cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CYTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF CELLULASE ACTIVITY IN ARTICULATED, ANASTOMOSING LATICIFERS OF PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L. (PAPAVERACEAE)

Cellulase activity was localized at the ultrastructural level in the articulated, anastomosing laticifers of Papaver somniferum.. Electron-dense crystalline deposits indicating the presence of cellulase activity were restricted to discrete patches along the laticifer wall in regions of recently formed perforations. This report presents the first direct evidence for the involvement of cellulases in the cell wall perforation process in articulated laticifers. LATICIFER TYPES are defined on the basis of their mode of origin and development within plants. Two general types have been recognized -articulated and nonarticulated (Hartig, 1862). Articulated laticifers are of compound origin being formed from a series of initials in which adjacent walls may undergo partial or complete perforation. Nonarticulated laticifers, in contrast, originate from single cells that greatly elongate and often become coenocytic through karyokinesis without cytokinesis. Cell wall perforation in the articulated, anastomosing laticifers of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum L., has been described as a gradual process resulting from the thinning of walls on both sides of the middle lamella at a perforation site (Nessler and Mahlberg, 1977). The progressive bilateral thinning of laticifer
Outcomes of an Erythropoietic Growth Factor Interchange Program in Hospitalized Chronic Hemodialysis Patients

Background: The substantial cost of erythropoietic growth factors (EGFs), darbepoetin alfa and epoetin alfa, has led many institutions to evaluate EGF usage and costs in the hospital setting. The primary objectives of this study were to determine the clinical impact on hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, postdischarge epoetin alfa dose require- ments, and the economic impact of a darbepoetin alfa for epoetin alfa therapeutic interchange program in hos- pitalized hemodialysis patients. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted in 79 patients (43 during a control period and 36 during the inter- change period). The control group consisted of chronic hemodialysis patients admitted to the hospital before the therapeutic interchange program was implemented (September 2002 through September 2003); the interchange group included patients admitted after implementation of the interchange program (October 2003 through Octo- ber 2004). Clinical parameters including Hb concentration, concomitant iron therapy, packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusions, EGF dose and cost were collected beginning 2 months prior to hospitalization, during hospi- talization, through 2 months post hospital discharge. Results: No differences were observed between groups in baseline demographics. There was a greater decrease in Hb concentration in the control group compared to the interchange group, but this did not achieve statistical sig- nificance (0.5 g/dL vs 0.3 g/dL, respectively; P = 0.67). EGF dose requirements did not differ between the two groups, nor did the total EGF cost per patient admission before and after hospitalization. Total cost per patient dur- ing hospitalization was $164 ± 144 in the control group and $165 ± 156 in the interchange EGF group (P = 0.97). Conclusion: In the treatment of anemia in hospitalized chronic hemodialysis patients, there were no differences seen in Hb concentration, EGF dose requirements, or overall EGF cost per patient admission. Implementation of the interchange program allowed for market share gains to permit an overall economic benefit across all patients in the amount of $300,000 annually.
The neuropsychology of trichotillomania

The pathophysiology of trichotillomania (TM) is not well understood. Overlap with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) has been proposed, although extant data are inconsistent in this regard. In the neuropsychological domain, some data have supported the proposed TM-OCD overlap. However, the available studies are limited in number, and they typically have sampled a restricted range of performance domains. To examine further neuropsychological functioning in TM, the present study compared performance of 21 patients with TM and 17 normal control (NC) participants on a broad battery of tests assessing intellectual functioning, auditory perception and language, visual perception, somatosensory function, motor ability, memory, concept formation, attention and information processing speed, impulsivity, and cerebral dominance. The TM group demonstrated poorer performance on all measures of divided, but not focused, attention. Correlational data suggested the potentially important role of negative affect in TM. Implications of the data for the conceptualization of TM are discussed.
Improvement on Dental Ceramics Using Microwave Sintering

Dental ceramics are widely used in dentistry. Despite all the advantages they provide for dental treatments, their sintering process is time and energy consuming. Microwave sintering may represent an alternative not only to reduce processing times for practitioners and patients but also improve mechanical properties of the material.
Contemporary Insights and Novel Treatment Approaches to Central Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Heart Failure

Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a common and under-diagnosed condition commonly associated with Cheyne-Stokes respiration. It is particularly prevalent in the heart failure population affecting up to 40 % of all patients with heart failure. The pathophysiology associated with CSA is based on the underlying effects of hypoventilation and hyperventilation, with neurologic dysregulation of respiratory control as the primary defect. However, therapeutic options are limited because of the prevailing perception that CSA is a consequence, rather than cause of morbidity and mortality. At present, the main focus remains treating the underlying problem (ie, intensifying heart failure therapeutics, decongestion), whereas additional suggestions of using acetazolamide, progesterone, nocturnal oxygen, and theophylline have not been validated with contemporary clinical trials. Positive pressure ventilation is currently the primary recommendation for all patients with sleep-disordered breathing (CSA included), and in some patients may effectively reduce the apnea-hypopnea index. However, significant research is ongoing to determine how to treat this complex patient population.
Carboxyl terminal tyrosine metabolism of alpha tubulin and changes in cell shape: Chinese hamster ovary cells

Abstract Chinese hamster ovary cells maintained in their epithelial-like form do not incorporate tyrosine post-translationally into α tubulin even though a significant fraction of the soluble tubulin is tyrosinated and tubulin: tyrosine ligase is present. Incubation with dibutyryl cyclic AMP + testosterone, which leads to a change in cell shape, immediately activates this metabolic pathway. Podophyllotoxin, which prevents the conversion to a fibroblast-like morphology, significantly inhibits this activation.
Induction of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 by Interleukin-1 in Human Fibroblasts

Rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis are chronic inflammatory diseases associated with tissue destruction that is mediated in part by elevated levels of cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor). Differential screening of a human synovial fibroblast cDNA library for interleukin-1 induced genes revealed a clone identical to the gene encoding human bone morphogenetic protein-2. Northern blot analysis of human synovial fibroblast mRNA confirmed up-regulation of bone morphogenetic protein-2 in the presence of interleukin-1. Utilizing a specific antibody, levels of bone morphogenetic protein-2 protein in conditioned medium from synovial fibroblasts were also up-regulated in the presence of interleukin-1. This is the first report of the production of bone morphogenetic protein-2 by synovial fibroblasts, and the first report of its up-regulation in response to interleukin-1. However, interleukin-1 did not induce bone morphogenetic protein-2 mRNA in human gingival fibroblasts.
Selective orientation of adsorbate domains due to ion bombardment-induced substrate defects: Azulene on Pt(111)

Abstract The initiation of long-range ordering of an azulene overlayer adsorbed on an asymmetrically bombarded Pt(111) substrate has been studied with LEED. Surface damage induced by Ar+ sputtering at an incident polar angle of 45° prior to adsorption results in the preferential rotational alignment of azulene domains along the 〈110〉 crystallographic direction. The oriented surface defects are independent of the azimuthal angle of the incident Ar+ beam and are retained after a short period of annealing to temperatures as high as 1275 K. Bombarding the surface along the surface normal does not yield domain ordering. An illustrative model based on the favorable binding interaction between azulene molecules and platinum atoms exposed at the laterally distributed defects is presented.
Response of German cockroaches to aggregation pheromone emitted by adult females

The response of early, middle and late instar (mixed sexes), adult male, and gravid and non-gravid female German cockroaches to aggregation pheromone on filter papers conditioned by gravid and non-gravid females was studied. Cockroaches were attracted to and settled on each of the conditioned papers. Classes varied in the strength of their response to conditioned papers, relative response to gravid versus non-gravid female conditioned paper, and in clustering behavior. A significantly greater attraction of all classes except middle instars and non-gravid females to paper conditioned by non-gravid females suggests that non-gravid females emit more aggregation pheromone than gravid females. Possible explanations of differences in response with age/sex class, including an enhanced attraction of males from female sex pheromone, are discussed. RESUME Reaction de Blattella germanica a la pheromone d'agregation emise par des femelles adultes L'etude a porte sur les reponses de six groupes/âges/sexes de B. germanica a des papiers filtres impregnes de pheromones emises par des femelles pleines ou non. Tous les groupes ont ete attires par les papiers traites, mais les attractions des stades larvaires moyens ou âges ont ete inferieures aux autres. 4 groupes sur 6 ont ete plus attires par le papier traite avec des femelles ne contenant pas d'oeufs murs que par les femelles pleines, ce qui suggere une plus forte emission par les femelles sans oeufs murs. Les stades larvaires moyens ont ete les seuls a etre plus attires par le papier traite avec les femelles pleines. Les femelles ne contenant aucun oeuf ne manifestent aucune preference. La tendance a former des amas inegaux etait moins nette pour les stades larvaires moyens et âges que pour les autres groupes. Les premiers stades ont montre une tendance tres nette a se rassembler sur le meme papier. Le rassemblement de mâles adultes sur du papier traite avec des femelles ne contenant pas d'oeufs peut avoir ete partiellement une reponse a la pheromone sexuelle femelle qui avait impregne le papier pendant le conditionnement.
Ubiquitin mediates the physical and functional interaction between human DNA polymerases η and ι

Human DNA polymerases η and ι are best characterized for their ability to facilitate translesion DNA synthesis (TLS). Both polymerases (pols) co-localize in ‘replication factories’ in vivo after cells are exposed to ultraviolet light and this co-localization is mediated through a physical interaction between the two TLS pols. We have mapped the polη-ι interacting region to their respective ubiquitin-binding domains (UBZ in polη and UBM1 and UBM2 in polι), and demonstrate that ubiquitination of either TLS polymerase is a prerequisite for their physical and functional interaction. Importantly, while monoubiquitination of polη precludes its ability to interact with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), it enhances its interaction with polι. Furthermore, a polι-ubiquitin chimera interacts avidly with both polη and PCNA. Thus, the ubiquitination status of polη, or polι plays a key regulatory function in controlling the protein partners with which each polymerase interacts, and in doing so, determines the efficiency of targeting the respective polymerase to stalled replication forks where they facilitate TLS.
Studies of Shannon Entropy Evolution due to Self-Organization During the Running-In

When frictional sliding is initiated, the coefficient of friction is often high during the initial transient running-in process. After that, the coefficient of friction reaches its stationary value. Running-in is interpreted as friction-induced self-organization stage in that two sliding surfaces adjust to each other due to surface roughness evolution. Shannon entropy was proposed as a surface roughness parameter, and its decrease can be used as a simple test for self-organization. Sliding experiments were conducted on the hard steel plate using a soft Al-Mg alloy pin under both dry and lubricated conditions. Based on the results of the surface profile evolution, obtained by an optical profilometer, during running-in, we discuss change of Shannon entropy for various surface textures. Various textures which are characterized in terms of roughness parameters were produced on the steel plates. We compare how self-organization occurs for different textures during running-in stage.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Abstract 3495: The novel phospholipid ether analog CLR1404 decreases glioblastoma stem cell proliferation, suppresses GBM growth, and improves survival

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Most patients treated for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common primary brain malignancy, have less than 2 years survival due to rapid recurrence. The GBM stem cell (GSC) sub-population exhibits therapeutic resistance and is hypothesized to drive tumor recurrence. Therefore, GSC-specific targeting is likely critical for improving outcome. Phospholipid ether analog, CLR1404 and its radioiodinated isosteres, exhibit cancer cell-specific uptake and prolonged retention in 57/61 cancer cell lines and xenografts (including GBM) due to affinity for cancer cell lipid rafts. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of CLR1404 against GBM and its GSC subpopulation. Multiple sphere-forming GSC lines were isolated from patient specimens with IRB approval, and rigorously validated for self-renewal, multi-lineage potential, and high efficiency orthotopic tumor initiation in NOD-SCID mice. Proliferation assays were performed by addition of CLR1404 in serum-free medium for 24 hours. To test effects on stem cell properties, GSCs were treated with CLR1404, dissociated to single cells, plated at 500 cells in a 96-well plate, and allowed to form spheres (≥2-4 weeks). CLR1404 inhibition of the AKT oncogenic signaling pathway in GSCs was assayed with immunoblot analysis. In vivo, GSCs were pre-treated for 24 hours with CLR1404 prior to orthotopic injection of 200,000 live cells into immunodeficient mice. Subsequent survival curves were then constructed. CLR1404 anti-proliferative effects were seen on all 7 different GSC and GBM lines tested with IC50 values ranging between 5-10 µM using MTS assay; control normal differentiated neural cells exhibited an IC50 of approximately 40 µM. CLR1404 treatment also decreased sphere-forming ability of multiple GSC lines with IC50 values between 5-10 µM. CLR1404 inhibition of AKT activation was observed using immunoblot analysis. CLR1404 pre-treatment of GSCs significantly increased survival time in an orthotopic mouse model (Control: 59±6.1 days; CLR1404: 94±4.4 days), suggesting CLR1404 treatment of the GSC tumor initiating cells improves outcome. This data of CLR1404's therapeutic potential against GBM and its GSCs, combined with previously demonstrated tumor cell targeting specificity of CLR1404 and its radioactive isosteres, provides strong evidence for the potential of novel CLR1404-based therapies to improve GBM outcomes. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3495. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3495
Image Forces on 3D Dislocation Structures in Crystals of Finite Volume

The present work aims at studying the image stress and image Peach-Koehler force fields for three-dimensional dislocation configurations in a single crystal of finite volume. It is shown that the image stress field is significant within the entire crystal volume, and that the image Peach-Koehler force can be of the same order of magnitude as the direct interaction force calculated from the infinite domain solution. The results demonstrate that image stress gives rise to long-range interaction forces that are important in meso-scale dynamics of dislocation structures.
Marginal Structural Models: An Application to Incarceration and Marriage During Young Adulthood

Advanced methods for panel data analysis are commonly used in research on family life and relationships, but the fundamental issue of simultaneous time-dependent confounding and mediation has received little attention. In this article the authors introduce inverse-probability-weighted estimation of marginal structural models, an approach to causal analysis that (unlike conventional regression modeling) appropriately adjusts for confounding variables on the causal pathway linking the treatment with the outcome. They discuss the need for marginal structural models in social science research and describe their estimation in detail. Substantively, the authors contribute to the ongoing debate on the effects of incarceration on marriage by applying a marginal structural model approach to panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (N = 4,781). In line with the increasing evidence on the collateral consequences of contact with the criminal justice system, the authors find that incarceration is associated with reduced chances of entering marriage.
Capacity for the advancement of nursing science: issues and challenges.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether nursing is meeting its espoused goals of scientific development of the discipline and preparation for academic careers. With a comparative cross-sectional design, data on research funding, faculty number and characteristics, and the published literature across nursing, public health, and medicine were analyzed. Significant differences were found among the groups in terms of the number of National Institutes of Health research grants and the amount of funding awarded, as well as the number of faculty. The number of faculty significantly predicted the number of National Institutes of Health awards for all disciplines ( R 2 = .666, P R 2 = .531, P
Design and test of submillimeter array (SMA) chopping subreflector

The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) is constructing an array of antennas that is expected to be placed on Mauna Kea and operated at submillimeter wavelengths. To facilitate calibration work in single dish mode, each antenna is equipped with a subreflector that chops about its center of mass. In addition to chopping, the subreflector's position is controlled by three actuators permitting the mirror position to be corrected for the effects of temperature and pointing elevation. This paper discuses the specifications, design, fabrication, and performance testing of the chopping subreflector system.
To fuse or not to fuse: fuser versus best classifier

A sample from a class defined on a finite-dimensional Euclidean space and distributed according to an unknown distribution is given. We are given a set of classifiers each of which chooses a hypothesis with least misclassification error from a family of hypotheses. We address the question of choosing the classifier with the best performance guarantee versus combining the classifiers using a fuser. We first describe a fusion method based on isolation property such that the performance guarantee of the fused system is at least as good as the best of the classifiers. For a more restricted case of deterministic classes, we present a method based on error set estimation such that the performance guarantee of fusing all classifiers is at least as good as that of fusing any subset of classifiers.
Segregated fermentation model for growth and differentiation of Bacillus licheniformis

This article evaluates the effectiveness of a segregated model for prediction of growth and differentiation of Bacillus licheniformis in a submerged-culture fermentation system. The segregated model accounts for each of the three morphological forms of the Bacillus life cycle. The sporangium biomass was characterized using an age-population model to reflect the age-dependent progress toward spore formation. Constitutive relationships governing the rates of vegetative cell reproduction, spore germination, commitment to sporulation, and substrate consumption are proposed. Based on this model framework, the dynamic cell growth and differentiation equations were developed. Batch, steady-state and step-test fermentation data from a laboratory-scale fermentor were incorporated into a maximum likelihood parameter estimation scheme for model identification. Confident estimates of growth and differentiation parameters were obtained for the segregated model using biomass measurements. In addition, the model describes successfully growth and differentiation in batch and steady-state operating modes.
A comparison of spousal aggression prevalence rates in U.S. Army and civilian representative samples.

This study compared prevalence rates from reasonably representative U.S. Army (N = 33,762) and civilian (N = 3,044) samples. Age and race were controlled by weighting each sample to 1990 U.S. Census characteristics for married, full-time employed persons. Men's reports of moderate husband-to-wife spousal aggression were not significantly higher, but reports of severe aggression were significantly higher in the standardized Army sample than in the comparable civilian sample (adjusted rates of 2.5% vs. 0.7%, respectively). Thus, controlling for age and race results in reasonably similar prevalence rates. Future studies that more carefully control for any background differences in military and civilian respondents could discern whether military service adds any increased risk for partner violence.
Large values of eigenfunctions on arithmetic hyperbolic surfaces

We prove a new omega result for extreme values of high-energy Hecke-Maass eigenforms on arithmetic hyperbolic surfaces. In particular we show that they exhibit much stronger fluctuations in the L∞-aspect than what the random wave conjecture would have predicted. We adapt the method of resonators and connect values of eigenfunctions to global geometry of these surfaces by employing the pre-trace formula and twists by Hecke correspondences.
The mechanisms of reovirus uncoating and gene activation in vivo

Abstract Reovirus is concentrated in lysosomes soon after penetrating L cells. Hydrolases contained within the lysosomal compartment digest the outer layer of viral capsomeres but do not degrade the viral core proteins which form the subviral particle (SVP). Parental SVPs have been recovered from reovirus-infected cells. These SVPs are similar, but not identical, in morphology and protein composition to SVPs produced in vitro by chymotrypsin digestion of intact virus. Moreover, they catalyze the synthesis of ssRNA molecules which hybridize specifically with all ten segments of the double-stranded viral genome.
Crop-Hail Intensities in Central and Northwest United States

Abstract Information on hail intensity is not readily available on a national or local scale. As a result, a study was made to obtain general estimates of the mean areal patterns of hail intensity in the central and northwestern continental United States. Although the results of the study are based on indirect measures of hail intensity developed from crop-insurance data, the results provide useful estimates of a phenomenon heretofore unmeasured. Intensity measures derived from crop-insurance data available for 19 states revealed that summer hailfalls at points in the lee of the Rocky Mountains were 5 to 15 times more intense than those in the Middle West. A good correlation was found for the mean intensity indices of states and the mean hailday frequencies, suggesting that the widely available climatological data on hail frequency could provide useful estimates of hail intensity in other states.
Electrosensory maps form a substrate for the distributed and parallel control of behavioral responses in weakly electric fish.

Electroreceptors, distributed over the body surface of weakly electric fish, code the local amplitude and phase, or timing of zerocrossing, of the animal's electric signals. These signals are generate
Developmental Changes in the Time-Dependent Nature of Memory Retrieval

Six-month-old infants trained in an operant conditioning procedure were allowed to forget the contingency and were presented with a reminder in a memory-reactivation paradigm. The time course of memory retrieval after the reminder, the relation between the forgetting functions of the newly acquired and the reactivated memory, and the potential contribution of the context to retention after long delays were investigated.
A general compartment-based population balance model for particle coating and layered granulation

Jianfeng LiSchool of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907Ben FreireichSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907Carl WassgrenSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907Dept. of Industrial Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907James D. LitsterSchool of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907Dept. of Industrial Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907DOI 10.1002/aic.12678Published online June 14, 2011 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com).In this work, a general multidimensional population balance (PB) model is developed topredict the coating volume distribution on polydisperse particles as a function of time duringparticle coating in a paddle mixer. The model adopts a compartmental approach to accountforcoatingvariationcausedbyparticleﬂowheterogeneity.Simulationsshowthatforarealis-tic range of seed particle size polydispersity and coating mass applied, the coating volumedistribution depends on the growth rate exponent and seed particle size distribute on, with thecoating volume coefﬁcient of variance (CoV) approaching an asymptotic value as the coat-ing-to-particle volume ratio increases. These effects cannot be predicted by simpler one-dimensional models. However, the full two-dimensional PB and simpler one-dimensionalmodels such as Mann’s equation do predict similar sensitivity of coating volume CoV to thevariation in the compartment model parameters, i.e., to changes in the particle mixing beha-viorinthe vessel.
METHODS AND RESUSCITATION ENVIRONMENTS FOR THE RECOVERY OF HEAT‐INJURED LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES: A REVIEW

Bacterial cells may be damaged or injured when agents or processes that are meant to destroy them are inadequate. In optimum conditions, sublethal injury is reversible, and restoration of pathogenic potential can be total. Injured cells of Listeria monocytogenes are likely to escape detection, because current techniques are not appropriate for their recovery. This review addresses the role of L. monocytogenes in food poisoning issues, related cell injury and repair and methods for the recovery of heat-injured cells, especially using aerobic micro-aerophilic and anaerobic systems.
Confocal Microscopy–Guided Laser Ablation for Superficial and Early Nodular Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Promising Surgical Alternative for Superficial Skin Cancers

Importance Laser ablation is a rapid and minimally invasive approach for the treatment of superficial skin cancers, but efficacy and reliability vary owing to lack of histologic margin control. High-resolution reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) may offer a means for examining margins directly on the patient. Observations We report successful elimination of superficial and early nodular basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in 2 cases using RCM imaging to guide Er:YAG laser ablation. Three-dimensional (3D) mapping is feasible with RCM to delineate the lateral border and thickness of the tumor. Thus, the surgeon may deliver laser fluence and passes with localized control—ie, by varying the ablation parameters in sublesional areas with specificity that is governed by the 3D topography of the BCC. We further demonstrate intraoperative detection of residual BCC after initial laser ablation and complete removal of remaining tumor by additional passes. Both RCM imaging and histologic sections confirm the final clearance of BCC. Conclusions and Relevance Confocal microscopy may enhance the efficacy and reliability of laser tumor ablation. This report represents a new translational application for RCM imaging, which, when combined with an ablative laser, may one day provide an efficient and cost-effective treatment for BCC.
The K−n → K−π−p reaction at 2.24 GeV/c

Abstract The reaction K − d → K − π − pp has been studied at 2.24 GeV/ c . The observed features of the reaction are consistent with an impulse approximation model and represent the reaction K − n → K − π − p. Both the ( π − p) and (K − p) systems show resonance production. Decay distributions for the Y o ∗ (1520) are presented. Cross sections are also given.
WHOLE ATMOSPHERE MODELING: CONNECTING TERRESTRIAL AND SPACE WEATHER

[1] At the turn of the century R. G. Roble advanced an ambitious program of developing an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) extending from the surface to the exosphere. He outlined several areas of research and application to potentially benefit from what is now commonly called whole atmosphere modeling. The purpose of this article is to introduce this new field to a broader geophysical community and document its progress over the last decade. Vertically extended models are commonly built from existing weather and climate GCM codes incorporating a number of approximations, which may no longer be valid. Promising directions of further model development, potential applications, and challenges are outlined. One application is space weather or day-to-day and seasonal variability in the ionosphere and thermosphere driven by meteorological processes from below. Various modes of connection between the lower and upper atmosphere had been known before, but new and sometimes unexpected observational evidence has emerged over the last decade. Persistent “nonmigrating” wavy structures in plasma and neutral densities and a dramatic response of the equatorial ionosphere to sudden warmings in the polar winter stratosphere are just two examples. Because large-scale meteorological processes are predictable several days in advance, whole atmosphere weather prediction models open an opportunity for developing a real forecast capability for space weather.
Revisiting the Question, “Is the Acetazolamide Test Valid for Quantitative Assessment of Maximal Cerebral Autoregulatory Vasodilation?”

To the Editor: The letter of Derdeyn1 in response to the article by Demolis et al2 discusses the evidence against the use of acetazolamide for maximal cerebrovascular dilation. This is important because (1) compared with CO2, acetazolamide is safer and more easily administered in assessing cerebrovascular reserve (CVR), and (2) CVR assessed by quantitative cerebral blood flow (CBF) with acetazolamide is predictive of increased stroke risk. If CVR proves to be equivalent to oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) in detecting Powers’3 stage II compromised CVR, it would be more readily available, more easily done, and done at lower cost than PET OEF. Demolis et al2 studied “CBF” changes in rats subjected to changes in arterial blood pressure with and without acetazolamide treatment and by 7% CO2 challenge. CO2 caused further dilation above that induced by 42 mg/kg acetazolamide. That CO2 causes further cerebrovascular dilation beyond that caused by acetazolamide is not surprising. Acetazolamide decreases tissue and extracellular fluid buffering capacity, thus enhancing the effectiveness of CO2 in lowering extracellular fluid pH, which does not invalidate the use of acetazolamide in detecting stage II compromised CVR. There is more to cerebrovascular autoregulatory dilation than brain pH. …
Acetabular Fractures in the Elderly

As the population ages, the incidence of osteoporotic fractures, including those of the pelvis and acetabulum, continues to rise. Treatment of the elder patients with an acetabular fracture is much more controversial than the treatment of younger patients with similar injuries, where prevention of posttraumatic arthritis and total hip replacement remains optimal to limit need for revision arthroplasty. Arthroplasty for fractures of the proximal femur is commonplace in an older population and is a mainstay of treatment to promote early mobilization and weight-bearing. However, even with acute total hip arthroplasty for a geriatric acetabular fracture, most surgeons do not permit immediate weight-bearing postoperatively. Therefore, controversy regarding optimal treatment of these challenging fractures persists. Four treatment options have emerged: nonoperative treatment with early mobilization, open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), limited open reduction and percutaneous screw fixation, and acute total hip arthroplasty. The exact indications and benefits of each treatment remain unknown. This article serves as a review of these four treatments and the data existing to support them.
The remote sensing of oceanic primary productivity - A review

The ocean is a major sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. This paper assesses the correctness of the present estimates of the marine primary productivity, obtained by remote sensing techniques, by modeling the physiological mechanisms of carbon assimilation by phytoplankton. The model uses, as the input, measurements of the ocean-surface pigments and data on the incident solar irradiance, and incorporates a description of the photosynthetically available and usable irradiance in the ocean, to describe the light field required for photosynthesis. A comparison of measured and estimated values of the water-column integrated primary marine productivity over large ocean regions yielded favorable results. These estimates do not appear to depend on regional or seasonal factors.
Being Unsettled as a Space of Possibility Diverse Perspectives on the Unconference

“Unsettling Feminism(s): Disrupting the Center, Dismantling Oppressions, Transforming Social Work” took place on May 22–24, 2011 in the campus of the University of Illinois at Chicago. Three participants in the “unconference” reflect on how the conference realized its intent of “unsettling” current thinking and expanding the possibility for transformative and emancipator action. While the unconference provided space for a generative dialogue among a rich diversity of participants, multiple spaces are required for interrogating, integrating, and building multiracial feminism/feminisms and knowledge for the transformative social work we envision as possible.
Clinical implications of pressure deformation analysis of curved elastic tubes.

The clinical implications of the pressure-deformation characteristics of a curved tapered elastic tube segment simulating the aortic arch without branches, subjected to an internal pressure, are presented. A finite-element technique was employed to analyse the asymmetrical deformation of the tube. Large deformation characteristics and the non-linear stress-dependent elastic stiffness property of the vessel wall were incorporated by a step-wise incremental analysis method, with a linear small deformation finite-element formulation being employed for the analysis at each time step increment.
Mode-Resolved Absorption and Dispersion Measurements in High-Finesse Cavities

We discuss a precise method for measuring mode widths and positions in an optical resonator. This technique quantifies absorption and dispersion of light caused by an absorbing gas or by losses in the resonator optics.
Elm Street School:A Case Study of Professional Development Expenditures

This article addresses the question of how much is spent on teachers' professional development. A review of the literature finds two problems that have frequently led to inaccurate estimates of professional development spending: 1) the accounting codes that are used in many studies provide little description of spending, and 2) studies generally focus on district or state expenditures for professional development, but do not collect data on school-level spending. These problems are compounded by the fact that studies define professional development spending differently, and thus it is difficult to compare findings across studies. In an effort to begin to address this problem, this study utilizes a detailed cost structure to analyze both district and school site expenditures on professional development across cost categories. The study found that school-level expenditures were a significant source of professional development for teachers. This has implications for the methodologies used to estimate current professional development expenditures and what level of expenditures would be necessary to generate dramatic improvements in student achievement.
Transcriptional control mechanisms in the regulation of cholesterol balance

The mechanisms that govern regulation of cholesterol metabolism in higher eukaryotic cells provide an example of how metabolic regulation has evolved to establish growth and nutritional control in a multicellular environment. Two sources of cholesterol must be balanced to ensure optimum growth and viability. Much of the control is established by regulating the levels of key proteins involved in cholesterol uptake and biosynthesis and this occurs by alterations in promoter activity. The studies discussed here track the progression in understanding the mechanism for transcriptional regulation by cholesterol from the isolation of the key genes involved, to the careful dissection of the cis-acting sequences that control expression, and on to what is currently known about the trans-acting proteins that mediate the regulatory response.
Purification of metallurgical-grade silicon by the thermomigration of impurity clusters

Abstract A thermomigration technique was applied to purify metallurgical-grade silicon wafers which contain a high concentration ( e.g. more than 100 ppm) of metallic impurities. Wafers cut from the tang end of once-pulled ingots exhibiting a lamellar structure belong to this category. The method requires a high temperature gradient across the wafers with the temperature on the cooler side in excess of 1000 °C. At this temperature the clusters of impurities alloy with the silicon to form droplets. The droplets then migrate toward the hotter side of the wafers. Subsequent etching removes the alloyed impurities from the wafers. The effectiveness of this purification technique was directly analyzed by comparing emission spectroscopy data before and after thermomigration. An impurity reduction of at least one order of magnitude was achieved for such impurities as aluminum, iron, manganese, titanium and vanadium.
The effect of scoring and feedback mechanisms in an online educational game

A research and development (R&D) team designed and developed the BiblioBouts online information literacy game to give undergraduate students opportunities to learn and practice information literacy skills using online library research tools and scholarly databases while they work on a research-and-writing assignment. To evaluate the alpha version of BiblioBouts, the R&D team analyzed game-play logs from two undergraduate classes and invited students who played the game in class to participate in focus group interviews. The resulting insights into the impact of scoring and game feedback on student game play were used to help instructors plan for game play in their classes and to help the R&D team improve BiblioBouts. These results also spawned game premises to guide the R&D team and other designers of educational games build better games.
Both PDI and PDIp can attack the native disulfide bonds in thermally-unfolded RNase and form stable disulfide-linked complexes.

Abstract Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and its pancreatic homolog (PDIp) are folding catalysts for the formation, reduction, and/or isomerization of disulfide bonds in substrate proteins. However, the question as to whether PDI and PDIp can directly attack the native disulfide bonds in substrate proteins is still not answered, which is the subject of the present study. We found that RNase can be thermally unfolded at 65 °C under non-reductive conditions while its native disulfide bonds remain intact, and the unfolded RNase can refold and reactivate during cooling. Co-incubation of RNase with PDI or PDIp during thermal unfolding can inactivate RNase in a PDI/PDIp concentration-dependent manner. The alkylated PDI and PDIp, which are devoid of enzymatic activities, cannot inactivate RNase, suggesting that the inactivation of RNase results from the disruption of its native disulfide bonds catalyzed by the enzymatic activities of PDI/PDIp. In support of this suggestion, we show that both PDI and PDIp form stable disulfide-linked complexes only with thermally-unfolded RNase, and RNase in the complexes can be released and reactivated dependently of the redox conditions used. The N-terminal active site of PDIp is essential for the inactivation of RNase. These data indicate that PDI and PDIp can perform thiol-disulfide exchange reactions with native disulfide bonds in unfolded RNase via formation of stable disulfide-linked complexes, and from these complexes RNase is further released.
Simulation of Homogeneous Condensation of Ethanol in High Pressure Supersonic Nozzle Flows using BGK Condensation Model

In the present work, we have simulated the homogeneous condensation flow of ethanol using the Bhatnagar‐Gross‐Krook (BGK) based condensation model for the experimental conditions of Wegener et al. [1]. In an earlier work carried out by Gallagher‐Rogers et al. [2], it was found not possible to simulate the experimental conditions using the direct simulation Monte‐Carlo (DSMC) based condensation model. In this work we use a statistical‐BGK approach to model condensation and compare our simulated predictions of the point of condensation onset and the distribution of mass fraction along the nozzle centerline with experiments. The experiments provide data for different cases corresponding to varying amounts of ethanol concentration, compared to air, for total mixture pressures which remains mostly constant for all cases. Our numerical results show good agreement with the experiments, thus validating our BGK based condensation model for high pressure flow applications.
Impact of spatial resolution on thermal blooming phase compensation instability

Phase compensation instability (PCI) is the time-dependent development of spatial perturbations that occur within thermally bloomed high-energy laser (HEL) beams. These types of spatial perturbations act as local hot spots that create small negative lenses within the HEL beam. Closed-loop adaptive optics (AO) corrects for these spatial perturbations by applying small positive-lens phase compensations, which only increases the strength of the local hot spots and leads to runaway in the adaptive-optics servo. This study uses a straightforward wave-optics code to model horizontal propagation with the effects of thermal blooming for a focused Gaussian beam. The strength of the thermal blooming effects is characterized using the classic dimensionless distortion number. A nominal AO system is used to mitigate phase distortions accumulated from thermal blooming. Parameters within the AO system, such as the number of actuators on the deformable mirror and the resolution of the wavefront sensor, are varied to determine the impact of spatial resolution in the development of the PCI.
AN EXOTHERMIC CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK REACTOR IS FEEDBACK EQUIVALENT TO A LINEAR SYSTEM

This brief paper demonstrates the concept of linear feedback equivalence for an exothermic eontinu-ous stirred tank reactor with first order kinetics. Feedback control is achieved by finding a transformation for the nonlinear system which carries this system into a linear controllable system in Brunovsky canonical form. A linear state feedback controller is then designed which achieves control over a broad range of operating conditions. This example demonstrates how recent developments in nonlinear control theory can be applied to chemical systems without relying on the usual methods of local linearization.
The internet 2006

Each year Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology (DMCN) invites the President Elect of the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine (AAPCDM) to compose a guest editorial. As we mark the 60th anniversary of the Academy, I welcome the opportunity to make a few observations on the emergence of the internet as a medium that, within the space of two decades, has had an increasing influence upon both medical research and its dissemination throughout the world. Although the Academy's founding fathers certainly recognized that communication was the key to future progress, it is unlikely that they could have imagined what was ahead in terms of instantaneous information exchange or how that capability would promote collaboration at great distances, speed up the decoding of the human genome, and empower patients with information that previously had largely been the province of academia. This September, portions of our annual meeting will be webcast from Boston to 10 locations in four different countries around the world. Individuals who cannot attend the meeting in person will have an opportunity to view the lectures, and then, in special sessions, to engage in real-time exchanges with many of the presenters. In addition, the AACPDM now presents a monthly 1-hour webcast for entitled members concentrating on timely subjects by world-renowned authorities.
B-1b Cells Secrete Atheroprotective IgM and Attenuate Atherosclerosis

Rationale: B cells contribute to atherosclerosis through subset specific mechanisms. Whereas some controversy exists about the role of B-2 cells, B-1a cells are atheroprotective due to secretion of atheroprotective IgM antibodies independent of antigen. B-1b cells, a unique subset of B-1 cells that respond specifically to T cell-independent antigens, have not been studied within the context of atherosclerosis. Objective: To determine whether B-1b cells produce atheroprotective IgM antibodies and function to protect against diet induced atherosclerosis. Methods and Results: We demonstrate that B-1b cells are sufficient to produce IgM antibodies against oxidation specific epitopes (OSE) on LDL both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, we demonstrate that B-1b cells provide atheroprotection after adoptive transfer into B and T cell deficient ( Rag1 -/- Apoe -/- ) hosts. We implicate Id3 in the regulation of B-1b cells as B cell-specific Id3 knockout mice (Id3 BKO Apoe -/- ) have increased numbers of B-1b cells systemically, increased titers of OSE-reactive IgM antibodies, and significantly reduced diet-induced atherosclerosis compared to Id3 WT Apoe -/- controls. Finally, we report that the presence of a homozygous SNP in ID3 in humans that attenuates Id3 function is associated with an increased percentage of circulating B-1 cells and anti-MDA-LDL IgM suggesting clinical relevance. Conclusions: These results provide novel evidence that B-1b cells produce atheroprotective OSE-reactive IgM antibodies and protect against atherosclerosis in mice, and suggest that similar mechanisms may occur in humans.