cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Broadband Ultrasound Attenuation Predicts Fractures Strongly and Independently of Densitometry in Older Women: A Prospective Study

Background: Quantitative ultrasound of bone is a new radiation-free technique that measures bone mass and may assess bone quality. Retrospective studies have suggested that low-bone ultrasound of the calcaneus is associated with an increased risk for hip and other fractures in older women. Objectives: To establish the utility of calcaneal quantitative ultrasound of bone for the prediction of fractures and to compare quantitative ultrasound of bone with bone mineral densitometry by performing a prospective cohort study within the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Subjects and Methods: We studied 6189 postmenopausal women older than 65 years at 4 US clinical centers. Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), a measurement of the differential attenuation of sound waves transmitted through the calcaneus, and bone mineral density of the calcaneus and hip were measured. Subsequent hip and other nonspine fractures were documented during a mean follow-up of 2.0 years. Results: In age- and clinic-adjusted analyses, each SD reduction in calcaneal BUA was associated with a doubling of the risk for hip fractures (relative risk [RR], 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-2.7); a similar relationship was observed with bone mineral density of the calcaneus (RR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.9-3.0) and femoral neck (RR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.9-3.8). After adjustment for bone mineral density of the femoral neck, BUA was still associated with an increased risk for hip fracture (RR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0-2.1). Intertrochanteric fractures in particular were strongly associated with a low BUA measurement (RR, 3.3; 95% CI, 2.0-5.5). Conclusions: Broadband ultrasound attenuation predicts the occurrence of fractures in older women and is a useful diagnostic test for osteoporosis. The strength of the association between BUA and fracture is similar to that observed with bone mineral density. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:629-634
On-chip two-octave supercontinuum generation by enhancing self-steepening of optical pulses

Dramatic advances in supercontinuum generation have been made recently using photonic crystal fibers, but it is quite challenging to obtain an octave-spanning supercontinuum on a chip, partially because of strong dispersion in high-index-contrast nonlinear integrated waveguides. We show by simulation that extremely flat and low dispersion can be achieved in silicon nitride slot waveguides over a wavelength band of 500 nm. Different from most of previously reported supercontinua that were generated either by higher-order soliton fission in anomalous dispersion regime or by self-phase modulation in normal dispersion regime, a two-octave supercontinuum from 630 to 2650 nm (360 THz in total) can be generated by enhancing self-steepening in pulse propagation in nearly zero dispersion regime, when an optical shock as short as 3 fs is formed.
Putative estrogen and glucocorticoid receptors in the limbic brain.

The brain is a target tissue for both estrogens and adrenal steroids. These hormones alter both neuroendocrine activity and behavior. Putative soluble (cytosol) and cell nuclear receptor sites are concentrated in anterior pituitary and in limbic regions of the brain: hypothalamus, preoptic region, and amygdala for estradiol, and hippocampus, septum, and amygdala for cortieosterone. Recent experiments will be summarized dealing with the following aspects of our work: (1) the postnatal ontogeny of the estradiol-binding system in the limbic brain of the female rat and the temporal relationship of its development to another estradiol-binding protein, probably identical to the α-fetoprotein, which gradually disappears after birth; (2) effects of estradiol on activities of enzymes in pituitary and in brain regions which contain the putative receptors, which effects may relate to the function of the receptor sites; and (3) properties of the putative brain glucocorticoid receptors with particular emphasis on their binding of corticosterone, dexamethasone, and progesterone. Glucocorticoid receptor sites have been studied both in vivo and in vitro using cytosols and tissue slices, thus allowing us to study the cellular mechanism of binding and the extent of receptor occupation by the physiological range of endogenous corticosterone.
Feasibility of room-temperature operation of tunable coupled-quantum-well lasers

Abstract We have calculated the gain of laser heterostructures whose active regions consist of two strongly coupled quantum wells subjected to an electric field. The results demonstrate that by using two 40 A GaAs wells separated by an 11 A Ga 0.7 Al 0.3 As barrier a field-induced wavelength tunability of over 7 nm is possible at room temperature.
Constructing Multiply Substituted Arenes Using Sequential Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed C ? H Olefination

Complementary catalytic systems have been developed in which the reactivity/selectivity balance in Pd(II)-catalyzed ortho-C–H olefination can be modulated through ligand control. This allows for sequential C–H functionalization for the rapid preparation of 1,2,3-trisubstituted arenes. Additionally, a rare example of iterative C–H activation, in which a newly installed functional group directs subsequent C–H activation has been demonstrated.
On the equivalence of models of language used in the fields of mechanical translation and information retrieval

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to compare a certain number of well known models used in the fields of Mechanical Translation (M.T.) and Information Retrieval (I.R.). Different surveys of this type exist (Bar-Hillel [1], Hays [2], Lecerf [3], Sestier and Dupuis [4]), where models have been compared from the point of view of practical and linguistic adequacy. We wish here to compare certain formal characteristics of these models, in fact to show that they are strictly equivalent to a well studied model. The notion of equivalence will be defined formally, the model to which the other models are equivalent is Chomsky's model of context-free languages (c.f. languages). The equivalences discussed here have not only an abstract character; several practical problems which arise naturally are clarified.
Surface and grain boundary segregation of deuterium in nickel

Abstract The segregation of deuterium to surfaces and grain boundaries in nickel has been studied using SIMS (secondary ion mass spectroscopy) techniques. Conditions for optimizing the detection of deuterium are discussed. Segregation of deuterium to external surfaces and grain boundaries was shown to occur at temperatures near 300 K The segregation of sulfur to the external surfaces was also studied and co-segregation effects for sulfur and deuterium were examined. In the presence of sulfur, segregation of deuterium to surfaces was shown to occur at temperatures as high as 845 K.
Atomistic simulations of reactive wetting in metallic systems

Atomistic simulations were performed to investigate high temperature wetting phenomena for metals. A sessile drop configuration was modeled for two systems: Ag(l) on Cu and Pb(l) on Cu. The former case is an eutectic binary and the wetting kinetics were greatly enhanced by the presence of aggressive interdiffusion between Ag and Cu. Wetting kinetics were directly dependent upon dissolution kinetics. The dissolution rate was nearly identical for Ag(l) on Cu(100) compared to Cu(111); as such, the spreading rate was very similar on both surfaces. Pb and Cu are bulk immiscible so spreading of Pb(l) on Cu occurred in the absence of significant substrate dissolution. For Pb(l) on Cu(111) a precursor wetting film of atomic thickness emerged from the partially wetting liquid drop and rapidly covered the surface. For Pb(l) on Cu(100), a foot was also observed to emerge from a partially wetting drop; however, spreading kinetics were dramatically slower for Pb(l) on Cu(100) than on Cu(111). For the former, a surface alloying reaction was observed to occur as the liquid wet the surface. The alloying reaction was associated with dramatically decreased wetting kinetics on Cu(100) versus Cu(111), where no alloying was observed. These two cases demonstrate markedly different atomistic mechanisms of wetting where, for Ag(l) on Cu, the dissolution reaction is associated with increased wetting kinetics while, for Pb(l) on Cu, the surface alloying reaction is associated with decreased wetting kinetics.
The Radio Galaxy Populations of Nearby Northern Abell Clusters

We report on the use of the NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) to identify radio galaxies in 18 nearby Abell clusters. The listings extend from the cores of the clusters out to radii of 3 h Mpc, which corresponds to 1.5 Abell radii and approximately 4 orders of magnitude in galaxy density. To create a truly useful catalog, we have collected optical spectra for nearly all of the galaxies lacking public velocity measurements. Consequently, we are able to discriminate between those radio galaxies seen in projection on the cluster and those that are in actuality cluster members. The resulting catalog consists of 329 cluster radio galaxies plus 138 galaxies deemed foreground or background objects, and new velocity measurements are reported for 273 of these radio galaxies. The motivation for the catalog is the study of galaxy evolution in the cluster environment. The radio luminosity function is a powerful tool in the identification of active galaxies, as it is dominated by star-forming galaxies at intermediate luminosities and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at higher luminosities. The flux limit of the NVSS allows us to identify AGNs and star-forming galaxies down to star formation rates less than 1 M☉ yr-1. This sensitivity, coupled with the all-sky nature of the NVSS, allows us to produce a catalog of considerable depth and breadth. In addition to these data, we report detected infrared fluxes and upper limits obtained from IRAS data. It is hoped that this database will prove useful in a number of potential studies of the effect of environment on galaxy evolution.
Hydroboration of mono-substituted allenes: A general synthetic route to the higher crotylboranes and anti-3-alkyl/aryl-4-hydroxy-1-alkenes

Abstract Hydroboration of mono-substituted allenes with Chx2BH at 0 °C leads to the corresponding (E)-substituted allylboranes, known as higher crotylboranes, exclusively. These higher crotylboranes react with aldehydes, and on oxidation, provide the corresponding anti-3-alkyl/aryl-4-hydroxy-1-alkenes in high diastereomeric excess. By changing the hydroborating reagent to dIpc2BH, synthesis of the corresponding optically active anti-3-alkyl/aryl-4-hydroxy-1-alkenes is achieved in excellent diastereo- and good enantioselectivities.
Rethinking Deviations From Uncovered Interest Parity: the Role of Covariance Risk and Noise

We examine the ability of the standard intertemporal asset pricing model and a model of noise trading to explain why the forward foreign exchange premium predicts the future currency depreciation with the 'wrong' sign. We find that the intertemporal asset pricing model is unable to predict risk premia with the correct sign to be consistent with the data. The noisetrader model, while highly stylised, receives fragmentary support from empirical research on survey expectations. This paper investigates the theoretical basis of an asset pricing anomaly in international finance known as the forward premium bias. That is, the empirical finding that the forward premium helps to predict the future percentage rate of currency depreciation but not with the sign implied by uncovered interest parity.' As a corollary to the forward premium bias, Fama (1984) demonstrates that the deviation from uncovered interest parity, which we denote by pt, is negatively correlated with and is more volatile than the rationally expected rate of depreciation. These empirical findings have long posed a challenge to international economic theory. In this paper, we explore two very different approaches to explaining this puzzle: the standard representative-agent intertemporal asset pricing model and a model of noise trading. Our analysis of the intertemporal asset pricing model employs quarterly data for the United States, Great Britain, Germany, and Japan extending from
Online local learning via semidefinite programming

In many online learning problems we are interested in predicting local information about some universe of items. For example, we may want to know whether two items are in the same cluster rather than computing an assignment of items to clusters; we may want to know which of two teams will win a game rather than computing a ranking of teams. Although finding the optimal clustering or ranking is typically intractable, it may be possible to predict the relationships between items as well as if you could solve the global optimization problem exactly. Formally, we consider an online learning problem in which a learner repeatedly guesses a pair of labels (e(x), e(y)) and receives an adversarial payoff depending on those labels. The learner's goal is to receive a payoff as good as the best fixed labeling of the items. We show that a simple algorithm based on semidefinite programming can achieve asymptotically optimal regret in the case where the number of possible labels is constant, resolving an open problem posed by Hazan, Kale, and Shalev-Schwartz [10]. Our main technical contribution is a novel use and analysis of the log det regularizer, exploiting the observation that log det (Σ + I) upper bounds the entropy of any distribution with covariance matrix Σ.
Experimental status of gravitational-strength forces in the sub-centimeter regime

Abstract We review the experimental constraints on additional macroscopic Yukawa forces for interaction ranges below 1 cm, and summarize several theoretical predictions of new forces in this region. An experiment using 1 kHz mechanical oscillators as test masses should be sensitive to much of the parameter space covered by the predictions.
An incentive-aligned mechanism for conjoint analysis

Abstract This article specifies, analyzes, and validates a rigorous and practical truth-telling mechanism (game) for conjoint applications. The mechanism requires only one real product variation and has truth telling in conjoint as its Bayesian Nash equilibrium, thus making it possible to incentive align participants in most conjoint applications. Using the iPod package as the context, the author shows empirically that the mechanism substantially improves purchase prediction compared with a standard conjoint procedure.
High-Efficiency Free-Electron-Laser Experiments

Experiments with a tapered-wiggler free-electron laser have demonstrated extraction of about 3% of the energy from the electron beam and measured the corresponding optical emission. These results are in excellent agreement with theory and represent an order-of-magnitude improvement over all previous results.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Lattice effective actions and light-quark confinement

Abstract The positive-plaquette Manton action at weak coupling is a reasonable action for short-distance phenomena. We propose an iterative scheme for evolving this action into an effective action for longer distance scales. We report on the first step of this scheme in which we have measured “blocked” Creutz ratios with lattice spacing 2a at β = 16 on a 324 lattice and have searched for an effective action that yields the same ratios on a 164 lattice. We also suggest a mechanism for quark confinement that relies upon the lightness of the u and d quarks and formulate a way of testing it in lattice simulations of QCD.
Self-serving biases and public justifications in trust games

Often, when several norms are present and may be in conflict, individuals will display a self-serving bias, privileging the norm that best serves their interests. Xiao and Bicchieri (J Econ Psychol 31(3):456–470, 2010) tested the effects of inequality on reciprocating behavior in trust games and showed that—when inequality increases—reciprocity loses its appeal. They hypothesized that self-serving biases in choosing to privilege a particular social norm occur when the choice of that norm is publicly justifiable as reasonable, even if not optimal for one of the parties. In line with the literature on motivated reasoning, this justification should find some degree of support among third parties. The results of our experimental survey of third parties support the hypothesis that biases are not always unilateral selfish assessments. Instead, they occur when the choice to favor a particular norm is supported by a shared sense that it is a reasonable and justifiable choice.
The Visible and Pure Rotational Spectrum of Platinum Monosulfide, PtS

Abstract Numerous band systems in the visible spectral region of a supersonic molecular beam sample were detected using medium-resolution laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. Three of the intense band systems were recorded at high resolution and rotationally analyzed. Pure rotational transitions in the ground state of 194 PtS, 195 PtS, and 196 PtS were recorded using the pump/probe microwave optical double-resonance technique. Spectroscopic constants for the ground and three low-lying excited vibronic states have been derived.
Quasi-periodic Oscillations from Rayleigh-Taylor and Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability at a Disk-Magnetosphere Interface

We consider the interface between an accretion disk and a magnetosphere surrounding the accreting mass. We argue that such an interface can occur not only with a magnetized neutron star but also sometimes with an unmagnetized neutron star or a black hole. The gas at the magnetospheric interface is generally Rayleigh-Taylor unstable and may also be Kelvin-Helmholtz unstable. Because of these instabilities, modes with low azimuthal wavenumbers m are expected to grow to large amplitude. It is proposed that the resulting nonaxisymmetric structures contribute to the high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations that have been seen in neutron star and black hole X-ray binaries. The mode oscillation frequencies are calculated to be approximately equal to mΩm, where Ωm is the angular velocity of the accreting gas at the magnetospheric radius. Thus, mode frequencies should often be in the approximate ratio 1 : 2 : 3, etc. If the pressure of the gas in the disk is not large, then the m = 1 mode will be stable. In this case, the mode frequencies should be in the approximate ratio 2 : 3, etc. There is some observational evidence for such simple frequency ratios.
Almost invariant submanifolds for compact group actions

We define a C1 distance between submanifolds of a riemannian manifold M and show that, if a compact submanifold N is not moved too much under the isometric action of a compact group G, there is a G-invariant submanifold C1-close to N. The proof involves a procedure of averaging nearby submanifolds of riemannian manifolds in a symmetric way. The procedure combines averaging techniques of Cartan, Grove/Karcher, and de la Harpe/Karoubi with Whitney’s idea of realizing submanifolds as zeros of sections of extended normal bundles.
Sol‐Gel Route to Ferroelectric Layer‐Structured Perovskite SrBi2Ta2O9 and SrBi2Nb2O9 Thin Films

Precursors for layer-structured perovskite thin films of SrBi 2 Ta 2 O 9 (SBT) and SrBi 2 Nb 2 O 9 (SBN) were prepared by the reactions of a strontium-bismuth double methoxyethoxide and tantalum or niobium methoxyethoxide in methoxyethanol, followed by partial hydrolysis. Several spectroscopic techniques, such as 1 H-, 13 C-, and 93 Nb-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze the arrangement of the metals and oxygen in the precursor molecules. The precursors contained Sr-O-M (where M is Ta or Nb) bonds (i.e., a strontium is connected to two MO 6 octahedra) and Sr-O-Bi bonds with a bismuth atom bonded to the oxygens of the MO 6 octahedron. The arrangement of metals and oxygens was considered to be similar to the layer-structured perovskite crystal sublattice. As a result, the sol-gel-derived SBT thin films crystallized, by rapid thermal annealing in an oxygen atmosphere below 550°C, and they exhibited preferred (115) orientation. The crystallinity improved and the crystallite size increased with temperature up to 700°C. In the case of SBN thin films, a low heating rate (2°C/min) was necessary for the control of the crystallographic (115) orientation, whereas a rate of 200°C/s (rapid thermal annealing) produced films that exhibited c-axis orientation. The (115) SBT thin film, heated to 700°C, exhibited improved ferroelectric properties.
Is the Speed of Light Independent of the Velocity of the Source

Recent observations of regularly pulsating x-ray sources in binary star systems are analyzed in the framework of the "emission" theory of light. Assuming that light emitted by a source moving at velocity $v$ with respect to an observer has a speed ${c}^{\ensuremath{'}}=c+kv$ in the observer's rest frame, we find that the arrival time of pulses from the binary x-ray sources implies $kl2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$. This appears to be the most direct and sensitive demonstration that the speed of light is independent of the velocity of the source.
CP violation and the baryonic asymmetry of the universe

Abstract The physics of electroweak baryogenesis is described with the aim of making the essentials clear to non-experts. Several models for the source of the necessary CP violation are discussed: CKM phases as in the minimal standard model, general two higgs doublet models, the supersymmetric standard model, Z condensates, and the singlet majoron model. In a more technical section, a strategy is introduced for consistently treating quark dynamics in the neighborhood of the bubble wall, where both local and non-local interactions are important. This provides a method for deciding whether gluonic corrections wash out the elecroweak contribution to the baryonic asymmetry in the minimal standard model.
Demography, Human Rights, and Diversity Management, American-Style,

This paper uses diversity management as a placeholder for human rights policy. By diversity management, I mean those policy techniques that a society can use to deal with diversity, which include not only decisions to make diversity a subject of active legal and governmental intervention, but also decisions to leave diversity to informal, unregulated choices by individuals or civil society institutions. My discussion proceeds with particular reference to the United States, in part because it has been relatively successful in managing its diversity in recent decades—relative, that is, both to its own past (especially the pre-1965 period) and to the record of other countries today. (Serious, long-standing problems in the integration of certain minorities in the U.S. remain, most notably with respect to three groups: Native-Americans, “underclass” black men, and unskilled, often undocumented, immigrants.) An approach to diversity management “works,” in my view, if and to the extent that the country’s vulnerable minorities (a) enjoy some social mobility, (b) are integrated into the major institutions of society, (c) have access to political influence roughly proportional to their limited numbers, (d) are free to live according to their own group values and practices, and (e) do not feel deep alienation from the dominant cultural norms. By this definition, the American system works relatively well—with the qualifications and exceptions noted just above. The paper proceeds in three parts. Part I seeks to sharpen our understanding of diversity by analyzing several different ways of understanding and defining that idea, with a view to underscoring the significance of choosing one or another measure of it. Part II discusses two examples— multiracial individuals and anti-profiling laws—to illustrate the inevitable politicization of certain demographic categories when used for politicallysensitive purposes. Part III presents some distinctive and, in some cases, unique features of the American approach to diversity management. Most of these features, I argue, effectively advance the cause of minority mobility and integration, whereas some tend to undermine these
Preparation, Characterization, and Melting Point of High‐Purity Lithium Oxide

High-purity lithium oxide was synthesized by thermal decomposition of the peroxide at temperatures up to 1070 K under dynamic vacuum. Analyses of typical preparations gave carbonate 0.01 to 0.02%, hydroxide 0.0 to 0.2%, sodium 0.002%, manganese 0.0004%, and lithium oxide 99.8 to 100.0%. The corrected melting point was measured as 1711 + or - 5 K based on the thermal arrest observed when molten specimens were cooled.
Hybrid Mesoporous Materials with Functionalized Monolayers

Mesoporous materials have great potential for environmental and industrial processes, but many applications require the materials to exhibit specific surface chemistry and binding sites. A new approach has been developed so that organized functional monolayers are covalently bound to mesoporous supports. The functionalized hybrid materials show exceptional selectivity and capacity for removing heavy metals from waste streams. Tailored hybrid materials have also shown potential to selectively bind anions and radionuclides. Rational design of the surface properties of mesoporous materials will lead to more sophisticated functional composites.
SO(3) vortices and disorder in the 2d SU(2) chiral model

Abstract We study the correlation function of the 2d SU(2) principal chiral model on the lattice. By rewriting the model in terms of Z(2) degrees of freedom coupled to SO(3) vortices we show that the vortices play a crucial role in disordering the correlations at low temperature. Using a series of exact transformations we prove that, if satisfied, certain inequalities between vortex correlations imply exponential fall-off of the correlation function at arbitrarily low temperatures. We also present some Monte Carlo evidence that these correlation inequalities are indeed satisfied. Our method can be easily translated to the language of 4d SU(2) gauge theory to examine the role of corresponding SO(3) monopoles in maintaining confinement at small coupling.
When should market-supporting institutions be established?

Market-supporting institutions play an essential role in successful market economies, yet much remains unanswered about when in the course of economic development those institutions should be established. This article develops a model that shows how private sector growth can depend on the time at which a country establishes institutions belonging to a specific category: those that have the potential not only to enhance efficiency, but to threaten private property rights by facilitating income redistribution (e.g., agencies to enforce regulations and tax laws). If a country has no difficulty committing to secure property rights, it is efficient to establish potentially efficiency-enhancing institutions as soon as possible. In the presence of commitment problems, however, eventually desirable institutions (even those essential for economic growth) can derail growth if established prematurely. Restricting voting rights may have positive or negative effects on growth, and there exist potential complementarities between democracy and efficiency-enhancing institutions. Copyright 2000 by Oxford University Press.
Morality, Identity and "Constitutional Patriotism"

In a modern, plural society, there can be no settled agreement on the concrete legal content of a country's constitution. The idea of the constitution is nonetheless pivotal in contemporary, liberal-minded theories of political justification, such as the ones advanced by Jurgen Habermas and John Rawls. Justification in these theories depends finally on “constitutional patriotism,” a consciously shared sentiment arising from an ethical assessment of their country by the country's people, according to which the country credibly pursues a certain regulative political ideal for which the constitution stands.
Small Dynamical Heights for Quadratic Polynomials and Rational Functions

Let be a polynomial or rational function of degree 2. A special case of Morton and Silverman’s dynamical uniform boundedness conjecture states that the number of rational preperiodic points of φ is bounded above by an absolute constant. A related conjecture of Silverman states that the canonical height of a nonpreperiodic rational point x is bounded below by a uniform multiple of the height of φ itself. We provide support for these conjectures by computing the set of preperiodic and small-height rational points for a set of degree-2 maps far beyond the range of previous searches.
Axial loading injuries to the middle cervical spine segment-An analysis and classification of twenty-five cases-

Injuries to the cervical spine at the C3-C4 level involving the bony elements, intervertebral disks, and ligamentous structures are rare. We present 25 cases of traumatic C3-C4 injuries sustained by young athletes and documented by the National Football Head and Neck Injury Registry. Review of the cases reveals that the response of energy inputs at the C3-C4 level differ from those involving the upper (C1-C2) and lower (C4-C5-C6-C7) cervical segments. Specifically, the C3-C4 lesions appear to be unique with regard to the infrequency of bony fracture, difficulty in effecting and maintaining reduction, and a more favorable recovery following early, aggressive treatment. In the majority of instances, injury at this level results from axial loading of the cervical spine. Lesions were distributed into specific categories: 1) acute intervertebral disc herniation (N = 4), 2) anterior subluxation of C3 on C4 (N = 4), 3) unilateral facet dislocation (N = 6), 4) bilateral facet dislocation (N = 7), and 5) fracture of vertebral body C4 (N = 4). Analysis of these 25 cases suggests that traumatic lesions of the cervical spine in general can be classified as involving the upper (C1-C2), middle (C3-C4), or lower (C4-C7) segments. This is based on our observations from this series that C3-C4 lesions 1) generally do not involve fracture of the bony elements; 2) acute intervertebral disc herniations are frequently associated with transient quadriplegia; 3) reduction of anterior subluxation of C3 on C4 is difficult to maintain; 4) reduction of unilateral facet dislocation is difficult to obtain by skeletal traction and is best managed by closed manipulation and reduction under general anesthesia; and 5) reduction of bilateral facet dislocation is difficult to obtain by skeletal traction and is best managed by open methods. The more favorable results observed in this series of immediate reduction of both unilateral and bilateral facet dislocations deserves emphasis. In two cases of unilateral facet dislocation reduced within 3 hours of injury and subsequently fused anteriorly, significant neurologic recovery occurred. The other four patients, two who underwent an open reduction and laminectomy and two treated closed with skeletal traction, remained quadriplegic. In the four instances of bilateral facet dislocation where reduction was achieved by either closed or open methods, although there was no neurologic recovery, all four patients survived their injuries. However, the three patients who were not successfully reduced died.
Type II Supernovae as Standardized Candles

We present evidence for a correlation between expansion velocities of the ejecta of Type II plateau supernovae and their bolometric luminosities during the plateau phase. This correlation permits one to standardize the candles and decrease the scatter in the Hubble diagram from ~1 mag to levels of 0.4 and 0.3 mag in the V and I bands, respectively. When we restrict the sample to the eight objects that are well in the Hubble flow (cz > 3000 km s-1), the scatter drops even further, to only 0.2 mag (or 9% in distance), which is comparable to the precision yielded by Type Ia supernovae and is far better than the "expanding photosphere method" applied to Type II supernovae. Using SN 1987A to calibrate the Hubble diagrams, we get H0 = 55 ± 12.
Effects of Dissolved Air on Subcooled Flow Boiling of a Dielectric Coolant in a Microchannel Heat Sink

The effects of dissolved air in the dielectric liquid FC-77 on flow boiling in a microchannel heat sink containing ten parallel channels, each 500 m wide and 2.5 mm deep, were experimentally investigated. Experiments were conducted before and after degassing, at three flow rates in the range of 30– 50 ml/ min. The dissolved air resulted in a significant reduction in wall temperature at which bubbles were first observed in the microchannels. Analysis of the results suggests that the bubbles observed initially in the undegassed liquid were most likely air bubbles. Once the boiling process is initiated, the wall temperature continues to increase for the undegassed liquid, whereas it remains relatively unchanged in the case of the degassed liquid. Prior to the inception of boiling in the degassed liquid, the heat transfer coefficients with the undegassed liquid were 300– 500 % higher than for degassed liquid, depending on the flow rate. The heat transfer coefficients for both cases reach similar values at high heat fluxes 120 kW/ m 2 once the boiling process with the degassed liquid was well established. The boiling process induced a significant increase in pressure drop relative to single-phase flow; the pressure drop for undegassed liquid was measured to be higher than for degassed liquid once the boiling process became well established in both cases. Flow instabilities were induced by the boiling process, and the magnitude of the instability was quantified using the standard deviation of the measured pressure drop at a given heat flux. It was found that the magnitude of flow instability increased with increasing heat flux in both the undegassed and degassed liquids, with greater flow instability noted in the undegassed liquid. DOI: 10.1115/1.2351905
Agriculture and the Rest of the Economy: Macroconnections and Policy Restraints

The first two sections of the paper are devoted to a combination of Kuznets and structuralist stories, where we ask how the agricultural/nonagricultural terms of trade and income distribution must adjust to permit both savings and investment and commodity market balance to be assured. It will be shown that inflationary processes can easily be kicked off by terms of trade movements in the short run. In the next two sections we follow Chichilnisky in working out a longer run, Lewis-style model in which economic dualism plus an elastic labor supply can lead to severe problems with realization of the marketed surplus and agricultural exports abroad. A brief final section summarizes the major implications of the models for policy choice.
Synthesis of pyrimidine based metal ligands

Abstract A convenient synthesis of a pyrimidine based bis-tridentate metal ligand is presented. The pyrimidine core is constructed via cyclization of an amidine and a substituted propenone. A Stille coupling appends the terminal pyridyl units. The general methodology presented is amenable to functionality at several positions on the ligand framework.
Rectified voltage induced by a microwave field in a confined two-dimensional electron gas with a mesoscopic static vortex

We investigate the effect of a microwave field on a confined two dimensional electron gas which contains an insulating region comparable to the Fermi wavelength. The insulating region causes the electron wave function to vanish in that region. We describe the insulating region as a static vortex. The vortex carries a flux which is determined by vanishing of the charge density of the electronic fluid due to the insulating region. The sign of the vorticity for a hole is opposite to the vorticity for adding additional electrons. The vorticity gives rise to non-commuting kinetic momenta. The two dimensional electron gas is described as fluid with a density which obeys the Fermi-Dirac statistics. The presence of the confinement potential gives rise to vanishing kinetic momenta in the vicinity of the classical turning points. As a result, the Cartesian coordinate do not commute and gives rise to a Hall current which in the presence of a modified Fermi-Surface caused by the microwave field results in a rectified voltage. Using a Bosonized formulation of the two dimensional gas in the presence of insulating regions allows us to compute the rectified current. The proposed theory may explain the experimental results recently reported by J. Zhang et al.
Total Synthesis of (±)-Asteriscanolide

The total synthesis of asteriscanolide (1) has been achieved by taking advantage on an intermolecular Pauson−Khand cycloaddition and a ring-closing metathesis as key bond-forming transformations. The approach incorporates the cyclooctane stereogenic center prior to ring formation. Interestingly, the ring-closing metathesis generates a new eight-membered ring with an “in−out” intrabridgehead relationship.
Improved synthesis of the epoxy isoprostane phospholipid PEIPC and its reactivity with amines.

An improved synthesis of the naturally occurring hydroxy ketone 1-palmitoyl-2-(5,6)-epoxyisoprostane E2-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PEIPC) 1, a compound that plays a role in endothelial activation...
Scattering in a magnetic field

A scheme of ionization cooling proposed at Fermilab involves energy loss by passing a muon beam through liquid hydrogen. Focussing is done by solenoids. A particle travelling in a straight line, will, after being scattered, follow a helical trajectory. After a full circle is made, the trajectory will be downstream at a point where some of the previously unscattered particles will now scatter. The portions of phase space occupied in the two scatterings now overlap and will occupy less space than if there were no overlap. Results of detailed calculations and approximations made will be discussed.
Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes of the bone marrow, circulation, and marginated pool: Function and granule protein content

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) demonstrate altered function during acute infections and after administration of corticosteroids. We questioned whether or not such changes are due to population shifts from functionally different compartments of the granulocyte pool. Volunteers were given epinephrine to induce demargination or hydrocortisone (HC) to promote egress of PMN from the bone marrow. PMN obtained before and after drug administration were compared for adherence, chemotaxis, luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence, and total content and release of lactoferrin (LF), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and beta-glucuronidase (beta-glu). Epinephrine induced a significant neutrophilia of mature PMN (segmented neutrophils), but there were no changes in function or granule protein content. HC induced a significant neutrophilia with segmented neutrophils and immature PMN (bands). Circulating PMN obtained 4 hr after HC administration demonstrated less adherence, increased chemiluminescence, increased MPO release, and decreased MPO content. Band neutrophils, however, were more adherent than segmented PMN and showed a similar decrease in adherence following HC in vivo. Thus alteration of PMN adherence following intravenous corticosteroids is not due to an influx of immature neutrophils. On the other hand, it is possible that MPO content and release and capacity for oxidative metabolism change as PMN mature.
Ultrasound diagnosis of adenomyosis, leiomyoma, or combined with histopathological correlation

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the diagnosis of adenomyosis, leiomyoma, or combined adenomyosis and leiomyoma by the use of transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) compared to the histopathological findings. Subjects and Methods: This is a retrospective study of patients with a preoperative TVS diagnosis of adenomyosis, leiomyoma, or combined. Patients diagnosed with adenomyosis or combined adenomyosis and leiomyoma via TVS underwent hysterectomy. Symptomatic patients diagnosed with adenomyosis and leiomyoma via TVS underwent myomectomy with excision of the surrounding myometrium which contained possible adenomyosis. Following surgery, a histopathological examination was performed by the hospital pathologists. The microscopic diagnosis of the specimen was recorded. Results: TVS diagnosis of adenomyosis was sensitive but not specific. TVS was sensitive, specific, and accurate in the diagnosis of leiomyoma and combined adenomyosis and leiomyoma. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that TVS is a valuable noninvasive method that should be utilized in the diagnosis of leiomyoma and combined adenomyosis and leiomyoma. TVS is sensitive, but is not specific in the diagnosis of adenomyosis only.
Heat capacity of NaNO3(aq) in stable and supercooled states. Ion association in the supercooled solution

The heat capacity of NaNO3(aq) from 0.1 to 10 mol kg−1 was measured from 285 to 236 K, or lower temperatures, at 0.1 MPa, with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). A cooling scan method permitted supercooling of the aqueous solutions well below their normal freezing points. The uncertainties of temperature calibration and instrument heat calibration of the DSC were ± 0.08 K and ± 0.3% respectively. The heat capacity of dilute NaNO3(aq) increases with decreasing temperature below 270 K, qualitatively similar to the effect observed for water and for dilute NaCl(aq). At larger concentrations of NaNO3(aq), this behavior reverses and the heat capacity only decreases with decreasing temperature, qualitatively similar to the behavior observed for concentrated NaCl(aq). The present measurements and thermodynamic properties derived therefrom are compared to previous thermodynamic properties for NaCl(aq). This comparison shows that the anomalous effects for the two solutes are quite similar and suggests that the effects observed are general for strong univalent electrolytes. A multiple equilibrium model was fitted to selected measurements for NaNO3(aq) to determine whether there are significant changes in ion association in the supercooled solution. A completely quantitative representation of the measurements was not obtained with this model. Nonetheless, the association constants for ion-pairing, obtained from the thermodynamic properties, increased significantly in the supercooled solution.
Marrying click chemistry with polymerization: expanding the scope of polymeric materials

Click chemistry constitutes a class of reactions broadly characterized by efficiency, selectivity, and tolerance to a variety of solvents and functional groups. By far the most widely utilized of these efficient transformation reactions is the CuI-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition. This reaction has been creatively employed to facilitate the preparation of complex macromolecules, such as multiblock copolymers, shell or core cross-linked micelles, and dendrimers. This critical review highlights the application of click chemistry, in particular the CuI-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, to the synthesis of a wide variety of new materials with possible uses as drug delivery agents, tissue engineering scaffolds, and dispersible nanomaterials (83 references).
The magnet effect of price limits: A logit approach

Abstract We investigate the magnet effect of price limits using transaction data from the Taiwan Stock Exchange. A logit model incorporates explanatory variables from microstructure literature and reveals that the conditional probability of a price increase (decrease) increases significantly when the price approaches the upper (lower) price limit, in support of the magnet effect. Our approach recognizes when the magnet effect starts to emerge and identifies possible determinants of magnet effect. The probability of information-based trading has a significant impact on the magnet effect for lower price limits.
Unusual cyclopropane formation following free radical ring expansion

Abstract Free radical ring expansion of cyclobutanones by a propenyl radical leads to β, γ-cyclopropyl ketanes.
Stereo and eye movement

We describe a method to solve stereo correspondence using controlled eye (or camera) movements. Eye movements supply additional image frames and monocular depth estimate, which can be used to constrain stereo matching. Because the eye movements are small, traditional stereo techniques of stereo with multiple frame will not work. We develop an alternative approach using a systematic analysis to define a probability distribution for the errors. Our matching strategy then matches the most probable points first, thereby reducing the ambiguity for the remaining matches. We demonstrate this algorithms with several examples.
Monte Carlo study of phase separation in critical polymer blends.

Dynamics of phase separation in a polymer blend of critical composition is studied by Monte Carlo simulation of a microscopic lattice model. We find that dynamical scaling is obeyed by both the correlation function and the structure factor at late enough times, and that the asymptotic domain growth exponent is given by a modified Lifshitz-Slyozov law. We also compare the shape of the scaling function to the one previously obtained in a numerical study using a phenomenological Flory\char21{}Huggins\char21{}de Gennes free-energy functional.
Four-body charge transfer processes in proton–helium collisions

Recent advancements in experimental techniques now allow for the study of fully differential cross sections (FDCS) for four-body collisions. The simplest four-body problem is a charged particle collision with a helium atom, in which both atomic electrons change state. This type of collision can result in many different outcomes, such as double excitation, excitation ionization, double ionization, transfer excitation, transfer ionization and double charge transfer. In this paper, we compare absolute experimental proton–helium FDCS for transfer excitation with the fully quantum mechanical 4BTTE (four-body transfer with target excitation) model. This model was previously used to study TTE for proton energies between 25 and 75 keV and reasonable agreement was found with the experimental data for large scattering angles, but not small angles. Since this is a first-order model, which contains contributions from all higher order terms, one would expect improved agreement with increasing energy and the purpose of this work was to look at higher energies. We found that the agreement with the magnitude of the experimental data became worse with increasing energy while the agreement with the shape of the data was reasonably good. Consequently, we conclude that the model contains the physical effects that determine the shape but not the magnitude of the cross section.
Modeling and simulation of spacecraft power systems

Modeling of a complete spacecraft power processing system is presented, using the Boeing EASYS software. Component models are developed, and several system models including a solar array switching system, a partially shunted solar system, and cosmic background explorer (COBE) system are simulated. The modes of operation of the power system, such as shunt mode, battery-charge mode, and battery-discharge mode, are simulated for a complete orbit cycle. >