cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Washed Out: Policy and Practical Considerations Affecting Return after Hurricane Katrina and Superstorm Sandy

The destructive impacts of Hurricane Katrina and Superstorm Sandy displaced large numbers of people. While some families were able to return home soon after the disasters, others struggled to do so and remained displaced for extended periods of time. Although much attention has been paid to the immediate response to natural disasters, research on policies and practices regarding long-term return migration has been largely overlooked. This article presents an overview of recent literature that addresses factors affecting displaced individuals’ decision to return home or relocate following these two disasters. It discusses five major factors influencing individual and household decisions regarding whether to return home, relocate, or remain in limbo if unable to achieve either. These include: (1) habitability of homes; (2) affordability of housing; (3) financial burdens; (4) slow restoration of public services and facilities; and (5) sense of place and identity. The article then assesses the types of policies that have been used with varying goals—promoting, discouraging, and, in some cases, prohibiting return. It presents four examples of policy tools that have influenced post-disaster return or relocation after Hurricane Katrina and Superstorm Sandy: (1) tax policies; (2) buyouts; (3) changes to building codes; and (4) revisions to the U.S. National Flood Insurance Program. The article concludes that a better understanding of factors affecting displaced persons can help policymakers meet their objectives of encouraging or inhibiting return to a specific site after a disaster.
Creating a vital healing community: A pilot study of an art therapy employee support group at a pediatric hospital

Abstract The purpose of this pilot study was to survey participants in an art therapy pediatric hospital staff support group to assess their sense of wellbeing in the workplace. The primary goal was to explore the value of using the ProQOL measure to evaluate outcomes of art therapy engagement for staff. Art therapy is an effective application of holistic wellness to combat stress and provide the powerful rewards of respite, personal growth, and emotional support while building a healing community in the workplace; it also helped with improving focus and productivity despite the strain of providing care to complex and challenging patient and families. Potentially the encouraging outcomes of this study can be used to improve availability of art therapy services for healthcare system employees.
α-Amidated Peptides: Approaches for Analysis

α-Amidation is a terminal modification in peptide biosynthesis that can itself be rate limiting in the overall production of bioactive α-amidated peptides. More than half of the known neural and endocrine peptides are α-amidated and in most cases this structural feature is essential for receptor recognition, signal transduction, and thus biologic function. This chapter describes methods for developing and using analytical tools to study the biology of α-amidated peptides. The principal analytical method used to quantify α-amidated peptides is the radioimmunoassay (RIA). Detailed protocols are provided for (1) primary antibody production and characterization; (2) radiolabeling of RIA peptides; (3) sample preparation; and (4) performance of the RIA itself. Techniques are also described for the identification and verification of α-amidated peptides. Lastly, in vivo models used for studying the biology of α-amidation are discussed.
Environmental Impacts of Food Consumption by Dogs and Cats

In the US, there are more than 163 million dogs and cats that consume, as a significant portion of their diet, animal products and therefore potentially constitute a considerable dietary footprint. Here, the energy and animal-derived product consumption of these pets in the US is evaluated for the first time, as are the environmental impacts from the animal products fed to them, including feces production. In the US, dogs and cats consume about 19% ± 2% of the amount of dietary energy that humans do (203 ± 15 PJ yr-1 vs. 1051 ± 9 PJ yr-1) and 33% ± 9% of the animal-derived energy (67 ± 17 PJ yr-1 vs. 206 ± 2 PJ yr-1). They produce about 30% ± 13%, by mass, as much feces as Americans (5.1 ± Tg yr-1 vs. 17.2 Tg yr-1), and through their diet, constitute about 25-30% of the environmental impacts from animal production in terms of the use of land, water, fossil fuel, phosphate, and biocides. Dog and cat animal product consumption is responsible for release of up to 64 ± 16 million tons CO2-equivalent methane and nitrous oxide, two powerful greenhouse gasses (GHGs). Americans are the largest pet owners in the world, but the tradition of pet ownership in the US has considerable costs. As pet ownership increases in some developing countries, especially China, and trends continue in pet food toward higher content and quality of meat, globally, pet ownership will compound the environmental impacts of human dietary choices. Reducing the rate of dog and cat ownership, perhaps in favor of other pets that offer similar health and emotional benefits would considerably reduce these impacts. Simultaneous industry-wide efforts to reduce overfeeding, reduce waste, and find alternative sources of protein will also reduce these impacts.
Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Scores Do Not Predict Outcomes After Total Hip Arthroplasty

Abstract Background With the establishment of the Hospital Value-Based Purchasing program, the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) score has been incorporated into the calculation of the total performance score, which determines redistribution of up to 2% of Medicare payments. This study aims to assess whether the HCAHPS score correlates with validated outcome measures after total hip arthroplasty. Methods Data from 63 patients who underwent a total hip arthroplasty and completed both an HCAHPS score and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) at our institution during the study period from January 1, 2015 to September 2016 were analyzed. The HCAHPS overall hospital rating scores were correlated with the preoperative to postoperative change in validated PROMs, namely EuroQol-EQ-5D Instrument and Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score. Results There was no statistically significant correlation between the HCAHPS overall hospital rating score and PROMs. Conclusion This study shows a lack of correlation between established validated PROMs used in orthopedic surgery, and the HCAHPS survey scores, an important determinant of compensation in the pay-for-performance reimbursement models.
Sensitivity of Phacidiopycnis spp. Isolates from Pome Fruit to Six Pre- and Postharvest Fungicides.

Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis and Phacidiopycnis pyri are two fungal pathogens causeing Speck and Phacidiopycnis rots on apple and pear, respectively. Infections by both pathogens occurs in the orchard, remains latent, and only induce symptoms appear after months of storage. Decay mManagement relies on orchard sanitation and pre- and postharvest fungicides. In a regional survey conducted in 2017 survey, Speck rot accounted for 6.4% of total apple decay on apples surveyed in central Washington, whereas Phacidiopycnis rot accounted for 3.9% and 6.7% of total pear decay in Washington and Oregon, respectively. Sensitivities of baseline populations of 110 P. washingtonensis and 76 P. pyri isolates, collected between 2003 and 2005, to the pre-harvest fungicides pyraclostrobin (PYRA) and boscalid (BOSC) and tothe postharvest fungicides thiabendazole (TBZ), fludioxonil (FDL), pyrimethanil (PYRI) and difenoconazole (DFC) were evaluated using a mycelial growth inhibition assay. Mean effective concentrations necess...
Early Warning Techniques for Local Climate Resilience: Smallholder Rice in Lao PDR

As part of the Regional Rice Initiative Pilot Project, UNFAO has committed resources to support policy dialog and decision capacity related to climate change adaptation and mitigation in agriculture, with particular attention to food security and the rice sector in Asia and the Pacific. This initiative includes sponsorship of research to deliver information and knowledge products for policy makers to better manage climate risks to the rice sector and identify adaptation needs for the rice sector in Lao PDR. In the following pages, we report on progress of one component of this activity, econometric estimation of long term impacts that climate change can be expected to have on rice yields. The work reported here is preliminary and should not in its current form be used as a basis for policy.
Tocilizumab for the management of immune mediated adverse events secondary to PD-1 blockade.

e21712Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors are poised to revolutionize the management of a growing number of malignancies. Unfortunately, the management of steroid-refractory immune mediated ad...
Hot Topics in Pediatric Palliative Care: a Calm Island in Troubling Waters

In our world today, we are faced with disasters and shortages on a daily basis. In this article, we highlight some of the ways that pediatric palliative care practitioners can ease the burden and meet the needs of families in crisis.
The treating psychiatrist and worker's compensation reporting.

When psychiatrists must submit evaluations of their patients in legal settings, they must provide complete and factual accounts even if the patient's attorneys would rather redact some information.
Menathyris wilsoni (Brachiopoda), new genus and species from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of southern Israel

Menathyris wilsoni gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Limestone and Marl Member (Early Ladinian) of the Saharonim Formation (early Anisian–late Carnian), at Har Gevanim, Makhtesh Ramon, southern Israel. The Saharonim Formation represents the main transgressive phase of the Middle Triassic. The subunit, from which the shells were collected, contains the molluscs Neoschizodus laevigatus (Ziethen), Myophoriopsis cf. subundata (Schauroth), Lima cf. tellei Bittner, Pecten discites (Schlotheim), Ostrea montiscaprilis Klipstein, Pseudoplacunopsis fissistriata (Winkler), Gevanites awadi (Parnes), and the conodont Pseudofurnishius murcianus (Van den Boogaard), the last-mentioned indicative of the Fassanian (Early Ladinian).
Background And Fundamental Methods

We begin with an introduction to background methods and techniques which will be widely used in this book. Among the most fundamental and important tools are the maximum principles. In the calculus of one variable we know that a function which is concave up in (a,b) and continuous in [a,b] must attain its maximum at x = a or b at the boundary. In more than one independent variables, similar situations occur. We will generalize and clarify such principles for twice continuously differentiable functions in this section.
Solar plus: A review of the end-user economics of solar PV integration with storage and load control in residential buildings

Abstract Batteries and load control devices can increase the value of distributed solar photovoltaics (PV) from multiple perspectives—end-user, utility, and social. This review paper summarizes the end-user economics of battery and load control technologies that increase the value of PV by controlling and temporally shifting PV output, an approach referred to as “solar plus.” Solar plus can increase on-site PV use. The literature shows that these values justify the incremental costs of solar plus devices for a wide variety of technologies, geographies, and customer load profiles, especially for customers in three rate structure contexts: where PV is sold to the grid at a lower value than the customer’s retail rate, in time-of-use rates where peak periods do not coincide with PV output, and in demand charge rates where load peaks do not coincide with PV output. Rate structure and policy reform may be necessary to ensure that increasing solar plus deployment provides both end-user and system-level benefits.
Multi-Physics Generated Small Dipoles in Lossy Media

We present a comparative study of electrically, magnetically and mechanically generated dipoles in a heavily lossy medium in the ULF range. It is shown that in an electrically lossy environment the radiation efficiency of an electrically small antenna is proportional to (ka)3 for an electric radiator and to (ka) for the magnetic radiator. Therefore the magnetic antenna is more efficient than its electric count partner over two orders of magnitude. The proposed small magnetic dipole has potential applications in undersea communication and biomedical treatment.
(316) Opioid-Treated Chronic Lower Back Pain: An Examination of Racial Differences

Previous research has demonstrated substantial racial and ethnic disparities in the prevalence, progression, and outcomes of pain-related conditions. Ethnic minorities, namely African-Americans, have been shown to suffer a greater burden of pain and pain-related suffering when compared to non-Hispanic whites. However, the underlying nature of these group differences and their clinical implications remain to be fully elucidated. We used self-report questionnaires to evaluate a variety of outcomes in sixty-three participants with opioid-treated chronic lower back pain. Fifty-seven participants (43 white and 14 African-American) were included in the analysis. All participants reported taking a minimum of 30 mg morphine equivalent dose (MED) per day prior to survey completion. Primary outcomes were pain intensity, pain interference, and pain-related disability (assessed with the Brief Pain Inventory questionnaire and the Oswestry Disability Index). Secondary outcomes included evaluation of depression, anxiety, catastrophizing, and measures of quality of life. As expected, African-Americans reported greater levels of pain-related disability than white participants. There were no significant differences in clinical pain severity, pain interference, or pain-related catastrophizing. Self-reported levels of anxiety and depression did not differ between the two groups, though African-Americans reported feeling less loved (d = -0.90; 95%CI= -24.31 to -4.23; p=0.006). While healthcare utilization was higher amongst African-Americans, they also reported lower rates of taking medications differently from how they are prescribed (d = -0.68; 95%CI= -1.26 to -0.14; p=0.015) and a lower minimum threshold of improvement to make behavioral treatment worthwhile (d = -1.67; 95%CI= -5.01 to -2.73; p
Sleep-Wake Disturbances After Acquired Brain Injury in Children Surviving Critical Care

Abstract Background Sleep-wake disturbances are underevaluated among children with acquired brain injury surviving critical care. We aimed to quantify severity, phenotypes, and risk factors for sleep-wake disturbances. Methods We performed a prospective cohort study of 78 children aged ≥3 years with acquired brain injury within three months of critical care hospitalization. Diagnoses included traumatic brain injury (n = 40), stroke (n = 11), infectious or inflammatory disease (n = 10), hypoxic-ischemic injury (n = 9), and other (n = 8). Sleep Disturbances Scale for Children standardized T scores measured sleep-wake disturbances. Overall sleep-wake disturbances were dichotomized as any total or subscale T score ≥60. Any T score ≥70 defined severe sleep-wake disturbances. Subscale T scores ≥60 identified sleep-wake disturbance phenotypes. Results Sleep-wake disturbances were identified in 44 (56%) children and were classified as severe in 36 (46%). Sleep-wake disturbances affected ≥33% of patients within each diagnosis and were not associated with severity of illness measures. The most common phenotype was disturbance in initiation and maintenance of sleep (47%), although 68% had multiple concurrent sleep-wake disturbance phenotypes. One third of all patients had preadmission chronic conditions, and this increased risk for sleep-wake disturbances overall (43% vs 21%, P = 0.04) and in the traumatic brain injury subgroup (52% vs 5%, P = 0.001). Conclusions Over half of children surviving critical care with acquired brain injury have sleep-wake disturbances. Most of these children have severe sleep-wake disturbances independent of severity of illness measures. Many sleep-wake disturbances phenotypes were identified, but most children had disturbance in initiation and maintenance of sleep. Our study underscores the importance of evaluating sleep-wake disturbances after acquired brain injury.
Response to Luke A. Powery

This response first contends for the theological challenges the audit lays before theological educators and then narrates some important tensions to which theological education attuned to repair wi...
Use of optical properties for evaluating the presence of pyrogenic organic matter in thermally altered soil leachates

The increased frequency and severity of wildfires in forested watersheds has the potential to significantly impact the quantity and quality of water extractable organic matter (WEOM) exported from these ecosystems. This study examined the optical properties of WEOM from laboratory heated soil in order to understand physicochemical changes occurring in the organic matter as a result of heating, as well as test the usefulness of optical parameters for assessing the presence of pyrogenic organic matter. WEOM absorbance and fluorescence spectral shape and intensity varied systematically as a function of soil heating temperature. Notably, absorbance and fluorescence intensity, specific ultraviolet absorbance, apparent fluorescence quantum yield, specific fluorescence emission intensity, and maximum fluorescence emission wavelength exhibited consistent changes with heating temperature and indicated that WEOM in heated soil leachates was lower in molecular weight and more aromatic than in unheated samples. The lower molecular weight in heated soil WEOM was corroborated with size-exclusion chromatography measurements. This work increases the understanding of the molecular changes occurring in WEOM as a result of wildfire and indicates that optical measurements (i.e., absorbance and fluorescence) could be used for watershed monitoring of post-fire pyrogenic organic matter.
Sigma-2 Receptors: An Emerging Target for CNS PET Imaging Studies

The sigma-2 (σ2) receptor represents one of the most poorly understood proteins in cell biology. Although this receptor was identified through in vitro binding studies over 30 years ago, the molecular identity of this protein was not unambiguously determined until 2017. It is now known that the σ2 receptor is a protein called TMEM97 and that this protein forms a trimeric complex with PGRMC1 and the LDL receptor to increase the rate of internalization of lipoproteins. There is overwhelming data demonstrating that the σ2 receptor is an important biomarker of tumor cell proliferation, which is consistent with the lipoprotein uptake mechanism associated with this protein. In the CNS, σ2 receptor antagonists block Aβ1-42 oligomer synaptic dysfunction in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease and have shown promise in animal models of traumatic brain injury and alcohol abuse. These results clearly indicate that this protein is an important therapeutic target for the treatment of a variety of CNS conditions. These observations highlight the importance of having high affinity σ2-selective radiotracers for imaging this protein in vivo with PET.
The politics of legitimating research: A case with commentary

In this essay, I centre on the field of special education predominantly in the United States to provide a case study illustrating Hodkinson’s micro/macro political analysis of the longstanding debate over research methodology.
Getting to Zero: A Demonstration Project of Partner HIV Testing in the Prenatal Setting in Chicago, Illinois.

Women who experience HIV seroconversion during pregnancy are missed during early routine pregnancy HIV screening and are at high risk of perinatal HIV transmission. Male partner HIV testing during ...
Developing and Evaluating the Arts Entrepreneurship Profile: A Systematic Approach

With the intent of supporting student artists’ entrepreneurial development, the purpose of this study was to design, administer, and validate a new instrument called the Arts Entrepreneurship Profi...
High rate capacitive performance of single-walled carbon nanotube aerogels

Abstract Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) aerogels produced by critical-point-drying of wet-gel precursors exhibit unique properties, such as high surface-area-to-volume and strength-to-weight ratios. They are free-standing, are binder-free, and can be scaled to thicknesses of more than 1 mm. Here, we examine the electric double layer capacitive behavior of these materials using a common room temperature ionic liquid electrolyte, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMI-TFSI). Electrochemical performance is assessed through galvanostatic cycling, cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. Results indicate stable capacitive performance over 10,000 cycles as well as an impressive performance at high charge and discharge rates, due to accessible pore networks and enhanced electronic and ionic conductivities of SWCNT aerogels. These materials can find applications in mechanically compressible and flexible supercapacitor devices with high power requirements.
Genesis of Fluorophore Formation in Macrocycle Solutions and the Detection of Glucose and Related Sugars

The development of improved methods for glucose monitoring is a significant challenge. Diabetes and other glucose-related related disorders continue to afflict a significant proportion of the global population. Interdisciplinary research efforts are ongoing on the international scene.1
Design of a 0.18-µm BiCMOS PA with concurrent and non-concurrent operations in 10–19, 23–29 and 33–40 GHz bands

A tri-band power amplifier (PA), that can operate concurrently or non-concurrently in Ku-, K-, and Ka-band, is designed using a 0.18-µm SiGe BiCMOS process. The tri-band PA is based on the distributed amplifier structure, which incorporates negative-resistance active notch filters for improved tri-band gain response. It exhibits measured small-signal gain around 15.4, 14.7, and 12.3 dB in the low-band (10–19 GHz), mid-band (23–29 GHz), and high-band (33–40 GHz), respectively. It can work in single-, dual-, and tri-band modes. In the tri-band mode, it exhibits measured 8.8/5.4/3.8 dBm maximum output power at 15/25/35 GHz. The tri-band PA has relatively flat responses in gain and output power across three different frequency bands, and good matching up to 40 GHz.
Some remarks on ethnicity in medieval archaeology

Recent critiques of the culture-historical approach to ethnicity have denounced the idea that archaeological cultures are ‘actors’ on the historical stage, playing the role that known individuals or groups have in documentary history. But the critique has gone as far as to claim that, because archaeologists supposedly have no access to the meaning of cultural traditions, medieval ethnicity cannot be studied by archeological means. Ethnicity should be banned from all discussions, if medieval archaeology is to make any progress in the future. The paper examines the theoretical malaise at the root of this scepticism verging on nihilism. The understanding of the archaeological record not as an imprint, but as a text allows for much learning about meaning in the past. Symbols, style and power are the key concepts that currently guide anthropological research on ethnicity as a ‘social construction of primordiality’. As several archaeological examples show, medieval ethnicity was a form of social mobilization used in order to reach certain political goals. Ethnic identity was built upon some pre-existing cultural identity, in a prototypic manner.
Determining the impact of prospective reimbursement on shaping information requirements in health care

The implementation of prospective reimbursement will demand innovative and compre hensive changes regarding health care information requirements. Information architecture must address the total health care delivery system in a holistic manner. Administrative/ Management practices, clinical behavior and overall resource planning will be impacted. This panel discussion evaluates each of these needs and proposes alternatives for the future.
On-line determination of dissolved phosphate in sea-water by ion-exclusion chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Direct determination of dissolved phosphate in sea-water by ion-exclusion chromatography in combination with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is described. This method was developed as an independent, complementary approach to the standard colorimetric procedure used for the determination of dissolved phosphate in a proposed sea-water reference material. The developed on-line method is rapid, simple and accurate, requiring no sample pre-treatment. One determination can be completed in 6 min. The detection limit (3s), estimated at 0.06 µM (2.0 ng ml−1 as P) with injection of only 100 µl of sea-water, is superior to the 0.15 µM achieved using colorimetry. The dissolved phosphate concentration in sea-water of 1.69 ± 0.04 µM measured by a standard additions technique using the proposed method is in good agreement with the 1.71 ± 0.04 µM determined using a classic colorimetric approach.
Reconsidering International Tax Neutrality

For decades, U.S. international tax policy has shifted back and forth between territorial-source-exemption taxation and worldwide-residence-credit taxation. The former is generally associated with capital import neutrality (CIN) and the latter with capital export neutrality (CEN). One reason why national tax policy has shifted back and forth between those benchmarks is because it is widely accepted that a tax system cannot simultaneously satisfy both CEN and CIN unless tax rates on capital are harmonized across jurisdictions. In this essay, I argue that the international tax literature contains two different and conflicting definitions for CIN. Under one definition, which goes back at least to Peggy Musgrave’s early writings and which has been adopted by politicians, lawyers and lay readers, CIN is understood to refer to a tax system that was competitively neutral. That idea can be conceptualized as a tax system that does not distort the ownership of capital (ownership neutrality). In the economics literature, ownership neutrality is closely associated with the recent work of Mihir Desai and James Hines, who coined the phrase capital ownership neutrality (CON) to describe a tax system that does not distort the ownership of assets. Under the other definition, which goes back to Thomas Horst and which has been broadly adopted by professional economists, CIN is understood to refer to a tax system that does not distort the consumption - savings choice (savings neutrality). In this essay, I show that the widely accepted and often repeated proof that a tax system cannot simultaneously satisfy both CEN and CIN is based on the assumption that CIN refers to saving neutrality. In contrast, when CIN is interpreted as ownership neutrality, the global adoption of a worldwide tax system simultaneously satisfies both CEN and CIN. However, global adoption of a territorial tax system still cannot simultaneously achieve both CEN and CIN because a territorial tax system violates CEN. Not surprisingly, the use of the term CIN to denote two different types of neutrality - ownership neutrality and savings neutrality - has produced much confusion for those trying to understand, influence and set international tax policy. Accordingly, I recommend that commentators either stop talking about CEN and CIN and talk instead about locational, ownership, and savings neutrality or if they continue to talk about CIN that they clearly specify whether they mean CIN as ownership neutrality or as saving neutrality.
An Evaluation of Information Criteria Use for Correct Cross-Classified Random Effects Model Selection

The authors assessed correct model identification rates of Akaike's information criterion (AIC), corrected criterion (AICC), consistent AIC (CAIC), Hannon and Quinn's information criterion (HQIC), and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) for selecting among cross-classified random effects models. Performance of default values for the 5 indices used by SAS PROC MIXED for estimating a 2-level cross-classified random effects model were compared with modifications to the sample size used in the AICC, CAIC, HQIC, and BIC formulations. The sample sizes explored included the number of level 1 units (N), the average number of classification units (m), and the number of nonempty classification cells (c). The authors also assessed performance of the χ2 diff test for testing the difference in fit between 2 nested cross-classified random effects models. The χ2 diff exhibited a slightly inflated Type I error rate with high power. The modified information criteria performed better than did the default values. Pairing o...
Effects of prey abundance and light intensity on the mixotrophic chrysophyte Poterioochromonas malhamensis from a mesotrophic lake

SUMMARY 1. Previous studies of mixotrophy in the flagellate Poterioochromonas malhamensis (Chrysophyceae) were performed on strains that had been in culture for > 30 years. This study aims to compare mixotrophy in a cultured strain with one recently isolated from a mesotrophic lake (Lacawac) in Pennsylvania, U.S.A. 2. P. malhamensis from the lake exhibited a nutritional flexibility similar to that of the culture strain, growing phototrophically but inefficiently in comparison to other nutritional modes (growth rate (m) = 0.015 h ‐1 ). Supplementing an inorganic salts medium with 1 mM glucose resulted in a doubling of m to 0.035 h ‐1 and 0.033 h ‐1 in the light and the dark, respectively. Addition of an algal prey, Nannochloris, to the inorganic salts medium increased growth to rates similar to those observed with glucose. Maximum growth of the lake strain, 0.095 h ‐1 , was achieved when bacteria was supplied as food. During growth on bacteria, cellular chlorophyll a (Chl a) decreased from 140 fg cell ‐1 to 10 fg cell ‐1 over 22 h when cultured either in the light or dark. In illuminated cultures, cell-specific Chl a concentration recovered to 185 fg cell ‐1 after bacteria became limiting. 3. In contrast to the cultured strain, however, the lake isolate exhibited an inverse relationship between light intensity and ingestion rate. Calculated grazing rates, based upon the ingestion of fluorescently labeled bacteria, were 3.2, 5.2 and 9.4 bacteria flagellate ‐1 h ‐1 , for P. malhamensis incubated in high light, low light and darkness, respectively. Phagotrophy is thus influenced by a light regime in this predominately heterotrophic mixotroph.
PREFERENCE MAPPING OF PERCEIVED INFORMATION STRUCTURE: IMPLICATIONS FOR DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS DESIGN

In a recent issue of this journal, Watkins [13] presented an approach for discovery of decision-maker perceptions of the complexity (dimensionality) of information items that might be supplied by a decision support system. Through use of multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis, relatively homogeneous groups of decision makers, sharing common perceptions of various information items, were formed. This prior research was referred to as a first step in suggesting that information reports could be tailored to groups of decision makers classified on the basis of common perceptions of information. The current research extends the prior study by evaluating decision maker preferences for information in a variety of decision-making scenarios in relation to the previously identified perceptions of the information. Based on the results of the study, conclusions are made which suggest that the tailoring of information to groups of decision makers should be based on both perceptions and preferences for information. Even so, it is demonstrated that the decision tasks have an impact on the preferences for information which may affect the attempt to tailor information to groups of decision makers.
Correlates of Intent to Seek Unnecessary Pap Tests Among Elderly Women

Purpose Cervical cancer screening may be over-used by elderly women who might not benefit from the test. The purpose of this study was to examine the relative importance of objective factors (e.g. intact cervix) and subjective factors (e.g. patients’ Pap-smear related beliefs/attitudes) as correlates of elderly women’s intention to have a Pap smear. Methods This study was a secondary data analysis using a subset sample of the elderly women (≥65 years) who participated in the Texas Tech 5000 Survey Wave 4, a cross-sectional phone interview study conducted in 2002. Intent to have a Pap test, previous gynecologic history, and beliefs/attitudes related to Pap tests were measured. χ 2 tests and logistic regression were conducted. Results Among the 1,044 women in the analytical sample, 70.2% (733) reported intending to have a Pap smear test within the next 2 years. About 77% (449/582) of the women who had not undergone a hysterectomy reported the intend to have a Pap smear, whereas 62% (284/462) of the women who had undergone a hysterectomy reported the same intent (χ 2 = 30.26; df = 1; p = .000). Among women who had undergone a hysterectomy, having received a Pap smear within the past 2 years (odds ratio [OR], 21.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 11.52–39.47), perceiving that their doctors might feel having the test is a good idea (OR, 7.14; 95% CI, 3.15–16.19), and insurance covering the test (OR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.18–4.15) were positive correlates of intent to have a Pap test. Among women who had not undergone a hysterectomy, previous Pap smear history (OR, 19.28; 95% CI, 10.15–37.10), perceived doctor’s opinion (OR, 5.39; 95% CI, 2.38–12.19), perceived pain of the test (OR, 0.52; 95% CI, .28–.99), perceived importance (OR, 4.00; 95% CI, 1.32–12.10), and perceived risk of developing cervical cancer (OR, 4.27; 95% CI, 1.27–14.33) were correlates. Conclusions Public health educational messages intended to increase appropriate use of Pap screening should include factual information about risk factors such as age and possession of an intact cervix. Other messages intended to reduce inappropriate use of Pap screening should be directed at physicians, since many elderly women intend to inappropriately seek Pap tests based on erroneous beliefs/attitudes.
Riddles, Legal Decisions, and Peirce’s “Existential Graphs”

As the title suggests, Peirce’s existential graphs, legal decisions, and riddles are members of a relationship that has not been examined from the perspective of semiotics. It is a relationship that, at first glance, seems to resemble Lewis Carroll’s conjunct, “cabbages and kings.” And, like the walrus, this chapter discusses paradox, nonsense, and incongruity in a significant way as they relate to legal semiotics.
Spectrum of differentiation in pediatric epithelial tumors of kidney: report of two cases

Two unusual presentations of childhood renal cell epithelial tumors including one whose unique clinical manifestation was polycythemia are described. One was a renal cell carcinoma which was so poorly differentiated that ancillary histopathologic techniques were necessary to arrive at the correct diagnosis. The other case represented the opposite extreme being so well-differentiated as to raise the differential diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma versus renal cell adenoma with blastemal areas. These case studies exemplify the practical role for specialized histopathologic techniques in diagnosing pediatric renal tumors, which may not be feasibly or even accurately categorized into known renal tumor types using routine diagnostic methods.
The effect of rotation on conical wave beams in a stratified fluid

Experiments are conducted to test extant theory on the effect of uniform rotation Ω on the angle θ of conical beam wave propagation excited by a sphere vertically oscillating at frequency ω in a density stratified fluid. The near-constant Brunt–Vaisala frequency stratification N produced in situ in a rotating cylindrical tank exhibits no effect of residual motion for the range of Froude numbers investigated. Good agreement between experiment and theory is found over the range of angles 15°<θ<65° using the “synthetic schlieren” visualization technique. In particular, the cut-off for wave propagation at ω=2Ω, below which waves do not propagate, is clearly observed.
STUDIES ON BLOOD CAPILLARIES : I. General Organization of Blood Capillaries in Muscle

The wall of the blood capillaries of skeletal muscles (diaphragm, tongue, hind legs) and myocardium of the rat, guinea pig, and hamster consists of three consecutive layers or tunics: the endothelium (inner layer), the basement membrane with its associated pericytes (middle layer), and the adventitia (outer layer). The flattened cells of the endothelium have a characteristic, large population of cytoplasmic vesicles which, within the attenuated periphery of the cells, may attain a maximum frequency of 120/µ2 of cell front and occupy ∼18% of the cytoplasmic volume; these values decrease as the cells thicken toward the perikaryon. The vesicles are 650–750 A in over-all diameter and are bounded by typical unit membranes. They occur as single units or are fused to form short chains of two to three vesicles. Each configuration may lie entirely within the cytoplasm or open onto the cell surface. In the latter case, the unit membrane of the vesicle is continuous, layer by layer, with the plasmalemma. Chains of vesicles opening simultaneously on both the blood and tissue fronts of the endothelial tunic have not been observed either in sections or in a tridimensional reconstruction of a sector of endothelial cell cytoplasm. Adjacent endothelial cells are closely apposed to one another and appear to be joined over a large part of their margins, possibly over their entire perimeter, by narrow belts of membrane fusion (zonulae occludentes). Except for tongue capillaries, patent intercellular gaps are rare or absent. The middle layer is formed by a continuous basement membrane (∼500 A thick) and by pericytes which lie in between leaflets of this membrane. The tips of the pericyte pseudopodia penetrate through the inner leaflet of the basement membrane and join the endothelium in maculae occludentes. The adventitia is a discontinuous layer comprising cellular (macrophages, fibroblasts, mast cells) and extracellular (fibrils, amorphous matrix) elements. The same general type of construction appears to be used along the entire length of the capillary.
Multichannel dispersion compensation using a silicon waveguide-based optical phase conjugator

We experimentally demonstrate dispersion compensation using a silicon-based optical phase conjugator. We achieve simultaneous transmission of four dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) channels spaced at 100 GHz and operating at 10 Gbits/s over 320 km of standard fiber. The measured power penalty at bit error rate of 10(-9) is less than 0.3 dB.
Synthesis and DNA conformational changes of non-covalent polynuclear platinum complexes.

Abstract Polynuclear platinum compounds demonstrate many novel phenomena in their interactions with DNA and proteins as well as novel anti-cancer activities. Previous studies indicated that the high positive charge and the non-coordinated “central linker” of the polynuclear compounds could have major contributions to these features. Therefore, a series of non-covalent polynuclear platinum complexes, [{Pt(NH 3 ) 3 } 2 -μ-Y] n + (Y = polyamine linker or { trans -Pt(NH 3 ) 2 (H 2 N(CH 2 ) 6 NH 2 ) 2 }) was synthesized and the DNA interactions of these platinum complexes were investigated. The conformational changes induced by these compounds in polymer DNA were studied by circular dichroism and the reversibility of the transition was tested by subsequent titration with the DNA intercalating agent ethidium bromide (EtBr). Fluorescent quenching was also used to assess the ability of EtBr to intercalate into A and Z-DNA induced by the compounds. The non-covalent polynuclear platinum complexes induced both B → A and B → Z conformational changes in polymer DNA. These conformational changes were partially irreversible. The platinum compound with the spermidine linker, [{Pt(NH 3 ) 3 } 2 -μ-spermidine-N 1 ,N 8 ]Cl 5 · 2H 2 O, is more efficient in inducing the conformational changes of DNA and it is less reversible than complexes with other linkers. The melting point study showed that the non-covalent polynuclear platinum complexes stabilized the duplex DNA and the higher the electrical charge of the complexes the greater the stabilization observed.
Microcomputer-Assisted Acquisition and Reduction Of TLC Scanning Densitometric Data

Abstract The rapid microcomputer processing of quantitative TLC scanning data is described. The microcomputer, using BASIC language, is based on the Intel 8080A microprocessor IC and has 64K bytes of RAM. Data is acquired via a 16-bit integrating ADC. A TLC plate with up to 18 samples may be analyzed in as little as 5 minutes. Graphics capabilities include automatic analysis and depiction of peak heights and peak areas. Display of normal or log-normal plots of data for reference compounds and samples with least-squares linear regression is available. Graphics are directly accessible to permit independent plotting of data.
A case for medical, environmental, and safety screening

Agriculture is one of the most hazardous occupations in the United States, yet there has been no improvement noted over the past 30 years. While occupational health and safety improvements have been noted in other industrial sections, agriculture continues to pose many unusual health threats to the farmer. Screening programs are fraught with many problems in view of the widely dispersed nature of agriculture. Pulmonary function studies, dust levels, serological testing, hearing testing and noise level production, and cholinesterase levels are but a few of the tools that are available, and are helpful in looking for problems in this most vital industry in the United States.
Does Microcredit “Empower”? Reflections on the Grameen Bank Debate

Recent debates about the Grameen Bank’s microlending practices depict participating female borrowers as having fundamentally empowering or disempowering experiences. I argue that this discursive framework may be too reductive: it can conceal how technique and technology simultaneously facilitate relations of dependence and independence; and it can diminish our capacity to understand and assess innovative development initiatives.
Working the senate from the outside in: The mediated construction of a feminist political campaign

The 1992 campaign year was known as the political Year of the Woman. This phrase was used to denote both the high‐profile Senate campaigns of five women, as well as a generalized sense of enthusiasm for female political candidates and, to some extent, for certain feminist beliefs. This is an examination of one aspect of this campaign: the mass‐mediated discursive formation used to position these Senate candidates outside of perceived mainstream, cultural beliefs and the ways in which the resulting discourse functioned as a commentary on U.S. feminism writ large.
Carlos Marighela: the father of urban guerrilla warfare

Abstract Two decades ago Carlos Marighela, the Brazilian revolutionary, was killed by Brazilian security forces. Known as “the father of urban guerrilla warfare,” Marighela laid out his theories in his Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla. He is noted for espousing urban‐based revolution over a “rural foco,” militarization of the political process, and manipulation of the media. He broke with the Brazilian Communist Party, which historically wavered between cooperation with the government and rural‐based guerrilla warfare. With the failure to transplant a Cuban‐style revolution in South America, Marighela turned his attention to the growing urbanization of the continent. For him, the city would be the primary battleground. In his Minimanual, Marighela argued for the militarization of the political process. As violence was escalated, the forces of law and order would be forced to become more repressive. The “soft center” would be eliminated as the sides were polarized. Eventually, the masses would join the re...
Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome. II. Electrophysiology of the photoreceptors during retinal pigment epithelial disease.

• We performed electrophysiologic studies of photoreceptor function in three patients with multiple evanescent white dot syndrome. During the acute stage, while the visual acuity was impaired, the electroretinogram (ERG) a-wave and the early receptor potential (ERP) amplitudes were profoundly decreased. The ERP regeneration times, determined for one subject, were prolonged. These findings suggest that photoreceptor function was impaired (abnormal a-wave), the effective visual pigment optical density of the outer segments was markedly reduced (ERP amplitude), and visual pigment regeneration was abnormal (ERP regeneration kinetics). During the recovery stage, the ERG and ERP amplitudes and visual acuity returned to normal. Our patients' disease seemed to be primarily of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The decreased visual pigment density and prolonged regeneration kinetics emphasize the physiologic dependence of the sensory retina on the RPE.
Characteristics of hepatic receptors for somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I and insulin in the developing human.

Insulin and the somatomedins (Sms) are putative regulators of cell proliferation and metabolism in the fetus. Since the liver is a potential target tissue of these hormones during fetal life, we characterized the hepatic receptors for Sm-C/insulin like growth factor I (Sm-C/IGF-I) and insulin during the second trimester of human fetal development. Membrane-enriched fetal liver homogenates specifically bound 8.9 ± 1.5% (±sd) of added [125I]insulin and 5.1–7.2% of [125I]Sm-C/IGF-I. Binding of both hormones was constant from 12–20 weeks gestation and was much greater than that in adult liver membranes. Analysis of dose-response data indicated high affinity between each receptor and its respective ligand (Kd for the Sm-C/IGF-I receptor, 2.2 × 10−10 m; Kd for insulin receptor, 5.2 × 10−10 and 7.7 × 10−9 m). Limited cross-reactivity (∼1:1,000) of insulin with the Sm-C/IGF-I receptor and Sm-C/IGF-I with the insulin receptor was found. Affinity labeling studies showed that each receptor possessed an approximately...