cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient parallelization of the FETI-DP algorithm for large-scale electromagnetic simulation

For decades, the finite-element method (FEM) has been proven to be a versatile approach in modeling complicated materials/systems for its strong adaptability to complex geometries and high numerical accuracy (J.-M. Jin, The Finite Element Method in Electromagnetics. 3rd ed., Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2014). Unfortunately, a volumetric discretization, as required by the FEM, would easily yield a linear system with millions or even billions of unknowns for modern engineering applications such as antenna array analysis. The domain decomposition-based FEMs have been therefore developed to enable large-scale electromagnetic (EM) simulations on parallelized computer clusters, among which the dual-primal finite-element tearing and interconnecting (FETI-DP) algorithm for EM analysis is highly powerful because of its numerical stability and scalability (Y.-J. Li and J.-M. Jin, J. Comput. Phys., 228, 3255–3267, 2009).
USDA's Perspective on Education

Our increased knowledge of animals has led to an increased awareness and respect for animal life and a change in our ethical values. The Animal Welfare Act balances the importance and value of animal use and required education for those using animals. This knowledge of animals is just as important as the ability to use modern instrumentation for the validity of research and the future and vigor of the scientific enterprise. Training involves the teaching of skills, whereas education also includes broadening one's knowledge base and changing attitudes. Changing attitudes will be required, and the most effective means of accomplishing this is through human modeling. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) will provide a general map of the program but not the details. A certification or registration program for attending veterinarians is being developed with the American Veterinary Medical Association, and a training and reference manual is to be prepared.
A coupled BEM and FEM for the interior transmission problem in acoustics

Abstract The interior transmission problem (ITP) is a boundary value problem arising in inverse scattering theory, and it has important applications in qualitative methods. In this paper, we propose a coupled boundary element method (BEM) and a finite element method (FEM) for the ITP in two dimensions. The coupling procedure is realized by applying the direct boundary integral equation method to define the so-called Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) mappings. We show the existence of the solution to the ITP for the anisotropic medium. Numerical results are provided to illustrate the accuracy of the coupling method.
Altiplano comestible earths: Prehistoric and historic geophagy of Highland Peru and Bolivia

Research on comestible earths utilized in the Andes indicates that they have a history of use of at least 2500 years. A hypothesis proposed for the origin of geophagy suggests a considerably greater time depth. Comestible earths discussed involve those with physiological, cultural, or medicinal components. This analysis includes 27 indigenously recognized earths. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sidetrack and Recompletion Risks in Oil Fields II. Economics of Sidetrack Development

The worth of undertaking a sidetrack well for an already producing oil field is examined in terms of the chances the sidetrack will fail and also the chances the sidetrack, even if successful, will kill already producing wells. The decision to proceed with such a sidetrack is shown to be sensitive to the residual producible reserves, the costs of the sidetrack, and its costs per bbl of oil relative to the costs through already producing wells and to the total cash flow achieved to date. In addition, the types of uncertainty ascribed to the future estimates made for production influence the decision, as do the ranges of uncertainty for unknown components, such as the chances of a successful sidetrack and the chances of killing producing wells. Simple numerical illustrations are provided to show how such uncertainties can be used to assess the inherent risk, and also to show how corporate mandates of minimum acceptable chance of success constrain the needed net value for the sidetrack situation. The general...
Use of the factorized form for the collision strength in exploration of the effect of the generalized Breit interaction

Expressions are given for the convenient factorized form [Bar-Shalom, Klapisch, and Oreg, Phys. Rev. A 38, 1773 (1988)] for the collision strength with inclusion of the generalized Breit interaction. This is used to explore further the importance of the inclusion of the generalized Breit interaction in calculating electron-impact excitation cross sections or collision strengths, by considering the inner-shell excitation of Be-like uranium and the n=2 to n=3 transitions in neonlike xenon and uranium.
Nutrient composition of selected traditional United States Northern Plains Native American plant foods

Abstract Ten wild plants (cattail broad leaf shoots, chokecherries, beaked hazelnuts, lambsquarters, plains prickly pear, prairie turnips, stinging nettles, wild plums, raspberries, and rose hips) from three Native American reservations in North Dakota were analyzed to expand composition information of traditional foraged plants. Proximates, dietary fiber (DF), vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, and folate vitamers were assayed using standard methods and reference materials. Per serving, all were rich in Mn (100–2808 μg). Several provided >10% DRI of Fe (cattail shoots, steamed lambsquarters, and prairie turnips), Ca (steamed lambsquarters, prickly pear, and prairie turnips), Mg (cattail shoots, lambsquarters, prickly pear, and prairie turnips), vitamins B6 (chokecherries, steamed lambsquarters, broiled prickly pear, and prairie turnips), C (raw prickly pear, plums, raspberries, rose hips (426 mg/100 g), and K (cattail shoots, chokecherries, lambsquarters, plums, rose hips, and stinging nettles). DF was >10 g/serving in chokecherries, prairie turnips, plums and raspberries. Rose hips, plums, lambsquarters, and stinging nettles were carotenoid-rich (total, 3.2–11.7 mg/100 g; β-carotene, 1.2–2.4 mg/100 g; lutein/zeaxanthin, 0.9–6.2 mg/100 g) and lycopene (rose hips only, 6.8 mg/100 g). Folate (primarily 5-methyltetrahydrofolate) was highest in raw lambsquarters (97.5 μg/100 g) and notable in cattail shoots, raw prairie turnips, and blanched stinging nettles (10.8, 11.5, and 24.0 μg/100 g, respectively). Results, provided to collaborating tribes and available in the National Nutrient Database of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) ( www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata ), support reintroduction or increased consumption of foraged plants.
Cancer screening and the periodic health examination

In this issue of Cancer, investigators from the Taiwan Communitybased Integrated Screening Group report outcomes from an integrated model of multiphasic chronic disease screening in Keelung, Taiwan. Their findings represent an important, modern demonstration of a practical and productive approach to preventive health and case finding. The design and outcomes of the Keelung Communitybased Integrated Screening (KCIS) program are noteworthy for several reasons and should reopen the debate not only about the worth, but also the protocol of periodic preventive health examinations. The underlying philosophy of the KCIS program was the potential for the simultaneous ascertainment of two or more asymptomatic chronic conditions, identification of multiple risk factors for metabolic syndrome, enhanced attendance for screening, and more efficient use of resources. Other “linkage” strategies might be equally effective, or be more appropriate for other target audiences. The program focused on five neoplasms (breast, cervical, colorectal, liver, and oral cancers) and three nonneoplastic chronic conditions (diabetes, hypertension, and elevated cholesterol), and education concerning metabolic syndrome. The decision to use the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear registry as a base to build the program was both innovative and practical because screening for cervical cancer is well established and because women can play a pivotal role in monitoring and attending to the health status of other family members. The investigators increased adherence in nonattenders to the Pap smear program by incorporating cervical cancer screening into a broader testing regimen, thus increasing the screening rate in nonattenders who may have been averse to gynecologic screening, with incentives for additional preventive care opportunities for themselves and other family members. Telephone invitations to 30,384 women resulted in 42,387 participants (24,469 women and 17,918 dependents) being seen at 257 health centers. The program increased adherence to cervical cancer screening by 25% (from 55.5% to 80.5%). For all cancer screening, the overall detection of asymptomatic neoplasia was 16 per 1000. Significant numbers of individuals with previously unknown diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension also were identified. Based on these findings, the investigators estimated that 959 deaths will be averted over a 10-year period after full imple1553
Diagnosis of distal renal tubular acidosis: use of furosemide plus fludrocortisone versus ammonium chloride

Diagnosis of distal renal tubular acidosis: use of furosemide plus fludrocortisone versus ammonium chloride
Prevalence of acute myocardial infarction and other serious diagnoses in patients presenting to an urban emergency department with chest pain

A retrospective cohort study and chart review were performed to estimate the absolute and relative prevalence of the serious diagnoses that might cause a patient to present to the Emergency Department (ED) with a chief complaint of chest pain. In this study, we queried a database of 347,229 complete visits to the San Francisco General Hospital Emergency Department between July 1, 1993 and June 30, 1998 for visits by patients > 35 years old with a chief complaint of chest pain and no history of trauma. Visits for chest pain that resulted in hospitalization were assigned to one of nine diagnostic groups according to final diagnoses as coded in the database. Manual chart review by trained abstractors using explicit criteria was done when group assignment based on coded diagnoses was unclear and in all diagnoses of pulmonary embolism and aortic dissection. Of 8,711 visits (2.5% of all visits) with a chief complaint of non-traumatic chest pain, 3,271 (37.6%) resulted in hospitalization. Of the 3,078 (94.1% of those hospitalized) assigned a final diagnosis, 329 (10.7% of hospitalizations, 3.8% of all visits) had acute myocardial infarction, 693 (22.5%) had either unstable angina or stable coronary artery disease, and 345 (11.2%) had pulmonary causes (mainly bacterial pneumonia) deemed serious enough to require hospitalization. Pulmonary embolism and aortic dissection were diagnosed in only 12 (0.4%) and 8 (0.3%) patients, respectively. In 905 (29.4%) hospitalizations for chest pain, myocardial infarction was "ruled out" and no cardiac ischemia or other serious etiology for the chest pain was diagnosed. Among patients presenting with chest pain, those in older age groups had dramatically increased risk of acute myocardial infarction. Women presenting with chest pain had a lower risk of acute myocardial infarction than men. In conclusion, the prevalence of acute myocardial infarction in the undifferentiated ED patient with a chief complaint of chest pain is only about 4%. An equal number of patients will have a serious pulmonary cause as the etiology of their pain. Pulmonary embolism and aortic dissection are important but extremely rare causes of a chest pain presentation to the ED.
Some simulations on elastomers and rubberlike elasticity

A number of examples are given to illustrate the use of computer modeling to elucidate the structures of elastomeric polymer networks, and to provide guidance on controlling network structure to maximize mechanical properties. The first example involves simulations of the gelation process leading to the development of the network structure necessary for a material to exhibit reversible elastomeric properties. The goals here are to characterize the amounts and constitutents of the sol phase, and the structure of the gel phase sufficient for prediction of its mechanical properties. Attempts are also being made to simulate the structure and properties of networks having multimodal distributions of chain lengths, for example to suggest how trimodal distributions might give additional improvements beyond those shown by bimodal networks. Network thermoelasticity can also be elucidated by simulations of the temperature dependence of the unperturbed dimensions of the network chains. Strain-induced crystallization is also being simulated to generate chains having sequence distributions that are representative of various polymerization conditions. The chains are then placed alongside one another to determine matched-sequence runs that could lead to the formation of crystallites. Finally, the long-standing problem of clarifying how fillers reinforce elastomeric materials is being approached using simulations of chains in the vicinity of impenetrable filler particles. In this way it is possible to determine how reinforcement depends on the perturbation of distributions caused by this excluded-volume effect.
Independence training vs modeling procedures for teaching phone conversation skills to the mentally retarded.

Abstract Forty-five mildly mentally retarded adults were assessed for deficits in telephone conversational skills. They were ranked on the basis of their pretest scores and matched into triplets on skill level. One member from each of these groups was then randomly assigned to either a no-treatment control group, a modeling condition or independence training—a treatment that incorporated social reinforcement, instructions, performance feedback, modeling, shaping by successive approximations and self-monitoring and evaluation. For the two latter conditions, treatment was provided three times weekly for 2 months in group sessions ( N = 5) of 1 hr duration. The dependent variable, conversational skills of subjects was assessed at pretest, posttest and at a 3-month follow-up based on verbal responses that subjects made to nine questions asked by an experimenter and related social responses during a phone call. Independence training proved to be significantly more effective than the other two experimental conditions at posttest and follow-up. In addition, modeling proved to be significantly more effective than the no-treatment controls at both of these assessment points.
Diagnostic Tools for Glaucoma Detection and Management

Early diagnosis of glaucoma is critical to prevent permanent structural damage and irreversible vision loss. Detection of glaucoma typically relies on examination of structural damage to the optic nerve combined with measurements of visual function. To aid the clinician in evaluation of visual function and structure, computer-based devices such as confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, scanning laser polarimetry, and optical coherence tomography provide quantitative assessments of structural damage, and visual function testing includes standard automated perimetry as well as selective techniques, including short-wavelength automated perimetry and frequency-doubling technology perimetry are available. This article will review current literature on diagnostic modalities available for glaucoma with emphasis on the best evidence available in the literature to support their use in clinical practice.
Efficiency and utility of collocation methods in solving the performance equations of flow chemical reactors with axial dispersion

Abstract A computational approach, which involves a collocation method and a scheme for progressively selecting an increasing number of collocation points, is introduced to obtain an approximate solution of an arbitrary degree for a highly nonlinear unsymmetrical boundary value problem. The approach is straightforward and a general computer program which can be readily adapted to any type of reaction has been written to describe the performance of flow chemical reactors with axial dispersion. The computational approach does not employ any numerical integration scheme; therefore, this approach is free of the stability difficulties and time requirements associated with numerical integration. Results that are accurate to four significant digits can be obtained in a few seconds using an IBM 360/50 digital computer.
On the use of clocks in satellites for the detection of gravitational radiation and oscillations of the sun

It is shown that, by using the path dependence of synchronization of clocks in a gravitational field, it is in principle possible not merely to observe bursts of gravitational radiation but also oscillations of the Sun. Estimates are made of the effect of the solar oscillations on the clocks. It is also pointed out that, by making use of the binary pulsar and millisecond pulsars as clocks, it is possible to observe gravitational radiation without interference from the solar oscillation.
If you build a rare disease registry, will they enroll and will they use it? Methods and data from the National Registry of Myotonic Dystrophy (DM) and Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD)

Introduction Registries are becoming increasingly important for rare diseases as experimental therapies develop. This report describes the methodology behind the National Registry of Myotonic Dystrophy (DM) and Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD) Patients and Family Members to facilitate the development of other rare disease registries. We also highlight data about the pathophysiology and select burdens of DM and FSHD reported at baseline and longitudinally.
Spark ignition of propane-air mixtures near the minimum ignition energy: Part II. A model development

Abstract A model is developed to simulate the kernel growth observed in the exprimental study of Part I. Kernel growth, described as a two-step process, initially involves a blast wave over a negligible short time followed by a diffusive growth with an electrical input power. The diffusive growth is formulated by an integral approach involving temperature dependent overall reaction kinetics and electrode heat loss. The model predicts the kernel growth reasonably well with the measured spark power input. It predicts both ignition and nonignition kernel growth. The existence of a critical radius is also demonstrated. In addition, dimensional analyses are given to clarify the physical aspects of the critical radius and the characteristic radius of the blast wave.
Characterization of Apical and Basolateral Plasma Membrane Domains Derived from Cultured Rat Cholangiocytes

Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells that line intrahepatic bile ducts, are composed of plasma membranes with discrete apical (lumenal) and basolateral domains that contain different channels, transporters, and receptors. In recent work, we developed a long-term, primary culture system of normal rat cholangiocytes (NRC). Our aims here were to prepare and characterize apical and basolateral plasma membrane vesicles from NRC. Using serial isopycnic centrifugation on sucrose gradients, we generated separate apical and basolateral plasma membrane vesicles. We characterized these vesicles by transmission electron microscopy, specific marker enzyme assays, and immunoblotting; we also determined the percentage of sealed vesicles and their intravesicular volume and sidedness using biochemical approaches. Our results showed that vesicles derived from the apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains of NRC were highly purified, predominately sealed, right-side-out vesicles that differed in size and lipid and protein composition. This experimental model represents a novel tool that will be useful for additional functional studies on the channels, transporters, and receptors differentially distributed in the plasma membrane of biliary epithelia.
Artificial intelligence techniques in the interface to a Digital Video Library

For the huge amounts of audio and video material that could usefully be included in digital libraries, the cost of producing human-generated annotations and meta-data is prohibitive. In the Informedia Digital Video Library, the production of meta-data supporting the library interface is automated using techniques from Artificial Intelligence (AI). By applying speech recognition, natural language processing and image analysis, the interface helps users locate the information they want and navigate or browse the digital video library more effectively. Specific AI-based interface components include automatic titles, filmstrips, video skims, word location marking and representative frames for shots.
Free energy of sickling: A simulation analysis.

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to calculate the difference between the dimerization free energies of normal human deoxyhemoglobin (HbA) and the mutant sickle-cell deoxyhemoglobin HbS (Glu-beta 6----Val) for one of the lateral contacts in the HbS x-ray structure. The simulations yield a value of--15 kcal/mol. Although there is no quantitative experimental value for comparison, this is in qualitative agreement with the experimental result that HbS self-assembles into multistranded fibers that are responsible for erythrocyte sickling, while HbA does not. The free-energy difference was decomposed into enthalpic and entropic terms, both of which are significant, and the contributions of individual protein residues and of the solvent were examined. Electrostatic effects play the dominant role in favoring dimerization of HbS compared with HbA; van der Waals interactions make a negligible contribution to the difference. Both differential solvation and protein-protein interactions are important. Interactions within the donor tetramer (i.e., that containing the Glu-beta 6 mutation site), as well as those with the acceptor tetramer, contribute to the preferential free energy of dimerization of HbS.
Applying Quantitative Genetic Methods to Primate Social Behavior.

Increasingly, behavioral ecologists have applied quantitative genetic methods to investigate the evolution of behaviors in wild animal populations. The promise of quantitative genetics in unmanaged populations opens the door for simultaneous analysis of inheritance, phenotypic plasticity, and patterns of selection on behavioral phenotypes all within the same study. In this article, we describe how quantitative genetic techniques provide studies of the evolution of behavior with information that is unique and valuable. We outline technical obstacles for applying quantitative genetic techniques that are of particular relevance to studies of behavior in primates, especially those living in noncaptive populations, e.g., the need for pedigree information, non-Gaussian phenotypes, and demonstrate how many of these barriers are now surmountable. We illustrate this by applying recent quantitative genetic methods to spatial proximity data, a simple and widely collected primate social behavior, from adult rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago. Our analysis shows that proximity measures are consistent across repeated measurements on individuals (repeatable) and that kin have similar mean measurements (heritable). Quantitative genetics may hold lessons of considerable importance for studies of primate behavior, even those without a specific genetic focus.
Some history of the hierarchical Bayesian methodology

A standard technique in subjective “Bayesian” methodology is for a subject (“you”) to make judgements of the probabilities that a physical probability lies in various intervals. In the hierarchical Bayesian technique you make probability judgements (of a higher type, order, level, or stage) concerning the judgements of lower type. The paper will outlinesome of the history of this hierarchical technique with emphasis on the contributions by I. J. Good because I have read every word written by him.
A Dual-Microphone Speech Enhancement Algorithm Based on the Coherence Function

A novel dual-microphone speech enhancement technique is proposed in the present paper. The technique utilizes the coherence between the target and noise signals as a criterion for noise reduction and can be generally applied to arrays with closely spaced microphones, where noise captured by the sensors is highly correlated. The proposed algorithm is simple to implement and requires no estimation of noise statistics. In addition, it offers the capability of coping with multiple interfering sources that might be located at different azimuths. The proposed algorithm was evaluated with normal hearing listeners using intelligibility listening tests and compared against a well-established beamforming algorithm. Results indicated large gains in speech intelligibility relative to the baseline (front microphone) algorithm in both single and multiple-noise source scenarios. The proposed algorithm was found to yield substantially higher intelligibility than that obtained by the beamforming algorithm, particularly when multiple noise sources or competing talker(s) were present. Objective quality evaluation of the proposed algorithm also indicated significant quality improvement over that obtained by the beamforming algorithm. The intelligibility and quality benefits observed with the proposed coherence-based algorithm make it a viable candidate for hearing aid and cochlear implant devices.
Integrating Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Prolonged Exposure to Treat Co-Occurring Borderline Personality Disorder and PTSD: Two Case Studies.

Abstract Despite the high rate of trauma and PTSD among individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD), no studies have specifically evaluated the treatment of PTSD in a BPD population. These case studies illustrate the use of a protocol based on prolonged exposure therapy that can be integrated into standard dialectical behavior therapy to treat co-occurring PTSD in BPD clients. Two women with BPD and chronic PTSD were treated and results indicate a significant improvement in PTSD symptoms as well as a variety of secondary outcomes. Despite having recent and extensive histories of suicidal and nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior, as well as ongoing low to moderate urges to engage in these behaviors, neither client self-injured or attempted suicide during the PTSD treatment. These preliminary findings demonstrate the potential efficacy of combining an exposure treatment for PTSD with standard DBT, while also showing that exposure-based PTSD treatments can be implemented safely and effectively with BPD clients.
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome): molecular pathogenesis and clinical approaches to diagnosis and management for nurses.

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), also referred to as Lynch syndrome, is the most common form of hereditary colorectal cancer and is responsible for 2% to 4% of all colorectal cancers in the Western hemisphere. Generally characterized by early-onset colorectal carcinoma with a mean age of presentation of 40 to 45 years, it can also manifest with extracolonic adenocarcinomas and cancers of the endometrium, ovaries, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, hepatobiliary tract, upper uroepithelial tract, brain, and skin. HNPCC is autosomal dominant and carries an 80% lifetime risk of cancer development. This review addresses the molecular underpinnings of HNPCC while providing a concise approach to clinical detection, diagnosis, and management of patients who may or may not test positive for an HNPCC-causing mutation. Although applicable to any patient-care setting in which cancer may be observed, this review specifically addresses the role of nurses in detecting, diagnosing, and clinically manag...
Photoemission: A Probe of the Surface and Bulk Electronic Structure in Metallic Alloys

Many of the properties of metallic alloys are determined by the underlying electronic structure, that is, the distribution of electrons in energy, space, and momentum, within the material. In order to understand the properties of alloys, therefore, one seeks a realistic description of the electron states. Sophisticated calculational schemes exist for determining electronic structures, but it is important that results are compared with suitably discriminating experimental probes, such as ultraviolet and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This paper describes recent work on Cu-Au and Fe-Ni alloys to demonstrate some applications of photoemission as a probe of the surface and bulk electronic structures in metallic alloys.
On the Quantization of Mass

The Dirac equation may be written so as to give an eigenvalue problem whose eigenvalues would be values of the electron mass. The equation is solved in several cosmological spaces, none requiring any quantization of $m$. A space-time suggested by Eddington leads to wave equations that have solutions with quantized $m$, $m$ depending upon the radius of the universe, constants $c$ and $\ensuremath{\hbar}$, and a quantum number. If the radius of the universe is taken as ${10}^{28}$ cm, the lowest mass state in this group of solutions is of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}65}$ g. Conversely if the usual electron mass is considered as the lowest state, the radius of the universe is of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ cm. Since the only constants occurring in the theory are $\ensuremath{\hbar}$, $m$, and $c$, one would expect that the radius of the universe would come out in terms of $\frac{h}{\mathrm{mc}}$. Only an occurrence, as the result of quantization, of a large dimensionless number could lead to a reasonable result; but Dirac's equation evidently does not provide such a number, and is therefore unsuited to account for the electron mass in terms of the radius of the universe.
Systemic angiotensin II and volume expansion release norepinephrine in the preoptic recess.

Abstract The periventricular tissue surrounding the anteroventral portion of the third cerebral ventricle (AV3V) of the preoptic recess is critical for several responses evoked by central and peripheral angiotensin II (ang II), and the natriuresis produced by extracellular fluid volume expansion. In addition, several other studies have suggested that the pressor and natriuretic responses evoked by these stimuli are regulated by activation of noradrenergic systems in AV3V tissue. The purpose of the present experiments was to directly determine if i.v. infusion of ang II and volume expansion increase norepinephrine release in the AV3V area using in vivo microdialysis. Male, Sprague–Dawley rats were implanted with microdialysis probes in the AV3V and were tested conscious and unrestrained. Dialysate was collected before, during, and following i.v. administration of ang II or phenylephrine which raised blood pressure 40–50 mmHg, or volume expansion with isotonic saline. Dialysate norepinephrine concentrations from these rats were compared to dialysate norepinephrine content from animals which received no treatment. Both i.v. infusion of ang II and isotonic volume expansion significantly increased dialysate norepinephrine concentration, while infusion of phenylephrine did not alter norepinephrine release in AV3V tissue. These data demonstrate that peripheral ang II and volume expansion selectively increase norepinephrine release in the AV3V region, and are consistent with the conclusion that activation of noradrenergic systems in the AV3V region contribute to cardiovascular and drinking responses evoked by peripheral ang II and to natriuresis following volume expansion.
alpha-Bungarotoxin binding properties of a central nervous system nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

High-affinity, specific binding of radiolabeled alpha-bungarotoxin to particulate fractions derived from rat brain shows saturability (Bmax approximately 37fmol/mg, KDapp = 1.7 nM) and insenstivity to ionic strength, and is essentially irreversibel (Kon = 5 . 10(6) min-1 . mol-1; Kdisplacement = 1.9 . 10(-4) min-1, tau1/2 = 62 h). Subcellular distribution of specific sites is consistent with their location on synaptic junctional complex and post-synaptic membranes. These membrane-bound binding sites exhibit unique sensitivity to cholinergic ligands; pretreatment of membranes with cholinerin binding sites to a high affinity form toward agonist. The effect is most marked for the natural agonist, acetylcholine. These results strongly support the notion that the entity under study is an authentic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
Optioning Agricultural Water Rights for Urban Water Supplies During Drought

Option contracts for temporary use of irrigation water rights are evaluated as a less-expensive institutional arrangement for providing drought insurance for urban water agencies. Desirable option contract provisions are suggested and a framework for evaluating the economic benefits of water supply options is proposed. An integrated analytical system simulating the hydrologic, institutional, and economic relationships for a case study area in northeast Colorado is developed to evaluate the economic feasibility of water supply option contracts. Estimated present value benefits and sensitivity analyses indicate that dry year water options are economically viable over a considerable range of conditions.
Extracellular calcium-induced neuroblastoma cell differentiation: involvement of phosphatidylinositol turnover.

: The rat CNS neuroblastoma B50 cell line is known to differentiate on addition of 1 mM dibutyryl cyclic AMP or on withdrawal of serum. In this report it is shown that high levels of extracellular calcium (10-25 mM) cause neurite extension, an important component of morphological differentiation. Stimulation of calcium influx with the ionophore A 23187 or blockade of calcium efflux with lanthanum are less efficient than extracellular calcium in stimulating neurite extension. These data suggest that intracellular calcium is not sufficient to cause full expression of a calcium-dependent differentiated state. Furthermore, phosphatidylinositol turnover is sharply altered as early as 1 h after addition of calcium to the medium while cyclic nucleotide levels remain unaffected. This suggests that activation of the phosphatidylinositol second-messenger system by calcium at the level of the cell membrane is the initial step in the cascade of events leading to neurite extension. Later events include a decrease in DNA synthesis (6-10 h after addition of calcium), and increase in intracellular calcium levels (12-24 h after calcium addition) concurrent with neurite extension. The intracellular increase in calcium levels is facilitated by synergistic action of 1 mM dibutyryl cyclic AMP with high external calcium (10-25 mM). This combined treatment results in a more complex pattern of neurite formation characterized by many synaptic-like junctions: this pattern is not obtained when either dibutyryl cyclic AMP or calcium is used as sole inducer.
Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention.

The authors suggest that the most promising route to effective strategies for the prevention of adolescent alcohol and other drug problems is through a risk-focused approach. This approach requires the identification of risk factors for drug abuse, identification of methods by which risk factors have been effectively addressed, and application of these methods to appropriate high-risk and general population samples in controlled studies. The authors review risk and protective factors for drug abuse, assess a number of approaches for drug abuse prevention potential with high-risk groups, and make recommendations for research and practice.
HUMAN EMOTION DETECTOR BASED ON GENETIC ALGORITHM USING LIP FEATURES

We predicted human emotion using a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based lip feature extractor from facial images to classify all seven universal emotions of fear, happiness, dislike, surprise, anger, sadness and neutrality. First, we isolated the mouth from the input images using special methods, such as Region of Interest (ROI) acquisition, grayscaling, histogram equalization, filtering, and edge detection. Next, the GA determined the optimal or near optimal ellipse parameters that circumvent and separate the mouth into upper and lower lips. The two ellipses then went through fitness calculation and were followed by training using a database of Japanese women's faces expressing all seven emotions. Finally, our proposed algorithm was tested using a published database consisting of emotions from several persons. The final results were then presented in confusion matrices. Our results showed an accuracy that varies from 20% to 60% for each of the seven emotions. The errors were mainly due to inaccuracies in the classification, and also due to the different expressions in the given emotion database. Detailed analysis of these errors pointed to the limitation of detecting emotion based on the lip features alone. Similar work [1] has been done in the literature for emotion detection in only one person, we have successfully extended our GA based solution to include several subjects.
Reversal performance in children as a function of overtraining and response conditions

Abstract Ninety children, 7 and 8 years old, were trained to associate each of 3 colors with a specific response and were then required to reverse associations. Three response conditions: position response (P), position response with irrelevant number cues (PN), and number response with irrelevant position cues (NP) and 3 degrees of pre-reversal overtraining: 0, 18, and 30 trials, were designed in order to determine whether presence of irrelevant response cues or spatial and nonspatial response differentially affect reversal performance after overtraining. Response conditions had no effect in acquisition, but in reversal they interacted with degree of training so that only irrelevant cue conditions were facilitated by overtraining, NP more than PN. An observing response model accounted for these results.
Geochemical and environmental processes affecting radionuclide migration from a formerly used seepage trench

The disposal of liquid waste, containing about 0.3 million curies (107 GBq) of fission nuclides, activation products, actinides and transuranics, in a shallow land seepage trench from 1962 to 1966, provided a field opportunity for investigating the chemical, geological, and hydrological processes which affect contaminant migration in soils and weathered bedrock. Gamma-log profiles of wells near the trench indicate that the waste liquids seeped along discrete layers parallel to bedding and along the strikes of faults and folds. Most of the radioactivity measured in the groundwaters consisted of 3H, 99Tc, 60Co, and 233U. The mobility of 99Tc, 60Co, and 233U has been attributed to low molecular weight anionic complexing. Concentrations of 90Sr and 137Cs in the groundwaters were extremely low because of the chemical treatments and precautions taken to establish and maintain an alkaline environment near the trench, which allows for 90Sr sorption and precipitation, and because of the strong tendency for 137Cs to be selectively sorbed by illite. Plutonium isotopic ratios indicate that much of the plutonium contamination near the trench results from the migration of 242Cm and 244Cm and their subsequent decay to 238Pu and 240Pu. Radionuclide concentrations in the groundwaters near the north end of the trench undergo seasonal variations, with the highest activities occurring in the spring and after prolonged rainfall. This suggests that contamination may be leached from the trench or from the relict waste migration layers when the groundwater level rises to saturate these zones or when precipitation infiltrates into the trench or along these relict migration layers during drainage. Suspected transport pathways from the trench to a nearby seep area appear to be associated with fault zones and limbs of a plunging limestone fold.
Nonlinear Study of a Misaligned Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing

Hydrodynamic/hydrostatic journal bearings have been widely used in various types of high speed rotating machinery. For space applications, the issue of using cryogenic fluids as working lubricants has steadily gained in significance. The main objective of this paper is to study the nonlinear effects in a hydrodynamic journal bearing with special attention to the effects of journal axial misalignment. The numerical model that couples the Reynolds equation with the dynamics of the rotor is solved by means of a finite difference solution technique. Fluid film pressures that resulted from an iterative scheme are integrated to generate bearing supporting forces. A two-dimensional Newton-Raphson iteration method is used to locate the journal equlibrium position from which both linear and nonlinear bearing stiffness are evaluated by means of the small perturbation technique. The effects of axial misalignment on bearing equilibrium position, lubricant fluid film thickness, pressure distribution, and stiffness cha...
Alterations of lymphocyte membranes during HIV-1 infection via multiple and simultaneous entry strategies.

KEY WORDS HIV-1; TEM; AIDS; viral entry; class I and II viral fusion proteins; membranefusion; virus receptor; gp160; gp120; gp41; tropism; receptor; membrane raftsABSTRACT Human immunodeﬁciency virus type 1 (HIV-1) must bind to and enter lympho-cytes to replicate and cause the acquired immunodeﬁciency syndrome. The association of viral par-ticles with the lymphocyte plasma membrane may vary according to a multitude of unknown varia-bles, including lymphocyte membrane receptor mobilization, lipid raft aggregation, clathrin, caveo-lin, endosomes, microendosome-mediated penetration or penetration through a hole in themembrane. The time course of this delivery appears to be short. Fusion of the virion membraneand lymphocyte plasma membrane leads to destabilization of the lymphocyte membrane. Five mor-phological stages of membrane alteration were observed in the infected lymphocytes: (1) swelling,(2) splitting, (3) fusion, (4) breaking, and (5) thinning of the lipid bilayer. These plasma membranealterations were not contributed by ﬁxation artifacts, because the dimensions and distancebetween the subunits of the surface glycoprotein (SU, gp120) and the transmembrane glycoprotein(gp41) of the viral particles adjacent to the infected cells and processed at the same time remainedunchanged. Destabilization of lipid raft patches in the lymphocyte plasma membrane by unknownvariables may facilitate HIV-1 penetration of lymphocyte, and other cell types. This a combinedreview of the pertinent literature with our data showing that HIV-1 may take advantage of multi-ple penetration approaches simultaneously in the same cell type (H9) to overwhelm the infectedcells. The ultrastructural details of H9 cultured cells infected in vitro with HIV-1 contribute to ourunderstanding of viral particle association with the plasma membrane of infected cells. Microsc.Res. Tech. 68:149–167, 2005.
Heritability of locomotor play in house mice, Mus domesticus

To test the hypothesis that rate of play can be modified by natural selection, rates of locomotor play in the inbred BALB/c and DBA/2 strains of house mice and in F1 and F2 crosses of these strains were quantified. Rate of play was low in BALB/c and in the maternal DBA/2 F1, intermediate in the maternal BALB/c F1, and highest in the DBA/2 and F2. Estimated broad sense heritability was 0·55±0·40, so selection can probably modify rate of play. Epistasis appeared to affect rate of play in the F2 litters, and a maternal effect was evident in the F1 litters.
Preserving Minerals and Mining History at the Eagle Mine: Gilman District, Colorado

(2003). Preserving Minerals and Mining History at the Eagle Mine: Gilman District, Colorado. Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 78, No. 5, pp. 324-328.
Production Response of the Bluegill Sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, to Added Attachment Surface for Fish-Food Organisms

Abstract Bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus (Rafinesque) were stocked at a rate of 20,000/ha into 40 plastic pools, each 3 m in diameter, containing water to a depth of 76 cm. Added attachment surfaces (yellow pine boards) for fish-food organisms were placed in 36 plastic pools in amounts corresponding to 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of the water surface area. Fertilizers with 8–8-2 (N-P-K), 0–8-0 (N-P-K), and a control with no fertilizer were used throughout the study. The addition of pine boards resulted in linear increases in both fish food and fish production. Significant increases occurred when additions of attachment surface equal to the surface area of the pool were added. Complete (8–8-2, N-P-K) fertilization produced the greatest weight of macroinvertebrates and bluegills.
Interaction of alpha particles in the lead region near the Coulomb barrier

The ($\ensuremath{\alpha},n$) cross section on $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ and $^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$ has been measured between 16 and 24 MeV by observing the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ activity of the residual nuclei $^{211}\mathrm{Po}$ and $^{212}\mathrm{At}$. The relative yields to both the ground and metastable states of each residual nucleus were obtained and new half-life determinations have been made for these states. The absolute yield was measured at 20 and 22 MeV to normalize the relative data. Below the ($\ensuremath{\alpha},2n$) threshold, $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\alpha},n)$ constitutes most of the total reaction cross section, and the ($\ensuremath{\alpha},n$) data, together with accurate elastic scattering measurements at 19, 20, and 22 MeV are reproduced well by a six-parameter optical model. The fits are sensitive to the reaction cross-section data, and serve to define the magnitude and shape of the real potential at a radial distance of about 11 fm. The real potential in this region dominates the interaction at the present energies. The imaginary potential is relatively small; it is not well determined and serves only to absorb those waves which penetrate the real potential. The real potential obtained is interpreted in terms of an $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-folding model using a free $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-nucleon two-body force. The potential near the peak of the Coulomb barrier is determined primarily by the target matter density near 9 fm, where it is approximately 1% of its value at the center of the nucleus. Implications concerning the relative distributions of target neutron and protons are discussed.
Four sites in the acceptor helix and one site in the variable pocket of tRNA(Ala) determine the molecule's acceptor identity.

Abstract The structural features that determine tRNA(Ala) acceptor identity have been studied with amber-suppressor tRNAs in Escherichia coli cells. Previous work established that a wobble pair composed of guanosine at position 3 and uridine at position 70 (G3-U70) in the acceptor helix of tRNA(Ala) is a determinant of the molecule's acceptor identity. We show that additional determinants are located at three other sites in the acceptor helix and at one site in the variable pocket of tRNA(Ala). These latter determinants are less important than G3.U70 since their individual alterations in mutants of tRNA(Ala) have smaller degrading effects on the functions of the molecules, and subsets of the determinants, when combined with G3.U70, are sufficient to switch the identities of several other tRNAs to that of tRNA(Ala). Other workers are using fragments of the tRNA(Ala) acceptor helix to study the molecule's acceptor identity. Our demonstration that the variable pocket contributes to tRNA(Ala) acceptor identity means that such fragments do not faithfully replicate the structure-function relationship of the cellular process.