cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consolidation Settlement Under a Rectangular Load Distribution

The author's general theory is applied to the calculation of the settlement through consolidation of a soil loaded uniformly on an infinite strip of constant width with particular reference to the nature of the settlement at the edge of the loaded area. The solution is obtained by first calculating the settlement produced by a suddenly applied load with sinusoidal distribution. The use of a Dirichlet integral and the principle of superposition leads then directly to the solution for the discontinuous loading.
High performance obtained with no reward

Rats attained high running speeds on a long series of nonrewarded trials, with or without previous reward. Nonrewarded running appeared “playful.” Possible motivators and the differences between rewarded and nonrewarded behavior were discussed.
Development of Coincidence-Anticipation Timing in a Catching Task:

This study examined the effects of age, target location, and stimulus speed on coincidence-anticipation timing in a catching task. Males aged 11 to 18 years made simulated catching movements toward a light stimulus that rapidly approached the head or chest at various speeds. Coincidence-anticipation timing accuracy, movement onset times, and movement times did not differ by age. However, 17- to 18-year-olds exhibited significantly faster movement speeds than 14- to 16-year-olds. Target location (head or chest) did not affect coincidence-anticipation timing accuracy or movement speed. However, movements toward the head were initiated earlier and took longer than movements to the chest. Finally, stimulus speed had statistically significant effects on all measures: faster stimuli were associated with longer delays in coincidence-anticipation timing responses, earlier movement onset times, shorter movement times, and faster movement speeds. These results underscore the adaptability of coincidence-anticipation timing abilities for responding to stimuli under varying temporal and spatial constraints.
Management of community-acquired pediatric pneumonia in an era of increasing antibiotic resistance and conjugate vaccines.

The antibiotic management of infants and children with pneumonia is based on the clinician's assessment of the most likely infecting pathogens, the susceptibilities of the infecting pathogens and the seriousness of the illness. The bacterial etiology of pneumonia changed significantly following the universal use of protein-conjugated vaccines for Haemophilus influenzae type b. Similar significant changes are likely to occur with universal use of protein-conjugated vaccines for Streptococcus pneumoniae, requiring the clinician to alter assumptions of the risk of invasive bacterial infection in the child who presents with pneumonia. New strategies are likely to require fewer ancillary tests (e.g. white blood cell count, C-reactive protein and blood culture) and suggest a decreased need for empiric antibiotic therapy. Although the majority of lower respiratory tract infections in children have a viral etiology and are not amenable to antibiotic therapy, for the seriously ill child who is thought to be likely to have pneumonia caused by a bacterial pathogen, recent changes in the susceptibility patterns of both common organisms such as S. pneumoniae and more unusual pulmonary pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus have forced changes in the selection of both empiric and definitive antibiotic therapy. Third generation cephalosporins ceftriaxone and cefotaxime appear to be effective therapy for pneumonia caused by virtually all current isolates of S. pneumoniae. In contrast antibiotic regimens for life-threatening pulmonary infections in which Staphylococcus aureus is a suspected pathogen should include vancomycin.
Freezing out the public: Elite and media framing of the U.S. anti‐nuclear movement

(1993). Freezing out the public: Elite and media framing of the U.S. anti‐nuclear movement. Political Communication: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 155-173.
Design of Binary Network Coding for Wireless Broadcast

In this paper, we consider the design of a binary network coding scheme for the wireless broadcast, in which the same packet sequence is broadcasted to multiple receivers. In the proposed coding scheme, a short block code is employed for the coding across the broadcasted packets to generate redundant packets to recover the lost packets for all terminals in the service. In particular, we assume the optimal decoder and consider the design of short block codes with a small number of redundancy. We present a residual graph based code design method and propose an iterative design algorithm with stochastic update. The short block code is then extended with an improved pseudo-random code to achieve the flexibility on redundancy. Numerical results show that the proposed coding scheme provides superior performance over other coding schemes.
Remotely sensed spawning habitat of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) and Northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) within the California Current

We use trivariate kernel density estimation to define spawning habitat of northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) and Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) in the California Current using satellite data and in situ egg samples from the Continuous Underway Fish Egg Sampler (CUFES) deployed during surveys in April by the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI). Observed egg distributions were compared with monthly composite satellite sea surface temperature (SST) and surface chlorophyll a (chl a) data. Based on the preferred spawning habitat, as defined in SST and chl a space, the satellite data were used to predict potential spawning habitat along two areas of the west coast of North America. Data from the southern area (21.5 to 39� N) were compared to observations from the CUFES data for the period 1998‐2005. Northern anchovy and Pacific sardine exhibited distinctly different spawning habitat distributions. A significant relationship was found between satellite-based spawning area and that measured during surveys for sardine. CUFES area estimated for sardine was similar in magnitude to that estimated from satellite data (60 000 km 2 ). In contrast, spawning habitat of anchovy averaged between 1000 and 200 000 km 2 for the period 1998‐2005, for CUFES and satellite estimates, respectively. Interannual variability in the area (km 2 ) and duration (months) of estimates of suitable habitat varied between species and between the northern (39 to 50.5� N) and southern portions of the California Current. Long-term monitoring of habitat variability using remote sensing data is possible in the southern portion of the California Current, and could be improved upon in the northern area with the addition of surveys better timed to describe relationships between observed and estimated spawning habitats.
Bartonella henselae neuroretinitis in a 15-year-old girl with chronic myelogenous leukemia.

A 15-year-old girl being treated with imatinib for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) presented with acute vision loss in her right eye accompanied by swelling of the right side of her neck. On examination, she was found to have disk and macular edema of the right eye. Fine-needle aspiration and excisional biopsies of an enlarged submandibular lymph node were negative for malignancy. Although initial serologies were equivocal for Bartonella henselae , repeat serologies performed 1 week later upon the appearance of a macular star were positive. This is the first reported case of B. henselae in a patient with CML.
Pain belief assessment: A comparison of the short and long versions of the surgery of pain attitudes

Abstract Reliable and valid measures of pain-related beliefs are necessary to test and refine cognitive-behavioral models of chronic pain and may be used by clinicians to identify and monitor changes in beliefs during treatment. The Survey of Pain Attitudes (SOPA) has shown good psychometric properties (reliability and validity) and has been used in a number of studies. The current study sought to determine the reliability and validity of 2 brief versions of the SOPA. The original SOPA (SOPA-57) was completed by 126 patients with chronic pain before multidisciplinary pain treatment, after treatment, and at 2-week and 1-month follow-ups. Measures of pain coping, disability, physician visits for pain, and depression also were administered before treatment. A 35-item SOPA (SOPA-35) was created using criteria similar to those used to develop the original SOPA, and the content and psychometric properties of this brief version were compared with those of the original SOPA and a previously developed 30-item version (SOPA-30). Although the reliabilities of most of the scales were adequate to excellent, low reliabilities were found for the SOPA-30 Disability and Medication scales and the SOPA-35 Harm scale. With the exception of the Medical Cure scale, the correlations between the SOPA scales and the criterion measures supported the validity of each version of the SOPA. The SOPA-35 was more similar to the SOPA-57 than was the SOPA-30. Implications for use of the measures are discussed.
The enthalpies of solution and formation of the chlorides of cesium and rubidium

Abstract The enthalpies of solution of two samples of cesium chloride and one sample of rubidium chloride were measured in an LKB Solution Calorimeter. These results were combined with the selected enthalpies of dilution to derive the standard enthalpies of solution ΔH soln o . The result obtained for ΔH soln o (RbCl, c, 298.15 K) is (4064 ± 6) cal th mol −1 and the results obtained for ΔH soln o (CsCl, c, 298.15 K) are (4108 ± 7) cal th mol −1 from one sample and (4100 ± 7) cal th mol −1 from the other sample. A value of (4104 ± 7) cal th mol −1 is recommended for ΔH soln o (CsCl, c, 298.15 K). The result obtained for CsCl differs significantly from most previous measurements. A series of measurements of the enthalpy of solution of KCl in water were performed to check the reliability of the calorimetric system. The value obtained for ΔH soln o (KCl, c, 298.15 K) was (4119 ± 5) cal th mol −1 , in excellent agreement with the critically selected value. Based on the measured enthalpies of solution, the enthalpies of formation of crystalline CsCl, ΔH f o (CsCl, c, 298.15 K), and RbCl, ΔH f o (RbCl, c, 298.15 K) were derived to be −(105.710 ± 0.038) kcal th mol −1 and −(104.016 ± 0.038) kcal th mol −1 , respectively.
MR imaging: breast cancer staging and screening.

This review describes the current knowledge and challenges of breast cancer staging and screening with MRI of the breast. Assessment of local disease extent, including tumor size, multicentricity, and chest wall invasion, can be obtained more accurately with MRI than with mammography. Moreover, international experts have established standardized reporting of MRI staging results, taking into account tumor size measurements and the number of breast quadrants involved. Results from MRI assessment of the axilla and skin are promising, but need further refinement. Preliminary results of the use of breast MRI in patients at high risk for breast cancer demonstrated a superiority of breast MRI over the combined use of mammography and high-frequency ultrasound. The role of MRI in this subset of patients may be confirmed by ongoing larger multicenter trials. Strict protocol conditions are mandatory to maintain a high standard of quality. Confirming the nature of "MRI-only" lesions with MRI-guided biopsy systems will allow changes in treatment planning. More accurate tumor diagnosis and tumor volume evaluation may allow minimally invasive treatment strategies.
Cardiovascular control mechanisms in the conscious state.

CLINICIANS and clinical physiologists would prefer to base an understanding of the function and regulation of the cardiovascular system on observations carried out in man. However, both ethical considerations and limitations in instrumentation mandate the study of laboratory animals, in which appropriate controls and interventions can be introduced. Whereas extremely important hemodynamic information has been obtained from studies of man, most of the knowledge of cardiovascular physiology and pharmacology is based on findings obtained in animal experiments, which have been conducted most frequently on animals in the anesthetized state, often with an open chest. The conclusions derived from these experiments . . .
An investigation of speech enhancement using wavelet filtering method

This paper investigates the utilization of wavelet filters via multistage convolution by Reverse Biorthogonal Wavelets (RBW) in high and low pass band frequency parts of speech signal. Speech signal is decomposed into two pass bands of frequency; high and low, and then the noise is removed in each band individually in different stages via wavelet filters. This approach provides better outcomes because it does not cut the speech information, which occurs when utilizing conventional thresholding. We tested the proposed method via several noise probability distribution functions. Subjective evaluation is engaged in conjunction with objective evaluation to accomplish optimal investigation method. The method is simple but has surprise high quality results. The method shows superiority over Donoho and Johnstone thresholding method and Birge-Massart thresholding strategy method.
Self-efficacy and academic achievement: Why do implicit beliefs, goals, and effort regulation matter?

Abstract We examined motivational orientations, cognitive–metacognitive strategies, and resource management in predicting academic achievement. Undergraduates (407) completed the Motivated Strategies Learning Questionnaire, Implicit Theories of Intelligence Scale, Achievement Goal Inventory, and self-reported grade point average. A MANCOVA (controlling for sex and age) indicated that low self-efficacy students tended to believe intelligence is innate and unchangeable and high self-efficacy students pursued mastery goals involving challenge and gaining new knowledge as well as performance goals involving good grades and outperforming others. Further, hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that self-efficacy, effort regulation, and help-seeking predicted 18% of the variance in GPA. Interestingly, effort regulation partially mediated the relationship between self-efficacy and GPA. Overall, self-efficacious students are able to achieve academically because they monitor and self-regulate their impulses and persist in the face of difficulties. We discuss implications of these findings for educators seeking to strengthen both self-efficacy and effort regulation towards increasing academic achievement.
Postprocessing cylindrical surface data of a subject's head

Full field surface data of cylindrically shaped objects, such as a human's head, can be quickly achieved by rotating a laser scanner and imaging system about the subject. The measurements are, however, subject to random noise. The noise can be due to stray external light sources or unexpected surface reflection and refraction characteristics. The noise presents itself as high frequency surface roughness and surface spikes. To smooth the data, a regularization technique is employed. First, spikes in the data were identified with a medium filter. The cylindrical format of the data required special consideration when implementing the medium filter. Surface patches further away from the cylindrical axis had fewer sampling points for determining a medium. With the spikes identified, regularization could be used to reduce the discontinuities of the surface data by interpolating these points to an appropriate location.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
New initiatives and old bureaucrats: The future challenges the past in academic science

Abstract This article is divided into two parts. In the first section, the author looks at the relationship between glasnost, perestroika, and science, with particular attention given to the meaning of scientific freedom and its connection with the more general concept of human rights. The concept of informal networks in science is introduced and related to the second economy. In the second section of the paper, the author looks at recent reforms in the USSR Academy of Sciences, the role of informal networks, and the impact of recent changes on scientific freedom in the Soviet Union. The author emphasizes the ambiguous nature of scientific freedom in the USSR and the inconsistencies that result from an expansion of political rights without significant improvement in the economic resources to support scientific research. In each area of reform it is evident that there are uncertainties in the commitment of scientists and politicians to a total restructuring of the research environment. Informal professional relationships play a major role in the way these issues will be resolved. This article was written before President Gorbachev's decree of 23 August 1990, which changed the legal and economic status of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Medical Electronics Center-Interdisciplinary Coordination

The Medical Electronics Center of the Rockefeller Institute seeks to advance the application of electronic techniques in the life sciences and medicine through conferences on specialized topics, by the publication of the Bibliography of Medical Electronics and by acting as a clearing house of ideas and facilities in the field of medical electronics. However, a much greater effort is needed to realize the potentialities of electronics in medicine. An important step forward, overcoming some of the major obstacles to progress, would be the creation of one or several Medical Engineering Research Institutes, having the specific object of facilitating the development, initial production, and clinical testing of apparatus for medical research and practice, and serving at the same time as a training center in the boundary field of medical electronics.
Identification of structural markers for vitamin B12 and other corrinoid derivatives in solution using FTIR spectroscopy.

The identification of structural markers for B{sub 12}/protein interactions is crucial to a complete understanding of vitamin B{sub 12} transport and metabolic reaction mechanisms of B{sub 12} coenzymes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy can provide direct measurements of changes in the side chains and corrin ring resulting from B{sub 12}/protein interactions. Using FTIR spectroscopy in various solvent systems, the authors have identified structural markers for corrinoids in the physiological state. They assign the major band (denoted B), which occurs at ca. 1,630 cm{sup {minus}1} in D{sub 2}O and ca. 1675 cm{sup {minus}1} in ethanol, to the amide I C{double bond} stretching mode of the propionamide side chains of the corrin ring. The lower frequency of band B in D{sub 2}O versus ethanol is due to the greater hydrogen-bonding properties of D{sub 2}O that stabilize the charged amide resonance form. Since the propionamides are known to be important in protein binding, band B is a suitable marker for monitoring the interaction of these side chains with proteins. They assign bands at ca. 1,575 and 1,545 cm{sup {minus}1} (denoted C and D) as breathing modes of the corrin ring on the basis of the bands' solvent independence and their sensitivity to changes inmore » axial ligation.« less
Angina associated with left main coronary artery compression in pulmonary hypertension

Chest pain is a common complaint in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Left main coronary artery (LMCA) compression by an enlarged pulmonary artery trunk (PAT) has been associated with angina, but appropriate diagnostic and treatment approaches remain poorly defined. We present two cases of angina caused by LMCA compression from an enlarged pulmonary artery, one of which also presented with new, severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction attributed to myocardial ischemia. Diagnosis of LMCA stenosis was made via coronary angiography followed by computed tomography–gated coronary angiography (CT-CA), which confirmed pulmonary artery enlargement as the source of extrinsic compression. Restoring LMCA patency with percutaneous intervention and/or aggressive treatment of pulmonary hypertension led to significant improvement in angina, cardiac function and quality of life. Given the negative impact on cardiac function, prompt diagnosis and treatment of extrinsic LMCA compression should be considered a priority.
Small Molecule Modulation of Nuclear Receptor Conformational Dynamics: Implications for Function and Drug Discovery

Nuclear receptors are targets for a wide range of ligands, both natural and synthetic, that regulate their activity and provide a means to pharmacologically modulate the receptor. Recent emphasis in the nuclear receptor field has focused on selective nuclear receptor modulators, which can display graded transcriptional responses and tissue selective pharmacological responses that deviate from the prototypical agonist or antagonist. Understanding the molecular mechanism of action of these selective modulators will provide significant insight toward the development of the next generation of modulators. Although most nuclear receptor structural studies have primarily focused on obtaining ligand-receptor cocrystal structures, recent studies implicate an important role for protein dynamics in the mechanism of action of nuclear receptor ligands. Here we review nuclear receptor studies reporting how ligands modulate the conformational dynamics of the nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain (LBD). A particular emphasis is placed on protein NMR and hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) techniques and how they provide complementary information that, when combined with crystallography, provide detailed insight into the function of nuclear receptors.
The ketogenic diet for the treatment of malignant glioma

Advances in our understanding of glioma biology has led to an increase in targeted therapies in preclinical and clinical trials; however, cellular heterogeneity often precludes the targeted molecules from being found on all glioma cells, thus reducing the efficacy of these treatments. In contrast, one trait shared by virtually all tumor cells is altered (dysregulated) metabolism. Tumor cells have an increased reliance on glucose, suggesting that treatments affecting cellular metabolism may be an effective method to improve current therapies. Indeed, metabolism has been a focus of cancer research in the last few years, as many pathways long associated with tumor growth have been found to intersect metabolic pathways in the cell. The ketogenic diet (high fat, low carbohydrate and protein), caloric restriction, and fasting all cause a metabolic change, specifically, a reduction in blood glucose and an increase in blood ketones. We, and others, have demonstrated that these metabolic changes improve survival in animal models of malignant gliomas and can potentiate the anti-tumor effect of chemotherapies and radiation treatment. In this review we discuss the use of metabolic alteration for the treatment of malignant brain tumors.
Nonmedical Web Pages

While many of us often do not admit it, there is life outside of surgery. In addition to the numerous medical and surgical applications already discussed, there are many entertaining and personal uses of the Internet. Using the World Wide Web is a great way to find sports scores, make vacation plans, buy or sell goods, find music, or just pass some idle time “surfing.”
Photo‐activity induced by amyloidogenesis

Accumulation of chemically altered proteins is a noted characteristic of biological aging, and increasing evidence suggests a variety of deleterious cellular developments associated with senescence. Concomitantly, the “aging” of protein deposits associated with numerous neurological disorders may involve covalent modifications of their constituents. However, the link between disease-related protein aggregation and chemical alterations of its molecular constituents has yet to be established. The present study of amyloidogenic α-synuclein protein points to a decisive change in the biophysical behavior of growing protein aggregates with progressive photo-activity in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. I hypothesize that the photo-activity induced by filament formation is governed by the same mechanism as seen for the intrinsic chromophore of 4-(p-hydroxybenzylidene)-5-imidazolinone-type in the family of green fluorescent proteins. This type of the covalent alterations is initiated concurrently with amyloid elongation and involves a complex multi-step process of chain cyclization, amino acid dehydration, and aerial oxidation. Given that different stages in filament formation yield distinct optical characteristics, the photo-activity induced by amyloidogenesis may have application in molecular biology by enabling in vivo visualization of protein aggregation and its impact on cellular function.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Decreases MicroRNA-30b and MicroRNA-30c to Promote Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Calcification

Methods and Results-—Human coronary artery SMCs (CASMCs) treated with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2; 100 ng/mL) demonstrated a 1.7-fold (P<0.02) increase in Runx2 protein expression at 24 hours. A miR microarray and target prediction database analysis independently identified miR-30b and miR-30c (miR-30b-c) as miRs that regulate Runx2 expression. Real-time– polymerase chain reaction confirmed that BMP-2 decreased miR-30b and miR-30c expression. A luciferase reporter assay verified that both miR-30b and miR-30c bind to the 3′-untranslated region of Runx2 mRNA to regulate its expression. CASMCs transfected with antagomirs to downregulate miR-30b-c demonstrated significantly increased Runx2, intracellular calcium deposition, and mineralization. Conversely, forced expression of miR-30b-c by transfection with pre–miR-30b-c prevented the increase in Runx2 expression and mineralization of SMCs. Calcified human coronary arteries demonstrated higher levels of BMP-2 and lower levels of miR-30b than did noncalcified donor coronary arteries. Conclusions-—BMP-2 downregulates miR-30b and miR-30c to increase Runx2 expression in CASMCs and promote mineralization. Strategies that modulate expression of miR-30b and miR-30c may influence vascular calcification. (J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1: e003905 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.112.003905)
A 5-year study of attachment loss in community-dwelling older adults : incidence density

This is the second of three papers that present trends in attachment loss and tooth loss over a 5-yr period in a population of community-dwelling elderly black and whites. The first paper in this series showed that in addition to subject attrition during the 5 yr of the study, teeth also were lost. This loss of subjects and teeth resulted in trends that were not always consistent over time, because people were lost from the study and teeth with more active and advanced periodontal disease were more likely to be lost. In these instances, the incidence density (time-to-event) analytic strategy is useful. Incidence density is the average rate of occurrence for a fixed follow-up period. In 1988, the University of North Carolina School of Dentistry initiated the Piedmont 65+ Dental Study, which was designed to elicit 800 dentate respondents in the 5-county area who were examined again at 18, 36 and 60 months. Our findings indicated that for every 1000 sites followed for 1 yr in this population, 20.6 sites will experience attachment loss of 3+mm. Incidence densities varied greatly by subgroup, indicating that certain characteristics predispose sites for attachment loss. A multivariate logistic regression model indicated that people who are smokers, Porphyromonas gingivalis positive, have 5 or more missing teeth, are not high school graduates, and have not had a dental visit in the last 5 yr are at higher risk of attachment loss. Posterior teeth and mesiobuccal sites are at higher risk. We conclude that incidence density analyses are useful for longitudinal periodontal data and we illustrate the use of incidence density rates to plan clinical trials.
ACMNPV in permissive, semipermissive, and nonpermissive cell lines from arthropoda

Insect cell lines from Arthropoda represented by Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Homoptera were evaluated for their ability to support replication of AcMNPV. In addition, some of the cell lines that were refractive to AcMNPV were tested with AcMNPV hsp70 Red, a recombinant carrying the red fluorescent protein (RFP) gene, for their ability to express this protein after inoculation. Of the 10 lepidopteran cell lines tested, only three cell lines from Helicoverpa zea (BCIRL-HZ-AM1), Lymantria dispar (IPLB-LD 65), and Cydia pomonella (CP-169) failed to support detectable viral replication as measured by tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50) assay. Heliothis virescens (BCIRL-HV-AM1) produced the highest viral titer of 2.3 +/- 0.1 x 10(7) TCID50/ml followed by Heliothis subflexa (BCIRL-HS-AM1) at 4.7 +/- 0.1 x 10(6) TCID50/ml and Spodoptera frugiperda (IPLB-SF21) at 4.1 +/- 0.1 x 10(6) TCID50/ml. None of the coleopteran, dipteran, or homopteran cell lines supported AcMNPV replication. However, when studies were performed using AcMNPV hsp70 Red, the dipteran cell lines Aedes aegypti (ATC-10) and Drosophila melanogaster (line 2), both expressed the RFP as well as the refractive lepidopteran cell lines from H. zea and L. dispar. No RFP expression was observed in any of the coleopteran or homopteran cell lines. Cell lines refractive to AcMNPV did not appear to be adversely affected by the virus, as judged by their ability to multiply, nor was there any indication of induced apoptosis, as assessed by deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation profiles or cell blebbing, or both.
Thermal inactivation of susceptible and multiantimicrobial-resistant salmonella strains grown in the absence or presence of glucose.

The heat resistance of susceptible and multiantimicrobial-resistant Salmonella strains grown to stationary phase in glucose-free tryptic soy broth supplemented with 0.6% yeast extract (TSBYE-G; nonadapted), in regular (0.25% glucose) TSBYE, or in TSBYE-G with 1.00% added glucose (TSBYE+G; acid adapted) was determined at 55, 57, 59, and 61 degrees C. Cultures were heated in sterile 0.1% buffered peptone water (50 microl) in heat-sealed capillary tubes immersed in a thermostatically controlled circulating-water bath. Decimal reduction times (D values) were calculated from survival curves having r(2) values of >0.90 as a means of comparing thermal tolerance among variables. D(59 degrees C) values increased (P 0.05) between TSBYE-G and TSBYE+G cultures. When averaged across glucose levels and temperatures, there were no differences (P > 0.05) between the D values of susceptible and multiantimicrobial-resistant inocula. Collectively, D values ranged from 4.23 to 5.39, 1.47 to 1.81, 0.50 to 0.66, and 0.16 to 0.20 min for Salmonella strains inactivated at 55, 57, 59, and 61 degrees C, respectively. z(D) values were 1.20, 1.48, and 1.49 degrees C for Salmonella strains grown in TSBYE+G, TSBYE, and TSBYE-G, respectively, while the corresponding activation energies of inactivation were 497, 493, and 494 kJ/mol. Study results suggested a cross-protective effect of acid adaptation on thermal inactivation but no association between antimicrobial susceptibility and the ability of salmonellae to survive heat stress.
Hostility, job attitudes, and workplace deviance: Test of a multilevel model.

The authors tested a model, inspired by affective events theory (H. M. Weiss & R. Cropanzano, 1996), that examines the dynamic nature of emotions at work, work attitudes, and workplace deviance. Sixty-four employees completed daily surveys over 3 weeks, reporting their mood, job satisfaction, perceived interpersonal treatment, and deviance. Supervisors and significant others also evaluated employees' workplace deviance and trait hostility, respectively. Over half of the total variance in workplace deviance was within-individual, and this intraindividual variance was predicted by momentary hostility, interpersonal justice, and job satisfaction. Moreover, trait hostility moderated the interpersonal justice-state hostility relation such that perceived injustice was more strongly related to state hostility for individuals high in trait hostility.
A Service Learning Project in AAC

Abstract This article presents a service learning project designed for students in the mandatory graduate level Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) class at Wichita State University. The project was developed to allow students a hands-on experience with clients who use AAC.
Use of synthetic zeolites for arsenate removal from pollutant water

Arsenic is known to be a hazardous contaminant in drinking water that causes arsenical dermatitis and skin cancer. In the present work, the potential use of a variety of synthetic zeolites for removal of arsenic from water below the current and proposed EPA MCL has been examined at room temperature. Experiments have been conducted to examine the extent of arsenic removal as a function of pH. The effect of initial arsenic concentration and liquid to solid ratio in the batch reactions has also been studied. Zeolite NH4 /Y (NY6) showed significant arsenate removal capacity over a wide initial pH range of 2–12. Zeolite NY6 achieved this performance by buffering the initial pH to within a range of 3.5opHo7 where uptake of arsenate onto aluminol surface groups is at a maximum. The high aluminum content of NY6 (i.e. low Si/Al ratio) was an important factor governing the improved performance of this zeolite relative to other tested zeolites with higher Si/Al ratio. The pH buffering capacity of NY6 could lead to savings in cost and process time for industrial effluent treatment due to avoidance of a pH pre-conditioning step prior to arsenate removal.
CATS-based Air Traffic Controller Agents

This report describes intelligent agents that function as air traffic controllers. Each agent controls traffic in a single sector in real time; agents controlling traffic in adjoining sectors can coordinate to manage an arrival flow across a given meter fix. The purpose of this research is threefold. First, it seeks to study the design of agents for controlling complex systems. In particular, it investigates agent planning and reactive control functionality in a dynamic environment in which a variety perceptual and decision making skills play a central role. It examines how heuristic rules can be applied to model planning and decision making skills, rather than attempting to apply optimization methods. Thus, the research attempts to develop intelligent agents that provide an approximation of human air traffic controller behavior that, while not based on an explicit cognitive model, does produce task performance consistent with the way human air traffic controllers operate. Second, this research sought to extend previous research on using the Crew Activity Tracking System (CATS) as the basis for intelligent agents. The agents use a high-level model of air traffic controller activities to structure the control task. To execute an activity in the CATS model, according to the current task context, the agents reference a 'skill library' and 'control rules' that in turn execute the pattern recognition, planning, and decision-making required to perform the activity. Applying the skills enables the agents to modify their representation of the current control situation (i.e., the 'flick' or 'picture'). The updated representation supports the next activity in a cycle of action that, taken as a whole, simulates air traffic controller behavior. A third, practical motivation for this research is to use intelligent agents to support evaluation of new air traffic control (ATC) methods to support new Air Traffic Management (ATM) concepts. Current approaches that use large, human-in-the-loop simulations are unquestionably valuable for this purpose, but pose considerable logistical, fiscal, and experimental control problems. First, data analysis is extremely complicated, owing simply to the large number of participants and data sources in such simulations. In addition, experienced human air traffic controllers working adjacent sectors tend to flexibly adapt to the evolving control problem - potentially shifting to other strategies than those under investigation. In addition, their performance is tightly coupled to the control interface, which in the development phase may support some concepts and supporting strategies better than others. A simple shift in strategy by one controller can change the character of a particular traffic scenario dramatically, which makes experimental comparison of ATC performance under different traffic scenarios difficult. Training a given team of controllers on operations under a new ATM concept for a sufficient period of time could avert such difficulties, but instituting an adequate training program is expensive and logistically difficult.
British espionage and Prussian politics in the age of napoleon

(1987). British espionage and Prussian politics in the age of napoleon. Intelligence and National Security: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 230-244.
A Decade of Development: Educational Programs for Automated Records and Techniques Within the Society of American Archivists

During the 1980s, the Society of American Archivists (SAA) task force and then committee concerned with automation organized a series of seminars and workshops. In doing so, the members evolved a series of curricula based on explicit learning objectives. When they tried to use these curricula to structure the course contents, the idealism of the curricula gave way to reality. This article reviews the development of the curricula and their implementation. It examines the successes and failures of earlier efforts and concludes with lessons to be drawn from these early attempts to train archivists to deal with automation.
Reconciling an Ecological Curricular Framework Focusing on Quality of Life Outcomes with the Development and Instruction of Standards-Based Academic Goals:

The emergence of the standards-based reform movement has raised a number of issues related to the design of educational programs for students with severe disabilities, and a debate has arisen that presents an “either/or” choice between the general education curriculum and an ecological curricular framework that has traditionally guided curriculum development. In this paper, the authors propose that, to adequately meet the needs of students with moderate to severe disabilities, an ecological approach focusing on quality of life outcomes must be reconciled with the development and implementation of standards-based academic curricula. To accomplish this reconciliation, the authors recommend that individualized education plan teams engage in a process that allows them to work within an ecological curricular framework to develop standards-based goals that reflect meaningful knowledge and skills that are tailored to students' individual needs and applicable to their everyday lives. They propose that quality of ...
A note on “overfishing”

Abstract The continuing public concern with overfishing ignores the underlying problems that face fishery mangers. Attention needs to be given to (1) the transitory nature of the ocean environment, (2) the natural variation in fish stocks, (3) the role of the fishing industry and market forces in fishery management, and (4) the failure to focus on what it is we most need from the oceans, in what form we need it, and at what price.
Differentiation of activated satellite cells in denervated muscle following single fusions in situ and in cell culture

Satellite cells represent a cellular source of regeneration in adult skeletal muscle. It remains unclear why a large pool of stem myoblasts in denervated muscle does not compensate for the loss of muscle mass during post-denervation atrophy. In this study, we present evidence that satellite cells in long-term denervated rat muscle are able to activate synthesis of contractile proteins after single fusions in situ. This process of early differentiation leads to formation of abnormally diminutive myotubes. The localization of such dwarf myotubes beneath the intact basal lamina on the surface of differentiated muscle fibers shows that they form by fusion of neighboring satellites or by the progeny of a single satellite cell following one or two mitotic divisions. We demonstrated single fusions of myoblasts using electron microscopy, immunocytochemical labeling and high resolution confocal digital imaging. Sequestration of nascent myotubes by the rapidly forming basal laminae creates a barrier that limits further fusions. The recruitment of satellite cells in the formation of new muscle fibers results in a progressive decrease in their local densities, spatial separation and ultimate exhaustion of the myogenic cell pool. To determine whether the accumulation of aberrant dwarf myotubes is explained by the intrinsic decline of myogenic properties of satellite cells, or depends on their spatial separation and the environment in the tissue, we studied the fusion of myoblasts isolated from normal and denervated muscle in cell culture. The experiments with a culture system demonstrated that the capacity of myoblasts to synthesize contractile proteins without serial fusions depended on cell density and the availability of partners for fusion. Satellite cells isolated from denervated muscle and plated at fusion-permissive densities progressed through the myogenic program and actively formed myotubes, which shows that their myogenic potential is not considerably impaired. The results of this study suggest that under conditions of denervation, progressive spatial separation and confinement of many satellite cells within the endomysial tubes of atrophic muscle fibers and progressive interstitial fibrosis are the important factors that prevent their normal differentiation. Our findings also provide an explanation of why denervated muscle partially and temporarily is able to restore its functional capacity following injury and regeneration: the release of satellite cells from their sublaminal location provides the necessary space for a more active regenerative process.
Estimating Detection Probablities of River Birds using Double Surveys

Abstract We describe a method for surveying birds in river habitats that allows for rapid assessment across broad spatial scales and estimation of detection probabilities. Our river survey approach incorporates a double-survey technique, whereby observers in two canoes simultaneously survey birds along a river reach. Data are in the form of a two-sample mark-recapture history, and covariates suspected of influencing detection probabilities can be included in the modeling process and evaluated using information-theoretic approaches. We provide an example using the method along the Madison and upper Missouri rivers in Montana. Overall, detection probabilities for each observer ranged from 57% to 89%, and combined detection probabilities (the likelihood of at least one observer detecting an individual) were consistently high (88% across all species). Detection probabilities across species were positively correlated with body mass. Detection probabilities for some species were influenced by observer, river co...
Assessment of cellular profile and lung function with repeated bronchoalveolar lavage in individual mice

Walters, Dianne M., Marsha Wills-Karp, and Wayne Mitzner. Assessment of cellular profile and lung function with repeated bronchoalveolar lavage in individual mice. Physiol. Genomics 2: 29–36, 2000....
Critical Function of γH2A in S-Phase

Phosphorylation of histone H2AX by ATM and ATR establishes a chromatin recruitment platform for DNA damage response proteins. Phospho-H2AX (γH2AX) has been most intensively studied in the context of DNA double-strand breaks caused by exogenous clastogens, but recent studies suggest that DNA replication stress also triggers formation of γH2A (ortholog of γH2AX) in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Here, a focused genetic screen in fission yeast reveals that γH2A is critical when there are defects in Replication Factor C (RFC), which loads proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) clamp onto duplex DNA. Surprisingly Chk1, Cds1/Chk2 and the Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 checkpoint clamp, which are crucial for surviving many genotoxins, are fully dispensable in RFC-defective cells. Immunoblot analysis confirms that Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 is not required for formation of γH2A by Rad3/ATR in S-phase. Defects in DNA polymerase epsilon, which binds PCNA in the replisome, also create an acute need for γH2A. These requirements for γH2A were traced to its role in docking with Brc1, which is a 6-BRCT-domain protein that is structurally related to budding yeast Rtt107 and mammalian PTIP. Brc1, which localizes at stalled replication forks by binding γH2A, prevents aberrant formation of Replication Protein A (RPA) foci in RFC-impaired cells, suggesting that Brc1-coated chromatin stabilizes replisomes when PCNA or DNA polymerase availability limits DNA synthesis.
Schmertmann's Swell Sensitivity — Revisited

In perhaps one of his less famous papers, Schmertmann (1969) introduced the concept of Swell Sensitivity as the ratio of the swelling behavior of a remoulded soil to the swelling behavior of the same soil in the undisturbed state. In effect, this Technical Note, which appeared in Geotechnique, essentially established the importance of inherent soil structure and natural bonding on the swelling potential of fine-grained soils. Observations made by Schmertmann and presented in the Note showed that some remoulded soils which have lost their natural structural bonds through simple mechanical remoulding have a higher swelling potential than the undisturbed soil. In the author’s opinion, this paper is an important but lesser appreciated paper, in part because of the success of Schmertmann’s other more popular papers. Swell Sensitivity has great practical importance to practicing geotechnical engineers, one of the main themes of all of Schmertmann’s work. In the current paper, the author reexamines Swell Sensitivity as defined and described by Schmertmann (1969) and illustrates the behavior for a number of expansive soils from around the U.S.
Preeclampsia: Pathophysiology, Management, and Maternal and Fetal Sequelae

Preeclampsia is a unique, complicated problem of pregnancy that is prevalent worldwide. The maternal effects of severe disease may involve multiple organ systems. Consequences of disease for the infant include possible prematurity, fetal growth restriction, placental abruption, or intrauterine fetal demise. In addition, long-term effects of disease have been studied in both mothers and children. Although the exact cause of preeclampsia is not fully understood, increasing evidence points to abnormal placentation and an imbalance of antiangiogenic factors. Specifically, soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 has been investigated as the link between poor placental invasion and maternal disease. Clinically, maternal disease is defined as the presence of elevated blood pressure after 20 weeks’ gestation and proteinuria. The presence of severe symptoms or abnormal laboratory test results separate mild and severe disease. Studies have shown that delivery should occur at 37 weeks’ gestation with mild disease and 34 weeks’ gestation with severe disease. In early-onset severe disease, expectant management with close monitoring is possible if maternal and fetal status remain stable. Pathophysiology, diagnosis criteria, management, and possible maternal and fetal complications are reviewed.
Organizational legitimacy: A historical review of the NAIA from 1940 to 1973

This investigation looked at the pursuit of organizational legitimacy by the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) over the early history (i.e., 1940 to 1973) of the interest-bas...