cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Syntactic representations in the human brain: beyond effort-based metrics

We are far from having a complete mechanistic understanding of the brain computations involved in language processing and of the role that syntax plays in those computations. Most language studies do not computationally model syntactic structure, and most studies that do model syntactic processing use effort-based metrics. These metrics capture the effort needed to process the syntactic information given by every word (Brennan et al., 2012; Hale et al., 2018; Brennan et al.,2016). They can reveal where in the brain syntactic processing occurs, but not what features of syntax are processed by different brain regions. Here, we move beyond effort-based metrics and propose explicit features capturing the syntactic structure that is incrementally built while a sentence is being read. Using these features and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) recordings of participants reading a natural text, we study the brain representation of syntax. We find that our syntactic structure-based features are better than effort-based metrics at predicting brain activity in various parts of the language system. We show evidence of the brain representation of complex syntactic information such as phrase and clause structures. We see that regions well-predicted by syntactic features are distributed in the language system and are not distinguishable from those processing semantics. Our results call for a shift in the approach used for studying syntactic processing.
Measurement of flow properties coupled to experimental and numerical analyses of dense, granular flows for solar thermal energy storage

Abstract Granular flows of sintered bauxite proppants were examined along an inclined plane for solar thermal energy storage applications. Granular flow properties needed to drive numeric granular models were measured for improved numerical model predictions for Carbobead CP 50/140, 40/100, and 30/60 particles. Particle shape and size distributions were determined by coupling optical microscopy to an in-house image processing algorithm. The impulse excitation technique was used to measure elastic and shear moduli, and compute Poisson’s ratio. The coefficient of static sliding friction was measured using the slip-stick method, and the static rolling friction was determined from measured shear on particles positioned between two hot-pressed plates. The coefficient of restitution was measured by dropping particles on a surface and determining the kinetic energy before and after impact with the surface using high resolution particle tracking velocimetry. Particle size did not significantly impact the coefficients of restitution and static rolling friction, however, particle shape distribution resulted in a large variation in measurements. An inclined flow experiment was performed to characterize granular flows of Carbobead CP 30/60 particles using particle image velocimetry. Numerical models of the experiment using discrete element method were generated with the measured mechanical properties as inputs for comparison with experimental results. A constant directional torque rolling friction model best predicted bulk granular flow behavior. Good agreement between the model and experiment was achieved at ambient, steady state conditions, with average velocity differences
Enclosed versus ring feeders: Effects of round-bale feeder type on horse behavior and welfare

Abstract In an effort to minimize the amount of hay wasted from a round bale, horse owners generally surround the bale with a round-bale feeder. While often necessary as a supplemental feed source, this feeding technique restricts the space each horse has to feed, altering a horse's natural eating behavior. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the round-bale feeder type on stress, agonistic behaviors, and horse preference of feeder types. Two feeder treatments were evaluated: (1) round bale surrounded by a ring feeder (ring feeder; BW Hayhuts LLC, Palm Coast, FL). Two horse herds (n = 5 horses per herd) were evaluated using a crossover experimental design, where each herd received each treatment for one week to evaluate behavior and cortisol concentrations. After this, each herd had access to both feeder treatments at the same time to evaluate preference. Feeding horses with the enclosed feeder resulted in fewer total agonistic threats (P
A physical investigation of large-signal dynamic output capacitance and energy loss in GaN-on-Si power HEMTs at high-frequency applications

The origin of C oss and the energy dissipation due to output capacitance can be roughly separated into two types: resistive loss and capacitive hysteresis loss. The resistive losses are due to the resistance of GaN buffer layers and Si-substrate. These loss components can be potentially improved by re-engineering the doping concentrations in the buffer stacks and substrate layer [1] [2]. However, the capacitive hysteresis loss that is suspected to be due to trapping dynamics remains largely unexplained. This paper presents a physics view of the trapping dynamics that is related to C oss in the GaN HEMT under large-signal excitations. It is observed that under large-signal excitation, deeper traps in the buffer layers only account for a remnant portion of observed dynamic C oss losses. Instead, traps with shallow energy levels (in the range of 0.5eV above valence band) are mostly responsible for the charge imbalance and energy dissipation.By identifying dominant types of traps and relevant trap energy levels in GaN HEMT, we can gain important insights on how to optimize the device stack design for high-frequency applications.
Using Dry-Erase Boards to Share Information in a Pediatric Emergency Department to Improve Family Experience of Care.

Objectives To determine whether the use of dry-erase boards for communicating the plan of care of children evaluated in the pediatric emergency department (PED) improves the family experience of care. Methods Dry-erase boards were mounted at eye level in patient examination rooms. The study was conducted during a 4-week period during which physicians were instructed to use the boards on alternating weeks. During the 2 intervention weeks, they were instructed to write their name and plan of care in addition to their standard verbal communication. A questionnaire was administered to a convenience sample of caregivers that measured their perceptions of physician listening skills, time spent with the physician, their understanding of the care plan, their willingness to ask questions, likelihood to recommend the PED, and overall physician care. Differences between intervention and nonintervention weeks were analyzed using adjusted multivariable modeling taking into account clustered observations within physician. Results Surveys were completed by 672 caregivers. There were no significant differences in reported experience of care between the intervention and nonintervention weeks. During the intervention weeks, 59% of caregivers recalled use of the dry-erase boards, whereas 10% of caregivers recalled use during nonintervention weeks. Caregivers who recalled the use of dry-erase boards were more likely to report better physician listening skills, better understanding of the plan of care, and higher overall physician ratings. Conclusions Recommending use of dry-erase boards in pediatric emergency department rooms did not increase overall measures of experience of care, although patients who recalled dry-erase board use did report higher performance. Further study could explore how to effectively and efficiently use these boards.
Labor in Sport

This chapter presents an underutilized topic in sport management: labor. Within this chapter, we take a broad view of the impacts on labor and how labor impacts sport organization employees. The chapter starts with the history of labor and how it has evolved in America. Much of the content in this section is not specifically sport-related, but it is nonetheless essential to have an understanding of how labor is utilized. We then discuss how the law has shaped labor throughout history. We also explore the debate of collegiate student-athletes as employees and what that would mean for the collegiate sports industry. Lastly, the concept of emotional labor is put forth to demonstrate how not all labor is physical.
Signals Passing Through Asymmetric Faults in Transmission Lines

Unexpected results have been seen in multiple papers involving spread spectrum time domain reflectometry (SSTDR) measurements on twin lead cables with one line containing a fault. A small portion of the signal is able to transmit past the fault, reflect off the end of the cable, return back through the fault, and be recorded by the SSTDR. This paper explains the physics of why this can happen, and the effect of nearby ground planes. The transmission through the fault involves electric and magnetic fields coupling to nearby conductive objects. This coupling allows for a small amount of signal to move beyond the fault. We use multi-conductor transmission line theory to explain this effect. A finite difference time domain simulation of the multi-conductor system is compared to measured results to demonstrate why this effect occurs, and the effect of the nearby ground.
Predicting Next Call Duration: A Future Direction to Promote Mental Health in the Age of Lockdown

When high school students leave their homes for a college education, they often face enormous changes and challenges in life, such as meeting new people, more responsibilities in life, and being away from family and their comfort zones. These sudden changes often lead to an elevation of stress and anxiety, affecting a student’s health and well-being. Situations can even get worse in the age of global pandemics, such as COVID-19, when regular life and social activities are significantly disrupted due to lockdown or stay-at-home orders. Therefore, predicting phone call patterns (a measure of social engagement) based on various factors and activities of a person can be helpful to foster social engagement and promote health and well-being during sudden lifestyle changes. In this work, we investigate a cohort of 370 on-campus college students over three consecutive semesters and breaks between them to find various geo-temporal factors and activities that affect students’ phone call behaviors and develop models that can predict the next call duration with a correlation of up to 0.89 between the actual and predicted duration using individual-level generalized linear models. Findings from this work can further be extended to other populations, and thereby, our findings will enable the design and delivery of new smartphone-based health interventions (guided feedback) to help people to adapt and cope up with situations that affect their lifestyle and social activities.
Titanium-boron reactive composite powders with variable morphology prepared by arrested reactive milling

Abstract Powders with compositions Ti·B and Ti·2B with components mixed on the nanoscale were prepared by arrested reactive milling as high energy density fuels. A planetary mill with hardened steel vials and milling media were used. Powders with irregular and spherical particle shapes were prepared. Spherical powders were prepared milling starting boron and titanium in presence of two immiscible liquids, hexane and acetonitrile, serving as process control agents. Prepared powders were characterized using electron microscopy, x-ray powder diffraction, nitrogen adsorption, thermal analysis, and ignition measurements. Average volumetric particle sizes for spherical powders could be controlled in a range from tens to hundreds of µm selecting milling conditions. All spherical powders were found to be porous, unlike reference irregularly shaped composite powders. Despite porosity, spherical powders packed at nearly the same bulk density as irregularly shaped powders. It was also observed that milling led to formation of poorly crystalline TiB in all milled materials. The amount of observed TiB as well as contamination by Fe from the milling tools increased at greater milling dose (e.g., energy transferred to the powders being milled from the milling tools). Substantial portion of the prepared composite materials (more than half) was amorphous. The amount of the formed TiB did not correlate with the reactivity of the prepared materials. All composite materials exhibited exothermic reactions at low temperatures when heated in both inert and oxidizing environments. The exothermic reactions were always stronger for spherical powders. Oxidation for spherical powders started sooner (at lower temperatures) compared to the irregularly shaped composites or to elemental metal fuels, boron and titanium. Similarly, spherical powders ignited at ca. 500 °C, a lower temperature than ignition of irregularly shaped powders with the same compositions.
Flow cytometric measurement of cell viability using DNase exclusion.

Publisher Summary Cells that have lost plasma membrane integrity and become permeable to external compounds, including dyes and enzymes, are considered to be nonviable and do not function metabolically. A measurement of cell viability is of importance for the characterization of cell populations exhibiting spontaneous cell death, such as solid tumors or cells affected by cytotoxic agents. Nonviable cells may bind antibodies or other cellular markers nonspecifically and therefore should be excluded from flow cytometric (FCM) measurements. This chapter describes a procedure for obtaining selective DNA distributions for viable cells and for determining viability for different cell subsets, including cell cycle phases. The method is based on the treatment of nonfixed cells with DNase to eliminate DNA from nonviable cells, removal of DNase, and staining of cells with DNA fluorochrome in the presence of a detergent. DNase exclusion test permits the characterization of cell death and its relation to cell type and cell cycle phase. This test is used in double-parameter FCM assays for the selective measurements of viable cells, which retain DNA after DNase treatment.
Studies on the Structure of the Mitochondrial ATP Synthase Complex and the Mechanism of ATP Synthesis

Described in this article are the membrane topography of subunits b, d, F6, OSCP and A6L of the bovine mitochondrial ATP synthase complex, and the stoichiometry of these subunits as well as of the ATPase inhibitor protein. Also described are findings regarding the regulation of the kinetics of ATP synthesis by the respiratory chain, the turnover capacity of the bovine mitochondrial ATP synthase complex, and cooperativity in ATP synthesis. The latter involves the binding of ADP to 3 exchangeable sites before rapid ATP synthesis takes place.
Mycobacteriophages: Pathogenesis and Applications

It is noteworthy that mycobacteriophages—viruses of mycobacteria—were instrumental in early genetic studies of mycobacteria and have continued to provide useful applications. This chapter focuses on the following three aspects of mycobacteriophage biology: insights into the diversity and evolution of mycobacteriophages gained from recent genomic studies, the possible involvement of mycobacteriophages in mycobacterial pathogenesis, and the numerous applications that have been derived from mycobacteriophage studies, including both genetic and clinical tools. Most selectable markers used in mycobacterial genetics are antibiotic resistance genes. However, there are some concerns regarding the use of these markers that are unique to manipulating mycobacteria. Mycobacteriophages can help to address some of these problems by providing additional genetically selectable markers that are not based on antibiotic selection. A phage-based assay has been developed with the intent of rapid determinations of drug susceptibility profiles that will overcome problems such as the slow growth of the organism that can lead to a difficult decision of whether to delay the treatment of a patient or prescribe an antibiotic regimen that may not be ineffective. Recent genomic studies of mycobacteriophages suggest that we have much to learn about the biology of these viruses. The population appears to be large and diverse, encompassing vast numbers of genes of unknown functions as well as genes that have not previously been observed in phage genomes. These observations raise numerous questions about the nature of the mycobacteriophages, the ways in which they interact with their mycobacterial hosts, and their possible roles in mycobacterial virulence.
Much) More on the Collateral Source Rule

The collateral source rule is a common law norm that permits recovery of accident-related damages from both the victim’s insurer and the injurer. Many jurisdictions have modified the rule through statutory reform during the last twenty-five years. Forensic economists in assessing damages need to be aware of the variations in the application of the rule in the jurisdictions in which they practice. The authors present a tabular summary of the statutory variations that exist in the collateral source rule across state jurisdictions and the detailed status of the statutory modifications to the rule for each state.
Copyright concerns in online education : What students need to know

As both users of and creators of copyrighted works, students must have a basic understanding of the principles regarding intellectual property. The chances of online students infringing copyright are greater simply because of the venue-nearly every activity has copyright considerations. Students need to take full advantage of the privileges copyright affords, yet realize the limitations of use. This article outlines the avenues of acceptable use of copyrighted works, defines key differences between copyright and plagiarism, and asserts the importance of librarians to provide guidance and education on these issues.
Effect of cholecalciferol and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on the intestinal absorption of zinc in the chick.

The effect of cholecalciferol on the intestinal absorption of 65Zn was assessed in zinc-deficient and zinc-replete rachitic chicks, using the in situ ligated loop techniques. Cholecalciferol did not significantly affect 65Zn absorption in either group, although the synthesis of the intestinal calcium-binding protein (CaBP) in both groups was similar. In an analogous study, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol increased 47Ca absorption and induced the synthesis of CaBP but exerted on effect on 65Zn absorption in zinc-deficient rachitic chicks. When fed a diet adequate in cholecalciferol, more CaBP was present in the intestine of the zinc-adequate group than in the zinc-deficient group, possibly due to the greater rate of growth and therefore the greater need for calcium by the former group. These results suggest that cholecalciferol and its most active metabolite do not directly affect zinc absorption and, by inference, that the vitamin D-dependent transport mechanism is not involved in zinc homeostasis, or in the interaction between calcium and zinc.
Platelet-derived growth factor induces multisite phosphorylation of pp60c-src and increases its protein-tyrosine kinase activity.

Abstract We have shown previously that pp60c-src is a substrate for protein kinase C in vivo and that the target of protein kinase C phosphorylation in mammalian pp60c-src is serine 12. We now demonstrate that in addition to tumor promoters, all activators of phosphatidylinositol turnover that we have tested in fibroblasts (platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, serum, vasopressin, sodium orthovanadate, and prostaglandin F2 alpha) lead to the phosphorylation of pp60c-src at serine 12. In addition to stimulating serine 12 phosphorylation in pp60c-src, platelet-derived growth factor treatment of quiescent fibroblasts induces phosphorylation of one or two additional serine residues and one tyrosine residue within the N-terminal 16 kilodaltons of the enzyme and activates its immune complex protein-tyrosine kinase activity.
the theoretical and pedagogical significance of the philosophical novel and philosophy for/with children: introduction to the special issue on the philosophical novel for children

In this paper I provide an introduction to the special issue on the Philosophical Novel for Children by pointing to a lacuna in the theoretical field of philosophy for/with children (P4/WC), suggesting that the field is in need of more research on the philosophical novel given its status as the curricular centerpiece of Matthew Lipman’s vision of P4/WC. I describe the genesis of the idea for this special issue, emerging as it did first from a series of questions and experiences which I encountered while working with Lipman’s philosophical novels as a P4/WC practitioner, then through a scholarly exploration of Lipman’s model theory of the philosophical novel for children, and culminating in the presentation of several of the papers published here at a special symposium on the philosophical novel for children at a meeting of the American Philosophical Association. I conclude with a preview of the papers in this special issue, highlighting several shared themes and concerns.
Treatment of germ cell cancer with two cycles of high-dose ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide with autologous stem-cell support.

PURPOSETo evaluate the activity of two cycles of high-dose ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide (ICE) with autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell support (aHPCS) in patients with poor-prognosis, chemotherapeutically sensitive germ cell cancer.PATIENTS AND METHODSTwenty patients with germ cell tumor who had persistent disease or relapse from standard-risk or high-risk presentation were entered on this pilot study. The entry criteria included relapsed gonadal and extragonadal germ cell cancer unlikely to be cured by standard salvage therapy but without proven refractoriness to chemotherapy. Treatment consisted of two cycles of ICE chemotherapy with mesna uroprotection and aHPCS. On the first cycle, ifosfamide (IFX), 2 gm/m2; carboplatin, 400 mg/m2; and etoposide, 20 mg/kg, were administered on days -6, -5, and -4. On the second cycle, the doses and schedule of carboplatin and etoposide were identical, and patients with normal renal function received additional IFX, 2 g/m2 on day -3 and 1 g/ m2 on day -2...
Forbidden fruit: Interracial love affairs in country music

(1989). Forbidden fruit: Interracial love affairs in country music. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 23-37.
Dietary Glycine Inhibits Angiogenesis During Wound Healing and Tumor Growth

In this study we investigated the effects of glycine on angiogenesis during embryogenesis, wound healing and tumor growth. In chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, glycine (100 microM) inhibited angiogenesis by more than 50%. We studied dietary glycine's effect on fibrin induced wound healing response in a novel (Fibrin Z-chamber) assay. Fibrin within the chamber triggers the healing cascade leading to formation of granulation tissue (GT) rich in blood vessels and stroma. GT was reduced by more than 30% (p < 0.0001) in dietary Glycine groups as compared to control. We found that microvessel density dropped significantly (15%, p < 0.0003) with dietary glycine whereas the other components of GT were unaffected. We evaluated tumor growth delay utilizing Tumor Z-Chamber (fibrin with R3230 mammary adenocarcinoma cells) since tumors take advantage of angiogenesis and matrix formation. We observed that tumor growth decreased by 15% (p < 0.03) and tumor microvessel density dropped by 20% (p < 0.03) with dietary glycine compared to controls. We found that iNOS protein levels were decreased significantly in both GT (24%-57%) and tumor tissue (19-75%). In conclusion, we found that dietary glycine is a potent anti-angiogenic agent that can reduce wound healing and tumor growth through reduction of iNOS expression.
Evaluation of water quality functions of conventional and advanced soil-based onsite wastewater treatment systems.

Shallow narrow drainfields are assumed to provide better wastewater renovation than conventional drainfields and are used for protection of surface and ground water. To test this assumption, we evaluated the water quality functions of two advanced onsite wastewater treatment system (OWTS) drainfields—shallow narrow (SND) and Geomat (GEO)—and a conventional pipe and stone (P&S) drainfield over 12 mo using replicated (n = 3) intact soil mesocosms. The SND and GEO mesocosms received effluent from a single-pass sand filter, whereas the P&S received septic tank effluent. Between 97.1 and 100% of 5-d biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), fecal coliform bacteria, and total phosphorus (P) were removed in all drainfield types. Total nitrogen (N) removal averaged 12.0% for P&S, 4.8% for SND, and 5.4% for GEO. A mass balance analysis accounted for 95.1% (SND), 94.1% (GEO), and 87.6% (P&S) of N inputs. When the whole treatment train (excluding the septic tank) is considered, advanced systems, including sand filter pretreatment and SND or GEO soil-based treatment, removed 99.8 to 99.9% of BOD₅, 100% of fecal coliform bacteria and P, and 26.0 to 27.0% of N. In contrast, the conventional system removed 99.4% of BOD₅ and 100% of fecal coliform bacteria and P but only 12.0% of N. All drainfield types performed similarly for most water quality functions despite differences in placement within the soil profile. However, inclusion of the pretreatment step in advanced system treatment trains results in better N removal than in conventional treatment systems despite higher drainfield N removal rates in the latter.
Optically transparent poly(methyl methacrylate) composite reinforced by polyacylonitrile hollow nanofibers

In this research, optically transparent composites were successfully fabricated by embedding polyacylonitrile hollow nanofibers into poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix. Hollow polyacylonitrile nanofibers were first prepared by coaxial electrospinning polyacylonitrile/mineral oil solution, followed by etching with octane to remove the mineral oil from the fibers. Polyacylonitrile hollow fibers were then homogeneously distributed in poly(methyl methacrylate) resins to fabricate the composite. The embedded polyacylonitrile hollow nanofibers significantly enhanced the tensile stress and the Young’s modulus of the composite (increased by 58.3% and 50.4%, respectively), while having little influence on the light transmittance of the composite. This novel transparent composite could be used for transparent armor protection, window panes in vehicles and buildings, airplane windshield, etc.
"You're Dixie's Football Pride": American College Football and the Resurgence of Southern Identity

The end of the American Civil War began a lengthy period of Southern inferiority vis-ˆ-vis the North-a period so lengthy that some Southerners argue that it lasts to this day. Not until Woodrow Wilson's election in 1913 did the United States have a Southern-born president after the Civil War. Southerners sought novel means to assert some degree of superiority over their Northern neighbors. College football became a primary means of reasserting a Southern sense of identity and superiority. In inter-regional games in the 1920s and 1930s, the martial spirit of college football allowed Southerners to reassert their sense of honor, which had been maligned since defeat in the Civil War. As Bertram Wyatt-Brown (1982) has shown, the concept of honor defined Southern males' outlook; secession from the Union and civil war occurred when Southerners perceived Abraham Lincoln's election to the Presidency as the culmination of anti-slavery assaults upon their honor. Such racial definitions of Southern identity became p...
Software linearization techniques for thermocouples, thermistors, and RTDs

Abstract Software algorithms are available which can be used to replace electronic circuitry traditionally used to linearize the responses of thermocouples, thermistors, and resistance temperature detectors (RTD). These algorithms include techniques to compensate for deviations in the thermocouple reference junction temperature from 0°C and the conversion of thermoelectric voltages into equivalent thermocouple sensing junction temperatures. Algorithms are also available which can be used to linearize the output temperature-to-resistance responses of RTDs and thermistors.
A Brief Introduction to ERMS

This column reviews common tools for libraries to manage their electronic resources. Different types of systems, including ILS and vendor-supported products, open-source options, and Web 2.0 technologies, are reviewed. Prices, models, and technology considerations are also discussed.
Different activation patterns for working memory load and visual attention load

Attention is a basic component of cognition, and is modulated by cognitive load. We aimed to map the common network that supports attentional load across different tasks using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty-two healthy volunteers performed two sets of tasks with graded levels of cognitive load: verbal working memory (WM) and visual attention (VA) tasks. For both tasks, increased cognitive load (WM-load and VA-load) activated a common network comprising parietal and occipital cortices, thalamus, and the cerebellum, indicating that these brain regions are involved in higher level of attention. The fMRI signals in the prefrontal cortices increased with WM-load but not with VA-load, suggesting that executive function is involved for the more demanding WM tasks but not for the more difficult VA tasks. Conversely, VA tasks activated more strongly an occipito-parietal network comprising the postcentral (PostCG) and the superior occipital (SOG) gyri, suggesting complex visual processing in this network.
Short latency excitation of upper cervical respiratory neurons by vagal stimulation in the rat.

Abstract Extracellular recordings were made from 29 respiration-phased neurons in the upper cervical spinal cord (C1–C3) in nine anesthetized rats while ipsilateral and contralateral vagi were stimulated via platinum hook electrodes. Neuronal responses to vagal stimulation were recorded using peristimulus histograms. An accumulation of spikes with an average latency of 4.0 ± 0.8 (S.D.) ms occurred in 11 cells after ipsilateral stimulation. These results indicate that there are fibers in the vagus which oligosynaptically excite respiratory neurons in the upper cervical spinal cord.
Galactokinase activity in patients with idiopathic cataracts.

Abstract Ninety-four consecutive patients admitted for elective cataract surgery were prospectively examined for erythrocyte galactokinase activity. The presumed etiology for the cataract was established by history and physical examination in 51 patients (21 were diabetic). The cataract was classified as idiopathic in 43 patients. Galactokinase activity was significantly lower in idiopathic vs. presumed (nondiabetic) etiology patients 50 years of age or younger ( P P = 0.0033). Three of the idiopathic cataract patients (6.9%) had galactokinase levels less than two standard deviations below the mean galactokinase level for age-matched patients with suspected (nondiabetic) etiology. Compared with the expected distribution for the heterozygote in the general population (02%), this was highly significant ( P = 0.0001). Diminished galactokinase activity may increase the risk of developing presenile cataracts requiring surgery by the fourth decade.
Electronic mail as social influence in downsized organizations

The potential to influence survivors of downsizing via electronic communication is empirically examined in an experimental setting. Individuals exposed to electronic mail messages perceived a significantly higher level of normative influence than those receiving no electronic mail messages. Implications for human resource managers include the ability to efficiently and effectively influence employees across geographic locations and organizational settings via electronic communication.
The initial distributions of Cd3P0,1,2) electronic states in the collisional deactivation of Cd(1P1) by alkane hydrocarbons

Abstract The initial distributions of Cd( 3 P 0,1,2 ) electronic states have been determined for the E-to-V,R process, Cd) 1 P 1 ) + RH → Cd( 3 P 0,1,2 ) + RH. The Cd( 3 P 0,1,2 ) distributions vary smoothly with n in the alkane C n H 2 n +2 series, from non-statistical for CH 4 (with Cd( 3 P 2 ) favored) to statistical for the C 4 and C 5 hydrocarbons, with neopentane an exception.
ACE inhibitor lacks acute effect on cognition or brain blood flow in alzheimer's disease

The effects of the acute administration of the ACE inhibitor ceronapril were studied in 12 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and 2 age-matched controls. A 4-week open trial was performed with daily doses of 40–80 mg/day. Testing was performed at baseline and at 4 weeks using the Mini-mental State Exam and the cognitive portion of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale as cognitive measures, and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) as determined by Xe 133 single-photon emission computerized tomography as an indirect measure of brain metabolism. There was no effect on cognition and blood flow increased significantly only in the left temporal region. It was concluded that the acute administration of the ACE inhibitor ceronapril had no significant acute effect on cognitive function of rCBF in AD. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Creativity, primordial cognition, and personality

Potential creativity measured by the Alternate Uses Test, remoteness of word associations, and rated creativity of fantasy stories was found to be related to primordial content in the fantasy stories. Psychoticism and extraversion have been found to be related to creativity. There are theoretical reasons to think that they might also be related to use of primordial cognition. Potential creativity and primordial content were correlated with both extraversion and psychoticism. Potential creativity and primordial cognition were much more strongly related to extraversion than to psychoticism. The common trait binding these traits together may be disinhibition. Relationships among creativity, primordial cognition, and extraversion are much stronger among men than among women.
Commodified Kin: Death, Mourning, and Competing Claims on the Bodies of Organ Donors in the United States

A pronounced disjunction characterizes symbolic constructions of the cadaveric donor body in the United States, where procurement professionals and surviving donor kin vie with one another in their desires to honor this unusual category of the dead. Of special concern is the medicalized commodification of donor bodies, a process that shapes both their social worth and emotional value. Among professionals, metaphorical thinking is key: death and body fragmentation are cloaked in ecological imagery that stresses renewal and rebirth. Such objectification also obscures the origins of transplantable organs, renders individual donors anonymous, and silences kin who mourn their dead. In response, donor kin have grown increasingly assertive, generating alternative public mortuary forms that exclude professional mediators. In so doing, they challenge the medical assumption that anonymity is central to transplantation's continued success. Through donor quilts and Web cemeteries, they proclaim the personal identities of donors who, at times, may speak beyond the grave, offering critiques of donation as a socio-medical process in the United States.
Identification of epithelial to mesenchymal transition as a novel source of fibroblasts in intestinal fibrosis.

Intestinal fibrosis is a major complication of Crohn disease (CD), but the precise mechanism by which it occurs is incompletely understood. As a result, specific therapies to halt or even reverse fibrosis have not been explored. Here, we evaluated the contribution of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) to intestinal fibrosis associated with a mouse model of CD and also human inflammatory bowel disease. Mice administered intrarectal 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) develop inflammation and fibrosis that resembles CD both histologically and by immunologic profile. We utilized this model to molecularly probe the contribution of EMT to intestinal fibrosis. Additionally, we utilized double-transgenic VillinCre;R26Rosa-lox-STOP-lox-LacZ mice, in which removal of the STOP cassette by Cre recombinase in villin+ intestinal epithelial cells activates permanent LacZ expression, to lineage trace epithelial cells that might undergo EMT upon TNBS administration. TNBS-induced fibrosis is associated with the presence of a significant number of cells that express both epithelial and mesenchymal markers. In the lineage tagged transgenic mice, the appearance of LacZ+ cells that also express the fibroblast marker FSP1 unequivocally demonstrates EMT. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, a known inducer of EMT in epithelial cells, induces EMT in rat intestinal epithelial cells in vitro, and bone morphogenic protein-7, an antagonist of TGF-β1, inhibits EMT and fibrosis both in vitro and in the TNBS-treated mice. Our study demonstrates that EMT contributes to intestinal fibrosis associated with the TNBS-induced model of Crohn colitis and that inhibition of TGF-β1 with recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-7 prevents this process and prevents fibrosis.
Helping patients make sense of the risks of taking GLP-1 agonists

Tough when benefits and harms are unclear There are three reasons to lower glycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes: to treat the symptoms of hyperglycaemia; to prevent symptomatic hyperglycaemia; and to reduce the risk of developing complications associated with diabetes. Regulatory agencies approve antihyperglycaemic agents because they prevent and treat hyperglycaemia. The US Food and Drug Administration now requires drug companies to show that their antihyperglycaemic drugs do not increase a patient’s risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Currently, however, no regulatory agency requires evidence of a drug’s efficacy in reducing the risk of developing complications of diabetes. Does the use of antidiabetic drugs have any benefits in patients with asymptomatic type 2 diabetes? It is possible that lowering glycaemia, regardless of the approach, reduces the risk of microvascular and cardiovascular complications, but this remains uncertain, despite testing in contemporary trials that have enrolled tens of thousands of patients.1 Furthermore, comparative effectiveness studies have shown no antihyperglycaemic drug to be more beneficial in this regard than any other.2 Evidence from long term follow-up of patients in the UK Prospective Diabetes Study suggests that cardiovascular complications might be reduced by preventing hyperglycaemic symptoms.3 Considerable uncertainty exists, however, in applying this evidence to patients who are at risk of cardiovascular complications but who quit smoking and adhere to low dose aspirin, standard or high dose …
Interaction and mobility of cobalt-60 between water and sediments in marine environments possible effects by acid rain

Abstract In Japan, all nuclear power stations have been constructed facing sea-shores and the operating radioactive wastes have been either stored at the sites or discharged into marine environments, if permissible. The purpose of this investigation was to understand the behavior of a radioactive cobalt (60Co), one of the typical radionuclides produced by operating nuclear reactors, in marine environments, namely cobalt interaction between water and sediments. Great emphasis was focused on demonstrating a quantitative difference in behavior of cobalt between marine and freshwater environments. Under natural conditions, cobalt remained in the water phase in marine environments more than 5 times as much as in freshwater environments. In freshwater, most cobalt (over 95%) is absorbed by and permanently retained within bed sediments under the normal environmental conditions. However, in marine environments cobalt gains mobility. Furthermore, this mobility of cobalt once established did not diminish nor disappear when surrounding conditions were changed. In short, cobalt in marine environments is generally mobile. This considerable mobility was greatly influenced by the environmental factors: (e.g. pH, the redox potential, the ionic strength, the type of sediments and the length of reaction time) but, it was primarily determined by the initial environmental conditions. The result of this experiment suggests that the treatment and the storage of radioactive cobalt waste should be done in freshwater environments rather than in a marine environment if we try to reduce the mobility. Because the mobility depends on pH, acid rain is, therefore, to be expected to strongly influence the mobility of 60Co in aquatic environments.
The effect of biochanin A on immune function in rats and tumor cell growth and viability

Animals exposed to a single dose of biochanin A (BA) in vivo (8 mg kg‐1 by gavage or 4 mg kg‐1 intraperitoneal) had natural killer cell (NKC) activity similar to the control when observed 20 h after treatment. No effect on NKC response, antibody production or delayed‐type hypersensitivity reactions was seen in rats treated with the same BA doses administered three times a week for 3 weeks. Therefore, in vivo treatment of rats with BA in this study had little or no effect on the immune responses tested. NKC cytotoxicity was significantly enhanced in rat splenocytes exposed in vitro to 1 X 10‐5‐1 X 10‐12 M‐BA or genistein (GEN) in 2.5% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). However, the NKC response in the 2.5% DMSO vehicle‐treated controls was significantly suppressed. When the DMSO concentration was reduced to 0.5%, no effects were seen in BA, GEN or vehicle cultures. This suggests that BA and GEN treatment protected against suppression of NKC cytotoxicity by DMSO. Biochanin A treatment of tumor cells, YAC‐1 or EL4, i...
The rationale for curative radiotherapy in mycosis fungoides

Abstract From 1958–1975, 176 patients with documented mycosis fungoides were treated by total skin electron beam therapy at Stanford University. All patients were classified by the initial extent of skin involvement and staged with respect to overall evidence of disease. The technique of treatment is reviewed. The likelihood of initial complete regression of all skin lesions was inversely related to the initial extent of skin involvement, ranging from 86% in the limited plaque to 44% in the tumorous group. Survival also correlated well with initial extent of skin involvement, with 10-year survivals of 76%, 44% and 6% in the limited plaque, generalized plaque and tumorous groups, respectively. Initial stage of disease also had a bearing on prognosis. Five year survivals for Stage I and II patients were 80% and 51%, respectively. There were no long-term survivors among patients with Stage III or IV disease. The significance of dermatophathic lymphadenopathy is discussed. Patients who have palpable nodes, even in the absence of their frank involvement by mycosis fungoides have a worse prognosis than patients without lymphadenopathy. Their survival is worse and they have an increased likelihood of extracutaneous spread of mycosis fungoides. The incidence of initial complete remission is directly related to the initial dose of electron beam therapy. Ninety-four per cent ( 51 54 ) of patients receiving 3000–3600 rad entered complete remission, while only 18% ( 3 17 ) of patients receiving doses of 800–1000 rad had complete remission of all disease. Of the 51 patients who entered complete remission after total skin electron beam therapy with doses in excess of 3000 rad, 20 (39%) continued to be free of disease 3–14 years after completion of therapy.
Measurement of plasma thromboxane B2 by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using 18O2-labelled thromboxane B2 as the internal standard.

The present report describes the preparation and characterization of [ 18 O 2 ]TxB 2 and its use as an internal standard for the measurement of endogenous TxB 2 in plasma using negative-ion chemical ionization (NICI) GC-MS
Congenital extracranial meningioma

The authors report a case of congenital meningioma in a newborn. This tumour is extremely rare and only six cases have been reported in the literature. Those reported cases were mainly intracranial. This is the first case of a neonatal extracranial meningioma that was evaluated preoperatively by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.
Assessing the impact of ENSO on drought in the U.S. Southwest with NCEP climate model simulations

Summary The impact of El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on U.S. Southwest precipitation and drought is assessed based on observational data and coupled global climate model simulations. The co-variability between 67-year (1948–2014) Southwest winter precipitation and Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) is analyzed using the singular value decomposition method. Results indicate strong associations between Southwest drought and La Nina during 1948–1977 and between Southwest pluvial and El Nino during 1978–1999. The relationship between Southwest precipitation and tropical Pacific SST is relatively weak after 1999. A comparison between two 480-year model simulations with and without ENSO variability suggests that ENSO can alter the characteristics of precipitation, and thus droughts over the Southwest in terms of frequency and intensity. In the presence of ENSO, the variability of Southwest precipitation is enhanced, and further, shifts toward lower frequencies. In addition, the chance for the ENSO-related precipitation pattern to persist over 3–4 years in the Southwest is higher in the simulation with ENSO than that without ENSO. The modeling study also demonstrates a sensitivity of the Southwest precipitation-related teleconnection to both the phase and intensity of ENSO, which helps understand the observed decadal changes in the strength of the link between Southwest precipitation and ENSO.
Hands-on microcomputer training

Hands-on microcomputer training presents computer educators with a new set of opportunities and challenges. The opportunity for participants to interact with the machine and software in the presence of instructors markedly decreases the struggle many new computer users experience. Questions can be answered and instruction can be generalized in the context of actual problems encountered by participants. Our curriculum has included the basic operation of microcomputers and a variety of software packages. Observations from over a year of experience in the hands-on classroom point to the importance of preparation, adequate teaching facilities, classroom discipline and flexibility as major factors in successful hands-on instruction. A substantial portion of our experience has been in the context of four faculty training projects. Instruction was done in a microcomputer laboratory and participants were loaned microcomputers for use in their offices.
Chipmunks in residential environments

Abstract Chipmunks ( Tamias striatus ) were observed at residential houselots near Amherst, Massachusetts. Activity was highest in spring and fall, and lower in mid-summer. This summer lull was absent where man-supplied food sources were available. Chipmunks were observed in wooded areas, as expected, but mown lawn and other open areas, such as driveways, were seldon used unless broken by trees and shrubs. Chipmunks were frequently observed at houses, in home roof and drainage systems and around man-made physical structures such as stone walls and debris piles. Man-supplied food sources were heavily utilized at several houses, greatly increasing the number of sightings. The horizontal visibility of commonly used perches was found to be relatively unobstructed but not completely open.
Justifying the War in Iraq: What the Bush Administration's Uses of Evidence Reveal

This essay argues that, if carefully read, the public statements of the Bush administration in the run-up to the March 2003 U.S.-led military intervention in Iraq reveal that the available evidence did not warrant the administration's confident claims that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMD). To support this argument, the essay explores the administration's verbal leakage and Freudian slips, shifts in the burden of proof, strategies that minimized evidentiary accountability, assertions of the presence of convincing evidence that could not be publicly revealed, and tacit concessions that the case for WMD was a patchwork.