cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Instream Water Temperature Forecasts for Fisheries Management: An Application in the Pacific Northwest1

Huang, Biao, Christian Langpap, and Richard M. Adams, 2011. Using Instream Water Temperature Forecasts for Fisheries Management: An Application in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):861-876. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00562.x Abstract: Water temperature is an important factor affecting aquatic life within the stream environment. Cold water species, such as salmonids, are particularly susceptible to elevated water temperatures. This paper examines the potential usefulness of short-term (7 to 10 days) water temperature forecasts for salmonid management. Forecasts may be valuable if they allow the water resource manager to make better water allocation decisions. This study considers two applications: water releases from Lewiston Dam for management of adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Klamath River and leasing water from agriculture for management of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the John Day River. We incorporate biophysical models and water temperature distribution data into a Bayesian framework to simulate changes in fish populations and the corresponding opportunity cost of water under different levels of temperature forecast reliability. Simulation results indicate that use of the forecasts results in increased fish production and that marginal costs decline as forecast reliability increases, suggesting that provision and use of such stream temperature forecasts would have potential value to society.
RNA recombination plays a major role in genomic change during circulation of coxsackie B viruses.

RNA recombination has been shown to occur during circulation of enteroviruses, but most studies have focused on poliovirus. To examine the role of recombination in the evolution of the coxsackie B viruses (CVB), we determined the partial sequences of four genomic intervals for multiple clinical isolates of each of the six CVB serotypes isolated from 1970 to 1996. The regions sequenced were the 5-nontranslated region (5-NTR) (350 nucleotides [nt]), capsid (VP4-VP2, 416 nt, and VP1, 320 nt), and polymerase (3D, 491 nt). Phylogenetic trees were constructed for each genome region, using the clinical isolate sequences and those of the prototype strains of all 65 enterovirus serotypes. The partial VP1 sequences of each CVB serotype were monophyletic with respect to serotype, as were the VP4-VP2 sequences, in agreement with previously published studies. In some cases, however, incongruent tree topologies suggested that intraserotypic recombination had occurred between the sequenced portions of VP2 and VP1. Outside the capsid region, however, isolates of the same serotype were not monophyletic, indicating that recombination had occurred between the 5-NTR and capsid, the capsid and 3D, or both. Almost all clinical isolates were recombinant relative to the prototype strain of the same serotype. All of the recombination partners appear to be members of human enterovirus species B. These results suggest that recombination is a frequent event during enterovirus evolution but that there are genetic restrictions that may influence recombinational compatibility.
Simulation of a long term memory device with a full bandstructure Monte Carlo approach

Simulations of charging characteristics of a long term memory device, based on a floating gate structure, are presented. The analysis requires the inclusion of hot electron effects and a detailed account of the semiconductor bandstructure, because device operation is based on the injection of electrons into the gate oxide high above the silicon conduction band edge. We have developed a Monte Carlo simulator based on a full bandstructure approach which accurately accounts for the high energy tail of the electron distribution function. For practical simulation of the prototype structure; with 3.0-/spl mu/m source-drain separation, the simulator is used as a post-processor on the potential profile obtained from a PISCES IIB drift-diffusion solution. The computations are in quantitative agreement with experimental results for the gate injection current, measured at fixed drain and gate biases. >
Hybrid Spectral Element Methods for Shock Wave Calculations

Spectral and spectral element methods have been used almost exlusively over the last decade in simulating turbulent incompressible flows. Their success however in simulating realistic problems of compressible flows has been somewhat limited despite some significant advances (see [3, 2, 4]). There are several issues to be addressed for a succesful implementation of spectral methods to compressible flow simulations. Treatment of shocks, recovery of spectral accuracy, robustness, boundary conditions, and application to complex geometries are perhaps the most important ones. While a specific implementation may be appropriate for resolving some of these issues (see, for instance [3]), usually this approach may result in a loss of generality of the method.
Improving disk performance via latency reduction

It is shown that in many environments the rotational latency and the rotational position sensing (RPS) miss delay are the major contributors to a disk's basic service time. A sensitivity study using a simple analytical queueing model shows that a reduction in these two components (both of which are related to the rotation of disk drives) has the greatest impact in reducing the disk's basic service time and in turn produces the greatest improvement in overall subsystem performance. While the most straightforward way to reduce latency and RPS miss penalty would be to increase the disk's rotation speed, there are some limitations to such an approach. Several alternatives to reducing latency and RPS miss penalty are proposed and explored, and their performance is analyzed using analytical queuing models. >
Consistency of test cases in validation of Bayesian knowledge-bases

Knowledge validation is a vital phase in knowledge engineering which is ultimately aimed at correcting the knowledge-base such that when inferenced over, it satisfy all test cases specified by the expert users. Naturally, such a goal is unachievable if there is some contradiction in the given set of test cases. In this work, we analyze this property of test case sets in knowledge validation for knowledge bases that are modelled in terms of Bayesian knowledge bases (BKBs) in order to determine the necessary and sufficient condition for a test case set to be contradiction-free, i.e., "Does there exist a knowledge base satisfying all test cases in the set?" We show that the complexity of deciding if a test case set meets that condition is NP-compete. As such, we also present some special cases in which it is tractable to make this determination.
A task allocation algorithm for distributed computing systems

Most performance lapses in distributed computing systems can be traced to the lack of a good task allocation strategy for distributed software. Random assignment of tasks or modules onto processors or subsystems can substantially degrade the performance of the entire distribution system. In this paper a heuristic algorithm for task allocation for any distributed computing system where the subsystems are connected in the form of a local area network and communicate by means of broadcasting is presented. This algorithm is based on minimizing communication cost and balancing the load among its subsystems. An example to illustrate our algorithm is also given. >
WASTE MATERIALS IN HOT MIX ASPHALT - AN OVERVIEW

Numerous waste materials result from manufacturing operations, service industries, sewage treatment plants, households and mining. Legislation has been enacted by several states in recent years to either mandate the use of some waste materials or to examine the feasibility of such usage. The hot mix asphalt (HMA) industry has been pressured in recent years to incorporate a wide variety of waste materials into HMA pavements. This has raised the following legitimate concerns: (a) engineering concerns such as effect on the engineering properties (for example, strength and durability), impact on production, and future recyclability; (b) environmental concerns such as emissions, fumes, odor, leaching, and handling and processing procedures; and (c) economic concerns such as life cycle costs, salvage value, and lack of monetary incentives. The waste materials can broadly be categorized as follows: (a)industrial wastes such as cellulose wastes, wood lignins, bottom ash and fly ash; (b) municipal/domestic wastes such as incinerator residue, scrap rubber, waste glass and roofing shingles; and (c) mining wastes such as coal mine refuse. A general overview of preceding waste materials including the research work done in the past and their potential for use in HMA pavements is given in this paper. ‘Assistant Director, National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn University, Alabama WASTE MATERIALS IN HOT MIX ASPHALT AN ovERvIEw Numerous waste materials result from every aspect of society including manufacturing, service industries, sewage treatment plants, households and mining. The disposal of waste products is primarily done as follows: (a) Landfills (b) Incineration, and (c) Recycling in other products However, problems are being experienced because of the insufficient capacity of landfills, air pollution associated with incinerators, and limited alternatives for recycling. Legislation has been enacted by several states in recent years to either mandate the use of some waste materials or to examine the feasibility of such usage. About 450 million megagrams (Mg) of hot mix asphalt (HMA) are produced in the United States at a cost of about $12 billion. The HMA industry has been pressured in recent years to incorporate a wide variety of waste materials into HMA pavements. This has raised the following legitimate concerns ~. ENGINEERING CONCERNS The following concerns must be addressed from the engineering viewpoint.
Analysis and mitigation of systematic errors in spectral shearing interferometry of pulses approaching the single-cycle limit [Invited]

We derive an analytical approximation for the measured pulse width error in spectral shearing methods, such as spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction (SPIDER), caused by an anomalous delay between the two sheared pulse components. This analysis suggests that, as pulses approach the single-cycle limit, the resulting requirements on the calibration and stability of this delay become significant, requiring precision orders of magnitude higher than the scale of a wavelength. This is demonstrated by numerical simulations of SPIDER pulse reconstruction using actual data from a sub-two-cycle laser. We briefly propose methods to minimize the effects of this sensitivity in SPIDER and review variants of spectral shearing that attempt to avoid this difficulty.
On Need, Wants, Resources and Limits

The conventional wisdom in economics is that resources are limited, wants are unlimited, and the business of the economist is to understand how limited resources are allocated to satisfy unlimited wants. Typically, poverty or unmet physical need is addressed apart from consumer behaviour. It was not always so. Adam Smith, Alfred Marshall, and Paul Samuelson as recently as 35 years ago, for example, were explicit about the direct linkage between needs and wants. The changes that have taken place over the years are attributable to a shift away from an Aristotelian perspective on the nature of economic studies towards the Enlightenment view. Challenges the conventional wisdom that wants are virtually unlimited, resources are limited, and poverty is best addressed apart from wants. Presents need fulfilment alongside want satisfaction in the context of the principle of subsidiarity which helps define the role of the state in provisioning unmet need.
Feed intake and milk production from three rates of concentrate for cows bred to differ in size.

Abstract Two groups of Holstein cows sired by bulls that had been selected partly for transmitting ability for size averaged 525 and 570kg weight after second calving. Cows were fed 1.0kg concentrate to 5.0, 3.0, or 1.5kg milk above 9.1kg per day and forage to appetite during first and second lactations (248 lactations). Generally equal quantities of alfalfa haylage and corn silage were fed each day in weighed amounts to exceed consumption. At times haylage constituted the only forage fed. Results of feeding low (2.2kg), medium (3.8kg), or high (6.9kg) concentrate dry matter daily per cow were: concentrate as a percent of total dry matter consumed, 12.2, 20.2, and 37.1%; dry matter intake from forage, 15.6, 14.5, and 11.6 kg/day; dry matter intake as percent of body weight, 3.25, 3.32, and 3.33; crude fiber as percent of dry matter consumed, 25.2, 23.6, and 20.5; crude protein as percent of dry matter consumed, 15.7, 15.4, and 15.1; total digestible nutrients consumed per day, 10.8, 11.4, and 12.2kg; milk produced as milk/day, 18.7, 19.9, and 21.3kg; fat-corrected milk/day, 18.6, 20.0, and 20.7kg; fat-corrected milk as percent of body weight, 3.44, 3.68, and 3.78; and fat-corrected milk as gram per weight kg . 75 , 166, 178, and 183; fat content of milk, 4.00, 4.11, and 3.92%; protein content of milk, 3.49, 3.58, and 3.61%; gross efficiency of milk production, .591, .579, and .595kg total digestible nutrients/kg fat-corrected milk; and net efficiency, .304, .308, and .332kg total digestible nutrients/kg fat-corrected milk. Cow size, parity, and period of lactation affected most variables. These latter effects are illustrated in graphs or tables.
Strap muscle neurovascular supply.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Knowledge and preservation of the neurovascular supply to strap muscles, such as the sternohyoid (SH) muscle, used in laryngotracheal reconstruction are important in preventing loss of tissue and bulk from ischemia and/or denervation. Study Design: Arteriovenous and neural supply variations to the strap muscles were examined in cadaver specimens. Methods: Strap muscle neurovascular supply was studied in 16 cadavers, including one transparent corrosion cast specimen with injected vessels. Results: For the upper SH and upper belly of the omohyoid (OMO), the arterial supply consistently arose from a branch of the superior thyroid artery (STA) most commonly terminating at the cricothyroid membrane. The inferior SH was supplied by the inferior thyroid artery. The ansa cervicalis innervated the SH inferiorly with a branch below the loop. Each arterial branch to the muscles had an accompanying venous tributary. The corrosion cast specimen demonstrated that the arterial lumen diameters were almost threefold larger in branches entering the upper SH, compared with the lower SH or OMO. Small intramuscular arteries without axial supply were found within the middle third of the upper SH, the lower SH, and the upper OMO. Conclusions : It is possible to preserve neurovascular integrity in an inferiorly based SH flap. The superior and medial borders are released, with dissection of vascular supply laterally and deep to the muscle, and preservation of the inferior terminal ansa branch.
Changes in water proton relaxation times and in nuclear to cytoplasmic element gradients during meiotic maturation of Xenopus oocytes

Fully grown oocytes 1.2 mm in diameter were removed from Xenopus laevis ovaries and were exposed to progesterone (2.5 micrograms/ml in Ringer's solution) to induce completion of the first maturation division or germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). This process required 5.5 +/- 0.5 hr. Neither oocyte volume nor water content was observed to change throughout maturation. At selected times, the oocytes were quick frozen in liquid propane and cryosectioned. The sections were freeze-dried, and analyzed for K, Na, Cl, P, S, and Mg in millimolar per kilogram dry weight content in the nucleus and the yolk-free cytoplasm using electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Unstimulated oocytes showed significant nuclear to yolk-free cytoplasmic content gradients (N/C ratio) for the following elements: K (1.84), P (0.65), and S (1.56), but significant N/C content gradients were not found for Na and Mg. By 10 min after progesterone stimulation, a significant change in the N/C ratio of the following elements had occurred due to a rapid increase in nuclear content: K (2.29), Cl (2.11). A significant N/C ratio for Mg (1.35) had developed by 10 min after progesterone stimulation and a significant N/C ratio for Na (2.07) had developed by 45 min. In addition the following elements showed significant content increases in both the nucleus and the yolk-free cytoplasm from the time prior to progesterone stimulation to the time just prior to GVBD at 240 min: K, Na, Cl, P, S, and Mg. Nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of the spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) of water proton in oocytes showed a significant increase in the T1 time after progesterone exposure. The changes in N/C ratios of specific elements and in the physical parameter of water proton relaxation time suggest that progesterone is responsible for inducing changes in the physicochemical interactions between various macromolecules, specific elements, and water.
Subacute Diabetic Proximal Neuropathy

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical, electrophysiologic, autonomic, and neuropathologic characteristics and the natural history of subacute diabetic proximal neuropathy and its response to immunotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For the 12-year period from 1983 to 1995, we conducted a retrospective review of medical records of Mayo Clinic patients with diabetes who had subacute onset and progression of proximal weakness. The responses of treated versus untreated patients were compared statistically. RESULTS: During the designated study period, 44 patients with subacute diabetic proximal neuropathy were encountered. Most patients were middle-aged or elderly, and no sex preponderance was noted. The proximal muscle weakness often was associated with reduced or absent lower extremity reflexes. Associated weight loss was a common finding. Frequently, patients had some evidence of demyelination on nerve conduction studies, but it invariably was accompanied by concomitant axonal degeneration. The cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration was usually increased. Diffuse and substantial autonomic failure was generally present. In most cases, a sural nerve biopsy specimen suggested demyelination, although evidence of an inflammatory infiltrate was less common. Of 12 patients who received treatment (with prednisone, intravenous immune globulin, or plasma exchange), 9 had improvement of their conditions, but 17 of 29 untreated patients (59%) with follow-up also eventually had improvement, albeit at a much slower rate. Improvement was usually incomplete. CONCLUSION: We suggest that the entity of subacute diabetic proximal neuropathy is an extensive and severe variant of bilateral lumbosacral radiculoplexopathy, with some features suggestive of an immune-mediated cause. It differs from chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy in that most cases have a more restricted distribution and seem to be monophasic and self-limiting. The efficacy of immunotherapy is unproved, but such intervention may be considered in the severe and progressive cases or ones associated with severe neuropathic pain.
Theoretical Calculation of Heats of Complexation in Carbon Tetrachloride

The theoretical absolute (gas phase) interaction energies of complexation are combined with a cavity model for the solvent carbon tetrachloride to calculate the theoretical heats of complexation for the complexes of chloranil, fluoranil, and tetrachlorophthalic anhydride in solution. The agreement between theoretical calculations and experimental results is excellent. The absolute interaction energy and the donor-solvent term increase in a parallel manner within each series, thus approximately canceling, and the overall complexation process may be considered as solvent driven. These results suggest that for planar complexing systems in solution, both the solvent term and the absolute interaction energy term will usually be maximized when maximum overlapping of area occurs.
Therapeutic potential of melatonin receptor agonists and antagonists

1. Summary In humans, the hormone melatonin is produced and secreted from the pineal gland following a circadian rhythm with high levels during the normal hours of sleep at night and low levels during the day. The strong correlation between the sleep-wake cycle and the sleep-promoting effects of physiological and pharmacological doses of melatonin has lead to the hypotheses that melatonin can be used to treat insomnia and circadian sleep disorders. Insomnia is associated with daytime sleepiness and decrements in mental and physical performance. In the last decade, efforts from a number of pharmaceutical companies have aimed to discover and develop high affinity melatonin receptor agonists. Melatonin receptor agonists currently in development for the treatment of sleep disorders are non-selective in that they activate multiple melatonin receptor subtypes. This review highlights the main pharmacological properties and clinical uses of these melatonin analogues, and provides an assessment of the therapeutic potential of subtype-selective melatonin receptor agonists and antagonists. The efficacy and effectiveness of melatonin receptor agonists should be greatly increased and the side-effects reduced by targeting receptor subtypes mediating specific functions. The current need for the synthesis and characterisation of high affinity and subtype-selective melatonin receptor antagonists to further elucidate the physiological role of melatonin is also discussed. The discovery of drugs for the treatment of sleep disorders which are devoid of side-effects and which have novel mechanisms of action, is of current
Photon management for photovoltaics

Photovoltaics are expected to play an important role in the future energy infrastructure. However, achieving simultaneously high efficiency in both light absorption and carrier collection remains a challenging tradeoff. Photon management, which refers to the engineering of materials and device structures to control the spatial distribution of optical energy, offers a number of promising routes to optimizing this tradeoff. Progress in fabrication of nanostructured materials combined with advances in the understanding of nanophotonic devices has enabled new strategies for photon management in a range of photovoltaic devices. Prominent among these are structures with pronounced surface topography or graded refractive-index profiles that reduce surface reflectivity; materials processing that increases optical absorption in materials such as silicon; incorporation of semiconductor nanostructures that enables simultaneous improvements in optical absorption and photogenerated carrier collection; and coherent light trapping in optical waveguide modes via plasmonic or optical scattering effects. The articles in this issue review some of these emerging directions.
Thermal stability of 2,2-Diaryl/dialkyl-4,4,5,5-tetraaryl-1,3-dioxa-2-siloles

Fully substituted 1,3-dioxa-2-siloles contain a strained carbon–carbon bond that will undergo thermolysis at modest temperatures to generate a diradical capable of initiating vinyl polymerization. If the substituents contain flame-retarding moieties, e.g., halogen or phophorus-containing groups, the use of such compounds as initiators serves to incorporate a flame-retarding unit into the polymer mainchain. Both 2,2-dialkyl- and 2,2-diaryl-4,4,5,5-tetra(3,5-dibromophenyl)-1,3-dioxa-2-siloles may be prepared from the appropriate tetra(bromoaryl)-1,2-ethanediol and are obtained as white solids. Thermal decomosition (thermogravimetry) of these materials occurs in two stages. Initial decomposition is observed at about 250 °C and corresponds to the loss of nearly half of the initial sample mass.
Controlled power sequencing for fault protection in DC nanogrids

For dc power distribution systems, we show how coordinated operation of electronic power converters and mechanical contactors (segmentizing switches) can permit rapid response to short circuit faults. It is possible to de-power the dc bus, open a contactor to isolate the faulted branch, then restore power to the remaining branches in less than 8 ms, so that the remaining loads can ride through the entire operation. This is faster than can typically be achieved in ac power networks using conventional technologies. Clamping diodes and point of load capacitors improve system robustness. Our results provide a detailed analysis, design guidelines, and explain how the protection scheme responds to different configuration of the system.
Expanding the Brand: Race, Gender, and the Post-politics of Representation on Comedy Central

This study examines recent Comedy Central shows hailed as progressive and feminist, such as Inside Amy Schumer, Broad City, Kroll Show, Nathan for You, and Key & Peele. It reads these programs thro...
The zinc finger protein GLI transforms primary cells in cooperation with adenovirus E1A

The GLI gene was previously isolated by virtue of its amplification in human glioblastomas. We have now found that GLI expression can result in the in vitro transformation of both primary and secondary rodent cells. When coexpressed with adenovirus E1A, the GLI protein functions analogously to RAS, resulting in the formation of dense foci of cells which are tumorigenic in nude mice.
Empirical Analysis of the Context Effects of Photovoltaic New Energy Source Industry——Taking Hebei as an Example

This paper,according to the input-output principle,combining with Hebei province's 2007 new energy industry data,makes a business accounting to the input and output of new energy enterprise in Hebei province,works out a series of coefficient that shows 2007 in Hebei province,the development of new energy photovoltaic enterprise plays a larger role in regional economic booming,and the relevance with other industry is smaller,and sense degree is lower.Therefore,Photovoltaic industry needs to be expanded to other industry and crosswise developed.
Application of parametric CAD system programming in aircraft configuration design optimization

Aircraft concept design optimization as the first step in aircraft multi-disciplinary design optimization(MDO) developed cur-rently lack fidelity of aerodynamic and structural disciplinary analysis and shall be upgraded with major new capabilities which require a more detailed and smart geometry description than has been used before.It is also necessary for the succedent analysis to construct a uni-fied CAD model to ensure the information interchangeability among different disciplines.A brief case study of integration a CAD system into the design optimization system is shown by programming with a transport 3-D model.The approach is demonstrated in a transport configuration design to minimize the vehicle gross take-off weight based on high accuracy CFD method.
Single-Molecule Spectroscopy Using Microfluidic Platforms

Microfluidics serves as a convenient platform for single-molecule experiments by providing manipulation of small amounts of liquids and micron-sized particles. An adapted version of capillary electrophoresis (CE) on a microchip can be utilized to separate chemical species with high resolution based on their ionic mobilities (i.e., charges and sizes), but identification of separated species is not trivial, especially for complex mixtures of sticky biomolecules. We describe here how to use a surfactant mixture system for CE on a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microchip, capture separated peaks within a 50-pl chamber using microvalves, analyze the fluorescence signals with correlation spectroscopy to extract molecular diffusion characteristics, and to identify the biomolecular clusters in a model immunocomplex system.
Multidrug Intrinsic Resistance Factors in Staphylococcus aureus Identified by Profiling Fitness within High-Diversity Transposon Libraries

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of life-threatening infections worldwide. The MIC of an antibiotic against S. aureus, as well as other microbes, is determined by the affinity of the antibiotic for its target in addition to a complex interplay of many other cellular factors. Identifying nontarget factors impacting resistance to multiple antibiotics could inform the design of new compounds and lead to more-effective antimicrobial strategies. We examined large collections of transposon insertion mutants in S. aureus using transposon sequencing (Tn-Seq) to detect transposon mutants with reduced fitness in the presence of six clinically important antibiotics—ciprofloxacin, daptomycin, gentamicin, linezolid, oxacillin, and vancomycin. This approach allowed us to assess the relative fitness of many mutants simultaneously within these libraries. We identified pathways/genes previously known to be involved in resistance to individual antibiotics, including graRS and vraFG ( graRS/vraFG ), mprF , and fmtA , validating the approach, and found several to be important across multiple classes of antibiotics. We also identified two new, previously uncharacterized genes, SAOUHSC_01025 and SAOUHSC_01050 , encoding polytopic membrane proteins, as important in limiting the effectiveness of multiple antibiotics. Machine learning identified similarities in the fitness profiles of graXRS/vraFG , SAOUHSC_01025 , and SAOUHSC_01050 mutants upon antibiotic treatment, connecting these genes of unknown function to modulation of crucial cell envelope properties. Therapeutic strategies that combine a known antibiotic with a compound that targets these or other intrinsic resistance factors may be of value for enhancing the activity of existing antibiotics for treating otherwise-resistant S. aureus strains . IMPORTANCE Bacterial resistance to every major class of antibiotics has emerged, and we are entering a “post-antibiotic era” where relatively minor infections can lead to serious complications or even death. The utility of an antibiotic for a specific pathogen is limited by both intrinsic and acquired factors. Identifying the repertoire of intrinsic resistance factors of an antibiotic for Staphylococcus aureus, a leading cause of community- and hospital-acquired infections, would inform the design of new drugs as well as the identification of compounds that enhance the activity of existing drugs. To identify factors that limit the activity of antibiotics against S. aureus, we used Tn-Seq to simultaneously assess fitness of transposon mutants in every nonessential gene in the presence of six clinically important antibiotics. This work provides an efficient approach for identifying promising targets for drugs that can enhance susceptibility or restore sensitivity to existing antibiotics.
The Effects of Rurality on Parents’ Engagement in Children’s Early Literacy

Investigations of urban-rural context on children’s educational experiences have produced somewhat inconsistent findings, but one thing is clear, parent engagement in children’s early learning positively impacts academic outcomes. Research identifying conditions that uniquely influence parents’ early engagement in learning and literacy in rural settings are needed. An illustrative example of a study investigating the effects of rurality on parent engagement and children’s literacy using a nationally representative dataset (Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort, ECLS-B; n = 6550) is discussed. Contextual differences in parents’ use of technology and community resources and children’s reading scores were revealed. The important role of technology and structural characteristics of rural communities in young children’s early literacy development was demonstrated; however, further research is needed to better understand the impact of these and other contextual influences. A proposed agenda for future research in this area is discussed.
Maintenance of Pluripotent Stem Cells is Influenced by Ser/Thr Metabolism

Abstract Recent studies have suggested not only that stem cells have different metabolic requirements than terminally differentiated cells, but also that metabolic intermediates may play a role in the maintenance of stem cells. It has long been clear that changes in acetylation and methylation of histones, as well as methylation of DNA play critical roles in deciding cell fate. The availability of critical intermediates in metabolism, especially S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), acetyl-CoA, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and a-ketoglutarate play critical roles in modulating acetylation and methylation of histones and methylation of DNA. In the course of evaluating an unusual requirement of threonine (Thr) for the growth of murine embryonic stem cells, we found that metabolism of Thr to glycine (Gly) and the subsequent use of the methyl group of Gly for converting homocysteine to methionine is critical for maintaining high levels of SAM and low levels of S-adenosyl-homocysteine. Importantly, depletion of Thr from the media resulted in decreased tri-methylation of histone H3 lysine-4 (H3K4me3), leading to slowed growth and increased differentiation. Thus, abundance of SAM appears to influence H3K4me3, providing a possible mechanism by which modulation of a metabolic pathway might influence stem cell fate. Demethylation of histones and DNA can also be controlled by metabolic intermediates. Mutated forms of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2 that drive acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and other cancers, produce an oncometabolite (2-hydrogyglutarate) that can compete with the a-ketoglutarate requirement for enzymes involved in hydroxy-methylation and subsequent demethylation of DNA and histones. Recent studies indicate that 2-hydroxyglutarate plays a role in blocking differentiation of cancer cells. These and other observations linking intermediates in metabolism to stem cell maintenance will be discussed. Disclosures Cantley: Agios Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Patents & Royalties.
Reversible tuning of two-dimensional electron gases in oxide heterostructures by chemical surface modification

Reversible control over the electrical properties of the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in oxide heterostructures is a key capability enabling practical applications. Herein, we report an efficient method to reversibly tune the charge carrier density of the 2DEG by surface modification. We demonstrate both increasing and decreasing the carrier density of the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 2DEG interface via application of functional phosphonic acids with molecular dipoles pointing either toward or away from the interface, respectively. In addition, in the case of the enhanced 2DEG, we recovered the initial conduction properties by exposing the samples to a basic solution. The tuning processes were highly reversible over repetitive cycles. These results reveal that the surface modification is an efficient way to tune the carrier density of 2DEG in oxide heterostructures. This simple chemical approach offers a vast range of fabrication possibilities in versatile electronic device applications.
The Role of Nonverbal Cues in Social Influence

Nonverbal behavior is relevant to social influence for some of the same reasons that it is relevant to interpersonal attraction; furthermore, attraction is one of the major facilitators of influence.
Diversity in Gold Finger Structure Elucidated by Traveling‑Wave Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry

Traveling wave ion mobility (TWIM) mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful method for the structural and conformational analysis of proteins and peptides, enabling the differentiation of isomeric peptides (or proteins) that have the same sequence but are modified at different residues. In this study, the TWIM-MS technique was used to separate isomeric AuI metallopeptide ions that were formed by ZnII displacement from the parent zinc fingers (ZFs). The synthetic gold finger peptides were derived from the C-terminus of the HIV nucleocapsid p7 protein (NCp7-F2) and finger 3 of the Sp1 transcription factor (Sp1-F3). TWIM-MS enabled the acquisition of distinct product ion spectra for each isomer, clearly indicating the binding sites for the major conformers in the presence of multiple coordination possibilities. Collision cross-section measurements showed that the aurated peptide has a slightly more compact structure than the parent zinc compound NCp7-F2, which showed only one conformation.
PELAKSANAAN PENILAIAN PRESTASI KERJA DAN HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN MOTIVASI KERJA KARYAWAN

ABSTRACT Performance appraisal is one of the thing that human resource management department conducted in a company. In every year or on in every six months company conducted performance appraisal. Performance appraisal is the method that human resource use to see the employee performance in one period. The things that performance appraisal see like how work done, how the employee work with others, how the discipline of the employee, and others things. With the performance appraisal companies can know the level of accomplishment of employee works as a part of a team or as an individual. Employee achievements can be assessed and monitored from this process. With performance appraisal, achievement and shortcomings of a work from employee can be monitored clearly. From this method, human resource can track all aspect from employee like motivation, effectiveness, efficiency, the work load, job satisfaction from time to time. With this method also, company can make a plan for employee like career path, employee development, salary and other things.With this method also, company can see the progress that employee achieve from year to year. But sometimees the performance appraisal is done in a way that improperly or at least inadequate procedures. biases of standard and subjectivity are usually the things that become problems in performance appraisal. For example, Sometimes the standar value from performance appraisal is not match with the work or sometime standar operation and procedur that not clear. The cause or problems that sometime we see in company that use the wrong way to conduct performance appraisal can sometimes can be a fatal problem. Employee can be demotivation, un satisfied with the work or with the company, not effective and or not efficient with the work or maybe be a rebel to his team or his team work. Keyword: Employment, Human Resource, Performance appraisal, Motivation, Work
Alveoli, teeth, and tooth loss: Understanding the homology of internal mandibular structures in mysticete cetaceans

The evolution of filter feeding in baleen whales (Mysticeti) facilitated a wide range of ecological diversity and extreme gigantism. The innovation of filter feeding evolved in a shift from a mineralized upper and lower dentition in stem mysticetes to keratinous baleen plates that hang only from the roof of the mouth in extant species, which are all edentulous as adults. While all extant mysticetes are born with a mandible lacking a specialized feeding structure (i.e., baleen), the bony surface retains small foramina with elongated sulci that often merge together in what has been termed the alveolar gutter. Because mysticete embryos develop tooth buds that resorb in utero, these foramina have been interpreted as homologous to tooth alveoli in other mammals. Here, we test this homology by creating 3D models of the internal mandibular morphology from terrestrial artiodactyls and fossil and extant cetaceans, including stem cetaceans, odontocetes and mysticetes. We demonstrate that dorsal foramina on the mandible communicate with the mandibular canal via smaller canals, which we explain within the context of known mechanical models of bone resorption. We suggest that these dorsal foramina represent distinct branches of the inferior alveolar nerve (or artery), rather than alveoli homologous with those of other mammals. As a functional explanation, we propose that these branches provide sensation to the dorsal margin of the mandible to facilitate placement and occlusion of the baleen plates during filer feeding.
Effects of an Animal-Assisted Intervention on Reading Skills and Attitudes in Second Grade Students

Reading skills are an important component of academic success for school-age youth, and are associated with increased academic performance and positive attitudes about school. The presence of an animal appears to reduce stress during reading. Therefore, the goal of this study was to assess the feasibility and effects of a 6-week after-school canine-assisted reading program in a public elementary school setting. Second-grade students were randomized to either an intervention group (n = 14) in which they read to a registered therapy dog for 30 min once weekly for 6 weeks or a control group (n = 14) with a standard classroom curriculum. Children’s reading skills were assessed biweekly and attitudes about reading were assessed pre- and post-intervention. The 6-week after-school canine-assisted reading program was feasible. Reading skill scores did not change significantly for either group. Although scores on recreational reading attitudes also did not change significantly for either group, the academic reading attitudes scores increased significantly in the intervention group (p = .002), but not in the control group (p = .06). These results support the benefits of an animal-assisted intervention for child literacy on children’s attitudes about reading and can inform future programs evaluating reading programs that include dogs.
A CMOS synapse design implementing tunable asymmetric spike timing-dependent plasticity

A CMOS synapse design is presented which can perform tunable asymmetric spike timing-dependent learning in asynchronous spiking neural networks. The overall design consists of three primary subcircuit blocks, and the operation of each is described. Pair-based Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity (STDP) of the entire synapse is then demonstrated through simulation using the Cadence Virtuoso platform. Tuning of the STDP curve learning window and rate of synaptic weight change is possible using various control parameters. With appropriate settings, it is shown the resulting learning rule closely matches that observed in biological systems.
The SDCN Algorithm

In this chapter we introduce the concept of joint normalization of noise and spectral tilt as well as the idea of preprocessing in the cepstral domain as opposed to the frequency domain. We first define the model of the environment that will be used in the remaining of the monograph and we introduce techniques that accomplish the processing in the cepstral domain.
Effects of Organ Failure on Nutrient Absorption, Transportation, and Utilization: Endocrine System

The endocrine system, like the nervous system, is primarily a regulatory mechanism. The endocrine glands manufacture and secrete hormones which are transported by the circulating blood to other portions of the body. These hormones may speed or slow various metabolic processes and thus regulate the distribution of various nutrients throughout the body, their transport through the cell membranes, and their utilization within the cells.
Cost Analysis in Evaluation Studies

Evaluations are intended to inform decisions about courses of action to be taken in education and elsewhere. An essential and frequently addressed factor in these decisions is their likely impact on effectiveness and/or productivity. However, decision-makers must also consider the costs – defined generally – of undertaking some course of action. Cost analysis, although performed infrequently in education, is an essential component of evaluation. This article provides an overview of cost analysis in education evaluation. It includes descriptions of cost modeling, benefit–cost analysis, and cost-effectiveness analysis along with steps taken in performing these analyses.
Septicemia secondary to impacted infected pacemaker wire. Successful treatment by removal with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Infection of an intravenous pacemaker electrode developed in a 78-year-old man after multiple replacements and revisions of the pulse generator and the pacemaker lead. Spread of the infective process to the endocardium was followed by septicemia with Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Failure of medical treatment and external traction on the pacemaker electrode led to thoracotomy and removal of the pacemaker electrode wires with the use of extracorporeal circulation. The tip of one of the pacemaker electrodes was found imbedded in the wall of the right ventricle and attached to the base of the tricuspid valve. Cultures from the endocardium removed with the electrode rendered the same organisms as cultured preoperatively. There has been no recurrence after 2 years following the removal of the infected electrodes. Although the problem described herein is not frequently found, radical treatment becomes necessary whenever infection and septicemia develop.
LEFT, RIGHT, AND ANTISEMITISM IN EUROPEAN PUBLIC OPINION

Antisemitism has long been found on both the political far-right and farleft. The recent rise in antisemitism worldwide raises the question of whether current antisemitism is found more with the far-right or far-left, the former a function of right-wing populism and the latter with what has been termed the new antisemitism. This paper uses data from the 2014 round of the European Social Survey in 20 nations to test for the connection between ideological selfplacement and antisemitic attitudes in mass publics. Analysis finds greater levels of antisemitism with the extreme far-right compared to the far-left, but extreme leftists appear slightly more antisemitic than moderate leftist. Further, there is less antisemitism than anti-Muslim and anti-Roma (Gypsy) attitudes at all positions on the left-right continuum. The conclusion puts the findings into context and suggests directions for future research.
The Impact of Execution Frequency in Sorting Algorithm on Nearest Level Modulated Modular Multilevel Converter

Sorting algorithm is required for operating modular multilevel converter (MMC) with nearest level modulation, to keep the unbalanced submodule capacitor voltage within an acceptable range. Several sorting algorithms have been proposed in previous literatures. However, very few papers discussed about how to select the execution frequency of a sorting algorithm. This paper aims to investigate on the impact of the execution frequency in sorting algorithm on the output voltage harmonics, average switching frequency, submodule capacitor voltage fluctuation of an MMC using nearest level modulation. Multiple MMC models with different number of submodules are built in MATLAB/Simulink. Three different types of sorting algorithms are implemented, and evaluated at various execution frequencies as well as different operating points. Conclusions drawn from the extensive simulations show that to select a sorting algorithm and its execution frequency, all three performance criterions should be considered simultaneous and a minimum execution frequency is always required.
Risk factors for cervical ectopic pregnancy.

Abstract Objective To evaluate risk factors for cervical ectopic pregnancies. Methods Retrospective, quasi-experimental case-control study of cervical ectopic pregnancy (CEP) cases from 2000-2013. Two groups were selected as controls, patients with tubal ectopic (TEP) and intrauterine pregnancies (IUP) without a history of TEP, matched by year of pregnancy and randomly sampled in a 1:3 case-control ratio per each study group. Results 21 cases were identified and 126 controls included, 63 TEP and IUP each. A binary logistic regression model was used to analyze whether statistically significant preceding factors from a bivariate analysis could predict CEP. Compared to patients with IUP, CEP patients had a higher history of elective abortions, DC 95% CI, 1.1–9.1; p = 0.04) and a TEP (aOR 6.1; 95% CI, 1.8–21.2; p = 0.04). Conclusion D&C is a strong risk factor for CEP when compared to pregnancies in other locations. These findings confirm previous associations described in case series.