cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chiefdoms, Archaeology of

Developed as a cross-culturally comparative concept within early to mid-twentieth century cultural evolutionary anthropology and processual archaeology, chiefdoms are defined as smaller scale complex societies that are sometimes intermediate to state development, with centralized decision-making hierarchies, some degree of hereditary social ranking, and economic centralization. In historically and ethnographically known chiefdoms, chiefs generally construct and maintain political power bases through various economic means (tribute collection, control over production and exchange, foreign trade monopolies), ideological means (ritual, myth, sacred landscapes), and military coercion. Archaeologists have recognized that these power strategies are materialized archaeologically in a variety of highly visible ways (such as monumental construction, settlement hierarchies, specialized prestige goods production and exchange, differential household wealth, and indicators of large-scale militarism), and a significant amount of archaeological research has been carried out on the origins, evolution, and organization of chiefdoms in premodern societies of the Near East, Africa, East Asia, Europe, Mesoamerica, South America, North America, and Oceania. However, there is considerable recent debate about the utility of ‘chiefdoms’ as a cross-culturally applicable evolutionary concept, with challenges to this archetype ranging from decoupling elements of ‘chiefdom’ structure, examining these societies at more diverse scales of analysis, and rejecting the ‘chiefdom’ model in favor of a variety of postprocessual approaches in archaeology. This article reviews this controversy and synthesizes current archaeological approaches to sociopolitical structure, political economy, ideology, warfare, and evolutionary transformations in chiefdoms.
Scheduling Unit-Time Tasks with Limited Resources

A set of tasks are to be scheduled on a multiprocessing system with s resources. Each task takes one unit time to complete, and requires certain amounts of resources. The schedule is to be consistent with a prescribed partial order relation on the task, and the total demand for each resource must not exceed a fixed amount at any instant. In this paper we analyze the worst-case behavior of several heuristic scheduling algorithms.
Spacer geometry effects on strength of insulating glass joints for structural glazing applications

Test results are given for specimens that model insulating glass joints used in structural glazing applications. Three spacer geometries were investigated. The first was a rectangular spacer, resulting in a basic, three-sided adhesion joint. The second was a vee-shaped spacer with the point toward the outer edge of the joint. The third was tee-shaped with the stem projecting outward. All specimens were made with a two-part silicone structural sealant. Static tensile strength rankings, in ascending order, are rectangular, vee, tee, and tee with bond breaker. The bond breaker provided only minor improvements for the tee spacer. The data showed a significant gain in strength with increased joint depth. These results are compared and discussed.
Endovascular treatment of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm using physician-modified endografts.

Objective To report an initial experience with physician-modified thoracic endografts for endovascular treatment of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA). Methods Single-center cohort study of the treatment of TAAA using a physician-modified fenestrated thoracic endograft for patients deemed to be at high risk of open repair. The cohort includes 21 patients in a prospective physician-sponsored U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved investigational device exemption study and three patients treated outside the investigational device exemption. The procedure involves physician modification of a Cook TX2 thoracic stent graft with reinforced fenestrations. Branch stents were iCast balloon expandable stents. Treatment success was defined as successful aneurysm exclusion with freedom from permanent organ system dysfunction and return to preoperative level of independent functional status. Results Twenty-four consecutive patients were treated. Twenty-one patients (88%) met the endpoint of treatment success at a mean of 11 months follow-up. One patient (4%) died within 30 days due to complications of spinal cord injury (SCI). One patient (4%) died 4 months postoperatively after a prolonged recovery from surgery. One other patient (4%) is alive 13 months after operation with permanent SCI. One renal reintervention has been required. No device failures have occurred. Conclusions Early-term data suggest that physician-modified fenestrated thoracic endografts can be used to safely and effectively treat TAAA in patients at high risk of open repair. Physician-modified devices perform similarly to commercially manufactured grafts in terms of treatment success, SCI, perioperative death, and clinical outcome at short-term follow-up. Physician modification is immediately available and allows for a high level of customizability. Procedure success is contingent upon careful preoperative planning, patient selection, experienced providers, and a high volume center.
Filter Paper Blood Collection and Punching As A Means of Quantification

Filter paper has been tested as a medium for the collection of blood samples for the subsequent elution and analysis of phenylalanine, tyrosine, glucose, and urea nitrogen. The use of paper did not measurably alter the precision of the above methods. The paper punch as a means of quantification has been compared with the more commonly used technic of volumetric measurement. The precision obtained with punched spots was found to be similar to that found with measured spots for the above four procedures and for weighed samples. The hematocrit value was found to have an influence on the volume of blood contained in a punched spot. Differences in spreading through filter paper between 100 individual blood samples tested did not seem to be responsible for a variance in excess of that introduced by the analytic procedures themselves.
Indiana's Midwifery Statute and the Legal Barriers That Will Render It Unworkable

INTRODUCTION The State of Indiana recently legalized certified direct entry midwifery. Surely the new law, championed as a “huge step forward for families in Indiana” and the product of decades of lobbying efforts, would not merely maintain the status quo. Surely the new law, aimed to bring together two historically disparate groups, would not promote a greater resentment of one another. Surely the new law would not deprive Hoosier women of their United States Constitutional right to privacy or to the free exercise of their religion. Yet, the language of the new midwifery statute produces these results that surely no law should produce. Behind the portrayal of this law as a giant leap for midwife accessibility in Indiana, however, is the strong likelihood that very few aspiring midwives will be able to comply with the requirements needed to practice legally in the State of Indiana. Two provisions, in particular, will produce an unworkable statute: the
Caspase-mediated pro-apoptotic interaction of panaxadiol and irinotecan in human colorectal cancer cells

Objectives Panaxadiol is a purified sapogenin of ginseng saponins that exhibits anticancer activity. Irinotecan is a second-line anticancer drug, but clinical treatment with irinotecan is limited due to its side effects. In this study, we have investigated the possible synergistic anticancer effects of panaxadiol and irinotecan on human colorectal cancer cells and explored the potential role of apoptosis in their synergistic activity. Key findings The combination of panaxadiol and irinotecan significantly enhanced antiproliferative effects in HCT-116 cells (P < 0.05). Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that combining irinotecan treatment with panaxadiol significantly increased the G1-phase fractions of cells, compared with irinotecan treatment alone. In apoptotic assays, the combination of panaxadiol and irinotecan significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic cells compared with irinotecan alone (P < 0.01). Increased activity of caspase-3 and caspase-9 was observed after treating with panaxadiol and irinotecan. The synergistic apoptotic effects were supported by docking analysis, which demonstrated that panaxadiol and irinotecan bound two different chains of the caspase-3 protein. Conclusions Data from this study suggested that caspase-3- and caspase-9-mediated apoptosis may play an important role in the panaxadiol enhanced antiproliferative effects of irinotecan on human colorectal cancer cells.
X-Ray Analysis of Three Series of Alloys

Crystal structure of three series of alloys has been determined by Hull's method of x-ray analysis, using sheets of collodion or zapon in which the filings or powders to be investigated were embedded.The Fe-Ni and Fe-Co series of pure binary alloys were each found to be solid solutions of one metal in the other with a single region of transition at 22-30 per cent. Ni and at 80-90 per cent. Co respectively. This means that Fe atoms can be substituted for up to 70 per cent. of the Ni atoms in the face-centered Ni lattice and Co atoms can be substituted for up to 80 per cent. of the Fe atoms in the cube-centered Fe lattice without changing the crystal structure. No evidence of a compound ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}$Ni was obtained.Fe-Ni alloys develop the cube-centered form when made magnetic by chilling in liquid air.The Cu-Zn series of alloys form solid solutions of Zn in Cu up to 47 per cent. Zn, then change first to the cubic, then to the rhombohedral, and finally to the hexagonal form typical of Zn. These changes correspond roughly with changes in the hardness curve. The effect of annealing was not appreciable.
Form-class clustering in recall with relevant or irrelevant prior exposure

Cofer and Bruce (1965) reported minimal clustering in free recall based on grammatical form-class membership of the items (12 nouns, 12 adjectives, 12 verbs) with zero associative overlap. In the absence of associative strength, category membership did not facilitate clustering. This experiment produced similar results when the Ss' prior experience with the stimulus words was varied: (a) relevant experience, circling the form class of each word; and (b) irrelevant experience, rating the frequency of usage of each word. A third group told to use grammatical form class as an aid to recall did not show an elevated index of clustering.
Effect of alloxan in rabbits with temporary occlusion of the arteries to the pancreas.

SummaryDiabetes was prevented in 9 of 10 rabbits given alloxan by temporary occlusion of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries. The remaining animal developed moderate, delayed diabetes with mild histological changes in the islets of Langerhans.Severe hypoglycemia was observed in several of the rabbits which failed to develop diabetes and which failed to show any histological change in the islets of Langerhans or the liver when examined at 2 to IS days.These experiments indicate that alloxan diabetes is pancreatic in origin but suggest that the hypoglycemic phase is either extrapancreatic in origin or may be produced by the action of very small quantities of alloxan insufficient to produce detectable changes in the islets of Langerhans.
Synthesis of a substituted 2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane,1,3-anhydro-2,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-β-d-glucopyranose

Abstract 1,3-Anhydro-2,4,6-tri- O -benzyl-β- d -glucopyranose has been synthesized by ring closure of 2,4,6-tri- O -benzyl-α- d -glucopyranosyl chloride via two reaction sequences. The preferable method has allyl 3- O -allyl- d -glucopyranoside as key inter-mediate. This appears to be the first example of an anhydro sugar derivative with the 2,6-dioxabicyclo [3.1.1]heptane skeleton.
One Example of a Model Humanitarian Mission

This paper describes a model humanitarian mission to Guyana; it illustrates the value of excellent ongoing care in collaboration with local physicians and surgeons, cooperation with local government and medical officials, and frequent periodic follow-up missions (always to the same hospital, working with the same staff). This effort has largely avoided the so-called “Seven Sins of Humanitarian Medicine”.
Program Closure: The Impact on Participants in a Program for Female Prostitutes

Objective: This study examines the impact of program closure on participants in a case management program for female prostitutes. Methods: Former program participants were surveyed about their expe...
Factors contributing to rapid wear and osteolysis in hips with modular acetabular bearings made of hylamer.

Abstract There have been several reports of osteolysis associated with rapid wear of Hylamer. A detailed analysis of retrieved implants and tissues can identify factors contributing to rapid wear and osteolysis. The mean linear wear rate of 12 liners was 0.49 mm/y, and 11 of 12 hips had progressive retroacetabular osteolysis. The average patient age was 50 years, and the mean implantation time was 50 months. All liners were sterilized by gamma irradiation in air. There was an 11-month difference in the average shelf-life of the 3 liners that were white and those that were darker in color. The volumetric wear rate of the white liners was 30% less than that of the others, suggesting a difference in the wear resistance of the liners as a function of shelf life. The mean average surface roughness (R a ) and the mean maximum surface roughness (R max ) of the femoral heads were increased 3-fold and 50-fold compared with typical values for unused femoral heads. Evidence of 3-body wear, such as metal particles embedded in the liners, was commonly present. The pattern of backside liner deformation and burnishing was consistent with relative motion between the liner and the shell. In addition to generating Hylamer wear particles, repetitive axial motion between the liner and shell could generate fluid pressure, which transmitted through holes in the acetabular shell could cause or contribute to the development of retroacetabular osteolysis. Hylamer particles of variable shape and size, consistent with generation by several wear modes, were isolated from periprosthetic tissues.
The influence of mitogen costimulation on the human lymphocyte blastogenic response to Actinomyces viscosus ultrasonicates.

Abstract Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured for 48 hr in the presence of an ultrasonicate supernatant fraction of Actinomyces viscosus (AV-SUP). After washing to remove AV-SUP, the lymphocytes were cultured in the presence of concanavalin A or pokeweed mitogen for an additional 72 hr. Measurement of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA indicated that AV-SUP preculture resulted in an amplified or elevated response to mitogen stimulation compared to mock precultured cells and unstimulated controls. Addition of fresh cells prior to mitogen activation resulted in an additional incremental increase over controls. The modulated cell appeared to reside in the AV-SUP precultured population, since treatment of these cells with mitomycin C prior to coculture with fresh cells totally abrogated the effect. However, mitomycin C treatment of the fresh population had no effect on mitogen-induced amplification. Results of these experiments suggest that mitogen stimulation activates a helper function which allows the precultured cells to respond to AV-SUP stimulation.
Left-handed high energy density waveguides: nano-light propagation and focusing

It has been recently shown that a planar waveguide structure with a strongly anisotropic core can be used as non-magnetic medium with negative refractive index. In such a system, the optical radiation propagating in the plane of the waveguide is effectively confined in deep subwavelength space perpendicular to this plane, leading to the strong enhancement of energy density inside the system. We demonstrate the possibility of using the high energy-density waveguide as a planar lens, present a detailed study of imaging properties of the proposed system, and consider the perspectives of energy confinement beyond the diffraction limit.
Multilevel psychometric properties of the AHRQ hospital survey on patient safety culture

The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture was designed to assess staff views on patient safety culture in hospital settings. The purpose of this study was to examine the multilevel psychometric properties of the survey. Survey data from 331 U.S. hospitals with 2,267 hospital units and 50,513 respondents were analyzed to examine the psychometric properties of the survey's items and composites. Item factor loadings, intraclass correlations (ICCs), design effects, internal consistency reliabilities, and multilevel confirmatory factor analyses (MCFA) were examined as well as intercorrelations among the survey's composites. Psychometric analyses confirmed the multilevel nature of the data at the individual, unit and hospital levels of analysis. Results provided overall evidence supporting the 12 dimensions and 42 items included in the AHRQ Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture as having acceptable psychometric properties at all levels of analysis, with a few exceptions. The Staffing composite fell slightly below cutoffs in a number of areas, but is conceptually important given its impact on patient safety. In addition, one hospital-level model fit indicator for the Supervisor/Manager Expectations & Actions Promoting Patient Safety composite was low (CFI = .82), but all other psychometrics for this scale were good. Average dimension intercorrelations were moderate at .42 at the individual level, .50 at the unit level, and .56 at the hospital level. Psychometric analyses conducted on a very large database of hospitals provided overall support for the patient safety culture dimensions and items included in the AHRQ Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. The survey's items and dimensions overall are psychometrically sound at the individual, unit, and hospital levels of analysis and can be used by researchers and hospitals interested in assessing patient safety culture. Further research is needed to study the criterion-related validity of the survey by analysing the relationship between patient safety culture and patient outcomes and studying how to improve patient safety culture.
Is fetal cerebral vascular resistance affected by the presence of nuchal cord(s) in the third trimester of pregnancy

Objective To assess whether fetal cerebral vascular resistance is affected by the presence of nuchal cord(s) in the third trimester. Methods A set of 115 patients with well-established dates and singleton, appropriate for gestational age (GA), nonanomalous fetuses with nuchal cord(s) diagnosed with prenatalcolorDopplerimaging,between28and41 weeks and 115 controls matched for GA, were studied. Patients with hypertension, diabetes and autoimmune conditions were excluded. Doppler indices were obtained from the umbilical artery (UA) and the fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) upon initial diagnosis of the nuchal cord. Results Of 115 GA-matched pairs of pregnancies, 103 fetuses had a single nuchal cord and 12 a double nuchal cord. No significant differences were noted in patient age, gravidity, parity, sonographically estimated fetal weight (SEFW), and growth centile at ultrasonographic diagnosis. Mean UA systolic/diastolic ratio (S/D) was 2.28 ± 0.32 and 2.36 ± 0.33 (P = 0.03) and UA resistance index (RI) 0.55 ± 0.06 and 0.57 ± 0.06 (P = 0.02) among study and controls, respectively. Mean fetal MCA S/D and RI did not differ significantly between the two groups (fetal MCA S/D 5.01 ± 1.28 and 5.04 ± 1.71 (P = 0.86), and mean fetal MCA RI 0.78 ± 0.06 and 0.78 ± 0.05 (P = 0.88)). No significant differences were noted in GA at delivery, incidence of meconium-stained amniotic fluid, birth weight, mode of delivery, neonatal gender, 1 and 5 minute Apgar scores, or UA pH and base excess, between study and control patients. Conclusion Fetal cerebral vascular resistance is not affected by the presence of nuchal cord(s) in the third trimester of pregnancy. Copyright  2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can I own my writings and sell them too? A brief history of copyright in China from the late Qing era to Mao's China

This article briefly reviews the growth of copyright, as an idea, an industrial practice and a state policy, in the context of social transformation in China from the mid-nineteenth century to the late 1970s. Understanding copyright as one dimension of cultural commodification, it aims to reconceptualize Chinese copyright history by focusing on China's development and the transformation of cultural industries and cultural control. It argues that private control over cultural products is not alien to Chinese tradition, and calls for a shift of attention from anti- or pro-copyright assumptions about Chinese culture to the changing political economy of cultural industries that gives rise to certain forms of cultural privatization. It also analyzes copyright's role in state developmental policy and in the reshuffling of social classes and hierarchy.
Impact of Community Mentors on Maternal Behaviors and Child Outcomes

Play and Learning Strategies (PALS), a research-based parent education and support program, was delivered to families with low income via home visiting using a facilitator. Facilitators completed 12 home visits addressing responsive parenting, behavioral support, language stimulation, and support of attentional skills. This report compares PALS to M-PALS, a program that included a community mentor in addition to a facilitator. Community mentoring provided modeling of parenting skills and supportive services to decrease external stressors for mothers. Mothers who participated in the M-PALS and PALS programs for longer durations demonstrated more responsive behaviors. Mothers in the M-PALS program also had greater increases in verbal scaffolding and their children showed greater gains in cognitive scores. Verbal scaffolding was a mediating factor for child cognitive outcomes. Mentoring impacted child changes indirectly and should be studied further to determine other beneficial functions mentors might serve.
Adsorption of ionic surfactants on charged solid surfaces from aqueous solutions

A model for the adsorption of ionic surfactants on an oppositely charged solid surface of uniform charge density is developed. The model is based on the consideration that, on the solid surface, adsorbed surfactant monomers, monolayered and bilayered surfactant aggregates of various sizes, and “empty sites” constitute a nonideal two-dimensional mixture. The competition between the entropic and enthalpic contributions to the free energy is responsible for the formation of the monolayered or bilayered surfactant aggregates. The nonideality is treated via the Flory−Huggins equation extended to a two-dimensional solution. The standard free energy change is calculated by considering five contributions: the hydrophobic effect and the conformational change of the surfactant tails, the electrostatic and steric interactions due to the surfactant headgroups, and the surfactant tails−water interfacial free energy. The electrostatic effects are treated in the framework of the Poisson−Boltzmann equation. The model, w...
LOFAR as an ionospheric probe

Abstract At the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR)(Planet. Space Sci. (2004) these proceedings) frequencies (HF/VHF), extraterrestrial radiation experiences substantial propagation delay as it passes through the ionosphere. The adaptive calibration technique to be employed by LOFAR will use signals from many known bright radio sources in the sky to estimate and remove the effects of this delay. This technique will operate along many simultaneous lines of sight for each of the stations. Measurements will be made on time scales of seconds or shorter, and with accuracies corresponding to path length variations of 1 cm or less. Tomographic techniques can be used to invert the thousands of changing and independent total electron content (TEC) measurements produced by LOFAR into three-dimensional electron density specifications above the array. These specifications will measure spatial and time scales significantly smaller and faster than anything currently available. These specifications will be used to investigate small-scale ionospheric irregularities, equatorial plasma structures, and ionospheric waves. In addition, LOFAR will improve the understanding of the solar drivers of the ionosphere by simultaneously measuring the solar radio bursts and the TEC. Finally, LOFAR, which will be situated to observed the galactic plane, will make continuous, high-resolution observations of the low-latitude ionosphere, an important but under-observed region. This paper will look at LOFAR as an ionospheric probe including comparisons to other ionospheric probes as well as possible methods of operation to optimize ionospheric measurements.
Burn control, an adipocyte-specific function for galectin-12

Families of molecules often have similar functions—think of kinases, transcription factors, chemokines, or Toll-like receptors. The galectins, an evolutionarily ancient family of carbohydrate binding proteins found in organisms from multicellular fungi to humans, are different (1, 2). Galectins are a family of lectins; the family designation is based on highly conserved structural features, particularly the conserved carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) that define the proteins as lectins. In contrast, the pleiotropic functions of galectins do not seem to be conserved. Based on the cell type investigated, galectins have been reported to regulate cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, differentiation, survival, and death, and they also positively and negatively regulate host defense against microbial pathogens. Extracellular functions of galectins typically depend on the carbohydrate binding properties of the lectins, but many different glycoprotein receptors can be recognized by various galectins if the glycoprotein receptors bear the appropriate glycan ligands, resulting in the vast array of cellular functions triggered by galectin binding. In addition, galectins are also found intracellularly, where for example, protein–protein interactions at the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane, nucleus, and mitochondria promote association of galectin-3 with K-Ras, β-catenin, and Bcl-2 family members to regulate oncogenesis and cell death (3–5). In PNAS, the work by Yang et al. (6) reports an unexpected function for a galectin, galectin-12, at an unexpected subcellular location.
``Swords into ploughshares``: Breaking new ground with radar hardware and technique in physical research after World War II

A survey is offered of applications to fundamental physical research, in the years immediately following World War II, of the instrumentalities developed for radar during that war. Attention is given to radar astronomy and radio astronomy, linear and cyclical accelerators, microwave spectroscopy, molecular beams, nuclear magnetic resonance, electron paramagnetic and ferromagnetic resonance, measurements of resistivity at high frequencies in metals and of second sound in helium II, and to the concepts of information and signal-to-noise ratio as basic to the design and analysis of experiments. In conjunction with this survey, consideration is given to the autonomy of physics as a knowledge-producing enterprise, framed as a question of continuity in research directions. As that question implies a baseline, the survey of postwar applications is preceded by a survey of those prewar directions of physical research requiring the highest available radio frequencies. Some 500 references are given.
Electrochemical Interfaces: Some Structural Perspectives

Some facets of our current state of physical understanding in electrochemical surface science are discussed, with emphasis on recent advances in the structural properties of monocrystalline metal−solution interfaces brought about by the emergence of in-situ microscopic-level techniques.
The equations of stationary, incompressible magnetohydrodynamics with mixed boundary conditions

Abstract This paper deals with the questions of existence, uniqueness, and finite element approximation of solutions to the equations of steady-state magnetohydrodynamics with mixed boundary conditions, posed on a bounded, three-dimensional domain. The boundary conditions for the velocity equations are of Dirichlet, Neumann, and mixed type. These boundary conditions are important when considering free boundary value problems, problems on artificially truncated domains, and control problems which are governed by these equations.
Diminished nocturnal penile tumescence in depression : a replication study

A descriptive study was conducted in a new sample of 51 men with DSM-III-R research diagnostic criteria (RDC) major depression in order to replicate earlier observations that measures of nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) and penile rigidity are disturbed in depressive states. When compared to both the age-equated patient (n = 34) and normal control (n = 28) groups reported in our 1988 study, the new sample manifested significant abnormalities of NPT and diminished penile rigidity. Such disturbances were not, however, significantly correlated with psychobiological indicators of severe or endogenous depression.
Experimental analysis of the effect of exotic and native plant species on the structure and function of soil microbial communities.

Invasions of exotic plant species are among the most pervasive and important threats to natural ecosystems, however, the effects of plant invasions on soil processes and the soil biota have rarely been investigated. We grew two exotic and a native under-story plant species in the same mineral soil from a non-invaded forest stand in order to test whether observed differences in the field could be experimentally produced in the greenhouse. We characterized changes in the soil microbial community structure (as indexed by PLFAs) and function (as indexed by enzyme activities and SIR), as well as changes in potential nitrogen mineralization rates. We found that the invasion of two very dissimilar exotic species into the under-story of deciduous forests in eastern North America can rapidly cause changes in most of the studied soil properties. At the end of the three-month incubation, soils under the exotic species had significantly different PLFA, enzyme and SIR profiles than both initial soils and soils where native shrubs had been grown. We also observed a significant increase in pH and nitrification rates under one of the exotic plants. Such changes in the soil are potentially long-term (e.g. changes in soil pH) and are therefore likely to promote the re-invasion of these and other exotics. Both management of exotic plant invasions and the restoration of native communities must take into account exotic species effects on the soil.
Monooxygenase, Esterase, and Glutathione Transferase Activity Associated with Azinphosmethyl Resistance in the Tufted Apple Bud Moth, Platynota idaeusalis

Abstract Azinphosmethyl-selected tufted apple bud moths were compared to susceptible and reverted strains with respect to possible metabolic mechanisms of resistance within the third instar, fifth instar, and adults. Based upon bioassays conducted by topical application with azinphosmethyl, LD 50 s were as high as 867-fold in the selected strain as compared to that seen in susceptible bud moths. The LD 50 of the reverted strain was intermediate to that of the susceptible and selected insects at all stages studied. Glutathione transferase activity measured with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was elevated in the selected strain 1.6- and 2.2-fold as compared to third and fifth stadium susceptible bud moths, respectively. No consistent strain differences were noted for 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene. Cytochrome P450 content and P450 mRNA was not significantly different in fifth instars of the susceptible and selected strain. However, there was a 2.7- and 1.9-fold increase in benzphetamine and p -nitroanisole metabolism, respectively, in the guts of azinphosmethyl-selected fifth instars. Benzo[ a ]pyrene metabolism was elevated 2.4-fold in the carcass of selected bud moths and no differences were noted for methoxyresorufrin in either gut or carcass. Susceptible fifth instars demonstrated a reduced rate of metabolism of azinphosmethyl to the oxon and methyl benzazamide. Piperonyl butoxide failed to synergize azinphosmethyl toxicity. Esterase activity measured with 1-naphthyl acetate and p -nitrophenyl acetate was elevated in selected larvae compared to that seen in susceptible tufted apple bud moths in both larvae and adults. This increased esterase activity was attributed to several isoforms as resolved by analytical isoelectric focusing. One of these forms was consistently overexpressed in all of the life stages examined. Pretreatment of selected fifth instars with S,S,S -tributylphosphorotrithioate increased the toxicity of azinphosmethyl 400-fold and had minimal effect on toxicity in susceptible insects. It appears that multiple hydrolases are the primary metabolic factor in azinphosmethyl resistance in the tufted apple bud moth.
A complete list of references for the paper: "a remark on the proposed syllabus for an AMS short course on computer algebra"

It was very unfortunate that only three out of the eight references of the paper mentioned above, appeared in the ACM-SIGSAM Bulletin, Vol. 14, No. 2, May 1980, 24--25. Although the members of our special interest group should have no difficulty guessing most of the missing references, we feel obligated to publish the complete list, which is as follows:
Gender differences in patients' attributions for myocardial infarction: implications for adaptive health behaviors.

Attributions for myocardial infarction were studied in a patient sample (N = 157). Men and women were comparable at intake on age, health status, and lifestyle factors. Attributions to diet, x2 (1, N = 157) = 8.83, p = .003, and exercise, x2 (1, N = 157) = 6.60, p = .01, were less common among women than men. After 3 months (n = 136), women were less likely than men to report improving their diets or increasing exercise. Initial attributions predicted subsequent reports of behavior change in relevant domains. These findings suggest that gender differences in causal attributions for myocardial infarction may contribute to subsequent differences between men and women in health-related behavior change.
A demonstration of problems associated with crack closure measurement techniques

Abstract Closure load measurements were performed on an experimental Ni base superalloy compact tension (CT) specimen which exhibited a significant degree of surface roughness. To calibrate the test procedure, a back face strain gage, front face clip gage and a laser extensometer were used to measure the load-displacement response for an uncracked specimen. Closure measurements were then performed as a function of ΔK during a fatigue crack propagation test. It was found that a single back face strain gage could not be used to obtain accurate closure measurements due in part to the apparent strains generated as a result of temperature fluctuations. The clip gage was somewhat more accurate but was subject to rotation and slippage on the knife edges which affected the output. The laser extensometer gave the most reliable results and required no additional specimen preparation. Machine alignment was critical and measured closure loads were affected by seemingly unimportant alterations in the test set-up. Limitations and sources of potential errors associated with these measurement techniques are discussed.
Mitral Valve Prolapse and the Anxiety Disorders

Confusing and contradictory results have emerged from studies of the relationship between anxiety disorders and mitral valve prolapse (MVP), a commonly occurring heart defect that has been associated with chest pain, palpitations, tachycardia, and arrhythmias. Patients with anxiety disorders, particularly panic attacks, appear to have an increased prevalence of MVP compared with control groups or the general population, although most individuals with MVP are asymptomatic. MVP does not appear to distinguish a subgroup of patients with panic disorder on the basis of vulnerability to panic attacks, symptom presentation, biological abnormalities, or treatment response. The authors review some current hypotheses about causal relationships between anxiety disorders and MVP, describe methods of diagnosing MVP and their shortcomings, and identify possible medical complications of MVP and ways to treat or prevent them.
Evaluation of the dosimetric characteristics of a diamond detector for photon beam measurements.

The dosimetric properties of a new diamonddetector for the measurement of relative dose in photon beams have been investigated and compared to those of a silicon p‐type photon diode and a 0.14 cm3ionization chamber. The mass energy absorption ratio of carbon to water is nearly constant over a wide energy range making the diamonddetector nearly tissue equivalent. The directional dependence of the radiation response of the diamonddetector for cobalt 60, 6 MV and 18 MV photon beams was more uniform than that of the diode. As the incident photon beam moves from 0° (parallel to the detector stem) to a direction transverse to the detector stem (90°), the diamonddetector sensitivity remains nearly uniform whereas the diode sensitivity diminishes by approximately 15%–22%. The spatial resolution of the diamonddetector, as measured by penumbra width, is slightly less than that of the diode detector but clearly superior to that of the 0.14 cm3ionization chamber. The tissue maximum ratio measurements for small size photon fields (diameter ≤4 cm) with the diamond, diode, and a Markus parallel plate chamber are in excellent agreement. The diamonddetector with high radiation sensitivity and spatial resolution is an excellent choice as a detector in photon fields with high dose gradients such as brachytherapy and radiosurgery.
The influence of ‘low-balling’ on buyers' compliance: Revisited

Central to the low-ball strategy is the revocation and subsequent alteration of an integral part of an offer after a target subject accepts. Allegedly used to some extent in the automobile industry, it has drawn criticism as an unethical and characteristically deceptive practice. Yet, is such a strategy really effective in increasing customer compliance in real commercial settings? Using a sample of 160 subjects, the low-ball procedure was again tested. Although effective, its predicted superiority over several competing strategies was unconfirmed.
Usefulness of thallium-201 scintigraphy in predicting the development of angina pectoris in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy

Abstract Hypertension and left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy are independent risk factors for the development of coronary artery disease. To determine whether patients at higher risk for coronary artery disease can be identified, 40 asymptomatic hypertensive men with LV hypertrophy were prospectively studied using exercise thallium-201 scintigraphy and exercise radionuclide angiography. Endpoints indicative of coronary artery disease were defined as the subsequent development of typical angina pectoris, which occurred in 8 patients during a median follow-up of 38 months, or myocardial infarction, which did not occur. The exercise electrocardiogram was interpreted by standard ST-segment criteria and by a computerized treadmill exercise score. Abnormal ST-segment responses were present in 16 of the 40 hypertensives (40%), whereas the treadmill score was positive in 8 of those same 40 patients (20%). Scintigraphic perfusion defects assessed both visually and semiquantitatively were observed in 8 of 40 (20%) patients. An abnormal ejection fraction response to exercise was present in 40% (16 of 40) of patients, and 3 of 40 (7.5%) developed new wall motion abnormalities during exercise. Six of 8 patients with either perfusion defects or abnormal treadmill score developed typical angina during follow-up. All 5 patients with concordant positive exercise scintigrams and treadmill score developed chest pain during follow-up and had coronary artery disease confirmed by coronary angiography. However, only 7 of 16 (44%) patients with positive ST changes or abnormal ejection fraction responses during exercise developed chest pain during follow-up. In contrast, of 32 patients with negative scintigrams only 2 developed atypical chest pain syndromes, and significant coronary artery disease was excluded by angiography in 1 patient. Thus, both thallium-201 scintigraphy and treadmill score accurately detect coronary artery disease in asymptomatic hypertensive patients with LV hypertrophy and predict the future development of angina symptoms.
Lack of effects of calcium · calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation on Ca2+ release from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum

Canine cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum is phosphorylated by an endogenous calcium X calmodulin-dependent protein kinase and phosphorylation occurs mainly on a 27 kDa proteolipid, called phospholamban. To determine whether this phosphorylation has any effect on Ca2+ release, sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles were phosphorylated by the calcium X calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, while non-phosphorylated vesicles were preincubated under identical conditions but in the absence of ATP to avoid phosphorylation. Both non-phosphorylated and phosphorylated vesicles were centrifuged to remove calmodulin, and subsequently used for Ca2+ release studies. Calcium loading was carried out either by the active calcium pump or by incubation with high (5 mM) calcium for longer periods. Phosphorylation of sarcoplasmic reticulum by calcium X calmodulin-dependent protein kinase had no appreciable effect on the initial rates of Ca2+ released from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles loaded under passive conditions and on the apparent 45Ca2+-40Ca2+ exchange from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles loaded under active conditions. Thus, it appears that calcium X calmodulin-dependent protein kinase mediated phosphorylation of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum is not involved in the regulation of Ca2+ release and 45Ca2+-40Ca2+ exchange.
Conformation of P-form DNA.

The P-Form of DNA has been studied by use of ir spectroscopy and electron microscopy (EM). The ir data show that the P-form has little or no hydrogen bonding, while the data from EM show that the P-form has a condensed tertiary structure. In earlier work, we demonstrated that the P-form is devoid of base stacking. When that information is combined with the new ir data, we conclude that the P-Form is denatured because it lacks any of the interactions associated with a normal secondary structure. This is in apparent contradiction to earlier work that showed that the P-form may be easily transformed back to a native state by adding water. However, the lack of secondary structure can be overcome by the presence of a collapsed tertiary state that does not allow non-hydrogen-bonded strands to separate. Thus, the complementary strands can renature quickly on addition of water. The collapse to a condensed tertiary structure occurs when roughly 90% of the charge on the DNA molecule is neutralized by counterion condensation, as calculated by the Manning polyelectrolyte theory, and is consistent with other collapsed DNA states in this respect. This structure explains all physical properties of the P-form that have been observed.
Problem solving in diabetes self-management: A model of chronic illness self-management behavior

Management of chronic illnesses is a significant public health concern that is made more challenging by problems of regimen adherence. Effective self-management of chronic illnesses such as diabetes requires not only technical skill to perform regimen behaviors but also problem-solving skills to manage daily barriers to regimen adherence and to make appropriate adjustment to the self-care regimen. A review of the empirical literature on the relation between problem solving and disease self-management in diabetes, a chronic illness exemplar, illuminates methodological limitations that indicate a need for a theoretical framework for problem solving applied to chronic disease self-management. A problem-solving model of chronic disease self-management is proposed, derived from theories of problem solving in cognitive psychology, educational al/tearning theory, and social problem solving. Four essential components of problem solving in disease self-management are identified: (a) problem-solving skill, (b) problem-solving orientation, (c) disease-specific knowledge, and (d) transfer of past experience. The model is illustrated, and empirical support for this problem-solving model in the diabetes literature is discussed. The model has utility in driving testable hypotheses regarding the relation of disease-specific problem solving to chronic illness management, in developing problem-solving assessment instruments relevant to disease self-management, and in guiding disease self-management training and interventions.
Variation by specialty in the treatment of urinary tract infection in women.

To determine practicing physicians' strategies for diagnosing and managing uncomplicated urinary tract infection, we surveyed physicians in general internal medicine, family practice, obstetrics and gynecology, and emergency medicine in four states. Responses differed significantly by respondents' specialty. For example, nitrofurantoin was the antibiotic of first choice for 46% of obstetricians, while over 80% in the other specialties chose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Most surveyed said they do not usually order urine culture, but the percentage who do varied by specialty. Most use a colony count of 105colony-forming units or more for diagnosis although evidence favors a lower threshold, and 70% continue antibiotic therapy even if the culture result is negative. This survey found considerable variation by specialty and also among individual physicians regarding diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection and also suggests that some of the new information from the literature has not been translated to clinical practice.
Superresolution inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging using compressive sampling

A method based on compressive sampling to achieve superresolution in ISAR imaging is presented. The superresolution ISAR imaging algorithm is implemented by enforcing the sparsity constraints via random compressive sampling of the measured data. Sparsity constraint ratio (SCR) is used as a design parameter. Mutual coherence is used as a quantitative measure to determine the optimal SCR. ISAR data for full angular sector as well as different partial angular sectors are utilized in this study. Results show that significant resolution enhancement is achieved around optimal SCR of 0.2.
Adult Learning in the Workplace: Emotion Work or Emotion Learning?.

The chapter examines learning and emotion at work and how emotional intelligence and emotion work affect well-being, identity development, and power relations. The chapter also considers how human resource development and emotion interact in learning, training, and change initiatives.
Reaction of atomic hydrogen with hydrogenated porous silicon — detection of precursor to silane formation

Abstract The reaction of electrochemically formed porous silicon with atomic hydrogen or atomic deuterium has been studied at cryogenic temperatures and at room temperature. Cryogenic temperatures were chosen in order to kinetically suppress silane formation (silicon etching) and to spectroscopically observe the surface precursor to SiH 4 formation. By comparing developments in the SiH and SiD stretching mode regions of the infrared spectrum, it is demonstrated that SiH 3 is stabilized at 133 K without formation of SiH 4 (g). Warming to near 200 K and above evolves SiH 4 (g) as SiH 3 reacts with neighbor SiH x species. It is demonstrated that the reaction SiH 3 + H → SiH 4 (g) does not proceed rapidly at 133 K. This suggests that disproportion of SiH 3 and SiH x surface species to make SiH 4 (g) dominates in the etching process on porous silicon at lower temperatures.