cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lakeshore and littoral physical habitat structure: A field survey method and its precision

AbstractMeasures of near-shore physical habitat structure have only recently been employed in large-scale assessments of lake ecological condition. We outline and evaluate a rapid approach for quantifying lake physical habitat structure and disturbance that was piloted in the Northeast United States by the US Environmental Protection Agency in its Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP-NE), then improved and applied in the 2007 National Lakes Assessment (NLA). This approach measures littoral habitat complexity, fish cover, substrate, aquatic macrophytes, riparian vegetation, and human disturbances. Of 46 NLA physical habitat metrics, 34 had repeat-visit standard deviations <10% of their potential ranges, indicating repeatability sufficient to distinguish 4 to 5 levels of habitat condition within that range. For 23 metrics, the signal to noise ratio (S/N) of among-lake to same-year repeat-visit variance was moderate to high (3–10), indicating that noise variance was a relatively small confou...
Degree of anticoagulation after one subcutaneous and one subsequent intravenous booster dose of enoxaparin: implications for patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing early percutaneous coronary intervention.

Background: Many cardiologists continue to be reluctant to utilize low-molecular-weight heparin in the treatment of patients with non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndrome because they are concerned about how to manage such patients if they have received only one dose of subcutaneous enoxaparin and are then taken within hours of such treatment to the cardiac catheterization laboratory for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Although we and others have recommended that such patients who have received only one subcutaneous enoxaparin dose receive an intravenous 0.3 mg/kg enoxaparin “booster” dose immediately prior to PCI, there are little actual data to support this recommendation.
Locally logical mathematics: An emerging teacher honoring both students and mathematics

Abstract This case study explores the mathematics engagement and teaching practice of a beginning secondary school teacher. The focus is on the mathematical opportunities available to her students (the classroom mathematics) and how they relate to the teacher's personal capacity and tendencies for mathematical engagement (her personal mathematics). We use a mathematical process-and-action approach to analyze mathematical engagement and then employ the teaching triad—mathematical challenge, sensitivity to students, and management of learning—to situate mathematical engagement within the larger context of teaching practice. The article develops the construct of locally logical mathematics to underscore the cogency of mathematical engagement in the classroom as part of a coherent mathematical system that is embedded within a teaching practice. Contributions of the study include the process-and-action approach, especially in tandem with the teaching triad, as a tool to understand nuances of mathematical engagement and differences in demand between written and implemented tasks.
Simplifed Transistorized FM Magnetic Tape System for Recording Ground Vibrations

Circuitry is described for multiple-channel FM recording, on magnetic tape, of continuous or transient ground vibrations in the frequency range 5-800 cps. Special features include: continuous amplitude and time calibration of each channel of the recording and playback system, origin-time recording on each channel for use with impact sources of vibration, provision for readout on a direct-writing recorder with restricted high-frequency response, provision for variable band-pass filtering.
A preliminary investigation of the role of psychological inflexibility in academic procrastination

Abstract Estimates of the prevalence of academic procrastination are troublesome given the negative associations among procrastination, academic performance, and psychological and physical well-being. Multiple theories aimed at understanding factors that cause and maintain procrastination have been proposed, but none fully account for this problematic behavior. We hypothesize that procrastination can be understood as reflecting a state of psychological inflexibility, characterized by several processes, including experiential avoidance (i.e., attempts to avoid or escape from unpleasant internal experiences), diminished present moment awareness (i.e., diminished mindfulness), and difficulty articulating and engaging in valued activities. The goal of the current studies was to explore the potential association between psychological inflexibility and procrastination. Two samples of students completed measures of trait procrastination, trait anxiety, and psychological flexibility. As predicted, procrastination was positively associated with anxiety and negatively associated with psychological flexibility. In addition, psychological inflexibility added to the prediction of procrastination over the contribution of trait anxiety. Implications for increased understanding of, and interventions for, procrastination are discussed.
Influence of Race, Acculturation, and Socioeconomic Status on Tendency Toward Overweight in Asian-American and Mexican-American Early Adolescent Females

Background Health disparities in chronic disease prevalence exist in the United States among racial/ethnic groups. This study explores relationships between physical, socioeconomic, and cultural characteristics of a multi-ethnic sample of early adolescent females which may assist health educators in designing programs targeting these groups. Methods Mexican-American and Asian-American sixth grade females (n = 144) were enrolled in Adequate Calcium Today. Physical measurements included weight, height, and BMI. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry determined percent body fat (%BF). Socioeconomic status was determined by enrollment in free or reduced meal program (FRMP). An adapted Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican-Americans-II (ARSMA-II) measured acculturation. Results Mexican-Americans had greater height, BMI, %BF, and a greater tendency toward overweight (P < 0.01) than Asian-American. Asian-Americans were more acculturated than MA (P < 0.005), attributed to a lower ethnic orientation scale score. Within Asian-Americans, %BF was higher among FRMP participants than non-participants (P < 0.05). Discussion Income and acculturation may affect tendency toward chronic disease.
GC–MS ANALYSIS AND FATTY ACID RATIOS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTSHERDS FROM THE WESTERN GREAT BASIN OF NORTH AMERICA*

The study of organic residues in archaeological pottery has focused on fatty acids due to their relative stability and longevity. However, even these compounds are subject to degradation, which makes assignment of residues to original foods problematic. This paper suggests that the use of ratios of fatty acids that degrade at roughly the same rate can be useful to identify very general categories of foods. It compares independent information on pot function based on ethnography and engineering/technological studies to that reconstructed based on extracted fatty acid ratios. The results support the notion that Great Basin pots were used primarily to boil seeds and that pot shape and pot function were related.
Archaeal protein kinases and protein phosphatases: insights from genomics and biochemistry.

Protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation has long been considered a recent addition to Nature's regulatory arsenal. Early studies indicated that this molecular regulatory mechanism existed only in higher eukaryotes, suggesting that protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation had emerged to meet the particular signal-transduction requirements of multicellular organisms. Although it has since become apparent that simple eukaryotes and even bacteria are sites of protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, the perception widely persists that this molecular regulatory mechanism emerged late in evolution, i.e. after the divergence of the contemporary phylogenetic domains. Only highly developed cells, it was reasoned, could afford the high 'overhead' costs inherent in the acquisition of dedicated protein kinases and protein phosphatases. The advent of genome sequencing has provided an opportunity to exploit Nature's phylogenetic diversity as a vehicle for critically examining this hypothesis. In tracing the origins and evolution of protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, the members of the Archaea, the so-called 'third domain of life', will play a critical role. Whereas several studies have demonstrated that archaeal proteins are subject to modification by covalent phosphorylation, relatively little is known concerning the identities of the proteins affected, the impact on their functional properties, or the enzymes that catalyse these events. However, examination of several archaeal genomes has revealed the widespread presence of several ostensibly 'eukaryotic' and 'bacterial' protein kinase and protein phosphatase paradigms. Similar findings of 'phylogenetic trespass' in members of the Eucarya (eukaryotes) and the Bacteria suggest that this versatile molecular regulatory mechanism emerged at an unexpectedly early point in development of 'life as we know it'.
Virtualization of virtual memory address space

Virtualization has essentially transformed computing from conventional system architecture (of running particular operating systems on only selected platforms) to a more integrated architecture that facilitates the interoperability of applications, operating systems and hardware platforms. Virtualization has enabled cloud computing to be more of a utility-based computing where applications, platforms, storage and etc are provided as a service to the users over the Internet. The first half of the paper will provide an overview of virtual machines, virtual machine monitors (hypervisors) and the different virtualization architectures. After introducing virtual memory management from the standpoint of traditional computer architecture, we will describe in detail the virtualization of virtual memory address spaces and their implementation through shadow page table and nested page tables. Our discussion in this paper is based on the virtualization of memory address spaces that is currently supported by VMware Workstation and similar hypervisor products.
Histological Assessment of Goiters in Elasmobranch Fishes

Abstract Twelve thyroid glands from free-living (n = 3) and captive (n = 9) elasmobranch fishes were investigated. Histological observation of the thyroids revealed two euthyroid glands, one case of mild chronic thyroiditis, three diffuse hyperplastic goiters, three diffuse colloid goiters, and three multinodular colloid goiters. The term goiter best describes the thyroid enlargement that results from hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Although elasmobranch goiters are typically linked to low aquatic iodine concentrations, iodine deficiency alone does not explain all of the observed thyroid conditions. Diffuse hyperplastic goiters typically result from either iodine deficiency or goitrogenic release of thyroglobulin from the follicle. Colloid goiters result from fluctuating iodine concentrations or goitrogenic agents that block the release of iodine from the thyroid gland. Although nitrate is a potential goitrogenic agent in aquaria, research indicates that nitrate interferes with the uptake and retention of io...
Ammonia removal from landfill leachate by struvite precipitation/coated silica sand filtration

The objective of this study was to investigate onsite physicochemical systems for the treatment of landfill leachate with high ammonia content. A laboratory scale magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite or MAP) precipitation system was tested and ammonia removal under various operational conditions was evaluated. For landfill leachate treatment by MAP precipitation, magnesium salts are a major economic constraint. It was demonstrated in this research that Mg2+, NH4+ and PO4 3− stoichiometry and pH impacted MAP precipitation and subsequent ammonia removal. With the application of filtration in goethite-coated silica, ammonia removal can be dramatically improved. From this research, it was also discovered that goethite-coated silica sand can be used to remove excess phosphorous for the treatment of landfill leachate by struvite precipitation.
Composite Optical Vortices by Superpositions of Collinear Laguerre-Gauss Beams

We study the optical beam that results when two collinear beams in Laguerre-Gauss modes are superimposed. We observe the creation of vortices whose positions depend on the relative amplitude and phase of the component beams.
Incremental Learning from Noisy Data

Induction of a concept description given noisy instances is difficult and is further exacerbated when the concepts may change over time. This paper presents a solution which has been guided by psychological and mathematical results. The method is based on a distributed concept description which is composed of a set of weighted, symbolic characterizations. Two learning processes incrementally modify this description. One adjusts the characterization weights and another creates new characterizations. The latter process is described in terms of a search through the space of possibilities and is shown to require linear space with respect to the number of attribute-value pairs in the description language. The method utilizes previously acquired concept definitions in subsequent learning by adding an attribute for each learned concept to instance descriptions. A program called STAGGER fully embodies this method, and this paper reports on a number of empirical analyses of its performance. Since understanding the relationships between a new learning method and existing ones can be difficult, this paper first reviews a framework for discussing machine learning systems and then describes STAGGER in that framework.
Renal Concentration of Citrate as a Negative Modulator of Diuretic Response to Mercurials

IN several mammalian species, including man, the potency of organomercurial diuretics depends on the acid-base status. Acidifying salts (for example, ammonium chloride) markedly enhance the diuretic response to mersalyl1. To account for this, Weiner et al.2 proposed that (a) hydrogen ions facilitate the cleavage of the carbon-mercury bond of organomer-curials and (b) the diuretic response is elicited by the interaction of mercuric ions with renal diuretic receptors. The authors based their conclusions on the excellent correlation between the liberation of mercuric ions from a given organomercurial under acidotic conditions in vitro and its diuretic potency in dogs in vivo. Recently we reported that rapid alkalinisation of urine brought about by treatment of dogs with acetazolamide decreases the diuretic response to inorganic mercury complexed with cysteine3. This observation led us to postulate that alterations in acid-base balance not only modify the rate of cleavage of the carbon-mercury bond in organo-mercurials but also must control the diuretic response to mercuric ions. Our findings are compatible with the following hypothetical chain of events. Alkalosis increases and acidosis decreases the renal concentrations of an endogenous metabolite which is capable of complexing mercury. In the kidneys the partition of mercuric ions between the diuretic receptor and the hypothetical ligand will then depend on the relative concentration of these two substances and their relative affinity for mercury. Specifically, the ratio of mercury bound to these two sites can be described by the following expression where brackets denote the renal concentration, L the hypothetical ligand, R the diuretic receptor, Hg·L and Hg·R the corresponding complexes with mercury, and KHg the effective stability of mercury complexes with the compound denoted in the subscript. A change in any one of the four factors on the right side of the expression will alter the partition of mercury between these two binding sites. If the concentration of the ligand increases in alkalosis, more mercury will be sequestered by the ligand and, as a consequence, a smaller number of mercuric ions would be free to react with renal diuretic receptors. The predicted result will be a decreased diuretic potency of inorganic mercury. Under acidotic conditions when the renal level of the ligand is low, the binding of mercury to the diuretic receptor would not be opposed to the same extent. Therefore the full diuretic response will ensue. The hypothesis does not require that changes in acid-base status alter either the total concentration of mercury in renal tissue or the rate of urinary excretion of mercury. In any case a large fraction of renal mercury is bound to non-specific sulphydryl groups. Many sulphydryl groups of proteins may serve as scavengers for mercury and thus do not participate in the diuretic response1,4.
Regulatory T cells contribute to the protective effect of ischemic preconditioning in the kidney

Reperfusion following ischemia is associated with acute kidney injury and inflammation. Using a mouse model, we exposed the kidney to a nonlethal period of ischemia, rendering it refractory to future ischemia-induced dysfunction. This ischemic preconditioning is partially mediated by Treg lymphocytes that suppress immune responses. We found that this maneuver significantly inhibited the accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages, tubular necrosis, and loss of kidney function caused by a subsequent ischemia/reperfusion injury 1 week later. The initial ischemia/reperfusion caused a significant increase in CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + and CD4 + CD25 + IL-10 + Treg cells within the kidney at 7 days of reperfusion. Treatment of preconditioned mice with a Treg cell–depleting antibody (PC61) reversed the effect of preconditioning on kidney neutrophil accumulation and partially inhibited the functional and histological protection of preconditioning. Adoptive transfer of Treg cells in naive mice, before ischemia/reperfusion, mimicked the protective and anti-inflammatory effects of ischemic preconditioning on the kidney. These studies highlight the role of Treg cells in ischemic preconditioning.
Replacement of breeders and within-group conflict in the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker

Breeding males or females were removed from groups of the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker to study (1) competition among individuals from different groups to fill the breeding vancancies, (2) conflict between parents and offspring within groups over replacement of the removed bird, and (3) conflict between parents and offspring for breeding status. Intense fights (“power struggles”) among nonbreeders from other groups to fill the breeding vacancies developed after the removals. In groups containing only helpers of the opposite sex as the removed bird, replacement was rapid, but in groups containing helpers of the same sex as the removed bird replacement was delayed substantially. In these latter groups parent-offspring conflict developed: helpers could not breed because their parent of the opposite sex was present, and they attacked potential replacements, while their remaining parent advertised for a new mate by calling. Once replacement had occurred, dominance interactions between parents and offspring and among siblings appeared to prevent some individuals from breeding. We conclude that the potential for competition among close kin is high in cooperative species because breeding opportunities are limited.
Do the Same Theoretical Factors Explain Alcohol and Other Drug Use Among Adolescents

ABSTRACT A study of 1,093 adolescents from six different public high schools showed that the same theoretical model of control and social learning theories fit the data on alcohol use, heavy alcohol consumption, and use of marijuana. The same model did not explain the use of amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine or opiates. This study also found that religiosity was a significant influence only on certain forms of drug use, whereas the feedback effect of drug use on religiosity was significant for all forms studied.
Termination of early gestation with (15S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2α methyl ester vaginal suppositories

Abstract Vaginal suppositories containing (15S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F 2 α methyl ester were administered to 40 subjects, in an attempt to induce an early abortion. All subjects were 49 days or less from their last menstrual period. Ten subjects received a 3-mg suppository followed in 3 hours by a 1-mg suppository, ten subjects received the 1-mg suppository followed in 3 hours by a 3-mg suppository, and twenty subjects received the 3-mg suppository followed in 1 hour by the 1-mg suppository. Twenty-four subjects (60%) had a successful termination of their pregnancy using the two vaginal prostaglandin suppository regimen. All subjects who aborted had 10 percent or less of their pretreatment levels of beta-hCG 7 to 22 days after therapy. Sixteen subjects (40%) did not abort. One of the subjects who failed treatment refused the second suppository due to gastrointestinal side effects and uterine cramping following the insertion of the 1-mg suppository. A second subject had an incomplete abortion and developed mild endometritis. Sixteen subjects reported side effects which included nausea, emesis, diarrhea, uterine cramping requiring analgesia, restlessness, shakiness, and dizziness. The addition of the second vaginal suppository containing this particular prostaglandin analogue did not significantly increase the overall abortifacient activity of this method.
Aging, and crosslinking in mammlian collagen.

Abstract The amount and type of borohydride-reducible crosslinks in collagen have been stamina as a function of animal age. In a variety of bovine, canine and human tissues the level of reducible crosslinks decreases with time and the ratios of individual compounds change. There is both tissue and species specificity in the extent of these changes. A decrease in the level of reducible crosslinks correlates with the cessation of groivth. Loss of reducible crosslinks docs not imply a small total number of crosslinks since physical changes with age imply the opposite. We conclude that reducible crosslinks are concerted to a stable nonreducible state and the persistence of low lieges of reducible crosslinks may be indicative of a low level of turnover in the tissue. Changes in ratios of reducible crosslinks are of doubtful functional significance and may simply reflect variation in post-translational modification of lysine residues.
Carbon dioxide and climate: has a signal been observed yet?

*Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed herein are those of the author and do not reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
Overview of the Rapid Response data.

The Type I Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC) Rapid Response Workshop was established to evaluate published candidate gene associations in a large collection of affected sib-pair (ASP) families. We report on our quality control (QC) and preliminary family-based association analyses. A random sample of blind duplicates was analyzed for QC. Quality checks, including examination of plate-panel yield, marker yield, Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, mismatch error rate, Mendelian error rate, and allele distribution across plates, were performed. Genotypes from 2324 families within nine cohorts were obtained from a panel of 21 candidate genes, including 384 single-nucleotide polymorphisms on two genotyping platforms performed at the Broad Institute Center for Genotyping and Analysis (Cambridge, MA, USA). The T1DGC Rapid Response project, following rigorous QC procedures, resulted in a 2297 family, 9688 genotyped individual database on a single-candidate gene panel. The available data include 9005 individuals with genotype data from both platforms and 683 individuals genotyped (276 in Illumina; 407 in Sequenom) on only one platform.
Poverty and the health of women and children.

The aim of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is to reduce by 50% the number of people throughout the world living on less than $1 a day by finding solutions to poverty hunger disease illiteracy environmental pollution and discrimination against women. All of these concerns are inextricably linked; poverty in particular compromises the health of women and children throughout the world. This is clearly stated by the United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund (2005): "Poverty threatens every right depriving children of the capacities they require to survive develop and thrive (p. 36)." Three of the eight MDGs focus directly on health including the reduction of maternal and child mortality rates. Disease-specific issues have captured international attention and funding focuses on infections such as HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases. Although these issues are important and merit interventions global funding should focus on preventive maternal child healthrather than disease-specific issues. For example sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS constitute 5.8% of the total disease burden and receive 23.6% of development assistance whereas maternal illness represents 8.3% of the disease burden and receives only 16% of development assistance. Such "stovepipe" funding may weaken healthcare systems that focus on health promotion and disease prevention and the most vulnerable marginalized impoverished and often voiceless women and children may lack the most essential services. (excerpt)
Proof theory of reflection

The paper contains proof-theoretic investigation on extensions of Kripke-Platek set theory, KP, which accommodate first-order reflection. Ordinal analyses for such theories are obtained by devising cut elimination procedures for infinitary calculi of ramified set theory with Пn reflection rules. This leads to consistency proofs for the theories KP+Пn reflection using a small amount of arithmetic (PRA) and the well-foundedness of a certain ordinal system with respect to primitive decending sequences. Regarding future work, we intend to avail ourselves of these new cut elimination techniques to attain an ordinal analysis of П12 comprehension by approaching П12 comprehension through transfinite levels of reflection.
Dissociation of phosphohistone phosphatases from canine heart

Phosphohistone phosphatase (phosphoprotein phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.16) of canine heart extract has been separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography into 4 molecular forms, namely phosphatases A (Mr = 156 000), B (Mr = 161 000), C (Mr = 95 600) and U (Mr = 61 000). ATP inhibited phosphatase A, stimulated phosphatase B and did not significantly affect phosphatase C activity. Phosphatase U requires Mn2+ for activity, under which condition ATP is inhibitory. Phosphatases A, B and C, but not phosphatase U, were dissociated by ethanol into catalytic subunits that were inhibited by ATP, insensitive to Mn2+, and had a common molecular weight of 34 800 (phosphatase S). The dissociation was accompanied by an increase of enzymic activity. Chromatography of the ethanol-treated 55% (NH4)2SO4 fraction of canine heart extract on DEAE-cellulose demonstrated that the multiple forms of phosphohistone phosphatase could be reduced to two forms: phosphatase U and phosphatase S, which may represent two basic constituents of the multiple forms of phosphohistone phosphatase in canine heart.
Surface Tension of Strong Electrolytes

Jones and Ray1 have recently found that on adding a salt to water the surface tension at first decreases, then passes through a minimum and finally at concentrations above about 0.001N increases with increase of concentration. The interionic attraction theory of surface tension developed by Wagner2 and Onsager3 on the basis of the Debye solution theory and the principles of electrostatics requires, however, the slope of the surface tension - concentration curve always to be positive and greater at the lower concentrations. The accurate results of Jones and Ray are thus seen to be in complete disagreement with theory.
Ritz vector approach for evaluating incabinet response spectra

Abstract A new method is proposed for evaluating accurate incabinet response spectra for seismic qualification of electrical instruments. Finite element analysis of several typical cabinets shows that only few (often one) modes contribute significantly to the spectral accelerations at critical instrument locations inside the cabinet. In most cases the significant mode is a local mode of the cabinet component like door or back wall on which the instrument is mounted. In some cases it can also be a global cabinet mode or a superposition of the global cabinet and local component modes. Dynamic properties of the significant modes can be calculated using Rayleigh–Ritz method. The engineering effort and computational time taken by the new method is a minute fraction of that by the finite element method.
Olmsted syndrome--congenital palmoplantar and periorificial keratoderma.

We are reporting the third case of the Olmsted syndrome, an entity that has received little attention in the medical literature. The syndrome consists of congenital diffuse, sharply marginated keratoderma of the palms and soles, onychodystrophy, constrictions of digits, and periorificial keratoses. Our patient, in addition, had congenital universal alopecia, absence of a premolar tooth, leukokeratosis of oral tissue, and hyperlaxity of the joints. The differential diagnosis includes hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia of the Clouston type, pachyonychia congenita, acrodermatitis enteropathica, keratoma hereditarium mutilans of Vohwinkel, mal de Meleda, and other forms of palmoplantar keratodermas. This patient had originally been reported as having acrodermatitis enteropathica, a condition with which the Olmsted syndrome can easily be confused. (J AM ACAD DERMATOL 10:600-610, 1984.)
Effective Stress in Unsaturated Silt at Low Degrees of Saturation

This paper presents an evaluation of the effective stress concept in unsaturated, compacted silt at low degrees of saturation. A set of isothermal, consolidated-drained triaxial tests was performed on silt specimens under different combinations of total suction and net normal stress. The total suction was controlled using an automated humidity system, and variables monitored during equilibration and shearing include anisotropic volume change, axial displacement, temperature, relative humidity at the top and bottom of the specimen, and the gas pressure difference across the specimen. The results from the triaxial tests were analyzed to examine the applicability of predicting the suction stress characteristic curve (SSCC) using parameters from soil water retention curve (SWRC) models fitted to experimental data obtained at low suction magnitudes. The SSCC predicted from the SWRC at low suctions was found to overpredict the suction stress values at high suctions obtained from back-extrapolation of the failure envelope to define the tensile strength. However, small adjustments in the fitting of the SWRC were found to provide a better fit between the SSCC and experimental suction stress data. The suction stress defined using the adjusted SWRC was found to provide a good interpretation of the critical state line in terms of mean effective stress over both high and low suction ranges.
Passive millimeter-wave holography enabled by optical up-conversion

We present a method for three-dimensional scene reconstruction in the millimeter-wave part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The millimeter waves captured by sparsely distributed antennas are up-converted to optical domain using electro-optic phase modulators. The modulation is a coherent process in that it preserves the phase information carried by the millimeter waves and encodes it in the phase of the optical carrier. In the optical domain, the signal is then transmitted using optical fibers to an optical cross-correlation engine where all pair-wise cross-correlation terms are measured. The 3D millimeter-wave representation of the scene is then reconstructed digitally from those crosscorrelation terms.
Development of a Bio-Inspired Acyl-Anion Equivalent Macrocyclization and Synthesis of a trans-Resorcylide Precursor

Studies on the macrocyclization of α,ω-dialdehydes have revealed a strong dependence on ring size with respect to the ultimate efficiency of the reaction. Strong catalyst dependence was observed, as thiazolium salts led to no detectable product formation, whereas electron-deficient triazolium salts served as precatalysts for the cyclization. Surprisingly, the N-pentafluorophenyl triazolium variant led to cyclization at room temperature within a short 90-min reaction time. These findings were applied to a range of substrates, including the synthesis of a key intermediate in a rapid synthesis of trans-resorcylide.
Loop and cyclic niche graphs

Abstract The niche graph of a digraph is a graph created by taking the vertices of the digraph and connecting any pair which occur in an in-neighborhood or an out-neighborhood of the digraph. Originally the problem of which graphs were the niche graphs of acyclic digraphs received much attention; this paper considers the effect of relaxing the requirement that the digraph be acyclic. Several new classes of graphs turn out to be niche graphs under this relaxation, but unlike the analogous result for competition graphs, many graphs still are not niche graphs, nor can they be made into niche graphs by adding isolated vertices.
Outsmarting a Mastermind

Moellering et al. recently reported that a cell-permeable "stapled" synthetic peptide of the Notch coactivator Mastermind is a potent dominant-negative inhibitor of oncogenic Notch signaling in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This new class of inhibitor may find broad utility in blocking protein-protein interactions that underlie many human diseases.
The Baire set fixing property and uniform continuity in topological groups

Every topological group that satisfies theM-Baire set fixing property and is left separable isdense in a retract of a product of metrizable groups. Since compact groups satisfy MBSFP, it is a corollary that compact groups are dyadic spaces (Kuz'minov). IfG satisfies MBSFP, then the left uniformity is separable if and only ifG satisfies the countable chain condition. Dense subgroups of left separable MBSFP groups satisfy MBSFP, and any product of left separable MBSFP groups satisfies MBSFP. A left separable group satisfies MBSFP if and only if the left uniformity is weak generated by natural maps to metrizable quotient groups. If for each α,Aα is a denseC-embedded set in the left separable MBSFP groupGα, then the real-compactification νΠAα = ΠνAα. It is a corollary that the product of pseudocompact groups is pseudocompact (Comfort and Ross). A locally compact group satisfies MBSFP if and only if it is metrizable or sigma compact (Ross and Stromberg, forG Abelian).
Half of the family members of critically ill patients experience excessive daytime sleepiness.

Background Sleepiness and fatigue are commonly reported by family members of intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Sleep deprivation may result in cognitive deficits. Sleep deprivation and cognitive blunting have not been quantitatively assessed in this population. We sought to determine the proportion of family members of ICU patients that experience excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep-associated functional impairment, and cognitive blunting.
Activation of ganglionic tyrosine hydroxylase by peptides of the secretin-glucagon family: Structure-function studies

The hydroxylation of tyrosine to dopa is the rate-limiting reaction in catecholamine biosynthesis. It has been previously reported that secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide histidine isoleucine amide, all members of the secretin-glucagon family of peptides, increase dopa synthesis in superior cervical ganglia in vitro. We report here that two other members of this peptide family, rat growth hormone-releasing factor and helodermin H38, a component of Gila monster venom, also increase the rate of dopa synthesis, while glucagon-like peptides I and II and a number of other peptides tested produce no effect. Since analogs of cAMP also increase dopa synthesis, it is of particular interest that all of the peptides that increase catechol synthesis also raise the levels of this cyclic nucleotide in the superior cervical ganglion. Helodermin H38 stimulated the rate of dopa synthesis and the level of cAMP with similar potencies (EC50S of approximately 10 nM) and with maximal effects of two- and two-fold, respectively. By either measure, rat growth hormone-releasing factor produced a two-fold increase at 10 microM and a three- to four-fold increase at 30 microM. Analogs of peptides of the secretin-glucagon family with a deletion or modification of the N-terminal histidine were much less effective in these assays at the concentrations tested than were their parent compounds, demonstrating an important role for this amino acid in conferring activity on these peptides. In addition to increasing dopa synthesis in intact tissue, incubation of ganglia with rat growth hormone-releasing factor, secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide or peptide histidine isoleucine amide also increased the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase measured subsequently in ganglion homogenates. Thus, the peptidergic stimulation of dopa synthesis observed in the intact superior cervical ganglion appears to be due, at least in part, to the activation of tyrosine hydroxylase. Together with previous studies, these findings support the hypothesis that certain members of the secretin-glucagon family increase catecholamine synthesis in sympathetic neurons by a cAMP-dependent activation of tyrosine hydroxylase.
Microanalysis of precipitates in aluminum-lithium alloys with a scanning ion microprobe

Abstract Scanning ion microscopy (SIM) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) are uniquely suited to the study of aluminum-lithium alloys because of the intense Li+ signal that is generated when high energy ions impinge on lithium-containing materials. We used a high-lateral-resolution scanning ion microprobe to determine the Li distribution in AlLi alloys containing less than about Li. In these alloys, the 7Li+ signal-to-background ratio is about 105. We obtained 7Li+, 27Al+ and 34(AlLi)+ distribution images exhibiting better than 100 nm spatial resolution that show both the distribution of Li in binary alloys and the morphology of δ (AlLi phase) plates. For the first time, SIM images of coarse (∼ 100 nm δ′ (Al3Li) precipitates were obtained by monitoring either the 27Al+, 7Li+ or the 34(AlLi)+ secondary ion signals and were compared directly with TEM images. These molecular ion signals can only be detected, without artifacts, in the complete absence of oxygen adsorbed on the alloy. Calibration data were obtained which form the basis for qualtitative Li measurement.
Anger management for adolescents: efficacy of brief group therapy.

ABSTRACT Objectives To investigate the efficacy of a brief, manual-based group therapy for adolescents with poor anger control. A previously developed anger management treatment package of 10 to 12 sessions was condensed to a 4-session package to be given within 2 weeks. Immediate effectiveness and the transfer of skills were investigated; anger management skills not only had to be acquired, they also had to be used in the adolescents' natural social interactions. Method Fifty adolescent psychiatric inpatients were selected for high levels of anger and randomly assigned to treatment or control conditions. Pre- and posttreatment measures were administered to subjects and adults who rated the subjects' behaviors. Results Pre/post self-report measures, as well as behavior ratings by adults, indicated that the patients who went through the anger management series exhibited significantly improved skills. Conclusions These results suggested that the intervention for adolescents was effective even though it was condensed, but it should not be further abbreviated.
The fractal nature of relevance: A hypothesis

This article proposes a new model, based on fractal geometry, for clusters of relevant documents. It reflects the relatively simple iterative search process used by interactive online searchers. The untested model has the additional attractive features of high lighting the logarithmic growth of clusters, which produces complexities in relevance judgments and document clusters not realized by typical models. It indicates that clusters formed using dynamic search strategies appear topologically distinct, indecomposable, and result from chaotic processes. The model also provides an intuitive definition and representation of cluster dimension which differentiates, where typical models do not, between them. The fractal model, then, gives an indication of what I believe are the limits on clustering relevant documents. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Functional Inferences Vary with the Method of Analysis in fMRI

Neuroanatomic substrates of specific cognitive functions have been inferred from anatomic distributions of activated pixels during fMRI studies. With declarative memory tasks, interest has focused on the extent to which various medial temporal lobe anatomic structures are activated while subjects encode new information. The aim of this project was to examine how commonly used variations in fMRI data processing methods affect the distribution of activation in anatomically defined medial temporal lobe regions of interest (ROIs) during a complex scene-encoding task. ROIs were drawn on an MRI anatomic template formed from 3D SPGR scans of eight subjects combined in Talairach space. Separate ROIs were drawn for the posterior and anterior hippocampal formation, parahippocampal gyrus, and entorhinal cortex. Twelve different activation maps were created for each subject by using four correlation coefficients and three cluster volumes. Friedman's two-way ANOVA by ranks was used to test the hypothesis that the distribution of activated pixels among defined anatomic ROIs varied as a function of the data processing method. By simply varying the combination of correlation coefficient and cluster volume, significantly different distributions of activation within named medial temporal lobe structures were obtained from the same fMRI datasets (P < 0.015; P < 0.001). The number of subjects studied (n = 8) is in a range commonly found in the literature yet this clearly resulted in spurious associations between processing parameter variations and activation distribution. Using data processing methods that are independent of the arbitrary selection of cutoff values for thresholding activation maps may reduce the likelihood of obtaining spurious results.
Carbon dioxide transport in xylem causes errors in estimation of rates of respiration in stems and branches of trees

ABSTRACT Complementary laboratory and ﬁeld experiments showedthat the internal transport of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in thexylem of trees is an important pathway for carbon move-ment. Carbon dioxide released by respiration dissolves insap and moves upward in the transpirational stream. Theconcentration of CO 2 in xylem sap can be up to three ordersof magnitude greater than that found in the atmosphere. Inthe present experiments, diffusion outward of a portion ofxylem-transported CO 2 caused a substantial overestimationof the apparent rate of stem and branch respiration. Ratesof CO 2 efﬂux were linearly related to sap CO 2 concentra-tion. Direct manipulations of xylem sap CO 2 concentrationproduced rapid and reversible changes in CO 2 efﬂux fromstems and branches, in some cases quadrupling the rate ofefﬂux. These results demonstrated that apparent rates ofstem and branch respiration of trees are in large part a by-product of the rate of CO 2 diffusion from xylem sap. Key-words : Liriodendron tulipifera
Application of knowledge-based expert systems for rating highway bridges

Abstract This paper presents the establishment of a Bridge Rating Expert System (BRES) by using a knowledge-based computer artificial intelligent expert system for analysis and rating of existing short span prestressed concrete highway bridges. The rating methods considered were: Inventory Rating, Operation Rating, Rating Factor Rating and Sufficiency Rating. A strength rating is based on the evaluation of existing prestressed concrete bridges in accordance with the American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) specifications, and inventory rating for all bridges according to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) guide for the Structure Inventory and Appraisal of the Nation's Bridges. The parameters considered were bridge type, dead loads, type of vehicle loading, bridge dimensions and cross-section, material properties, reinforcement details, and existing physical condition of the bridge. The results show that, through its runtime rule controller, user interface and linkage mechanisms, the BRES is a friendly user system for rating highway bridges. In addition, the EXSYSP shell provides an effective tool for other possible applications in civil engineering practice.
Fluorinated Copper Phthalocyanine Nanowires for Enhancing Interfacial Electron Transport in Organic Solar Cells

Zinc oxide is a promising candidate as an interfacial layer (IFL) in inverted organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells due to the n-type semiconducting properties as well as chemical and environmental stability. Such ZnO layers collect electrons at the transparent electrode, typically indium tin oxide (ITO). However, the significant resistivity of ZnO IFLs and an energetic mismatch between the ZnO and the ITO layers hinder optimum charge collection. Here we report that inserting nanoscopic copper hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (F16CuPc) layers, as thin films or nanowires, between the ITO anode and the ZnO IFL increases OPV performance by enhancing interfacial electron transport. In inverted P3HT:PC61BM cells, insertion of F16CuPc nanowires increases the short circuit current density (Jsc) versus cells with only ZnO layers, yielding an enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ∼3.6% vs ∼3.0% for a control without the nanowire layer. Similar effects are observed for inverted PTB7:PC71BM cells where the PCE is inc...
An evaluation of replacement fluids in laboratory animals following control hemorrhage.

Solutions of Dextran Ph, Plasmoid, Periston and isotonic saline were compared with serum albumin and whole blood to determine the efficacy of the former as blood substitutes. Rats, guinea pigs and dogs were used as experimental animals. Dextran Ph, Plasmoid and Periston were found to be less satisfactory than whole blood, since 50 to 80 per cent of the rats and guinea pigs survived following their use compared with 100 per cent survival when whole blood was given. There was, however, 100 per cent mortality of the animals when a blood substitute was not given.
Customers cocreating value with the firm: implications for IHRM

The purpose of this article is to develop a theoretical framework for governing an organization's relationships with customers engaged as contributors to the organization's business processes (i.e. customers as quasi-employees). Based on our suggested framework, we explain how appropriate customer-centric HRM practices can support more cost-effective and accommodating adaptations in the organization's governance of its relationships with customers. We complement these propositions with practical examples illustrating how customers who take different cooperative roles will increasingly become valuable organizational assets. The collaborating customers not only provide the information necessary for the successful performance of the service exchange, but also contribute human and social capital in performing tasks that are a complement to or a substitute for employee tasks. In conclusion, we outline implications for international human resource management (IHRM), as well as future research directions for exa...