cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The variation of the plasma sheet polytropic index along the midnight meridian in a finite width magnetotail

The authors have obtained the polytropic index as a function of distance along the midnight meridian in the terrestrial magnetotail. As their purpose is to establish the effects of the finite width of the magnetotail, they use a simple theoretical model of plasma sheet convection, i.e., 2-dimensional (2D) field structure and adiabatic inward convection of a uniform distant tail source. Particle orbits are treated independently for portions of the phase space distribution on shells of constant energy. On the midnight meridian, the moments of the distribution are parameterized by {tau}, the ratio of half the crosstail potential energy to the characteristic maxwellian energy of a distant downtail plasma source. They infer from the model the plasma pressure, P, and the number density, n, along the midnight meridian as a function of {tau}. P and n define locally an effective polytropic index, {gamma}. They find that {gamma} ranges between 5/3 and 1, depending on the value of {tau} and on geocentric distance. They suggest that the qualitative differences between the recent empirical determinations of the polytropic index by Baumjohann et al. (1989) and Huang et al. (1989) may be accounted for in part by this simple model.
Quantitative analysis of gradient sensing: towards building predictive models of chemotaxis in cancer.

Chemotaxis of tumor cells in response to a gradient of extracellular ligand is an important step in cancer metastasis. The heterogeneity of chemotactic responses in cancer has not been widely addressed by experimental or mathematical modeling techniques. However, recent advancements in chemoattractant presentation, fluorescent-based signaling probes, and phenotypic analysis paradigms provide rich sources for building data-driven relational models that describe tumor cell chemotaxis in response to a wide variety of stimuli. Here we present gradient sensing, and the resulting chemotactic behavior, in a ‘cue-signal-response’ framework and suggest methods for utilizing recently reported experimental methods in data-driven modeling ventures.
Eu14MnSb11, a novel rare earth metal Zintl compound

Abstract A new rare earth metal Zintl compound, Eu14MnSb11, has been prepared in high yield from reacting stoichiometric amounts of the elements in a sealed tantalum tube, sealed in a quartz ampoule, at 1250 °C for 24 h. Eu14MnSb11 is isostructural with the Zintl compounds A14MPn11 (A = Ca, Sr, Ba; M = Al, Ga, Mn; Pn = As, Sb, Bi). Single crystal X-ray diffraction shows that this compound crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I4 1 /acd, a = 17.300(3) A , c = 22.746(4) A , T = 130 K , Z = 8 .
A meta-programming approach to realizing dependently typed logic programming

Dependently typed λ-calculi such as the Logical Framework (LF) can encode relationships between terms in types and can naturally capture correspondences between formulas and their proofs. Such calculi can also be given a logic programming interpretation: the Twelf system is based on such an interpretation of LF. We consider here whether a conventional logic programming language can provide the benefits of a Twelf-like system for encoding type and proof-and-formula dependencies. In particular, we present a simple mapping from LF specifications to a set of formulas in the higher-order hereditary Harrop (hohh) language, that relates derivations and proof-search between the two frameworks. We then show that this encoding can be improved by exploiting knowledge of the well-formedness of the original LF specifications to elide much redundant type-checking information. The resulting logic program has a structure that closely resembles the original specification, thereby allowing LF specifications to be viewed as hohh meta-programs. Using the Teyjus implementation of λ Prolog, we show that our translation provides an efficient means for executing LF specifications, complementing the ability that the Twelf system provides for reasoning about them.
Fitting pulsar wind tori

Chandra X-Ray Observatory imaging has shown that equatorial tori, often with polar jets, are very common in young pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe). These structures are interesting both for what they reveal about the relativistic wind itself and for the (nearly) model-independent measurement of the neutron star spin orientation they provide. The latter is a particularly valuable probe of pulsar emission models and neutron star physics. We describe here a procedure for fitting simple three-dimensional torus models to the X-ray data, which provides robust estimates of the geometric parameters. An application to six PWN tori gives orientations, PWN shock scales, and postshock wind speeds, along with statistical errors. We illustrate the use of these data by commenting on the implications for kick physics and high-energy beaming models.
Measurement of entropy production rate in compressible turbulence

The rate of change of entropy is measured for a system of particles floating on the surface of a fluid maintained in a turbulent steady state. The resulting coagulation of the floaters allows one to relate to the the velocity divergence and to the Lyapunov exponents characterizing the behavior of this system. The quantities measured from experiments and simulations are found to agree well with the theoretical predictions.
The landscape of intersecting brane models

We develop tools for analyzing the space of intersecting brane models. We apply these tools to a particular T6/22 orientifold which has been used for model building. We prove that there are a finite number of intersecting brane models on this orientifold which satisfy the Diophantine equations coming from supersymmetry. We give estimates for numbers of models with specific gauge groups, which we confirm numerically. We analyze the distributions and correlations of intersection numbers which characterize the numbers of generations of chiral fermions, and show that intersection numbers are roughly independent, with a characteristic distribution which is peaked around 0 and in which integers with fewer divisors are mildly suppressed. As an application, the number of models containing a gauge group SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) or SU(4) × SU(2) × SU(2) and 3 generations of appropriate types of chiral matter is estimated to be order (10), in accord with previous explicit constructions. As another application of the methods developed in the paper, we construct a new pair of 3-generation SU(4) × SU(2) × SU(2) Pati-Salam models using intersecting branes. We conclude with a description of how this analysis can be generalized to a broader class of Calabi-Yau orientifolds, and a discussion of how the numbers of IBM's are related to numbers of stabilized vacua.
Heart Valve Tissue Engineering

Tissue-engineered heart valves have been proposed by physicians and scientists alike to be the ultimate solution for treating valvular heart disease. Rather than replacing a diseased or defective native valve with a mechanical or animal tissue-derived artificial valve, a tissue-engineered valve would be a living organ, able to respond to growth and physiological forces in the same way that the native aortic valve does. Two main approaches have been attempted over the past 10 to 15 years: regeneration and repopulation. Regeneration involves the implantation of a resorbable matrix that is expected to remodel in vivo and yield a functional valve composed of the cells and connective tissue proteins of the patient. Repopulation involves implanting a whole porcine aortic valve that has been previously cleaned of all pig cells, leaving an intact, mechanically sound connective tissue matrix. The cells of the patients are expected to repopulate and revitalize the acellular matrix, creating living tissue that already has the complex microstructure necessary for proper function and durability. Regrettably, neither of the 2 approaches has fared well in animal experiments, and the only clinical experience with tissue-engineered valves resulted in a number of early failures and patient death. This article reviews the technological details of the 2 main approaches, their rationale, their strengths and weaknesses, and the likely mechanisms for their failure. Alternative approaches to valvular tissue engineering, as well as the role of industry in shaping this field in the future, are also reviewed.
Free semidefinite representation of matrix power functions

Abstract Consider the matrix power function X p defined over the cone of positive definite matrices S + + n . It is known that X p is convex over S + + n if p ∈ [ − 1 , 0 ] ∪ [ 1 , 2 ] and X p is concave over S + + n if p ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] . We show that the hypograph of X p admits a free semidefinite representation if p ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] is rational, and the epigraph of X p admits a free semidefinite representation if p ∈ [ − 1 , 0 ] ∪ [ 1 , 2 ] is rational.
Homogeneous gold-catalyzed oxidative carboheterofunctionalization of alkenes.

Homogeneous carboamination, carboalkoxylation and carbolactonization of terminal alkenes are realized via oxidative gold catalysis, providing expedient access to various substituted N- or O-heterocycles. Deuterium-labeling studies established the anti nature of the alkene functionalization and the indispensible role of Au(I)/Au(III) catalysis. This study constitutes the first example of catalytically converting C(sp3)−Au bonds into C(sp3)−-C(sp2) bonds in a cross-coupling manner and opens new opportunities to study gold alkene catalysis where alkylgold intermediates can be readily functionalized intermolecularly.
Epicardium is required for the full rate of myocyte proliferation and levels of expression of myocyte mitogenic factors FGF2 and its receptor, FGFR-1, but not for transmural myocardial patterning in the embryonic chick heart

Proper heart development requires patterning across the myocardial wall. Early myocardial patterning is characterized by a transmural subdivision of the myocardium into an outer, highly mitotic, compact zone and an inner, trabecular zone with lower mitotic activity. We have shown previously that fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) -mediated signaling is central to myocyte proliferation in the developing heart. Consistent with this, FGFR-1 and FGF2 are more highly expressed in myocytes of the compact zone. However, the mechanism that regulates the transmural pattern of myocyte proliferation and expression of these mitogenic factors is unknown. The present study examined whether this transmural patterning occurs in a myocardium-autonomous manner or by signals from the epicardium. Microsurgical inhibition of epicardium formation in the embryonic chick gives rise to a decrease in myocyte proliferation, accounting for a thinner compact myocardium. We show that the transmural pattern of myocyte mitotic activity is maintained in these hearts. Consistent with this, the expression patterns of FGF1, FGF2, and FGFR-1 across the myocardium persist in the absence of the epicardium. However, FGF2 and FGFR-1 mRNA levels are reduced in proportion to the depletion of epicardium. The results suggest that epicardium-derived signals are essential for maintenance of the correct amount of myocyte proliferation in the compact myocardium, by means of levels of mitogen expression in the myocardium. However, initiation and maintenance of transmural patterning of the myocardium occurs largely independently of the epicardium.
Routing multiple paths in hypercubes

We present new techniques for mapping computations onto hypercubes. Our methods speed up classical implementations of grid and tree communications by a factor of Θ(n), wheren is the number of hypercube dimensions. The speedups are asymptotically the best possible.
Sjögren's syndrome

Sjogren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the exocrine glands with associated lymphocytic infiltrates of the affected glands. Dryness of the mouth and eyes results from involvement of the salivary and lacrimal glands. The accessibility of these glands to biopsy enables study of the molecular biology of a tissue-specific autoimmune process. The exocrinopathy can be encountered alone (primary Sjogren's syndrome) or in the presence of another autoimmune disorder such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or progressive systemic sclerosis. A new international consensus for diagnosis requires objective signs and symptoms of dryness including a characteristic appearance of a biopsy sample from a minor salivary gland or autoantibody such as anti-SS-A. Exclusions to the diagnosis include infections with HIV, human T-lymphotropic virus type I, or hepatitis C virus. Therapy includes topical agents to improve moisture and decrease inflammation. Systemic therapy includes steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, disease-modifying agents, and cytotoxic agents to address the extraglandular manifestations involving skin, lung, heart, kidneys, and nervous system (peripheral and central) and haematological and lymphoproliferative disorders. The most difficult challenge in diagnosis and therapy is patients with symptoms of fibromyalgia (arthralgia, myalgia, fatigue) and oral and ocular dryness in the presence of circulating antinuclear antibodies.
Gravity amplitudes from n-space

We identify a hidden GL(n,ℂ) symmetry of the tree level n-point MHV gravity amplitude. Representations of this symmetry reside in an auxiliary n-space whose indices are external particle labels. Spinor helicity variables transform non-linearly under GL(n,ℂ), but linearly under its notable subgroups, the little group and the permutation group S_n. Using GL(n,ℂ) covariant variables, we present a new and simple formula for the MHV amplitude which can be derived solely from geometric constraints. This expression carries a huge intrinsic redundancy which can be parameterized by a pair of reference 3-planes in n-space. Fixing this redundancy in a particular way, we reproduce the S_(n−3) symmetric form of the MHV amplitude of [1], which is in turn equivalent to the S_(n−2) symmetric form of [2] as a consequence of the matrix tree theorem. The redundancy of the amplitude can also be fixed in a way that fully preserves S_n, yielding new and manifestly S_n symmetric forms of the MHV amplitude. Remarkably, these expressions need not be manifestly homogenous in spinorial weight or mass dimension. We comment on possible extensions to N^(k−2)MHV amplitudes and speculate on the deeper origins of GL(n,ℂ).
Harnessing nature's insight: design of aspartyl protease inhibitors from treatment of drug-resistant HIV to Alzheimer's disease.

Historically, nature has provided an incredible variety of structurally complex and biologically important molecules. Indeed, a great many of today’s clinical medicines are obtained directly from natural products or from their derivatives.1 Natural products continue to be a very important source for modern drug discovery and development.2 The seemingly limitless structural features coupled with their novel biological properties have provided enormous inspiration for the development of new reactions and methodologies en route to natural product synthesis and structural variations for drug-discovery.3 Beginning in the fall of 1994, we initiated a research program aimed at synthesizing bioactive natural products with interesting structural features. This endeavor resulted in the total synthesis of numerous targets, covering over two dozen or so different structural families. Some notable examples of our accomplished bioactive targets include novel and exceedingly potent microtubule stabilizing agents, laulimalide (1)4 and peloruside A (2)5 a potent microtubule destabilizing agent cryptophycin 52 (3)6; anticancer agents amphidinolide T (4)7, amphidinolide W (5)8, and lasonolide A (6)9; antibiotic agent, madumycin II (7)10; pancreatic lipase inhibitor, tetrahydrolipstatin (8)11; novel actin inhibitory agents doliculide (9)12 and jasplakinolide (10)13; novel antibacterial agent platensimycin (11)14; and the histone deacytelase inhibitor, largazole (12)15 (see Figure 1). The unique structural features of these natural products required the development of new synthetic tools and methodologies for their synthesis. In the context of our synthesis of various bioactive targets, we have developed a variety of new and practical asymmetric reactions based upon intermolecular and intramolecular metal chelation.16 Notable carbon-carbon bond forming synthetic methodologies include highly diastereoselective syn-and anti-aldol reactions17; asymmetric inter and intramolecular Diels-Alder and hetero Diels-Alder reactions18, and asymmetric multicomponent reactions.19 The scope and utility of these methodologies have been demonstrated through the synthesis of a variety of bioactive molecules. Open in a separate window Figure 1 Structures of Recent Bioactive Targets
RNA Interference-Directed Knockdown of Urokinase Plasminogen Activator and Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor Inhibits Prostate Cancer Cell Invasion, Survival, and Tumorigenicity In Vivo

The invasive ability of tumor cells plays a key role in prostate cancer metastasis and is a major cause of treatment failure. Urokinase plasminogen activator-(uPA) and its receptor (uPAR)-mediated signaling have been implicated in tumor cell invasion, survival, and metastasis in a variety of cancers. This study was undertaken to investigate the biological roles of uPA and uPAR in prostate cancer cell invasion and survival, and the potential of uPA and uPAR as targets for prostate cancer therapy. uPA and uPAR expression correlates with the metastatic potential of prostate cancer cells. Thus, therapies designed to inhibit uPA and uPAR expression would be beneficial. LNCaP, DU145, and PC3 are prostate cancer cell lines with low, moderate, and high metastatic potential, respectively, as demonstrated by their capacity to invade the extracellular matrix. In this study we utilized small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), also referred to as small interfering RNAs, to target human uPA and uPAR. These small interfering RNA constructs significantly inhibited uPA and uPAR expression at both the mRNA and protein levels in the highly metastatic prostate cancer cell line PC3. Our data demonstrated that uPA-uPAR knockdown in PC3 cells resulted in a dramatic reduction of tumor cell invasion as indicated by a Matrigel invasion assay. Furthermore, simultaneous silencing of the genes for uPA and uPAR using a single plasmid construct expressing shRNAs for both uPA and uPAR significantly reduced cell viability and ultimately resulted in the induction of apoptotic cell death. RNA interference for uPA and uPAR also abrogated uPA-uPAR signaling to downstream target molecules such as ERK1/2 and Stat 3. In addition, our results demonstrated that intratumoral injection with the plasmid construct expressing shRNAs for uPA and uPAR almost completely inhibited established tumor growth and survival in an orthotopic mouse prostate cancer model. These findings uncovered evidence of a complex signaling network operating downstream of uPA-uPAR that actively advances tumor cell invasion, proliferation, and survival of prostate cancer cells. Thus, RNA interference-directed targeting of uPA and uPAR is a convenient and novel tool for studying the biological role of the uPA-uPAR system and raises the potential of its application for prostate cancer therapy.
A DIFFERENTIAL APPROACH TO HEAT PIPE PRIMING IN MICROGRAVITY

Presented here is a study of the forces governing the liquid and vapor flow, in an external artery heat pipe. A differential analysis was performed on the heat pipe based upon the continuity and momentum equations. Using these fundamental equations, a computer model was developed, capable of predicting the fluid motion resulting from the surface tension and viscous frictional forces in a microgravity environment. The model used a nested iterative technique to first establish the pressure distribution along the longitudinal axis of the heat pipe for a known displacement. Then the time necessary, for a given fluid to initially assume or return to the configuration required for proper operation was calculated. In addition to providing an estimate of the required priming time, the model predicted that priming could be prematurely terminated. Comparisons of the predicted priming time and priming limitations were made with the results of an experimental test package flown on the NASA KC-135 Zero-g aircraft. The...
2-(Perfluoroalkyl)ethanols by Thermal Alkylation of Ambidentate Lactams with 2-(Perfluoroalkyl)-1-iodoalkanes, in the Presence of Added Water. A Change in Mechanism and Stoichiometry of the Reaction. Isolation of a Water Adduct of the Lactim Ether Intermediate.

Thermal alkylation of amides by an alkyl halide gives alcohols and esters, and the intriguing behavior of ambidentate lactams in this reaction with 2-(perfluoroalkyl)-1-iodoethanes and lactam 2 is summarized in Scheme 1. 2-(Perfluoroalkyl)ethanols (3) are the principal alkylation product, and there is obtained a range of coproducts in varying amounts. A lactim ether salt (6·HI) is the first reaction intermediate in a sequence of reactions. For δ-valerolactam (8) or e-caprolactam (11), conversion to 3 falls precipitously and RFCHCH2 (4) becomes a major product. However, when water is introduced, alkylation rate of 2 by iodoalkane 1 increases, the conversion to 3 and 4 decreases, and a new lactim ether salt, 7·HI (the water adduct of 6·HI), is formed. Conversion to 3 is suppressed because coproduct 2 is weakly basic and the equilibrium lies on the side of the basic amine salt (7·HI). The mass spectrum of 2-hydroxy-2-[[(2-(perfluorohexyl)ethyl]oxy]pyrrolidine (7) includes the parent ion and a fragment (m/z =...
REFLECTION OF THZ RADIATION BY A SUPERLATTICE

Nonlinear THz reflection by a superlattice is calculated using an effective dielectric function. Oscillations of the reflection coefficient with the electric field amplitude signifies dynamic electron localization. The nonlinear connection between the incident and internal fields leads to a reflection coefficient exhibiting hysteresis as a function of the incident field.
Kinematic correction for roller skewing

A theory of kinematic stabilization of rolling cylinders is developed for high-speed cylindrical roller bearings. This stabilization requires race and roller crowning to produce changes in the rolling geometry as the roller shifts axially. These changes put a reverse skew in the rolling elements by changing the rolling taper. Twelve basic possible bearing modifications are identified in this paper. Four have single transverse convex curvature in the rollers while eight have rollers with compound transverse curvature composed of a central cylindrical band of constant radius surrounded by symmetric bands with both slope and transverse curvature.
High energy neutrino astronomy

The possibility of doing point source neutrino astronomy is discussed. Probable sources include galactic nuclei, Seyferts, quasars, radio galaxies, pulsars and supernovae.
Studies on the Synthesis of Eremophilane Sesquiterpenes. A Novel Entry into the Aristolane Ring System

Abstract Readily available tricyclo[3.2.2.02,4]non-6-en-8-one is converted into the tricyclo ring system of the aristolane sesquiterpenes via an alkoxide accelerated [3, 3]-sigmatropic rearrangement.
Microstructure and structural defects in MgB2 superconductor

Abstract We report a detailed study of the microstructure and defects in sintered polycrystalline magnesium diboride (MgB2). Both transmission electron microscopy and X-ray data reveal that MgO is the major second-phase in our bulk samples. Although MgB2 and MgO have different crystal symmetries, being P6/mmm and Fm-3m, respectively, their stacking sequence of Mg and B (or O) and lattice spacings in certain crystallographic orientations are very similar. The size of MgO varies from 10–500 nm, and its mismatch with the MgB2 matrix can be a source for dislocations. Dislocations in MgB2 often have a Burgers vector of 〈1 0 0〉 . 1/3 〈1 −1 0〉 and 1/3 〈2 1 0〉 partial dislocations and their associated stacking faults were also observed. Since both dislocations and stacking faults are located in the ( 0 0 1 ) basal plane, flux pinning anisotropy is expected. Diffuse scattering analysis suggests that the correlation length along the c-axis for defect-free basal planes is about 50 nm. ( 0 0 1 ) twist grain boundaries (GBs), formed by rotations along the c-axis, are major grain boundaries in MgB2 as a result of the out-of-plane weak bonding between Mg and B atoms. An excess of Mg was observed in some grain boundaries. High-resolution nano-probe electron-energy loss spectroscopy reveals that there is a difference in near edge structure of the boron K-edge acquired from GBs and grain interiors. The change at the edge threshold may be suggestive of variation of the hole concentration that would significantly alter boundary superconductivity.
Handle Slides and Localizations of Categories

We propose a means by which some categorifications can be evaluated at a root of unity. This is implemented using a suitable localization in the context of prior work by the authors on categorification of the Jones-Wenzl projectors. Within this construction we define objects, invariant under handle slides, which decategorify to the SU(2) quantum invariants at low levels.
Electronic and Quantum Transport Properties of Substitutionally Doped Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

A first-principles investigation of the electronic and quantum transport properties of double-walled carbon nanotubes doped with nitrogen and boron atoms is presented. Concentric nanotube sidewalls separated by the typical graphitic van der Waals bond distance are found to strongly interact upon incorporation of doping atoms in the hexagonal networks. The local perturbation caused by the doping atoms extends over both shells due to a hybridization of their electronic states, yielding a reduction of the backscattering efficiency as compared with two independent single-walled nanotubes. A multiscale approach for the study of transport properties of micrometer-long double-walled carbon nanotubes demonstrates that transitions from the ballistic to the localized regime can occur depending on the type of doping and the energy of the charge carrier. These results shed light on the quantum mechanism by which B and N doping represent an efficient method to create mobility gaps in metallic concentric carbon nanotubes.
Fault-tolerant round-robin A/D converter system

A robust A/D converter system that requires much less hardware overhead than traditional modular redundancy approaches is described. A modest amount of oversampling generates information that is exploited to achieve fault tolerance. A generalized likelihood ratio test is used to detect the most likely failure and also to estimate the optimum signal reconstruction. The error detection and correction algorithm reduces to a simple form and requires only a slight amount of hardware overhead. A derivation of the algorithm is presented, and modifications that lead to a realizable system are discussed. The authors then evaluate overall performance through software simulations. >
Row-strict quasisymmetric Schur functions

Haglund, Luoto, Mason, and van Willigenburg introduced a basis for quasisymmetric functions called the $\textit{quasisymmetric Schur function basis}$ which are generated combinatorially through fillings of composition diagrams in much the same way as Schur functions are generated through reverse column-strict tableaux. We introduce a new basis for quasisymmetric functions called the $\textit{row-strict quasisymmetric Schur function basis}$ which are generated combinatorially through fillings of composition diagrams in much the same way as Schur functions are generated through row-strict tableaux. We describe the relationship between this new basis and other known bases for quasisymmetric functions, as well as its relationship to Schur polynomials. We obtain a refinement of the omega transform operator as a result of these relationships.
Advanced action in classical electrodynamics

The time evolution of a charged point particle is governed by a second-order integro-differential equation that exhibits advanced effects, in which the particle responds to an external force before the force is applied. In this paper, we give a simple argument that clarifies the origin and physical meaning of these advanced effects, and we compare ordinary electrodynamics with a toy model of electrodynamics in which advanced effects do not occur.
17β-estradiol attenuates intimal hyperplasia and macrophage accumulation with a reduction in monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 expression in a vein graft model☆

Objective: Autogenous vein grafts are commonly used for arterial reconstructive procedures. Their success is limited by the development of intimal hyperplasia, a fibroproliferative disease that predisposes the grafts to occlusive stenosis. Our goal was to assess whether 17β-estradiol (E2) inhibits vein graft intimal hyperplasia coincident with a reduction in monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) expression and macrophage accumulation. Method: Male Lewis rats were implanted with time-release pellets that contained 0.5 mg E2 (E5 group) or placebo (PL group). Epigastric vein to common femoral artery interposition grafts were harvested at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery. We assessed macrophage/monocytes numbers, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, MCP-1, and transforming growth factor-β1 with use of immunohistochemistry. MCP-1 message expression was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The time-release pellets raised the serum E2 level to greater than 250 pg/mL on the day of surgery. Serum E2 level declined to 43 ± 13 pg/mL by 4 weeks and to baseline by 6 weeks. We found that the neointimal area ratio was reduced significantly in the E5 group at 2 and 4 weeks (45%, P < .05, and 68%, P < 0.05, respectively) relative to that in the PL group. The number of proliferating cells was reduced in the E5 group. There was a significant attenuation of MCP-1 expression and of the number of macrophages accumulating in the graft with E2 treatment. Furthermore, MCP-1 messenger ribonucleic acid expression was also significantly attenuated in the E5 group at 4 weeks when compared to the PL group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the expression of transforming growth factor-β1. Conclusions: E2 treatment reduces vein-graft intimal hyperplasia coincident with a reduction in MCP-1 expression, macrophage accumulation, and cell proliferation. (J Vasc Surg 2002;36:613-21.)
Short‐sale constraints and securities lending by exchange‐traded funds

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent to which introduction of ETFs reduces short‐sale constraints in their constituent stocks.Design/methodology/approach – First, the introduction of ETFs increases short interest for stocks that they hold. Second, the increase in short interest is highest for the stocks that were most short‐sale constrained. Third, subsequent additions of a stock to an ETF will have a lesser impact on short interest than the first time additions. Finally, using matched control sample and regression analysis approaches, the authors make sure that their results are robust to determinants of short‐selling activity which extant research has found to be relevant.Findings – When a stock is included in an ETF for the first time, the paper finds that the average monthly short‐selling activity of the stock in the six months following ETF‐inclusion is, on average, 33 percent higher than that in six months prior to the inclusion. This effect is the strongest for stocks th...
Kepiting Field Production/Storage Barge - Design, Installation, and Operation

The Kepiting field is located in 295 ft (90 m) of water in the Natuna Sea, Indonesia. Development of this two-well field required innovative planning and involved unique designs of producing systems. The plan includes seafloor wells tied back to a spread-anchored, purpose-built, oil-process and -storage barge. The barge is designed to handle four producing wells and to process 10,000 B/D (1590 m{sup 3}/d) well fluid and 10 million scf/D (283 {times} 10{sup 3} std m{sup 3}/d) gas. Excess gas beyond barge-fuel needs and artificial-lift requirements is flared on the barge. Heated oil storage for 53,000 bbl (8430 m{sup 3}) is available. Processed crude is transported from the barge to a floating export terminal by a shuttle tanker. Kepiting field was operated profitably from Oct. 27, 1986, to Aug. 8, 1989, at which time the wells were plugged and the tieback risers disconnected. This paper discusses the design and construction of the barge and the operating philosophy and experience.
Anomalous hydrodynamics of fractional quantum Hall states

We propose a comprehensive framework for quantum hydrodynamics of the fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states. We suggest that the electronic fluid in the FQH regime can be phenomenologically described by the quantized hydrodynamics of vortices in an incompressible rotating liquid. We demonstrate that such hydrodynamics captures all major features of FQH states, including the subtle effect of the Lorentz shear stress. We present a consistent quantization of the hydrodynamics of an incompressible fluid, providing a powerful framework to study the FQH effect and superfluids. We obtain the quantum hydrodynamics of the vortex flow by quantizing the Kirchhoff equations for vortex dynamics.
Work in progress — A new laboratory project in a required Electrical Engineering course for non-majors: Design, survey, and analysis of student feedback

We investigate the student learning in a new lab project of a large introductory course in Electrical Engineering for non-majors. This lab project was developed in the Fall 2010 and offered to about 209 engineering students. In this lab project, students gain hands-on experience with two temperature controllers, Analog/Digital and Programmable, and learn the skills applicable to their major fields of study. We have implemented a survey study of student learning in this lab, embracing three metrics: Feasibility of lab design, Interest of students, and Transferability of knowledge (FIT). Our results indicate that this lab project evokes student interest and helps students to apply the knowledge gained in this course to their future learning and to engineering practice. This lab also fosters the development of students' communication skills in a multidisciplinary environment.
The corrosion behavior of Mo-Al, Cr-Al and Cr-Mo-Al surface alloys produced by ion beam mixing and ion implantation

Abstract The corrosion behavior of Mo-Al, Cr-Al and Cr-Mo-Al surface alloys produced by ion implantation and ion beam mixing was examined in de-aerated, 0.1 M NaCl. The polarization behavior of the ion implanted samples was similar to that of Al, and the pitting potentials of the ion implanted samples were 115–155 mV higher than that of Al. From the standpoint of the pH of zero charge model, this behavior would be explained by the presence of the implanted cations in the stable oxide lattice. There was incomplete mixing of the coating and substrate for the ion beam mixed samples, and the mixed elements remained almost entirely in the metallic state so that the desired mixed oxide films were not formed. Ion beam mixing did impart additional stability compared to as-deposited samples because the mixing process produced more compact, less porous coatings.
Analytical Prediction of Vortex Lift

General integral expressions are derived for the nonlinear lift and pitching moment of arbitrary wing planforms in subsonic flow. The analysis uses the suction analogy and an assumed pressure distribution based on classical linear theory results. The potential flow lift constant and certain wing geometric parameters are the only unknowns in the integral expressions. Results of the analysis are compared with experimental data and other numerical methods for several representative wings, including ogee and double-delta planforms. The present method is shown to be as accurate as other numerical schemes for predicting total lift, induced drag, and pitching moment. b c c CL CD Cm CT Cs cc, ccd E2 Nomenclature = aspect ratio = wing span =chord = reference length = lift coefficient = drag coefficient = pitching moment coefficient = thrust coefficient = suction coefficient = section lift coefficient = section induced drag coefficient = section suction coefficient = pressure loading coefficient = drag = proportionality constant, Eq. (32) = proportionality constant, Eq. (53) = chordwise function, Eq. (44) ff(rj) = span wise f unction, Eq. (28) K = potential constant L =lift loading constant, Eq. (5) S = suction force SR = reference area s = suction force per unit length T = leading edge thrust, Eq. (7) T' = leading edge thrust per unit length V = freestream speed Wj = downwash velocity component, Eq. (11) a. = angle of attack F = vorticity p = freestream density £ = nondimensional chordwise coordinate 77 = nondimensional spanwise coordinate A = leading edge sweep angle Subscripts P = potential flow E =edge / = induced VLE = leading edge vortex VSE = side edge vortex
A Simple Method of Estimating Wind Turbine Blade Fatigue at Potential Wind Turbine Sites

This paper presents a technique of estimating blade fatigue damage at potential wind turbine sites. The cornerstone of this technique is a simple model for the blade`s root flap bending moment. The model requires as input a simple set of wind measurements that may be obtained as part of a routine site characterization study. By using the model to simulate a time series of the root flap bending moment, fatigue damage rates may be estimated at the potential wind energy sites. The model is evaluated by comparing these estimates with damage estimates derived from actual bending moment data; the agreement between the two is good, Data from two different turbine types were used for the evaluation. For each type the model was tested at only one site because data from other sites were not available. To more firmly establish the universality of the model, further evaluation is necessary using the model applied to the same turbine located at different sites.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Functionalized Cyclopentanones via a Multicatalytic Secondary Amine/N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Cascade Sequence

A one-pot, asymmetric multicatalytic formal [3+2] reaction between 1,3-dicarbonyls and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes is described. The multicatalytic process involves a secondary amine catalyzed Michael addition followed by a N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed intramolecular crossed benzoin reaction to afford densely functionalized cyclopentanones with high enantioselectivities. The reaction proceeds with a variety of alkyl and aryl enals as well as a range of 1,3-dicarbonyls (diketones and β-ketoesters). The functionalized products are obtained from cheap, readily available starting materials in a rapid and efficient manner in a one-pot, one-step operation.
The short-range correlations of a doped Mott insulator

This paper presents numerical studies of the single hole \(tt't''J\) model that address the interplay between the kinetic energy of itinerant electrons and the exchange energy of local moments as of interest to doped Mott insulators. Due to this interplay, two different spin correlations coexist around a mobile vacancy. These local correlations provide an effective two-band picture that explains the two-band structure observed in various theoretical and experimental studies, the doping dependence of the momentum space anisotropic pseudogap phenomena and the asymmetry between hole and electron doped cuprates.
Quality-assured setup planning based on the stream-of-variation model for multi-stage machining processes

Setup planning is a set of activities used to arrange manufacturing features into an appropriate sequence for processing. It has significant impact on the product quality, which is often measured in terms of dimensional variation in key product characteristics. Current approaches to setup planning are experience-based and tend to be conservative due to the selection of unnecessarily precise machines and fixtures to ensure final product quality. This is especially true in multi-stage machining processes (MMPs) since it is difficult to predict variation propagation and its impact on the quality of the final product. In this paper, a methodology is proposed to realize cost-effective, quality-assured setup planning for MMPs. Setup planning is formulated as an optimization problem based on quantitative evaluation of variation propagations. The optimal setup plan minimizes the cost related to process precision and satisfies the quality specifications. The proposed approach can significantly improve the effectiv...
High-Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy of the Interstellar Medium II: Neon and Iron Absorption Edges

We present high-resolution spectroscopy of the neon K-shell and iron L-shell interstellar absorption edges in nine X-ray binaries using the High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (HETGS) on board the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. We found that the iron absorption is well fit by an experimental determination of the cross section for metallic iron, although with a slight wavelength shift of ≈20 mA. The neon edge region is best fit by a model that includes the neutral neon edge and three Gaussian absorption lines. We identify these lines as due to the 1s-2p transitions from Ne II, Ne III, and Ne IX. As we found in our oxygen edge study, the theoretical predictions for neutral and low-ionization lines all require shifts of ≈20 mA to match our data. Combined with our earlier oxygen edge study, we find that a best-fit O/Ne ratio of 5.4 ± 1.6, consistent with standard interstellar abundances. Our best-fit Fe/Ne ratio of 0.20 ± 0.03 is significantly lower than the interstellar value. We attribute this difference to iron depletion into dust grains in the interstellar medium. We make the first measurement of the neon ionization fraction in the ISM. We find Ne /Ne ≈ 0.3 and Ne /Ne ≈ 0.07. These values are larger than is expected given the measured ionization of interstellar helium. For Ne IX, our results confirm the detection of the hot ionized interstellar medium of the Galaxy.
COLLAPSE OF A MAGNETIZED STAR TO A BLACK HOLE

We study of the collapse of a magnetized spherical star to a black hole in general relativity theory. The matter and gravitational fields are described by the exact Oppenheimer-Snyder solution for the collapse of a spherical, homogeneous dust ball. We adopt a "dynamical Cowling approximation," whereby the matter and the geometry (metric), while highly dynamical, are unaffected by the electromagnetic fields. The matter is assumed to be perfectly conducting and threaded by a dipole magnetic field at the onset of collapse. We determine the subsequent evolution of the magnetic and electric fields without approximation; the fields are determined analytically in the matter interior and numerically in the vacuum exterior. We apply junction conditions to match the electromagnetic fields across the stellar surface. We use this model to experiment with several coordinate gauge choices for handling spacetime evolution characterized by the formation of a black hole and the associated appearance of singularities. These choices range from "singularity-avoiding" time coordinates to "horizon-penetrating" time coordinates accompanied by black hole excision. The later choice enables us to integrate the electromagnetic fields arbitrarily far into the future. At late times the longitudinal magnetic field in the exterior has been transformed into a transverse electromagnetic wave; part of the electromagnetic radiation is captured by the hole and the rest propagates outward to large distances. The solution we present for our simple scenario can be used to test codes designed to treat more general evolutions of relativistic magnetohydrodynamics fluids flowing in strong gravitational fields in dynamical spacetimes.
Effect of sulfhydryl compounds on regeneration in Podarke obscura

Neither thio-p-cresol, thio-phenol, thio-glycollic acid or cystine accelerates the process of regeneration in thePodarke obscura.
Status and future of high energy diffuse gamma-ray astronomy

Abstract There are two distinctly different high energy diffuse γ-ray components, one well correlated with broad galactic features and the other apparently isotropic and presumably extragalactic. The observed diffuse galactic high energy γ-radiation is generally thought to be produced in interactions between the cosmic rays and the interstellar matter and photons. It should then ultimately be possible to obtain from the diffuse galactic emission a detailed picture of the galactic cosmic-ray distribution, a high contrast view of the general structure of the galaxy, and further insight into molecular clouds. Two of the candidates for the explanation of the extragalactic diffuse radiation are the sum of emission from active galaxies and matter-antimatter annihilation. A major advancement in the study of the properties of both galactic and extragalactic γ radiation should occur over the next decade.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of Vicinally Bis(trifluoromethylated) Alkylboron Compounds through Successive Insertions of 2,2,2‐Trifluorodiazoethane

The usefulness of embedded CF3 substituents within organic substructures necessitates the development of diverse methods for incorporating this functional group. A recently reported route to α-trifluoromethylated alkylboron compounds by an α-transfer mechanism has now been extended to the synthesis of unprecedented, vicinally ditrifluoromethylated alkylboron compounds in a diastereoselective fashion. The utility of these products is highlighted by conversion of the C-B bond into other functional groups.
On period-relations in Babylonian astronomy

Abstract Into the arithmetical schemes, that are at the base of Seleucid mathematical astronomy, are built the fundamental periodicities of Sun, Moon, and planets. It has long been recognized that this is one of the main reasons for the spectacular successes of the seemingly simple devices, for it prevents an arbitrary accumulation of the unavoidable errors which arise from any approximation. In the schemes classified as System A this property is assured as long as the so-called generating function satisfies a certain simple condition, the period-relation. In the literature several proofs have been offered for the necessity and sufficiency of this condition, but though all are valid, none seemed to me to be in the Babylonian manner. However, consideration of a now well-represented class of planetary texts, 1 which give longitudes, but no dates, of successive synodic phenomena according to System A, probably for an entire period, led me to a point of view which seems more in character. It appears that one may think of the entries in a System-A ephemeris as selections according to a simple principle from a finite, though large number of possible positions. 2 The period-relations then follow by elementary number-theoretic considerations. Incidentally, this interpretation also offers easily applied criteria for connectivity of texts belonging to System A.
Well-Posedness of Boundary Layer Equations for Time-Dependent Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids

We consider the flow of an upper convected Maxwell fluid in the limit of high Weissenberg and Reynolds number. In this limit, the no-slip condition cannot be imposed on the solutions. We derive equations for the resulting boundary layer and prove the well-posedness of these equations. A transformation to Lagrangian coordinates is crucial in the argument.
THE RELEVANCE OF CHESTER I. BARNARD'S TEACHINGS TO CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT EDUCATION: COMMUNICATING THE AESTHETICS OF MANAGEMENT

ABSTRACT This paper explores why Barnard's teachings resonate intensely with current students of management at various levels in our management educational system. I argue that Barnard combines the two cultures of science and art and that it is the aesthetic reading of Barnard (1938) that explains the intensity of students' responses to his work. Barnard's book offers an intense, structured and coherent art form that depends on students using their capacities and readiness to apprehend the aesthetic experience of management based on the author's intimate habitual interested experience.