cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Volume and Value of Big Healthcare Data

Modern scientific inquiries require significant data-driven evidence and trans-disciplinary expertise to extract valuable information and gain actionable knowledge about natural processes. Effective evidence-based decisions require collection, processing and interpretation of vast amounts of complex data. The Moore's and Kryder's laws of exponential increase of computational power and information storage, respectively, dictate the need rapid trans-disciplinary advances, technological innovation and effective mechanisms for managing and interrogating Big Healthcare Data. In this article, we review important aspects of Big Data analytics and discuss important questions like: What are the challenges and opportunities associated with this biomedical, social, and healthcare data avalanche? Are there innovative statistical computing strategies to represent, model, analyze and interpret Big heterogeneous data? We present the foundation of a new compressive big data analytics (CBDA) framework for representation, modeling and inference of large, complex and heterogeneous datasets. Finally, we consider specific directions likely to impact the process of extracting information from Big healthcare data, translating that information to knowledge, and deriving appropriate actions.
The Acoustics of Two-Dimensional Leapfrogging Vortices

The acoustics of two identical pairs of counter-rotating vortices in viscous compressible flow are investigated. Each vortex is finite sized, and has an initially Gaussian distribution of vorticity. The dilating vortex particle method—developed in previous work—is used for the fully-resolved solution of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations in the nearfield and a portion of the acoustic field, and a Kirchhoff method is used to extrapolate the radiated sound. The trailing vortex pair slips through the leading pair, producing a sharp acoustic pulse. During the ensuing relaxation period as the cores return to horizontal alignment, a small high-frequency sound is emitted. In contrast to previous studies of inviscid patches of uniform vorticity, this high-frequency sound is much smaller in magnitude than the slipthrough pulses. By analyzing the dynamics of passive tracer particles in the vortex cores, it is found that inner core deformation is not responsible for this high-frequency component. Instead, it is generated by the anchors of filamentary structures as they rotate about the core. After several slip-through cycles, the pairs coalesce to form a single counter-rotating pair, and the sound emissions become weak and sinusoidal.
Locating and building collective leadership and impact

This paper analyzes how collective leadership develops from more individualistic leadership through ethnographic analysis of the rise of urban environmental stewardship in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Longitudinal analysis of a 30-year period reveals how leadership shifted from being highly individualistic, to become more pluralistic, and ultimately more collective. I demonstrate how specifying the location of leadership action in the case addresses ambiguity regarding the definitions of and distinctions among collective, plural, and integrative leadership. I identify two processes that helped to relocate leadership from more individualistic to increasingly collective, emergent spaces, namely fueling a public imaginary and organizing inclusively. These processes were central to connecting and mutually advancing collective leadership and collective impact.
Relationship between Central and Peripheral Venous Oxygen Saturation and Lactate Levels: A Prospective Study.

Abstract Background Optimization of tissue oxygen delivery to meet consumption demands is important in the resuscitation of critically ill patients. Central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO 2 ) and lactate levels are often used to guide resuscitation; however, invasive monitoring is required for the former. Clinicians searching for less invasive alternatives may consider using peripheral venous oxygen saturation (SpvO 2 ) and lactate levels as a substitute. Objectives To determine the relationship between SpvO 2 and ScvO 2 and peripheral and central lactate levels. Methods All patients with a central venous catheter in an academic emergency department and intensive care unit were eligible for the study. Blood was obtained simultaneously from a central and peripheral vein and measured for oxygen saturation and lactate levels. Results were analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Bland-Altman plots, and receiver operating characteristic curves. Results Seventy-nine paired blood samples were analyzed. SpvO 2 and ScvO 2 have moderate agreement: ICC = 0.53 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35–0.67). A Bland-Altman plot revealed substantial bias (−4.47; limits of agreement −38.6, 29.6). SpvO 2 ≥ 85% was 90% specific for ScvO 2 ≥ 70%, and SpvO 2 of ≤ 55% had a 94% sensitivity for ScvO 2 Conclusion SpvO 2 and ScvO 2 have moderate agreement. There was excellent agreement between peripheral and central lactate levels, making them interchangeable. The clinical implications of these substitutions in real-time patient management require further study.
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: autograft or allograft?

Refinements in arthroscopic techniques have fostered an upsurge in anrthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. This article explores the relative merits of autogenous and allogeneic tissue used for this purpose and describes several important technical points in the author’s preferred method of surgery.
Demonstration and use of nanoliter sampling of in vivo rat vitreous and vitreoretinal interface.

PURPOSE An understanding of the chemical microenvironments at different locations on the retina can provide unique insights into retinal neurochemistry and pathology. The anatomical shape and the small volumes available from a spatially restricted volume greatly complicate these types of measurements. The aim of this study was to demonstrate an in vivo sampling system to probe different regions of the rat retina. METHODS A low-flow push-pull perfusion probe was developed with concentric fused-silica capillaries. It was designed to fit through a 29-gauge needle for placement in the vitreous and at the vitreoretinal interface of the rat eye. Physiological saline was perfused and withdrawn through outer and inner capillaries, respectively, at flow rates between 10 and 50 nl/min. Samples of 500 nl were collected for amino acid analysis by capillary electrophoresis. Perfusion of a potent and selective inhibitor of the excitatory amino acid transporters was performed through the probe with the tip located 1-2 mm away from the optic nerve head. RESULTS Ten amino acids were quantified from the perfusates of vitreous and the vitreoretinal interface. Sampling through time showed the use of this system to monitor retinal changes in these amino acids. The infusion of a transport protein antagonist shows a statistically significant increase in the glutamate concentration in collected samples when the probe tip is placed peripheral to but not over the optic nerve head. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a new method for following neurochemical changes at the retina with spatial resolution. This in vivo method is widely applicable to the site-specific study of states of normal and dysfunctional retinal neurochemistry.
Planning motions for a planar robot attached to a stiff tether

There are several practical reasons to endow a mobile robot with a tether, but doing so adds considerable complexity to the problem of moving the robot. The feasibility of a particular motion in such systems depends on topological constraints imposed by the interplay of the robot's tether and its environment. The physical properties of the tether may also rule out configurations that would be possible otherwise. Little work has addressed these latter constraints, despite the considerable interest in motion planning for tethered robots recently. We examine the problem of planning motions of a planar robot connected via a cable of limited length to a fixed point in ℝ2 when the tether has a constraint on its curvature, which adds appreciably to the realism of the cable model over existing work. We incorporate Dubins's theory of curves with work on planning with topological constraints to concisely represent the configuration space manifold, leading to an atlas of the manifold consisting of locally continuous charts that represent the cable's curvature limits conveniently. Any configuration of the tether and the robot is described in our representation with two elements: (1) a discrete structure that characterizes the cable's position and (2) an element within a single continuous chart. We provide an algorithm that explores the necessary parts of this atlas on-the-fly to locate paths efficiently.
Exhaust Emission Characteristics

The engine-out exhaust emissions of CO, HC, and NOx vary as a function of air-fuel ratio as well as several other parameters such as ignition timing and EGR. Here we shall consider only the relationship to air-to-fuel ratio (A/F). A general relationship between engine out CO, HC, and NOx emissions and A/F is shown in Figure 1. Engine operation at lean A/F (net oxidizing condition) results in lower HC and CO emissions and more O2. These conditions favor subsequent catalytic oxidation reactions. At lean A/F the exhaust contains insufficient reducing agents to react with all the O2and all the NO. By operating closer to the stoichiometric A/F more NO can react but the volume of CO which must be oxidized increases. The stoichiometric A/F occurs at about 14.6. Here, the concentrations of oxidizing gases and reducing gases are matched, and equilibration of the exhaust mixture would yield only CO2, H2O, and N2. The application of three-way catalytic converters has this objective. Three-way catalysts operate in a narrow A/F band between 14 and 15.
Isolated Angiitis of the CNS

The clinical features, pathology, and outcome of isolated (primary, idiopathic) angiitis of the CNS (IACNS) in two new and 8 previously reported cases are analysed at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
Direct observation of dynamic crossover in fragile molecular glass formers with 2D IR vibrational echo spectroscopy

The dynamics of supercooled liquids of the molecular glass formers benzophenone and ortho-terphenyl were investigated with 2D IR spectroscopy using long-lived vibrational probes. The long lifetimes of the probes enabled structural dynamics of the liquids to be studied from a few hundred femtoseconds to a nanosecond. 2D IR experiments measured spectral diffusion of a vibrational probe, which reports on structural fluctuations of the liquid. Analysis of the 2D IR data provides the frequency-frequency correlation function (FFCF). Two vibrational probes were examined with equivalent results, demonstrating the observed liquid dynamics are not significantly influenced by the probe molecules. At higher temperatures, the FFCF is a biexponential decay. However, at mild supercooling, the biexponential decay is no longer sufficient, indicating a dynamic crossover. The crossover occurs at a temperature well above the mode-coupling theory critical temperature for the given liquid, indicating dynamic heterogeneity abov...
Diels-Alder addition to H2O@C60 an electronic and structural study

Abstract Exohedral reactivity of endohedral fullerenes has aroused a significant interest because of its potential applications. The present letter examines the effect of an entrapped single water molecule on the reactivity of C60. We study the thermodynamics and kinetics of a Diels-Alder reaction occurring at all non-identical bonds of free C60 and H2O@C60. Our calculations show that encapsulation of water does not have a significant effect on H2O@C60 reactivity compared to C60, as attested by the investigation of the reaction under several orientations of H2O inside C60. Reaction and activation energies indicate that [6,6] bonds are the most reactive sites.
Acculturation Gap Distress among Latino Youth: Prospective Links to Family Processes and Youth Depressive Symptoms, Alcohol Use, and Academic Performance

Latino youth have higher rates of educational and mental health difficulties compared to peers from other racial/ethnic groups. To understand the factors related to such maladjustment, a mediational model linking youth report of parent-youth acculturation gaps to prospective changes (from spring to fall semester) in youth report of academic performance, depressive symptoms and alcohol use via youth report of parent-youth conflict and family cohesion, was studied in a sample of 248 U.S.—and foreign—born Latino youth (Mage = 15.21 years; 50% female; 67% U.S.-born). Parent-youth acculturation gaps were associated with changes in youth academic performance across two semesters via their negative impact on family functioning. For U.S.-born youth, parent–youth acculturation gaps were also linked to changes in alcohol use via parent-adolescent conflict. Results provide some support for the acculturative gap hypotheses while unique findings across nativity groups suggest that such individual-level characteristics may serve as important sources of variation for Latino youth.
Asymmetrical bipolar nanosecond electric pulse widths modify bipolar cancellation.

A bipolar (BP) nanosecond electric pulse (nsEP) exposure generates reduced calcium influx compared to a unipolar (UP) nsEP. This attenuated physiological response from a BP nsEP exposure is termed “bipolar cancellation” (BPC). The predominant BP nsEP parameters that induce BPC consist of a positive polarity (↑) front pulse followed by the delivery of a negative polarity (↓) back pulse of equal voltage and width; thereby the duration is twice a UP nsEP exposure. We tested these BPC parameters, and discovered that a BP nsEP with symmetrical pulse widths is not required to generate BPC. For example, our data revealed the physiological response initiated by a ↑900 nsEP exposure can be cancelled by a second pulse that is a third of its duration. However, we observed a complete loss of BPC from a ↑300 nsEP followed by a ↓900 nsEP exposure. Spatiotemporal analysis revealed these asymmetrical BP nsEP exposures generate distinct local YO-PRO®-1 uptake patterns across the plasma membrane. From these findings, we generated a conceptual model that suggests BPC is a phenomenon balanced by localized charging and discharging events across the membrane.
Optimal Sequencing of Capacity Expansion Projects

The solution of multidimensional sequencing problems encountered in the planning of capacity expansion in large-scale water resources systems by an especially efficient dynamic programming algorithm is presented. The dynamic programming algorithm results couples on the optimality of permutation schedules with the imbedded state space concept in order to effect a drastic reduction of dimensionality making it possible to efficiently solve problems of the dimension encountered in real-world water resource systems. Computational experience with the imbedded state space dynamic programming algorithm on the solution of a number of two- and three-dimensional sequencing problems from several real-world water resources systems is reported. Furthermore, the results of a sensitivity analysis on these data are also presented.
Androgen Receptor-Induced Integrin α6β1 and Adhesion to Laminin Promotes Survival and Drug Resistance in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer through BNIP3

Although castration-resistant prostate cancers no longer respond to anti-androgen therapies, the androgen receptor (AR) is still required to promote tumor survival. However, the signaling pathways downstream of AR that promote this survival are not well known. We recently identified an AR-dependent survival pathway whereby AR induction of integrin α6β1 and adhesion to laminin activates NF-κB/RelA signaling and Bcl-xL. This pathway acts in parallel with the PI3K/Akt pathway in Pten-null tumor cells such that combined inhibition of both PI3K and integrin α6β1 is required to kill tumor cells adherent to laminin. However, PTEN-null castration-resistant tumors were not effectively inhibited by this combination. We discovered that BNIP3, a hypoxia-induced BH3-only, pro-mitophagic Bcl2 family member, is induced by androgen in castration-resistant cells through integrin α6β1 signaling to HIF1α. Furthermore, castration-resistant cells adherent to laminin were much more efficient at inducing autophagy in response to androgen. Androgen blocked the ability of the PI3K inhibitor PX-866 to kill castration-resistant tumors, but this was reversed by loss of BNIP3. Although BNIP3 was dispensable for androgen-induced autophagy, its mitophagy function was required for BNIP3 to promote resistance to PI3K inhibition. Thus, adhesion to laminin triggers signaling through AR/α6β1/HIF1α in castration-resistant cells to drive the expression of BNIP3 and cooperates with AR/α6β1-mediated autophagy, both of which contribute to PI3K resistance through induction of mitophagy.
Individuals, Species and the Development of Mineralogy and Geology

In recent years, philosophers and historians of science have belatedly begun to pay serious attention to taxonomy, largely as the result of work by David Hull and other philosophers of biology. Their interest has yet to spill over into inquiries into taxonomic practice in the other sciences. But since all sciences, even those with relatively sparse ontologies such as physics, must find some way of categorising the objects with which they deal, it seems reasonable to suppose that, just as our understanding of theories has been enriched by looking beyond physical theories, so too might our understanding of taxonomy be heightened by looking beyond biological systematics.
Anticipated Rates and Costs of Guideline-Concordant Preoperative Stress Testing.

BACKGROUND Current guidelines recommend that patients have preoperative assessment of cardiac risk and functional status, and that patients at "elevated" cardiac risk with poor or unknown functional status be referred for preoperative stress testing. Little is known about current rates of testing or resultant medical costs. We set out to estimate the expected rates of preoperative stress testing and resultant costs if physicians in the United States were to follow current guidelines and to investigate differences that would arise from 2 risk prediction methods included in current guidelines. METHODS We applied 2 risk prediction tools (Revised Cardiac Risk Index and Myocardial Infarction or Cardiac Arrest) included in current American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines to a multicenter prospective registry of patients undergoing surgery in the United States in 2009. We then calculated expected rates of preoperative cardiac stress testing if physicians were to follow American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines, expected nationwide direct medical expenditures that would result (in 2017 US dollars), and agreement beyond chance between the 2 risk prediction tools. RESULTS Current guidelines recommend considerable spending on preoperative stress testing. Guideline-recommended spending would differ substantially depending on the risk prediction tool used and the reliability of the functional status assessment. Rates of testing and resultant spending are likely much greater among patients at "elevated" risk, compared with patients at "low" risk. Two guideline-recommended risk assessment tools, Revised Cardiac Risk Index and Myocardial Infarction or Cardiac Arrest, have poor agreement beyond chance across the currently recommended risk threshold. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative stress testing is likely a considerable source of medical spending, despite unproven benefit. Which perioperative risk assessment tool clinicians should use, what risk thresholds are appropriate for patient selection, and the reliability of the functional status assessment all warrant further attention.
Welcome to My House, Do You Like the Neighborhood? Authenticity Differentiation Within Strategic Groups of Wineries

Wineries differentiate themselves by creating a sense of authenticity. Wineries will do this by engaging in sensemaking to understand their environments and sensegiving to influence consumer perceptions of authenticity. Oftentimes, wineries can identify themselves within a geographic region, which provides benefits like participation in strategic groups. This chapter identifies four differentiation approaches used by wineries to develop authenticity: appellation, tourism, terroir, and storytelling. The benefits of participating in a strategic group allow wineries to collectively craft a sense of regional authenticity by appellation differentiation from other regions, as well as through tourism. However, wineries also need to differentiate within their respective strategic groups by creating authentic differences. Differentiation within a strategic group can be based on the terroir of the winery property to make the wine produced appear more authentic. Storytelling allows wineries to shape narratives about wines and wineries to create an authenticity unique to the winery. There are thus beneficial approaches to developing authenticity for a winery both within and between strategic groups.
Ownership characteristics of Asian American banks

Existing research has established that minority banks and depository institutions are concentrated in minority-populated areas, tend to serve the interests, and ensure the economic viability of the minority populations, primarily through cultural affinity. However, this research has mostly focused on African American banks. In this paper, we attempt to understand the characteristics of Asian American Owned Banks (AAOBs) and how they differ from mainstream banks. Our results show that AAOBs generally tend to perform better than mainstream banks. A closer look at the ethnic breakdown of AAOBs reveals that Indian American banks perform better as they tend to serve a financially better off Indian American population. On the other hand, Korean American banks tend to take on more risk. Overall, AAOBs are more risk averse than mainstream banks. These unique characteristics of AAOBs have regulatory and governance implications.
Probing the interfacial symmetry using rotational second-harmonic generation in oxide heterostructures

Transition metal oxide thin films and heterostructures have attracted remarkable and continuous attention due to the incredible variety of electronic and magnetic properties. A significant challeng...
The Design of Everyday Markets

Economic design is based on a deep and instrumental theory of optimal strategic behavior. This approach, while highly valuable in complex economic environments involving sophisticated agents with clear objectives, sometimes results in design that is unintuitive to humans. This article promotes the study of everyday markets which are easy for humans to navigate. Such an agenda requires new interdisciplinary interactions and metrics of success.
Combining the "Sibling Technologies" of Laser Capture Microdissection and Reverse Phase Protein Microarrays.

Reverse phase protein microarrays (RPPA) and laser capture microdissection (LCM) are “sibling” technologies that originated from the same laboratory to overcome the challenge of quantifying low-abundance proteins in heterogeneous tissues. Combining both technologies provides both unique opportunities and unique challenges. Enabling the unprecedented resolution of the activation state of labile biomarkers, such as phosphorylated cell signaling proteins, has had a substantial impact on our understanding of diseases and is playing a significant role in clinical trials. At the same time, quantifying proteins at this sensitivity in very small amounts of material requires cognizance of pre-analytical variability and the limits of downstream detection technologies. Here, we discuss both the potential that the combination of both technologies presents and the potential pitfalls that must be navigated.
Using a Bifactor Model to Measure Food Insecurity in Households with Children

In this study, we explored the dimensionality of U.S. food security measures using bifactor measurement models estimated on a sample of low-income households with children from the CPS Food Security Supplement. The U.S. Department of Agriculture defines food security as access at all times to enough food for an active, healthy lifestyle. In the United States, food security is measured by the Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) which is an 18-item survey module that asks information about the food security of a household’s adult and child members, if present. Previous research suggests the HFSSM may exhibit multidimensionality among households with children. Employing bifactor models in this study allowed us to explore the dimensionality of the HFSSM and identify potential subscales. Our findings suggest the HFSSM captures a single dimension of food security for households with children. The reliability of specific factor scores reflecting subscales for the adult and child items were very low, and the analyses suggest that caution should be used when interpreting separate subscale scores.
Exploring young children's engagement in joint reading with a conversational agent

Joint book reading is a highly routinized activity that is nearly universal among families. Conversational agents (CAs) can potentially act as joint-reading partners by engaging children in story-related, scaffolded conversations. In this project, we develop a CA reading partner that incorporates components of effective conversational guidance (i.e., questions to stimulate thinking, specific feedback, and adaptive scaffolding) and examine children's interactions with this CA. We identify patterns in children's language production, flow maintenance, and affect when responding to the CA. We then lay out a set of affordances and challenges for developing CAs as conversation partners. We propose that, rather than attempting to develop CAs as an exact replicate of human conversational partners, we should treat child-agent interaction as a new genre of conversation and calibrate CAs based on children's actual communicative practices and needs.
The Morphology of Carboxylated Composite Latex and Latex Film

Carboxylated latex has become very important in the formation of polymer films. In order to study the film and its properties it is important to know the morphology of the latex that is forming the film. The latex for this study has been examined by transmission electron microscopy(TEM) using positive preferential stains such as ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) and cesium hydroxide(CsOH); and uranyl acetate(UAc) as a negative stain.The polybutyl acrylate(PBA)/ polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA) composite latex particles consist of a soft core phase and a hard second phase with varying amounts of acrylic acid in the core, the shell and in both core and shell. The latexes were examined before and after cleaning. The cleaning was necessary in order to remove the surfactant and any small particles that might have formed during the emulsion polymerization. Prior to cleaning, the small particles adhered to the surfaces of the particles making it difficult to determine the final morphology of the latex particles.
Assessing Police and Other Public Safety Personnel Using the MMPI-2-RF: A Practical Guide : by David M. Corey and Yossef Ben-Porath, Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota Press, 2018, 552 pp., $50 (Lithocase), ISBN: 978-0-8166-9884-4.

Most law enforcement officers don’t recognize the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) by name, but if you ask them about having completed a psychological evaluation as part of their ...
The effective population size and mutation rate of influenza A virus in acutely infected individuals

The global evolutionary dynamics of influenza viruses ultimately derive from processes that take place within and between infected individuals. Recent work suggests that within-host populations are dynamic, but an in vivo estimate of mutation rate and population size in naturally infected individuals remains elusive. Here we model the within-host dynamics of influenza A viruses using high depth of coverage sequence data from 200 acute infections in an outpatient, community setting. Using a Wright-Fisher model, we estimate a within-host effective population size of 32-72 and an in vivo mutation rate of 3.4x10-6 per nucleotide per generation.
The Hydroxyquinoline Analogue YUM70 Inhibits GRP78 to Induce ER Stress–Mediated Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer

GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein, 78 kDa) is a key regulator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling. Cancer cells are highly proliferative and have high demand for protein synthesis and folding, which results in significant stress on the ER. To respond to ER stress and maintain cellular homeostasis, cells activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) that promotes either survival or apoptotic death. Cancer cells utilize the UPR to promote survival and growth. In this study, we describe the discovery of a series of novel hydroxyquinoline GRP78 inhibitors. A representative analogue, YUM70, inhibited pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and showed in vivo efficacy in a pancreatic cancer xenograft model with no toxicity to normal tissues. YUM70 directly bound GRP78 and inactivated its function, resulting in ER stress–mediated apoptosis. A YUM70 analogue conjugated with BODIPY showed colocalization of the compound with GRP78 in the ER. Moreover, a YUM70-PROTAC (proteolysis targeting chimera) was synthesized to force degradation of GRP78 in pancreatic cancer cells. YUM70 showed a strong synergistic cytotoxicity with topotecan and vorinostat. Together, our study demonstrates that YUM70 is a novel inducer of ER stress, with preclinical efficacy as a monotherapy or in combination with topoisomerase and HDAC inhibitors in pancreatic cancer. Significance: This study identifies a novel ER stress inducer that binds GRP78 and inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating its potential as a therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer.
Trade-off between predation risk and behavioural thermoregulation drives resting behaviour in a cold-adapted mesocarnivore

Behavioural trade-offs arise when animals must decide to engage in one behaviour at the expense of another, potentially to the animal's detriment. Here, we investigate the existence of such a trade-off by exploring the relative influence of two important behavioural processes, thermoregulation and predation avoidance, on resting behaviour in a cold-adapted mesocarnivore, the wolverine, Gulo gulo. Using animal-borne biologgers, we evaluate the hypothesis that wolverine resting behaviour in both subnivean cavities and on surface snow beds is influenced by a combination of ambient weather conditions and predation risk. Specifically, we posit that although resting on the snow surface is more thermally advantageous in certain weather conditions, it is traded off against heightened predation risk. In support of the importance of thermoregulation, we find that wolverines rest almost exclusively in subnivean cavities at very low temperatures and low levels of solar radiation, and rest almost exclusively on the snow surface at higher temperatures and higher levels of solar radiation. In support of the importance of predation avoidance, we find that wolverines select more topographically concealed sites and are more vigilant while resting on the snow surface. We also find that wolverines are more vigilant at topographically exposed resting sites than at concealed sites. Together, these lines of evidence suggest that wolverines trade security from predators for thermal advantage at warmer ambient temperatures and higher solar radiation levels during winter, but that this trade-off is not necessary at lower temperatures when wolverines preferentially use subnivean cavities to simultaneously meet both demands. Parsing such contextually dependent trade-offs is important to understanding species' habitat selection, energy management and survival.
Conflict Management Through the Negotiations Canvas: Getting Participants to Understand

Conflict models taught in the classroom often highlight the need for “collaborative” conflict outcomes. This experiential exercise combined with a canvas tool helps participants frame the complexities of conflict to better understand these factors. Participants are encouraged to view a conflict situation “from the balcony,” removing themselves from the emotional and competitive components associated with conflict. Participants are given a canvas or road map to help frame conflict situations, including understanding each party's viewpoint, motivations, and interpersonal histories. Specific instructions, example conflict vignettes, and guidance for debriefing the exercise are provided.
Rotator Cuff Tear in Athletes: Part I. Pathophysiology

Rotator cuff pathology in the athlete is secondary to multiple causative factors. Genetic predisposition, apoptosis, age-related degeneration, hypovascularity, and subacromial impingement all have a role in the development of rotator cuff injuries in both the athlete and nonathlete. Unique mechanisms of injury in the overhead athlete include tensile overload of the cuff secondary to fatigue during the deceleration phase of throwing, internal impingement resulting from a tight posterior-inferior glenohumeral ligament, and scapula dyskinesis resulting in exacerbation of subacromial impingement. While many intrinsic factors have a limited ability to be altered including genetics and age-related degeneration, several predisposing factors can be modified through improvement of throwing mechanics, increased flexibility and stretching of the posterior capsule, and strengthening of the periscapular musculature and posterior rotator cuff. By identifying modifiable factors early, prevention of further progressive injury may be possible allowing improved return to overhead athletics.
Web page enhancement on desktop and mobile browsers

The Web is a convenient platform to deliver information, but reading web pages is not as easy as it was in 1990s. This thesis focuses on investigating techniques to enhance web pages on desktop and mobile browsers for two specific populations: non-native English readers and mobile users. There are three issues addressed in this thesis: web page readability, web page skimmability and continuous reading support on mobile devices. On today's primarily English-language Web, non-native readers encounter some problems, even if they have some fluency in English. This thesis focuses on content presentation and proposes a new transformation method, Jenga Format, to enhance web page readability. A user study with 30 non-native users showed that Jenga transformation not only improved reading comprehension, but also made the web page reading easier. On the other hand, readability research has found that average reading times for non-native readers has remained the same or even worse. This thesis studies this issue and proposes Froggy GX (Generation neXt) to improve reading under time constraints. A user study with 20 non-native users showed that Froggy GX not only enhanced reading comprehension under time constraints, but also provided higher user satisfaction than reading unaided. When using the Web on mobile devices, the reading situation becomes challenging. Even worse, context switches, such as from walking to sitting, static standing, or hands-free situations like driving, happen in reading in on-the-go situations, but this scenario was not adequately addressed in previous studies. This thesis investigates this scenario and proposes a new mobile browser, Read4Me, to support continuous reading on a mobile device. A user study with 10 mobile users showed that auto-switching not only provided significantly fewer dangerous encounters than visual-reading, but also provided the best reading experience. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, libraries.mit.edu/docs - docs@mit.edu)
“Cuban Music is African Music”: Productive Frictions in the World Music Industry

This paper examines the ways in which Orchestra Baobab and AfroCubism, two bands that combine West African and Cuban musics, negotiate musical mixing across the black Atlantic. Looking at the frictions between different musical sounds and meanings, I explore the ways in which musicians re-imagine and reconstruct the black Atlantic and their own identities as they creatively combine Cuban and African musics. I argue that musicians are strategic in their combining of music and social meanings, idealistic in their belief in connecting people and musics across the Atlantic and pragmatic in their discussions of the limits of musical mixing and collaboration.
The Bose-Nelson Sorting Problem

Abstract : Comparison/exchange modules can be combined to construct networks capable of sorting elements into nondecreasing order. In the paper one considers combinatorial properties of such networks, and we determine the minimum number of modules required to sort eight or less elements. (Author)
Black phosphorus n-MOSFETs with record transconductance

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted a great deal of attention for use in a variety of electronic and photonic applications. The layered crystal structure in these materials offers an ultra-thin or even monolayer body thickness, which could reduce short channel effects allowing improved transistor scaling compared to conventional bulk materials. In order to use these 2D materials in complementary logic circuits, it would be desirable to have high performance p-FETs and n-FETs made using the same semiconductor channel. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are the most widely studied 2D materials and inverters based on these materials have already been reported [1–3]. Although these inverters show high voltage gain, their performance is eventually limited by the low mobility in these materials. Recently, the 2D material black phosphorus (BP) has been studied which promises improved performance due to its high electron and hole mobility and thickness-dependent band gap [4–7]. However, black phosphorus tends to be naturally p-type, and while high-performance BP p-FETs have been demonstrated [6–9], achieving high-performance n-FETs has proven to be difficult [10]. In this work, we report Al 2 O 3 -passivated black phosphorus n-FETs with record transconductance of 45 µS/µm, a value that is over 10 times higher than the previous best values [10]. These result suggest strong evidence that black phosphorus is a promising material for 2D CMOS applications.
Wet and Dry Counties in Virginia

This paper is an investigation of the determinants of prohibition on alcohol sales by local municipalities. It is hypothesized that both socioeconomic and interest group variables together will have greater explanatory value in explaining outcomes rather than analysis relying on either voting or pressure group factors alone. This was tested using data from Virginia counties. It was found that although interest group variable was a stronger predictor of outcomes, the model was enhanced by the addition of demographic variables.
TRANSFORMATION AND REDUCTION FORMULAE FOR DOUBLE q-SERIES OF TYPE Φ2:1;λ2:0;μ

By applying the Sears non-terminating transformations, we establish four general transformation theorems for double basic hypergeometric series of type Φ2:1;λ2:0;μ. Moreover, several transformation, reduction and summation formulae on the double basic hypergeometric series Φ2:1;22:0;1, Φ2:1;32:0;2 and Φ2:1;42:0;3 are also derived through parameter specialisation.
RADIATION ABSORPTION PHENOMENA IN GASES. I. GENERAL THEORY OF LINE BROADENING.

Abstract Green's function techniques are used to construct a general theory of line broadening in gases. Extensive use of the diagrammatic methods of modern field theory makes possible a useful classification of the various types of mechanisms that may broaden the absorption line. To illustrate the general formalism a generalization of the impact theory of Baranger et al. is derived in which the recoil of the atom is included; i.e. collisional broadening and Doppler broadening are treated in a consistent fashion.
Parameterized Diamond Tiling for Stencil Computations with Chapel parallel iterators

Stencil computations figure prominently in the core kernels of many scientific computations, such as partial differential equation solvers. Parallel scaling of stencil computations can be significantly improved on multicore processors using advanced tiling techniques that include the time dimension, such as diamond tiling. Such techniques are difficult to include in general purpose optimizing compilers because of the need for inter-procedural pointer and array data-flow analysis, plus the need to tune scheduling strategies and tile size parameters for each pairing of stencil computation and machine. Since a fully automatic solution is problematic, we propose to provide parameterized space and time tiling iterators through libraries. Ideally, the execution schedule or tiling code will be expressed orthogonally to the computation. This supports code reuse, easier tuning, and improved programmer productivity. Chapel iterators provide this capability implicitly. We present an advanced, parameterized tiling approach that we have implemented using Chapel parallel iterators. We show how such iterators can be used by programmers in stencil computations with multiple spatial dimensions. We also demonstrate that these new iterators provide better scaling than a traditional data parallel schedule.
Formulation with ascorbic acid and sucrose modulates catechin bioavailability from green tea.

In order to investigate the impact of common food ingredients on catechin absorption, green tea (GT) extract (50 mg) was formulated plain, with sucrose (GT + S), with ascorbic acid (GT + AA) and with sucrose and ascorbic acid (GT + S + AA). Bioavailability and bioaccessibility were assessed in Sprague Dawley rats and an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model respectively. Absorption of epigallocatechin (EGC) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced in GT + S + AA formulations (AUC0–6 h = 3237.0 and 181.8 pmol h/L plasma respectively) relative to GT control (AUC0–6 h = 1304.1 and 61.0 pmol h/L plasma respectively). In vitro digestive recovery was higher for EGC and epicatechin (EC) (∼51–53%) relative to EGCG and epicatechin gallate (ECG) (<20%) and was modestly enhanced in GT + S and GT + S + AA formulations. Accumulation of EGC, EGCG and ECG by Caco-2 cells was significantly (P < 0.05) higher from GT + S + AA compared to other formulations while retention of catechins was enhanced in presence of ascorbic acid. These data suggest that formulation with sucrose and ascorbic acid may improve catechin bioavailability by enhancing bioaccessibility and intestinal uptake from tea.
New synthesis method for positive-real matrixes

Using an even-and-odd-part split of the numerator and denominator of a positive-real matrix in one variable, a two-variable lossless matrix is formed. Recent synthesis methods are applied to give a lossless synthesis of the lossless two-variable matrix, with the original one-variable matrix resulting after the replacement of one type of reactive element by resistors.
Target tissues for relaxin in the rat: tissue distribution of injected 125I-labeled relaxin and tissue changes in adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate levels after in vitro relaxin incubation.

Possible target tissues for relaxin in estrogenprimed ovariectomized rats were identified by determining 1) the tissue distribution of injected [125I]relaxin in vivo and 2) the changes in cAMP levels in several tissues after incubation with relaxin in vitro. Porcine relaxin was radioiodinated with 125I-labeled Bolton-Hunter reagent (N-succinimidyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate). Relaxin retained its biological activity after modification with unlabeled Bolton-Hunter reagent. Of the tissues examined, the thyroid, kidney, liver, spleen, lung, and uterus (horns and cervix) had higher concentrations of radioactivity than blood during the first 4 h after the injection of 5 μCi (∼16 ng) [125I]relaxin. Only in the uterus could the higher levels of radioactivity be significantly displaced by the simultaneous administration of 15,000 ng unlabeled relaxin (P < 0.05). Samples of uterine horns, cervix, liver, kidney, spleen, adrenal, diaphragm, lung, ileum, bladder, ureter, and arterial vascular wall were incubated ...
Simple method for estimating polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations on soils and sediments using subcritical water extraction coupled with solid-phase microextraction

Abstract A rapid method for estimating polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in contaminated soils and sediments has been developed by coupling static subcritical water extraction with solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Soil, water, and internal standards are placed in a sealed extraction cell, heated at 250°C for 15 to 60 min, cooled, and the PCB concentrations in the extractant water determined by SPME and GC–electron-capture detection. When PCB 103 and 169 (not found in contaminated samples) are used as internal standards to calibrate for the soil/water and water/SPME equilibria, quantitative results for individual PCB congeners typically agree within 80 to 130% of the concentrations based on Soxhlet extraction and conventional GC analysis. The reproducibility of replicate subcritical water extraction/SPME determinations is typically 10 to 15% relative standard deviation. Analysis of water extracts stored for 24 h agrees with fresh extracts, demonstrating that extracts can be stored for later SPME analysis without significant loss of the PCBs from the extractant water. The method is simple to perform, uses field-rugged and inexpensive apparatus, and generates no organic solvent waste.
Mutagenic characterization of soil and water samples from a superfund site

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the utility of short-term microbial bioassays to assess the mutagenic hazard of an uncontrolled hazardous waste site, and to compare the results from chemical and biological analysis of split soil and water samples. The results from chemical analysis indicated that the greatest concentration of contaminants was present in samples from an oil-stained area, and from the vicinity of a PCB disposal area. The results from the analyses of mutagenicity of these samples indicates that these samples also had the greatest specific activity, inducing 155 and 140 net revertants when the methylene chloride and methanol fractions were assayed, respectively. However, when the samples are compared on the basis of weighted activity, the sample from the vicinity of the PCB disposal area had the maximum activity (2410 revertants per gram of soil). While a second sample from the vicinity of the PCB disposal area had a weighted activity of 757 revertants per gram of soil, it contained no organic constituents which could be identified using standard analytical procedures. These results indicate that a combined testing protocol using both chemical and biological analysis will provide a more accurate data base from which to make a risk assessment than the use of either method alone.
The effect of aspect ratio and feed flow rate on separative power in a gas centrifuge

In this paper the effect of feed flow rate and aspect ratio on the separative power of a gas centrifuge is considered analytically and numerically. Values of the separation factor and the separative power are calculated for a wide range of parameters; attention is focused extensively on feed flow rates of the order of 10−4 kg/s for aspect ratios of 1–10. The mass-tranfer problem is strongly coupled to the fluid mechanics problem, and the beneficial effect of the thermal and/or scoop drives is clearly demonstrated. The primary results indicate that separative power decreases with increasing feed flow rate, increases with increasing aspect ratio, and may be increased significantly by proper choice of the magnitude of the thermal and/or scoop drive.