cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eruptions arising from tidally controlled periodic openings of rifts on Enceladus

The Cassini flyby of 14 July 2005 revealed plumes of water vapour and ice associated with the 'tiger stripe' features on the surface of Saturn's icy moon Enceladus. Since then the challenge has been to explain the nature of the plumes and the forces driving them. Two papers this week offer an explanation that accounts for both the plume characteristics and the presence of hot spots without the need to assume the existence of near-surface liquid water, a requirement of some previous models. Nimmo et al. identify tidally driven lateral fault motions near the tiger stripes as the most likely drivers of heat and vapour production. And Hurford et al. show that as Enceladus orbits Saturn, the parent planet's tides make the satellite's ice flex. This may cause the tiger stripes to open and close periodically, exposing volatile gases and allowing them to be released. Plumes of gas have been seen near the south polar region of Enceladus, a small icy satellite of Saturn, and observations revealed large rifts in the crust, informally called ‘tiger stripes’. Hurford et al. report that during each orbit, every portion of each tiger stripe rift spends about half the time in tension, which allows the rift to open, exposing volatiles, and allowing eruptions: plume activity is expected to vary periodically. In 2005, plumes were detected near the south polar region of Enceladus1, a small icy satellite of Saturn. Observations of the south pole revealed large rifts in the crust, informally called ‘tiger stripes’, which exhibit higher temperatures than the surrounding terrain and are probably sources of the observed eruptions2. Models of the ultimate interior source for the eruptions are under consideration1,3,4,5. Other models of an expanding plume6 require eruptions from discrete sources, as well as less voluminous eruptions from a more extended source, to match the observations. No physical mechanism that matches the observations has been identified to control these eruptions. Here we report a mechanism in which temporal variations in tidal stress open and close the tiger-stripe rifts, governing the timing of eruptions. During each orbit, every portion of each tiger stripe rift spends about half the time in tension, which allows the rift to open, exposing volatiles, and allowing eruptions. In a complementary process, periodic shear stress along the rifts also generates heat along their lengths7,8,9, which has the capacity to enhance eruptions. Plume activity is expected to vary periodically, affecting the injection of material into Saturn’s E ring10 and its formation, evolution and structure. Moreover, the stresses controlling eruptions imply that Enceladus’ icy shell behaves as a thin elastic layer, perhaps only a few tens of kilometres thick.
Improving the bonding between old and new concrete by adding carbon fibers to the new concrete

The addition of short carbon fibers in the amount of 0.35 vol.% resulted in mortars that bonded more strongly to old mortars. The increase in shear bond strength was up to 89%. This effect is attributed to the lowering of the drying shrinkage by the fiber addition. The effect is largest when the fibers were used with latex, which was in the amount of 20% of the cement weight.
Interleukin-1β can mediate growth arrest and differentiation via the leukemia inhibitory factor/JAK/STAT pathway in medullary thyroid carcinoma cells

Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is a pleiotropic cytokine that can induce several cellular signal transduction pathways. Here, we show that IL-1beta can induce cell cycle arrest and differentiation in the human medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) cell line, TT. IL-1beta induces cell cycle arrest accompanied by morphological changes and expression of the neuroendocrine marker calcitonin. These changes are blocked by the MEK1/2 specific inhibitor U0126, indicating that MEK1/2 is essential for IL-1beta signaling in TT cells. IL-1beta induces expression of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and activation of STAT3 via the MEK/ERK pathway. This activation of STAT3 could be abrogated by treatment with anti-LIF neutralizing antibody or anti-gp130 blocking antibody, indicating that induction of LIF expression is sufficient and essential for STAT3 activation by IL-1beta. In addition to activation of the LIF/JAK/STAT pathway, IL-1beta also induced an MEK/ERK-mediated intracellular cell-autonomous signaling pathway that is independently sufficient for growth arrest and differentiation. Thus, IL-1beta activates the MEK/ERK pathway to induce growth arrest and differentiation in MTC cells via dual independent signaling mechanisms, the cell-extrinsic LIF/JAK/STAT pathway, and the cell-intrinsic autonomous signaling pathway.
DEVELOPMENT OF POLARITY IN CEREBELLAR GRANULE NEURONS

Axon formation in developing cerebellar granule neurons in situ is spatially and temporally segregated from subsequent neuronal migration and dendrite formation. To examine the role of local environmental cues on early steps in granule cell differentiation, the sequence of morphologic development and polarized distribution of membrane proteins was determined in granule cells isolated from contact with other cerebellar cell types. Granule cells cultured at low density developed their characteristic axonal and dendritic morphologies in a series of discrete temporal steps highly similar to those observed in situ, first extending a unipolar process, then long, thin bipolar axons, and finally becoming multipolar, forming short dendrites around the cell body. Axonal- and dendritic-specific cytoskeletal markers were segregated to the morphologically distinct domains. The cell surface distribution of a specific class of endogenous glycoproteins, those linked to the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI) anchor, was also examined. The GPI-anchored protein, TAG-1, which is segregated to the parallel fiber axons in situ, was found exclusively on granule cell axons in vitro; however, two other endogenous GPI-anchored proteins were found on both the axonal and somatodendritic domains. These results demonstrate that granule cells develop polarity in a cell type-specific manner in the absence of the spatial cues of the developing cerebellar cortex. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 32: 223–236, 1997.
Reinforcement Efficiency of Carbon Nanotubes—Myth and Reality

Different micromechanical models for the prediction of mechanical properties of CNT/polymer composites, taking into consideration filler percolation throughout the matrix, are considered. It is demonstrated that the critical filler volume fraction, where a percolating network of CNTs is forming, marks a ‘‘turning point’’ in the reinforcement efficiency. Expectations for the reinforcing effect of CNTs at concentrations above a percolating threshold with thecurrenttechnology are in general unrealistic.
Investigation of esophageal balloon distension test for unexplained (NCCP) chest pain

Purpose: Although balloon distension test has been used for identifying esophageal visceral hypersensitivity, there is limited data and in small number of patients and its clinical utility is not fully known. Our aim was to prospectively assess symptoms, biomechanical and sensory properties in patients with unexplained chest pain and the yield of this test.
Photomechanical responses in crustacean retinula cells: The role of microtubules

Abstract Light and darkness promote opposite migrations of screening pigment granules in the retinal photoreceptors of the crayfish and other arthropods, and microtubules have been implicated in this part of the adaptation process. This report considers the topographic relationships of the migratory pigment granules with the microtubular system of the cells. Scanning electron microscopy was used to obtain a three-dimensional visualization of the internal organization of cells in different states of adaptation. Many pigment granules were found directly associated with the microtubular array, although most of them are not adjacent to microtubules irrespective of the adaptation condition. However, the granules appear associated with each other and form extensive clusters or possibly a single conglomerate. Therefore, interaction of a limited number of granules with the microtubules could affect the movement of the whole granule population. When the pigment complex withdraws, many microtubules are still seen in the deserted regions. It is concluded that the microtubules might represent a supporting framework for the translocation of the pigment, which appears to move as a coherent mass rather than as independent particles.
The use of gastric salvage cytology in the diagnosis of malignancy: a review of 731 cases.

Over an 8-yr period at the Houston Veterans Hospital, 731 endoscopic gastric salvage cytologies were performed in 671 patients, with surgical biopsy also done in 660. Seventy-six patients subsequently had tissue biopsy-proven or resection-proven malignancies. Salvage cytology had a sensitivity of 91 % and a specificity of 100% for the detection of primary adenocarcinoma. Biopsy alone had a sensitivity of 92%; endoscopic gastric salvage cytology and surgical biopsy combined had a sensitivity of 100% in both primary and metastatic neoplasms. This study shows that the combination of endoscopic biopsy and salvage cytology increases the diagnostic accuracy for gastric carcinoma. Gastric salvage cytology requires minimal disruption of the routine endoscopic procedure and is therefore an easier and more rapid cyfologic technique than gastric brushing cytology.
Optimization of convective trapezoidal profile circular pin fins

Circular pin fins or spines are frequently used as heat exchange devices in air conditioners. Here, circular convective pin fins of trapezoidal profile are analyzed. The results are presented in a manner which is more useful than the conventional efficiency graphs given in the textbooks and handbooks. The solution of the optimal problem can be used to determine the optimum heat dissipation or volume and optimum dimensions of the pin fin. Performance of the pin fins for off-optimum conditions is also discussed.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Activation under Oxidative Stress Fails to Promote c-Cbl Mediated Down-regulation

Activation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor by its ligand, EGF, rapidly enhances receptor internalization and degradation, which desensitizes receptor signaling. In contrast, we have shown previously that exposure to oxidative stress in the form of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) activated the EGF receptor but that the levels of activated receptors did not decline, which resulted in prolonged receptor signaling. This study provides mechanistic insights into these different modes of EGF receptor activation. Here we demonstrate that the pattern of receptor tyrosine phosphorylation induced by H2O2differs from that induced by its ligand, EGF. Importantly, H2O2 generates a receptor with negligible phosphorylation at tyrosine 1045, the major docking site for the ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl. As a result, H2O2-activated receptors fail to recruit c-Cbl and do not undergo ubiquitination and endocytosis. In summary, H2O2 stimulation results in an activated receptor uncoupled from normal down-regulation, a process that may contribute to oxidant-mediated tumorigenesis.
Fixed drug eruptions: evidence for a cytokine-mediated process.

Fixed drug eruptions (FDE) are immunologic reactions to drugs which produce erythematous plaques or blisters that characteristically recur at the same cutaneous sites with repeated anti-genie challenges. While a detailed pathogenesis of these lesions remains obscure, T-lymphocyte infiltration has been documented repeatedly. In this study, we tried to determine if FDE were mediated, at least in part, by cytokines, such as gamma-interferon. We examined biopsies from 6 cases of clinically well-documented FDE with an HLA-DR antibody, LN3, and an antibody to gamma IP-10 (IP-10), a protein expressed by keratinocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes and endothelial cells following exposure to gamma-interferon. We found staining of the dermal lymphocytes with anti-HLA-DR antibody in all 6 cases examined. Keratinocytes and endothelial cells showed only focal staining at the antibody concentrations used. In addition, there was keratinocyte staining with the IP-10 antibody at all levels of the epidermis, with accentuation in areas of blister formation. There was more intense staining of keratinocytes with the IP-10 antibody in cases with accumulations of HLA-DR positive lymphocytes in the dermis. We believe that these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that FDE represent cell-mediated immunologic responses to a variety of antigens, and further, that the histologic alterations can be explained, at least in part, by a cytokine-mediated process.
The Contribution of Milk and Milk Products to Micronutrient Density and Affordability of the U.S. Diet

Background: To be successful, dietary guidance needs to identify foods that are nutrient rich, affordable, and appealing. Analyses of dietary surveys on “what we eat in America” can now be supplemented by analyses of nutrient density as well as nutrient cost.Objective: To explore the relative contribution of 9 food groups to energy and nutrient intakes and to assess the relative cost of selected nutrients by major food group.Method: Dietary intake data were provided by the 4 cycles of the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2001–2002, 2003–2004, 2005–2006, and 2007–2008). Research on the nutritive value and cost of U.S. foods was made possible by the merging of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food and Nutrition Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS 2.0) with the USDA food prices database. Nutrient densities were calculated per 100 kcal. Nutrient costs were calculated as the dollar cost of meeting 10% daily value for a given nutrient.Results: Despite their low energy...
FIELD EMISSION IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

An expression for the field-emission current in a longitudinal magnetic field is derived in the zero-temperature limit. Two cases are considered, corresponding to constant Fermi energy (A) and constant electron density (B). In both cases the calculated current density contains an oscillatory contribution periodic in $\frac{1}{H}$, as well as a term which decreases as the square of the magnetic field. In case B, however, an oscillatory contribution appears that is absent in case A. Since the two oscillatory terms in case B differ in phase and their amplitudes depend on different powers of $H$, it should be possible to distinguish between cases A and B. The current-decrease quadratic in $H$ has its origin in the steady diamagnetism of the electron gas. Using accepted values of effective mass, Fermi energy, and work function, we find that for bismuth the predicted variations of the emission current with magnetic field should be readily observable.
Abamectin compatibility with the leafminer parasitoid Diglyphus isaea

Abstract The most promising non-chemical approach for controlling Liriomyza leafminers in greenhouses is the augmentative/inoculative releases of the parasitoid Diglyphus isaea. However, the insecticide/miticide abamectin is still an important chemical control method against Liriomyza leafminers and the mite complex that attacks numerous greenhouse crops. It is not uncommon for abamectin to be applied where Diglyphus is being used for leafminer control. Consequently, there is a need to develop compatibility data for this material and Diglyphus. The effect of abamectin on D. isaea (adults and larvae) was investigated using laboratory and greenhouse experiments. Direct application and uptake of abamectin had a significant negative effect on the survival of D. isaea adult (both sexes). Abamectin residue on chrysanthemum leaves had a significant negative effect on adult D. isaea female longevity up to 5 days after application. Abamectin was lethal for D. isaea larvae when applied directly to larvae or when contaminated leafminer larvae were consumed by parasitoid larvae. However, the percent emergence of D. isaea was not affected by abamectin treatments when applied to chrysanthemum plants that contained parasitoid larvae. Moreover, the longevity of these emerged adults was not affected by abamectin applications. In light of these data, abamectin compatibility with D. isaea for leafminer control in IPM programs for greenhouses is discussed.
A New Method for Quantum Processes in Fermionic Heat Baths

The general path-integral formalism for real-time dynamics for a quantum system in a fermionic environment proposed previously is investigated by using a new method called local adiabatic transformation. This method is based on the observation that in the long-time limit (the time scale of the system is much larger than that of the environment, typically characterized by the inverse of the cutoff frequency of the environment), most degrees of freedom of the environment will follow the dynamics adiabatically. This feature is utilized by transforming the original problem of coordinate coupling into a problem of velocity coupling. This is achieved by making some simple unitary transformation on the fermion field (before path-integrating out of that field). By doing perturbations on the new problem, all the previous important results are recovered. Further-more, generalizations to more realistic situations [for example, a particle traveling over a large distance and coupled to a Fermi gas through the phase factor exp(ik·R) (the coupling may involve many channels of angular momentum)] are considered and significant results obtained.
On the use of quinine sulfate as a fluorescence standard

Abstract Using quinine sulfate in 0.1 N sulfuric acid as a standard during the spectroscopic study of purines (1), it was found that 2-aminopurine in neutral solution at 160°K has a fluorescence quantum yield which is about 2.5 times that of quinine sulfate at room temperature. Thus, the widely used value of 0.55 published for the absolute fluorescence quantum yield of quinine sulfate (2) is apparently too large. Presumably the value for quinine sulfate must be 0.4 or less; otherwise 2-aminopurine excited at this low temperature would have a fluorescence quantum yield in excess of unity and “two photon” emission seems unlikely.
Common core thesis and a qualitative and quantitative analysis of mysticism in Chinese Buddhist monks and nuns

This study explores the phenomenological structure of mystical experience among 139 Chinese Pure Land and Chan Buddhist monks and nuns. Semi-structured interviews, thematic coding, and statistical analyses demonstrated that Stace's common facets of mysticism as measured by Hood's Mysticism Scale (M Scale) successfully described Buddhist experience as modified by Buddhist doctrines. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) revealed that these facets could be formed into Stace's three-factor structure. A mystical introvertive unity hypothesized to be separate from an extrovertive unity instead converged in the Chinese Buddhist context. These results lend strong support to the thesis that the phenomenology of mystical experience reveals a common experiential core that can be discerned across religious and spiritual traditions. These data also demonstrated that this common core can and should be explored using mixed methods.
Mechanical forces regulate focal adhesion and costamere assembly in cardiac myocytes

To determine whether the formation and maintenance of focal adhesions and costameres in cardiac myocytes are influenced by the mechanical forces that they transmit, we mechanically unloaded these c...
MAGNETIC DIPOLE NOMOGRAMS

Two nomograms or alignment charts are presented for the solution of the magnetic‐dipole equations for magnetic intensity over a dipping dipole. The two charts are used in conjunction with each other and are as accurate as is needed for field work. One of these charts will be found useful also in other calculations involving dr3.
Price Discovery in Asset Markets

Holbrook Working (1949) discovered that the percentage change in futures prices seemed to be largelyrandom. This led Paul Samuelson (1965) to develop the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) which claims that the current spot and futures1 prices fully reflect all relevant information. Furthermore, because the future flow of information cannot be anticipated, price changes will not be serially correlated. These papers linked the notion of randomness of price changes to informational efficiency. From that point on, a major part of the empirical studies of asset markets has been the application of time series analysis to asset prices, in order to evaluate whether the price changes are random and whether futures prices reflect all available information. As the statistical tests became more sophisticated, the number of empirical studies increased and the results became more contradictory and difficult to interpret. An economic theorist can only be bemused by contemplating the empirical/econometric studies in the finance literature.
An Analysis of Four Common Item Types used in Testing EFL Reading Comprehension

Psychometric research has shown that different factors can affect the reliability and validity of a test. Reliability can be affected by fluctuations in the subject and in test administration and test characteristics. Invalid application of tests, inappropriate selection of content, sample truncation, and poor criterion selection can pose threats to a test's validity. The research reported in this paper suggests that the readability level of a passage on which reading comprehension questions are based can affect empirical considera tions of item analysis, reliability, and validity when the subject pool is a group of adult English as a Foreign Language students. Of the item types assessed, the true/false and multiple-choice items produc ed better test statistics than did the missing letters and grammar paraphrase items. Guidelines for a more tightly-controlled study are suggested.
Examining the Role of Linguistic Knowledge Sources in the Automatic Identification and Classification of Reviews

This paper examines two problems in document-level sentiment analysis: (1) determining whether a given document is a review or not, and (2) classifying the polarity of a review as positive or negative. We first demonstrate that review identification can be performed with high accuracy using only unigrams as features. We then examine the role of four types of simple linguistic knowledge sources in a polarity classification system.
The fringe distance measure: an easily calculated image distance measure with recognition results comparable to Gaussian blurring

A fast simple distance measure for calculating the degree of dissimilarity between binary images is presented. The new distance measure, called the fringe distance, gives the same degree of distortion tolerance as optimized Gaussian blurring, but can be calculated much more rapidly. Template matching using the fringe distance executes about six times as fast as Gaussian blurring template matching on an IBM AT with coprocessor, and more than three times as fast on a SUN SPARCStation I with floating point accelerator. The greater speed means more templates can be used in process time limited applications, increasing recognition accuracy. >
Considering Climate Change in the Estimation of Long-Term Flood Risks of Devils Lake in North Dakota

Terminal lakes are impacted by regional changes in climate. Devils Lake (DL), North Dakota, United States (U.S.), is a case in which a prolonged shift in the precipitation pattern resulted in a 10-m water-level rise over the past two decades, which cost over one billion U.S. dollars in mitigation. Currently, DL is 1.5 m from an uncontrolled overspill to the nearby Sheyenne River, which could lead to unprecedented environmental, social, and economic costs. Water outlets recently implemented in the lake to slow the water-level rise and prevent an uncontrolled overspill are subject to significant concerns over the introduction of invasive species and downstream water quality. We developed a hydrological model of the DL basin using the soil and water assessment tool and analyzed DL's overspill probability using an ensemble of statistically downscaled General Circulation Model (GCM) projections of the future climate. The results indicate a significant likelihood (7.3-20.0%) of overspill in the next few decades in the absence of outlets; some members of the GCM integration ensemble suggest an exceedance probability of over 85.0 and 95.0% for the 2020s and 2050s, respectively. Full-capacity outlets radically reduce the probability of DL overspill and are able to partially mitigate the problem by decreasing the average lake level by approximately 1.9 and 1.5 m in the 2020s and 2050s, respectively.
Quantum dot infrared detectors

Quantum dot infrared photodetectors have emerged as viable devices capable of normal incidence operation over wide wavelength range at high temperatures. The latest results in the development of these devices will be presented and discussed.
Utility-Based Adaptation in Mission-Oriented Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper extends the distributed network utility maximization (NUM) framework to consider the case of resource sharing by multiple competing missions in a military-centric wireless sensor network (WSN) environment. Prior work on NUM-based optimization has considered unicast flows with sender-based utilities in either wireline or wireless networks. We extend the NUM framework to consider three key new features observed in mission-centric WSN environments: i) the definition of an individual mission's utility as a joint function of data from multiple sensor sources ii) the consumption of each senders (sensor) data by multiple receivers (missions) and iii) the multicast-tree based dissemination of each sensors data flow, using link-layer broadcasts to exploit the "wireless broadcast advantage" in data forwarding. We show how a receiver-centric, pricing-based, decentralized algorithm can ensure optimal and proportionally-fair rate allocation across the multiple missions, without requiring any coordination among independent missions (or sensors). We also discuss techniques to improve the speed of convergence of the protocol, which is essential in an environment as dynamic as the WSN.
XML views as integrity constraints and their use in query translation

The SQL queries produced in XML-to-SQL query translation are often unnecessarily complex, even for simple input XML queries. In this paper we argue that relational systems can do a better job of XML-to-SQL query translation with the addition of a simple new constraint, which we term the "lossless from XML" constraint. Intuitively, this constraint states that a given relational data set resulted from the shredding of an XML document that conformed to a given schema. We illustrate the power of this approach by giving an algorithm that exploits the "lossless from XML" constraint to translate path expression queries into efficient SQL, even in the presence of recursive XML schemas. We argue that this approach is likely to be simpler and more effective than the current state of the art in optimizing XML-to-SQL query translation, which involves identifying and declaring multiple complex relational constraints and then reasoning about relational query containment in the presence of these constraints.
Covariance-Based PCA for Multi-size Data

Principal component analysis (PCA) is used in diverse settings for dimensionality reduction. If data elements are all the same size, there are many approaches to estimating the PCA decomposition of the dataset. However, many datasets contain elements of different sizes that must be coerced into a fixed size before analysis. Such approaches introduce errors into the resulting PCA decomposition. We introduce CO-MPCA, a nonlinear method of directly estimating the PCA decomposition from datasets with elements of different sizes. We compare our method with two baseline approaches on three datasets: a synthetic vector dataset, a synthetic image dataset, and a real dataset of color histograms extracted from surveillance video. We provide quantitative and qualitative evidence that using CO-MPCA gives a more accurate estimate of the PCA basis.
Valproic acid induces growth arrest, apoptosis, and senescence in medulloblastomas by increasing histone hyperacetylation and regulating expression of p21Cip1, CDK4, and CMYC

Valproic acid is a well-tolerated anticonvulsant that has been identified recently as a histone deacetylase inhibitor. To evaluate the antitumor efficacy and mechanisms of action of valproic acid in medulloblastoma and supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor (sPNET), which are among the most common malignant brain tumors in children with poor prognosis, two medulloblastoma (DAOY and D283-MED) and one sPNET (PFSK) cell lines were treated with valproic acid and evaluated with a panel of in vitro and in vivo assays. Our results showed that valproic acid, at clinically safe concentrations (0.6 and 1 mmol/L), induced potent growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence, and differentiation and suppressed colony-forming efficiency and tumorigenicity in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The medulloblastoma cell lines were more responsive than the sPNET cell line and can be induced to irreversible suppression of proliferation and significantly reduced tumorigenicity by 0.6 and 1 mmol/L valproic acid. Daily i.p. injection of valproic acid (400 mg/kg) for 28 days significantly inhibited the in vivo growth of DAOY and D283-MED s.c. xenografts in severe combined immunodeficient mice. With Western hybridization and real-time reverse transcription-PCR, we further showed that the antitumor activities of valproic acid correlated with induction of histone (H3 and H4) hyperacetylation, activation of p21, and suppression of TP53, CDK4, and CMYC expression. In conclusion, valproic acid possesses potent in vitro and in vivo antimedulloblastoma activities that correlated with induction of histone hyperacetylation and regulation of pathways critical for maintaining growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest. Therefore, valproic acid may represent a novel therapeutic option in medulloblastoma treatment. [Mol Cancer Ther 2005;4(12):1912–22]
Visual function in patients followed at a Veterans Affairs polytrauma network site: an electronic medical record review.

Abstract Background This observational study describes the “Polytrauma System of Care” used by the Veterans Health Administration to guide medical care and rehabilitation of injured military personnel serving in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and reports the visual function of patients with polytrauma and/or traumatic brain injury (TBI) at the Hines, Illinois, Polytrauma Network Site (PNS). Methods A retrospective medical record review was performed for 103 patients with polytrauma seen at the Hines PNS from October 2005 through March 2008 and 88 patients with TBI seen in the Hines TBI Clinic from December 2007 through March 2008. Results Visual symptoms were self-reported by 76% of patients with polytrauma and 75% of the patients with TBI. Problems with reading (polytrauma 60% and TBI 50%) and accommodation (polytrauma 30% and TBI 47%) were frequently found on eye examinations. Spectacles were the treatment most frequently prescribed (polytrauma 62% and TBI 78%). Conclusions It is important for optometrists to be aware of the high rates of self-reported symptoms and visual problems in military personnel returning from deployment to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression may complicate optometric evaluation and management.
Production of mosquito densonucleosis viruses by Aedes albopictus C6/36 cells adapted to suspension culture in serum-free protein-free media

Mosquito densonucleosis viruses (MDVs) have the potential for use as biocontrol agents. To facilitate densovirus production, the Aedes albopictus mosquito cell line C6/36 was adapted to two commercially available serum-free protein-free media (SFPFM), Sf-900 II and Drosophila-SFM. Cells adapted more slowly to growth in Sf-900 II medium, but once adapted, they grew more rapidly and appeared healthier than cells growing in Drosophila-SFM. Cells that were adapted to growth in each of these SFPFM were tested for their ability to be transfected and infected with MDVs. The Sf-900 II-adapted cell line survived transfection and showed infection rates comparable with cells growing in L15 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Cells adapted to Drosophila-SFM were less infectable and did not survive transfection. Cells adapted to each of these SFPFM were adapted to growth in spinner flasks. Cells in Sf-900 II grew substantially better in spinner flasks than cells in Drosophila-SFM media. Cells grown in Sf-900 II could be frozen and, when thawed, could support the production of densonucleosis viruses in spinner flasks.
Rereading Sacrifice: The Semiosis of Blood

AbstractBlood gains many distinct meanings from different modes of classification, some of which are calibrated by the representational capacities of sacrifice. The Priestly source from Hebrew scri...
Notes on the Discontinuous Galerkin methods for the numerical simulation of hyperbolic equations 1 General Context 1.1 Bibliography

The roots of Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods is usually attributed to Reed and Hills in a paper published in 1973 on the numerical approximation of the neutron transport equation [18]. In fact, the adventure really started with a rather thoroughfull series of five papers by Cockburn and Shu in the late 80's [7, 5, 9, 6, 8]. Then, the fame of the method, which could be seen as a compromise between Finite Elements (the center of the method being a weak formulation) and Finite Volumes (the basis functions are defined cell-wise, the cells being the elements of the primal mesh) increased and slowly investigated successfully all the domains of Partial Differential Equations numerical integration. In particular, one can cite the ground papers for the common treatment of convection-diffusion equations [4, 3] or the treatment of pure elliptic equations [2, 17]. For more information on the history of Discontinuous Galerkin method, please refer to section 1.1 of [15]. Today, DG methods are widely used in all kind of manners and have applications in almost all fields of applied mathematics. (TODO: cite applications and structured/unstructured meshes, steady/unsteady, etc...). The methods is now mature enough to deserve entire text books, among which I cite a reference book on Nodal DG Methods by Henthaven and Warburton [15] with the ground basis of DG integration, numerical analysis of its linear behavior and generalization to multiple dimensions. Lately, since 2010, thanks to a ground work of Zhang and Shu [26, 27, 25, 28, 29], Discontinuous Galerkin methods are eventually able to combine high order accuracy and certain preservation of convex constraints, such as the positivity of a given quantity, for example. These new steps forward are very promising since it brings us very close to the "Ultimate Conservative Scheme", [23, 1].
Temporal heterogeneity and the value of slowness in robotic systems

Robot teaming is a well-studied area, but little research to date has been conducted on the fundamental benefits of heterogeneous teams and virtually none on temporal heterogeneity, where timescales of the various platforms are radically different. This paper explores this aspect of robot ecosystems consisting of fast and slow robots (SlowBots) working together, including the bio-inspiration for such systems.
Entangled Coherent States, Heisenberg-Limited Interferometry, and Related Issues

We discuss the generation of two mode maxinally entangled coherent states using a weak nonlinear medium. We then discuss their applications to quantum metrology (Heisenberg-limited interferometry), quantum lithography and violations of Bell-type inequalities.
Multiphase Fluid and Heat Flow in Porous Media

This chapter discusses physical processes and conceptual models of multiphase fluid and heat flow in porous media. Fluid and heat flow occurs in many reservoir systems and is controlled by thermodynamics of multiphase fluid flow, coupled with heat transfer in reservoirs. To model such fluid and heat flow, this chapter presents generalized governing equations for multiphase fluid flow, multicomponent transport, and heat transfer in porous and fractured media, providing a framework model for simplification, extension, and application in practice to cover more general scenarios of fluid and heat flow and chemical transport in reservoirs. To complete mathematical description of fluid flow and heat transfer, governing equations need to be supplemented with constitutive equations to express interrelations and constraints of physical processes, variables, and parameters, provided in the chapter. In addition, this chapter presents a general numerical formulation and solution scheme.
Inflammation as a Driver of Adverse Left Ventricular Remodeling After Acute Myocardial Infarction

Treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has improved significantly in recent years, but many patients have adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling, a maladaptive change associated with progressive heart failure. Although this change is usually associated with large infarcts, some patients with relatively small infarcts have adverse remodeling, whereas other patients with larger infarcts (who survive the first several days after AMI) do not. This paper reviews the relevant data supporting the hypothesis that individual differences in the intensity of the post-AMI inflammatory response, involving 1 or more inflammatory-modulating pathways, may contribute to adverse LV remodeling. It concludes by outlining how individual variations in the inflammatory response could provide important novel therapeutic targets and strategies.
PAGESS Resistance of Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Licheng district, Shandong province to commonly used insecticides

Objective To investigate the susceptibility and resistance of larvae and adult of Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Licheng district,Shandong province to the commonly used insecticides,providing the basis for chemical control of the insects.Methods A large number of adult Cx.tritaeniorhynchus were collected outdoors in the peak seasons.The first filial generation of larvae was obtained by feeding the collected adults with blood from mice.The larvae obtained and the adult female mosquitoes,which had been captured in the field and had laid the first eggs in the lab,were used as test insects.The susceptibility of the adult and larvae to commonly used insecticides were determined with the drug membrane contact method and the impregnation method respectively,as the WHO protocol,with the knockdown rate and mortality of the adult mosquitoes and the LC50(95%CI) for the larvae calculated and their resistance levels to commonly used insecticides compared.Results The mortality of the adult exposed to 0.05% deltamethrin(contact for 1 h),0.05% beta-cypermethrin(1 h),0.25% permethrin(3 h),0.45% permethrin(3 h),0.05% cypermethrin(1 h),0.45% tetramethrin(1 h),1% fenitrothion(2 h),0.1% propoxur(2 h) and 4%DDT(4 h) beyond 24 h were 85.0%,74.6%,38.0%,92.9%,36.2%,43.6%,16.1%,16.9% and 36.4%,respectively.The LC50 and the corresponding 95%CI of deltamethrin,beta-cypermethrin,and permethrin for Cx.tritaeniorhynchus larvae were 0.0046(0.0037-0.0055),0.0113(0.0092-0.0136),0.0325(0.0289-0.0369) mg/L,respectively;the LC50(95%CI) of dichlorvos,temephos,fenitrothion and malathion and BPMC were 4.9047(3.8612-6.4215),9.5733(7.4644-12.5296),1.2694(1.0280-1.5055),0.7750(0.6060-0.9842) and 4.4237(3.7406-5.2769) mg/L,respectively.Compared to the susceptible strains reported in previous literature,the resistance coefficients of the larvae of Cx.tritaeniorhynchus were 11.5,1.9 and 8.8 to deltamethrin,beta-cypermethrin and permethrin,respectively,and 76.6,7977.8,256.4 and 84.2 to dichlorvos,temephos,fenitrothion and malathion,respectively.Conclusion Adult Cx.tritaeniorhynchus in Licheng district has developed resistance to the commonly used insecticides,with a very high resistance seen to organophosphate and carbamate pesticides in the adult.The resistance of larvae to temephos is highest among the organophosphates.
Developing manage information system based Oracle Webserver

The article describes how to develop applications based Oracle WebServer.It reveals technology between document of Web and system of database,then wen expound a technology project which develop document of Web based Oracle database.
Pleistocene changes in the flora of the high tropical Andes

Geological data show that high Andean habitats have been available for plant colonization only since the end of the Tertiary. The manner in which plant species moved into these habitats, the times during which, and the methods by which they differentiated during the Pleistocene varied altitudinally and latitudinally along the tropical Andes. The process of speciation in all areas, however, was the same as that in temperate environments, namely, geographic isolation and subsequent divergence. Except on the Altiplano, most plant species expanded their ranges during glacial periods when vegetation zones were lowered. In the northern paramos at elevations above treeline, colonization was greatest during glacial periods but has always occurred in a manner similar to that of oceanic islands. At lower elevations in the northern Andes, and along the Eastern Cordillera, direct migration was possible in glacial times because of increased contiguity of upper montane forest habitats. On the upper slopes of the west coast of Peru, glacial-age plant migrations were fostered more by changes in precipitation than by the lowering of vegetation belts. In all of these areas, interglacial periods were, and are, times of isolation and differentiation. Across the Altiplano in contrast, glacial periods were times of population fragmentation accompanied by differentiation and/or speciation.
Using in situ simulation to improve in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Article-at-a-Glance Background There is widespread recognition that the conduct of cardiac resuscitation is problematic. In situ simulation has been used to train and evaluate cardiac arrest teams' performance in the hospital setting, but in work at a university-affiliated, tertiary care facility, the simulated cardiac arrests were used to understand how well health care providers and their environment function during arrests, with the goal of a rapid intervention to correct problem areas. Latent conditions—innate, mostly hidden, workplace factors—can have a large detrimental impact on resuscitation efforts. Methods Observations from a series of unannounced simulated cardiac arrests undertaken at diverse locations within a university-affiliated, tertiary care hospital were a component of an ongoing initiative to improve performance of emergency cardiovascular care. Results Fourteen cardiac arrest simulations revealed 24 hazardous findings, approximately two thirds of which had a high likelihood of compromising patient survival if they had occurred during an actual cardiac arrest. Categories of problems included active errors by teams and individuals and systemic or latent errors of the environment. Because the simulations were designed with the goal of discovering and documenting errors, most errors led to further actions, policies, and procedures that were rapidly adopted by the medical center to prevent their recurrence. Conclusions In situ simulation of cardiac arrests elicits lifelike behaviors and allows engagement of all personnel and resources applicable to real arrests. This method allowed for remedial plans to be developed before further harm could occur. Accordingly, in situ simulation of high-risk events may be a useful, efficient technique that complements existing quality assurance processes in hospitals.
Comparison of experimental and theoretical quantum-state-selected integral cross-sections for the H2O++ H2(D2) reactions in the collision energy range of 0.04-10.00 eV

To understand the dynamics of H3O+ formation, we report a combined experimental–theoretical study of the rovibrationally state-selected ion–molecule reactions H2O+(X2B1; v1+v2+v3+; NKa+Kc++) + H2 (D2) → H3O+ (H2DO+) + H (D), where (v1+v2+v3+) = (000), (020), and (100) and NKa+Kc++ = 000, 111, and 211. Both quantum dynamics and quasi-classical trajectory calculations were carried out on an accurate full-dimensional ab initio global potential energy surface, which involves nine degrees of freedom. The theoretical results are in good agreement with experimental measurements of the initial state specific integral cross-sections for the formation of H3O+ (H2DO+) and thus provide valuable insights into the surprising rotational enhancement and vibrational inhibition effects in these prototypical ion–molecule reactions that play a key role in the interstellar generation of OH and H2O species.
Cultural influences on the measurement of personal values through words

Texts posted on the web by users from diverse cultures provide a nearly endless source of data that researchers can use to study human thoughts and language patterns. However, unless care is taken to avoid it, models may be developed in one cultural setting and deployed in another, leading to unforeseen consequences. We explore the effects of using models built from a corpus of texts from multiple cultures in order to learn about each represented people group separately. To do this, we employ a topic modeling approach to quantify open-ended writing responses describing personal values and everyday behaviors in two distinct cultures. We show that some topics are more prominent in one culture compared to the other, while other topics are mentioned to similar degrees. Furthermore, our results indicate that culture influences how value-behavior relationships are exhibited. While some relationships exist in both cultural groups, in most cases we see that the observed relations are dependent on the cultural background of the data set under examination.
Changes in Sport Fish Mercury Concentrations from Food Web Shifts Suggest Partial Decoupling from Atmospheric Deposition in Two Colorado Reservoirs

Partial decoupling of mercury (Hg) loading and observed Hg concentrations ([Hg]) in biotic and abiotic samples has been documented in aquatic systems. We studied two Colorado reservoirs to test whether shifts in prey for sport fish would lead to changes in [Hg] independent of external atmospheric Hg deposition. We compared sport fish total mercury concentrations ([T-Hg]) and macroinvertebrate (chironomids and crayfish) methylmercury concentrations ([MeHg]) before and after food web shifts occurred in both reservoirs. We also monitored wet atmospheric Hg deposition and sediment [T-Hg] and [MeHg] at each reservoir. We found rapid shifts in Hg bioaccumulation in each reservoir's sport fish, and these changes could not be attributed to atmospheric Hg deposition. Our study shows that trends in atmospheric deposition, environmental samples (e.g., sediments), and samples of species at the low trophic levels (e.g., chironomids and crayfish) may not accurately reflect conditions that result in fish consumption advisories for high trophic level sport fish. We suggest that in the short-term, monitoring fish [Hg] is necessary to adequately protect human health because natural and anthropogenic perturbations to aquatic food-webs that affect [Hg] in sport fish will continue regardless of trends in atmospheric deposition.
Molecular Approaches to Histocompatibility in Colonial Tunicates

The central question of this research has been whether genes ancestral to those controlling the mammalian immune system exist in lower vertebrates, and if so, whether they encode functional cell surface recognition structures in these organisms.