cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the chain length dependence of local correlations in polymer melts and a perturbation theory of symmetric polymer blends.

The self-consistent field (SCF) approach to the thermodynamics of dense polymer liquids is based on the idea that short-range correlations in a polymer liquid are almost independent of how monomers are connected into polymers over larger scales. Some limits of this idea are explored in the context of a perturbation theory for symmetric polymer blends. We consider mixtures of two structurally identical polymers, A and B, in which the AB monomer pair interaction differs slightly from the AA and BB interactions by an amount proportional to a parameter α. An expansion of the free energy to first order in α yields an excess free energy of mixing per monomer of the form αz(N)ϕAϕB in both lattice and continuum models, where z(N) is a measure of the number of intermolecular near neighbors per monomer in a one-component (α=0) reference liquid with chains of length N. The quantity z(N) decreases slightly with increasing N because the concentration of intramolecular near neighbors is slightly higher for longer chain...
Amniocentesis: Its impact on mothers and infants. A 1-year follow-up study

In a 1-year follow-up study, the effects of amniocentesis for genetic diagnosis upon 22 infants and their mothers were assessed. The infants were tested at 1 year of age on the Bayley Infant Scale of Mental and Motor Development. No deviations from normal mental or motor development were found. The mothers were interviewed at the same time, in order to better understand the emotional aspects of the experience. Women between ages 35-39 with no previously affected child tended to accept amniocentesis easily, as an appropriate part of parnatal care. Mothers with a previous defective child tended to have more painful emotional reactions, including higher anxiety over the test and more conflict about a possible abortion. They needed more intensive and extended counseling. We suggest that the issue of abortion is important, even if manageable by most women, and that a chance to discuss it may be significant.
Alkylation of succinates: synthesis of Ro 32-3555.

Abstract A short synthesis, based on a succinate acylation-alkylation-decarboxylation approach, of the clinical compound Ro 32–3555 is reported. The nature of the selectivity in the mono-alkylation of succinates was examined under varying enolization conditions and in the presence of chaotropic additives.
Analytic formulation of the principle of increasing precision with decreasing iNtelligence for intelligent machines

Abstract Intelligent machines, like intelligent robots are capable of performing autonomously in uncertain environments, and have imposed new design requirements for modern engineers. New concepts, drawn from areas like artificial intelligence, operations research and control theory, are required in order to implement anthropomorphic tasks with minimum intervention of an operator. This work deals with the analytic formulation of the principle of increasing precision with decreasing intelligence; the fundamental principle of hierarchically intelligent control. A three-level structure representing the organization, coordination and execution has been developed as a probabilistic model of such a system and the approaches necessary to implement each one of them on an intelligent machine are discussed. The principle is derived also from a probabilistic model and can be expressed in terms of entropies. It is compatible with the current formulation of the hierarchically intelligent control problem, the mathematical programming solution of which minimizes the total entropy. The derivation and design of parallel architectures for artificial intelligence, like the Boltzmann machine is obtained from such formulation.
Generalized complex and Dirac structures on homogeneous spaces

Abstract The aim of this paper is to study generalized complex geometry (Hitchin, 2002) [6] and Dirac geometry (Courant, 1990) [3] , (Courant and Weinstein, 1988) [4] on homogeneous spaces. We offer a characterization of equivariant Dirac structures on homogeneous spaces, which is then used to construct new examples of generalized complex structures. We consider Riemannian symmetric spaces, quotients of compact groups by closed connected subgroups of maximal rank, and nilpotent orbits in sl n ( R ) . For each of these cases, we completely classify equivariant Dirac structures. Additionally, we consider equivariant Dirac structures on semisimple orbits in a semisimple Lie algebra. Here equivariant Dirac structures can be described in terms of root systems or by certain data involving parabolic subalgebras.
The Enantioselective Addition of Alkyne Nucleophiles to Carbonyl Groups

Over the past decade, large strides have been achieved in the invention of methods for the direct enantioselective addition of alkynes and metal alkynylide nucleophiles into prochiral aldehydes, ketones, and imines. This review highlights and compares the available methods for these transformations.
THE LEGALITY OF THE SHAREHOLDER RIGHTS BY-LAW IN DELAWARE: PRESERVING THE MARKET FOR CORPORATE CONTROL

Just as some lawyers almost killed the takeover market with the invention of the poison pill in the 1980s, others are now about to reinvigorate it with another legal invention. The “shareholder rights bylaw,” which promises to be the next major legal battleground in the market for corporate control, aims to eliminate the current ability of target company boards of directors to block changes of control by keeping their poison pill defenses in place. The new bylaws require the poison pill (and other defensive measures) to expire automatically whenever the firm receives an allcash offer for 100% of the firm's stock at a price at least 25% above the prebid market price. The firm can keep its poison pill, but only if shareholders vote to keep it after receiving the offer. Although the legality of the share-holder rights bylaw has been challenged as an undue infringement on boards of directors' power to run companies, this article argues that their legality will be upheld for three reasons: ▪ First, shareholder rights bylaws merely reinforce the corporate manager's responsibility to manage the firm to maximize shareholder value. ▪ Second, Delaware and most other jurisdictions give shareholders the specific right to amend the bylaws of a corporation; and the shareholder rights by-law is a straightforward exercise of this explicit right granted to shareholders. ▪ Third, the adoption of shareholders rights by-law does not prevent the board of directors from advising share-holders to vote to reject a takeover bid, nor does it prevent shareholders from giving management the authority to use defensive mechanisms such as the poison pill. As the article concludes, upholding this right of shareholders to choose whether a poison pill is used to block a takeover is critical to the vitality of the takeover market and, hence, to the preservation of the agency relationship between directors and shareholders. Upholding this right may also prove critical to Delaware's ability to maintain its predominance in the market for corporate chartering.
Holography for coset spaces

In this talk I summarized the results of hep-th/9905211, where we considered M/string theory on noncompact, negatively curved, cosets that generalize Anti-de Sitter space, and proposed holographic descriptions in terms of a conformal field theory on the boundary. Qualitatively new features arise due to the degenerate nature of the conformal boundary metric.
Surgeon variability in treating nonpalpable breast cancer: surgical oncology as a value-added specialty.

Background: Several studies have demonstrated a relatively low rate of breast conservation surgery (BCS) in the United States. Few have analyzed the impact of individual surgeon variability on the outcome of the procedure, and none have contrasted surgical oncologists versus general surgeons in the treatment of nonpalpable breast cancer. Methods: A blinded review was done of 409 excisions for nonpalpable breast cancer performed by 11 board-certified general surgeons (GS, n=221) and one surgical oncologist (SO, n=185) in a teaching institution. We compared surgical margins, need for reexcision, and breast conservation rates. Results: Although there were no significant differences in patient and tumor characteristics, there were surprising differences between the GS and SO, especially related to surgical margins and final treatment. The SO has a significantly higher rate of frozen section compared to GS (81% vs. 64%,P<0.01) and a lower rate of positive margin at the time of original biopsy (25% vs. 41%,P<0.01). These differences translated into lower necessity for reexcision of tumor (18% vs. 48%,P<0.01) and higher rate of BCS (88% vs. 70%,P<0.01). Conclusion: This study demonstrates marked differences among trained general surgeons. The additional experience of a surgical oncologist is valuable, because fewer positive margins lead to a higher likelihood of breast preservation and decreased costs related to fewer additional operative procedures.
High speed electron beam testing

Abstract The performance of devices and circuits is advancing at a rapid pace with submicron design ground rules. The requirements to probe the internal nodes of these ultra-fast, -small, and -dense circuits give rise to great challenges for high speed electron-beam testing. In this paper, we review the development of electron beam testing to achieve simultaneously: 5 ps temporal resolution, 0.1 μm spot size and 3mV/√Hz voltage sensitivity. The newly developed instrument, called the Picosecond Photoelectron Scanning Electron Microscope (PPSEM), is capable of measuring the state-of-the-art bipolar, FET circuits and wiring delays.
Effusive atomic oven nozzle design using an aligned microcapillary array.

We present a simple and inexpensive design for a multichannel effusive oven nozzle which provides improved atomic beam collimation and thus extended oven lifetimes. Using this design, we demonstrate an atomic lithium source suitable for trapped-atom experiments. At a nozzle temperature of 525 °C, the collimated atomic beam flux directly after the nozzle is 1.2 × 1014 atoms/s with a peak beam intensity greater than 5.0 × 1016 atoms/s/sr. This suggests an oven lifetime of several decades of continuous operation.
Target tracking for multistatic radar with transmitter uncertainty

We present a target tracking system for a specific sort of passive radar, that using a Digital Audio/Video Broadcast (DAB/DVB) network for illuminators of opportunity. The system can measure bi-static range and range-rate. Angular information is assumed here unavailable. The DAB/DVB network operates in a single frequency mode; this means the same data stream is broadcast from multiple senders in the same frequency band. This supplies multiple measurements of each target using just one receiver, but introduces an additional ambiguity, as the signals from each sender are indistinguishable. This leads to a significant data association problem: as well as the usual target/measurement uncertainty there is additional "list" of illuminators that must be contended with. Our intention is to provide tracks directly in the geographic space, as opposed to a two-step procedure of formation of tracks in (bi-static) range and range-rate space to fuse these onto a map. We offer two solutions: one employing joint probabilistic data association (JPDA) based on an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), and the other a particle filter. For the former, we explain a "super-target" approach to bring what might otherwise be a three-dimensional assignment list down to the two dimensions the JPDAF needs. The latter approach would seem prohibitive in computation even with these; as such, we discuss the use of a PMHT-like measurement model that greatly reduces the numerical load.
Total synthesis of (−)- and (±)-frontalin via ring-closing metathesis

Abstract Racemic and enantiopure targets containing the 6,8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1]octane skeleton, can be conveniently synthesized from monocyclic diene precursors using an intramolecular ruthenium-catalyzed ring-closing metathesis reaction as the key step.
Iterative Implicit Monte Carlo

ABSTRACTWe describe a new Monte Carlo thermal radiation transport method that is fully implicit in the value of matter temperature used to calculate thermal emission. This method involves iterating on the matter temperature until convergence at the end of the time-step value of the matter temperature is obtained. Because the method is fully implicit, it eliminates the violations of the maximum principle that can occur in Implicit Monte Carlo (IMC) simulations on the problems on which we have tested it. The method has the drawback that it is considerably more expensive than IMC for simulations with cold opaque regions. We discuss the reasons for this, and discuss some ways that the number of iterations may be reduced.
The distortion of distant galaxy images by large-scale structure

Inhomogeneity in the distribution of mass in the Universe on scales ≤ 100 Mpc can generate a coherent shear distortion or polarization of the images of background galaxies. This distortion may be measurable over patches of the sky up to a few square degrees in size. If this distortion is measured, or conversely, if its magnitude is limited, it should help us understand the degree to which luminosity traces the underlying mass over cosmological scales. A prescription is given for quantifying the galaxy distortion and a propagation equation for its evolution in an inhomogeneous universe is derived
Development of the Explorer Solid Rocket Motor

The successful launching of Explorer I on an accelerated schedule was due in part to the extensive design and developmental testing effort accomplished in support of the U.S. Army's Sergeant missile system. The 1/5-scale solid rocket motor used in the missile development in conjunction with a modified Redstone rocket became the basis for the Jupiter-C launch vehicle, which launched the first U.S. satellite. A description of the solid rocket motor and its development for use as part of the upper stages of the Jupiter-C is presented.
Domain wall fermions and MC simulations of vector theories

Abstract It is known that domain wall fermions may be used in MC simulations of vector theories. The practicality and usefulness of such an implementation is investigated in the context of the vector Schwinger model, on a 2+1 dimensional lattice. Preliminary results of a Hybrid Monte Carlo simulation are presented.
Detection of interstellar acetone toward the Orion-KL hot core

We present the first detection of interstellar acetone [(CH3)2CO] toward the high-mass star-forming region Orion-KL and the first detection of vibrationally excited (CH3)2CO in the interstellar medium (ISM). Using the BIMA array, 28 emission features that can be assigned to 54 acetone transitions were detected. Furthermore, 37 of these transitions have not been previously observed in the ISM. The observations also show that the acetone emission is concentrated toward the hot core region of Orion-KL, contrary to the distribution of other large oxygen-bearing molecules. From our rotational temperature diagram, we find a beam-averaged (CH3)2CO column density of [2.0(0.3)-8.0(1.2)] × 1016 cm-2 and a rotational temperature of 176(48)-194(66) K.
Chip-firing and energy minimization on M-matrices

We consider chip-firing dynamics defined by arbitrary M-matrices. M-matrices generalize graph Laplacians and were shown by Gabrielov to yield avalanche finite systems. Building on the work of Baker and Shokrieh, we extend the concept of energy minimizing chip configurations. Given an M-matrix, we show that there exists a unique energy minimizing configuration in each equivalence class defined by the matrix.We consider the class of z-superstable configurations. We prove that for any M-matrix, the z-superstable configurations coincide with the energy minimizing configurations. Moreover, we prove that the z-superstable configurations are in simple duality with critical configurations. Thus for all avalanche-finite systems (including all directed graphs with a global sink) there exist unique critical, energy minimizing and z-superstable configurations. The critical configurations are in simple duality with energy minimizers which coincide with z-superstable configurations.
Synthesis of terbinafine. A palladium catalyzed vinyl iodide-ethynylstannane coupling

Abstract Hydrozirconation of propargylamine ( 2 ) followed by cleavage with iodine leads to the formation of (E)-vinyl iodide ( 4 ). Palladium catalyzed coupling of 4 and 3,3-dimethylbutynylstannane results in the formation of Terbinafine ( 1a ).
Sum Capacity of Interference Channels With a Local View: Impact of Distributed Decisions

Due to the large size of wireless networks, it is often impractical for nodes to track changes in the complete network state. As a result, nodes have to make distributed decisions about their transmission and reception parameters based on their local view of the network. In this paper, we characterize the impact of distributed decisions on the global network performance in terms of achievable sum rates. We first formalize the concept of local view by proposing a protocol abstraction using the concept of local message passing. In the proposed protocol, nodes forward information about the network state to other neighboring nodes, thereby allowing network-state information to trickle to all the nodes. The protocol proceeds in rounds, where all transmitters send a message followed by a message by all receivers. The number of rounds then provides a natural metric to quantify the extent of local information at each node. We next study two network connectivities, Z-channel, and a three-user double Z-channel. In each case, we characterize achievable sum rate with partial message passing leading to two main results. First, in many cases, nodes can make distributed decisions with only local information about the network and can still achieve the same sum capacity as can be attained with global information irrespective of the actual channel gains. We label such schemes as universally optimal. Second, for the case of three-user double Z-channel, we show that universal optimality is not achievable if the per node information is below a threshold. In fact, distributed decisions can lead to unbounded losses compared to full information case for some channel gains.
New Catalogs of Compact Radio Sources in the Galactic Plane

Archival data have been combined with recent observations of the Galactic plane using the Very Large Array to create new catalogs of compact centimetric radio sources. The 20 cm source catalog covers a longitude range of -20° < l < 120°; the latitude coverage varies from ±08 to ±27. The total survey area is ~331 deg2; coverage is 90% complete at a flux density threshold of ~14 mJy, and over 5000 sources are recorded. The 6 cm catalog covers 43 deg2 in the region -10° < l < 42°, |b| < 04 to a 90% completeness threshold of 2.9 mJy; over 2700 sources are found. Both surveys have an angular resolution of ~6''. These catalogs provide a 30% (at 20 cm) to 50% (at 6 cm) increase in the number of high-reliability compact sources in the Galactic plane, as well as greatly improved astrometry, uniformity, and reliability; they should prove useful for comparison with new mid- and far-infrared surveys of the Milky Way.
NP-hardness of the cluster minimization problem revisited

The computational complexity of the 'cluster minimization problem' is revisited (Wille and Vennik 1985 J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 18 L419). It is argued that the original NP-hardness proof does not apply to pairwise potentials of physical interest, such as those that depend on the geometric distance between the particles. A geometric analogue of the original problem is formulated, and a new proof for such potentials is provided by polynomial time transformation from the independent set problem for unit disk graphs. Limitations of this formulation are pointed out, and new subproblems that bear more direct consequences to the numerical study of clusters are suggested.
Labor Internationalism and the Contradictions of Globalization: Or, Why the Local is Sometimes Still Important in a Global Economy

In this paper I examine two case studies of workers fighting against transnationally organized corporations. In the first case, a 1990–1992 dispute between the United Steelworkers of America and the Ravenswood Aluminum Corporation, union workers developed an international campaign to pressure the corporation to rehire them after they had been locked out in a dispute over health and safety issues. In the second case, a 1998 dispute between the United Auto Workers and General Motors, strikes by workers at just two plants in Flint, Michigan over the corporation's plans to introduce new work rules resulted in the virtual shutdown of GM for several weeks. Drawing on these two cases, I suggest that, in challenging transnationally organized employers, workers may on some occasions best achieve their goals through engaging in practices of transnational solidarity aimed at matching the global organization of their employer (“organizing globally”), whereas on other occasions they may be able to do so through highly focused local actions (“organizing locally”) against strategic parts of a corporation. Of course, which of these two strategies is most likely to succeed in particular cases will depend on a coterie of contingencies, such as how interconnected the corporation's component parts are. However, the fact that different geographical strategies may be open to workers challenging globally organized capital means at least two things. First, some workers may not have to organize at the same geographical scale (ie globally) as corporations in order to challenge them. Second, through their choices of which strategy to pursue, workers are clearly shaping the very process of globalization itself and the new global geographies which globalization is auguring.
DELAYED NICKEL DECAY IN GAMMA-RAY BURSTS

Recently observed emission lines in the X-ray afterglow of � -ray bursts suggest that iron-group elements are either produced in the � -ray burst or are present nearby. If this material is the product of a thermonuclear burn, then such material would be expected to be rich in nickel-56. If the nickel remains partially ionized, this prevents the electron capture reaction normally associated with the decay of nickel-56, dramatically increasing the decay timescale. Here we examine the consequences of rapid ejection of a fraction of a solar mass of iron-group material from the center of a collapsar/hypernova. The exact rate of decay then depends on the details of the ionization and, therefore, the ejection process. Future observations of iron, nickel, and cobalt lines can be used to diagnose the origin of these elements and to better understand the astrophysical site of � ray bursts. In this model, the X-ray lines of these iron-group elements could be detected in suspected hypernovae that did not produce an observable � -ray burst due to beaming. Subject headings: gamma rays: bursts — line: profiles — nuclear reactions, nucleosynthesis, abundances — supernovae: general
To Trade Or Not To Trade: Economies With A Variable Number Of Tradeables*

We present a general equilibrium model that encompasses the endogenous selection and shadow-pricing of a set of tradeable commodities, with home-based and social production activities. In the model, a market system is a set of costly social institutions which embody the trade and production technologies available in the economy. Our equilibrium concept describes the pricing of market institutions, thus pricing the tradeability of a commodity. We obtain the existence and the decentralization of Pareto-efficient allocations. We discuss an example regarding the transition of a guild-based economy into a market-based economy.
Price-distorting compensation serving the consumer and taxpayer interest

In this paper we address a bothersome question for public choice analysis: Why do consumers and taxpayers acquiesce to seemingly inefficient wealth transfers to a relatively small number of producers? The most common and briefest answer given by political economists is that any individual consumer/taxpayer suffers too little in the rent-seeking game to bear the cost of opposing the aggressive political influence of producers who enjoy the concentrated benefits. In this paper we examine an alternative answer lying in the potential benefits that accrue to consumers and taxpayers from price distorting wealth transfers to heterogeneous producers.
Reference models for thermospheric no

Nitric oxide has been measured with an ultraviolet spectrometer on the polar-orbiting satellite Solar Mesosphere Explorer (SME) for the period January 1982 to August 1986. The nitric oxide database contains densities at all latitudes sorted into 5 degree bins and at altitudes between 100 and 140 km sorted into 3.3 km-bins. The largest densities occur at latitudes in the auroral zones where the density varies as a function of geomagnetic activity. Variations of a factor of 10 occur between times of intense activity and quiet times. At low latitudes, the nitric oxide density at 110 km varies from a mean value of 3 times 10(exp 7) molecules per cubic cm in January 1982 to a mean value of 4 times 10(exp 6) molecules per cubic cm during solar minimum conditions in 1986. In addition, the low-latitude nitric oxide density varies plus or minus 50 percent with a period of 27 days during times of high solar activity.
Grammar errors and style weaknesses in a text-critiquing system

Grammar errors and style weaknesses identified by CRITIQUE, a text processing system developed at the IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, are discussed. Linguistic criteria for distinguishing between grammar and style are drawn first. These criteria are reflected in the messages issued by CRITIQUE to the user. Then, a computational criterion for distinguishing between grammar and style is discussed. This criterion is reflected in the implementation of the grammar-checking and style-checking mechanisms. Finally, it is explained how CRITIQUE operates when the criteria are in conflict: the implementation is driven by the computational criterion, while the display to the user remains faithful to the linguistic criteria. >
Hydrophobic microporous and mesoporous oxides as Brønsted and Lewis acid catalysts for biomass conversion in liquid water

The use of heterogeneous catalysts in liquid water, even at the moderate temperatures (<523 K) typical of most condensed-phase biomass conversion processes, is often fraught with issues related to structural instability and to active site inhibition caused by deactivation mechanisms that differ from those prevalent in the gas phase at higher temperatures. For porous silica-based oxides, one strategy to address these issues is to design or functionalize oxide surfaces with hydrophobic moieties or domains. Hydrophobic moieties can be present either at external crystallite surfaces or within the internal porous voids where most active sites typically reside. Both extracrystalline and intracrystalline hydrophobic environments can prevent the condensation of bulk water within internal void spaces and thus alleviate any transport restrictions its presence may cause, while only intracrystalline environments can influence the kinetic effects of molecular water at active sites. As a result, hydrophobic environments at both external and internal crystallite surfaces can have fundamentally different consequences for reactivity, in spite of the phenomenological similarities of their effects on observed reaction rates. The conceptual distinction between these two forms of hydrophobicity, together with accurate assessments of transport and kinetic contributions to measured reaction rates, can inform the placement of hydrophobic domains at appropriate locations in porous solids to cause predictable changes in reactivity. This mini-review discusses these concepts within the context of recent studies that have used hydrophobic Bronsted and Lewis acidic microporous and mesoporous oxides in catalytic reactions of biomass-derived molecules in liquid water and biphasic water–organic mixtures.
EXPANDING EJECTA IN THE OXYGEN-RICH SUPERNOVA REMNANT G292.0+1.8 : DIRECT MEASUREMENT THROUGH PROPER MOTIONS

We report here the first study of proper motions of fast filaments in the young, oxygen-rich supernova remnant G292.0+1.8, carried out using a series of [O III] 5007 A emission-line images taken over a period of more than 21 years. Images taken at seven epochs from 1986 to 2008, all from telescopes at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, show oxygen-emitting filaments, presumably ejecta fragments, throughout most of the remnant. We have measured the proper motions for 67 discrete filaments through two-dimensional correlations between images from different epochs. While the motions are small, mostly 20-100 mas yr–1, they are nevertheless measurable through a robust technique of averaging measurements from many epoch pairs. The data are qualitatively consistent with a free-expansion model, and clearly show systematic motions outward from a point near the center of the radio/X-ray shell. Global fits using this model indicate an expansion center at R.A.(2000.) = 11h24m34.4, decl.(2000.) = –59°15'51'', and a kinematic age of 2990 ± 60 years. The young pulsar PSR J1124–5916 is located 46'' southeast of the expansion center. Assuming that it was launched by the supernova, we expect the pulsar to be moving southeastward at 16 mas yr–1, or a transverse velocity of 440 km s-1. We find the fastest ejecta along an axis oriented roughly N-S in the plane of the sky, suggesting that a bipolar explosion produced G292.0+1.8, as appears to have been the case for Cas A.
Stability and locally exact differentials on a curve

Abstract We show that the locally free sheaf B 1 ⊂F ∗ (Ω 1 X ) of locally exact differentials on a smooth projective curve of genus g⩾2 over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic p is a stable bundle. This answers a question of Raynaud. To cite this article: K. Joshi, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 338 (2004).
NASA solar concentrator development

Abstract A description of the solar concentrator development program at NASA is given and includes contractual as well as in-house projects. Fabrication methods for one-piece concentrators (30 in. to 10 ft in diameter) are discussed and measured efficiencies for several concentrators 5 to 10 feet in diameter are presented. The structural problems anticipated with large one-piece concentrators (20 to 30 ft in diameter) are also considered. Three types of expandable solar concentrators are currently being investigated. Optical ray trace data are presented for one type, the whirling membrane paraboloid; calorimetrie efficiency data are presented for a second, the cone-and-column concentrator model; and fabrication materials and methods are discussed for the last type, the inflatable-rigidized concept.
Learning Purified Mixed Equilibria

Abstract We examine the local stability of mixed equilibria in a smoothed fictitious play model. Our model is easy to analyze and yields the same conclusions as other models in 2×2 games. We focus on 3×3 games. Contrary to some previous suggestions, learning can sometimes provide a justification for complicated mixed equilibria. Whether an equilibrium is stable often depends on the distribution of payoff perturbations. The totally mixed equilibria of zero sum games are generically stable, and the totally mixed equilibria of symmetric games with symmetric perturbations are generically unstable. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: C72.
Synthesis of d-myo-P-1-(O-Aminopropyl)-Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate affinity probes from α-d-glucose

Abstract d - myo -P-1-( O -3-Aminopropyl)-Ins(l,4,5)P 3 has been synthesized from methyl α- d -glucopyranoside. This optically-pure tethered IP 3 derivative has been converted to a selective photoaffinity label for modification of the ligand binding site of IP 3 receptor proteins.
Trade structure and economic growth

Abstract How do the number of trade partners and the concentration of trade among partners affect the economic growth of a country? We refer to these characteristics as the structure of trade, and explore this question empirically in this study. We find that the structure of trade, independently of the level of trade itself, has an important effect on the rate of economic growth. The results of the study suggest that the number of trading partners is positively correlated with growth across all countries, and this effect is more pronounced for rich countries. Trade concentration is positively correlated with growth for all countries, and the effect is concentrated in poor countries. Previous work has overlooked these characteristics of trade, although we find them to be quite relevant and that they could lead to new ways of understanding the trade – growth relationship.
A partial Horn recursion in the cohomology of flag varieties

Horn recursion is a term used to describe when non-vanishing products of Schubert classes in the cohomology of complex flag varieties are characterized by inequalities parameterized by similar non-vanishing products in the cohomology of "smaller" flag varieties. We consider the type A partial flag variety and find that its cohomology exhibits a Horn recursion on a certain deformation of the cup product defined by Belkale and Kumar (Invent. Math. 166:185---228, 2006). We also show that if a product of Schubert classes is non-vanishing on this deformation, then the associated structure constant can be written in terms of structure constants coming from induced Grassmannians.
Multivariate regression depth

The regression depth of a hyperplane with respect to a set of n points in R d is the minimum number of points the hyperplane must pass through in a rotation to vertical. We generalize hyperplane regression depth to k-flats for any k between 0 and d − 1. The k = 0 case gives the classical notion of center points. We prove that for any k and d, deep k-flats exist, that is, for any set of n points there always exists a k-flat with depth at least a constant fraction of n. As a consequence, we derive a linear-time (1 + e)-approximation algorithm for the deepest flat. We also show how to compute the regression depth in time O(n d−2 + n log n) when 1 ≤ k ≤ d − 2.
The Evolution of LMC X-4 Flares: Evidence for Super-Eddington Radiation Oozing through Inhomogeneous Polar Cap Accretion Flows?

We present the results of two extensive Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer observations of large X-ray flaring episodes from the high-mass X-ray binary pulsar LMC X-4. Light curves during the flaring episodes comprise bright peaks embedded in relatively fainter regions, with complex patterns of recurrence and clustering of flares. We identify precursors preceding the flaring activity. Pulse profiles during the flares appear to be simple sinusoids, and pulsed fractions are proportional to the flare intensities. We fit Gaussian functions to flare peaks to estimate the mean FWHM to be ~68 s. Significant rapid aperiodic variability exists up to a few hertz during the flares, which is related to the appearance of narrow, spiky peaks in the light curves. While spectral fits and softness ratios show overall spectral softening as the flare intensity increases, the narrow, spiky peaks do not follow this trend. The mean fluence of the flare peaks is (3.1 ± 2.9) × 1040 ergs in the 2.5-25 keV energy range, with its maximum at ~1.9 × 1041 ergs. The flare peak luminosity reaches up to (2.1 ± 0.2) × 1039 ergs s-1, far above the Eddington luminosity of a neutron star. We discuss possible origins of the flares, and we also propose that inhomogeneous accretion columns onto the neutron star polar caps are responsible for the observed properties.
Finite covers of random 3-manifolds

A 3-manifold is Haken if it contains a topologically essential surface. The Virtual Haken Conjecture posits that every irreducible 3-manifold with infinite fundamental group has a finite cover which is Haken. In this paper, we study random 3-manifolds and their finite covers in an attempt to shed light on this difficult question. In particular, we consider random Heegaard splittings by gluing two handlebodies by the result of a random walk in the mapping class group of a surface. For this model of random 3-manifold, we are able to compute the probabilities that the resulting manifolds have finite covers of particular kinds. Our results contrast with the analogous probabilities for groups coming from random balanced presentations, giving quantitative theorems to the effect that 3-manifold groups have many more finite quotients than random groups. The next natural question is whether these covers have positive betti number. For abelian covers of a fixed type over 3-manifolds of Heegaard genus 2, we show that the probability of positive betti number is 0. In fact, many of these questions boil down to questions about the mapping class group. We are led to consider the action of the mapping class group of a surface Σ on the set of quotients π1(Σ)→Q. If Q is a simple group, we show that if the genus of Σ is large, then this action is very mixing. In particular, the action factors through the alternating group of each orbit. This is analogous to Goldman’s theorem that the action of the mapping class group on the SU(2) character variety is ergodic.
Explicitly Spatial Rural-Urban Computable General Equilibrium

Rural areas are by definition remote, sparsely populated, and dependent on natural-resource-based industry. Rural remoteness and low density have critical implications for rural firms and households. On the plus side for businesses, rural firms avoid high urban wages, rents, and other congestion costs. Also, they have a competitive edge (low transport costs) in serving rural customers. On the negative side are higher costs of transporting inputs from, and outputs to, urban markets. On the plus side for households is the bucolic environment. On the negative side is the distance that must be travelled to collect the same
Parallel synthesis with fluorous reagents and reactants.

Fluorous reagents and reactants provide emerging new options in parallel synthesis because they are easily prepared, reacted, and then separated from the desired reaction products. Some background information on fluorous reaction and separation techniques is provided, and the utility of fluorous reagents and reactants is illustrated with a number of case studies that feature both liquid-liquid and solid-solid separations.
A chemisorption and XPS study of bimetallic Pt-Sn/Al2O3 catalysts

Bimetallic Pt-Sn/AlzO3 catalysts with nominally 1 wt% Pt and varying tin contents (0-3.25 wt%) prepared by coimpregnation of nonporous Degussa alumina were characterized by chemisorption of H2, 02, and CO at room temperature. The surface compositions and oxidation states of the reduced catalysts were tracked by XPS. Addition of tin to Pt resulted in significant differences in the gas uptake characteristics of the three adsorbates. Both H2 and CO showed an initial increase in gas uptake with addition of small amounts of tin, and then the chemisorbed amount tended to drop off with further addition of tin. In the case of 02 adsorption, there was a steady increase in gas uptake with increasing tin content. XPS of the reduced catalysts showed that in aluminasupported samples most of the tin was in a valence state of either Sn(II) or Sn(IV). On the other hand, large amounts of zero-valent tin were found in a SiO2-supported Pt-Sn catalyst which had been prepared from the same precursors and reduced under identical conditions. This supports the notion that interactions between the alumina support and tin prevent the complete reduction of tin. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.
On Rugina’s system of thought

This article investigates Rugina’s orientation table and gives particular examples for several of its seven models. Leon Walras’s Economics of Stable Equilibrium and Keynes’s Economics of Disequilibrium are combined in Rugina’s orientation table in systems which are s percent stable and 100−s percent unstable, where s may be 100, 95, 65, 50, 35, 5, and 0. Classical logic and modern logic are united in Rugina’s integrated logic, and then generalized in neutrosophic logic.
VLA OH and H I Zeeman Observations of the NGC 6334 Complex

We present OH and H I Zeeman observations of the NGC 6334 complex taken with the Very Large Array. The OH absorption profiles associated with the complex are relatively narrow (ΔvFWHM ~ 3 km s-1) and single-peaked over most of the sources. The H I absorption profiles contain several blended velocity components. One of the compact continuum sources in the complex (source A) has a bipolar morphology. The OH absorption profiles toward this source display a gradient in velocity from the northern continuum lobe to the southern continuum lobe; this velocity gradient likely indicates a bipolar outflow of molecular gas from the central regions to the northern and southern lobes. Magnetic fields of the order of 200 μG have been detected toward three discrete continuum sources in the complex. Virial estimates suggest that the detected magnetic fields in these sources are of the same order as the critical magnetic fields required to support the molecular clouds associated with the sources against gravitational collapse.
The Experience, Impact, and Management of Professional Burnout Among Probation Officers in Juvenile Justice Settings

Little is known about the experience of professional burnout among juvenile probation officers. Following a statewide survey, 26 officers were randomly selected for qualitative interviews. Using emergent, consensus-based methods, we identified key aspects of the burnout experience. Officers described burnout in ways consistent with research definitions. Most probation officers identified negative effects of burnout, including spending less time getting to know the clients and becoming more directive. Probation officers tended to have limited strategies for managing burnout. Given the important role probation officers play in the lives of juvenile justice involved youth, more work is needed to help ameliorate burnout.
High-Density Lipoprotein Deficiency and Dyslipoproteinemia Associated With Venous Thrombosis in Men

Background-Although dyslipoproteinemia is associated with arterial atherothrombosis, little is known about plasma lipoproteins in venous thrombosis patients. Methods and Results-We determined plasma lipoprotein subclass concentrations using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and antigenic levels of apolipoproteins AI and B in blood samples from 49 male venous thrombosis patients and matched controls aged <55 years. Venous thrombosis patients had significantly lower levels of HDL particles, large HDL particles, HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein AI and significantly higher levels of LDL particles and small LDL particles. The quartile-based odds ratios for decreased HDL particle and apolipoprotein AI levels in patients compared with controls were 6.5 and 6.0 (95% CI, 2.3 to 19 and 2.1 to 17), respectively. Odds ratios for apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein AI ratio and LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio were 6.3 and 2.7 (95% CI, 1.9 to 21 and 1.1 to 6.5), respectively. When polymorphisms in genes for hepatic lipase, endothelial lipase, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein were analyzed, patients differed significantly from controls in the allelic frequency for the TaqI B1/B2 polymorphism in cholesteryl ester transfer protein, consistent with the observed pattern of lower HDL and higher LDL. Conclusions-Venous thrombosis in men aged <55 years old is associated with dyslipoproteinemia involving lower levels of HDL particles, elevated levels of small LDL particles, and an elevated ratio of apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein AI. This dyslipoproteinemia seems associated with a related cholesteryl ester transfer protein genotype difference. © 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.
Can Datalog Be Approximated

In this paper, we investigate whether recursive Datalog predicates can be approximated by finite unions of conjunctive queries. We introduce a quantitative notion of error and examine two types of approximation, namely,absoluteapproximation andrelative approximation. We also stipulate that the approximations obey certain qualitative criteria, namely we require them to beupper envelopes or lower envelopesof the Datalog predicate they approximate. We establish that absoluteapproximationby finite unions of conjunctive queries is not possible, which means that no unbounded Datalog predicate can be approximated by a finite union of conjunctive queries in such a way that the error is bounded uniformly by the same constant on all finite databases. After this, we examinerelative approximations, i.e., approximations that guarantee bounds for the error relative to the size of the Datalog predicate under consideration. Although such approximations exist in some cases, we show that for several large and well-studied classes of unbounded Datalog predicates it is not possible to find finite unions of conjunctive queries that satisfy the aforementioned qualitative criteria and have the property that the relative error of the approximation is bounded by a constant. Finally, we consider first-order approximations and obtain sharp negative results for the approximability of thetransitive closurequery by first-order queries.
Tree and Grid factors of General Point processes

We study isomorphism invariant point processes of $R^d$ whose groups of symmetries are almost surely trivial. We define a 1-ended, locally finite tree factor on the points of the process, that is, a mapping of the point configuration to a graph on it that is measurable and equivariant with the point process. This answers a question of Holroyd and Peres. The tree will be used to construct a factor isomorphic to $Z^n$. This perhaps surprising result (that any $d$ and $n$ works) solves a problem by Steve Evans. The construction, based on a connected clumping with $2^i$ vertices in each clump of the $i$'th partition, can be used to define various other factors.