cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GNSS Multireceiver Vector Tracking

Accurate, reliable, and robust global positioning system (GPS) localization is desirable for many navigation applications. Unfortunately, it is challenging for a single GPS receiver to always provide accurate positioning solutions. In urban environments, intermittent signal availability leads to degraded GPS signal tracking and position estimation of the single GPS receiver. In addition, equipment malfunction of the single GPS receiver results in inaccurate navigation solutions. This paper presents a deeply coupled multireceiver vector tracking (MRVT) architecture that improves the reliability and robustness of GPS signal tracking and position estimation. MRVT jointly tracks GPS signals received by multiple GPS receivers, mitigating GPS signal tracking disruptions, improving the reliability of GPS localization in periods of intermittent signal availability. In addition, the MRVT receiver is more robust to equipment malfunctions than the single GPS receiver. We implemented an MRVT receiver using commercial radio frequency front ends and our PyGNSS software. We experimentally validated the reliability of our MRVT receiver in periods of intermittent GPS availability experienced in downtown San Francisco. Our MRVT receiver exhibited consistent GPS signal tracking and position estimation as compared to vector tracking. In addition, we experimentally validated the robustness of our MRVT receiver to the failure of a single GPS receiver.
Quantum coarse-grained entropy and thermodynamics

We extend classical coarse-grained entropy, commonly used in many branches of physics, to the quantum realm. We find two coarse grainings, one using measurements of local particle numbers and then total energy, and the second using local energy measurements, which lead to an entropy that is defined outside of equilibrium, is in accord with the thermodynamic entropy for equilibrium systems, and reaches the thermodynamic entropy in the long-time limit, even in genuinely isolated quantum systems. This answers the long-standing conceptual problem, as to which entropy is relevant for the formulation of the second thermodynamic law in closed quantum systems. This entropy could be in principle measured, especially now that experiments on such systems are becoming feasible.
Normalized Synergy Predicts That CD8 Co-Receptor Contribution to T Cell Receptor (TCR) and pMHC Binding Decreases As TCR Affinity Increases in Human Viral-Specific T Cells

The discovery of naturally occurring T cell receptors (TCRs) that confer specific, high affinity recognition of pathogen and cancer-associated antigens remains a major goal in cellular immunotherapies. The contribution of the CD8 co-receptor to the interaction between the T cell receptor (TCR) and peptide-bound major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) has previously been correlated with the activation and responsiveness of CD8+ T cells. However, these studies have been limited to model systems of genetically engineered hybridoma TCRs or transgenic mouse TCRs against either a single epitope or an array of altered peptide ligands. CD8 contribution in a native human antigen-specific T cell response remains elusive. Here, using Hepatitis C Virus specific precursor CTLs spanning a large range of TCR affinities, we discovered that the functional responsiveness of any given TCR correlated with the contribution of CD8 to TCR/pMHC binding. Furthermore, we found that CD8 contribution to TCR/pMHC binding in the two-dimensional (2D) system was more accurately reflected by normalized synergy (CD8 cooperation normalized by total TCR/pMHC bonds) rather than synergy (total CD8 cooperation) alone. While synergy showed an increasing trend with TCR affinity, normalized synergy was demonstrated to decrease with increase of TCR affinity. Critically, normalized synergy was shown to correlate with CTL functionality and peptide sensitivity, corroborating three-dimensional (3D) analysis of CD8 contribution with respect to TCR affinity. In addition, we identified TCRs that were independent of CD8 for TCR/pMHC binding. Our results resolve the current discrepancy between 2D and 3D analysis on CD8 contribution to TCR/pMHC binding, and demonstrate that naturally occurring high affinity TCRs are more capable of CD8 independent interactions that yield greater functional responsiveness even with CD8 blocking. Taken together, our data suggest that addition of the normalized synergy parameter to our previously established TCR discovery platform using 2D TCR affinity and sequence test would allow for selection of TCRs specific to any given antigen with the desirable attributes of high TCR affinity, CD8 co-receptor independence and functional superiority. Utilizing TCRs with less CD8 contribution could be beneficial for adoptive cell transfer immunotherapies using naturally occurring or genetically engineered T cells against viral or cancer-associated antigens.
A Contextual Bandit Approach to Dynamic Search

When users engage in complex search tasks, they encounter two main questions at each point in the search: how to re-formulate the query and whether to continue the search or stop. In this paper, we propose a contextual bandit algorithm to model the dynamic search process. The proposed algorithm uses the context surrounding the current state of the search to select how the search will continue through different query re-formulation tactics. Furthermore, the algorithm automatically decides stopping condition for a search process. Using data from the Text REtrieval Conference (TREC) 2016 Dynamic Domain Track, we evaluate our system's search effectiveness over time and compare to the official runs. Our results show that the use of context as well as an automated stopping condition is effective in a dynamic search system.
Higher Education for Police Officers

The recommendations on higher education for the police are developed by discussing the following questions. Why educate for policing? What should be studied? Who should be educated? Who should be t...
Taxation and Subsidies: The US Case

This article describes the special treatment of housing with regards to taxation. The first section discusses the prominent features of the tax code that influence housing, and how economists believe these features affect the housing market. The second section looks at current data on the size of recent US fiscal policy tools with regards to housing.
Ultrasound of Nodular Thyroid Enlargement

Thyroid ultrasound is an exquisitely sensitive technique for the detection of thyroid nodules and is able to image nodules as small as 2–3 mm. The prevalence of sonographically detected nodules that cannot be palpated is up to 50–60 % in individuals older than 60 [1]. Therefore, the challenge confronting the clinician is the identification of those nodules that have a higher probability of being a clinically relevant malignancy so that these can be targeted for fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy and the recognition of those that may undergo sonographic surveillance. Furthermore, diffuse thyroid disorders, such as Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, image differently than the normal thyroid parenchyma, but it may be challenging to differentiate asymmetric involvement of the thyroid by one of these diffuse processes from a discrete thyroid nodule.
Oahu OTEC Preliminary Design: Sea-Floor Surveys

The Ocean Thermal Corporation and its subcontractors are engaged in a multiphase programme to build and operate an ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) facility off Kahe Point, Oahu. Ocean Thermal Corporation’s OTEC power plant functions as a closed-cycle heat engine. Large quantities of sun-warmed water, drawn from the surface of the ocean, are used to vaporize ammonia. As the ammonia gas expands, it drives a turbine generator to produce electricity. Cold water pumped up from the depths of the ocean then condenses the gaseous ammonia back to the liquid state. The process is termed ‘closed-cycle’ because the working fluid ammonia, is pumped continuously around the work cycle.
In Pursuit of an Ideal: The Editorial and Literary History of the Journal of Marketing:

The occasion of the diamond jubilee for the Journal of Marketing affords an opportunity to chronicle its editorial and literary history in pursuit of an ideal, namely, the advancement of science an...
(358) The Effects of Pleasant, Chill-Inducing Music on Acute Pain in Healthy Volunteers: An fMRI Study

Pleasant music has been shown to attenuate the perception of pain intensity. To better understand the mechanism of this perceptual effect, we examined neural responses to acute thermal pain in the presence of pleasant chill-inducing music, using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Individual moderate pain levels (7 out of 10 on a Numerical Rating Scale) were first determined in nineteen healthy volunteers (both sexes, mean age 22±2.5). Prior to the scanning session, participants provided their own favorite chill-inducing musical excerpts. Painful stimulation of moderate intensity, administered at the peak of the pleasure-invoking response (i.e., the chill), was contrasted to the same painful stimulation presented alone and in the context of neutral (artificially constructed) music. At the end of the experiment, participants retrospectively rated pain intensity and emotional unpleasantness of the pain presented in different contexts. Consistent with prior research, pain intensity and unpleasantness were lower in the presence of chill-inducing music. Regions of the pain neuromatrix, such as the insular cortex (IC), secondary somatosensory cortex, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), were less active for pain presented alone or with neutral music than to pain presented in the context of chill-inducing music. Documented functional changes within the pain neuromatrix reflect multisensory mechanisms that modulate pain intensity.
Symphysis Pubis Separation During Vaginal Delivery With Epidural Anesthesia

Background and Objectives Peripartum pubic separation (diastasis pubis) is an uncommon event with a reported incidence varying between one in 521 to one in 30,000 deliveries. The injury is caused by the fetal head exerting pressure on pelvic ligaments that have been weakened or relaxed by the hormones progesterone and relaxin. Diastasis pubis has been previously reported in both obstetric and orthopedic literature. However, the authors have been unable to locate any discussion of this condition in the anesthetic literature. Historically, symphyseal separation has been frequently unrecognized. The authors present the case of a nulliparous woman who suffered a diastasis pubis during assisted vaginal delivery under epidural anesthesia Methods Epidural catheter placement and administration of medications were performed using standard techniques described. Results The patient had an episode of breakthrough pain during labor despite adequate epidural analgesia and experienced postoperative pubic and thigh pain secondary to pubic separation. Conclusions Diastasis pubis is an uncommon injury that should be considered when evaluating patients in the peripartum period who are experiencing suprapubic, sacroiliac, or thigh pain.
Questioning scientific practice: linking beliefs about scientists, science agencies, and climate change

The climate-change debate in the U.S. has increasingly turned from discussing climate data and scientific consensus to questioning the credibility of scientists. While disinterested unbiased assess...
Big Data in Context: Addressing the Twin Perils of Data Absenteeism and Chauvinism in the Context of Health Disparities Research.

Recent advances in the collection and processing of health data from multiple sources at scale—known as big data—have become appealing across public health domains. However, present discussions often do not thoroughly consider the implications of big data or health informatics in the context of continuing health disparities. The 2 key objectives of this paper were as follows: first, it introduced 2 main problems of health big data in the context of health disparities—data absenteeism (lack of representation from underprivileged groups) and data chauvinism (faith in the size of data without considerations for quality and contexts). Second, this paper suggested that health organizations should strive to go beyond the current fad and seek to understand and coordinate efforts across the surrounding societal-, organizational-, individual-, and data-level contexts in a realistic manner to leverage big data to address health disparities.
The role of emotion regulation and core autism symptoms in the experience of anxiety in autism

Youth with autism spectrum disorder are at elevated risk for impaired emotion regulation and clinically impairing anxiety. A prior developmental framework posited that impaired emotion regulation l...
Molecular and functional characterization of ferulate-5-hydroxylase in Populus tomentosa

Ferulate-5-hydroxylase (F5H) is a key rate-limiting enzyme for the conversion of guaiacyl monolignol (G-monolignol) to syringyl monolignol (S-monolignol) in the specific synthetic lignin pathway, through the catalysis of the 5-hydroxylation of S-monolignol precursors ferulic acid, conifer aldehyde, and coniferyl alcohol. In this study, we cloned the F5H gene of Populus tomenta (PtoF5H), whose product has a highly conserved domain of P450-dependent monooxygenase family. Subcellular localization result demonstrated that PtoF5H protein is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident protein. Furthermore, the PtoF5H was transformed into tobacco in the form of sense- and antisense-, showed that the proportion of S-monolignol increased when PtoF5H gene was overexpressed, suggesting PtoF5H could be used as a target gene for modifying lignin composition. These findings provide further insight into the function of PtoF5H.
The effect of functionally-guided-connectivity-based rTMS on amygdala activation

Abstract Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has fundamentally transformed how we treat psychiatric disorders, but is still in need of innovation to optimally correct dysregulation that occurs throughout the fronto-limbic network. rTMS is often applied over the prefrontal cortex, a central node in this network, but less attention is given to subcortical areas because they lie at depths beyond the electric field penetration of rTMS. Recent studies have demonstrated that the effectiveness of rTMS is dependent on the functional connectivity between deep subcortical areas and superficial targets, indicating that leveraging such connectivity may improve dosing approaches for rTMS interventions. The current preliminary study, therefore, sought to test whether task-related, fMRI-connectivity-based rTMS could be used to modulate amygdala activation through its connectivity with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). For this purpose, fMRI was collected on participants to identify a node in the mPFC that showed the strongest negative connectivity with right amygdala, as defined by psychophysiological interaction analysis. To promote long-lasting Hebbian-like effects, and potentially stronger modulation, 5Hz rTMS was then applied to this target as participants viewed frightening video-clips that engaged the fronto-limbic network. Post-rTMS fMRI results revealed promising increases in both the left mPFC and right amygdala, for active rTMS compared to sham. While these modulatory findings are promising, they differ from the a priori expectation that excitatory 5Hz rTMS over a negatively connected node would reduce amygdala activity. As such, further research is needed to better understand how connectivity influences TMS effects on distal structures, and to leverage this information to improve therapeutic applications.
The Development and Validation of the Colonoscopy Joking Scale.

Joking is an important communication behavior that helps people cope with colorectal cancer and colonoscopy screening. However, whether joking serves a beneficial or maladaptive function in the con...
Importance of Battery Recycling & Swapping: The Next Inevitable Step in EV Supply Chain

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to fathom the importance of battery supply chain including battery swapping and recycling as well as the charging infrastructure as nodes in the electric vehicle (EV) supply chain in India. It also delves into the ways in which Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles or FAME II is addressing these issues. Literature Review: One of the key obstacles in the way to the speedy adoption of EVs is range anxiety. A healthy and expanding network of charging infrastructure has a very important role to play in penetration and propagation of E-mobility. Fame II is also committed towards creating charging infrastructure besides providing demand incentive. The problem of battery waste generation which is an obvious fall out of e-mobility adoption is intended to be addressed through battery recycling and battery swapping – both are at a nascent stage in India with significant potential for growth. Design/ Methodology/ Approach: The study looks into both primary data (gathered through survey) and secondary data (collected from authentic data sources both public and private) sources. The mix of empirical research and direct face-to-face interview with consumers helps to better substantiate our argument. Findings: Adoption of E-mobility is unavoidable so is battery waste generation. Battery recycling and battery swapping can be the two technologies that assume enormous importance with the expansion of EV market in India. Range anxiety, another key concern of the potential and present EV owners, can be taken care of by ramping up charging infrastructure – a key area of focus of the Indian Government in its FAME I & II schemes.
Health risk assessment of heavy metals in marine fish to the population in Zhejiang, China

Environmental pollution with toxic metals can lead to the possible contamination of the marine fish. We investigated the levels of As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb in 652 marine fish samples (15 species) collected from coastal areas of Zhejiang, China and estimated their health risk. Mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb were 0.783, 0.009, 0.114, 0.031, 0.043 mg/kg wet weight. The average estimated daily intakes (EDIs) for As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb were 1.214, 0.014, 0.177, 0.048 and 0.067 μg/kg bw/day. The risk assessment at mean exposure level showed that there was no health risk associated with these elements through consumption of marine fish. However, potential health risk may exist for high exposure consumers considering the possible contamination of As and Hg. Given that the different levels of certain elements in marine fish in China, this study provides a scientific basis for food safety assessment and suggestions for risk management.
Live virus vaccination of pediatric solid organ transplant candidates within 1 month prior to transplantation: A multicenter experience.

Background Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are at increased risk of vaccine-preventable illness due to the high degree of immunosuppression required following transplantation. The current recommendation is to vaccinate with live attenuated vaccines, including Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) and Varicella (VAR) vaccines, at least 4 weeks prior to transplant. However, data to support the time interval between vaccine and transplant are limited. Methods We conduct a literature review of the natural history of the viruses and length of viremia following live-attenuated viral vaccines, and we describe a series of 5 cases from 2 pediatric transplant centers in which live attenuated viral vaccines were administered within 21 days prior to SOT. Results None of the 5 children who received MMR or VAR 8-21 days prior to liver (2) and heart (3) transplant suffered from vaccine-related viral illness after transplant, even in the presence of significant immunosuppression with T-cell-depleting agents. Conclusion These cases support that shorter intervals of live vaccine administration prior to transplant may be safe, allowing the vaccination of a larger cohort of SOT candidates. Increasing pretransplant vaccinations is crucial since, in most cases, live viral vaccines are contraindicated posttransplantation, and the most effective vaccine approaches utilize prime-boost strategies, priming before and boosting after transplant.
Our Collective Work, Our Collective Strength

This essay considers the collective strength of women of color in two contexts: when we are well represented on law school faculties and when we contribute to accomplishing stated institutional diversity goals. Critical mass is broadly defined as a sufficient number of people of color. Though the concept has been socially appropriated, its origins are scientific. While much of the academic literature encourages diversity initiatives designed to reach a critical mass, social change is not a science. Diversity in numbers may positively benefit individual experiences for women of color, however, diversity alone will not change social norms at the root of inequities for women of color in the legal academy. This critique of structural diversity is especially true of diversity initiatives that operate as barriers to diversity and structural change. First, I address the perceived benefits and potential shortcomings of obtaining a critical mass of women of color on law school faculties. Then, I examine barriers to diversity and structural change like diversity ideology and hiring policies that are racist. Finally, I examine the role of women of color in diversifying law school faculties.
The Implications of American Assembly of Collegiate Schools Standards To Marketing Educators

This article discusses some of the major ways in which the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) affects marketing professors, their priorities, curriculum design, and course content.
Geoarchaeology and Karst: A New Perspective

In the context of karst-related research, the multidisciplinary approach is necessary and the paradigms of the emerging field of geoarchaeology provide a new perspective for completing studies that contains the human-element. Research completed at the Cave of Letters (COL) and the Qumran Archaeological Site in Israel and on the Vaca Plateau in Belize, utilizes the multidisciplinary approach endemic to geoarchaeology. By creating a series of digital, updatable maps for the COL and Qumran, spatial trends in and relationships between the physical and cultural landscapes become apparent. Additionally, through the use of geophysics (ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electro-resistivity tomography (ERT)), an ancient living surface (the Bar Kokhba layer) was delineated in the COL, and potentially collapsed caves, that may contain archaeological remains, were located at Qumran. GPR also delineated possible grave sites at the cemeteries of Qumran. In Belize, petrographic analysis of rock samples determined that the physical landscape is dominated by limestone breccias, which are mostly depositional in origin. Comparison of these results, with data collected related to quarried and cut stones used to face structures at the Ix Chel Archaeological Site, suggested some stones were quarried locally but, due to the sheer number of stones required to build the site, dictates that other regional sources were required. The studies detailed in this chapter point to the need for continued karst-based research within the multidisciplinary realm of geoarchaeology, because this marriage only enhances the quest for new knowledge and understanding.
Casein kinase-II regulates NMDA channel function in hippocampal neurons.

Several second–messenger–regulated protein kinases have been implicated in the regulation of N–methyl–D–aspartate (NMDA) channel function. Yet the role of calcium and cyclic–nucleotide–independent kinases, such as casein kinase II (CKII), has remained unexplored. Here we identify CKII as an endogenous Ser/Thr protein kinase that potently regulates NMDA channel function and mediates intracellular actions of spermine on the channel. The activity of NMDA channels in cell–attached and inside–out recordings was enhanced by CKII or spermine and was decreased by selective inhibition of CKII. In hippocampal slices, inhibitors of CKII reduced synaptic transmission mediated by NMDA but not AMPA receptors. The dependence of NMDA receptor channel activity on tonically active CKII thus permits changes in intracellular spermine levels or phosphatase activities to effectively control channel function.
ESEP: An Expert System for Environmental Protection

An expert system called ESEP (Expert System for Environmental Protection) was developed to enhance facility compliance under Sections 311, 312, and 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act. The transfer of knowledge from knowledge sources, such as state Right-to-Know Program experts and data bases, into the knowledge base of ESEP was done in part directly, in the form of interviews, and in part indirectly, by using machine learning. The machine learning system LERS (Learning from Examples based on Rough Sets) used in the project was forced to handle uncertainty because input data had missing values and inconsistencies. The tool used to deal with inconsistencies was rough set theory, developed by Z. Pawlak in the early 80’s. The system LERS is implemented in C and runs on VAX 9000. On the other hand, the system ESEP is implemented in C and runs on any PC.
Using Score Equating and Measurement Invariance to Examine the Flynn Effect in the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

The Flynn effect (FE; i.e., increase in mean IQ scores over time) is commonly viewed as reflecting population shifts in intelligence, despite the fact that most FE studies have not investigated the assumption of score comparability. Consequently, the extent to which these mean differences in IQ scores reflect population shifts in cognitive abilities versus changes in the instruments used to measure these abilities is unclear. In this study, we used modern psychometric tools to examine the FE. First, we equated raw scores for each common subtest to be on the same scale across instruments. This enabled the combination of scores from all three instruments into one of 13 age groups before converting raw scores into Z scores. Second, using age-based standardized scores for standardization samples, we examined measurement invariance across the second (revised), third, and fourth editions of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Results indicate that while scores were equivalent across the third and fourth editions, they were not equivalent across the second and third editions. Results suggest that there is some evidence for an increase in intelligence, but also call into question many published FE findings as presuming the instruments' scores are invariant when this assumption is not warranted.
Star Formation in High Redshift Radio Galaxies

Optical continuum and emission line observations of many high redshift radio galaxies show a morphology which aligns the optical emission along the axis of the extended radio source. Shock induced star formation has been suggested as a source of this emission, and calculations have been performed to test this hypothesis. Numerical simulations of high energy (~1045 erg /s) radio jets passing through a dense protogalactic gas have been performed, with subsequent cooling and collapse to star formation. The resulting distribution of stars is elongated along the axis of the radio source but is also always highly limb brightened in the direction normal to the radio axis. With a star formation efficiency of ten percent, simulations for different jet velocities, densities and star formation threshold show that ~1010 Mo in stars be formed by this process over 108 years.
Landmark-based Matching Algorithm for Cooperative Mapping by Autonomous Robots

This paper describes a landmark-based algorithm for map matching, and demonstrates its use in efficiently combining topological maps of indoor environments built by autonomous mobile robots. Results of the first implementation are presented, in which two robots with different mechanics and sensory capabilities independently explore their environments with no a priori maps. Each robot is initially unaware of the other’s relative position and orientation. Using the match algorithm, they eventually merge their maps into a topologically correct single map in real time, based only on the feature sets they have discovered independently.
The Evolution of Learning: An Experiment in Genetic Connectionism

This paper explores how an evolutionary process can produce systems that learn. A general framework for the evolution of learning is outlined, and is applied to the task of evolving mechanisms suitable for supervised learning in single-layer neural networks. Dynamic properties of a network's information-processing capacity are encoded genetically, and these properties are subjected to selective pressure based on their success in producing adaptive behavior in diverse environments. As a result of selection and genetic recombination, various successful learning mechanisms evolve, including the well-known delta rule. The effect of environmental diversity on the evolution of learning is investigated, and the role of different kinds of emergent phenomena in genetic and connectionist systems is discussed.
The Homologous and Hybrid Dimers of Ribonuclease A and Its Carboxymethylhistidine Derivatives

Abstract The formation of easily dissociable dimers by lyophilization from 50% acetic acid, first demonstrated with ribonuclease A, has now been shown to occur with similar yields with either 3-carboxymethylhistidine-12 ribonuclease (3-CMHis-12-RNase) or 1-carboxymethylhistidine-119 ribonuclease (1-CMHis-119-RNase). Lyophilization of a mixture of monomers, such as ribonuclease A and 1-CMHis-119-RNase or 3-CMHis-12-RNase and 1-CMHis-119-RNase, yields a dimer fraction which, as expected from earlier work, is a mixture of homologous and hybrid dimers. Each type of dimer, whether homologous or hybrid, is resolved by ion exchange chromatography into two isomers, Forms I and II, analogous to those reported for the dimer of ribonuclease A. The hybrid dimers of ribonuclease A and 1-CMHis-119-RNase, in both Forms I and II, were prepared by two routes: (a) by lyophilization of the mixed monomers and (b) by alkylation of each of the dimers of ribonuclease A. The catalytic and chromatographic properties of the dimers did not depend on the route of formation. Alkylation did not result in isomerization between Forms I and II. A slight difference in conformation involving areas of the molecule remote from the active site remains the most likely explanation for the existence of these two isomers. In addition to gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and chromatography on sulfoethyl Sephadex in phosphate buffers, rapid chromatography on Amberlite IRC-50 with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer has been used in the resolution of dimers. A comparison of the stabilities of some dimers shows that, at pH 7.45, the presence of a 3-CMHis-12 residue tends to destabilize the molecule, whereas the presence of a 1-CMHis-119-119 residue exerts a stabilizing effect. Each hybrid dimer of ribonuclease A and 1-CMHis-119-RNase and of 3-CMHis-12-RNase and 1-CMHis-119-RNase has 50 ± 5% of the specific activity of ribonuclease monomer toward 2',3'-cyclic cytidylate. This supports the postulate that each of these dimers has one reconstructed active site with essentially full activity.
Facilitating Group Collaboration and Enhancing Supply Chain Conversations

This chapter is about groups and group communication at the organizational and interorganizational levels. The enactment of sustainability initiatives often requires group collaboration. Characteristics of strong teams are identified. Theory and research related to small group decision-making and problem-solving processes are reviewed. Group-level techniques for frame breaking and building so as to identify creative alternatives are identified. Then, the focus shifts to interorganizational collaboration (IOC) efforts. Complex environmental issues accompanying global climate change require large collaborative efforts. Theory related to the role of communication in the creation of emergent collaborative structures is identified. Theories and research related to learning in IOCs are reviewed. Techniques used to build communities of practice and enhance group learning are discussed. The ways language and texts can contribute to IOC effectiveness are reviewed. A specific case of IOC interaction, the nongovernmental organization (NGO)–corporate alliance, is discussed in terms of their joint external communication efforts. Finally, the focus is on sustainable supply chains. Why do organizations form them, how are they governed, and what challenges exist? Internal and external communication issues are identified and best practices are offered. Interview data spotlights the City of Denver, Aspen Skiing Company, Tyson Foods, Sam’s Club, and Bayern Brewing.
Discriminative Instance Weighting for Domain Adaptation in Statistical Machine Translation

We describe a new approach to SMT adaptation that weights out-of-domain phrase pairs according to their relevance to the target domain, determined by both how similar to it they appear to be, and whether they belong to general language or not. This extends previous work on discriminative weighting by using a finer granularity, focusing on the properties of instances rather than corpus components, and using a simpler training procedure. We incorporate instance weighting into a mixture-model framework, and find that it yields consistent improvements over a wide range of baselines.
The impact of perioperative blood transfusion on survival after nephrectomy for non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC)

Objective To evaluate the association of perioperative blood transfusion (PBT) with survival after nephrectomy. Patients and Methods We identified 2318 patients who underwent partial or radical nephrectomy at Mayo Clinic between 1990 and 2006. PBT was defined as transfusion of allogenic red blood cells during surgery or postoperative hospitalisation. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate the association of PBT with outcome. Results In all, 498 patients (21%) received a PBT. The median (interquartile range) number of units transfused was 3 (2, 5). Patients receiving a PBT were significantly older at surgery (P < 0.001), more likely to be female (P < 0.001), with more frequent symptomatic presentation (P < 0.001), worse Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (P < 0.001), and more frequent adverse pathological features, such as high nuclear grade (P < 0.001), locally-advanced tumour stage (P < 0.001) and lymph node invasion (P < 0.001). The median follow-up was 9.1 years. Receipt of a PBT was associated with adverse 5-year cancer-specific (68% vs 92%; P < 0.001) and overall (56% vs 82%; P < 0.001) survival. On multivariate analyses, PBT remained associated with higher risk of death from any cause (hazard ratio [HR] 1.23; P = 0.02). Among patients who received a PBT, an increasing number of units transfused was independently associated with increased all-cause mortality (HR 1.08; P = 0.001). Conclusion PBT is associated with a significantly increased risk of mortality after nephrectomy. While external validation is needed, continued efforts to minimise the use of blood products in these patients are warranted.
Risk-based alternatives to the DO-178C software design assurance process

RTCA Document DO-178C, Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification, and its predecessor DO-178B are regarded as the “gold standard” for aviation software design assurance leading to safe software on aircraft, but they can impose additional costs on avionics developers, particularly those not experienced with the process. It also cannot easily be applied to previously developed software (PDS) or systems.
ON THE DEPLETION OF MODERATELY VOLATILE ELEMENTS IN ORDINARY CHONDRITES

Within the accuracy of present data, elements of intermediate volatility (condensation temperatures between about 1100 and 600 K) do not show a correlation of abundance with volatility in equilibrated ordinary chondrites. There is no need to postulate continuous loss of gas during condensation.
Amorphous states and lattice order transformations in vapour quenched superconducting compounds

Amorphous states of several superconductors have been obtained by codeposition with impurities onto a liquid-helium-cooled substrate. Phonon induced structure in quasi particle tunneling characteristics has been registered both for the as deposited films and after annealing at several intermediate temperatures up to room temperature. Such measurements have been used to study the transformations of the lattice order that are seen also from a change of the film resistivity during annealing. The amorphous state is found to persist to a temperature that scales with the melting point of the impurity element. This indicates that ordering takes place only when the impurities can diffuse.
Preparing teachers for multicultural classrooms

Abstract This article examines issues involved in teaching culturally diverse students and questions current practice in multicultural teacher education. An alternative approach to preparing teachers for multicultural classrooms, illustrated by the Teachers for Alaska program at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, focuses prospective teachers on (a) attending to multicultural classroom and community contexts, (b) designing instruction to make connections between academic subject matter and diverse students' backgrounds, and (c) learning how to learn from students, communities, and practical experience. The authors argue that radical departures from traditional teacher education are possible and that breaks from standard practice are both desirable and effective in preparing teachers for multicultural classrooms.
Isogenies of Polynomial Formal Groups

LetH = Hv(i, j) be a Greither order inKCp2and let Spec Hv(i, j) → Spec B → Spec Cbe a resolution of Spec Hv(i, j) in the flat topology which appears as μp2 → Gm × Gm → Gm × Gmover the fieldK. Under certain conditions, the formal completions ofBandCgive rise to two-dimensional polynomial formal groups F and G, respectively. The given resolution will then translate to an isogeny of polynomial formal groups Ψ: F → G with kernel Spec Hv(i, j).
INTRAGASTRIC INJECTION FOR TOXICITY STUDIES WITH NEWBORN RATS.

Abstract The results of this investigation show that the intragastric route of administration provides valid information about the toxic effects of drugs to newborn rats. Differences existing in the responses of young and aged rats to an oral preparation were demonstrated by data obtained from studies in which drugs were given by the intragastric and oral routes. Thus, the technique devised for this study appears to be useful for predicting unusual and unexpected toxicity in infants.
Scheduling orders for multiple product types with due date related objectives

Abstract We consider m machines in parallel with each machine capable of producing one specific product type. There are n orders with each one requesting specific quantities of the various different product types. Order j has a release date rj and a due date dj. The different product types for order j can be produced at the same time. We consider various due date related objectives such as the minimization of the maximum lateness Lmax and the total number of late orders ∑ U j . We present polynomial time algorithms for the easy cases and heuristics for NP-hard cases. For minimizing ∑ U j , we also propose an exact algorithm based on Constraint Propagation and bounding strategy. The effectiveness of the algorithms is demonstrated through an empirical study.
The convergence of numerical solutions of hydrodynamical shock problems

Models C and D are mathematical formulations for the motion of materials. Model C is the classical, continuum model, and Model D is an alternative with some advantages. This paper proves a discretization of Model D converges when the material law is the ideal gas with a Navier-Stokes viscosity, the boundary data are given by the zero-velocity boundary conditions, and the initial data are physically acceptable. The discretization is conservative and entropy increasing. This numerical scheme can be used in the calculation of solutions to problems involving shock waves in hydrodynamical materials.
Use of a biparticle fluidized-bed bioreactor for the continuous and simultaneous fermentation and purification of lactic acid

A continuous biparticle fluidized-bed reactor is developed for the simultaneous fermentation and purification of lactic acid. In this processing scheme, bacteria are immobilized in gelatin beads and are fluidized in a columnar reactor. Solid particles with sorbent capacity for the product are introduced at the top of the reactor, and fall counter currently to the biocatalyst, effecting in situ removal of the inhibitory product, while also controlling reactor pH at optimal levels. Initial long-term fermentation trials using immobilized Lactobacillus delbreuckii have demonstrated a 12-fold increase in volumetric productivity during absorbent addition as opposed to control fermentations in the same reactor. Unoptimized regeneration of the loaded sorbent has effected at least an eightfold concentration of lactic acid and a 68-fold enhancement in separation from glucose compared to original levels in the fermentation broth. The benefits of this reactor system as opposed to conventional batch fermentation are discussed in terms of productivity and process economics.
Ewald's method for calculating lattice sums in ionic crystals

Abstract A FORTRAN 77 program has been written which computes the Coulomb energy and its second partial derivatives using Ewald's method. The program will accept any crystal symmetry. Source code and sample executions for simple crystals are listed.
Methods of introducing lead into bismuth-2223 and their effects on phase development and superconducting properties

Abstract The specific method of introducing lead significantly influences the phase development and superconducting properties of Pb-doped Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O x (BSCCO-2223) Ag-sheathed powder-in-tube tapes. This is demonstrated in a study of tapes made from a series of powder mixtures containing the phases Bi 1.8 Pb z Sr 2.0 Ca 1.0 Cu 2.0 O 8 (2212), Ca 2 PbO 4 , Ca 2 CuO 3 , and CuO, where the lead content of 2212, z , was varied from 0.0 to 0.4. The overall composition of each mixture was the same, (Bi 1.8 Pb 0.4 Sr 2.0 Ca 2.0 Cu 3.0 O 10 ), and the amounts of each phase were varied to compensate for changes in z . In an additional mixture made from lead-free 2212, Ca 2 CuO 3 , and CuO, all lead was added as PbO. A significantly more complete 2223 formation, sharper transition temperatures, and higher critical current densities were seen when all lead was incorporated in the 2212 phase, rather than being added as either PbO or Ca 2 PbO 4 .
Integrating GIS components and spatial statistical analysis in DBMSs

The integration of GIS and spatial statistical analysis can occur in two different ways: embedding spatial statistical analysis into a GIS environment, or embedding selected GIS functions into a spatial statistical analysis environment. Attention has been given almost exclusively to the former in the past. This paper argues that the latter deserves more attention, especially with the rapid development of embeddable GIS component technology. However, because current statistical software packages have not yet provided the environment into which GIS components can be embedded, we explore the possibility of integrating GIS components and spatial statistical analysis in a current proprietary Database Management System (DBMS: Microsoft Access), which can be easily extended to incorporate statistical analysis capabilities. A conceptual framework for this integration is outlined, an interactive spatial statistical analysis module is presented, and an example is used to illustrate the advantage of this module.
Economic Liberalization in China and India: Issues and an Analytical Framework

Abstract A simple analytical framework is proposed for assessing the credibility and prospects for success of economic liberalization policies of China and India. It is argued that liberalization of external transactions is likely to yield only limited benefits unless it is accompanied by elimination of controls on domestic transactions . Further, in China economic liberalization is likely to generate demands for political liberalization which in turn may result in a retreat from economic reforms. In India, on the other hand, interest groups enjoying “rents” from economic controls may try to prevent their elimination.
Learning Predictive Cognitive Structure from fMRI Using Supervised Topic Models

We present an experimental study of topic models applied to the analysis of functional magnetic resonance images. This study is motivated by the hypothesis that experimental task contrast images share a common set of mental concepts. We represent the images as documents and the mental concepts as topics, and evaluate the effectiveness of unsupervised topic models for the recovery of the task to mental concept mapping, We also evaluate supervised topic models that explicitly incorporate the experimental task labels. Comparing the quality of the recovered topic assignments to known mental concepts, we find that the supervised models are more effective than unsupervised approaches. The quantitative performance results are supported by a visualization of the recovered topic assignment probabilities. Our results motivate the use of supervised topic models for analyzing cognitive function with fMRI.
Deciding final clusters: An approach using intra- and intercluster distances

An approach for deciding final clusters of a dendrogram is provided. Whether developed by agglomerative or divisive cluster analysis, decisions start at the 2-cluster level of the dendrogram. Cluster density is viewed as compactness and, therefore, is related to interindividual distances. The two clusters and the intercluster space are seen as treatments in analysis of variance with intercluster space as the control treatment. Distances in an interindividual matrix are considered measures of response to the three treatments. The F-ratio indicates if the treatment means differ; the least significant difference indicates which ones are different. The example provided explains our approach in searching for optimal clustering levels.
Effects of nutritional measures on toenail arsenic concentration as a biomarker of arsenic exposure

Correlations between drinking water and toenail arsenic concentrations have been demonstrated in previous studies, yet factors that may modify the exposure-biomarker association have not been adequately assessed. Using data from 500 controls enrolled in a bladder cancer study underway in Michigan, USA, the effects of demographic characteristics and nutritional measures on the biomarker response were evaluated. Drinking water and toenail samples were collected during a home visit and analyzed for arsenic and other elements. Participants reported dietary supplement intake habits and provided demographic data. Arsenic concentrations of drinking water and toenail samples were positively correlated. Of the nutritional measures evaluated, toenail iron concentration was a significant modifier of the exposure-biomarker association. No demographic characteristics or general measures of dietary intake affected the biomarker response. The results presented herein are critical for biomarker validation and prove promising for sound application of the arsenic toenail biomarker to future epidemiological investigations.