cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural Adaptation of Darunavir Analogs Against Primary Mutations in HIV-1 Protease.

HIV-1 protease is one of the prime targets of agents used in antiretroviral therapy against HIV. However, under selective pressure of protease inhibitors, primary mutations at the active site weaken inhibitor binding to confer resistance. Darunavir (DRV) is the most potent HIV-1 protease inhibitor in clinic; resistance is limited, as DRV fits well within the substrate envelope. Nevertheless, resistance is observed due to hydrophobic changes at residues including I50, V82, and I84 that line the S1/S1' pocket within the active site. Through enzyme inhibition assays and a series of 12 crystal structures, we interrogated susceptibility of DRV and two potent analogues to primary S1' mutations. The analogues had modifications at the hydrophobic P1' moiety compared to DRV to better occupy the unexploited space in the S1' pocket where the primary mutations were located. Considerable losses of potency were observed against protease variants with I84V and I50V mutations for all three inhibitors. The crystal structures revealed an unexpected conformational change in the flap region of I50V protease bound to the analogue with the largest P1' moiety, indicating interdependency between the S1' subsite and the flap region. Collective analysis of protease-inhibitor interactions in the crystal structures using principle component analysis was able to distinguish inhibitor identity and relative potency solely based on van der Waals contacts. Our results reveal the complexity of the interplay between inhibitor P1' moiety and S1' mutations and validate principle component analyses as a useful tool for distinguishing resistance and inhibitor potency.
Amelioration of drought effects in wheat and cucumber by the combined application of super absorbent polymer and potential biofertilizer

Biofertilizer is a good substitute for chemical fertilizer in sustainable agriculture, but its effects are often hindered by drought stress. Super absorbent polymer (SAP), showing good capacity of water absorption and retention, can increase soil moisture. However, limited information is available about the efficiency of biofertilizer amended with SAP. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of synergistic application of SAP and biofertilizers (Paenibacillus beijingensis BJ-18 and Bacillus sp. L-56) on plant growth, including wheat and cucumber. Potted soil was treated with different fertilizer combinations (SAP, BJ-18 biofertilizer, L-56 biofertilizer, BJ-18 + SAP, L-56 + SAP), and pot experiment was carried out to explore its effects on viability of inoculants, seed germination rate, plant physiological and biochemical parameters, and expression pattern of stress-related genes under drought condition. At day 29 after sowing, the highest viability of strain P. beijingensis BJ-18 (264 copies ng-1 gDNA) was observed in BJ-18 + SAP treatment group of wheat rhizosphere soil, while that of strain Bacillus sp. L-56 (331 copies ng-1 gDNA) was observed in the L-56 + SAP treatment group of cucumber rhizosphere soil. In addition, both biofertilizers amended with SAP could promote germination rate of seeds (wheat and cucumber), plant growth, soil fertility (urease, sucrose, and dehydrogenase activities). Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that biofertilizer + SAP significantly down-regulated the expression levels of genes involved in ROS scavenging (TaCAT, CsCAT, TaAPX, and CsAPX2), ethylene biosynthesis (TaACO2, CsACO1, and CsACS1), stress response (TaDHN3, TaLEA, and CsLEA11), salicylic acid (TaPR1-1a and CsPR1-1a), and transcription activation (TaNAC2D and CsNAC35) in plants under drought stress. These results suggest that SAP addition in biofertilizer is a good tactic for enhancing the efficiency of biofertilizer, which is beneficial for plants in response to drought stress. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about the effect of synergistic use of biofertilizer and SAP on plant growth under drought stress.
Connecting and Collaborating with Faculty through Curriculum Mapping

In my role as the seminary liaison librarian, I utilize curriculum mapping to connect and collaborate with seminary faculty. After sitting at the table during a recent curriculum review, I began mapping gatekeeping measures and course objectives to the Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education. Partnering with teaching faculty, I flagged certain required courses and developed assessments and exercises to measure information literacy at various stages in the MATS degree program.
Prokinetic effects of spinal cord stimulation and its autonomic mechanisms in dogs

Background Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is widely used to treat chronic pain by inhibiting sympathetic activity; however, it is unknown whether it exerts a prokinetic effect on gastric motility. Our aim was to explore effects and possible mechanisms of SCS on glucagon-induced gastric dysmotility and dysrhythmia. Methods Seven female dogs with electrodes chronically placed on the dorsal column of the spinal cord between T10 and T12 segments were studied in 2 randomized sessions (glucagon + sham-SCS, glucagon + SCS). SCS at T10 using a set of optimized stimulation parameters was performed for 30 minute immediately after glucagon injection. The antral manometry, electrogastrogram, and electrocardiogram were recorded to assess gastric contractions, gastric slow waves (GSW), and autonomic functions, respectively. Key results (a) Compared to baseline, glucagon decreased antral motility index (MI) (6315 ± 565 vs 3243 ± 775, P 0.05) and GSW abnormalities (% of normal waves: 84 ± 4% vs 79 ± 6%, P > 0.05) and sympathetic activity (0.27 ± 0.03 vs 0.33 ± 0.07, P > 0.05). Conclusion Spinal cord stimulation dramatically improves glucagon-induced impairment in gastric contractions and slow waves by inhibiting sympathetic activity.
Bilateral spatiotemporal postural control impairments are present in participants with chronic ankle instability.

Abstract Objectives This study evaluated center-of-pressure (COP) and time-to-boundary (TTB) measures of postural control during a Lateral Step-Down Test in participants with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Design Cohort study. Setting Biomechanics laboratory. Participants Physically active adults with CAI (n = 15) and matched controls (n = 15). Main outcome measures Traditional COP and TTB measures of postural control were computed in the medial/lateral (ML) and anterior/posterior (AP) directions. Results No significant results were found for the traditional COP measures (p > 0.05). The CAI group exhibited a lower TTB ML absolute minimum on their affected limb compared to the matched limb of the control group (p Conclusions Sensorimotor impairments associated with CAI negatively alter spatiotemporal postural control and may cause a maladaptive reorganization of centrally mediated motor control strategies that results in bilateral postural control deficits during the Lateral Step-Down Test. In addition, traditional COP measures did not reveal any postural control deficits suggesting that a spatiotemporal analysis should be used when assessing postural control in participants with CAI.
Physicochemical and Structural Characteristics of Corn Stover and Cobs After Physiological Maturity

Corn stover removal for biofuels production removes potentially recyclable nutrients and carbon challenging the sustainability of the process. Therefore, this study focused on quantifying the distributions of dry matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, carbon, sugars and lignin in corn stover fractions, and cobs. In 2016 and 2017, corn plants from different hybrids were collected from a corn field in Ohio at two maturity levels. The properties were evaluated for different non-grain corn plant fractions (i.e., stover fractions above and below ear, and cob). Stover fractions below and above ear (not including cobs) and cobs contributed, respectively, to 42–56%, 31–38%, and 13–18% of the total non-grain aboveground dry matter in 2 years. Glucose and lignin concentrations were uniformly distributed and ranged from 321 to 407 mg/g and 87 to 158 mg/g, respectively, for both years. Cobs contained the highest concentration of other sugars (351–361 mg/g) in both years, compared to 217–298 mg/g in other fractions. Nitrogen and phosphorus were uniformly distributed across the different corn stover and cob fractions, ranging between 4–20 mg/g and 0.2–1.5 mg/g, respectively. Potassium concentration was the highest in stover fraction below ear (10–24 mg/g) compared to 5–11 mg/g in other fractions. The results suggest that harvesting cob and above ear stover fractions from the field would allow corn stover collection with suitable sugar concentrations for biofuels/products while retaining stover fractions with higher nutrients concentrations in the field.
X Marks the Knot: Simplified Laparoscopic Intra-Corporeal Knot Tying

Video Objective The objectives of this video are to present a novel technique for simplified laparoscopic intra-corporeal knot tying and to demonstrate the importance of laparoscopic simulation in learning new techniques. Setting Traditional intra-corporeal knot tying can be difficult, depending on the angle of the suture, port placement, or other technical difficulty. Many surgeons have turned to alternatives to circumvent this procedure, including the use of barbed suture, knotless suture re-load devices, Lapra-ty's, and extra-corporeal knot tying. However, this remains an important skill to for the gynecologic surgeon. This video presents a step-by-step technique of a novel intra-corporeal knot tying method. The setting includes both a simulation trainer for laparoscopy and a live surgery. The patient in the surgery is a 48-year-old female with abnormal uterine bleeding undergoing total laparoscopic hysterectomy; we use our laparoscopic knot to reinforce the vaginal cuff closure. Interventions The simplified extra-corporeal knot starts with placement of an interrupted suture. The primary surgeon crosses the suture to create an X, which is stabilized by the assistant surgeon. The primary surgeon passes the tail of the suture through the loop created by the X twice to create a surgeon's knot. The ends are then pulled downward to create a flat knot. This process is repeated. In order to create square knots, the tail should be passed in front of or behind the loop with each alternating throw. Conclusion The simplified intra-corporal knot is a useful resource for surgeons who experience difficulty with traditional laparoscopic knot tying. The maneuvers are intuitive and are similar to open two-handed knot tying. There is a learning curve associated with this procedure, and it is important to practice in a simulated setting. We hope this video will provide an alternative method for surgeons planning to tie intra-corporeal knots.
Thermal transport due to buoyant flow past a vertical, heated superhydrophobic surface with uniform stream-wise slip

Abstract An analytical investigation of thermal transport due to laminar, buoyant flow past a vertical superhydrophobic (SHPo) surface was performed. The surface temperature is uniform and is greater than the temperature of the surrounding liquid. Uniform stream-wise hydrodynamic slip and temperature jump were imposed at the wall to model the SHPo surface. Applying an integral analysis within the boundary layer results in a system of differential equations, which was solved numerically to obtain boundary layer thickness and local and average values of the Nusselt number. The classical smooth hydrophobic scenario with no-slip and no temperature jump showed excellent agreement with previous analyses of the same problem. Solutions were obtained for laminar Rayleigh number ranging from 104 to 109 at a Prandtl number of 7. There was a modest decrease in the boundary layer thickness due to the increased slip length and the flow velocity decreased due to the increased temperature jump length. The local Nusselt number decreased as the temperature jump length increased, with greater reduction at larger Rayleigh numbers and near the lower edge. The decrease in the average Nusselt number relative to surfaces with no-slip and no temperature jump may be as much as 50%.
Toward a New National Housing Policy

Housing is many things: a basic survival need; an expression of how we see ourselves and our status in society; and a place of security, domesticity and privacy. Each of these meanings of housing implicates an individual or social need that is a proper concern for federal policy. Indeed, the central goal of our nation's housing policy has long been to provide "a decent home and a suitable living environment for every American family."1 To fulfill that promise to ourselves, federal policy has, in the last fifty years, stimulated the building of millions of decent and affordable housing units by: (1) expanding the mortgage capital available for housing purchase and construction; (2) making mortgage capital inexpensive as compared to other capital uses; (3) directing federal appropriations toward housing programs; (4) using tax policy to encourage the flow of capital to housing; and
Interval based transmission contingency-constrained unit commitment for integrated energy systems with high renewable penetration

Abstract As the reliance on natural gas to meet electric generation requirements increases, additional operational measures and risks must be considered to better understand the implications of the complex interdependency between the natural gas system and the power system. This paper develops a novel interval optimization framework of contingency-constrained unit commitment for integrated energy systems. Uncertainties in contingencies are captured by interval numbers, which reduces the computational burden compared with other uncertainty representations. Moreover, we incorporate the risk preferences of decision makers in the framework to alleviate the conservativeness of solutions. It is observed that power-to-gas technology can reduce renewable curtailment and offer auxiliary services. Numerical results demonstrate the economic value of power-to-gas in integrated energy systems.
Tires, Cigarettes, Tampons, and the Gendering of Instructional Comics

Comics-based how-to instructions have historically figured into a gender-aware category of technical communication. Studying such comics-based literature for gendering is a promising endeavor that ...
Use of simulation for training family caregivers of patients receiving radiation therapy.

TPS12129Background: Positive treatment outcomes and avoidance of complications are dependent to a large extent on the care provided by family members. However, family caregivers report feeling unpr...
Congenital Variations of the Peroneal Tendons

Stenosing tenosynovitis, subluxation of the peroneal tendons, and peroneus brevis split tears can occur in association with an encroachment of an anomalous peroneus quartus tendon or low-lying peroneus brevis muscle belly. The presence of extra tissue within the fibular groove can contribute to stenosis or subluxation of the peroneus brevis tendon causing laxity of the superior peroneal retinaculum and eventually subluxation or dislocation of the peroneus brevis over the sharp posterior ridge of the distal fibula. This dynamic mechanism can eventually result in splitting or tearing of the peroneus brevis tendon. A convex or shallow fibular groove can further contribute to this dynamic phenomenon in Zone A. Also, an irregular retromalleolar groove predisposes to peroneal tendon disease. Hypertrophy of the peroneal tubercle along the lateral wall of the calcaneus can also contribute to stenosing tenosynovitis and impingement of the peroneal tendons in Zone B. The presence of an enlarged os peroneum can contribute to stenosing tenosynovitis or rupture of the peroneus longus tendon in the cuboid tunnel Zone C. Fracture of an enlarged or bipartite os peroneum with proximal migration of the proximal pole of the os peroneum can lead to peroneus longus tendon rupture.
Modeling aluminum combustion in oxidizing environment with the Gibbs formulation

Abstract We have developed a continuum modeling approach, grounded in classical physical chemistry, based on the following assumptions: (1) That the states in the material can be represented by local stationary averages of the pressure (stress), temperature, and mass fractions computed from atomistic simulation, (2) and that the mixture has well-defined molecular components, each with a complete equation of state. The continuum model, “Gibbs formulation”, applies to near-atomic length and time scales, which we identify as the scales where the high frequency, high energy phonons equilibrate in molecular mixtures, (about six atomic radii and six to ten vibrational periods). Phase changes and chemical changes due to reaction are not in (asymptotically, long-time) equilibrium, and changes are assumed to occur on much longer time scales than those required for stress and temperature equilibration. The Gibbs formulation can be thought of as a generalization of the classical non-equilibrium formulations used in gaseous, multicomponent combustion theory, but expanded to mixtures with simultaneously present concentrations of solids, liquids and gases. We present an example of this approach applied to the ignition and burning of a nano-sized aluminum flake, modeled as a slab of aluminum coated with a thin alumina layer. The model considers up to six components: solid, liquid and gaseous aluminum, solid and liquid aluminum oxide (alumina), and oxygen. We discuss the many different behaviors and possible regimes of combustion, that depend on what is assumed for the thermal and mass transport and reaction rates.
Optimizing Multiscale Entropy Approach for Rotor Core Identification using Simulated Intracardiac Electrograms

Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a precursor to many fatal cardiac conditions. Catheter ablation, which is a minimally invasive treatment, is associated with limited success rates in patients with persistent AF. Rotors are believed to maintain AF and core of rotors are considered to be robust targets for ablation. Recently, multiscale entropy (MSE) was proposed to identify the core of rotors in ex-vivo rabbit hearts. However, MSE technique is sensitive to intrinsic parameters, such as scale factor and template dimension, that may lead to an imprecise estimation of entropy measures. The purpose of this research is optimize MSE approach to improve its accuracy and sensitivity in rotor core identification using simulated EGMs from human atrial model. Specifically, we have identified the optimal time scale factor (τopt) and optimal template dimension (Τopt) that are needed for efficient rotor core identification. The τopt was identified to be 10, using a convergence graph, and the Τopt (~20 ms) remained the same at different sampling rates, indicating that optimized MSE will be efficient in identifying core of the rotor irrespective of the signal acquisition system.
Culturally relevant strengths and positive development in high achieving youth of color

Abstract Critical reflection and spirituality have been linked to the positive development of high achieving youth of color; however, little research has explored how these strengths function in predicting positive youth development (PYD) across adolescence. In addition, scant research has considered how contextual resources such as mentoring might moderate the impact of these strengths. We examined the relations among these constructs and the five Cs of PYD (competence, confidence, character, caring, and connection) in a sample of 215 youth of color (61.5% female) attending an afterschool college preparation program at six sites around the U.S. Spirituality was the most consistent predictor of PYD outcomes with younger youth benefitting more from greater spirituality. Older youth, however, exhibited greater relations between critical reflection and mentoring with PYD outcomes. When youth reported low levels of mentoring relationship quality, higher critical reflection served as a protective factor for global PYD, character, and connection. Implications for practice are discussed.
Bridging the geroscience chasm between bench and bedside.

Geroscience-based therapeutics have the opportunity to transform the field of geriatric medicine, yet few training programs afford scholars with the necessary skills, knowledge, and experiences nee...
Fitness effects of CRISPR endonucleases in Drosophila melanogaster populations

CRISPR/Cas9 systems provide a highly efficient and flexible genome editing technology with numerous potential applications in areas ranging from gene therapy to population control. Some proposed applications involve CRISPR/Cas9 endonucleases integrated into an organisms genome, which raises questions about potentially harmful effects to the transgenic individuals. One application where this is particularly relevant are CRISPR-based gene drives, which promise a mechanism for rapid genetic alteration of entire populations. The performance of such drives can strongly depend on fitness costs experienced by drive carriers, yet relatively little is known about the magnitude and causes of these costs. Here, we assess the fitness effects of genomic CRISPR/Cas9 expression in Drosophila melanogaster cage populations by tracking allele frequencies of four different transgenic constructs, designed to disentangle direct fitness costs due to the integration, expression, and target-site activity of Cas9 from costs due to potential off-target cleavage. Using a maximum likelihood framework, we find a moderate level of fitness costs due to off-target effects but do not detect significant direct costs. Costs of off-target effects are minimized for a construct with Cas9HF1, a high-fidelity version of Cas9. We further demonstrate that using Cas9HF1 instead of standard Cas9 in a homing drive achieves similar drive conversion efficiency. Our results suggest that gene drives should be designed with high-fidelity endonucleases and may have implications for other applications that involve genomic integration of CRISPR endonucleases.
Hope, but not optimism, predicts academic performance of law students beyond previous academic achievement

Abstract This longitudinal study examined the relative associations of initial levels of hope and optimism with subsequent academic performance and life satisfaction among first-year law students (N = 86). Path analysis showed that hope, but not optimism, predicted better academic performance, while controlling for Law School Admission Test scores and undergraduate grades. Both hope and optimism uniquely predicted greater life satisfaction at the end of the first semester.
Patient Protections in the Affordable Care Act

The full title of HR 3590 is the “Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act” (PPACA), an often-forgotten fact since the legislation is usually referred to as “Obamacare” or simply the “Affordable Care Act” (ACA). There are a number of reasons that the words “Patient Protection” were used in naming the landmark legislation, not the least of which is that a principal goal of the law is to enhance the rights of patients, particularly those overlooked or minimized by the traditional health complex. But have these patient protections been effective? Based on public polling alone, it would certainly appear that the ACA’s patient protection provisions have been successful; but for a more complete understanding, it is worth visiting where the country started, where we stand today, and the work that still needs to be done to position patients to feel like they are in control of their healthcare with all the other healthcare stakeholders, particularly payers and providers.
Neural Twins Talk & Alternative Calculations.

Inspired by how the human brain employs a higher number of neural pathways when describing a highly focused subject, we show that deep attentive models used for the main vision-language task of image captioning, could be extended to achieve better performance. Image captioning bridges a gap between computer vision and natural language processing. Automated image captioning is used as a tool to eliminate the need for human agent for creating descriptive captions for unseen images.Automated image captioning is challenging and yet interesting. One reason is that AI based systems capable of generating sentences that describe an input image could be used in a wide variety of tasks beyond generating captions for unseen images found on web or uploaded to social media. For example, in biology and medical sciences, these systems could provide researchers and physicians with a brief linguistic description of relevant images, potentially expediting their work.
Contesting Masculinity and Ritual Embodiment in Youth Baseball

This chapter explores the formation of ritualized bodies in the context of youth baseball in a medium-sized city in the United States. I argue that the baseball diamond forms a structured environment or “ritual space” that presents children with a framework for embodying social norms related to concepts such as competitiveness and hierarchy. The example discussed here represents a particularly useful way of seeing how values expressed and contested in the context of ritual performance link to the bodies of youth baseball players as they learn to enact and embody specific practices and values related to normative notions of masculinity.
Conflict Theory, Extended: A Framework for Understanding Contemporary Struggles Over Education Policy:

Conflicts over education and education policy continue, and now new, diversified actors push for change while technologies expand the terrain where conflicts unfold. Conflict theories would seem be...
Clinic First: Prioritizing Primary Care Outpatient Training for Family Medicine Residents at Group Health Cooperative.

I met Beth-Ann, a sixty-one-year–old female, during my first clinic as an intern. She was newly insured and looking for treatment for persistent heart palpitations and bright red blood in her stool. Her medical chart was peppered with poorly controlled chronic diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, and fibromyalgia. BI’m in need of a tune-up,^ she said. Sucking in my breath, I tried to hide how overwhelmed I felt as our visit began. Ask any primary care resident how they chose their specialty and chances are that longitudinal relationships with patients are their central motivation. In surprising contrast, primary care residencies follow an inpatient-centric model of training, with residents spending less than 20 % of training in the outpatient setting where these relationships are fostered. 1 Consequently, residents lack both the number and frequency of hours in clinic to develop the skills to provide continuous
Welfare and Capitalism in Postwar Japan: Policy Shifts in the 1990s: The Emergence of European-Style Welfare Politics

This chapter is about change. The LDP's loss of its absolute majority in the Upper House in 1989 marked the dawn of a new era. This chapter covers the second and third periods identified in Chapter 3 – the period between the 1989 Upper House elections and the emergence of the non-LDP government and the period between the emergence of the non-LDP government and the 1996 Lower House elections. From the perspective of the structural logic approach, the second and the third periods share two similarities. First, in both periods, multiple political parties possessed veto power. Second, the electoral system remained the same MMD/SNTV system. This chapter demonstrates that, as a result of the emer-gence of multiple political parties with veto power and the persistence of a multimember district system, Japanese welfare politics during this period came to resemble welfare politics in northern Europe, as expected on the basis of the structural logic. Three changes that bear on the Japanese welfare system can be identified here. First, the increase in the number of parliamentary veto players under the MMD/SNTV system meant that the core constituency groups of non-LDP parties gained a new foothold for securing policy favors. Second, the emergence of non-LDP parties as parliamentary veto players opened up new legislative possibilities for welfare-friendly bureaucrats. Social services and benefits for wage earners were now a genuine option. Third, the emergence of coalition governments, just as in European coalition governments, made it easier to raise taxes.
Regulation of Lipopolysaccharide Modifications and Antimicrobial Peptide Resistance

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and consists of three distinct structural domains: lipid A, a nonrepeating “core” oligosaccharide, and a distal repeated O-antigen polysaccharide. This chapter discusses the structure of the three regions, in order, as they extend out from the outer membrane, focusing on regulated alterations, modifications, and/or substitutions. The biosynthetic enzymes are either constitutively active or regulated by a variety of two-component regulatory systems, including PhoR/PhoB, PmrA/PmrB and/or PhoP/PhoQ. Deletion of IpxT in Escherichia coli resulted in an increase in sensitivity to the cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) polymyxin B, although experiments elucidating roles for lpxT in overall pathogenesis have yet to be undertaken. The chapter explores the regulation of one particular modification, that of phosphorylcholine (ChoP), on Haemophilus and Neisseria lipooligosaccharide (LOS). Regulation of LPS core biosynthesis is not well understood, although some of the regulatory mechanisms for biosynthesis of Kdo and inner and outer core are emerging. The current evidence based on genetic and biophysical interaction studies of the Lpt proteins supports the transenvelope model. Further studies into the regulation of LPS should help provide a link between signals in the environment and the resulting outer membrane composition that are likely to have the most impact on host-pathogen interactions.
Determination of roquefortine in Blue cheese and Blue cheese dressing by high pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and electrochemical detectors.

A method is described for the determination of roquefortine in blue cheese and blue cheese dressing. The method involves sample extraction with ethyl acetate, cleanup by liquid-liquid partition, and determination by high pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and electrochemical detectors connected in series. Recoveries of roquefortine added to cheese at levels of from 16 to 320 ng/g averaged 74.9%. This method was applied to the analysis of 12 samples of blue cheese and 2 samples of blue cheese dressing, all of which were produced in the United States; roquefortine was found in all of the samples at average levels of 424 ng/g for the blue cheese and 45 ng/g for the blue cheese dressing.
Preparing Future Physicians in Medical Ethics: A Tension-Centered Study of Institutional and Situational Dualities

Communication research on physician socialization has been silent on physician preparation in medical ethics. To develop knowledge in this area, I drew on a tension-centered model from organizational studies to analyze transcripts of interviews with 20 behavioral science course directors at 11 medical schools. I found participants describing ethics as situational dilemmas requiring resolution and as the equipping of students with the resources of ethics skills and, to a lesser extent, ethical character. I also found actors managing tension between the ethics-as-skill and ethics-as-character institutions of medical ethics education through a strategy of separation; skills were discussed as short-term course outcomes and character as long-term visions of who participants hoped students would one day become beyond their pre-clinical training. I conclude with discussions on the study's substantive and theoretical contributions and the implications for future research and training of medical students.
A study of how domain knowledge improves knowledge-based learning systems

Abstract A knowledge-based learning system is developed to demonstrate that intelligently selecting a subset of examples based on domain knowledge for rule induction can be more productive than using all provided examples. Knowledge-based learning uses an incomplete domain theory and examples to induce knowledge missing in the theory. Knowledge-based learning systems determine where knowledge is missing in a domain theory, select a relevant subset of examples to use in induction, and induce new rules or modify existing rules.
Attachment and Emotion in Middle Childhood and Adolescence

The purpose of this review is to summarize and evaluate the current state of the literature with regards to attachment and its relationship to emotion in middle childhood and adolescence. This is a relatively new topic of interest and one which is well grounded in theory. The attachment relationship between parents and children is a key mechanism by which children and adolescents learn emotion skills, including emotion understanding, coping strategies, and how to manage different affective experiences. The review is organized by emotion domain, including emotion understanding, affective experiences, physiological indicators of arousal and emotion, and processes for the regulation of emotion. We included studies which presented data for children and adolescents ages 6-18, and included measures of emotion and parent-child attachment. Although some areas have been investigated more than others, we found that secure attachment was related to more adaptive functioning in each of the emotion domains. Finally, we review future directions to be explored and address gaps in the current literature.
Scripts, plans, and knowledge

We describe a theoretical system intended to facilitate the use of knowledge In an understanding system. The notion of script is introduced to account for knowledge about mundane situations. A program, SAM, is capable of using scripts to understand. The notion of plans is introduced to account for general knowledge about novel situations.
Study of Spectral Noise Emissions from Standard Turbulent Nonpremixed Flames

The occurrence of oscillating combustion and combustion instability has led to resurgence of interest in causes, mechanisms, suppression, and control of flame noise. Nonpremixed flame noise is low frequency and difficult to control using conventional acoustic liner and so significant noise reduction needs to be achieved by altering the source. Noise generated by enclosed flames is of greater practical interest but is more complicated than the noise generated by open flames, which itself is not clearly understood. Improved understanding of the noise generated by open flames is attempted by studying spectral content of the sound for flames for which detailed velocity, scalar property, and radiation measurements are available in the literature (International Turbulent Non-Premixed Workshop flames; http://www.ca.sandia.gov/TNF/abstract.html). Comparisons were made with the spectral content of sound generated by air jets at identical Reynolds numbers. The spectral sound pressure levels (SSPL) generated by the flames were higher than those generated by corresponding air jets at all frequencies. The differences between the SSPL were the highest in the relatively low-frequency range of 400-2000 Hz. The flames emanate a constant SSPL in this frequency range for locations near the axis. The width of this range decreases at larger radial locations. The effects of flow velocity are stronger at higher frequencies. The spectra show substantial reduction in highfrequency components away from the burner exit, especially in the axial direction. These observations can be used for designing combustors with lower noise and also in the evaluation of computational aeroacoustics codes.
Gamma Knife radiosurgery for brain metastases from primary breast cancer.

Purpose The relative roles of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) vs. whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) in the treatment of patients with brain metastases from breast cancer remain undefined. In this study, we reviewed our experience with these patients. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients treated between 1991 and 2005 with Gamma Knife SRS for brain metastases from breast cancer. The actuarial survival and freedom from progression endpoints were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Between 1991 and 2005, 176 patients underwent SRS for brain metastases from breast cancer. The median survival time was 16.0 months for 95 newly diagnosed patients and 11.7 months for 81 patients with recurrent brain metastases. In the newly diagnosed patients, omission of upfront WBRT did not significantly affect the MST ( p = .20), brain freedom from progression ( p = .75), or freedom from new brain metastases ( p = .83). Longer survival was associated with age Conclusion We have described prognostic factors for breast cancer patients treated with SRS for newly diagnosed or recurrent brain metastases. Most patient subsets had a median survival time of ≥11 months. Unexpectedly, upfront WBRT did not appear to improve brain freedom from progression, and a larger number of brain metastases was not associated with a shorter survival time. Breast cancer might be distinct from other primary sites in terms of prognostic factors and the roles of WBRT and SRS for brain metastases.
Burn severity mapping using simulation modelling and satellite imagery

Although burn severity maps derived from satellite imagery provide a landscape view of fire impacts, fire effects simulation models can provide spatial fire severity estimates and add a biotic context in which to interpret severity. In this project, we evaluated two methods of mapping burn severity in the context of rapid post-fire assessment for four wildfires in western Montana using 64 plots as field reference: (1) an image-based burn severity mapping approach using the Differenced Normalised Burn Ratio, and (2) a fire effects simulation approach using the FIREHARM model. The image-based approach was moderately correlated with percentage tree mortality but had no relationship with percentage fuel consumption, whereas the simulation approach was moderately correlated with percentage fuel consumption and weakly correlated with percentage tree mortality. Burn severity maps produced by the two approaches had mixed results among the four sampled wildfires. Both approaches had the same overall map agreement when compared with a sampled composite burn index but the approaches generated different severity maps. Though there are limitations to both approaches and more research is needed to refine methodologies, these techniques have the potential to be used synergistically to improve burn severity mapping capabilities of land managers, enabling them to quickly and effectively meet rehabilitation objectives.
Evaluation of the TOPKAT system for predicting the carcinogenicity of chemicals

The TOPKAT computer-based system for predicting chemical carcinogens was evaluated by determining its ability to predict the carcinogenicity of chemicals tested by the National Toxicology Program. TOPKAT was not effective in identifying potential rodent carcinogens and noncarcinogens in the data set analyzed. The chemicals in the TOPKAT database of known carcinogens and noncarcinogens that the software identifies as most "similar" to unknown chemicals are illustrated using six examples. These "similar" chemicals generally bear no apparent relationship to the chemical of interest with regard to metabolism or potential mechanism of carcinogenicity. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:55-69, 2001 Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Efficient object localization with gaussianized vector representation

Recently, the Gaussianized vector representation has been shown effective in several applications related to interactive multimedia, such as facial age estimation, image scene categorization and video event recognition. However, all these tasks are classification and regression problems based on the whole images. It is not yet explored how this representation can be efficiently applied in the object localization problem, which reveals the locations and sizes of the objects. In this paper, we present an efficient object localization approach for the Gaussianized vector representation, following a branch-and-bound search scheme introduced by Lampert et al. In particular, we design a quality bound for rectangle sets characterized by the Gaussianized vector representation for fast hierarchical search. This bound can be obtained for any rectangle set in the image, with little extra computational cost, in addition to calculating the Gaussianized vector representation for the whole image. A localization experiment on a multi-scale car dataset shows that the proposed object localization approach based on the Gaussianized vector representation outperforms previous work using the histogram-of-keywords representation.
The spectrum of binding energies approach to grain boundary segregation

Experimental data on the temperature dependence of solute segregation to grain boundaries in polycrystalline metals does not appear to be adequately explained by a single binding energy between solute atoms and grain boundary sites. The extent of segregation in a given alloy appears to decrease more slowly with increasing temperature than is consistent with a theory based on such a single binding energy. This behavior can be explained however, if a spectrum of binding energies is assumed to exist. Such a binding energy spectrum presumably results from the site-to-site variation in the solute environment at the grain boundary. The present paper considers the elastic interaction between solute atoms and tilt boundaries in order to estimate the spectrum of binding energies for such boundaries. The extent of solute segregation to these boundaries is then calculated for several sets of parameters that determine the nature of the solute and the grain boundary.
Identification of molecular markers associated with sugar-related traits in a Saccharum interspecific cross

The cultivated sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids, 2n = 100–130) is one crop for which interspecific hybridization involving wild germplasm has provided a major breakthrough in its improvement. Few clones were used in the initial hybridization event leading to a narrow genetic base for continued cultivar development. Molecular breeding would facilitate the identification and introgression of novel alleles/genes from the wild germplasm into cultivated sugarcane. We report the identification of molecular markers associated with sugar-related traits using an F1 population derived from a cross between S. officinarum ‘Louisiana Striped’ × S. spontaneum ‘SES 147B’, the two major progenitor species of cultivated sugarcane. Genetic linkage maps of the S. officinarum and S. spontaneum parents were produced using the AFLP, SRAP and TRAP molecular marker techniques. The mapping population was evaluated for sugar-related traits namely, Brix (B) and pol (P) at the early (E) and late (L) plant growing season in the plant cane (04) and first ratoon (05) crops (04EB, 04LB, 04LP, 05EB and 05EP). For S. officinarum, combined across all the traits, a total of 30 putative QTLs was observed with LOD scores ranging from 2.51 to 7.48. The phenotypic variation (adj. R2) explained by all QTLs per trait ranged from 22.1% (04LP) to 48.4% (04EB). For S. spontaneum, a total of 11 putative QTLs was observed with LOD scores ranging from 2.62 to 4.70 and adj. R2 ranging from 9.3% (04LP) to 43.0% (04LB). Nine digenic interactions (iQTL) were observed in S. officinarum whereas only three were observed in S. spontaneum. About half of the QTLs contributed by both progenitor species were associated with effects on the trait that was contrary to expectations based on the phenotype of the parent contributing the allele. Quantitative trait loci and their associated effects were consistent across crop-years and growing seasons with very few QTLs being unique to the early season. When the data were reanalyzed using the non-parametric discriminant analysis (DA) approach, significant marker-trait associations were detected for markers that were either identical to or in the vicinity of markers previously identified using the traditional QTL approach. Discriminant analysis also pointed to previously unidentified markers some of which remained unlinked on the map. These preliminary results suggest that DA could be used as a complementary approach to traditional QTL analysis in a crop like sugarcane for which saturated linkage maps are unavailable or difficult to obtain.
Kinetic theory of viscosity of compressed fluids.

Abstract The viscosity of a compressed gas is a function of three variables: (1) the degree of crowding of the molecules; (2) their capacity, by reason of softness, flexibility, or rotational inertia, to absorb the vector momentum applied to cause flow; (3) the resistance to this vector momentum offered by the randomly oriented thermal momenta, which becomes significant when the liquid expands sufficiently to permit molecular mean free paths between binary collisions to be long enough for thermal momenta to acquire fractions of their thermal momentum in free space. The fluidity ϕ of simple liquids obeys the linear equation ϕ = B(V - V0)/V0 and its viscosity is, therefore, ηa = V0/B(V - V0); this accounts for components 1 and 2. The contribution of random thermal momenta, 3, obeys the equation, ηb = η0(1 - Vt/V). η0 is the viscosity of the dilute gas; Vt is the molal volume at which the thermal contribution begins. The total momentum, η = ηa + ηb. Values of η0 vary linearly with T1/2. Values of Vt are related to heat capacities.
Utilization of Multiple‐Stage Sintering to Control Ni Electrode Continuity in Ultrathin Ni–BaTiO3 Multilayer Capacitors

Microstructural control in thin-layer multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) is one of the present-day challenges for maintaining an increase in capacitive volumetric efficiency. The present paper continues a series of investigations aimed at understanding and controlling the microstructural stability of ultrathin Ni electrodes in MLCCs. Here, a kinetic approach based on the control of sintering profiles is used. Ni–BaTiO3 MLCC chips (0805-type with 300 active layers) are nonisothermally sintered up to 900°–1300°C with different heating rates in the range from 200° to 3000°C/h. In general, the continuity of the Ni electrodes increases with heating rate. However, a strong nonlinear dependence of Ni electrode continuity on sintering temperature is observed. It is concluded that a low-melting interfacial liquid (Ni,Ba,Ti) alloy layer initiates at temperatures between 1000° and 1100°C when the Ni electrodes are under tension. This interfacial liquid phase accelerates a stress-induced diffusion and is the key cause of the severe electrode discontinuities during heating. At higher temperatures (above 1100°C), where compressive stresses are active, the interfacial liquid alloy layer facilitates some recovery of the Ni electrode microstructure. The formation of the interfacial liquid alloy layer can be kinetically controlled using fast-heating rates, which improves the Ni electrode continuity.
Suppression of antibody response in congential rubella

Studies of 16 infants with congenital rubella showed that postimmunization antibody responses may be suppressed during the first year of life. The development of antibody in this condition appears to depend in part on whether rubella virus infection is still present at the time of immunization and on the degree of antigenic stimulation. Depressed antibody responses were noted only during the time when virus could still be isolated from the throat or urine. The immunosuppression could be overcome by potent antigens, such as those of the type 2 poliovirus and tetanus toxoid.
Neutron Cross-Section Studies with the Rotating Shutter Mechanism

It has been possible to extend the usefulness of the rotating shutter mechanism of Fermi, Marshall, and Marshall for velocity selection of neutrons by increasing the number of photoelectrically activated gate circuits. With the modifications here described data can be obtained simultaneously in six well-resolved velocity intervals. In this way the cross sections of gold, gadolinium, and dysprosium have been measured as a function of velocity for low energy neutrons.