cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Healthy Development as a Human Right: Insights from Developmental Neuroscience for Youth Justice

Healthy development is a fundamental right of the individual, regardless of race, ethnicity, or social class. Youth require special protections of their rights, in part owing to vulnerabilities rel...
Development and application of HIV testing technologies for HIV/AIDS highly active anti-retroviral therapy in China

Currently the highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) is the most effective and practical approach for AIDS treatment. However, as the public health strategy for HIV/AIDS prevention and control, governmental involvement is highly needed. Since 2004 Chinese govemment actively responded to the United Nations' proposition and promised, "Four Free and One Care" policy, to promote HAART for AIDS patients in whole country, which was free of charge for all the AIDS patients. HIV related testing technologies are important assurance for effective implementation of HAART and replacement of anti-HIV drugs, including screening and confirmation of HIV/AIDS patients, screening of patients for HAART, evaluation of treatment effcacy and side effects, monitoring HIV-1 drug resistance and molecular evolution. In this issue, there are 6 papers describing the research on HAABT and relevant HIV testing technologies. The studies clearly demonstrated that great development was made in HIV testing technologies, which played significant supportive roles for HAART implementation in China. Key words: Highly active anti-retroviral therapy; HIV testing technology; Treatment effectiveness; Resistance
17. ENHANCING INFLUENZA VACCINE KNOWLEDGE AND CONFIDENCE AMONG RESIDENTS

Background The 2017-18 influenza season was severe. Many children who died were unvaccinated. Yet a third of parents interviewed before the 2018-2019 influenza season reported their children would not receive influenza vaccines. Pediatric residents may not be comfortable counseling vaccine hesitant families. Through a fellow-led QI project, we aimed to provide educational interventions to increase pediatric residents’ knowledge and confidence counseling influenza vaccine hesitant families. Aim Statement To increase both pediatric residents’ perceived knowledge of resources and their confidence in addressing influenza vaccine hesitant parent concerns by 85% in 7 months. Interventions We obtained baseline data via anonymous online surveys to measure pediatric residents’ confidence and perceived knowledge of resources. Residents participated in fellow-led educational sessions that discussed vaccine manufacturing, adverse effects and common myths. We introduced the CASE method, a resource to improve counseling skills toward vaccine hesitant families. Resources were distributed with facts debunking common myths and an outline of the CASE method. Residents participated in a role play activity to practice counseling. In a second educational session for PDSA cycle 2, we modified the role play activity to facilitate more interaction and provide feedback on counseling techniques. Measures Outcome measures were resident perceived knowledge of resources and resident confidence. Results At baseline, 58% of pediatric residents reported being knowledgeable about resources for influenza vaccine hesitant families; 46% of residents reported being confident addressing parents’ influenza vaccine related concerns. After the first intervention, residents’ knowledge increased to 100% and confidence to 56%. After the second intervention, residents’ knowledge was 93% and confidence was 79%. Conclusions and Next Steps Providing education to pediatric residents on the influenza vaccine and guided counseling can increase residents’ knowledge and confidence in counseling parents who are influenza vaccine hesitant. Future studies will explore using this same technique to improve resident confidence in counseling other difficult situations.
High rate CO2 valorization to organics via CO mediated silica nanoparticle enhanced fermentation

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) valorization to high energy density fuels presents an economically sound approach to directly couple waste mitigation with sustainable energy production, yielding tremendous environmental and societal benefits. Here, a new two-stage hybrid system was developed that pairs highly efficient electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2-R) to carbon monoxide (CO) with acetogenic bacteria for the rapid production of green chemicals. This original design seeks to solve issues in mediator production and utilization evident in related studies. A progressive silver-based gas diffusion electrode with anion exchange membrane sustained current densities of 200 mA/cm2 for over 240 h at a time and produced CO at excellent Faradaic efficiencies of over 80% at a cell voltage ca. 3.2 V. The effluent gas from the CO2 electrolyzer was connected to a bioreactor containing Clostridium ljungdahlii where the blend of CO/CO2 was converted into a mixture of mainly acetate and ethanol. This demonstrates the first time this organism has been tested in a two-stage hybrid CO2-R system. Competitive acetate and ethanol production rates of 17.87 ± 7.1 and 3.23 ± 1.4 mg/L/h were achieved under autotrophic conditions. In addition, mercapto-modified silica nanoparticles were developed to increase gas mass transfer and resulted in 217% and 224% increases in acetate and ethanol production rates, respectively. This system presents a viable approach to produce sustainable fuels and chemicals in a process that exploits commercially scalable C1 electron carries.
Two Theories of Moral Cognition

Moral cognition refers to the human capacity to experience and respond to situations of moral significance. Recently, philosophers and cognitive scientists have turned to reinforcement learning, a branch of machine learning, to develop formal, mathematical models of normative cognition. One prominent approach, proposed by Cushman (Curr Opin Behav Sci 3:58–62, 2015), suggests that moral cognition is underwritten by a habitual (‘model-free’) system, in conjunction with socially-learned moral rules. I argue that moral cognition instead depends on three or more decision-making systems, with interactions between the systems producing its characteristic sociological, psychological, and phenomenological features. Adopting such an approach allows us to not only better explain what is going on in everyday, ‘successful’ instances of moral judgment and action, but also to more reliably predict, and perhaps thereby counter, routine breakdowns in moral behavior.
Faculty Development for ECMO Simulation

Concepts of faculty development have changed significantly as the role of faculty has transitioned to meet modern needs. Today’s fast-paced, twenty-first-century explosion of knowledge and information place faculty in the Age of the Network, requiring simulation faculty to have a level of knowledge and expertise in theory, curriculum design, learning strategies, facilitation, debriefing, and assessment. This chapter will briefly discuss the evolution of faculty development in higher education, including the theorectical frameworks, and approaches to development, and design of a faculty development training program.
Skeleton-Based Swarm Routing (SSR): Intelligent Smooth Routing for Dynamic UAV Networks

A swarm of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) requires the transmission of mission-related data across the network. The resource constraints and dynamic nature of the swarm bring critical challenges to the design of UAV routing protocols. Most of the conventional ad hoc routing schemes are not intelligent and cannot adapt to the dynamic nature of UAV swarming networks. On the other hand, some artificial intelligence (AI)-based routing schemes may consume significant computational resources in the UAVs. In this article, a low-cost, adaptive routing protocol, namely skeleton-based swarm routing (SSR) , is proposed, which exploits an intelligent online learning algorithm and the topology features of the mission-driven UAV swarm to distribute the traffic over optimal routes. Here, the skeleton represents the most stable parts of the swarm formation. SSR architecture consists of three modules: 1) A geometric addressing module, which assigns geometric coordinates to each node based on the swarm skeleton structure; 2) A leaf-like routing pipe which allows the selection of multiple candidate routes around the shortest path; 3) An intelligent low-complexity learning model which determines how to distribute the packets inside the routing pipe to achieve load-balanced, high-throughput transmissions. The proposed skeleton-based scheme can also facilitate the UAV formation construction and morphing. The simulation results show that the proposed SSR protocol can noticeably improve the network performance (up to 100% throughput improvement) compared to the single path routing schemes, such as the ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) and link-quality and traffic-load aware optimized link state routing (LTA-OLSR) protocols.
Prevalence of disposable pod use and consumer preference for e-cigarette product characteristics among vape shop customers in Southern California: a cross-sectional study.

Author(s): Galimov, Artur; Leventhal, Adam; Meza, Leah; Unger, Jennifer B; Huh, Jimi; Baezconde-Garbanati, Lourdes; Sussman, Steven Y | Abstract: ObjectivesIn February 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration issued a guidance restricting the sales and distribution of cartridge-based e-cigarettes with flavours other than tobacco and menthol. Disposable devices were exempt from this guidance. This study examined the prevalence of disposable pod use and flavour preference compared with refillable pod and other e-cigarette users among vape shop customers.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingIn July 2019-March 2020, trained data collectors visited 44 vape shops in California with permission to recruit customers from shop owners.ParticipantsIntercept interviews with 276 customers were conducted.Outcomes and proceduresCustomers were grouped based on self-reported device type used most often (disposable pod, refillable pod and other e-cigarettes). Groups were compared on self-reported demographics, flavours preferred, daily e-cigarette use, preferred nicotine concentration levels and cigarette use.ResultsOf the 276 customers surveyed, 11.2% used disposable pods in the past 30 days. Among disposable pod users, fruit/candy (80.7%), mint (77.4%) and menthol (67.7%) were common preferred flavours, while tobacco flavours were less commonly preferred (19.4%). When compared with refillable pod and other non-pod e-cigarette device users, disposable pod users were younger, used higher nicotine concentration levels, were more likely to prefer mint and menthol flavours and use e-cigarettes as their first product, while less likely to ever use cigarettes and use e-cigarettes daily.DiscussionDespite using higher nicotine levels and preferred menthol/mint flavours more often than users of other devices, disposable pod users reported lower prevalence of lifetime smoking and daily vaping and were younger. Given the current findings, regulations addressing non-tobacco flavours and nicotine concentration in disposable pod devices merit consideration in efforts to reduce vaping in younger adult never smokers.
Targeted Radionuclide Therapy and Immunotherapy of Metastatic Prostate Cancer

Metastatic prostate cancer is not curable. There have been major strides in the treatment of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer with many available therapeutic options which generally prolong the overall survival about an average of 4 months. The more recent advances are in immunotherapy and targeted radionuclide therapy, which are the focus of this chapter. We review the current evidence in these arenas and comment on future developments that are anticipated to transform the treatment landscape of patients with metastatic prostate cancer.
Mechanisms of Inactivation of Oxygen Species by Carotenoids

Although carotenoid pigments have been implicated as anti-carcinogenic compounds for several years, based on both epidemiological evidence (1) as well as experiments in animals (2,3), the exact mechanism whereby this widely distributed class of componds functions is still poorly understood. What appears to be important however, is the fact that many of the effects of carotenoids in vivo and in vitro can be observed with pigments that do not function as precursors of vitamin A (retinol). For example, beta-carotene may exert its biological effects merely by functioning as a precursor of retinal and retinol. On the other hand, there are carotenoid pigments, such as canthaxanthin (4,4’-diketo-beta-carotene) which also exhibit anti-carcinogenic properties and cannot be converted to retinol (Figure 1). Under these circumstances, we must look at the properties of the intact molecules in order to understand their functions.
Pain Imaging in the Emerging Era of Molecular Medicine

With the dawn of the 21 st Century, imaging has assumed a new role in disease-oriented science. Regarding pain, the emphasis clearly turned from structural to functional imaging with functional molecular imaging assuming the leading edge. This trend parallels the efforts of biologists working to understand the molecular messages of cell and cell systems’ of relevance to human disease processes. While originally imaging has been a stand-alone, documentary tool, today’s metabolic and molecular imaging technologies provide quantitative insight into inter-and intraindividual pathogenetic processes of relevance to human disease, complementing and expanding upon bench-type research. Imaging has become an indispensable tool in pain research.
Cognitive Science and Biomedical Informatics

After reading this chapter, you should know the answers to these questions: How can cognitive science theory meaningfully inform and shape design, development and assessment of health care information systems? What are some of the ways in which cognitive science differs from behavioral science? What are some of the ways in which we can characterize the structure of knowledge? What are the basic components of a cognitive architecture? What are some of the dimensions of difference between experts and novices? Describe some of the attributes of system usability. What are the gulfs of execution and evaluation? What role do these considerations play in system design? What is the difference between a textbase and a situation model? How can we use cognitive methods to develop and implement clinical practice guidelines for different kinds of clinicians?
Whither Foreign R&D in China: Some Concluding Thoughts on Chinese Innovation

The purpose of this article is to highlight the impact of a new range of field-work driven scholarly research regarding foreign R&D in China on the field of Chinese innovation studies. The field of China innovation studies is positioned for a major take-off with the opening up and broadening of the field to a new generation of scholars and experts, including the growing participation and contributions of Chinese nationals from the People's Republic of China (PRC). With the continued opening of China to the outside world has come also increased scholarly access which is allowing for research on issues that heretofore was constrained due to the limited availability of information as well as political and national security sensitivities. The field also is benefiting from the increased visibility being given to innovation matters by the Chinese government and the rise in the number of foreign R&D centres that have been established by foreign companies. New ‘internally-focused’ questions related to R&D spendin...
A companion to theoretical econometrics

A Companion to Theoretical Econometrics provides a comprehensive reference to the basics of econometrics. This companion focuses on the foundations of the field and at the same time integrates popular topics often encountered by practitioners. The chapters are written by international experts and provide up-to-date research in areas not usually covered by standard econometric texts. Focuses on the foundations of econometrics. Integrates real-world topics encountered by professionals and practitioners. Draws on up-to-date research in areas not covered by standard econometrics texts. Organized to provide clear, accessible information and point to further readings.
Henoch-Schönlein purpura in an adult.

Figure 3. Hematoxylin-eosin stain of skin biopsy showing leukocytoclastic vasculitis with neutrophils Download figure to PowerPoint Figure 4. Direct immunofluorescence stain of skin biopsy showing a +3/3 intense granular immunoglobulin A and C3 staining of the cutaneous vasculature Download figure to PowerPoint
Computation platform for automatic analysis of embedded software systems using model based approach

In this paper, we describe a computation platform called ReachLab, which enables automatic analysis of embedded software systems that interact with continuous environment. Algorithms are used to specify how the state space of the system model should be explored in order to perform analysis. In ReachLab, both system models and analysis algorithm models are specified in the same framework using Hybrid System Analysis and Design Language (HADL), which is a meta-model based language. The platform allows the models of algorithms to be constructed hierarchically and promotes their reuse in constructing more complex algorithms. Moreover, the platform is designed in such a way that the concerns of design and implementation of analysis algorithms are separated. On one hand, the models of analysis algorithms are abstract and therefore the design of algorithms can be made independent of implementation details. On the other hand, translators are provided to automatically generate implementations from the models for computing analysis results based on computation kernels. Multiple computation kernels, which are based on specific computation tools such as d/dt and the Level Set toolbox, are supported and can be chosen to enable hybrid state space exploration. An example is provided to illustrate the design and implementation process in ReachLab.
Parallel Contraction of Fibonacci Trees and Prefix Computations on a Family of Interconnection Topologies

The computation of prefixes of a given sequence (prefix computation [14]) and the fast reduction of a tree to a single node (tree contraction [1]) are two useful primitives for many applications on parallel computers. Most previous parallel algorithms have been based on the shared-memory model. We present general parallel algorithms for reducing a class of trees and prefix computations under the distributed-memory model. The new algorithms are shown to be communication-efficient and suitable for a large family of parallel computers. This family of parallel computers are based on a novel interconnection topology called the p-th order Fibonacci cube [10] that generalizes the Boolean cube (hypercube) [18] and the (second order) Fibonacci cube [8]. Specifically, the following results are presented: 1. We show that the p-th order Fibonacci tree of size N can be reduced to a single node in O(log N) steps on a p-th order Fibonacci cube with N nodes (processors). 2. Assume that O(log N) data items are on each of the N processors. We show that the prefix computation can be done in O(log N) steps on the p-th order Fibonacci cube.
Rational expectations and ambiguity

On 20 May 2013 at the 66th CFA Institute Annual Conference in Singapore, Thomas J. Sargent discussed his research on rational expectations and macroeconomics. He examined the probability distribution function of potential future outcomes in terms of ambiguity aversion and discussed market equilibrium under ambiguity aversion. He also considered whether swings in the market represent changes in the degree of ambiguity and, if so, whether those states can be predicted.
Association between prostate-specific antigen and leptin, adiponectin, HbA1c or C-peptide among African-American and Caucasian men.

Prior studies report slightly lower prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels among obese men. To understand this effect, we investigated the association between PSA and blood HbA1c, C-peptide, leptin and adiponectin levels in African-American (AA) (n=121) and Caucasian (CA) (n=121) men. Among AA men, PSA levels decreased with increasing C-peptide levels (PSA=0.99, 0.93, 0.75 and 0.53 ng ml−1 across quartiles of C-peptide, respectively; Ptrend=0.005). Among CA men, PSA levels decreased with increasing HbA1c (PSA=0.84, 0.73, 0.77 and 0.45 ng ml−1 across quartiles of HbA1c, respectively; Ptrend=0.005). This may suggest that metabolic disturbances related to metabolic syndrome or diabetes affect the ability to detect early-stage prostate cancer.
Tubulointerstitial immune complex nephritis in rats immunized with Tamm-Horsfall protein

Tubulointerstitial immune complex nephritis in rats immunized with Tamm-Horsfall protein. Rats immunized with Tamm-Horsfall protein (TH) developed autoantibodies to TH and tubulointerstitial nephritis with granular deposits of IgG, C3, and TH at the base of tubular cells of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop and selective infiltration of leukocytes around this distal nephron segment. Selective IgG deposition at the base of cells in the tubular segment containing TH and the direct relationships of the amount of immune deposits and the severity of histologic lesions to serum levels of anti-TH antibodies suggest a pathogenetic role for the autoantibodies to TH. The immune deposits in this model of tubulointerstitial nephritis appear to be the consequence of in situ formation of immune complexes. This mechanism involves the diffusion of circulating antibodies to TH across tubular basement membranes and their combination with TH molecules associated with tubular cell surface membranes. Nephrite a complexes immuns tubulo-interstitiels chez des rats immunises avec la proteine de Tamm-Horsfall. Des rats immunises par la proteine de Tamm-Horsfall (TH) ont developpe des auto-anticorps contre TH et une nephrite tubulo-interstitielle avec des depots granulaires d'IgG, C3, et TH au pole basal des cellules tubulaires de la partie large de la branche ascendante de l'anse de Henle ainsi qu'une infiltration leucocytaire selective autour de ce segment du nephron. Le depot selectif d'IgG au pole basal des cellules dans le segment qui contient TH et les relations directes entre la quantite de depots immuns et la severite des lesions histologiques suggere un role pathogenique des anticorps anti-TH. Les depots immuns dans ce modele de nephrite tubulo-interstitielle paraissent etre la consequence de la formation in situ de complexes immuns. Ce mecanisme implique la diffusion des anticorps circulants a travers la membrane basale tubulaire et leur combinaison avec les molecules de TH associees aux membranes cellulaires.
Color variance in PDF-based production workflow environments

Based on the production practices of a representative sampling of graphic arts professionals, a series of tests were conducted to determine the potential color variance incurred during specific production-based PDF workflows. The impact of key production variables--including the use of ICC profiles, methods and settings used for PDF distillation, and printer/RIP color management handling for PDF rendering--were examined for RGB, CMYK and select spot colors to determine the potential magnitude of color variation under normal production conditions. The results of the study, quantified via paired comparison and delta E, showed that, while color variance could be kept to a minimum using very specific workflow configurations, significant color variation was incurred in many of the common workflow configurations representative of the production environments observed from the sample population. Further, even compliance to PDF-X1a and PDF-X3 specifications allowed for unwanted variation depending on specific production activities that preceded or followed the creation of the PDF-X file.
Quantitation of exogenous and endogenous components of glomerular immune deposits.

Quantitative techniques for accurately measuring the components of glomerular immune deposits have been developed over several years. These techniques rely on the observations of Yalow and Berson [1] who showed that it is possible to radiolabel proteins and peptides without substantially altering their antigenicity. Johnson, Day and Pressman [21, and McConahey and Dixon [3] later demonstrated that similar techniques can be used to iodinate immunoglobulins (Ig) in such a way that they retain antibody function. In this review, we will illustrate some of the uses of quantitative techniques in the study of immunological glomerular disease and its pathophysiological consequences. Table 1 summarizes several such uses, but the range of possible applications is limited only by the imagination and inventiveness of the investigator. Specific methodological details will not be included here since these are generally straightforward and are well described [4—10]. We will also tend to concentrate on the measurement of antibodies and antigens that form immune deposits within glomeruli. However, isotopic techniques have also been used extensively to measure the plasma clearance and organ localization of infused preformed immune complexes [II, 121 and to study the mesangial uptake and clearance of macromolecules in normal and disease states [13, 141. Notwithstanding certain limitations and potential pitfalls that will be illustrated and discussed, these techniques provide a powerful, sensitive, accurate and reproducible tool that is far superior to semiquantitative immunofluorescent (IF) microscopy. Immunofluorescence is subjective, often not reproducible from one observer to another and sensitive only to values above 0.25 g protein/g kidney [61. Although the newly—developed technique of fluorescence microfluorophotometry provides a much more objective and quantitative assessment of immunofluorescent staining intensity [15—17], relatively expensive and sophisticated equipment is required, and, as yet, the degree of correlation between antibody binding measured isotopically and that measured photometrically has not been determined.
Stability properties of a predictor-corrector implementation of an implicit linear multistep method

We examine the stability properties of a predictor-corrector implementation of a class of implicit linear multistep methods. The method has recently been described in the literature as suitable for the efficient integration of stiff systems and as having stability regions similar to well known implicit methods. A more detailed analysis reveals that this is not the case.
The reciprocal link between multiculturalism and perspective-taking: How ideological and self-regulatory approaches to managing diversity reinforce each other ☆

Abstract Five experiments tested the hypothesis that there is a bi-directional link between ideological (multiculturalism and color-blindness) and self-regulatory (perspective-taking and stereotype-suppression) approaches to managing diversity. A first set of experiments found that exposure to multiculturalism facilitated perceptual and conceptual forms of perspective-taking. Specifically, a multicultural ideology prime strengthened motivations to engage in perspective-taking (Experiment 1) and led participants to adopt spontaneously an outgroup target's visual perspective (Experiment 2) and to recognize that an outgroup target did not possess their privileged knowledge (Experiment 3), as compared with a color-blind ideology prime or baseline condition. A second set of experiments documented the reciprocal relationship: Actively considering an outgroup member's perspective strengthened both deliberate (Experiment 4) and automatic (Experiment 5) positivity toward multiculturalism relative to color-blindness. These findings suggest that ideological and self-regulatory approaches to diversity management are intimately connected and can reinforce each other.
Properties of oscillating refractive optical wings with one reflective surface

A new modality for optical micromanipulation is under investigation. Optical wings are shaped refractive objects that experience a force and torque owing to the reflection and transmission of uniform light at the object surface. We present wing designs that provide a restoring torque that returns the wing to a source facing orientation while preserving efficient thrust from radiation pressure. The torsional stiffness and orbital period of a set of optical wing cross-sectional shapes are determined from numerical ray-tracing analyses. These results demonstrate the potential to develop an efficient optomechanical device for applications in microbiology and space flight systems.
Asymptomatic Physiologic Hyperdeviation in Peripheral Gaze

Abstract Asymptomatic hyperdeviation (HD} in peripheral gaze may be caused by muscle paresis, restrictive orbital diseases, cranial neuropathy, or skew deviation. The authors suspected that this finding was often physiologic and therefore examined 61 normal subjects with the Maddox rod. Forty-seven of 61 patients (77%) showed an HD of 2 prism diopters (PD) or greater in any field of gaze; 22 of these 47 patients (47%) showed an isolated left HD in right upgaze and right HD in left upgaze; an additional 15 of the 47 patients (32%) had either a right HD in left upgaze or a left HD in right upgaze. In only one patient was a vertical phoria evident in primary gaze. Ninety-four percent noted vertical diplopia where the deviation was found. In 40 of 47 patients (85%), a “V” pattern of less than 15 PD was detected. No HD in primary gaze on head tilt was elicited in those tested. Awareness of this highly prevalent physiologic HD, which follows the pattern of primary overaction of the inferior oblique muscle, may ward off erroneous neurologic diagnoses.
Synchronous Pulmonary Renal Cell Carcinoma Metastases and Primary Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

CASE 1 Case 1 is a 79-year-old woman with a significant smoking history, who underwent a nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) 14 years before presentation. A chest computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated a left upper lobe 14 12 mm spiculated peripheral nodule, and an 8-mm central lobar nodule (Figure 1). A positron emission tomography scan demonstrated activity in the peripheral dominant lesion. The patient underwent a video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) wedge resection of the peripheral lesion. Frozen section histology demonstrated adenocarcinoma. A complete VATS lobectomy was performed with mediastinal lymph node sampling. On final pathology, the peripheral lesion was metastatic RCC, and the central lesion was a pulmonary adenocarcinoma confirmed by Thyroid Transcription Factor 1 positivity; all lymph nodes were normal.
Efficacy of a Children's Feeding Program and Problems with Nutrition Assessment in a Third World Setting

Tsunami Earthquake American Relief Services (TEARS) International, a US-based nongovernment organization, developed a children's feeding program for South Nias, Indonesia. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of the TEARS feeding program, in which malnourished children ≤5 years of age (N = 83) were enrolled. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical assays (hemoglobin and urinalysis) were assessed. Weight for age (P < .01), weight for height (P < .01) and body mass index (BMI) for age (P < .001) increased significantly during the program. The prevalence rates of low hemoglobin and ketonuria were significant. The program was efficacious due to increases in anthropometric indicators, but a high incidence of anemia and lack of food availability was evident. Multiple problems with nutrition assessment existed.
The MRL +/+ mouse: a new model of tubular aggregates which are gender- and age-related

Congenic mice of the MRL +/+ substrain provide an animal model for study of tubular aggregates in skeletal muscle. Tubular aggregates appear limited only to males of the MRL +/+ strain and are not found in other strains, including MRL +/−, MRL lpr/lpr, BXSB/MpJ, BALB/c, SJL/J, AJ, or C3H HEJ. This strain-specific occurrence, and the gradually increasing abundance of tubular aggregates after 6 months of age until virtually all type II myofibers are affected by 2 years, implies that both genetic and developmental factors are necessary for the occurrence of tubular aggregates. These two factors are not sufficient, however, since hormonal alteration by male castration nearly completely prevents the expression of tubular aggregates. Parallels are drawn with how expression of tubular aggregates is limited largely to males in diverse acquired and hereditary human neuromuscular disorders.
High performance liquid chromatography of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor: its application toward resolution of receptor-monoclonal antibody complexes.

Abstract The present report describes the application of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) towards the analysis of chick intestinal 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1, 25(OH) 2 D 3 ) receptors and their interaction with anti-receptor monoclonal antibodies. Hormone-labeled vitamin D 3 receptors were chromatographed under high pressure on an Altec Spherogel TSK 3000 sw column. Both radioactivity and DEAE-filtration measurements of the eluted fractions indicated a high yield (91%) of 1, 25(OH) 2 D 3 receptor. Specific binding was both displaceable with 100-fold excess radioinert hormone and dissociable with 2 mM p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate. In contrast, when 1, 25(OH) 2 D 3 receptors were preincubated with anti-receptor monoclonal antibodies, the receptor's elution time was significantly accelerated to that expected for a larger macromolecule. This position corresponded to that observed for either pure or internally [ 35 S]methionine-labeled monoclonal antibody. These results suggest that HPLC analysis and resolution of both receptor and receptor-antibody complex may be of future practical value.
Reaction of O2 with {η3-HB(3-Butpz)3}MgCH2Si(CH3)3: Facile SiC bond cleavage and formation of {η3-HB(

Abstract The reaction of the magnesium trimethylsilylmethyl complex {η3-HB(3-Butpz)3}MgCH2Si(CH3)3 with O2 gives the trimethyl
Leucoanthocyan Material from Immature Peaches

SUMMARY A leucocyanidin was obtained from immature Elberta peaches by counter-current extraction. Cleavage with hydrochloric acid yielded cyanidin chloride and (2R: 3s) (+)-catechin. Traces of two closely related but unidentified companion leucocyanidin compounds were found on chromatograms. The presence of (2R: 3S) (+)-catechin and certain chlorogenic acids with their isomers was confirmed.
Central nervous system-directed therapy in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and studies of neurobehavioral outcome: Children's Cancer Group trials.

Long-term survival rates in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have improved due, in part, to the introduction and subsequent refinements in central nervous system (CNS)-directed therapy. Studies of cognitive, motor, and behavioral functioning, which characterize the patterns and severity of CNS sequelae, are being used increasingly as measurable treatment endpoints. This paper summarizes the advances in CNS-directed therapy derived from Children’s Cancer Group randomized therapeutic trials. Results from neurobehavioral outcome studies built upon these trials are also presented. A section of this review is focused on CNSdirected treatments and the neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants diagnosed with ALL, an especially high-risk patient subset. Future studies of neurobehavioral outcome are briefly elaborated in the context of current chemotherapy approaches used in the treatment of childhood ALL.
Laser processing of Fe based bulk amorphous alloy coating on zirconium

Abstract Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS™), a commercially available laser-based additive manufacturing technique, was employed for the processing of Fe-bulk amorphous alloy (Fe-BAA) coating on zirconium. SEM analysis revealed an amorphous–crystalline mixed phase composite microstructure of the coating. Crystalline phase was dispersed in an amorphous matrix. Moreover, considerable mixing of the Fe BAA in the zirconium substrate was noticed. The Fe BAA coatings showed 800% increase in hardness and decrease in normalized wear volume was ~ 30 times compared to the control Zr substrate. During the wear testing in 3.5% NaCl solution, Fe BAA coatings showed evidence of fretting corrosion. Overall, our results demonstrate that laser processing can be used to deposit amorphous coatings on Zr substrate.
Security status display and browser interframe communication

We argue that current WWW protocols are anticompetitive and favor larger WWW retailers and service providers. Consumer confidence has been recognized as an impediment to the development of smaller WWW based businesses and the growth of online transactions. Consumers are understandably concerned about using their credit card number to make WWW purchases.Our assertion is that the development of standards which would allow payment providers to interface with vendors and consumers to interface with vendors with confidence has been made difficult by current browser standards. We suggest that changes can reasonably be made which would make the task of developing such interface protocols easier while enhancing consumer confidence. Changes in the direction we suggest could assist in enhancing competition, consumer security and privacy, as well as confidence. In addition, it would be easier to develop protocols to allow consumer choice of payment providers, shippers, and other services ancillary to an online transaction.
Adjoint Monte Carlo electron transport in the continuous-slowing-down approximation

A model is developed for the Monte Carlo solution of the adjoint transport equation for primary electrons in one dimension. Energy loss is treated in the continuous-slowing-down approximation. The model also employs the condensed-history approximation required in forward Monte Carlo models for transport in extended media. It is tested extensively through numerous calculations of energy deposition and transmission coefficients in aluminum. Predictions are compared with results of the corresponding forward model. Agreement is generally very good. Small discrepancies are attributed to the use of uninterpolated tabular electron cross section data in both forward and adjoint models.
Trends in High-Temperature Stable Polymer Synthesis

Abstract For the past 20 years there has been an active program of research among polymer chemists seeking to prepare thermally stable materials for use as fibers, films, rubbers, adhesives, and other plastic uses. Many types of polymeric molecules have been investigated and the search is still going on. There are, of course, many degrees of thermal stability to be considered. For this report I intend to deal with the polymers which are stable in the range of 300°C and above. This limits the number of materials to be covered to what one can include in a limited survey of the field such as this paper is designed to be.
Critical specific heat of erbium sesquioxide and the 3-dimensional Ising model☆

Abstract Specific heat measurements are reported for Er 2 O 3 near the Neel temperature T N . No ‘rounding-off’ of the data is found to within 4 × 10 -4 K of T N = 3.3707 K. Good agreements is found with theoretical calculations for the 3-dimensional Ising model.
Migration of Carbon in Tempered Martensitic Steel During Excimer Laser Melting

The migration of ion implanted 13C in tempered martensitic steel (nominal composition 1.05 wt. % C, 0.2 wt. % Si, and 0.3 wt. % Mn) during excimer laser melting was examined utilizing the resonance of the l3C(p,γ)14N reaction at Ep = 1747.6 keV. Depth concentration profiles after five and ten laser pulses of 1 J/cm2 revealed a deviation from random walk diffusion in a homogeneous media. This was modelled by using partitionless solidification and solubility controlled flow of carbon in the iron-carbon melt. A diffusion length of $$2\sqrt {{\rm{D\tau }}} = 34 \pm 2$$ nm during the period to τ the melted phase was deduced. Ion implanted surfaces were initially crystalline but significant crystalline to amorphous transformation occurred following laser treatment.
HUMAN PATHOGENIC FUNGI RECOVERED FROM BRASILIAN SOIL.

A total of 202 soil samples from areas around the cities of Belo Horizonte, Santos, Sao Paulo, Piracicaba and Itatiaia park were examined by various techniques for the presence of fungi that may be pathogenic to humans and animals. The fungi isolated were:Microsporon gypseum (40),M. cookei (2),Keratinomyces ajelloi (2),T. mentagrophytes (9),T. terrestre (49),T. verrucosum (2),Allescheria boydii (1),Aspergillus fumigatus (2),Candida albicans (21),Cryptococcus neoformans (4), andSporotrichum schenckii (4). Many of the pathogenic fungi were found in habitats where they might be expected to occur in relation to activities of humans and animals. The probable basis for the apparent absence ofParacoccidioides brasiliensis from soil samples was discussed. The following organisms have apparently been reported for the first time from soil samples in Brasil;T. mentagrophytes, T. terrestre, T. verrucosum, A. fumigatus, C. albicans, andS. schenckii.
Response Assessment Challenges in Clinical Trials of Gliomas

Accurate, reproducible criteria for determining tumor response and progression after therapy are critical for optimal patient care and effective evaluation of novel therapeutic agents. Currently, the most widely used criteria for determining treatment response in gliomas is based on two-dimensional tumor measurements using neuroimaging studies (Macdonald criteria). In recent years, the limitation of these criteria, which only address the contrast-enhancing component of the tumor, have become increasingly apparent. This review discusses challenges that have emerged in assessing response in patients with gliomas and approaches being introduced to address them.
Physician assistants in neurology practice.

We undertook a telephone survey of 46 physician assistants (PAs) who worked full-time in a neurology practice. This survey was performed using a purposive sample method. Each survey participant was asked both specific and open-ended questions. A follow-up letter sought additional information about the PA’s practice. There was a 100% response from all telephone contacts and a 94% response rate from the paper survey. The gender of PAs was evenly divided and ages ranged from 29 to 65 years, with a mean of 44 years. The average number of years in practice was 13.5, with a range of 1 to 25. The number of years in neurology practice was 7.2. Fifty-seven percent of surveyed PAs worked in group practice settings with at least four other neurologists. One-fourth of the PAs were employed by a hospital and saw approximately 26 patients per week. Medical office–based PAs (33) report that they saw an average of 43 patients a week. Most worked a …
Similar response patterns to topical minoxidil foam 5% in frontal and vertex scalp of men with androgenetic alopecia: a microarray analysis.

Summary Background There are regional variations in the scalp hair miniaturization seen in androgenetic alopecia (AGA). Use of topical minoxidil can lead to reversal of miniaturization in the vertex scalp. However, its effects on other scalp regions have been less well studied. Objectives To determine whether scalp biopsies from men with AGA show variable gene expression before and after 8 weeks of treatment with minoxidil topical foam 5% (MTF) vs. placebo. Methods A placebo-controlled double-blinded prospective pilot study of MTF vs. placebo was conducted in 16 healthy men aged 18–49 years with Hamilton–Norwood type IV–V thinning. The subjects were asked to apply the treatment (active drug or placebo) to the scalp twice daily for 8 weeks. Stereotactic scalp photographs were taken at the baseline and final visits, to monitor global hair growth. Scalp biopsies were taken at the leading edge of hair loss from the frontal and vertex scalp before and after treatment with MTF and placebo, and microarray analysis was performed using the Affymetrix GeneChip HG U133 Plus 2.0. Results Global stereotactic photographs showed that MTF induced hair growth in both the frontal and vertex scalp of patients with AGA. Regional differences in gene expression profiles were observed before treatment. However, MTF treatment induced the expression of hair keratin-associated genes and decreased the expression of epidermal differentiation complex and inflammatory genes in both scalp regions. Conclusions These data suggest that MTF is effective in the treatment of both the frontal and vertex scalp of patients with AGA.
Signal enhancement of the spatial smoothing algorithm

A spatial smoothing algorithm to decorrelate highly correlated sources for direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation in narrowband problems is developed. The rate of decorrelation of the coherent sources is very low and sensitive to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for sources with close DOAs. A method to enhance the signal (to remove the effects of the sensor noise) and to make the spatial smoothing robust with respect to SNR is proposed. This approach will significantly improve the resolution of the algorithm. Statistical characteristics of the improved spatial smoothing are compared with that of the standard spatial smoothing. >
Improvements on the maintenance and operation of a 2 MV Van de Graaff accelerator

Abstract An existing 2 MV Van de Graaff accelerator has been improved for high beam currents, and long-term stability of the machine over a wide range of atomic and molecular projectiles, charge states and impact energies. Furthermore we present here some of our inexpensive yet effective designs for a SF6 recycling system with a nearly complete recovery, a terminal voltage and slit controller, a magnetic quadrupole doublet lens plus an electronic focussing and steering unit, various high voltage power supplies, column resistor replacements and a belt.
CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND CEREBRAL METABOLIC RATES FOR OXYGEN, GLUCOSE, AND KETONE BODIES IN NEWBORN DOGS

— Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the cerebral metabolic rates for oxygen, glucose, acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate and lactate were measured in 1- to 5-day old Beagle dogs under nitrous oxide anesthesia. CBF was determined by 133Xe washout with mechanically integrated blood samples withdrawn simultaneously from a femoral artery and from the posterior one-third of the superior sagittal sinus. CBF and CMRO2 in normocapnia (PaCO2 40 × 1 mm Hg) were 48 × 5 ml/100 g/min and 2.15 ml/100 g/min, respectively. There was a positive, linear relationship between CBF and PaCO2, calculated for PaCO2 values ranging from 26 to 70 mm Hg. Induced hypocapnia (PaCO2 31 × 1 mm Hg) or hypercapnia (PaCO2 58 × 2 mm Hg) did not alter the CMRO2. Glucose and acetoacetate were taken up by the brain at all PaCO2 levels examined; however, the cerebral uptake of glucose always exceeded the combined uptake of ketone bodies by more than a factor of ten. The cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (94.6 × 3.6 μmol/100 g/min) more than accounted for overall cerebral oxygen consumption, and yielded an oxygen:glucose ratio (mol:mol) of 5.1. Thus, as in adult animals, PaCO2 is an important regulator of cerebral blood flow in puppies, and glucose is the major substrate for oxidative energy production in the immature brain. The oxidation of ketone bodies by the newborn dog brain accounts for not more than 6% of the in vivo cerebral oxygen consumption.