cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Habitat and Season in Structuring Ground-Dwelling Spider (Araneae) Communities in a Shortgrass Steppe Ecosystem

We assessed habitat differences in ground-dwelling spider communities that stem from fine-scale differences in plant cover types and height in a shortgrass steppe ecosystem. The number of spiders captured in pitfall traps was used to determine habitat and temporal dynamics in the spider communities. Two habitat types were sampled, grass and mixed-grass/shrub during May, June, July, and August 1995 and 1996. Spiders in the Lycosidae (56%) and Gnaphosidae (29%) were the numerically dominant spiders collected. The Lycosidae was represented by three species and significantly more abundant in grass habitats in 1995 only. The Gnaphosidae was the most speciose family collected (15 spp). The most abundant species of Gnaphosidae exhibited consistent habitat and seasonal patterns of species turnover and abundance during the 2-yr study. Results from detrended correspondence analysis revealed significant species-specific differences in the spider communities between the two habitats. Of the 10 most abundant species, Schizocosa mccooki (Montgomery), S. mimula (Gertsch), Gnaphosa clara (Keyserling), and G. brumalis (Thorell), were more abundant in grass sites. The most abundant spiders in the mixed-grass/shrub habitat were Schizocosa spp. (immatures), Gnaphosa spp. (immatures ), G. sericata (Koch), Haplodrassus signifer (Koch), Habronattus altanus (Chamberlin), and Xysticus nigromaculatus (Keyserling). Overall, the spider communities differed between grass and mixed-grass/shrub habitats in their response to seasonal change, and these differences in community composition were similar both years of the study. Our results underscore the importance of habitat selection at fine-scales and patterns of seasonal activity that translate to population and community patterns at larger spatial and temporal scales.
Landscape feature-based permeability models relate to puma occurrence

a b s t r a c t Habitat fragmentation in human-dominated landscapes is seen as a major threat to biodiversity per- sistence. Nearly all corridor conservation plans designed to restore habitat connectivity are based on modeled data, and are rarely tested with empirical field data. Here we describe landscape permeabil- ity models derived from an estimated linear relationship between specific landscape features related to human land use (e.g. traffic volume, housing density) and bird and mesocarnivore detection levels from empirical field studies. We compare these model estimates with existing occurrence data for pumas (Puma concolor), a generalist predator commonly used as a focal species for connectivity analysis, in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Our results show that pumas were observed to readily use moderately dis- turbed habitats, and rarely were detected in the most heavily disturbed areas. This comparison of a more generic connectivity model estimate with animal field observations shows that while generic models can be useful for corridor designs in highly disturbed environments they may be less useful in moder- ately impacted rural to semi-natural landscapes, where more detailed studies of species behavior may be required to delineate functional corridors. Mapping the level of landscape permeability that surrounds the built environment, as measured by distance to roads and housing density, offers a spatially explicit way to identify areas important wildlife movement. This approach provides a tool to help managers and land-use planners prioritize habitat corridors for biodiversity conservation across fragmented landscapes. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Rx for the Certiorari Crisis: A More Professional Staff

Responding to a rising tide of petitions for Certiorari in the U.S. Supreme Court, in the early 1970’s several blue-ribbon study groups recommended ways to reduce the Court’s workload. Differing in many respects, all of the proposals had one common denominator: creation of some sort of new court.In contrast, this article proposed a solution within the Court’s existing framework. It would alleviate the Certiorari Crisis by creating a small staff of experienced lawyers to assist the justices in screening petitions. The proposal was based on the practice of several state appellate courts that use commissioners to study and make recommendations on the disposition of matters on the Courts’ discretionary docket.The proposal was never implemented. Instead, a nascent law clerk “cert pool” became institutionalized, which today assists eight of the nine justices in screening Certiorari petitions.
Factors shaping Americans’ objective well-being: A systems science approach with network analysis

Abstract Despite the introduction of multiple factors, multidimensional approaches cannot represent the complexity of the objective determinants of well-being (ODW). This paper proposes an alternative OWD model that adds a systemic approach, by using Bayesian networks algorithms to discover a directed two level network of variables nested in subnetworks of determinants. The network was inferred by using subsamples of the 2013 version of the American Community Survey. Network analysis methods applied to the model provided new insights concerning single ODW relevance and the roles that are useful to focus selective welfare interventions; they also offered a big picture that is fundamental to reason about the unpremeditated universal character of the selective US welfare policies.
A review of supportive care interventions to manage distress in young children with cancer and parents.

Background There is a positive relationship between parent and young child distress during cancer treatment. Dimensions of parent/child distress are multifaceted and associated with family function and quality of life outcomes. A critical examination of intervention research is needed to identify how dimensions of parent/child distress and related outcomes are being addressed. Objective The aims of this study were to summarize and describe supportive care intervention research for young children with cancer and parents and to discuss implications for family-based intervention research. Methods This systematic review examined supportive care intervention studies with randomized and nonrandomized designs for young children with cancer (aged 3-8 years) and/or their parents published between 1991 and 2011. Twenty-two studies that met specific inclusion criteria were reviewed to determine intervention type, intervention components, targeted outcomes and findings, and whether interventions addressed child, parent, or parent/child needs. Results Most interventions focused primarily on procedural support, followed by parent education/counseling. Most studies targeted the child or the parent alone; very few targeted parent/child dyads. Outcomes focused primarily on child distress, anxiety, and pain. Quality of life and coping were rarely measured, and no studies examined family function. This body of research is emerging, with most interventions in the developmental pilot phase and few efficacy trials. Conclusions Findings confirm underrepresentation of young children in supportive care intervention research and the need for more complex, family-based interventions to advance young child intervention research beyond acute, procedural distress. Implications for practice The authors discuss the implications of review findings for clinical practice.
Influence of local x-ray treatment on development of jaws in young axolotl (Siredon mexicanum).

SummaryLower or upper jaws of young axolotls (age 20 to 60 days) were locally irradiated with 2000-4000 r. Suppression of growth of treated jaws was observed in all cases. The irradiated jaw is a miniature copy of the normal jaw. Tissue reaction of irradiated jaw was evident 23 days after treatment with 4000 r (primary acute reaction). The treated jaw at this time showed a typical degenerating giant cell epithelium. The enamel epithelium disappeared and resorption of teeth was in progress. Thirty-four days after irradiation there remained small remnants of teeth in parts of treated jaws. At this time, when the resorption of teeth is almost completed, only a small retardation of growth of the irradiated jaw was observed. The degenerating giant cell epithelium has disappeared and been replaced with normal-appearing epithelium, but this epithelium was unable to produce new enamel organs. Fifty-eight days after treatment the retardation of growth of the treated jaws was clearly evident, and all remnants of te...
Development of Pyrolyzed Nanoporous Carbon Electrodes with Sponge-like Networks of Mesopores for Use as Supercapacitors

We developed patternable nanoporous carbon microstructures fabricated using simple O2 plasma etching and carbon-MEMS for the application of supercapacitors. Carbon-MEMS is a versatile microfabrication technology enabling batch fabrication of micro-/nano-sized carbon structure of complex architecture at a wafer level using conventional UV-lithography and pyrolysis. By incorporating a simple O2 plasma etching process prior to the pyrolysis, sponge-like nanoporous surface is formed on the top surface of pre-patterned SU-8 photoresist structures due to self-masking effect. These O2-plasma-treated photoresist structures are converted into nanoporous carbon electrodes via pyrolysis while maintaining surface morphology of sponge-like nanoporous networks. The surface area and electrochemical capacitance of the nanoporous carbon are enhanced significantly compared to a bare carbon surface. The pore size and surface morphology of the nanoporous carbon are controllable depending on O2 plasma etching time.
Prayer Machines in Japanese Buddhism

It is a well documented fact, albeit perhaps not emphasized enough in scholarship, that Japanese Buddhism, historically, has often favored and contributed to technological developments. Since its t...
Surgical anatomy of the temporal lobe.

The anatomy of the temporal lobe is reviewed as it relates to surgical resections for epilepsy. The major parenchymal structures are defined, and some mention of their functions is made. The arterial supply and venous drainage for the major regions are described. Pertinent anatomic relationships with surrounding structures in the cavernous sinus, ambient cistern, and sylvian fissure are identified.
Robustness, Resiliency, and Universality in the Geometry of Urban Layouts

In this book I described, analyzed, and compared the geometric characteristics of the downtown areas of more than 100 cities in developed and developing countries. I chose to study the geometric characteristics of these areas assuming that visible and invisible geometric features are an integral part of urbanity and that these features provide essential support for various urban functions and activities. Since downtowns are generally considered the most successful urban areas in most cities, I hope that the systematic and exhaustive geometric studies of this book would help in better describing and understanding the geometric characteristics of these areas, help in designing new urban areas incorporating some of these characteristic features, and provide an important step forward for learning, understanding, and evaluating successful urban areas in a rigorous way. It is, however, important to note that urbanity is not dependent solely on urban geometry, nor is urbanity independent of it. Despite its usefulness, geometry is only one of many features affecting urbanity in our cities. Therefore, our understanding of urban geometry must coexist and, at times, confront many other aspects of cities toward defining urbanity.
Simulation and Virtual Experimentation: Grounding with Empirical Data

Some examinations of group processes may require intensive data collection to answer initial research questions. Findings, however, often lead to more research questions that could be answered if additional data were available. In cases where collecting additional data is cost prohibitive, researchers may benefit from formulating “what-if” questions that can be answered via simulation and virtual experimentation. This chapter presents a step-by-step guide to demonstrate (1) how simulation procedures can be developed and validated with existing empirical data and (2) how these procedures can be executed to conduct virtual experiments. To demonstrate these steps, we provide a tutorial based on potential what-if questions about two different aspects of the relationship between team cohesion and team effectiveness using continuous and discrete empirical data, respectively, along with Matlab code for the simulation, validation, and virtual experimentation. We then present two more complex examples from our own published papers.
Can Memories of Traumatic Experiences or Addiction Be Erased or Modified? A Critical Review of Research on the Disruption of Memory Reconsolidation and Its Applications.

Recent research suggests that the mere act of retrieving a memory can temporarily make that memory vulnerable to disruption. This process of “reconsolidation” will typically restabilize the neural ...
»Über Lessing« (und Abschluss)

Der »Aufsatz uber Lessing« (2, 111; s. Kap. III.E.43) ist zuerst 1797 im zweiten Teil des ersten Bandes des Lyceum erschienen und keine Rezension in dem Sinne, in dem es Schlegels Schiller- oder Jacobi-Kritiken sind.
Comparing grounded theory and topic modeling: Extreme divergence or unlikely convergence?

Researchers in information science and related areas have developed various methods for analyzing textual data, such as survey responses. This article describes the application of analysis methods from two distinct fields, one method from interpretive social science and one method from statistical machine learning, to the same survey data. The results show that the two analyses produce some similar and some complementary insights about the phenomenon of interest, in this case, nonuse of social media. We compare both the processes of conducting these analyses and the results they produce to derive insights about each method's unique advantages and drawbacks, as well as the broader roles that these methods play in the respective fields where they are often used. These insights allow us to make more informed decisions about the tradeoffs in choosing different methods for analyzing textual data. Furthermore, this comparison suggests ways that such methods might be combined in novel and compelling ways.
“Algo sobre jardines” en la escritura de José Donoso

Este trabajo aborda la figura del jardin en la escritura de Jose Donoso a traves de una seleccion de novelas y cronicas urbanas. La revision de estas obras revela que el jardin promueve la legibilidad de sujetos y paisajes urbanos al interior de un espacio de voluntad donde se debaten discursos esteticos y politicos. El jardin emerge asi como un hito en el paisaje urbano y escritural que convoca la mirada vigilante de los estrategas y las aspiraciones comunitarias de los disidentes.
Resilient control strategy under Denial of Service in connected vehicles

With the advent of Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communication, connected vehicle systems can be a promising tool to realize efficient and intelligent transportation. Essentially, connected vehicles can be viewed as a group of vehicles that can communicate with each other and the infrastructure. However, it also presents some challenges from safety and security point of view. Apart from the malfunction in the communication protocol, wireless communication networks can be subjected to cyber-attacks such as Denial of Service (DoS). Therefore, a vehicular control scheme which is resilient to such cyber-attacks is essential to improve the safety and security. In this paper, we develop a resilient control scheme for a platoon of connected vehicles equipped with Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) to mitigate the DoS attack. We modify the conventional CACC algorithm by adding an estimation algorithm consisting of a set of Luenberger's observer and a delay estimator. The efficacy of the proposes scheme is illustrated via simulation case studies.
Qualitative inquiry of sibling relationships: reinforcement of disability devaluation through the exclusion of voices

AbstractPeople with disabilities share a history and culture of marginalization and oppression. In disability studies, disability has been re-defined as an inability or limitation in performance of the roles and tasks expected of individuals within society which excludes people from becoming full participants in social, cultural, and political affairs. Disability research has traditionally been ‘on’ rather than ‘with’ people with disabilities. This article examines how qualitative sibling disability research has been conducted, with a particular focus on the exclusion of people with disabilities.
Combined Direct and Indirect Cerebral Revascularization Using Local and Flow-Through Flaps.

Background Extracranial–intracranial bypass is indicated in ischemic disease such as moyamoya, certain intracranial aneurysms, and other complex neurovascular diseases. In this article, we present our series of local and flow-through flaps for cerebral revascularization as an additional tool to provide direct and indirect revascularization and/or soft tissue coverage. Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database was performed identifying nine patients. Ten direct arterial bypass procedures with nine indirect revascularization and/or soft tissue reconstruction were performed. Results Indications for arterial bypass included intracranial aneurysm ( n = 2) and moyamoya disease ( n = 8). Indications for soft tissue transfer included infected cranioplasty (one) and indirect cerebral revascularization (eight). Four flow-through flaps and five pedicled flaps were used including a flow-through radial forearm fasciocutaneous flap (one), flow-through radial forearm fascial flaps (three), and pedicled temporoparietal fascial (TPF) flaps with distal end anastomosis (five). The superficial temporal vessels (seven) and facial vessels (two) were used as the vascular inflow. Arterial bypass was established into the middle cerebral artery (six) and anterior communicating artery (three). There were no intraoperative complications. All flaps survived with no donor-site complications. In one case of flow-through TPF flap, the direct graft failed, but the indirect flap remained vascularized. Conclusion Local and flow-through flaps can improve combined direct and indirect revascularization and provide soft tissue reconstruction. Minimal morbidity has been encountered in early outcomes though long-term results remain under investigation for these combined neurosurgery and plastic surgery procedures. Level of Evidence The level of evidence is IV.
Experimental Verification of Rose's Constant K Solution in Bonded Crack Patching

Bonded composite patches have been used for two decades to extend the lives of fatigue-damaged F-16, F-111, B-1B, C-141B, and many other aircraft. One of the key features of the technology is extremely slow crack growth under the bonded repair. Researchers have performed hundreds of experiments on repaired cracked panels, and have reported near-constant crack growth rates for a variety of relatively thin sheet (t < 3 mm or 0.125 inch) configurations and constant amplitude load cases. Constant crack growth rates rely on the existence of a constant crack tip cyclic stress intensity factor, Δ K, underneath the patch.
The Gravitational Zones of Influence of the Planets Acting on Small Celestial Bodies

Tisserand’s definition of the “sphere of action” of a planet is based on the equality of tidal vs. gravitational acceleration ratios of the sun and planet. Opik and others based their relation on equating the differential solar and planetary forces on a particle. Neither expression was formulated to describe the zone of influence surrounding a planet when considering the small, but significant, long-term perturbative effects of the planets on a particle’s orbital elements. For the purpose of determining these effects on interplanetary dust we derive a zone of influence based on equating the gravitational forces of the sun and planet.
Prevention of Learning Problems

Data drawn from several sources (Dryfoos, 1990; Murphy, 1990; Terman, Larner, Stevenson, & Behrman, 1996; United States Department of Education, 1992) can be pooled to indicate the nature and extent of children’s learning problems. There are approximately 2.1 million school children (5%) who have a documented learning disability and 1.2 million (3%) who have developmental disabilities (i.e., mental retardation). On a nation-wide basis, the average writing proficiency of students in the fourth and eighth grades is at less than a minimal level of competency. More than 80% of students in 4th, 10th, and 12th grades demonstrate less than adequate mathematical achievement. One out of every three children experiences significant problems in learning to read, and up to 18% of high school seniors read at least 4 years below grade level. About one out of every five students repeats at least one grade between kindergarten and eighth grade; the annual high school dropout rate is 25%.
The role of network ties to support implementation of a community pharmacy enhanced services network.

Abstract Background Limited evidence exists on how to integrate community pharmacists into team-based care models, as the inclusion of community pharmacy services into alternative payment models is relatively new. To be successful in team-based care models, community pharmacies need to successfully build relationship with diverse stakeholders including providers, care managers, and patients. Objectives The aims of this study are to: (1) identify the role of network ties to support implementation of a community pharmacy enhanced services network, (2) describe how these network ties are formed and maintained, and (3) compare the role of network ties among high- and low-performing community pharmacies participating in an enhanced services network. Methods Using a semi-structured interview guide, we interviewed 40 community pharmacy representatives responsible for implementation of a community pharmacy enhanced services program. We analyzed for themes using social network theory to compare network ties among 24 high- and 16 low-performing community pharmacies. Results The study found that high-performing pharmacies had a greater diversity of network ties (e.g., relationships with healthcare providers, care managers, and public health agencies). High-performing pharmacies were able to use those ties to support implementation of NC-CPESN. High- and low-performing pharmacies used similar strategies for establishing ties with patients, such as motivational interviewing and assigning staff members to be responsible for engaging high-risk patients. High-performing pharmacies used additional strategies such as assessing patient preferences to support patient engagement, increasing patient receptivity towards enhanced services. Conclusions Community pharmacies may vary in their ability to develop relationships with other healthcare providers, care management and public agencies, and patients. As enhanced services interventions that require care coordination are scaled up and spread, additional research is needed to test implementation strategies that support community pharmacies with developing and maintaining relationships across a diverse group of stakeholders (e.g., healthcare providers, care managers, public health agencies, patients).
Nanocomposites for biomedical applications

Abstract A brief overview of the recent advancements in nanocomposites for biomedical applications is presented. Examples of materials and structures are described. Self-healing is particularly anticipated to play a key role in the development of nanocomposites for biomedical applications.
Review: In adults, increasing ω-6 fatty acid intake does not reduce mortality or overall cardiovascular events

Source Citation Hooper L, Al-Khudairy L, Abdelhamid AS, et al. Omega-6 fats for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;7:CD011094. 30019765
Natural Selection Between Two Games with Applications to Game Theoretical Models of Cancer

Evolutionary game theory has been used extensively to study single games as applied to cancer, including in the context of metabolism, development of resistance, and even games between tumor and treatment. However, the situation when several games are being played against each other at the same time has not yet been investigated. Here, we describe a mathematical framework for analyzing natural selection not just between strategies, but between games. We provide theoretical analysis of situations of natural selection between the games of Prisoner's dilemma and Hawk-Dove, and demonstrate that while the dynamics of cooperators and defectors within their respective games is as expected, the distribution of games changes over time due to natural selection. We also investigate the question of mutual invasibility of games with respect to different strategies and different initial population composition. We conclude with a discussion of how the proposed approach can be applied to other games in cancer, such as motility versus stability strategies that underlie the process of metastatic invasion.
Analysis and Characterization of Soft-Lithography-Compatible Parallel-Electrode-Sensors in Microfluidic Devices

Microfluidic devices integrated with Coulter sensors have been widely used in counting and characterizing suspended particles. The electrodes in these devices are mostly arranged in a coplanar fashion due to a simple fabrication process and leads to non-uniform electric fields confined to the floor of the microfluidic channel. We have recently introduced a simple fabrication method that can effortlessly create parallel electrodes in microfluidic devices built with soft-lithography. In this paper, we theoretically and experimentally analyze the developed parallel-electrode Coulter sensor and compare its sensitivity with that of the Coulter sensor built on conventional coplanar electrodes. Both our simulation results and experiments with cell suspensions show that parallel-electrode Coulter sensor can provide as much as ~5× sensitivity improvement over conventional coplanar electrodes.
Small-Molecule Sequestration Using Aptamer-Functionalized Membranes

Sequestration of small molecules from aqueous solutions poses a significant and important challenge in environmental science and human health. Current methods focus on broadly sequestering all smal...
Comparing urban food system characteristics and actions in US and Indian cities from a multi‐environmental impact perspective: Toward a streamlined approach

Food action plans in many global cities articulate interest in multiple objectives including reducing in‐ and trans‐boundary environmental impacts (water, land, greenhouse gas (GHG)). However, there exist few standardized analytical tools to compare food system characteristics and actions across cities and countries to assess trade‐offs between multiple objectives (i.e., health, equity) with environmental outcomes. This paper demonstrates a streamlined model applied for analysis of four cities with varying characteristics across the United States and India, to quantify system‐wide water, energy/GHG, and land impacts associated with multiple food system actions to address health, equity, and environment. Baseline diet analysis finds key differences between countries in terms of meat consumption (Delhi 4; Pondicherry 16; United States 59, kg/capita/year), and environmental impact of processing of the average diet (21%, 19%,
Resolution of Preoperative Peroneal Nerve Palsy After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Case Report.

Case We present the case of a 71-year-old man with right knee osteoarthritis (OA) and a varus deformity who developed a progressive common peroneal nerve palsy that resolved after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). After decades of knee pain, the patient gradually developed a foot drop as well as numbness and paresthesias over the foot dorsum during the course of 1 month. The patient underwent TKA and within 6 weeks postoperatively had complete resolution of the peroneal nerve symptoms. Conclusion A progressive common peroneal palsy in advanced varus knee OA may resolve after a properly aligned TKA without nerve decompression.
Earth Coverage Model for GPS-Like Capabilities

In terms of the number of satellites in view from a near ground level device or event where Maximum Look Angle represents the performance of transmitters, the global coverage provided by the GPS constellation is demonstrated to be well approximated by assuming that the satellites are randomly distributed around the earth. Analysis using GPS almanac data indicates that a random approximation is a good approximation to within about 10% accuracy. An analytic model relying on this approximation was used to assist in the validation of a sophisticated ephemeris-based performance model. The model also enables fast parametric estimation of aggregate cost, performance, and risk of GPS-like capabilities, including those fielded on small satellites in low earth orbit.
The Effect of Additive Conformation on Enhancement of Deoxyhemoglobin Polymerization

ABSTRACT The addition of normal deoxyhemoglobin (Hb°A) b and of two forms of sickle hemoglobin (COHb and Hb + ) to solution of sickle deoxyhemoglobin (Hb°S) reduces the solubility of the crystals that form when the mixed solutions are gently stirred. When small amounts of additives that are fixed in the T-state are used, the resulting crystals are essentially uncontaminated Hb°S; but, larger amounts of additive cause the crystal solubility to increase again, as the additive is incorporated into mixed crystals, that appear to differ from those of pure Hb°S. Addition of COHb, which is in the R-conformation, has the salting-out effect only, which is not reversed at higher concentrations; nor does the COHb appear to cocrystallize with the Hb°S to any appreciable extent. The effect of added Hb + S depends on whether IHP is present or not, since the conformation of Hb + S goes from R to T as the IHP concentration is raised. With low IHP Hb + S, additions behave very much like additions of Hb°S. The salting-out effect of all three additives at low concentrations conforms to the prevailing theoretical treatment of the non-ideality of the protein solutions, due to the large excluded volume of the additives.
Who Knows? Reflexivity in Feminist Standpoint Theory and Bourdieu:

Though the invocation to be “reflexive” is widespread in feminist sociology, many questions remain about what it means to “turn back” and resituate our work—about how to engage with research subjec...
Matching Imaging Services to Clinical Context: Why Less May Be More.

Abstract Radiologists are facing an evolving dilemma of increased imaging examination volumes while maintaining the highest levels of diagnostic quality. This scenario places radiologists at risk for error, burnout, and loss of opportunities that add value beyond imaging interpretations. We propose a new framework categorizing radiology tests based on clinical intent, level of imaging technique, and appropriate level of reporting detail.
Interrogating Social Justice Paradigms in School Finance Research and Litigation

The search for equitable educational opportunities has lead school finance reformers toward solutions conceptualized largely through distributive social justice. Inhibiting justice in this manner produces discouraging localized results despite continued educational funding policy reform. This article expands school finance literature by critically analyzing how the educational research community has justified undertaking school finance research, discretely focusing on the manner in which researchers have defined and applied the prevailing framework of justice. Finally, this research synthesis outlines innovative inquiry that attempts to resolve social justice ideological conflict within school finance research.
SECONDARY RECRYSTALLIZATION TEXTURE IN 50%Ni-Fe ALLOY WITH CUBIC ORIENTATION

The crystal texture of secondary recrystallization of 50%Ni-Fe alloy has been inves- tigated quantitatively with X-ray Laue method. The samples used throughout the investigation were several sheets of 50%Ni-Fe alloy cold rolled with 98% thickness reduction. Samples annealed below 1000℃ produced a cubic texture with fine grain size, while samples annealed at higher temperatures (1070, 1150, 1250, and 1240℃) produced secondary recrystallization, the ori- entation of which are different from the cubic one but belong to several definite types of orien- tations. For each annealing temperature, about 30 crystals were selected from a sample sheet for the orientation determination with Laue method. The percent abundance of the texture components at several annealing temperatures has been calculated according to the relative volume of the crys- tals with the different orientations.
Everyday music in infancy.

Infants enculturate to their soundscape over the first year of life, yet theories of how they do so rarely make contact with details about the sounds available in everyday life. Here, we report on properties of a ubiquitous early ecology in which foundational skills get built: music. We captured daylong recordings from 35 infants ages 6-12 months at home and fully double-coded 467 h of everyday sounds for music and its features, tunes, and voices. Analyses of this first-of-its-kind corpus revealed two distributional properties of infants' everyday musical ecology. First, infants encountered vocal music in over half, and instrumental in over three-quarters, of everyday music. Live sources generated one-third, and recorded sources three-quarters, of everyday music. Second, infants did not encounter each individual tune and voice in their day equally often. Instead, the most available identity cumulated to many more seconds of the day than would be expected under a uniform distribution. These properties of everyday music in human infancy are different from what is discoverable in environments highly constrained by context (e.g., laboratories) and time (e.g., minutes rather than hours). Together with recent insights about the everyday motor, language, and visual ecologies of infancy, these findings reinforce an emerging priority to build theories of development that address the opportunities and challenges of real input encountered by real learners.
Children's understanding of economic demand: A dissociation between inference and choice.

Abstract Adults infer that resources that become scarce over time are in higher demand, and use this “demand inference” to guide their own economic decisions. However, it is unclear when children begin to understand and use economic demand. In six experiments, we investigated the development of demand inference and demand-based economic decisions in 4- to 10-year-old children and adults in the United States. In Experiments 1–5, we showed children two boxes with the same number of compartments but containing different numbers of face-down stickers and varied the information provided about how those differences arose (e.g. that other children had taken the stickers). In separate experiments, we asked children to buy or trade to get a sticker for themselves or to predict what other children would do. We also asked them which set of stickers they thought the other children had preferred to assess their ability to make a demand inference separately from their own choice. Across experiments, children were able to make a demand inference about children's past preferences by 6 years of age. However, children did not use this demand information when making choices for themselves or when predicting what another child would select in the future. In Experiment 6, we adapted the task for adults and found that adult participants inferred that the set containing fewer resources was in higher demand, and selected the higher demand resource for themselves at rates significantly above chance. The overall pattern of results suggests a dissociation between economic inference and economic decisions during early-to-middle childhood. We discuss implications for our understanding of the development of economic reasoning.
Demagogues in America: From the Revolution to the Second World War

We define demagogues as anti-establishment politicians who provide simplistic explanations and solutions for the people's problems. We identify two key forms of these simplistic solutions: those that ignore resource constraints and those that blame particular ethnic or cultural groups for resource shortfalls. There are two main results: (1) demagogues arise on the national stage in the form of presidential contenders in the aftermath of an economic crisis, or during the slow recovery that follows. (2) Established parties often adjust their positions toward demagogues to fend them off (e.g., FDR in the mid 1930s); and when they refuse (e.g., John Quincy Adams), demagogues win and implement far worse policies that destroy physical and social capital. We highlight how concerns for demagogues dominated the thinking of Americans in the Revolutionary Era and the Early Republic, and were a main factor behind the Constitutional Movement.
RNAi Suppression of LEAFY Gives Stable Floral Sterility, and Reduced Growth Rate and Leaf Size, in Field-Grown Poplars.

The central floral development gene LEAFY (LFY), whose mutation leads to striking changes in flowering and often sterility, is commonly expressed in non-floral structures; however, its role in vegetative development is poorly understood. Sterility associated with suppression of LFY expression is an attractive means for mitigating gene flow by both seeds and pollen in vegetatively propagated forest trees, but the consequences of its suppression for tree form and wood production are unclear. To study the vegetative effects of RNAi suppression of LFY, we created a randomized, multiple-year field study with 30–40 trees (ramets) in each of two sterile gene insertion events, three transgenic control events, and a wild-type control population. We found that floral knock-down phenotypes were stable across years and propagation cycles, but that several leaf morphology and productivity traits were statistically and often substantially different in sterile vs. normal flowering RNAi-LFY trees. Though trees with suppressed LEAFY expression looked visibly normal, they appear to have reduced growth and altered leaf traits. LFY appears to have a significant role in vegetative meristem development, and evaluation of vegetative impacts from LFY suppression would be prudent prior to large-scale use for genetic containment.
Residential Care Development in California: History and Policy:

This literature review provides a framework for understanding the development of residential care in California, including state licensing, federal funding, and state and local planning policies fo...
The Anti-Hate Brigade: How a Group of Thousands Responds Collectively to Online Vitriol

Do you think about what you ought to say, or what you wish others would say when you read the comment fields in social media? Would you dare to share your opinion more frequently if you knew that others in the same thread supported you? Are you already taking action to disrupt those who are spreading hate on the Internet, and do you wish you had the support of others who are doing the same? These are the words that greet visitors to the Facebook group #jagarhar, a Sweden-based collective of thousands of people who have made a regular practice of responding en masse to what they regard as hateful comments online. Members of #jagarhar (which means “I am here”) seek out hatred in comment threads of newspaper articles posted on Facebook and then respond together, following a strict set of rules which includes keeping a respectful and non-condescending tone and never spreading prejudice or rumors. #jagarhar is by far the largest and best-organized collective effort to respond directly to hatred online, anywhere in the world, as far as we know. It is also one of only two civil society efforts against hatred online to have been replicated in numerous other countries. In this detailed account of its efforts– the first qualitative study of such a group – Cathy Buerger shares her findings on how and why #jagarhar members do what they do, how working collectively influences members’ ability and willingness to respond to hatred, and how the group’s strategy is carefully designed to take advantage of Facebook’s algorithms and influence ideas and discourse norms among the general public – not necessarily the ones writing the hateful comments.
Studies on the formation of transfer ribonucleic acid-ribosome complexes. II. A possible site on the 50 S subunit protecting aminoacyl transfer ribonucleic acid from deacylation.

Abstract Phenylalanyl transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) bound to 70 S ribosomes in response to a template is protected from alkaline hydrolysis. Neither the 30 nor the 50 S subunit alone provides this protection. Although aminoacyl-tRNA is bound to the 30 S subunit-template complex through the anticodon, the addition of 50 S subunits is necessary for the protection from deacylation. The aminoacyl end of tRNA is thus probably intimately associated with the 50 S subunit. These results suggest that there are at least two areas on a single tRNA molecule interacting with ribosomes and the binding of tRNA to 70 S ribosomes occurs in at least two distinct steps: first, the binding of the tRNA anticodon to the 30 S-template complex; and second, the association of the aminoacyl end of the tRNA with the 50 S subunit.
Interoperability of Spatial and Attribute Data Managers: A Case Study

We relate in this paper our experience in integrating a commercial relational storage manager and a commercial spatial data manager. We present the challenge of interoperating such data managers and expose the problems that must be solved to make such interoperability feasible, painless, transparent, and efficient. We present the approach we have taken in the Papyrus system at solving some of these problems, and discuss the issues that must be addressed to solve the remaining problems. Through examples, we emphasize the need for a comprehensive cost-based query optimization strategy, and show that the lack of such a strategy can result in a system with unacceptable performance.
Building Interactional Space in an ESL Classroom to Foster Bilingual Identity and Linguistic Repertoires

This article draws on data from a yearlong case study of a Mexican American ESL teacher’s practice in a K–5 school in the southeastern United States. The study examines how the teacher established bilingual interactional space in her ESL pullout class consisting of six 9- to 11-year old students of Mexican descent. The analysis shows the ways in which she affirmed her students’ bilingual identity and made strong connections between in-school and out-of-school experiences. Findings illustrate how the teacher’s explicit attention to bilingualism and cross-linguistic transfer created potential for pride in Spanish and motivation to develop English. The author recommends building bilingual interactional space in ESL and dual language classrooms to promote positive bilingual identity and opportunities for expanding linguistic repertoires.
Scrumming with Educators: Cross-Departmental Collaboration for a Summer Software Engineering Capstone

This paper describes the design of a 10-week summer software engineering capstone course that provides a service learning opportunity through cross-departmental collaboration. The projects for this course centered on developing software products to support education faculty in their work in the greater university area. This paper will also discuss how Scrum was implemented over a 10-week summer semester, the outcomes and challenges of cross-departmental collaboration, the types of projects created for education faculty, and the advantages of connecting software engineering capstone courses with education faculty.
Global Recursion Polynomial Expansions of the Green’s Function and Time Evolution Operator for the Schrödinger Equation with Absorbing Boundary Conditions

We review and revise some recently developed iterative numerical techniques of solving the Time-Independent Wave Packet Schrodinger Equation (E—Ĥ)Ψ = X, which are especially suitable for calculations associated with a large many body scattering problem, requiring large basis sets (grids). The methods we consider take advantage of the particular way the wave equation depends on the energy E. Namely, when global polynomial expansions of the resolvent operator are used the energy-dependent solution can be generated simultaneously at many energies from essentially a single iterative procedure. A general problem in constructing a well behaved polynomial expansion of a function of operator argument, f(Ĥ), is how to incorporate absorbing boundary conditions (ABC) which would eliminate reflection effects caused by an artificial truncation of an infinite grid where Ĥ is defined. It is shown that this problem can be solved naturally by modifying the auxiliary equations (recursion relations) used to generate the interpolating polynomials; this avoids using non-Hermitian operators. In particular Chebyshev and Newtonian interpolation schemes are considered. While the latter is more general, the former allows one to obtain analytically very simple global recursion polynomial expansions for the ABC Green’s function and ABC time evolution operator.
Intracavernosal injection of vascular endothelial growth factor induces nitric oxide synthase isoforms

Objective To identify genes that are affected by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as an intracavernosal injection with VEGF improved the recovery of erectile function in a rat model of arteriogenic impotence, specifically examining the three nitric oxide synthase (NOS) genes, nNOS, eNOS, and iNOS. Materials and methods Male rats had their pudendal arteries ligated or underwent a sham operation. They were then treated by an intracavernosal injection with 4 µg of VEGF in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or PBS alone. At 6 and 24 h after treatment electrostimulation was applied to the cavernosal nerve and the intracorporal pressure measured. The erectile tissue was then harvested for RNA isolation and cryo-sectioning. The isolated RNA was used for microarray and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses, and the tissue sections for immunohistochemical analysis. Results Microarray analysis detected nNOS, eNOS and iNOS at very low expression levels in PBS-treated rats; expression levels were higher for eNOS and iNOS in all VEGF-treated rats. These results were further confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis identified the cavernosal endothelium and smooth muscle as the tissue types where eNOS and iNOS were up-regulated, respectively. Conclusions This is the first report of the induction of both eNOS and iNOS in the penis after intracavernosal VEGF. These events may help support a significant recovery of erectile function after interrupting the blood supply to the penis.