cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bone morphogenetic protein 6 expression in oral cavity squamous cell cancer is associated with bone invasion.

Objectives/Hypothesis To evaluate bone invasion, survival, and expression of bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) in oral cavity cancer in the context of known biomarkers indicative of poor prognosis. Study Design Molecular expression study combined with retrospective chart review of corresponding patients at a tertiary care center. Methods Between 2000 and 2009, a total of 197 patients underwent resection for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Of these, 30 pathologic specimens were chosen for further molecular analysis. These 30 patients were separated into three groups (10 per group) based on American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging and staging based on size alone (TAJCC/SIZE). The first group consisted of tumors staged as T2/2 based on size less than 4 cm and that had no evidence of bone invasion. The T2/4 group consisted of tumors that were upstaged from T2 based on bone invasion. The T4/4 group consisted of tumors that were large with and without bone invasion. The expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), BMP-6, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was examined using immunohistochemistry techniques. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, survival, and recurrence were compared. Results Average follow-up was 21 months. Expression of BMP-6 was significantly higher in the T2/4 cohort (tumor less than 4 cm with bony invasion) than the larger tumors without bone invasion (T4/4 cohort, P = .05). In addition, increased BMP-6 expression correlated with aggressive behavior in the smaller tumors. Furthermore, increased EGFR expression positively correlated with increased levels of BMP-6. Conclusions Increased expression of BMP-6 in oral cavity cancer may affect bone invasion. Level of Evidence N/A. Laryngoscope, 123:3061–3065, 2013
Partial resolution of the enzymes catalyzing oxidative phosphorylation. XVII. Further resolution of the rutamycin-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase.

1. A mitochondrial fraction from beef heart (TU-particles) was shown to confer rutamycin sensitivity to added mitochondrial ATPase (F1). After sonic oscillation at an alkaline pH, the resulting particles (TUA-particles) no longer had this activity. A rutamycin sensitivity factor (Fc), purified from crude preparations of coupling factor 4, restored the capacity of the particles to confer rutamycin sensitivity to F1. Highly purified preparations of coupling factor 5 contained Fc, and the relationship between Fc and F5 is discussed. 2. The binding of F1 to TUA-particles was shown to take place with Mg++ (0.8 m M ) alone, but the bound ATPase was insensitive to rutamycin. Other divalent cations were less effective at these low concentrations; higher concentrations of monovalent cations (20 to 50 m M ) substituted for Mg++. The particulate ATPase activity was rendered rutamycin-sensitive by addition of Fc. 3. Exposure of either TUA-particles or Fc to heat or to trypsin resulted in complete loss of rutamycin sensitivity of the reconstituted system. This finding indicates that two labile factors contribute to the phenomenon. In contrast to the lability of the individual components, the Fc-TUA-F1 particle complex was resistant to heat and trypsin treatment under the same conditions. This observation represents another example of allotopy. 4. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide was shown to inhibit particle-bound ATPase in a manner similar to rutamycin, except that no reversibility could be demonstrated. The site of action of dicyclocarbodiimide was shown to be associated with the particles and not with Fc.
A pull-based broadcast algorithm that considers timing constraints

There are many situations in which we need to incorporate real-time constraints in broadcasting systems for mobile environments. In this paper, we study broadcast scheduling strategies for pull-based broadcast with timing constraints in the form of deadlines. Unlike previously proposed scheduling algorithms for broadcast systems which aim to minimize the mean access time, our goal is to identify scheduling algorithms for broadcast systems that ensure requests meet their deadlines. We present a detailed study of the performance of traditional nonmobile real-time strategies and non-real-time mobile strategies, and demonstrate that traditional real-time algorithms do not always perform the best in a mobile environment. We propose a model of a pull-based real-time broadcast system and also propose an efficient scheduling algorithm, called Aggregated Critical Requests (ACR), which is designed for timely delivery of data to mobile clients.
Preparing for Teacher Employment: An Analysis of Job Applications

(1989). Preparing for Teacher Employment: An Analysis of Job Applications. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 62, No. 6, pp. 263-265.
Tracefs: A File System to Trace Them All

File system traces have been used for years to analyze user behavior and system software behavior, leading to advances in file system and storage technologies. Existing traces, however, are difficult to use because they were captured for a specific use and cannot be changed, they often miss vital information for others to use, they become stale as time goes by, and they cannot be easily distributed due to user privacy concerns. Other forms of traces (block level, NFS level, or system-call level) all contain one or more deficiencies, limiting their usefulness to a wider range of studies. We developed Tracefs, a thin stackable file system for capturing file system traces in a portable manner. Tracefs can capture uniform traces for any file system, without modifying the file systems being traced. Tracefs can capture traces at various degrees of granularity: by users, groups, processes, files and file names, file operations, and more; it can transform trace data into aggregate counters, compressed, checksummed, encrypted, or anonymized streams; and it can buffer and direct the resulting data to various destinations (e.g., sockets, disks, etc.). Our modular and extensible design allows for uses beyond traditional file system traces: Tracefs can wrap around other file systems for debugging as well as for feeding user activity data into an Intrusion Detection System. We have implemented and evaluated a prototype Tracefs on Linux. Our evaluation shows a highly versatile system with small overheads.
Cetacean relaxin: isolation and sequence of relaxins from Balaenoptera acutorostrata and Balaenoptera edeni

Abstract The tendency toward extremely high variability among relaxins derived from purportedly closely related species has come to an abrupt end with the discovery of quasi-porcine relaxin in the minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and the Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni). An aqueous abstract of the corpora lutea of the two baleen whales contained significant amounts of relaxin-like activity as determined by a mouse bioassay and by cross-reactivity with anti-pig relaxin antibodies. The activity could be isolated and purified to homogeneity. Sequence analysis revealed that both whale relaxins differed from each other by about 3 residues, whereas the relaxin of B. edeni differed at only one position from that of pig relaxin. The similarity appears to include even the chain length heterogeneity observed at the C-terminal end of the B chain in porcine relaxin which is produced by a peculiar mode of connecting peptide removal from the pro-hormone. This finding may well represent one of the better documented challenges to the current paradigm of molecular evolution.
One-class Collaborative Filtering with Random Graphs: Annotated Version

The bane of one-class collaborative filtering is interpreting and modelling the latent signal from the missing class. In this paper we present a novel Bayesian generative model for implicit collaborative filtering. It forms a core component of the Xbox Live architecture, and unlike previous approaches, delineates the odds of a user disliking an item from simply not considering it. The latent signal is treated as an unobserved random graph connecting users with items they might have encountered. We demonstrate how large-scale distributed learning can be achieved through a combination of stochastic gradient descent and mean field variational inference over random graph samples. A fine-grained comparison is done against a state of the art baseline on real world data.
Relationship between obstetricians' cognitive and affective traits and delivery outcomes among women with a prior cesarean.

Objective We sought to investigate the relationship between obstetricians' cognitive traits and delivery outcomes among women with a prior cesarean delivery. Study Design A total of 94 obstetricians completed 5 standardized psychometric scales: Reflective Coping, Proactive Coping, Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance (MSTAT), Need for Cognition, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Scores were analyzed by quartile. Delivery data were collected for primiparas with 1 prior low transverse cesarean delivery and a term, cephalic singleton. We used χ 2 tests and random effects logistic regression to examine the relationship between obstetricians' cognitive traits and their patients' frequency of trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) and vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC). Results Of 1502 eligible patients, 22.6% underwent TOLAC. Women were more likely to undergo TOLAC when cared for by physicians with scores in the highest quartile of the proactive coping (33.6% vs 19.6%; P P = .002), and Need for Cognition (27.9% vs 21.5%; P = .02) assessments, or in the lowest quartile for anxiety assessment (28.0% vs 20.6%; P = .001). Similarly, those with high proactive coping (18.0% vs 11.3%; P = .001), high MSTAT (16.6% vs 11.8%; P = .03), and low anxiety (19.2% vs 10.4%; P Conclusion There is an increased likelihood of TOLAC and VBAC for women delivered by physicians with more proactive coping and less anxiety.
Eyes on the road, hands on the wheel: thumb-based interaction techniques for input on steering wheels

The increasing quantity and complexity of in-vehicle systems creates a demand for user interfaces which are suited to driving. The steering wheel is a common location for the placement of buttons to control navigation, entertainment, and environmental systems, but what about a small touchpad? To investigate this question, we embedded a Synaptics StampPad in a computer game steering wheel and evaluated seven methods for selecting from a list of over 3000 street names. Selection speed was measured while stationary and while driving a simulator. Results show that the EdgeWrite gestural text entry method is about 20% to 50% faster than selection-based text entry or direct list-selection methods. They also show that methods with slower selection speeds generally resulted in faster driving speeds. However, with EdgeWrite, participants were able to maintain their speed and avoid incidents while selecting and driving at the same time. Although an obvious choice for constrained input, on-screen keyboards generally performed quite poorly.
15. Farmstead windbreaks

Abstract The usefulness of trees and shrubs to provide protection to people and their property from climatic extremes has long been recognized throughout the world. By strategically planting trees and shrubs, both the direct and indirect effects of the wind upon man, animals, plants and property can be diminished. Farmstead windbreaks may provide improved living and working conditions, dust and snow control, wind damage control, noise control, wildlife habitat and energy conservation. The effectiveness of farmstead windbreaks depends upon proper design. Windbreaks should be oriented so as to provide protection from prevailing winds. In most cases, two barriers oriented at right angles will be needed to provide adequate protection. For wind protection only, the tallest tree row should be 2–5 h from the area needing protection. For wind and snow protection, the windward row should be 30–60 m from the area needing protection. Conventional designs call for a minimum of two to three rows with sufficient length so as to provide adequate protection. Species selected for planting must be adapted to the site and spaced to meet design and maintenance objectives.
Quantitative Time-Resolved Monitoring of Nitrate Formation in Sea Salt Particles Using a CCSEM/EDX Single Particle Analysis

Progress of the nitrate formation in individual sea salt particles was detected as a function of time using aerosol samples collected during the TexAQS 2080 experiment We demonstrate that the time-resolved collection approach coupled with the automated EDX single particle analysis made it possible to follow in detail the time evolution of sea salt particles within a diverse aerosol mixture. Using a custom built Time-Resolved Aerosol Collector (TRAC), particulate samples were taken sequentially on grid-supported 50 nm carbon films with a time resolution of 10 min between two consecutive samples. The samples were analyzed in the laboratory using Computer Controlled Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersed analysis of X-rays (CCSEM/EDX). Between midnight of 08/16/00 and the early morning of 08/17/00, a steady, particularly sea salt rich aerosol was observed at the measurement site, which later showed the effects of atmospheric processing. During the night of 08/17/00 the sea salt particles were almost unprocessed, having elemental composition close to that of seawater. By 12 noon, the evolving atmosphere was able to completely convert them, predominantly to sodium nitrate particles. During the next night this process had nearly stopped and fairly virgin sea salt particles appeared again.
Gene Therapy for Misfolding Protein Diseases of the Central Nervous System

Protein aggregation as a result of misfolding is a common theme underlying neurodegenerative diseases. Accordingly, most recent studies aim to prevent protein misfolding and/or aggregation as a strategy to treat these pathologies. For instance, state-of-the-art approaches, such as silencing protein overexpression by means of RNA interference, are being tested with positive outcomes in preclinical models of animals overexpressing the corresponding protein. Therapies designed to treat central nervous system diseases should provide accurate delivery of the therapeutic agent and long-term or chronic expression by means of a nontoxic delivery vehicle. After several years of technical advances and optimization, gene therapy emerges as a promising approach able to fulfill those requirements. In this review we will summarize the latest improvements achieved in gene therapy for central nervous system diseases associated with protein misfolding (e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and prion diseases), as well as the most recent approaches in this field to treat these pathologies.
Limb outgrowth in the chick embryo induced by dissociated and reaggregated cells of the apical ectodermal ridge

Abstract Mesodermal cores of the stage 19 chick leg bud were capped with an intact apical ectodermal ridge (AER) or with strips cut from centrifugal pellets formed from Pronase-dissociated AERs. They were then covered with embryonic back-skin ectoderm and grown as grafts to the somite region of a host embryo. Control mesoderms were capped with centrifugal aggregates of nonridge limb ectoderm or similarly treated back-skin ectoderm, with ethanol-killed AERs or with no ectodermal cells other than the enveloping back-skin ectoderm. Controls were vascularized slowly and atypically and showed little outgrowth, forming only proximal skeletal structures. Recombinants equipped with AER cells were vascularized more fully and promptly and began vigorous growth after brief delay, forming legs with all skeletal segments represented, including claw-tipped toes. The latter were arranged in anteroposterior order corresponding to the original polarity of the mesoderm. Histological sections of recombinants made with cytologically distinctive quail AERs reveal that the cap of ridge cells, whether initially intact or reaggregated beneath the back-skin envelope, undergo a period of reorganization, forming a typical AER at the apex of the chimeric appendage after 48 hr. Meanwhile vigorous growth of the recombinant continues. These results show that the AER can cooperate with nonlimb ectoderm in promoting the morphogenesis of successively more distal levels of the limb skeleton. They also show that dissociated ridge cells can reorganize a typical AER at the apex of the limb mesoblast, meanwhile exercising their inductive effect on it.
Improved automated apparatus for recording rotation (circling behavior) in rats or mice

Abstract An improved automated apparatus for measuring rotation (circling behavior) is described. The apparatus may be designed for either mice or rats. The logic circuit differentiates between complete 360° rotations and incomplete oscillatory turns; preliminary data indicate that this distinction has functional significance.
Impact of papillary and trabecular muscles on quantitative analyses of cardiac function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Purpose: To examine the impact of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) partitioning methods on volumetric analysis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients. The standard CMR method for partitioning ventricular myocardium from ventricular cavity includes the myocardial papillary and trabecular muscles in the cavity volume. This approach may misrepresent ventricular mass and volume in patients with HCM due to large papillary muscles and extensive trabeculations. Materials and Methods: Ventricular volume and mass analyses were performed in 30 patients with HCM using the standard method and a detailed method that excluded papillary and trabecular muscles from the left ventricular (LV) volume while including them in LV mass. We also analyzed the degree of mitral regurgitation and compared the results with Doppler echocardiography in a subgroup of 12 patients. Interobserver variability was assessed. Results: The detailed method yielded 17% higher indexed LV mass, 20% lower indexed LV diastolic volume, 13% higher LV ejection fraction (EF) (all P < 0.0001). The resultant mitral regurgitant volumes using the detailed method had less discrepancy with Doppler echocardiography results compared with the results from the standard methods. Interobserver variability was similar by both methods. Conclusion: For patients with HCM, a detailed analysis in which the ventricular papillary and trabecular muscles are excluded from LV volume is preferred. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;30:1197–1202. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of factors affecting serum IgG concentrations in bottle-fed calves.

Objective—To determine the effect of time interval from birth to first colostrum feeding on colostrum intake and serum IgG concentration and the effect of varying colostral volume intake and colostral IgG concentration on the probability of failure of passive transfer (FPT) in bottle-fed calves. Design—Randomized controlled study. Animals—104 calves. Procedures—Equal numbers of calves were randomly assigned to groups and fed 3 L of their dam's colostrum at 1, 2, 3, or 4 hours after birth by use of a nipple bottle. Calves were allowed to feed for 15 minutes, and intake was recorded. A second 3-L bottle feeding of colostrum was offered at 12 hours of age. Results—17.2% of calves ingested 3 L of colostrum at the first feeding and 3 L at 12 hours of age. Calf age, up to 4 hours, had no significant effect on the calf's ability to ingest colostrum or on 48-hour serum IgG concentration. Colostral intake at 1, 2, 3, or 4 hours had no effect on intake at the second feeding. Probability of FPT in calves ingesting 3...
Effect of drying method on drying time and physico-chemical properties of dried rabbiteye blueberries

Abstract Individually quick frozen (IQF) rabbiteye blueberry cultivars Brightwell and Powderblue were dried in an air-impingement dryer at 85 °C and 107 °C using two different configurations. The effect of cultivar, pick, grade, drying temperature and method on drying time and physico-chemical properties of dried blueberries were determined. Forced air dryer and a fluidized bed dryer were used as controls. Drying times were about 50% longer at 85 °C compared to 107 °C for all drying methods. Among the drying methods; fluidized bed dryer was fastest followed by air-impingement dryer(s) and forced air dryer to achieve a final water activity of 0.55 ± 0.05. Cultivar, drying method and their interaction with drying temperature shown significant effect ( P ≤ 0.05) on drying times. Several tested variables and their specific interactions also showed significant effect on bulk density, color, texture and composition of dried blueberries. Impingement drying showed promise as an alternative to fluidized bed dryer to dry IQF rabbiteye blueberries.
Enhanced CO2 greenhouse to compensate for reduced solar luminosity on early Earth

CURRENT models for the evolution of the Sun require an increase in solar luminosity by 25% since the formation of the Solar System1. Such an increase in the solar constant should have profound effects on the terrestrial climate, but there is no evidence from the fossil record of a corresponding change in the Earth's global mean temperature2. This apparent conflict cannot be explained by the apparent inability of solar models to account for the low observed neutrino flux3. Even models that are forced to fit the neutrino data require a similar increase in the solar luminosity. As Newman and Rood1 state: “a faint young Sun is one of the most unavoidable consequences of stellar structure considerations”. We discuss here whether CO2–H2O in a weakly reducing atmosphere could have caused this change in the early Earth's temperature by the so-called greenhouse effect.
Inhibition of antitumor immunity by invariant natural killer T cells in a T-cell lymphoma model in vivo.

We have investigated the role of the host's CD1d-dependent innate antitumor immune response in a murine T-cell lymphoma model in vivo. We found that C57BL/6 wildtype (WT) mice inoculated with RMA/S cells transfected with murine CD1d1 died at the same rate as mice inoculated with vector-transfected cells. In contrast, natural killer T (NKT) cell-deficient CD1d or Jα18 knockout mice inoculated with CD1d-transfected RMA/S cells survived significantly longer than mice inoculated with vector-transfected RMA/S cells, implicating the involvement of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells in inhibiting antitumor activity in vivo. In contrast to the mutant mice, which produced more of the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and GM-CSF, WT mice produced significantly elevated amounts of IL-13. Antitumor activity in the knockout mice was not due to the development of CD1d-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes or circulating antibodies. However, iNKT cell numbers were elevated in tumor-bearing mice. Thus, iNKT cells may be playing a negative role in the host's antitumor immune response against T-cell lymphomas in a CD1d-dependent manner. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A CRT graphics system for experimental research

A graphics system to create, display, store, and print stimuli in a hardware-enhanced, microcomputer-driven CRT environment is described. This graphics system is compared with other computer-based systems, as well as with systems requiring the use of tachistoscopes.
Isolation and Characterization of Flagella from Edwardsiella ictaluri

Abstract Flagella were isolated and purified by acid dissociation and by cell solubilization from 10 isolates of Edwardsiella ictaluri derived from channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. The preparations were examined ultrastructurally and electrophoretically. Ultrastructurally, flagella isolated by the two methods were morphologically different. Flagellar filaments purified by acid dissociation were of various lengths, and hooks and basal bodies were not seen. When cell solubilization was used, flagellar filaments were more uniform in length, and hooks and basal bodies were evident. A flagellar sheath was not seen in either preparation. Electrophoretic (SDS-PAGE) analysis of flagella isolated by either method showed two proteins with apparent molecular masses of 42 and 38 kilodaltons in gels stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue.
Design of a high-performance, low-noise charge preamplifier

A high-performance, low-noise charge preamplifier integrated circuit is designed and tested for the Superconducting Super Collider. The amplifier is fabricated in a new dielectrically isolated (DI), radiation-hardened, very-high-frequency (VHF) BIFET IC process technology from Harris Corporation. This new process provides n-p-n, p-n-p, and p-channel JFET devices which are both radiation-hardened, tested to 3 Mrad of total gamma ray exposure and 3*10/sup 14//cm/sup 2/ neutron dosage, and provides high-frequency performance. The new charge preamplifier provides improved performance with an output rise time of 65 ns, input inferred noise of 28.6 mu V, or 3575 electrons, and power dissipation less than 33.7 mW. The circuit design is discussed with attention given to those design characteristics needed to specifically accommodate low noise with the new radiation-hardened process. >
Production of anti-basement membrane-zone antibody by peripheral blood leukocytes of bullous pemphigoid patients

Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from patients with bullous pemphigoid stimulated by pokeweed mitogen (PWM) produce an anti-basement membrane-zone (BMZ) antibody. The antibody producedin vitro was biosynthetically radiolabeled, and its binding to the BMZ was histologically demonstrated by autoradiography. The IgG nature of the antibody was evidenced by the fact that it was absorbed by rabbit anti-human IgG antiserum immunoabsorbents. The peak antibody productionin vitro occurred after 6 days of culture. Antibody producedin vitro did not bind to the BMZ of human skin, but it did bind to the BMZ of the monkey esophagus. Normal human volunteers and control patients did not produce such an antibody. In other experiments the effects of adding serum containing anti-BMZ antibody to the synthesis of Ig by cells of patients and normal subjects were studied. Although serum from patients with bullous pemphigoid stimulated Ig production with either normal or BP-patient PBL, the difference was not statistically significant. The availability of the assay system allows for studying the immunoregulatory mechanism of autoantibody production in bullous pemphigoid.
Toxicity and efficacy of protracted low dose temozolomide for the treatment of low grade gliomas

Protracted low dose temozolomide (75 mg/m2/day on days 1–21 of 28 days) offers potential advantages over standard temozolomide schedules (200 mg/m2/day on days 1–5 of 28 days) including greater cumulative drug exposure and depletion of O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase levels, theoretically overcoming intrinsic chemoresistance. We retrospectively review our experience in 25 patients with pathologically proven low grade gliomas (LGG) treated with protracted low dose temozolomide to primarily quantify its toxicity and secondarily to assess efficacy. None had previously received radiation. Tumor response was graded based on changes in tumor size, steroid requirements, and clinical exam. About 243 cycles of protracted low dose temozolomide were administered. Three patients (12%) were changed to standard temozolomide dosing due to side effects, including intractable nausea (n = 2) and multiple cytopenias (n = 1). The most frequent toxicities were fatigue (76%), lymphopenia (72% [48% high grade]), constipation (56%), and nausea (52%). High grade toxicities (other than lymphopenia) included secondary malignancy, pruritis, hyponatremia, neutropenia, leukopenia, and cognitive decline (n = 1 for each). Tumor response rate was 52% and and disease control rate was 84%. Six month PFS was 92% and 12 month PFS was 72%. Response rates and PFS were independent of pathological subtype, deletion status, and indication for chemotherapy. Protracted low dose temozolomide has a distinct spectrum of toxicities compared to standard dosing but is well tolerated in most patients and may provide improved response rates compared to standard dosing. The results of larger randomized trials are needed to assess its potential advantages over other management schemes.
CHANGING IDEAS ABOUT HERITAGE AND HERITAGE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN HISTORICALLY SEGREGATED COMMUNITIES

America's history of racial segregation has played a critical role in shaping both what is publicly acknowledged, remembered, and preserved with respect to heritage and what is forgotten, whispered about, or relegated to the status of other in many communities. In this paper, I discuss how the community of Sulphur Springs in Tampa, FL, in partnership with students and faculty from the University of South Florida, has begun to address issues of identity and representation in the marketing of heritage as a key cultural resource. Issues confronted by this community underscore the role that heritage research, preservation, and management plays in defining the present and creating the future. Lessons learned from a previously conducted study of the Kingsley Plantation community in Jacksonville, FL, inform this analysis.
The structure of copoly(4-hydroxybenzoic acid/2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid): 2. An atomic model for the copolyester chain

Abstract X-ray fibre diagrams of fibres drawn from the (liquid crystalline) melts of copoly(4-hydroxybenzoic acid/2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid) show meridional maxima that are aperiodic. The positions of these maxima are reproduced in calculations of the meridional intensities for completely random copolymer sequences in which the monomers are approximated to points separated by the appropriate monomer lengths. These calculations have now been extended to consider an atomic model for the chains. Comparison of the calculated meridional transforms with diffractometer scans for five monomer ratios shows good agreement, not only for the positions but also for the relative intensities of the observed and calculated maxima. The linewidth of the maximum at d ≅2.1 Ǎ depends on the chain length used for the calculations and presents a method for determination of the persistence length of the extended chain conformation.
Recovery in copper after fatigue at 78°K

Abstract : The report describes some observations on the recovery behavior of pure copper following cyclic deformation at liquid nitrogen temperature. The isochronal spectrum consists of four main recovery stages which are centered at approximately -140, -30, 70 and 300C. Possible recovery mechanisms are briefly discussed. (Author)
The use of a rotating lead-disk electrode for electroanalytical purposes

Abstract The behavior of lead as an electrode material for electroanalytical purposes was studied in 1.0 M sulfuric acid. The useful negative range of potential was approximately −0.57 to −1.20 V vs. SCE for conventional voltammetry at a rotating disk electrode. For the sinusoidal hydrodynamic modulation technique, the negative limit was about −1.25 V. Studies of the reduction of cadmium ion, thallium(I) ion, and p -nitroaniline showed that the behavior of a rotating lead-disk electrode was comparable to that expected on the basis of theory. Limits of detection are in the micromolar range.
Phase field simulations of grain growth during sintering of two unequal-sized particles

Sintering is fundamentally a process of bonding between solid particles which typically occurs under high temperatures relative to the material's melting point. The sintering of real powders requires consolidation of unequal-sized particles. The consolidation of unequal particles involves sintering and simultaneous grain growth. In this work, sintering and simultaneous concurrent grain growth of two unequal-sized particles are modeled using a phase field simulation method. The sintering process is revealed to consist of three sub-processes: (1) neck growth, (2) coarsening with concurrent slow grain boundary migration, and (3) rapid grain boundary motion. The observed grain boundary migration with coarsening was not predicted in prior analytical models of sintering. The simulation results are analyzed based on a thermodynamic analysis of the driving forces for different sub-processes. Analytical expressions for grain boundary velocity in the second and the third sub-processes are derived. The slow grain boundary migration is sensitive to the sintering geometry.
Combinatorial and recursive aspects of the automorphism group of the countable atomless Boolean algebra

Given an admissible indexing φ of the countable atomless Boolean algebra ℬ, an automorphism F of ℬ is said to be recursively presented (relative to φ) if there exists a recursive function p ϵ Sym(ω) such that F ∘ φ = φ ∘ p. Our key result on recursiveness: Both the subset of Aut(ℬ) consisting of all those automorphisms which are recursively presented relative to some indexing, and its complement, the set of all “totally nonrecursive” automorphisms, are uncountable.This arises as a consequence of the following combinatorial investigations: (1) A comparison of the cycle structures of ƒ and , where ƒ is a permutation of some free basis of ℬ and is the automorphism of ℬ induced by ƒ.(2) An explicit description of the permutations of ω whose conjugacy classes in Sym(ω) are (a) uncountable, (b) countably infinite, and (c) finite.
Hippocampal Structure and the Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs

Cholinomimetic drugs have become the clinical standard for the treatment of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT). However, uncertainty remains as to the proportion of patients that respond to such drugs, and how one might predict the capacity for response before treatment is begun. The thesis of the present review is that the neuroanatomical integrity of the hippocampus determines, at least in part, the capacity of DAT patients to respond to cholinomimetic drugs. Neuroimaging studies suggest that volume losses and other neuroanatomical deformities of the hippocampus are common in patients with even mild DAT. Moreover, more severe neuroanatomical deformities of the hippocampus are associated with more severe dementia symptoms and more rapid clinical decline. Animal research, including studies of cholinergic antagonists, glutamatergic antagonists, hippocampal lesions, and animals with mutant amyloid precursor protein genes, demonstrate that behavioral abnormalities similar to those found in DAT patients, especially those related to memory, are associated with hippocampal pathology. Cholino- mimetic drugs, in particular, the cholinesterase inhibitors, have been shown to reverse some but not all of these behavioral abnormalities. More research is needed in DAT patients to determine whether an analysis of hippocampal structure or function can reliably predict the outcome of treatment with cholinomimetic drugs. Further work in animals is also needed to determine the limitations of cholinomimetic drugs for reversing various types of cognitive deficits, and to develop and test other pharmacological strategies for the treatment of DAT. Drug Dev. Res. 56:531-540, 2002. c 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
How to wreck a nice beach you sing calm incense

A principal problem in speech recognition is distinguishing between words and phrases that sound similar but have different meanings. Speech recognition programs produce a list of weighted candidate hypotheses for a given audio segment, and choose the "best" candidate. If the choice is incorrect, the user must invoke a correction interface that displays a list of the hypotheses and choose the desired one. The correction interface is time-consuming, and accounts for much of the frustration of today's dictation systems. Conventional dictation systems prioritize hypotheses based on language models derived from statistical techniques such as n-grams and Hidden Markov Models.We propose a supplementary method for ordering hypotheses based on Commonsense Knowledge. We filter acoustical and word-frequency hypotheses by testing their plausibility with a semantic network derived from 700,000 statements about everyday life. This often filters out possibilities that "don't make sense" from the user's viewpoint, and leads to improved recognition. Reducing the hypothesis space in this way also makes possible streamlined correction interfaces that improve the overall throughput of dictation systems.
MULTIPLE POINTS OF RUPTURE IN TEXTILE FIBERS: PART I A PROPOSED MECHANISM.

Abstract : Strain-wave propagation is proposed as the mechanism which accounts for the occurrence of multiple tensile breaks in textile fibers. The breaks are uniformly distributed along the central portion of the test length with a higher concentration existing at or near the boundaries (i.e. the tabs). The region of uniform distribution results from initial random breaks while the high concentrations at the ends are due to reflections of energy waves. Recoverable energy stored in the fiber during extension is the driving force for wave propagation. The dependence of multiple breaks on testing length, rate of extension, temperature, medium, morphology, and tenacity at break is discussed. (Author)
A Review of the Economic Burden of Glioblastoma and the Cost Effectiveness of Pharmacologic Treatments

Grade IV glioma (glioblastoma) is one of the most common brain/central nervous system cancers. In 2005, the standard of care for adjuvant treatment was significantly changed with the approval of temozolomide. Carmustine wafers have also gained some popularity. Phase III trials are currently evaluating bevacizumab in conjunction with the standard temozolomide regimen. Despite these recent advances in pharmacotherapy, roughly two-thirds of patients do not survive longer than 2 years after diagnosis. Meanwhile, the costs of treatment are substantial. The goal of this study is to review the clinical, cost-of-illness, and cost-effectiveness literature relevant to treating glioblastoma. Estimates of the economic burden of glioblastoma within different healthcare systems were converted to 2013 US dollars. Temozolomide has demonstrated a 2.5-month increase in overall survival and a 1.9-month increase in progression-free survival, relative to radiotherapy alone. Carmustine wafers have also been shown to increase overall survival by 2.3 months, compared with placebo wafers. Cost-effectiveness studies of temozolomide have produced incremental cost-effectiveness ratios, adjusted to 2013 US dollars, with a range from US$73,586 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) (UK National Health Service perspective) to US$105,234 per QALY (US societal perspective). More research is needed to quantify the full societal burden of illness.
Circumventing substrate interference in the Raman spectroscopic identification of blood stains

Raman spectroscopy has demonstrated remarkable capabilities in identifying blood in controlled laboratory conditions. However, substrate interference presents a significant challenge toward characterizing body fluid traces with Raman spectroscopy at a crime scene. Here, several possible solutions are explored, including the selection of laser excitation, isolating the signal of blood using spectral subtraction and using a favorable substrate for collection which minimizes interference. Simulated blood stain evidence was prepared and analyzed using a Raman microscope with variable laser capabilities. It is shown that the best approach for detecting blood depends on the nature of the substrate and the type of interference encountered.
Does Scary Matter?: Testing the Effectiveness of New National Weather Service Tornado Warning Messages

In Spring 2011, record-level tornadoes in the South and Midwest United States resulted in significant human injury and death. In response, the National Weather Service (NWS) developed new warning messages for the 2012 storm season, utilizing more frightening warning language and more specific directions. The current study tested the effectiveness of these new messages by showing participants four different experimental stimuli: regular TV warning messages, new scary TV warning messages, regular radio warning messages, and new scary radio warning messages. Results indicated that behavioral intentions were not affected by any of the experimental stimuli. However, regular warning messages were perceived as more credible than the new scary messages. We also examined characteristics of individuals in relation to severe-weather information use and found that women and those with more storm experience used more sources of severe-weather information.
Imaging of the Solitary Pulmonary Nodule

Further evaluation of a solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) incidentally detected on chest radiography is not needed when either of the following two criteria (moderate evidence) is met: Nodule is stable in size for at least 2 years when compared to prior chest radiographs; there is a benign pattern of calcification demonstrated on chest radiography. Further evaluation of a pulmonary nodule showing a benign pattern of calcification, fat, or stability for 2 years or more on thin-section computed tomography (CT) is not needed (moderate evidence). In the absence of benign calcification, fat, or documented radiographic stability for at least 2 years, the choice of subsequent imaging strategy to differentiate between benign and malignant nodules is critically dependent on the pretest probability of malignancy. CT should be the initial test for most patients with radiographically indeterminate pulmonary nodules (moderate evidence). 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18FDG-PET) has a high sensitivity and specificity for malignancy (strong evidence), and is most cost-effective when used selectively in patients where the CT findings and pretest probability of malignancy are discordant. The use of multidetector CT (MDCT) scanners with improved spatial resolution for lung cancer screening has led to the increased detection of small (<1 cm) pulmonary nodules. Nodules are categorized on CT as (1) solid, (2) part-solid (mixed solid and ground-glass attenuation), or (3) nonsolid (pure ground-glass attenuation). The imaging strategy for the further evaluation of small solid pulmonary nodules in the absence of a known primary malignancy is based on nodule diameter (moderate evidence). For solid nodules 4–10 mm in diameter, a strategy of careful observation with serial thin-section CT scanning is recommended at 6, 12, and 24 months. In patients with a known primary neoplasm, initial reevaluation at 3 months is recommended. For solid nodules larger than 10 mm in diameter, further evaluation with 18FDG-PET, percutaneous needle biopsy, or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is recommended. Part-solid nodules (solid and ground-glass components) and nonsolid nodules (pure ground glass) detected at lung cancer screening have a higher likelihood of malignancy than solid nodules; therefore, tissue sampling (percutaneous CT-guided biopsy or VATS) is recommended (moderate evidence). For nodules less than 1 cm where this may not be possible, close serial CT evaluation at 3-month intervals in recommended.
Molybdenum, Sulfur, and Other Trace Elements in Farm Soils and Forages After Sewage Sludge Application

Abstract Farm application of sewage sludge products (biosolids) can potentially increase soil concentrations of macronutrients [especially phosphorus (P)], micronutrients [including sulfur (S), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo)] and heavy metals. In the present study, sampling and elemental analysis by ICP of soils and forages from 13 farms in Upstate New York that had applied sludge showed some elements to be significantly elevated (relative to controls) in the soils and crops of several farms. Specifically, total soil cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), Cu, vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), P, S, and Zn on several farms were significantly higher than the average for farms of this region, although the estimated soil loadings of regulated heavy metals from sludge application were no more than a few percent of the EPA 503 permitted loadings. For most elements, the higher soil concentrations did not result in significantly higher average forage concentrations. Nevertheless, the average forage S concentration was si...
GADACS: A GPS ATTITUDE DETERMINATION AND CONTROL EXPERIMENT ON A SPARTAN SPACECRAFT

Abstract An attitude experiment is currently being developed to fly on a SPARTAN Space Shuttle deployed spacecraft. The experiment, called the GPS Attitude Determination And Control System (GADACS), is expected to answer key questions to help pave the way for GPS attitude sensing in the future. An overview of the GADACS experiment, its mission goals, hardware description, and control law design is presented.
Early infection with respiratory syncytial virus impairs regulatory T cell function and increases susceptibility to allergic asthma

Immune tolerance is instituted early in life, during which time regulatory T (T(reg)) cells have an important role. Recurrent infections with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in early life increase the risk for asthma in adult life. Repeated infection of infant mice tolerized to ovalbumin (OVA) through their mother's milk with RSV induced allergic airway disease in response to OVA sensitization and challenge, including airway inflammation, hyper-reactivity and higher OVA-specific IgE, as compared to uninfected tolerized control mice. Virus infection induced GATA-3 expression and T helper type 2 (T(H)2) cytokine production in forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)(+) T(reg) cells and compromised the suppressive function of pulmonary T(reg) cells in a manner that was dependent on interleukin-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα) expression in the host. Thus, by promoting a T(H)2-type inflammatory response in the lung, RSV induced a T(H)2-like effector phenotype in T(reg) cells and attenuated tolerance to an unrelated antigen (allergen). Our findings highlight a mechanism by which viral infection targets a host-protective mechanism in early life and increases susceptibility to allergic disease.
Conference report: the fourth ACM conference on electronic commerce

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Evaluation of the Humidification Requirements of New Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells

Measurements of PEM fuel cell device performance were made with different gas inlet temperatures and relative humidity using a newly-designed test fixture. Significant improvement in device performance was observed when the fuel inlet temperature was increased above the operating temperature of the cell. These measurements were then correlated to a model to describe energy and mass transport processes. Proton exchange membrane (PEM), fuel cells--the focus of this study--use an ion conducting polymer, especially polyperfluorosulfonic acid materials. These polymer materials, when imbibed with water, exhibit solution-like properties, but because the anions are chemically bound to the polymeric structure, the electrolyte is contained. Importantly, product water removal is simplified, as electrolyte dilution is not a concern. However, the proton transport rate is a function of the polymer geometry, which is set, in part, by the polymer water content. Consequently, dynamics of water flow are essential to understand the design of efficient conversion devices.