cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Practical Value of Molecular Pathology in Stage I-III Lung Cancer: Implications for the Clinical Surgeon

Over a decade since the discovery of EGFR mutation, and 6 years since prospective clinical trial data proved that routine molecular pathology tests improve survival in stage IV lung cancer, there is still debate whether to test patients with earlier stages of disease (stage I–III). As discoveries of targeted drugs for stage IV patients accelerate—prompting routine testing for ALK, ROS1, RET, BRAF V600E, and HER2, among others—there is an argument that all lung cancers should be genotyped for the purpose of classification, regardless of stage of disease. The counterargument is that because targeted drugs have only been validated for use in stage IV disease, these molecular tests need only be conducted at the time of disease recurrence. This review will describe current, practical applications of molecular pathology testing in early stage lung cancer, focusing on the immediate diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications for individual patient management. Meanwhile, large-scale clinical trials are underway to test targeted drugs as adjuvant therapies in patients with early stage disease.
Emigration Processes, Patterns, and the Future for the State

A Nation of Emigrants: How Mexico Manages Its Migration. By David Fitzgerald. Berkeley, CA: University of California, 2009. 243 pp., $21.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-520-25705-4). The Other Side of the Fence: American Migrants in Mexico. By Shelia Croucher. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2009. 243 pp., $55.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: -978-0-292-71975-0). Metropolitan Migrants: The Migration of Urban Mexicans to the United States. By Ruben Hernandez-Leon. Berkley, CA: University of California, 2008. 258 pp., $21.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-520-25674-3). Mexican Migration and the US Economic Crisis: A Transnational Perspective. Edited by Wayne A. Cornelius, David Fitzgerald, Pedro Lewin Fischer, Leah Muse-Orlinoff. San Diego, CA: The Center for U.S. - Mexican Studies (distributed by Lynne Rienner Publishers), 2010. 269 pp., $29.50 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-980-05605-1). What circumstances have led rural and urban Mexicans to emigrate to the United States? What effects does immigration have on immediate families and whole communities left behind? What are the consequences of such decisions for the state of Mexico? What effect does Mexican migration have on urban centers in the United States? What impact, if any, has the US economic recession had on Mexican migration and on people's lives on both sides of the border? Has tighter border control reduced the number of Mexicans trying to cross the border? Many of these questions are explored and answered by Ruben Hernandez-Leon, David Fitzgerald, and Wayne Cornelius, et al., whose books make an important contribution to the broad field of immigration studies. While all of these books contribute to the important and growing literature on Mexican immigration, fewer studies, like Croucher's, The Other Side of the Fence , examine the life of American migrants who have settled in Mexico. What has motivated Americans to leave the United States? What are their lives like? How are their lives similar or dissimilar from Mexicans who have settled in the United States? How has their decision to emigrate impacted both the United States and Mexico? Here is the common link. All of these works analyze the impact of emigration on the nation-state. Each of the authors challenges the idea that emigration contributes to the breakdown of a state's sovereignty. While Fitzgerald describes the loss of capital resources for Mexico and the loss of its educational investment in its young people who emigrate, his work also demonstrates that emigration can enhance state power. Fitzgerald, Cornelius, et al., and Hernandez-Leon find that emigration can serve as a safety valve during times of political or economic crises. All three books also find that Mexico benefits through the foreign …
Ethos, Habit and Democratic Action

Recent democratic theory has increasingly attempted to come to terms with the challenges of pluralism and social complexity through a turn to the discourse of ethos. This paper focuses on some difficult questions that arise when the discourse of democratic self-rule is shifted away from institutions and towards practices or arts of self-cultivation. Particularly worrisome in this turn to ethos is its apparent denigration of deliberative and collective action in favour of a potentially depoliticising and motivationally vague emphasis on individual self-reflection and cultivation. This paper argues that a recovery of the pragmatist conception of habit provides an alternative perspective on this turn to the practices of citizenship that emphasizes collective action as a means of shaping and remaking collective sensibilities. Habits on this account are not the thoughtless mechanics of bodily repetition but rather a dynamic and reflective element of human action through which norms and attitudes are interactively contracted and projected. I reconstruct this notion of habit from the writings of William James and John Dewey to provide a distinctly collective figuration of political action as the exercise of social intelligence. Habits on this account do not represent the dead weight of custom, but rather reflective means of adaptation to a political environment in constant change and transition.
Single-channel receiver limitations in Doppler radar measurements of periodic motion

Periodic motion, such as that resulting from cardiopulmonary activity can be measured by direct-conversion microwave Doppler radar. In a direct-conversion receiver, motion is measured as phase modulation, and the baseline phase relationship between the received signal and local oscillator signal for a given position has a significant effect on the demodulation sensitivity, resulting in optimum and null case extreme target positions. Presented here is a mathematical analysis of this target-position sensitivity verified with measurements using a custom compact Doppler radar transceiver with separate quadrature outputs. The results indicate that increased error in respiration and heart rate measurements can be expected for null case positions due to significant changes in mathematical conditions as well as reduced sensitivity, and that these limitations can be accommodated using two receiver channels in quadrature.
Fifth Generation Management: Integrating Enterprises Through Human Networking

This is an exploration of the shift from steep top-down management to human networking, as companies with second-generation management attempt to absorb fourth- and fifth-generation technologies, like computer-integrated manufacturing (CAM) and computer-integrated enterprises (CIE). The book looks into the assumptions, values and ways of relating in the workplace that must change as companies move beyond the "technology wall" into the future.
DeCoaD: determining correlations among diseases using protein interaction networks

Disease–disease similarities can be investigated from multiple perspectives. Identifying similar diseases based on the underlying biomolecular interactions can be especially useful, because it may shed light on the common causes of the diseases and therefore may provide clues for possible treatments. Here we introduce DeCoaD, a web-based program that uses a novel method to assign pair-wise similarity scores, called correlations, to genetic diseases. DeCoaD uses a random walk to model the flow of information in a network within which nodes are either diseases or proteins and links signify either protein–protein interactions or disease–protein associations. For each protein node, the total number of visits by the random walker is called the weight of that node. Using a disease as both the starting and the terminating points of the random walks, a corresponding vector, whose elements are the weights associated with the proteins, can be constructed. The similarity between two diseases is defined as the cosine of the angle between their associated vectors. For a user-specified disease, DeCoaD outputs a list of similar diseases (with their corresponding correlations), and a graphical representation of the disease families that they belong to. Based on a probabilistic clustering algorithm, DeCoaD also outputs the clusters that the disease of interest is a member of, and the corresponding probabilities. The program also provides an interface to run enrichment analysis for the given disease or for any of the clusters that contains it. DeCoaD uses a novel algorithm to suggest non-trivial similarities between diseases with known gene associations, and also clusters the diseases based on their similarity scores. DeCoaD is available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/CBBresearch/Yu/mn/DeCoaD/ .
Chapter 30. Inhibition of Cytochrome P-450 and Implications in Drug Development

Publisher Summary For drug development, it is desirable to develop new drug candidates that are not potent cytochrome P-450 inhibitor and is not readily inhibited by other drugs to avoid potential drug–drug interaction. However, in reality, drug interaction by mutual inhibition between drugs is almost inevitable. The polysubstrate nature of P-450s is responsible for large number of documented drug interactions associated with the P-450 inhibition. Whenever two or more drugs are administered concurrently, the possibility of drug interaction exists. Inhibition of drug metabolism because of competing with the same enzyme may result in unanticipated and undesirable elevations in plasma drug concentrations. Thus, the inhibition of P-450 enzymes is of clinical importance for both therapeutic and toxicological reasons. This chapter discusses the mechanisms of inhibition of P-450 enzymes and their implications in drug development. In general, a significant drug–drug interaction occurs only when two or more drugs compete for the same enzyme and when the metabolic reaction is a major elimination pathway. Thus, definitive assessment of the role of an individual P-450 in a given metabolic pathway is essential in determining and predicting the potential of drug interactions. To identify the P-450 isoforms that are responsible for the oxidative metabolism of drugs, a general strategy has emerged for in vitro studies. This involves the use of selective inhibitors, immunoinhibition, catalytic activity in complementary DNA (cDNA)-based vector systems, catalytic activity in purified enzymes, and metabolic correlation of an activity with markers for known P-450 isoforms. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages and a combination of the approaches is usually required to accurately identify the P-450 isozyme responsible for the metabolism of a given drug. With the recent advances in the technologies of in vitro drug metabolism and the advent of analytical techniques, it is now possible to use in vitro systems to predict potential drug interactions in vivo .
German Pioneers on the American Frontier: The Wagners in Texas and Illinois

A case study of two brothers, Julius and Wilhelm Wagner, who immigrated to the United States from Baden, Germany. Julius immigrated as part of an early communist group, the "Darmstadters" or "Forty," who established the utopian settlement of Bettina in 1847. His anti-slavery beliefs forced Julius to Mexico during the Civil War, but he returned to Texas after the war. His older brother Wilhelm fled Germany in 1851 as a result of his liberal political beliefs and settled in Texas. He founded a German-language newspaper when he moved to Freeport, Illinois.
A Closer Look at NGDP Targeting: Supply-Side Problems with Demand-Side Policy

This paper points out an underappreciated difficulty with proposals for macroeconomic stability that rely on targeting nominal variables, including price level targeting and the now-popular NGDP targeting. These proposals, in line with a dynamic conception of the Quantity Theory, argue that the monetary authority can achieve any dynamic monetary equilibrium, provided favorable public expectations. However, it is precisely the problem of public expectations that cannot be assumed away. Because the public will only find a subset of dynamic monetary equilibria attainable, attempts to coordinate around an equilibrium perceived to be unobtainable will have unintended consequences. Attempts at demand-side stabilization policy will instead result in supply-side difficulties. This point, well-understood by economists working during the era of stagflation, has seemingly been forgotten in the post-financial crisis Keynesian resurgence. We caution against reverting to demand-side fundamentalism as a consequence of the crisis and propose a more fruitful framework.
Venous and arterial reflex responses to positive-pressure breathing and lower body negative pressure

Peters, Jochen K., George Lister, Ethan R. Nadel, and Gary W. Mack. Venous and arterial reflex responses to positive-pressure breathing and lower body negative pressure. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(6): 18...
What's new from this millennium in fluids and electrolyte management for VLBW and ELBW prematures

The ELBW neonate (< 1,000 grams) manifests large transepidermal water losses (100–200 mL/kg/day) at birth [1,2]. There is little skin keratin content, and the epidermis appears transparent and gelatinous. Also, these infants have a large volume of extracellular fluid [3,5] exposed to evaporate body water leaving sodium and potassium behind [4,5]. As much as 85% of body mass is water in the ELBW infant, the majority residing in the extracellular fluid compartment. Mature body water composition (60% of body mass) reverses this proportion with the majority of water volume residing in the intracellular space excluded from evaporative water loss. Moreover, the ELBW neonate has a relatively larger skin surface area exposed for evaporation from the extracellular compartment [6]. Compared to an adult, the ELBW baby proportionally has over 6 times the skin surface area exposed per unit mass of body water [5,6].
Paradigm Shift: Introduction of a Social Media Network and Web 2.0 Technology into a College Classroom Environment

In order to meet the demands of an overcrowded computer lab, a technology instructor designs a plan that is outside the paradigm of what is considered to be "standard operating procedure" for implementing and integrating technology into a course in a teacher education program. To accommodate 125 students in a computer classroom that only has 20 seats and computers, portable media devices with Web 2.0 technology, micro-blogging and a social media network were incorporated as part of the course curriculum. These solutions were chosen because most social media networks are easily accessible via portable media devices and virtually every college-aged student already knows how to use them with little-to-no training. Additionally, Web 2.0 allows for on-line collaboration and sharing, and website interfaces behave like software, thus enabling students to work and communicate easily outside of class. Although the use of technology did facilitate innovation in course activities, there were many challenges throughout the semester and suggestions for improvement in the future.
Inhibition by atovaquone of CYP2C9-mediated sulphamethoxazole hydroxylamine formation.

Objective: To determine whether the antiprotozoal drug atovaquone inhibits the cytochrome P 450 (CYP)2C9-mediated metabolism of sulphamethoxazole (SMX) to its potentially harmful hydroxylamine metabolite (SMX-HA) in vitro. Methods: Generation of SMX-HA from SMX was measured directly using high-performance liquid chromatography in human liver microsomes or expressed CYP2C9*1, with or without preincubation with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and the inhibition constant (Ki) for atovaquone was determined. To determine the effect of protein binding in vitro, in some experiments, atovaquone was pre-incubated with serum proteins, followed by filtration. Results: The Ki for inhibition of SMX-HA formation by atovaquone was 15 µM, which is within clinically attainable total plasma atovaquone concentrations of 45–55 µM. Atovaquone (45 µM) inhibited SMX-HA formation by 39% in human liver microsomes. However, following preincubation of atovaquone with serum proteins, no inhibitory effect by atovaquone was observed, consistent with previous reports of high plasma protein binding for atovaquone. Compared with human liver microsomes, CYP2C9*1 showed an eightfold greater specific activity for SMX-HA generation; as for liver microsomes, CYP2C9*1 activity was inhibited by atovaquone. Conclusions: Atovaquone is a relatively weak inhibitor of CYP2C9-mediated SMX-HA formation in vitro. However, the effect is not observed in the presence of serum proteins. It is therefore unlikely that atovaquone would significantly inhibit SMX-HA formation in vivo.
Chemical biology: A Notch above other inhibitors

A tenet of drug discovery states that molecules greater than a certain size don't enter cells. But not only do certain synthetic peptides refute this idea, they also inhibit 'undruggable' biological targets. The NOTCH complex is of tremendous interest because of its role as a master developmental regulator of gene transcription, a substrate for γ-secretase and an oncogene inappropriately activated in many cancers including T-cell leukaemias. Like the majority of transcription factors, NOTCH was thought to be untargetable by synthetic cell-permeable molecules. But now a promising NOTCH antagonist has been designed, and found to be effective in reducing leukaemia growth in a mouse model. The hydrocarbon-stapled peptide SAHM1 acts by preventing assembly of the active transcriptional complex, providing a potentially valuable tool for studies of the role of NOTCH and a starting point for therapeutic agents. In addition, the direct targeting of transactivation complexes may be applicable to several other transcription factor complexes previously considered untargetable.
The Complexity of Multivariate Elliptic Problems with Analytic Data

Let F be a class of functions defined on a d-dimensional domain. Our task is to compute Hm-norm ?-approximations to solutions of 2mth-order elliptic boundary-value problems Lu = f for a fixed L and for f ? F. We assume that the only information we can compute about f ? F is the value of a finite number of continuous linear functionals of f, each evaluation having cost c(d). Previous work has assumed that F was the unit ball of a Sobolev space Hr of fixed smoothness r, and it was found that the complexity of computing an ?-approximation was comp(?, d) = ?(c(d)(1/?)d/(r+m)). Since the exponent of 1/? depends on d, we see that the problem is intractable in 1/? for any such F of fixed smoothness r. In this paper, we ask whether we can break intractability by letting F be the unit ball of a space of infinite smoothness. To be specific, we let F be the unit ball of a Hardy space of analytic functions defined over a complex d-dimensional ball of radius greater than one. We then show that the problem is tractable in 1/?. More precisely, we prove that comp(?, d) = ?(c(d)(ln 1/?)d), where the ?-constant depends on d. Since for any p > 0, there is a function K (·) such that comp(?, d) ? c(d) K (d)(1/?)p for sufficiently small ?, we see that the problem is tractable, with (minimal) exponent 0. Furthermore, we show how to construct a finite element p-method (in the sense of Babu?ka) that can compute an ?-approximation with cost ?(c(d)(ln 1/?)d). Hence this finite element method is a nearly optimal complexity algorithm for d-dimensional elliptic problems with analytic data.
The Franz Building: A Strong Advocation for Adaptive Re-Use in Post-Katrina New Orleans

Abstract “The Franz Building is in an area targeted for revitalization in the Planning District 2 Unified New Orleans Plan. The building is historic and located on a major corridor in Central City. Its renovation will preserve a piece of history of the neighborhood as well as help bring commerce to Oretha Castle Haley Boulevard, a street that was once a major commercial area. In addition, Good Work Network's business incubation services provide another key component of Planning District 2 plans for area revitalization.” —Councilmember Stacy Head, New Orleans City Council, District B
Matching Job Previews to Individual Applicants' Needs:

An organizational recruitment simulation was conducted to examine the extent to which applicants' initial impressions of the organization are a function of the extent to which their highly valued needs are addressed and the realism of the portrayal in a job preview. Tailoring the content of job previews to the individual's needs raised applicants' expectations about most work factors in the organization. However, realism in the job preview lowered expectations about the organization as well as anticipated job offer acceptance rates and commitment to the organization.
On The Applicability Of The Maximum Likelihood Estimator Algorithm For Image Recovery In Accelerated Positron Emitter Beam Injection

The Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) algorithm for tomographic image reconstruction is being investigated in substantial detail by a number of research groups, as it appears to promise images with very low noise and increased sharpness when compared with filtered backprojection techniques. Recently, however, it has been found that the reconstruction of data from uniform activity distributions exhibits strong peaks and valleys when the number of iterations increases toward a maximum in the likelihood function. This problem has now been investigated with our Positron Emitter Beam Analyzer (PEBA) camera, which, because of its small size and favorable geometry, has allowed an analysis with enough detail to find the origin of that apparent instability. The findings can be summarized as follows: 1) The very low noise of the MLE reconstructions comes about by the ability of the Poisson-based MLE algorithm to generate an image which favors the matching of experimental data (detector pairs) containing few counts. 2) The image instability at a high number of iterations is a direct consequence of the above characteristic. 3) The matrix of probability elements needed for the MLE reconstruction provides the link between the two above observed phenomena. It appears that, by proper system design, it is possible to obtain the favorable low noise characteristic without the instability. The applicability of the above findings to true tomography (PEBA does not carry out a true tomographic reconstruction) seems direct, but confirmation should be obtained by further research on the question.
Sensory processing disorder in a primate model: evidence from a longitudinal study of prenatal alcohol and prenatal stress effects.

Disrupted sensory processing, characterized by over- or underresponsiveness to environmental stimuli, has been reported in children with a variety of developmental disabilities. This study examined the effects of prenatal stress and moderate-level prenatal alcohol exposure on tactile sensitivity and its relationship to striatal dopamine system function in thirty-eight 5- to 7-year-old rhesus monkeys. The monkeys were from four experimental conditions: (a) prenatal alcohol exposed, (b) prenatal stress, (c) prenatal alcohol exposed + prenatal stress, and (d) sucrose controls. Increased D2 receptor binding in the striatum, evaluated using positron emission tomography neuroimaging, was related to increased withdrawal (aversion) responses to repetitive tactile stimuli and reduced habituation across trials. Moreover, prenatal stress significantly increased overall withdrawal responses to repetitive tactile stimulation compared to no prenatal stress.
Signal-to-noise comparison of deconvoution from wavefront sensing and speckle imaging

It is well known that atmospheric turbulence severely degrades the performance of ground based imaging systems. Techniques to overcome the effects of the atmosphere have been developing at a rapid pace over the last 10 years. These techniques can be grouped into two broad categories: pre-detection and post detection techniques. A recent newcomer to the post detection scene is 'deconvolution from wave front sensing' (DWFS). DWFS is a post-detection image reconstruction technique that makes use of one feature of pre- detection techniques. A WFS is used to record the wave front phase distortion in the pupil of the telescope for each short exposure image. The additional information provided by the WFS is used to estimate of the system's point spread function (PSF). The PSF is then used in conjunction with the ensemble of short exposure images to obtain and estimate of the object intensity distribution via deconvolution. With the addition of DWFS into the suite of possible post detection image reconstruction techniques it is natural to ask 'How does DWFS compare to both traditional linear and speckle image reconstruction techniques?' In the results presented here we make a direct comparison based on a frequency domain signal-to-noise ration performance metric. This metric is applied to each technique's image reconstruction estimator. We find that such as Wiener filtering. On the other hand, DWFS does not always out perform speckle imaging techniques and in cases that it does the improvement is small.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ticlopidine augments luminol‐dependent chemiluminescence in human neutrophils

Neutrophils contribute to the pathophysiology of various ischaemic states. Since many agents thought to be antiplatelet have also been shown to affect neutrophil function, it was of interest to examine the effect of ticlopidine (250 mg, p.o., b.i.d. for three doses), an antiplatelet agent, on fMLP (formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine) stimulated neutrophil aggregation and luminol-dependent chemiluminescence in whole blood. Neutrophil aggregation did not significantly change from baseline values during ticlopidine administration. However, luminol-dependent chemiluminescence, an index of respiratory burst metabolism, was noted to be markedly increased during ticlopidine administration. Two hours following the final dose of ticlopidine, the chemiluminescent response (mean +/- SEM, n = 5) was significantly increased from 6.27 +/- 1.88 to 12.66 +/- 2.19 units (p < 0.05). A return to baseline (6.68 +/- 2.24 units) five days following the administration of ticlopidine was noted. It is concluded from this study that the acute oral administration of ticlopidine may affect neutrophil function as demonstrated by the significant increase in stimulated luminol-dependent chemiluminescence.
'Ancestral' neural mechanisms of electrolocation suggest a substrate for the evolution of the jamming avoidance response.

The genus Sternopygus, believed to reflect ancestral traits of gymnotiform electric fish, is closely related to the more 'modern' genus Eigenmannia (Mago-Leccia 1978; Fink and Fink 1981). Sternopygus is the only known genus of electric fish that does not perform a jamming avoidance response (JAR) to minimize the potentially detrimental effects of signal interference between discharging neighbors (Bullock et al. 1972, 1975), and its ability to electrolocate objects is rather immune to jamming (Matsubara and Heiligenberg 1978). By studying the responses of midbrain neurons to stimulus regimes effective in eliciting the JAR in Eigenmannia, we found that Sternopygus has neurons capable of discriminating the sign of the difference frequency between interfering electric organ discharges (EODs). These 'sign-selective' neurons, which are believed to be important elements in the control of the JAR in Eigenmannia, may, therefore, fulfill a more general function in the detection of moving objects and conspecifics but could potentially be assembled for the evolution of a JAR in Sternopygus. The relative immunity to jamming in this genus may result, in part, from a stronger reliance upon the ampullary electrosensory system which operates in the DC and low-frequency range, outside the EOD spectrum of these fish.
Damage mechanisms of pico- and femtosecond laser retinal lesions as viewed by electron microscopy

Retinal lesions produced by ultrashort laser pulses in the pico- and femtosecond range were examined by electron microscopy. Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells that contained fractured and striated melanosomes typically exhibited severe damage to the other components of the cell. However, having observed RPE cell damage without coincident fractured melanosomes, it is thought that melanosome fracture itself is not responsible for the damage that occurs within the RPE cell. Nevertheless, the percentage of melanosomes fractured per lesion seems to parallel the severity of damage within that lesion site. No trend existed between percentage of melanosomes fractured and the peak power of laser delivery. However, with decreasing laser pulsewidth, there was a decrease in the percentage of melanosomes showing fracture.
Outward Transport of High-Temperature Materials Around the Midplane of the Solar Nebula

The Stardust samples collected from Comet 81P/Wild 2 indicate that large-scale mixing occurred in the solar nebula, carrying materials from the hot inner regions to cooler environments far from the Sun. Similar transport has been inferred from telescopic observations of protoplanetary disks around young stars. Models for protoplanetary disks, however, have difficulty explaining the observed levels of transport. Here I report the results of a new two-dimensional model that shows that outward transport of high-temperature materials in protoplanetary disks is a natural outcome of disk formation and evolution. This outward transport occurs around the midplane of the disk.
Leveraging CybOX to standardize representation and exchange of digital forensic information

With the growing number of digital forensic tools and the increasing use of digital forensics in various contexts, including incident response and cyber threat intelligence, there is a pressing need for a widely accepted standard for representing and exchanging digital forensic information. Such a standard representation can support correlation between different data sources, enabling more effective and efficient querying and analysis of digital evidence. This work summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of existing schemas, and proposes the open-source CybOX schema as a foundation for storing and sharing digital forensic information. The suitability of CybOX for representing objects and relationships that are common in forensic investigations is demonstrated with examples involving digital evidence. The capability to represent provenance by leveraging CybOX is also demonstrated, including specifics of the tool used to process digital evidence and the resulting output. An example is provided of an ongoing project that uses CybOX to record the state of a system before and after an event in order to capture cause and effect information that can be useful for digital forensics. An additional open-source schema and associated ontology called Digital Forensic Analysis eXpression (DFAX) is proposed that provides a layer of domain specific information overlaid on CybOX. DFAX extends the capability of CybOX to represent more abstract forensic-relevant actions, including actions performed by subjects and by forensic examiners, which can be useful for sharing knowledge and supporting more advanced forensic analysis. DFAX can be used in combination with other existing schemas for representing identity information (CIQ), and location information (KML). This work also introduces and leverages initial steps of a Unified Cyber Ontology (UCO) effort to abstract and express concepts/constructs that are common across the cyber domain.
Abstract 3268: Alcohol, obesity and estrogen modulate mammary tumor growth through adiposity and angiogenensis

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Alcohol, obesity and estrogen modulate mammary tumor growth through adiposity and angiogenensis Jina Hong, Valerie B. Holcomb, and Nomeli P Nunez Background: Alcohol consumption increases breast cancer risk in women. Postmenopausal women who consume alcohol come in all shapes and sizes, including overweight and obese; some of these women may also take estrogen to prevent the side effects of menopause. It is unclear whether the effects of alcohol on breast cancer development are modified by body weight or exogenous estrogen. In this study, we will determine if the effects alcohol on breast cancer are modified by body weight and exogenous estrogen. Methods: To determine whether the effects of alcohol on mammary cancer are modified by body weight, we injected subcutaneously Met-1 mouse mammary cancer cells to lean, overweight, and obese female mice consuming water or alcohol. Likewise, to determine if the effects of alcohol on mammary tumorigenesis are modified by exogenous estrogen, we implanted estrogen pellets (0.18mg/day or 0.72mg/day) into ovariectomized female mice; subsequently, we injected Met-1 cancer cells into these mice and then measured tumor growth. Results: Results show that alcohol-consuming mice were more insulin sensitive than water-consuming mice; also, alcohol-consuming mice developed earlier and larger tumors than water-consuming mice (p<0.05). Our data show that obese mice developed larger tumors than lean mice. Obese mice had higher levels of insulin, IGF-1, and leptin. The only mammary tumor growth factor that was increased by alcohol consumption was leptin (p<0.05). Additionally, alcohol intake increased the pro-angiogenesis factor VEGF (p<0.05). Conclusion: Results suggest that alcohol consumption, obesity, and estrogen treatment modulate mammary tumorigenesis through adipose tissue and angiogenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3268.
Evaluation of Various Solvent Systems for Modeling Solute Sorption with Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride Materials

The partitioning behavior of 16 chemically diverse model solutes was determined for four model solvents (octanol, hexane, heptane, and chloroform) and two components of plasticized polyvinyl chloride [PVC; PVC resin and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) plasticizer]. Interactions between these model solutes and four plasticized PVC polymers, differing in their PVC-to-DOP weight ratio, were studied. The data were used to evaluate the utility of the solvents and components to act as PVC interaction models (correlating the interaction constant of the plastic with the solvent-water partition coefficients of the solute). The ability of any single solvent to model the material-solute interaction was limited because of the multiple mechanisms by which the PVC and the solute can interact. Several bimodal solvent systems, including octanol and hexane, DOP and PVC resin, and octanol and heptane, mimic the behavior of polymers studied with a higher degree of accuracy. The success of these pairings is directly related to their ability to target different potential material-solute interaction mechanisms. The interaction properties of the test plastics are strongly impacted by the amount of plasticizer in the material. The interaction properties of the materials studied could be effectively represented as a mass-related average of the interaction properties of the major components of the material.
Influence of fluid milk product composition on fouling and cleaning of Ni–PTFE modified stainless steel heat exchanger surfaces

Abstract This study aims to evaluate the influence of fluid milk product composition on both fouling and cleaning behavior of Ni–PTFE modified 316 stainless steel heat exchanger surfaces used in thermal processing. It is demonstrated that Ni–PTFE modification was effective in improving non-fouling properties of stainless steel surface, reducing fouling accumulation during thermal processing, and decreasing adhesion strength of foulant on heat exchanger surfaces. After two hours processing on a custom, benchtop scale heat exchanger, the Ni–PTFE modified 316 stainless steel coupons accumulated 2.64 ± 0.48, 5.28 ± 1.27, and 6.11 ± 0.24 mg/cm 2 of fouling material for the thermal processing of raw whole milk, chocolate milk without carrageenan, and chocolate milk with carrageenan, respectively. The calculation of adhesion strength of fouling of the three milk products from both native and modified steel surfaces was in accordance with the experimentally determined results by fouling removal using a water jet method. Raw whole milk exhibited weaker adhesion strength on both native and modified surface when compared to the chocolate milk. The greatest water jet pressure required to remove the foulant from chocolate milk with carrageenan might be influenced by its carrageenan content, which led to the greatest adhesion strength to the stainless steel surface. These results will support commercial translation of Ni–PTFE non-fouling coatings, by enabling industrial practice to design effective clean-in-place (CIP) protocols based on product composition, and cost reducing current CIP protocols.
Practical advice for conducting ethical online experiments and questionnaires for United States psychologists.

It is increasingly easy and, therefore, increasingly common to conduct experiments and questionnaire studies in online environments. However, the online environment is not a data collection medium that is familiar to many researchers or to many research methods instructors. Because of this, researchers have received little information about how to address ethical issues when conducting online research. Researchers need practical suggestions on how to translate federal and professional ethics codes into this new data collection medium. This article assists United States psychologists in designing online studies that meet accepted standards for informed consent, deception, debriefing, the right to withdraw, security of test materials, copyright of participants’ materials, confidentiality and anonymity, and avoiding harm.
Fructose production from sucrose and high fructose syrup: A mycelial fungal system

The use of Mucor sp. M105 and Fusarium sp. F5 in the production of fructose from sugarcane sucrose and high fructose syrup (HFS) was investigated. Although Mucor sp. could not utilize sucrose as the sole carbon and energy source for cell growth, Mucor sp. preferentially utilized glucose in a glucose:fructose (1:1) mixture during fermentation to ethanol. In contrast, Fusarium sp. utilized sucrose as sole carbon source by secretion of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes that degraded the disaccharide. In Fusarium sp., glucose formation in the medium was faster than fructose. Due to the low consumption rate of fructose, this substrate remained in the fermentation broth. The application of these biological systems for the production of fructose from either sucrose or HFS is discussed.
E-Commerce: Measurement and Measurement Issues

E-commerce is a hot topic; however, little is known about the actual size and impact of ecommerce in the United States. In part this is because e-commerce is a recent and rapidly evolving phenomenon, but it is also because the measurement of e-commerce presents a number of challenges. Some of these challenges are essentially unique. Others are similar to, or extensions of, old economy measurement challenges.
Patterns of Ephemeroptera taxa loss in Appalachian headwater streams (Kentucky, USA)

Mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) are common inhabitants of streams throughout the Appalachian Mountains. Headwater mayfly assemblages were evaluated with respect to regional landuse disturbances (coal mining and residential) in eastern Kentucky, USA. Estimates of mayfly taxa richness and relative abundance were compared at 92 sites represented by least-disturbed reference (REF; n = 44), residential only (RESID; n = 14), mixed residential and mining (MINED/RESID; n = 14), and mining only (MINED; n = 20) landuse categories. A total of 48 species from 27 genera and 9 families were identified; Ephemerella, Epeorus, Ameletus, Cinygmula, and Paraleptophlebia comprised the core 5 genera most frequently encountered at REF sites. These same genera (among others) were often reduced or extirpated from other landuse categories. Mean mayfly richness and relative abundance were significantly higher at REF sites compared to all other categories; MINED sites had significantly lower metric values compared to RESID and MINED/RESID sites. Relative mayfly abundance was most strongly correlated to specific conductance (r = 0.72) compared to total habitat score (r = 0.59), but relationships varied depending on landuse category. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (for mayfly taxa) and principal components analysis (for environmental variables) separated REF sites strongly from most other sites. The results indicate that expected mayfly communities are disappearing from streams where mining disturbance and residential development has occurred and because of the long-term impacts incurred by both landuses, recovery is uncertain.
Thermochemistry of seed and slag vaporization and condensation in coal-fired MHD

A computer code has been developed that calculates equilibrium compositions of the gas and condensed phases in the coal-fired MHD system. The code, MHD80, is based on the laws of mass action, conservation of mass, and, for the condensate, an assumed ideal solution of stable compounds in two immiscible phases. Potassium activities predicted with the code agree with measurements at MBS on synthetic slags and at Argonne on UTSI slag. The code has been used to determine condensation temperatures, loss of potassium to slag, conditions for removal of sulfur as potassium sulfate, and the chemical form of trace impurities.
Photo-induced refractive-index changes and birefringence in optically nonlinear polyester

This paper presents the study of the photoinduced refractive index change and birefringence in a nonlinear optical polymer --polyester with disperse red 19 side groups. Polyester with disperse red 19 side groups showed sizable second-order nonlinear optical properties when poled under intense electric field. In addition, under ultra-violet or short wavelength visible light illumination, large photoinduced refractive index changes were measured in the near infrared region. Furthermore, with linearly polarized light illumination large photoinduced birefringence was also exhibited in the thin films of this polymer. Some device structures, such as birefringent gratings, thin film waveplates, and optical waveguides, were generated by photo exposure method. A simple theoretical model is also presented to investigate the relation between the photoinduced birefringence and the refractive index change.
Optimization of Laminated Ceramic Composites for Minimum Residual Stress and Cost

: Optimal design of laminated ceramic components is of interest in various structural applications. Residual stresses are induced in laminated ceramic composites when they are cooled from elevated processing temperatures. These stresses can be minimized by tailoring the material compositions and thicknesses of the composite layers. While this is an effective method, the material cost of the composite increases with a decrease in the residual stress. A multiobjective optimization problem is formulated to consider both residual stress and cost. The constraint method and the min-max approaches are used to solve this problem. It is shown that the min-max solution yields the best compromise solution. The formulation considers wear resistance, fracture toughness, and delamination in the laminate.
The effect of U(VI) bioreduction kinetics on subsequent reoxidation of biogenic U(IV)

Microbially mediated in situ reduction of soluble U(VI) to insoluble U(IV) (as UO2) has been proposed as a means of preventing the migration of that radionuclide with groundwater, but preventing the oxidative resolubilization of U has proven difficult. We hypothesized that relatively slow rates of U(VI) bioreduction would yield larger UO2 precipitates that would be more resistant to oxidation than those produced by rapid U(VI) bioreduction. We manipulated U(VI) bioreduction rates by varying the density of Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 added to U(VI) containing solutions with lactate as an electron donor. Characterization of biogenic UO2 particles by extended X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed that UO2 nanoparticles formed by relatively slow rates of U(VI) reduction were larger and more highly aggregated than those formed by relatively rapid U(VI) reduction. UO2 particles formed at various rates were incubated under a variety of abiotically and biologically oxidizing conditions. In all cases, UO2 that was formed by relatively slow U(VI) reduction was oxidized at a slower rate and to a lesser extent than UO2 formed by relatively rapid U(VI) bioreduction, suggesting that the stability of UO2 in situ may be enhanced by stimulation of relatively slow rates of U(VI) reduction.
Serum lipoproteins in experimental diabetes. II. Action of heparin in vivo on lipoproteins of depancreatized dogs.

SummaryHeparin causes a clearing of the lipemic serum of normal and, less, of depancreatized dogs. In normal animals with alimentary hyperlipemia, this clearing is associated with a decrease in the lipid content of the slow-moving lipoprotein fractions, while in the diabetic lipemic dogs, the outstanding change is the appearance of, or sharp increase in, the amount of a fraction “F” migrating faster than albumin and containing large quantities of lipids. The possible significance of these results is discussed.
Security Must Be Defended - Or, the Survival of Security:

Buzan & Hansen (2009) point to the role of historical claims in constituting disciplinary identities. Examining their intellectual history, this article evaluates how their use of an evolution metaphor establishes ‘history’ and how this history makes ‘security’ and ‘security studies’ intelligible. The article demonstrates that although Buzan & Hansen establish International Security Studies as being comprised of diverse theoretical approaches, they do so with a model of history that sanctions a realist conception of security. More broadly, Buzan & Hansen compel an exploration of the tensions between history and genealogy in security studies.
Research Note: Evaluation of Two Extraction Methods for the Determination of Egg Yolk Cholesterol

Controversy concerning egg cholesterol values exists in recent literature due to varying procedures used for cholesterol determination. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of direct sample saponification (Method A) versus saponification of a lipid extract (Method B) for analysis of yolk cholesterol. Method A resulted in a value of 19.1 +/- .4 (SE) mg cholesterol/g of yolk for the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) reference (cholesterol in whole egg powder) as compared with the NIST certified value of 19.0 +/- .2 mg/g. Method B resulted in a significantly lower value of 14.6 +/- .5 mg/g. Egg yolk cholesterol values were determined to be 196 +/- 4.2 mg per egg by Method A and 132 +/- 11 mg per egg by Method B. Various amounts (1, .5, .25 g) of yolk cholesterol assayed by either method proportionately decreased cholesterol values as yolk amount decreased; however, Method B consistently resulted in lower yolk cholesterol. These data suggest that both Methods A and B are valid for determining relative differences between treatments; however, the NIST standard data indicate that for quantification of absolute cholesterol values, direct saponification is more accurate. The NIST standard of cholesterol in whole egg powder should be used as a control for comparing cholesterol data regardless of extraction method used.