cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal processing of chondrule precursors in planetesimal bow shocks

— We test the hypothesis that chondrules (and Type B and C calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions, CAIs) originated during passage of precursors through bow shocks upstream of planetesimals moving supersonically relative to nebula gas. A two-dimensional piecewise parabolic method (PPM) hydrocode, supplemented by a one-dimensional adiabatic shock model, is employed to simulate the postshock gas density, temperature, and velocity fields for given planetesimal sizes, velocities, and ambient nebular densities and temperatures. Thermal histories of incident silicate particles are calculated in the free molecular flow approximation by integration of the one-dimensional equations of gas-grain energy and momentum transfer. For gas number densities >1014 cm−3, Mach numbers in the range of 4 to 5 are sufficient to melt isolated spherical particles with radii in the range 0.05 to 0.5 mm during passage of shocked gas thicknesses of 25–35 km. Minimum gas-planetesimal relative velocities are in the range 5.5–7 km/s, implying orbital eccentricities >0.2 and/or inclinations >15°. Melting of centimeter-sized CAI precursors requires either higher Mach numbers (6–7) or ambient gas densities >1015 cm−3. For a constant radial distribution of planetesimal orbital eccentricities and inclinations, the model predicts more efficient melting of precursor particles at decreasing radial distances from the Sun where planetesimal velocities are largest. In order to process a significant fraction of solids in the nebula, planetesimals near ∼2.5 AU during the chondrule formation epoch must have had a range of eccentricities and inclinations comparable to those presently observed in the residual asteroid belt. The most likely energy source for maintaining the necessary gas-planetesimal relative velocities is external gravitational perturbations associated with the forming outer planets, primarily Jupiter.
Demonstration of an electrically functional 34 nm metal pitch interconnect in ultralow-k ILD using spacer-based pitch quartering

The patterning of a 34 nm metal pitch interconnect was realized using a spacer-based pitch quartering scheme. The pattern is transferred into an ultralow-k ILD using a process that avoids ILD buckling and structure collapse. Resulting features were metallized with copper, and electrically characterized. Measurement results show expected trends with drawn dimensions.
L-arginine infusion lowers blood pressure in children.

Abstract Eleven children were studied during L-arginine infusion. Blood pressure decreased, and mean plasma L-arginine and L-citrulline increased compared with baseline levels. The change in blood pressure was inversely related to the change in plasma L-citrulline. These results suggest that L-arginine decreased blood pressure via increased nitric oxide production. (J Pediatr 2001;139:747–9)
An analytic method for the least-squares fitting of single-line thick-absorber Mössbauer spectra

Abstract A method is presented which expresses the integral for the Mossbauer thick-absorber line shape as a rapidly converging series. This method also permits calculation of the first derivatives of the absorption function so that the line-shape integral can easily be used for the least-squares fitting of experimental spectra. The use of this procedure for the measurement of Mossbauer parameters is discussed. In the interest of rapid computation, this procedure is entirely analytic; numerical integration and differentiation are avoided.
Coarsening phenomena of metal nanoparticles and the influence of the support pre-treatment: Pt/TiO2(110)

Abstract One of the technologically most important requirements for the application of oxide-supported metal nanoparticles (NPs) in the fields of molecular electronics, plasmonics, and catalysis is the achievement of thermally stable systems. For this purpose, a thorough understanding of the different pathways underlying thermally-driven coarsening phenomena, and the effect of the nanoparticle synthesis method, support morphology, and degree of support reduction on NP sintering is needed. In this study, the sintering of supported metal NPs has been monitored via scanning tunneling microscopy combined with simulations following the Ostwald ripening and diffusion-coalescence models. Modifications were introduced to the diffusion-coalescence model to incorporate the correct temperature dependence and energetics. Such methods were applied to describe coarsening phenomena of physical-vapor deposited (PVD) and micellar Pt NPs supported on TiO 2 (110). The TiO 2 (110) substrates were exposed to different pre-treatments, leading to reduced, oxidized and polymer-modified TiO 2 surfaces. Such pre-treatments were found to affect the coarsening behavior of the NPs. No coarsening was observed for the micellar Pt NPs, maintaining their as-prepared size of ~ 3 nm after annealing in UHV at 1060 °C. Regardless of the initial substrate pre-treatment, the average size of the PVD-grown NPs was found to increase after identical thermal cycles, namely, from 0.5 ± 0.2 nm to 1.0 ± 0.3 nm for pristine TiO 2 , and from 0.8 ± 0.3 nm to 1.3 ± 0.6 nm for polymer-coated TiO 2 after identical thermal treatments. Although no direct real-time in situ microscopic evidence is available to determine the dominant coarsening mechanism of the PVD NPs unequivocally, our simulations following the diffusion-coalescence coarsening route were in significantly better agreement with the experimental data as compared to those based on the Ostwald-ripening model. The enhanced thermal stability of the micellar NPs as compared to the PVD clusters might be related to their initial larger NP size, narrower size distribution, and larger interparticle distances.
Organotellurium chemistry. 9. Structural parameters in the telluroxide-catalyzed aldol condensation

Synthese de diaryl- et (methyl phenyl) telluroxydes et utilisation de ces composes en tant que catalyseurs de condensation aldolique. Effet des substituants sur l'activite catalytique
Dual-Mode Laser/Detector Diode

A new monolithic dual-mode laser/detector diode which functions both as a laser and a photodetector is described. A laser threshold current of 0.52A was obtained under pulsed operation in broad-area laser/detector diodes (120μm x 350μm) with differential quantum efficiencies of about 30.9%. In the detector mode at the operating wavelength of 905nm, responsivity as high as 0.43A/W was obtained with a reverse bias of 8.0V. Using dual-mode diodes instead of separate lasers and detectors would simplify monolithic integration of optoelectronic circuits.
Lignin peroxidase from the basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium is synthesized as a preproenzyme

The cDNA clone L18 encoding lignin peroxidase LiP2, the most highly expressed LiP isozyme from Phanerochaete chrysosporium strain OGC101, was isolated and sequenced. Comparison of the cDNA sequence with the N-terminal sequence of the mature LiP2 protein isolated from culture medium suggests that the mature protein contains 343 amino acids (aa) and is preceded by a 28-aa leader sequence. In vitro transcription followed by in vitro translation and processing by signal peptidase resulted in cleavage at a site following the Ala21 (counted from the N-terminal Met1 of the initial translation product). The resultant protein contains a 7-aa propeptide, indicating that LiP is synthesized as a preproenzyme.
Molecular Genetic Analysis of Suppressor 2 of zeste Identifies Key Functional Domains

The Su(z)2 complex contains Posterior sex combs (Psc) and Suppressor 2 of zeste [Su(z)2], two paralogous genes that likely arose by gene duplication. Psc encodes a Polycomb group protein that functions as a central component of the PRC1 complex, which maintains transcriptional repression of a wide array of genes. Although much is known about Psc, very little is known about Su(z)2, the analysis of which has been hampered by a dearth of alleles. We have generated new alleles of Su(z)2 and analyzed them at the genetic and molecular levels. Some of these alleles display negative complementation in that they cause lethality when heterozygous with the gain-of-function Su(z)21 allele but are hemizygous and, in some cases, homozygous viable. Interestingly, alleles of this class identify protein domains within Su(z)2 that are highly conserved in Psc and the mammalian Bmi-1 and Mel-18 proteins. We also find several domains of intrinsic disorder in the C-terminal regions of both Psc and Su(z)2 and suggest that these domains may contribute to the essential functions of both proteins.
Do parental income and educational attainment affect the initial choices of New Hampshire's college-bound students?

Abstract While other studies have explored the application and enrollment decisions of students, none have explicitly considered how selected factors affect an individual's choice to initially consider a particular institution. This study uses data on where New Hampshire seniors have their SAT scores sent to examine what factors influence a student's decision to consider attending different types of institutions in the region, and whether student choice is affected by parental education and income. The results show that first-generation students and students with college-educated parents consider attending similar postsecondary institutions. Likewise, having a low family income does not appear to restrict college-interested students from considering more exclusive and/or expensive institutions. Students are also found to be most interested in institutions where their ability more closely matches the average ability profile of enrolled students.
Epithelioid schwannoma: diagnosis by electron microscopy.

The clinical, gross, and light microscopic features of two epithelioid tumors were not typical of either benign or malignant schwannoma. Both tumors displayed long, enveloping cytoplasmic processes that were outlined by layers of discrete basal lamina. Longspaced collagen was found in one case. These welldeveloped electron microscopic features are those that are commonly encountered in benign Schwann cell tumors. Although one patient died postoperatively, the other is alive and well 12 months after surgery. The extent to which ultrastructural data can have an impact on the evaluation of Schwann cell tumors is unknown but requires further study.
Penetration depth and critical current in NbN resonators: predicting nonlinearities and breakdown in microstrip

Parallel plate and microstrip resonator experiments show that NbN films have large magnetic penetration depth and a peak RF critical current density which either matches or exceeds the DC critical current density, depending on the temperature. The large penetration depth, /spl lambda/, suggests that narrow NbN transmission lines will have increased inductive nonlinearities, when compared with other superconductors. The relation between the DC and peak RF critical current densities indicates that by modeling the RF current distribution a simple DC breakdown measurement can be used to estimate a transmission line's RF current carrying capacity. >
THE PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT OF NEONATAL MOTOR RHYTHMS

Spontaneous fetal movement (FM) is essential for normal development of muscles and joints, and the associated neural activity may play a role in the selection of synapses in central motor circuits. A common property of embryonic and FM in many species is cyclic occurrence, with a period of ∼ 1-10 minutes. Similar motility patterns have recently been described in the human neonate and fetus near term. To determine whether cyclic motility in the human appears only near birth, or emerges earlier as in other species, 22 normal fetuses were studied biweekly until birth (at 37-42 wk, all AGA), beginning at 21-34 wk gestation. FM was detected by 2 pressure transducers on the mother's abdomen. Each analog FM record was digitized in 5 sec intervals during 12-41 min (29±7, mean±SD) of fetal activity free of major artifacts. Spectral analysis revealed significant (p<,001) cyclic patterns in 84/87 FM records, including 4/5 fetuses studied at 21-24 wk. The length of the motility cycles was 0.5-7.7 min (3.3±1.7), and did not change with gestation. The proportion of FM variance accounted for by motility cycles between 1.0 and 5.5 min increased modestly but significantly (p<.001) from 25 wk (.33±.07) to 33 wk (.41±.05). The existence of consistent and strong cyclic motility throughout the second half of gestation suggests it is more than a transient adaptation to the perinatal period. Cyclic activation appears to be a basic property of developing motor circuits in many species, including the human, and its consistent absence may therefore signal compromised CNS function in the fetus.
Mutual impedance and element patterns of probe-fed patch antenna arrays based on the characteristics of an isolated element

A numerical technique for calculating mutual impedances and element patterns of antenna arrays based on the characteristics of an isolated element is presented. Numerical results are presented for arrays of rectangular probe-fed patch antennas and a comparison is made with a direct calculation using the WIPL-D code, showing good agreement.
Present value model, heteroscedasticity and parameter stability tests

Abstract This work demonstrates that parameter stability tests of the present value model depend critically on adjusting for heteroscedasticity and breaks in the regressors. A bootstrap procedure by Hansen addresses these concerns and fails to reject a stable long run relationship between stock prices, earnings and dividends.
ON THE RELATION OF THE OPTIC THALAMUS TO RESPIRATION, CIRCULATION, TEMPERATURE, AND THE SPLEEN.

From what has already been said, it is apparent that changes in respiration and blood pressure may be produced by stimulation of a very large portion of the optic thalamus; that no one region controls these phenomena; that the spleen shows variations in volume only when marked blood pressure changes occur, and that such a change has been observed on stimulation of many places in the thalamus. Furthermore, the regions in the thalamus from which such effects are obtained are those in which the large afferent paths end; namely, the fillet and superior cerebellar peduncle, and a region directly connected with the vagus nucleus. The portions of the thalamus which proved inert to stimulation were those which in our previous investigation also were inactive; namely, the median nucleus, and the upper anterior end of the lateral—the region through which the fibers of the median nucleus pass. These phenomena are similar in every respect to those observed when an afferent nerve is stimulated. In what has gone before, it has been shown that the respiratory and circulatory changes occurred when one of the sensory paths, or a path running directly to the medullary nuclei governing these functions was stimulated. In explaining these phenomena, therefore, there is no necessity for invoking the existence of special centers.
Clustering of sudden death and aborted cardiac arrest associated with a family grief reaction

s t h r The term “anniversary reaction” refers to psychological nd somatic symptoms on or about the anniversary date of past traumatic event. Only rarely is the affected indiidual conscious of the connection between the triggering rauma, which may be distant, and the contemporary manfestations, a process that has been described as “a response o the unconscious sense of time.” Although anxiety, deression, psychosis, and suicidal and homicidal ideation are ost commonly reported and are more easily understood reviewed by Gabriel), sudden death may occur. The echanism of sudden death in this situation is unknown. e present a clustering of sudden death and aborted cardiac rrest associated with the unexpected death of a family ember that provides unique insights into one potential echanism of death triggered by grief reactions.
A RAPID METHOD FOR CLINICAL TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME DETERMINATION USING RADIOACTIVE IODINATED HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN (RIHSA)

Summary(1) A clinical laboratory procedure for directly measuring total circulating blood volume using RIHSA as the tracer agent has been described. (2) A series of 40 cases in whom total circulating blood volume was determined by this technic. (3) The advantages of this technic over the dye method have been discussed.
Engineering Sustainable Construction Material: Hemp-Fiber-Reinforced Composite with Recycled High-Density Polyethylene Matrix

AbstractThis paper presents findings from an ongoing research study aimed at increasing the available sustainable construction materials that could possibly be used in the design and construction of civil infrastructure and commercial building projects in the future. At the Sustainable Material and Renewable Technology Laboratory at the University of North Carolina in Charlotte, a recent study was conducted to investigate the material properties of natural fiber composites (NFCs) developed from industrial hemp fiber. The NFCs were synthesized with recycled thermoplastic polymers using extrusion and compression molding techniques. The effects of fiber/matrix volume fraction on composite’s tensile, flexural strength, and modulus were investigated. The surface morphology of natural fiber both before and after treatment was examined by using scanning electron microscopy. The results of the study indicate that hemp fiber composites with recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) have many desirable mechanical ...
Transmission Throughput of Decentralized Overlaid Networks with Outage Constraints

Cognitive Radio (CR) networks are emerging as a viable candidate to resolve the conflict between increasing demand for spectrum and spectrum shortage. The essential purpose of a CR network is to improve the network spectrum efficiency, which, however, may not be achieved if a CR network is inappropriately configured. In decentralized overlaid networks, the throughput of the primary network will decrease due to the extra interference from the CR network, and its loss may not be compensated by the throughput gained by the CR network. This motivates us to study the overall throughput of the overlaid networks, instead of only investigating the throughput of the secondary network. In particular, we examine the overall transmission throughput, which is a variation of the transmission capacity, a popular metric in the study of decentralized networks. Our study provides a sufficient condition for the secondary network setting such that the overall throughput is improved over that of a stand-alone primary network. In addition both the maximal allowable secondary density and the optimal secondary density which maximizes the overall throughput are derived.
The Developmental Effects of Early Life Stress An Overview of Current Theoretical Frameworks

The field of psychobiology has two major theories for talking about stress and health: the allostatic load model, which grew out of biological and neuroscience approaches to understanding health and disease, and the adaptive calibration model, which developed out of an explicitly evolutionary-developmental framework. Both are based on assumptions that the brain coordinates a distributed and dynamic set of neural circuits that regulate behavior and stress physiology to help the organism adapt to the demands of the environment. Both models support the notion that experiences early in life are embedded into the regulation of stress systems in ways that shape the organism’s future responses. These two paradigms differ in their emphasis on whether changes in how stress systems function are viewed as adaptive or maladaptive. The goal of this review is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each framework and to discuss some implications for future studies and for policy.
Whole transcriptome sequencing reveals extensive unspliced mRNA in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Men with metastatic prostate cancer who are treated with androgen deprivation therapies (ADT) usually relapse within 2 to 3 years with disease that is termed castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). To identify the mechanism that drives these advanced tumors, paired-end RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed on a panel of CRPC bone marrow biopsy specimens. From this genome-wide approach, mutations were found in a series of genes with prostate cancer relevance, including AR, NCOR1, KDM3A, KDM4A, CHD1, SETD5, SETD7, INPP4B, RASGRP3, RASA1, TP53BP1, and CDH1, and a novel SND1:BRAF gene fusion. Among the most highly expressed transcripts were 10 noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including MALAT1 and PABPC1, which are involved in RNA processing. Notably, a high percentage of sequence reads mapped to introns, which were determined to be the result of incomplete splicing at canonical splice junctions. Using quantitative PCR (qPCR), a series of genes (AR, KLK2, KLK3, STEAP2, CPSF6, and CDK19) were confirmed to have a greater proportion of unspliced RNA in CRPC specimens than in normal prostate epithelium, untreated primary prostate cancer, and cultured prostate cancer cells. This inefficient coupling of transcription and mRNA splicing suggests an overall increase in transcription or defect in splicing. Implications: Inefficient splicing in advanced prostate cancer provides a selective advantage through effects on microRNA networks but may render tumors vulnerable to agents that suppress rate-limiting steps in splicing. Mol Cancer Res; 13(1); 98–106. ©2014 AACR.
Startle Inhibition to Positive-Activated Compared to Neutral Stimuli: Variations in Self-Reported Behavioral Approach

In contrast to the research on potentiation of startle during negative emotional states, limited research has focused on the influence of individual differences in reward sensitivity on inhibition of startle during positive-activated emotional states. The present study attempted to replicate and extend previous research by investigating the influence of behavioral approach system (BAS) on the inhibition of startle. Based on a pre-screening of 3,000 participants, 76 undergraduates were recruited for low, moderate, and high BAS groups. Participants viewed a series of positive-activated, neutral, and negative-activated pictures, and bilateral startle eyeblink magnitude was recorded. Inhibition of startle was demonstrated across the entire sample; however, these findings appeared to be driven by participants in the high BAS group. Further, the Group x Affect interaction only was demonstrated in one BAS subscale (BAS-Drive) and the total BAS scale, suggesting differences among the subtypes of BAS in the processing of affective materials.
Foundations for a Scholarly Communications Program: Interviewing Faculty at a Small Public Liberal Arts College

INTRODUCTION Librarians at SUNY Geneseo, a small liberal arts college, conducted interviews with eighty-seven professors to learn about faculty attitudes and practices related to scholarly communications and open access. Our project can serve as a model for other small college libraries wishing to engage faculty in a discussion about scholarly communications while dealing with staff constraints and limited budgets. The interviews provided an excellent opportunity for outreach and education, and revealed faculty concerns about open access, digital scholarship, peer review, data storage and management, and co-publishing with students. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT Interview results were shared with library staff as well as faculty, college administration, and the committee responsible for tenure and promotion decisions. Librarians were able to incorporate this knowledge into their work and make stronger connections between faculty and the library. The Scholarly Communication Team used this information to plan workshops and events aimed at faculty, and identified important topics for further professional development for librarians. We were also able to spark campus-wide conversation about scholarly communication issues. NEXT STEPS Listening to faculty concerns has proven the single best way for librarians to remain responsive and relevant in the scholarly life of the campus. As a result of this project, all library liaisons at our institution will include scholarly communication issues as a regular part of their work.
Field testing and monitoring of rolling stock under the new federal track and equipment regulations

The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) has issued two significant new regulations covering the qualification and operation of passenger railroad equipment. The 1998 Track Safety Standards and 1999 Passenger Equipment Safety Standards provide comprehensive requirements for the qualification and operation of passenger equipment. Among many safety issues, these standards address the response of rolling stock at speed to track deviations, and the potential for derailment and/or injury to passengers. The principles contained in the Safety Standards are also used by FRA to evaluate safety performance of vehicles for operation at high cant deficiency for speeds less than 90 mph as part of FRA's waiver process. This paper describes the types of static and dynamic tests and equipment that are required with respect to vehicle-track interaction to demonstrate compliance of new equipment with the Standards, and the technical fundamentals behind the requirements. Examples include the National Railroad Passenger Corporation's (Amtrak's) experiences in applying for waivers and qualifying new equipment under these regulations, particularly the high cant deficiency testing of the Talgo train in the Pacific Northwest, and the high-speed and high cant deficiency testing of Maryland Rail Commuter's (MARC's) MARC-III bi-level cars, Acela Express trainsets and Amtrak's high-horsepower electric locomotives in the Northeast Corridor. In addition, technical data and procedures necessary to have existing equipment approved for operation at higher speed or cant deficiency are also described. This paper highlights nuances of the new regulations and common misinterpretations.
The Courage of Misguided Convictions

The field of modern financial economics assumes that people behave with extreme rationality, but they do not. Furthermore, people's deviations from rationality are often systematic. Behavioral finance relaxes the traditional assumptions of financial economics by incorporating these observable, systematic, and very human departures from rationality into standard models of financial markets. We highlight two common mistakes investors make: excessive trading and the tendency to disproportionately hold on to losing investments while selling winners. We argue that these systematic biases have their origins in human psychology. The tendency for human beings to be overconfident causes the first bias in investors, and the human desire to avoid regret prompts the second.
Inferring figure-ground using a recurrent integrate-and-fire neural circuit

Several theories of early visual perception hypothesize neural circuits that are responsible for assigning ownership of an object's occluding contour to a region which represents the "figure." Previously, we have presented a Bayesian network model which integrates multiple cues and uses belief propagation to infer local figure-ground relationships along an object's occluding contour. In this paper, we use a linear integrate-and-fire model to demonstrate how such inference mechanisms could be carried out in a biologically realistic neural circuit. The circuit maps the membrane potentials of individual neurons to log probabilities and uses recurrent connections to represent transition probabilities. The network's "perception" of figure-ground is demonstrated for several examples, including perceptually ambiguous figures, and compared qualitatively and quantitatively with human psychophysics.
New discoveries in lung cancer biology: paving the road of personalized medicine

In the first issue of Therapy 2011, we have dedicated our best effort to provide the latest information in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), as well as how advances in molecular medicine are being used to improve both response rate and survival in lung cancer patients. The usefulness and crucial role that molecular medicine plays in medical oncology has recently been recognized. For many decades, lung cancer was considered:  A dismal disease with no chances for a meaningful survival
Surgical Management of Nasal Airway Obstruction

The management and diagnosis of nasal airway obstruction requires an understanding of the form and function of the nose. Nasal airway obstruction can be structural, physiologic, or a combination of both. Anatomic causes of airway obstruction include septal deviation, internal nasal valve narrowing, external nasal valve collapse, and inferior turbinate hypertrophy. Thus, the management of nasal air obstruction must be selective and carefully considered. The goal of surgery is to address the deformity and not just enlarge the nasal cavity.
Effect of dietary restriction, pregnancy, and fetal type on intestinal cellularity and vascularity in Columbia and Romanov ewes.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate intestinal cellularity and vascularity in mature ewes in response to dietary restriction and pregnancy status and to quantify the response of these variables to increased nutrient demand of fetal growth. In Exp. 1, 28 mature Dorset x crossbred white-faced ewes (61.6 ± 1.8 kg initial BW) were fed a pelleted, forage-based diet. Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial, with dietary restriction (60% restriction vs. 100% maintenance for respective states of pregnancy) and pregnancy status (nonpregnant, NP; d 90 and 130) as main effects. Dietary treatments were initiated on d 50 of gestation and remained at 60 or 100% maintenance throughout the experiment. Nonpregnant ewes were fed dietary treatments for 40 d. In Exp. 2, four Romanov ewes were naturally serviced (Romanov fetus and Romanov dam; R/R); two Romanov embryos per recipient were transferred to four Columbia recipients (Romanov fetus and Columbia recipient; R/C), and three Columbia ewes were naturally serviced (Columbia fetus and Columbia dam; C/C). In Exp. 1, dietary restriction and pregnancy status interacted with regard to maternal jejunal DNA concentration (P < 0.01), with restricted ewes having a greater DNA concentration (mg/g; fresh basis) at d 130. Vascularity (percentage of total tissue area) in the jejunum was increased (P < 0.06) as a result of dietary restriction and pregnancy status. Total microvascular volume of jejunal tissue was not altered by dietary restriction and increased (P < 0.01) at d 130 of pregnancy. In Exp. 2, R/R ewes had less (P < 0.09) DNA (g) in the jejunum compared with R/C and C/C ewes. Jejunal vascularity (%) was increased (P < 0.05) in R/R ewes compared with R/C or C/C ewes, whereas total jejunal microvascular volume remained unchanged. These data demonstrate intestinal vascular density responds to changes in diet and physiological state. In addition, pregnancy increased total jejunal microvascular volume.
Microarray is a valuable tool in investigation of fetal autopsy cases with at least one malformation

Aim To evaluate the usefulness of microarray in fetal autopsy cases with or without malformations. Introduction Microarrays were performed as part of autopsy investigation on 90 cases, including stillbirths, fetuses that died in utero or were terminated due to abnormal ultrasound findings between February 2009 and September 2011. Methods Microarray was performed using the BlueGnome Cyto-chip oligo ISCA 60K array platform. Microarray results and autopsy reports of all cases were reviewed to determine the presence of any fetal malformations and to categorise the positive microarray findings as causative, of unknown clinical significance or not causative. The number of causative findings identified by microarray in cases with at least one malformation was compared to the number of causative findings identified in cases without any malformations. Results Five microarrays failed. Of the remaining 85 cases with microarray results, 53 cases had at least one malformation and 32 cases had no malformation. Four cases (7.5%) with one or more malformations had a causative finding on microarray, compared to no cases without any malformations. Conclusions Microarray is a valuable investigation in fetal autopsy cases with at least one malformation, but not for those without any malformation.
On the Relationship Between Repetitive Control and Model Predictive Control

†‡ § Spacecraft often have periodic vibration sources such as slight imbalance in a momentum wheel that disturbs fine pointing equipment. Repetitive control (RC) can be used to adjust the command to a feedback control system in such a way as to cancel the influence of a periodic disturbance of known period at the location of the fine pointing equipment. This includes the fundamental and all harmonics. In some applications one also needs the feedback control system to attenuate less systematic disturbance effects in a specified low frequency range, a task normally addressed in feedback control design. When RC adjusts the command to the feedback control system, it is difficult to know how to achieve both aims simultaneously. This paper studies the relationship between (RC) and model predictive control (MPC). It is shown that under appropriate conditions MPC produces typical repetitive control designs, but stability issues may not be addressed. It is also shown that MPC can address the specified frequency range as well as the periodic disturbances. When this is stable, MPC can be used to address the RC problem, and the results can be interpreted as a method to design a repetitive controller to annihilate disturbances of a known period, and simultaneously design a compensator to attenuate the effects of less systematic disturbances in the specified frequency range I. Introduction PACECRAFT often have vibration sources, such as on board cryo pumps, momentum wheels, control moment gyros, or reaction wheels. Slight imbalance will produce vibrations that can deteriorate the performance of fine pointing equipment on board. The disturbances are periodic with the period of one revolution, and contain a fundamental and harmonics. The fine pointing equipment can be mounted on an active isolation mount. Then repetitive control (RC) can be used to cancel the influence of these vibrations on the fine pointing equipment. Research in the repetitive control field has produced many methods to design controllers that can in theory converge to perfect rejection of periodic disturbances of a known period [1-10]. These repetitive control laws can be simple to apply and very effective against periodic disturbances. References [7,10] give methods of producing stability robustness. This paper develops an understanding of how RC and model predictive control (MPC) are related, determining to what extent MPC can be used as a method to address the standard RC problem. In addition, a particular issue examined is to evaluate whether MPC can be used as a method of designing a compensator for the RC problem, that not only addresses the periodic disturbances, but simultaneously gets the benefits of feedback control to reject disturbance over a range of low frequencies. Typical applications of feedback control systems aim to attenuate the influence of disturbances over such a frequency range going from zero up to some bandwidth of interest. On the other hand, most RC applications are totally
CHAPTER 15 – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents differential equations. A part of the mathematician's work is to express the assumptions being made as mathematical statements about the model to be used. Such statements usually take the form of equations. If this equation involves a single unknown function of a single variable and one or more of its derivatives, then it is called an ordinary differential equation. If the unknown function involves several variables and some partial derivatives, then the equation is called a partial differential equation. An ordinary differential equation is an equation involving a single unknown function of a single variable and one or more of its derivatives. The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest order derivative of the unknown function that appears in the equation.
Cu-Based Catalysts Show Low Temperature Activity for Glycerol Conversion to Lactic Acid

Cu based catalysts with a base promoter are reported for the first time for the synthesis of lactic acid from glycerol without using either a reductant or an oxidant. The catalytic route presented here gives high yields at lower temperatures (473 K) and lower molar NaOH/glycerol ratios (1.5) compared to the known hydrothermal (553−573 K) route. Further, the Cu2O catalyst shows excellent recyclability.
Comparative Risk: Good or Bad Heuristic?

Heuristics and biases infect all human thought, leading to irrational thinking and behavior. Bioethics must recognize this psychological reality and develop new models for evaluating and supporting...
Transmyocardial fibrinolytic activity in patients with unstable angina pectoris.

OBJECTIVES This study was performed to investigate local (transmyocardial) fibrinolytic activity in patients with unstable angina. BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported decreased intrinsic fribrinolytic activity-increased systemic plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity and/or decreased systemic tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity-in patients with acute myocardial infarction. In contrast, the role of intrinsic fibrinolytic activity in patients with unstable angina is not well understood. METHODS We studied 67 consecutive patients (52 men and 15 women, aged 38-82 years) undergoing cardiac catheterization for chest pain within 24 h of acute presentation: 17 with unstable angina, 33 with stable angina, and 17 with atypical chest pain with angiographically normal coronary arteries. In each, blood samples were obtained simultaneously from the aorta and coronary sinus for measurement of t-PA and PAI-1 activities. RESULTS There was no difference in coronary sinus or systemic (aortic) t-PA activity among the three groups. The coronary sinus t-PA activity was 0.092 +/- 0.054, 0.088 +/- 0.038, and 0.080 +/- 0.050 IU/ml in the control, unstable angina, and stable angina groups, respectively [not significant (NS)], and the aortic t-PA activity was 0.114 +/- 0.053, 0.099 +/- 0.057, and 0.090 +/- 0.056 IU/ml in the control unstable angina, and stable angina groups, respectively (NS). Similarly, there was no difference in coronary sinus or systemic (aortic) PAI-1 activity among the three groups: the coronary sinus PAI-1 activity was 8.2 +/- 2.0, 7.4 +/- 2.0, and 8.0 +/- 2.5 AIU/ml in the control, unstable angina, and stable angina groups, respectively (NS). The aortic PAI-1 activity was 7.8 +/- 2.1, 7.2 +/- 1.4, and 8.0 +/- 1.8 AIU/ml in the control, unstable angina, and stable angina groups, respectively (NS). CONCLUSIONS Although it has been suggested that alterations in local (transmyocardial) t-PA and PAI-1 activities may be of pathophysiologic importance in the genesis of unstable angina, our data show no difference in transmyocardial fibrinolytic activity in patients with unstable angina, stable angina, and noncardiac chest pain.
Decisional Conflict and Regret in Parents Whose Children Undergo Tonsillectomy

ObjectiveTo determine if decisional regret (DR) in parents following tonsillectomy/adenotonsillectomy (TA) in their children is related to preoperative decisional conflict, perceived outcome of surgery, complications of surgery, or other factors.Study DesignObservational analytic cohort study.SettingTertiary care children’s hospital.Subjects and MethodsPreoperative decisional conflict (DC) and SURE tests were administered to a parent of a child scheduled for TA between July 2014 and July 2015. The DR tests were given 1 to 3 months postoperatively. Data were collected on patient age, sex, perceived outcome of surgery, complications (including bleeding), emergency room visits, and clinic phone calls.ResultsA total of 102 families were studied, including 48 female and 54 male patients with an average age of 6.29 years. Parental respondents included 83 mothers, 14 fathers, and 5 grandmothers. Overall, DC and DR were both low in this group, with a median of 0 for each (means: 7.74 for DC and 8.78 for DR). DC w...
Alternate Incision Approaches to Revision Total Ankle Replacement

Total ankle replacement is a technically challenging reconstruction, with soft-tissue complications posing potential significant morbidity, especially when the anterior ankle soft-tissue envelope is hostile secondary to scarring and a suboptimal soft-tissue envelope for healing. Alternate approaches to the ankle for arthroplasty may need to be sought in unique cases. The authors describe a modified approach to the anterior ankle, lateral approach, as well as posterior surgical approach for complex primary and revision total ankle replacement.
Asset Liability Management: A Review and Some New Results in the Presence of Heavy Tails

Asset and liability management is the simultaneous consideration of assets and liabilities in strategic investment planning. In this chapter, asset and liability management models that use stochastic programming framework are reviewed. Most of these models describe the financial uncertainty by a set of representative scenarios. We propose to replace the classical assumption of Gaussian returns in the scenario generation with the stable Paretian distribution, which can capture the leptokurtic nature of financial data. A multistage stochastic asset allocation model with decision rules is analyzed. Optimal asset allocation under the Gaussian and stable Paretian returns are compared. Our computational results suggest that asset allocation may be up to 20% different depending on the utility function and the risk aversion level of the investor. Certainty equivalent return can be increased up to 0.13% and utility can be improved up to 0.72% by switching to the stable Paretian model.
Some Concluding Thoughts

This chapter provides a reflective overview of the current formulation of the Problem Behavior Theory conceptual framework. The present framework is presented in Fig. 12.1, and its properties and dynamics—the co-variation among and between risk behaviors and pro-social behaviors; the notion of lifestyle; the engagement of both person and context; the dialectic between risk and protection in accounting for behavior; the buffering role of protection on the impact of exposure to risk; and the promotive effect of protective factors—are all elaborated. The stance of the theory is that engaging in risk behavior is part of normal development for most youth and that explanations that invoke psychopathology or the immature brain are generally gratuitous and inappropriate. The chapter also notes which protective factors and which risk factors have been key in accounting for variation in risk behavior or pro-social behavior engagement. Further, it argues for jettisoning the term “risk-taking behavior” in favor of the term “risk behavior,” and for the important role of the social–psychological explanatory dimension of “conventionality–unconventionality.” Finally, as an aid to researchers interested in applying Problem Behavior Theory in their own work, it provides a link to the web site for the Adolescent Health and Development Questionnaire, the instrument used in our most recent studies.
News media coverage of U.S. Ebola policies: Implications for communication during future infectious disease threats

The Ebola outbreak of 2014-2015 raised concerns about the disease's potential spread in the U.S. and received significant news media coverage. Prior research has shown that news media coverage of policy options can influence public opinion regarding those policies, as well as public attitudes toward the broader social issues and target populations addressed by such policies. To assess news media coverage of Ebola policies, the content of U.S.-focused news stories (n=1262) published between July 1 and November 30, 2014 from 12 news sources was analyzed for 13 policy-related messages. Eight-two percent of news stories mentioned one or more policy-related messages. The most frequently appearing policy-related messages overall were those about isolation (47%) and quarantine (40%). The least frequently mentioned policy-related message described dividing potentially exposed persons into distinct groups based on their level of Ebola risk in order to set different levels of restrictions (5%). Message frequency differed depending on whether news sources were located in an area that experienced an Ebola case or controversy, by news sources' political ideological perspective, and by type of news source (print and television). All policy-related messages showed significant increases in frequency after the first case of Ebola was diagnosed in the U.S. on September 30, 2014, with the exception of messages related to isolation, which showed a significant decrease. Results offer insight into how the news media covers policies to manage emerging disease threats.
Indian Small-Scale Manufacturing Firms: Achieving Competitive Advantage

Managers today need access to opportunities and insights that enable their firm to achieve a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Supply chain initiatives (e.g., integration and flexibility) are of interest because of their proven benefits. This research examines information sharing, in conjunction with supply chain integration and flexibility, to determine their impact on competitive advantage for small-scale manufacturing firms in India. Our findings indicate that supply chain integration has a significant impact on supply chain flexibility, however not in the direction hypothesized. Unfortunately the other hypothesized relationships (information systems to supply chain flexibility and supply chain flexibility to competitive advantage) did not manifest. We will use these results as the impetus for further research in this area.
Impact of actively body-bias controlled (ABC) SOI SRAM by using direct body contact technology for low-voltage application

Actively Body-bias Controlled (ABC) SOI SRAM that has a new cell structure including connections of the access and the driver transistor's bodies to the word line is proposed to realize low-voltage operation. We developed the direct body contact technology to apply forward biases to the bodies without area penalties and increases of parasitic gate capacitances by using the hybrid trench isolation for the first time. Moreover, the standby current does not change because the body bias is not applied when the word-line voltage is low level. It is successfully demonstrated that low-voltage and high-speed operation is achieved by using the ABC SOI SRAM.
Datasets used to discover the microbial signatures of oral dysbiosis, periodontitis and edentulism in humans

This article provides supporting data for the research article ‘Microbial Signatures of Oral Dysbiosis, Periodontitis and Edentulism Revealed by Gene Meter Methodology’ (M.C. Hunter, A.E. Pozhitkov, P.A. Noble, 2016) [1]. In that article, we determined the microbial abundance signatures for patient with periodontics, edentulism, or health using Gene Meter Technology. Here we provide the data used to make the DNA microarray and the resulting microbial abundance data that was determined using the calibrated probes and the 16S rRNA genes harvested from patients. The first data matrix contains two columns: one is the GenInfo Identifier (GI) numbers of the 16S rRNA gene sequences and the other is the corresponding oral bacterial taxonomy. The probes were then screened for redundancy and if they were found to be unique, they were synthesized onto the surface of the DNA microarrays. The second data matrix consists of the abundances of the 576 16S rRNA genes that was determined using the median value of all individual calibrated probes targeting each gene. The data matrix consists of 16 columns and 576 rows, with the columns representing the 16 patients and the rows representing 576 different oral microorganisms. The third data matrix consists of the abundances of 567 16S rRNA genes determined using the calibrated abundance of all aggregated probes targeting the same 16S rRNA gene. The data matrix of the aggregated probes consists of 16 samples and 567 rows.