cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Modeling Thermoelectric Transport at High Temperatures

This chapter provides experimentalists a basic outline for analyzing/modeling thermoelectric transport at high temperatures. The single parabolic band (SPB) model is a powerful analytical tool when investigating thermoelectric transport. The SPB model is something of a diagnostic tool for both overall thermoelectric efficiency and the existence of more complex transport behavior. Most high-performance thermoelectric materials are heavily doped semiconductors with transport properties that appear more similar to metals than semiconductors. For instance, Density functional theory (DFT) calculations predicted n-type LiZnSb to have large thermoelectric efficiency. With the DFT results for band offsets and degeneracy as a starting point, a multiparabolic band model can be pursued. The SPB model discussed hides the influence of band degeneracy within the effective mass. The effective onset temperature depends on the carrier density, where a low carrier density promotes the influence of the bipolar conduction at lower temperatures.
Managing Workplace Diversity: Does Psychological Safety Hold the Key to Employee Performance?

Previous research in diversity has neglected to consider the role of psychological mechanisms that underlie the relationship between diversity climate and employee performance. In this research, dr...
The petrology and geochemistry of the Medicine Lake Volcano, California

The Medicine Lake shield volcano is part of the Oregon high alumina plateau basalt petrologic province, as defined by Waters (1962) and Higgins (1973). The early eruptions are basaltic andesites and they constitute a significant portion of the shield-forming lavas. These lavas are characterized by a mild iron enrichment trend produced by fractionation of plagioclase and olivine, together with lesser amounts of clinopyroxene. Siliceous andesites of less areal extent form the shield-capping lavas. Their formation is initiated by the appearance of titanomagnetite as a liquidus phase which prevents further iron enrichment. Additional fractionation of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, and minor olivine continued during this interval. An origin for the basaltic andesites which involves the derivation of a liquid by partial melting of lithosphere composed of low Sr87/Sr86 material previously subducted along the continental margin is favored. This magma subsequently fractionated under low pressure conditions, a conclusion supported by least squares mixing calculations.
Impact of virtual simulation in self-care therapeutics course on introductory pharmacy practice experience self-care encounters.

Abstract Background and purpose Pharmacy education programs use simulation to provide a realistic and safe environment for student learning. We studied whether incorporation of virtual simulation into a required first year self-care therapeutics course impacted frequency of interactions, self-reported student confidence, and preceptor-reported student performance during second-year community pharmacy introductory pharmacy practice experiences (IPPEs). Educational activity and setting Virtual simulation cases using MyDispense were incorporated into a self-care therapeutics course in winter 2017. Students and preceptors were surveyed at the end of the fall semester community pharmacy IPPE. Data from IPPE experiences was compared with students who took the self-care therapeutics course in winter 2016 (control). Findings Students completed 30 virtual simulation cases and three cases as part of the final examination (n = 33). Students in the intervention group reported more patient care interactions during their IPPEs than students who did not complete virtual simulation cases, but there was no difference in self-reported confidence. Preceptors did not report any differences in the ability of students to complete over-the-counter medication interactions during IPPEs. Summary Cases were well received by students although they took longer to complete than initially anticipated. Students in the intervention group reported significantly more patient care interactions during IPPEs than those in the control group; however, there were no differences in self-reported confidence. Incorporation of virtual simulation was a sustainable change as the cases were able to be re-used the following year with minimal edits.
Dengue virus infection

Abstract The World Health Organization website states “Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has rapidly spread in all regions of World Health Organization in recent years”. In April 2016, World Health Organization issued a conditional recommendation on the use of the vaccine for areas, in which Dengue virus infection is highly endemic, which is defined by population seroprevalence of 70% or higher. Health officials in the Philippines in July 2019 declared a national emergency after a record-breaking 106,630 cases of Dengue fever were reported since January 2019. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 50–100 million Dengue infections occur each year and that almost half the world's population lives in countries where dengue is endemic. This chapter gives a brief introduction into the current Dengue virus epidemic, the role international organizations are playing to prevent spread and future need for more research in treatment and vaccination options.
Contrast enhanced ultrasound: comparing a novel modality to MRI to assess for bowel disease in pediatric Crohn's patients

Background: To demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of a novel imaging modality, contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), in evaluating for distal small bowel inflammation in pediatric Crohn’s disease (CD), and compare this to concurrently obtained magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. Methods: Pediatric patients diagnosed with or having suspicion of CD with small bowel involvement, whose disease merited imaging with an MRI, concurrently underwent imaging with CEUS. We assessed the ability of CEUS to demonstrate distal small bowel disease by evaluating wall thickness, enhancement pattern, mucosal disruption and pericolonic inflammation. Concordance between imaging modalities was then assessed. Results: Twenty patients were recruited for the study, 16 with known CD, 3 with concern for CD, and one with known colitis, but unknown bowel disease status. Six patients (3 with prior diagnosis of CD, 3 without) had absence of bowel enhancement on both ultrasound and MRI. Eleven patients with findings of inflammation and enhancement on MRI also had concurrent evidence of enhancement on CEUS. Three patients who had no evidence of inflammation on MRI, with known CD, had prominent bowel enhancement on CEUS. One patient with known colitis, whom we enrolled to evaluate for small bowel disease, had no evidence on either MRI or CEUS, however CEUS showed significant fat stranding around the colon, supporting the diagnosis of CD. Conclusions: The sensitivity of CEUS to detect bowel inflammation when seen on MRI was 100%. In addition, CEUS may also have the ability to detect bowel inflammation, even in the presence of a normal MRI.
Effect of dietary medium-chain fatty acids on nursery pig growth performance, fecal microbial composition, and mitigation properties against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus following storage

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) addition on nursery pig growth performance, fecal microbial composition, and mitigation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) following storage. A total of 360 pigs (DNA 400 × 200, Columbus, NE; initially 6.7 ± 0.07 kg) were randomized to pens (5 pigs per pen) on the day of weaning (approximately 20 d of age), allowed a 6-d acclimation, blocked by BW, and randomized to dietary treatment (9 pens per treatment). All MCFA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were guaranteed ≥98% purity, including hexanoic (C6:0), octanoic (C8:0), and decanoic (C10:0) acids. Treatment diets were formulated in 2 phases (7 to 11 and 11 to 23 kg BW) and formulated to meet or exceed NRC requirement estimates. Treatments (n = 8) were a dose response including 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% added MCFA blend (1:1:1 ratio C6:0, C8:0, and C10:0), as well as treatments with individual additions of 0.5% C6:0, C8:0, or C10:0. Fecal samples were collected from pigs fed control and 1.5% MCFA blend diets on days 0 and 14 and analyzed using 16s rDNA sequencing. Following feed manufacture, feed was stored in bags at barn temperature and humidity for 40 d before laboratory inoculation with PEDV. Subsamples of retained feed were inoculated with PEDV to achieve a titer of 104 TCID50/g and separate sample bottles were analyzed on 0 and 3 d post-inoculation (dpi). Overall, ADG and ADFI were increased (linear, P ≤ 0.010) and feed efficiency (G:F) improved (linear, P = 0.004) with increasing MCFA blend. Pigs fed 0.5% C8:0 had greater (P = 0.038) ADG compared with pigs fed the control diet, and G:F was improved (P ≤ 0.024) when pigs were fed 0.5% C6:0, 0.5% C8:0, or 0.5% C10:0 compared with control. An inclusion level × day interaction was observed (quadratic, P = 0.023), where PEDV Ct values increased (quadratic, P = 0.001) on 0 dpi with increasing levels of MCFA blend inclusion and also increased on 3 dpi (linear, P < 0.001). Fecal microbial diversity and composition were similar between control and 1.5% MCFA blend. In summary, the use of MCFA in nursery pig diets improves growth performance, provides residual mitigation activity against PEDV, and does not significantly alter fecal microbial composition.
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS FOR DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA WITH RIGHT ATRIAL METASTASES

Incidence of secondary metastatic cardiac tumors is about 10% in patients with known malignancies. Cardiac metastasis may cause conduction disturbances leading to arrhythmia, coronary artery invasion or cardiac rupture. A 64-year-old male with diffuse large B cell lymphoma presented for workup of
Nurses transforming systems of care: The bicentennial of Florence Nightingale's legacy.

Lessons from Florence Nightingale are just as relevant today as they were more than 150 years ago. Learn how nurse leaders can follow her lead and embrace the importance of nurturing highly motivated nurses who are critical thinkers.
The Effect of Contact Surface Curvature on The Accuracy of Fingernail Imaging for Tactile Force Measurement

Fingernail imaging has been shown to be effective in estimating three-dimensional tactile forces when the finger pad is pressed against a flat surface. However, the effectiveness of this method when touching curved surfaces has not been comprehensively established. The objective of this paper is to independently investigate the possible changes in the calibration model and force estimation error due to the variation in contact surface curvature. In this study, experiments are conducted using 18 different surfaces by changing their radii of curvature in two axes. The experimental results show a maximum RMS validation error of 0.61N and 0.59N for calibration with a spherical and a flat surface, respectively in all three force dimensions (10% of the full range of forces) for radii of curvature greater than 7mm, with curvature having no significant effect on force estimation error in this range. As the surface becomes sharply curved (r<7mm), the force estimation error significantly degrades. Therefore this paper establishes a clear range of surface curvatures for which the fingernail imaging method is robust, enabling this method to be used in tactile experiments with curved surfaces.
RTD Light Emission around 1550 nm with IQE up to 6% at 300 K

Resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) have come full-circle in the past 10 years after their demonstration in the early 1990s as the fastest room-temperature semiconductor oscillator, displaying experimental results up to 712 GHz and f max values exceeding 1.0 THz [1] . Now the RTD is once again the preeminent electronic oscillator above 1.0 THz and is being implemented as a coherent source [2] and a self-oscillating mixer [3] , amongst other applications. This paper concerns RTD electroluminescence - an effect that has been studied very little in the past 30+ years of RTD development, and not at room temperature. We present experiments and modeling of an n-type In 0 .53Ga 0 .47As/AlAs double-barrier RTD operating as a cross-gap light emitter at ~300K. The MBE-growth stack is shown in Fig. 1(a) . A 15-μm-diam-mesa device was defined by standard planar processing including a top annular ohmic contact with a 5-μm-diam pinhole in the center to couple out enough of the internal emission for accurate free-space power measurements [4] . The emission spectra have the behavior displayed in Fig. 1(b) , parameterized by bias voltage (V B ). The long wavelength emission edge is at λ = 1684 nm - close to the In 0.53 Ga 0 . 47 As bandgap energy of U g ≈ 0.75 eV at 300 K. The spectral peaks for V B = 2.8 and 3.0 V both occur around λ = 1550 nm (hv = 0.75 eV), so blue-shifted relative to the peak of the "ideal", bulk InGaAs emission spectrum shown in Fig. 1(b) [5] . These results are consistent with the model displayed in Fig. 1(c) , whereby the broad emission peak is attributed to the radiative recombination between electrons accumulated on the emitter side, and holes generated on the emitter side by interband tunneling with current density J interr . The blue-shifted main peak is attributed to the quantum-size effect on the emitter side, which creates a radiative recombination rate R N,2 comparable to the band-edge cross-gap rate R N,1 . Further support for this model is provided by the shorter wavelength and weaker emission peak shown in Fig. 1(b) around λ = 1148 nm. Our quantum mechanical calculations attribute this to radiative recombination R R,3 in the RTD quantum well between the electron ground-state level E 1,e , and the hole level E 1,h .
Self-Reported Sexual Behavioral Similarities and Differences Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men With Childhood Sexual Abuse Histories: A Qualitative Exploratory Study:

Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) have the highest burden of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV. Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a risk factor for high-risk sexual behavior and STI acquisition. Studies that have explored sexual behavior based on the type of reported sexual abuse are limited. This study aimed to further understand current sexual behaviors and perceptions among YMSM that have experienced different types of CSA. Sixteen YMSM who were survivors of CSA were interviewed utilizing a phenomenological conceptual framework and methodology. Thematic findings were divided into two parts. Part I gave an overview of the entire sample, and themes were as follows: unprotected oral sex used to evaluate penile abnormalities, trust promoting unprotected sex, and alcohol and other drugs not cited as the reason for casual sex. Part II demonstrated the differences among those with a history of CSA involving non-penile-anal intercourse and those with a history of CSA involving penile-anal intercourse. The major themes in Part II were that victims of CSA involving penile-anal intercourse reported the following: a hypersexual self-definition, an STI diagnosis and noncondom use history, and a third sexual partner during sexual activity. Based on the findings, early life experiences such as CSA should be considered when developing preventative sexual health strategies and individuals who experienced penetrative sexual abuse may have different needs which should be further explored.
Pharmacological inhibition of MMP3 as a potential therapeutic option for COVID-19 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome.

The high mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients is due to their progression to cytokineassociated organ injuries, primarily the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The uncertainties in the molecular mechanisms leading to the switch from the early virus infection to the advanced stage ARDS is a major gridlock in therapeutic development to reduce mortality. Previous studies in our laboratory have identified matrix metalloprotease-3 (MMP3) as an important mediator of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ARDS, particularly in the exudative phase. Our studies have also reported elevated plasma MMP3 activity levels in the ARDS patients and that inhibition of MMP3 can reduce the severity of LPS-induced ARDS in mice. Given these observations, targeting MMP3 could be a potential option to treat COVID-19 patients with ARDS, and measurement of MMP3 activity in the plasma may serve as a biomarker for the early detection of ARDS in COVID-19 patients.
Faculty and Student Technology Use to Enhance Student Learning

Scholarly research has indicated that technology adoption to facilitate blended learning promotes the academic success of many different types of students and improves the quality of existing educational offerings. To understand how technology enhances learning, surveys queried the faculty and students of a statewide community college system. The results indicated widespread technology use among the faculty and students. The faculty survey revealed details of technology tools employed and the motivations for their use or discontinued use. Details regarding faculty use of learning management systems, textbooks, and other media characterized the current technology adoption climate. The student survey collected information about students’ perceptions of how technology influenced their learning, their preferences for specific technology tools, and their student progress. Ninety-three percent of student respondents indicated that technology enhanced their learning. Alignment between the faculty use and student preference for technology tools suggested that students are actively engaged in the technology resources used by faculty to enhance learning. Students described how technology facilitated multimodal learning. They also noted that technology increased communication, access, and inclusion in learning. Successful technology use and integration, accompanied by ongoing scholarly debate and monitoring, has the potential to provide more access, promote learning outcomes, and preserve the investment of technology for the institution. The surveys employed here, when used semi-annually, may provide a low-cost model for technology integration monitoring and evaluation. The responses to the surveys also have the potential to provide technology use and integration data that informs strategic planning processes and institutional learning outcome development.
Elevation of IL-1β and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in radiation induced mouse dermatitis and fibrosis.

3119 Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine, which is up-regulated by a variety factors including radiation. IL-1β also modulates the production of other inflammation related molecules, such as, MMPs and MMP inhibitors (TIMPs). Although IL-1β has been reported to enhance the production of MMPs in several cells, and the imbalanced induction of MMPs, TIMPs, and collagen synthesis is in part regulated by IL-1. The effects of elevated cutaneous IL-1β after irradiation on MMPs and/or TIMPs are unknown. Primary cultured human cutaneous keratinocyte, fibroblast and endothelial cell lines from a single donor were irradiated with 10 Gy in order to identify cytokine-producing cells responding to radiation. Then the right hind leg of C57BL/6 WT and IL-1R1(-/-) mice were given a single dose of 30Gy radiation to elucidate radiation induced cytokines in an in-vivo mouse model. Finally, the IL-1β recombinant protein (10 ng x 5 days) per mouse was intramuscularly injected into irradiated mouse leg to explore the causal relationship between IL-1β levels and cutaneous fibrosis. Our results show that: 1) mRNA of IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-1Ra, but not IL-6 were significantly induced by 10 Gy radiation in all three cell types. Keratinocyte however are the major IL-1-producing cells in the skin. 2) Radiation chronically elevated skin IL-1β mRNA including the stage of early dermatitis (14 and 19 Days), and also the stage of late fibrosis (60 and 90 day). While both the WT and IL-1R1-/- mice had elevated IL-1 at early time points, the effect was enormous in the WT animals. Only the WT animals had chronic elevations of IL-1. 3) Similarly, IL-1α mRNA in WT mice were significantly elevated compare to the IL-1R1-/- mice on 60 and 90 days after radiation. 4) Radiation induced mRNA expression for MMP-1/13, -2, -3 at early time points in both WT and IL-1R1-/- mice, only the WT mice had elevation of MMP’s at late time points. None of the TIMPs tested in skin and muscle changed after radiation in either mouse model. 5) Exogenous IL-1β robustly induced endogenous IL-1β mRNA expression, along with a brisk increase in MMP-1/13, -2, -3 in skin of WT mice, but not in IL-1R1-/- mice. 6) The type III collagen detected by immunohistochemistry was also increased in WT cutaneous fibrotic tissues compare with that of the IL-1R1-/- mice. In conclusion, IL-1β and MMPs, produced by keratinocytes in irradiated skin plays a critical role in radiation induced dermatitis and late fibrosis.
Volatility as an Asset Class: Holding VIX in a Portfolio

Portfolio managers have long sought the ability to increase diversification and hedge market downturns without sacrificing upside returns. Using volatility as a diversifying asset is an attractive proposition because of volatility’s asymmetric response to underlying price movements. Theoretically, being able to hold the CBOE Volatility Index in a portfolio should provide substantial benefits to a portfolio. The authors find, however, that currently available VIX-related products are costly in their implementation and yield negative abnormal returns. Even so, if investors insist on investing in volatility assets, using VIX futures offers the best Sharpe ratios.
Rationale for non-platinum chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC.

During the past decade, five new cytotoxic drugs have been introduced that are active against non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
WMD Sensors--Search and Seizure

Many laboratories--government, university, industrial--are developing technologies to search for weapons of mass destruction. Virtually all of the operational search scenarios would preclude law enforcement from first obtaining a search warrant. If scientists understand the factors courts examine when determining the legitimacy of warrantless searches, achieving a balance between the dictates of the Fourth Amendment and civil liberties and the modern realities of a democratic society threatened by terrorist use of WMD becomes simpler. This [Policy Forum][1] provides a review of some of the issues courts have considered when reviewing warrantless searches, how they might apply to current and planned systems, and speculates on technical approaches that might be pursued which would give law enforcement the tools they need and can use. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/310/5750/978
Neuropeptides: Chemical Activity Profiling and Proteomic Approaches

Peptide neurotransmitters and peptide hormones, collectively known as neuropeptides, are required for cell–cell communication in neurotransmission and for regulation of endocrine functions. Neuropeptides are synthesized from protein precursors (termed proneuropeptides or prohormones) that require proteolytic processing within secretory vesicles that store and secrete active neuropeptides. This article describes the application of chemical biological approaches advantageously used to define protease pathways involved in neuropeptide biosynthesis. Activity profiling of proteases, combined with mass spectrometry, has allowed identification of the novel cathepsin L cysteine protease pathway for neuropeptide biosynthesis, which contributes to neuropeptide production with the subtilisin-like prohormone convertase pathway. Furthermore, proteomic approaches for identifying proteases and protein systems present in secretory vesicles define the protease pathways and the functional protein systems that jointly operate in the secretory vesicle for production and secretion of active neuropeptides. Neuropeptidomic approaches allow defined primary structural analyses of neuropeptides. Future studies that gain understanding of protease mechanisms for generating active neuropeptides will be instrumental for translational research to develop therapeutic strategies for health and disease.
PrivGeoCrowd: A toolbox for studying private spatial Crowdsourcing

Spatial Crowdsourcing (SC) is a novel and transformative platform that engages individuals, groups and communities in the act of collecting, analyzing, and disseminating environmental, social and other spatio-temporal information. SC outsources a set of spatio-temporal tasks to a set of workers, i.e., individuals with mobile devices that perform the tasks by physically traveling to specified locations of interest. Protecting location privacy is an important concern in SC, as an adversary with access to individual whereabouts can infer sensitive details about a person (e.g., health status, political views). Due to the challenging nature of protecting worker privacy in SC, solutions for this problem are quite complex, and require tuning of several parameters to obtain satisfactory results. In this paper, we propose PrivGeoCrowd, a toolbox for interactive visualization and tuning of SC private task assignment methods. This toolbox is useful for several real-world entities that are involved in SC, such as: mobile phone operators that want to sanitize datasets with worker locations, spatial task requesters, and SC-service providers that match workers to tasks.
Role Changes Within the Clergy

ABSTRACT Theological education is undergoing great change. In recognition of this change, this study addresses the unavailability of business education in the required curricula of graduate schools of theology. A survey was faxed to the deans of 310 randomly selected schools of theology. One hundred and eleven deans representing over 20 different denominations responded to the survey. Questions addressed the availability of business courses in the curriculums. Also solicited were the deans' opinions as to whether or not graduating students of theology were prepared in basic business skills to effectively lead all areas of church administration. Results indicate that 74% of the theology schools surveyed do not require or offer (92.66%) courses in basic business skills. Furthermore, an overwhelming majority (90.83%) of deans felt that most graduating theology students are not well prepared in the basic business skills necessary for effective church management.
Anisotropic growth of luminescent Eu3+- or Er3+-doped Gd2O3 nanocrystals

Rare-earth- (Eu3+- or Er3+-) doped Gd2O3 nanocrystals were prepared using hot solution chemistry. The growth reaction proceeds as a result of the pyrolysis of Gd3+/Eu3+ oleate complexes in a hot organic solvent mixture. Nanocrystals of Gd2O3, regardless of the rare earth activator, exhibited an anisotropic two-dimensional growth, leading to square-shaped nanoplates with 11–16 nm edge length and 1.05 nm edge thickness. The Gd2O3 nanoplates were found to crystallize as a metastable monoclinic phase based upon x-ray diffraction and Eu3+ 5D0–7F2 transition photoluminescence emission data. Gd2O3:Er nanocrystals that show the characteristic Er3+ near infrared emissions at 1450–1650 nm due to 4I13/2–4I15/2 transition are also reported.
Recent Advances in Computational Methods

This review focuses primarily on what is probably the most important development in computational methods in recent years, namely, the so-called Accelerated Lambda Iteration (ALI) methods. The roots and development of these methods are traced, and the major variants are discussed.
Ethnomusicology: From Ethnography to Cultural Studies

ETHNOMUSICOLOGY'S INTERSECTIONS WITH ANTHROPOLOGY began at least as early as Franz Boas's 1882 transcription into staff notation of a local song in The Central Eskimo. As a modern American discipline, ethnomusicology has traditionally been fieldwork-based and ethnography-heavy, drawing many of its methodological moves and theoretical underpinnings from trends in cultural anthropology. Yet the ties between the two disciplines have hardly been reciprocal; despite Boas's example, mainstream cultural and social anthropologists have shown only scant interest in expressive culture in general and music in particular. The exceptions are notable: two of the four founders of the Society for Ethnomusicology (David McAllester and Alan Merriam in 1953) had degrees in anthropology. Merriam initiated a debate that echoed into the 1960s between his own view of music as a "cultural product" that could not be studied outside its social context versus those (primarily with musicological backgrounds) who saw music as an autonomous sphere of culture that had to be examined "on its own terms," saving a space for a steady stream of purely music-analytical studies. Through the 1960s and 1970s, many music researchers carefully tracked and sometimes emulated the currents of structuralist, symbolic, urban, and other anthropological trends. For example, in my own 1976 monograph on music of northern Afghanistan, I drew on Frederik Barth's ethnic boundary theory. In 1982, Steven Feld's Sound and Sentiment, perhaps the book by an ethnomusicologist most read by anthropologists, drew on a mixture of structuralist, symbolic, and semiotic approaches. Significantly, he updated the book nearly ten years later with a postscript describing the book's reception by the people he studied, the Kaluli of Papua New Guinea. Indeed, since the late 1970s, works about music have ever more commonly registered the shifts to reflexivity and dialogue that have marked our fellow ethnographers' writings. While the three books under review display a fine-tuned sensitivity to local knowledge and a keen awareness of the current craft of writing culture, they also show signs of some new alliances. Little by little, as "authentic," "indigenous," "primitive," "folk," and "oriental" faded out as self-understood terms, ethnomusicology has found itself studying displacement, disjuncture, and mass mediation, for which insight and inspiration may come as much from the more Marxist strains of cultural studies or postcolonial discourse as from the more familiar anthropological sources. As theory has continued its juggernautian roll through the disciplines, we all draw on the same canon to an ever-greater
MAGPIE: A Multipurpose Automated Genome Project Investigation Environment for Ongoing Sequencing Projects

A wealth of sequence analysis and interpretation tools enables interested researchers to inspect, query and, ultimately, interpret DNA sequence data. In the context of sequencing an entire genome, the task of using each tool on each bit of DNA sequence data is daunting (see also Chapters 19, 35 to 39, 42 to 44 and 46). Even more formidable is the task of assessing and reassessing each output from each tool in the light of what is already known. The facts that sequence information in the public databases changes regularly and that new sequence analysis tools appear frequently compound the situation further.
Association between Helicobacter pylori Infection and Pancreatic Cancer. A Cumulative Meta-Analysis

Context Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of various malignant conditions. Notwithstanding, its etiological association with pancreatic cancer remains inconclusive. Studies focusing on the relationship between H. pylori infection and pancreatic cancer risk have yielded conflicting results. Objective The aim of this study was to obtain a reliable estimate of the risk of H. pylori infection in causing pancreatic cancer, by performing a meta-analysis of the existing observational studies evaluating the association. Methods/Statistics Observational studies comparing the prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients with pancreatic cancer and healthy controls, conducted in adult populations and published in all languages, were identified through systematic search in the MEDLINE and EMBASE up to April 2010. H. pylori infection was confirmed by serological testing using an antigen-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pooled adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained by using a DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model. Results Six studies involving a total of 2,335 patients met our eligibility criteria. A significant association between H. pylori seropositivity and development of pancreatic cancer (AOR 1.38, 95% CI: 1.08-1.75; P=0.009) was seen. No significant association was seen on pooled analysis of the three studies assessing the relationship between cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) positivity and pancreatic cancer. A cumulative meta-analysis suggested a reducing, albeit statistically significant association as the evidence was accumulated. Conclusions The pooled data suggests an association between infection with H. pylori and the development of pancreatic cancer. Further research is needed to confirm our findings. Image: Forest plot of the association between H. pylori and pancreatic cancer.
Voltage-tunable circular photogalvanic effect in silicon nanowires

Electronic bands in crystals can support nontrivial topological textures arising from spin-orbit interactions, but purely orbital mechanisms can realize closely related dynamics without breaking spin degeneracies, opening up applications in materials containing only light elements. One such application is the circular photogalvanic effect (CPGE), which is the generation of photocurrents whose magnitude and polarity depend on the chirality of optical excitation. We show that the CPGE can arise from interband transitions at the metal contacts to silicon nanowires, where inversion symmetry is locally broken by an electric field. Bias voltage that modulates this field further controls the sign and magnitude of the CPGE. The generation of chirality-dependent photocurrents in silicon with a purely orbital-based mechanism will enable new functionalities in silicon that can be integrated with conventional electronics.
Raman spectroscopy and breast cancer: looking beyond mammography for the early detection of breast cancer

This is a project to develop Raman spectroscopy techniques to diagnose breast cancer in human patients in real time during mammography, using a fiberoptic device delivered through a biopsy needle.
Simulating the dynamics of wind turbine blades: part I, model development and verification

In the state of the art of modeling and simulation of wind turbines, verification and validation (V&V) is a somewhat underdeveloped field. The purpose of this paper is to spotlight the process of a completely integrated V&V procedure, as it is applied to a wind turbine blade. The novelty, besides illustrating the application of V&V to blade modeling, is to challenge the conventional separation between verification and validation activities. First, simple closed-form solutions for bending stress, torsional stress and mode shapes of a hollow cylinder are derived analytically to verify the ANSYS finite element software. Shell-281 elements are used to approximate these closed-form solutions and demonstrate that the software runs properly. The grid convergence index is used to quantify the degree of numerical uncertainty that results. Next, model development and verification activities are applied to the CX-100 blade designed at the Sandia National Laboratories. A three-dimensional model is developed based on the actual geometry of the CX-100 blade. For simplicity, the model assumes smeared cross sections with uniform, isotropic material properties. Solution verification is performed to quantify the numerical uncertainty due to mesh discretization of the finite element model. The mesh refinement study provides evidence that the model leads to numerical solutions located in the regime of asymptotic convergence. We depart from the conventional V&V paradigm by proposing that the level of mesh discretization should be based on an assessment of experimental variability. Instead of choosing the mesh size ‘in a vacuum’, it is selected such that the overall numerical uncertainty caused by truncation effects is similar to, or smaller than, the test-to-test variability. This rationale guarantees that predictions are sufficiently accurate relative to the level of uncertainty with which physical tests can be replicated. Part II of this work highlights the V&V steps implemented to quantify sensitivities of the model and further quantify the prediction uncertainty caused by our imperfect knowledge of the idealized material description. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neural control exploits changing mechanical advantage and context dependence to generate different feeding responses in Aplysia

How does neural control reflect changes in mechanical advantage and muscle function? In the Aplysia feeding system a protractor muscle's mechanical advantage decreases as it moves the structure that grasps food (the radula/odontophore) in an anterior direction. In contrast, as the radula/odontophore is moved forward, the jaw musculature's mechanical advantage shifts so that it may act to assist forward movement of the radula/odontophore instead of pushing it posteriorly. To test whether the jaw musculature's context-dependent function can compensate for the falling mechanical advantage of the protractor muscle, we created a kinetic model of Aplysia's feeding apparatus. During biting, the model predicts that the reduction of the force in the protractor muscle I2 will prevent it from overcoming passive forces that resist the large anterior radula/odontophore displacements observed during biting. To produce protractions of the magnitude observed during biting behaviors, the nervous system could increase I2's contractile strength by neuromodulating I2, or it could recruit the I1/I3 jaw muscle complex. Driving the kinetic model with in vivo EMG and ENG predicts that, during biting, early activation of the context-dependent jaw muscle I1/I3 may assist in moving the radula/odontophore anteriorly during the final phase of protraction. In contrast, during swallowing, later activation of I1/I3 causes it to act purely as a retractor. Shifting the timing of onset of I1/I3 activation allows the nervous system to use a mechanical equilibrium point that allows I1/I3 to act as a protractor rather than an equilibrium point that allows I1/I3 to act as a retractor. This use of equilibrium points may be similar to that proposed for vertebrate control of movement.
Nitric Oxide Activates Diverse Signaling Pathways to Regulate Gene Expression

Nitric oxide signaling is crucial for effecting long lasting changes in cells, including gene expression, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and differentiation. We have determined the temporal order of gene activation induced by NO in mammalian cells and have examined the signaling pathways that mediate the action of NO. Using microarrays to study the kinetics of gene activation by NO, we have determined that NO induces three distinct waves of gene activity. The first wave is induced within 30 min of exposure to NO and represents the primary gene targets of NO. It is followed by subsequent waves of gene activity that may reflect further cascades of NO-induced gene expression. We verified our results using quantitative real time PCR and further validated our conclusions about the effects of NO by using cytokines to induce endogenous NO production. We next applied pharmacological and genetic approaches to determine the signaling pathways that are used by NO to regulate gene expression. We used inhibitors of particular signaling pathways, as well as cells from animals with a deleted p53 gene, to define groups of genes that require phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase C, NF-kappaB, p53, or combinations thereof for activation by NO. Our results demonstrate that NO utilizes several independent signaling pathways to induce gene expression.
A collaborative action research approach to professional learning

The field of professional development is moving towards the notion of professional learning, highlighting the active learning role that teachers play in changing their knowledge bases, beliefs and practice. This article builds on this idea and argues for creating professional learning that is guided by a collaborative action research (CAR) theoretical framework, founded on an action research philosophy. CAR components include: motivation – teacher orientation and self-efficacy; knowledge – adding to knowledge bases about disciplines and students relevant to teachers’ interests; action – change in teaching practice perceived to improve student achievement; and reflection – the cornerstone of the entire learning process in which teachers are afforded time and support to connect new experiences to their teaching practice. This article argues for professional learning developers to consider utilizing these four CAR components as a framework. A current professional learning project that was based on the CAR fr...
In vitro pullout strength of screws inserted in adult equine third metacarpal bone after overdrilling a 4.5-mm threaded insertion hole.

Objective—To determine and compare the in vitro pullout strength of 5.5-mm cortical versus 6.5-mm cancellous bone screws inserted in the diaphysis and metaphysis of adult equine third metacarpal (MCIII) bones, in threaded 4.5-mm cortical bone screw insertion holes that were then overdrilled with a 4.5-mm drill bit to provide information relevant to the selection of a replacement screw if a 4.5-mm cortical screw is stripped. Study Design—In vitro pullout tests of 5.5-mm cortical and 6.5-mm cancellous screws in equine MCIII bones. Sample Population—Two independent cadaver studies each consisting of 14 adult equine MCIII bones. Methods—Two 4.5-mm cortical screws were placed either in the middiaphysis (study 1) or distal metaphysis (study 2) of MCIII bones. The holes were then overdrilled with a 4.5-mm drill bit and had either a 5.5-mm cortical or a 6.5-mm cancellous screw inserted; screw pullout tests were performed at a rate of 0.04 mm/second until screw or bone failure occurred. Results—In diaphyseal bone, the screws failed in all tests. Tensile breaking strength for 5.5-mm cortical screws (997.5 ± 49.3 kg) and 6.5-mm cancellous screws (931.6 ± 19.5 kg) was not significantly different. In metaphyseal bone, the bone failed in all tests. The holding power for 6.5-mm cancellous screws (39.1 ± 4.9 kg/mm) was significantly greater than 5.5-mm cortical screws (23.5 ± 3.5 kg/mm) in the metaphysis. There was no difference in the tensile breaking strength of screws in the diaphysis between proximal and distal screw holes; however, the holding power was significantly greater in the distal, compared with the proximal, metaphyseal holes. Conclusions—Although tensile breaking strength was not different between 5.5-mm cortical and 6.5-mm cancellous screws in middiaphyseal cortical bone, holding power of 6.5-mm cancellous screws was greater than 5.5-mm cortical screws in metaphyseal bone of adult horses. Clinical Relevance—If a 4.5-mm cortical bone screw strips in MCIII diaphyseal bone of adult horses, either a 5.5-mm cortical or 6.5-mm cancellous screw, however, would have equivalent pullout strengths. A 6.5-mm cancellous screw, however, would provide greater holding power than a 5.5-mm cortical screw in metaphyseal bone.
How Indy got its groove back? Celebrity culture and the indy racing league.

The purpose of this essay is to introduce the social and cultural studies perspective on celebrity culture to field of sport marketing. The essay uses the recent victory of Indy Racing League (IRL) driver, Helio Castroneves, on ABC's hit television show, 'Dancing With the Stars' (DWTS) as a springboard for a socio-cultural discussion of celebrity and sport. While the essay discusses the importance of celebrity to the viability of niche sports, like IRL, the point of the essay is not to prove that Castroneves DWTS victory has led directly to improved fortunes of the league. Rather, it is to reach beyond psycho-social and cognitive explanations of celebrity endorsement to richer explanations of the relationship between sport and celebrity culture.
Final construction of the CREOL 8 millimeter period hybrid undulator

Abstract The construction of an 8 millimeter period hybrid undulator for the CREOL high power far-infrared free electron laser has just been completed. This FEL is expected to come on-line in the spring of 1995 and produce close to a kilowatt of continuous power at wavelengths of 225–800 μm. The undulator has precise mechanical tolerances and high field uniformity allowing for high electron beam recovery rates. Almost complete beam recovery is required for DC operation at high currents. A simple method for measuring the magnetic properties of individual magnets and sorting the magnets to reduce the peak field errors and the phase errors will be reported. These errors are further reduced by inserting and tuning adjustable pole pieces. The reduction of magnetic field errors through these two techniques will be presented.
High rates of embryo wastage with use of assisted reproductive technology: a look at the trends between 1995 and 2001 in the United States.

Objective To determine what percentage of embryos achieved through assisted reproductive technology (ART) do not result in a live birth and to examine the relationships among the number of embryos transferred, infants delivered, and embryos wasted. Design Retrospective correlational study of the U.S. summary data of ART results for the years of 1995–2001. Patients Fertility clinics reporting data to the Society of Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART). Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Statistics for ART cycles using fresh, nondonor eggs and embryos were derived, and the percentage of embryos wasted each year was calculated. Trends over time were evaluated for percent embryos wasted, the average number of embryos transferred, and the delivery per transfer rate. Correlations between these variables were analyzed. Result(s) The percentage of embryos transferred that did not produce a live birth was 90.8 in 1995 and decreased to 84.9 in 2001. This trend significantly correlated with a reduction in the number of embryos transferred (from 3.9 to 3.1) and with an improvement in delivery rate per transfer (25% to 33.4%). Conclusion(s) The vast majority of embryos produced in vitro and transferred fail to develop into an infant, supporting the concept that only a small fraction of embryos has the capacity to become a live birth. Clinicians should strive to reduce embryonic wastage without an adverse effect on delivery rates by perfecting methods of ovarian stimulation and embryo screening, and by transferring fewer embryos.