cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Community structure comparisons of lower slope hydrocarbon seeps, northern Gulf of Mexico

Photographic sampling collected from ROV JASON III on randomized transects (generally 10 per site) was used to compare seven suspected hydrocarbon seeps on the lower continental slope at depths of 956 to 2330 m. The study design focused on areas containing high-amplitude reflectance patterns in seismic returns from the bottom. Animal samples nested in these areas and high-resolution photographic mosaics permitted fine-scale description of the community components and their associations with each other. The transect results showed three types of chemosynthetic community: carbonate prone, brine pool prone, and low-density. These communities are characterized by, respectively, abundant carbonate rubble and tubeworm clusters, bacterial mats and brine pools, and relatively sparse chemosynthetic fauna that tended to be overlooked by the photographic survey plan. These differences were not clearly related to depth or longitude because the sites are at the opposite eastern and western extents of the project region. Photographic survey is a statistically reliable method for detecting the carbonate rubble and bacterial mat types of community, but may be unreliable for sparse or clustered fauna such as seep mussels. Photographic survey results provided relatively low taxonomic resolution, but were sufficient to distinguish statistical differences in the abundance of characteristic faunal groups, such as the Echinoidea and Gorgonacea, associated with hydrocarbon seeps. Initial studies of statistical power indicate that future photographic surveys of suspected seep communities, if conducted with an equivalent level of effort, might detect the presence of more abundant habitat, including carbonate rubble, bacterial mats, and tubeworms, but could miss less abundant indicators.
The providence of nature: Valuing ecosystem services

Natural ecosystems provide an array of critical but largely undervalued goods and services. Because these are seldom included in benefit-cost calculations of land use change, the value of wild land development nearly always appears greater than protecting wild nature. The following paper introduces a theoretical framework within which environmental economists evaluate ecosystem services. This is followed an assessment of three types of ecosystem services with particular relevance to the developing world pharmaceutical drug development from native plants, the economics of non-timber product extraction, and the benefits and costs of ecotourism as a development strategy. We conclude with an overview of recent attempts to provide a global estimate of the value of nature’s services.
MAXIMAL HEMOGLOBIN AND PLASMA PROTEIN PRODUCTION UNDER THE STIMULUS OF DEPLETION

The maximal output ceiling for hemoglobin in anemia due to blood loss is about 60 gm. per week—the dog receiving a rich protein diet plus high iron intake. Ferrous and ferric salts are equally effective. Iron intravenously plus a rich protein diet may push this level up to 90 to 100 gm. per week. Evidently iron absorption is a limiting factor. Maximal output for hemoglobin plus plasma protein in doubly depleted dogs may reach 120 to 130 gm. per week and using intravenous iron may reach 140 to 160 gm. per week. Maximal output for plasma protein alone in hypoproteinemia due to plasmapheresis reaches 60 to 70 gm. per week but this is not the true ceiling . Technically we cannot remove the new plasma protein as fast as it is formed and the hypoproteinemia is not maintained in the face of a rich protein diet intake. Furthermore the evidence points to the protein circulating pool contributing to the accretion of tissue protein in such dogs with a strong positive nitrogen balance and weight gain. Maximal figures for hemoglobin production in anemia run close to 1 gm. hemoglobin per kilo per day. Maximal figures for new hemoglobin plus plasma protein production in anemia and hypoproteinemia using iron given intravenously, may reach 1.5 gm. blood protein per kilo per day. The actual maximal plasma protein production equals about 1 gm. per kilo per day but the true production ceiling cannot be reached by this technique, for reasons given above.
Retailing trends in the USA: competition, consumers, technology and the economy

During the past decade significant changes have been occurring in the US retail market. Among the principal changes are those in competition, consumers, technology and the economy. Changes in these areas are reflected in trends in retail practice. Reviews the underlying changes that have been occurring along with their corresponding retailing trends, which include micromarketing, globalization, new retail formats, quick response and ethnic retailing.
Dynamics of multiple infection and within-host competition by the anther-smut pathogen.

Abstract: Infection of one host by multiple pathogen genotypes represents an important area of pathogen ecology and evolution that lacks a broad empirical foundation. Multiple infection of Silene latifolia by Microbotryum violaceum was studied under field and greenhouse conditions using the natural polymorphism for mating‐type bias as a marker. Field transmission resulted in frequent multiple infection, and each stem of the host was infected independently. Within‐host diversity of infections equaled that of nearby inoculum sources by the end of the growing season. The number of diseased stems per plant was positively correlated with multiple infection and with overwintering mortality. As a result, multiply infected plants were largely purged from the population, and there was lower within‐host pathogen diversity in the second season. However, among plants with a given number of diseased stems, multiply infected plants had a lower risk of overwintering mortality. Following simultaneous and sequential inocu...
Companding nonlinear correlators

In this paper we summarize a new category of all optical companding nonlinear correlators developed by our group in the last decade. All optical companding nonlinear correlators consist oftwo families: The first is based on energy transfer between the joint spectra of reference and signal images. The second family is based on incoherent erasure of a grating formed by coupled beams . Allof these correlators have similar features. Therefore, we take one representative case of study, namely, the photorefractive two-beam coupling correlator. We perform theoretical analysis, computer simulations and experimental demonstrations to predict the location of the best operating point of the two-beam coupling joint transform correlator. From this study we determine the best operational condition for high speed and resolution, as well as for optimal trade-off between correlation peak intensity, efficiency and noise performance. We also study the performance of compansive correlators in analogy with the limiting square law receiver. It was found that the optimal performing point corresponds to noise variance that is proportional to the transition from compression to expansion.
On the modeling of scaled measurement sequences: Implications for analyses of cognitive development

Contrary to Brainerd's (1978) argument that measurement sequences do not provide a useful representation of hypothesized developmental sequences, the basic utility of measurement sequences as indices of age-related changes in cognition is demonstrated. Specifically, a scalable measurement sequence provides ordinal data describing a developmental phenomenon of interest. Because of this basic quality, a theoretically derived and empirically scaled task sequence can be used in robust statistical analyses, such as multiple regression or structural modeling, that enable tests of hypothesized relationships among indices of cognitive development. A scaled sequence of number tasks is presented to illustrate this argument and to test hypotheses concerning the relationship between a Piagetian measure of numerical functional relations and psychometric measures of numerical and perceptual ability. A structural equation model adequately represented the relationships among the four latent variables of age, numerical facility, perceptual speed, and numerical functional relations, demonstrating the utility of measurement sequences as indices of development. Extensions of the proposed procedures are discussed that would provide powerful tests of important theoretical questions regarding more comprehensive representations of developmental processes.
Synthesis of isotopically‐labelled ethylenethiourea

13C-, 14C- and 15N-labelled ethylenethiourea was synthesized for NMR and radiotracer applications in metabolism and environmental fate studies. The products contained stable isotopes at 99% enrichment and the radiolabelled product had specific activity of 2.0 mCi/mmole.
Gaussian basis sets for use in correlated molecular calculations. IX. The atoms gallium through krypton

Valence correlation consistent and augmented correlation consistent basis sets have been determined for the third row, main group atoms gallium through krypton. The methodology, originally developed for the first row atoms, was first applied to the selenium atom, resulting in the expected natural groupings of correlation functions (although higher angular momentum functions tend to be relatively more important for the third row atoms as they were for the second row atoms). After testing the generality of the conclusions for the gallium atom, the procedure was used to generate correlation consistent basis sets for all of the atoms gallium through krypton. The correlation consistent basis sets for the third row main group atoms are as follows: cc-pVDZ: (14s11p6d)/[5s4p2d]; cc-pVTZ: (20s13p9d1f )/[6s5p3d1f]; cc-pVQZ: (21s16p12d2 f1g)/[7s6p4d2 f1g]; cc-pV5Z: (26s17p13d3f2g1h)/[8s7p5d3f2g1h]. Augmented sets were obtained by adding diffuse functions to the above sets (one for each angular momentum present in the set), with the exponents of the additional functions optimized in calculations on the atomic anions. Test calculations on the atoms as well as selected molecules with the new basis sets show good convergence to an apparent complete basis set limit.
The first career of William Alexander Hammond

Neurology in its modern sense was first studied in the well-known neurological institutions of France and England. In America, however, this new field of medicine was developed by a physician in a private practice, Dr. William Alexander Hammond. This article addresses the question how Hammond was able to limit his practice to neurology. It is argued that Hammond was a famous military physician before becoming the first practitioner of clinical neurology in America. This fame translated into a large referral base.
SU‐FF‐T‐480: Minimum Multi‐Plan IMRT Framework Knowledge Base for Predicting Organ‐At‐Risk Dose‐Volume Levels and Complications

Purpose: To determine the minimum number of treatment plans required to build accurate representations of the IMRT plan surface in order to predict organ‐at‐risk (OAR) dose‐volume (DV) levels and complications as a function of input DV constraint settings. Method and Materials: 125 and 256 plans respectively were generated as the full knowledge base for a representative head and neck case and prostate case by varying input DV constraints on OARs (parotids, cord, bladder, bowel and rectum). Knowledge subsets of various sizes were used to determine the minimum sizes needed to obtain accurate plan surfacemodels and accurate complication predictions via Machine Learning algorithms. Predictions of saliva flow rate were obtained via a sequential minimal optimization algorithm for training a support vector regression model. Binary classification via optimized decision trees was used to predict rectal bleeding. To build the plan surface for each of the two test cases, 100%, 50%, 25%, and 12.5% of the full knowledge base of plans were used (6.25% was also used for pelvis case). For each fractional value 50 random samples of the corresponding size were used as training sets. Results: The doses received at various volume levels can be modeled with less than 2% mean relative errors with 30 plans (95% confidence interval (C.I.) on largest error was [1.66%, 1.72%]). Saliva flow rate can be predicted with 1.91% mean relative error and a 95% C.I. [1.87%, 1.94%] with 30 plans. Grade 2 rectal bleeding complications can be predicted with mean correct prediction of 92.64% and a 95% C.I. [92.18%, 93.09%] using 64 plans. Conclusion: Our results indicate that only a small number of plans (30–64) are needed in order to model the plan surface and to obtain models that yield accurate prediction of OAR DV levels and complications as a function of DV constraints.
Corporate governance: Assessing corporate performance by boardroom attributes

Abstract The corporate boardroom, once an inner sanctum where the secret ritual of top-level policymaking takes place, is slowly opening its doors and letting in a bit of sunshine. As the investing public begins to peer into the corporate “kiva,” it will want to know more about board structure and performance. In anticipation, this study provides an assessment model to correlate 15 boardroom attributes, or directorate dimensions, with company performance. As a major conclusion, the study finds that as yet there is no substitute for technical experience and internal managerial expertise. Neither is there an optimal formula. No two firms have identical boardroom dimensions. As the newer dimensions begin to make contributions, this diversity will be even greater. This accentuates the need for more precise measurement of board structure and effectiveness.
Constructing the set of program controls with probability 1 for one class of stochastic systems

The definitions of the program control for stochastic systems were traditionally constructed for the integral manifolds with time-independent equations. The presented approach takes into account the dynamism, time-to-time variability, of the invariance surface. A program control enabling the given dynamic stochastic system to remain within the given manifold was constructed, and an example was given.
THE STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FIBRES

Possible forms of structure in fibres are described, together with a list of sources of evidence. The effects of nucleation and growth of crystals in man-made fibres are shown to influence fibre structure. Opinions of the most likely structure in vegetable fibres, wool and hair fibres, regenerated cellulose fibres, and synthetic fibres are expressed, and interpretations of mechanical properties are considered.
QSPR Analysis of HPLC Column Capacity Factors for a Set of High-Energy Materials Using Electronic van der Waals Surface Property Descriptors Computed by Transferable Atom Equivalent Method

The new transferable atom equivalent TAE method for rapid molecular electron density reconstruction was used to compute a set of molecular surface property descriptors. These descriptors were then used to construct HPLC column capacity factor PLS models for a series of high-energy materials. The new TAE-derived surface property indices are also available from ab initio or semiempirical wave functions, but the speed and accuracy of TAE reconstruction make it the method of choice for obtaining these indices. The new QSPR indices are based upon the extrema, distributions, and surface integrals of the electronic kinetic energy . density, the Politzer average local ionization potential pip , and the electrostatic potential, as well as the rates at which these properties change normal to the 0.002-erau 3 molecular surface. The distribution of the properties were recorded as surface histograms. While property extrema and surface integral averages proved to be descriptive, the most useful new indices were found to correspond to histogram bin data computed for K and G surface kinetic energy densities.
Comparison of the Function and Expression of CYP26A1 and CYP26B1, the two Retinoic Acid Hydroxylases

Abstract All-trans -retinoic acid ( at RA) is an important signaling molecule in all chordates. The cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP26 are believed to partially regulate cellular concentrations of at RA via oxidative metabolism and hence affect retinoid homeostasis and signaling. CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 are at RA hydroxylases that catalyze formation of similar metabolites in cell systems. However, they have only 40% sequence similarity suggesting differences between the two enzymes. The aim of this study was to determine whether CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 have similar catalytic activity, form different metabolites from at RA and are expressed in different tissues in adults. The mRNA expression of CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 correlated between human tissues except for human cerebellum in which CYP26B1 was the predominant CYP26 and liver in which CYP26A1 dominated. Quantification of CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 protein in human tissues was in agreement with the mRNA expression and showed correlation between the two isoforms. Qualitatively, recombinant CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 formed the same primary and sequential metabolites from at RA. Quantitatively, CYP26B1 had a lower K m (19 nM) and V max (0.8 pmol/min/pmol) than CYP26A1 ( K m = 50 nM and V max = 10 pmol/min/pmol) for formation of 4-OH-RA. The major at RA metabolites 4-OH-RA, 18-OH-RA and 4-oxo-RA were all substrates of CYP26A1 and CYP26B1, and CYP26A1 had a 2–10-fold higher catalytic activity towards all substrates tested. This study shows that CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 are qualitatively similar RA hydroxylases with overlapping expression profiles. CYP26A1 has higher catalytic activity than CYP26B1 and seems to be responsible for metabolism of at RA in tissues that function as a barrier for at RA exposure.
Design and rationale of Clopidogrel as Adjunctive Reperfusion Therapy–Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (CLARITY-TIMI) 28 trial

Background Although fibrinolysis is effective in improving outcomes in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), failure to achieve reperfusion and/or reocclusion of the infarct-related artery occur in substantial proportions of patients during their index hospitalization and are associated with a significant increase in mortality. We hypothesize that the addition of clopidogrel to standard fibrinolytic therapy in patients with acute STEMI will improve reperfusion. Study design CLARITY–TIMI 28 is a multicenter, international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial designed to examine the efficacy and safety of clopidogrel when added to standard adjuvant therapy for fibrinolysis. The primary efficacy end point is the composite of an occluded infarct-related artery (defined as TIMI flow grade 0 or 1) on the predischarge angiogram or death or a recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) up to the start of coronary angiography. For subjects who do not undergo angiography, occurrence of death or recurrent MI by day 8 or by hospital discharge, whichever comes first, is used. The primary safety assessment is TIMI major bleeding. Secondary end points include ST resolution at 180 minutes and the clinical composite of death, MI, or recurrent ischemia. Substudies include analyses of biomarkers, DNA, continuous electrocardiogram monitoring, and initiation of treatment in the ambulance. Conclusions CLARITY–TIMI 28 will help to define the role of clopidogrel as part of the pharmacologic reperfusion regimen for acute STEMI.
Education service contracting in the Philippines: human rights as trumps, goals, or policy talk?

In recent years, the goals and purposes of education within the international development discourse have shifted significantly away from education for productivity or human capital development and towards education for the fulfillment of the individual through human rights. The current global education climate provides governments with an environment to support policies of free basic education, driven by a global diffusion of the central principles of education as a human right. This article considers the function of international human rights law and political movements within educational policymaking and practice, specifically regarding policy efforts to increase school access. Using the Philippines as a case study, this article addresses the guarantees for free secondary education in Philippine legal and policy documents, and assesses the current government policy for secondary education expansion—the Education Service Contracting (ESC) Program—to discuss the impact of the country’s human rights commitments on educational policy. Using Kingdon’s multiple streams model of policy analysis, I account for human rights law within ESC policymaking and determine the drivers that have led the country to take up its current model of private expansion. In conclusion, the human right to a free education should be deliberated, not as a trump card to supersede local educational obligations, but as a guiding principle, placed within problem, solution, and political contexts to assess the current state of education and adequately protect those who need publicly funded schooling the most.
Race and Wealth Inequality: The Impact of Racial Differences in Asset Ownership on the Distribution of Household Wealth

Abstract What accounts for persistent racial differences in wealth ownership? Previous research has debated the role that differences in asset ownership play in creating and maintaining wealth inequality. I use survey data to model the ownership of seven assets and find that whites are indeed more likely than blacks to buy high-risk, high-return assets. I then use a simulation model to explore the effect that these differences have on the distribution of wealth. I separate the effects of asset ownership from the effects of racial differences in family wealth history, earnings, education, marital behavior, fertility, and other influences on wealth inequality. I find that removing racial differences in asset ownership reduced wealth inequality drastically, but not completely, and that racial differences in educational attainment account for much of the remaining difference. I estimate how changes in historical patterns of portfolio behavior and educational attainment would have reduced inequality, and I explore the implications of these findings for reducing wealth inequality in the future.
Biodegradability of polylactide bottles in real and simulated composting conditions

As new biodegradable polymers and their packaging applications are emerging, there is a need to address their environmental performance. In particular, there is a need to understand the time required for their complete disintegration, before these materials are deployed in commercial composting processes. Standards developed by ASTM and ISO evaluate the biodegradation of biodegradable plastic materials in simulated controlled composting conditions. However, a more detailed understanding of the biodegradation of complete packages is needed in order to have a successful composting operation. This paper investigates the biodegradation performance of polylactide (PLA) bottles under simulated composting conditions according to ASTM and ISO standards, and these results are compared with a novel method of evaluating package biodegradation in real composting conditions. Two simulated composting methods were used in this study to assess biodegradability of PLA bottles: (a) a cumulative measurement respirometric (CMR) system and (b) a gravimetric measurement respirometric (GMR) system. Both CMR and GMR systems showed similar trends of biodegradation for PLA bottles and at the end of the 58th day the mineralization was 84.2±0.9% and 77.8±10.4%, respectively. PLA bottle biodegradation in real composting conditions was correlated to their breakdown and variation in molecular weight. Molecular weight of 4100 Da was obtained for PLA bottles in real composting conditions on the 30th day. The biodegradation observed for PLA bottles in both conditions explored in this study matches well with theoretical degradation and biodegradation mechanisms; however, biodegradation variability exists in both conditions and is discussed in this paper.
Dual Polarized UHF/VHF Honeycomb Stacked-Patch Feed Array for a Large-Aperture Space-borne Radar Antenna

As penetration depth through vegetation and ground becomes more important in active remote sensing applications, there is a shift toward using lower frequencies. To facilitate imaging of ground water, soil moisture and composition, and penetrating through forest canopies, a dual-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has been proposed to operate at VHF and UHF frequencies. To accommodate weekly repeat observations from LEO, a swath of roughly 350 Km is needed, requiring a 30-m long antenna aperture from the SAR design point of view. The beams of the UHF and the VHF antennas must coincide in the cross-track direction, resulting in antenna widths of 3m and 11m, respectively. A stacked, linearly dual-polarized patch array feeding a 30 meter diameter parabolic reflector is proposed for this application, which synthesizes near-rectangular effective apertures on the reflector. Using a mesh reflector technology, the mass of such an antenna configuration is about ten times smaller than a corresponding phased-array antenna. A scaled-frequency version of the feed array was initially designed, built, and tested. It was also integrated with a scaled reflector antenna to verify the performance of the overall system. The actual frequency version was then designed, built, and tested. The design of the dual-band stacked array and the power dividers will be discussed, the fabrication process explained, and the approaches used for optimizing the performance characteristics will be presented. The measurement results for return loss on both transmit and receive, isolation, and radiation pattern will be presented and shown to be in good agreement with the simulated results.
Preparing the First Responders: Building the Inflammatory Transcriptome from the Ground Up

In cells of the immune system, inflammatory stimuli trigger highly coordinated cascades of gene activation that are precisely calibrated to the nature and strength of the stimulus. Herein, we describe the forces that control inflammatory gene transcription and highlight that many critical determinants of responsiveness are established prior to challenge. We discuss key steps in the transcription cycle that are regulated during gene activation and the importance of the underlying enhancer landscape. Further, we illustrate how the diversity in regulatory strategies employed at inflammatory genes provides novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
Seeing our seeing: Gouldner’s reflexive sociology from a feminist phenomenological perspective

With the contemporary women's movement has come a great deal of question ing about the taken-for-granted cultural and social assumptions about women's everyday life. Most theoretical and methodological orientations in traditional sociology presented, until recently, a general universalist (and significantly mas culine) documentation of human experience. The overall feminist criticism of the discipline's not treating women as subjects of knowledge is rooted in its having ignored, suppressed or treated women's social reality as a deviation from the "dominant ideological matrix" (Horowitz 1962/1967, p. 270). To overcome this distortion the common objective of a feminist perspective in sociology is to "make women visible" in the twin spheres of social reality and cultural belief systems.1 In the past two decades the "new scholarship on women" has questioned, challenged and modified the concepts, theories and methods that constitute re ceived knowledge in most academic disciplines (Millet 1969; Safilio-Rothschild 1972; Rowbotham 1973; Janeway 1974; McCormack 1975; Rich 1977; Spender 1983). Feminist scholars from different disciplines argued:
Variational definition of the single-particle potential in the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approach

The consequences of the variational definition of the self-consistent potential in Brueckner-Hartree-Fock theory are explored to higher orders even summing up some classes of diagrams to infinity. The consistency of this definition with a diagrammatic expansion are checked. Overcounting terms in the variational approach are pointed out and their numerical influence on the ground state properties of nuclei is checked at the example of16O. Ambiguities of the potential defined by the variational procedure stemming from the property of the Pauli-operatorQ 2 =Q are studied diagrammatically and numerically. The application to16O shows that the influence of the Pauli rearrangement term is partially cancelled by the higher order starting energy rearrangement terms discussed in this work.
Clinical pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs in older persons

Introduction: Combination antiretroviral therapy has enabled HIV-infected persons to reach older ages in high numbers. Hepatic and renal changes that normally occur with advancing age occur earlier and with higher incidence in HIV-infected individuals. A limited number of prospective controlled studies have demonstrated small reductions (17 to 41%) in lopinavir, atazanavir and lamivudine clearance in older versus younger adults. A much larger number of retrospective studies in adults (age range ∼ 20 to 60 years), including all antiretroviral drugs, have evaluated age as a covariate for pharmacokinetics. Most studies did not detect substantial associations between drug exposures and age. Areas covered: This review summarizes antiretroviral drug pharmacokinetics in older persons. The authors review articles from PubMed (search terms: elderly, antiretroviral, pharmacokinetics) in addition to the bibliographies of those selected. Expert opinion: The evidence to date does not support major pharmacokinetic chan...
Effects of combining ethanol (EtOH) with gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) on the discriminative stimulus, locomotor, and motor-impairing functions of GHB in mice.

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a drug of abuse that is often coabused with ethanol (EtOH) and has been implicated as a date rape agent in conjunction with EtOH. Much information is lacking regarding the manner in which GHB interacts with EtOH. This study was designed to further characterize the behavioral effects of GHB alone and in combination with EtOH in male Swiss–Webster mice. The effects of GHB (0.1–1.0 g/kg) and EtOH (2.0–5.0 g/kg) alone, as well as the effects of GHB in combination with EtOH, were examined using an automated locomotor activity procedure, a functional observational battery (FOB) and a GHB drug discrimination procedure. GHB decreased, whereas EtOH had little effect on locomotor activity. In the FOB, EtOH dose-dependently decreased activity in combination with 0.3 g/kg GHB. Alone, each drug had little effect on the righting reflex, but combining ineffective doses of GHB and EtOH significantly impaired righting. GHB and EtOH decreased forelimb grip strength. Combinations of ineffective doses of GHB and EtOH decreased forelimb grip strength when given together. GHB and EtOH impaired inverted screen performance, and EtOH increased the impairing effects of low, but not high, doses of GHB. GHB and EtOH increased hind limb splay, and EtOH increased the effects of 0.1 and 0.3 g/kg GHB on splay. GHB and EtOH decreased body temperature, and EtOH augmented the temperature-decreasing effects of GHB. EtOH produced less than 50% GHB-like discriminative stimulus effects, and GHB failed to alter the GHB-like discriminative stimulus effects of EtOH. Overall, EtOH increased the effects of GHB on several gross measures of behavior and only partially occasioned the discriminative stimulus properties of GHB.
Effect of Parenterally Administered Citrate on the Renal Excretion of Calcium.

SummaryThe subcutaneous injection of 8 to 30 cc/kg of a 4% solution of sodium citrate into dogs causes a considerable and prompt increase in the urinary excretion of calcium while leaving the blood calcium level essentially unaffected. Repeated subcutaneous injections of citrate into puppies and young rats lead to osseous changes very similar to those produced by large doses of parathormone.
Molting in Salmonella Enteritidis-Challenged Laying Hens Fed Alfalfa Crumbles. I. Salmonella Enteritidis Colonization and Virulence Gene hilA Response

The objectives of this study were to enumerate Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis colonization in fecal, cecal, and internal organs, and to compare the level of virulence gene expression (hilA) of experimentally challenged laying hens fed different dietary molt-induction regimens. Twelve Salmonella-free Single Comb Leghorn hens (>50 wk old) hens were randomly assigned to each of 6 treatment groups designated based on diet in 2 trials: 1) feed withdrawal Salmonella Enteritidis-positive (FW+), 2) fully fed Salmonella Enteritidis-positive (FF+), 3) 100% alfalfa crumble Salmonella Enteritidis-positive (ALC+), 4) feed withdrawal Salmonella Enteritidis-negative, 5) fully fed Salmonella Enteritidis-negative, and 6) 100% alfalfa crumble Salmonella Enteritidis-negative. A forced molt was induced by a 12-d alfalfa diet and a feed-withdrawal regimen. On d 4 of the molt, all hens in groups 1, 2, and 3 were challenged by crop gavage with 1 mL of inocula containing approximately 10(6) cfu of nalidixic acid- and novobiocin-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis (phage type 13A). At the conclusion of both trials, all hens were euthanized and Salmonella Enteritidis colonization was enumerated in the cecal contents, liver, spleen, and ovaries. In addition, fecal (d 4 and 8) and cecal samples (necropsy at d 12) were collected postchallenge from treatment groups 1, 2, and 3 (Salmonella Enteritidis-positive) to quantify hilA expression by PCR. In both trials, all nonchallenged birds were Salmonella Enteritidis-negative; therefore, no further analysis was done. In trial 1, a 2-fold reduction in Salmonella Enteritidis colonization was observed in the ALC+ hens (log10 Salmonella Enteritidis of 1.99) compared with the FW+ hens (log(10) Salmonella Enteritidis of 3.89). In trial 2, a 4-fold reduction in Salmonella Enteritidis colonization was observed in the ALC+ hens (log(10) Salmonella Enteritidis of 1.27) compared with the FW+ hens (log(10) Salmonella Enteritidis of 5.12). In trial 2, Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in spleens was higher (P 0.05). In trial 2, hilA expression in FW+ hens was higher (P <or= 0.05) for d 6, 11, and 12, respectively, when compared with ALC+ and FF+ hens. The results of these studies support the concept that changes in the gastrointestinal tract microenvironment, such as those created during feed deprivation, encourage Salmonella Enteritidis virulence and susceptibility in molted hens.
Ionic gated WSe2 FETs: Towards transparent Schottky barriers

In this article, we experimentally demonstrate for the first time high performance ionic liquid gated Schottky barrier WSe 2 FETs with large current drive capabilities for both the electron and the hole branch. We also show that through proper scaling of the flake thickness, the Schottky barrier can be made transparent to the carrier injection and thus transforming the metal contacts into pseudo-Ohmic ones. We also analyzed the tunneling current through the Schottky barrier and compared it with numerical simulations in order to evaluate the potential of WSe 2 for low power applications. WSe 2 belongs to the family of two-dimensional layered semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) which have received substantial attention in the device community as alternative channel materials to Si. [1] WSe 2 is especially interesting since it shows ambipolar conduction due to the pinning of metal Fermi level close to the middle of the bandgap. [2] In addition, the relatively small carrier effective mass [3] of WSe 2 in comparison to other TMDs makes this material appealing for low power tunneling devices.
Evidence that the blockade of mitochondrial respiration by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) involves binding at the same site as the respiratory inhibitor, rotenone

It has been postulated that 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) blocks mitochondrial respiration by combining at the same site as rotenone, a potent inhibitor of NADH oxidation in mitochondria, known to act at the junction of NADH dehydrogenase and coenzyme Q (CoQ). The present experiments show that MPP+ and two of its analogs indeed act in a concentration dependent manner to prevent the binding of [14C]-rotenone to submitochondrial particles (ETP) and significantly decrease the inhibition of electron transport caused by rotenone. It therefore appears that MPP+ binds at the same site as rotenone or an adjacent site, supporting the hypothesis that its neurotoxic action is due to the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration.
Serum Lipid and Estrogenic Effects of Manvene, a New Estrogen Analog Comparison with Premarin in Men with Coronary Heart Disease

Estrogenic side-effects and serum lipid changes were studied in middle-aged men with coronary heart disease during a 6-month period with varying dosage levels of Manvene, a new estrogen analog. Although significant lipid-shifting effects were noted at 5 and 10 mg. daily, these were not comparable with those of 10 mg. of Premarin. Analysis of scattergrams of individual estrogenic and lipoprotein responses of both Manvene-treated and Premarin-treated patients revealed a favorable dissociation of these effects in 5 of the 29 men in the Manvene groups.
IS THE ISOMER WITH THE LARGEST DIPOLE MOMENT ALWAYS THE LEAST STABLE

Abstract Two sets of calculated counterexamples are presented to the proposition that the isomer with the largest dipole moment is the least stable.
Conjugate heat transfer in turbulent falling liquid films

Heat transfer characteristics for a falling turbulent liquid film flow over a fin are analyzed using the conjugate convection-conduction theory. Numerical results are obtained from a simultaneous solution of the energy equations of the fluid and the fin. Results are presented for the fin temperature distribution, dimensionless heat transfer coefficients, local heat fluxes, and fin efficiencies. On a analyse les caracteristiques de transfert de chaleur pour un ecoulement descendant d'un film liquide turbulent sur une ailette a l'aide d'une theorie de convection-conduction conjuguee. Les resultats numeriques sont obtenus a partir d'une solution simultanee des equations de transfert de chaleur du fluide et de l'ailette. On presente les resultats pour la distribution de temperature de l'ailette, les coefficients de transfert de chaleur adimensionnels, les flux de chaleur locaux et les rendements de l'ailette.
‘The cunning of their ground’: The Relevance of Sejanus to Renaissance Tragedy

Modelled on contemporary metatheatrical tragedies such as Tamburlaine and Richard III, Sejanus is Jonson’s riposte to these rebellious innovations to tragedy illustrating that his peers have failed to resolve substantially the problem of generic decay. Sejanus, modelled on the anarchic heroes of Marlowe and Shakespeare, satirizes these figures, while the play’s rigid decorum demonstrates the structural discipline necessary to produce tragedy’s moral function. Sejanus enacts Jonson’s criticism of the ‘corrupt’ context of early modern tragedy, its characters and argument the result of a decayed ethos in which the use of performance has corroded both gesture and interpretation into cynicism, and in which true heroism, and true tragedy, are impossible.
Injuries in recreational adult fitness activities

Volunteers (986) from fitness clubs and studios were recruited and followed for a 3-month period to document the injury consequences of adult recreational fitness participation. Participants were telephoned each week and their activities as well as any injuries that occurred were recorded. Of the 525 injuries and complaints reported during 60,629 hours of activity, 475 occurred as a result of sports participation for an overall rate of 7.83 per 1000 hours of participation. Seventy-six percent of these episodes caused the patient to alter or miss 1 or more activities, while 9.5% involved a physician visit. The rate for time-loss injuries was less than 2 per person per year (1.76 per 298 hours) or 5.92 per 1000 hours. Running had a higher risk of injury compared with most other individual sports. Cardiovascular fitness activities had low to medium rates, as did weight work; competitive sports were higher. For 6 of the most commonly injured areas, the reinjury rate was about twice that reported for those with no history of previous injury. The risks of injury from most recreational fitness activities were relatively modest, particularly if the activities were not competitive. Physicians might help patients reduce their risks of injury by encouraging suitable activities and by reducing the risks of reinjury by implementing appropriate rehabilitation programs.
Genetic Relationships Among Magnaporthe poae Isolates from Turfgrass Hosts and Relative Susceptibility of ‘Penncross’ and ‘Penn A-4’ Creeping Bentgrass

ABSTRACT Isolates of Magnaporthe poae from turfgrass hosts were analyzed for mating type, genetic relatedness according to ITS sequences, reaction to a previously developed species-specific poly-merase chain reaction (PCR) assay, and virulence on two creeping bentgrass cultivars in growth chamber experiments. Analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences revealed three clades, designated A, B, and C. Clade A contained isolates of both mating types from creeping bentgrass, annual bluegrass, and Kentucky bluegrass. Clade B contained only mating type ‘A’ isolates from annual bluegrass, whereas Clade C contained only mating type ‘a’ isolates from creeping bentgrass. The M. poae PCR assay failed to positively identify several North Carolina isolates from annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass. M. poae isolates from Kentucky blue-grass were most virulent toward creeping bentgrass in growth chamber experiments. Although isolates of M. poae are not host specific, certain ITS clades may have a limited h...
Distributional analog of a functional equation

Abstract In this paper, we shall apply an operator method for casting and solving the distributional analog of functional equations. In particular, the method will be employed to solve f 1 ( x + y ) + f 2 ( x - y ) + f 3 ( xy ) = 0
SOCIAL VALIDATION AND TRAINING OF EMERGENCY FIRE SAFETY SKILLS FOR POTENTIAL INJURY PREVENTION AND LIFE SAVING

A multifaceted behavioral program designed to teach emergency fire escape procedures to children was evaluated in a multiple-baseline design. Five children were trained to respond correctly to nine home emergency fire situations under simulated conditions. The situations and responses focused upon in training were identified by a social validation procedure involving consultation with several safety agencies, including the direct input of firefighters. Training, carried out in simulated bedrooms at school, resulted in significant improvements in both overt behavior and self-report of fire safety skills. The gains were maintained at a post-check assessment 2 weeks after training had been terminated. The results are discussed in relation both to the importance of social validation of targets and outcomes and the implications for further research in assessing and developing emergency response skills.
Comparative Dynamics of Several Energy Components of Chick Tissues and Their Relationship to Sampling Errors

Abstract Simultaneous diurnal patterns of organ weights and several energy components are demonstrated in tissues from 21-day old male broiler chicks maintained under conditions standardized for periodicity analyses. Amplitudes of the diurnal changes revealed that, of the components studied, hepatic glucose and glycogen were most dynamic, the former increasing by 70% from 0800 to 1500 hours, and the latter by 150% in the same period. Data show that where the extent of the within-day variability for a tissue constituent is not known, sampling smaller numbers of animals at evenly spaced points over a 24-hour period, rather than an entire group at any one time of day, results in a more realistic approximation of the dynamics of a population and thus avoids confounding interpretation of the data.
The effects of cardiovascular dynamics monitoring in the outpatient management of pregnancy hypertension.

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to assess the effects of the adjunctive use of cardiovascular dynamics monitoring in the ambulatory management of 199 pregnant patients with severe hypertension. Study Design: A prospective, observational study was performed. Determinants of mean arterial pressure were computed by using the Hon monitor. Indicators of arterial compliance and effective blood volume were developed. All patients were monitored in the outpatient clinic; additionally, 19 patients self-tested at home. No rigid medication protocol was followed, but furosemide was used in most cases when cardiovascular dynamics monitoring patterns were consistent with volume loading. Otherwise, vasodilators were prescribed. The t test for independent samples was used to compare the home-monitored subgroup with the outpatient-only group. Results: Pregnancy was prolonged by 74 ± 63.9 days (mean ± SD). Mean gestation was 37.6 ± 2.9 weeks, and mean birth weight was 2882.4 ± 837 g. The primary cesarean delivery rate was 23.7%, but only 15 (7.5%) cesarean deliveries were performed because of failed therapy. The 19 home-monitored patients gained 108 ± 75 days (83.1 ± 42.2 days beyond 20 weeks). Conclusion: Adjunctive cardiovascular dynamics monitoring may have a role in the evaluation and management of hypertension during pregnancy. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:1207-15.)
Energetics of Protein Transport across Biological Membranes: A Study of the Thylakoid ΔpH-Dependent/cpTat Pathway

Abstract Among the pathways for protein translocation across biological membranes, the ΔpH-dependent/Tat system is unusual in its sole reliance upon the transmembrane pH gradient to drive protein transport. The free energy cost of protein translocation via the chloro-plast ΔpH-dependent/Tat pathway was measured by conducting in vitro transport assays with isolated thylakoids while concurrently monitoring energetic parameters. These experiments revealed a substrate-specific energetic barrier to cpTat-mediated transport as well as direct utilization of protons from the gradient, consistent with a H + /protein antiporter mechanism. The magnitude of proton flux was assayed by four independent approaches and averaged 7.9 × 10 4 protons released from the gradient per transported protein. This corresponds to a ΔG transport of 6.9 × 10 5 kJ·mol protein translocated −1 , representing the utilization of an energetic equivalent of 10 4 molecules of ATP. At this cost, we estimate that the ΔpH-dependent/cpTat pathway utilizes approximately 3% of the total energy output of the chloroplast.
New equations for binary gas transport in porous media, Part 2: experimental validation

Abstract A previous study [Water Resour Res 39 (3) (2003) doi:10.1029/2002WR001338 ] questioned the validity of the traditional advection–dispersion equation for describing gas flow in porous media. In an original mathematical derivation presented in Part 1 [Adv Water Resour, this issue] we have demonstrated the theoretical existence of two novel physical phenomena which govern the macroscopic transport of gases in porous media. In this work we utilize laboratory experiments and numerical modeling in order to ascertain the importance of these novel theoretical terms. Numerical modeling results indicate that the newly derived sorptive velocity, arising from closure level coupling effects, does not contribute noticeably to the overall flux, under the conditions explored in this work. We demonstrate that the newly discovered “slip coupling” phenomenon in the mass conservation equation plays an important role in describing the physics of gas flow through porous solids for flow regimes of both environmental and industrial interest.