cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MedlinePlus “Go Local” and Consumer Health Collection Development

Abstract In April 2004, Health InfoNet of Alabama became one of the first consumer health services in the country to take part in the National Library of Medicine's MedlinePlus Go Local initiative. The availability of technical support was a primary factor in Health InfoNet's decision to participate as an NLM-hosted site rather than revise its existing Web site to meet Go Local standards. This decision meant tradeoffs concerning the service offerings of Health InfoNet, which led to the question, “What guided other project directors' decisions to participate in Go Local either via locally hosted or NLM-hosted sites?” The study's purpose was to get an impression of the various issues surrounding the choices made by Go Local participants pertaining to their choice of Web site hosting environments, with special emphasis placed on the organizational motivation, impact, and satisfaction precipitated by this decision. The paper's objective is to examine the NLM Go Local initiative in the context of evolving cons...
A CYTOGEOGRAPHIC STUDY OF ERIOPHYLLUM LANATUM (COMPOSITAE, HELENIEAE)

A B S T R A C T Analysis of 368 plants derived from 239 natural populations showed that this taxonomically perplexing and wide-ranging species-complex consists of diploids (n = 8), tetraploids, hexaploids and octoploids. Microsporocytes were the source of most of the chromosome counts. Meiosis was basically regular. Multivalent formation was uncommon, but 11% of all the plants examined had one or more full-sized extra chromosomes. The frequency of plants with extra chromosomes varied significantly among the taxa, from 0 (five varieties) to over 20 % (two varieties). Except in one instance, where one population yielded a diploid and a triploid, different ploidy levels were not found in the same population. The frequency of diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid and octoploid populations was, respectively, 71, 22, 4 and 2 %. Variety obovatum appears to be exclusively diploid, and var. aphanactis exclusively tetraploid. Diploids and one or more polyploid levels occurred in the other taxa. No correlation was found between polyploidy and geological history, soils, topography or climate, nor were the polyploids more widely distributed than the diploids. Some of the polyploid populations seem to have been derived from inter-varietal hybridizations, but others do not. The complex has a "pillar" structure in which 10 diploid taxa support a three-level polyploid superstructure. The available evidence suggests that the major role of polyploidy here has been to stabilize the products of intra- and inter-varietal hybridizations.
Ethanol binding to a model carbohydrate, glycogen

The binding affinity of ethanol for carbohydrates is unknown. Glycoconjugates are postulated to be sensitive targets of ethanol action. The glycogen content of muscle, liver, and brain is sensitive to ethanol. To explore whether carbohydrates as a class have a specific affinity to bind ethanol, we measured the binding of ethanol and other small molecules to the carbohydrate glycogen. Ethanol binding was found to be weak. The polar alcohol, glycerol, bound to glycogen with a greater affinity than ethanol did. Other small polar molecules (methanol, sucrose, acetate, glycine, and dimethyl sulfoxide) also bound more strongly than ethanol did. Ethanol and glycerol binding were concentration independent. No evidence of saturable or specific sites for these alcohols was obtained. Water binding was determined and was in agreement with hydrodynamic measures. Water binding exceeded the binding of all solutes studied. The loosely structured water of hydration in glycogen apparently was able to accommodate polar solutes, but tended to exclude ethanol and, to a lesser extent, methanol. We conclude that carbohydrates as a class exhibit no strong affinity or specificity for ethanol.
Quinone methide sclerotization: A revised mechanism for β-sclerotization of insect cuticle

Abstract Molecular mechanisms responsible for the stiffening and tanning of insect cuticle are reviewed. Two mechanisms, viz., quinone tanning and β-sclerotization, both involving catecholamine derivatives as sclerotizing precursors, are known to strengthen the cuticle. Quinone tanning mechanism invokes the generation and reactions of o-benzoquinones as the sclerotizing agents, whereas β-sclerotization dictates the activation of catecholamine side chains prior to their incorporation into cuticle. The reactive intermediate for the latter process was proposed by other workers to be 1,2-dehydro-N-acetyldopamine and its quinone. The role of these two compounds in β-sclerotization is critically evaluated. Based on our observation that incubation of cuticular enzyme from Sarcophaga bullata with 4-alkylcatechols results in the production of soluble side chain oxygenated compounds and the formation of catechol-cuticle adducts, an alternate mechanism for β-sclerotization is proposed. This mechanism calls for the generation of quinone methides, tautomers of 4-alkyl-quinones, as the initial products of oxidation of catecholamine derivatives in cuticle. Quinone methides formed spontaneously react with available nucleophiles in cuticle, resulting in the generation of catechol-cuticle adducts and side chain hydroxylated products. Further oxidation of adducts and coupling to other structural units ensure crosslinking of cuticular components. The proposed quinone methide sclerotization accounts for all the chemical observations made on the β-sclerotized cuticle.
Playing Ball in a Space Station.

Andrew Simoson (ajsimoso@king.edu) earned his doctorate at the University of Wyoming in 1979, and has chaired the mathematics department at King College since 1980. In partial exchange for his wife Connie accompanying him on a Fulbright sabbatical to Africa eight years ago, Andy agreed to take up ballroom dancing upon their return. Now, after many lessons, they regularly teach a college course in ballroom dance themselves.
Critical issues in the application of a gallium probe to high resolution secondary ion imaging

Abstract The use of liquid metal ion sources to form finely focused probes has enabled analytical imaging by secondary ion mass spectrometry to achieve, in favorable cases, spatial resolution approaching the theoretical localization limits of the method. As a drawback, however, the large intrinsic energy spread of such sources significantly constrains both the minimum size of the probe and the analytical sensitivity-analytical image resolution that are possible. In the context of these limitations, recent applications of a high resolution scanning ion microprobe to studies of Al-Li alloys, high T c superconductors and photoemulsion engineered microcrystals are discussed.
Immunization strategies to block the herpes simplex virus type 1 immunoglobulin G Fc receptor.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein gE functions as an immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc receptor (FcR) that promotes immune evasion. When an IgG antibody binds by the F(ab)2 domain to an HSV antigen, the Fc domain of some of the same antibody molecules binds to the FcR, which blocks Fc-mediated functions. gE is a type 1 membrane glycoprotein with a large ectodomain that is expressed on the virion envelope and infected-cell surface. Our goal was to determine if immunizing with gE protein fragments could produce antibodies that bind by the F(ab)2 domain to gE and block the FcR, as measured by competitively inhibiting nonimmune human IgG binding to the FcR. Three gE peptides were constructed in baculovirus spanning almost the entire ectodomain and used to immunize mice and rabbits. Two fragments were highly effective at producing antibodies that bind by the F(ab)2 domain and block the FcR. The most potent of these two antibodies was far more effective at blocking the FcR than antibodies that are only capable of binding by the Fc domains to the FcR, including anti-gC, anti-gD, and nonimmune IgG. These results suggest that immunizing with gE fragments has potential for preventing immune evasion by blocking activities mediated by the HSV-1 FcR.
Proapoptotic BID is required for myeloid homeostasis and tumor suppression

The proper expansion and contraction of hematopoietic cells requires tight regulation of cell death. BID, a “BH3-only” molecule, amplifies death receptor signals connecting the extrinsic to intrinsic pathways by triggering the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Bid-deficient mice, as they age, spontaneously develop a myeloproliferative disorder, which progresses from myeloid hyperplasia to a fatal, clonal malignancy closely resembling chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). Thus, an apoptotic defect can result in myeloid leukemogenesis. Premalignant Bid−/− myeloid precursor cells are resistant to death receptor-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, a competitive reconstitution assay demonstrates that Bid-deficient long-term repopulating cells give rise to expanded myelomonocytic cells in vivo. Surprisingly, a single BH3-only molecule operating in the extrinsic death receptor pathway proved essential in vivo for physiologic cell death required to maintain myeloid homeostasis. Moreover, progression to CMML indicates that an upstream BH3-only molecule, BID, is required to suppress tumorigenesis.
Lymph nodes—A possible site for sympathetic neuronal regulation of immune responses

Noradrenergic fibers were identified in rat cervical lymph nodes by fluorescence histochemistry and confirmed by radioenzymatic determination of norepinephrine. After superior cervical ganglionectomy, lymph node norepinephrine and noradrenergic fluorescence were strikingly decreased. The alpha-adrenergic radioligand [3H] dihydroergocryptine bound to saturable sites on lymph node membranes (0.20 pmol/mg protein; affinity constant, 8 nM) with characteristics expected for alpha-adrenergic receptor binding. The alpha-adrenergic binding sites were present in high concentration in membranes from lymph node stroma but were negligible in membranes of lymphocytes teased from nodes. In lymph nodes the ratio of alpha-adrenergic binding sites to norepinephrine content was higher than ratios of many other sympathetically innervated tissues such as iris or vas deferens. The presence of sympathetic innervation and the high concentration of alpha-adrenergic binding sites relative to that innervation suggest that the sympathetic nervous system modulates an intrinsic lymph node function through alpha-adrenergic mechanisms.
Mice Lacking Homer 1 Exhibit a Skeletal Myopathy Characterized by Abnormal Transient Receptor Potential Channel Activity

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are nonselective cation channels, several of which are expressed in striated muscle. Because the scaffolding protein Homer 1 has been implicated in TRP channel regulation, we hypothesized that Homer proteins play a significant role in skeletal muscle function. Mice lacking Homer 1 exhibited a myopathy characterized by decreased muscle fiber cross-sectional area and decreased skeletal muscle force generation. Homer 1 knockout myotubes displayed increased basal current density and spontaneous cation influx. This spontaneous cation influx in Homer 1 knockout myotubes was blocked by reexpression of Homer 1b, but not Homer 1a, and by gene silencing of TRPC1. Moreover, diminished Homer 1 expression in mouse models of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy suggests that loss of Homer 1 scaffolding of TRP channels may contribute to the increased stretch-activated channel activity observed in mdx myofibers. These findings provide direct evidence that Homer 1 functions as an important scaffold for TRP channels and regulates mechanotransduction in skeletal muscle.
Associations of Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness (IMT) With Risk Factors and Prevalent Cardiovascular Disease: Comparison of Mean Common Carotid Artery IMT With Maximum Internal Carotid Artery IMT

Objective The goal of this study was to compare internal carotid artery (ICA) intima-media thickness (IMT) with common carotid artery (CCA) IMT as global markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Application of Nonlinear Analysis Methods for Identifying Relationships Between Microbial Community Structure and Groundwater Geochemistry

The relationship between groundwater geochemistry and microbial community structure can be complex and difficult to assess. We applied nonlinear and generalized linear data analysis methods to relate microbial biomarkers (phospholipids fatty acids, PLFA) to groundwater geochemical characteristics at the Shiprock uranium mill tailings disposal site that is primarily contaminated by uranium, sulfate, and nitrate. First, predictive models were constructed using feedforward artificial neural networks (NN) to predict PLFA classes from geochemistry. To reduce the danger of overfitting, parsimonious NN architectures were selected based on pruning of hidden nodes and elimination of redundant predictor (geochemical) variables. The resulting NN models greatly outperformed the generalized linear models. Sensitivity analysis indicated that tritium, which was indicative of riverine influences, and uranium were important in predicting the distributions of the PLFA classes. In contrast, nitrate concentration and inorganic carbon were least important, and total ionic strength was of intermediate importance. Second, nonlinear principal components (NPC) were extracted from the PLFA data using a variant of the feedforward NN. The NPC grouped the samples according to similar geochemistry. PLFA indicators of Gram-negative bacteria and eukaryotes were associated with the groups of wells with lower levels of contamination. The more contaminated samples contained microbial communities that were predominated by terminally branched saturates and branched monounsaturates that are indicative of metal reducers, actinomycetes, and Gram-positive bacteria. These results indicate that the microbial community at the site is coupled to the geochemistry and knowledge of the geochemistry allows prediction of the community composition.
Equivalence of the collective and the corpuscular theories of noise in junction diodes

There are at present two methods of approach to the problem of noise in p-n junction diodes: 1) the corpuscular theory and 2) the more fundamental collective theory. In the first the noise is expressed in terms of the fate of individual carriers, and in the second the noise is described in terms of distributed diffusion noise and recombination noise sources. The equivalence of the two methods is demonstrated by integrating the continuity equation and identifying the various groups of carriers showing up in the corpuscular theory.
SEMISIMPLE SCHUR ALGEBRAS

Schur algebras are certain finite-dimensional algebras that completely control the polynomial representation theory of the general linear groups over an infinite field. Infinitesimal Schur algebras are truncated versions of the classical Schur algebras which control the polynomial representation theory of the Frobenius kernels of general linear groups. In this paper we use some elementary results on symmetric powers to classify the semisimple Schur algebras. We then classify the semisimple infinitesimal Schur algebras as well.
Elemental Composition and Energy Spectra of Galactic Cosmic Rays During Solar Cycle 23

We report improved measurements of elemental abundances and spectra for galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) nuclei obtained by the Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer on board NASA's Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft during the minimum and maximum phases of solar cycle 23. We discuss results for particles with nuclear charge 5 ≤ Z ≤ 28 and typical energies between 50 and 500 MeV nucleon^(–1). We demonstrate that a detailed "leaky box" Galactic propagation model combined with a spherically symmetric solar modulation model gives a good (but not perfect) fit to the observed spectra by using a solar modulation parameter of φ = 325 MV at solar minimum and φ = 900 MV at solar maximum. Although our results are generally consistent with previous measurements from space-based and balloon-based missions, there are significant differences. The large geometrical acceptance and excellent charge resolution of the instrument result in the most detailed and statistically significant record of GCR composition to date in this energy range. The measurements reported here serve as a high-precision baseline for continued studies of GCR composition, solar modulation over the solar cycle, space radiation hazards, and other applications.
mm-wave phased arrays in silicon with integrated antennas

This work demonstrates W-band integrated dipole antennas and a four channel phased transceiver implemented in IBM 130 nm silicon germanium BiCMOS process. The chip includes the complete receiver, transmitter, signal generation blocks, phase shifters, and on-chip dipole antennas. A hemispherical silicon lens with diameter of about one inch is also used to remove the substrate modes. Measurement results show a maximum antenna gain of about +8 dB.
Becoming a Principal: Role Conception, Initial Socialization, Role-Identity Transformation, Purposeful Engagement:

This article presents findings from an exploratory study that described and analyzed the professional growth of 18 educational practitioners while participating in a principal preparation cohort program. The goal of the study was to add understanding to the nature of transformations that occur as teachers prepare to become school principals, and thus, researcher propositions guided the design and focus of this yearlong investigation. Analysis of the exploratory case study data suggests four major themes influencing practitioners' growth toward becoming principals: (a) role conceptualization of the principalship, (b) initial socialization into a new community of practice, (c) role-identity transformation, and (d) purposeful engagement based on career aspirations.
Olmesartan medoxomil: an angiotensin II-receptor blocker.

Abstract Background : Regulation of the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system has become important in the management of cardiovascular disease. Olmesartan medoxomil (CS-866) is the newest selective angiotensin II-receptor blocker (ARB) to be approved for the treatment of hypertension. Objective : This review describes the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse-effect profile, drug-interaction potential, and dosing of olmesartan medoxomil. The results of relevant clinical efficacy and safety trials are also discussed. Methods : This review is based on data from published clinical efficacy and safety trials and abstracts of conference presentations. To identify appropriate English-language publications for review, MEDLINE (1966–October 2002) and EMBASE (1990–2002) were searched using the terms olmesartan medoxomil, CS-866, angiotensin II-receptor blocker , and hypertension . Results : Olmesartan medoxomil has been reported to be an effective agent for the treatment of hypertension. Its blood pressure-lowering effects were comparable to those of other antihypertensive agents and other ARBs. Effects were seen as early as 2 weeks and persisted when olmesartan medoxomil was administered long term (for 1 year). The maximum recommended daily dose is 40 mg, except in the presence of severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance Conclusions : Based on the available literature, olmesartan medoxomil is an effective ARB for the treatment of hypertension, with a favorable adverse-effect and drug-interaction profile.
Obesity and hypertension: mechanisms, cardio-renal consequences, and therapeutic approaches.

Obesity and its relationship to hypertension is growing worldwide and is considered today to be a pandemic. This article focuses on the impact of obesity and hypertension on the cardiovascular and renal systems. It also summarizes the nonpharmacological and pharmacological approaches used to control hypertension in the obese population.
BEYOND CONCEPTS - A STUDIO PEDAGOGY FOR PREPARING TOMORROW'S DESIGNERS

In an increasingly complex world, university education should balance teaching students the skills and intricacies of their field while enabling them to discover their authenticity and place in the world. The questions are: “How can design education respond to this challenge?” and “Where in the curriculum?” This paper supports that the conceptual design phase can be the forum in which students explore who they are and what they aspire to be. Developed and communicated with both written and visual elaborations, concepts can spark a dialogue around the opportunities that arise when conceptual design enables students to make a difference.
Down’s Syndrome and Megakaryoblastic Leukemia

Recent reports estimate an approximately 20-fold higher incidence of leukemia in children with Down’s syndrome compared to non-Down’s syndrome children and a marked increase of the megakaryoblastic subtype (FAB M7)[l]. Twenty-six of 42 children with Down’s syndrome were enrolled in our studies since 1987 were classified as FAB M7 or presented with a preleukemic phase (myelodysplastic syndrome, MDS) with increased megakaryoblasts. All patients were under 3 years (0.4-2.6 median 1.8 years) and generally had a low leukocyte count (1.6-177 median 7.75 x 103/mm3) and a low platelet count (4.0-210 median 26.0 x 103/mm3). Karyotype abnormalities other than +21c or [t(21;21)c] were found in 11/15 patients, predominantly trisomies (8/15) involving the chromosomes #8 (n = 5), #21 (n = 2), #11 (n = 2), #10, #14, #18, #19, and #22 (n = 1). Only nine children initially presented with > 30% blasts in the bone marrow (BM). In ten patients diagnosis of M7 leukemia was based on morphology alone, and in 16 patients confirmed by immunophenotyping. A preleukemic phase with thrombocytopenia for at least 2 months was recorded in nine of the 17 patients presenting with a low blast count (≤30%) and myelodysplasia in the BM. Four children had a history of transient neonatal leukemia. Sixteen children were left untreated or received only minimal treatment and subsequently died due to progressing leukemia. In two of the untreated patients, a spontaneous improvement or a stable disease (with retinoids) lasting for several months was observed. Ten patients were treated. Three out of ten had an end-stage disease and received inadequate dosages of therapy and died early. Six of seven children treated according to the AML-BFM protocols including high-dose cytosine arabinoside were in continuous complete remission for 0.2-4.6 years. We conclude that M7 leukemia in Down’s syndrome is often preceded by a preleukemic phase with thrombocytopenia. Patients treated according to the AML protocol showed good results. Further studies are warranted to clarify whether Down’s syndrome patients with a preleukemic phase of M7 would also benefit from an early and intensive treatment.
EFFECT OF INTERFERENCE BETWEEN RESONANCE AND POTENTIAL SCATTERING ON RESONANCE ABSORPTION

Numerical solutions of the integral equation for the neutron flux in an infinite homogeneous medium are given. The results for some U/sup 238/ unbroadened Breit Wigner resonances and a Bi resonance with hydrogen as a moderator are shown. In each case the resonance absorption probability was calculated both with and without interference. Interference is physically important in these resonances because the scattering is increased for energies above the resonance pesk and is decreased below the resonance peak. Therefore the effect is to increase scattering into the resonance and to decrease scattering cut. Hence interference tends to tap the neutrons in the energy region of the resonance. (N.W.R.)
Intergenotypic competition studies in corn (Zea mays L.) : I. Among experimental hybrids.

Four experimental single-cross hybrids were evaluated for intergenotypic competition in a split-plot design with 7 replicates and a stand density of 51,700 plants/hectar in 1970, 1971 and 1972 at Lincoln, Nebraska. The arrangement of rows used in this study allowed the measurement of effects of different levels of competition on the traits grain yield, plant height and a selection index. There were some definite inter-genotypic competitive effects for all three traits among the pairs of hybrids studied. Variation in types of intergenotypic interaction was found.A two-step process was suggested to take advantage of favorable competitive interactions for increasing grain yield.Failure of mixtures in corn to take advantage of favorable competitive situations was discussed.
Systematic study of the structure-property relationships of branched hierarchical TiO2/ZnO nanostructures

We report a simple and effective route for fabricating branched hierarchical nanostructures of TiO2/ZnO by combining electrospinning and the low-temperature hydrothermal growth technique. First, TiO2 nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning polystyrene (PS)/titanium tetraisopropoxide (Ti(OiPr)4) solutions onto glass substrates followed by calcination at 500 °C. The electrospun TiO2 nanofibers served as a 3D primary platform upon which the branched, highly uniform, and dense secondary ZnO nanorods were hydrothermally grown. We observed that the concentration of Ti(OiPr)4 in the polystyrene solution has a significant effect on the surface roughness and areal material ratio of the electrospun fibers. Most significantly, the morphology of the branched secondary ZnO nanorods and the overall charge transfer capacity of the nanoheterostructured systems are controlled by the density of the TiO2 platform. This study demonstrates that, by properly choosing the synthesis parameters, it is possible to fine-tune th...
Transaction Processing Systems

ACID properties A transaction is characterized by four properties referred to as the ACID properties: atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability. database update The real effect of a transaction; it takes one of three forms: add, change, and delete. logical conception A view of a TPS that focuses on what information flows int%ut of it, and what processes are performed on that information. It is relatively stable and permanent. master file A file that contains data about permanent entities, such as customers, products, suppliers, and employees. Its contents are updated by a transaction file. physical conception A view of a TPS that focuses ... on the technology used in entering the data, producing the information, and performing the processes. It is dynamic and transient due to frequent technological advances. ripple effect Occurs when transaction data travel to all the other parts of the organization where they are needed. scalability The ability of an application or platform to be expanded in terms of capacity to accommodate a larger number of users or transactions than originally planned without requiring significant changes in procedure. transaction A business event whose relevant attributes need to be recorded internally (in the corporate database) as well as externally (for the benefit of external stakeholders, such as customers, suppliers, business partners, and regulators) due to
Haptic Glove Technology: Skill Development through Video Game Play.

This article introduces a recently developed haptic glove system and describes how the participants used a video game that was purposely designed to train them in skills that are needed for the eff...
A Longitudinal Study From Infancy to Adolescence of the Neurodevelopmental Phenotype Associated With d-Transposition of the Great Arteries

In a longitudinal study of children with dextro-transposition (d-transposition) of the great arteries (d-TGA), signs of possible developmental dysfunction were present in the first few years (namely, fine, gross, and oro-motor delays and expressive language delay). New signs continued to emerge over time, however. Lower-level skills were generally intact, but children had difficulty on tasks that required them to coordinate skills and integrate information to produce a coherent whole, whether verbally or visually. They had difficulty on tasks assessing cognitive flexibility, abstract reasoning, and social cognition. Parents and teachers identified executive functioning as problematic, though the adolescents did not. Compared to referents, the diagnosis of ADHD was more frequent, and scores were worse on dimensional assessments of depression, anxiety, disruptive behavior, attention, and posttraumatic stress. Neuroimaging at 16 years of age revealed an eightfold higher rate of “any abnormality” among children with d-TGA than among referents, with widely distributed abnormalities in white matter microstructure.
Model representations of aerosol layers transported from North America over the Atlantic Ocean during the Two-Column Aerosol Project

The ability of the Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry (WRF-Chem) version 3.7 and the Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3 (CAM5) in simulating profiles of aerosol properties is quantified using extensive in situ and remote sensing measurements from the Two-Column Aerosol Project (TCAP) conducted during July of 2012. TCAP was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program and was designed to obtain observations within two atmospheric columns; one fixed over Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and the other several hundred kilometers over the ocean. The performance is quantified using most of the available aircraft and surface measurements during July, and 2 days are examined in more detail to identify the processes responsible for the observed aerosol layers. The higher-resolution WRF-Chem model produced more aerosol mass in the free troposphere than the coarser-resolution CAM5 model so that the fraction of aerosol optical thickness above the residual layer from WRF-Chem was more consistent with lidar measurements. We found that the free troposphere layers are likely due to mean vertical motions associated with synoptic-scale convergence that lifts aerosols from the boundary layer. The vertical displacement and the time period associated with upward transport in the troposphere depend on the strength of the synoptic system and whether relatively high boundary layer aerosol concentrations are present where convergence occurs. While a parameterization of subgrid scale convective clouds applied in WRF-Chem modulated the concentrations of aerosols aloft, it did not significantly change the overall altitude and depth of the layers.
Supplying Suburban Syracuse

The Syracuse Suburban Plant of the New York Water Service Corporation, which supplies water and fire protection to the industries and communities suburban to the City of Syracuse, was incorporated on April 11, 1907 as the Onondaga County Suburban Water Company. On September 11 of the same year the name was changed to Syracuse Suburban Water Company, to define more clearly the location and territory to be served by this Company. When the system was acquired in January, 1927, by the New York Water Service Corporation, the name was changed to the Onondaga Water Service Corporation, remaining so until January, 1930, when it was merged with the New York Water Service Corporation and became known as the Syracuse Suburban Plant of the New York Water Service Corporation, under which name it is now known. Under Chapter 371 of the laws of the State of New York of 1907, permission was granted to the Onondaga County Suburban Water Company to impound additional water in Otisco Lake, and to use the water so impounded. Otisco Lake lies about 14 miles southwest of the City of Syracuse and about 4 miles east of Skaneateles Lake, which is the source of the supply to the City of Syracuse. In 1868 the State of New York built a dam near the site of the existing dam and thereby raised the lake level 10 feet. Their purpose in doing this was to supply additional storage and to use the water as a feeder to the Jordan level of the Erie Canal.
Metal accumulation in bobcats in the Southeastern USA.

Bobcats (Lynx rufus) are wide-ranging mammals found throughout the continental USA. As carnivores near the top of their food chain, bobcats would seem to be a useful bioindicator of metal pollution in terrestrial environments. However, there is very limited research on bobcats in toxicology studies. Here, we offer the first analysis of metal (copper, selenium, silver, and zinc) contaminants in the livers of wild bobcats. Liver tissues from 120 adult bobcats (i.e., estimated to be ≥1 year old) were collected from 2003 to 2006 at four sites in Georgia and Florida, USA that experienced relatively similar levels of human disturbance. We found no differences in metal concentrations between males and females. At two of the sites sampled over three consecutive years, there was substantial year-to-year variation in the concentrations of Cu, Se, and Zn. We also documented some variation between sites, but only between sites sampled in different years, which may reflect additional temporal, rather than spatial, variation. Concentrations of Cu and Ag were significantly positively correlated with one another, as were concentrations of Se and Zn. Contrary to expectation, there were no significant relationships between body weight and metal concentrations. Finally, comparison with results from previous metal toxicology studies of nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) and Virginia opossums (Didelphis virgianus), collected from the same sites during the same years, showed differential patterns of accumulation across species, suggesting that ecological lifestyle is an important influence on metal accumulation. This study provides reference levels of metal contaminants in the liver of bobcats as well as insight into metal accumulation in a top level carnivore.
The real time and statistical characteristics of waveforms from partial discharges in dielectrics

Real time waveforms and their statistical properties help to identify and characterize differences in the partial discharge processes that cause them. A special test cell has been constructed which permits simultaneous observation of both the electromagnetic and the ultrasonic signals generated by partial discharges in dielectrics. A basic cross section of the test cell is shown in Fig. 1. Different inserts can be employed to study the effects of different materials and electrical configurations. Considerable effort was expended in the design of the cell and associated apparatus so as to preserve the waveform shapes as well as feasible. The electromagnetic signals are processed in circuits with bandwidths of tens of megahertz. The ultrasonic transducer and circuits have a bandwidth of tens of kilohertz centered about frequencies of hundreds of kilohertz. Auxilliary digital processing allows the selection of particular types of digital waveforms for statistical studies of such features as time between discharges, discharge energy, and phase relationship to the excitation voltage, for example.
Masturbation and Partnered Sex: Substitutes or Complements?

Drawing upon a large, recent probability sample of American adults ages 18–60 (7648 men and 8090 women), we explored the association between sexual frequency and masturbation, evaluating the evidence for whether masturbation compensates for unavailable sex, complements (or augments) existing paired sexual activity, or bears little association with it. We found evidence supporting a compensatory relationship between masturbation and sexual frequency for men, and a complementary one among women, but each association was both modest and contingent on how content participants were with their self-reported frequency of sex. Among men and women, both partnered status and their sexual contentment were more obvious predictors of masturbation than was recent frequency of sex. We conclude that both hypotheses as commonly evaluated suffer from failing to account for the pivotal role of subjective sexual contentment in predicting masturbation.
Radial-Inflow Turbines

This chapter focuses on radial-inflow turbines, which first appeared as a practical power-producing unit in the hydraulic turbine field. A radial-inflow turbine is basically a centrifugal compressor with reversed flow and opposite rotation, and it was first used in jet engine flight in the late 1930s. It was considered as the natural combination for a centrifugal compressor used in the same engine. In transportation, it is used in turbochargers for both spark ignition and diesel engines, and in aviation, it is used as an expander in environmental control systems. It is used in expander designs, gas liquefaction expanders, and other cryogenic systems in the petrochemical industry. It is also used in various small gas turbines to power helicopters, and as standby generating units. The greatest advantage of radial-inflow turbine is that the work produced by a single stage is equivalent to that of two or more stages in an axial turbine. This phenomenon occurs because a radial-inflow turbine usually has a higher tip speed than an axial turbine. Its cost is also much lower than that of a single or multistage axial-flow turbine. Although the radial-inflow turbine has a lower turbine efficiency than the axial-flow turbine, its lower initial costs may work as an incentive for choosing it. There are two types of radial-inflow turbines: the cantilever radial-inflow turbine and the mixed-flow radial-inflow turbine. The cantilever-type radial-inflow turbine is infrequently used because of its low efficiency, production difficulties, and rotor blade flutter problems. On the other hand, the mixed-flow radial-inflow turbine is a widely used design.
Isotopic evidence for Neoarchean continuity across the Snowbird Tectonic Zone, western Churchill Province, Canada

Abstract The Snowbird Tectonic Zone (STZ), the ca. 2800 km-long boundary between Rae and Hearne domains of the western Canadian Shield, remains of uncertain tectonic significance, but is currently interpreted as a ca. 1.9 Ga suture. The eastern Rae domain is well studied and underlain by a >20,000 km2 region of high pressure granulites, containing ca. 2.60 Ga arc rocks, and granulite to amphibolite-grade structures, which formed at ca 2.57 Ga (D1/M1) and 1.90 Ga (D2/M2). The 1.85 Ga Legs Lake shear zone juxtaposed the high-P granulites of the eastern Rae domain structurally above lower amphibolite- to greenschist-grade supracrustal gneisses of the Hearne domain. Zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic analyses were acquired from igneous and metasedimentary rocks across the STZ and Rae-Hearne boundary to assess the validity of the suture model, with specific focus given to the >5 km wide Legs Lake shear zone. Results indicate that both 2.60–2.55 Ga magmatism and deformation continue unimpeded across the STZ and Rae-Hearne boundary. Furthermore, Hf isotopic data from igneous zircon from 2.60 Ga plutonic rocks across the STZ display little variation in eHf indicating that no major crustal-break corresponds to the Rae-Hearne boundary, or any of the shear zones that parallel the STZ on the ground. Older plutonic rocks show a greater variability in eHf, which may indicate a disparate origin. Grade, intensity, and timing of Paleoproterozoic features vary along the transect and display little continuity across the Rae-Hearne domain boundary. In conjunction with existing field and isotopic data, we interpret that the Rae and Hearne domains were together by 2.60 Ga, and that the STZ was host to repeated Paleoproterozoic reactivation driven by the latter stages of Taltson-Thelon orogenesis, final indentation of the Slave craton into the Rae domain, and accretionary processes on the southern periphery of the Hearne domain from 1.93 to 1.84 Ga. Furthermore, assessing the viability of major shear zones within high grade terranes as potential sutures is complicated by the lateral and vertical heterogeneity of the crust juxtaposed by them.
Responding to coastal change: Creation of a regional approach to monitoring and management, northeastern region, U.S.A.

Abstract A rigorous program of coastal monitoring of vital signs has been initiated in three Federal Agencies in the northeastern United States. Shoreline position and subaerial coastal topography, both products of sediment budget, have been selected as targets for monitoring and contributing to an Agency regional database. Science-based protocols have been developed and implemented to periodically collect and track one-dimensional shorelines, two-dimensional beach-dune profiles, and three-dimensional landform elevation models in the agency coastal land holdings. The use of the resulting datasets and their accompanying scientific analyses provide an understanding of the geomorphological evolution at the scales of seasons, years, and longer terms. Further, the analyses establish a firm scientific foundation and allow for the use of applied coastal geomorphology for management decisions related to the natural and cultural resources within the coastal units. The establishment of consistent protocols meets the agency needs of ease of application, is based on a firm scientific foundation, and is appropriate to the management issues at the sites.
The Integration of DFX Principles with TRIZ for Product Design – A Case Study of Electric Scooter

In order to improve product development, enterprises need to strengthen product lifecycle management (PLM) and collaborative design capability. For the description of product design we have proposed a four-level structural classification scheme, which includes Design Intentions, Design Requirements, Design Parameters and TRIZ Engineering Parameters. This study is based on the classification scheme, and introduces the concept of Design for X (DFX) and then discusses the design principles from four different perspectives including manufacturing aspect, customer aspect, maintenance aspect and environmental aspect. We deliberate the meaning of these aspects and further establish their relevance with the TRIZ 48 engineering parameters. An electric scooter design is presented to illustrate the application.
Effects of urban debris material on the extraction chromatographic separation of strontium: Part II: cement and concrete

The majority of radiochemical separation schemes available have been developed for environmental samples that are not necessarily representative of those found in an urban environment. However, it is much more likely that an incident involving a radiation dispersal device (RDD) would occur in an urban or metropolitan area. It is unclear if the currently available separation schemes would be effective in such an event. It is therefore important to determine if the current schemes would be adequate, or to find efficient and accurate ways to separate radiological material from urban debris. One important radiological material that could be used in an RDD is 90Sr. Part I of this work investigated the effects steel had on strontium separations, while this work investigates cement and concrete. This research demonstrates that the individual elements present in a cement and concrete sample matrix can give rise to significant interferences with extraction chromatographic separations. Solutions of the constituents mixed in representative ratios; however, show fewer problems.
Fundamentals of Petroleum Geology

This chapter provides an overview of the fundamental concepts, processes, and theories associated with petroleum exploration and exploitation. The content of this chapter is structured into four main topics. The first topic provides a brief history of the modern petroleum industry and the role that petroleum plays in the society today. The second topic covers the geological basis, and discusses the material, processes, time span, and conditions under which petroleum forms and migrates in rocks. The third topic discusses how petroleum accumulates and concentrates in economic quantities in rocks to warrant exploitation, and the last topic describes the sophisticated methods and techniques that are used in finding, locating, and extracting the petroleum that is found deep in the subsurface. Modern prospecting uses methods of exploration such as three-dimensional seismic surveying and geophysical well logging that have revolutionized how we explore and locate new petroleum reservoirs in the subsurface, to fuel today's fossil fuel addiction. Although petroleum and fossil fuel derivatives have been around for thousands of years, the dominance of petroleum as a global source of energy and petrochemicals products, only developed in the last couple of centuries. Extensive research has led to detailed understanding of the geological and geochemical processes that generate, migrate, and accumulate economic quantities of this essential resource. Additional studies on the source, nature, and composition of petroleum will continue to improve our ability to find, produce, refine, and utilize petroleum products. The chapter concludes with a look at the future of petroleum and its exploration in the world.
Song ontogeny in Nuttall's white-crowned sparrows tutored with individual phrases

Behavioral ontogeny involves the interaction of innate predispositions and experience. In bird song learning, one approach to exploring this interaction is to examine the songs rehearsed by young birds whose exposure to tutor models has been carefully controlled. Here, I analyzed the rehearsed repertoire in Nuttall's white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli) tutored with individual phrases of conspecific and heterospecific songs. The proportions of phrase types rehearsed indicate that the learning biases evident in crystallized song are manifest early on, suggesting preferential memorization rather than preferential retention during attrition. The proportion of songs beginning with whistles increased during song rehearsal and phrase sequence variability decreased, consistent with the idea that innate syntax specifications guide song rehearsal. Single-phrase tutored birds overproduced phrases to the same extent previously observed in birds tutored with full, normal song but retained fewer phrase types in their crystallized repertoires. This suggests that in this subspecies, acquired syntax information does not affect the number of phrase types memorized and rehearsed but does affect repertoire attrition at the end of the sensorimotor phase. I discuss these results with a focus on the action of innate templates in song development and subspecies differences in this process.