cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Features of Empathy–Arousing Strategic Messages

There has been evidence that empathy-arousing messages might be an effective and ethical approach to persuasion in health communication. Knowledge of intrinsic message features is needed to better design and craft such messages. The goals of this research were (a) to identify message features with the potential to arouse state empathy, (b) to verify the association between the identified message features and state empathy, and (c) to determine if state empathy mediates the impact of the message features on persuasion and social stigma. In the present study, a coding scheme was developed for empathy-arousing message features; 532 individuals recruited from Qualtrics Panel each viewed five messages randomly selected from a total of 20 stimuli messages that varied in empathy message features. Multilevel modeling analyses confirmed the association between the identified message features and state empathy; and state empathy's mediating role of message feature effects on persuasion and social stigma.
Quantified Subjunctives, Modality and Natural Law

Historically, a great deal of philosophical energy has been expended on questions concerning causation and natural law. In this century, much of that energy has been focused on questions concerning the logical structure of natural law statements. Various of the positivists attempted to construct the logical structure of law from combinations of material connectives.1 Some recent philosophers have argued that law statements are to be taken as standard alethic modal statements involving property entailment.2 Some years back others began exploring connections between laws and subjunctive conditionals.3
In-Vehicle Speech and Noise Corpora

As in-vehicle speech systems become prevalent, there is a need for specific compilation of data in vehicle scenarios to develop/benchmark algorithms for speech systems. This paper describes the collection efforts and analysis of two corpora: (1) the UT-Dallas Vehicle Noise (UTD-VN) corpora and (2) the CU-Move in-car speech and noise corpora. The UTD-VN corpus is focused on addressing the variability of in-car noise environments. This corpus includes compilation of unique noise scenarios within the car (Engine idling, AC windows closed, etc.) as well as variability of these scenarios across different makes and models. Another aspect that in-car speech systems need to address along with noise is the emotional and task stress of the driver while performing the driving task. The CU-Move corpus focuses on collection of data to describe the variability of conversational speech in an in-car environment. A sample study is carried out where it is shown that these environments are unique across different vehicles using the UT-Dallas Vehicle Noise corpora. This shows that a detailed analysis of variability across vehicle platforms is necessary for successful deployment of speech systems. In our opinion, these corpora are the first to describe the environment variability along with conversational speech in an in-car environment.
19 - Seismic Noise on Land and on the Sea Floor

The study of earthquakes or the imaging of the Earth using seismic arrivals often requires detecting arrivals above background noise. The noise level is considered a very important criterion for choosing sites for seismic stations. The noise level at a site depends both on the quality of the installation and on the natural sources of noise close to and far from the site. This chapter discusses the impact of borehole installation on signal-to-noise ratios for seismic arrivals both on land and under the sea. The perception of the seismic background depends on the plotting of the noise spectra. These spectra are generally plotted in acceleration, minimizing the apparent range. Microseism describes either any small background disturbance observed on a seismogram or more usually the noise near 6 sec period. Undersea measurements are usually much noisier than land observations. The primary motivation for installing stations on the sea floor is to improve the global ray path coverage for tomographic studies of the Earth and for regional studies of seismicity and structure. A composite spectrum of short- and long-period vertical component data from the sea floor south of Hawaii shows noise levels considerably higher than at most continental sites at all frequencies.
Tissue Binding of Antibiotics

Two groups of antibiotics, the polymyxins and the polyenes, owe their antimicrobial activity to their ability to bind to and disrupt microbial cell membranes. The polymyxins bind to acid phospholipids in gram-negative bacteria, whereas, the polyenes attach to sterols in membranes of fungi and mycoplasma. These drugs also bind to cell membranes of vertebrates and may not only owe their toxicity to this effect, but also may be largely inactivated at membrane-binding sites.
Audio Signal Enhancement

Popular television shows and movies involving law enforcement and forensic analysis sometimes include an example of a terribly scratchy and obliterated audio recording that is magically transformed into pristine sound, leading to the guilty culprit. Other plots might have a blurry handheld snapshot from which the technician pulls out a perfect image of a license plate. These fictional examples of forensic enhancement make for great entertainment. Noisy forensic audio evidence in the real world seldom affords a basis for magical perfection, but there are important methods for audio enhancement that can provide very useful improvements for forensic purposes.
Risk Assessment of Online Child Sexual Exploitation Offenders

Over the past two decades in the United States, a dramatic increase in access to the Internet has facilitated an increase in the production, viewing, and distribution of child pornography. In this context, forensic mental health professionals may be called on to estimate the risk of future violence, especially of contact sexual offenses, among individuals charged with online sexual offenses. We summarize demographic and clinical characteristics that differentiate online from contact and "mixed" offenders (those who commit both online and contact offenses), offending histories of these three groups, and the current state of knowledge regarding risk of progression from online-only to contact offending. Multiple studies suggest that online, contact, and mixed offenders demonstrate distinct profiles, and wide variations exist in the offense histories of online-offending groups. Longitudinal studies of individuals charged with online offenses are few in number and are mostly limited to detection of formal charges. Nevertheless, available studies suggest that most individuals who are charged with online offenses and who do not have histories of contact offenses are unlikely to engage in future contact offenses. Within the limitations of the current literature, we suggest guidance for the evaluation and treatment of online offenders.
Guillain Barre Syndrome Following Stem Cell Transplant: A Single Institution Five -Year Retrospective Study (P1.452)

Objective: Do patients with stem cell transplants (SCT) who subsequently develop Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) share a common clinical course? Background: The development of GBS after SCT is a rare finding in clinical practice. This relationship has previously been described as isolated reports and in small case series’ with varying proposed mechanisms ranging from peripheral expansion of T Cells following infection with cytomegalovirus to drug toxicities. Given the high frequency of SCT at our institution, we review a five-year period of patients who meet the criteria to analyze their clinical courses for commonalities. Design/Methods: A five-year retrospective review of the electromyography/nerve conduction studies on 1,929 patients at MD Anderson Cancer Center from 2010 to 2015 was conducted for patients with findings consistent with GBS, yielding 34 unique cases. Charts of these patients were further reviewed to determine the patients with history of SCT before development of GBS and the clinical courses of the patients in the resulting subgroup (7 patients) were reviewed in detail for chemotherapy treatments, history of graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) and clinical outcome. Results: Average time from transplant to GBS diagnosis was 509 days with earliest symptoms at 133 days and latest 1207 days. Four of the seven patients with GBS post-transplant had GVHD prior to GBS diagnosis. Of note, there were multiple instances of additional patients who developed GBS while receiving induction chemotherapy just prior to SCT. There was variability in cancer diagnosis, chemotherapy regimens, and recovery of neurological function. Conclusions: Many factors surrounding care prior to and following a SCT can be potential etiologies for development of GBS, including induction chemotherapy, GVHD, immunosuppression. When close attention is paid to the initial signs of GBS in this patient population, treatment can be started early and clinical outcome optimized. Disclosure: Dr. Metrus has nothing to disclose. Dr. Woodman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gatson has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Novocure (Optune). Dr. Pillainayagam has nothing to disclose.
A laboratory model for the Parker spiral and magnetized stellar winds

Many rotating stars have magnetic fields that interact with the winds they produce. The Sun is no exception. The interaction between the Sun’s magnetic field and the solar wind gives rise to the heliospheric magnetic field—a spiralling magnetic structure, known as the Parker spiral, which pervades the Solar System. This magnetic field is critical for governing plasma processes that source the solar wind. Here, we report the creation of a laboratory model of the Parker spiral system based on a rapidly rotating plasma magnetosphere and the measurement of its global structure and dynamic behaviour. This laboratory system exhibits regions where the plasma flows evolve in a similar manner to many magnetized stellar winds. We observe the advection of the magnetic field into an Archimedean spiral and the ejection of quasi-periodic plasma blobs into the stellar outflow, which mimics the observed plasmoids that fuel the slow solar wind. This process involves magnetic reconnection and can be modelled numerically by the inclusion of two-fluid effects in the simulation. The Parker spiral system mimicked in the laboratory can be used for studying solar wind dynamics in a complementary fashion to conventional space missions such as NASA’s Parker Solar Probe mission. The Parker spiral—arising from the interaction between the Sun’s magnetic field with the solar wind—is recreated in the laboratory from a rapidly rotating plasma magnetosphere.
Hemoglobin alters vitamin carrier uptake and vitamin D metabolism in proximal tubule cells: implications for sickle cell disease

Kidney disease, including proximal tubule (PT) dysfunction, and vitamin D deficiency are among the most prevalent complications in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients. Although these two comorbiditi...
HOW DOES LANGUAGE FAMILIARITY INFLUENCE STUTTERING UNDER DELAYED AUDITORY FEEDBACK

The purpose of the experiment was to determine how language familiarity affects stuttering under delayed auditory feedback (DAF). In one condition we compared DAF interference in German-English bilinguals speaking their more and less familiar languages. A language familiarity effect was found: the bilinguals spoke faster and stuttered less under DAF when speaking their more familiar language. This effect was independent of both delay time and language spoken. Moreover, the slower rate in the less familiar language could not explain the language familiarity effect since instructing Ss to slow down their rate of speech decreased rather than increased their stuttering. A second condition showed that the language familiarity effect was not due to paying more attention to feedback in the less familiar language. Rather, practice or experience in producing the motor organization of speech seemed to underlie the effect of language familiarity.
OSO 8 X-ray spectra of clusters of galaxies. II - Discussion

The Goddard Space Flight Center 2--20 keV OSO 8 data on X-ray clusters are examined for information which will restrict models for hot intracluster gas structures. From the correlation between X-ray temperature and velocity dispersion, we conclude that the X-ray core radius should be less than the galaxy core radius. Thus fits of X-ray profiles of clusters to isothermal spheres yield a core radius approximately equal to the density cutoff radius rather than the true core radius. If we instead assume a generalized polytropic structure, from the same correlation we may conclude that the gas is more nearly isothermal than adiabatic within a few core radii of the center. Therefore we require thermal conduction, radiative cooling, or both in cluster atmospheres. In both of these interpretations, the Coma cluster and possibly Abell 2319 A are quite discrepant.From the correlation between bremsstrahlung emission integral and temperature, we conclude that hotter clusters contain a larger fraction of their virial mass in the form of gas emitting in the 2--20 keV band. We find that the '/sup 7/central concentration factor'' for the emission cannot vary with temperature steeply enough to account for the correlation.We closely examine relations among the various measures of galaxymore » density and optical cluster morphology. There is evidence for real correlations between optical central cluster properties and X-ray properties which are not ''artifacts'' of underlying richness correlations as suggested by Jones and Forman.We also predict a population of cool, dim X-ray cluster which has not been observed.From consideration of the errors in published atomic physics data and spectrum calculations, we conclude that the iron abundance determinations recently quoted for intracluster gas are uncertain by from 50% to greater than 100% from this nonstatistical cause alone.« less
Two-frequency /Delta k/ microwave scatterometer measurements of ocean wave spectra from an aircraft

A technique for remotely sensing the large-scale gravity wave spectrum on the ocean surface using a two frequency (Δk) microwave scatterometer has been demonstrated from stationary platforms and proposed from moving platforms. This measurement takes advantage of Bragg type resonance matching between the electromagnetic wavelength at the difference frequency and the length of the large-scale surface waves. A prominent resonance appears in the cross product power spectral density (PSD) of the two backscattered signals. Ku-Band aircraft scatterometer measurements were conducted by NASA in the North Sea during the 1979 Maritime Remote Sensing (MARSEN) experiment. Typical examples of cross product PSD’s computed from the MARSEN data are presented. They demonstrate strong resonances whose frequency and bandwidth agree with the surface characteristics and the theory. Directional modulation spectra of the surface reflectivity are compared to the gravity wave spectrum derived from surface truth measurements.
Immediate Breast Reconstruction for Inflammatory Breast Cancer: Trends in Use and Clinical Outcomes 2004-2016.

National guidelines specify against immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) among inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) patients. However, limited data exist regarding this practice. We report practice patterns and oncologic outcomes among nonmetastatic IBC patients receiving trimodality therapy, with or without IBR. Using the National Cancer Database, we identified nonmetastatic IBC patients treated with trimodality therapy from 2004 to 2016. Primary outcome was overall survival (OS), assessed on unadjusted analysis using Kaplan–Meier estimates and on adjusted analysis using multivariable Cox proportional hazards and inverse probability weighting (IPW) models. OS analysis was also conducted with propensity score matched (PSM) cohorts. Secondary outcomes included IBR utilization rates, time to postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT), and surgical outcomes. 6589 women were included, including 5954 (90.4%) non-reconstructed and 635 (9.6%) IBR. Among IBR recipients, 250 (39.4%) underwent autologous reconstruction, 171 (26.9%) underwent implant-based reconstruction, and 214 (33.7%) unspecified. IBR utilization increased from 6.3% to 10.1% from 2004 to 2016 at a 4% average annual growth rate (P 0.05). Although not endorsed by national guidelines, IBR is increasing among IBC patients; however, more granular data are needed to determine oncologic safety.
Limited Storage and Recovery of Adsorbed Gas in Shale Reservoirs - Insights from Experiments and Production Modeling

Abstract Gas in thermally mature shale reservoirs is considered to exist as adsorbed volume in organic matter and free gas within pores and voids in natural fractures. Gas in-place is derived from summation of aforementioned volumes. Although industry has adopted laboratory-based adsorption isotherms, quantification is still uncertain and questions on recoverability still linger. This study reevaluated in-place adsorbed gas and post-stimulation recovery. Two proprietary laboratories, using small and large mesh sizes, generated different adsorption isotherms for comparable samples of a Middle East source rock. Published experimental studies on adsorption capacity seldomly replicate confining pressures as those in situ and results exhibited wide variability in derived isotherms. A hypothetical scenario, using benchmarked adsorption isotherms illustrated impacts of unreliable adsorbed volume quantification on total gas in-place. From analysis of well production for three shales was, matrix transient linear flow persisted for extended periods without indicating influence of boundaries. The flow regime is often matched by considering only free gas porosity. Using a sector model with 1.0 nanodarcy (nD) system permeability in reservoir simulation, a considerable proportion of the adopted grid remained above a benchmarked average critical desorption pressure after long-term post-stimulation drainage. Thus, desorption could be of limited significance in shale production if flow model was appropriate. This study illustrated uncertainties in traditional concepts for shale gas storage and recovery. Realistic quantification of in-place adsorbed gas was found to require tailoring of laboratory protocols to account for crushed sample sizes and confinement that should match subsurface conditions such as effective stress.
Early fluid accumulation in children with shock and ICU mortality: a matched case-control study.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between early fluid accumulation and mortality in children with shock states. We retrospectively reviewed children admitted in shock states to the pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) at a tertiary level children’s hospital over a 7-month period. The study was designed as a matched case–control study. Children with early fluid overload, defined as fluid accumulation of ≥10 % of admission body weight during the initial 3 days, were designated as the cases. They were compared with matched controls without early fluid accumulation. Cases and controls were matched for age, severity of illness at ICU admission and need for organ support. They were compared with respect to all-cause ICU mortality and other secondary outcomes. A total of 114 children (age range 0–17.4 years; N = 42 cases and 72 matched controls) met the study criteria. Mortality rate was 13 % (15/114) in this cohort. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified the presence of early fluid overload [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 9.17, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 2.22–55.57], its severity (adjusted OR 1.11, 95 % CI 1.05–1.19) and its duration (adjusted OR 1.61, 95 % CI 1.21–2.28) as independent predictors of mortality. Cases had higher mortality than the controls (26 vs. 6 %; p 0.003), and this difference remained significant in the matched analysis (37 vs. 3 %; p 0.002). The presence, severity and duration of early fluid are associated with increased ICU mortality in children admitted to the pediatric ICU in shock states.
Packaging of coliphage lambda DNA. II. The role of the gene D protein.

Abstract The gene D protein (pD) of coliphage λ is normally an essential component of the virus capsid. It acts during packaging of concatemeric λ DNA into the phage prohead and is necessary for cutting the concatemers at the cohesive end site (cos). In this report we show that cos cutting and phage production occur without pD in λ deletion mutants whose DNA content is less than 82% that of λ wild type. D-independence appears to result directly from DNA loss rather than from inactivation (or activation) of a phage gene. (1) In cells mixedly infected with undeleted λ and a deletion mutant, particles of the deletion mutant alone are efficiently produced in the absence of pD; and (2) D-independence cannot be attributed to loss of a specific segment of the phage genome. pD-deficient phage resemble pD-containing phage in head size and DNA ends; they differ in their extreme sensitivity to EDTA, greater density, and ability to accept pD. pD appears to act by stabilizing the head against disruption by overfilling with DNA rather than by changing the capacity of the head for DNA. This is shown by the observation that the amount of DNA packaged by a “headful” mechanism, normally in excess of the wild-type chromosome size, is not reduced in the absence of pD. In fact, pD is required for packaging headfuls of DNA. This implies that a mechanism exists for preventing the entry of excess DNA into the head during packaging of concatemers formed by deletion mutants, and we suggest that this is accomplished by binding of cos sites to the head. The above results show that pD is not an essential component of the nuclease that cuts λ concatemers at cos during packaging, and they imply that 82% of a wild-type chromosome length can enter the prohead in the absence of pD. Yet, pD is needed for the formation of cohesive ends after infection with undeleted phage. We propose two models to account for these observations. In the first, cos cutting is assumed to occur early during packaging. The absence of pD leads to release of packaged DNA and the loss of cohesive ends by end-joining. In the second, cos cutting is assumed to occur as a terminal event in packaging. pD promotes cos cutting indirectly through its effect on head stability. We favor the second model because it better explains the asymmetry observed in the packaging of the chromosomes of cos duplication mutants (Emmons, 1974).
Advances in diode-laser-based lidar for profiling atmospheric water vapor

The design of an advanced diode laser based differential absorption lidar (DIAL) is discussed which is capable of measuring water vapor profiles over a wide range of atmospheric conditions. The instrument was field tested for 50 days and the results were compared to collocated instrumentation.
A Conic Sector-Based Methodology for Nonlinear Control Design

A design method is presented for the analysis and synthesis of robust nonlinear controllers for chemical engineering systems. The method rigorously treats the effect of unmeasured disturbances and unmodeled dynamics on the stability and performance properties of a nonlinear system. The results utilise new extensions of structured singular value theory for analysis and recent synthesis results for approximate linearisation.
A kinetic study of the kinesin ATPase.

Abstract The mechanism of kinesin ATPase has been investigated by transient state kinetic analysis. The results satisfy the scheme [formula: see text] where T, D, and P(i) refer to nucleotide tri- and diphosphate and inorganic phosphate, respectively. The nucleotide-binding steps were measured by the fluorescence enhancement of mant (2'-(3')-O-(N-methylanthraniloyl)-ATP and mant-ADP. The initial rapid equilibrium binding steps (1) and (6) are followed by isomerizations (k2 = 170 +/- 30 s-1 at 20 degrees C, k-5 greater than 100 s-1). The increase in fluorescence is 20-25% larger for K.T** than K.D*. The rate constant of the hydrolysis step k3 is 6-7 s-1. The fluorescence decreases after formation of K.T** at a rate of 7-10 s-1. This change could occur in step 3 or in step 4 if k4 much greater than k3. The value of k4 is larger than 0.1 s-1. The steady state rate is 0.003 s-1 which agrees with the rate of ADP dissociation (k5). Step 5 is rate limiting in the scheme in agreement with the conclusion of Hackney (Hackney, D. D. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 6314-6318) that ADP dissociation is the rate-limiting step.
P1,P5-Di(adenosine-5')pentaphosphate, a Potent Multisubstrate Inhibitor of Adenylate Kinase

Abstract Rabbit muscle adenylate kinase is potently inhibited by P1,P5-di(adenosine-5')pentaphosphate (Ap5A) but not by the homologs of this compound with fewer phosphoryl groups in the polyphosphate bridge and not by adenosine 5'-pentaphosphate. The inhibition by Ap5A is competitive with respect to both of the substrates, AMP and ATP. The association constant for the binding of Ap5A to adenylate kinase is about 4 x 108 m-1 at 24° and pH 8.0.
The Realism of Self-Interested Opportunism: An Experimental Investigation of Learning, Fairness, and Ethics

We examine the realism of the assumption of self-interested opportunism in agency theory. We place subjects into manager/producer pairs and set parameters so that the producer extracts the highest share of residual earnings from the manager by setting the budget at zero (100% slack) and providing low effort (shirking). Because the budget is public and effort is private, this setting allows us to examine two different forms of opportunism. To establish common knowledge of incentives, we give subjects extensive experience in both manager and producer roles. Finally, we manipulate pair rotation and the ability of the manager to reject the budget. Fully opportunistic levels of slack and shirking are not observed on average, and the two forms of opportunism differ systematically. With experience, subjects learn to build more slack into their budget but do not shirk more. Fairness concerns reduce both forms of opportunism but ethics concerns reduce shirking only. Subject rotation increases shirking but has no effect on slack. While rejection power reduces slack, it also increases shirking with all variables in the model. We discuss the implications of these results for theory and practice.
Ferroelectric thin film bismuth titanate prepared from acetate precursor

Bismuth titanate (Bi/sub 4/Ti/sub 3/O/sub 12/) thin films were fabricated by spin coat deposition-rapid thermal processing (RTP) technique. Acetate derived solution for deposition was synthesized by blending dissolved bismuth acetate in aqueous acetic acid, and then adding with titanium acetate. A series of electrically insulating, semiconducting and conducting substrates were evaluated for Bi/sub 4/Ti/sub 3/O/sub 12/ films deposition. While X-ray diffraction and TEM analyses indicated that the initial perovskite crystallization temperature was 500/spl deg/C or less for these Bi/sub 4/Ti/sub 3/O/sub 12/ films, a 700/spl deg/C crystallization treatment was used to obtain single phase perovskite films. Bi/sub 4/Ti/sub 3/O/sub 12/ film crystallographic orientation was shown to depend on three factors: substrate, the number of coating layers and thermal processing. While preferred c-direction orientation was observed for films deposited on silver foil substrates, preferred a-direction orientation was obtained for films deposited on both Si and Pt coated Si wafers. The films were dense, smooth, crack-free and had grain sizes ranging from 20 nm to 400 nm. Film thickness and refractive index were determined using a combination of ellipsometry, waveguide refractometry and TEM measurements. Both low field dielectric and ferroelectric properties were measured for an 800 nm thick film deposited on a Pt coated MgO substrate. A remanent polarization of 38 /spl mu/C/cm/sup 2/ and a coercive field of 98 kv/cm was measured for this film that was crystallized at 700/spl deg/C.
A comparative theoretical analysis of distributed ladder converters for sub-module PV energy optimization

This paper presents a theoretical framework to compare DC-DC ladder converter topologies applied to series stacked configurations of DC ‘cells.’ In a range of applications including photovoltaics and battery management, the practice of stacking cells in series is common, but leads to limitations in performance and reliability due to mismatch among series stacked units. Ladder converters operate in parallel with series-stacked cells to balance power flow and can achieve low insertion loss and high efficiency. A general theory and implementation details of different ladder converters is presented. Figures of merit relevant to ladder converters are derived and tabulated.
A search for endogenous amino acids in the Martian meteorite EETA79001

The Antarctic shergottite EETA79001 is believed to be an impact-ejected fragment of the planet Mars. Samples of the carbonate (white druse) and the basaltic (lithology A) components from this meteorite have been found to contain amino acids at a level of approximately 1 ppm and 0.4 ppm, respectively. The detected amino acids consist almost exclusively of the L-enantiomers of the amino acids commonly found in proteins, and are thus terrestrial contaminants. There is no indication of the presence of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, one of the most abundant amino acids in several carbonaceous chondrites. The relative abundances of amino acids in the druse material resemble those in Antarctic ice, suggesting that the source of the amino acids may be ice meltwater. The level of amino acids in EETA79001 druse is not by itself sufficient to account for the 600-700 ppm of volatile C reported in druse samples and suggested to be from endogenous martian organic material. However, estimates of total terrestrial organic C present in the druse material based on our amino acid analyses and the organic C content of polar ice can account for most of the reported putative organic C in EETA79001 druse.
Acute Metabolic Interactions Between Ethanol and Cannabis

THC enhanced the depressant action of ethanol while CBD had no effect. Ethanol reduced THC brain and Mood levels but did not apparently change THC metabolism. THC and CBD did not inhibit the metabolism of ethanol.
Propagating orientation constraints for the Hubble Space Telescope

An observing program on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is described in terms of exposures that are obtained by one or more of the instruments onboard the HST. Many requested exposures might specify orientation requirements and accompanying ranges. Orientation refers to the amount of roll (in degrees) about the line of sight. The range give the permissible tolerance (also in degrees). These requirements may be (1) absolute (in relation to the celestial coordinate system), (2) relative to the nominal roll angle for HST during that exposure, or (3) relative (in relation to other exposures in the observing program). The TRANSformation expert system converts proposals for astronomical observations with HST into detailed observing plans. Part of the conversion involves grouping exposures into higher level structures based on exposure characteristics. Exposures constrained to be at different orientations cannot be grouped together. Because relative orientation requirements cause implicit constraints, orientation constraints have to be propagated. TRANS must also identify any inconsistencies that may exist so they can be corrected. We have designed and implemented an orientation constraint propagator as part of TRANS. The propagator is based on an informal algebra that facilitates the setting up and propagation of the orientation constraints. The constraint propagator generates constraints between directly related exposures, and propagates derived constraints between exposures that are related indirectly. It provides facilities for path-consistency checking, identification of unsatisfiable constraints, and querying of orientation relationships. The system has been successfully operational as part of TRANS for over seven months. The solution has particular significance to space applications in which satellite/telescope pointing and attitude are constrained and relationships exist between multiple configurations.
Angular resolved flash desorption of hydrogen from recrystallized nickel

Abstract The flux of hydrogen desorbing from a recrystallized nickel disk is measured as a function of angle at temperatures between 400 and 450 K, exposures between 0.6 and 6.0 L, and heating rates between 16 and 27 K/s, using a flash desorption technique. It is found that the flux varies as cos 5 θ where θ is the angle between the crystal normal and the detector centerline, independent of heating rate, rather than as cos θ as predicted by Knudsen's law. The data are consistent with a model proposed in a companion paper, where the desorbing molecules are directed toward the normal by the corrugations in the gas surface potential around the adsorption site. Other models proposed by previous investigators do not fit.
Hydroxyl radical is produced via the Fenton reaction in submitochondrial particles under oxidative stress: implications for diseases associated with iron accumulation

Mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are often implicated in diseases involving oxidative stress and elevated iron. As mitochondria produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, ROS by-products are generated from the electron transport chain. Although superoxide and hydrogen peroxide have been thoroughly investigated, little evidence documents hydroxyl radical (HO(*)) production in mitochondria. In order to determine whether HO(*) is generated under oxidative stress conditions by a Fenton-type mechanism, bovine heart submitochondrial particles were examined for HO(*) in the presence and absence of iron ligands, antioxidant enzymes and HO(*) scavengers. HO(*) was measured as 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA), using HPLC with electrochemical detection. The iron ligand desferrioxamine significantly decreased DHBAs, indicating that HO(*) generation required iron redox-cycling. In addition, results from exogenous SOD and catalase, exogenous hydrogen peroxide, and HO(*)-scavenger studies support a Fenton-type reaction mechanism. The results indicate that increased HO(*) levels occur in mitochondria under oxidative stress and that the HO(*) levels can be modulated with antioxidant enzymes and iron ligands. Our findings together with reports on iron accumulation in degenerative diseases highlight the importance of developing mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants for the therapeutic intervention of diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.
Altered hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 alpha expression levels correlate with coronary vessel anomalies

The outflow tract myocardium and other regions corresponding to the location of the major coronary vessels of the developing chicken heart, display a high level of hypoxia as assessed by the hypoxia indicator EF5. The EF5-positive tissues were also specifically positive for nuclear-localized hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1alpha), the oxygen-sensitive component of the hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) heterodimer. This led to our hypothesis that there is a "template" of hypoxic tissue that determines the stereotyped pattern of the major coronary vessels. In this study, we disturbed this template by altering ambient oxygen levels (hypoxia 15%; hyperoxia 75-40%) during the early phases of avian coronary vessel development, in order to alter tissue hypoxia, HIF-1alpha protein expression, and its downstream target genes without high mortality. We also altered HIF-1alpha gene expression in the embryonic outflow tract cardiomyocytes by injecting an adenovirus containing a constitutively active form of HIF-1alpha (AdCA5). We assayed for coronary anomalies using anti-alpha-smooth muscle actin immunohistology. When incubated under abnormal oxygen levels or injected with a low titer of the AdCA5, coronary arteries displayed deviations from their normal proximal connections to the aorta. These deviations were similar to known clinical anomalies of coronary arteries. These findings indicated that developing coronary vessels may be subject to a level of regulation that is dependent on differential oxygen levels within cardiac tissues and subsequent HIF-1 regulation of gene expression.
Changes in stratospheric water vapor associated with the mount st. Helens eruption.

A frost point hygrometer designed for aircraft operation was included in the complement of instruments assembled for the NASA U-2 flights through the plume of Mount St. Helens. Measurements made on the 22 May flight showed the water vapor to be closely associated with the aerosol plume. The water vapor mixing ratio by mass in the plume was as high as 40 x 10/sup -6/. This compares with values of 2 x 10/sup -6/ to 3 x 10/sup -6/ outside of the plume.
Predictive superiority of the beta-characteristic function in cooperative non-sidepayment N-person games

This article reports an experimental study of decision-making outcomes in cooperative non-sidepayment games. The objective of this test was to determine which characteristic function, Vα(S) or Vβ(S), provides the most accurate basis for payoff predictions from solution concepts. The experiment tested three solution concepts (core, stable set, imputation set) in the context of 5-person, 2-strategy non-sidepayment games. Predictions from each of the three solution concepts were computed on the basis of both Vα(S) and Vβ(S), making a total of six predictive theories under test. Consistent with earlier studies (Michener et al., 1984a; Michener et al., 1985), two basic findings emerged. First, the data show that for each of the solutions tested, the prediction from any solution concept computed from Vβ(S) was more accurate than the prediction from the same solution concept computed from Vα(S). Second, the β-core was the most accurate of the six theories tested. Overall, these results support the view that Vβ(S) is superior to Vα(S) as a basis for payoff predictions in cooperative non-sidepayment games.
Modeling Underwater Oil/Gas Jets and Plumes: Comparison with Field Data

A jet and plume model previously developed to simulate underwater blowouts of liquid/gas mixtures is used here to simulate five field experiments. The field experiment data that became available only after the previous paper was published are unique. In this technical note, the variation of jet/plume diameter with depth for all five field experiments is compared with model simulations. The model simulations were carried out without changing any coefficients from one simulation to another. The comparisons between the observed data and model results of two surface oil slicks are also included.
Variants Associated with Common Disease Are Not Unusually Differentiated in Frequency across Populations

Genetic variants that contribute to risk of common disease may differ in frequency across populations more than random variants in the genome do, perhaps because they have been exposed to population-specific natural selection. To assess this hypothesis empirically, we analyzed data from two groups of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have shown reproducible (n=9) or reported (n=39) associations with common diseases. We compared the frequency differentiation (between Europeans and Africans) of the disease-associated SNPs with that of random SNPs in the genome. These common-disease–associated SNPs are not significantly more differentiated across populations than random SNPs. Thus, for the data examined here, ethnicity will not be a good predictor of genotype at many common-disease–associated SNPs, just as it is rarely a good predictor of genotype at random SNPs in the genome.
Interactions in SMA‐SAN blends

Styrene/maleic anhydride (SMA) and styrene/acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymers have previously been shown to form miscible blends when the MA and AN contents do not differ too greatly. It is shown here that this is the result of a weak exothermic interaction between the MA and AN units by measuring the heats of mixing for appropriate liquid analogs of the various monomer units. The region of copolymer compositions for miscibility of SMA-SAN blends is predicted from the Sanchez-Lacombe mixture theory using net interaction parameters calculated from the analog calorimetry results via a simple binary interaction model for copolymers. Lower critical solution temperature behavior was observed for blends of copolymers having compositions near the edge of the miscibility region. Various glass transition, volumetric, and FTIR results are discussed in terms of the interactions observed.
Brain and peripheral angiotensin II play a major role in stress

Angiotensin II (Ang II), the active principle of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), was discovered as a vasoconstrictive, fluid retentive circulating hormone. It was revealed later that there are local RAS in many organs, including the brain. The physiological receptor for Ang II, the AT(1) receptor type, was found to be highly expressed in many tissues and brain areas involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress and in the sympathoadrenal system. The production of circulating and local Ang II, and the expression of AT(1) receptors increase during stress. Blockade of peripheral and brain AT(1) receptors with receptor antagonists administered peripherally prevented the hormonal and sympathoadrenal response to isolation stress, the stress-related alterations in cortical CRF(1) and benzodiazepine receptors, part of the GABA(A) complex, and reduced anxiety in rodents. AT(1) receptor blockade prevented the ulcerations of the gastric mucosa produced by cold-restraint stress, by preservation of the gastric blood flow, prevention of the stress-induced inflammatory response of the gastric mucosa, and partial blockade of the sympathoadrenal response to the stress. Our observations demonstrate that Ang II is an important stress hormone, and that blockade of AT(1) receptors could be proposed as a potentially useful therapy for stress-induced disorders.
Zeolite-supported silver and silver–iron nanoclusters and their activities as photodecomposition catalysts

Catalysts containing nanoclusters of Ag(I) and Fe2O3 as dopants with sodalite and Y zeolite supports have been investigated in order to develop a more efficient catalyst for photodecomposition of the pesticide carbaryl and to gain insight about the reaction mechanism. Ag(I)–sodalite, Ag(I)/Fe2O3–sodalite, Ag(I)–Y zeolite, and Ag(I)/Fe2O3–Y zeolite were synthesized by ion-exchange techniques and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), solid-state luminescence, UV–visible absorption, and atomic absorption spectroscopy measurements. The luminescence activity of the sodalite-supported and Y zeolite-supported catalysts was significantly different. Catalyst performance studies were conducted using carbaryl as the target compound and specific wavelengths of UV light as photon sources for the experiments. The studies showed that each catalyst’s performance was determined primarily by the specific wavelength of the UV light with which the system was irradiated. The studies also showed that inclusion of Fe2O3 as dopant enhanced the reactivity of the catalysts in several instances, with the Ag(I)/Fe2O3–sodalite catalyst and 298 nm irradiation being the most reactive of the systems studied. Additional reactions using each catalyst and 298 nm irradiation, and including either sodium bicarbonate as hydroxyl radical scavenger or D2O as solvent, showed that hydroxyl radicals were likely intermediates in the catalyzed photodecomposition reaction.
Hypnotic responsivity and the treatment of flying phobia.

Systematic follow-up data are reported for 178 consecutive flying phobia patients treated with a single 45-minute session involving hypnosis and a problem restructuring strategy. One hundred fifty-eight (89%) of the patients completed follow-up questionnaires between six months and ten and one half years after treatment. Results showed that hypnotizable patients were over two and one half times more likely to report some positive treatment impact than those who were found to be nonhypnotizable on the Hypnotic Induction Profile. In addition, the patients’ previous experiences with psychotherapy were found to be significantly associated with treatment outcome. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
A reinvestigation of the biosynthesis of lanosterol in Euphorbia lathyris

Abstract The latex of Euphorbia lathyris was shown to be capable of producing lanosterol, as well as cycloartenol, butyrospermol and hopenol B, via the enzymatic cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene. The conversion of cycloartenol to lanosterol could not be demonstrated using the same latex. The triterpene composition of the latex of Euphorbia lathyris is reported.
Counterion effects on hexadecyltrimethylammonium surfactant adsorption and self-assembly on silica

Combining optical reflectometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM), we have studied the effects of the surfactant counterion on the adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and layer structure for cationic hexadecyltrimethylammonium (C16TA+) surfactants on negatively charged silica surfaces. The adsorption kinetics suggest that the adsorption mechanism changes at the critical micelle concentration (cmc). A change in mechanism is also suggested by differences observed in the state of interfacial self-assembly on either side of the cmc. Above the cmc, increasing the binding affinity of the counterion (from chloride to bromide) increased the surface excess concentration by approximately 60% and changed the structure of the adsorbed surfactant layer from aggregates with circular projections to wormlike micelles. The addition of 10 mM KCl or KBr increased the surfactant surface excess concentration for both counterions. Below the cmc, the counterion has only a small effect on the structure of the adsorbed layer, and the...
Evaluation of some integrals for the atomic three-electron problem using convergence accelerators

An analysis is presented for the evaluation of atomic integrals of the form F${\mathit{r}}_{1}^{\mathit{i}}$${\mathit{r}}_{2}^{\mathit{j}}$${\mathit{r}}_{3}^{\mathit{k}}$${\mathit{r}}_{23}^{\mathit{l}}$${\mathit{r}}_{31}^{\mathit{m}}$${\mathit{r}}_{12}^{\mathit{n}}$ ${\mathit{e}}_{1}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}\mathit{r}}$-\ensuremath{\beta}${\mathit{r}}_{2}$-\ensuremath{\gamma}${\mathit{r}}_{3}$d${\mathbf{r}}_{1}$d${\mathbf{r}}_{2}$d${\mathbf{r}}_{3}$. General formulas are worked out for the two cases (i) l=-2, m\ensuremath{\ge}-1, n\ensuremath{\ge}-1, and (ii) l=-2, m=-2. A series solution for both cases is obtained. The Levin u transformation and the Richardson extrapolation techniques are employed to obtain a reasonable number of digits of precision for the integral with minimum CPU requirements.
29.1: Invited Paper: 21st Century Aerospace Defense Displays

Aerospace and defense during the next few years will be dominated by the active matrix liquid crystal display, which became the preferred avionics displays technology in 1992. The trend just begun to replace electromechanical and cathode ray tube technologies with newer flat panel displays will accelerate in the 2000–2010 period as the commercial market continues its move towards digital flat television. Beyond 2010 high definition displays will begin to have a significant impact on fielded air fleets, with ultrahigh definition and even true three-D displays beyond 2020. By 2050 filly immersive cockpits may be anticipated for air and space vehicles and their simulators.