cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects Of Task Training And Instructions On Foveal Load

The goal of this research was to investigate the effects of foveal load on sensitivity in the peripheral visual field. Foveal load was manipulated by comparing the simple fixation of a cross vs. a first-order (i.e., rate) compensatory tracking task. Peripheral sensitivity was determined simultaneously for light flashes presented at different eccentricities along the horizontal meridian. The effects of training on the task were also evaluated in terms of changes in peripheral sensitivity. In general, the results showed no losses in peripheral sensitivity or a "tunnel vision" effect under the experimental conditions employed. These results are contrary to data obtained by previous investigators. Reasons for these findings are discussed.
SYSTEMIC AND CORONARY HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF PSEUDOEPHEDRINE.

Conclusions1. Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride has been administered to a group of anesthetized mongrel dogs in a dose of 1 or 2 mg/kg/minute. Systemic and coronary hemodynamics have been determined before and during its administration. 2. A minor but consistent increase occurred in systemic arterial pressure accompanied by a decrease in cardiac rate. 3. There was a slight but significant increase in hematocrit and in coronary sinus oxygen content. 4. No significant change occurred in cardiac output, coronary blood flow or other measured parameters, consequently the hemodynamic effects may be considered to be minimal.
Diffraction studies of the (222) reflection in Ge and Si: Anharmonicity and the bonding electron

We present the results of a combined x-ray and neutron diffraction study of the temperature dependence of the "forbidden" (222) reflection in germanium. Integrated intensities were measured from room temperature to 850\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C with x rays and to 904\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C with neutrons. In addition, an earlier x-ray study of the silicon (222) reflection has been improved and extended to 800\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and a correction has been made in the corresponding neutron results. The germanium and silicon data are interpreted in terms of anharmonic atomic vibrations and anticentrosymmetric valence-charge distributions. Contrary to our previous reports, the temperature dependence of the scattering from the bonding electrons is found to be similar to that from the core electrons.
The accuracy of the plusoptiX A08 photoscreener in detecting risk factors for amblyopia in central Iowa

Purpose To evaluate the accuracy of the plusoptiX A08 photoscreener in detecting risk factors for amblyopia in children aged 0-5 years in central Iowa. Methods The medical records of consecutive patients seen at 1 practice during a 2-month period were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were screened with the plusoptiX A08 photoscreener and received a comprehensive pediatric ophthalmology examination. Photoscreening results, according to our age-based criteria, were compared with the comprehensive examination findings. Patients were considered to have amblyopia or amblyogenic risk factors in the comprehensive examination based on the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus referral criteria guidelines. Results A total of 290 children were examined during the study period. Of these, 190 (66%) patients were found to have amblyopia or amblyogenic risk factors during the pediatric ophthalmology examination on the basis of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus guidelines. The plusoptiX A08 offered an overall testability rate of 98%, sensitivity of 87%, specificity of 88%, positive predictive value of 93%, and negative predictive value of 78%. The sensitivity for detection of strabismus ≤20 Δ was 52%. Conclusions The plusoptiX showed a high sensitivity for the detection of refractive amblyogenic risk factors and had a high successful testability rate in infants; however, it had low sensitivity for detecting strabismus ≤20 Δ . We postulate that sensitivity for detecting amblyogenic risk factors can be improved by combining the use of this instrument with a cover or stereo test.
New Insights into Intravenous Peptide Metabolism

A new study of the possible advantages of each of the eight dipeptides for intravenous nutrition focuses on kinetics of tyrosine and glutamine injected intravenously. Tyrosine and glutamine are two of the three amino acids that are difficult to use directly in the preparation of nutrient solutions due to low solubility (tyrosine) and limited stability during autoclaving or storage (glutamine).
Dairy products and red meat: midwesterners always knew they were good for something.

In this issue of Circulation , Iso et al1 report an intellectually stimulating observation from the Nurses’ Health Study Cohort linking diet with disease. The intake of saturated fat and animal protein, much maligned in this cholesterol-conscious world, were negatively associated with the risk of stroke due to intraparenchymal hemorrhage. A sigh of relief can be heard throughout the cattle-producing Midwestern states. Maybe there is something good in eating red meat after all. Several aspects of this study deserve the thoughtful kind of postprandial reflection typically following a Thanksgiving feast, because those traditional Thanksgiving meats—turkey, pork, and lamb—are also sources of animal protein and saturated fat. A meal rich in protein takes longer to digest, and several pieces of cud must be chewed to put this study into perspective. Four courses are on the menu: study population, dietary assessment, events, and significance. The study population, the Nurses’ Health Study Cohort, along with the companion Health Professional Cohort, offer Harvard epidemiologists uniquely large, prospective databases to link dietary intake with disease. The Nurses’ cohort is a relatively healthy, educated, predominantly white population. Follow-up is exceptional due to the compulsive nature of nurses who are both willing and able to complete and return extensive data forms. While acknowledging the phenomenal strength of this powerful and complete database, it is also important to acknowledge that the cohort represents a highly selective slice of the American public at large. The second course is dietary assessment. The dietary assessment tool, a 61-item food frequency questionnaire, shares with the cohort a highly selective slice of the American diet. Dietary intake is quite complex, and 61 foods represent only a select few of the thousands of food entries possibly consumed. All food items on this short-item food-frequency questionnaire were carefully chosen on the basis of their …
Absorption to reflection transition in selective solar coatings.

The optimum transition wavelength between high absorption and low emissivity for selective solar absorbers has been calculated in several prior treatises for an ideal system, where the emissivity is exactly zero in the infrared. However, no real coating can achieve such a low emissivity across the entire infrared with simultaneously high absorption in the visible. An emissivity of even a few percent radically changes the optimum wavelength separating the high and low absorption spectral bands. This behavior is described and calculated for AM0 and AM1.5 solar spectra with an infrared emissivity varying between 0 and 5%. With an emissivity of 5%, solar concentration of 10 times the AM1.5 spectrum the optimum transition wavelength is found to be 1.28µm and have a 957K equilibrium temperature. To demonstrate typical absorptions in optimized solar selective coatings, a four-layer sputtered Mo and SiO2 coating with absorption of 5% across the infrared is described experimentally and theoretically.
An insertion mutation in ABCB4 is associated with gallbladder mucocele formation in dogs

ABCB4 functions as a phosphatidylcholine translocater, flipping phosphatidylcholine across hepatocyte canalicular membranes into biliary canaliculi. In people, ABCB4 gene mutations are associated with several disease syndromes including intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (type 3), primary biliary cirrhosis, and cholelithiasis. Hepatobiliary disease, specifically gallbladder mucocele formation, has been recognized with increased frequency in dogs during the past decade. Because Shetland Sheepdogs are considered to be predisposed to gallbladder mucoceles, we initially investigated ABCB4 as a candidate gene for gallbladder mucocele formation in that breed, but included affected dogs of other breeds as well. An insertion (G) mutation in exon 12 of canine ABCB4 (ABCB4 1583_1584G) was found to be significantly associated with hepatobiliary disease in Shetland Sheepdogs specifically (P < 0.0001) as well as other breeds (P < 0.0006). ABCB4 1583_1584G results in a frame shift generating four stop codons that prematurely terminate ABCB4 protein synthesis within exon 12, abolishing over half of the protein including critical ATP and a putative substrate binding site. The finding of a significant association of ABCB4 1583_1584G with gallbladder mucoceles in dogs suggests that this phospholipid flippase may play a role in the pathophysiology of this disorder. Affected dogs may provide a useful model for identifying novel treatment strategies for ABCB4-associated hepatobiliary disease in people.
Anisotropic Fermi contour of (001) GaAs electrons in parallel magnetic fields

We demonstrate a severe Fermi contour anisotropy induced by the application of a parallel magnetic field to high-mobility electrons confined to a 30-nm-wide (001) GaAs quantum well. We study commensurability oscillations, namely, geometrical resonances of the electron orbits with a unidirectional, surface-strain-induced, periodic potential modulation, to directly probe the size of the Fermi contours along and perpendicular to the parallel field. Their areas are obtained from the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations. Our experimental data agree semiquantitatively with the results of parameter-free calculations of the Fermi contours, but there are significant discrepancies.
History, Memory, and Profession: A View of American Psychiatry Through APA Presidential Addresses, 1883–2003

The address of the retiring president of the American Psychiatric Association has been a traditional part of the annual meeting of the association since 1883. The presidential address, which has explicitly been exempted from general discussion or criticism, has become an opportunity for the elected leader of the association to reflect on the state of the profession. Over the last 120 years, the presidents of the association have themselves engaged with the history of psychiatry in ways that reflect the changes in psychiatry of the time. In the process, memory has served a professionalizing purpose, as some aspects of psychiatry’s history have been remembered while others have not. In the presidential addresses, history is not just a story about the past but also a story about psychiatry’s self-definition and its future.
Measurement of chemical shifts and coupling constants for glutamate and glutamine

Proton chemical shifts and coupling constants were obtained for glutamate and glutamine in water (D2O) at pH = 6.6. Initial chemical shift and coupling constant values obtained from experimental spectra were refined using a spectral simulation and optimization program to get a complete set of values that could not otherwise be measured directly from the experimental spectra due to strong spin-spin couplings. These values are essential for automated spectral fitting procedures that require a priori information.
A model of antecedents of consumers' post brand attitude upon exposure to a cause–brand alliance

A cause–brand alliance is a type of cause-related marketing campaign in which the brand supports a cause in response to a consumer purchasing a product associated with the brand. Using the meaning transfer, attribution, and schema theories, the researchers developed a model and hypotheses addressing structural relationships among key antecedents of brand attitude change upon encountering a cause–brand alliance. The model and the hypotheses were tested in the context of hypothetical cause–brand alliance scenarios. Findings indicate cause–brand alliance attitude as a strong direct predictor of post brand attitude, whereas cause involvement, perceived brand motivations, and prior brand attitude indirectly predict post brand attitude through their effects on cause–brand alliance attitude. Cause–brand fit also indirectly predicts cause–brand alliance attitude via perceived brand motivations. Managerial and theoretical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evoked potential decrements in auditory cortex. I. Discrete-trial and continual stimulation

Abstract In Experiment 1 cats were exposed to sets of clicks (trials) with 1 min inter-trial-intervals to determine if the effects of repetitive stimulation on potentials evoked in the auditory cortex would be cumulative despite discretetrial stimulation. Evoked potentials were averaged to give one average evoked potential (AEP) for each trial for each electrode; there were four cortical electrodes per subject. To test for dishabituation pawshocks were given between trials 40 and 41, and to test for spontaneous recovery there was a break between trials 60 and 61. Subjects were paralyzed to insure stimulus constancy. The latency and peak-to-peak amplitude of each component of each AEP was measured; significant amplitude decrements were observed in all subjects and at 2 3 of the recording loci. About 1 3 of the components measured decremented, and decrements were more frequent in components with latencies > 15 msec. A few amplitude increments and latency changes were also observed. The systematic amplitude changes were specific to certain AEP components; a change could occur in one component of an AEP independent of any changes in the other components in the same AEP. The changes were also specific to certain loci; changes could occur at one cortical locus independent of any changes at other cortical loci in the same subject. However, systematic changes in amplitude were no more likely in one cortical region than another. For a significant number of the components that decreased systematically, the shocks produced further decreases; the results appeared to be the opposite of dishabituation. The break failed to have any consistent effect. Thus the decrements were similar to those observed by others under similar circumstances, but they did not demonstrate two of the most common characteristics of habituation. Apparently some aspect of the stimulus parameters or the constancy of the stimuli in Experiment 1 resulted in the opposite of dishabituation and no consistent spontaneous recovery. In Experiment 2 the cats were again paralyzed to maintain stimulus constancy, but more typical stimulus parameters were chosen: 65 dB clicks continual at 1/sec. There was a single shock as a dishabituating stimulus and a 15 min break to test for spontaneous recovery. Decrements were observed as in Experiment 1, and shock again paradoxically produced the opposite of dishabituation. In contrast to Experiment 1, spontaneous recovery was observed. Also amplitude and latency increases were observed with greater frequency than in Experiment 1. Since dishabituation and other characteristics of habituation were not observed, alternative explanations of the amplitude decreases were considered. The amplitude decrements were not artifacts of stimulus variability or deterioration of the paralyzed preparation. However, we were unable to rule out the hypothesis that the decrements were the consequence of a change in the subject's state during the experiment. This “state hypothesis” can only be tested by experiments more complex than the present ones.
Palliative care education in U.S. medical schools.

Context Medical educators in the USA perceive the teaching of palliative care competencies as important, medical students experience it as valuable and effective, and demographic and societal forces fuel its necessity. Although it is encouraged by the Association of American Medical Colleges, the only palliative care-related mandate in US medical schools is the Liaison Committee on Medical Education directive that end-of-life (EoL) care be included in medical school curricula, reinforcing the problematic conflation of EoL and palliative care. Findings A review of US medical school surveys about the teaching of palliative and EoL care reveals varied and uneven approaches, ranging from 2 hours in the classroom on EoL to weeks of palliative care training or hospice-based clinical rotations. Implications Palliative care competencies are too complex and universally important to be relegated to a minimum of classroom time, random clinical exposures, and the hidden curriculum. Recommendations Given the reality of overstrained medical school curricula, developmentally appropriate, basic palliative care competencies should be defined and integrated into each year of the medical school curriculum, taking care to circumvent the twin threats of curricular overload and educational abandonment.
Climate commitment in an uncertain world

[1] Climate commitment—the warming that would still occur given no further human influence—is a fundamental metric for both science and policy. It informs us of the minimum climate change we face and, moreover, depends only on our knowledge of the natural climate system. Studies of the climate commitment due to CO2 find that global temperature would remain near current levels, or even decrease slightly, in the millennium following the cessation of emissions. However, this result overlooks the important role of the non-CO2 greenhouse gases and aerosols. This paper shows that global energetics require an immediate and significant warming following the cessation of emissions as aerosols are quickly washed from the atmosphere, and the large uncertainty in current aerosol radiative forcing implies a large uncertainty in the climate commitment. Fundamental constraints preclude Earth returning to pre-industrial temperatures for the indefinite future. These same constraints mean that observations are currently unable to eliminate the possibility that we are already beyond the point where the ultimate warming will exceed dangerous levels. Models produce a narrower range of climate commitment, but undersample observed forcing constraints.
The Effects of Physical Attractiveness on the Behavioral Attributions and Peer Preferences of Acquainted Children

Age-dependent differences in the relationship between physical attractiveness and the social perceptions of acquainted classmates were investigated in children three through ten years of age. Child...
Phosphorylation and Regulation of Psychostimulant-Sensitive Neurotransmitter Transporters

The neuronal transporters for the monoamines dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine are plasma membrane proteins that serve vital functions in the reuptake and control of synaptic neurotransmitter levels. They are also targets for abused and therapeutic drugs and play pivotal roles in neurological disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease. There is increasing evidence that some activities of these carriers are subject to acute control by treatments that affect phosphorylation pathways, but the molecular basis for this is not understood. Recent work suggests that these regulatory processes may involve phosphorylation of the transporters by protein kinase C and other kinases, and may occur by affecting intrinsic transport activity or by controlling transporter cell surface expression. Phosphorylation-mediated regulation of monoamine transporters provides the potential for acute presynaptic control of neurotransmitter levels during normal neurophysiologic events, and dysregulation of these processes may lead to inappropriate transmitter clearance that contributes to the etiology of neurological disorders.
Emerging Infectious Diseases in the United States, 1993

Three outbreaks of disease in the United States in 1993 caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7, Cryptosporidium organisms, and a previously unrecognized hantavirus clearly illustrate the increasing challenges posed by emerging infectious diseases. The largest US outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 infection reported occurred as a result of contaminated hamburgers served at a fast-food restaurant chain. The largest recorded waterborne disease outbreak in US history was due to contamination of a municipal water supply with cryptosporidia. In the southwestern United States, hantavirus was first recognized as the cause of a pulmonary syndrome with a mortality rate exceeding 50%. The detection of and response to these outbreaks document the need for a strong partnership between the clinical and public health sectors to prevent and control diseases. Health care reform in the United States provides an opportunity to address critical needs, such as improved surveillance and diagnosis, to ensure timely detection of and rapid response to newly emerging infectious diseases.
Pain outcomes after surgery in patients with intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations

Object The objective of the study was to quantify the improvement in pain levels for patients who have undergone surgery for intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations (SCCMs). Methods The author reviewed medical records of patients who underwent surgery for an intramedullary SCCM between 2003 and 2010. Numerical pain scores (range 0–10) were recorded preoperatively and at follow-up. The follow-up period exceeded 1 year. Neurological status and subjective outcomes were assessed. Each patient underwent follow-up MR imaging. Results Five patients were identified with SCCMs who underwent surgery: 4 with thoracic and 1 with cervical lesions. Patients had been conservatively managed for an average of 5 years prior to surgery, and none had a history of acute hemorrhage or neurological deterioration during the observation period. The primary indication for surgery in each patient was pain, although 4 of 5 patients had some evidence of myelopathy on examination. Pain improved from a mean preoperative scor...
Passive microwave remote sensing of soil moisture

Microwave remote sensing provides a unique capability for direct observation of soil moisture. Remote measurements from space afford the possibility of obtaining frequent, global sampling of soil moisture over a large fraction of the Earth's land surface. Microwave measurements have the benefit of being largely unaffected by cloud cover and variable surface solar illumination, but accurate soil moisture estimates are limited to regions that have either bare soil or low to moderate amounts of vegetation cover. A particular advantage of passive microwave sensors is that in the absence of significant vegetation cover soil moisture is the dominant effect on the received signal. The spatial resolutions of passive Microwave soil moisture sensors currently considered for space operation are in the range 10-20 km. The most useful frequency range for soil moisture sensing is 1-5 GHz. System design considerations include optimum choice of frequencies, polarizations, and scanning configurations, based on trade-offs between requirements for high vegetation penetration capability, freedom from electromagnetic interference, manageable antenna size and complexity, and the requirement that a sufficient number of information channels be available to correct for perturbing geophysical effects. This paper outlines the basic principles of the passive microwave technique for soil moisture sensing, and reviews briefly the status of current retrieval methods. Particularly promising are methods for optimally assimilating passive microwave data into hydrologic models. Further studies are needed to investigate the effects on microwave observations of within-footprint spatial heterogeneity of vegetation cover and subsurface soil characteristics, and to assess the limitations imposed by heterogeneity on the retrievability of large-scale soil moisture information from remote observations.
Thermodynamics of the Two-Band Superconductors in the Presence of Nonmagnetic Impurities

The thermodynamics of the two-band model for the superconducting states of transition metals containing nonmagnetic impurities are developed using the Green's-function technique. The thermodynamic functions of the system are expressed in terms of the densities of state of the $s$ and $d$ electrons. Changes caused by the presence of the impurities of the various functions are obtained. It is shown that in the intraband limit ${g}_{\mathrm{sd}}=0$, the specific heat of transition metals in the superconducting phase is decreased because of the presence of the nonmagnetic impurities.
Trellis codes for (1,k) E/sup 2/PR4ML with squared distance 18

Finite truncation depth codes are obtained using periodically pruned module N trelises. One approach uses a runlength limited (d,k)=(1,7) code with rate R=2/3 as the underlying code. Another approach which results in a lower complexity detector trellis uses a rate R=3/5 sliding-block code that prohibits NRZI "10001" and adheres to a (d,k)=(1,8) constraint. The design of the module N trellis is described, and sufficient conditions for finite truncation depth are developed and applied to obtain several codes.
Elite positionings towards Hindi: Language policies, political stances and language competence in India

In India, Hindi is imagined and institutionalized as the national language which weds together India's pluralistic population under the banner of a shared Indian identity. Approaching language competence as embedded in and performed through language practices and ideologies, I explore how a New Delhi elite community positions themselves towards Hindi vis-a-vis national language policies and political movements. Contrasting with traditional unified elite portrayals, e.g. 'elite closure' (Myers-Scotton 1990), India has multiple sociolinguistically discordant elite groups, and these liberal elites ideologically construct their Hindi (in)competency in an alternative framework attending to the history (and failure) of Hindi-based nationalism, their disalignment with modern right-wing movements, and their continued affiliation with English. This perspective of some elites as negotiating and disagreeing with contemporary political movements and language policy legislature illuminates language competencies as socially constructed and locally grounded, and challenges past interpretations of postcolonial elites as unified actors controlling the dominant linguistic marketplace. © Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 2011.
Cooperative Robot Swarm Locomotion Using Genetic Algorithms

This paper focuses on the design of a decentralized controller for cooperative locomotion in a swarm of robotic agents. Each agent is assumed to be able to locomote over even terrain, grasp other robots, and climb onto a stack of robots. Genetic algorithms and genetic programming methods are applied to develop locomotion controllers for single units as well as decentralized controllers intended to allow the swarm of units to pass over uneven terrain that no single unit can surmount. The goal is to develop a system that provides a high probability of large numbers of units passing through sets of test obstacles. The results are shown through simulation exercises.
A K-band down-conversion mixer with 1.4-GHz bandwidth in 0.13-/spl mu/m CMOS technology

A low power and low voltage down conversion mixer working at K-band is designed and fabricated in a 0.13/spl mu/m CMOS logic process. The mixer down converts RF signals from 19GHz to 2.7GHz intermediate frequency. The mixer achieves a conversion gain of 1dB, a very low single side band noise figure of 9dB and third order intermodulation point of -2dBm, while consuming 6.9mW power from a 1.2V supply. The 3-dB conversion gain bandwidth is 1.4GHz, which is almost 50% of the IF. This mixer with small frequency re-tuning can be used for ultra-wide band radars operating in the 22-29GHz band.
Involvement of the Arcuate Nucleus of the Hypothalamus in Interleukin-1-Induced Anorexia

Cytokine-mediated anorexia is a component of "sickness behavior" and presents a significant obstacle in the treatment of chronic illnesses. We hypothesized an involvement of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARH) in mediating the anorexic effects of a systemic interleukin-1 (IL-1) challenge based on its content of peptidergic neurons involved in feeding, its expression of IL-1 receptors and its sensitivity to systemic IL-1. IL-1 (6 microg/kg, i.v.) was found to induce Fos expression in both pro-opiomelanocortin- and neuropeptide Y-expressing neurons in and around the ARH. Contrary to expectations, rats that had sustained lesions of the arcuate nucleus, produced by neonatal monosodium glutamate treatment, displayed a more pronounced suppression (by 25%) of food intake than nonlesioned controls when treated with IL-1 after a 20 hr fast. To confirm and further characterize this unexpected result, a second ablation method was used in a similar paradigm. Animals bearing knife cuts designed to sever major ARH projections displayed an even more accentuated loss of appetite (by 60%, relative to controls) in response to systemic IL-1. This effect exhibited at least some degree of specificity, because the knife cuts did not alter either IL-1 effects on another centrally mediated acute phase response (fever) or the anorexia produced by an alternate agent, fenfluramine. These results fail to support the hypothesized ARH mediation of IL-1-induced anorexia and may suggest rather that the net output of this cell group may serve normally to restrain cytokine-induced reductions in food intake.
Microstructural Control of a 70% Silicon Nitride– 30% Barium Aluminum Silicate Self‐Reinforced Composite

The processing response of a 70% silicon nitride–30% barium aluminum silicate (70%-Si3N4–30%-BAS) ceramic-matrix composite was studied using pressureless sintering, at temperatures ranging from 1740°C, which is below the melting point of BAS, to 1950°C. The relationship between the processing parameters and the microstructural constituents, such as morphology of the β-Si3N4 whisker and crystallization of the BAS matrix, was evaluated. The mechanical response of this array of microstructures was characterized for flexural strength, as well as fracture behavior, at test temperatures up to 1300°C. The indentation method was used to estimate the fracture resistance, and R-curves were obtained from modified compact-tension samples of selected microstructures at room temperature.
Molecular and Pathway Controls on Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emissions

Plants make a number of volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), many of which are emitted in a light- and temperature-dependent manner. The vast majority of these BVOCs are isoprenoids including isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. The total BVOC flux into the atmosphere is on the order of a petagram (1015 g) and has multiple effects on atmospheric chemistry. Understanding the biochemical and molecular regulation of BVOC emissions allows us to build prediction models that better reflect the underlying physiological and biochemical processes. In this chapter we review the enzymes and pathways involved in the biosynthesis of various BVOCs that originate from plants, using isoprene as a model. The biochemical and molecular control of BVOC emission in response to short-term environment drivers such as temperature, light, CO2, and O2, and long-term factors such as circadian, seasonal, and developmental effects are discussed. An emerging theme in the regulation of isoprene emission is that the enzyme isoprene synthase controls the basal emission rate in the long term, while the responses of isoprene emission to short-term factors are regulated by levels of the substrate (dimethylallyl diphosphate), which is in turn determined by upstream enzymes. In addition, we propose a new hypothesis to explain the high-CO2 suppression of isoprene emission. At high CO2 concentrations, a high cytosolic inorganic phosphate (Pi) gradient needed to transport triose phosphates out of the chloroplasts could work against the transport of phosphoenol pyruvate into the chloroplasts. This altered partitioning of phosphoenol pyruvate would then reduce the supply of pyruvate into the MEP pathway. Much work is still needed to understand the CO2 response of BVOC emissions but we expect to see significant progress in the near future.
Pertussis Toxin Uncouples Enkephalin-Mediated Inhibition of Rabbit Luteal Adenylyl Cyclase

Hormonally responsive adenylyl cyclases are membrane-bound enzyme systems which consist of at least five distinct components: receptors for stimulatory and inhibitory hormones; transducing proteins called Gs and Gi, respectively, which mediate the effects of hormone-occupied receptor and function in a guanine nucleotide- and Mg ion-dependent fashion; and a catalytic component, which produces cAMP (for review on the component nature of adenylyl cyclases, see 1). Previous studies from our laboratory indicate that rabbit corpora lutea contain an adenylyl cyclase system that, in addition to being stimulated by gonadotropin and catecholamines (2,3), is attenuated by guanine nucleotides and enkephalin (4,5) suggesting the presence of Gi. As first demonstrated by Katada and Ui (6,7), one method to substantiate the existence of Gi in a given tissue is to treat the tissue with pertussis toxin and a [P]NAD, demonstrate the [P] ADP-ribosylation of a membrane protein with an Mr of 40–41,000 daltons and show that this treatment uncouples inhibitory receptors linked to adenylyl cyclase. In this study we present such data establishing the existence of Gi in the rabbit corpus luteum.
Norway's Summit on Responsible Investing

Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2288926 This is a summary of the issues discussed and presented at the 2013 Investment Strategy Summit for the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global. The emphasis of the summit was responsible investing with a special emphasis on ways to strengthen the Fund’s work on responsible investment. The summit brought together experts (both practitioners and academics) and discussed ethical issues, financial performance, and activist investors in the context of social, environmental, and governance concerns.
Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer in Stationary Duct in Turbine Blade

It has been a common practice that serpentine cooling passages are used in gas turbine blade to enhance the cooling performance. Insufficient cooled blades are subject to oxidation, creep rupture, and even melting of the material. To control and improve temperature of blade; it requires better understanding of a flow behavior and heat transfer inside the curved U-bends. The interactions between secondary flows and separation lead to very complex flow patterns. To accurately simulate these flows and heat transfer, and to improve the cooling performance, both refined turbulence models and higher-order numerical schemes are indispensable tools for turbine designers. Previous studies have shown that the flow and heat transfer characteristics through curved bends, even with a moderate curvature, cannot be accurately simulated. It is the conventional belief and practice that the usage of a proper turbulence model and a reliable numerical scheme achieves accurate computations. The three-dimensional turbulent flows and heat transfer in a square U-bend duct are numerically studied by using several turbulence models and Large Eddy Simulation (LES). The finite volume method incorporated with a higher-order bounded interpolation scheme was employed in the present study. The LES is generally expected to give very promising results, but the RSM model is proved better in this case.
God for Us, God against Us: Singing the Pentateuch’s Songs of Praise in Exodus 15 and Deuteronomy 32:

Two theologically rich songs within the Pentateuch both incorporate elements of the praise of God but for quite different purposes. The Song of the Sea in Exodus 15:1–21 celebrates God’s victory ag...
Humanizing Trayvon Martin Racial Profiling, Implicit Biases, and Teacher Education

The purpose of this article is to describe a pedagogical inquiry the author conducted to engage preservice teachers in social justice praxis and teacher activism to address the impact of racial profiling on classroom interactions by utilizing the Trayvon Martin case. The Martin case provided the opportunity to have rich, meaningful discussions regarding race, equality, and justice with preservice teachers so that they would be better equipped to tackle such issues in the classroom. Most important, this inquiry reinforces the notion that children of color will never be treated equally until we change how they are perceived.
An Improved Stochastic Unit Commitment Formulation to Accommodate Wind Uncertainty

The United States targets to supply 20% of its electricity generation using wind energy by 2030. The expansion of renewable resources, especially weather-based resources such as wind, creates more uncertainty and variability in the operation of the power grid. New methods and approaches in electricity market operations are needed to efficiently manage the continuing increase in variability and uncertainty caused by expanding intermittent wind. This paper proposes an improved stochastic programming approach for incorporating wind uncertainty into energy markets. The proposed formulation improves the two-stage stochastic unit commitment problem by introducing a dynamic decision making approach similar to a multi-stage formulation in the presence of wind power scenarios which are not well represented by a scenario tree. The numerical results present up to 1%–2% decrease in operational costs compared to the two-stage stochastic unit commitment formulation.
Spectromic Analysis of Sphingolipids in Macrophage Cell Line Grown on Indium-Tin Oxide Reveals Activation of Inflammatory Pathways

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) technique is used in mass spectrometry (MS) for the analysis of large organic molecules and biopolymers. Current techniques involve the manual transfer of cells in culture for spotting on stainless steel, gold, or conductive indium-tin oxide (ITO) glass slides for ionization. In recent studies, phagocytic cells showed activation of the MAPK pathway, expression of TNF-α and IL-1, and generation of ROS in response to particulate silica (Fubini, 2003), all indicative of oxidative stress and silicosis. Similarly, lipidomic responses of RAW 264.7 cells to the lipopolysaccharide Kdo2-lipid A (KLA) mimic aspects of inflammatory bacterial infection (Dennis, 2010). This study aims to streamline cell culture and ionization techniques by plating the RAW264.7 mouse macrophage-like cell line directly on MALDI ITO slides. Success was determined by the absence of inflammation in comparison to KLA-induced (Sims, 2010) macrophage cells. Sphingolipid species abundant in inflamed cells are the C16 subspecies of sphingomyelin (SM), dihydroceramide (DHCer) and ceramide (Cer); sphinganine; ceramide 1-phosphate (Cer1P); and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) (Sims, 2010). The presence of Cer1P (p = .0116) and increase in sphinganine (p = .00805) in cells grown on ITO slides with PBS were indicative of inflammation from the slides.
Gender differences in treatment and clinical characteristics among patients receiving extended release naltrexone.

ABSTRACTFurther research is needed to investigate real-world acceptability of extended-release naltrexone for alcohol and opioid use disorders, and potential gender differences. This study examines treatment and clinical characteristics among men and women receiving extended-release naltrexone in a large, publicly funded substance use disorder treatment system (N = 465; 52% female). Patient demographics, treatment characteristics, and the number of extended-release naltrexone doses received were collected from administrative data and treatment program staff. Additionally, patients provided information on experiences with extended-release naltrexone in an open-ended format at 1, 2, and 3 weeks following their first injection. For a subsample of patients (N = 220), alcohol/opioid cravings and specific adverse effects were also assessed. Compared to men, women reported experiencing a higher rate and mean number of adverse effects. Overall, craving scores showed substantial reductions over time. However, amon...
Gene Activity and Neurodegeneration in the Extrapyramidal System: A Progress Report on Molecular and Morphological Correlates

Functional neuronal plasticity and synaptic remodelling appear to be consistent feature of aging brain (Coleman et al., 1986). However, even in the absence of overt neuropathology, heterogeneous atrophic changes may occur in the brain with advancing age, suggesting differential mechanisms on specific brain regions, even in the same anatomical structure. For example hippocampal dentate granule neurons apparently remain intact and show hypertrophy of dendritic processes and increased perikaryal size in the aged brain (Coleman and Flood, 1987). Nonetheless many others e.g., pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus (Ringborg 1966) and cerebral cortex (Peters et al., 1987) show reduced perikaryal RNA content and decreased size of their perikarya, nuclei, or nucleoli. In addition, the nucleolar shrinkage is less in human locus ceruleus (LC) than substantia nigra (s.nigra) neurons (Mann and Yates, 1979), further confirming the cellular selectivity of changes. These studies support the general concept that age-related neuronal atrophic changes is not an universal or inevitable characteristic of the senescence, but may be brain region, cell type, and species specific.
The Impact of a Racing Feature on Middle School Science Students' Performance in an Educational Game: The Effect of Content-Free Game-Actions

Reason Racer is an online, rate-based, multiplayer game designed to engage middle school students in the knowledge and skills related to scientific argumentation. Several game features are included as design considerations unrelated to science content or argumentation. One specific feature, a competitive racing component that occurs in between challenging tasks, is the subject of this analysis. The effect of two conditions on 72 ninth grade students' performance was analyzed: game play with a competitive racing component Race and game play without a competitive racing component No-Race. A counterbalanced design was used with two randomly assigned groups playing the game using two different science scenarios. When students played with a racing component interspersed between challenging tasks they completed the tasks more quickly and accurately than when they did not experience the racing component. These findings are discussed in terms of game design and the use of game features not related to academic content.
Ethical Conundrums in Rural South Africa Lost in Translation

We engage in story-retelling by recounting, reconstructing, and reflecting on our experiences as evaluators in a cross-cultural setting, a South African village. A principal focus on the serendipitous ethical and methodological issues that arose is highlighted. As most ethical dilemmas go, solutions are not clear. Therefore, the authors spend time critically considering the soundness of the decisions that were made, from the lack of diversity of the research team, to the ways we interacted with local citizens, to research design issues. We share our thoughts through a confessional tale via research poetry.
Organizational Learning Implications of Partnering Flexibility in Project-Venture Settings: A Multilevel Framework

Project ventures are an increasingly prevalent organizational form in many industries. The management literature has stressed their flexibility and adaptability advantages. This chapter focuses on the learning implications of the source of flexibility most essential to project ventures: the ability to switch partners during project formation and execution. This partnering flexibility creates opportunities to respond to new knowledge about characteristics of project tasks and project partners. Partnering flexibility, however, also creates learning challenges. The short-term nature of relationships between project partners and the disintegration of the project team after project completion challenges the accumulation and transfer of knowledge to future projects. Beyond the introduction of related learning opportunities and challenges, we identify potential contingency factors in the project context that shape when partner flexibility will have beneficial versus harmful effects. On the organizational level, we propose that project-governing permanent organizations can support project-venture learning. On the industry level, we highlight potential learning benefits of standardized partner roles and coordination practices. Thus, our chapter introduces a multilevel contingency framework for the evaluation of both learning opportunities and challenges of partnering flexibility in project-venture settings. We formulate testable propositions focused on partner-project fit and project performance.
Gates, Packaging, and Boards: Properties and Modeling

This chapter talks about how packaging and circuit boards affect logic gates (actually, logic inputs and outputs) and reviews concepts like noise margin, drive strength, and source resistance. It also discusses heat and temperature and the different options that exist for modeling boards and circuits.
Sources of Chapter Heading Quotations

Introduction: Herodotus, Histories , Book II, 35, trans. A. D. Godley, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, 1920 Geography and Geology: The Land: Diodorus Siculus, Histories , Book I, 36, trans. C. H. Oldfather, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, 1968 Brief Outline of Egyptian History: Sir Alan Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs, Oxford, 1964 Study of The Material World of Ancient Egypt: Adolf Erman, Life in Ancient Egypt, trans. H. M. Tirard, London and New York, 1894 Dress and Personal Adornment: “The Prayers of Paheri,” M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature , Vol. 2, p. 16, Berkeley, 1976“The Instruction of Amenemope,” M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature , Vol. 2, p. 157, Berkeley, 1976 Housing and Furniture: From the tomb of Rekhmire in Thebes, quoted in T. G. H. James, Pharaoh’s People , London, 1984 Food and Drink: From a memorandum of payment owed, quoted in T. G. H. James, Pharaoh’s People, London, 1984 Hygiene and Medicine: From a letter, quoted in T. G. H. James, Pharaoh’s People, London, 1984 Containers of Clay and Stone: From the “Satire of the Trades,” M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature , Vol. 1, p. 186, Berkeley, 1973 Tools and Weapons: From the “Satire of the Trades,” T. G. H. James, Pharaoh’s People, London, 1984 Basketry, Rope, Matting: From a letter, Edward Wente, Letters from Ancient Egypt (No. 231, Dynasty Nineteen), Atlanta, 1990 Faience and Glass: From a stela dated to early Dynasty Nineteen, catalog No. 166, in Gifts of the Nile: Ancient Egyptian Faience, Providence, 1998 Transportation: Caption to a tomb scene, Nigel C. Strudwick, Texts from the Pyramid Age, p. 417, Atlanta, 2005 Sport and Games: Excerpt from the “Sphinx Stela,” M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature , Vol. 2, p. 41, Berkeley, 1976 Bibliographical Note There have been many attempts to describe daily life in ancient Egypt. Sir John Gardner Wilkinson’s Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians (1837–41) and Adolf Erman’s Life in Ancient Egypt, translated into English in 1894, were among the first attempts to approach the subject in depth, and both have had a lasting influence on the modern appreciation of life in the land of the Pharaohs.
Czars in the White House: The Rise of Policy Czars as Presidential Management Tools.: Vaughn, Justin S., and José D. Villalobos. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2015. 248 pages. $75.00 (hardcover).

Coordinating the development and implementation of public policy is one of the most important tasks any president faces. It is also one of the most frustrating. In attacking any major problem, pres...