cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct-contact (membraneless) hemoperfusion through oils.

Oil-hemoperfusion is a highly promising procedure, as indicated by in vitro feasibility studies with human blood and in vivo experiments with rhesus monkeys. Direct liquid—liquid extraction is used to remove toxic or unwanted substances from whole blood. By choosing the proper oil or modification of an oleaginous liquid, cholesterol, total bilirubin, and lipid-soluble drugs such as glutethimide can be selectively removed or adjusted to the desired concentration with a single liquid—liquid extraction. Damage or loss of cellular components such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets is immeasurably small or nonexistent. Undesirable extraction of other vital biological substances and (or) back extraction of substances from the oil into the blood is so small that side effects or aftereffects of in vivo oil-hemoperfusion studies were considerably less than anticipated.
Diurnal Variation in Membrane Lipid Composition of Sonoran Desert Teleosts

Phospholipid molecular species and headgroup compositions were determined for sarcoplasmic reticular and microsomal membranes in two species of Sonoran desert cyprinid fish ( Agosia chrysogaster Girard and Notropis lutrensis Girard) trapped in an isolated pool of a desert stream. Fish populations were sampled in the cool of the morning (water temperature 21–21.9°C for Agosia and 22–26°C for Notropis ) and 7–11 h later in the heat of the afternoon (water temperature 34.2°C) to determine whether membrane lipid composition varied with sampling time and thermal exposure. The composition of sarcoplasmic reticular membranes did not vary significantly through the day. In contrast, the molecular species composition of muscle microsomes (a mixture of endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membranes) changed markedly from the cool of the morning to the heat of the afternoon in both species. Adjustments were particularly striking in phosphatidylcholine (PC). For example, in Agosia , the ratio of saturated-to-unsaturated species of PC, the unsaturation index (the average number of double bonds per molecular species) and the proportion of diunsaturated molecular species deo- eased from 7.48 to 0.77, from 1.36 to 0.35 and from 7.23% to 2.46%, respectively, between the morning and afternoon samples. Similar, but less dramatic, changes were noted for phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in both species, and for phosphatidylinositol (PI) in Notropis . In addition, microsomal membranes of Agosia exhibited a significant reduction in the proportion of PE (from 12.1 to 2.7%) and a corresponding increase in the proportion of PC between the morning and afternoon samples. These patterns of change in membrane lipid composition are in a direction consistent with thermal compensation of membrane function and suggest that rapid adjustments in the lipid composition of biological membranes may stabilize membrane structure against substantial diurnal fluctuations in temperature.
Multiple Effects of Growth Hormone on Lipolysis

Segments of epididymal fat from normal and hypophysectomized rats were incubated in vitro for 4 hr in the presence of growth hormone (0.01–1.0 μg/ml) and the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (0.16 μg/ml). The 2 hormones in conjunction increased the release of glycerol and free fatty acids (FFA) from the fat of normal rats but had no effect on lipolysis when tissues of hypophysectomized rats were studied. The addition of theophylline (0.9 mg/ml) to the incubation medium evoked maximal lipolysis in the normal tissues whether or not the hormones were present. The same concentration of theophylline increased the basal lipolysis in the adipose tissues of hypophysectomized rats and caused these tissues to respond to dexamethasone and growth hormone in a manner that was quantitatively and qualitatively similar to the response of normal tissues in the absencs of theophylline. Pretreatment of hypophysectomized rats with L-triiodothyronine (5 μg/rat/day for 2 days) or cortone acetate (2.5 mg/rat/day for 2 da...
Intermolecular Nitrogen Transfer in the Enzymic Conversion of Glutamate to [delta]-Aminolevulinic Acid by Extracts of Chlorella vulgaris

delta-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the universal biosynthetic precursor of tetrapyrrole pigments, is synthesized from glutamate in plants, algae, and many bacteria via a three-step process that begins with activation by ligation of glutamate to tRNA(Glu), followed by reduction to glutamate-1-semialdehyde (GSA) and conversion of GSA to ALA. The GSA aminotransferase step requires no substrate other than GSA. A previous study examined whether the aminotransferase reaction proceeds via intramolecular or intermolecular N transfer and concluded that the reaction catalyzed by Chlamydomonas extracts occurs via intermolecular N transfer (Y.-H.L. Mau and W.-Y. Wang [1988] Plant Physiol 86: 793-797). However, in that study the possibility was not excluded that the result was a consequence of N exchange among product ALA molecules during the incubation, rather than intermolecular N transfer during the conversion of GSA to ALA. Therefore, this question was reexamined in another species and with additional controls. A gel-filtered extract of Chlorella vulgaris cells was incubated with ATP, Mg2+, NADPH, tRNA, and a mixture of L-glutamate molecules, one-half of which were labeled with 15N and the other half with 13C at C-1. The ALA product was purified, derivatized, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A significant fraction of the ALA molecules was heavy by two mass units, indicating incorporation of both 15N and 13C. These results show that the N and C atoms of each ALA molecule were derived from different glutamate molecules. Control experiments indicated that the results could not be attributed to exchange of N atoms between glutamate or ALA molecules during the incubation. These results confirm the earlier conclusion that GSA is converted to ALA via intermolecular N transfer and extend the results to another species. The labeling results, combined with the results of kinetic and inhibitor studies, support a model for the GSA aminotransferase reaction in which a single molecule of GSA is converted to ALA via an enzyme-bound 4,5-diaminovaleric acid intermediate.
Insulin/IGF1 Signaling Inhibits Age-Dependent Axon Regeneration

SUMMARY The ability of injured axons to regenerate declines with age, yet the mechanisms that regulate axon regeneration in response to age are not known. Here we show that axon regeneration in aging C. elegans motor neurons is inhibited by the conserved insulin/IGF1 receptor DAF-2. DAF-2’s function in regeneration is mediated by intrinsic neuronal activity of the forkhead transcription factor DAF-16/FOXO. DAF-16 regulates regeneration independently of lifespan, indicating that neuronal aging is an intrinsic, neuron-specific, and genetically regulated process. In addition, we found that DAF-18/ PTEN inhibits regeneration independently of age and FOXO signaling via the TOR pathway. Finally, DLK-1, a conserved regulator of regeneration, is downregulated by insulin/IGF1 signaling, bound by DAF-16 in neurons, and required for both DAF-16and DAF-18-mediated regeneration. Together, our data establish that insulin signaling specifically inhibits regeneration in aging adult neurons and that this mechanism is independent of PTEN and TOR.
Accuracy of Family History Reports of Migraine in a Community‐Based Family Study of Migraine

Background Family history of migraine is the most potent and consistent risk factor for migraine. However, there has been limited systematic research on the reliability of family history information in detecting migraine based on valid diagnostic interviews. This study systematically evaluated the accuracy of migraine defined by the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II) based on a direct structured interview compared to structured family history reports. The aim of the present study was to assess the validity of migraine diagnosis provided by family history compared with direct interview using a validated diagnostic interview of headache syndromes in the context of a family study of migraine comorbidity. Methods The sample included 921 study participants identified in a cross-sectional community-based controlled family study of comorbidity of migraine and affective disorders recruited from the greater Washington, DC community. Lifetime migraine and tension-type headache were ascertained by direct clinical interview using a validated interview that collects ICHD-II criteria for headache syndromes. A structured history of headache was also collected from all interviewed probands and relatives regarding their relatives. All family history reports were reviewed by the study neurologist according to ICHD-II criteria. Family history ratings and diagnoses were made by the neurologist, who was blinded to the headache diagnosis obtained by direct interview. Results The sensitivity and specificity of family history reports of migraine compared with direct interview were 38.6% and 96.8%, respectively, indicating that the false positive rate was very low, whereas the false negative rate was substantial. The positive and negative predictive values of migraine diagnosis provided by family member report are 90.0% and 67.6%, respectively. Conclusions Our results confirm that migraine assessed by family member report largely underestimates migraine in relatives. This demonstrates the value of direct interviews with relatives rather than reliance on family history report in both clinical practice and family and genetic studies. Potential steps to improve the reliability of family history report in clinical settings are described.
Immunosuppressive regulatory T cells are associated with aggressive breast cancer phenotypes: a potential therapeutic target

FoxP3 is a marker for immunosuppressive CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells. These regulatory T cells are thought to play a role in inducing immune tolerance to antigens and may be selectively recruited by carcinomas. We investigated whether breast carcinomas had significant numbers of FoxP3-positive regulatory T cells by immunohistochemistry, and if their presence was associated with other prognostic factors, such as Nottingham grade, hormone receptor immunohistochemical profile, tumor size, or lymph node metastases. Ninety-seven needle core or excisional breast biopsies with invasive breast carcinoma diagnosed at the University of Washington were stained with antibodies to FoxP3, estrogen receptor, and Her2/neu. The numbers of FoxP3-positive cells present within the neoplastic epithelium, and immediately adjacent stroma were counted manually in three high-powered fields (HPFs; x 400) by two independent pathologists. The average scores were then correlated with the parameters of interest. A threshold of >or=15 FoxP3-positive cells/HPF was used to define a FoxP3-positive case in some analyses. Higher average numbers of FoxP3-positive cells present significantly correlated with higher Nottingham grade status (P=0.000229). In addition, the presence of significant numbers (>or=15/HPF) of FoxP3-positive cells in breast carcinoma was positively associated with higher Nottingham grade (P=0.00002585). Higher average numbers of FoxP3-positive cells were also significantly associated with larger tumor size (>2.0 cm; P=0.012824) and trended toward an association with estrogen receptor negativity. Interestingly, 'triple-negative' (estrogen and progesterone receptor negative and Her2/neu negative) Nottingham grade III cases were also significantly associated with high numbers of FoxP3 cells. These results argue that regulatory T cells may play a role in inducing immune tolerance to higher grade, more aggressive breast carcinomas, and are a potential therapeutic target for these cancers.
Architectures of Genetic Medicine Comparing Genetic Testing for Breast Cancer in the USA and the UK

This paper compares the development of genetic testing for breast cancer (BRCA testing) in the USA and the UK. It argues that national political cultures played an important role in how these genetic testing technologies were shaped, and that the shapes of these technologies had important implications for the users of these systems. In order to demonstrate the roles of national social and political elements in the development of new genetic testing technologies, I introduce the concept of a technology's architecture, which is made up of components and the specific ways in which these components are assembled to fulfill particular functions. In the USA, four very different BRCA testing systems initially emerged. However, one biotechnology company, Myriad Genetics, eventually used its legal and economic position to become the sole provider of testing. It offered BRCA testing the way many other laboratory tests were provided in the USA, available to anyone through any physician. The shape of this testing service had important implications for its participants, defining the client as a consumer who could demand access to any of Myriad's laboratory services, but could not choose among testing systems. In the UK, the government-run National Health Service provided testing through regional genetics clinics, using family history information to assess risk and triage care. Clients in the UK were defined as citizens and patients, who had the right to equal access to the testing system but could not demand any specific services.
Sorting parts by random grasping

As a low-cost alternative to machine vision, the authors consider how a modified parallel-jaw gripper can be used to classify parts according to shape by grasping and measuring the diameter: the distance between the jaws. Since more than one part may give rise to the same diameter and the sensor may be corrupted by noise due to surface compliance and backlash, the authors show how the most probable part can be estimated using a sequence of random grasps with a Bayesian decision procedure. This procedure allows the authors to define a statistical measure of the "similarity" of a set of parts. Laboratory experiments confirm that the random strategy is effective for sorting parts. >
“A Home for Poets”: The Liberal Curriculum in Victorian Britain's Teachers' Training Colleges

In the 1850s, at St. Mark's training college in Chelsea, London, ten students regularly violated the “lights out” rule in the evening at the end of long, exhausting days. Desirous of increasing their culture and general knowledge, they gave over half an hour every evening before sleep to what they styled, after the working-class clubs of the same name, “a mutual improvement society” in which they took turns giving lectures on a wide range of topics. They were not alone: throughout the second half of the nineteenth century, teachers-in-training across Britain supplemented their already daunting workload by writing poetry, reading novels, discussing Shakespeare, and holding debates about pressing social and political questions. From the perspective of many Victorian observers and historians today, this anecdote is an anomaly, an aberration that carries little weight in telling the story of the training colleges in which the majority of teachers in Victorian Britain eventually came to receive an education. For them, training colleges were the sites of rote memorization and pedagogical learning. Though some educationalists called for a more liberal curriculum for teachers, according to this view, teachers' education only began to emphasize expansive reading, original thinking, the cultivation of the individual, and general curiosity beginning in the 1890s with the rise of day training colleges affiliated with universities.
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells: regulating host–commensal bacteria interactions in inflammation and cancer

A delicate balance exists between the mammalian immune system and normally beneficial commensal bacteria that colonize the gastrointestinal tract, which is necessary to maintain tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of these interactions between the host and commensal bacteria is causally associated with chronic inflammation and the development of cancer. In contrast, recent reports have highlighted that commensal bacteria also play an essential role in promoting anti-tumor immune responses in several contexts, highlighting a paradox whereby interactions between the host and commensal bacteria can influence both pro- and anti-tumor immunity. Given the critical roles for group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) in regulating inflammation, tissue repair and host-microbe interactions in the intestine, here we discuss new evidence that ILC3s may profoundly influence the development, progression and control of tumors. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in understanding the impact of commensal bacteria on tumorigenesis, discuss recent findings identifying ILC3s as critical regulators of host-microbe interactions and highlight the emerging role of this immune cell population in cancer and their potential implication as a therapeutic target.
Irradiation Response of Graphene Enhanced Gallium Nitride Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Ultraviolet Photodetectors

Radiation-tolerant materials, sensors and electronics can enable lightweight space subsystems with reduced packaging requirements and increased operation lifetimes. Such technology can be used within extreme harsh environments related to space exploration, radiation medicine and power generation (combustion and nuclear). Gallium nitride (GaN), a ceramic semiconductor material, is a candidate material due to its stability within high-radiation, high-temperature and chemically corrosive environments. In addition, the wide bandgap of GaN (3.4 eV) can be leveraged for ultraviolet (UV) wavelength photodetection. In metalsemiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetector architectures using Schottky contacts, transparent electrodes (e.g., graphene) can increase sensitivity and improve overall device response. Here we present fabrication and characterization of GaN-based UV photodetectors using graphene electrodes irradiated up to 200 krad total ionizing dose (TID) then tested under UV light and dark conditions. For current-voltage measurements taken at 90, 120 and 200 krad TID, the currentvoltage response does not vary significantly. From 90 to 120 krad TID, the responsivity shifts by 2% before dropping off at 200 krad TID. These initial findings suggest that graphene/GaN MSM UV photodetectors can provide robust operation within extreme harsh environments.
The Effect of Time to Castration Resistance on Outcomes With Abiraterone and Enzalutamide in Metastatic Prostate Cancer.

Abstract Background Abiraterone and enzalutamide are 2 novel androgen receptor (AR)-targeting therapies that improve survival in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. The factors that predict abiraterone and enzalutamide response are lacking. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the outcomes from primary androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) could predict the outcomes with subsequent novel AR-targeting therapies. Materials and Methods We identified 80 consecutive patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with abiraterone or enzalutamide. Cox regression models were used to analyze the relationships between the primary ADT response and the primary outcome of progression-free survival (PFS) after initiating novel hormonal therapy. The secondary outcomes included prostate-specific antigen decline and overall survival. The survival probabilities were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the differences assessed with the log-rank test. Results The time to castration resistance with primary ADT showed a significant association with both PFS and overall survival after initiating novel hormone therapy (P = .032 and P = .028, respectively). Patients with progression during primary ADT before 1 year had a median PFS of 3.4 months compared with a median PFS of 7.6 and 8.1 months for patients whose time to castration resistance was ≥ 1 and ≤ 5 years (P = .008) and > 5 years (P = .026), respectively. However, the time to castration resistance was not an independent predictor of survival or the PSA response with novel AR-targeting therapy on multivariate analysis. Conclusion A rapid time to progression during primary ADT was associated with poor outcomes but was not an independent predictor of the response to enzalutamide or abiraterone.
Ion Correlation-Induced Phase Separation in Polyelectrolyte Blends

Inhomogeneous polyelectrolyte materials have been of both longstanding and recent interest; polymer blends exhibit technologically advantageous properties for adhesives and fuel cell membranes and serve as an ideal model system to study more complicated behaviors in polyelectrolyte materials. However, the physics governing the phase behavior of polyelectrolyte blends remains poorly understood. Traditional self-consistent field theory (SCFT) can include Coulombic interactions that arise in polyelectrolytes but can only reproduce Poisson–Boltzmann behavior or perturbations thereof due to the mean-field nature of the SCFT calculation. Recently, tools have been developed to couple SCFT with liquid state (LS) integral equation theory, which can calculate ion correlations in a quantitative fashion. This permits the articulation of ion effects in very low dielectric er constant regimes that are relevant to polymer blends in nonaqueous conditions. We show that the inclusion of local ion correlations can give rise...
Time course of proximal tubule response to acute arterial hypertension in the rat.

Acute hypertension was previously shown to cause partial inhibition of proximal tubule fluid reabsorption in perfused tubules in the rat. If the inhibition also occurs in unobstructed tubules receiving native glomerular filtrate, hypertension should increase end proximal flow rate despite autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). We tested this prediction with a videodensitometric method recently developed for measurement of tubular flow rate that does not interrupt flow to the macula densa. Hypertension was induced by increasing total peripheral resistance in rats receiving several hormones at rates designed to maintain high levels of these agents. End proximal flow rate was increased 18% as early as 1.5–2 min following the induction of hypertension and increased over the course of the next 25–30 min to reach values 50% greater than controls as the hypertension was sustained. Whole-kidney GFR and renal blood flow were fully autoregulated. The results confirm that hypertension increases the fluid load to the loop of Henle, and are consistent with an effect on proximal tubule fluid reabsorption. This increase in fluid load could signal the macula densa and contribute to the efficacy of autoregulation; it could also provide a significant fraction of the increased fluid and salt excretion of pressure natriuresis.
Selection of Soccer Robot Action Based on PSO

In this paper, a soccer robot action selection algorithm based on PSO is proposed, which defines a set of soccer robot actions and assigns roles and tasks to every soccer robot according to the situation. The PSO algorithm searches suitable actions for every soccer robot. Experiments show that the soccer robots equipped with the new algorithm demonstrate more accurate actions and play better than others.
Arterial enhancement in acute cerebral ischemia: clinical and angiographic correlation.

PURPOSE To investigate the cause and clinical significance of arterial enhancement (AE) in contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR examinations after acute cerebral ischemia. METHODS Contrast MR examinations and conventional angiograms of 17 patients studied following an acute ischemic event or an internal carotid occlusion were retrospectively reviewed. MR and angiographic studies were performed within 1 day of each other. The presence of AE was correlated with both angiographic findings and patient clinical status. RESULTS AE was not confined to patients with angiographic evidence of complete arterial occlusion. Only 64% of patients demonstrating AE had complete occlusion angiographically. Complete arterial occlusion did not always correlate with AE. In two of nine patients with complete occlusion, no AE was identified. In five of 10 patients with AE, angiographic slow flow was identified. In patients without AE, no angiographic slow flow was identified. In the 64% of patients with AE, significant symptoms were identified. Patients without AE were either asymptomatic or had mild symptoms at the time of the MR study. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the hypothesis that arterial slowing is the cause of AE, which appears to be an indicator of decreased brain perfusion. Such MR findings may add important supplemental information to those provided by conventional angiography.
Varicocele: Temporal Considerations

Abstract The pathophysiology of the abnormal spermatogenesis seen in the presence of the varicocele has not been elucidated in spite of extensive study. Furthermore, no satisfactory explanation exists for the bilateral abnormal spermatogenesis seen in a process which is felt to be unilateral in the majority of cases. The present study was designed to determine if a surgically produced unilateral varicocele would lead to ipsilateral testicular changes prior to the onset of contralateral testicular alterations. Utilizing the rat model and microsurgical techniques, the effects of the varicocele on ipsilateral and contralateral spermatogenesis was studied at intervals over 49 days. Mean seminiferous tubular diameter measurements and flow cytometric analysis of testicular tissue were utilized to assess spermatogenesis. A statistically significant decrease in mean seminiferous tubular diameter was seen between day 1 and day 49 in the left testicle. The right testicle tended to demonstrate similar changes but these were not significant by the method of analysis used. Flow cytometric analysis of testis DNA content also revealed a statistically significant difference in the percentage of haploid, diploid and tetraploid cells in the left testis on day 1 as compared to day 49. The right testis again tended to demonstrate similar but not significant changes. Though primarily a unilateral process, bilateral spermatic vein abnormalities were also visualized in some animals. This observation may contribute to the bilateral effect observed. These studies demonstrate that a surgically created left varicocele will result in bilateral testicular alterations. Within the time frame of the study, the ipsilateral alterations progressed to a greater degree.
Beatle Country : A Bluegrass ‘Concept Album’ from 1966

In 1966, Cambridge, Massachusetts-based bluegrass revivalist band, Charles River Valley Boys, released the album Beatle Country. Quite unlike the material on their debut Bluegrass and Old Timey Music (recorded 1962–1964) featuring traditional Appalachian mountain songs and those popularized by musicians including the Stanley Brothers, Charlie Poole, Bill Monroe, and A.P Carter, Beatle Country consists of twelve Beatles covers refashioned thoroughly in a bluegrass mold. As a key participant in the 1960s urban folk revival in the northern United States where debates about musical authenticity and novelty were pervasive, Beatle Country raises some fascinating questions. The album also provokes discussion on how songs garner new meanings in shifting contexts, and through the process of sonic transformation: Ivy League-educated, Massachusetts folk-revival musicians reworking Beatles songs with a sound originating in southern Appalachia. While not the only American bluegrass/country makeover of Beatles music, the Charles River Valley Boys’ project is by far the most comprehensive and cohesive. Recorded by Elektra in Nashville, Beatle Country was released around two years after the Beatles’ rapid rise to fame in the USA. Furthermore, September 1966 comes just months after John Lennon’s controversial statements on religion that ignited waves of anti-Beatles sentiment across the country, with particular potency in the South. This essay examines Beatle Country within its various intersecting cultural and musical contexts.
The Proposed Transformation of the Local Government Revenue System in Tanzania

Chapter 4 assesses the current local government revenue system in Tanzania and identifies a number of far-reaching shortcomings in the revenue sources assigned to the local government level as well as the broader framework for local government revenue collections. This assessment led to the conclusion that the traditionally “permissive” (open-list) approach to local taxation in Tanzania resulted in a system that virtually lacks any sense of uniformity. Furthermore, (1) local governments are mostly assigned low-yielding taxes; (2) fragmentation of the local tax system causes horizontal inequities and inefficiency; (3) the benefit principle is largely missing as a conceptual foundation for local government revenues; (4) there is an excessive focus on the redistributive impact of local revenues; (5) local revenues are hard to administer and hard to enforce; (6) compliance costs for local taxes are high, and (7) local governments are assigned the least popular and politically acceptable revenue sources. Addressing these problems goes well beyond assisting individual local governments in improving their tax structures and strengthening local tax administrations in a bottom-up fashion. Instead, resolving these shortcomings will demand a comprehensive transformation of the local revenue system.
La Ruta Pacífica de las Mujeres: repertorios simbólicos en la búsqueda de paz y reconciliación en Colombia

This paper deals with the aesthetic and expressive forms that women’s groups have grasped in the pursuit of peace and reconciliation in Colombia. These forms are the symbolic repertoires of memory, which represent a new testimonial expression, adjusted to the continent’s new political and historical demands. Throughout this process, women’s organizations have played a central role in the pursuit of peaceful coexistence after a long-lasting conflict.Women’s organizations have developed a broad continuum of memory initiatives, represented in symbolic repertoires through art undertakings, activism and education. Quite frequently, when women that have experienced loss and pain as victims of conflict join together in resistance initiatives, they gain power and leadership within their own communities. This has allowed them to arise and become cultural agents of change, as well as promoters and trainers of new generations. Sometimes, they have even acted as speakers of their regions in political fora.This paper focuses in the work of Women’s Peaceful Route and their initiatives triggering social changes. Some testimonial symbolic repertoires developed by the Peaceful Route are analyzed. They are ways of channeling memory, rebuilding the social fabric and conveying a pedagogy of peace from a gender perspective throughout the country. It is suggested that these initiatives are encouraging social changes in terms of women’s rights and capabilities awareness in both public and private sectors, and creating the space needed to address the transition towards a culture of peace in Colombia.
In-Plane Heterojunctions Enable Multiphasic Two-Dimensional (2D) MoS2 Nanosheets As Efficient Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution from Water Reduction

Two-dimensional (2D) single-layer MoS2 nanosheets are demonstrated as efficient photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) from water reduction, thanks to specific in-plane heterojunctions constructed in the MoS2 monolayer. These functional heterojunctions are formed among the different phases of chemically exfoliated MoS2 monolayers: semiconducting 2H, metallic 1T, and quasi-metallic 1T′ phases. The proportion of the three MoS2 phases can be systematically controlled via thermal annealing of the nanosheets. Interestingly, a volcano relationship is observed between the photocatalytic HER activity and the annealing temperature with an optimum activity obtained after annealing at 60 °C. First-principles calculations were integrated with experimental studies to shed light on the role of the multiphases of MoS2 and reveal that optimum photocatalytic HER activity results from the formation of the in-plane heterojunctions between 1T′ MoS2 and 2H MoS2. Importantly, this facilitates not only balanced li...
How Are School Content and What the Students Link Related

The students in Mr. Ritter ’s classroom are introduced with a discussion about current events facilitated by newspaper reading. The relationship between the elements of the students’ prior learning and the new learning are described as being by example, by shared characteristics, spanning time (now-and-then), and spanning location (here-and-there), noting analogous links. Here-and-there links are illustrated through an extended example of Mr. Ritter ’s introduction to their unit on expository writing about the culture of China.
Cardio-Skeletal Muscle Disease Associated With Syndromes

Cardiomyopathies develop in some genetic syndromes and chromosomal disorders. These patients may have defects encoding genes causing inborn errors of metabolism, nuclear genes, structural genes, or transcription factors. Inborn errors of metabolism affecting mitochondrial energy-producing pathways result in metabolic disorders with an extraordinarily variable phenotype. Mitochondrial diseases can be caused by mutations in any of the more than 1000 mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Mitochondrial-nuclear genome interactions may also contribute to the pathological mechanisms of disease. Environmental and physiological stress exacerbates pathology, adding another layer of complexity to the diagnosis and the therapeutic interventions performed. These disorders typically demonstrate abnormalities of skeletal and cardiac muscle, as well as the central nervous system. Other defects, including those caused by chromosomal abnormalities, may also result in multisystem disorders that include the heart and skeletal muscle. These disorders are described in this chapter.
Implementing Collective Impact for Food Systems Change: Reflections and Adaptations from Michigan

As Collective Impact (CI) gains popularity across food systems change efforts, few scholars and practitioners have evaluated whether this collabora­tive social-change framework is well suited to food systems work. We begin to answer this question based on our own experience applying a CI model to support statewide goals established in the Michigan Good Food Charter. Our reflections are based on the project’s evaluation findings, internal staff discussions about their CI-based efforts, discussions with other food systems practitioners using CI, and a review of emerging literature where scholars and practitioners evaluate or reflect on facilitating a CI initiative. The Michigan experience largely corroborates what is emerging in the broader criticisms of CI: that limited guidance exists about how to implement various elements of the model, that CI is relatively silent on policy advocacy, and that, unless intentionally integrated, it has the potential to exacerbate, rather than address, inequities. However, our experience and that of other food systems practitioners also suggest that it is possible to transcend these limitations. We argue that groups expecting to make significant improve­ments to food systems can turn to CI as one of many social-change models that can guide their work, but only if lead organizations have the capacity to build trust and relationships between stakeholders and if they can thoughtfully integrate strategies for ensuring policy- and equity-based change.
Abstract 25: The Use of Voltage Mapping for Slow Pathway Visualization and Ablation of Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia in Pediatric and Young Adult Patients

Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) is a common arrhythmia in both pediatric and adult patients. Ablation of the arrhythmia substrate has typically been guided by anatomical location...
Mechanosensitive Conformation of Vinculin Regulates Its Binding to MAPK1.

Extracellular matrix stiffness sensing by living cells is known to play a major role in a variety of cell mechanobiological processes, such as migration and differentiation. Various membrane and cytoplasmic proteins are involved in transmitting and transducing environmental signals to biochemical cascades. Protein kinases play a key role in regulating the activity of focal adhesion proteins. Recently, an interaction between mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK1) and vinculin was experimentally shown to mediate this process. Here, we adopt a molecular modeling approach to further investigate this interaction and its possible regulatory effects. Using a combination of data-driven flexible docking and molecular dynamics simulations guided by previous experimental studies, we predict the structure of the MAPK1-vinculin complex. Furthermore, by comparing the association of MAPK1 with open versus closed vinculin, we demonstrate that MAPK1 exhibits preferential binding toward the open conformation of vinculin, suggesting that the MAPK1-vinculin interaction is conformationally selective. Finally, we demonstrate that changes in the size of the D3-D4 cleft provide a structural basis for the conformational selectivity of the interaction.
Testing the Effectiveness of a Marketing Simulation to Improve Course Performance

This article introduces a simulation, Marketplace Live, and compares students’ simulation performance with their course performance. The sample is drawn from 13 sections of the author’s Marketing Concepts (Principles of Marketing) course. The results support the idea that marketing simulations do contribute to learning marketing concepts. Evidence for this included (1) the partial mediation of academic ability on overall course performance by effort (indicated by time) and simulation performance, (2) a correlation between improvement in simulation performance with course grade improvement, and (3) correlations between simulation performance measures and performance on the final (comprehensive) course exam.
Continuous betadine-bacitracin irrigation for vascular graft infections: A case series

The aim of the study was to conduct a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent betadine/bacitracin continuous irrigation (BBCI) for vascular graft infections (VGIs) to review its use as a treatment option. A retrospective chart review from 2013 to 2017 was conducted of patients with VGIs that were treated with BBCI postremoval of the infected graft. The BBCI is a continuous infusion of 0.25% betadine in normal saline at 0.3 mL/kg/h for 48 hours then followed by bacitracin infusion with a concentration of 50,000 units bacitracin/per liter normal saline at 0.3 mL/kg/h for 72 hours. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the sample. The nine adult patients who received postoperative BBCI had an age range of 30–81 years, with average age of 58.8 years. Five of the subjects were females with four males. A total of nine patients with groin infections were identified, with two aortobifemoral bypasses, two axillofemoral bypasses, three femoral-femoral bypasses, one femoral artery pseudoaneurysm repair with Dacron patch, and one common femoral endarterectomy with Dacron patch. VGIs were identified from 10 days up to 72 months from the original vascular procedure. Six patients had negative wound cultures, while two had wound cultures positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and one patient had positive culture for Escherichia coli . The length of time of BBCI ranged from 48 to 84 hours with average of 57.6 hours (standard deviation [SD] = 12.7 hours). The length of time of the bacitracin irrigation ranged from 30 to 72 hours with average of 48.4 hours (SD = 14.9 hours). All patients healed their groin wounds except for an 81-year-old patient with aortobifemoral bypass graft who developed ischemic bowel and expired. Patients received at least 6 weeks of intravenous antibiotics followed by oral antibiotic suppression therapy for life. VGIs are a devastating complication associated with a high morbidity. BBCI provides an option for antiseptic irrigation of the vascular graft site postgraft removal to promote wound closure.
Moving Beyond the Frame: Literature, Madness, and Vincent van Gogh in Manuel Rivas’s Os comedores de patacas

Manuel Rivas’s 1991 novel Os comedores de patacas may be taken, at first reading, as a meditation on the stereotypes of traditional Galician life, a nation whose main culinary food staple was the humble potato. However, as revealed in the epilogue, the novel’s title is not a reference to the local cuisine, but to one of Vincent van Gogh’s first paintings, The potato eaters. This chapter explores how–through intertextual references to the letters that the Dutch painter wrote to his brother Theo—Manuel Rivas in this novel links the madness to which many young people in Galicia fell victim in the drug crisis of the 1980s and 1990s to a series of universal expressions of psychological turmoil. Furthermore, I will contend that the ekphrastic elements of Rivas’ literary production allow for transnational artistic movements at the same time that they articulate a new artistic language through which to portray the modern Galician family.
Comparison Between Adjuvant and Early-Salvage Postprostatectomy Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer With Adverse Pathological Features

Importance Prostate cancer with adverse pathological features (ie, pT3 and/or positive margins) after prostatectomy may be managed with adjuvant radiotherapy (ART) or surveillance followed by early-salvage radiotherapy (ESRT) for biochemical recurrence. The optimal timing of postoperative radiotherapy is unclear. Objective To compare the clinical outcomes of postoperative ART and ESRT administered to patients with prostate cancer with adverse pathological features. Design, Setting, and Participants This multi-institutional, propensity score–matched cohort study involved 1566 consecutive patients who underwent postprostatectomy ART or ESRT at 10 US academic medical centers between January 1, 1987, and December 31, 2013. Propensity score 1-to-1 matching was used to account for covariates potentially associated with treatment selection. Data were collected from January 1 to September 30, 2016. Data analysis was conducted from October 1, 2016, to October 21, 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures Freedom from postirradiation biochemical failure, freedom from distant metastases, and overall survival. All outcomes were measured from date of surgery to address lead-time bias. Results Of 1566 patients, 1195 with prostate-specific antigen levels of 0.1 to 0.5 ng/mL received ESRT and 371 patients with prostate-specific antigen levels lower than 0.1 ng/mL received ART. The median age (interquartile range) was 60 (55-65) years. After propensity score matching, the median (interquartile range) follow-up after surgery was similar between the ESRT and ART groups (73.3 [44.9-106.6] months vs 65.8 [40-107] months; P = .22). Adjuvant RT, compared with ESRT, was associated with higher freedom from biochemical failure (12-year actuarial rates: 69% [95% CI, 60%-76%] vs 43% [95% CI, 35%-51%]; effect size, 26%), freedom from distant metastases (95% [95% CI, 90%-97%] vs 85% [95% CI, 76%-90%]; effect size, 10%), and overall survival (91% [95% CI, 84%-95%] vs 79% [95% CI, 69%-86%]; effect size, 12%). Adjuvant RT, lower Gleason score and T stage, nodal irradiation, and postoperative androgen deprivation therapy were favorable prognostic features on multivariate analysis for biochemical failure. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the decreased risk of biochemical failure associated with ART remained significant unless more than 56% of patients in the ART group were cured by surgery alone. This threshold is greater than the estimated 12-year freedom from biochemical failure rate of 33% to 52% after radical prostatectomy alone, as determined by a contemporary dynamic nomogram. Conclusions and Relevance Adjuvant RT, compared with ESRT, was associated with reduced biochemical recurrence, distant metastases, and death for high-risk patients, pending prospective validation. These findings suggest that a greater proportion of patients with prostate cancer who have adverse pathological features may benefit from postprostatectomy ART rather than surveillance followed by ESRT.
“Empire of Images”: The Deployment of Symbols

Casting aside the constraints of traditional diplomacy, revolutionary diplomats vaunted the new order and flaunted its symbols, draping their embassies in tricolor flags and painting escutcheons depicting the image of liberty. Their behavior ranged from the innocuous to the seditious as seen in the actions of Bassville in Rome and Bernadotte in Vienna, among others. French representatives wore liberty bonnets, planted liberty trees, and festooned embassies with tricolor flags. These actions also reflected their commitment to a more open system as seen in the publication of dispatches which opened another front in the contest of revolutionary France with the rest of Europe. These revolutionaries also raised the question of whether a republic was compatible with secret diplomacy, secret funds, and secret agents.
Changes in Nitrogen Application and Conservation Reserve Program Area from Cellulosic Biofuel Production in the United States

Biomass production from agricultural residues and dedicated bioenergy crops to meet the cellulosic biofuel mandate will change the land-allocation in the United States as well as the application rate of nitrogen. We extend a previously used model in three ways: First, we incorporate land in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) as a potential source for bioenergy crops. Second, we include high removal coefficients for agricultural residue removal and lastly, we assess changes in the nitrogen load at the county level. We quantify those effects under various scenarios differing by bioenergy crop (switchgrass and miscanthus), production costs, agricultural residue removal rates, and biofuel mandates. Consistent with previous research, our results indicate that little CRP land is converted to bioenergy crop production which is due to relatively high CRP payments compared to biomass yields. In addition, the majority of the cellulosic biofuel mandate can be met with agricultural residues which require more nitrogen in the corn and wheat producing regions in the U.S., i.e., the Midwest and the Great Plains, due to nutrient replacement. Our findings can inform future research to assess the effects of spatially shifting nitrogen application at the watershed level due to cellulosic biomass production.
Endoscopic carpal tunnel release : Chow technique

The first cases using the set of instruments designed by James C. Y. Chow, MD, of Mount Vernon, Illinois, were performed in September of 1987 by the developer. His was the first written introduction of the technique of endoscopically assisted carpal tunnel release published by a US author. This technique has been practiced widely for 5 years. Serious complications can occur but may be avoidable.
The effects of positive or negative words when assessing postoperative pain.

Negative or harsh words such as ‘pain’ and ‘sting’ used to describe sensations prior to potentially painful procedures have been shown to increase pain. We aimed to determine whether the reporting ...
Learning and Bayesian Shape Extraction for Object Recognition

We present a novel algorithm for extracting shapes of contours of (possibly partially occluded) objects from noisy or low-contrast images. The approach taken is Bayesian: we adopt a region-based model that incorporates prior knowledge of specific shapes of interest. To quantify this prior knowledge, we address the problem of learning probability models for collections of observed shapes. Our method is based on the geometric representation and algorithmic analysis of planar shapes introduced and developed in [15]. In contrast with the commonly used approach to active contours using partial differential equation methods [12,20,1], we model the dynamics of contours on vector fields on shape manifolds.