cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purification and Characterization of a Cellular Protein That Binds to the Downstream Activation Sequence of the Strict Late UL38 Promoter of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

Previous work on the strict late (γ) UL38 promoter of herpes simplex virus type 1 identified three cis-acting elements required for wild-type levels of transcription: a TATA box at −31, a consensus mammalian initiator element at the transcription start site, and a downstream activation sequence (DAS) at +20 to +33. DAS is found in similar locations on several other late promoters, suggesting an important regulatory role in late gene expression. In this communication, we further characterize the interaction between DAS and a cellular protein which is found in both uninfected and infected nuclear extracts. This protein was purified from HeLa nuclear extracts and identified as the DNA binding component (Ku heterodimer) of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) by peptide mapping. Highly purified DNA-PK was able to stimulate UL38 transcription in vitro approximately 10-fold. DAS is similar in sequence to another element, nuclear regulatory element 1 (NRE1) of the glucocorticoid-responsive mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat. NRE1 is known to specifically bind Ku in the absence of DNA ends. We demonstrated that NRE1 is able to substitute for DAS in the UL38 promoter to activate transcription as measured by in vitro transcription and in vivo during infection of tissue culture cells with recombinant virus. Also, we found that the binding of DNA-PK to DAS involves the bases demonstrated to be important in UL38 transcription and that the 70-kDa subunit of Ku binds to DAS.
Chapter 4 A comparative perspective on the etiology of meaning and assaying behaviors for meaning

Summary The 20th century will be noted for a wide variety of scientific and technological advancements, including powered flight, antibiotics, space travel, and the breaking of the genetic code. It also should be noted as the century in which major psychological, as well as biological, continuities between animal and human have been defined. Several of the studies that define those continuities have served to help understand the acquisition and function of meaning, which, in turn, is thebasis of language. Darwin, 1859 , Darwin, 1871 was quite right when he anticipated continuity in mental processes, some of which provide for language. Though node will argue that any animal has the full capacity of humans for language, none should deny that at least some animals have very impressive competencies for language skills, including speech comprehension. The finding that the language skills of the bonobo and the chimpanzee are likely more fully and efficiently developed as a result of early rearing than by formal training at a later age declares a continuity even stronger than that defined by the language-acquisition potential of the ape. To clarify, because early rearing facilitates the emergence of language in ape as well as in child, a naturalness to the familiar course of language acquisition, whereby comprehension precedes production, is also corroborated. In turn, the continuity and the shared naturalness of language acquisition serve jointly to define an advanced and critical point of linkage between the genus, Pan, and our own-one worthy of contributing to the series of reconceptions of ourselves ( Bruner, 1972 ; Domjan, 1993, p. 391 ).
The Limits of Reproductive Rights in Improving Women's Health

This article examines the migration of a transnational model for reproductive health reform. Highlighting the U.S. influence on women’s rights advocacy, the article shows how current reform strategies may embed the very problems they seek to avoid and undermine an approach that could better serve women’s health needs. The dominant model relies on international human rights law, which focuses on autonomy and equality rights in ways that reflect and, more frequently, reject U.S. jurisprudence. Taking South Africa’s abortion legislation as an example, the article argues that the dominant strategy fails for two reasons. First, issues that reformers seek to avoid, such as health care provider refusals, inevitably become obstacles to the law’s implementation. Second, by concentrating on which women for what reasons may terminate pregnancies, advocates and legislators ignore infrastructure and resource limitations that make newly legal health services impossible to deliver. The article concludes by illustrating how legislators and advocates might better serve women’s health needs by focusing on improvements to a country's primary health care system.
Catalytic formation of a nitrogenase iron-sulfur cluster.

Biological nitrogen fixation is catalyzed by nitrogenase, an enzyme comprised of two component proteins called the Fe protein and the MoFe protein. Both nitrogenase component proteins contain metalloclusters. The Azotobacter vinelandii nifS gene product (NifS), which is required for full activation of the nitrogenase component proteins, is a pyridoxal phosphate enzyme and is able to catalyze the desulfurization of L-cysteine to yield sulfur and L-alanine (Zheng, L., White, R. H., Cash, V.L., Jack, R.F., and Dean, D.R. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 2754-2758). An enzyme-bound persulfide that was identified as an intermediate in the cysteine desulfurization reaction catalyzed by NifS has been suggested as a possible S-donor in formation of the iron-sulfide cores of the nitrogenase metalloclusters. In the present work it is shown that NifS is able to effectively catalyze activation of an apo-form of the Fe protein that was prepared by removal of its Fe4S4 cluster using the chelator, alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl. The reconstitution reaction includes apo-Fe protein, NifS, L-cysteine, ferrous ion, dithiothreitol, and MgATP. Reconstitution of the inactive apo-Fe protein catalyzed by NifS results in 80-95% recovery of the original activity and yields an Fe protein having the normal electron paramagnetic resonance spectra properties associated with the Fe protein's Fe4S4 cluster. An altered NifS protein, NifS-Ala325, which lacks the desulfurase activity and is unable to from the NifS-bound persulfide, is not able to catalyze reactivation of the apo-Fe protein. These in vitro results support the proposal that NifS activity provides the inorganic sulfide necessary for in vivo formation of the nitrogenase metalloclusters. Moreover, because NifS has recently been shown to be a member of a highly homologous gene family, it appears that pyridoxal phosphate chemistry might play a general role in iron-sulfur cluster assembly.
Web Document Classification by Keywords Using Random Forests

Web directory hierarchy is critical to serve user’s search request. Creating and maintaining such directories without human experts involvement requires good classification of web documents. In this paper, we explore web page classification using keywords from documents as attributes and using the random forest learning methods. Our initially results are promising that the random forests learning method performed better than several other well known learning methods. When the number of topics increased from five to seven, random forests still performed better than other methods even though absolute classification rates decreased.
Investor and Market Protection in the Crowdfunding Era: Disclosing to and for the 'Crowd'

This article focuses on disclosure regulation in a specific context: securities crowdfunding (also known as crowdfund investing or investment crowdfunding). The intended primary audience for disclosures made in the crowdfund investing setting is the “crowd,” an ill-defined group of potential and actual investors in securities offered and sold through crowdfunding. Securities crowdfunding, for purposes of this article, refers to an offering of securities made over the Internet to a broad-based, unstructured group of investors who are not qualified by geography, financial wherewithal, access to information, investment experience or acumen, or any other criterion. To assess disclosure to and for the crowd, this short symposium piece proceeds in three principal parts before concluding. First, the article briefly describes securities crowdfunding and the related disclosure and regulatory environments. Next, the article summarizes basic principles from scholarly literature on the nature of investment crowds. This literature outlines two principal ways in which the behavioral psychology of crowds interacts with securities markets. On the one hand, crowds can be “mad” — irrational, foolish, and even stupid. On the other hand, crowds can be “wise” — rational, sensible, and intelligent. After outlining these two strains in the literature on the behavioral attributes of crowds, the article assesses the possible implications of that body of literature for the regulation of disclosure in the securities-crowdfunding setting. The work concludes by asserting that, when considering and designing disclosure to and for the securities-crowdfunding crowd, the insights from this behavioral literature should be taken into account.
Disconnecting the Baby Doe Hotline

7T hree Down Syndrome childrenPhillip Becker, the unnamed Johns Hopkins baby, and Baby Doe-have become the focus of public controversy over the issue of withholding treatment and nutrition from handicapped children. A month after Baby Doe died in Bloomington, Indiana, at the age of six days, the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) put hospitals on notice that it was "unlawful for a recipient of Federal financial assistance to withhold from a handi-
How Low Should We Go? Hypothermia or Strict Normothermia After Cardiac Arrest?

Current guidelines from the American Heart Association recommend use of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) after witnessed cardiac arrest (CA) to mitigate posthypoxic injuries. This is based on results of 3 randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) enrolling 385 patients, 43 before–after studies enrolling 10 442 patients, and supporting evidence from the field of neonatal asphyxia where 7 RCTs enrolling 1329 patients also demonstrated neuroprotective effects of hypothermia. However, this has been called into question by a recently published RCT enrolling 939 patients, which found no benefit of cooling to 33°C compared with maintaining 36°C. In this article we review the literature, with extra attention for strengths and weaknesses of the recently published RCT. In view of potential weaknesses in the new study (including a possibility of selection bias, long delays before initiation of cooling, a time to target temperature of 10 hours, and a rapid rewarming rate), we conclude that there are sufficient grounds to continue using hypothermia in most patients with witnessed ventricular fibrillation (VF)/ventricular tachycardia (VT) arrest, pending results of further studies which should examine multiple temperature levels (32–36°C) and multiple treatment durations (24–72 hours). The bases for these conclusions are discussed in detail below. The use of TH to mitigate various types of injury, in particular posthypoxic injury to the brain, has been studied since the late 1930s. Interest was initially kindled by reports of survival after prolonged exposure to cold, or submersion in ice-cold water, indicating a possible protective effect of low temperature on hypoxic injuries.1 Use of hypothermia after CA was first described in the late 1950s,2,3 but conclusive proof that hypothermia could improve outcome in these patients remained elusive.4,5 At the time it was thought that protective effects of TH were purely a result of hypothermia-induced lowering of metabolism; therefore, it …
The role of community-based strategies in addressing metropolitan segregation and racial health disparities

This paper is a conceptual analysis of the effects of racial residential segregation, which is a major contributor to racial and ethnic health disparities. Metropolitan segregation has had adverse ...
Hydriding kinetics of an organic hydrogen getter-DPB

The hydriding rate of DPB (diphenyl butadiyne/25% C (1% Pd)) organic hydrogen getter has been measured at 17 °C over the range of 10 -6 to 10 -11 mol H (g DPB) -1 s -1 , H 2 pressure 100-0.1 Pa, reaction extent 0-29 mmol H (g DPB) -1 and described by an algebraic model.
A production forecasting and planning system for dairy processing

Abstract The dairy processing industry is unique among the processing industries because of the perishability of products and the seasonality of the demand. This paper describes the design and implementation of a production forecasting and planning system for a high volume standardized product—the 1-gallon package of milk. Regression techniques were used to forecast the aggregate demand for the 1-gallon packages of milk and linear programming was used to plan the weekly production. The production planning model was then evaluated through comparison of costs with the existing system and a system with perfect information.
Relaxation in liquid chloroform

Spontaneous Brillouin scattering has been used to determine the character of the vibrational relaxation present in liquid chloroform at 20 °C. The results indicated that the observed relaxation is explainable on the basis of a single relaxation theory. (AIP)
Plant bioelectrochemistry: effects of CCCP on electrical signaling in soybean

Carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) induces fast action potentials and decreases the variation potential in soybean plants. The propagation speed of the action potentials in a soybean plant produced by CCCP reaches up to 25 m/s. The duration of single action potentials after treatment by CCCP is 0.6 ms. The addition of CCCP to soil reduces variation or streaming potential to zero. The mechanism by which CCCP decreases plant maturation most likely includes depolarization of the plasma membrane, retardation of photosynthetic water oxidation, and respiratory electron transfer.
Simulation of a Thin Plasma Sheath by a Plane of Wires

This paper describes a method of simulating a thin plasma sheath, of the type encountered in some aero-space applications, by using a single plane of equally spaced wires. It is shown that the surface impedance of such a periodic structure can be made equal to that of a thin plasma sheath. In this treatment, the respective surface impedances are related through three dimensionless parameters. A simple technique for obtaining high losses is also discussed, whereby collision frequencies in the neighborhood of the operating frequency are realizable. Experimental data, including both the lossy and lossless cases, is compared with the theoretical model in the X-band region.
Brain function, learning styles, and cancer patient education

As cancer care moves into the outpatient setting and hospital stays are shortened, patients and their family members are expected to take on tremendous responsibilities in providing their own self-care. At the same time, stress and anxiety about the diagnosis of cancer, the disease itself, and cancer therapy can effect learning. Information processing, learning styles, and learning barriers need to be considered when developing and implementing cancer education programs.
Describing the Software Forge Ecosystem

Code forges are online software systems that are designed to support teams doing software development work. There have been few if any attempts in the research literature to describe the web of people, projects, and tools that make up the free, libre, and open source (FLOSS) forge ecosystem. The main contributions of this paper are (1) to introduce a classification of FLOSS-oriented forges according to their characteristics, (2) to describe the forge-level and project-level data and artifacts currently available at each FLOSS forge, (3) to show various patterns already discovered in the FLOSS forge ecosystem, such as timelines of creation or arrangements by size or feature, (4) to make some recommendations to forge providers and data collectors about how to expose the structure and information in the forges, and (5) to describe the effort needed to extend our publicly-available information about the FLOSS forge ecosystem into the future.
Bioaccumulation of lead in Xenopus laevis tadpoles from water and sediment.

The overall objective of this research was to monitor the uptake kinetics of lead in an amphibian model and correlate metal content with embryo development. Based upon the concentration of lead found in the water and sediment of a Louisiana swamp adjacent to a Superfund site, a controlled laboratory experiment exploring lead uptake from water and sediment by Xenopus laevis tadpoles was conducted. For 5 weeks, tadpoles were exposed to water and a simulated sediment, kaolin, spiked with 1, 5, or 10 times the concentration of lead found in field water and sediment samples. Additionally, organisms were exposed to the 5 x condition for 3 and 6 weeks. The experimental controls consisted of unexposed tadpoles and ones exposed to lead originating from water or sediment exclusively. At the end of the exposure periods, developmental data, i.e., body weight and developmental stage, were recorded, and the tadpoles were analyzed for whole body lead concentration. Lead extraction was accomplished by dry ashing, and its amount was quantified polarographically. Results showed that lead inhibited the normal development of these amphibians, in a manner that generally was more severe as exposure level increased. The hindrance of tadpole development also coincided with an increase in whole body lead concentration at higher exposures. Temporally, at the 5 x exposure concentration, the mean lead level increased with time, but this difference was not statistically significant (P<.05). Additionally, control animals exposed to lead (either in water or in sediment) showed no statistical difference with regard to weight and lead uptake, indicating that lead originating from both water and sediment is incorporated into the tadpole. The controlled laboratory experimental protocol used here is thus capable of investigating the uptake of a single metal (Pb in this case) and determining its effect on the development of tadpoles while differentiating the significance of multiple sources of exposure.
Unrelated cord blood transplantation in children with idiopathic severe aplastic anemia

Early results of unrelated cord blood transplantation (UCBT) for severe aplastic anemia (SAA) were poor with a high rate of engraftment failure. This was attributed to the combination of lower graft cell dose and intact host immune system. We performed UCBT in nine children (median age 9 years) with refractory SAA using increasingly immunosuppressive preparative regimens. The time from diagnosis to UCBT was 3.4–20 months (median age 7.2 years), with all children having failed at least one course of immunosuppression. Donor/recipient HLA matching was six of six (n=1), five of six (n=2) and four of six (n=6). The median nucleated cell dose infused was 5.7 × 107 cells/kg (range 3.5–20 × 107 cells/kg). Six patients were engrafted after the first UCBT. Two of the three patients without hematopoietic reconstitution were engrafted after a second UCBT. All children receiving ⩾120 mg/kg of CY in the preparative regimen were engrafted. The median time to myeloid engraftment was 25 (17–59 days) days. Acute GVHD developed in two, and chronic GVHD in five patients. Five patients developed EBV viremia post transplant (lymphoproliferative disorder in three patients). At a median follow-up of 34 months, seven patients are alive and transfusion-independent. UCBT is a feasible treatment strategy for children with refractory SAA lacking a well-matched adult donor.
Fluoride activates G protein-dependent and -independent pathways in dispersed intestinal smooth muscle cells.

Abstract The existence of G protein-dependent and -independent mechanisms activated by sodium fluoride was examined in muscle cells isolated separately from the circular and longitudinal layers of guinea pig intestine. The cells were transiently permeabilized by incubation with Trans.Port Reagent in the presence or absence of GDPβS (100 μM) and then re-sealed. In the absence of GDPβS, NaF (1 mM) induced contraction and caused an increase in [Ca2+]i, IP3 and diacylglycerol levels and in protein kinase C (PKC) activity in both cell types. In the presence of GDPβS, the increases in IP3, DAG and PKC were abolished whereas contraction and the increase in [Ca2+]i were partly inhibited. Residual contraction and [Ca2+]i were abolished by the Ca2+ channel blocker, methoxyverapamil. We conclude that contraction and Ca2+ mobilization induced by NaF is mediated by G protein activation as well as by a G protein-independent mechanism involving activation of plasmalemmal Ca2+ channels.
Role Schemata and Member Motivation in Task Groups

It was conjectured that occupying the minimal leader role (i.e., having the title of group leader without having any of the attendant legitimacy, power, authority, or formal responsibility) might trigger a leader role schema that prescribes greater responsibility for group performance. In an experimental study, the effects of occupying such a minimal leader role and its complementary, minimal nonleader role on three distinct group motivation losses were explored. Occupying the minimal leader role did not, as conjectured, attenuate these motivation losses. However occupying the minimal nonleader role did affect task motivation. The clearest such effect was an accentuation of the typical social loafing effect by subjects when someone else in the group had been selected as a group leader
A starting method for the numerical solution of Volterra's integral equation of the second kind

The acquisition of starting values is one of the chief difficulties encountered in computing a numerical solution of Volterra's integral equation of the second kind by a multi-step method. The object of this note is to present a procedure which is derived from certain quadrature formulas and which provides these starting values, to provide a sufficient condition for the approximate solution to be unique, to bound the approximate solution and the error, and to give a numerical example.
A Computer Controlled Raman Spectrometer System

We describe a software system and a hardware interface between a laser Raman spectrometer and a time-shared computer. This data acquisition system controls the wavelength drive of the spectrometer and the analyzer orientation using stepping motors and position sensors. With this method accurate depolarization ratios can be determined at every wavelength increment. Digitized photon counting gives good signal/noise ratios and a wide dynamic range for Raman intensity measurements. The software design permits automatic separation of isotropic and anisotropic spectra, repetitive counting periods, instant scope display of raw, reduced or integrated data, and numerous data refinement options.
Theoretical Calculations and Matrix-Isolation FT-IR Studies of Hydrogen-Bonded Complexes of Molecules Modeling Cytosine or Isocytosine Tautomers. 7. 2-Hydroxypyridine/2-Oxopyridine Complexes with H2O

The H-bond interaction between the tautomeric cytosine-modeling system, 2-hydroxypyridine (2HP)/2-oxopyridine (2OP), with water is investigated using matrix-isolation FT-IR spectroscopy and ab initio calculations performed with the RHF and MP2 methods and the DFT method with the B3-LYP hybrid functional. Equilibrium structures of six different complexes have been found in the calculations. The theoretical results indicate that the closed N···H−O···H−O and CO···H−O···H−N H-bonded water complexes are the most stable systems for the 2HP and the 2OP tautomers, respectively. Both closed complexes as well as the three open complexes O−H···OH2, N···H−OH, and CO···H−OH have been identified in the experimental spectrum. A detailed analysis of the structural, energetic and vibrational parameters for the closed complexes has been performed. Both in the matrix (Ar) and in the gas phase, the hydroxy tautomer, 2HP, is more stable than the oxo form, 2OP. An important observation is that addition of a single water molecu...
Evaluation of DFT Methods to Study Reactions of Benzene with OH Radical

Several density functional theory” (DFT) methods are applied to two different reaction channels involving OH• + C6H6, and the results compared with high-level ab initio calculations. The OH• adds directly to one C atom in the first channel, first forming an encounter complex with the OH• poised above the aromatic plane. B3LYP, BH&HLYP, and MPW1K compute an accurate estimate of the overall exothermicity, whereas M05-2X, PBE0, and PBEPBE overestimate this quantity to some degree. With the exceptions of PBEPBE and PBE0, the other methods produce an acceptable barrier to addition. All approaches except BH&HLYP correctly predict an exothermic H• abstraction, although PBEPBE is too exothermic. The BH&HLYP barrier to H• abstraction is too high while the MPW1K, PBE0, and B3LYP values are better, and M05-2X the best. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Racial differences in doctors' information-giving and patients' participation.

BACKGROUND Whether doctor-patient communication differs by race was investigated in patients with pulmonary nodules or lung cancer. METHODS Eligible patients (n = 137) had pulmonary nodules or lung cancer and were seen in thoracic surgery or oncology clinics for initial treatment recommendations at a large southern Veterans Affairs Medical Center from 2001–2004. Doctor-patient consultations were audiotaped. Audiotapes were transcribed, unitized into utterances, and utterances were coded as doctors' information-giving or patients' and companions' active participation (asking questions, expressing concerns, and making assertions). Data were compared by patient race and doctor-patient racial concordance using t-tests or chi-square tests as appropriate. Mixed linear regression was used to determine the independent predictors of doctor's information-giving after controlling for clustering of patients by doctor. RESULTS Patient age, gender, marital status, clinical site, and health status were similar by race (P > .20), but black patients were somewhat less likely to have education beyond high school and to bring a companion to the visit (P = .06) than white patients. Black patients and their companions received significantly less information from doctors (49.3 vs. 87.3 mean utterances; P < .001) and produced significantly fewer active participation utterances (21.4 vs. 37.2; P < .001) than white patients. In mixed regression analyses, after adjusting for patients' and companions' participation, clustering by doctor, and other factors, race no longer predicted information-giving (P = .54). Patients in racially discordant interactions received significantly less information and were significantly less active participants (P < .001) when compared with patients in racially concordant interactions, and after controlling for patients' participation and other factors using mixed regression, racial discordance did not predict information-giving. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate a pattern of communication that may perpetuate patient passivity and limited information exchange where black patients and patients in discordant interactions do less to prompt doctors for information and doctors in turn provide less information to these patients. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Embryo biopsy: the fate of abnormal pronuclear embryos.

This study assessed 1908 embryos, including those with abnormal numbers of pronuclei, in IVF cycles from July 2001 to December 2006 in which preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) was performed on day 3 post-retrieval and ‘euploid’ embryos transferred the following day. PGS-intracytoplasmic sperm injection and PGS-translocation cycles were excluded. At 18 h post-insemination, the zygote distribution was 19% 0PN, 4% 1PN, 69% 2PN and 8% 3PN. No pregnancy occurred following 0PN or 1PN embryo transfers. A retrospective, blinded morphological ranking of all embryos on day 3 was performed and the results compared with PGS; no 0PN or 1PN embryo would have been chosen for transfer based on morphological superiority alone. Blastocyst formation occurred in 1PN embryos (29%) but not in 0PN embryos when evaluated on day 5. Euploid karyotypes were reported for biopsies of 0PN (3%), 1PN (5%) and 2PN (19%) embryos (P = 0.015, 1PN versus 2PN). A Y chromosome was observed in 0PN (17%) and 1PN (32%) embryos; surprisingly, 91% of these Y chromosome-bearing embryos were aneuploid. Many different meiotic and fertilization errors can result in 0PN or 1PN zygotes; these results indicate that the resultant embryos should not be transferred, especially when normally fertilized embryos are available.
Characterization of the chondroitin sulfate produced by B16 mouse melanoma cells.

The mucopolysaccharides produced by B16 mouse melanoma cells have been isolated in milligram quantities from the spent media in which the cells were grown in the presence of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose-t and [35S]-sulfate. The mucopolysaccharides obtained by precipitation with cetylpyridinium chloride from the Pronase digest of the media were further purified by gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, and treatment with nucleases. The major components were identified as chondroitin-4-sulfates by identification of the hexosamine as 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose, and by digestibility with hyaluronidases, chondroitinase AC, and chondro-4-sulfatase. The o.r.d. curve and i.r. spectra of these components also confirmed their similarity to chondroitin-4-sulfate from cartilage. The molecular weight of the polysaccharide chains was estimated to be in the range 90,000-120,000 by sedimentation equilibrium analysis.
The coordination of Cu(II) in a nearly saturated solution of CuCl2 in hydrochloric acid

Abstract Via X-ray diffraction the mean solute species in a very concentrated solution of CuCl 2 HClH 2 O has been measured. The coordination of Cu(II) in this nearly saturated solution is distorted octahedral. The average solute species is best described as Cu 4 Cl 10 (H 2 O) 8 where chlorides occupying both axial and equatorial coordination sites about Cu(II) function as bridging ligands. The coordination of Cu(II) in this solution is similar to that found in very concentrated aqueous solutions and in crystalline CuCl 2 . 2H 2 O. Based upon interpretation of the atomic radial-distribution function the average CuO eq distance, the average CuCl eq distance, and the average CuCl ax distance have been calculated to be 1·95, 2·27 and 2·6A, respectively.
Sobre a aquisição tardia de QU in situ em Português Brasileiro

In this paper I am concerned with the acquisition of WH in situ questions in Brazilian Portuguese. I try to account for the fact that the child being studied here starts producing this type of question relatively late, if compared to the production of other structures occurring at the left periphery of the sentence. This fact is surprising, given that in adult language such constructions are fairly frequent (cf. Lopes-Rossi (1996)). I present an analysis to the child's data claiming that the child changes her initial setting of the parameter regulating the operation of WH movement. This parameter resetting is triggered by the identification of a cue present in the input. Such parameter resetting is argued to be necessary to properly account for the acquisition data.
Quickest detection in a system with correlated noise

This work considers the problem of quickest detection of signals in a system of 2 sensors coupled by a negatively correlated noise, which receive continuous sequential observations from the environment. It is assumed that the signals are time invariant and with equal strength, but that their onset times may differ from sensor to sensor. The objective is the optimal detection of the first time at which any sensor in the system receives a signal. The problem is formulated as a stochastic optimization problem in which an extended Lorden's criterion is used as a measure of detection delay, with a constraint on the mean time to the first false alarm. The case in which the sensors employ their own cumulative sum (CUSUM) strategies is considered, and it is proved that the minimum of 2 CUSUMs is asymptotically optimal as the mean time to the first false alarm increases without bound. Implications of this asymptotic optimality result to the efficiency of the decentralized versus the centralized system of observations are further discussed.
Short-term and small-scale variation in food availability to natural oyster populations : Food, flow and flux

. Food resources and water flow speeds vary on short-temporal and small-spatial scales important to feeding in natural populations of oysters (Crassostrea virginica). To better describe food availability to the oyster population, micro-current meters were used to measure flow 1–3 cm above the bottom and frequent water sampling was used to determine the quantity and composition of the seston on Confederate Reef, Galveston Bay, Texas. The quantity and quality of food varied on time scales at least as short as 3 h and throughout the water column. Seston was high in detrital carbon, nitrogen poor, and had a high fraction of inorganic particles. The quantity of food at the bed was not predictable from samples taken near the surface. Water flow speeds were also highly variable. Whereas rapid flow speeds were measured, flow speed tended to cluster about a narrower range of slower speeds resulting in the mean speed being much higher than the median. Fluxes of food calculated from the quantity of food and water flow speeds were low and highly variable. Under most conditions, water flow speed was more important than food quantity in determining flux. Rapid flow rates could overcome low food quantity to result in relatively high fluxes, whereas slow flow resulted in small fluxes even if food was abundant. Changes in water flow rate associated with tidal changes and changes in speed are probably the primary agents controlling food availability on a daily basis. Decreased wind speed at night normally reduced flux in the early morning hours, for example. These results stress the importance of measuring food quantity and water flow speed on spatial and temporal scales important to oyster feeding. Model simulations of oyster populations at varying densities, flow rates and clump heights across the range of measured values show that flow rate is insufficient during most hours of the day and days of the year to prevent oysters from locally reducing food supply by their filtering efforts. Thus flow rate probably limits population density and adult size on Confederate Reef.
CRIME AND HOUSING VALUES IN METROPOLITAN DETROIT, 1980–1990

ABSTRACT The relationship between crime rates and urban residential property values has neglected over time models and an exploration of the relationship for times of a falling crime rate. The present paper assesses the relationship with data on 57 Detroit area communities for the period 1980-1990, a time of decreasing criminal activity. The cross-sectional results indicate that, as in past cross sectional research, crime rates were negatively related to house values in both 1980 and 1990. An increase of 1,000 crimes/100,000 was associated with a decrease in value of $9,000/house. For a community of 10,000 homes this amounts to $90,000,000 in property values. Further, in two of three models, indicators of change in crime were related to indicators of change in house prices. Even in times of declining crime rates, criminal activity tends to lower house values.
Perspectives and future trends in cellular electrophysiology: Implications for the clinician

As a result of single fiber electrophysiologic studies, the clinical approach to the electrical behavior of the heart has improved. Three areas are examined: 1) the electrocardiographic waveform, 2) normal and abnormal cardiac rhythms, and 3) the mechanism of action of antiarrhythmic drugs. In each area, the results of single fiber studies have provided a conceptual framework for diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. These studies have also enabled investigators to test hypotheses formulated from clinical observations. It may be only a slight exaggeration to attribute many of our recent advances in each of the three areas to the development and use of the microelectrode.
A Distributed Sensor Architecture For Advanced Aerospace Systems

The Distributed Sensor Architecture (DSA) has been developed to couple knowledge-based processing with integrated sensors technology to provide coherent and efficient treatment of information generated by multiple sensors. In this architecture multiple smart sensors are serviced by a knowledge-based sensor supervisor to process sensor-related data as an integrated sensor group. Multiple sensor groups can be combined to form a reconfigurable, fault tolerant sensor fusion framework. The role and topology of this architecture are discussed. An example application of DSA sensor data fusion is presented.
The Oil boom and after : Indonesian economic policy and performance in the Soeharto era

This book analyzes Indonesia's economic policies and performance in the previous decade. It assesses Indonesia's process of economic restructuring, and its implications for the country's future economic development. Doronila examines fiscal practices and assesses the performance of crucial economic sectors. He also examines the implications of economic restructuring and deregulation policies for the people of Indonesia and provides insight into the problems of restored democracies that are struggling to survive economic crises and military revolt.
Dual phase MgO-ZrO2 ceramics for use in LWR inert matrix fuel

Abstract To address the low thermal conductivity of the ZrO2-based inert matrix fuel and the instability in water of the MgO-based inert matrix fuel, the dual-phase MgO–ZrO2 ceramics are proposed as a matrix for light water reactor fuel for actinide transmutation and Pu burning. It is envisioned that in a dual-phase system MgO will act as efficient heat conductor while ZrO2 will provide protection from the coolant attack. This paper describes results of fabrication, characterization and hydration testing of MgO–ZrO2 ceramics containing 30–70 wt% of MgO.
Polarographic studies of membrane particles containing Na−K ATPase

The properties of a suspension of membrane particles containing Na−K ATPase have been investigated with the aid of d−c and a−c polarography. In particular, we have studied the interaction of three cations, two very effective enzyme inhibitors and one activator, with the enzyme preparation. Ag+ and Cu++, which inhibit the enzyme at very low concentrations, bind very strongly. No binding could be found with the activating ion, Tl+, however. Adsorption of a substance with an isoelectric point between pH 4 and pH 5.5 occurred at the electrode surface between −0.1 and −1.2 V at pH 7, and was associated with the random currents that appear during the measurements. The random currents arise when the membrane particles collide with the electrode and cause changes in the structure of the electrical double layer. (Added substances that adsorb more strongly at the mercury/water interface eliminate the random currents.) The adsorbed film impedes the flow of the free Ag+ and Cu++ ions, and to a smaller extent, the flow of Tl+ ions. The differences between the binding of inhibiting and activating ions are correlated with their effects on the ATPase enzyme activity.
Supersolid and charge-density-wave states from anisotropic interaction in an optical lattice

We show anisotropy of the dipole interaction between magnetic atoms or polar molecules can stabilize new quantum phases in an optical lattice. Using a well-controlled numerical method based on the tensor network algorithm, we calculate the phase diagram of the resultant effective Hamiltonian in a two-dimensional square lattice - an anisotropic Hubbard model of hard-core bosons with attractive interaction in one direction and repulsive interaction in the other direction. Besides the conventional superfluid and the Mott insulator states, we find the striped and the checkerboard charge-density-wave states and the supersolid phase that interconnect the superfluid and the striped solid states. The transition to the supersolid phase has a mechanism different from the case of the soft-core Bose-Hubbard model.
Halide ion effects in the rhodium-catalyzed allylic substitution reaction using copper(I) alkoxides and enolates

The transmetallation of lithium alkoxides and enolates with a copper(I) halide salt provides the requisite nucleophiles to accomplish the stereospecific rhodium-catalyzed allylic substitution. These studies demonstrate that the nature of the halide ion derived from the copper(I) salt has a profound effect on regioselectivity and enantiospecificity. This observation was attributed to the trans-effect, by virtue of an in situ modification of the catalyst by the halide ion, which leads to modulated catalytic activity and improved stereospecificity.
Costs and clinical outcomes of primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in patients with hepatic cirrhosis: a decision analytic model.

Abstract Objective Current guidelines recommend upper endoscopic screening for patients with hepatic cirrhosis and primary prophylaxis with a nonselective β-blocker for those with large varices. However, only 25% of cirrhotics develop large varices. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the most cost-effective approach for primary prophylaxis of variceal hemorrhage. Methods Using a Markov model, we compared the costs and clinical outcomes of three strategies for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding. In the first strategy, patients were given a β-blocker without undergoing upper endoscopy. In the second strategy, patients underwent upper endoscopic screening; those found to have large varices were treated with a β-blocker. In the third strategy, no prophylaxis was used. Selected sensitivity analyses were performed to validate outcomes. Results Our results show screening prophylaxis was associated with a cost of $37,300 and 5.72 quality-adjusted life yr (QALYs). Universal prophylaxis was associated with a cost of $34,100 and 6.65 QALYs. The no prophylaxis strategy was associated with a cost of $36,600 and 4.84 QALYs. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $800/QALY for the endoscopic strategy relative to the no prophylaxis strategy. Screening endoscopy was cost saving when the compliance, bleed risk without β-blocker, and variceal bleed costs were increased, and when the discount rate, bleed risk on β-blockers, and cost of upper endoscopy were decreased. In contrast, the universal prophylaxis strategy was persistently cost saving relative to the no prophylaxis strategy. In comparing the strategies, sensitivity analysis on the death rates from variceal hemorrhage did not alter outcomes. Conclusions Our results provide economic and clinical support for primary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Universal prophylaxis with β-blocker is preferred because it is consistently associated with the lowest costs and highest QALYs.
From Scientific Socialism to Political Science

Ira Katznelson has proposed that we labor historians can recover our lost elan by engaging the agenda of liberalism. Although he acknowledges that today's writings on working-class history are variegated and richly rewarding, he regrets that they have become uncoupled from controversies over public policy and social change and run the risk of becoming little more than “sentimental reminders of times lost and aspirations disappointed.”To revitalize our sense of engagement he recommends that we call a halt to “the continuing flight within labor history from institutional-political analysis.” We should focus our attention on historical relationships between the state and civil society, and we should inform our analyses with the political theory that historically has assumed its shape around those relationships: liberalism.
A Language for Describing Rectilinear Steiner Tree Configurations.

We propose a language that can be used to describe configurations of rectilinear Steiner trees. Given a set of points in a plane indexed by integer coordinates, the execution of a pattern-description in our language will list a number of Steiner trees spanning the points. The Steiner trees that are produced will be used as input to a linear-program type global router for VLSI gate-arrays [10]. Other applications for our language include routing printed circuit boards and generating Steiner tree configurations for simulated-annealing type global routers [11].
Features associated with treatment failure in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis and predictive value of the model of end‐stage liver disease

Autoimmune hepatitis may fail to respond to corticosteroid therapy, but the frequency and bases for this outcome are uncertain. We aimed to determine the frequency and nature of treatment failure in patients with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis, define features associated with its occurrence, and assess if the model for end-stage liver disease can predict this outcome. Patients failing conventional corticosteroid regimens were compared to patients who responded to similar regimens. Fourteen of 214 patients (7%) failed corticosteroid treatment. Patients who failed therapy were younger (33 ± 3 years versus 48 ± 1 years, P = 0.0008), had higher serum levels of bilirubin at accession (4.1 ± 0.9 mg/dL versus 2.3 ± 0.2 mg/dL, P = 0.02), presented acutely more frequently (43% versus 14%, P = 0.01), and had a higher frequency of HLA (human leukocyte antigen) DRB1*03 (93% versus 53%, P = 0.004) than did patients who achieved remission. An alternative disease (fatty liver disease) emerged in only 1 patient who failed therapy (7%). Scores determined by the model of end-stage liver disease at presentation of patients who failed treatment were higher than those of who achieved remission (16 ± 1 versus 10 ± 0.3 points, P < 0.0001), and score greater than 12 points had greater sensitivity (97%) and specificity (68%) for treatment failure than did HLA DRB1*03 or other features. Conclusion: Onset at an early age, acute presentation, hyperbilirubinemia, and presence of HLA DRB1*03 characterize patients who fail corticosteroid treatment. The model for end-stage liver disease may be a useful instrument for identifying patients prone to this outcome. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Sponsors, sponsorship rates and the immigration multiplier.

This article reviews the evidence pertaining to the extent to which U.S. immigrants actually make use of the family reunification entitlements of United States immigration laws examining the two available studies which are based on probability samples of immigrant entry cohorts. It then provides new estimates of the characteristics of the U.S. citizen sponsors of immigrant spouses and parents....With respect to the characteristics of sponsors analysis of the information in the GAO [General Accounting Office] report indicates that 80 percent of the persons who immigrated in FY 1985 as the spouses of U.S. citizens were sponsored by native born U.S. citizens. In contrast native born U.S. citizens sponsored only five percent of the parent immigrants. Additional findings on the country of origin and sex of the sponsored immigrants are presented. (EXCERPT)
Bridging high performance and low power in processor design

The design complexity of modern high performance processors calls for innovative design techniques and methodologies for achieving time-to-market goals. New design techniques are also needed to curtail power increases that inherently arise from ever increasing performance targets. This paper describes new processor design and optimization approaches that bridge the gap between high performance and low power. These techniques are flexible as they rely on automated synthesis-centric optimizations to enable power reduction without sacrificing performance. These methodology innovations contributed to the industry leading performance of the POWER8 processor.