cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Concept of the Sub-Culture and Its Application

of statistical methods in sociological research is much brighter. Eventually sociologists will surely become sufficiently realistic to utilize all appropriate research tools that are available and to provide adequate training in their use for social research-workers-to-be. An accompanying advance may be the focusing of sociological studies on significant areas of interest that have hitherto been slighted partly because of insufficient data. Meanwhile, the methods of statistics will themselves be subject to continuous developments, improvements, and adaptations for application to wider areas of research. For example, one of the most important statistical advances in recent years was the development during the war of the theory of sequential analysis and its application to certain types of research. So far, no applications of these newly developed statistical methods to sociological research have come to my attention, but they certainly offer a challenge to social statisticians to explore their utility. 8 In statistics, the development of new methods has sometimes been initiated in purely theoretical fields of statistics and at other times in special applied fields. Not every type of statistical method that is useful in one applied field of research is equally applicable in other fields. Nevertheless, the general field of statistical methods is unusually fortunate in that it continually grows from contributions of both theoretical statisticians and research workers in other fields who use statistics as a tool. It is probable that the body of statistical methods and techniques potentially adaptable to sociological research will continue to grow and will continue to keep ahead of sociological applications for some time to come.
UAV Control and Simulation Using Trajectory Transcriptions

A practice adopted in aircraft control and simulation is to design a linear time-invariant model based controller for each operating point and then schedule these controllers on-line at the inner loop to associate the operating points, which are also referred as equilibrium or trim points. At each of these trim points, the aircraft maintains specific orientation with respect to an inertial frame and offer a flight control mode (FCM) such as an ascent, descent, altitude hold, etc. In accomplishing various mission operations anticipated from an unmanned air vehicle (UAV), either remotely or autonomously, it is often required to fly the UAVs by using several of these FCMs whose nonlinear aircraft trajectories experience transcriptions. Accordingly the controllers are switched. One of the objectives in transcription is to preserve stability while the FCMs transit. In this paper, admissible controller sequence that can be scheduled in order to integrate FCMs through stable trajectory transcriptions is presented. FCMs resulting from static state and output feedback controllers are integrated to accommodate the principal objectives of gain scheduling, control allocation, reconfigurable control, etc. These evolving maneuvers instantaneously demanded in pitch plane are formulated to respond to the requirements originating from situational awareness of a typical UAV.
Effect of Embedded Control Surface Actuators on Active Aeroelastic Control

In recent studies it has been shown that by designing active aeroelastic control (AAC) through the method of receptances, the flutter instabilities can be avoided and flutter boundaries can be extended via pole placement. Such an approach is advantageous because it avoids approximation of aeroelastic system matrices associated with structures and aerodynamic forces which are generally needed for control gain computation in state space. Moreover the control design is purely based on available receptance transfer functions, which represent the true aeroelastic interaction and may also be extracted or available from the embedded sensors and actuators on the aircraft. In recent years, receptance based singleinput, multiple-input and output state feedback control has been developed. In this research, the effect of the control surface dynamics (actuator dynamics) on realizing active aeroelastic control through control surface actuation is presented. The effect of actuator dynamics on the closed loop stability and flutter margins are investigated. It is shown that arbitrary selection of actuator may lead to instability of the actuator modes despite the control of aeroelastic poles for flutter suppression and flutter boundary extension. This is overcome by simultaneous control of aeroelastic and actuator poles. The formulation to achieve active aeroelastic control with multiple actuators having actuator dynamics is developed here. This also allows the selection of actuator parameters driving the control surfaces for a given cost objective. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the solution strategy.
Seasoning ingredient variety, but not quality, is associated with greater intake of beans and rice among urban Costa Rican adults

Exposure to a variety of flavors may promote food enjoyment, but few studies have examined the relationship between food seasoning and food intake. We hypothesized that using a higher variety (number) of 11 seasonings to prepare 2 staple foods (beans, white rice) would be associated with intake of those foods in a population-based case-control study of Costa Rican adults in urban vs rural areas (n=1025), where cooking and dietary practices differ. Participants were surveyed about the variety of seasoning ingredients added when preparing beans or rice. Ingredients were also categorized by their dietary quality (healthfulness), and scores for seasoning variety and quality were created. Multivariable linear regression was used to determine the association between variety and quality scores (continuously and in tertiles (T)) and intake of each staple food. Seasoning variety was positively associated with daily servings of beans (β=.02, P=.01; 1.31 and 1.23 servings/day in T2 and T3 versus 1.02 servings/day in T1, P<.05) and rice (β=.04, P=.005) in the urban areas only. No differences in ingredient quality across increasing intakes of beans or rice were noted, and the joint associations between variety and quality were not significant. In conclusion, a greater variety, but not quality, of seasoning ingredients was positively associated with intakes of beans and rice in urban Costa Rican adults. Our results suggest that increasing the variety of seasonings added to beans may be a culturally-appropriate strategy to improve intake of this healthy staple food among urban Costa Rican adults.
HLA matching for simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation in the United States: a multivariable analysis of the UNOS data.

Background As the incidence of diabetic nephropathy increases, especially in minority populations, more simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplants are being performed both in the United States and worldwide. The role of matching on SPK outcomes and organ allocation remains controversial. The purpose of this analysis was to determine the influence of HLA matching using currently employed criteria on 5-year SPK graft survival. Methods We performed an analysis of all 3,316 SPK transplants performed in the United States reported to the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) between December 31, 1988 and December 31, 1994. Kaplan-Meier unadjusted 1- and 5-year graft survival with log rank comparisons and Cox multivariable regression models that adjusted for 12 confounding variables were used to analyze the influence of HLA matching on outcomes. Results Despite low-grade HLA or DR matching or high levels of common reactive groups (CREG) mismatching, 1- and 5-year allograft survival rates were 90% and 78% for kidney, and 85% and 75% for pancreas transplantation. Conclusions SPK transplantation is associated with excellent outcomes independent of the level of HLA matching. These data support the hypothesis that SPK transplants need not be allocated based on matching criteria, thus minimizing organ ischemia time and promoting a more racially equitable allocation for SPKs in the US today.
EFFECT OF GUANETHIDINE AND ADRENAL DEMEDULLATION ON HYPERGLYCEMIC RESPONSES TO DIAZOXIDE IN RATS.

SummaryA single intraperitoneal injection of diazoxide, 200 mg/kg, produced a significant elevation of blood sugar and a significant decrease in liver glycogen 3 hours after administration to normal and to de-medullated rats. Guanethidine, 20 mg/kg subcutaneously, had no appreciable effect on blood sugar or liver glycogen of either group. When given together, diazoxide and guanethi-dine also produced a marked elevation in blood sugar and a significant reduction in hepatic glycogen in normal rats. The hyper-glycemic effect of diazoxide was suppressed in the demedullated rats receiving guanethi-dine, although its depleting effect on hepatic glycogen was not attenuated.Generous supplies of diazoxide were made available through the courtesy of Dr. J. Black, Schering Corp., Bloomfield, N. J. The guanethidine supplies were provided by Dr. William Wagner, Ciba Pharmaceutical Co., Summit, N. J.
Structural and Biochemical Characterization of the Catalytic Core of the Metastatic Factor P-Rex1 and Its Regulation by PtdIns(3,4,5)P3.

Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3)-dependent Rac exchanger 1 (P-Rex1) is a Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor synergistically activated by PIP3 and Gβγ that plays an important role in the metastasis of breast, prostate, and skin cancer, making it an attractive therapeutic target. However, the molecular mechanisms behind P-Rex1 regulation are poorly understood. We determined structures of the P-Rex1 pleckstrin homology (PH) domain bound to the headgroup of PIP3 and resolved that PIP3 binding to the PH domain is required for P-Rex1 activity in cells but not for membrane localization, which points to an allosteric activation mechanism by PIP3. We also determined structures of the P-Rex1 tandem Dbl homology/PH domains in complexes with two of its substrate GTPases, Rac1 and Cdc42. Collectively, this study provides important molecular insights into P-Rex1 regulation and tools for targeting the PIP3-binding pocket of P-Rex1 with a new generation of cancer chemotherapeutic agents.
A Brief Discussion of "Great Song" of Dong Nationality

The creation and development of Dong nationality's "Great Song" depend on the special ecological environment.At the same time,the "Great Song" is much affected by this kind of area and its features.This paper tries to probe into the passing and the cross-cultural significance of the "Great Song" in the environment of present society and culture.
Ontogenesis of intestinal transport of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in the rat

Developmental aspects of the intestinal transport of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-CH3H4-PteGlu) were studied in suckling (14-day-old), weanling (22-day-old), and adult (90-day-old) rats by use of the intestinal everted-sac technique. Mucosal-to-serosal transport of 0.5 microM 5-CH3H4PteGlu was linear with time for 40-min incubation and occurred at a rate of 0.035, 0.032, and 0.010 nmol X g initial tissue wet wt-1 X min-1 for suckling, weanling, and adult rats, respectively. The transport of 5-CH3H4PteGlu in all age groups was pH dependent (maximal at pH 6) and was higher in the jejunum than in the ileum. In all age groups the transport of 5-CH3H4PteGlu occurred by an active carrier-mediated system. The system was saturable; energy, temperature, and Na dependent; inhibited by structural analogues; and capable of accumulating the substrate against a concentration gradient. Kinetic parameters of the transport process, however, showed some difference. A progressive decrease in Vmax was observed from suckling to weanling to adult rats (5.1, 3.7, and 0.8 nmol X g initial tissue wet wt-1 X 30 min-1, respectively), while apparent Kt was similar (2.2, 1.73, and 1.79 microM, respectively). This study demonstrates that the transport system of 5-CH3H4PteGlu in the rat is fully developed at the suckling age. The results also suggest that the activity and/or the number, but not the affinity, of the transport carriers decrease with maturation.
Analytic Gradients for the Effective Fragment Molecular Orbital Method

The analytic gradient for the Coulomb, polarization, exchange-repulsion, and dispersion terms of the fully integrated effective fragment molecular orbital (EFMO) method is derived and the implementation is discussed. The derivation of the EFMO analytic gradient is more complicated than that for the effective fragment potential (EFP) gradient, because the geometry of each EFP fragment is flexible (not rigid) in the EFMO approach. The accuracy of the gradient is demonstrated by comparing the EFMO analytic gradient with the numeric gradient for several systems, and by assessing the energy conservation during an EFMO NVE ensemble molecular dynamics simulation of water molecules. In addition to facilitating accurate EFMO geometry optimizations, this allows calculations with flexible EFP fragments to be performed.
Preparation and Chemistry of Uranocenes

This summer of 1978 marks the tenth anniversary of the discovery of uranocene, di-pi-cyclooctatetraene-uranium(IV), (1). Before this event, organoactinide chemistry consisted of a mere handful of papers (2–12). The ten years since that time have seen a surge of varied organoactinide chemistry, based not only on cyclooctatetraene (COT) but also on cyclopentadienyl and other pi- as well as sigma-ligands. The subject has been reviewed frequently in the last few years (13–27).
Active-learning Strategies for Legal Topics and Substance Abuse in a Pharmacy Curriculum

Objective. To implement active-learning strategies to engage students in learning, applying, and teaching legal and substance abuse topics. Design. Medication Safety course student groups created films on a National Patient Safety Goal (NPSG) using a movie genre and presented them in film festival format. Pharmacogenomics course student groups taught ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) topics through presentation of short stories about comic book characters with genetic mutations. Students in the Drugs of Abuse course composed and performed dances depicting the mechanism of action of a drug in an in-class rave dance format. Assessment. Course evaluations revealed student engagement with subject material and enjoyment of the creative applications, critical thinking, and collaborative aspects of the activities. Students performed well on examination questions and graded assignments. Conclusion. These active-learning strategies facilitated students' abilities to learn, apply, and teach material in medication safety, pharmacogenomics, and substance abuse courses.
MEMS deformable mirrors in astronomical adaptive optics

We report on the development of microelectromechanical (MEMS) deformable mirrors designed for ground and space-based astronomical instruments using adaptive optics. These light-weight, low power deformable mirrors will have an active aperture of up to 25.2mm consisting of thin silicon membrane mirror supported by an array of up to 4096 electrostatic actuators exhibiting no hysteresis and sub-nanometer repeatability. The continuous membrane deformable mirrors, coated with a highly reflective metal film, are capable of up to 4µm of stroke, have a surface finish of <10nm RMS with a fill factor of 99.8%. The segmented device has a range of motion of 1um of piston and 600 arc-seconds of tip/tilt simultaneously and a surface finish of 5nm RMS. Presented in this paper are device characteristics and performance results for these devices.
Responses of isolated cat retinal ganglion cells to injected currents during development.

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the response properties of dissociated ganglion cells to constant current stimulation. The whole-cell patch clamp recording technique offers a powerful tool for assessing the membrane properties of developing neurons. This method to record from acutely dissociated retinal ganglion cells obtained from postnatal and prenatal cats, in order to characterize the development of spiking properties in these neurons. The long-term goal of this work is to relate the functional development of retinal ganglion cells to the structural refinements that are known to occur in these neurons during ontogeny. It has been found recently that somatostatin-containing amacrine cells and ganglion cells, which at maturity are preferentially distributed in the inferior, are widespread in the fetal cat retina. It is conceivable that developing ganglion cells are particularly sensitive to certain transiently expressed neuromodulators, and that this contributes to the correlated discharges that have been noted in the developing retina.
18F-4V for PET-CT imaging of VCAM-1 expression in atherosclerosis.

Objectives The aim of this study was to iteratively develop and validate an 18F-labeled small vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 affinity ligand and demonstrate the feasibility of imaging VCAM-1 expression by positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET-CT) in murine atherosclerotic arteries. Background Hybrid PET-CT imaging allows simultaneous assessment of atherosclerotic lesion morphology (CT) and may facilitate early risk assessment in individual patients. The early induction, confinement of expression to atherosclerotic lesions, and accessible position in proximity to the blood pool render the adhesion molecule VCAM-1 an attractive imaging biomarker for inflamed atheroma prone to complication. Methods A cyclic, a linear, and an oligomer affinity peptide, internalized into endothelial cells by VCAM-1–mediated binding, were initially derivatized with DOTA to determine their binding profiles and pharmacokinetics. The lead compound was then 18F-labeled and tested in atherosclerotic apoE−/− mice receiving a high-cholesterol diet as well as wild type murine models of myocardial infarction and heart transplant rejection. Results The tetrameric peptide had the highest affinity and specificity for VCAM-1 (97% inhibition with soluble VCAM-1 in vitro). In vivo PET-CT imaging using 18F-4V showed 0.31 ± 0.02 SUV in murine atheroma (ex vivo %IDGT 5.9 ± 1.5). 18F-4V uptake colocalized with atherosclerotic plaques on Oil Red O staining and correlated to mRNA levels of VCAM-1 measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (R = 0.79, p = 0.03). Atherosclerotic mice receiving an atorvastatin-enriched diet had significantly lower lesional uptake (p Conclusions 18F-4V allows noninvasive PET-CT imaging of VCAM-1 in inflammatory atherosclerosis, has the dynamic range to quantify treatment effects, and correlates with inflammatory gene expression.
Ba(1-x)SrxMg3SiN4:Eu narrowband red phosphor

Abstract A new narrowband red phosphor, Ba0.8Sr0.2Mg3SiN4:Eu, suitable for use in LED lighting, has been identified as the optimal composition from the series of Ba(1-x)SrxMg3SiN4:Eu including x = 0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, and 1. Experimental X-ray diffraction measurements and structures calculated via density functional theory reveal that Ba(1-x)SrxMg3SiN4:Eu stabilizes in a tetragonal crystal structure, changing to the triclinic structure for Ba >0.8. Narrow band Eu2+ emission is observed in the tetragonal phase, but as a function of Ba substitution onto the Sr site, several properties change in concert: the emission maximum shifts to longer wavelengths, room temperature quantum efficiency improves, Eu2+ decay time increases and thermal stability of emission improves. Concomitant with the structure change to triclinic, the narrow Eu2+ emission band becomes broadened, the bandgap increases, and decay time slows to a typical Eu2+ decay of ∼1 μs. Although significantly moisture-sensitive, the strong absorption of Ba0.8Sr0.2Mg3SiN4:Eu at 450 nm, its emission peak at 635 nm and width of 51 nm FWHM provide efficient color rendering in the red, potentially achieving CRI and R9 values in excess of 95, along with good efficacy, in combination with other phosphors. Excitation intensity droop is comparable to other similar Eu-doped nitrides, but while thermally induced quenching is reduced with Ba substitution, it is still significant. The measured photoluminescence decay for Ba0.8Sr0.2Mg3SiN4:Eu of ∼200 ns is faster than of related Eu-doped nitrides, and together with a Q.E. of only ∼40% suggests the presence of competing non-radiative decay routes, thought to be due to thermal ionization of the Eu2+ excited state to the conduction band. Improved Q.E. for SrMg3SiN4:Eu partially substituted with Ba is likely due to the cation disorder this introduces, suppressing nonradiative processes correlated with lattice vibrations and increasing the population of shallow traps that release electrons on the emission lifetime timescale, consistent with the emission decay time lengthening and Q.E. improvement as a function of Ba content.
Bountiful empire: a history of Ottoman cuisine

The title of Priscilla Mary Isin’s latest book, Bountiful empire: a history of Ottoman cuisine, is somewhat misleading. While cuisine does lie at its heart, Isin has crafted a work much broader in ...
Legal Ethics and the Law Schools

DUE primarily to the insistence of the Section on Legal Education of the American Bar As sociation there is a growing and compelled interest in the problem of the teaching of Legal Ethics in the Law Schools. No small part of the apparent lack of interest, opposition and unwillingness to co-operate dis played by most of the schools can be explained by calling attention to the fact that there is an unusual amount of confusion which arises out of the lan guage used in the campaign. "Legal Ethics" usu ally connotates the subject matter contained in the Canons of Professional Ethics, and may it be said in behalf of the Law Schools that experience has demonstrated that that subject matter is not worth much of the students' and the instructors' time. As has been often pointed out the Canons deal primar ily with "Ethics" in a very narrow and restricted sense: they are directed at the problem of profes sional politeness: they constitute the form of pro fessional conduct and not its substance. It is true, of course, that they also contain some very general cautionary instructions on the subject of Trusts and Agency as applied to the legal profession: sub jects on which the ordinary student however has a rather specialized knowledge in any event. But it is increasingly apparent that the leaders of the movement for the teaching of Legal Ethics have something else in mind. Unfortunately they have employed misleading language. What they really want is not that the law schools devote more time to the teaching of the rules of Professional Ethics, but that they make some intelligent and whole-hearted attempt to develop Professional Character. The thing which concerns the Bar to day is not that the new generations of lawyers do not have a familiarity with the rules of professional conduct, but that they fail when put to the test of the temptations and the ideals of the profession. And it is always true that it is not a verbal knowl edge or belief which determines conduct, but a will and a character which compel it. The first can be developed to the point of perfection, but without a development of the latter there is nothing but the semblance of permanent accomplishment. The dis tinction is between the law school graduate who is simply a repository of legal knowledge and one who is actually professionally minded and "char actered." So far the law schools have for the most part been content to deal exclusively with the scholastic attainments of their students. But the growing in sistence by the American Bar Association that the results are frequently undesirable illustrates that the scholastic standard is too narrow, and is often misleading in a fair appraisal of the fitness of the graduate for professional practice. Can the schools do anything about it? II
Prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) enhances behavioral and EEG markers of proactive control.

This study examined the effects of stimulation targeting dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on behavioral and neural oscillatory markers of proactive cognitive control in healthy adults. We hyp...
Selective upstream influence on the unsteadiness of a separated turbulent compression ramp flow

A study of the shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction induced by a compression ramp was carried out using high-fidelity simulations. The objective was to investigate the influence of upstream disturbances on low-frequency separation unsteadiness. Two computations were performed for a 24° compression ramp at Mach 2.25, one highly resolved case and one reduced-resolution case. The reduced-resolution case was run for an extended duration to capture many cycles of low-frequency unsteadiness. Basic flow characteristics, including statistics on the boundary layer, wall pressure, and skin friction, were computed. Frequency spectra were calculated to confirm the presence of low-frequency unsteadiness. The influence of upstream disturbances on large-scale separation unsteadiness was investigated using correlations, filtering, and conditional averaging based on the position of the primary separation shock. Low-frequency unsteadiness was found to be related to structures near the wall (y/δ < 0.5) with a time scale greater than 20δ/U∞, whereas higher frequency separation motion could be attributed to turbulent boundary layer structures with a time scale on the order of δ/U∞. The finding that the separation region responds selectively to certain large-scale, near-wall perturbations in the incoming flow supports a model of separation unsteadiness in which external forcing by certain components of boundary layer turbulence drives a weakly damped global mode of the separation bubble. This contrasts with suggestions that have been made in the literature that the separation region oscillates on its own, as in an amplified global mode.
Abstract TP452: Evaluation of Post Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) Mobility Guideline Revisions: Focus on Education Process

Background and Purpose: There is limited data regarding the safety of and nursing attitudes towards early mobilization of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients after thrombolysis. It is common to ma...
Protein Flexibility and Stiffness Enable Efficient Enzymatic Catalysis

The enormous rate accelerations observed for many enzyme catalysts are due to strong stabilizing interactions between the protein and reaction transition state. The defining property of these catalysts is their specificity for binding the transition state with a much higher affinity than substrate. Experimental results are presented which show that the phosphodianion-binding energy of phosphate monoester substrates is used to drive conversion of their protein catalysts from flexible and entropically rich ground states to stiff and catalytically active Michaelis complexes. These results are generalized to other enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The existence of many enzymes in flexible, entropically rich, and inactive ground states provides a mechanism for utilization of ligand-binding energy to mold these catalysts into stiff and active forms. This reduces the substrate-binding energy expressed at the Michaelis complex, while enabling the full and specific expression of large transition-state binding energies. Evidence is presented that the complexity of enzyme conformational changes increases with increases in the enzymatic rate acceleration. The requirement that a large fraction of the total substrate-binding energy be utilized to drive conformational changes of floppy enzymes is proposed to favor the selection and evolution of protein folds with multiple flexible unstructured loops, such as the TIM-barrel fold. The effect of protein motions on the kinetic parameters for enzymes that undergo ligand-driven conformational changes is considered. The results of computational studies to model the complex ligand-driven conformational change in catalysis by triosephosphate isomerase are presented.
Differential Clinical Presentation, Intraoperative Management Strategies, and Surgical Outcomes After Endoscopic Endonasal Treatment of Cystic Sellar Masses.

Background Cystic sellar masses (CSMs) pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with subtotal cyst wall resection, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak repair, and disease recurrence. Current magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) interpretation often cannot reliably differentiate CSMs, mandating adaptable intraoperative strategies. We reviewed our diagnostic and therapeutic experience after endoscopic endonasal approaches (EEAs) for CSMs. Methods A retrospective record review of patients with CSM managed via EEA at the University of Southern California from 2011 to 2018 was conducted. Patient demographics, preoperative characteristics, surgical details, pathologic findings, and postoperative outcomes were assessed. Results Analysis included 47 patients (mean age, 43.2 years); of these, 78.7% were women. Preoperative symptoms included headache (76.6%) and vision loss (42.6%). Histologically verified sellar pathology included 27 Rathke cleft cysts (RCCs) (57.4%), 17 cystic pituitary adenomas (CPAs) (36.2%), 2 arachnoid cysts (4.3%), and 1 xanthogranuloma (2.1%). Twelve patients (70.6%) with CPAs underwent complete resection and 5 (29.4%) underwent subtotal resection. All 27 patients with RCC and 2 patients with arachnoid cyst underwent complete fenestration and drainage. One xanthogranuloma was completely resected. There were 14 intraoperative (29.8%) and 4 postoperative CSF leaks (8.5%). Headaches, vision, and endocrinopathy improved in 69.2%, 80.0%, and 33.3% of patients with CPA and 73.9%, 71.4%, and 40.9% of patients with RCC, respectively. There were 2 RCC recurrences and 1 CPA recurrence over the follow-up period. Conclusions Surgeons must prepare for versatile management strategies of CSMs based on pretest probability associated with MRI and intraoperative findings. Outcomes after EEA for CSMs show low complication profiles and excellent rates of headache and visual improvement, albeit lower rates of endocrine normalization.
Coaster: teaching computer graphics with a comprehensive project -- work in progress

We describe coaster, a project intended to teach an introductory computer graphics class by means of a sequence of programming assignments. The assignments are incremental -- each one building on the previous ones -- and ultimately bring in most of the course content. We discuss the sequence of assignments and how they relate to the topics, how all assignments themselves share code (from the instructor's view), course policy strategies needed to maintain student progress, and (preliminary) results on course effectiveness.
Municipal utilities and electric cooperatives in the United States: Interpretive frames, strategic actions, and place-specific transitions

Abstract Renewable energy and social justice advocates are organizing around the potential for community-based democratic organizations to promote more decentralized, sustainable, and just societies. Within this movement, consumer-owned electric utilities are often seen as central actors. Yet, there has been little systematic investigation into why integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) varies across these utilities. We explore this question using literature on sustainability transitions and strategic action fields. Choices about when and how to integrate DERs are shaped by new interpretations of long-standing principles, existing institutional relationships, and a utility’s political power. We identify how four divergent strategies shape distinct technology configurations with differences in physical scale, concentration of political authority, and distribution of economic benefits. These differences suggest that local technology ownership may not be sufficient to motivate change in some contexts. Policy addressing political processes and ownership scale may be needed to accelerate more sustainable and just energy transitions.
Institutional Employee Lactation Support: Advocating for Improved Breastfeeding Support Amongst Physicians and Residents in Training

Background: The personal breastfeeding experience a pediatrician faces, not only impacts their own family but also can impact their ability to counsel families. At Children’s Mercy Hospital in Kansas City, Missouri, a 354-bed free standing children’s hospital, a faculty survey revealed concerns regarding the lack of policy to support a positive environment and options for women faculty who were breastfeeding. At our institution, there are a total of 767 medical staff members who are CMH exclusively employed or contracted. Of those, 426 are women of which 188 (30.6%) are …
Dielectric polymers and dielectric metamaterials for high-energy capacitors

In this pursuit, we have developed a class of high T g amorphous polymers, containing high density dipoles possessing high dipole moment p, i.e., urea and thiourea, which have p of 4.56 and 4.89 Debye, respectively [35-38]. It has been shown that by increasing the dipole moment and the dipole density, the dielectric constant in this series of polymers increases from 4.1 to 5.7. The high dipole moments in these amorphous polymers provide strong polar -scattering centers and traps, which significantly reduce the conduction loss at high electric fields.The results of dielectric nanocomposites in which a very low volume loading of nanofillers generate remarkable changes in the dielectric performance of polymers presented in this chapter demonstrate that such a dielectric metamaterial strategy can also be explored at low frequencies for controlling and storing charges and electric energy in dielectric composites. Hence, we refer to this class of dielectric nanocomposites presented in this chapter as dielectric metamaterials.
The Uncertain Self in Ethnographic Research and Writing

This article asks the ethnographer to revisit questions about representing the self as an ethnographic researcher in the context of fieldwork, but especially in dialogue with readers through scholarly writing. How does—or can—the ethnographer maintain transparency about how their social positions shape their research questions, access to material and fieldwork spaces, conversation partners, and theorizing? Using a particular example of the author’s own experience in misunderstanding the ways in which she was received by her interlocuters in the field, this article suggests that the ethnographer must rethink how the researcher self is formed by writing about the “messiness” of fieldwork, and not relying on simple statements of positionality in ethnographic writing.
Targeting evolutionary conserved sequences circumvents the evolution of resistance in a viral gene drive against human cytomegalovirus

Gene drives are genetic systems designed to efficiently spread a modification through a population. Most engineered gene drives rely on CRISPR-Cas9 and were designed in insects or other eukaryotic species. We recently developed a viral gene drive in herpesviruses that efficiently spread into a population of wildtype viruses. A common consequence of gene drives is the appearance and selection of drive-resistant sequences that are no longer recognized by CRISPR-Cas9. Here, we analyze in cell culture experiments the evolution of resistance in a gene drive against human cytomegalovirus. We report that after an initial invasion of the wildtype population, a drive-resistant population is positively selected over time and outcompetes gene drive viruses. However, we show that targeting evolutionary conserved regions ensures that drive-resistant viruses have a replication defect, leading to a long-term reduction of viral levels. This marks an important step toward developing effective gene drives in viruses, especially for therapeutic applications.
Follow-up Brain Imaging Within 30 Days of Gamma-Knife Surgery for New Symptoms: Retrospective Analysis

Objective Gamma Knife surgery is a complementary procedure to open microsurgery for several indications. However, posttreatment symptomatic complaints are common and often result in short-term follow-up imaging. Here we evaluate the efficacy of repeat brain imaging within 30 days of a Gamma Knife procedure by analyzing the frequency with which that imaging reveals addressable pathology. Methods All patients who underwent Gamma Knife treatments at our institution between January 2013 and August 2019 were retrospectively analyzed, and any patient who received imaging of the brain within 30 days for a symptomatic complaint was evaluated. Results Of the 956 Gamma Knife cases performed, 78 (8.2%) scans were performed within a 30-day time frame for symptomatic complaints. Of these, the most common complaint was headache (25%). Most images demonstrated no changes when compared with the treatment scan (68%) and there were no hemorrhages and only 1 stroke ( Conclusions Gamma Knife therapy remains a safe treatment for multiple indications, but it is not risk free and acute symptomatic complaints are common. However, our data suggest that the need for reimaging within 30 days for symptomatic complaints is likely overestimated as obtained imaging does not usually show any change and the rate of significant complication is exceedingly low.
Avian reservoirs: virus hunters and birdwatchers in Chinese sentinel posts: by Frédéric Keck, Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 2020, 256 pp., $26.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-4780-0698-5

As I was reading Frederic Keck’s Avian Reservoirs: Virus Hunters and Birdwatchers in Chinese Sentinel Posts in November 2020, news broke that Denmark would be culling its entire population of aroun...
Double canard cycles in singularly perturbed planar systems

We study the bifurcations of slow-fast cycles with two canard points in singularly perturbed planar systems. After analyzing the local dynamics of two canard points lying on the S-shaped critical manifolds, we give a sufficient condition under which there exist three hyperbolic limit cycles bifurcating from some slow-fast cycles. The proof is based on the geometric singular perturbation theory. Then, we apply the results to cubic Lienard equations with quadratic damping, and prove the coexistence of three large limit cycles enclosing three equilibria. This is a new dynamical configuration and has never been previously found in the existing references.
An Intelligent Fault Diagnosis Method for Street Lamps

With the continuous advancement of urbanization, higher and higher requirements are put forward for infrastructure construction. Accurate fault diagnosis and timely maintenance of street lamps have become an important part of the lighting system. This paper proposes an intelligent fault diagnosis method for street lamps based illumination detection, narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) technology and machine learning. In this proposed method, the narrowband IoT modules embedded with the illuminance sensor are installed and numbered at the street lamps and the collected illuminance data are uploaded to the server to build the illuminance database. Then the machine learning method is used to learn the modes of the collected data sequences and the street lamp turn-on models are constructed. Further, the real-time illuminance data sequence is processed to realize the fault diagnosis and to judge the fault type of a single street lamp or lamp group, and then feedback to the maintenance staff. To verify the proposed method, one example is also given. The proposed method provides one effective way for fault diagnosis of street lamps.
Evaluating the Impact of a Summer Dropout Prevention Program for Incoming Freshmen Attending an Under-Resourced High School

Low high school completion rates are an ongoing challenge for educators. This study provides the results of an evaluation of a ninth-grade summer transition program offered at a large public school with a high freshman dropout rate. The evaluation consisted of preprogram and postprogram surveys and interviews with 64 incoming freshman participating in the summer program. Significant gains were shown in participants' Sense of School Belonging and Academic Self-Efficacy. Qualitatively, the data suggest that students gained clarity about their career goals, became better informed about what it takes to become a successful student, connected a diploma to their own career goals, and felt more comfortable in the school and with its teachers. The implications of these findings for prevention of school dropout are discussed.
Investigating the Balance between Timber Harvest and Productivity of Global Coniferous Forests under Global Change

A widely used assumption in forestry is that thedemand for timber will exceed the maximum levelavailable from forests on a sustainable basis. In thisstudy, measurements of extracted timber and modeledforest productivity were used to investigate therelationship between harvested timber and naturalforest productivity for current conditions, and underglobal change scenario. The analysis was confined toconiferous forests and countries that have coniferousforests within their territories. Annual roundwoodproduction from the database of Food and AgricultureOrganization was used as an approximation of annualtimber harvest for each country. Annual stem primaryproductivity of coniferous forests was estimated usingthe BIOME-BGC model. Based on the current rates,annual timber extraction was extrapolated for eachcountry for the next 80 years. Then, on a countrybasis, the timber harvest was related to the modeledforest stem productivity, assuming that the area ofconiferous forest would stay unchanged for the next 80years.The results of this study suggest that globalconiferous forests currently produce more wood thanpeople consume, but that this gap will narrow in thefuture. The results also suggest that wood extractionmay reach forest regrowth by the middle of the nextcentury, even though most coniferous forests arelocated in high latitudes and may have an acceleratedstem growth associated with the joint effect ofclimate change and elevated carbon dioxideconcentration in the atmosphere.
Some Recent Results on the Maximum Principle of Optimal Control Theory

The maximum principle of optimal control theory (also known as the “Pontryagin maximum principle”) was announced in the 1958 International Congress of Mathematicians, and presented in detail in the book [17]. The results of [17], however, are only a version of the principle, i.e. one of several possible ways of translating the statement of the principle into rigorous, precise mathematics.
Regulation of IFN-γ by IL-13 dictates the susceptibility to secondary post-influenza MRSA pneumonia (INM3P.439)

Post-IAV superinfections are the primary cause of deaths during IAV pandemics. The superinfection in mice 7 days after IAV infection results in exacerbated bacterial pneumonia mediated by type I and II IFNs. However, the sequelae of cytokine responses early in IAV infection, that eventually determines the later susceptibility is not understood. Here we examined whether the susceptibility to superinfection with MRSA varies during IAV infection. In the first 3 days of IAV infection mice had increased resistance to MRSA superinfection, which required IFNAR and IL-13 signaling to inhibit IFN-γ. IFN-γ-mediated high susceptibility to MRSA pneumonia 7 days after IAV infection was associated with increased IL-13Rα2 production, and was reversible by treatment with mrIL-13 or anti-IL-13Rα2. Thus, early in IAV infection IFNAR signaling maintained IL-13, which increased resistance to MRSA. Then, as IAV infection progressed, the capacity for IL-13 signaling was inhibited, in part by increased IL-13Rα2, resulting in increased IFN-γ levels and susceptibility to MRSA superinfection. Thus, IAV induces a sequence of cytokine responses where early IFNAR-dependent IL-13 signaling suppresses IFN-γ production resulting in enhanced resistance to MRSA challenge. Understanding these cytokine sequelae is critical to development of immunotherapies for IAV-MRSA coinfection since perturbations in the sequence of these events at the wrong time could increase susceptibility to MRSA and/or IAV.
Spontaneous Radiation by Atoms in Lasers

When an atom is in a resonant laser field for a time that is long compared with the natural decay time of an excited state, then the probability that the state decays by emission of spontaneous photons into modes other than the laser mode must be included in our considerations. Since typical allowed spontaneous decay times are of the order of 10~8s, this is a common phenomenon. It is also a rather complicated phenomenon since in a typical experiment the atom may radiate (fluoresce) a thousand or so such photons. Thus, if we were to resort to a perturbation theory in the radiation operator, the theory would have to be carried to about the thousandth order. It is therefore necessary to have a technique for summing the important terms in the series. The existing theories fall into two categories: First there are the statistical ones1 which use the density matrix and resort to an ensemble average for the description of the observations. These lose nothing by their statistical nature since they describe the true state of affairs in which the entire state of the fluorescent field is never observed and so must be averaged. The second class are the so-called pure state theories2 which use wave functions and not density matrices and reserve sums over states for the last step. The latest versions of the two classes agree with each other and also have satisfactory agreement with experiment.3
Groundwave Attenuation Function for Propagation Over A Highly Inductive Earth

Propagation of an electromagnetic groundwave over a plane surface in which the argument of the surface impedance is greater than π/4 but less than π/2 is considered in some detail. The numerical distance, p, over such a surface is characterized by 0 ≤ arg p ≤ π/2. The groundwave behaves in a peculiar manner, and this is attributed to the interaction of two phasor components representing a trapped wave and a Norton surface wave. Approximate expressions are derived which determine the magnitude and phase of the groundwave attenuation function when these two waves are inphase and antiphase. A method is also given for estimating the asymptotic phase for large |p| which was previously not possible except through detailed calculations. Finally, detailed curves are presented which show the amplitude and phase of the groundwave attenuation function versus p.
Geometry and flow conditions of subglacial water at South Cascade Glacier, Washington State, U.S.A.; an analysis of tracer injections

Tracers were injected into South Cascade Glacier to determine the flow condition and geometry of the subglacial water system. Results indicate that two distinct drainage basins on the glacier feed the two main streams flowing from the glacier. In the largest basin, two parallel drainage networks exist, one englacial and the other subglacial. The englacial system is an arboresecent network of conduits, whereas the subglacial system is a distributed flow system. Both systems connect to a single subglacial conduit which appears as a stream at the glacier’s terminus. The comparison between the travel time of the tracers and stream discharge indicated that the single conduit was pressurized in July and partly filled in August and September. To estimate the flow geometry (e.g. path length, flow depth and velocity), the advection-diffusion equation was formulated to express the water velocity as a function of water depth. Longitudinal dispersion of the tracer was calculated from the shear in longitudinal water velocity. Results indicate that the flow is very wide compared to its depth and that the path is sinuous. The estimated flow speed in the conduits is an order of magnitude larger than the measured speed through the glacier, indicating that other flow processes, probably englacial, route the water much more slowly. The other, smaller, basin drains the water from the surface to the subglacial distributed flow system. Based on the travel time of the individual concentration peaks, the water could be flowing through a linked-cavity system or interconnected bands of highly permeable debris separated by zones of less permeability.