cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary carcinomas arising in association with scar: Cytomorphologic features in histologically confirmed cases.

BACKGROUND Lung carcinoma arising in association with scar tissue is a well-reported but much debated phenomenon. Scar tissue complicates imaging and pathologic tumor measurement for cancer staging. To the best of our knowledge, the cytological findings in lung scar carcinoma (LSC) have not been described in the literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the findings in fine-needle aspirations (FNA) from histologically confirmed LSCs. METHODS LSCs were identified on retrospective search. Cases with preoperative FNA material were reviewed, including non-scar cases that were used for comparison. The clinical and histopathology findings were recorded. RESULTS Twenty-seven cases associated with scar tissue had material for review and 35 cases not associated with scar tissue were used for comparison. The proportion of fibrosis in resection specimens ranged from 10% to 80%. Five (19%) FNA cases were hypocellular. There was no statistically significant difference between the scar and non-scar groups in terms of overall cellularity and diagnostic categories (P = .113 and P = .17, respectively). There was correlation between cytology and dominant pattern on histology in 19 (79%) adenocarcinoma cases. Spindle cells and fibrous or fibroelastotic fragments were present in 22 (81%) cases. CONCLUSION This is the first study describing the cytology associated with LSCs. The presence of fibrosis did not adversely impact cellularity, which is likely due to multiple excursions and selective microdissection of tumor cells by the FNA needle. The cytomorphological and histological patterns correlated in most cases. FNA is able to provide a preoperative diagnosis of carcinoma despite the presence of fibrosis.
Exploratory content analysis: Whiteness in Korean middle school science textbooks

Science textbooks, as one of the main tools for school science education, contain knowledge and practices valued by Western epistemological culture. As those who (will) live in a world expanding fr...
International Internships: Their Value and a Guide to Setting Them Up

Study abroad is recognized as a high impact practice. There can be some issues with conventional study abroad that reduce a student’s learning, however. Having an internship while abroad can help increase the value of study abroad and provide the student with valuable experience that will help post-graduation. In this article, we discuss the value of international internships, discuss the program at Susquehanna University for providing them, and provide recommendations for those interested in offering these experiences to their students.
LATE QUATERNARY HISTORY OF THE LOWER WALKER RIVER AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE LAHONTAN PALEOLAKE SYSTEM

The Lahontan Basin of western Nevada was influenced by geomorphic changes in river channels that produced interbasin diversions of surface drainage. Adrian Valley contains evidence of drainage diversion from the Walker River Basin to the Carson River Basin. Paleochannel evidence from both Adrian and Mason Valley, hydrological modeling, and Pleistocene shoreline evidence in the Walker Lake Basin indicate that: (1) the Adrian Valley is a Holocene abandoned channel of the Walker River, and (2) the valley was formed by lake overflow from the Walker subbasin of Pleistocene Lake Lahontan. A provisional six-stage history of Adrian Valley is presented. [Key words: geomorphology, Quaternary, Pleistocene Lake Lahontan, abandoned river channels, Great Basin.]
Necessary Courage: Iowa’s Underground Railroad in the Struggle against Slavery

Review of: "Necessary Courage: Iowa’s Underground Railroad in the Struggle against Slavery," by Lowell J. Soike.
Precursors of the urinary 11-desoxy-17-ketosteroids of ovarian origin

Abstract A method for determining the level of secretion of ovarian androgens is presented. Application of this method has demonstrated that the ovary secretes dehydroisoandrosterone and Δ 4 -androstenedione and/or testosterone. In patients with hirsutism and abnormal ovarian function, the secretion of the ovarian androgens is increased.
VULNERABILITY OF TOURISM IN KILIMANJARO NATIONAL PARK AND THE LIVELIHOODS OF ADJACENT COMMUNITIES TO THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND VARIABILITY

The study examined the vulnerability of tourism and the livelihoods of communities adjacent to Kilimamnjaro National Park in Tanzania to the impacts of climate change. Specifically the study identified tourism resources and assessed the potential factors affecting tourism resources and activities in Kilimanjaro National Park. Further, it examined the perception of local communities on patterns of climate change and variability impacts and vulnerability in the area. Both purposeful and random sampling was used for village and household selection in the area. Both qualitative and quantitative primary and secondary data were used in this study. Primary data were mainly collected using structured household questionnaires. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods such as questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), key informants, timeline drivers of change and direct field observation were used to obtain data for CC&V impacts on, and vulnerability of tourism resources, activities, peoples perceptions on climate change and variability in the area. Findings revealed that climate change and variability affects tourism and resources in diverse ways. Increased drought due to CC&V fosters forest fires, melting of the glacier and decreased hydrology. People perceived CC&V as changes in both rainfall and temperature patterns over time. Decreased glacier, dry-river beds, forest fires and outbreaks of malaria were perceived as indicators of CC&V. Education, capacity building, soft loans, grants were strategies adopted to facilitate adaptation to the impacts of climate change. It is anticipated that the information obtained from this study will enable researchers, policy makers and conservation officers in National parks in Tanzania to streamline effective mitigation, coping and adaptation strategies for sustainable tourism and ecosystem protection.
Selective Inhibition of Inducible NO Synthase Activity In Vivo Reverses Inflammatory Abnormalities in Surfactant Protein D-Deficient Mice

Surfactant protein D (SP-D)-deficient (SP-D−/−) mice exhibit early development of emphysema. Previously we have shown that SP-D deficiency results in increased production and activity of inducible NO synthase (iNOS). In this study, we examined whether treatment with the iNOS inhibitor 1400W could inhibit the inflammatory phenotype. Mice were treated with 1400W systemically for 7 wk from 3 wk of age. Treatment reduced total lung NO synthase activity to 14.7 ± 6.1% of saline-treated 10-wk-old SP-D−/− littermates. Long-term administration of 1400W reduced lung inflammation and cellular infiltration; and significantly attenuated the increased levels of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9, chemokines (KC, TARC), and cytokines (IFN-γ) seen in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of SP-D−/− mice. Abrogation of these levels was associated with decreasing BAL chemotactic activity for RAW cells. Two weeks of treatment with 1400W reduced total lung NO synthase (NOS) activity to 12.7 ± 6.3% of saline-treated SP-D−/− mice. Short-term iNOS inhibition resulted in attenuation of pulmonary inflammation within SP-D−/− mice as shown by decreases in total BAL cell count (63 ± 6% of SP-D−/− control), macrophage size (>25 μm) within the BAL (62 ± 10% of SP-D−/− control), and a percentage of BAL macrophages producing oxidants (76 ± 9% of SP-D−/− control). These studies showed that s.c. delivery of 1400W can be achieved in vivo and can attenuate the inflammatory processes within SP-D deficiency. Our results represent the first report linking defects in the innate immune system in the lung with alterations in NO homeostasis.
Low Pressure Carbonylation of Epoxides to β‐Lactones

1,2-Epoxy-3-phenoxypropane [N,N'-Bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-phenylenediamino-chromium-di-tetrahydrofuran]tetracarbonylcobaltate(1) Carbon monoxide Keywords: low pressure; carbonylation; epoxides. beta-lactones; functionally diverse beta-lactones; pressure reactors; waste disposal; safety
A power engineering curriculum for the 21/sup st /century

This panel presentation discusses the outcome of a breakout group on curriculum at the IEEE PES workshop on Manpower Development held on May 20-21, 2002. Other contributors in the group were Efrain O'Neill, Anil Pahwa, Bob Malahowski, Yuri Makarov, George Rodriguez, Ray Brush, John Estey, and Ian Barrass. The presentation includes a philosophy for determining the new curriculum and general guidelines for formulating a new curriculum.
The Deliberative Pulpit? The Democratic Norms and Practices of the PCUSA

In contrast to typical approaches that view religion as problematic or benign, thicker conceptions of religion's place in promoting and sustaining democratic politics are possible. This includes religious organizations modeling democratic practices and engaging in debate on common terms. We initiate this program of inquiry with data from a survey of Presbyterian Church, USA clergy gathered during the late summer and fall of 2009. We asked explicitly about clergy commitment to democratic norms and practices as reflected in their public speech and small group activities in their congregations. We use this article to explain variance in the results, looking especially to see if democratic commitments fall at the expense of religious competition, organizational maintenance, and personal preference and increased conservatism.
Fines migration in porous media

A model developed by Sharma and Yortsos (1987a) is applied to the processes of fines migration and fines injection in a porous medium. The first is a problem frequently encountered in oil reservoirs when release of fines is triggered by physicochemical interactions of the porous formation with the injected fluids. The second may be a problem in the filtration of relatively large particulates. Simple solutions are provided for both processes by considering size exclusion as the dominant particle retention mechanism. The solutions developed provide expressions for the particle concentration profiles, the open pore density and pore size distribution profiles, as well as the permeability reduction. These expressions are of importance in the evaluation of the extent and depth of formation damage and can be used as designing tools for remedial treatment, such as acidizing or fracturing.
Homozygous Mutation in Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein 2A Gene Results in Intractable Epilepsy, Involuntary Movements, Microcephaly, and Developmental and Growth Retardation.

Abstract Background Synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2a) is the binding site of the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam and the only known synaptic vesicle target of an epilepsy medication. To date, no pathogenic mutation in SV2A, which is the gene encoding synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A, has been identified in humans. We report a homozygous mutation in the SV2A gene in a patient with intractable epilepsy. Methods We investigated a patient with intractable epilepsy, involuntary movements, microcephaly, and developmental and growth retardation. Both parents were multiply consanguineous and an earlier-born brother of the proband had a similar course and died at 7 months of age. Detailed clinical history, imaging, electroencephalograph and metabolic testing were obtained. Full exome sequencing was performed using genomic DNA isolated from the patient and both parents. Results Exome sequencing identified a homozygous arginine to glutamine mutation in amino acid position 383 (R383Q) in exon 5 of the SV2A gene. Both parents were carriers for the R383Q variant, suggesting that R383Q is a recessive mutation. There were no other candidate alterations in the exome that could explain the phenotype in the proband. The amino acid arginine at position 383 of SV2a gene is evolutionally conserved throughout vertebrates. R383Q change is not observed in known healthy cohorts, exome databases, or the Database of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms. The R383Q mutation is located in the second adenine binding domain in SV2a protein and may alter adenine nucleotides binding to SV2a. Conclusion Our report provides the elusive evidence that an SV2A mutation can be a cause of epilepsy in humans. Levetiracetam, which binds to SV2A, was not effective as an antiepileptic medication. The location of the mutation in our patient supports an important role of adenine nucleotides binding in SV2A function.
NF-κB activity decreases in basal forebrain of young and aged rats after hyperoxia

Abstract Hyperoxia is an oxidative stressor that triggers signaling cascades via changes in promoter activation by transcription factors. The transcription factor NF-κB has been shown to regulate transcription of many genes that play a role in inflammation and recovery from acute or chronic trauma. Here we describe the effects of hyperoxia on basal levels of NF-κB activity in young and aged rat forebrain. The results would suggest that chronic stress may have different effects on NF-κB basal activity levels as compared to the effects of an acute stress such as hyperoxia and that there is a diminished response to hyperoxia in the aged basal forebrain.
The ontogeny of twilight migration patterns in grunts (Pisces: Haemulidae)

Abstract The development of dusk and dawn migratory behaviours was investigated in French and white grunts ( Haemulon flavolineatum and H. plumieri ) at St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Four juvenile stages were recognized: small, medium, transitional, and large. Each stage differed in age, size, coloration, habitat preference, diel foraging patterns, and twilight migratory behaviour. Comparisons between medium (15 to 30 mm long, 30 to 50 days old) and large juveniles (40 to 120 mm, 80 to 700 days) were emphasized. Medium juveniles occurred in small, diurnally feeding groups near sea urchins in the sand halo around a reef. Group composition varied during the day. They migrated at 15 min after sunset, moving hesitantly from halo to grassbed. Migration routes remained constant over a month, but differed over two years. Large juveniles fed nocturnally, formed daytime resting schools over coral heads, and migrated at 25 min after sunset. Compared with medium fish, resting site constancy was greater during a day, migration activities were significantly less variable, and migration routes remained relatively constant for two years. Ontogenetic differences in constancy of daytime school locales and migration routes may result from learning, facilitated perhaps by greater overlap of age cohorts in large juveniles. Other differences in behavioural variability may result from ontogenetic development of the visual apparatus, plus stabilizing selection due to greater predation on smaller, behaviourally variable fish.
Microfabricated three-electrode on-chip PDMS device with a vibration motor for stripping voltammetric detection of heavy metal ions.

Abstract A microfabricated three-electrode on-chip device with a vibration motor for stripping voltammetric detection of Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions is introduced. Gold electrodes on a glass substrate are utilized as the counter electrode directly, as well as the working electrode with bismuth coating. The reference electrode is achieved by painting silver/silver chloride layer on the gold layer. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) cover is bonded onto the glass substrate, organizing a compact module. A vibration motor in the device provides vibration as the alternate for stirring to improve detection limits and decrease deposition time. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is performed with the on-chip reference electrode and a commercial liquid electrolyte Ag/AgCl electrode, showing that the potential shift is less than 20 mV. Differential pulse stripping voltammetry (DPSV) is used to detect Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions. Linearity is well defined from 10 µg/L to 80 µg/L for both ions. Detection limits for Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions are 0.7 µg/L and 1.2 µg/L, respectively, at 325 s deposition without vibration; the limits are 0.11 µg/L and 0.25 µg/L at 120 s deposition with vibration. The reliability is verified by detecting Cd2+ and Pb2+ concentrations of natural water samples and comparing with the results obtained from inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
A PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF THE STANDARD k-ϵ MODEL AND A DIFFERENTIAL REYNOLDS STRESS MODEL FOR A BACKWARD-FACING STEP

A differential Reynolds stress model (RSM) based on Launder, Reece, and Rodi (LRR) is formulated with appropriate wall Junctions and applied to predict the backward-facing step problem of Driver and Seegmiller. Numerical prediction obtained with the LRR, with and without “wall reflection” terms in the pressure strain model, are compared with the results of standard k-e model of Launder and Spalding for the step problem. The results demonstrate that both LRR models, i.e., with and without wall reflection terms, are capable of capturing the secondary bubble near the step, as observed in the experiment, whereas the standard k-ϵ model fails to predict the secondary bubble. In addition, the mean velocity profiles obtained with the LRR models agree better with the experimental data than those by the k-ϵ model, particularly inside the recirculating flow region. It also emerges from the present study that, with proper wall functions, LRR model is capable of predicting recirculating flows at least as well as the o...
Landsat Maps of Iraq: Tools for Non-Invasive Exploration: ABSTRACT

Optical analysis of Landsat imagery is a valuable preliminary step for exploration in areas where a detailed geologic base is lacking, logistics are difficult, or the political situation is insecure. Two maps of Iraq produced by such analysis elucidate structural and lithologic relations across a broad oil-producing region. The Landsat map of Iraq is divided into units based on drainage patterns, surface textures, relative resistance to erosion, and color. These units tentatively correlate to the broadly generalized geologic map of Iraq. The Landsat map clearly delineates Iraq's 3 major geotectonic zones: (1) desert and alluvial plains, (2) simply folded, and (3) overthrust. The lineament and anomaly map, derived from optically enhanced imagery, shows noncultural lineamen s and 5 types of anomalies: (1) linear, (2) circular, (3) structural, (4) textural, and (5) shade. Conjugate shear sets form lineaments oblique to the regional and local compression directions. Lineaments also reflect normal faults, tear faults, thrust fronts, structural control of wadis, and wind-direction features. The intersection of 3 or more lineaments defines a linear anomaly. Circular anomalies can be attributed to structural domes or basins, diapirs, calderas, or astroblemes. Appreciable deviations from local deformational style are considered structural anomalies. Textural anomalies are abrupt changes in texture unrelated to lithologic changes. Shade anomalies, mapped from band 5 enhancements, reflect a shade change from light to dark, usually across a lineament. Comparison of o l field locations to Landsat-mapped units, lineaments, and anomalies can indicate exploration targets for more detailed ground-based geologic and seismic investigation. End_of_Article - Last_Page 479------------
Immunity development in mice receiving killed Coccidioides immitis spherules: Effect of removing residual vaccine

Earlier studies showed that immunity in mice to Coccidioides immitis developed slowly after vaccination with formalin-killed spherules, becoming optimum only after approximately 35 days. In the present study it was determined that removal of the vaccination site by surgery at 40 days postvaccination in mice injected into the footpad, or at 32 days after intramuscular injection, impaired the development of immunity. No such impairment was detected when the sites were removed 62 days postvaccination. Spherules were demonstrable in the vaccination site (footpad) for at least 30 days after injection, spherule walls (the major locus of the spherule immunogens) for at least 15 days, and immunogens for at least 35 days. These observations were in accord with others on the extent of resistance at intervals after intramuscular and footpad injection. The findings suggested that immunity development was governed by the rate at which immunogens were released catabolically from the highly insoluble walls and also by t...
Teaching Business Students to Recognize a Firm in Distress: What Information Is Important to Experts?.

Business failures are the result of many decisions within individual companies—Can business students be taught to recognize a firm that is in financial distress? If it can be known and understood how professionals acquire expertise in evaluating the financial health of a firm, then it follows that structuring both the college classroom experience and the corporate training environment to enhance learning will be easier. In this article, the authors investigated the amount and types of information and tests requested by professionals concerning a firm in distress compared to those requested by intermediates and novices. The authors found that the amount and kinds of information and tests requested by novices differed significantly from that requested by experts in the field. Based on the results, the authors make recommendations to help business educators better prepare business students to recognize a firm in financial distress.
The relative sensitivities of sensory and motor fusion to small binocular disparities

Horizontal binocular disparity is the fundamental stimulus for both fusional vergence and stereopsis, but whether common disparity-sensitive mechanisms are involved in both responses is unknown. To determine whether the sensitivities of motor and sensory fusion are interdependent, we studied vergence eye movements and depth discrimination, using stimuli with haplopic binocular disparities, in subjects with normal stereopsis and in subjects with mild to severe stereoanomalies. Our results showed that the subjects' disparity discrimination functions varied from nearly perfect discrimination to chance performance for all of the experimental stimuli. Their sensory functions did not necessarily predict the shape of their motor fusion functions, but in most cases were correlated with the subject's fixation disparities. The results support the conclusion that the stereoanomalies and vergence anomalies that previously have been described for coarse binocular disparities also extend to the small, haplopic binocular disparities. The independence of the response properties of sensory and motor fusion suggests that neural pathways for sensory and motor fusion separate after the initial disparity-selective mechanisms in primary visual cortex.
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF SURFACE ANTIBODY BINDING CAPACITIES OF IMMUNE SUBSETS PRESENT IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF HEALTHY ADULT DONORS

The objective of this study was to quantitate the antibody binding capacity (ABC) of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, and CD19 on lymphocytes and CD4 on monocytes from healthy adult donors. Peripheral blood was collected over three consecutive days and repeated in the same format two weeks later for comparison to initial measurements. Immune subsets were labeled by direct single or two-color staining in whole blood followed by lysis of erythrocytes. Fluorescence intensity measurements were made by carefully calibrating the flow cytometer and then measuring the intensity of monoclonal antibody staining on labeled cells and on Quantum Simply Cellular Microbeads. The effect of paraformaldehyde fixation on intensity measurements and coefficient of variation of thirty replicates for each phenotype were also studied. We found a small change in calculated ABC following overnight fixation with a greater change following 48 h of fixation prior to flow cytometric analysis. We found excellent precision could be achieved for measuring the ABC of most markers with some improvement desirable for expression of CD4 on monocytes and CD16+ lymphocytes. Between donors we found a high-low range of CD3+ = 134,349-45,905; CD4+ (lymphocytes) = 54,174-36,106; CD4+ (monocytes) = 9,246-3094; CD8+ = 268,868-190,622; CD3+CD8+ = 269,858-212,024; CD16+ = 38,307-336; and CD19+ = 25,252-11,689. For the total donor group, the observations at week 1 and week 2 were not significantly different (alpha = .05) for any of the immunophenotypes we studied. The data presented here continue to show that it is possible to perform quantitative intensity measurements of immune subsets when performing immunophenotyping studies.
Human Luteinizing Hormone and Chorionic Gonadotropin are Targeted to a Regulated Secretory Pathway in GH3 Cells

LH is a dimeric glycoprotein hormone that is stored in the anterior pituitary and is released in response to GnRH, while the placental hormone, human CG (hCG), sharing the same alpha-subunit and a related beta-subunit, is secreted constitutively. In search of a determinant that allows sorting of LH into a regulated secretory pathway, the genes encoding the common alpha- and LH/CG beta-subunits were expressed in the GH3 rat pituitary tumor cell line, which contains a regulated secretory pathway. Steady state labeling and subsequent chase experiments showed that not only LH but also hCG can be sorted to a regulated secretory pathway; after an initial period of constitutive secretion, the mature forms of both hormones containing processed oligosaccharides were stored intracellularly, and their release was stimulated by either forskolin or KCl depolarization. In Chinese hamster ovary cells, which lack a regulated pathway and are devoid of storage granules, only hormones containing unprocessed N-linked oligosa...
Reoperative aortic root replacement in patients with previous aortic surgery.

Background Reoperative aortic root reconstruction is increasingly performed and remains a clinical challenge. The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcome of patients undergoing reoperative aortic root replacement after previous aortic surgery. Methods From 1995 to 2006, 156 consecutive patients underwent reoperative aortic root replacement after previous aortic valve replacement (group 1, n=106, 67.8%), proximal aortic reconstruction (group 2, n=25, 16.1%), and aortic root replacement (group 3, n=25, 16.1%). Their records were retrospectively reviewed. Results The mean age was 58.1 ± 14.4 years, and 73.7% (n = 115) were men. Reoperation was performed 98.4 months after previous operation, with 14.7% (n = 23) having undergone three or more sternotomies. Indications for reoperations were endocarditis in 55 (35.3%), prosthetic valve dysfunction in 28 (17.9%), paravalvular leak in 12 (7.7%), aortic aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm in 29 (18.5%), aortic dissection in 12 (7.7%), and aortic stenosis or insufficiency in 20 (12.9%). Aortic root replacement was performed in all 156 patients, with concomitant hemiarch reconstruction in 62 (39.7%), Cabrol coronary reconstruction in 5 (3.2%), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in 26 (16.6%), and mitral valve repair or replacement (MVR) in 25 (16.0%). Thirty-day mortality was 11.5% (n = 18). Actuarial survival was 86.4% ± 2.7% at 1 year, 72.6% ± 4.3% at 5 years, and 58.4% ± 7.8% at 10 years. Subgroup analysis demonstrated no difference in 30-day mortality (group 1, 14.1%; group 2, 8.0%; group 3, 4.0%; p = 0.31) and late survival between the three groups ( p = 0.14). Multivariate analysis demonstrated age older than 75 years ( p = 0.03) and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class IV ( p = 0.05) as risk factors for 30-day mortality. Conclusions Reoperative aortic root reconstruction can be performed with a low perioperative mortality rate and satisfactory long-term survival. Age older than 75 years and NYHA class IV are risk factors for early mortality. Previous aortic root replacement is not a risk factor for reoperative aortic root reconstruction.
A variational approach to the statistical mechanics of hard discs and hard spheres

The theory of complementary variational principles is used to obtain analytic approximations to hard disc and hard sphere pair correlation functions in the high density regime. We study the Yvon-Born-Green non-linear integral equation (under the superposition closure) and draw upon earlier theoretical studies of this equation, particularly those which deal with the short range and asymptotic form of the YBG pair correlation function in d-dimensions, to motivate possible choices of the variational trial functions. These functions are optimized in accordance with extremum principles of the theory and the results are compared with existing numerical solutions of the YBG equation for hard discs and hard spheres. It is found that the analytic functions determined via the method of complementary variational principles are in excellent accord with the numerical data, even to the extent of indicating the onset of a fluid-periodic transition in the (very) high density regime. The relevance of this work to the prob...
Development of a unified numerical procedure for free vibration analysis of structures

This paper presents the details of a unified numerical algorithm and the associated computer program developed for the efficient determination of natural frequencies and modes of free vibration of structures. Both spinning and nonspinning structures with or without viscous and/or structural damping may be solved by the current procedure; in addition, the program is capable of solving static problems with multiple load cases as well as the quadratic matrix eigenproblem associated with a finite dynamic element structural discretization.
AVPR1A Variation in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Population Differences and Association with Behavioral Style

Primates and other mammals show measurable, heritable variation in behavioral traits such as gregariousness, timidity, and aggression. Connections among behavior, environment, neuroanatomy, and genetics are complex, but small genetic differences can have large effects on behavioral phenotypes. One of the best examples of a single gene with large effects on natural variation in social behavior is AVPR1A, which codes for a receptor of the peptide hormone arginine vasopressin. Work on rodents shows a likely causal association between AVPR1A regulatory polymorphisms and social behavior. Chimpanzees also show variation in the AVPR1A regulatory region, with some individuals lacking a ca. 350-bp segment corresponding to a putative functional element. Thus, chimpanzees have a “short” allele (segment deletion) and a “long” allele (no deletion) at this locus. Here we compare AVPR1A variation in two chimpanzee populations, and we examine behavioral and hormonal data in relation to AVPR1A genotypes. We genotyped AVPR1A in a captive population of western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus, New Iberia Research Center; N = 64) for which we had quantitative measures of personality (based on 15 behavioral style indices, calculated from 3 yr of observational data), dominance rank, and baseline testosterone levels. We also provide the first assessment of AVPR1A genotype frequencies in a wild eastern chimpanzee population (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, Ngogo community, Kibale National Park, Uganda; N = 26). Our results indicated that the AVPR1A long allele was associated with a “smart” social personality in captive western chimpanzees, independent of testosterone levels. Although the frequency of the long allele was relatively low in captive western chimpanzees (0.23), it was the major allele in wild eastern chimpanzees (0.62). Our finding that allele and genotype frequencies for the AVPR1A polymorphism differ among chimpanzee populations also highlights the need for comparative studies —across subspecies and research sites— in primate behavioral genetics.
Technique for casting chronic extradural and intracerebral cannula arrays

A technique for fixing multiple brain cannulae in uniform arrays by embedding guide cannulae in molded plastic pedestals is described. Methods for producing corresponding threaded caps for protection of the outer ends of the cannulae, and procedures for reducing mortality and morbidity when large number of cannulae are implanted in brain tissue, are presented.
Nanopolaritonics with a continuum of molecules: Simulations of molecular-induced selectivity in plasmonics transport through a continuous Y-shape

Using the recent NF (near-field) formulation for electrodynamics on the nanoscale, we simulate transport in a Y-shape gold nanostructure in the presence of 2-level molecules. NF is shown to be easily integrated with the Liouville equation, producing a simple and efficient nanopolaritons (plasmons-excitons) solver, with a large time step. Two cases are considered: coating of the gold structure with molecular layers thinner than the structure, and filling space with aligned molecules. In both cases significant effects on the radiation transport are obtained even for low molecular densities. At low densities the effects are primarily an overall reduction of the plasmonics peak, but at higher densities there is a significant selectivity control by the molecules. A redshift is predicted, especially for the space-filling case. The combined nanopolariton shows qualitative hybridization, and the spectral peaks separate with increasing coupling, i.e., with increasing molecular densities. The results open the way to “control of light by light,” i.e., controlling plasmonic light transport by inducing a change in the direction of the guiding molecular dipoles through radiation or other means.
Pushing Inverted Metamorphic Multijunction Solar Cells Toward Higher Efficiency at Realistic Operating Conditions

A unique aspect of the inverted metamorphic multijunction (IMM) solar cell is the bandgap tunability of each junction, creating extremely flexible device designs. The optimal structure has subcell photocurrents that are matched for a given spectrum. However, the subcell photocurrents depend on the cell operating temperature, and therefore, the bandgaps need to be optimized for a certain range of operating conditions. In addition, imperfect material quality results in a loss of voltage and current that depends on the cell bandgap and thickness. In this case, an iterative process of multijunction design and subcell characterization is necessary to determine the optimal design. We compare two different three-junction devices to demonstrate the effect of bandgap selection and lattice-mismatched material quality on device performance at different temperatures. The triple-junction (3J)-IMM design with two lattice-mismatched junctions of perfect material quality (2MMJ) is theoretically optimal at room temperature but experimentally performs similarly to a simpler design with one mismatched junction (1MMJ) at higher temperature because of material quality tradeoffs and the temperature dependence of the designs. Significant progress in the growth, processing, and measurement has led to a 1MMJ design with (42.6 ± 2.1)% peak efficiency at 327 suns and (40.9 ± 2.0)% efficiency at 1093 suns under the direct spectrum.
The tensimetric reflection of atomic order

Abstract Phase reactions between the iota phase (M 7 O 12 ) and those contiguous to it in the pure praseodymium and terbium oxide systems and in the ternary praseodymium-terbium-oxygen and terbium-cerium-oxygen systems are discussed in detail. Tensimetric studies have revealed reproducible nonclassical behavior described as pseudophase formation in the hysteresis loops of the two-phase regions. Examination of these phase reactions by high-temperature X-ray analysis as they occur has given additional information. The behavior of these systems is described in terms of microdomain formation derived from iota and the contiguous phases coherently intergrown. A parallel is suggested between these observations and the intergrowth and block structures in oxides which were among the last objects of study of David Wadsley.
Isotope Effect on Eutectic and Hydrate Melting Temperatures in the Water-THF System

Differential scanning calorimetry was used to study the effect of isotopic substitution on the eutectic and melting temperatures in the water-tetrahydrofuran (THF) system with THF molar fractions near the stoichiometry of the hydrate phase. Deuteration of the host causes an opposite effect from that of the guest with respect to the hydrate liquidus curve and eutectic melting temperature. The eutectic temperature in -containing systems is approximately 3.7 K higher than that in -containing systems. The melting temperatures of THF and deuterated THF hydrates increase by roughly 3.5 K with heavy water. The inclusion of deuterated THF causes a depression of the hydrate liquidus temperatures and a small but measurable effect on the eutectic temperature.
Determination of DNA Bases Using Electrochemistry: A Discovery-Based Experiment

A discovery-based experiment is presented for use in undergraduate analytical and biochemistry courses. The experiment uses electrochemical techniques (e.g., cyclic, linear-sweep, and/or square-wave voltammetry) to detect the presence of DNA bases in solution. Working individually or in teams, students must develop a method for the detection of adenine(A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T) in aqueous samples. They are given only topical information about their project and must research and plan the analyses, learn the instrumental methods to be used, and prepare an experimental protocol that will be “validated” by another individual/team during a subsequent laboratory. Goals of this approach include introducing students to various electrochemical techniques and having them research how these techniques are being used to determine and study biologically relevant analytes. Another goal is to place students in the position of being scientists and having to make decisions and recommendations. Each step of the analytical process must be carefully considered and its significance assessed because there are no “recipes” to follow as they develop their methods and make comparisons between different electrochemical techniques for the determination of analytes.
Characteristics of volunteers and families in a neonatal home visitation project: the Kempe Community Caring Program.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this paper is to review literature related to home visitation support for new families using volunteer visitors and to describe characteristics of volunteers of the Kempe Community Caring Program, a home visitor support program for first time parents. Suggestions for effectively utilizing volunteers in family support programs are made. Method: Program data was collected and reviewed on 592 volunteer home visitors and the 1,144 families they served. Several evaluations and assessments were performed in order to attempt to measure the success of the intervention. Motivation for volunteering, longevity with program, and the extent of sociodemographic match between visitor and client were reviewed and discussed. Results: Information on matched volunteer-client pairs was limited; however, speculations were made that neither motivation to participate nor sociodemographic match were critical factors in determining success of the intervention. Duration of volunteer participation was influenced by marital status, but not by age. Married volunteers stayed with the program significantly longer than unmarried volunteers. Low risk families demonstrated slightly improved confidence in parental function after receiving home visitation by a volunteer. Conclusion: This program suggests that new mothers may benefit from receiving the services of a volunteer home visitor; specifically, their confidence as parents and ability to establish positive relationships show slight improvement. Likewise, volunteers and families felt satisfied with the supportive relationships generated. In addition, a volunteer profile emerged which may be beneficial to similar programs’ recruiting efforts.
The Monstrosity Within: Spaces in L’Espurgatoire Seint Patriz of Marie de France

This article examines the representation of Purgatory as a monstrous space both in its form and in its function in L’Espurgatoire Seint Patriz of Marie de France. This research first looks at the modeling of Purgatory according to human norms of space. Purgatory is then seen as a space that threatens the integrity of the human body, and yet relies on human perceptions to exist. The space is ultimately defined as a pretext to a moral lesson by offering a look into human potentialities.
Epigenetics: The missing link to understanding β-cell dysfunction in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a growing health problem worldwide. While peripheral insulin resistance is common during obesity and aging in both animals and people, progression to T2D is largely due to insulin secretory dysfunction and significant apoptosis of functional β-cells, leading to an inability to compensate for insulin resistance. It is recognized that environmental factors and nutrition play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. However, our knowledge surrounding molecular mechanisms by which these factors trigger β-cell dysfunction and diabetes is still limited. Recent discoveries raise the possibility that epigenetic changes in response to environmental stimuli may play an important role in the development of diabetes. In this paper, we review emerging knowledge regarding epigenetic mechanisms that may be involved in β-cell dysfunction and pathogenesis of diabetes, including the role of nutrition, oxidative stress and inflammation. We will mainly focus on the role of DNA methylation a...
Colocalization of the genes for the α3(IV) and α4(IV) chains of type IV collagen to chromosome 2 bands q35–q37

Abstract Each type of basement membrane in man contains between two and five genetically distinct type IV collagens: α1(IV)–α5(IV). Genes for α1(IV), α2(IV), α3(IV), and α5(IV) have been isolated. We have recently isolated partial cDNAs for the fifth member of the family, designated α4(IV). On the basis of comparison of the deduced peptide sequences of all five chains, the type IV collagens can be divided into two families: α1-like, comprising α1(IV), α3(IV), and α5(IV); and α2-like, comprising α2(IV) and α4(IV). Genes encoding the α1(IV) and α2(IV) chains (COL4A1 and COL4A2) both map to human chromosome 13q34 and have been shown to be transcribed from opposite DNA strands using a common bidirectional promoter that allows coordinate regulation of the two chains. Indeed, these two chains are commonly found together in basement membrane and form [α1]2·[α2] heterotrimers. Whereas α1(IV) and α2(IV) have been found in all basement membranes studied hitherto, it has been shown that α3(IV) and α4(IV) are found in only a subset of basement membranes. In basement membranes where either of these molecules is present, however, they are found together. In view of this relationship and the structural similarities between α1(IV) and α3(IV) and between α2(IV) and α4(IV), we hypothesized that COL4A3 and COL4A4, the genes encoding α3(IV) and α4(IV), respectively, have a genomic organization similar to that of COL4A1 and COL4A2. As a first test of this hypothesis we decided to determine whether COL4A3 and COL4A4 map to the same region of the human genome. We have previously shown that COL4A3 maps to chromosome 2 band q35–q37. Here we show, by somatic cell hybrid analysis and in situ hybridization, that COL4A4 colocalizes with COL4A3. Further experiments will be required to determine the genomic organization of these genes.
Autoimmune therapies targeting costimulation and emerging trends in multivalent therapeutics.

Proteins participating in immunological signaling have emerged as important targets for controlling the immune response. A multitude of receptor–ligand pairs that regulate signaling pathways of the immune response have been identified. In the complex milieu of immune signaling, therapeutic agents targeting mediators of cellular signaling often either activate an inflammatory immune response or induce tolerance. This review is primarily focused on therapeutics that inhibit the inflammatory immune response by targeting membrane-bound proteins regulating costimulation or mediating immune-cell adhesion. Many of these signals participate in larger, organized structures such as the immunological synapse. Receptor clustering and arrangement into organized structures is also reviewed and emerging trends implicating a potential role for multivalent therapeutics is posited.
NUCLEAR MOMENTS OF INERTIA AND EFFECTIVE NUCLEON MASS

Abstract The nuclear moment of inertia may be calculated as the sum of individual contributions by treating the dynamics of one sample nucleon in the ellipsoidal harmony oscillator potential representing its interaction with the others, on the plauside assumption that the moment of inertia due to all the other nucleons is simply associated with the orientation of the axes of the distortion ellipsoid. The ellipsoid is allowed to move freely (in two dimensions) with conservation of angular momentum, but the is rather similar to that given earlier on the basis of a constant angular velocity of the ellipsoid (“cranked model”), and the result is the same. The moment of rigid value when the magnitude of the distortion of an open-shell nucleus is obtained in the most simple manner, by minimizing the sum of the oscillator energies with constant nuclear volume. The analogous problem of linear translation may be similarly The moments of inertia of highly distorted nuclei are observed to be about half of the rigid value. One might hope to understand this discrepancy in terms of the “effective mass” M e … 1 2 M which appears in some problems involving through nuclear matter, and is required in the shell model to binding energies. The shell-model-type assumption considered most the effective mass arises from simple dependence of the potential not on the momentum but on the nucleon velocity relative to the axes of the and this is the assumption whose analogue gives a sensible result in the linear The velocity dependence is taken to be a quadratic cue, giving a simple M e. It is shown that, with these assumptions, M e is not effective for the moment of inertia problem and one still obtains the rigid value.
Radiation-induced life shortening in germfree mice

Abstract The life span, prevalence of disease and a variety of aging parameters were evaluated in 358 conventional and germfree virgin female mice of the CD-1 line, some of which were exposed to 700 R cobalt-60-γ-radiation at 6 weeks of age. In comparison with the conventional groups, the exposed and nonexposed germfree animals showed a reduction in life span accentuated by irradiation, a reduced prevalence but accelerated appearance-rate of benign and malignant tumors, an increased incidence of amyloidosis and displacement of a series of aging parameters consistent with accelerated aging. These observations are tentatively attributed to the characteristic hyporeactivity of lymphoreticular structures associated with the germfree state and particularly the attendant decrease in the pool of thymic-dependent recirculating small lymphocytes.
Effect of pre-treatment exposures of toluene or naphthalene on the tolerance of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and kelp shrimp (Eualis suckleyi)

Abstract 1. Toluene pre-treatment exposures did not affect survival of kelp shrimp or pink salmon fry in subsequent bioassays. 2. Naphthalene pre-treatment exposures to kelp shrimp caused increased sensitivity in subsequent bioassays. 3. Naphthalene pre-treatment exposures to pink salmon caused increase in tolerance in subsequent bioassays. Tolerance increase was proportional to concentration and duration of pre-treatment exposures, and decreased with periods of depuration.