cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discovering characteristic landmarks on ancient coins using convolutional networks

We propose a method to find characteristic landmarks and recognize ancient Roman imperial coins using deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) combined with expert-designed domain hierarchies. We first propose a framework to recognize Roman coins that exploits the hierarchical knowledge structure embedded in the coin domain, which we combine with the CNN-based category classifiers. We next formulate an optimization problem to discover class-specific salient coin regions. Analysis of discovered salient regions confirms that they are largely consistent with human expert annotations. Experimental results show that the proposed framework is able to effectively recognize ancient Roman coins as well as successfully identify landmarks on the coins. For this research, we have collected a Roman coin dataset where all coins are annotated and consist of obverse (head) and reverse (tail) images.
$N =1$ supergravitational heterotic galileons

Heterotic M -theory consists of a five-dimensional manifold of the form S1/Z2 × M4. It has been shown that one of the two orbifold planes, the “observable” sector, can have a low energy particle spectrum which is precisely the N = 1 super-symmetric standard model with three right-handed neutrino chiral supermultiplets. The other orbifold plane constitutes a “hidden” sector which, since its communication with the observable sector is suppressed, will be ignored in this paper. However, the finite fifth-dimension allows for the existence of three-brane solitons which, in order to render the vacuum anomaly free, must appear. That is, heterotic M -theory provides a natural framework for brane-world cosmological scenarios coupled to realistic particle physics. The complete worldvolume action of such three-branes is unknown. Here, treating these solitons as probe branes, we construct their scalar worldvolume Lagrangian as a derivative expansion of the heterotic DBI action. In analogy with similar calculations in the M5 and AdS5 context, this leads to the construction of “heterotic Galileons”. However, realistic vacua of heterotic M -theory are necessarily N = 1 supersymmetric in four dimensions. Hence, we proceed to supersymmetrize the three-brane worldvolume action, first in flat superspace and then extend the results to N = 1 supergravity. Such a worldvolume action may lead to interesting cosmology, such as “bouncing” universe models, by allowing for the violation of the Null Energy Condition (NEC).
Small 3-manifolds with large Heegaard distance

We construct examples of closed non-Haken hyperbolic 3-manifolds with a Heegaard splitting of arbitrarily large distance.
On the ground state energy of the delta-function Fermi gas

The weak coupling asymptotics to order γ of the ground state energy of the delta-function Fermi gas, derived heuristically in the literature, is here made rigorous. Further asymptotics are in principle computable. The analysis applies to the Gaudin integral equation, a method previously used by one of the authors for the asymptotics of large Toeplitz matrices.
Modified Scattering for the Boson Star Equation

We consider the question of scattering for the boson star equation in three space dimensions. This is a semi-relativistic Klein-Gordon equation with a cubic nonlinearity of Hartree type. We combine weighted estimates, obtained by exploiting a special null structure present in the equation, and a refined asymptotic analysis performed in Fourier space, to obtain global solutions evolving from small and localized Cauchy data. We describe the behavior of such solutions at infinity by identifying a suitable nonlinear asymptotic correction to scattering. As a byproduct of the weighted energy estimates alone, we also obtain global existence and (linear) scattering for solutions of semi-relativistic Hartree equations with potentials decaying faster than Coulomb.
Statistical inference for the mean outcome under a possibly non-unique optimal treatment strategy

We consider challenges that arise in the estimation of the mean outcome under an optimal individualized treatment strategy defined as the treatment rule that maximizes the population mean outcome, where the candidate treatment rules are restricted to depend on baseline covariates. We prove a necessary and sufficient condition for the pathwise differentiability of the optimal value, a key condition needed to develop a regular and asymptotically linear (RAL) estimator of the optimal value. The stated condition is slightly more general than the previous condition implied in the literature. We then describe an approach to obtain root-n rate confidence intervals for the optimal value even when the parameter is not pathwise differentiable. We provide conditions under which our estimator is RAL and asymptotically efficient when the mean outcome is pathwise differentiable. We also outline an extension of our approach to a multiple time point problem. All of our results are supported by simulations.
Clocked Magnetostriction-Assisted Spintronic Device Design and Simulation

We propose a heterostructure device comprised of magnets and piezoelectrics, which significantly improves the delay and the energy dissipation of an all-spin logic (ASL) device. This paper studies and models the physics of the device, illustrates its operation, and benchmarks its performance using SPICE simulations. We show that the proposed device maintains low-voltage operation, nonreciprocity, nonvolatility, cascadability, and thermal reliability of the original ASL device. Moreover, by utilizing the deterministic switching of a magnet from the saddle point of the energy profile, the device is more efficient in terms of energy and delay and is robust to thermal fluctuations. The results of simulations show that compared to ASL devices, the proposed device achieves $21\times $ shorter delay and $27\times $ lower energy dissipation per bit for a 32-bit arithmetic-logic unit.
Tentative identification of interstellar dust in the magnetic wall of the heliosphere

Observations of the weak polarization of light from nearby stars, reported by Tinbergen, are consistent with polarization by small (radius <0.14 μm), interstellar dust grains entrained in the magnetic wall of the heliosphere. The region of maximum polarization is toward ecliptic coordinates (λ, β) ~ (295°, 0°), corresponding to (l, b) = (20°, -21°). The direction of maximum polarization is offset along the ecliptic longitude by ~35° from the nose of the heliosphere and extends to low ecliptic latitudes. An offset is also seen between the region with the best-aligned dust grains, λ ~ 281°-330°, and the upwind direction of the undeflected large grains, λ ~ 259°, β ~ +8°, which are observed by Ulysses and Galileo to be flowing into the heliosphere. In the aligned-grain region, the strength of polarization anticorrelates with ecliptic latitude, indicating that the magnetic wall is predominantly at negative ecliptic latitudes. An extension of the magnetic wall to β < 0°, formed by the interstellar magnetic field BIS draped over the heliosphere, is consistent with predictions by Linde (1998). A consistent interpretation follows if the maximum-polarization region traces the heliosphere magnetic wall in a direction approximately perpendicular to BIS, while the region of best-aligned dust samples the region where BIS drapes smoothly over the heliosphere with maximum compression. These data are consistent with BIS being tilted by 60° with respect to the ecliptic plane and parallel to the Galactic plane. Interstellar dust grains captured in the heliosheath may also introduce a weak, but important, large-scale contaminant for the cosmic microwave background signal with a symmetry consistent with the relative tilts of BIS and the ecliptic.
Farrell cohomology of low genus pure mapping class groups with punctures

In this paper, we calculate the p-torsion of the Farrell cohomology for low genus pure mapping class groups with punctures, where p is an odd prime. Here, 'low genus' means g = 1, 2, 3; and 'pure mapping class groups withpunctures' means the mapping class groups with any number of punctures, where the punctures are not allowed to be permuted. These calculations use our previous results about the periodicity of pure mapping class groups with punctures, as well as other cohomological tools. The low genus cases are interesting because we know that the high genus cases can be reduced to the low genus ones. Also, the cohomological properties of the mapping class groups without punctures are closely related to our cases.
Measurement and Control of Single Nitrogen-Vacancy Center Spins above 600 K

Using deftly designed and fabricated devices combining nitrogen-vacancy centers with on-chip heating and thermometry components, a group at University of California, Santa Barbara, expand the measurement, understanding, and control of single spins in the NV centers into a broad thermal range spanning from room temperature to above 600 K.
STAR CLUSTERS IN M31. V. INTERNAL DYNAMICAL TRENDS: SOME TROUBLESOME, SOME REASSURING

We present internal velocity dispersions and precise radial velocities for 200 globular clusters (GCs) in M31 that are derived using new high-resolution spectra from MMT/Hectochelle. Of these, 163 also have King model structural parameters that allow us to estimate their mass-to-light ratios. This is, by far, the largest such data set available for any galaxy, including the Milky Way. These data strongly confirm earlier suggestions that the optical and near-infrared mass-to-light ratios of M31 GCs decline with increasing metallicity. This behavior is the opposite of that predicted by stellar population models for a standard initial mass function. We show that this phenomenon does not appear to be caused by standard dynamical evolution. A shallower mass function for metal-rich GCs (with dN/dM∝M –0.8-M –1.3 below 1 M ☉) can explain the bulk of extant observations. We also observe a consistent, monotonic correlation between mass-to-light ratio and cluster mass. This correlation, in contrast to the correlation with metallicity, is well explained by the accepted model of dynamical evolution of GCs through mass segregation and the preferential loss of low-mass stars, and these data are among the best available to constrain this process.
The Mandelstam-Leibbrandt prescription in light-cone quantized gauge theories

Quantization of gauge theories on characteristic surfaces and in the light-cone gauge is discussed. Implementation of the Mandelstam-Leibbrandt prescription for the spurious singularity is shown to require two distinct null planes, with independent degrees of freedom initialized on each. The relation of this theory to the usual light-cone formulation of gauge field theory, using a single null plane, is described. A connection is established between this formalism and a recently given operator solution to the Schwinger model in the light-cone gauge.
THE EFFECT OF STARBURST METALLICITY ON BRIGHT X-RAY BINARY FORMATION PATHWAYS

We investigate the characteristics of young ( 1 ? 1036?erg?s?1) high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs) and find the population to be strongly metallicity dependent. We separate the model populations among two distinct formation pathways: (1) systems undergoing active Roche lobe overflow (RLO) and (2) wind accretion systems with donors in the (super)giant stage, which we find to dominate the HMXB population. We find metallicity to primarily affect the number of systems which move through each formation pathway, rather than the observable parameters of systems which move through each individual pathway. We discuss the most important model parameters affecting the HMXB population at both low and high metallicities. Using these results, we show that (1) the population of ultra-luminous X-ray sources can be consistently described by very bright HMXBs which undergo stable RLO with mild super-Eddington accretion and (2) the HMXB population of the bright starburst galaxy NGC?1569 is likely dominated by one extremely metal-poor starburst cluster.
Off-axis Gamma-ray Burst Afterglow Modeling Based on a Two-dimensional Axisymmetric Hydrodynamics Simulation

Starting as highly relativistic collimated jets, gamma-ray burst outflows gradually slow down and become nonrelativistic spherical blast waves. Although detailed analytical solutions describing the afterglow emission received by an on-axis observer during both the early and late phases of the outflow evolution exist, a calculation of the received flux during the intermediate phase and for an off-axis observer requires either a more simplified analytical model or direct numerical simulations of the outflow dynamics. In this paper, we present light curves for off-axis observers covering the long-term evolution of the blast wave, calculated from a high-resolution two-dimensional relativistic hydrodynamics simulation using a synchrotron radiation model. We compare our results to earlier analytical work and calculate the consequence of the observer angle with respect to the jet axis both for the detection of orphan afterglows and for jet break fits to the observational data. We confirm earlier results in the literature finding that only a very small number of local type Ibc supernovae can harbor an orphan afterglow. For off-axis observers, the observable jet break can be delayed up to several weeks, potentially leading to overestimation of the beaming-corrected total energy. In addition we find that, when using our off-axis light curves to create synthetic Swift X-ray data, jet breaks are likely to remain hidden in the data.
On the Limit of Large Surface Tension for a Fluid Motion with Free Boundary

We study the free boundary Euler equations in two spatial dimensions. We prove that if the boundary has constant curvature, then solutions of the free boundary fluid motion converge to solutions of the Euler equations in a fixed domain when the coefficient of surface tension tends to infinity.
Fractional stochastic differential equations satisfying fluctuation-dissipation theorem

We propose in this work a fractional stochastic differential equation (FSDE) model consistent with the over-damped limit of the generalized Langevin equation model. As a result of the ‘fluctuation-dissipation theorem’, the differential equations driven by fractional Brownian noise to model memory effects should be paired with Caputo derivatives, and this FSDE model should be understood in an integral form. We establish the existence of strong solutions for such equations and discuss the ergodicity and convergence to Gibbs measure. In the linear forcing regime, we show rigorously the algebraic convergence to Gibbs measure when the ‘fluctuation-dissipation theorem’ is satisfied, and this verifies that satisfying ‘fluctuation-dissipation theorem’ indeed leads to the correct physical behavior. We further discuss possible approaches to analyze the ergodicity and convergence to Gibbs measure in the nonlinear forcing regime, while leave the rigorous analysis for future works. The FSDE model proposed is suitable for systems in contact with heat bath with power-law kernel and subdiffusion behaviors.
FORMATION OF STABLE MAGNETARS FROM BINARY NEUTRON STAR MERGERS

By performing fully general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of binary neutron star mergers, we investigate the possibility that the end result of the merger is a stable magnetar. In particular, we show that, for a binary composed of two equal-mass neutron stars (NSs) of gravitational mass M ~ 1.2 M ☉ and equation of state similar to Shen et al. at high densities, the merger product is a stable NS. Such NS is found to be differentially rotating and ultraspinning with spin parameter J/M2 ~ 0.86, where J is its total angular momentum, and it is surrounded by a disk of 0.1 M ☉. While in our global simulations the magnetic field is amplified by about two orders of magnitude, local simulations have shown that hydrodynamic instabilities and the onset of the magnetorotational instability could further increase the magnetic field strength up to magnetar levels. This leads to the interesting possibility that, for some NS mergers, a stable and magnetized NS surrounded by an accretion disk could be formed. We discuss the impact of these new results for the emission of electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational wave signals and for the central engine of short gamma-ray bursts.
Transverse enhancement model and MiniBooNE charge current quasi-elastic neutrino scattering data

Recently proposed Transverse Enhancement Model of nuclear effects in Charge Current Quasi-Elastic neutrino scattering (A. Bodek, H.S. Budd, M.E. Christy, Eur. Phys. J. C 71:1726, 2011) is confronted with the MiniBooNE high statistics experimental data.
A short proof of a conjecture of Aougab–Huang

In response to Sanki–Vadnere, we present a short proof of the following theorem: a pair of simple curves on a hyperbolic surface whose complementary regions are disks has length at least half the perimeter of the regular right-angled $$(8g-4)$$ -gon.
Magnetic Braking of Stellar Cores in Red Giants and Supergiants

Magnetic configurations, stable on the long term, appear to exist in various evolutionary phases, from main-sequence stars to white dwarfs and neutron stars. The large-scale ordered nature of these fields, often approximately dipolar, and their scaling according to the flux conservation scenario favor a fossil field model. We make some first estimates of the magnetic coupling between the stellar cores and the outer layers in red giants and supergiants. Analytical expressions of the truncation radius of the field coupling are established for a convective envelope and for a rotating radiative zone with horizontal turbulence. The timescales of the internal exchanges of angular momentum are considered. Numerical estimates are made on the basis of recent model grids. The direct magnetic coupling of the core to the extended convective envelope of red giants and supergiants appears unlikely. However, we find that the intermediate radiative zone is fully coupled to the core during the He-burning and later phases. This coupling is able to produce a strong spin down of the core of red giants and supergiants, also leading to relatively slowly rotating stellar remnants such as white dwarfs and pulsars. Some angular momentum is also transferred to the outer convective envelope of red giants and supergiants during the He-burning phase and later.
X-ray Thomson scattering for partially ionized plasmas including the effect of bound levels

X-ray Thomson scattering is being developed as a method to measure the temperature, electron density, and ionization state of high energy density plasmas such as those used in inertial confinement fusion. Most experiments are currently done at large laser facilities that can create bright X-ray sources, however the advent of the X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) provides a new bright source to use in these experiments.One challenge with X-ray Thomson scattering experiments is understanding how to model the scattering for partially ionized plasmas in order to include the contributions of the bound electrons in the scattered intensity. In this work we take the existing models of Thomson scattering that include elastic ion-ion scattering and the electron-electron plasmon scattering and add the contribution of the bound electrons in the partially ionized plasmas. We validated our model by analyzing existing beryllium experimental data. We then consider several higher Z materials such as Cr and predict the existence of additional peaks in the scattering spectrum that requires new computational tools to understand. We also show examples of experiments in CH and Al that have bound contributions that change the shape of the scattered spectra.
Generic properties of dispersion relations for discrete periodic operators

An old problem in mathematical physics deals with the structure of the dispersion relation of the Schrodinger operator −Δ + V(x) in Rn with periodic potential near the edges of the spectrum, i.e., near extrema of the dispersion relation. A well-known and widely believed conjecture says that generically (with respect to perturbations of the periodic potential), the extrema are attained by a single branch of the dispersion relation, are isolated, and have nondegenerate Hessian (i.e., dispersion relations are graphs of Morse functions). The important notion of effective masses in solid state physics, as well as the Liouville property, Green’s function asymptotics, and so on hinges upon this property. The progress in proving this conjecture has been slow. It is natural to try to look at discrete problems, where the dispersion relation is (in appropriate coordinates) an algebraic, rather than analytic, variety. Moreover, such models are often used for computation in solid state physics (the tight binding model). Alas, counterexamples exist even for Schrodinger operators on simple 2D-periodic two-atomic structures, showing that the genericity fails in some discrete situations. We start with establishing in a very general situation the following natural dichotomy: the non-degeneracy of extrema either fails or holds in the complement of a proper algebraic subset of the parameters. Thus, a random choice of a point in the parameter space gives the correct answer “with probability one.” Noticing that the known counterexample has only two free parameters, one can suspect that this might be too tight for the genericity to hold. We thus consider the maximal Z2-periodic two-atomic nearest-cell interaction graph, which has nine edges per unit cell and the discrete “Laplace–Beltrami” operator on it, which has nine free parameters. We then use methods from computational and combinatorial algebraic geometry to prove the genericity conjecture for this graph. Since the proof is non-trivial and would be much harder for more general structures, we show three different approaches to the genericity, which might be suitable in various situations. It is also proven in this case that adding more parameters indeed cannot destroy the genericity result. This allows us to list all “bad” periodic subgraphs of the one we consider and discover that in all these cases the genericity fails for “trivial” reasons only.
Local inversions in ultrasound-modulated optical tomography

Ultrasound-modulated optical tomography is a hybrid imaging modality that aims to combine the high contrast of optical waves with the high resolution of ultrasound. We follow the model of the influence of ultrasound modulation on the light intensity measurements developed in Bal and Schotland (2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 043902). We present sufficient conditions ensuring that the absorption and diffusion coefficients modeling light propagation can locally be uniquely and stably reconstructed from the corresponding available information. We present an iterative procedure to solve such a problem based on the analysis of linear elliptic systems of redundant partial differential equations.
Singularity variables for missing energy event kinematics

We discuss singularity variables which are properly suited for analyzing the kinematics of events with missing transverse energy at the LHC. We consider six of the simplest event topologies encountered in studies of leptonic W -bosons and top quarks, as well as in SUSY-like searches for new physics with dark matter particles. In each case, we illustrate the general prescription for finding the relevant singularity variable, which in turn helps delineate the visible parameter subspace on which the singularities are located. Our results can be used in two different ways — first, as a guide for targeting the signal-rich regions of parameter space during the stage of discovery, and second, as a sensitive focus point method for measuring the particle mass spectrum after the initial discovery.
"Hidden" Seyfert 2 Galaxies in the Chandra Deep Field North

We have compared the X-ray-to-optical flux ratios (FX/Fopt) of absorbed active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in the Chandra Deep Field North (CDF-N) with those of nearby, optically classified Seyfert 2 galaxies. The comparison provides an opportunity to explore the extent to which the local population of absorbed AGNs can account for the properties of the distant, spectroscopically ambiguous sources that produce the hard X-ray background. Our nearby sample consists of 38 objects that well represent the local Seyfert 2 luminosity function. Integrated UBVRI photometry and broadband X-ray observations are presented. Using these data, we have simulated the FX/Fopt ratios that local Seyfert 2s would exhibit if they were observed in the redshift range 0.2 ≤ z ≤ 1.3 as part of the CDF-N. In the simulations we account for the effects of redshift on flux measurements in fixed observed-frame bands and the way the luminosity function of a given population is sampled in a flux-limited survey like the CDF-N. Overall, we find excellent agreement between our simulations and the observed distribution of FX/Fopt ratios for absorbed AGNs in the CDF-N. Our analysis has thus failed to reveal any physical differences between the local population of Seyfert 2s and CDF-N sources with similar X-ray properties. These results support the hypothesis that the nuclear emission lines of many distant hard X-ray galaxies are hidden in ground-based spectra due to a combination of observational effects: signal-to-noise ratio, wavelength coverage, and dilution by host-galaxy light.
Time coupled diffusion maps

Abstract We consider a collection of n points in R d measured at m times, which are encoded in an n × d × m data tensor. Our objective is to define a single embedding of the n points into Euclidean space which summarizes the geometry as described by the data tensor. In the case of a fixed data set, diffusion maps and related graph Laplacian methods define such an embedding via the eigenfunctions of a diffusion operator constructed on the data. Given a sequence of m measurements of n points, we introduce the notion of time coupled diffusion maps which have natural geometric and probabilistic interpretations. To frame our method in the context of manifold learning, we model evolving data as samples from an underlying manifold with a time-dependent metric, and we describe a connection of our method to the heat equation on such a manifold.
Mitigating Manipulation in Peer Review via Randomized Reviewer Assignments

We consider three important challenges in conference peer review: (i) reviewers maliciously attempting to get assigned to certain papers to provide positive reviews, possibly as part of quid-pro-quo arrangements with the authors; (ii) "torpedo reviewing," where reviewers deliberately attempt to get assigned to certain papers that they dislike in order to reject them; (iii) reviewer de-anonymization on release of the similarities and the reviewer-assignment code. On the conceptual front, we identify connections between these three problems and present a framework that brings all these challenges under a common umbrella. We then present a (randomized) algorithm for reviewer assignment that can optimally solve the reviewer-assignment problem under any given constraints on the probability of assignment for any reviewer-paper pair. We further consider the problem of restricting the joint probability that certain suspect pairs of reviewers are assigned to certain papers, and show that this problem is NP-hard for arbitrary constraints on these joint probabilities but efficiently solvable for a practical special case. Finally, we experimentally evaluate our algorithms on datasets from past conferences, where we observe that they can limit the chance that any malicious reviewer gets assigned to their desired paper to 50% while producing assignments with over 90% of the total optimal similarity. Our algorithms still achieve this similarity while also preventing reviewers with close associations from being assigned to the same paper.
Entanglement entropy in jammed CFTs

We construct solutions to the Einstein equations for asymptotically locally Anti-de Sitter spacetimes with four, five, and six dimensional Reissner-Nordstrom boundary metrics. These spacetimes are gravitational duals to “jammed” CFTs on those backgrounds at infinite N and strong coupling. For these spacetimes, we calculate the boundary stress tensor as well as compute entanglement entropies for ball shaped regions as functions of the boundary black hole temperature T BH. From this, we see how the CFT prevents heat flow from the black hole to the vacuum at spatial infinity. We also compute entanglement entropies for a three dimensional boundary black hole using the AdS C-metric. We compare our results to previous work done in similar spacetimes.
Explicit Coleman integration in larger characteristic

We describe a more efficient algorithm to compute p-adic Coleman integrals on odd degree hyperelliptic curves for large primes p. The improvements come from using fast linear recurrence techniques when reducing differentials in Monsky-Washnitzer cohomology, a technique introduced by Harvey arXiv:math/0610973 when computing zeta functions. The complexity of our algorithm is quasilinear in $\sqrt p$ and is polynomial in the genus and precision. We provide timings comparing our implementation with existing approaches.
Channel protection: Random coding meets sparse channels

Multipath interference is an ubiquitous phenomenon in modern communication systems. The conventional way to compensate for this effect is to equalize the channel by estimating its impulse response by transmitting a set of training symbols. The primary drawback to this type of approach is that it can be unreliable if the channel is changing rapidly. In this paper, we show that randomly encoding the signal can protect it against channel uncertainty when the channel is sparse. Before transmission, the signal is mapped into a slightly longer codeword using a random matrix. From the received signal, we are able to simultaneously estimate the channel and recover the transmitted signal. We discuss two schemes for the recovery. Both of them exploit the sparsity of the underlying channel. We show that if the channel impulse response is sufficiently sparse, the transmitted signal can be recovered reliably.
Online Learning of Parameterized Uncertain Dynamical Environments With Finite-Sample Guarantees

We present a novel online learning algorithm for a class of unknown and uncertain dynamical environments that are fully observable. First, we obtain a novel probabilistic characterization of systems whose mean behavior is known but which are subject to additive, unknown subGaussian disturbances. This characterization relies on recent concentration of measure results and is given in terms of ambiguity sets. Second, we extend the results to environments whose mean behavior is also unknown but described by a parameterized class of possible mean behaviors. Our algorithm adapts the ambiguity set dynamically by learning the parametric dependence online, and retaining similar probabilistic guarantees with respect to the additive, unknown disturbance. We illustrate the results on a differential-drive robot subject to environmental uncertainty.
Statistical Studies of Giant Pulse Emission from the Crab Pulsar

We have observed the Crab pulsar with the Deep Space Network Goldstone 70 m antenna at 1664 MHz during three observing epochs for a total of 4 hr. Our data analysis has detected more than 2500 giant pulses, with flux densities ranging from 0.1 kJy to 150 kJy and pulse widths from 125 ns (limited by our bandwidth) to as long as 100 μs, with median power amplitudes and widths of 1 kJy and 2 μs, respectively. The most energetic pulses in our sample have energy fluxes of approximately 100 kJy μs. We have used this large sample to investigate a number of giant pulse emission properties in the Crab pulsar, including correlations among pulse flux density, width, energy flux, phase, and time of arrival. We present a consistent accounting of the probability distributions and threshold cuts in order to reduce pulse-width biases. The excellent sensitivity obtained has allowed us to probe further into the population of giant pulses. We find that a significant portion, no less than 50%, of the overall pulsed energy flux at our observing frequency is emitted in the form of giant pulses.
Neutron stars in general relativity and scalar-tensor theory of gravity

The masses and radii of neutron stars are discussed in general relativity and scalar-tensor theory of gravity and the differences are compared with the current uncertainties stemming from the nuclear equation of state in the relativistic mean-field framework. It is shown that astrophysical and gravitational wave observations of radii of neutron stars with masses $$M \lesssim 1.4 M_{\odot }$$ constrain only the nuclear equation of state, and in particular the density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy. Future observations of massive neutron stars may constrain the coupling parameters of the scalar-tensor theory provided that a general consensus on the dense nuclear matter equation of state is reached.
LOCAL MAGNETIZATION IN CRITICAL ISING MODEL WITH BOUNDARY MAGNETIC FIELD

We describe a simple way to derive spin correlation functions in 2-D Ising model at critical temperature but with nonzero magnetic field at the boundary. Local magnetization (i.e. one-point function) is computed explicitly for half-plane and disk geometries.
Floer homology, group orderability, and taut foliations of hyperbolic 3–manifolds

This paper explores the conjecture that the following are equivalent for irreducible rational homology 3–spheres: having left-orderable fundamental group, having nonminimal Heegaard Floer homology, and admitting a coorientable taut foliation. In particular, it adds further evidence in favor of this conjecture by studying these three properties for more than 300000 hyperbolic rational homology 3–spheres. New or much improved methods for studying each of these properties form the bulk of the paper, including a new combinatorial criterion, called a foliar orientation, for showing that a 3–manifold has a taut foliation.
Strong spin-dephasing in a topological insulator-paramagnet heterostructure

The interface between magnetic materials and topological insulators can drive the formation of exotic phases of matter and enable functionality through the manipulation of the strong spin polarized transport. Here, we report that the transport processes that rely on strong spin-momentum locking in the topological insulator Bi2Se3 are completely suppressed by scattering at a heterointerface with the kagome-lattice paramagnet, Co7Se8. Bi2Se3–Co7Se8–Bi2Se3 trilayer heterostructures were grown using molecular beam epitaxy, where magnetotransport measurements revealed a substantial suppression of the weak antilocalization effect for Co7Se8 at thicknesses as thin as a monolayer, indicating a strong dephasing mechanism. Bi2−xCoxSe3 films, in which Co is in a non-magnetic 3+ state, show weak antilocalization that survives to higher than x = 0.4, which, in comparison with the heterostructures, suggests that the unordered moments of Co2+ act as a far stronger dephasing element. This work highlights several important points regarding coherent transport processes involving spin-momentum locking in topological insulator interfaces and how magnetic materials can be integrated with topological materials to realize both exotic phases and novel device functionality.
On Exact Superpotentials, Free Energies and Matrix Models

We discuss exact results for the full nonperturbative effective superpotentials of four dimensional = 1 supersymmetric U(N) gauge theories with additional chiral superfield in the adjoint representation and the free energies of the related zero dimensional bosonic matrix models with polynomial potentials in the planar limit using the Dijkgraaf-Vafa matrix model prescription and integrating in and out. The exact effective superpotentials are produced including the leading Veneziano-Yankielowicz term directly from the matrix models. We also discuss how to use integrating in and out as a tool to do random matrix integrals in the large-N limit.
A q-deformed Aufbau Prinzip

A building principle working for both atoms and monoatomic ions is proposed. This principle relies on the q-deformed 'chain' SO(4))SO(3)q.
Off-shell supersymmetry

Supersymmetry does not dictate the way we should quantize the fields in the supermultiplets, and so we have the freedom to quantize the Standard Model (SM) particles and their superpartners differently. We propose a generalized quantization scheme under which a particle can only appear off-shell, while its contributions to quantum corrections are exactly the same as those in the usual quantum field theory. We apply this quantization scheme solely to the sparticles in the R-parity preserving Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). Thus, sparticles can only appear off-shell. They could be light but would completely escape the direct detection at any experiments such as the LHC. However, our theory still retains the same desirable features of the usual MSSM at the quantum level. For instance, the gauge hierarchy problem is solved and the three MSSM gauge couplings are unified in the usual way. Although direct detection of sparticles is impossible, their existence can be revealed by precise measurements of some observables (such as the running QCD coupling) that may receive quantum corrections from them and have sizable deviations from the SM predictions. Also, the experimental constraints from the indirect sparticle search are still applicable.
A Nonlinear PDE-Based Method for Sparse Deconvolution

In this paper, we introduce a new nonlinear evolution partial differential equation (PDE) for sparse deconvolution problems. The proposed PDE has the form of a continuity equation that arises in various research areas, e.g., fluid dynamics and optimal transportation, and thus has some interesting physical and geometric interpretations. The underlying optimization model that we consider is the standard $\ell_1$ minimization with linear equality constraints, i.e., $\min_u\{\|u\|_1:Au=f\}$, with A being an undersampled convolution operator. We show that our PDE preserves the $\ell_1$ norm while lowering the residual $\|Au-f\|_2$. More importantly the solution of the PDE becomes sparser asymptotically, which is illustrated numerically. Therefore, it can be treated as a natural and helpful plug-in to some algorithms for $\ell_1$ minimization problems, e.g., Bregman iterative methods introduced for sparse reconstruction problems in [W. Yin, S. Osher, D. Goldfarb, and J. Darbon, SIAM J. Imaging Sci., 1 (2008), p...
PREVENTING STAR FORMATION IN EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES WITH LATE-TIME STELLAR HEATING

We revisit previous suggestions that the heating provided by the winds of dying low-mass stars plays an important role in preventing star formation in quiescent galaxies. At the end of their asymptotic giant branch phase, intermediate and low-mass stars eject their envelopes rapidly in a super-wind phase, usually giving rise to planetary nebulae. In spheroidal galaxies with high stellar velocity dispersions, the interaction of these ejected envelopes with the ambient diffuse gas can lead to significant, isotropic and steady-state heating that scales as *σ*2. We show that cooling of the central regions of the hot diffuse halo gas can be delayed for a Hubble time for halos more massive than at , although stellar heating alone is unlikely to forestall cooling in the most massive clusters at z = 0. This mechanism provides a natural explanation for the strong trend of galaxy quiescence with stellar surface density and velocity dispersion. In addition, since the ejected material will thermalize to , this mechanism provides an explanation for the observed similarity between the central temperature of the hot diffuse gas and , a result that is not trivial in light of the short inferred cooling times of the hot gas. The main uncertainty in this analysis is the ultimate fate of the stellar ejecta. Preventing accumulation of the ejecta in the central regions may require energy input from another source, such as Type Ia supernovae. Detailed simulations of the interaction of the stellar wind with the ambient gas are required to better quantify the net effect of AGB heating.
Online Gamma-Ray Burst catalog for neutrino telescopes.

The origin of cosmic rays is still one of the unresolved questions in modern physics. Violent and high energetic explosions of γ-ray emission known as Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) are perhaps one of the main candidates of sources of hadron acceleration and therefore of neutrino emission. Neutrino telescopes search for signatures of cosmic neutrinos such as an excess of neutrinos in time and space coincidence with a GRB. These searches use catalogues of GRBs by satellite experiments. The online catalog presented here is a useful tool that provides a reference catalog of GRBs for neutrino telescopes in particular and GRBs analyzers in general.
On the Distance and Molecular Environment of Westerlund 2 and HESS J1023–575

The extended TeV gamma-ray source HESS J1023-575 is coincident with the massive, young stellar cluster Westerlund 2 (Wd2) and its surrounding H II region RCW 49. On the basis of an analysis of the CO emission and 21 cm absorption along the line of sight to Wd2, it is argued that this cluster, and by assumption the TeV source as well, must be associated with a giant molecular cloud in the far side of the Carina arm with a mass of 7.5 × 105 M☉. Analysis of the spatial and velocity structure of the cloud reveals clear evidence of interaction with Wd2. The cloud's kinematic distance of 6.0 ± 1.0 kpc is shown to be consistent with distances inferred from both the radius-line width relation of molecular clouds and the foreground gas column derived from 230 X-ray sources in Wd2.
Calibration of Pre-trained Transformers

Pre-trained Transformers are now ubiquitous in natural language processing, but despite their high end-task performance, little is known empirically about whether they are calibrated. Specifically, do these models' posterior probabilities provide an accurate empirical measure of how likely the model is to be correct on a given example? We focus on BERT and RoBERTa in this work, and analyze their calibration across three tasks: natural language inference, paraphrase detection, and commonsense reasoning. For each task, we consider in-domain as well as challenging out-of-domain settings, where models face more examples they should be uncertain about. We show that: (1) when used out-of-the-box, pre-trained models are calibrated in-domain, and compared to baselines, their calibration error out-of-domain can be as much as 3.5x lower; (2) temperature scaling is effective at further reducing calibration error in-domain, and using label smoothing to deliberately increase empirical uncertainty helps calibrate posteriors out-of-domain.
Absence of a Metallicity Effect for Ultra-short-period Planets*

Ultra-short-period (USP) planets are a newly recognized class of planets with periods shorter than one day and radii smaller than about 2 R⊕. It has been proposed that USP planets are the solid cores of hot Jupiters that have lost their gaseous envelopes due to photo-evaporation or Roche lobe overflow. We test this hypothesis by asking whether USP planets are associated with metal-rich stars, as has long been observed for hot Jupiters. We find the metallicity distributions of USP-planet and hot-Jupiter hosts to be significantly different (p = 3 × 10^(−4)) based on Keck spectroscopy of Keplerstars. Evidently, the sample of USP planets is not dominated by the evaporated cores of hot Jupiters. The metallicity distribution of stars with USP planets is indistinguishable from that of stars with short-period planets with sizes between 2 and 4 R⊕. Thus, it remains possible that the USP planets are the solid cores of formerly gaseous planets that are smaller than Neptune.
Robust Broadcast-Communication Control of Electric Vehicle Charging

The anticipated increase in the number of plug-in electric vehicles (EV) will put additional strain on electrical distribution circuits. Many control schemes have been proposed to control EV charging. Here, we develop control algorithms based on randomized EV charging start times and simple one- way broadcast communication allowing for a time delay between communication events. Using arguments from queuing theory and statistical analysis, we seek to maximize the utilization of excess distribution circuit capacity while keeping the probability of a circuit overload negligible.
Classification Using Hyperdimensional Computing: A Review

Hyperdimensional (HD) computing is built upon its unique data type referred to as hypervectors. The dimension of these hypervectors is typically in the range of tens of thousands. Proposed to solve cognitive tasks, HD computing aims at calculating similarity among its data. Data transformation is realized by three operations, including addition, multiplication and permutation. Its ultra-wide data representation introduces redundancy against noise. Since information is evenly distributed over every bit of the hypervectors, HD computing is inherently robust. Additionally, due to the nature of those three operations, HD computing leads to fast learning ability, high energy efficiency and acceptable accuracy in learning and classification tasks. This paper introduces the background of HD computing, and reviews the data representation, data transformation, and similarity measurement. The orthogonality in high dimensions presents opportunities for flexible computing. To balance the tradeoff between accuracy and efficiency, strategies include but are not limited to encoding, retraining, binarization and hardware acceleration. Evaluations indicate that HD computing shows great potential in addressing problems using data in the form of letters, signals and images. HD computing especially shows significant promise to replace machine learning algorithms as a light-weight classifier in the field of internet of things (IoTs).
On the Irreducibility of the Space of Genus Zero Stable Log Maps to Wonderful Compactifications

In this paper, we prove the moduli spaces of genus zero stable log maps to a large class of wonderful compactifications are irreducible and unirational.
Non-supersymmetric deformations of non-critical superstrings

We study certain supersymmetry breaking deformations of linear dilaton backgrounds in different dimensions. In some cases, the deformed theory has bulk closed strings tachyons. In other cases there are no bulk tachyons, but there are localized tachyons. The real time condensation of these localized tachyons is described by an exactly solvable worldsheet CFT. We also find some stable, non-supersymmetric backgrounds.