cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Swollen mixed Pluronic surfactant micelles as templates for mesoporous nanotubes with diverse bridged-organosilica frameworks.

Abstract Bridged-organosilica nanotubes with a variety of bridging groups (methylene, ethylene, ethenylene, phenylene and p-xylylene) were synthesized using swollen mixtures of Pluronic triblock copolymer surfactants as micellar templates. The mixtures consisted of Pluronic F127 surfactant (EO106PO70EO106) with long poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, blocks, which help prevent the formation of consolidated structures, and another Pluronic with shorter PEO blocks and higher poly(propylene oxide) content, which promote swelling and the cylindrical micelle morphology. In the presence of toluene as a swelling agent, the use of Pluronic P123 (EO20PO70EO20) in the mixture allowed us to readily generate organosilica nanotubes, but the products were often contaminated, sometimes substantially, with large nanospheres and other impurities. On the other hand, the use of Pluronic P104 (EO27PO61EO27) instead of Pluronic P123 typically afforded nanotube products of significant purity. The nanotube morphology was well preserved upon the surfactant removal via extraction or calcination, even though the resulting nanotubes were often more clustered. The nanotubes exhibited high surface areas and uniform inner diameters in the range from ∼12 to 21 nm, depending on the composition and synthesis conditions. Our results indicate that the swollen mixed Pluronic surfactant templates provide an unprecedented access to mesoporous bridged-organosilica nanotubes.
Mammalian stringent-like response mediated by the cytosolic NADPH phosphatase MESH1

Nutrient deprivation triggers stringent response in bacteria, allowing rapid reallocation of resources from proliferation toward stress survival. Critical to this process is the accumulation/degradation of (p)ppGpp regulated by the RelA/SpoT homologues. While mammalian genomes encode MESH1, a homologue of the bacterial (p)ppGpp hydrolase SpoT, neither (p)ppGpp nor its synthetase has been identified in mammalian cells. Therefore, the function of MESH1 remains a mystery. Here, we report that human MESH1 is an efficient cytosolic NADPH phosphatase, an unexpected enzymatic activity that is captured by the crystal structure of the MESH1-NADPH complex. MESH1 depletion promotes cell survival under ferroptosis-inducing conditions by sustaining the level of NADPH, an effect that is reversed by the simultaneous depletion of the cytosolic NAD(H) kinase, NADK, but not its mitochondrial counterpart NADK2. Importantly, MESH1 depletion also triggers extensive transcriptional changes that are distinct from the canonical integrated stress response but resemble the bacterial stringent response, implicating MESH1 in a previously uncharacterized stress response in mammalian cells.
Performance of the PROMIS in Patients After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Background:The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) is designed to advance patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments by utilizing question banks for major health domai...
Reflection Coefficients for Defective Diffusion Bonds

The quality of diffusion bonds can, to some degree, be characterized using ultrasonic probes. Consequently, considerable effort has gone into the development of theories that predict the ultrasonic scattering from defective bonds. There are three major lines of development. First Baik and Thompson [1] and Angel and Achenbach [2] have examined the low frequency limit; they have described the elastic scattering by an “effective” spring-model in this regime. Second Sotiropolous and Achenbach [3,4] have developed a rigorous approach that is valid at all frequencies for the case of microcracks at the bondplane; the crucial theoretical tool in this case is the crack opening displacement. Their work is, however, restricted to the case of normally incident plane waves. Rose [5] presented an approximate method, the single scattering approximation, for computing the reflection coefficients at normal incidence; it is based on using the scattering amplitudes for the various defects at the bondplane.
Cognitive Causes and Consequences of Perceived Social Support

People’s perceptions of the social support they have available can have an important impact on their social adjustment and their ability to cope with stress. Moreover, this influence appears independent of the social support that actually exists. Indeed, there is often little relation between perceived and actual support availability. Individuals’ general perceptions of the support they receive are only weakly correlated with their ratings of the supportiveness conveyed in specific events that have occurred (Dunkel-Schetter & Bennett, 1990; Lakey & Cassady, 1990; Sarason, Shearin, Pierce, & Sarason, 1987). Moreover, these perceptions are often better predictors of coping effectiveness than are either persons’ own or others’ ratings of the support that has actually been provided them in specific experiences they have had (Antonucci & Israel, 1986; Sandler & Barrera, 1984; Wethington & Kessler, 1986). Thus, providing persons with a supportive social environment is insufficient to ensure their ability to cope with stress and to acquire a sense of well-being. To attain these objectives, one must also understand the factors that influence people’s perceptions of social support availability. This understanding requires an identification of not only the cognitive bases of perceived social support but also the processes that give rise to it.
Knowledge Contributions in Design Science Research: A Meta-Analysis

This research analyzes patterns of artifact generation and knowledge contribution of design science researchers based on a meta-analysis of contemporary work. We derive these analyses based on prior classifications of design science artifacts and knowledge outcomes. Our analyses reveal a complex picture of what is produced and how by scholars in the design science community. The results allow us to characterize the evolution of design science research community, and point to possible gaps. We also show that empirical analyses of prior efforts are needed to complement the prescriptive work in the design science community. We hope that our findings will provide the research community a platform to reflect on their own work, improve the ability of individual researchers to position and communicate their work, and point to possibilities for building a cumulative knowledge base.
Cytogenetics of synthetic 6x amphiploids of Avena

iv INTRODUCTION 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2 Phenomena Which May be Related to Mosaicism in Vegetative Tissues 2 Chromosome Mosaicism in Generative Tissue 26 MATERIALS AND METHODS 37 Planting of Seeds 37 Treating Seeds with Colchicine 38 Cytological Techniques 38 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 40 Two Tetraploids Derived from Synthetic 6x Amphiploids of the Triploid Hybrid of Avena abyssinica C.I. 2108 x A. strigosa C.I. 7010 40 Chromosome Numbers in Root-tip' cells of A. and A^ Generation Plants 40 Chromosome Numbers and Chromosome Associations Observed at Meiotic Metaphase in PMCs of Ao Generation Plants and A^ Generation Panicles 42 Chromosome Associations in 42 Chromosome PMCs at First Meiotic Metaphase in Various Synthetic 6x Amphiploids 43 Metaphase of First Pollen Grain Mitosis in Ao Generation Plants of Synthetic 6x Amphiploid of Avena abyssinica C.I. 2108 X A. strigosa C.I. 2630 47 A Probable Case of Abnormality in Pollen Grain Wall 49
Still suspicious: The suspicious coincidence effect revisited

Imagine hearing someone call a particular dalmatian a "dax." The meaning of the novel noun dax is ambiguous between the subordinate meaning (dalmatian) and the basic-level meaning (dog). Yet both children and adults successfully learn noun meanings at the intended level of abstraction from similar evidence. Xu and Tenenbaum (2007a) provided an explanation for this apparent puzzle: Learners assume that examples are sampled from the true underlying category (strong sampling), making cases in which there are more observed exemplars more consistent with a subordinate meaning than cases in which there are fewer exemplars (the suspicious-coincidence effect). Authors of more recent work (Spencer, Perone, Smith, & Samuelson, 2011) have questioned the relevance of this finding, however, arguing that the effect occurs only when the examples are presented to the learner simultaneously. Across a series of 12 experiments ( N = 600), we systematically manipulated several experimental parameters that varied across previous studies, and we successfully replicated the findings of both sets of authors. Taken together, our data suggest that the suspicious-coincidence effect in fact is robust to presentation timing of examples but is sensitive to another factor that varied in the Spencer et al. (2011) experiments, namely, trial order. Our work highlights the influence of pragmatics on behavior in experimental tasks.
Deep Reinforcement Learning based Distributed Resource Allocation for V2V Broadcasting

In this article, we exploit deep reinforcement learning for joint resource allocation and scheduling in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) broadcast communications. Each vehicle, considered as an autonomous agent, makes its decisions to find the messages and spectrum for transmission based on its local observations without requiring or having to wait for global information. From the simulation results, each vehicle can effectively learn how to ensure the stringent latency constraints on V2V links while minimizing the interference to vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) links.
The impact of US wildland fires on ozone and particulate matter: a comparison of measurements and CMAQ model predictions from 2008 to 2012.

Wildland fire emissions are routinely estimated in the US Environmental Protection Agency’s National Emissions Inventory, specifically for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and precursors to ozone (O3); however, there is a large amount of uncertainty in this sector. We employ a brute-force zero-out sensitivity method to estimate the impact of wildland fire emissions on air quality across the contiguous US using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modelling system. These simulations are designed to assess the importance of wildland fire emissions on CMAQ model performance and are not intended for regulatory assessments. CMAQ ver. 5.0.1 estimated that fires contributed 11% to the mean PM2.5 and less than 1% to the mean O3 concentrations during 2008–2012. Adding fires to CMAQ increases the number of ‘grid-cell days’ with PM2.5 above 35 µg m−3 by a factor of 4 and the number of grid-cell days with maximum daily 8-h average O3 above 70 ppb by 14%. Although CMAQ simulations of specific fires have improved with the latest model version (e.g. for the 2008 California wildfire episode, the correlation r = 0.82 with CMAQ ver. 5.0.1 v. r = 0.68 for CMAQ ver. 4.7.1), the model still exhibits a low bias at higher observed concentrations and a high bias at lower observed concentrations. Given the large impact of wildland fire emissions on simulated concentrations of elevated PM2.5 and O3, improvements are recommended on how these emissions are characterised and distributed vertically in the model.
PW 1644 Emergency medical systems in low- and middle-income countries: the need, the experience, and the way forward

Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are now facing a triple burden of injuries, communicable, and non-communicable diseases. LMICs generally, and poor people in individual countries are particularly at the risk of higher burden of injury and adverse outcomes from a variety of acute and life-threatening conditions. The odds of dying due to injuries is six-times higher in the absence of a well-organized and coordinated Emergency Medical System (EMS). Research has demonstrated that EMS could significantly reduce morbidity and mortality from road traffic injuries, acute cardiovascular diseases, sepsis and obstetrical complications. Despite the high burden and increased risk of death from injuries, the availability and quality of EMS in LMICs are extremely variable. This session will highlight the state of EMS in three different LMICs, describing the needs, challenges and priorities in the format of case studies. This two-hour symposium aims to put forward a compelling narrative of the cross cutting role of EMS in strengthening emergency and trauma care to inform and promote current and future strengthening of EMS in LMICs. 10 min Welcome and Overview of Emergency Medical Services in LMICs: Dr. Adnan Hyder 25 min ‘It’s hard to get an ambulance’- Findings of an assessment of the Emergency Medical System in Kampala, Uganda using Health systems framework: Dr. Amber Mehmood, JH-IIRU 25 min Towards a better emergency care: Evolution of Emergency Medical Services Policy in Kenya: Dr. Isaac Botchey, JH-IIRU 25 min Overview of Emergency Medical Services in Pakistan: A comparison of public and private run services: Dr. Razzak Junaid, Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins 20 min Steps forward: Are there any ‘best models’ for Emergency Medical Services in low-resource settings? Dr. Olive Kobusingye Makerere University School of Public Health 15 min Discussion/Question and answer session. Dr. Adnan Hyder.
Social Networks of Children with Developmental Language Disorder in Inclusive Preschool Programs.

This study takes an ecological approach to examine how children with developmental language disorder (DLD) interact with their classmates within early childhood special education (ECSE) inclusive classrooms. Participants were 124 children with DLD, 56 children with other disabilities, and 247 typically developing children (Mage = 52.42 months, SD = 6.27) from 56 ECSE inclusive classrooms. Results of social network analysis showed that children with DLD had significantly smaller peer social networks and were more likely to be isolated. Children tended to interact with peers with the same DLD status. These effects of children's DLD status were above and beyond the effects of children's social pragmatics skills.
A parameter recovery assessment of time-variant models of decision-making

Evidence accumulation models have been one of the most dominant modeling frameworks used to study rapid decision-making over the past several decades. These models propose that evidence accumulates from the environment until the evidence for one alternative reaches some threshold, typically associated with caution, triggering a response. However, researchers have recently begun to reconsider the fundamental assumptions of how caution varies with time. In the past, it was typically assumed that levels of caution are independent of time. Recent investigations have however suggested the possibility that levels of caution decrease over time and that this strategy provides more efficient performance under certain conditions. Our study provides the first comprehensive assessment of this newer class of models accounting for time-varying caution to determine how robustly their parameters can be estimated. We assess five overall variants of collapsing threshold/urgency signal models based on the diffusion decision model, linear ballistic accumulator model, and urgency gating model frameworks. We find that estimation of parameters, particularly those associated with caution/urgency modulation are most robust for the linearly collapsing threshold diffusion model followed by an urgency-gating model with a leakage process. All other models considered, particularly those with ballistic accumulation or nonlinear thresholds, are unable to recover their own parameters adequately, making their usage in parameter estimation contexts questionable.
Liver disorders caused by drugs or environmental toxins

This chapter discusses liver disorders caused by drugs or environmental toxins. Liver damage may be attributed to a drug or toxin when the agent produces liver damage in a predictable dose-related fashion, in all recipients, with its onset occurring within a fixed period after exposure. Where damage is because of a drug metabolite rather than the parent drug, the rate of onset and the dose required to cause injury are influenced by metabolic rates. In non-predictable drug injury, a harmful effect on liver function is seen in only a very small proportion of individuals taking the drug. The great susceptibility of the liver to drug- or toxin-induced injury has a number of possible causes. The liver's strategic position astride the portal blood exposes it to absorbed pharmaceuticals, food additives, and other xenobiotics. The essential clinical feature is a history of exposure to a drug or toxin. If the agent is hepatotoxic in a dose-related fashion, e.g. paracetamol or carbon tetrachloride, the diagnosis is rarely in doubt.
Overrepresentation of flagship species in primate documentaries and opportunities for promoting biodiversity

Abstract Documentary films are intended to engage a broad audience and can be effective outreach tools for raising awareness of global biodiversity and conservation issues. We screened 210 films and recorded the duration that each primate species was on screen to evaluate their representation in documentaries and to assess factors potentially driving biases within these depictions. We expected that flagship species would be overrepresented such that: 1) apes would be more frequently included in documentaries than other primate taxa, 2) Critically Endangered and Endangered species would be more frequently included in documentaries than those of less concern, and 3) large-bodied primates would have more on-screen time than smaller-bodied primates. Due to factors affecting the accessibility of species, we hypothesized that: 4) species of Least Concern would be overrepresented, and 5) diurnal and cathemeral primates would be overrepresented compared to nocturnal primates. We found that documentary films portray only a fraction of primate biodiversity. Only a third of primate species are portrayed in documentaries, and these tend to be large flagship species and easily filmed species. African apes were overrepresented compared to other primate taxa. Endangered and Least Concern species were overrepresented, whereas Vulnerable and Near Threatened species were underrepresented. Larger-bodied species and non-nocturnal primates were featured in more films and had longer on-screen times than smaller or nocturnal primates. Our findings suggest that audiences may benefit from the collaboration of filmmakers and scientists, which would likely result in greater species representation and more comprehensive coverage of relevant conservation issues.
Teacher professional development and online instruction: Cultivating coherence and sustainability

As we work to provide coherent and systematic professional development for online language teachers, a consideration of findings from teacher development research is essential. This essay begins by briefly overviewing this research as well as investigations into teacher learning related to online instruction, with a specific focus on studies grounded in sociocultural theory (Lantolf, 2000, Sociocultural theory and second language learning , Oxford University Press, Oxford, England; Vygotsky, 1986, Thought and language , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA). The main takeaways from this study are exemplified through the teacher professional development efforts currently underway at the Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition at the University of Minnesota. The essay concludes with recommendations for crafting a research‐informed professional development program for online language instruction.
Transparent nanoliter container supports cell delivery and imaging of post-transplant cell function

5139 We have devised optically-transparent microcontainers for cell encapsulation and to visualize cell viability and function post-transplantation - these biocompatible microcontainers were used to deliver tumor cells and can be used as a delivery vehicle in cell based anti-tumor therapy. We fabricated hollow cubic microcontainers from a transparent epoxy-based polymer, with an 8 nl encapsulation volume. We encapsulated 1000 red-fluorescent protein-expressing MDA-MB-231-tdTomato cancer cells within each microcontainer and implanted the microcontainers in the mammary fat pads of SCID mice. The tumor burden was observed up to 20 days post-implantation, followed by excision of the implant site. A microcontainer with no cells served as a control. Fluorescence imaging revealed the encapsulated cells immediately post-implantation; there was no autofluorescence from the control microcontainer. Cancer cells embedded in these microcontainers remained viable for more than 20 days. One mouse was euthanized after 16 days and the microcontainer with cells was excised. Cells from the excised microcontainer revealed viable cells that formed cell colonies in culture. For microcontainers that were not retrieved, the cells grew into tumors. The results demonstrate that we can sequester a precise and small number of cells for localized delivery. These cells are easily visible in the transparent microcontainers, post implantation. The cell-encapsulating microcontainers supported cell survival; no deleterious effects to the encapsulated cells or to the host were observed. The microcontainers can potentially serve as a vehicle for cells that secrete therapeutic molecules, for stem cells used in regeneration, or to deliver cancer cells as inocula. In encapsulating cellular xenografts, that require immunoprotection, the microcontainers can be rendered nanoporous to exclude macrophages and large immune molecules from their interior. Our approach can be easily modified to fabricate a wide range of microcontainer sizes, thereby providing the ability to encapsulate single cells or large cellular clusters and allow access to different regions within the body. Our microcontainers provide a means of placing cells overexpressing specific chemokines or cytokines under optical or MRI image-guidance in microenvironment specific e.g. hypoxic versus normoxic regions of the tumor. Acknowledgement: We gratefully acknowledge funding from NIH/NIBIB 1R01 EB007456-01.
Deep Reinforcement Learning based Elasticity-compatible Heterogeneous Resource Management for Time-critical Computing

Rapidly generated data and the amount magnitude of data analytical jobs pose great pressure to the underlying computing facilities. A distributed multi-cluster computing environment such as a hybrid cloud consequently raises its necessity due to its advantages in adapting geographically distributed and potentially cloud-based computing resources. Different clusters forming such an environment could be heterogeneous and may be resource-elastic as well. From analytical perspective, in accordance with increasing needs on streaming applications and timely analytical demands, many data analytical jobs nowadays are time-critical in terms of their temporal urgency. And the overall workload of the computing environment can be hybrid to contain both time-critical and general applications. These all call for an efficient resource management approach capable to apprehend both computing environment and application features. However, the added up complexity and high dynamics of the system greatly hinder the performance of traditional rule-based approaches. In this work, we propose to utilize deep reinforcement learning for developing elasticity-compatible resource management for a heterogeneous distributed computing environment, aiming for less occurrences of missing temporal deadline while maintaining low average execution time ratio. Along with reinforcement learning we design a deep model employing Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) structure and partial model sharing for multi-target learning mechanism. The experimental results show that the proposed approach could greatly outperform baselines and serve as a robust resource management for variant workloads.
Insidious Regulatory Taxes

Courts have long held the utmost respect for tax laws, reflecting a recognition that the revenue-raising function of taxes allows legislators to distribute the burden of funding the government as they see fit. Unelected judges, the sentiment goes, should be hesitant to trifle with tax laws and upset those political decisions. However, taxes are not mere revenue-raising tools; they also are used to regulate behavior. Intentional regulatory effects might be expected to lessen the privileged state of taxes before the courts in order to bring the treatment of regulatory taxes in line with that of direct regulations, but this is not the case. Courts continue to defer to the institutional interests in raising revenue, even when regulatory taxes raise only nominal revenue. The problems with this approach are highlighted by state-level controlled substance taxes, which impose taxes on individuals for the possession and sale of illegal drugs without providing those individuals the protections available under criminal law, such as high burdens of proof for the government. These regulatory taxes are insidious vehicles for undermining those protections against harmful government actions, and the use of the taxes is incentivized by the judiciary’s current approach to taxes. Not only do insidious regulatory taxes stealthily sacrifice protections for individuals, they are less efficient than their direct regulation counterparts and thus unnecessarily burden society. Courts need a new framework to remove the incentive to use such insidious regulatory taxes, and this Article taps modern tax expenditure analysis to provide that framework—one that appropriately balances institutional and individual interests when taxes are challenged.
Comment on Comparison of rates of opioid withdrawal symptoms and reversal of opioid toxicity in patients treated with two naloxone dosing regimens.

To the EditorWe applaud Purssell et al., for their interesting paper entitled “Comparison of Rates of Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms And Reversal of Opioid Toxicity in Patients Treated with Two Naloxon...
Impact of Influenza Infection Among Adult and Pediatric Populations With Hematologic Malignancy and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Abstract Purpose Influenza is increasingly recognized as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with hematologic malignancies and recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, the impact of influenza on this population has not been previously evaluated in a systematic review. This study systematically reviewed and summarized the outcomes of influenza infection as to in-hospital influenza-related mortality, development of lower respiratory tract infection and acute respiratory distress syndrome, need for hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, and mechanical ventilation. Methods We conducted a systematic search of literature using the PubMed and EMBASE databases for articles published from January 1989 through January 19, 2020, reporting laboratory-confirmed influenza in patients of any age with hematologic malignancies and HSCT. Time from transplantation was not included in the search criteria. The impact of antiviral therapy on influenza outcomes was not assessed due to heterogeneity in antiviral treatment provision across the studies. Patients with influenza-like illness, solid-tumor cancers, or nonmalignant hematologic diseases were excluded from the study. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate the prevalences and 95% CIs of each outcome of interest. A subgroup analysis was carried out to assess possible sources of heterogeneity and to evaluate the potential impact of age on the influenza infection outcomes. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. Findings Data from 52 studies providing data on 1787 patients were included in this analysis. During seasonal epidemics, influenza-related in-hospital mortality was 16.60% (95% CI, 7.49%–27.7%), with a significantly higher death rate in adults compared to pediatric patients (19.55% [95% CI, 10.59%–29.97%] vs 0.96% [95% CI, 0%–6.77%]; P Implications Regardless of influenza season, patients, and especially adults, with underlying hematologic malignancies and HSCT recipients with influenza are at risk for severe outcomes including lower respiratory tract infection and in-hospital mortality.
Malpractice in Otology

In both the clinic and the operating room, otologic surgeons treat a variety of complex conditions. Otologic surgery bears a significant proportion of the legal burden when considering litigation in Otolaryngology. Hearing loss and facial nerve injury are the most commonly alleged injuries; however, claims related to routine procedures, such as cerumen disimpaction and myringotomy with tube placement, represent a large majority of cases. Careful discussion about the medical evaluation and medical and surgical treatment of otologic disease is the foundation of outstanding patient care and may decrease unnecessary litigation.
An interpretable connectivity-based decoding model for classification of chronic marijuana use

ABSTRACT Background Psychiatric neuroimaging typically proceeds with one of two approaches: encoding models, which aim to model neural mechanisms, or decoding models, which aim to predict behavioral or clinical characteristics from brain imaging data. In this study, we seek to combine these aims by developing interpretable decoding models that offer both accurate prediction and novel neural insights. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this combined approach in a case study of chronic marijuana use. Methods Chronic marijuana (MJ) users (n=195) and non-using healthy controls (n=128) completed a cue-elicited craving task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Linear machine learning methods were used to classify individuals into chronic MJ users and non-users based on task-evoked, whole-brain functional connectivity. We then used graph theoretic analyses to identify ‘predictive functional connectivities’ among brain regions that contributed most substantially to the classification of chronic marijuana use. Results We obtained high (~80% out-of-sample) accuracy across four different classification models, demonstrating that task-evoked, whole-brain functional connectivity can successfully differentiate chronic marijuana users from non-users. Subsequent network analyses revealed key predictive regions (e.g., anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and precuneus) that are often implicated in neuroimaging studies of substance use disorders, as well as some key exceptions. We also identified a core set of networks of brain regions that contributed to successful classification, comprised of many of the same predictive regions. Conclusions Our dual aims of accurate prediction and interpretability were successful, producing a predictive model that also provides interpretability at the neural level. This novel approach may complement other predictive-exploratory approaches for a more complete understanding of neural mechanisms in drug use and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
The interdependence imperative: business strategy, complementarities, and economic policy

An enduring idea in economics and management sciences is that successful business strategies exploit complementarities across management practices within a firm. From this complementarity perspective, the success of business strategy requires utilizing a variety of interdependencies across management practices. Navigating large arrays of possible interdependencies implies that strategic decision-making is often conducted under high complexity and uncertainty. This paper provides an introduction to the conceptual foundations of complementarities in business strategy, and its implications for strategic decision-making and managerial learning. Against this backdrop, I outline issues of measurement and data collection for strategy practices, drawing on recent measurement efforts by academic researchers as well as national statistical agencies. The last part of the paper discusses how increased large-scale data collection on firm activity complementarities and strategy practices can inform a variety of policy areas, such as antitrust policy and merger review, industrial and innovation policy, tax policy, and public–private partnerships.
Stream Turbulence Effects on Turbulent Boundary Layer

Nearly all our information on turbulent boundary-layer flow is for the case of rather low levels of turbulence in the free stream outside the layer. Little is known of the effect of stream turbulence on the development of the turbulent layer and calculations are thus based on the relations established for low levels of turbulence. This technical note offers definite evidence that turbulence affects the turbulent layer and quantifies this for the flat-plate case.
Economic mobility in Vietnam in the 1990s

Vietnam's high economic growth in the 1990s led to sharp reductions in poverty, yet over the same time period inequality increased. This increased inequality may be less worrisome if Vietnamese households experience a high degree of income mobility over time. This is because high mobility implies that the long-run distribution of income is more equally distributed than the short-run distribution, since some individuals or households are poor in some years, while others are poor in other years. The authors examine economic mobility in Vietnam using recent household survey panel data. The problem of measurement error in the income variable, which exaggerates the degree of economic mobility, is directly addressed. Correcting for measurement error dramatically changes the results. At least one half of measured mobility is because of measurement error.
Source Code Rejuvenation Is Not Refactoring

Programmers rely on programming idioms, design patterns, and workaround techniques to make up for missing programming language support. Evolving languages often address frequently encountered problems by adding language and library support to subsequent releases. By using new features, programmers can express their intent more directly. As new concerns, such as parallelism or security, arise, early idioms and language facilities can become serious liabilities. Modern code sometimes benefits from optimization techniques not feasible for code that uses less expressive constructs. Manual source code migration is expensive, time-consuming, and prone to errors. In this paper, we present the notion of source code rejuvenation, the automated migration of legacy code and very briefly mention the tools we use to achieve that. While refactoring improves structurally inadequate source code, source code rejuvenation leverages enhanced program language and library facilities by finding and replacing coding patterns that can be expressed through higher-level software abstractions. Raising the level of abstraction benefits software maintainability, security, and performance.
Differential Regulation of Human NK Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity by the Tyrosine Kinase Itk

NK cells are effector lymphocytes that can recognize and eliminate virally infected and transformed cells. NK cells express distinct activating receptors, including an ITAM-containing FcR complex that recognizes Ab-coated targets, and the DNAX-activating protein of 10 kDa-containing NKG2D receptor complex that recognizes stress-induced ligands. The regulatory role of specific tyrosine kinases in these pathways is incompletely understood. In this study, we show that, in activated human NK cells, the tyrosine kinase IL-2-inducible T cell kinase (Itk), differentially regulates distinct NK-activating receptors. Enhanced expression of Itk leads to increases in calcium mobilization, granule release, and cytotoxicity upon stimulation of the ITAM-containing FcR, suggesting that Itk positively regulates FcR-initiated cytotoxicity. In contrast, enhanced Itk expression decreases cytotoxicity and granule release downstream of the DNAX-activating protein of 10 kDa-containing NKG2D receptor, suggesting that Itk is involved in a pathway of negative regulation of NKG2D-initiated granule-mediated killing. Using a kinase mutant, we show that the catalytic activity of Itk is required for both the positive and negative regulation of these pathways. Complementary experiments where Itk expression was suppressed also showed differential regulation of the two pathways. These findings suggest that Itk plays a complex role in regulating the functions initiated by distinct NK cell-activating receptors. Moreover, understanding how these pathways may be differentially regulated has relevance in the setting of autoimmune diseases and antitumor immune responses where NK cells play key regulatory roles.
Abstract 1556: Regulation of cellular apoptosis via a novel protein-protein interaction of tumor suppressor p53 with the xenobiotic pregnane X receptor (PXR) in colon cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The cellular response to DNA damage comprises of DNA repair, cell-cycle checkpoint control and DNA damage-induced apoptosis to promote genomic integrity and suppress tumorigenesis. However, cancer cells can modulate the DNA damage response by suppressing DNA repair, altering cell cycle checkpoint control and ultimately downregulating tumor suppressors that contribute to apoptosis promoting genomic instability and avoidance of apoptosis. Although PXR is well established as a xenobiotic nuclear receptor that plays a central role in xenobiotic metabolism and disposition, emerging evidence suggest PXR as a regulator of apoptosis, promoting a malignant phenotype, both in vitro and in vivo. The tumor suppressor p53 can be activated in the presence of DNA damage and can induce cell cycle arrest to allow for DNA repair, or ultimately apoptosis suppressing tumor formation. We hypothesized that the novel protein-protein interaction between PXR and p53 contributes to the oncogenic functions of PXR enhancing colon carcinogenesis. Using immunoprecipitation, we found that PXR forms a protein-protein interaction with p53, resulting in reduced p53 activation and expression of downstream pro-apoptotic genes. In addition, utilizing the soft agar assay, we found that PXR overexpression leads to increased malignant transformation in colon cancer cells. Our findings show for the first time that PXR can physically bind to p53, resulting in downregulation of p53 activity and increased malignant transformation in colon cancer cells. Thus, these results provide insight into the biological significance of novel protein-protein interactions with PXR and how the PXR-p53 protein-protein interaction influences p53-mediated mechanism of tumor suppression. Citation Format: Delira F. Robbins, Jing Wu, Taosheng Chen. Regulation of cellular apoptosis via a novel protein-protein interaction of tumor suppressor p53 with the xenobiotic pregnane X receptor (PXR) in colon cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1556. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1556
Ebb‐Tidal Delta Response to Jetty Construction at Three South Carolina Inlets

Many studies have described effects of jetties on littoral sediment transport, inlet channel configuration, and effects on adjacent beaches. Effects of jetty construction on ebb-tidal delta morphology are less documented. This report examines such effects at three South Carolina inlets. Historical bathymetric surveys were digitized for the Charleston Harbor ebb-tidal delta areas, whereas air-photos were used qualitatively to map morphologic changes that occurred during and following construction of jetties at MurrelTs Inlet and Little River Inlet.
Faster Algorithms for Constructing a Concept (Galois) Lattice

In this paper, we present a fast algorithm for constructing a concept (Galois) lattice of a binary relation, including computing all concepts and their lattice order. We also present two efficient variants of the algorithm, one for computing all concepts only, and one for constructing a frequent closed itemset lattice. The running time of our algorithms depends on the lattice structure and is faster than all other existing algorithms for these problems.
Simulating the Electroweak Phase Transition: Sonification of Bubble Nucleation

As an applicaton of sonification, a simulation of the early universe was developed to portray a phase transition that occurred shortly after the Big Bang. The Standard Model of particle physics postulates that a hypothetical particle, the Higgs boson, is responsible for the breaking of the symmetry between the electromagnetic force and the weak force. This phase transition may have been responsible for triggering Baryogenesis, the generation of an abundance of matter over anti-matter. This hypothesis is known as Electroweak Baryogenesis. In this simulation, aspects of bubble nucleation in Standard Model Electroweak Baryogenesis were examined and modeled using Mathematica, and sonified using SuperCollider3. The resulting simulation, which has been used for pedagogical purposes by one of the authors, suggests interesting possibilities for the integration of science and aesthetics as well as auditory perception. The sonification component in particular also had the unexpected benefit of being useful in debugging the Mathematica code.
New England liverworts for the general public

Popular identification guides to bryophytes are not at all common, although their numbers are increasing given the ease of capturing decent images with digital cameras. This book is the first of its kind for North America in that it includes many color photographs and treats all species of liverworts found in a multistate region. I do not know Mary S. G. Lincoln, but I suspect that as an amateur bryologist herself, this book was born out of a labor of love. As stated in the introduction, the book is ‘‘a nontechnical introduction to the liverworts and hornworts of New England.’’ The descriptions of species ‘‘emphasize characters that can be seen with a strong hand lens or a dissecting microscope.’’ Though aimed squarely at the beginner, all species of liverworts and hornworts currently or historically known for New England (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont) are included. I noted only the omission of Pedinophyllum interruptum known from Connecticut and Massachusetts. The hardcover is richly illustrated with attractive photographs of liverworts. While not specifically designed as a field guide, the duplication of the main ‘‘illustrated key to hornworts and liverworts’’ inside the front cover is convenient for field use. Sections preceding the main treatments provide a brief history of regional hepaticology, describe the New England landscape, give an overview of the distributions compiled and explain basic morphology and life cycle characteristics. Given the growing interest in bryophyte conservation, the paragraph on rare and endangered species of liverworts is misleading. It includes the following statement (p. 7): ‘‘Because liverworts are so infrequently studied, no one can really say that a particular species is rare or endangered, either worldwide or in a particular area.’’ The statement is later contradicted in the treatment of species where some are described as ‘‘rare.’’ There are three appendices: a traditional dichotomous key to 24 ‘‘common and easily identified’’ species; a list of ‘‘leafy liverwort genera arranged by size’’ and a list of ‘‘liverworts characteristic of specialized habitats.’’ A glossary of 90 terms, a bibliography and an index to scientific names are included. The main body of the book (pp. 12–142) consists of 15 sections (A–O), each a logical group identified by the two-paged ‘‘illustrated key.’’ For example, section A presents ‘‘complex thalloid liverworts with elevated receptacles,’’ and section I ‘‘leafy liverworts with lobed leaves and succubous insertion.’’ Each section begins with a key diagram to
Rupture of the Pectoralis Major Muscle Outcome After Repair of Acute and Chronic Injuries

We retrospectively studied 17 cases of distal pectoralis major muscle rupture to compare the results of repair in acute and chronic injuries and to compare operative and nonoperative treatment. Thirteen patients underwent surgery (six acute injuries [less than 2 weeks after injury] and seven chronic injuries) and four had nonoperative management. The mean age of the patients at injury was 29, and 10 of the 17 injuries were the result of weight lifting. Follow-up ranged from 18 months to 6 years (mean, 28 months). All patients subjectively rated strength, pain, motion, function with strenuous sporting activities, cosmesis, and overall satisfaction. Objectively, patients were examined for range of motion, deformity, atrophy, and strength. Isokinetic strength testing was performed in eight patients: six treated operatively (three acute and three chronic) and two treated nonoperatively. Overall subjective ratings were 96% in the acute group, 93% in the chronic group, and only 51% in the nonoperative group. Isokinetic testing showed that patients operated on for acute injuries had the highest adduction strength (102% of the opposite side) compared with patients with chronic injuries (94%) or nonoperative treatment (71%). There were no statistically significant subjective or objective differences in outcome between the patients treated operatively for acute or chronic injuries, but these patients fared significantly better than patients treated nonoperatively.
Lymphocyte Lineages at Mucosal Effector Sites: Rat Salivary Glands

Development of T cell lineages and the role of the thymus as a source of immature T cells in parotid (PG) and submandibular salivary glands (SMG) were studied in Fischer 344 rats using the Thy-1/CD45RC/RT6 expression model. In addition, the phenotypes of salivary gland lymphocytes were compared with other conventional and extrathymic populations. PG mononuclear cells consisted of T cells (38%), B cells (29%), and NK cells (4%). SMG had 19% T cells, 7% B cells, 37% NK cells, and an unusual population of CD3(-)/RT6(+) cells. In comparison with lymph node (LN), both PG and SMG were enriched in immature (Thy-1(+)) and activated (Thy-1(-)/CD45RC(-)/RT6(-)) T cells. Unchanged percentages of Thy-1(+) T cells in PG and SMG following short-term adult thymectomy indicated that immature salivary gland T cells had an extrathymic source. In contrast, thymectomy eliminated LN recent thymic emigrants. SMG had T cells with characteristics of extrathymic populations, expressing TCRgammadelta(+) (28%), the CD8alphaalpha homodimer (11%), and NKR-P1A (66%). Many SMG T cells expressed integrin alpha(E)beta(7). PG T cells resembled those isolated from LN in respect to TCR and CD8 isoform usage, but were enriched in alpha(E)beta(7)(+) T cells and in NKT cells. Thus, salivary gland mononuclear cells are composed of a variety of subpopulations whose distributions differ between SMG and PG and are distinct from LN. These studies provide a basis for further investigation of regionalization in the mucosal immune network and are relevant to the design of vaccine regimens and intervention during pathological immune processes.
Homocysteine, Folic Acid, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Key Points The balance of homocysteine and methionine in the body can be disturbed because of low folic acid, B12, or B6 intake or low activity of several enzymes under genetic control. In the United States, the plateau of maximal lowering of homocysteine that can be attained by folic acid fortification of enriched flour and grain products has not yet been achieved. Inferences from meta-analyses restricted to prospective observational studies consistently point to a small elevated risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) associated with higher levels of homocysteine. Similarly, an independent effect of homocysteine is found on the risk of cerbrovascular and peripheral vascular disease. Most evidence suggests an elevated risk of CHD in the relatively common homozygotes (approx 10%) for the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism (i.e., those with two copies of the cytosine to thymine mutation at neucleotide 677), among those with borderline folate status. Trials for secondary prevention of vascular disease are expected to provide evidence concerning the preventive potential of lowering homocysteine.