cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The demographics of equestrian-related injuries in the United States: injury patterns, orthopedic specific injuries, and avenues for injury prevention.

BACKGROUND: It was the purpose of this study to review equestrian-related injuries using a large nation wide database and analyze predictors of significant injury. METHODS: The National Electronic Surveillance System database was queried for equestrian injuries from 2002 to 2004. The presence of a fracture, dislocation, traumatic brain injury, musculoskeletal injury, orthopedic injury, and spinal injury, as well as injury mechanism, geographical location, and emergency room disposition were noted. Bivariate, cosinor seasonal, and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. p 18 years, traumatic brain injury, fracture, or occurrence on other public property (odds ratios 1.4, 6.25, 7.7, and 1.5, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The largest number of equestrian injuries occur in white females in the 2nd, 4th, and 5th decades of life. Serious injuries are due to falling or being bucked off a horse and most commonly occur at home or at a recreational/sporting facility. Prevention strategies (educational and passive protection equipment) should be especially targeted to this high risk group. Language: en
Economic empiricism in the writing of early railway engineers

The primary purpose of the present paper is to describe the empiricism undertaken by early British, American and French engineers in their attempt to understand economic relations. Secondarily, this paper assesses, tentatively at least, the impact of the engineering environment upon the development of microeconomic tool-making.’ A case study is presented which analyzes the interaction of technology, empiricism and economic theory in the writings of engineers who were only tangentially interested
Web-Based Tools in the Hotel and Restaurant Classroom

Use of web assistance in the traditional classroom has been of interest to many faculty since the inception of the World Wide Web several years ago. Evidence exists which suggests the use of web-based course software is not only convenient for students, but has a positive impact on their learning. However many faculty have been reluctant to make use of web-based tools in their classroom because of the time involved in developing their course and in mastering the use of these tools. This article presents a discussion of several myths and truths concerning the use of web-based tools in a hotel and restaurant management (HRM) classroom. A model is presented which can assist HRM faculty in making decisions and potentially implementing these tools. The article concludes with an evaluation of the model in a specific HRM class.
Career exploration in adulthood

Abstract The study described was designed to examine career exploration in the adult years, as seen from the perspective of decision-making behavior. Using conceptual models provided by H. B. Gelatt ( Journal of Counseling Psychology , 1962 , 9 , 240–245) and D. V. Tiedeman ( Personnel and Guidance Journal , 1961 , 40 , 15–21), two research questions were posed: (1) To what extent does exploration occur prior to more terminal career behaviors? and (2) To what extent are exploratory and terminal career decision modes interdependent? These questions were addressed by examining the series of decisions made by 95 subjects over a period of 18 years. The results supported the expectation that decisions made at earlier stages of development are more likely to be of an exploratory nature and that decisions made at later stages are more likely to be of a terminal nature. In addition, support was found for the hypothesis that decision-making strategies at various stages of development are interdependent.
T-cell receptor V gene use in autoimmune thyroid disease: direct assessment by thyroid aspiration

We have examined the hTcR V gene family use of T-cells present in the aspiration thyroid biopsy specimens of patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease (n = 8) and Hashimoto's autoimmune thyroiditis (n = 5). Nine of the 13 specimens had cytologically identified thyroid follicular cells, and 12 of the 13 contained human thyroglobulin-specific mRNA, confirming successful sampling. Of 18 hTcR V alpha and 19 hTCR V beta gene families tested for in the individual aspirates, a mean +/- SEM of 6.8 +/- 0.9 V alpha and 9.6 +/- 1.4 V beta gene families were present in the Graves' aspirates, while 12.2 +/- 1.7 and 16.8 +/- 0.4 V alpha and V beta gene families were present in the aspirates of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. These samples, which offer a window onto the natural history of autoimmune thyroid disease, demonstrate significant hTcR V alpha and beta gene restriction in hyperthyroid Graves' disease, but much less restriction of both V alpha and V beta gene families in Hashimoto's disease. Such data extend our earlier information based only on examination of highly selected surgical specimens of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease to the much more typical patient. We conclude that hTcR V gene restriction of varying degrees is present in the majority of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease, but appears to be more easily detected in Graves', rather that Hashimoto's, disease.
A House of Mirrors: Seeing Myself, Seeing Mexican American Children.

AbstractAs a Mexican American and an educator, all of my life I have travelled between formal educational and Mexican American cultures. For decades I felt alienated professionally and thoroughly embedded within my ethnic origins until an educational trip to Mexico encouraged me to think differently. As a result, to become a more authentic educator and person, with my coauthor's assistance, I conducted a reflective self-study. To accomplish this task, I looked for myself within a large body of literature on Mexican American education by gazing into mirrors that throughout my life reflected how others viewed me, and how I in turn came to define myself. My journey personalizes the literature, making it increasingly accessible to those charged with educating Mexican American children.
Resting metabolism of helodermatid lizards: allometric and ecological relationships

We measured metabolic rates at 15 and 25°C in 42 helodermatid lizards ranging in mass from 26 to 1616 g. No consistent repeatable daily rhythms of metabolism were detected. There were no significant differences in metabolic rates between the two species of Heloderma. The temperature coefficient for metabolism (Q10) was 3.0 between 15 and 25°C. The mass exponent for helodermatids (0.69) differed significantly from the among-species mass exponent of 0.80 for all squamates combined. However, adult Heloderma had a mass exponent of 0.80. Rates of metabolism of adult helodermatids were lower than those of other squamate reptiles, and at 15°C periods of apnea contributed to a further reduction in metabolic rate. Our finding that helodermatids have low SMRs supports the hypothesis that ecology is important in influencing metabolic rate, and that “reclusive” squamates have lower rates of metabolism than do nonreclusive species.
Single Polarization, Double Clad Fiber for High Power Applications

A polarizing, ytterbium-doped double clad fiber is demonstrated. Over 100 W of linearly polarized output power with a polarization extinction ratio of 17 dB is achieved from an all-fiber geometry. Single transverse mode fiber lasers have been recently demonstrated to emit output powers of hundreds of watts. 1,2 High power fiber lasers with linearly polarized output have been reported. 3-5 Linearly polarized output is required for phase-matched nonlinear conversion configurations often used to achieve a wider range of operating wavelengths. Moreover, most methods of coherent beam combination, a method of scaling output to even higher powers, also require linearly polarized laser output. In order to achieve linearly polarized output from a laser oscillator, dichroism in the form of either polarization dependent loss or gain is required to prevent laser operation on the unwanted polarization eigenmode. One recent demonstration of linearly polarized operation in a high power fiber laser was through the incorporation of a bulk polarizer into the cavity. 5 Two groups have recently demonstrated two different, all-fiber, linearly polarized lasers: one through bend-induced polarization dependent loss in a birefringent, double clad fiber, 4 the other with a single polarization fiber fusion spliced to a high birefringence, elliptical core double clad fiber. 3 In the present work, an ytterbium-doped, single polarization fiber is used in a cladding pumping geometry. The double clad fiber possessed a dichroism that was based on a novel elliptical core hole-assisted single polarization fiber design. Polarization extinction ratios in excess of 30 dB have been measured in short lengths of similar fibers without ytterbium doping. 6 The single polarization fiber possessed a refractive index profile for which the effective index of the unwanted polarization state was below the index of the cladding. The polarizing fiber had an elliptical core with two air holes placed next to the core along the minor axis of the ellipse. The fiber cross section is shown schematically in Figure 1.
Wake promoting effects of cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART).

Abstract Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptides modulate anxiety, food intake, endocrine function, and mesolimbic dopamine related reward and reinforcement. Each of these disparate behaviors takes place during the state of wakefulness. Here, we identify a potential wake promoting role of CART by characterizing its effects upon sleep/wake architecture in rats. Dose-dependent increases in wake were documented following intracerebroventricular CART 55–102 administered at the beginning of the rat’s major sleep period. Sustained wake was observed for up to 4 h following delivery of 2.0 μg of CART peptide. The wake promoting effect was specific to active CART 55–102 because no effect on sleep/wake was observed with the inactive form of the peptide. Increased wake was followed by robust rebound in NREM and REM sleep that extended well into the subsequent lights-off, or typical wake period, of the rat. These findings point to a potential novel role for CART in regulating wakefulness.
Mirex incorporation in the environment: uptake in aquatic organisms and effects on the rates of photosynthesis and respiration.

Exposure of selected aquatic invertebrates to mirex reveals species variability in uptake which is generally a function of exposure period and mirex concentration. The metabolic effects examined relate to photosynthesis and respiration rates. Dissolved oxygen changes, in light and dark bottles containing naturally occurring plankton populations previously exposed to 1 ppb mirex, show progressive photosynthetic inhibition in time from 16% at 6 days exposure to 33% at 18 days exposure. Pure culture of the phytoplankton,Chlamydomonas sp., exhibits a 55% photosynthetic reduction after exposure to 1 ppm mirex for 168 hours. Respiration rates of plankton,Physa gyrina (pond snail),Gambusia affinis (mosquitofish), andLepomis macrochirus (sunfish) demonstrate an initial increasing trend to a maximum of 62%, at low concentration of mirex or during early incubation period, but decrease by as much as 50%, at elevated concentration or extended exposure at low concentration.
On the origin of the resonance Raman γ1 dispersion and fine structure of PtBr

Abstract The standard preparative route to [Pten2][Pten2Br2](ClO4)4 (PtBr, where en = H2NCH2CH2NH2) results in Cl− impurities in the product. A study of resonance Raman (RR) spectra of PtBr as a function of chloride ion doping illustrates that the 166 cm−1 component of the RR spectrum corresponds to the chain axis ν1 mode. Previously reported ν1 dispersion and fine structure and several other resonance enhanced defect vibrations are shown to result from chloride doping of the PtBr solid.
The purine belly syndrome

A clinicopathologic study of 20 cases of the purne belly synrome was performed. Ninetten were male infants, and the twentieth is the first female infant reported with both deficient abdominal musculature and severe urinary tract anomalies. Eight patients died (ages 5 hours to 3 months), and postmortem examinations were performed. Of these, five demonstrated anatomic uretheral obstruction and advanced bilateral renal dysplasia. Of 12 living patients (age 2 months to 25 years) only two (age 1 and 21/2 years) have anatomic urethral obstruction. However, each had a patent urachus (not present in those who died), and urinary diversion was performed shortly after birth. From the present series and a review of the literature it appears that the presence of an anatomic urethral obstruction defines a lethal variant of this syndrome.
Properly homotopic nontrivial planes are parallel

Abstract It is shown that if W is an irreducible 3-manifold, then any two disjoint embedded nontrivial planes in W that are properly homotopic are parallel. The eventually end-irreducible case is proven first and the End-Reduction techniques of Brin and Thickstun are used to pass to the more general case.
The Impact of the “Gang of Four” on Industrial Output in Kweichow

The Chinese have broadcast a number of statements on industrial performance in Kweichow during 1977. Piecing these statements together shows that the political events of the past two years–the death of Chou En-lai, the activities of the “gang of four,” the death of Mao Tse-tung, and the struggle over the restoration of Teng Hsiao-p'ing-have seriously disrupted production. Even though Kweichow is not a major industrial province, the results are worth considering because they give month-by-month changes in industrial production from January through October 1977 as well as levels of output for two months in 1976. The level of industrial output in Kweichow was depressed for more than 12 months far below that of September 1975, the previous peak month. This pattern may be similar to declines in industrial production in other more important provinces for which similar but much more fragmentary statements have been broadcast.
Modified Three-Stage Sampling for Fixed-Width Interval Estimation of the Common Variance of Equicorrelated Normal Distributions

Abstract In this work, we present a modified three-stage sampling procedure to construct fixed-width confidence intervals of the common variance of equicorrelated normal distributions. We derive the exact distribution of the stopping variable of this sampling scheme and also the exact distribution of the estimator of the common variance at stopping. The modified three-stage sampling substantially reduces the expected sample size compared to that of the two-stage sampling scheme of Haner and Zacks (2013). The coverage probabilities of the proposed interval estimators are computed exactly and are compared with the coverage probabilities obtained by two-stage sampling. We derive exact formulae for the functionals of the stopping variable and the estimator of the common variance at stopping.
Teachers Assisting Teachers: A Prereferral Model for Urban Educators

A prereferral model designed to assist general educators in their work with urban children was implemented in two inner city schools. The model consisted of three components: information sharing sessions, peer exchange sessions, and peer coaching teams. The goal of the model was to create a structure wherein teachers could assist each other in the process of analyzing and generating solutions to problems or dilemmas presented by children in their classes who were experiencing learning problems. Interview data suggested that program participants offered more categories of teaching strategies to address children's problems and identified more successful teaching strategies than did nonparticipants. Referral rates, collected at the end of the school year, indicated that participants referred significantly fewer children than nonparticipants. Finally, as evidenced by their written comments, participants rated all components of the model positively.
Use of cyclodextrin−cholesterol complex as a primary standard in cholesterol analysis

Abstract Cholesterol is an analyte commonly measured in various biological fluids. Enzymic procedures have virtually replaced the chemical methods for cholesterol determinations. Standardization of cholesterol assays often involve the use of solutions of this steroid containing organic solvents and/or detergents, or alternatively, the use of secondary standards. The present report shows the preparation of a primary cholesterol standard by its complexation with a chemically modified cyclodextrin. hydroxylpropyl β-cyclodextrin. The use of cyclodextrin for cholesterol solubilization is not deleterious to the enzymes and other constituents present in reagents for cholesterol analysis. Such a standard is biocompatible. stable, and safe and offers an excellent alternative to the utilization of organic solvents or detergents.
Growth cones and the cues that repel them

Abstract Neuronal growth cones establish appropriate connections with their targets during development by responding to both positive and negative guidance cues. The importance of repulsive and inhibitory cues in pathfinding and target selection has now been firmly established at the cellular and molecular levels. Observations in vitro have demonstrated developmentally significant repulsive interactions among various neuronal populations, providing the basis for molecular and functional characterization of several families of molecules that can mediate these guidance events. Analysis of both the expression and function of these molecules in vivo suggests how they, together with positive guidance cues, participate in the dynamic process of growth-cone guidance during both development and axonal regeneration. Trends Neurosci. (1996) 19, 507–513
Self-assembled monolayers and enzyme electrodes: Progress, problems and prospects

Initial results on the combined use of self-assembled monolayers and redox enzymes on electrodes to prepare electrochemical sensors are presented. Specifically, electrodes coated with self-assembled monolayers of 6-mercaptohexanol and 11-mercaptoundecanol are shown to exhibit dramatically reduced background currents relative to uncoated electrodes, and addition of a glucose oxidase layer on top of the self-assembled monolayer yielded electrodes which responded to glucose (in the presence of a soluble redox mediator) while still retaining the diminished background currents. It is shown that oxidation of ascorbate, urate, 4-acetamidophenol and hydrogen peroxide, and reduction of oxygen, are strongly suppressed at monolayer-coated gold electrodes relative to uncoated gold electrodes. This suppression is the source of the reduced background currents at the monolayer-coated electrodes, however, it also dictates that sensor strategies based on detection of hydrogen peroxide produced by enzyme-catalyzed reactions will not work with these electrodes. It is furthermore shown that oxidation of selected redox mediators, e.g. hydroxymethylferrocene, can proceed at monolayer-coated gold electrodes at which other redox reactions are suppressed. This suggests that an enzyme-based sensor could operate at a monolayer-coated gold electrode provided that an appropriate redox mediator was used to shuttle charge between the enzyme and the electrode. Data on the response of 6-mercaptohexanol-glucose oxidase-modified electrodes to changes in glucose concentration, and data which address the stability of the self-assembled monolayers on continuous contact with a bioactive medium (a yeast fermentation), the effect of homogeneous redox reactions between oxidized mediators and ascorbate, interference by molecular oxygen, and the effect of local hydrodynamics, are presented. Strategies for preparing improved sensors that overcome some of the problems with the present configuration are discussed.
The Paradox of "Warlord" Democracy: A Theoretical Investigation

Political theorists from Machiavelli to Huntington have denied the possibility of popular government arising out of the chaos of civil war, instead prescribing an intermediate stage of one-man rule by a Prince, Leviathan, or a military dictator. Based on recent empirical evidence of post-civil war democratization in El Salvador, Mozambique, and elsewhere, I show that democracy can arise directly from anarchy. Predatory warring factions choose the citizenry and democratic procedures over a Leviathan when (1) their economic interests depend on productive investment by the citizens, (2) citizens' political preferences ensure that power allocation will be less biased under democracy than under a Leviathan, and (3) there is an external agency (e.g., the United Nations) that mediates and supervises joint disarmament and state-building. Ultimately, I discuss the implications of this argument for the basic intuitions of classical political theory and contemporary social theory regarding democratization and authoritarianism.
Neuroanatomical structure of the spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris orientalis) brain from magnetic resonance images

High-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain of an adult spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris orientalis) were acquired in the coronal plane at 55 antero-posterior levels. From these scans a computer-generated set of resectioned virtual images in the two remaining orthogonal planes was constructed with the use of the VoxelView and VoxelMath (Vital Images, Inc.) programs. Neuroanatomical structures were labeled in all three planes, providing the first labeled anatomical description of the spinner dolphin brain.
MEM-mirror design and analysis for tunable optical filters

In this paper, we will show modeling of MEM-mirrors for tunable optical filters and present the simulation results using ConventorWare software. The gold-plated micro-mirror is placed on InP/Air pair structure separated by air-gap. A voltage induced electrostatic force displaces the micro-mirror. Very wide tuning range of 149 nm is observed for InP/air-gap filters at low actuation voltage of 2.5V. To carry out optical simulation we developed a JAVA program that characterizes the reflectance spectra and the tuning behavior. These mirror designs can be utilized for optical communication and sensing applications in tunable optical filters.
An examination of organometallic thermal stability and its relevance to low-temperature MOCVD growth of HgCdTe

A well-established stability model for hydrocarbon molecules is reviewed and then applied to organometallic compounds used in the epitaxial growth of HgCdTe films. For hydrocarbon molecules, the strength of carbon-hydrogen bonds is modified by neighboring organic groups. The mechanism for this effect is delocalization of the free radical electronic charge by the neighboring groups. The delocalization effect is present in organometallic compounds and is illustrated for tellurium, mercury, and cadmium compounds. An important application of the delocalization effect is the development of a low-temperature approach for pyrolytic metalorganic growth of HgCdTe.
Silphidae or Carrion Beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) of Plummers Island, Maryland

ABSTRACT Based on an examination of the collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., seven species of Silphidae (Coleoptera) were collected on Plummers Island, Maryland, from 1905 to 2004. This is 38.8% of the known silphid fauna of Maryland. The most commonly collected species is the habitat- and carrion-generalist Nicrophorus tomentosus Weber.
Motorcycle helmets and traffic safety

Between 1997 and 2005, the number of annual motorcyclist fatalities doubled. Motorcyclist fatalities now account for over 10 percent of all traffic-related fatalities. However, over the last three decades, states have generally been eliminating laws that require helmet use among all motorcyclists. This study examines the effectiveness of helmet use and state laws that mandate helmet use in reducing motorcyclist fatalities. Within-vehicle comparisons among two-rider motorcycles indicate that helmet use reduces fatality risk by 34 percent. State laws requiring helmet use appear to reduce motorcyclist fatalities by 27 percent. Fatality reductions of this magnitude suggest that the health benefits of helmet-use laws are not meaningfully compromised by compensating increases in risk-taking by motorcyclists.
Exocytosis and its control at the synapse

Several new approaches have given fresh insight into the mechanism and control of exocytosis. Electrophysiological and morphological studies show that many or all of the intramembrane particles at presynaptic active zones are voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. The sensitivity and time resolution of voltammetry allow the time course with which a single vesicle releases transmitter to be studied. Membrane proteins of the cell surface and synaptic vesicles have been shown to interact, and may join to form the fusion-pore complex.
On The Theory Of Intelligent Controls

The recent need of generating machines with enough intelligence to perform autonomously in uncertain environments has imposed new demands on the design of control systems. The new discipline draws its ideas not only from Control Systems Theory but from Artificial Intelligence and Operations Research, as well, in order to meet the needs of intelligent operation with similarities to human behavior. Even though several approaches have been proposed, this paper will deal with the evolution of control theory that leads into the definition of Hierarchically Intelligent Control and the Principle of Decreasing Precision with Increasing Intelligence. A three-level structure representing Organization, Coordination and Execution will be developed as a probabilistic model of such a system and the approaches necessary to implement each one of them will be discussed. Finally, Entropy will be proposed as a common measure of all three levels and the problem of Intelligent Control will be cast as the mathematical programming solution that minimizes the total entropy.
From Both Sides of the Desk: A Qualitative Analysis of Social Service Workers' Perceptions of Poverty in the Ozarks

Poverty levels in the Springfield/Greene County/Ozarks area have risen despite substantial increases in allocated funds for resources and programs aimed at addressing the challenges families in poverty encounter. A qualitative study was conducted to identify social service providers' subjective perceptions of poverty, clients, organizations, and policies. Major themes included stagnation; God and poverty; poverty as mental, psychological, and social disease; and poverty as mind-set. Major themes were compared to perspectives of poverty articulated by families in poverty as a catalyst for generating solutions.
Mathematical modeling of freezing front propagation in biological tissue

A transient heat conduction problem involving contact freezing of biological tissue is investigated. The problem is modeled by a free boundary problem of the Stefan-type with phase-change and body heating terms. The effects of metabolic heat generation and blood perfusion in the tissue are taken into account in the model. The model is solved numerically by an implicit finite-difference scheme employing the enthalpy method. The numerical results predict the temperature profile in the tissue surrounding the cryogenic probe and the location of the freezing front boundary with respect to time.
Organometallic chemistry: C-H carboxylation takes gold.

A highly basic gold catalyst has been shown to mediate the reaction of aromatic C–H bonds with carbon dioxide. The reaction provides a potential method of fixing atmospheric carbon dioxide and producing valuable chemical products.
Functional parameters of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) sperm from ejaculates collected by rectal probe electrostimulation and by artificial vagina.

This study compares functional parameters of sperm from ejaculates collected from 15 adult male chimpanzees using rectal probe electrostimulation (RPE) and from 10 adult male chimpanzees trained to use an artificial vagina (AV). Computer assisted motion analysis (CAMA) showed no significant differences in mean values for straight line velocity (VSL), linearity (LIN), curvilinear velocity (VCL), and lateral head movement (ALH) of sperm from ejaculates collected by RPE and by AV. There was, however, a significant difference (P < 0.01) in the population distribution for VSL and LIN, which indicates that sperm swim in a more convoluted manner in ejaculates collected by RPE than in ejaculates collected by AV. In the hamster zona-free ovum penetration assay (SPA), there were no significant differences in the percentages of hamster oocytes penetrated by sperm or in the number of sperm which penetrated each oocyte after 4 or 24 h incubation using sperm from ejaculates collected by RPE and by AV. Therefore, the lack of success using sperm from ejaculates collected by RPE to initiate pregnancy in the chimpanzee does not appear to result from abnormalities in sperm fertilizing capacity as measured in SPA. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
TU‐D‐352‐03: A Design of Compton Cameras for Imaging Gamma Emission in Proton Therapy

Purpose: To design a Compton camera to image gamma‐ray emission during the treatment of proton therapy as a possible method to verify dose delivering.Method and Materials The pixilated LaBr 3 (Ce) crystal was investigated as both scattering and absorbing detectors. In this design each LaBr 3 crystal module used in front layer has the size of 2.5cm × 2.5cm × 0.5cm that was segmented into 4mm × 4mm × 2mm on its top to enhance the spatial resolution based on the differential response of PSPMT that receives scintillation light. Each detector in the rear layer has the size of 2.5cm × 2.5cm × 3.0cm and was segmented into 4mm × 4mm × 10mm. The position resolution in locating interaction is about 2mm laterally and 2.5mm vertically in the front detectors while the resolutions are 2mm and 15 mm in the rear detectors. The efficiency and angular uncertainty of this Compton camera was investigated based on numerical calculation. The geometry of the detectors and distance between detectors were optimized to achieve high efficiency or high angular resolution.Results: Angular uncertainty of ∼0.1 radians was the low limit for us to image 511 keV gamma rays because of the Doppler broadening. However, the angular uncertainty below 0.05 radians was achievable by observing the scattered photons at about 25°–60° scattering angle for 10 cm distance between detectors.Conclusion: Based on numerical calculation, we proposed a Compton camera with two layers. The potential angular resolution in imaging 511 keV gamma rays was about 0.3 radians while it was 0.05 radians or less from gamma rays above 2 MeV. The angular uncertainty is relevant to resolution, but higher resolution can potentially be achieved with proper image reconstruction algorithms that will be developed and evaluated in future.
Diverse modes of Drosophila tracheal fusion cell transcriptional regulation

Drosophila tracheal fusion cells play multiple important roles in guiding and facilitating tracheal branch fusion. Mechanistic understanding of how fusion cells function during development requires deciphering their transcriptional circuitry. In this paper, three genes with distinct patterns of fusion cell expression were dissected by transgenic analysis to identify the cis-regulatory modules that mediate their transcription. Bioinformatic analysis involving phylogenetic comparisons coupled with mutational experiments were employed. The dysfusion bHLH-PAS gene was shown to have two fusion cell cis-regulatory modules; one driving initial expression and another autoregulatory module to enhance later transcription. Mutational dissection of the early module identified at least four distinct inputs, and included putative binding sites for ETS and POU-homeodomain proteins. The ETS transcription factor Pointed mediates the transcriptional output of the branchless/breathless signaling pathway, suggesting that this pathway directly controls dysfusion expression. Fusion cell cis-regulatory modules of CG13196 and CG15252 require two Dysfusion:Tango binding sites, but additional sequences modulate the breadth of activation in different fusion cell classes. These results begin to decode the regulatory circuitry that guides transcriptional activation of genes required for fusion cell morphogenesis.
EFFECT OF CORONARY ARTERY EMBOLIZATION ON VENTRICULAR VOLUMES.

The progressive changes in ventricular volumes and pressures created by repeated coronary artery embolizations with lycopodium spores were studied in fifteen intact dogs. In eight of the animals SV increased over control values following the initial embolization. Subsequent embolizations produced a pronounced decrease in SV and SW, an enlarged EDV, and a high ESV/EDV ratio. Left ventricular systolic pressure fell as EDP rose. The progressive increase observed in the ESV/EDV ratio between successive embolizations was the most sensitive functional expression of the deteriorating myocardial performance.
Targeted deletion of LPA5 identifies novel roles for lysophosphatidic acid signaling in development of neuropathic pain.

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid that serves as an extracellular signaling molecule acting through cognate G protein-coupled receptors designated LPA1–6 that mediate a wide range of both normal and pathological effects. Previously, LPA1, a Gαi-coupled receptor (which also couples to other Gα proteins) to reduce cAMP, was shown to be essential for the initiation of neuropathic pain in the partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) mouse model. Subsequent gene expression studies identified LPA5, a Gα12/13- and Gq-coupled receptor that increases cAMP, in a subset of dorsal root ganglion neurons and also within neurons of the spinal cord dorsal horn in a pattern complementing, yet distinct from LPA1, suggesting its possible involvement in neuropathic pain. We therefore generated an Lpar5 null mutant by targeted deletion followed by PSNL challenge. Homozygous null mutants did not show obvious base-line phenotypic defects. However, following PSNL, LPA5-deficient mice were protected from developing neuropathic pain. They also showed reduced phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein expression within neurons of the dorsal horn despite continued up-regulation of the characteristic pain-related markers Caα2δ1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein, results that were distinct from those previously observed for LPA1 deletion. These data expand the influences of LPA signaling in neuropathic pain through a second LPA receptor subtype, LPA5, involving a mechanistically distinct downstream signaling pathway compared with LPA1.
Urinary Metabolites in Chronically Depressed Children

Abstract Three groups of children were examined—chronically depressed inpatients, orthopedic inpatients screened for psychopathology, and a control group of physically and emotionally healthy outpatients. The urinary metabolites studied were norepinephrine (NE), vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG). Only MHPG showed a significant difference between the groups: the outpatient control group had the highest mean vaalues—1,092 μg/m 2 ± 109; the depressed patients, 735 μg/m 2 ± 64; and the orthopedic patients, 504 μg/m 2 ± 32. The discussion centers on the possible relationship between the activity and the MHPG values in these children. VMA and NE values would seem to rule out activity as the cause of the differences seen. Finally, a theory concerning a reactive suppression of the arousal system is proposed to explain the low MHPG values in the orthopedic patients.
Hematopoietic stem cell development, aging and functional failure

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are found in yolk sac, fetal liver, umbilical cord blood, placenta, and amniotic fluid during mammalian embryonic development. In adults, HSCs reside in marrow cavity of long bones where they self-renew and differentiate to replenish short-lived mature blood cells. HSCs exist in very low frequencies within specific “niches” where they interact with the surrounding environment through molecular associations. Overall HSC function can last much longer than a normal lifetime, but HSCs do show functional senescence with characteristic features of decreased self-renewal, reduced clonal stability, reduced homing and engraftment, and biased lineage commitment. The progressive shortening of telomeres with increasing age, especially under conditions with specific mutations in the telomerase gene complex, could predispose patients to HSC dysfunction and bone marrow failure diseases. Continuous investigation into HSC biology should facilitate the utilization of HSCs as a therapeutic modality and helps to prevent HSC malfunction.
Mixtures of clays and sulfates within deposits in western Melas Chasma, Mars

Abstract We have utilized several data sets from multiple spacecraft that have been acquired over a continuous observation campaign across the southwestern Melas Chasma region of Mars. The blocky deposit observed on the chasma floor and on portions of the southern wallrock consists of mixtures of light- and medium-toned materials that exhibit displacement structures consistent with transport down the wallrock and onto the chasma floor. CRISM visible and near-infrared reflectance spectra of the light-toned blocks suggest mixtures of nontronite, jarosite, Al-clays, hydrated silica, and/or an acid leached clay. The medium-toned blocks typically lack spectral features or exhibit signatures of polyhydrated sulfates. Bright layered mounds embayed by blocky deposit materials display spectra consistent with Ca-sulfates (gypsum and/or bassanite) that may have resulted from precipitation of less soluble Ca-rich minerals during ponding and evaporation of dilute fluids along the western chasma floor. Draping across some wallrock slopes is a light-toned deposit that sometimes overlies a blocky, layered, and spectrally bland medium-toned deposit. The light-toned deposit exhibits spectra consistent with mixtures of materials that may include jarosite, acid-leached clays, silica, poorly crystalline clays, and polyhydrated sulfates. Hesperian-age valleys dissect the medium-toned deposit along some wallrock slopes and may be partially filled in by light-toned deposits. The draping nature of these deposits can best be explained by airfall, either volcanic ash or atmospheric dust, with ice/snow accumulation perhaps controlling sedimentation along the wallrock. An examination of other regional hydrated deposits around southwestern Melas indicates similar draping deposits occur farther east and west along the wallrock, whereas layered sulfates to the southeast consist of monohydrated and polyhydrated sulfates that are similar to interior layered deposits found in many of the chasmata. Small opal and jarosite exposures within the Melas basin and along the nearby plateau are most likely the result of younger localized alteration and deposition. The diversity of hydrated minerals and fluvial features indicates multiple episodes of aqueous activity under distinct environmental conditions occurred throughout southwestern Melas Chasma during the Hesperian to Amazonian that may be contemporaneous with late aqueous activity elsewhere on Mars.
Asymptotic dispersion energies from distributed polarizabilities

Abstract A new algorithm is proposed for calculations of distributed molecular polarizabilities. In contrast to published algorithms, it virtually eliminates the charge-flow terms that result in a slower than inverse sixth power decay of dispersion energy whereas the remaining terms have unique and physically reasonable values. Dispersion energies computed from these polarizabilities are very close to unexpanded dispersion energies in the region of small charge overlap. The method is expected to provide reference data for development of dispersion functions used in simulations of biomolecules and in dispersion-supplemented density-functional approaches.
ASSOCIATION AND COEXPRESSION OF FATTY-ACID-BINDING PROTEIN AND GLYCOPROTEIN CD36 IN THE BOVINE MAMMARY GLAND

The involvement of glycoprotein CD36 and fatty-acid-binding protein (FABP) in cellular growth, differentiation, lipid transport and metabolism led us to examine the possible biochemical and physiological relationship(s) between these two proteins. We investigated three aspects of this relationship. We first attempted to identify any physical complex formed between CD36 and FABP in bovine milk fat globule membranes. These membranes are the product of mammary gland secretory epithelial cells. The second aspect studied was the effect of synthetic peptide analogs to the C-terminus (amino acid residues 121-131) of bovine mammary gland FABP on cell proliferation, as a result of the interaction of these peptides with the ectodomain of CD36. Finally, mammary gland CD36 and FABP coexpression was defined at different stages of lactation and during involution. Immunoprecipitation, Western immunoblotting with anti-FABP and anti-CD36, Northern-blot analysis and a mammary epithelial cell proliferation assay demonstrated that: (a) bovine milk fat globule membranes contain the complex of CD36 and FABP, and that this complex is, most likely, formed as a result of FABP binding to the cytoplasmic segments of CD36; (b) synthetic analog of the C-terminus of FABP with the sequence Val-Thr-Cys, identical to the sequence found in the CD36-binding domain of thrombospondin, was a more potent inhibitor of bovine mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation than a synthetic peptide with the Val-Cys-Thr sequence; (c) the expression of FABP and CD36 is related to the state of mammary cell differentiation, since it reaches its maximum during lactation and declines during the involutionary period.
Pharmacological treatment of social phobia: Traditional MAOIs and moclobemide

Abstract Social phobia appears highly responsive to pharmacological therapy. Efficacy is best documented for the traditional monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) phenelzine. The reversible MAOI moclobemide also appears to show promise or treating social phobia.
FASTBUS Active Segment Extender and High Density Prototyping (Kluge) Card

This paper describes in brief, an active segment extender and a high density prototyping (kluge) card for use in the development of FASTBUS(1) modules. The Active Extender is a diagnostic tool which extends and buffers the FASTBUS ECL backplane signals to the front of a crate. The prototyping (kluge) card is a double-sided, high density wire wrap printed circuit board with over-voltage and over-current protection to be used for FASTBUS module prototypes and a power/ground plane for use in the Multiwire process for the finalized design.
Children's interpretation of generic noun phrases.

Generic utterances (e.g., "Cows say 'moo'") have 2 distinctive semantic properties: (a) Generics are generally true, unlike indefinites (e.g., "Bears live in caves" is generic; "I saw some bears in the cave" is indefinite), and (b) generics need not be true of all category members, unlike universal quantifiers (e.g., all, every, each). This article examined whether preschool children and adults appreciate both these features, using a comprehension task (Study 1) and an elicited production task (Study 2). In both tasks, 4-year-old children--like adults--treated generics as distinct from both indefinites ("some") and universal quantifiers ("all"). In contrast, 3-year-olds did not differentiate among generics, "all," and "some." By 4 years of age, generics emerge as a distinct semantic device.
Intramolecular anodic olefin coupling reactions: the effect of polarization on carbon-carbon bond formation.

The ability of intramolecular anodic olefin coupling reactions to form new carbon−carbon bonds has been shown to depend on the polarization of the intermediate radical cation rather than how electron-rich it is. A series of substrates was studied that allowed for a direct comparison of these two parameters. The successful cyclizations led to the formation of highly functionalized bicyclic molecules containing four contiguous stereogenic atoms, one of which was tetrasubstituted. For the first time, an ene diol ether derivative was shown to be compatible with the cyclization reaction.
Airborne measurements of carbonaceous aerosol soluble in water over northeastern United States: Method development and an investigation into water-soluble organic carbon sources

[1] A particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS) was coupled to a total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer for 3 s integrated measurements of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in PM1 ambient particles. The components of the instrument are described in detail. The PILS-TOC was deployed on the NOAA WP-3D aircraft during the NEAQS/ITCT 2004 program to investigate WSOC sources over the northeastern United States and Canada. Two main sources were identified: biomass burning emissions from fires in Alaska and northwestern Canada and emissions emanating from urban centers. Biomass burning WSOC was correlated with carbon monoxide (CO) and acetonitrile (r 2 > 0.88). These plumes were intercepted in layers at altitudes between 3 and 4 km and contained the highest fine particle volume and WSOC concentrations of the mission. Apart from the biomass burning influence, the lowest WSOC concentrations were recorded in rural air masses that included regions of significant biogenic emissions. Highest concentrations were at low altitudes in distinct plumes from urban centers. WSOC and CO were highly correlated (r 2 > 0.78) in these urban plumes. The ratio of the enhancement in WSOC relative to CO enhancement was found to be low (� 3 mg C/m 3 /ppmv) in plumes that had been in transit for a short time, and increased with plume age, but appeared to level off at � 32 ± 4 mg C/m 3 /ppmv after � 1 day of transport from the sources. The results suggest that the production of WSOC in fine particles depends on compounds coemitted with CO and that this process is rapid with a time constant of � 1 day.
Continuous Geographical Distributions of Musical Patterns: A Test Case from the Northwest Coast1

Musical interval patterns may be considered as elementary Markov chains and subject to computer analysis. The musics of 10 Northwest Coast and Eskimoan groups were analyzed in terms of information theory and the results plotted along a continuum of increasing distance, revealing a regular rate of change for the interval patterns in question.
Spectroscopic imaging with multidimensional pulses for excitation: SIMPLE.

Proton spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging in the human brain require the elimination of both water and lipid signals. Strong lipid signals from subcutaneous fat are usually eliminated by confining the excited volume to lie wholly within the skull. Water suppression, however, can be difficult due to both B0 and RF inhomogeneities, which are particularly troublesome in imaging experiments where a relatively large region-of-interest (ROI) is typical. In this paper, we discuss the use of multidimensional selective-excitation pulses (e.g., pulses that are simultaneously selective along two axes) to both define the ROI and provide the necessary water suppression. Pulse sequences providing three-dimensional localization along with water suppression that is insensitive to a range of B0 and RF inhomogeneities are described. Spectra and spectroscopic images (voxel volume = 3.4 cc, acquisition time = 38 min) of various 1H metabolites from a patient with an astrocytoma show clear differences between normal and cancerous tissues and demonstrate the ability of these techniques to be used in vivo.
Franciscan Awatovi, the Excavation and Conjectural Reconstruction of a 17th-Century Spanish Mission Establishment of a Hopi Indian Town in Northeastern Arizona

The examination of the franciscan buildings is taken both from the archaeological and analytical points of view. Special attention is given to the fact that the indian pueblo influence produced a new style, quite distinct from the decorative tradition of new spain.