cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal privacy control for transport network data sharing

Abstract In the era of smart cities, Internet of Things, and Mobility-as-a-Service, private operators need to share data with public agencies to support data exchanges for “living lab” ecosystems more than ever before. However, it is still problematic for private operators to share data with the public due to risks to competitive advantages. A privacy control algorithm is proposed to overcome this key obstacle for private operators sharing complex network-oriented data objects. The algorithm is based on information-theoretic k-anonymity and, using tour data as an example, where an operator’s data is used in conjunction with performance measure accuracy controls to synthesize a set of alternative tours with diffused probabilities for sampling during a query. The algorithm is proven to converge sublinearly toward a constrained maximum entropy under certain asymptotic conditions with measurable gap. Computational experiments verify the applicability to multi-vehicle fleet tour data; they confirm that reverse engineered parameters from the diffused data result in controllable sampling error; and tests conducted on a set of realistic routing records from travel data in Long Island, NY, demonstrate the use of the methodology from both the adversary and user perspectives.
Cross-Layer Assisted Forwarding Strategy for Opportunistic Communication

The rapid growth of mobile devices combined with the vast increase in Internet traffic is posing a challenge to the underlying infrastructure, especially at the wireless edge. Device-to-device communication (D2D) has been recognized as a solution to alleviate the burden on the infrastructure by slowing down the deployment of new base stations. This paper proposes a step towards D2D communication over Information-Centric Networking (ICN) to facilitate content retrieval via a cross-layer assisted forwarding strategy. By choosing ICN, we can circumvent some of the limitations of current MANET routing protocols. We evaluate our proposed scheme on up to 150 nodes in an urban scenario composed of vehicles and pedestrians. Our simulation results showed that our strategy can download up to 13 times more packages than the baseline with lower latency when the cellular network is present.
Effect of prone positioning on oxygenation and lung mechanics in neonates with mechanical ventilation

Objective To investigate the effects of prone positioning on oxygenation and lung mechanics in neonates with mechanical ventilation.Methods Twenty cases of neonates,selected from Shanghai Children′s Hospital(from May 2008 to Feb 2009),were randomized to supine-prone position group (n=10) and prone-supine position group (n=10) using a crossover design.During 6h,these neonates were placed in the supine position for 3h then in the prone position for 3h or in reversed order.The ventilator parameters,results of arterial blood gas and the lung mechanics were recorded.Results Without obvious changes of ventilator parameters,PaO2 improved significantly when the incubated neonates were placed in the prone position for 3h compared to supine [(74.50±15.37)mm Hg vs (67.60±13.66)mm Hg,1mm Hg=0.133kPa,P<0.05).Similarly,oxygenation index of prone positioning for 3h was (201.86±55.96)mm Hg,which was higher than that of (184.38±63.58)mm Hg,the value of supine positioning for 3 h.There were significant differences (P<0.05).Our results showed that 60% (12/20) of the neonates responded to prone positioning,with oxysenation index increasing as much as 17mm Hg on average.Improvement in minute volume,tidal volume and dynamic compliance of the lung were achieved after prone positioning for 3h (P=0.011,0.020,0.045).The airway resistance did not decrease significantly (P=0.422),but the average decreased in the prone position.Conclusion Oxygenation and the lung mechanics are improved significantly in the neonates with prone position compared with supine position. Key words: Prone positioning; Mechanical ventilation; Oxygenation; Lung mechanics; Infant,newborn
Intracochlear fibrosis and the foreign body response to cochlear implant biomaterials.

Objective To report current knowledge on the topic of intracochlear fibrosis and the foreign body response following cochlear implantation (CI). Methods A literature search was performed in PubMed to identify peer-reviewed articles. Search components included "cochlear implant," "Foreign body response (FBR)," and "fibrosis." Original studies and review articles relevant to the topic were included. Results Ninety peer-reviewed articles describing the foreign body response or intracochlear fibrosis following CI were included. Conclusions Intracochlear fibrosis following CI represents a significant limiting factor for the success of CI users. Several strategies have been employed to mitigate the foreign body response within the cochlea including drug delivery systems and modifications in surgical technique and electrode design. A better understanding of the FBR has the potential to improve CI outcomes and the next generation of cochlear prostheses.
The Family Quilt Project: The Power of Culturally Relevant Pedagogy

In many Title I schools (schools receiving federal funding and grant assistance due to large numbers of students from low-income families), art teachers find themselves teaching students from diffe...
ImpDAR: an open-source impulse radar processor

Despite widespread use of radio-echo sounding (RES) in glaciology and broad distribution of processed radar products, the glaciological community has no standard software for processing impulse RES data. Dependable, fast and collection-system/platform-independent processing flows could facilitate comparison between datasets and allow full utilization of large impulse RES data archives and new data. Here, we present ImpDAR, an open-source, cross-platform, impulse radar processor and interpreter, written primarily in Python. The utility of this software lies in its collection of established tools into a single, open-source framework. ImpDAR aims to provide a versatile standard that is accessible to radar-processing novices and useful to specialists. It can read data from common commercial ground-penetrating radars (GPRs) and some custom-built RES systems. It performs all the standard processing steps, including bandpass and horizontal filtering, time correction for antenna spacing, geolocation and migration. After processing data, ImpDAR's interpreter includes several plotting functions, digitization of reflecting horizons, calculation of reflector strength and export of interpreted layers. We demonstrate these capabilities on two datasets: deep (~3000 m depth) data collected with a custom (3 MHz) system in northeast Greenland and shallow (<100 m depth, 500 MHz) data collected with a commercial GPR on South Cascade Glacier in Washington.
Talking Politics: Creating a Course for Incoming Freshman on Political Discourse

Efforts to teach civic engagement address not only students’ political knowledge but also their skills and dispositions. Although the scholarship of teaching and learning has explored the role of p...
Effect of Electrostatic Nonlinearity on Force-to-Rebalance Mode of Operation in CVG

In Micro Electro-Mechanical (MEM) Coriolis Vibratory Gyroscopes (CVG), the electrostatic frequency tuning mechanism is often used to match the resonant frequencies along the drive and sense axes of the gyroscope. However, the electrostatic frequency tuning results in nonlinearity in the dynamics of the CVG and a large amplitude-frequency coupling is introduced. In this paper, we present a comparative study of the effect of electrostatic nonlinearity on the noise performance of a CVG in the open-loop angular rate mode and the Force-to-Rebalance (FRB) angular rate mode of operation. Based on the experimental noise characterization of a Dual Foucault Pendulum (DFP) gyroscope, it is demonstrated that the amplitude-frequency coupling adversely affects the stability of the resonant frequency along the drive axis of the gyroscope. In the case of the open-loop operation modality, it is shown that noise in the oscillation frequency along with an uncompensated quadrature coupling between the sense and drive modes causes noise degradation and scale-factor instability. In the FRB mode, however, by using Quadrature Nulling Control (QNC) and Rate Control (RC) loops, the zero-rate output and scale-factor were observed to have much lower sensitivity to frequency instability along the drive axis, caused by the amplitude-frequency coupling. In the case of the DFP gyroscope, we demonstrated that the FRB mode provides a 20-times lower Angle Random Walk (ARW), as compared to the open-loop mode of operation. In this work, by operating the DFP gyroscope in the FRB mode, an ARW better than 0.0068 deg/√hr and a Bias Instability (BI) better than 0.09 deg/hr were demonstrated at a vibration amplitude of 0.8 microns, equivalent to half of the capacitive gap size.
Interpretations of Hume's Footnote on Race

In his essay “Of National Characters,” Hume added a now-infamous footnote denigrating African civilizations and black people in general. The footnote creates a contradiction to readers acquainted with Hume. Hume is widely recognized as a critic of bigotry, yet his footnote is the height of bigotry. Furthermore, in 1752, the year prior to the addition of the footnote, he excoriated slavery. Modern scholars offer different interpretations of the footnote. Most agree he was prejudiced against blacks, but the degree to which the footnote collides with the anti-bigotry perspective projected in his other writings is disputed. This paper shows the many perplexing contradictions created by the footnote in Hume’s writings and ponders whether the contradictions were intentional. I argue that Hume often wrote in an ambiguous and occasionally contradictory fashion to draw readers with opposing views into his work, yet his true beliefs were sometimes hard to discern. Conclusions over the extent of Hume’s racism are not made; in fact, this paper argues they should only be made with caution. A very likely answer is that Hume did hold racist views, but his numerous statements suggesting the contrary should not be ignored. Hume may have written the denigration to create stark contradiction and to lampoon racist attitudes necessary to justifying slavery. Alternatively, he may have been trying to persuade pro-slavery opponents into allow a hearing to those like himself who argued against slavery—trying to reason with his opponents without recrimination for rank inhumanity and injustice. The extent of Hume’s racism might be hard to truly know, but this paper argues that it is likely that the footnote was added and amended to improve the effectiveness of his arguments against slavery.
Scopeformer: n-CNN-ViT Hybrid Model for Intracranial Hemorrhage Classification

We propose a feature generator backbone composed of an ensemble of convolutional neuralnetworks (CNNs) to improve the recently emerging Vision Transformer (ViT) models. We tackled the RSNA intracranial hemorrhage classification problem, i.e., identifying various hemorrhage types from computed tomography (CT) slices. We show that by gradually stacking several feature maps extracted using multiple Xception CNNs, we can develop a feature-rich input for the ViT model. Our approach allowed the ViT model to pay attention to relevant features at multiple levels. Moreover, pretraining the n CNNs using various paradigms leads to a diverse feature set and further improves the performance of the proposed n-CNN-ViT. We achieved a test accuracy of 98.04% with a weighted logarithmic loss value of 0.0708. The proposed architecture is modular and scalable in both the number of CNNs used for feature extraction and the size of the ViT.
Putting Terror in Its Place: An Experiment on Mitigating Fears of Terrorism among the American Public:

An American’s yearly chance of being killed by a terrorist attack sits at roughly 1 in 3.5 million. Yet, over 40 percent of Americans consistently believe that they or their family members are like...
3D Geometric Shape Reconstruction for Revision TKA and UKA Knees Using Gaussian Process Regression.

Revision knee surgery is complicated by distortion of previous components and removal of additional bone, potentially causing misalignment and inappropriate selection of implants. In this study, we reconstructed the native femoral and tibial surface shapes in simulated total/unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (TKA/UKA) for 20 femurs and 20 tibias using a statistical inference method based on Gaussian Process regression. Compared to the true geometry, the average absolute errors (mean absolute distances) in the prediction of resected femur bones in TKA, medial UKA, and lateral UKA were 1.0 ± 0.3 mm, 1.0 ± 0.3 mm, and 0.8 ± 0.2 mm, respectively, while those in the prediction of tibia resections in the corresponding surgeries were 1.0 ± 0.4 mm, 0.8 ± 0.2 mm, and 0.7 ± 0.2 mm, respectively. Furthermore, it was found that the prediction accuracy depends on the size and gender of the resected bone. For example, the prediction accuracy for UKA cuts was significantly better than that for TKA cuts (p < 0.05). The female and male cuts were often overfit and underfit, respectively. The data indicated that this reconstruction approach can be a viable option for planning of revision surgeries, especially when contralateral anatomy is pathological or cannot be available.
Effects of Fresh Mango Consumption on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Adults

Abstract Background & Aims In vitro and animal studies show antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties of mangos. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of fresh mango consumption compared to an isocaloric control snack on body weight, glucose, insulin, lipid profiles, liver function enzymes, inflammation, and antioxidant activity in overweight and obese adults (BMI ≥ 26 kg/m2). Methods and results In a crossover design, 27 participants consumed 100 Kcal/d of fresh mangos or isocaloric low-fat cookies daily for 12 weeks each, separated by a four-week washout period. Blood glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), and aspartate transaminase activity significantly decreased while total antioxidant capacity significantly increased following mango consumption. There were no significant changes in body weight, body fat %, blood pressure, insulin, or lipid profile following mango consumption. Cookie consumption significantly increased body weight, insulin, CRP, and triglycerides. Conclusion These results suggest that relative to the control snack, mangos may improve certain risk factors associated with overweight and obesity including improved glycemic control and reduced inflammation. Clinical trials register NCT03957928.
Applications of AC Complex Impedance Spectroscopy to Fast Ion Conducting Lithium Silicate Gels

Alkali silicate gels, and in particular, lithium silicate gels, have been studied over the last ten years because they represent a new approach to preparing fast ion conductors.1Initially, the idea was that gel-prepared alkali silicates and conventional melted alkali silicates were chemically and structurally identical.2, 3 This turns out not to be the case.4The fact that gel-prepared glasses and conventional glasses are not identical in all ways has set off an explosion of experimental studies on gels.5, 6 At the same time, this fact has created an expectation that physical properties, especially transport properties, will not be the same in gel-prepared and conventional silicates of similar composition. Based on this expectation, the interest in transport properties has increased and many fast ion conductors from gels have been synthesized and characterized.7
The Need for Quantifying Security

Enterprise networks have become essential to the operation of companies, laboratories, universities, and government agencies. As they continue to grow both in size and complexity, their security has become a critical concern. Vulnerabilities are regularly discovered in software applications which are exploited to stage cyber attacks. Currently, management of security risk of an enterprise network is more an art than a science. System administrators operate by instinct and experiences rather than relying on objective metrics to guide and justify decision making. Computer networks constitute the core component of information technology infrastructures in areas such as power grids, financial data systems and emergency communication systems. Protection of these networks from malicious intrusions is critical to the economy and security of our nation. Vulnerabilities are regularly discovered in software applications which are exploited to stage cyber attacks. Currently,management of security risk of an enterprise network is more an art than a science. System administrators operate by instinct and experience rather than relying on objective metrics to guide and justify decision making. In this book we develop models and metrics that can be used to objectively assess the security risk in an enterprise network, and techniques on how to use such metrics to guide decision making in cyber defense.
Inhibition of Cellular Protein Synthesis After Virus Infection

This review is concerned with the effects of picornavirus infection on the biosynthesis of macromolecules in animal cells. Soon after infection of animal cells with a member of the picornavirus group, there is an inhibition of cellular RNA and protein synthesis. Later in infection, the synthesis of cellular DNA is also decreased. During this time, viral constituents are synthesized and assembly of viral progeny occurs. Late in infection, there is an irreversible loss of the capacity of the cell to synthesize any macromolecules, host or viral, and finally, the cell dies.
Computer learning through association

In this report a computer program is described which attempts to model the techniques by which human beings take information about an initially unknown environment and use it to develop rules for coping with the environment.The environment chosen is a simple game, similar to tic-tac-toe. The computer program and a randomly playing opponent alternately place their symbols on a three by three board. After nine such moves the program is told whether it won or lost the game according to a predetermined set of rules. The model is programmed to develop a strategy for successive games. As the computer plays more games the rules and strategy become more sophisticated.Two fundamental hypotheses were used in the implementation of the learning process.1) Learning is achieved through association on simple observable phenomena (game results), to more complex concepts. This gives direction to the learning process.2) Learning is based on a type of economic system in which concepts are developed only when their worth in playing an effective game exceeds their cost in complexity.The program was written in IPL-V and implemented on the IBM 7044 at the State University of New York at Buffalo.
Development of a capillary zone electrophoresis method for dose determination in a tetravalent dengue vaccine candidate

Dengue is known to cause morbidity and mortality worldwide and currently there is neither available specific therapeutics to treat nor a vaccine to prevent this disease. Although efforts are being made, development of a vaccine against this disease remains challenging. Hawaii Biotech Inc developed a recombinant subunit envelope protein-based vaccine against all four serotypes produced in Drosophila S2 cells which were transferred over to Merck in 2010. Each subunit of the four dengue serotypes contains the N-terminal 80% of the amino acids comprising the envelope protein (DEN-80E). A Phase 1 study using only monovalent DEN1-80E was done by Hawaii Biotech Inc and most recently, a Phase 1 clinical trial of the tetravalent DEN-80E formulation (V180) was conducted. Here, we report the development of a dose assay for the tetravalent dengue vaccine-containing subunit protein of DEN1-80E, DEN2-80E, DEN3-80E, and DEN4-80E using various separation methods such as HPLC and CE. Based on the results of the comparison, the CZE separation was chosen as the most suitable method to perform the dose assay for the tetravalent dengue vaccine.
Examination of ‘pollen balls’ in nests of the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata

SUMMARYNests of Megachile rotundata, the alfalfa leafcutting bee, were removed from alfalfa fields in the early autumn. X-radiography was used to analyse nests and revealed that 20–50% of the bee cells contained so-called ‘pollen balls’, a term commonly used in the USA to indicate cells that are provisioned but lack healthy eggs or developing larvae. Dissection of these cells showed that most contained pollen-nectar provisions with collapsed eggs or early, pre-defecating larvae, and a moderate proportion of them had a provision onto which no egg had been laid. Other cells contained incomplete or no provisions along with older dead larvae, beetle larvae and their faeces, or saprophytic fungi (as hyphae). Most provisions were at least somewhat moist, with 25% being very dry. A significant difference in the moisture condition and in the proportions of cell content categories was found among the bee populations examined. These results help direct future studies into understanding why bee cells are provisioned...
Ecological physiology of a coral pathogen and the coral reef environment.

Laboratory studies on the ecological physiology of a coral pathogen were carried out to investigate growth potential in terms of environmental factors that may control coral diseases on reefs. The disease chosen for this study, white plague type II, is considered to be one of the major diseases of Caribbean scleractinian corals, affecting a wide range of coral hosts and causing rapid and widespread tissue loss. It is caused by a single pathogen, the bacterium Aurantimonas coralicida. A series of laboratory experiments using a pure culture of the pathogen was carried out to examine the roles of temperature, pH, and O2 concentration on growth rate. Results revealed optimal growth between 30 and 35°C, and between pH values of 6 and 8. There was a distinctive synergistic relationship between pH and temperature. Increasing temperature from 25 to 35°C expanded the range of pH tolerance from a minimum of 6.0 down to 5.0. O2 concentration directly affected growth rate, which increased with increasing O2. The combined effects of increasing O2 and increasing temperature resulted in a synergistic effect of more rapid growth. These laboratory results are discussed in terms of the coral host and the range of the environmental factors that occur on coral reefs. We conclude that changing environmental conditions in the reef environment, in particular observed increases in water temperature, may be promoting coral diseases by allowing coral pathogens to expand their ecological niches. In the case of the white plague type II pathogen, elevated temperature would allow A. coralicida to colonize the low pH environment of the coral surface mucopolysaccharide layer as an initial stage of infection. The synergistic effect between temperature and oxygen concentration appeared to be less environmentally relevant for this coral pathogen.
Possible mechanism of posttesticular antifertility action of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol.

34 male rats were given 3-chloro- 12-propanediol in doses of 6.5 9.5 12.5 or 15 mg/kg body weight orally every day. 20 other rats served as controls. Another group of 15 rats was given the same doses and used only for tissue study whereas the first test group was bred. A third group of rats was given 15 mg/kg daily in consecutive administration from 1 to 10 or 14 days. A fourth group and a fifth group received (daily) 15 mg/kg of the drug or water; 60 of these rats had received unilateral vasectomy and 24 had been rendered unilaterally cryptorchid 22 weeks before receiving the drug. Rats which received 6.5 9.5 12.5 or 15 mg/kg daily for 14 days were infertile from days 10-14; libido remained normal. Caput corpus and cauda of the epididymus in some rats were 41 32 and 17% heavier than controls. In the operated rats the surgical side of the rats showed no weight changes in the epididymal tract while the control side showed the characteristic weight increases after 15 mg/kg/day. There were no pathological changes microscopically in the rats receiving 6.5 mg/kg/day; there was minimal peritubular edema in the initial segment and some intratubular dilatation with 9.5 mg/kg. 12.5 and 15 mg/kg produced intratubular dilatation in all zones of the epididymis. There was some spermatocele formation in the initial segment. There was no evidence of hemorrhage or vascular pathology but the lymphatics always appeared dilated. Interference with absorption of testicular fluid and / or secretory products of the epididymis is suggested as a mechanism for producing infertility.
Future impact: Predicting scientific success

Daniel E. Acuna, Stefano Allesina and Konrad P. Kording present a formula to estimate the future h-index of life scientists.
The effects of aging on mu and delta opioid receptors in the spinal cord of Fischer-344 rats

Previous research has demonstrated that the antinociceptive efficacy of opioids decreases with advancing age. This study utilized radioligand binding techniques to determine if this decline is due to a change in the receptor density (Bmax) and/or affinity (measured as Kd) of the mu (mu) and/or delta (delta) opioid receptors in the spinal cord with advancing age. Saturation binding analysis with [3H][d-Ala2,N-methyl-Phe4,Gly5-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO: a mu-opioid selective agonist) and [3H]naltrindole (a delta-opioid selective antagonist) revealed no age-related changes in Bmax for either the mu or delta-opioid receptors. The Kd value for naltrindole was likewise unaffected by age. The Kd value for DAMGO however, was significantly higher in the aged group as compared with the young and mature groups, indicating a decreased affinity of spinal mu-opioid receptors for DAMGO.
Neurovascular Pathways and Alzheimer Amyloid β-peptide

According to the prevailing amyloid cascade hypothesis, the onset and progression of a chronic neurodegenerative condition in Alzheimer disease (AD) is initiated by the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) accumulation in brain and consequent neuronal toxicity. Recent emphasis on co-morbidity of AD and cerebrovascular disease and the recognition that cerebrovascular dysregulation is an important feature of AD, has shed new light on neurovascular dysfunction as a possible contributor to cognitive decline and Alzheimer neurodegeneration. In the same time, this association has raised a question as to whether there is a causal relationship between cerebrovascular dysregulation and Abeta-initiated pathology, and whether influencing targets in the neurovasculature may prevent different forms of Abeta brain accumulation and/or lower pre-existing accumulates in a later stage of the disease. Pathogenic cascades which operate to dissociate normal transport exchanges between central and peripheral pools of Abeta, and decreased vascular competence leading to brain hypoperfusion and impaired Abeta clearance are discussed. We suggest that there is a link between neurovascular dysfunction and elevated brain Abeta which provides a new scenario for therapeutic interventions to control Alzheimer mental deterioration.
Threat Modeling for Security Failure-Tolerant Requirements

This paper describes an approach to modeling security threats to applications and to deriving security failure-tolerant requirements from the threats. This paper assumes that unbreakable core security services for applications, such as authentication, access control, cryptosystem, or digital signature, are broken all the time in a real-world setting. The UML use case model for application requirements is analyzed to model security threats to the system in terms of threat points at which each threat is described using a structured template. This paper also derives security failure-tolerant requirements from the threats at threat points, and the requirements are modeled by means of security failure-tolerant use cases separately from application use cases in the use case model. A security failure-tolerant use case is extended from an application use case at a security point. The Internet banking application is used to illustrate the proposed approach.
The appreciative approach to innovation and improvement.

he future of radiology hinges on nnovation and improvement. We ay be doing our jobs well enough t the moment, but if we simply ontinue our present practices inefinitely into the future, we invite ecline and eventual extinction. he pace of change is simply too apid for any individual or organiation to think that maintaining he status quo is an effective longerm strategy merely to survive, let lone flourish. Hence, it is vital that e clearly understand how innovaion and improvement take place nd what makes them successful. hen it comes to organizational nnovation and improvement, owever, many different options resent themselves. Broadly speaking, there are 2 pposing approaches to organizaional improvement: a problemriented approach and an appreciaive approach. Although both have mportant roles to play, we believe hat the problem-oriented aproach has received vastly more atention, to the neglect of its appreiative counterpart. A leader or rganization that uses a purely roblem-oriented approach forgoes mportant opportunities for orgaizational improvement that an apreciative approach can help us recgnize and take advantage of. The urpose of this article is to foster a eeper understanding of this appreiative approach. The problem-oriented approach eeks to identify things that are broen and fix them, whereas the ap-
Plasma spectroscopy of H, Li, and Na in plumes resulting from laser-induced droplet explosion

The plasma emission resulting from laser-induced breakdown of large transparent H2O droplets (with and without NaCl or LiCl) has been spectrally and spatially resolved along a strip which encompasses the droplet and two plasma plumes associated with materials streaming from the droplet. From the emission line shapes, relative emission intensity ratios, and absorption line reversals, estimates can be made of the electron density, plasma temperature, and spatial inhomogeneity of the plasma along a strip in the direction of the laser beam. Use of the emission lines of H, Li, and Na as atomic tracers for plasma diagnostics is discussed.
Quantification of mammalian lignans in biological fluids using gas chromatography with ion mobility detection.

Abstract A method is presented to quantify selected mammalian lignans in human physiological fluids by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). The use of IMS following GC permitted the selective and sensitive measurement of 2,3-bis(3-hydroxybenzyl)butane-1,4-diol (i.e., enterodiol) and trans-2,3-bis(3-hydroxybenzyl)-γ-butyrolactone (i.e., enterolactone) concentrations in urine and plasma following dietary supplementation with whole wheat/flaxseed bread high in mammalian lignan precursors. Following six weeks of flaxseed feeding, urinary and plasma levels of enterodiol and enterolactone were elevated, exceeding the amounts found at baseline by a factor of 3–5. The approach to mammalian lignan methodology presented herein provides novel analytical phytochemical procedures for assessing the impact of lignan consumption in human health and disease.
Boson mass squared formula and spurions

Abstract We have obtained the GMO mass formula for PS mesons directly in terms of the masses squared, to all orders in an S-PS-PS coupling constant, assuming that the principal contributions to δm2 are due to the single boson intermediate states and to the non-vanishing of the vacuum expectation values of some scalar fields.
Investigation of Lake Ontario water quality near Port Granby radioactive waste management site

The concentrations of226Ra, As, and NO 3 − have been measured in Lake Ontario waters off Eldorado Nuclear Limited's Port Granby radioactive waste management site. Only one sample gave a226Ra value higher than the Ontario criterion for public surface water supplies. The highest levels of As and NO 3 − were below the Ontario criteria. The leachate plume appears to move parallel to the shoreline in the direction of the prevailing wind but disperses rapidly reaching ambient levels within 150 m of the source. The leaching of these pollutants has only a minor effect on the lake water quality.
Writing to Learn Ecology: A Study of Three Populations of College Students.

Being an ecologically literate citizen involves making decisions that are based on ecological knowledge and accepting responsibility for personal actions. Using writing-to-learn activities in college science courses, we asked students to consider personal dilemmas that they or others might have in response to how human choices can impact coastal dead zones around the world. We explored how undergraduate students (42 biology and 47 elementary education majors at a 4-year college and eight Native studies majors at a tribal college in the United States) identified their ecological dilemmas after reading about aquatic hypoxia. About 30% of the 4-year college students’s essays demonstrated a more ecologically literate understanding of hypoxia by the end of the study. The tribal college students improved their ecological literacy by 50%, albeit with a small sample size. Biology majors made more human-centered comments than the education majors. The Native American students often discussed trade-offs between qua...
Sign-tracking Predicts Increased Choice of Cocaine Over Food in Rats

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the tendency to sign-track to a food cue was predictive of rats' choice of cocaine over food. First, rats were trained on a procedure where insertion of a retractable lever was paired with food. A sub-group of rats - sign-trackers - primarily approached and contacted the lever, while another sub-group - goal-trackers - approached the site of food delivery. Rats were then trained on a choice task where they could choose between an infusion of cocaine (1.0 mg/kg) and a food pellet (45 mg). Sign-trackers chose cocaine over food significantly more often than did goal-trackers. These results support the incentive-salience theory of addiction and add to a growing number of studies which suggest that sign-trackers may model an addiction-prone phenotype.
Acute leukemia with abnormal thrombopoiesis and inversions of chromosome 3.

Abstract Abnormal thrombopoiesis has been described in acute leukemias associated with inv(3) (q21q26.2) or t(3;3)(q21;q26.2). We reviewed 13 patients seen at the Mayo Clinic since 1979 with inversions of chromosome 3 or related abnormalities: 12 acquired and one constitutional. The patient with the constitutional abnormality had an inv(3)(p21q29) and mild leukocytosis and thrombocytosis. Among the 12 patients with acquired abnormalities, five had inv(3) (q21q26.2), three had t(3;3)(q21;q26.2), one had del(3)(q12q21), one had ins(6;3) (p21;q21q26.2), one had inv(3)(p21q12), and one had r(3)(p?21q?21). Each of these patients developed acute leukemia: eight had antecedent myelodysplastic syndrome, eight presented with platelet counts greater than 100 × 10 3 /μl, and six had atypical megakaryocytic hyperplasia. Five patients had ringed sideroblasts in their marrow, an antecedent refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts, or erythroleukemia. Seven patients received chemotherapy but showed no response. From the time of chromosome study, the median duration of survival was 4 months. Our results suggest that 1) although abnormal megakaryocytopoiesis is observed in patients with inv(3)(q21q26.2), multiple hematopoietic lineages are also involved in the neoplastic process; 2) an antecedent myelodysplastic syndrome is common in acute leukemia with inv(3) or related abnormalities; 3) affected patients have a poor survival and are resistant to conventional chemotherapy; and 4) abnormal megakaryocytopoiesis in acute leukemia may also be associated with pericentric inversions of chromosome 3.
Integral constants in wave motion

Abstract It is shown that the L2 norm of a solution to the wave equation is eventually constant provided that the solution has compact support in space and the number of space variables is odd and larger than one.
Prognostic significance of Doppler measures of diastolic function in cardiac amyloidosis. A Doppler echocardiography study.

BACKGROUNDWe have previously characterized the left ventricular diastolic filling abnormalities in cardiac amyloidosis by Doppler methods. The various filling patterns were shown to be related to the degree of cardiac amyloid infiltration. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of Doppler diastolic filling variables for assessing prognosis in cardiac amyloidosis.METHODS AND RESULTSWe performed pulsed-wave Doppler studies of the left ventricular inflow and obtained clinical follow-up data in 63 consecutive patients with biopsy-proven systemic amyloidosis. All patients had typical echocardiographic features of cardiac involvement. The patients were subdivided into two groups according to deceleration time: Group 1 (33 patients) had a deceleration time of 150 msec or less, indicative of restrictive physiology, and group 2 (30 patients) had a deceleration time of more than 150 msec. Of the 63 patients, 32 (51%) died during a mean follow-up period of 18 +/- 12 months. Of these deaths, 25 (78%) we...
Critical characteristics of technique in throwing the discus

The purpose of this study was to identify those characteristics of the techniques used by elite discus throwers that are most closely related to the distances they record. The subjects were the competitors in the discus throw events at two major meetings. Two S‐VHS video cameras were used to record the performances of the subjects; the direct linear transformation (DLT) procedure was used to obtain three‐dimensional data from these records. For the males, the change in speed of the discus during the second double support phase was more influential than the change in speed during any other phase in accounting for differences in the distances of the throws recorded. For the females, the changes in speed during the flight phase and during the second double support phase were about equally influential in accounting for differences in the distance thrown. The findings suggest that emphasis placed on achieving a large change in the speed of the discus during the second double support phase is well founded; that...
Effect of Langreth-Mehl gradient correction on transition-metal band structures: Copper and vanadium

The Langreth-Mehl gradient correction to the local-density approximation (LDA) for the exchange-correlation functional is tested with the use of band-structure calculations for two representative transition metals: Cu and V. Compared to the LDA results, it is found that the major effect is a relative $s\ensuremath{-}d$ shift of 9 mRy. This upward shift of the $d$ bands is beneficial in the case of vanadium, but not in the case of copper. We discuss the significance of these observations in light of the systematics of the transition series.
Structural properties of 3-dimensional carbon clusters

Structural properties of 3d carbon clusters were calculated employing recently developed model potential energy functions for carbon. Primarily, spherical shell structures were included in the present investigation. Configurations corresponding to local energy minima were calculated for various shells of an icosahedron containing different number of C atoms. For C60, the two low-lying isomers, the buckminsterfullerene and truncated dodecahedron, were found to be almost isoenergetic. It was also found that fully relaxed structures of C90 and C120 have energies very comparable to that of C60. Furthermore, a systematic analysis carried out in this study for carbon clusters with varying dimensionalities, revealed an interesting relationship between the bond lengths and the distribution of bond angles. In all cases, shorter bond distances were found to be associated with larger bond angles.
D-dimensional gravity in the light-cone gauge

Abstract Einstein's theory of gravity for D -dimensional spacetime is formulated in the light-cone gauge. The theory is shown to have an SL( D − 2, R) symmetry, enabling the graviton to be identified with the coset SL( D − 2, R)/SO( D − 2), although the action is more complicated than the simplest nonlinear σ-model with this symmetry.
Pad polishing for rapid production of large flats

Pad polishing is an efficient technique for polishing-out a ground surface and reaching a figure better than one wave, ready for completion with less than an hour on a planetary polisher. For the 350 mm square piece of BK-7, removal was one micrometer every 10 minutes. Polishing-out from a 5 micrometer grind took less than 3 hours, to a surface smoothness of one nm rms. Other tests verified that the pad leaves no unusual subsurface damage. Following completion on a pitch planetary polisher, surface finish is the same as obtained for conventional processing. Unlike pitch, the pad retains its surface figure, producing a uniform result when used on a production basis. Coupled with the speed of production and low capital cost of overarm machines, it provides a cost-effective approach.
Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species

Current views of biological invasions in terrestrial ecosystems have been dominated by what we see above the soil surface-exotic plants, vertebrates and insects (e.g., Pimentel 2002; Sax et al. 2005). Less conspicuous, but equally important with respect to ecosystem processes are invasions by soil organisms, which are occurring literally beneath our feet (Ehrenfeld and Scott 2001). Familiar examples include the South American fire ant (Solenopis invicta) which has invaded southern North America and Australia, and the New Zealand flatworm (Arthurdendyus triangulatus) which has become wide-spread in the United Kingdom; both have caused considerable ecological and economic damage.
Redesigning MPI shared memory communication for large multi-core architecture

Modern multi-core platforms are evolving very rapidly with 32/64 cores for node. Sharing of system resource can increase communication efficiency between processes on the same node. However, it also increases contention for system resource. Currently, most MPI libraries are developed for systems with relatively small number of cores per node. On the emerging multi-core systems with hundreds of cores per node, existing shared memory mechanisms for MPI run-times will suffer from scalability problem, which may limit the benefits gained from multi-core system. In this paper, we first analyze these problems and then propose a set of new schemes for small message and large message transfer over shared memory. "Shared Tail Cyclic Buffer" scheme is proposed to reduce the number of read and write operations over shared control structures. "State-Driven Polling" scheme is proposed to optimize the message polling through dynamically adjusted polling frequency on different communication pairs. Through dynamic distribution of runtime pinned-down memory, "On-Demand Global Shared Memory Pool" is proposed to bring benefits of pair-wise buffer to large message transfer and optimize shared send buffer utilization without increasing the total shared memory usage. With micro-benchmark evaluation, the new schemes can bring up to 26 % and 70 % improvement for point-to-point latency and bandwidth performance, respectively. For applications, the new schemes can achieve 18 % improvement on the 64-core/node Bulldozer system for Graph500 benchmark, and up to 11 % improvement for NAS benchmarks. With 512 processes evaluation on 32-core Trestles system, the new schemes achieves 16 % improvement for NAS CG benchmark.
Attraction to Men and Women Varying in Self-Esteem:

Among 23 male and 29 female undergraduates, the men and women who were high and low in self-esteem rank-ordered their liking for men varying in self-esteem and for women varying in self-esteem. Although a person of equal self-esteem was liked more than a person of higher self-esteem, this preference was much stronger when the targets were women than when they were men. It was suggested that superiority may be a more powerful determinant of liking for men than liking for women.
Green Polymer Chemistry VIII: Synthesis of Halo‐ester‐Functionalized Poly(ethylene glycol)s via Enzymatic Catalysis

Halo-ester-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs) are successfully prepared by the transesterification of alkyl halo-esters with PEGs using Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) as a biocatalyst under the solventless conditions. Transesterifications of chlorine, bromine, and iodine esters with tetraethylene glycol monobenzyl ether (BzTEG) are quantitative in less than 2.5 h. The transesterification of halo-esters with PEGs are complete in 4 h. (1) H and (13) C NMR spectroscopy with MALDI-ToF and ESI mass spectrometry confirm the structure and purity of the products. This method provides a convenient and "green" process to effectively produce halo-ester PEGs.
A longitudinal analysis of factors associated with reporting violent crimes to the police

The use of generalized estimating equations and time-series methods for fitting longitudinal models in the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is discussed, with reference to the relation between the reporting of a violent crime to the police and previous victimizations. Two longitudinal models are fit to NCVS data to predict the likelihood of reporting a violent crime to the police based on characteristics of the victim and the incident and based on previous victimization experiences. In both models, it is found that higher reporting rates are associated with positive results accruing from reporting previous victimization to the police.
Buckling and postbuckling behavior of compression-loaded isotropic plates with cutouts

An experimental study of the buckling and postbuckling behavior of square and rectangular compression loaded aluminum plates with centrally located circular, square, and elliptical cutouts is presented. Experimental results indicate that the plates exhibit overall trends of increasing buckling strain and decreasing initial postbuckling stiffness with increasing cutout width. Corresponding plates with circular and square cutouts of the same width buckle at approximately the same strain level, and exhibit approximately the same initial postbuckling stiffness. Results show that the reduction in initial postbuckling stiffness due to a cutout generally decreases as the plate aspect ratio increases. Other results presented indicate that square plates with elliptical cutouts having a large cutout-width-to-plate-width ratio generally lose prebuckling and initial postbuckling stiffness as the cutout height increases. However, the plates buckle at essentially the same strain level. Results also indicate that postbuckling stiffness is more sensitive to changes in elliptical cutout height than are prebuckling stiffness and buckling strain.
Phospholipids of normal and experimentally injured spinal cord of the miniature pig.

Experimental spinal cord trauma was produced in 3-month-old SS-1 minature pigs by dropping a 25 g weight from a height of 20 cm upon the exposed spinal cord. The histological lesion consisted of edema and hemorrhage. Phospholipid concentration and composition, cholesterol concentration and phospholipid fatty acid composition were determined in whole spinal cord 3 hours after injury, and in spinal cord myelin 5 hours after injury. Three hours after injury phospholipid and cholesterol concentration were decreased by about 14% in the whole spinal cord. Trauma had no effect on the phospholipid composition of whole spinal cord and myelin. Fatty acid composition of myelin also did not change after injury, and changed very slightly in the whole spinal cord. It is concluded that edema following spinal cord trauma is much more extensive than previously assumed. Furthermore, peroxidation of membrane lipid fatty acids does not appear to be a significant factor in spinal cord pathology 3 hours after injury.