cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Violation of Bell's inequality in Josephson phase qubits

Bell inequalities provide a quantitative measure that can distinguish classically determined correlations from stronger quantum correlations. Experiments on microscopic systems such as atoms and photons strongly favour the quantum description, but there has been no Bell test in a solid-state system. This paper reports clear evidence for violation of a Bell inequality (and thus quantum behaviour) in a macroscopic electrical circuit consisting of superconducting phase qubits. Bell inequalities are a quantitative measure that can distinguish classically determined correlations from stronger quantum correlations, and their measurement provides strong experimental evidence that quantum mechanics provides a complete description. The violation of a Bell inequality is now demonstrated in a solid-state system; the experiment provides further strong evidence that a macroscopic electrical circuit is really a quantum system. The measurement process plays an awkward role in quantum mechanics, because measurement forces a system to ‘choose’ between possible outcomes in a fundamentally unpredictable manner. Therefore, hidden classical processes have been considered as possibly predetermining measurement outcomes while preserving their statistical distributions1. However, a quantitative measure that can distinguish classically determined correlations from stronger quantum correlations exists in the form of the Bell inequalities, measurements of which provide strong experimental evidence that quantum mechanics provides a complete description2,3,4. Here we demonstrate the violation of a Bell inequality in a solid-state system. We use a pair of Josephson phase qubits5,6,7 acting as spin-1/2 particles, and show that the qubits can be entangled8,9 and measured so as to violate the Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt (CHSH) version of the Bell inequality10. We measure a Bell signal of 2.0732 ± 0.0003, exceeding the maximum amplitude of 2 for a classical system by 244 standard deviations. In the experiment, we deterministically generate the entangled state, and measure both qubits in a single-shot manner, closing the detection loophole11. Because the Bell inequality was designed to test for non-classical behaviour without assuming the applicability of quantum mechanics to the system in question, this experiment provides further strong evidence that a macroscopic electrical circuit is really a quantum system7.
Polariton Theory of Raman Scattering. III. Effect of Exciton and Band Properties on the Frequency Dependence of the Cross Section

In the present work, a polariton approach is employed to derive cross sections for resonant Raman scattering mediated by dipole-forbidden and quadrupole-allowed excitons. The results are contrasted with those in the dipole-allowed case. We investigate differences in polariton dispersion and in the nature of the discrete-state and continuum contributions in the various cases, and demonstrate how these influence the resonance properties of the cross section. We find that, in general, continuum effects dominate in forbidden scattering, while continuum-discrete interference is strongest in allowed scattering. Considerably sharper onsets to resonance are predicted for the quadrupole case, as compared to the dipole. Resonance properties are shown to depend as well, often strongly, on the values of various crystalline parameters, such as the exciton effective mass and the frequency of the phonons involved in the scattering. The predictions are illustrated via detailed numerical computations for a hydrogenic exciton model, and parameters appropriate to insulators such as CdS.
Beliefs in Internal-External Control of Reinforcement among Blacks in Integrated and Segregated High Schools

2 groups of 28 and 27 16- to 18-yr.-old Black high school students in Southern California, matched for age, socio-economic status, scholastic aptitude and years in a particular high school, were given the Rotter I-E Scale. Blacks in an integrated school were significantly more externally controlled than Blacks in a segregated school. Blacks in an integrated school may feel they have no power or authority to define themselves. Upgrading of schools in Black communities may facilitate redefinition.
Team Training/Simulation

Obstetrical emergencies require the rapid formation of a team with clear communication, strong leadership, and appropriate decision-making to ensure a positive patient outcome. Obstetric teams can improve their emergency response capability and efficiency through team and simulation training. Postpartum hemorrhage is an ideal model for team and simulation training, as postpartum hemorrhage requires a multidisciplinary team with the capability to produce a protocol-driven, rapid response. This article provides an overview of team and simulation training and focuses on applications within obstetrics, particularly preparation for postpartum hemorrhage.
Interstitial pneumonitis following bicalutamide treatment for prostate cancer

Androgen deprivation therapy is standard treatment for metastatic prostate cancer. As the incidence of prostate cancer increases and newer treatment modalities are explored, the nonsteroidal antiandrogens with surgical (orchiectomy) or medical (luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogues) castration comprise standard therapy for metastatic disease (total androgen blockade). The nonsteroidal antiandrogens flutamide, nilutamide and bicalutamide have been used with minimal toxicities. Exploration of the dose and schedule of these agents alone or as combined androgen blockade has been the subject of numerous clinical trials. Pulmonary toxicity with nilutamide, principally interstitial pneumonitis, has been described previously. We report a case of pulmonary toxicity with bicalutamide, which to our knowledge has not been previously described. CASE REPORT
Towards Self-Sensing of DEAP Actuators: Capacitive Sensing Experimental Analysis

Dielectric Electro-Active Polymers (DEAP’s) have become attractive material for various actuation and sensing applications such as light weight and energy efficient valve and pumping systems. The materials ability to act as both and actuator and a sensor enable DEAP actuators to have “self-sensing” capabilities. This advancement provides low cost actuator systems that do not require external sensors for feedback control. This paper explores the capacitive sensing capabilities of a DEAP actuator under loading conditions typical for pumping and valve applications. The capacitive sensing capabilities of the actuator are tested using a method similar to that used by Jung et al. [1] which uses the DEAP actuator as a variable capacitor in a high pass filter circuit. This sensing circuit produces a direct voltage output when the actuator is displaced. The sensing response of this system is experimentally investigated under mechanical loading. The sensor is shown to have an effective sensitivity of .041 (V/Vexc ) / mm. In addition, the initial results of a dual sensing and actuating system are presented.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Vibron-mediated electronic relaxation in crystalline chlorine

Abstract Luminescence decay of thin solid films of molecular chlorine exhibit distinctly non-exponential temporal behavior following pulsed ultraviolet laser excitation. The temporal characteristics are dependent on sample temperature and laser fluence in the range 11–80 K. This behavior is attributed to internal conversion from the first excited A′( 3 Π 2u ) electronic state to the ground state, which is accelerated by phonons and localized vibrational excitons (vibrons). This unusual mechanism of electronic relaxation is consistent with a recent theoretical model for the mechanism of explosive desorption of cryogenic films.
Circumstellar Matter in Direct Impact Algol Systems

Full-orbit Hα observations have been analyzed to determine the two-dimensional distribution of the circumstellar gas in the four short-period Algols, U Sge, U CrB, RS Vul, and SW Cyg. In these systems, the gas stream resulting from Roche-lobe overflow directly impacts the mass-gaining star and feeds material into a structure known as a ‘transient accretion disk’. The accretion regions observed in these systems include a transient accretion disk that at least partially surrounds the mass gainer, the gas stream, and possibly a chromospheric component associated with the magnetically active cool star.
Optical interconnects to silicon

This paper gives a brief historical summary of the development of the field of optical interconnects to silicon integrated circuits. It starts from roots in early optical switching phenomena, proceeds through novel semiconductor and quantum well optical and optoelectronic physics and devices, first proposals for optical interconnects, and optical computing and photonic switching demonstrators, to hybrid integrations of optoelectronic and silicon circuits that may solve basic scaling and other problems for interconnections in future information processing and switching machines.
Prevalence and Incidence Trends for Diagnosed Diabetes Among Adults Aged 20 to 79 Years, United States, 1980-2012

Importance Although the prevalence and incidence of diabetes have increased in the United States in recent decades, no studies have systematically examined long-term, national trends in the prevalence and incidence of diagnosed diabetes. Objective To examine long-term trends in the prevalence and incidence of diagnosed diabetes to determine whether there have been periods of acceleration or deceleration in rates. Design, Setting, and Participants We analyzed 1980-2012 data for 664 969 adults aged 20 to 79 years from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) to estimate incidence and prevalence rates for the overall civilian, noninstitutionalized, US population and by demographic subgroups (age group, sex, race/ethnicity, and educational level). Main Outcomes and Measures The annual percentage change (APC) in rates of the prevalence and incidence of diagnosed diabetes (type 1 and type 2 combined). Results The APC for age-adjusted prevalence and incidence of diagnosed diabetes did not change significantly during the 1980s (for prevalence, 0.2% [95% CI, −0.9% to 1.4%], P = .69; for incidence, −0.1% [95% CI, −2.5% to 2.4%], P = .93), but each increased sharply during 1990-2008 (for prevalence, 4.5% [95% CI, 4.1% to 4.9%], P P P = .64; for incidence, −5.4% [95% CI, −11.3% to 0.9%], P = .09). The prevalence per 100 persons was 3.5 (95% CI, 3.2 to 3.9) in 1990, 7.9 (95% CI, 7.4 to 8.3) in 2008, and 8.3 (95% CI, 7.9 to 8.7) in 2012. The incidence per 1000 persons was 3.2 (95% CI, 2.2 to 4.1) in 1990, 8.8 (95% CI, 7.4 to 10.3) in 2008, and 7.1 (95% CI, 6.1 to 8.2) in 2012. Trends in many demographic subpopulations were similar to these overall trends. However, incidence rates among non-Hispanic black and Hispanic adults continued to increase (for interaction, P = .03 for non-Hispanic black adults and P = .01 for Hispanic adults) at rates significantly greater than for non-Hispanic white adults. In addition, the rate of increase in prevalence was higher for adults who had a high school education or less compared with those who had more than a high school education (for interaction, P = .006 for P Conclusions and Relevance Analyses of nationally representative data from 1980 to 2012 suggest a doubling of the incidence and prevalence of diabetes during 1990-2008, and a plateauing between 2008 and 2012. However, there appear to be continued increases in the prevalence or incidence of diabetes among subgroups, including non-Hispanic black and Hispanic subpopulations and those with a high school education or less.
Tensional computation: further musings on the computational cosmography

Universe operates in pure principle only, wherefrom we can choose to view Universe as an emergent computation. The proposed method for this most basic of computations is the computational cosmography, wherein a system of interacting deformable polyhedra utilizing the geometric primitives of Fuller's synergetic geometry coordinate and evolve within an isotropic vector matrix. A gedanken experiment involving gravity on a two-dimensional lattice is also discussed, as are some consequences associated with this computational cosmographical viewpoint.
EXCHANGE RATES AND NON-LINEAR DYNAMICS IN OUTPUT: EVIDENCE FROM BULGARIA

This paper assesses the effect of changes in real e xchange rates on output growth by applying a smooth transition regression ( STR) model in the case of Bulgaria ‐ a European Union accession country. The nonlinear estimation technique employed here offers more flexibility in terms of allowing for possible asymmetric effects of real appreciations o n growth, contingent upon the behavior of relevant economic variables. The no nlinear model reveals that real appreciations have helped growth in Bulgaria f or most of the period 19942004. Real appreciations can turn contractionary on ly under excessive real money growth, which has occurred only sporadically.
An analysis of carrier facilitated transport in heterogeneous media

A theoretical model is developed for steady state diffusion in reactive heterogeneous media in which simultaneous reversible chemical reactions occur between diffusible carrier species and the transported species. The heterogeneous systems analyzed are those for which one phase is dispersed as uniform spheres in a second continuous phase, and either or both phases may be reactive. The results have a simple physical interpretation in terms of additivity of resistances. The theory is applied to oxygen diffusion in blood.
Analysis of Hymenoptera Stings Reported to the Illinois Poison Center

Although there is some detailed research on anaphylactic reactions to Hymenoptera venom, there continues to be little epidemiological data about the distribution, trend, and factors associated with the occurrence of Hymenoptera envenomations in humans. We describe characteristics of persons suffering Hymenoptera stings from bees, wasps, and hornets as reported to the Illinois Poison Center, and assess seasonal, climatologic, and time trends of calls for envenomations between 2002 and 2007. Mean daily temperature and mean daily atmospheric pressure were positively associated with envenomations, whereas wind speed was negatively associated with envenomations. We also observed a significant increase in calls for envenomations on summer holidays (P < 0.001). In addition, our findings showed that the number of calls for envenomations declined by nearly half after 2005 (P < 0.001) compared with previous years. Our findings indicate that the decline in bees, wasps, and hornets may be widespread, affecting both wild and commercial populations, and that the decline appears to have been rapid and sustained in recent years. Poison center data are a valuable resource for the surveillance of poisoning in humans, but our findings show that the data can be used to monitor changes in nonhuman species.
Beta3-adrenergic regulation of leptin, food intake, and adiposity is impaired with age.

With age, there are increases in adiposity, leptin mRNA in white adipose tissue (WAT), and serum leptin levels in rats. β3-Adrenergic agonists are anti-obesity agents in rodents, and activation of β3-adrenergic receptors (β3AR) mediates an acute decrease in food consumption, increased thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT), increased lipolysis in WAT, and suppression of leptin gene expression and serum leptin levels. Because β3AR signal transduction is impaired with age in BAT and WAT, β3AR-mediated regulation of leptin, feeding behavior, and adiposity may also be impaired with age. To test this hypothesis, we infused young (6 month) and old (24 month) F344 x BN rats with the β3AR agonist CL316,243 (1 mg kg–1 day–1) using osmotic minipumps for 7 days. Food intake, body mass, adiposity, and serum leptin, as well as leptin, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA in BAT or WAT were determined. In young rats, CL316,243 infusion reduced body mass and adiposity, suppressed serum leptin and leptin mRNA levels in WAT, induced UCP1 in WAT, and increased UCP1 and LPL mRNA levels in BAT. Moreover, treatment with CL316,243 was associated with a marked but transient suppression of food intake. Most of the responses elicited in the old rats with CL316,243 treatment were qualitatively similar to those in the young rats, but blunted in magnitude. β3AR activation of adenylyl cyclase was also reduced in the aged rats. These data suggest that, although CL316,243 is an effective agent in aged rats, the maximum responses are reduced, suggesting that the impaired β3AR signal transduction with age is a major determining factor in the reduced effectiveness of CL316,243 in older rats.
Affinity and conformation of the estrogen receptor when bound to single-stranded vs. double-stranded nonspecific DNA.

AbstractThe affinity of the hormone-bound estrogen receptor for single-stranded and double-stranded DNA was compared using isocratic elution chromatography. The receptor bound single-stranded DNA with a two-fold higher affinity than double-stranded DNA (17.9 × 104 M−1 vs. 9.1 × 104 M−1) at 0.2 M KCl. The same number of ions were released when the receptor bound either single-stranded or double-stranded DNA (11.8 vs. 10.6, respectively). These results indicate the hormone-bound estrogen receptor has no strong preference for single-stranded vs. double-stranded nonspecific DNA, and has a similar conformation when bound to either form of DNA at physiological salt concentrations.
Processing monitoring of carbon/phenolic composites using smart sensors

High void content and delaminations are observed during the fabrication of thick carbon/phenolic composites due to the high percentage of volatile release which occurs during polymerization. In order to eliminate these imperfections and enhance product quality for thick carbon/phenolic composites, smart sensors are used to monitor the property changes during the processing and control of the component to minimize this effect. This paper describes a technique to monitor and collect sensor data during the curing process of a general material system. Data obtained from sensors are used to generate an expert processing knowledge base which automatically controls the composite cure state based on direct sensor response, in lieu of classical time/temperature techniques. Microdielectric, ultrasonic, thermopile, thermal couple and extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer (EFPI) sensors are investigated as potential candidates to monitor and subsequently control the manufacturing process of a composite material. Microdielectric sensors are used to monitor resin property changes. Ultrasonic sensors are used to measure stiffness changes and porosity development in the composite material. Thermopile and thermal couples are used to monitor temperature variance and heat reaction rates within the material. EFPI sensors, historically used for monitoring structural integrity during service applications, are used to detect local strain changes caused by temperature, pressure, or process induced residual stresses. In addition to classical optical sensors, a modified EFPI thermal sensor is employed to monitor temperature variations.
A hierarchical, objectives-based framework for the digital investigations process

Digital investigations, whether forensic in nature or not, require scientific rigor and are facilitated through the use of standard processes. Such processes can be complex in nature. A more comprehensive, generally accepted digital investigation process framework is therefore sought to enhance scientific rigor and facilitate education, application, and research. Previously proposed frameworks are predominantly single-tier, higher order process models that focus on the abstract, rather than the more concrete principles of the investigation. We contend that these frameworks, although useful in explaining overarching concepts, fail to support the inclusion of additional layers of detail needed by various framework users. We therefore propose a multi-tier, hierarchical framework to guide digital investigations. Our framework includes objectives-based phases and sub-phases that are applicable to various layers of abstraction, and to which additional layers of detail can easily be added as needed. Our framework also includes principles that are applicable in varied ways to all phases. The data analysis function intended to identify and recover digital evidence is used as an example of how the framework might be further populated and used. The framework is then applied using two different case scenarios. At its highest level, the proposed framework provides a simplified view and conceptual understanding of the overall process. At lower levels, the proposed framework provides the granularity needed to achieve practicality and specificity goals set by practitioners and researchers alike.
Semantic image classification with hierarchical feature subset selection

High-dimensional visual features for image content characterization enables effective image classification. However, training accurate image classifiers in high-dimensional feature space suffers from the problem of curse of dimensionality and thus requires a large number of labeled images. To achieve accurate classifier training in high-dimensional feature space, we propose a hierarchical feature subset selection algorithm for semantic image classification, where the feature subset selection procedure is seamlessly integrated with the underlying classifier training procedure in a single algorithm. First, our hierarchical feature subset selection framework partitions the high-dimensional feature space into multiple homogeneous feature subspaces and forms a two-level feature hierarchy. Second, weak image classifiers are trained for each homogeneous feature subspace at the lower level of the feature hierarchy, where the traditional feature subset selection techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) can be used for dimension reduction. Finally, these weak classifiers are boosted to determine an optimal image classifier and the higher-level feature subset selection is realized by selecting the most effective weak classifiers and their corresponding homogeneous feature subsets. Our experiments on a specific domain of natural images have obtained very positive results.
Segregation analysis of phenotypic components of learning disabilities. II. Phonological decoding.

Dyslexia is a common, complex disorder, which is thought to have a genetic component. The study of the genetics of dyslexia is complicated by a lack of consensus on diagnostic criteria, and the probability of genetic heterogeneity-it is possible that deficits in different language processes are caused by different underlying genes. In order to address these difficulties, we study continuous phenotypes that are part of the psychometric test batteries often used to diagnose dyslexia. Prior to embarking on a linkage study, it is helpful to employ segregation analysis, both to identify phenotypes that may be amenable to mapping by linkage analysis, and to determine the best models to use for model based analyses. We study 409 people in 102 nuclear families, and employ (1) oligogenic segregation analysis to estimate the number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) contributing to each phenotype, and (2) complex segregation analysis in order to identify the most parsimonious inheritance model. In this paper, we consider two measures of phonological decoding ability-word attack and phonemic decoding efficiency. We find evidence for one or two genes of at least modest effect contributing to phonemic decoding efficiency, and the best fitting model is a dominant major gene model with residual familial correlations. For word attack, we find evidence for one or two genes of at least modest effect, and the variation in the trait is best explained by a polygenic model.
Hemagglutination with adenoviruses; nature of viral antigen.

SummaryA rise in antibodies to types 1-4 of adenoviruses during illness can be detected in human serum by employing hemagglutination technics. Although the original method described does not measure an increase in antibodies directed against a single type of virus, type-specific antibodies can be titrated if serum is mixed with a pool of heterologous viruses before tanned rbc treated with homologous virus are added. This modification measured type-specific antibodies solely in 4 of the 8 sera tested. The antigen adsorbed to tannic acid-treated rbc is probably not the infectious viral particle and is separable from it by high speed centrifugation.
Modeling Liquefaction by a Multimechanism Model

An anisotropic constitutive model was recently presented for describing the stress–strain behavior of granular materials with considerations for the initial and induced anisotropy. The model was developed within the framework of a microstructural theory known as the sliding–rolling theory. The resulting model falls within the definition of multimechanism models. The model was shown to satisfactorily represent the drained and undrained behaviors under monotonic loading. The framework used in the model allows extension to describe the behavior under cyclic loading, which is the subject of the present paper. Specifically, the model is further developed for representing the undrained behavior of granular materials under one- and two-way cyclic loading, some of which cause liquefaction resulting in large strain accumulations and the others lead to limited pore pressure and strain accumulations. The validity of the model is verified using triaxial data on Nevada sand.
The long-term outcomes of rheumatoid arthritis: a 23-year prospective, longitudinal study of total joint replacement and its predictors in 1,600 patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective Although total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is a common procedure and an important outcome in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), little is known about its prevalence, failure rate, or predictors over the course of the illness. The current study evaluated these factors in 1,600 consecutive RA patients seen during a period of observation that extended 23 years. Methods Beginning in 1974, data from 34,040 RA patient visits were entered prospectively into a computer databank. Data consisted of laboratory, radiographic, physical examination, and self-report questionnaires. At each assessment, we also noted a complete surgical history. Patients were also followed up by questionnaires that were mailed at 6-month intervals. Results Kaplan-Meier life-table estimates indicated that 25% of RA patients will undergo total joint arthroplasty (TJA) within 21.8 years of disease onset. For patients with 1 TJA, 25% had a TJA in a different joint within 0.92 years and 50% within 7.0 years. Ten years after TJA, ∼6% of implanted knees and 4% of implanted hips had been replaced with a second TJA, and 12% and 13% of the joints had either a second TJA or a TJA-related operation, respectively. In Cox regressions, a large series of clinical and laboratory variables, which primarily reflected disease activity, predicted TJA. Smoking, either past or present, had a protective effect. Patients with highly abnormal values on the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Scale, global severity, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate had a 3-6 times increased risk of TJA. Conclusion TJA, a marker of joint failure and of RA outcome, is predicted by self-report assessments of severity and function, and by a series of laboratory, radiographic, and clinical variables. Prediction improves with the extent of observation, and 2-year observations approach full-study observations in their accuracy. Most TJAs survive for a long time in RA.
Studying Evolution in Action: Foundations for a Transgenerational Comparative Psychology

The gene centered framework of the modern evolutionary synthesis serves to constrain the contributions to evolutionary knowledge that can be gained from comparative studies of animal development. Contrary to this position, a case is made that understanding the dynamics of ontogenetic processes across generations can illuminate processes of evolution. Examples are provided that show how alterations of developmental contexts in one generation influence patterns of development in subsequent generations. The conceptual foundations and implications of a transgenerational orientation to studying animal development are discussed. By adopting a transgenerational approach, comparative psychologists can study evolutionary processes in action and thus play a more prominent role in discussions of evolution.
Evidence-based medicine: best practices and practice guidelines.

Any thoughtful physician would want to provide the best services for his or her patients, and as far as we know, this has been a precept that has been accepted since the beginning of recorded history as it relates to the practice of healing. This position is one of simple ethical behavior and is part of any vow taken by doctors who practice in one of the branches of medicine. This ethic is characterized by the old and often repeated principle “primum non nocere,” which, interpreted means “first do no harm.” Although that precept is the foundation for ethical practice, it only speaks to what a physician should not do, and we all know that is not sufficient guidance for a strong patient-based practice. In addition to causing no harm, onewho healsmust be expected to provide a service that will bring a restoration of optimal health or the maintenance of optimal health, and those are terms which are subject to interpretation. On what basis does one measure “optimal health”? Clearly, there are hundreds or perhaps thousands of parameters of testing that are routinely applied to humans in the form of various tests and procedures with the intent to use the information gained to help the physician determine the individual's “state of health.” Such parameters of testing are typically based upon an analysis of what would usually be called normal people, but even that term includes some clear pitfalls. What exactly is meant by “normal”? Is a person with 6 digits on one hand, who otherwise shows no evidence of illness, “normal”? If on the other hand we choose to use the word healthy, what does that term mean? Is it generalizable to the patient? How do we describe a person who shows no evidence of other illness, but has a nail fungus? Is that person “healthy”? Clearly, as the process of healing has become more sophisticated, it has also become much more complex. This complexity is further affected by the insertion of third party
Successful marketing by multinational firms to the bottom of the pyramid: connecting share of heart, global “umbrella brands”, and responsible marketing

Purpose – This paper aims to contend that four significant ideas must be comprehended, and their connection and interaction understood if successful marketing to the 4 to 5 billion undeserved bottom of the pyramid (BOP) people in the world, by multinational firms is to be realized. These ideas are: the bottom of the pyramid (BOP) market itself; share of the heart versus consumer animosity; the nature and influence of global “umbrella” brands and responsible marketing as a guiding principle for all firms including those focusing on the BOP. Each of these ideas, in and of itself, represents an important dimension in today's global business environment, but taken together they offer a clearer understanding of how companies, particularly multinational companies, can do well (profit) and do good (improve humanity).Design/methodology/approach – The paper briefly overviews the BOP literature, highlighting those parts most relevant to this work; expands upon the notion of “share of heart” and its twin components ...
Spinal problems in myelomeningocele-orthotic principles.

(1977). Spinal problems in myelomeningocele-orthotic principles. Prosthetics and Orthotics International: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 30-38.
Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Expresses a Novel Form of ICP34.5, a Major Viral Neurovirulence Factor, through Regulated Alternative Splicing

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2, two closely related neurotropic human herpesviruses, achieve neurotropism through ICP34.5, a major viral neurovirulence factor. In this report, in addition to the full-length 38-kDa protein (ICP34.5α), we identified a 28-kDa novel form of ICP34.5 (ICP34.5β) in HSV-2-infected cells. ICP34.5β is translated from unspliced ICP34.5 mRNA, with the retained intron introducing a premature stop codon. Thus, ICP34.5β lacks the C-terminal conserved GADD34 domain but includes 19 additional amino acids encoded by the intron. Although a fraction of both HSV-2 ICP34.5 proteins are detected in the nucleolus, ICP34.5α is predominantly located in cytoplasm, and ICP34.5β is mainly detected more diffusely in the nucleus. ICP34.5β is unable to counteract PKR-mediated eIF2 phosphorylation but does not interfere with ICP34.5α's function in this process. Efficient expression of ICP34.5β in cell culture assays is dependent on viral infection or expression of ICP27, a multifunctional immediate-early gene. The effect of ICP27 on the ICP34.5β protein level is attributed to its selective inhibition of ICP34.5 splicing, which results in increased expression of ICP34.5β but a reduced level of ICP34.5α. The C- terminal KH3 domain but not the RNA binding domain of ICP27 is required for its specific inhibition of ICP34.5 splicing and promotion of ICP34.5β expression. Our results suggest that the expression of ICP34.5α and ICP34.5β is tightly regulated in HSV-2 and likely contributes to viral pathogenesis.
A systematic review of the factors affecting accuracy of SUV measurements.

OBJECTIVE. There is growing interest in using PET/CT for evaluating early response to therapy in cancer treatment. Although widely available and convenient to use, standardized uptake value (SUV) measurements can be influenced by a variety of biologic and technologic factors. Many of these factors can be addressed with close attention to detail and appropriate quality control. This article will review factors potentially affecting SUV measurements and provide recommendations on ways to minimize when using serial PET to assess early response to therapy.CONCLUSION. Scanner and reconstruction parameters can significantly affect SUV measurements. When using serial SUV measurements to assess early response to therapy, imaging should be performed on the same scanner using the same image acquisition and reconstruction protocols. In addition, attention to detail is required for accurate determination of the administered radiopharmaceutical dose.
From Homo Economicus to Homo dialogicus: Rethinking social media use in CSR communication

Abstract This essay explores corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication through social media. Today, corporations across the world enact CSR campaigns and use social media as one tool to tell their story of social responsibility. Yet, social media's strength as a relationship-building tool is not being realized as CSR activities are often communicated unidirectionally. This essay suggests alternative ways of thinking about social media in CSR. The essay offers a framework for using social media that goes beyond the one-way, monological, Homo Economicus based practices that characterize current social media use in CSR. The perspective proposed, Homo Dialogicus, focuses on interactive communication practices , that will help organizations move forward in building ethical organization–public relationships via social media.
A microfabricated low-cost Au nanotip pyramidal electrode array using anisotropic etching for enhanced performance of a glucose biosensor

We present the low-cost microfabrication of three-dimensional Au nanotip pyramidal electrode array by selective and anisotropic etching η-type Si in tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution. The influence of the TMAH etchant concentration and bath temperature on the on lithographically patterned Si etch rate was investigated. Using buffer oxidize etching technique of thermal oxide, sputtered metallic Au nanotip pyramidal electrode array are released from the resultant inverted pyramid Si master mold. The Au nanotip pyramidal electrode array with average size of 5.34 × 5.34 μm, pitch size as small as 198 nm, and individual tip diameter as small as 62 nm were successfully fabricated using a low-cost effective beaker chemistry method. Glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized on the Au nanotip pyramidal electrode array retains its biocatalytic activity and offers a fast sensitive glucose quantification. The combination of Au nanotip pyramidal electrode array with GOx enhances the performance of the glucose biosensor. The fabricated glucose biosensor exhibits a linear dynamic response up to 18 mM glucose and a sensitivity of 122.5 μΑ cm 2 mM−1.
Abstract 6: Therapeutic Angiogenesis by Human CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem Cells via Exosomes-Mediated MicroRNA Transfer

Introduction: Locally transplanted human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells have stimulated neovascularization in preclinical studies and have been associated with functional improvements in phase I and II clinical trials of patients with ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Recently, we have demonstrated that membrane-bound nano-vesicles called exosomes are one of the primary pro-angiogenic components of human CD34+ cell paracrine secretion that induced angiogenesis independently of the cells. Here, we hypothesize that the functional benefits associated with CD34+ cell therapy are primarily mediated by the secretion of exosomes (Exo), and that CD34+ Exo transfer pro-angiogenic microRNAs to promote angiogenesis and ischemic tissue repair. Methods and Results: Therapeutic potential of CD34+ Exo isolated from adult human peripheral blood-derived CD34+ cells was evaluated in a mouse model of hind limb ischemia (HLI). Similar to CD34+ cells, administration of CD34+ Exo from equal number of cells induced angiogenesis and tissue repair; it significantly improved perfusion (ratio: 1.01±0.04 v 0.57±0.1, P Conclusion: CD34+ exosomes transfer the pro-angiogenic miR-126 to endothelial cells in the ischemic tissues to induce angiogenesis and ischemic tissue repair. Our study illustrates a mechanism of stem cell communication involving intercellular traffic of miRNAs via exosomes to induce functional recovery.
Formal education within the software life cycle

Approximately ten years ago, the Federal Systems Division of IBM initiated a software engineering program to train all software professions in current topics being taught in the leading universities. Thus began an extensive program that is still in operation today. Initial results demonstrated that the quality and reliability of the FSD software product was greatly enhanced. This paper describes the education program and documents some of the initial results that indicate the success of the education program.
Precise Sequence Control in Linear and Cyclic Copolymers of 2,5-Bis(2-thienyl)pyrrole and Aniline by DNA-Programmed Assembly

A series of linear and cyclic, sequence controlled, DNA-conjoined copolymers of aniline (ANi) and 2,5-bis(2-thienyl)pyrrole (SNS) were synthesized. In one approach, linear copolymers were prepared from complementary DNA oligomers containing covalently attached SNS and ANi monomers. Hybridization of the oligomers aligns the monomers in the major groove of the DNA. Treatment of the SNS- and ANi-containing duplexes with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and H2O2 causes rapid and efficient polymerization. In this way, linear copolymers (SNS)4(ANi)6 and (ANi)2(SNS)2(ANi)2(SNS)2(ANi)2 were prepared and analyzed. A second approach to the preparation of linear and cyclic copolymers of ANi and SNS employed a DNA encoded module strategy. In this approach, single-stranded DNA oligomers composed of a central region containing (SNS)6 or (ANi)5 covalently attached monomer blocks and flanking 5′- and 3′-single-strand DNA recognition sequences were combined in buffer solution. Self-assembly of these oligomers by Watson–Crick ...
Post-transcriptional induction of p21cip1 protein by human papillomavirus E7 inhibits unscheduled DNA synthesis reactivated in differentiated keratinocytes.

Productive infection by human papillomaviruses (HPVs) occurs only in differentiated squamous epithelial cells in papillomas, condylomata, and low grade intraepithelial neoplasias. Host DNA replication is reactivated in a fraction of terminally differentiated keratinocytes in benign human lesions and in organotypic raft cultures of primary human keratinocytes (PHKs) transduced with retroviruses expressing HPV-18 E7 oncogene from its native upstream regulatory region (URR). Thus the natural function of E7 protein, which inactivates pRB family proteins, is to induce host genes essential to support viral DNA replication in post-mitotic cells. Using this raft culture model system, we show that HPV-18 URR-E7 induces the universal cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21cip1 protein in a fraction of differentiated PHKs. Induction is mediated by post-transcriptional mechanisms independent of p53. Double immunofluorescence studies demonstrate that, in raft cultures and in laryngeal papillomas, p21cip1 induction and reactivated host DNA synthesis take place in a mutually exclusive manner in PCNA-positive, differentiated keratinocytes. We suggest that p21cip1 induction effectively blocks unscheduled DNA synthesis reactivated by E7. These results begin to explain the inverse relationship between p21cip1 induction and HPV activities previously observed in a spectrum of benign lesions regardless of HPV types present.
206 Pb(p, d) 205 Pb reaction, energy-weighted sum rule, shell model test

The $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}(p, d)^{205}\mathrm{Pb}$ reaction has been studied at 35 MeV. The angular distributions for this reaction were measured relative to the angular distributions for the $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}(p, d)^{207}\mathrm{Pb}$ reaction to the single-neutron-hole states in $^{207}\mathrm{Pb}$ and relative spectroscopic factors are reported. The non-energy-weighted sum rule is used to determine the orbit occupancies of the $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}$ target. These orbit occupancies are combined with other experimental results to determine the ground state wave function of $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}$. The Bansal-French energy-weighted sum rule is used to deduce some properties of the neutron-neutron effective interaction. Detailed comparison between experimental spectroscopic factors and predictions of recent nuclear model calculations is made.
Analysis of Leaky-Wave Microphotonic Structures with a Complex-Wavevector Photonic Band Structure Solver

A finite-difference, complex-wavevector photonic band structure solver with perfectly matched layer absorbing boundaries is presented. Modal properties of leaky-wave structures, such as silicon photonic grating couplers and waveguide crossing arrays, are shown.
Total Creatinine Content of Perfused Rabbit Hearts

In our efforts to determine the part played by creatine and its possible precursors in heart muscle metabolism, we perfused isolated rabbit hearts in Dawson's modification1 of the Gunn-Locke apparatus. We used oxygenated Ringer-Locke solution to which 0.1% dextrose was added in one apparatus, and in the other the same solution plus 0.1% glycocoll. About 250 cc. of each mixture was placed in the reservoirs, and that which perfused through the coronaries was collected and returned automatically to the reservoirs and oxygenated by an oxygen pump system.Thirty isolated rabbit hearts, or 15 pairs, were perfused from 1 to 5 hours, beating spontaneously, or stimulated at the rate of 60 per minute when spontaneous contraction was too slow. Thirteen isolated hearts were perfused for a minute each in order to wash the blood from the coronary system, and used as controls. All hearts were weighed, cleaned of fat and connective tissue, and the ventricular muscle minced. Part of the tissue was dried at 105°C. for 22 ho...
Computational Study of the Influence of the Binding Geometries of Organic Ligands on the Photoluminescence Quantum Yield of CdSe Clusters

This article describes density-functional-theory- (DFT-) based calculations of the rate constants for radiative (kR) and nonradiative (kNR) decay from the lowest singlet excited state (S1) to the ground state (S0) of a Cd16Se13 cluster ligated with various molecules in various binding geometries. The value of kR is suppressed by ligands whose localized orbitals, as a result of their binding geometry, become the cluster’s frontier orbitals and, thereby, decrease the overlap of the electron densities of the HOMO and LUMO necessary for efficient dipole coupling. Thiolate ligands in a monodentate geometry and dithioate ligands in a bridging geometry decrease kR in this manner. The value of kNR is also sensitive to the binding geometries of the ligands: binding geometries that are less rigid yield a greater change in nuclear coordinates between the S1 and S0 electronic states, which, in turn, increases the rate of nonradiative decay by maximizing the vibronic coupling between the band-edge exciton and the vibr...
Trap-limited carrier recombination in single-walled carbon nanotube heterojunctions with fullerene acceptor layers

Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-fullerene (${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$) bilayers represent an attractive ``donor-acceptor'' binary system for solar photoconversion, where the kinetics of photoinduced processes depend critically on the properties of the interface between the two materials. Using photoconductivity measurements we identify the kinetic scheme that describes the free carrier kinetics in such bilayers where the dominant SWCNT species is the (7,5) semiconducting nanotube. Following charge separation, the carrier kinetics, covering up to four orders of magnitude in volumetric hole density, are described by a recombination process that is limited by capture and emission at traps or states at the SWCNT-${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ interface. The high-frequency mobility of holes in the (7,5) SWCNT phase is lower than in multichiral films, potentially due to differences in SWCNT defect density for nanotubes that have been purified more aggressively. The results obtained here provide fundamental insights into the transport and recombination of both charges and excitons within SWCNT thin films and bilayers, and point to several potential ways to improve SWCNT-${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ photovoltaic devices.
The Activism of Carl Icahn and Bill Ackman

Activist hedge funds merit the attention of corporate directors, as the value of the assets under management increases and activist funds’ targets expand well beyond small capitalization companies. This report reviews the tactics used by two prominent activist hedge fund managers to create change in 13 companies in their portfolio and highlights four perceived governance failures at target companies that attracted activist funds’ attention. This release also includes a review of characteristics of activist hedge funds, the incentives their managers have to generate positive returns, and current research investigating whether and how hedge fund activism affects target companies.