cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Don't Ask Why Things Went Wrong: Nested Reputation and Scapegoating Inefficiency

Scapegoating is a source of ine¢ ciency in organizations. This is a commonly held view. But despite its commonality and its use as a justi cation for reforms designed to reduce scapegoating, no formal model has been developed to explain why and when this is the case. We propose an explanation by focusing on how superiors make decisions inside an organization when they only care about reputation. Consider delegation choices, for example. The hiring of e¢ cient workers may be a good idea if successful production is the only way to build reputation. But if successful scapegoating also increases reputation, superiors will tend to hire less e¢ cient workers since they are easier to blame if something goes wrong. In this context, scapegoating is a "nested" activity that only occurs after bad outcomes. Its results do not directly a¤ect the welfare of society but indirectly a¤ect the decisions governing the probability of success in production. We also examine "nested" activities following good outcomes and show how these can increase e¢ ciency without relying on costly incentives. This "nested reputation" game also predicts that in good times superiors tend to hire more e¢ cient workers than in bad times, a feature we call "Machiavellian E¤ect".
Some Propositions for a Conceptual Foundation for Information Systems

Three propositions are put forward as a conceptual foundation for Information Systems as an initial step towards creating a foundation for the field, which has operated for half a century by borrowing theory from elsewhere.
Science, Reading, and Renaissance Literature: Reading through Galileo's telescope: Johannes Kepler's dream for reading knowledge

In April of 1611 Galileo demonstrated his new telescope to prominent observers at a villa outside Rome. Julius Caesar Lagalla reacted to Galileo's demonstration in a way that typified earlier responses to the innovations of the telescope: he disputed the ability of the telescope accurately to show objects on the moon, but he nonetheless enthused that the telescope made it possible to “read the letters on the gallery which Sixtus erected in the Lateran … so clearly, that we distinguished even the periods carved between the letters, at a distance of at least two miles.” In demonstrating the telescope on the Lateran palace, Galileo's intention was to show observers that this new technology ffered reliable representations of distant objects. Lagalla's unwillingness to believe Galileo's claims about the lunar observations – like the famous refusals of Guilio Libri and others even to look through the telescope – are many and complex. This incident certainly reveals new concerns about both the status of observational evidence and the reasons that observations were particularly problematic in astronomy. While allowing others to see the moon more closely, Galileo's visual demonstration could not actually carry them there. Here, however, what interests me is not so much Lagalla's unwillingness to believe what he saw of the moon as his excitement over what he saw on the Lateran. When he reads Sixtus's new inscriptions from that hilltop outside Rome, Lagalla is not using the telescope as an observational tool; instead, he is using it as a reading device.
Phages and Bacterial Vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) was previously called nonspecific vaginitis or Gardnerella-associated vaginitis. Symptomatic women report an offensive, fishy-smelling discharge, which is most marked after unprotected intercourse or at the time of menstruation. It is unknown how BPDE promotes the induction of prophages in lysogenic lactobacilli. The study of the Escherichia coli lambda phage, however, may shed some light on this question. The number of vaginal lactobacilli can be reduced in a smoking woman: by inducing the lysogenic strains to lyse and release phages or when the released phages may in turn lyse other strains by infection. The relationship between smoking and BV may be much more complicated, since smoking can weaken the human immune system and also cause many other health problems. The author and coworkers have documented that phages infect vaginal lactobacilli under in vitro conditions. This suggests that phage infection may occur in vivo as well. DNA evidence of phages were sought in different vaginal lactobacilli that would suggest an infection and/or transmission of phages in women and evidence that phages are released from the male urinary tract. The major difference is that lysogenic bacteria are capable of releasing phages, either spontaneously or upon induction, such as by cigarette chemicals. Collectively, this study provides initial evidence that vaginal Lactobacillus phages can be transmissible infective agents. In summary, some vaginal and yogurt lactobacilli are lysogens that spontaneously release phages. Future studies should include establishing phage taxonomy, characterizing phage diversity, determining phage genomic sequences, and studying interactions between phages and lactobacilli.
A collection of Physical Activity Questionnaires for health-related research.

Introduction; Section I. Physical Activity Questionnaires Used in the General Population; Section II. Physical Activity Questionnaires for Older Adults; Section III. Physical Activity Questionnaires Used in Major Population-Based Surveys
Cell penetrating peptide conjugated bioreducible polymer for siRNA delivery.

The primary cardiomyocyte–specific peptide (PCM) and the cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), HIV-Tat (49–57), were incorporated into the polymer, cystamine bisacrylamide-diaminohexane (CBA-DAH), to increase the delivery of RNAi to target cells, specifically cardiomyocytes. Interestingly, the impact of PCM and Tat conjugation on cellular uptake and transfection efficiency was greater in H9C2 rat cardiomyocytes than in NIH 3T3 cells. We examined the potential for siRNA targeting SHP-1 or Fas to inhibit the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes under hypoxic conditions using PCM and Tat-modified poly(CBA-DAH), (PCM-CD-Tat). To evaluate for efficacy in inhibiting apoptosis, either Fas siRNA/polymer or SHP-1 siRNA/polymer were transfected into cardiomyocytes treated under hypoxic and serum-deprived conditions. After incubation under hypoxic conditions, treatment with either the SHP-1 siRNA complex or the Fas siRNA complex resulted in an increase in cell viability and a reduction in LDH-cytotoxicity. The cells transfected with either of the siRNA polyplexes had a lower incidence of apoptosis as demonstrated by Annexin V–FITC/PI staining. Both the SHP-1 siRNA/PCM-CD-Tat complex and the Fas siRNA/PCM-CD-Tat complex warrant further investigation as therapeutic agents to inhibit the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes.
The retinohypothalamic tract in the cat: retinal ganglion cell morphology and pattern of projection

The pattern of retinal projection to the hypothalamus and the morphological properties of the retinal ganglion cells that comprise the retinohypothalamic tract have been examined in the cat. Intraocular injections of horseradish peroxidase revealed a dense retinal projection to the ventral suprachiasmatic nucleus; however, lighter projections were seen in the dorsal suprachiasmatic nucleus, and in hypothalamic regions both dorsal and lateral to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Intrasuprachiasmatic nucleus injections of horseradish peroxidase retrogradely labelled retinal ganglion cells that were small to medium in soma size. The labelled ganglion cells exhibited long thin dendrites that were sparsely branched. The labelled retinal ganglion cells exhibited a significant change in soma size associated with retinal eccentricity. The morphological characteristics of the ganglion cells that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus are similar to those of gamma cells.
Assessment of left ventricular mass in mice: comparison between two-dimensional and m-mode echocardiography.

OBJECTIVE M-mode echocardiography has been used extensively for estimating left ventricular (LV) mass in mice, but accuracy is limited by its unidimensional nature. This study tested whether two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiographic measurement of LV mass using area-length and truncated ellipsoid methods overcomes this limitation. METHODS Twenty-five anesthetized FVB/N mice (Mus musculus) underwent high resolution (15 MHZ) two-dimensionally directed M-mode and 2-D echocardiography. End-diastolic epicardial and endocardial areas from short-axis views and the LV orthogonal long-axis views were measured, while LV mass was calculated by 2-D area-length and truncated ellipsoid methods. LV mass was calculated from M-mode using the uncorrected cube equation. Hearts were removed and weighed after completing the echocardiographic studies. The correlation and agreement between echocardiographic-determined LV mass and gravimetric LV weight were examined. RESULTS LV mass using the area-length method correlated better with autopsy LV weight (r = 0.87, slope = 0.87, standard error of the estimate [SEE] = 12.4 mg, P < 0.001) than M-mode echocardiography (r = 0.85, slope = 0.71, SEE = 11.1 mg, P < 0.001), and the degree of agreement (bias +/- 2 SD) was better (10.2 +/- 25.1 mg vs 13.1 +/- 25.8 mg, P = NS). Although 2-D truncated ellipsoid LV mass showed a good correlation with necropsy LV weight (r = 0.87, slope = 0.78, SEE = 11.0 mg, P < 0.001), the agreement between the truncated ellipsoid estimates and LV weight was less than that between M-mode and gravimetric LV mass. CONCLUSIONS The 2-D area-length method is an accurate method of LV mass determination in symmetrical ventricles and can be used as an alternative for in vivo measurement of LV mass in mice.
Diethylpyrocarbonate reactivity of Klebsiella aerogenes urease: Effect of pH and active site ligands on the rate of inactivation

Reaction ofKlebsiella aerogenes urease with diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP) led to a pseudo-first-order loss of enzyme activity by a reaction that exhibited saturation kinetics. The rate of urease inactivation by DEP decreased in the presence of active site ligands (urea, phosphate, and boric acid), consistent with the essential reactive residue being located proximal to the catalytic center. ThepH dependence for the rate of inactivation indicated that the reactive residue possessed apKa of 6.5, identical to that of a group that must be deprotonated for catalysis. Full activity was restored when the inactivated enzyme was treated with hydroxylamine, compatible with histidinyl or tyrosinyl reactivity. Spectrophotometric studies were consistent with DEP derivatization of 12 mol of histidine/mol of native enzyme. In the presence of active site ligands, however, approximately 4 mol of histidine/mol of protein were protected from reaction. Each protein molecule is known to possess two catalytic units; hence, we propose that urease possesses at least one essential histidine per catalytic unit.
Nerve growth factor receptor (p75)‐immunoreactivity in the normal adult feline trigeminal system and following retrogasserian rhizotomy

The 75 kDa protein nerve growth factor receptor [NGFr(p75)] is a neurotrophin receptor that is able to bind different members of the neurotrophin family of molecules implicated in affecting neruronal survival. Here we describe the light microscopic distribution of NGFr(p75)-immunoreactivity (IR) within the feline trigeminal brainstem sensory nuclear complex and trigeminal ganglion of normal adult subjects and in subjects 10 and 30 days following retrogasserian rhizotomy. Within the trigeminal ganglion of normal subjects, numerous fibers and most of the neuronal cell bodies showed NGFr(p75)-IR that varied in intensity, while cells and fibers with NGFr(p75)-IR were less numerous within the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. Within the main sensory and spinal trigeminal nuclei, NGFr(p75)-IR formed a reproducible pattern that varied between the different subnuclei. The NGFr(p75)-IR consisted both of dense pockets and a low level NGFr(p75)-IR that was selective to the trigeminal neuropil. Following rhizotomy, most of the NGFr(p75)-IR was lost from the main sensory and spinal trigeminal nuclei, except in regions where the upper cervical roots and cranial nerves VII, IX, and X project. In contrast, examination of the central root that was still attached to the trigeminal ganglion showed increased NGFr(p75)-IR in fibers and supporting cells, as did the motor root within the peripheral mandibular division. These results indicate that the majority of the NGFr(p75)-IR within the main sensory and spinal trigeminal nuclei originates from primary trigeminal afferents and that retrogasserian rhizotomy leads to an up-regulation of NGFr(p75)-IR in the part of the central root that is contiguous with the ganglion. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Student Perceptions of Influences on College Choice.

AbstractA brief questionnaire which measured the influence of four factors (Intellectual Emphasis, Practicality, Advice of Others and Social Emphasis) on college choice was administered to the 1966 freshman class at Northern Michigan University. The relationship of these factors to sex, college aptitude, and distance of home from the University was examined by analysis of variance and correlation analysis. All student groups said that they gave substantial emphasis to intellectual considerations in choosing a college, and all felt that the advice of other persons had had little influence upon their decisions. Students whose homes were located near the University were more influenced by practical concerns than those who came from a greater distance, and the more academically-able women expressed greater concern for practical considerations than women of lower ability. This concern appeared to be related to socioeconomic status as measured by father's occupation.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in pediatric patients.

Abstract Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has gained increasing application as an operative approach for adults with gallbladder disease. We assessed the safety and feasability of this technique in five pediatric patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis, two of whom had sickle cell disease. With several technical modifications, we found that laparoscopic cholecystectomy was safe and effective in children. This technique permitted early discharge with expedient return to full activity.
Major factors influencing productivity of water and wastewater treatment plant construction: Evidence from the deep south USA

Abstract This paper presents the result of a survey study that was conducted among the construction contractors in the deep south USA that build water and wastewater treatment plants in order to identify the major factors influencing productivity of construction projects. The results of survey revealed that the respondents perceive skills and experience of workforce, management, job planning, workers motivation, and material availability are the major drivers of productivity. The comparison of major productivity factors in this study to Thailand, Canada, Iran, Indonesia, and Nigeria showed some similarities in major productivity factors. The availability of material was identified as a major productivity factor among all the studies compared in this paper. Further analysis of major productivity factors was also performed at several construction jobsites to provide recommendations in form of best practices that may be implemented at projects to improve labor productivity.
Thermal stability and corrosion resistance of polysiloxane coatings on 2024-T3 and 6061-T6 aluminum alloy

Abstract Hybrid coatings based on polydimethylsiloxane-cured organically modified silicate were synthesized through a sol–gel technique. Amino-terminated siloxane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and tetraethoxysilane were used as precursors for the hybrid coatings. These hybrid films were deposited via spin coating onto an aluminum alloy to improve the corrosion protection. The effects induced by the different molar ratio of silane on the chain dynamics, thermal stability and corrosion performance of the coated samples were investigated. The rotating-frame spin-lattice relaxation times and scale of the spin-diffusion path length indicated that the configuration of the hybrid films was highly crosslinked and dense. The thermal stability and the apparent activation energy, evaluated by van Krevelen's method, of the hybrid coatings depended on the molar ratio of silane. Potentiodynamic analysis revealed that the hybrid films provided good barrier and corrosion protection in comparison with untreated aluminum alloy substrates.
COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF PLANT BIODIVERSITY IN STABLE AND UNSTABLE ENVIRONMENTS: A TEST OF THE NEUTRAL BIODIVERSITY THEORY

The Neutral Biodiversity Theory (NBT) argues that community-level patterns are not determined by trait differences among species, but rather by demographic stochasticity. If true, deterministic patterns of species co-existence, transient or otherwise, should not occur. We tested this critical prediction using a spatially explicit, reiterative algorithm (SERA) that incorporates demographic stochasticity to examine how artificial plant species compete for light and space. An additional level of ecological realism was added by simulating species competition in heterogeneous and disturbed environments. Across 108 simulations, small niche differences influenced interspecific competition and persistence, particularly in spatiotemporally heterogeneous environments. One species re-emerged as the dominant, and the identities of subdominant and rare species remained constant. Although stochastic processes played an important role, the results of these simulations are inconsistent with NBT, i.e., very small niche differences dictated patterns even when all species obey the same simple physical rules.
Exhaustive indexing of triclinic powder diffraction patterns with known unit cell parameters

A novel algorithm has been developed for obtaining directly the applicable indices hkl for any interplanar spacing, dobs±Δdobs, of a triclinic phase with known unit cell parameters. This method is particularly useful for indexing back reflections for triclinic phases with unit cell volumes greater than 500 A3.
Simulated scanning tunneling microscopy images of few-layer phosphorus capped by graphene and hexagonal boron nitride monolayers

Elemental phosphorous is believed to have several stable allotropes that are energetically nearly degenerate, but chemically reactive. These structures may be capped by monolayers of hexagonal boron nitride $(h\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{BN})$ or graphene to prevent chemical degradation under ambient conditions. We perform ab initio density functional calculations to simulate scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images of different layered allotropes of phosphorus and study the effect of the capping layers on these images. At scanning energies within its intrinsic conduction gap, protective monolayers of insulating $h\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{BN}$ allow to distinguish between the different structural phases of phosphorus underneath due to the electronic hybridization with orbitals from the upmost phosphorus atoms: $h\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{BN}$ capping monolayers thus provide a promising route to tell few-layer phosphorus allotropes from one another with local probes.
Mediastinal parathyroid carcinoma.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe a patient with a mediastinal parathyroid carcinoma and hypercalcemia as well as to compare the features of parathyroid carcinoma with those of hypercalcemia due to other causes of primary hyperparathyroidism. Methods We present a case report and discuss the diagnosis and management of this rare tumor. Results In a 44-year-old man, severe hypercalcemia and normal findings on neck exploration led to referral and ultimate detection of an anterior mediastinal mass. Surgical resection and pathologic examination of the mass revealed a cystic parathyroid carcinoma. Subsequently, normalization of serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels ensued. Conclusion Parathyroid carcinoma as an alternative to the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism should be considered in patients with dramatically increased serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels at the time of initial examination. The mainstay of therapy for parathyroid carcinoma is complete surgical resection. Accurate preoperative localization of parathyroid carcinoma is helpful, especially in instances of reoperation or hypercalcemic crisis. (Endocr Pract. 1999;5:133-136)
Particle manipulation by phase-shifting of surface acoustic waves

Abstract An acoustic-based method for manipulating particles using phase-shifting is demonstrated. The location of the pressure node was changed simply by adjusting the phase difference (phase-shift) applied to the two interdigital transducers in the design. As a result, polystyrene particles of 5 μm diameter trapped in the pressure node were manipulated laterally across the microchannel fabricated. The lateral particle displacement from −72.5 μm to 73.1 μm along the x-direction was accomplished by varying the phase-shift with a range of −180° to 180°. In this paper, the particle displacement as a function of the phase-shift of SAW was obtained experimentally and close agreement with the theoretical prediction of the particle position was demonstrated.
Retrograde labeling, transduction, and genetic targeting allow cellular analysis of corticospinal motor neurons: implications in health and disease

Corticospinal motor neurons (CSMN) have a unique ability to receive, integrate, translate, and transmit the cerebral cortex's input toward spinal cord targets and therefore act as a "spokesperson" for the initiation and modulation of voluntary movements that require cortical input. CSMN degeneration has an immense impact on motor neuron circuitry and is one of the underlying causes of numerous neurodegenerative diseases, such as primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In addition, CSMN death results in long-term paralysis in spinal cord injury patients. Detailed cellular analyses are crucial to gain a better understanding of the pathologies underlying CSMN degeneration. However, visualizing and identifying these vulnerable neuron populations in the complex and heterogeneous environment of the cerebral cortex have proved challenging. Here, we will review recent developments and current applications of novel strategies that reveal the cellular and molecular basis of CSMN health and vulnerability. Such studies hold promise for building long-term effective treatment solutions in the near future.
Longitudinal studies of disfluencies in two-year-old children.

Spontaneous speech samples of 500 words were recorded three times at 4-month intervals from 33 normally speaking children. A fourth speech sample was recorded from the 13 youngest children in the g...
Prediction of Iron-Isotope Fractionation Between Hematite (α-Fe2O3) and Ferric and Ferrous Iron in Aqueous Solution from Density Functional Theory

Density functional theory electronic structure calculations are used to compute equilibrium constants for iron-isotope exchange among Fe2+(aq), Fe3+(aq), and hematite (α-Fe2O3). The hematite is rep...
Anne Frank's tree: Thoughts on domination and the paradox of progress

Consider the significance of Anne Frank's horse chestnut tree. During her years of hiding in the secret annex, Anne thought of the tree as a symbol of freedom, happiness, and peace. As a stand-in for all of Nature, Anne saw the tree as that part of the universe that could not be destroyed by human evil. In this essay, I use Anne's tree as a starting point for a discussion of the domination of both nature and humanity. I connect the concept of domination to the policy of ecological restoration, to national and historical narratives of the connection to forest landscapes, and to the environmental policies of the Third Reich, the specific evil entity that confronted Anne Frank. Domination is also intertwined with the idea of the “paradox of progress,” viz., that human progress cannot be separated from acts and policies of domination.
Don't look now, but we've created a bureaucracy: the nature and roles of policies and rules in wikipedia

Wikis are sites that support the development of emergent, collective infrastructures that are highly flexible and open, suggesting that the systems that use them will be egalitarian, free, and unstructured. Yet it is apparent that the flexible infrastructure of wikis allows the development and deployment of a wide range of structures. However, we find that the policies in Wikipedia and the systems and mechanisms that operate around them are multi-faceted. In this descriptive study, we draw on prior work on rules and policies in organizations to propose and apply a conceptual framework for understanding the natures and roles of policies in wikis. We conclude that wikis are capable of supporting a broader range of structures and activities than other collaborative platforms. Wikis allow for and, in fact, facilitate the creation of policies that serve a wide variety of functions.
Nickel Silicide Work Function Tuning Study In Metal-Gate CMOS Applications

Mid-gap work function (~4.7eV) for mono-nickel-silicide (NiSi) was obtained by extrapolating flat band voltages of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors with different gate oxide thickness. Both silicidation temperature and time can affect the nickel silicide work function as a result of different Ni:Si ratio close to the gate oxide interface. Arsenic implantation into the polysilicon before silicidation can shift the NiSi work function towards the silicon conduction band, which makes it suitable for high performance NMOS applications. The physical mechanism responsible for this work function shift is arsenic pile-up at the oxide interface during the nickel silicidation process. Therefore, dual work function metal gate can be obtained by using a single gate full silicidation process. Silicidation temperature and time also affect the work function shift from arsenic dopant, and the incomplete gate silicidation can have the maximum work function modification effect. Arsenic activation temperature before silicidation was found to have a significant effect on the work function shift. Un-annealed samples exhibit a minimum shift in work function due to the low dopant pile-up concentration at the oxide interface.
Successful in utero therapy of fetal heart block

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Congenital complete heart block is associated with maternal autoantibodies to Ro and La proteins, which injure the fetal cardiac conduction system. We administered dexamethasone to the mothers of five fetuses with heart block caused by maternal antibodies. STUDY DESIGN: We diagnosed five cases of fetal heart block at 20 to 23 weeks and treated all mothers with dexamethasone 4 mg orally each day for the remainder of the pregnancy. All patients were positive for anti-SS-A (anti-Ro) and/or anti-SS-B (anti-La) antibodies. RESULTS: Four patients had complete heart block, and one had second-degree block. In two patients (one with complete heart block, one with second-degree heart block) the degree of block lessened with treatment. Hydrops in three complete heart block patients resolved after treatment. Maternal antibody levels did not change. Matched maternal and cord samples at delivery showed similar antibody levels. CONCLUSIONS: Complete heart block can respond to transplacental glucocorticoid therapy with improved cardiac conduction. Because there may be a concurrent myocarditis, treatment in utero may also improve cardiac contractility, leading to the observed rapid resolution of hydrops. Treatment with steroids that cross the placenta should be considered for newly diagnosed cases of complete heart block with positive antibody screens.
High-dose cytosine arabinoside in the treatment of refractory acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in adults: Results of two six-day regimens

High-dose cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) was used in adult patients with refractory acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia, either alone (3 g/m2 every 12 h X 12 doses) or with 3 additional days of anthracycline antibiotics. The systemic toxicities were similar for both groups without an increase in the group receiving anthracyclines. Bone marrow recovery was also similar for these groups. The antileukemic effect was not statistically increased in the group receiving anthracyclines, but when a comparison of the complete remission late in resistant patients is made, there is a trend toward a greater number of complete remissions when anthracyclines are included in the regimen (p = 0.09). High-dose Ara-C is effective therapy for refractory leukemia; the addition of anthracyclines may enhance the effect of the Ara-C.
Factors in a Productive Environment: Colorado State University, 1964–1976

During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Colorado State University was the site of significant innovations in the counseling field. Interviews with key participants highlight the contributions and identify factors in the environment that resulted in the productivity of individuals.
The effect of rim mandibulectomy configuration and residual segment size on postoperative fracture risk: An in vitro study

Abstract Purpose: This study evaluated the effect that size and shape of rim mandibulectomy has on residual mandibular strength and resistance to fracture, with the ultimate goal of improving the use of this technique and establishing a threshold for the application of prophylactic internal fixation. Materials and Methods: Ten partially dentate dry human mandibles were mounted in a manner replicating the pterygomasseteric musculature. Unilateral midbody serial rim excisions of increasing size were completed in both a curvilinear and right-angled fashion, and physiologic forces were gradually applied to a level of residual segment fracture. Dimensional measurements were taken of the specimens before and after fracture to understand which factors contributed to failure. Results: On average, a curvilinear excision configuration resisted higher occlusal forces with a smaller residual segment than did the right-angled excision configuration. A residual inferior border thickness of less than 9 mm could not predictably withstand force application within the limits of the experimental model. Conclusion: These data support the use of a curvilinear excision configuration for rim mandibulectomies. Reproducibility of the location of the residual segment failure and other consistent residual segment dimensional information have implications regarding the limitations of this technique, beyond which the use of adjunctive support in the form of maxillomandibular fixation or prophylactic internal fixation may be indicated. © 2001 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Mechanical properties of electron-beam-melted molybdenum and dilute Mo-Re alloys.

Study of Mo-Re alloys aimed at examining the effects of small rhenium additions on the low-temperature ductility of molybdenum and determining the mechanical properties of dilute Mo-Re alloys. The results obtained indicate that high-purity Mo-Re alloys have ductile-brittle transition temperatures considerably lower than those for unalloyed molybdenum and that rhenium promotes normal solid-solution strengthening in molybdenum at elevated temperatures.
Production of antibodies to human factor viii in the ascitic fluid of C57BL/6J mice

Abstract A method is described for the production of a murine antiserum to human factor VIII, and the quantitation of factor VIII related antigen using this antiserum. C57BL/6J mice were injected intraperitoneally with a mixture of factor VIII and complete Freund's adjuvant. Ascitic fluid developed after repeated innoculations for seven to eight weeks, and was subsequently tapped. Using this antiserum, factor VIII related antigen was quantitated by immunoelectrophoresis and enzyme immunoassay. This method provides a simple and economical way of producing an antiserum to factor VIII, and may also be applicable to other proteins available in submilligram quantities.
Influence of Temperature on the Flowering of Lemna perpusilla 6746 Grown under Skeleton Photoperiods

The flowering of Lemna perpusilla Torr. strain 6746 grown under 24-hour skeleton photoperiods consisting of 13- and 10.5-hour dark periods separated by 0.25-hr light pulses is strongly dependent on temperature. When plants are cultured in 50-ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 20 ml of half-strength Hutner's medium supplemented with 1% (w/v) sucrose maximum, per cent, flowering occurs at 23 C. At temperatures above and below 23 C a marked decline in per cent flowering is seen.
The Time Invariance Principle, the absence of ecological chaos, and a fundamental pitfall of discrete modeling

This paper is to show that most discrete models used for population dynamics in ecology are inherently pathological that their predications cannot be independently verified by experiments because they violate a fundamental principle of physics. The result is used to tackle an on-going controversy regarding ecological chaos. Another implication of the result is that all dynamical systems must be modeled by differential equations. As a result it suggests that researches based on discrete modeling must be closely scrutinized and the teaching of calculus and differential equations must be emphasized for students of biology.
Reactivation of tuberculosis in Oklahoma: 1970-1973.

The medical records of 53 patients who had reactivation of tuberculosis between 1970 and 1973 in Oklahoma were reviewed. Reactivation accounted for 4 percent of all cases reported in this period. No correlation was found between race or sex and risk of reactivation. The interval between original diagnosis and reactivation (median 14.0 years) was longer than has been reported in other series but was felt to be an encouraging finding. The most important factor influencing reactivation appeared to be inadequate chemotherapy. Minimal disease appeared to be particularly prone to undertreatment in the past Patients with reactivation of tuberculosis responded to treatment almost as well as those with a recent diagnosis, as measured by sputum conversion rates. The paucity of patients presenting with reactivated cases after having been adequately treated supports recent recommendations to discharge patients from further followup when treatment is adequate and complete.
High-resolution climate change mapping with gridded historical climate products

The detection of climate-driven changes in coupled human-natural systems has become a focus of climate research and adaptation efforts around the world. High-resolution gridded historical climate (GHC) products enable analysis of recent climatic changes at the local/regional scales most relevant for research and decision-making, but these fine-scale climate datasets have several caveats. We analyzed two 4 km GHC products to produce high-resolution temperature trend maps for the US Northeast from 1980 to 2009, and compared outputs between products and with an independent climate record. The two products had similar spatial climatologies for mean temperatures, agreed on temporal variability in regionally averaged trends, and agreed that warming has been greater for minimum versus maximum temperatures. Trend maps were highly heterogeneous, i.e., a patchy landscape of warming, cooling and stability that varied by month, but with local-scale anomalies persistent across months (e.g., cooling ‘pockets’ within warming zones). In comparing trend maps between GHC products, we found large local-scale disparities at high elevations and along coastlines; and where weather stations were sparse, a single-station disparity in input data resulted in a large zone of trend map disagreement between products. Preliminary cross-validation with an independent climate record indicated substantial and complex errors for both products. Our analysis provided novel landscape-scale insights on climate change in the US Northeast, but raised questions about scale and sources of uncertainty in high-resolution GHC products and differences among the many products available. Given rapid growth in their use, we recommend exercising caution in the analysis and interpretation of high-resolution climate maps.
p̄p elastic scattering in the T-meson region

Abstract We have made improved measurements of 43.8 ± 0.8, 41.3 ± 0.4 and 39.3 ± 0.8 mb for the p p elastic cross sections at 1.11, 1.33 and 1.52 GeV/ c laboratory momenta respectively. Sharp forward peaks in the differential cross sections with broad secondary maxima agree with previous observations [3–6]. The forward differential cross sections are (11 ± 3)% above the optical point in agreement with real amplitudes extended from lower momenta using dispersion relations [7]. The elastic cross sections do not show any structure in the s -channel. Backward differential cross sections show the onset of a “third diffraction peak” but no evidence for other structure in agreement with earlier experiments [6, 13].
Fluorescence and gain predictions in laser dye mixtures

Radiative energy transfer in three different laser dye mixtures composed of (1) dichlorofluorescein (donor) and DODC (acceptor), (2) dichlorofluorescein (donor) and RhB (acceptor), and (3) coumarine (donor) and RhB (acceptor) have been studied under steady state excitation conditions. Analytical expressions have been developed to predict steady state fluorescence and hence gain line shape of laser dye mixtures using computer simulation. The theoretical predictions derived are generally in excellent agreement with experimental results, which confirm that at the mixture concentrations needed for lasing, radiative transfer is the dominant energy transfer mechanism. The method developed is effective and practical for predicting laser gain lineshapes (and hence tunability) as well as predicting fluorescence emission spectra of dye mixtures.
Experimental and Numerical Investigations on Microcoining of Stainless Steel 304

Increasing demands for miniature metallic parts have driven the application of micro-forming in various industries. Only a limited amount of research is, however, available on the forming of miniature features in high strength materials. This study investigated the forming of microfeatures in Type 304 stainless steel by using the coining process. Experimental work was performed to study the effects of workpiece thickness, preform shape, grain size, and feature size on the formation of features ranging from 320 μm to 800 μm. It was found that certain preform shapes enhance feature formation by allowing a favorable flow of the bulk material. In addition, a flow stress model for Type 304 stainless steel that took into consideration the effects of the grain and feature sizes was developed to accurately model and better understand the coining process. Weakening of the material, as the grain size increased at the miniature scale, was explained by the Hall-Petch relationship and the feature size effect.
Magnetic fields and ionizing radiation: effects and interactions during germination and early seedling development

Abstract Ionizing radiation is well known as a powerful modifier of plant growth, but the biological effectiveness of the magnetic field is less recognized. Experiments utilizing both agents, alone and in combination, were carried out for the purpose of comparing the effects of and ascertaining the interactions between acute 50,000 R X-irradiation of dormant barley grains and continuous application of a 3000 G steady homogeneous magnetic field during subsequent germination and early seedling development. X-irradiation by itself produced the familiar and significant retardation of germination and seedling growth during 5 days post hydration. The growth effects were of greater magnitude but in the same order of severity as those previously found with lower radiation levels: root length more affected than shoot height or coleoptile height; root number and rate of emergence least affected. Seedling size variability decreased; that for root number increased. Germination in the homogeneous magnetic field caused, by itself, only small, consistent, but statistically insignificant growth inhibition, accompanied by significant increases in variability. Effects on root number, emergence, and intra-embryonic size correlations, however, equalled or exceeded those produced by the radiation. When applied as a post radiation treatment, the magnetic field reduced the radiation effects on growth and root number. As with magnetic effects per se , the degree to which the magnetic field attenuated the radiation damage exhibited in any particular criterion was inversely correlated with the level of radiosensitivity possessed by that criterion. In addition, radiation-induced reductions in variability were lessened by the presence of the magnetic field, and alterations in intra-embryonic correlations, reversed. Synergistic interactions occurred between radiation and magnetic field with regard to the rate of emergence. The severity of growth inhibition produced by ionizing radiation has often been shown to be correlated with effects upon cell production and to reflect the amount of radiationinduced genetic damage, especially chromosomal aberrations. The homogeneous magnetic field, on the other hand, produced its largest effects and greatest attenuation of radiation damage (or the opposite, synergistic interactions) upon those aspects of seedling development which are least radiosensitive and most dependent upon cell enlargement for expression. This suggests that the biomagnetic effects observed must be mediated through physiological processes other than those of primary concern in producing radiation damage.
OBSERVATIONAL CONSTRAINTS ON COOL DISK MATERIAL IN QUIESCENT BLACK HOLE BINARIES

We consider current observational constraints on the presence of cool, optically thick disk material in quiescent black hole binaries, specifically focusing on a case study of the prototypical system A0620� 00. Such material might be expected to be present theoretically but is usually claimed to make a negligible contribution at optical and IR wavelengths. The primary argument is based on measurements of the veiling of stellar photospheric absorption lines,inwhichitisassumedthatthediskspectrumisfeatureless.Weusesimulatedspectratoexplorethesensitivity of veiling measurements to uncertainties in companion temperature, gravity, and metallicity. We find that the derived veiling is extremely sensitive to a mismatch between the temperature and metallicity of the companion and template but that the effect of a plausible gravity mismatch is much smaller. In general, the resulting uncertainty in the amount of veiling is likely to be much larger than the usually quoted statistical uncertainty. We also simulate spectra in which the disk has an emergent spectrum similar to the star and find that in this case, optical veiling constraints are moderately robust. This is because the rotational broadening of the disk is so large that the two line profiles effectively decouple, and the measurement of the depth of stellar lines is largely unbiased by the disk component. We note, however, that this is only true at intermediate resolutions or higher and that significant bias might still affect low-resolution IR observations. Assuming that the optical veiling is reliable, we then examine the constraints on the temperature and covering factor of any optically thick disk component. These are stringent if the disk is warm (TeA k3500 K), but very temperature sensitive, and cooler disks are largely unconstrained by optical measurements. Current IR veiling estimates do not help much, representing rather high upper limits. Probably the best constraint comes from the relative amplitudes of ellipsoidal variations in different bands, as these are sensitive to differences in veiling that are expected for disks cooler than the companion star. A significant disk contribution in the IR, up to � 25%, is not ruled out in this or any other way considered, however. Subject headingg accretion, accretion disks — binaries: close — black hole physics
Volume seeds: A volume exploration technique

Ray-traced volume rendering has been shown to be an effective method for visualizing 3D scalar data. However, with currently available workstation technology, interactive volume exploration using conventional volume rendering is still too slow to be attractive. This paper describes an enhanced volume rendering method which allows interactive changes of rendering parameters such as colour and opacity maps. An innovative technique is provided which allows the user to plant a ‘seed’ in the volume to rapidly modify local shading parameters. For a fixed viewing position, the user can interactively explore specific regions of interest. Furthermore, a virtual cutting technique with the exploratory seed allows the user to remove surfaces and see the internal structure of the volume. Examples demonstrate these techniques as an attractive option in many applications.
Self-Monitoring and marital adjustment

Abstract We evaluated whether Self-Monitoring, and Acting, Extroversion, and Other-Directedness are related to marital adjustment within a sample of 90 couples. Results indicated that Extroversion and Other-Directedness correlated significantly but in opposite directions, with both partners reports of marital adjustment. Regression indicated that months married, and husbands' Extroversion and Other-Directedness score contributed to marital adjustment for the husbands. For wives, Other-Directedness, Extroversion, and their husbands' Other-Directedness contributed to their marital adjustment. For the couples, only length of the relationship and husbands' Other-Directedness predicted adjustment. The findings were explored with respect to gender differences, self-monitoring theory, and the study of relationship intimacy.
Laser-to-fiber coupling module using a micromachined alignment mirror

We report the fabrication of a laser-to-fiber coupling module that incorporates a movable silicon-micromachined alignment micromirror. The micromirror can position a beam on a fiber within a 0.17 /spl mu/m standard deviation and has a range of motion of more than 200 /spl mu/m. Measurements on the module have shown a reproducible coupling efficiency of 40%. The coupling module provides a means to compensate for placement inaccuracies of passively assembled optical components.
Human lymphocyte subpopulations: giant human red blood cell rosettes

Abstract Human thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes form rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and human red blood cells (HRBC) in vitro. Twenty-four hours after inactivation by the mitogenic enzymes sodium periodate (NaIO 4 ) and neuraminidase plus galactose oxidase (NGAO), rosette-forming cells appeared which could bind ⩾ 36 SRBC and ⩾ 21 HRBC. These were defined as giant SRBC and giant HRBC rosettes respectively. They were absent in control samples. When lymphocyte responses were assayed by the rates of DNA synthesis, they were almost eliminated by the absence of monocytes. However, the generation of giant SRBC rosettes was unaffected. The generation of giant HRBC rosettes was very significantly depressed. It was concluded that lymphocytes could still be significantly activated in the absence of monocytes. The activated lymphocytes could be recognized by their ability to form giant SRBC rosettes. In the presence of monocytes, the activated lymphocytes have the additional characteristics of being able to form giant HRBC rosettes.