cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the identification of modular test requirements for low cost hierarchical test path construction

We discuss a novel method for identifying test requirements of modules in a hierarchical design in order to facilitate the construction of cost-effective hierarchical test paths. Unlike current practices, which construct very general paths capable of justifying all vectors and propagating all responses to and from each module in the design, test requirements in our method are defined as a set of fine-grained input and output bit clusters and pertinent symbolic values. These test requirements reflect the inherent connectivity and regularity of each module and, when supported by corresponding hierarchical test paths, they guarantee complete testability of the module. Their key advantage is that they are not fully specified test vectors and, therefore, they do not require a computationally expensive search algorithm to satisfy from the primary inputs and outputs of the circuit. At the same time, they are also not arbitrarily general and, therefore, they do not impose overly strenuous transparency requirements on the surrounding modules, which could require excessive design-for-testability hardware. In essence, they combine the generality required for fast hierarchical test path construction with the precision necessary for minimizing the incurred cost, thus fostering cost-effective hierarchical test.
Ordering quantity decisions considering uncertainty in supply-chain logistics operations

Abstract This research seeks to determine the optimal order amount for a retailer given uncertainty in a supply-chain's logistics network due to unforeseeable disruption or various types of defects (e.g., shipping damage, missing parts and misplacing products). Mixture distribution models characterize problems from solitary failures and contingent events causing network to function ineffectively. The uncertainty in the number of good products successfully reaching distribution centers (DCs) and retail stores poses a challenge in deciding product-order amounts. Because the commonly used ordering plan developed for maximizing expected profits does not allow retailers to address concerns about contingencies; this research proposes two improved procedures with risk-averse characteristics towards low probability and high impact events. Several examples illustrate the impact of a DC's operation policies and model assumptions on a retailer's product-ordering plan and resulting sales profit.
Excitant and depressant drugs modulate effects of environment on brain weight and cholinesterases.

Certain excitant drugs can enhance the effects of enriched experience on weights of brain sections and on the activities of acetylcholinesterase and cholinesterase in the brain, and certain depressants can lessen the brain weight effects. Most experiments were performed with prepubertal male rats. Some rats were exposed in groups of 12 to an enriched environmental condition (EC), usually for 2 h per day and over a 30-day period; others remained in their individual home cages (HC) throughout. Some received a drug injection and others received a saline injection before the daily EC period; HC controls received similar injections. The drug injections had no significant effects on brain values of HC rats, but they altered effects of EC, probably by influencing the animals' reactions to the environment. Methamphetamine and d-amphetamine enhanced the EC effects; metrazol had small positive effects, and strychnine was without effect. Phenobarbital depressed the brain weight effects but increased the enzymatic effects. Use of Methamphetamine made it possible to find EC effects with short daily periods (30 min) or with a shortened experimental duration (15 days). In experiments with adult rats, meth-amphetamine did not modulate the brain weight effects. The results of this study may bear on the use of stimulants to promote recovery from brain damage.
Osmoregulation in echinoderms

Abstract 1. 1. Some species of echinoderms tolerate habitats of reduced, enhanced or fluctuating salinities. 2. 2. The body fluids of echinoderms are ionically and osmotically similar to that of the surrounding medium with the exception that K + is accumulated both in the ambulacral fluid of asteroids and echinoids, and in the coelomic fluid of ophiuroids. 3. 3. The ionic levels of the body fluids equilibrate with altered external salinities in 12–24hr. 4. 4. The intracellular fluids have enhanced amino acid and K + concentrations, but reduced Na + and Cl − concentrations, with respect to both body fluids and the external medium. 5. 5. In altered salinities, cell volume and isosmotic intracellular regulation is effected first by mobilization of Na + and Cl − followed by amino acids; intracellular K + and Ca 2+ levels are conserved. 6. 6. Intracellular osmoregulation results in an altered intracellular ionic environment which may have an effect on membrane potentials and enzyme activities.
Deficits in dopamine D(2) receptors and presynaptic dopamine in heroin dependence: commonalities and differences with other types of addiction.

Background Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies have shown that addiction to a number of substances of abuse is associated with a decrease in dopamine D 2/3 receptor binding and decreased presynaptic dopamine release in the striatum. Some studies have also shown that these reductions are associated with the severity of addiction. For example, in cocaine dependence, low dopamine release is associated with the choice to self-administer cocaine. The goal of the present study was to investigate these parameters of striatal dopamine transmission in heroin dependence and their association with drug seeking behavior. Methods Heroin-dependent and healthy control subjects were scanned with [ 11 C]raclopride before and after stimulant administration (methylphenidate) to measure striatal D 2/3 receptor binding and presynaptic dopamine release. After the PET scans, the heroin-dependent subjects performed heroin self-administration sessions. Results Both striatal D 2/3 receptor binding and dopamine release were reduced in the heroin-dependent subjects compared with healthy control subjects. However, neither PET measure of dopamine transmission predicted the choice to self-administer heroin. Conclusions These findings show that heroin addiction, like addiction to other drugs of abuse, is associated with low D 2/3 receptor binding and low presynaptic dopamine. However, neither of these outcome measures was associated with the choice to self-administer heroin.
A conserved asparagine has a structural role in ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes

It is widely accepted that ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2) contain an active site asparagine that serves as an oxyanion hole, thereby stabilizing a negatively charged transition state intermediate and promoting ubiquitin transfer. Using structural and biochemical approaches to study the role of the conserved asparagine to ubiquitin conjugation by Ubc13/Mms2, we conclude that the importance of this residue stems primarily from its structural role in stabilizing an active site loop.
Studies on obesity. III. effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on thyroglobulin autoantibodies in euthyroid obese subjects.

Effect of T3 therapy on tanned red cell agglutinating thyroglobulin (TRC-TG) antibodies in 10 obese subjects without apparent thyroid disease was investigated. Six other obese subjects without thyroid dysfunction and of approximately the same mean age who also had circulating TRC-TG antibodies served as control subjects and were untreated. In vitro thyroid tests (TSH, total and free T4) performed before T3 therapy, as well as clinical examination, showed thyroid function to be normal in all subjects, and there was no evidence of thyroiditis. TRC-TG antibodies were present in low to moderate titers of 40–1280 in control subjects as well as in subjects selected for T3 treatment. Therapy with T3 was started at 50 μg/day and gradually increased to a maximum of 250 μg/day, depending on clinical needs. T3-treated as well as untreated obese control subjects were all maintained on a high protein, low fat, low carbohydrate diet. Duration of T3 therapy varied from 2–8 mo, and in all but one T3-treated subject, TRC-TG antibodies completely disappeared. In the one exceptional case, TRC-TG antibody titer decreased from 1280 to 80 after 7 mo of therapy. In non-T3-treated obese control subjects, antibody titers remained at the same levels throughout the observation period, thereby indicating a lack of spontaneous regression of circulating immune response. Therapy with T3, by inhibiting TSH, may have caused regression of inapparent immunologic thyroid lesion, thus leading to the disappearance of circulating TRC antibodies; alternatively, T3 specifically may have accelerated catabolism of thyroid antibodies. The latter possibility is favored in the absence of clinical and laboratory evidence of thyroiditis in T3-treated subjects.
SH2-containing 5'-inositol phosphatase, SHIP2, regulates cytoskeleton organization and ligand-dependent down-regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor.

Phosphoinositide lipid second messengers are integral components of signaling pathways mediated by insulin, growth factors, and integrins. SHIP2 dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate generated by the activated phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase. SHIP2 down-regulates insulin signaling and is present at higher levels in diabetes and obesity. SHIP2 associates with p130Cas and filamin, regulators of cell adhesion/migration and cytoskeleton, influencing cell adhesion/spreading. Type I collagen specifically induces Src-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of SHIP2. To better understand SHIP2 function, we employed RNA interference (RNAi) approach to silence the expression of the endogenous SHIP2 in HeLa cells. Suppression of SHIP2 levels caused severe F-actin deformities characterized by weak cortical actin and peripheral actin spikes. SHIP2 RNAi cells displayed cell-spreading defects involving a notable absence of focal contact structures and the formation of multiple slender membrane protrusions capped by actin spikes. Furthermore, decreased SHIP2 levels altered distribution of early endocytic antigen 1 (EEA1)-positive endocytic vesicles and of vesicles containing internalized epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transferrin. EGF treatment of SHIP2 RNAi cells led to the following: enhanced EGF receptor (EGFR) degradation; increased EGFR ubiquitination; and increased association of EGFR with c-Cbl ubiquitin ligase. Taken together, these experiments demonstrate that SHIP2 functions in the maintenance and dynamic remodeling of actin structures as well as in endocytosis, having a major impact on ligand-induced EGFR internalization and degradation. Accordingly, we suggest that, in HeLa cells, SHIP2 plays a distinct role in signaling pathways mediated by integrins and growth factor receptors.
The role of national culture on “best” practices in India: a multiple case study approach

Purpose – The primary purpose of this research paper is to understand the role of national cultural dimensions on “best” HRM (human resource management) practices in India. India is considered a major emerging economy in the world today. US multinationals are significantly increasing their presence in India. An understanding of “best” local HRM practices will help global practitioners adopt better HRM strategies.Design/methodology/approach – This qualitative paper uses a multiple‐case design method of three “best” Indian companies. The interviews were tape‐recorded and transcribed to understand the interview material clearly. The cases were analyzed independently followed by a cross‐case synthesis of the results. Construct validity, internal reliability, and external validity were followed according to scholarly guidelines required for a quality case analysis.Findings – This research identifies the role of national cultural dimensions of power distance, uncertainty‐avoidance, in‐group collectivism, and fu...
Linear transforms for Fourier data on the sphere: Application to high angular resolution diffusion MRI of the brain

This paper presents a novel family of linear transforms that can be applied to data collected from the surface of a 2-sphere in three-dimensional Fourier space. This family of transforms generalizes the previously-proposed Funk-Radon Transform (FRT), which was originally developed for estimating the orientations of white matter fibers in the central nervous system from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging data. The new family of transforms is characterized theoretically, and efficient numerical implementations of the transforms are presented for the case when the measured data is represented in a basis of spherical harmonics. After these general discussions, attention is focused on a particular new transform from this family that we name the Funk-Radon and Cosine Transform (FRACT). Based on theoretical arguments, it is expected that FRACT-based analysis should yield significantly better orientation information (e.g., improved accuracy and higher angular resolution) than FRT-based analysis, while maintaining the strong characterizability and computational efficiency of the FRT. Simulations are used to confirm these theoretical characteristics, and the practical significance of the proposed approach is illustrated with real diffusion weighted MRI brain data. These experiments demonstrate that, in addition to having strong theoretical characteristics, the proposed approach can outperform existing state-of-the-art orientation estimation methods with respect to measures such as angular resolution and robustness to noise and modeling errors.
Phayles Sandstone (Upper Cretaceous) Deltaic and Shelf-Bar Complex, Central Wyoming: ABSTRACT

Outcrop and subsurface studies of Phayles Sandstone (basal Mesaverde Group), southeastern Wind River basin, indicate rapid deltaic progradation and subsequent formation of a shelf-bar complex. Net sand distribution determined from 175 well logs indicates a major deltaic lobe with maximum thickness of 45 m prograded at least 20 km basinward from exposures of deltaic and shoreface deposits. The West Poison Spider field is located approximately 8 km southeast and downdrift from this deltaic lobe. Study of 33 logs and 13 cores from this field indicates the reservoir is associated with elongate shelf sandbars. The bar complex is at least 10 km long, 8 km wide, and 15 m thick; bar-axes are oriented N40°W. Study of shoreface sandstones in outcrop suggests the paleoshoreline trended N50°W. Several distinct sandstone bodies are stacked within the complex. Three component facies are recognized: (1) cross-stratified medium-grained sandstone; (2) parallel-bedded (hummocky cross-bedded?) fine-grained sandstone; and (3) bioturbated fine-grained sandstone. These sandstones occur in repetitive successions with facies 1 capping the sequence and facies 3 forming the basal member. Log-response compares favorably with core descriptions permitting detailed facies correlations. Within the field, individual bars range from 3 to 8 m in thickness and pinch out both seaward and landward interfingering with bioturbated and rippled shelf siltstones. Sedimentary structures, stratigraphic relations, and petrography suggest the bar complex was derived from sands reworked from the deltaic lobe. The shelf bars migrated shoreward and stacked during a major transgression resulting in the deposition of the Wallace Creek Tongue of the Cody Shale. This shale overlies and forms an updip seal for the reservoir facies. End_of_Article - Last_Page 545------------
Parental concerns and distress after paediatric traumatic brain injury: A qualitative study

Objective: To determine concerns of parents associated with high distress levels in the care of children with traumatic brain injury (TBI).Setting and participants: Primary care hospital/medical centre-based study on parental perspectives following TBI in school age children (n = 100; 19 orthopaedic trauma controls and 81 children with a history of TBI).Main outcome measures: Verbatim reports regarding major concerns on the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL), as well as parental ratings regarding their overall distress level when caring for the child.Results: Summary of verbatim comments indicated that parents who report high levels of distress in the care of their children were specifically concerned about the child's poor school performance, lack of friends, inability to control angry feelings and apathy. Fear of the future consequences of the TBI was also cited as a major concern. Parent ratings of distress level was significantly, but weakly correlated with the severity of TBI in their children (r = +0....
Peer Tutoring in a Graduate Writing Centre: Identity, Expertise, and Advice Resisting

Compared to research on the giving of advice (e.g. Hutchby 1995), relatively less work has been conducted on the receiving or resisting of advice, where the interactionally problematic nature of advising is crystallized (e.g. Heritage and Sefi 1992). Moreover, the notion of advising in education settings has predominantly concerned procedural matters such as planning course schedules (e.g. He 1993). The purpose of this paper is to describe how advice resisting is accomplished in 'peer tutoring' in a graduate writing centre. Peer tutoring constitutes a privileged site for observing the complexities of advising episodes. Tutoring sessions between a tutor and a graduate student have been audio-taped and transcribed in detail. Using the methodology of conversation analysis, I show how the tutee resists the tutor's advice on general academic writing issues, content-related matters, or the mechanics of writing. I argue that the pattern of resistance can be accounted for by the tutee's identity claim as well as the competing expertise carried by the tutor and the tutee.
Some Perils of Paulinity

In his paper, 'The Unity of the Virtues in the Protagoras", Gregory Vlastos reverses his previous opinion that Protagoras 330 c-d yields a 'star instance of self-predication'. Although Plato does have Socrates say that justice is just and piety is pious, Professor Vlastos now believes that these assertions are examples of what he calls, following Professor Sandra Peterson Wallace, 'Pauline predication'. To say that Justice is just, on the Pauline reading, is simply to put forward 'the analytic truth that the eidos, Justice, is such that all of its instances are just'.2 We should not understand Socrates to be asserting that the eidos itself has the characteristic of being just; that would be an absurdity. To defend self-predication in Plato against Professor Vlastos is somewhat like shoring up Catholicism against the onslaughts of the Pope. I shall content myself with disputing Professor Vlastos' claim that Protagoras 330 c-d provides textual evidence for reading 'Justice is just' as Pauline and benign. I shall not argue that the passage must be read as self-predicative, although I shall hold that we have some indications in the text that it should be so read. My argument may seem quite abstract and far from the text; this is, I believe, a necessary evil in the present paper. For Professor Vlastos bases his position on a supposed point of logical correctness, not one of text: he claims that Plato could not legitimately have made a certain kind of inference. One cannot settle such a question on the basis of texts alone: whether Plato did or did not make the inference in question is tangential to the question of the legitimacy of the inference. The inference in question is that from saying that a Form has a given quality to saying that a given participant in the Form has that quality.
Reactions of quadruply bonded dimolybdenum(II) and dirhenium(III) complexes with 2,6-bis(dicyclohexylphosphinomethyl)pyridine and the related behavior of the mixed P,S,P ligand bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)sulfide

The first complexes that contain the 2,6-bis(dicyclohexylphosphinomethyl)pyridine ligand (PNP) have been isolated and characterized. The reactions of K4Mo2Cl8, (n-Bu4N)2Re2Cl8 and PdBr2(1,5-COD) afford Mo2Cl4(PNP)(HPCy2) (1), ReCl3(PNP) (2) and PdBr2(PNP) (4), respectively, while from the reaction of PNP with cis-Re2(μ-O2CCH3)2Cl4(H2O)2 the heteromacrocylic dication [Cy2P{CH2pyCH2}2PCy2]2+ has been isolated as its mixed [Cl]−/[ReO4]− salt (3). The reaction of cis-Re2(μ-O2CCH3)2Cl4(H2O)2 with bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)sulfide (PSP) gives the mononuclear Re(V) complex ReO(OEt)Cl2(PSP) (5) in which the S atom is not coordinated. The structures of 1–5 have been established by X-ray crystallography, that of 5 being the first for a complex of this ligand.
Gap-filling and end-of-sentence effects in real-time language processing : Implications for modeling sentence comprehension in aphasia

We present an on-line study showing different sources of lexical activation during sentence comprehension, distinguishing in this respect between reflexive syntactic and less temporarily constrained nonsyntactic sources. Specifically, we show that both the syntactic process of gap filling and a nonsyntactic end-of-sentence effect can be measurable in real time and can be temporally separated. The distinction between activation sources provides a new perspective on real-time sentence comprehension in aphasia and accounts for the disparate results reported in the literature.
Isoelectric heterogeneity of human serum high-density of lipoproteins

Abstract Human serum high-density lipoproteins isolated in the density range 1.063–1.125 gm/ml (HDL2) has normally been considered to be homogeneous, though immunochemical heterogeneity of HDL2 was indicated by Aladjem et al. (1) on the basis of simple immunochemical analysis. Immunochemical heterogeneity has also been reported by Scanu (2) and Levy and Frederickson (3). Heterogeneity of HDL has recently been confirmed by two different approaches. We have observed that subpopulations of HDL2 exist which contain both the polypeptides R-Thr and R-Gln (classified by their C-terminal amino acid 2 and others which contain only R-Thr (4, 5). Kostner et al. (6) have observed that upon analytical isoelectric focusing of HDL2 four distinct bands occur. In the present report we show that HDL2 is composed of at least seven different isoelectric subpopulations and that each differs with respect to polypeptide composition.
The stigmatisation and denial of mental illness in athletes

A patient asks for your help with fatigue, which she has been experiencing for the past several weeks. She says she is having increasing difficulty carrying out her daily responsibilities, lacks motivation and energy, and is irritable and discouraged. She reports trouble sleeping, is often late to her scheduled responsibilities, is not performing as well as previously in her job and other roles, and has had several minor injuries and mild headache and back pain. If you are a family doctor or general practitioner, you would suspect that this woman has a major depressive disorder (MDD), although the likelihood that a depressed patient would actually present her symptoms in such a clear and obvious fashion is extraordinarily low. However, if you are a sports doctor and the patient is a competitive athlete, you may label her as being burned out, overtrained or stale, depending on your personal nomenclature for this problem. You may carry out a routine battery of laboratory tests, often including measuring a variety of immunological, hormonal, and haematological variables, consult with the athlete's coach about a modified training schedule, and suggest the athlete consider a trial of rest which may even include cessation of all training and competition. On the other hand, …
Decreased expression of the mannose 6- phosphate/insulin-like growth factor-II receptor promotes growth of human breast cancer cells

Loss or mutation of the mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor-II receptor (M6P/IGF2R) has been found in breast cancer. However, whether or not decreased levels of functional M6P/IGF2R directly contribute to the process of carcinogenesis needs to be further verified by functional studies. In this study, using viral and ribozyme strategies we reduced the expression of M6P/IGF2R in human breast cancer cells and then examined the effect on growth and apoptosis of these cells. Our results showed that infection of MCF-7 cells with the adenovirus carrying a ribozyme targeted against the M6P/IGF2R mRNA dramatically reduced the level of transcripts and the functional activity of M6P/IGF2R in these cells. Accordingly, cells treated with the ribozyme exhibited a higher growth rate and a lower apoptotic index than control cells (infected with a control vector). Furthermore, decreased expression of M6P/IGF2R enhanced IGF-II-induced proliferation and reduced cell susceptibility to TNF-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that M6P/IGF2R functions as a growth suppressor and its loss or mutation may contribute to development and progression of cancer. This study also demonstrates that adenoviral delivery of the ribozyme provides a useful tool for investigating the role of M6P/IGF2R in regulation of cell growth.
Nitro group asymmetric stretching mode lifetimes of molecules used in energetic materials

Picosecond infrared pump-probe measurements of the vibrational relaxation of the nitro NO functional group 2 y1 . asymmetric stretch ; 1580 cm of several molecules used in energetic materials, TNAZ, RDX, HMX, and CL-20 .abbreviations defined in text , and nitromethane, are presented. In addition, a temperature-dependent study was performed between 50 and 298 K on TNAZ. All of the lifetimes fall in the range of 2-6 ps with the exception of nitromethane, which has a lifetime of 16 ps. The temperature dependence of TNAZ is flat and solvent independent, suggesting an intra-molecular relaxation pathway that does not involve low-frequency modes. q 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Cryopreservation of umbilical cord blood with a novel freezing solution that mimics intracellular ionic composition

BACKGROUND: Cryopreservation protocols have remained relatively unchanged since the first umbilical cord blood banking program was established. This study evaluated the preservation efficacy of a novel intracellular-like cryopreservation solution (CryoStor, BioLife Solutions, Inc.), the rate of addition of two cryopreservation solutions to cord blood units (CBUs), and reduced final dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) concentration of 5%. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Split-sample CBUs were cryopreserved with either an in-house 20% DMSO-based cryopreservation solution or CryoStor CS10 at a rate of 1 mL/min (n = 10; i.e., slow addition) or as a bolus injection (n = 6; i.e., fast addition). Infrared images of exothermic effects of the cryopreservation solutions were monitored relative to the rate of addition. Prefreeze and postthaw colony-forming unit assays, total nucleated cells, and CD34+ cell counts were compared. RESULTS: Maximum temperature excursions observed were less than 6°C, regardless of the rate of solution addition. Fast addition resulted in peak excursions approximately twice that of slow addition but the magnitude and duration were minimal and transient. Slow addition of CryoStor CS10 (i.e., final concentration ≤5% DMSO) resulted in significantly better postthaw CD34+ cell recoveries; no other metrics were significantly different. Fast addition of CryoStor resulted in similar postthaw metrics compared to slow addition of the in-house solution. CONCLUSION: Slow and fast addition of cryopreservation solutions result in mean temperature changes of approximately 3.3 to 4.45°C. Postthaw recoveries with CryoStor were equivalent to or slightly better than with the in-house cryopreservation solution. CryoStor also provides several advantages including reduced processing time, formulation consistency, and reduced DMSO in the frozen product (≤5%).
The Transforming Leader: A Meta-Ethnographic Analysis:

The author describes an analysis of the leadership literature conducted to identify the themes, patterns, and connections that define transformational leadership. Meta-ethnography is explained as a...
A neural circuit for robust time-to-contact estimation based on primate mst

Time-to-contact (TTC) estimation is beneficial for visual navigation. It can be estimated from an image projection, either in a camera or on the retina, by looking at the rate of expansion of an object. When expansion rate (E) is properly defined, TTC = 1/E. Primate dorsal MST cells have receptive field structures suited to the estimation of expansion and TTC. However, the role of MST cells in TTC estimation has been discounted because of large receptive fields, the fact that neither they nor preceding brain areas appear to decompose the motion field to estimate divergence, and a lack of experimental data. This letter demonstrates mathematically that template models of dorsal MST cells can be constructed such that the output of the template match provides an accurate and robust estimate of TTC. The template match extracts the relevant components of the motion field and scales them such that the output of each component of the template match is an estimate of expansion. It then combines these component estimates to provide a mean estimate of expansion across the object. The output of model MST provides a direct measure of TTC. The ViSTARS model of primate visual navigation was updated to incorporate the modified templates. In ViSTARS and in primates, speed is represented as a population code in V1 and MT. A population code for speed complicates TTC estimation from a template match. Results presented in this letter demonstrate that the updated template model of MST accurately codes TTC across a population of model MST cells. We conclude that the updated template model of dorsal MST simultaneously and accurately codes TTC and heading regardless of receptive field size, object size, or motion representation. It is possible that a subpopulation of MST cells in primates represents expansion in this way.
Sources of gravity waves in the lower stratosphere above South Pole

[1] Five-year (2001–2005) high-resolution radiosonde data were processed to obtain the gravity wave (GW) variabilities in the lower stratosphere over South Pole (SP). Our results show that GW activities in the lowermost section (10–15 km) are strongest in May and September and weakest in the austral summer, whereas in the altitude range of 15–25 km, strongest/weakest GW kinetic energy is observed around September/January. We also explored the relationships of GWs to the synoptic-scale variations in the troposphere and the ageostrophic motions in the upper troposphere over the Antarctic, which are expected to be significant mechanisms for GW generation. A ray-tracing model (GROGRAT) was used to explore the relationship between GW propagation and the background field. In the altitude of 15–25 km, the annual cycle of GW activity resembles that of adjustment process. Below 15 km, the annual cycle of GW activity has two peaks in May and September. Our analysis suggests that these two peaks are due to the variation of topographic GW generation and filtering of background atmosphere. Due to critical-level filtering in the lowermost section, topographic GWs cannot propagate upward, which makes the shape of GW annual cycle at higher altitudes closer to the annual cycle of adjustment processes. The analysis suggests that the minimum of GW activity at SP during the austral summer may be due to the combination of weaker wave generation from adjustment processes associated with synoptic-scale systems, flow over topography, and unfavorable background field for GW propagation.
GABA in the deep layers of the superior Colliculus/Mesencephalic reticular formation mediates the enhancement of startle by the dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF 82958 in rats.

GABA transmission in the deep layers of the superior colliculus/deep mesencephalic reticular formation (deep SC/Me) mediates several motor responses, including those expressed after systemic administration of dopamine agonists. In the present study we examined the role of the deep SC/Me in the modulation of the acoustic startle reflex and its enhancement by the dopamine D1 agonist SKF 82958. Rats were implanted with bilateral cannulas into the deep SC/Me or superficial layers of the SC (super SC) and 1 week later were infused with various compounds. The GABAA antagonist bicuculline (0, 5, and 10 ng) produced a dose- and time-dependent enhancement of startle after infusion into the deep SC/Me, but not the super SC. Infusion of the GABAA agonist muscimol (0.1 μg) into the deep SC/Me, but not the super SC, blocked the enhancement of startle by systemic SKF 82958 (1 mg/kg) but had no effect on baseline startle by itself. This effect was not produced by infusion of the D1 antagonist SCH 23390(1 μg) or the glutamate antagonist NBQX (0.1 μg). Deposits of FluoroGold into the deep SC/Me, combined with immunohistochemistry for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), confirmed a direct GABAergic input from the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) to the deep SC/Me. These results suggest that GABA tone in the deep SC/Me modulates the expression of startle as well as the enhancement of startle by dopamine D1 agonists. On the basis of these data and previous work, we have proposed a striatonigral–tectal–reticular neural pathway mediating the effects of dopamine D1 agonists on startle.
Biological Targeting and Activity of Pre-fibrillar Aβ Assemblies

The body of work from the past decade has advanced our understanding of how toxic oligomers of Aβ are capable of eliciting the spectrum of pathological and behavioral hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease. These potent neurotoxins now provide a molecular basis for the cause of this disease as well as a basis for identifying and evaluating diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Oligomer toxicity is mediated by a number of factors—both in the targeting of these toxins to the neuronal synapses and in the transduction of this targeting into intracellular signals resulting in synapse loss and, eventually, cell death. Recent investigations have focused on defining the mechanisms of binding of toxic Aβ oligomers, the pathways modulated by these events, and strategies to treat Alzheimer’s disease by targeting both aspects. One promising facet of recent research highlighted in this chapter, and in which Aβ oligomers play a central role, is the unfolding of connection between Alzheimer’s disease and insulin signaling in the aging brain.
A Neural Basis for Collecting Behaviour in Humans

Collecting behaviour is commonplace in the normal population, but there has been little investigation of its neural basis in humans. The observation that collecting behaviour can assume pathological proportions in patients with certain patterns of brain damage led us to hypothesize that dysfunction in a system encompassing mesial prefrontal cortices accounts for abnormal collecting and may guide normal collecting. We tested the hypothesis in 86 subjects with focal lesions of the telencephalon, by relating the neuroanatomical placement of the lesions to the presence of repetitive and indiscriminate acquisition behaviour and impaired discard behaviour. The subjects had no history of psychiatric disease or abnormal collecting behaviour prior to lesion onset. Lesions were analysed with high-resolution three-dimensional MRI. Collecting behaviour was evaluated with a standardized questionnaire completed by a close relative of each subject. Thirteen subjects exhibited abnormal collecting, characterized by massive and disruptive accumulation of useless objects. In all cases, the abnormality of collecting behaviour was severe and persisted despite attempted interventions and obvious negative consequences. There were no differences between pathological collectors and non-collectors on tests of executive functions or anterograde memory. All subjects with pathological collecting behaviour had damage to the mesial frontal region (including the right polar sector and the anterior cingulate), but there was no damage to most of the subcortical structures that, in species such as rodents, are known to drive the acquisition and retention of objects. The evidence suggests that damage to the mesial frontal region disrupts a mechanism which normally modulates subcortically driven predispositions to acquire and collect, and adjusts these predispositions to environmental context.
Thermal properties and lattice dynamics of polycrystalline MFI zeolite films

A study of the thermal properties of the zeolite MFI by a combination of experimental measurements and lattice dynamical modeling is presented. Thermal conductivity data in the range of 150–400 K was obtained through 3ω measurements on polycrystalline zeolite films. While Debye theory is inadequate in predicting the zeolite thermal properties, a detailed calculation of the specific heat using a full set of dispersion relations obtained from atomistic simulations gives excellent agreement with experiments. In addition, the thermal conductivity is successfully reproduced by a phonon relaxation time–based model. The results indicate the possibility of developing a predictive model of the thermal properties of complex zeolite materials.
Identification of Motifs That Are Conserved in 12 Drosophila Species and Regulate Midline Glia vs. Neuron Expression

Functional complexity of the central nervous system (CNS) is reflected by the large number and diversity of genes expressed in its many different cell types. Understanding the control of gene expression within cells of the CNS will help reveal how various neurons and glia develop and function. Midline cells of Drosophila differentiate into glial cells and several types of neurons and also serve as a signaling center for surrounding tissues. Here, we examine regulation of the midline gene, wrapper, required for both neuron–glia interactions and viability of midline glia. We identify a region upstream of wrapper required for midline expression that is highly conserved (87%) between 12 Drosophila species. Site-directed mutagenesis identifies four motifs necessary for midline glial expression: (1) a Single-minded/Tango binding site, (2) a motif resembling a pointed binding site, (3) a motif resembling a Sox binding site, and (4) a novel motif. An additional highly conserved 27 bp are required to restrict expression to midline glia and exclude it from midline neurons. These results suggest short, highly conserved genomic sequences flanking Drosophila midline genes are indicative of functional regulatory regions and that small changes within these sequences can alter the expression pattern of a gene.
The Choice of Ideals

In considering ethical ideals and moral practice, men have tended to neglect a third area which necessarily interposes itself between theory and practice, between the choice of ideals of conduct and the actual conduct itself. Those who are dissatisfied with things-as-they-are on the assumption that things-as-they-are are not identical with thingsas-they-ought-to-be are constrained to consider a third area, that of strategy. Given an ideal and the knowledge of the special limitations involved in all practice, the next thing to consider is how to get there, so to speak, from here. Thus three ethical areas exist and must be reckoned with: the actual, the ideal, and the strategy for getting from the actual to the ideal. For an ideal, however abstract, functions as a goal for strategy and so wears a practical aspect. In this chapter I will propose a set of ideals, in the next chapter I will consider obstacles in the way of their attainment, and in the last chapter I will work out the proper moral strategy consequent upon the existence of both the ideals and the obstacles.
The killer cell inhibitory receptor genomic region on human chromosome 19q13.4

Multiple genes encoding type I transmembrane molecules and belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily have recently been localized to human chromosome 19q13.4. These include a family of genes encoding killer cell inhibitory receptors (KIR) expressed on natural killer (NK) cells and subsets of T-lymphocytes, immunoglobulin-like transcripts (ILT-1, -2 and 3) expressed on myeloid cells and subsets of lymphoid cells, the gp49 family of receptors expressed on mast cells and NK cells and the gene encoding human myeloid immunoglobulin A Fc receptor (CD89). The receptors have one to four extracellular immunoglobulin domains, and the ligands are known for some of these molecules. This includes the Fc alpha R and KIRs of the p58/p50 and p70/p70 delta, but the ligands for many others are unknown. Except for CD89, each subfamily of receptors exist, in two forms, of which one has a long cytoplasmic domain containing one to four immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM) and another form with a short cytoplasmic tail without ITIMs. ITIM-containing receptors can recruit cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatases and provide inhibitory signals for cell activation, whereas receptors with a "short" tail induce activating signals. The 19q13.4 chromosomal region is therefore now emerging as the immunoglobulin superfamily linkage group of genes differentially expressed on hematopoietic cell lineages and encoding pairs of receptors with opposing effects on signal transduction pathways and effector functions in hematopoietic cells.
On the TEM and AFM Evidence of Zeosil Nanoslabs Present during the Synthesis of Silicalite‐1

tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) in the presence of aqueous TPA hydroxide (TPAOH) solution at 208C has been claimed to reveal the existence of such nanoparticles. [6] More specifically, TEM images that are provided in ref. [6] are interpreted as “conglomerated” nanosized particles with an average in-plane dimension of 4 6 4 nm 2 and thickness of approximately 1.2–1.3 nm. It is mentioned that “occasionally larger particles are observed with in-plane dimensions corresponding to multiples of 4 nm”, suggesting they are formed through sidewise coalescence of elementary nanoslabs
CHROMOSOMAL SITES NECESSARY FOR NORMAL LEVELS OF MEIOTIC RECOMBINATION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. I. EVIDENCE FOR AND MAPPING OF THE SITES

ABSTRACT Meiotic exchange was measured in females heterozygous for a normal sequence X chromosome and for each of eleven T(1;4)s and each of sixteen T(1;Y)s. The results indicate that the X chromosome can be divided into five intervals, such that heterozygosity for a breakFoint in one interval strongly suppresses exchange within that interval, but has little or no effect on exchange in other intervals. The boundaries between these intervals are identified and mapped to regions 3C4-6/7, 7A-7E, 11Aand proximal to 18Con the standard salivary map; each boundary is located at (or within a small region containing) a major constriction (i.e., a block of intercalary heterochromatin) .αExchange was examined in females heterozygous for translocations broken within the constriction at IIA.The results imply that a boundary occupies only a subregion of the entire constriction and issubdivisible by translocation breakpoints. Several other properties of boundaries have been elucidated. Finally, the relationship of these data to a simple model of meiotic pairing proposed by I. SANDLER(1956)and to the role of intercalary heterochromatin in the meiotic process is discussed.
Rational Best-Value Model Based on Expected Performance

The best-value procurement strategy is gaining the interest of federal and state agencies. The strategy increases the value added to a project for each dollar added. A new concept of best value, that is, a rational and flexible model based on expected performance, is presented. The model's flexibility is obvious in the selection of parameters to be included in the contractor selection process and in the determination of their weights. The model's rationality will be achieved through relating all awarded scores to the agency's expected performance. The establishment of the best-value model relies on the past record of the contractor's work for the agency as an indicator of qualification trend. This research incorporates prequalification as a first-level screening technique in selecting top contractor bids in the best-value procurement and then applies a rational scoring system in the final selection. Selection of the most appropriate contractor with the best qualifications for a given project will be based...
Integrating microfluidics and lensless imaging for point-of-care testing

An integrated platform that merges a microfluidic chip with lens-less imaging to target CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts for point-of-care testing at resource-limited settings. We demonstrate an integrated platform that merges a microfluidic chip with lens-less imaging to target CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts for point-of-care testing at resource-limited settings. The chips were designed and fabricated simply with a laser cutter instead of using expensive cleanroom equipment. To capture CD4+ T lymphocytes, anti-CD4 antibody was immobilized on one side of the microfluidic chip. These captured cells were detected through an optically clear chip using a charge coupled device (CCD) sensor by lens-less shadow imaging techniques. Gray scale image of the captured cells in the 24 mm × 4 mm × 50 µm microfluidic chip was obtained by the platform. The automatic cell counting software enumerated the captured cells in three seconds. Captured cells were also imaged with a fluorescence microscope and manually counted to characterize functionality of the integrated platform. We achieved 70.2 ± 6.5% capturing efficiency, 88.8 ± 5.4% capturing specificity for CD4+ T-lymphocytes, 96 ± 1.6% CCD efficiency, and 83.5 ± 2.4% overall platform performance (n = 9 devices). The integrated platform points a promising direction for point-of-care testing (POCT) to rapidly capture, image and count subpopulations of cells from blood samples in an automated matter.
Quantification and partial characterization of the hamster sperm proacrosin-acrosin system.

The proacrosin-acrosin proteinase system was measured and partially characterized in unpurified extracts of washed hamster epididymal sperm. Autoactivation experiments demonstrated that proacrosin accounted for greater than 98% of the acrosin activity in the sperm extracts from individual animals. Several bands of pro teinase activity were observed on gelatin-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic (gelatinSDS-PA GE) zymography. The major proteinase activities in the nonactivated extracts corresponded to relative molecular masses (Mn) of 51,000 to 56,000, while lessdistinct digestion occurred with relative molecular masses of 37,000 to 49,000. It was demonstrated that after a serial dilution of the sperm extract, the pro teinase activity in as few as 6,000 sperm could readily be detected by the gelatin-SDS-PA GE methods. Time-course activation studies showed that the zymogen was completely converted to active pro teinase in 45-60 mm at pH 8.0 and 25#{176}C. This autoconversion process was markedly inhibited by calcium, sodium, and beparin. However, each of these compounds stimulated the proteolytic activity of acrosin. These studies demonstrate that the proacrosin -acr0 sin system can be investigated in extracts of nonpurified hamster epididymal sperm.