cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrin expression in oral hairy leukoplakia and normal tongue epithelium.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the expression of integrins in the epithelium of oral hairy leukoplakia (HL) and compare to that of normal lateral tongue epithelium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemistry to identify integrins (alpha 2, alpha 3, alpha 5, alpha 6, alpha v, beta 1) was performed, using a standard biotin-streptavidin-peroxidase technique on five clinically and histologically confirmed frozen biopsy specimens of HL and five normal lateral tongue control tissues. RESULTS: Expression of integrins alpha 2, alpha 3, alpha 6, alpha v, beta 1 was seen both in HL epithelium and in normal control tissue. alpha 5 expression was not seen in HL or in control tissue epithelium. alpha 2 and alpha 3 were expressed mainly in the basal and suprabasal layers; alpha 6 expression was most intense on the basal surface of the basal cells, alpha v was expressed in the basal and suprabasal layers with more expression seen in the higher differentiated cell layers than the other integrins. beta 1 expression was seen in the basal and suprabasal layers only. No apparent difference between HL and normal oral mucosa was noted in the staining pattern of the various integrins. CONCLUSION: Integrins alpha 2, alpha 3, alpha 6, alpha v, beta 1 are expressed in HL and the expression pattern is not different from that of normal oral mucosa. alpha 5 is not expressed in HL or in normal oral epithelium.
Health disparities among young adult sexual minorities in the U.S.

Background Emerging research suggests that young adult sexual minorities (identifying as lesbian, gay, or bisexual or engaging in same-sex attractions or behaviors) experience poorer health than their majority counterparts, but many measures of health inequity remain unexamined in population-based research. Purpose To describe a wide range of health status and healthcare access characteristics of sexual minorities in comparison with those of the majority population in a national sample of U.S. young adults. Methods Binary and multinomial logistic regression analyses of Wave IV data (2008) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (participants aged 24–32 years, n =13,088) were conducted. Health measures were self-rated health; diagnosis of any of several physical or mental illnesses or sexually transmitted infections; measured BMI; depression classified from self-reported symptoms; use of antidepressant and anxiolytic medication; uninsured; forgone care; and receipt of physical, dental, and psychological services. Analyses were conducted in 2012–2013. Results Sexual minority women had elevated odds of most adverse health conditions and lower odds of receiving a physical or dental examination. Sexual minority men had elevated odds of fewer adverse health conditions. Conclusions Young adult sexual minorities are at higher risk of poor physical and mental health. The results highlight the multidimensionality of sexual minority status and respond to calls for greater understanding of the health of this population.
Temperature dependent second harmonic generation in tin phosphorus sulfides

Abstract We report the first observation of second harmonic generation in a ferroelectric Sn 2 P 2 S 6 crystal. It is significant that this crystal system grows in a variety of crystalline phases which can be prepared through temperature processing. In particular, we demonstrate a moderately large second harmonic signal in two crystalline powders(estimated to be about twenty five times quartz), and show that the intensity exhibits a broad transition showing a polar phase below 90 °C in one form and a temperature-independent polar phase in a second form. When further engineered for absorbance and nonlinearity, this new class of material may show promise in frequency doubler applications.
Carbohydrate Translocation in Sugar Beet Petioles in Relation to Petiolar Respiration and Adenosine 5′-Triphosphate

Earlier studies have shown that the retarding effect of low petiolar temperatures on sucrose transport through sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) petioles is markedly time-dependent. Although the initial effect of chilling the petiole to near 0 C is severely inhibitory, translocation rates soon recover (usually within about 2 hours) to values at or near the control rate. In the present studies, selected metabolic parameters were measured simultaneously with translocation. No stoichiometric relationships among petiolar sucrose transport, petiolar respiration (CO2 production), and calculated petiolar ATP turnover rates were evident. It appears that the major sources of energy input energizing carbohydrate transport in sieve tubes function mainly at either loading or unloading sites and not at the level of individual sieve-tube elements.
Amphetamine-elicited striatal Fos expression is attenuated in neurotensin null mutant mice.

Abstract Neurotensin (NT) has been suggested to interact with dopamine systems in different forebrain sites to exert both antipsychotic- and psychostimulant-like effects. We previously found that genetic or pharmacological manipulations that disrupt endogenous NT signaling attenuate antipsychotic drug-induced Fos expression in the dorsolateral and central striatum but not other striatal regions. To assess the role of NT in psychostimulant responses, we examined the ability of d -amphetamine (AMP) to induce Fos in wild-type and NT null mutant mice. AMP-elicited Fos expression was significantly attenuated in the medial striatum of NT null mutant mice, but was unaffected in other striatal territories. Similar results were obtained in rats and mice pretreated with the high affinity neurotensin receptor (NTR1) antagonist SR 48692. The effect of the NTR1 antagonist was particularly apparent in the striatal patch (striosome) compartment, as defined by μ-opioid receptor immunoreactivity. These data suggest that NT is required for the full activation by AMP of medial striatal neurons.
Job involvement, participation in decision making, personal background and job behavior

Abstract The relationships of job involvement with participation in decision making, personal background, and job behavior and the moderating effects of personal background on the relationships between participation in decision making and job involvement were investigated for subsamples of employees from six manufacturing organizations. Job involvement was significantly (p
Food aid and food markets: lessons from Mozambique.

Abstract A consensus has emerged on food aid policy, acknowledging the importance of short-run relief considerations, while emphasizing that such policy must be driven by a long-run, developmental perspective. This requires explicit attention to the effects of food aid on food markets. Yet it has long been clear that short- and long-run objectives of food aid may conflict. This tension stands in high relief in Mozambique, one of the most food aid-dependent countries in the world. This paper examines the factors determining the effects of yellow maize food aid on markets for yellow maize and white maize (the staple crop) in Mozambique. The paper finds that: (a) food aid has helped fuel the growth of a competitive small scale milling industry and informal marketing system; (b) yellow and white maize are substitutes in consumption; and (c) continued availability of yellow maize food aid at prices well below import parity will depress incentives for producers and traders to invest in the white maize production and marketing system. This paper presents recommendations for reforming the monetized food aid program and coordinating it more effectively with emergency aid.
Fluoxetine attenuates the dl-fenfluramine-induced increase in extracellular serotonin as measured by in vivo dialysis

Abstract Rats with hippocampal dialysis probes were treated with dl -fenfluramine (FEN), fluoxetine, or FEN with fluoxetine pre-treatment. FEN (12.5 mg/kg) increased extracellular serotonin (5-HT) from 0.4±0.04 to 25.2±4.16 pg/10 μ l. Fluoxetine (10.0 mg/kg) increased extracellular 5-HT levels from 0.4±0.05 to 2.4±0.33 pg/10 μ l. FEN-induced increases in extracellular 5-HT were attenuated by 66% with fluoxetine pre-treatment. This result supports the view that the 5-HT releasing properties of FEN are mediated by the 5-HT uptake transporter.
Analysis and visualization of space science model output and data with CISM-DX

[1] Among the many challenges facing space physics today is the need for an analysis and visualization package which can examine the results from numerical and empirical models as well as observational data. In this paper we introduce the CISM-DX package as a possible answer to this problem. We have created a tool which is capable of completing highly sophisticated visualizations of the results from a diverse set of models throughout the connected Sun-Earth system. We begin with an overview of the open source software programs, OpenDX and Octave, which form the basis of our package. Next we discuss the extensions to these programs that we have added to enhance their utility to the space physics community. We also discuss the extensive database of observations that is included with CISM-DX. Results from heliospheric simulations are used to highlight the ease at which a novice user can begin to utilize these tools. An energy budget calculation during a magnetospheric substorm simulation illustrates the more advanced analysis possible with the CISM-DX package. Next we highlight the extensive database of observational measurements included with the distribution, along with tools for displaying them. This package is being released under an open source licensing agreement to facilitate and encourage community use and contribution.
Organic matter in deepwater sediments of the Northern Gulf of Mexico and its relationship to the distribution of benthic organisms

Abstract Sediment samples were selected from 28 sites across the deep (212–3527 m) northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) as part of the Deep Gulf of Mexico Benthos (DGoMB) program, and analyzed for geochemical parameters related to organic carbon (OC) distribution and characteristics. The results of this study indicate that the OC content of sediments in the deep northern GOM is controlled by several factors; including water depth, overlying water productivity, sediment carbonate content, sediment oxygen exposure time, OC sources, and regional influences. The best correlation between sediment OC content, on a CaCO 3 -free basis, and other parameters examined was an inverse correlation of OC with water depth. The OC/SA ratio had a wide range of values and, along with variable sources of sedimentary OC, indicated that the organism-available concentration of metabolizable organic matter may not be simply related to sedimentary OC content. This was perhaps reflected in the observation that benthic macrofaunal and meiofaunal biomass abundances were well correlated with sedimentary OC, but the abundance of bacteria in sediments was not.
The Role of Transnational Norm Entrepreneurs in the U.S. "War on Terrorism"

One of the most visible symbols of the debate over human rights and national security in the context of the U.S. "War on Terrorism" has been the detainment of Taliban and Al Qaeda fighters at the U.S. naval base in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, following the U.S. war in Afghanistan. The controversy concerning the fate of the nearly 600 prisoners demonstrates the emergence of new modes of democratic deliberation over how to strike the balance between rights and security. These new modes of deliberation involve nongovernmental organizations ("NGOs") and individuals who function as norm entrepreneurs, by mobilizing public opinion through transnational networks of opinion-makers and policymakers. Transnational networks of norm entrepreneurs have emerged where traditional avenues for foreign policymaking in the U.S. have failed to create a space for meaningful consideration of human rights in the rights/security balance. These traditional avenues are envisioned in the Constitution, which gives the President authority regarding foreign affairs, bounded by checks provided to Congress and the courts. While the goal of the constitutional process is to bring these institutional players into a dialogue, Congress and the judiciary have failed to engage the President in a conversation regarding the balance between human rights and national security. In the absence of initiatives by the government, nongovernmental actors have used communication structures within transnational networks to promote what this Article calls a dialogic approach to enforcement of human rights law.
Data analysis for detection and localization of multiple abnormalities with application to mammography

Rationale and Objectives. In assessing diagnostic accuracy it is often essential to determine the reader's ability both to detect and to correctly locate multiple abnormalities per patient. The authors developed a new approach for the detection and localization of multiple abnormalities and compared it with other approaches. Materials and Methods. The new approach involves partitioning the image into multiple regions of interest (ROIs). The reader assigns a confidence score to each ROI. Statistical methods for clustered data are used to assess and compare reader accuracy. The authors applied this new method to a reader-performance study of conventional film images and digitized images used to detect and locate malignant breast cancer lesions. Results. The ROI-based approach, the free-response receiver operating characteristic (FROC) curve, and the patient-based approach handle the estimation of the false-positive rate (FPR) quite differently. These differences affect the measures of the respective areas under the curves. In the ROI-based approach the denominator is the number of ROIs without a malignant lesion. In the FROC approach the average number of false-positive findings per patient is plotted on the x axis of the curve. In contrast, the patient-based approach mishandles the FPR by ignoring multiple detection and/or localization errors in the same patient. The FROC approach does not lend itself easily to statistical evaluations. Conclusion. The ROI-based approach appropriately captures both the detection and localization tasks. The interpretation of the ROI-based accuracy measures is simple and clinically relevant. There are statistical methods for estimating and comparing ROI-based estimates of accuracy.
Lactate dehydrogenase activity as an endpoint heating indicator in cooked beef

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, E.C. 1.1.1.27) activity, specifically LDH5 isoenzyme, declined significantly when bovine Semimembranosus (SM) slurries were heated from 57 degrees to 66 degrees C. When SM whole muscle roasts were brine pumped and oven-cooked, total LDH and specific activities declined proportionately from 57 degrees to 63 degrees C resulting in almost no activity at 63 degrees +/- 0.5 degrees C. LDH activities were consistently higher in younger cattle and lower in older cattle for SM, Infraspinatus (IN) and Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles and were lowest overall in the IN. LDH colorimetric and fluorescent assays were more accurate indicators for predicting beef roast heating temperature endpoints between 60 degrees and 63 degrees C than the USDA-FSIS method.
Photoelectric Detection of Coherent Light in Filtered Background Light

The probability is calculated of detecting coherent light in the presence of background light that has passed through a narrow-band filter of either rectangular or Lorentz frequency characteristic. Both signal and background fall on a photoelectric surface whose emitted electrons are counted and subjected to a randomized decision procedure that yields a preassigned false-alarm probability.
Genetic and physical mapping of the patatin genes in potato and tomato.

Genes for the major storage protein of potato, patatin, have been mapped genetically and physically in both the potato and tomato genomes. In potato, all patatin genes detected by the cDNA clone pGM01 map to a single locus at the end of the long arm of chromosome 8. By means of pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) it was possible further to delimit this locus, containing 10–15 copies of the gene, to a maximum size of 1.4 million base pairs. Hybridizations with class-specific clones suggest that the locus is at least partially divided into domains containing the two major types of patatin genes, class I and II. In tomato, patatin-homologous sequences were found to reside at the orthologous locus at the end of chromosome 8. The approximately three copies in tomato were localized by PFGE to a single fragment of 300 kilobases. Whereas the class II-specific 5′ promoter sequences reside in tomato at the same locus as the coding sequences, the single class I-specific copy of the 5′ promoter sequences was localized on chromosome 3 with no coding sequence attached to it. A clone from this chromosome 3 locus of tomato was isolated and by restriction fragment length polymorphism mapping it could be further shown that a similar class I-specific sequence also exists on chromosome 3 of potato. As in tomato, this copy on chromosome 3 is not linked to a coding sequence for patatin. The results are discussed with respect to genome evolution and PFGE analysis of complex gene families.
The Cat is out of the Bag: The Joint Influence of Previous Experience and Looking Behavior on Infant Categorization

We examined the effect of 4-month-old infants' previous experience with dogs, cats, or both and their online looking behavior on their learning of the adult-defined category of cat in a visual familiarization task. Four-month-old infants' (N = 123) learning in the laboratory was jointly determined by whether or not they had experience with pets at home and how much they shifted their gaze back and forth between the stimuli during familiarization. Specifically, only infants with pets at home who also exhibited high levels of switching during familiarization remembered the individual cat exemplars or formed a summary representation of those cats. These results are consistent with recent theorizing about the processes of how infants' categorical representations are formed, and provide new understanding into how infants' categorization unfolds over time.
Enzymatic dephosphorylation of endogenous and exogenous dolichyl monophosphate by calf brain membranes.

Abstract Calf brain membranes have been shown to enzymatically dephosphorylate endogenous and partially purified, exogenous dolichyl [ 32 P]monophosphate. The properties and specificity of the dolichyl monophosphatase activity have been studied by following the release of [ 32 P]phosphate from exogenous dolichyl [ 32 P]monophosphate added in a dispersion with Triton X-100. The calf brain phosphatase (1) is inhibited by Mn 2+ , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , fluoride, and phosphate; (2) exhibits a neutral pH optimum; and (3) has an apparent K m of 200 μ m for dolichyl monophosphate. Dolichyl monophosphatase activity can be distinguished from phosphatidate phosphatase on the basis of their responses to fluoride and phosphate. Based on differential thermolability and the effects of divalent cations and EDTA, the calf brain dolichyl monophosphatase can also be discriminated from the general phosphatase activity assayed with p -nitrophenyl phosphate. Dolichyl monophosphatase activity can be solubilized by treating microsomes with Triton X-100. The enzymatic dephosphorylation of exogenous dolichyl [ 32 P]monophosphate catalyzed by particulate and detergent-solubilized preparations is negligibly affected by equimolar concentrations of ATP and an assortment of phosphomonoesters, including phosphatidic acid and hexadecyl phosphate. A reduction of approximately 40% in dolichyl monophosphatase activity is observed in the presence of equimolar amounts of retinyl monophosphate. Overall, these results represent good evidence for the presence of a neutral polyisoprenyl monophosphatase in central nervous tissue.
INVERSION ASYMMETRY, HOLE MIXING, AND ENHANCED POCKELS EFFECT IN QUANTUM-WELLS AND SUPERLATTICES

The effects of inversion asymmetry on the anisotropic optical transition in the presence of electric field (Pockels effect) in GaAs/${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$As quantum wells and superlattices are investigated theoretically. Within an 8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8 k\ensuremath{\cdot}p effective mass Hamiltonian formalism, in which the linear k, ${\mathit{k}}^{3}$, \ensuremath{\epsilon} (strain due to the piezoelectric effect), \ensuremath{\epsilon}k, and Rashba terms are taken into account, we have derived the renormalized effective Hamiltonian for the electron and hole, respectively. The effects of the inversion asymmetry and the hole mixing on the spin-split subband structures and the dependence of optical transition matrix elements on the polarization of incident light are fully presented. The microscopic model clearly shows that the inversion asymmetry is responsible for the Pockels effect. The roles played by the hole mixing in the enhanced quantum well Pockels effect mediated by the electron-hole pairs are shown by our calculations. Thus, we develop a theory with exciton states with eight spin components (due to the broken twofold degeneracy of the electrons) in the quantum well and calculate the excitonic spectra. The symmetry analysis and numerical results indicate that the excitonic anisotropic behavior results from the interference between different spin components of holes, which, owing to the heavy- and light-hole mixing, is enhanced significantly compared with the bulk material, especially for those exciton states whose dominant component does not coincide with its optically active component. Comparison between theory and experiment is discussed.
Rheology and melt characterization of low-fat and full fat Mozzarella cheese made from microfluidized milk☆

Abstract Microfluidization of cheese milk at different temperatures and pressures altered the meltability and rheological properties of Mozzarella cheese. Pasteurized milks, standardized to 1.0 (low-fat (LF)) or 3.2 (full fat (FF)) g fat/100 g milk, heated to 10, 43, or 54 °C, and then microfluidized at pressures of 34, 103, or 172 MPa, were used to manufacture Mozzarella cheese. Cheeses made from nonmicrofluidized milks served as controls. During the hot water step, only control cheeses and cheeses made with milk microfluidized at 10 °C could be stretched while all others had short curds that did not fuse together. Cheese responses to different stresses (heat, compression, torsion, and oscillatory shear) were measured after 1 and 6 weeks of storage. FF cheeses made with the control milks and milks processed at 10 °C/34 MPa or 10 °C/103 MPa were softer and less rigid, and had the lowest visco-elastic properties and the highest meltabilities of all the cheeses. Microfluidization of the cheese milk did not improve the melt or rheology of LF cheeses. Microfluidization of milk with fat in the liquid state at higher pressures resulted in smaller lipid droplets that altered the component interactions during the formation of the cheese matrix and resulted in LF and FF Mozzarella cheeses with poor melt and altered rheology.
Effects of exogenous insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin on islet hormone secretion in the perfused chicken pancreas☆

The effects of exogenous insulin were examined in the isolated perfused chicken pancreas with the duodenum excluded. At low background glucose (50 mg/dl), exogenous insulin infused at a concentration of 20,000 microU/ml elicited clear stimulation of somatostatin secretion while simultaneously inhibiting glucagon release. When the background glucose concentration was elevated to 750 mg/dl, exogenous insulin, had no effect on either somatostatin or glucagon release. When graded doses of exogenous insulin were infused into the chicken pancreas at low background glucose, low concentrations (200 microU/ml) had little effect on somatostatin or glucagon release, but higher concentrations (2000 and 20,000 microU/ml) had clear effects on both somatostatin and glucagon secretion. Glucagon infused at 100 ng/ml stimulated both insulin and somatostatin release. When somatostatin was infused at 25 ng/ml, clear inhibition of glucagon was seen with insulin inhibited to a lesser extent. This study supports the notion of a negative feedback relation between B and D-cells of the pancreatic islets and suggests a paracrine mediation.
Modulation of laryngeal activity by pulmonary changes during vocalization in cats.

Abstract The experiments were addressed to two questions: Are laryngeal proprioceptive reflexes active in the control of vocal activity; and do pulmonary reflexes influence this activity? Vocalization was elicited in anesthetized or decerebrate cats by stimulating the mesencephalic reticular formation while step forces were applied to the cricoid cartilage. The displacement records thus obtained from the cartilage showed no hint of reflex activity. There was no difference between records obtained before and after sectioning all sensory nerves to the larynx, indicating that sensory feedback had little effect on vocal activity. Similarly, electromyographic activity obtained from the cricothyroid muscles showed no reflex modification. On the other hand, altering intratracheal pressure in any manner greatly affected tension in the cricothyroid muscle. When expiration was impeded during the expiratory phase of vocalization, the cricothyroid muscle exhibited a much longer period of contraction than normal. If inspiration was prevented during the inspiratory phase of vocalization, activity of the cricothyroid muscle was inhibited. These effects were abolished by sectioning the vagi bilaterally. Stimulating the vagus nerve affected the cricothyroid muscle tension in the same manner as it affected the Hering-Breuer reflexes. Weak stimulation of the central end of a cut vagus nerve at a pulse repetition rate of 20 Hz had little or no effect on vocal activity, while stimulation at 100 Hz caused prolonged contraction of the cricothyroid muscle. Furthermore, bursts of vagal stimulation synchronized the contractions of the cricothyroid muscle. The effects of lung inflation and vagal stimulation on cricothyroid muscle activity indicate that the Hering-Breuer reflexes and laryngeal reflexes are part of the same respiratory control system, and that the larynx is a respiratory organ.
Balancing freedom with risks: The experience of nursing task delegation in community-based residential care settings

Abstract Background: In 1995, Washington State implemented law reforming the state's long-term care system, favoring provision of service in less restrictive, lower-cost settings. Purpose: The purpose was to systematically evaluate one facet of the new law regarding the implementation of a policy authorizing delegation of designated nursing tasks by registered nurses in community-based residential care settings. Method: This was a descriptive study driven by the inductive process of grounded theory. Qualitative data sources included interviews, public forums, document review, and open-ended survey questions to facility operators, nurses, nursing assistants, and inspectors. Discussion: The study identified an overarching social process, balancing freedom with risks involving tension at the intersections, which is evident from 3 main perspectives: consumer, professional, and the health care system. Conclusions: The study has implications for regulatory consistency, nursing practice and education, collaboration between overlapping providers of skilled nursing services in residential settings, and subsequent health policy. Nurs Outlook 2001;49:193-201.
On the use of microjets to suppress turbulence in a Mach 0.9 axisymmetric jet

We have experimentally studied the effect of microjets on the flow field of a Mach 0.9 round jet. Planar and three-dimensional velocity field measurements using particle image velocimetry show a significant reduction in the near-field turbulent intensities with the activation of microjets. The axial and normal turbulence intensities are reduced by about 15% and 20%, respectively, and an even larger effect is found on the peak values of the turbulent shear stress with a reduction of up to 40%. The required mass flow rate of the microjets was about 1% of the primary jet mass flux. It appears that the microjets influence the mean velocity profiles such that the peak normalized vorticity in the shear layer is significantly reduced, thus inducing an overall stabilizing effect. Therefore, we seem to have exploited the fact that an alteration in the instability characteristics of the initial shear-layer can influence the whole jet exhaust including its noise field. We have found a reduction of about 2 dB in the near-field overall sound pressure level in the lateral direction with the use of microjets. This observation is qualitatively consistent with the measured reduced turbulence intensities.
Predictors of GBV-C infection among patients referred for renal transplantation

Predictors of GBV-C infection among patients referred for renal transplantation. The etiology of liver disease remains unknown in about 4 to 23% of dialysis patients and 10 to 16% of renal transplant recipients. A search for other causative agents of liver disease led to the discovery of the GB group of viruses. We studied the association between the presence of GB virus C (GBV-C) infection, known risk factors for parenterally-transmitted infections and history or laboratory evidence of liver disease among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients referred for renal transplantation to the New England Organ Bank, MA. Stored sera from patients on the renal transplantation waiting list between November 1986 and June 1990 were tested for antibody to hepatitis C virus (HCV). Sera were available in 1544 of 3243 (48%) patients, and anti-HCV was detected by ELISA3 in 287 (19%). All 287 anti-HCV positive patients formed the anti-HCV positive cohort and 286 randomly selected anti-HCV negative patients formed the anti-HCV negative cohort (573 patients overall). Additional sera were available for GBV-C RNA testing in 465 of 573 (81%) patients, and GBV-C RNA was detected by RT-PCR in 146. The overall extrapolated prevalence of serum GBV-C RNA was 29%. The prevalence of serum GBV-C RNA among anti-HCV positive patients (35%) was not significantly different from that among anti-HCV negative patients (29%; P = 0.22). In a univariate analysis, compared to patients without GBV-C RNA, patients with serum GBV-C RNA were younger [odds ratio (OR) 0.98 per year of age, P = 0.01], had a lower proportion of males (OR 0.64, P = 0.03), lower proportion of patients with diabetes mellitus (OR 0.44, P = 0.01), higher proportion of patients with a previous transplantation (OR 1.53, P = 0.04), longer duration of dialysis at the time of enrollment (OR 1.004 per month on dialysis, P = 0.03), and a higher proportion of patients with history of transfusions (OR 4.58, P = 0.01). Serum GBV-C RNA was not associated with a significantly increased OR for history of liver disease or non-A, non-B hepatitis, or elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels. In a step-wise multivariate regression analysis, a younger age (OR 0.98 per year of age, P = 0.03), and history of blood transfusions (OR 3.89, P = 0.03) were associated with an increased OR for serum GBV-C RNA, while diabetes mellitus was associated with a decreased OR for GBV-C RNA (OR 0.47, P = 0.01). Anti-HCV was not a predictor of serum GBV-C RNA (OR 1.07, P = 0.77). The results of this study support the fact that GBV-C is a parenterally transmitted virus and shed light on the modes of transmission of GBV-C among ESRD patients. However, the association with liver disease remains to be established.
Magnetic Resonance Water Proton Relaxation in Protein Solutions and Tissue: T1ρ Dispersion Characterization

BACKGROUND Image contrast in clinical MRI is often determined by differences in tissue water proton relaxation behavior. However, many aspects of water proton relaxation in complex biological media, such as protein solutions and tissue are not well understood, perhaps due to the limited empirical data. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Water proton T(1), T(2), and T(1rho) of protein solutions and tissue were measured systematically under multiple conditions. Crosslinking or aggregation of protein decreased T(2) and T(1rho), but did not change high-field T(1). T(1rho) dispersion profiles were similar for crosslinked protein solutions, myocardial tissue, and cartilage, and exhibited power law behavior with T(1rho)(0) values that closely approximated T(2). The T(1rho) dispersion of mobile protein solutions was flat above 5 kHz, but showed a steep curve below 5 kHz that was sensitive to changes in pH. The T(1rho) dispersion of crosslinked BSA and cartilage in DMSO solvent closely resembled that of water solvent above 5 kHz but showed decreased dispersion below 5 kHz. CONCLUSIONS Proton exchange is a minor pathway for tissue T(1) and T(1rho) relaxation above 5 kHz. Potential models for relaxation are discussed, however the same molecular mechanism appears to be responsible across 5 decades of frequencies from T(1rho) to T(1).
Theoretical angular distributions from coherent subthreshold pion production

We have calculated theoretical angular distributions for exclusive ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ production in C+C collisions at 84 MeV/nucleon using a quantum-coherent, microscopic, many-body formalism. We use a model spin, transition-spin, \ensuremath{\Delta}-isobar-formation interaction that is expanded in angular momentum multipoles and we now have the results from a complete code that includes these multipoles to all orders which couple to shell-model information. Also, we calculate pion contributions coming from both the target and projectile and find that these contributions are important in determining the shape of the theoretical angular distributions. We compare the theoretical calculations to ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ data and find that our results are similar to the shape of the data at higher pion energies and bear some similarity in trend to the pion bremsstrahlung model. We also find that the shape of the theoretical angular distribution is sensitive to shell-model information.
Dissociation of Bcl-2-Beclin1 complex by activated AMPK enhances cardiac autophagy and protects against cardiomyocyte apoptosis in diabetes.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is associated with suppression of cardiac autophagy, and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) restores cardiac autophagy and prevents cardiomyopathy in diabetic mice, albeit by an unknown mechanism. We hypothesized that AMPK-induced autophagy ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis and examined the effects of AMPK on the interaction between Beclin1 and Bcl-2, a switch between autophagy and apoptosis, in diabetic mice and high glucose–treated H9c2 cardiac myoblast cells. Exposure of H9c2 cells to high glucose reduced AMPK activity, inhibited Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1)–B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) signaling, and promoted Beclin1 binding to Bcl-2. Conversely, activation of AMPK by metformin stimulated JNK1–Bcl-2 signaling and disrupted the Beclin1–Bcl-2 complex. Activation of AMPK, which normalized cardiac autophagy, attenuated high glucose–induced apoptosis in cultured H9c2 cells. This effect was attenuated by inhibition of autophagy. Finally, chronic administration of metformin in diabetic mice restored cardiac autophagy by activating JNK1–Bcl-2 pathways and dissociating Beclin1 and Bcl-2. The induction of autophagy protected against cardiac apoptosis and improved cardiac structure and function in diabetic mice. We concluded that dissociation of Bcl-2 from Beclin1 may be an important mechanism for preventing diabetic cardiomyopathy via AMPK activation that restores autophagy and protects against cardiac apoptosis.
Correlations for stagnation-point radiative heat transfer.

Correlations of stagnation point radiative heat transfer for earth reentry, noting use of nongray absorption coefficient models
The drive for professionalization in acupuncture: A preliminary view from the San Francisco Bay area

Although various biomedical physicians and chiropractors now employ acupuncture, generally as an adjunct therapy to their practices, acupuncture is quickly evolving into a professionalized heterodox medical system in various areas of the United States. This process has overlapped considerably with the rise of the holistic health movement. Acupuncture particularly obtained public recognition and political legitimation in California, where about one half of all the licensed acupuncturists in the U.S. presently practice. In part drawing upon case studies that various students conducted in a course titled "Medical Pluralism in North America and Europe" that one of the authors taught at Berkeley in the spring of 1994, this paper examines several aspects of the drive for professionalization within acupuncture in the San Francisco Bay area, one of the major centers of acupuncture in the U.S. Other major centers of the holistic health movement include New York, Boston, Washington, DC, Houston, Seattle, and Santa Fe. It considers two dimensions involved in the professionalization of acupuncture: (1) the creation of schools of traditional Chinese medicine and acupressure and (2) accommodation to the biomedical model. The essay also explores the health policy implications of the emergence of acupuncture as a professionalized heterodox medical system that views itself as an alternative or complementary form of primary health care.
Binding of 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydroxyazepanes to the Acid-β-glucosidase Active Site: Implications for Pharmacological Chaperone Design for Gaucher Disease

Pharmacologic chaperoning is a therapeutic strategy being developed to improve the cellular folding and trafficking defects associated with Gaucher disease, a lysosomal storage disorder caused by point mutations in the gene encoding acid-β-glucosidase (GCase). In this approach, small molecules bind to and stabilize mutant folded or nearly folded GCase in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), increasing the concentration of folded, functional GCase trafficked to the lysosome where the mutant enzyme can hydrolyze the accumulated substrate. To date, the pharmacologic chaperone (PC) candidates that have been investigated largely have been active site-directed inhibitors of GCase, usually containing five- or six-membered rings, such as modified azasugars. Here we show that a seven-membered, nitrogen-containing heterocycle (3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyazepane) scaffold is also promising for generating PCs for GCase. Crystal structures reveal that the core azepane stabilizes GCase in a variation of its proposed active conformation, whereas binding of an analogue with an N-linked hydroxyethyl tail stabilizes GCase in a conformation in which the active site is covered, also utilizing a loop conformation not seen previously. Although both compounds preferentially stabilize GCase to thermal denaturation at pH 7.4, reflective of the pH in the ER, only the core azepane, which is a mid-micromolar competitive inhibitor, elicits a modest increase in enzyme activity for the neuronopathic G202R and the non-neuronopathic N370S mutant GCase in an intact cell assay. Our results emphasize the importance of the conformational variability of the GCase active site in the design of competitive inhibitors as PCs for Gaucher disease.
Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Second Assessment: The Long‐Term Impacts of Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels

There are quite a large number of excellent publications now available in the domain of carbon dioxide and climate. After a period of intense research on the subject conducted under the sponsorship of national and international institutions like the U.S. National Research Council, the U.S. Department of Energy, the Environment Agency of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, the World Climate Program, the Commission of the European Communities and others, syntheses are now possible. Over the past decades, extreme climatic events in different parts of the world have made us aware of our vulnerability to climatic variations and variability. But it is also more and more recognized that not only man may possibly be affected by climate but also that climate is vulnerable to man's activities. These human activities, especially those related to industrial processes and the practice of agricultural burning and soil management, result in the release of particles and trace gases in the atmosphere. The increase of atmospheric CO2 which is worldwide poses a special problem of major concern.
A Review of New Developments in Amine Solvent Extraction Systems for Hydrometallurgy

Abstract Amine extractants, regardless of structure, have been of limited utility for the extraction of complex metallic anions from alkaline solution due to an inability to increase the amine's basicity. This situation is contrasted to acid extractants in which case such control of extractant strength is possible. Recent studies with amine extractants have shown that the use of specific modifiers allows for the control of amine basicity over an appreciable pH range for certain anions. Particularly significant is the potential for the extraction of gold from alkaline cyanide solutions.
EEG seizure duration monitoring of ECT

The use of electroencephalographical monitoring in convulsive therapy has gained widespread acceptance in the United States where devices with this capability are readily available. In other countries, clinical monitoring alone is more common. Discrepancies between electroencephalographic and clinical observation (such as the "cuff method" described below) have been known to exist. Duration guidelines have evolved based on concerns about decreased effectiveness of very short seizures and neurotoxicity of overly long seizures. While these guidelines need further research to verify the assumptions they are based on, they have been recommended for use in clinical decision making. Currently available guidelines do not indicate how to manage disparate results when two measurement methods are used simultaneously. The authors examine the controversy and report the frequency of discrepancies across several guidelines.
Eccentricity-paced late Paleozoic climate change

Abstract Cyclic sedimentary deposits characterize low-latitude late Paleozoic successions and preserve evidence of dynamic climate change on the Pangaean supercontinent. Although their orbitally paced glacioeustatic origins are widely accepted, their climatic signatures are open to interpretation. In this study, we utilize the GENESIS general circulation model (GCM) coupled to dynamic ice sheet and ecosystem components, to explore the response of low-latitude continental climate and high-latitude ice sheets to orbital and atmospheric pCO2 forcing. Our results suggest that atmospheric pCO2 concentration exerts the primary control over low-latitude continental climate and high-latitude glaciation. Our experiments constrain the atmospheric pCO2 window within which late Paleozoic climate was amenable to orbitally-driven glacial-interglacial fluctuations. The results suggest that both high-latitude ice-sheet accumulation and ablation and low-latitude climate change were paced by the eccentricity of Earth's orbit. Periods of high eccentricity amplified precession-driven changes in insolation and promoted high-latitude ice sheet volume fluctuations as well as increased low-latitude precipitation variability. When eccentricity was low, the amplification of precessionally-driven insolation fluctuations was reduced, which promoted high-latitude continental ice sheet stability and less variable low-latitude precipitation. Based on these modeling results we discuss the implications of eccentricity paced precessional-scale climatic changes on low-latitude Pangaean depositional environments.
National Estimates and Factors Associated With Medication Treatment for Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

OBJECTIVE. In this study we identified child and family-level characteristics that were associated with medication treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using nationally representative survey data. METHODS. National Survey of Children9s Health data from 79264 youth 4 to 17 years of age were used. Data were weighted to adjust for the complex survey design of the National Survey of Children9s Health. Gender-specific logistic regression models were generated to identify child and family-level characteristics that were collectively associated with current medication status among youth with a reported diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. RESULTS. Nationally, 7.8% of youth aged 4 to 17 years had a reported attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder diagnosis, and 4.3% had both a disorder diagnosis and were currently taking medication for the disorder. Current medication treatment among youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder was associated with white race, younger age, English spoken in the home, health care coverage, a health care contact within the last year, and reported psychological difficulties. Gender-specific logistic regression models revealed that, together, younger age, higher income, health care coverage, having psychological difficulties, and a health care contact in the past year were associated with medication use among boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Among girls with the disorder, younger age, psychological difficulties, fair-to-poor paternal mental health status, and a health care contact within the last year were collectively associated with current medication use. CONCLUSIONS. Regardless of gender, younger age, the presence of psychological difficulties, and a recent health care contact were significantly associated with medication treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. However, additional health care access and income variables among boys and paternal mental health status among girls represented gender-specific factors that were also associated with medication treatment for the disorder. Future studies should characterize how and when the burden associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder leads to treatment, support, or services for this prevalent and impairing neurobehavioral disorder.
Corrective system for minimizing TACAN-DME spurious radiation

Addition of a quadrature cancellation channel to TACAN-DME pulse transmitters is proposed as a means of removing most of the incidental FM in the outputs of these transmitters. Such a scheme should reduce spurious radiation well below present levels, and eliminate bulky, double-tuned cavities from the transmitter output stage.
Substance Use Disorders and Evidence-Based Detoxification Protocols

The role of advanced practice nursing in addictions is inclusive of the medical detoxification of patients. Addiction fits a biopsychosocial/spiritual disease model. One of the primary goals of treatment is to address the components of this model. Various pharmacologic agents have been used for the management of withdrawal.
Narrative Construction of a Ruptured Self: Stories of Transability on Transabled.org

Transabled.org is an online community for people with body integrity identity disorder (BIID). People with BIID believe that they were born in incorrectly abled bodies. By analyzing the Introductio...