cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anticipating DSM-V: Opportunities and Challenges for Cognition and Psychosis

The current debate regarding the role that cognitive function should play in the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia in the DSM-V has been a healthy one that has engendered much useful discussion and potentially interesting pathways for future research. At this point, there is little support for the idea that cognition should be included as a criterion A–type symptom that would differentiate those individuals with schizophrenia from individuals with other psychiatric illnesses. However, there continues to be much interest in including assessments of cognition in the DSM-V as a means of highlighting the importance of cognitive function for understanding functional status and outcome and to facilitate attention to cognitive function in treatment planning. However, as discussed here and in the Bora commentary, these suggestions do raise important theoretical and practical challenges as to how to best accomplish these goals and to provide a means of assessment of cognition that is viable across a wide range of contexts. In order to accomplish these goals, the structure of DSM-V will need to be modified to facilitate the inclusion of treatment-relevant domains that may not be part of the diagnostic criteria such as including assessments of one more domains for all disorders (eg, suicidality and perhaps even cognition) or assessments of domains that may be specific to certain classes of disorders (eg, cognition for psychotic and mood disorders). Bora et al suggest either using specifiers to indicate which individuals with schizophrenia have cognitive impairment or using a dimensional assessment of cognition. We tend to favor a dimensional approach as one that preserves the most information and does not necessitate placing what may be arbitrary thresholds on the level of cognitive dysfunction that would be sufficient to warrant a specifier of cognitive impairment. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly apparent from the work of Bora and others that cognition may also deserve attention in the assessment of individuals with affective as well as nonaffective psychosis, and thus, whatever approach is adopted in the DSM-V for assessing cognition in schizophrenia may also need to be applicable to individuals with other disorders as well. These are solvable challenges and well worth the effort in terms of their potential payoff for enhancing the quality of life of people with mental illnesses and reducing demands on public health resources.
Physical property changes in hydrate-bearing sediment due to depressurization and subsequent repressurization

Physical property changes in hydrate-bearing sediment due to depressurization and subsequent repressurization W.F. Waite 1 , T.J. Kneafsey 2 , W.J. Winters 1 , D.H. Mason 1 U.S. Geological Survey, 384 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., MS 90R1116, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Improved Exponential Integral Approximation for Tangent-Slab Radiation Transport

a = researcher-dependent constant for the E3 approximation E3 = third-order exponential integral h = Planck’s constant, 6:6256 10 27 erg-s j = frequency-dependent emission coefficient, erg=cm -sr q = frequency-dependent wall-directed radiative flux, W-s=cm q = frequency-integrated wall-directed radiative flux, or just the radiative flux for constant-property-layer cases, W=cm s = integration variable, cm T = temperature, K x = optical depth for a constant property layer, equal to z, dimensionless z = distance along a line of sight, cm zs = shock location or edge of a constant property layer, cm = frequency-dependent absorption coefficient, cm 1 = frequency, s 1 = optical thickness, dimensionless ! = integration variable
Conventional and high-technology teaching methods for educating health professionals in developing nations

This article reviews basic educational principles and discusses their application to a variety of teaching methods. In addition, teaching collections and indexing systems are discussed and information is provided about high technology formats particularly the videodisc and computer.
Experiments in Vortex Formation of Flapping Flat Plates

The concept of formation parameter has been applied to flat plates with a constant plunge velocity profile and with a constantly accelerating plunge profile at several fixed pitch angles in an effort to apply the formation parameter more broadly. The inspiration for this work arose from the application of the formation parameter concept to 21 species of insect. The formation number for these insects was found to fall between 0.47 and 4.35, with the majority of insects falling in the range of 0.47 to 1.45. The two exceptions falling outside of this range, were the only insects with an aspect ratio larger than 10. To better understand this result, an investigation was subsequently conducted on thin flat plates with square edges. Three different aspect ratios were used; an infinite aspect ratio model was tested in pure plunge, while the aspect ratio 3 and 6 models were tested by flapping in a two-dimensional arc about the root of the semi-span. In all cases, both a constant velocity profile and quarter-sine velocity profile with average Reynolds number (Re) of 3,000 were used. Hinged flapping, as well as flapping a finite aspect ratio wing, greatly hinder the production of 2-d circulation, but does not reduce the physical size (area) of the vortices generated. Hinged flapping tests were also conducted on an aspect ratio 6 plate at Re 12,000. Flapping at this Reynolds number produced a similar amount of normalized circulation as well as physical size (area), as a function of formation time, compared to the Reynolds number 3000 data. Different results were obtained with different velocity profiles and aspect ratios, despite being at the same average Reynolds number and formation number. Nomenclature AR = Aspect ratio
KNAT1 induces lobed leaves with ectopic meristems when overexpressed in Arabidopsis.

Plant development depends on the activity of apical meristems, which are groups of indeterminate cells whose derivatives elaborate the organs of the mature plant. Studies of knotted1 (kn1) and related gene family members have determined potential roles for homeobox genes in the function of shoot meristems. The Arabidopsis kn1-like gene, KNAT1, is expressed in the shoot apical meristem and not in determinate organs. Here, we show that ectopic expression of KNAT1 in Arabidopsis transforms simple leaves into lobed leaves. The lobes initiate in the position of serrations yet have features of leaves, such as stipules, which form in the sinus, the region at the base of two lobes. Ectopic meristems also arise in the sinus region close to veins. Identity of the meristem, that is, vegetative or floral, depends on whether the meristem develops on a rosette or cauline leaf, respectively. Using in situ hybridization, we analyzed the expression of KNAT1 and another kn1-like homeobox gene, SHOOT MERISTEMLESS, in cauliflower mosaic virus 35S::KNAT1 transformants. KNAT1 expression is strong in vasculature, possibly explaining the proximity of the ectopic meristems to veins. After leaf cells have formed a layered meristem, SHOOT MERISTEMLESS expression begins in only a subset of these cells, demonstrating that KNAT1 is sufficient to induce meristems in the leaf. The shootlike features of the lobed leaves are consistent with the normal domain of KNAT19s expression and further suggest that kn1-related genes may have played a role in the evolution of leaf diversity.
Expression, Purification, and Kinetic Characterization of Recombinant Human Adenylosuccinate Lyase*

Abstract Adenylosuccinate adenosine 5'-monophosphate lyase (EC 4.3.2.2; ASL) catalyzes two distinct reactions in adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) biosynthesis. A S413P mutation in ASL segregates with mental retardation in an affected family (Stone, R. L., Aimi, J., Barshop, B. A., Jaeken, J., Van den Berghe, G., Zalkin, H., and Dixon, J. E. (1992) Nature Genet. 1, 59-63). ASL and S413P ASL have been expressed, purified, and kinetically characterized. Lowering the Escherichia coli growth temperature to 25 degrees C and the concentration of inducer, isopropyl-1-thio-beta,D-galactopyranoside, to 40 microM was necessary for synthesis of soluble, tetrameric enzymes. The recombinant enzymes were purified to homogeneity using anion exchange chromatography followed by chromatography on Blue 2A Sepharose. At pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C, the kcat for cleavage of 5-amino-4-imidazole-N-succinocarboxamide ribotide (SAI-CAR) by ASL was 90 s-1 with a Km of 2.35 microM. The kcat for adenylosuccinate (SAMP) cleavage was 97 s-1 with a Km of 1.79 microM. The catalytic mechanism involved one general base catalyst (pK alpha = 6.4) and one general acid catalyst (pK alpha = 7.5). ASL follows an ordered uni-bi reaction mechanism with fumarate released first. 5-Amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribotide (AICAR) and AMP were competitive with SAICAR and SAMP (Ki[AICAR] = 11.3 microM; Ki[AMP] = 9.2 microM), whereas fumarate inhibited noncompetitively (Kii = 2.3 mM, Kis = 2.8 mM). The competitive inhibition by AICAR and AMP suggests a single active site that binds both SAICAR and SAMP. The kinetic constants at pH 7.0, 25 degrees C and the kcat/Km versus pH profiles for ASL and S413P ASL were very similar. These results are consistent with S413P being a structural rather than a catalytic defect.
Characterization and Modeling of Friction Pendulum Bearings Subjected to Multiple Components of Excitation

Experimental and numerical studies are used to examine the behavior of friction pendulum FP bearings to multiple com- ponents of excitation. In the experimental studies, a scaled rigid-frame model representing a rigid bridge superstructure on four FP bearings is subjected to displacement-controlled orbits and earthquake simulations. Using the test data from bidirectional displacement orbits, the constant friction coefficient is calibrated for a rate-independent plasticity model for FP bearings. The earthquake test data are compared with numerical simulations to evaluate the efficacy of the calibrated models. The studies show that the coupling between the two orthogonal components is important for representing the behavior of FP bearings. Modeling of the vertical load on the bearings, and the consideration of this force variation on the bearing response is necessary for an accurate determination of the forces transmitted by the bearings into the substructure. Tridirectional testing of the rigid-block frame shows that the vertical ground motion component has a small effect on the response of a bridge isolated with FP bearings.
The CE plane: a graphic representation of cost-effectiveness

The concept of cost-effectiveness is illustrated graphically on the CE plane. Strategies are represented according to their effectiveness (e) and cost (c) relative to those of some reference standard. A straight line with slope K passes through the origin, where K is the maximum acceptable cost-effectiveness ratio. Strategies plotted to the right of line K are cost-effective, while those plotted to the left are not. Furthermore, the most cost-effective of two or more mutually exclusive alternatives is that plotted the greatest distance to the right of K. The CE plane can be used to resolve ambiguities about the meaning of cost-effectiveness and to illustrate its relevance to medical decision making.
Dental Hygienist Attitudes toward Providing Care for the Underserved Population

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate registered dental hygienists9 attitude toward community service, sensitivity to patient needs, job satisfaction and their frequency to volunteer care for the underserved population. Methods: A 60 question survey instrument was developed and distributed to 306 participants. The survey instrument addressed the following variables: community service, sensitivity to patient needs, job satisfaction, social responsibility, spirituality and willingness to volunteer care. A total of 109 surveys were returned yielding a 33.9% response rate. SPSS version 19.0 was utilized for data analysis. Based on the factor analysis, the 6 original variables were reduced to 3 variables, which included attitude toward community service, job satisfaction and sensitivity to patient needs. Results: For registered dental hygienists their level of education, membership in their professional association, attitude toward community service and sensitivity to patients were associated with their frequency of volunteering care for the underserved population. Additionally, a discriminant analysis indicated a strong prediction among registered dental hygienists attitude toward community service and job satisfaction to their frequency of volunteering care for the underserved population. Conclusion: This research study of the factors that influence registered dental hygienists9 frequency of volunteering care indicates how important oral health care preparatory norms and dispositions are to the underserved population. Understanding what persuades registered dental hygienists to volunteer care provides valuable information to registered dental hygienists, as well as dental hygiene programs regarding volunteering care for the underserved population and the importance of attitudes toward community service, sensitivity to patient needs and job satisfaction. This study supports the NDHRA priority area, Health Services Research: Assess the impact of increasing access to dental hygiene services on the oral health outcomes of underserved populations.
Genetic Analyses of DNA Methyltransferase Genes in Mouse Model System

DNA methylation regulates important biological processes and is involved in tumorigenesis and several human diseases, such as Rett and immunodeficiency, centromeric instability and facial anomalies (ICF). The major objective of our research is to investigate the roles of DNA methylation in mammals through genetic analysis of DNA methyltransferase genes in mouse and human. Previously, we found that Dnmt1 knockout embryonic stem (ES) cells are capable of methylating retroviral DNA de novo. In search of enzymes responsible for de novo methylation, we have cloned a novel family of mammalian DNA methyltransferase genes, Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b. Although extensive sequence similarity was found between Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b, little homology was observed between Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a/3b in the catalytic domain as well as in the N-terminal domain. Additionally, biochemical analysis revealed that, unlike Dnmt1, neither Dnmt3a nor Dnmt3b had a strong preference to hemimethylated DNA substrates. Genetic analysis demonstrated that Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b were required for de novo methylation activities in ES cells and during early embryogenesis and were essential for early development. Interestingly, phenotype analyses of single homozygous mice for either Dnmt3a or Dnmt3b suggested that the functions of Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b also were required at the late developmental stage and even at the adult stage.
Delayed Administration of Alpha-Difluoromethylornithine Prevents Hippocampus-Dependent Cognitive Impairment after Single and Combined Injury in Mice

Radiation exposure due to radiological terrorism and military circumstances are a continuing threat for the civilian population. In an uncontrolled radiation event, it is likely that there will be other types of injury involved, including trauma. While radiation combined injury is recognized as an area of great significance, overall there is a paucity of information regarding the mechanisms underlying the interactions between irradiation and other forms of injury, or what countermeasures might be effective in ameliorating such changes. The objective of this study was to determine if difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) could reduce the adverse effects of single or combined injury if administered beginning 24 h after exposure. Eight-week-old C57BL/J6 young-adult male mice received whole-body cesium-137 (137Cs) irradiation with 4 Gy. Immediately after irradiation, unilateral traumatic brain injury was induced using a controlled cortical impact system. Forty-four days postirradiation, animals were tested for hippo...
THE VALUE OF CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN RESTORATIVE/COMMUNITY JUSTICE: LESSONS FROM VERMONT

The Vermont Reparative Probation board program is one of the earliest and most extensive statewide restorative initiatives in the United States. There is, therefore, a great deal to learn from such a bold experiment. Yet the “quaintness” of the State seems to place limitations on its utility as a model for other jurisdictions across the country. As a near neighbor to Vermont, I have encountered scathing skepticism at the suggestion that Vermont criminal justice policy is relevant to the city neighborhoods of Boston, Springfield, Lowell, or New Bedford. The image of Vermont as predominantly rural, homogenous, and relatively crime-free is largely accurate. Vermont is different, and it certainly is quaint. What other state is itself listed as endangered by the National Trust for Historic Preservation? But dismissing Vermont’s policies because of its uniqueness is specious and does not bear on the question of the relevance of the model to other communities. In reality, every state (and community) has its own unique characteristics and set of players, and no innovative program is ever simply “replicated” elsewhere, least of all, restorative justice programs, which are philosophically committed to local control. The question is, what is to be learned from the Vermont experiment, and how does it inform public policies that might support the development of restorative community-based programs? My remarks focus on the role of citizen participation through volunteering. In addition to the direct participation of victims and offenders, restorative justice prioritizes active involvement of the community, both because communities are seen to be (direct and indirect) victims of crime and because communities are viewed as responsible stakeholders in the maintenance of social norms within the community. From the citizen perspective, participation in restorative justice is a uniquely valuable form of civic participation. If we believe (as I do) that crime is a community responsibility as well as an individual responsibility, then it is necessary for citizens to see “crime” up close and personal. Most restorative forums provide an opportunity to humanize the offender, and in a democracy, I believe it is important for citizens who do not commit crime to meet and get to know those who do, in order to understand their
The Three Antinomies of Modern Legal Positivism and Their Resolution in Christian Legal Thought

Christian legal thinkers have shaped and formed Western law from the latter days of the Roman Empire until nearly our own age. Historically, Christianity is of immense importance to the shape and substance of Western law. However, in the United States today, Christian legal scholars who seek to apply self-consciously Christian norms to the resolution of legal problems are accustomed to thinking that their work is marginalized. Even so, American Christians who take their faith seriously, who see it as relevant to questions of law, should take up the task of explaining exactly how it is relevant, how it can help to resolve pressing legal problems. Harold Berman recently observed that "[w]ith rare exceptions, American legal scholars of Christian faith have not, during the past century, attempted to explain law in terms of that faith." This article examines the three great antinomies - that is, contradictions within the law - of modern jurisprudence and suggests how Christian jurisprudence might help to resolve them. Three antinomies have come to shape much modern thinking about the nature and function of law: (1) Law consists of commands backed by power, force, and external compulsion, and questions concerning the rightness or justice of those commands are not to be considered when determining whether a particular act of sovereign will should be considered to be law. (2) Law and morality should and must be viewed as existing as separate and apart from one another, such that the moral content of a particular sovereign decree is not used in determining whether to count a particular sovereign decree as law. (3) In determining whether a particular command, rule, or principle should count as law, one is allowed only to consider its formal source, irrespective, once again, of its content. These are three antinomies in legal analysis that the average lawyer works with every day and that the average student of jurisprudence takes for granted as part of the foundation of her or his view of the legal world. They are antinomies because they seem to be at war with our instincts as to what should or should not count as law. Indeed, they are at war with other deeply cherished elements of the legal order. Law should be about justice. Power should be in the service of justice. Law and morality should not occupy separate spheres. Law should not only regulate conduct, but should seem to be inherently good. The author contends that contemporary jurisprudence, by which he means the legal positivism that has come to prevail especially in the Anglo-American academy, embodies within itself these serious contradictions - "antinomies" - which can best be resolved by paying studious attention to some of the teachings of modern Christian jurisprudes. In contrast to the great antinomies of positivism, Catholic social thought emphasizes the integral connections between justice and law; the inseparability of law from morals and values; and the need to ground the validity of law not in a formal analysis of state authority but in human nature itself.
Looking for reward in all the wrong places: dopamine receptor gene polymorphisms indirectly affect aggression through sensation-seeking

Individuals with genotypes that code for reduced dopaminergic brain activity often exhibit a predisposition toward aggression. However, it remains largely unknown how dopaminergic genotypes may increase aggression. Lower-functioning dopamine systems motivate individuals to seek reward from external sources such as illicit drugs and other risky experiences. Based on emerging evidence that aggression is a rewarding experience, we predicted that the effect of lower-functioning dopaminergic functioning on aggression would be mediated by tendencies to seek the environment for rewards. Caucasian female and male undergraduates (N = 277) were genotyped for five polymorphisms of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene; they reported their previous history of aggression and their dispositional reward-seeking. Lower-functioning DRD2 profiles were associated with greater sensation-seeking, which then predicted greater aggression. Our findings suggest that lower-functioning dopaminergic activity puts individuals at risk for violence because it motivates them to experience aggression's hedonically rewarding qualities.
Increased Internet use and poorer ability to manage emotions in youth at high-risk for psychosis

The relationship between Internet use and social behavior remains unknown. However, research indicates that Internet use (IU) may have some causal role in certain types of psychopathology and overall functioning. In contrast, other work suggests that IU may be protective and buffer against social isolation. Poorer emotional processing (EP) is characteristic of schizophrenia, and these deficits are present prior to illness onset (the ultra high-risk period (UHR)). UHR adolescents/young adults also fall within an age demographic characterized by extensive IU, which suggests that evaluating a link between IU and social behavior in this population may be especially informative. The present study examined the relationship between IU and emotional processing in 98 adolescents/young adults (52 UHR youth and 46 controls). UHR youth exhibited greater problematic IU (β = -6.49, F(1,95) = 8.79, p = 0.002) and social withdrawal/problems resulting from this use (β = -3.23, F(1,95) = 11.43, p < 0.001), as well deficits in emotional processing in comparison to healthy peers (β = 4.59, F(1,94) = 5.52, p = 0.011). Furthermore, the social problems resulting from IU was significantly related to the ability to process emotional information in the UHR group (β = -0.51, t(1,48) = -2.10, p = 0.021). UHR youth showed evidence of problematic IU relative to controls, and the social problems resulting from IU related to poorer EP. Findings replicate extant research involving other psychosis risk populations, while adding information regarding how social processes may relate to IU.
Benn Steil's The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order

On July 1, 1944, less than a month after Allied forces stormed the beaches of Normandy, seven hundred thirty delegates from forty-four nations gathered at the Mount Washington Hotel in Carroll, New Hampshire — an area more commonly known as Bretton Woods. With the White Mountains serving as a backdrop, the participants spent three weeks designing multilateral institutions to facilitate international economic cooperation after the war. To paraphrase Vassar economist and American delegate Mabel Newcomer, there was little time for hiking. Two of these institutions, the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank), continue to play significant roles in the global economy nearly seventy years later. In his new book, The Battle of Bretton Woods, Benn Steil provides a well-researched and interesting account of the historic monetary conference. He draws heavily on archival evidence and clearly explains the motivations underlying the complex interactions leading up to, during, and immediately following the Bretton Woods meeting. His efforts make for an enjoyable read.
Expression and alternative splicing of classical and nonclassical MHCI genes in the hippocampus and neuromuscular junction

The major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) is a large gene family, with over 20 members in mouse. Some MHCIs are well-known for their critical roles in the immune response. Studies in mice which lack stable cell-surface expression of many MHCI proteins suggest that one or more MHCIs also play unexpected, essential roles in the establishment, function, and modification of neuronal synapses. However, there is little information about which genes mediate MHCI's effects in neurons. In this study, RT-PCR was used to simultaneously assess transcription of many MHCI genes in regions of the central and peripheral nervous system where MHCI has a known or suspected role. In the hippocampus, a part of the CNS where MHCI regulates synapse density, synaptic transmission, and plasticity, we found that more than a dozen MHCI genes are transcribed. Single-cell RT-PCR revealed that individual hippocampal neurons can express more than one MHCI gene, and that the MHCI gene expression profile of CA1 pyramidal neurons differs significantly from that of CA3 pyramidal neurons or granule cells of the dentate gyrus. MHCI gene expression was also assessed at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) where MHCI plays a role in developmental synapse elimination, aging-related synapse loss, and neuronal regeneration. Four MHCI genes are expressed at the NMJ at an age when synapse elimination is occurring in three different muscles. Several MHCI mRNA splice variants were detected in hippocampus, but not at the NMJ. Together, these results establish the first profile of MHCI gene expression at the developing NMJ, and demonstrate that MHCI gene expression is under tight spatial and temporal regulation in the nervous system. They also identify more than a dozen MHCIs that could play important roles in regulating synaptic transmission and plasticity in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Muscle Dysfunction Associated With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Skeletal-muscle (both respiratory and limb) abnormalities are common and can have profound effects in patients with chronic inflammatory states such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Causes include direct inflammatory-mediator effects on muscle function, malnutrition, blood-gas abnormalities, compromised oxygen delivery from right-heart dysfunction, electrolyte imbalances, drugs, and comorbid states. In COPD patients, respiratory muscles are overloaded, which leads to increased fatigue potential, especially during exercise, when hyperinflation worsens. Interestingly, overloaded respiratory muscles develop structural changes that help them adapt to these conditions. In contrast, limb (especially lower extremity) muscles in COPD patients are underloaded as a consequence of disuse, and this leads to muscle atrophy. Treatment is aimed at optimizing lung function, nutritional repletion, aerobic exercise training, and (in certain patients) oxygen therapy. Resistive breathing training is more controversial. Lung-volume-reduction surgery may help with the hyperinflation effects and improve gas exchange and respiratory-muscle function in selected patients.
1355 Incidence of Serum Hypophosphatemia in Growth Restricted and Appropriately Grown Preterm Infants

Background Infants with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) often have metabolic and electrolyte abnormalities. Our aim was to determine the incidence of hypophosphatemia in IUGR versus appropriate for gestational age (AGA) premature infants. Methods A retrospective review of infants ≤32 weeks or ≤1500 grams who had a serum phosphorus within 48 hours after birth. We collected maternal and neonatal demographic data and electrolyte values. Infants below the 10th percentile on the Fenton Growth Curve were categorized as IUGR. Serum hypophosphatemia was defined as Results Over a 4 year period, 304 infants were eligible. Of these, 54 were IUGR (mean birth weight (BW) of 848 grams and mean gestational age (GA) of 28+6 weeks) and 250 were AGA (mean BW of 1067 grams and mean GA of 27+6 weeks). 48% of the IUGR infants had hypophosphatemia compared with only 6% of the AGA infants (p Conclusions Hypophosphatemia is very common among IUGR infants
How Are We Doing? Data Access and Replication in Political Science

Data access and research transparency (DA-RT) is a growing concern for the discipline. Technological advances have greatly reduced the cost of sharing data, enabling full replication archives consisting of data and code to be shared on individual websites, as well as journal archives and institutional data repositories. But how do we ensure that scholars take advantage of these resources to share their replication archives? Moreover, are the costs of research transparency borne by individuals or by journals? This article assesses the impact of journal replication policies on data availability and finds that articles published in journals with mandatory provision policies are 24 times more likely to have replication materials available than articles those with no requirements.
Elevated expression of IRS2 in the progression from neurofibroma to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor.

Background/Aim: Novel drugs to inhibit insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) pathways are emerging and will be sarcoma subtype-specific. As a result, defining expression of proteins in these pathways; in select tumors is important in order to formulate therapeutic approaches to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). Materials and Methods: Fifty-three patients with MPNSTs or neurofibromas (NFs), who were treated at our institution from 1994-2005, were identified. Tumor immonohistochemical staining for multiple key oncogenic proteins was performed and the sections were evaluated in a blinded fashion by a sarcoma pathologist (JDR) and correlated with survival. Results: A total of 88% of MPNSTs expressed IRS2 compared to 48% of NFs. IRS2 expression was significantly higher in MPNSTs than in NFs (p=0.0009). However, IRS1 expression was significantly higher in NFs than MPNSTs (p=0.03). A trend toward an increase in FAK expression in MPNSTs was seen (p=0.11). No difference was seen between MPNSTs and NFs when evaluating the expression of phosphorylated focal adhesions kinase, vascular endothelial growth factor 3, insulin like growth factor receptor 1, neurofibromatosis 1. Univariate analysis of survival indicated that IRS2 and NF1 protein expression, patient age and tumor size were significantly correlated with outcome. Conclusion: MPNSTs have an elevated level of IRS2 and FAK and lower level of IRS1 compared to NFs These data demonstrate for the first time that IRS2 and FAK may be associated with malignant transformation of neurofibromas. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling system orchestrates a vital role in the initiation and progression of human malignancy. Alterations in the IGF pathway, such as
Comparative study of biofilm shear loss on different adsorptive media

Effects of the attaching surface on biofilm shear loss and accumulation were investigated using two granular ac tivated carbons with very different surface structures. Experimental evaluations were performed with a completely-mixed flow reactor. The BFAC model was used to interpret the experimental results. Results showed that a very irregular carbon surface provided better protection for initial biofilm growth and an earlier start for bio regeneration than did the spherical medium. The initial biofilm loss rates for the 2 carbons were 0.0 and 0.2 day-1, respectively and the shear loss rate coefficients were increased to 0.6 to 1.2 day-1 for both carbons after complete growth. During a period of rapid biofilm growth and GAC bioregeneration, the biofilm loss rate increased as a complex function that could not be de scribed by a simple first-order loss function. /. Water Pollut. Con trol Fed., 60, 362 (1988).
Public Health and Legislation: Does the General Public Trust Physicians?

The subject of public health and legislation was the subject of two key addresses during the recent 1975 ASCP-CAP Joint Fall Meeting in Chicago, Sept. 18-26. The first of the addresses was presented by Richard E. Palmer, M.D., President-elect of the College of American Pathologists, addressing the joint ASCP-CAP Opening Session, Sept. 21, in the Conrad Hilton Hotel's Grand Ballroom. The second of the addresses also was made in the Grand Ballroom of the Conrad Hilton Hotel, this time on Sept. 24 during the Joint ASCP-CAP Banquet. The speaker was Thomas D. Kinney, M.D., Professor of Pathology and Chairman Emeritus of the Pathology Department, Duke University, who spoke after being presented with the ASCP-CAP Award for Distinguished Service to Pathology. Because the subject is of vital interest to the profession, and because the viewpoints expressed differ somewhat, we present the complete texts of both addresses.
A Sodium Channel Myotonia Presenting with Intermittent Dysphagia as a Manifestation of a Rare SCN4A Variant

The voltage gated sodium channel SCN4A mutations account for non-dystrophic myotonia and include a heterogeneous group of conditions that include hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, paramyotonica congenita, potassium-aggravated myotonia, and hypokalemic periodic paralysis type 2. This case report proposes that a rare variant p.Pro1629Leu in SCN4A can cause a skeletal muscle deficit with intermittent dysphagia.
Endovascular flow diversion for treatment of anterior communicating artery region cerebral aneurysms: a single-center cohort of 50 cases

Background Flow diversion represents a novel but definitive treatment for recurrent and difficult-to-coil aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery (ACoA) region, of which reports are limited. Objective To determine the effectiveness of the Pipeline embolization device (PED) in treating aneurysms in the ACoA region. Methods We retrospectively reviewed an IRB-approved database of patients with an aneurysm at a single institution for patients with ACoA or A1–A2 aneurysms treated with PED. Data analyzed included demographics, aneurysm characteristics, procedural details, follow-up results, and outcomes. Results A total of 50 procedures were performed on 41 patients, including seven patients who underwent bilateral ‘H-pipe’ PED placement. The average age was 56 years and 46% of the patients were female. The average aneurysm size was 4.5 mm, and two large (>10 mm) aneurysms were treated. The vessel of origin was either the ACoA (26 aneurysms, 63%) or the A1–A2 junction (15 aneurysms, 37%). Eighteen patients (44%) had prior subarachnoid hemorrhage and 20 had previously been treated either with clipping (6 aneurysms, 15%) or coiling (14 aneurysms, 34%). Procedural success was achieved in 48/50 cases (96%) and two cases were aborted. Coils were deployed adjunctively in two cases (4%). Procedural outcomes included no deaths, one major ischemic stroke (2%), and two patients with intracranial hemorrhage (4%). Complete aneurysm occlusion was achieved in 81% of patients at 6 months and 85% of patients at last follow-up digital subtraction angiography. Conclusions The PED can be used safely and effectively in the treatment of aneurysms of the ACoA region. This represents a good alternative treatment option to microsurgical clipping and endovascular coiling.
Endovascular Treatment of Middle Cerebral Artery M2 Occlusion Strokes: Clinical and Procedural Predictors of Outcomes.

Background Patients with strokes from M2 segment middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion have been underrepresented in recent randomized trials of endovascular therapy. Objective To better understand the clinical, imaging, and procedural predictors of successful recanalization and clinical outcomes in this population of patients. Methods We performed a multicenter retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with acute MCA M2 segment occlusion who underwent thrombectomy with stent retrievers or primary aspiration thrombectomy (including A Direct Aspiration First Pass Technique approach). We correlated clinical and radiographic outcomes with demographic, clinical, and technical characteristics. Results One hundred and seventeen patients were included in analysis (median admission National Institutes of Health stroke scale [NIHSS] score 15, mean age 67.0 ± 14.5, 42% females). Good clinical outcome at 3 months (modified Rankin scale [mRS] ≤ 2) was achieved in 56% of patients. Treatment beyond 6 h of symptoms onset (P = .69, OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.38-1.73) and age over 80 (P = .47, OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.25-1.70) were not predictive of poor outcome. NIHSS > 15 was a strong predictor of clinical outcome, based on mRS distribution at 3 months (P = .0085, OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.16-0.74). Direct aspiration and primary stent retriever thrombectomy approaches showed similar radiographic and clinical success rates. Conclusion Advanced age and time to treatment beyond 6 h from symptom onset were not predictive of clinical outcome with thrombectomy. NIHSS score above 15 was a strong predictor of outcome. Direct aspiration and primary stent retriever thrombectomy showed similar efficacy.
Powertrain control strategy determination for computer–controlled transmissions

An analytical method has been developed for determining the optimal power–train control strategy (engine calibration and shift strategy) on a second–by–second basis through a user specified drive cycle. The optimisation process is subject not only to emission constraints, but also permits the introduction of transmission dynamics and driveability considerations, such as shift frequency, as further operating constraints. With the inclusion of new constraints in the program, the fuel economy projection, the shift strategy, and therefore, the engine speed/road trajectory and the engine calibration are automatically altered by the simulation to reflect the impact of the imposed constraints. The methodology can be applied to both discrete ratio and continuously variable transmissions. In this paper, the optimisation algorithm is detailed and a graphical technique is described for deriving vehicle implementable shift strategies from the optimum. The effects on shift strategy and fuel economy of variation of driveability and emission constraints are also illustrated.
Endoscopic Corneal Neurotization: Cadaver Feasibility Study.

PURPOSE The authors describe a cadaver feasibility study investigating a minimally invasive technique for corneal neurotization with the supraorbital nerve harvested endoscopically. METHODS A cadaver study was performed to investigate the technical feasibility of corneal neurotization via endoscopic supraorbital nerve transfer to the corneoscleral limbus. RESULTS Endoscopic corneal neurotization was successfully performed on each cadaveric hemiface. CONCLUSION The use of an endoscope allows for a minimally invasive approach to corneal neurotization with the supraorbital nerve.
Achieving improved patient outcomes through interprofessional teams

Abstract Achieving quality and cost-effective care is an expectation within the healthcare system. Developing effective interprofessional teams is an essential step in providing high quality, cost effective care. Several elements must be considered in identifying quality care goals, developing successful interprofessional teams, and executing effective quality improvement processes to optimize systems for optimal high quality delivery of healthcare services. This article will review elements this interprofessional team found essential in developing highly effective processes to address improving quality and healthcare goals.
Can I survive without my body? Undercutting the Modal Argument

Modal Arguments in the philosophy of mind purport to show that the body is not necessary for a human person’s existence. The key premise in these arguments are generally supported with thought experiments (e.g. I could exist either in some other bodily form or in a disembodied state). I argue that Christians endorsing the Doctrine of the Resurrection have good reason to deny this key premise. Traditional Christianity affirms that eschatological human existence is an embodied existence in the very bodies we inhabited while alive. The raises the Resurrection Question: why would God go through the trouble of resurrecting those bodies? I argue that adequately answering this question requires give up on Modal Arguments within the philosophy of mind.
HOUSE FINCH ( HAEMORHOUS MEXICANUS)-ASSOCIATED MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM IDENTIFIED IN LESSER GOLDFINCH ( SPINUS PSALTRIA) AND WESTERN SCRUB JAY ( APHELOCOMA CALIFORNICA) USING STRAIN-SPECIFIC QUANTITATIVE PCR.

ABSTRACT: In 1994 Mycoplasma gallisepticum was found to be the etiologic agent of House Finch (Haemorhous mexicanus) conjunctivitis, a rapidly expanding epidemic caused by a genetically discrete, House Finch–associated strain of M. gallisepticum (HFMG). While most prominent in House Finches, HFMG has been reported in other members of the family Fringillidae, including American Goldfinches (Spinus tristis), Purple Finches (Haemorhous purpureus), Pine Grosbeaks (Pinicola enucleator), and Evening Grosbeaks (Coccothraustes vespertinus). Herein we report two new potential host species of HFMG strain, the Lesser Goldfinch (Spinus psaltria), belonging to the Fringillidae family, and the Western (California) Scrub Jay (Aphelocoma californica), belonging to the Corvidae family. The latter is one of only two reports of HFMG being found outside the Fringillidae family, and of these is the only one reported outside of captivity. Furthermore, non-HFMG M. gallisepticum was identified in an American Crow (Corvus brachy...
Factors Associated With Positive Margins in Women Undergoing Breast Conservation Surgery.

Abstract Objective To identify factors predicting positive margins at lumpectomy prompting intraoperative reexcision in patients with breast cancer treated at a large referral center. Patients and Methods We reviewed all breast cancer lumpectomy cases managed at our institution from January 1, 2012, through December 31, 2013. Associations between rates of positive margin and patient and tumor factors were assessed using χ 2 tests and univariate and adjusted multivariate logistic regression, stratified by ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive cancer. Results We identified 382 patients who underwent lumpectomy for definitive surgical resection of breast cancer, 102 for DCIS and 280 for invasive cancer. Overall, 234 patients (61.3%) required intraoperative reexcision for positive margins. The reexcision rate was higher in patients with DCIS than in those with invasive disease (78.4% [80 of 102] vs 56.4% [158 of 280]; univariate odds ratio, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.66-4.76; P P =.03). Conclusion Ductal carcinoma in situ was associated with a higher rate of positive margins at lumpectomy than invasive breast cancer on univariate analysis. Within invasive disease, seed localization was associated with lower rates of margin positivity.
Effects of food quality on the reproductive success of Acartia tonsa and Acartia hudsonica: laboratory observations

The effect of the chemical composition of food on the reproductive success of the copepods Acartia tonsa Dana and A. hudsonica Pinhey was studied in the laboratory. Laboratory-reared individuals were fed one of three monoalgal diets at different stages of growth: the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii, the flagellate Rhodomonas lens and the dinoflagellte Prorocentrum minimum. The diet was analyzed for carbon, nitrogen, protein, carbohydrate and fatty acid content. Reproductive success was measured as eggs female-1 day-1 (Er) and as the hatching success of the eggs. The Er of Acartia spp. was correlated with protein and specific fatty acids [16:1ω7 (negative), 20:5ω3, 22:6ω3, and 18:0 (positive)] and, especially, the fatty acid composition of the algae expressed as the ω3:ω6 and 20:22 fatty acid ratios. The youngest diatom cultures and exponentially-growing flagellates displayed the highest Er; the lowest Er was recorded for females fed the senescent diatom cultures. The development time of eggs was affected by the age of the phytoplankton culture fed to the female. Hatching success of eggs decreased with the age of the algal culture, but no correlation was found with the meansured chemical components of the food.
Accordion Strain Accommodation Mechanism within the Epitaxially Constrained Electrode

The tremendous benefits of all-solid-state Li-ion batteries will only be reaped if the cycle-induced strain mismatch across the electrode/electrolyte interfaces can be managed at the atomic scale to ensure that structural coherency is maintained over the lifetime of the battery. We have discovered a unique strain accommodation mechanism within an epitaxially constrained high-performance bronze TiO2 (TiO2-B) electrode that relieves coherency stresses that arise upon Li insertion. In situ transmission electron microscopy observation reveals the formation of anatase shear bands within the TiO2-B crystal that play the same role that interface dislocations do to relieve growth stresses. While first-principles calculations indicate that anatase is the favored crystal structure of TiO2 in the lithiated state, its continued propagation is suppressed by the epitaxial constraints of the substrate. This discovery reveals an accordion-like mechanism relying on an otherwise undesirable structural transformation that c...