cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
dc Supercurrents from Resonant Mixing of Josephson Oscillations in a H 3 e Weak Link

We have discovered that the dc mass current through a superfluid ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ weak link is substantially increased when the Josephson frequency matches the resonant frequency of a coupled mechanical oscillator. The phenomenon is the result of homodyne mixing between the Josephson oscillations and the oscillating pressure field associated with the resonant system. The measured sizes of the current enhancements are in excellent agreement with calculations based on this homodyne model. Similar observations in superconducting junctions, in which microwave radiation changes the dc electronic current, were used for the first confirmation of the dynamics of the superconducting Josephson effect.
Low energy dislocation structures caused by phase transformation

Abstract A review of the theory of Frank and van der Merwe applicable to phase transformations in a variety of systems is presented. This theory recognizes the lattice periodicity by employing an interfacial periodic interaction potential. The two primary defects at interphase boundaries are shown to be lattice-strain- and misfit-compensating dislocations. Although the theory was developed for thin films, its applicability to phase transformations in bulk materials is demonstrated. A comprehensive review of experimental results of interphase structure in various phase transformations follows. The review covers precipitation in metals, ceramics and minerals, directional solidification, lamellar solid-solid phase transformations, and spinodal and martensitic transformations. All these contain a low energy interfacial dislocation structure at partially coherent interphase boundaries.
Hotspot magmas can form by fractionation and contamination of mid-ocean ridge basalts

Melts ascending from deep reservoirs and trapped beneath thick lithosphere exchange heat with and partially melt the shallow mantle as they crystallize. Basalts erupting through thick lithosphere are more likely to have experienced deep crystal fractionation and contamination than those at mature spreading centres. Geochemical data for ocean island and other hotspot magmas do not require a primitive or lower mantle source.
Incorporating the Higher Harmonics in VIV Fatigue Predictions

Vortex-Induced Vibrations (VIV) are an important source of fatigue damage for risers in the Oil and Gas industry. Results from resent VIV experiments by Vandiver et al. [1] indicate significant dynamic strain energy at not only the Strouhal frequency, but also its harmonics. In certain regions of the pipe, these higher harmonics accounted for more that half of the measured RMS strain and increased fatigue damage by a factor exceeding twenty. However, the state-of-the-art in VIV prediction only accounts for the vibrations at the Strouhal frequency. Preliminary results from a second set of experiments, described in this paper, confirm the importance of the higher harmonics in fatigue life estimates of pipes. Further, the authors formulate an approach to incorporate the higher harmonics in VIV related fatigue design. Finally, the authors identify the estimation of the higher harmonics, in both location and magnitude, as an important area of ongoing research, the results of which will be required to implement this proposed method.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Murine Cdx-4 bears striking similarities to the Drosophila caudal gene in its homeodomain sequence and early expression pattern

Abstract A third member of the murine caudal-like gene family, Cdx-4, has been isolated. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry have been used to study the localization of mRNA and protein during murine embryogenesis. Cdx-4 is expressed transiently from 7.0 d.p.c. (days post coitum) until 10 d.p.c., starting at the beginning of gastrulation (7.0–7.5 d.p.c.) in the allantois and posterior tip of the primitive streak. At the mid-streak stage, Cdx-4 expression moves rostrally, and protein and mRNA are detected in all cells over the posterior half of the primitive streak. As development proceeds, Cdx-4 gene products continue to be restricted to the posterior of the embryo, including the remnants of the primitive streak. Cdx-4 is expressed in neurectoderm, presomitic and lateral plate mesoderm, and hindgut endoderm, but the anterior boundary in the paraxial mesoderm is staggered with respect to the other germ layers. At all stages analyzed, Cdx-4 exhibits a graded expression pattern with a posterior maximum, a distribution highly reminiscent of the Drosophila caudal gene. These data add to the recently described distributions of other vertebrate caudal-like genes, and further support the idea that members of this homeobox gene subfamily have regulatory roles in the specification of anteroposterior axial polarity in early embryos.
Transnational criminal organisations and international security

(1994). Transnational criminal organisations and international security. Survival: Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 96-113.
Construction of lac fusions to the inducible arginine‐and lysine decarboxylase genes of Escherichia coli K12

Summary The induction of several amino acid decarboxylases under anaerobic conditions at low pH has been known for many years, but the mechanism associated with this type of regulation has not been elucidated. To study the regulation of the biodegradative arginine and lysine decarboxylases of Escherichia coli K12, Mudlac fusions to these genes were isolated. Mudlac fusion strains deficient for lysine decarboxylase or arginine decarboxylase were identified using decarboxylase indicator media and analysed for their regulation of β-galactosidase expression. The position of the Mud-lac fusion in lysine decarboxylase-deficient strains has been mapped to the cadA gene at 93.7 minutes, while the Mudlac fusions exhibiting a deficiency in the inducible arginine decarboxylase have been mapped to 93.4 minutes.
Expression of brain-type creatine kinase and ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase in the fetal rat brain: evidence for a nuclear energy shuttle.

To test the hypothesis that embryonic brain cells utilize a creatine phosphate energy shuttle, we examined the pattern of creatine kinase (CK) isoform expression and localization in the fetal rat brain. Moderate levels of CK activity are present at embryonic day 14 (7 U/mg protein) and decrease slightly until 3 days postpartum followed by a rapid, fourfold up- regulation to adult levels by 1 month (18 U/mg protein). In parallel with changes in enzyme activity, there is a biphasic and coordinate pattern of expression of brain-type CK (BCK) and ubiquitous mitochondrial CK (uMtCK) determined by nondenaturing electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis. The localization of CK isoforms was examined by immunocytochemistry, and, during the fetal period, BCK and uMtCK immunoreactivity was detected throughout the central and peripheral nervous system, especially in neuroepithelial regions of the cerebral vesicles and spinal cord. In large cells within the olfactory neuroepithelium and ventral spinal cord, differential compartmentation of CK isoforms was evident, with BCK localized primarily in cell nuclei, whereas uMtCK immunoreactivity was present in the cell body (but not within nuclei). In olfactory bulb neuroepithelium, both isoforms were expressed in the middle zone of the germinal layer associated with DNA synthesis. In embryonic skeletal and cardiac muscle, which also express BCK, the same compartmentation of BCK was seen, with BCK localized primarily in the cell nucleus of cardiac and skeletal myoblasts. These results demonstrate a coordinate pattern of expression and compartmentation of BCK and uMtCK isoforms in the fetal brain that, in some cells, provides the anatomic basis for a nuclear energy shuttle. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The biological paths of IL‐1 family members IL‐18 and IL‐33

Cytokines are key mediators of the immune system, and few have been more thoroughly studied than those of the IL-1 family. IL-1α and IL-1β are the founding members and now celebrate 25 years since their cloning. In that time, IL-1-directed research has illuminated many aspects of cytokine biology and innate immunity. The family is now recognized to include 11 total members, including IL-18 and IL-33, which are the topic of this review. These two inflammatory cytokines are expressed broadly, and their actions influence a variety of physiologic responses involved in inflammation and immunity. The purpose of this article is not to provide an exhaustive review of IL-18 and IL-33 but rather, to summarize what is known about their key functions and to provide perspective on their similarities and differences.
Field studies of the parasitic ant Solenopsis daguerrei (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) on fire ants in Argentina

The workerless parasitic ant Solenopsis daguerrei (Santschi) has been considered a potential candidate for biological control of imported fire ants in the United States since the 1970s. We estimated the detrimental effects of S. daguerrei in fire ant colonies from Argentina by comparing the composition of parasitized and nonparasitized field colonies of the black imported fire ant S. richteri Forel. We recorded mound density and volume, incidence of polygyny, number of queens per colony, queen weight, and presence and abundance of brood and sexuals. Also, we studied aspects of the parasite’s biology such as parasitization rates, presence of sexuals, abundance and weight of queens, and sex ratio. S. daguerrei occurred in 1.2–23.7% of the colonies at 21 collecting sites. The mound density at parasitized sites was significantly lower than in parasite-free sites (161 versus 239 mounds per hectare). Parasitized colonies had significantly fewer host queens than nonparasitized ones (2.9 versus 5.5 queens per colony). The percentage of colonies with worker brood was significantly lower (in fall) in parasitized than in nonparasitized colonies. Also, worker brood was significantly less abundant (in fall and spring) in parasitized colonies. A short delay in the production of sexual brood by the host was observed in parasitized colonies. These detrimental effects look promising but should be evaluated in the long-term and confirmed in other areas. A better understanding of the host and parasite is required to introduce S. daguerrei into the United States to control imported fire ants.
In-situ characterization of strain in lithium battery working electrodes

Abstract During lithiation and detlithiation, substantial volumetric changes occur within the electrode materials used for rechargeable lithium batteries. The magnitude of these deformations is inherently linked to the electrical capacity of the battery electrical capacity, which tends to degrade with repeated cycling. In this work, the relationship between electrical discharge capacity and mechanical deformation state is examined using in-situ imaging of the working electrode surface within a custom CR2032 coin cell lithium battery. Digital image correlation is used to quantify electrode strains throughout the discharge–charge process. The effect of constraint due to substrate stiffness is investigated for two film materials: traditional graphite and a carbon nanotube based composite. Results for all cases show that as discharge capacity decreases with repeated cycling, increasing residual electrode strains are observed. The thin, compliant foil substrates allowed over double the bi-axial strain state to be induced within electrodes, compared to that found for the thick copper disk substrates under the same electrical cycling conditions.
Influence of electrical boundary conditions on structure of surface acoustic waves in potassium niobate

It has been found that variations in the electrical boundary conditions can significantly change the structure of surface acoustic waves propagating in potassium niobate. For example, a generalised Rayleigh wave propagating along the X+15/spl deg/ direction in the Y-cut may be transformed into a quasi-shear Bleustein-Gulyaev wave by electrical shorting of the surface.
The impact of intercultural contact on host families

Abstract This paper reports the results of programmatic research focusing upon the host family component of the Council of International Programs (CIP) exchange program that brings human service professionals to the United States each year. The study shows that four major dimensions of intercultural contact identified in intercultural literature (personal development, intimacy, international networks, and better understanding of foreign affairs) are clearly promoted through the CIP host family experience. The study supports the usefulness of a host family component as part of intercultural exchange programs.
Breast cancer in a tree shrew (Tupaia glis).

ON May 29, 1965, a female tree shrew—Tupaia glis sordida, according to the system of Lyon1—was found in a late stage of pregnancy on Tioman Island off Malaya. A nodular lesion measuring about 4 mm was present beneath the skin of the right thoracic breast near the nipple. No other lesions were found and there were no large ectoparasites. The animal was marked and released in accordance with standard procedure2. Three days later, the animal was found dead in a trap; the cause of death was not apparent, and the animal was well preserved and had obviously given birth since it was released. The carcass was injected with 70 per cent alcohol, and a week later placed in a strong solution of formaldehyde, and taken to the United States. On arrival it was washed in water and examined.
Characterization of optical, chemical, and structural changes upon reduction of sol–gel deposited SnO2 thin films for optical gas sensing at high temperatures

Abstract Sensor technologies that can operate under extreme conditions including high temperatures, high pressures, highly reducing and oxidizing environments, and corrosive gases are needed for process monitoring and control in advanced fossil energy applications. Optical sensors based on metal oxide thin films are important candidates and an improved understanding of the fundamental link between structural/chemical changes in thin films and measured optical properties in the presence of various gas species under relevant conditions is needed to aid in sensor development efforts. In support of this need, the manuscript describes the synthesis and structural/optical characterization of SnO2 thin films through standard sol–gel techniques that are subsequently reduced in an inert atmosphere containing 4–10% hydrogen. Early stage film reduction occurs through formation of metallic liquid Sn nanoparticles upon exposure to hydrogen at elevated temperatures (>~ 500 °C) that solidify upon cooling to room temperature. Simulated sensing measurements illustrate that a significant change in transmission of films deposited on planar substrates were observed under conditions where significant film reduction occurred. Because film reduction is an irreversible process in the absence of an oxidizing species, these results suggest that SnO2 may have limited practical use as a high temperature material for optical sensing in reducing atmospheres. Our results also highlight that caution must be employed in the interpretation of high temperature sensing results based upon standard surface interaction models for temperatures and gas environments where bulk film reduction may occur. This work serves as a basis for similar investigations in other standard metal oxide systems for gas sensing applications such as TiO2, ZnO, and WO3.
Direct method for determining natural frequencies of marine risers in deep water

This paper presents a direct method for determining natural frequencies of lateral modes of vibration for marine risers in deep water This method applies to marine risers that are vertical, relatively straight, and attached at both ends. The method is particularly useful for determining natural frequencies of higher modes that are sometimes difficult to obtain analytically or numerically. Comparisons of numerical results with published data show that even though the method of solution is approximate, the calculation procedure gives useful engineering results. The algorithm is based on classical vibration theory and can easily be programmed on portable computers for direct use on offshore oil rigs.
Quantifying the effect of rheology on lava-flow margins using fractal geometry

This study aims at quantifying the effect of rheology on plan-view shapes of lava flows using fractal geometry. Plan-view shapes of lava flows are important because they reflect the processes governing flow emplacement and may provide insight into lava-flow rheology and dynamics. In our earlier investigation (Bruno et al. 1992), we reported that flow margins of basalts are fractal, having a characteristic shape regardless of scale. We also found we could use fractal dimension (D, a parameter which quantifies flow-margin convolution) to distinguish between the two endmember types of basalts: a′ a (D: 1.05–1.09) and pahoehoe (D: 1.13–1.23). In this work, we confirm those earlier results for basalts based on a larger database and over a wider range of scale (0.125 m–2.4 km). Additionally, we analyze ten silicic flows (SiO2: 52–74%) over a similar scale range (10 m–4.5 km). We note that silicic flows tend to exhibit scale-dependent, or non-fractal, behavior. We attribute this breakdown of fractal behavior at increased silica contents to the suppression of small-scale features in the flow margin, due to the higher viscosities and yield strengths of silicic flows. These results suggest we can use the fractal properties of flow margins as a remote-sensing tool to distinguish flow types. Our evaluation of the nonlinear aspects of flow dynamics indicates a tendency toward fractal behavior for basaltic lavas whose flow is controlled by internal fluid dynamic processes. For silicic flows, or basaltic flows whose flow is controlled by steep slopes, our evaluation indicates non-fractal behavior, consistent with our observations.
High performance implementation of the inverse TFT

The inverse truncated Fourier transform (ITFT) is a key component in the fast polynomial and large integer algorithms introduced by van der Hoeven. This paper reports a high performance implementation of the ITFT which poses additional challenges compared to that of the forward transform. A general-radix variant of the ITFT algorithm is developed to allow the implementation to automatically adapt to the memory hierarchy. Then a parallel ITFT algorithm is developed that trades off small arithmetic cost for full vectorization and improved multi-threaded parallelism. The algorithms are automatically generated and tuned to produce an arbitrary-size ITFT library. The new algorithms and the implementation smooths out the staircase performance associated with power-of-two modular FFT implementations, and provide significant performance improvement over zero-padding approaches even when high-performance FFT libraries are used.
The genetic basis of thyroid autoimmunity.

Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), including Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), are prevalent autoimmune diseases, affecting up to 5% of the general population. AITDs arise du...
Dynamics of sheared ellipses and circular disks: effects of particle shape.

Much recent effort has focused on glassy and jamming properties of spherical particles. Very little is known about such phenomena for nonspherical particles, and we take a first step by studying ellipses. We find important differences between the dynamical and structural properties of disks and two-dimensional ellipses subject to continuous Couette shear. In particular, ellipses show slow dynamical evolution, without a counterpart in disks, in the mean velocity, local density, orientational order, and local stress. Starting from an unjammed state, ellipses can first jam under shear, and then slowly unjam. The slow unjamming process is understood as a result of gradual changes in their orientations, leading to a denser packing. For disks, the rotation of particles only contributes to the relaxation of frictional forces, and hence, does not significantly cause structural changes. For the shear-jammed states, the global building up and relaxation of stress, which occurs in the form of stress avalanches, is qualitatively different for disks and ellipses, and is manifested by different forms of rate dependence for ellipses versus disks. Unlike the weak rate dependence typical for many granular systems, ellipses show power-law dependence on the shearing rate $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}$.
Grouping suggestions for the classroom: What do our basal reading series tell us?

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which recently published, widely used basal reading series include specific suggestions for grouping students for instruction. Seven basal reading series were included in the analysis. The first‐, third‐, and fifth‐grade teachers’ editions of the materials were analyzed for each of the basal reading programs selected. Mean frequency scores were calculated for each grouping format (collapsing grade‐levels for each series) in each of the series. Results revealed that overall, student‐led small groups were suggested most often in the teachers’ manuals, followed respectively by pairing, individualized instruction, and teacher‐led small groups. The discussion addresses the concern about the lack of suggestions for teacher‐led small groups, specifically needs‐based instructional groups, in most of the basal series. The need for curriculum and materials that build in opportunities for students to be instructed by the teacher at their instructional l...
Norepinephrine in mouse spleen shows minor strain differences and no diurnal variation

Strain differences have been invoked to explain differing results when studying neural-immune interactions in laboratory animals. We investigated the splenic norepinephrine (NE) content and concentration in three strains of male mice (BALB/ C, C57BL/6, and DBA/2), as well as possible diurnal variability in this innervation. Diurnal plasma corticosterone levels served as a positive control. Mice were housed on a 12 h on/12 h off light/dark cycle for 3 weeks, then sacrificed at one of six times during the 24 h cycle. Spleen NE total content and concentrations were determined using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. We found small but significant differences between strains in total resting spleen NE content (BALB/C > C57BL/6 > DBA/2) and in resting NE concentration (C57BL/6 > BALB/C > DBA/2). This may reflect differences in spleen weight (BALB/C > DBA/2 > C57BL/6). The expected diurnal pattern of plasma corticosterone was seen in all strains, but no diurnal differences were found in NE content or concentration.
An Introduction to the Physics and Instrumentation of Positron Emission Tomography

Positron emission tomography is a procedure which uses pharmaceuticals labeled with positron emitting radionuclides to examine regional functional performance in-vivo. It offers the best prospects for spatial resolution in emission tomography. The maturation of this field is due to the skills and industry of a dedicated cadre of chemists, engineers, pharmacists, physicians, and physicists.
Integrated Capture, Concentration, Polymerase Chain Reaction, and Capillary Electrophoretic Analysis of Pathogens on a Chip

A laboratory-on-a-chip system for pathogen detection is presented that integrates cell preconcentration, purification, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and capillary electrophoretic (CE) analysis. The microdevice is composed of micropumps and valves, a cell capture structure, a 100 nL PCR reactor, and a 5 cm long CE column for amplicon separation. Sample volumes ranging from 10 to 100 μL are introduced and driven through a fluidized bed of magnetically constrained immunomagnetic beads where the target cells are captured. After cell capture, beads are transferred using the on-chip pumps to the PCR reactor for DNA amplification. The resulting PCR products are electrophoretically injected onto the CE column for separation and detection of Escherichia coli K12 and E. coli O157 targets. A detection limit of 0.2 cfu/μL is achieved using the E. coli O157 target and an input volume of 50 μL. Finally, the sensitive detection of E. coli O157 in the presence of K12 at a ratio of 1:1000 illustrates the capability of ...
Photodegradation mechanisms of TPB coatings

In these proceedings I discuss results of a degradation mechanism study of tetraphenyl butadiene (TPB) coatings of the type used in neutrino and dark matter liquid argon experiments. Using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GCMS) we identified the UV blocking impurity benzophenone. We monitored the drop in performance and increase of benzophenone concentration in TPB plates with exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, and demonstrate the correlation between these two variables. We show promisng results obtained by adding a free radical inhibiting stabilizing compound, which improves the initial performance of light-guide coatings by up to 20% and significantly improves their UV stability. These proceedings summarize work previously published in JINST [1].
Modeling of filtration through multiple layers of dual scale fibrous porous media

Functionally graded composites exhibit properties within the material that vary gradually without a recognizable boundary. One technique to manufacture functionally graded polymer composites is by liquid composite molding process. In this process, structural fabric layers are stacked in a closed mold and resin is injected into the mold. Particles may be added to the resin to tailor the properties of the final product. The structural fabrics typically consist of yarns or bundles of thousands of micron size fibers woven, stitched, or knitted together, which gives rise to a bimodal distribution of pore sizes; the larger pores in between the bundles and smaller ones within the bundles. The filtration process that takes place during infusion alters the flow resistance of the porous media and complicates the impregnation process. In this study, a vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process-based approach is presented that enables functional grading in composites to obtain a desired distribution in properties. A model of the filtration phenomenon is proposed to predict the concentration distribution of particles within the dual scale fibrous porous media infused under a constant pressure drop. The approach uses Darcy's law and accounts for lowering of the permeability value due to the particle entrapment in the available pores. Experiments are conducted and the concentration of the particles in the fabric is measured. The results compare well with the predictions despite many assumptions made in the model. Nondimensional analysis and parametric study reveals the influence of critical parameters on the final particles concentration gradient. POLYM. COMPOS. 27:570–581, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Radiative charge transfer in collisions of He 2 + ions and ground-state H atoms

Total cross sections for radiative charge transfer in collisions of $^{4}\mathrm{He}^{2+}$ ions with ground-state H atoms leading to ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ $1s$ and ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ ions have been calculated for a range of center-of-mass energies from 0.1 to 1000 eV. An adiabatic optical-potential formalism is used where the imaginary part of the potential-energy function is proportional to the Einstein $A$ coefficient for the molecular transition. Both quantum-mechanical and semiclassical JWKB calculations are performed. Predissociation resonances add structure to the cross section. The radiative contribution is shown to dominate the charge-transfer process for this system at low collision energies.
Displaced Workers Successfully Reenter the Workforce: Postgraduation from a Community College

The purpose of this study was to determine how well former employees at a television glass manufacturing plant were able to find employment in a new field of study following graduation from a local community college. The majority of participants were able to find reemployment, albeit at a lower salary. In addition, information was obtained regarding the level of satisfaction with participants' new jobs and perceived barriers faced while looking for employment.
Fine structure of the resorptive cells in the teeth of frogs.

Teeth undergoing resorption were dissected from the maxillae of frogs and prepared for electron microscopy using standard methods and methods designed to minimize demineralization. The resorptive cells overlapped one another, forming palisades. A central ruffled border was surrounded by a relatively structureless cytoplasmic “seal.” Crystals of mineral were present in the folds of the ruffled borders, and demineralized collagen fibrils were seen in the adjacent matrix in sections treated to prevent demineralization. The surfaces of the cells opposite the ruffled borders displayed numerous small villi. The cytoplasm of the resorptive cells contained a variety of lysosomes in various stages of development, mitochondria, scattered vesicles of endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. Well developed Golgi zones were frequently seen, and occasional sections passed through centrioles. Two centrioles were commonly seen in such sections, but never more. Occasional patches of cytoplasm contained mitochondria and rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, resembling “blast” cell cytoplasm. We concluded that the resorptive cells of several mineralized tissues of various vertebrates are morphologically, indistinguishable.
Imaging Nanoscopic Elasticity of Thin Film Materials by Atomic Force Microscopy: Effects of Force Modulation Frequency and Amplitude

Octadecyltriethoxysilane (OTE) monolayers on mica are imaged using force modulation microscopy (FMM) and dynamic force modulation (DFM). Nanoscopic areas of mica are produced within OTE layers and serve as an internal standard for contact stiffness measurements. The contact stiffness is systematically studied as a function of imaging medium and force modulation amplitude and frequency. Measurements taken in liquid media are found to reflect more accurately the viscoelastic properties of the sample, while imaging in air is perturbed by the capillary neck at contact. Increasing modulation amplitude increases the overall signal in FMM. However, extremely large amplitudes diminish the contrast difference between OTE and mica because the sensing depth is much higher than the monolayer. The measured contact stiffness is found to depend sensitively upon the modulation frequency because of the presence of several resonances within 10−50 kHz, which cause the image contrast to vary or to flip. Collective motion of ...
Modified Direct Torque Control of Five-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives

Conventional direct torque control (DTC) for five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor drives only controls the flux space vector in the subspace relating to torque production; hence a lot of harmonics exist in the stator current. A DTC strategy for five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives with sinusoidal stator current waveform is introduced. To obtain sinusoidal stator current waveform, flux components in two vector subspaces need to be effectively controlled. Based on the model of PMSM in two subspaces described in this paper, a two-step process is adopted before a switching vector is chosen from a lookup table. The proposed DTC achieves sinusoidal stator current waveform, and preserves the advantages of simplicity and fast response of conventional DTC.
Effects of alachlor on anthocyanin and lignin synthesis in etiolated sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) mesocotyls

Abstract Alachlor, a preemergence herbicide used to control grasses and some broadleaf weeds, was found to inhibit anthocyanin and lignin accumulation in excised sections of mesocotyls from 6 day-old, etiolated sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) seedlings. Alachlor inhibited anthocyanin and lignin synthesis by 50% at 20 and 28 μ M , respectively, with anthocyanin synthesis being inhibited in 1 hr. Other chloroacetanilide herbicides also inhibited anthocyanin synthesis in this system, but all were less active than alachlor. Inhibition of anthocyanin synthesis could not be reversed by compounds from the shikimic acid or phenylpropanoic acid pathways. Anthocyanin synthesis could be restored by removal of alachlor from the incubation solution. Evidence is presented which suggests that alachlor inhibits anthocyanin formation at a point late in the phenylpropanoic acid pathway and not in the shikimic acid pathway.
Digital signal processing comes of age

Advances both in semiconductor technology and in software tools are ushering in a golden era for processing analog signals digitally. With DSP chips popping up in everything from cellular phones to automobiles to security systems, today's designer needs to grasp the options and tradeoffs that DSP presents in order to create a successful electronic system.
Linear sets with five distinct differences among any four elements

As a generalization of the concept of Sidon sets, a set of real numbers is called a (4, 5)-set if every four-element subset determines at least five distinct differences. Let g(n) be the largest number such that any n-element (4,5)-set contains a g(n)-element Sidon set (i.e., a subset of g(n) elements with distinct differences). It is shown that (12 + ϵ) n ≤ g(n) ≤ 3n5 + 1, where ϵ is a positive constant. The main result is the lower bound whose proof is based on a Turan-type theorem obtained for sparse 3-uniform hypergraphs associated with (4, 5)-sets.
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty versus thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: A meta‐analysis

While percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) as a primary modality for treating acute myocardial infarction (MI) has been shown to have important advantages over thrombolysis, a survival benefit has not been demonstrated because of the small size of the individual trials. To increase the statistical power to detect a survival benefit, we performed a meta-analysis of trials of PTCA and thrombolysis. We pooled the data for all randomized, controlled trials; randomized, controlled trials stratified according to thrombolytic agent [streptokinase vs. tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)]; and all trials. Pooling was performed by calculating the Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio with the Robins, Greenland, and Breslow estimate of variance. Calculation of the Q statistic was performed to assess heterogeneity. For all four analyses, the odds ratio indicated a significant survival advantage of PTCA over thrombolysis: all randomized controlled trials [0.57, 95% confidence index (CI): 0.48, 0.68)]; streptokinase trials (0.61, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.87); TPA trials (0.52, 95% CI: 0.36, 0.76); all trials (0.51, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.61). The Q statistic was not significant for any of the analyses. The results of our meta-analysis support the hypothesis that PTCA is associated with a significant reduction in mortality compared with thrombolysis.
Treatment of hourglass patterns in low order finite element codes

Numerical codes which use a one-point quadrature integration rule to calculate stiffness matrices for the 2-D quadrilateral element and the 3-D hexahedral element, produce matrices which are singular with respect to a number of displacement patterns, other than the rigid body patterns. In this paper an economical method is derived to remove this singularity and which also produces accurate flexural response. For rectilinear element geometry the method is equivalent to the incompatible model element of Wilson et al.7 For non-rectilinear element geometry a slight modification of the scheme is required in order to assure that it passes the patch test. The method of this paper can also be used in finite difference codes which experience similar difficulties.
MANOVA Type Tests Under a Convex Discrepancy Function for the Standard Multivariate Linear Model

Abstract We provide the M-theory for the standard multivariate linear model Y = XB + E, where Y is n × p matrix of observations, X is n × m design matrix, B is m × p matrix of unknown parameters and E is n × p matrix of errors with the row vectors independently distributed. Two test criteria based on the roots of determinantal equations are proposed for testing linear hypotheses of the form P′B = C0, where P is a matrix of rank q. The tests are similar to those considered in MANOVA using least squares techniques. One of them is the Wald type statistic and another is the Rao's score type statistic. The asymptotic distributions of these test statistics are derived. Consistent estimates of nuisance parameters are obtained for use in computing the test statistics. The M-method of estimation considered is the minimization of Σϱ(ei), where ϱ is a convex function and ei is the i-th row vector in (Y−XB). All results are derived under a minimal set of conditions.
Soil Arthropod Abundance in Coast Redwood Forest: Effect of Selective Timber Harvest

Soil arthropod communities were surveyed and compared in litter layers of selectively harvested and nonharvested forests of coast redwood, Sequoia sempervirens , to assess impact of a l5-yr selective timber harvest cycle. Abundance of four guilds (microphytophages, panphytophages, macrophytophages, and predators) were estimated from litter samples taken from three forest classes: uncut old growth, mature second growth last harvested before 1920, and selectively harvested forest sampled 14 yr after harvest. Microphytophage and panphytophage abundance did not vary significantly among forest classes. Macrophytophages showed significantly higher abundance in selectively harvested forest, whereas predators showed significantly reduced abundance in selectively harvested forest. Because no significant differences in macrophytophage and predator abundance were found between old growth and mature second growth classes, observed differences are attributed to the selective timber harvest regime. Furthermore, since selectively harvested forest was sampled for arthropods 14 yr after harvest, it appears that the 15-yr cycle is of insufficient duration to allow full recovery of soil arthropod communities from the effect of selective timber harvest. In addition, it is likely that species are at high risk of extinction, based on the striking observation that an entire order, Diplura, was absent from all samples taken from selectively harvested sites. Possible explanations for observed differences in guild abundance and potential implications for long-term maintenance of soil arthropod diversity are discussed.
A Professional Education for Fishery Scientists

Abstract Employment of fishery scientists has been expanding rapidly into more diverse activities but with only a small proportion in basic research outside universities. The predominant occupation is now in organizations with responsibilities for design and implementation of solutions to the fishery problems as people perceive them. It is argued that our professionalism must be strengthened if fishery scientists are to fulfill the public expectations.
Increasing Productivity and Reducing Disease

The dental profession should not overestimate its ability to provide services; a t some time, the profession will no longer be able to meet the demand. Dentists must work to change dental practice acts, to assign more duties to auxiliaries, and to develop more well-trained auxiliaries to perform these technical tasks.
Dispersion and nonlinearity of multi-layer non-hydrostatic free-surface flow

Non-hydrostatic multi-layer models have become a popular tool in describing wave transformation from deep water to the surf zone, but the numerical approach lacks a theoretical framework to guide implementation and assist interpretation of the results. In this paper, we formulate a non-hydrostatic model in an analytical form for the derivation and examination of dispersive and nonlinear properties. Depth integration of the dimensionless continuity and Euler equations over each layer yields the conventional multi-layer formulation. A variable transformation converts the conventional form into an integrated series form, which provides separate descriptions of flux- and dispersion-dominated processes. Substitution of the non-hydrostatic pressure and vertical velocity in the governing equations by high-order derivatives of the horizontal velocity and surface elevation provides a direct comparison with the Boussinesq equations published in the literature. Implementation of a perturbation expansion extracts the first- and second-order governing equations with respect to the nonlinear parameter. Based on that, we derive analytical solutions of the linear dispersion and the second-order super- and sub-harmonics for up to three layers and optimize the solutions in terms of the layer arrangement. In relation to the Boussinesq equations at comparable orders of expansion, the two- and three-layer models provide slightly higher errors in shallow and intermediate water in terms of dispersion and super-harmonics, but show superior performance in describing sub-harmonics in deep water.
Curvature couplings in \( \mathcal{N} \) = (2, 2) nonlinear sigma models on S2

Following recent work on GLSM localization, we work out curvature couplings for rigidly supersymmetric nonlinear sigma models with superpotential for general target spaces, describing both ordinary and twisted chiral superfields on round two-sphere world-sheets. We briefly discuss why, unlike four-dimensional theories, there are no constraints on Kahler forms in these theories. We also briefly discuss general issues in topological twists of such theories.
Pushing around the Locus of Selection: Evidence for the Flexible-selection Hypothesis

Attention operates at an early stage in some experimental paradigms and at a late stage in others, which suggests that the locus of selection is flexible. The present study was designed to determine whether the locus of selection can vary flexibly within a single experimental paradigm as a function of relatively modest variations in stimulus and task parameters. In the first experiment, a new method for assessing the locus of selection was developed. Specifically, attention can influence perceptual encoding only if it is directed to the target before a perceptual representation of the target has been formed, whereas attention can influence postperceptual processes even if attention is cued after perception is complete. Event-related potentials were used to confirm the validity of this method. The subsequent experiments used cueing tasks in which subjects were required to perceive and remember a set of objects, and the difficulty of the perception and memory components of the task were varied. When the task overloaded perception but not working memory, attention influenced the formation of perceptual representations but not the storage of these representations in memory; when the task overloaded working memory but not perception, attention influenced the transfer of perceptual representations into memory but not the formation of the perceptual representations. Thus, attention operates to select relevant information at whatever stage or stages of processing are overloaded by a particular stimulus–task combination.
Clinical consequences of road traffic injuries among the elderly in Japan

Background: Road traffic injuries among the elderly have recently become a public health issue; therefore, we investigated the clinical characteristics of such injuries among the elderly in Japan. Methods: A retrospective study was performed using data from a medium-sized hospital emergency department. Data were extracted from medical records for one year, and patients were categorized into groups ages 18-64, 65-74 and 75+. Variables included demographic characteristics, injury circumstances, and nature of injury. Univariate and bivariate descriptive statistical analyses were performed, and multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate injury severity and hospital admission by age groups. Results: A total of 1,656 patients were studied. Patients aged 65+ had more chest wall injury, intracranial injury, lower extremity fracture, and intrathoracic injury than patients aged 18-64. Conclusions: Injury circumstances and nature of injuries associated with traffic incidents showed different patterns by age groups, particularly among the elderly.
Carbon fiber reinforced cement improved by using silane-treated carbon fibers

Abstract The tensile strength of cement paste was increased by 56% and the modulus and ductility were increased by 39% by using silane-treated carbon fibers and silane-treated silica fume, relative to the values for cement paste with as-received carbon fibers and as-received silica fume. Silane treatment of fibers and silica fume contributed about equally to the strengthening. Silane treatment of fibers and silica fume also decreased the air void content. The strengthening and air void content reduction were less when the fiber treatment involved potassium dichromate instead of silane and even less when the treatment involved ozone. Silane’s effectiveness is due to its hydrophilic nature.
Factors affecting convergence in the design of diffractive optics by iterative vector-space methods

Special-purpose diffractive optical devices are often designed by iterative methods without consideration of convergence properties and related factors that affect performance. We examine the properties of iterative algorithms in a vector-space setting and illustrate, with examples, differences in convergence performance based on starting point, sequential versus parallel projections, and intersecting versus nonintersecting sets.
Health Beliefs of Mexican Americans With Type 2 Diabetes : The Starr County Border Health Initiative

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare 2 culturally competent diabetes self-management interventions designed for Mexican Americans: an original extended program (24 hours of education, 28 hours of support groups) versus a shorter, more resource-efficient compressed strategy (16 hours of education, 6 hours of support groups). The effects of the interventions on health beliefs are compared. Methods The authors recruited 216 persons between 35 and 70 years of age diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for at least 1 year. Intervention groups of 8 participants and 8 support persons were randomly assigned to 1 of the interventions. Results Mean health belief scores on each subscale improved for both intervention groups. Both intervention groups reported significant improvements in perceptions of control of their diabetes. Improvements in health beliefs were more sustained at 12 months for individuals in the longer, extended program. The health belief subscale control was the most significant predictor of HbA1c levels at 12 months. Conclusions Both culturally competent diabetes self-management education interventions were effective in promoting more positive health beliefs. These findings on health beliefs indicate a dosage effect of the intervention and support the importance of ongoing contact through support groups to attain more sustainable improvements in health beliefs.