cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An annotated corpus with nanomedicine and pharmacokinetic parameters

A vast amount of data on nanomedicines is being generated and published, and natural language processing (NLP) approaches can automate the extraction of unstructured text-based data. Annotated corpora are a key resource for NLP and information extraction methods which employ machine learning. Although corpora are available for pharmaceuticals, resources for nanomedicines and nanotechnology are still limited. To foster nanotechnology text mining (NanoNLP) efforts, we have constructed a corpus of annotated drug product inserts taken from the US Food and Drug Administration's Drugs@FDA online database. In this work, we present the development of the Engineered Nanomedicine Database corpus to support the evaluation of nanomedicine entity extraction. The data were manually annotated for 21 entity mentions consisting of nanomedicine physicochemical characterization, exposure, and biologic response information of 41 Food and Drug Administration-approved nanomedicines. We evaluate the reliability of the manual annotations and demonstrate the use of the corpus by evaluating two state-of-the-art named entity extraction systems, OpenNLP and Stanford NER. The annotated corpus is available open source and, based on these results, guidelines and suggestions for future development of additional nanomedicine corpora are provided.
Moral Development in Christian Higher Education

Recent research concerning the mural development of evangelical college and seminary students utilizing Kohlberg's stage theory was examined. Biblical parallels to moral development theory were not...
Family Dynamics of Incest: A New Perspective:

A study of protective workers was designed to explore their perceptions of the relationship between incest and other forms of familial abuse and the role of the mother in an incestuous relationship...
Dose-response modeling for developmental neurotoxicity data

The fact that maternal exposures to some chemicals during pregnancy can adversely affect the structure and function of the nervous system in the offspring is well established. Government agencies have for a long time been concerned with regulation of developmental neurotoxicants and safe perinatal exposures. However, despite this concern, current guidelines provide only broad and nonspecific recommendations and lack clear directions for a model based approach to risk estimation. In this paper we propose a dose-response model for the nonquantal data obtained from developmental neurotoxicological experiments. To account for the critical issue of the correlation among responses from pups in the same litter, the so called intralitter correlation, a hierarchical distributional structure is used to derive the underlying unconditional distribution of responses. The maximum likelihood method is used to estimate model parameters and the covariance matrix of the estimates is derived. An example is used to illustrate the results.
Wilson's disease: a new gene and an animal model for an old disease

Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive, inherited disorder of copper metabolism. In normal individuals, copper homeostasis is controlled by the balance between intestinal absorption of dietary copper and hepatic excretion of excess copper in bile. In Wilson's disease, hepatic copper is neither excreted in bile nor incorporated into ceruloplasmin and copper accumulates to toxic levels. The Wilson's disease gene (WND) encodes a putative copper-transporting protein that is expressed almost exclusively in the liver. The predicted structure of the protein product is that of a P-type ATPase with striking homology to bacterial copper transporters and the gene product of another inherited disorder of copper metabolism, Menkes' disease. A rat model of Wilson's disease has recently been identified. The Long-Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rat manifests elevated hepatic copper, defective incorporation of copper into ceruloplasmin, and reduced biliary excretion of copper. The rat homologue of the WND is abnormal in LEC rats. Clinical manifestations of Wilson's disease arise directly from copper-induced damage to hepatocytes (hepatic presentation) or indirectly after the release of copper from the liver with subsequent damage to the brain (neuropsychiatric presentation) and other organs. Genetic heterogeneity (different mutations in a single gene) may account for some of the variability in Wilsonian presentations. The diagnosis of Wilson's disease depends on the demonstration of disordered copper metabolism, manifested as elevated urinary and hepatic copper and low ceruloplasmin levels. However, none of the abnormal findings in Wilson's disease is pathognomonic. Genetic diagnosis, in the absence of family studies, is likely to be difficult since many different mutations result in the disease. Management of Wilson's disease involves decreasing excess levels of copper accumulated in the liver, brain, and other organs. Copper chelation therapy, to increase urinary excretion of copper, is the mainstay of treatment. In addition, oral zinc therapy may be useful at decreasing absorption of dietary copper and rendering tissue copper nontoxic, by increasing the formation of complexes with copper-binding proteins. Liver transplantation can be necessary for individuals with acute hepatic failure or complications of cirrhosis. Gene therapy may evolve in the future; however, medical management is effective in most patients.
The double-J ureteral stent: in vivo and in vitro flow studies.

AbstractAlthough most ureters can now be stented, the rate of ureteral obstruction from extrinsic compression remains relatively high. To illuminate the mechanisms of obstruction in these patients we performed 20 in vivo pressure-flow investigations in 14 patients with indwelling ureteral Double-J††Medical Engineering Corp., New York, New York.† stents. All patients had a percutaneous nephrostomy tube in place. Our investigations revealed proper drainage to the bladder in 17 of the 20 studies at an average renal pelvic pressure of 19.9cm. water. Vesicorenal reflux was noted at an average bladder pressure of 20cm. water in 17 studies. Three stents appeared to be obstructed. They showed no drainage to the bladder but also no reflux.To evaluate the in vivo results we then performed an in vitro study of pressure-flow characteristics under conditions simulating ureteral obstruction. At physiological flow rates different ureteral stents showed no major differences in pressure-flow characteristics. With compress...
Dynamic mass spectrometry probe for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry monitoring of bioreactors for therapeutic cell manufacturing

Large-scale manufacturing of therapeutic cells requires bioreactor technologies with online feedback control enabled by monitoring of secreted biomolecular critical quality attributes (CQAs). Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is a highly sensitive label-free method to detect and identify biomolecules, but requires extensive sample preparation before analysis, making online application of ESI-MS challenging. We present a microfabricated, monolithically integrated device capable of continuous sample collection, treatment, and direct infusion for ESI-MS detection of biomolecules in high-salt solutions. The dynamic mass spectrometry probe (DMSP) uses a microfluidic mass exchanger to rapidly condition samples for online MS analysis by removing interfering salts, while concurrently introducing MS signal enhancers to the sample for sensitive biomolecular detection. Exploiting this active conditioning capability increases MS signal intensity and signal-to-noise ratio. As a result, sensitivity for low-concentration biomolecules is significantly improved, and multiple proteins can be detected from chemically complex samples. Thus, the DMSP has significant potential to serve as an enabling portion of a novel analytical tool for discovery and monitoring of CQAs relevant to therapeutic cell manufacturing.
Urea as a monomer for isocyanate-free synthesis of segmented poly(dimethyl siloxane) polyureas

Abstract Poly(dimethyl siloxane)-containing (PDMS), segmented polyureas represent an important class of high-performance elastomers that leverage the low glass transition temperature (Tg) of PDMS and superior mechanical reinforcement from bidentate hydrogen bonding. Current synthetic methods exclusively employ highly reactive/toxic isocyanate reagents and volatile organic solvents; the latter must be quantitatively removed prior to use. This report details an isocyanate-, solvent-, and catalyst-free synthetic method towards PDMS polyureas using urea and a disiloxane diamine chain extender in the melt phase. Melt polymerization afforded segmented PDMS polyureas, which formed optically clear, mechanically ductile, freestanding films. Observation of distinct thermal transitions with differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis, corresponding to the respective segments, suggested microphase separation. Tensile and hysteresis measurements corroborated similarities between these PDMS polyureas and their isocyanate-containing analogues with strain at break ranging from 495 to 1180%. This facile, isocyanate-free approach provides a commercially viable alternative to the current industrial process for high performance elastomers.
Theatre and Cartographies of Power: Repositioning the Latina/o Americas

This ambitious anthology rethinks theatrical histories and practices in the Latina/o Americas away from the dominant North–South scholarly approach. It features twenty-nine prominent theatre scholars and artists and, although writings are inconsistent in length and sections are not always cohesive, it serves as a useful introduction to theatre and performance in this region.
Trends in Adrenal Surgery-The Changing Nature of Tumors and Patients.

Abstract Background The volume of adrenal surgery is increasing. There has been a concern that the widespread use of axial imaging and minimally invasive approaches has led to changing indications for adrenalectomy. We reviewed trends in adrenal surgery at a single academic institution. Materials and methods This was a retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent adrenal surgery between 1993 and 2018 by the endocrine surgery service. Patient demographics, diagnosis, operative details, and perioperative complications were evaluated. Trend analysis was performed across ordered year groups ( Results We identified 732 patients who underwent 751 adrenal operations. Fifty-seven percent of the patients were women, and the median age was 51 y (range: 5-88). There was an increase in the number of procedures performed (P 2015], P Conclusions Adrenal surgery is being performed more commonly with an increasing number of incidentalomas and pheochromocytomas. Our patients have higher comorbidities with increase in complication rates over time, although perioperative mortality remains low. This highlights the importance of a thorough preoperative evaluation to identify suitable patients who may benefit from adrenalectomy.
Abstract WP341: Experimental Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis Models Pathogenic Features of Moyamoya Syndrome

Introduction: Moyamoya is an arteriopathy defined by the progressive stenosis of the intracranial internal carotid arteries accompanied by the formation of abnormal vascular networks. To address th...
The Catholic Moral Tradition on Pain and Symptom Management

Palliative care and the tradition of Catholic healthcare share a common concern: cura personalis, or the care of the whole person. Nowhere is this concern more apparent or more challenging than in the management of pain and suffering. This chapter will examine medical aspects of the management of pain, but the primary focus will be on the moral teaching regarding the treatment of both pain and suffering. This will be applied to issues of pain management at the end-of-life, application of the principle of double effect, terminal sedation, and the appreciation of the wide spectrum of suffering with a view to offering support that respects the patient’s human dignity.
Is “aid in dying” suicide?

The practice whereby terminally ill patients choose to end their own lives painlessly by ingesting a drug prescribed by a physician has commonly been referred to as physician-assisted suicide. There is, however, a strong trend forming that seeks to deny that this act should properly be termed suicide. The purpose of this paper is to examine and reject the view that the term suicide should be abandoned in reference to what has been called physician-assisted suicide. I argue that there are no good conceptual or philosophical reasons to avoid the suicide label. I contend that intending one’s death is essential to the nature of suicide, and this intention is normally required on the part of the terminally ill patient when she knowingly takes a life-ending drug. Additionally, the analysis shows that any plausible strategy that avoids the term suicide is counteracted by the way in which advocates of the practice want to make it legal.
The Temporal Transformation of Retinal Signals in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of the Cat: Implications for Cortical Function

Publisher Summary The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is the main relay for the transfer of visual information from retina to primary visual cortex. In the cat, most of the information destined for cortical area 17 originates in X- and Y-type retinal ganglion cells, which project to X- and Y-relay cells in the A lamina of the LGN. The spatial, temporal, and contrast response properties of all X- and Y-geniculate cells appear to mimic those of their X- and Y-retinal inputs. This chapter discusses the recent studies in the cat that indicate the role of LGN in transforming retinal signals, specifically by altering the timing of response to visual stimulation. It also provides evidence that these new response timings contribute to the spatiotemporal structure and direction selectivity of cells in visual cortex.
Modeling of a biological material nacre: Multi-objective optimization model

Nacre is an inner layer of seashells that has a remarkable combination of stiffness, strength, and toughness. Engineers are inspired to mimic it to create engineering composites with properties not...
What is the clinical impact of PET/CT in evaluating patients for recurrent pancreatic cancer, and is it a useful tool in suspicious pancreatic lesions?

e14704 Background: Recurrence of pancreatic cancer after surgery is difficult to detect with conventional computed scan (CT) which has limited ability to distinguish local recurrence from postopera...
The Ucsd/Keck Damped Lya Abundance Database: A Decade of High Resolution Spectroscopy

We publish the Keck/HIRES and Keck/ESI spectra that we have obtained during the first 10 years of Keck observatory operations. Our full sample includes 42 HIRES spectra and 39 ESI spectra along 65 unique sightlines providing abundance measurements on ~85 damped Lya systems. The normalized data can be downloaded from the journal or from our supporting website: this http URL. The database includes all of the sightlines that have been included in our papers on the chemical abundances, kinematics, and metallicities of the damped Lya systems. This data has also been used to argue for variations in the fine-structure constant. We present new chemical abundance measurements for 10 damped Lya systems and a summary table of high-resolution metallicity measurements (including values from the literature) for 153 damped Lya systems at z>1.6. We caution, however, that this metallicity sample (and all previous ones) is biased to higher N(HI) values than a random sample.
Reliability and Modelability Advantages of Distributed Switching for Reconfigurable 2D Processor Arrays

Processor arrays have been used, either as the main computation engine or as special-purpose adjuncts, for a variety of applications requiring very high performance. As the size of such an array increases, the possibility of processor malfunctions, leading to loss of computational capabilities, can no longer be ignored. While many switching architectures and reconfiguration algorithms have been proposed for building processor arrays, modeling of their reliability has been inadequately addressed. In this paper, I study differences between 2D processor arrays with centralized and distributed switching, pointing to advantages of the latter in terms of reliability, regularity, modularity, and VLSI realizability. As important side results, I formulate the notions of reliability inversion (a less reliable system prevailing over a more reliable one due to modeling uncertainties) and modelability (the property of a system that makes it possible to derive tight reliability bounds, thus making reliability inversion less likely).
Enhancing the Security and Privacy of Self-Sovereign Identities on Hyperledger Indy Blockchain

Self-sovereign identities provide user autonomy and immutability to individual identities and full control to their identity owners. The immutability and control are possible by implementing identities in a decentralized manner on blockchains that are specially designed for identity operations such as Hyperledger Indy. As with any type of identity, self-sovereign identities too deal with Personally Identifiable Information (PII) of the identity holders and comes with the usual risks of privacy and security. This study examined certain scenarios of personal data disclosure via credential exchanges between such identities and risks of man-in-the-middle attacks in the blockchain based identity system Hyperledger Indy. On the basis of the findings, the paper proposes the following enhancements: 1) A novel attribute sensitivity score model for self-sovereign identity agents to ascertain the sensitivity of attributes shared in credential exchanges 2) A method of mitigating man-in-the-middle attacks between peer self-sovereign identities and 3) A novel quantitative model for determining a credential issuer’s reputation based on the number of issued credentials in a window period, which is then utilized to calculate an overall confidence level score for the issuer.
"This cage that I'm stuck inside": Autistic adults' perceptions of weight management, body weight, and body image.

Personal beliefs and attitudes about body weight and body image are important determinants of weight management practices. To inform efforts to prevent and treat obesity among autistic adults, this...
Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Models for Predicting Travel Time.

In this paper, five different deep learning models are being compared for predicting travel time. These models are autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, recurrent neural network (RNN) model, autoregressive (AR) model, Long-short term memory (LSTM) model, and gated recurrent units (GRU) model. The aim of this study is to investigate the performance of each developed model for forecasting travel time. The dataset used in this paper consists of travel time and travel speed information from the state of Missouri. The learning rate used for building each model was varied from 0.0001-0.01. The best learning rate was found to be 0.001. The study concluded that the ARIMA model was the best model architecture for travel time prediction and forecasting.
Privacy, Security and Dignity: POE of Safe Haven Dorm Partition Environment

Defensible Space is a seminal text on the relation between urban design and personal safety. It focuses on the importance of territory, boundary and visibility in the design of spaces that are conducive to activity and safe, comfortable inhabitation. Ownership, for Newman, is critical to the success of any space and promotes its care and upkeep. Visibility is the foundation of public safety – to see and be seen. The book explores specific spaces associated with public housing in order to glean conclusions which can be applied to more expansive design conditions. A person’s “home base” becomes central to self-image and the basis of territory. But what if the users have no home or home base? This paper presents post occupancy evaluation findings of a homeless shelter dorm station design + build architecture student project completed in December 2012. Fourteen architecture students in a socio-political + design-build studio at Philadelphia University programmed, designed, and prototyped dorm stations for a “safe haven” homeless shelter managed by Project H.O.M.E. in Philadelphia. Project H.O.M.E. fabricated the stations which were then assembled and installed by a team of students, faculty and volunteers. Founded on the belief that architecture can provide for social need, effect behavior and support social change, the studio required the students to complete research on the homeless condition, the social agency and the political context for public services. This paper will touch upon this research as a means of qualifying the solution and POE.The post occupancy evaluation utilized interview, questionnaire, and observation data gathering methodologies. The evaluation involved three primary subject groups including administrators, staff, and residents. Specific dorm station design conditions were addressed including: Boundaries in the Definition of Territory Personalization and OwnershipVisibility, Privacy and Safety
Superficial bladder tumor: Aspects of clinical progression

Abstract The clinicopathologic staging of bladder cancer is the main prognostic aid in superficial tumor since it has close relation to the degree of differentiation of the tumor and the observed degree of its progression in the 238 cases of this series. The survival rate of the patients was related to the depth of penetration and degree of histologic differentiation of the tumor. Thus both the stage and the grade of the tumor together had prognostic value. Primary clinical staging correlated well with the size of the initial lesion, but not with the location, number of primary lesions or subsequent recurrences, or time of the appearance of progression of the primary lesion. Almost one third of the patients with superficial bladder cancer died from bladder cancer. Two thirds of the cases with known pathologic stage at autopsy showed extravesical extension of the lesion. Prior external radiation to the superficial tumors apparently did not affect progression of the primary lesion.
On “the effects of fatigue on judgments of interproduct similarity”

Abstract This paper offers a commentary on the paper by Johnson, Lehmann and Horne (1990) which purports to investigate the effects of fatigue on judgments of interproduct similarity. These authors did not measure fatigue, and their findings are open to alternative explanation. It is shown that the authors' hypotheses do not follow from the effects of fatigue based on the categorization framework adopted by them. A revised set of hypotheses based on the effect of fatigue is offered. It is shown that the authors' original hypotheses are consistent with a learning theory framework based on categorization.
Klebsiella aerogenes strain carrying drug-resistance determinants and a lac plasmid.

In addition to carrying determinants conferring resistance to at least two antibiotics, chloramphenicol and streptomycin, a Klebsiella aerogenes strain contains a plasmid responsible for increased β-galactosidase activity. The plasmid can be transferred to Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium strains. K. aerogenes segregants without the plasmid grow on lactose one-half as fast as the parent strain and contain only one-tenth to one-fifth as much β-galactosidase.
A STUDY OF DNA NUCLEOPROTEIN GELS AND THE RESIDUAL PROTEIN OF ISOLATED CELL NUCLEI. RELATIONSHIP TO CHROMOSOMAL STRUCTURE.

1. 1. Previous observations concerning deoxyribonucleoprotein gels and residual protein are reviewed and extended. 2. 2. Deoxyribonucleoprotein gels can be destroyed by dilute solutions of H2O2, cysteine, glutathione, 1 per cent iodine in 2 per cent potassium iodide, strong solutions of sodium thioglycollate, and excess alkali. They are not affected by potassium cyanide, sodium acetate, 2 per cent potassium iodide or sodium dithionite. 3. 3. Residual protein can be rendered soluble in 8 M urea by treatment with sodium thioglycollate or dilute alkali. Without such treatment the residual protein is insoluble in 8 M urea, but is soluble in dilute alkali. 4. 4. When residual protein solubilized through treatment with sodium thioglycollate is subjected to electrophoresis on cellulose acetate paper at pH 9.2 in borate buffer, two protein components are demonstrated, which migrate in opposite directions. Two components were also demonstrated by disk electrophoresis in the case of thioglycollate-treated residual protein, whereas only one component was noted in case the thioglycollate treatment was omitted. 5. 5. An hypothesis concerning the structure or molecular architecture of deoxyribonucleoprotein gels and whole chromosomes is presented and discussed.
Manifestations of injury in yeast cells exposed to subzero temperatures. II. Changes in specific gravity and in the concentration and quantity of cell solids.

Mazur, Peter (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.). Manifestations of injury in yeast cells exposed to subzero temperatures. II. Changes in specific gravity and in the concentration and quantity of cell solids. J. Bacteriol. 82:673–684. 1961.—It has previously been established that subjecting cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to rapid cooling to −30 C results in cell death and in certain morphological alterations. The alterations consisted of the loss of the central vacuole and a 50% decrease in volume. The present experiments were concerned with determining whether the volume decrease was the result of the loss of water alone or of water plus cellular solutes. The density of the “frozenthawed” cells was found to increase from 1.14 to 1.25 g/cm3 on the basis of measurements of the sedimentation rate of the cells. Interferometric and refractometric measurements indicated, furthermore, that the concentration of cell solids increased from 20 to 28%, whereas the total mass of cell solids decreased from 25 to 17 μμg/cell. The decrease in cell volume was thus shown to be the result of loss of solution from the cells, a solution containing 11 to 16% solids. Measurements of the rate of dialysis suggested that most or all of these solids had a molecular weight below 600. The findings are consistent with the view that low-temperature exposure destroyed the vacuolar membrane and sufficiently damaged the permeability barriers of the cell to permit escape of low molecular weight compounds. The damage was present a few seconds after thawing, and may, therefore, have been a direct result of intracellular ice crystals which, on the basis of previous studies, are believed to be responsible for death from low-temperature exposure.
Give learners questions to answer while watching animated examples

Participants (N = 93) watched animated examples of a computer algorithm. Participants had either a small set of examples (6) to watch or a larger set of examples (21) from which they could choose which examples to watch. Additionally, participants either watched the animations before answering questions or had questions to answer while watching animations. Participants scored highest when they had questions with the animations; giving these participants a choice amongst multiple examples also reduced learning time.
The WASp-like protein Scar regulates macropinocytosis, phagocytosis and endosomal membrane flow in Dictyostelium

Scar, a member of the WASp protein family, was discovered in Dictyostelium discoideum during a genetic screen for second-site mutations that suppressed a developmental defect. Disruption of the scar gene reduced the levels of cellular F-actin by 50%. To investigate the role of Scar in endocytosis, phagocytosis and endocytic membrane trafficking, processes that depend on actin polymerization, we have analyzed a Dictyostelium cell line that is genetically null for Scar. Rates of fluid phase macropinocytosis and phagocytosis are significantly reduced in the scar- cell-line. In addition, exocytosis of fluid phase is delayed in these cells and movement of fluid phase from lysosomes to post-lysosomes is also delayed. Inhibition of actin polymerization with cytochalasin A resulted in similar phenotypes, suggesting that Scar-mediated polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton was important in the regulation of these processes. Supporting this conclusion, fluorescence microscopy revealed that some endo-lysosomes were ringed with F-actin in control cells but no F-actin was detected associated with endo-lysosomes in Scar null cells. Disruption of the two genes encoding the actin monomer sequestering protein profilin in wild-type cells causes defects in the rate of pinocytosis and fluid phase efflux. Consistent with a predicted physical interaction between Scar and profilin, disrupting the scar gene in the profilin null background results in greater decreases in the rate of fluid phase internalization and fluid phase release compared to either mutant alone. Taken together, these data support a model in which Scar and profilin functionally interact to regulate internalization of fluid and particles and later steps in the endosomal pathway, probably through regulation of actin cytoskeleton polymerization.
The ICH Score A Simple, Reliable Grading Scale for Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose—Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) constitutes 10% to 15% of all strokes and remains without a treatment of proven benefit. Despite several existing outcome prediction models for...
A Versatile Synthetic Approach to Rhodium(III) Diimine Metallointercalators: Condensation of o-Quinones with Coordinated cis-Ammines

A new route to the preparation of rhodium(III) diimine complexes which bind DNA by intercalation was developed by condensation of coordinated ammine ligands with o-quinones. Starting from cis-[Rh(L∧L)2(NH3)2]3+ (L∧L: 2,2‘-bipyridine or 1,10-phenanthroline) and the appropriate quinones the ligands 9,10-phenanthrenequinone diimine (phi) and 5,6-chrysenequinone diimine (chrysi) were introduced in high yields. The reactions are completed within hours at ambient temperature in MeCN/water mixtures, 0.1 M in NaOH. Experiments with enantiomerically pure Δ-[Rh(phen)2(NH3)2]3+ and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone showed that the configuration at the metal center is retained during the course of the reaction. Condensation of rhodium(III) tetraammine starting material with 9,10-phenanthrenequinone allows the selective introduction of one or two phi ligands, depending on the reaction conditions. The ability to incorporate specifically only one phi ligand makes this a promising approach for the synthesis of tris(heteroleptic)...
The effect of four anesthetic protocols on the spleen in dogs

Splenic enlargement following administration of barbiturates has been well described in dogs; other agents have not been investigated. This study aimed to compare the effects of four anesthetic protocols on splenic size. Twenty-four fasted Beagle dogs scheduled for laparotomy were allocated to one of the four groups. Group 1: acepromazine and butorphanol followed by induction with thiopental; Group 2: acepromazine and butorphanol followed by induction with propofol; Group 3: medetomidine and butorphanol followed by induction with propofol; Group 4: medetomidine and butorphanol followed by induction with ketamine and diazepam. Anesthesia was maintained with halothane in oxygen, intravenous fluids were administered. Splenic length, width and height were measured once when the abdomen was opened and again just prior to closure. Spleens were also traced, the image was digitized, and the area was calculated. PCV and total solids were measured before and after pre-medication, after induction, and each time the spleen was measured. Data were analyzed using a Repeated Measures anova with splenic variables indexed by body surface area and dose of induction agent as a covariate. Area and width of the spleens were less in the dogs of Groups 2 and 3 than in those of the other groups. Splenic area and length did not change significantly during surgery. Dosage of propofol was not significantly different between Groups 2 and 3. Baseline PCV was not significantly different among groups and decreased significantly in all dogs, but at different times. In Groups 1 and 2, the decrease occurred after pre-medication, in Group 3 at induction, and in Group 4 during surgery. A significant decrease in TS occurred in all groups during surgery. We concluded that the use of propofol resulted in smaller spleen size during surgery than that following the use of thiopental. Multiple factors influenced the PCV.
Bronchial responsiveness after human heart-lung transplantation

We evaluated bronchial responsiveness to inhaled albuterol (salbutamol), ipratropium bromide, methacholine, and propranolol in eight heart-lung transplant (HLT) recipients 2.3 ± 1.5 months (mean ± SD) (range, 1 to 4.5 months) after HLT. All patients had a restrictive ventilatory defect but none had airflow limitation (FEV 1 /FVC = 0.93 ±0.05) (range, 0.86 to 0.97). Specific airway conductance (sGaw) improved significantly with both albuterol (p 1 did not. Only one HLT patient had bronchoconstriction with propranolol, whereas all but one were hyperresponsive to methacholine. Prior inhalation of ipratropium bromide blocked the response to methacholine (p 1 compared with two patients who did not achieve a plateau with a 47 percent and 63 percent fall in FEV 1 , respectively. These results further our understanding of bronchial responsiveness in the denervated transplanted lung. The findings of stable hyperresponsiveness to methacholine over a prolonged time interval, limited maximal airway narrowing to methacholine, and blockade of methacholine hyperresponsiveness by ipratropium bromide support the concept of denervation hypersensitivity of muscarinic receptors.
MOTHERS OR WORKERS? The Value of Women's Labor: Women and the Emergence of Family Allowance Policy

Recent scholarship on gender and the state suggests that women's agency has been critical to the formation of welfare policy. Yet, nations with strong, mobilized feminist movements do not necessarily develop the most supportive welfare policies. By historically analyzing the emergence of British and French family allowance policy, the author suggests that the key to this conundrum lies in the interaction between women's movements and the value given to women's paid and unpaid labor. Woman-friendly state policy requires an active women's movement and ideologies valuing women's paid and unpaid labor. In addition, women's movements must be able and willing to strategically use those ideologies to pursue their goals.
More evidence for reach out and read: a home-based study.

Objective. Reach Out and Read (ROR), a clinic-based literacy program, has been shown to improve literacy outcomes in impoverished children. No study has used direct observation to assess a child’s home literacy environment or to control for important confounders, such as the quality of the home environment. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the frequency of ROR encounters that a family receives during well-child visits and a child’s home literacy profile, while accounting for important confounders, such as the quality of the home environment. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted of 137 children (aged 18-30 months) who received pediatric well-child care at the Yale-New Haven Hospital Primary Care Center. The number of ROR encounters that the family received was determined though parent interview, direct observation, and a review of the medical record. After a brief waiting room interview, a home visit was conducted. An assessment of the child’s home literacy environment was completed on the basis of 10 variables that were obtained from parent report and direct observation within the home. These variables were summed to form a Child Home Literacy Index. The Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment, a standardized measure of the nurturing quality of the home environment, was also administered. Hierarchical linear regression was conducted to determine the significance of ROR on a child’s home literacy environment. Results. A total of 100 families completed both a waiting room interview and a home visit. Families received between 0 and 6 books in the ROR program. A total of 93% of families reported reading to their children, but only 35% of parents identified reading as a favorite activity of their child and 45% of parents reported that this was a favorite joint activity. Hierarchical linear regression demonstrated that increasing frequency of ROR encounters contributed a small but significant portion of the variance explaining a child’s home literacy profile (5%), with this model accounting for a total of 19% of the variance. Conclusions. A modest literacy intervention, such as ROR, can have a significant impact on a child’s home literacy environment.
HIV-1 Vpu Accessory Protein Induces Caspase-mediated Cleavage of IRF3 Transcription Factor

Vpu is an accessory protein encoded by HIV-1 that interferes with multiple host-cell functions. Herein we report that expression of Vpu by transfection into 293T cells causes partial proteolytic cleavage of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a key transcription factor in the innate anti-viral response. Vpu-induced IRF3 cleavage is mediated by caspases and occurs mainly at Asp-121. Cleavage produces a C-terminal fragment of ∼37 kDa that comprises the IRF dimerization and transactivation domains but lacks the DNA-binding domain. A similar cleavage is observed upon infection of the Jurkat T-cell line with vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein (VSV-G)-pseudotyped HIV-1. Two other HIV-1 accessory proteins, Vif and Vpr, also contribute to the induction of IRF3 cleavage in both the transfection and the infection systems. The C-terminal IRF3 fragment interferes with the transcriptional activity of full-length IRF3. Cleavage of IRF3 under all of these conditions correlates with cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, an indicator of apoptosis. We conclude that Vpu contributes to the attenuation of the anti-viral response by partial inactivation of IRF3 while host cells undergo apoptosis.
Contribution of superficial nephron segments to sodium excretion in experimental glomerulonephritis.

Contribution of superficial nephron segments to sodium excretion in experimental glomerulonephritis. The present study examined the contribution of individual superficial nephron segments to sodium excretion in antiglomerular basement membrane nephritis in the rat by sampling the same nephron successively from the end and beginning of the distal tubule and end of the proximal tubule. Whole kidney GFR in glomerulonephritic rats was reduced by approximately 40% from controls; absolute sodium excretion was about 25% of normal. Metabolic balance studies in the awake state had suggested that the animals were in sodium balance. Plasma renin levels before and during micropuncture were similar to controls. These findings suggest that the defect in sodium handling is intrinsic to the kidney. Glomerulotubular balance was maintained along the proximal tubule. Sodium reabsorption in the loop of Henle was reduced in absolute terms but was proportional to the load delivered. Due to the decreased absolute sodium reabsorption in the preceding segments, sodium delivery to the beginning of the distal tubule was comparable in the two groups of animals. Along the distal tubule sodium reabsorption was comparable to control animals. Therefore, the avid urinary sodium retention seen during micropuncture was due to increased sodium reabsorption by segments past the superficial proximal tubule and/or by deep nephrons.
Stakeholder Meetings as a Means of Engaging Student Learning of Complex Social Problems

A traditional debate format, in which a small group of students is given the task of presenting arguments for or against a particular issue, can promote pro and con dualism that is both incomplete and counter to developing a sociological imagination. In this article, the authors describe their efforts to avoid this kind of dualism through the development and implementation of a set of stakeholder meetings. They first examine the rationale for developing this method and then describe a particular classroom application of this type of debate. Next, the authors describe their assessment of the exercise both independent of and relative to traditional debates. They conclude by identifying some potential difficulties and make suggestions about the transferability to other academic settings.
Akrasia, health behavior, relapse, and reversal theory

Reversal theory accounts for akrasia and suggests methods for improving adherence to behavior change.
SSR markers closely associated with genes for resistance to root-knot nematode on chromosomes 11 and 14 of Upland cotton

Molecular markers closely linked to genes that confer a high level of resistance to root-knot nematode (RKN) [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood] in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm derived from Auburn 623 RNR would greatly facilitate cotton breeding programs. Our objectives were to identify simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers linked to RKN resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) and map these markers to specific chromosomes. We developed three recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations by single seed descent from the crosses of RKN-resistant parents M-240 RNR (M240), developed from the Auburn 623 RNR source, moderately resistant Clevewilt 6 (CLW6), one of the parents of Auburn 623 RNR, and susceptible parent Stoneville 213 (ST213). These crosses were CLW6 × ST213, M240 × CLW6, and M240 × ST213. RILs from these populations were grown under greenhouse conditions, inoculated with RKN eggs, scored for root gall index, eggs plant−1, and eggs g−1 root. Plants were also genotyped with SSR markers. Results indicated that a minimum of two major genes were involved in the RKN resistance of M240. One gene was localized to chromosome 11 and linked to the marker CIR 316-201. This CIR 316-201 allele was also present in CLW6 but not in Mexico Wild (MW) (PI593649), both of which are parents of Auburn 623 RNR. A second RKN resistance gene was localized to the short arm of chromosome 14 and was linked to the SSR markers BNL3545-118 and BNL3661-185. These two marker alleles were not present in CLW6 but were present in MW. Our data also suggest that the chromosome 11 resistance QTL primarily affects root galling while the QTL on chromosome 14 mediates reduced RKN egg production. The SSRs identified in this study should be useful to select plants with high levels of RKN resistance in segregating populations derived from Auburn 623 RNR.
Inducing local T cell apoptosis with anti-Fas-functionalized polymeric coatings fabricated via surface-initiated photopolymerizations

Cell encapsulation has long been investigated as a means to achieve transplant immunoprotection as it creates a physical barrier between allograft tissue and host immune cells. Encapsulation with passive barrier materials alone, however, is generally insufficient to protect donor tissue from rejection, because small cytotoxic molecules produced by activated T cells can diffuse readily into the capsule and mediate allograft death. As a means to provide bioactive protection for polymeric encapsulation devices, we investigated a functionalized polymeric coating that mimics a natural T cell regulation pathway. T cells are regulated in vivo via Fas, a well-known 'death receptor,' whereby effector cells express Fas ligand and elicit T cell apoptosis upon binding the Fas receptor on a T cell surface. Anti-Fas antibodies are capable of replicating this effect and induce T cell apoptosis in solution. Here, an iniferter-based living radical polymerization was utilized to fabricate surface-anchored polymer chains containing poly(ethylene glycol) with covalently incorporated pendant anti-Fas antibody. Using this reaction mechanism, we demonstrate fabrication conditions that yield surface densities in excess of 1.5 ng/cm(2) of incorporated therapeutic, as detected by ELISA. Additionally, we show that coatings containing anti-Fas antibody induced significant T cell apoptosis, 21+/-2% of cells, after 24h. Finally, the incorporation of a T cell adhesion ligand, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, along with anti-Fas antibody, yielded even higher levels of apoptosis, 34+/-1% of T cells, compared to either signal alone.
Testing atypical depression definitions

The evidence supporting the DSM-IV definition of atypical depression (AD) is weak. This study aimed to test different definitions of AD. Major depressive disorder (MDD) patients (N = 254) and bipolar-II (BP-II) outpatients (N = 348) were interviewed consecutively, during major depressive episodes, with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. DSM-IV criteria for AD were followed. AD validators were female gender, young onset, BP-II, axis I comorbidity, bipolar family history. Frequency of DSM-IV AD was 43.0%. AD, versus non-AD, was significantly associated with all AD validators, apart from comorbidity when controlling for age and sex. Factor analysis of atypical symptoms found factor 1 including oversleeping, overeating and weight gain (leaden paralysis at trend correlation), and factor 2 including interpersonal sensitivity, mood reactivity, and leaden paralysis. Multiple logistic regression of factor 1 versus AD validators found significant associations with several validators (including bipolar family history), whereas factor 2 had no significant associations. Findings may support a new definition of AD based on the state-dependent features oversleeping and overeating (plus perhaps leaden paralysis) versus the current AD definition based on a combination of state and trait features. Pharmacological studies are required to support any new definition of AD, as the current concept of AD is based on different response to TCA antidepressants versus non-AD.
A file server for a network of low cost personal microcomputers

This paper describes a file server which was specifically designed to be the file store for a number of personal microcomputers attached to a local area network. In particular these personal machines (clients) have a very limited amount of memory with which to interface to the file server. The filing system supports an hierarchical directory structure with a simple capability-like protection mechanism. Both the operations and communication protocol supported by the file server are chosen to make a client computer's interface code simple. Special attention is given to speeding up certain frequently used processor-bound operations. Various aspects of the implementation are discussed, together with some suggested improvements.
Effect of Hypothermia in Irreversible Hemorrhagic Shock

Irreversible hemorrhagic shock was studied in normothermic dogs and in dogs subjected to hypothermia at three different periods following the onset of the hemorrhage. A significant prolongation of life was observed in the hypothermia dogs, the increase in survival time being greatest in those dogs cooled early in the shock sequence. The temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, rate of uptake of blood from a blood reservoir and autopsy findings in the two groups were noted.
Obsessive compulsive disorder due to a cavernous malformation hemorrhage in the dominant caudate head

Structural lesions of the basal ganglia may lead to obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). We report a 31-year-old woman who developed OCD after a previously asymptomatic left caudate intracerebral cavernous malformation (ICM) hemorrhaged. Her neurologic examination was normal. Her OCD required hospitalization and improved with medication and therapy. The pathophysiology of this psychiatric disorder probably reflects a frontal cortex deafferentation mechanism. In patients with known ICM, any abrupt change in neurologic or psychiatric symptoms should prompt repeat imaging to assess for hemorrhage.