cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morality: An Introduction to Ethics

Bernard Williams's remarkable essay on morality confronts the problems of writing moral philosophy, and offers a stimulating alternative to more systematic accounts which seem nevertheless to have left all the important issues somewhere off the page. Williams explains, analyses and distinguishes a number of key positions, from the purely amoral to notions of subjective or relative morality, testing their coherence before going on to explore the nature of 'goodness' in relation to responsibilities and choice, roles, standards, and human nature. The final chapters make a fascinating enquiry into what morality is about, looking beyond happiness to other human aims and ideals. This re-issue of a classic in moral philosophy includes a new foreword by the author.
A Critique of the ACCP Consensus Conference on Mechanical Ventilation

The American College of Chest Physicians recently published a statement summarizing the results of the Consensus Conference on Mechanical Ventilation (Chest 1993; 104:1833-1859). In this statement, the physiology of mechanical ventilation was extensively reviewed, and 5 principles and 38 guidelines or recommendations on which consensus was reached were presented. The following critique (1) summarizes the findings of the conference; (2) comments on selected principles, recommendations, and physiological concepts presented in the statement; and (3) discusses the strengths and the limitations of the consensus conference format, as well as the errors and biases inherent in the policy-making process. The Consensus Conference statement is one of the clearest, most complete reviews of physiology and techniques of mechanical ventilation I have yet encountered. The suggested guidelines and recommendations clearly follow from the physiological principles discussed. Unfortunately, numerous problems with the consensus conference format and the almost total lack of controlled randomized studies limit the confidence with which these suggestions can be accepted. Our experts in respiratory care are remiss for not providing outcome-based or preference-based data, and the pulmonary and critical care community is remiss for not demanding that they do so before changing our approaches on the basis of their suggestions.
Leading Soft Gluon Production in High Energy Nuclear Collisions

The leading soft gluon pT distribution in heavy ion collisions was ob-tained by Kovner, McLerran, and Weigert after solving classical Yang-Mills equations. I show explicitly this result can be understood in terms of conventional QCD perturbation theory. I also demonstrate that the key logarithm in their result represents the logarithm in DGLAP evolution equations.
Biochemical modulation of 5-fluorouracil with leucovorin or delayed uridine rescue: Correlation of antitumor activity with dosage and fUra incorporation into RNA

Two strategies for modulation of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) activity were compared in vivo in advanced murine CD8F1 breast tumors with regard to three parameters: chemotherapeutic activity, inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TSase) activity, and incorporation of FUra into RNA, (FU)RNA. Inhibition of TSase by FUra was modulated by leucovorin (LV), and the incorporation of FUra into RNA was increased by the administration of otherwise lethal doses of FUra followed by uridine "rescue". Thymidylate synthase activity was inhibited substantially (49%) by low-dose FUra at 25 mg/kg, but was not further enhanced (48%) by repeated daily treatments at the same dose (FUra25 x 4). Inhibition of TSase was somewhat enhanced (55%) by the addition of LV to FUra25 x 4, and a greater therapeutic effect was obtained with FUra25 x 4 + LV over FUra25 x 4 alone. FUra as a single agent at the maximum tolerated weekly dose of 100 mg/kg inhibited TSase activity 66-73%. This inhibition was further enhanced slightly by the addition of LV (71-82%), and its therapeutic efficacy was greater than with FUra25 x 4 with or without LV. However, in contrast to low dose FUra25 x 4, the antitumor effect of FUra100 was not enhanced by LV. (FU)RNA increased with FUra dose from 0.4 (FUra25) to 2.2 nmol/mg DNA (FUra100). At a very-high-dose of FUra (200-225 mg/kg) followed by uridine "rescue", TSase inhibition was not further enhanced, but both (FU)RNA (4.8 nmol/mg DNA) and the therapeutic efficacy were increased. Since TSase could not be further inhibited at doses above FUra100, the increased chemotherapeutic efficacy correlated with increased (FU)RNA.
Entrepreneur Wealth and Demand for Limited Liability

Economic theory suggests that wealthy entrepreneurs demand limited liability to shield their personal assets. Yet, despite an extensive theoretical literature, there are no empirical studies which directly test this claim. Using restricted-access data from the Kauffman Firm Survey, I find a positive correlation between entrepreneur wealth and formation of a limited liability entity; but the economic magnitude of this effect is small and for many entrepreneurs the result cannot be attributed to exogenous variation in personal asset exposure. I use bankruptcy exemptions to identify exogenous variation in each entrepreneur’s asset exposure. My results are consistent with two interpretations, both of which challenge existing scholarship: (i) limited liability, while relevant, is a secondary consideration when choosing organizational form, at least for small owner-operated businesses, or (ii) entrepreneurs are largely unaware of personal bankruptcy exemptions.
Reflections on Student Affect in Group Projects: Are We Encouraging Our Students to Be in Community with Others?

Colleges and universities may create group-based learning environments that help students develop the interpersonal skills necessary for today’s business world. These skills are deemed necessary by many employers. Although many institutions of higher education support students’ learning how to work in groups, Jesuit universities may have a special calling for this task in light of the mission of our institutions and the call to community as men and women for others. The current study analyzed 137 undergraduate and graduate, campus and hybrid students’ responses from various disciplines at a Jesuit university using the Whissell Dictionary of Affect in Language. Given the lower pleasantness in and greater intensity of the responses at the end of the year, the current study suggests a call for action to provide opportunities for students to practice working in group projects designed to create a more positive experience. Group projects encourage greater community, which is consistent with the Jesuit mission.
Performance analysis of CMOS ICs in total dose environments

A switch-level simulator (PARA) has been developed which identifies the total dose failure modes in CMOS digital ICs. The approach used is highly cost-effective in terms of the computation involved. PARA identifies all the possible failure modes and the critical subcircuit responsible for the occurrence of the failure. The dose level at which the failure occurs can also be extracted. PARA takes as its input a file containing the circuit topological information in SPICE-like format. In addition, it requires the individual characteristics of the transistors as a function of total dose exposure. PARA is designed to maintain compatibility with existing CAD (computer-aided design) tools and hence can be integrated with them easily to assist in the design and testing of CMOS ICs operating in the total dose radiation environment. The algorithms used are described, and simulation results are presented. It is concluded that the results obtained prove the validity of PARA and its superiority to the existing simulation packages. >
The integral as a function of the upper limit and an analytical solution to plane strain drawing and extrusion

A kinematically admissible velocity field which is different from Avitzur's is established in Cartesian Coordinates. An upper-bound analytical solution to strip drawing and extrusion is obtained by using the integral as a function of the upper limit in this paper.
Focal intracranial infections due to Propionibacterium acnes: Report of three cases

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Except for its role in shunt infections, Propionibacterium acnes has been of little interest to neurosurgeons. The rarity and indolent nature of focal intracranial infections by P. acnes limit their recognition. Three cases of serious intracranial infection due to this organism are described. CLINCAL PRESENTATION: Three patients with histories of immunosuppression and neurosurgical procedures developed nonspecific, delayed presentations (5 wk to 5 yr after surgery) of intracranial infections. In two patients, radiological investigations showed enhancing lesions that were later found to be brain abscesses. A subdural empyema was found in the third patient. INTERVENTION: All three patients underwent surgical drainage of the purulent collections. P. acnes was isolated in each case, and each patient was treated with a 6-week course of intravenous penicillin. All three patients made good recoveries, and subsequent imaging showed no recurrence of the infectious collections. CONCLUSION: P. acnes is an indolent organism that may rarely cause severe intracranial infections. This organism should be suspected when an intracranial purulent collection is discovered in a patient with a history of neurosurgical procedures. Immunosuppressed patients may be susceptible to this otherwise benign organism. Surgical drainage and treatment with intravenous penicillin should be considered standard therapy.
KEL-8 Is a Substrate Receptor for CUL3-dependent Ubiquitin Ligase That Regulates Synaptic Glutamate Receptor Turnover

The regulated localization of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) to synapses is an important component of synaptic signaling and plastici...
Evaluating the Quality and Usefulness of Data Breach Information Systems

As the nation confronts a growing tide of security breaches, the importance of having quality data breach information systems becomes paramount. Yet too little attention is paid to evaluating these systems. This article draws on data quality scholarship to develop a yardstick that assesses the quality of data breach notification systems in the U.S. at both the state and national levels from the perspective of key stakeholders, who include law enforcement agencies, consumers, shareholders, investors, researchers, and businesses that sell security products. Findings reveal major shortcomings that reduce the value of data breach information to these stakeholders. The study concludes with detailed recommendations for reform.
Biochemical evidence for activation of specific monoanine pathways by ethanol

The effects of an acute intraperitoneal (IP) low (0.5 g/kg) or high (2.5 g/kg) dose of ethanol on the contents of dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in 7 selected CNS regions of the rat were examined after 15, 30 and 60 minutes. The IP administration of 0.5 g/kg ethanol produced blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) of 41 +/- 4, 40 +/- 4 and 15 +/- 1 mg% (N = 8 each) after 15, 30 and 60 minutes, respectively. This low dose of ethanol did not alter the levels of DA, DOPAC, HVA, 5-HT and 5-HIAA in any of the 7 CNS regions at any of the time points examined. The dose of 2.5 g/kg ethanol produced BACs of 254 +/- 26, 268 +/- 20 and 282 +/- 10 mg% (N = 8 each) after 15, 30 and 60 minutes, respectively. This high dose of ethanol did not alter the contents of DA and 5-HT in any of the regions examined at any of the times, except for a 30% increase in the content of DA in the posterior striatum after 60 minutes. The administration of 2.5 g ethanol/kg elevated the levels of DOPAC and/or HVA 25 to 70% over saline control values in the (a) nucleus accumbens (ACC) and hypothalamus (HYPO) after 15, 30 and 60 minutes, and (b) posterior striatum (PSTR), lateral septal nucleus (LSN) and frontal cortex (FCTX) after 60 minutes. The contents of DOPAC and/or HVA were not altered by the high dose of ethanol in either the thalamus or olfactory bulbs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mechanistic model of G-protein signal transduction. Determinants of efficacy and effect of precoupled receptors.

Abstract Tissue-specific characteristics (e.g. receptor number) and agonist-specific characteristics (e.g. agonist binding kinetics) play roles in determining cellular response. The roles that these characteristics play are quantified by models of signal transduction. We examined signal transduction through G-protein-linked receptors, using a model based on the collision coupling model but including interconverting receptor states and the precoupling of receptors with G-proteins prior to the addition of agonist. Reaction and diffusion of molecules within the plasma membrane were simulated using Monte Carlo techniques. The G-protein activation produced by our model was compared with that produced by the collision coupling model. We quantitatively examined how the parameters characteristic of the tissue and agonist determine the midpoint and maximal response of the dose-response curve. Activation through agonist binding to precoupled receptors can produce significantly higher activation rates than does collision coupling. Tissue and agonist characteristics have qualitatively similar effects but quantitatively distinct effects on activation for the two models. Using standard experimental techniques, it may be possible to exploit these differences to determine the mechanism of G-protein activation in a specific cell system. A quantitative comparison of model predictions with published data on the β-adrenergic receptor system (Stickle D and Barber R, Mole Pharmacol40: 276–288, 1991) also is presented.
Improve Fourier transform profilometry by locally area modulating squared binary structured pattern

Our recent study found that it is very difficult to use the binary defocusing technique to completely suppress the 3rd-order harmonics, and thus it is challenging to achieve high-quality three-dimensional (3-D) measurement with the Fourier transformation method. This paper presents a novel approach to effectively eliminate the 3rd order harmonics by modulating the binary structured patterns in both x and y directions. Both simulation and experimental results will be presented to verify the performance of the proposed technique.
ADSORPTION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS BY CARBON NANOTUBES: ROLE OF AROMATICITY AND SUBSTITUTION OF HYDROXYL GROUPS

With increasing production and application of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), it becomes necessary to understand the interaction between CNTs and aromatic compounds, an important group of organic contaminants and structural components of large organic molecules in biological systems. However, so far few experimental studies have been conducted to systematically investigate the sorption mechanism of polar aromatics to CNTs. Therefore, cyclohexanol, phenol, catechol, pyrogallol, 2-phenylphenol, 1-naphthol, and naphthalene were selected to investigate the role of aromatic structure and -OH substitution in the polar aromatics-CNTs system. Sorption affinity of these compounds by CNTs increased with increasing number of aromatic rings, with an order of cyclohexanol < phenol < 2-phenylphenol < 1-naphthol, and was greatly enhanced by -OH substitution, with an order of phenol (1 -OH) < catechol (2 -OH) < pyrogallol(3-OH). Four possible solute-sorbent interactions, i.e., hydrophobic effect, electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, and pi-pi bonds, were discussed to addressthe underlying mechanism of the enhanced sorption affinity by -OH substitution. It was evident that electron-donating substitution on the aromatic rings strengthened the pi-pi interaction between the aromatics and CNTs and thus the adsorption affinity. These results will advance the understanding of the sorption behavior of CNTs in the environmental systems.
Protein kinase-A-mediated secretion of mucin from human colonic epithelial cells.

Both Ca(2+)- and cAMP-mediated second messenger cascades acutely regulate mucin secretion from human colonic epithelial cells. To better understand the cAMP-dependent regulation of mucin secretion we have characterized the complement of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) isoforms in mucus-secreting T84 cells, and determined which of these isoforms is responsible for agonist-stimulated mucin secretion. Our results show the presence of both type I and type II PKA in cells that also contain large mucin granules. Forskolin caused a rapid and sustained increase in PKA activity that reached a maximum 5-10 min following its addition. Secretion of mucin was detected 15 min following exposure to forskolin, and continued to increase for a further 15 min before reaching a plateau. Mucin secretion was also measured in the presence of combinations of site-selective cAMP analog pairs, which preferentially activate either type I or type II PKA. Similar levels of mucin secretion were observed for both type I and type II PKA-selective analog pairs. Subsequent addition of forskolin was unable to further increase mucin secretion. Thus, activation of either type I or type II PKA is able to maximally stimulate secretion of mucins from T84 human colonic epithelial cells.
Balancing intermolecular hydrogen-bond interactions for the directed assembly of binary 1 : 1 co-crystals

The synthesis of three supramolecular reactants (SR’s) containing two distinct hydrogen bonding donor/acceptor sites (pyridine–aminopyrimidine) designed to establish competitive intermolecular interactions during co-crystal assembly is described. These ditopic SR’s were allowed to react with aromatic carboxylic acids in varied stoichiometric ratios, producing nine molecular 1 : 1 co-crystals. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies show that in each case, the participating carboxylic acid preferentially engages in heteromeric O–H⋯N/N–H⋯O hydrogen bonds with the aminopyrimidine binding site. The results can be rationalized through a hierarchical view of intermolecular interactions based upon observed structural pattern preferences, and they also establish the reliability of the aminopyrimidine as an effective supramolecular tool, even in the presence of other potential disruptive hydrogen-bonding donor/acceptor moieties.
The Opportunity Cost of Import Tariffs

Existing estimates of the welfare cost of import tariffs ignore the social cost of replacing the tariff revenue with another tax. As a practical matter, this is an important omission because the alternative tax might entail a substantial welfare cost. This paper examines the relative efficiency of import tariffs and existing domestic taxes. As a case study, comparisons are made between the welfare cost imposed by replacing the tariff revenue using the alternative domestic taxes in the United States. It is found that the alternative U.S. domestic taxes are probably less efficient than U.S. tariffs. Copyright 1987 by WWZ and Helbing & Lichtenhahn Verlag AG
Using accountability to create a more ethical climate

Abstract According to Jones (1991) ethics influence judgments used to make decisions that are legal or morally acceptable to the larger community [Ethical decision-making by individuals in organizations: An issue-contingent model. Academy of Management Review, vol. 16(2) (pp. 366–395).]. Poor ethical decision-making costs industry billions of dollars a year and damages the images of corporations. Thus, ethics is an organizational and managerial issue. This paper describes how ethical decision-making is a multi-dimensional process; one that includes the individual, the ethical issues and the organizational context. It then shows how organizations can use accountability mechanisms to help control organizational misconduct, such as enforced codes of ethics and the creation of a values-based organization with top management support and strong ethical social consensus.
Preparation of II–VI quantum dot composites by electrospray organometallic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract New thin film composites consisting of a ZnSe matrix and CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) have been prepared by a novel technique combining electrospray and organometallic chemical vapor deposition (OMCVD). CdSe NCs, synthesized in solution by controlled growth of CdSe nuclei, were derivatized with pyridine or overcoated with a thin ZnSe layer. The derivatized NCs were dispersed in a pyridine/acetonitrile mixture and transferred into the growth zone of an OMCVD reactor using an electrospray. The transferred NCs were co-deposited with ZnSe grown by OMCVD from hydrogen selenide and diethyl zinc at temperatures ranging from 150 to 250 °C. The absorption and emission spectra of the composites show characteristic transitions of the NCs. The emission wavelength can be tuned by selecting the size of the NCs. A pre-formed ZnSe passivation layer, also synthesized in solution, improves thermal stability of the NCs during the co-deposition, and enhances the photoluminescence emission efficiency of the composites. The elemental composition and microstructure of the materials are probed by Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.
Time course of differences in lymphocyte proliferation rates after laparotomy vs CO2 insufflation

Background: Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that cell-mediated immune function is significantly more suppressed after both laparotomy and laparoscopic-assisted bowel resection than after peritoneal insufflation or open bowel resection, as assessed by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response. The purpose of this study was to further evaluate cell-mediated immunity by examining lymphocyte proliferation rates after laparotomy vs CO2 insufflation.
DNA adducts, DNA repair genotype/phenotype and cancer risk

It is well established that the initiating event in chemical carcinogenesis is the binding of reactive carcinogens to DNA. Thus, a number of analytic methods have been developed for determining levels of carcinogen-DNA adducts in humans as a marker of individual exposure and, potentially, of risk for cancer development. We have developed monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to carcinogen-DNA adducts and highly sensitive ELISA and immunohistochemical assays for determining levels of adducts in human tissues. These methods have been combined with genotyping and phenotyping methods for DNA repair to study gene-environment interactions in cancer risk. Recent studies on breast cancer have utilized two large biorepositories. The first is blood and tumor tissues collected as part of the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project, a population-based case-control study of environmental risk factors. The second is the Metropolitan New York Registry of Breast Cancer Families, one of six sites funded by the National Cancer Institute as a part of the Breast Cooperative Family Registry (CFR). Analysis of samples from these two studies have demonstrated the utility of measurement of DNA adducts as biomarkers of exposure and that DNA repair capacity, measured by genotyping or phenotyping, can influence risk.
Incidence of hypertension after marrow transplantation among 112 patients randomized to either cyclosporine or methotrexate as graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis.

We investigated the frequency of hypertension (sustained diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 90 mmHg) in 112 patients given HLA-identical marrow grafts. Patients were conditioned with 2 X 60 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide and 6 X 2 Gy of total body irradiation and randomized to receive as graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis either the standard methotrexate regimen (n = 61) or cyclosporine (n = 51), starting on day -1 as 12.5 mg/kg/d orally or as 3 mg/kg/d i.v. and later converting to p.o. when oral intake was tolerated. Kaplan-Meier estimates indicate a 60% incidence of hypertension in the first 120 d in patients given cyclosporine (median time to onset: 4 d post transplant) compared to 20% in patients given methotrexate (P less than 0.0001). Multifactorial analysis using a Cox regression model showed that cyclosporine was was the most significant risk factor for developing hypertension (relative risk: 32.1, P less than 0.0001). In addition, glucocorticoids, used for treatment of GVHD, were associated with an increased risk for hypertension (relative risk 7.2, P less than 0.0001). Age, sex, underlying disease, cyclosporine trough levels, and renal function had no significant association with hypertension. Early therapy of hypertension in cyclosporine-treated patients appears to be indicated.
Designer Cytokines: Targeting Actions to Cells of Choice

Some growth factors are therapeutically useful partly because restricted expression of their receptors limits their action to particular cell types. However, no unique stimulatory factor is known for many clinically relevant cell types, such as CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. Here, soluble α receptor (Rα) components for interleukin-6 (IL-6) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) were targeted in an active form to cells expressing surface markers such as CD34 or CD45, thereby rendering those cells responsive to IL-6 or CNTF. The targeting of Rα components may provide the means to create “designer” cytokines that activate a desired cell type expressing a specific cell surface marker.
Real-space renormalization from a geometric fractal perspective

Abstract An introduction to real-space renormalization transformation (RT) is presented with geometric fractal aspects as focus. Critical exponents are equivalent to fractal dimensions. Details of the construction rule of deterministic fractals and the definition of their fractal dimensions illustrate differences in approach between field theory and condensed matter physics. The appearance of fractal structures is typically less obvious within the context of partition functions (equilibrium statistical mechanics and field theory) and master equations (dynamic processes). An RT amounts to a reformulation of those construction rules into a form similar to the conventional ones for deterministic fractals, but on an algebraic level without ever explicitly referring to the geometric structure. This is illustrated explicitly in the context of the Sierpinsky Gasket. Its construction rule can be reformulated as a growth process and also as a partition function.
Optimization and Quantization in Gradient Symbol Systems: A Framework for Integrating the Continuous and the Discrete in Cognition

Mental representations have continuous as well as discrete, combinatorial properties. For example, while predominantly discrete, phonological representations also vary continuously; this is reflected by gradient effects in instrumental studies of speech production. Can an integrated theoretical framework address both aspects of structure? The framework we introduce here, Gradient Symbol Processing, characterizes the emergence of grammatical macrostructure from the Parallel Distributed Processing microstructure (McClelland, Rumelhart, & The PDP Research Group, 1986) of language processing. The mental representations that emerge, Distributed Symbol Systems, have both combinatorial and gradient structure. They are processed through Subsymbolic Optimization-Quantization, in which an optimization process favoring representations that satisfy well-formedness constraints operates in parallel with a distributed quantization process favoring discrete symbolic structures. We apply a particular instantiation of this framework, λ-Diffusion Theory, to phonological production. Simulations of the resulting model suggest that Gradient Symbol Processing offers a way to unify accounts of grammatical competence with both discrete and continuous patterns in language performance.
Properties of large-diameter shape memory alloys under cyclical loading

This study evaluates the properties of superelastic shape memory alloys under cyclical loading to asses their potential for applications in seismic resistant design and retrofit of civil engineering structures. Shape memory alloy bars are tested to evaluate the effect of bar size (diameter) and loading history on the strength, equivalent viscous damping, and recentering properties of the shape memory alloys in superelastic form. The bars are tested under both quasi-static and dynamic loading. The results show nearly ideal superelastic properties can be obtained in large diameter shape memory alloy bars. However, comparing these results to previous studies, the more common wire form of the shape memory alloys show higher strength and damping properties compared with the large bars. The recentering capabilities (based on residual strains) are not affected by the section size of the bar. Overall, the damping potential of superelastic shape memory alloys is low for large diameter bars, typically less than 7% equivalent viscous damping. Degradation of the superelastic properties of the shape memory alloys occurs for cyclical strain greater than 6%, leading to increased residual strains and reduction in energy dissipated. Finally, strain rate effects are evaluated by subjecting the shape memory alloys to loading rates representative of typical seismic loadings. The results show that increased loading rates lead to slight decreases in the equivalent damping, but have negligible effect on the recentering of the shape memory alloys.
A relational database of transcription factors

Abstract Recent advances in the understanding of eukaryotic gene regulation have produced an extensive body of transcriptionally-related sequence information in the biological literature, and have created a need for computing structures that organize and manage this information. The 'relational model' represents an approach that is finding increasing application in the design of biological databases. This report describes the compilation of information regarding eukaryotic transcription factors, the organization of this information into five tables, the computational applications of the resultant relational database that are of theoretical as well as experimental interest, and possible avenues of further development.
Statelessness: An Invisible Theme in the History of International Law

The Oxford Handbook 1 is a welcome and necessary intervention in the history of international law. In the introduction, the editors signal their reformist programme: out with the progressive, triumphalist narrative; in with the dark side of international law and its side tracks outside the European experience. In addition to this programme, the project displays two further signs of its serious intent to change the field. First, the authors embarked on a truly collective project, including a week of face-to-face consultation, in a rare effort to define a reasonably unified agenda. Scholarly redirection is a social as well as an intellectual undertaking, and the community built around this volume marks its purposefulness. Secondly, the book’s scope is massive: more than five dozen chapters, more than three dozen authors, and more than 1,000 pages of text provide the bulk necessary to accomplish the paradigm shift that the editors intend. The extensive range of the book, especially in its ‘Regions’ section, does what is necessary to transform globalizing intent into actuality. It is a foundational volume, and any scholarly edifice building upon it will have a broader footprint than was previously possible. This book seems to be as comprehensive an account of the global history of international law as can reasonably be produced under current conditions. For this reason, it is a particularly valuable indicator of the characteristics and structures that presently define the field. The book shows that the history of international law is dominated by Europe, by states, and by ideas (especially the ideas of great men). Critique of Eurocentrism is a central feature of the Handbook, and the collective draws effectively on a variety of existing scholarship to trounce this tendency quite completely. It appears, however, that existing scholarship offers relatively fewer resources to tackle the centrality of states and of ideas in the historiography of international law. In this short review, I will offer some reasons why future histories of international law might wish to tackle the dominance of states and ideas in conventional accounts, and I will
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Religious Motivation and the Marital Relationship

Research suggests a strong positive relationship between religiosity and marital satisfaction. Neglected, however, are differences in satisfaction based on nominal religious motivation. The influence of religiosity on marital satisfaction was examined for 74 couples. Results indicate the higher the husband's intrinsic religiosity, the higher the satisfaction for both partners. Wives' satisfaction increased as they became more extrinsically motivated. Differences in religiosity significantly decreased satisfaction for husbands. Findings are discussed from the perspective of gender-based interaction patterns, gender demographics of religious devotion and activity, and power dynamics. We recommend therapists understand these findings and integrate them into the clinical dialogue.
Comparative studies of the coupling of N-methylated, sterically hindered amino acids during solid-phase peptide synthesis

Abstract Comparison of different coupling reagents for effective coupling of N-methylated, sterically hindered amino acids under solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) conditions is described. Superior results were obtained with the coupling additive 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (HOAt), as well as its uronium salt derivative (HATU), which both produced quantitative couplings. Application of these reagents to the synthesis of the 2–7 sequence found in cyclosporin is reported.
Pleural Effusion as the Major Manifestation of Actinomycosis

Pleural effusion represents an unusual but significant manifestation of actinomycosis, as illustrated in this case presentation. The diagnosis was made after bronchoscopy and examination of bronchoalveolar fluid and culture. No parenchymal abnormality was noted on the chest film.
Photochemical generation of gradient indices in glass

Experiments in this laboratory and the Corning Glass Works laboratories have established that highly resolved patterns of refractive index gradients ranging from 0. 001 to 0. 01 can be produced by photolysis of organotin compounds physisorbed onto Corning''s code 7930 porous Vycor glass followed by thermal consolidation of the glass at 1200CC. Photolysis binds the metal compound to the glass and thermal activation removes the unreacted adsorbate and converts the photoproduct to a transparent metal oxide. The photochemical and thermal reactions leading to gradient index formation will be described and examples of the devices produced by this microphotolithographic technique will be displayed.
“Faithful Presence”: The Christian School Head, Personhood, Relationships, and Outcomes

Designed as an exploratory study, this article represents an initial explication of the world of the Christian school head, an underresearched area of school leadership. Primarily drawing upon a small purposive sample of respondents in the field, the researchers used qualitative interviewing to develop a narrative describing the complexities of Hunter's (2010) construct, “faithful presence.” Under this emergent theme, the personhood and essential relationships out of which the Christian school head works were also explicated. Finally, the complexities in managing the multidimensional understandings of Christian school outcomes were explored.
An extension of the maximum score estimator for disequilibrium models

Abstract Mayer and Dorsey (1998) [Mayer, W.J., Dorsey, R.E., 1998. Maximum score estimation of disequilibrium models and the role of anticipatory price-setting. Journal of Econometrics, 87, 1–4] propose a maximum score estimator for disequilibrium models with anticipatory pricing models. Here I prove consistency under assumptions that allow for more general price adjustment processes. I also show that the smoothing function used in Mayer and Dorsey (1998) can be replaced with a simpler function that requires fewer arbitrary choices by the researcher.
The development of cost theory in Germany: a historical survey

German cost theory was based on economic theory; diminishing returns, economies of scale, fixed and variable cost were its basic paradigms. Accounting used break-even-point analysis for simplification. Costs were always regarded as a resource quantity consumption; monetary measurements represented only a means for calculation. This approach became manifest in the use of imputed cost items in costing regulations. The interest in underlying production functions—particularly the problems with factor substitution—led Gutenberg to production function type B stressing the limitational character of resource inputs. He concluded that no singular cost curves exist, because a variety of adaptations to demand permit management wide choice. This analysis is carried further by Heinen in his production function type C, which dissolves cost into elementary input combinations; actual costs thus are the result of utilization levels of E-combinations. These theories never mentioned activity costing and cost drivers, but seem to have anticipated these developments, they therefore appear to be useful tools for future theory development.
Long-acting removable contraceptives prevent teen pregnancy.

In the United States teen pregnancy remains a stubborn public health problem. Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) which include the 2 intrauterine devices (IUDs) and the etonogestrel implant are the most effective methods to prevent pregnancy and LARC use is increasing in the US. However use continued to lag behind other developed countries which have lower rates of teen pregnancy and unintended pregnancy. This article describes postpartum contraceptive use among adolescent mothers using data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring System. Available evidence demonstrates that implants prevent repeat pregnancies among postpartum adolescents; therefore the author recommends that attention should be focused on increasing the use of LARC in this population. Some barriers to LARC use among adolescents include healthcare provider misconceptions about the appropriateness of LARC and lack of training in LARC provision. In conclusion increasing the uptake of LARC has the potential to dramatically reduce repeat pregnancy in this population.
Transient gratings by 4f → 5d excitation of rare earth impurities in solids

Abstract We have generated transient population gratings in CaF2 : Eu2+ and LiYF4 : Nd3+ by utilizing 355 nm excitation from a pulsed laser source. The scattering from the gratings was observed with the aid of a helium-neon laser operating at 632.8 nm. The grating is the result of a 4f → 5d excitation mechanism for both crystals. For the case of CaF2 : Eu2+, the grating is absorptive in origin, and is due to the excitation of the 4f7 → 4f65d transition by the crossed pump beams. A unique situation is encountered for the LiYF4 : Nd3+ system, in which the grating is created via a two-step two-photon excitation process, described by the transition sequence: 4I9/2(4f3) → 4D3/2(4f3) → 4f25d. Following excitation into the 4f25d manifold, a portion of the Nd3+ ions rapidly relax into the high-lying 2G9/2(4f3) state. The grating arises from the difference in the optical properties of the 2G9/2 and 4I9/2 states.
Mechanical Design of Wound Composite Impeller Using FEM

A low-cost, light-weight, high-performance, composite turbomachinery impeller with uniquely designed blade patterns is analyzed. Such impellers can economically enable refrigeration plants to use water as a refrigerant (R718). A stress and vibration analyses procedure is developed to assess the maximum stresses and natural frequencies of these wound composite axial impellers under operating loading conditions using Finite Element Method. A commercially available software ANSYS is used for the FE calculations. Analysis is done for two different blade geometries and then suggestions are made for optimum design parameters. The relationship between impeller natural frequency and rotating speed is also determined based on dynamic characteristics analysis.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
HYDRODYNAMIC DAMPING AND QUASI-COHERENT STRUCTURES AT LARGE STOKES NUMBERS

Abstract Unsteady flow about solid and perforated cylinders at large Stokes numbers and very small Keulegan–Carpenter numbers has not been sufficiently understood to predict the hydroelastic response of compliant structures subjected to high frequency excitation. It is impossible to compute, difficult to quantify, and extremely difficult to visualize. Here, following a brief review of the previous research, new results for both forced and pluck-induced oscillations are presented. It is shown that: (a) the measured drag coefficients are larger (about double for smooth cylinders) than those predicted from the Stokes–Wang analysis (in the region of its applicability); (b) there is an unstable flow regime in which the oscillatory boundary layer develops quasicoherent structures (QCS) over a range of K values before giving rise to Honji-type coherent structures (HTCS); (c) the drag coefficients for perforated cylinders are much larger than those for solid cylinders and do not follow the Stokes–Wang prediction even at small β . As expected, their inertia coefficients are considerably smaller than those for solid cylinders.
Band structure of the fractional quantum Hall effect.

The eigenstates of interacting electrons in the fractional quantum Hall phase typically form fairly well-defined bands in the energy space. We study systems of six and eight electrons for filling factor 3/7g\ensuremath{\nu}g 2) / 7 and show that composite fermion theory gives insight into the origin of these bands and provides an accurate and complete microscopic description of the strongly correlated many-body states in the low-energy bands. This implies that, somewhat like in Landau's Fermi liquid theory, there is a one-to-one analogy between the low-energy Hilbert space of strongly interacting electrons in the fractional quantum Hall effect and that of weakly interacting electrons in the integer quantum Hall effect.
Effect of thermal processing on the stereoisomerisation of major carotenoids and vitamin A value of carrots.

Abstract The effects of thermal processing on the vitamin A value of carrots were studied. A loss of soluble solids of up to 35% of the total solids was observed. The major carotenoid fraction was found to contain nine pigments, with α- and β-carotenes accounting for about 83%. The cis isomers of α- and β-carotenes increased with a consequent decrease in the all-trans isomers for the canned carrots. This resulted in a 15% decrease in the total effective carotenes, which translates to a similar decrease in vitamin A value.
Regional significance of volcanic geochemistry in the Afar Triple Junction, Ethiopia.

A new indirect approach to crustal analysis of a specific sector of the Ethiopian plateaus and rift is discussed. It is suggested that progressive changes in basalt chemistry across this area are related to crustal thinning and shallowing of the zone of melting under the Afar rift.
Selective cloning of ColE1 DNA initiation sequences using the cloning vector M13ΔE101

Abstract DNA sequences required to direct single-strand to double-strand conversion by a oX174-type mechanism have been detected in ColEl plasmid DNA. The sites responsible for this DNA strand initiation, named rriA and rriB , have been localized to the L strand of the Hae II-E fragment and to the H strand of the Hae II-C fragment of ColE1. To define rriA and rriB more precisely, random fragments of ColEl DNA have been cloned into the single-stranded phage cloning vector M13ΔE101. This phage contains a viable deletion of the M13 complementary strand origin and makes small turbid plaques. Cloning of DNA initiation determinants into the unique Eco RI site of M13ΔE101 rescues the mutant phage and restores the ability to form clear plaques. DNA sequence analysis of the random, 100–400 bp inserts in clear plaque isolates has localized the rriA and rriB determinants within DNA fragments of about 100 bp. These initiation determinants promote assembly of a functional, multiprotein priming complex, “primosome”, identical to that utilized in the in vitro conversion of φX174 single-stranded DNA to the duplex replicative form.
Prey preference by Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and the role of prey aggregation

Abstract The phytoseiid predator Metaseiulus occidentalis is an important biological control agent for the Pacific spider mite (PSM) Tetranychus pacificus and the Willamette spider mite (WSM) Eotetranychus willamettei, two economically important spider mite species in California vineyards. Field observations indicated that M. occidentalis is more efficient against PSM than it is against WSM. This paper examines prey preference by M. occidentalis, as it relates to the spatial aggregations of PSM and WSM, to explain differences in M. occidentalis's efficiency on PSM and WSM in vineyards. Prey preference by M. occidentalis was studied in laboratory (individual) and greenhouse (population) experiments. In both experiments, M. occidentalis showed an overall preference for PSM over WSM; however, this preference was dependent on the relative abundance of available prey. An excess of the more abundant prey always was consumed. On the basis of theoretical and experimental consideration of the response of predators to aggregated prey, we conclude that prey preference by M. occidentalis appears to be related to differences in its prey's spatial aggregation. PSM was more aggregated than WSM on grape leaves in the greenhouse, and therefore was generally the more preferred prey. Furthermore, changes in M. occidentalis's prey preference appear to be related also to changes in the relative aggregation of PSM and WSM. Changes in relative aggregation are strongly correlated with changes in prey preference by M. occidentalis. Also discussed is the need for predation experiments to complement experiments on the response of predators to prey cues, especially in preintroductory screening of natural enemies.
Neural pathway for aggressive display in Betta splendens: midbrain and hindbrain control of gill-cover erection behavior.

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to identify parts of the presumptive neural pathway for gill cover erection, a behavioral display pattern performed by Siamese fighting fish (Betta splen
Gazing from the inside out during ethically heightened moments

This autoethnographic account explores the everyday ethical and emotional issues that arise throughout the research process. Represented through creative analytic practice (CAP), I examine issues related to researcher safety, encountering the unexpected and sensitive topics, empathetic responsibility, role conflict, abandonment and intellectual distance ‐ all issues that shape the type of knowledge constructed as well as the researcher’s and participant’s well‐being. Emphasis is placed on using autoethnography (as a methodology) and CAP (as a form of representation) to deepen our understanding of the complexity of leisure experiences and meanings, while confronting how we come to know and write about ‘others’.
Swimming Performance of Juvenile Menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus)

Abstract Critical swimming speeds (CSS) for groups of menhaden were determined in an array of time and water velocity combinations. Critical swimming speeds varied between 20.7 body lengths/s (BL/s) for short time intervals (2 min) to 15.8 BL/s for long time intervals (64 min). The experiments were repeated with the same group of fish to assess the effect of previous experience, and mean CSS increased by 2.3 BL/s. Tailbeat frequency increased steadily with increasing velocity. Differences in tailbeat frequency occurred among fish in different positions in the groups. Time to exhaustion for menhaden in groups of one to eight fish swimming at constant velocities were determined to assess the effect of group size on swimming performance. Time to exhaustion increased by a factor of 10 as group size increased from one to six fish.