cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How “Musical” Are High-Tc Superconductors and What Can Empirical Rules Tell About Their Origin?

It is shown that parameters such as optimal Tc for cuprate superconductors or details of their doping curves can be organized on phenomenological rules. Accordingly, Tc in a range between a kink and the optimum scale linearly with the number of effective holes he, according to Te = heTce, with Tce = 600 K. Effective holes are composed of the difference between holes in the Cu—O bonds in the CuO2 planes, hp, and holes in the Cu—O bonds with the c axis or apical O, he, according to he = h p− hc = fhp. The deleterious effect of the apical O manifests itself in three levels, depending on the basic modes of its coordination of the CuO2 planes in zero, one, or two sheets (according to factor f = 1, 2/3, 1/2). The values of hp at Tc optimum tend to rational fractions, ranging from 1/6 to 1/3, and are determined by lattice pressure. This “musical” or harmonic Tc matrix, originating from two structurally determined factors, groups optimal Tc into families. Knight shift data, establishing hp, bear out the general assumptions. Some flexibility in the range within families is observed. This flexibility indicates the operation of more complex influences from structural detail, such as the varying distance of Cu to the apical O. The existence of ranges within optimal Tc families indicate a somewhat ‘tunable’ rather than a strict “musical” Tc-level scheme with measured intervals. The details of the doping curves are similarly organized. These phenomenological rules suggest the operation of bond ordering effects. Arguments for the actual nature of the bond orderings are presented in terms of local pairs of doped bonds in trijugate positions. These quantitative concepts can be expanded to other characteristic features in the doping curves of cuprates and other high-Tc materials such as C or B containing systems, providing a universal frame for explaining high-Tc superconductivity in bond ordering terms.
Newman on Human Faith and Divine Faith: Clarifying Some Ambiguities

The primary objective of this investigation will be to examine Newman's distinction between human faith and divine faith with the hope of arriving at some insights which will help clarify the ambiguities found in Newman's writings on this subject. Based upon a critical analysis of Newman's writings, this article will examine how Newman understands the relationship between human faith and divine faith in terms of their different material and formal objects. The interpretation presented in this article also has significance for the contemporary analysis of other aspects of Newman's notion of faith, for instance, the nature of the affirmations, the role of the will, and the role of grace in both human and divine faith.
Rook Theory—IV. Orthogonal Sequences of Rook Polynomials

We explain combinatorially the occurrence of certain classical sequences of orthogonal polynomials as sequences of rook polynomials, and we give some new examples related to general stairstep boards.
Predictors of Mortality in the Critically Ill Cirrhotic Patient: Is the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Enough?

Background Critically ill cirrhotics require liver transplantation urgently, but are at high risk for perioperative mortality. The Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, recently updated to incorporate serum sodium, estimates survival probability in patients with cirrhosis, but needs additional evaluation in the critically ill. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictive power of ICU admission MELD scores and identify clinical risk factors associated with increased mortality. Study Design This was a retrospective review of cirrhotic patients admitted to the ICU between January 2011 and December 2014. Patients who were discharged or underwent transplantation (survivors) were compared with those who died (nonsurvivors). Demographic characteristics, admission MELD scores, and clinical risk factors were recorded. Multivariate regression was used to identify independent predictors of mortality, and measures of model performance were assessed to determine predictive accuracy. Results Of 276 patients who met inclusion criteria, 153 were considered survivors and 123 were nonsurvivors. Survivor and nonsurvivor cohorts had similar demographic characteristics. Nonsurvivors had increased MELD, gastrointestinal bleeding, infection, mechanical ventilation, encephalopathy, vasopressors, dialysis, renal replacement therapy, requirement of blood products, and ICU length of stay. The MELD demonstrated low predictive power (c-statistic 0.73). Multivariate analysis identified MELD score (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.05), mechanical ventilation (AOR = 4.55), vasopressors (AOR = 3.87), and continuous renal replacement therapy (AOR = 2.43) as independent predictors of mortality, with stronger predictive accuracy (c-statistic 0.87). Conclusions The MELD demonstrated relatively poor predictive accuracy in critically ill patients with cirrhosis and might not be the best indicator for prognosis in the ICU population. Prognostic accuracy is significantly improved when variables indicating organ support (mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, and continuous renal replacement therapy) are included in the model.
The ITER Central Solenoid

The central solenoid for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), a fusion tokamak experiment with the goal of generating 500 MW of fusion power with high gain (Q>10), must provide most of the volt-seconds needed to induce and sustain a 15 MA plasma for burn times of >400 s. The 6.4 GJ central solenoid design requires a 45 kA conductor and has a peak field of 13 T. The central solenoid consists of six pancake-wound modules, stacked vertically, and held in axial compression by an external structure. The five-stage cable has 1/3 copper and 2/3 advanced Nb3Sn strands in a thick superalloy conduit and is cooled by the forced-flow of supercritical helium through the cable space. Key design issues include the qualification of a conduit with adequate fatigue strength, avoiding filament damage from transverse Lorentz loads, eliminating axial tension in the winding insulation, and qualification of space-saving intramodule butt joints
What is a Higher-Level Set?

Structuralist foundations of mathematics aim for an “invariant” conception of mathematics. But what should be their basic objects? Two leading answers emerge: higher groupoids or higher categories. In this paper I argue in favor of the former over the latter. First, I explain why to pick between them we need to ask the question of what is the correct “categorified” version of a set. Second, I argue in favor of groupoids over categories as “categorified” sets by introducing a pre-formal understanding of groupoids as abstract shapes. This conclusion lends further support to the perspective taken by the Univalent Foundations of mathematics.
Word Processing and Database Software as EAD Encoding Tools

Long container lists within finding aids,whether newly created with EAD in mind or legacyguides in electronic text formats, are daunting andtime-consuming to encode and are often the reason thatEAD finding aids are not created at all. However,through the judicious use of word processing anddatabase software, these tasks can be semi-automated.Application of Microsoft Word's rather sophisticatedsearch and replace feature and macros, together withMicrosoft Access's import/export, and report features,allow the user to tag long, repetitive lists of data,and can significantly streamline the encodingprocess.
“Monocept”: A Brief Report of Congenital Absence of the Long Head of the Biceps Tendon and Literature Review

The long head of the biceps tendon plays an important role in shoulder stability and its functional absence has been shown to contribute to glenohumeral instability. Congenital absence of the long head to the biceps tendon is rare, although described in the literature. We report the case of an 18-year-old recreational athlete with recurrent shoulder instability and congenital absence of the long head of the biceps tendon (which we term “monocept”) and mild ipsilateral upper extremity hemimelia. The patient was treated surgically with posterior capsular shift with anterior Bankart repair without complication. At 16-month follow-up the patient has returned to recreational activity and has had an 11.37-point improvement in his DASH score. The authors suggest that patients with this uncommon anatomic anomaly and clinical shoulder instability are more likely to require surgical treatment.
Immigrant Retail Entrepreneurship and Urban Black Population Size in the Late Nineteenth-Century United States

Building on the idea that immigrant merchants often operate in black consumer markets, this study tests the hypothesis that late nineteenth-century European immigrants’ highest odds of retail enter...
Phase I dose escalation study of the protein kinase C iota inhibitor aurothiomalate for advanced non-small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, and pancreatic cancer.

2551 Background: Protein kinase C iota (PKCi) is overexpressed in non-small cell lung (NSCLC), ovarian and pancreatic cancers and promotes tumorigenesis. The gold compound aurothiomalate (ATM) inhi...
Magnetic-free radio frequency circulator based on spatiotemporal commutation of MEMS resonators

This paper reports on the first demonstration of a magnetic-free radio-frequency (RF) Microelectromechanical Resonant Circulator (MIRC). For the first time, magnetic-free non-reciprocity is achieved by imparting an effective angular momentum bias to a MEMS resonant circuit. The angular momentum is efficiently realized through spatiotemporal modulation of three strongly coupled high-Q (>1000) Aluminum Nitride (AlN) Contour Mode MEMS Resonators (CMRs) with signals of the same magnitude and phase difference of 1200. Differently from previous demonstrations based on varactor-based frequency modulation of low-Q LC networks, in this work the spatiotemporal modulation of the high-Q MEMS resonators is implemented by means of switched capacitors which minimizes the complexity of the modulation network, increases the modulation efficiency and mitigates the fundamental linearity limitations associated with solid-state varactors. Furthermore, due to the high Q of the MEMS resonators employed, strong non-reciprocity is achieved with an ultra-low modulation frequency of ∼120 kHz (∼0.08% of the RF frequency, orders of magnitude lower than previous demonstrations) which directly enables a total power consumption of only ∼38 μW which, to the best of our knowledge, is the lowest ever reported for magnetic-free RF circulators based on temporally modulated circuits.
A Stochastic Game Model of Tax Evasion

The problem of tax evasion is modelled as a zero-sum two-person generalized stochastic game with incomplete information. This model incorporates the classical statistical classification procedures used in classifying a random observation from a mixed population. The model incorporates the secrecy of the tax office and lack of information about the past history of the taxpayer. With full information, the model is closer to certain structured classes of stochastic games that admit efficient algorithms for optimal solutions.
The Contingency Factors on the Relationship Between New Product Preannouncements and Firm Value: An Abstract

The need to measure the financial return toward marketing actions and demonstrate the role of marketing as a critical function in companies has been a top priority for marketing scholars and practitioners. Accordingly, it has been demonstrated that various marketing actions, such as new products, advertising expenditures, and product promotions (e.g., Joshi and Hanssens 2010; Pauwels et al. 2004) positively affect stock market reactions as they accelerate the amount of a firm’s expected future cash flows. One marketing action that has attracted considerable attention in the literature is the new product development (NPD) and innovation efforts due to their vital yet costly and risky nature (Barczak et al. 2009). In this study, we examine the impact of new product preannouncements (NPPAs), a relatively under-researched component of the NPD strategy, on firm value (e.g., Lee et al. 2015; Sorescu et al. 2007). Our purpose is to contribute to the existing knowledge by further examining the contingency factors that influence the relationship between NPPAs and a firm’s stock returns in response to those preannouncements.
The Trump Administration and the Law of the Lochner Era

During the Lochner era, the Supreme Court shielded liberty of contract and property rights; it privileged private ordering and restrained the reach of government regulation; and it embraced robust conceptions of national sovereignty with respect to immigration and trade. Though Lochner itself remains an anti-canonical case, many of the conceptions of rights, state power, and sovereignty embraced by the Lochner-era Court persist in legal and political discourse today. This Article shows that these ideas now have a politically powerful sponsor and proponent in the Trump Administration. The motif of a constitutional framework over a century old appears in the Trump Administration’s policy positions and legal approach to areas as diverse as health insurance regulation, administrative law, regulatory reform, net neutrality, drug law, immigration, and tariffs. Grappling with these resemblances reacquaints us with some neglected aspects of the constitutional thought of our past, casts fresh light upon the unfolding events of the present day, and allows us to better anticipate what the future will bring. Mapping the grammar of rights and power that permeates the Trump Administration’s agenda for government and law, this Article explains how that Administration might bend the road forward back to the past.
Do U.S. Troop Withdrawals Cause Instability? Evidence from Two Exogenous Shocks on the Korean Peninsula

Does withdrawing forward-deployed U.S. troops increase instability? This question is at the heart of current grand strategy debates, yet endogeneity issues make this very difficult to answer. Put simply, stability may cause the United States to withdraw forces and lead one to incorrectly infer that withdrawals do not lead to greater instability. We suggest a research design to help alleviate this endogeneity problem. By utilizing exogenous crises that cause U.S. troops to "redeploy" out of South Korea, we are able to estimate the causal effect of a withdrawal of U.S. troops on the probability of instability. We examine several exogenous crises after the end of the Korean War that force U.S. policymakers to rapidly redeploy U.S. forces out of South Korea. We then examine the rate of conflict between South Korea and North Korea, and the United States and North Korea. We find that U.S. troop withdrawals do not cause greater conflict but withdrawals are at times associated with other behaviors, such as conventional arming, nuclear proliferation, and diplomatic initiatives that could affect the future likelihood of war.
Enhanced Drug Delivery by Dissolution of Amorphous Drug Encapsulated in a Water Unstable Metal–Organic Framework (MOF)

Encapsulating a drug molecule into a water-reactive metal-organic framework (MOF) leads to amorphous drug confined within the nanoscale pores. Rapid release of drug occurs upon hydrolytic decomposition of MOF in dissolution media. Application to improve dissolution and solubility for the hydrophobic small drug molecules curcumin, sulindac, and triamterene is demonstrated. The drug@MOF composites exhibit significantly enhanced dissolution and achieves high supersaturation in simulated gastric and/or phosphate buffer saline media. This combination strategy where MOF inhibits crystallization of the amorphous phase and then releases drug upon MOF irreversible structural collapse represents a novel and generalizable approach for drug delivery of poorly soluble compounds while overcoming the traditional weakness of amorphous drug delivery: physical instability of the amorphous form.
Depressed demand for crop insurance contracts, and a rationale based on third generation Prospect Theory

When actuarially fair insurance for a major risk is available then standard economic theory posits that those subject to the risk should insure. In agriculture, it is common for producers to decline contract offers where presubsidy premiums just cover average losses and subsidies are substantial. This paper seeks to shed light on why demand is curtailed. In a mail survey of U.S. corn and soybean producers we solicited Willingness to Pay (WTP) for actuarially fair insurance at different coverage levels. We find demand to be so low that median WTP is no larger than fair premium when adjusted down by current subsidy rates, which pay for one half or more of most premium charges. WTP as a share of the fair rate is especially low when risk of loss is high. There is limited evidence that respondents appreciate the convex relationship between coverage level and expected indemnity payoff. Third generation Prospect Theory is shown to be consistent with observed findings. In particular, a strong distaste for paying premium can be rationalized by loss aversion. Furthermore, when high revenue outcomes are more likely than not, that is, negative skewness, then higher loss aversion, greater decision weight distortions and greater risk aversion will decrease WTP.
Dynamic learner engagement in a wiki-enhanced writing course

Despite the importance of preparing students to write successfully in their academic and professional careers, instructors often struggle to sustain student focus on the complex and demanding nature of the writing process. In response, we conducted a pilot project at a university located in urban Los Angeles using a wiki-enhanced and blended writing course designed to sustain appropriate learner engagement. This exploratory project (a) introduced the hybrid writing course, (b) tracked changes in student engagement levels (i.e., behavioral, affective, and cognitive) over the period of the wiki-enhanced writing course, and (c) measured the impact of engagement on writing performance. Multiple data sources (i.e., wiki log data, student surveys, and writing performance scores) collected from 56 students in three sections of the writing course were used to examine student experiences in the wiki-enhanced writing course. The findings showed that wiki-based online discussion improved behavioral, affective, and cognitive engagement. The relationships between the learner engagement domains were reciprocal, temporal, and changeable. Based on the findings of this study and our review of the literature, we proposed a theoretical model to describe possible relationships between behavioral, affective, and cognitive engagement and academic achievement.
Memory and lost communities: strange methods for studying place

Traditionally, public memory scholarship looks to the monuments and memorials inscribed with cultural narratives of the past. Yet, public memory is also a process of formation and deformation, of c...
A Comparison of Breastfeeding Exposure, Attitude, and Knowledge Between Collegiate African American and White Males with no Biological Children.

Human milk is the preferred source of infant nourishment; yet, acceptance of human milk as the norm for infant feeding is debated. In the United States there is a disparity in breastfeeding rates, which are significantly lower in African Americans compared to Whites. Multiple variables appear to influence breastfeeding, including the male partner. To assess and compare breastfeeding exposure, attitude, and knowledge between African American and White college males with no biological children. A second objective was to explore the relationship between breastfeeding variables and educational attainment, academic major, and sibling presence. A subset of responses from a larger cross-sectional survey were analyzed. African American and White collegiate males aged 18–40 years without biological children were included in the study. The questionnaire included demographic, exposure, attitude, and knowledge items. A total of 117 African American and 713 White males were included and represented all academic colleges on campus. African American participants documented less exposure to breastfeeding, a more positive attitude, and similar poor knowledge scores compared to their White counterparts. Sibling presence was linked with exposure, and exposure was linked to attitude. Both African American and White science majors scored higher on all factors than humanities or business majors. Breastfeeding exposure influences males’ attitudes toward breastfeeding. Future research should consider types of exposure to identify the sources most influential. Furthermore, tailoring breastfeeding interventions to increase exposure and knowledge in core wellness courses may improve attitudes and social acceptance among collegiate males.
Principle-Informed CBT in a Complex Case

Abstract The current paper presents an example of conducting outpatient CBT with an emphasis on principle-informed conceptualization and interventions rather than using specific, manualized protocols. The case illustration highlights the manner in which the therapist conceptualizes and prioritizes the patient’s problems, targeting key areas of patient dysfunction that cut across diagnostic areas of concern. The patient (“Sue,” a single, American graduate student with Chinese heritage) presents with multiple interacting problems, including severe depression with habitual suicidal thinking, a history of sexual trauma and ongoing sense of vulnerability to harm, chronic anxiety with related avoidance, and occasional purging as a means by which to regulate affect. Cross-cultural issues factor into understanding the patient, solidifying the therapeutic relationship, and negotiating a treatment plan. The course of treatment described herein includes illustrations of the therapist's efforts to keep the patient objectively safe while also promoting her sense of subjective safety; conceptualizing the historical, environmental, and intra-personal variables pertinent to the development and maintenance of the patient’s problems; incorporating cross-cultural considerations in promoting the therapeutic relationship and collaborating on goals; and measuring and positively reinforcing the patient’s improvements in functioning, including promoting her personal strengths and areas of potential growth. Further, interdisciplinary matters (e.g., professional consulting and collaboration) are also addressed with regard to the patient’s concurrent pharmacotherapy with another mental health-care provider.
Equations to Estimate the Normalized Creatinine Generation Rate (CGRn) in 3/Week Dialysis Patients With or Without Residual Kidney Function

Objective Normalized creatinine generation rate (CGRn) can be computed for a variety of dialysis schedules using a recently described kinetic modeling program. However, the availability of estimating equations might facilitate broader study of this metric. We developed equations to estimate CGRn based on modeling and then tested them against modeled CGRn values in the Frequent Hemodialysis Network Nocturnal Trial baseline (3/week) dataset. Design and Methods We used a "what-if" derivation of a previously published variable volume 2-pool creatinine kinetic model to generate predicted predialysis values of serum creatinine that would result from creatinine generation rates of 250–2000 mg/day in patients with creatinine distribution volumes of 20 to 50 L, dialyzed from 60 to 480 min per treatment three times a week. Then, in patients with residual kidney function, we calculated an "anuric expected predialysis serum creatinine value" before applying the same equations. We then compared estimated CGRn values as predicted by this approach with modeled values in patient data from the Frequent Hemodialysis Network Nocturnal Trial. Results The estimating equations for CGRn yielded results similar to those obtained with formal modeling, in both anuric patients and those with residual kidney function, with mean percent error of 0.845 ± 6.15 (SD) in anuric patients, and ‒0.29 ± 4.90 in patients with a mean creatinine clearance of 5.44 ± 4.82 mL/min, with R-squared values of 0.96 in both anuric patients and those with residual renal clearance of creatinine. Conclusions In patients dialyzed 3/week, CGRn can be estimated using prediction equations. Use of these equations may facilitate broader investigation of CGRn as a measure of nutritional status and outcome.
Jackpot Justice: Verdict Variability and the Mass Tort Class Action

Mass tort scholars, practitioners, and judges struggle with determining the most efficient approach to adjudicate sometimes tens of thousands of cases. Favoring class actions, mass tort scholars and judges have assumed that litigating any issue once is best. But while litigating any one issue could conceivably save attorneys' fees and court resources, a single adjudication of thousands of mass tort claims is unlikely to further tort goals of corrective justice, efficiency, or compensation in a reliable way. That is because, as recent empirical research on jury behavior shows, any one jury's verdict may be an outlier on a potential bell curve of responses applying the law to the facts before it. Indeed, one aberrational, high jury claim valuation, if extrapolated to thousands of claims through a class action, may inappropriately bankrupt an entire industry. Similarly, one unusually low jury verdict might deny legions of plaintiffs the compensation that they deserve. To illustrate the problems of attempting to resolve a mass tort with a single jury, this Article discusses the Engle tobacco class action of Florida smokers, where the application of a single jury verdict to approximately 700,000 smokers appears to be an outlier verdict in light of prior juries' verdicts in Florida tobacco cases. In contrast, this Article argues that the use of multiple juries in individual cases is a superior method of resolving a mass tort. While the use of multiple juries in class actions to create statistically cobbled claim values has been rejected as violating due process and state tort law, no such problems accompany the approach espoused here: that individual-plaintiff lawsuits, each with its own jury, be tried and that the jury verdicts be used by mass tort litigants to develop claim values for broad mass tort settlement. In addition to remaining within the strictures of constitutional and tort law, this clustering of multiple juries around an accurate valuation of mass tort claims and the resulting likely settlement furthers both the procedural goal of litigant autonomy and the tort aims of efficiency, corrective justice, and compensation.
Germany, Nationhood, and the Holocaust, 1500–2000

A proper understanding of a nation’s identity over time requires tracing how a modern sense of belonging can derive from the symbolic reservoir of society and how cultural symbols can change their ...
Gender differences in psychosocial status of adolescents during COVID-19: a six-country cross-sectional survey in Asia Pacific.

School closures and family economic instability caused by the COVID-19 lockdown measures have threatened the mental health and academic progress of adolescents. Through secondary data analysis of World Vision Asia Pacific Region’s COVID-19 response-assessments in May–June 2020, this study examined whether adolescents’ study, physical, and leisure activities, psychosocial status, and sources of COVID-19 information differed by gender. The assessments used cross-sectional surveys of adolescents in poor communities served by World Vision (n = 5552 males and n = 6680 females) aged 10–18 years old in six countries. The study households of adolescents were selected either by random sampling or non-probability convenience sampling and assessed using telephone or in-person interviews. Multivariate logistic regression analyses examined the relationship between gender and psychosocial status; daily activities (e.g., play, study); and sources of information about COVID-19. Participation in remote education was low (range: 0.5–20.7% across countries), with gender difference found only in Vietnam. Compared to males, female adolescents were less likely to play physically with a range of AOR: 0.36–0.55 (n = 5 countries) or play video games with a range of AOR: 0.55–0.72 (n = 2 countries). Female adolescents were more likely to feel isolated or stressed (India, AOR = 1.13, 95%CI:1.00, 1.26); feel unsafe (the Philippines, AOR = 2.22, 95%CI:1.14, 4.33; Vietnam, AOR = 1.31, 95%CI:1.03, 1.47); be concerned about education (India, AOR = 1.24, 95%CI:1.09, 1.41; Myanmar, AOR = 1.59, 95%CI:1.05, 2.40); or be concerned about household income (India, AOR = 1.13, 95%CI:1.00, 1.28; Vietnam, AOR = 1.31, 95%CI:1.09, 1.58). Female adolescents were also less likely to obtain COVID-19 related information through internet/social media (Bangladesh, AOR = 0.51, 95%CI:0.41, 0.64; India, AOR = 0.84, 95%CI:0.73, 0.96; and Myanmar, AOR = 0.65, 95%CI:0.43, 0.97) and mobile call or short message (India, AOR = 0.88, 95%CI:0.80, 0.98) but more likely to get the information from friends (Vietnam, AOR = 1.18, 95%CI:1.02, 1.36) and family (Bangladesh, AOR = 1.44, 95% CI:1.21, 1.70; India, AOR = 1.29, 95% CI:1.15, 1.45). An understanding of gender differences in the impacts of COVID-19 on adolescents' schooling, physical, and mental health can inform adolescent protection interventions. Psychosocial support during response and recovery phases needs to pay special attention to gender differences, since female adolescents’ psychosocial status is at higher risk when facing the challenges of this pandemic.
Conservation Actions in Multi-Species Systems: Species Interactions and Dispersal Costs

We use the General Equilibrium Ecosystem Model (GEEM) parameterized to Wyoming sagebrush to explore the impact of two common simplifications in bio-economic policy frameworks on species conservation decisions. First, we compare conservation policies based on 2-species food web models to those based on a more complex food web. We find that using the simpler model can miss opportunities for more conservation benefits in the presence of species interactions. Second, we define the impact of species dispersal costs on population distributions in a heterogenous landscape and explore conservation policies to reduce those costs to enable species to move away from disturbed areas. Conservation actions that reduce dispersal costs for all species reflect species interactions and thresholds that determine which species disperse.
Transformation-Oriented Programming: A Development Methodology for High Assurance Software

Abstract A software development paradigm known as Transformation-Oriented Programming (TOP) is introduced. In TOP, software development consists of constructing a sequence of transformations capable of systematically constructing a software implementation from a given formal specification. As such TOP falls under the category of formal methods. The general theory and techniques upon which TOP is built is presented. The High Assurance Transformation System (HATS) is described. The use of the HATS tool to implement a portion of the functionality of a classloader needed by the Sandia Secure Processor (SSP) is described.
FIBROMYXOSARCOMA OF THE PULMONARY ARTERY ASSOCIATED WITH SYNCOPE, INTRACTABLE HEART FAILURE, POLYCYTHEMIA AND THROMBOCYTOPENIA.

Abstract This case represents the third reported case of a fibromyxosarcoma of the pulmonary artery. The diagnosis of pulmonary artery obstruction may be confused with primary pulmonary hypertension, atrial myxoma and mitral valve obstruction. The rapid development of intractable right heart failure, syncopal attacks, soft to absent pulmonic sound and fluoroscopic evidence of differential pulmonary artery pulsations without left atrial enlargement suggest the correct diagnosis. Cardiac catheterization and angiography are important adjuncts to the diagnosis. A syndrome comprised of intractable right ventricular failure, recurrent syncope, polycythemia and thrombocytopenia is suggested as being secondary to obstruction of the pulmonary artery.
The Effects of Interactive Reviews and Learning Style on Student Learning Outcomes at a Texas State University

This study investigated the effects of interactive lessons and learning style on student learning outcomes in self-defense education classes. The study utilized an experimental design that incorporated four self-defense education classes at the University of North Texas (UNT) during the fall semester 2007 (N = 87). A pre-test was administered during the first week of class to determine prior knowledge of the participants. The Visual Auditory Reading/Kinesthetic Inventory (VARK) was used to assess the learning styles of the students and was completed after the pre-test of knowledge was administered. The treatment group received the interactive lesson and the control received a paper review. The difference between the pre and posttest was used as a measure of improvement of the student's learning outcomes. A 2 (treatment/control) by 2 (pretest/posttest) ANOVA with repeated measures was conducted to examine the differential improvement in knowledge across the intervention. Based on the 2-way ANOVA there was a significant difference between the treatment group and the control group based on their learning outcomes. A repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to determine if there was a significant difference between the groups based on the pre and post test scores. Based on the results of a one week study it was determined that interactive lessons do make a significant impact on learning outcomes compared to traditional reviews.
Selected Quality Practices of Small Manufacturers

A study examines quality management practices of small manufacturing enterprises and their ability to meet quality expectations of large retail organizations. Results indicate that selected suppliers had a higher level of conformity with the buyers' qua..
The Unz Initiatives and the Abolition of Bilingual Education

In 1998, Silicon Valley millionaire Ron Unz spearheaded the passage of California's Proposition 227, designed to ban bilingual education as an instructional method. Two years later, Arizona approved similar legislation, and Unz has recently brought his campaign to Massachusetts and Colorado. This Note analyzes Proposition 227 and its "offSpring" in Arizona and argues this legislation is violative of federal statutes, politically unsound, culturally biased, and pedagogically inaccurate. In particular, the Note contends that bilingual education involving instruction in a student's native language with the goal of either transition to English proficiency or complete bilingual fluency is an effective educational method and efforts to eliminate it are a rash, false "cure-all" to a variety of problems facing schoolchildren. Finally, the Note argues that effective challenges to legislative initiatives that seek to eliminate bilingual education must address the legal, political, cultural, and pedagogical implications of this elimination and consider the impact of this legislation within a context that considers its full impact on students, teachers, and society.
Chapter 16 The economics of individual aging

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the economic models that explain the concept of retirement and consumption and saving. The chapter discusses the empirical evidence about the models. The discussion is in the context of data from the United States because US data are more extensive than data from other countries. On average, the economic status of the elderly has improved greatly over the past 25 years. The poverty rate of elderly widows is still high, although valuing noncash income would certainly reduce it substantially. Wealth and income comparision in the 1979 Rural Household Survey (RHS) and the 1984 Self-Invested Personal Pension (SIPP), and poverty rates of singles and couples are tabulated in the chapter. These results and examination of the rates of increase of Social Security and pension benefits indicate that the economic status of the elderly should improve slowly as the increases propagate through the system. Social Security benefits of the oldest should continue to increase and more of the elderly will have pension income. Many models have assumed that individuals are alike, yet observed behavior, particularly saving behavior, varies substantially across individuals.
Twenty-five years of CO astronomy: revealing the cold universe.

I suspect that future historians of science will regard the discovery of CO in space as one of the more significant milestones of astronomical research in the 20th century— a period which is likely to be considered the Golden Age of astronomical discovery. It was during this century that such fundamental phenomena as galaxies, the big bang, the expanding universe, the interstellar medium, quasars, pulsars, black holes, extra-solar planets and protostars were first revealed by observational exploration. Indeed, it was also in this century that observation and theory combined to decipher the very nature of the stars themselves as thermonuclear reactors which convert hydrogen, the primary product of the big bang, into the zoo of heavier elements which make up the periodic table. These discoveries were the direct result of the dramatic evolution of observing technology which among other things, opened the entire electromagnetic spectrum to astronomical investigation and enabled observations at optical, radio, infrared, UV, X and γ ray wavelengths with large telescopes on the ground, in the air and in space.
Proteolytic Digestion of Meat Is Not Necessary for Iron Solubilization

The effects of digested cooked or raw meat and nondigested cooked or raw meat on iron solubility were investigated in vitro. Experiment 1 involved adding iron to meat slurries followed by in vitro digestion using pepsin and then pancreatin. Pepsin and pancreatin were excluded from incubation mixtures used as the nondigested treatment. Ferric iron in aqueous solution was used as an iron-only control. Dialyzable iron for each treatment was determined by measuring iron able to cross a dialysis membrane having a molecular weight cut-off of 6,000-8,000. Soluble iron was determined as that iron remaining in solution after centrifugation at 2,500 x g for 15 min. No differences (P greater than 0.05) in dialyzable iron were observed between treatments. However, soluble iron in the digested meat treatments was greater than soluble iron in the nondigested treatments (P = 0.05) or iron-only controls (P = 0.01). There was no difference (P greater than 0.05) between nondigested and iron-only treatments. In experiment 2, meat components were first separated by dialysis from digested or nondigested meat. The pH of the isolated components was adjusted to 2.0, iron added, and the pH adjusted to 7.0. Dialyzable and soluble iron were then determined. As in experiment 1, no differences (P greater than 0.05) in dialyzable iron among treatments were observed. Dialyzable components from digested or nondigested meat increased soluble iron as compared to the iron-only control (P = 0.01), with soluble iron values for the nondigested treatment being greater (P = 0.01) than for the digested treatment. Thus, meat contains a factor(s) that solubilizes iron independent of proteolytic digestion.
American Indian health disparities: psychosocial influences

The American Indian (AI) population suffers from significant health disparities. Death rates from diabetes, cancer, infant mortality, and other causes are higher among AIs. Numerous psychosocial influences, including a history of genocide and boarding school experiences, have led to unresolved historical trauma and its associated poor health outcomes. Adverse childhood experiences are also a strong predictor of risk for numerous chronic and behavioral health conditions. Food programs for impoverished populations historically have led to high rates of formula feeding of infants and intake of high-calorie, low nutritional value foods. Adverse adulthood experiences, including poverty, racism, and substance abuse, lead to depression, anxiety, and poor health outcomes. These social circumstances can have an impact on the quality of parenting skills for the next generation, leading to continued intergenerational health disparities. Additional research into the psychosocial influences and social determinants of health is needed to ensure improved policy and program development.
Enhanced spontaneous emission from InAs self-organized quantum dots in a two-dimensional GaAs photonic crystal defect microcavity

Summary form only given. Since the realization that spontaneous emission can be altered by controlling the environment in which the radiating element is placed, efforts have been made to produce sub-micron cavities in order to control the spontaneous emission process in the optical regime. Recently the advent of photonic crystals offers an attractive technique for producing optical microcavities which have been demonstrated successfully by several groups experimentally and theoretically. However in such calculations the radiating source considered is an ideal dipole. We describe the characteristics of the spontaneous emission from InAs/GaAs self-organized quantum dots confined in the photonic crystal microcavity. We also discuss the fabrication of an electrically injected surface emitting photonic crystal microcavity with 1.04 /spl mu/m InGaAs quantum dot active region.
On the nilpotent representations of GL n ( O )

In a previous paper, we produced a “Jordan decomposition of characters” for the groupsGL n (O), whereO is the ring of integers in ap-adic field, splitting the representation theory into “nilpotent” and “semisimple” cases. This paper is concerned with the nilpotent representations. This problem is closely related to both the representation theory of the fullp-adic group and the arithmetic group over the ring of integers of a global field. The main result is an explicit description of the irreducible representations of the endomorphism ring, or Hecke algebra, of an induced nilpotent representation. Our methods are combinatorial and along the way we study a certainp-adic generalization of theq-Johnson association scheme. Our Hecke algebra is isomorphic to its Bose-Mesner algebra. The character values of the irreducible representations of this algebra givep-adic generalizations of theq-Hahn polynomials.
Reliable Coding Emerges from Coactivation of Climbing Fibers in Microbands of Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons

The inferior olive projects climbing fiber axons to cerebellar Purkinje neurons, where they trigger calcium-based dendritic spikes. These responses dynamically shape the immediate spike output of Purkinje cells as well as provide an instructive signal to guide long-term plasticity. Climbing fibers typically fire approximately once a second, and the instructive role is distributed over many such firing events. However, transmission of salient information on an immediate basis needs to occur on a shorter timescale during which a Purkinje cell would typically be activated by a climbing fiber only once. Here we show using in vivo calcium imaging in anesthetized mice and rats that sensory events are rapidly and reliably represented by momentary, simultaneous coactivation of microbands of adjacent Purkinje cells. Microbands were sagittally oriented and spanned up to 100 μm mediolaterally, representing hundreds of Purkinje cells distributed over multiple folia. Spontaneous and sensory-evoked microbands followed boundaries that were close or identical to one another and were desynchronized by olivary injection of the gap junction blocker mefloquine, indicating that excitation to the olive is converted to synchronized firing by electrical coupling. One-time activation of microbands could distinguish a sensory response from spontaneous activity with up to 98% accuracy. Given the anatomy of the olivocerebellar system, microband synchrony may shape the output of neurons in the cerebellar nuclei either via powerful inhibition by Purkinje cells or by direct monosynaptic excitation from the inferior olive.
Effects of DNA polymerase-defective and recombination-deficient mutations on the ultraviolet sensitivity of Bacillus subtilis spores

Abstract The DNA of UV-irradiated Bacillus subtilis spores, which contains 5-thyminyl-5,6-dihydrothymine (TDHT) as the major thymine photoproduct, is known to be repaired during germination by two complementary mechanisms: (1) the well-known excision repair, and (2) a special process, “spore repair”, which destroys TDHT in situ without rendering it acid-soluble. In the absence of both mechanisms TDHT is not removed, and spores are highly UV-sensitive. When either of two mutations (pol59 and pol151) giving defective DNA polymerase, or one (recA1) giving a recombination deficiency are introduced into strains defective in one of these known TDHT removal processes, the chemically measured elimination of TDHT from spore DNA is unaltered, but spore UV-sensitivity is increased. The pol mutations produce their greatest sensitivity increase in spores of strains already deficient for the in situ destruction of TDHT, while the rec mutation gives its maximum sensitivity increase to spores of strains lacking excision. These facts argue that the pol mutations interfere mostly with excision repair (presumably its later resynthesis step), while the rec mutation impairs “spore repair” in some step occurring subsequent to the TDHT destruction in situ. With either of these impairments of the later repair steps, DNA of UV-irradiated and germinated spores is considerably degraded, unless germination is carried out in the presence of chloramphenicol.
History of Interpersonal Violence, Abuse, and Nonvictimization Trauma and Severity of Psychiatric Symptoms Among Children in Outpatient Psychiatric Treatment

In a clinical sample of child psychiatry outpatients, chart review data were collected for 114 consecutive admissions over a 1-year period at a Child and Adolescent Outpatient Psychiatry Clinic. Data included history of documented maltreatment, potentially traumatic domestic or community violence, neglect or emotional abuse, and noninterpersonal stressors as well as demographics, psychiatric diagnoses, and parent-rated child emotional and disruptive behavior problems. On a bivariate and multivariate basis, any past exposure to interpersonal violence-but not to noninterpersonal traumas-was related to more severe disruptive behavior problems, independent of the effects of demographics and psychiatric diagnoses. Noninterpersonal trauma and psychiatric diagnoses were associated with emotional problems; exposure to interpersonal violence appeared to partially account for this relationship despite not being independently associated with emotional problem severity. History of exposure to interpersonal violence warrants clinical and research attention as a severity marker and potential treatment focus in psychiatric outpatient services for children, particularly those with disruptive behavior problems.
Analytical Study of the Step Starting and Step Running of a 3-Phase Induction Motor I - Starting Torque with Step Voltage and Step Current

A new method called the step starting of induction motors has been analytically developed. Pairs of stator terminals are connected in sequence to a voltage or current pulse from a variable frequency source. The frequency of the voltage or current pulse is zero at standstill, and it is gradually increased to bring the rotor up to required speed. In this paper, it is shown that the starting torque with a rated current pulse is much greater than the starting torque with a voltage pulse, the magnitude of the voltage pulse being that required for steady-state rated peak current in the stator. Part II of the paper discusses the electromechanics of the method with current pulses fed to the stator. It is found that the torque developed is proportional to the square of the magnitude of the current pulse. Variations in torque at any running speed are obtained by varying the magnitude of the current pulse. Any desired speed-torque characteristic of the motor is obtained by properly controlling the current with a current-control mechanism. Low resistance increases the torque developed in starting as well as in running. This analysis holds good for an unsaturated machine.