cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the “When” of Social Experiments: The Tension Between Program Refinement and Abandonment

Modern program evaluation theory posits a rigorous impact evaluation tollgate. Programs are developed and tested via rigorous impact evaluation (often, but not exclusively, random assignment). Programs that pass this tollgate proceed to broader rollout. Results from implementing this theory are disappointing. Few programs pass the tollgate, raising the question: What now? Refine the program or abandon it? Epstein and Klerman (2012) posit that piloting and verifying the intermediate steps of the logic model can screen out programs unlikely to pass the rigorous impact evaluation tollgate. Again, that proposal raises the question: How should we proceed when a program fails to satisfy its own logic model? Refine the program or abandon it? The chapter presents several perspectives on this question and compares them against the Social Innovation Fund's experience with one of its grantees.
Clinical Presentation of Ischemic Heart Disease

American physicians refer to James B. Herrick as the first to describe the clinical presentation of a nonfatal myocardial infarction in 1912. In his description Herrick indicated his familiarity with an earlier report by Obraztsov and Strazhesko in a German translation in which they discussed five cases of myocardial infarction, three of which were confirmed by autopsy A 49-year-old artillery man was admitted to the medical division of the Aleksandrovsky Hospital on December 5, 1899. For 12 days prior to admission, he had experienced substernal pain radiating to the throat, head and left arm. The attacks lasted 2 to 4 hours and after a brief pause would begin again. During the attacks he experienced shortness of breath and the inability to breathe deeply. The chest pain was so severe that the intern on my service, who was young and inexperienced, in response to my question as to the patient’s admitting diagnosis responded “rheumatism of the chest.” Objective Findings: He was well nourished and well developed. There was moderate cyanosis of the mucous membranes. His facial expression revealed distress from the substernal pain which radiated to the neck and head. No vessel motion was visible in the neck. The respiratory and abdominal organs were without abnormalities. The cardiac impulse was not visible, but was weakly palpable in the 5th intercostal space in the left mammary line. The heart sounds were distant and there were no murmurs. Direct auscultation revealed presystolic splitting of the first sound. Pulse 90 and barely palpable. Rhythm regular. After the initial examination the diagnosis of coro- nary thrombosis was made. The patient died 4 days later on December 9, 1899. Autopsy Findings: On cross section of the left ventricle its entire thickness was of a muddy-gray yellowish color, as seen with necrosis. These changes occurred in almost the entire wall of the left ventricle and septum. Near the origin of the right coronary artery there was 1 cm long yellowish projection from the wall of the vessel producing some luminal narrowing. The changes in the left coronary were more severe. The left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded by grayish-red thrombus 1 cm long and 1 mm in diameter. The left circumflex was occluded by a 3 cm long soft yellow thrombus.
Density-based kinetics for mesoscale simulations of detonation initiation in energetic materials

In this work we present one- and two-dimensional mesoscale simulations of detonation initiation in energetic materials. We solve the reactive Euler equations, with the energy equation augmented by a power deposition term. The reaction rate at the mesoscale is modelled using a density-based kinetics scheme, adapted from standard ‘Ignition and Growth’ models. The deposition term is based on previous results of simulations of void collapse at the microscale, modelled at the mesoscale as hot spots. For an isolated hot spot in a homogeneous medium, it is found that a critical size of the hot spots exists. If the hot spots exceed the critical size, initiation of detonation can be achieved. For sub-critical hot-spot sizes, we show that it takes a collection of hot spots to achieve detonation. We also carry out two-dimensional mesoscale simulations of random packs of HMX crystals in a binder, and show that the transition between no detonation and detonation depends on the number density of the hot spots, the init...
Measuring land-use and land-cover change using the U.S. department of agriculture’s cropland data layer: Cautions and recommendations

Abstract Monitoring agricultural land is important for understanding and managing food production, environmental conservation efforts, and climate change. The United States Department of Agriculture's Cropland Data Layer (CDL), an annual satellite imagery-derived land cover map, has been increasingly used for this application since complete coverage of the conterminous United States became available in 2008. However, the CDL is designed and produced with the intent of mapping annual land cover rather than tracking changes over time, and as a result certain precautions are needed in multi-year change analyses to minimize error and misapplication. We highlight scenarios that require special considerations, suggest solutions to key challenges, and propose a set of recommended good practices and general guidelines for CDL-based land change estimation. We also characterize a problematic issue of crop area underestimation bias within the CDL that needs to be accounted for and corrected when calculating changes to crop and cropland areas. When used appropriately and in conjunction with related information, the CDL is a valuable and effective tool for detecting diverse trends in agriculture. By explicitly discussing the methods and techniques for post-classification measurement of land-cover and land-use change using the CDL, we aim to further stimulate the discourse and continued development of suitable methodologies. Recommendations generated here are intended specifically for the CDL but may be broadly applicable to additional remotely-sensed land cover datasets including the National Land Cover Database (NLCD), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-based land cover products, and other regional, national, and global land cover classification maps.
Design Consideration of Expander Heads for Vibration Systems: Part I: Natural Frequency Equations for Square, Constant Thickness Expander Heads

Vibration testing, particularly when performed in reliability test chambers, is very costly. Design considerations for vibration expander heads that will accept several test specimens for simultaneous testing are discussed in this report. Well-designed expander heads will provide more meaningful results and reduce test time and costs through maximum utilization of test hardware.This article, the first of a three-part series, discusses natural frequency equations for square, constant thickness expander heads. Parts II and III will cover damping equations for square, constant thickness expander heads and the inverted truncated pyramid expander head. Complete derivations accompany each expander head equation.
Building a Professional Learning Community: Teachers’ Documentation of and Reflections on Preschoolers’ Work

This study describes teachers’ experiences in a preschool professional learning community (PLC) in order to gain understanding of the role of documentation in group learning. A central underlying assumption of PLCs is that teacher learning involves talking with colleagues about teaching and grappling with the issues embodied in everyday classroom life. We utilized a qualitative case study design in order to emphasize the situated and contextual nature of teachers’ professional learning in context. Data sources included the following: observations of PLC sessions, interviews with participating teachers, and the classroom documentation teachers shared during the sessions. We found that the incorporation of documentation in the PLC made implicit assumptions about children visible in order to be scrutinized. In addition, the teachers’ reflections on the documentation highlighted conflicting notions about teaching as either technical practice or inquiry. In contrast to traditional delivery approaches to teacher learning, we argue that PLCs focused on documentation encourage teachers to problematize practice rather than simplify it. The process of reflecting on children’s work made shifts in thinking about the nature of teaching possible.
Quonsets, Alaska, and World War II

Quonset huts, although meant to be temporary structures, were shipped all over the world and never dismantled in some locations. As a result, they were incorporated into the long-term built environment. Alaska, due to its surprisingly significant strategic significance in World War II, was one of the remote places that became populated by Quonset huts.
Access to Colon Cancer Screening of Migrants in Four European Countries

In Europe, colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer with over 200,000 deaths per year. Research has shown that ethnic minority groups in developed countries are less likely to participate in colorectal cancer screening than the resident population and hence less likely to be diagnosed at an early stage when treatment is potentially more successful. Previous research has indicated that ethnic groups living in European countries perceive their risk of colorectal cancer as lower than the native population, suggesting that lower participation in cancer screening could be explained by a lack of recognition of cancer risk. The chapter will review the available evidence about access to colorectal screening among migrants in European countries. An analysis of data from the Health Interview Surveys conducted in various EU countries on this topic will also be presented.
It's Not You, It's Me: Identity, Self-Verification, and Amazon Reviews

Online retailers often incorporate crowdsourced product reviews to make customers feel more informed and comfortable with online purchases, and thus increase profits. The evaluation of these reviews is also crowdsourced, ostensibly to identify "helpful" reviews. The resulting helpfulness ratings are frequently used as measures for discerning what makes reviews helpful, and are used to determine which reviews are given priority viewing on the site. However, there is no empirical evidence that helpfulness voting reflects customers' attempts to evaluate product reviews objectively. This study examines review helpfulness voting from the position of the subjective customer rather than the objective anatomy of the review. We develop and empirically test a model, informed by self-verification theory, which explains relationships between online reviewers' overall opinions of products under consideration (star ratings), product type, and perceived helpfulness of online product reviews. Results suggest that customers' unconscious attempts to confirm what they already know and believe about themselves, referred to as self-verification, influences helpfulness voting. This work contributes to theoretical understanding of the role of reviews from the users' perspective and how, through suggesting new ways to identify helpful reviews, human behaviors can inform design of recommender systems.
What is Free Trade? The Real Issue Lurking Behind the Trade and Environment Debate

This article argues that a fundamental question, "What is free trade?," lurks behind the ongoing debate about the relationship between international trade law and competing legal regimes. It also lurks behind much of the confusion in the Supreme Court's dormant commerce clause jurisprudence under the United States constitution, sometimes mentioned as a model for international trade law. Yet, the literature has remarkably little to say about free trade's definition, although it contains volumes about the reasons for free trade. This article explores three possible concepts of free trade, trade free from discrimination against foreign companies, trade free from coercion, and trade free from restraint, i.e. laissez-faire, primarily in the context of trade and environment disputes. Only free trade defined as trade free of discrimination offers a legitimate conception of free trade that the World Trade Organization (WTO) can credibly administer. The misunderstandings between environmentalists and free traders reflect trade law's tendency to amalgamate the anti-discrimination, anti-coercion, and laissez-faire concepts. Free traders tend to think of trade law as primarily aimed at policing discrimination, while environmentalists tend to think of it as aimed at laissez-faire, the least legitimate concept. The trade law provides some support for both views. Indeed, prominent trade and environment cases combine holdings moving toward laissez-faire and anti-coercion concepts with dicta disavowing any such move. Recognizing the conceptual question lurking behind "trade and" debates opens up the possibility of thinking about the debates as searches for an appropriate definition of free trade. Until now, most scholarship on the subject has treated these debates as a search for the scope of permissible exceptions to free trade, assuming (wrongly) that "free trade" has a simple agreed upon meaning. A concept of free trade as trade free from discrimination will only appear legitimate if the definition of discrimination is reasonably intelligible. The WTO has used a very ad hoc approach to discrimination. This article develops a concept of bright line discrimination to show that a more coherent approach is at least possible. Adoption of bright line discrimination would require some narrowing of the scope of free trade in order to enhance its legitimacy. The search for an appropriate definition of free trade is absolutely central to making progress in understanding "trade and" debates. This article seeks to spark a debate about this neglected question.
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGMIS CPR conference on Computer personnel research: The global information technology workforce

Welcome to the 45th Annual Computer Personnel Research Conference -- ACM SIGMIS CPR 2007. For forty-five years, the CPR conference has presented quality research on the themes of managing the information technology (IT) workforce. This year's theme is the increasingly global nature of this workforce. The IT Workforce has rapidly evolved into a diverse, dynamic, and fluid international marketplace of knowledge workers and commoditized IT services. Organizational information technologies and services are now regularly provided not only by internal IT units, but also by globally-located providers of information technologies, systems, and services as well as a combination of local and global workforce participants. The changing composition of such a global workforce has implications for both the research and practice of information systems management. Forty-nine papers were submitted to the conference and 37 were accepted. The papers, panels, and tutorials in this year's conference cover topics such as managing teams of IT workers in different countries, the economics and politics of such arrangements, and traditional CPR topics such as skill sets needed for IT workers and the IT career path.
Design of Small-Scale Biogas Plants

Energy shortages and pollution problems have continued to accelerate interest in biogas plants for industry and agriculture. Recently, several commercial large-scale anaerobic-digestion facilities have come on stream in the wake of dwindling natural gas supplies. Small-scale units are also being implemented to supplement energy requirements for dairies and farms. The current status of these methane-from-cow-manure or “moothane” plants is reviewed herein. The intent is to acquaint those interested in, but not intimately familiar with this field, with current work in biogasification systems. Particular emphasis is on small-scale units; design criteria and economic considerations are discussed for an actual working unit.
Genetic Programming with Historically Assessed Hardness

We present a variation of the genetic programming algorithm, called Historically Assessed Hardness (HAH), in which the fitness rewards for particular test cases are scaled in proportion to their relative difficulty as gauged by historical solution rates. The method is similar in many respects to some realizations of techniques such as implicit fitness sharing, stepwise adaptation of weights and fitness case selection, but the details differ and HAH is generally simpler and more efficient. It also leads to different generalizations. We present results from large-scale, systematic tests of HAH and we also discuss the technique in terms of the alternative explanations that it supports for the efficacy of implicit fitness sharing and related methods.
Opportunities for Social Value Creation Across Supply Chain Interactions

Social value creation is important to not only social ventures, but also traditional and hybrid organizations seeking to increase their corporate social responsibility. Thus far, work on social value creation has focused on the customers or end users as the main beneficiaries of social value creation. Little work has addressed other beneficiaries or opportunities to generate social value and social wealth outside of that for direct recipients of products or services. This chapter extends work on value creation in strategic entrepreneurship to consider social value. Specifically, social value creation opportunities are identified across supply chain interactions both up and downstream from the organization. Implications for entrepreneurial and traditional ventures are discussed as well as possible research trajectories.
In-Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy of Thin Film Growth

We review the techniques of in-situ transmission electron microscopy during thin film growth. The method has value because it permits visualization both of surface structure and internal film microstructure. This allows association between these two critical features in thin film growth. Although examples are mainly included from the work of the author, there is a brief review of other work in the past and at present.
Evidence Against Somatic Mutation as a Mechanism of Clonal Senescence

In order to carry out complementation tests of the somatic cell mutational theory of clonal senescence, methods were developed for the isolation of proliferating hybrid and parental tetraploid human cells which would not depend upon biochemical selection. Crosses between short-lived strains resulted in short-lived offspring and crosses between long-lived parents tended to be long-lived, in experiments involving skin fibroblast-like cells. Crosses between strains of contrasting longevities gave growth potentials approximately intermediate to those of the parentals.
Functions on n-Space

In the exercises, assume that all repeated partial derivatives exist and are continuous as needed.
Realizable Dynamic Large Eddy Simulation

A very attractive feature of large eddy simulation (LES) is the possibility to apply the dynamic subgrid scale model calculation developed by Germano et al. Phys. Fluids A 3:1760–1765, 1991, [1]. This is a method for the calculation of model parameters as functions of time and space as the simulation progresses. It avoids empirical treatment of model parameters such as damping or wall modeling near the wall boundaries. On the other hand, dynamic LES models usually suffer from instabilities. The mechanism of instability of dynamic sub-grid scale (SGS) models has not yet been fully clarified. Several methods are in use for the stabilization of dynamic SGS models. The most popular methods are clipping of model parameters and their space averaging in homogeneous directions. These stabilization techniques are often difficult or even impossible to apply. In real flows, there are no homogeneous directions in space. It is also difficult to find appropriate clipping values for dynamic LES parameters, which can depend on the type of flow, Reynolds number and grid resolution.
Human Language: Evolutionary Precursors

Language is a uniquely human trait, and yet the need to communicate transcends all species as it facilitates, at the very least, basic survival needs. While human language is unique and without direct comparators, there is evidence for proto-language in animals from birds to primates. Although the characteristics of these forms of communication may not be equivalent to language per se, in this article, we discuss several evolutionary antecedents, or precursors to human language, such as the organization of nervous systems with regional specialization, a mirror neuron system, and the ability to perform manual gestures.
Three decades of degradation lead to diminished impacts of severe hurricanes on Caribbean reefs.

Major tropical storms are destructive phenomena with large effects on the community dynamics of multiple biomes. On coral reefs, their impacts have been described for decades, leading to the expectation that future storms should have effects similar to those recorded in the past. This expectation relies on the assumption that storm intensities will remain unchanged, and the impacted coral reef communities are similar to those of the recent past; neither assumption is correct. This study quantified the effects of two category five hurricanes on the reefs of St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands, where 31 yr of time-series analyses reveal chronic coral mortality, increasing macroalgal abundance, and five major hurricanes that caused acute coral mortality. Contextualized by these trends, the effects of the most recent storms, Hurricanes Irma and Maria (September 2017), on coral cover were modest. While mean absolute coral cover declined 1-4% depending on site, these effects were not statistically discernable. Following decades of increasing abundance of macroalgae, this functional group responded to the recent hurricanes with large increases in abundance on both absolute and relative scales. Decades of chronic mortality have changed the coral assemblages of St. John to create degraded communities that are resistant to severe storms.
Beyond what, to how: Different ways African American adolescents receive ethnic and racial socialization messages.

Objectives Modes of transmission (MOT) of message content reveal nuances about how ethnic socialization and racial socialization occur. This study shifts the focus beyond "what" messages adolescents receive from caregivers to include "how" messages are communicated about ethnicity and race. Method African American adolescents (N = 55, 72% female, Mage = 16.8) participated in semistructured interviews that were analyzed with theory-driven content analysis and quantitative procedures to derive patterns from the data. Results Various forms of verbal and nonverbal MOT were discussed by adolescents. Two patterns of associations between MOT and message content were found: Ethnic content was conveyed more often through nonverbal MOT, whereas racial content occurred more often through verbal MOT. These patterns were revealed at both the response and individual levels. Conclusions This study links the expression aspect of MOT with ethnic and racial content in interviews that highlight teenagers' voices about how verbal and nonverbal messages about ethnicity and race are received. Further research that examines MOT in relation to message content will provide fuller awareness of ethnic and racial socialization processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Genes and Race in the Classroom

This article describes a course for nonscience majors that uses the issue of race in humans to stimulate interest in genetics and other sciences. Student outcomes, including valuing and understanding science, plus an ability to discuss the sensitive issue of race, are very positive
Individuality in the vocalizations of adult and infant coppery titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus

Many primates use acoustic communication to maintain social relationships. Specifically, territorial, pair-bonding primates participate in coordinated vocal duets. Recognition of neighbors should be selected for, as identifying conspecifics may decrease the need for costly territorial behaviors. While similar species show vocal individuality, it is unknown if vocal individuality is innate or develops over time. To understand individuality across life stages, we analyzed 169 duet vocalizations from 30 adult titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus) and 600 trills from 30 infants. We estimated 16 features of adult pulse-chirp vocalizations and 9 features of infant trills from spectrograms and used discriminant function analysis with leave-one-out cross-validation to classify individuals. We correctly classified adults with 83% accuracy and infants with 60% accuracy. We used a multi-variate variance components model to estimate how variance in features was partitioned within- and between-individuals. Between-individual variance was the greatest source of variance for all features for adults, and 4/5 features for infants. Despite little sex-specificity and high overlap between duetting adults, the pulse-chirp vocalization is individually distinct. Further, the trills of infants are individually distinct, though to a lesser degree than adults. This study provides evidence for vocal individuality at multiple life stages in a territorial primate.
Distributed Averaging Methods for Randomized Second Order Optimization.

We consider distributed optimization problems where forming the Hessian is computationally challenging and communication is a significant bottleneck. We develop unbiased parameter averaging methods for randomized second order optimization that employ sampling and sketching of the Hessian. Existing works do not take the bias of the estimators into consideration, which limits their application to massively parallel computation. We provide closed-form formulas for regularization parameters and step sizes that provably minimize the bias for sketched Newton directions. We also extend the framework of second order averaging methods to introduce an unbiased distributed optimization framework for heterogeneous computing systems with varying worker resources. Additionally, we demonstrate the implications of our theoretical findings via large scale experiments performed on a serverless computing platform.
PaccMann RL : Designing Anticancer Drugs From Transcriptomic Data via Reinforcement Learning.

The pharmaceutical industry has experienced a significant productivity decline: Less than 0.01% of drug candidates obtain market approval, with an estimated 10–15 years until market release and costs that range between one [2] to three billion dollars per drug [3].
P683 Racial and ethnic disparities related to neisseria gonorrhoeae among U.S. military active duty service members

Background Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the second most common reportable infection in the United States, which if undiagnosed and untreated, can lead to severe long-term sequelae. Active duty U.S. Military service members are risk-taking young adults; however, military service offers some inherent control for social determinants often associated with increased risk of sexually-transmitted infections. Even in the absence of disparities in income and education, increased burden of disease among racial and ethnicity minorities may still exist. Herein, we describe the association between race/ethnicity and gonorrhea among active duty service members. Methods This study was conducted among symptomatic and high risk patients enrolled at military infectious disease clinics from 2012 to 2017. Outcome variables were based on nucleic acid amplification test results extracted from medical records. The magnitude of association was assessed using adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results Data from 488 active duty participants were analyzed. The crude prevalence of gonorrhea and chlamydia among this clinic population was 17% and 25%, respectively. After adjusting for sex and age, non-Hispanic black service members had 3.5 times greater odds (p=0.000) and Hispanic service members had 2.9 times greater odds (p=0.009) of gonorrhea compared to non-Hispanic white service members. This phenomenon was not observed when comparing odds of chlamydia among blacks or Hispanics to whites. Conclusion Despite similarities in income and education, black and Hispanic service members still bear a disproportionate burden of gonorrhea illness. Service members of color may have unique risk factors that predispose them to gonorrhea. Findings suggest that interventions aimed at reducing gonorrhea should be targeted towards persons of color to ensure disparities in disease burden are effectively addressed. Future studies should examine sexual behaviors among black and Hispanic service members that may be contributing to increased odds of gonorrhea within the military population. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Responding to Low Coefficient Alpha: Potential Alternatives to the File Drawer:

To the detriment of human resource development (HRD) theory building and research, many scholars may think that research data with a low coefficient alpha is destined for the file drawer; this does...
Multifocal adult rhabdomyoma of the head and neck: case report and systematic review of the literature.

Abstract Adult-type rhabdomyoma (ARM) is the most frequent extracardiac subtype of rhabdomyoma. In very rare instances ARM presents as multiple cervical lesions, an entity known as multifocal ARM. The aim of this study was to review the clinical characteristics and the best therapeutic options for multifocal ARM. The case of a 73-year-old patient recently diagnosed with multifocal ARM and managed in our institution is reported, followed by a systematic review of the literature. The review was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, according to the PRISMA guidelines. All case reports and case series related to multifocal ARM written in English or French were included. A total of 29 cases were included in the qualitative analysis. Mean age at presentation was 65.0 years and the male to female ratio was 13.5:1. Dysphagia was the most common presenting symptom. ARM was most frequently found in the submandibular spaces. In conclusion, multifocal ARM are benign tumours with a predilection for the head and neck region. They become symptomatic with gradual compression of the adjacent structures. No cases of malignant transformation were reported in the literature. We suggest a ‘watchful wait’ approach for small asymptomatic tumours and excision of large symptomatic ones.
Awaking to Mutual, Reciprocal Need in Plague and Epidemic Disease: The Origins of Early Christian Health Care.

While the early Christian Church demonstrates a deep desire to relieve physical suffering, the Greco-Roman world in which it developed lacked the same impetus to respond to human need, especially i...
Identity and the Demand for Inclusion: The Critique of Methodological Nationalism and the Political Theory of Immigration

Political theorists of immigration who are critical of restrictive immigration policies generally rely on abstract, universal, cosmopolitan principles, while defenders of such restrictions focus on...
Investigating the impact of cloud-radiative feedbacks on tropical precipitation extremes

Although societally important, extreme precipitation is difficult to represent in climate models. This study shows one robust aspect of extreme precipitation across models: extreme precipitation over tropical oceans is strengthened through a positive feedback with cloud-radiative effects. This connection is shown for a multi-model ensemble with experiments that make clouds transparent to longwave radiation. In all cases, tropical extreme precipitation reduces without cloud-radiative effects. Qualitatively similar results are presented for one model using the cloud-locking method to remove cloud feedbacks. The reduced extreme precipitation without cloud-radiative feedbacks does not arise from changes in the mean climate. Rather, evidence is presented that cloud-radiative feedbacks enhance organization of convection and most extreme precipitation over tropical oceans occurs within organized systems. This result suggests that climate models must correctly predict cloud structure and properties, as well as capture the essence of organized convection in order to accurately represent extreme rainfall.
Política de género en la educación superior latinoamericana. Los desafíos que enfrentan las profesoras

Los esfuerzos globales a favor de la igualdad de genero recobraron su impulso a partir de finales de la decada de 1970 de la mano de los nuevos movimientos sociales encabezados por mujeres de todas las edades en defensa sus derechos. A su vez, los mismos dieron cuenta del estancamiento del progreso adquirido en las decadas anteriores. Al igual que las experiencias de mujeres en otras profesiones, la vida de las profesoras universitarias en la mayor parte del mundo no ha estado exenta de desafios, particularmente en instituciones que historicamente priorizaron los intereses de sus homologos masculinos. Esta investigacion en curso sugiere que, a pesar de los avances logrados por las profesoras, las casas de estudio en America Latina siguen estando dominadas tanto administrativamente como politicamente por un orden patriarcal. Global efforts for gender equality regained momentum at the end of the 1970s from new social movements led by women of all ages in defense of their rights. The movements, in turn, revealed stagnation in the progress achieved in previous decades. Like the experiences of women in other professions, the lives of female university professors in most parts of the world have not been free of challenges, particularly in institutions that historically prioritized the interests of their male counterparts. This ongoing research suggests that, despite the progress made by women professors, centers of learning in Latin America continue to be dominated both administratively and politically by a patriarchal order.
Effect of oral or topical administration of caffeine on the ATR/Chk1 pathway in the epidermis of UVB-irradiated SKH-1 mice

3451 In earlier studies, we demonstrated that administration of caffeine to SKH-1 mice inhibited UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis and stimulated UVB-induced apoptosis by p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms, and the maximum effect of caffeine on UVB-induced apoptosis was at 6-10 hr post-UVB. In the present study, we found that oral administration of caffeine (0.4 mg/ml in the drinking water) to SKH-1 mice for one week prior to UVB irradiation markedly inhibited the UVB-induced increase in the level of p-Chk1 (Ser345) and increased the level of cyclin B1 at 6 hr post-UVB when compared with measurements after UVB alone, but there was little or no effect of caffeine administration on p-Chk2 (Thr68) or p-cyclin B1 (Ser147) as measured by Western blots. Administration of caffeine had little or no effect on these biomarkers in the absence of UVB. A time course study using immunohistochemical assays indicated that irradiation of SKH-1 mice with UVB increased the number of epidermal cells with p-Chk1 (Ser345) and decreased the number of mitotic cells with cyclin B1 between 6-10 hr post-UVB. Oral administration of caffeine for one week stimulated UVB-induced apoptosis, inhibited the UVB-induced increase in p-Chk1 (Ser345) and abrogated the decrease in mitotic cells with cyclin B1 at 6-10 hr post-UVB. Although the caffeine-induced increase in apoptosis after UVB was maximal between 6-10 hr post-UVB and then declined, caffeine continued to affect p-Chk1 (Ser345) and cyclin B1 beyond 10 hr. Topical application of caffeine immediately after UVB irradiation also prematurely increased the number of cyclin B1 positive cells but had little or no effect on p-cyclin B1 (Ser147) at 6 hr post-UVB when compared with measurements after UVB alone. A time course study indicated a dramatic UVB-induced decrease in the percentage of mitotic cells with cyclin B1 in the epidermis of p53 knockout mice between 2-16 hr after UVB. This decrease was abrogated between 6-16 hr post-UVB by topical application of caffeine indicating that caffeine exerts its effect by a p53-independent mechanism. The time course for the stimulatory effect of caffeine for increasing mitotic cells with cyclin B1 in the epidermis of mice treated with UVB paralleled the time course for the formation of apoptotic sunburn cells. Our studies provide the first evidence that administration of caffeine enhances DNA damage-induced cell killing in vivo in animals by inhibiting the ATR-mediated phosphorylation of Chk1 and increasing the number of epidermal cells undergoing premature mitosis in the presence of cyclin B1. This effect of caffeine results in an early and inappropriate increase in mitotic cells with cyclin B1 which is consistent with the known role for the ATR-Chk1 pathway in preventing premature chromatin condensation. (Supported in part by NIH grant CA114442.)
An environmental history of Latin America

Introduction: props and scenery 1. An old world before it was 'new' 2. Nature's conquests 3. The colonial balance sheet 4. Tropical determinism 5. Human determination 6. Asphyxiated habitats 7. Developing environmentalism Epilogue: Cuba's latest revolution.
Ultraminiaturized photovoltaic and radio frequency powered optoelectronic systems for wireless optogenetics

Objective. Wireless control and power harvesting systems that operate injectable, cellular-scale optoelectronic components provide important demonstrated capabilities in neuromodulatory techniques such as optogenetics. Here, we report a radio frequency (RF) control/harvesting device that offers dramatically reduced size, decreased weight and improved efficiency compared to previously reported technologies. Combined use of this platform with ultrathin, multijunction, high efficiency solar cells allows for hundred-fold reduction of transmitted RF power, which greatly enhances the wireless coverage. Approach. Fabrication involves separate construction of the harvester and the injectable µ-ILEDs. To test whether the presence of the implantable device alters behavior, we implanted one group of wild type mice and compared sociability behavior to unaltered controls. Social interaction experiments followed protocols defined by Silverman et al. with minor modifications. Main results. The results presented here demonstrate that miniaturized RF harvesters, and RF control strategies with photovoltaic harvesters can, when combined with injectable µ-ILEDs, offer versatile capabilities in optogenetics. Experimental and modeling studies establish a range of effective operating conditions for these two approaches. Optogenetics studies with social groups of mice demonstrate the utility of these systems. Significance. The addition of miniaturized, high performance photovoltaic cells significantly expands the operating range and reduces the required RF power. The platform can offer capabilities to modulate signaling path in the brain region of freely-behaving animals. These suggest its potential for widespread use in neuroscience.
Persistent and Pervasive Real-World Sensing Using Games

Games With a Purpose can enable an intelligent agent to persistently and pervasively sense the real world by using game players as reconfigurable sensors. We propose a technique whereby an intelligent agent incentivizes players to collect data by translating data collection tasks into a series of quests played on a mobile device. In this paper, we define the concept of Proactive Sensing and provide a framework for Game-Based Proactive Sensing that can adapt games and narrative that optimizes for data collection and long-term player engagement.
Electromagnetic Stirring in Melting Furnaces — a Critical Evaluation

Although electromagnetic stirring has been in industrial use in the aluminium industry since the sixties of the 20th century, it has faced a revival in recent years under the pressure of increasing energy prices, challenges to raise production in existing installations and the appearance of innovative and competing stirrer systems in the market. The usually claimed benefits vary between 5 and 20 percent reduction in energy consumption, cycle time and dross generation. The authors will present an overview of their efforts to develop a modeling toolset to analyze the advantages of the different technologies and will describe the difficulties to develop an objective picture to monitor the improvements in real installations. The future challenges in modeling will be discussed and recommendations will be given for a better comparison of the performance of the different systems.
Adjoint-based optimal control of the expected exit time for stochastic hybrid systems

In this paper, we study the problem of controlling the expected exit time from a region for a class of stochastic hybrid systems. That is, we find the least costly feedback control for a stochastic hybrid system that can keep its state inside a prescribed region for at least an expected amount of time. The stochastic hybrid systems considered are quite general: the continuous dynamics are governed by stochastic differential equations, and the discrete mode evolves according to a continuous time Markov chain. Instead of adopting the usual Hamilton-Jacobi viewpoint, we study the problem directly by formulating it as a PDE constrained optimization problem, and propose a solution using adjoint-based gradient descent methods. Numerical results of the proposed approach are presented for several representative examples, and, for the simple case, compared with analytical results.
Stability of hydration states and hysteresis of rehydration in montmorillonites as a function of temperature, H2O pressure, and interlayer cations

The hydration states of Ca- and Mg-exchanged montmorillonite from Wyoming bentonite have been studied as a function of temperature and pressure in a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC) by X ray diffraction at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS). Runs were made at constant volume allowing pressure to be calculated from the equation of state of water and the homogenization temperature for each sample studied. Observations were made at pressures from the liquid-vapor coexistence boundary up to approximately 1 GPa. Conversion from the 19 to 15A hydration state was observed to take place in the range 260-350°C for Ca-montmorillonite and in the range 200-250°C for Mg-montmorillonite, with a slight increase with increasing pressure. The rehydration from the 19 to 15A state occurred at the same temperature (no hysteresis) at pressures just above the liquid-vapor coexistence boundary but decreased to 75°C below dehydration at 0.6 GPa for Ca-montmorillonite and 75°C below dehydration at 0.25 GPa for Mg-montmorillonite. There is evidence that the dehydration is the equilibrium boundary and that the rehydration hysteresis is caused by kinetics. The dehydration boundary is very nearly parallel to the pressure axis (dT/dP = 0). Thus, according to the Clapeyron equation, the volume change is essentially zero. From this we conclude that the molar volume or density of the water inside and outside of the montmorillonite is the same. If this is true, then it follows that entropy increases during dehydration. We attribute this to the change in the structure of the water inside and outside of the montmorillonite. When the conversion temperatures for Ca- and Mg-montmorillonites are combined with our earlier measurements on Na-montmorillonite, systematic trends can be observed in the effect of pressure and interlayer cation species on the dehydration temperature and rehydration hysteresis.
Heat engine requirements for advanced solar thermal power systems

Requirements and constraints are established for power conversion subsystems, including heat engine, alternator and auxiliaries, of dish concentrator solar thermal power systems. In order to be competitive with conventional power systems, it is argued that the heat engine should be of less than 40 kW rated output, in a subsystem with an efficiency of at least 40% at rated output and at least 37% at half power. An interval between major overhauls of 50,000 hours is also desirable, along with minor maintenance and lubrication not more than four times a year requiring no more than one man-hour each time, and optimal reliability. Also found to be important are the capability for hybrid operation using heat from a solar receiver, fuel-fired combustor or both simultaneously, operation at any attitude, stability to transients in input power and output loading, operation at ambient temperatures from -30 to 50 C, and compatibility with environmental and safety requirements. Cost targets include a price of $180/kWe, and operation, maintenance and replacement costs averaging $0.001/kWh for 30 years of operation.
Sex-linked feathering alleles (K, k+) in chickens of diverse genetic backgrounds.

Summary Chicks were produced for this experiment by mating males from a broiler parent stock that were heterozygous (K/k+) at the sex‐linked feathering locus with early feathering (fc+/w) females. Dams were from three diverse lines — White Plymouth Rocks selected for high or low 8‐week, body weight and White Leghorns selected for high antibody response to sheep erythrocytes. Escherichia coli (E. coli) were injected into the caudal air sac of some chickens and others were maintained as uninoculated controls. Body weights were obtained immediately before inoculation and at subsequent 24‐hour periods until 5 days after inoculation, at which time air sac and heart lesions were scored. Chicks were less affected by E. coli if they were maintained in warmer environments, younger at time of inoculation, or from the low weight dam line. Lesion scores suggested that chicks with only aliele fc+ were slightly more resistant to E. coli inoculation than those with the K aliele.
Mapping subaltern studies and the postcolonial

Initially inspired by Antonio Gramsci's writings on the history of subaltern classes, the Subaltern Studies authors adopted a "history from below" paradigm to contest "elite" history writing of Indian nationalists. Later the Project shifted away from its social history origins by drawing upon eclectic thinkers such as Edward Said, Roland Barthes, Michel Foucault, and Jacques Derrida. This volume is the first comprehensive balance-sheet of the project, presenting a collection of the most important writing from the last two decades and focusing the key debates between the main scholars in the field. The collection begins with the original manifesto of the Subaltern Studies project, by Ranajit Guha. In the following contributions Partha Catterjee and David Arnold, two of the founding members of the Subaltern Studies collective, examine concepts from Marx to Gramsci embedded in the writing of Indian peasant history. Critiques of the Subaltern project from C. A. Bayly, Rajnarayan Chandavarka, Rosalind O'Hanlon and Tom Brass set the terms for the controversies around which the book is organized. Marxist and deconstructionist tendencies cross and clash in the exchange between O'Hanlon, David Washbrook and the Subalternist Gyan Prakash. Sumit Sarkar charts the contemporary direction of Subaltern Studies in its movement away from a set of Marxist concerns, and Dipesh Chakrabarty and Gyanendra Pandey respond with a spirited defence of these new directions, criticizing not only Marxism but the whole idea of history as Eurocentric. The volume concludes with an interview with Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak on the future of the Subaltern Studies project and its vexed relationship with Marxism and Feminism
The effect of surface tension variation on filmwise condensation and heat transfer on a cylinder in cross flow

Abstract The earlier analyses of Nusselt and Rose which predict heat transfer in a condensing cross flow over an infinite cylinder are extended to account for the Marangoni effect. The influence on local heat transfer is notable for cases of high vapor velocity. The average values of heat transfer are not as easily compared with experimental results due to a singularity in the solution corresponding to the rapid thickening of the condensate layer.