cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diastolic scattered light fluctuation, resting force and twitch force in mammalian cardiac muscle.

1. When coherent light was passed through isolated isometric cardiac muscles during the diastolic or resting period, intensity fluctuations were observed in the scattered field. The frequency of these intensity fluctuations (f½) varied with many experimental interventions known to enhance Ca2+ flux into the cell. 2. In rat muscles stimulated at low frequencies (0.1 ± 2.0 min−1) stepwise increases (0.4-10 m m) of [Ca2+] in the bathing fluid ([Ca2+]e), or addition of ouabain (10−6-6 × 10−4 m) to the perfusate caused stepwise increases in f½. These were paralleled by increments in resting force (RF) such that the changes in f½ and RF were highly correlated. Substitution of K+ for Na+ in the perfusate resulted in parallel transients in RF and f½. 3. In contrast to the rat, most cat muscles stimulated at low frequencies in the steady state exhibited neither diastolic intensity fluctuations nor Ca2+-dependent changes in RF in [Ca2+]e of 10 m m or less; when [Ca2+]e was increased to 12-32 m m, however, steady-state Ca2+-dependent f½ and RF were observed. In a given [Ca2+]e reduction of [Na+]e increased f½. In the transient state following cessation of regular stimulation at more rapid rates (12-96 min−1) intensity fluctuations were present in all [Ca2+]e and decayed with time (seconds to minutes); the f½ and time course of the decay of the fluctuations were determined by the rate of prior stimulation and [Ca2+]e. 4. Maximum potentiation of twitch force in response to the above inotropic interventions was associated with an optimal level of f½ which was similar in both species; when higher levels of f½ were produced by more intense inotropic intervention, twitch force declined. Over the range of inotropic intervention up to and including that at which maximum twitch potentiation occurred, the increase in diastolic f½ predicted the extent of twitch potentiation with a high degree of accuracy (r > 0.97) both in the transient and steady states. 5. In contrast to the other inotropic interventions studied, catecholamines were unique in that neither f½ nor RF increased over a full range of concentrations that resulted in maximum potentiation of the twitch. 6. It is concluded from these observations that f½ reflects diastolic Ca2+-dependent myofilament interaction; the increase in the extent of this interaction by inotropic interventions that do not alter the affinity of the myofilaments for Ca2+ probably reflects an increase in diastolic myoplasmic [Ca2+], an optimal level of which is associated with maximal potentiation of twitch force; the difference in f½ in rat and cat muscles under a given set of in vitro conditions may be related to the marked species difference in the effectiveness of excitation—contraction coupling.
Pharmacotherapy of insomnia

Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder in the industrialized world. A variety of precipitating events have been identified, but when it becomes a persistent problem, maladaptive patterns become established, thereby, perpetuating the sleep disturbance. Individuals with insomnia have impaired next-day functioning, which impacts their quality of life and places them at increased risk of motor vehicle accidents. Insomnia is commonly associated with chronic medical conditions, as well as an increased incidence of mental disorders. Despite considerable scientific advances in both the understanding and treatment, insomnia continues to be inadequately identified and treated, with < 15% of those with severe insomnia receiving appropriate treatment. The mainstay of treatment for insomnia is cognitive-behavioral therapy, along with judicious use of hypnotic agents.
A fuzzy neural network tree with heuristic backpropagation learning

To solve the curse of dimensionality of a conventional fuzzy neural network, a fuzzy neural network tree based on the normal fuzzy reasoning is proposed. The heuristic backpropagation learning algorithm using a divide-and-conquer method is developed to enhance learning quality in term of discovered knowledge, training error and prediction error. Simulations have shown that the fuzzy neural network tree is able to discover meaningful fuzzy rules with low training errors and low prediction errors. In the future, the fuzzy neural network tree will have more applications in large-scale data mining and data fusion, machine learning, and e-business.
A Two-Level Solar Dynamo Based on Solar Activity, Convection, and Differential Rotation

In orthodox dynamo theory (Stix, 1976), the two basic processes, generation of toroidal from poloidal field and conversion of toroidal into reversed poloidal field, are both located in the high β regime convection zone. Generation requires that regime, since its function demands it be driven by mechanical forces. But the function and therefore the operating requirements of conversion are entirely different, and there seems to be no a priori reason, other than historical tradition coupled with failure to recognize those differences, for the assumption that conversion must also operate there. Conversion transforms the topological structure of generated flux by altering the field line connectivity, so that the principal task performed is reconnection. Reconnection is a spontaneous process which must compress and accelerate plasma if any is present. Obviously it must perform much more work in the high β convection zone than in the low β solar atmosphere. It seems natural, therefore, to expect the reconnection aspect of conversion to be located there, where the least work needs to be performed. To transfer the generated flux there, we may add to conversion another spontaneous process: eruption of bipolar structure (Parker, 1955). To transfer the reconnected flux back down, we add to generation another mechanically driven process called topological pumping (Drobyshevski and Yuferev, 1974).
On developing a fast, cost-effective and non-invasive method to derive data center thermal maps

Ongoing research has demonstrated the potential benefits of thermal-aware load placement in data centers to both reduce cooling costs and component failure rates. However, thermal-aware load placement techniques have not been widely deployed in existing data centers. This is mainly because they rely on a thermal map or profile of the data center, the derivation of which is an interruptive process to the data center operation. We propose a noninvasive solution of producing a thermal map; it consists of training a neural network with observed data from actual data center operation. Our results show that gathering the data and selecting a training set is a fast process, while the neural network with no hidden layers achieves the lowest mean squared error.
Moderators of intensive CBT for adolescent panic disorder: the of fear and avoidance.

BACKGROUND: Research supports the efficacy of intensive cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of adolescent panic disorder with or without agoraphobia (PDA). However, little is known about the conditions under which intensive treatment is most effective. The current investigation examined the moderating roles of baseline fear and avoidance in the intensive treatment of adolescent PDA. METHODS: Adolescents with PDA (ages 11-17; N = 54) were randomized to either an intensive CBT treatment (n = 37) or a waitlist control condition (n = 17). PDA diagnosis, symptom severity, and number of feared and avoided situations were assessed at baseline and 6-week post-treatment/post-waitlist. Hierarchical regression analyses examined the relative contributions of treatment condition, number of baseline feared or avoided situations, and their interactions in the prediction of post-treatment/waitlist PDA symptoms. RESULTS: The main effect of intensive CBT on post-treatment PDA symptoms was not uniform across participants, with larger treatment effects found among participants with lower, relative to higher, baseline levels of fear and avoidance. CONCLUSIONS: Findings help clarify which adolescents suffering with PDA may benefit most from an intensive treatment format. Language: en
Efficient multisensor fusion using multidimensional data association

We present the development of a multisensor fusion algorithm using multidimensional data association for multitarget tracking. The work is motivated by a large scale surveillance problem, where observations from multiple asynchronous sensors with time-varying sampling intervals (electronically scanned array (ESA) radars) are used for centralized fusion. The combination of multisensor fusion with multidimensional assignment is done so as to maximize the "time-depth" in addition to "sensor-width" for the number S of lists handled by the assignment algorithm. The standard procedure, which associates measurements from the most recently arrived S-1 frames to established tracks, can have, in the case of S sensors, a time-depth of zero. A new technique, which guarantees maximum effectiveness for an S-dimensional data association (S/spl ges/3), i.e., maximum time-depth (S-1) for each sensor without sacrificing the fusion across sensors, is presented. Using a sliding window technique (of length S), the estimates are updated after each frame of measurements. The algorithm provides a systematic approach to automatic track formation, maintenance, and termination for multitarget tracking using multisensor fusion with multidimensional assignment for data association. Estimation results are presented for simulated data for a large scale air-to-ground target tracking problem.
Philosophy of technology in engineering education

In reflecting on the philosophy of engineering education as a distinct field, questions from other fields of philosophy are encountered. Among these, in addition to philosophy of education, are: ethics, epistemology, ontology, philosophy of science, and philosophy of technology. Within the philosophy of technology, a discussion of ldquophilosophy of engineeringrdquo has been pursued in recent years. In this paper, the areas described and questions raised by philosophy of technology, specifically philosophy of engineering will be briefly presented. The importance of philosophy of technology for the philosophy of engineering education will be developed. In Teaching About Technology (2005), Marc J. de Vries identified four reasons for engineering educators to become acquainted with philosophy of technology. The reasons are: (1) philosophy of technology can yield insights into curriculum development, (2) it can provide a conceptual basis for understanding technology, (3) it helps position the teaching of engineering among other subjects, and (4) it is helpful in identifying the research agenda in engineering education. Included in this paper will be a discussion of the literature in the discipline of philosophy of technology.
THE BEHAVIOR OF POX VIRUSES IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT : I. THE RESPONSE OF MICE TO THE NASAL INSTILLATION OF VACCINIA VIRUS.

Variola virus was cultivated in embryonated eggs from smallpox crusts and maintained through 85 passages. Therein it produced foci of cellular proliferation and necrosis on the chorioallantoic membrane but did not affect the embryo. The virus from egg cultures was inactive in the skin of the rabbit on primary injection and in the testis both initially and on passage. In the monkey it provoked a cutaneous eruption of short duration after an incubation period of 5 days. On nasal instillation in the mouse the virus caused no symptoms and failed to survive on the mucous membrane of the upper air passages. Beginning with the 64th egg passage it was regularly recoverable from the lung, on subinoculation in eggs, through the 5th day and occasionally through the 7th day. Its presence in the lung was attended by progressive pathological changes.
CO2 Digital Angiography: A Safer Contrast Agent for Renal Vascular Imaging?

Although the new nonionic contrast agents are safer than ionic agents, renal insufficiency and even death still occur occasionally. Therefore, we have explored the use of carbon dioxide (CO2) as an alternative angiographic contrast agent used in combination with digital subtraction angiography. Clinical observations have been made in over 800 patients. The images obtained are of equivalent diagnostic quality compared with those using conventional iodinated contrast agents. Recent advances in imaging, including "stacking," provide images comparable with iodinated contrast. Very small vessels, equivalent to third-order branches of the renal artery, can be imaged satisfactorily with CO2. Occasional studies with CO2 yield information not apparent with iodinated contrast agents, including excellent visualization of arteriovenous shunts, collateral circulations, malignant tumors, and minute amounts of arterial bleeding. Many of the advantages and disadvantages of CO2 derive from its special physical and chemical properties. The advantages include no allergic potentiation and no renal metabolism of CO2, because CO2 is cleared by the lungs and does not recirculate. Other advantages include delivery by very small catheters because of the low viscosity of CO2, minimal discomfort on injection, and very low cost. However, the low-density and compressibility of CO2 poses some special problems. Imaging requires digital subtraction angiography with electronic enhancement and injections require an experienced investigator and, ideally, a dedicated CO2 injector. The dedicated CO2 injector provides calculated, controlled dosing and rates for injection, while excluding the possibility of air contamination. The buoyancy of CO2 inhibits good filling of dependent vessels. Accordingly, CO2 does not normally produce good nephrographic images, although proximal renal arteries are normally shown clearly. Experimental studies in dogs, whose renal arteries have been injected repeatedly with very large doses of CO2, demonstrate only transient changes in renal blood flow and no endothelial cell damage. However, these studies also showed clearly that renal ischemia can occur due to a "vapor lock" phenomenon if the kidney is positioned vertically above the injection site, and recurrent injections are given without time for absorption of the arterially delivered CO2 boluses. Uncontrolled studies in over 800 patients have confirmed that CO2 likely has a very low renal toxicity. At the University of Florida, CO2 is the radiologic contrast agent of choice in patients with renal insufficiency, especially those with diabetes mellitus, and in those with pre-existing allergy to iodinated contrast agents. Further controlled clinical studies are required to define the true clinical utility and safety of CO2 compared with conventional radiologic contrast agents.
Attraction of Scolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to a virgin-female-produced pheromone in the field.

Three field studies were conducted to ascertain if pheromones are responsible in part for the aggregating behavior of Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham). It is proposed that tunneling virgin-female beetles produce a pheromone because more in-flight beetles of both sexes were trapped at elm bolts infested with virgin females than at any other experimental treatment. Some beetles were also trapped at elm bolts infested with male beetles or with both males and females and at uninfested bolts, probably in response to host odors.
A complete dislocation of the thumb metacarpal

Multiple dislocations of a single finger are rare. We report a patient with complete dislocation of the thumb metacarpal, a condition not reported previously. A 9 year follow-up shows the patient to have a normal-appearing, strong, and painless hand.
Correlated firing in tufted cells of mouse olfactory bulb

Abstract Temporally correlated spike discharges are proposed to be important for the coding of olfactory stimuli. In the olfactory bulb, correlated spiking is known in two classes of output neurons, the mitral cells and external tufted cells. We studied a third major class of bulb output neurons, the middle tufted cells, analyzing their bursting and spike timing correlations, and their relation to mitral cells. Using patch-clamp and fluorescent tracing, we recorded spontaneous spiking from tufted-tufted or mitral-tufted cell pairs with visualized dendritic projections in mouse olfactory bulb slices. We found peaks in spike cross-correlograms indicating correlated activity on both fast (peak width 1–50 ms) and slow (peak width>50 ms) time scales, only in pairs with convergent glomerular projections. Coupling appeared tighter in tufted-tufted pairs, which showed correlated firing patterns and smaller mean width and lag of narrow peaks. Some narrow peaks resolved into 2–3 sub-peaks (width 1–12 ms), indicating multiple modes of fast correlation. Slow correlations were related to bursting activity, while fast correlations were independent of slow correlations, occurring in both bursting and non-bursting cells. The AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX (20 μM) failed to abolish broad or narrow peaks in either tufted-tufted or mitral-tufted pairs, and changes of peak height and width in NBQX were not significantly different from spontaneous drift. Thus, AMPA-receptors are not required for fast and slow spike correlations. Electrical coupling was observed in all convergent tufted-tufted and mitral-tufted pairs tested, suggesting a potential role for gap junctions in concerted firing. Glomerulus-specific correlation of spiking offers a useful mechanism for binding the output signals of diverse neurons processing and transmitting different sensory information encoded by common olfactory receptors.
Stannous(II) trifluoromethane sulfonate: a versatile catalyst for the controlled ring‐opening polymerization of lactides: Formation of stereoregular surfaces from polylactide “brushes”

A general method for the controlled synthesis of polylactide in solution and from solid supports is presented. The evaluation of stannous(II) trifluoromethane sulfonate [Sn(OTf)2] and scandium(III) trifluoromethane sulfonate [Sc(OTf)3] as catalysts for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of L-, D-, and L,D-lactide is described as a route to polylactide using mild and highly selective conditions. These triflate catalysts must be used in conjunction with a nucleophilic compound such as an alcohol that is the actual initiating species via the active metal alkoxide species. Consistent with this process, 1H NMR analysis revealed that the α-chain-end bears the ester from the initiating alcohol, and upon hydrolysis of the active metal alkoxide chain end, a ω-hydroxyl chain end was clearly detected. Polymers of predictable molecular weights and narrow polydispersities were obtained in high yields in accordance with a controlled polymerization process. The addition of base either as a solvent or additive significantly enhanced the polymerization rate with minimal loss to the polymerization control. The ROP of lactide isomers from an initiator, HO(CH2CH2O)3(CH2)11SH, self-assembled onto a gold surface using Sn(OTf)2 produced polylactide brushes under living conditions and provides the opportunity to prepare stereoregular or chiral surfaces by polymerization of enantiomerically pure monomers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3529–3538, 2001
Gastrointestinal tract, hepatic, hindlimb, and renal recovery of CO2 in vivo

Whole body oxidative rates of labeled substrates are often measured by collecting expired air and determining the amount of labeled CO2 that is produced. However, the CO2 produced may not be comple...
A lattice based framework of shared memory consistency models

A memory consistency model specifies certain aspects of the behavior of a memory system. Stronger consistency models are easier for programmers to use, but provide less flexibility for optimizing the memory implementation. More relaxed consistency models are just the opposite. The goal of our work is to develop a framework that captures the relationships among existing models, and maps the territory of possible models that have not yet been discovered. This work is based on the idea of orthogonal consistency properties. hypothesize that all consistency models can be represented by different combinations of a few primitive properties. The work comes from examining the PRAM, cache, processor, and causal consistency models. Processor is a combination of PRAM and cache, and causal is a combination of PRAM plus an additional requirement. These factors suggest an underlying structure to the models.
Wall Heat Flux Partitioning During Subcooled Flow Boiling: Part II—Model Validation

A mechanistic model for wall heat flux partitioning during subcooled flow boiling proposed in Part I of this two-part paper, is validated in this part. As the first step of the validation process, the developed model was applied to experimental data obtained as part of this study
Regulated Shedding of Syndecan-1 and -4 Ectodomains by Thrombin and Growth Factor Receptor Activation

The syndecan family of transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans is abundant on the surface of all adherent mammalian cells. Syndecans bind and modify the action of various growth factors/cytokines, proteases/antiproteases, cell adhesion molecules, and extracellular matrix components. Syndecan expression is highly regulated during wound repair, a process orchestrated by many of these effectors. Each syndecan ectodomain is shed constitutively by cultured cells, but the mechanism and significance of this shedding are not understood. Therefore, we examined (i) whether physiological agents active during wound repair influence syndecan shedding, and (ii) whether wound fluids contain shed syndecan ectodomains. Using SVEC4–10 endothelial cells we find that certain proteases and growth factors accelerate shedding of the syndecan-1 and -4 ectodomains. Protease-accelerated shedding is completely inhibited by serum-containing media. Thrombin activity is duplicated by the 14-amino acid thrombin receptor agonist peptide that directly activates the thrombin receptor and is not inhibited by serum. Epidermal growth factor family members accelerate shedding but FGF-2, platelet-derived growth factor-AB, transforming growth factor-β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and vascular endothelial cell growth factor 165 do not. Shed ectodomains are soluble, stable in the conditioned medium, have the same size core proteins regardless whether shed at a basal rate, or accelerated by thrombin or epidermal growth factor-family members and are found in acute human dermal wound fluids. Thus, shedding is accelerated by activation of at least two distinct receptor classes, G protein-coupled (thrombin) and protein tyrosine kinase (epidermal growth factor). Proteases and growth factors active during wound repair can accelerate syndecan shedding from cell surfaces. Regulated shedding of syndecans suggests physiological roles for the soluble proteoglycan ectodomains.
A Sensitivity Analysis of Surface Biophysical, Carbon, and Climate Impacts of Tropical Deforestation Rates in CCSM4-CNDV

AbstractThe biophysical–climate and combined biophysical and carbon–climate feedbacks of tropical deforestation rates are explored through sensitivity analyses using the Community Climate System Model 4 with prognostic carbon–nitrogen and dynamic vegetation. Simulations test 5%, 2%, 1%, and 0.5% annual deforestation rates, each paired with preservation targets of 10% per tropical tree type. Perturbations are applied over pan-tropical land but analyses also investigate responses over the subcontinental areas of the Amazon basin, central Africa, and Southeast Asia. Sensitivities [expressed as the change in a variable per million square kilometers (Mkm2) of change in tree cover] and means of selected biophysical, carbon, and climate variables during and after deforestation are compared across rates. The most apparent effect of the rates is in hastening/postponing climate change, but otherwise results show no consistent differences across rates and vary more across subcontinents (with the Amazon basin reflect...
Communication Technology and Protest

Recent antiregime protests throughout the world have been publicized, and arguably facilitated, by social media and other communication technologies. I develop formal models that examine the implications of communication technology generating information about two distinct factors: (1) the level of dissatisfaction with the regime and (2) logistical information about when, where, and how potential protests will occur. Making grievances against the regime more public has an ambiguous effect on protest levels as citizens can learn that it is more or less popular than expected. Even when publicizing more complaints about the regime does increase average protest levels, some if not most of the observed correlation between antiregime content and protest is not causal. In contrast, providing information about logistics almost always lowers the effective cost of protest, leading to larger (and more cohesive) antiregime action. The models explain a wide range of empirical results linking communication technology, ...
In vivo assessment of local intravascular hemodynamics and arterial morphology to investigate vascular outcomes: a growing field coming of age.

The arterial system, and in particular, the endothelium, is a complex “organ” capable of sensing its environment and adjusting itself to maintain optimal structure and function so that adequate blood flow and nutrients are delivered to organs and distal tissues. The normal arterial wall is
On the Relationship between Satellite-Observed Cloud Cover and Precipitation

Abstract The effect of averaging over various spatial scales (0.5–2.5° latitude) and times (1–24 h) on the relationship between the mean fraction of the averaging area covered by clouds colder than various IR equivalent blackbody temperature thresholds and the precipitation over that area is examined. While a linear relationship between fractional coverage and rainfall amount shows considerable scatter at the smallest scale, there is much better correspondence at the larger scales, with linear correlation coefficients often exceeding 0.8. Large-scale rainfall estimates based on linear regression coefficients detect the timing and magnitudes of major rainfall events during GATE. For scales on the order of 2–3° of latitude, estimates based on a linear model are comparable to those found by Stout et al. (1979) and Griffith et al. (1980) for the GATE area. This simple model appears to be limited to scales considerably larger than the convective scale. Averaging over these scales minimizes the effects of the s...
Pressure Studies of Energy Transfer in Cr3+:Tm3+:YAG

The effect of pressure on the spectrum and energy transfer properties of Cr3+:Tm3+:YAG has been considered. The results of cw and pulsed luminescence experiments are reported. The high pressure cw experiments demonstrate the existence of 1G4→3H5 emission from Tm3+. We believe this emission is also present in Tm3+:YAG at ambient pressure and has been previously misassigned. High pressure pulsed luminescence studies indicate a lengthening of the lifetime of Cr3+ in Cr3+:Tm3+: YAG and indicate that the rate of energy transfer from Cr3+ to Tm3+ decreases with increasing pressure. We interpret this result in terms of a destabilization of the 4T2 level of Cr3+ with increasing pressure.
Religion and Spirituality as Important Components of Men’s Health and Wellness An Analytic Review

Men's health has been receiving increased attention in health care research and practice because of associated negative outcomes and men's reluctance to seek help. Religion or religiosity, defined as involvement in an organized, structured commu- nity focused on moral code, and spir- ituality, defined as the subjective, mystical, and holistic interpretation of personal beliefs and behaviors, have been associated with positive health outcomes. Specifically, religion and spirituality mediate an increase in pos- itive health outcomes and a decrease in risk factors through social and exis- tential well-being. However, men seem to be less religious and spiritual com- pared with women, a potential problem as men may be missing an important pathway to health and wellness. This state-of-the-art review examines the intersections of religion, spirituality, and health and focuses on how reli- gion and spirituality relate specifically to men's health and health behaviors. Subsequently, 4 health problems with religious and spiritual implications are examined that have been identified in the literature as pertinent to men's health: (a) prostate cancer screening and coping, (b) HIV/AIDS prevention and coping, (c) addictions, and (d) palliative care. Finally, suggestions are offered for clinicians to incorporate an understanding of religion and spir- ituality into their patient encounters.
Pushing the Limits of a Molecular Mechanics Force Field To Probe Weak CH···π Interactions in Proteins.

The relationship among biomolecular structure, dynamics, and function is far from being understood, and the role of subtle, weak interactions in stabilizing different conformational states is even less well-known. The cumulative effect of these interactions has broad implications for biomolecular stability and recognition and determines the equilibrium distribution of the ensemble of conformations that are critical for function. Here, we accurately capture the stabilizing effects of weak CH···π interaction using an empirical molecular mechanics force field in excellent agreement with experiments. We show that the side chain of flanking C-terminal aromatic residues preferentially stabilize the cis isomer of the peptidyl-prolyl bond of the protein backbone through this weak interaction. Cis–trans isomerization of peptidyl-prolyl protein bond plays a pivotal role in many cellular processes, including signal transduction, substrate recognition, and many diseases. Although the cis isomer is relatively less sta...
Thermally-Induced Oscillatory Flow and Heat Transfer in a U-Shaped Minichannel

Thermally-induced oscillatory flow and heat transfer in a U-shaped minichannel – a building block of an Oscillating Heat Pipe (OHP) – is modeled by analyzing evaporation and condensation in the heating and cooling sections, effect of axial variation of surface temperature on sensible heat transfer between the liquid slug and the minichannel wall, as well as pressure loss at the bend. The oscillatory flow of the liquid slug is driven by variations of pressures of the vapor plug due to evaporation and condensation. The sensible heat transfer coefficient between the liquid slug and the minichannel wall are obtained by analytical solution for laminar liquid flow and by empirical correlations for turbulent liquid flow. The effects of the initial temperature and pressure loss at bend on the heat transfer performance are thoroughly investigated. Nomenclature 2 m p c = specific heat at constant pressure, J/kg-K v c = specific heat at constant volume, J/kg-K d = diameter of the miniature channel, m n G = constant lv h = Latent heat of vaporization, J/kg e h = evaporation heat transfer coefficient, 2 W/m -K c h = condensation heat transfer coefficient, 2 W/m -K k = thermal conductivity, W/m-K K = loss coefficient L = length, m m = mass of vapor plugs, kg m� = mass flow rate, kg/s Nu = Nusselt number p = vapor pressure, Pa R = gas constant, J/kg-K t = time, s T = temperature, K p v = velocity of the liquid plug, m/s p x = displacement of the liquid plug, m
Estudos clínicos de não inferioridade

Comparacoes de nao inferioridade sao delineamentos experimentais comuns de estudos clinicos, mas requerem cuidado no planejamento, conducao e analise dos resultados. Neste artigo o autor apresenta exemplos de estudos de nao inferioridade e os diferencia dos estudos de superioridade. Topicos relevantes a este tipo de estudo sao discutidos, tais como pressupostos de constância e sensibilidade de ensaio, escolha do controle ativo e a preocupacao com o fenomeno de biocreep, escolha da margem de nao inferioridade, questoes relacionadas a conducao do estudo, estrategias de analise como intencao-de-tratar vs. por-protocolo e a reversao de conclusoes de nao inferioridade e superioridade
Methods for nutrigenomics and longevity studies in Drosophila effects of diets high in sucrose, palmitic acid, soy, or beef

Nutrigenomics is the study of gene-nutrient interactions and how they affect the health and metabolism of an organism. Combining nutrigenomics with longevity studies is a natural extension and promises to help identify mechanisms whereby nutrients affect the aging process, life span, and, with the incorporation of age-dependent functional measures, health span. The topics we discuss in this chapter are genetic techniques, dietary manipulations, metabolic studies, and microarray analysis methods to investigate how nutrition affects gene expression, life span, triglyceride levels, total protein levels, and live weight in Drosophila. To better illustrate nutrigenomic techniques, we analyzed Drosophila larvae or adults fed control diets (high sucrose) and compared these with larvae or adults fed diets high in the saturated fat palmitic acid, soy, or 95% lean ground beef. The main results of these studies are, surprisingly, that triglyceride and total protein levels are significantly decreased by the beef diet in all adults, and total protein levels are significantly increased in male flies fed the soy diet. Furthermore, and less surprisingly, we found that all three experimental diets significantly decreased longevity and increased the length of time to develop from egg to adult. We also describe preliminary microarray results with adult flies fed the different diets, which suggest that only about 2-3% of the approx 18,000 genes have significantly altered mRNA expression levels compared with flies fed a control sucrose diet. The significance of these results and other types of nutrigenomics and longevity analyses is discussed.
Communication and Hormones

Hormones and communication behavior are intricately interrelated and have similar functions. Hormonal signals coordinate the physiology of different tissues, and communication signals coordinate the interactions of different individuals. The design of effective hormonal and communicative signaling faces similar challenges. Hormones directly affect the production of communication signals by acting on the external signaling structures, muscles, and peripheral organs that produce the signals, and brain circuits that control communication signals. Hormones also act on the sensory systems of receivers to regulate the perception and responses to communication signals. In turn, communication signals often modulate the hormone levels to affect the physiology and behavior of receivers.
Iris recognition: robust processing, synthesis, performance evaluation and applications

The popularity of iris biometric has grown considerably over the past few years. It has resulted in the development of a large number of new iris processing and encoding algorithms. In this dissertation, we will discuss the following aspects of the iris recognition problem: iris image acquisition, iris quality, iris segmentation, iris encoding, performance enhancement and two novel applications. The specific claimed novelties of this dissertation include: (1) a method to generate a large scale realistic database of iris images; (2) a crosspectral iris matching method for comparison of images in color range against images in Near-Infrared (NIR) range; (3) a method to evaluate iris image and video quality; (4) a robust quality-based iris segmentation method; (5) several approaches to enhance recognition performance and security of traditional iris encoding techniques; (6) a method to increase iris capture volume for acquisition of iris on the move from a distance and (7) a method to improve performance of biometric systems due to available soft data in the form of links and connections in a relevant social network.
Arrhythmias in Hospitalized Heart Transplanted Patients: A United States National Study

Background: Abnormal anatomy, sympathetic denervation, rejection, and infection may increase the risk for arrhythmias in heart transplant (HT) recipients. Data are limited regarding arrhythmias in hospitalized HT patients. Methods: Using the U. S. Nationwide Inpatient Sample databases 2003 through
A Review of Engineered Nanomaterial Manufacturing Processes and Associated Exposures

Numerous manufacturing processes exist for the production of a wide range of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). In this chapter, the authors review and summarize the major manufacturing processes used to produce ENMs and identify the potential for exposure to ENMs and other chemicals associated with these processes. The major process groups are vapor/aerosol, liquid, and solid phase synthesis. Specific processes within each manufacturing classification are described, as are factors that potentially affect worker exposure. In the vapor/aerosol phase methods, several process-related factors were identified that may affect exposure including energy source, temperature, pressure, gas flow rates, etc. In the liquid phase methods, process-related factors included energy, solvent and solution characteristics, chemical reactions, postprocessing, etc., while fewer factors were identified for the solid phase methods including energy and milling-related factors such as milling medium, speed, time, etc. Tasks that involve opening a reaction chamber or manually manipulating ENMs tend to be associated with the highest levels of nanoparticles in workplace atmospheres. Exposures of concern during manufacturing may include the ENM product as well as chemical additives, catalysts, precursors, reactants, etc. and by-products. Properly functioning engineering controls such as local exhaust ventilation, fume hoods, and enclosures appear effective in reducing airborne particle concentrations.
The fifth paradigm of public administration? Public organizational theory as a possible solution to the perennial big questions of public administration

This paper addresses the current “big questions” debate in public administration and proposes an appropriate placement for organization theory in the discourse of the discipline. Major scholars in organization theory are analyzed in terms of their relationship to the big questions. Public administration is discussed as a confused discipline, but a discipline nonetheless, and organization theory finds its place as the foundation for discussion and examination of public administration’s “big questions.”
The Harmonic Triangle: Opportunities for Pattern Identification and Generalization.

In the search for nonroutine material for a class on the history of mathematics, I became interested in the patterns that can be discovered within number triangles. "Looking for patterns" is a mathematical activity that not only is challenging and fun for students but also helps develop problem-solving techniques. Number triangles have fascinated mathematicians for centuries. Probably the most famous number triangle is the arithmetic triangle (table 1), better known as Pascal's trian gle. Another number triangle that also has interesting patterns is the harmonic triangle (table 2). The harmonic number triangle has many properties analogous to those of the arithmetic triangle. Leibniz was one of the first mathematicians to recognize and be fascinated by these properties (Boyer 1968, pp. 439, 440).
Liability of Directors for Actions with Regard to Subsidiary and Dependent Companies (Привлечениe К Ответственности Членов Органов Управления Акционерных Обществ За Действия в Отношении Дочерних и Зависимых Обществ)

We compare Russian company law with company laws in other countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Korea, UK and USA), with regard to the liability of directors for actions that affect subsidiary and dependent companies, and propose changes to Russian law. This article is a revised, updated, and shortened version of Chapter 7 of the Report to Russian Center for Capital Market Development: Comparative Analysis on Legal Regulation of the Liability of Members of the Executive Organs of Companies», http://ssrn.com/abstract=1001990 (Russian version at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1001991 Краткое описание. Настоящая статья продолжает серию публикаций на актуальные темы корпоративного права, основой для которых послужил отчет «О результатах сравнительного анализа правового регулирования ответственности членов органов управления хозяйственных обществ (далее - отчет), подготовленный в декабре 2006 года группой международных экспертов в области права. В настоящей статье авторы попытались проанализировать законодательство различных зарубежных стран (Канада, Франция, Германия, Италия, Корея, Великобритания и США) на предмет определения методов привлечения и определения размера ответственности членов органов управления акционерных обществ за действия в отношении дочерних и зависимых обществ. Особое внимание уделено анализу практического опыта применения корпоративного права судами в указанных странах и тому, что из международного опыта могла бы использовать Россия в своем корпоративном законодательстве. Настоящая статья является сокращенной и обновленной версией главы 7 Отчета «О результатах сравнительного анализа правового регулирования ответственности членов органов управления хозяйственных обществ» http://ssrn.com/abstract=1001991.
Events and Actual Occasions

There are many things to be said about the ultimate structure of what there is that cannot be derived merely from an analysis of the structure of the language in which we strive to speak about it. After all, what the real is like is not determined by our language, but, as I have repeatedly urged, the converse is true. In fact much more can be said. Language is built upon intuition and what is to be said in a language must first be intuited. This seems to me to be true even if we find no temporal priority between intuition and language. There is a sense in which we do not and cannot change our intuition but in which we can and do change our language.
A 2.4-GHz RF Fractional- ${N}$ Synthesizer With BW $= 0.25f_{\mathrm{ REF}}$

A fractional- ${N}$ synthesizer architecture incorporates a 35-tap finite impulse response filter that suppresses the $\Sigma \Delta $ noise, but does not affect the loop bandwidth (BW). Employing a three-stage ring oscillator and operating with a 22.6-MHz reference frequency, the synthesizer achieves a BW of around 5.6 MHz with a power consumption of 10 mW. Realized in 45-nm digital CMOS technology, the synthesizer exhibits a phase noise of −121.4 dBc/Hz at 10-MHz offset and an integrated jitter of 1.5 psrms.
To Overconsume or Underconsume: Baseline Manipulation in Demand Response Programs

Customer baseline calculation is required to determine the rebate in incentive-based demand response programs. While baseline manipulation has been observed in practice, there is no theoretic framework that quantifies the manipulation. In this paper, we model the payoff-maximizing problem from a customer’s perspective as a Markov decision process. Several structural results are established, which provide insights into the optimal policies. We also derive the closed-form solution under a specific baseline method. Finally, a case study is carried out to illustrate the manipulation behavior, and shed light on how to choose the proper baseline methods.
Geriatric depression: a clinical guide

In his book, Geriatric Depression: A Clinical Guide, leading geriatric psychiatrist, Gary J. Kennedy, issues a call to arms to a wide range of mental health professionals to focus on the often miss...
Applications of the FFT in Electrochemistry

Most modern electroanalytical techniques are basically electrochemical relaxation measurements (ERM), in which one observes a time-varying response from some type of electrochemical cell to an applied perturbation such as current, potential, or charge. The observed relationship between the response and the perturbation is known as the transfer function and provides analytical data, kinetic information, and/or mechanistic information on a variety of processes that can occur in the electrode, in the electrolyte bulk, or in the interfacial regions. Perhaps the most common experiment is one in which a cell voltage perturbation is created and the cell current response is measured. Typical techniques that fall into this category are DC, AC, and pulse polarography, linear sweep and triangular wave voltammetry, and potential step chronoamperometry.
The Art of Law in the International Community

International law evolved to end and prevent armed conflict as much as for any other reason. Yet, the law against war appears weaker today than ever in its long history, evidenced by raging armed conflicts in which people are killed, injured, and forcibly displaced. The environment is devastated, and the planet impoverished. These consequences can be traced to the dominant ideology of realism. In 1946, Hersch Lauterpacht challenged that ideology by contrasting it with the idea of international law, composed of natural law, positive law, and process theory. The Art of Law in the International Community revives his vision, rebuilding the understanding of why international law binds, what its norms require, and how courts are the ideal substitutes for war. The secret to the renewal of international law lies in revitalizing the moral foundation of natural law through drawing on aesthetic philosophy and the arts.
Names and Numbers: A D’var Torah on Parshat Bamidbar

The D’var Torah on Parshat Bamidbar explores the power and meaning of names and numbers. The Hebrew name of the second book of Exodus, the second book of the Torah, is Shemot – Names. The English name of the fourth book of the Torah is Numbers. One of its Hebrew names (alongside the more familiar “Bamidbar”) is Sefer HaPikudim, the Book of Numberings. On the most obvious level, that transition from names to numbers seems straightforward, marking the transformation of the single small clan of Jacob and his sons into the large nation that escaped Egypt and wandered through the dessert. But nothing is that simple, textually, historically, or symbolically. Numbers are not just mathematical countings. They can be as loaded with meaning as names. In some contexts, numbers can also be names. The Seventy. The Twelve. The Six Million. As numbers, they might be approximate. As names, they are resoundingly precise. Meanwhile, it turns out that to know somebody’s name is easy, even trivial. The challenge is to know somebody by name, to know a person’s mind and soul and heart. Names can just be labels. Names at their best are the tokens of our individual uniqueness. Numbers can just be arithmetical exercises. Numbers at their best are one way we come to understand our collective sense of ourselves. We live in a world of names and numbers, sometimes colliding, sometimes dancing together, sometimes transforming back and forth. The Torah understands all this, better than most of us do.
Patient Perceptions of Head and Neck Ambulatory Telemedicine Visits: A Qualitative Study.

ObjectiveDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been unprecedented use of telemedicine for otolaryngology ambulatory visits. Patient satisfaction with telemedicine is an important metric, but surv...