cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of the heterogeneous conversion of 1,4-hydroxycarbonyls to cyclic hemiacetals and dihydrofurans on organic aerosol particles

There is growing awareness that heterogeneous reactions may be important in the atmospheric formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Here, we report on the investigation of a series of recently identified heterogeneous reactions that convert 1,4-hydroxycarbonyls, a major product of alkane oxidation, to cyclic hemiacetals and then dihydrofurans in the particle-phase. Through these reactions, saturated 1,4-hydroxycarbonyls are converted to more reactive, unsaturated dihydrofurans, which can evaporate and react rapidly with atmospheric oxidants such as OH radicals, NO3 radicals, or O3. In order to investigate the conversion process quantitatively, a model was developed based on a proposed mechanism that includes gas-phase and heterogeneous reactions, as well as gas-particle partitioning. This model was used to simulate the time profiles of products formed from OH radical-initiated reactions of C11-C17 n-alkanes in the presence of NOx, for comparison with profiles of particle-phase cyclic hemiacetals measured during environmental chamber reactions of the same alkanes using a thermal desorption particle beam mass spectrometer. Results showed that the particle-phase isomerization of 1,4-hydroxycarbonyls to cyclic hemiacetals was fast in dry air, with a reactive uptake coefficient of at least 0.5. The lifetime for the subsequent particle-phase dehydration of cyclic hemiacetals to dihydrofurans was approximately 15 min. The addition of water vapor (relative humidity approximately 50%) slowed the conversion process, apparently by neutralizing adsorbed HNO3 that is thought to catalyze the reactions. Simulations performed with model parameters obtained from the experiments indicate that for typical atmospheric aerosol mass and oxidant concentrations and sufficiently acidic particles, 1,4-hydroxycarbonyls will be almost entirely converted to dihydrofurans in less than a day in both clean and polluted areas, whereas in the presence of neutralized particles the conversion may be minor. The outcome that occurs could have a significant impact on reaction products and SOA formation.
ARYLSULPHATASES IN HUMAN BRAIN: PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AN INSOLUBLE ARYLSULPHATASE1

After solubilization with 0.5% (w/v) lysolecithin an arylsulphatase was purified 30-fold from human brain. By this procedure, 82% of the activity was recovered in the 100,000 g supernatant fluid. Solubilization of the enyzme was dependent on lysolecithin concentration but not on the time of incubation. The enzyme was purified using ethanol and ammonium sulphate fractionations. The purified protein showed a single band on acrylamide gel electrophoresis in two different buffer systems. On ultracentrifugation, a sharp symmetrical peak was obtained with a s20,w value of 5.4 and an apparent molecular weight of 103,000 daltons was calculated. A molecular weight of 105,000 daltons was obtained by sucrose density gradient. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the presence of two subunit species with molecular weights of 47,000 and 25,000 daltons. The enzyme was unstable at 04°C but could be stored in a frozen state without much loss of activity. 4-Methylumbelliferone-sulphate was used as substrate in these studies and the product, methylumbelliferone, was quantified fluorometrically. The enzyme had an optimum pH of 6.8. A higher activity was exhibited in imidazole buffer than in acetate buffer. Enzyme activity was linear up to 30 min of incubation. The enzyme showed a Km of 37.7 μm for 4-methylumbelliferone-sulphate. Ammonium sulphate at 5 mm produced a slight activation of the enzyme. Borate, silver and sulphite ions inhibited enzyme activity, whereas p-chloromercuribenzoate, and cyanide, arsenite, fluoride and phosphate ions caused very little inhibition. The chemical enzymatic hydrolysis of the native enzyme revealed the presence of 2 mol of sialic acid per mole of the enzyme. Enzymatic removal of sialic acid did not affect the activity of the enzyme; therefore, the sialic acid moiety was not required for enzyme activity.
Diel periodicity in cellular chlorophyll content in marine diatoms

Intracellular chlorophyll a content is one of the many measurable parameters which displays a diel rhythm in marine phytoplankton. In asynchronous laboratory cultures of the diatom Skeletonema costatum, cellular chlorophylls a and c exhibit periodicities which closely follow the light-dark cycle and are not the result of cell division. The laboratory cultures also exhibit diel rhythms in cellular flourescence properties and carbon: chlorophyll a ratios. The occurrence of similar patterns of cellular flourescence, carbon: chlorophyll a ratios, and in situ flourescence in diatom-dominated natural phytoplankton communities suggests the possibility of diel rhythms in cellular chlorophyl a content in diatoms in the sea. The data also suggest that the observed periodicity in cellular chlorophyll content is regulated by the diel light cycle and that the co-occurrence of synchronous or phased cell division would only modify the observed periodicity.
SO2 oxidation in cloud drops containing NaCl or sea salt as condensation nuclei

Abstract Experimental results from cloud-chamber studies provide direct evidence that NaCl, artificial sea salt and natural sea salt promote faster rates of aqueous SO 2 oxidation than observed in the absence of these salts. However, the chemical basis for this effect has not been clarified. Oxidation rates > 30% h −1 are observed in cloud-chamber experiments with 0.4 μm-diameter salt particles as cloud nuclei and a cloud pH of 6. SO 2 oxidation under similar atmospheric conditions might account for the rapid formation of sulfate observed in marine fogs.
Improving the efficiency of guniting steel-pouring ladles

Hot guniting of steel-pouring ladles without cooling the lining enables us to reduce the time taken to prepare them for pouring, and creates conditions for repeated hot guniting within a ladle campaign. This will make it possible to increase the stability of the lining and to reduce the energy expended on drying the gunite layer.
Evaluation of a phoP/phoQ-deleted, aroA-deleted live oral Salmonella typhi vaccine strain in human volunteers.

Abstract Improved live oral typhoid fever vaccines may be engineered by deletion of Salmonella -specific virulence genes in Salmonella typhi . Ty445, an aroA -deleted S. typhi Ty2 strain also deleted for the phoP/phoQ Salmonella typhimurium virulence regulatory locus, was tested in human volunteers. Volunteers received escalating single dosed of the vaccine; subsequently 14 individuals received two doses of 10 10 c.f.u. without significant side-effects. Control vaccinees received four doses of the live oral typhoid vaccine Ty21a. Of controls, 5 8 seroconverted as measured by increases in serum IgG directed against S. typhi O antigen or whole bacterial antigens in ELISAs. Only 2 14 volunteers receiving the experimental vaccine Ty445 seroconverted. Although a ΔaroA ΔphoP/phoQ S. typhi strain is overattenuated for use as a typhoid fever vaccine, our data demonstrate that the deletion of the phoP/phoQ locus in S. typhi significantly attenuates this human pathogen.
Matrix infrared spectroscopic and density functional theoretical investigations on thorium and uranium atom reactions with dimethyl ether

Reactions of laser-ablated thorium and uranium atoms with dimethyl ether were investigated using matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy. Four types of reaction products for both uranium and thorium were identified using deuterium substituted samples as well as density functional frequency and energy calculations. Ground state uranium and thorium atoms react with dimethyl ether spontaneously to give the M(CH3OCH3) complexes (M = Th, U) on annealing, which are predicted to have C2v symmetry with triplet (Th) and quintet (U) ground states. Subsequent visible irradiation produces the divalent CH3OThCH3 and CH3OUCH3 insertion products with singlet and quintet states lowest in energy. Further UV irradiation induces isomerization of the CH3OMCH3 molecules to the (CH3)2MO isomers with MO double bonds and pyramidal structures. In the presence of another dimethyl ether reagent, evidence for (CH3O)2M(CH3)2 molecules is also produced upon UV irradiation.
Underdiagnosis of an Odontogenic Keratocyst: Common Cyst can be Controversial Lesion

This case report serves as a springboard for a review of the histologic and clinical features of the OKC. A mass removed from a 68-year-old patient was misdiagnosed as a benign squamous epithelial cyst. The lesion actually represented an odontogenic keratocyst. The patient had no sign of the basal cell nevus syndrome. After 12 months, there has been no recurrence.
Gas-Surface Dynamics and Profile Evolution during Etching of Silicon.

Scattering of energetic F atoms on a fluorinated Si surface is studied by molecular beam methods. The energy transfer closely follows hard-sphere collision kinematics. Energy and angular distributions of unreacted F atoms suggest significant multiple-bounce scattering in addition to single-bounce scattering and trapping desorption. An empirical model of the atom-surface interaction dynamics is used in a Monte Carlo simulation of topography evolution during neutral beam etching of Si. Model predictions of profile phenomena are validated by experiments.
CACSD using the state-space L/sup infinity / theory-a design example

The L/sup infinity / optimal control theory is used to achieve singular value loop-shaping design objectives in a multivariable aircraft pitch-axis control design example involving an unstable nonminimum phase plant. Comparison to the frequency-weighted LQG (Linear quadratic Gaussian) design shows that the L/sup infinity / theory easily produced a superior design having both higher bandwidth and greater stability margin, with no need for designer interaction for iterative adjustment of weights, than LQG. The design example provides a vivid illustration of how the all-pass property of the L/sup infinity / theory enables precise shaping of closed-loop singular-value Bode plots to conform pointwise to prespecified weighting functions. >
Factors Affecting Prosocial Behavior

Summary Four experimental treatments were established to compare the effects on helping behavior of brief interpersonal contact and responding to a minor request. Ss were 75 male and 26 female business persons and customers using elevators in a large downtown office building. The Ss overheard one confederate (C 1) give a second confederate (C 2) incorrect information. Ss who had first responded to a minor request of the C 2 were more likely to help this C 2 a second time by correcting the false information than were Ss of whom the minor request was not made (p .50). The results of the study were discussed in terms of several theoretical conceptions dealing with prosocial behavior.
The History of the History of the Yi, Part II

The People’s Republic of China (PRC) is, according to its constitution, “a unified country of diverse nationalities” (tongyide duominzu guojia; see Wang Guodong, 1982: 9). The degree to which this admirable political ideal has actually been respected has varied throughout the history of the PRC: taken seriously in the early and mid-1950s, it was systematically ignored during the twenty years of High Socialism from the late 1950s to the early 1980s and then revived again with the Opening and Reform policies of the past two decades (Heberer, 1989: 23-29). The presence of minority “autonomous” territories, preferential policies in school admissions, and birth quotas (Sautman, 1998) and the extraordinary emphasis on developing “socialist” versions of minority visual and performing arts (Litzinger, 2000; Schein, 2000; Oakes, 1998) all testify to serious attention to multinationalism in the cultural and administrative realms, even if minority culture is promoted in a homogenized socialist version and even if everybody knows that “autonomous” territories are far less autonomous, for example, than an American state or a Swiss canton. But although the party state now preaches multinationalism and allows limited expression of ethnonational autonomy, it also preaches and promotes progress—and thus runs straight into a paradox: progress is defined in objectivist, modernist terms, which relegate minority cultures to a more
Understanding the cubic and half-cubic laws of financial fluctuations

Recent empirical research has uncovered regularities in %nancial u (ii) the half cubic law of volumes: volumes follow a power law distribution with exponent 3 ; (iii) Approximate cubic law of number of trades: the number of trades in a given time intervals follows a power law distribution with exponent around 3. We discuss a new theory that explains them, as well as some related facts. c � 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
A Pareto comparison of ad valorem and unit taxes in noncompetitive environments

Abstract A literature that began with Wicksell (1896) has shown that an ad valorem tax is welfare superior to an equal-yield unit tax in both monopoly and oligopoly markets. This paper proves a stronger result: for any unit tax imposed on a monopoly, there exists an ad valorem tax that Pareto dominates it — that produces larger profit, tax revenue, and consumer surplus. The paper then considers whether this Pareto result generalizes to all Cournot–Nash oligopolies. The paper shows that Pareto dominance holds in such markets whenever the tax level exceeds a critical value that depends on various market parameters.
Magnesium sulfate protection of fetal rat brain from severe maternal hypoxia.

Objective: To determine whether severe maternal hypoxia affects fetal rat physical characteristics and causes neuronal damage, and whether magnesium sulfate can decrease these effects. Methods: At 17 days gestation, rats were randomly assigned to one of four groups that received saline injections and room air (n = 6), magnesium sulfate and room air (n = 5), saline and hypoxia (n = 5) or magnesium sulfate and hypoxia (n =5). Maternal magnesium sulfate or saline injections were given for 4 hours. In groups 3 and 4 this was followed by a hypoxia chamber protocol that included a gas mixture of 9% oxygen and 3% carbon dioxide for 2 hours. After 72 hours of recovery, fetuses were delivered abdominally, perfused transcardially, and brains removed intact. Fetal body and brain weight and size were measured. Brains were embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained. A neuropathologist masked to the protocol performed histologic grading of brain regions. Results: Exposure to the hypoxia chamber resulted in decreased maternal oxygen tension and pH (from 82.8 ± 20.0 to 49.2 ± 14.4 mmHg, and from 7.37 ± 0.05 to 7.20 ± 0.04, respectively; P < .005). Magnesium sulfate administration resulted in higher magnesium levels in blood (from 1.52 ± 0.2 to 3.77 ± 0.7 mg/dL; P < .001). The hypoxia protocol resulted in a significant decrease in fetal body and brain size, but not weight. Hypoxia also caused an increase in the proportion of fetal rats that had brain injury, including shrinkage of cells and karyorrhexis in the hippocampus and thalamus (from 0% to 38.1% and 38.9%, respectively; P < .05). Magnesium sulfate reduced these effects on fetal brain histopathology and size. Conclusion: Severe maternal rat hypoxia resulted in significant fetal neuronal damage and decreased fetal body and brain size. Maternal magnesium sulfate administration reduced the effect of hypoxia on fetal brain histopathology and size without affecting body size.
Improved growth and decreased morbidities in <1000 g neonates after early management changes.

To test the hypothesis that three changes in the early management of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) neonates would decrease the incidence of extra-uterine growth restriction (EUGR) by 25%. The three early management practice changes (EMPC) included surfactant at delivery followed by immediate extubation to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), decreased oxygen exposure and early parenteral amino acids. Historical cohort study of preterm infants ⩽1000 g birth weight (BW) born at the University of Texas Medical Branch between January 2001 and June 2002 (pre-EMPC, before changes, n=87) and July 2004 to December 2005 (post-EMPC, after changes, n=76). Outcomes measured included feeding and growth parameters, morbidities and interventions. Statistical analysis included χ2-analysis, Student's t-test, and analysis of variance. Infants in the post-EMPC cohort regained BW more quickly, maintained appropriate size for weight at 36 weeks and had less morbidity associated with poor long-term outcome. Predictors of EUGR included BW <750 g and surgical necrotizing enterocolitis. The introduction of surfactant at delivery followed by immediate extubation to CPAP, decreased oxygen exposure and early parenteral amino acids in ELBW infants is possible, safe and associated with improvements in growth and morbidity.
‘ECOVRD’ –A Tablet PC-Based Tool to Support Observational Studies

This paper introduces a new Tablet PC-based tool (called ‘ECOVRD,’ Event Coding and Visual Representation of Data) to facilitate real-time classification of live or video-recorded individual and te...
Melting points and heats of fusion of some polyamides and polyesters

Melting points of three polyamides, four polyesters, and their mixtures with diluents have been determined by application of dilatometry to observe the latent volume change during gradual melting extending over many days in each case. Heats of fusion were calculated from the depressions of the melting point by varying volume fractions of diluents. The results, given in °C. and in cal./g., respectively, are as follows: decamethylene sebacamide, 216°, 24.5; decamethylene azelamide, 214°, 27; the sebacamide of 1,10-dipiperazyldecane, 129.5°, 34.5; decamethylene azelate, 69°, 31; nonamethylene azelate, 65°, 33; decamethylene terephthalate, 138°, 36; hexamethylene terephthalate 160.5°, 34. The results are compared with those previously reported for related polymers. A possible explanation is suggested for the fact that the heats of fusion of polyesters exceed those for the corresponding polyamides. High melting points appear to be associated with low entropies of fusion rather than with high heats of fusion.
Video tape documentation of behavioral change in children.

Video tape was used to document behavior before therapy and at four-month intervals during one year of psychotherapy in one pair of identical seven-year-old twin boys with childhood schizophrenia. A normal male peer was used for comparison. Two judges rated the tapes independently using a special behavioral coding system. Results show that behavioral change can be reliably documented both qualitively and quantitively using this technique.
Water, partial melting and the origin of the seismic low velocity and high attenuation zone in the upper mantle

Abstract The common belief that the seismic low velocity and high attenuation zone (the asthenosphere) is caused by the presence of a small amount of melt is not supported by recent mineral physics and seismological observations. A review of recent mineral physics observations suggests that water significantly reduces seismic wave velocities through anelastic relaxation and hence, at a small melt fraction expected in most of the Earth's upper mantle, partial melting will increase seismic wave velocities through the removal of water from minerals such as olivine. Therefore the asthenosphere, in this model, is a layer where no significant partial melting occurs and hence a high water content is retained. We apply this model to calculate seismic wave velocities and attenuation in the upper mantle with a range of water contents. The seismic structures calculated from this model depend on geotherm, the mode of partial melting (batch or fractional melting) and the geometry of upwelling flow (passive flow or dynamic upwelling). The sharp velocity change around 60–80 km (the Gutenberg discontinuity) can be attributed to a sharp change in water content due to partial melting, if the temperature there is relatively high as implied by the plate model and if melting occurs as fractional melting but not by batch melting. However, the significant increase in seismic wave velocity with age in young oceanic upper mantle suggests rapid cooling as predicted by a cooling half-space model. Thus, the present model suggests fast cooling in the early stage but slow cooling in the later stage of evolution of the oceanic upper mantle, the latter being caused presumably by some additional heat in the old oceanic upper mantle. The seismic structures of typical oceanic upper mantle with a fast spreading rate (e.g., the Pacific) is consistent with passive spreading, whereas the greater depth of the G-discontinuity and the weaker seismic anisotropy in back-arc regions (e.g., the Philippine Sea) suggest dynamic upwelling caused presumably by a higher degree of melting due to a larger amount of water.
Context effects in sentence comprehension: A reply to Doll and Lapinski

The view that context invariably speeds up the sentence comprehension process is challenged. In the normal comprehension of connected sentences in prose, subjects engage in schema construction activities. This is assumed to be a time-dependent process that is not carried out when isolated sentences are comprehended. There may be cases, therefore, where context would actually slow down the sentence comprehension process.
Concentration of air‐borne pheromone required for long‐lasting peripheral adaptation in the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana

Electroantennogram (EAG) responses of male obliquebanded leafrollers, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), to the main component of its pheromone blend and traces of geometric isomer ((Z)11-14:Ac and (E)11-14:Ac, respectively) were recorded before and after 1 h of continuous exposure to pheromone in laboratory experiments, and 24 h of exposure under field conditions. Concentrations of pher- omone ranging from 56 to below 1 ng mL � 1 air in Teflon chambers with regulated air exchange reduced peripheralsensory responses by 40-60 % as measured by amplitudes of the EAG. Adaptation did not increase in a dosage-dependent fashion over most of this range; an identicalreduction of responsiveness was observed at each exposure to an effective concentration. Exposure of C. rosaceana at a loading dosage of 1 ng of pheromone in 100mL of mineraloil(air concentration below the GLC detection limit) did not induce measurable adaptation. Caging C. rosaceana in apple trees adjacent to one, two or four Isomate OBLR/PLR Plus polyethylene pheromone dispensers for 24 h resulted in long-lasting adaptation similar to that seen in laboratory experiments. Adaptation was not observed for C. rosaceana caged at a distance of 2 m from Isomate dispensers in 1-ha plots treated with 500 dispensers per ha. Whenever observed, this type of adaptation was expressed for more than 5 min after exposure to pheromone ceased. Collectively, this adaptation phenom- enon in C. rosaceana is consistent with the third of Zufall & Leinders-Zufall's types of olfactory adaptation that is 'long-lasting'. Although the dosage of pheromone required to induce long-lasting adaptation in this moth is judged high relative to that for normalsexualcommunication, we suggest this type of adaptation may come into pl ay for some but not al lmoths under pest-controlregimes using the tactic of pheromone-disruption, particularly those using high-dosage release technologies like pheromone rope dispensers or Microsprayers.
A revision of Cressa L. (Convolvulaceae)

Abstract Previous treatments of the genus Cressa have ranged from splitting it into 19 species or lumping all the variation into C. cretica Lthe type species. Morphological study reveals that there are four species, two in the Americas and two in the Old World. The American species are C. truxillensis HumbBonpl. & Kunth and C. nudicaulis Griseb. Africa and Eurasia support C. cretica . Australia and Timor have C. australis R. Bralthough since the 1860s it has largely been misidentified and reported as C. cretica . Differences occur in several organs, but leaf shapes are distinctive in two species C. nudicaulis has scale-like leaves, while in C. cretica , leaves are usually lanceolate. Peduncle lengths, stamen lengths, filament pubescence and ranges distinguish C. truxillensis from C. australis . A key and generic and specific descriptions are given with typification. Specimen citation represents the geographic ranges of each species.
The human Pol III transcriptome and gene information flow

In this issue, three papers report the distribution of the RNA polymerase III (Pol III) machinery, including transcription factor IIIB, transcription factor IIIC and Pol III itself, across the human genome. These studies reveal cell type–specific expression of Pol III genes, functional interplay between the Pol II and Pol III transcriptional machineries and the potential involvement of Pol III genes in chromosome organization.
Percutaneous retrieval of a biliary stent after migration and ileal perforation

We present a case of a migrated biliary stent that resulted in a distal small bowel perforation, abscess formation and high grade partial small bowel obstruction in a medically stable patient without signs of sepsis or diffuse peritonitis. We performed a percutaneous drainage of the abscess followed by percutaneous retrieval of the stent. The entero-peritoneal fistula closed spontaneously with a drain in place. We conclude, migrated biliary stents associated with perforation distal to the Ligament of Trietz (LOT), may be treated by percutaneous drainage of the abscess and retrieval of the stent from the peritoneal cavity, even when associated with a large intra-abdominal abscess.
Histone Acetyltransferase Complexes Stabilize SWI/SNF Binding to Promoter Nucleosomes

To investigate the function of SWI/SNF in site-specific chromatin remodeling at promoters, we have used a purified system to analyze its distribution, function, and retention following recruitment by a sequence-specific transcription activator. Activator recruitment of SWI/SNF bound the complex to promoter proximal nucleosomes and led to localized nucleosome disruption. However, retention of SWI/SNF on the promoter required either the continued binding of the transcription activator or acetylated histones. Histone acetylation by either the SAGA or NuA4 HAT complexes increased the retention of SWI/SNF on the promoter. These data illustrate a functional link between HAT complexes and the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex and provide a mechanistic basis for the ordered recruitment of these complexes.
The stabilities of new N-halamine water disinfectants

Abstract The stabilities in water of several new N-halamine disinfectants have been measured. Variables in the study included pH, temperature, and water quality (demand-free and synthetic-demand). An inverse relationship exists between the stabilities of the compounds and their efficacies against Staphylococcus aureus. The most stable compounds of those studied, 1,3-dichloro-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-imidazolidinone (A) and 3-chloro-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone (I), are possible candidates as water disinfectants for high-temperature applications such as hot tubs and cooling towers. While the N-bromamines studied were generally less stable but more biocidal than their chloramine analogs, the mixed bromochloro compound 1-bromo-3-chloro-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-imidazolidinone (ABC) provided rapid initial disinfection due to the Br moiety and slower long-term disinfection due to the Cl moiety. The disinfectant of choice is dependent upon the envisioned application.
Tamoxifen-Induced Changes in the Plasma Fibrinolytic Factors in Menopausal Women with Breast Cancer:

There is evidence that tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), and the plasminogen activator inhibitors 1 and 2 (PAI-1, PAI-2), are involved in the invasion and metastasis of breast tumors. Menopausal controls and menopausal women with breast cancer, who were taking tamoxifen, 10 mg b.i.d., had plasma antigenic levels of tPA, uPA, PAI-1, and PAI-2 determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, five women being placed on this tamoxifen regimen also had these same determinations made before and after 6 months. Significant increases were observed for tPA, uPA, and PAI-1 in the 26 tamoxifen-treated patients. The percent increase in tPA and uPA combined were greater than that of PAI-1. Nonsignificant increases were also seen in the five women evaluated before and after initiation of treatment. Linear correlations were seen for tPA and PAI-1 over time length of exposure to tamoxifen. Ratios of tPA/PAI- 1 and UPA/PAI-1 were not significantly dif...
Isoperibol microcalorimeter for measuring enthalpies of solution of radioactive elements and compounds enthalpy of solution of 248cm metal

Abstract An isoperibol solution microcalorimeter for measuring enthalpies of solution of submilligram masses of radioactive elements and compounds is described. The microcalorimeter vessel is fabricated from tantalum metal and has an operating volume of 5 cm3. Its energy equivalent is 24 J K−1 when containing 5 cm3 of water. The thermal leakage modulus is 1.7 × 10−4 s−1. The sensitivity of temperature measurement is about 1 × 10−5 K. The facility has the capability for computer-assisted acquisition of results and analysis. The performance of the calorimeter was determined by measuring the enthalpies of solution ΔHsoln of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and of magnesium metal in aqueous hydrochloric acid. Our first experiments to measure the enthalpy of solution of 248Cm metal in 1.0 mol dm−3 HCl at 298.15 K yielded a value of −606.5 kJ mol−1.
The diaphragm in pregnancy

Summary o (1) A method of measuring the difference in height of the diaphragm as seen in consecutive x-ray films of the same person and using a standard radiological technique is described. (2) The range of variation in the height of the diaphragm has been measured in a control group of 30 non-pregnant women of childbearing age. (3) In a second group of 19 pregnant women it has been shown that there is a slight but significant rise in the level of the diaphragm in the later months of pregnancy. (4) In neither group was there a significant difference in the range of variation of movement between the left and right side of the diaphragm. (5) It is suggested that these structural alterations are the result of physiological changes of pregnancy similar to those responsible for the growth of the uterus and other muscles and the softening of pelvic ligaments and connective tissue. (6) The practical applications of these findings are discussed.
The Surgical Learning Curve in Aural Atresia Surgery

Objective: The objective of this retrospective case review is to examine the effect of surgical learning on hearing outcomes and complications in congenital aural atresia surgery. Patients: Sixty-four consecutive ears (in 60 patients) operated on during the period of 1994 to 2004 at a tertiary referral center were studied. Intervention)s): Intervention consisted of aural atresiaplasty through an anterior approach by the same surgeon (C.S.). Main Outcome Measure)s): Hearing outcomes and complication rates were compared between four temporally sequential groups of 16 ears. Acceptable hearing and complication rate outcomes were defined as results comparable to larger series in the literature. Results: Hearing results, in the short term, comparable to larger series were achieved during the first group of ears (nos. 1–16). A plateau in the learning curve for short-term hearing outcomes was achieved after the first two groups, that is, after 32 ears. Hearing outcomes, in the long term (>1 year) comparable to larger series, were achieved in the second group of ears (nos. 16–32). The learning curve for long-term hearing demonstrated a significant improvement in outcomes in the final group of 16 ears compared with the first 48 ears. Long-term hearing results for the final group show closure of the postoperative air-bone gap to less than 30 dB in 94% of cases. Postoperative complication rates were equivalent to larger series in the first group of 16 ears and showed no statistically significant difference between the four groups. There was one patient with sensorineural hearing loss after surgery; there were no anacoustic ears and no facial palsies in the study group. Conclusions: A learning curve of at least 32 ears was required to achieve stable short-term hearing results. To achieve stable long-term hearing results required a learning curve of at least 48 patients in our series. Complication rates remained stable throughout the study period.
Utilization of Evidenced Based Dialectical Behavioral Therapy in Assertive Community Treatment: Examining Feasibility and Challenges

Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) programs have been treating individuals with chronic and severe mental illness since the 1970s. While ACT programs were developed to address the treatment needs of severely mentally ill persons traditionally suffering from chronic mental illnesses, ACT programs are seeing a growing number of persons with co-morbid personality disorders. The efficacy of traditional ACT programs in treating individuals with co-occurring personality disorders is uncertain, in particular individuals with co-morbid Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) has been proposed as an effective approach to treating clients with BPD in this setting. The purpose of this paper is to examine the value of DBT for individuals with BPD in ACT programs. The writers discuss the prevalence of Borderline Personality Disorders in ACT populations, briefly review the literature on DBT in ACT, address the feasibility of implementing DBT in an ACT model, examine potential barriers to this implementation, and highlight potential areas for future research.
Dynamic compression-shear loading with in-material interferometric measurements

The present article introduces a new technique for window interferometry in the case of combined normal and shear wave motion. The method can, in principle, be used for micromechanical studies of damage and inelasticity in a variety of materials. Preliminary tests conducted on brittle materials indicate the feasibility of the technique and its advantages over other in‐material measurements using embedded manganin gauges or electromagnetic particle velocity gauges. An analysis of the interferometric signals, incorporating variations in the index of refraction of the window material, is used in the interpretation of the velocity histories. The suitability of the technique in the study of dynamic failure and material instabilities is presented. Furthermore, the use of the in‐material measurement technique in the design of pressure‐shear recovery experiments is described.
Biliary dilatation and duodenal intussusception secondary to enteric duplication cyst: MDCT diagnosis

Enteric duplication cysts are rare congenital anomalies that may occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly involving the small bowel. The distal ileum, jejunum, and duodenum are affected in descending order of frequency. We describe a case of biliary dilatation and duodenal intussusception caused by an enteric duplication cyst in an adult patient. To our knowledge, there are no other reported cases of this entity in an adult in the English literature. Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) findings are emphasized, and the value of multiplanar reformation (MPR) in forming a correct preoperative differential diagnosis is discussed.
Mutational Analysis of Simian Virus 40 T-Antigen Primosome Activities in Viral DNA Replication

The recruitment of DNA polymerase α-primase (pol-prim) is a crucial step in the establishment of a functional replication complex in eukaryotic cells, but the mechanism of pol-prim loading and the composition of the eukaryotic primosome are poorly understood. In the model system for simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA replication in vitro, synthesis of RNA primers at the origin of replication requires only the viral tumor (T) antigen, replication protein A (RPA), pol-prim, and topoisomerase I. On RPA-coated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), T antigen alone mediates priming by pol-prim, constituting a relatively simple primosome. T-antigen activities proposed to participate in its primosome function include DNA helicase and protein-protein interactions with RPA and pol-prim. To test the role of these activities of T antigen in mediating priming by pol-prim, three replication-defective T antigens with mutations in the ATPase or helicase domain have been characterized. All three mutant proteins interacted physically and functionally with RPA and pol-prim and bound ssDNA, and two of them displayed some helicase activity. However, only one of these, 5030, mediated primer synthesis and elongation by pol-prim on RPA-coated ssDNA. The results suggest that a novel activity, present in 5030 T antigen and absent in the other two mutants, is required for T-antigen primosome function.
Mapping of the Cleavage-Associated Bleomycin Binding Site on DNA with a New Method Based on Site-Specific Blockage of the Minor Groove with N2-Isobutyrylguanine†

Although the binding of various forms of bleomycin to DNA has been studied extensively, the transient nature of the activated bleomycin species which ultimately attacks DNA has largely precluded direct examination of its physical interactions with DNA. In an attempt to map the minimum binding site required for this species to effect DNA cleavage, several oligonucleotide duplexes were synthesized, each of which contained a single N2-isobutyrylguanine moiety at a specific position in the sequence. These duplexes were end-labeled, and sequence-specific bleomycin-induced cleavage was assessed in each strand of each duplex. Isobutyrylguanine substitution immediately 5' to a primary bleomycin target site suppressed bleomycin-induced cleavage by more than 10-fold. Substitution two bases 5' to a target site suppressed cleavage by about 4-fold, and substitution directly opposite the target site suppressed cleavage by 7-fold. Substitution immediately 3' to the target site, or at other more distant positions 3' or 5', had little or no effect. In cases where cleavage at a primary site was strongly suppressed, cleavage at the corresponding secondary site (the putative site of the second break in a bleomycin-induced double-strand break) was also inhibited, even when the secondary site was several bases away from the isobutyrylguanine substitution. The results suggest that the binding site required for bleomycin-induced DNA cleavage spans a region of approximately 2 or 3 bp in the minor groove, including the base associated with the sugar attacked and one or two bases to its 5' side. Computer-based molecular modeling indicated that these results are consistent with the predictions of recently proposed models in which the bithiazole is intercalated immediately 3' to the cleavage site, and the iron coordination site binds in the minor groove immediately 5' to the cleavage site. Both the empirical data and the modeling studies suggest that N2-isobutyrylguanine substitution effectively blocks the minor groove, but without significantly disturbing DNA secondary structure. Thus, it is proposed that site-specific incorporation of N2-isobutyrylguanine may provide a general method for mapping binding sites of minor groove-binding ligands on DNA.
Effective collision strengths with inclusion of resonance for hyperfine-structure transitions in H- and Li-like ions

Calculations are made of the resonance contribution to electron-impact excitation of H-like 13C and Li-like 23Na, 25Mg, 27Al and 29Si to the upper hyperfine levels that produce millimetre (mm) lines of likely astrophysical interest. The resonance contribution is found to be very important for these Li-like ions, considerably more important than for Li-like 57Fe considered previously. However, resonances are found to be rather unimportant for H-like 13C. The effect of radiative decay on the resonance contribution is found to be insignificant in all of the present calculations.
Toward three-dimensional quantum state-resolved collision dynamics at the gas-liquid interface: theoretical investigation of incident angle.

Quantum state-resolved energy transfer dynamics at the gas−liquid interface are explored through a comparison of classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and previously reported experimental studies (Perkins, B. G.; et al. J. Phys. Chem. A 2008, 112, 9234). Theoretically, large scale MD trajectory calculations have been performed for collisions of CO2 with a model fluorinated self-assembled monolayer surface (F-SAMs), based on an explicit atom-atom interaction potential obtained from earlier theoretical studies (Martinez-Nunez, E.; et al. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 354). Initial conditions for the simulations match those in the experimental studies where high-energy jet-cooled CO2 molecules (Einc = 10.6(8) kcal/mol, ≈ 10 cm−1) are scattered from a 300 K perfluorinated liquid surface (PFPE) from a range of incident angles (θinc = 0−60°). Nascent CO2 rotational distributions prove to be remarkably well characterized by a simple two-temperature trapping-desorption (TD) and impulsive scattering (...
Measuring Mean Velocities with POGO

Abstract POGO is a simple technique for measuring water transport between the surface and some preselected depth. Equipped with a 12-kHz pinger for tracking and range measurement, a xenon flasher for nighttime relocation, and a VHF beacon for daytime recovery, it has been used over 200 times in the Gulf Stream to measure volume transport and to provide a reference velocity (transport) for geostrophic calculations from pairs of hydrographic stations. This note gives a brief technical description of POGO and how it is used. Loran C was used for navigation in this study, but with the advent of the Global Positioning System (GPS), POGO can be used worldwide.
Acquiring IS Skill through Habitual Use

Understanding skill acquisition in the context of information systems (IS) use is increasingly important as digital technologies continue to pervade all aspects of personal and business life. To address this important construct, in this study we explore potential antecedents of skill acquisition, including: playfulness, ease of use, comprehensiveness of use, and atypical use. We also explore the mediating role of habitual use (conceptualized as “multipurposing” technology) in IS skill acquisition. We develop and validate measurement scales for multipurposing, comprehensiveness of use, and atypical use. Data was collected using 377 self-reported survey responses from users of Microsoft Excel. Our findings indicate that multipurposing mediates some effects on skill acquisition.
CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY IN VARIOUS CLINICAL EVENTS

Doppler ultrasound measurement of cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) measuring pulsatility index (PI), peak systolic velocity, diastolic velocity, and area under the curve was used as adjunct monitoring in neonates to study alterations of cerebrovascular dynamics in various clinical events. Changes in CBFV induced by lumbar puncture (LP) in the treatment of post hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (IVH) and sepsis were evaluated. The effect of exchange transfusion (ETx), pneumothorax (Pn), and the drugs pavulon (Pa), dopamine (Dop), isuprel (Isu), and mannitol (Mann) on CBFV were studied. Effect of LP on CBFV in IVH was dramatic only in infants with very abnormal initial CBFV, two of whom required shunting. In infants with severe RDS, pavulon and dopamine stabilized CBFV; isuprel had no effect. Pneumothorax dramatically affected CBFV adversely, and this effect was not improved after chest tube insertion. Exchange transfusion did not alter CBFV either during or after the procedure. Cerebral blood flow is affected by physiologic perturbation. Monitoring this parameter can be helpful for a better understanding of cerebrovascular hemodynamics.
A NEW SET OF INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF REAL PRODUCT AND PRICE LEVELS ESTIMATES FOR 130 COUNTRIES, 1950–1985

A new set of international comparisons covering the period 1950–85 is developed here for 121 market and 9 centrally planned economies. This new so-called Penn World Table (Mark 4), a completely revised and updated expansion of an equivalent table published by the authors in 1984, draws on the data of two previously unavailable international comparison benchmark studies. This article presents a detailed description of all estimation procedures, and excerpts from the overall DATA TABLE covering two years, 1980 and 1985. Three computer diskettes accompanying this article (and also available from the authors) contain the complete 36–year, 60,000 entry DATA TABLE in a form that economizes on scarce journal space and is immediately machine-readable. For the 121 market economies, the DATA TABLE gives annually, in addition to population and exchange rates, real product and price level estimates for four different national income concepts, and for the major subaggregates, consumption, investment, and government. Only population and real gross domestic product estimates are given for the nine centrally planned economies, however. This new table is one more step toward the goal of establishing a new worldwide System of Real National Accounts.
Regional cooperation and the regionalization of air travel in Central New England

Abstract The regionalization of air traffic in Central New England since 1995, shifting traffic from Boston to regional airports, has come about as a response to factors unique to that region within the US. However, the results of regional cooperation between airport operators and the concomitant regionalization of air traffic are applicable to any region that is trying to increase metropolitan airport capacity by making greater use of smaller, regional airports. These results include benefits for travelers, “spreading the burden” of airport neighbors, and replicating the costs and benefits of air travel over a greater area.
Adenoviral TNF-α gene therapy and radiation damage tumor vasculature in a human malignant glioma xenograft

We evaluated the antitumor effects of ionizing radiation and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene therapy in human malignant glioma (D54) xenografts. An adenoviral vector (Ad5) containing DNA sequences of the Egr-1 promoter was linked to a cDNA encoding the TNF-alpha gene (Ad. Egr-TNF). Athymic nude mice bearing D54 xenografts received intratumoral injections of Ad.Egr-TNF or the null vector (Ad.null), with and without fractionated radiation, 5 gray (Gy) per day for 6 days, a total dose of 30 Gy. Administration of Ad.Egr-TNF and 30 Gy resulted in complete tumor regression in 71% of xenografts compared with xenografts treated with radiation alone (7.4%, P = 0.006), Ad.Egr-TNF alone (0%, P = 0.012) or Ad.null with 30 Gy (0%, P = 0.002). Combined treatment with Ad.Egr-TNF and 30 Gy significantly reduced mean fractional tumor volumes compared with radiation alone (P = 0.002), Ad.Egr-TNF alone (P = 0.002) and Ad.null plus 30 Gy (P = 0.018). Histopathologic analyses of glioma xenografts treated with Ad.Egr-TNF and radiation revealed tumor vessel thrombosis by day 4 and necrosis by day 7. Thrombosis was not observed in tumors treated with Ad.Egr-TNF alone and was significantly reduced in all other treatment groups. These studies suggest that in the D54 glioma xenograft model, the antitumor effects of combining radiation and Ad.Egr-TNF are mediated, in part, by the destruction of the tumor microvasculature.