cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digital sensibility following replantation

Abstract The amputated digit serves as an excellent model for the examination of digital nerve repair. When amputation is complete, there is no question of cross-over or anomalous innervation. The sensibility of 35 replanted digits in 29 patients was evaluated. Sensory return was related most closely to restored digital vascularity, as measured by Allen test, pulse volume flow, and Doppler. Level of amputation, mechanism of injury, and age of patient also affected ultimate sensation. All patients experienced cold intolerance and some were considerably disabled because of it. The severity of cold intolerance with pain and requiring prolonged rewarming was directly proportional to digital vascularity. When one digital artery thrombosed, ipsilateral digital sensation was not diminished as long as flow through the contralateral vessel was adequate. Two-point discrimation in our series was not as good as that reported for digital nerve repair in the nonamputated digit. Establishing and maintaining adequate digital flow at the time of replantation is essential to obtain good digital sensibility and to avoid symptoms of cold intolerance.
Titanium Foam-Bioactive Nanofiber Hybrids for Bone Regeneration

We have reported previously a method to introduce bioactive nanofiber networks through self-assembly into the pores of titanium alloy foams for bone repair. In this study we evaluate the in vitro colonization by mouse pre-osteoblastic cells of these metal-peptide amphiphile hybrids containing phosphoserine residues and the RGDS epitope. The aim was to determine the effect of varying the RGDS epitope concentration within a given range, and confirm the ability for cells to infiltrate and survive within the nanofiber-filled interconnected porosity of the hybrid material. We performed proliferation (DNA content) and differentiation assays (alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin expression) as well as SEM and confocal microscopy to evaluate cell colonization of the hybrids. At the RGDS epitope concentrations used in the nanofiber networks, all samples demonstrated significant cell migration into the hybrids, proliferation, and differentiation into osteoblastic lineage.
Institutional policies and educational programs : animals in research

Biomedical research facilities, including academic and industrial settings, need to have established internal and external policies regarding the humane care and use of animals in pharmacologic and toxicologic experimental protocols. Compliance with regulatory and accrediting agencies (e.g., Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, American Association for the Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care) requires institutional support and necessitates recruiting and retaining a quality veterinarian staff. Resources must be available to maintain vivarium physical facilities, including experimental surgery suites, and to provide an acceptable program in occupational health to protect against zoonotic diseases. Through the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), educational programs, compliance issues, and institutional security measures can be effectively implemented. A close communication liaison must be established between the IACUC, the veterinary staff, institutional public relati...
HeterotriangulenesStructure and Properties

We report the solid-state structure, electrochemical properties, and photochemical properties of 1 and 2. The single-crystal X-ray structure shows that 1 assembles into densely packed columnar π-stacks. 2 is observed as a racemic mixture of atropisomers in the solid state. The oxidation potential of 2 is similar to that of triphenylamine (∼1 V). Both 1 and 2 show strong fluorescence at 422 and 458 nm, respectively.
Edge-cutsets in the directed hypercube

Let n ≥ 2 and 0 ≤ k ≤ n − 2 be integers. We show that given any collection of k skipless chains in 2[n], the Boolean lattice of order n, there exists n − k edge-disjoint maximal chains that are edge-disjoint from the original collection. We also characterize all collections of n − 1 pairwise edge-disjoint skipless chains in 2[n] with the property that there is no maximal chain that is edge-disjoint from the collection. Since the Hasse diagram of the Boolean lattice of order n is the n-dimensional hypercube, the results are applicable to the directed hypercube network. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DELAYED TREATMENTS FOR STROKE INFLUENCE NEURONAL DEATH IN RAT ORGANOTYPIC SLICE CULTURES SUBJECTED TO OXYGEN GLUCOSE DEPRIVATION

A major limitation of current stroke therapies is the need to treat candidate patients within 3 h of stroke onset. Human umbilical cord blood cell (HUCBC) and the sigma receptor agonist 1,3, di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG) administration both caused significant reductions in brain damage in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke when administered at delayed timepoints. In vivo, these treatments suppress the infiltration of peripheral lymphocytes into the brain in addition to decreasing neurodegeneration. An ex vivo organotypic slice culture (OTC) model was utilized to characterize the efficacy of these treatments in mitigating neurodegeneration in ischemic brain tissue in the absence of the peripheral immune system. Slice cultures subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) had significantly elevated levels of degenerating neurons and microglial nitric oxide production when compared to their normoxic counterparts. In cultures subjected to OGD, HUCBC but not DTG treatment reduced the number of degenerating neurons and the production of microglial derived nitric oxide back to levels detected in normoxic controls. These data show that HUCBC treatment can mediate direct neuroprotection and suppress innate inflammation in ischemic brain tissue in the absence of the peripheral immune system, whereas DTG requires peripheral effects to mediate neuroprotection. These experiments yield insight into the mechanisms by which these neuroprotective treatments function at delayed timepoints following stroke.
X-rays of forms and projections of currents

We study a new Radon-like transform that averages projected p-forms in R n over affine (n — k)-spaces. We then prove an explicit inversion formula for our transform on the space of rapidly-decaying smooth p-forms. Our transform differs from the one in the work by Gelfand, Graev and Shapiro (1969). Moreover, if it can be extended to a somewhat larger space of p-forms, our inversion formula will allow the synthesis of any rapidly-decaying smooth p-form on R n as a (continuous) superposition of pullbacks from p-forms on k-dimensional subspaces. In turn, such a synthesis implies an explicit formula (which we derive) for reconstructing compactly supported currents in R n (e.g., compact oriented k-dimensional subvarieties) from their oriented projections onto k-planes.
Expression of the maize GALACTINOL SYNTHASE gene family: (I) Expression of two different genes during seed development and germination

GALACTINOL SYNTHASE (GOLS) acts on UDP-galactose and myo-inositol to form galactinol. The production of galactinol is thought to be the committed step in the biosynthesis of the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), a group of carbohydrates hypothesized to play a number of roles in plant development. Three cDNAs for maize (Zea mays L. inbred line B73) GOLS (ZmGOLS) were identified from the Pioneer Hi-Bred expressed sequence database. The recombinant proteins from these cDNAs synthesize galactinol. Transcript amounts in developing and germinating seeds were determined using northern blot, ribonuclease protection assays, and multiplex RT-PCR. ZmGOLS1 mRNA was not detected in any of the tissues examined. ZmGOLS3 transcripts accumulated late during seed development and were present in mature seeds but declined quickly to undetectable amounts following imbibition. Experiments in which germination was interrupted by desiccation, but not by cold, heat, or salt stress, detected ZmGOLS2 transcripts. Soluble sugar amounts and GALACTINOL SYNTHASE activity were determined for developing maize seeds as well as for mature seeds during germination and upon stress during germination. Neither enzyme activity nor galactinol or raffinose quantities could be related to ZmGOLS transcript abundance. Galactinol amounts were most closely related to myo-inositol quantities during development and early germination. Maturation desiccation appears to be a switch delineating a realm of expression for ZmGOLS3, predominant during seed development, from that of ZmGOLS2, principally associated with post-imbibition dehydration stress.
048 Interleukin-1β Regulates the Secretion of but not Expression of Receptors for Prostaglandin E2

Background: Activation of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathway and production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), have been linked to dermal wound healing in fetal and adult tissue. Activation of this pathway has been previously linked to interleukin (IL)-1β expression. This study addresses the mechanism by which IL-1β regulates both production of and response to PGE2 in cultured human fetal and adult dermal fibroblasts. Hypothesis: IL-1β regulates fetal and adult dermal fibroblast PGE2 signaling. Methods: Fetal and adult dermal fibroblasts were isolated from human skin explants. Secretion of soluble mediators was assayed using ELISA kits. Expression of COX-2 as well as the various PGE2 receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3, EP4) was analyzed at both the mRNA and protein levels. Results: Compared to adult fibroblasts, fetal fibroblasts produced decreased levels of IL-6 and IL-8, but similar levels of PGE2. IL-1β1 caused up-regulation of COX-2 and increased PGE2 secretion in both fetal and adult fibroblasts. However, administration of IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α or interferon-γ did not significantly alter the mRNA or protein levels of any PGE2 receptor subtype. Discussion: Our hypothesis is partially supported by the results. IL-1β causes up-regulation of COX-2 and increased PGE2 secretion in fetal and adult dermal fibroblasts, but does not alter the expression of PGE2 receptors. Therefore, proinflammatory mediator-induced changes in both fetal and adult skin fibroblasts appear to act through increased production of the signal molecules and not through increased or altered receptor expression for PGE2. This finding raises the possibility of increased autocrine signaling in the context of dermal inflammation, such as that associated with a wound healing response. Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh for providing funding for this research.
A DNA-binding protein in meiotic cells of Lilium.

Abstract Meiotic cells of Lilium contain a protein that can be identified by its very high affinity for single-stranded DNA. The protein has not been found in either proliferating or nonproliferating somatic tissues. It is present only during the prophase stages in meiotic cells. This protein is localized in nuclei and has been isolated in association with lipid. Its properties are similar to those of “gene 32-protein” of T4 phage. It thus has the property of catalyzing the renaturation of DNA, and in its presence 60% of denatured lily DNA is converted to a double-stranded form at 25°C in 2 hr. The significance of this protein to meiotic recombination is considered in relation to other biochemical properties of meiotic cells.
Analysis of local field potential signals: A systems approach

Efficient methods for Local Field Potential (LFP) signal analysis amenable to interpretation are becoming increasingly relevant. LFP signals are believed, in part, to reflect neural action potential activity, and LFP frequency modulations are linked to spiking events. Furthermore, LFP signals are increasingly accessible in human brain regions previously unreachable due to a proliferation of deep brain stimulation implantation procedures. Traditional LFP analysis involves computing power spectra densities (PSDs) of these signals, which captures power at various frequencies in the signal. However, PSDs are second order statistics and may not capture non-trivial temporal dependencies that exist in the raw data. In this paper, we propose an LFP analysis method that is useful for describing unique features of temporal dependencies in LFP signals. This method is based on autoregressive (AR) modeling and draws from the systems identification sub-field of systems and control. Specifically, we have built and analysed AR models of LFP activity, and have demonstrated statistically significant differences in temporal dependencies between diseased globus pallidus tissue and control regions in two dystonia patients receiving deep brain stimulation implantation. Differences in the PSDs of LFP signals between these two groups were not statistically significant.
Comparison of erythrocyte uridine sugar nucleotide levels in normals, classic galactosemics, and patients with other metabolic disorders.

By limiting galactosylation mechanisms, a cellular deficiency of the uridine sugar nucleotide, UDPgalactose, has been implicated as a cause of the long-term complications seen in patients with classic galactosemia despite dietary treatment. As a result, great interest has been generated in the accurate assessment of UDPgalactose, as well as UDPglucose, from which UDPgalactose may be derived by the function of a ubiquitous, active UDPgalactose-4-epimerase. Since several series of values for the concentration of these compounds in red blood cells (RBCs) of galactosemics have been flawed by the use of methods subsequently shown to be unsuitable, we have quantified erythrocyte UDPgalactose and UDPglucose levels by an accurate high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay in 116 normals, 76 galactosemics, and 39 patients with other metabolic disorders. These large groups have permitted the evaluation of age, diet, and genotype as influential factors in the steady-state RBC levels of the sugar nucleotides. The data show that age is an important determinant of RBC levels, with children younger than 10 years having higher values than individuals older than 10 years. Mean UDPgalactose levels in galactosemic children younger than 10 years and those older than 10 years were 30% and 18% lower, respectively, than levels in comparable normals. Although the mean differences were highly significant, there was considerable overlap of individual values. There was no difference in UDPglucose levels between galactosemics and normals. Diet plays a role in that erythrocytes of children on special metabolic diets low in protein and therefore also low in lactose show significantly lower levels of both UDPgalactose and UDPglucose than normal children, with the average UDPgalactose level similar to that in galactosemics. An analysis of UDPgalactose content with respect to genotype in galactosemics did not show any correlation with homozygosity of the Q188R allele. The average ratio of UDPglucose to UDPgalactose in RBCs of galactosemics under 10 years of age was 62% higher than the ratio in cells of comparable normals, whereas in older galactosemics there was a 29% increase. In 55% of galactosemics, the ratio was more than 2 SD above the mean of the normals, indicating that an increase in the erythrocyte UDPglucose to UDPgalactose ratio is a characteristic of the majority of galactosemic patients. The difference in the ratio, which deviates from the expectation for the equilibrium normally established by UDPgalactose-4-epimerase, implies a perturbation in epimerase function in galactosemic RBCs, the nature of which remains to be determined by examining the functional cellular pools and flux of hexoses not only in erythrocytes but in other model cell systems.
Antagonistic Action of Urokinase to Brady-kinin- and Plasminogen-induced Capillary Permeability

PREVIOUSLY we reported observations on the inhibitory action of fibrinolysin and streptokinase, as well as of other proteolytic enzymes, on capillary permeability induced by different mediators in rats and guinea pigs1,2. These findings led to investigations on urokinase and plasmino-gen. We used the blueing reaction, a semi-quantitative test, in these animals and found in control studies that urokinase did not induce capillary permeability. The failure of plasmin to induce capillary permeability was already published by Bhoola, Calle and Schachter3, and we could confirm this both with streptokinase and chloroform activated fibrinolysin (plasmin). We have now found that urokinase behaves in a similar manner. In control experiments using buffered plasminogen, we found that it produced the opposite effect to that obtained with fibrinolysin, streptokinase and urokinase, respectively.
Overall Classification as a Selection Criterion for Improving Categorically Scored Components of Type in Holsteins

Abstract The efficiency of final classification score as a selective criterion for improving genetically the twelve components of type descriptively classified by Holstein-Friesian Association of America was examined. Comparisons were between selection on final score and direct selection on each descriptive trait, and between selection on final score and selection on several least squares indexes including descriptive traits. Procedures for adjusting phenotypic and genetic correlations between categorically scored descriptive traits for the effects of discontinuity and skewness were determined from theory and were tested by computer simulated data. Final classification score was an efficient selective criterion for improving individual descriptive components of type and several linear combinations of components. Expected correlated responses in descriptive traits to selection on final score ranged from 53 to 124% of the expected direct response. Additionally, selection on final score was expected to be 80 to 119% as efficient as index selection for improving genetically seven linear combinations of type traits.
Circulatory disease mortality in the very elderly

I describe circulatory disease mortality in age groups 85 years and over, as available from Vital Statistics of the United States. Mortality rates from all circulatory diseases combined, from ischemic heart disease, and from cerebrovascular diseases increase faster with age than the mortality rate f
In vivo methylation of replicating bacteriophage φX174 DNA

The pattern of DNA methylation during the infection of Escherichia coli C cells with bacteriophage φX174, has been studied. In vivo methylated DNA was isolated and analyzed using the following techniques: velocity sedimentation through neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients, isopycnic analysis, chromatography on benzoylated DBAE-cellulose columns and specific enzymatic digestion. All these analytical methods indicated that the DNA molecules that are methylated during the process of phage φX DNA replication are the replicating intermediates composed of a circular complementary strand and a viral strand larger than one genome length. It is concluded that methylation occurs on the nascent DNA strand of the replicating intermediates involved in the synthesis of progeny single-stranded DNA.
Will the Amaranthus tuberculatus Resistance Mechanism to PPO-Inhibiting Herbicides Evolve in Other Amaranthus Species?

Resistance to herbicides that inhibit protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) has been slow to evolve and, to date, is confirmed for only four weed species. Two of these species are members of the genus Amaranthus L. Previous research has demonstrated that PPO-inhibitor resistance in A. tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer, the first weed to have evolved this type of resistance, involves a unique codon deletion in the PPX2 gene. Our hypothesis is that A. tuberculatus may have been predisposed to evolving this resistance mechanism due to the presence of a repetitive motif at the mutation site and that lack of this motif in other amaranth species is why PPO-inhibitor resistance has not become more common despite strong herbicide selection pressure. Here we investigate inter- and intraspecific variability of the PPX2 gene—specifically exon 9, which includes the mutation site—in ten amaranth species via sequencing and a PCR-RFLP assay. Few polymorphisms were observed in this region of the gene, and intraspecific variation was observed only in A. quitensis. However, sequencing revealed two distinct repeat patterns encompassing the mutation site. Most notably, A. palmeri S. Watson possesses the same repetitive motif found in A. tuberculatus. We thus predict that A. palmeri will evolve resistance to PPO inhibitors via the same PPX2 codon deletion that evolved in A. tuberculatus.
Tibetan terrier model of canine ceroid lipofuscinosis

Over a 10-year period, we have studied the Tibetan terrier's visual electrophysiology, light and electron microscopic (EM) retinal characteristics of a slowly evolving inherited ceroid lipofuscinosis (CL). The retinal degeneration with CL inclusions (rdi) in the inner nuclear layer (bipolar cells) and nerve fiber layer (ganglion cells) has been called "rdi" to differentiate the visual abnormality from typical early retinal degeneration (erd) reported also in the Tibetan terrier. The unique "rdi" electroretinogram (ERG) gives a predominant P III wave at age 7 weeks but becomes more characteristically depressed in all phases over several years. Nyctalopia is the only functional abnormality for the first 5 to 6 year of life. Signs are remarkably few considering the pathology. Microscopic studies of the retina show accumulations, increasing with age, of autofluorescent dense inclusion particles which stain intensely by Luxol fast blue, PAS, and acid-fast procedures. Ultrastructural studies of the retina show the dense particles to be lamellar membranes repeating every 2 to 4 nm, consistent with ceroid lipofuscin. The inner retinal layers were always the target layer to be affected first and most severely. The ganglion cells were most frequently involved. The photoreceptors eventually degenerated but relatively few particles were found in this layer. The cytosomes in the cerebral cortex and brainstem neurons resemble lipofuscin, containing granular, lamellar, and globular components. Different pigment bodies were present in the cerebellar Purkinje cells. Neuronal loss which was moderate in the cerebellum and mild in the cerebrum was accompanied by astrogliosis and a striking presence of macrophages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Inhibition of malate dehydrogenase by phenols and the influence of ring substituents on their inhibitory effectiveness.

Abstract Phenol and 23 mono-, di-, and tri-substituted phenols have been shown to inhibit porcine heart malate dehydrogenase. With the exception of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, all the compounds tested were “competitive” with NAD in the forward direction of the malate dehydrogenase reaction. Picric acid was “noncompetitive” or substrate indifferent with respect to NAD. Correlation of the relative inhibitory effect of the phenols with their chemical parameters revealed that only the hydrophobic bonding constant (π) and the Hammet constant (σ) were significantly related to experimentally determined values of −log K i for the compounds. Both linear and quadratic functions were significantly correlated, and the signs associated with these functions indicate that in relation to σ, the inhibitory effect is at a minimum at a value of σ = 0 (relative to phenol). Inhibition by compounds with a meta substituent was less well correlated with the π and σ values than were ortho and para substituted compounds. Kinetic studies using p -bromophenol as a representative member of the group of compounds revealed that while this compound gives an appearance of being competitive with NAD and noncompetitive with malate in the forward reaction, the inhibition is actually mixed with respect to both substrates. With NADH in the reverse reaction, the p -bromophenol is completely competitive. Possible mechanisms of the inhibition as revealed by the kinetic studies are discussed in relation to the possibility of complex formation between phenol and NAD on the surface of the enzyme.
Teacher Perceptions of Temperament Characteristics of Children Classified as Learning Disabled

The present study investigated the temperament characteristics of children classified as learning disabled (LD) by comparing the responses of teachers of LD students on the Temperament Assessment Battery (Martin, 1984) to those of teachers of non-LD students. Overall group differences were found between teachers of the LD students and teachers of the non-LD students. Overall, the teachers of the LD students consistently evidenced perceptions in the negative direction, as compared to the teachers of the non-LD. It was concluded that social ability/adjustment (adaptability and approach/withdrawal) and persistence (persistence and distractibility) contribute to the definition of the LD child's temperament. Teachers' perceptions of temperament then may affect teachers' perception of the LD child's social competence status.
Using mobile phone data to measure the ties between nations

We introduce a novel method for measuring and evaluating the social ties between nations. Patterns of international communication, and in particular the volume and direction of international phone calls, reflect the interpersonal connections between the people of different countries, and add nuance to the coarse indicators more commonly used in the literature. This paper presents a preliminary investigation of the empirical properties of this metric using a log of all international phone calls to and from Rwanda. We find that patterns of international outgoing and incoming calls closely parallel patterns of international exports and imports. The fine-grained temporal resolution of the data also reveals international dynamics not captured in existing metrics. For instance, we observe spikes in communication that appear unrelated to economic ties following significant events such as natural disasters, elections, and soccer matches. We conclude with a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of this metric, and point to promising directions for future research.
Age-related increase in presynaptic noradrenergic markers of the rat cerebral cortex

Abstract Age-related alterations in the noradrenergic innervation of the cerebral cortex were investigated in young (3–4 months) and aged (28–29 months) Fischer-344 rats. The concentration of noradrenaline and the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, the probable rate-limiting step in catecholamine biosynthesis, were significantly higher in the aged cerebral cortex, but no differences in l -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decar☐ylase activity were observed. The specific high-affinity uptake of noradrenaline by homogenates of the aged cerebral cortex exhibited higher maximal uptake, but lower affinity, than those of young rats. These results suggest increased presynaptic noradrenergic activity in the cerebral cortex of aged Fischer-344 rats.
A Charge Pair Interaction Between Arg282 in Transmembrane Segment 7 and Asp341 in Transmembrane Segment 8 of hPepT1

To determine whether R282 in transmembrane segment 7 (TMS7) of hPepT1 forms a salt bridge with D341 in TMS8. Mutated hPepT1 transporters containing point mutations at R282 and/or D341 were transiently transfected into HEK293 cells. Their steady state expression and functional activity were measured using immunoprecipitation and 3H-gly-sar uptake, respectively. Gly-sar uptake by cysteine mutants (R282C and D341C) was also measured in the presence and absence of cysteine-modifying MTS reagents. The reverse-charge mutants R282D-hPepT1 and D341R-hPepT1 showed significantly reduced gly-sar uptake, but the double mutant (R282D/D341R-hPepT1) has functionality comparable to that of wild-type hPepT1. Gly-sar uptake by R282C-hPepT1 is reduced, but pre-incubation with 1 mM MTSET, a positively charged cysteine-modifying reagent, restored function to wild-type levels. Similarly, pre-incubation of D341C-hPepT1 with 10 mM MTSES, a negatively charged cysteine-modifying reagent, increased gly-sar uptake compared to unmodified D341C-hPepT1. In contrast, MTSET modification of D341C-hPepT1 (giving a positive charge at position 341) resulted in significant reduction in gly-sar uptake, compared to D341C-hPepT1. Our results are consistent with a salt bridge between R282 and D341 in hPepT1, and we use these and other data to propose a role for the R282-D341 charge pair in the hPepT1 translocation mechanism.
Scent mediation of intraspecific, interspecific, and intergeneric agonistic behavior among sympatric species of voles (Microtinae)

The hypothesis that the posterolateral scent glands of male microtine rodents (Muridae) direct the attacks of other males was tested. Montane voles (Microtus montanus) and sagebrush voles (Lagurus curtatus) were established as residents in terraria, and conspecific and heterospecific males, from which posterolateral scent glands had been unilaterally removed, were introduced. More attacks by residents were aimed at the glandular sides than at the glandless sides. Male M. montanus also attacked the unilateral hip gland of longtail voles (M. longicaudus), the growth of which had been induced by exogenous hormone inasmuch as this species does not normally possess these glands. Resident male M. longicaudus did not similarly attack the induced glands of conspecific males. The findings are related to demographic patterns, mterspecific relationships, and the evolutionary development of posterolateral scent glands among microtine rodents.
Abstract 1083: Nuclear receptors as novel targets in ER negative breast cancer

Background: Estrogen negative (ER-) breast cancer is the major clinical problem in breast cancer treatment due to the limited useful targets in ER- breast cancer. Nuclear receptors are good targets in ER- breast cancer because of the availibility of agonists and antagonists. Material and methods: We used microarray analysis of 227 ER-negative tumors to identify nuclear receptor (NR) targets, and performed hierarchical clustering using 41 NR9s. Contributing receptors were scored using prediction analysis of microarrays (PAM) across clustered groups. The candidates gene expression levels were confirmed by qRT-PCR using TaqMan probes. pGIPZ lentiviral vectors carrying shRNA were used to knockdown the selected receptors. Cells were treated with Docetaxel, Doxorubicin and Cisplatin for three days and MTT growth assay was used to evaluate the knockdown effect on cells proliferation and chemosensitivity. Statistical analysis was performed using Red-R software. Results: The 41 NRs clustered the tumors into 5 distinct groups. Groups III and V were chosen according to the higher representative percentage of patients (61%). For each group we selected 4 genes that were the highest ranked discriminators of the group and three cell lines which match each groups’ signature. Thus, testicular receptor 2 (TR2), testicular receptor 4 (TR4), GCNF and RevErbb receptors were selected from group III and androgen receptor, thyroid hormone receptor beta (THRB), COUP-TF1 and ESRRg receptors were selected from group V. The expression levels of the selected receptors were confirmed by q-RT-PCR. The knockdown of TR2 in HCC38 cell line (group III) rendered cells more sensitive to Docetaxel or Doxorubicin. However, the knockdown of TR4 rendered cells more resistant to all the 3 chemotherapy drugs. TR2 knockdown dramatically downregulated TR4 gene expression, whereas TR4 knockdown upregulated TR2 expression suggesting that TR2 maybe the dominant factor in chemotherapeutic response. Knockdown of THRB in HCC 2185 cells (group V), rendered cells more resistant to chemotherapy drugs while THRB agonist could be able to reverse the resistance. Interestingly, COUP-TFI was upregulated in THRB knock down cells. Statistic analysis using clinical data from Sabatier R., BCRT 2011 showed that patients with low THRB or higher COUP-TFI have worse outcome. Conclusion: Clinical targeting of NRs in selected ER-negative breast cancers may be an interesting alternative therapy since more and more agonists and antagonists are being available. The clinical data showed that THRB and COUP-TF1 could be used as predictive factors for the outcome. The use of agonists (for THRB for example) or antagonists (for TR2 for example) combined with chemotherapy could be conceivable in the future. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1083. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1083
Ionized Gas in the First 10 Kiloparsecs of the Interstellar Galactic Halo

We present Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) observations of the post-asymptotic giant branch star von Zeipel 1128 (l = 425, b = +787; d = 10.2 kpc; z = 10.0 kpc; vLSR = -140 ± 8 km s-1), located in the globular cluster Messier 3. The FUSE observations cover the wavelength range 905-1187 A at ~20 km s-1 (FWHM) resolution. These data exhibit many photospheric and interstellar absorption lines, including absorption from ions associated with the warm neutral, warm ionized, and highly ionized phases of the interstellar medium along this sight line. We derive interstellar column densities of H I, P II, Ar I, Fe II, Fe III, S III, and O VI, with lower limits for C II, C III, N I, O I, and Si II. Though the individual velocity components within the absorption profiles are unresolved by FUSE, a comparison of the velocity distribution of depleted or ionized species with the neutral species suggests that the thick-disk material along this sight line is infalling onto the Galactic plane, while material near the plane is seen closer to rest velocities. Ionized hydrogen represents 12%, most likely ~45%, of the total hydrogen column along this sight line, most of it associated with the warm ionized phase. The warm ionized and neutral media toward von Zeipel 1128 have very similar gas-phase abundances and kinematics: the neutral and ionized gases in this region of the thick disk are closely related. Strong O VI absorption is seen with the same central velocity as the warm ionized gas, although the O VI velocity dispersion is much higher (σ ≡ b = 32 km s-1). Virtually all of the O VI is found at velocities where lower ionization gas is seen, suggesting that the O VI and WNM/WIM probes are tracing different portions of the same structures (e.g., the O VI may reside in interfaces surrounding the WNM/WIM clouds). We see no evidence for interstellar absorption associated with the globular cluster Messier 3 itself or with the circumstellar environment of von Zeipel 1128. Neither high-velocity cloud absorption (with |vLSR|125 km s-1) nor high velocity dispersion gas (with σ ~ 60 km s-1) is seen toward von Zeipel 1128.
Effect of a Single Dose of Ceftriaxone on Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Pneumococcus • 375

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of a single dose of ceftriaxone(CTX) to the effect of amoxicillin (AMOX) or no antibiotic therapy (NORX) on the rate of nasopharyngeal (NP) colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) and on the rate of penicillin-resistant strains.
Acquired immunological tolerance in aged mice. II. The cellular basis of the loss of tolerance sensitivity

Abstract Aged C57B1/6 mice (12 and 24 month) become resistant to tolerance induction with deaggregated human IgG (DHGG). The cellular basis for this tolerance resistance was investigated using adoptive transfer systems and challenged with endotoxin and antigen in the form of heat aggregated HGG. DHGG induced antigen specific suppressor cells in the spleens of aged mice although not in young mice and aged normal splenocytes were more sensitive to suppression. Low dose cyclophosphamide treatment to ablate suppressor cells did not curtail tolerance induction in aged animals. These observations coupled with the transient nature of B cell tolerance in aged mice suggest that the tolerance defect of senescence lies in the B cell compartment.
Neither Fish nor Fowl nor Forests: Some Thoughts on Realizing the Promise of the IASNR

ABSTRACT The institutional trio of Society and Natural Resources, the International Symposia on Society and Resource Management, and the International Association for Society and Natural Resources (IASNR) has seldom undertaken debate about or introspection over what is meant by the notion of natural resources. In this article I reflect on the historic tendencies within this trio about how natural resources have come to be implicitly defined. In a very general qualitative sense, these understandings are compared with U.S. and global data on raw materials consumption and land use. Several lacunae within our professional framework—especially agriculture and nonrenewable resources—are identified. I discuss some options for how IASNR can be more proactive in broadening the scope of scholarship on natural resources at our meeting and in our journal.
Distribution of somatostatin‐like immunoreactivity in the monkey amygdala

The distribution of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was studied in the macaque monkey (Macaca fascicularis) by using primary antisera that recognize somatostatin-28 (S309) or somatostatin-28(1-12) (S320). Somatostatin-immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies were observed in all amygdaloid nuclei and cortical regions. The density of labeled cells varied substantially, however, both within and across the various amygdaloid subdivisions. The highest densities of labeled neurons were observed in layer III of the periamygdaloid cortex, in layers II and III of the medial nucleus, in the magnocellular division of the accessory basal nucleus, and in the medial portion of the lateral nucleus. Many labeled cells were also consistently observed in the caudoventral portion of the lateral division of the central nucleus. Labeled cells were heterogeneous in size and shape ranging from small and spherical to large and multipolar. The density of somatostatin-immunoreactive fibers also varied greatly from region to region and was often inversely related to the density of immunoreactive cells. Highest densities of immunoreactive fibers were observed in the periamygdaloid cortex, medial nucleus, parvicellular division of the accessory basal nucleus, paralaminar nucleus, ventrolateral portion of the lateral nucleus, parvicellular division of the basal nucleus, and the lateral division of the central nucleus. Fibers and terminals in the central nucleus had a coarsely varicose appearance and this pattern of staining was continuous along the trajectory of the central nucleus projection to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The large, immunoreactive varicosities located in this area often appeared to outline dendritic or vascular profiles within the substantia innominata. The lowest levels of somatostatin-immunoreactive fibers were observed in the magnocellular division of the basal nucleus and in the ventromedial portion of the accessory basal nucleus.
Nuclear Techniques in Nondestructive Testing

Gamma spectroscopy, alpha counting and x-ray fluorescence techniques have been developed and applied to testing nuclear reactor fuel elemsents. A gamma analyzer system incorporating a NaI(Tl) scintillator measures in a two minute counting period the enrichment level of the U-235 isotope over a 0.15 to 3.0 weight percent range with accuracy of about 0.1 percent. An alpha scintillation system, with unusually sturdy mechanical features to position heavy reactor fuel elements,detects uranium contamination at the 100 microgram level in a 10 minute counting period. A prototype x-ray fluorescence system detected uranium contamination in a weld zone over a 2-10 weight percent range in a small volume (0.25×10-3in3) at a scan rate of 5 in/min. These techniques and in particular x-ray fluorescence offer promising methods for testing impurity levels or alloying concentrations of space age components or materials.
Trypsin is the primary mechanism by which the 18O isotopic label is lost in quantitative proteomic studies

Abstract Labeling with 18O is currently one of the most commonly used methods for incorporating a stable isotopic label into samples for comparative proteomic studies. In this approach, isotopic labeling involves the enzymatic digestion, typically performed with trypsin, of a protein population in 18O-water, which incorporates the stable isotope into the C termini of the newly formed peptides. Although trypsin is often used to facilitate isotopic incorporation after digestion, it is typically overlooked that this same mechanism can lead to isotopic loss even under conditions such as low pH where it is assumed that trypsin is inactive. To examine the role that trypsin plays in isotopic loss, several experiments were performed on the rate of delabeling under conditions relevant to multidimensional proteomic experiments. Results from these studies demonstrate that enzyme-facilitated exchange of 18O in the peptide with 16O in the aqueous solvent was the major process by which the label is removed from the peptides, even under conditions of low pH and temperature where trypsin is thought to be inactive. This study brings the rapid, tryptic-facilitated exchange to the attention of laboratories using this scheme to prevent inaccuracies in quantitative labeling due to loss of the isotopic label.
Cardiac autonomic imbalance by social stress in rodents: understanding putative biomarkers

Exposure to stress or traumatic events can lead to the development of depression and anxiety disorders. In addition to the debilitating consequences on mental health, patients with psychiatric disorders also suffer from autonomic imbalance, making them susceptible to a variety of medical disorders. Emerging evidence utilizing spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), a reliable noninvasive measure of cardiovascular autonomic regulation, indicates that patients with depression and various anxiety disorders (i.e., panic, social, generalized anxiety disorders, and post traumatic stress disorder) are characterized by decreased HRV. Social stressors in rodents are ethologically relevant experimental stressors that recapitulate many of the dysfunctional behavioral and physiological changes that occur in psychological disorders. In this review, evidence from clinical studies and preclinical stress models identify putative biomarkers capable of precipitating the comorbidity between disorders of the mind and autonomic dysfunction. Specifically, the role of corticotropin releasing factor, neuropeptide Y and inflammation are investigated. The impetus for this review is to highlight stress-related biomarkers that may prove critical in the development of autonomic imbalance in stress -related psychiatric disorders.
Biomass allocation in Late Pennsylvanian coal-swamp plants

Carbon allocation to different tissues and organs of Late Pennsylvanian-aged coal-swamp plants was determined for the first time through study of coal balls from the Calhoun coal of central Illinois. Coal balls are concretions that preserve the original peat fabric of the coal seam; they occur within the coal matrix and generally are permineralized with calcium carbonate. Coalified plant cell walls are preserved within the mineral matrix of the coal ball, entombed within the calcium carbonate. Relative carbon allocation was determined by separation of the mineral matrix and organic carbon. Carbon content was determined for replicates of tissues or organs of Psaronius tree ferns, Medullosapteridosperms, the lycopsid Sigillaria approximata, the small fern Botryopteris forensis, and "whole peat'. Unit volume results for tissues and organs were normalized for trunk sections 45 cm in diameter and 1 m long. Psaronius tree ferns were significantly "cheaper" than all other plants due to the large mantle of aerenchymatous roots that made up the bulk of the trunk. Medullosans and small ferns were most "expensive", with the arborescent lycopsid in between. Relative expense of construction closely parallels the inferred ecological role of each plant within ancient coal swamps, deduced from distributional patterns and indicators of habitat conditions. Tree ferns and lycopsids are colonists, medullosans are site occupying forms.
What leads to cultural intelligence

Abstract The ability to interact effectively in multiple cultures is not a skill possessed by all; yet, it is becoming more important in today's global business world. Recently, this skill has been labeled cultural intelligence (CQ), and has caught the attention of business leaders and researchers alike. While previous studies have examined potential outcomes of cultural intelligence, possible antecedents are examined herein. This investigation generates some insight regarding the impact of cultural exposure on CQ, as well as developing an understanding of how the depth of cultural exposure influences a person's cultural intelligence. Findings indicate that certain types of exposures to other cultures (such as education abroad and employment abroad) and the level of exposure from these experiences increases cultural intelligence. These findings are critical for multinational firms as managers hire, promote, train, and prepare employees for international assignments. Additionally, some have discussed how cultural intelligence is a critical skill for global business leaders, and it seems likely that CQ will become increasingly important due to the rise of diversity in the workforce.
U and Th zoning in Cerro de Mercado (Durango, Mexico) fluorapatite: Insights regarding the impact of recoil redistribution of radiogenic 4He on (U–Th)/He thermochronology

Abstract Fluorapatite from Cerro de Mercado, Durango, Mexico has been used in several important diffusion studies aimed at calibrating the closure temperature of the (U–Th)/He apatite thermochronometer and has become a de facto standard for (U–Th)/He laboratories. Nevertheless, replicate laser fusion analyses of small crystal fragments of the “Durango fluorapatite” typically yield a range of (U–Th)/He dates that cannot be explained by reported analytical imprecision alone. Laser ablation ICPMS measurements of U and Th of a section cut through a representative crystal of Durango fluorapatite (perpendicular to the c axis) reveal the existence of significant zoning in these elements. Since alpha-stopping distances in apatite are comparable to the scale of this zoning, the ejection of radiogenic 4He from one zone to another may explain some of the reported fragment-to-fragment variation in (U–Th)/He dates. Two-dimensional numerical models of the recoil redistribution of 4He in a crystal with the zoning we observed lead to predicted age variations of several percent for fragments with sizes and aspect ratios typical of those used for laser-fusion of Durango fluorapatite. It is likely that large crystals (or large aliquots of small fragments) of zoned materials may be acceptable as “bulk” interlaboratory standards. However, the current trend is toward the use of smaller and smaller sample sizes, including broken crystals, for (U–Th)/He thermochronology. Our work indicates that heterogeneities in the U and Th concentrations of such samples are a serious concern, so much so that high-precision (U–Th)/He geochronologic studies should include a concerted effort to characterize the extent of U and Th zoning in analyzed crystals.
Reduction of biological substances by water-soluble phosphines: gamma-globulin (IgG).

Deux composes polypeptides sont formes par la reduction de la gamma-globuline par des phosphines tertiaires hydrosolubles; reduction qui s'opere a de plus faibles concentrations des phosphines que du 2-mercaptoethanol. Avec ces 2 methodes, les produits de la reaction sont comparables. De plus, les phosphines peuvent inactiver le facteur rheumatoide, tel que le revele l'agglutination au latex.