cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-consumptive effects in fish predator–prey interactions on coral reefs

Predator–prey interactions are critical in ecological communities, but it is increasingly clear that a predator’s effect goes beyond eating prey. Fear of predators may also alter the behaviour, physiology, and morphology of prey as they try to reduce risk. Such ‘non-consumptive effects’ (NCEs) may have important demographic effects on prey populations. The study of NCEs has recently grown significantly across marine ecosystems, including coral reefs. Coral reefs support diverse predator assemblages, and consumptive effects substantially impact prey populations, suggesting NCEs are also likely to be important. Indeed, a growing number of aquarium and field studies have demonstrated that the behaviour of reef fishes is changed by predators, typically using predator models or a gradient of fishing pressure. Here, we review these studies to summarise what is currently known about NCEs in reef-fish assemblages, including effects on individuals and populations and variations in space and time caused by predator and prey traits and environmental factors, and the evidence for NCEs driving trophic cascades. Critically, throughout we also draw on a wider literature to highlight hypotheses and theories emerging in other ecosystems that can inform further work on reefs. While it is clear NCEs are significant among reef fishes and can alter reef functioning, evidence of demographic changes, mechanistic pathways (e.g. behavioural vs. stress induced), and work with multiple predators and prey is lacking. We suggest that establishing an initial framework of interactions among different predator and prey types is needed, allowing the integration of factors such as habitat complexity and internal prey state (e.g. hunger), and an increased understanding of how fishes move around seascapes of fear and how to integrate NCEs into ecosystem models. Such integration is critical for a fuller understanding of how fish assemblages function, interact with benthic organisms, and will be affected by environmental stressors.
Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) could alter ovarian function in mice.

Abstract Nutrition is an important source of exogenous AGEs and thermally processed foods present in western-style diets contain a large amount of these pro-inflammatory AGEs. Additionally, the intake of dietary AGEs could upregulate ovarian gene expression of inflammatory macrophage markers. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of diet rich in AGEs on estrous cyclicity and ovarian function in a mouse model. Six-week old C57BL/6 J female mice were randomly subjected to either a diet low in AGEs (L-AGE) or a diet high in AGEs (H-AGE) for a total of 13 weeks. Experiments performed included daily vaginal smears to assess estrous cyclicity, ovarian superovulation with gonadotropins to assess the number of oocytes released, whole ovarian tissue mRNA quantification by RT-PCR to quantify genes involved in folliculogenesis, steroidogenesis, and macrophage markers, and ovarian morphology for follicle count. Outcome measures included estrous cyclicity, number of oocytes following superovulation, expression of genes involved in folliculogenesis, steroidogenesis, and macrophage infiltration as well as the number of primordial, primary, secondary, antral follicles and corpora lutea. Compared to mice on L-AGE diet, mice on H-AGE spent significantly longer time in the diestrus phase, had similar number of oocytes released following ovarian superovulation, and showed significant alterations in genes involved in steroidogenesis (increase in Star mRNA expression levels) and folliculogenesis (increase in Gdf-9 and Fshr mRNA expression levels). Mouse macrophage marker F4/80 mRNA expression was upregulated in mice on H-AGE diet compared to mice on L-AGE diet. Finally, mice on H-AGE diet had significantly fewer corpora lutea in their ovaries. These results indicate that the ingestion of high amounts of dietary AGEs could disrupt folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis that might lead to abnormal estrous cyclicity. Intake of dietary AGEs could also upregulate ovarian gene expression of inflammatory macrophage markers.
Human Papillomavirus Immunization in Rural Primary Care.

Introduction Despite the safety and efficacy of the human papillomavirus vaccine, thousands are impacted by human papillomavirus and its related cancers. Rural regions have disproportionately low rates of human papillomavirus vaccination. Primary care clinics play an important role in delivering the human papillomavirus vaccine. A positive deviance approach is used to identify workflows, organizational factors, and communication strategies in rural clinics with higher human papillomavirus vaccine up-to-date rates. Positive deviance is a process by which exceptional behaviors and strategies are identified to understand factors that enable success. Methods Rural primary care clinics were rank ordered by human papillomavirus vaccine up-to-date rates using 2018 Oregon Immunization Program data, then recruited via purposive sampling of clinics in the top and bottom quartiles. Two study team members conducted previsit interviews, intake surveys, and 2-day observation visits with 12 clinics and prepared detailed field notes. Data were collected October–December 2018 and analyzed using a thematic approach January–April 2019. Results Four themes distinguished rural clinics with higher human papillomavirus vaccine up-to-date rates from those with lower rates. First, they implemented standardized workflows to identify patients due for the vaccine and had vaccine administration protocols. Second, they designated and supported a vaccine champion. Third, clinical staff in higher performing sites were comfortable providing immunizations regardless of visit type. Finally, they used clear, persuasive language to recommend or educate parents and patients about the vaccine's importance. Conclusions Positive deviance identified characteristics associated with higher human papillomavirus vaccine up-to-date rates in rural primary care clinics. These findings provide guidance for rural clinics to inform human papillomavirus vaccination quality improvement interventions.
Abstract 13695: Paracrine-mediated Rejuvenation of Aged Mesenchymal Stem Cells Involves Broad Transcriptional Modulation of Angiogenic Factors

Introduction: Angiogenesis induced by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) obtained from aged mice is inferior to those obtained from young mice, but is improved following exposure to conditio...
Factors influencing household waste management practices in Zimbabwe

The management of household solid waste is a growing concern related to public health and environmental damage. The study examined socio-demographic factors, perceptions, and attitudes that influence household waste management practices in Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe. Stratified and random sampling techniques were used to select 314 participants for the study. Data obtained from the survey were analyzed using descriptive and square Chi-square tests of association. 55.7% of the 25–44 years of age group is responsible for managing waste at a household level. The results of a Chi-square test of independence suggested a strong significant association between gender, and willingness to pay for fortnight waste collection services (X2 (1) = 8.119 p < 0.017). 80.8% of respondents who are self-employed use buckets and plastic bags as waste receptacle facilities compared to 66% who are employed. Results of a fisher test indicate that there is an association between income, and waste receptacle used by participants (X2 (1) = 8.977, p < .03). However, gender, age, and level of education have no association with waste receptacle facilities used by individuals. Environmental planners need to consider socio-demographic status in formulating strategies to improve waste management practices in the developing countries context. The study recommends that local authorities need to promote active community involvement as a driver for behavior change towards sustainable solid waste disposal practices in urban areas.
Immediate Effects of Sensorimotor Training in Airway Protection (smTAP) on Cough Outcomes in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: A Feasibility Study.

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a high prevalence of dysphagia, cough dysfunction, and resultant aspiration pneumonia. Sensorimotor cough function is important for airway clearance in people with dysphagia. Upregulation of cough has been demonstrated in healthy adults and Parkinson’s disease; however, the feasibility of cough rehabilitation in PSP is unknown. We sought to assess feasibility by examining the immediate effects of a novel sensorimotor training in airway protection (smTAP) on upregulation of cough function in PSP. Fifteen individuals with PSP enrolled in this study. Baseline voluntary and reflex cough testing were completed. During smTAP, participants were presented with subthreshold capsaicin and instructed to cough with sufficient intensity to hit a target line (set 25% above baseline reflex peak cough flow) via cough airflow visual biofeedback. Twenty-five repetitions were targeted within a single session. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests compared cough airflow measures between baseline voluntary cough testing, the initial five trials of smTAP, and final five trials. Mean peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) significantly increased from initial to final smTAP trials (p < 0.001). Fourteen participants increased PEFR, with gains of more than 10% in 11 participants. Variability of PEFR (p = 0.01) and cough expired volume (p = 0.01) significantly decreased across smTAP trials. This study is the first to demonstrate the ability of people with PSP to immediately upregulate cough function, providing preliminary support for the feasibility of cough rehabilitation in this population with this novel treatment approach. Future research examining the effects of multiple sessions of smTAP on cough outcomes is warranted.
Indigenous methods and knowledge: Maternal health policy and practice in Ethiopia, Africa:

This methodological article explores using Indigenous methodologies to elicit, gather, and report Indigenous knowledge as it relates to maternal health and mortality in the North Wollo Zone of Ethi...
Care of the Suicidal Patient in Pregnancy or During the Postpartum Period

Suicidal thoughts and behaviors are common complications in both pregnancy and the postpartum period. The effects of untreated suicidality are multifold for the mother-baby dyad and society at large. Clinicians caring for this population are best able to provide targeted interventions to address these concerns when well versed in the various presentation characteristics that can occur, including nuanced risk and protective factors. This chapter serves to provide the reader with a greater understanding of the complex nature of suicidality in the pregnant or postpartum woman and further provides recommendations in order to best evaluate for and treat suicidal ideation and behaviors.
Tensed Mereology

Classical mereology (CM) is usually taken to be formulated in a tenseless language, and is therefore associated with a four-dimensionalist metaphysics. This paper presents three ways one might integrate the core idea of flat plenitude, i.e., that every suitable condition or property has exactly one mereological fusion, with a tensed logical setting. All require a revised notion of mereological fusion. The candidates differ over how they conceive parthood to interact with existence in time, which connects to the distinction between endurance and perdurance. Similar issues arise for the integration of mereology with modality, and much of our discussion applies to this project as well.
In vivo myoelectric activity: methods, analysis, and interpretation

The sections in this article are: 1 Control of Phasic Contractions 1.1 Temporal Control of Phasic Contractions 1.2 Spatial Control of Phasic Contractions 2 Methods of Recording 3 Methods of Analysis 4 Terminology 5 Spatial and Temporal Patterns of in Vivo Myoelectric Activity 5.1 Stomach 5.2 Small Intestine 5.3 Colon and Rectum 5.4 Esophagus 5.5 Sphincters and Organ Junctions 5.6 Sphincters 5.7 Organ Junctions 5.8 Gallbladder 6 Special Situation Contractions 6.1 Vomiting 6.2 Caudad Mass Movement 7 Relaxation-Oscillator Versus Cable Model to Explain Organization of Electrical Control Activity 7.1 Passive Conduction 7.2 Regenerative Propagation 7.3 Relaxation-Oscillator Propagation 8 Summary
Inhibition of in vitro lymphoproliferative responses by in vivo passaged rat 13762 mammary adenocarcinoma cells: II. Evidence that Kilham rat virus is responsible for the inhibitory effect

Abstract Kilham rat virus (KRV) was isolated from the lymphocyte cytopathic 13762 summary adenocarcinoma tumor line described in part I of this report, as well as three other in vivo passaged rat tumors maintained in the same animal room. It could not, however, be isolated from the noncytopathic (CS8NT)D tissue culture line. Tests done with CsCl 2 -purified KRV preparations showed that the virus could replicate in rat lymphocytes and could profoundly depress lymphocyte viability and lymphoproliferative responses. Heterologous anti-KRV antiserum could reverse the inhibitory effects of the purified virus preparation and the inhibitory effects of ultrasonically disrupted KRV-infected tumor cells, but could only partially reverse the inhibitory properties of X-irradiated whole 13762 tumor cells. The results suggest that KRV could account for some, if not all, of the inhibitory properties of the 13762 tumor line.
Hermenêutica e teoria crítica: iluminismo como política

This paper analyses Gadamer's hermeneutics and the critical theory of Horkheimer and Marcuse. It tries to show that, if modern society is conceived as political, then it is possible to elaborate a theory of modernity where hermeneutics and critical theory, instead of opposing, complement each other.
Critical Care Medicine 101

Patients in the ICU need to be managed by doctors who can see the “big picture,” be able to integrate and understand the patients’ complex multi-system disease, and formulate an integrative plan that is evidence based, systematic, and is in keeping with the patients’ treatment goals and values while being consistent with reality. Intensivists are realists who provide physiologically based interventions with the goal of limiting disease and improving outcomes; voodoo and other fantasy-based treatments have no role in the ICU. This chapter reviews the concepts and basic interventions which should be addressed when admitting a “generic patient” to the ICU. A number of issues need to be addressed regardless of the type of ICU to which the patient is being admitted and the patient’s diagnosis.
Radiation-Induced Nausea and Vomiting

Radiation-induced nausea and vomiting is a common problem for cancer patients. The emetogenic potential of radiation depends greatly on the location of the radiation field, the size of the radiation field, and the fractionation scheme. Radiation fields can be categorized as having high, moderate, low, or minimal emetogenic risk, and treatment differs accordingly. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network, the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, and the American Society of Clinical Oncology publish clinical practice guidelines addressing the issue of radiation-induced nausea and vomiting. This article reviews the treatment recommendations for each category of radiation-induced nausea and vomiting from these national and international guideline committees and provides the rationale for these recommendations.
Impact of hyperglycemia on outcomes of patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia

Bacteremia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In other bacterial infections, hyperglycemia has been identified as a risk factor for mortality in nondiabetic patients. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of early hyperglycemia on outcomes in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with P. aeruginosa bacteremia. A retrospective cohort study was performed in adult patients (≥18 years old) with P. aeruginosa bacteremia. Patients received at least 1 drug empirically to which the isolate was susceptible in vitro. Classification and regression tree analysis was used to determine the threshold breakpoint for average blood glucose concentration within 48 hours of positive blood culture (BG48). Logistic regression was used to explore independent risk factors for 30-day mortality. A total of 176 bacteremia episodes were identified; patients in 66 episodes were diabetic. Diabetic patients had higher BG48 (165.2±64.8 mg/dL versus 123.7±31.5 mg/dL, P 168 mg/dL (OR 6.3; 95% CI 1.7-23.3). However, blood glucose concentration was not identified as an independent risk factor for mortality in diabetic patients by multivariate regression analysis. Hyperglycemia did not appear to affect outcomes in diabetic patients, whereas nondiabetic patients had a higher risk of mortality from P. aeruginosa bacteremia. Prospective studies evaluating the impact of glycemic control in these patients are needed.
Structural problems of the spine do not necessarily require intervention.

We as a profession need to have reliable and valid methods to determine when SPOTS requires intervention, and perhaps more importantly, when it does not. Information that helps the chiropractor to correctly decide when not to intervene will help improve quality of patient care.
Deconstruction and Différance: Onto‐Return and Emergence in A Daoist Interpretation of Derrida

In inquiring into the nature of deconstruction in Derrida we see that it hides an opposite aspect of onto-generative emergence as stated in the wording of the Yijing. What is hidden is the movement of difference-making and generalizing repetition by way of certain presupposed reality. In examining Derrida's notion “differance” (difference), his contrast between an ontology of presence and a philosophy of absence, in explaining the origin of meaning a la de Saussure, has transformed into the polaristic structure of all differences, whether it be in language or in things. The Saussurian distinction between the signifier and the signified no doubt reflects this polarity but not reveals an underlying transcendent-immanent principle called “differance,” or, the dao 道 in Chinese philosophy. This “difference” in language leads to ramification of meanings which could be self-deconstructive such as the extended use of the word “spirit” demonstrates.
Effect of premilling elemental powders on solid solubility extension of magnesium in titanium by mechanical alloying

Abstract Solid solubility extension of magnesium in titanium was obtained by mechanical alloying of blended elemental powders. The solubilities achieved varied with the processing variables used. A maximum solubility of 3.6 at% (1.9 wt%) magnesium in titanium (representing a 3% density decrease) was achieved when both the titanium and magnesium powders were premilled separately and then mechanically alloyed together. This compares with the equilibrium solid solubility of 0.2 at% (0.1 wt%) Mg in Ti at 500 °C. As the temperature of milling was lowered, the solubility level was reduced.
Collaborative multimedia learning environments

I use the term "collaborative", to identify a way that enables conversation to occur in, about, and around the digital medium, therefore making the "digital artifacts" contributed by all individuals a key element of a conversation as opposed to consecutive, linear presentations used by most faculty at the Design School.Installations of collaborative multimedia in classrooms at the Harvard University Graduate School of Design show an enhancement of the learning process via shared access to media resources and enhanced spatial conditions within which these resources are engaged. Through observation and controlled experiments I am investigating how the use of shared, collaborative interfaces for interaction with multiple displays in a co-local environment enhances the learning process. The multiple spatial configurations and formats of learning mandate that with more effective interfaces and spaces for sharing digital media with fellow participants, the classroom can be used much more effectively and thus, learning and interaction with multimedia can be improved.
The Lax–Friedrichs sweeping method for optimal control problems in continuous and hybrid dynamics

Abstract We implement the Lax–Friedrichs sweeping (LFS) method to approximate the solution to the Hamilton–Jacobi (HJ) equation arising in an infinite horizon optimal control problem. The fast sweeping method approximates the viscosity solution of a boundary value problem for HJ equations. The static HJ equation is discretized by using the Lax–Friedrichs numerical Hamiltonian and the solution is approximated iteratively by using a Gauss–Seidel-like new updating process. Assuming that the Hamiltonian is strictly convex in the control variable, we derive a pair of HJ equations in continuous time through the dynamic programming formulation. The LFS method is applied to solve the coupled PDEs by successive iteration of the optimal cost and control. The LFS scheme also applies to optimal control problems in hybrid systems in which it admits the viscosity solution for the HJ equation. We demonstrate the efficiency of the method through some numerical examples in both continuous and hybrid dynamics.
Cilia in cardiac differentiation

In a study of chick heart development, approximately 700 cilia were observed in random and serial sections from differentiating myoblasts, myocytes, fibroblasts and fibrocytes following glutaraldehyde-osmium fixation. Additional cilia were observed in hearts of embryonic and adult lizards, mice, and rabbits. The diplosomal “9+0” cilia, often observed completely enclosed in the cytoplasm, were revealed to be present in most nonmitotic cells but were never observed in mitotic cells (P=0.001). Because the number of cells increases greatly during early cardiogenesis and because most of the cells were revealed to possess a single abbreviated cilium each, the deposition of cilia presumably occurs. Therefore, we suggest that the blockage of mitosis usually associated with the initiation of cytodifferentiation can be correlated with the formation of cilia and maybe mediated by the transformation of the mitotic centrioles into ciliary basal bodies.
Satellite‐based midlatitude cyclone statistics over the Southern Ocean: 1. Scatterometer‐derived pressure fields and storm tracking

[1] A wavelet-based method is described for incorporating swaths of surface pressure derived from scatterometer measurements into surface pressure analyses obtained from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The resulting modified pressure fields are used to identify low-pressure centers over the Southern Ocean and to build statistics of midlatitude cyclones during 7 years of the SeaWinds-on-QuikSCAT operational period (July 1999 to June 2006). The impact of the scatterometer-derived pressure swaths is assessed with a statistical analysis of cyclone characteristics (central pressure, radius, depth) performed in parallel on the ECMWF and on the modified pressure fields. More low-pressure centers (5–10% depending on the season) are identified with the modified pressure fields, in particular incipient lows captured earlier than ECMWF and more short-lived mesoscale cyclones (with a life span less than 4 days). The cyclones identified with the modified pressure fields are characterized by lower central pressure and tighter isobars on average. A parallel spectral analysis reveals ∼1% additional energy at scales less than 2000 km in the modified pressure fields.
HIV/AIDS Prejudice in the American Deep South

The “Deep South” has become the epicenter of the American HIV/AIDS epidemic in the twenty-first century. It is vital that we understand what contributes to the spread of HIV/AIDS in the Deep South, and while many factors contribute, prejudice against persons living with HIV/AIDs is an important component. Analyzing a convenience sample of 955 students at a large university in Atlanta, Georgia, we find that more traditional attitudes toward gender roles and more negative attitudes toward gay men and lesbians are associated with greater HIV/AIDS prejudice. We also find that greater HIV/AIDS prejudice reduces participation in various sexual acts and increases ages at initial sexual experiences, while reducing HIV testing. The article concludes with recommendations for HIV/AIDS prevention and education campaigns in the Deep South.
Reverse osmosis treatment of multicomponent electrolyte solutions

Abstract The treatment of multicomponent electrolyte solutions with two high-pressure thin-film composite reverse osmosis membranes was investigated. Experiments were performed with small membrane coupons and spiral-wound elements placed in series in a closed-loop test apparatus. The feed solutions investigated were representative of a pretreated agricultural drainage return water containing small quantities of nitrate and selenium, and large quantities of sulfate, chloride, magnesium, and sodium ions. Parameters affecting membrane performance included feed pressure, feed solution composition and concentration, concentration-polarization, membrane compaction, and the density of charged chemical groups contained in the active layers of the membranes. It was found that a charged RO membrane acted as an ion-exchange medium as well as a barrier to neutral ion-pairs. In general, the ability of both membranes to reject inorganic electrolytes were comparable in terms of solute rejections. However, each membrane gave superior rejections for some types of trace components. One membrane commonly gave better rejection of the nitrate ion (>99 percent), and the other membrane performed better with biselenite (>99.7 percent rejection). Both membranes removed selenate to about the same degree (>99.94 percent rejection).
Identification of temperature increases and decreases: A difficult task for monkey and human

Les singes n'apprennent pas a distinguer l'elevation et l'abaissement de la temperature quand les stimulis sont donnes a l'avant bras. Ils ne peuvent pas reconnaitre le sens du changement quoique l'homme y soit sensible. Il est possible qu'ils sont influences par le poids et l'emplacement de l'appareil stimulant ainsi que par la temperature de l'adaptation originelle.
Femtosecond time-resolved photo-stimulated desorption from ionic crystals

Abstract We have used the pump–probe technique to measure the positive ion yield, from ionic crystals, as a function of time delay between two femtosecond laser pulses. The two-pulse technique allows direct observation of solid state and surface dynamics on a femtosecond timescale. We find the ion yield, from 265 nm irradiated MgO and KBr, depends critically on the time delay between pulses. For example, the Mg + desorption yield displays three distinct features; a coherence peak followed by a fast rise and decay features. In contrast, the yield of K + from KBr displays only the coherence peak and picosecond decay features. The observed ion detection thresholds suggest that, although the nanosecond laser ion desorption mechanism may be dominated by defect photoabsorption, significant electron–hole pair production may contribute to the femtosecond laser desorption mechanism. By determining the ultrafast time-dependence of positive ion emission, we hope to reveal the mechanism of laser ion desorption for both regimes.
Robust trajectory planning for robotic manipulators under payload uncertainties

A number of trajectory planning algorithms are available for determining the joint torques, positions, and velocities required to move a manipulator along a given geometric path in minimum time. These schemes require knowledge of the robot's dynamics, which in turn depend upon the characteristics of the payload which the robot is carrying. In practice, the dynamic properties of the payload will not be known exactly, so that the dynamics of the robot, and hence the required joint torques, must be calculated for a nominal set of payload characteristics. But since these trajectory planners generate nominal joint torques which are at the limits of the robot's capabilities, moving the robot along the desired geometric path at speeds calculated for the nominal payload may require torques which exceed the robot's capabilities. In this paper, bounds on joint torque uncertainties are derived in terms of payload uncertainties. Using these bounds, a new trajectory planner is developed to incorporate payload uncertainties such that all the trajectories generated can be realized with given joint torques. Finally, the trajectory planner is applied to the first three joints of the Bendix PACS arm, a cylindrical robot to demonstrate its use and power.
Purification and characterization of recombinant mouse thymidylate synthase.

Abstract Recombinant mouse thymidylate synthase (TS) expressed at high levels in Escherichia coli was purified to homogeneity in greater than 70% yield by a rapid three-step procedure. Both 0.1% Triton X-100 and 10% glycerol were required to stabilize the enzyme whose activity remained unchanged after 1 month when stored at −20°C. Thermal inactivation of the enzyme was a first-order process at 37°C, with t 1 2 values of 6.9, 15.6 and 3.0 min at pH 5.5, 7.0 and 8.5, respectively. The presence of saturating levels of dUMP at pH 8.5 increased the t 1 2 of inactivation to 38 min. The pH profile for enzyme activity showed a narrow optimum region centered at pH 7.0, which was mirrored by the shape of the K m, dUMP / V max plot. The pH dependence of K d for the covalent inhibitory ternary complex of enzyme, 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridylate and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate exhibited a broad minimum between pH 5.5 and 8.5, and ranged between 3.1, 0.8 and 1.1 nM at pH 5.5, 7.0 and 8.5, respectively. The UV/VIS spectrum of the native enzyme exhibited a maximum at 280 nm ( ϵ = 98 200 M −1 cm −1 ), while that of the inhibitory ternary complex showed an additional maximum at 320 nm. The 19 F-NMR spectrum of the mouse enzyme: FdUMP binary complex revealed two new resonances at −2.8 and −34.8 ppm. The most deshielded resonance represented the noncovalent binary complex while the other resonance was assigned to the nucleotide covalently bound to the enzyme. The alteration of nucleotide binding equilibria produced by addition of H 4 folate was exemplified by both an increase in intensity and a 5 ppm deshielding of the resonance attributed to the covalent FdUMP-enzyme complex. Addition of formaldehyde to the latter mixture produced the covalent ternary complex which resulted in the collapse of the resonances at −2.8 and −39.5 ppm and the appearance of a new resonance at −12.4 ppm.
Permanent income in general equilibrium

Abstract This paper reviews recent tests of the permanent income hypothesis. This literature suggests that consumption is ‘too sensitive’ to current income, relative to the predictions of the usual (partial equilibrium) model. It is then argued that in general equilibrium, attempts to move along a consumption possibilities frontier exhibiting diminishing returns would naturally give rise to endogenous changes in interest rates, creating a link between consumption and current income. A fully specified general equilibrium example is introduced which does indeed exhibit the same ‘excess sensitivity’ reported in the literature, for precisely this reason.
Airborne Laser Infrared Absorption Spectrometer (ALIAS-II) for in situ atmospheric measurements of N 2 O, CH 4 , CO, HCL, and NO 2 from balloon or remotely piloted aircraft platforms

The Airborne Laser Infrared Absorption Spectrometer II (ALIAS-II) is a lightweight, high-resolution (0.0003-cm-1), scanning, mid-infrared absorption spectrometer based on cooled (80 K) lead-salt tunable diode laser sources. It is designed to make in situ measurements in the lower and middle stratosphere on either a balloon platform or high-altitude remotely piloted aircraft. Chemical species that can be measured precisely include long-lived tracers N2O and CH4, the shorter-lived tracer CO, and chemically active species HCl and NO2. Advances in electronic instrumentation developed for ALIAS-I, with the experience of more than 250 flights on board NASA’s ER-2 aircraft, have been implemented in ALIAS-II. The two-channel spectrometer features an open cradle, multipass absorption cell to ensure minimal contamination from inlet and surfaces. Time resolution of the instrument is ≤3 s, allowing rapid in situ measurements with excellent spatial resolution. ALIAS-II has completed successful balloon flights from New Mexico, Alaska, and Brazil providing CH4 and N2O vertical profiles in the tropics, mid-latitudes, and high northern latitudes up to altitudes of 32 km.
Education, college major, and job match: Gender differences in reasons for mismatch

Abstract Many studies have examined the match between years of schooling and the schooling required for the job. The quantity of schooling is only one way to consider the match between schooling and jobs. This paper considers an alternative match between education and jobs based on the relationship between college majors and work activities. Twenty percent of workers report their work is not related to their degree field. Work‐reported reasons for accepting such a position outside the field of study differ for men and women. The wage effects of mismatch vary considerably across the different reasons for accepting the position.
Quinone Approaches toward the Synthesis of Aflatoxin B2

Quinones bearing electron-withdrawing groups can serve as useful precursors to furobenzofuran ring systems through their reaction with 2,3-dihydrofuran. Formal racemic and stereoselective syntheses of the fungal metabolite aflatoxin B2 are described that utilize this approach to construct the tricyclic ABC-ring core of the molecule.
Autonomic imbalance, hypertension, and cardiovascular risk

Essential hypertension conveys an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The common finding of an autonomic imbalance in these patients contributes not only to the etiology of hypertension itself, but also to the cardiac risk and resulting adverse sequelae. A high sympathetic tone in particular is responsible for many of the metabolic, hemodynamic, trophic, and rheologic abnormalities that cluster in patients with high blood pressure. Methods to clarify the respective importance of prereceptor versus receptor abnormalities for the etiology of insulin resistance are warranted. Results of large hypertension clinical trials examining the degree of cardioprotection offered by newer medications that are neutral or beneficial to the vast array of underlying abnormalities are a few years away. In the meantime, utilization of antihypertensive drugs that reduce sympathetic overactivity and are metabolically beneficial is a reasonable clinical alternative in hypertensive patients with the metabolic syndrome or with signs of autonomic imbalance.
Cell metabolism in the regulation of programmed cell death

Increased cellular metabolism and resistance to apoptosis are two hallmarks of cell transformation. Recent progress in the understanding of the role of mitochondria in controlling apoptosis has brought attention to the links between elements of the apoptotic machinery and cellular metabolism. Here, we review the coordinated effects of growth factor withdrawal on bioenergetics and programmed cell death, and discuss the metabolic consequences of genes that prevent apoptosis, including the BCL2 family of genes and AKT.
A Capacitance Probe for Measurement of Bubbles in Molten Metals

A probe has been developed for measuring bubble size, velocity and frequency in molten metals. The probe has been tested on a low melting point alloy (Belmont alloy) and on aluminum. Bubble signals are discernible in either metal. The probe measures the change in capacitance between a wire and the metal as a bubble passes. Because there is no electrical contact necessary between the wire and the metal, the wire may be sheathed with a material (e.g. alumina) that is inert to the metal. The ruggedness of this design was demonstrated by its use for three hours in aluminum. A bridge circuit which can measure the small capacitance change was devised and a deconvolution procedure has been developed whereby bubble size distributions can be obtained. Measurements have been made of the bubble size and velocity above J-shaped nozzles through which argon was injected. Similar measurements have been made of the bubble size distribution above a porous alumina plug and the bubbles were larger than those observed in water at a comparable flowrate.
Effects of chronic alcohol exposure on dopamine uptake in rat nucleus accumbens and caudate putamen

Existing data strongly suggest that alcohol affects dopamine (DA) neurotransmission in the brain. However, many questions remain about the effects of alcohol on the delicate equilibrium between such neurochemical processes as DA release and uptake. Dysregulation of these processes in the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal systems after chronic alcohol ingestion could be a neuroadaptation contributing to dependence. In the present study, we have employed an alcohol vapor inhalation model to characterize the effects of chronic alcohol exposure on DA dynamics in rat nucleus accumbens (NAc) and caudate putamen (CP) using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) in brain slices. This method provides a unique view of real-time, spatially resolved changes in DA concentration. We found that chronic alcohol exposure enhanced DA uptake rates in rat NAc and CP. These changes would have the effect of down-regulating extracellular DA levels, presumably a compensatory effect related to increased DA release by repeated alcohol exposure. The sensitivity of terminal release-regulating DA autoreceptors was not different in alcohol-exposed rats compared with alcohol-naive animals. The DA uptake changes after chronic alcohol exposure documented here using FSCV may be associated with a compensatory response of the DA system aimed at decreasing DA signaling. Alterations in autoreceptor function may require relatively long lasting alcohol exposure.
Pessimistic explanatory style moderates the effect of stress on physical illness

Explanatory style is a cognitive personality variable that reflects the tendency to explain bad events involving the self with causes that are internal to the self, stable across time, and global in effect. The attribution reformulation of helplessness theory predicts that stress coupled with a pessimistic explanatory style leads to negative outcomes, including physical illness, among at-risk individuals. This longitudinal study of 198 college students examined whether pessimistic explanatory style interacts with perceived stress to predict subsequent illness, even when controlling for baseline illness. Results confirmed this hypothesis.
Hypercalcemia associated with dysregulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in arthritis.

We describe an elderly man who presented with hypercalcemia associated with suppressed intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. Despite renal insufficiency the circulating 1,25-di-hydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) was in the upper part of the normal range. Known causes of hypercalcemia were absent and mild hypercalcemia with suppression of intact PTH persisted until after bilateral hip replacement for severe arthritis (1 year after presentation). After hip replacement the ionized calcium normalized, intact PTH normalized, and 1,25(OH)2D decreased markedly. We believe the abnormalities in mineral homeostasis were related to production of 1,25(OH)2D by inflammatory mononuclear cells associated with arthritis.
Moderate weight gain does not influence bone metabolism in skeletally mature female rats

Abstract Bone mass is correlated with body weight during growth. However, it is unclear how bone mass is influenced by weight gain following skeletal maturity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of weight maintenance and two rates of weight gain on bone metabolism using skeletally mature female rats. Eight-month-old female rats were fed one of 3 diets for 13 weeks: Lieber–DeCarli liquid diet ad lib (control diet), the same diet with caloric restriction to maintain initial body weight (calorie-restricted diet), and the same diet fed ad lib with the exception that appetite was enhanced (calorie-increased diet) by replacing a small quantity of maltose–dextran isolcalorically with ethanol (0.5% caloric intake). Compared to baseline, rats fed the calorie-restricted, control, and calorie-increased diets changed in weight by −1 ± 2% (mean ± SE), 10 ± 3%, and 21 ± 2%, respectively. Weight gain was associated with a significant increase in serum leptin, a putative regulator of bone formation. In contrast, significant differences in tibial bone mineral content and density were not detected among treatments groups following dietary intervention or between treatment groups and the baseline group. Similarly, indices of cancellous bone architecture (area, trabecular number, thickness, and separation) and bone turnover (mineralizing perimeter, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate) did not differ among groups following dietary intervention. Our findings suggest that neither weight gain nor increased serum leptin levels, over the range evaluated, influence bone metabolism in skeletally mature female rats.
Bilateral congenital lacrimal sac fistulae in a patient with ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome

We describe a case of bilateral congenital lacrimal sac fistulas, associated with ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome. The embryologic basis for this condition is discussed, as well as the epidemiology, typical presentation, and possible treatment modalities. After we excised the fistulas and intubated the nasolacrimal ducts in this patient, he experienced improvement in symptoms by report.
Results of an Experiment in Channel Quality Monitoring

This paper presents results of an experiment in binary error estimation in near real time for quality-monitoring purposes. Received binary data transitions are processed to give upper and lower estimation bounds for the number of errors in a sample. These bounds are compared with the recorded number of errors.
Simulations of germanium epitaxial growth on the silicon (1 0 0) surface incorporating intermixing

Abstract We present kinetic lattice Monte Carlo simulations of Ge deposition onto a reconstructed Si (1 0 0) surface. We account for the exchange of Ge with Si atoms in the substrate, considering two different exchange mechanisms: a dimer exchange mechanism whereby Ge–Ge dimers on the surface become intermixed with substrate Si atoms, and the exchange of Ge atoms below the surface to relieve misfit strain. We examine how Si–Ge exchange affects the interface between the materials when the growth simulations are done at different temperatures.
Localization of nanos RNA controls embryonic polarity

Anterior-posterior polarity of the Drosophila embryo is initiated during oogenesis through differential maternal RNA localization. The RNA of the anterior morphogen bicoid is localized to the anterior pole of the embryo, where bicoid protein controls head and thorax development. The RNA of the posterior morphogen nanos is localized to the posterior pole, where nanos protein is required for abdomen formation. Here we show that the nanos 3' untranslated region, like that of the bicoid RNA, is sufficient for RNA localization. We have used the bicoid RNA localization signal to mislocalize nanos, producing embryos with two sources of nanos protein. Such embryos form two abdomens with mirror image symmetry. Embryos with nanos RNA localized only to the anterior have greater nanos gene activity than embryos with nanos RNA localized posteriorly. We propose a role for RNA localization in regulating nanos activity.
Pulmonary receptor discharge and expiratory muscle activity

Abstract Expiratory activity in abdominal muscles can be elicited when animals breathe against a continous positive airway pressure (CPAP). To evaluate possible pulmonary receptor mechanisms underlying this effect, graded bilateral vagal cooling was used to inhibit expiratory discharge of abdominal muscles in anesthetized adult opossums during CAP (6–8 cm H2O); then the discharge patterns in fibers from slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors and rapidly adapting pulmonary receptors were assessed when cut vagus nerves were cooled to temperatures similar to those required to inhibit expiratory muscles. Expiratory motor responses were completely inhibited by cooling the vagi to a mean temperature of 9.6°C (range: 7–12°C), but concurrently observed augmentation of amplitude and duration of inspiratory (diaphragm) discharge continued with further lowering of vagal temperatures. Peak inspiratory and tonic expiratory-phased neural activity in fibers from slowly adapting receptors were typically reduced at vagal temperatures between 7 and 12°C. Those units with the highest rats of discharge were maximally affected by cooling. Most rapidly adapting receptors, in contrast, did not maintain a reliable breath-by-breath activation during CPAP; those fibers that could be used for cooling studies showed relatively little inhibition because of their low discharge rates. These data are consistent with the possibility that high levels of discharge from slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors elicit expiratory activity in abdominal muscles.
A new fold on an old story: attachment of intermediate filaments to desmosomes.

Desmoplakin is a major and essential constituent of the interface between the transmembrane glycoproteins mediating adhesion and the intermediate filament cytoskeleton in the cell interior. The structures of two desmoplakin domains that participate in intermediate filament binding reveal that a unique 38-amino acid repeat-containing domain shared with related proteins packs in a novel globular fold.
Fabrication and characterization of nonalloyed Cr/Au ohmic contacts to n- and p-type In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As

Ion implantation and rapid thermal annealing have been used to selectively produce thin high carrier concentration n- and p-type layers on In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As, and nonalloyed ohmic contacts with excellent properties have been achieved by depositing layers of Cr and Au on the implanted regions. The Cr/Au metallization is used to produce ohmic contacts on both p-type and n-type material in the same deposition. A series of electrical test patterns based on the transmission line model and four terminal structure were used to characterize the contact resistance of both alloyed and nonalloyed ohmic contact metallizations on In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As. The nonalloyed contacts to n-type material are superior to conventional alloyed contacts made in this study, while the nonalloyed contacts to p-type material are a factor of 5 higher resistance.
Integrated decision making in a flexible assembly system: sensitivity analysis and extended testing

Abstract This paper presents the results of sensitivity analysis and e.Mendcd testing for a three-level flexible control strategy (FCS) in an assembly environment. The FCS, which includes product mix flexibility at the system level, product routeing flexibility at the cell level, and product sequencing flexibility at the machine level, is tested under a variety of system characteristics. The effects of lot size, buffer size, set-up times, product mix, process reliability and variability, and various policy interactions are considered. It is demonstrated that the three-level FCS provides robust improvement over assembly systems that do not incorporate the use of flexibility under a wide range of system conditions. This testing effort furthermore provides insight into the question of which system conditions may contribute to FCS effectiveness in general.