cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute basilar artery occlusion: diffusion-perfusion MRI characterization of tissue salvage in patients receiving intra-arterial stroke therapies.

Background and Purpose— Diffusion-perfusion MRI in patients with anterior circulation occlusions has demonstrated salvage of threatened tissue after thrombolytic therapy. Similar studies have not been reported with posterior circulation occlusions. Methods— Patients with acute basilar artery occlusion treated with intra-arterial thrombolytics were studied with multimodal MRI before treatment, several hours after treatment, and at day 7. Results— Ten patients were studied (9 men, 1 woman). Mean age was 70 years, and median pretreatment National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 14. In 6 patients imaged before treatment and at day 7, mean pretreatment diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesion volume was 11 cm3, and day 7, lesion volume was 2.6 cm3. Significant mismatch was visualized in all 5 patients with pretreatment perfusion-diffusion imaging (mean, 73%; range, 49% to 99%). Late imaging obtained in 4 of these 5 patients demonstrated that mean posttreatment DWI lesion volume (21 cm3) was ...
Vitamin C: intravenous use by complementary and alternative medicine practitioners and adverse effects.

Background: Anecdotal information and case reports suggest that intravenously administered vitamin C is used by Complementary and Alternate Medicine (CAM) practitioners. The scale of such use in the U.S. and associated side effects are unknown. Methods and Findings: We surveyed attendees at annual CAM Conferences in 2006 and 2008, and determined sales of intravenous vitamin C by major U.S. manufacturers/distributors. We also queried practitioners for side effects, compiled published cases, and analyzed FDA’s Adverse Events Database. Of 199 survey respondents (out of 550), 172 practitioners administered IV vitamin C to 11,233 patients in 2006 and 8876 patients in 2008. Average dose was 28 grams every 4 days, with 22 total treatments per patient. Estimated yearly doses used (as 25g/50ml vials) were 318,539 in 2006 and 354,647 in 2008. Manufacturers’ yearly sales were 750,000 and 855,000 vials, respectively. Common reasons for treatment included infection, cancer, and fatigue. Of 9,328 patients for whom data is available, 101 had side effects, mostly minor, including lethargy/fatigue in 59 patients, change in mental status in 21 patients and vein irritation/phlebitis in 6 patients. Publications documented serious adverse events, including 2 deaths in patients known to be at risk for IV vitamin C. Due to confounding causes, the FDA Adverse Events Database was uninformative. Total numbers of patients treated in the US with high dose vitamin C cannot be accurately estimated from this study. Conclusions: High dose IV vitamin C is in unexpectedly wide use by CAM practitioners. Other than the known complications of IV vitamin C in those with renal impairment or glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, high dose intravenous vitamin C appears to be remarkably safe. Physicians should inquire about IV vitamin C use in patients with cancer, chronic, untreatable, or intractable conditions and be observant of unexpected harm, drug interactions, or benefit.
Decoding for MIMO Systems with Imperfect Channel State Information

We consider robust receiver design in uncoded multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication systems. In practical systems, the channel state information (CSI) available at the receiver is often imperfect due to measurement errors, quantization errors and many other sources of errors. Consequently, using the erroneous CSI for decoding the transmitted symbols will significantly degrade the symbol error rate (SER) performance of any decoding schemes. In this paper, we formulate and implement a decoder for MIMO systems with imperfect CSI. The proposed decoder is the maximum likelihood (ML) decoder under imperfect receiver CSI, which is the optimal decoder. This "robust" decoder has exponential complexity; with the goal of reducing its complexity, we propose a recursive search algorithm which is akin to a modified form of sphere decoding. We verify, via numerical simulation, that the recursive search algorithm (termed as robust sphere decoder) achieves performance almost the same as the ML solution, with significantly lower computational complexity.
Flow artifact in the anterior communicating artery resembling aneurysm on the time of flight MR angiogram.

BackgroundMagnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) of the brain is a widely employed non-invasive test to diagnose aneurysms. However, its overall accuracy is less than digital subtraction angiography an...
“Time to Show Our True Colors” The Gendered Politics of “Indianness” in Post-Apartheid South Africa

“Facing marginalization in the political context of the ‘new South Africa’ and lost social and economic privileges under a Black government, South African Indians articulate the need to keep up culture. In so doing, they simultaneously extend the isolation fostered through apartheid and utilize newly available political language to assert a partially disadvantaged minority voice in a distinctly gendered and racialized way. Echoing the spirit of nationalism in colonial India that figured the bourgeois Indian woman as the essence of the national culture, South African Indians reinvent a feminine icon of Indian culture for distinctly political ends. At the individual level, gendered participants in this project of cultural nationalism enact, resist, and reshape its meanings, exposing both the limitations and the possibilities for South African national identities.”
Network-level optimization of pavement maintenance renewal strategies

Infrastructure systems in the US are in urgent need of maintenance and rehabilitation. According to the most recent factsheet published by the American Society of Civil Engineers, one of the top five infrastructure concerns of today in the US is the transportation system. The major challenge facing maintenance managers in state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) today is to preserve the road networks at an acceptable level of serviceability subject to the stringent yearly maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) budgets. Maintenance managers must allocate such limited budgets among competing alternatives. Absence of simpler decision-making tools exacerbates the matter. This paper presents the development and implementation of a simpler, yet useful, network-level pavement maintenance optimization model, which is a Linear Program (LP) subject to budget constraints and the agencies' pavement performance goals in terms of total lane-miles in each pavement condition state. A decision-making tool is developed using Frontline Systems' Risk Solver Platform add-in for Microsoft Office Excel. This decision-making tool can compute the optimal amount of investment for each pavement treatment type in a given funding period. Pavement condition data pertaining to one of the Districts within a state DOT is used to test the model presented herein. Within this context, nine treatment types along with their corresponding unit prices ($/Lane-Mile), five pavement condition states, pavement deterioration rates, network-level pavement performance targets, and available annual maintenance budget for a 15-year planning horizon are defined. The results presented show how an annual highway maintenance budget needs to be allocated or determined to achieve the District's value proposition for various scenarios. Comparing the results of these varying scenarios provides insight on long-term strategies and the impact of target constraints on budget expenditures.
In-vitro evaluation of sensors and amplifiers to measure left ventricular pressure in mice

Mice are becoming more common as research models, and several companies now manufacture sensors and instrumentation to measure left ventricular (LV) pressure and volume in mice. It is often assumed that pressure is easier to measure than volume, and that all sensors perform similarly, but there are differences. We measured in-vitro the frequency and step responses, immersion response, stability, accuracy, linearity, and sensitivity to lateral or bending force of several solid-state sensors and amplifiers commonly used in mice. We tested 4 microsensors each from Millar, Scisense, and RADI, and also fluidfilled catheters. All solid-state sensors were stable with drifts of 1 kHz, and were accurate and linear to within +/− 2 mmHg from 0–300 mmHg. The frequency response of the fluid-filled catheter was down by 50% at 30 Hz. The amplifiers from Millar, Scisense, and RADI, had time delays of 0.2, 3.2 and 10.6 ms respectively. The Millar and RADI sensors were unresponsive to lateral forces, but the Scisense catheters had sensitivities as high as 5.3 mmHg/g. There are significant differences in solid state pressure sensors and amplifiers which could generate offsets, time delays, and distortions which could go unrecognized in-vivo.
Puberty and Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Puberty and IDDM interact at many different levels, each affecting the other. Pediatricians, diabetologists, and patients with IDDM must be aware of these interactions and be prepared to adjust their management of IDDM accordingly. Glycemic control in the young prepubertal patient has not been associated with the development of subsequent diabetic microvascular disease. However, extremely tight glycemic control (percent HbA1 in the nondiabetic range) may expose patients to more severe and more frequent hypoglycemic episodes. This may be particularly detrimental for the very young (less than age 3 years) patient whose brain growth and myelinization has not yet been completed. Glycemic control must be maintained in the prepubertal diabetic patient to ensure normal physical and psychological growth, to avoid hospitalizations, and to allow participation in school and other age-appropriate activities. During puberty, health-care professionals and patients should anticipate more difficulty in maintaining glycemic control. Insulin doses commonly need to be increased, sometimes dramatically. Timing of insulin injections will frequently need to be adjusted to blunt the dawn phenomenon. Patients should be allowed to give themselves additional doses of regular insulin (5% to 10% of their total daily dose) when their blood-sugar levels are intermittently elevated to blunt the increased variability in blood-sugar levels seen during puberty. The use of supplemental regular insulin to correct intermittent hyperglycemia is preferable to withholding food in the adolescent patient, since overzealous food restriction can in itself lead to problems with linear growth and pubertal development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
MDMA as a discriminative stimulus: isomeric comparisons.

Abstract Using a two-lever, food-motivated discrimination procedure, eight male rats were trained to discriminate 1.5 mg/kg of racemic 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) from its vehicle, distilled water. Once trained, the rats demonstrated a dose-related decrease in discriminative performance after administration of lower doses of MDMA (ED50=0.27 mg/kg). Racemic MDMA-stimulus generalization occurred with both isomers of MDMA with the ED50 of the (+) isomer calculated as 0.50 mg/kg and for the (−) isomer being 1.07. Time-course data indicate that racemic MDMA has a peak effect from 20–60 min post-injection with a declining effect from 120–140 min. This time-course closely resembles that observed by subjective reports in human abusers and, together with previous data, would indicate that the discriminative paradigm would be useful in investigations as to the neurochemical effects of MDMA.
Biological indicators and biological effects of estuarine/coastal pollution

Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done muchmore » to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.« less
Double-Input Converters Based on H-Bridge Cells: Derivation, Small-Signal Modeling, and Power Sharing Analysis

This paper analyzes a new family of dc-dc converters; labeled H-bridge based double-input dc-dc converters. First, it derives four converter topologies by cascading two H-bridge cells and interfacing the cascaded cells to different configurations of inductor, capacitor, and load. Next, it develops a small-signal model of the four converters and combines them into a canonical small-signal model. Finally, it analyzes the power sharing capability of the converters. It also presents simulation and experimental results to verify the theoretical outcomes.
More Evidence Challenging the Robustness and Usefulness of the Attraction Effect

Ninety-one attempts to produce an attraction effect (involving a total of 23 product classes and 73 different decoyed choice sets) produced only 11 reliable effects—significantly fewer than expected given the statistical power of the studies. Cross-scenario analyses indicated that the use of meaningful qualitative-verbal descriptions, as well as pictorial depictions, to differentiate choice options substantially reduced the size of those effects. Indeed, the authors found attraction effects at only chance levels using these types of stimuli. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the implications of these findings for both marketing practice and research.
Energy Metabolism During Brain Ischemia Stability During Reversible And Irreversible Damage

The permissible duration of brain ischemia without sustaining damage is short. Less clear are the mechanisms accounting for the vulnerability of brain to ischemic insults. Neurochemical factors implicated include impairment of energy synthesis by mitochondria and of energy-dependent processes such as synaptic transmission, ATPase activity, membrane conductance and altered protein and lipid synthesis. To clarify the vulnerability of energy metabolism, we investigated energy availability and synthesis in our model of global cerebral ischemia. Our studies evaluated in vitro mitochondrial ATP synthesis and the in vivo quantitation of the cortical adenylate pool. Results of our investigations support a growing body of evidence showing the energy state to be relatively stable to ischemia. We conclude that an energy-dependent process of brain is primarily vulnerable to ischemia.
Saying No in Standard Setting: An Examination of FASB Board Members’ Voting Decisions

More than half of the 163 Statements of Financial Accounting Standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB) between 1973 and 2007 were passed with dissenting votes. In this study, we investigate the factors associated with FASB board members’ decision to dissent. We find that board members with preparer and academic backgrounds are more likely to dissent compared to those with a public accounting background, and the impact of board members’ professional backgrounds varies by the type of issues the accounting standards address. Our results also show that military experience and educational background are associated with the likelihood of dissent. In addition, we find that younger board members and those at the end of their term are more likely to dissent, perhaps to signal a different point of view. Finally, our analyses of board members’ written dissenting opinions show that professional backgrounds are associated with different perspectives in how board members evaluate an accounting standard.
Hispanic Individuals in Their Communities: An Untapped Resource for Increasing the Bilingual Teacher Population.

The shortage of teachers in pre-K-12 schools includes a serious shortage of bilingual teachers. Based on the findings of several research studies, the authors suggest that Hispanic bilingual adults...
The National Leadership Education Research Agenda: Strategic Priorities and Deepened Perspectives

The inaugural National Leadership Education Research Agenda was created to establish a foundation for scholarship that will guide the fiel d of Leadership Education and develop it as a discipline. Its timely research priorities present a framework for scholarship and resulting applied and basic implications. This paper provide s perspective about the agenda’s conceptualization, development, and application. I t establishes perspective for the applied nature of the agenda and transdiciplinary scholarship that can lead to powerful implications for the field of Leadership Education and the constituents it ser ves. Further, it explores the agenda’s priorities and how the resulting collaborative dial ogue can advance the fields of Leadership and Leadership Education globally.
Polymerase Chain Reaction to Detect Cytomegalovirus DNA in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Neonates with Congenital Infection

To determine if cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA could be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of infants with congenital infection with CMV, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done on CSF samples from 13 infants (10 with confirmed, 1 with possible, and 2 with asymptomatic congenital CMV infection) and on CSF samples from 100 control patients with alternative diagnoses. By use of two sets of primers that targeted different areas of the CMV genome, CMV DNA was amplified in the CSF of 6 of 10 symptomatic infants, 0 of 3 infants with asymptomatic CMV infection or possible congenital CMV disease, and 2 control patients (one primer set only). A positive CSF PCR result at birth correlated with a poor neurodevelopmental outcome (P = .048; two-tailed Fisher's exact test).
Analytical model of equatorial waves with CAPE and moisture closure

The convective available potential energy (CAPE) closure and the moisture closure is implemented on an analytical linearized model for large-scale motions. The model includes cloud-radiation interaction (CRI), gross moist stability and wind-induced surface heat exchange (WISHE). The model is done in an equatorial non-rotating atmosphere and is vertically resolved. As the gravity waves in non-rotating atmosphere map to Kelvin waves in rotating atmosphere, the modeled modes are fast Kelvin waves that resemble adiabatic modes, convectively coupled Kelvin modes that are damped and move with the observed phase speed of 17 ms–1 and the unstable slow moisture mode. The slow moisture mode owes its propagation speed to WISHE and instability to CRI and gross moist instability. It is thought that it can be related to the easterly waves and perhaps even the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO).
Greater Mechanical Loading During Walking Is Associated With Less Collagen Turnover in Individuals With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background:Individuals who have sustained an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and undergo ACL reconstruction (ACLR) are at higher risk of developing knee osteoarthritis. It is hypothesized that altered knee loading may influence the underlying joint metabolism and hasten development of posttraumatic knee osteoarthritis.Purpose:To explore the associations between serum biomarkers of cartilage metabolism and peak vertical ground-reaction force (vGRF) and vGRF loading rate in the injured and uninjured limbs of individuals with ACLR.Study Design:Descriptive laboratory study.Methods:Patients with a history of a primary unilateral ACLR who had returned to unrestricted physical activity (N = 19) participated in the study. Resting blood was collected from each participant before completing 5 walking gait trials at a self-selected comfortable speed. Peak vGRF was extracted for both limbs during the first 50% of the stance phase of gait, and the linear vGRF loading rate was determined between heel strike and...
A Lion for Flanders: Literature, Propaganda, and Flemish Nationalism

In Flanders, Belgium, public acts of national allegiance are often grounded in the political rhetoric of the Great War that was, and continues to be, promoted by several powerful symbols, most visibly the Flemish lion – the official symbol of Flanders and, in its alternate version, the separatist Flemish nationalist movement. The examination of the reliance on the image of the Flemish lion at two annual pilgrimages to the World War I Belgian battlefields highlights an ongoing dialogue between memory and identity that stems from the formation of Belgium. The Great War and the unusual political situation that developed in the trenches of the Belgian Front, comprised of a small portion of unoccupied Belgium in the NW corner of the country, exacerbated the acute desire for Flemish recognition within Francophone Belgium. The myths of Flemish subjugation at the hands of the French-speaking officer class in the Great War played a pivotal role in the rising social and political Flemish organizations in the immedi...
The Effect of the Drug Minoxidil on Hair Growth

Following the oral administration of minoxidil for recalcitrant hypertension widespread hair growth was observed, including reversal of male pattern hair loss. It has been subsequently shown that the application of a topical solution of minoxidil to the scalp is also effective. The response is not complete and is best in individuals with less severe forms of the condition. Although it has been suggested that vasodilation may be responsible for both the increased hair growth and the reduction in blood pressure, direct effects on keratinocytes have been observed. In cultured human keratinocytes minoxidil slows senescence of post confluent cells, an effect analogous to prolonging the anagen growth phase of hair bulb trichocytes. Minoxidil also suppresses the activity of lymphocytes and inhibits lysyl hydroxylase activity. Most recently it has been observed to block the synthesis of PGI2. No cytoplasmic binding protein has been demonstrated.
Female discrimination thresholds frequently exceed local male display variation: implications for mate choice dynamics and sexual selection

Among the factors that can influence female mate choice decisions is the degree to which females differentiate among similar displays: as differences decrease, females are expected to eventually stop discriminating. This discrimination threshold, in conjunction with the magnitude of male trait variation females regularly encounter while making mate choice decisions, may have important consequences for sexual selection. If local display variation is above the discrimination threshold, female preferences should translate into higher mating success for the more attractive male. But if display variation is frequently below the threshold, the resulting increased pattern of random mating may obscure the existence of female mate choice. I investigated the interplay between female discrimination and male display variation in green treefrogs (Hyla cinerea) and found that call trait differences between nearest neighbour males were frequently smaller than what females are expected to discriminate. This finding has two important consequences for our understanding of sexual selection in the wild: first, low display variation should weaken the strength of selection on male display traits, but the direction of selection should mirror the one predicted from females choice trials. Second, caution is needed when interpreting data on realized mating success in the wild: a pattern of random mating with respect to male display traits does not always mean that female preferences are weak or that conditions are too challenging for females to express their preferences. Rather, insufficient display variation can generate the same pattern.
Descriptions of the First Instars of the North American Species in the Genus Fiorinia

The first instars of the following North American species in the genus Fiorinia are described, and the females are illustrated: Fiorinia externa Ferris; F. fioriniae (Targioni-Tozzetti); F. japonica Kuwana; F. pinicola Maskell; and F. theae Green. A key to the species based on the 1st instars is presented.
Corrected values of osmotic and activity coefficients of aqueous NaTcO4 and HTcO4 at 25°C

Published isopiestic molalities for aqueous NaTcO4 and HTcO4 solutions at 25°C have been reexamined. Our calculations indicate that published smoothed values of the osmotic coefficients ϕ and mean molal activity coefficients γ± of NaTcO4 are substantially in error, by up to 100% for ϕ and 300% for γ±. Published smoothed values of ϕ and γ± for HTcO4 solutions are in somewhat better agreement with the input data, but the reported ϕ are sometimes higher and sometimes lower than experimental values, by up to 6%. Consequently, we have reanalyzed isopiestic data for these two systems, and find that errors arose in representing the data mathematically. We report parameters for an extended form of the specific ion interaction equations and for Pitzer's equations, and corrected values of ϕ and γ± are tabulated for aqueous NaTcO4 and HTcO4.
Changes in serum progesterone and estrogen of the nonpregnant coyote during the breeding season.

AbstractVulvar swelling and vaginal bleeding were monitored and blood collected at weekly intervals during proestrus, estrus, and diestrus in 16, captive wild, adult coyotes. Serum progesterone and estrogen were measured by RIA to characterize further the coyote estrous cycle. Coyotes have a prolonged period (2 to 3 months) of intermittent vaginal bleeding generally referred to as proestrus; however, this discharge can occur during estrus and metestrus in some nonpregnant coyotes. Vulvar swelling was extreme for 1 to 2 weeks and the midpoint of extreme swelling occurred about 4 days after the estradiol peak. Progesterone began to increase (P < 0.01) concomitantly with the estradiol peak and continued to increase, reaching its peak 3 weeks later. Progesterone then declined gradually toward basal concentrations at 9 to 10 weeks after the extradiol peak and remained at these concentrations through at least the 15th week. Thus, progesterone in nonpregnant coyotes remained above basal concentrations for a peri...
Voting Patterns in the California Assembly:: Role and Gender

The literature on roll call voting behavior in the United States Congress points to small, but significant, differences in the ideological proclivities and voting decisions of male and female legislators. However, comparable studies have not been done on the state level. This article explores gender differences in roll call voting behavior in the California Assembly on two measures, liberalism and support for women's issues. The findings suggest, in contrast to the study of women in Congress, that female assemblymembers are not more liberal than their male counterparts; they are, in fact, less so. However, a gender difference in the predicted direction is manifested in the women's rights index. Specifically, whem party is controlled, Republican women tend to be much more supportive of women's rights issues than Republican men while Democratic women are slightly more supportive than Democratic men.
Laser-diode Pumped Nd∶GdVO_4/LBO 456nm Deep Blue Laser by Intracavity Doubing

An optimized designed CW 912nm laser at room temperature is obtained.Using type-I critical-matching LBO crystal,456nm deep blue laser is obtained by 912nm intracavity frequency doubling.The maximum laser output power of 53mW is obtained when incident pump laser of 1.8W is used.The optical-to-optical conversion up to 2.9%,the power instability in 24h is better than ±2.3%.
Routine Postoperative Laboratory Tests Are Unnecessary After Partial Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background While partial knee arthroplasty (PKA) is increasingly performed on an outpatient basis, many surgeons still admit patients overnight and obtain laboratory studies on the first postoperative day. The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility and cost effectiveness of routine postoperative laboratory studies after PKA. Methods This is a retrospective review of 322 consecutive unilateral or bilateral simultaneous PKAs (unicompartmental, patellofemoral, and modular bicompartmental knee arthroplasty) performed by a single surgeon. There were 408 complete blood counts and basic metabolic panels ordered. Results Despite a large number of laboratory studies ordered and abnormalities detected, there was a 1.6% rate of laboratory-associated interventions (for either hypokalemia or hyperglycemia in 5 patients) and no red blood cell transfusions. Hospital charges associated with laboratory studies totaled $85,413. There were no 90-day postoperative hospital readmissions or emergency department evaluations related to abnormal postoperative laboratory values. Conclusion With an increasing emphasis placed on cost containment, the low rate of laboratory-associated interventions after PKA suggests that routinely obtaining laboratory studies are neither necessary nor cost effective.
Problems in the Estimation of Original Room Function: A Tentative Solution from the Grasshopper Ruin

ABSTRACTA tentative solution is proposed for estimating the original function of a room, ceremonial, habitation. or storage, when the traditionally expected indicators, architecture, artifacts, and features, are absent from the archaeological record or are non-representative of the initial behavioral context. A model exploring the covariation between the architectural design features of room size and roofing species is tested deductively with a sample of rooms from the Grasshopper Ruin. Functional implications of the model are discussed as well.
Raiding and Ethnic Warfare in the Postimperial Era

This chapter examines how violent confrontations in Andahuaylas were restructured in the aftermath of the Wari imperial collapse. Patterning in the frequency, location, and lethality of head wounds directly informs on experiences of violence on the individual, group, and population levels. Results show that during Wari’s twilight, physical assaults were uncommon and always sublethal, suggesting the intent to injure—but not kill—an opponent. After the empire’s fragmentation, rates of violent skeletal trauma skyrocketed. People from the Quichua enclave likely participated in intermittent raids and clashes with Chanka neighbors. To better defend themselves, the Quichua enacted strategic partnerships with faraway villages which resulted in the immigration of allied males. In stark contrast, violence among the post-collapse Chanka is most strongly affiliated with head shape, a proxy for ranked kinship categories that were conceived of in ethnic-like terms. Those men, women, and children with remodeled heads were intentionally targeted for deadly attacks in temporally discrete encounters. Standardized execution wounds and dehumanizing overkill blows, where the head was smashed to pieces, are ubiquitous and deeply symbolic. For the Chanka majority in Andahuaylas, the genesis and maintenance of ethnic-like identities was distinctly and inexorably linked to ethnocide, the purposeful annihilation of recognized social groupings.
Patient Selection for Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation (APBI)

With appropriate patient selection, long-term data for patients treated with accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) demonstrates excellent outcomes and low risk of local recurrence. In the United States, the most widely used guidelines are those developed by ASTRO and published in 2009. The authors of the original consensus statement deserve recognition for their extraordinary work in developing the initial guidelines for the application of this technique based on the data available at the time. The data, however, have grown in tremendously volume and matured in follow-up in the 8 years since the consensus panel met. A second expert panel has been organized to incorporate the more recent analyses of risk factors for IBTR after APBI. Revised and updated ASTRO guidelines are expected to be published by the end of 2015. Until long-term data from randomized trials is available, debate will continue over the ideal patient population to treat with APBI. While the presently available guidelines are imperfect, they were created to ensure conservative patient management and safety. It is suggested that these guidelines should be followed by practitioners until replaced with more current recommendations.
Abstract 3595: Improved therapeutics for hepatocellular carcinoma

Eighty percent of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) within the USA is diagnosed late when chemotherapy provides only 2 months increased survival. We fortuitously found that treatment with an alkylating agent, methylnitrosurea (MNU), prior to tumorigenesis reduced tumor prevalence later in life by ∼50% in C3HeB/FeJ male mice, a model of spontaneous HCC. A similar effect was observed with temozolomide (TMZ), a glioblastoma therapy that induces the same DNA damage at similar proportions to MNU. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) repairs the highly mutagenic and cytotoxic O6-methylguanine lesions induced by TMZ, and MGMT abundance influences therapy response in glioblastoma. MGMT is reduced in 1/3 of human HCC, leading us to hypothesize that TMZ could be effective in treating HCC. We proposed to combine TMZ with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, to maximize efficacy, reasoning that SAHA would allow TMZ greater access to DNA to induce greater levels of damage. We tested this drug combination in two human HCC cell lines, Huh7, with reduced MGMT expression, and SNU398, with higher expression. TMZ and SAHA synergistically reduced cell viability in both cell lines with multiple dose combinations. Based on this outcome, we tested the drugs in tumor-bearing C3HeB/FeJ mice. Surprisingly, DMSO treated solvent control mice showed reduced tumor burden. The DMSO treatment was repeated adding a sham control group and confirmed that DMSO significantly reduces tumor burden. The TMZ cohort also displayed a significantly lower tumor burden compared to the sham cohort, but no significant difference was found with SAHA alone or SAHA+TMZ. We previously showed that a hMGMT transgene protects from hepatocarcinogenesis in C3HeB/FeJ mice, but surprisingly, there is not additional protection when transgenic mice are treated with MNU. These results suggest that the more prevalent cytotoxic lesions induced by MNU and TMZ, e.g. N7-methylguanine, may be more important in HCC than O6-methylguanine. These lesions are recognized by methylpurine-DNA glycosylase (MPG) and repaired through base excision repair. Therefore, we directly tested the role of MPG in TMZ therapy through altered expression of MPG in Huh7 and SNU398 cell lines and showed that it does affect sensitivity to TMZ. Citation Format: Jessica A. Zavadil, Christi A. Walter. Improved therapeutics for hepatocellular carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3595.
Adaptively Weighted Numerical Integration in the Finite Cell Method

Abstract With Adaptively Weighted (AW) numerical integration, for a given set of quadrature nodes, order and domain of integration, the quadrature weights are obtained by solving a system of suitable moment fitting equations in least square sense. The moments in the moment equations are approximated over a simplified domain that is homeomorphic to the original domain, and then are corrected for the deviation from the original domain using shape sensitivity analysis. In this paper, we demonstrate the application of AW integration scheme in the context of the Finite Cell Method which must perform numerical integration over arbitrary domains without meshing. The standard integration technique employed in FCM is the characteristic function method that converts the continuous integrand over a complex domain into a discontinuous integrand over a simple (box) domain. Then, well known integrand adaptivity techniques are employed to integrate the resulting discontinuous integrand over the box domain. Although this method is simple to implement, it becomes computationally very expensive for realistic complex 3D domains such as sculptures, bones and engines. In contrast, in AW scheme the quadrature weights directly adapt to the complex geometric domain without the need to making the integrand discontinuous leading to superior computational properties. In this paper, we demonstrate the computational efficiency of AW over the characteristic function method as it requires fewer subdivisions and less time to achieve a given accuracy in both two and three dimensions. In addition, AW offers a number of advantages including flexibility in the choice of quadrature points and basis functions.
Buddhism and International Law

Over the past two decades there has been a tremendous upsurge of interest in comparative political thought, but very little of that work has focused on Buddhism. Putting Buddhism into dialogue with international law reveals that Western legal and political thinkers have a great deal to learn about Buddhism and how it both fits into international law and occasionally disrupts law’s categories and assumptions.
Spoken Language in the Academy: A Virtues-Based Model

The nature of spoken language is mysterious and profound. Human speech is inexorably woven into our very being, setting mankind apart from other living organisms. This vitally sustaining, definitive, and intriguing medium is the subject of this article. Specifically, spoken language is examined within the context of the academy, focusing on speech as a conveyer of truth. Additionally, the double-faceted fruit of human speech, life or death, is discussed. Finally, the authors present a virtues-based model related to spoken language within the academy.
Porous carbon modified with sulfur in energy related applications

Abstract Depletion of fossil fuels, and associated with their usage global warming, needs for energy storage and harvesting, as well as high costs and detrimental environmental effects of metal-based catalyst directed the attention of scientists to carbon materials. So far, for these applications, an emphasis has been mainly on graphene and on modifications of its chemical and electronic properties with heteroatoms such as N, P, or S. That graphene, to enhance its surface properties, often needs to be modified not only chemically but also to increase its surface area and porosity. Taking it into account, and to promote simple and inexpensive materials, the focus of this review is on recent applications of porous carbons modified with sulfur in energy related applications. The obvious assets of these materials compared to graphene are their porosity and costs. We focus on sulfur doping and impregnation since this approach is relatively new, and promising results on applications of such materials as cathodes and anodes for lithium and sodium ion batteries, supercapacitors, ORR catalysts, photocatalysts, photosensitizers, and CO2 reduction media have been reported. Our intention is to briefly summarize recent findings and to stimulate further research on the properties and cutting edge applications of porous carbons that should still be considered as exciting materials of promising future.
Local Hemodynamic Differences Between Commercially Available Y-Grafts and Traditional Fontan Baffles Under Simulated Exercise Conditions: Implications for Exercise Tolerance

Fontan completion, resulting in a total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC), is accomplished using a lateral tunnel (LT), extracardiac conduit (ECC), or recently a bifurcated Y-graft. The local energetic differences between these graft types have not been substantially analyzed under exercise conditions. The present study evaluates the energetic performance of Y-grafts under simulated exercise conditions, compares their performance to the previous LT/ECC Fontan options, and discusses implications for exercise tolerance and hemodynamic predictability. Twenty Y-graft and 20 LT/ECC patients were analyzed. TCPC anatomies and flow waveforms were reconstructed using patient-specific cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) images and phase-contrast CMR. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed to quantify indexed power loss (iPL) under both resting and simulated exercise conditions. Comparisons between graft types were investigated. iPL was significantly higher (p < 0.01) for Y-grafts at all activity levels. No significant interaction effects were observed between graft type and activity level. iPL at rest was strongly correlated (r 2 = 0.97, p < 0.001) with iPL at moderate exercise for Y-grafts, but less so for the LT/ECC cohort (r 2 = 0.66, p < 0.001). Similar results were seen for intense exercise, with a strong correlation for Y-grafts (r 2 = 0.94, p < 0.001) and a moderate correlation for LT/ECC (r 2 = 0.52, p < 0.001). Commercially available Y-grafts were found to have significantly higher iPL at all activity levels, suggesting worse exercise tolerance than the LT/ECC alternatives. Y-grafts offered impressive hemodynamic predictability which was not seen in the LT/ECC cohort. Our results encourage the further evaluation of an area-preserving Y-graft design to offer both improved energetic performance and hemodynamic predictability. Commercial Y-grafts show worse energetics, but more predictable responses than traditional Fontan connections under simulated exercise conditions. During simulated exercise conditions, commercially available Y-grafts show predictable but inferior energetic performance compared to lateral tunnel and extracardiac conduit Fontan connections, suggesting poorer exercise capacity. If Y-graft use is continued, these results encourage further evaluation of a cross sectional area-preserving Y-graft design as a additional alternative for Fontan completion.
A New Species of Poirieria (Paziella) (Gastropoda: Muricidae) from the Punta Gavilan Formation, Northern Venenzuela

When Rutsch originally described the molluscan fauna of the Pliocene Punta Gavilan Formation, northern Venezuela (1934), he included only two muricid species. These are: Murex recurvirostris Broderip, 1833 [later assigned to the Recent Haustellum donmoorei (Bullis, 1964) by Vokes, 1990, p. 18], and Murex domingensis Sowerby, 1850 [= Chicoreus (Siratus) domingensis in Vokes, 1990, p. 50]. Subsequently, the living species Chicoreus (Chicoreus) brevifrons (Lamarck, 1822) was added to the fauna (Vokes, 1990, p. 35). Later (Vokes, 1992, p. 41), the Gatun species Poirieria (Panamurex) gatunensis (Brown and Pilsbry, 1911) was also added and, at the same time, Poirieria (Panamurex) rutschi was described (Vokes, 1992, p. 52, pl. 11, figs. 1-4) from the fauna. Most recently, a Punta Gavilan specimen of the living Murexiella (Murexiella) macgintyi (Smith, 1938) was figured (Vokes, 1994, p. 104, pl. 14, fig. 3).
Global prevalence of hypertension among people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The purpose of this study was to estimate, through meta-analysis, the global prevalence of hypertension among people living with HIV (PLWH). A total of 49 studies published during 2011-2016 with 63,554 participants were included in analysis. These studies were conducted in America (25), Europe (13), Africa (10), and Asia (1) with data collected during 1996-2014. Prevalence of hypertension and confidence interval was estimated and stratified by participants' age, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and calendar-years using random effects modeling. The quality assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Prevalence Critical Appraisal Tool was high for all included studies. The estimated prevalence (95% confidence interval) of hypertension was 25.2% (21.2%, 29.6%) for the overall sample, 34.7% (27.4%, 42.8%) for ART-experienced, and 12.7% (7.4%, 20.8%) for ART-naive participants. The estimated prevalence was found increased with age and in studies conducted after 2010. Hypertension among PLWH shows an increasing trend and is associated with receiving ART and older age. Findings of this study provide data for decision makers to incorporate blood pressure assessment in primary prevention and for researchers to further investigate factors and mechanisms related to hypertension among PLWH.
Intellectual property rights and R&D subsidies: are they complementary policies?

IPR protection and RD (2) the economy begins from steady state with either a sufficiently small initial consumption and a relatively large EIS or a sufficiently big initial consumption and a relatively small EIS. Under linear utility, the answer is yes if the discounted lifetime utility is finite in equilibrium, no matter the economy begins from the steady state or not. As empirical evidence finds cross-country heterogeneity in EIS, they are not complementary for all economies. We also identify reasonable cases whereby they are substitute policies, so we show when it is not welfare-enhancing to simultaneously implement both policies.
Phase Transition-Driven Nanoparticle Assembly in Liquid Crystal Droplets

When nanoparticle self-assembly takes place in an anisotropic liquid crystal environment, fascinating new effects can arise. The presence of elastic anisotropy and topological defects can direct spatial organization. An important goal in nanoscience is to direct the assembly of nanoparticles over large length scales to produce macroscopic composite materials; however, limitations on spatial ordering exist due to the inherent disorder of fluid-based methods. In this paper we demonstrate the formation of quantum dot clusters and spherical capsules suspended within spherical liquid crystal droplets as a method to position nanoparticle clusters at defined locations. Our experiments demonstrate that particle sorting at the isotropic–nematic phase front can dominate over topological defect-based assembly. Notably, we find that assembly at the nematic phase front can force nanoparticle clustering at energetically unfavorable locations in the droplets to form stable hollow capsules and fractal clusters at the droplet centers.