cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of principal component analysis to a full profile correlative analysis of FTIR spectra

We have demonstrated an informatics methodology for finding correlations between the full profile Fourier transform infrared spectra of polycrystalline 3C-silicon carbide (poly-SiC) films and their growth conditions, thereby developing high-throughput structure-process relationships. Because SiC films are a structural element in photonic sensors, this paper focuses on the interpretation of their optical response, the multivariate tracking of critical processing pathways, and the identification of controlling processing mechanisms. Using principal component analysis, we have developed a data analysis tool to aid in the assessment of the relative contributions of experimental parameters in low-pressure chemical vapor deposition processes to optical responses on the basis of the size of eigenvalues of the spectral data set. The applied methodology for identifying spectral relationships of stoichiometry, dopant chemistry, and microstructure of poly-SiC provides more effective guidelines to manipulate optical responses by controlling multiple experimental parameters. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
World Christian Historiography, Theological ‘Enthusiasms’, and the Writing of R. E. Frykenberg’s Christianity in India

Since the nineteenth century, India’s Christian history has been the subject of several ambitious master narratives, with coverage from deep antiquity into each author’s respective ‘present’. The most recent attempt, published in 2008 by Oxford University Press, is Christianity in India, by historian R. E. Frykenberg. Against all naysayers, Frykenberg puts forward a case that Christianity is Indian and must be studied as an Indian religion. Like his predecessors, Frykenberg identifies himself as a Christian, affirms that Christianity is good for India, and invokes concepts and language of a distinctively theological kind, sometimes enthusiastically. As a work that brings theology into conversation with historiography, Christianity in India has already been characterized as a work of sectarian scholarship. Disagreeing, I tease out several of the thornier issues. One is the way that Frykenberg conceptualizes ‘indigenous’ as opposed to ‘exogenous’ agency. Despite influence on him from theologically grounded historiographies popularized by the newish field of World Christianity, Frykenberg’s findings are unimpeachably empirical. Another is the way that ‘primal’ religions are conceptualized; in the book, these loom large, as whole tribal (adivasi) populations in India’s Northeast Highlands have become Christian. Here, too, Frykenberg draws inspiration from World Christianity and its leading theorists Lamin Sanneh and Andrew Walls, whose claims about a special ‘affinity’ between primal religions and Christianity have been criticized as ‘crypto-theology’. Thanks to Frykenberg, a constructive debate might ensue, were the issues properly recognized. These I attempt to clarify.
Attending to Social Network Usage in Teen and Family Treatment: A Structural-Developmental Approach

With the growing popularity of social networking sites (SNSs) across ages, family issues surrounding SNSs are on the rise. Structural family therapy offers a useful framework for systemic diagnosis and intervention when approaching family issues related to SNSs. The literature on SNSs among adolescent, emerging adult, and adult populations is presented. Research and speculation on how SNSs affect families, as well as how SNSs are discussed and used by families, are also included. Finally, interventions for social networking concerns consistent with a structural and developmental approach are presented, along with a real case example.
Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase activation is required for the anti-hypertrophic effect of atrial natriuretic factor in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes.

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) inhibits proliferation in non-myocardial cells and is thought to be anti-hypertrophic in cardiomyocytes. We investigated the possibility that the anti-hypertrophic actions of ANF involved the mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction cascade. Cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes treated for 48 h with the α1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine (PE) had an 80% increase in cross-sectional area (CSA). ANF alone had no effect but inhibited PE-induced increases in CSA by approximately 50%. The mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD098059 minimally inhibited PE-induced increases in CSA, but it completely abolished ANF-induced inhibition of PE-induced increases. ANF-induced extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) nuclear translocation was also eliminated by PD098059. ANF treatment caused MEK phosphorylation and activation but failed to activate any of the Raf isoforms. ANF induced a rapid increase in ERK phosphorylation and in vitro kinase activity. PE also increased ERK activity, and the combined effect of ANF and PE appeared to be additive. ANF-induced ERK phosphorylation was eliminated by PD098059. ANF induced minimal phosphorylation of JNK or p38, indicating that its effect on ERK was specific. ANF-induced activation of ERK was mimicked by cGMP analogs, suggesting that ANF-induced ERK activation involves the guanylyl cyclase activity of the ANF receptor. These data suggest that there is an important linkage between cGMP signaling and the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and that selective ANF activation of ERK is required for the anti-hypertrophic action of ANF. Thus, ANF expression might function as the natural defense of the heart against maladaptive hypertrophy through its ability to activate ERK.
Two kinds of knowledge in scientific discovery.

Research on computational models of scientific discovery investigates both the induction of descriptive laws and the construction of explanatory models. Although the work in law discovery centers on knowledge-lean approaches to searching a problem space, research on deeper modeling tasks emphasizes the pivotal role of domain knowledge. As an example, our own research on inductive process modeling uses information about candidate processes to explain why variables change over time. However, our experience with IPM, an artificial intelligence system that implements this approach, suggests that process knowledge is insufficient to avoid consideration of implausible models. To this end, the discovery system needs additional knowledge that constrains the model structures. We report on an extended system, SC-IPM, that uses such information to reduce its search through the space of candidates and to produce models that human scientists find more plausible. We also argue that although people carry out less extensive search than SC-IPM, they rely on the same forms of knowledge—processes and constraints—when constructing explanatory models.
Income, Family Characteristics, and Physical Violence toward Children.

Abstract Objective: This paper discusses the ways in which existing microeconomic theories of partner abuse, intra-family bargaining, and distribution of resources within families may contribute to our current understanding of physical child abuse. The empirical implications of this discussion are then tested on data from the 1985 National Family Violence Survey (NFVS) in order to estimate the effects of income, family characteristics, and state characteristics on physical violence toward children. Methodology: The sample consists of 2,760 families with children from the NFVS. Probit and ordered probit models are used to explore relationships between income, family characteristics, state characteristics, and physical violence toward children among single-parent and two-parent families. Results: In both single-parent and two-parent families, depression, maternal alcohol consumption, and history of family violence affect children's probabilities of being abused. Additionally, income is significantly related to violence toward children in single-parent families. Conclusions: These results reinforce earlier findings that demographic characteristics, maternal depression, maternal alcohol use, and intra-family patterns of violence may largely contribute to child abuse. This research also suggests that income may play a substantially more important role in regard to parental violence in single-parent families than in two-parent families.
The effects of message theme, policy explicitness, and candidate gender

Female candidates are sometimes perceived as less competent than their male counterparts, especially in races for higher political offices, and research has indicated that female candidates can face tougher standards in establishing credibility. This study explores the effects of message theme and explicitness on the perceived competence ratings of female and male Congressional candidates. An experiment with 209 college students at the University of Florida was conducted in 1997 to investigate the relationship between candidate gender, message characteristics, and perceived competence of two hypothetical candidates, one female and one male. It was hypothesized that an explicit message on a stereotypically male policy area, crime, would be advantageous to female candidates. Message theme was found to be important for both the female and male candidates, but message explicitness was found to be important for the female candidate only.
Physical property improvements of a pellicular biocatalyst

The thermal stability of an immobilization technique using a pellicular latex matrix was examined in a packed-bed column reactor. The stability was found to vary with liquid flow rate, the type of latex, temperature of operation, and the amount of yeast cells. Adjusting these parameters and introducing particulate inorganic fillers strengthened the latex matrix and improved the thermal stability. Optimization of this immobilization technique resulted in a procedure that allowed latex polymers to be mechanically stable at temperatures up to 50°C. The biological viability of this improved immobilization scheme was demonstrated through the production of L-aspartic acid by immobilized cells of E. coli.
Hemispheric Differences in Ischemic Stroke: Is Left-Hemisphere Stroke More Common?

Background and Purpose Understanding the mechanisms underlying stroke can aid the development of therapies and improve the final outcome. The purposes of this study were to establish whether there are characteristic mechanistic differences in the frequency, severity, functional outcome, and mortality between left- and right-hemisphere ischemic stroke and, given the velocity differences in the carotid circulation and direct branching of the left common carotid artery from the aorta, whether large-vessel ischemia (including cardioembolism) is more common in the territory of the left middle cerebral artery.
Every Finite Topology is Generated by a Partial Pseudometric

Given any preorder \(\preceq\) on a finite set \(X\), we present an algorithm to construct a partial pseudometric \(p\) on \(X\) which generates \(\preceq\) in the sense that \(a \preceq b\) if and only if \(p(a,b) \leq p(a,a)\). The specialization topology generated by \(\preceq\) agrees with the topology generated by the partial pseudometric \(p\)-balls, and consequently any topology on \(X\) is generated by a partial pseudometric.
Automated Urinalysis and Urine Dipstick in the Emergency Evaluation of Young Febrile Children

OBJECTIVE: The performance of automated flow cytometric urinalysis is not well described in pediatric urinary tract infection. We sought to determine the diagnostic performance of automated cell counts and emergency department point-of-care (POC) dipstick urinalyses in the evaluation of young febrile children. METHODS: We prospectively identified a convenience sample of febrile pediatric emergency department patients <48 months of age who underwent urethral catheterization to obtain POC and automated urinalyses and urine culture. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed and diagnostic indices were calculated for POC dipstick and automated cell counts at different cutpoints. RESULTS: Of 342 eligible children, 42 (12%) had urinary bacterial growth ≥50 000/mL. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were: automated white blood cell count, 0.97; automated bacterial count, 0.998; POC leukocyte esterase, 0.94; and POC nitrite, 0.76. Sensitivities and specificities were 86% and 98% for automated leukocyte counts ≥100/μL and 98% and 98% for bacterial counts ≥250/μL. POC urine dipstick with ≥1+ leukocyte esterase or positive nitrite had a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 98%. Combinations of white blood cell and bacterial counts did not outperform bacterial counts alone. CONCLUSIONS: Automated leukocyte and bacterial counts performed well in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in these febrile pediatric patients, but POC dipstick may be an acceptable alternative in clinical settings that require rapid decision-making.
Oocyte biology and challenges in developing in vitro maturation systems in the domestic dog

The oocyte of the domestic dog is unique from that of other mammalian species studied to date. Ovulation occurs either once or twice per year, with the oocyte released at the germinal vesicle stage, and then completing nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation within the oviduct under the influence of rising circulating progesterone. In vivo meiotic maturation of the bitch oocyte is completed within 48-72 h after ovulation, which is longer than 12-36 h required for oocytes from most other mammalian species. Due to these inherently novel traits, in vitro culture systems developed for maturing oocytes of other species have been found inadequate for maturation of dog oocytes. On average, only 15-20% of ovarian oocytes achieve the metaphase II stage after 48-72 h of in vitro culture. Thus far, no offspring have been produced in the dog (or other canids) by transferring embryos derived from in vitro matured oocytes. This review addresses current knowledge about dog reproductive physiology, specifically those factors influencing in vitro developmental competence of the oocyte. This summary lays a foundation for identifying the next steps to understanding the mechanisms regulating meiotic maturation and developmental competence of the dog oocyte.
Comparison of cleaning fabrics for bacterial removal from food-contact surfaces

Abstract Food-contact surfaces are highly contaminated with microorganism and great sources for transmission of foodborne pathogens. It is important to eliminate bacteria using appropriate sanitizing approaches to minimize cross-contamination during food preparation and/or consumption and reduce the risk of foodborne diseases. The objective of this study was to compare the removal efficiency of bacteria on food-contact surfaces by different cleaning cloths. Commercially available blended cellulose/cotton cloth, microfiber, scouring cloth, nonwoven fabric and terry towel were used. Stainless steel and Formica laminate surfaces were inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat turkey slurry and the surface was wiped with different cloths. The remaining bacteria on the food-contact surfaces and bacteria immersed in each cloth were enumerated. Overall significant reductions were observed on stainless steel and Formica laminate surfaces by 0.92–2.62 and 2.21–3.44 log CFU/cm 2 reduction, respectively ( P 2 reduction. Bacteria captured by each cloth did not show significant differences with the range of 5.40–5.69 log CFU/cm 2 (stainless steel) and 2.78–3.62 log CFU/cm 2 (Formica). ATP bioluminescence assay result was significantly reduced by cleaning cloths ( P
The Advantages of Being Dyslexic

I am deeply honored to receive the award from The Orton Society, especially since it is in the name of Dr. Samuel Orton. He was a great man, and his work is still too little appreciated. In reviewing his writings I am constantly impressed with the meticulous care with which he studied each child, and by his creative imagination which permitted new insights into the causative mechanisms of language disabilities. Last year at the annual banquet of this Society I talked briefly about his theories in the light of current knowledge of how the brain works. At the risk of being repetitious I should like to recapitulate the general theme of his theory of cerebral dominance. You will recall that Dr. Orton studied a group of patients in whom letter and word reversals were an extremely prominent phenomenon. He coined a new term for these patients, and stated his theory about them as follows: I have offered the term strephosymbolia to define the cases of retardation of reading skills in which there can be demonstrated a confusion between dextrad and sinistrad orientation of letters; a tendency toward sinistrad reading of all or parts of words; and an unusual skill in mirror writing.I Somewhat similar cases had previously been described by Hinshelwood and others under the name of "word blindness." Dr. Hinshelwood had considered that this condition could be diagnosed only when there existed a very serious disorder of reading. Dr. Orton took exception to this approach, pointing out that there was a continuum of difficulty from the most severe to the least severe, and that, in fact, there was a tendency toward strephosymbolia in almost all children at some phase in the development of writing skills. Although Dr. Orton was careful to point out that there were many different forms of reading disability, it is clear that he considered "strephosymbolia" to be a major component in the overall problem. His explanation for this tendency toward distorted or backward writing was an ingenious one. He noted that all language functions are ordinarily
ELIMINATION OF TRANSAMINATION SIDE PRODUCT BY THE USE OF DCAC METHYLPHOSPHONAMIDITE IN THE SYNTHESIS OF OLIGONUCLEOSIDE METHYLPHOSPHONATES

Abstract The transamination side product formed by the use of dC bz or dC ibu methylphosphonamidite upon treatment with ethylenediamine has been eliminated by the use of dC Ac methylphosphonamidite. The synthesis and characterization of DMT dC Ac methylphosphonamidite is described.
A Comparison of Equations and Methods for Determining Percentage Body Fat

An experiment was conducted to assess the differences between various equations and devices for estimating body fat percentage. Valid estimation of body fat is an important variable in determining ...
STUDIES ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF BLAC BEAN STARCH

The physicochemical properties of black bean starch were studied. Isolated bean starch had a high amylose content (38%), a high gelatinization temperature range (63.8-76°C) and relatively low swelling (11 units at 95° C) and solubility (18% at 95° C) patterns. These data suggested that inherent structural characteristics of the starch contributed to limited in situ starch gelatinization and swelling during the cooking of black beans.
Insulin and Leptin Combine Additively to Reduce Food Intake and Body Weight in Rats

Leptin and insulin are distinct adiposity signals that regulate food intake and body weight. Because recent evidence suggests that the central catabolic action of each is mediated by the hypothalamic melanocortin system, we tested the hypothesis that leptin and insulin interact within the brain, either additively or synergistically, to suppress food intake and reduce body weight. Using a within-subjects design, we co-administered leptin and insulin into the 3rd cerebral ventricle (i.c.v.) over a wide range of doses, and compared the combined effects to what occurred following the administration of each peptide alone. The data suggest that leptin and insulin interact sub-additively to regulate food intake and body weight over the first few hours. That is, the ability of combinations of leptin and insulin to reduce food intake and body weight was less than what would be predicted by the sum of their independent actions. Over 24 hours, however, the combined doses fit a strictly additive model. These data therefore imply a redundancy in the functional intracellular pathways or neuronal circuits that leptin and insulin utilize in the acute regulation of food intake and body weight, and they further imply that over time, the redundancy dissipates.
Low-Pressure Measurements of Self and Air Broadening Coefficients in the ν2 and ν5 Bands of 12CH3F

Abstract Self and air broadening coefficients were obtained for vibration-rotation transitions in the ν 2 and ν 5 bands of 12 CH 3 F. Dependence of the air and self broadening parameters upon the rotational quantum number, J , were also derived for unblended lines. The data reported here show no sip of a dependence on the K quantum number for the self broadening coefficient.
Decision-making during initiation of medication therapy

Abstract Background Individuals' frequent and consistent interaction with medications can serve as a unifying element to help coordinate individuals' health care services. Despite its potential to improve coordination of heath care, initiation of medication therapy from the perspective of individuals' experiences remains largely unexamined. Objectives The objectives for this study were to describe the viewpoints of consumers, physicians, pharmacists, and social workers regarding initiation of medication therapy in terms of: (1) activation and engagement, (2) information processing, and (3) economic factors. Methods Data were collected via mailed survey methodology from random samples of 400 adults, 400 physicians, 400 pharmacists, and 400 social workers residing in Minnesota. Responses to open-ended questions were coded using content analysis and summarized with descriptive statistics. Results The findings showed that consumer views of (1) activation and engagement, (2) information processing, and (3) economic factors differed from the views of physicians, pharmacists, and social workers. Consumers typically view initiation of medication therapy within the context of their overall lives. Physicians view it as a biomedical puzzle in which diagnosis, drug product selection, and risk assessment are main concerns. Pharmacists view it as a health care systems puzzle in which insurance coverage, cost, and risk management are main concerns. Social workers view it as a social systems puzzle in which access to care, cost, and social support are main concerns. Conclusions Initiation of medication therapy is a disjointed experience for many consumers. The best timing for providing information about prescription drugs to individuals depends largely on what kinds of thoughts and impressions they have about a new therapy at various stages of the medication use process. The findings from this study can be useful for (1) developing consumer-centered approaches for medication use and (2) coordinating health care through the integration of the medication experience using consumer viewpoints.
A Biochemical Characterization of the Binding of Osteopontin to Integrins αvβ1 and αvβ5

Osteopontin (OPN) is an extracellular matrix protein that binds to integrin αvβ3. Here we demonstrate that two other integrins, αvβ1 and αvβ5, are also receptors for OPN. Human embryonic kidney 293 cells adhere to human recombinant osteopontin (glutathione S-transferase-osteopontin; GST-OPN) using integrin αvβ1. When the 293 cells are transfected with the β5 subunit, they can also adhere to GST-OPN using integrin αvβ5. Divalent cations regulate the binding of GST-OPN to both αvβ1 and αvβ5. Mg2+ and Mn2+ support the binding of GST-OPN to these integrins but Ca2+ does not. The highest affinity is observed in Mn2+. In the presence of this ion, the affinity of GST-OPN for αvβ1 is 18 nM and the affinity for αvβ5 is 48 nM. The antibody 8A2, which is an agonist for β1, promotes the adhesion of 293 cells to GST-OPN even when Ca2+ is present. This observation suggests that cellular events could modulate the affinity of αvβ1 for OPN. Collectively, these findings prove that integrins αvβ1, αvβ3, and αvβ5 have similar affinity for OPN. Therefore, all three integrins must be considered when evaluating the biological affects of OPN.
Reactions of the η5-2,5-dimethylthiophene complex Cp∗Ir(η5-2,5-Me2T)2+ with nucleophiles (Ph−, Me−, −CH(CO2Me)2 and OH−)1

Cp∗Ir(η5-2,5-Me2T)2+ (1), where Cp∗ = η5-C5Me5 and 2,5-Me2T = 2,5-dimethylthiophene, reacts with PhLi to give Cp∗Ir(2,5-Me2T·2Ph) and the acylthiolate Cp∗Ir(η4-SC3H2MeC(=O)Me) (3) which incorporates oxygen from the tetrahydrofuran solvent and whose structure was established crystallographically. The analogous reaction of 1 with MeLi gives Cp∗Ir(2,5-Me2T · 2Me). Complex 1 reacts with −CH(CO2Me)2 to give Cp∗Ir(η4-2,5-Me2T · C(CO2Me)2) (6), which contains an opened-ring thiolate ligand. With OH−, 1 gives both 3 and Cp∗Ir(η4-2,5-Me2T · O) (7), which incorporates a thiophene S-oxide ligand. These reactions are discussed in the context of related reactions of η5-thiophene complexes in the literature.
A measure of symmetry for the moduli of spherical minimal immersions

A Grunbaum type of measure of symmetry is calculated and estimated for the DoCarmo-Wallach moduli spaces for eigenmaps and spherical minimal immersions. The DeTurck-Ziller classification of minimal imbeddings of 3-dimensional space forms is used to obtain exact determination of the measure for the SU(2)-equivariant moduli.
Non-contact dielectric characterization of lithium ionic solid electrolyte polymer

The dielectric properties and ionic conductivity of novel polymer electrolytes for high capacity lithium battery are characterized by non-contact methods in two broad frequency ranges from 50 Hz to 20 KHz and 4 GHz to 40 GHz. The noncontact methods of measuring the dielectric properties exhibit advantages over traditional contact electrode methods. Two techniques and instruments employing air gap measurement by capacitance bridge and in-waveguide measurement by vector network analyzer are applied to measure the complex dielectric spectra. The complex dielectric spectra are then used to determine the complex alternating current electrical conductivity and thus the ionic conductivity.
A semilinear parabolic Volterra integrodifferential equation

Abstract We consider the semilinear Volterra integrodifferential equation u′ (t) + A(t)u(t) = ∫ t 0 t a(t,s) g(s, u(s))ds + ƒ(t, u(t)), t ⩾ t 0 u(t 0 = u 0 We assume that for each t ⩾ 0, the linear operator A(t) is the negative generator of an analytic semigroup in a Banach space X. The nonlinear operator g(t, ·) is Lipschitz continuous on the domain of A(0) into X and the forcing term ƒ(t, u) satisfies a Holder condition in both variables. We prove existence of solutions in the Banach space X and uniqueness of solutions when X is a Hilbert space. We also consider an example where A(t) = A, a(t, s) = a(t − s) and show that the corresponding solutions u(t, x) converge as t → + ∞ to a solution u(x) of a related semilinear elliptic boundary value problem.
Remote sensing and image interpretation

A textbook prepared primarily for use in introductory courses in remote sensing is presented. Topics covered include concepts and foundations of remote sensing; elements of photographic systems; introduction to airphoto interpretation; airphoto interpretation for terrain evaluation; photogrammetry; radiometric characteristics of aerial photographs; aerial thermography; multispectral scanning and spectral pattern recognition; microwave sensing; and remote sensing from space.
Differential response of glomerular epithelial and mesangial cells after subtotal nephrectomy

Differential response of glomerular epithelial and mesangial cells after subtotal nephrectomy. Recent studies in both human and experimental chronic renal disease suggest that there is a linkage between glomerular hypertrophy and glomerulosclerosis. To further define these relationships, we studied the changes in glomerular hypertrophy, procollagen α1(IV) mRNA levels and glomerulosclerosis in rats undergoing 12/3 nephrectomy (Nx) or sham nephrectomy (SNx). Glomerular hypertrophy, measured biochemically by RNA/DNA and protein/DNA ratios, was significantly increased in Nx compared to SNx two days after subtotal renal ablation (RNA/DNA: Nx=133 ± 8%, SNx=100 ± 3% of the mean control value, P P P P P P P P P -5 ), and to a relative decrement in the GVEC contribution to glomerular cells plus matrix ( P P r = 0.93, P
A method for non-contact drop charge measurement

A new approach for detecting point type of charge has been developed. This system is based on the principle of reciprocal motion of a grounded conductor near a point charge. The current induced through such a process can then be used to determine the static field strength of the point charge, hence the quantity of the charge. Experiments were done to understand the characteristics of this new device. Test case indicates that the results are in good agreement with the theoretical prediction. This device shows extremely good linearity with respect to the strength of the input static field. The resolution of the system is better than 10 V/m, which is about two orders of magnitude in sensitivity higher than other types of field measuring apparatus. The high sensitivity of this system makes it possible to conduct charged drop experiments under microgravity conditions.
Beyond eco-efficiency: Towards socially sustainable business

An earlier version of this paper was presented by Dr Gladwin at the First Annual Senior Executives' Seminar on ‘Sustainability and Profitability: Conflict or Convergence’ sponsored by the HRH the Prince of Wales's Business & the Environment Programme and developed by the University of Cambridge Programme for Industry, Cambridge, UK, September 1994. The authors express their appreciation to AT&T, the Energy Foundation, the Management Institute for Environment and Business and the Merck Family Fund for their support of ‘The Global Environment Program’ at New York University, which partially financed preparation of this paper. The viewpoints herein should be attributed only to the authors. Sustainability, in most corporate gatherings and initiatives, has been conceptualized as something mainly having to do with eco-efficiency, involving pollution prevention and resource conservation in the Northern Hemisphere. It is asserted here that eco-efficiency is a necessary, but not sufficient, prerequisite for full sustainable development. Socio-economic sustainability – involving poverty alleviation, population stabilization, female empowerment, employment creation, human rights observance and opportunity redistribution on a massive scale – is equally important, although perhaps infinitely more intractable. Although calls for corporate engagement in progressive social change have often been resisted in the past, we argue that the somber social state of the world, diminished governmental capacities and enlightened corporate self-interest demand that private enterprise must now assume greater responsibility for human development on a global scale. After reviewing a broad array of indicators and origins of social unsustainability a set of working principles of socially sustainable business is proposed. A concluding section pinpoints the tasks of transformational leadership needed for redirecting corporations to the cause of ensuring a sustainable future.
Light, social zeitgebers, and the sleep–wake cycle in the entrainment of human circadian rhythms

The availability of sufficient zeitgebers is essential for entrainment of circadian rhythms. Bright light is an important human zeitgeber. However, social cues acting through the sleep-wake cycle may also be important in the entrainment of human rhythms. Current research suggests that humans receive inadequate and sporadic exposure to bright light. Social cues, although less powerful, may be an important form of entrainment for contemporary humans, and also serve to augment the effects of available bright light. Both light and social zeitgebers should be investigated for their roles in the genesis, prevention, and treatment of alterations in health.
Integration of the Draft Sequence and Physical Map as a Framework for Genomic Research in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and Wild Soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc.)

Soybean is a model for the legume research community because of its importance as a crop, densely populated genetic maps, and the availability of a genome sequence. Even though a whole-genome shotgun sequence and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries are available, a high-resolution, chromosome-based physical map linked to the sequence assemblies is still needed for whole-genome alignments and to facilitate map-based gene cloning. Three independent G. max BAC libraries combined with genetic and gene-based markers were used to construct a minimum tiling path (MTP) of BAC clones. A total of 107,214 clones were assembled into 1355 FPC (FingerPrinted Contigs) contigs, incorporating 4628 markers and aligned to the G. max reference genome sequence using BAC end-sequence information. Four different MTPs were made for G. max that covered from 92.6% to 95.0% of the soybean draft genome sequence (gmax1.01). Because our purpose was to pick the most reliable and complete MTP, and not the MTP with the minimal number of clones, the FPC map and draft sequence were integrated and clones with unpaired BES were added to build a high-quality physical map with the fewest gaps possible (http://soybase.org). A physical map was also constructed for the undomesticated ancestor (G. soja) of soybean to explore genome variation between G. max and G. soja. 66,028 G. soja clones were assembled into 1053 FPC contigs covering approximately 547 Mbp of the G. max genome sequence. These physical maps for G. max and its undomesticated ancestor, G. soja, will serve as a framework for ordering sequence fragments, comparative genomics, cloning genes, and evolutionary analyses of legume genomes.
The Slippage of the Ca2+ Pump and Its Control by Anions and Curcumin in Skeletal and Cardiac Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Ca(2+) transport by sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) ATPase occurs with an optimal coupling ratio of 2 Ca(2+) per ATP in pre-steady state. However, slippage of the pump and lower coupling ratios are observed in steady state. Slippage depends on the presence of high Ca(2+) in the lumen of SR vesicles and high nucleotide in the medium. Thereby, Ca(2+) and/or nucleotide-bound phosphoenzyme intermediates accumulate and undergo uncoupled cleavage, before vectorial translocation of bound Ca(2+) in the forward direction of the cycle or before productive reversal to ATP synthesis. Transport efficiency and coupling ratios are improved by reduction of nucleotide concentration in the presence of ATP regenerating systems and/or complexation of luminal Ca(2+) with phosphate or oxalate. Curcumin (1-5 microm) lowers the concentration of phosphate or oxalate required to reduce slippage of the Ca(2+) pump. Thereby, under appropriate conditions, curcumin favors kinetic flow, completion of productive cycles, and improvement of coupling ratios. The findings obtained with isolated SR vesicles suggest that slippage is an important phenomenon under prevailing conditions of muscle fibers in situ. Ca(2+) transport and its slippage can be improved by curcumin in cardiac as well as in skeletal SR, raising the possibility of pharmacological interventions to correct defective Ca(2+) homeostasis. Higher curcumin concentrations (5-30 microm), however, inhibit overall ATPase activity and Ca(2+) transport by interfering with phosphoenzyme formation with ATP or P(i).
A Comparison of Three Algorithms for Item Analysis to Maximize Coefficient Alpha

Three algorithms for selecting a subset of originally available items to maximize coefficient alpha, including one advanced by Serlin and Kaiser (1976), were compared on the size of the resulting alpha and computation time required with nine sets of data. Results indicated that a combination of the two alternate algorithms proposed would perform better than the Serlin-Kaiser method. The characteristics of a computer program to perform these item analyses are described.
Transient oxidation of volatile organic compounds on aCuO/Al2O3 catalyst

Abstract Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and oxidation (TPO) were used to study decomposition and oxidation of methanol, ethanol, acetaldehyde, formic acid, and acetic acid on aCuO/Al 2 O 3 catalyst. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were adsorbed on the alumina surface and diffused to the CuO to react. Lattice oxygen in CuO is active for deep oxidation, and as lattice oxygen is depleted, diffusion of lattice oxygen to the surface limits the rate of oxidation. Supported CuO dehydrogenates and oxidizes VOCs and the order of reactivity is: HCOOH > CH 3 OH > CH 3 COOH > C 2 H 5 OH > C 2 H 4 O. Nearly all the oxygen in CuO can be extracted by VOCs. In the absence of gas-phase O 2 , extraction of lattice oxygen limits the oxidation rates of acetaldehyde and acetic acid, but gas-phase O 2 rapidly replenishes the lattice oxygen. No less-reactive, partial oxidation products were detected.
Resolving LB 11146 with Hubble Space Telescope’s Fine Guidance Sensor*

On the basis of its observed spectra, LB 11146 was identified as a binary system composed of pair of massive (~0.9 M⊙) white dwarf stars. However, observations with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Faint Object Camera did not resolve the system, and searches for radial velocity variations yielded null results. Subsequent observations of LB 11146 with the HST's Fine Guidance Sensor have resolved the system at three epochs spanning 295 days, thereby confirming the binary nature of this object. We find a nearly constant component separation of approximately 15 mas and a large change in position angle, consistent with a low-inclination, low-eccentricity orbit with a period of approximately 130 days. At a distance of 40 pc, this corresponds to a component separation of about 0.6 AU, which in turn also results in a Keplerian orbit with a period of about 130 days, assuming the spectroscopic masses of the white dwarfs. The size of the orbit is significantly smaller than the size of the progenitor stars as they evolved through the asymptotic giant branch, so one or more phases of binary star evolution is likely to have occurred. LB 11146 joins PG 1115+116, but in a more extreme sense, as an example of a close binary composed of massive white dwarfs that did not evolve to become a short-period system, thereby providing an additional key observational test for models of binary star evolution.
Mass generation in an SUL(2) × SUR(3) model

Abstract A set of scalar fields is added to the recently proposed SUL(2) × SUR(3) model. Due to these fields, masses of the first-generation fermions are induced as two-loop radiative corrections. The inequality mu mb as a consequence.
Ramsey-Hunt syndrome (herpes zoster meningo-encephalitis).

Abstract This interesting case showed cranial-nerve involvement with the herpes zoster virus. Several nuclei were involved. All of the clinical symptoms, lesions, and spinal-fluid changes were evident in this case.
Moth desaturase characterized that produces both Z and E isomers of Δ11-tetradecenoic acids

Abstract The redbanded leafroller moth, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) uses a 92:8 mixture of (Z)-11- and ( E )-11-tetradecenyl acetate in its pheromone blend. These are produced in the abdominal pheromone gland from the corresponding acids, which are biosynthesized in the gland in a 3:2 Z/E ratio by desaturation of myristoyl CoA. The Δ11 desaturase involved in this reaction exhibits unusual substrate and stereospecificities in specifically producing Z11 and E11 isomers of tetradecenoic acid, and exhibiting no activity with C16 and C18 precursor acids. This report describes the cloning and expression of the redbanded leafroller moth Δ11 desaturase, and compares its amino-acid sequence to those of other known insect Z9, Z10, Z11, and E11 desaturases. The metabolic Z9 desaturase from fat body tissue also was cloned and expressed, and found mainly to produce Z9-16:Acid and Z9-18:Acid. The open reading frame of the Δ11 desaturase encodes a protein with 329 amino acids, whereas the open reading frame of the Z9 desaturase encodes a protein with 351 amino acids. Addition of this new Δ11 desaturase with its different substrate and regiospecificities to the databank of characterized integral-membrane desaturases will be key in efforts to determine amino-acid mutations responsible for the wide array of unsaturated fatty-acid products.
Lattice Boltzmann simulation of mass transfer in thermally driven cavity flows

We study mass transfer in 2D thermally driven cavity using lattice Boltzmann method. Simulations are performed to investigate various effects on enhancement of oxygen mass transfer in lead/lead bismuth eutectic. It is shown that oxygen transfer is dominated by convection although diffusion plays a role. Comparative studies demonstrate that side heating and top-cooling configuration is more efficient than side-heating/cooling and oxygen transfers more rapidly in a square than rectangular cavity with same area. This work supplies supportive information for developing active oxygen control technique in experiments to prevent or reduce corrosion in liquid metal cooled nuclear reactors.
Contractile function, sarcolemma integrity, and the loss of dystrophin after skeletal muscle eccentric contraction-induced injury.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the integrity of the muscle membrane and its associated cytoskeleton after a contraction-induced injury. A single eccentric contraction was performed in vi...
Triple stimulus-responsive polypeptide nanoparticles that enhance intratumoral spatial distribution

To address the limited tumor penetration of nanoparticle drug delivery vehicles, we report the first pH-responsive polypeptide micelle that dissociates at the low extracellular pH of solid tumors. This histidine-rich elastin-like polypeptide block copolymer self-assembles at 37 °C into spherical micelles that are stabilized by Zn2+ and are disrupted as the pH drops from 7.4 to 6.4. These pH-sensitive micelles demonstrate better in vivo penetration and distribution in tumors than a pH-insensitive control.
From Factory to Family: The Creation of a Corporate Culture in the Larkin Company of Buffalo, New York

The Larkin Company of Buffalo, New York, was established in the 1870s as a small soap producer and grew to become a large mail-order house. Larkin's success could be attributed to a unique sales strategy created by Elbert Hubbard, called “The Larkin Idea,” which had as its motto, “From Factory-to-Family: Save All Cost Which Adds No Value.” The company sold its products exclusively through the mail to women in cooperative buying clubs. Employing a variety of marketing, advertising, and employee welfare practices, the Larkin Company built a unified corporate family of “Larkinites“—employees, customers, and executives. Larkin executives also hired architect Frank Lloyd Wright to construct a modern office complex, which became the physical representation of Larkin's culture. But changes in marketing, the departure and deaths of key executives, a seemingly anachronistic corporate culture, and poor business decisions combined to undermine the company in the mid-1920s, and by 1940 the company was virtually dead.
Do First-generation Highly Crosslinked Polyethylenes Oxidize In Vivo?

Background Highly crosslinked and thermally treated polyethylenes were clinically introduced to reduce wear and osteolysis. Although the crosslinking process improves the wear performance, it also introduces free radicals into the polymer that can subsequently oxidize. Thermal treatments have been implemented to reduce oxidation; however, the efficacy of these methods with regard to reducing in vivo oxidative degradation remains to be seen. Polyethylene oxidation is a concern because it can compromise the ultimate strength and ductility of the material.
The Preservation of Red Cell ATP

The addition of high concentrations of phosphate ion have been found to enhance markedly the stability of ATP of red cells stored at 4 C. A marked initial rise of ATP levels was followed by a subsequent gradual decline when phosphate in concentrations of .05 M to .3 M was included in preservative media containing adenine. A second rise in the concentration of ATP was observed if the pH of the sample was adjusted by the addition of sodium carbonate. The addition of phosphate in high concentrations to preservative media may prove to be of practical significance.
CONCORDANCE OF THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK WITH THE ENVIRONMENT IS NECESSARY TO MAXIMIZE FITNESS IN NATURAL POPULATIONS

The ubiquity of endogenous, circadian (daily) clocks among eukaryotes has long been held as evidence that they serve an adaptive function, usually cited as the ability to properly time biological events in concordance with the daily cycling of the environment. Herein we test directly whether fitness is a function of the matching of the period of an organism's circadian clock with that of its environment. We find that fitness, measured as the per capita expectation of future offspring, a composite measure of fitness incorporating both survivorship and reproduction, is maximized in environments that are integral multiples of the period of the organism's circadian clock. Hence, we show that organisms require temporal concordance between their internal circadian clocks and their external environment to maximize fitness and thus the long-held assumption is true that, having evolved in a 24-h world, circadian clocks are adaptive.
Goals, Expectations, and Satisfaction of Criminal Justice Majors: Implications for Faculty, Students, and Programs*

Students majoring in criminal justice present an “embarrassment of riches” for academic programs, so little attention has been given to these students and their perspectives on criminal justice programs. However, the assessment movement in higher education and the ACJS encourage self‐examination and program improvement. Further, student satisfaction has been recognized as an important element in the discussion of school and program quality and effectiveness. The present paper presents data from an outcome survey of graduating seniors from a Midwestern public university, with a focus on the reasons why students chose the major, career plans upon graduation, and program satisfaction. The paper explores possible predictors of these variables and discusses the implications of these results for criminal justice faculty, students, and programs. *This paper is a revision of one presented at the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences annual meeting, March 9–13, 2004, Las Vegas, Nevada. The author wishes to thank th...
Absorption spectra of neutral dipyridyl complexes

Abstract Absorption spectra of very air-sensitive Li Dipy, Li 2 Dipy, Ti Dipy 3 , V Dipy 3 , and Cr Dipy 3 are reported. The spectra of the first two complexes are characterized by bands with complex structure; the remaining three show electronic transitions at very low energy. In a search for complexes of zero-valent rare-earths, several very air-sensitive dipyridyl complexes of rare-earths were prepared. Of these, spectra are reported for the ytterbium and thulium complexes.