cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hereditary conotruncal septal defects in Keeshond dogs: Embryologic studies

Abstract Pathologic studies of a hereditary cardiovascular defect in Keeshond dogs carried out previously demonstrated a spectrum of malformations primarily involving the outflow tracts of the heart. Lesions ranged from minor subclinical defects to ventricular septal defects of moderate to large size, commonly associated with pulmonary valve stenosis. Dextroposition of the aorta was present in hearts with a large ventricular septal defect (Eisenmenger complex). The defects were interpreted as being primarily the result of various degrees of conotruncal septal hypoplasia and dysplasia. The very large incidence of spontaneously occurring congenital cardiovascular defects of a certain type in a phylogenetically advanced large mammal afforded an opportunity to study systematically the pathogenesis of the anomalies. To this purpose 46 young embryos from normal mongrel dogs and 36 from the affected Keeshond strain, ranging in stage of development from Streeter's horizon (stage) X to XX, were serially sectioned. Wax plate reconstructions were made of 14 normal and 16 abnormal embryo hearts. The studies showed that the most important abnormality underlying the outflow tract anomalies indeed represents a varying degree of hypoplasia of the conus cushions, and in the severe forms also of the truncus cushions, of the early embryonic heart. Associated pulmonary valve lesions, when present, were found to be due to dysplasia of the cusp anlagen or commissural fusion, or both. Other associated anomalies found in some embryos were absent ductus arteriosus, anomalously arising retroesophageal right subclavian artery and persistent left cranial (superior) vena cava.
Point defects and cation tracer diffusion in (Ti x Fe 1-x ) 3-δ O 4 1. Non-stoichiometry and point defects

The deviation from stoichiometry, δ, in spinel solid solutions of the type (TixFe1−x)3−δ O4 with x=0.1, 0.2 and 0.25 was studied thermogravimetrically as a function of oxygen activity, aO2, at 1100, 1200 and 1300 ∘C. The experimental results, S-shaped curves for δ vs. log aO2, are presented and discussed with regard to the type of point defects prevailing under different conditions in the deviation from stoichiometry. It is concluded that cation vacancies are the predominant point defects at high oxygen activities, while cation interstitials prevail at low oxygen activities. The temperature and composition dependencies of point defect concentrations are also discussed.
Random fractal percolation analysis of ductile fracture

Abstract The fractal percolation model of ductile fracture in plate specimens is established and the fracture probability P is calculated. If p (probability for forming microvoids) > 1−1/n, where n is the microvoid size, ductile fracture happens with a probability of 1. There is a critical probability p c with 0 p c n . If p > p c then there is a positive probability that ductile fracture happens and if p c > p > 0, ductile fracture does not happen. Fracture probability is sensitive to microvoid size, n , and probability p for forming microvoids. The critical probability p c decreases with increasing microvoid size or decreasing n . The fractal dimension can reflect the degree of damage of the specimen; the smaller the fractal dimension, the larger the degree of damage.
Phenotypic assortative mating vs. Social homogamy among Japanese and Chinese parents in the Hawaii family study of cognition

Among the subjects of Japanese and Chinese ancestries in the parent generation in the Hawaii Family Study of Cognition were 47 pairs of siblings. Since data were available on the spouses of these siblings, this allowed for tests of whether spouse correlations of educational and occupational attainment and cognitive abilities were due to active phenotypic assortment and/or shared social background (social homogamy). Comparisons of sibling correlations, spouse correlations, and correlations between the spouse of one sibling and the spouse of the other sibling, as well as the results of model-fitting analyses, suggest that spouse correlations for education are determined by both phenotypic assortment and social homogamy, spouse correlations for occupational attainment by phenotypic assortment, and spouse correlations for verbal ability mostly by social homogamy.
An Outwardly Rectifying and Deactivating Chloride Channel Expressed by Interstitial Cells of Cajal from the Murine Small Intestine

Recent studies have suggested a role for a chloride current in the modulation of pacemaker potentials generated by interstitial cells of Cajal. Patch-clamp recordings were made from inside–out patches of cultured interstitial cells of Cajal from the murine small intestine. The majority of patches were quiescent immediately after excision, but in some patches currents activated spontaneously after a period of 10 min to 1 h. Currents could also be activated by strongly polarizing the patch. It was found that the currents activated in both cases included a chloride channel. This channel could also be activated by ATP and the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A. The channel had conductance states (±SD) of 53 ± 25.35, 126 ± 21.44, 180 ± 12.57 and 211 ± 8.86 pS. It was outwardly rectifying (as a function of open probability) and deactivated (i.e., gave a tail current) but showed no inactivation. The permeability sequence of the channel was I−>>Br−≥Cl−>Asp−. It was unaffected in magnitude or rectification by changing the free Ca2+ concentration of the bath between <10 nm, 100 nm (control) and 2 mm.
Elucidating Restriction Endonucleases Reaction Mechanisms via Dwell-Time Distribution Analysis

We have developed a Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy based assay that allows us to simultaneously measure the length of the catalytic cycle for hundreds of restriction endonuclease molecules in one experiment. We stably attach thousands of short duplex DNA molecules, each labeled with a single quantum dot semiconductor nanocrystal, to a passivated glass surface within a flow channel. The disappearance of a quantum dot indicates that its DNA tether has been cleaved. We introduce restriction endonuclease molecules into the channel in the absence of magnesium, which permits binding to, but not cleavage of the surface immobilized DNA substrate. When buffer containing magnesium is introduced into the flow channel, DNA cleavage by the pre-bound restriction endonuclease molecules is initiated. This synchronization allows us to measure the lag time between the introduction of magnesium and the completion of DNA cleavage for the entire population of enzymes. Analysis of the dwell-time distributions can provide insights into the DNA cleavage mechanism. Our observations suggest that EcoRV, a dimeric Type II restriction endonuclease that cleaves the palindromic sequence GAT↓ATC (where ↓ is the cut site), requires two kinetic steps to complete duplex cleavage after prebinding. However, dwell-time distributions suggest that BcnI, which is active as a monomer and cleaves the pseudopalindromic sequence 5'-CC↓SGG-5' (where S stands for C or G), requires more than four kinetic steps to complete duplex cleavage. Furthermore, experiments performed with strand-specific DNA substrates suggest that the number of steps indicated by the dwell-time distribution depends on which strand of the recognition site must be cleaved to result in quantum dot release. By designing additional substrates that mimic the various intermediate states, we plan to dissect the mechanism by which BcnI cleaves each strand of the intact restriction site.
A velocity transformation method for the nonlinear dynamic simulation of railroad vehicle systems

The solution of the constrained multibody system equations of motion using the generalized coordinate partitioning method requires the identification of the dependent and independent coordinates. Using this approach, only the independent accelerations are integrated forward in time in order to determine the independent coordinates and velocities. Dependent coordinates are determined by solving the nonlinear constraint equations at the position level. If the constraint equations are highly nonlinear, numerical difficulties can be encountered or more Newton–Raphson iterations may be required in order to achieve convergence for the dependent variables. In this paper, a velocity transformation method is proposed for railroad vehicle systems in order to deal with the nonlinearity of the constraint equations when the vehicles negotiate curved tracks. In this formulation, two different sets of coordinates are simultaneously used. The first set is the absolute Cartesian coordinates which are widely used in general multibody system computer formulations. These coordinates lead to a simple form of the equations of motion which has a sparse matrix structure. The second set is the trajectory coordinates which are widely used in specialized railroad vehicle system formulations. The trajectory coordinates can be used to obtain simple formulations of the specified motion trajectory constraint equations in the case of railroad vehicle systems. While the equations of motion are formulated in terms of the absolute Cartesian coordinates, the trajectory accelerations are the ones which are integrated forward in time. The problems associated with the higher degree of differentiability required when the trajectory coordinates are used are discussed. Numerical examples are presented in order to examine the performance of the hybrid coordinate formulation proposed in this paper in the analysis of multibody railroad vehicle systems.
The role of antifreeze glycopeptides and peptides in the freezing avoidance of antarctic fishes

Abstract 1. 1. Biological antifreezes are present in Antarctic fishes and lower the freezing point of most of their body fluids below the freezing point of seawater (−1.9°C), without substantially increasing their osmotic pressure. 2. 2. The antifreeze agents present in the Antarctic notothenioid fishes are composed of at least eight distinct glycopeptides ranging in molecular weight from 2400 to 36,000. In the Antarctic eel pouts they are peptides of a single size of about 6400 molecular weight. Both the glycopeptides and peptides have expanded structures. 3. 3. The antifreezes depress the freezing point of water via a non-colligative mechanism termed adsorption-inhibition. Ice enters Antarctic fishes in their natural habitat. However the antifreezes appear to keep ice crystals small and in compartments other than the blood such that they have no detrimental effect on the fish at its environmental temperature. 4. 4. The antifreezes are present permanently in the Antarctic fishes in contrast to their seasonal appearance in some northern hemisphere fishes. They are present in most of the body fluids except the secreted fluids which include the endolymph, ocular fluids and urine. These secreted fluids are therefore undercooled, by approximately 1°C, but they are protected from freezing because the fluids of the tissues separating them from the environment are fortified with antifreeze.
Electrochemistry and Catalysis by Myoglobin in Surfactant Films

Abstract The electrochemical response of myoglobin and its metal-substituted or chemically modified derivatives is greatly enhanced when contained within surfactant films on electrode surfaces. The aqueous electrochemistry of such myoglobin-films is similar to that of Fe-porphyrins in organic solvents in that both FeIII/II and FeII/I couples are chemically reversible, but aqueous phase ligands readily interact with the Fe site. Sequential and rapid scanning voltammetry yield dynamic electrochemistry indicative of gating of electron transfer by ligand dissociation and active site rearrangement. These myoglobin/surfactant films have biomimetic nitrite-, sulfite- and oxido-reductase activity. Initial investigations into nitrite reductions catalyzed by the myoglobin-films are described. A nitroxyl intermediate. FeII-NO−, is the likely branching point between different pathways forming NH3 and N2O.
Evidence for maternal regulation of progesterone production at midpregnancy in the mouse.

AbstractMice with major differences in embryo survival and progesterone secretion were used to study the relative roles of maternal and embryonic genotype in the control of progesterone production at midpregnancy. Reciprocal transfer of embryos from strains with high (Line S1) or low (Line G) embryo survival resulted in progesterone concentrations consistent with maternal genotype in females carrying the same number of fetuses. This suggests that maternal rather than fetal gene expression determines the setpoint for progesterone production during the period of transition from maternal to fetal-placental control of ovarian steroidogenesis.
Thermal energy charge transfer reactions of rare-gas ions to methane, ethane, propane, and silane - The importance of Franck-Condon factors.

Abstract Thermal energy charge transfer rate constants from He+, Ne+, Ar+, Kr+ and XE+ to CH4, CD4, C2H6, C3H8 and SiH4 have been measured using ion-cyclotron resonance spectroscopy. The data are interpreted in terms of a model that presumes the magnitude of the rate constant is directly related to the magnitude of the Franck-Condon factor connecting the molecular neutral and ion. Addition measurement between N2O+, CO+2, CO+ and N+2 charge trans ferring to SiH4 indicate the ion-neutral collision distorts the Franck-Condon manifold from that appropriate to sudden ionization processes (photon or electron impact).
Not Just Any Path: Implications of Identity-Based Motivation for Disparities in School Outcomes.

Abstract Low-income and minority children aspire to school success and expect to attend college. These aspirations and expectations matter – predicting college attendance and graduation when present and failure to attend college otherwise. But aspiring to college does not necessarily result in relevant behavior; many children with high aspirations do not take sufficient action to work toward their school goals. This paper uses identity-based motivation theory (IBM, Oyserman, 2007 , Oyserman, 2009a ) to predict that school-focused expectations and aspirations predict action if at the moment of judgment, they are accessible (come to mind) and feel relevant. Relevance is operationalized in three ways. (1) Feeling congruent with important social identities (e.g., race-ethnicity, social class), (2) feeling connected with relevant behavioral strategies (studying, asking questions), and (3) providing an interpretation of difficulties along the way as implying task importance, not impossibility. Family assets and child savings are likely to influence each element of identity relevance.
Combination chemotherapy-radiotherapy with and without the methanol-extraction residue of bacillus calmette-guerin (MER) in small cell carcinoma of the lung a prospective randomized trial of the piedmont oncology association

The effect of addition of the nonspecific immunostimulant, MER, to combined treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy in small cell carcinoma of the lung was evaluated in a prospective randomized trial involving 102 evaluable patients. Chemotherapy consisted of cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, vincristine, methotrexate, and CCNU; and radiotherapy was administered to the primary lesion, mediastinum, supraclavicular areas, and whole brain. Of 47 patients administered MER 400 mcg intradermally every six weeks, 12 (26%) attained complete remission with a median survival of 22.9 months. Complete remission was observed in 17 (31%) of 55 patients who received no MER with a median survival of 20.0 months (P greater than 0.05). Survival greater than or equal to 2 years has been observed in five patients who received MER and two patients who did not receive MER. The response rate and duration, survival, and toxicity of the two treatment arms were similar with the exception of cutaneous and occasional systemic reaction to MER. MER as used in this study has not influenced the overall results of a combined modality treatment program for patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung.
Occupational Differentiation among White Men in the First Decade after High School.

Abstract Most research on career development is concerned with the fate of individuals, but portraits of the heterogeneity and development of whole populations or aggregates of individuals can also be useful for understanding the needs and development of different client populations. Two population-level concepts are proposed and defined: differentiation and distribution. This report then charts the rate at which occupational differentiation proceeds among 3730 young white men and investigates the personal and family attributes by which these men are distributed, or distribute themselves, to jobs. Data from the National Longitudinal (Parnes) Survey of the Labor Force Experience of Young Men are used to examine employment among men aged 16 to 28 in different levels and fields of work. Results suggest that the rate of labor force participation stabilizes in the early twenties, differentiation among men by education and the distribution of men among different broad levels and fields of work stabilize by the mid-twenties, and the sorting of men with different socioeconomic backgrounds into different occupational groups continues through the late twenties at which age it appears to have been largely completed. Discriminant analyses suggest that the distribution of men to jobs is primarily along an occupational status dimension, and secondarily according to field of work. Among the variables used in the analyses, academic achievement is the major dimension by which men are sorted or sort themselves to different jobs.
The kinetics of the generative compartment of the estrogen dependent vaginal epithelium.

The kinetics of the generative compartment of the vaginal epithelium in estrogen treated rats were studied using 3H-thymidine autoradiography. Castrate rats were grouped and treated with varying doses of diethylstilbestrol for a period of two weeks to create a steady state in the vaginal cell population. 3H-thymidine was then made continuously available (hourly injections) and the animals were sacrificed at intervals up to 48 hr. In some renewal systems, the generative compartment contains two populations of cells, one which continuously cycles and another which is in a state of dormancy until a stimulus is applied which activates this population to divide. In an attempt to determine if the basal cell layer of the hormone-dependent vaginal epithelium consists of one population of cells or if it contains two morphologically identical but functionally different cell populations tritiated thymidine was made constantly available for a period of time approximately equivalent to the maximum generative cycle time of the population. If the basal layer is a single cell population consisting exclusively of proliferating cells, continuous exposure to tritiated thymidine for a period of time equivalent to the maximum G2 + M + G1, of the population should result in complete labeling. If, however, it contains a resting reserve population the per cent of labeled cells should reach a plateau at some level less than 100 per cent. It is apparent from the data that complete labeling was attained. It was found in a previous study that labeling index increased with increasing dosage of estrogen. The present study indicates that this increase in labeling index associated with increasing estrogen stimulation was caused by progressive shortening of the generative cycle time rather than by activation of a second population or resting reserve. It seems, therefore, that the hormone-dependent generative compartment of the vaginal epithelium is a homogeneous population of actively proliferating cells.
Effects of process method and quiescent coarsening on dispersed-phase size distribution in polymer blends: comparison of solid-state shear pulverization with intensive batch melt mixing

We compare how solid-state shear pulverization (SSSP), batch melt mixing (BMM), and static melt-state annealing affect the morphology of an immiscible blend of polypropylene (PP) and ethylene-α-olefin copolymer (EOC). For 85/15 wt% PP/EOC blends, SSSP and BMM led to log-normal distributions of dispersed-phase particle size. The SSSP blend had smaller average particle diameters (e.g., D n = 0.24 μm) and a narrower particle size distribution (e.g., D w/D n = 1.17; D v/D n = 1.56) than the BMM blend (D n = 0.28 μm; D w/D n = 1.25; D v/D n = 1.79). The fact that BMM is subject to thermodynamically and flow-induced coalescence while SSSP is not, can lead to smaller particle sizes and a narrower distribution by SSSP. Although annealing at 200 °C for 30 and 90 min led to continuous growth of average particle size in the BMM blend, the particle-size dispersity remained virtually unchanged. In contrast, after 30-min annealing at 200 °C, the SSSP blend showed less growth in $$D_{{_{n} }}^{{^{3} }}$$ than the BMM blend but a dramatic increase in particle-size dispersity and a loss of the log-normal size distribution. Between 30 and 90 min, there was at most slight growth in $$D_{{_{n} }}^{{^{3} }}$$ , consistent with partial compatibilization caused by in situ block copolymer formation during SSSP, and major reductions in D w/D n and D v/D n close to those of the BMM blend and recovery of the log-normal size distribution. These results suggest that caution should be used in correlating immiscible blend properties to a particular average particle size as that value may not reflect possible complexity of the underlying size distribution.
Estimation with Selected Binomial Information or do you Really Believe that Dave Winfield is Batting .471

Abstract Often sports announcers, particularly in baseball, provide the listener with exaggerated information concerning a player's performance. For example, we may be told that Dave Winfield, a popular baseball player, has hit safely in 8 of his last 17 chances (a batting average of .471). This is biased, or selected information, as the “17” was chosen to maximize the reported percentage. We model this as observing a maximum success rate of a Bernoulli process and show how to construct the likelihood function for a player's true batting ability. The likelihood function is a high-degree polynomial, but it can be computed exactly. Alternatively, the problem yields to solutions based on either the EM algorithm or Gibbs sampling. Using these techniques, we compute maximum likelihood estimators, Bayes estimators, and associated measures of error. We also show how to approximate the likelihood using a Brownian motion calculation. We find that although constructing good estimators from selected information is d...
Forecasting space weather: Predicting interplanetary shocks using neural networks

We are developing a system to predict the arrival of interplanetary (IP) shocks at the Earth. These events are routinely detected by the Electron, Proton, and Alpha Monitor (EPAM) instrument aboard NASAs ACE spacecraft, which is positioned at Lagrange Point 1 (L1). In this work, we use historical EPAM data to train an IP shock forecasting algorithm. Our approach centers on the observation that these shocks are often preceded by identifiable signatures in the energetic particle intensity data. Using EPAM data, we trained an artificial neural network to predict the time remaining until the shock arrival. After training this algorithm on 37 events, it was able to forecast the arrival time for 19 previously unseen events. The average uncertainty in the prediction 24 h in advance was 8.9 h, while the uncertainty improved to 4.6 h when the event was 12 h away. This system is accessible online, where it provides predictions of shock arrival times using real-time EPAM data. 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR.
Optimum crystallographic alignment for Si n-channel ballistic DGFETs

Optimum intrinsic device switching time for a 7.5-nm gate-length Si n-channel double-gate field-effect transistor (DGFET) in the limit of pure ballistic transport occurs when channel quantization/transport directions are aligned to the / crystallographic directions, respectively. The computed switching time of 0.123 ps is 5% less than the value obtained with the more "conventional" alignment, i.e., / . The change in switching time versus arbitrary crystallographic alignment is fully investigated and is compared to the case of the same DGFET made from Ge.
Film Formation and Current Oscillations in the Electrodissolution of Cu in Acidic Chloride Media I . Experimental Studies

Etude par la methode du disque tournant. On propose un modele pour la diffusion des ions chlorure a travers la couche poreuse de CuCl afin de rendre compte du comportement oscillatoire
Extensive CO2 emissions from shallow coastal waters during passage of Hurricane Irene (August 2011) over the Mid-Atlantic Coast of the U.S.A.

Shallow coastal waters serve an important role as long-term carbon (C) sinks because they capture terrestrial C and retain internally produced C in wetlands and sediments. We show that tropical cyclones (TCs) can lead to rapid CO2 efflux from estuaries, driven by physical and biogeochemical perturbation of these coastal C reservoirs, and that the magnitude of TC-driven CO2 emissions may offset C that accumulates over much longer timescales. In August 2011, Hurricane Irene passed over North Carolina’s Neuse River Estuary–Pamlico Sound (NRE-PS), which is part of the second largest estuarine system in the U.S., the Albemarle–Pamlico Sound. Irene rapidly changed the NRE-PS system from a small CO2 sink to a large CO2 source. Irene-induced CO2 efflux from the NRE alone was at least four times the annual riverine C input and seven times the annual atmospheric CO2 uptake. The magnitude and duration of ecosystem disturbance from TCs vary with storm intensity and frequency but likely are qualitatively similar across many terrestrial and coastal systems. Consequently, altered TC activity under future climate scenarios may shift the balance between C accumulation in, and release from, coastal C reservoirs.
Heat Transfer in Turbulent Shear Flow

A new and relatively simple description is proposed for the velocity profile in turbulent flow close to a smooth wall. Heat transfer coefficients are calculated from the description and are shown to agree better with experiment than other theories. The analysis is extended to transport processes in liquids where the viscosity has a large variation close to the wall.
C 4 : a software environment for modeling self-organizing behaviors of autonomous robots and groups

One of the important characteristics of an autonomous robot lies in the capability of self-organizing its own behaviors in order to adapt to an unknown environment. The goal of this paper is to present an effective means for investigating such a capability, which enables us to graphically build a model of the autonomous robot and dynamically observe the emergence of reactive behaviors as a result of external stimulus controlled behavioral self-organization. In particular, the paper describes an integrated software workbench, called C4 (which stands for Create, Coordinate, Condition, and Co-evolve), for modeling and simulating autonomous robotic systems, e.g., legged and dual-arm ones. The module create enables us to build top-down graphical models of novel mechanisms, followed by primitive motion pattern (e.g., gaits) specification and visualization in the coordinate module. Learning mechanisms, as embedded in module condition further allow us to test how the animated robots acquire new behavioral rules triggerable by external stimuli. Finally, the module co-evolve facilitates the analysis of the distributed intelligence of robot groups, which manifests itself from the behaviors emergent from the interaction among individual robots.
Understanding reporting bias in the dietary recall data of 11-year-old girls.

VENTURA, ALISON K., ERIC LOKEN, DIANE C. MITCHELL, HELEN SMICIKLAS-WRIGHT, AND LEANN L. BIRCH. Understanding reporting bias in the dietary recall data of 11-year-old girls. Obesity. 2006;14: 1073–1084. Objective: This study describes patterns of bias in selfreported dietary recall data of girls by examining differences among girls classified as under-reporters, plausible reporters, and over-reporters on weight, dietary patterns, and psychosocial characteristics. Research Methods and Procedures: Participants included 176 girls at age 11 and their parents. Girls’ weight and height were measured. Three 24-hour dietary recalls and responses to psychosocial measures were collected. Plausibility cut-offs for reported energy intake as a percentage of predicted energy requirements were used to divide the sample into under-reporters, plausible reporters, and over-reporters. Differences among these three groups on dietary and psychosocial variables were assessed to examine possible sources of bias in reporting. Results: Using a 1 standard deviation cut-off for energy intake plausibility, 50% of the sample was categorized as plausible reporters, 34% as under-reporters, and 16% as over-reporters. Weight status of under-reporters was significantly higher than that of plausible reporters and overreporters. With respect to reported dietary intake, underreporters were no different from plausible reporters on intakes of foods with higher nutrient densities and lower energy densities and were significantly lower than plausible reporters on intakes of foods with lower nutrient densities and higher energy densities. Over-reporters reported significantly higher intakes of all food groups and the majority of subgroups, relative to plausible reporters. Under-reporters had significantly higher levels of weight concern and dietary restraint than both plausible reporters and over-reporters. Discussion: Techniques to categorize plausible and implausible reporters can and should be used to provide an improved understanding of the nature of error in children’s dietary intake data and account for this error in analysis and interpretation.
Extraction of schematic array models for memory circuits

The modeling and simulation of memory circuits remains an outstanding problem when accuracy with respect to the actual schematic implementation is desired. Functionally equivalent RTL models often cannot be used for designs with embedded memory blocks, because schematic models for the surr ounding logic may be required for fault modeling accuracy. Existing methods derive a latch model that essentially represents each memory location as a latch primitive, and have a large number of gates. We present new algorithms that model such circuits as decoded arrays that access entire rows of cells for individual read and write operations. Decoded array models allow fault modeling accuracy for the surrounding logic, including the memory address decoder. Experimental data show improvements of an order of magnitude for both logic and fault simulations, when compared to the equivalent latch model.
Deactivation of fused-silica capillary columns with polymethylhydrosiloxanes : Optimization of reaction conditions

Abstract An evaluation of reaction conditions for surface deactivation of fused-silica capillary columns with polymethylhydrosiloxanes (PMHS) is given. Deactivation was accomplished by a dehydrocondensation reaction between the silylhydride bonds of PMHS and the surface silanols of fused silica. This provided a bonded, low surface tension film wettable by polydimethylsiloxane stationary phases. The percentage of silylhydride groups in the polymer influenced the required reaction time at 300°C. Hydrolysis of SiH bonds by physically adsorbed water played a role in providing complete surface coverage of the deactivation layer. The exclusion of oxygen was imperative during the dehydrocondensation reaction. Reaction temperatures for thermally initiated dehydrocondensation of silanol and silylhydride, silylhydride oxidation, and silylhydride hydrolysis were determined.
The Contested Nexus of Los Angeles Koreatown: Capital Restructuring, Gentrification, and Displacement

In this essay, we argue that ethnic Americans and new immigrants are both influenced by and affect urban development differently in a new era of globalization. Varied spatial practices take place among the mosaic of races, ethnicities, classes, and genders. Alliances and struggles shape conflicting communal perceptions of identity within those spaces. Equally important is the notion that many Korean Americans use the inner city Koreatown and their respective suburban residential communities as an interconnected site, blurring the urban/suburban distinction. The classic mosaic of central city neighborhoods has been blurred as segregation along class and ethnic lines has become modified by new lifestyle groupings as well as new cultural sensibilities.
Siderophile element partitioning between cohenite and liquid in the Fe–Ni–S–C system and implications for geochemistry of planetary cores and mantles

Abstract We experimentally investigated the effects of pressure and S content on partition coefficients ( D ) between crystalline cohenite and liquid in the Fe–Ni–S–C system. Compositions with S contents of 0, 4.72, and 14.15 wt.%, in an Fe-rich mix containing a constant C (4.72 wt.%), Ni (5.23 wt.%), and W, Re, Os, Pt, and Co (totaling 0.43 wt.%) were equilibrated at 1150 °C and 3 and 6 GPa. Our cohenite–melt D data are compared to literature Fe–Ni–S and Fe–Ni–C experiments involving a crystalline phase of Fe. There is a change in D when the solid is cohenite rather than crystalline iron. Compared to solid-Fe/melt D s, cohenite/melt D s are lower for all elements except W. The light element (S + C) content of the liquid influences partitioning between cohenite and liquid as it also does between crystalline Fe and liquid. The controls are similar but not identical. In the cohenite-bearing experiments, D Ni decreases as S + C increases. Ni is excluded from the crystallizing solid if the solid is cohenite. And yet, in the Fe–Ni–S–C system, cohenite is stable to higher P than in the Fe–S–C system. As in the Fe-metallic liquid systems the non-metal avoidance principle of Jones and Malvin (1990) is applicable to the Fe 3 C-metallic liquid system studied here. Carbon in the mantle is expected to combine with neutral Fe to replace metal with cohenite. In which case, the budget of highly siderophile elements is likely to be accommodated by Fe–Ni–S–C liquids once they form upon incipient melting because most D s for cohenite/liquid are
Preconditioning of the latissimus dorsi muscle in cardiomyoplasty: vascular delay or chronic electrical stimulation

Objectives: In standard single stage cardiomyoplasty (CMP), the latissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) is not preconditioned prior to surgery. We hypothesized that latissimus dorsi preconditioning by vascular delay or by chronic electrical stimulation would result in an improved LV hemodynamic function early (14 days) after CMP. Methods: Mongrel dogs had preconditioning of the latissimus dorsi by a vascular delay procedure followed by CMP 14‐18 days later (group I VD). Dogs in group II underwent 4 weeks of chronic stimulation (CS) of the latissimus dorsi (2 V/30 Hz, six bursts/min) followed by CMP. The latissimus dorsi muscle was fully stimulated from 48 h after cardiomyoplasty in both groups (2 V/30 Hz, three bursts/min). Two weeks after myoplasty, injecting 2.0‐3.0 〈 10 5 90 mm latex microspheres in the left main coronary artery induced global cardiac dysfunction. Hemodynamic function was then evaluated for latissimus dorsi muscle assisted (S) beats and non-stimulated beats (NS) in each group by measuring peak systolic aortic pressure (AOP), left ventricular pressure (LVP) and end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and by calculating maximum and minimum dP/dt. Results: Dogs with vascular delay of the latissimus dorsi showed a marked increase for all hemodynamic indices (AOP: 23.9 ∠ 2.5%, LVP: 23.5 ∠ 2.2%, max dP/dt: 49.4 ∠ 3.3%) for LDM assisted (S) beats compared to non-stimulated beats (P , 0.001). Animals with chronic electrical training did not demonstrate a significant increase in any hemodynamic parameter with LDM stimulation.Conclusion: Preconditioning the LDM may play an important role in providing early cardiac assistance in CMP. Preconditioning the LDM with vascular delay resulted in improving performance of the LDM with consistent increases in LV hemodynamics. This was not observed after preconditioning with chronic electrical stimulation. Vascular delay of the latissimus dorsi can significantly improve muscle performance in CMP and could provide hemodynamic assistance early after surgery. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
Hydrodynamics, Swim Velocity and Power Requirements

The discussions in this chapter, which are mainly theoretical arguments of power requirements based on different schemes of drag reduction, are a continuation of some of the empirical results presented in Chapter 10. This chapter will be somewhat different from previous ones in its restriction mainly to general aspects of diving vertebrates. This is because hydrodynamic theory applies to all forms, and because there has been so little experimental work done on reptiles, birds, and mammals. Most of what is discussed below was developed from the much more extensive fish literature, as well as general hydrodynamic theory.
Histological investigation of bone transplants in immunologically prepared animals.

1. There is a significant inflammatory response to large homogenous-bone transplants in rats. The incidence of this inflammatory response corresponds to the predictable incidence its randomly selected animals. 2. The inflammatory response is intensified in presensitized homogenous preparations in rats, which may represent a delayed-sensitivity or Arthus-like reaction. 3. Evidence is presented, by means of parabiosis, to show that this reaction may be due to a systemically formed circulating antibody. Confirmatory evidence by immunological methods is needed. 4. This histological demonstration of a delayed sensitivity or Arthus-like reactions, using bone transplants as the antigen and showing indirectly the presence of the circulating antibody, suggests that the rejection of homogenous bone transplants in rats may be due to an antigen-antibody reaction indicating a state of active acquired immunity.
Attosecond transient absorption in dense gases: Exploring the interplay between resonant pulse propagation and laser-induced line-shape control

We investigate the evolution of extreme ultraviolet (XUV) spectral line shapes in an optically thick helium gas under near-infrared (IR) perturbation. In our experimental and theoretical work, we systematically vary the IR intensity, time-delay, gas density, and IR polarization parameters to study line-shape modifications induced by collective interactions in a regime beyond the single-atom response of a thin, dilute gas. In both experiment and theory, we find that specific features in the frequency-domain absorption profile, and their evolution with propagation distance, can be attributed to the interplay between resonant attosecond pulse propagation and IR-induced phase shifts. Our calculations show that this interplay also manifests itself in the time domain, with the IR pulse influencing the reshaping of the XUV pulse propagating in the resonant medium.
Ascospore release and discharge distances of Fusarium graminearum under controlled temperature and relative humidity

Understanding the influence of meteorological conditions on the release of pathogen spores is necessary for crop management decisions and development of spore transport models. This study investigated the release of ascospores of Fusarium graminearum in a controlled chamber at two temperatures (15 °C and 25 °C) and at three relative humidities (60 %, 75 %, and 95 %). Filter paper pieces containing perithecia from a single isolate of F. graminearum were placed inside custom 3D-printed spore discharge devices, and the number of ascospores released and distance the ascospores were discharged were measured. The number of ascospores released was higher at 15 °C, and increased with increasing levels of relative humidity. Ascospores were discharged 0.5 mm to over 12 mm from perithecia and traveled farther from the perithecia at 25 °C and at the highest levels of relative humidity. Even small differences in discharge distances may be important for the escape of ascospores from the laminar boundary layer and into the turbulent layer. Spore transport models need to consider the impact of environmental conditions on spore release and transport.
System Identification of a Wind Turbine Array

Individual wind turbines, whether stand alone or in a wind farms, typically operate to maximize their own production without considering the impact of wake effects on nearby turbines. Investigation into wind turbine interaction within a wind farm has the potential to increase total power and reduce structural loads by properly coordinating the individual turbines that comprise the wind farm. To effectively design and analyze such coordinated controllers requires turbine wake models of sufficient accuracy. This paper develops a dynamic model, derived from experiments, to describe the aerodynamic interactions between two model turbines in a wind tunnel. Experiments were conducted in the atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel at the Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory at the University of Minnesota and were performed by varying the voltage input to the upwind turbine. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and voltage measurements were used to capture the physical evolution of the interactions of the turbines as well as measure the response of the turbines, respectively. A transfer function model relating the upwind turbine input to downwind turbine output was identified from the experimental data. Following a few modifications to the current setup, future work will include performing wind farm control using the dynamic model presented in this paper.
Formation of a PNA2-DNA2 hybrid quadruplex.

DNA guanine (G) quadruplexes are stabilized by an interesting variation of the hydrogen-bonding schemes encountered in nucleic acid duplexes and triplexes. In an attempt to use this mode of molecular recognition, we target a dimeric G-quadruplex formed by the Oxytricha nova telomeric sequence d(G4T4G4) with a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe having a homologous rather than complementary sequence. UV−vis and CD spectroscopy reveal that a stable hybrid possessing G-quartets is formed between the PNA and DNA. The four-stranded character of the hybrid and the relative orientation of the strands is determined by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments. FRET results indicate that (i) the two PNA strands are parallel to each other, (ii) the two DNA strands are parallel to each other, and (iii) the 5‘-termini of the DNA strands align with the N-termini of the PNA strands. The resulting PNA2−DNA2 quadruplex shows a preference of Na+ over Li+ and displays thermodynamic behavior consistent with alt...
Coupled effects of substrate adhesion and intermolecular forces on polymer thin film glass-transition behavior.

Intermolecular noncovalent forces between polymer chains influence the mobility and glass-transition temperature (Tg), where weaker interchain interactions, all else being the same, typically results in lower bulk polymer Tg. Using molecular dynamics simulations, here we show that this relation can become invalid for supported ultrathin films when the substrate–polymer interaction is extremely strong and the polymer–polymer interactions are much weaker. This contrasting trend is found to be due to a more pronounced substrate-induced appreciation of the film Tg for polymers with weaker intermolecular interactions and low bulk Tg. We show that optimizing this coupling between substrate adhesion and bulk Tg maximizes thin film Tg, paving the way for tuning film properties through interface nanoengineering.
Analysis on serological epidemiology of Influenza A(HIN1) in Changping district of Beijing in 2011

Objective To understand the immunological status of influenza A(HIN1) among residents in Changping district,Beijing in 2011.Methods A total of 750 residents were randomly selected in 16 communities of Changping district from April 5 to 15,2011 to complete questionnaire survey.Blood samples were collected for the detection of the hemagglutination-inhibition(HI) antibody against influenza A(HIN1) virus.Results There were 113 participants found to be HI antibody positive with positive rate of 15.07%.Among age groups of 0~5,6~15,16~25,25~59 and 60 years and older,the antibody positive rates were 16.50%,25.51%,17.29%,4.85% and 9.80% respectively(χ2=34.16.P0.01).There were significant correlations of antibody with age,regions(urban or rural) and history of vaccination(P 0.01).Conclusions In 2011,although 15.07% residents in Changping district are positive for this protective antibody against influenza A(HIN1),but the level is relatively low.The whole population is generally susceptible to H1N1 virus.Therefore it is suggested that children in schools and nurseries,residents in rural areas and older than 25 years need to be closely monitored during the endemic.
NeMo: A Massively Parallel Discrete-Event Simulation Model for Neuromorphic Architectures

Neuromorphic computing is a non-von Neumann architec- ture that mimics how the brain performs neural network types of computation in real hardware. It has been shown that this class of computing can execute data classification algorithms using only a tiny fraction of the power a con- ventional CPU would use to execute this algorithm. This raises the larger research question: how might neuromorphic computing be used to improve the application performance, power consumption, and overall system reliability of future supercomputers? To address this question, an open-source neuromorphic processor architecture simulator called NeMo is being developed. This effort will enable the design space exploration of potential hybrid CPU, GPU, and neuromor- phic systems. The key focus of this paper is on the design, implementation and performance of NeMo. Demonstration of NeMo's efficient execution on 1024 nodes of an IBM Blue Gene/Q system for a 65,536 neuromorphic processing core model is reported. The peak performance of NeMo is just over two billion events-per-second when operating at this scale.
Nanoengineered biomaterials for repair and regeneration of orthopedic tissue interfaces.

Abstract Orthopedic interface tissue engineering aims to mimic the structure and function of soft-to-hard tissue junctions, particularly bone-ligament, bone-tendon, and bone-cartilage interfaces. A range of engineering approaches has been proposed to mimic the gradient architecture, physical properties and chemical characteristics of interface tissues using conventional polymeric biomaterials. Recent developments in nanomaterials and nanofabrication technologies introduce a range of synthesis and fabrication tools to effectively engineer the structure and function of native tissue interfaces. In this review, we will focus on nanoengineered strategies used to replicate the structural and functional aspects of native biological tissues for engineering bone-cartilage, bone-ligament, and bone-tendon interfaces. This review will also highlight some of the emerging applications and future potential of nanomaterials and fabrication technologies in engineering tissue interfaces. Statement of Significance A major challenge in engineering interfaces is to control the physical and structural characteristics of an artificial environment. The use of nanomaterials and nanoengineered strategies allow for greater control over the changes in structure and function at molecular and nanometer length scale. This review focuses on advanced nanomaterials and nanofabrication approaches developed to emulate bone-cartilage, bone-ligament, and bone-tendon interface regions. Some of the emerging nanoengineered biomaterials proposed to mimic tissue interfaces are also highlighted.