cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pale Maids and Bachelor’s Buttons: “Inverted Similitude” in Melville’s “Tartarus”

Herman Melville’s novel-writing career was largely over after 1852 in the wake of the financial and critical failure of Pierre, a novel that explores the emotional and psychological terrain of incest and madness. Though Pierre followed his massive achievement of Moby-Dick (1850), Melville wrote just one more novel, The Confidence-Man (1857), before turning to poetry. But, perhaps it is fitting that his last work, the novella, Billy Budd, Sailor, which was left unfinished at the time of his death in 1891, and unpublished until 1924, was finally the best form his prose writing took.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR NONPARAMETRIC MODELS IV. SPREAD

Ordering by spread. In the preceding paper of this series [1] (to which we refer as BL III) we studied the dispersion of a symmetric distribution about its center of symmetry. In the present paper we study a related aspect of dispersion, which does not require the assumption of symmetry but which even in the symmetric case does not coincide with the concept considered in BL III. Roughly speaking, instead of looking at dispersion relative to a fixed point, we now consider the spread of a random variable throughout its distribution. The difference is perhaps best explained in terms of an example.
Nato’s Program on the Science of Global Environmental Change

The objectives of NATO’s special programs are to promote research dealing with the potential for global changes within the earth’s environmental system. In particular, the programs’ aims are to describe and understand the interactive, physical, chemical, and biological processes that regulate the total earth system. Their primary goal is to advance our capability to predict changes in the global environment, especially those which result from human activities and their resulting impacts on climate. This requires understanding change that occurs from both natural and human causes.
Structural and chemical biology of deacetylases for carbohydrates, proteins, small molecules and histones

Deacetylation is the removal of an acetyl group and occurs on a plethora of targets and for a wide range of biological reasons. Several pathogens deacetylate their surface carbohydrates to evade immune response or to support biofilm formation. Furthermore, dynamic acetylation/deacetylation cycles govern processes from chromatin remodeling to posttranslational modifications that compete with phosphorylation. Acetylation usually occurs on nitrogen and oxygen atoms and are referred to as N- and O-acetylation, respectively. This review discusses the structural prerequisites that enzymes must have to catalyze the deacetylation reaction, and how they adapted by formation of specific substrate and metal binding sites. Marco Burger and Joanne Chory discuss the structural requirements for enzymes carrying out deacetylation reactions for various functions across phyla. They explore how these enzymes have adapted to and achieved specificity on a large number of target molecules.
Cultural revitalization as a restorative process to combat racial and cultural trauma and promote living well.

Objectives This article explores the impact of a decade of cultural education and revitalization with the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma, as they strive to recover from years of historical trauma and cultural oppression. The recovery or resilience is measured through behaviors (defined as living well") seen in tribal youth and community engagement. This study has 4 research questions focused on academic attainment, physical and mental health, community engagement, and national/tribal growth. Method A series of studies using both qualitative (ethnographic-observation and interview) and quantitative measures (survey) examined language use, educational attainment, and tribal event engagement. The samples consisted of 32 Myaamia college students (59% female, 41% male) who matriculated at Miami University between 2013 and 2017 and about 800 community members in attendance at various community events from 2012 to 2017 upon which observational data were collected. Results Ethnographic content analysis of interviews and descriptive and regression analyses suggest an increase in graduation rates among the college sample who took culture courses, a stronger sense of belonging, an increase in language use and tribal event attendance among tribal members, and increases in scores on Snowshoe's (2015) Cultural Connectedness Scale for the college sample taking culture courses signaling shifts in identity. Conclusions This study suggests that reclaiming one's culture and language has an impact on restoring wellness among this tribal nation. Cultural rejuvenation of the Myaamiaki may represent a shift in the way healthy living can be conceptualized within tribal communities. The authors stress the importance of using community knowledge in conjunction with global knowledge to develop community-specific and community-implemented interventions for health promotion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Record Linkage and Matching Problems in Forensics

In forensics, evidence such as DNA, fingerprints, bullets and cartridge cases, shoeprints or digital evidence is often compared, to infer if they come from the same or different sources. This helps to generate leads through database searches, where information from different investigations can be combined, if pieces of evidence are judged to have come from the same source. For specific pairs of comparisons, such as whether a particular cartridge case comes from a suspect's gun, an inference of a match can also be used as testimony in courts. We demonstrate how such matching problems fit into the record linkage framework commonly used in statistics and computer science, illustrating this using examples from DNA and firearms identification. We propose some ways that record linkage can inform forensic matching. Finally, we develop methodology to match accounts on anonymous marketplaces. In forensic matching, the stakes are high and the consequences of false arrests or wrongful convictions are severe. The field would benefit from a more principled way of developing matching methods.
Assessing Insect Flight Behavior in the Laboratory: A Primer on Flight Mill Methodology and What Can Be Learned

Dispersal is a key component in the population ecology and dynamics of insects and remains one of the most difficult and intractable ecological processes to study in the field. As a consequence, many researchers have looked to laboratory methods for investigating the myriad factors that govern and impact an insect’s ability to move within its environment. A key tool in this effort since at least the early 1950s has been the insect flight mill. Nearly 260 studies have been published using flight mills covering 214 species in 61 families and 9 orders. This review explores the methodology and technology of tethered flight in insects using flight mills. The goal is to provide the reader with a historical context of the approach, an understanding of the available tools and technology, background on how best to apply these tools through a comparative lens, and to summarize the wide breadth of factors that have been explored to further our knowledge of insect flight behavior. Overall, it is hoped that the interested reader will understand the limits and benefits of flight mills and will know where to find the resources, and perhaps collaborators, to pursue this line of study.
Association of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors with Increased Mortality Among Patients with Isolated Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with one-third of all deaths from trauma. Preinjury exposure to cardiovascular drugs may affect TBI outcomes. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) exacerbate brain cell damage and worsen functional outcomes in the laboratory setting. β-blockers (BBs), however, appear to be associated with reduced mortality among patients with isolated TBI. Examine the association between preinjury ACEI and BB use and clinical outcome among patients with isolated TBI. A retrospective cohort study of patients age ≥ 40 years admitted to an academic level 1 trauma center with isolated TBI between January 2010 and December 2014 was performed. Isolated TBI was defined as a head Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score ≥ 3, with chest, abdomen, and extremity AIS scores ≤ 2. Preinjury medication use was determined through chart review. All patients with concurrent BB use were initially excluded. In-hospital mortality was the primary measured outcome. Over the 5-year study period, 600 patients were identified with isolated TBI who were naive to BB use. There was significantly higher mortality (P = .04) among patients who received ACEI before injury (10 of 96; 10%) than among those who did not (25 of 504; 5%). A multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed a threefold increased risk of mortality in the ACEI cohort (P < .001), which was even greater than the twofold increased risk of mortality associated with an Injury Severity Score ≥ 16. A second analysis that included patients who received preinjury BBs (n = 98) demonstrated slightly reduced mortality in the ACEI cohort with only a twofold increased risk in multivariate analysis (P = .05). Preinjury exposure to ACEIs is associated with an increase in mortality among patients with isolated TBI. This effect is ameliorated in patients who receive BBs, which provides evidence that this class of medications may provide a protective benefit.
Predicting naming responses based on pre-articulatory electrical activity in individuals with aphasia.

Abstract Objective To investigate whether pre-articulatory neural activity could be used to predict correct vs. incorrect naming responses in individuals with post-stroke aphasia. Methods We collected 64-channel high density electroencephalography (hdEEG) data from 5 individuals with chronic post-stroke aphasia (2 female/3 male, median age: 54 years) during naming of 80 concrete images. We applied machine learning on continuous wavelet transformed hdEEG data separately for alpha and beta energy bands (200 ms pre-stimulus to 1500 ms post-stimulus, but before articulation), and determined whether electrode/time-range/energy (ETE) combinations were predictive of correct vs incorrect responses for each participant. Results The five participants correctly named between 30% and 70% of the 80 stimuli correctly. We observed that pre-articulatory scalp EEG ETE combinations could predict correct vs incorrect responses with accuracies ranging from 63% to 80%. For all but one participant, the prediction accuracies were statistically better than chance. Conclusions Our findings indicate that pre-articulatory neural activity may be used to predict correct vs incorrect naming responses for some individuals with aphasia. Significance The individualized pre-articulatory neural pattern associated with correct naming responses could be used to both predict naming problems in aphasia and lead to the development of brain stimulation strategies for treatment.
Chips from the Quarry

Editor's note: We are pleased to welcome John Rakovan and J. Alex Speer as guest coauthors for this issue's Chips from the Quarry.This year is the Centennial Anniversary of the Mineralogical Societ...
THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG METACOGNITIVE AWARENESS, MOTIVATION, AND LISTENING ACHIEVEMENT

This research was conducted to investigate the possible relationship among EFL students’ metacognitive awareness, motivation, and achievement with the context of independent learning carrying out Listening activity. Twenty-nine third-semester students of English Department at one Catholic university in Surabaya were asked to be the participants. A metacognitive-awareness questionnaire was distributed as well as the motivation questionnaire. Besides, a listening comprehension test taken from students’ independent learning module was used to obtain the students’ listening achievement. Then, the quantitative data was analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The result of this study shows the facts that both oppose and approve the related theory.
Giardia Is Often Overlooked on Histopathologic Examination: A High-Volume, Single-Institution Experience

Aims. giardia is sometimes missed by the pathologist, and we sought to determine how often this occurs at our institution-a large tertiary care center with a subspecialty gastrointestinal pathology service and what certain clinical and histologic clues can be used to flag cases with a higher likelihood of infection, targeting them for greater scrutiny. Methods and results We identified a set of patients who tested positive for Giardia with a stool-based test, and who also received a small bowel biopsy at a similar time-point. These biopsies were retrospectively reviewed for Giardia, finding 8 positive cases. The organism was prospectively detected in 4 cases (50%) but overlooked in the remaining 4 cases (50%). Three of the 4 cases missed cases showed only rare organisms. The detected cases tended to more frequently have prominent lymphoid aggregates (3 detected cases, 0 overlooked cases) and intraepithelial lymphocytosis (3 detected cases, 0 overlooked cases). Certain clinical and histologic clues can be used to flag cases with a higher likelihood of infection. Specifically, we found abnormalities of the mucosa (active inflammation, intraepithelial lymphocytosis, villous expansion, prominent lymphoid aggregates) in each case, and 4 of 8 cases were from immunocompromised patients. Finally, 2 of 8 cases were terminal ileum biopsies. Conclusions Biopsies with a histologic abnormality or those from immunocompromised patients should receive greater attention. Routinely looking for Giardia at that terminal ileum is necessary.
Recovery and Recovery Capital: Aligning Measurement with Theory and Practice

Although most conceptualizations of recovery from substance use disorders place abstinence at their core, the process of recovery also includes improvements to individual well-being that go beyond abstinence or remission. The process of recovery is heterogeneous and is often exemplified in different ways for different people and in different contexts. In this chapter, we argue that the process of initiating and sustaining long-term recovery is dynamic and can vary across individuals. Recovery being dynamic means that what recovery looks like for a given individual may shift across time and context. Similarly, one person may base their recovery on very different daily routines than another person. As a result, the resources used to initiate and sustain recovery, referred to as recovery capital, also necessarily vary by time, context, and person. Although a simple premise, this argument has profound impact on measurement: both the process of recovery and transactions with recovery capital must be measured on timescales that make it possible to analyze changes in the recovery process as they unfold within each individual. That is, our measurement of recovery should allow description of the process and outcomes of successful recovery for each individual, and the ways that those processes may change (i.e., the dynamics of the process) in that person over time and context. We must also ensure that our understanding of recovery capital is sufficiently robust to capture the way that the resources that support recovery and recovery well-being vary between and within individuals over time and across contexts.
A modified IFN-γ ELISPOT assay to detect specific responses to human primary tumor cells

1235 The interferon-γ (IFN-γ) ELISPOT assay is one of the most useful techniques for immunological monitoring of patient responses to cancer vaccines but has mainly been used to measure reactivity to the vaccine components. This reactivity, however, does not necessarily equate to recognition and elimination of tumor cells. We have developed a novel autologous tumor IFN-γ ELISPOT assay that directly measures immune responsiveness against tumor cells in vaccinated cancer patients with lymphoma. We utilized autologous follicular or mantle cell lymphoma tumor cells from patients vaccinated with immunoglobulin idiotype (Id) protein as targets and patients’ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as effector cells. Our ELISPOT protocol was optimized for variables including plate type, appropriate medium, target stimulation time, PBMC culture condition, assay incubation time, effector to target cell ratio and color development system. Using our optimized ELISPOT protocol, we have shown that pre-activation of the tumor cells with recombinant human soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L, Immunex) markedly enhanced IFN-γ secretion by effector cells in vitro when activated tumor cells were incubated with autologous PBMC. IFN-γ secretion was specific, as the reactivity against sCD40L activated normal B-cells was negligible compared to reactivity against similarly activated tumor cells from the same patients. Using different patients, significant effect of vaccination on IFN-γ secretion was detected. These results were highly reproducible. Based on our findings, the modified tumor ELISPOT assay directly measures vaccination-induced activity against autologous lymphoma tumor cells and therefore may provide important immunological insight into patient responses to cancer vaccines that may then be directly assessed against clinical outcome.
Sight Unseen: Diagnostic Yield and Safety Outcomes of a Novel Multimodality Navigation Bronchoscopy Platform with Real-Time Target Acquisition.

Background Several advanced bronchoscopy platforms are currently available, but the clinical data supporting their use vary. Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) remains the dominant technology; it is limited by its reliance on preoperative computed tomography, which only approximates patient anatomy during the procedure. Recently, ENB was enhanced with the (1) addition of digital tomosynthesis-based navigation correction, (2) improvements in planning algorithms, and (3) continuous real-time guidance (Illumisite™; Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA). There are currently no clinical data on the diagnostic yield and safety profile of this system. Objectives The primary objective of this study is to describe the diagnostic yield of the first 100 pulmonary parenchymal lesions sampled using the multimodality navigation bronchoscopy (MNB) platform. The secondary objective is to describe safety. Methods In this single-center prospective observational study, a database was maintained to track patient, procedural, and outcome data for the first 100 consecutive lesions sampled using the MNB platform at an academic quaternary referral center. Descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate analyses are reported. Results The overall diagnostic yield of samples acquired was 79% (79/100). In the cohort where digital tomosynthesis was used, the diagnostic yield was 83% (69/83). Sensitivity for malignancy was 71% (52/73). Overall complication rates were low: pneumothorax (n = 3, 3%) and bleeding requiring intervention (n = 2, 2%). There were no procedural-related hospital admissions. Conclusions The MNB system performed favorably. Platform superiority cannot be established without future prospective and comparative studies.
Legal Issues Related to Social Work Program Admissions

Abstract Social work programs are faced with making difficult decisions when considering student admissions. Social work educators have the responsibility for first-line gatekeeping for the profession. This responsibility involves screening out the “unsuitable” applicant. Educators must exercise caution and be aware of the legal constraints affecting admissions and retention decisions. This study analyzes relevant court cases and reviews by a number of legal experts. Guidelines are developed to assist social work educators in the admission process.
Interacting Effects of pH, Temperature, and Salt Concentration on Growth and Survival of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Thermal resistance and minimal pH and temperature conditions for growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in artificial media containing 3 and 7% sodium chloride were studied. Growth was observed at pH 4.8 and at 5 C.
Societal Factors Affecting the Creation of Legal Rules for Distribution of Property at Divorce

The way that we as a society perceive marriage and the relationship between husband and wife profoundly affects the way that we select, develop, and apply rules governing property distribution at divorce. A consensus about what constitutes equity and justice is not easily attained. Legal actors must develop and apply rules in a legal system where the long-standing recognition of dependency and need on the part of mothers and children within families is increasingly offset by the desire for symbolically compelling presentations of gender equality and independence. The law of property distribution at divorce has often become the crude instrument with which we attempt to both implement equality and address dependency and need. When the law is expected to do incompatible or contradictory things simultaneously, it is no wonder that the results are confusing.This paper explores the factors involved in deciding distribution, categorizing them into the concepts of need and contribution, concluding that the present state of distribution rules leads to undesirable results. Because many cases do not fit neatly into one or the other of the competing concepts, in some situations women may be overbenefited while in others they will be undercompensated.
Mechanical low back pain—a rheumatologist's view

Low back pain, in its acute and chronic forms, is one of the most common health problems and is frequently evaluated by rheumatologists. The multiple possible diagnoses associated with this symptom make correctly attributing back pain to a specific disease difficult. This dilemma necessitates an organized approach to separate patients with mechanical disorders from those with rare systemic disorders. The most common forms of back pain are mechanical. Gradual modifications in the axial skeletal structures over time result in pathological disorders that generally occur later in an individual's lifespan. The diagnostic process that identifies these mechanical disorders is straightforward and does not require expensive radiological or laboratory tests in the early phases of the evaluation. Most low back pain resolves without intervention, but some reports suggest that episodes of back pain are persistent or recurring for a substantial minority of patients. Therapies for back pain can be nonpharmacological, pharmacological or surgical. All interventions have limited capacity to resolve low back pain. Nonsurgical therapies are preferred for muscle injuries and osteoarthritis of the lumbar spine. Surgical interventions can resolve the pain and dysfunction of disc herniation and spinal stenosis more rapidly than conventional therapy, but surgical benefit wanes over time.
Expression of hydroxamate and phenolate siderophores by Shigella flexneri

Shigella flexneri strains were assayed for the ability to synthesize and utilize phenolate and hydroxamate siderophores. The hydroxamate aerobactin was synthesized by all isolates tested, whereas phenolates were only rarely produced. Expression of aerobactin was accompanied by production of a single iron-regulated outer membrane protein (Mr = 74,000). This protein was not produced by a mutant defective in aerobactin utilization and may serve as the aerobactin receptor. Phenolate (enterobactin)-producing strains synthesized three additional outer membrane proteins (Mr = 74,000, 81,000, and 83,000) in response to iron starvation. These proteins are the same apparent size as those produced by Escherichia coli K-12 strains. Ent sequences are apparently present in strains which do not synthesize this compound. Although normally silent, ent genes can be activated in Ent- strains to produce Ent+ variants. These laboratory variants are phenotypically indistinguishable from clinical Ent+ isolates. Images
A Low-IF Tag-Based Motion Compensation Technique for Mobile Doppler Radar Life Signs Monitoring

This paper presents low IF techniques for noninvasive detection of vital signs from a mobile short-range Doppler radar platform. Stationary continuous-wave Doppler radar has been used for displacement measurement and vital signs detection. However, on a mobile platform, measurements become challenging due to motion artifacts induced by the platform. In this work, a complete compensated single transceiver radar system for vital signs detection in the presence of platform movement is demonstrated. In earlier related work, motion of the radar module was determined using cameras installed on site. However, practical mobile monitoring applications would preclude the use of such stationary cameras. In this work, an RF tag and a low IF radar architecture with an adaptive noise cancellation technique is employed to extract desired vital signs motion information even in the presence of large platform motion.
Experimental evaluation of common spacecraft data analysis techniques for reconnection region analysis in a laboratory plasma

[1] A laboratory plasma is utilized to assess the effectiveness of several prominent spacecraft data analysis techniques. These include minimum variance analysis on the magnetic field (MVAB) and various boundary-crossing time analyses (BCTA) such as the constant velocity approach (CVA), constant thickness approach (CTA), and minimum thickness variance (MTV). Magnetic field data from measurement points that resemble the formation of multispacecraft flying though a reconnecting current sheet is used to check MVAB and BCTA to deduce a proper normal vector. Results from each method are compared to the values measured by 2-D magnetic probe arrays. We examine discharges with a two-dimensional (2-D) X-line structure as well as cases in which a flux rope forms within the layer. All discharges are in a two-fluid regime in which electrons are magnetized but ions are not. We conclude that CVA with four sample measurement points forming a tetrahedron generates a reasonable unit normal vector n^, relative velocity along the normal vector Vn, and current sheet thickness δCS for all of the tested cases. Unlike CVA, both CTA and MTV sometimes generate Vn and δCS that are different from the measured values, which indicates that CTA and MTV are sensitive to changes in the current sheet thickness. CTA is, however, successful at estimating n^. MVAB, on the other hand, often fails to predict a proper normal direction. This is because the reconnecting neutral sheet fundamentally contains 2-D or 3-D structures. MVAB, however, does determine the direction along the reconnecting magnetic field that is close to the real magnetic geometry. Based on these observations, we suggest a hybrid procedure for determining a local coordinate system for data from four spacecraft passing through a reconnecting current sheet.
Distributed priority scheduling and medium access in ad hoc networks

Providing Quality-of-Service in random access multi-hop wireless networks requires support from both medium access and packet scheduling algorithms. However, due to the distributed nature of ad hoc networks, nodes may not be able to determine the next packet that would be transmitted in a (hypothetical) centralized and ideal dynamic priority scheduler. In this paper, we develop two mechanisms for QoS communication in multi-hop wireless networks. First, we devise distributed priority scheduling, a technique that piggybacks the priority tag of a node's head-of-line packet onto handshake and data packets; e.g., RTS/DATA packets in IEEE 802.11. By monitoring transmitted packets, each node maintains a scheduling table which is used to assess the node's priority level relative to other nodes. We then incorporate this scheduling table into existing IEEE 802.11 priority backoff schemes to approximate the idealized schedule. Second, we observe that congestion, link errors, and the random nature of medium access prohibit an exact realization of the ideal schedule. Consequently, we devise a scheduling scheme termed multi-hop coordination so that downstream nodes can increase a packet's relative priority to make up for excessive delays incurred upstream. We next develop a simple analytical model to quantitatively explore these two mechanisms. In the former case, we study the impact of the probability of overhearing another packet's priority index on the scheme's ability to achieve the ideal schedule. In the latter case, we explore the role of multi-hop coordination in increasing the probability that a packet satisfies its end-to-end QoS target. Finally, we perform a set of ns-2 simulations to study the scheme's performance under more realistic conditions.
Enzyme evolution. I. The importance of untranslatable intermediates.

ABSTRACT The proportion of two allelic mutant forms of a haploid species can be calculated from six quantities, the original proportion, the two effective growth rate constants, the two mutation rate constants for the transition from one to the other, and the elapsed time. With a program for carrying out this calculation in a mini-computer, we set about investigating the rates of exploration of multiple intragene changes in populations of enormous numbers over a large number of cell generations. It seemed evident from the outset that unless in the past very different proportions of the different types of mutational changes occurred, then neither the numbers nor the times could have been of sufficient magnitude to account for enzyme evolution by multiple simultaneous changes within a gene to yield a superior protein. Rather, we propose that the more rapid path of enzyme evolution consisted of the sequence: 1) gene duplication, 2) inactivation of a gene copy by a chain-terminating mutation or other mutational change which suppresses transcription and/or translation, 3) multiple base-pair changes and/or small deletions and additions within the non-functioning gene, and finally, 4) reversion of the mutation which was suppressing translation. It is shown that this path will lead to faster advance, if the selective advantages of different forms are dependent on the function of the gene products at certain times in history, while at other times, although this function may be necessary, it is not limiting for growth.
Minimum correlation for any bivariate Geometric distribution

Consider a bivariate Geometric random variable where the first compo- nent has parameter p1 and the second parameter p2. It is not possible to make the correlation between the marginals equal to -1. Here the properties of this minimum correlation are studied both numerically and analytically. It is shown that the min- imum correlation can be computed exactly in time O(p −1 1 ln(p −1 2 ) + p −1 2 ln(p −1 1 )). One method for generating a bivariate geometric with target correlation requires computing this minimum correlation. The minimum correlation is shown to be non- monotonic in p1 and p2, moreover, the partial derivatives are not continuous. For p1 = p2, these discontinuities are characterized completely and shown to lie near (1 - roots of 1/2). In addition, we construct analytical bounds on the minimum correlation.
Diagnosis of the Role of Vertical Deformation in a Two-Dimensional Primitive Equation Model of Upper-Level Frontogenesis

In the present equations for the temporal rates of change of the magnitudes of potential temperature and absolute momentum vector gradients that are projected onto vertical planes transverse to straight frontal zones, the terms involving the transverse ageostrophic circulation are of the same mathematical form, and in a kinematic sense are also analogous to, the divergence and deformation terms that involve the horizontal wind field in Pettersen's (1936) classic equation for frontogenesis in the potential temperature field. The proposed frontogenesis equation form for the magnitude of the potential temperature gradient in the transverse plane is illustrated with the results of two simulations from an idealized, two-dimensional primitive equation model in which upper level frontogenesis proceeds by very different mechanisms.
Exogenous Glutathione Attenuates Stunning Following Intermittent Hypoxia in Isolated Rat Hearts

An isolated rat heart model of intermittent hypoxia was used to investigate the impact of exogenous supplementation of glutathione and two thiol delivery vehicles on functional recovery during reoxygenation and whether efficacy was dependent on enhanced intracellular thiol concentration. Hearts from F344 rats were perfused in the Langendorff mode and exposed to three, 5 minute bouts of global, substrate free, normothermic hypoxia separated by 5 minute reoxygenation periods. Changes in coronary flow, heart rate, systolic and diastolic pressure, and rate pressure product were evaluated throughout in control hearts and compared with hearts in which one of the following was provided during the hypoxic periods: reduced glutathione (GSH, 1 or 10 mM), 10 mM GSH mono-ethyl ester (GSHMEE), or 1 mM L-2-oxothiozolidine-4-carboxylate (OZT). After three hypoxic periods plus reoxygenation, rate pressure product in control hearts was - 60% of pre-hypoxic values. Exposing hearts to 1 or 10 mM GSH, 10 mM GSHMEE, or 1 mM O...
Discrete quantum theory

This paper is concerned with tracing the implications of two ideas as they affect quantum theory. One, which descends from Leibniz and Mach, is that there is no space-time continuum, but that which are involved are spacial and temporal relations involving the distant matter of the universe. The other is that our universe is finite. The picture of the world to which we are led is that of an enormous space-time Feynman diagram whose vertices are events. A consequence of finiteness is that between each pair of events, along a world line, there can be only finitely many intermediate events. A further change is that we are no longer required to believe that particles need be anywhere between events. The paper takes up nonrelativistic quantum theory in a way that is consistent with these ideas. By considering analogies between the Wiener and the Feynman integrals, and between the Wiener process and related discrete processes, there is obtained a straightforward theory for the Feynman integral. Propagators are worked out for many of the cases relevant to the nonrelativistic theory.
Signal transduction events associated with exocytosis in ciliates

Discussion sur les evenements de la transduction des signaux, consideres comme etant associes a l'exocytose chez Paramecium et en particulier etude de quelques composants impliques pouvant avoir un role dans les systemes secreteurs en general. L'accent est mis sur les evenements lies a la regulation de l'exocytose avec un essai de correlation entre ceux-ci et les donnees structurales connues
Runaway Information Technology Projects: A Punctuated Equilibrium Analysis

This paper presents an in-depth insider's case study of a "runaway" information systems IS project in a U.S. State government agency. Because such projects are politically sensitive matters and often obscured from public view, details of how such projects operate are not well understood. This case study adds new details to the body of knowledge surrounding IS project escalation and de-escalation. The authors' resulting project narrative details how this project went out of control for so long, raising important questions for future research in theory development for both IS project escalation and de-escalation. The paper argues that a punctuated equilibrium approach to analyzing "runaway" IS projects are a more fruitful area to explore than are "stage models."
Why roving reference: A case study in a small academic library

“Human service is a fundamental concept in librarianship, and the essential role of reference librarians is to connect people with the information they want,” wrote Jennifer Mendelsohn in 1994. To further this connection, librarians have suggested looking for, and have often actively sought out, patrons before they approach the reference or information desk, yet our image of the roving reference encounter remains sketchy. This picture ranges from that of a harried, overworked professional dispensing inadequate service to a multitude of users, to a librarian effectively extending a hand to the three‐fifths to two‐thirds of all users who would not otherwise request assistance. The picture one sees depends on one's individual work preference. Such conflicting mental pictures lead to round after round of endless debate.
Fabrication of lattice mismatched multijunction photovoltaic cells using 3D integration concepts

We present the experimental procedure to create lattice mismatched multijunction photovoltaic (PV) cells using 3D integration concepts. Lattice mismatched multijunction photovoltaic (PV) cells with decoupled electrical outputs could achieve higher efficiencies than current-matched monolithic devices. Growing lattice mismatched materials as a monolithic structure generates defects and decreases performance. We propose using methods from the integrated circuits and microsystems arena to produce the PV cell. The fabricated device consists of an ultrathin (6 µm) series connected InGaP/GaAs PV cell mechanically stacked on top of an electrically independent silicon cell. The InGaP/GaAs PV cell was processed to produce a small cell (750 µm) with back-contacts where all of the contacts sit at the same level. The dual junction and the silicon (c-Si) cell are electrically decoupled and the power from both cells is accessible through pads on the c-Si PV cell. Through this approach, we were able to fabricate a functional double junction PV cell mechanically attached to a c-Si PV cell with independent connections.
Some characteristics of delayed responses to photic stimuli in the cat

Abstract 1. 1. Potentials evoked by photic stimuli were recorded in unanesthetized cats under flaxedil from multiple cortical and subcortical areas. 2. 2. Two types of delayed responses were identified. Type I is always topographically associated with the primary response, is resistant to nembutal and does not disappear after brain stem section. With increasing doses of nembutal its latency increases. Type II response is not topographically associated with the primary response and it disappears with small doses of nembutal and after brain stem section. 3. 3. Delayed responses of the types seen in the cortex were also present in several subcortical areas. These were still present after bilateral removal of neocortex. 4. 4. These results are discussed in the light of findings by other authors. Emphasis is made on the fact that the isolated of two types of delayed responses is only one step towards the systematization of many different types of long latency responses which probably follow every single photic stimulus and which spread through several cerebral structures, interacting perhaps with similar responses to other sensory modalities.
Three-Year Outcomes and Cost Analysis in Patients Receiving 64-Slice Computed Tomographic Coronary Angiography for Chest Pain

Sixty-four slice computed tomographic coronary angiography (CTCA) is being used more often in the evaluation of patients with chest pain. The strength of this test is its high specificity and negative predictive value in exclusion of coronary artery disease (CAD). Its use remains controversial because there are theoretical risks of radiation, additional costs of the test, and no long-term data to suggest that excluding CAD by use of this test results in positive patient outcomes. A total of 436 patients underwent 64-slice CTCA because of chest pain thought to be anginal. Cardiac computed tomography was ordered by the primary physician or cardiologist based on a low to intermediate pretest probability of flow-limiting CAD. A smaller subset of patients initially underwent stress testing but had equivocal findings or continued symptoms that warranted further evaluation. Of the total patient cohort, 376 had "no significant CAD" based on computed tomographic coronary angiographic results. Of the 60 patients who were believed on computed tomographic coronary angiogram to have "flow-limiting" CAD, 34 (57%) ended up having percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting. The remaining 26 patients (43%) did not have true flow-limiting disease on coronary catheterization and were treated medically. With follow-up of 36 months, 376 of those patients (100%) with minimal or no disease by CTCA were free of events or intervention. In conclusion, in a real-world, clinical setting, the negative predictive value of low-risk CTCA is very high and exceptionally helpful in predicting freedom from events for up to 3 years. By avoiding further invasive treatments, there is a significant potential cost savings in patients who are sent for noninvasive coronary angiography rather than invasive angiography.
First multi-cavity magnetrons were built in NII-9, Leningrad, during the spring of 1937 PIC simulations of the first 4-cavity S-band CW magnetron

First solid-anode hole-and-slot magnetrons operating in the centimeter band were built in Leningrad, USSR, by N.F. Alekseev and D.E. Malyarov under the supervision of M.A. Bonch-Bruevich who was the scientific director of the NII-9 and who actually developed the original concept of the multi-cavity magnetrons and made first drafts of those devices. The first 4-cavity magnetron operating at ∼9 cm was able to produce about 300 W of CW microwave power with efficiency of ∼20%. Opera-tional parameters of this magnetron are simulated with modern computer codes using geometrical dimensions published in the first and the only paper “Generation of high-power oscillations with a magnetron in the centimeter band”, which describes the work that was “done during the years 1936 and 1937 for the purpose of producing high-power oscillations in the centimeter-wave band by the use of magnetrons”. The dispersion characteristic showing “cold” resonance frequencies of this magnetron is analyzed using the SUPERFISH code. The operational domain showing both the Hartree and the Hull thresholds voltages of this magnetron is calculated using the “cold” frequencies of the magnetron operation. The PIC simulations of the virtual proto-type of the magnetron are performed using the MAGIC code and optimal anode voltages and magnetic fields determined by the operational domain of the magnetron. Results of the simulations show some inherent features of the first four-cavity solid-anode S-band CW magnetron operation.
Effects of Dark Chocolate on Azoxymethane-Induced Colonic Aberrant Crypt Foci

Epidemiologic evidence supports that diets rich in polyphenols promote health and may delay the onset of colon cancer. Cocoa and chocolate products have some of the highest polyphenolic concentrations compared to other polyphenolic food sources. This study tested the hypothesis that a diet including dark chocolate can protect against colon cancer by inhibiting aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation, downregulating gene expression of inflammatory mediators, and favorably altering cell kinetics. We also investigated whether bloomed dark chocolate retains the antioxidant capacity and protects against colon cancer. Forty-eight rats received either a diet containing control (no chocolate), regular dark chocolate, or bloomed dark chocolate and were injected subcutaneously with saline or azoxymethane. Relative to control, both regular and bloomed dark chocolate diets lowered the total number of ACF (P = 0.022). Chocolate diet-fed animals downregulated transcription levels of COX-2 (P = 0.035) and RelA (P = 0.045). Both chocolate diets lowered the proliferation index (P = 0.001). These results suggest that a diet including dark chocolate can reduce cell proliferation and some gene expression involving inflammation, which may explain the lower number of early preneoplastic lesions. These results provide new insight on polyphenol-rich chocolate foods and colon cancer prevention.
Mapping and change detection for boreal wetlands of North America based on JERS and PALSAR data

We have been developing high-resolution thematic maps of wetlands throughout the North American boreal regions. We assemble a wetlands map for each region based on data collected during the late 1990s, then construct a second map based on data collected during the late 2000s. Comparison of the two maps then makes it possible to assess changes that have occurred over the course of the intervening decade..
Frontal contraction processes leading to the formation of an intense narrow rainband

Processes which played an important role in the sudden development of an intense narrow cold frontal rainband (NCFR) along the leading edge of a wintertime anafront are investigated. Quantitative analysis of the Regional Analysis and Forecast System (RAFS) initialization and Nested Grid Model (NGM) forecast fields, satellite-derived water vapor and ozone measurements, and conventional meteorological data are employed in this study. The NCFR developed upon merger of an arctic front with a nearly stationary cold front over the Appalachian mountains. Rapid intensification of an ageostrophic momentum surge associated with the formation of a sub-synoptic played a dominant role in forcing explosive frontogenesis during frontal merger. A deep tropopause fold and related mid-tropospheric subsidence feature within the entrance region of an upper-level jet crossed the mountains at the time of NCFR formation. Synthesis of the surface, NGM, and satellite data suggests that this subsidence resulted in the development of the sub-synoptic high pressure system, whose leading edge was marked by a 5mb pressure jump. Consequential amplifieation and scale contraction of the cross-front pressure gradient indicates that the scale of the merged frontal system contracted just prior to NCFR development. As precipitation developed, the pressure jump took on a microscale character and increased to 8mb amplitude. The subsequent intensity of this frontal rainband is explained by the interaction between vertical shear associated with a strong, pre-frontal, low-level jet and the gravity current-like structure at the leading edge of the merged cold front.
Frequency-pattern functional tomography of magnetoencephalography data allows new approach to the study of human brain organization

A method based on a set of new theorems for the analysis of multichannel time series is described, based on precise Fourier transform and coherence analysis of the restored signals from a detailed set of frequency components. Magnetic field recordings of spontaneous and evoked activity by means of magnetic encephalography demonstrated that multichannel precise Fourier spectrum contains a very large set of harmonics with high coherence. The inverse problem can be solved with great precision based on coherent harmonics, so the technique is a promising platform of general analysis in brain imaging. The analysis method makes it possible to reconstruct sites and timing of electrical activity generated by both spontaneous and evoked brain function at different depths in the brain in the millisecond time range.
Further studies on 2060 virus.

SummaryIn monkey kidney cultures increments in infectious 2060 could be correlated with the degree of observed cytopathology. The absence of glutamine or vitamins contained in Eagle' medium had some effect in lessening yield of infectious virus, but alterations in pH away from neutrality were more significant in reducing viral multiplication. Infectious 2060 was relatively unstable as evidenced by the inactivation rate at temperatures of 35°C and above and pH below 5.0 and above 7.1. JH virus and 2060 were shown to be related antigenically, but were not identical, as shown by reciprocal neutralization titrations with animal and human antisera. Additional instances of neutralization titer increments in man following symptoms of mild respiratory illness have been presented.