cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Specialty on Cases Performed During Hand Surgery Fellowship Training.

BACKGROUND Hand surgery fellowship programs in the United States are predominately sponsored by departments or divisions of orthopaedic surgery or plastic surgery. This study compares the operative experiences of hand surgery fellows graduating from orthopaedic or plastic surgery hand surgery fellowships. METHODS Operative case logs of 3 cohorts of hand surgery fellows graduating during the academic years of 2012-2013, 2013-2014, and 2014-2015 were analyzed. The median case volumes were compared by specialty via Mann-Whitney U tests. An arbitrary 1,000% change between the 90th and 10th percentiles of fellows was used as a threshold to highlight case categories with substantial variability. RESULTS In this study, 413 orthopaedic hand surgery fellows (87%) and 62 plastic surgery hand surgery fellows (13%) were included. Plastic surgery fellows reported more cases in the following categories: wound closure with graft; wound reconstruction with flap; vascular repair, reconstruction, replantation, or microvascular; closed treatment of fracture or dislocation; nerve injury; and congenital (p < 0.05). Orthopaedic surgery fellows reported more cases in the following categories: wound irrigation and debridement fasciotomy or wound preparation; hand reconstruction or releases; wrist reconstruction, releases, or arthrodesis; forearm, elbow, or shoulder reconstruction or releases; hand fractures, dislocation, or ligament injury; wrist fractures or dislocations; forearm and proximal fractures or dislocations; miscellaneous insertion or removal of devices; shoulder arthroscopy, elbow arthroscopy, and wrist arthroscopy; decompression of tendon sheath, synovectomy, or ganglions; nerve decompression; Dupuytren; and tumor or osteomyelitis (p < 0.05). Plastic surgery fellows reported substantial variability for 12 case categories (range, 1,024% to 2,880%). Orthopaedic surgery fellows reported substantial variability for 9 case categories (range, 1,110% to 9,700%). CONCLUSIONS Orthopaedic and plastic hand surgery fellowships afford disparate operative experiences. Understanding these differences may help to align prospective trainees with future career goals and to guide discussions to better standardize hand surgery training.
Effects of pharmacological reversal of hyperuricemia on features of the metabolic syndrome in patients with gouty arthritis.

Hyperuricemia has been associated in epidemiological studies with the development of obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether lowering of serum uric acid (UA) alters any of the features of the metabolic syndrome. In this prospective study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01654276), 24 patients with gouty arthritis and hyperuricemia were treated for 6 months with the xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat to lower serum UA to 0.05 for all). There was no correlation between parameters of the metabolic syndrome and the decline in serum UA or serum UA achieved at study end. In conclusion, in patients with gouty arthritis, UA lowering with febuxostat below 6 mg/dL had no significant impact on features of the metabolic syndrome.
The Heat Shock Protein-CD91 Pathway and Tumor Immunosurveillance

The intracellular functions of HSPs have been well studied and delineate a clear role in the unfolded protein response. The functions of extracellular HSPs are only beginning to be appreciated. Specifically, extracellular localization of HSPs endorses the initiation of immune responses against aberrant cells. This chapter examines the role of extracellular HSPs, and the receptor CD91, in immunosurveillance of cancers. Although the concept of cancer immunosurveillance was described over 100 years ago, a molecular description of how the immune responses is initiated has been lacking. Incorporating the HSP-CD91 pathway into cancer immunosurveillance provides the first mechanism of how immune responses are primed.
Vascular cell responses to polysaccharide materials: in vitro and in vivo evaluations

Chitosan has shown promise as a structural material for a number of tissue engineering applications. Similarly the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and their analogs have been known to exert a variety of biological activities. In this study we evaluated the potential of GAG-chitosan and dextran sulfate (DS)-chitosan complex materials for controlling the proliferation of vascular endothelial (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC). GAG-chitosan complex membranes were generated in vitro and seeded with human ECs or SMCs for culture up to 9d. In addition, porous chitosan and GAG-chitosan complex scaffolds were implanted subcutaneously in rats to evaluate the in vivo response to these materials. The results indicated that while chitosan alone supported cell attachment and growth, GAG-chitosan materials inhibited spreading and proliferation of ECs and SMCs in vitro. In contrast, DS-chitosan surfaces supported proliferation of both cell types. In vivo, heparin-chitosan and DS-chitosan scaffolds stimulated cell proliferation and the formation of a thick layer of dense granulation tissue. In the case of heparin scaffolds the granulation layer was highly vascularized. These results indicate that the GAG-chitosan materials can be used to modulate the proliferation of vascular cells both in vitro and in vivo.
Dubious Value of International Acquisitions by Emerging Economy Firms: The Case of Indian Firms

This article addresses the question whether companies from emerging economies create shareholder value through foreign acquisitions. The popular business press usually views these foreign acquisitions very positively. The stock markets have often reacted negatively to the acquisitions. The management always claims that the acquisition is in the long term strategic interests of the firm. This article attempts to shed light on these conflicting positions: short term versus long term, and financial versus strategic logic. Using a mix of stock market reaction for a small sample and three in-depth case studies, I conclude that large foreign acquisitions from India have not created shareholder value. The causes of this under-performance are: too little integration, agency problems, and easy capital. Finally, I use a case study to illustrate a successful approach to foreign acquisitions: significant synergies, reasonable price, and deep integration.
Mesh Refinement Calculations of Gravitational Waves and Black Holes in 3-Dimensions

Here, we report our current effort to apply adaptive mesh refinement techniques to the simulations of black hole spacetimes and gravitational waves. We solve Einstein’s equations written in the first-order in time and second-order in space form. We demonstrate that using quadratic-order guardcell filling along with “refluxing” of first order derivatives of the variables as interface conditions at the refinement jumps are essential for accurate evolutions of gravitational waves. Some preliminary results for the head-on collisions of binary black holes are also given.
the Meteorological Institute of the University of Hamburg

This Institute is actively engaged in research in meteorology. A brief report of its activities is given with emphasis on its work on profiles of wind speed, temperature and humidity and turbulent fluxes of momentum and heat. The instrumentation platforms developed for use in the open ocean are described. A bibliography of some of its recent publications is included.
Specifying polarimetric tolerances of a high-resolution imaging multiple-species atmospheric profiler (HiMAP)

The High-resolution Imaging Multiple-species Atmospheric Profiler (HiMAP) is an ultraviolet imaging spectro-polarimeter in development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for measuring O3 and NO2 concentrations in the troposphere from an airborne platform or satellite. In this paper: (1) the HiMAP design is illustrated and modeled using 3D polarization ray tracing calculus, (2) the dependency between the condition number of the systems polarization measurement matrix and properties of individual optical components is used as a method for tolerancing, and (3) the polarimeter capabilities of manufacturable thin film designs of polarizing and non-polarizing beam splitters is explored using numerical methods. The condition number of an optical system is calculated from a polarization ray tracing (PRT) matrix model of the polarimeter. Deviations of the condition number are calculated for non-ideal polarization elements and coatings to understand component and alignment tolerances.
The ontogeny of chronic distress: emotion dysregulation across the life span and its implications for psychological and physical health

Development is characterized by continuity and change across the lifespan. This is especially true of emotions and emotion regulation strategies, which become increasingly complex and variegated over development. Recently, researchers have begun to characterize severe emotion dysregulation (ED) across the life span. In particular, there is increasing data delineating mechanisms by which emotional distress leads to poor health, early mortality, and intergenerational transmission of psychopathology. In this review, we present converging evidence that many physical and psychological problems have identifiable and treatable origins in childhood ED. When the literature is examined from an ontogenic process perspective it becomes clear that many phenotypically distinct forms of mental and physical distress emerge from the same underlying emotional processes expressed differently across development.
AS MÚLTIPLAS FACETAS DA CURADORIA DE CONTEÚDOS DIGITAIS

Este artigo propoe uma definicao de curadoria de conteudos digitais e oferece uma discussao das multiplas facetas da curadoria digital e como estas se posicionam na sociedade atual. A curadoria de conteudos digitais poder ser abordada sob uma perspectiva institucional, como uma estrategia pedagogica, como uma atividade conducente a mudanca social e como uma competencia basica para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Esta discussao termina com a introducao de algumas ferramentas electronicas que apoiam a curadoria digital.
An interface stabilized perovskite solar cell with high stabilized efficiency and low voltage loss

Stabilization of the crystal phase of inorganic/organic lead halide perovskites is critical for their high performance optoelectronic devices. However, due to the highly ionic nature of perovskite crystals, even phase stabilized polycrystalline perovskites can undergo undesirable phase transitions when exposed to a destabilizing environment. While various surface passivating agents have been developed to improve the device performance of perovskite solar cells, conventional deposition methods using a protic polar solvent, mainly isopropyl alcohol (IPA), results in a destabilization of the underlying perovskite layer and an undesirable degradation of device properties. We demonstrate the hidden role of IPA in surface treatments and develop a strategy in which the passivating agent is deposited without destabilizing the high quality perovskite underlayer. This strategy maximizes and stabilizes device performance by suppressing the formation of the perovskite δ-phase and amorphous phase during surface treatment, which is observed using conventional methods. Our strategy also effectively passivates surface and grain boundary defects, minimizing non-radiative recombination sites, and preventing carrier quenching at the perovskite interface. This results in an open-circuit-voltage loss of only ∼340 mV, a champion device with a power conversion efficiency of 23.4% from a reverse current–voltage scan, a device with a record certified stabilized PCE of 22.6%, and enhanced operational stability. In addition, our perovskite solar cell exhibits an electroluminescence external quantum efficiency up to 8.9%.
Increased Medical Complications, Revisions, In-Hospital Lengths of Stay, and Cost in Patients With Hypogonadism Undergoing Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract Background Research Regarding The Impact Of Hypogonadism Following Primary Total Knee arthroplasty (TKA) is limited. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate whether patients with hypogonadism undergoing primary TKA are at increased odds of: (1) medical complications; (2) revisions; (3) in-hospital lengths of stay (LOS); and (4) cost of care. Methods A Humana patient-population consisting of 8 million lives was retrospectively analyzed from 2007 to 2017 using International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision (ICD-9) codes. Patients were filtered by male sex and patients with hypogonadism were matched to controls in a 1:4 ratio according to age and medical comorbidities. The query yielded 8,393 patients with (n=1,681) and without (6,712) hypogonadism undergoing primary TKA. Primary outcomes analyzed included: medical complications, revision rates, in-hospital LOS, and cost of care. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) 90-day medical complications and 2-year revisions. Welch’s t-test was used to test for significance in LOS and cost of care between cohorts. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Hypogonadal patients undergoing primary TKA were found to have increased incidence and odds (9.45 vs. 4.67%; OR: 2.12, p Conclusion This analysis of over 1,600 patients demonstrates that patients with hypogonadism undergoing primary TKA have greater odds of postoperative medical complications, revisions, increased LOS and cost of care.
Robust Interbeat Interval and Heart Rate Variability Estimation Method From Various Morphological Features Using Wearable Sensors

We introduce a novel approach for robust estimation of physiological parameters such as interbeat interval (IBI) and heart rate variability (HRV) from cardiac signals captured with wearable sensors in the presence of motion artifacts. Motion artifact due to physical exercise is known as a major source of noise that contributes to a significant decline in the performance of IBI and HRV estimation techniques for cardiac monitoring in free-living environments. Therefore, developing robust estimation algorithms is essential for utilization of wearable sensors in daily life situations. The proposed approach includes two algorithmic components. First, we propose a combinatorial technique to select characteristic points that define heartbeats in noisy signals in time domain. The heartbeat detection problem is defined as a shortest path search problem on a direct acyclic graph that leverages morphological features of the cardiac signals by taking advantage of the time-continuity of heartbeats – each heartbeat ends with the starting point of the next heartbeat. The graph is constructed with vertices and edges representing candidate morphological features and IBIs, respectively. Second, we propose a fusion technique to combine physiological parameters estimated from different morphological features using the shortest path algorithm to obtain more accurate IBI/HRV estimations. We evaluate our techniques on motion-corrupted photoplethysmogram and electrocardiogram signals. Our results indicate that the estimated IBIs are highly correlated with the ground truth ( r = 0.89) and detected HRV parameters indicate high correlation with the true HRV parameters. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that the developed fusion technique, which utilizes different morphological features, achieves a correlation coefficient that is at least 3% higher than that obtained using single physiological characteristic.
Incorporation of Remote PM2.5 Concentrations into the Downscaler Model for Spatially Fused Air Quality Surfaces.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has implemented a Bayesian spatial data fusion model called the Downscaler (DS) model to generate daily air quality surfaces for PM2.5 across the contiguous U.S. Previous implementations of DS relied on monitoring data from EPA’s Air Quality System (AQS) network, which is largely concentrated in urban areas. In this work, we introduce to the DS modeling framework an additional PM2.5 input dataset from the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network located mainly in remote sites. In the western U.S. where IMPROVE sites are relatively dense (compared to the eastern U.S.), the inclusion of IMPROVE PM2.5 data to the DS model runs reduces predicted annual averages and 98th percentile concentrations by as much as 1.0 and 4 μg m−3, respectively. Some urban areas in the western U.S., such as Denver, Colorado, had moderate increases in the predicted annual average concentrations, which led to a sharpening of the gradient between urban and remote areas. Comparison of observed and DS-predicted concentrations for the grid cells containing IMPROVE and AQS sites revealed consistent improvement at the IMPROVE sites but some degradation at the AQS sites. Cross-validation results of common site-days withheld in both simulations show a slight reduction in the mean bias but a slight increase in the mean square error when the IMPROVE data is included. These results indicate that the output of the DS model (and presumably other Bayesian data fusion models) is sensitive to the addition of geographically distinct input data, and that the application of such models should consider the prediction domain (national or urban focused) when deciding to include new input data.
Regulating surplus: charity and the legal geographies of food waste enclosure

Food charity in the United States has grown into a critical appendage of agro-food supply chains. In 2016, 4.5 billion pounds of food waste was diverted through a network of 200 regional food banks, a fivefold increase in just 20 years. Recent global trade disruptions and the COVID-19 pandemic have further reinforced this trend. Economic geographers studying charitable food networks argue that its infrastructure and moral substructure serve to revalue food waste and surplus labor in the capitalist food system. The political–legal framework undergirding this revaluation process however is still poorly understood. Drawing on a 6-year institutional ethnography of the food banking economy in West Virginia, this paper takes a supply-side approach to examine the material and moral values driving the expansion of food waste recovery as hunger relief. Empirically, it focuses on the laws, contracts and fiscal incentives regulating charitable food procurement at the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Feeding America. The assemblage of government agencies, private businesses and non-profit organizations enrolled into this gift economy at different scales I argue, serves to enclose food waste into a public–private governance structure that regulates food surpluses and ensures these will not disrupt the scarcity logics driving profitability along primary food circuits.
Admissible Concentration Factors for Edge Detection from Non-uniform Fourier Data

Edge detection from Fourier data has been emerging in many applications. The concentration factor method has been widely used in detecting edges from Fourier data. We present a theoretic analysis of the concentration factor method for non-uniform Fourier data in this paper. Specifically, we propose admissible conditions for the concentration factors such that the edge detector converges to a smoothed approximation of the jump function. Moreover, we also introduce some specific choices of admissible concentration factors and present estimates of convergence rates correspondingly.
Isothiazolinone Detection in Dish Soap and Personal Care Products: Comparison of Lovibond Isothiazolinone Test Kit and Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Background Isothiazolinones are commonly used preservatives, which may cause allergic contact dermatitis. The Lovibond Isothiazolinone Test Kit (LITK) has been reported to successfully identify clinically relevant, occult isothiazolinones in patient personal care products. Objective The aim of the study was to analyze dish soaps and personal care products that do not declare isothiazolinones ("no-ISO") for the presence of isothiazolinones via 2 methods: LITK and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Methods No-ISO dish soaps (n = 9), a convenience sample of patient products (n = 6), and controls (positive [isothiazolinone declared], n = 5; negative, n = 2) were tested with LITK (X3) and UHPLC-MS/MS. Results Several no-ISO dish soaps and personal products were positive for isothiazolinones (LITK, n = 12; UHPLC-MS/MS, n = 3). Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry specifically identified methylisothiazolinone alone in 1 no-ISO dish soap, methylchloroisothiazolinone in another, and both in a third. Using UHPLC-MS/MS as the criterion standard, we observed the accuracy of LITK for 9 dish soaps was poor (sensitivity, 66.7%; specificity, 20%) and very poor for 6 personal care products (sensitivity, 0%; specificity, 0%). Conclusions Personal products may contain undeclared isothiazolinones. The current study found that LITK had poor accuracy for testing dish soap and personal care products. Clinicians should be aware of these factors when managing patients with contact allergy to isothiazolinones.
The performance of PROMIS computer adaptive testing for patient-reported outcomes in hip fracture surgery: a pilot study.

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are essential to patient-centered care in orthopaedics. PROMIS measures have demonstrated reliability, validity, responsiveness, and minimal floor and ceiling effects in various populations of patients receiving orthopaedic care but have not yet been examined in hip fracture patients. This pilot study sought to evaluate the psychometric performance of the PROMIS Physical Function (PROMIS PF) and Pain Interference (PROMIS PI) computer adaptive tests and compare these instruments with legacy outcome measures in hip fracture patients. This study included 67 patients who were 27–96 years old (median 76) and underwent osteosynthesis for a proximal femoral fracture. At 3, 6, and/or 12 months follow-up, patients completed both legacy (mHHS, SF-36-PCS, and VAS for pain) and PROMIS questionnaires (PROMIS PF and PROMIS PI). Respondent burden and floor/ceiling effects were calculated for each outcome measure. Correlation was calculated to determine concurrent validity between related constructs. A strong correlation was found between PROMIS PF and mHHS (rho = 0.715, p < 0.001) and moderately strong correlation between PROMIS PF and SF-36 PCS (rho = 0.697, p < 0.001). There was also a moderately strong correlation between the VAS and the PROMIS PI (rho = 0.641, p < 0.001). Patients who completed PROMIS PF were required to answer significantly fewer questions as compared with legacy PROMs (mHHS, SF-36). For the PROMIS measures, 1% of patients completing PROMIS PF achieved the highest allowable score while 34% of patients completing PROMIS PI achieved the lowest allowable score. Of the legacy outcome measures, 31% of patients completing the VAS for pain achieved the lowest allowable score and 7% of patients completing the mHHS achieved the highest allowable score. The results of this study support the validity of PROMIS CATs for use in hip fracture patients. The PROMIS PF was significantly correlated with SF-36 PCS and mHHS while requiring fewer question items per patient relative to the legacy outcome measures.
Metabolomic predictors for late-life depression

Introduction Depression is a major public health problem among older adults and among the leading causes of global burden of disease and disability. Yet, current understanding of pathophysiology and optimal prevention and/or treatment of late-life depression (LLD) is limited. Advanced approaches involving methods such as metabolomics present an innovative path to identify novel biomarkers of LLD outcomes. Several known biological pathways involving tryptophan and lipid-inflammatory molecules (eicosanoids) are relevant to depression; however, there have been few systematic investigations of metabolomic predictors of long-term trajectories of LLD. Methods This is a convenience sample of ∼7000 Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) participants with known metabolites and who completed depression items every four years from 1992-2016. Between 1989 and 1990, blood samples were collected and stored under standard conditions. In NHS, data on known metabolites were generated by merging the data from multiple case-control studies; however, all metabolites were profiled using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in the same laboratory. Continuous metabolite values were transformed to probit scores to account for batch effects. We used a previously developed harmonized depressive symptom scale that was indexed to the five-item Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5, range=0-100 points). For cross-sectional analysis, we performed multivariable logistic regression models to evaluate the associations of baseline metabolite levels and likelihood of the moderate or severe depressive symptoms (MHI-5 cut-off=60); for longitudinal analysis, we used latent growth-curve analysis to identify group-based trajectories of depressive symptoms and then related baseline metabolite levels to long-term trajectories. Results The mean age of female nurses at blood draw was 57.0 (range=42.6-70.2) years. There were ∼6300 NHS participants with available data on tryptophan metabolites and ∼1300 NHS participants with available data on eicosanoids. We observed stronger signals for cross-sectional associations of higher circulating levels of tryptophan, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with lower risk of moderate or severe depressive symptoms, adjusted for age at blood draw, fasting status, case-control status, physical activity, body mass index, diet index, alcohol use, and cigarette smoking [multivariable odds ratio (95% confidence interval): for tryptophan=0.86 (0.80-0.93), p Conclusions In this sample, tryptophan and omega-3 fatty acid metabolites were significantly related to LLD outcomes; these metabolites may play a role in the pathophysiology of LLD. Funding HMS Livingston Fellowship Award
Mixed Urinary Incontinence: Strategic Approach

Mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) is highly prevalent and associated with a significant impairment in quality of life. The pathogenesis of MUI is unclear, and patients may have stress-predominant MUI, urgency-predominant MUI, or equal stress- and urgency-predominant MUI. There is limited evidence regarding the best initial treatment for women with MUI, though treatment typically begins with conservative therapy for the component of incontinence that is most bothersome to the patient. For women with refractory MUI symptoms, stress incontinence surgery and third-line overactive bladder therapies are reasonable treatment options, and patient factors and urodynamic variables may help guide treatment decisions.
Measuring adrenal and reproductive hormones in hair from Southern Beaufort Sea polar bears (Ursus maritimus).

Abstract Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) use sea ice to access marine mammal prey. In Alaska’s Southern Beaufort Sea, the declining availability of sea ice habitat in summer and fall has reduced opportunities for polar bears to routinely hunt on the ice for seals, their primary prey. This reduced access to prey may result in physiological stress with subsequent potential consequences to reproductive function (physiological changes that accompany reproduction), which can be measured via reproductive hormones. Hormone concentrations in hair can be used as a minimally invasive alternative to serum concentrations, which must come from animal captures. Hair samples also provide a long-term average measurement of hormone concentrations that is not influenced by short-term fluctuations like that of serum. The aim of this study was (1) to determine if a radioimmunoassay could be used to measure adrenal and reproductive hormones in polar bear hair, and (2) to determine what the relationship is between these hormones and other reproductive, condition, and demographic parameters of polar bears. We successfully validated this method for cortisol, progesterone, estradiol, and testosterone through the analysis of hair and serum of 141 free-ranging polar bears. We found that while hair cannot be used to estimate serum hormone concentrations during the breeding season, hormone concentrations in hair can be used to measure reproductive function in polar bears. Further, our findings support trends in previous studies measuring hormone concentrations in serum. We found that adrenal and some reproductive hormones were positively correlated in hair samples of females. Associations between hormone concentrations in hair and serum did not vary relative to reproductive status of adult females. Serum testosterone increased throughout the breeding season for adult males and was significantly associated with body mass index (BMI). Our research supports the use of hair as a measure of reproductive function in polar bears and allows us to monitor the future effects of climate change on polar bear physiology.
Hydrogen in Strong DC and Low Frequency Fields

The last five years have seen an extensive effort by theoreticians and experimentalists aimed at the understanding of the response of atoms to strong external fields of all varieties: electric, magnetic or radiation, applied individually or simultaneously.1–3 The interest stems from the ability to produce, in the laboratory, fields which are comparable in strength to internal atomic fields. Although it is almost impossible to create dc fields in the laboratory (109 V/cm) which are strong enough to disrupt atoms in their normal states, it is possible to do so with radiation fields. On the other hand, a Rydberg atom, which can be thousands of angstroms in size, is very sensitive to external perturbations, and the Coulomb field of the nucleus can be overcome by an external electric field of only 5 kV/cm. Thus the early phase of entry of atomic physics into the strong-field regime has been accomplished by dealing with highly excited states, rather than by generating enormous laboratory fields. Diverse strong field effects are now studied in the laboratory under easily controlled conditions. These studies have extended the scope of research in areas which once used only weak field effects, and they have also opened up new avenues.
The Accessibility of Online Library Resources for People with Print Disabilities: Research and Strategies for Change

As more and more learning in higher education takes place in cyberspace, the accessibility of online resources to all people, including those with disabilities, has become an important issue. This paper reviews the research on the accessibility of library web sites and selected online information resources, and it discusses the role that future research should play in facilitating an inclusive learning environment.
Relative performance of rotary and piston engines on synthetic coal-derived gasoline

The paper compares the overall power and emissions features and in-cylinder combustion characteristics of a two-rotor Wankel engine and those of a four-cylinder piston engine, with particular reference to thermal efficiency, oxides of nitrogen, unburnt hydrocarbons, exhaust temperature, ignition delay and combustion interval. The study provides insight into the similarities and differences in the mechanisms of pollutant formation and combustion characteristics of rotary and piston engines, while operating on a synthetic coal-derived gasoline. In particular, the shorter ignition delay and longer combustion interval of the rotary engine indicates its suitability for use with lower quality fuels.
Modernism and the Marketplace: Literary Culture and Consumer Capitalism in Rhys, Woolf, Stein, and Nella Larsen

Permissions Acknowledgments Introduction: The Uneven Marketplace of Modernism and Consumer Capitalism Chapter One: "Just the sensation of spending, that's the point:" Jean Rhys' Marketplaces of Discipline and Desire Chapter Two: Consumerism and the Imperial Nation in Virginia Woolf's The Voyage Out and Mrs. Dalloway Chapter Three: The Enterprising Modernisms of Gertrude Stein and Sylvia Beach Chapter Four: Consumerism, Race and Rationalization in Nella Larsen's Quicksand Coda: Consumer Capitalism as a Style of Life Notes Bibliography Index
Mechanism of Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange intrpRepressor Studied by1H-15N NMR

Abstract Amide proton exchange rates have been measured for fast-exchanging amides in trp aporepressor, and compared with the rates measured in the holorepressor. The results indicate that the presence of the ligand stabilizes all of the amide protons in the molecule against exchange, not just those whose access to solvent it directly hinders. This global hindering of the exchange process of tryptophan implies that there is a non-random element in the transmission mechanism, so that damping of the exchange in one part of the molecule also damps exchange in another region. This damping at a distance is not associated with any measurable changes in the intervening average secondary structure. This suggests the existence of a concerted dynamic process in the protein backbone that is modulated by ligand binding and in turn affects the observed backbone protein exchange.
Path Planning for Flexible Needles Using Second Order Error Propagation

In this paper we propose a computationally efficient method for the steering of flexible needles with a bevel tip in the presence of uncertainties for the case when there are no obstacles in the environment. Based on the stochastic model for the needles, we develop a new framework for path planning of a flexible needle with a bevel tip. This consists of three parts: (a) approximation of probability density functions for the needle tip pose; (b) application of a second order error propagation algorithm on the Euclidean motion group; and (c) application of the path-of-probability (POP) algorithm. The probability density functions are approximated as Gaussians under the assumption that the uncertainty in the needle insertion is fairly small. The means and the covariances for the probability density functions are estimated using the error propagation algorithm that has second order accuracy. The POP algorithm is adapted to the path planning for the flexible needles so as to give the appropriate steering plan. Combining these components and considering 5 degree-of-freedom targets, the new method gives the path of the flexible needle that hits the target point with the desired hitting direction.
Coronavirus Cell-Associated RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase

Infectious, single-stranded, nonsegmented, polyadenylated, genomic RNA has been demonstrated for the avian infectious bronchitis virus (Lomniczi and Kennedy, 1977; Schochetman et al., 1977), the mouse hepatitis virus (Lai and Stohlman, 1978; Wege et al., 1978), and the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) of swine (Brian et al., 1980), three members of the coronavirus family. These properties alone would characterize these coronaviruses as positive-strand viruses and place them in category IV of the Baltimore Scheme (Baltimore, 1971). By analogy with the picornaviruses and togaviruses that have been characterized, also belonging to category IV of the Baltimore scheme, one would not expect to find an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase as part of the virion, but would expect to find such an enzyme in infected cells. In this paper we report that we are unable to detect an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in purified virions, but we do find it associated with apparent membrane structures in infected cells between 4 and 6 h postinfection, a time when the rate of viral RNA synthesis is maximal. The [3H]UMP-incorporating activity probably represents coronaviral- specified RNA-dependent RNA polymerase since (a) the activity was 10- to 100-fold greater than any similar activity in uninfected cells, (b) the activity was insensitive to actinomycin D, (c) the product was destroyed by RNase but not by DNase, (d) the activity was associated with an apparent replication complex that had sedimentation properties the same as cytoplasmic structures containing virus-specific RNA.
Mechanics of growth of some laccolithic intrusions in the Henry mountains, Utah, I: Field observations, Gilbert's model, physical properties and flow of the magma

The shapes of sills and laccolithic intrusions and associated host rock deformation were studied at several locations on the flanks of the Henry Mountains. Diorite sills range from 0.5 to 10 m in thickness, are less than 1 km2 in areal extent, and have blunt terminations. The laccolithic intrusions range from 10 to 200 m in thickness, and from 1 to 3 km2 in areal extent. The host rock, principally sandstone and shale, is deformed along closely spaced cataclastic shear planes. This deformation is concentrated at contacts, especially near sill terminations and over laccolith peripheries. The diorite contains plagioclase phenocrysts which are usually sheared in a thin zone adjacent to each contact. Field observations suggest that sills are the forerunners of laccolithic intrusions which form only after magma has spread far enough laterally (greater than about 1 km2 in the Henry Mountains) to gain leverage to bend the overburden upward. Further injection of magma results in laccolithic peripheries or terminations with one of three distinct cross-sectional forms: (1) blunt termination of the diorite accompanied by bending and minor faulting of the host rock; (2) termination at a peripheral diorite dike cutting upward across the host rock; or (3) abrupt termination of the diorite against a nearly vertical fault zone. In order to study some of the processes of sill and laccolith intrusion, mechanical models for the driving pressure, physical properties, and flow behavior of the diorite magma are derived and discussed. A static driving pressure (equal to the difference between total magma pressure and lithostatic pressure) of up to 700 bar is estimated. The rheological behavior of the magma in the Henry Mountains is unknown. However, flow behavior is calculated assuming three of the more common models for fluids: Newtonian viscous, pseudoplastic, and Bingham. Suspended crystals probably contributed to the finite strength of the magma (estimated to be at least 103 dyn/cm2 for the Henry Mountains magma) which enables it to support dense zenoliths and also fixes maximum limits on the lengths of sills or dikes. Pressure in magma flowing along tabular intrusions of uniform thickness drops linearly in the flow direction for all three rheological materials. Thickening of tabular intrusions tends to make the pressure drop less rapidly, but pressure drops more rapidly in the tapered region near a termination. Pressure distributions under these and other conditions are derived in order to use them in the models of host rock deformation presented in Part II.
A Review of “Urban Watersheds: Geology, Contamination and Sustainable Development”

Kaufman, Rogers, and Murray make an ambitious effort to fill a void in the available book literature on urban watershed assessment. Rather than attempt to compete with other more advanced texts on ...
MAP2 and tau segregate into dendritic and axonal domains after the elaboration of morphologically distinct neurites: an immunocytochemical study of cultured rat cerebrum.

We sought to determine whether the strict segregation of MAP2 and tau into somatodendritic and axonal compartments in situ was maintained in dissociated neuronal cultures of the rat cerebrum. Cultures grown under serum-free conditions were immunolabeled with monoclonal antibodies specific for MAP2 and tau. At 14 d after plating, a clear distinction between MAP2- and tau-immunoreactive neurites was apparent. MAP2- immunoreactive neurites were relatively short, thick, tapering, and branched. Tau-immunoreactive neurites formed a crisscrossing meshwork of long, fine-caliber neurites, which, in more densely plated cultures, had a tendency to form thick, ropelike fascicles. Unlike the MAP2 pattern, tau antibodies labeled somata only lightly. Since distinct populations of neurites were labeled with the 2 antibodies, we sought to observe the development of the topographically distinct compartments by double-labeled immunocytochemistry with both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to MAP2 and tau. Cells observed within the first 8 hr after plating demonstrated equally intense MAP2 and tau immunoreactivity in a coextensive distribution throughout the cell body and initial neurites. By 16 hr, some neurites began to assume dendritic and axonal features; however, many such processes contained reaction product for both MAP2 and tau. Beginning at this time, neurites that appeared axonal showed a progressively weaker reaction with MAP2 antibodies, and neurites that appeared dendritic showed a progressively weaker reaction with tau antibodies. In most neurites the diminution appeared to occur uniformly over the entire extent of the neurite. During this transformation period there were occasional axon-like neurites that contained MAP2 immunoreactivity proximally, while tau immunoreactivity extended over the entire length of the neurite. We conclude that neurons in culture are able to compartmentalize MAP2 and tau into their appropriate processes and only attain an apparently homogeneous population of one of these MAPs after the neuron has assumed dendritic and axonal features. The analysis also lends indirect support to the hypothesis that microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) form this association at the distal extent of the growing neurite.
Managing C++ OpenMP code and its exception handling

This paper discusses the issue of C++ exception handling in C++ OpenMP Programs. Two possible implementation techniques are described and contrasted. This paper also suggests ways to synchronize the execution of C++ OpenMP programs in the event of uncaught exceptions.
Let God Arise: The War and Rebellion of the Camisards

The revolt of the Camisards, which took place at the end of the long reign of Louis XIV, presents a complex interweaving of religious and political history at local and national levels. This rebell...
Two-Photon Ionization of Atomic Hydrogen

This paper discusses the general theory of two-photon ionization of a hydrogenic state in the nonrelativistic dipole approximation. An application is made to the photoionization of the metastable $2S$ state of atomic hydrogen by optical radiation, for example, by the light from a ruby laser. The sum over intermediate states is carried out exactly by means of an implicit technique. The results are given for a range of wave-lengths from the threshold at 7290 down to 4556 \AA{}. At 6943 \AA{}, the total cross section per unit intensity is found to be 5.35\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}29}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{4}$ ${\mathrm{W}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The lowest order damping corrections to the perturbation-theory results are worked out.
The Potential of Avian H1N1 Influenza A Viruses to Replicate and Cause Disease in Mammalian Models

H1N1 viruses in which all gene segments are of avian origin are the most frequent cause of influenza pandemics in humans; therefore, we examined the disease-causing potential of 31 avian H1N1 isolates of American lineage in DBA/2J mice. Thirty of 31 isolates were very virulent, causing respiratory tract infection; 22 of 31 resulted in fecal shedding; and 10 of 31 were as pathogenic as the pandemic 2009 H1N1 viruses. Preliminary studies in BALB/cJ mice and ferrets showed that 1 of 4 isolates tested was more pathogenic than the pandemic 2009 H1N1 viruses in BALB/cJ mice, and 1 of 2 strains transmitted both by direct and respiratory-droplet contact in ferrets. Preliminary studies of other avian subtypes (H2, H3, H4, H6, H10, H12) in DBA/2J mice showed lower pathogenicity than the avian H1N1 viruses. These findings suggest that avian H1N1 influenza viruses are unique among influenza A viruses in their potential to infect mammals.
Influence of Moisture on Winter Survival of the Pink Boll worm

The effect of natural and simulated patterns of rainfall on the winter survival of the pink boll worm, Pectinophora gosspyiella (Saunders), was studied for 2 years in outside cages at Waco, Texas. The effect of temperature and level of soil moisture on survival of diapauses larvae was studied in bioclimatic cabinets, programmed to simulate the December 1960-March 1961 conditions of temperature and soil moisture level at Waco and Heavener, Oklahoma, areas of generally high and low winter survival of the insect, respectively. In the outside cages, survival from the buried bolls decreased when moisture level was increased during December-January or February-March; high levels of moisture during both periods, i.e., from December through March, decreased survival still further. High levels of moisture during April-May had little or no influence on survival regardless of the date when the boll was buried. In the bioclimatic cabinets, moderate temperature and a moderate level of soil moisture (1670) reduced survival compared with that obtained at a low level of soil moisture (8%). At low temperatures there was no significant difference in survival at the 2 levels of soil moisture.
Learning While Doing: Prior Knowledge and Learning in the Opportunity Development Process

This study draws on learning and opportunity development theories to develop and test a conceptual model of learning during the opportunity development process. Using a sample of technology entrepreneurs in university- incubators, we investigate the unique and joint effects of both prior knowledge and new learning on venture outcomes of sales and innovativeness. Results suggest that venture sales is positively related to prior knowledge of demand whereas product innovativeness is positively related to prior knowledge of technology. Learning about demand during the opportunity development process positively relates to both venture sales and product innovativeness. However, contrary to expectations, low degrees of demand learning were found to enhance the relationship between prior demand knowledge and sales. Findings suggest that the types of knowledge and the sequence of learning processes within opportunity development have important implications for entrepreneurial outcomes.
Chiropractic care for children.

Objective To describe the practice characteristics and pediatric care of chiropractors. Study Design Cross-sectional, descriptive survey. Setting Chiropractic practices in the Boston, Mass, metropolitan area. Participants One hundred fifty licensed chiropractors. Main Outcome Measures Demographics, practice characteristics, and fee structure. Practitioners were also asked about their approach to childhood immunizations and a clinical scenario. Data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics. Results Ninety (60%) chiropractors responded. All were white and 65% were men. Respondents had on average 122 patient visits weekly, of which 13 (11%) were from children and adolescents. Typical visit frequency ranged from 1 to 3 times weekly. Average visit fees were $82 and $38 (initial and follow-up) and 49% of the fees were covered by insurance. Seventy percent of the respondents recommended herbs and dietary supplements. For pediatric care, 30% reported actively recommending childhood immunizations; presented with a hypothetical 2-week-old neonate with a fever, 17% would treat the patient themselves rather than immediately refer the patient to a doctor of medicine, doctor of osteopathy, or an emergency facility. Conclusions Children and adolescents constitute a substantial number of patients in chiropractics. An estimated 420,000 pediatric chiropractic visits were made in the Boston metropolitan area in 1998, costing approximately $14 million. Pediatric chiropractic care is often inconsistent with recommended medical guidelines. National studies are needed to assess the safety, efficacy, and cost of chiropractic care for children.