cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Triphenyl phosphite‐induced impairment of spatial alternation learning

Triphenyl phosphite (TPP) is a weak acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and a type II organophosphorus compound‐induced delayed neurotoxic agent. The current study examined the cognitive effects of a single 250 mg/kg ip dose of TPP administered to either 3‐mo‐ or 1‐yr‐old male Sprague‐Dawley rats. Starting 4 d after TPP administration, the rats began training on a T‐maze spatial alternation task for food reinforcement. Over five sessions of acquisition training, the TPP‐treated rats showed significantly lower alternation scores than controls. There was no difference in spatial alternation performance in the first session, when both groups were performing at near‐chance levels. In sessions 2–5, the controls improved dramatically to an average of 853 ± 3.2% correct, while the TPP‐treated rats did not significantly change, with 69.7 ± 3.1 percent correct. During sessions 2 and 3 there was a significant TPP treatment‐related deficit. This TPP‐induced choice accuracy deficit was persistent in that it was seen well ...
Channel identification using second order cyclic statistics

The identification of linear rational channels with higher than minimum bandwidth based on the use of second order cyclic statistics is addressed. It is shown that channel identification is achievable for a class of linear channels without the need for a pilot tone or training periods. Moreover, channel identification based on cyclic statistics does not preclude Gaussian or near-Gaussian inputs. >
Energy efficiency and performance optimized control of a hybrid feed drive

Linear motor drives (LMDs) are well known to provide significant advantages in terms of positioning speed and precision over traditional screw drives (SDs), making them better suited for high-speed, high-precision machine tools. However, their use in such machine tools is limited by their tendency to consume a lot of electrical energy and cause thermal issues that help drive up costs. A hybrid feed drive (HFD) has been proposed as a possible solution to this dilemma. The HFD combines LMD and SD actuation to achieve speeds and accuracies similar to LMDs while consuming much less energy. This paper explores control strategies to further improve the performance of the HFD without unduly sacrificing its efficiency. First, it highlights two performance limitations of the controller proposed for the HFD in prior work, namely, imperfect tracking and suboptimal feedback gains. Then it compares two approaches for achieving perfect tracking with regard to performance and energy efficiency. Finally, it presents an approach for optimizing the feedback gains of the HFD to achieve the best positioning performance. Simulations and experiments are used to demonstrate significant gains in precise positioning using the methods proposed in this paper, while maintaining superb energy efficiency relative to an equivalent LMD.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
The Present and Future Role of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Potato Cultivars in IPM

Potato, Solanum tuberosum L., is one of the world’s principal food crops. Important potato insect pests include Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, potato tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), and aphids, especially as they transmit potato leafroll virus and potato virus Y. Management of insect pests of potato relies almost entirely on chemical insecticides. Potato breeding is complicated by the potato’s tetraploidy. Numerous Solanum spp. have resistance to insects but these properties have not been transferred into commercially desirable cultivars. Insect-resistant cultivars are generally not available. GM potatoes expressing resistance to L. decemlineata, potato virus Y, and potato leaf roll virus were registered and marketed in the USA from 1995–2000, but were withdrawn from the market in response to marketing concerns about GM crops. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genes for resistance to various insect pests are likely candidates for inclusion into potatoes using genetic engineering. Other resistance factors, including glandular trichomes, leptine glycoalkaloids, and other genes encoding for insecticidal proteins also show promise, especially if pyramided with appropriate Bt genes. Re-introduction of GM potatoes in the USA and elsewhere awaits changes in consumer preferences.
Conception and Misconception in Joint Inventorship

This article clears up the befuddled and self-contradictory doctrine of joint inventorship by analyzing how restoring the concept of invention in patent law, and de-emphasizing the claims, should guide the way. It argues that a doctrinally sound test for joint inventorship that serves the policy of encouraging innovation must be based on a broader concept of invention, for which the claims serve as a limitation rather than, as courts frequently repeat, a 'definition.' The article demonstrates how such a broader conception accords with congressional intent in adopting the current Section 116 of the Patent Act. Along the way, the article debunks the current Federal Circuit and Supreme Court jurisprudence regarding the standard of proof in matters unexamined by the Patent & Trademark Office, analyzing how the misguided jurisprudence on this point compounds the doctrinal errors caused by fixating on the claims. It concludes by explaining how incorporating a broader conception of invention into the patent law would rectify the current joint inventorship doctrine and encourage collaborative innovation, which is a key policy purpose of patent law.
Diazepam Prophylaxis of Contrast Media-Induced Seizures during Computed Tomography of Patients with Brain Metastases

The effect of 5 mg of intravenous diazepam (Valium) on contrast media-associated seizure incidence was studied in a randomized controlled trial involving 284 patients with known or suspected brain metastases undergoing cerebral computed tomography. Of these patients, 188 were found to have brain metastases, and it is estimated that for this subgroup prophylactic diazepam reduces the risk of contrast-associated seizure by a factor of 0.26. Seizures occurred in three of 96 patients with metastases on diazepam and in 14 of 92 patients with metastases but without diazepam. Factors related to increased risk of contrast media-associated seizures are: (1) prior seizure history due to brain metastases and/or prior contrast, (2) progressive cerebral metastases, and (3) prior or concurrent brain antineoplastic therapy. Factors not related to an increased risk of these seizures are: (1) contrast media dosage, chemical composition, or osmolarity, (2) computed tomographic appearance of metastases, and (3) type of primary malignancy. Concomitant therapeutic levels of diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) do not protect completely against contrast media-associated seizures. Pathophysiology of contrast media-associated seizures is discussed in view of the risk factors determined by this study.
Medical therapy of hyperprolactinemia.

This article discusses the regulation of prolactin secretion, physiologic and pathologic causes of hyperprolactinemia, and commonly associated symptoms of an increased serum prolactin. Included is an evaluation of the possible therapeutic modalities for patients with hyperprolactinemia, with an emphasis on the role of dopamine agonists (bromocriptine). Probable clinical outcomes and plans for routine follow-up are detailed.
A Review of: “Perspectives on Intelligent Transportation Systems”: Springer, New York, NY, 2005, 232 pages, $125.00.

This book is a very unusual anthology, in that all of the entries were authored by one individual, Joe Sussman, JR East Professor at MIT. Professor Sussman has been involved in the genesis and evol...
Characterization of antral follicle populations during the estrous cycle in pigs selected for ovulation rate.

The objectives of this study were to characterize and compare ovarian follicular populations in Gene Pool Control (GPC, randomly selected) and Relax Select line (RS, nine generations of selection for high ovulation rate followed by six generations of random selection) gilts during different stages of the estrous cycle. Thirty-five RS and 23 GPC gilts were allotted randomly within litter for ovary recovery on either d 3, 15 or 19 of the estrous cycle. Surface follicles on the ovaries were classified by size (small, less than 3 mm; medium, 3 to 6.9 mm; large, 7 to 12 mm), and counts were recorded for each ovary. Ovarian weight (OW), number of corpora lutea (CL), follicular fluid volume (FFV) from small, medium and large follicles, residual ovarian weight and follicular fluid weight (FFW) also were recorded. Total numbers of small and medium follicles were greatest on d 15, whereas total number of large follicles and FFW were greatest on d 19. The OW, FFW and follicle numbers of all classes were lowest on d 3. The RS gilts expressed longer interestrous intervals (21.9 vs 20.4 d, P less than .05) and higher ovulation rates (18.5 vs 15.3 CL, P less than .01) than GPC gilts. The left ovary of RS gilts was responsible for most of the ovulation rate advantage (10.3 vs 7.4 CL, P less than .01) Overall, GPC gilts had more total small follicles than RS gilts (P less than .01). The advantage was due primarily to higher numbers of small follicles at d 15.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Impact of Delays on Service Times in the Intensive Care Unit

Mainstream queueing models are frequently employed in modeling healthcare delivery in a number of settings, and they further are used in making operational decisions for the same. The vast majority of these queueing models ignore the effects of delay experienced by a patient awaiting care. However, long delays may have adverse effects on patient outcomes and can potentially lead to a longer length of stay (LOS) when the patient ultimately does receive care. This work sets out to understand these delay issues from an operational perspective. Using data of more than 57,000 emergency department (ED) visits, we use an instrumental variable approach to empirically measure the impact of delays in intensive care unit (ICU) admission, i.e., ED boarding, on the patient’s ICU LOS for multiple patient types. Capturing these empirically observed effects in a queueing model is challenging because the effect introduces potentially long-range correlations in service and interarrival times. We propose a queueing model th...
Crisis counseling: the newborn infant with a chromosomal anomaly.

One of the most challenging counseling problems confronting the pediatrician, obstetrician, or geneticist is the initial encounter with the parents of a chromosomally abnormal, malformed newborn infant. The primary goal for the physician-counselor should be to provide sufficient information and support to the family so that they can begin to adjust rationally to the problems at hand.
A Consumer Reports -Like Review of the Empirical Literature Specific to Preschool Children’s Peer-Related Social Skills

This chapter is concerned primarily with a “Consumer Reports” like review of the empirical literature specific to the promotion of preschool children’s peer-related social skills. Additionally, the review is targeted on young children with identified special needs. As a precedent to that review, we first consider two important questions: (a) What does it mean to be a social competent preschooler and (b) why should practitioners be so concerned about social competence? Following the “Consumer Reports” review, practitioner implications are presented.
High-pT probes of p+Pb collisions with ATLAS

Measurements of high pT processes in ultrarelativistic proton-nucleus collisions are sensitive to changes in the partonic densities arising from the presence of the nuclear environment. Additionally, such measurements benchmark the so called "cold nuclear matter" effects and provide the reference for understanding the large suppression of high-pT processes observed in nucleus-nucleus collisions. Furthermore, measurements of the centrality dependence of jet production at forward (proton-going) rapidities may shed light on the behavior of the proton wavefunction at large Bjorken-x. The latest ATLAS results for inclusive jets and charged particles in 28.9 nb-1 of 5.02 TeV proton-lead collisions at the LHC are presented. The centrality in these collisions is characterized through the sum of the total transverse energy in the lead-going forward calorimeter. The nuclear modification factors RpPb and RCP are presented as a function of transverse momentum, rapidity and centrality. The jet RCP in a large rapidity region is found to be modified in a way that depends only on the total jet energy.
Parental coping, depressive symptoms, and children's asthma control and school attendance in low-income, racially, and ethnically diverse urban families.

Objective: Low-income urban children of color are at elevated risk for poor asthma control. This cross-sectional study examined associations among parents' coping (primary control, secondary contro...
Mechanistic insight into the effects of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor activation on osteogenic differentiation.

While inhibition of bone healing and increased rates of pseudarthrosis are known adverse outcomes associated with cigarette smoking, the underlying mechanisms by which this occurs are not well understood. Recent work has implicated the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (Ahr) as one mediator of the anti-osteogenic effects of cigarette smoke (CS), which contains numerous toxic ligands for the Ahr. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin) is a high-affinity Ahr ligand frequently used to evaluate Ahr pathway activation. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the downstream mechanisms of dioxin action on bone regeneration and investigate Ahr antagonism as a potential therapeutic approach to mitigate the effects of dioxin on bone. Markers of osteogenic activity and differentiation were assessed in primary rat bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) after exposure to dioxin, Ahr antagonists, or antagonist + dioxin. Four Ahr antagonists were evaluated: α-Naphthoflavone (ANF), resveratrol (Res), 3,3′-Diindolylmethane (DIM), and luteolin (Lut). Our results demonstrate that dioxin inhibited ALP activity, migratory capacity, and matrix mineralization, whereas co-treatment with each of the antagonists mitigated these effects. Dioxin also inhibited BMSC chemotaxis, while co-treatment with several antagonists partially rescued this effect. RNA and protein expression studies found that dioxin down-regulated numerous pro-osteogenic targets, whereas co-treatment with Ahr antagonists prevented these dioxin-induced expression changes to varying degrees. Our results suggest that dioxin adversely affects bone regeneration in a myriad of ways, many of which appear to be mediated by the Ahr. Our work suggests that the Ahr should be investigated as a therapeutic target to combat the adverse effects of CS on bone healing.
IS INTERNET NEUTRALITY A FORM OF INTERNET CENSORSHIP

Internet neutrality is the theory that Internet service providers and governments should treat all data on the Internet same, without being selective or charging differentially by user, content, site, platform, application, type of attached equipment or mode of communication. Internet censorship is to have power over what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet. Blocking and filtering can be based on static blacklist or can be determined dynamically based on real-time inspection of the information being exchanged. New net neutrality rules of USA are influencing Internet governance worldwide, and reshaping the debate over Internet regulations. While there's consent that the United States choice will have impacts on Internet freedom worldwide, there's sharp disagreement over whether the new rules will help or hurt. This paper analyzes various arguments for and against net neutrality and tries to find out “Is Internet Neutrality a form of Internet Censorship”.
Risk of 30-Day Mortality and Its Association with Health System and Socioeconomic Factors in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL)

Abstract Introduction: In curable malignancies, early mortality can significantly contribute to poor outcomes, particularly in older patients with comorbidities. Prior studies have demonstrated an association between survival, and health system and socioeconomic factors. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between such factors and 30-day mortality of patients diagnosed with DLBCL. Methods: This was a retrospective study that utilized the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) to identify patients with DLBCL diagnosed between 1998 and 2012. Patients with complete data for sex, age, race, education, income, distance traveled for health care, hospital type, facility location, urban/rural, insurance, Charlson co-morbidity score, chemotherapy use, time from diagnosis to treatment initiation, use of hematopoietic stem cell transplant, 30 day mortality, last contact, and vital status were included. Chi-square test was used to examine the association between 30-day mortality and categorical variables. Multiple logistic regression model was used for multivariate analysis. Results: The study population included 51,119 individuals. Characteristics included a median age of 66 years, 92% whites and 47% females. The risk of 30-day mortality was 3.4% for the entire cohort. In a univariate analysis, female versus male sex (3.1% vs 3.4%, p=0.02), urban versus rural location (3.2% vs. 5.3%, p 60 years (1.5% vs 4.4%, p In a multivariate analysis, females, compared to males, were more likely to be alive at 30 days (odds ratio, OR 1.16, 95% confidence interval, CI 1.04-1.29) (Table 1). Uninsured patients (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.27-0.51) and patients with Medicare (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.39-0.53), Medicaid (OR-0.40, 95% CI 0.30-0.54), and other government insurances (OR-0.28, 95% CI 0.17-0.47), compared to those with private insurance, had lower likelihood of surviving at 30 days. People from rural areas had a lower 30-day survival rates when compared to urban areas (OR-0.72, 95% CI 0.41- 0.80). Higher Charlson comorbidity, older age, higher AJCC stage were associated with lower 30-day survival rates. The 30-day survival did not differ with the race, annual income, level of education and type of treating facility. Conclusion: The 30-day mortality in patients with DLBCL depends not only on biologic factors such as age, comorbidities, and stage, but also on health system and socioeconomic factors such as gender, type of insurance, and location of the hospital. Further investigations into such factors contributing to the increased mortality may help reduce the gap in outcomes. Download : Download high-res image (263KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures Armitage: ZiopharmOncology: Consultancy; GlaxoSmithKline IDMC: Consultancy; Spectrum Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Roche: Consultancy; Conatus - IDMC: Consultancy; Tesaro bio Inc: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.
A Case Study: Developing a Micro-College Model Using MOOCs for an Underserved Community

The purpose of this study is to explore an affordable, accessible, holistic micro-college model that integrates blended learning using MOOCs to increase access to higher education in the developing world. In spite of the phenomenal growth of MOOCs, people in the Majority World fail to take advantage of them due to several challenges that include the cultural relevance of courses, differences in teaching and learning pedagogy, language barriers, and most tangibly, lack of sufficient telecommunication infrastructure. To address these challenges and maximize the potential of MOOCs for expanding access to higher education, a 2-year pilot program was launched in 2015 in an impoverished area of Nairobi, Kenya to explore a new learning modality combining quality online materials and in-class meetings with learning facilitators. This paper discusses the potential of such a model to scale beyond the initial pilot to make higher education accessible to those with the least access.
Dystonia in Amish-Mennonite and Mennonite Families

Because of common ancestral founder mutations, genetic diseases are frequent in the Mennonites and Amish-Mennonites. However, unlike many genetic disorders that are increased in ethnic groups, dystonia in the Mennonites and Amish-Mennonites is typically associated with an autosomal dominant disorder, DYT6. DYT6 was first mapped, and then identified in three Amish-Mennonite families. Nonetheless, there is a heterogeneous etiology for dystonia in the Amish-Mennonites: the relative contribution of DYT6 is not known, other presumed dominant but not yet identified dystonia genes contribute, as do recessive metabolic disorders. The approach to discerning the etiology of dystonia in these groups is therefore similar to that of other forms of dystonia and relies heavily on careful evaluation of the history, examination, and clinical phenotype. This section will discuss the geographic origins of Amish-Mennonite and Mennonite groups as a window to understanding founder mutations and focus on DYT6 dystonia, an autosomal dominant mixed phenotype primary dystonia. It will also address other etiologies for primary dystonia in the Amish-Mennonites including DYT1, unknown primary etiologies, as well as etiologies for secondary dystonia which may be increased in Mennonites and Amish-Mennonites due to the founder effects in these groups.
Expansion of inpatient clinical pharmacy services through reallocation of pharmacists

Purpose The redesign of an inpatient pharmacy practice model through reallocation of pharmacy resources in order to expand clinical services is described. Methods A pharmacy practice model change was implemented at a nonprofit academic medical center to meet the increasing demand for direct patient care services. In order to accomplish this change, the following steps were completed: reevaluation of daily tasks and responsibilities, reallocation of remaining tasks to the most appropriate pharmacy staff member, determination of the ideal number of positions needed to complete each task, and reorganization of the model into a collection of teams. Data were collected in both the preimplementation and postimplementation periods to assess the impact of the model change on operational workflow and clinical service expansion. Results The mean ± S.D. times to order verification were 17 ± 52 minutes during the preimplementation period and 21 ± 70 minutes in the postimplementation period ( p Conclusion A pharmacy practice model change was successfully implemented by reallocating existing pharmacist and technician roles and increasing incorporation of pharmacy residents and students. This change led to an expansion of direct patient care coordination services without negatively affecting the operational responsibilities of the pharmacy or the need to hire additional staff.
Computer simulations of frequency- and phase-locking of cavity magnetrons

AbstractThe difference between frequency locking and phase locking of multi-cavity magnetrons (oscillators) is analyzed and the method of computer simulations of the locking phenomena in a virtuall...
Families in Blue: Insights from Air Force Families:

Based on a study of 664 U.S. Air Force married couples, this report analyzes the family and social relationships of the couples and their attitudes toward and knowledge of family enrichment and sup...
1646b Building occupational safety and health capacity through grassroots training outreach initiatives

Introduction The status of occupational safety and health (OSH) in Economically Developing Countries (EDCs) continues to lag behind more advanced economies, with resulting excessive levels of workplace injury and illness. Much of the shortfall in OSH practice is due to the shortage of professionals with subject experience, expertise, and education. Methods Grassroots OSH training initiatives have been coordinated and conducted by the not-for-profit organisation Workplace Health Without Borders (WHWB) in several countries, including Botswana, India, Tanzania, and Viet Nam. Experienced and qualified instructors provided onsite courses from the Occupational Hygiene Training Association (OHTA) OHLearning program. Students that attend these regional courses earn the opportunity to sit for a course examination. Upon receiving a passing grade, the student is awarded a certificate of completion from the internationally recognised qualifications scheme of OHTA. Results These pilot training courses conducted on location by volunteer professionals serve as models for expansion of the program. Graduates of the program obtain or advance jobs in OSH, and have continued on to complete university degrees. University degrees in addition to certain OHTA certificate criteria have now become qualifications to sit for some OSH professional certifications recognised by the International Occupational Hygiene Association (IOHA). Discussion This presentation will discuss the development and success of the WHWB outreach OSH training model, and the potential for additional collaboration and training around the world. Lessons learned and solutions to course challenges are presented. Ideas for program expansion will be discussed, including possibilities for future collaboration with other professional organisations such as ICOH.
Neural functional architecture and modulation during decision making under uncertainty in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder

Background Recent evidence suggests that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) might be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Cognitive models of GAD highlight the role of intolerance of uncertainty (IU) in precipitating and maintaining worry, and it has been hypothesized that patients with GAD exhibit decision-making deficits under uncertain conditions. Improving understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits associated with IU may lead to the identification of novel rTMS treatment targets and optimization of treatment parameters. The current report describes two interrelated studies designed to identify and verify a potential neural target for rTMS treatment of GAD. Methods Study I explored the integrity of prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala neural networks, which underlie decision making under conditions of uncertainty, in GAD. Individuals diagnosed with GAD (n = 31) and healthy controls (n = 20) completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) gambling task that manipulated uncertainty using high versus low error rates. In a subsequent randomized-controlled trial (Study II), a subset of the GAD sample (n = 16) completed the fMRI gambling task again after 30 sessions of active versus sham rTMS (1 Hz, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) to investigate the modulation of functional networks and symptoms. Results In Study I, participants with GAD demonstrated impairments in PFC-PFC and PFC-amygdala functional connectivity (FC) mostly during the high uncertainty condition. In Study II, one region of interest pair, dorsal anterior cingulate (ACC) - subgenual ACC, showed "normalization" of FC following active, but not sham, rTMS, and neural changes were associated with improvement in worry symptoms. Conclusions These results outline a possible treatment mechanism of rTMS in GAD, and pave the way for future studies of treatment optimization.
Generalization methods in bioinformatics

Protein secondary structure prediction and high-throughput drug screen data mining are two important applications in bioinformatics. The data is represented in sparse feature spaces and can be unrepresentative of future data. Supervised learners in this context will display their inherent bias toward certain solutions, generally solutions that fit the training set well. In this paper, we first describe an ensemble approach using subsampling that scales well with dataset size. A sufficient number of ensemble members using subsamples of the data can yield a more accurate classifier than a single classifier using the entire dataset. Experiments on several datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach. We report results from the KDD Cup 2001 drug discovery dataset in which our approach yields a higher weighted accuracy than the winning entry. We then extend our ensemble approach to create an over-generalized classifier for prediction by reducing the individual subsample size. The ensemble strategy using small subsamples has the effect of averaging over a wider range of hypotheses. We show that both protein secondary structure prediction and drug discovery prediction can be improved by the use of over-generalization, specifically through the use of ensembles of small subsamples.
Toleranz und Hyposensibilisierung

Als Immuntoleranz wird eine Vorbeugung oder Unterdruckung einer Immunreaktion gegenuber einem Antigen, das ohne diesen Eingriff eine Immunantwort hervorrufen wurde, bezeichnet. Die Immuntoleranz ist antigen-spezifisch und basiert auf immunologischen Mechanismen. Es wird angenommen, das jedes Antigen, das auf nicht immunogene Art verabreicht wird, tolerogen wirkt. Dies bezieht sich einerseits auf Struktur, Dosis und Verabreichungsweg des Antigens wie auch auf den Immunstatus (neugeboren, immunosupprimiert) des Individuums. Toleranz kann entweder durch Eliminierung des spezifischen Clones von immunokompetenten Zellen (clo-nal deletion) oder durch Suppressorzellen vermittelt werden.
Autonomic functioning in reactive versus proactive aggression: The influential role of inconsistent parenting.

Research has consistently supported autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning as a predictor of aggressive behavior in youth. Several studies have further examined how the functioning of the sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) branches of the ANS interact with environmental factors to predict behavioral outcomes. One factor that has yet to be studied in this context however, is parenting practices. Given that many interventions for externalizing behavior target parenting practices, such as increasing consistent discipline, it may be particularly important to assess whether parenting practices interact with SNS and PNS functioning in the child to influence risk for aggressive behavior. Therefore, the current study addressed this question by examining inconsistent discipline as a moderator of the relationship between baseline SNS versus PNS activity and reactive versus proactive aggression. Data were collected from a sample of fourth graders identified as at-risk for aggression (N = 188). Results indicated that baseline SNS activity was positively related to proactive aggression under high levels of inconsistent discipline, but negatively related to proactive aggression under very low levels of inconsistent discipline. Baseline PNS activity was negatively associated with reactive aggression under low levels of inconsistent discipline. No main effects were found for SNS or PNS functioning and either form of aggression, emphasizing the importance of taking a biosocial approach to examining the predictors of aggressive behavior in at-risk youth. Results from this study help to better understand the circumstances under which children are most likely to exhibit reactive versus proactive aggression, better informing targeted prevention and treatment.
Assessing the Relative Contribution of Resident Versus Facility Characteristics Associated With Antipsychotic Medication Receipt Among Nursing Facility Residents.

OBJECTIVE In 2012 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) launched a multifaceted initiative aimed at reducing the unnecessary use of antipsychotic medications in nursing facilities due to evidence these medications are associated with little or uncertain benefit and substantial risk. Yet, little is known about whether efforts to reduce antipsychotic medication should be focused on residents with targeted characteristics, or on nursing facility regulation (eg, staffing levels). Our objective was to identify the relative contribution of resident and facility characteristics to potentially inappropriate antipsychotic use. METHODS We examined 1,156,875 long stay residents in 14,699 US nursing facilities in 2014 and predicted resident antipsychotic use controlling sequentially for resident and facility characteristics and calculated the incremental variation explained. RESULTS We found significant variability in unadjusted rates of potentially inappropriate antipsychotic use among nursing facilities (mean=18.0%; interquartile range: 11.3%-23.7%; SD: 11.1). Regression results indicated that 93% of the explained variation in antipsychotic use was attributed to resident characteristics and 7% was attributed to facility-level factors. At the facility level, worker hours per resident day was not significantly associated with antipsychotic use. Simulations indicated that applying the effect sizes achieved by the best performing facilities to the existing case mix across all nursing facilities would result in no more than a 1 percentage point change in population-level antipsychotic use. CONCLUSIONS Efforts to reduce antipsychotic use may have greater impact by developing new clinical strategies to address specific diagnoses rather than regulations related to facility-level attributes.
Weather, ambient air pollution, and risk of migraine headache onset among patients with migraine

Abstract Objective Migraine is a common recurrent headache disorder affecting 14% American adults. Although weather and air pollution are often reported by patients with migraine as precipitating factors, previous studies have had mixed results. Methods We prospectively collected migraine headache onset data using electronic questionnaires from 98 adults with episodic migraine in the Greater Boston area (2016–2017). Each participant was followed for an average of 45 days for a total of 4406 days of observation. Temperature, relative humidity, and barometric pressure data were obtained from local weather station. Daily average fine particulate matter, daily maximum 1-hour sulfur dioxide, daily maximum 1-hour nitrogen dioxide, daily maximum 8-hour ozone, and daily maximum 8-hour carbon monoxide from local air pollution monitors. We conducted a repeated measures analysis using fixed effects logistic regression models. In the models we adjusted for day of week, a natural cubic spline term of day of the year with 4 degrees of freedom, and a participant identifier. We additionally adjusted for linear terms of temperature and relative humidity in the air pollution analyses. We also applied logistic regression models with generalized estimating equation (GEE) and autoregressive correlation structure in the sensitivity analysis. Results The mean age was 35 years and 88% were women. Mean temperature was 56.9 °F, relative humidity 67.3%, and fine particulate matter 7.3 μg/m3. Higher relative humidity was associated with higher odds of migraine headache, but the association was only observed in warm season (April–September). Higher levels of daily maximum 8-hour ozone and daily maximum 8-hour carbon monoxide appeared to be associated with higher odds of migraine headache onset in cold season (October–March). Although the associations for ozone and relative humidity were attenuated and no longer statistically significant in the overall GEE analysis, the differing associations by season remained. Conclusions We found that higher relative humidity was associated with higher odds of migraine headache onset in warm season, and traffic-related gaseous pollutants may be associated with higher odds of migraine headache onset in cold season.
Trends in Adolescent Birth Rates in California: Examining the Influence of Community Characteristics Through Geographic and Temporal Analysis

Abstract Purpose The aim of the article was to understand community-level factors associated with the decline in the adolescent birth rate (ABR) in California from 2000 to 2014. Methods We consolidated multiple data sources at the level of the Medical Service Study Area (MSSA), a federally recognized subcounty geographic unit (N = 497). We used ordinary least squares regression to examine predictors of change in the ABR at the MSSA level over three periods of notable change in California's ABR: 2000–2002, 2006–2008, and 2012–2014. Variables assessed include geographic density, change in sociodemographic and economic characteristics, and change in the availability of publicly funded sexual health services. Results The ABR declined more in urban than rural MSSAs. In the earlier period, growth in the black, Hispanic, and foreign-born populations, unemployment, and receipt of public assistance were associated with smaller declines in the ABR. Growth in the share of married households and high school completion were associated with larger declines in the ABR. In the later period, growth in public assistance receipt was associated with smaller declines in the ABR, whereas growth in high school completion and college attendance were associated with larger declines. Decline in the ABR was steeper in areas that began offering publicly funded long-acting contraception to adolescents. Rural-urban differences were no longer significant after controlling for change in the provision of long-acting contraception. Conclusions Identifying the independent contributions of changes in sociodemographic, economic, and service characteristics to changes in the ABR supports the development of programs and policies that are more responsive to the communities they serve.
HIV, Sexual Orientation, and Gut Microbiome Interactions

Recent studies have raised interest in the possibility that dysbiosis of the gut microbiome (i.e., the communities of bacteria residing in the intestine) in HIV-infected patients could contribute to chronic immune activation, and, thus, to elevated mortality and increased risk of inflammation-related clinical diseases (e.g., stroke, cardiovascular disease, cancer, long-bone fractures, and renal dysfunction) found even in those on effective antiretroviral therapy. Yet, to date, a consistent pattern of HIV-associated dysbiosis has not been identified. What is becoming clear, however, is that status as a man who has sex with men (MSM) may profoundly impact the structure of the gut microbiota, and that this factor likely confounded many HIV-related intestinal microbiome studies. However, what factor associated with MSM status drives these gut microbiota-related changes is unclear, and what impact, if any, these changes may have on the health of MSM is unknown. In this review, we outline available data on changes in the structure of the gut microbiome in HIV, based on studies that controlled for MSM status. We then examine what is known regarding the gut microbiota in MSM, and consider possible implications for research and the health of this population. Lastly, we discuss knowledge gaps and needed future studies.
Deep Learning for Large Intelligent Surfaces in Millimeter Wave and Massive MIMO Systems

As a promising candidate for future wireless systems, large intelligent surfaces (LISs) recently emerged to serve considerate improvements in both spectral and energy efficiencies. These surfaces consist of large numbers of passive elements capable of intelligently reflecting the incident signals. Since the LIS employs passive elements, critical challenges are inherent in the channel training/estimation process in order to properly design the LIS reflection matrices. One challenge particularly is how to acquire the channel knowledge with low training overhead and power consumption solutions. In this paper, we first propose an energy-efficient novel LIS architecture where all the LIS elements are passive except few non-uniformly distributed active elements (connected to the baseband). Then, we develop an efficient solution to design the LIS reflection matrices, with negligible training overhead, leveraging deep learning tools. Given what we call environment descriptors, the LIS has the ability to learn the optimal LIS reflection matrices. The simulation results show that the developed solution can approach the optimal upper bound, when only a small fraction of the LIS elements are active, yielding a promising solution for LIS systems from both energy efficiency and training overhead perspectives.
Crafting, Communality, and Computing: Building on Existing Strengths To Support a Vulnerable Population

In Nepal, sex-trafficking survivors and the organizations that support them have limited resources to assist the survivors in their on-going journey towards reintegration. We take an asset-based approach wherein we identify and build on the strengths possessed by such groups. In this work, we present reflections from introducing a voice-annotated web application to a group of survivors. The web application tapped into and built upon two elements of pre-existing strengths possessed by the survivors  the social bond between them and knowledge of crafting as taught to them by the organization. Our findings provide insight into the array of factors influencing how the survivors act in relation to one another as they created novel use practices and adapted the technology. Experience with the application seemed to open knowledge of computing as a potential source of strength. Finally, we articulate three design desiderata that could help promote communal spaces: make activity perceptible to the group, create appropriable steps, and build in fun choices.
Relational and Partner-Specific Factors Influencing Black Heterosexual Women’s Initiation of Sexual Intercourse and Orgasm Frequency

There is limited research on how Black women’s perspectives of their relationship influence their sexual experiences (i.e., sex initiation and orgasm frequency) in early adulthood. This quantitative study examined the association between relationship and partner-specific factors (e.g., relationship satisfaction, love, egalitarianism, partner’s age, physical violence) with the sexual experiences of 216 Black heterosexual women (ages 19–27) from Wave III of the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), the majority of the sample report being in long-standing, committed, loving, monogamous, and egalitarian relationships with older men. Most participants reported having an orgasm more than half the time when they have sexual intercourse (62%), and that they equally initiate sex with their partners (55%), with only 18% reporting that they initiate sex most of the time. Results indicated that relationship and partner-specific factors were significantly associated with initiating sexual intercourse and/or orgasm frequency. Egalitarianism was the only factor that was significantly associated with orgasm frequency and the three types of sex initiation. Physical violence and verbal threats were associated with equal initiation and partner initiation. There were no significant associations between any partner-specific factors and women initiating sex more often in their relationship. Implications for sex research and sexuality education are discussed.
Lessons Learned from a COVID-19 Biohazard Spill During Swabbing at a Quarantine Facility.

The need for increased testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has resulted in an increase of testing facilities outside of traditional clinical settings and sample handling by individuals without appropriate biohazard and biocontainment training. During the repatriation and quarantine of passengers from the Grand Princess cruise ship at a US military base, biocontainment of a potentially infectious sample from a passenger was compromised. This study describes the steps taken to contain the spill, decontaminate the area, and discusses the needs for adequate training in a biohazard response.
InSight Robotic Arm Testing Activities for HP3 Mole Anomaly Recovery on Mars

The InSight lander's Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package (HP3) was deployed on Mars in February 2019 and began attempting to penetrate to its target depth range of 3-5 meters shortly thereafter. However, the mole's downward progress stopped after only 35 cm of penetration. In response, the project convened an Anomaly Response Team (ART) and since then has been attempting to diagnose the problem and assist the mole using the tools available on Mars. The key asset used in this effort has been the Instrument Deployment System (IDS), which includes two cameras and a robotic Instrument Deployment Arm (IDA). Since the IDS was originally intended only to deploy InSight's primary instruments to the Martian surface, new testbed setups, experiments, and operational protocols (e.g., command sequences) were required and had to be developed on a short timeline. The HP3 Mole ART first focused on gathering all observable data on Mars about the state of the mole and Support Structure Assembly (SSA), as well as the physical properties of the Martian regolith. This included using the robotic arm to point the IDC (Instrument Deployment Camera) at the SSA during diagnostic hammering attempts to observe motion of the SSA and science tether. Images taken during these attempts revealed some motion of the SSA, but no apparent change in mole depth. At JPL, the IDS and Testbed teams re-created the hardware configuration on Mars based on limited knowledge of the mole's state. They devised and tested techniques to use the robotic arm and cameras to accomplish previously untested activities on Mars, including imaging the HP3, using the IDA to interact with the terrain, and using the IDA to move the SSA away from the partially-embedded mole. The team executed the more promising techniques on Mars. After diagnostic hammering on Mars, the team decided to move the SSA to gain visibility of the mole's configuration and access to the soil around the mole. After developing the technique and practicing the maneuver in the InSight testbed, the team lifted the SSA on Mars and placed it behind the mole. This revealed a pit surrounding the now exposed mole, observations of which provided essential clues for determining the root cause of the mole's lack of progress. The IDS and Testbed teams altered the testbed to match the situation on Mars. They devised IDA techniques to determine the Martian soil properties and assist the mole's descent. They tested these techniques in the testbed and executed the more promising ones on Mars. These include using the robotic arm to alter the regolith near the mole and to push on the mole while it hammers. This paper discusses the anomaly resolution testing in the testbed at JPL, describes how the IDS team prepared for the anomaly recovery activities on Mars, and provides preliminary results of the efforts to assist the HP3 mole on Mars.
Technology Innovation of Power Transmission Gearing in Aviation

An overview of rotary wing evolution and innovations over the last 20 years was presented. This overview is provided from a drive system perspective. Examples of technology innovations that have changed and advanced drive systems of rotary wing vehicles will be provided. These innovations include full 6-axis CNC gear manufacture, face gear development to aerospace standards, health and usage monitoring, and gear geometry and bearing improvements. Also, an overview of current state-of-the-art activities being conducted at NASA Glenn is presented with a short look to fixed and rotary wing aircraft and systems needed for the future.
Can Identity Be Relativized

What is the scope of identity? The intuitive response is that it applies everywhere, since every object is identical to itself. In this sense, identity is a general concept. In this chapter, I argue for the generality of identity by critically examining some attempts at relativizing it. I argue that each alleged instance of relativization ultimately presupposes identity, and as a result, identity still stands – in all of its un-relativized glory.