cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immersion of an inert-gas atom or H2 molecule into jellium: Modified electron-gas approach.

The immersion energy of an inert-gas atom or ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecule into jellium is calculated using an electron-gas approximation. Our modification of the energy functional of Gordon and Kim [J. Chem. Phys. 56, 3122 (1972)] includes a correction to remove the self-exchange term from the exchange energy and adjustments to take into account the nonuniformity of the system. The calculated ratio of the immersion energy to the jellium density varies about a factor of 2 over five orders of magnitude variation in jellium density and agrees relatively well (within a factor of 2) with the result of previous density-functional approaches in the low-density limit; the Gordon-Kim model is not reliable, however.
Trauma case management: An extension of the trauma coordinator role

Case management is a process of linking services by assigning accountability to an identified individual(s) for coordinating a patient's care across a continuum of care. The goal of case management is to ensure cost-effective, nonfragmented quality care. Adoption of the case management role by the trauma coordinator can have a positive impact on both patient care and resources.
Selective cancer targeting with prodrugs activated by histone deacetylases and a tumour-associated protease

Eradication of cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy cells is a primary goal of cancer therapy. Highly selective drugs are urgently needed. Here we demonstrate a new prodrug strategy for selective cancer therapy that utilizes increased histone deacetylase (HDAC) and tumour-associated protease activities produced in malignant cancer cells. By coupling an acetylated lysine group to puromycin, a masked cytotoxic agent is created, which is serially activated by HDAC and an endogenous protease cathepsin L (CTSL) that remove the acetyl group first and then the unacetylated lysine group liberating puromycin. The agent selectively kills human cancer cell lines with high HDAC and CTSL activities. In vivo studies confirm tumour growth inhibition in prodrug-treated mice bearing human cancer xenografts. This cancer-selective cleavage of the masking group is a promising strategy for the next generation of anticancer drug development that could be applied to many other cytotoxic agents.
Automated sequence- and stereo-specific assignment of methyl-labeled proteins by paramagnetic relaxation and methyl–methyl nuclear overhauser enhancement spectroscopy

Methyl-transverse relaxation optimized spec- troscopy is rapidly becoming the preferred NMR technique for probing structure and dynamics of very large proteins up to *1 MDa in molecular size. Data interpretation, how- ever, necessitates assignment of methyl groups which still presents a very challenging and time-consuming process. Here we demonstrate that, in combination with a known 3D structure, paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE), induced by nitroxide spin-labels incorporated at only a few surface-exposed engineered cysteines, provides fast, straightforward and robust access to methyl group reso- nance assignments, including stereoassignments for the methyl groups of leucine and valine. Neither prior assign- ments, including backbone assignments, for the protein, nor experiments that transfer magnetization between methyl groups and the protein backbone, are required. PRE-derived assignments are refined by 4D methyl-methyl nuclear Overhauser enhancement data, eliminating ambiguities and errors that may arise due to the high sensitivity of PREs to the potential presence of sparsely-populated transient states.
SU-GG-T-279: Current Practice in Small Radiosurgery Field Dosimetry — Preliminary Results from 21 Centers Participating in the International Leksell Gamma Knife Calibration Survey

Purpose: To investigate current practice in calibration of small Leksell Gamma Knife (LGK) radiosurgery fields and measure output of the surveyed LGK units using alanine dosimeter. Methods and Materials: Each participant of the project received a LGK calibration questionnaire addressing following information: LGK model, calibration protocol used, phantom used, ion chamber used, LGK calibration personnel, independent verification of calibration and collimator relative output factor values. Alanine dosimeters evaluated with a Bruker ECS106 Electron Paramagnetic Resonancespectrometer using the protocol described in the NIST Ionizing Radiation Division Quality System Manual were used to measure the dose rate of the surveyed LGK units. Results: To date, 21 LGK units have participated in this project (North America 9, Europe 5 and Asia 7).The calibration protocols used for surveyed sites were: AAPM TG21 9 sites, IAEA TRS277 1 site and IAEA TRS398 11 sites. ELEKTA ABS spherical phantom was used in 18 cases and ELEKTA solid water phantom in 3 cases. Following ion chambers were used for LGK calibration: PTW 31010 (0.125 cm3) 9 times, Exradin A16 (0.070 cm3) 2 times, PTW 31006 (0.125 cm3) 1 times, Capintec A1SL1 (0.070 cm3) 2 times, Wellhoffer IC‐10 (0.125 cm3) 1 time, Exradin A1SL 1 time and Exradin A14SL 1 time. Calibration of LGK units was performed by an on‐site physicist in 15 cases and by ELEKTA physicist in 6 cases. Independent verification was done in 8 cases out of total 21 surveyed units. All LGK units surveyed are currently using the ELEKTA default values for collimator relative output factors. Conclusions: The range of dose planned to measured ratio was 0.972 – 1.030 demonstrating reasonably good LGK calibration consistency. Mean absolute value percentage deviation between planned and measured dose was 1.34 – 0.84 %. This project is ongoing and more information will be provided at its conclusion.
Social Realities and Measurement in the Scientific Study of Sex

Ira Reiss' <1982) featured article about the status of sexual science, Charles Moser's (1983) response to Reiss, and Reiss' (1983) reply to Moser signal an awakening self-consciousness among sexual scientists. This debate, on the surface, seemed to be centered on the issue of sexual science as a discipline in its own right versus sexuality as a topic of study by older, more established disciplines. Although the arguments are of academic interest, the underlying issues may be of greater importance. These issues seem to be (a) Is there a cohesive community of sexual scientists? and (b) Is this community attributed professional status by the lay public? I suspect that the answer to the first question is "yes," but that individual primary identity is with another discipline (e.g., psychology, sociology, education, etc.) as Reiss (1982) argues. Even though there is a small minority claiming primary identification as sexologists, the answer to the second question seems to be "no." The lay public has attributed little in the way of sanctioned authority to this group. Such sanction is requisite to professional status (Greenwood, 1957). Nevertheless, the sexology community has made enough progress in developing systematic theory, a professional culture, and ethical codes to begin to offer a few academic programs in professional preparation. This observation would tend to support Moser's (1983) position. The degree to which a shift from secondary to primary identity as sexologists and public sanction will strengthen our understanding of sexuality is difficult to foresee. Although the answer to this question is debatable, as per Reiss and Moser, there seems to be pressure within the sexological community to move in these directions. This pressure will most likely increase as the numbers of preparation programs grow and people completing them enter the field claiming primary identity as sexologists.
The use of structural equation models in Consumer Psychology: A methodological dialogue on its contributions, cautions, and concerns

Abstract The goal of Consumer Psychology is to use manipulations and measures in order to make inferences as to the psychological processes that underlie consumer behavior. A statistical tool available to do so is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Recent issues of this journal have provided primers in the use of SEM. Herein, three noted experts provide further guidance and philosophical consideration of the issues associated with SEM, as well as statistical and methodological concerns in general. The goal of this dialogue is to provide a foundation for the use of SEM in Consumer Psychology and the Social Sciences in general.
New phases of phospholipids and implications to the membrane fusion problem.

Membrane fusion is a ubiquitous process in eukaryotic cells. When two membranes fuse, lipid must undergo molecular rearrangements at the point of merging. To understand how lipid structure transitions occur, scientists studied the phase transition of lipid between the lamellar (Lα) phase and the inverted hexagonal (HII) phase, based on the idea that lipid must undergo a similar rearrangement as in fusion. However, previous investigations on the system of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) did not reveal intermediate phases between the Lα and HII phases. Recently, we found a rhombohedral phase of diphytanoylphosphatidylcholine between its Lα and HII phases using substrate-supported samples. Here we report the observation of two new phases in the DOPC−DOPE system: a rhombohedral phase and a distorted hexagonal phase. The rhombohedral phase confirms the stalk hypothesis for the Lα−HII transition, but the phase of stable stalks exists only for a certain range of sp...
Role of Surface Structure in the Phase Separation of the Binary Electron-Hole Liquid

Microscopic calculations are presented of the surface and interface structure of the binary electron-hole liquid in $〈111〉$ -stressed Ge at $T=0$. The separation of the electron-hole droplet into two coexisting phases is found to have a surface precursor. The phase separation is predicted to occur without any nucleation process or hysteresis effects even though the phase transition is first order. Perfect wetting between the two liquid phases is predicted. Experimental implications are discussed.
757-6 Systemic Hemodynamic and Renal Excretory Effects of a Continuous 4-Hour Infusion of Human Brain Natriuretic Peptide in Patients with Heart Failure

The pharmacological activities of a prolonged infusion of human brain natriuretic peptide (hBNP, NatrecorTM) have not been previously described. Thus, the systemic hemodynamic and renal excretory responses to a continuous 4-hour infusion of hBNP were determined in 6 patients with advanced NYHA class III heart failure. Four patients had ischemic cardiomyopathy, while 2 had idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The mean ( ± SEM) left ventricular ejection fraction for the group was 17.2 ± 2.6% (range 14-30%). Patients were evaluated during three 4-hour study periods; baseline, hBNP infusion (0.025 μg/kg/min), and post-treatment (recovery). During the study periods, urinary volume losses were replaced hourly with 0.45% saline solution. Baseline hemodynamics were significant for a mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) of 25 ± 5 mmHg and an average cardiac index of 1.96 ± 0.20 L/min/m2. During the infusion of hBNp, PCWP decreased significantly to 12 ± 2 mmHg (p l 0.05, see figure), despite maintenance of a constant body fluid volume status. Cardiac index increased in all subjects in association with a decrease in systemic vascular resistance during the hBNP infusion. There were no changes in arterial blood pressure in response to this dose of hBNP. hBNP produced increases in urinary sodium and volume excretion in 5 of the 6 patients. Conclusion This first study of a prolonged infusion of hBNP in patients with heart failure demonstrates that hBNP is pharmacologically active and has potential in the therapy of heart failure.
Comment on Mr. Corwin's Paper.

The function of the discusser of a paper is, I take it, like that of Antony at the funeral of Caesar: to bury Corwin, not to praise him. Unfortunately Mr. Corwin has been wanting in the good intentions to pave the way for such a sepulchral performance on my part. He has himself recognized the force of the objections which I would urge to the first half of his paper, had that been all of it, and he has made clear that we cannot tell to what extent constitutional theory is a crutch grabbed to help a wayfarer hobble on to his chosen journey's end, and to what extent it is like a flood or a landslide which sweeps a passive person willy-nilly along its own appointed way. Even worse than this, Mr. Corwin confesses that his game is to indoctrinate his hearers with his own preferred brand of constitutional theory. How can one expose a confidence man who takes us all into his confidence like this? If Mr. Corwin's heart were not as hard as his head, he might have shown more sympathy for his commentator and left him a few soft spots where he might dig in with his intellectual toes. Mr. Corwin is to be thanked for emphasizing that constitutional theory as commonly preached is not derived by induction from the particuliarities of constitutional law. Its glowing generalities endow discussion with more heat than light. The holy name of states' rights is easily forgotten when employers wish their laborers sober and unctuously invoked when they wish their laborers young. The name is a name to conjure with only when convenient. Similar sins of contradiction are committed in the name of individual liberty. There is much silly constitutional theory about the power of the Supreme Court over legislation. It gives us lovely pictures of a clear and unmistakable will entertained by some mythical sovereign at some remote date and expressed so lucidly in the words "due process of law" that only four out of nine judges can possibly be blind to it. We can dismiss all such constitutional theory as imbecile, but we cannot dismiss it as impotent. Without doubt it often raises emotional mists before the eyes of men
Bayesian Variable and Transformation Selection in Linear Regression

This article suggests a method for variable and transformation selection based on posterior probabilities. Our approach allows for consideration of all possible combinations of untransformed and transformed predictors along with transformed and untransformed versions of the response. To transform the predictors in the model, we use a change-point model, or “change-point transformation,” which can yield more interpretable models and transformations than the standard Box–Tidwell approach. We also address the problem of model uncertainty in the selection of models. By averaging over models, we account for the uncertainty inherent in inference based on a single model chosen from the set of models under consideration. We use a Markov chain Monte Carlo model composition (MC3) method which allows us to average over linear regression models when the space of models under consideration is very large. This considers the selection of variables and transformations at the same time. In an example, we show that model a...
Derivatives of Alginic Acid

Alginic acid and mononitrated alginic acid were reacted with η-amyl-iodide, β-diethylaminoethylchloride, η-butylchlorosulfite, and η-amylchlorosulfite, but failed to produce significant amounts of esterification in each case. Mixed formyl, acetyl, propionyl, and butyryl esters of nitrated alginic acids were prepared by progressive replacement of the nitrate groups, employing formic acid or the respective acid anhydrides. The reaction of styrene oxide as esterification agent showed only an 8-12 per cent yield. The reaction between alginic or mononitrated alginic acid with diazoacetic ester produced various degrees of esterification. While the alginic acid gave only ester yields of 8 per cent, nitrated alginic acid, probably due to its better solubility properties, produced esterification on the order of 70 per cent. The instability of nitrated alginic acid and alginic acid when subjected to most esterification procedures suggests the diazoacetic ester method as especially well suited for the introduction of specific groups into nitrated alginic acid.
Continued fractions in numerical analysis

Collection des resultats relatifs aux fractions continues susceptibles d'application en analyse numerique
The Impact of Leiomyomas on Pregnancy

In this retrospective case control investigation, 51 pregnant patients who were diagnosed by ultrasound with uterine myomas were compared to 102 randomly selected control patients to determine if the ultrasound diagnosis of one or more leiomyoma is associated with increased untoward pregnancy outcomes compared to controls. Women with uterine myomas were older (p = 0.001), more likely to be African American (p = 0.001), and undergo Caesarean delivery (p = 0.03) than controls. However, when women who underwent abdominal delivery for previous myomectomy (n = 5) were excluded from analysis, there was no significant difference in the incidence of Caesarean delivery. Overall, there was no difference in the incidence of obstetric complications between groups even when the data was stratified for large and/or multiple leiomyomas. The discovery of uterine leiomyomas by gestational ultrasound does not appear to place the patient at increased risk for preterm labour, early delivery, or other untoward pregnancy outcomes.
Refusal of care: patients' well-being and physicians' ethical obligations: "but doctor, I want to go home".

Honoring patients' wishes becomes difficult when doing so threatens their well-being. In this article, the case of a hospitalized elderly woman is presented. The patient, ready for discharge, insists on returning home, yet she is bedbound and lacks adequate social support and financial resources to manage safely. The medical team, troubled by this situation, requests an ethics consultation. The article discusses several issues related to the difficult ethical problem posed by this case, including a brief historical review of the patient's role in decision making, current thinking about patients' rights vis-a-vis patients' well-being, assessing patients' capacity to make sound decisions, consideration of physician values, and, finally, responding to patients' refusal of care.
Measuring Allocative Efficiency in Experimental Markets: An Alterntive Approach

An alternative approach to measuring allocative efficiency within experimental markets is proposed. This approach incorporates the traditional efficiency measure, the deadweight loss of economic surplus, and an additional measure that captures income (value) redistribution between buyers and sellers resulting from individual transactions at prices that deviate from equilibrium. An extension is made to construct an additional measure to further discriminate between markets that appear similar in terms of pricing efficiency, which reflects the rate at which prices converge toward equilibrium. Previous conclusions regarding the relative pricing efficiency of different experimental markets need to be reexamined using the more comprehensive measures.
The cheek-to-cheek diameter in the ultrasonographic assessment of fetal growth

Deviations from normal growth modify the amounts of adipose tissue and muscle mass in the adult and the fetus. As an index of the amount of adipose tissue in the fetus, the cheek-to-cheek diameter obtained on an ultrasonographic coronal view of the face at the level of the nostrils and lips was evaluated. Two hundred thirty-four singleton uncomplicated, well-dated pregnancies ranging from 20 to 41 weeks were studied. Two hundred fetuses with biometric measurements or estimated weights between the 10th and 90th percentile for gestational age were included in obtaining a nomogram. Cheek-to-cheek diameter as a function of gestational age was expressed by the regression equation: Cheek-to-cheek diameter (centimeters) = -0.908 + 0.195 Gestational age (gestational age greater than or equal to 20 weeks), with a Pearson correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.806. The cheek-to-cheek diameter/biparietal diameter ratio was almost constant, independent of gestational age, and ranged from 0.6 at 20 weeks to 0.7 at 41 weeks. Fetuses with intrauterine growth retardation tended to have lower ratios. Macrosomic fetuses of diabetic mothers had larger cheek-to-cheek diameters and elevated ratios, whereas large-for-gestational-age fetuses of nondiabetic mothers had normal ratios.
A prospective study of whole grains, fruits, vegetables and colon cancer risk.

Objective: We examined the relation between whole grains, fruit, vegetables and dietary fiber and colon cancer risk in the prospective Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Methods: In 1992–1993, 62,609 men and 70,554 women completed questionnaires on medical history, diet and lifestyle behaviors. After exclusions, we confirmed 298 cases of incident colon cancer among men and 210 among women through August 31, 1997. Results: Multivariate rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all dietary factors were null. However, a statistically non-significant 30% reduction in risk was observed for men with the highest vegetable intakes (RR = 0.69, CI = 0.47–1.03, top versus. bottom quintile, p trend = 0.10). Men with very low (lowest tertile within the lowest quintile) intakes of vegetables and dietary fiber were at increased risk compared to those in the highest four quintiles of intake (vegetables RR = 1.79, CI = 1.22–2.61, p trend = 0.04, and fiber RR = 1.96, CI = 1.24–3.10, p trend = 0.006). Women with very low intakes of fruit were also at increased risk (RR = 1.86, CI =1.18–2.94, p trend = 0.06). Conclusions: Higher intakes of plant foods or fiber were not related to lower risk of colon cancer. However, our data suggest that very low intakes of plant foods may increase risk, and that certain phytochemical subgroups may decrease risk.
Employees' awareness of their impact on corporate reputation

Abstract Corporate reputation is critical for cultivating stakeholder relationships and, specifically, for regaining public trust. Corporate reputation results from the firm's interactions with stakeholders, emphasizing the important role employees play in reputation management. However, employees are not necessarily aware of, or prepared for, this extra-role assignment, indicating a gap in research and a managerial challenge. The purpose of the present article is to identify how employees' awareness of their impact on their employers' reputation is influenced by pride, job satisfaction, affective commitment, and perceived corporate reputation. An online survey of employees working for firms ranked in Fortune's America's Most Admired Companies Index provides empirical evidence. The findings underline the prominent effect pride in membership has regarding employees' awareness of their impact on corporate reputation. Study findings further deliver insights into opportunities and risks for managers who wish to use internal reputation building strategies to enhance corporate reputation.
Surface-emitting laser-based optical multiplexing technologies

Different optical multiplexing techniques are described for providing parallel, high-speed communication between multiple nodes in a distributed multi-access network. Using compact, 2D arrays of VCSELs and VCSEL-based optical switches, data from different nodes can be multiplexed together in the space, time, or wavelength domain, and then transmitted through a single optical fiber. Each channel can be individually-modulated, time-compressed, and time- multiplexed in a bit-serial fashion into a single, high-speed data stream, while different channels are wavelength-multiplexed on a single optical fiber. Spatial routing is achieved by a distributed optical switching network, in which space and wavelength can be combined to provide wavelength routing without wavelength tuning.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Video-intuboscopic monitoring of tracheal intubation in pediatric patients

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of video-intuboscopic monitoring during orotracheal intubation in a pediatric anesthesia teaching unit.
Particle-based enhancement of terrain data

In this work, we discuss a particle-based method for eroding terrain data. We describe a method using particles to simulate rainfall effects, the flow of water, erosion and deposition, and formation of lakes and bodies of water.
Current Loci for the Capacitor Motor

THE basic theory of the capacitor motor from the cross-field point of view has been recently presented by Puchstein and Lloyd.1 It is the purpose of this paper to extend the basic relations developed by them so as to demonstrate certain current-loci characteristics of the capacitor motor.
The Antifungal Vaccine Derived from the Recombinant N Terminus of Als3p Protects Mice against the Bacterium Staphylococcus aureus

Vaccination with the recombinant N terminus of the candidal adhesin Als3p (rAls3p-N) protects mice from lethal candidemia. Candidal Als3p also is structurally similar to the microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecule adhesin, clumping factor, from Staphylococcus aureus. To determine the potential for cross-kingdom vaccination, we immunized mice with rAls3p-N or negative control proteins and challenged them via the tail vein with S. aureus or other gram-positive or gram-negative pathogens. The rAls3p-N vaccine, but neither tetanus toxoid nor a related Als protein (Als5p), improved the survival of vaccinated mice subsequently infected with multiple clinical isolates of S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains. The rAls3p-N vaccine was effective against S. aureus when combined with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. However, the vaccine did not improve the survival of mice infected with other bacterial pathogens. Vaccinated, infected mice mounted moderated type 1 immune responses. T lymphocyte-deficient mice were more susceptible to S. aureus infection, but B lymphocyte-deficient mice were not. Furthermore, T but not B lymphocytes from vaccinated mice mediated protection in adoptive transfer studies. The passive transfer of immune serum was not protective. These data provide the foundation for cross-kingdom vaccine development against S. aureus and Candida, which collectively cause 200,000 bloodstream infections resulting in ≥40,000 to 50,000 deaths annually in the United States alone.
Phr1 is required for proper retinocollicular targeting of nasal-dorsal retinal ganglion cells.

Precise targeting of retinal projections is required for the normal development of topographic maps in the mammalian primary visual system. During development, retinal axons project to and occupy topographically appropriate positions in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and superior colliculus (SC). Phr1 retinal mutant mice, which display mislocalization of the ipsilateral retinogeniculate projection independent of activity and ephrin-A signaling, were found to have a more global disruption of topographic specificity of retinofugal inputs. The retinocollicular projection lacks local refinement of terminal zones and multiple ectopic termination zones originate from the dorsal–nasal (DN) retinal quadrant. Similarly, in the dLGN, the inputs originating from the contralateral DN retina are poorly refined in the Phr1 mutant. These results show that Phr1 is an essential regulator of retinal ganglion cell projection during both dLGN and SC topographic map development.
Simultaneous measurements of electric and thermal fields utilizing an electrooptic semiconductor probe

A method to simultaneously measure electric and thermal fields with a single probe is presented in this paper. The Pockels effect is employed within a gallium-arsenide probe to measure electric fields, and the effect of photon absorption due to bandtail states in the semiconductor is used to determine temperature. The measured optical power is found to be inversely related to temperature, in agreement with theory, and experimental results demonstrate a temperature sensitivity of 0.31 /spl mu/W//spl deg/C at 25/spl deg/C and an accuracy of /spl plusmn/0.5/spl deg/C between 20/spl deg/C-60/spl deg/C. The minimum detectable electric field is 1.24/spl plusmn/0.06 V/m using a 300-ms electrical bandwidth. Temporal phase stability of /spl plusmn/3/spl deg//h is achieved through the implementation of a system phase reference channel. The invasiveness of the probe is quantified by examining the change in the characteristic impedance and capacitance per unit length of a planar transmission line. Measured and simulated data show that the effect is equivalent to a lumped shunt capacitance on the order of a few femtofarads. The examination of a monolithic microwave integrated circuit in an X-band quasi-optical power-combining array and the calibration of electric-field data that was corrupted by temperature-dependent effects inherent to the electrooptic probe demonstrate the capability of this combined electrothermal measurement technique.
Detection and separation of symbols connected to graphics in line drawings

Presents a technique for the detection and separation of symbols connected to graphics in line drawings. The approach is based on a special image representation, that the authors call graph representation. The graph representation is especially convenient for line-like images, since it decomposes the line structure into 'edges' and 'nodes', that formalise the intuitive notions of 'line' and 'crossing point between lines'. In this way, well-known algorithms from graph theory can be used. The graph is searched for characteristic sub-graphs, revealing the presence of symbols or noisy objects overlapping lines. Each symbol candidate is accurately processed, in order to make the area of its connection to lines as regular as possible. Actually, two different algorithms have been designed to perform this task: one for symbols crossing lines and the other for symbols only touching lines. Both of them are rotation invariant. >
What is Literature? Revisited: Sartre on the Language of Literature

This article argues that Sartre's distinction in What Is Literature? between prose and poetry should be understood in the light of his earlier distinction in The Imaginary between two kinds of meaning. Sartre argues against the “Cartesian picture” of consciousness in The Imaginary, specifically concerning our experience of images. Not only is a mental image not an “inner object” mediating between consciousness and the world, even a picture drawn on paper should not be understood as an object standing between the viewer and what this picture represents. Our experience, Sartre argues, is that of seeing things in a picture rather than seeing through it, such that the meaning of pictures and images in general is embodied in them and cannot be separated from them. He then goes on to contrast this kind of embodied meaning (which he calls “sense”) with a kind of meaning that can be completely grasped independently of its expression (which he calls “signification”) and identify the two with painting and language ...
Surface phase transition of ordered iodine monolayers on a Pt(111) electrode as studied by normal incidence optical second harmonic generation

The spectroscopic study of electrochemical surfaces provides the modern electrochemist with the detailed information required for the interpretation of charge transfer processes at solution/ electrode interfaces. Fundamental surface reactions such as catalytic oxidation and thin film growth can depend critically upon the local adsorbate structure at the electrode surface. This adsorbate structure will vary with changes in the morphology of the substrate, the concentrations of solution phase species, and the electrostatic fields at the surface. Through a combination of in situ and ex situ spectroscopic measurements, a detailed molecular level understanding of the important adsorbate-surface interactions can be obtained [l]. Optical second harmonic generation (SHG) is a surface-selective spectroscopic technique that has been applied to the in situ study of a variety of metal electrode surfaces [2-41. In a surface SHG experiment, changes in the electronic surface structure of an electrode upon adsorption are correlated with changes in the elements of the surface nonlinear susceptibility tensor x as measured by the potential and polarization dependence of the SHG signal [5]. At single crystal surfaces, additional tensor elements of x may appear due to a reduction in surface symmetry upon adsorption or surface reconstruction [6-81. In a series of recent papers [9] we have reported the use of SHG at well-ordered Pt(ll1) electrodes. A reduction in the surface symmetry was observed in the presence of adsorbed monolayers of iodine, CO and hydrogen on the platinum surface. In this note we demonstrate how SHG measurements performed at an incident angle of 0” (normal incidence) can further elucidate the reduction of surface symmetry upon
Large motion range magnet levitation using a planar array of coils

We have formulated a method and implemented a device for magnetic levitation with a translation range which is at least twice as large as the dimensions of the levitated body in all directions. The motion range can be extended to any distance in the horizontal plane by adding more coils to the actuator array, and the rotation is potentially unlimited in all directions.
Neonatal Cerebral Hypoxia–Ischemia Impairs Plasticity in Rat Visual Cortex

Ocular dominance plasticity (ODP) following monocular deprivation (MD) is a model of activity-dependent neural plasticity that is restricted to an early critical period regulated by maturation of inhibition. Unique developmental plasticity mechanisms may improve outcomes following early brain injury. Our objective was to determine the effects of neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI) on ODP. The rationale extends from observations that neonatal HI results in death of subplate neurons, a transient population known to influence development of inhibition. In rodents subjected to neonatal HI and controls, maps of visual response were derived from optical imaging during the critical period for ODP and changes in the balance of eye-specific response following MD were measured. In controls, MD results in a shift of the ocular dominance index (ODI) from a baseline of 0.15 to -0.10 (p < 0.001). Neonatal HI with moderate cortical injury impairs this shift, ODI = 0.14 (p < 0.01). Plasticity was intact in animals with mild injury and in those exposed to hypoxia alone. Neonatal HI resulted in decreased parvalbumin expression in hemispheres receiving HI compared with hypoxia alone: 23.4 versus 35.0 cells/high-power field (p = 0.01), with no change in other markers of inhibitory or excitatory neurons. Despite abnormal inhibitory neuron phenotype, spontaneous activity of single units and development of orientation selective responses were intact following neonatal HI, while overall visual responses were reduced. Our data suggest that specific plasticity mechanisms are impaired following early brain injury and that the impairment is associated with altered inhibitory neuronal development and cortical activation.
Without a License, or Accidents Waiting to Happen

This is a memoir of circumstances that have shaped my life as a scientist, some of the questions that have excited my interest, and some of the people with whom I have shared that pursuit. I was introduced to transcription soon after the discovery of RNA polymerase and have been fascinated by questions relating to gene regulation since that time. My account touches on early experiments dealing with the ability of RNA polymerase to selectively transcribe its DNA template. Temporal programs of transcription that control the multiplication cycles of viruses (phages) and the precise mechanisms generating this regulation have been a continuing source of fascination and new challenges. A longtime interest in eukaryotic RNA polymerase III has centered on yeast and on the enumeration and properties of its transcription initiation factors, the architecture of its promoter complexes, and the mechanism of transcriptional initiation. These areas of research are widely regarded as separate, but to my thinking they have posed similar questions, and I have been unwilling or unable to abandon either one for the other. An additional interest in archaeal transcription can be seen as stemming naturally from this point of view.
Negative consequences of positive feedbacks in US wildfire management

Over the last two decades wildfire activity, damage, and management cost within the US have increased substantially. These increases have been associated with a number of factors including climate change and fuel accumulation due to a century of active fire suppression. The increased fire activity has occurred during a time of significant ex-urban development of the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) along with increased demand on water resources originating on forested landscapes. These increased demands have put substantial pressure on federal agencies charged with wildfire management to continue and expand the century old policy of aggressive wildfire suppression. However, aggressive wildfire suppression is one of the major factors that drive the increased extent, intensity, and damage associated with the small number of large wildfires that are unable to be suppressed. In this paper we discuss the positive feedback loops that lead to demands for increasing suppression response while simultaneously increasing wildfire risk in the future. Despite a wealth of scientific research that demonstrates the limitations of the current management paradigm pressure to maintain the existing system are well entrenched and driven by the existing social systems that have evolved under our current management practice. Interestingly, US federal wildland fire policy provides considerable discretion for managers to pursue a range of management objectives; however, societal expectations and existing management incentive structures result in policy implementation that is straining the resilience of fire adapted ecosystems and the communities that reside in and adjacent to them.
Responses to adversarial situations and collective intelligence

Responses to threat and adversity, including responses to terrorist threats, are becoming an important influence on social behavior in an increasing number of settings. This paper considers the influence of strategic orientation on the responses individuals and groups may exhibit in adversarial situations, and the consequences of these responses for organizational and societal functioning and collective intelligence. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stylistic disjunctions in The Dream of the Rood

The stylistic disjunctions in The Dream of the Rood are not a new topic. They have been treated explicitly and implicitly for many years from several different points of view. The most frequently noted disjunction occurs at line 78 where the cross, having completed its eye-witness account of the crucifixion, commences a homily explaining the significance of its experience. But there are others as well: at 27 where the poet switches personae from dreamer to cross, at 121 where the dreamer again becomes the speaker to describe his personal reaction to his vision and at 147 where the poet begins an impersonal magnification of Christ which concludes the poem.
Design of High-Lift Airfoils for Low Aspect Ratio Wings with Endplates

High-lift multi-element airfoils for low-aspect ratio wings with endplates find application in race car rear wings used to generate high aerodynamic down force. Airfoils for such applications must not only generate maximum lift (to maximize the down force) but also must satisfy several geometric constraints imposed by the race rules. Induced effects arising as a result of the low aspect ratio determine the operating angle of attack at which the lift is to be maximized. This paper presents some of the challenges involved in designing such airfoils and briefly describes the design methodology adopted in the current work. A parametric study using a baseline two-element airfoil is then presented to illustrate some of the unusual results obtained as a consequence of sat­ isfying the geometric constraints while maximizing the wing down force.
A COMPUTATIONAL THEORY OF PERSPECTIVE AND REFERENCE IN NARRATIVE

Narrative passages told from a character's perspective convey the character's thoughts and perceptions. We present a discourse process that recognizes characters' thoughts and perceptions in third-person narrative. An effect of perspective on reference in narrative is addressed: references in passages told from the perspective of a character reflect the character's beliefs. An algorithm that uses the results of our discourse process to understand references with respect to an appropriate set of beliefs is presented.
Aesthetics: A Comparison of the State of the Art Outside and Inside the Field of Textiles and Clothing Part One: Creator and Creative Process:

This is the first of three papers in which we review aesthetics literature published from 1970 to 1992, found outside and inside the field of textiles and clothing. The majority of the literature external to the field of textiles and clothing came from books and journal articles of the fields of anthropology, art history, marketing, philosophy, and psychology. We limited our review of textiles and clothing literature to articles found in Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, Dress, Home Economics Research Journal, Journal of Consumer Studies and Home Economics, and Textiles Research Journal. In this paper we provide definitions of the aesthetic object or experience found in the literature and also propose five categories useful in organizing aesthetics literature. The categories are: Creator, Creative Process, Object, Appreciation Process, and Appreciator. We review Creator and Creative Process literature. The Creator consists of literature that addresses the psychological and socio-cultural factors aff...
Asymptotically minimum variance second-order estimation for noncircular signals with application to DOA estimation

This paper addresses asymptotically minimum variance (AMV) algorithms within the class of algorithms based on second-order statistics for estimating direction-of-arrival (DOA) parameters of possibly spatially correlated (even coherent) narrowband noncircular sources impinging on arbitrary array structures. To reduce the computational complexity due to the nonlinear minimization required by the matching approach, the covariance matching estimation technique (COMET) is included in the algorithm. Numerical examples illustrate the performance of the AMV algorithm.
Associations between relational aggression, depression, and suicidal ideation in a child psychiatric inpatient sample.

The current study examined relations between relational aggression, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation in a child clinical population. Participants included 276 children (Mage = 9.55 years; 69% Male) who were admitted to a child psychiatric inpatient facility. Findings suggested that relational aggression was associated with depressive symptoms, which in turn was associated with suicidal ideation. The test of indirect effects suggested that depressive symptoms fully accounted for the link between relational aggression and suicidal ideation. Moreover, these relations were found when also controlling for the variance associated with overt aggression, history of abuse, and social problems. Current findings appear to suggest that relational aggression is linked to depressive symptoms, which is linked to suicidal ideation within a clinical population, and as such there may be clinical utility in assessing relational aggression.
Improved Finite-Analytic Methods for Steady-State Transport Problems

In this paper, an improved finite-analytic method is developed for solving solute transport problems. Specifically, a new local boundary approximation and an alternative technique are introduced for deriving the local analytical solution that simplifies the finite-analytic formulation and eliminates the infinite series in the finite-analytic coefficients. The improved finite analytic method is applied to simulate solute transport in strongly heterogeneous two-dimensional velocity fields. The results show that the improved method is (1) as accurate as the existing one if using the same local boundary approximation despite the dramatic simplification; and (2) significantly more accurate than the existing one if using the improved boundary approximation. The improved finite-analytic method provides an efficient, robust, and accurate approach for predicting steady-state transport in heterogeneous velocity fields.
Efficient learning algorithms for changing environments

We study online learning in an oblivious changing environment. The standard measure of regret bounds the difference between the cost of the online learner and the best decision in hindsight. Hence, regret minimizing algorithms tend to converge to the static best optimum, clearly a suboptimal behavior in changing environments. On the other hand, various metrics proposed to strengthen regret and allow for more dynamic algorithms produce inefficient algorithms.We propose a different performance metric which strengthens the standard metric of regret and measures performance with respect to a changing comparator. We then describe a series of data-streaming-based reductions which transform algorithms for minimizing (standard) regret into adaptive algorithms albeit incurring only poly-logarithmic computational overhead.Using this reduction, we obtain efficient low adaptive-regret algorithms for the problem of online convex optimization. This can be applied to various learning scenarios, i.e. online portfolio selection, for which we describe experimental results showing the advantage of adaptivity.
THE ROLE OF FORAGING WOODPECKERS IN THE DECOMPOSITION OF PONDEROSA PINE SNAGS

Abstract We investigated the relationship between foraging woodpeckers and the decomposition of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) snags in the central and southern Cascades of Oregon and northern California. Our main objectives were (1) to compare the relative sapwood density of 4-year-old pine snags receiving varying levels of woodpecker foraging; and (2) to determine if woodpeckers were carriers of wood-inhabiting fungi. Snags used as foraging sites by woodpeckers had lower wood densities than snags that did not exhibit foraging sign. Additionally, wood-inhabiting fungi were recovered in significantly greater frequencies from the bills of woodpeckers than a comparison of non-cavity-nesting species. These results suggest that woodpeckers may contribute to the mechanical degradation of wood through foraging activities and the dispersal of a collection of fungi that likely participate in the process of decay for ponderosa pine snags. The complexity of these ecological interactions should be considered when ...
An in vitro model for the growth and analysis of chronic wound MRSA biofilms

Aims: To develop an in vitro model (Colony ⁄drip-flow reactor ‐ C ⁄DFR) for the growth and analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms. Methods and Results: Using the C ⁄DFR model, biofilms were grown on the top of polycarbonate filter membranes inoculated with a clinical isolate of MRSA, placed on absorbent pads in the DFR and harvested after 72 h. The biofilms varied from 256 to 308 lm in thickness with a repeatability standard deviation of 0AE22. Testing of antimicrobial agents was also performed where C ⁄DFR biofilms were grown in parallel with conventional colony biofilms. A saline solution (control), 1% silver sulfadiazine solution, and 0AE25% Dakin’s solution were used to treat the biofilms for 15 min. Microscopic evaluation of biofilm morphology and thickness was conducted. The Dakins solution in both models produced statistically significantly higher log reductions than silver sulfadiazine treatment. Conclusions: The C ⁄DFR biofilms were thick and repeatable and exhibited higher resistance to Dakins solution than the treated colony biofilms. Significance and Impact of the Study: The C ⁄DFR can be used as a tool for examining complex biofilm physiology as well as for performing comparative experiments that test wound care products and novel antimicrobials.