cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation and Characterization of Sendai Virus Temperature-Sensitive Mutants

Ten temperature-sensitive mutants of Sendai virus, a paramyxovirus, were isolated and partially characterized. The mutants replicated in chicken embryo lung cells at 30 C, but not at 38 C; wild-type virus grew equally well at both temperatures. Complementation tests divided the mutants into seven groups. Six groups synthesized neither infectious virus nor RNA when incubated at 38 C from the beginning of infection. Temperature shift-up experiments demonstrated that three of these complementation groups were blocked in early steps required for RNA synthesis, but these gene functions were not needed throughout the replicative cycle. In contrast, the other three RNA-negative complementation groups were defective throughout the replicative cycle in functions required for virus-specific RNA synthesis. Only one mutant, which complemented all of the above, synthesized RNA but not infectious virus when placed at 38 C; the hemagglutinin of this mutant functioned only at the permissive temperature.
Advertising and Society

This comparative and cross-disciplinary study examines the origins and consequences of pre-1930 beliefs that advertising harms society. These surprisingly well-developed beliefs stimulated enduring regulatory restraint upon advertising and formed the foundations of present critical thought. They have important implications for current macromarketing.
Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: The 'Fascist' Style of Rule

Series Editors' Preface Acknowledgements Chronology of the Fascist and Nazi Regimes Introduction 1. Fascism and Nazism before the Seizure of Power 2. The Rise of Fascism and Nazism 3. The March to Power 4. The Exercise of Power 5. The New Order 6. The Institutionalization of the Party 7. The Fascist and Nazi Economic Systems 8. Autarky and Economic Mobilization 9. The New "Fascist" Community: Demography and Race 10. The New "Fascist" Community: Women and Youth 11. Culture and Society 12. Consensus of Coercion under Fascism and Nazism 13. The Status of the Military 14. Imperialism and Expansion: Fascism, Nazism and the Challenge of War Conclusion Notes Index
Use of Reduction Arguments in Determining Popperian FIN-Type Learning Capabilities

The main contribution of this paper is the development of analytical tools which permit the determination of team learning capabilities as well as the corresponding types of redundancy for Popperian FINite learning. The basis of our analytical framework is a reduction technique used previously by us.
Pulse tracking with a pitch tracker

A comparison of two models for processing sound is presented: the perceptually-based pitch model of Meddis and Hewitt (1991), and a vocoder model for rhythmic analysis by Scheirer. Similarities in the methods are noted, and it is demonstrated that the pitch model is also adequate for extracting the tempo of acoustic signals. The implications of this finding for perceptual models and signal processing systems are discussed.
Assuming Facts Not In Evidence: A Response to Russell M. Coombs, Reforming New Jersey Evidence Law on Fresh Complaint of Rape

Assuming Facts Not in Evidence argues that a rape complainant’s silence in the aftermath of the crime does not bear on the credibility of her claim. Responding to Russell M. Coombs, Reforming New Jersey Evidence Law on Fresh Complaint of Rape, Colb observes that Coombs offers two arguments for the relevance of an alleged victim’s silence in the wake of the attack: first, silence represents something akin to a prior inconsistent statement which accordingly impeaches the credibility of the rape claim; and second, silence represents conduct at odds with what one would expect from the victim of a violent crime. Though these two arguments rest on factual assumptions with a surface plausibility, Colb observes that the data on the experience of actual rape victims refutes the assumption that victim silence is inconsistent with a claim of rape or with the fact of being raped. On the contrary, Colb notes that rape victims regularly delay speaking of the crime, because they experience shame and (with reason) fear that their claims will not be treated with the same respect as the claims of victims of other sorts of crimes. The extremely low reporting rate for rape, relative to those of other crimes, further evidences this phenomenon. Accordingly, Colb suggests that the “common sense” notion that a real rape victim would promptly tell others about the crime is contrary to the facts. Because silence is a common, normal reaction to rape, the fact of silence does not tend to discredit a later claim of rape. Furthermore, Colb contends that there is a good policy reason for excluding evidence of rape-victim silence. Given the relatively low reporting rate for this crime, the knowledge that her silence will be used to discredit her will likely further deter rape victims from coming forward, an outcome that would only reduce the deterrent effect of the criminal law prohibiting rape. For reasons of relevance and policy, the Article concludes that it is therefore both logical and just to exclude evidence of an alleged rape victim’s silence in the aftermath of the rape.
Taxing Soft Drinks

This paper reviews the practice of levying an excise tax on soft drinks in sub-saharan African countries, and evaluates this practice against theoretical norms for levying an excise tax. The question is whether such taxes are justified or whether they are discriminatory and impose a welfare cost on the country. The paper concludes that the sin tax justification does not hold for soft drinks, nor do income distribution justifications. Arguably the best reason for such a levy is revenue, but this argument is weakened by a higher price elasticity of demand than usually supposed.
Effects of the SOLVE Strategy on the mathematical problem solving skills of secondary students with learning disabilities

This study examined the effects of explicit instruction in the SOLVE Strategy on the mathematical problem solving skills of six Grade 8 students with specific learning disabilities. The SOLVE Strategy is an explicit instruction, mnemonic-based learning strategy designed to help students in solving mathematical word problems. Using a multiple probe across participants design, results suggested a functional relation between explicit instruction in the SOLVE strategy and increase in strategy use and computation scores on grade level mathematical word problems for all participants. Additionally, all participants generalized the SOLVE Strategy to other mathematic topics and concepts, and the teacher and students felt the intervention was socially acceptable. Finally, limitations, implications for practice, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Unexpected nicotine in Do-it-Yourself electronic cigarette flavourings

Electronic cigarette (EC) users often create their own refill fluids by blending bottled nicotine/propylene glycol/glycerol mixtures with Do-it-Yourself (DIY) flavourings.1 Although a complete refill fluid usually contains nicotine, the flavouring solutions themselves are an additive and are presumed to be free of nicotine, which is a known addictive chemical and toxicant.2 To determine if DIY flavourings are nicotine free, we evaluated 30 products from one vendor, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (figure 1B–D), and confirmed the presence of nicotine via gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (figure 1E, F). HPLC analysis was performed as previously described in detail.3 Nicotine was extracted from DIY flavorings4 and GC-MS analysis of the extracts was performed using a Hewlett-Packard 5890 Series II gas chromatograph equipped with a Restek Rtx-1MS, 30 m, 0.25 mm column and a Hewlett-Packard 5971A mass selective detector. Samples were analysed from 40°C to 250°C with a total run time of 32.75 min per …
A Perspective on Acupuncture Techniques for Relief of Dyspnea in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Abstract Effective treatment of dyspnea, or breathing difficulty, for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a major unmet need. Five of six published randomized controlled trials show that acupuncture and/or applying transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation over acupuncture points improves breathing difficulty in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Acupuncture techniques may relieve the perception of dyspnea by three possible mechanisms: (1) activation of areas in the central nervous system where afferent signals are processed and integrated; (2) relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle; and (3) the release of neurotransmitters, such as endorphins, that modulate breathlessness. Adverse events of acupuncture reported in a national database in the United Kingdom include retained needles, dizziness, loss of consciousness/unresponsiveness, falls, bruising at the needle site, and pneumothorax. Caution is advised before needles are placed into the chest of an individual who has...
Using OFDM pilot tone information to detect active 4G LTE transmissions

The paper studies the use of pilot tone information for detecting active transmissions from Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless systems. LTE employs Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) at the physical layer and, according to the LTE standard specifications, the transmitted signals contain periodic pilot information placed on specific subcarriers to be used for synchronization and channel estimation. The pilot tone information can also be used for detecting the presence of active LTE signals by using a cross-correlation approach. The method presented in the paper uses the Time-Domain Symbol Cross-correlation (TDSC) technique and takes advantage of the fact that the mean of the cumulative correlation of distinct symbols with the same pilot tone positions is constant while its variance changes, allowing it to be used for detecting LTE transmissions in environments with low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Application of the TDSC method for LTE systems is presented analytically and is illustrated with numerical results obtained from simulations that include additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) as well as Rice and Rayleigh channel models outlined in the LTE standard.
Mobile broadband-based healthcare management: advantages, issues and challenges

Massive advancement of mobile computing technology and systems has led to their integration in different aspects of our life. Mobile and pervasive environments built over wireless infrastructures have introduced new possibilities in the healthcare sector in the form of real time health monitoring and diagnosis systems. While current third generation technologies may be sufficient to implement simple monitoring applications involving small amount of data using short messages, systems involving round-the-clock mobile health monitoring, remote tests and diagnosis and other real time applications in healthcare sector requires seamless fourth generation mobile broadband technologies like WiMAX or LTE. In this work, we discuss features, benefits, socio economic reasons of mobile health management and identify some of the most recent mobile health management systems developed and deployed worldwide. Finally, we present the architecture of a next generation healthcare system and discuss issues and challenges that should be addressed in this system.
Magnetic field observations as Voyager 1 entered the heliosheath depletion region

Magnetic fields measured by Voyager 1 (V1) show that the spacecraft crossed the boundary of an unexpected region five times between days 210 and ~238 in 2012. The magnetic field strength B increased across this boundary from ≈0.2 to ≈0.4 nanotesla, and B remained near 0.4 nanotesla until at least day 270, 2012. The strong magnetic fields were associated with unusually low counting rates of >0.5 mega–electron volt per nuclear particle. The direction of B did not change significantly across any of the five boundary crossings; it was very uniform and very close to the spiral magnetic field direction, which was observed throughout the heliosheath. The observations indicate that V1 entered a region of the heliosheath (the heliosheath depletion region), rather than the interstellar medium.
Cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis from small bowel adenocarcinoma.

Introduction Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) is associated with a dismal prognosis. Small bowel adenocarcinoma is a rare etiology for PC. Due to the rarity, poor prognosis, and lack of standard treatment, we chose to review our experience with this disease process treated with cytoreductive surgery (CS) and intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy (IPHC). Methods From a prospective database of IPHC patients, six patients diagnosed with PC from adenocarcinoma of the small bowel were identified. Between 1995 and 2004 these patients underwent CS and IPHC with Mitomycin C. A retrospective review was performed on these patients with mortality as the primary outcome measure. Results Three of the six patients in this series are still alive, with a mean follow-up of 19.7 months after treatment with CS and IPHC. Three patients died of disease progression 29, 30, and 45 months after IPHC. Median survival after diagnosis of small bowel adenocarcinoma was 54 months, while median survival after CS and IPHC for PC was 30.1 months. Conclusions Small bowel adenocarcinoma with PC remains an unusual therapeutic challenge. Treatment with CS and IPHC is an attractive option for patients in this setting. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;91:112–117. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Informed consent for bedside procedures in the pediatric intensive care unit: a preliminary report.

Objectives: No uniform guidelines exist regarding informed consent for bedside procedures in the intensive care unit (ICU), and practice varies widely between institutions. Neither guidelines nor data exist to help pediatric ICU (PICU) directors craft procedural consent policies. We conducted an exploratory study to explore the impact on patients, parents, and healthcare providers of a requirement for informed consent for bedside procedures in the PICU and to describe parental and provider beliefs regarding procedural consent. Design: Prospective, observational and survey-based exploratory study. Setting: Single-center, tertiary care, university-affiliated PICU. Patients: Children admitted to the PICU and undergoing an invasive bedside procedure. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: During two 14-day periods, all bedside procedures conducted in the PICU were identified. Consent forms were reviewed, and parents and the healthcare providers who participated in the consent discussion were invited to complete a brief verbal questionnaire regarding the consent process. Quantitative data are presented using descriptive statistics and qualitative data were analyzed using thematic coding. During the study period, 50 bedside procedures were performed. Informed consent was not obtained for two emergent procedures. Only the first procedure on a child was included in the study, leaving 41 informed consent discussions for analysis. Consent was obtained in person in 33 cases (80%) and over the phone for the remainder. The median reported duration of the informed consent discussion was 5 mins. Ninety-six percent of parents correctly recalled what procedure had been performed, and 92% correctly recalled at least one reason for the procedure, but only 58% recalled at least one risk of the procedure. Parents viewed themselves as the primary decision makers, and many parents believed that their refusal of consent would be honored even if it would potentially harm the child. However, no parent refused or even significantly resisted giving consent for a procedure recommended by their child's healthcare provider. Conclusion: Parental consent for invasive bedside procedures in the PICU can be obtained reliably and without posing an undue time burden on healthcare providers. Most parents perceive a real decisionmaking opportunity surrounding invasive procedures, but agree readily to the recommendations of their healthcare providers.
Near-term experiments on fusion burn conditions for neutronless reactions

Abstract The main characteristics of experiments that can investigate the fusion burn conditions of D 3 He plasma mixtures are briefly presented. These experiments can be undertaken utilizing existing technologies, on the basis of present-day understanding of plasma physics.
Microstructure of Agglomerated Suspended Sediments in Northern Chesapeake Bay Estuary

Suspended sediments in the turbidity maximum of Chesapeake Bay include composite particles which contain platy mineral grains, arranged both in pellets (attributable to fecal pelletization) and in networks of angular configuration (attributable to electrochemical flocculation and coagulation).
Role of the hypophyseal neurointermediate lobe in the dynamic release of prolactin

The dynamic release of prolactin (PRL) occurs in a region of the anterior pituitary lobe (AP) that receives its blood supply primarily from the hypophyseal neurointermediate lobe (NIL) via the short portal vessels. This relationship, coupled with a growing body of supportive evidence, suggests that the hypophysiotropic signal mediating the massive discharge o f AP PRL derives from the NIL rather than the hypothalamic median eminence, as previously believed. Moreover, a major component of this signal appears to be a-MSH.
Insect antifeedant terpenes, hot-tasting to humans

Four dialdehyde sesquiterpenoids (1–4) isolated from East AfricanWarburgia plants exhibit powerful antifeeding activity for larvae of the armyworms,Spodoptera exempta andS. littoralis. The hotness of these sesquiterpenes is associated with this activity. The specific absolute stereochemistry of these antifeedants appears to govern the hotness of the taste.
Measurements of the electron-phonon interaction in Nb by inelastic neutron scattering

Precise linewidth and frequency measurements of transverse acoustic modes propagating along the [001] and [110] directions were performed on single crystals of niobium in the normal and superconducting phases (${T}_{c}=9.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K). For transverse phonons propagating along the [110] direction changes in linewidth are observed when the superconducting gap $2\ensuremath{\Delta}(T)$ equals the phonon frequency. This behavior agrees with Bobetic's calculation for the attenuation of high-frequency sound waves in superconductors and the magnitude of the change enables us to calculate the electron-phonon interactions. In addition to linewidth changes, anomalous temperature dependence of the peak position of some acoustic modes is also observed. The [001] transverse phonons exhibit a decrease of \ensuremath{\sim} 15% when $T$ is decreased from 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to ${T}_{c}$. Below ${T}_{c}$ there is an additional softening of 3%. This softening extends along the $[\ensuremath{\zeta}00]$ direction to $\ensuremath{\zeta}=0.5$, the limit of our measurements.
The American Indian and Alaska native agricultural conference: Issues for action

Abstract Representatives to the American Indian and Alaska Native Agricultural Conference identified and rated 114 issues of concern to the two farming groups. This paper identifies three subsets of issues which surface when the complete issue set is examined from three separate points of view. The study presents one method for reducing a large group of data into smaller, more manageable, groups for further examination.
Semiconductor lasers on silicon

A number of important breakthroughs in the past decade have focused attention on Si as a photonic platform. We review here recent progress in this field, focusing on efforts to make lasers on or in silicon and on silicon photonic integrated circuits. The impact active silicon photonic integrated circuits could have on telecommunications and on silicon electronics is reviewed.
Searches with mono-leptons

Abstract We explore the implications of the mono-lepton plus missing transverse energy signature at the LHC, and point out its significance on understanding how dark matter interacts with quarks, where the signature arises from dark matter pair production together with a leptonically decaying W boson radiated from the initial state quarks. We derive limits using the existing W ′ searches at the LHC, and find an interesting interference between the contributions from dark matter couplings to up-type and down-type quarks. Mono-leptons can actually furnish the strongest current bound on dark matter interactions for axial-vector (spin-dependent) interactions and iso-spin violating couplings. Should a signal of dark matter production be observed, this process can also help disentangle the dark matter couplings to up- and down-type quarks.
Recovery of probes linked to the jcpk locus on mouse chromosome 10 by the use of an improved representational difference analysis technique

Representational difference analysis (RDA) is a subtractive hybridization technique by which the differences between two complex genomes can be isolated. An improved version of this technique was used to isolate DNA segments that map to a narrow genetic region adjacent to the jcpk locus on Chromosome 10 of the mouse. A mutation at this locus acts recessively and causes an early onset polycystic kidney disease. Genomic subtractions involving DNA from C57BL/6 (B6) and its partially congenic partner, B6-jcpk/jcpk, produced 39 restriction fragments (difference products), 25 of which were unique and represented differences in BglII sites between these two strains. Although none identified the jcpk locus itself, 7 of these were mapped to an interval between 3.4 and 6.5 cM distal to the jcpk locus. Five of these 7 difference products were developed by subtracting B6-jcpk/jcpk from B6 DNA, but only 1 of the 5 was isolated using the original RDA technique. The other 4 were obtained by an improved technique that included size selection of difference products after the third round of subtractive hybridization and amplification. The remaining 2 of the mapped products resulted from the reciprocal subtraction experiment using the improvements. Thus, by this improved technique and two-way subtraction, we were able to add seven new markers to a relatively small genetic region on Chromosome 10.
Formation enthalpy of ThSiO4 and enthalpy of the thorite → huttonite phase transition

Abstract The standard enthalpy of formation of thorite and huttonite and the enthalpy of the phase transition between these polymorphs were determined using high-temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry and transposed temperature drop calorimetry. Standard enthalpies of formation of thorite and huttonite are reported for the first time and are −2117.6 ± 4.2 kJ/mol and −2110.9 ± 4.7 kJ/mol, respectively. Based on our measurements, thorite and huttonite are metastable relative to SiO 2 (quartz) and ThO 2 (thorianite) at standard conditions, but are presumably stabilized at high temperature by the entropy contribution. Based on the measured enthalpy of the thorite-huttonite phase transition of 6.7 ± 2.5 kJ/mol, a dP/dT slope for the transformation was calculated as −1.21 ± 0.45 MPa/K.
Remote ischemic preconditioning prevents deterioration of short-term postoperative cognitive function after cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass: results of a pilot investigation.

Objective Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) exerts neuroprotective effects in models of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. The authors tested the hypothesis that RIPC decreases the incidence of postoperative delirium and prevents deterioration of short-term postoperative cognitive function in isoflurane-fentanyl-anesthetized patients undergoing cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Design Randomized, blinded, single-center pilot investigation. Setting Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Participants Thirty age- and education-matched men≥55 years of age undergoing elective coronary artery or valve surgery using CPB. Fifteen nonsurgical patients also were enrolled. Interventions RIPC was produced after induction of anesthesia using 4 cycles of brief (5 minutes) upper extremity ischemia (tourniquet inflation to 200 mmHg) interspersed with 5-minute periods of reperfusion (tourniquet deflation). Measurements and Main Results The Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist was used to assess delirium before and each day after surgery for as many as 5 consecutive days. Recent verbal and nonverbal memory and executive functions were assessed before and 1 week after surgery using a standard neuropsychometric test battery or at 1-week intervals in nonsurgical controls. The Geriatric Depression and the Hachinski Ischemia scales were used to identify the presence of clinical depression and vascular dementia, respectively. No differences in delirium scores were observed between RIPC and control groups (p = 0.54). Baseline neurocognitive scores were similar in patients with versus without RIPC in all 3 cognitive domains. Significant declines in performance on 2 nonverbal memory tests (figure reconstruction and delayed figure reproduction; p = 0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively) and 1 verbal memory test (delayed story recall; p = 0.0004) were observed 1 week after surgery in patients who were not treated with RIPC. There were no changes in performance of measures of executive function in this group. In contrast, performance on all cognitive tests was unchanged after compared with before surgery in patients receiving RIPC. At least a 1-standard deviation decline from baseline in cognitive performance was detected in figure reconstruction, delayed figure reproduction, immediate story recall, and delayed story recall in patients who were not exposed to RIPC. The incidence of at least a 1-standard deviation decline in neuropsychometric tests was observed in significantly fewer (1 v 9; p Conclusion The results of this pilot investigation indicated that RIPC prevented deterioration of short-term postoperative cognitive function but were unable to detect any difference in delirium in isoflurane-fentanyl-anesthetized patients undergoing cardiac surgery using CPB.
The case of two trials: Father-son incest

Although efforts for investigating and prosecuting child abuse cases have increased little attention has been paid to juror response to child testimony. This paper, developed as part of a pilot study to test a questionnaire for polling jurors' opinions in child sexual abuse cases, analyzes a case in which there was a reversal of outcome at retrial. Poll results of the jurors' opinions suggest the need for testimony from law enforcement and child sexual abuse experts to explain children's perception, memory, and recall of a reported experience.
Scenariopolis: the civil engineering systems policy research laboratory

Abstract This paper describes a system dynamics model of a hypothetical region. The region provides an environment for three typical civil engineered systems; water resource, sewage treatment and urban transportation. The interaction of the key parameters of each system within the system, as well as among the systems, are examined through scenario analysis using simulation and analytical techniques.
Reconstitution of wild type viral DNA in simian cells transfected with early and late SV40 defective genomes

The DNAs of polyomaviruses ordinarily exist as a single circular molecule of approximately 5000 base pairs. Variants of SV40, BKV and JCV have been described which contain two complementing defective DNA molecules. These defectives, which form a bipartite genome structure, contain either the viral early region or the late region. The defectives have the unique property of being able to tolerate variable sized reiterations of regulatory and terminus region sequences, and portions of the coding region. They can also exchange coding region sequences with other polyomaviruses. It has been suggested that the bipartite genome structure might be a stage in the evolution of polyomaviruses which can uniquely sustain genome and sequence diversity. However, it is not known if the regulatory and terminus region sequences are highly mutable. Also, it is not known if the bipartite genome structure is reversible and what the conditions might be which would favor restoration of the monomolecular genome structure. We addressed the first question by sequencing the reiterated regulatory and terminus regions of E- and L-SV40 DNAs. This revealed a large number of mutations in the regulatory regions of the defective genomes, including deletions, insertions, rearrangements and base substitutions. We also detected insertions and base substitutions in the T-antigen gene. We addressed the second question by introducing into permissive simian cells, E- and L-SV40 genomes which had been engineered to contain only a single regulatory region. Analysis of viral DNA from transfected cells demonstrated recombined genomes containing a wild type monomolecular DNA structure. However, the complete defectives, containing reiterated regulatory regions, could often compete away the wild type genomes. The recombinant monomolecular genomes were isolated, cloned and found to be infectious. All of the DNA alterations identified in one of the regulatory regions of E-SV40 DNA were present in the recombinant monomolecular genomes. These and other findings indicate that the bipartite genome state can sustain many mutations which wtSV40 cannot directly sustain. However, the mutations can later be introduced into the wild type genomes when the E- and L-SV40 DNAs recombine to generate a new monomolecular genome structure.
Regulation of vitamin C transport.

▪ Abstract Ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA, oxidized vitamin C) are dietary sources of vitamin C in humans. Both nutrients are absorbed from the lumen of the intestine and renal tubules by, respectively, enterocytes and renal epithelial cells. Subsequently vitamin C circulates in the blood and enters all of the other cells of the body. Concerning flux across the plasma membrane, simple diffusion of ascorbic acid plays only a small or negligible role. More important are specific mechanisms of transport and metabolism that concentrate vitamin C intracellularly to enhance its function as an enzyme cofactor and antioxidant. The known transport mechanisms are facilitated diffusion of DHAA through glucose-sensitive and -insensitive transporters, facilitated diffusion of ascorbate through channels, exocytosis of ascorbate in secretory vesicles, and secondary active transport of ascorbate through the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters SVCT1 and SVCT2 proteins that are encoded by the genes Slc23a...
Upper bounds for the risk in the α - t utility function

Fishburn's @a - t model is an important example of a utility function involving a target for a random variable. Simple upper bounds for the risk function in this model are proposed for cases in which the probability distribution is either unknown, or produces complicated or intractable statements of the model.
Angiotensin II receptor type 2 activation is required for cutaneous sensory hyperinnervation and hypersensitivity in a rat hind paw model of inflammatory pain.

Many pain syndromes are associated with abnormal proliferation of peripheral sensory fibers. We showed previously that angiotensin II, acting through its type 2 receptor (AT2), stimulates axon outgrowth by cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons. In this study, we assessed whether AT2 mediates nociceptor hyperinnervation in the rodent hind paw model of inflammatory pain. Plantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), but not saline, produced marked thermal and mechan- ical hypersensitivity through 7 days. This was accompanied by proliferation of dermal and epidermal PGP9.5-immunoreactive (ir) and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive (CGRP-ir) axons, and dermal axons immunoreactive for GFRa2 but not tyrosine hydroxylase or neurofilament H. Contin- uous infusion of the AT2 antagonist PD123319 beginning with CFA injection completely prevented hyperinnervation as well as hypersensitivity over a 7-day period. A single PD123319 injection 7 days after CFA also reversed thermal hypersensitivity and partially reversed mechanical hypersen- sitivity 3 hours later, without affecting cutaneous innervation. Angiotensin II-synthesizing proteins renin and angiotensinogen were largely absent after saline but abundant in Tcells and macrophages in CFA-injected paws with or without PD123319. Thus, emigrant cells at the site of inflammation apparently establish a renin-angiotensin system, and AT2 activation elicits nociceptor sprouting and heightened thermal and mechanical sensitivity. Perspective: Short-term AT2 activation is a potent contributor to thermal hypersensitivity, whereas long-term effects (such as hyperinnervation) also contribute to mechanical hypersensitivity. Pharma- cologic blockade of AT2 signaling represents a potential therapeutic strategy aimed at biologic mech- anisms underlying chronic inflammatory pain.
Projected climate-driven faunal movement routes

Historically, many species moved great distances as climates changed. However, modern movements will be limited by the patterns of human-dominated landscapes. Here, we use a combination of projected climate-driven shifts in the distributions of 2903 vertebrate species, estimated current human impacts on the landscape, and movement models, to determine through which areas in the western hemisphere species will likely need to move to track suitable climates. Our results reveal areas with projected high densities of climate-driven movements – including, the Amazon Basin, the southeastern United States and southeastern Brazil. Some of these regions, such as southern Bolivia and northern Paraguay, contain relatively intact landscapes, whereas others such as the southeastern United States and Brazil are heavily impacted by human activities. Thus, these results highlight both critical areas for protecting lands that will foster movement, and barriers where human land-use activities will likely impede climate-driven shifts in species distributions.
In-vitro study of cadmium-109 uptake by rat molar enamel during the secretory stage of formation.

Abstract Rat molar explants, taken at an age when enamel formation was entirely in the secretory phase, were cultured for 4 h under conditions previously shown to support enamel-organ viability for 10–12h. The uptake of 109 Cd was compared in control explants and their contralateral pairs which had been either stripped of enamel organ, heat-treated, or metabolically inhibited. Evaluation of tracer uptake was by autoradiography, and by quantitatively measuring loss of 109 Cd from the medium, and uptake in the explants. The findings indicated that 109 Cd was readily absorbed by the forming enamel if the enamel organ was not present. Relative exclusion of the tracer from enamel during the secretory phase was dependent on the integrity and viability of the enamel organ. Binding of cadmium by plasma proteins was not required.
A simple model for the earthquake cycle combining self-organized complexity with critical point behavior

Abstract. We have studied a hybrid model combining the forest-fire model with the site-percolation model in order to better understand the earthquake cycle. We consider a square array of sites. At each time step, a "tree" is dropped on a randomly chosen site and is planted if the site is unoccupied. When a cluster of "trees" spans the site (a percolating cluster), all the trees in the cluster are removed ("burned") in a "fire." The removal of the cluster is analogous to a characteristic earthquake and planting "trees" is analogous to increasing the regional stress. The clusters are analogous to the metastable regions of a fault over which an earthquake rupture can propagate once triggered. We find that the frequency-area statistics of the metastable regions are power-law with a negative exponent of two (as in the forest-fire model). This is analogous to the Gutenberg-Richter distribution of seismicity. This "self-organized critical behavior" can be explained in terms of an inverse cascade of clusters. Small clusters of "trees" coalesce to form larger clusters. Individual trees move from small to larger clusters until they are destroyed. This inverse cascade of clusters is self-similar and the power-law distribution of cluster sizes has been shown to have an exponent of two. We have quantified the forecasting of the spanning fires using error diagrams. The assumption that "fires" (earthquakes) are quasi-periodic has moderate predictability. The density of trees gives an improved degree of predictability, while the size of the largest cluster of trees provides a substantial improvement in forecasting a "fire."
Oyster sperm bindin is a combinatorial fucose lectin with remarkable intra-species diversity

Sperm of the oyster, Crassostrea gigas, have ring-shaped acrosomes that, after exocytosis, bind the sperm to the egg vitelline layer. Isolated acrosomal rings contain proteins of various sizes: 35-, 48-, 63-, 75- and 88-kDa. These proteins, called bindins, have identical 24-residue signal peptides and conserved 97-residue N-terminal sequences, and they differ in mass because of the presence of between 1 and 5 tandemly repeated 134-residue fucose-binding lectin (F-lectin) domains. Southern blots suggest that oyster bindin is a single copy gene, but F-lectin repeat number and sequence are variable within and between individuals. Eight residues in the F-lectin fucose-binding groove are subject to positive diversifying selection, indicating a history of adaptive evolution at the lectin's active site. There is one intron in the middle of each F-lectin repeat, and recombination in this intron creates many combinations of repeat halves. Alternative splicing creates many additional size and sequence variants of the repeat array. Males contain full-length bindin cDNAs of all 5 possible sizes, but only one or two protein mass forms exist in each individual. Sequence analysis indicates that recombination and alternate splicing create hundreds, possibly thousands, of different bindin sequences in C. gigas. The extreme within-species sequence variation in the F-lectin sequence of oyster bindin is a novel finding; most male gamete-recognition proteins are much less variable. In experimental conditions oyster eggs have poor polyspermy blocks, and bindin diversity could be an evolutionary response by sperm to match egg receptors that have diversified to avoid being fertilized by multiple sperm.
Infinite Matroidal Version of Hall's Matching Theorem

Hall's theorem for bipartite graphs gives a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a matching in a given bipartite graph. Aharoni and Ziv have generalized the notion of matchability to a pair of possibly infinite matroids on the same set and given a condition that is sufficient for the matchability of a given pair of finitary matroids, where the matroid is SCF (a sum of countably many matroids of finite rank). The condition of Aharoni and Ziv is not necessary for matchability. The paper gives a condition that is necessary for the existence of a matching for any pair of matroids (not necessarily finitary) and is sufficient for any pair of finitary matroids, where the matroid is SCF.
Sublimation thermodynamics of the PuRu2 intermetallic compound

Abstract The sublimation behavior of the PuRu2 intermetallic compound has been characterized by concurrent target collection and mass spectrometric measurements. The compound was shown to undergo dissociative sublimation to form gaseous Pu and solid Ru metal. Vapor pressures of Pu(g) in equilibrium with PuRu2(s) were determined by the Knudsen effusion technique over the temperature range 1503–1778 K. The standard enthalpy and entropy of sublimation calculated at 1640 K by a second law analysis were 477 ± 19 kJ/mol and 126 ± 12 J/K · mol, respectively. The ΔH o f and ΔS o f determined for formation of PuRu2(s) at 1640 K were −147 ± 23 kJ/mol and −34 ± 13 J/K · mol, respectively. A third law analysis of the vapor pressures with estimated Gibbs' free energy functions yielded enthalpies of sublimation and formation at 298 K of 472 ± 2 and −124 ± 6 kJ/mol, respectively.
Oliguria during hydrocortisone dosage wean in very low birth weight infants.

BACKGROUND Intravenous hydrocortisone (HC) is often used in very low birth weight infants (VLBW) but can be complicated by oliguria when discontinued or tapered. OBJECTIVES To determine which factors were associated with oliguria during HC taper. METHODS We reviewed all VLBW infants who received initial doses of HC ≥ 1 mg/kg/d. The initial dose and duration of HC, and the incidence of oliguria (urine output [UO] < 2 mL/kg/h) during HC taper, were recorded. In those with oliguria, we recorded the change in UO (mL/kg/h), blood pressure, and creatinine. RESULTS The mean initial HC dose was 2.8 ± 1 mg/kg/d, and the mean total duration of HC therapy was 23 ± 25 days. Oliguria occurred in 24% (13/54) of treated infants. These infants were exposed to higher and longer duration of the initial HC dose than infants without oliguria. Oliguria was predicted by the initial HC dose (odds ratio [OR] 5.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-25.8, p = 0.02) and by the number of days at initial dose (OR 1.7, 95%CI 1.1-2.7, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Oliguria during HC dosage weaning was associated with higher initial HC exposure.
Reaction time to letter name or letter case

Abstract Subjects were shown two letters from the set BDGbdg. In one condition, subjects were required to decide whether or not the letters had the same name. In the other condition, subjects decided whether or not the two letters were presented in the same case. Reaction times were always faster when the two letters on a given trial were physically identical. However, there was no difference in the speed of a name match or a case match when the two letters were not physically identical. Since subjects could have based a case match on the presence or absence of a single feature — a protruding vertical line — it was concluded that subjects are not able to selectively attend to a single visual feature in order to identify a letter. Rather, a subject analyzes several features in parallel in order to arrive at a simultaneous decision about a letter's name or case.
Broad‐substrate screen as a tool to identify substrates for bacterial Gcn5‐related N‐acetyltransferases with unknown substrate specificity

Due to a combination of efforts from individual laboratories and structural genomics centers, there has been a surge in the number of members of the Gcn5-related acetyltransferasesuperfamily that have been structurally determined within the past decade. Although the number of three-dimensional structures is increasing steadily, we know little about the individual functions of these enzymes. Part of the difficulty in assigning functions for members of this superfamily is the lack of information regarding how substrates bind to the active site of the protein. The majority of the structures do not show ligand bound in the active site, and since the substrate-binding domain is not strictly conserved, it is difficult to predict the function based on structure alone. Additionally, the enzymes are capable of acetylating a wide variety of metabolites and many may exhibit promiscuity regarding their ability to acetylate multiple classes of substrates, possibly having multiple functions for the same enzyme. Herein, we present an approach to identify potential substrates for previously uncharacterized members of the Gcn5-related acetyltransferase superfamily using a variety of metabolites including polyamines, amino acids, antibiotics, peptides, vitamins, catecholamines, and other metabolites. We have identified potential substrates for eight bacterial enzymes of this superfamily. This information will be used to further structurally and functionally characterize them.
Comparison between simulated moving bed and reverse flow chromatographic reactors for equilibrium limited reactions

A staged linear model, containing five parameters, is developed to compare equivalent simulated moving bed chromatographic reactors (SMBCR) and reverse flow chromatographic reactors (RFCR). A first order reversible reaction and linear adsorption equilibrium, with preferential adsorption of the reactant is assumed. The analysis uses simple, easily computable analytical solutions that rigorously represents the transients in the cyclic steady state for both the RFCR and the SMBR. A comparison between the two types of reactors is carried out to determine the maximum conversion attainable and the range of operation where these systems have advantages over conventional steady state reactors. It is found that the maximum conversion of both reactors is similar. The range of operation in terms of amount of catalyst and range of switching times favors the RFCR, while the conversion at low separation factors favors the SMBCR.
Melanamansia glomerata, comb. nov., and Amansia rhodantha, two hitherto confused species of Indo‐Pacific Rhodophyceae

Amansia glomerata C. Agardh had been reported from widespread localities in the Indo-Pacific region, including Africa's east coast. Numerous plants from the Hawaiian Islands, from where the species, including the lectotype specimen, was originally described, were found to have pseudopericentral cells, a characteristic of the recently described genus Melanamansia. Transfer of this species to that genus is made. The specimens from the Natal coast of South Africa, previously identified as A. glomerata, do not have pseudopericentral cells and belong in the genus Amansia. They are correctly named A. rhodantha, a species first described from Mauritius and previously merged with A. glomerata. The two species closely resemble one another in several superficial characters, but are generically distinct owing to their basic anatomical differences.
CFTR: covalent modification of cysteine-substituted channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes shows that activation is due to the opening of channels resident in the plasma membrane.

Some studies of CFTR imply that channel activation can be explained by an increase in open probability (Po), whereas others suggest that activation involves an increase in the number of CFTR channels (N) in the plasma membrane. Using two-electrode voltage clamp, we tested for changes in N associated with activation of CFTR in Xenopus oocytes using a cysteine-substituted construct (R334C CFTR) that can be modified by externally applied, impermeant thiol reagents like [2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl] methanethiosulfonate bromide (MTSET+). Covalent modification of R334C CFTR with MTSET+ doubled the conductance and changed the I-V relation from inward rectifying to linear and was completely reversed by 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). Thus, labeled and unlabeled channels could be differentiated by noting the percent decrease in conductance brought about by exposure to 2-ME. When oocytes were briefly (20 s) exposed to MTSET+ before CFTR activation, the subsequently activated conductance was characteristic of labeled R334C CFTR, indicating that the entire pool of CFTR channels activated by cAMP was accessible to MTSET+. The addition of unlabeled, newly synthesized channels to the plasma membrane could be monitored on-line during the time when the rate of addition was most rapid after cRNA injection. The addition of new channels could be detected as early as 5 h after cRNA injection, occurred with a half time of ∼24–48 h, and was disrupted by exposing oocytes to Brefeldin A, whereas activation of R334C CFTR by cAMP occurred with a half time of tens of minutes, and did not appear to involve the addition of new channels to the plasma membrane. These findings demonstrate that in Xenopus oocytes, the major mechanism of CFTR activation by cAMP is by means of an increase in the open probability of CFTR channels.