cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypertension guidelines: How do they apply to kidney transplant recipients.

Hypertension is common among kidney transplant recipients and may result from traditional risk factors or transplant specific variables, which commonly include donor associated causes, immunosuppression, or transplant renal artery stenosis. Uncontrolled blood pressure in this patient population is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, and decreased graft survival. Despite these negative associations, there are no randomized controlled trials looking at the optimal blood pressure targets and identifying the best antihypertensive regimen for this special patient population. Multiple hypertension guidelines have been published in the last 10 years, but the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) and American Society of Transplantation (AST) guidelines are the only to recommended a target blood pressure in kidney transplant recipients. In this manuscript, we will review the available evidence based on randomized clinical trials and large observational studies in kidney transplant recipients. Pending new interventional trials, we believe that: a) a blood pressure target of ≤130/80 is a reasonable goal as suggested by KDIGO; b) the choice of antihypertensive agent should be based on the patients' other comorbidities; and c) achieving good blood pressure control is more important than the choice of the antihypertensive agent; however, the initial choice of antihypertensive medications should be calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, diuretics, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers as they have all been shown to reduce cardiovascular events in the general population.
Quantum Theory of Solitons and Squeezing

In Chap. 12 we studied the generation of squeezed vacuum in a Sagnac fiber loop at the zero-dispersion wavelength of the fiber. For practical reasons, pulses were used. In a dispersionless fiber, the analysis proceeds by subdividing the pulse into time intervals containing rectangular segments of intensity, each of which generates squeezed radiation within its time segment. The governing equation was linearized. If the Kerr effect is treated as instantaneous, the full nonlinear analysis runs into singularities [171]. A kind of ultraviolet catastrophe is produced because the zero-point fluctuations at all frequencies mix eventually. The linearized analysis avoids this singularity, and can be proven to be adequate for reasonable distances of propagation and amounts of squeezing [109]. A more careful model of the Kerr nonlinearity that takes the finite response time of the Kerr medium into account also avoids the singularity [171]. A third approach, that of quantizing the time in terms of shortest allowable time intervals [172], avoids the singularity but leads to unphysical periodicities. The quantized soliton equations introduce a bandwidth limitation via dispersion. As a consequence, the quantum analysis of solitons avoids entirely the singularities associated with an instantaneous Kerr response.
In situ determination of primary production by means of a new incubator ISIS

1. A new sampler-incubator, ISIS, is described which, by feeding a solution of carbon-14-carbonate into the sample at the moment of sampling, permits a true in situ determination of primary production in a water body. 2. Several experiments, which exemplify the ISIS technique, are described in detail. 3. The advantages and disadvantages of the new and current standard techniques for measuring primary production are discussed.
Disparities in pulmonary fibrosis care in the United States: an analysis from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a disease with high morbidity and mortality. Care for these patients, including lung transplantation, may provide significant benefits, but is resource-intensive and expensive. Disadvantaged patients with IPF may hence be at risk for receiving inferior care. We analyzed data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, a database consisting of all hospitalizations from a 20% sample of US hospitals. We identified adults hospitalized with IPF between 1998 and 2011 using ICD-9 codes. We assessed the effect of insurance coverage and socioeconomic status (SES) on lung transplantation, a treatment that may improve survival. We also examined the effect of coverage and SES on mortality, as well as discharge to inpatient rehabilitation and receipt of a lung biopsy, two markers of the intensity of care delivered. We used multiple logistic regression to adjust for patient and hospital characteristics. We identified 148,877 hospitalizations that met our definition of pulmonary fibrosis. In the main adjusted analyses, hospitalizations of patients with Medicaid (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.16–0.57) or no insurance (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.07–0.72) were less likely to result in a lung transplantation compared to hospitalizations of those with non-Medicaid insurance. Those of lower SES were also less likely to undergo transplantation, while hospitalized patients with Medicaid and the uninsured were less likely to be discharged to inpatient rehabilitation or to receive a lung biopsy. Among hospitalized patients with IPF, those with lower SES, Medicaid coverage and without insurance were less likely to receive several clinical interventions.
Physical function, quality of life and lymphocyte activation in breast cancer patients enrolled in an exercise intervention following chemotherapy

658 Chemotherapy for breast cancer negatively impacts physical function, the immune system and quality of life. Exercise has been shown to improve health related quality of life in breast cancer survivors. We previously reported that it helped in the recovery of lymphocytes. The purpose of this study was to determine if participation in an exercise program would lead to improvements in physical function and quality of life. Methods: Breast cancer patients (N=28, mean age 48.5 yrs) who participated in exercise training following chemotherapy were compared with patients (N=29, mean age 52.3 yrs) who did not train. This portion of the study consisted of three points: before therapy, after therapy, and after three months or 6 months of exercise. Patients underwent fitness evaluations after therapy and met with a trainer for one-on-one sessions three times a week. The training consisted of a 5 minute warm up, resistance training with elastic rubber bands, and approximately 20 minutes of aerobic activity at 60-75% functional capacity. All patients filled out a Functional Assessment of Cancer Related Therapy-Anemia (FACT-AN) at the three study points. A univariant analysis of variance was used to assess the association between fitness and quality of life. A Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to determine a change in lymphocyte activation and a Mann Whitney U test to determine a difference in lymphocyte activation between the two groups. Results: The exercisers showed an increase in fitness as measured by maximum oxygen uptake and upper body strength. After three months, the exercisers showed a significant improvement in overall quality of life, social well-being, anemia score, and fatigue. Moreover, there was an increase in CD4 T lymphocyte activation determined ex vivo and in vitro compared to subjects that did not exercise. Conclusions: Patients enrolled in anexercise intervention showed improvements in physical and immune parameters and quality of life. These findings demonstrate that exercise following chemotherapy results not only in physical benefits, but also improves mental health in patients recovering from cancer. Because the intervention consisted of strength and aerobic training that required minimal equipment, patients can exercise at home to improve compliance. Research supported by the US Army Medical Research and Material Command, DAMD 17-98-1-8142, General Clinical Research Center of The Pennsylvania State University, NIH M01 RR 10732, The Penn State University9s President Fund for Research and NSF REU grant through the Pennsylvania State University Nutrition Department. IRB# 16051
Loss of genetic diversity, recovery, and allele surfing in a colonizing parasite, Geomydoecus aurei

Understanding the genetic consequences of changes in species distributions has wide-ranging implications for predicting future outcomes of climate change, for protecting threatened or endangered populations and for understanding the history that has led to current genetic patterns within species. Herein, we examine the genetic consequences of range expansion over a 25-year period in a parasite (Geomydoecus aurei) that is in the process of expanding its geographic range via invasion of a novel host. By sampling the genetics of 1,935 G. aurei lice taken from 64 host individuals collected over this time period using 12 microsatellite markers, we test hypotheses concerning linear spatial expansion, genetic recovery time and allele surfing. We find evidence of decreasing allelic richness (AR) with increasing distance from the source population, supporting a linear, stepping stone model of spatial expansion that emphasizes the effects of repeated bottleneck events during colonization. We provide evidence of post-bottleneck genetic recovery, with average AR of infrapopulations increasing about 30% over the 225-generation span of time observed directly in this study. Our estimates of recovery rate suggest, however, that recovery has plateaued and that this population may not reach genetic diversity levels of the source population without further immigration from the source population. Finally, we employ a grid-based sampling scheme in the region of ongoing population expansion and provide empirical evidence for the power of allele surfing to impart genetic structure on a population, even under conditions of selective neutrality and in a place that lacks strong barriers to gene flow.
IMPACT OF CLINICAL PRESENTATION ON THE DETECTION OF VULNERABLE PLAQUE BY NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY: A LIPID RICH PLAQUE (LRP) STUDY SUB-ANALYSIS

Lipid rich plaque (LRP) can be detected by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict vulnerable plaque, as shown in the LRP Study. The aim of this analysis was to assess the impact of clinical presentation on non-culprit MACE (NC-MACE) in the context of the detection of vulnerable plaque by NIRS
RISKY BOOKS, REJECTED AUTHORS: Alfred Knopf and the Screening of Brazilian Literature

ABSTRACT As a lifelong editor, Alfred Knopf relentlessly searched Latin America for promising authors. But translating and publishing were not the only ways his firm helped to shape the reception of Latin American literature in the United States. On the flip side, for each Latin American book translated, Knopf and his associate editors rejected many others. This article analyses how the works of Brazilian writers were assessed by the Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. and discusses the intricate operation of selecting foreign fiction for translation into English.
Social Capital and Sentiment Implications Toward Buyer-Supplier Relationships: A Fuzzy Logic Approach

This study further explores the finding that among the four sentiment attributes, Information Sharing and Collaboration are most important in improving Supply Chain Management (SCM) performance. Fuzzy set-based modeling was used to extend the results of sentiment analysis expressed in social media for fit to goals in buyer-supplier partnerships for these two attributes. For the pharmaceutical industry sampled, it was determined that for Information Sharing, it was important that scores from sentiments be high in SCM partnerships to improve performance. Likewise, though slightly more important, a high volume of positive sentiments regarding Collaboration was good for partnerships. This seemingly reinforces the general belief that partners should share knowledge and collaborate positively on projects. Yet, Information Sharing was represented with more membership in high sentiment than Collaboration where it appears that SCM partners consider it important but they may not be expressing sentiment related to collaboration with partners. The contribution of this paper is a refinement of the sentiment analysis to include strength of fit of attributes to goals dependent upon statistical measures. The degree of Fit for each attribute related to sentiment analyses in SCM partnerships is dependent on the setting of the intervals and the belief in the high or low fuzzy probability of achieving the managerial goals. While one attribute may fit a goal level and the strength of the probability of achieving this goal, if the other attribute is not met, the partnership process may be flawed. The process is generalizable to other industries without loss of validity.
Design optimization methods for high-performance research reactor core design

Abstract Common objectives of high-performance research reactors include neutron scattering, materials irradiation, and isotope production. The design of a core that optimizes these multiple objectives often presents a multidimensional (i.e., in design space), multiobjective optimization problem. The developed systematic approach discussed herein draws on response surface methodology to validate and leverage a surrogate model to serve in place of high-fidelity computational analyses. Optimization and design analysis methods leverage this surrogate model to provide a flexible tool for generating optimized designs and understanding the impact of design decisions on desired metrics. In applications to High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) low-enriched uranium (LEU) core designs, neutronic, isotopic evolution, and thermal hydraulic analyses are used to generate key performance and safety metrics for assessing the feasibility and fitness of given designs. Three optimized designs that consider different desired metrics and constraints (e.g., key metric weighting and fabrication constraints) are presented, providing potential design options that satisfy the requirements for HFIR’s conversion from high enriched uranium to LEU fuel.
Determination of the international maize price: What is the growing role of Brazil and Ukraine?

This paper examines the relationships among maize prices for four countries to determine if newly emerging exporters, Brazil and Ukraine, influence the international price of maize. Our work focuses on each market's participation in the price discovery process rather than trying to determine a price leader. We find that the United States plays the largest role in price discovery, followed by Argentina, Brazil, and Ukraine. We also search for export thresholds and find that Ukraine's contribution to price discovery rises slightly when an export threshold of 2.3 million tons is reached. No export thresholds were found for Brazil. Export thresholds for Argentina were found but only have a minor impact on price relationships. We also found that price relationships vary considerably across seasons of the year.
Prenatal Origins of ASD: The When, What, and How of ASD Development

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a largely heritable, multistage prenatal disorder that impacts a child's ability to perceive and react to social information. Most ASD risk genes are expressed prenatally in many ASD-relevant brain regions and fall into two categories: broadly expressed regulatory genes that are expressed in the brain and other organs, and brain-specific genes. In trimesters one to three (Epoch-1), one set of broadly expressed (the majority) and brain-specific risk genes disrupts cell proliferation, neurogenesis, migration, and cell fate, while in trimester three and early postnatally (Epoch-2) another set (the majority being brain specific) disrupts neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and the 'wiring' of the cortex. A proposed model is that upstream, highly interconnected regulatory ASD gene mutations disrupt transcriptional programs or signaling pathways resulting in dysregulation of downstream processes such as proliferation, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and neural activity. Dysregulation of signaling pathways is correlated with ASD social symptom severity. Since the majority of ASD risk genes are broadly expressed, many ASD individuals may benefit by being treated as having a broader medical disorder. An important future direction is the noninvasive study of ASD cell biology.
Assessing the Longitudinal Impact of Physician-Patient Relationship on Functional Health

PURPOSE Access to a usual source of care is associated with improved health outcomes, but research on how the physician-patient relationship affects a patient’s health, particularly long-term, is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the longitudinal effect of changes in the physician-patient relationship on functional health. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study using the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS, 2015-2016). The outcome was 1-year change in functional health (12-Item Short-Form Survey). The predictors were quality of physician-patient relationship, and changes in this relationship, operationalized with the MEPS Primary Care (MEPS-PC) Relationship subscale, a composite measure with preliminary evidence of reliability and validity. Confounders included age, sex, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, insurance status, US region, and multimorbidity. We conducted analyses with survey-weighted, covariate-adjusted, predicted marginal means, used to calculate Cohen effect estimates. We tested differences in trajectories with multiple pairwise comparisons with Tukey contrasts. RESULTS Improved physician-patient relationships were associated with improved functional health, whereas worsened physician-patient relationships were associated with worsened functional health, with 1-year effect estimates ranging from 0.05 (95% CI, 0-0.10) to 0.08 (95% CI, 0.02-0.13) compared with −0.16 (95% CI, −0.35 to −0.03) to −0.33 (95% CI, −0.47 to −0.02), respectively. CONCLUSION The quality of the physician-patient relationship is positively associated with functional health. These findings could inform health care strategies and health policy aimed at improving patient-centered health outcomes.
Prone positioning for patients intubated for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) secondary to COVID-19: a retrospective observational cohort study

Abstract Background The role of repeated prone positioning in intubated subjects with acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by COVID-19 remains unclear. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study of critically ill intubated patients with COVID-19 who were placed in the prone position between March 18, 2020 and March 31, 2020. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy, reintubation, and previous prone positioning at a referring hospital. Patients were followed up until hospital discharge. The primary outcome was oxygenation assessed by partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio (Pao2/Fio2) ratio. A positive response to proning was defined as an increase in Pao2/Fio2 ratio ≥20%. Treatment failure of prone positioning was defined as death or requirement for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Results Forty-two subjects (29 males; age: 59 [52–69] yr) were eligible for analysis. Nine subjects were placed in the prone position only once, with 25 requiring prone positioning on three or more occasions. A total of 31/42 (74%) subjects survived to discharge, with five requiring ECMO; 11/42 (26%) subjects died. After the first prone positioning session, Pao2/Fio2 (mean (standard deviation)) ratio increased from 17.9 kPa (7.2) to 28.2 kPa (12.2) (P Conclusion Patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome frequently responded to initial prone positioning with improved oxygenation. Subsequent prone positioning in subjects discharged from hospital was associated with greater improvements in oxygenation.
Seasonal modulation of phytoplankton biomass in the Southern Ocean.

Over the last ten years, satellite and geographically constrained in situ observations largely focused on the northern hemisphere have suggested that annual phytoplankton biomass cycles cannot be fully understood from environmental properties controlling phytoplankton division rates (e.g., nutrients and light), as they omit the role of ecological and environmental loss processes (e.g., grazing, viruses, sinking). Here, we use multi-year observations from a very large array of robotic drifting floats in the Southern Ocean to determine key factors governing phytoplankton biomass dynamics over the annual cycle. Our analysis reveals seasonal phytoplankton accumulation (‘blooming’) events occurring during periods of declining modeled division rates, an observation that highlights the importance of loss processes in dictating the evolution of the seasonal cycle in biomass. In the open Southern Ocean, the spring bloom magnitude is found to be greatest in areas with high dissolved iron concentrations, consistent with iron being a well-established primary limiting nutrient in this region. Under ice observations show that biomass starts increasing in early winter, well before sea ice begins to retreat. The average theoretical sensitivity of the Southern Ocean to potential changes in seasonal nutrient and light availability suggests that a 10% change in phytoplankton division rate may be associated with a 50% reduction in mean bloom magnitude and annual primary productivity, assuming simple changes in the seasonal magnitude of phytoplankton division rates. Overall, our results highlight the importance of quantifying and accounting for both division and loss processes when modeling future changes in phytoplankton biomass cycles. Phytoplankton are biogeochemically important but the drivers of their seasonal cycles in the Southern Ocean are poorly resolved. Here the authors use seven years of ARGO float data to measure bloom initiation, decline and termination throughout the Southern Ocean, finding that bloom dynamics are especially sensitive to the coupling between cell division rates and loss processes.
Charting the Legality of Religious-based Exemptions to COVID-19 Vaccinations

With the flow of COVID-19 vaccines accelerating across the U.S., assuring rapid, equitable access to vaccines presupposes that every American can and wants to be vaccinated. Some populations (children and immuno-compromised persons, for example) are ineligible or unfit candidates. Others may resist vaccinations for additional reasons. Fueled by misinformation, extensive government distrust, and divergent political ideologies, vaccine hesitancy runs rampant. National guidelines do not mandate COVID-19 vaccinations among specific groups, but state/local-based requirements are possible. Some private health care employers are already requiring vaccines among employees and volunteers. Other mandates may surface as immunization increasingly becomes one’s active pass to work, travel, or attend public activities. The national push to vaccinate coupled with rising mandates may lead many Americans to claim potential violations of religious freedoms absent accommodations. The legality of religious exemptions from vaccinations is explored further in this commentary.
CMOS RF reliability for 5G mmWave applications - Challenges and Opportunities

CMOS RF technologies are now entering mainstream due to opportunities presented by 5G technologies. RF Front-End-Module designs to enable 5G mmWave applications focus on performance and efficiency RF metrics. One key element that also requires focus and attention is RF reliability. This work will focus on key challenges in evaluating RF reliability at device and circuit level and the opportunities that exist towards meeting these requirements to enable successful designs.
Impact of chloride-rich crystalloids on sepsis-associated community-acquired acute kidney injury recovery in critically ill patients.

The use of chloride-rich crystalloids for resuscitation is associated with acute kidney injury (AKI). We aimed to explore the impact of resuscitation with chloride-rich crystalloids compared to balanced crystalloids on kidney function recovery in patients presenting with sepsis-associated community-acquired AKI (SACA-AKI). This is a single-center, historical cohort study of the adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) with sepsis-associated community-acquired-AKI at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, from January 2011 to April 2018. We divided the cohort into two groups based on the primary type of crystalloids they received in the ED and the first 48-h of ICU. The first group received primarily normal saline with < 25% balanced solutions, and the second group received at least ≥ 25% balanced crystalloids during the initial volume resuscitation. Among the 732 enrolled patients [mean age: 64 ± 17, males: 461(63%)], 255 (35%) were in the second group and were found to have higher positive fluid balance during the first 48-h of admission compared to the first group [median + 2.3 (IQR: 0.4; 4.5) vs. + 1.1 (IQR: − 0.8; + 2.9) L, p < 0.001]. The second group had a higher rate of kidney function recovery by multivariate logistic regression after adjustments for known recovery risk factors (OR 1.46; 95% CI 1.05–2.04, p = 0.02). The use of balanced crystalloids during the initial resuscitation is associated with higher odds of kidney function recovery in AKI patients with sepsis-associated community-acquired AKI.
Westinghouse EMACK Railgun

Westinghouse Electric Corporation was the early leader in railgun technology in the 1980s and developed the 16 to 30 MJ stored energy homopolar-generator (HPG) powered system, EMACK, which provided the highest muzzle energy of any railgun from 1982 to 1988 during testing at Westinghouse Research and Development Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, and after installation at ARDEC, Picatinny, NJ, USA. Details of the design, components, and fabrication of EMACK are provided here, and results from the abbreviated initial testing are included. Many scientists, engineers and technical staff who worked on the project described here some 30 to 40+ years ago have by now mostly retired, moved on to other activities, or sadly, in several cases, are deceased. However, it would be remiss if their pioneering efforts were not recognized, and this article attempts to do that. Prospects for future energy storage and pulsed power developments using HPGs and more recent developments are also discussed.
Integrating a dynamic multiscale drying model into a closed loop control strategy for laboratory spray dryer

Spray drying is a widely used unit operation in synthesis of particles for production of chemicals, food, and pharmaceuticals. However, accurate control and development of this unit remains an elus...
Mitral and Tricuspid Valve Anomalies

As with all of the many facets of congenital heart disease, there is a wide diversity of congenital pathologies affecting both the mitral and tricuspid valves. Abnormalities of an atrioventricular (AV) valve can result in stenosis, regurgitation, or some combination of the two, and accurate anatomic and functional assessment is critical for their management. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)—with its ability to image valvar anatomy, motion, and function with superior real-time temporal and spatial resolution—is considered the primary imaging tool for AV valve assessment in the intraoperative setting, where it plays an indispensable role for the monitoring of mitral and tricuspid valve surgery. However, it is also integral to a number of other clinical settings, such as the diagnostic evaluation of AV valve disease in older patients with poor transthoracic echocardiographic windows, or for the assessment of possible endocarditis. The emergence of three-dimensional imaging capabilities has further augmented the utility of TEE, by significantly enhancing the ability to display and understand complex AV valve disease. This chapter reviews the diverse and complex mitral and tricuspid abnormalities commonly found in children and young adults, and the important role that TEE plays in their evaluation and management.
Multifamily energy-efficiency retrofit programs: a Florida case study

Multifamily buildings are an important target for efficiency improvements because of their energy savings potential and housing market share. Yet few multifamily retrofit projects have been completed in hot-humid regions and even fewer studies have measured and verified savings from such projects. Addressing this gap, the purpose of our research is to assess the impacts of energy-efficiency upgrades to multifamily buildings in Orlando, FL. Specifically, we measure the first-year electricity savings from retrofits to 232 units in four apartment complexes. Annual savings per unit averaged 2094 kWh (22 %) and ranged from 1700 kWh (18 %) to 3811 kWh (29 %) across complexes. Monthly savings ranged from 48 kWh (9.4 %) in December to 340 kWh (31 %) in August. From these core findings, we estimate that tenants in treatment units saved an average of $272 on their electric bills. We also find evidence to support a strategy of targeting upgrades to improve overall savings and program cost-effectiveness. Results are being used to guide development of a utility demand-side management program for multifamily property owners. Progress in this market requires additional pilot projects, access to utility data, reliable measurement and verification of savings, and innovative financing structures.
Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Differentiation and Cell Cycle

Publisher Summary Mature vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) differ from cardiac and skeletal myocytes in that they are not terminally differentiated and they retain their ability to reenter the cell cycle in response to appropriate environmental stimuli. Expression of Cell cycle regulatory proteins in the VSMCs of the vessel wall is temporally and spatially regulated during injury induced lesion formation. Analyses of the kinetics and activity of cell cycle regulatory factors have revealed a marked induction of the cdk2 cyclin-dependent kinase and its cyclin E regulatory subunit within the eight hours of injury. The importance of cell cycle regulatory molecules during intimal hyperplasia is underscored by the observation that injury-induced lesion formation is inhibited by molecules that can interfere with cell-cycle progression. Recently, the expression of the cdk inhibitors p21 and p27 in VSMCs has been shown to be regulated by the composition of the extracellular matrix. Thus, extracellular matrix may play a key role in maintaining homeostasis of the vasculature, whereby integrins provide a sensing mechanism utilized by VSMCs to monitor tissue integrity within the artery. Endothelial release of nitric oxide (NO) is believed to function as a physiological regulator of VSMC proliferation.
Neighborhood services, trip purpose, and tour-based travel

Communities are increasingly looking to land use planning strategies to reduce drive-alone travel. Many planning efforts aim to develop neighborhoods with higher levels of accessibility that will allow residents to shop closer to home and drive fewer miles. To better understand how accessible land use patterns relate to household travel behavior, this paper is divided into three sections. The first section describes the typical range of services available in areas with high neighborhood accessibility. It explains how trip-based travel analysis is limited because it does not consider the linked (chained) nature of most travel. The second section describes a framework that provides a more behavioral understanding of household travel. This framework highlights travel tours, the sequence of trips that begin and end at home, as the basic unit of analysis. The paper offers a typology of travel tours to account for different travel purposes; by doing so, this typology helps understand tours relative to the range of services typically offered in accessible neighborhoods. The final section empirically analyzes relationships between tour type and neighborhood access using detailed travel data from the Central Puget Sound region (Seattle, Washington). Households living in areas with higher levels of neighborhood access are found to complete more tours and make fewer stops per tour. They make more simple tours (out and back) for work and maintenance (personal, appointment, and shopping) trip purposes but there is no difference in the frequency of other types of tours. While they travel shorter distances for maintenance-type errands, a large portion of their maintenance travel is still pursued outside the neighborhood. These findings suggest that while higher levels of neighborhood access influences travel tours, it does not spur households to complete the bulk of their errands close to home.
Critical Issues in Physical Education

(1958). Critical Issues in Physical Education. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 26-66.
Communication Research and African National Development

Africa is at the crossroads of success and failure in the crucial area of communication and national/human development. The overall condition of most African states reflects the legacies of their colonial past. The communication systems that are prevalent in these societies are primarily Western in structure and orientation. All of the African states rely on the two major forms of mass communication-electronic and print media. Granted, Africa exists within a world community that relies on these two forms of media communication as its primary outlets for mass distribution of news. Africa, however, possesses significant communication forms and structures that are gravely neglected, and whose potential has not yet been fully explored.' These forms, the dance, drama, song, and ritual, require attention and study within a setting that is dominated by Western and traditional media. Through research, we may be able to unearth in Africa mass media forms that could greatly supplement the present electronic and print media. In this article, I am to examine two areas of significance for communication and national/human development in
Cultural Determinants of Knowledge Management System Training Outcomes: The Mediating Effect of Learning Preferences

Knowledge is lost by organizations when it is not used or when knowledgeable individuals leave the organization. Knowledge Management Systems or KMS are designed help organizations capture and retain the knowledge embedded within their people. The effectiveness of KMS is dependent the match between the match between the KMS design and the learning preferences of the user. This study aims to determine to what extent these learning preferences are dependent on culture. A survey was administered to individuals who are likely to soon become KMS users, in the USA, China and France. This study contributes to the KMS literature by demonstrating that learning preferences are related to culture, and suggests that KMS effectiveness is dependent on the match between the design on the KMS and the learning preferences of the user. Specific KMS design recommendations include incorporating group activities and providing more flexibility.
4.5 Interaction of Bacteria and their Products with Tissue Culture Cells

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses interaction of bacteria and their products with tissue culture cells. Two general considerations apply to the use of cultured cells with bacteria— namely, avoiding contamination of cell cultures and using cells at a consistent phase of growth. Occult contamination of cell cultures can cause erratic cell growth and experimental results that cannot be repeated. Overt contamination of cell cultures causes loss of valuable time and occasionally loss of valuable cell lines. The second general consideration, culturing cells to a consistent phase of growth, requires that cells be split and seeded consistently for experiments. Typically, cells are used just before reaching confluence, equivalent to growth covering approximately 80% of the growing surface, to ensure that the cells are in log phase growth. Further, the chapter discusses the use of polarized, differentiated, and multiple layer cell culture systems. Multiple layer cell culture systems attempt to incorporate the complexities of interactions between barrier cells and supporting cells, such as epithelial and endothelial cell bilayer, or endothelial and smooth muscle cell bilayers.
Continuum Electrostatic Probes in the Presence of Negative Ions: A Numerical Solution

T response of a flush-mounted electrostatic probe is studied for a weakly ionized flowing plasma in the presence of negative ions. By working with the governing equations for the entire region rather than the resulting approximating equations in subregions as is commonly done, the charged particle distributions and the electric potential are evaluated directly, without making any prior assumptions about how the solution behaves in separate ambipolar and sheath regions. Numerically calculated current-voltage (CV) characteristics are given for unequal electron and ion temperatures and also curves which exhibit the detailed structure of the sheath region.
Harlow Shapley: a View from the Harvard Archives

This exhibit featured facsimiles of some letters that Shapley exchanged with George Ellery Hale, Henry Norris Russell, and Heber Doust Curtis from 1917 when he was at Mount Wilson working on globular clusters to 1921 when he became Director of Harvard College Observatory.
Methionine acts as a “magnet” in photoaffinity crosslinking experiments

Photoaffinity crosslinking has been utilized to probe the nature of the ligand–receptor interface for a number of G protein-coupled receptor systems. Often the photoreactive benzophenone moiety incorporated in the ligand is found to react with a methionine in the receptor. We introduced methionines one-at-a-time into the region 163–176 of the parathyroid hormone receptor, and find that crosslinking occurs to the side-chain of methionine over a range of 11 amino acids. We call this the “Magnet Effect” of methionine. Hence, crosslinking contact points can be significantly shifted by the presence of methionine in a receptor domain.
Critical Early Roles for col27a1a and col27a1b in Zebrafish Notochord Morphogenesis, Vertebral Mineralization and Post-embryonic Axial Growth

Background: Fibrillar collagens are well known for their links to human diseases, with which all have been associated except for the two most recently identified fibrillar collagens, type XXIV collagen and type XXVII collagen. To assess functions and potential disease phenotypes of type XXVII collagen, we examined its roles in zebrafish embryonic and post-embryonic development. Methodology/Principal Findings: We identified two type XXVII collagen genes in zebrafish, col27a1a and col27a1b. Both col27a1a and col27a1b were expressed in notochord and cartilage in the embryo and early larva. To determine sites of type XXVII collagen function, col27a1a and col27a1b were knocked down using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides. Knockdown of col27a1a singly or in conjunction with col27a1b resulted in curvature of the notochord at early stages and formation of scoliotic curves as well as dysmorphic vertebrae at later stages. These defects were accompanied by abnormal distributions of cells and protein localization in the notochord, as visualized by transmission electron microscopy, as well as delayed vertebral mineralization as detected histologically. Conclusions/Significance: Together, our findings indicate a key role for type XXVII collagen in notochord morphogenesis and axial skeletogenesis and suggest a possible human disease phenotype.
Munchausen's Syndrome by Proxy and Video Surveillance

Sir.—In their informative article in the October 1987 issue ofAJDCdescribing various aspects of Munchausen's syndrome by proxy, Zitelli et al1made the statement, "Practices such as secretly going through mother's possessions, unannounced home visits,2and concealed videotaping3may be unacceptable to many professionals, difficult to carry out, and in some instances illegal [reference numbers changed]." We strongly disagree with the authors' inclusion of concealed videotaping (with reference to our 1983 article3) among unacceptable or illegal practices. We also find such an inclusion surprising, since the authors emphasized the difficulty of achieving a favorable outcome in legal proceedings initiated to protect the child. Our decision to use hidden camera surveillance in this instance,3and in subsequent cases,4was based on the knowledge that a definitive diagnosis, supported by incontrovertible evidence, is crucial in such court proceedings. We believe that our primary obligation,
GABAergic Interneurons: Implications for Understanding Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder

A core component to corticolimbic circuitry is the GABAergic interneuron. Neuroanatomic studies conducted over the past century have demonstrated several subtypes of interneuron defined by characteristic morphological appearances in Golgi-stained preparations. More recently, both cytochemical and electrophysiological techniques have defined various subtypes of GABA neuron according to synaptic connections, electrophysiological properties and neuropeptide content. These cells provide both inhibitory and disinhibitory modulation of cortical and hippocampal circuits and contribute to the generation of oscillatory rhythms, discriminative information processing and gating of sensory information within the corticolimbic system. All of these functions are abnormal in schizophrenia. Recent postmortem studies have provided consistent evidence that a defect of GABAergic neurotransmission probably plays a role in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Many now believe that such a disturbance may be related to a perturbation of early development, one that may result in a disturbance of cell migration and the formation of normal lamination. The ingrowth of extrinsic afferents, such as the mesocortical dopamine projections, may “trigger” the appearance of a defective GABA system, particularly under stressful conditions when the modulation of the dopamine system is likely to be altered. Based on the regional and subregional distribution of changes in GABA cells in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, it has been postulated that the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala may contribute to these abnormalities through an increased flow of excitatory activity. By using “partial” modeling, changes in the GABA system remarkably similar to those seen in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have been induced in rat hippocampus. In the years to come, continued investigations of the GABA system in rodent, primate and human brain and the characterization of changes in specific phenotypic subclasses of interneurons in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder will undoubtedly provide important new insights into how the integration of this transmitter system may be altered in neuropsychiatric disease.
Hydrogen atom dislocation in the excited state of anthranilic acid: probing the carbonyl stretch fundamental and the effects of water complexation

This paper describes further efforts to understand the excited state hydrogen atom dislocation of anthranilic acid. Resonant ion-dip infrared spectroscopy was used to probe the carbonyl stretch fundamental in both the ground and excited states in an effort to observe the excited state behavior of the heavy atoms surrounding the displaced hydrogen. A small peak in the excited state infrared spectrum was tentatively assigned to the carbonyl stretch fundamental, shifted 80 cm−1 to the red of its position in the ground state, indicative of a significant weakening of the CO bond. CASSCF calculations on a prototypical system, 3-amino-2-propenoic acid, were carried out to aid interpretation of vibrational frequencies and intensities. The effects of water complexation on the excited state hydrogen atom dislocation were also investigated. The vibronic spectrum, acquired by resonant two-photon ionization, displayed similar features as the monomer spectrum, as well as a progression in a low frequency intermolecular vibration. The infrared spectrum of the water complex, supported by density functional theory calculations, established that the water binds between the carbonyl oxygen and the acid hydrogen. The NH stretch fundamentals of the water complex in the ground and excited state were quite similar to those of the monomer, indicating complexation to water has little effect on the hydrogen atom dislocation
Neighborhood crime as a predictor of individual differences in emotional processing and regulation

Emerging research suggests that early exposure to environmental adversity has important implications for the development of brain regions associated with emotion regulation, yet little is known about how such adversity translates into observable differences in children's emotion-related behavior. The present study examines the relationship between geocoded neighborhood crime and urban pre-adolescents' emotional attention, appraisal, and response. Results indicate that living in a high-crime neighborhood is associated with greater selective attention toward negatively valenced emotional stimuli on a dot probe task, less biased appraisal of fear on a facial identification task, and lower rates of teacher-reported internalizing behaviors in the classroom. These findings suggest that children facing particularly high levels of environmental threat may develop different regulatory processes (e.g. greater use of emotional suppression) than their peers from low-crime neighborhoods in order to manage the unique stressors and social demands of their communities.
2005 Special Issue: Bayesian model selection for mining mass spectrometry data

A procedure for learning a probabilistic model from mass spectrometry data that accounts for domain specific noise and mitigates the complexity of Bayesian structure learning is presented. We evaluate the algorithm by applying the learned probabilistic model to microorganism detection from mass spectrometry data.
Astrophysics: how to make a massive star.

Two competing theories have been applied to the formation of high-mass stars. Observations of two stellar systems now suggest that the accretion model has a weightier claim than its rival merger model.