cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Have You Been? or ¿Como estás?: Does Language of Interview Influences Self-Rated Health Among Hispanic Subgroups?

This paper reports language differences in poor/fair self-rated health (SRH) among adults from six Hispanic groups in the United States. Data are from the cross-sectional 1997–2013 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The total sample of Hispanic adults with valid information for the variables considered in the study (n = 156,374) included Mexican-Americans (Mex-Am; n = 43,628), Mexicans (n = 55,057), Puerto Ricans (n = 14,631), Cubans (n = 8,041), Dominicans (from Dominican Republican, n = 4,359) and Other Hispanics (n = 30,658). We compared percentage of the population that reported poor/fair SRH among Hispanic individuals by language of interview and across origins using bivariate tests of association. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to study the odds of reporting poor/fair SRH based on language among the overall population and each group. Among the six Hispanic origins Puerto Ricans (15.92%), Cubans (16.36%) and Dominicans (15.32%) reported poor/fair SRH at higher levels than the overall sample (12.32%). In the logistic regression model adjusting potential covariates, those interviewed in Spanish were at higher odds of reporting poor/fair SRH than those interviewed in English (OR = 1.47, p < 0.0001). In the stratified analysis, Mexican–Americans were the only group where language of interview did not affect the odds of reporting poor/fair SRH. There are differences by Hispanic origin for reporting poor/fair SRH, and also by language of interview. Achieving accurate measurement of health status among Hispanics is a concern for all researchers, in particular those who study differences in health status by race/ethnicity in the United States. Future, research should account for Hispanic background and language of interviews.
Abstract 15: Identification of a High Density Lipoprotein Proteomic Signature Associated With Atherosclerosis Severity in Humans

High density lipoprotein associated cholesterol (HDL-C) has been the traditional biomarker for estimating cardiovascular protection derived from HDL; however, several recent studies have made it clear that HDL-C may not necessarily represent the protective capacity of HDL. The diverse protein and lipid content of HDL is becoming increasingly recognized as the basis for the functional complexity observed in these particles. Proteomics studies have identified 95 consensus proteins consistently found to associate with HDL. For the majority of these proteins, the functional importance of their association with HDL has not yet been determined. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the protein composition of HDL will have an association with atherosclerosis burden in human subjects. A total of 101 subjects were selected based on atherosclerosis severity as determined by CT-angiography: normal (0% stenosis; n = 31), mild ( 70% stenosis; n = 9). HDL was separated from plasma by size-exclusion chromatography and isolated from pooled fractions, using a lipid binding resin. HDL bound proteins from each subject were analyzed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and a spectral index value (derived from normalized spectrum counts and the number of subjects in which the peptide was detected) was used to examine the association between the HDL proteome and atherosclerosis severity. This analysis identified changes in 14 out of the total of 123 identified proteins. Of those that changed, some displayed clear correlations with disease severity, whereas others were only affected in the severe disease group. Some of these proteins have been previously suggested to play a role in the interaction of HDL and atherosclerosis, such as apoA-IV (+20%; p
Effect of Seed Scarification and Gibberellic Acid Treatment on Seedling Emergence of Sky-Blue Lupine (Lupinus diffusus)

Abstract The efficacy of various scarification treatments and gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment on seedling emergence of Lupinus diffusus Nutt. (sky-blue lupine) was evaluated. Seed scarified in concentrated sulfuric acid for 90 min followed by immersion in water for 24 hr resulted in the best emergence of viable seed (≈ 41%). Mechanical scarification with sandpaper for up to 30 min did not improve seedling emergence. Immersing seed in 90C (194F) water which was then allowed to cool for 24 hr apparently killed or severely injured the embryos as no seedlings emerged from seeds treated with hot water. There was only 5% seedling emergence for nonscarified seed that were soaked in water at room temperature for 24 hr. Emergence was not improved by soaking scarified seed in 1000 mg/liter (ppm) GA3 for 24 hr prior to sowing the seeds.
Extending disposable feature templates for mitigating replay attacks

Replay attacks on biometric based access control systems are dangerous if counter-measures are not instilled to mitigate these attacks. An attacker can capture packets along an unsecure network and replay them at a later time to gain unauthorised access. Traditional biometric systems use a single feature extraction method to represent an individual, making captured data hard to change. Previous work has been done to represent an individual using a set of randomly chosen, unique extractors for each access attempt. However, there are a limited number of unique extractors that can be created. This work seeks to extend the number of unique representations that can be created by evolving a set of unique masks to apply on unique representations of templates. The results on this work show that templates with masks applied on them are unique enough from one another to mitigate replay attacks while maintaining high recognition accuracy.
America clearly is not ready for a female president: why?

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the ways gender influenced the 2016 presidential election, as well as ways in which the USA might progress to become a more gender-egalitarian nation.,Drawing on a combination of voter data, psychological theories – including sexism, social role theory, stereotype content model, group status threat, and system justification theory – and opinions, this paper explores the factors that drove the 2016 presidential election outcome.,This paper asserts that while there were reasons other than gender that people voted the way they did in the 2016 presidential election, these reasons were ancillary to the role that gender bias and stereotypes played. It concludes with a call to action, arguing that: more women need to enter into politics, each of us must recognize our own and make others aware of their overt sexism and subtle biases, the public must acknowledge and change the often double standards that exist for women but not men, and we must realize that a win for women is also often a win for men.,The value lies in introducing a social psychological lens focused on gender to the 2016 presidential election. This paper combines data, theory, and broader opinions to present a compelling perspective on the election in a way that, to our knowledge, has not been done before.
Definitive screening designs with added two-level categorical factors

In this paper, we develop column-augmented DSDs that can accommodate any number of two-level qualitative factors using two methods.
Optomechanical Thermometry of Nanoribbon Cantilevers

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanostructures have attracted a significant amount of attention for a variety of optoelectronic applications including photovoltaic cells, semiconductor lasers, and solid-state laser refrigeration due to their direct bandgap around 2.42 eV and high radiative quantum efficiency. Nanoribbons (NRs) of CdS have been claimed to laser cool following excitation at 514 and 532 nm wavelengths by the annihilation of optical phonons during anti-Stokes photoluminescence. To explore this claim, we demonstrate a novel optomechanical experimental technique for microthermometry of a CdSNR cantilever using Young’s modulus as the primary temperature-dependent observable. Measurements of the cantilever’s fundamental acoustic eigenfrequency at low laser powers showed a red-shift in the eigenfrequency with increasing power, suggesting net heating. At high laser powers, a decrease in the rate of red-shift of the eigenfrequency is explained using Euler–Bernoulli elastic beam theory, considering Hookean opt...
A Short History of US Paramilitary Operations

This chapter provides an overview of 25 pro-insurgency PMOs that have been undertaken by the U.S. government since 1949. The chapter is divided into six eras of covert operations: the early Cold War, the ‘golden era’ of covert operations, the Vietnam era, the post-Vietnam era, the Clinton era, and the War on Terror. It is demonstrated that PMOs have been a persistent feature of U.S. foreign policy and it is discussed how PMOs evolved over the course of 70 years. It is argued that covert operations changed in the 1980s and 1990s in the sense that they became more privatized and that other agencies became more directly involved in them. During the War on Terror, PMOs have become more overt and more integrated into conventional military operations, which is sometimes referred to as ‘hybrid warfare.’
Some Special Complex Multiplications in Two Variables Using Hilbert Singular Moduli

Complex multiplication is not well understood beyond the classical case of one (complex) dimension, where highly developed independent approaches exist through algebra, geometry, and modular function theory. The most immediate prospect for developing a higher dimensional theory is through Hilbert modular functions. Here modular equations are now becoming an appropriate area for computer algebra.
Effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on lipoxygenase-induced hypotension in the unanesthetized Guinea pig.

Soybean lipoxygenase, an enzyme which catalyzes the formation of the vasoactive lipid 15-hydroperoxy eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HPETE) from arachidonic acid, was administered to unanesthetized guinea pigs previously prepared with indwelling vascular cannulae for continuous cardiovascular monitoring. Administration of this enzyme (150 mg/kg IV) resulted in profound hypotension in this model, but no cardiovascular change was observed after administration of equal weight or equimolar amounts of another protein (ovalbumin). The lipoxygenase-induced hypotension, moreover, was promptly reversed by the peptide thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (2 mg/kg IV) but not by the opiate receptor antagonist naloxone (2 mg/kg IV). This TRH-naloxone dissociation was comparable to that previously observed in hypotension produced by leukotriene D4 (LTD4), platelet-activating factor (PAF), or antigen-induced anaphylaxis in the same species. Thus, although its properties as a “physiologic” opiate antagonist led to the early trials of TRH in endotoxic, hypovolemic and spinal shock, it is now apparent that TRH reverses several other forms of experimental shock, including that caused by lipoxygenase, through non-endorphin-related mechanism.
Generalization Performance of Feed-Forward Neural Networks

Abstract The success of neural networks with recognition problems has opened the door for more ambitious applications such as generalization problems, where a network is expected to correctly predict output for inputs previously unseen during learning. Learning algorithms need to avoid underfitting and overfitting to successfully generalize. We evaluate the ability of backpropagation and stochastic backpropagation learning algorithms to generalize via a set of controlled experiments. We describe a tool, GNET, which facilitates the design and execution of these experiments. Backpropagation and stochastic backpropagation learning algorithms with smaller networks are able to generalize to linear, quadratic and logarithmic functions. However, these learning algorithms have difficulty in learning non-monotonic functions. We demonstrate the effect of noise on the learning ability of these algorithms. The experiments also characterize the overfitting phenomenon associated with generalization in analyzing learning ability.
The Politics of Pretext: VAWA Goes Global

The twentieth anniversary of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) provides an opportunity to assess the meaning and consequences of the Act. With the introduction of a new bill, VAWA International (I-VAWA), Congress has signaled its intent to expand U.S. influence in the realm of violence against women as a matter of foreign policy. I-VAWA seeks to “prevent and respond to violence against women and girls around the world” and to “systematically integrate and coordinate” foreign policy and foreign aid programs in order to mitigate the harm caused by violence against women in the world at large. It derives much of its programmatic initiatives from a 2012 document created by USAID entitled “United States Strategy to Prevent and Respond to Gender-Based Violence Globally” (hereinafter 2012 Strategy) which articulates U.S. interests in assuming leadership in efforts to end violence against women: promoting global market economies, strengthening national security and defense, and assuring that such form of violence is recognized as a criminal and not cultural act. I-VAWA represents a continuation of U.S. efforts to mainstream the protection and advancement of women’s rights as a facet of foreign policy initiatives. Prior efforts, however, should serve as a cautionary tale: I-VAWA arrives in its current form possessed of a history which has often invoked the condition of women as pretext for interventionist policies. The call to end gender violence around the world — a goal that people of good will cannot but be sympathetic — is a complex matter, and must be assessed through a historical and critical lens.This essay contributes to the critical analysis by considering concerns specific to I-VAWA. First, it critiques the role of USAID as the principal implementing agency. Next, it assesses those provisions of the bill that impose policies and practices abroad that are not observed at home. To make the larger point: the United States is neither capable nor deserving of its self-appointed global leadership on the issue of violence against women.
The emotional design of everyday things: The 2006 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science presented to Donald A. Norman

Abstract Donald Norman changed and continues to change the way in which we live our technology-infused and technology-based lives. Norman was one of the founders of the field of cognitive science and based on that work, he went on to create the field of user-centered design. It is the latter work for which he was awarded the 2006 Benjamin Franklin award in Computer and Cognitive Science. When one works within the paradigm of user-centered design, technology is created so that it is based on human cognitive capabilities, and is therefore, usable. 1 When technology is not designed in this way, it is often experienced as unusable. In creating the field of user-centered design, Donald Norman works at a conceptual level; his influence is therefore both widespread and profound.
2012 – A Performance Review for Restaurant Firms

(2012). 2012: A Performance Review for Restaurant Firms. The Journal of Hospitality Financial Management: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. vii-x.
Evidence for widespread structural brain changes in glaucoma: a preliminary voxel-based MRI study.

PURPOSE: To investigate structural brain changes in patients with glaucoma. METHODS: High-resolution T1-weighted anatomical brain magnetic resonance images (MRI) were collected in 15 patients with glaucoma of varying severity and in 15 age-, race-, and sex-matched controls. Exclusion criteria included neurological disease, another disorder which could affect the visual field, and a score of less than 25 on the mini-mental status examination. The scans were analyzed with an automatic volumetric MRI technique to measure the volumes of 93 structures in each brain. Analyses of covariance with age as a covariate were carried out to identify structures that differed significantly between the two groups (i.e., glaucoma versus normal control). The volumes of all brain structures in the group of 15 glaucoma patients were also correlated with clinical measures of disease severity. Linear multivariate regression analyses were conducted to determine the significance of these relationships. RESULTS: Five structures differed significantly between the two groups (P < 0.05). These structures included the right and left inferior occipital gyri and the right middle occipital gyrus, right inferior temporal gyrus, and right occipital lobe white matter. Interestingly, all of these structures were larger in the glaucoma group than in the control group. Within the group of glaucoma patients, 38% of all brain structures had independent associations between decreasing volume and more severe disease in multivariate regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that patients with glaucoma undergo widespread and complex changes in cortical brain structure and that the extent of these changes correlates with disease severity.
Factors associated with acute exacerbations of myasthenia gravis.

INTRODUCTION The etiology of acute exacerbations of myasthenia gravis (MG) is not well understood and further characterization can lead to improved preventative measures. This study aims to characterize factors contributing to MG exacerbations. METHODS A total of 127 MG patient charts were reviewed retrospectively (2011-2016) to obtain demographics, immunizations, pharmaceutical records, contributing factors of each MG exacerbation, emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, and duration. RESULTS There were 212 exacerbations requiring 106 ED visits and 141 hospitalizations (average admission 6.5 days). Highest contributors were infections (30%) and medications that may worsen MG (19%), with 24% unattributed. Infection related exacerbations were associated with 44.3% of ED visits and 39.7% of hospitalizations. Patients prescribed beta-blockers were associated with more exacerbations (P < .01). Patients prescribed medications that may worsen MG had a higher exacerbation frequency shortly after administration. DISCUSSION Infections and cautioned medications are frequently factors in acute MG exacerbations needing urgent medical attention and warrant caution.
Disability and Child Poverty

In this chapter I discuss the particular situation of being at the intersection of disability and child poverty. I then give a thick description that shows what it is like to be a nondisabled white girl living in poverty with two parents with disabilities—I give my own story. Then I offer some empirical facts to demonstrate the problems distilled from the thick description: custody challenges, child as carer, unemployment, charity, and lack of choice. I then discuss stigma from a theoretical point of view. I put forward a view of ontological vulnerability that is more expansive than Martha Fineman’s or Catriona Mackenzie’s using Judith Butler’s and Jackie Leach Scully’s work on vulnerability. After that I offer some ways to combat stigma of children in poverty and disability. It is upon this that I construct an alternative political vision that would value human need and be responsive to vulnerabilities without erasing or assimilating difference.
Clinical and Research Tools for Pain Assessment

Pain is an internal, subjective experience that cannot be measured using physiologic markers or bioassays. The assessment of pain, therefore, relies largely on the use of self-report. Furthermore, individual differences in pain sensitivity and pain report have long remained a perplexing and challenging clinical problem. For instance, pain assessment can vary substantially across individuals based on patient demographic (e.g., culture, gender), psychosocial, and other features. Therefore, self-report measures follow a multidimensional approach aimed at characterizing multiple aspects of the pain experience such as chronicity, severity, quality, locations, affective impact, and associated factors. In special populations, limited cognitive or language skills may influence pain measures, as may the positive or negative consequences of an individual’s behaviors associate with pain.
The Neonatologist’s Role in Prenatal Counseling

Neonatologists play a pivotal role providing consultation before and after delivery to expectant parents faced with threatened prematurity, congenital anomalies and genetic disorders, and birth injury. In addition to what to expect when having an infant in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), neonatologists must also include goals of care and whether intensive therapies alongside comfort measures are to be provided for life-threatening neonatal conditions. They must be flexible in adapting their consultation style according to the specific medical situation and needs of the expectant parents. Critical skills include what information to provide and how to relay it clearly, as well as how to elicit parents’ values and integrate them in decision-making.
Artificial Lift Selection Methodology for Vertical and Horizontal Wells in Conventional and Unconventional Reservoirs

An appropriate Artificial Lift (AL) method is a guarantee of efficient production during the life of wells. There are many factors that need to be considered when selecting an AL method for a particular well and a particular reservoir. Most oil and gas companies have their own philosophies of how to select artificial lift method(s) for a specific application in a form of guideline or recommendation.
An Esthetic of the Meaningless: The Problem of Knausgaard’s Readability

The notorious length of Karl Ove Knausgaard’s My Struggle is the result of an ever-increasing preoccupation with speed: as much time went into the first few pages as went into all of the final volu...
VECMAN: A Framework for Energy-Aware Resource Management in Vehicular Edge Computing Systems

In Vehicular Edge Computing (VEC) systems, the computing resources of connected Electric Vehicles~(EV) are used to fulfill the low-latency computation requirements of vehicles. However, local execution of heavy workloads may drain a considerable amount of energy in EVs. One promising way to improve the energy efficiency is to share and coordinate computing resources among connected EVs. However, the uncertainties in the future location of vehicles make it hard to decide which vehicles participate in resource sharing and how long they share their resources so that all participants benefit from resource sharing. In this paper, we propose VECMAN, a framework for energy-aware resource management in VEC systems composed of two algorithms: (i) a resource selector algorithm that determines the participating vehicles and the duration of resource sharing period; and (ii) an energy manager algorithm that manages computing resources of the participating vehicles with the aim of minimizing the computational energy consumption. We evaluate the proposed algorithms and show that they considerably reduce the vehicles computational energy consumption compared to the state-of-the-art baselines. Specifically, our algorithms achieve between 7\% and 18\% energy savings compared to a baseline that executes workload locally and an average of 13\% energy savings compared to a baseline that offloads vehicles workloads to RSUs.
Weaker Connectivity of the Cortical Networks Is Linked with the Uncharacteristic Gait in Youth with Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most prevalent pediatric neurologic impairment and is associated with major mobility deficiencies. This has led to extensive investigations of the sensorimotor network, with far less research focusing on other major networks. The aim of this study was to investigate the functional connectivity (FC) of the main sensory networks (i.e., visual and auditory) and the sensorimotor network, and to link FC to the gait biomechanics of youth with CP. Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, we first identified the sensorimotor, visual and auditory networks in youth with CP and neurotypical controls. Our analysis revealed reduced FC among the networks in the youth with CP relative to the controls. Notably, the visual network showed lower FC with both the sensorimotor and auditory networks. Furthermore, higher FC between the visual and sensorimotor cortices was associated with larger step length (r = 0.74, pFDR = 0.04) in youth with CP. These results confirm that CP is associated with functional brain abnormalities beyond the sensorimotor network, suggesting abnormal functional integration of the brain’s motor and primary sensory systems. The significant association between abnormal visuo-motor FC and gait could indicate a link with visuomotor disorders in this patient population.
Environmental drivers define contrasting microbial habitats, diversity, and community structure in Lake Baikal, Siberia

ABSTRACT Understanding how microbial communities respond to environmental change requires knowing the main drivers of their structure, diversity and potential resilience. Lake Baikal is the world’s most ancient, deep, voluminous, and biodiverse lake, holding 20 percent of unfrozen fresh water that is undergoing rapid warming. Despite its global importance, little is known about Baikal’s bacterioplankton communities and their drivers. In this extensive survey, we show that temperature, along with stratification, nutrients, and dissolved oxygen, but not geographic distance, define major microbial habitats and community similarity. Mixed layer and deep water communities exhibited contrasting patterns of richness, diversity and evenness, and comprised different cohesive modules in the whole Baikal OTU co-occurrence network. The network’s small-world properties indicated likely resistance to perturbations but sensitivity to abundance changes of central, most connected OTUs. Previous studies showed Baikal water temperature rising by over 1.2°C since 1946, and this trend is predicted to accelerate. Because temperature emerged as the most significant predictor of the mixed layer community structure, we hypothesize that it is most likely to drive future community changes. Understanding how temperature and other abiotic factors structure microbial communities in this and other rapidly changing ecosystems will allow better predictions of ecosystem responses to anthropogenic stressors.
16 fs Pulse Generation and Measurement in the Ultraviolet and Vacuum Ultraviolet

We present measurements of ultrafast third (266 nm) and fifth (160 nm) harmonic light in gases. The pulse duration of the third harmonic is measured at under 16 fs, using the technique of self-diffraction frequency resolved optical gating. To date, the 3ω conversion efficiency (up to 0.2%) is the largest measured for sub-100 fs pulses. These pulses are the shortest UV pulses generated and characterized.
Comprehensive Workload Analysis and Modeling of a Petascale Supercomputer

The performance of supercomputer schedulers is greatly affected by the characteristics of the workload it serves. A good understanding of workload characteristics is always important to develop and evaluate different scheduling strategies for an HPC system. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of the workload characteristics of Kraken, the world’s fastest academic supercomputer and 11th on the latest Top500 list, with 112,896 compute cores and peak performance of 1.17 petaflops. In this study, we use twelve-month workload traces gathered on the system, which include around 700 thousand jobs submitted by more than one thousand users from 25 research areas. We investigate three categories of the workload characteristics: 1) general characteristics, including distribution of jobs over research fields and different queues, distribution of job size for an individual user, job cancellation rate, job termination rate, and walltime request accuracy; 2) temporal characteristics, including monthly machine utilization, job temporal distributions for different time periods, job inter-arrival time between temporally adjacent jobs and jobs submitted by the same user; 3) execution characteristics, including distributions of each job attribute, such as job queuing time, job actual runtime, job size, and memory usage, and the correlations between these job attributes. This work provides a realistic basis for scheduler design and comparison by studying the supercomputer’s workload with new approaches such as using Gaussian mixture model, and new viewpoints such as from the perspective of user community. To the best of our knowledge, it’s the first research to systematically investigate the workload characteristics of a petascale supercomputer that is dedicated to open scientific research.
Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on postmenopausal women

Abstract Five postmenopausal women were stimulated with a total dose of 50,000 I.U. of human chorionic gonadotropin in the preoperative period. Stimulation of steroidogenesis was assayed by the vaginal cytology and urinary steroid assays, as well as the histochemistry of the operatively removed ovaries. The ovaries of 4 patients who were in the late menopause showed histologic evidence of stimulation. Enzymic histochemistry indicated active steroidogenesis in both stromal and the hilus cells. The vaginal maturation index (M.I.) and urinary hormonal assays indicated an increased estrogen production. The ovaries of one patient in the early postmenopause showed a corpus luteum-like structure. Enzymic histochemistry was comparable to the findings in a normal corpus luteum. The urinary pregnanediol excretion confirmed the production of progesterone.
Short Lives: Univoltine Species

Many desert invertebrates have annual generations. Prominently represented are isopods, solifugids, and many spiders. A large number of orthopteroid insect species come under this category, too, as do many hemipterans, neuropterans, and beetles. As for Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera in deserts, the univoltine-multivoltine distinction is unclear for many and needs further study. Part of the problem of establishing well defined life-history categories is first how to define what a desert species is. For example, the sphinx moth Hyles lineata is found throughout the southwestern deserts of North America; unfortunately for definitions, this species also has a cosmopolitan distribution.
Determinants of Youth Suicide: A Friendly Comment with Suggestions

This study empirically examines determinants of youth (age 15-24) suicide over the 1960-1998 period. It finds that the rate of youth suicide was positively influenced by the divorce rate, the violent crime rate, and the Vietnam War, and negatively influenced by the percent of the total population composed of those age 15-24. The first three variables have been ignored in the research and the latter is at odds with the "conventional wisdom.".
Electrophoresis and Isoelectric Focusing in Food Analysis

Electrophoresis is based on the differential migration of charged components in an electric field. Until recently, gel electrophoresis and particularly sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) were the main electrophoretic techniques used in food analysis. Recently, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has become widely adopted for the monitoring of many food components. Such rapid development is due to several factors, but especially to speed and versatility. Most often separation can be performed in a few minutes with minimal sample preparation. A new method can be started by filling the capillary with the proper buffer, and new modular instruments can be rapidly fitted with the appropriate detector. Various CE procedures have been developed since the introduction of this technique. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), the basic CE method, consists of a capillary tubing of fused silica with a diameter of 50–150 µm. The tube is filled with a buffer and subjected to an electric field, and under these conditions the positive charged species migrate toward the cathode at a rate determined by their mass-to-charge ratios. However, a net movement of the buffer toward the cathode, electroosmotic flow (EOF), is generated within the tube by the ionized capillary wall silanol groups. As a result, all the molecules present in the buffer proceed toward the cathode, the neutral molecules migrate as a single group, and each negative species moves toward the cathode at a rate determined by the difference between the EOF and its anodic attraction. The other main CE techniques are micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), where an anionic surfactant is added to the buffer to form negatively charged micelles, isotachophoresis (ITP), in which the sample is sandwiched between electrolytes of high and low mobility and the analytes migrate in order of decreasing mobility, and isoelectric focusing (IEF), which is one of the main techniques used in protein gel electrophoresis: amphoteric electrolytes are allowed to migrate in a capillary where they form a pH gradient. In such a gradient, proteins move until they reach their isoelectric point (pI). Many detection techniques have been applied to CE, including direct and indirect ultraviolet (UV) absorption, fluorescence, electrochemical detection and even mass spectrometry (MS). Most food components can be examined with these techniques, particularly proteins, ions, organic acids, sugars and various plant chemicals.
Networks of the Brain

Over the last decade, the study of complex networks has expanded across diverse scientific fields. Increasingly, science is concerned with the structure, behavior, and evolution of complex systems ranging from cells to ecosystems. Modern network approaches are beginning to reveal fundamental principles of brain architecture and function, and in Networks of the Brain, Olaf Sporns describes how the integrative nature of brain function can be illuminated from a complex network perspective. Highlighting the many emerging points of contact between neuroscience and network science, the book serves to introduce network theory to neuroscientists and neuroscience to those working on theoretical network models. Brain networks span the microscale of individual cells and synapses and the macroscale of cognitive systems and embodied cognition. Sporns emphasizes how networks connect levels of organization in the brain and how they link structure to function. In order to keep the book accessible and focused on the relevance to neuroscience of network approaches, he offers an informal and nonmathematical treatment of the subject. After describing the basic concepts of network theory and the fundamentals of brain connectivity, Sporns discusses how network approaches can reveal principles of brain architecture. He describes new links between network anatomy and function and investigates how networks shape complex brain dynamics and enable adaptive neural computation. The book documents the rapid pace of discovery and innovation while tracing the historical roots of the field. The study of brain connectivity has already opened new avenues of study in neuroscience. Networks of the Brain offers a synthesis of the sciences of complex networks and the brain that will be an essential foundation for future research.
A Stock-Flow Analysis of the Welfare Caseload.

This paper reconsiders the methods used in previous studies to assess the welfare caseload movements during the 1990s. We develop a model in which the welfare caseload is the net outcome of past flows onto and off of the caseload and show that such a stock-flow model can explain some of the anomalous findings in previous studies. We then estimate the stock-flow model using California administrative data. We find that approximately 50 percent of the caseload decline in California can be attributed to the declining unemployment rate. These estimates are more robust and larger than those obtained when applying more typical methods to the same California data.
Risk factors for post-operative wound infection in the setting of chorioamnionitis and cesarean delivery.

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with an increased risk of post-operative wound infection in women with chorioamnionitis who undergo cesarean delivery.Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of women with clinical chorioamnionitis who underwent cesarean delivery at a tertiary-care center between June 2010 and May 2013. Demographic data, labor and delivery details and post-operative outcomes were collected. Women with and without post-operative wound infections were compared.Results: Of 213 women with clinical chorioamnionitis who underwent cesarean delivery, 32 (15%) developed wound infections. Women with wound infection were more likely to have a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 40 (p = 0.04), chronic hypertension (p = 0.03), leukocytosis on presentation (p = 0.046) or use tobacco (p = 0.002). Women who received ertapenem postpartum were less likely to develop wound infection than those who did not receive antibiotics (p = 0.02) or...
Effect of stimulus variables on dysphasic verbal errors.

Reanalysis of oral responses from 32 dysphasics to word stimuli counterbalanced according to abstraction level, part of speech, length, and frequency of occurrence, and presented through the visual, auditory and visual-auditory modalities, indicated that: through the visual modality, high and medium abstract words produced significantly more verbal errors than low; through the visual-auditory modality, medium abstract words produced significantly more verbal errors than low, while through the auditory modality no significant differences were found. Regardless of modality, verbs and adjectives produced significantly more verbal errors than nouns, while no significant difference was found between verbs and adjectives; regardless of modality, long words produced significantly more verbal errors than short; regardless of modality, infrequent words produced significantly more verbal errors than frequent words. Regardless of abstraction level, part of speech, word length, and frequency of occurrence, the visual...
AN EFFICIENT FULLY SYMBOLIC BISIMULATION ALGORITHM FOR NON-DETERMINISTIC SYSTEMS

The definition of bisimulation suggests a partition-refinement step, which we show to be suitable for a saturation-based implementation. We compare our fully symbolic saturation-based implementation with the fastest extant bisimulation algorithms over a set of benchmarks, and conclude that it appears to be the fastest algorithm capable of computing the largest bisimulation over very large quotient spaces.
Replacing carbon lost from forests: an assessment of insurance, reserves, and expiring credits

Abstract Concern over the “non-permanence” or reversibility of carbon sequestration projects has been prominent in discussions over how to develop guidelines for forest project investments under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol. Accordingly, a number of approaches have been proposed that aim to help ensure that parties do not receive credit for carbon that is lost before project obligations are fulfilled. These approaches include forest carbon insurance, land reserves, and issuance of expiring credits. The potential costs of each of these different approaches are evaluated using a range of assumptions about project length, risk and discount rate, and a comparison of costs is ventured based on the estimated reduction in value of these credits compared with uninsured, and permanent credits. Obstacles to participation in the different approaches are discussed related to problems of long-term commitments, project scale, rising replacement costs, and low credit value. It is co...
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Bovine β-Mannosidase

Deficiency of lysosomal β-mannosidase activity results in a severe neurodegenerative disease in goats and cattle and a relatively milder phenotype in humans. A cDNA coding for the entire β-mannosidase protein is described. Mixed oligonucleotides derived from bovine β-mannosidase peptide sequences were used to screen a bovine thyroid cDNA library. Clones covering about 80% of the C-terminal region were recovered. The missing 5′-region was obtained using the technique of 5′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The composite cDNA contains 3852 nucleotides, encoding 879 amino acids. The N-terminal methionine is followed by 16 amino acids displaying the characteristics of a typical signal peptide sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence is colinear with all peptide sequences determined by protein microsequencing. Northern blot analysis demonstrates a single 4.2-kilobase transcript in various tissues from both normal and affected goats and calves. The mRNA level is decreased in tissues of affected β-mannosidosis animals. The gene encoding β-mannosidase is localized to human chromosome 4 as shown by Southern analysis of rodent/human somatic cell hybrids. This is the first report of cloning of lysosomal β-mannosidase.
Picture–word interference reveals inhibitory effects of syllable frequency on lexical selection

While previous research has shown that high syllable frequency can facilitate speech production at the level of phonological/phonetic encoding, little is known about its influence on prephonological processes, specifically lexical selection. The current study used a picture–word interference (PWI) task to (a) shed light on the stages of lexical access where syllable frequency is relevant, and (b) inform as to whether lexical selection is accomplished via competition among activated word options. Participants named pictures whose names had high-frequency (HF) and low-frequency (LF) first syllables while ignoring phonologically related (same first syllable) or unrelated distractor words that were presented simultaneously. Word frequency was also manipulated, as half of the targets were HF words, and half were LF words. Results revealed inhibitory syllable frequency effects in all conditions, such that targets with HF first syllables were named more slowly than targets with LF first syllables. However, inhib...
Surface femtochemistry of 02 and CO on Pt(111)

Abstract Desorption of OZ and formation of CO2 were induced with subpicosecond laser pulses on a Pt(111) surface dosed with coadsorbed OZ and CO. We report the fluence dependent yields obtained over a range of laser wavelengths from 267 to 800 nm, and pulse durations from 80 fs to 3.6 ps. The nonlinear dependence of the yield on fluence is different at different wavelengths. Two-pulse correlation measurements show two different time-scales relevant to the desorption. The results show that nonthermalized electrons play a role in the surface chemistry, and that an equilibrated pre-heating of the surface modes leads to enhanced desorption.
Competition and dealership agglomeration in new car markets

The theoretical literature addressing firm agglomeration is rich and varied. Yet few empirical studies have been published. This article investigates the impact of competition on dealership agglomeration in new car markets in the United States. The driving distance between Dodge and Ford dealerships is used as a proxy for the extent of market agglomeration. The number of new car dealers, used car dealers and automotive service facilities are included to measure the extent of competition in the market. Both the land area and the population of the county are used as measures of market size. The geographical dimension for the market is taken to be the county, with counties included in multi-county Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) excluded from the study. The empirical results provide no support for the expectation that competition drives agglomeration.
Anatomic insights for catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia

Safe maneuvering of catheters in and around the ventricles, and ablations for ventricular tachycardia, require knowledge of the anatomy of the cardiac and extracardiac structures. This review emphasises the three-dimensional spatial relationships between the right and left ventricles and highlights the important extracardiac structures in the vicinity of the ventricles. The spatial relationships between the right and left ventricles are intricate owing to the curvature of the ventricular septum. The crossover relationship between the right and left ventricular outflow tracts and different planes and angulations between the aortic and the pulmonary valves is particularly relevant to intervening in the ventricular outlets. Importantly, the central location of the aortic valve in the heart puts it in the vicinity of all four cardiac chambers, both for access and for reducing risk of damage to vital structures such as the atrioventricular conduction bundle. The locations of the cardiac chambers are not as simple as implied by the commonly used terms 'right heart' and 'left heart'.
Evanescent field scanning optical microscopy

The authors propose an alternative method for high resolution optical microscopy - Evanescent Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (EFSOM) which eliminates implementation of the scanning tip compare to classical NSOM technique. The approach involves scanning a sample in the evanescent-field of a prism generated using total internal reflection (TIR) and recording the reflected power as a function of position. The reflection pattern of the wave is collected and processed, using comparative differentiation. The extracted information is processed further to eliminate any distortions. The system is not limited by diffraction and resolution primarily depends on the characteristics of the photo-detector and scanning velocity. Implementation of thin silver layer and coupling of incident radiation into Surface Plasmons Polaritons (SPP) improves system sensitivity and reduces photo detector dynamic range requirements.
Production of stable bispecific IgG1 by controlled Fab-arm exchange: Scalability from bench to large-scale manufacturing by application of standard approaches

The manufacturing of bispecific antibodies can be challenging for a variety of reasons. For example, protein expression problems, stability issues, or the use of non-standard approaches for manufacturing can result in poor yield or poor facility fit. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of standard antibody platforms for large-scale manufacturing of bispecific IgG1 by controlled Fab-arm exchange. Two parental antibodies that each contain a single matched point mutation in the CH3 region were separately expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells and manufactured at 1000 L scale using a platform fed-batch and purification process that was designed for standard antibody production. The bispecific antibody was generated by mixing the two parental molecules under controlled reducing conditions, resulting in efficient Fab-arm exchange of >95% at kg scale. The reductant was removed via diafiltration, resulting in spontaneous reoxidation of interchain disulfide bonds. Aside from the bispecific nature of the molecule, extensive characterization demonstrated that the IgG1 structural integrity was maintained, including function and stability. These results demonstrate the suitability of this bispecific IgG1 format for commercial-scale manufacturing using standard antibody manufacturing techniques.