cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of moxalactam in the treatment of serious infections due tu multi-resistant organisms

Moxalactam was evaluated as the sole therapy of 45 episodes of infection in 41 patients due primarily to bacteria resistant to older antibiotics. Infections included bacteremias, pulmonary, skin and soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, and meningitis. Clinical and bacteriological cure was achieved in 69% of infections. Cure was achieved with moxalactam in patients infected with cefazolin-resistant, carbenicillin-resistant, chloramphenicol and gentamicin-resistant organisms. Although adverse reactions were generally mild, diarrhea developed in five patients, a major increase in prothrombin time and bleeding in three patients and a disulfiram reaction in two patients.
Application of Fluorescently Labeled Lectins for the Visualization of Biofilms of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa by High-Frequency Time-Resolved Scanning Acoustic Microscopy

Research on biofilms has benefited from the development of powerful new techniques to investigate their structure, function and morphology. Conjugated lectins combined with microbubbles and high-frequency ultrasound provides unique possibilities to obtain quantitative information on biofilm properties. High-frequency time-resolved scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) offers a novel means to obtain the structural and material properties of biofilms. Noninvasive measurements were conducted by employing a high-frequency time-resolved scanning acoustic microscope operating at a center frequency of 100 MHz. Fluorescently labeled lectins were used in combination with targeted microbubbles, epifluorescence microscopy and time-resolved SAM for visualization and characterization of carbohydrate-containing extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, ultrasonic reflectivity and transmission experiments were performed on biofilms alone and biofilms with targeted ultrasound contrast agents (UCA) in a water tank at frequencies ranging from 1 to 15 MHz. This data provides measurements of the reflection and transmission coefficients, over a broad frequency spectrum for a range of biofilm growth stages in both the presence and absence of targeted UCA.
Long-term experience with a tonal language shapes the perception of intonation in English words: How Chinese–English bilinguals perceive “Rose?” vs. “Rose”*

Long-term experience with a tonal language shapes pitch perception in specific ways, and consequently Chinese speakers may not process pitch in English words – e.g., “Rose?” spoken as a question versus “Rose” spoken as a statement – in the same way as native speakers of non-tonal languages do. If so, what are those pitch processing differences and how do they affect Chinese recognition of English words? We investigated these questions by administering a primed lexical-decision task in English to proficient Chinese–English bilinguals and two control groups, namely, Spanish–English and native English speakers. Prime-target pairs differed in one sound and/or in pitch. Results showed specific cross-language differences in pitch processing between the Chinese speakers and the control groups, confirming that experience with a tonal language shaped the perception of English words' intonation. Moreover, such experience helps to incorporate pitch into models of word-recognition for bilinguals of tonal and non-tonal languages.
A Shared Platform for Studying Second Language Acquisition.

The study of second language acquisition (SLA) can benefit from the same process of datasharing that has proven effective in areas such as first language acquisition and aphasiology. Researchers can work together to construct a shared platform that combines data from spoken and written corpora, online tutors, and Web-based experimentation. Many of the methods and tools for building this platform are already available as a result of earlier work on corpus sharing in first language acquisition. By working together on a shared platform in a coordinated manner, researchers will be able to construct a rich new empirical basis for the study of SLA.
An Iatrogenic Outbreak of Central Nervous System Fungal Infections Due To Contaminated Steroids: a Review of the Framework of Its Control and Management. What Did We Learn?

This paper describes the successful handling and management of a sudden influx of patients with a previously unknown form of fungal central nervous system infections. A protocol-driven, standardized approach greatly assisted the clinical approach to these patients and answered questions of the best management practices. The nationwide outbreak of fungal meningitis, due to contaminated steroids, continues to reverberate. New rules for compounding pharmacies have been enacted and more distinct clinical approaches to these fungal infections are being published. The major lesson with such a large outbreak of a serious and potentially fatal infection is that cooperation, adherence to protocols, and communication amongst all the entities are essential to minimize chaos and hysteria and to maximize successful patient outcomes. The cooperation between ten different entities resulted in the best possible outcomes for patients and improved knowledge on the nature of the infection.
Further Examples/Topics on Fourier Transform

With the basic introductory material about the Fourier transform covered in the last two chapters, this chapter drills into some heavy-duty examples including the stair signum function, odd negative exponential, sines/cosines times negative exponential, cropped cosine, cosine squared, cropped t, |t|, t2, and t4 functions, functions of the form f(t)/g(t), arctan function, hat function, tapered pulse, asymmetric triangular function, 3-step stair, truncated pulse train, and the ramped unit step function. Heavy use of applications to drill the idea of the Fourier transform in ones mind and get plenty practice and experience in carrying on the transform. In the chapter we rely heavily on using the Fourier transform properties, developed in the last chapter. We wrap the chapter by demonstrating the flexibility of the Fourier transform by deriving the FT of the unit step function using at least seven methods.
Refining and supplementing candidate measures of psychological well-being for the NIH PROMIS®: qualitative results from a mixed cancer sample.

The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) is a National Institutes of Health initiative designed to improve patient-reported outcomes using state-of-the-art psychometric methods. The aim of this study is to describe qualitative efforts to identify and refine items from psychological well-being subdomains for future testing, psychometric evaluation, and inclusion within PROMIS. Seventy-two items from eight existing measures of positive affect, life satisfaction, meaning & purpose, and general self-efficacy were reviewed, and 48 new items were identified or written where content was lacking. Cognitive interviews were conducted in patients with cancer (n = 20; 5 interviews per item) to evaluate comprehensibility, clarity, and response options of candidate items. A Lexile analysis confirmed that all items were written at the sixth grade reading level or below. A majority of patients demonstrated good understanding and logic for all items; however, nine items were identified as “moderately difficult” or “difficult” to answer. Patients reported a strong preference for confidence versus frequency response options for general self-efficacy items. Altogether, 108 items were sufficiently comprehensible and clear (34 positive affect, 10 life satisfaction, 44 meaning & purpose, 20 general self-efficacy). Future research will examine the psychometric properties of the proposed item banks for further refinement and validation as PROMIS measures.
Production, Transport, and Alteration of Particulate Organic Matter in the Marine Water Column

Most of the organic matter sequestered in Recent and ancient marine sediments is ultimately derived from organic matter biosynthesized by marine organisms inhabiting the surface waters of the oceans and transported to the seafloor as particulate organic matter (POM). However, most of the organic matter produced in the upper ocean is recycled in the upper few hundred meters of the water column (the epipelagic zone). Only a small fraction of the particulate material produced in the euphotic zone sinks into deeper waters (the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones). In turn, only a small fraction of this sinking material survives transport to the seafloor to be preserved in the sediments. Extensive alteration of organic matter in the water column and at the sediment-water interface can yield sedimentary organic matter having a chemical composition markedly different from that of the material originally biosynthesized. A major goal of marine organic geochemists is to understand the qualitative and quantitative changes which occur in the water column and at the sediment-water interface (Wakeham and Lee, 1989). In this chapter we will discuss recent advances in our understanding of water column processes which influence the cycling of organic matter in the ocean.
A Critical Evaluation of U.S. Epidemiological Evidence and Ethnic Variation

The purpose of this chapter is (a) to review critically epidemiological studies of social support and cardiovascular disease conducted in the United States, (b) to examine ethnic differences in the social support-cardiovascular disease relationship, and (c) to summarize the current status of U.S. epidemiological research on social support and cardiovascular disease. Because of page limitations, cardiovascular end points will be limited to those categorized under ischemic heart disease (IHD), including myocardial infarction (MI), angina pectoris (AP), and coronary atherosclerosis.
Early fluctuations in busulfan levels with therapeutic dose monitoring during allogeneic stem cell transplantation: do they matter?

AbstractTherapeutic dose monitoring is widely adopted for determination of busulfan (Bu) dose for use as a conditioning regimen. However, while dose adjustments are being incorporated, transient fl...
INCREASED HEMOLYSIS AFTER INTRAMUSCULAR IRON ADMINISTRATION IN PATIENTS WITH PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA. REPORT OF SIX OCCURRENCES IN FOUR PATIENTS, AND SPECULATIONS ON A POSSIBLE MECHANISM.

Four patients with PNH were described who developed accelerated activity of their disease after the intramuscular administration of iron-dextran for treatment of iron deficiency. This was considered to reflect a unique effect of iron on PNH erythrocytes. It was postulated that this effect resulted from cell damage caused by iron catalyzed peroxidation of erythrocyte lipids, a reaction to which PNH erythrocytes could be unusually susceptible by virtue of an increased content of unsaturated fatty acids or pro-oxidants or decreased content of antioxidants.
Virtual Statistics in Simulation via k Nearest Neighbors

“Virtual statistics,” as we define them, are estimators of performance measures that are conditional on the occurrence of an event; virtual waiting time of a customer arriving to a queue at time τ0...
Does exuberance moderate the relation between effortful control at 54 months and first grade achievement? Interaction of a regulatory and a reactive temperament dimension

Abstract Past research has found that an important regulatory dimension of child temperament, effortful control, predicts child achievement. However, other dimensions of temperament may moderate the relation between effortful control and achievement. This study explored whether exuberance, a reactive temperament dimension, may moderate or compensate for low effortful control when predicting children’s reading and math achievement in first grade. Data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (n = 861) were used to test this hypothesis. The hypothesis was supported that for children with average or low exuberance, children’s effortful control positively predicted their reading achievement scores in first grade; whereas for children with high exuberance, children’s effortful control did not predict their reading achievement scores. Instead, highly exuberant children had high reading achievement scores regardless of their effortful control. Exuberance did not moderate the relation between effortful control and math achievement. Results suggest that children’s high exuberance compensates for poor effortful control when learning to read and that parents and teachers should explore strategies for channeling these children’s exuberance to support their academic growth.
Symmetrical Component Model for a Transformerless, Grid-Tied Current Controlled Inverter under Unbalanced Conditions

Accurate analysis of fault currents in inverter-based systems has always been a challenge. Most methods used today to predict fault currents in inverter-based systems employ the classical symmetrical component method. Typically, the inverter is assumed to act as an ideal current source providing balanced currents during faults. This assumption will work in special circumstances, as for the case when wye-delta transformers are interfaced to the inverter, but is problematic in other system arrangements. Hence, this paper proposes a modified symmetrical component model for current-controlled inverters experiencing unbalanced faults. The new symmetrical component model accounts for unbalances, the inverter control, and the output filter characteristics. The model is derived and justified mathematically. Finally, simulation studies using the PLECS simulation environment have shown that the new model offers superior prediction over the classical assumptions.
Maker-Centered Teacher Professional Development: Examining K-12 Teachers' Learning Experiences in a Commercial Makerspace.

There has been increased interest in utilizing making activities in classroom-based educational environments and research suggests these activities may promote desirable student dispositions such as increased confidence and agency. To realize these benefits, teachers must experience maker-centered learning in order to design and integrate these types of activities into their curriculum. This qualitative study examined K-12 teachers’ perceptions of an eight-week professional development experience designed to expose participants to making activities and the culture inherent in a commercial makerspace. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with 15 teachers who participated in the experience during Summer 2017. An analysis of the interview data describes participants’ learning experiences within three modes of teacher learning: formal, informal and independent. This paper describes how and what teachers learned during the professional development experience, as well as their perceptions of learning in a commercial makerspace.
Fertility in Adolescents With Klinefelter Syndrome: A Survey of Current Clinical Practice.

Context Progress has been made in determining the fertility timeline and potential in adolescents with Klinefelter syndrome; however, medical professionals are currently without protocols to guide treatment. Objective To evaluate the current practices regarding fertility and andrology care in adolescent males with Klinefelter syndrome. Design A 24-question survey was developed to elicit practitioner background/expertise and management practices. This was distributed to members of the Society for the Study of Male Reproduction, the Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the Endocrine Society. Setting N/A. Patients Adolescent males with Klinefelter syndrome. Intervention None. Main outcome measured Current practices regarding fertility and andrology care. Results 232 responses were received from 133 (57%) adult endocrinologists, 60 (26%) pediatric endocrinologists, and 39 (17%) urologists. Among these, 69% of respondents were in academics, 62% practiced for > 10 years, and 65% received formal training in Klinefelter syndrome. All specialties encouraged sperm banking in late puberty, however most disagreed with the practice in early puberty. Seventy-eight percent agreed that testicular biopsy should be offered if no sperm was found in the ejaculate. The perceived optimal age for testicular biopsy varied among specialists. Clinical symptoms of hypogonadism (28%), rising gonadotropin levels (15%), and testosterone levels (15%) were the most commonly cited reasons for initiation of testosterone replacement therapy. Conclusion Fertility preservation practices in adolescents with Klinefelter syndrome vary greatly within and among the specialties caring for these patients. These findings should guide future research and highlight the importance of establishing clinical practice guidelines.
Spectra of atmospheric water in precipitating quasi-geostrophic turbulence

Atmospheric water has a complex behaviour partly due to the influence of precipitation. Consequently, it is challenging to explain properties of water such as the scale-dependence of its variance, ...
Collaboration with Current Meter Users

Oceanographic instrument manufacture is more like a consulting endeavor than straight manufacturing since nearly every purchase order is for a different sensor suite or sensor capability than any previous product. In this sense the collaboration between user and commercial supplier is essential and organic. The 3D acoustic current sensor, MAVS, was originally anticipated to be a manufactured product with specifications permitting its incorporation into an independent instrument system as a sensor. It would draw power from its host and deliver ASCII velocity data at RS232 levels with four components from which a 3D vector flow velocity could be generated. But no customer wanted that for at least the first decade of this commercialization of my research tool, BASS. Addition of internal battery, logging, auxiliary attitude sensors, and ancillary sensors of temperature, pressure, turbidity, and conductivity turned the velocity sensor into a current meter. Indeed it turned into a complete instrument system in its own right. Further user requests or demand added more custom features from a GUI optional interface to an analog output for feeding into an existing measurement system for independent digitization. Finally, the original design as a sensor for a standalone instrument system was inverted, and MAVS became a host for other sensors. All or nearly all of these resulted from user input to the commercial production of MAVS.
The Oncogenic Function of PLAGL2 is Mediated via Specific Target Genes Through a Wnt-independent Mechanism in Colorectal Cancer

ABSTRACT Colorectal cancer (CRC) tumorigenesis and progression are linked to common oncogenic mutations, especially in the tumor suppressor APC, whose loss triggers the deregulation of TCF4/β-Catenin activity. CRC tumorigenesis is also driven by multiple epi-mutational modifiers, such as transcriptional regulators. We describe the common (and near-universal) activation of the zinc finger transcription factor and Let-7 target PLAGL2 in CRC and find that it is a key driver of intestinal epithelial transformation. PLAGL2 drives proliferation, cell cycle progression, and anchorage-independent growth in CRC cell lines and non-transformed intestinal cells. Investigating effects of PLAGL2 on downstream pathways revealed very modest effects on canonical Wnt signaling. Alternatively, we find pronounced effects on the direct PLAGL2 target genes IGF2, a fetal growth factor, and ASCL2, an intestinal stem cell-specific bHLH transcription factor. Inactivation of PLAGL2 in CRC cell lines has pronounced effects on ASCL2 reporter activity. Furthermore, ASCL2 expression can partially rescue deficits of proliferation and cell cycle progression caused by depletion of PLAGL2 in CRC cell lines. Thus, the oncogenic effects of PLAGL2 appear to be mediated via core stem cell and onco-fetal pathways, with minimal effects on downstream Wnt signaling.
Optimal Asset Location and Allocation with Taxable and Tax‐Deferred Investing

We investigate optimal intertemporal asset allocation and location decisions for investors making taxable and tax-deferred investments. We show a strong preference for holding taxable bonds in the tax-deferred account and equity in the taxable account, reflecting the higher tax burden on taxable bonds relative to equity. For most investors, the optimal asset location policy is robust to the introduction of tax-exempt bonds and liquidity shocks. Numerical results illustrate optimal portfolio decisions as a function of age and tax-deferred wealth. Interestingly, the proportion of total wealth allocated to equity is inversely related to the fraction of total wealth in tax-deferred accounts. A CENTRAL PROBLEM CONFRONTING INVESTORS in practice is how to efficiently invest the funds held in their taxable and tax-deferred savings accounts. The problem involves making both an optimal asset allocation decision (i.e., deciding how much of each asset to hold) and an optimal asset location decision (i.e., deciding which assets to hold in the taxable and tax-deferred accounts). Investors would like to make these decisions to reduce the tax burden of owning financial assets, while maintaining an optimally diversified portfolio over time. While only limited guidance is available to investors faced with this problem, the decision is crucial to the wealth accumulation and welfare of investors over their lifetimes. In this paper, we examine the intertemporal portfolio problem for an investor with the opportunity to invest in both a taxable and tax-deferred savings account. In particular, we investigate how the opportunity for tax-deferred investing influences the investor’s overall portfolio composition and how these asset holdings are allocated between the taxable and tax-deferred accounts. Our approach takes account of the investor’s age, existing portfolio holdings, embedded capital gains, and available wealth levels in the taxable and tax-deferred
Machine Learning Gyro Calibration Method Based on Attitude Estimation

This paper proposes a novel machine learning (ML) gyro calibration method that can achieve higher-accuracy gyro calibration and attitude estimation than the classical extended Kalman filter (EKF) a...
From “Good” to “Effective”: Teaching Writing Skills Explicitly in Political Science

This chapter reflects on the ways in which students’ past experiences and training in “good” writing often hinders them in college-level social science classes. The author shows the patterns seen across several years of grading as a teaching assistant, and how the wake of an undergraduate cheating scandal led to an opportunity to think more explicitly about the skills students needed to learn in order to write effectively as members of the political science community. Several models for how to build writing into undergraduate courses more clearly are given in the chapter, with a common focus on making explicit the skills or techniques that students are expected to learn and for what audience (apart from the instructor!) these skills are important.
Nagel on reduction

This paper attempts a critical reappraisal of Nagel's (1961, 1970) model of reduction taking into account both traditional criticisms and recent defenses. This model treats reduction as a type of explanation in which a reduced theory is explained by a reducing theory after their relevant representational items have been suitably connected. In accordance with the deductive-nomological model, the explanation is supposed to consist of a logical deduction. Nagel was a pluralist about both the logical form of the connections between the reduced and reducing theories (which could be conditionals or biconditionals) and their epistemological status (as analytic connections, conventions, or synthetic claims). This paper defends Nagel's pluralism on both counts and, in the process, argues that the multiple realizability objection to reductionism is misplaced. It also argues that the Nagel model correctly characterizes reduction as a type of explanation. However, it notes that logical deduction must be replaced by a broader class of inferential techniques that allow for different types of approximation. Whereas Nagel (1970), in contrast to his earlier position (1961), recognized the relevance of approximation, he did not realize its full import for the model. Throughout the paper two case studies are used to illustrate the arguments: the putative reduction of classical thermodynamics to the kinetic theory of matter and that of classical genetics to molecular biology.
Aspects of Heart Respiratory Control by the Mitochondrial Isozyme of Creatine Kinase

The isolation of intact mitochondria by Claude (1,2), the refinements by Hogeboom et. al (3), and the recognition by Kennedy and Lehninger (4) that these organelles were the site of oxidative phosphorylation heralded the modern era of cellular bioenergetics. Shortly thereafter, Siekevitz and Potter (5) and others (6–10) began to explore the regulation of mitochondrial respiratory rates and oxidative phosphorylation. The reason for this rather extended quest is straightforward. As seen in Fig. 1, when intact mitochondria are incubated in respiratory medium, oxygen is consumed at an endogenous rate termed State IV. With substrate and Pi present, the addition of ADP (phosphate acceptor), even at micromolar concentrations, results in a marked stimulation of respiration to near-maximum velocity called State III. From the view of cellular physiology, neither State IV or State III are relevant, since the normal rate of oxygen consumption by a tissue, e.g. the heart, lies between these two in vitro rates. Only under conditions of extreme stress does heart oxygen consumption ever come close to maximum respiratory rates. Therefore, the biologically important issue is to determine how a cell modulates oxygen consumption and, thus, high-energy phosphate production, at intermediate rates. The achievement of this involves the notion of respiratory control.
Environmental Health Risk Analysis

The range of human health risks can be daunting when trying to decide how to improve public health through changes in the environment. Regulatory agencies have been accused (somewhat unfairly) of having no systematic, scientific, approach to selecting the most important threats and directing resources towards these. This led the EPA to perform a study of the relative significance of environmental problems as seen by scientists, regulators and the U.S. public. The results were published in a 1987 report Unfinished Business: A Comparative Assessment of Environmental Problems. It was followed by a second report, Reducing Risk: Setting Priorities and Strategies for Environmental Protection, published in 1990 in association with the Science Advisory Board (SAB) of the agency.
The Morphologies of Ultracompact H II Regions in W49A and Sagittarius B2: The Prevalence of Shells and a Modified Classification Scheme

We have used Very Large Array (VLA) observations of the massive star-forming regions W49A and Sgr B2, obtained with resolutions from 20 to 004, to classify the morphologies of nearly 100 ultracompact (UC) H II regions. These high-resolution, multifrequency, multiconfiguration VLA observations motivate us to make several modifications of the existing morphological classification scheme for UC H II regions. In this work, we describe the modified morphology scheme and the criteria used in source classification. In particular, we drop the "core-halo" classification, add a "bipolar" classification, and change the shell classification to "shell-like." We tally the percentage of each morphology found in the Sgr B2 and W49A regions and find broad agreement with the Galactic plane surveys in the distribution of morphologies for most types. However, we find that nearly a third of the sources in these regions are shell-like, which is a higher percentage by nearly a factor of 10 than found in the surveys of Galactic plane star-forming regions by Wood & Churchwell and Kurtz et al. This difference may be due to physical differences in the environments of these two extreme star-forming regions. Alternatively, differences in observational technique may be responsible.
The binding of immobilized IgG2a to Fc gamma 2a receptor activates NF-kappa B via reactive oxygen intermediates and tumor necrosis factor-alpha 1.

Abstract The macrophage-like cell line, J774, was found to respond to immobilized mouse monoclonal IgG2a proteins, but not to soluble forms of IgG2a or IgG2b or to immobilized F(ab')2 of IgG2a, by the increase in the nuclear proteins of two different types of NF-kappa B proteins which differed in their electrophoretic mobilities. Fc gamma 2a receptor-mediated activation of NF-kappa B was blocked by the presence of pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, neutralizing anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha antibodies, various protein kinase inhibitors (H-89, genistein, or heparin) or intracellular calcium chelator (1,2-bis(O-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetra-(acetoxymethyl)-ester, BAPTA/AM) during stimulation. J774 cells were also found to respond to immobilized IgG2a, but not IgG2b, by the increased production of superoxide, H2O2, and TNF-alpha. Fc gamma 2aR-induced production of H2O2 was inhibited by pretreatment of the cells with pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, H-89, genistein, heparin, or BAPTA/AM, but not with anti-TNF-alpha antibody. Fc gamma 2aR-induced production of TNF-alpha was, on the other hand, not inhibited by pretreatment of the cells with BAPTA/AM. Although J774 cells responded to exogenously added rTNF-alpha, but not to H2O2, by activation of NF-kappa B, the recombinant TNF-alpha-mediated NF-kappa B activation was enhanced by simultaneous presence of H2O2. These results thus suggest that macrophages respond to the stimulation of Fc gamma 2aR by the production of both reactive oxygen intermediates and TNF-alpha and that endogenous TNF-alpha activates NF-kappa B via the pathway involving reactive oxygen intermediates.
Function of the IGF-I receptor in breast cancer.

The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR)3 is a transmembrane tyrosine kinaseregulating various biological processes such as proliferation, survival, transformation, differentiation,cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions. Different signaling pathways may underlie thesepleiotropic effects. The specific pathways engaged depend on the number of activated IGF-IRs,availability of intracellular signal transducers, the action of negative regulators, and is influencedby extracellular modulators. Experimental and clinical data implicate the IGF-IR in breastcancer etiology. There is strong evidence linking hyperactivation of the IGF-IR with theearly stages of breast cancer. In primary breast tumors, the IGF-IR is overexpressed andhyperphosphorylated, which correlates with radio-resistance and tumor recurrence. In vitro,the IGF-IR is often required for mitogenesis and transformation, and its overexpression oractivation counteract effects of various pro-apoptotic treatments. In hormone-responsive breastcancer cells, IGF-IR function is strongly linked with estrogen receptor (ER) action. TheIGF-IR and the ER are co-expressed in breast tumors. Moreover, estrogens stimulate the expressionof the IGF-IR and its major signaling substrate IRS-1, while antiestrogens downregulateIGF-IR signaling, mainly by decreasing IRS-1 expression and function. On the other hand,overexpression of IRS-1 promotes estrogen-independence for growth and transformation. InER-negative breast cancer cells, usually displaying a more aggressive phenotype, the levelsof the IGF-IR and IRS-1 are often low and IGF is not mitogenic, yet the IGF-IR is stillrequired for metastatic spread. Consequently, IGF-IR function in the late stages of breastcancer remains one of the most important questions to be addressed before rationalanti-IGF-IR therapies are developed.
First Language Acquisition: In conversation with children

Infants are born into a social world, a world of touch, sound, and affect, a world of communication. They develop and grow up as social beings, immersed in a network of relationships from the start. It is in this social setting that they are first exposed to language, to language in use. This language forms part of the daily communication around them and to them. It regulates what they do. It tells them about the world, events, actions, objects, and relations within it from various perspectives, and presents them with affective attitudes to both people and events. In short, language is a central factor in the social life of infants. The users of the language they are exposed to provide the context in which children themselves will become proficient at communicating wants and desires, affect and interest, specific perspectives, requests and instructions, questions and observations, and commentary on all aspects of everyday life. This chapter explores the social setting in which children are exposed to language, respond to it, and begin to use it. It is in and from interaction that children are offered conventional ways of expressing attitudes and of saying things, along with the conventional words and expressions for what they appear to be trying to say. And it is in interaction that children take up adult words, expressions, and constructions. Language can be used for talking about needs and desires, or objects and events in the world at large; for talking about how to behave, how to act, and what to say; for talking about problem-solving, for arguing or explaining, for giving instructions; and for pretending, teasing, joking, or telling stories. In all these uses, language always forms part of a larger system for communication. It's therefore important to keep sight of communicative purposes and goals in looking at how children become members of the speaking community and learn in turn how to talk with the same range of skills as adults. It is in this setting that children learn to break up the stream of speech into smaller and smaller elements, learning to identify words and morphemes, phrases and clauses, as they communicate with the people around them.
Parenting With Chronic Cancer: A Relational Perspective

Living with chronic cancer poses unique challenges for parents caring for minor children. The demands of the illness such as pain, fatigue, and loss of mobility, as well as caregiver responsibilities, can conflict with the patient's and partner's idea of what it means to parent. This article examines the ways in which chronic cancer impacts the parental role using Attachment as a theoretical framework. Case examples and implications for clinical practice in both health care and mental health settings are provided.
Role of rpoS in Stress Survival and Virulence of Vibrio cholerae

Vibrio cholerae is known to persist in aquatic environments under nutrient-limiting conditions. To analyze the possible involvement of the alternative sigma factor encoded by rpoS, which is shown to be important for survival during nutrient deprivation in several other bacterial species, a V. cholerae rpoS homolog was cloned by functional complementation of an Escherichia coli mutant by using a wild-type genomic library. Sequence analysis of the complementing clone revealed an 1.008-bp open reading frame which is predicted to encode a 336-amino-acid protein with 71 to 63% overall identity to other reported rpoS gene products. To determine the functional role of rpoS in V. cholerae, we inactivated rpoS by homologous recombination. V. cholerae strains lacking rpoS are impaired in the ability to survive diverse environmental stresses, including exposure to hydrogen peroxide, hyperosmolarity, and carbon starvation. These results suggest that rpoS may be required for the persistence of V. cholerae in aquatic habitats. In addition, the rpoS mutation led to reduced production or secretion of hemagglutinin/protease. However, rpoS is not critical for in vivo survival, as determined by an infant mouse intestinal competition assay.
Weighing in on obesity: prevention, treatment and management

Obesity is a common health problem in companion animals, with almost half of dogs and cats being overweight or obese. Obesity can lead to many diseases and worsen others. Clinically, obesity may increase medical costs to owners and may increase risk of complications from anaesthesia or medication dosing. Treatment of obesity is a multiphase process: first, an initial assessment; second, developing a plan that includes proper diet selection, adequate caloric restriction, and exercise if possible; and finally, intensive follow up and ongoing assessment. Successful weight management can be challenging and requires understanding of the complex relationship between owners and their pets. Client communication is therefore crucial for compliance. Obesity is more easily prevented than treated and the veterinary nurse can play an important role in educating clients about proper body condition at new puppy and kitten visits, and reassessing body condition at yearly wellness visits.
The effects of environmental lighting on the daily melatonin rhythm in primate cerebrospinal fluid

Abstract The effects of alterations in environmental lighting on the daily rhythm in cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of melatonin were studied in the rhesus monkey. It was found that acute exposure to darkness during the day did not markedly increase normally low daytime CSF melatonin levels, that light suppressed the normally high CSF melatonin values at night, and that 12-h phase shifts in the diurnal lighting cycle caused 12-h phase shifts in the rhythm. The daily rhythm persisted for 6.5 days of study in constant darkness and the phase of the rhythm was not affected in constant darkness by a 12-h phase shift in the daily delivery of food and daily care of the animals. These results support the notion that the melatonin rhythm in this primate species is endogenous in nature, and that light can act to both coordinate the rhythm to the 24-h day and to acutely suppress melatonin production.
THE FEEDING OF AMEBAE ON ALGAE IN CULTURE1

SUMMARY Amebae differed greatly in their ability to prey on algae. Species of Chlamydomonas, Pandorina, Anabaena, Ourococcus, Ankistrodesmus, and Gloeocystis were utilized by 3 or all 4 of the test protozoa, while strains of Staurastrum and Chlorella would not support growth of the predators. Heating the cells of Chlorella sp. rendered them available to the 4 amebae and made Pandorina morum a better nutrient for some of the protozoa. Heating Chlamydomonas oblonga had no effect on its availability to Tetramituis rostratus and reduced its suitability as a food source for Amoeba discoides. The rate of protozoan feeding was also influenced by temperature, pH, and age of the algal prey.
A simple device to assess and train motor coordination.

Purpose: The purpose of this project was to develop a computer program which can be used on a laptop or other IBM-based computer to assess and train motor coordination in children with closed head trauma or cerebral palsy.Apparatus: Muscle coordination was assessed by the child's ability to track a series of lines of increasing complexity. A stylus was used by the child to trace lines on a computer screen. Two different line tests were used. In the first, lines of various complexities were drawn on the screen at various angles. The child was asked to trace the line and the accuracy with which the line was traced was determined, providing a score. In a second test, a line was drawn on the screen and the child was asked to trace the line as it was drawn. The error in tracking the line and the time to track the line both were used to evaluate and score the child's performance. Finally, a ‘Winnie the Pooh’ character was flashed on the screen with distracters such as trees and other animals, and the child was ...
Neutral lipid composition ofCulex quinquefasciatus andCulex tritaeniorhynchus cells at two phases of growth

The mosquito cellsCulex quinquefasciatus andCulex tritaeniorhynchus were grown in spinner cultures. The fatty acid profiles of the neutral lipid classes were analyzed, and comparisons were made between the two species at logarithmic and stationary phases of growth and between the species and the medium. The results from the data suggest an increase in the average chain length of the fatty acids in the free fatty acid and sterol ester fractions of theCulex quinquefasciatus cells with aging. From the logarithmic to stationary phase, both Culex cells showed some increase in desaturation of acids in the di- and triglyceride and free fatty acid fractions. TheCulex tritaeniorhynchus cells also showed some increase in desaturation of acids in the monoglyceride fraction. Differences between the twoCulex species at the logarithmic phase of growth were observed in the fatty acid profiles of all the neutral lipid fractions examined and at the stationary phase of growth in the free fatty acid, triglyceride, and sterol ester fractions.
Expert witnesses in child abuse cases

This article discusses the need for expert testimony and the criteria for admissibility of such testimony in child abuse cases. It addresses the scope of expert testimony in both physical and sexual abuse cases with respect to (a) descriptive and diagnostic issues, (b) witness credibility issues, and (c) legal issues. In particular, the article focuses on the admissibility of expert testimony on the battered child syndrome, the child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome, and observations of behavior with anatomically correct dolls. The article concludes that medical expert testimony is more admissible in court than mental health expert testimony. Language: en
Lipids associated with the aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetase complex.

Abstract Lipid material, amounting to 20 to 25% of the protein present, was found to be associated with the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex. Evidence is presented that these lipids are almost exclusively the cholesterol esters of about seven or eight fatty acids. These lipids may be involved in maintaining the structure of the complex.
Depression and implicit memory: Understanding mood congruent memory bias

The present paper reviews the depression and implicit memory literature, emphasizing studies addressing possible mood congruent implicit memory biases in depression. Although some of these studies seem to indicate the presence of mood congruent biases in implicit memory, others fail to show this effect. Although the studies differ on a variety of dimensions (participant population, sample size, implicit memory task, depressive status, etc.), a thorough review of the literature suggests that these are not the most important considerations in understanding the presence or absence of mood congruent memory biases in depression. Rather, the cognitive framework of Transfer Appropriate Processing is used as a tool to organize and explain these findings. In particular, the role of perceptual and conceptual cognitive processes by depressed participants performing implicit memory tasks are examined in the context of perceptual and conceptual task demands. Examining unconscious influences on emotion could have important implications for understanding and treating depression.
Physician factors associated with outpatient palliative care referral

Outpatient palliative care can provide significant benefits to seriously ill patients, but several barriers to appropriate referrals remain. No study has examined the physician factors associated with referral to outpatient palliative care. To determine physician factors, with a focus on physician beliefs, associated with referral to palliative care. Cross-sectional study of 170 primary care physicians at Kaiser Permanente (KP), a large non-profit Health Maintenance Organisation (HMO), using a self-administered questionnaire. Of the 145 respondents, 100 (70%) reported referring any patients to the palliative care program in the prior year, with a median of 3 referrals (interquartile range 2, 6). Factors associated with referral included working at KP between 10 and 20 years as compared to <10 years [Odds ratio [OR] 6.29 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.38, 28.6)] and having personal experience with palliative care [OR 2.13 (95% CI 0.95, 4.976)]. None of the beliefs scales was associated with referral. Phys...
Solvation in high-temperature aqueous electrolyte solutions

Abstract We review the recently proposed molecular-based formalism for infinitely dilute high-temperature electrolyte solutions which establishes connections between the microscopic solvent environment around individual ionic species and their macroscopic solvation behavior. Then, we illustrate this formalism by interpreting some recent experimental results for infinitely dilute NaCl aqueous solutions. Finally, we discuss some theoretical implications, guided by the formalism, concerning the modeling of high-temperature aqueous-electrolyte solutions.
Reduced dimensionality quantum calculations of integral cross sections for H + H2(υ = 1) → H2(υ′ = 0), H2(υ′ = 1) + H

Abstract Reduced dimensionality quantum, rotationally energy averaged integral cross sections for the H + H 2 (υ = 1) → H 2 (υ′ = 0), H 2 (υ′ = 1) + H reactions are presented and compared to the recent centrifugal sudden results of Schatz, for the Porter-Karplus surface. A simple adiabatic analysis is also presented which accounts for the threshold behavior of the total cross section summed over υ′.
The continuum field approach to modeling microstructural evolution

The majority of advanced engineering materials contain multiphase and/or multidomain structures. Their physical and mechanical properties depend strongly on the number of phases present and their mutual arrangement; the volume fraction of each phase; and the shape, size, and size distribution of domains (or grains). This article describes a continuum diffuse-interface field approach to modeling microstructural evolution and its application to a number of different processes, including precipitation reactions through nucleation and growth, structural transformations involving symmetry changes, and curvature-driven grain growth.
Local-density-approximation-based simulations of hydrocarbon interactions with applications to diamond chemical vapor deposition.

Our automated all-electron local-orbital-based cluster computer codes have been used to study a variety of hydrocarbon interactions providing an atomistic understanding of some processes occurring during diamond chemical vapor deposition. Static and quasidynamical local-spin-density-approximation-based simulations have been used to generate a database of hydrocarbon bond lengths and cohesive energies. In addition, we have calculated adsorbate cohesive energies and studied the effects of steric interference between neighboring adsorbates.
The VPg of tobacco etch virus RNA is the 49-kDa proteinase or the N-terminal 24-kDa part of the proteinase

Preparations of tobacco etch virus (TEV) RNA which were purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation, digested with RNase, and analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis contained proteins of 49, 32, and 24 kDa. The 49- and 24-kDa proteins reacted with polyclonal antiserum to the TEV 49-kDa proteinase while the 32-kDa protein reacted with anti-TEV serum. Further purification of the RNA by centrifugation through CsCl removed the coat protein (32 kDa), but not the 49- and 24-kDa proteins. The 49- and 24-kDa proteins did not migrate into a polyacrylamdie gel when the RNA was not digested with RNase. These results indicate that the VPg of TEV is either the 49-kDa proteinase or the 24 kDa that represents the amino-terminal half thereof.