostriatal terminals and a 20% shortfall in axospinous thalamostriatal terminals were already observed at 1 month of age, but VGLUT1 + terminals were normal in abundance. The 20% deficiency in VGLUT2 + thalamostriatal axospinous terminals persisted at 4 and 12 months in Q140 mice, and an additional 30% loss of VGLUT1 + corticostriatal terminals was observed at 12 months. The early and persistent deficiency in thalamostriatal axospinous terminals in Q140 mice may reflect a development defect, and the impoverishment of this excitatory drive to striatum may help explain early motor defects in Q140 mice and in premanifest HD. The loss of corticostriatal terminals at 1 year in Q140 mice is consistent with prior evidence from other mouse models of corticostriatal disconnection early during progression, and can explain both the measurable bradykinesia and striatal white matter loss in late premanifest HD.
Silica Nanoparticle Architecture Determines Radiative Properties of Encapsulated Fluorophores

Silica nanoparticles with embedded fluorescent molecules are used in a variety of applications requiring the observation of single nanoprobes. We describe a class of fluorescent, core–shell silica nanoparticles with a radius of ∼15 nm, narrow particle size distribution, and controlled internal architecture. Particles covalently encapsulating multiple rhodamine molecules are over 20 times brighter than the single dye molecule in water. The photophysical behavior of rhodamine can be manipulated by small changes in the internal architecture of particles with otherwise similar composition, leading to 3-fold enhancement of quantum efficiency per dye with no observable energy transfer between neighboring dyes. This enhancement of quantum efficiency per dye is due to a uniform 2-fold enhancement in radiative rate and a variable reduction in nonradiative rate which varies inversely with the degree of rotational mobility of the dye allowed by the particle architecture. These results demonstrate a practical method ...
Two-step photorefractive effect in rare-earth-doped ferroelectric crystals

photorefractive effect in rare-earth doped ferroelectric crystalsY. S. Bai and R. KachruMolecular Physics Lab, SRI International333 Ravenswood Ave.Menlo Park, CA 94025ABSTRACTWe have demonstrated non-volatile holographic storage with two-photon, two-step recording in rare-earth doped ferroelectric crystals using cw lasers. Single photon erasure during the read out at nearinfrared wavelengths was found to be negligible. This progress paves the way to the realization of aeconomically viable, non-volatile read/write holographic recording system based on low costsemiconductor diode lasers.Keywords: Photorefractive materials; Volume holographic recording
124 $^\circ$ Rotation Angle Electrothermal Micromirror With Integrated Platinum Heater

We report a single-crystal silicon (SCS)-based micromirror that is electrothermally actuated by a platinum heater integrated at the end of a thermal bimorph actuator. The mirror size is 1 mm times1 mm. A large rotation angle of 124 deg has been obtained at a dc voltage of 12.5 V. The resonant frequency of the device is 336 Hz. The radius of curvature of the mirror plate is 130 mm. A lumped circuit model has been developed for electrothermomechanical behavioral simulation and design optimization. The simulation results by the circuit model match the experimental data to within 6.9%
Massively parallel spatially variant maximum-likelihood restoration of Hubble Space Telescope imagery.

We present results of concurrent maximum-likelihood restoration implementations with a spatially variant point-spread function (SV-PSF) on both synthetic and real data sets from the Hubble Space Telescope. We demonstrate that SV-PSF restoration exhibits superior performance compared with restoration with a spatially invariant point-spread function. We realize concurrency on a network of Unix workstations and on a SV-PSF model from sparse point-spread function reference information by means of bilinear interpolation. We then use the interpolative point-spread function model to implement several different SV-PSF restoration methods. These restoration methods are tested on a standard synthetic Hubble Space Telescope test case, and the results are compared on a computational effort–restoration performance basis. These methods are further applied to actual Hubble Space Telescope data, including an application that corrects for motion blur, and the results are presented.
Evidence of soil nutrient availability as the proximate constraint on growth of treeline trees in northwest Alaska

The position of the Arctic treeline, which is a key regulator of surface energy exchange and carbon cycling, is widely thought to be controlled by temperature. Here, we present evidence that soil nutrient availability, rather than temperature, may be the proximate control on growth of treeline trees at our study site in northwest Alaska. We examined constraints on growth and allocation of white spruce in three contrasting habitats. The habitats had similar aboveground climates, but soil temperature declined from the riverside terrace to the forest to the treeline. We identified six lines of evidence that conflict with the hypothesis of direct temperature control and/or point to the importance of soil nutrient availability. First, the magnitude of aboveground growth declined from the terrace to the forest to the treeline, along gradients of diminishing soil nitrogen (N) availability and needle N concentration. Second, peak rates of branch extension, main stem radial and fine-root growth were generally not coincident with seasonal air and soil temperature maxima. At the treeline, in particular, rates of aboveground and fine-root growth declined well before air and soil temperatures reached their seasonal peaks. Third, in contrast with the hypothesis of temperature-limited growth, growing season average net photosynthesis was positively related to the sum of normalized branch extension, main stem radial and fine-root growth across trees and sites. Fourth, needle nonstructural carbohydrate concentration was significantly higher on the terrace, where growth was greatest. Fifth, annual branch extension growth was positively related to snow depth, consistent with the hypothesis that deeper snow promotes microbial activity and greater soil nutrient availability. Finally, the tree ring record revealed a large growth increase during late 20th-century climate warming on the terrace, where soil N availability is relatively high. Meanwhile, trees in the forest and at the treeline showed progressively smaller growth increases. Our results suggest temperature effects on tree growth at our study sites may be mediated by soil nutrient availability, making responses to climate change more complex and our ability to interpret the tree ring record more challenging than previously thought.
Yeast cell microfiltration: optimization of backwashing for delicate membranes

Abstract Crossflow microfiltration of yeast solutions was performed with crossflushing (done by stopping the permeate flow while maintaining the flow across the membrane) at intervals of 0.5 to 6 min and lasting for 5 to 90 s. A quantitative method was determined to compare the effectiveness of the various crossflushing times, independent of the initial cleanliness of the membrane. If crossflushing is performed every 0.5 to 1 min, 10–15 s is required to affect the steady-state flux. More time is required if crossflushing is performed less frequently. The total crossflushing time is also important. The more time spent crossflushing, the more slowly flux declines. However, since no product is being purified during crossflushing, economics will be an important part of determining the optimal crossflushing time.
A note on a treatment of impactor data for some aerosols

Abstract A procedure for estimating the distribution parameters of lognormal aerosols from cascade impactor data is suggested. By expressing the individual stage collection efficiency curves by power series in particle size, the corresponding percentage deposits of aerosol particles can be plotted as functions of geometric mean particle size with the geometric variances as parameters. From graphs indicating the dependence of geometric variance on geometric mean particle size for experimentally established percentage deposits on individual stages of cascade impactor, the aerosol size distribution parameters can be estimated. The properties of a single impactor stage the collection efficiency of which is approximated by lognormal distribution function are discussed.
Steady flow of a simple fluid around a rotating sphere

We give a solution to the problem of the motion of a homogeneous incompressible simple fluid around a submerged sphere which is in steady rotation about a fixed axis. The solution is complete up to fourth order in the angular velocity. By way of some explicit computations we exhibit, in a series of figures, some possible streamline fields that show secondary flow regions in the shapes of equatorial tori and/or polar caps. The aim of this study is to give support to the view that many of the non-trivial secondary flow regions that are observed in the laboratory for this problem are well within theoretical description. In our computations there are several material constants to be chosen and we make no claim that all of those we have used have any correspondence with a particular fluid substance. However, certain of those in figures 7 and 8 have been taken from the experimental literature. A discussion of our results is contained in Section 5.
Complications Following Airway Surgery in Noonan Syndrome

Two children with Noonan syndrome underwent airway surgery and both experienced spontaneous chylothorax after surgery. The Noonan syndrome phenotype may include defects that significantly increase the risk of complications associated with surgery. Manifestations of Noonan syndrome may include congenital heart disease; coagulation factor deficiency; pterygium colli; and lymphangiomatosis of the pleura, lungs, and chest wall that can lead to life-threatening chylothorax. In this article, the 2 cases are presented and the relevant literature is reviewed to increase awareness of the potential problems that may be encountered in patients with Noonan syndrome. Recommendations are made regarding preoperative investigations and perioperative management to prevent complications.
Gingival and periodontal parameters in a population of healthy adults, 22-90 years of age.

There are little data concerning the periodontal status of aging individuals free of systemic disease and medication utilization. In the present study 55 healthy male and female, non-medicated adults between the ages of 22 and 90 were evaluated by comparing gingival and periodontal parameters. The results indicate greater proportions of sites with dental plaque, calculus, gingival bleeding and recession, and attachment loss in the oldest age group. The progression of these changes from young to middle to old age was not uniform. Attachment loss showed the most significant age-related changes. Results from this small, cross-sectional study of healthy individuals are generally comparable to findings reported from the NIDR 1985 National Survey of Oral Health in U.S. Adults.
How did They Say That? Ethics Statements and Normative Frameworks at Best Companies to Work For

This empirical study explores aspects of how companies that are positively recognized by their workforce as “Best Companies to Work For” convey the underlying principles of their “trustworthy” culture. The study examines the normative ethical frameworks (deontological, teleological, and ethic of care) and affective language utilized in the ethics statements. Although multiple studies have considered normative ethical frameworks in individual ethical decision making, few have considered normative ethical frameworks in organization ethics statements. In addition, this study expands the analysis to include the ethic of care. Of the “Best Companies to Work for” in this study, 93 had accessible online ethics statements. Findings indicated 70 % (65 of 93) of the ethics statements utilized combinations of three types of normative ethics studied, while 30 % (28 of 93) used a single framework. In statements with combined frameworks, the deontological framework had the highest frequency (40 %), while the ethic of care was present in 33 % of statements and the teleological framework had the lowest frequency (27 %). In ethics statements with a singular framework, the framework rankings were consistent with findings for combined frameworks. Using the Dictionary of Affect in Language, there were statistically significant differences on pleasantness between statements that mentioned ethic of care and those that did not. This study sheds light on how these trustworthy companies communicate (1) by publishing their ethics statements and (2) by using a multidimensional approach in their ethics statements that has greater pleasantness when an ethic of care is utilized.
Broncholithiasis causing acute respiratory failure: Successfully treated by flexible bronchoscopy

A 65-year-old male with history of COPD presented to our institution with a two-month history of worsening dyspnea, cough, and wheezing and with occasional blood-tinged sputum. He had been recently evaluated in the emergency room for these symptoms, at which time chest radiograph revealed a right lung density (Fig. 1A). A chest CT scan demonstrated a large calcified lymph node involving the bronchus intermedius, resulting in collapse of the right middle and lower lobes (Fig. 1B). Bronchoscopy showed broncholithiasis that subtotally occluded the bronchus intermedius. The broncholith was firmly imbedded in the bronchial wall. He was treated for acute exacerbation of COPD with azithromycin and a tapering course of
The Electrical Nature of Storms

I am a biased reviewer. Last spring, I purchased nine copies of The Electrical Nature of Storms, five for my research group and four for our department library. In August, AGU sent me my 10th copy to review and said that I could keep it. So I have 1 % of the initial printing and invite you to acquire the remaining 99%. This book developed from the authors' two decades of experience divided between the National Severe Storms Laboratory in Norman, Oklahoma, and the meteorology and physics departments at the University of Oklahoma. The result is a modern, up-to-date, graduate-level textbook on the electrical processes of storms. A fundamental understanding of meteorology and physics is sufficient to comprehend most of the text.
Incorporating code-based software in an introductory statistics course

This article is based on the experiences of two statistics professors who have taught students to write and effectively utilize code-based software in a college-level introductory statistics course. Advantages of using software and code-based software in this context are discussed. Suggestions are made on how to ease students into using code with minimal anxiety.
Air Quality Assessments in the Vicinity of Swine Production Facilities

ABSTRACT With the transition to increasingly larger swine production facilities, nearby residents have voiced concerns about environmental contamination, odor, and adverse health effects. The goal of this study was to evaluate outdoor airborne concentrations of ammonia, dust, and endotoxin in the environment near four types of swine production facilities and one control farm with no livestock. Dust and endotoxin were detected at a distance of 60 meters outside of facilities but generally, concentrations were below limits of accu-rate detection. The mean (and standard deviation) for outdoor am-monia concentrations were: 0.251 (0.064) ppm-large confinement; 0.086 (0.091) ppm-medium confinement; 0.214 (0.160) ppm-small confinement; 0.139 (0.188) ppm-small conventional; less than 0.004 ppm-control farm. While the airborne concentrations of ammonia measured outside the production facilities were below current oc-cupational health standards, it is possible that ammonia could be a physical irritant in combinatio...
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF URBAN ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONS

Although spatial variations in ambient air quality are important to human health and efforts to improve air quality, a historical lack of data has hampered spatial analysis of air quality. The mapping of recent ambient atmospheric particulate monitoring data in ten urban areas reveals certain similarities, including concentric patterns and localized maxima and minima. More detailed analyses utilizing a stratified random sampling of the concentration isopleths reveal two important conclusions. First, existing monitoring data are not spatially representative, but rather tend to overestimate both average and extreme areawide concentrations. Second, particulate concentrations are approximately lognormally distributed in space. This latter result can be explained by distribution of areal land uses rather than by physical factors.
A new hypothesis for the origin of the supposed giant snail Dinocochlea from the Wealden of Sussex, England

Abstract When first described in 1922, Dinocochlea ingens , an Early Cretaceous (Valanginian) fossil from the Wadhurst Clay Formation (Wealden) of Hastings in Sussex, England, was regarded as the steinkern of a huge gastropod over 2 m in length and claimed to be the largest gastropod ever to have lived. Most subsequent researchers have doubted the identity of D. ingens as a gastropod, usually believing it to be a pseudofossil, but no convincing explanation has been proposed for its origin. Restudy of the type material leads to the new hypothesis that Dinocochlea originated as a horizontal, corkscrew-shaped burrow resembling Helicodromites that acted as a nucleus for concretion growth. Sectioned specimens of Dinocochlea are filled with concentrically banded sediment interpreted to be growth rings of a concretion. Modification of a computer simulation designed to illustrate gastropod shell growth shows how the development of a concretion around a corkscrew-shaped burrow could lead to the morphology seen in Dinocochlea . The most likely tracemaker for Dinocochlea was a capitellid polychaete (‘threadworm’) with a body just a few mm in diameter.
The glossy appearance of a black bird: Thermal effects

Abstract 1. 1.Solar reflectivity of the plumage of a glossy black bird, the male of Phainopepla nitens , is strongly affected by angle of incidence. 2. 2.The absolute change in a bird's net heat flux associated with angular effects probably is minor compared to other avenues of heat gain. This suggests that conventional measurements of reflectivity at near-normal angles of incidence are adequate for most applications and implies that the glossy appearance of dark-coloured birds may serve primarily behavioural functions.
Academic problems in children with seizures: relationships with neuropsychological functioning and family variables during the 3 years after onset.

Abstract Objectives Children with long-standing epilepsy have a significantly increased risk of academic underachievement compared with healthy controls. We prospectively followed children from seizure onset to assess the relationship between change in neuropsychological functioning and change in academic achievement and to explore the risk and protective moderating effects of demographic, seizure, and family variables. Methods As part of a larger study, neuropsychological and academic data were collected at both baseline and 36 months for 219 children 6–14 years of age with seizures. Prior factor analysis of results from a battery of well-standardized neuropsychological tests yielded four factors: language, processing speed, attention/executive/construction, and verbal memory/learning. Academic achievement was measured with the Woodcock–Johnson Revised Achievement Test Battery. Correlation coefficients and linear mixed models were used for analysis. Results The reading and math scores of children with seizures and siblings did not differ at baseline, but children with seizures had lower scores than siblings at 36 months. Writing scores were significantly lower for affected children than siblings at both times. Among children with seizures, there were positive correlations between neuropsychological functioning and academic achievement at baseline and 36 months. Changes in language and in verbal memory/learning were positively correlated with change in reading achievement ( r = 0.25 and r = 0.17, respectively). Age at onset moderated the association between change in neuropsychological functioning and change in reading and writing achievement ( P ≤ 0.006), with stronger relationships among younger children (β = 0.25–0.44). The association between change in language and change in writing achievement was moderated by caregiver anxiety ( P = 0.04; stronger for more anxious parents, β = 0.40), and the association between change in processing speed and change in math achievement was moderated by etiology ( P = 0.02; stronger for symptomatic/cryptogenic vs idiopathic, β = 0.29). Gender and other family variables did not have significant moderating effects. Conclusions Changes in neuropsychological function were associated with changes in academic achievement following onset of seizures, with risk factors being younger age at onset, lower caregiver education, high parental anxiety, and symptomatic/cryptogenic etiology. Academic performance should be closely monitored in children with early-onset seizures.
Comparison of Marine and Terrestrial Protected Areas under Federal Jurisdiction in the United States

: There is a significant disparity in the protection of terrestrial and marine environments in the United States. Despite the considerable literature dedicated to the subject of protected areas, both terrestrial and marine, in the United States, we are not aware of work explicitly describing this dichotomy. We compared marine and terrestrial areas under federal jurisdiction to provide a quantitative assessment of the differences between the conservation of land and sea in the United States. Specifically, we compared national marine sanctuaries (including sanctuary preservation areas and ecological reserves) with national parks, national forests, and national wildlife refuges (including national wilderness preservation areas). Our results suggest that marine sanctuaries are fewer in number, smaller in total area, and smaller in percentage of area covered than are terrestrial protected areas. Resumen: Existe una disparidad significativa en la proteccion de ambientes terrestres y marinos en los Estados Unidos. A pesar de la literatura considerable dedicada al tema de las areas protegidas (terrestres y marinas) en los Estados Unidos, no conocemos un trabajo que describa explicitamente esta dicotomia. Comparamos areas marinas y terrestres bajo jurisdiccion federal para proveer una evaluacion cuantitativa de las diferencias entre la conservacion de tierra y mar en los Estados Unidos. Especificamente, comparamos santuarios marinos nacionales (incluyendo areas de conservacion de santuarios y reservas ecologicas) con parques nacionales, bosques nacionales y refugios de vida silvestre (incluyendo areas nacionales de conservacion de la vida silvestre nacionales). Nuestros resultados sugieren que los santuarios marinos son menores en numero, mas pequenos en area total y mas pequenos en el porcentaje de area cubierta cundo se comparan contra las areas terrestres protegidas.
Adenocarcinoma of the cervix : Expression and clinical significance of estrogen and progesterone receptors

BACKGROUND Although hormone receptor status is an important prognostic indicator in adenocarcinoma of the breast and the endometrium, few studies have investigated the expression and clinical significance of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) in adenocarcinoma of the cervix. METHODS ER and PgR expression were determined using an immunohistochemical method in 84 cervical adenocarcinomas. Clinical features and outcome were determined by chart review. RESULTS ER was identified in 17 of the 84 cases (20%). ER positivity was most frequently detected in mucinous adenocarcinoma of the endocervical type (in 11 of 48 cases) and endometrioid adenocarcinoma (in 4 of 10 cases). PgR was identified in 23 of the 84 cases (27%). PgR positivity was also most frequently detected in mucinous adenocarcinoma of the endocervical type (in 15 of 48 cases) and endometrioid adenocarcinoma (in 6 of 10 cases). Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the intestinal type (five cases), glassy cell carcinoma (two cases), and clear cell adenocarcinoma (two cases) were uniformly negative for both ER and PgR. No association was detected between International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage and receptor status, but there was a somewhat lower frequency of ER positivity in poorly differentiated tumors (P = 0.07). No association was detected between PgR status and disease free survival. Similarly, no association between ER status and overall survival was observed. Although ER positive tumors may be associated with longer disease free survival than ER negative tumors, this difference did not reach statistical significance in this study (P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS ER and PgR positivity were found in 20% and 27%, respectively, of primary cervical adenocarcinomas. However, receptor status was not significantly associated with either overall survival or disease free survival. Cancer 1997; 79:505-12. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Integrating Efficient Resource Optimization and Linear Schedule Analysis with Singularity Functions

Resources perform or enable physical operations and thus are vital on construction projects, yet are subject to various constraints. Their use within a project schedule must therefore be carefully planned. A major objective is optimizing when they are active within the float of noncritical activities to avoid disruptive and costly fluctuations. This paper builds on analyzing criticality of linear schedules with the unique singularity functions. The new approach keeps resources intact and derives one flexible equation for the complete resource profile of a schedule, including any timing or resource rate changes. Another equation models its first moment of area to minimize the objective function toward a level profile. A genetic algorithm is suitable for an iterative optimization. The parameters of its chromosomes are recombined evolutionarily and can model any permutation. Analyzing a road project illustrates how singularity functions integrate resource optimization with its linear schedule and facilitate a subsequent optimization.