cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large-Scale Image Geolocalization

In this chapter, we explore the task of global image geolocalization—estimating where on the Earth a photograph was captured. We examine variants of the “im2gps” algorithm using millions of “geotagged” Internet photographs as training data. We first discuss a simple to understand nearest-neighbor baseline. Next, we introduce a lazy-learning approach with more sophisticated features that doubles the performance of the original “im2gps” algorithm. Beyond quantifying geolocalization accuracy, we also analyze (a) how the nonuniform distribution of training data impacts the algorithm (b) how performance compares to baselines such as random guessing and land-cover recognition and (c) whether geolocalization is simply landmark or “instance level” recognition at a large scale. We also show that geolocation estimates can provide the basis for image understanding tasks such as population density estimation or land cover estimation. This work was originally described, in part, in “im2gps” [9] which was the first attempt at global geolocalization using Internet-derived training data.
Memory indexing: canonicalizing addresses across executions

Fine-grained program execution comparison examines different executions generated by different program versions, different inputs, or by perturbations. It has a wide range of applications in debugging, regression testing, program comprehension, and security. Meaningful comparison demands that executions are aligned before they are compared, otherwise the resulting differences do not reflect semantic differences. Prior work has focused on aligning executions along the control flow dimension. In this paper, we observe that the memory dimension is also critical and propose a novel solution to align memory locations across different executions. We introduce a canonical representation for memory locations and pointer values called memory indexing. Aligned memory locations across runs share the same index. We formally define the semantics of memory indexing and present a cost-effective design. We also show that memory indexing overcomes an important challenge in automated debugging by enabling robust state replacement across runs.
Verbal Interaction Patterns of Mothers, Children, and Other Persons in the Home1

Verbal interaction patterns within the home were the focus in this study. Patterns of verbal interaction between (1) mothers and all persons in the home at the time of the observations, (2) mothers and their familial children, and (3) mothers and their 4-year-old children were investigated. Observations were recorded in each subject's home setting as families conducted their normal daily routines. Data were analyzed to determine conditions within the homes which affected verbal interaction patterns. When all persons present were considered, income housing level, percentage of male children in the family, age of mothers, and number of familial children present were related to verbal interaction patterns at a significant level. When verbal interactions between mothers and children were analyzed, number of familial children present and the presence of the father were related to verbal interaction patterns. When mothers and 4-year-olds were studied, age of mothers was related to the verbal interaction patterns at a significant level.
Resistance, recuperation, and reflexivity: The limits of a paradigm

Since the early 1980s, the paradigm of resistance (which emerges from a particular reading of Gramsci's theory of hegemony) has enjoyed widespread popularity in the field of media studies. Arguing for understanding media studies as a field in Pierre Bourdieu's sense of the term, this article explores the analytical and political limits of this paradigm, and, by extension, the intellectual vision that proceeds from it.
Human Breast Cancer Growth Inhibited in Vivo by a Dominant Negative Pleiotrophin Mutant

Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a recently described 18- kDa heparin binding growth/differentiation factor. It also is a proto-oncogene; cells transformed by the Ptn gene form highly angiogenic tumors when implanted into the nude mouse. PTN may be an important regulator of transformation in other tumors, because constitutively high levels of expression of the pleiotrophin (Ptn) gene are found in human breast cancer and other malignant cell lines, and its levels of expression are high in many human tumor specimens. To determine whether PTN is an important regulator of the malignant phenotype of human breast cancer cells, we constructed a mutant cDNA to encode a truncated PTN designed to heterodimerize with the product of the endogenous Ptn gene during processing. The mutant gene product blocked transformation of NIH 3T3 cells by the wild type (wt) Ptn gene product. The mutant Ptn cDNA was then introduced into human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells, and clonal lines that stably express the mutant Ptn cDNA were selected. The truncated PTN was shown to form heterodimers with the endogenous Ptn gene product in these cells. Furthermore, the MDA-MB-231 cells that express the mutant Ptn gene were no longer transformed; they failed to form plaques or colonies in soft agar and were unable to form tumors in the athymic nude mouse. The results establish an important role of PTN in the dysregulated growth of human breast cancer cells and suggest that constitutive expression of PTN may be essential to the malignant phenotype of human breast cancers in vivo.
Precipitin analysis of C-reactive protein by gel diffusion.

Summary1. The rate of penetration of crystallized C-RP into agar-antiserum medium has been determined. 2. With this procedure, the C-reactive protein present in human serum of 16 patients with rheumatic fever was evaluated. Variations of less than 0.001 mg of C-RP per ml of serum were detectable. 3. By observing the pattern of the precipitin bands at least 3 antigenic components were found to be present in crystalline C-reactive protein. 4. In human serum, the C-RP present appeared to contain up to 3 antigenic components in different concentrations.
Medium ADP and not ADP already tightly bound to phylakoid membranes forms the initial ATP in chloroplast phosphorylation.

Abstract Measurements are reported on the source of the ADP and γ-phosphoryl moieties of the initial ATP formed when chloroplast thylakoid membranes are energized by an acid-base transition. Millisecond mixing and quenching experiments demonstrate that most or all of the initial ATP, formed in amounts considerably less than the amount of CF1-ATPase present, arises from medium ADP and medium Pi. With no or low amounts of added medium ADP, the tightly-bound ADP present in thylakoid membranes is released to the medium on energization, then subsequently forms ATP. These results rule out the possible conversion of the ADP tightly-bound to CF1-ATPase to tightly-bound ATP as a step in the main pathway of chloroplast phosphorylation. Less complete experiments indicate a similar behavior of tightly-bound ADP of submitochondrial particles.
Detection of IgE antibodies to bacitracin using a commercially available streptavidin-linked solid phase in a patient with anaphylaxis to triple antibiotic ointment

Background Bacitracin is a commonly used topical antibiotic that has on occasion been reported to cause anaphylaxis. Evidence of the role of bacitracin specific IgE in such reactions has been demonstrated by skin testing. Because of the potential for provoking a systemic reaction by skin testing, it would be advantageous to develop an in vitro test for bacitracin specific IgE. Objective To report our experience coupling bacitracin to a solid phase and using it to detect specific IgE to bacitracin by fluorescent enzyme immunoassay. Methods A patient with a history of recurrent anaphylaxis that developed after application of triple antibiotic ointment to an open wound underwent skin testing with triple antibiotic ointment. Bacitracin was biotinylated and coupled to streptavidin ImmunoCAPs. IgE against bacitracin in the patient's serum was detected by fluorescent enzyme immunoassay. Results Topical application of triple antibiotic ointment to intact skin produced a 7 × 8-mm wheal with pseudopods. IgE against bacitracin was detected using biotinylated bacitracin-streptavidin ImmunoCAPs at a level of approximately 0.6 KU A /L and confirmed with ImmunoCAPs using direct coupling of bacitracin to the solid phase. Conclusions We demonstrate the presence of IgE antibodies to bacitracin in a patient with anaphylaxis to triple antibiotic ointment using a recently described procedure for producing custom allergen solid phases for immunoassay.
Evidence for core–shell nanoclusters in oxygen dispersion strengthened steels measured using X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Abstract Nanostructured ferritic alloys (NFA) dispersion strengthened by an ultra high density of Y–Ti–O enriched nano-features (NF) exhibit superior creep strength and the potential for high resistance to radiation damage. However, the detailed character of the NF, that precipitate from solid solution during hot consolidation of metallic powders mechanically alloyed with Y 2 O 3 , are not well understood. In order to clarify the nature of the NF, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) technique, including X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) were used to characterize the local structure of the Ti and Y atoms in both NFA powders and consolidated alloys. The powders were characterized in the as-received, as-milled and after annealing milled powders at 850, 1000 and 1150 °C. The consolidated alloys included powders hot isostatic pressed (HIPed) at 1150 °C and commercial vendor alloys, MA957 and J12YWT. The NFA XAS data were compared various Ti and Y-oxide standards. The XANES and EXAFS spectra for the annealed and HIPed powders are similar and show high temperature heat treatments shift the Y and Ti to more oxidized states that are consistent with combinations of Y 2 Ti 2 O 7 and, especially, TiO. However, the MA957 and J12YWT and annealed–consolidated powder data differ. The commercial vendor alloys results more closely resemble the as-milled powder data and all show that a significant fraction of substitutional Ti remains dissolved in the (BCC) ferrite matrix.
Target enzyme recognition by calmodulin: 2.4 A structure of a calmodulin-peptide complex

The crystal structure of calcium-bound calmodulin (Ca(2+)-CaM) bound to a peptide analog of the CaM-binding region of chicken smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase has been determined and refined to a resolution of 2.4 angstroms (A). The structure is compact and has the shape of an ellipsoid (axial ratio approximately 2:1). The bound CaM forms a tunnel diagonal to its long axis that engulfs the helical peptide, with the hydrophobic regions of CaM melded into a single area that closely covers the hydrophobic side of the peptide. There is a remarkably high pseudo-twofold symmetry between the closely associated domains. The central helix of the native CaM is unwound and expanded into a bend between residues 73 and 77. About 185 contacts (less than 4 A) are formed between CaM and the peptide, with van der Waals contacts comprising approximately 80% of this total.
DNA-damage-induced checkpoint pathways in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Genomic instability is believed to be an enabling characteristic of cancer (Hanahan and Weinberg 2000).Therefore, it is not surprising that sophisticated mechanisms exist to maintain the integrity of the genome. Damage to DNA triggers checkpoint controls that result in cellcycle arrest and repair of the lesion (Nurse 1997, 2000;Weinert 1998). In multicellular organisms, when DNAdamage is extensive, these potentially harmful cells areeliminated by apoptosis (Enoch and Norbury 1995; Evanand Littlewood 1998). Defects in communications between DNA damage and the apoptotic program leads tothe survival of cells with unstable genomes vulnerable tooncogene activation, ultimately leading to tumor development (Morgan and Kastan 1997; Orr-Weaver andWeinberg 1998; Hanahan and Weinberg 2000). Geneticwork in yeast has greatly improved our understanding ofthe molecular mechanisms of DNA-damage-inducedcheckpoint arrest and repair. On the other hand, DNAdamage-induced apoptosis cannot be studied in yeasts, asthe apoptotic program is missing in both Saccharomycescerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fraser andJames 1998)...
Performance analysis of pneumatically driven blood pumps

A simplified analysis of the performance characteristics of pneumatically actuated artificial hearts was made. The analysis was based on the assumption that inertia forces predominated during the filling and emptying of the ventricles. The results qualitatively predictedin vitro characteristics and allowed control criteria to be based on physical principles.
Mechanism of dynamic visual acuity recovery with vestibular rehabilitation.

Abstract Schubert MC, Migliaccio AA, Clendaniel RA, Allak A, Carey JP. Mechanism of dynamic visual acuity recovery with vestibular rehabilitation. Objective To determine why dynamic visual acuity (DVA) improves after vestibular rehabilitation in people with vestibular hypofunction. Design Combined descriptive and intervention study. Setting Outpatient department in an academic medical institution. Participants Five patients (age, 42–66y) and 4 age-matched controls (age, 39–67y) were studied. Patients had vestibular hypofunction (mean duration, 177±188d) identified by clinical (positive head thrust test, abnormal DVA), physiologic (reduced angular vestibulo-ocular reflex [aVOR] gain during passive head thrust testing), and imaging examinations (absence of tumor in the internal auditory canals or cerebellopontine angle). Intervention Vestibular rehabilitation focused on gaze and gait stabilization (mean, 5.0±1.4 visits; mean, 66±24d). The control group did not receive any intervention. Main Outcome Measures aVOR gain (eye velocity/head velocity) during DVA testing (active head rotation) and horizontal head thrust testing (passive head rotation) to control for spontaneous recovery. Results For all patients, DVA improved (mean, 51%±25%; range, 21%–81%). aVOR gain during the active DVA test increased in each of the patients (mean range, 0.7±0.2 to 0.9±0.2 [35%]). aVOR gain during passive head thrust did not improve in 3 patients and improved only partially in the other 2. For control subjects, aVOR gain during DVA was near 1. Conclusions Our data suggest that vestibular rehabilitation increases aVOR gain during active head rotation independent of peripheral aVOR gain recovery.
A QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO CONTENT VALIDITY

CIVIL rights legislation, the attendant actions of compliance agencies, and a few landmark court cases have provided the impetus for the extension of the application of content validity from academic achievement testing to personnel testing in business and industry. Pressed by the legal requirement to demonstrate validity, and constrained by the limited applicability of traditional criterion-related methodologies, practitioners are more and more turning to content validity in search of solutions. Over time, criterion-related validity principles and strategies have evolved so that the term, "commonly accepted professional practice" has meaning. Such is not the case with content validity. The relative newness of the field, the proprietary nature of work done by professionals practicing in industry, to say nothing of the ever present legal overtones, have predictably militated against publication in the journals and formal discussion at professional meetings. There is a paucity of literature on content validity in employment testing, and much of what exists has eminated from civil service commissions. The selectipn of civil servants, with its eligibility lists and "pass-fail" concepts, has always been something of a special case with limited transferability to industry. Given the current lack of consensus in professional practice, practitioners will more and more face each other in adversary roles as expert witnesses for plaintiff and defendant. Until professionals reach some degree of concurrence regarding what constitutes acceptable evidence of content validity, there is a serious risk that the courts and the enforcement agencies will play the major determining role. Hopefully, this paper will modestly contribute to the improvement of this state of affairs (1) by helping sharpen the content ' A paper presented at Content Validity [1, a conference held at Bowling Green
Magnetite activities across the MgAl2O4-Fe3O4 spinel join, with application to thermobarometric estimates of upper mantle oxygen fugacity

The activity of Fe3O4 component in MgAl2O4-Fe3O4 spinels has been measured at 900° and 1000° C and 1 atm total pressure using a zirconia oxygen electrolyte. As previously reported for the dilute Fe3O4 concentration region (Mattioli and Wood 1986a), magnetite activity at 1000° C is greater than at 900° C at constant Fe3O4 mole fraction, for compositions across the MgAl2O4-Fe3O4 join between 20 and 80 mol% Fe3O4 component. The 1-atm solvus crest lies between 900° and 1000° C and, at 900° C the limbs are at Fe3O4 mole fractions of 0.2 and 0.6 approximately. Application of the O'Neill and Navrotsky (1983, 1984) cation distribution model indicates that the unusual activity — composition behavior of Fe3O4 is caused by changes in the equilibrium state of disorder of mixed MgAl2O4-Fe3O4 spinels relative to the disordered Fe3O4 standard state. In addition, both stoichiometric volumes (Mattioli et al. 1987) and activities across the MgAl2O4-Fe3O4 join suggest that short range order is significant for this binary. Excess free energy terms must be added to “ideal” Fe3O4 activities formulated from equilibrium cation distributions in complex MgAl2O4-Fe3O4 spinels in order to increase Fe3O4 activities to values consistent with observation and to generate the apparent region of immiscibility at 900° C. We have applied our activity data to the estimation of upper mantle spinel-lherzolite oxygen fugacities. We calculated that minimum $$f_{O_2 }$$ 's are about 2 log units below the synthetic QFM buffer at 15 kbar total pressure for Fe3O4 concentration of 2 mol%, in a Cr-free spinel phase. If a preliminary calibration of an additional 25 mol% Fe2+-substitution as FeCr2O4 or FeAl2O4 component is incorporated into Fe3O4 activity, then olivine-orthopyroxene-spinel assemblages of depleted-Type 1-spinel-lherzolite xenoliths indicate $$f_{O_2 }$$ 's close to QFM at 15 kbar. This is in good agreement with previous thermobarometric $$f_{O_2 }$$ estimates and in sharp contrast to 1 atm intrinsic $$f_{O_2 }$$ measurements near IW.
Postexposure metabolic effects of sulfide and evidence of sulfide-based ATP production in callianassid ghost shrimp (Crustacea:Decapoda:Thalassinidea)

Abstract Lepidophthalmus louisianensis and Callichirus islagrande were exposed to simple anoxia and to sulfide under normoxia and anoxia, after which pleopodal ventilation and oxygen consumption were monitored in closed respirometers over declining oxygen tensions. C. islagrande exhibited the overall higher rate of ventilation at almost all time intervals and oxygen tensions, regardless of the pretreatment. Only in L. louisianensis was ventilatory rate significantly elevated immediately following anoxia. At time intervals ≥90–120 min, ventilatory patterns for the two species diverged in terms of how anoxic, normoxic sulfide, and anoxic sulfide pretreatments compared to controls. Only in L. louisianensis did rates of controls decrease over time. Ventilatory responses of this species may conserve energy as an adaptation to the stresses imposed. In both species, pretreatment with either normoxic sulfide or anoxic sulfide increased metabolic rates over those following pretreatment under normoxia in the absence of sulfide. C. islagrande maintained higher ventilatory and oxygen consumption rates overall than did L. louisianensis throughout the 3-h duration of experiments, both for controls and for animals prestressed with anoxia and/or sulfide. This suggests its greater dependence on aerobic metabolism than in L. lousianensis . Analysis of selected metabolically active tissues in a coupled enzyme procedure revealed that mitochondrial isolates of both species could produce ATP from sulfide. In 100 μmol l −1 sulfide, L. louisianensis produced more ATP than did C. islagrande . Ecological significance of this ability remains in question.
A Crystal-Less Self-Synchronized Bit-Level Duty-Cycled IR-UWB Transceiver System

A self-synchronized dual-band OOK IR-UWB transceiver system for short-range, low-data rate sensor networks is demonstrated. The transceiver system utilizes asynchronous non-coherent energy detection coupled with a novel pulse-coupled injection-locking scheme to synchronize transceivers throughout the network at nanosecond-scale precision. The pulse-coupled synchronization scheme compensates for intrinsic frequency variation so that all timing in the system can be derived from an integrated relaxation oscillator operating at a nominal frequency of 150 KHz. A low-jitter PLL and simple combinational logic is used for timing generation and control. The system is duty cycled between the expected arrival times of the sync and data pulses, allowing a demonstrated average RF duty cycle of less than 1% while being able to maintain synchronization for nearly 1 million cycles. Total measured system power consumption is 119 μW while actively communicating with 1200 bit packets. The transceiver was designed in a 90 nm IBM CMOS process and occupies 1.7 mm2 of active area.
Location and Number of Cortical Fixation Points and the Effect on Reference Base Stability During Computer-Navigated Total Knee Arthroplasty

This study investigated 2 methods of reference base fixation for computer navigation markers for computer-navigated total knee arthroplasty. Five cadaveric specimens were used to test a 1-pin and 3-pin base system. A navigation system (Stryker Navigation, Kalamazoo, Mich) was used for testing with applied loads and torques to the reference base. Changes in distance from a verification point as well change in alignment were recorded. The change in distance to a reference point as well as the change in alignment data was significantly different at 65 N of applied load with the 3-pin construct being more stable (P = .02). The results suggest that 3-pin fixation in the metaphyseal portion of the distal femur is more stable than a single-pin bicortical construct.
Abstract P6-01-02: Flat Epithelial Atypia of the Breast on Core Needle Biopsies — To Re-Excise or Not

Flat epithelial atypia (FEA) of the breast have a tendency to calcify, and as such, are becoming increasingly detected by mammography. There is no consensus yet on whether to excise these lesions or not after diagnosis on core needle biopsies (CNB). We reviewed 3948 consecutive mammotome breast CNB from our surgical pathology files between June 2004 and June 2009 correlating histomorphologic, radiological, and clinical features. Diagnosis of FEA was made based on the 2003 WHO definition (replacement of native epithelial cells by a single layer of mildly atypical cells often with apical snouts, or proliferation of a monotonous atypical cell population in the form of stratification of uniform, cuboidal to columnar cells generally up to 3-5 cell layers with occasional mounding). There were145 (3.7%) cases of pure FEA and 58 (1.5%) cases of concomitant FEA and atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH). In the pure FEA population, the age range was 33-82 years (median 49 years) and 67 patients (67.4%) had calcifications on mammography. There were 95 patients of the pure FEA group who underwent subsequent excisional biopsies with the following findings: Benign-19(20%), ADH-36(38%), Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)-1(1.05%), DCIS and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC)-2 (2.10%), atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH)-3 (3.15%). In the concomitant FEA and ADH group, the age range was 34-83 years (median 51.50), and 50 patients (86.2%) had calcifications on radiograph. Of these, 44 patients underwent subsequent excisions with the following findings: Benign-10(22.7%), DCIS-4 (9.09%), DCIS and IDC-2(4.54%), DCIS+lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) + Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC)-1(2.27%), papillary carcinoma-1(2.27%), and tubular carcinoma-1(2.27%). The incidence of carcinoma in the FEA+ADH group is about 20% (9 out 44) and 3% (3 out of 95) for the pure FEA group. This difference is statistically significant (p=0.0016). The relative risk of carcinoma findings in the ADH+FEA group versus the pure FEA group is 6.4773, 95% CI: [1.8432, 22.76 24]. These findings suggest that pure FEA in spite of having an association with carcinoma, albeit a low association, has a greater association with ADH, a well known risk factor for development of breast cancer. The contentious issue, however, still remains what to do with FEA when diagnosed by CNB since there is no consensus on the clinical management. Additional studies are needed to further understand the natural history of these lesions and provide a guide for their management. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-01-02.
Density functional calculations exploring the methylene-water interaction in the gas phase and in solution☆

Abstract Results are presented from density functional calculations which investigate the interaction between water and singlet methylene. Geometries, energies, and vibrational frequencies were characterized for a number of local minima and transition states on the water-methylene potential energy surface in the gas phase and in solution. The solution phase studies were carried out using the Onsager reaction field model with a range of dielectric constants from 2 to 80. Calculations were performed using density functional theory with the B3LYP functional. The 6-31G∗ and 6-311++G∗∗ basis sets were employed for all calculations. When results are compared to MP2 and QCISD studies, it is found that density functional theory overestimates the binding energies of the ylides formed between methylene and water. In addition, density functional theory poorly describes the energetics of the ylide rearrangement via a 1,2-hydrogen shift mechanism to form methanol. The barrier for rearrangement is underestimated by density functional theory when compared to MP2 or QCISD results. However, density functional theory qualitatively predicts the stabilization of the methylene-water ylides and the increase in barrier height for rearrangement in solution.
New improved hourglass control for bilinear and trilinear elements in anisotropic linear elasticity

One-point reduced integration method is studied for 4-node quadrilateral and 8-node brick elements together wih correction terms of the numerical integration rule for selective and directional reduced integration schemes for anisotropic linear elasticity. These correction terms were previously called hourglass control to the reduced integration method by Belytschko and others. In the present work the idea of existing hourglass control is carefully examined for its convergence and accuracy, and is extended to include both selective and directional reduced integration methods.
Interactions of methylmalonyl CoA mutase from normal human fibroblasts with adenosylcobalamin and methylmalonyl CoA: evidence for non-equivalent active sites.

Abstract We have examined interactions between human methylmalonyl CoA mutase and two critical ligands, its cofactor adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) and its substrate methylmalonyl CoA, by performing in vitro experiments with preparations of mutase apoenzyme and holoenzyme from normal cultured human fibroblasts. When extracts are prepared from cells grown in medium containing high concentrations of hydroxocobalamin, a precursor of AdoCbl, mutase activity measured in Tris-containing buffers in the absence of added AdoCbl accounts maximally for only 50% of that activity measured in the presence of excess AdoCbl. A similar result is observed when mutase holoenzyme is formed in vitro by incubating cell extracts containing apoenzyme with AdoCbl and removing excess AdoCbl by gel filtration. When such holoenzyme preparations are heated at 45 °C and then assayed for activity, their thermostability is less than that of mutase holoenzyme heated in the presence of excess cofactor, but far greater than that of mutase apoenzyme. Methylmalonyl CoA modulates these enzyme-coenzyme interactions, since mutase holoenzyme formed in Triscontaining buffers is resolved to apoenzyme upon exposure to substrate. Qualitatively different data are obtained when buffers containing cations other than Tris are used. Under these conditions, mutase activity measured in the absence of added AdoCbl accounts for nearly 100% of the activity measured in the presence of excess cofactor, whether holoenzyme is formed in intact cells in culture or in cell extracts in vitro . Furthermore, holoenzyme formed in vitro in potassium phosphate buffer is not resolved to apoenzyme upon exposure to substrate. We suggest that the “holoenzyme” form of mutase obtained and assayed in Tris-containing buffers is that molecular species with only one of its two potential AdoCbl binding sites occupied in a catalytically active fashion, and that other ions can influence markedly the interactions between mutase, AdoCbl, and methylmalonyl CoA. These data are consistent, therefore, with the hypothesis that the dimeric mutase apoenzyme is characterized, under certain conditions, by nonequivalent active sites.
Neural Correlates of Error Monitoring in an Adult with Klinefelter's Syndrome: A Case Report

Studies have indicated that individuals with Klinefelter's syndrome (KS) exhibit deficits in executive functions. However, little attention has been paid to investigate control mechanism of executive functions, i.e., error monitoring, in individuals with KS. Two event-related potential (ERP) components, i.e., error-related negativity (Ne/ERN) and error positivity (Pe), are the electrophysiological markers of error monitoring. This case report presents the findings of error monitoring from an adult with KS using the electrophysiological technique. This KS individual displayed small ERN and Pe amplitudes, suggesting that he may exhibit deficient error detection and reaction, a lack of conscious error recognition, and nonproficient adjustment after an error. The findings of this report should stimulate further study in error monitoring in individuals with KS.
Improving Web Access for Individuals who Rely on Augmentative and Alternative Communication

People with significant speech and motor disabilities often face obstacles attempting to navigate the World Wide Web. This is especially true for the millions of children and adults worldwide who rely on or could benefit from augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). This study was designed to test the usability of WebAACcess, an accessibility enhancement tool designed to bypass some of the barriers to navigating the web. Using a repeated-measures research design, whereby subjects were their own controls, each of the 12 participants (7 with motor disabilities who used AAC and 5 peers without disabilities) navigated equivalent web pages using Internet Explorer alone and Internet Explorer with WebAACcess. Results consistently demonstrated that navigating using WebAACess with Internet Explorer was more efficient, easier, and equally effective for all of the participants than navigating with Internet Explorer alone.
Chemically induced dynamic electron polarization in pulse radiolysis. Viscous solutions

Abstract CIDEP dependence on viscosity was examined using glycerol-water solutions and the −CH2COO− radical produced by e−aq reaction. In viscous solutions excess emission is observed indicating that the S−T±1 polarization in H radical reactions and in the radicals from micelles.
Computer-Based Exploratory Learning Systems for Handicapped Children

Computer-based exploratory learning systems are programs which emphasize using the computer to help children learn by manipulating their surroundings instead of answering questions posed by others. For example, in exploratory learning students might improve their reading and language skills by using the computer to draw pictures, write and edit stories, solve problems or play games. Pilot research with handicapped students using LOGO, CARIS, the Talking Typewriter, and other computer-based exploratory learning systems has shown that this approach may be more effective for reading and language skills because it parallels more accurately the stages of normal language acquisition and because it adapts more easily to their special learning needs. Particularly interesting is the finding that handicapped children often demonstrate skills thought to be beyond their ability.
Novel gallium(III) complexes as potential pet imaging agents for probing multidrug resistance (MDR1) P‐glycoprotein (PGP) transport activity: Effect of MDR reversal agents

Evaluation of multidrug resistance (MDR1) P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-mediated efflux transport is one potentially important marker in guiding chemotherapeutic treatment in cancer patients. Therefore, methods have been sought [1] to noninvasively image Pgp transport function in vivo [2–9]. In addition to existing SPECT radiotracers for probing Pgp transport activity, non-metabolized PET agents that offer inherently enhanced spatial resolution and quantification capabilities would enable quantitative noninvasive assessment of chemotherapeutic regimens as well as MDR gene therapy. Thus, organic scaffolds capable of accommodating PET isotopes to generate stable radiopharmaceuticals are desired for functional imaging of MDR1 Pgp-mediated transport activity.
Differential velocity and time prediction of motion.

Summary.-This investigation examined the effects of differential target velocity, horizontal or vertical plane conditions, and air traffic controller experience on the estimation accuracy of intersection time of two converging targets. Performance accuraq on this task was not significantly affected by horizontal or vertical conditions or by air traffic conrrollers' experience. However, accuracy in magnitude and direction varied significantly as a function of cursor speed, with slower speeds producing the poorer performance. A differential effect for various speed combinations was also noted. Estimation accuracy on the slowest cursor speed when paired with the two faster speeds was decreased while accuracy on the intermediate speed was degraded when combined with either slower or faster speeds. Estimations on the fastest speed were not affected by differential pairings. Time predictions about future positions of moving objects are made many times a day by virtually everyone. Of these predictions, perhaps the most important are those made about controllable moving objects having a common intersection point with other objects. This sinlation can involve a moving object having a point of intersection with a fixed body or two moving objects having a common intersection point. In either case, error in estimating the future positions of such objects, with respect to their point of intersection, can produce undesirable consequences. For example, in aviation where a collision is incorrectly judged to be imminent, the unnecessary implementation of avoidance procedures could create a situation which in itself would be hazardous. On the other hand, not recognizing a collision course can be of greater consequence. This error in judgment can result in the failure to initiate necessary corrective actions in time to avoid or lessen the severity of a collision and its resultant effects. Since judgments about the future positions of objects with common intersection points are prevalent, and since errors in these judgments can be, and often are costly in both lives and property, it is highly appropriate that man's capacity to perform this function be investigated. If accurate assessments are to be made of man's ability to ~redict intersection times, pertinent variables influencing this type of task must be explored. One such variable is velocity. Velocity will, for a given heading, determine the future position of moving bodies. Thus, laboratory situations have been utilized which modify velocity in various ways and note the effects of such modifications on prediction performance.
Psychological stress and ventricular arrhythmias during myocardial infarction in the conscious dog.

Abstract The influence of psychological stress on cardiac rhythm was studied in eight conscious dogs before and after coronary arterial occlusion. The behavioral and cardiac responses of the animals were compared in stressful and nonstressful environments. Before coronary arterial obstruction, psychological stress lowered the vulnerable period threshold for repetitive ventricular responses by 82 percent. After myocardial infarction, presentation of stressful stimull provoked diverse ventricular arrhythmias including ventricular tachycardia and early extrasystoles with T wave interruption. Our study provides an experimental model for the systematic investigation of the role of psychological factors in the development of cardiac arrhythmias.
Solar electric propulsion combined with earth gravity assist - A new potential for planetary exploration

The need to shorten mission time (travel time to target planet) in missions to the outer planets prompts a search for alternatives to one-way minimum-energy transfers while continuing to minimize on-power thrusts. Gravity assists via swing-bys of inner planets are examined, with emphasis on a projected Venus-earth gravity assist (VEGA) and a combined solar electric propulsion and earth gravity assist (SEEGA). Gravity assists are also examined as essential for missions with sample returns back to earth. Possible use of such techniques in the Shuttle Interim Upper Stage (IUS) program is considered. Various SEEGA and VEGA trajectories are discussed and charted, and time lost in the launch orbit to earth re-encounter time is weighed against time gained by faster speed toward the mission destination.
Effect of permittivity on energy band diagrams of dielectric metamaterial arrays

Band diagrams of 2D arrays of dielectric rods are simulated at TE wave incidence in dependence on dielectric permittivity of rod material. It is shown that permittivity defines the variety of propagation modes corresponding to extreme energies of the lowest transmission bands because of interplay between Bragg and Mie resonances. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:134–137, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27219
A Dialogical Examination of Kenyan Immigrants’ Acculturation in the United States

This research presents the acculturation of Kenyan immigrants as a dialogical process. Interviews were conducted with immigrants in a Southern city in the U.S. Our findings show that Black immigrant acculturation is not a simple process of integration but one that is highly contested and characterized by conflict. Our research emphasizes the unique experiences of Black immigrants whose adaptation processes are impacted by their race and colonial histories. Our findings draw attention to the need for research that examines the immigrant adaptation process as a dialogical process rather than as a simple integration of dominant culture to culture of origin.
Autoprothrombin C: a second enzyme from prothrombin.

In addition to thrombin, there is another derivative of prothrombin which is an end product of prothrombin activation. It is an accelerator of prothrombin activation, and is called autoprothrombin C. The activity develops from purified bovine prothrombin in 25% sodium citrate solution simultaneously with thrombin. It has been separated from thrombin by chromatography on Amberlite IRC-50 under the conditions previously used for the isolation of thrombin. The fraction which separates from thrombin has esterase activity and very likely this esterase activity is associated with the autoprothrombin C molecule. Since the autoprothrombin C and the thrombin are both derived from prothrombin, at least two enzymes are the end products of prothrombin activation. Autoprothrombin C catalyzed the activation of purified prothrombin in 25% sodium citrate solution, and this function was easily inhibited with p-toluenesulphonyl-L-arginine methyl ester. Autoprothrombin C preparations were mixed with platelets, Ac-globulin, ...
435 REDUCTION OF CELL CYCLE LENGTH AND INCREASE IN S-PHASE BY GROWTH FACTORS IN PIG FETAL FIBROBLASTS

Gene targeting in primary somatic cells is inefficient compared with embryonic stem cells. This is because of a slow rate of cell proliferation, fewer cells in S-phase at a given time point under normal culture conditions, and low rate of homologous recombination. Homologous recombination occurs mainly in late S-phase and increase in gene targeting efficiency has been reported in S-phase synchronized cells in bovine and rhesus macaque fetal fibroblasts. In this study we tested several growth factors: platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), tumor necrosis factor a (TNFα), epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), insulin-like growth factor 1 (ILGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor II (ILGF-II) individually and in various combinations to see the effect on cell proliferation rate. Each experimental set consisted of 3 replicates. TGFβ1-, ILGF1-, ILGFII-, and FGF-treated cells grew very slowly compared with untreated cells. However, a combination of 3 growth factors: PDGF (15 ng mL-1), EGF (50 ng mL-1) and TNFa (100 pg mL-1), herein referred to as the cocktail, accelerated cell proliferation rate and reduced cell cycle length on average from 24.5 ± 0.2 to 20.4 ± 0.5 h with no significant change in number of cells in S-phase. Further, cells grown in the presence of the cocktail showed changes in morphology. The cells became spindle-shaped and occupied less surface area per cell compared with untreated cells. Importantly, cocktail-treated cells maintained a normal karyotype without any chromosomal abnormality. Thymidine has been used successfully to block various cell types in S-phase but it failed to synchronize these cells in S-phase in the concentration range of 2 to 10 mM for 24 to 48 h. However, serum starvation (0.2% fetal bovine serum) for 48 h blocked the cell proliferation rate effectively and synchronized cells in G0 phase (80-82% cells). After releasing from the block, cells were grown in the absence or presence of cocktail and cell cycle analysis was done at different time points by flow cytometry. Each time point was repeated 3 times. We observed the maximum number of cells in S-phase at 22 to 23 h (61.33% ± 7.77 in cocktail-treated cells v. 41.7% ± 3.28 in untreated cells). In summary, the cocktail-treated cells showed changes in cell morphology, higher proliferation rate, reduction in cell cycle length by 16.7%, and maximum percentage of cells in S-phase following serum starvation but maintained normal karyotypes. This high proliferation rate, reduction in cell cycle length, and maximum number of cells in S-phase should be very helpful in increasing the efficiency of gene-targeting in pig fetal fibroblasts.
Enhancing toxicity data interpretation and prediction of ecological risk with survival time modeling: an illustration using sodium chloride toxicity to mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki)

Abstract Protocols for estimating toxic endpoints (e.g. 96-h LC 50 ) dominate research in aquatic toxicology to the near exclusion of equally appropriate techniques such as survival time modeling. By noting time-to-death during routine testing, statistical power, incorporation of covariates, prediction of toxic effect over time and linkage to life table characteristics can be improved. Consequently, prediction of ecological risk is enhanced. Survival time modeling is illustrated with acute NaCl toxicity data for the mosquitofish. Gambusia holbrooki . Extrinsic factors (salt concentration) and intrinsic factors (fish wet weight) influencing toxic impact are included in the model. A model assuming a Weibull distribution best fit these data. With such a model, median time-to-death can be estimated for any size fish at any toxicant concentration within the tested range. Survival time modeling extracts more information from toxicity data than routine end-point methods but does not preclude estimation of standard endpoints. Survival time modeling should be considered as an adjunct to routine toxicity testing endpoints in many situations.
Benthic fluxes and the cycling of biogenic silica and carbon in two southern California borderland basins

Benthic fluxes in two southern California borderland basins have been estimated by modeling water column property gradients, by modeling pore water gradients and by measuring changes in concentration in a benthic chamber. Results have been used to compare the different methods, to establish budgets for biogenic silica and carbon and to estimate rate constants for models of CaCO3 dissolution. In San Pedro Basin, a low oxygen, high sedimentation rate area, fluxes of radon-222 (86 ± 8 atoms m−2 s−1), SiO2 (0.7 ± 0.1 mmol m−2 d−1), alkalinity (1.7 ± 0.3 meq m−2 d−1), TCO2 (1.9 ± 0.3 mmol m−2 d−1) and nitrate (−0.8 ± 0.1 mmol m−2 d−1) measured in a benthic chamber agree within the measurement uncertainty with fluxes estimated from modeling profiles of nutrients and radon obtained in the water column. The diffusive fluxes of radon, SiO2 and TCO2 determined from modeling the sediment and pore water also agree with the other approaches. Approximately 33 ± 13% of the organic carbon and 37 ± 47% of the CaCO3 arriving at the sea floor are recycled. In San Nicolas Basin, which has larger oxygen concentrations and lower sedimentation rates than San Pedro, the fluxes of radon (490 ± 16 atoms m−2 s−1), SiO2 (0.7 ± 0.1 mmol m−2 d−1), alkalinity (1.7 ± 0.3 meq m−2 d−1), TCO2 (1.7 ± 0.2 mmol m−2 d−1), oxygen (−0.7 ± 0.1 mmol m−2 d−1) and nitrate (-0.4 ± 0.1 mmol m−2 d−1) determined from chamber measurements agree with the water column estimates given the uncertainty of the measurements and model estimates. Diffusion from the sediments matches the lander-measured SiO2 and PO43− (0.017 ± 0.002 mmol m−2 d−1) fluxes, but is not sufficient to supply the radon or TCO2 fluxes observed with the lander. In San Nicolas Basin 38 ± 9% of the organic carbon and 43 ± 22% of the CaCO3 are recycled. Approximately 90% of the biogenic silica arriving at the sea floor in each basin is recycled. The rates of CaCO3 dissolution determined from chamber flux measurements and material balances for protons and electrons are compared to those predicted by previously published models of CaCO3 dissolution and this comparison indicates that in situ rates are comparable to those observed in laboratory studies of bulk sediments, but orders of magnitude less than those observed in experiments done with suspended sediments.
Directional and non-directional representations for thecharacterization of neuronal morphology

The automated reconstruction of neuronal morphology is a fundamental task for investigating several problems associated with the nervous system. Revealing the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, signal transmission, network connectivity and circuit dynamics requires accurate quantitative analyses of digital three-dimensional reconstructions. Yet, while many commercial and non-commercial software packages for neuronal reconstruction are available, these packages typically provide limited quantitative information and require a significant manual intervention. Recent advances in applied harmonic analysis, especially in the area of multiscale representations, offer a variery of techniques and ideas which have the potential to dramatically impact this very active field of scientific investigation. In this paper, we apply such ideas for (i) the derivation of a multiscale directional representation from isotropic filters aimed at detecting tubular structures and (ii) the development of a multiscale quantitative measure capable of distingushing isotropic from anisotropic structures. We showcase the application of these methods for the extraction of geometric features used for the detection of somas and dendritic branches of neurons.