cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lecture 2: Assessing High-Order Cognitive Skills

Most present cognitive skills assess low-level skills, for the most part; or if they do assess outcomes which presumably require higher order skills, they do not expose the thought-processes involved. It is not possible with such tests to tell at what step a chain of reasoning broke down when the person arrives at an incorrect answer, or no answer at all. Furthermore, our present cognitive tests do not try to assess soundness of judgement on complex issues; nor do they assess the penetration, accuracy, or even the exercise of foresight. Yet good judgement and foresight are two of the most important mental competencies a person can possess. There are two present lines of psychological work, however, which address these complex cognitive skills in a promising way. The have rarely encountered each other, it appears. Usually, different kinds of psychologists pursue them. It may be useful to look at them together, to see how they might enrich the other, and lead to better tests of high-order skills such as the analysis of complex situations, the synthesis of diverse but relevant data, the wise weighing of alternative actions, and clear, accurate foresight about the consequences of action.
School-Based Conflict Resolution: Give Educators More Credit

From time to time a paper published in Health Affairs provokes debate that goes beyond Letters to the Editor in scope and length. We have created a section of the journal, entitled “Peer Review,” for this kind of extended debate. Following publication of our special issue Violence and the Publics Health in Winter 1993, a number of parties wished to respond to a Commentary on school-based conflict resolution programs. It is that topic to which this Peer Review is devoted. Following the diverse comments, the author of the original Commentary offers his rebuttal. These essays represent the opinions of the authors and have not been subjected to formal peer review.
Hormesis: principles and applications.

Hormesis has emerged as a central concept in biological and biomedical sciences with significant implications for clinical medicine and environmental risk assessment. This paper assesses the historical foundations of the dose–response including the threshold, linear and hormetic models, the occurrence and frequency of the hormetic dose response in the pharmacological and toxicological literature, its quantitative and temporal features, and underlying mechanistic bases. Based upon this integrative foundation the application of hormesis to the process of risk assessment for non-carcinogens and carcinogens is explored.
Near-Field Blast Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Components

Close-in detonations can damage or destroy components of buildings. The damage to reinforced concrete components is often simulated using finite element codes with considerations of material erosion that are based on either a damage algorithm or a user-specified criterion, and both are explored in the paper. Single element simulations of concrete are performed to establish reliable values of concrete erosion strain as a function of strain rate, compressive strength, element size and loading condition. Numerical analyses of a reinforced concrete column subjected to blast loadings are performed using alternate representations of erosion to characterize the influence of concrete compressive strength, transverse reinforcement, and applied axial load, on predictions of damage.
A Homogenized Historical Temperature Extreme Dataset for the United States

Abstract A subset of stations from the daily U.S. Historical Climatology Network (HCN) is used as a basis for a historical database of temperature extreme occurrence in the United States. The dataset focuses on daily temperature occurrences that exceed (fall below) the 90th (10th) percentiles of daily maximum and minimum temperature. Using a variety of techniques, the temperature extreme occurrence data are homogenized to account for nonclimatic shifts resulting from station relocations, changes in instrument type, and variations in the time of observations. Given the daily resolution of the extreme data, these potential sources of inhomogeneity require testing and adjustment using methods other than those conventionally used with mean temperature data. A data estimation technique, specific to extremes, is also used to produce serially complete exceedence records. Stations are also identified based on their current degree of urbanization using satellite observations. The dataset is intended to provide a r...
Changes in Throwing by Older Adults: A Longitudinal Investigation

Abstract This investigation examined change in a motor pattern requiring multisegmented coordination in older adults. The overarm throw was observed longitudinally in 8 elderly individuals over 7 years. Data were evaluated using Roberton's (Roberton & Halverson, 1984) movement components. Contrasting the assumed pattern of aging, only small declines in movement form were observed. Individual cases revealed additional, noncategorizable declines within component categories, including slower movement speed and decreased range of motion. Increased trial-to-trial variability also was associated with change. These changes suggested that elderly participants coordinated their movements in a manner similar to younger participants but controlled them differently. The small changes observed in this investigation suggest that performance, at least for some skills, is more stable than traditionally assumed.
A MODIFIED BAL-CHATRI TO CAPTURE GREAT PHILIPPINE EAGLES FOR RADIOTELEMETRY

UNA MODIFICACION DE LA TRAMPA “BAL-CHATRI” PARA CAPTURAR AGUILAS PITHECOPHAGA JEFFERYI PARA ESTUDIOS DE TELEMETRIA Presentamos una modificacion de la trampa “bal-chatri” para capturar aguilas de la especie Pithecophaga jefferyi. En este diseno, se ubicaron lazadas de monofilamento alrededor de un marco metalico con forma de domo, que se mantuvo firme con alambre y se anclo al suelo. Las lazadas se disponian horizontalmente encima del marco y alrededor de este. Entre 1998 y 2001, capturamos siete aves: cuatro juveniles y tres adultos. Tanto los adultos parentales como los juveniles parecieron responder mas a las trampas durante el periodo posterior al emplumamiento. [Traduccion del equipo editorial]
The fracture toughness of wood under impact loading

ABSTRACT The instrumented impact test of a three-point-bend specimen of eastern red spruce was conducted. The dynamic fracture initiation toughness, KId, was evaluated with the dynamic finite element analysis from the experimental impact load-time history. The fracture toughness for impact loading was 74 percent of its value under static loading condition, for the TL system of crack propagation.
Vapor Store Owner Beliefs and Messages to Customers.

INTRODUCTION Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is becoming increasingly popular but little is known about the role of the local vapor store in promoting use and influencing customer attitudes and beliefs about vaping. METHODS Thirty-three vapor store owners were interviewed about their personal beliefs and attitudes about e-cigarettes and what they told customers about the health impact of using e-cigarettes. Interviews were recorded then transcribed, coded, and analyzed for themes. RESULTS Vapor store owners used the internet to obtain information about vaping, most often from YouTube and industry sources. Owners often did not have the training to critically evaluate research studies posted on the internet. Owners promoted vaping as a healthier alternative to smoking and often compared it to a medical treatment. Owners considered ingredients in the e-liquid as safe to use if it was safe to eat and discussed other foods vapor ingredients were found in. Owners also discussed the safety of secondhand vapor. Owners described the health impact of nicotine in e-liquid by comparing nicotine to caffeine and promoted the nicotine in e-liquid as coming from vegetables rather than tobacco. Finally, owners talked about vaping as a habit rather than a continued addiction to nicotine. CONCLUSIONS Local store owners are an important source of health information for current and potential e-cigarette users but their messages to customers may be based on incomplete or misinterpreted information. Understanding local store owner messages to customers in addition to internet-based messages is an important area for future public health research.
Green’s Function Methods: Quantum Boltzmann Equation for Linear Transport

Transport is called linear if the current is proportional to the driving force. The forces might be electric fields F, temperature gradients ∇T, or density gradients ∇n. Examples of linear transport relations are j = σF or Q = K (∇T), where the currents j (electrical) or Q (heat) are determined in terms of macroscopic coefficients σ (electrical conductivity) or K (thermal conductivity). These coefficients can be measured experimentally and calculated theoretically, which provides the meeting ground between experiment and theory. The theoretical calculation of σ and K can be done by using equilibrium Green’s functions.(1–2) A set of theoretical techniques for linear transport, based on equilibrium Green’s functions, have been developed and are widely used.
Data Driven: An Autoethnographic Short Story

In this paper, I use an autoethnographic short story ( Jago, 2005, 2011) to examine data-driven life in media culture (Kellner, 1995) and the emergence of a quantified self (Wolf, 2010).
Planting Seeds for an Improved Agrifood System? Linking the Aims of the Alternative Agrifood Movement to Executive Action in the First Two Years of the Obama Administration

This paper uses several case studies to look at the dialogic relationship between the Obama administration and the alternative agrifood movement. We evaluate the case studies based on criteria developed from the agroecology literature and literature on food security, agrarianism, and the alternative agrifood movement as a whole. Additionally we compare the policy tools utilized and the funding levels of each of the cases. Our findings suggest that the Obama administration is committed to tackling issues of food security and promoting the well-being of small- and mid-scale farmers and their local agrifood economies. Deconsolidation of large agribusiness, equitable trade, and workers' rights do not appear to be high priorities on Obama's food and agriculture agenda, however. Our analysis further indicates that the administration views agriculture and food policy as embedded into a broader socioeconomic and political system. Both the administration and the alternative agrifood movement support the use of capacity-building, symbolic, and incentive tools that emphasize community and individual responsibility. Overall, there is evidence that the alternative agrifood movement and the Obama administration are co-constructing a more community-based food system that simultaneously reflects neoliberal rationale.
The Challenge of Growing Wine Grapes in the Hill Country: An Evaluation of Changing Grower Perceptions of Natural Hazards in Texas Vineyards

The unique landscapes of Texas presents a variety of natural hazards with which farmers contend. Vineyards in particular are especially vulnerable to these hazards. In its relatively short history, the Texas viticulture industry has experienced frequent crop losses as a result of one or a combination of natural hazards. Sometimes the losses could not have been avoided, but at other times, the losses may reflect lack of knowledge or preparation. With a focus on the Texas Hill Country Viticultural Area, the research presented here is a continuation of a study conducted in 2009. We use a mixed methods approach to investigate grower awareness of natural hazards and whether their perceptions of the most significant hazards change over time. The results suggest that viticulturists are inconsistent when considering what constitutes the most significant natural hazard in their vineyards. This inconsistency often results in the frequent mitigation of those natural hazards which may actually have a lower probabilit...
An Interview with Betty Edwards

Betty Edwards is Professor Emeritus in Art, California State University, Long Beach. She has been profiled by the Los Angeles Times, the Seattle Times, Time Magazine, New York Magazine, Intuition Magazine and has been a guest speaker at art school, universities, and major corporations, including IBM, General Electric, Roche Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Disney Corporation, UCLA Graduate Dental School, Steelcase, and McKinsey and Company. She currently lives in La Jolla, a coastal town just north of San Diego, California. She holds a doctorate in Art from California State University in Long Beach from UCLA and has been Director for Educational Applications of Brain Hemisphere Research at California State University in Long Beach, and has been Associate Professor in Art at Los Angeles Community College, and has also been a designer, a painter, a medical illustrator. Her books include: Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain, Drawing on the Artist within, Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain Workbook, Color: Mastering the Art of Mixing Colors and her major books have been translated into 18 foreign languages. In this interview she responds to the most salient questions about her life and her work. She can be reached at 858‐454‐5411 or Email: bedwards1@san.rr.com
Urinary Tract Infection in 146 Children

Objective To enhance the standardization of diagnosis and treatment of children′s urinary tract infection(UTI) and improve the diagnosis and cure rate of UTI.Methods A retrospective analysis of 146 cases with UTI from Jan.2008 to Dec.2009 was conducted.Among all the cases in 2008 year,all the patients were performed urinary tract ultrasound scanning,10 cases(18.5%) were performed isotope scan dimercaptosuccinic acid(DMSA),and 5 cases(9.2%) received micturating cystourethrography(MCU) examination.In 2009 year,all the patients were performed urinary tract ultrasound scanning and DMSA,and 40 cases(43.4%) were done with MCU.Results In 2008 year,54 children were hospitalized because of UTI.Fourteen point eight percent(8 cases) of the patients were present fever as the chief complaint.Younger than 1 year old was 3 cases(5.5%).Vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) was present in 2 cases.Ninety-two children were hospitalized for UTI in 2009.Fever was the chief complaint in 50 cases(54.3%) of the patients.Younger than 1 year old was 23 cases(25.0%).VUR was present in 16 cases.Among those 18 VUR cases,VUR were demonstrated in 0,2,5,12,and 6 in grade Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,and Ⅳ examinations,respectively.Younger than 1 year old was 13 cases(72.2%).Conclusions More attention should be paid to the urinary examination and urine culture in children.Children with UTI should choose proper imaging examinations.For children with abnormal DMSA results,they shall perform MCU,thus improve the diagnosis rate of VUR.
Past and Projected Changes in Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Exposure

AbstractThe average latitude where tropical cyclones (TCs) reach their peak intensity has been observed to be shifting poleward in some regions over the past 30 years, apparently in concert with the independently observed expansion of the tropical belt. This poleward migration is particularly well observed and robust in the western North Pacific Ocean (WNP). Such a migration is expected to cause systematic changes, both increases and decreases, in regional hazard exposure and risk, particularly if it persists through the present century. Here, it is shown that the past poleward migration in the WNP has coincided with decreased TC exposure in the region of the Philippine and South China Seas, including the Marianas, the Philippines, Vietnam, and southern China, and increased exposure in the region of the East China Sea, including Japan and its Ryukyu Islands, the Korea Peninsula, and parts of eastern China. Additionally, it is shown that projections of WNP TCs simulated by, and downscaled from, an ensemble...
Ecommerce: Ongoing Challenges

This paper examines some of the challenges of online marketing, including the importance of adding online marketing to corporation budgets. A review of the pros and cons of social networking on the Internet, when used as a marketing tool by companies is presented. In addition, new forms of Internet shoppers and new niches for companies are identified.
Crosstalk Between Histone and DNA Methylation in Regulation of Retinal Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Diabetes.

Purpose Diabetes activates matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and MMP-9 via damaging retinal mitochondria, activates capillary cell apoptosis. MMP-9 promoter has binding sites for many transcription factors, and in diabetes its promoter undergoes epigenetic modifications, including histone modifications and DNA methylation. Enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 (Ezh2), which catalyzes dimethylation/trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27me2 and me3), is also associated with DNA methylation. Our aim was to investigate link(s) between histone and DNA modifications in the regulation of MMP-9. Methods Using human retinal endothelial cells, and also retinal microvessels from diabetic rats, effect of hyperglycemia on H3K27me3, and recruitment of Ezh2 at the MMP-9 promoter were quantified by chromatin-immunoprecipitation technique. Role of H3K27 trimethylation in regulating DNA methylation-transcription of MMP-9 was determined by regulating Ezh2 by its specific siRNA and also a pharmacologic inhibitor. Results Hyperglycemia elevated H3K27me3 levels and the recruitment of Ezh2 at the MMP-9 promoter, and increased the enzyme activity of Ezh2. Inhibition of Ezh2 attenuated recruitment of both DNA methylating (Dnmt1) and hydroxymethylating (Tet2) enzymes and 5 hydroxymethyl cytosine at the same region of the MMP-9 promoter, and prevented increase in MMP-9 transcription and mitochondrial damage. Conclusions Activation of Ezh2 in diabetes, via trimethylation of H3K27, facilitates recruitment of the enzymes responsible for regulation of DNA methylation of the MMP-9 promoter, resulting in its transcriptional activation. Thus, a close crosstalk between H3K27 trimethylation and DNA methylation in diabetes plays a critical role in the maintenance of cellular epigenetic integrity of MMP-9.
Psychological Factors and Stress in RPL

Recurrent miscarriage which is seen in 1–5% of couples is unexplained in approximately half of them. Stress as a possible cause of miscarriage has now been elucidated in detail with several studies reporting it as an etiological factor in recurrent miscarriage. The pathophysiological changes in response to stress involve a complex interaction between the neuroendocrine and immune systems. This chapter describes the pathophysiology and evidence regarding the role of stress in recurrent miscarriage.
Evaluating Changes in Clinical Decision-Making in Physical Therapy Students After Participating in Simulation

Abstract Purpose Physical therapy students are not consistently prepared to practice in the dynamic healthcare environment immediately after graduation. Implementing other teaching modalities may help to better prepare physical therapy graduates. Medical and nursing student education have effectively used simulation to help prepare students for clinical practice. The purpose of the quasi-experimental design study was to assess the effect of simulation on clinical decision-making (CDM) in Doctor of Physical students in a physical therapy program. Methods One-hundred and twenty-two students in two class years participated in the study, with 71 partaking in a simulation activity and 51 students serving as the control. The first-year students participated in a task trainer simulation and the second-year students completed a hybrid simulation. The students’ CDM was measured prior to and after completing the simulation. Results The results demonstrated that the students who participated in simulation had statistically significantly higher scores on the CDM Tool than the students who did participate in simulation. The results also further validated the CDM Tool by demonstrating that second year students had significantly higher scores on the CDM Tool than first year students at both time points. Discussion Students demonstrated statistically significant changes in CDM after participating in one simulation experience. Further research is required to replicated these results and determine the optimal dosage of simulation experiences for long-term learning.
1034-LBO: Differential microRNA expression profiling in lung allograft recipients who develop donor specific antibody and Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome

Aim Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (BOS), clinically diagnosed as chronic rejection, has remained a major setback following lung transplantation (LT). However, its pathogenesis is poorly understood and no predictive biomarkers have been identified. Expression of microRNA (miRNA) in blood is deregulated in physiopathological conditions including immunological disorders. Methods In this study, we hypothesized that miRNA profiles from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in LT recipients (LTxR) could identify patients at risk of BOS. MiRNA expression profiling was performed using TaqMan Human MicroRNA Array in PBMCs collected from three groups of LTxR: 10 stable, 10 who developed DSA and 10 who developed BOS. Results There were 98 miRNAs upregulated in LTxR with BOS compared to that of stable transplants (relative fold > 2.5); and 32 miRNAs downregulated with BOS (relative fold > 2.5). In addition, we found that there were 16 miRNAs upregulated (including miR-99a, miR-147, and miR-124 ∗ ) with BOS compared to that of DSA; and 5 miRNAs downregulated (including miR-34b, miR-363 ∗ , and miR-155 ∗ ) in BOS compared to DSA, indicating that these miRNAs may play a role in BOS with DSA. We validated those differential miRNAs in independent PBMCs and broncheoalveolar lavage cells using Taqman real-time PCR. In addition we focused on one miRNA, miR-99a, which caused upregulation of 2.8-fold in LTxR with BOS compared to that of DSA. Bioinformatics prediction indicated that miR-99a can mediate gene-expression regulation of TNIK (TRAF2 and NCK interacting kinase) and TRAF4 (TNF receptor-associated factor 4), which were involved in regulating NF- κ B signaling pathway. Conclusions In conclusion our results demonstrate that differential miRNA expression profile has the potential to predict BOS and development of DSA following LT.
Ontogeny of RES Function in Birds

The chicken has served as an exquisite experimental animal model for investigating the functional ontogeny of the immune system. A major advance in immu-nobiology, to which the developing chicken has contributed to our present understanding, is that there are two distinct pathways for the differentiation of lymphoid cells. The first insight into this began with the fortuitous observations by Glick and his colleagues (Chang et al., 1955) showing that the removal of the bursa of Fabricius shortly after hatching resulted in profound impairment of the chicken’s ability to produce antibody following antigenic stimulation. Likewise, Cooper et al. (1965) demonstrated that, as had been seen in rodents (Good et al., 1962; Miller 1961), there was a loss in the ability of chickens to generate cell-mediated immunity following thymectomy at hatching. Thymectomy, however, had little effect on antibody production. Extension of these observations led Warner and Szenberg (1962) and Cooper et al. (1965, 1966) to propose that the lymphoid system could be dissociated on the basis of ontogenetic criteria into a bursa-dependent compartment which gives rise to antibody-secreting cells, and a thymus-dependent compartment which gives rise to cellular immune functions.
Fish Scales Dictate the Pattern of Adult Skin Innervation and Vascularization.

Summary As animals mature from embryonic to adult stages, the skin grows and acquires specialized appendages, like hairs, feathers, and scales. How cutaneous blood vessels and sensory axons adapt to these dramatic changes is poorly understood. By characterizing skin maturation in zebrafish, we discovered that sensory axons are delivered to the adult epidermis in organized nerves patterned by features in bony scales. These nerves associate with blood vessels and osteoblasts above scales. Osteoblasts create paths in scales that independently guide nerves and blood vessels during both development and regeneration. By preventing scale regeneration and examining mutants lacking scales, we found that scales recruit, organize, and polarize axons and blood vessels to evenly distribute them in the skin. These studies uncover mechanisms for achieving comprehensive innervation and vascularization of the adult skin and suggest that scales coordinate a metamorphosis-like transformation of the skin with sensory axon and vascular remodeling.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV)-Associated Disease in the AIDS Patient: An Update.

In this book chapter, we review the current knowledge of the biology and pathogenesis of Kaposi’s sarcomaassociated herpesvirus (KSHV). We describe the lifecycle of KSHV, the cancers associated with this virus, as well as current treatment modalities.
Meaning reconstruction in bereavement: Development of a research program

The death of a significant person, especially when it comes tragically or prematurely, can shake the foundations of our assumptive and relational world and lead to anguished attempts to find meaning in the loss and in our lives in its aftermath. In this article, I review one program of research focused on this attempt at meaning reconstruction, describe recently developed measures of meaning in mourning, and discuss several therapeutic techniques for helping clients make sense of the death and rework their attachment relationship to the deceased. I conclude by illustrating some of this work in my therapy with a couple grieving the loss of not one but two children to tragic accidents, as they try to adapt to a compound traumatic bereavement.
Synthesis and inhibitory activity of difluoroketone substrate analogs of N-myristoyltransferase.

Abstract Two fluorinated nonhydrolyzable analogs of myristoyl-coenzyme A were synthesized and tested for inhibitory activity against N-myristoyltransferase (NMT).S-(2,2-Difluoro-3-oxohexadecyl)-coenzyme A (3) and S-(3,3-difluoro-2-oxopentadecyl)-coenzyme A (2) were prepared by alkylation of coenzyme A and were purified by reverse phase chromatography. Inhibition of NMT was observed with 3 and 2, with IC50's of 110 nM and 80 nM, respectively, in an in vitro assay developed in our laboratory. The known unfluorinated analog S-(2-oxopentadecyl)-coenzyme A (1) was found to have an IC50 of 7 nM. At 100 μM in D2O, 3 was 59% hydrated and 2 was 88% hydrated.
Liquid chromatography of short chain carboxylic acids using a glutamic acid surfactant coated C18 stationary phase

Abstract A C18 column was modified with the anionic amino acid surfactant lauroyl- l -glutamate (LLG) to facilitate the separation of ten short-chain aliphatic carboxylic acids (oxalic, tartaric, malic, malonic, lactic, acetic, maleic, citric, fumaric, and succinic). The developed method was proven to be fast, versatile, and environmentally friendly. After the coating of the column using 1% LLG solution and optimizing chromatographic conditions such as pH and temperature, near baseline resolution of the ten carboxylic acids within 4 min with excellent peak shape at pH = 1.8 using 100% H2O acidified with sulfuric acid was possible. Although the design of this stationary phase, with the hydrophilic group at the end of the alkyl chain, seems to be in contrast to such columns designed for a totally aqueous mobile phase that have a polar (often amide) group embedded near the silica surface, no evidence of phase collapse was noted. Linear relationships of ln retention factor (k) versus 1/Temperature (T) (van't Hoff plots) were generated for all the acids indicating a single retention mechanism was likely. As the pH of the mobile phase decreased, the analyte retention factors increased due to the increase of the fraction of the analyte with neutral charge (alpha zero). The surfactant amide linkage, being electron donating, increased the pKa of the more acidic carboxyl group of glutamic acid so both carboxyl groups were protonated (neutral) at pH 1.8. The exact nature of the retention mechanism is uncertain but there certainly seems to be a pronounced hydrophobic component due to the large difference in retention of fumaric acid and methyl fumarate at pH 1.8. In addition, eleven beverage samples were analyzed for their aliphatic carboxylic acid contents. The results showed that malic, fumaric, and citric acids were the most common carboxylic acids in natural beverages with concentrations as high as 6432 ppm of malic acid in organic apple juice, 64 ppm of fumaric acid in organic concord juice, and 6543 ppm citric acid in strawberry lemonade juice.
A Novel Approach to Assess Metabolic Flexibility Overnight in a Whole-Body Room Calorimeter.

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate a novel approach for determining the effects of energy-standardized dinner meals (high-fat and low-fat) on respiratory exchange ratio (RER) dynamics and metabolic flexibility. METHODS Using a randomized crossover study design, energy expenditure, RER, and macronutrient oxidation rates were assessed in response to a single dinner meal during an overnight stay in a whole-body room calorimeter. Eight healthy adults completed two overnight chamber stays while fed either a high-fat (60% fat, 20% carbohydrate [CHO], 20% protein; food quotient [FQ] = 0.784) or low-fat (20% fat, 60% CHO, 20% protein; FQ = 0.899) dinner containing 40% of daily energy requirements. RESULTS Following the low-fat meal, CHO oxidation first increased before decreasing, resulting in a 12-hour RER:FQ ratio close to 1.0 (0.986 ± 0.019, P = 0.06) and therefore resulting in a 12-hour equilibrated fat balance (29 ± 76 kcal/12 hours). Following the high-fat meal, participants had a RER:FQ ratio above 1.0 (1.061 ± 0.017, P < 0.01), resulting in a significant positive 12-hour fat balance of 376 ± 142 kcal/12 hours. Various RER trajectory parameters were significantly different following the high-fat and low-fat meals. CONCLUSIONS This proof-of-concept study provides an alternative approach to quantify metabolic flexibility in response to a high-fat dinner and it can be used to derive indexes of metabolic flexibility, such as the 12-hour RER:FQ ratio or the 12-hour fat balance.
A Continuum of Older Women’s Experiences as Members of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA): A Qualitative Analysis

This qualitative analysis looks at women across a continuum of sobriety and affiliation with Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). The sample frame consists of 60 women’s stories as submitted to the Grapevine...
Congressional Credit-Claiming for COVID-19 Assistance: How Home Styles Adapt to Local Context

Congressional Credit-Claiming for COVID-19 Assistance: How Home Styles Adapt to Local Context
We Been Relevant: Culturally Relevant Pedagogy and Black Women Teachers in Segregated Schools

This paper considers how the practice of culturally relevant pedagogy may have predated the theory’s coinage. Using scholarly accounts of Black women teachers in de jure segregated Black schools in...
Linking interleukin-6 and depression

Abstract In recent years, the role of the immune system in depression has been increasingly studied. Cytokines are small proteins that are part of the immune system and have been associated with depression, particularly the cytokine interleukin-6. IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine, with effects on both T cells and B cells, and is involved in both propagation of certain inflammatory responses as well as abrogation of other inflammatory responses. In both preclinical studies and studies examining the effects of immunoactive treatments, IL-6 appears to induce depressive symptoms, and vice versa. Cross-sectional clinical studies find elevations of IL-6 in depressed individuals compared to healthy controls, and a small number of longitudinal studies describe evidence of a bidirectional temporal relationship between IL-6 and depression. New treatments for depression using immunomodulatory drugs which antagonize IL-6 effects have demonstrated some promise in treatment for depression but require larger studies to fully understand their effects. Future studies are required that examine associations of central nervous system IL-6 activity and depression, longitudinal changes of IL-6 in depression, mechanisms of IL-6 interaction with depression, and other factors that may affect the relationship between IL-6 and depression.
Real-world assessment of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nasopharyngeal swab testing in a region with a high burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Concerns persist regarding possible false-negative results that may compromise COVID-19 containment. Although obtaining a true false-negative rate is infeasible, using real-life observations, the data suggest a possible false-negative rate of E2.3%. Use of a sensitive, amplified RNA platform should reassure healthcare systems.
Trends in Academic Misrepresentation in Neurological Surgery Residency Applicants: A 2-Year Analysis.

Objective Academic misrepresentation is not an unknown phenomenon, with recent reports in neurosurgery detecting a 45% misrepresentation rate in prospective neurosurgical residents. The purpose of this study was to determine current rates of academic misrepresentation by prospective neurosurgical residents at a single institution across 2 distinct application cycles. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all Electronic Residency Application Service applications to 1 institution's neurosurgical residency program in the 2015 (n = 320) and 2020 (n = 355) application cycles. Reported academic works were verified through an extensive Web search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and the individual journal Web sites. Misrepresentation was defined in our study as listing work that does not exist, self-promotion to primary authorship, self-promotion (excluding primary authorship), incorrectly listing online-only publications, and listing non-peer-reviewed work as peer-reviewed. Results In 2015, 253 (79.1%) applicants reported a total of 2097 citations and 305 (85.9%) applicants reported a total of 3018 citations in 2020 (P Conclusions Misrepresentation rates within neurosurgical residency candidates have significantly decreased despite an increase in reported citations. A variety of steps including education, modifying reporting methods, and increased screening may help even further decrease misrepresentation.
A20/TNFAIP3 Increases ENOS Expression in an ERK5/KLF2-Dependent Manner to Support Endothelial Cell Health in the Face of Inflammation.

Rationale: Decreased expression and activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in response to inflammatory and metabolic insults is the hallmark of endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction that preludes the development of atherosclerosis and hypertension. We previously reported the atheroprotective properties of the ubiquitin-editing and anti-inflammatory protein A20, also known as TNFAIP3, in part through interrupting nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and interferon signaling in EC and protecting these cells from apoptosis. However, A20's effect on eNOS expression and function remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated the impact of A20 overexpression or knockdown on eNOS expression in EC, at baseline and after tumor necrosis factor (TNF) treatment, used to mimic inflammation. Methods and Results: A20 overexpression in human coronary artery EC (HCAEC) significantly increased basal eNOS mRNA (qPCR) and protein (western blot) levels and prevented their downregulation by TNF. Conversely, siRNA-induced A20 knockdown decreased eNOS mRNA levels, identifying A20 as a physiologic regulator of eNOS expression. By reporter assays, using deletion and point mutants of the human eNOS promoter, and knockdown of eNOS transcriptional regulators, we demonstrated that A20-mediated increase of eNOS was transcriptional and relied on increased expression of the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor (KLF2), and upstream of KLF2, on activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5). Accordingly, ERK5 knockdown or inhibition significantly abrogated A20's ability to increase KLF2 and eNOS expression. In addition, A20 overexpression in HCAEC increased eNOS phosphorylation at Ser-1177, which is key for the function of this enzyme. Conclusions: This is the first report demonstrating that overexpression of A20 in EC increases eNOS transcription in an ERK5/KLF2-dependent manner and promotes eNOS activating phosphorylation. This effect withstands eNOS downregulation by TNF, preventing EC dysfunction in the face of inflammation. This novel function of A20 further qualifies its therapeutic promise to prevent/treat atherosclerosis.
Resting-State Functional Network Disturbances in Schizophrenia

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging is a powerful technique to study the severe mental disease – schizophrenia. Particularly, disturbances of functional resting-state brain networks in this illness are widely investigated. For example, dysconnectivity among brain networks have been revealed by regions of interest-based analysis, independent component analysis, graph theory-based analysis, and dynamic connectivity analysis. In addition, altered amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation and regional homogeneity of specific brain areas have also been discovered. Briefly, widespread disrupted connectivity in functional resting-state brain networks is identified in schizophrenia by those methods. Most importantly, some of the brain disturbances are associated with patient’s symptoms. Future studies may develop new understanding of how these functional brain disturbances translate into clinical practice, and help inform disease diagnosis.
Wallace Stevens’s “The Poem That Took The Place Of A Mountain”

Wallace Stevens’s “The Poem That Took the Place of a Mountain” (Stevens 435) was written in 1952, just three years before his death, and is included in the last section of his Collected Poems calle...
ASPECTS OF TRANSLATING DIRECTIONAL LEXICAL UNITS IN AN ENCYCLOPEDIC TEXT FROM CHINESE TO RUSSIAN

Статья посвящена изучению особенностей перевода лексических единиц категории направленности в составе оригинального энциклопедического текста. Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью поиска переводческих решений при переводе такого коррелята энциклопедического текста, как категория направленности, не совпадающего по своим лексическим и грамматическим признакам в китайском и русском языках. Сделанные в работе выводы по проработанным теоретическим источникам и анализу перевода категории направленности в энциклопедических текстах могут быть использованы при обучении теории и практике перевода. В работе рассмотрены основные характеристики энциклопедического текста с точки зрения науки о переводе, а также выполнен анализ способов передачи средств категории направленности с китайского на русский язык в выбранных текстах по заявленной тематике.
Tense Marking in the Kindergarten Population: Testing the Bimodal Distribution Hypothesis.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore whether evidence for a bimodal distribution of tense marking, previously documented in clinically referred samples, exists in a population-based sam...
Climate Change and Social Choice Theory

The enlightenment was a philosophical project to construct a rational society without the need for a supreme being. It opened the way for the creation of market democracy and rapid economic growth. At the same time economic growth is the underlying cause of climate change, and we have become aware that this may destroy our civilization. The principal underpinning of the enlightenment project is the general equilibrium theorem (GET) of Arrow and Debreu (Econometrica 22:265–290, 1954), asserting the existence of a Pareto optimal price equilibrium. Arrow’s work in social choice can be interpreted as an attempt to construct a more general social equilibrium theorem. The current paper surveys recent results in social choice which suggests that chaos rather than equilibrium is generic.We also consider models of belief aggregation similar to Condorcet’s Jury theorem and mention Penn’s Theorem on existence of a belief equilibrium.However, it is suggested that a belief equilibrium with regard to the appropriate response to climate change depends on the creation of a fundamental social principle of “guardianship of our planetary home.” It is suggested that this will involve conflict between entrenched economic interests and ordinary people, as the effects of climate change make themselves felt in many countries.
Mutational Analysis of Rab3 Function for Controlling Active Zone Protein Composition at the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction

At synapses, the release of neurotransmitter is regulated by molecular machinery that aggregates at specialized presynaptic release sites termed active zones. The complement of active zone proteins at each site is a determinant of release efficacy and can be remodeled to alter synapse function. The small GTPase Rab3 was previously identified as playing a novel role that controls the distribution of active zone proteins to individual release sites at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. Rab3 has been extensively studied for its role in the synaptic vesicle cycle; however, the mechanism by which Rab3 controls active zone development remains unknown. To explore this mechanism, we conducted a mutational analysis to determine the molecular and structural requirements of Rab3 function at Drosophila synapses. We find that GTP-binding is required for Rab3 to traffick to synapses and distribute active zone components across release sites. Conversely, the hydrolytic activity of Rab3 is unnecessary for this function. Through a structure-function analysis we identify specific residues within the effector-binding switch regions that are required for Rab3 function and determine that membrane attachment is essential. Our findings suggest that Rab3 controls the distribution of active zone components via a vesicle docking mechanism that is consistent with standard Rab protein function.
Firm Capabilities and Performance: Institutional Perspective on Foreign and Local Firms in China

This study focuses on the performance implications of firm capabilities in China's emerging economy. Specifically, we investigated the effects of marketing, technological, and production capabilities on firm performance from the institutional perspective with the traditional resource-based view. Using four-year longitudinal data of both local private firms and foreign wholly owned subsidiaries in China, we found that firm capabilities demonstrated differential effects on financial performance and market performance for local and foreign firms. Moreover, the performance impact of firm capabilities was moderated by the institutional environment.
Effect of cyclooxygenase inhibition on cholesterol efflux proteins and atheromatous foam cell transformation in THP-1 human macrophages: a possible mechanism for increased cardiovascular risk

Both selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been beneficial pharmacological agents for many patients suffering from arthritis pain and inflammation. However, selective COX-2 inhibitors and traditional NSAIDs are both associated with heightened risk of myocardial infarction. Possible pro-atherogenic mechanisms of these inhibitors have been suggested, including an imbalance in prostanoid production leaving the pro-aggregatory prostaglandins unopposed, but the precise mechanisms involved have not been elucidated. We explored the possibility that downregulation of proteins involved in reverse cholesterol transport away from atheromatous plaques contributes to increased atherogenesis associated with COX inhibition. The reverse cholesterol transport proteins cholesterol 27-hydroxylase and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) export cholesterol from macrophages. When mechanisms to process lipid load are inadequate, uncontrolled cholesterol deposition in macrophages transforms them into foam cells, a key element of atheromatous plaques. We showed that in cultured THP-1 human monocytes/macrophages, inhibition of COX-1, COX-2, or both reduced expression of 27-hydroxylase and ABCA1 message (real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) and protein (immunoblot). The selective COX-2 inhibitor N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide (NS398) significantly reduced 27-hydroxylase and ABCA1 message (to 62.4% ± 2.2% and 71.1% ± 3.9% of control, respectively). Incubation with prostaglandin (PG) E2 or PGD2 reversed reductions in both of these cholesterol transport proteins induced by NS398. Cholesterol-loaded THP-1 macrophages showed significantly increased foam cell transformation in the presence of NS398 versus control (42.7% ± 6.6% versus 20.1% ± 3.4%, p = 0.04) as determined by oil red O staining. Pharmacological inhibition of COX in monocytes is involved in downregulation of two proteins that mediate cholesterol efflux: cholesterol 27-hydroxylase and ABCA1. Because these proteins are anti-atherogenic, their downregulation may contribute to increased incidence of cardiac events in patients treated with COX inhibitors. Reversal of inhibitory effects on 27-hydroxylase and ABCA1 expression by PGD2 and PGE2 suggests involvement of their respective signaling pathways. NS398-treated THP-1 macrophages show greater vulnerability to form foam cells. Increased cardiovascular risk with COX inhibition may be ascribed at least in part to altered cholesterol metabolism.
Mechanisms of microvascular wound repair I. Role of mitosis, oxygen tension, and I-kappa B.

Abstract To better understand the mechanisms of both normal reendothelialization and neointimal hyperplasia following injury, human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC) were isolated from neonatal foreskin and studied in an in vitro model of the microvascular endothelium. In a standard 3-mm wound of nonproliferative HDMEC cultures, reendothelialization was complete at 32 h at a 20.8% (atmospheric) O2 level. Inhibition of mitosis by mitomycin C did not reduce reendothelialization and both actinomycin D and cycloheximide inhibited repair by 80%. To determine if signals from injured cells communicated with noninjured cells, diffusion of the dye Lucifer Yellow was followed into injured and surrounding noninjured HDMEC. Diffusion was increased into both injured and noninjured cells, indicating a role for gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in HDMEC wound repair. To determine if a more physiologic O2 tension (5%) also increased vascular repair, reendothelialization at 5% O2 was compared ...
Long-chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Optimization of Cognitive Performance

Low consumption of the omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenonic acids, is linked to delayed brain development and, in late life, increased risk for Alzheimer's disease. The current review focuses on cognitive functioning during midlife and summarizes available scientific evidence relevant to the hypothesis that adequate dietary consumption of the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids is necessary for optimal cognitive performance. Taken together, the findings suggest that raising the currently low consumption among healthy adults may improve some aspects of cognitive performance. Nonetheless, evidence from randomized clinical trials is comparatively sparse and leaves unclear: (a) whether such effects are clinically significant, (b) whether effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and DHA differ, (c) which dimensions of cognitive function are affected, (d) the dose-response relationships, or (e) the time course of the response. Clarification of these issues through both laboratory and clinical investigations is a priority given the broad implications for public health, as well as for military personnel and other positions of high performance demand and responsibility.