cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Heritability of Schizophrenia and Endophenotypes in the COGS-1 Family Study

Author(s): Light, Gregory; Greenwood, Tiffany A; Swerdlow, Neal R; Calkins, Monica E; Freedman, Robert; Green, Michael F; Gur, Raquel E; Gur, Ruben C; Lazzeroni, Laura C; Nuechterlein, Keith H; Olincy, Ann; Radant, Allen D; Seidman, Larry J; Siever, Larry J; Silverman, Jeremy M; Sprock, Joyce; Stone, William S; Sugar, Catherine A; Tsuang, Debby W; Tsuang, Ming T; Turetsky, Bruce I; Braff, David L | Abstract: BackgroundTwin and multiplex family studies have established significant heritability for schizophrenia (SZ), often summarized as 81%. The Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS-1) family study was designed to deconstruct the genetic architecture of SZ using neurocognitive and neurophysiological endophenotypes, for which heritability estimates ranged from 18% to 50% (mean = 30%). This study assessed the heritability of SZ in these families to determine whether there is a "heritability gap" between the diagnosis and related endophenotypes.MethodsNuclear families (N = 296) with a SZ proband, an unaffected sibling, and both parents (n = 1366 subjects; mean family size = 4.6) underwent comprehensive endophenotype and clinical characterization. The Family Interview for Genetic Studies was administered to all participants and used to obtain convergent psychiatric symptom information for additional first-degree relatives of interviewed subjects (N = 3304 subjects; mean family size = 11.2). Heritability estimates of psychotic disorders were computed for both nuclear and extended families.ResultsThe heritability of SZ was 31% and 44% for nuclear and extended families. The inclusion of bipolar disorder increased the heritability to 37% for the nuclear families. When major depression was added, heritability estimates dropped to 34% and 20% for nuclear and extended families, respectively.ConclusionsEndophenotypes and psychotic disorders exhibit comparable levels of heritability in the COGS-1 family sample. The ascertainment of families with discordant sibpairs to increase endophenotypic contrast may underestimate diagnostic heritability relative to other studies. However, population-based studies also report significantly lower heritability estimates for SZ. Collectively, these findings support the importance of endophenotype-based strategies and the dimensional view of psychosis.
Zinc Fingers in the Pizza Pie Aorta

See related article, pages 690–693 The multifactorial etiology of atherosclerosis includes inflammatory and immune processes that involve numerous cell types, including monocytic and lymphocytic leukocytes, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts. It is likely that each of these cell types, as a contributor to the atherosclerotic process, possesses a gene expression profile unique to its role in disease pathogenesis, although perhaps also dependent on the disease stage, as well as on genetic and environmental factors. Modulation of gene expression patterns by various transcription factors will therefore dictate how a particular cell type contributes to the atherosclerotic process. Kruppel-like factors (KLFs) are a subclass of zinc finger transcription factors originally implicated in cell growth and differentiation. KLF2 and KLF4 in particular regulate the expression of certain genes relevant to atherosclerosis in a shear-dependent manner in endothelial cells and monocytes.1 It is therefore important to understand the mechanisms and consequences of KLF activation in these cell types in vitro and in vivo. Such studies have the potential to uncover previously unknown transcriptional links between shear-dependent monocytic and endothelial processes that may underlie the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The study by Atkins et al2 in the issue of Circulation Research addresses this issue directly using mice with a hemizygous deficiency of KLF2 (KLF2+/−) and on the ApoE−/− background to examine the role of KLF2 in atherosclerosis. Aortic lesion extent was increased 30% to 35% in KLF2+/− mice compared to control littermates. The increase in atherosclerosis in the KLF2+/− mice was associated with no alterations in aortic expression of the antiinflammatory genes endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and thrombomodulin, or the proinflammatory …
AN INTEGRAL EQUATION FOR THE FLOATING BODY PROBLEM

Abstract : The time harmonic three dimensional finite depth floating body problem is reformulated as a boundary integral equation. Using the elementary fundamental solution that satisfies the boundary condition on the sea bottom but not the linearized free surface condition, the integral equation extends over both the ship hull and the free surface. It is shown that this integral equation is free of irregular frequencies, that is, it has at most one solution.
U.S. Children's Diets and Restaurant Foods: The Importance of Portion Sizes

prevalence of pediatric overweight and obesity. The Childhood Obesity Task Force Report requests restaurants to re-evaluate portion sizes, improve menu choices, and make healthy options the default choice. As part of a larger effort to i l d t i t fil f t t f d i th . . Mean serving size (Fig.1a); range (Fig 2a.) Restaurant A: 198 ± 8g (n=12); range 177 247g. Restaurant B: 225 ± 8g (n=12); range 200 250g. Restaurant C: 298 ± 17g (n=10); range 227 395g. Restaurant D: 184 ± 4g (n=12); range 160 211g. Portion size differences caused large variations in nutrient levels A B B A
Bryostatin Improves Survival and Reduces Ischemic Brain Injury in Aged Rats After Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose—Bryostatin, a potent protein kinase C (PKC) activator, has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in preclinical models of associative memory, Alzheimer disease, global ischemia, and traumatic brain injury. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that administration of bryostatin provides a therapeutic benefit in reducing brain injury and improving stroke outcome using a clinically relevant model of cerebral ischemia with tissue plasminogen activator reperfusion in aged rats. Methods—Acute cerebral ischemia was produced by reversible occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery (MCAO) in 18to 20-month-old female Sprague–Dawley rats using an autologous blood clot with tissue plasminogen activator–mediated reperfusion. Bryostatin was administered at 6 hours post-MCAO, then at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 days after MCAO. Functional assessment was conducted at 2, 7, 14, and 21 days after MCAO. Lesion volume and hemispheric swelling/ atrophy were performed at 2, 7, and 21 days post-MCAO. Histological assessment of PKC isozymes was performed at 24 hours post-MCAO. Results—Bryostatin-treated rats showed improved survival post-MCAO, especially during the first 4 days. Repeated administration of bryostatin post-MCAO resulted in reduced infarct volume, hemispheric swelling/atrophy, and improved neurological function at 21 days post-MCAO. Changes in αPKC expression and ePKC expression in neurons were noted in bryostatin-treated rats at 24 hours post-MCAO. Conclusions—Repeated bryostatin administration post-MCAO protected the brain from severe neurological injury post-MCAO. Bryostatin treatment improved survival rate, reduced lesion volume, salvaged tissue in infarcted hemisphere by reducing necrosis and peri-infarct astrogliosis, and improved functional outcome after MCAO. (Stroke. 2013;44:3490-3497.)
Analyzing the relation between heart rate, problem behavior, and environmental events using data mining system LERS

The relation between physiological events, environmental factors and the occurrence of problem behavior in natural settings was analyzed using the data mining system LERS (Learning from Examples based on Rough Sets). Heart-rate data were linked to environmental and behavioral data coded from videotapes of one adult subject diagnosed with severe mental retardation and who engaged in problem behavior. The results of the analysis suggest that using data mining system LERS will be a valuable strategy for exploring large data sets that include heart rate, environmental and behavioral measures.
Planar field-effect coupled quantum wires

Summary form only given. Two planar quantum wires whose coupling can be controlled through the field-effect action of a gate were fabricated. Their split-gate coupled wire scheme provides a new architecture for studying electron interaction in low-dimensionality systems. This work might lead to the conception of electron devices with enhanced functionality. >
Sharing Logic for Built-In Generationof Functional Broadside Tests

When built-in test generation is used for a design that can be partitioned into logic blocks, it is advantageous to identify groups of blocks whose tests have similar characteristics, and use the same built-in test generation logic for the blocks in each group. This paper studies this issue for a built-in test generation method that produces functional broadside tests. Functional broadside tests are important for addressing overtesting of delay faults as well as avoiding excessive power dissipation during test application. The paper discusses the design of the test generation logic for a group of logic blocks, and the selection of the groups.
Relational experiences of complex trauma survivors in treatment: Preliminary findings from a naturalistic study.

The psychological life of survivors of complex trauma can be marked with feelings of shame, self-blame, and powerlessness, which contribute to challenges in self-care and positive relating with others. This preliminary study aimed to increase understanding of how survivors of complex trauma engaged in treatment experience relationships with significant people in their lives. We were particularly interested in the following relational areas: Safety and power in relationships, observations about changes in the nature and quality of relationships over time, and feelings about oneself in relational contexts. We used grounded theory methodology to analyze interview data with 21 participants (18 female and 3 male), most of whom were diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder. The participants reported histories of child sexual and physical abuse, adult sexual assault, domestic violence, and neglect, and were actively engaged in individual psychotherapy. A subset of participants was additionally involved with group therapy. Three sets of themes emerged from the interview data centering on (1) Issues of safety, (2) Forming new ways of relating, and (3) Changing sense of self. We discuss the implications of these themes for understanding relational experiences in the recovery process.
Conformation of inhibitor-free HIV-1 protease derived from NMR spectroscopy in a weakly oriented solution

Flexibility of the glycine-rich flaps is known to be essential for catalytic activity of the HIV-1 protease, but their exact conformations at the different stages of the enzymatic pathway remain subject to much debate. While hundreds of crystal structures of protease-inhibitor complexes have been solved, only about a dozen inhibitor-free protease structures have been reported. These apo-structures reveal a large diversity of flap conformations, ranging from closed, to semi-open and wide-open. To evaluate the average structure in solution, we measured residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) and compared these to values calculated for crystal structures representative of the closed, semi-open and wide-open states. The RDC data clearly indicate that the inhibitor-free protease, on average, adopts a closed conformation in solution that is very similar to the inhibitor-bound state. By contrast, a highly drug-resistant protease mutant, PR20, adopts the wide-open flap conformation.
Robust subthreshold level conversion

We describe a robust level converter that is capable of converting up to 1.2V from a subthreshold input voltage of 60mV. Measurement results are given for test circuits fabricated in a 90nm FDSOI subthreshold optimized process.
Completely discontinuous organic/ inorganic hybrid nanocomposites by self-curing of nanobuilding blocks constructed from reactions of [HMe2SiOSiO1.5]8 with vinylcyclohexene

The reaction of 4-vinyl-1-cylcohexene with [HMe2SiOSiO1.5]8 provides tetra- and octa-2-cyclohexenylethyloctasilsesquioxanes. The tetrabifunctional [cyclohexenylethylMe2SiOSiO1.5]4-[HMe2SiOSiO1.5]4 (average degree of functionalization) melts near 80 °C and can be cast and then cured (by thermal hydrosilylation) into transparent nanocomposite shapes. These materials, while not nanoporous, offer dielectric constants of 2.8–2.9 at 100 kHz to 3 MHz, and are air stable to temperatures ≥ 400 °C. The resulting materials appear (by X-ray diffraction) to be partially ordered after curing. The octafunctional material also melts at low temperatures (ca 120 °C) and can be copolymerized with hydridosiloxanes to give similar materials with lower thermal stability. The synthesis and characterization of the starting materials is described, as well as thermal curing studies and properties characterization of the resultant nanocomposites. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Pathways and mechanisms of Late Ordovician (Katian) faunal migrations of Laurentia and Baltica

Late Ordovician strata within the Cincinnati Basin record a mass faunal migration event during the C4 and C5 depositional sequences. The geographic source region for the invaders and the paleoceanographic conditions that facilitated dispersal into the Cincinnati Basin has previously been poorly understood. Using Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity, biogeographic relationships among Laurentian and Baltic basins were analyzed for each of the C1-C5 depositional sequences to identify dispersal paths. The results support multiple dispersal pathways, including three separate dispersal events between Baltica and Laurentia. Within Laurentia, results support dispersal pathways between areas north of the Transcontinental Arch into the western Midcontinent, between the Upper Mississippi Valley into the Cincinnati Basin, and between the peri-cratonic Scoto-Appalachian Basin and the Cincinnati Basin. These results support the hypothesis that invasive taxa entered the Cincinnati Basin via multiple dispersal pathways and that the equatorial Iapetus current facilitated dispersal of organisms from Baltica to Laurentia. Within Laurentia, surface currents and large storms moving from northeast to southwest likely influenced the dispersal of organisms. Larval states were characterized for the Richmondian invaders, and most invaders were found to have had planktotrophic planktic larvae. These self-feeding larvae have high dispersal potential, which - in conjunction with oceanographic and climatic conditions - enabled long-distance dispersal and interbasinal species migrations.
Assessment of two nondestructive assays for detecting glyphosate resistance in horseweed (Conyza canadensis)

Abstract Two rapid, nondestructive assays were developed and tested for their potential in differentiating glyphosate-resistant from glyphosate-susceptible biotypes of horseweed. In one assay, leaves of glyphosate-resistant and -susceptible corn, cotton, and soybean plants as well as glyphosate-resistant and -susceptible horseweed plants were dipped in solutions of 0, 300, 600, and 1200 mg ae L−1 glyphosate for 3 d and subsequent injury was evaluated. In the second assay, plant sensitivity to glyphosate was evaluated in vivo by incubating excised leaf disc tissue from the same plants used in the first assay in 0.7, 1.3, 2.6, 5.3, 10.6, 21.1, 42.3, and 84.5 mg ae L−1 glyphosate solutions for 16 h and measuring shikimate levels with a spectrophotometer. The leaf-dip assay differentiated between glyphosate-resistant and -susceptible crops and horseweed biotypes. The 600 mg L−1 rate of glyphosate was more consistent in differentiating resistant and susceptible plants compared with the 300 and 1,200 mg L−1 rat...
The 'Major Purpose' Test: Distinguishing Between Election-Focused and Issue-Focused Groups

This essay addresses a constitutional question unresolved by McConnell v. FEC, a question crucial to the current controversy over the regulation of non-party interest groups. The question is whether it is permissible to limit the contributions that non-party groups receive from individual donors to a specified amount - for example, $5000 per donor per year - when any electioneering activities undertaken by the group are conducted independently from the activities of political parties and their candidates. Drawing on the foundational precedent of Buckley v. Valeo, this essay argues that the answer to this constitutional question should turn on whether the non-party group is either election-focused or issue-focused in the predominant portion of its activities.
3D flame topography and curvature measurements at 5 kHz on a premixed turbulent Bunsen flame

Abstract This work reports the measurements of three-dimensional (3D) flame topography and curvature of a premixed turbulent Bunsen flame at a rate of 5 kHz, using a technique combining chemiluminescence and tomography. Line-of-sight images of chemiluminescence (termed projections) of the target flame were recorded by six cameras from different orientations simultaneously at 5 kHz. Based on these projections, a tomography algorithm reconstructed the 3D flame structure, based on which 3D curvature was then calculated. Due to the 3D nature of the data, statistics of flame properties can then be extracted both in temporal and spatial domains. Probability density function (PDF) of flame topography was extracted from a series of 3D measurements, and the PDFs of the flame at different spatial locations were examined. Furthermore, the instantaneously measured 3D flame topography also enabled the calculation of 3D flame curvature (or 2D curvature along an arbitrary orientation). The PDFs of curvature in 2D and 3D were then extracted and compared. These results provide quantification of the flame surface shape in 3D (cylindrical, elliptic, or hyperbolic), illustrating the utility of 3D diagnostics to fully resolve the dynamics of turbulent flames.
Insider Trading and Finance Law after O'Hagan: A Discussion from the Perspectives of Law, Economics & Ethics

This paper examines insider trading in light of the recent Supreme Court case of United States v. O'Hagan. The authors conclude that the Supreme Court left many questions unanswered and even raised some new questions. Unless Congress defines insider trading and clarifies what constitutes illegal activity in this area, litigation will continue to define and clarify the law. In the meantime, financial markets will continue to operate at suboptimal efficiency and finance law in this area will remain unsettled.
Performance of an adjustable, threaded inertance tube

The performance of the Stirling type pulse tube cryocooler depends strongly on the design of the inertance tube. The phase angle produced by the inertance tube is very sensitive to its diameter and length. Recent developments are reported here regarding an adjustable inertance device that can be adjusted in real time. The inertance passage is formed by the root of a concentric cylindrical threaded device. The depth of the threads installed on the outer screw varies. In this device, the outer screw can be rotated four and half turns. At the zero turn position the length of the passage is 1.74 m and the hydraulic diameter is 7 mm. By rotating the outer screw, the inner threaded rod engages with additional, larger depth threads. Therefore, at its upper limit of rotation, the inertance passage includes both the original 1.74 m length with 7mm hydraulic diameter plus an additional 1.86 m length with a 10 mm hydraulic diameter. A phase shift change of 24° has been experimentally measured by changing the position of outer screw while operating the device at a frequency of 60 Hz. This phase angle shift is less than the theoretically predicted value due to the presence of a relatively large leak through the thread clearance. Therefore, the distributed component model of the inertance tube was modified to account for the leak path causing the data to agree with the model. Further, the application of vacuum grease to the threads causes the performance of the device to improve substantially.
The Column Density Variance-{\cal M}_s Relationship

Although there is a wealth of column density tracers for both the molecular and diffuse interstellar medium, there are few observational studies investigating the relationship between the density variance ({sigma}{sup 2}) and the sonic Mach number (M{sub s}). This is in part due to the fact that the {sigma}{sup 2}-M{sub s} relationship is derived, via MHD simulations, for the three-dimensional (3D) density variance only, which is not a direct observable. We investigate the utility of a 2D column density {sigma}{sub {Sigma}/{Sigma}0}{sup 2}-M{sub s} relationship using solenoidally driven isothermal MHD simulations and find that the best fit follows closely the form of the 3D density {sigma}{sub {rho}/{rho}0}{sup 2}-M{sub s} trend but includes a scaling parameter A such that {sigma}{sub ln({Sigma}/{Sigma}o)} = A x ln(1+b{sup 2} M{sub s}{sup 2}), where A = 0.11 and b = 1/3. This relation is consistent with the observational data reported for the Taurus and IC 5146 molecular clouds with b = 0.5 and A = 0.16, and b = 0.5 and A = 0.12, respectively. These results open up the possibility of using the 2D column density values of {sigma}{sup 2} for investigations of the relation between the sonic Mach number and the probability distribution functionmore » (PDF) variance in addition to existing PDF sonic Mach number relations.« less
Trends and Challenges in High Speed Microprocessor Design

Entropy is a worthy adversary! High performance logic design in next-generation CMOS lithography must address an increasing array of challenges in order to deliver superior performance, power consumption, reliability and cost. Technology scaling is reaching fundamental quantum-mechanical boundaries! This paper reviews example mechanisms which threaten deep submicron VLSI circuit design, such as tunneling, radiation-induced logic corruption, and on-chip delay variability. Architectures, circuit topologies, and device technologies under development are explored which extend “evolutionary” concepts and introduce “revolutionary” paradigms. It will be these revolutionary technologies which will bring our industry to the threshold of human compute capability.
FEM Simulation Assisted Stress Engineering for Polarization Control in SOI Waveguide Components

We review the use of cladding stress to control the polarization properties in SOI waveguide components. Simulation and experimental results on polarization-independent AWGs and ring resonators, as well as polarization splitter and filters are presented.
In-Situ Electron Microscopy Studies of The Behavior of Metal Particles on Ceramic Substrates

This paper is devoted to a discussion of how the information derived from the application of in-situ transmission electron microscopy can be used to gain a unique insight into the manner by which various factors dictate the morphological characteristics of metal particles on a variety of ceramic substrates. In this context, we have used the technique to examine the influence of the strength of the metal-support interaction on the mode of sintering of small particles, and how the chemical nature of the gas environment can induce significant changes in the shapes of the metal particles in a given system. Attention is also focussed on the wetting behavior of metal particles dispersed on graphite when reacted in oxygen and how this aspect impacts on their subsequent mode of catalytic attack.
Nutritional therapy leads to complete recovery of left ventricular dysfunction in anorexia nervosa: A case report

This case highlights the cardiac complications associated with anorexia nervosa and how early recognition and treatment significantly affects overall prognosis. A few cases have been reported in literature where cardiomyopathy associated with anorexia nervosa was reported but this is the first case where adequate medical management and metabolic support lead to complete recovery A young female presented to our hospital with lethargy and dehydration with EKG changes notable for T wave inversions in precordial and inferior leads. Echocardiogram showed severely reduced left ventricular (LV) function. Patient was diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and started on high calorie diet as per metabolic recommendations, ace inhibitor, beta-blockers and statin. 10 month follow up showed a significant improvement in heart function showing the reversible nature of anorexia nervosa induced cardiac dysfunction Cardiac abnormalities, specifically cardiomyopathy are known in patients with Anorexia nervosa and have been attributed to the deficiency of multitude of minerals, vitamins and electrolytes. It is important to recognize that patients with anorexia can develop cardiac dysfunction and early nutrition along with medical optimization can lead to complete reversal of cardiac dysfunction. Multi-disciplinary team approach involving cardiologist, metabolic support, internist, and psychiatrist is required for appropriate care of these patients.
Probability of distribution network pole failures under extreme weather conditions

Distribution poles support the overhead distribution equipment such as overhead line conductors, pole mounted transformers, pole mounted capacitors, switches, etc. Falling trees, wind, flying debris and fault current forces due to extreme weather cause electrical faults and can knock down distribution poles resulting in power outages, system damage and millions of dollars in replacement costs. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate a model for assessing the probability of failures of distribution poles versus weather parameters. The failure of a pole can be determined from two factors: (1) The stress on the pole and (2) the withstand capability (strength) of the pole. The stress depends on a very large set of parameters and it is a complex computational task. The challenge is to develop a model that will provide the stress on a pole as a function of all pertinent parameters that affect pole stress. The strength of the pole depends on the type of pole (material, size), installation type, and age/deterioration of pole. Through this model, the vulnerable areas and breakage points of the distribution network can be predicted by developing and quantifying an analytical model of the Distribution System. By doing so, the bottlenecks in Distribution Systems can be studied and reliability and resilience of the system can be analyzed. This analysis forms the foundation for developing Outage Prediction and Management Systems which is necessary for hardening the distribution network and increasing its resiliency during severe weather situations.
Reliability and energy-aware cache reconfiguration for embedded systems

Cache vulnerability due to soft errors is one of the reliability concerns in embedded systems. Dynamic reconfiguration techniques are widely studied for improving cache energy without considering the implications of cache vulnerability. Maintaining a useful data longer in the cache can be beneficial for energy improvement due to reduction in miss rates, however, longer data retention negatively impacts the vulnerability due to soft errors. This paper studies the trade-off between energy efficiency improvement and reduction in cache vulnerability during cache reconfiguration. We propose two heuristic approaches for reliability- and energy-aware dynamic cache reconfiguration. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed approaches can provide drastic reduction in cache vulnerability with minor impact on energy and performance.
Genes, environment and gene expression in colon tissue: a pathway approach to determining functionality

Genetic and environmental factors have been shown to work together to alter cancer risk. In this study we evaluate previously identified gene and lifestyle interactions in a candidate pathway that were associated with colon cancer risk to see if these interactions altered gene expression. We analyzed non-tumor RNA-seq data from 144 colon cancer patients who had genotype, recent cigarette smoking, diet, body mass index (BMI), and recent aspirin/non-steroidal anti-inflammatory use data. Using a false discovery rate of 0.1, we evaluated differential gene expression between high and low levels of lifestyle exposure and genotypes using DESeq2. Thirteen pathway genes and 17 SNPs within those genes were associated with altered expression of other genes in the pathway. BMI, NSAIDs use and dietary components of the oxidative balance score (OBS) also were associated with altered gene expression. SNPs previously identified as interacting with these lifestyle factors, altered expression of pathway genes. NSAIDs interacted with 10 genes (15 SNPs) within those genes to alter expression of 28 pathway genes; recent cigarette smoking interacted with seven genes (nine SNPs) to alter expression of 27 genes. BMI interacted with FLT1, KDR, SEPN1, TERT, TXNRD2, and VEGFA to alter expression of eight genes. Three genes (five SNPs) interacted with OBS to alter expression of 12 genes. These data provide support for previously identified lifestyle and gene interactions associated with colon cancer in that they altered expression of key pathway genes. The need to consider lifestyle factors in conjunction with genetic factors is illustrated.
Self-Regulation Abilities and Spanish-Speaking Preschoolers’ Vocabulary and Letter-Word Skills in Spanish and English

ABSTRACTResearch Findings: This study examined the heterogeneity in Spanish-speaking children's (N = 117; M age = 53 months; SD = 5 months; 57% boys) vocabulary and letter-word skills in English and Spanish after one year of preschool and the extent to which early self-regulation abilities (i.e., executive function and effortful control) were associated with that variability. Data were gathered via teacher and parent surveys and standardized assessments. Three distinct profiles of Spanish-speaking preschoolers were identified using cluster analysis. One group exhibited high levels of Spanish and English vocabulary and letter-word skills (a.k.a. high-balanced bilinguals). The other two groups exhibited predominantly Spanish or English vocabulary and letter-word skills (a.k.a. Spanish- or English-dominant). Multinomial logistic regression analyses (controlling for children's nonverbal cognitive ability) revealed that effortful control skills enhanced children's probability of being classified as high-balanc...
Forging and Feminism: Sons and Lovers and the Phallic Imagination

The seminal importance of the preoccupations and techniques of Sons and Lovers remains relatively unstated in recent years. Lawrence’s emphasis on a ‘priapic’ ethos of masculine assertion and independence is widely regarded as inappropriate to the fashionable androgyny of contemporary culture. Clearly, this early work is a hymn to the phallus, as the shape of Sons and Lovers — from plot to moralism to metaphor — reflects Lawrence’s purging effort, as artist and prophet, to dramatize his insistence on Paul’s required sunderings; such ‘separations’ by Paul are depicted as part of the necessary struggle for mature and healthy sexuality both in the male protagonist and — by that felt extension of the doctrine and autobiography integrated in this novel — in the novelist and in his readers. What is purged before the novel can be completed is no less than a young man’s accumulated experience of emotional and sexual confusion. The Lawrence-Paul character concludes his battle for identity not with any sentimental security about the future, but with the knowledge, finally, of an ordered and resolved past.
OBJECTIVE QUANTIFICATION OF THE CONTINUOUS-WAVE VENOUS DOPPLER EXAMINATION

Objective:To develop a quantitative, objective method to diagnose deep venous thrombosis (DVT) with the continuous-wave (CW) Doppler system.Design:Case control study.Setting:Vascular Laboratory of the Surgical Services, Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, La Jolla, California, USA.Patients, participants:Thirty-five control subjects and the limbs of 50 patients with suspected DVT were examined.Main outcome measures:Phlebography, CW Doppler ultrasound. CW Doppler output was recorded from the popliteal, superficial femoral and common femoral veins. The response to standardized calf compression was analysed.Results:The most useful information included the Doppler velocity increase, decay time and deceleration. Because the determination of decay time does not require calibration of the Doppler system, it is the preferred parameter.Conclusions:A decay time longer than 1.05 s is a very good discriminant between normal control and DVT limbs.
Biomarkers and Immunotherapeutic Targets in Glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive central nervous system cancer with poor prognosis despite maximal therapy. The recent advent of immunotherapy holds great promise for improving GBM survival and has already made great strides toward changing management strategies. A diverse set of biomarkers have been implicated as immunotherapeutic targets and prognostic indicators in other cancers. Some of the more extensively studied examples include cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, and TGF-β), checkpoint molecules (PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, LAG-3, CD137, GITR, OX40), and growth/angiogenesis proteins (endoglin and EGFR). Emerging theories involving the tumor mutational landscape and microbiome have also been explored in relation to cancer treatment. Although identification of novel biomarkers may improve and help direct treatment of patients with GBM, the next step is to explore the role of biomarkers in precision medicine and selection of specific immunotherapeutic drugs in an individualized manner.
Mechanisms of Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury

Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug, which is generally considered safe. However, an intentional or accidental overdose can cause severe liver injury and even acute liver failure. Studies in mice, a relevant model for the human pathophysiology, and in humans, have given significant insights into the mechanisms of APAP-induced cell death and liver injury. APAP hepatotoxicity is dependent on the formation of a reactive metabolite, the depletion of glutathione, protein adducts formation, particularly in mitochondria, mitochondrial oxidant stress, which can be amplified through activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, and nuclear DNA fragmentation. These processes can be interrupted at multiple levels either therapeutically, or through endogenous adaptation mechanisms such as autophagy. Once necrotic cell death occurs, release of damage-associated molecular patterns leads to a sterile inflammatory response with the main purpose of removing cellular debris in preparation for regeneration. Although controversial, this sterile inflammatory response has also the potential to cause additional injury. In this chapter, we will review established and more controversial mechanisms of APAP-induced cell death and liver injury as obtained from mouse models and from patients.
Making the Case for Skeletal Muscle Myopathy and Its Contribution to Exercise Intolerance in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction

See Article by Weiss et al Thirty-five years ago, Robert Luchi provided the first description of heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). HFpEF is now the most common form of HF in older adults, particularly women, and its prevalence is increasing and its prognosis is worsening. The primary symptom in chronic HFpEF, even when patients are well compensated and nonedematous, is severe exercise intolerance, characterized by exertional fatigue and dyspnea, associated with reduced quality of life.1 Thus, understanding the pathophysiology of exercise intolerance in HFpEF is critical for improving patient-centered outcomes. Exercise intolerance can be objectively and reproducibly measured as reduced peak exercise oxygen consumption (VO2) by expired gas analysis. Using this technique, we and others have shown that the reduction in peak VO2 in HFpEF is at least as severe as in age-matched people with HF with severely reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF; mean ejection fraction, 30%).1 By the Fick equation, reduced peak VO2 must be because of either reduced cardiac output (CO), reduced arteriovenous oxygen content difference (A-VO2Diff), or a combination of these factors.2 It has conventionally been assumed that reduced exercise CO is the sole driver of exercise intolerance in HFpEF. However, we showed that reduced exercise A-VO2Diff accounts for at least 50% of the reduction in peak VO2 and is a stronger independent predictor of peak VO2 than exercise CO,3 results confirmed by several others.4 Reduced A-VO2Diff during exercise can be caused by reduced convective and diffusive oxygen delivery to exercising skeletal muscle, impaired oxygen utilization by the exercising skeletal muscle, or a combination of these factors.2 Indeed, it is now known that, as has been previously established in HFrEF, there are multiple skeletal muscle abnormalities in HFpEF …
Deep Healing: Ease the BTI and EM Wearout Crisis by Activating Recovery

The down-scaling of CMOS technologies into the nano-regime and the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) era jointly conspire to elevate wearout effects to the status of major reliability threats. Bias temperature instability (BTI) and Electromigration (EM) are two of the dominant wearout mechanisms which affect transistors and on-chip interconnect, respectively. Both phenomena have been shown to exhibit partial recovery, but this property has been treated only as a side effect until now since passive recovery is slow and ineffective due to the permanent portion of wearout. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate that recovery for both wearout mechanisms can be further activated and accelerated, such that the permanent portion of wearout can be fully eliminated by using in-time scheduled recovery. We show that the explored recovery properties can be utilized effectively for reducing the wearout-induced design margins, this approach introducing a new design dimension by reducing the effects of wearout in a fundamental way. A novel circuit scheme and potential implementations at the system level that can assist both BTI and EM recovery are also detailed in the paper.
Reliability studies of a 10nm high-performance and low-power CMOS technology featuring 3rd generation FinFET and 5th generation HK/MG

Development of an industry leading 10nm CMOS process technology with the highest reported drive currents and cell densities involved numerous enabling innovations, judicious choice of design rules, novel features, and most importantly a relentless pursuit of performance-reliability co-optimization. This paper reports that Intel's 10nm technology achieved scaling benefit over its preceding 14nm generation at matched or better transistor reliability. An elaborate study of the challenges to scaling is presented, which once addressed, enabled meeting aggressive technology reliability targets.
On the non-innocence of the imidazolium cation in a rapid microwave synthesis of oleylamine-capped gold nanoparticles in an ionic liquid.

We report a very fast (10–30 s) microwave method to prepare oleylamine-capped, monodisperse ca. 8–11 nm gold nanoparticles in an ionic liquid. A pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquid proved an excellent medium for the task whereas, despite their popularity in nanosynthesis, imidazolium ionic liquids gave no colloidally-stable gold nanoparticles in an otherwise identical reaction.
Home Stories: Displacement, Domestic Labor, and Narrative in California, 1848-2007 (Dissertation)

“Home Stories” looks at how stories about domestic labor define land rights in the context of racialized displacement in California. California’s histories of displacement include genocidal violence against Native Californians, freeway building and urban renewal, and the early twenty-first century foreclosure crisis. Displacement often violates communal home spaces such as tribal lands and neighborhoods by pushing people into dispersed, interchangeable units assigned to nuclear families, thereby privatizing and intensifying domestic labor for the sake of profit. While literary scholars have done extensive work on how domestic ideologies reproduce settler-colonial, racialized space, domestic workers engage with these ideologies in very different ways. Domestic labor can be exploited in order to support settler-colonial and profitable spatial production; however, it can also rely on, return to, and reconfigure communal and countercultural spaces. The texts within each chapter share similar formal representations of domestic labor: as private support for manifesting borders in John Rollin Ridge’s The Adventures of Joaquin Murieta and Sui Sin Far’s Mrs. Spring Fragrance; as haphazard claims to white property in Helen Hunt Jackson’s "Ramona" and the work of Joan Didion; as gathering in the autobiographies of Lucy Young and Delfina Cuero; as a triple shift of housework, paid work, and activism in Anna Deavere Smith’s "Twilight: Los Angeles, 1992" and the 2006 film "Maquilapolis"; and as intimacy Hector Tobar’s "The Barbarian Nurseries" and Karen Tei Yamashita’s "I Hotel." The project shows how these forms of domestic labor respond to racialized histories of displacement, thereby expanding the scope of domestic fiction in nineteenth and twentieth century American literature. In doing this comparison and translating divergent experiences of displacement through the concept of domestic labor, I hope to map out what coalitional, everyday practices of homemaking might look like, rather than simply trace historical fights over land as an object to be owned as property. Such coalitional practices would negotiate between culturally-specific forms of domestic labor tied to one place — for example, tribal gathering practices, unpaid privatized housework, and community building — in order to reformulate property rights as equitable but different rights to presence, mobility, social reproduction, religious practice, and ecological management.
Freezing and calcium chloride marination effects on beef tenderness and calpastatin activity.

Because freezing samples decreases calpastatin activity and the application of exogenous calcium activates the calpain proteolytic system, thereby improving tenderness, the objective of this study was to determine whether freezing would enhance the effects of CaCl2 marination on the tenderness of beef steaks. Longissimus steaks were obtained from 10 beef steers 6 d postmortem. One-half of the steaks were frozen at -30 degrees C for 6 wk. The remaining steaks were treated fresh; one-half were subjected to a 150 mM CaCl2 marinade for 48 h. Frozen steaks were thawed and subjected to the same treatment. Treatments consisted of 1) fresh control, 2) fresh marinated, 3) frozen control, and 4) frozen marinated. Samples were taken before and after treatment (6 and 8 d) for calpastatin activity determination and d 8 for SDS-PAGE. Warner-Bratzler shear force values were measured 8 d postmortem. Data were analyzed using a paired comparison t-test procedure. Results showed that freezing and marination significantly decreased calpastatin activity. A .35-kg improvement (P = .07) in Warner-Bratzler shear force was observed with freezing, whereas a .78-kg improvement (P less than .01) in tenderness was observed with marination. However, prior freezing enhanced the effects of marination. Therefore, the decrease in calpastatin activity seemed to allow greater proteolysis by the calpains with the application of Ca2+. The SDS-PAGE of myofibril preparations indicated that more small polypeptide fragments (28 to 32 kDa) appeared and a 95-kDa fragment was more intense in the marinated samples than in control samples, indicating that proteolysis was enhanced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Pedagogy of Citizen Participation in Local government: Designing and implementing effective board training programs for municipalities and counties

Although there are some general resources for citizens who are appointed or elected to local government boards, there is a clear need to develop comprehensive and context-specific training material...
Reviving the Power of Storytelling: Post-3/11 Online ‘Amateur’ Manga

This chapter discusses online manga that responded to the Japan’s triple disaster—the massive earthquake on March 11, 2011, that caused the tsunami, and the subsequent nuclear meltdown—created by non-professional cartoonists who published their works on social media. Focuses are on Misukoso’s Field of Cole: Remember the Great East Japan Earthquake (Itsuka nanohana batake-de) and Kizuki Sae’s Seven Days in the Disaster (Shinsai nanoka-kan). Drawing on Walter Benjamin’s theory on the nature of ‘storytelling’ that conveys lived experiences of the people, my chapter attempts to evaluate the powerful function of graphic storytelling, its resilience to the mass media(ted) images and information, and its ability to maintain human empathy toward the disaster victims.
Elastic Properties of Diamond Like Carbon Thin Films: a Brillouin Scattering Study

Diamondlike carbon (DLC) thin films have been widely used as hard coatings in a variety of applications where increased wear resistance and hardness are required. Vacuum arc DLC films are among the hardest, with measured hardness values of up to 68 GPa. In our deposition process a repetitively pulsed bias voltage is applied to the substrate, which controls the energy of the incoming C ions. DLC chemical and mechanical properties are strongly affected by the energy of the depositing ions. In this paper, we relate the mechanical properties of these films to the deposition parameters, and describe our initial Brillouin scattering measurements of the elastic constants of monolithic DLC films. Evidence for bulk longitudinal and surface Rayleigh excitation in films with thickness of 50 and 500 nm has been observed. Since the DLC films are amorphous, they are modeled as isotropic solids and the elastic constants CII and C44 are derived.
Closed-loop task allocation in robot swarms using inter-robot encounters

In swarm robotics systems, coordinated behaviors emerge via local interactions among the robots as well as between robots and the environment. For a swarm of robots performing a set of pre-defined tasks in an enclosed region, this paper develops a decentralized mechanism to allocate tasks to each robot by leveraging the spatial interactions occurring among the robots as they move around the domain. With the aim of achieving a desired percentage of the swarm performing each task, the developed strategy allows individual robots to switch between different tasks with a certain probability when they encounter other robots in the region. We develop an analytical model to describe the inter-robot encounters occurring in a densely packed swarm of robots using ideas from the Enskog theory of dense gases and illustrate how the swarm can leverage this model to achieve the desired allocation levels. Furthermore, the inter-robot encounters enable the robots to measure the current allocation of the swarm, which is then used to regulate the rate at which they switch between tasks. This allows the swarm to speed up or slow down the rate of transitions between tasks depending on how far the current allocation is from the desired values, ultimately facilitating uninterrupted task execution by the robots. The methods introduced in this paper illustrate how naturally occurring encounters among robots in a swarm can be used to allocate tasks to the robots in a closed-loop manner. The developed algorithm is completely decentralized and can be deployed on minimalistic robots without the need for communication or a central coordinator. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated on a swarm of real robots.
Artists Excel on Image Activation But Not Image Manipulation Tasks

The ability to envision what is not directly seen is important in the visual arts, since artists do more than reproduce what they see. Such envisioning requires visual imagery abilities. In this st...
Monolayer Excitonic Emission for Imaging Spatial Dispersionof Photonic Crystals

Spatial dispersion of a photonic crystal manifests itself as an angle dependent optical response. Here, we use the emerging two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) as a photon sour...