cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase: evolution as a distinct group within the histidine phosphatase family and chromosomal localization of the human and mouse genes to chromosomes 10q23 and 19.

Abstract Multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase is the only enzyme known to hydrolyze the abundant metabolites inositol pentakisphosphate and inositol hexakisphosphate. We have previously demonstrated that the chick homolog of multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase, designated HiPER1, has a role in growth plate chondrocyte differentiation. The relationship of these enzymes to intracellular signaling is obscure, and as part of our investigation we have examined the murine ((MMU)Minpp1) and human ((HSA)MINPP1) homologs. Northern blot analysis demonstrated expression of ((MMU)Minpp1in a variety of mouse tissues, comparable to the expression of other mammalian homologs, but less restricted than the expression ofHiPER1in chick. A purified (MMU)Minpp1 fusion protein cleaved phosphate from inositol (1,3,4,5)-tetrakisphosphate andpara-nitrophenyl phosphate. When the presumptive active site histidine was altered to alanine by site-directed mutagenesis, enzyme activity was abolished, confirming the classification of (MMU)Minpp1 as a histidine phosphatase. The amino acid sequences of the murine and human MINPP proteins share >80% identity with the rat enzyme and >56% identity with HiPER1, with conservation of the C-terminal consensus sequence that retains proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. The intron/exon structure of the mammalian (MMU)Minpp1and (HSA)MINPP1genes is also conserved compared to the chickHiPER1gene. Sequence analysis of plant and fruit fly MINPP homologs supports the hypothesis that the MINPP enzymes constitute a distinct evolutionary group within the histidine phosphatase family. We have mapped (HSA)MINPP1to human chromosome 10q23 by fluorescencein situhybridization, YAC screening, and radiation hybrid mapping. This assignment places (HSA)MINPP1in a region of chromosome 10 that is frequently mutated in human cancers and places (HSA)MINPP1proximal to the tumor suppressorPTEN,which maps to 10q23.3. Using a radiation hybrid panel, we localized (MMU)Minpp1to a region of mouse chromosome 19 that includes the murine homolog ofPten.The evolutionary conservation of this novel enzyme within the inositol polyphosphate pathway suggests a significant role for multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase throughout higher eukaryotes.
Regeneration of fertile Arachis paraguariensis plants from callus and suspension cultures

Highly morphogenic callus cultures were isolated from stamens of a wild peanut species, Arachis paraguariensis. These cultures were initiated on modified N6 medium containing 0.2 mg1l-1 4amino-3,5,6-trichloro-picolinic acid (picloram) and 0.5 mg l-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and were maintained on modified N6 medium with 0.008 mg l-1 picloram and 0.25 mg l-1 BAP. Buds formed on the calli growing on the maintenance medium developed into shoots when they were transferred to a MS salts based medium with no hormones. The cultures could also be maintained as a suspension culture in N6 liquid medium. When cell clumps larger tham 840 μm were collected from the suspension culture and transferred to MS medium without hormones, they formed shoots in liquid culture. Root formation rarely occurred in agar or liquid cultures. Therefore, grafting to stems of rooted seedlings was used to obtain plants from regenerated shoots. Eight out of 50 field grown plants produced viable seed.
Through the Eyes of Friends: An Investigation of School Context and Cross-Racial Friendships in Racially Mixed Schools

Racially mixed schools are important because they affect the distribution of academic achievement, racial attitudes, subsequent social and economic outcomes of students, and patterns of residential integration. The purpose of this article is to capture and describe the role that adolescent friendships play in the educational and social experiences of students enrolled in racially mixed, or desegregated, schools. Based on qualitative analysis that includes semi-structured, in-depth interviews of female adolescents from middle school to high school, this study provides the practice- and policy-based implications of cross-racial friendships.
Effect of exfoliation on the electrical resistivity of intercalated graphite

Abstract Exfoliation of graphite-bromine was found to increase the a-axis electrical resistivity (ϱa) by a factor of 230 and decrease the c-axis electrical resistivity (ϱc) by a factor of 20, so that the anisotropy in the electrical resistivity ϱc/ϱa) decreased by a factor of 5 × 104. During heating of graphite-bromine, ϱc first increased slightly and then decreased abruptly upon exfoliation. During subsequent cooling, ϱc increased abruptly upon collapse of the exfoliated structure. The c-axis electrical resistance did not vary much with temperature upon exfoliation or collapse.
The direction of tensile strain and the “roping” phenomenon in ferritic stainless steels

Recent observations that rolling direction surface striations are generated by tensile elongation transverse to the rolling direction have cast doubt on the validity of the plastic buckling model for roping in ferritic stainless steels. Moreover, these observations are seemingly incompatible with the transverse cross section undulations which characterize the roping morphology. To clarify this situation, detailed profilometric evaluations have been performed on roping prone type 434 stainless steel strip elongated at angles of 0, 30, 45, 60 and 90 deg to the rolling direction. In all cases, light surface striations were produced parallel to the rolling direction. However, the amplitude of the characteristic cross section undulation was quite dependent on the tensile strain axis orientation. The undulation or corrugation amplitude was greatest for tensile elongation in the rolling direction and decreased as the tensile axis diverged from the rolling direction to a point where noundulations were apparent for the case of tensile elongation transverse to the rolling direction. Thus, it is concluded that the acceptibility of the plastic buckling model is not called to question by the results of tensile elongation transverse to the rolling direction and that roping, in the general sense, is not developed by such transverse elongation. The compatibility of the plastic buckling model with observed corrugation development upon 45 deg extension is demonstrated.
Brown and the politics of equality

Forty years afterBrown v. Topeka Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court's decision declaring de jure segregated schools unconstitutional, we are still seeking the full implementation of that decree. Most Americans accepted limited implementation ofBrown, and the degree of acceptance is split along racial lines. Racial dialogue has changed. White Americans, who control the desegregation process, develop integration plans to their advantage. School integration was not implemented until after passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and peaked in 1972. Today, school integration is declining due to a backlash, changing demographics, and declining resources. However,Brown was a success because it rid the country of legalized state segregation by race in education and in other areas of public policy. The Court could merge the equality standards ofPlessy v. Ferguson and the integration standards ofBrown to give us quality integrated education.
A design language for analog circuits

Even though analog circuit and simulation technology came first, the computer-aided design and simulation of digital circuitry is more mature. This flourishing state of affairs can be traced in part to two digital hardware description languages, VHDL and Verilog, which have fostered interchangeable designs and interoperable design and analysis tools. The same route is worth following in the analog realm. Analog circuits are increasing in number and complexity, especially in communications products and the importance of analyzing analog side-effects in high-speed digital circuits is growing rapidly. Both developments call for more highly integrated analog computer-aided design tools and hence for an analog hardware description language. Here, the author describes how interchangeable models, reliable simulation, and vendor convergence are on the horizon for analog and mixed-signal IC designers.
Ethanol as an inducer of UDP-glucuronyltransferase: a comparison with phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene induction in rabbit hepatic microsomes.

Summary In this report we have examined the ability of ethanol to induce UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity in male rabbits using p -nitrophenol as substrate. The rabbit was found to be an excellent species for studies of ethanol induction since almost 3-fold increases in activity were observed relative to controls. Ethanol induction of p -nitrophenol UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity was even greater than induction by 3-methylcholanthrene, the prototypic inducer of this type of activity. Thus, the rabbit shows promise for studies of UDP-glucuronyltransferase isozymes that are induced by chronic ethanol consumption.
Fate of renal allografts transplanted in patients with urinary diversion

Fifty-five kidneys were transplanted into 50 patients with supravesical urinary diversion at 16 transplant centers between 1970 and 1991. Of the 32 males and 18 females, 40 were adults (> or = 18 years) and 10 were less than 18 years old at the time of first transplant. Mean follow-up was 7.8 years. At last follow-up, 94% of recipients were alive and 73% of the kidneys were functioning. Fifteen kidneys were lost: 9 to rejection, 3 to noncompliance, and 3 patients died with a functioning kidney. Ten (18%) transplants were followed by surgical complications. Twenty-four (44%) were followed by medical complications of which urinary tract infection was most common. Recipients age 18 or younger had more urinary tract infections than older patients. No patient had urinary stones and no patient required medical treatment for metabolic abnormalities. We conclude that drainage of kidney transplants into a supravesical urinary diversion is an effective treatment for end-stage renal disease patients without adequate urinary bladders.
The Influence of Season and Phenology on Freezing Tolerance in Silene acaulis L., a Subarctic and Arctic Cushion Plant of Circumpolar Distribution

Abstract Changes in the freezing tolerance for Silene acaulis L., a subarctic and arctic species of circumpolar distribution, were examined to understand the extent of cold hardening and dehardening that occurs seasonally and with changes in plant phenology. Shoots of whole plants collected on a mountain ridge near Tromso, Norway (69° N, 700 m above sea level) were frozen under controlled conditions at cooling rates of 3 to 4°C h -1 . The extent of freezing-induced injury was examined both by chlorophyll fluorescence and by visual inspection with a microscope. A freezing tolerance level of -30°C was observed in mid-winter, based on a 50% lethal point for freezing injury. Loss of cold hardiness was substantial in mid-summer, with freezing tolerance of -8·5 to -9°C observed in mid-July. Plants still covered by snow in mid-July had a freezing tolerance of -12·5 to -13°C. The maintenance of a basic level of freezing tolerance throughout the summer may be adaptive in the northern latitude-regions because of the occurrence of episodic frosts during the growing season.
Predictors of burden among lower socioeconomic status caregivers of persons with chronic mental illness

This study uses a stress-coping-support framework to examine the predictors of caregiver burden with a sample of 103 lower social class family caregivers of persons with chronic mental illness. Results of multiple regression analyses show that the greater the frequency of client behavioral symptoms and the lower the amount of perceived support from family members, the higher the level of overall caregiver burden. Examination of the predictors of specific types of burden-family disruption, stigma, strain, and dependency-reveal that different constellations of variables predict different types of burden. The need for mental health agencies to address caregiver and client concerns is addressed. Implications are presented for practice and future research.
Investigational drugs under development for the treatment of PTSD

Introduction: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent, chronic and disabling anxiety disorder that may develop following exposure to a traumatic event. There is currently no effective pharmacotherapy for PTSD and therefore the discovery of novel, evidence-based treatments is particularly important. This review of potential novel treatments could act as a catalyst for further drug investigation.Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss the heterogeneity of PTSD and why this provides a challenge for discovering effective treatments for this disorder. By searching for the neurobiological systems that are disrupted in individuals with PTSD and their correlation with different symptoms, the authors propose potential pharmacological treatments that could target these symptoms. They discuss drugs such as nabilone, d-cycloserine, nor-BNI, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone and oxytocin (OT) to target systems such as cannabinoids, glutamate, opioids, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the OT receptor, re...
Inhibition of A-Type Potassium Current by the Peptide Toxin SNX-482

SNX-482, a peptide toxin isolated from tarantula venom, has become widely used as an inhibitor of Cav2.3 voltage-gated calcium channels. Unexpectedly, we found that SNX-482 dramatically reduced the A-type potassium current in acutely dissociated dopamine neurons from mouse substantia nigra pars compacta. The inhibition persisted when calcium was replaced by cobalt, showing that it was not secondary to a reduction of calcium influx. Currents from cloned Kv4.3 channels expressed in HEK-293 cells were inhibited by SNX-482 with an IC50 of <3 nm, revealing substantially greater potency than for SNX-482 inhibition of Cav2.3 channels (IC50 20–60 nm). At sub-saturating concentrations, SNX-482 produced a depolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of activation of Kv4.3 channels and slowed activation kinetics. Similar effects were seen on gating of cloned Kv4.2 channels, but the inhibition was less pronounced and required higher toxin concentrations. These results reveal SNX-482 as the most potent inhibitor of Kv4.3 channels yet identified. Because of the effects on both Kv4.3 and Kv4.2 channels, caution is needed when interpreting the effects of SNX-482 on cells and circuits where these channels are present.
Single event transient pulse width measurements in a 65-nm bulk CMOS technology at elevated temperatures

Soft errors are fast becoming a significant reliability issue for advanced technologies due to lower drive currents and higher operating frequencies. Single-event transients (SETs), a precursor for soft errors, show a strong dependence on operating temperature. In this work, heavy-ion induced SET pulse widths measured in a 65-nm bulk CMOS technology at temperatures ranging from 25° to 100° C with an autonomous SET capture circuit are presented. Experimental results for SETs induced in an inverter chain indicate an increase in average SET pulse width as a function of operating temperature. Unique SET test structures were also designed to differentiate between SETs induced in an nMOS transistor and those induced in a pMOS transistor. SET widths induced in a pMOS transistor increase more with temperature than SETs induced in an nMOS transistor.
Electron, hydride, and fluoride affinities of silicon-containing species: computational studies.

The distance dependence of silicon substitution on the electron affinity (EA) of carbon radicals has been studied using computational methods in SiH3(CH2)nCH2 (A) and SiH2F(CH2)nCH2 (B). Large EAs result when n = 0 for both A and B. The result for A is compared with the experimental EA value of (CH3)3SiCH2. Similar comparisons with known EAs (CH3 and SiH3) establish the validity of the computational approach. Fluorine substitution in SiH2FCH2 is consistent with other fluorine substitution effects. When n > 1, the anions of both A and B cyclize to pentacoordinate structures in which silicon has trigonal bipyramidal geometry. The corresponding EA values raise important questions about computed EAs that result from profound geometry changes between radicals and anions. Anions that have not cyclized give rise to EA values more easily interpreted. Such results, combined with computations of vertical attachment energies, indicate that the EA values of A and B attenuate rapidly for n > 1, quickly approaching tha...
Pregnancy outcomes associated with intrauterine growth restriction.

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to examine the incidence of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and neonatal outcomes of pregnancies delivered from 26 to 41 weeks' gestation. Study Design: A retrospective review of a linked database of all deliveries in California in 1994 through 1996 that were reported to the Office of Statewide Health and Planning Development. Material and methods: A database of maternal and neonatal discharge summaries linked to birth and death certificates were examined for gestational age at delivery, diagnosis of IUGR, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), length of stay, and hospital charges (CHA). More than 1.4 million singleton deliveries were examined by week of gestation and separated into the presence or absence of IUGR and then examined for adverse neonatal outcomes. Results: The frequency of IUGR was increased in the preterm newborn infants compared with those at 40 weeks' gestation (26 = 8.9%, 27=7.7%, 28=9.8%, 29=10.5%, 30=12.3%, 31=9.1%, 32=7.5%, 33=6.6%, 34=5.6%, 35=5.0%, 36=4.4%, 37=3.7%, 38=2.3%, 39=1.5%, 40=1.1%). Up to 28 weeks' gestation, the incidence of RDS was higher for infants without IUGR compared with infants with IUGR (not significant). Starting at 29 weeks' gestation, RDS was higher for infants with IUGR. Initially not significant, this difference was statistically significant starting from 34 weeks. The findings were similar for IVH, NEC, and length of stay. The threshold at which the relationship between the presence of IUGR and the outcome flipped was 30, 28, and 29 weeks, whereas significance was observed at 34, 35, and 30 weeks, respectively. CHA were always higher for those patients with IUGR but became significantly higher after 29 weeks. Conclusion: IUGR was increased with prematurity and may represent an important risk factor to check for in women who present with preterm labor. Prematurity associated with adverse neonatal outcomes (RDS, IVH, NEC, CHA) were largely unaffected by IUGR until the third trimester. From then on, all adverse outcomes were increased compared with normally grown premature infants, suggesting a need for closer surveillance for IUGR in the third trimester. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:1596-1601.)
Wilms' tumour and parental age : a report from the National Wilms' Tumour Study

Age distributions of parents at birth of patients registered in the National Wilms' Tumour Study were compared to those of the general population. An increasing incidence of sporadic Wilms' tumour with increasing paternal age was found, with a relative risk of 2.1 of tumour in children of fathers over 55 compared to children of fathers younger than 20. A similar effect for maternal age was found, with a relative risk of 1.4 in children of mothers over 40 compared to children of mothers younger than 20. The maternal age effect was much weaker among patients registered later in the study; in the later, more completely ascertained cohort, paternal age appears to be the major contributor to the parental age effect. Little difference in paternal age distribution was found between patients with bilateral and unilateral tumour and between male and female patients. In contrast, patients with reported associated congenital anomalies, patients with evidence of nephrogenic rests, and patients with early or late age-of-onset of tumour had parents who were, on average, substantially older than the remainder. These findings lend support to the idea that many Wilms' tumours result from new germline mutations. Further, the histologic composition of such tumours may be sufficiently distinct as to provide a valuable diagnostic indicator of the etiology of these tumours.
DESIGN AND CHEMICAL VAPOR-DEPOSITION OF GRADED TIN/TIC COATINGS

Abstract Gradient materials offer the possibility of tailoring properties between a substrate and a functional surface. Continuously graded coatings based on the Ti-C-N system were designed and synthesized in a computer-controlled, hot-wall chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor at 1400 K and a total pressure of 10.7 kPa. In order to define processing parameters, Ti(C, N) monolithic coatings with C/C + N ratios in the range 0–1 were first deposited on a graphite substrate under the same conditions. The C/C + N ratio and the growth rate of the coatings increased with increasing CH 4 /CH 4 + N 2 ratio. The compositions of the monolithic coatings determined by X-ray diffraction were found to be between the thermodynamic and the kinetic predictions. These morphological, kinetic and compositional data were used to synthesize graded coatings with linear or exponential concentration profiles. The compositional profiles deduced from Auger line scans were found to be in good agreement with the designed profiles.
Gastrointestinal hormone secretion after surgery in neonates with congenital intestinal anomalies during starvation and introduction of enteral nutrition

Background/Purpose: Gastrointestinal hormones modulate gut function in response to enteral nutrition. Infants with a congenital intestinal anomaly with loss of bowel length either pre-or postnatal, who are on total parenteral nutrition for prolonged periods after surgery, are especially prone to a disturbed secretion of gut hormones. The aim of this study was to determine whether circulating gut hormones were altered in these patients and to collect baseline data for future studies in short bowel patients using different enteral substrates. Methods: Gastrin, cholecystokinin, and peptide YY were measured in 14 operated neonates who had a congenital intestinal anomaly during starvation and introduction of enteral nutrition. None of the neonates had a short bowel. Fourteen neonates who underwent surgery for other major congenital anomalies served as age-matched controls. Gut hormones were measured with radioimmunoassays. Results: Postprandial gut hormone values were higher than basal gut hormone values within both groups. Compared with the controls, postprandial gastrin and cholecystokinin were significantly higher in the patients. Conclusions: Neonates with a congenital intestinal anomaly in the absence of a short bowel have a similar secretion pattern of gastrointestinal hormones as neonates with a structurally normal intestinal tract, both during starvation and enteral nutrition.
Hand2 is required in the epithelium for palatogenesis in mice.

The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor Hand2 has been implicated in the development of multiple organs, including craniofacial organs. Mice carrying Hand2 hypomorphic alleles (Hand2LoxP/−) display a cleft palate phenotype. A specific deletion of the Hand2 branchial arch-specific enhancer also leads to a hypoplastic mandible and cleft palate formation in mice. However, the underlying mechanism of Hand2 regulation of palate development remains unknown. Here we show that Hand2 is expressed in both the epithelium and mesenchyme of the developing palate. While mesenchymal specific inactivation of Hand2 has no impact on palate development, epithelial specific deletion of Hand2 creates a cleft palate phenotype. Hand2 appears to exert distinct roles in the anterior and posterior palate. In the anterior palate of Hand2LoxP/− mice, premature death of periderm cells and a down-regulation of Shh are observed in the medial edge epithelium (MEE), accompanied by a decreased level of cell proliferation in the palatal mesenchyme. In the posterior palate, a lower dose of Hand2 causes aberrant periderm cell death on the surface of the epithelium, triggering abnormal fusion between the palatal shelf and mandible and preventing palatal shelf elevation. We further demonstrate that BMP activities are essential for the expression of Hand2 in the palate. We conclude that Hand2 is an intrinsic regulator in the epithelium and is required for palate development.
Young children's conceptualization of pretense: action or mental representational state?

A growing body of research indicates that children do not understand mental representation until around age 4. However, children engage in pretend play by age 2, and pretending seems to require understanding mental representation. This apparent contradiction has been reconciled by the claim that in pretense there is precocious understanding of mental representation. 4 studies tested this claim by presenting children with protagonists who were not mentally representing something (i.e., an animal), either because they did not know about the animal or simply because they were not thinking about being the animal. However, the protagonists were acting in ways that could be consistent with pretending to be that animal. Children were then asked whether the protagonists were pretending to be that animal, and children tended to answer in the affirmative. The results suggest that 4-year-olds do not understand that pretending requires mental representation. Children appear to misconstrue pretense as its common external manifestations, such as actions, until at least the sixth year.
Social Determinants of Racial Prejudice

In the sociology of racial prejudice, two major paradigms can be distinguished: cultural-environmental and social class or conflict paradigms. On the basis of Durkheimian theory, it is hypothesized that cultural-environmental variables (education, knowledge) offer stronger and more consistent explanations of racial prejudice than status variables (self-perceived class position, occupational prestige, income). To test this hypothesis, National Opinion Research Center (NORC) data are analyzed. Findings corroborate the major cultural-environmental hypothesis that racial prejudice emerges from ritually dense sociocultural lifeforms. Little support is found for the claim that prejudice arises from class conflict and competition over material resources. Education has consistently been found to increase favorability toward racial equality in numerous studies over the past decades (see for example Stouffer 1955; Greeley and Sheatsley 1971; Smith 1981). Two approaches in the sociology of prejudice challenge the interpretation of education effects on prejudice devel- oped in this paper. First, in accordance with conventional sociological measure- ment practices, education is assumed to represent one dimension of social status. In this view, education effects are explained by status effects; and social status is generally hypothesized to reduce racial prejudice (for example Bonacich 1975, 1976). Second, education effects on attitudes toward racial equality have been interpreted as indicating the ideology of educational establishments de-
Relativistic corrections to electron scattering by 2H, 3He, and 4He

Abstract Relativistic corrections to the scattering of electrons by a nonrelativistic nucleus are calculated, using the method of Close and Copley, and Krajcik and Foldy. Particular attention is paid to the deuteron, 3 He and 4 He. It is found that these corrections are substantially the same as those calculated by F. Gross for the deuteron. The corrections to 3 He have the effect of moving the diffraction minimum, as calculated in a nonrelativistic model, outward by as much as 0.32 fm −2 . Smaller corrections are found for 4 He.
A token-ring network for local data communications

Technical innovations such as large-scale integrated circuit technology and distributed operating systems have respectively reduced the cost of computing and provided a basis for large networks within the confines of a single building or cluster of buildings in close proximity to one another. Local area networks can provide a systematic approach for interconnecting personal workstations, control units, and central processing units, thereby providing a means for these machines to pass information from one to the other. This paper describes a local area network based on the fundamental concepts of a token-ring. Two main ideas are presented. The first idea concerns the physical topology of the wiring network and its star-ring organization. Next, the logical data flows are overlaid on the physical network to provide controlprocedures for exchanging data through the network. The resulting system has unique features that produce a local area network with good performance and reliability characteristics.
Prostaglandin F2α synthesis in the hippocampal mossy fiber synaptosomal preparation: I. Dependence in arachidonic acid, phospholipase A2, calcium availability and membrane depolarization

Isolated hippocampal mossy fiber synaptosomes were used to characterize control mechanisms of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) synthesis at a central mammalian synapse. Exogenous arachidonic acid stimulated the dose-dependent synthesis of PGF2 alpha, as did the addition of phospholipase A2 or the activation of endogenous phospholipase A2. Phospholipase A2 inhibitors attenuated prostaglandin synthesis, but phospholipase C inhibitors had no effect. However, a diglyceride kinase inhibitor reduced PGF2 alpha accumulation. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor ibuprofen eliminated PGF2 alpha production, while the lipoxygenase inhibitors baicalein and NDGA reduced PGF2 alpha accumulation. The CA(2+)-ionophore-dependent stimulation of PGF2 alpha synthesis was abolished by Cd2+ or Ni2+. Further more, PGF2 alpha production appeared to be dependent on Ca2+ influx via L-type, but not N- or T-type, voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels. Membrane depolarization with KC1, veratridine or 4-aminopyridine stimulated the synthesis of PGF2 alpha. This depolarization-dependent stimulation of PGF2 alpha synthesis was attenuated by L-type voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel blockers, phospholipase A2 inhibitors, a K+ channel activator and a Na+ channel blocker. The activation of protein kinase C also led to a reduction of PGF2 alpha accumulation in depolarized nerve endings. These results may be used to suggest that PGF2 alpha production by hippocampal mossy fiber synaptosomes was controlled by the Ca(2+)- and phospholipase A2-dependent accumulation of unesterified arachidonic acid and was modulated by membrane depolarization and the activity of protein kinase C.
Characterization of an RNA-directed DNA polymerase from a cell line derived from a radiation-induced lymphoma in mice

Abstract An RNA-directed DNA polymerase was purified from a cell line derived from a radiation-induced lymphoma in NIH Swiss mice which produced non-infectious type C virus particles. The enzyme was isolated from a high speed particulate fraction which bands at a density of 1.16–1.19 g/ml in a sucrose gradient, and purified by successive chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose and hydroxyapatite. The purified DNA polymerase has a molecular weight of 68 000, a pH optimum of 7.5, a KCl optimum of 50 mM, and a Mn 2+ optimum of 0.25 mM. It prefers (dT) 15 · (A) n to (dT) 15 · (dA) n as the primer template and transcribes the poly(C) strand of (dG) 15 · (C) n and (dG) 15 · (OMeC) n . It transcribes heteropolymeric regions of avian myeloblastosis virus 70 S RNA, and is inhibited by antiserum to Rauscher murine leukemia virus DNA polymerase. Comparison of the properties of DNA polymerase purified from radiation-induced lymphoma cells with the DNA polymerase purified from non-defective murine type C RNA tumor viruses shows that the mouse lymphoma enzyme is both biochemically and immunologically related to murine leukemia virus DNA polymerases.
Isolation and characterization of a Ty element inserted into the ribosomal DNA of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has about 30 to 50 copies of a transposable element Ty. Most of these elements are located at the 5' ends of protein coding sequences and are flanked by a 5 bp duplication. We report below an insertion of a Ty element into one of the repeated ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of yeast. The element is located between the 3' ends of the divergentally transcribed 37S and 5S rRNA's and is not flanked by a 5 bp duplication. In addition, one end of the Ty insertion is contiguous with a 306 bp deletion of the sequences of the rRNA gene. We find that this insertion, unlike most Ty insertions, is mitotically unstable.
Pulmonary fibrosis: A complication of 1,3‐bis(2‐chloroethyl)‐1‐nitrosourea (BCNU) therapy

A pediatric patient is reported who experienced fatal progressive pulmonary fibrosis as a complication of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) therapy. The patient received a cumulative dosage of 1.29 g (1.72 g/m2) over a two-year period as adjuvant therapy for a medulloblastoma. Two and one-half years after cessation of therapy, cough, tachypnea and fatigue were noted. Progressive pulmonary insufficiency developed. Pulmonary pathologic findings included interstitial fibrosis and alveolar dysplasia. Other cases of BCNU pulmonary toxicity are cited from the medical literature.
Zebrafish 3-O-sulfotransferase-4 generated heparan sulfate mediates HSV-1 entry and spread.

Rare modification of heparan sulfate (HS) by glucosaminyl 3-O sulfotransferase (3-OST) isforms generates an entry receptor for herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1). In the zebrafish (ZF) model multiple 3-OST isoforms are differentially expressed. One such isoform is 3-OST-4 which is widely expressed in the central nervous system of ZF. In this report we characterize the role of ZF encoded 3-OST-4 isoform for HSV-1 entry. Expression of ZF 3-OST-4 into resistant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells promoted susceptibility to HSV-1 infection. This entry was 3-O sulfated HS (3-OS HS) dependent as pre-treatment of ZF 3-OST-4 cells with enzyme HS lyases (heparinase II/III) significantly reduced HSV-1 entry. Interestingly, co-expression of ZF 3-OST-4 along with ZF 3-OST-2 which is also expressed in brain rendered cells more susceptible to HSV-1 than 3-OST-4 alone. The role of ZF-3-OST-4 in the spread of HSV-1 was also evaluated as CHO-K1 cells that expressed HSV-1 glycoproteins fused with ZF 3-OST-4 expressing effector CHO-K1 cells. Finally, adding further evidence ZF 3-OST-4 mediated HSV-1 entry was inhibited by anti-3O HS G2 peptide. Taken together our results demonstrate a role for ZF 3-OST-4 in HSV-1 pathogenesis and support the use of ZF as a model to study it.
Provision of Pharmacy Services in Community Health Centers and Migrant Health Centers

Objective: To assess the frequency with which pharmacy services are provided in community health centers (CHCs) and migranthealth centers (MHCs), the importance of these services in these settings, and pharmacists' preparedness to provide these services and to determine whether pharmacist- and site-specific characteristics are related to the provision of pharmacy services.Design: A self-administered mail survey was used to collect information on the provision of traditional pharmacy services and on the provision of pharmaceutical care services in four domains: collecting, organizing, and evaluating information; formulating a course of action; providing medications and counseling patients; and monitoring and managing patient outcomes. Data were also gathered on pharmacist- and site-specific characteristics. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated.Participants and Setting: Surveys were mailed to a sample of 1,260 contact persons (medical/executive directors and pharmacists).Main Outcome Measures: Pharmacist-reported frequency of the provision of pharmacy services, respondents' perceptions regarding the importance of the provision of pharmacy services, and respondents' perceived level of preparedness to provide pharmacy services.Results: Pharmacists in CHCs and MHCs provided traditional servicesvery often, felt that the services were important, and felt very prepared to provide the services. Although frequency and perceived importance and preparedness varied across and within the four pharmaceutical care domains, pharmacists most often reported collecting, organizing, and evaluating information and providing medications and counseling patients. Least often reported was formulating a course of action, followed by monitoring and managing patient outcomes. Similarly, pharmacists felt least prepared to provide these services. Pharmacists who had received additional education and training reported that they provided pharmacy services significantly more often (P
A layered architecture for manufacturing operation planning

Abstract Machining operation planning involves the selection and sequencing of machining operations for fabricating a workpiece. It is the first step in the process of generating a detailed process plan for a workpiece. In the past five years, several knowledge-based systems have been developed. Two knowledge representation schemes are employed: production rules and frames. Each of these exhibits some general properties of human information processing but neglects the other. None of the existing systems is able to solve real-world problems. The main focus of this paper is on a layered architecture for manufacturing knowledge representation and automated reasoning for operation planning. This can be addressed through a discussion of both the knowledge representation structure and the inference mechanism. The proposed layered architecture has been implemented on a microcomputer using PROLOG. The results are satisfactory.
Coulometric Study of Rates of Oxalic Acid Adsorption at a Polycrystalline Platinum Electrode

Abstract Quantitative measurement of adsorption/desorption of oxalic acid on a Pt electrode from a perchloric acid supporting electrolyte has been accomplished for the first time using a fast potential scan preceded by a sequence of potential steps. From a dilute solution of oxalic acid, adsorption as the oxalate/bioxylate anion is so rapid as to be diffusion-controlled over the range of potentials at which the surface is free of adsorbed oxygen; most of the final coverage achieved in less than a half-second. Cathodic desorption of the adsorbed anions occurs in the millisecond range. An isotherm for reversible adsorption applies to the range 0–0.9 V vs. a RHE but below 0.3 V, there is conversion to irreversible adsorption that is perceptible after hundreds of seconds. Irreversible adsorption as carbon monoxide blocks cathodic hydrogen underpotential deposition (upd) while adsorption as anions does not because the latter desorb at upd potentials. Adsorbed oxalic acid has a negative effect on the anodic oxidation of ethylene glycol and the reduction of molecular oxygen.
Delayed Rupture of a Previously Coiled Unruptured Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm: Case Report

Objective and importance We describe a case of an unruptured anterior communicating aneurysm that was treated successfully with Guglielmi detachable coils, which subsequently ruptured 23 months after initial therapy. This report discusses only the second published case of an unruptured lesion that was well embolized (>95% occlusion) and stable at 6-month angiographic follow-up that ruptured in a delayed fashion almost 2 years after the primary procedure. Clinical presentation An 80-year-old man presented in Hunt and Hess Grade IV as a result of a ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm. The patient had undergone endovascular therapy 23 months earlier with documented nearly complete (1-mm residual neck) occlusion at 0 and 6 months. Intervention The patient underwent diagnostic catheter angiography at the time of admission, which revealed a 10-mm aneurysm adjacent to the previously embolized lesion. No further therapy was administered, and the patient died within 24 hours as a result of ictus. The request for an autopsy was denied. Conclusion Aneurysm rupture after Guglielmi detachable coil embolization is a rare event. Most cases involve previously ruptured lesions. To the best of our knowledge, only one previous case of delayed rupture of an unruptured aneurysm that was managed endovascularly has been published in the English-language literature. This second case points to the need for vigilance in the follow-up of patients with coiled lesions.
The reliability of abuse history reports: A comparison of two inquiry formats

We compared patients' reports about histories of physical or sexual abuse in two independent formats: the standard psychiatric intake interview at admission for inpatient treatment, and a subsequent confidential self-report survey about various forms of early childhood trauma. For 92 consecutively admitted female patients, nearly all reports of abuse histories obtained in the intake interview were consistent with later reports obtained in the survey. However, findings of no abuse history obtained in the intake format were frequently inconsistent with reports obtained in the survey, which were twice as frequent as intake reports. Gender of the intake interviewer was not related to reporting. These data suggest caution in accepting at face value initial denials of abuse histories.
Some branch‐and‐bound procedures for fixed‐cost transportation problems

In this article we present three properties that will improve the performance of branch-and-bound algorithms for fixed-cost transportation problems. By applying Lagrangian relaxation we show that one can develop stronger up and down penalties than those traditionally used and also develop a strengthened penalty for nonbasic variables. We also show that it is possible to “look ahead” of a particular node and determine the solution at the next node without actually calculating it. We present computational evidence by comparing our developments with existing procedures.
Phytol induced hepatotoxicity in mice

Phytanic acid is a branched-chain, saturated fatty acid present in high concentrations in dairy products and ruminant fat. Some other dietary fats contain lower levels of phytol, which is readily converted to phytanic acid after absorption. Phytanic acid is a peroxisome proliferator binding the nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor a (PPARa) to induce expression of genes encoding enzymes of fatty acid oxidation in peroxisomes and mitochondria. Administration of dietary phytol (0.5% or 1%) to normal mice for twelve to eighteen days caused consistent PPARa-mediated responses, such as lower body weights, higher liver weights, peroxisome proliferation, increased catalase expression, and hepatocellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Female mice fed 0.5% phytol and male and female mice fed 1% phytol exhibited midzonal hepatocellular necrosis, periportal hepatocellular fatty vacuolation, and corresponding increases in liver levels of the phytol metabolites phytanic acid and pristanic acid. Hepatic expression of sterol carrier protein-x (SCP-x) was five- to twelve-fold lower in female mice than in male mice. These results suggest that phytol may cause selective midzonal hepatocellular necrosis in mice, an uncommon pattern of hepatotoxic injury, and that the greater susceptibility of female mice may reflect a lower capacity to oxidize phytanic acid because of their intrinsically lower hepatic expression of SCP-x.
Bridging the Divide between Manual Gating and Bioinformatics with the Bioconductor Package flowFlowJo

In flow cytometry, different cell types are usually selected or “gated” by a series of 1- or 2-dimensional geometric subsets of the measurements made on each cell. This is easily accomplished in commercial flow cytometry packages but it is difficult to work computationally with the results of this process. The ability to retrieve the results and work with both them and the raw data is critical; our experience points to the importance of bioinformatics tools that will allow us to examine gating robustness, combine manual and automated gating, and perform exploratory data analysis. To provide this capability, we have developed a Bioconductor package called flowFlowJo that can import gates defined by the commercial package FlowJo and work with them in a manner consistent with the other flow packages in Bioconductor. We present this package and illustrate some of the ways in which it can be used.
Roles of Predicted Glycosyltransferases in the Biosynthesis of the Rhizobium etli CE3 O Antigen

The Rhizobium etli CE3 O antigen is a fixed-length heteropolymer. The genetic regions required for its synthesis have been identified, and the nucleotide sequences are known. The structure of the O antigen has been determined, but the roles of specific genes in synthesizing this structure are relatively unclear. Within the known O-antigen genetic clusters of this strain, nine open reading frames (ORFs) were found to contain a conserved glycosyltransferase domain. Each ORF was mutated, and the resulting mutant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was analyzed. Tricine SDS-PAGE revealed stepwise truncations of the O antigen that were consistent with differences in mutant LPS sugar compositions and reactivity with O-antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies. Based on these results and current theories of O-antigen synthesis, specific roles were deduced for each of the nine glycosyltransferases, and a model for biosynthesis of the R. etli CE3 O antigen was proposed. In this model, O-antigen biosynthesis is initiated with the addition of N-acetyl-quinovosamine-phosphate (QuiNAc-P) to bactoprenol-phosphate by glycosyltransferase WreU. Glycosyltransferases WreG, WreE, WreS, and WreT would each act once to attach mannose, fucose, a second fucose, and 3-O-methyl-6-deoxytalose (3OMe6dTal), respectively. WreH would then catalyze the addition of methyl glucuronate (MeGlcA) to complete the first instance of the O-antigen repeat unit. Four subsequent repeats of this unit composed of fucose, 3OMe6dTal, and MeGlcA would be assembled by a cycle of reactions catalyzed by two additional glycosyltransferases, WreM and WreL, along with WreH. Finally, the O antigen would be capped by attachment of di- or tri-O-methylated fucose as catalyzed by glycosyltransferase WreB.
Outcomes in children managed on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy: can we trust the figures?

With several studies reporting improved glycaemic control with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy, its use over the years has increased. The majority of studies report comparisons of baseline glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and post-CSII HbA1c. Due to the high cost of CSII, many guidelines advocate close monitoring of diabetes control while on CSII, and recommend that CSII is discontinued if there is no sustainable change in glycaemic control. The aims of this study were: to assess outcomes in diabetes control on patients within our specialist diabetes clinic on CSII therapy; and to establish whether there was a difference in outcomes based on whether comparisons were made between measurements from baseline (just before starting CSII) or from 12 months prior to starting CSII. We compared HbA1c, body mass index standard deviation scores, episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycaemia over 24 months – from 12 months before commencing on CSII to 12 months into CSII. While the HbA1c 12 months after commencing CSII (8.3% [67mmol/mol]) improved significantly from the point CSII was commenced (9.2% [77mmol/mol]; p=0.007), the mean HbA1c 12 months post-CSII did not differ significantly from the HbA1c 12 months pre-CSII (8.6% [70mmol/mol]) nor from the overall clinic HbA1c (8.4% [68mmol/mol]). There were no significant changes in the other parameters. In conclusion, comparing baseline HbA1c levels to post-CSII HbA1c readings does not give an accurate assessment of outcome when establishing the role of CSII in diabetes control. We recommend that consideration be given to overall clinic averages, and to HbA1c readings in the longer interval pre-CSII. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons.