cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Buried source-side injection (BSSI) for flash EPROM programming

A flash-EPROM cell structure that can be programmed at low drain voltages and low power is disclosed. The new element in the device structure is the incorporation of buried junction at the source side where the high electric field region is established during programming. The cell is programmed by hot-electron injection at the source side and erased by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling at the drain side. Typical programming time of 10 mu s/byte can be accomplished with 3.5 V on the drain junction. The structure can be built with the standard EPROM technology and can offer advantages in low-voltage power supply systems such as portable and notebook computers. >
Activities of Trovafloxacin Compared with Those of Other Fluoroquinolones against Purified Topoisomerases and gyrA and grlA Mutants of Staphylococcus aureus

Frequencies of mutation to resistance with trovafloxacin and four other quinolones were determined with quinolone-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus RN4220 by a direct plating method. First-step mutants were selected less frequently with trovafloxacin (1.1 x 10(-10) at 2 to 4x the MIC) than with levofloxacin or ciprofloxacin (3.0 x 10(-7) to 3.0 x 10(-8) at 2 to 4x the MIC). Mutants with a change in GrlA (Ser80-->Phe or Tyr) were most commonly selected with trovafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, or pefloxacin. First-step mutants were difficult to select with sparfloxacin; however, second-step mutants with mutations in gyrA were easily selected when a preexisting mutation in grlA was present. Against 29 S. aureus clinical isolates with known mutations in gyrA and/or grlA, trovafloxacin was the most active quinolone tested (MIC at which 50% of isolates are inhibited [MIC(50)] and MIC(90), 1 and 4 microg/ml, respectively); in comparison, MIC(50)s and MIC(90)s were 32 and 128, 16 and 32, 8 and 32, and 128 and 256 microg/ml for ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, and pefloxacin, respectively. Strains with a mutation in grlA only were generally susceptible to all of the quinolones tested. For mutants with changes in both grlA and gyrA MICs were higher and were generally above the susceptibility breakpoint for ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, and pefloxacin. Addition of reserpine (20 microg/ml) lowered the MICs only of ciprofloxacin fourfold or more for 18 of 29 clinical strains. Topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase genes were cloned from S. aureus RN4220 and from two mutants with changes in GrlA (Ser80-->Phe and Glu84-->Lys). The enzymes were overexpressed in Escherichia coli GI724, purified, and used in DNA catalytic and cleavage assays that measured the relative potency of each quinolone. Trovafloxacin was at least five times more potent than ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, or pefloxacin in stimulating topoisomerase IV-mediated DNA cleavage. While all of the quinolones were less potent in cleavage assays with the altered topoisomerase IV, trovafloxacin retained its greater potency relative to those of the other quinolones tested. The greater intrinsic potency of trovafloxacin against the lethal topoisomerase IV target in S. aureus contributes to its improved potency against clinical strains of S. aureus that are resistant to other quinolones.
Experimental ecology of Dryas octopetala ecotypes : IV. Fitness response to reciprocal transplanting in ecotypes with differing plasticity.

Growth, survival and reproduction of adult plants from three reciprocally-transplanted populations of Dryas octopetala were followed over a seven year period, from 1979 to 1986. The two most different ecotypes, from snowbed and fellfield environments, were strongly selected against in extreme foreign environments via differential growth, survival, and reproduction. The more phenotypically-plastic ecotype from the snowbed experienced rapid, early mortality on the fellfield, prior to morphological adjustment, but no mortality in the last five years of the experiment. The less plastic fellfield ecotype showed no mortality for the first three years followed by a steady decline in numbers for the next four years. The ecotypic difference in plasticity may account for the contrasting mortality patterns. A population of plants with intermediate morphology was intermediate in fitness in extreme environments, but showed no superiority in its home site, suggesting that it is not a locally-adapted population. Natural selection maintains genetic differences between snowbed and fellfield populations in the face of gene flow. However, based on the response of intermediates, there appear to be limits to the degree to which selection can fine-tune adaptation along environmental gradients.
Health Behavior, Quality of Work Life, and Organizational Effectiveness in the Lumber Industry

A major incentive for work-site health promotion activities has been the promise of increased company profitability. Some critics have challenged the economic argument based on distal outcomes such as increased employee longevity and less morbidity later in life. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between employee health behavior, quality of work life, and proximal organizationally valued outcomes. Data were collected from a stratified random sample of employees working at Pacific Lumber Company (N = 146), the largest single-site lumber mill in California. Although employee sleep patterns predicted health care utilization and psychological well-being, for the most part employee health behaviors were not strong predictors of proximal organizational effectiveness factors. However, quality-of-work-life factors significantly predicted organizational commitment, absenteeism, and tardiness frequency. The findings suggest the value of improving the system of work in which employees are embedded as part of comprehensive work-site health promotion efforts.
Cost-effectiveness of using 2 vs 3 primary doses of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Although effective in preventing pneumococcal disease, 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) is the most expensive vaccine on the routinely recommended pediatric schedule in the United States. We examined the cost-effectiveness of switching from 4 total doses to 3 total doses by removing the third dose in the primary series in the United States. METHODS: We used a probabilistic model following a single birth cohort of 4.3 million to calculate societal cost savings and increased disease burden from removing the 6-month dose of PCV13. Based on modified estimates of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine from randomized trials and observational studies, we assumed that vaccine effectiveness under the 2 schedules is identical for the first 6 months of life and largely similar after administration of the 12- to 15-month booster dose. RESULTS: Removing the third dose of PCV13 would annually save $500 million (in 2011$) but would also result in an estimated 2.5 additional deaths among inpatients with pneumonia or invasive pneumococcal disease. Such dose removal would also result in 261 000 estimated otitis media and 12 000 estimated pneumonia cases annually. These additional illnesses could be prevented through modest increases in coverage. Overall, societal savings per additional life-year lost would be ∼$6 million. When nonfatal outcomes are also considered, savings would range from $143 000 to $4 million per additional quality adjusted life-year lost, depending on the assumptions used for otitis media. CONCLUSIONS: Sizable societal cost savings and a moderate pneumococcal disease increase could be expected from removing the PCV13 primary series’ third dose. * Abbreviations: IPD — : invasive pneumococcal disease OM — : otitis media PCV7 — : 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PCV13 — : 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine QALY — : quality adjusted life-year
A Review of HIV Prevention Studies that Use Social Networking Sites: Implications for Recruitment, Health Promotion Campaigns, and Efficacy Trials

This review describes the use of social networking sites (SNS) in the context of primary prevention of HIV. A review was conducted to assess the published literature for HIV interventions using SNS. Sixteen articles describing twelve interventions were included. SNS were instrumental in recruiting hard-to-reach populations within a short amount of time; were able to reach wide audiences beyond the targeted population for HIV prevention campaigns; and helped to significantly reduce sexual risk behaviors and increase HIV testing. SNS are a viable option to recruit hidden populations, engage the target audience, and disseminate HIV prevention messages. Researchers should use SNS to generate sampling frames that can be used to select participants. Practitioners should use SNS to post images of preventive behavior within health promotion campaigns. Researchers should use multiple SNS platforms to engage participants. As more studies are published using SNS for HIV prevention, meta-analyses will be needed.
Tailored Organic Electro-optic Materials and Their Hybrid Systems for Device Applications†

Recent development of tailored organic electric-optic (OEO) materials and their applications in hybrid device systems has been reviewed. Hybrid systems encompass the optical and/or electrical components that form intimate contact with OEO materials, such as metal oxide barrier layers, solution processable passive waveguides, silicon nanoslots, and photonic CMOS chips, etc. These systems offer unique advantages combining excellent properties and simple processing for advanced photonic device platforms. Examples include the demonstration of low-Vπ and low-loss EO modulators in hybrid polymer sol−gel waveguides, CMOS-compatible hybrid polymer/silicon slotted waveguides, and EO polymer-clad silicon nitride ring resonator modulators. This review also provides a future prospect for the development of OEO materials and their hybrid systems.
Kinetics of Adsorption of Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl on Copper Surfaces and Implications for the Atomic Layer Deposition of Thin Solid Films

The kinetics of the thermal chemistry of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl on copper surfaces was followed by infrared absorption spectroscopy analysis of the gas surrounding the substrate. Dissociative adsorption of the MeCpMn(CO)3 precursor was seen at low temperatures, below 400 K, and was determined to occur via the initial loss of a single carbon monoxide ligand. Full decarbonylation was observed starting at a surface temperature of approximately 510 K, and full decomposition of the Mn precursor was seen to be complete by 540 K. All these transitions were determined to occur at temperatures at least 100 K lower than those reported on silicon oxide surfaces. Comparison with reference spectra afforded the identification of the main hydrocarbon product as a mixture of methylcyclopentadiene isomers. Isothermal measurements of MeCpMn(CO)3 partial pressure versus reaction time highlighted a deviation from first-order kinetics, an effect associated with changes in surface reactivity. A self-limit...
PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION FROM FEMORAL APPROACH BY RADIAL EXPERTS IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES: A META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS

Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) demonstrated that trans-radial access (TRA), particularly if performed by radial expert, decreased major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) and mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). As a
Residual Activity of Insecticides Under Field Conditions for Controlling the Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Data are presented on the residual activity of several insecticides against the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), when applied to potato foliage under field conditions. Treated foliage was returned to the laboratory and fed to early (first and second), third, and fourth instars and adults. Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. tenebrionis (M-One) caused 85% mortality of early instars at 1 h after application, and < 5% at 48 h. B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis (M-Trak) caused 90% mortality of early instars at 1 h and 20% at 72 h. Oxamyl (Vydate) + endosulfan (Thiodan) caused 98% mortality of early instars at 1 h and 15% at 48 h. Esfenvalerate (Asana) caused 78% mortality of early instars at 1 h and 30% at 48 h. Cryolite (Kryocide) caused 100% mortality of early instars at 1 h and 90% mortality after 96 h.
The [MoFe3S4]2+ oxidation state: synthesis, substitution reactions, and structures of phosphine-ligated cubane-type clusters with the S=2 ground state.

The cluster [(Tp)MoFe(3)S(4)(PEt(3))(3)](1+) containing the cubane-type [MoFe(3)(μ(3)-S)(4)](2+) reduced core undergoes facile ligand substitution reactions at the iron sites leading to an extensive set of mono- and disubstituted species [(Tp)MoFe(3)S(4)(PEt(3))(3-n)L(n)](1-n) with L = halide, N(3)(-), PhS(-), PhSe(-), R(3)SiO(-), and R(3)SiS(-) and n = 1 and 2. Structures of 10 members of the set are reported. For two representative clusters, Curie behavior at 2-20 K indicates a spin-quintet ground state. Zero-field Mossbauer spectra consist of two doublets in a 2:1 intensity ratio. (57)Fe isomer shifts are consistent with the mean oxidation state Fe(3)(2.33+) arising from electron delocalization of the mixed-valence oxidation state description [Mo(3+)Fe(3+)Fe(2+)(2)]. Reaction of [(Tp)MoFe(3)S(4)(PEt(3))(2)Cl] with (Me(3)Si)(2)S affords [(Tp)MoFe(3)S(4)(PEt(3))(2)(SSiMe(3))], a likely first intermediate in the formation of the tricluster compound {[(Tp)MoFe(3)S(4)(PEt)(2)](3)S}(BPh(4)) from the reaction of [(Tp)MoFe(3)S(4)(PEt(3))(3)](BPh(4)) and NaSSiMe(3) in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The tricluster consists of three cluster units bound to a central μ(3)-S atom in a species of overall C(3) symmetry. Relatively few clusters in the [MoFe(3)S(4)](2+) oxidation state have been prepared compared to the abundance of clusters in the oxidized [MoFe(3)S(4)](3+) state. This work is the first comprehensive study of the [MoFe(3)S(4)](2+) state, one conspicuous feature of which is its ability to bind hard and soft σ-donors and strong to weak π-acid ligands. (Tp = tris(pyrazolyl)hydroborate(1-)).
Mammary Growth in Hypophysectomized Male Mice Receiving Estrogen and Prolactin.

SummaryThe mammary rudiments grew in hypophysectomized male mice receiving either of 2 purified preparations of prolactin and estrogen. The injection of these preparations of prolactin alone was not followed by mammary growth.
Equilibrium Composition of Partial Esters of Polyol Mixtures

Partial esters of lauryl alcohol ethylene glycol mixtures were analyzed as model compounds to study the equilibrium composition of partial esters of polyol mixtures. It was proved that the equilibrium constant of relative esterifying abilities between hydroxyl groups of ethylene glycol and lauryl alcohol had a definite value, and that the equilibrium compositions were followed by oriented statistical distribution. After discussions on the relative esterifiability value, a calculating method of equilibrium constant from relative esterifiability value, and a general calculating method of composition of partial esters of complex polyol mixtures were proposed.
Abstract 4956: Regulation of anoikis by DBC1 (Deleted-In-Breast Cancer 1) through NF-kB

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Cancer cells that undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) evade anoikis, apoptosis induced by detachment from extracellular matrix. The mechanism of anoikis-resistance is an area of ongoing research. The gene Deleted in Breast Cancer 1, DBC1, is found in chromosomal region 8p21, which is deleted in some breast cancers, while several other cancers show DBC1 overexpression. DBC1 interacts with various proteins, such as SIRT1, ERα, RARα and SUV39H1 in a cancer context dependent manner. We found that depletion of DBC1 sensitized MCF10-A mammary epithelial cells to anoikis both in two-dimensional and three dimensional culture models. This effect was also observed in several breast cancer cell lines. Microarray analysis showed that DBC1 regulates the level of the c-FLIP in MCF10a cells, which was confirmed by RT-PCR. In addition, real time PCR studies showed that DBC1 induces other NF-kB transcription factor target genes such as Bcl2 and XIAP, some of which are known suppressors of anoikis. Luciferase assays demonstrated that DBC1 induces NF-kB transcriptional activity. NF-KB is a transcription factor that regulates genes involved in inflammatory response, cell survival and death. We found, through the use of the NF-kB inhibitors BAY 117082 and curcumin, that NF-kB suppressed anoikis. Conversely, SIRT1 –a deacetylase that inhibits NF-kB and that is itself inhibited by DBC1– promoted anoikis. The pathway in which DBC1 regulates anoikis through NF-κB will be further investigated in the future, with a view toward understanding the role of DBC1 in modulating the inflammatory signaling pathways that control anoikis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4956. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4956
Gamble on gaze: Eye movements reflect the numerical value of blackjack hands

We used a novel task-a blackjack game that naturally involves mental summation of numerical values-to investigate the role of attention in the mental number line (MNL) and to provide insight into the ecological validity of this representational format. By analyzing the spatial position of participants' spontaneous, task-irrelevant eye movements, we avoided some of the limitations of previous research on the MNL, in which the findings could be attributed to task-specific factors such as the use of overt spatial cues. In two experiments, we found that eye movements along the horizontal axis reflected the overall numerical value of participants' hands, with smaller-value hands eliciting fixations toward the left of the screen and larger-value hands eliciting fixations toward the right. This pattern held even when controlling for the number of cards in the hand and the value of the card most recently dealt-suggesting that the effects were driven by mental summation of values, not merely by the processing of serial order or individual numbers. Vertical eye movements, in contrast, reflected hand value less reliably. In showing that spontaneous eye movements along the horizontal axis track the magnitude of internally computed sums in an ecologically relevant task, our findings provide evidence for a dynamic MNL that supports magnitude-driven shifts of attention and that may be recruited during everyday forms of numerical reasoning.
The Buddha Imaging of the Ancient India and its Origin

The Buddha images in ancient India originated from and developed in two aspects: Gandhara style and Mathura style. They both belonged to ancient Indian' s Imaging. The spread of Greek culture brought by Alexander expedition had a great impact on Gandhara. It was the first one to have been influenced by the .Greek modeling art. Mathura images directly adopted the images of folk yaksha (a malevolent spirit), revealing a kind of localized and ethic form. The imaging and the caste system advocated by the Brahmanism in Ancient Indian existed long. There was a set of systematic rules that differeciated and decided people's fate, nobility and humbleness, wisdom and stupidity, etc. Borrowing from imaging's "Great People Images," Buddha images developed "32 Imaging" and"80 Details" poising rules.
Can we teach psychiatric residents to rate seizure regularity

Despite recent advances in electroconvulsive therapy, clinicians still lack a reliable marker of treatment adequacy. Electroencephalographic (EEG) seizure morphology has been proposed as such a marker. However, the reliability of seizure ratings has not been assessed. We present the results of a study that examined how readily psychiatric residents could be taught to rate seizure morphology using a seizure regularity scale. We found that trainees could reliably rate seizure regularity and were particularly adept at discerning highly regular seizures from irregular ones. We believe that establishing reliable human scoring for electroconvulsive therapy seizure regularity justifies the position that human inspection of the ictal EEG should always complement computer analyses of seizure morphology.
Distributed cooperative state estimation for dynamically changing networked navigation

In this paper, two new Cooperative Kalman-Bucy filters are derived using the matrix theoretic consensus based approach to cooperative control. The first is a centralized design of Cooperative Kalman-Bucy filter for which stabilizing and optimal gains are found to minimize error state covariance. Further, a distributed design of Cooperative Kalman-Bucy filter is also proposed by explicitly accounting for available information. Both designs of the proposed new Cooperative Kalman-Bucy filter can be applied to a team of heterogeneous time-varying systems within an incomplete, unidirectional communications network, and the overall estimation performance is superior to individual Kalman filters as long as better sensors are located at globally reachable nodes.
Disodium hydrogen citrate sesquihydrate, Na2HC6H5O7(H2O)1.5.

The crystal structure of disodium hydrogen citrate sesquihydrate, 2Na2+·C6H6O72−·1.5H2O, has been solved and refined using laboratory X-ray single-crystal diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. The asymmetric unit contains two independent hydrogen citrate anions, four sodium cations and three water molecules. The coordination polyhedra of the cations (three with a coordination number of six, one with seven) share edges to form isolated 8-rings. The un-ionized terminal carb­oxy­lic acid groups form very strong hydrogen bonds to non-coordinating O atoms, with O⋯O distances of 2.46 A.
Pharmacology: Cultural and Genetic Considerations

For most of the twentieth century, a “one-size-fits-all” approach to medication safety and efficacy was the norm, with little attention paid to whether diversity existed in the human response to medication. More recently, legislation in the United States has sought to increase the diversity of human subjects in medical trials, while research advances have allowed scientists to map the human genome. These advances have changed our appreciation of the relevance of cultural factors in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. It now appears that both cultural/environmental factors and genetic vulnerability are necessary for many illnesses to occur and can significantly impact the interaction between the body and drugs when patients undergo treatment. Provision of appropriate pharmacological (medication) treatment for an individual requires a broad definition of, and understanding of, culture, which includes concepts such as age, race, gender, sexuality, size, health status, dietary preferences, alternative or home health remedies, use of tobacco or substances, exposure to pollutants, and history of trauma and stress. Research on health disparities has also widened our understanding of the role of implicit bias in the clinician-patient interaction and its impact on health outcomes. This chapter provides an overview of concepts relevant to the emerging understanding of culture, genetics, and pharmacology. The first section focuses on the interaction of drugs and the body by exploring examples of research in the areas of pharmacogenomics, population medicine, and the interaction of environmental factors with medications and FDA box warnings that have resulted from this research. In the second section, factors relevant to decision making by patients and providers are explored: implicit bias in the patient-provider interaction, clinician genetic competency, and legislation which protects against genetic discrimination. A case scenario is also provided. The examples chosen for this chapter represent some of the innovative ways in which modern science is bridging differences by expanding our knowledge of the interaction between medication and the human body across diverse genetic and cultural groups. These efforts are giving clinicians and patients new tools as they work together toward the goal of optimal health outcomes.
Prospective study of neuropathic pain after definitive surgery for extremity osteosarcoma in a pediatric population.

Background Neuropathic pain (NP) after definitive surgery for extremity osteosarcoma (OS) has not been previously characterized. This study prospectively investigates the incidence, duration, and treatment of NP in limb sparing surgery and amputation groups. Procedure In patients treated for OS on a chemotherapy and definitive surgery (limb sparing vs. amputation) protocol (OS08), we prospectively collected the following data: (i) demographical data (age, sex, race); (ii) NP time of onset and duration; and (iii) dose (starting, maximum) and duration of gabapentin, amitriptyline, and methadone treatment. Results Thirty-seven patients underwent 38 definitive surgeries: limb sparing (26, 68.4%) or amputations (12, 31.6%). Localization included lower extremity (30, 81%), upper extremity (6, 16%), or pelvis (1, 3%). Thirty patients (81%) developed NP and 26 of them required NP-specific medications (87.7%). The mean [standard deviation (SD)] duration of NP was 6.5 weeks (7.2) (median 4.4, range 0.3–29.9). All 26 patients (27 surgeries) treated with NP medications received gabapentin, either as single therapy (65.4%) (17 patients, 18 surgeries), dual therapy with gabapentin and amitriptyline (five patients), or triple therapy with gabapentin, amitriptyline, and methadone (four patients). The mean starting (maximum) doses of gabapentin, amitriptyline, and methadone (mg/kg/day) were 20.2 (43.8), 0.5 (0.7), and 0.3 (0.3), respectively. The incidence and duration of NP, duration of treatment, and NP-specific dose regimens were similar in the limb sparing and the amputation groups. Conclusions NP after definitive surgery for OS is frequently encountered, can persist for a significant time, and NP outcomes are similar in limb sparing and amputation groups.
Store-operated Ca2+ channels in human glomerular mesangial cells

Experiments were performed to identify the biophysical properties of store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOC) in cultured human glomerular mesangial cells (MC). A fluorometric technique (fura 2) was util...
Copulas and Association

A copula is a function of two variables which couples a bivariate distribution function to its marginal distribution functions. In doing so the copula captures certain nonparametric aspects of the relationship between the variates, from which it follows that measures of association and positive dependence concepts are properties of the copula. In this paper we survey results relating copulas to Spearman’s rho and Kendall’s tau for a variety of bivariate distributions, and we also show that certain positive dependence concepts (positive quadrant dependent, right tail increasing, left tail decreasing, and stochastically increasing) can be interpreted as simple geometric properties of the copula.
Moving to Proactive Cyber Threat Intelligence

Introduction Cybersecurity is often referred to as offense dominant,meaning that the domain generally favors the attacker [67, 65]. The reasoning behind this is simple: a successful defense must block all pathways to a system while a successful attack requires only one. As the old hacker adage goes: “the defender must always be right—the attacker only needs to be right once.” This notion of an offense dominant cybersecurity stems directly from “best practices” in the field. These methods primarily rely on technical measures to improve defense. Traditionally these have included variations on patch management, firewall usage, intrusion detection, and antivirus. However, an adversary particularly keen on gaining access to a system can study such defenses with the goal of finding the gaps. These actions are not limited to nation states or large criminal enterprises. The community of malicious hackers is a key enabler for these activities. While important, technical defense measures alone are unlikely to halt attackers and the offense will have the advantage in this case. This chapter explores the use of cyber threat intelligence to address this problem. By gaining insights on the adversary's behavior, we can better address the offense-dominant problem inherent in cybersecurity. The new market for cyber threat intelligence has emerged in recent years due to the realization that technical defensivemeasures, by themselves, are insufficient to address cybersecurity. Consider the Threat Central to the idea of cyber threat intelligence (in its current incarnation) is the sharing of information on the latest observed threats. Such data may be collected by a third party (i.e., a company that specializes in incident response or network monitoring), shared directly between organizations, or shared through a group of organizations (i.e., the various Information Sharing and Analysis Centers or ISACs). Certainly, distribution in a manner that best maximizes such information sharing while respecting the privacy of organizations and individuals is a key concern here, as is the role of government in such arrangements. These are some of several short-term problems that are being addressed by threat intelligence firms today: big data management; identification of attack patterns; sanitization/dissemination of information; knowledge extraction; and others. However, these are all relatively short-term problems. This chapter focuses on a larger, more systemic issue with cyber threat intelligence as it stands today: the vast majority of it is inherently reactive.
Revaloración del concepto del honor en el teatro español del Siglo de Oro

reassessed taking into consideration anthropological, civil, legal, lexical, moral, philosophical, theological and psychological aspects. An application of this refurbished concept follows, wherein the idea of honor as a social concept and as a moral attribute clash in three villein plays: Pedro Calderon de la Barca’s The Mayor of Zalamea ( El alcalde de Zalamea ) and Lope de Vega’s All Citizens Are Soldiers ( Fuenteovejuna ), and Peribanez and the Comendador of Ocana ( Peribanez y el Comendador de Ocana ).
Mapping PROMIS Global Health Items to EuroQol (EQ-5D) Utility Scores Using Linear and Equipercentile Equating

Mapping Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System–Global Health (PROMIS-GH) to EuroQol 5-dimension, three-level version (EQ-5D-3L) provides a utility score for use in quality-of-life and cost-effectiveness analyses. In 2009, Revicki et al. mapped the PROMIS-GH items to EQ-5D-3L utilities using linear regression (REVReg). More recently, regression was shown to be ill-suited for mapping to preference-based measures due to regression to the mean. Linear and equipercentile equating are alternative mapping methods that avoid the issue of regression to the mean. Another limitation of the prior models is that ordinal predictors were treated as continuous. Using data collected from the PROMIS Wave 1 sample, we refit REVReg, treating the PROMIS-GH items as categorical variables (CATReg). We applied linear and equipercentile equating to the REVReg model (REVLE, REVequip) and the CATReg model (CATLE, CATequip). We validated and compared the predictive accuracy of these models in a large sample of neurological patients at a single tertiary-care hospital. In the neurological disease patient sample, CATLE produced the strongest correlations between estimated and observed EQ-5D-3L scores and had the lowest mean squared error. The CATequip model had the lowest mean absolute error and had estimated scores that best matched the overall distribution of observed scores. Using linear and equipercentile equating, we created new models mapping PROMIS-GH items to EQ-5D-3L utility scores. EQ-5D-3L utility scores can be more accurately estimated using our models for use in cost-effectiveness studies or studies examining overall health-related quality of life.
Reducing State Anxiety Using Working Memory Maintenance

The purpose of this protocol is to explain how to examine the relationship between working memory processes and anxiety by combining the Sternberg Working Memory (WM) and the threat of shock paradigms. In the Sternberg WM paradigm, subjects are required to maintain a series of letters in the WM for a brief interval and respond by identifying whether the position of a given letter in the series matches a numerical prompt. In the threat of shock paradigm, subjects are exposed to alternating blocks where they are either at risk of receiving unpredictable presentations of a mild electric shock or are safe from the shock. Anxiety is probed throughout the safe and threat blocks using the acoustic startle reflex, which is potentiated under threat (Anxiety-Potentiated Startle (APS)). By conducting the Sternberg WM paradigm during the threat of shock and probing the startle response during either the WM maintenance interval or the intertrial interval, it is possible to determine the effect of WM maintenance on APS.
Safeguarding the Heart in High School

(1931). Safeguarding the Heart in High School. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 16-47.
Collaboration, Intervention, Compensation, and Ethics

The chapter turns to interpersonal and ethical issues in visual psychological anthropology (VPA), self-reflexively using the Afflictions films as examples. First addressed are models of collaboration with filmmakers, professionals, and local colleagues in the field; next come interactions with and impacts on film participants. The authors question academic and personal outcomes of using VPA; whether or not participation in VPA could be considered “therapeutic”; and how to approach covering long-debated issues of compensation and intervention. The subsequent ethical discussion follows American Anthropological Association guidelines. Topics covered include the expression of these in VPA, and how to adhere to them when conducting research in contexts of violence and trauma; the complexity of obtaining true consent from film participants who are also friends and who may be at times compromised due to mental illness; shifting motivations for participation and the way off-screen relationships impact filmmaking process and final choices made in film.
Multimorbidity and Polypharmacy in Family Medicine Residency Practices

Background: Prescription-related problems among older adults have been of great interest. However, few data are available regarding the prevalence of these problems in US family medicine residency ...
Dichotomizing Network Data Can Change The Meaning of Actor Centrality

This paper explores the consequences of calculating actor centrality-how connected actors are to the other members of a larger group-with dichotomized network data. I argue that the meaning of acto...
Maintenance Human Factors: A Brief History

Publisher Summary This chapter chronicles the 20-plus year journey of the community of operators, regulators, and researchers who embarked upon the task of identifying critical human factors of maintenance and inspection, establishing a database and research tools, and developing practical strategies for reducing the risks of maintenance and inspection errors. It takes a historical perspective, developing a timeline that is largely driven by key events such as accidents and regulatory/government actions and initiatives. The first part covers 1988 through 1999 and the second part 2000 through 2008. Much like the field of human factors in general, maintenance human factors issues will persist but will shift form as the workforce, workplace, regulations and resources change. Therefore it is crucial to keep the knowledge base active and growing, and to be sure that the maintenance community has a voice in the aviation safety enterprise. We should not need another accident to remind us that promoting the effective management of maintenance error enhances safety of flight.
Improving surgical residents' communication in disclosing complications: A qualitative analysis of simulated physician and patient surrogate conversations.

Abstract Background In this study, we explore surgical resident communication with simulated patient surrogates (SPs), in an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). Methods We use discourse analysis (DA), a qualitative approach to analyzing language, to evaluate our residents' interactions with simulated patient surrogates. After identifying problematic communication patterns, we apply communication theory to discuss our findings and provide suggestions for improvement. Results Residents consistently use bluntness, defined as delivering the news abruptly and without adequate preface, and evasiveness, defined as avoiding giving the news, to deliver difficult information. In addition, some residents use neutral language when empathetic language is warranted; and some try to direct the response of SPs, who then become defensive. Residents use evasiveness most frequently, followed by bluntness. These delivery methods often result in poor communication. Conclusions We recommend further research in barriers to effective resident communication with patients, as well as future research on the positive effects of good communication on patient perception. Learning these skills will help residents to convey support and empathy to patients, thereby enhancing care.
Global Information Technologies : Ethics and the Law

Below are the principal features of Global Information Technologies: Ethics and the Law: (1) This book employs clear, accessible language to apply ethics, law, and technologies to the most contemporary dilemmas confronting information age professionals. (2) The book introduces five alternative ethical perspectives and applies them, in every chapter, to contemporary and future disputes, created by the rapid advances in information technology. (3) This text provides an in-depth exploration and analysis of how ethical issues impact legal decisions, statutes, and public policy. (4) Many computer ethics books present brief case synopses, but no other computer ethics book demonstrates the correlation between law and ethics in such compelling case studies. (5) This book includes the hottest topics in computer law and ethics: computer security, data protection, electronic monitoring of email and Internet usage, open source contracts, computer viruses, hacking, privacy, Internet security, cybercrimes, cyberbullying, intellectual property law developments, domain names/trademark conflicts, and software patents. (6) We introduce key global legal developments in every chapter such as the rules of cross-border jurisdiction, choice of law, the EU’s 2018 General Data Protection Regulation, Safe Harbor 2.0 enabling data transfers to the U.S., the Unfair Contract Terms Directive, and Moral Rights. (7) Textboxes in every chapter call students’ attention to case studies, documents from official sources, and recent legal developments. Pictures, tables, and charts help make this book accessible. (8) With a unique blend of ethical theories, legal cases, application, and public policy, each chapter underscores why an understanding of legal and ethical principles is critically important for success in the information technology field. Each chapter presents multinational cases that highlight contrasting legal and ethical perspectives across the globe. (9) Students learn that computer science is not purely a technical field, but requires professionals who can grasp and apply moral, legal and social implications to resolve rapidly evolving dilemmas. (10) Classroom-tested study and discussion questions are presented at the end of each chapter. (11) A book website with PowerPoints for each chapter, sample examination questions, and a 350-page glossary of legal and ethical terms used in the book will be provided to aid the instructor and students. Our online instructors’ guide contains a list of useful websites, suggestions for further reading, and resources for effectively using this book.
Recurrent inhibition of mitochondrial complex III induces chronic pulmonary vasoconstriction and glycolytic switch in the rat lung

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a fatal disease; however, the mechanisms directly involved in triggering and the progression of PAH are not clear. Based on previous studies that demonstrated a possible role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of PAH, we investigated the effects of chronic inhibition of mitochondrial function in vivo in healthy rodents. Right ventricle systolic pressure (RVSP) was measured in female rats at baseline and up to 24 days after inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory Complex III, induced by Antimycin A (AA, 0.35 mg/kg, given three times starting at baseline and then days 3 and 6 as a bolus injection into the right atrial chamber). Rodents exposed to AA demonstrated sustained increases in RVSP from days 6 through 24. AA-exposed rodents also possessed a progressive increase in RV end-diastolic pressure but not RV hypertrophy, which may be attributed to either early stages of PAH development or to reduced RV contractility due to inhibition of myocardial respiration. Protein nitration levels in plasma were positively correlated with PAH development in AA-treated rats. This finding was strongly supported by results obtained from PAH humans where plasma protein nitration levels were correlated with markers of PAH severity in female but not male PAH patients. Based on previously reported associations between increased nitric oxide production levels with female gender, we speculate that in females with PAH mitochondrial dysfunction may represent a more deleterious form, in part, due to an increased nitrosative stress development. Indeed, the histological analysis of AA treated rats revealed a strong perivascular edema, a marker of pulmonary endothelial damage. Finally, AA treatment was accompanied by a severe metabolic shift toward glycolysis, a hallmark of PAH pathology. Chronic mitochondrial dysfunction induces the combination of vascular damage and metabolic reprogramming that may be responsible for PAH development. This mechanism may be especially important in females, perhaps due to an increased NO production and nitrosative stress development.
The Ongoing Transformation of the McDonald’s Logo: A Semiotic Perspective

AbstractThis paper examines the ongoing transformation of the McDonald’s logo. The objective is to achieve a fuller understanding of the meanings that the logo has embodied for McDonald’s identity, mission, and relationships, as well as the messages that the logo conveys to viewers. The semiotic framework used in this analysis is Peirce’s (1958 [1931]) semiotic model, composed of a three-part model of signification: the representamen (the sign itself), the object (or “referent” – what the sign refers to), and the interpretant (the effect on the viewer). A chief conclusion of this analysis is that the communicative purpose of McDonald’s, through its logo, has taken a long time to build and is “evolutionary” in nature.
Transformation of Escherichia coli by Recombinant Plasmid Replicons Constructed in Vitro

Treatment of Escherichia coli with calcium chloride renders this bacterial species competent for transfection by purified bacteriophage DNA (Mandel and Higa, 1970) and for transformation by plasmid (Cohen et al., 1972) or E. coli chromosomal (Cosloy and Oishi, 1973; Wackernagel, 1973) DNA. Transformation of E. coli by plasmid DNA, which unlike chromosomal DNA does not require a recipient strain defective in the recBC nuclease, has proved to be a useful tool for investigating the genetic and molecular properties of discrete plasmid species, and for introducing nonconjugative Plasmids into specific E. coli hosts in the absence of transducing phage or conjugally proficient transfer plasmids (Cohen et al., 1972; Cohen and Chang, 1973; van Embden and Cohen, 1973; Lederberg et al., 1973; Guerry et al., 1974; Oishi and Cosloy, 1974).
A Higher-Order Type-Theoretic Language

Our goal in this chapter is to describe a language, which we will call Ltype, that is an extension of L1 but contains an infinite number of syntactic categories. In order to smooth the transition to Ltype, we first digress to make a slight notational reformulation of the syntactic rules of L1, keeping the expressive power of the language the same as in L1 but introducing some of the notational devices that will be needed for Ltype.
Wind and Wind Fluctuations

Wind is one of the fundamental aspects of man’s environment. In many ways, it is vital to our existence: it diffuses and removes local concentrations of pollutants and transports substances vital to life; it redistributes latent and sensible energy which fuel our weather systems; and historically it has been important as an energy source, both on land and sea. At the same time, its capacity for destruction is immense. Hurricanes, tornadoes, and fohn winds are some of the more obvious manifestations of its destructive fury, but even more commonplace storms can inflict considerable damage if the design or construction of structures does not adequately take into account the forces inflicted by the wind. In the following paragraphs, I shall describe the forces that produce and dissipate winds, the character of its essential turbulence, its variation with height and wave number, its frequency distribution, and its effects on structures.
A Near-Wall Turbulence Model for Flows with Different Prandtl Numbers

Near-wall turbulence models for the velocity and temperature fields based on the transport equations for the Reynolds stresses, the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy and the temperature variance and its dissipation rate are formulated for flows with widely different Prandtl numbers. Conventional high-Reynolds-number models are used to close these equations and modifications are proposed to render these modeled equations asymptotically correct near a wall compared to the behavior of the corresponding exact equations. Thus formulated, the models are used to calculate flows with different wall thermal boundary conditions covering a wide range of Prandtl numbers. Comparisons with measurements and direct simulation data show that correct near-wall asymptotic behavior is recovered for the mean properties and the turbulence statistics. Furthermore, the results are in good agreement with measurements over the range of Prandtl numbers investigated.
Feature Fusion Models for Deep Autoencoders: Application to Traffic Flow Prediction

ABSTRACTDue to reduction in dimensionality and extraction of the definitive features of input data, deep architectures have achieved significant success in various machine learning applications. Co...