cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectral subversions: Rival tactics of time and agency in Southwest China

In much of rural China, memories of past violence are crucial to people's sense of their own relation to distant centers of state power. In particular, memories of death from hunger during the Great Leap famine (1958–61)1 In the famine that followed the Great Leap Forward, twenty to thirty million people died of hunger-related causes. The famine is usually attributed to overprocurement, bad harvests, disastrous agricultural policies, chaotic transportation, and natural calamities (Kane 1988). In Yunnan the famine was not as severe as in many regions, but the poor, remote counties in the north still suffered badly. In 1960, according to official figures, the crude death rate rose to forty-two per thousand in the northern counties of Yongren, Dayao and Yaoan, while the rate for the province as a whole was twenty-six per thousand (Yunnan Sheng tongji ju renkou ban 1990). Within these counties, high-mountain, cash crop areas such as Zhizuo, where every household relied on sales of hempen cloth to buy food (see Mueggler 1998b), suffered worst. and suicide during the Cultural Revolution (1966–76) continue to haunt people's imagination of state and nation in ways that those of us who did not live through these devastations are only beginning to discover (cf. Watson 1994). Many of the diverse, non-Han, Tibeto-Burman speaking communities scattered through the mountains of Southwest China share traditions of poetic speech, explicitly intended to deal with bodily afflictions attributed to spectral memories of the violently dead. In a Lolop'o (officially Yi) minority community, where I did fieldwork from 1991–1993,Thirteen months of field research were conducted in Zhizuo between October 1991 and June 1993. Sponsoring units were the Yunnan Academy of Social Sciences in Kunming and the Yi Culture Research Institute in Chuxiong. poetic speech is used to drive the ghosts of those who died of hunger, suicide, or other violence out of the bodies of their descendants and into the surrounding landscape. The ghosts are driven along a specific route through surrounding mountain villages. Their path eventually takes them down the nearby Jinsha river to the Changjiang (Yangtze). They make these rivers their steeds, riding them across the empire's breadth to the richly-imagined cities of Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing, Shanghai, and Beijing. En route, they are to feast on piles of meat and barrels of drink, buy beautiful clothing in the markets, and hobnob with officials.
Vertical Eddy Heat Fluxes from Model Simulations

Vertical eddy fluxes of heat are calculated from simulations with a variety of climate models, ranging from three-dimensional GCMs to a one-dimensional radiative-convective model. The models' total eddy flux in the lower troposphere is found to agree well with Hantel's analysis from observations, but in the mid and upper troposphere the models' values are systematically 30 percent to 50 percent smaller than Hantel's. The models nevertheless give very good results for the global temperature profile, and the reason for the discrepancy is unclear. The model results show that the manner in which the vertical eddy flux is carried is very sensitive to the parameterization of moist convection. When a moist adiabatic adjustment scheme with a critical value for the relative humidity of 100 percent is used, the vertical transports by large-scale eddies and small-scale convection on a global basis are equal: but when a penetrative convection scheme is used, the large-scale flux on a global basis is only about one-fifth to one-fourth the small-scale flux. Comparison of the model results with observations indicates that the results with the latter scheme are more realistic. However, even in this case, in mid and high latitudes the large and small-scale vertical eddy fluxes of heat are comparable in magnitude above the planetary boundary layer.
Generalized Pexider difference equations

We extend previous results on generalized Cauchy difference equations (in which f = g = h) to functional equations of the form $$f(x)+g(y)-h(x+y)=k(L(x,y))$$ where L is a given function and f, g, h, k are unknown. We prove results assuming either that L is sufficiently smooth or that \({L(x,y)=\phi(x)+\phi(y)-\phi(x+y)}\) for some function ϕ. We illustrate these results with applications to several examples, including the Olkin–Baker equation.
Microthelia acerina, a new fungus associated with roots of sugar maple

During a study of mycorrhizae in central New York, the junior author fre? quently found a non-mycorrhizal fungus on the absorbing rootlets of sugar maple trees {Acer saccharum Marsh.). The fungus occurred on mature trees along the streets and in cemeteries of Syracuse and on seedlings and trees in forest areas south ofthe city. After consultation with Dr. David Hawksworth, Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England, we determined that this fungus is unknown to science; it is described as a new species in the genus Microthelia Korber.
B cell and/or autoantibody deficiency do not prevent neuropsychiatric disease in murine systemic lupus erythematosus

Neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) can be one of the earliest clinical manifestations in human lupus. However, its mechanisms are not fully understood. In lupus, a compromised blood-brain barrier may allow for the passage of circulating autoantibodies into the brain, where they can induce neuropsychiatric abnormalities including depression-like behavior and cognitive abnormalities. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of B cells and/or autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of murine NPSLE. We evaluated neuropsychiatric manifestations, brain pathology, and cytokine expression in constitutively (JhD/MRL/lpr) and conditionally (hCD20-DTA/MRL/lpr, inducible by tamoxifen) B cell-depleted mice as compared to MRL/lpr lupus mice. We found that autoantibody levels were negligible (JhD/MRL/lpr) or significantly reduced (hCD20-DTA/MRL/lpr) in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid, respectively. Nevertheless, both JhD/MRL/lpr and hCD20-DTA/MRL/lpr mice showed profound depression-like behavior, which was no different from MRL/lpr mice. Cognitive deficits were also observed in both JhD/MRL/lpr and hCD20-DTA/MRL/lpr mice, similar to those exhibited by MRL/lpr mice. Furthermore, although some differences were dependent on the timing of depletion, central features of NPSLE in the MRL/lpr strain including increased blood-brain barrier permeability, brain cell apoptosis, and upregulated cytokine expression persisted in B cell-deficient and B cell-depleted mice. Our study surprisingly found that B cells and/or autoantibodies are not required for key features of neuropsychiatric disease in murine NPSLE.
Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Survivors in Patients Without ST-Segment Elevation Infarction: Is Routine Coronary Angiography Reasonable?

The estimated incidence of nontraumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in the United States is 347,000 adults per year [(1)][1]. As a consequence, the estimated burden to our society is 1.3 million years of potential life lost for women and 2 million years of potential life lost for men [(2
Reconfigurable Solid-state Dye-doped Polymer Ring Resonator Lasers

This paper presents wavelength configurable on-chip solid-state ring lasers fabricated by a single-mask standard lithography. The single- and coupled-ring resonator hosts were fabricated on a fused-silica wafer and filled with 3,3'-Diethyloxacarbocyanine iodide (CY3), Rhodamine 6G (R6G), and 3,3'-Diethylthiadicarbocyanine iodide (CY5)-doped polymer as the reconfigurable gain media. The recorded lasing threshold was ~220 nJ/mm(2) per pulse for the single-ring resonator laser with R6G, marking the lowest threshold shown by solid-state dye-doped polymer lasers fabricated with a standard lithography process on a chip. A single-mode lasing from a coupled-ring resonator system with the lasing threshold of ~360 nJ/mm(2) per pulse was also demonstrated through the Vernier effect. The renewability of the dye-doped polymer was examined by removing and redepositing the dye-doped polymer on the same resonator hosts for multiple cycles. We recorded consistent emissions from the devices for all trials, suggesting the feasibility of employing this technology for numerous photonic and biochemical sensing applications that entail for sustainable, reconfigurable, and low lasing threshold coherent light sources on a chip.
The Civic Community in Practice: Family and Neighborhood Associations as “Schools of Democracy”

The associational milieu that took shape in the decade before Franco’s death was more than a discursive phenomenon. Tens of thousands of mostly men and some women joined family or neighborhood associations around the country, and for these members the associations were sites in which they could “perform” civic participation in concrete collective behaviors and acts.
David Oliver: Don’t undervalue non-clinical work

Remember training? It takes 6-12 years after medical graduation and involves teaching, study, and serial exams. To become an effective consultant, learning through clinical practice isn’t sufficient: it increasingly requires grounding in leadership, management, research, appraisal, and quality improvement. These skills are taught by existing consultants, taking time away from direct patient care. Consultant readiness is also partly acquired when juniors occasionally act as decision maker or team leader, when consultants are working away from the wards. I wonder whether one cause of poor morale in trainees is their close-up view of what working life is now …
Understanding the Concept of Resilience

The deceptively simple construct of resilience is in fact rife with hidden complexities, contradictions, and ambiguities. These have been recognized in earlier reviews of the relevant literature (Kaplan, 1999). More recent reviews have reaffirmed many of these difficulties and have offered suggestions in some cases for resolution of these problems (Luthar, Cicchetti, & Becker, 2000; Olsson, Bond, Bums, Vella-Brodrick, & Sawyer, 2003). By and large, however, problematic aspects of the concept of resilience persist.
Faculty Advising and Student Veterans: Adventures in Applying Research and Training

Research consistently finds that high quality academic advising, particularly from faculty advisors, contributes to student veterans’ success at universities. Drawing from previous research, considerable training in advising student veterans, and his own experience, the author offers five suggestions for faculty advisors of student veterans: learning more, weighing experience versus training and research, avoiding sweeping generalizations, developing relationships with various campus offices, and seeking a balance between advising ideals and students’ circumstances. The author concludes with directions for future research about faculty advising of student veterans.
Eliminating Undesirable Variation in Neonatal Practice: Balancing Standardization and Customization

Consistency of care and elimination of unnecessary and harmful variation are underemphasized aspects of health care quality. This article describes the prevalence and patterns of practice variation in health care and neonatology; discusses the potential role of standardization as a solution to eliminating wasteful and harmful practice variation, particularly when it is founded on principles of evidence-based medicine; and proposes ways to balance standardization and customization of practice to ultimately improve the quality of neonatal care.
Discussion of “An Evolutionary Bootstrap Method for Selecting Dynamic Trading Strategies”

This note summarizes the remarks as discussant of Blake LeBaron’s paper An Evolutionary Bootstrap Strategy for Selecting Dynamic Trading Strategies at NNCM/CF97 in London. First, the main contributions of the paper are placed in a general modeling framework. Second, some ideas for further analysis are given. Third, possible relationships between minimal architectures and poor local minima are discussed.
Estimating Educational Differences in Low-Risk Cesarean Section Delivery: A Multilevel Modeling Approach

U.S. rates of cesarean section, and in particular, low-risk cesarean section (LRC) births rose dramatically across the late 1990s and early 2000s, and have since remained high. Although previous research explores how trends in LRC vary between states and across maternal characteristics, within-state heterogeneity has not yet been accounted for, nor has the extent to which maternal and county characteristics might interact to shape the likelihood of a LRC birth. Using U.S. county-level birth data for years 2008–2010 from the restricted National Vital Statistics Systems Cohort Linked Birth-Infant Death Files and the Area Health Resource Files, I conduct race-stratified multilevel analyses to explore the association between the mother’s education, the income of the county in which she gives birth, and the odds of LRC delivery. I find that regardless of race/ethnicity, less education at the individual level and lower income at the county level are associated with higher odds of LRC delivery. There are also persistent racial disparities in these relationships. Non-Hispanic black mothers have the highest overall odds of LRC delivery, yet the effect of both education and county income is greatest for non-Hispanic white mothers. The results highlight the importance of analyzing both individual resources and contextual effects of the county when assessing birthing processes, as both contribute to a mother’s access to and knowledge of natal care.
Decifrando o Fórum João Mendes: o que os números nos dizem?

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o perfil das acoes iniciais no tribunal de maior movimentacao no Estado de Sao Paulo, o Forum Joao Mendes. Com o uso de recursos computacionais de big data, extraimos e avaliamos a populacao de acoes iniciadas em cinco varas do Joao Mendes, durante todo o ano de 2014. O total de casos analisados foram 11.959. Em consonância com o observado em tribunais superiores, nossos resultados indicam uma forte concentracao de casos em um pequeno numero de empresas, fortemente representadas por aquelas do setor bancario. Por outro lado, a maior parte das acoes envolviam partes unicas, de procedimento ordinario, e com valores de causa relativamente baixos, apesar da grande dispersao. Trabalhos futuros poderiam se propor a construir um indice de complexidade dessas acoes iniciais, e averiguar se existe alguma significativa diferenca entre o grau de complexidade medio dos casos trazidos ao Forum Joao Mendes em comparacao aqueles de outros tribunais.
Studying cognitive development in cultural context: A multi-level analysis approach

Abstract I discuss a multi-level analysis approach in the study of cognitive development in cultural context. In this approach, culture is conceived of as a system and a process of symbolic mediation, where values, norms, and beliefs manifest in and through customs, rituals, and practices in directing and regulating both intrapersonal and interpersonal psychological functions. To capture the dynamic process in which cognitive development unfolds in cultural context, this approach examines the influence of culture on the developing cognitive skills between groups – group level analysis, between the child and socialization agents – dyadic level analysis, at the level of the child – individual level analysis, and within the child – situation level analysis. The temporal level analysis further situates cognitive development in historical time. By utilizing different analytical and methodological strategies, the multi-level analysis approach provides converging evidence for the development of cognitive skills in cultural context. Important challenges in this approach include the development of a “big picture” to guide the investigation, methodological training for research assistants, and difficulties in collecting, managing, and analyzing diverse datasets. I discuss the conceptual and methodological issues by using our work on the development of episodic thinking as an example.
Designing Future Social Wearables with Live Action Role Play (Larp) Designers

Designing wearable technology that supports physical and social engagement in a collocated setting is challenging. In this research, we reached out to an expert community of crafters of social experiences: larpers (live action role players). Larpers and larp designers have a longstanding tradition of designing and making use of a variety of elements, such as costumes, physical objects, environments, and recently also digital artifacts. These are crafted in support of co-experience values that we argue can inform the design of social wearables. We engaged in a co-design process with a game designer and co-founder of a larp production company, and embedded the resulting social wearables in a larp. Here, we present the results of this design and implementation process, and articulate design affordances that resonate with our larp designer' values. This work may inspire and inform researchers and designers creating wearable technology that is aimed at supporting collocated engagement.
Anatomy of the Ocular Adnexa, Orbit, and Related Facial Structures

Understanding the structural abnormalities and the corrective surgical procedures described in this volume is predicated on a familiarity with normal anatomy. This chapter is designed to discuss this anatomy in sufficient detail and to provide key past and current references so as to be useful to the physician and surgeon working in this area.
Regulation of the Financial Services Industry: Whose Money is at Risk?

The financial crisis will result in far-reaching reform of the regulatory system affecting the U.S. financial services industry, financial markets, and government interactions with the markets. This Article considers the effect that regulatory reform will have on the regulation of retirement savings accounts, which have been devastated by market losses. In the financial services arena, reformers have evaluated the approaches used by the United Kingdom and Australia as potential paradigms for the U.S. but have failed to consider the way those countries integrate regulation across various types of investment accounts. The current system of retirement savings regulation in the U.S. is as much a historical anachronism as is the regulation of the financial services industry and markets. Although reformers recognize the fragmentation of regulatory authority, and the problems with that fragmentation, that has developed for financial services regulation, reform proposals fail to recognize the fractured nature of regulation of retirement savings accounts. The unique contributions of this Article are (1) to explain why financial services reform must recognize and address the regulation of retirement savings accounts, and (2) to suggest principles on which to base the division of regulatory authority.
Learning Curve for Transoral Endoscopic Thyroid Lobectomy

Objective To define the learning curve for transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy via the vestibular approach (TOETVA). Study Design Case series with planned data collection. Setting Tertiary care academic hospital. Subjects and Methods Included patients were those who met the 2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines for lobectomy and our group's previously documented indications for TOETVA. Operative time (incision to closure) was used as a surrogate for procedural proficiency and plotted as a function of case number to determine a learning curve. A simple moving average of operative time was then calculated, with the proficiency case defined as the case number where the slope of this curve changed. Demographic/characteristic data, outcomes, and complications were compared between the skill acquisition period (case 1 to proficiency case) and the proficiency period (remaining cases). A linear regression model was then used to calculate and compare the slopes of the skill acquisition and proficiency periods in the "operative time versus case number" plot. Results Thirty cases were attempted, with a procedural success rate of 29 of 30 (94%) and no incidence of permanent mental nerve or recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. The proficiency case was case 11. There was a statistically significant difference between the skill acquisition and proficiency periods in slopes of the linear regressions (-16.7 vs -0.3, respectively; P < .001) and median operative times (191 vs 119 minutes, P < .001). There was no difference in demographics, procedural success rate, or complication rate between the periods. Conclusions The learning curve for TOETVA was 11 cases for the surgeon evaluated in this series.
Fifty Million Shades of Gray: Recent Approaches to Colombian History

This essay reviews the following works: Mapping the Country of Regions: The Chorographic Commission of Nineteenth-Century Colombia. By Nancy P. Appelbaum. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. Pp. xiv + 304. $34.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781469627441. The Colombia Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Edited by Ann Farnsworth-Alvear, Marco Palacios, and Ana Maria Gomez Lopez. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017. Pp. xiv + 619. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780822362289. Colombia, 6-volume history, edited by Eduardo Posada Carbo. Tomo 1, Crisis imperial e independencia, 1808–1830. Edited by Adolfo Meisel Roca. Madrid: Editorial Taurus and Fundacion MAPFRE, 2010. Pp. 311. ISBN:9788430607976. Tomo 2, La construccion nacional, 1830–1880. Edited by Beatriz Castro Carvajal. Madrid: Editorial Taurus and Fundacion MAPFRE, 2012. Pp. 311. ISBN: 9788430608423. Tomo 3, La apertura al mundo, 1880–1930. Edited by Eduardo Posada Carbo. Madrid: Editorial Taurus and Fundacion MAPFRE, 2013. Pp. 360. €15.00 paperback. ISBN: 9788430617357. Tomo 4, Mirando hacia dentro, 1930–1960. Edited by Malcolm Deas. Madrid: Editorial Taurus and Fundacion MAPFRE, 2014. Pp. 351. €15.00 paperback. ISBN: 9788430617364. Tomo 5, La busqueda de la democracia, 1960–2010. Edited by Jorge Orlando Melo. Madrid: Editorial Taurus and Fundacion MAPFRE, 2015. Pp. 311. €15.00 paperback. ISBN: 9788430617623. Tomo 6, Colombia a traves de la fotografia, 1847–2010. Madrid: Editorial Taurus and Fundacion MAPFRE, 2015. (Not reviewed here.) Territorial Rule in Colombia and the Transformation of the Llanos Orientales. By Jane M. Rausch. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2013. Pp. x + 186. $69.95 hardcover. ISBN: 9780813044668.
Simulating impacts of real-world wind farms on land surface temperature using the WRF model: physical mechanisms

A recent study shows that the current wind turbine parameterization in the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model can generally reproduce the satellite observed nighttime warming signal over wind farm (WF) regions over west central Texas, but also tends to produce a cooling effect in the WF downwind regions. The present study conducts a series of WRF simulations to further this research by addressing two fundamental questions: (i) what is the 3-D structure of simulated near-surface temperatures within and around WFs? (ii) what are the main physical mechanisms responsible for the simulated WF-induced temperature changes? Our results indicate that the WF-induced temperature changes are not only restricted to the surface but also can extend vertically to the hub-height level and horizontally in the downwind direction. The WF-induced change in sensible heat flux is the dominant factor for the simulated temperature changes at the surface, for both the warming signals over the WF region and the cooling signals behind it. Further diagnosis shows that the turbulent component of the wind turbine parameterization is responsible for the surface warming signal by enhancing vertical mixing while the momentum sink component is responsible for the surface cooling signal by enhancing near-surface thermal stratification. By analyzing the energy budget, we find two important physical processes that are critical to explain the simulated WF impacts on temperature: (i) vertical divergence of heat flux as parameterized in the planetary boundary layer scheme and (ii) resolved-scale 3-D temperature advection.
Use and early mortality outcomes of active surveillance in patients with intermediate-risk prostate cancer

BACKGROUND Certain patients with intermediate-risk prostate cancer (PCa) may be appropriate candidates for active surveillance (AS). In the current study, the authors sought to characterize AS use and early mortality outcomes for patients with intermediate-risk PCa in the United States. METHODS The novel Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Active Surveillance/Watchful Waiting database identified 52,940 men diagnosed with National Comprehensive Cancer Network intermediate-risk PCa (cT2b-c, Gleason score of 7, or a prostate-specific antigen level of 10-20 ng/mL) and actively managed (AS, radiotherapy, or radical prostatectomy) from 2010 through 2015. The Cuzick test assessed AS time trends, and logistic multivariable regression characterized features associated with AS. Fine-Gray and Cox modeling determined PCa-specific mortality (PCSM) and overall survival, respectively. RESULTS The rate of AS increased from 3.7% in 2010 to 7.3% in 2015, and from 7.2% to 11.7% among men aged ≥70 years. Among men with favorable and unfavorable intermediate-risk disease, the use of AS increased from 7.2% to 14.9% and from 2.2% to 3.8%, respectively (all P value for trend, <.001). The mean age of those patients managed with AS decreased from 69.9 years to 67.9 years (P = .0004). Factors found to be associated with AS included favorable risk disease; black race; higher socioeconomic status; older age; and diagnosis in the West, Northwest, or Midwest regions of the United States. The 5-year PCSM rate was comparable to AS versus treatment among patients with low-risk and favorable intermediate-risk disease, but was worse with AS among those with unfavorable intermediate-risk disease (PCSM, 1.3% vs 0.5%; adjusted hazard ratio, 2.48 [95% CI, 1.11-5.50; P = .026]) and intermediate-risk disease overall (PCSM, 1.1% vs 0.4%; adjusted hazard ratio, 2.34 [95% CI, 1.25-4.37; P = .008]). CONCLUSIONS The use of AS for patients with intermediate-risk PCa is increasing across the United States, particularly for older men and those with favorable intermediate-risk disease. Early estimates of cancer-specific and overall mortality rates are low with AS, although significantly higher compared with treatment.
Alzheimer’s Disease and Speech Background

Developing a possible diagnostic test for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) based on speech is used throughout this book to illustrate the application of the machine learning methods we describe. This application has many of the characteristics typical of such tasks: one has some idea that a set of features characterizing samples that one possesses might be able to classify the objects into two or more classes. Lacking sufficient depth of understanding of how this might be caused, one goes searching for useful patterns in the data—a fishing expedition.
A Stabilizing Controller for the Modified Optimal Velocity Model

Abstract We address the issue of assisting a human driver in maintaining safety for a highwaylike scenario. To that end, we consider a human-driven vehicle following a lead vehicle on a straight road. We model the response of the human driver using a recently-proposed non-linear time-delayed car-following model called the Modified Optimal Velocity Model (MOVM). Our study is motivated by the MOVM’s loss of local stability via a Hopf bifurcation for increased reaction delays of the driver, which may manifest as collisions. For analytical tractability, we first approximate the MOVM by applying a semi-discretization method on the driver’s reaction delay. Next, using this approximation, we propose a stabilizing output-feedback controller that does not require specifics of (i) the system non-linearity that models driver behavior, and (ii) the driver’s reaction delay. Lastly, we numerically verify the stabilizing effect of the proposed controller on the MOVM. The proposed controller is shown to ensure system stability for increased reaction delays. Thus, such a controller may prove useful in aiding a human driver ensure safety.
Authentically Preparing Early Childhood Special Education Teachers to Partner with Families

Engaging parents in their children’s education beginning in early childhood leads to improved academic and social outcomes for children (Brannon and Dauksas in PRISM: A Journal of Regional Engagement 1:94–105, 2012). In the field of early childhood special education (ECSE), teachers are likely to have frequent contact with diverse families, as the parent or guardian of a child in special education is a member of the individualized education program (IEP) team. A teacher’s confidence level, or self-efficacy, is associated with the quality of the learning environment, student academic outcomes, and the teacher’s ability to set and reach meaningful goals (Demirtas in Journal of Education and Training Studies 6:111–125, 2018). Therefore, ECSE teachers would greatly benefit from beginning their teaching careers with high levels of self-efficacy about collaborating with diverse families. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively measure, (a) ECSE student teachers’ self-efficacy building partnerships with families, and (b) how adequately ECSE student teachers felt their teacher education program prepared them to partner with families. The results of a national survey of ECSE student teachers are presented. Overall, respondents indicated they had high levels of self-efficacy partnering with families and that they were well prepared by their teacher education programs. Student teachers reported lower levels of self-efficacy working with families whose language differed from their own and partnering with families in the IEP process. Implications for practice are discussed by presenting various ways for teacher educators to prepare teachers to build partnerships with all families through authentic experiences in their teacher education programs.
Fusions ending above the sagittal stable vertebrae in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: does it matter?

Retrospective cohort study. To validate whether fusions that end proximal to the sagittal stable vertebrae are at risk for developing distal junctional kyphosis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Posterior spinal fusion is routinely used for the treatment of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Fusions that end in either the lower thoracic or upper lumbar spine have the advantage of preserving motion segments. However, fusions ending proximal to the sagittal stable vertebrae has been shown to be at higher risk for developing distal junctional kyphosis. A multi-center database of prospectively enrolled subjects was queried for patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis that had Lenke type 1, 2 and 3 curves treated with posterior pedicle screw instrumentation. PA (posterior-anterior) and lateral full-length scoliosis films were obtained on each patient. PA radiographs were viewed to determine the coronal deformity and lateral radiographs to determine the sagittal deformity. Distal junctional kyphosis was defined as a greater than 10° increase in segmental kyphosis between the LIV and the LIV + 1 vertebra. 346 patients were included with 85% being female and mean age of cohort 14.2 $$\pm$$ 2.08 years. At 5 years postoperatively, there was significant difference occurrence of distal junctional kyphosis dependent on whether the LIV relative to SSV with only 2.2% of fusions below the SSV developing DJK compared to 6.5% for fusions ending at the SSV and 15% for fusions with LIV above the SSV (p < 0.001). There was no statistical difference in revision rates based on the relationship of LIV to SSV. There is an increased risk for development of DJK in patients with AIS treated with posterior fusion where the LIV was chosen proximal to the SSV. Level III.
Practice Challenges and Ethical Decision-Making

Ethics can often be a gray area for many beginning professionals, not just in traditional therapy settings, but in healthcare ones as well. Although students, interns, and newly licensed professionals may get supervision and mentorship around these issues, many situations such as power and privilege, boundary setting, and witnessing unethical behavior are difficult topics that therapists may encounter. This chapter will highlight certain practice areas in medicine where ethical issues and situations may arise. Areas such as secret keeping, informed consent, and confidentiality are covered, offering additional considerations of how these topics may need to be handled in medical organizations. Strategies around how to navigate these challenges are offered with a case vignette highlighting how a new professional tried to handle difficult ethical situations with a work colleague.
Unmet Promises: Diminishing Confidence in Education Among College‐Educated Adults from 1973 to 2018

Objective This article asks: Does experience with education undermine confidence in the institution? If so, has this changed over time? Method This study uses mixed effects binary logistic regression on the General Social Survey (1973–2018). Results Confidence in the institution of education has declined over time. Those with a college degree are less confident in education and their confidence is diminishing over time. By 2018, those with a college degree indicated the lowest levels of confidence in education since 1973. These changes are distinct from general trends in institutional confidence. In fact, higher education is typically associated with more confidence in social institutions. Conclusion These trends likely reflect the shifting rhetoric around the purpose and function of college education as well as the changing economic landscape of higher education. By focusing on long‐term changes to a key symbolic impact of higher education (i.e., public confidence in education), findings add to the existing literature on the material benefits and consequences of attaining a college degree.
Efficient image compression for high-throughput photoacoustic microscopy systems

Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has demonstrated a wide range of medical and biomedical applications by providing vascular information. Since the size of PAM images is usually extremely large, an efficient compression method can help in the storage and transportation of these images. We have implemented multiple signal compression methods in LabVIEW with a high compression ratio, and an execution time below the repetition rate of the pulsed laser. The qualitative and quantitative results of ex vivo vasculature imaging with and without compression showed nearidentical images with significantly smaller size.
Abnormally weak functional connections get stronger in chronic stroke patients who benefit from naming therapy.

Abstract Language recovery in aphasia is likely supported by a network of brain regions, but few studies have investigated treatment-related changes in functional connectivity while controlling for the absence of treatment. We examined functional connectivity in a 38-region picture-naming network in 30 patients with chronic aphasia who did or did not receive naming therapy. Compared to healthy controls, patients had abnormally low connectivity in a subset of connections from the naming network. Linear mixed models showed that the connectivity of abnormal connections increased significantly in patients who benefited from therapy, but not in those who did not benefit from or receive therapy. Changes in responders were specific to abnormal connections and did not extend to the larger network. Thus, successful naming therapy was associated with increased connectivity in connections that were abnormal prior to treatment. The potential to strengthen such connections may be a prerequisite for a successful treatment response.
Community Health Worker Intervention to Address Social Determinants of Health for Children Hospitalized With Asthma.

Background Social determinants of health (SDOH) contribute to racial disparities in asthma outcomes. Community health worker (CHW) programs represent a promising way to screen for SDOH and connect patients to resources, but the impact of CHW programs in the inpatient pediatric setting has been examined in few studies. In this study, we aimed to evaluate a CHW program for children hospitalized with asthma in a predominantly Hispanic community by examining rates of SDOH and social resource navigation. Methods This pilot study involved a CHW intervention to improve pediatric asthma care. Patients were included if they were hospitalized with asthma over an 18-month period and enrolled in the CHW program during their hospitalization. In an intake interview, CHWs screened caregivers for SDOH and provided tailored social resource navigation. Descriptive statistics were used to assess rates of social risk factors and social resource navigation. Results Eighty patients underwent SDOH screening. The majority of patients were Hispanic (81.3%, n = 65). Half of caregivers reported food or housing insecurity over the past 12 months (50.0%, n = 40), and most reported inadequate housing conditions (63.8%, n = 51). CHWs coordinated social resources for the majority of families (98.8%, n = 79), with the most common being food resources (42.5%, n = 34), housing resources (82.5%, n = 66), and appointment navigation (41.3%, n = 33). Conclusions CHWs identified a high burden of unmet social needs and provided associated social resource navigation in a largely Hispanic pediatric population hospitalized for asthma. CHW programs have potential to improve asthma outcomes by linking high-risk patients with social resources.
Accuracy of commercially available smartphone applications for the detection of melanoma.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has shown promise in the analysis of images for detection of melanoma.1 The number of available dermatology smartphone applications ("apps") is rapidly growing and there is increasing interest in apps that provide diagnosis or triage of skin lesions.2, 3 A 2020 systematic review found that nine studies evaluating six apps had poor study design and high risk of bias.3 To date, no studies have evaluated the accuracy of apps using an independent test set of clinical images comparable to those submitted through smartphones .
Identification of imidacloprid metabolites in onion (Allium cepa L.) using high-resolution mass spectrometry and accurate mass tools.

RATIONALE Imidacloprid is a potent and widely used insecticide on vegetable crops, such as onion (Allium cepa L.). Because of possible toxicity to beneficial insects, imidacloprid and several metabolites have raised safety concerns for pollenating insects, such as honey bees. Thus, imidacloprid metabolites continue to be an important subject for new methods that better understand its dissipation and fate in plants, such as onions. METHODS One month after a single addition of imidacloprid to soil containing onion plants, imidacloprid and its metabolites were extracted from pulverized onion with a methanol/water-buffer mixture and analyzed by liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOF-MS) using a labeled imidacloprid internal standard and tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis. RESULTS Accurate mass tools were developed and applied to detect seven new metabolites of imidacloprid with the goal to better understand its fate in onion. The accurate mass tools include: database searching, diagnostic ions, chlorine mass filters, Mass Profiler software, and manual use of metabolic analogy. The new metabolites discovered included an amine reduction product (m/z 226.0854), and its methylated analogue (m/z 240.1010), and five other metabolites, all of unknown toxicity to insects. CONCLUSIONS The accurate mass tools were combined with LC/QTOF-MS and were able to detect both known and new metabolites of imidacloprid using fragmentation studies of both parent and labeled standards. New metabolites and their structures were inferred from these MS/MS studies with accurate mass, which makes it possible to better understand imidacloprid metabolism in onion as well as new metabolite targets for toxicity studies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real-time array signal processors for embedded applications

Advances in commercial computing technology have allowed for real-time implementations of adaptive array algorithms in radar and sonar systems. Front-end processing has been able to exploit VLSI ASICs and FPGAs to perform bulk filtering and beamforming, while massively parallel processors can be used to handle the more data-driven adaptive processing requirements. This paper focuses on how various processing architectures can be used to provide the high computational and communication specifications for adaptive algorithms while still maintaining the continuous throughput and low latency requirements of real-time applications.
Going to work: Placement trends in public rehabilitation

This article reviews and discusses current placement trends in public rehabilitation. In order to identify current trends a survey of state vocational rehabilitation agency administrators was conducted. Responses were received from 52 agencies representing 40 states. The results of the survey, along with current literature, resulted in identification of four key trends in placement services: increased emphasis on placement; reconfiguring placement delivery services; expanded employer development; and increased use of the Internet and other technology. The implications of these trends to rehabilitation counseling are also discussed.
Egg envelopes in vertebrates

We have attempted to summarize in this chapter the available information about the origin, structure, composition, and function of the acellular envelopes that enclose vertebrate eggs. The information presented here is a collation of data from a variety of sources in a form that facilitates comparisons of the characteristics of the egg envelopes. Although little attention has been given to the envelopes of the invertebrates, it should be clear that, if this group were included, the similarities would exceed the differences. In the course of reviewing the literature on the envelopes of vertebrate eggs we have been impressed by the similarities in origin, structure, composition, and function. It is our hope that these similarities will be obvious to the reader and, further, that this chapter will encourage a broader, more unified perspective of the apparent evolutionary homologies of animal egg envelopes.
Assessment of Immunohistochemistry for p16INK4 and High-Risk HPV DNA by In Situ Hybridization in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

The role of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) in the pathogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unclear. p16INK4 is used as a surrogate marker to detect HPV-related tumors but has had discrepant results in ESCC. In this study, 32 cases of ESCC were examined to determine the relationship between p16INK4 expression and high-risk HPV. All the tumors were stained by immunohistochemistry for p16INK4. Tumors having p16INK4 nuclear and/or nuclear and cytoplasmic expression were considered positive. Tumors positive for p16INK4 expression were tested for high-risk HPV by in situ hybridization (ISH). In all, 20 cases of ESCC (63%) showed only cytoplasmic staining for p16INK4, and 11 cases (34%) showed both cytoplasmic and nuclear staining for p16INK4; 4 cases (13%) showed no staining for p16INK4. None of the p16INK4 -positive cases were positive for high-risk HPV by ISH. These results indicate that p16INK4 expression in ESCC does not correlate with the presence of high-risk HPV DNA by ISH....
Monitoring Ga and In desorption and In surface segregation during MBE using atomic absorption

The use of an atomic absorption flux monitor for measuring desorbing gallium and indium atoms during MBE is demonstrated. Several short InAs layers of known thickness were grown on a GaAs substrate. By desorbing these layers in a controlled substrate temperature ramping cycle, a calibration between the atomic absorption signal and desorption rate was determined. This calibration was then used to measure the desorption of excess indium that segregates to the surface during the growth of InGaAs for a range of In compositions. The atomic absorption signals were also measured for growth of GaAs and InGaAs at elevated substrate temperatures where the cation sticking coefficients are less than unity.
On computer curve-fitting data-evaluation of relaxation techniques for electrode kinetic investigations

Abstract An important, hitherto unrecognized advantage of curve-fitting data-evaluation of relaxation techniques is its ability to determine the optimum time scale of the experiment, that is, to determine experimentally the time window where data contain the most information about the parameter to be measured. In the past, the optimum time window could only be estimated and, for a narrow time window, a poor estimate seriously limited the sensitivity of the kinetic measurements. The advantage of the curve-fitting method is demonstrated for galvanostatic, coulostatic and potentiostatic pulse measurements.
Music television video and the capacity to experience life

(1984). Music television video and the capacity to experience life. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 1-6.
A Magnetic Actuator for Fiber-Optic Applications

Optical fibers coated with various non-magnetized ferromagnetic materials and actuated by external magnetic fields were designed and characterized to demonstrate the feasibility for remote scanning. Cobalt, iron, nickel, and samarium-cobalt powders were used to enable the actuation. Silica optical fibers were coated with a mixture of 70% enamel paint and 30% various ferromagnetic materials. The static and dynamic measurements were preformed under the remote control of an electromagnet. Experiments with different ferromagnetic materials and different suspended fiber lengths of 3.2 cm, 4.2 cm, 5.2 cm, 6.2 cm, and 7.2 cm were performed to compare with theory. The static displacements, dynamic displacements and resonant frequencies of the actuation were measured.
Survival of Hippodamia convergens in Grain Sorghum

The survival of Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville on grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, in the Texas High Plains was investigated. Analysis of survivorship data revealed that most of the generation mortality occurred in the egg or early larval stage. This reduces the effectiveness of H. convergens as an aphid predator in grain sorghum because the predator either does not survive to feed at all or feeds for only a fraction of its developmental time.
The phosphorylation of the major proteins of the human erythrocyte membrane

Abstract Both the major sialoglycoprotein (PAS-1) and the component designated by Fairbanks et al. ( G. Fairbanks, T. L. Steck, and D. F. H. Wallach, 1971 , Biochemistry 10 , 2606–2617) as Band 3 are shown to be bonafide phosphoproteins by virtue of the presence of covalently bound serine and threonine phosphate residues. In agreement with the findings of others, PAS-1 does not seem to be phosphorylated when ghosts are incubated with [γ- 32 P]ATP, but the phosphorylation is significant (about 0.15 mol/mol) when the cells are incubated in the presence of 32 P i . Band 3 is phosphorylated to the extent of 0.90 mol/mol, and these sites are apparently distributed in several places along the polypeptide chain. Spectrin is also a phosphoprotein containing approximately four molecules of phosphate per 450,000 daltons of protein. The phosphorylation of these three polypeptides is not stimulated by the presence of cAMP.