cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A-Stable Composite Multistep Methods

Consider the set of multistep formulas ∑l-1jmn-kaijxmn+j - h ∑l-1jmn-kbijxmn+j = 0, i = 1, ···, l, where xmn+j = ymn+j for j= -k, ···, -1 and xn = ƒn = ƒ(xn , tn). These formulas are solved simultaneously for the xmn+j with j = 0, ···, l - 1 in terms of the xmn+j with j = -k, ··· , - 1, which are assumed to be known.Then ymn+j is defined to be xmn+j for j = 0, ··· , m - 1. For j = m, ··· , l - 1, xmn+j is discarded. The set of y's generated in this manner for successive values of n provide an approximate solution of the initial value problem: y = ƒ(y, t), y(t0) = y0. It is conjectured that if the method, which is referred to as the composite multistep method, is A-stable, then its maximum order is 2l. In addition to noting that the conjecture conforms to Dahlquist's bound of 2 for l = 1, the conjecture is verified for k = 1. A third-order A-stable method with m = l = 2 is given as an example, and numerical results established in applying a fourth-order A-stable method with m = 1 and l = 2 are described. A-stable methods with m = l offer the promise of high order and a minimum of function evaluations—evaluation of ƒ(y, t) at solution points. Furthermore, the prospect that such methods might exist with k = 1—only one past point—means that step-size control can be easily implemented
Secondary Structure Elucidation via X-Ray Cross Correlation Analysis

We aim to measure substantial structural information via X-ray scattering in the absence of an ordered system. Instead of a crystal, which consists of N particles at a single orientation relative to the X-ray beam, our samples consist of N randomly oriented identical particles. Assume, in a given exposure, two (or more) photons scatter from the same particle in a time interval much less than the rotational diffusion time, i.e. while the particle orientation is fixed. These two photons are correlated via the structure of the particle. By time averaging intensity correlations from such measurements, one can hope to recover structural information of the single scatterer relative to the background of N randomly oriented scatterers. One can demonstrate the high-dimensional data obtained from such a correlation experiment exceeds that measured in small and wide angle X-ray scattering measurements.We have performed measurements on gold nanoparticle solutions at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) and are using them to identify and overcome the challenges involved in CXS experiments. Imperfections in detector geometry and electronic response can contribute to false correlations in the data; we are developing ways of identifying and removing these artifacts. We are simultaneously gauging our ability to recover protein secondary structural information from such data. Nanoparticle scattering will serve as a benchmark for an upcoming experiment at the Spring-8 Angstrom Compact free electron laser (SACLA), where we will attempt to measure correlated scattering from F-actin. Thereafter we hope to refine current models of the F-actin polymer by fitting them against our high dimensional data.
Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) modified DNA stimulates far greater levels of S1 nuclease sensitive regions than does the modification produced by the trans- isomer.

Abstract S1 endonuclease recognizes distortions in DNA structure produced by both cis- and trans-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) binding. However, cis-(NH 3 ) 2 PtCl 2 binding stimulates far greater levels of S1 digestion than does the trans-isomer. This supports the view that the modes of binding for the two isomers differ and shows that cis-(NH 3 ) 2 PtCl 2 causes a greater disruption of the secondary structure. The S1 digestion products include acid soluble DNA fragments with bound platinum, with the latter providing evidence that (NH 3 ) 2 PtCl 2 is directly responsible for the structural alteration. These findings also reveal that at low levels of binding, the average number of nucleotides excised for each platinum excised in cis-(NH 3 ) 2 PtCl 2 modified DNA is twice as large as for the trans-isomer.
Formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans on secondary combustor/boiler ash from a rotary kiln burning hazardous waste.

Abstract Ash from the secondary combustor/boiler of a rotary kiln burning hazardous chemical waste was tested in the laboratory for its potential to form polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F). The ash contained only a small quantity of “native” PCDD/F, i.e., formed on the ash in the facility. However, it produced a considerable amount of these compounds when heated in 10% O 2 /N 2 under “de novo” conditions, i.e., with residual carbon (present on the ash as result of incomplete combustion) as the only organic material. The ash yielded PCDD/F for up to 90 min; gave PCDD/F yields proportional to the amount of ash used in the reaction bed; and displayed an optimum temperature range for formation (397–548 °C) higher than seen for most municipal solid waste (MSW) fly ashes. The role of copper and iron as catalytic material on the ash is discussed.
Thermal and wear analysis of an elastic beam in sliding contact

The heat conduction and wear of a cantilever beam in contact with a moving object at the free end is studied. The problem is formulated as a system of coupled nonlinear differential equations. A finite element algorithm, which incorporates an implicit time integration scheme, is developed to solve the problem. Numerical results are presented and discussed.
Hot-film measurement of temperature gradient induced natural convection in liquid gallium

Abstract An experimental study on temperature gradient induced natural convection in molten gallium is presented in this paper. The induced temperature and velocity fields are mapped simultaneously. A standard hot-film anemometer working under constant temperature mode is used to measure the velocity profile, and the temperature profile is measured using a standard T type thermocouple. The obtained velocity and temperature distributions are compared with previous numerical simulations and reasonably good agreements have been achieved.
The structure of graphene grown on the SiC $(0\,0\,0\bar{1})$ surface

Graphene grown on the SiC surface is unique. Unlike graphene grown on the (0 0 0 1) surface, graphene grown on the surface has higher electron mobilities and an unusual non-Bernal stacking. Its different electronic properties are associated with its stacking and the graphene–SiC interface. In this paper we discuss what is known about the structure of this material. In particular we will discuss the ordering in this material and how it is related to the interface structure. We update new ideas about the interface and stacking and contrast it with works from other groups. New evidence for how Si is removed from the interface is also given that provides some insight into the growth process and shows that graphene nucleation is not confined to screw dislocations. This has important implications for the viability of patterned graphene growth.
Thalamoamygdaloid projections in the rat: A test of the amygdala's role in sensory processing

We used the autoradiographic tract-tracing method to define the amygdaloid projection fields after injecting 3H-amino acids into individual thalamic nuclei in the rat. The parvicellular division of the ventroposterior nucleus, the thalamic taste relay, projected lightly to the central and lateral amygdaloid nuclei. The central medial, interanteromedial, and paraventricular thalamic nuclei, viscerosensory relays of the thorax and abdomen, projected heavily to the amygdala. All projected to the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus in addition having terminations in the central nucleus, the amygdaloid portion of the nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the amygdalohippocampal transition area. The magnocellular division of the medial geniculate, a thalamic auditory (and, to a moderate degree, a spinothalamic) relay, sent heavy projections to the central, accessory basal, lateral, and anterior cortical nuclei, and to the anterior amygdaloid area and the nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract. Other thalamic nuclei projecting to the amygdala, for which functions could not be associated, were the paratenial and subparafascicular nuclei. The former projected to the lateral, basal, and posterolateral cortical nuclei; the latter projected very lightly to the central, medial, and basal accessory nuclei. These results show that, like the cortical amygdaloid nuclei, which are sensory (olfactory) in nature, the subcortical amygdaloid nuclei must have major sensory functions. These thalamic afferents, when correlated with cortical and brainstem data from the literature, suggested that the amygdala is in receipt of sensory information from many modalities. To uncover the manner by which such information is processed by the amygdala and relayed to effector areas of the brain, six hypothetical mechanisms relating to modality specificity and convergence were posited. By charting sensory-related afferents to all subdivisions of the amygdala, each nucleus was characterized as to its mechanism of information processing. Four proposed amygdaloid systems emerged from this analysis. A unimodal corticomedial amygdaloid system relays pheromonal information from the accessory olfactory bulb to medial basal forebrain and hypothalamic areas. A second system--the lateral-basomedial--collects and combines input from a number of sensory modalities and distributes it to the same basal forebrain and hypothalamic areas as the corticomedial. The central system appears to concentrate the effect of viscerosensory information arriving from multiple brainstem, thalamic, cortical, and amygdaloid sources; this information is combined with significant auditory and spinothalamic inputs from the thalamus and cortex. The central system projects to lateral nuclei in the basal forebrain, hypothalamus, and brainstem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Depression and Parenting by Nonoffending Mothers of Children Who Experienced Sexual Abuse

Parenting may be one mechanism by which depression in nonoffending mothers impacts child emotional and behavioral adjustment after sexual abuse. This study examined the relationship between self-reported maternal depression and parenting behaviors by nonoffending mothers of children who experienced sexual abuse. The participants were 204 nonoffending biological mother-child pairs recruited from a clinic providing services for children who experienced sexual abuse. The mothers completed pretreatment self-report measures of demographic information, depression, and parenting behaviors. Children (7 to 17 years) completed a measure of mothers' parenting behaviors. Mothers with clinically high levels of self-reported depression employed more inconsistent parenting behavior and provided poorer monitoring/supervision of their children than mothers without clinically high levels of self-reported depression. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.
Dynamic hydration shell restores Kauzmann's 1959 explanation of how the hydrophobic factor drives protein folding

Kauzmann's proposal that the hydrophobicity of hydrocarbons in water is caused by their hydration shells is modified here by replacing his clathrate water shell with a dynamic shell formed by van der Waals attraction, as proposed by Jorgensen et al. The hydration energetics of alkanes are then shown to be proportional to n, the number of waters in the shell given by the simulations of Jorgensen et al. The Ben-Naim standard state, which is based on solute transfer between fixed positions in the gas and liquid phases, is used for the hydration energetics. Recent experimental evidence for hydration shells is reviewed.
Identification of First Stage Larvae of California Aedes (Diptera, Culicidae)

Very few critical papers have been published on first stage larvae of mosquitoes as compared with the vast amount of literature dealing with mature larvae and adults. Reasons for this situation may be that (1) the first stage is small and must be studied with a compound microscope, (2) individual larvae are somewhat more difficult to mount on slides than those of later stages, and (3) there seems to be a general feeling among culicidologists that the first stage larva with its incomplete sclerotization is deficient in diagnostic characters. Actually, the difficulties of preparation and study are not too great and many species are as readily distinguished in this stage as when fully developed. Preparation is best accomplished by adding hot water to the larvae to kill them, transferring them immediately with forceps or pipette into 50 percent alcohol, puncturing them with a fine cutting needle in the region of the seventh to eighth tergite, transferring them to cellosolve for a few minutes and mounting them in Canada balsam under a small coverslip of “number one” thickness. A lateral view of the terminal segments is a requirement for identification.
Predicting Hall Thruster Operational Lifetime

†‡ A simple analytic model predicted Hall thruster channel erosion based on thruster geometry, operating conditions, and magnetic field configuration. This model relied on a one-dimensional representation of the plasma with a fixed ionization fraction and variable ion energies based on the magnetic field distribution. Sputtering was modeled as the result of elastic scattering of ions by neutrals within the channel. Not all scattered ions and neutrals were assumed to reach the channel walls as a result of additional subsequent scattering events. Incorporating this phenomenon resulted in a greater predicted decrease in erosion rate with time than predicted based only on geometric effects. Results from this model were compared to SPT-100 experimental erosion data.
On the Relation of Attempting to Lose Weight, Restraint, and Binge Eating in Outpatients with Binge Eating Disorder

Objective: To examine the relationship among attempts to lose weight, restraint, and eating behavior in outpatients with binge eating disorder (BED). Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 93 consecutive outpatients evaluated for a clinical trial who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth edition criteria for BED. The Eating Disorder Examination Interview was administered to assess attempts at weight loss, restraint, different forms of overeating, and the attitudinal psychopathology of eating disorders (i.e., concerns regarding eating, shape, and weight). In addition, the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire was used to assess cognitive restraint, hunger, and disinhibition. Psychometrically established measures were given to assess body dissatisfaction, depression, and self-esteem. Results: The majority of participants (75.3%; N = 70) reported attempting to lose weight, but only 37.6% (N = 35) reported dietary restraint on at least half the days of the month. Dietary restraint and cognitive restraint were not associated with any form of binge eating or overeating. Dietary restraint and cognitive restraint were positively correlated with weight concern, shape concern, and body dissatisfaction, and negatively correlated with body mass index. To further examine the interplay between attempting to lose weight and restraint, three study groups were created: unrestrained nonattempters (21.5%, N = 20), unrestrained attempters (40.9%; N = 38), and restrained attempters (34.4%; N = 32). The three groups did not differ significantly on binge eating or other eating behaviors; however, significant differences were observed for weight concern, shape concern, and body dissatisfaction. Discussion: Attempts to lose weight and restraint are not synonymous for patients with BED. Although 75.3% of BED patients reported that they were attempting to lose weight, only 37.6% reported dietary restraint on at least half the days of the previous month. While restraint was negatively associated with body mass index, it was not related to binge eating or overeating. Our findings raise questions about prevailing models that posit restraint as a predominant factor in the maintenance of binge eating in BED.
Fingerprinting petroporphyrin structures with vibrational spectroscopy: II. Resonance Raman marker bands for the exocyclic rings of nickel tetrahydrobenzoporphyrins and nickel cycloalkanoporphyrins

Abstract The Q-band excited (568.2 nm) resonance Raman (RR) spectra are reported for a series of geologically significant nickel(II) complexes of etio-, cycloalkano-, and tetrahydro-benzoporphyrins in the frequency range from 600 to 1200 cm−1. Several patterns in the RR spectra of these complexes can be utilized as signatures for each petroporphyrin family. Useful marker bands for these classes of petroporphyrins are identified and distinguishing features of the spectra are given which can differentiate closely related isomers within a given class.
INTERCELLULAR BRIDGES AND SYNCHRONIZATION OF GERM CELL DIFFERENTIATION DURING OOGENESIS IN THE RABBIT

A certain degree of synchronization of germ cell differentiation is a general feature of mammalian oogenesis. In the rat (3, 10), mouse (4), and rabbit (15, 16), germ cell differentiation is highly synchronized in that there is a direct correspondence between fetal age and predominant stage of cellular activity. In the guinea pig (11), monkey (2), and man (1), the synchronized pattern is less apparent because of a considerable overlapping of mitosis, meiosis, and degeneration. Correpondence between age and stage of differentiation of a significant percentage of germ cells is found even in these species, however. In the course of an electron microscopic study of ovarian development in the newborn rabbit, we have observed that the synchronization of the oogenetic process finds expression not only in the close relationship between fetal age and stage of cellular differentiation, but also in the maturation of the germ cells in groups and in the synchronous differentiation of all the cells in each group. Such synchronization appears to be related
Self-Assembly of Conjugated Polymers at the Air/Water Interface. Structure and Properties of Langmuir and Langmuir−Blodgett Films of Amphiphilic Regioregular Polythiophenes

This paper provides the first direct structural evidence describing conjugated polymer self-assembly at the air−water interface. Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) and X-ray reflectivity measurements on a number of derivatives of amphiphilic regioregular polythiophenes (e.g., poly(3‘-dodecyl-3-(2,5,8-trioxanonyl)-2‘,5-bithiophene), polymer 1) show that these conjugated polymers self-assemble as 2-dimensional polycrystalline monolayers at the air/water interface with the amphiphilic polymers preorganized into rigid boards standing edge-on on the water surface. The monolayer consists of highly ordered (∼70% crystalline) domains, with a centered rectangular unit cell having the polymer backbone along the a-axis and the thiophene π-stack along the b axis with a distance of 3.85−3.94 A depending on the applied surface pressure. These domains are connected by soft, more disordered boundaries. This is evidenced by the macroscopic compressibility of the entire LB film (Cmacro ≈ 4−7 m/N) being one order of...
Fuzzy command grammars for intelligent interface design

Human-computer interactions involve an input language with which users input their commands and a command language that is anticipated and recognized by the system. In general, the input language is a function of the command language, while the command language can be any language defined by the system designer. The relationship between these languages is modeled using fuzzy set theory, and a fuzzy command grammar that forms a coherent framework for intelligent human-computer interface designs is defined. To test the validity of these hypotheses, an interface was designed, using fuzzy command grammars, that is consistent, context-dependent, user-sensitive, adaptive, and responsive in interactions; and provides user and system initiated help; and that reduces unnecessary interruptions in dialogues by error correction. Experimental results indicate that a fuzzy command grammar is a viable alternative for designing such interfaces. >
Neutron diffraction and reflectivity studies of the Cr Néel transition in Fe/Cr (001) superlattices

Abstract The effects on the interlayer coupling of the Cr Neel transition is studied in Fe/Cr(001) superlattices. The Neel transition is suppressed for Cr layer thickness 42 A of Cr, the Neel temperature TN initially increases rapidly and then asymptotically approaches its bulk value with a three-dimensional transition-temperature shift exponent value of λ = 1.4 ± 0.3. Neutron diffraction confirms both the Cr antiferromagnetic order and the existence of the incommensurate, transverse spin density wave whose nesting wave vector is the same as that of bulk Cr. The ordering of the Cr dramatically alters the coupling of the Fe layers. The biquadratic Fe interlayer coupling observed for T > TN vanishes below TN as confirmed by polarized neutron reflectivity. The behavior can be understood in terms of finite-size and spin frustration effects at rough Fe-Cr interfaces.
Superspace versions of topological theories

Abstract The topological Yang-Mills theory and the topological sigma model are presented in a superspace formulation. This greatly simplifies the field content of the theories, and makes the Q -invariance more obvious. The Feynman rules for the topological Yang-Mills theory are derived. We calculate the one-loop β-functions of the topological sigma model in superspace. The lattice version of these theories is presented. Unfortunately, the self-duality constraints of both models lead to spectrum doubling.
Solid tumor models for the assessment of different treatment modalities: XXVI. Estimates of cell survival from tumor growth delay after alternating radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

Abstract The doubling time (Td) for hepatoma 3924A in ACI rats is relatively constant between different treatments when growth resumes after treatment with either chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Adbantage was taken of this to estimate the fraction of surviving cells (SF) from in vivo growth delay (GD) data using the expression SF=12GDTd. Survival curves were constructed for several recently published treatment schedules which employed alternating radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and for both daily and multiple fractions per day (MFD) radiation schedules. A doubling time of 5.2 days was assumed, in the range observed for control and regrowing treated tumors, which yields one surviving cell at the TCD 37 (3650 cGy single dose). The single fraction, multi-target, single hit model, SF=1 − (1 − e−DD0)n with D 0 = 406 cGy and n=1.63 is a reasonable representation of the data over the dose range 375–2250 cGy. The D 0 of 406 cGy should be considered as a relative, not absolute value which is dependent on the radiosensitivity of the tumor cells and the accuracy of the doubling time, but is useful in relating the single dose data to more complex radiation schedules. Using D 0 = 406 cGy, n=1.63, and f=number of fractions, the multi-fraction, multi-target, single hit model SF=(1 − [1 − e−DD0]n)f closely fits our data for 30 daily fractions given at 100 to 375 cGy/day for total radiation doses of 3000 to 11,250 cGy. The fraction of surviving cells for daily radiation alternated with three courses of cyclophosphamide (CP) was in good agreement with an additive effect of the two modalities at radiation doses of 3000 to 5640 cGy. Multiple fractions per day radiation given as 250 cGy fractions was more effective than predicted by the model both when given alone or alternately with cyclophosphamide.
Fear inhibition and species specific defense reaction termination may contribute independently to avoidance learning

Abstract A series of three experiments was conducted to test the proposal of Cicala and Owen ( Learning and Motivation , 1976 , 7, 356–367) that warning signal termination reinforces avoidance learning by permitting fear to dissipate and that a feedback signal reinforces avoidance learning through conditioned inhibition of fear. A CER procedure with a second-by-second analysis was used to measure fear elicitation and fear reduction following classical conditioning or avoidance training. The results show that a feedback signal produces rapid and marked fear reduction, suggesting an inhibitory process. Although warning signal termination produced fear reduction, the slowness of this process suggests fear dissipation and not an inhibitory process. The combination of both events reduced fear no more effectively than a feedback signal alone. It is suggested that warning signal termination is effective in some avoidance learning situations not because it reduces fear, but possibly because it helps terminate an avoidance response that closely resembles a species specific defense reaction.
Suture Anchor Repair of Ulnar-Sided Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Tears

Traditional open repair of traumatic triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) tears requires a relatively extensive exposure, and arthroscopic repair, though conceptually simple, can be technically demanding. We describe a mini-open suture anchor technique that, while minimally invasive, is easier to perform than previously described open or arthroscopic techniques. Results achieved using this technique in eight cases compare favourably with those reported for other techniques.
Detection of adenovirus using PCR and molecular beacon

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a molecular beacon probe were used for the detection of Adenovirus. A 307 bp DNA fragment from a conserved region of the hexon gene was amplified. The specific molecular beacon was characterized with respect to its efficiency of quenching, and signal to noise ratio by spectrofluorometric analysis of its hybridization with virus specific complementary single stranded oligonucleotide target. Amplification was carried out in the presence of the molecular beacon probe, and the amplified target was detected by measurement of fluorescence signal in the post PCR sample. Separately, a 32P-labeled linear probe (having the same sequence as that of molecular beacon probe) was liquid-phase hybridized with the product of PCR performed in the absence of the molecular beacon. The virus specific target was then detected by electrophoresis of the hybridized product in a nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel and subsequent autoradiographic analysis. The detection limit of adenovirus by PCR in the presence of the molecular beacon probe was found to be similar to that obtained by labeled linear probe hybridization following PCR.
Mothers/fighters/citizens: violence and disillusionment in post-war El Salvador.

This article explores post-war El Salvador as characterised by disillusionment in the nation's neoliberal rebuilding project. A key part of my argument is that this disillusion-ment is gendered. Specifically, I focus on a spectrum of gendered experiences and responses to social and inter-personal violence in El Salvador's recent history. Is there a relationship between wartime political violence, continued processes of exclusion (i.e. education, healthcare, housing), and post-war waves of domestic violence, youth violence and ‘random’ violence? While some scholars posit questions regarding Salvadoran toler-ance to violence through time, I tackle this question by focusing on emerging criticisms of El Salvador's post-war reconciliation. I privilege a focus on the everyday and people's ambiguities as they deal with political change and a neoliberal economy that marginalises the rural sector. In particular, I argue for placing many rural women's stories of gender-based violence, their assertions of an embodied vulnerability and daily insecurity, within a political economic understanding of the contradictions of El Salvador's peace and nation-building project. Through a series of ethnographic examples based on seventeen months of research in a former warzone, I suggest that a daily and gendered violence is rendered invisible. My aim is to theorise a range of women's and men's losses and to impart the urgency of their narratives that problematise assumptions of what constitutes pain, sorrow and the challenges of war-torn life. This is an attempt to write outside privileged texts that ask subaltern women to speak in a collective voice and articulate their past loss and future hopes. In doing so, I discuss methodology and historicise my own fraught positioning as an international witness/researcher at a very particular moment of El Salvador's transition to democracy.
Associations Between Two Bottomland Hardwood Forest Shrew Species and Hurricane-Generated Woody Debris

Abstract We investigated associations between soricids and coarse woody debris (CWD) in bottomland hardwood forests impacted by Hurricane Hugo. The objectives were to evaluate CWD loadings at three forests disturbed by Hurricane Hugo, monitor soricid captures at these forests, and identify habitat associates of soricids Pitfall traps were used to sample soricids from January 2002–December 2003, and habitat parameters (CWD, vegetation, soils, and microsite) surrounding pitfalls were sampled. We found CWD volume was significantly higher at study sites that experi enced highest hurricane wind speeds. Captures of soricids were highest in forests with high CWD loadings, and regression models associated soricids with log cover and CWD volume. Sorex longirostris (southeastern shrew) was associated with logs in an advanced state of decay and woody litter. Blarina carolinensis (southern short tailed shrew)was associated with log cover and leaf-litter cover. Soricid captures also increased with close proximity of C...
Simultaneous measurement of viscosity and structure for rod-like micelle solutions

Abstract We present a study of rod-like micelle solutions in which we measure the viscosity as a function of shear while monitoring the microstructure with small-angle neutron scattering. These rod-like micelles can grow and break instantaneously in equilibrium or under shear without changing their radius. The system slightly below the overlap concentration c ∗ goes through a phase transition at a certain critical shear rate at which point both the viscosity and the structure undergo a dramatic change. In contrast, above c ∗ such transitions have not been observed.
Agricultural Technology and the Distribution of Welfare Gains

ITTLE is known about how technology is generated in agriculture and how technological improvements affect different sectors of society both within and outside of agriculture. This becomes apparent after one reads two excellent survey papers by Nadiri [15] and Kennedy and Thirlwall [13] on technological change. It appears that relatively little theoretical and empirical work has been done on the welfare or income distributional effects of technological change. This is unfortunate, for a considerable amount of research funds are spent each year by both private and public institutions to develop new technologies for agriculture. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the welfare implications of different types of technological advances in agriculture. The welfare gains and losses are "technologically specific." Also, the distribution of welfare gains from technological change depends critically on the industrial structure of the farm firms and the input suppliers to these firms.
Visual exploration of emotional facial expressions in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with impairments in facial emotion recognition as well as visual and executive dysfunction. We investigated whether facial emotion categorization impairments in PD are attributable to visual scanning abnormalities by recording the eye movements of 16 non-demented PD and 20 healthy control (HC) participants during an emotion recognition task. We examined the influence of several factors that can affect visual scanning, including oculomotor, basic visual, and cognitive abilities (executive function). Increases in the number and duration of fixations in the top regions of surprise facial expressions were related to increases in recognition accuracy for this emotion in PD participants with left-sided motor-symptom onset. Compared to HC men, HC women spent less time fixating on fearful expressions. PD participants displayed oculomotor abnormalities (antisaccades), but these were unrelated to scanning patterns. Performance on visual measures (acuity, contrast sensitivity) correlated with scanning patterns in the PD group only. Poorer executive function was associated with longer fixation times in PD and with a greater number of fixations in HC. Our findings indicate a specific relation between facial emotion categorization impairments and scanning of facial expressions in PD. Furthermore, PD and HC participants' scanning behaviors during an emotion categorization task were driven by different perceptual processes and cognitive strategies. Our results underscore the need to consider differences in perceptual and cognitive abilities in studies of visual scanning, particularly when examining this ability in patient populations for which both vision and cognition are impaired.
Synthetic Protection Short Interfering RNA Screen Reveals Glyburide as a Novel Radioprotector

Abstract To assist in screening existing drugs for use as potential radioprotectors, we used a human unbiased 16,560 short interfering RNA (siRNA) library targeting the druggable genome. We performed a synthetic protection screen that was designed to identify genes that, when silenced, protected human glioblastoma T98G cells from γ-radiation-induced cell death. We identified 116 candidate protective genes, then identified 10 small molecule inhibitors of 13 of these candidate gene products and tested their radioprotective effects. Glyburide, a clinically used second-generation hypoglycemic drug, effectively decreased radiation-induced cell death in several cell lines including T98G, glioblastoma U-87 MG, and normal lung epithelial BEAS-2B and in primary cultures of astrocytes. Glyburide significantly increased the survival of 32D cl3 murine hematopoietic progenitor cells when administrated before irradiation. Glyburide was radioprotective in vivo (90% of C57BL/6NHsd female mice pretreated with 10 mg/kg gly...
What was Contemporary Art

This article contributes to a recent debate around the question “What Is Contemporary Art?” It brings into discussion certain key aspects of the activities of the Soros Centers for Contemporary Art...
Potassium catalysis in air gasification of cellulosic chars

Cellulosic chars containing calcium have been prepared from carboxymethyl cellulose in the calcium form and from pure cellulose containing sorbed calcium acetate, at several heat treatment temperatures (HTTs) in the range 400–900°C. The chars have been gasified in air at 300°C. The results indicated a general decrease in reactivity with increasing HTT. However, instead of a monotonic decrease in reactivity reported previously for coal chars containing indigenous or added calcium, the reactivity versus HTT curve consisted of three distinct regions which probably reflect the transformations being undergone by the catalyst species on increasing the HTT. Crystalline CaO was detected by XRD only in chars heated to 1000°C, at which temperature the catalyst was no longer effective. The relationships between gasification rate and catalyst concentration and also mode of addition have been determined using chars of HTT 600°C. As found by earlier workers with some coal chars, the rate reached a maximum with increasing calcium content and then declined. Chars containing sorbed calcium showed a relatively early decline of rate. They also showed less reactivity than the chars containing ion-exchanged calcium at all calcium concentrations.
Computation of Compression Loads in Twin Screw Compressors

The compression mechanism in a twin screw compressor consists of two helical rotors. In this work, a method is presented for computing the forces and moments induced on each rotor due to gas compression. These are defined as the compression loads. The helical rotor surfaces are defined by the end profiles, wrap angle and rotor length. The 3D surface of each rotor is mapped to 2D integration regions. These regions correspond to the surfaces associated with individual compression chambers. The compression loads are computed by integrating the chamber pressure over the rotor surfaces. The integrals are evaluated at incremental values of the rotor angular position. The method is presented and implemented for a specific compressor configuration. The compression loads are resolved to forces at the bearing locations. These bearing forces are presented for operating pressures which represent an under-pressure condition. A frequency analysis demonstrates the rich frequency content of the bearing forces due to the sharpness of the compression loads as a function of the rotor angular position. In addition, it is demonstrated that the moment load about the axis of rotation induced on the female is approximately 12 percent of that induced on the male. Therefore, the female rotor motion approaches that of an idler gear.
Electronic structure of CaCuO2, parent of the high-Tc superconductors

Abstract Well converged local spin density approximation (LSDA) based electronic structure calculations are reported for CaCuO 2 . As in the case of undoped La 2 CuO 4 a paramagnetic metallic ground state is found in disagreement with experiment. Calculations, in which staggered magnetic fields were applied to the Cu ions are also found to give an incorrect ground state. On the other hand calculations performed using a modified exchange correlation potential with an enhanced anisotropy in the Cu spheres yield an antiferromagnetic insulating ground state.
Natural materials: Armoured oyster shells

The remarkable properties of a bivalve shell that enable it to protect the animal against its predators could inspire the design of new lightweight armour materials.
Stress Experienced by Guatemalan–Mayan Immigrants

A S THE FACE of the United States changes and Hispanics make up the largest minority group (U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 & 2008), the use of the label other Hispanic comes into question as an expression of cultural insensitivity contributing to health disparities. In South Florida, “other Hispanics” are the fastest growing population group, and members have high occurrence of mental health disorders including substance use (Eisenman, Gelberg, Liu & Shapiro, 2007; Turner & Gil, 2002). Stress is an underlying factor associated with both substance use (Quintero, Lilliot, & Willging, 2007) and minority status (Choi, Meininger & Roberts, 2006). This pilot study was conducted to describe the experience of stress for a group often categorized as “other Hispanic” Guatemalan–Mayan immigrants. This study was planned to provide a foundation for further research about the stress–substance use connection for this population.
THE INFLUENCE OF INTRAVENOUSLY ADMINISTERED SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN RABBITS

A study was made of the relationship of blood lipids to the development of experimental atherosclerosis. Rabbits fed a diet containing cholesterol were found to develop hyperlipemia characterized by a great increase in blood cholesterol and a much lesser increase in blood phospholipids; after several weeks they manifested conspicuous atherosclerosis of the aorta, as has often been observed by others. Comparable rabbits fed the same diets containing added cholesterol were given in addition repeated intravenous injections of the surface-active agents Tween 80 and Triton A20; these animals developed hyperlipemia which was characterized by a great increase in blood cholesterol and an equivalent or even greater increase in phospholipids, and they had much less atherosclerosis than did the control rabbits fed cholesterol alone. In further experiments it was observed that repeated intravenous injections of Tween 80 did not result in resorption of previously induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. The findings are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of natural and experimental atherosclerosis.
Hypercryogenic Detector-Fet Unit--Core of High-Resolution Spectrometer

A hypercryogenic high-resolution x-ray and ?-ray spectrometer is described. The spectrometer consists of a lithium-drifted germanium detector and a germanium-junction field-effect transistor (JFET) preamplifier. The detector is operated at its optimum temperature, which is in the range of 10-30° K. The JFET's are operated at liquid helium temperature. This results in 0.28 keV FWHM preamplifier resolution with a slope of 0.018 keV/pF. Resolutions of the order of 0.4 keV are obtained with low capacitance detectors for low-energy x rays. The ? rays of 57Co are measured with 0.68 keV FWHM. The described spectrometer was used to study some aspects of the trapping effects in germanium detectors.
Effective protection in the presence of joint production

This paper analyzes the measurement of effective protective rates when there is joint production. It shows that special attention is required when tradables are jointly produced with non‐tradables, and especially when there are significant changes in the prices of non‐tradables. Input‐output formulas for the Balassa and Corden methods are provided.
Dexamethasone and betamethasone protect against lipopolysaccharide-induced brain damage in neonatal rats.

Dexamethasone and betamethasone protect against lipopolysaccharide-induced brain damage in neonatal rats
Multi-Scalar Large Institutional Networks in Regional Planning

Over the past century, metropolitan regions have become the dominant economic units in global society. The multiple networks of organizations that govern growth in metropolises extend far beyond the geographic bounds of any particular region, and involve multiple levels of government. Large institutional networks are the emerging form of these multi-scalar interactions. That metropolitan region planning institutions are comprised of this new composite, termed multi-scalar large institutional networks (MSLIN), has implications for theory, practice, and research, because they evolve, learn, and act on emergent phenomena and via emergent processes in extraordinarily complex and dynamic settings in ways radically distinct from individual organizations and institutions. This article assesses institutional theory in this framework by examining metropolitan infrastructure planning in Madrid, Barcelona, and San Diego.
Structure, function, and control of neutrophil proteinases

Elastase and cathepsin G are two of the major enzymes present in and secreted by human neutrophils. These proteinases can rapidly degrade connective tissue proteins. However, they also may be involved in other processes, including the activation or inactivation of protein hormones and the inactivation of plasma proteinase inhibitors. Neutrophil elastase has been implicated in the development of pulmonary emphysema, although a function for cathepsin G has not yet been elucidated. Both enzymes are normally tightly controlled by plasma proteinase inhibitors. However, this proteinase-proteinase inhibitor balance can be perturbed in favor of free enzyme by several methods, with resulting tissue damage. The use of inhibitors from several sources should be helpful in augmenting natural levels so that homeostasis can be maintained.
Devaluation: a dynamical mechanism for a naturally small cosmological constant

We propose a natural solution to the cosmological constant problem consistent with the standard cosmology and successful over a broad range of energies. This solution is based on the existence of a new field, the devaluton, with its potential modeled on a tilted cosine. After inflation, the universe reheats and populates the devaluton's many minima. As the universe cools, domain walls form between different regions. The domain wall network then evolves and sweeps away regions of higher vacuum energy in favor of lower energy ones. Gravitation itself provides a cutoff at a minimum vacuum energy, thus leaving the universe with a small cosmological constant comparable in magnitude to the present day dark energy density.
Development of an animal model for organic dust toxic syndrome

AbstractAn animal model for organic dust toxic syndrome (ODTS) was developed using the guinea pig. Animals were exposed to airborne cotton dust at 78–33 mg m−3 for 6 h. A febrile response of 1.1–1.5°C occurred by 5 h and lasted for several hours. Concurrent with this response was a change in pulmonary function, which consisted of rapid, shallow breathing with airflow limitation during exhalation. Evaluation of bronchoal-veolar lavage indicated a neutrophilic inflammation of the lung and increased amounts of tumor necrosis factor None of the above changes was found in a control group of animals exposed under the same conditions to cellulose dust at 41 mg m−3. The animal model thus displayed the distinguishing characteristics of ODTS, that is, a febrile reaction and a neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation. As such, the model has the potential to contribute toward increased understanding of the mechanism of this disorder and the etiologic agents causing response.
Rapid assay brain natriuretic peptide and troponin I in patients hospitalized with decompensated heart failure (from the Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness Trial).

Rapid-assay biomarkers may predict outcomes in patients with decompensated heart failure (HF). This study assessed whether rapid-assay B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and troponin I predicts length of stay and mortality and correlates with pulmonary artery catheter (PAC)-derived hemodynamics in patients hospitalized with acute HF. There were 141 nonconsecutive patients in this prospective cohort study of the Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness (ESCAPE), a randomized trial testing PACs in 433 patients with severe decompensated HF. Biomarkers were drawn at baseline and discharge and when the first, second, and final hemodynamics were obtained in 69 patients randomly assigned to PACs. Cox analysis was used to model mortality, length of stay, and rehospitalization, and Pearson's correlations were used to describe the relation among BNP, troponin I, and PAC-derived hemodynamics. The median (25th percentile, 75th percentile) BNP levels were 783 pg/ml (329, 1,565) at baseline and 468 pg/ml (240, 946) at discharge. After treatment for HF, the median BNP level decreased by 144 pg/ml (-653, 55; p = 0.004). Patients with baseline BNP levels >1,500 pg/ml had greater mortality at 6 months and almost twice the length of stay as patients with BNP levels 1,500 pg/ml had greater mortality and longer length of stay than patients with BNP <500 pg/ml. BNP decreased after hospitalization, but correlated modestly with PAC-derived hemodynamics. Rapid-assay BNP may provide information that helps physicians decide when to pursue more aggressive and invasive therapies.
Frequency of mitral valve prolapse in systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis and mixed connective tissue disease

Abstract Although various connective tissue diseases have been cited as secondary causes of mitral valve prolapse (MVP), conflicting information exists concerning the frequency of MVP in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), progressive systemic sclerosis and mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). 1–6 This study determines whether MVP occurs with disproportionately high frequency in patients with these connective tissue diseases.