cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular mechanisms of renal sulfate regulation.

Inorganic sulfate is an important physiological anion that is a required cofactor for sulfate conjugation reactions of both endogenous and exogenous compounds. It is necessary for the detoxification of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (catecho-lamines, steroids, bile acids), for the synthesis of structural components of membranes and tissues (sulfated glycosaminoglycans), and for the biologic activity of endogenous compounds (heparin and cholecystokinin). Inorganic sulfate homeostasis is largely maintained by reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule. Sodium-dependent sulfate cotrans-port in the brush border membrane is of primary importance in the regulation of plasma inorganic sulfate concentrations. Altered renal reabsorption of sulfate has been observed under different physiological (age, pregnancy, low dietary intake), pathological (hypo-thyroidism, trace metal excess), and pharmacological conditions (treatment with non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents). The recent identification of the sulfate ...
A method of estimating the effect of multiple scattering in a stripper on the phase space of a charged particle beam

Abstract An analytic method of estimating the effect of multiple scattering due to a stripper on the phase space area containing a charged particle beam is presented. The method is used to calculate the storage time of a beam contained in a storage ring making successive passages through the foil.
Thermodynamics of heterogeneous iron—Carbon systems: Implications for the terrestrial primitive reducing atmosphere

Abstract I consider the problem of the early-earth surface—atmosphere chemical environment in which initial biochemical synthesis occurred. The model of a strongly reducing atmosphere developed by Oparin, Miller and others is reviewed and reasons for doubting its validity given. As an alternative, I propose that the primary source of carbon for biochemical genesis on the early earth was CO 2 and the fundamental chemical process was reduction by ferrous ion in the primitive ocean, for which radiation was required as an initiator but not as a source of free energy. The formation of reduced C compounds, including the biologically important amino acids, is shown to be a thermodynamically spontaneous process in the heterogeneous system comprising CO 2 and N 2 at reasonable pressure in contact with Fe (II)-containing minerals likely to have been present in abundance on the early earth. Possible mechanisms for formation reactions are considered, and an early role for primitive ferredoxin-type redox catalysts is postulated. The suggested early-earth environment was similar to that apparently present on Mars, except for the absence of large permanent bodies of liquid water on the latter.
Evaluation of respiratory disease.

The spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated pulmonary diseases is broad and the lungs continue to be one of the most frequently affected organ systems in HIV-infected persons. Opportunistic infections and neoplasms are common even in the current combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. The extent of immunosuppression, use of ART and antimicrobial prophylaxis, prior history of illness, geographic setting, and life style choices influence the etiology and relative frequency of observed respiratory disease. In addition to pulmonary infections classically associated with advanced immunosuppression, such as Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), persons infected with HIV are also susceptible to community-acquired pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and to hospital-acquired pathogens such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Worldwide, Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a dominant cause of pneumonia in HIV-infected persons. Furthermore, lung diseases commonly seen in individuals without HIV, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer are prevalent in those with HIV and there is growing evidence that HIV infection predisposes patients to develop COPD and lung cancer and to present with these diseases at a younger age. Risk factors for HIV infection, such as injection drug use, also make patients susceptible to a wide variety of pulmonary complications such as aspiration pneumonia, septic emboli from right sided endocarditis, and talc granulomatosis. Given the breadth of pulmonary illnesses faced by people living with HIV, clinicians must have systematic approach to evaluate this patient population. This review will present an overview of the evaluation of respiratory disease in persons with HIV/AIDS.
Variation Among Commercial Strains of Chickens in Loss of Egg Albumen Quality

Abstract ALTHOUGH the level of initial or “fresh” albumen quality is well recognized as having a genetic basis, the genetic determination of rate of albumen quality loss during storage has not been clearly established. Lorenz et al. (1934) claimed that rate of liquefaction of egg white and initial percentage of firm albumen tended to be negatively correlated, while May et al. (1957) obtained a positive correlation of .358 between initial albumen quality and quality loss. The latter also reported highly significant differences among 186 strains in Haugh unit decline after seven days of storage at 55–60°F. However, the validity of their statistical analysis has been questioned (King et al., 1961). Proudfoot (1962) found significant interactions between six strains of Leghorns and storage time but only after interior quality had deteriorated to a low level. He concluded that these interactions were therefore of no importance to the industry. Mueller (1959) noted…
The development and interaction of terrorist and fanatic groups

Abstract Through the mathematical study of two models we quantify some of the theories of co-development and co-existence of focused groups in the social sciences. This work attempts to develop the mathematical framework behind the social sciences of community formation. By using well developed theories and concepts from ecology and epidemiology we hope to extend the theoretical framework of organizing and self-organizing social groups and communities, including terrorist groups. The main goal of our work is to gain insight into the role of recruitment and retention in the formation and survival of social organizations. Understanding the underlining mechanisms of the spread of ideologies under competition is a fundamental component of this work. Here contacts between core and non-core individuals extend beyond its physical meaning to include indirect interaction and spread of ideas through phone conversations, emails, media sources and other similar mean. This work focuses on the dynamics of formation of interest groups, either ideological, economical or ecological and thus we explore the questions such as, how do interest groups initiate and co-develop by interacting within a common environment and how do they sustain themselves? Our results show that building and maintaining the core group is essential for the existence and survival of an extreme ideology. Our research also indicates that in the absence of competitive ability (i.e., ability to take from the other core group or share prospective members) the social organization or group that is more committed to its group ideology and manages to strike the right balance between investment in recruitment and retention will prevail. Thus under no cross interaction between two social groups a single trade-off (of these efforts) can support only a single organization. The more efforts that an organization implements to recruit and retain its members the more effective it will be in transmitting the ideology to other vulnerable individuals and thus converting them to believers.
Relationships between microbial distributions and the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in surface sediments of long Island Sound, USA

Relative rates of the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in the upper 10 cm of sediment from two stations in central Long Island Sound, USA, were compared. Sediment samples from discrete depth intervas were incubated anoxically and changes in SO 4 = , NH 4 + , bacterial numbers, extractable adenosine triphosphate (ATP), organic matter, and organic carbon were measured as a function of time and temperature. At both stations (∼15 and ∼34 m water-depths, respectively), the calculated rates of SO 4 = reduction and NH 4 + production decreased exponentially (approximately) with depth below the sediment-water interface. Over the same depth interval, ATP concentrations dropped by a factor of ∼6 to 7 and bacterial numbers were lower by a factor of 2 to 3. These decreases in SO 4 = reduction, NH 4 + production, bacterial numbers, and ATP, reflect a change in the physiological state of microbial populations with depth in the sediment and are consistent with the conclusions that the quantity of easily utilizable organic matter changes rapidly below the sediment surface and that food limitation controls the basic depth distribution of microbial activity. The average rates of SO 4 = reduction, ∼29 to 39 mM year-1 (22°C), in the top 10 cm are similar at both stations studied here, as well as at an additional station from a previous study. In contrast, average NH 4 + production differs by a factor of ∼2 at the two stations, reflecting differences in the C:N ratio of the organic matter supplied to the sediment surface and differences in particle reworking by macrofauna at each site. The apparent activation energy of SO 4 = reduction was 19±1 kcal mole-1 and that of NH 4 + production, 18±3 kcal mole-1. The overall quantity of carbon required to support the calculated average SO 4 = reduction rate in the top 10 cm is 23 g C m-2 year-1 and represents ∼36% of all the carbon available to the benthos annually and ∼11% of the net primary production in the water column. Directly measured fluxes of NH 4 + from sediments to overlying water at both stations agree well with those predicted from production rates obtained by the incubation techniques.
Synthesis and opioid receptor binding properties of a highly potent 4-hydroxy analogue of naltrexone.

Abstract Very high affinity for opioid receptors (e.g., Ki = 0.052 nM for μ) has been observed in the rationally designed naltrexone analogue 5. SAR and physical data supports the hypothesis that the 4-OH group of 5 stabilizes the 3-carboxamido group in the putative bioactive conformation.
Performance of thin hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin‐film transistors

In this paper we have analyzed the influence of the mask channel length (LM) on the performance of the 55‐nm‐hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) thin‐film transistors (TFTs), incorporating nitrogen‐rich hydrogenated amorphous silicon nitride gate dielectric and phosphorus‐doped microcrystalline silicon (n+μc‐Si:H) source/drain (S/D) contacts. In our TFTs the n+μc‐Si:H S/D contacts have a specific contact resistance around or below 0.5 Ω cm2. We have shown that in our TFTs a field‐effect mobility and threshold voltage are dependent on LM, and this dependence is most likely due to the influence of the S/D contact series resistance on TFTs characteristics. Finally, we have demonstrated that if the mask channel length is extended by a ΔL (which is a distance from the S/D via edge at which the electron injection/collection is taking place) the field‐effect mobility and threshold voltage are independent of the channel length. In such a case μFE, VT, and ON/OFF current ratio around 0.76 cm2/V s, 2.5 V, and 1...
Measurement of hemoglobin and albumin adducts of naphthalene-1,2-oxide, 1,2-naphthoquinone and 1,4-naphthoquinone after administration of naphthalene to F344 rats.

Abstract Naphthalene-1,2-oxide (NPO), 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NPQ) and 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NPQ) are the major metabolites of naphthalene that are thought to be responsible for the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of this chemical. We measured cysteinyl adducts of these metabolites in hemoglobin (Hb) and albumin (Alb) from F344 rats dosed with 100–800 mg naphthalene per kg body weight. The method employs cleavage and derivatization of these adducts by trifluoroacetic anhydride and methanesulfonic acid followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in negative ion chemical ionization mode. Cysteinyl adducts of both proteins with NPO, and 1,2- and 1,4-NPQ (designated NPO-Hb and -Alb, 1,2-NPQ-Hb and -Alb, and 1,4-NPQ-Hb and -Alb, respectively) were produced in a dose-dependent manner. Of the two structural isomers resulting from NPO, levels of NPO1 adducts were greater than those of NPO2 adducts in both Hb and Alb, indicating that aromatic substitution is favored in vivo at positions 1 over 2. Of the quinone adducts, 1,2-NPQ-Hb and -Alb were produced in greater quantities than 1,4-NPQ-Hb and -Alb, indicating either that the formation of 1,2-NPQ from NPO is favored or that more than one pathway leads to the formation of 1,2-NPQ. The shapes of the dose–response curves were generally nonlinear at doses above 200 mg naphthalene per kg body weight. However, the nature of nonlinearity differed, showing evidence of supralinearity for NPO-Hb, NPQ-Hb and NPQ-Alb and of sublinearity for NPO-Alb. Low background levels of 1,2-NPQ-Hb and -Alb and 1,4-NPQ-Hb and -Alb were detected in control animals without known exposure to naphthalene. However, the corresponding NPO-Hb and -Alb adducts were not detected in control animals.
Magnetic field dependence of proton relaxation rates in tissue with added Mn2+: Rabbit liver and kidney

Since contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is so sensitive to the magnetic relaxation rates of tissue protons, the use of paramagnetic ions to alter contrast in a tissue-specific fashion is an alluring prospect. The influence of these ions on the proton relaxation rates in homogeneous solutions is known to vary dramatically according to whether the ions are present as hydrated aquoions, in solute chelate, or immobilized in macromolecules. In tissue, there is the additional complication of access of water to the ions. In the present study, Mn2+ ions were introduced into rabbits both orally and intravenously in various chemical complexes. Accumulation of these ions in rabbit liver is demonstrated here, qualitatively, by MRI. The quantitation of the change in relaxation rates is investigated in excised samples of liver and kidney by study of the magnetic field dependence (dispersion) of the relaxation rates of the protons (NMRD profiles) of tissue water. Results are presented for several sets of experiments, including dose-response data for weakly chelated Mn2+ and time-response data for free and complexed Mn2+. The general findings are that, for liver, the response (the increment in the NMRD profile) is relatively rapid (less than 2 m); that it is relatively independent of how, or in what form, the Mn2+ is introduced; that it persists for several hours (at least); and that it saturates with increasing body load of Mn2+. Moreover, from the form of the NMRD profiles of liver, it is clear that the Mn2+ ions are bound irrotationally, perhaps to cell membrane, and, when introduced in chelated form, can become separated even from strongly associated chelate complexes. For kidney, the results are qualitatively similar, though different in detail.
Efficient data modeling and querying system for multi-dimensional spatial data

Multi-dimensional spatial data are obtained when a number of data acquisition devices are deployed at different locations to measure a certain set of attributes of the study subject. How to manipulate these spatial data remains a challenge to the database community, especially when the spatial locations are represented in 3D. In this work, we establish a data model to handle multi-dimensional spatial data with three spatial dimensions. In particular, firstly, a clustering algorithm is applied to group the data set into "point clouds". Secondly, each cloud is considered as a 3D spatial convex object and triangulated into a set of tetrahedrons. Thirdly, all tetrahedron sets are stored in the database and spatial analysis is performed. In this paper, we focus on defining 3D spatial operations and relationships for 3D spatial elements (points, segments, triangles and tetrahedrons), and further applying these operations on 3D spatial objects, where each object is composed of a set of tetrahedrons.
GENITAL DUCT DEVELOPMENT ON STREAK GONAD SIDE IN FIFTEEN CHILDREN WITH 45, X AND Y-CONTAINING CHROMOSOME MOSAICISM

Genital duct development were studied in 15 children with 45,X and Y-containing chromosane mosaicism by laparotomy.
Perpetuating the Pork Barrel: Policy Subsystems and American Democracy

Part I: 1. Policy subsystems and the pork barrel Part II: 2. The Programmatic expansion of US domestic spending 3. The geographic scope of domestic spending: a test of the universalism thesis Part III: 4. A portfolio theory of policy subsystems 5. PAC contributions and the distribution of domestic assistance programs 6. Policy subsystem adaptability and resilience in the Reagan period 7. Congressional elections and the pork barrel Part IV: 8. Policy subsystems in practice and democratic theory Appendices.
Endogenous Public Expenditures on Education

We construct a model of the determination of public funding of education through majority voting. Households have the option of privately supplementing public education. Alternatively, they can opt out of public education completely and choose private education. We find that in general the single-crossing property cannot be used to establish existence of a majority voting equilibrium. Numerical solutions of the model reveal (i) when public education inputs and private supplements are substitutes, private school enrollment is often zero; and (ii) the funding level for public education is very sensitive to the productivity of private supplements and the elasticity of substitution between public inputs and private supplements.
Recorridos chamánicos: sobre el afecto cognitivo en Arguedas, W. H. Hudson y Deleuze y Guattari

Este trabajo detalla la conexion y distincion entre las obras de W.H. Hudson y Jose Maria Arguedas, usando la teoria rizomatica de Deleuze y Guattari para evaluar el poder de un paisaje, evocar y crear memorias, y al mismo tiempo inculcar un “ser-sentido”. Ademas, explora el afecto cognitivo chamanico, presente en la obra de Arguedas. En cambio, Hudson se centra en la proyeccion de uno mismo al nivel del individuo. Arguedas muestra un enfoque dual sobre lo cultural y lo individual. Este ensayo esta basado en la idea de que hay varios estados de conciencia que influyen en nuestra interpretacion de la realidad y nuestra capacidad de sumergir dichos estados en uno de “ser-siendo”, provocado por el entorno natural descrito por Arguedas y Hudson.
Three-coordinated magnesium in dehydrated offretite

OFFRETITE is a rare natural zeolite whose synthetic equivalent, zeolite O, is commercially important as a molecular sieve1. Its aluminosilicate framework is topologically related to that of erionite2, an abundant natural zeolite3. The catalytic properties of molecular sieve zeolites have been ascribed to framework-bound protons, strong electrostatic fields, and oxygen vacancies in the framework4. As befits the small radius of Mg2+ ions (0.049 nm for four-coordination, 0.072 for six-coordination and 0.089 for eight-coordination)5, Mg normally occurs in six-coordination with oxygen and hydroxyl, though four, five and eight-coordinations occur infrequently (for example, four-akermanite: Ca2MgSi2O7, Mg–O = 0.1876 nm; five-grandidierite: (Mg,Fe)Al3O.BO4.SO4, 0.2176, 0.2054, 0.2040, 2×0.1970; farringtonite: Mg3PO4, 0.196, 0.197, 0.201, 0.206, 0.214; eight-pyrope: Mg3Al2Si3O12, 4×0.2196, 4×0.2342)6. We report here on the occurrence of three-coordinated Mg in dehydrated offretite, which should produce a strong electrostatic effect on adjacent sorbed molecules.
Challenges of In-Flight Calibrations for the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Payload

The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is the most complex spacecraft that has ever been sent to investigate the Red Planet. A major part of what makes this mission so complex is the suite of instruments that were selected. The instruments on MRO vary from a simple imaging system, not much larger than a pocket knife to the largest camera ever flown to another planet. Not only does the size of the instruments vary, so do the scientific investigations associated with each instrument. In order to ensure that this payload suite would be able to satisfy all of its science objectives, a major effort was put forth by the MRO Project to ensure these instruments were well calibrated prior to the start of the Primary Science Phase. The in-flight calibration plan for MRO proved to be quite challenging, given the often conflicting requirements due to the varying capability of each of the instruments and the desire to constrain the workload on the Mission Operations personnel. The quality of data returned by MRO since the start of the Primary Science Phase is a tribute to the effort that was put forth to characterize the in-flight performance of the instruments. This paper will describe the challenges associated with the planning and implementation of the various calibration events on MRO, and will exhibit some of the results from those calibrations.
THE EFFECTS OF ACTINOMYCIN D ON GROWTH OF ROUS SARCOMA VIRUS IN VITRO

Abstract Low concentrations of actinomycin D (0.1 μg/ml) reversibly inhibit production of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) by Rous sarcoma cells. Higher concentrations inhibit irreversibly. Genetically resistant variants of RSV are not found. Infection of cells and initiation of virus production are also inhibited.
Rapid analysis of charge variants of monoclonal antibodies with capillary zone electrophoresis in dynamically coated fused‐silica capillary

A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method was developed for the rapid analysis of charge heterogeneity of immunoglobulin G (IgG) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The separation was carried out in a short, dynamically coated fused-silica capillary. A number of separation parameters were investigated and optimized, including pH, concentration of the separation buffer (e-amino caproic acid), concentration of the triethylenetetramine (TETA) dynamic coating, the capillary internal diameter and the field strength used for the separation. The effects of between-run flushing of the capillary and the data acquisition rate were also evaluated. Under the optimized conditions, a fast (< 5 min), selective and reproducible separation of mAb charge variants was achieved under a very high electric field strength (1000 V/cm). This method also requires only a short conditioning of the capillary, with between-run conditioning completed within 2 min. The method was evaluated for specificity, sensitivity, linearity, accuracy and precision. The same separation conditions were applied to the rapid separation (2―5 min) of charge variants of multiple monoclonal antibodies with pI in the range of 7.0―9.5. Compared with other existing methods for charge variants analysis, this method has several advantages including a short run time, rapid capillary conditioning and simple sample preparation.
Age of the Rockland tephra, western USA

The age of the Rockland tephra, which includes an ash-flow tuff south and west of Lassen Peak in northern California and a widespread ash-fall deposit that produced a distinct stratigraphic marker in western North America, is constrained to 565,000 to 610,000 yr by 40Ar/39Ar and U–Pb dating. 40Ar/39Ar ages on plagioclase from pumice in the Rockland have a weighted mean age of 609,000 ± 7000 yr. Isotopic ages of spots on individual zircon crystals, analyzed by the SHRIMP-RG ion microprobe, range from ∼500,000 to ∼800,000 yr; a subpopulation representing crystal rims yielded a weighted-mean age of 573,000 ± 19,000 yr. Overall stratigraphic constraints on the age are provided by two volcanic units, including the underlying tephra of the Lava Creek Tuff erupted within Yellowstone National Park that has an age of 639,000 ± 2000 yr. The basaltic andesite of Hootman Ranch stratigraphically overlies the Rockland in the Lassen Peak area and has 40Ar/39Ar ages of 565,000 ± 29,000 and 565,000 ± 12,000 yr for plagioclase and groundmass, respectively. Identification of Rockland tephra in ODP core 1018 offshore of central California is an important stratigraphic age that also constrains the eruption age to between 580,000 and 600,000 yr.
Toward mixed method evaluations of scientific visualizations and design process as an evaluation tool

In this position paper we discuss successes and limitations of current evaluation strategies for scientific visualizations and argue for embracing a mixed methods strategy of evaluation. The most novel contribution of the approach that we advocate is a new emphasis on employing design processes as practiced in related fields (e.g., graphic design, illustration, architecture) as a formalized mode of evaluation for data visualizations. To motivate this position we describe a series of recent evaluations of scientific visualization interfaces and computer graphics strategies conducted within our research group. Complementing these more traditional evaluations our visualization research group also regularly employs sketching, critique, and other design methods that have been formalized over years of practice in design fields. Our experience has convinced us that these activities are invaluable, often providing much more detailed evaluative feedback about our visualization systems than that obtained via more traditional user studies and the like. We believe that if design-based evaluation methodologies (e.g., ideation, sketching, critique) can be taught and embraced within the visualization community then these may become one of the most effective future strategies for both formative and summative evaluations.
Ecological Effects of Winter Conditions on Trout and Trout Foods in Convict Creek, California, 1951

Abstract In 1951, winter studies were conducted at the Convict Creek Experiment Station of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service located at 7,200 feet elevation in the Sierra Nevada Mountains near Bishop, California. These were designed to extend knowledge of winter conditions in stream environments and to bring to light problems requiring further investigation at this season. Common stream survey methods were employed to procure and analyze data. Snowfall was meager at Convict Creek in 1951, but freezing temperatures induced extensive ice formations. Surface ice immobilized screens and other objects protruding from the water, yet provided the trout with abundant shelter. Frazil and anchor ice had a more pronounced effect on stream life and water temperatures than surface ice. When subsurface ice was present, the water was at or very close to the freezing point, regardless of weather conditions or time of day. Anchor ice formed and dispersed in a daily cycle that caused wide fluctuations in stream flow. Min...
Trypanosoma cruzi promotes neuronal and glial cell survival through the neurotrophic receptor TrkC.

Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease, promotes neuron survival through receptor tyrosine kinase TrkA and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glial cell-derived family ligand receptors (GFRα). However, these receptors are expressed by only a subset of neurons and at low levels or not at all in glial cells. Thus, T. cruzi might exploit an additional neurotrophic receptor(s) to maximize host-parasite equilibrium in the nervous system. We show here that T. cruzi binds TrkC, a neurotrophic receptor expressed by glial cells and many types of neurons, and that the binding is specifically inhibited by neurotrophin-3, the natural TrkC ligand. Coimmunoprecipitation and competition assays show that the trans-sialidase/parasite-derived neurotrophic factor (PDNF), previously identified as a TrkA ligand, mediates the T. cruzi-TrkC interaction. PDNF promotes TrkC-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, neurite outgrowth, and survival of genetically engineered PC12 neuronal cells and glial Schwann cells in a TrkC-dependent manner. Thus, TrkC is a new neurotrophic receptor that T. cruzi engages to promote the survival of neuronal and glial cells. The results raise the possibility that T. cruzi recognition of TrkC underlies regenerative events in nervous tissues of patients with Chagas' disease.
EXP-1 is an excitatory GABA-gated cation channel.

γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) mediates fast inhibitory neurotransmission by activating anion-selective ligand-gated ion channels. Although electrophysiological studies indicate that GABA may activate cation-selective ligand-gated ion channels in some cell types, such a channel has never been characterized at the molecular level. Here we show that GABA mediates enteric muscle contraction in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans via the EXP-1 receptor, a cation-selective ligand-gated ion channel. The EXP-1 protein resembles ionotropic GABA receptor subunits in almost all domains. In the pore-forming domain of EXP-1, however, the residues that confer anion selectivity are exchanged for those that specify cation selectivity. When expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, EXP-1 forms a GABA receptor that is permeable to cations and not anions. We conclude that some of the excitatory functions assigned to GABA are mediated by cation channels rather than by anion channels.
Enhancing breast cancer communications: A cultural models approach

Abstract The present research demonstrates the utility of cultural models theory as a novel approach for understanding disparities in prevention behaviors in response to health communications. We explore the cultural model of breast cancer among low-income African American women in an in-depth qualitative study. Findings reveal a cultural model based on perceptions of ‘difference’ in the way they perceive and experience breast cancer. These results suggest how cultural cues that are embedded in marketing communications may be internalized and motivating in unintended ways. Results also highlight the importance of understanding cultural models for the development of persuasive breast cancer communications that can contribute to the amelioration of health disparities.
The American Invasion of New Mexico and Mexican Merchants

Apres la declaration de guerre de mai 1846 au Mexique, le gouvernement americain decida de l'invasion du Nouveau Mexique par l'armee de l'Ouest sous le commandement du General Stephen W. Kearny. Celui-ci recut l'ordre de maintenir les activites commerciales entre les deux pays et d'integrer des Mexicains a l'occupation militaire americaine. L'A. retrace la diversite des attitudes des marchands mexicains au Nouveau Mexique et aux Etats-Unis face a l'installation progressive de la guerre. Il montre notamment comment - peut-etre en raison des promesses non tenues du General Kearny - les marchands furent impliques dans le mouvement de resistance a l'occupation americaine qui s'etait generalise dans la region en 1847.
Hybrid cloud and cluster computing paradigms for life science applications

Clouds and MapReduce have shown themselves to be a broadly useful approach to scientific computing especially for parallel data intensive applications. However they have limited applicability to some areas such as data mining because MapReduce has poor performance on problems with an iterative structure present in the linear algebra that underlies much data analysis. Such problems can be run efficiently on clusters using MPI leading to a hybrid cloud and cluster environment. This motivates the design and implementation of an open source Iterative MapReduce system Twister. Comparisons of Amazon, Azure, and traditional Linux and Windows environments on common applications have shown encouraging performance and usability comparisons in several important non iterative cases. These are linked to MPI applications for final stages of the data analysis. Further we have released the open source Twister Iterative MapReduce and benchmarked it against basic MapReduce (Hadoop) and MPI in information retrieval and life sciences applications. The hybrid cloud (MapReduce) and cluster (MPI) approach offers an attractive production environment while Twister promises a uniform programming environment for many Life Sciences applications. We used commercial clouds Amazon and Azure and the NSF resource FutureGrid to perform detailed comparisons and evaluations of different approaches to data intensive computing. Several applications were developed in MPI, MapReduce and Twister in these different environments.
Modified culture conditions enhance expression of differentiated phenotypic properties of normal rat cholangiocytes.

Modified Culture Conditions Enhance Expression of Differentiated Phenotypic Properties of Normal Rat Cholangiocytes
Using state estimation residuals to detect abnormal SCADA data

Detection of abnormal supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) data is critically important for safe and secure operation of modern power systems. In this paper, a methodology of abnormal SCADA data detection based on state estimation residuals is presented. Preceded with a brief overview of outlier detection methods and bad SCADA data detection for state estimation, the framework of the proposed methodology is described. Instead of using original SCADA measurements as the bad data sources, the residuals calculated based on the results of the state estimator are used as the input for the outlier detection algorithm. The BACON algorithm is applied to the outlier detection task. The IEEE 118-bus system is used as a test base to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The accuracy of the BACON method is compared with that of the 3-σ method for the simulated SCADA measurements and residuals.
Fetal surgery in the pig with a review of other mammalian fetal technics

Abstract During the past several years there has been a reawakening of interest in the performance of surgery on mammalian fetuses. Fetal surgery has traditionally centered around efforts to understand fetal physiology and biochemistry and to produce laboratory models of clinically important congenital abnormalities. More recently, the mammalian fetus has been found an excellent subject for studies on immunology. Finally, with the demonstration that fetal surgery is possible 1 and successful 2,3 in the human, a new area of medicine has developed and investigators are beginning to speak seriously about the diagnosis and management of human fetal illness. For all these reasons, it becomes important to discuss the technics by which fetal surgery is successfully accomplished and the physiologic reactions of the fetus to surgical trauma. It is the purpose of this paper to review briefly the technical history of mammalian fetal surgery, to present technics evolved in this laboratory for the performance of certain fetal operations in the pig, and to discuss various aspects of mammalian fetal surgery as they pertain to postoperative fetal survival.
Authors, Editors, and Readers in the Brave New (Electronic) World

Electronic journals may or may not replace print versions in the lives of readers, but electronic systems have already proven invaluable in moving information back and forth, tracking it, retrievin...
Bibliography Is Social: Organizing Knowledge in the Isis Bibliography from Sarton to the Early Twenty-First Century

ABSTRACTThis essay explores various ways in which bibliographies have exhibited “sociality.” Bibliographies are both products of the social contexts that have created them and engines of social interaction in scholarly communities. By tracing the history of the Isis Bibliography, the longest-running and most comprehensive bibliography in its field, this essay explains how different Isis classification systems have been tied to major twentieth-century cataloging efforts. By looking at classification, the essay also attends to the ways in which aspects of the Isis Bibliography in different decades have reflected social mores of their period. Finally, it demonstrates how critical the Isis Bibliography was in the formation of the discipline of history of science and goes on to discuss how that disciplinary connection is evolving in the twenty-first century. By thinking of the bibliography as a network of scholars, not just scholarly works, the essay asks us to reflect on the nature and purpose of bibliography...
Dynamical issues in hadron physics

Arguments are reviewed leading to the conclusion that the elementary non-Abelian gauge vector mesons of renormalizable Yang--Mills theories lie on Regge trajectories independent of the free parameters of the models. 35 references. (JFP)
Presentation of the Harrell L. Strimple Award of the Paleontological Society to Dr. George H. Junne, Jr.

It is my great pleasure to introduce you to this year's recipient of the Harrell L. Strimple Award, Dr. George H. Junne, Jr. As I am sure you are all aware, the Strimple Award is given to an amateur paleontologist who has made significant contributions to our field of study either through research and publication, making outstanding collections of fossil material, or through public service such as promoting educational activities and fossil preservation. George qualifies on a number of fronts as a perfect Strimple Awardee. First I should tell you that George is Professor and Chair of Africana Studies in the School of Modern Languages and Cultural Studies at the University of Northern Colorado in Greeley. He received his Ph.D. in Higher and Adult Continuing Education from The University of Michigan in 1988. Subsequently, George has written 5 books and published nearly 100 papers on topics ranging from a history of Blacks in the American West to slavery and the role of black eunuchs in the Ottoman Empire. He has spent several summers teaching at Bogazici University in Istanbul. Additionally, George is an accomplished and published photographer and in his spare time has been known to brew a pretty mean bottle of beer. None of this, of course, is why we honor him this evening. George first came to The University of Michigan, Museum of Paleontology in 1981 as a part time photographer, a job he held (along with bouncer at the beloved and sorely missed Del Rio Bar) while beginning his …
Evaluation of a Piezoelectric Energy Extraction Device for Cavity Pressure Sensing in Injection Molding

This paper presents the design, analysis, and validation of a self-energized piezoelectric pressure sensor that extracts energy from the pressure differential of the polymer melt during the injection molding process. To enable a self-energized sensor design, an analytical study has been conducted to establish a quantitative relationship between the polymer melt pressure and the energy that can be extracted through a piezoelectric converter. Temperature and pressure are monitored during an injection molding cycle and the performance of the piezoelectric element is evaluated with respect to a mechanically static, electrically transient model. In addition to corroboration of the proposed model, valuable statistical information about the working temperature in the prototype sensor will prove very useful in the package design of molding cavity sensors. A linear model examining the energy conversion mechanism due to interactions between the mechanical strain and the electric field developed within the piezoelectric device is established. This model is compared to the functional prototype design to evaluate the relevance of the assumptions and accuracy. The presented design enables a new generation of self-energized sensors that can be employed for the condition monitoring of a wide range of high-energy manufacturing processes.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Neoliberal Common Sense and Race-Neutral Discourses: A Critique of "Evidence-Based" Policy-Making in School Policing.

The author of this paper uses critical discourse analysis and draws on critical social theory and policy studies to analyze the interdiscursivity between neoliberal common sense discourses around crime and safety and race-neutral discourses, “evidence-based” policy, and the research that supports school policing programs. The author offers a macro-sociological analysis of how neoliberal common sense and race-neutral discourses shape crime policy. Next, the author discusses the rise of “evidence-based” policy formation. She argues that evidence-based policy serves to narrow the scope of what constitutes “scientific” research and delegitimize research that uses race as an analytical lens. Then, through textual analysis of samples of the “evidence” supporting school policing, the author illustrates the ways in which neoliberal common sense discourses around crime and safety and race-neutral discourses become the ideological starting point for the research and internalized within research documents. The resul...
A model of heat transfer in immersed man

An analytic model is developed to simulate heat transfer in man under immersed conditions. The biothermal model is divided into two distinct subsystems: the physical-controlled system and the dynamic-controlling system. The controlled system consists of the physical portions of the body and the interacting thermal exchange paths. The controlling system contains the associated afferent and efferent signals, the central hypothalamic thermointegrator, and the control modes used to maintain homeostatic thermal conditions in the body. The controlled system in the analytic model is simulated by the SIZE program. The controlling system is modeled by the WETMAN computer program. The SIZE program is used to develop the basic thermal network with initial conditions and input parameters that is used by the WETMAN program in determining the diver's thermal response to a given environmental situation. Three types of experimental data are used to substantiate the analytic model: neck-immersed seminude subjects in cool to temperate water; neck-immersed “wet-suited” subjects in cold water; and totally immersed “wet-suited” subjects in cold water. These types of data encompass a wide range of water temperature, protective clothing, breathing gas mixtures, and duration time of immersion.
Freshwater leeches (Hirudinea) as a screening tool for detecting organic contaminants in the environment.

In earlier work, we found that leeches from an industrially polluted creek bioaccumulated chlorophenols to much higher concentrations than other resident benthic invertebrates and fish. We suggested that leeches may have significant potential as biomonitors for these and other organic contaminants in the environment. In this study, we compared the bioaccumulation and depuration of 16 organic compounds, including eight chlorophenols (CPs), lindane, DDT and four derivatives, benzothiazole (BT) and 2-(Methylthio)benzothiazole (MMBT) for three species of leeches. Dina dubia had the highest bioaccumulation capacity for most contaminants, but residues persisted longest in Erpobdella punctata. Helobdella stagnalis appeared capable of degrading some compounds. Half lives of CPs, DDT and DDT derivatives were generally longer than one month. In contrast, half lives were only 1 day for lindane, 1–2.5 days for MMBT and 7 days for BT despite very high initial tissue concentrations of the latter two compounds. Bioconcentration factors for contaminants in leeches were higher than those reported for other aquatic organisms. Half lives for lindane, DDT and DDT derivatives were consistent with the literature for other organisms, but half lives for CPs were much longer. The results suggest that leeches would be excellent biomonitors of both continuous and intermittent contamination of a waterway with CPs and DDT, as they retain these compounds for long periods after exposure. Their usefulness as a screening tool for lindane and benzothiazoles would be limited to chronically contaminated environments.
Renal effects of growth hormone. I. Renal function and kidney growth.

Growth hormone (GH) affects renal function and kidney growth. Pituitary-derived or recombinant human GH (rhGH), acting via insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), increases glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) in GH-deficient as well as in normal adults. Furthermore, GFR and RPF are low in hypopituitarism and elevated in acromegaly. These effects of GH on GFR and RPF have not been demonstrated in moderate renal insufficiency. IGF-1 is implicated in compensatory renal hypertrophy. Markedly elevated levels of serum GH accelerate glomerular sclerosis in rodents, although the significance of these findings for GH treatment in humans is uncertain. rhGH therapy offers great promise to children with short stature from various aetiologies. Preliminary report on the use of rhGH in children with renal disease and after renal transplantation have not shown any consistent change in kidney function, although follow-up times are short. The long-term impact of rhGH therapy on kidney function in short children needs further evaluation.
Dependence of protein synthesis on RNA synthesis during the early hours of germination of wheat embryos

WHEAT EMBRYO germination is characterised by an increase in fresh weight during the first 40 min of imbibition, followed by a lag period of 5 h and finally, a phase of cell elongation during which fresh weight increases at a sustained rate1. An essential step in seed germination is de novo synthesis of proteins, but for the first 40 min it is mediated by preformed mRNA transcribed during embryogenesis2 Previous reports have shown that although there is a 2.5–3-fold increase in the relative rate of protein synthesis during the lag period (40 min–5.5 h)3, there is no appreciable change in the rate of RNA synthesis4–7 With the recently developed sensitive assays for ribonucleoside triphosphates8,9, the rate of RNA synthesis and its mode of regulation in early germination of wheat embryos was reexamined10 In contrast to previous findings4–7, our results clearly show a two- to threefold increase in the rate of RNA synthesis during the lag period of wheat embryo germination This increase in RNA synthesis could conceivably account for the threefold increase in the rate of protein synthesis4 and raises the possibility that protein synthesis may depend on RNA synthesis after the first 40 min of germination We describe here experiments undertaken in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) embryos to study the effect of inhibition of RNA synthesis on the rate of protein synthesis. Our data suggest that protein synthesis depends on RNA synthesis, and that the substrate level of mRNA is not a rate-limiting determinant for protein synthesis during the early hours of germination.
A recursive filter approach to adaptive Bayesian beamforming for unknown DOA

Traditional beamforming algorithms require perfect knowledge of the source direction-of-arrival (DOA) to generate beamformer weights that yield high signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). We apply a Bayesian approach to adaptive beamforming such that the algorithm automatically tunes to the underlying DOA that is not known a priori to the user. The proposed beamformer can be viewed as a weighted mixture of minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamformers combined according to the data-driven posterior probability density function (PDF) of the DOA. Previous studies use discrete samples to capture the spatial variation of the posterior PDF. In this work, we show that, in case of uniform linear array (ULA), the posterior PDF can be represented as a product of the prior PDF and a number of von Mises PDFpsilas, each approximated by the frequency response of a recursive filter. The beamformer weights can then be computed from the corresponding recursive filtering operations. This leads to an algorithm that preserves the continuity of the parameter space and is capable to resolve any amount of DOA error.