cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Field Observations from the GOES-R Series

Abstract The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES)-R Series Magnetometer (MAG) observes the vector magnetic field at the spacecraft location as the satellites circle Earth at geostationary orbit. The MAG has specifications similar to previous GOES Magnetometers except with a higher sample rate of 10 samples/s and with the anti-aliasing low-pass filter at 2.5 Hz instead of 0.5 Hz as in previous GOES Series. The GOES-R MAG observations of the geomagnetic field are used to identify and forecast the severity of space weather activity and they can provide one of the first indications that significant space weather has reached Earth. The new MAG space weather products developed for the GOES-R era are the alternative coordinate systems data product, a magnetic field model product, and the automated magnetopause location and crossing detection product. In addition, a 1-min data product is provided for consistency with current GOES Magnetometer products and MAG data are also provided at the full 10-Hz resolution as part of the alternative coordinate systems data product.
Collaborative Metacognition in Signal Detection Decision Making

When individuals work together to make decisions in a signal detection task, they typically achieve greater sensitivity as a group than they could each achieve on their own. The present experiments...
Space architecture design for commercial suitability: A case study in in-situ resource utilization systems

Abstract Space Agencies are increasingly interested in stimulating non-traditional players to participate more broadly in the space enterprise. Historically, high barriers to entry in the space market have included challenges of working with the government customer and high technical and financial risks associated with the complexity of space exploration. More recently, agencies have used inducements (e.g., new contracting mechanisms, access to testing facilities) to mitigate these barriers. While these efforts mainly focused on reducing barriers to participation in existing exploration architectures, this paper explores the viability of an alternative strategy. Instead of providing inducements, which essentially subsidize participation, we propose a new strategy for space agencies to treat “commercial suitability” as another “-ility” and make it an explicit criterion of the initial architecture selection. This can be an effective option when multiple equivalent architectures (as evaluated against traditional cost, schedule, and performance measures) differ on their “commercial suitability.” As a proof-of-concept for this strategy, we develop a case study with lunar in-situ resource utilization plant systems as a basis for comparing the architectures with dedicated mass-wise optimal design (selected using traditional architecting strategies) vs. standardized mass-produced modular ISRU (selected using commercially-suitable strategies). The results show that architecture selection that considers commercial suitability upfront can achieve increased commercial participation without compromising cost performance compared with the baseline architecture. This serves as an existence proof for the potential value of this new strategy.
Institutional Change and the Continuity of Law

This essay will be part of a forthcoming special issue of the Connecticut Law Review dedicated to the work of my UConn colleague Richard Kay. This contribution offers reflections on Rick’s theoretical and historical scholarship on processes of institutional (and, by extension, constitutional) change. Despite the intense focus on law in this work, Rick's approach suggests a surprising ambivalence about law’s role in these processes. Part I of this essay discusses this ambivalence in relation to Rick's 2014 legal-historical monograph, The Glorious Revolution and the Continuity of Law. Rick’s analysis draws theoretical inspiration primarily (though hardly exclusively) from an Anglo-American tradition, based particularly on the work of H.L.A. Hart. I argue that Rick’s Hartian approach ultimately depends on a somewhat strained distinction between law and non-law in processes of change that does not map well onto the historical record that Rick otherwise cogently analyzes. Thus, as a supplement to his Hartian framework, Rick introduces the distinction between the “axiological” underpinnings of a revolution (be they social, political, or cultural) and its “legal” manifestation, i.e., the replacement of an old rule of recognition with a new one. In doing so, Rick’s analysis begins to point us toward more complex dynamics in processes of change that I would argue are more robustly captured by an alternative framework, one drawn from a more French tradition. I am referring to the institutional theory of Maurice Hauriou, who was among the greatest administrative law scholars of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. Hauriou's theory emphasized how law is in fact intimately bound up with processes of institutional foundation and change rather than being external to them. Part II of this essay explores how Hauriou’s approach could reinforce Rick’s work in this area, using the example of Rick’s seminal 2011 article, Constituent Authority, to demonstrate the potential connections. The key point of contact between Rick's position and that of Hauriou, I argue, is a shared rejection of a position, ultimately championed by Carl Schmitt, which viewed law primarily as a question of existential power (or, as Hauriou put it, as "an attack that has succeeded"). Part III of this essay then returns to Rick’s analysis of the Glorious Revolution, arguing that the effort of its protagonists to retain the language of law and to operate within its forms was a key factor in differentiating their ultimately successful and durable process of revolutionary change from other historical examples that proved more fragile. This, I would suggest, is a vindication of Hauriou’s central insight about the crucial role of law in allowing such change to achieve legitimacy and durable institutionalization over time.
Uppermost crustal structure across the eastern Lau spreading center from P-to-S converted waves

P and S wave data from the L-SCAN active-source wide-angle reflection/refraction experiment are modelled to investigate upper crustal structure in the Lau backarc basin. A combination of ray tracing and finite difference numerical wavefield simulation is used to identify P and P-to-S converted seismic phases. The phases primarily arise from two shallow interfaces, one at ~ 80 m depth or less, and the other at 500–650 m depth. The shallower interface is deeper than the sediment base, is observed across the study area, and is interpreted as a ‘layer 2Aa’ boundary, proposed to result from a rapid change in crack density. The deeper interface is interpreted as the layer 2A–2B boundary, corresponding to a transition from lavas to sheeted dykes. Layer 2A, on average, is 150 m thicker in crust that formed at the spreading center when spreading was located near the arc ( 70 km away). Layer 2A thickness and Vp/Vs values indicate that a thicker and more porous lava layer, dominated by basalts to basalt-andesites, cap near-arc crust, while a thinner and less-porous, mostly basaltic, volcanic layer caps the far-arc crust. These results are consistent with the waning influence of slab-derived volatiles on crustal formation as seafloor spreading moves away from the active arc.
Are declines in insects and insectivorous birds related

A flurry of recently published studies indicates that both insects and birds have experienced wide-scale population declines in the last several decades. Curiously, whether insect and bird declines are causally linked has received little empirical attention. Here, we hypothesize that insect declines are an important factor contributing to the decline of insectivorous birds. We further suggest that insect populations essential to insectivorous birds decline whenever nonnative lumber, ornamental, or invasive plant species replace native plant communities. We support our hypothesis by reviewing studies that show (1) due to host plant specialization, insect herbivores typically do poorly on non-native plants; (2) birds are often food limited; (3) populations of insectivorous bird species fluctuate with the supply of essential insect prey; (4) not all arthropod prey support bird reproduction equally well; and (5) terrestrial birds for which insects are an essential source of food have declined by 2.9 billion individuals over the last 50 years, while terrestrial birds that do not depend on insects during their life history have gained by 26.2 million individuals, a 111-fold difference. Understanding the consequences of insect declines, particularly as they affect charismatic animals like birds, may motivate land managers, homeowners, and restoration ecologists to take actions that reverse these declines by favoring the native plant species that support insect herbivores most productively.LAY SUMMARYThere may be a link between declining insect populations and bird population declines.Bird populations are often limited by the amount of insect food available to them.Most of the bird species that have declined in the last 50 years are those that depend on insects for food.One cause of insect declines is the widespread use of non-native plants in forestry and horticulture that do not support insects.The loss of insects, birds, and other forms of life is important because those are the species that run the ecosystems that support humans.One solution to this problem is to increase the populations of the insects that birds depend on by increasing our use of native plants in managed landscapes.
Discovering Pathologies in the Anatomy Lab: The Case of Brachial Plexopathy Mimicking Neurological Thoracic Outlet Syndrome.

# CONTEXT Well-established human anatomy labs with access to expert faculty are exceedingly valuable tools to medical student education. In this manuscript, we detail an infero-lateral subclavicular lipoma which was discovered as a result of the utilization of both those labs and expert faculty. This lipoma may have caused brachial plexopathy or may serve as an unusual cause of neurologic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS) due to the location of the mass. # EDUCATIONAL CASE PRESENTATION During prosection of a donor in the human anatomy lab, a mass was discovered by a medical student. This medical student utilized the human anatomy lab faculty members and resources to identify the mass as a lipoma. The lipoma compressed the lateral cord of the brachial plexus and the suprascapular nerve, but no diagnosis of NTOS or brachial plexopathy was made during the life of the donor, nor was any surgical intervention indicated. Removal of the lipoma immediately relieved stress upon the nerves. Histochemical analysis confirmed the diagnosis of a lipoma and demonstrated almost only mature adipocytes. # CONCLUSION The authors concluded that the lipoma of this patient was not identifiable with computerized tomography imaging modalities, despite ultrasound demonstrating a hyperechoic outline of the mass in the cadaver of the patient. It is very likely that this lipoma had not been diagnosed previously due to the atypical location of the tumor. Equally, typical surgical methods associated with brachial plexopathy or NTOS treatment would be difficult or more complicated, due to the lateral and inferior location of the lipoma. Physicians treating thoracic outlet syndrome-type symptoms without resolution should consider potential non-malignant obstruction located outside the thoracic outlet, toward the extremity. Deep palpatory methods and physical therapy should be considered until diagnosis is certain, as ultrasound would be difficult and typical transaxillary surgical methods would be nonhelpful. Medical students and early-career residents and physicians should be aware of the resources provided to them via campus human anatomy laboratories which they may utilize to further their understanding and knowledge of specific pathologies.
Chromosomal microarray detects genetic risks of neurodevelopmental disorders in newborns with congenital heart disease.

Objective: To compare the genetic testing results of neonates with CHD by chromosomal microarray to karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis. Methods: This was a single-centre retrospective comparative study of patients with CHD and available genetic testing results admitted to the cardiac ICU between January, 2004 and December, 2017. Patients from 2004 to 2010 were tested by karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis, while patients from 2012 to 2017 were analysed by chromosomal microarray. Results: Eight-hundred and forty-nine neonates with CHD underwent genetic testing, 482 by karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization, and 367 by chromosomal microarray. In the karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis group, 86/482 (17.8%) had genetic abnormalities detected, while in the chromosomal microarray group, 135/367 (36.8%) had genetic abnormalities detected (p < 0.00001). Of patients with abnormal chromosomal microarray results, 41/135 (30.4%) had genetic abnormality associated with neurodevelopmental disorders that were exclusively identified by chromosomal microarray. Conotruncal abnormalities were the most common diagnosis in both groups, with karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis detecting genetic abnormalities in 26/160 (16.3%) patients and chromosomal microarray detecting abnormalities in 41/135 (30.4%) patients (p = 0.004). In patients with d-transposition of the great arteries, 0/68 (0%) were found to have genetic abnormalities by karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridisation compared to 7/54 (13.0%) by chromosomal microarray. Conclusions: Chromosomal microarray identified patients with CHD at genetic risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, allowing earlier intervention with multidisciplinary care and more accurate pre-surgical prognostic counselling.
The architecture and implementation of an extensible web crawler

Many Web services operate their own Web crawlers to discover data of interest, despite the fact that large-scale, timely crawling is complex, operationally intensive, and expensive. In this paper, we introduce the extensible crawler, a service that crawls the Web on behalf of its many client applications. Clients inject filters into the extensible crawler; the crawler evaluates all received filters against each Web page, notifying clients of matches. As a result, the act of crawling the Web is decoupled from determining whether a page is of interest, shielding client applications from the burden of crawling the Web themselves.This paper describes the architecture, implementation, and evaluation of our prototype extensible crawler, and also relates early experience from several crawler applications we have built. We focus on the challenges and trade-offs in the system, such as the design of a filter language that is simultaneously expressive and efficient to execute, the use of filter indexing to cheaply match a page against millions of filters, and the use of document and filter partitioning to scale our prototype implementation to high document throughput and large numbers of filters. We argue that the low-latency, high selectivity, and scalable nature of our system makes it a promising platform for taking advantage of emerging real-time streams of data, such as Facebook or Twitter feeds.
Characterization of Pore Structure of Electrodes of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

In this paper, the pore structure characteristics of two considerably different ceramic electrode materials were successfully investigated using flow porometry. Through pore throat diameters, distribution of flow rate over pore diameters and gas permeability were measured. Pore volumes measured with mercury intrusion porosimetry showed that the through pores and the blind pores were associated with considerable volume of wide parts. The results were consistent with scanning electron micrographs.
The Legislator of Last Resort: Security Council's Emerging Role in WMD Proliferation Crises

This paper seeks to describe the United Nations Security Council's evolving legal role in regulating the proliferation of nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) weapons. For all its formal power the Security Council is still bound by law and its actions are still framed in terms of international law, not pure political considerations. The Security Council is a waking giant in the field of non-proliferation and the implications and opportunities for its involvement have yet to be explored. Even if there is plenty of room for disagreement on more general policy perspectives - whether to strengthen or delimit the Security Council's capabilities in the area of non-proliferation or simply to increase its legitimacy - attention to the relevant legal architecture is the place to start.
Robust amplitude measurement for RF BIST applications

RF Built-in-Self-Test requires generation and analysis of high frequency signals on-chip, which usually involves complex circuitry. Generally a high frequency to low frequency conversion, such as a peak or amplitude detector, is employed to analyze the output of the device under test (DUT). However, this conversion circuit is subject to similar process variations as the DUT, which has to be included in the measurement process. Moreover, despite affecting the accuracy of the entire measurement, the input generation for RF BIST is sparsely discussed. While relative measurements, such as gain, can be made without knowing the input signal attributes, other parameters, such as output power, IIP3, or IIP5 require absolute measurements, hence the knowledge of the input signal amplitude. In this paper, we propose a technique for on-chip amplitude measurement that is independent of process variations. The approach relies on on-chip generation of a square wave using an RF limiter with two different amplitudes. Using these two input signals and mathematical modeling, we extract the amplitude at the output of the DUT with high accuracy. The circuits for the BIST have been designed and simulated at the transistor level, including process variations. The concept of the proposed measurement technique is demonstrated in hardware using off-the-shelf components.
CritSpace: a workspace for critical engagement within cultural heritage digital libraries

Cultural heritage digital libraries hold promise both as a new tool for representing the complex information structures frequently found in the humanities and social sciences and as interactive environments that enable scholars to work with this information in new ways throughout the research project. Much attention has been paid to digitization, textual encoding, metadata and dissemination of digital cultural heritage data. Scholars now routinely turn toward electronic sources as a first step in their information finding process. Considerably less attention, however, has been devoted to understanding how to support the formative stages of scholarly research. In this paper, we highlight our finding from a formative user study of scholarly analysis of source documents in several different fields. We discuss the implications of these results for our current research into designing a web-based creativity support environment for cultural heritage digital libraries.
The Marketing Mix: A Retrospection and Evaluation:

Are the presently used paradigms of the marketing mix adequate for describing the breadth of marketing applications in the 1980s and beyond? Previously proposed models of the mix are evaluated and ...
Radiation sensitization of bacterial spores and phage T7 by NaBr.

SummarySpores of Bacillus megaterium and the bacteriophage T7 were sensitized to X-rays by NaBr in N2 purged systems up to the O2 level of sensitivity. This sensitivity is due to the action of ·Br2− formed by reaction of ·OH with Br−. Many additives, representing biologically significant compounds or portions of their structure were tested for their effect on the NaBr-induced sensitization. Proposals are made from these results as to the mechanisms of sensitization by NaBr, as well as reactivities of various additives with ·Br2−.
Characterization of the Interaction of Phospholipase A2 with Phosphatidylcholine−Phosphatidylglycerol Mixed Lipids†

The first requirement in the hydrolysis of phospholipid bilayers by phospholipase A2 is the interaction of the enzyme with the bilayer surface. The catalytic ability of phospholipase A2 has been shown to be extremely sensitive to the topology of the bilayer to which it binds and hydrolyzes. Phospholipid bilayer properties and composition such as unsaturation, charge, and the presence of reaction products are known regulators of the catalytic activity of phospholipase A2 toward the phospholipids and influences the binding of enzyme to the membrane. We show in this paper that the effect of increased anionic lipid results in enhanced binding that can be described quantitatively in terms of a simple phenomenological model. However, the interaction with anionic lipid does not singularly dominate the thermodynamics of binding, nor can the lag phase observed in the time course of hydrolysis of large unilamellar vesicles simply be the result of limited interaction between the enzyme and the bilayer. Furthermore, ...
The role of receptors for complement in the induction of polyclonal B-cell proliferation and differentiation.

A panel of monoclonal antibodies and ligands that bind to the CR1 or CR2 complement receptors of B cells has been used to investigate the role of these membrane molecules in regulating B-cell proliferation and differentiation. When CR2 was modulated from the surface of B cells by treatment with the HB-5 antibody and a secondary goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin antibody, Epstein-Barr virus-induced polyclonal B-cell proliferation and immunoglobulin production were inhibited by 83 and 90%, respectively. In contrast, modulation of other cell surface molecules, HB-2, B1, and the C3b receptor (CR1), or pretreatment of B cells with C3d,g (a CR2 ligand) or HB-5 antibody, alone minimally inhibited these responses. Neither the HB-5 antibody C3d,g, nor a monoclonal antibody (YZ-1) reactive with CR1 induced resting B cells to proliferate, nor did they alter anti-μ antibody-induced proliferation. Similarly, treatment with C3d,g or with the HB-5 or YZ-1 antibodies did not induce B cells to secrete immunoglobulin or affect pokeweed mitogen-induced plasma-cell formation. Whereas CR2 appears to be the functionally relevant receptor for Epstein-Barr virus on B cells, the effects of ligand interactions with CR1 and CR2 on normal B-cell proliferation or differentiation remain unidentified.
Is bilingualism compound or coordinate

Abstract The compound-coordinate distinction is difficult to reconcile with the more recent view that first language acquisition and subsequent language acquisition are basically similar. A review of that distinction is in order. Scerba and Weinreich first posited a compound-coordinate distinction after observing that bilingual Sorbians had identical lexical ranges for Sorbian and German words. When examined in light of recent work in areal convergence, Scerba and Weinreich's data do not warrant a compound-coordinate distinction. What their data warrant is a comparative statement about the lexical ranges of languages which have and languages which have not been in contact with each other for centuries. Their data do not warrant, as they believed, a statement about different bilingual lexical ranges among various individuals in the same speech community. Future research into bilingualism must proceed without assuming that the compound-coordinate distinction w was established at the time of its postulation.
Attomole protein analysis by CIEF with LIF detection

We have coupled CIEF with an LIF detector that is based on a post-column sheath flow cuvette. We employed Chromeo P503 as a fluorogenic reagent to label proteins before analysis. This reagent reacts with the epsilon-amine of lysine residues, preserving the cationic nature of the residue; labeled proteins generate extremely sharp peaks in CIEF. A set of four standard proteins generated a linear relationship between migration time and pI. A protein homogenate prepared from a Barrett's esophagus cell line resolved over 100 components in a 40 min separation. Detection limits for Chromeo P503-labeled beta-lactoglobulin were 5 amol injected into the capillary. Fluorescent impurities present in the ampholytes generated a large background signal that degraded the detection limit by four orders of magnitude compared with other forms of capillary electrophoresis with this detector.
Self-Determination, Secession, and Civil War

The end of the Cold War led to the creation of almost two dozen new states, resulting from groups that advanced claims based on the legitimacy of national self-determination. These claims ranged from modestly increased autonomy to secession and independent statehood. As a result, and because a number of these claims escalated to violence, scholarly research into self-determination and secession has increased tremendously over the past two decades, with scholars examining the fate of these movements and associated violence and wars, from onset to the termination of associated violence and wars. This article assesses the state of the academic literature as it relates to the links between self-determination, secession, and civil wars. It begins with a discussion of what exactly is understood by such key concepts as ethnicity, self-determination, secession, and secessionist war. It then turns to the conditions and factors that have been identified in the literature to explain the emergence of self-determinati...
A comparison of a neural network and a model reference adaptive controller

A two-mode coupled compound pendulum is used to compare a computed-torque-type model reference adaptive controller and a feedforward neural network controller. A derived globally asymptotically stable adaptation law for the neural net controller shows that the back error propagation scheme used is, in some cases, also asymptotically stable. Computer simulations of the two controllers demonstrate their relative performance. This comparison shows that the derived adaptation law compares favorably with the performance of the model reference adaptive controller. It also lends insight into the required input signal frequency content in order to guarantee proper convergence of the neural network. The convergence and stability properties of the neural network when it is used as a feedforward computed-torque controller are analyzed. >
Human avoidance and approach learning: Evidence for overlapping neural systems and experiential avoidance modulation of avoidance neurocircuitry

Adaptive functioning is thought to reflect a balance between approach and avoidance neural systems with imbalances often producing pathological forms of avoidance. Yet little evidence is available in healthy adults demonstrating a balance between approach and avoidance neural systems and modulation in avoidance neurocircuitry by vulnerability factors for avoidance. Consequently, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare changes in brain activation associated with human avoidance and approach learning and modulation of avoidance neurocircuitry by experiential avoidance. fMRI tracked trial-by-trial increases in activation while adults learned through trial and error an avoidance response that prevented money loss and an approach response that produced money gain. Avoidance and approach cues elicited similar experience-dependent increases in activation in a fronto-limbic-striatal network. Positive and negative reinforcing outcomes (i.e., money gain and avoidance of loss) also elicited similar increases in activation in frontal and striatal regions. Finally, increased experiential avoidance and self-punishment coping was associated with decreased activation in medial/superior frontal regions, anterior cingulate, amygdala and hippocampus. These findings suggest avoidance and approach learning recruit a similar fronto-limbic-striatal network in healthy adults. Increased experiential avoidance also appears to be associated with reduced frontal and limbic reactivity in avoidance, establishing an important link between maladaptive avoidance coping and altered responses in avoidance neurocircuitry.
Comparative study of the amount of backflow produced by four types of aortic valve prostheses.

To determine the extent of backflow encountered with currently used prosthetic valves, four types of aortic valves with comparable orifice diameters were tested in a pulse duplicating system. These were a Hancock porcine valve, a Lillehei-Kaster pivoting disk valve, a St. Jude bileaflet valve and a Bjork-Shiley tilting disk valve. Mean aortic pressure was sequentially increased from 83 to 147 mmHg, keeping the pump rate essentially constant (69–73 strokes/min). The porcine valve produced the least amount of total backflow (backflow due to closure plus leakage backflow) (1.6 to 2.4 mL/stroke). Among the mechanical valves the Bjork-Shiley valve showed the least amount of total backflow (5.0 to 6.0 mL/stroke). At a mean aortic pressure of 100 mmHg and a low cardiac output of 2 L/min, the total backflow with the porcine valve was only 6 percent of forward flow; whereas it was 19 percent with the Lillehei-Kaster valve, 22 percent with the St. Jude valve and 18 percent with the Bjork-Shiley valve. Leakage backflow at a given level of mean aortic pressure was, as expected, directly related to the annular clearance area. It is concluded that the Hancock valve showed the least amount of backward flow, which would be particularly beneficial in low output states. In the presence of normal hemodynamics, the amount of backflow with the three mechanical valves appeared to be well below the level of backflow considered to be clinically significant.
On the Precision of Photometric Observations

Lowry’s results (1931) for brightness discrimination have been confirmed, his conclusion extended, and his recommendation amplified. The results of the present experiment, for example, show clearly that the root-mean-square departure σΔI is directly proportional to ΔI. (This is here called Crozier’s law.) Moreover, since ΔI is known to vary inversely with the size of the retinal field, the use of a test field which produces a large retinal area (central fixation) is to be recommended for increased precision in photometric work.
Sputtering of the gallium-indium eutectic alloy in the liquid phase

We have measured sputtering yields and angular distributions of sputtered atoms from both the solid and liquid phases of gallium, indium, and the gallium-indium eutectic alloy. This was done by Rutherford backscattering analysis of graphite collector foils. The solid eutectic target shows a predominance of indium crystallites on its surface which have to be sputtered away before the composition of the sputtered atoms equals the bulk target composition. The size of the crystallites depends upon the conditions under which the alloy is frozen. The sputtering of the liquid eutectic alloy by 15 keV Ar+ results in a ratio of indium to gallium sputtering yields which is 28 times greater than would be expected from the target stoichiometry. Furthermore, the angular distribution of gallium is much more sharply peaked about the normal to the target surface than the indium distribution. When the incident Ar+ energy is increased to 25 keV, the gallium distribution broadens to the same shape as the indium distribution. With the exception of the sharp gallium distribution taken from the liquid eutectic at 15 keV, all angular distributions from liquid targets fit a cos2 θ function. An ion-scattering-spectroscopy analysis of the liquid eutectic alloy reveals a surface layer of almost pure indium. A thermodynamic explanation for this highly segregated layer is discussed. The liquid eutectic alloy provides us with a unique target system which allows us to estimate the fraction of sputtered material which comes from the first monolayer of the surface.
Micromachined gyroscope concept allowing interchangeable operation in both robust and precision modes

Abstract This paper presents a new gyroscope design concept with a multi-degree of freedom (DOF) sense mode enabling interchangeable operation in robust or precision modes. This is accomplished using a complete 2-DOF coupled system which, unlike previous multi-DOF designs based on dynamic vibration absorbers, allows for the specification of the sense mode resonances and coupling between the masses independent of operational frequency. The robust mode corresponds to operation between the 2-DOF sense mode resonant peaks providing a response gain and bandwidth controlled at the design level by frequency spacing; the precision mode, however, relies on mode-matching the drive to one of the sense mode resonant frequencies where larger response gains are achieved through vacuum operation. The complete 2-DOF sense mode provides the gyroscope with distinct advantages over similar devices based on 1-DOF systems: the robust mode introduces a gain advantage versus conventional mismatched operation, while the precision mode gain-bandwidth is larger for the same pressures. Experimental rate characterization of a silicon-on-insulator prototype in air for both robust and precision modes demonstrated scale factors of 0.282 and 0.690 mV/°/s, respectively, while the scale factor improvement due to precision mode operation is projected to increase by 40 dB for operation in 1 mTorr vacuum.
Grand Challenges in Digital Education

Our goal as education researchers is to make a difference. We want to help students learn better, or perhaps we want them to learn just as well but at lower cost to our institutions. Decades of research tell us that it is difficult to make a significant difference with technology. This is especially true if we are trying to do the same things. The true value of new technology comes when it permits us to do something new. Education researchers are blessed to be working at a time when the computer is just starting to fulfill its promise as an agent of change. The key is that the computer allows for flexibility that no previous educational technology could match. While one might argue that none of the affordances provided by a computer are truly “new,” the results are stunning. A few examples:
Walk-Based Transfinite Graphs and Networks

The theory of transfinite graphs developed so far has been based on the ideas that connectedness is accomplished through paths and that the infinite extremities of the graph are specified through equivalence classes of one-ended paths. This is a natural extension of finite graphs because connectedness for finite graphs is fully characterized by paths; indeed, any walk terminating at two nodes of a finite graph contains a path doing the same. However, such is no longer the case for transfinite graphs. Indeed, path-connectedness need not be transitive as a binary relationship among transfinite nodes, and Condition 3.1-2 was imposed to ensure such transitivity. Without that condition, distances as defined by paths do not exist between certain pairs of nonsingleton nodes. This limitation is also reflected in the theory of transfinite electrical networks by the fact that node voltages need not be uniquely determined when they are defined along paths to a chosen ground node.
The low terms in Co VI

The present paper reports a continuation (1) of the investigation of the low metastable terms in the high stages of ionization of the elements of the first long period.
UVA light-induced DNA cleavage by isomeric methylbenz[a]anthracenes.

UVA light-induced DNA single strand cleavage by a set of 12 monomethyl substituted benz[a]anthracenes (MBAs) along with their parent compound, benz[a]anthracene (BA), and the potent carcinogen, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), was studied. On the basis of the relative DNA single strand photocleavage efficiency of the fourteen compounds, they are divided into three groups: (1) strong DNA cleavers, 4-MBA, 5-MBA, 6-MBA, 8-MBA, 9-MBA, 10-MBA, and BA; (2) medium DNA cleavers, 1-MBA, 2-MBA, 3-MBA, and 11-MBA; and (3) weak DNA cleavers, 7-MBA, 12-MBA, and DMBA. The relative DNA photocleavage efficiency parallels very well with the energy gap between the highest-occupied-molecular-orbital (HOMO) and the lowest-unoccupied-molecular-orbital (LUMO) of each MBA, indicating that the DNA cleavage is related to their excited-state properties. The 7 and 12 positions of BA are two unique sites. Methyl substitution at either 7 or 12 (or both) positions lowers the HOMO−LUMO gap and greatly diminishes the DNA photocle...
Ethanol protects the heart against the calcium paradox injury.

Abstract Rat hearts were depleted of Ca2+ ( Na + Ca 2+ exchanger and protects against the Ca2+-paradox injury.
Allergens in Hymenoptera venom XXV: The amino acid sequences of antigen 5 molecules and the structural basis of antigenic cross-reactivity

The complete amino acid sequences have been determined by solid-phase protein sequencing for eight different vespid venom antigen 5 molecules. These include five species of yellow jackets, Vespula squamosa, V. flavopilosa, V. germanica, V. pensylvanica and V. vidua, representing all three species groups; two variants from the European hornet, Vespa crabro; and a species of paper wasp, Polistes fuscatus, from a second subgenus. The new sequences were compared with the seven previously published sequences from yellow jackets, hornets, and wasps, and to that of Solenopsis invicta 3 allergen from imported fire ant venom. These comparisons provided structural evidence to support the observed high degree of cross-reactivity among the antigens of the common group of yellow jackets and among those of the two common North American subgenera of paper wasps studied. The antigen 5 of V. squamosa and of V. vidua were significantly different from those of the vulgaris group. Common features that could generate immunologic cross-reactivity were seen among the antigen 5 molecules of hornets of both genera and among those of yellow jackets, hornets, and paper wasps. The imported fire ant allergen has only minimal conserved areas in common with the vespid allergens, which explains the lack of observed IgE cross-reactivity. These results provide the structural basis for the cross-reactivity patterns observed in clinical practice and suggest that the commercial extracts of yellow jacket and paper wasp could be prepared with fewer carefully selected species.
Amino acid availability from animal, blended, and plant feedstuffs for hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis)

The refinement of hybrid striped bass feed formulations has been progressing rapidly. There is still, however, limited information available regarding nutrient digestibility and amino acid availability from common feedstuffs. A pair of experiments was conducted to determine the protein digestibility and amino acid availability to sunshine bass from an assortment of commercially available animal protein feedstuffs, blended animal products and plant protein feedstuffs in extruded diets. The feedstuffs tested were blood meal, poultry by-product meal, fish solubles, Pro-Pak 60, Pro-Pak 65, ProCon 65RDB, and 60FMC for the animal protein feedstuffs and brewer's yeast, canola meal, peanut meal, and sunflower meal for the plant protein feedstuffs. Test diets consisted of a mixture of nutritionally complete reference diet and test ingredient. Triplicate tanks of fish were fed their respective diets for 7 days prior to collection of faeces by stripping. Apparent digestibility coefficients of protein (ADC-CP) in the animal products ranged from 47% for 60FMC to a high of 70% for fish solubles. ADC-CPs for animal products were not different across products. Blood meal, poultry by-product meal, Pro-Pak 60, Pro-Pak 65, and ProCon had intermediate ADC-CPs of 63, 55, 63, 57 and 52%, respectively. ADC-CP in plant feedstuffs ranged from 43% for canola meal to 80% for peanut meal. Brewer's yeast, canola meal, and sunflower meal had intermediate ADC-CPs at 54, 43 and 69%, respectively. Apparent amino acid availability coefficients were variable across animal products and did not necessarily correlate to the ADC-CPs for a given feedstuff. Isoleucine availability was low in blood meal at 38% compared with 59% or better for the remaining amino acids. Lysine, tyrosine and phenylalanine availability from fish solubles was low at 31, 35 and 44%, respectively. Amino acid availability from Pro-Pak 60 was consistently higher across all amino acids for the animal products and blends tested. Of the plant products tested, peanut meal was the best performing feedstuff relative to amino acid availability.
Material contravariant components: vorticity transport and vortex theorems

On introduit le concept de composantes contravariantes de la vorticite. Pour les ecoulements isentropiques non visqueux ces composantes contravariantes divisees par la densite restent constantes en suivant un point materiel. Ce resultat simplifie la demonstration et l'interpretation cinematique de resultats classiques tels que l'etalement des tourbillons, le theoreme de Kelvin, ainsi que le fait que les lignes de tourbillons soient des lignes materielles. Extension aux ecoulements visqueux, non isentropiques. Calcul de la solution de l'equation de vorticite de Beltrami
Pronunciation modeling using a finite-state transducer representation

Abstract The MIT summit speech recognition system models pronunciation using a phonemic baseform dictionary along with rewrite rules for modeling phonological variation and multi-word reductions. Each pronunciation component is encoded within a finite-state transducer (FST) representation whose transition weights can be trained using an EM algorithm for finite-state networks. This paper explains the modeling approach we use and the details of its realization. We demonstrate the benefits and weaknesses of the approach both conceptually and empirically using the recognizer for our jupiter weather information system. Our experiments demonstrate that the use of phonological rewrite rules within our system achieves word error rate reductions between 4% and 9% over different test sets when compared against a system using no phonological rewrite rules.
Simulation of charge motion in ball mills. Part 2: numerical simulations

Abstract The formulation and verification of the discrete element model for the ball charge motion in a ball mill are described in Part I. Here, the model is used to simulate the charge motion in an industrial size mill. Many unobservable facts about charge motion are revealed by this simulation approach: It is shown that larger balls segregate to the center at high speeds and to the shell at lower speeds. The frequency of collisions in a 4.75 m diameter mill mostly lie within one joule. The friction between the ball charge and the mill shell can increase the power draft. The center of the ball mass shifts in distance as much as 4% of the mill diameter during a complete rotation. Finally, the distribution of collision energy and the spatial locations of high- and low-energy collisions are shown. While many of the simulated results may never be verified experimentally, these results are closer to actual values since the simulation is based on sound principles of physics. Above all, the simulation provides collision frequency information which is the key to mill design and optimization.
Effects of partially quenched orbital angular momentum on the microwave spectrum and magnetic hyperfine splitting in the OH-water complex

Abstract The radical complex OH–H 2 O has been observed by rotational spectroscopy. Spectra for 16 OH– 16 OH 2 and 18 OH– 18 OH 2 have been analyzed using a two-state model which accounts for nuclear motion on both the 2 A′ and 2 A″ potential surfaces. Partial quenching of the OH orbital angular momentum dramatically affects the rotational spectra, and the 2 A′– 2 A″ energy separation, ρ , is determined to be −146.50744(42) cm −1 . The ground state of the complex has ∼86% 2 A′character and the vibrationally averaged OH–OH 2 hydrogen bond distance is 1.952 A. The magnetic hyperfine constants for the OH proton in the complex are significantly altered from monomer values.
TRENDS IN HOUSEHOLD WEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES, 1962–83 AND 1983–89

Using the 1983 and 1989 Surveys of Consumer Finances, I find evidence of sharply increasing house-hold wealth inequality over this period. Whereas mean wealth increased by 23 percent in real terms, median wealth grew by only 8 percent. The share of the top one-half percentile rose by five percentage points, while the wealth of the bottom two quintiles showed an absolute decline. The Gini coefficient increased from 0.80 to 0.84. Almost all the growth in real wealth accrued to the top 20 percent of wealthholders. In contrast, the degree of wealth inequality was almost identical in 1983 as in 1962, and real wealth growth was more evenly distributed across the wealth distribution. There is also evidence that the sharp increase in wealth inequality from 1983 to 1989 was due to a correspondingly sharp rise in income inequality, the increase of stock prices relative to housing prices, and relatively slow inflation.
75 Effect of Copper on Serum. Ceruloplasmin Concentration

The effects of the oral administration of copper were studied in 1. infants with nutritionally induced cooper deficiency; 2. children receiving copper sulfate as an emetic after toxic ingestions. 1. Seven marasmic infants were rehabilitated with a high calorie-adequate protein-low copper diet. In 2 of them where initial determinations were performed, serum ceruloplasmin concentration was normal. With recovery and rapid growth, copper deficiency developed, and all 7 exhibited hypoceruloplasminemia. The intact metalloprotein was deficient both by oxidase and immunochemical assays. Apoceruloplasmin could not be detected immunochemically. Thus both the copper prosthetic group and the apoprotein were deficient. In each of the 7, ceruloplasmin levels rose after the administration of copper, 0.10–0.30 mg/kg/day. 2. Copper sulfate, 250 mg, was administered orally as an emetic to 4 children after toxic ingestions. Although vomiting occurred within 5 minutes, a rise of serum copper of 14, 22, 30 and 71 μg% was observed. Serum ceruloplaxmin concentration increased significantly in 3 of the children within 12 hours. Thus it appears that copper either stimulates de novo synthesis of ceruloplasmin or combines with apoceruloplasmin in the liver to form the metalloprotein which is then released into the peripheral blood. It is possible that in Wilson's disease this mechanism may be impaired. Because copper is corrosive and absorbed, even after prompt emesis, it does not appear to be a safe emetic, as recently advocated, particularly when the agent ingested has the same effects as toxic doses of copper. (APS)
Noninvasive Monitoring of Acute Susceptibility and Host Response to Salmonella Infection in Living Neonatal Mice • 886

Noninvasive Monitoring of Acute Susceptibility and Host Response to Salmonella Infection in Living Neonatal Mice • 886
Threshold and Suprathreshold Correlations for the Oral Tactile Sensory Mechanism

The possible relationship between threshold and suprathreshold responses for the lingual tactile system was investigated. Lingual vibrotactile thresholds and suprathreshold magnitude function expon...